cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theoretical models of spin-exchange optical pumping: Revisited and reconciled

Theoretical models for continuous-flow and stopped-flow spin-exchange optical pumping of 129Xe have long predicted much higher 129Xe polarization values than are measured experimentally, leading to a search for additional depolarization mechanisms. In this work, we show that a misapplication of the general theory of spin-exchange optical pumping along with the incorrect use of previously measured spin-exchange constants has been perpetuated in the past 20 years and is the main cause of the long-held discrepancy between theoretical and experimental 129Xe polarization values. Following the standard theory of spin-exchange optical pumping developed almost 40 years ago by Happer et al., we outline the common mistake made in the application of this theory in modern theoretical models and derive a simplified expression of the spin-exchange cross section that can be used to correctly predict 129Xe polarization values under any set of experimental conditions. We show that the complete expression of the spin-exchange cross section derived using the work of Happer et al. predicts spin-exchange rates tenfold higher than those previously assumed in theoretical models of continuous-flow and stopped-flow spin-exchange optical pumping and can fully rectify the long-standing discrepancy between theoretical and experimental polarization values.
A Note on Retrospective Social Discount Rates

In benefit-cost analysis, we accept that a future dollar is worth something less than a dollar today. However, we do not have a clear method to apply social discounting in retrospective benefit-cost analysis. In this note, we will first develop the case for using historical borrowing as the basis for a social discount rate (SDR) in retrospective benefit-cost analysis. Second, we will present a method for calculating the SDR using historical borrowing. Third, we will show an implementation of the method in the R programming language. Fourth, we will give proposed values for the SDR for the years from 1997 through 2016. Finally, we will discuss the implications of using this method and SDR on analyses.
Estimating short-term travel demand models that incorporate personally owned autonomous vehicles

Abstract We estimated travel demand models that incorporate a private autonomous vehicle (AV) option using revealed preference data in which personal chauffeurs simulated a personally owned AV. We investigated four components of activity-based models (ABM): activity pattern and primary destination choice, mode choice, and time of day. We compared the chauffeur week models (“AV future”) to the non-chauffeur week models (current conditions). We found no statistically significant differences in parameters of the individual activity pattern, time of day, or destination choice. For mode choice, however, while the auto constant did not change, the mean value of time decreased 60%. As the destination choice model included the mode choice logsum, this results in longer average tour lengths. Moreover, while the trip-making propensity of individuals did not change significantly, there was a 25% increase in systemwide trips due “AVs” (chauffeurs) being sent on errands. This points to the importance of incorporating zero-occupancy vehicle (ZOV) trips into the ABM framework. Our findings suggest that these can be incorporated via the standard ABM development process by adding as additional model components ZOV home-based tours and ZOV subtours. Relatedly, as inter-regional travel is modeled outside the ABM framework, our results indicated that modifications should be made to account for the increase in inter-regional tours, which were 54% more frequent during chauffeur weeks. While these results are from a relatively small sample of 71 individuals, they are the first such travel demand estimation results available from a field experiment, and further studies can build on our framework.
Activity, Mood Disorders, and Schizophrenia

Affective disorders and schizophrenia were among the first behavioral abnormalities to be expressed in terms of activity measurements. The first edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-I) (APA, 1952, p. 25) included increased motor activity among the formal inclusion criteria for Manic Depressive Reaction, Manic Type (000-x11). Manic Depressive Reaction, Depressed Type (000-x12) was said to be characterized by “motor retardation and inhibition.” The term “stupor” was also used in contrast with agitation (p. 25).
Analysis of the validity of a carbohydrate intolerance questionnaire I (LB305)

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of responses to a carbohydrate intolerance (CI) questionnaire to body composition and markers of health. 108 women (31.6±13 yrs, 34.7±7% bo...
Tissue instruction for migration and retention of TRM cells

During infection, a subset of effector T cells seeds the lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues and gives rise to tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM). Recent findings have provided insight into the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying tissue instruction of TRM cell homing, as well as the programs involved in their retention and maintenance. We review these findings here, highlighting both common features and distinctions between CD4 TRM and CD8 TRM cells. In this context we examine the role of memory lymphocyte clusters (MLCs), and propose that the MLCs serve as an immediate response center consisting of TRM cells on standby, capable of detecting incoming pathogens and mounting robust local immune responses to contain and limit the spread of infectious agents.
Nutrition and Development: A Historical Perspective

At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the burden of morbidity and mortality from diseases such as malaria, cholera, measles, tuberculosis, and diarrheal disease, and nutritional deficiencies such as pellagra, rickets, and vitamin A deficiency, was relatively high in Europe, North America, and much of the rest of the world. Improvements in nutrition, hygiene, and public health, rather than advances in technological medicine, accounted for a large reduction in mortality rates through improvements in diet and eradication of so-called tropical diseases in developed countries. Nutrition has played a major role among the developments in public health during the last 200 years and is likely to remain as a major foundation for public health.
Estimation of Soil Physical Properties Using Remote Sensing and Artificial Neural Network

