cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thyroid Nodules and Shear Wave Elastography: A New Tool in Thyroid Cancer Detection.

This study determines the performance of virtual touch imaging quantification (VTIQ), a non-invasive shear wave elastography method for measuring thyroid nodule (TN) stiffness, in distinguishing benign from malignant TNs. This prospective study evaluates 707 TNs in 676 patients with fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). Before FNAB, both conventional B-mode ultrasound and shear wave elastography were performed. Surgical resection was recommended for FNAB results that were not clearly benign. Surgical pathology confirmed 82 malignant TNs. The receiver operating curve identified a single cut-off of 3.54 m/s as the maximum shear wave velocity (SWV) for predicting thyroid cancer (TC). The sensitivity and specificity were 79.27% and 71.52%, respectively. Positive predictive value (PPV) was 26.75% and negative predictive value (NPV) was 96.34%. Compared with B-mode US features for predicting malignancy, SWV ≥3.54 m/s has a higher sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV. TN stiffness measured by VTIQ-generated shear wave elastography is an independent predictor of TC.
Sodium Correction Practice and Clinical Outcomes in Profound Hyponatremia

Abstract Objectives To assess the epidemiology of nonoptimal hyponatremia correction and to identify associated morbidity and in-hospital mortality. Patients and Methods An electronic medical record search identified all patients admitted with profound hyponatremia (sodium 2 test for categorical variables. Odds ratios for in-hospital mortality between groups were assessed using logistic regression. Adjusted differences in hospital length of stay (LOS) and intensive care unit (ICU) LOS were assessed using the Dunnett 2-tailed t test. Results A total of 412 patients satisfied inclusion criteria of whom 174 (42.2%) were admitted to the ICU. A total of 211 (51.2%) had optimal correction of their hyponatremia at 24 hours, 87 (21.1%) had undercorrected hyponatremia, and 114 (27.9%) had overcorrected hyponatremia. Both patient factors and treatment factors were associated with nonoptimal correction. There was a single case of ODS. Overcorrection was not associated with in-hospital mortality or ICU LOS. When adjusted for patient factors, undercorrection of profound hyponatremia was associated with an increase in hospital LOS (9.3 days; 95% CI, 1.9-16.7 days). Conclusion Nonoptimal correction of profound hyponatremia is common. Fortunately, nonoptimal correction is associated with serious morbidity only infrequently.
A Miniature Instrumented Sphere to Understand Impacts Created by Mechanical Blueberry Harvesters

The majority of U.S. northern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) and southern highbush blueberry (V. corymbosum hybrids) for the fresh market is hand harvested because of the high bruising damage to the fruit caused by current machine harvesters. To reduce bruising, it is important to understand how the harvester’s machine parts interact with the fruit. A miniature instrumented sphere, hereafter referred to as Smart Berry, was developed to mimic a blueberry (Vaccinium species and hybrids) fruit and to quantitatively measure mechanical impacts experienced by a real blueberry fruit during mechanical harvesting. The Smart Berry sensor recorded impacts using three single-axis accelerometers with a maximum sampling frequency of 3 kHz and ±500 gn sensing range. Calibration tests showed that the maximum error of the measurement was 0.53% of the output span. The diameter of the sensor (1 inch) was only half of that for the current smallest instrumented sphere on the market. Used together with a close-up video, the fully calibrated sensors were used to identify and measure mechanical impacts occurring in a commercial rotary blueberry harvester. The data suggested that the catch pan created the largest single mechanical impacts. Thus, reducing the drop height or padding the surface could be effective measures to reduce bruising damage caused by the catch pans. The Smart Berry was also used to compare harvesters with two different detaching mechanisms. The rotary detaching mechanism created significantly fewer and lower-magnitude impacts than the slapper mechanism (P £ 0.05). Manual drop tests demonstrated that the impact data recorded by the Smart Berry can be correlated with bruising damage experienced by blueberry fruit. Taken together, the data can be used to improve the design of the current machine harvesters for reduction of bruising damage to blueberry fruit destined for the fresh market, and potentially lead to enhanced highbush blueberry production efficiency in the long run.
Hydrogen chemisorption and mobility on Ru/SiO2, K/Ru/SiO2 and Ru-Ag/SiO2

Abstract Microcalorimetry and 1 H NMR have been used to investigate hydrogen chemisorption on Ru/SiO 2 , K/Ru/S1O 2 and Ru-Ag/SiO 2 . Adding small amounts of K or Ag to Ru/SiO 2 significantly reduces the amounts of hydrogen adsorbed and eliminates intermediate (~50 kJ/mole) as well as weakly bound states ( 2 . Initial heats of adsorption (~90 kJ/mole) are not affected by the presence of K or Ag on Ru. These observations combined with earlier atomistic simulations with Ru-Ag suggest that defect-like sites play an important role in adsorption and desorption behavior of hydrogen on Ru/SiO 2 . Similar initial heats of adsorption and invariance of the 1 H NMR Knight shift on Ag or K addition imply that there is no electronic effect. Further, the mobility of hydrogen is also reduced in the presence of K promoter. The different theories of alkali promotion in the literature is discussed in the light of the observations made in this work. I t is noted that the weakly bound, atomic hydrogen observed at higher pressures can play an important role in catalysis.
The Activity of a Variable and Its Relation to Decision Trees

