cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plasmonic modulation and demodulation structure for the future optical WDM devices in communication system

Abstract Optical communications is the linchpin of modern communications delivering vast majority of the online traffic worldwide at the terabit-per-second rate. However, an exponential growth of this traffic requires proper increase in transmission rate, which, in turn, puts more pressure on finding new technological solutions to meet these demands. A possible direction of this search is application of plasmonics. Plasmonics has the potential to combine the best properties of both electronic and photonic worlds leading to the development of new units of optical systems in nanoscale footprints. Application of plasmonics in optical communications would lead to integration of plasmonic circuitry with digital electronics, which in turn would open new opportunities in research applications and lay the foundation for the next generation digital technology. This paper is the attempt to make one more step in this direction. Specifically, we propose the structure for plasmonic field modulation and demodulation under two conditions: (1) The work is done for narrow-band coupling conditions and (2) graphene is used as an intermediate layer between the conductor and the cover to increase the coupling efficiency at the 1550-nm wavelength. The results include a unique description of the plasmonic coupling and resonance peak for the proposed structure and analysis of the enhancement in modulation performance caused by the insertion of the graphene layer in the plasmonic structure. The possible applications of the proposed structure are also considered.
One small step for man

Judith Harries links the books of Simon Bartram to the 50th anniversary of the first moon landing on 20 July, 1969, offering children the opportunity to express their feelings and ideas relating to...
Toxicological considerations of nano-sized plastics

Undoubtedly, plastics have changed human existence. These pervasive products are used in nearly every field to include technological, biomedical, and domestic applications. Post-consumer plastic waste disposal leading to plastic pollution in landfills, waterways, and oceans represents a worldwide environmental challenge. Accumulation and continued material fragmentation from micro- to nanoplastics has identified concerns pertaining to environmental and human exposures and toxicity. While many studies have focused on particle fate and identification, the toxicological considerations must focus on the biological relevance of particle deposition within a particular organism, compartment, organ, and tissue. Further, concerns exist regarding the physical and chemical properties of the plastic particles during their production and/or degradation. In this minireview we will discuss (1) particle characterization and assessment, (2) environmental concerns, and (3) human toxicity.
Constitutive modeling of dynamic strain aging for HCP metals

Abstract Dynamic strain aging hugely affects the microstructural mechanical behavior of metallic materials when activated. It has been extensively reported in the literature that the dynamic strain aging causes significant gaps between model predictions and experimental measurements. Without considering this phenomenon, a constitutive model is unable to accurately capture the material behavior when it is active. The new constitutive model for hexagonal close-packed metals is developed in this work to predict the dynamic strain aging-induced hardening based on the probability function. The proposed model consists of three elements, i.e. dynamic strain aging-induced flow stress as well as thermal and athermal flow stresses. Physically motivated derivation of all the three elements is presented. The proposed model is applied to pure hexagonal close-packed titanium under quasi-static loading ( e ˙ = 0.001 / s and e ˙ = 0.1 / s ) to dynamic loading ( e ˙ = 2200 / s and e ˙ = 8000 / s ) across a broad range of temperatures ( 77 − 1000 K ).
Learning Through Doing in Teacher Education: A Proposal.

JL he rationale for teaching mathematics to prospective elementary school teachers is quite straightforward. A teacher must obviously have some knowledge of the discipline's subject matter in order to insure adequate learning on the part of instructed students. This is normally accomplished by requiring the elementary education major to take a prescribed number of courses dealing with concepts deemed relevant to the elementary mathematics curriculum. The problem with this procedure is that the college textbook writer must himself arbitrarily decide which concepts are relevant and which are not. The purpose of the present article is to propose a procedure for teaching mathematics to propective teachers that avoids much of this arbitrariness.
Sur les pavés, la rage

The appeal of rebellions and insurrections lies as much in the motive of the cause defended as in the excitement generated. May ‘68 is emblematic of this sort of dual attraction on the youth it gal...
A Feature Learning based Technique to Classify Medline Disease Abstracts

In bioinformatics, the classification of research documents in relation to their subject matter (specifically, disease types) is a very important task with many applications in the field. In terms of text classification, the total number of available disease documents is limited with Medline being the main source, containing a mostly abstract-only collection of research papers. However, abstracts are an important tool in gauging the specific disease in question, and giving a quick summary of the research. We introduce an effective technique based on feature learning for inducing feature weights appropriate for text classification with small dataset (in training and testing). We applied and evaluated the proposed technique in text classification task with medical abstracts representing disease texts. The conducted experiments with small data sets ranging from 40 to 500 documents (abstracts composed of around 300 words) produced excellent and promising results with respect to classification accuracy and AUC. In essence, the proposed technique gives leverage to the class distribution over each attribute rather than the attribute distribution over the two classes. Our technique consistently showed higher performance than conventional methods, and continued to improve with a decrease in the number of documents across all disease abstract classification experiments.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Predictors of Chondral Lesions in Patients With Femoroacetabular Impingement: An Analysis of 545 Cases.