Passive microwave remote sensing techniques have been successfully used to obtain spatial and multitemporal surface soil moisture data over large areas. Measurement of fine-resolution soil physical properties over large areas are, however, rarely available. In this study, we explore the possibility of inferring soil physical properties from a multitemporal remotely sensed brightness temperature and soil moisture maps. We construct two Artificial Neural Network models based on physical linkages among space-time distribution of brightness temperature, soil moisture, and soil media properties. Using a sequence of remotely data from Washita '92 experiment, we show that it is possible to infer soil texture from multitemporal brightness temperature and soil moisture data.
On Jordan's Banks: Emancipation and its Aftermath in the Ohio River Valley

Review of: "On Jordan's Banks: Emancipation and Its Aftermath in the Ohio River Valley," by Darrel E. Bigham.
Legal Ramifications of Elderly Cohabitation

Summary This paper views cohabitation among the elderly from a legal perspective and presents realities of which many family practitioners may not be aware. Five key areas that the therapist and his or her clients should recognize will provide a foundation for understanding the responsibilities and potential legacy of the cohabitation. By design, this paper should contribute to the avoidance of the costly and unpleasant resort to legal suit. An appended list of 28 legally-oriented items should be considered at the outset of cohabitation.
Is there a lepton octet

It is suggested that the leptons may exhibit the strong structure of an octet, and that the weak interactions in which they and the hadrons participate may be of a current-current form govened by a current-parity selection rule in a multidimensional eightfold way.
Methyl 3‐Phenylsulfonyl‐2‐propenoate

(E) [1865-13-0] C10H10O4S (MW 226.27) InChI = 1S/C10H10O4S/c1-14-10(11)7-8-15(12,13)9-5-3-2-4-6-9/h2-8H,1H3/b8-7+ InChIKey = XWOASDHTCGBACV-BQYQJAHWSA-N (Z) [91077-67-7] InChI = 1S/C10H10O4S/c1-14-10(11)7-8-15(12,13)9-5-3-2-4-6-9/h2-8H,1H3/b8-7- InChIKey = XWOASDHTCGBACV-FPLPWBNLSA-N (used in Michael addition reactions;1 [2 + 2],2 [3 + 2],3 and [4 + 2]4, 5 cycloadditions) Physical Data: (E)-isomer mp 100 °C; (Z)-isomer mp 50.5–51.5 °C. Solubility: (E)-isomer sol ethanol, methanol; (Z)-isomer sol chloroform, toluene; insol pentane. Form Supplied in: both white crystalline solids. Preparative Methods: methyl (E)-3-phenylsulfonyl-2-propenoate 1 is prepared in 70% yield by the reaction of Methyl Acrylate with benzenesulfonyl iodide followed by treatment with Triethylamine.3 Methyl (Z)-3-phenylsulfonyl-2-propenoate 2 is prepared in 88% yield by the Boric Acid mediated addition of Sodium Benzenesulfinate to Methyl Propiolate.5, 6 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: potential alkylating and vesicant. Use in a fume hood.
Traditional perspectives on child and family health

First Nations and American Indian communities experience significant health disparities compared with the general populations of Canada and the United States. Children from these communities experience higher rates of infant mortality, suicide and unintentional injury. From a traditional Lakota perspective, many of the health disparities faced in Aboriginal communities are linked to imbalances in the family and community. These imbalances can lead to detrimental behaviours, including substance abuse, alcoholism and domestic violence. The Medicine Wheel is a traditional symbol that can be used to attain a better understanding of these imbalances and how they relate to family and child health. However, significant differences exist between the perspectives of modern medical science and traditional cultures. To promote wellness and to prevent morbidity and mortality in a culturally appropriate way, current efforts need to focus attention on traditional cultural values and perspectives that incorporate the balance of the community and the health of the family. Traditionally, we understood that the health of the family and community has a significant impact on the health of children. To more effectively promote health and to prevent imbalance, children from these communities need to understand traditional values and to feel that they are an important link between traditional culture and future generations.
Protein kinase and phosphate acceptor proteins in rauscher murine leukaemia virus

Rauscher murine leukaemia virus contains both a protein kinase and substrate proteins. The proteins phosphorylated seem to include the major structural components of the virus. The enzyme and substrate proteins are also found in other membrane-maturing viruses, including vesicular stomatitis virus.
Electronic and Magnetic Properties of Neutral and Charged Quinone and Plastoquinone Radicals

Semiquinones are of vital importance in a number of biological systems, where they act as mediators in electron transport. In the present work we have employed hybrid and gradient-corrected density functional methods to investigate theoretically the electronic and magnetic properties of 1,4-benzoquinone, its ethylated counterpart, and a model plastoquinone. The structures are optimized at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level, followed by single-point B3LYP/6-311+G(2df,p) and PWP86/6-311G(2d,p) energy and hyperfine properties calculations. Hydrogen bonding to the quinone and plastoquinone oxygens are modeled. Based on comparisons with experimental ESR data, the results strongly support the presence of hydrogen-bonding moieties to both oxygens of the quinone radical anion QA- in photosystem II. These hydrogen-bonding groups are shown to increase the electron affinity of the quinones by ca. 0.6 eV and are hence of crucial importance for the functionality of the entire photochemical process. As a final part of the pap...
Effects of MeV ion implantation on metal films