The construction of sequential testing procedures from functions of discrete arguments is a common problem in switching theory, software engineering, pattern recognition, and management. The concept of the activity of an argument is introduced, and a theorem is proved which relates it to the expected testing cost of the most general type of decision trees. This result is then extended to trees constructed from relations on finite sets and to decision procedures with cycles. These results are used, in turn, as the basis for a fast heuristic selection rule for constructing testing procedures. Finally, some bounds on the performance of the selection rule are developed.
Attitudes of University Students Toward Cheating

COLLEGES HAVE been described as breeding grounds for low moral standards where cheating is rampant and examinations often degenerate into contests in which the slickest crook wins (1). If this is true, honor systems have little chance of success and educators must evaluate and improve their methods of teaching honesty. It is the purpose of this paper to report on an investigation of the at titudes of university students toward cheating. Since verbally stated at titudes are important determiners of behavior, it is believed that this study will add to existing information and increase our understanding of this phenomenon. The specific question for which answers were sought in the investiga tion are:
An inductively coupled memory cell for NDRO with two Josephson junctions

Abstract A memory cell with a write junction in a horizontal stripline loop, and a sense junction controlled by the loop current, has been implemented for a minimum line width of 2 μm. The Josephson current density is about 10 kA cm −2 ; the maximum number of flux quanta in the loop is about 100. The write junction is switched by coincident word and digit pulses; the latter being coupled inductively into a loop. The magnetic field of the digit pulse inside the write junction is zero so that resonances are avoided. After set-up of the initial current the cell is operated with pulses having much larger rise times than the current transfer time in the loop. The current transfer time deduced from measurements and simulations is below 100 ps.
N5 endometrial stromal cell line: a model system to study decidual prolactin gene expression.

Prolactin gene expression in extrapituitary tissues, such as decidua and lymphocytes, is regulated by a distinct promoter approximately 6 kb upstream of the pituitary prolactin gene transcription start site. Here we describe studies in a human endometrial stromal cell line, N5, that was immortalized by transfection with an SV40 mutant and which expresses the prolactin gene driven by the extrapituitary promoter. The N5 cells have phenotypic features of primary cultures of decidualized human endometrial stromal cells and secrete low levels of prolactin and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1), both of which are markers of decidualized endometrial stromal cells. As in primary cultures of endometrial stromal cells, treatment of N5 cells with progesterone and estradiol alone or in combination with prostaglandin E2 stimulated the synthesis and release of prolactin. Transient transfection of the N5 cells with an expression vector containing −2927/+66 bp of the decidual prolactin promoter coupled to a luciferase reporter gene resulted in a 20 to 25-fold increase in luciferase activity, a magnitude similar to that which occurs in primary cultures of endometrial stromal cells decidualized in vitro by treatment with progesterone and estradiol. Luciferase expression levels were similar in untreated N5 cells and N5 cells treated with progesterone and estradiol. Taken together, these results indicate that the N5 human endometrial stromal cell line has phenotypic characteristics of normal decidualized stromal cells and is a useful model to study regulation of decidual prolactin gene expression.
Synthesis and characterization of oriented MFI membranes prepared by secondary growth

MFI membranes were prepared as free-standing and supported films on porous alumina disks and nonporous substrates. They were synthesized using secondary growth of precursor layers. For self-supported films the first step was to prepare an alumina–silicalite composite film, while for supported films the substrate was first coated with layers of the nanocrystalline silicalite particles. During the following hydrothermal treatment, silicalite particles acting as seed crystals form a dense film, which consists of 0.5–100-μm-thick columnar, intergrown, preferentially oriented grains. The crystal orientation of the MFI films was examined using X-ray diffraction pole-figure texture analysis. The crystals were preferentially oriented with both sinusoidal and straight channel networks along directions nearly parallel to the membrane surface. The degree of orientation increased with increasing membrane thickness. Single gas permeances through thin, oriented membranes were measured. Apparent actiuation energies for permeation were 16, 24, 30, 22 and 26 kj/mol for H2, N2, O2, CH4, and CO2, respectively. Ideal selectivities for H2/N2, CO2/CH4, and O2/N2 were as high as 30, 10, and 3.5, respectively. Binary permeation measurements for the gas pairs CO2/CH4, O2/N2, and CO2/N2 revealed trends similar to those of single gas permeation and the properties are attributed to the membrane microstructure.
Optimizing radiotherapy schedules for elderly glioblastoma multiforme patients

