cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seminormality and root closure in polynomial rings and algebraic curves

Let D be an integral domain with identity and let K be the quotient field of D. Then D is said to be root closed if whenever 01 E K with (Y~ E D for some positive integer n, then 01 E D. The domain D is called (2, 3)-closed if whenever 01 E K with a2, a3 E D, then OL E D and D is called F-closed if whenever OL E K with nar E D for some positive integer n and OLD, 01~ E D, then ol E D. Clearly, if D is root closed, then D is (2,3)-closed and if D is (2,3)-closed, then D is F-closed. The property of being root closed arose in Sheldon’s work [7] on how changing D changes the quotient field of D[[Xj]. As for (2, 3)-closure, its significance is due to the fact that an integral domain D is (2, 3)-closed if and only if D is seminormal if and only if Pit(D) = Pic(D[X, ,..., X,]), where Pit denotes the Picard group [4, Theorem 11. Concerning F-closure, it is shown in [l] that the domain D is F-closed if and only if D[X’j is D-invariant-i.e., if and only if whenever (D[Xj) [XI ,..., X,l ho 5’[Y, ,..., Yn], then S is D-isomorphic to D[x]. As noted in the preceding paragraph, these properties are related, although in their original non-arithmetic forms, they did not appear to be. It is a consequence, albeit a deeply hidden one, of the proof of Theorem 1 of [4] that if D is (2,3)-closed, so is D[Xj. In this paper, we give arithmetic proofs that each of these three properties respects polynomial extension. In fact, we do this in greater generality and our approach is a unifying one in that we show that if an integral domain D is “n-root closed”, then so is D[Xj. The notion of ‘%-root closed” is then utilized to delineate the arithmetic distinction between normality and seminormality for algebraic curves. Recall that Bombieri [2] has shown that the geometric distinction between a normal curve and a seminormal curve is that the seminormal curve may have “ordinary” singular points. We prove that the coordinate ring of an irreducible algebraic curve over an algebraically closed field K is integrally closed if and only if it is (2, 3)-closed plus n-root closed for some n prime to the characteristic of K. In the process of showing that our results cannot be extended to arbitrary reduced rings, we give a negative answer to a question implicit in [5, Ex.11,
Semantic categorisation of novel objects in frontotemporal dementia

Impaired semantic memory is ubiquitous in frontotemporal dementia (FTD), including patients with semantic dementia (SD), progressive nonfluent aphasia (PNFA) and nonaphasic FTD patients with a deficit in executive and social functioning (EXEC/SOC). One hypothesis attributes this to the degradation of specific categories of knowledge in semantic memory. This study explores the alternate hypothesis that impaired semantic memory in FTD can also reflect limitations in the categorisation processes that determine object meaning. Patients were taught a novel semantic category under two conditions: rule-based categorisation, where executive resources support the evaluation of specific features to determine category membership; and similarity-based categorisation, where category membership is determined by the overall resemblance of an item to a prototype or recalled exemplars. In the first experiment, patients learned a novel category composed of highly salient features. For SD patients, we found category membership judgment profiles following rule-based and similarity-based training that resembled the performance of control subjects. Categorisation was impaired following rule-based training in PNFA and EXEC/SOC patients. In the second experiment, we modified the category so that membership was determined by less salient features, thus increasing the burden on executive resources. Under these circumstances, SD patients' categorisation profiles continued to resemble those of control subjects, PNFA patients' category judgments were governed by feature salience, and EXEC/SOC patients' judgments were limited by impaired executive resources. These observations suggest that the semantic memory deficit in SD largely reflects degraded feature knowledge for familiar objects, while impaired semantic memory in PNFA and in EXEC/SOC patients largely reflects a deficit in the processes associated with semantic categorisation.
Effects of Low Temperature on Charging of Spacecraft Dielectrics

Spacecraft dielectric charging, sometimes called deep-dielectric-charging or bulk-charging, occurs when high energy electrons imbed themselves in dielectric materials, and the charge density builds up, sometimes to breakdown levels. Charges usually bleed off slowly due to material conductivity. At very low (cryogenic) temperatures, the dielectric conductivity decreases until charges may remain and build up over weeks, months, or years. In those cases, the guidelines given in NASA and industry documents for when dielectric charging may become important are misleading. Arcing tests of spacecraft cables at liquid nitrogen temperatures and very low flux levels have been done at NASA MSFC for the JWST Project. In this paper, we describe the results of those tests and analyze their important implications for cryogenic spacecraft cable design and construction.
The Ach Library: A New Framework for Real-Time Communication