Abstract Au films on optically flat Pyrex glasses or MgO single crystals were implanted with Si, Ni and Au ions with ion energies from 0.75 to 3 MeV and doses from of 5 × 1013 to 5 × 1016 ions cm-2. The changes of their surfaces were investigated from measurements of the surface profiles and light reflection and/or scattering, and from observations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). After ion implantation the surface showed a depression. The depression increased with increasing dose and mass of implanted ions. The ion-implanted surface became smoother than that of the as-deposited one. The intensity of light scattering was decreased and a metallic brilliance was observed after the implantation. The depression and the morphology changes were caused by sputtering and grain growth. In the SEM observations, the implanted regions were contrasted with as-deposited regions as blacker in secondary electron images and as whiter in composition images of reflected electrons. The impurity level of the films appeared to diminish after the ion implantation.
Pendeo-epitaxy: a new approach for lateral growth of gallium nitride films

Lateral growth of gallium nitride (GaN) films having a low density of dislocations and suspended from side walls of [0001] oriented GaN columns and over adjacent etched wells has been achieved without the use of, or contact with, a supporting mask or substrate. Pendeo-epitaxy is proposed as the descriptive term for this growth technique. Selective growth was achieved using process parameters that promote lateral growth of the \(\{ 11\bar 20\} \) planes of GaN and disallow nucleation of this phase on the exposed silicon carbide substrate. The large horizontal/vertical growth rate ratio indicate that the diffusion distances and the rates of diffusion of the reactant species along the (0001) surfaces were sufficient to allow them to reach and move along the \(\{ 11\bar 20\} \) surfaces before they were chemically adsorbed. A four-to-five order decrease in the dislocation density was observed via transmission electron microscopy in the free-standing laterally grown GaN relative to that in the GaN columns. Curvature of the \(\{ 11\bar 20\} \) planes as they approached coalescence, and elongated voids below the regions of coalescence were formed. The use of optimized growth conditions or more closely spaced columns should eliminate these voids.
Mechanisms whereby nerve growth factor increases diacylglycerol levels in differentiating PC12 cells.

We previously showed indirectly that the increase in diacylglycerol (DAG) levels caused by exposing differentiating PC12 cells to nerve growth factor (NGF) must derive mainly from de novo synthesis and, to a lesser and transient extent, from the hydrolysis of [3H]phosphatidylinositol (PI). To explore further the biochemical mechanisms of this increase, we measured, in PC12 cells, DAG synthesis from glycerol or various fatty acids; its liberation from phosphatidylcholine (PC); and the activities of various enzymes involved in DAG production and metabolism. Among cells exposed to NGF (0-116 h), the labeling of DAG from [3H]glycerol peaked earlier than that of [3H]PC, and the specific radioactivity of [3H]glycerol-labeled DAG was much higher than those of the [3H]phospholipids, indicating that [3H]DAG synthesis precedes [3H]phospholipid synthesis. NGF treatment also increased (by 50-330%) the incorporation of monounsaturated ([3H]oleic acid) and polyunsaturated ([14C]linoleic acid or [3H]arachidonic acid) fatty acids into DAG, and, by 15-70%, into PC. NGF treatment increased the activities of long chain acyl-CoA synthetases (LCASs), including oleoyl-CoA synthetase and arachidonoyl-CoA synthetase, by 150-580% over control, but cholinephosphotransferase activity rose by only 60%, suggesting that the synthesis of DAG in the cells was increased to a greater extent than its utilization. NGF did not promote the breakdown of newly formed [3H]PC to [3H]DAG, nor did it consistently affect the activities of phospholipase C or D. NGF did increase phospholipase A2 activity, however the hydrolysis catalyzed by this enzyme does not liberate DAG. Hence the major source of the increased DAG levels in PC12 cells exposed to NGF appears to be enhanced de novo DAG synthesis, probably initiated by the activation of LCASs, rather than the breakdown of PC or PI.
Mode of action of the retrogene product SNAI1P, a SNAIL homolog, in human breast cancer cells

SNAI1P, a protein coded by a retrogene, is a member of the SNAI family of E2-box binding transcriptional repressors. To evaluate whether the mode of action of SNAI1P is similar to those of the other predominant members of the SNAI family, we studied its action on human claudin 7 (CLDN7) gene promoter which has seven E2-boxes. We over-expressed FLAG-tagged SNAI1P in MCF7 and MDA-MB-468 cells. SNAI1P inhibited the expression of CLDN7 in these recombinant cells. SNAI1P also inhibited cloned CLDN7 gene promoter activity in human breast cancer cells. ChIP assays revealed that SNAI1P is recruited on the CLDN7 gene promoter along with the co-repressor CtBP1 and the effector HDAC1. Treatment of the cells with trichostatin A, an inhibitor of HDAC1, abrogated the repressor activity of SNAI1P. These data suggest that SNAI1P inhibits CLDN7 gene promoter epigenetically in breast cancer cells through chromatin remodeling.
A shortcut procedure for refrigeration systems

