cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transient thermo-mechanical interactions during high-speed slip at metal-on-metal interfaces

Abstract The paper describes results obtained from plate-impact pressure-shear friction experiments to investigate the phenomena of high-speed slip at metal-on-metal interfaces. Using a CH tool-steel/Ti-6Al-4V tribo-pair the authors have studied the effects of normal pressure, slip-speed, temperature and surface roughness on the evolution of the dynamic slip-resistance. Moreover, a finite-element procedure is developed to simulate the evolution of thermo-mechanical fields and understand their relationship to the observed slip response. Next, the pressure-shear friction experiments are extended to investigate the behavior of CH tool-steel/7075-T6 Al alloy tribo-pair. This material combination allows dynamic friction characteristics to be studied in the near-melt and the fully melt temperature regime of the lower-melting-point metal (7075-T6 Al alloy) comprising the tribo-pair. Besides providing information on the slip-velocity versus friction-stress relationship under extreme interfacial conditions, the experiments provides critical information on the shearing resistance of confined molten metal films under high pressures and extremely high shearing rates.
Biometric perils and patches

Abstract Biometrics authentication offers many advantages over conventional authentication systems that rely on possessions or special knowledge. With conventional technology, often the mere possession of an employee ID card is proof of ID, while a password potentially can be used by large groups of colleagues for long times without change. The fact that biometrics authentication is non-repudiable (hard to refute) and, yet, convenient, is among its most important advantages. Biometrics systems, however, suffer from some inherent biometrics-specific security threats. These threats are mainly related to the use of digital signals and the need for additional input devices, though we also discuss brute-force attacks of biometrics systems. There are also problems common to any pattern recognition system. These include “wolves” and “lambs”, and a new group we call “chameleons”. An additional issue with the use of biometrics is the invasion of privacy because the user has to enroll with an image of a body part. We discuss these issues and suggest some methods for mitigating their impact.
Comparing the effects of food restriction and overeating on brain reward systems

Both caloric restriction and overeating have been shown to affect neural processes associated with reinforcement. Both preclinical and some clinical studies have provided evidence that food restriction may increase reward sensitivity, and while there are mixed findings regarding the effects of overeating on reward sensitivity, there is strong evidence linking this behavior with changes in reward-related brain regions. Evidence of these changes comes in part from findings that show that such eating patterns are associated with increased drug use. The data discussed here regarding the differential effects of various eating patterns on reward systems may be particularly relevant to the aging population, as this population has been shown to exhibit altered reward sensitivity and decreased caloric consumption. Moreover, members of this population appear to be increasingly affected by the current obesity epidemic. Food, like alcohol or drugs, can stimulate its own consumption and produce similar neurochemical changes in the brain. Age-related loss of appetite, decreased eating, and caloric restriction are hypothesized to be associated with changes in the prevalence of substance misuse, abuse, and dependence seen in this cohort.
Absolute cross sections for the electron-impact single ionization of Mo4+ and Mo5+ ions

Absolute total cross sections for the electron-impact single ionization of Mo{sup 4+} and Mo{sup 5+} ions have been measured using a crossed-beams technique from below the ground-state ionization threshold to 500 eV with typical total uncertainties of 9% near the peak of the cross sections. Molybdenum ion production in the source was facilitated by a mini-oven sublimating MoO{sub 3}. The measured cross sections are in good agreement with distorted-wave calculations and are dominated by contributions from excitation autoionization. Nonzero cross sections below the threshold for ionization of Mo{sup 5+}(4{ital p}{sup 6}4{ital d}) ground-state ions indicate that metastable ions were present in the beam extracted from an electron-cyclotron-resonance ion source. No evidence of metastable ions was found in the case of the Mo{sup 4+} measurements. Ionization rate coefficients and fitting parameters are presented for the experimental data.
THE CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURE OF PHYSICS

Reprinted from the Review of modern physics, v. 35, no. 1, January, 1963. "February 1, 1963"--Cover.
Type i error rates for divisive clustering methods for grouping means in analysis of variance

Five univariate divisive clustering methods for grouping means in analysis of variance are considered.Unlike pairwise multiple comparison procedures, cluster analysis has the advantage of producing non-overlapping groups of the treatment means. Comparisonwise Type I error rates and average numbers of clusters per experiment are examined for a heterogeneous set of 20 true treatment means with 11 embedded homogenous sub-groups of one or more treatments. The results of a simulation study clearly show that observed comparisonwise error rate and number of clusters are determined to a far greater extent by the precision of the experiment (as determined by the magnitude of the standard deviation) than by either the stated significance level or the clustering method used.
Protected Block Curriculum Enhances Learning During General Surgery Residency Training