Purpose A large prospective cohort was used (1) to evaluate the overall ability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to detect Outerbridge grade III and IV cartilage defects found during surgery and (2) to identify the specific MRI findings most associated with these cartilage defects so that the practicing hip arthroscopist can better predict cartilage injury before surgery. Methods All patients undergoing hip arthroscopy between February 2015 and May 2017 at 1 institution were enrolled in a prospective cohort. Intra-articular findings were documented at the time of surgery. MRI reports were retrospectively reviewed for radiologist-reported articular cartilage, osseous, or synovial abnormalities. Sensitivity and specificity of MRI findings were calculated; multivariate logistic regression analysis determined which findings were associated with high-grade chondral damage at the time of arthroscopy and used to create an online risk calculator, https://orthop.washington.edu/hiprisk/ . Results Of 598 patients who underwent hip arthroscopy, 550 had MRI reports available for review (92%). Grade III and IV cartilage injuries were reported on arthroscopy in 70 patients (13%) of average age 33 ± 13 years. On univariate analyses, individual MRI findings were not sensitive in detection of articular cartilage injury (mean 22%; range, 1.4%-46%), but positive findings were highly specific (mean 90%,; range, 76%-99%). Multivariate analysis revealed that older age (odds ratio [OR] 1.09 [1.06-1.11], P Conclusion MRI was a specific but not sensitive tool in diagnosing articular cartilage injury. Surgeons should be aware that osseous findings such as cysts or edema are highly predictive of full-thickness cartilage loss in FAI. Level of Evidence Level III, development of diagnostic criteria (consecutive patients with consistently applied reference standard, no blinding).
Emergency department screening for latent tuberculosis infection.

Abstract Objective Approximately 12.4 million people in the U.S. have latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), 73% of whom are non-U.S. born. Identification and treatment of LTBI are essential for tuberculosis eradication. We evaluated an emergency department (ED) – based LTBI screening and linkage to care program. Methods We queried electronic records of a clinical prevention program located in a Midwestern, urban, academic ED that serves as the region's safety-net hospital. Program staff approached non-U.S. born ED patients from TB endemic areas. Patients received QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus (QFT) blood testing and, if positive, were referred to treatment. The primary outcome was the proportion of tested patients newly diagnosed with LTBI. We secondarily report the number of patients linked to care who initiated LTBI treatment. Results The program approached 33 patients, of whom 24 (72.7%) were eligible, and 23 (95.8%) were tested. The majority were male (13, 56.5%), median age was 33 years (IQR 27–45), and 13 (56.5%) were from Latin America. Three patients (13.0%, 95% CI 0.03–0.35) were newly diagnosed with LTBI and linked to care; two (66.7%) started LTBI treatment. Conclusions In this first report of an ED-based LTBI screening program implemented in a region with low TB prevalence, over 10% of high-risk ED patients tested positive for LTBI and were linked to treatment. Screening populations at risk for LTBI in EDs and linking them to public health treatment services should be prioritized in order to achieve TB elimination in the U.S.
An Information-Theoretic Spatial Resolution Criterion for Qualitative Images

Innovation in image reconstruction techniques is measured by improvements in reliable image quality criteria, such as contrast and resolution. Traditional image quality criteria are designed for linear techniques with quantitative values. However, many newer ultrasound algorithms are nonlinear and produce images with nontraditional statistics and distributions; their underlying information content is considered more important than the raw image values themselves. Here, we demonstrate that such qualitative images are fundamentally incompatible with ultrasound spatial resolution metrics designed for quantitative images, such as the width and separability of point targets and the speckle autocorrelation length. We further propose a new spatial resolution metric based on the self-mutual information of translating image patches, called the autoinformation length. The autoinformation length captures both linear and nonlinear dependencies between image patches and is invariant under dynamic range transformations, making it well-suited for evaluating nonlinear imaging methods.
Economic Effects of the Lysine Cartel

This chapter documents the economic effects of the operation of the lysine cartel on prices, production levels, international trade, and buyers’ incomes. Monetary estimates of these effects typically play a key role in legal actions to punish cartels or compensate their victims. The legal ramifications of the lysine cartel are discussed in Chapters 13 to 16. Chapter 13 covers the U.S. government’s criminal investigation that began in November 1992, Chapter 14 non-U.S. prosecutions, and Chapter 15 details the sentencing of three ADM officers in July 1999. Chapter 16 concentrates on the many parallel civil actions by parties seeking compensation for economic injuries they alleged they received at the hands of the lysine conspirators. The impacts on the companies themselves, the individual conspirators, and on the antitrust legal apparatus are reserved for the final chapter.
Resource-bounded Kolmogorov complexity of hard languages