Glioblastoma is the most common malignant primary brain tumor. Despite recent advances, the overall prognosis remains poor with median survivals of approximately 1 year and 5-year survivals of less than 5%. Efforts at risk stratification have identified age and performance status as the most important prognostic features. It is well established that patients treated with postoperative radiation therapy have improved survival and functional capacity compared with unirradiated patients. Recent evidence suggests that the benefit of postoperative radiation persists even within the cohort aged 70 years or over. Some investigators have questioned whether the standard treatment schedule of 60 Gy delivered over a 6-week period is necessary for older patients with limited functional status. Alternative treatment schedules have been devised to reduce the inconvenience and morbidity of standard therapy. This review aims to evaluate the current state of knowledge on alternative radiotherapy schedules for elderly and poor-prognosis patients with glioblastoma.
Acetate-methyl signals in the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of peracetylated derivatives of some oligo- and polysaccharides

Peracetyl derivatives of oligo- and polysaccharides showed their own characteristic acetate-methyl signals in the NMR spectra measured in chloroform-d, which are useful for the identification and conformational analysis of oligo- and polysaccharides in solutions. An acetate-methyl signal in the lowest field among three acetate-methyl signals appeared in the NMR spectra of amylose acetate and was assigned to the acetate-methyl signal at C6 on the basis of acetate-methyl signals of peracetylated derivatives of 6-O-tosylamylose and xylan. Monosaccharide moieties in oligo- and polysaccharides examined were found in the C1 (D) conformation.
Stability of a dilute solution of sodium in liquid ammonia

Abstract It has been observed that hydrogen is evolved when sodium is distilled in a Pyrex system under “stick” vacuum conditions. Evidence is presented which suggests that the hydrogen evolution is due to a chemical reaction between the sodium and strongly adsorbed water on the surface of the Pyrex glass. It is very difficult to prepare a dilute solution of sodium in liquid ammonia at −78°C without some decomposition. This work deals with an investigation of the source of this instability. Evidence has been obtained which suggests that the strongly adsorbed layer of moisture at the glass-liquid interface is responsible for the decomposition. After this layer of moisture is effectively removed from the interface, the system appears to be stable at −78°C.
Identification of 1,5-naphthyridine derivatives as a novel series of potent and selective TGF-beta type I receptor inhibitors.

Optimization of the screening hit 1 led to the identification of novel 1,5-naphthyridine aminothiazole and pyrazole derivatives, which are potent and selective inhibitors of the transforming growth factor-β type I receptor, ALK5. Compounds 15 and 19, which inhibited ALK5 autophosphorylation with IC50 = 6 and 4 nM, respectively, showed potent activities in both binding and cellular assays and exhibited selectivity over p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. The X-ray crystal structure of 19 in complex with human ALK5 is described, confirming the binding mode proposed from docking studies.
The PRIME curriculum. Clinical research training during residency.

AIM: The Primary Medical Education (PRIME) program is an outpatient-based, internal medicine residency track nested within the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) categorical medicine program. Primary Medical Education is based at the San Francisco Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center (VAMC), 1 of 3 teaching hospitals at UCSF. The program accepts 8 UCSF medicine residents annually, who differentiate into PRIME after internship. In 2000, we implemented a novel research methods curriculum with the dual purposes of teaching basic epidemiology skills and providing mentored opportunities for clinical research projects during residency. SETTING: Single academic internal medicine program. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION: The PRIME curriculum utilizes didactic lecture, frequent journal clubs, work-in-progress sessions, and active mentoring to enable residents to “try out” a clinical research project during residency. PROGRAM EVALUATION: Among 32 residents in 4 years, 22 residents have produced 20 papers in peer-reviewed journals, 1 paper under review, and 2 book chapters. Their clinical evaluations are equivalent to other UCSF medicine residents. DISCUSSION: While learning skills in evidence-based medicine, residents can conduct high-quality research. Utilizing a collaboration of General Internal Medicine researchers and educators, our curriculum affords residents the opportunity to “try-out” clinical research as a potential future career choice.
Panel III: The Future of the Press and Privacy

Intimate details about the sexual affairs, orientations and proclivities of politicians. Decades-old misdeeds dredged up from a now-famous person's past. Images of the dead and dying, captured at t...
Pharmacogenetics of Antiplatelet Therapy