Correct real-time software is vital for robots in safety-critical roles such as service and disaster response. These systems depend on software for locomotion, navigation, manipulation, and even seemingly innocuous tasks such as safely regulating battery voltage. A multiprocess software design increases robustness by isolating errors to a single process, allowing the rest of the system to continue operation. This approach also assists with modularity and concurrency. For real-time tasks, such as dynamic balance and force control of manipulators, it is critical to communicate the latest data sample with minimum latency. There are many communication approaches intended for both general-purpose and real-time needs [9], [13], [15], [17], [19]. Typical methods focus on reliable communication or network transparency and accept a tradeoff of increased message latency or the potential to discard newer data. By focusing instead on the specific case of real-time communication on a single host, we reduce communication latency and guarantee access to the latest sample. We present a new interprocess communication (IPC) library, Ach which addresses this need, and discuss its application for real-time multiprocess control on three humanoid robots (Figure 1). (Ach is available at http://www.golems.org/projects/ach.html. The name Ach comes from the common abbreviation for the motor neurotransmitter Acetylcholine and the computer networking term ACK.)
Aerosols–climate interactions at the Owens “Dry” Lake, California

Abstract Mineral dust emissions by the various dusty phenomena that initiate saltation are investigated at the Owens “Dry” Lake, one of the largest sources of dust in North America. An unexpected result of our investigation is that within the range of humidity values observed during the measurements, dust lifting increases with soil humidity. We hypothesize that this surprising result is caused by either an increase in the proportion of dust aggregates capable of entering saltation as the humidity increases or an by increase in the efficiency of dust ejection per impacting saltator as soil surface crusts form and break when the humidity increases. Our long-term field project, its initial results, and two hypotheses capable of explaining the increase in dust lifting with humidity are described in this article.
Hospitalist Career Decisions Among Internal Medicine Residents

BACKGROUND Hospital medicine is a rapidly growing field of internal medicine. However, little is known about internal medicine residents’ decisions to pursue careers in hospital medicine (HM).
Phenomenology and diagnostic stability of youths with atypical psychotic symptoms.

Objective: This study aimed to better characterize the phenomenology and diagnostic stability of youths that report atypical psychotic symptoms. Method: In a 2-year longitudinal follow-up study, yo...
A specific phosphodiesterase from beef pancreas.

Abstract 1. A specific phosphodiesterase fraction from beef pancreas has been obtained which hydrolyzes nucleoside-2′,3′ phosphates to the corresponding 2′ nucleotide. 2. No hydrolysis of nucleoside-2′,3′ or 5′ benzyl phosphates was observed with this fraction. 3. Prolonged incubation of the enzyme preparation with yeast ribonucleic acid yielded traces of the four mononucleotides, which are attributed to the presence of an unknown phosphodiesterase.
Doxycycline Inhibits Type X Collagen Synthesis in Avian Hypertrophic Chondrocyte Cultures

Abstract Doxycycline, a member of the tetracycline family, has been shown to reduce a type X collagen epitope as detected by immunohistochemistry with a monoclonal antibody in an avian explant culture system (1). It was also shown to decrease collagenase and gelatinase activities and thus matrix degradation. This study investigates the effect of doxycycline on type X collagen synthesis in monolayer cultures of hypertrophic chondrocytes. Protein synthesis was evaluated by radioisotopic labeling during doxycycline, tetracycline, or minocycline treatment. Radiolabeled proteins were analyzed by gel electrophoresis, and total collagen was quantitated by hydroxyproline analysis. Additionally, the synthesis of type X collagen was measured by immunoprecipitation. Doxycycline was found to inhibit type X production more effectively than either of the other tetracyclines at comparable dose levels. Furthermore, type X collagen was inhibited more than other collagens, non-collagenous proteins and proteoglycans, with maximal inhibition at 80 μg/ml and an IC50 of 7 μg/ml. This inhibition by doxycycline was specific for type X collagen at 10 μg/ml, and the pattern was distinct from cycloheximide, a recognized inhibitor of protein translation. This suppression of type X collagen could not be overcome by excess extracellular calcium, conditions that have been demonstrated to induce synthesis of this protein (2).
Torture as normal work: The Bush Administration, the Central Intelligence Agency and ‘Enhanced Interrogation Techniques’:

During the War on Terror, the Bush Administration authorized the US Central Intelligence Agency to employ ‘enhanced interrogation techniques’ to extract intelligence from alleged terrorists. Many organizations contended that ‘enhanced interrogation techniques’ were torture. Given that torture is morally reprehensible, the policy was constantly contested. This article argues that the Bush Administration attempted to legitimate the use of ‘enhanced interrogation techniques’ by making torture normal work. The Bush Administration did so by designating torture as legal, thus using a formal system of power that is publicly respected to validate and normalize their actions. Furthermore, by embedding torture in mundane organizational practices and rationalities, ‘enhanced interrogation’ was made to appear to be as ordinary as any other federal program. Hence, the article demonstrates how the legal system, as well as commonplace aspects of organizations can be employed by political elites to attempt to manage controversy around extreme policies by making them appear normal. However, a discourse of normality did not necessarily remove the taint from torture or create the results the political elites desired.
Evolution of antenna performance for applications in thermal medicine

This presentation provides an overview of electromagnetic heating technology that has proven useful in clinical applications of hyperthermia therapy for cancer. Several RF and microwave antenna designs are illustrated which highlight the evolution of technology from simple waveguide antennas to spatially and temporally adjustable multiple antenna phased arrays for deep heating, conformal arrays for superficial heating, and compatible approaches for radiometric and magnetic resonance image based non-invasive thermal monitoring. Examples of heating capabilities for several recently developed applicators demonstrate highly adjustable power deposition that has not been possible in the past.
Grapevine Genotype Susceptibility to Xylella fastidiosa does not Predict Vector Transmission Success