This paper explores further the relationship between randomness and complexity. The concept of time-/space-bounded Kolmogorov complexity of languages is introduced. Among others we show that there exists a language L in DTIME(22lin) such that the 2poly-time-bounded Kolmogorov complexity of L is exponential almost everywhere. We study time-/space- bounded Kolmogorov complexity of languages that are DTIME(22lin)-(SPACE (2lin)-) hard under polynomial-time Turing reductions. The connection between Kolmogorov-random languages and almost everywhere hard languages is investigated. We also show that Kolmogorov randomness implies Church randomness. Finally, we work out the relationship between time-/space- bounded Kolmogorov complexity and time-/space- bounded descriptional complexity of Boolean circuits and formulas for hard languages. This result provides a classification of exponential-size circuits and formulas in terms of the amount of information contained in them.
Developing a Comprehensive Family Financial Planning Master’s Program: Realities, Surprises, and Pitfalls to Avoid

The Great Plains IDEA, a ten-state consortium for distance education, seeks to enhance program possibilities in the disciplines of family and consumer science. The IDEA has designed a comprehensive master’s degree program in family financial planning that involves sharing courses and faculty across campuses ofmember institutions. Challenges that the program has encountered include differences in institutional policies, a need for improved faculty competence in distance education methodology, and management of program growth. Students have reacted positively to the program itself, as well as to the opportunity to obtain a master’s degree through distance education. The vision of collaborativedistance education that made this interinstitutional program possible continues to guide development of the program.
Designing experiments for controller perturbation theories-an example

Recent theoretical results have extended the reliability analysis for real-time digital control systems to cover temporary periods of controller misbehavior. Previously, reliability analyses assumed the controller always had to be in control, and periods of controller misbehavior were either ignored or declared to be system failure. It is possible, however, for a system to survive repeated controller perturbations because of plant dynamics. System inertia can prevent an incorrect command from leading to immediate catastrophe, and this time lag gives the controller an opportunity to recover. Recent advances place this idea on a quantitative basis by deriving results for the basic control criterion of asymptotic stability in terms of matrix norms. Translating a theoretical result into a laboratory experiment poses numerous problems and possibilities. We present the results of the experiment inducing some transmission perturbations on communication cable due to radiating EMI in the reverberation chamber. We consider four topics such as (i) parameter observation, (ii) predictive ability, (iii) asymptotic stability, and (iv) field data.
Chapter 13 Integrin Signaling and the Platelet Cytoskeleton

Publisher Summary Platelets contain membrane and cytoplasmic cytoskeletons that control the discoid shape of the resting cell. These cytoskeletons are remodeled during platelet activation, adhesion, and aggregation, resulting in the appearance of a variety of F-actin structures, including filopodia, lamellipodia, and adhesion plaques. Remodeling of the cytoskeleton is mediated, in part, through platelet-signaling pathways that include G-protein-linked receptors, heterotrimeric and small GTP-binding proteins, and protein and lipid kinases. It is also facilitated by signaling reactions triggered by fibrinogen binding to integrin α IIb β 3 . The cytoskeleton of activated platelets may serve as a scaffold to localize enzymes and substrates at the right time and place to achieve optimal platelet responses to vascular injury. Further clarification of the complex relationships among α IIb β 3 , cytoskeletal proteins, and the signaling machinery of the platelet will have diagnostic and therapeutic implications for hemostasis and thrombosis. It may also facilitate the understanding of anchorage-dependent cellular responses in nucleated cells, where integrins and the cytoskeleton provide a conduit for the transfer of information from the extracellular matrix to the nucleus.
Sample Sizes for Usability Studies: Additional Considerations

Recently, Virzi (1992) presented data that support three claims regarding sample sizes for usability studies: (1) observing four or five participants will allow a usability practitioner to discover 80% of a product's usability problems, (2) observing additional participants will reveal fewer and fewer new usability problems, and (3) more severe usability problems are easier to detect with the first few participants. Results from an independent usability study clearly support the second claim, partially support the first, but fail to support the third. Problem discovery shows diminishing returns as a function of sample size. Observing four to five participants will uncover about 80% of a product's usability problems as long as the average likelihood of problem detection ranges between 0.32 and 0.42, as in Virzi. If the average likelihood of problem detection is lower, then a practitioner will need to observe more than five participants to discover 80% of the problems. Using behavioral categories for problem severity (or impact), these data showed no correlation between problem severity (impact) and rate of discovery. The data provided evidence that the binomial probability formula may provide a good model for predicting problem discovery curves, given an estimate of the average likelihood of problem detection. Finally, data from economic simulations that estimated return on investment (ROI) under a variety of settings showed that only the average likelihood of problem detection strongly influenced the range of sample sizes for maximum ROI.
Effect of Loading Rate on Dynamic Fracture Morphology of a Zr-Based Bulk Metallic Glass

Low-velocity plate impact experiments using a single-stage gas-gun are performed on Zr58.5Cu15.6Ni12.8Al10.3Nb2.8. Compressive fracture surfaces of the samples subjected to varying impact velocities and stress amplitudes are evaluated in order to study their loading rate dependence. Samples impacted at increasing loading rates, from increasing velocities of impact, show a larger extent of localized melting while those subjected to increasing stress show a transition from ductile to brittle fracture. These observations suggest that the mechanisms and morphology of fracture are strain-rate dependent. [doi:10.2320/matertrans.M2014467]
The genetic basis of a dorsal color polymorphism in Rana pipiens