There has been substantial progress toward understanding and investigating the specific genetic factors that influence interindividual variations in platelet-directed therapy. There has also been substantial progress toward better understanding of the pharmacogenetics of drug metabolism and phamacodynamic response to platelet antagonists. We summarize the relationship between genetic polymorphisms, response to platelet antagonists, and clinical impact on patient treatment for the commonly used antiplatelet drugs. The challenge faced in translating genotype identification into improved clinical outcomes reflects the complexity involved in the genomic influence on drug metabolism and activation.
The Prevalence of Clostridium difficile Infection in Pediatric and Adult Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Adults with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have a high prevalence of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). CDI in children with IBD may differ from adults. We aim to compare the prevalence of CDI in hospitalized pediatric and adult IBD patients and patients without IBD. The rates of CDI per 1,000 IBD and non-IBD hospitalizations between 1993 and 2012 were examined using the Maryland Health Services Cost Review Commission database. Age, sex and calendar year adjusted incidence rate ratios comparing CDI in pediatrics and adults by type of IBD and with patients without IBD were calculated. p values for trend identifying changes in rates over time were calculated. Among children, the rate of CDI was over 12 times greater in IBD than non-IBD hospitalizations (p < 0.0001) and among adults, the rate of CDI was four times greater in IBD than non-IBD hospitalizations (p < 0.0001). In adults, CDI was significantly higher in ulcerative colitis (UC) than Crohn’s disease (60.4 per 1,000 vs. 19.8 per 1,000, p < 0.0001) but in children there was no difference in CDI in UC compared with Crohn’s disease (32 per 1,000 vs. 27 per 1,000, p = 0.45). The prevalence of CDI increased in pediatric and adult IBD patients, and patients without IBD, between 1993 and 2012 (p for trend <0.0001). CDI was more common in adult patients with UC, and no difference was found between CDI and IBD type in pediatrics. There may be different risk factors for CDI during hospitalization between adults and children with IBD.
A computational study of bond dissociation enthalpies in haloethenes

Abstract Carbon–hydrogen bond dissociation enthalpies (BDEs) were computed for all haloethenes, C 2 H 4− n X n ( n =0–3, X=F, Cl, Br, I), at the B3LYP/6-311+G(3df,2p) level using isodesmic reactions. It was found that C–H bond strengths in the monohaloethenes varied substantially, by as much as 18 kJ mol −1 , dependent upon the bond's stereochemical position relative to the halogen. BDEs in the dihaloethanes varied in the order CX 2 CH–H>( E )-CHXCX–H>( Z )-CHXCX–H. Trends in the computed bond enthalpies were discussed and explained on the basis of relative steric repulsions and hyperconjugative delocalization interactions, as determined from Natural Bond Orbital analysis.
Averages over Surfaces with Infinitely Flat Points

Abstract Let S be a hypersurface in Rn , n ≥ 2, and dμ = ψ dσ, where ψ ∈ C∞0 (Rn) and σ denotes the surface area measure on S. Define the maximal function M associated to S and μ by [formula] It was shown by Stein that when S is the sphere in Rn, n ≥ 3, M (the spherical maximal function) is bounded on Lp(Rn) if and only if p > n/(n − 1). It has also been shown that if S is of finite type, i.e., the curvature vanishes to at most a finite order m at every point of S, then there exists some number pm M is bounded on Lp(Rn) (n ≥ 3) for all p ∈ (pm, ∈]. On the other hand it is well known that if S is flat, that is, S contains a point at which the curvature vanishes to infinite order, then M may not be bounded on any Lp(Rn), p M associated to flat surfaces S ⊂ R3 are bounded on certain Orlicz spaces LΦ(R3) defined naturally in terms of S.
The News on Health Behavior: Coverage of Diet, Activity, and Tobacco in Local Newspapers

News media are an important and influential part of the social environment, calling attention to certain issues by the amount and nature of their coverage. To better understand how health behaviors are covered, we examined more than 80,000 stories in 1,354 newspaper issues from four midsize Missouri communities. Health behavior stories were rare. Of 1,373 stories (1.7%) that addressed diet, physical activity, or tobacco, few were prominently located in the paper, and only half had a primary prevention focus. A large majority had no local angle, local quotes, or call to action for individuals or the community, and only 10% were generated by local reporters. Because the local newspaper can be especially influential in smaller communities, strategies are needed to help reporters and editors in these settings provide more and better coverage of health behavior-related stories.
The duration and character of postpartum bleeding among breast-feeding women

Objective To examine the postpartum bleeding experience of a cohort of breast-feeding women and to compare it with the conventional definition of lochia. Methods Four hundred seventy-seven experienced breast-feeding women in Manila, the Philippines, were followed prospectively from delivery and recorded vaginal bleeding in a menstrual diary. The median duration of lochia was calculated using survival analysis. In addition, all bleeding separate from lochia within the first 8 weeks postpartum was noted. Results The median duration of lochia was 27 days and did not vary by age, parity, sex or weight of the infant, breast-feeding frequency, or level of supplementation. More than one-fourth of the women experienced a bleeding episode separated from the original lochial flow by at least 4 bleeding-free days and beginning no later than postpartum day 56. Ten breast-feeding women may have had their first menstrual bleed before day 56. Conclusions Lochia lasted substantially longer than the conventional assumption of 2 weeks. It was common for postpartum bleeding to stop and start again or to be characterized by intermittent spotting or bleeding. Return of menses is rare among fully breast-feeding women in the first 8 weeks postpartum.
The persistence of the ‘peso problem’ when policy is noisy