For vector-borne diseases, interactions between vector, host, and pathogen can influence patterns of disease spread. In particular, previous studies suggest that host genotype may influence disease dynamics because of differences in susceptibility to the pathogen and, therefore, subsequent vector transmission efficiency from these plants. We tested this hypothesis by using the pathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, the etiological agent of Pierce's disease in grapevines, and its leafhopper vector Homalodisca vitripennis (Germar). Pathogen infection level and transmission efficiency among several widely cultivated red and white wine, table, and raisin grape cultivars, were compared with the expectation that vector transmission rate would differ among cultivars, because of underlying differences in susceptibility to infection. The 14 grapevine genotypes evaluated showed significant differences among cultivars in the populations of X. fastidiosa that developed in petioles. ‘Flame seedless’ hosted the highest bacterial populations, between 1.81 and 2.05 times higher than the least susceptible ‘Merlot’, ‘Crimson seedless’, ‘Grenache Noir’, and ‘Rubired’. Although the transmission rate of X. fastidiosa by H. vitripennis varied substantially (zero to 33%), it was not significantly different among cultivars. These results suggest that either the relationship between vine infection level and transmission is weaker than previously reported, or innate differences in vector preference among cultivars confounded any effects of vine susceptibility to infection.
Atrial natriuretic factor and salt wasting after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

The causes of volume depletion and hyponatremia after subarachnoid hemorrhage are not fully understood but may be in part due to natriuresis or "cerebral salt wasting." Because previous studies using infrequent hormone sampling have given inconsistent results, we determined if elevations in atrial natriuretic factor concentrations preceded negative sodium and fluid balances.We measured diurnal atrial natriuretic factor and vasopressin concentrations and sodium balance for 5 days in 14 consecutive patients after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.Plasma concentrations of atrial natriuretic factor on admission were elevated in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients (mean +/- SD 106 +/- 59 pg/ml) compared with acutely ill controls (39 +/- 30 pg/ml). In eight patients, high peak concentrations of atrial natriuretic factor, greater than 300 pg/ml or a twofold increase above baseline, were followed by natriuresis and a negative sodium balance. Three patients, two of whom became hyponatremic, developed cerebral infarc...
Identification of New Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens on Surveillance Bronchoscopy Prior to Sinus Surgery in Patients With Cystic Fibrosis

Summary. Background: Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy was performed prior to functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) while under general anesthesia to collect bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) for lower respiratory tract cultures in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Methods:AretrospectivechartreviewwasperformedonallCFpatientswhounderwentcombined FESS and bronchoscopy between January 2009 and October 2010. Along with demographic data, bacterial, fungal, and acid fast bacillus culture data from BALF was collected and compared to oropharyngeal swab and sputum cultures obtained over the year prior to FESS and bronchoscopy.Results:Atotalof77patientswereenrolledwithmeanage12.5 � SD6.5(range2‐ 29) years. Mean FEV1 was 86% � 18.4 (range 33‐128) % of predicted. Patients averaged 6.5 (range 1‐13) sputum or OP cultures in the year prior to FESS. BALF cultures identified a new bacterialpathogenin 19%(n ¼15) ofpatients, whichalteredantibioticregimenimmediately in two patients and sub-acutely in five patients. BALF cultures identified a new fungal pathogen in 42% (n ¼32) of patients, which resulted in the addition of antifungal therapy in eight patients. BALF cultures did not identify previously undetected AFB culture positive patients. No significant differences were found between patients with and without new discoveries of bacterial or fungal pathogens with regards to key clinical demographic data, lung function parameters, healthcare utilization, or need for antibiotics over the year prior to FESS. There was no relationship between the total number of respiratory cultures obtained in the year prior to bronchoscopy and the identification of new bacterial or fungal pathogens. Conclusions: Surveillance BALF cultures obtained prior to FESS identified bacterial and fungal pathogens not previously detected by sputum or OP swab cultures in a cohort of CF patients with chronic sinus disease. Moreover, the identification of these new pathogens altered clinical management in a small number of patients.
Parvileguminophyllum coloradensis, a new combination for Mimosites coloradensis Knowlton, Green River Formation of Utah and Colorado *