Leopard frogs (Rana pipiens Schreber) from Colorado were used in laboratory matings to investigate the mode of inheritance of green-brown, dorsal background color polymorphism. A total of 624 F1 progeny were produced in 18 successful matings. The results support the hypothesis that the control of dorsal color in Rana pipens is a two-allele, one-locus system with the allele for green color dominant to the allele for brown color.
Christian Messier, Klaus J. Puettmann, and K. David Coates, eds. Managing Forests as Complex Adaptive Systems: Building Resilience to the Challenge of Global Change

The future of forests is uncertain, with the changing global economic system, changing social values, and the impact of climate change. Managing forests accounting for future uncertainties possesse...
DOA estimation using a sparse uniform linear array with two CW signals of co-prime frequencies

In this paper, we propose the use of a sparse uniform linear array to estimate the direction-of-arrival (DOA) of more sources than the number of sensors by exploiting two continuous wave signals whose frequencies satisfy a certain co-prime relationship. This extends the co-prime array and filter concept, which was developed in either the spectral or spatial domain, to a joint spatio-spectral domain, thereby achieving high flexibility in array structure design to meet the degrees-of-freedom and system complexity constraints. The DOA estimation is implemented in the difference co-array context to avoid spatial undersampling, and group sparsity based compressive sensing techniques are used to determine the direction of signal arrivals.
Assessment of anticoagulation management in a simulated ambulatory care clinic.

Objectives. To assess the effectiveness of adding a simulated anticoagulation clinic practical examination for formal assessment of PharmD students' skills. Design. A practical examination requiring students to review a mock medical record and role-play a follow-up anticoagulation clinic visit with a standardized patient was designed. Students assessed the patient's vital signs, laboratory values, and subjective complaints during an in-depth interview and documented clinical recommendations in a progress note. Assessment. Student feedback indicated that the simulated clinic was pertinent to preparation for experiential rotations. Ninety-five percent of the students recommended that it be continued as a required component of the course. Conclusion. The simulated ambulatory care clinic exercise reinforces principles of anticoagulation management as well as the assessment of clinical data, performance of a patient interview, and written documentation of recommendations.
Characterization and solubilization of nucleotide-specific, Mg2+-ATPase and Mg2+-pyrophosphatase of tonoplast

Nucleotide-specific, Mg2+-dependent ATPase and Mg2+-dependent pyrophosphatase were recovered with purified tonoplast obtained from isolated Tulipa petal vacuoles. Relative Mg2+-dependent hydrolysis of ATP, GTP and pyrophosphate, the only substrates hydrolyzed to a substantial degree, was 1.0, 0.3, and 0.6, respectively. Tonoplast ATPase required Mg2+, and essentially no Mg2+-dependent or Mg2+-independent p-nitrophenylphosphatase (which was associated with intact vacuoles) occurred with the membrane. Tonoplast ATPase was stimulated 10 to 30% by KCl, but was little effected by other cations (other than NH4+) or anions. No activity was observed with CaATP as substrate. The enzyme was cold stable and was inhibited by DCCD and Dio-9, but not by oligomycin. Its pH optimum was 7.0 and its specific activity was about 50 μmol Pi/mg protein per h at 37°C. Properties of membrane-bound and Polidocanol (polyoxyethylene ether, 9 lauryl ether) solubilized enzyme were similar. Reduced activity of solubilized enzyme was partially restored with phospholipids. Tonoplast ATPase appears to be an integral membrane component which requires phospholipids for maximal activity. Tonoplast Mg2+-pyrophosphatase had a pH optimum of ≥ 8.5, was stimulated 2.5-fold by 50 mM KCl, and was largely lost upon detergent treatment. Properties of tonoplast ATPase observed are consistent with the characteristics of proton transport exhibited by isolated, intact Tulipa vacuoles (Wagner, G.J. and Lin, W. (1982) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 689, 261–266). These observations suggest that tonoplast ATPase functions in proton transport.
Pyrolysis of fluorodiazirines

The thermal decomposition of difluorodiazirine and difluoraminofluorodiazirine results in the formation of difluorocarbene and difluoraminofluorocarbene, respectively. The isolable products of the pyrolyses include fluoro-alkenes, -cyclopropanes, -azines, -aziridines and in some cases isomerization products thereof.
Flexible supercapacitor yarns with coaxial carbon nanotube network electrodes