Abstract The ‘peso problem’, the market's belief that a discrete event may occur, has frequently been blamed for the persistence of on-average mistaken forecasts of macroeconomic variables. This paper demonstrates how beliefs that a policy process may have switched can induce apparent ex post biased forecasts of exchange rates even after the switch has occurred . Furthermore, during this ‘peso problem’ period, exchange rates may appear to contain a speculative bubble component since they will systematically deviate from the levels implied by observing fundamentals ex post; and the conditional variance of exchange rates will exceed the variance implied by observing fundamentals.
Comment on Nonleptonic Decays of Charmed Hadrons

Within the framework of a U(4) symmetry, a discussion of the nonleptonic decays of charmed hadrons under the assumption of pentadecaplet dominance leads to conclusions which may be relevant to impending charmed-particle searches.
Rapid detection of respiratory syncytial virus in nasopharyngeal aspirates by direct immunofluorescence using monoclonal antibodies

Abstract By examining nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) collected during three successive winter epidemics of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-induced infantile bronchiolitis, we assessed the diagnostic value of a commercial monoclonal antibody-based direct immunofluorescence (IF) test for RSV antigens. This rapid assay was easy to read and more sensitive than virus isolation (sensitivities 1007 1071 (94%) versus 779 1071 (73%). The detection of RSV antigens in specimens negative by virus isolation probably reflected greater loss of infectious virus than of viral antigens during specimen transport or with increasing duration of the illness. When the IF test result was positive, virus isolation only rarely yielded viruses other than RSV (six isolates in 1020 specimens (0·6%)), and was therefore probably unnecessary. Virus isolation was valuable, however, when the IF result was negative or the specimen was unsuitable, as both RSV (89 isolates in 1525 specimens (6%) and other viruses implicated in bronchiolitis (e.g. parainfluenzaviruses, influenzaviruses, adenoviruses; 56 isolates in 1525 specimens (4%)) were frequently detected.
Clinical Management of Patients with the Long QT Syndrome: Drugs, Devices, and Gene-Specific Therapy

The familial long QT syndrome (LQTS) is now recognized as a genetic channelopathy with a propensity to arrhythmogenic syncope and sudden death. Three genetic mutations have been identified that involve the slow and fast delayed potassium rectifier currents and the sodium current. Distinctive ECG-T wave phenotypes are associated with each of the three genotypes. Current day therapy includes: beta-adrenergic blocking drugs; pacemakers; left cervicothoracic sympathetic ganglionectomy; implanted cardioverter defibrillators; and possibly, drugs that improve mutant ionic channel dysfunction. LQTS has provided unique insight into the complex relationship between ionic channel dysfunction and ventricular tachyarrhythmias.
Identification of top quarks using kinematic variables.

We have used a kinematic technique to distinguish top quark pair production from background in pp\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} collisions at \ensuremath{\surd}s=1.8 TeV, applied to 67 ${\mathrm{pb}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ of data. We define a sample of W+\ensuremath{\ge}3 jet events in which the jets are produced at large angles relative to the incident beams. In this sample, we find an excess of events with large jet transverse energies relative to expectations from background. The excess is consistent with top quark production; a large fraction of events in this kinematic region contains b jets. We interpret these results as evidence that most of the selected events are from tt\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} decay.
Analysis of bacteriophage T4 coat proteins by two‐dimensional electrophoresis and computerized densitometry

We have designed treatment conditions which allow analysis of the coat proteins of bacteriophage T4D+ by high resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis. The best results were obtained when the mature phage particles were subjected to hypertoniclysis and DNase treatment before solubilization with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Samples containing 250 ug protein gave the optimum resolution, producing 45 spots as visualized by Coomassie Blue staining. Computerized densitometry measurements showed that these proteins range in relative abundance from less than 0.22% to 11.8% of the total.
Process control laboratory education using a graphical operator interface

The use of graphical operator interfaces in the laboratory training of process control to undergraduate engineers is described. These interfaces are similar to that used in modern industrial installations. Both the operator interface program and a laboratory notebook describing its use are available for use in other process control laboratories. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 6: 151–155, 1998
One-exponent scaling for very high-Reynolds-number turbulence

We show that two strong but physically plausible assumptions allow all the measurable scaling exponents for very high-Reynolds-number incompressible turbulence to be expressed simply in terms of the exponent $\ensuremath{\mu}$ characterizing the dissipation fluctuations. The first assumption, introduced by Obukhov in 1962, relates the locally fluctuating dissipation to the locally fluctuating nonlinear energy transfer. The second assumption is that the same dissipation-length scale $\ensuremath{\eta}$ defines the crossover from the dissipation range to the inertial range for all of the velocity structure functions. The resulting exponent relations are the same as recently obtained from a simple geometrical model by Frisch, Sulem, and Nelkin, but the results appear less model dependent in the present context. In addition we introduce a locally defined energy transfer variable $T(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{x}})={\ensuremath{\eta}}^{2}{\ensuremath{\psi}}^{3}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{x}})$, where $\ensuremath{\psi}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{x}})$ is any component of the velocity derivative tensor. We suggest that $T(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{x}})$ has the same statistical properties as the locally defined viscous dissipation $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{x}})=\ensuremath{\nu}{\ensuremath{\psi}}^{2}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{x}})$, where $\ensuremath{\nu}$ is the kinematic viscosity. This suggestion is compatible with our other results, and is capable of experimental test.
Simultaneous constraints and ss-bar effects in neutral-current-coupling determinations

This comment illustrates two effects in neutral-current-coupling determinations: (1) the effect of simultaneously analyzing neutral-current scattering experiments, and (2) the effect of possible ss-bar contributions to the scattering of neutrinos on nucleons.
Long-term follow-up of rural involuntary clients.