Abstract A shortcut model is presented for vapor-compression refrigeration cycles which is expressed explicitly in terms of temperature and requires only saturated refrigerant data for evaluation. Based on this model, an index of performance for pure refrigeration is proposed. This index can be used to quickly identify thermodynamically efficient refrigerants, and to predict the performance of refrigeration cycles with very little computational effort. Examples are presented to illustrate the quality of the approximations, as well as the usefulness of the proposed model for preliminary design calculations.
Learning strategies for adaptive equalizers using the constant modulus error criterion

In communication systems, data are often corrupted during transmission due to imperfect communication channels. Since channel characteristics may be time varying or unknown prior to data transmission, adaptive equalizers are typically incorporated into the receiver to reduce the ill effects of the imperfect channel. Conventional equalizers utilize a training signal to achieve the proper correction. Blind equalization schemes do not require the use of a training signal, but instead attempt restoration based upon some known property of the transmitted signal. The constant modulus algorithm (CMA) is a blind equalization technique that may be used to equalize certain communication signals (e.g. BPSK, QPSK, and FM). This paper investigates three new techniques for adaptive equalization based on the constant modulus error criterion: (i) the fast quasi-Newton CMA, (ii) the conjugate gradient quasi-Newton CMA, (iii) the conjugate gradient CMA. These three methods are formulated analytically and evaluated experimentally on several typical communication channel models. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Model-based event-triggered multi-vehicle coordinated tracking control using reduced order models

Abstract The coordinated tracking problem where a group of followers intercepts a dynamic leader is studied. It is shown in this paper that reduction of inter-agent communication is obtained and improved performance is achieved when each follower implements dynamical models of neighbors and by using an event-triggered control strategy that requires each agent to send measurement updates only when necessary. The results in this paper consider directed graphs and the possible existence of cycles. Performance bounds on the tracking error have been obtained, which are functions of the communication topology and the event thresholds. This approach is extended to consider measurement noise and similar bounds are presented for this case.
NCSC Guidelines for Involuntary Civil Commitment: A Workable Framework for Justice in Practice

A multidisciplinary task force convened by the National Center for State Courts has developed 50 guidelines that contain practical solutions to problems associated with involuntary civil commitment processes; most can be implemented within existing statutory frameworks. The guidelines call for greater cooperation and communication among the mental health, social service, public safety, and justice systems at each step in the commitment process and recommend that these systems form interdisciplinary community coordinating councils to seek expedient remedies to problems in the commitment process. Other guidelines outline the roles of law enforcement officers, lawyers, mental health professionals, and judges in maintaining the continuity of the commitment process and propose measures for improving screening of individuals as they enter the mental health system. Efforts to facilitate implementation of the guidelines are described.
Model effects on GLAS-based regional estimates of forest biomass and carbon

Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) / Geosciences Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) waveform data are used to estimate biomass and carbon on a 1.27 × 106 km2 study area in the Province of Quebec, Canada, below the tree line. The same input datasets and sampling design are used in conjunction with four different predictive models to estimate total aboveground dry forest biomass and forest carbon. The four models include non-stratified and stratified versions of a multiple linear model where either biomass or (biomass)0.5 serves as the dependent variable. The use of different models in Quebec introduces differences in Provincial dry biomass estimates of up to 0.35 G, with a range of 4.94 ± 0.28 Gt to 5.29 ± 0.36 Gt. The differences among model estimates are statistically non-significant, however, and the results demonstrate the degree to which carbon estimates vary strictly as a function of the model used to estimate regional biomass. Results also indicate that GLAS measurements become problematic with respect to height and biomass retrievals in the boreal forest when biomass values fall below 20 t ha-1 and when GLAS 75th percentile heights fall below 7 m.
Protein adducts as dosimeters of human exposure to styrene, styrene-7,8-oxide, and benzene.

Cysteinyl adducts of hemoglobin (Hb) and albumin (Alb) formed via reactions with reactive species were measured in 48 subjects exposed to styrene (0.24-55.2 ppm) and to styrene-7,8-oxide (SO) (2.65-107 ppb) in a factory producing boats in the USA. Hb and Alb adducts were also investigated among 88 workers exposed to benzene (0-138 ppm) in several Chinese factories. The particular adducts were S-(2-hydroxy-1-phenylethyl) cysteine, from reactions of SO with Alb (designated SO-Alb), and S-phenylcysteine, from reactions of the CYP450 benzene metabolite, benzene oxide (BO), with Hb and Alb (designated BO-Hb and BO-Alb, respectively). The relationships between adduct levels and exposures were investigated in both studies. The estimated slopes varied considerably among the particular combinations of adduct and agent to which the workers were exposed, ranging from 0.815 pmol BO-Hb/g Hb per ppm benzene to 24400 pmol SO-Alb/g Alb per ppm SO. We used these estimated slopes, along with kinetic constants, to predict the systemic doses of SO and BO in humans per mg of styrene, SO or benzene per kg body weight, under certain assumptions. Using RX to signify the particular electrophile (SO or BO) the doses of RX to the blood per unit of dose varied between 2.21 and 4110 nM RX-h/mg agent per kg b.w. The dose of RX to the blood arising from inhalation of SO was almost 2000 times that of styrene (i.e. 4110 vs. 2.21 nM RX/mg agent per kg b.w.) and 430-781 times that of benzene (i.e. 4110 vs. 5.26-9.55 nM RX/mg agent per kg b.w.), depending upon the study. Comparable estimates of the blood dose of BO were obtained from adducts of Hb and Alb and two independent studies of BO-Alb yielded similar dose estimates. These results point to the utility of protein adducts as dosimeters of reactive electrophilic species in occupational studies. Finally, significant levels of background adducts of SO and BO with Hb and Alb were observed among workers, among control subjects and in commercial human proteins. Levels of these background adducts were too great to have arisen from non-occupational exposures to styrene or benzene or from cigarette smoking.
GPS-aided retrotraverse for unmanned ground vehicles