Abstract Flexible supercapacitors with a yarn-like geometry were fabricated with coaxially arranged electrodes. Carbon nanotube (CNT) network electrodes enabled the integration of the electronic conductor and active material of each electrode into a single component. CNT yarns were employed as the inner electrode to provide the supporting structure of the device. These part integration strategies eliminated the need for inactive material, which resulted in device volumetric energy and power densities among the highest reported for flexible carbon-based EDLCs. In addition, the coaxial yarn cell design provided a robust structure able to undergo flexural deformation with minimal impact on the energy storage performance. Greater than 95% of the energy density and 99% of the power density were retained when wound around an 11 cm diameter cylinder. The electrochemical properties were characterized at stages throughout the fabrication process to provide insights and potential directions for further development of these novel cell designs.
Synthesis of Deuterated 1,2,3-Triazoles

The copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) is a highly effective method for the selective incorporation of deuterium atom into the C-5 position of the 1,2,3-triazole structure. Reactions of alkynes and azides can be conveniently carried out in a biphasic medium of CH2Cl2/D2O, using the CuSO4/Na ascorbate system. The mildness of the method renders it applicable to substrates of relatively high complexity, such as nucleosides. Good yields and high levels of deuterium incorporation were observed. A reaction conducted in equimolar H2O and D2O showed 2.7 times greater incorporation of hydrogen atom as compared to deuterium. This is consistent with the H+ and D+ ion concentrations in H2O and D2O, respectively. With appropriately deuterated precursors, partially to fully deuterated triazoles were assembled where the final deuterium atom was incorporated in the triazole-forming step.
Barriers to Adaptability in a Multinational Team

The majority of current military missions require collaboration among multiple nations. For example, the military presence established in Bosnia-Herzegovina (B-H) following the end of their civil w...
Activation of epsilon protein kinase C correlates with a cardioprotective effect of regular ethanol consumption.

In addition to decreasing the incidence of myocardial infarction, recent epidemiological data suggest that regular alcohol consumption improves survival after myocardial infarction. We recently found that chronic ethanol exposure induces long-term protection against cardiac ischemia–reperfusion injury, which improves myocardial recovery after infarction. Furthermore, this cardioprotection by ethanol is mediated through myocyte adenosine A1 receptors. We now determine the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in ethanol’s protective effect against ischemia–reperfusion injury. Using perfused hearts of ethanol-fed guinea pigs, we find that improved contractile recovery and creatine kinase release after ischemia–reperfusion are abolished by PKC inhibition with chelerythrine. Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence localization demonstrate that regular ethanol consumption causes sustained translocation (activation) of ɛPKC, but not δ or αPKC. This same isozyme is directly implicated in ischemic preconditioning’s protection against ischemia–reperfusion injury. Our findings suggest (i) that regular ethanol consumption induces long-term cardioprotection through sustained translocation of ɛPKC and (ii) that PKC activity is necessary at the time of ischemia to mediate ethanol’s protective effect against ischemia–reperfusion injury. Studying this selective effect of ethanol on ɛPKC activation may lead to new therapies to protect against ischemia–reperfusion injury in the heart and other organ systems.
Peculiar behaviour of He II disturbances due to sloshing dynamics driven by jitter accelerations associated with slew motion in microgravity

The mathematical formulation of Dewar container sloshing dynamics when partially filled with superfluid liquid He 11 driven by the gravity jitter acceleration associated with slew motion in a microgravity environment is studied. Numerical computation of the sloshing dynamics is based on the non-inertia container bound co-ordinate, and solving time-dependent, three-dimensional formulations of partial differential equations subject to initial and boundary conditions. This study discloses the capillary effect of the sloshing dynamics governing the liquid-vapour interface fluctuations driven by the gravity jitter acceleration associated with slew motion, which affects the stability of the fluid system in a microgravity environment. The peculiar behaviour of superfluid helium when reacting to the sloshing dynamics driven by the gravity jitter acceleration associated with slew motion in a microgravity environment is also investigated.
The structure of μ-carbonyl-μ-dicyanovinylidene-bis(carbonylcyclopentadienyliron(0)), cis-Fe2(CO)2(π-C5H5)2(μ-CO)[μ-CC(CN)2]

Abstract The structure of cis-Fe2(CO)2(π-C5H5)2(μ-CO)[μ-CC(CN)2] has been determined from three-dimensional X-ray data collected by counter methods. The dark-red compound crystallizes in space group Cc2h (P21/c) of the monoclinic system with two independent dimeric molecules in the asymmetric portion of a unit cell of dimensions a = 7.218(1), b = 33.275(6), c = 13.364(2) A, and β = 99.71(1)°. The observed and calculated densities are 1.64(2) g cm−3 and 1.69 g cm−3, respectively. Least-squares refinement led to a final value of the conventional R index (on F) of 0.135 for the 2577 reflections having F0 > 0.0. The value of R is 0.084 for those reflections having F02 > 3σ (F02). The structure consists of discrete dimeric molecules with bridging dicyanovinylidene and bridging carbonyl ligands, and cis-cyclopentadienyl rings. The average value for the FeFe distance is 2.511(4) A. The dicyanovinylidene ligand is planar and symmetrically bridges the two iron atoms. The average FeC (of dicyanovinylidene) distance is 1.87(4) A. The average FeC (of bridging CO) distance is 1.94(3) A.
A KINETIC AND PRODUCT STUDY OF THE HYDROLYSIS OF CLONO2 ON TYPE IA POLAR STRATOSPHERIC CLOUD MATERIALS AT 185 K