A cohort of 72 persons who had entered a rural Oregon county's involuntary treatment system in 1979 through 1982 was followed for six years. While schizophrenia was the most frequent diagnosis, several other conditions were represented including adjustment disorders, organic mental disorders, and substance abuse. The majority (55%) of persons with organic mental disorders died as did 12% of the individuals with schizophrenia. The overall mortality rate was three times the expected figure (p=.002). During the follow-up period, only 39% of the initial cohort received treatment from a community mental health program whereas 28% were newly admitted (involuntarily) to a state mental hospital. Hospital recividism was most likely among individuals who had had prior involuntary treatment. At least in rural areas, the civil commitment system seems to serve both “infrequent” and “persistent” users. Infrequent users mainly have diagnoses of adjustment disorders and/or substance abuse. Persistent users chiefly have diagnoses of organic mental disorders, mood disorders, or schizophrenia. Modifying the involuntary treatment system to take account of this heterogeneous population's diverse needs is discussed.
Providers' Perceptions of and Receptivity toward Evidence-Based HIV Prevention Interventions

Since 1999, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have trained over 10,000 service providers from more than 5,000 agencies to implement evidence-based HIV prevention interventions through its Diffusion of Effective Behavioral Interventions DEBI) program. Based on in-depth, semistructured interviews with a convenience sample of 22 HIV prevention service providers from eight agencies in Wisconsin who participated in DEBI training, this article explores providers' motivations for attending DEBI training, perceptions of the utility and value of the DEBI program, and criticisms of the program. Providers indicated that they attended training as part of general skill-building efforts, as a way to improve services through the adoption of evidence-based interventions, and to better meet client needs. DEBI training participants were critical of the program's "top down" approach, perceived lack of fit between the DEBI and their target populations, and what they perceived as a lack of evidence that the interventions would work with their particular populations. These results suggest that in order for the DEBI program to be more widely accepted, the experiences and expertise of providers need to be more fully integrated into the processes of developing, disseminating, and adapting evidence-based HIV prevention interventions.
The labor market of southern textile mill villages: Some micro evidence

Abstract The records of a typical mill village are used to study the Southern textile labor market. Earnings functions are estimated for the mill operatives in early 1941. The results are analyzed with respect to the varying hypotheses concerning the motive behind company towns as a labor market institution. The geography of the Southern textile labor market is also studied, particularly with respect to the role of skill in labor mobility. Data from 1937 are used to measure the impact of minimum wage legislation and varying demand conditions. The paper concludes by connecting the mill village system to labor market geography.
Surveying the Commons: Current Implementation of Information Commons Web sites

This study assessed the content of 72 academic library Information Commons (IC) Web sites using content analysis, quantitative assessment and qualitative surveys of site administrators to analyze current implementation by the academic library community. Results show that IC Web sites vary widely in content, design and functionality, with few established standards. Recommendations for developing a consistent set of standards are presented.
Organ-specific patterns of donor antigen-specific hyporeactivity and peripheral blood allogeneic microchimerism in lung, kidney, and liver transplant recipients.

Although their relative importance and interaction are unclear, donor antigen(Ag) * -specific hyporeactivity and allogeneic microchimerism have been associated with improved long-term graft outcome and a lower incidence of chronic rejection in solid organ transplant recipients. We have postulated that a critical level of donor antigen, for a critical time period, is necessary to develop and maintain donor antigen-specific hyporeactivity ; both the level and the time may differ by organ transplanted. In our current study, we tested donor antigen-specific hyporeactivity and peripheral blood allogeneic microchimerism in liver and kidney recipients and compared these values with our previous findings in lung recipients. We tested 25 liver recipients at 12 to 29 months posttransplant : 10 (40%) had developed donor antigen-specific hyporeactivity ; 5 (20%), peripheral blood allogeneic microchimerism. For all but 1 of the chimeric and hyporeactive recipients, the level of donor cells was very low ( 1 :6,000) than did the responsive recipients. We previously reported that 22% of kidney recipients had developed donor antigen-specific hyporeactivity at 12 to 18 months posttransplant. In our current study of 33 kidney recipients, we observed peripheral blood allogeneic microchimerism in 7 (21%) at 12 to 18 months posttransplant. The level of donor cells was very low (∼1 :75,000), with no correlation between donor antigen-specific hyporeactivity and peripheral blood allogeneic microchimerism at the time point tested. These studies emphasize the organ-specific nature of the development of donor antigen-specific hyporeactivity and the persistence of peripheral blood allogeneic microchimerism. Donor antigen-specific hyporeactivity correlates with very low levels of donor cells in liver recipients, while a higher critical level of donor cells is important in lung recipients. Additional sequential early posttransplant studies are necessary to further define the possible interrelationship between donor antigen and the development and maintenance of donor antigen-specific hyporeactivity.
Transverse strain sensitivity of fiber Bragg grating sensors