Call, V Band Dilcher, 0 L.. 1994. PandfgW1'Ilr/opliyllw?l coloradfl/sis, a new comblllalion for M,INOSI1f?S caloradensis Knowlton, Green River Forma\ion or Utah and Colorado. Rev. Pillaeobol. PalynoJ.. 80: 305-310. The purpol'led ash S<lmara. Fra.\lr/usjlexijolia (Lesquereux) Brown (1940) from the middle Eocene Green River Formallon. IS shown to be Ihe same a;; smilll llleqUlJateraJ legume leaflelS idenlified as MmJOsires coloradell51i KnowlIon Because the name Mmloslifs Bov.erbdnk IS reslricted 10 legume pods WIth mimosOid affinllies, the new COlllblllation Parl'l/fgwmnophyllul11 colora(!eU5lS (Know\lon) Call and Dllcher is proposed for the previously supposed samara, here recognized as a leaflet, and for learlels currently placed In /1'1. coloradflJSls. A lectotype IS deSignated from among Know\lon's original SpeCllll,~ns. The transfer of Brown's so·called FraJ.inus samara to Pan'llegwIIIlJophyllllrl1 coloraderlSls (Knowlton) Call ,'nd Dilcher comb. nov. removes FraXIJHIS fruits from thc list of manolossil remams presently recognized 1Tl the Green River flora The dlSlrlbullon of h(H(l/u5 samaras m Paleogene assemblages from North America is brtefly disclISsed. The paper concludes With a diSCUSSIon of nomencJiltnral problems that may artse v.hen two or more fossil organ types are nnned under a common name. We argue tilal thiS prac!lce should be avoided except when the organs are found in organic connectIOn, or when olher indisputable eVidence of their conspeclficily IS preserved. such as shared anatomical or biochemical features By ltsclC, the eo·occurrence of disassociated fossil O(gans at dllferem localities IS only clTcumstanlial evidence of their conspeclficity.
Clinical and Laboratory Features of the Nocardia spp. Based on Current Molecular Taxonomy

The recent explosion of newly described species of Nocardia results from the impact in the last decade of newer molecular technology, including PCR restriction enzyme analysis and 16S rRNA sequencing. These molecular techniques have revolutionized the identification of the nocardiae by providing rapid and accurate identification of recognized nocardiae and, at the same time, revealing new species and a number of yet-to-be-described species. There are currently more than 30 species of nocardiae of human clinical significance, with the majority of isolates being N. nova complex, N. abscessus, N. transvalensis complex, N. farcinica, N. asteroides type VI (N. cyriacigeorgica), and N. brasiliensis. These species cause a wide variety of diseases and have variable drug susceptibilities. Accurate identification often requires referral to a reference laboratory with molecular capabilities, as many newer species are genetically distinct from established species yet have few or no distinguishing phenotypic characteristics. Correct identification is important in deciding the clinical relevance of a species and in the clinical management and treatment of patients with nocardial disease. This review characterizes the currently known pathogenic species of Nocardia, including clinical disease, drug susceptibility, and methods of identification.
Frequencies and Flutter Speed Estimation for Damaged Aircraft Wing Using Scaled Equivalent Plate Analysis

Equivalent plate analysis is often used to replace the computationally expensive finite element analysis in initial design stages or in conceptual design of aircraft wing structures. The equivalent plate model can also be used to design a wind tunnel model to match the stiffness characteristics of the wing box of a full-scale aircraft wing model while satisfying strength-based requirements An equivalent plate analysis technique is presented to predict the static and dynamic response of an aircraft wing with or without damage. First, a geometric scale factor and a dynamic pressure scale factor are defined to relate the stiffness, load and deformation of the equivalent plate to the aircraft wing. A procedure using an optimization technique is presented to create scaled equivalent plate models from the full scale aircraft wing using geometric and dynamic pressure scale factors. The scaled models are constructed by matching the stiffness of the scaled equivalent plate with the scaled aircraft wing stiffness. It is demonstrated that the scaled equivalent plate model can be used to predict the deformation of the aircraft wing accurately. Once the full equivalent plate geometry is obtained, any other scaled equivalent plate geometry can be obtained using the geometric scale factor. Next, an average frequency scale factor is defined as the average ratio of the frequencies of the aircraft wing to the frequencies of the full-scaled equivalent plate. The average frequency scale factor combined with the geometric scale factor is used to predict the frequency response of the aircraft wing from the scaled equivalent plate analysis. A procedure is outlined to estimate the frequency response and the flutter speed of an aircraft wing from the equivalent plate analysis using the frequency scale factor and geometric scale factor. The equivalent plate analysis is demonstrated using an aircraft wing without damage and another with damage. Both of the problems show that the scaled equivalent plate analysis can be successfully used to predict the frequencies and flutter speed of a typical aircraft wing.
NanoFabrics: spatial computing using molecular electronics

The continuation of the remarkable exponential increases in processing power over the recent past faces imminent challenges due in part to the physics of deep-submicron CMOS devices and the costs of both chip masks and future fabrication plants. A promising solution to these problems is offered by an alternative to CMOS-based computing, chemically assembled electronic nanotechnology (CAEN).In this paper we outline how CAEN-based computing can become a reality. We briefly describe recent work in CAEN and how CAEN will affect computer architecture. We show how the inherently reconfigurable nature of CAEN devices can be exploited to provide high-density chips with defect tolerance at significantly reduced manufacturing costs. We develop a layered abstract architecture for CAEN-based computing devices and we present preliminary results which indicate that such devices will be competitive with CMOS circuits.
The Political Theory of John Knox

No man was less suited to a life of affairs in church and state than was John Knox. Yet, by a curious trick of fate, he was forced by the exigencies of his times to assume the role of official prophet and leader of a whole kingdom. For there was no one else.
Mutational analysis of the flagellar protein FliG: sites of interaction with FliM and implications for organization of the switch complex.