A Knudsen cell reactor equipped with FTIR reflection−absorption spectroscopy (FTIR-RAS) has been used to study the hydrolysis of chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) on thin nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) and nitric acid dihydrate (NAD) films. The reaction efficiencies and condensed-phase products have been measured for a variety of water partial pressures at 185 K. The reaction efficiencies for ClONO2 hydrolysis on NAT and NAD were of similar magnitude and increased from γ = 0.0004 to γ = 0.007 as the water partial pressure was increased from 5 × 10-6 to 1.4 × 10-4 Torr. Although these values agree well with literature values at 90% relative humidity, significant differences are observed at lower relative humidities. Using our results at 185 K along with previous studies at 191 and 202 K, we suggest that this reaction may have a temperature dependence that is not currently addressed in atmospheric models. In the condensed phase, we observed the water dependence by the formation of progressively water-rich surface lay...
Investigation of quartz defect printability at the 65-nm node

The extension of dry-ArF optical lithography to the 65nm node imposes many challenges to photomask makers. More than likely a flavor of Alternating Aperture Phase Shift Masks (AAPSM) will be used on the most advanced lithography layers. Although the development of AAPSM masks has validated the resolution improvement, production issues are still present. Strategies for defect inspection, disposition, and repair of quartz defects at this technology node are still in development. A comprehensive strategy for the disposition and repair of quartz defects on AAPSM photomasks will be presented. The work utilizes a 65nm node, 193nm lithography based, AAPSM programmed defect mask comprised of multiple defect types at multiple quartz depths. A strong emphasis for the work is given to 60-degree phase defects. Both a Zeiss AIMSfab 193 aerial image microscope and a FEI SNP9000 scanning probe metrology tool is used to disposition the defects. The printability of defects at various illumination settings will also be reported. Repair solutions for the defects that do “print” is also presented.
High-sensitivity hardware trojan detection using multimodal characterization

Vulnerability of modern integrated circuits (ICs) to hardware Trojans has been increasing considerably due to the globalization of semiconductor design and fabrication processes. The large number of parts and decreased controllability and observability to complex ICs internals make it difficult to efficiently perform Trojan detection using typical structural tests like path latency and leakage power. In this paper, we present new accurate methods for Trojan detection that are based upon post-silicon multimodal thermal and power characterization techniques. Our approach first estimates the detailed post-silicon spatial power consumption using thermal maps of the IC, then applies 2DPCA to extract features of the spatial power consumption, and finally uses statistical tests against the features of authentic ICs to detect the Trojan. To characterize real-world ICs accurately, we perform our experiments in presence of 20% - 40% CMOS process variation. Our results reveal that our new methodology can detect Trojans with 3-4 orders of magnitude smaller power consumptions than the total power usage of the chip, while it scales very well because of the spatial view to the ICs internals by the thermal mapping.
Triticale em dietas para frangos de corte

Foi realizado um estudo com o objetivo de verificar os efeitos da substituicao do milho pelo triticale em dietas para frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 1.560 pintos de corte sendo metade de cada sexo, os quais foram criados de 1 ate 42 dias de idade. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos (T1=0, T2=25, T3=50, T4=75% de substituicao do milho por triticale e T5= uma dieta a base de triticale e farelo de soja). Utilizaram-se seis repeticoes de cada sexo de 26 aves em cada tratamento. As dietas foram isocaloricas e isoproteicas. Foi verificado efeito de sexo (P 0,05). De acordo com os resultados medios de desempenho, verificou-se que e possivel substituir o milho por triticale em ate 75%, sem afetar o desempenho. O uso do triticale sera economico, em dietas para machos e femeas juntos, quando o seu custo representar 63, 46 e 45% do preco do milho, nas substituicoes de 25, 50 e 75%, respectivamente. No tocante ao T5, mesmo com desempenho inferior em relacao ao T1, e economicamente viavel se o preco do triticale representar 42% do preco do milho.
M mode and cross-sectional echocardiographic features of flail posterior mitral leaflets

Seventeen patients with accepted M mode echocardiographic criteria for flail mitral leaflet were studied. M mode echocardiograms revealed characteristic disordered mitral valve motion: (1) 16 (94 percent) had chaotic diastolic mitral motion; (2) 14 (82 percent) had systolic mitral flutter; (3) 14 (82 percent) had systolic left atrial echoes; and (4) 12 (71 percent) had systolic mitral valve prolapse. In 8 patients (47 percent) all four findings were present, with three findings present in 16 (35 percent) and two findings present in 13 (18 percent); none had fewer than two findings. Cross-sectional echocardiographic studies in 10 patients revealed a systolic whipping motion of the posterior mitral leaflet into the left atrium in all, abnormal systolic mitral coaptation in all and an abnormal mass of systolic left atrial echoes in 4. None of the first three M mode criteria were observed in 230 patients with uncomplicated "mid systolic click-late systolic murmur" syndrome; cross-sectional echocardiography in 30 of 230 patients revealed normal systolic mitral coaptation and no systolic whipping of the tip of the posterior mitral leaflet into the left atrium.
Electron transfer-driven ATP synthesis in Methanococcus voltae is not dependent on a proton electrochemical gradient