This article presents an integrated formulation for the calculation of the spectral response of a fiber Bragg grating sensor embedded in a host material system, as a function of the loading applied to the host structure. In particular, the calculation of the transverse strain sensitivity of a fiber Bragg grating sensor through the calculation of the change in effective index (or indices) of refraction of the fiber cross-section due to the applied load is presented in detail. For the calculation of the fiber propagation constants, a two-step finite element formulation is used moeling the optical, geometric and material properties of the cross-section. Once the propagation constants and principle optical axes are known along the fiber, a modified transfer matrix method is applied to calculate the spectral response of the FBG. It is shown that the inclusion of the change in index of refraction throughout the cross-section yields close agreement with previous methods. However the current method provides the potential to evaluate the effects of high strain gradients across the optical fiber core for some loading applications.
Models for the impedance behavior of protective coatings and cases of localized corrosion

Simple equivalent circuits (EC) for the impedance behavior of polymer coated steel and anodized Al alloys and Al-based metal matrix composites are discussed. The use of these ECs for the determination of protection surface properties and their degradation with exposure time to corrosive environments is illustrated. It is demonstrated that the pitting model for Al alloys can be used to determine pit growth rates from EIS data obtained at the corrosion potential. For very short exposure times an inductive loop is observed which is due to polarization during the anodic cycle of the applied ac signal.
Evaluating and Motivating Faculty Performance: Challenges for Marketing Chairs

This paper seeks to understand (1) how chairs evaluate and motivate faculty performance and (2) how these practices challenge marketing chairs. One hundred nine chairs, a 24 percent sample response rate, completed a Web survey that addressed five research questions. First, teaching and research performance importance levels differed based on institutional mission. Second, similar methods were employed to evaluate faculty member teaching performance regardless of institutional mission. Third, most business schools/colleges require five to six articles for promotion and tenure; however, publication reputation and quality differ. Fourth, chairs allocated different priorities to faculty member service activities based on mission. Fifth, financial incentives were employed to motivate higher levels of research performance; but nonfinancial approaches were utilized for improving teaching performance and service engagement. These findings and implications for marketing chairs regarding the management of marketing...
Aerosol coagulation in the plume from a cross-wind line source

Abstract Various numerical schemes for approximating advection, diffusion and aerosol coagulation have been tested for the plume from a cross-wind line aerosol source. On the basis of these tests, it is concluded that Fromm's method for advection and orthogonal collocation on finite elements for diffusion are among the best means currently available. For numerical simulation of coagulation in a plume from a cross-wind line source, cubic spline interpolation and quadrature are very accurate in conserving aerosol mass concentration. Also, the numerical results for coagulation provide proof of the capability of the method of fractional steps to simulate accurately aerosol coagulation and transport.
When Cross‐Examination Offends: How Men and Women Assess Intrusive Questioning of Male and Female Expert Witnesses

Personally intrusive questioning during cross-examination has become commonplace. The differential impact of this questioning on female vs. male experts was the focus in this study, thus these questions are referred to as gender-intrusive questions. The results demonstrated that the female expert was rated as less confident, trustworthy, likable, believable, and credible than the male expert. The male and female experts were both rated as more credible, trustworthy, and believable when subjected to gender-intrusive questions. Furthermore, the use of these questions left the jurors with a negative impression of the prosecuting attorney and his case. Jury members were more likely to believe that the evidence exhibited the most support for the defense's case when the witness was subjected to gender-intrusive questioning.
The Effect of Competition on Men’s Self-Reported Sexual Interest

Men have been sexually selected (both via male–male competition and female choice) to compete with other men for survival and reproduction. Evidence in humans suggests that men are especially competitive with other men over resources and, if successful, are valued as attractive mating prospects by women. We predicted that experimentally manipulating competitive outcomes would differentially affect men’s sexual interest, with a victory resulting in men expressing greater interest in mating opportunities and a loss resulting in decreased interest in mating opportunities. One hundred thirteen men were asked to participate in a speed-based competition. Participants were randomly assigned to experience a win, a loss, or no competitive feedback (control condition). Participants’ sexual interest was gauged by their responses to photographs of women of differing attractiveness, wherein they were asked to rate their sexual interest in the photographed women and to give attributions of sexual interest to the same women. Results showed that single (unmated) men exhibited the predicted effects of competition on sexual interest. Specifically, whereas both single men and mated men were more sexually interested in high-attractiveness women than in low-attractiveness women, only single men exhibited a higher sexual interest after a win, followed by the control and losing conditions, respectively.
Inovativne ili bogate regije? Prostorna ekonometrijska analiza regija Europske unije