ABSTRACT A computer controlled HMMWV automatically retraces a previously recorded path usingnavigation data, a process we have termed retrotraverse. AKalman filter combines the outputof two navigation systems, an inertial dead reckoning systems and a differential GPS both withand without carrier phase detection. During retrotraverse, the mobility controller uses a velocitycontroller and pure pursuit steering. Obstacles such as another vehicle can be detected with a laser range imaging device. Keywords: dead reckoning, GPS, inertial navigation, Kalman filter, LADAR, obstacle avoidance, purepursuit, retrotraverse, speed control, UGV 1. INTRODUCTION During 1994 and 1995 the U.S. Army brought a robotic vehicle to Ft. Hood, TX to participate in severalbrigade training exercises, mock battles involving hundreds of Ml tanks, Bradleys, and HMMWVs. Therobot vehicle, an actuated HMMWV, was assigned to the Mustang Battalion, thel-8th Cay, and performedcounter reconnaissance missions. There were two reasons to include the robot in their training exercises.First, it allowed military personnel to start thinking about unmanned ground vehicles and how to developstrategies involving them. Second, it gave technologists a chance to experience how military scouts perform
P.17.9 AAV9 vector encoding hGAA improves synaptic pathology of the neuromuscular junction in Pompe disease

Pompe disease is caused by the deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA) and results in a progressive accumulation of lysosomal glycogen. This impacts cellular architecture and function and leads to progressive respiratory insufficiency and motoneuron dysfunction. We have developed an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector strategy to express long-term therapeutic levels of human GAA in cardiac, skeletal muscle, and the CNS resulting in improved cardiorespiratory function. However, an incomplete restoration of skeletal muscle function or activation still remains. We tested the hypothesis that an AAV9 vector encoding hGAA would result in retrograde transport and restore neuromuscular junction integrity and reverse axonal pathology in Pompe disease. 20 month old Pompe mice (Gaa−/−) were randomized to the following groups: untreated (Gaa−/−), AAV9-CMV-hGAA, or AAV9-DES-hGAA. AAV9 treated animals received a single injection of 1 × 1011vg in the right tibialis anterior (TA) muscle. One month post injection, the TA muscle and lumbar spinal cord were analyzed for vector genome copy number and GAA activity. Significant levels of vector genomes were detected in the TA (AAV9-DES-hGAA 1.5 × 105 ± 3.1 × 104 vg/ug DNA; AAV9-CMV-hGAA 8.4 × 104 ± 1.7 × 104 vg/ug DNA) and lumbar spinal cord (AAV9-DES-hGAA 1.5 × 103 ± 1.7 × 102 vg/ug DNA; AAV9-CMV-hGAA 2.5 × 103 ± 1.3 × 103 vg/ug DNA) suggesting efficient transduction of skeletal muscle and retrograde transport of AAV9. Activity of GAA in TA lysates was 2396% and 1770% above wild-type in AAV9-DES-hGAA and AAV9-CMV-hGAA animals, respectively ( p
Prospects for M-I-M tunneling device displays

Recently we reported the discovery of a new way of generating light from a solid-state thin-film structure
Symptomatic Glenoid Loosening Complicating Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

Glenoid component loosening is one of the most common causes of failed total shoulder arthroplasty. Previous reports indicate that it is desirable to reimplant the glenoid component during revision shoulder arthroplasty. The purpose of our study was to retrospectively evaluate the satisfaction of patients undergoing glenoid revision (reimplantation or resection) following total shoulder replacement specifically for symptomatic glenoid loosening. Twenty-eight shoulders that developed symptomatic glenoid loosening following primary total shoulder arthroplasty were included in the study. Patients were retrospectively evaluated at a minimum of 2 years postoperatively. Patients either underwent resection followed by reimplantation of the glenoid component (13) or resection of the component with or without bone grafting (15). Each patient was evaluated with the UCLA Shoulder Scale and the Constant–Murley Shoulder Assessment. There were seven excellent, 13 good, five fair and three poor results on the UCLA score. Functional outcome scores trended higher in the reimplantation group but were not statistically significant. Both groups reported equal pain relief and satisfaction. Five out of 15 patients underwent arthroscopic resection of the glenoid, and these patients scored as well on the UCLA and Constant scores as the reimplantation group. When symptomatic glenoid loosening is the indication for revision total shoulder replacement, patients tend to achieve good to excellent results. Though functional scores were slightly higher in the reimplantation group, satisfaction was equally high in both groups. Resection, when indicated, should be performed arthroscopically as this improved functional outcome in our series.
Stable Forbidden-Region Virtual Fixtures for Bilateral Telemanipulation