Intracellular ATP levels in whole cells of Methanococcus voltae respond to electron transfer coupled to methanogenesis. ATP synthesis can also be induced by an artificially imposed transmembrane electrical potential [formed by electrogenic movement outwards of potassium (induced by valinomycin) or of protons (induced by an uncoupler], or by a pH gradient (acid outside). These results implicate the existence of a reversible ATPase coupled to electrogenic movement of an ion(s) other than potassium or proton, and that ionophores are competent to catalyze ion movement across the cytoplasmic membrane of this organism (which is the sole membrane structure in this species). ATP synthesis driven by electron transfer is, however, insensitive to the addition of such ionophores. These results indicate that although cells possess an ion-translocating ATPase (possibly involved in the maintenance of internal ionic composition homeostasis), methanogenesis-driven ATP synthesis does not involve the intermediacy of a transmembrane ion gradient. Primarily because methane formation has been previously demonstrated to involve true electron transfer, substrate-level phosphorylation (at least in analogy to other systems) has been generally ruled out. The results presented here suggest that at least one methanogenic bacterium may use a direct linkage of ATP synthesis to electron transfer.
“In the past, we ate from one plate”: Memory and the border in Leh, Ladakh

Abstract In India's Jammu and Kashmir State (J&K), the politicization of religious identity over the course of the twentieth century has become part of life in complex and contradictory ways tied to geopolitical uncertainty and contested borders. In this case study set in J&K's Leh District, I argue that border life and attendant vulnerability have charged both bodies and buildings with territorial potential. Fraught relations between Leh District's Buddhist majority and Muslim minority reproduce a border sensibility in the center of Leh town: restrictions on inter-religious marriage and fears of demographic change play out against a backdrop of religious structures being remodeled in ways that stake out territory at the heart of town and reference globally-identifiable religious architectural styles. How are inter-religious boundaries between people re-imagined to fit a shifting geopolitical context? What remains of an embodied past of inter-religious family ties? Through this case, I argue for attention to when and how political borders are recalled and embodied in relationships between people, in the spaces that we inhabit, and in the interpretation of those spaces. This article draws on seventeen months of research conducted during 2004, 2007–2008, and 2010, including a survey of 192 women's family decision-making, interviews, and youth photography and oral history projects to trace the interplay of memory, monumentalized religion in the built environment, and intimate life.
If Romantic Historicism Shaped Modern Fundamentalism, Would that Count as Secularization?

Over the last decade, scholars have been reconsidering the way secularization organizes literary history. This essay suggests that recent advances have depended on a tacit distinction between the institutional and intellectual narratives once fused under the rubric of secularization. It also underlines the value of that distinction through a case study, examining the way dispensational fundamentalism has combined historicism with an anti‐secular institutional agenda. Dispensationalism is now best known because of its prominence in the United States, where it spread the doctrine of a pre‐tribulational Rapture. But the movement’s origins lie in Britain, and its leaders were distinguished by a radically historical approach to the Bible. Edward Irving, for instance, discussed historical criticism with friends S.T. Coleridge and Thomas Carlyle, insisted on a contextual interpretation of Scripture, and saw the Gentile church as a provisional institution. Irving’s fundamentalist historicism is hard to distinguis...
Persistence of fecal indicator bacteria in Santa Monica Bay beach sediments.

Monitoring the water quality of recreational beaches is only one step toward understanding microbial contamination—the primary cause of beach closings. The surf zone sediment reservoir is typically overlooked and may also be important. This study involved monitoring the fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) levels in water and sediment at three ocean beaches (two exposed and one enclosed) during a storm event, conducting laboratory microcosm experiments with sediment from these beaches, and surveying sediment FIB levels at 13 beaches (some exposed and some enclosed). Peaks in Escherichia coli and enterococci concentrations in water and sediment coincided with storm activity at the two exposed beaches, while levels of both FIB were consistently high and irregular at the enclosed beach. Results from microcosm experiments showing similar, dramatic growth of FIB in both overlying water and sediment from all beaches, as well as results from the beach survey, support the hypothesis that the quiescent environment rather than sediment characteristics can explain the elevated sediment FIB levels observed at enclosed beaches. This work has implications for the predictive value of FIB measurements, and points to the importance of the sediment reservoir.
$B$ production asymmetries in perturbative QCD