Ovaj se rad bavi prostornom ekonometrijskom analizom podataka o regijama Europske unije. Osnovni je cilj rada rasvijetliti cimbenike koji su povezani s ekonomskim uspjehom regija. Ekonomski se uspjeh definira na dva nacina: kao opca razina ekonomskog bogatstva i kao uspjeh u znanstveno-tehnoloskom inoviranju. Primjenjuju se metode vizualne i eksplorativne prostorne analize i multivarijantni modeli prostorne zavisnosti. Prostorno je grupiranje znacajniji cimbenik kada je rijec o ekonomskom bogatstvu nego kada je rijec o uspjehu u znanstveno-tehnoloskom inoviranju. Drugim rijecima, regije mogu postati inovativne premda se ne nalaze u inovativnom okruženju, ali mnogo teže postaju bogate ako nisu u bogatom okruženju. Multivarijantna analiza otkriva kako su ova dva modela ekonomskog uspjeha povezana s razlicitim nezavisnim varijablama. Za razliku od uspjesnosti shvacene kao bogatstvo, uspjesnost shvacena kao inovativni potencijal povezana je s faktorima koji upucuju na liberalniji i manje egalitarni oblik razvoja. Ova se razvojna dvojba posebno ostro postavlja pred postkomunisticke regije u Istocnoj Europi.
Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

Abstract Eighty-eight patients with preexcitation were studied to determine how 30 patients with documented spontaneous paroxysmal atrial fibrillation differed from 58 patients without this arrhythmia. Inducible reentrant tachycardia was present in 23 (77 percent) of the 30 patients with, versus 28 (48 percent) of the 58 patients without, atrial fibrillation (p Of 51 patients with inducible reentrant tachycardia, 23 patients with atrial fibrillation did not differ from 28 patients without this arrhythmia with respect to clinical features and atrial, sinus nodal, or anomalous pathway properties, or cycle length of induced reentrant tachycardia. Spontaneous degeneration of induced reentrant tachycardia to atrial fibrillation was observed in 6 (26 percent) of 23 patients with, versus none of 28 patients without, atrial fibrillation (p In summary, patients with preexcitation and documented spontaneous paroxysmal atrial fibrillation almost always have inducible reentrant tachycardia or heart disease, or both. It is likely that in many patients with inducible reentrant tachycardia, spontaneously occurring reentrant tachycardia relates to induction of atrial fibrillation. However, it is unclear why some patients with inducible reentrant tachycardia have atrial fibrillation and others do not. In many patients with organic heart disease, atrial fibrillation could relate to hemodynamic changes.
Comparison of Intellectually and Artistically Gifted on Five Dimensions of Mental Functioning

Two talented groups (artists and intellectually gifted) and one comparison group (graduate students from various disciplines) were examined on five dimensions of mental functioning: psychomotor, sensual, intellectual, imaginational, and emotional. These dimensions constitute a model of developmental potential representing, respectively, the personal level of energy, sensual aliveness, the pursuit of knowledge and truth, imagination, and the life of feeling. According to this model, the strength, richness, and depth of talent are a function of the strength of these five dimensions, measured on an open-ended questionnaire. Analysis showed that intellectual talent tends to be associated with high scores on three dimensions (intellectual, imaginational, and emotional), while artistic talent tends to be associated with high scores on all five dimensions (especially strong on imaginational and emotional). In contrast, the graduate students had lower scores on all five dimensions.
Expression of three forms of thyroid hormone receptor in human tissues.

At least two thyroid hormone receptor (hTR) genes are present in humans, but the significance of this multiplicity is unknown. These receptors could have differences in tissue distribution or possess different functions. We studied the distribution and abundance of three hTR mRNAs (hTRβ, hTRα1, and hTRα2) by Northern blot analysis. Three mRNAs were expressed in all tissues examined. hTRβ was strongly expressed in brain and prostate predominantly as a 10.0-kilobase (kb) mRNA. This mRNA was also expressed in thyroid and was much less abundant in liver, kidney, placenta, tonsil, and spleen. hTRα1 is represented by two mRNAs with sizes of 6.0 and 3.2 kb. The 6.0-kb mRNA was constantly less abundant than the 3.2-kb mRNA. hTRα2 was detected as a single mRNA with a size of 3.2 kb, using a probe unique for this mRNA. Both hTRα1 and hTRα2 were strongly expressed in brain, prostate, and thyroid and much less in other tissues. The relative amounts of the three hTR mRNAs were roughly parallel in each tissue. It is of...
Materials Science Physical Properties of Maxillofacial Elastomers Under Conditions of Accelerated Aging

The stability of the physical properties of various commercially available maxillofacial prosthetic materials was evaluated with the use of an accelerated aging chamber. The tensile strength, maximum percent elongation, shear strength, tear energy, and Shore A hardness were determined before and after accelerated aging. Results indicate that silicone 44210, a RTV rubber, is a promising elastomer for maxillofacial application.