There has been recent interest in novel human-machine collaborative control laws, called "virtual fixtures," which provide operator assistance for telemanipulation tasks. A forbidden-region virtual fixture is a constraint, implemented in software, that seeks to prevent the slave manipulator of a master/slave telemanipulation system from entering into a forbidden region of the workspace. In this paper, we consider the problem of unstable vibrations of the slave and/or master against forbidden-region virtual fixtures for a general class of telemanipulator control architectures, including those with haptic feedback. To the best of the authors' knowledge, there has been no rigorous study of the stability of forbidden-region virtual fixtures in previous work. The system is evaluated around the master and slave equilibrium position resulting from a constant desired human input force, using a discrete state-space model. We present a method to analytically determine if instability is possible in the system. We thoroughly evaluate this method, experimentally, applying malicious user strategies that attempt to drive the system unstable. Our approach agrees with experimental results and can be used to design and analyze the stability and transient properties of a telemanipulator interacting with virtual fixtures. We show that the user can affect both slave- and master-side virtual fixture stability by modifying his or her impedance characteristics. However, the upper bound on stable slave-side virtual fixture stiffness does not depend on the particular user.
Directions of the Tangential Creep Forces in Railroad Vehicle Dynamics

In some of the wheel/rail creep theories used in railroad vehicle simulations, the direction of the tangential creep forces is assumed to be the wheel rolling direction (RD). When the Hertz theory is used, an assumption is made that the rolling direction is the direction of one of the axes of the contact ellipse. In principle, the rolling direction depends on the wheel motion while the direction of the axes of the contact ellipse (CE) are determined using the principal directions, which depend only on the geometry of the wheel and rail surfaces and do not depend on the motion of the wheel. The RD and CE directions can also be different from the direction of the rail longitudinal tangent (LT) at the contact point. In this investigation, the differences between the contact frames that are based on the RD, LT, and CE directions that enter into the calculation of the wheel/rail creep forces and moments are discussed. The choice of the frame in which the contact forces are defined can be determined using one longitudinal vector and the normal to the rail at the contact point. While the normal vector is uniquely defined, different choices can be made for the longitudinal vector including the RD, LT, and CE directions. In the case of pure rolling or when the slipping is small, the RD direction can be defined using the cross product of the angular velocity vector and the vector that defines the location of the contact point. Therefore, this direction does not depend explicitly on the geometry of the wheel and rail surfaces at the contact point. The LT direction is defined as the direction of the longitudinal tangent obtained by differentiation of the rail surface equation with respect to the rail longitudinal parameter (arc length). Such a tangent does not depend explicitly on the direction of the wheel angular velocity nor does it depend on the wheel geometry. The CE direction is defined using the direction of the axes of the contact ellipse used in Hertz theory. In the Hertzian contact theory, the contact ellipse axes are determined using the principal directions associated with the principal curvatures. Therefore, the CE direction differs from the RD and LT directions in the sense that it is function of the geometry of the wheel and rail surfaces. In order to better understand the role of geometry in the formulation of the creep forces, the relationship between the principal curvatures of the rail surface and the curvatures of the rail profile and the rail space curve is discussed in this investigation. Numerical examples are presented in order to examine the differences in the results obtained using the RD, LT and CE contact frames.
Generalisation of parameter methods and D decomposition

The parameter methods, namely the parameter-plane and the parameter-matrix formulations, were developed to solve high-order multiloop distributed-parameter problems that were too tedious to be solved using the usual classical techniques. Essentially, the methods give graphical plots relating two design parameters and the zeros of the characteristic equation. The paper summarises the solution for several previously obtained cases relating the parameters and coefficients, and generalises the relationship to a completely unrestricted case, using well known function-minimisation methods, such as the conjugate-gradient technique. Moreover, a useful comparison to the generalised D decomposition method is made.
DfST: Design for secure testability

While manufacturing test necessitates deep access into the Integrated Circuit (IC) to enhance its testability, this can inadvertently threaten the security of the IC in security-critical applications. Although black-box testing ensures security, it fails to deliver high-quality test. Therefore, our goal is to come up with DFT techniques that deliver testability without compromising the security of the IC.We propose various DFT techniques that tackle the testing challenges, such as test time, test data volume, and test power. Furthermore, we propose different scan attacks, which circumvent the security of the IC in the presence of advanced DFT techniques. We identify the limitations of our proposed scan attacks to develop countermeasures that can thwart these attacks.
Nurse-midwives as faculty preceptors in medical student education