This paper explores a new mechanism for B production in which a $\overline{b}$ quark combines with a light parton from the hard-scattering process before hadronizing into the B hadron. This heavy-quark recombination mechanism can be calculated within perturbative QCD up to a few nonperturbative constants. Though suppressed at large transverse momentum by a factor ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{\mathrm{QCD}}{m}_{b}{/p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}^{2}$ relative to $\overline{b}$ fragmentation production, it can be important at large rapidities. A signature for this heavy-quark recombination mechanism in $p\overline{p}$ colliders is the presence of rapidity asymmetries in B cross sections. Given reasonable assumptions about the size of nonperturbative parameters entering the calculation, we find that the asymmetries are only significant for rapidities larger than those currently probed by collider experiments.
Solution of the Percus-Yevick equation in the coexistence region of a simple fluid

There has been much recent interest in the behavior of integral-equation theories for the distribution functions of a fluid near the critical point and in the two-phase region. For most systems, implementation of these theories necessitates numerical solution of the integral equations. However, for two examples, the adhesive hard sphere fluid in the Percus-Yevick approximation and the hard sphere plus Yukawa tail model in the mean spherical approximation, analytical solutions of the Ornstein-Zernike equation are available. In this work we consider the comparison of results obtained via numerical methods with the analytical solution of the Percus-Yevick equation for the adhesive hard sphere fluid. This complements a recent study by us of the mean spherical approximation for the hard sphere plus Yukawa tail fluid. This allows us to examine carefully how errors arise in the numerical solutions. We examine the accuracy of numerical calculations of the critical exponents as well as the interpretation of solutions obtained in the coexistence region. We discuss the implications of this work for applications to more realistic potentials where only numerical solutions are available.
Globally solving nonconvex quadratic programming problems via completely positive programming

Nonconvex quadratic programming (QP) is an NP-hard problem that optimizes a general quadratic function over linear constraints. This paper introduces a new global optimization algorithm for this problem, which combines two ideas from the literature—finite branching based on the first-order KKT conditions and polyhedral-semidefinite relaxations of completely positive (or copositive) programs. Through a series of computational experiments comparing the new algorithm with existing codes on a diverse set of test instances, we demonstrate that the new algorithm is an attractive method for globally solving nonconvex QP.
Prothrombin is activated on vascular endothelial cells by factor Xa and calcium.

Abstract Vascular endothelial cells derived from adult bovine aorta (ABAE) treated with factor Xa and calcium were found to activate prothrombin. In contrast, nonvascular cells (human foreskin fibroblasts, bovine corneal endothelial cells, or human fetal lung cells) had either no or very little effect on prothrombin activation. In the presence of 6 X 10(5) ABAE cells, 20 ng of factor Xa converted 90 micrograms of prothrombin into 80 units of thrombin after 45 min at 37 degrees C. Exogenous factor V was not required for prothrombin activation, but thrombin generation was enhanced 2- to 4-fold by the addition of factor V (500-2,500 ng/ml). Treatment of ABAE cells with anti-bovine factor V IgG markedly inhibited prothrombin activation by factor Xa and calcium. In cells grown in serum-free medium for 3 months, the amount of factor V activity was equivalent to that found in cells grown with serum, which suggests that these cells probably synthesize factor V. Sparse ABAE cells increased prothrombin activation by factor Xa 6-fold compared to activation in confluent cells. Although previous thrombin treatment of ABAE cells did not enhance prothrombin activation, addition of dansyl arginine-4-ethyl piperidine amide markedly inhibited activation of 125I-labeled prothrombin by factor Xa, indicating that thrombin formation is necessary for optimal prothrombin activation. These data indicate that aortic endothelium may provide a physiologically important surface for activation of prothrombin as well as a mechanism for optimal formation of clots at sites of vascular injury.
Biotinylated Polythiophene Copolymer - A Novel Electroactive Biomaterial Utilizing the Biotin-Streptavidin Interaction

Abstract : A novel hierarchical biomaterial capable of incorporating any biotinylated biomolecule has been created. Our strategy is to biotinylate one- dimensional electroactive polymers and use a bridging streptavidin protein on Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) organized films. The following copolymeric system which enables functionalization of other molecules and formation of good monolayers was employed. Biotinvlated poly(3-methanolthiophene-co-3-undecylthiophene (B- PMUT) demonstrated a significantly better isotherm implying superior molecular packing compared to poly(3-methanol thiophene-co-3-undecyl thiophene) (PMUT) on the LB air-water surface. The isotherm showed significant area expansion when streptavidin was injected below the B-PMUT monolayer in 0.1 mM NaH2PO4/0-1 M NaCl buffer (ph 6.8) subphase. We then incorporated biotinylated phycoerythrin (B-PE) into this novel biomaterial by binding the unoccupied biotin binding sites on the bound streptavidin (4 sites total). The pressure-area isotherm of the protein injected monolayer showed area expansion. A characteristic fluorescent emission peak at 576 nm was detected from the monolayer transferred onto a solid substrate. These observations demonstrated the function of B-PMUT in hierarchical monolayer assembly of molecules incorporating the biotin/ streptavidin interaction. Langmuir-Blodgett, Electroactive polymers, Biotin, Streptavidin, Phycoerythrin.