The switch complex at the base of the bacterial flagellum is essential for flagellar assembly, rotation, and switching. In Escherichia coli and Salmonella, the complex contains about 26 copies of FliG, 34 copies of FliM, and more then 100 copies of FliN, together forming the basal body C ring. FliG is involved most directly in motor rotation and is located in the upper (membrane-proximal) part of the C ring. A crystal structure of the middle and C-terminal parts of FliG shows two globular domains connected by an α-helix and a short extended segment. The middle domain of FliG has a conserved surface patch formed by the residues EHPQ125-128 and R160 (the EHPQR motif), and the C-terminal domain has a conserved surface hydrophobic patch. To examine the functional importance of these and other surface features of FliG, we made mutations in residues distributed over the protein surface and measured the effects on flagellar assembly and function. Mutations preventing flagellar assembly occurred mainly in the vicinity of the EHPQR motif and the hydrophobic patch. Mutations causing aberrant clockwise or counterclockwise motor bias occurred in these same regions and in the waist between the upper and lower parts of the C-terminal domain. Pull-down assays with glutathione S-transferase-FliM showed that FliG interacts with FliM through both the EHPQR motif and the hydrophobic patch. We propose a model for the organization of FliG and FliM subunits that accounts for the FliG-FliM interactions identified here and for the different copy numbers of FliG and FliM in the flagellum.
Enhancement of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Type 2-Mediated Transgene Expression in a Lung Epithelial Cell Line by Inhibition of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor

Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) have attracted considerable interest as gene delivery systems because they show long-term expression in vivo and transduce numerous cell types. Limitations to successful gene transduction from rAAVs have prompted investigations of a variety of treatments to enhance transgene expression from rAAV vectors. Tyrphostin-1, an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, dramatically enhances rAAV transgene expression. Elegant studies have demonstrated that a single-strand D-sequence-binding protein (ssDBP) is phosphorylated by EGFR and binds to the D sequence element in the AAV terminal repeat (TR). Binding of the Tyr-phosphorylated ssDBP prevents conversion of single-stranded vector DNA to a double-strand conformation. We observed dramatic increases in transgene expression in lung epithelial cells (IB3) with tyrphostin treatment. Gel shift analysis of ssDBP revealed that its DNA binding characteristics were unchanged after tyrphostin treatment or adenovirus infection. Tyrphostin stimulated rAAV transgene expression to a greater extent than adenovirus coinfection. Southern hybridizations revealed that the vector DNA remained in the single-strand conformation in tyrphostin-treated cells but double-stranded replicative form monomer DNA was most abundant in adenovirus-infected cells. Northern analyses revealed that tyrphostin treatment enhanced mRNA accumulation more than in adenovirus-infected cultures even though replicative form DNA was undetectable. Analysis of the JNK, ERK, and p38K mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways revealed that tyrphostin treatment stimulated the activity of JNK and p38K. Our data suggest that tyrphostin-induced alteration of stress response pathways results in dramatic enhancement of transcription on linear vector DNA templates in the IB3 cell line. These results expand the downstream targets of the EGFR in regulating rAAV transduction.
Secondary Circulation in Fluid Flow

Secondary circulation appears after fluid with a non-uniform velocity distribution passes round a bend. It alters the character of the flow and is a source of loss. A general expression is developed for its change along a streamline in a perfect, incompressible fluid. The flow in bent circular pipes is analyzed and the theory is compared with experiments on bent pipes and rectangular ducts. In bends the secondary flow is not spiral but oscillatory, the direction of the circulation changing periodically. The theory shows that secondary circulation remains unchanged if streamlines are geodesics on surfaces of constant total pressure.
Plasma level monitoring of antiarrhythmic drugs

Abstract It is widely accepted that the effects (both cardiac and extracardiac) of antiarrhythmic drugs are modulated by their concentration at some unidentified active site, and that the drug concentrations in the systemic circulation and at these active sites are in equilibrium. Thus, antiarrhythmic drug effects can be related directly to systemic plasma concentrations, and an optimal plasma concentration can be identified at which satisfactory arrhythmia suppression can be achieved in the absence of intolerable adverse effects. This optimal concentration is influenced by several factors that give rise to significant interpatient variability. These factors include serum protein binding, active metabolites, intrinsic responsiveness and myocardial accumulation. Although plasma concentration guidelines have been suggested for most antiarrhythmic drugs, they are generally not statistically derived and, with the exception of procainamide, are extrapolated from small patient samples. They generally represent the experience of an investigator or group of investigators treating a small homogeneous patient population. Interpretation of plasma concentrations of antiarrhythmic drugs also requires consideration of pharmacokinetic factors. Plasma drug levels are only useful when dosing history and timing of the blood sample, relative to drug administration, are considered. Despite several limitations, plasma concentration monitoring of antiarrhythmic drugs can be helpful if evaluated with an understanding of the pharmacokinetic properties of the drug being measured, the clinical status of the patient and an appreciation of the factors that may influence the relation between the measured level and resultant clinical response.
Fast Anomaly Detection in Dynamic Clinical Datasets Using Near-Optimal Hashing with Concentric Expansions