Certified nurse-midwives (CNMs) are specialists in normal obstetrics and women's health care. In this capacity, CNMs have been actively involved in the education of nurses and student nurse-midwives. Nurse-midwives also have been consultants and mentors for medical students and residents during their clinical experiences. However, the nurse-midwife's contribution to the formal medical education process has not received the appropriate formal recognition that it deserves, nor has this contribution been utilized to its maximum potential. This article describes the development, philosophy, and implementation of an educational program utilizing nurse-midwives as the primary clinical preceptor for the obstetric rotation for third-year medical students. The long-range impact of this educational experience on the nurse-midwife/physician relationship is also explored.
Mechanizing modal psychology

Machines are becoming more capable of substantively interacting with human beings as part of simple dyads and within the confines of our complex social structures. Thought must be given to how their behavior might be regulated with respect to the norms and conventions by which we live. This is certainly true for the military domain [1], but is no less true for eldercare, health care, disaster relief and law enforcement; all areas where robotic systems are poised to make tremendous impact in the near future. But how should we inculcate sensitivity to normative considerations in the next generation of intelligent systems? I argue here for an approach to building moral machines grounded in cognitive architectural considerations, and specifically in the dynamics of how alternatives are represented and reasoned over. After examining some recent results in the empirical literature on human moral judgment, I suggest some desiderata for knowledge representation and reasoning tools that may offer the means to capture some of the foundations of human moral cognition.
Motion corrected sensitivity encoded isotropic projection reconstruction (SNIPR) for whole-heart coronary MRA

Background As has been shown recently, the use of undersampled 3D projection reconstruction (3DPR) and image-based motion correction with 100% acquisition efficiency [1,2] enables highly accelerated coronary MRA (CMRA) with high isotropic resolution. However, streaking artifact from undersampling significantly reduces the apparent signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Moreover, affine motion correction distorts the k-space trajectory, hence introducing more streaking. In this work, the SNIPR reconstruction [3], a self-calibrated sensitivity encoding scheme for 3DPR, is integrated with image-based motion correction to reduce streaking artifacts and thus improve image quality.
Analysis of low levels of rare earths by radiochemical neutron activation analysis

A procedure for the radiochemical neutron-activation analysis for the rare earth elements (REE) involves the separation of the REE as a group by rapid ion-exchange methods and determination of yields by reactivation or by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry. The U. S. Geological Survey (USGS) standard rocks, BCR-1 and AGV-1, were analyzed to determine the precision and accuracy of the method. We found that the precision was ±5–10% on the basis of replicate analysis and that, in general the accuracy was within ±5% of accepted values for most REE. Data for USGS standard rocks BIR-1 (Icelandic basalt) and DNC-1 (North Carolina diabase) are also presented.
Impaired Oxygen-dependent Reduction of HIF-1α and -2α Proteins in Pre-eclamptic Placentae

Abstract Pre-eclamptic (PE) placentae overexpress hypoxia inducible transcription factors-1α and -2α proteins (Biol. Repro. 64: 499–506, 2001; Ibid 1019–1020). Possible explanations include (a) impaired oxygen-dependent reduction, and/or (b) enhanced sensitivity to reduced oxygen. After 18h equilibration under 21 per cent O 2 atmosphere, we subjected villous explants prepared from placentae of normal pregnant (NP) and pre-eclamptic (PE) women ( n =8 each) to 4h of hypoxia (2 per cent oxygen), and then studied the disappearance of HIF-1α and -2α proteins during subsequent oxygenation over 90min (21 per cent oxygen). The disappearance of these HIF proteins as assessed by Western analysis was significantly impaired in the pre-eclamptic tissues. Even after 18h equilibration under a 21 per cent O 2 atmosphere, and then a further 4h at 21 per cent O 2 , HIF-1α and -2α protein expression remained increased in villous explants from PE women (both P 0.04 vs NP). To address whether chronic hypoxia per se (which is believed to exist in the pre-eclamptic placenta) might contribute to these findings, we subjected villous explants from normal placentae ( n =6) to 18h preincubation under 2 per cent or 21 per cent oxygen prior to subsequent incubation for 4h at 2 per cent oxygen and then 90min at 21 per cent oxygen. The time course of disappearance of HIF proteins during oxygenation was similar irrespective of the 2 per cent or 21 per cent preconditioning. To evaluate oxygen sensitivity, we exposed villous explants from NP and PE women ( n =6 each) to different oxygen atmospheres for 4h and measured HIF protein induction. Although the data showed a significant inverse relationship between HIF expression and oxygen concentration, there was no significant difference between the slopes of this relationship for the two groups of women. We conclude that villous explants from PE placentae fail to adequately downregulate HIF protein expression upon oxygenation. This abnormality may contribute to their overexpression in vivo.
Evaluation and Management of the Child With Suspected Acute Stroke

Pediatric stroke occurs at an incidence of 1.6 to 13/100 000 and may be acute ischemic, hemorrhagic, or of sinus venous thrombosis etiology. As these children present to the emergency department, early consideration for this diagnosis is paramount towards optimizing cerebral perfusion and minimizing secondary injury. There are many identified risk factors in pediatric stroke including arteriopathies, cardiac disease (specifically congenital heart disease), and infection. The most common presenting sign of acute ischemic stroke in all pediatric age groups is a focal neurologic deficit, typically acute hemiplegia. Imaging, specifically magnetic resonance imaging, as well as identification of risk factors will help aid diagnosis and treatment. Treatment for acute ischemic stroke in pediatrics focuses on minimizing injury and preventing early complications by maintaining cerebral perfusion pressure. Hemorrhagic stroke may need acute neurosurgical intervention. Overall outcome of pediatric stroke is good, but long-term complications including depression should be recognized and treated appropriately.
Can neurological injury be timed