While rare clinical events, by definition, occur infrequently in a population, the consequences of these events can often be drastic. Unfortunately, developing risk stratification algorithms for these conditions typically requires collecting large volumes of data to capture enough positive and negative cases for training. This process is slow, expensive, and often burdensome to both patients and caregivers. In this paper, we propose an unsupervised machine learning approach to address this challenge and risk stratify patients for adverse outcomes without use of {\it a priori} knowledge or labeled training data. The key idea of our approach is to identify high risk patients as anomalies in a population (i.e., patients lying in sparse regions of the feature space). We identify these cases through a novel algorithm that finds an approximate solution to the k-nearest neighbor problem using locality sensitive hashing (LSH) based on p-stable distributions. Our algorithm is optimized to use multiple LSH searches, each with a geometrically increasing radius, to find the k-nearest neigbors of patients in a dynamically changing dataset where patients are being added or removed over time. When evaluated on data from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP), this approach was able to successfully identify patients at an elevated risk of mortality and rare morbidities. The LSH-based algorithm provided a substantial improvement over an exact k-nearest neighbor algorithm in runtime, while achieving a similar accuracy.
Quantitative analysis of feedforward sympathetic coronary vasodilation in exercising dogs

Recent experiments demonstrate that feedforward sympathetic β-adrenoceptor coronary vasodilation occurs during exercise. The present study quantitatively examined the contributions of epinephrine a...
Sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma: a cytogenetic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study of an unusual histological variant.

A case of sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma was studied. The tumor cells expressed vimentin, focally epithelial membrane antigen and CD34, contained cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, large Golgi apparatus, many pinocytotic vesicles, and were devoid of basal lamina. Their composite karyotype was 45,Y,t(X;6)(q13;q15), t(6;13)(p11.2;q13),-22?2/46,Y,t(X;6)(q13;q15),add(13)(p12), add(22)(q13)?3/44 approximately 46,der(X)t(X;6)(q13;q21),-Y, t(13;14)(q10;q10),-22,add(22)(q13)?7/46,XY?8.
Research in Japanese Construction Industry

In-house research by private companies is fundamental to the technological advancement of the Japanese construction industry. Shortly after World War II several of the largest construction companies established research institutes. These institutes have since grown and become an integral part of Japanese construction. Many have laboratories with highly educated professional research staffs working with large-scale and technologically complex research equipment that makes them among the best construction research facilities in the world. This research transcends all disciplines related to construction and a large fraction is similar to the fundamental and applied research one finds in U.S. universities. This research enjoys strong top-management support and the research institutes are recognized as important resources by the operations personnel in the companies. Benefits and incentives include creation of new markets, solving practical field problems, corporate prestige, gaining a keener competitive edge, substantiating claims, proving compliance with regulations, and advancing Japan to the forefront of world construction technology.
Introduction to High-Pressure Shock Compression of Solids

In 1956, Nobel-Prize-Winner-to-Be, P.W. Bridgman published a short paper entitled “High-Pressure Polymorphism of Iron” [1], reporting the results of his measurements of the resistance of iron samples under static high pressures. The work was motivated by the report by Bancroft et al. [2] of a discontinuity in the pressure–volume relation of iron at 13 GPa under high-pressure shock loading, which they interpreted as due to a previously unknown polymorphic phase transformation. Finding no indication of such a transition, Bridgman commented upon the Los Alamos work as:
Wound healing: glycoproteins of wound tissue. I. Studies of hexosamine, hexose, and uronic acids content.

SummaryA serial study of uronic acid. hexosamine, and hexose content of wound repair tissue was made. Uronic acid content was quite low in the 7-day sample, but increased until about 28 days. Hexos...
Luttinger liquid physics from the infinite-system density matrix renormalization group

We study one-dimensional spinless fermions at zero and finite temperature $T$ using the density-matrix renormalization group. We consider nearest- as well as next-nearest-neighbor interactions; the latter render the system inaccessible by a Bethe ansatz treatment. Using an infinite-system algorithm we demonstrate the emergence of Luttinger liquid physics at low energies for a variety of static correlation functions as well as for thermodynamic properties. The characteristic power-law suppression of the momentum distribution $n(k)$ function at $T=0$ can be directly observed over several orders of magnitude. At finite temperature, we show that $n(k)$ obeys a scaling relation. The Luttinger liquid parameter and the renormalized Fermi velocity can be extracted from the density response function, the specific heat, or the susceptibility without the need to carry out any finite-size analysis. We illustrate that the energy scale below which Luttinger liquid power laws manifest vanishes as the half-filled system is driven into a gapped phase by large interactions.
The role of n-3 fatty acids in gestation and parturition

Preterm birth is the most common cause of low infant birth weight and infant morbidity and mortality. Evidence from human and animal studies indicates that essential fatty acids of both the n-3 and n-6 series, and their eicosanoid metabolites, play important and modifiable roles in gestational duration and parturition, and n-3 fatty acid intake during pregnancy may be inadequate. Prostaglandins (PG) of the 2-series are involved in parturition and connective tissue remodeling associated with cervical maturation and rupture of membranes. In the absence of infections, preterm birth is characterized by lower reproductive tissue PG production and decreased inducible cyclooxygenase expression. Women who deliver prematurely have increased pools of n-6 fatty acid and decreased n-3 fatty acids, despite the lower PG production. Several human pregnancy supplementation trials with n-3 fatty acids have shown a significant reduction in the incidence of premature deliver and increased birth weight associated with increased gestational duration. Supplementation with long chain n-3 fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid may be useful in prolonging the duration of gestation in some high-risk pregnancies. Evidence presented in this review is discussed in terms of the roles of dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in gestation and parturition, mechanisms by which they may influence gestational duration and the human trials suggesting that increased dietary long-chain n-3 fatty acids decrease the incidence of premature delivery.
Reynolds number scaling of the influence of boundary layers on the global behavior of laboratory quasi-Keplerian flows

We present fluid velocity measurements in a modified Taylor-Couette device operated in the quasi-Keplerian regime, where it is observed that nearly ideal flows exhibit self-similarity under scaling of the Reynolds number. In contrast, nonideal flows show progressive departure from ideal Couette as the Reynolds number is increased. We present a model that describes the observed departures from ideal Couette rotation as a function of the fluxes of angular momentum across the boundaries, capturing the dependence on Reynolds number and boundary conditions.
Lens ER-stress response during cataract development in Mip-mutant mice

Major intrinsic protein (MIP) is a functional water-channel (AQP0) that also plays a key role in establishing lens fiber cell architecture. Genetic variants of MIP have been associated with inherited and age-related forms of cataract; however, the underlying pathogenic mechanisms are unclear. Here we have used lens transcriptome profiling by microarray-hybridization and qPCR to identify pathogenic changes during cataract development in Mip-mutant (Lop/+) mice. In postnatal Lop/+ lenses (P7) 99 genes were up-regulated and 75 were down-regulated (>2-fold, p= 4-fold) in the Lop/+ lens included Chac1>Ddit3>Atf3>Trib3>Xbp1 and the most down-regulated genes (>5-fold) included two anti-oxidant genes, Hspb1 and Hmox1. Lop/+ lenses were further characterized by abundant TUNEL-positive nuclei within central degenerating fiber cells, glutathione depletion, free-radical overproduction, and calpain hyper-activation. These data suggest that Lop/+ lenses undergo proteotoxic ER-stress induced cell-death resulting from prolonged activation of the Eif2ak3/Perk-Atf4-Ddit3-Chac1 branch of the UPR coupled with severe oxidative-stress.
ON THE INHERENT UNITY BETWEEN "THREE REPRESENTS' AND THE DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION

In the 16th Committee of the Communist Party of China, it pointed out that: "to carry out the important ideology of ' Three Represents' , the Party must be closely united and keep pace with the time. The Party must also keep exploiting a new area for the development of Marxism " . This made it clear to us that we must insist on the keeping pace with the time, we must insist on development and innovation so as to carry out the important ideology of "Three Represents" . In a systematical way, this article has discussed the inherent and unified relationship between carrying out the important ideology of "Three Represents" and the development and innovation.
Investigation and Analysis Related to Knowledge and Behaviors About HIV/AIDS Among Female Sex Workers

OBJECTIVE To analysis the HIV/AIDS knowledge and behaviors among female sex workers(FSWs)in Gansu Province. METHODS Anonymous questionnaire were conducted among FSWs, collection correlate information in entertainment. RESULTS The total rate of HIV/AIDS knowledge among the 402 FSWs surveyed was 43.5%; Recently one month had when the sex act with the guests the condom utilization ratio was 53.0%. CONCLUSION FSWs crowd knowledge of AIDS awareness rate is not high, and condom usage rate is lower. In the future work, should strengthen the intervention in the low-grade people, improve people’s awareness of AIDS knowkdge, achieve the goal againse AIDS.
Mediterranean Crossroads: The Spanish University Cruise, 1933

In the year 1933, more than 200 Spanish college students, including future intellectuals like Isabel Garcia Lorca, Julian Marias, and Guillermo Diaz-Plaja, enrolled in a government-sponsored cruise throughout the Mediterranean with the goal of re-discovering “the roots of Western civilization.” Their vivid encounter with diverse cultures and countries arose conflicting interpretations about the significance of the Mediterranean for the development of Europe, and pushed the young scholars to reevaluate their ideas on colonialism and the role of politics and religion in the area, and ultimately lead them to reflect on whether and how the experience of otherness was compatible with a feeling of belonging and unity.
Asexual Reproduction and Its Potential Influence on the Distribution of an Invasive Macrophyte