Our knowledge about the cause of cerebral palsy continues to expand and prenatal events are thought to play am important role. This article reviews laboratory tests, imaging studies and pathologic findings that have been used to identify the timing of neurological injury. Limitations exist for all modalities, however, imaging studies, electroencephalograms and pathologic examination provide the most useful information. Improvements in our ability to time neurological injury will better direct our efforts to prevent cerebral palsy.
Electromagnetic finite elements based on a four potential variational principle

Electromagnetic finite elements based on a variational principle that uses the electromagnetic four-potential as a primary variable are derived. This choice is used to construct elements suitable for downstream coupling with mechanical and thermal finite elements for the analysis of electromagnetic/mechanical systems that involve superconductors. The main advantages of the four-potential as a basis for finite element formulation are that the number of degrees of freedom per node remains modest as the problem dimensionally increases, that jump discontinuities on interfaces are naturally accommodated, and that statics as well as dynamics may be treated without any a priori approximations. The new elements are tested on an axisymmetric problem under steady state forcing conditions. The results are in excellent agreement with analytical solutions.
Viscoelasticity and diffusion in miscible blends of saturated hydrocarbon polymers

Linear viscoelasticity and tracer diffusion were investigated as functions of temperature, component molecular weight and blend composition for entangled, single-phase blends of nearly monodisperse poly(ethylene-alt-propylene) (PEP) and head-to-head polypropylene (HHPP). Both components are non-polar and, despite evidence for slight differences of component glass temperatures in their blends, the viscoelastic data obey time-temperature superposition rather well. The properties of the blends were compared at constant T-T g (blend) with predictions of the tube-model theories. The composition dependence of viscosity agrees best with the double-reptation prediction, as had been found earlier for molecular weight blends. The variation in plateau modulus with composition is consistent with reptation, but the changes are too small to provide a definitive test. The tracer diffusion coefficients, D*PEP and D*HHPP are nearly independent of composition, consistent with the reptation prediction and in sharp contrast with tracer diffusion for blends with specific associations. Results for the recoverable compliance depart from this pattern, varying differently and much less strongly with composition than the predictions of either single or double reptation. It thus seems that microstructural blends may behave in significantly more complex ways than molecular weight blends even for components with only weak dispersive interactions and rather modest differences in glass temperature and plateau modulus.
Biological properties of 16 alpha-hydroxyestrone: implications in estrogen physiology and pathophysiology.

Metabolism of estradiol in men with cirrhosis and subjects with systemic lupus erythematosus results in an excessive formation of 16±-hydroxyestrone. Examination of the biological activity of this metabolite showed that it is a potent uterotropic agent and that it exhibits minimal affinity for the human sex hormone-binding globulin. These biological characteristics are consistent with a hyperestrongenic response to the substance, which may be reflected in the pathology and etiology of these diseases.
EXX phenomena in macroscopic, microscopic, and nanoscopic structures

The new "EXX" phenomena in macroscopic, microscopic and nanoscopic metal-semiconductor hybrid structures is described. Here E = extraordinary and XX = magnetoresistance (EMR), piezoconductance (EPC), optoconductance (EOC), and electroconductance (EEC). This new class of phenomena is based on the control and dominance of the geometric contributions, e.g. sample shape, lead placement, the presence of inhomogenieties, etc., to the transport properties of a physical system in contrast to traditional transport phenomena which are dominated by the intrinsic properties, e.g. mobility, carrier density, band structure, etc. The underlying phyiscs of EXX phenomena is elucidated with particular emphasis on the use of analytic and finite element analysis methods to quantitatively account for the observed EXX signal enhancement. The potential application of EXX phenomena to the study of the biologically relevant properties of cells such as surface charge density will be described.
Sexual aggression and love styles: An exploratory study

The relationship between sexual aggression and theoretical love styles was studied. Based on self-reported sexual history, 63 college men were grouped as having either consensual sexual experience only (n =33) or having verbally coercive sexual experience (n =30). Analyses were conducted using six love style scales, likelihood to rape, likelihood to use sexual force, masculinity, and sociopathy to predict sexual coercive group membership. Logistic regression indicated that the Ludus love style, a manipulative, game-playing orientation towards intimate relationships, was the best predictor of sexual coercion among the six love styles. Additionally, logistic regression indicated that the Ludus love style was as effective in classifying men as coercive or noncoercive as other dispositions related to sexual aggression. These results suggest that the Ludus love style may serve as a unifying construct for dispositions related to sexual aggression. This study constitutes an initial attempt to link sexually coercive behaviors to a theoretical model of intimate relationships. Results are discussed in the context of a situational model of sexual coercion.