Abstract Utricularia inflata (Swollen Bladderwort) is a submersed macrophyte that is expanding its range in the northeastern US. Although Swollen Bladderwort is a new addition to this region, Utricularia purpurea (Purple Bladderwort) and U. vulgaris (Common Bladderwort) are 2 morphologically similar free-floating species within the invaded waterways. Through a series of greenhouse and field studies, we sought to distinguish traits among these 3 macrophytes. We conducted a greenhouse experiment to compare the vegetative propagation of Swollen Bladderwort and Common Bladderwort in a temperature-controlled tank. In field trials, we examined the displacement of all 3 species by water movement and their distribution across a range of depths at 5 lake sites. Swollen Bladderwort and Common Bladderwort both produced potential propagules, but exhibited differences in their asexual reproduction. New Common Bladderwort branches grew significantly longer, while Swollen Bladderwort fragments exhibited a greater number...
Disruptive Behavior Disorders and ADHD: A Problem-Based Learning Activity for Psychiatry Clerkship Students

Abstract Introduction Clinicians are challenged when differentiating the symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder from those of disruptive behavior disorders such as oppositional defian...
Large-Scale Calculations for Material Sciences Using Accelerators to Improve Time- and Energy-to-Solution

A major impediment to deploying next-generation high-performance computational systems is the required electrical power, often measured in units of megawatts. The solution to this problem is driving the introduction of novel machine architectures, such as those employing many-core processors and specialized accelerators. This article describes the use of a hybrid accelerated architecture to achieve both reduced time to solution and the associated reduction in the electrical cost for a state-of-the-art materials science computation.
Adhering to Quality Measures in Esophagectomy Is Associated With Improved Survival in All Stages of Esophageal Cancer

Background Quality measures for patients with early and locally advanced esophageal cancer undergoing esophagectomy have been made by national organizations. The rate of adherence to these measures as well as their association with overall survival are unknown. Methods Esophagectomy patients were abstracted from the National Cancer Database. Because neoadjuvant status was available since 2006, the analysis of locally advanced patients began at this time point. Selected measures included: R0 resection, evaluation of 15 or more lymph nodes, and induction therapy for locally advanced tumors. Multivariate models identified variables associated with achieving quality measures. A Cox proportional hazards model evaluated factors associated with mortality. Results From 1998 to 2012, 4,908 of 16,040 (30.6%) early-stage esophageal cancer patients (clinical T1A to T2N0 20 esophagectomies/year) was independently associated with meeting both measures (odds ratio [OR] 2.2, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.9 to 2.5). From 2006 to 2012, 7,747 of 20,437 (37.9%) locally advanced patients (clinical Stage IIB to IIIB) received esophagectomy. Of 6,966 patients 5,977 (85.8%) received induction therapy, 6,394 (91.8%) had R0 resection, and 2,852 (40.9%) had 15 or more lymph nodes sampled. High-volume center type was, again, associated with increased likelihood of meeting all quality measures (OR 2.17, 95% CI: 1.92 to 2.46). Meeting all quality measures was associated with the largest decrease in mortality for both early-stage (hazard ratio [HR] 0.27, 95% CI: 0.18 to 0.39) and locally advanced (HR 0.54, 95% CI: 0.40 to 0.73) esophageal cancer patients. Conclusions Adherence to recommended quality measures is independently associated with improved overall survival in both early and locally advanced stages of esophageal cancer. Currently, few patients are receiving care in accordance with these recommendations.
Modeling and Identification of Rate-Independent Hysteresis Using a Semilinear Duhem Model 1

Abstract In this paper we consider a semilinenr Duhem model. The input-output map of the model is rate-independent, thus yielding persistent phase shift (that is. hysteresis) at arbitrarily low frequency. For the semilinear Duhem model we reparameterize the response in terms of the control input, and we provide sufficient conditions for convergence to a hysteresis map. A constrained least squares method is developed to identify the hysteresis map using the semilinear Duhem model.
Non-Catalytic Detoxication of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors by Liver and Plasma Proteins

Metabolic detoxication of xenobiotics has long been a subject of major concern to pharmacologists and toxicologists. Not surprisingly, enzymes involved in catalytic degradation have received the greatest attention. Some years ago, however, it was proposed that interaction of toxicants with non-target sites could serve to reduce the potential toxicity of the chemical. This process would be particularly effective with irreversible enzyme inhibitors where inhibition of non-target enzymes chemically destroys the inhibitor molecule. Assuming that inhibition of the non-target enzymes exerts little or no toxic effect, the stoichiometric elimination of the inhibitor would represent a non-catalytic detoxication; that is, each non-target enzyme molecule would be responsible for detoxication of a single molecule of inhibitor.
Natural language interfaces for data analysis with visualization: considering what has and could be asked

Natural language is emerging as a promising interaction paradigm for data analysis with visualization. Designing and implementing Natural Language Interfaces (NLIs) is a challenging task, however. In addition to being able to process and understand natural language expressions, NLIs for data visuailzation must consider other factors including input modalities, providing input affordances, and explaining system results, among others. In this article, we examine existing NLIs for data analysis with visualization, and compare and contrast them based on the tasks they allow people to perform. We discuss open research opportunities and themes for emerging NLIs in the visualization community. We also provide examples from the existing literature in the broader HCI community that may help explore some of the highlighted themes for future work. Our goal is to assist readers to understand the subtleties and challenges in designing NLIs and encourage the community to think further about NLIs for data analysis with visualization.