Background Changes in medical education require a rethinking of our training paradigm. We implemented a protected block curriculum for postgraduate year (PGY)–1 and PGY-2 surgery residents. Hypothesis A protected block curriculum promotes adult learning consistent with the 6 competencies. Design Prospective static-group comparison with pretesting and posttesting. Setting Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee. Participants Eight university-based surgical residents (curriculum group) and 8 residents who did not participate in the curriculum (control group). Main Outcome Measures The curriculum occurs during protected time away from clinical activity. Predefined learning objectives and competencies were identified for PGY-1 and PGY-2 residents. Multiple choice examinations were administered to assess knowledge. The first 3 tests of the year in the PGY-2 curriculum were also given to the PGY-3 and PGY-4 and -5 residents for comparison with curriculum residents. In-training examination scores of control and curriculum residents were compared. Surgical and communication skills were assessed using checklist assessment forms. Curriculum residents evaluated the content and delivery. Results Pretest and posttest results demonstrated acquisition of knowledge with improved aggregated mean scores from 57.5% to 71.4% for PGY-1 residents and 58.6% to 72.6% for PGY-2 residents. The average curriculum test results were 76.7% for curriculum residents, 56.9% for control residents, and 57.3% for all residents. The 2-year average in-training scores were 71.2% for curriculum and 60.3% for control residents. Assessments demonstrated improvements in communication and surgical skills. Conclusions A protected block curriculum enhanced surgical residents' learning compared with a traditional model. Improvement in medical knowledge was easiest to measure, but performance in other Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education competency areas also demonstrated improvement.
BRIEF REPORT: Housestaff Adherence to Cervical Cancer Screening Recommendations

BACKGROUND: Postgraduate training involves intensive clinical education characterized by long work hours with minimal flexibility. Time demands may be a barrier to obtaining preventive care for housestaff during postgraduate training.
The effect of noncognitive ability on the earnings of young men: A distributional analysis with measurement error correction

Abstract Utilizing the National Educational Longitudinal Study data, this paper examines the role of pre-market cognitive and noncognitive ability, as measured in tenth grade, on the earnings of young men. In addition to the conditional mean, we estimate the impact over the earnings distribution using recently developed (instrumental) quantile regression method. Our results show that noncognitive ability is an important determinant of earnings, but the effects are not uniform across the distribution. We find noncognitive ability to be the most important at lower quantiles. The impact of cognitive ability, on the other hand, shows a more homogenous pattern. Several robustness checks support these results.
79. Does moderate in utero alcohol exposure result in inflammation in the developing brain

Alcohol exposure during early fetal development can have significant consequences for neural development and function. To determine whether moderate alcohol exposure in early pregnancy can induce pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression in the fetal brain, pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats were treated with alcohol or water from embryonic days (E) 10 to 16. This treatment regimen (50% ethanol 2X/day) produced a daily blood alcohol concentration of 0.08% for ∼8 h. On E17, the hippocampus-cortex of each pup was collected for the analysis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines using real-time PCR. Alcohol exposure increased the expression of cytokines in the tumor necrosis factor superfamily, including TNF-α, TNF-SF13, and TNF-SF13B in females but not males. CCL2 and CCL20 revealed opposing expression trends in males and females such that levels decreased in males and increased in females following alcohol treatment. We also found a significant increase in IL-6 and TNF-SF4 in the placenta of both males and females exposed to moderate fetal alcohol levels. In a second experiment, we repeated the experimental paradigm and raised pups to adulthood to measure cytokines and chemokines following a mild lipopolysaccharide challenge. We predict that pups exposed to moderate prenatal alcohol may express a stronger neuroimmune or peripheral immune response to this challenge in adulthood. Future experiments will investigate potential behavioral or cognitive deficits brought on by mild prenatal ethanol exposure. Supported by 5P20GM103653-02.
The other is my hell; the other is my home

Relationship is twofold: self-identity and otherness, both of which come from the I as a person. The I is a relation (Buber) and generates relation 1 (Kant2). To adopt Sartre's (1956) terminology to our purpose, the I establishes the In-Itself as self-identical (A is A; A is not-A), and establishes the personal For-Itself as the other (A is not A; A is not-A). The otherestablishment internalizes negativity ("not") - nihilates itself - to establish the I as a person. To note A is to note non-A, the other; the "non-A" lets A appear as A. Negativity is involved in otherness which supports me; 3 in personal otherness negativity is internalized in the subjects. Sartre calls it "nihilation," and terms the other "hell. ''4 This paper explores various facets of the positive side of personal nihilation in relation to the negative. I. Internal nihilation is an inner nihil which enables mutuality of personal accommodation in resonance that makes "home." II. Home is being-with-other(s) which makes a person a person. III. The person is with-others, by way of reciprocal inner touch. IV. This is shown in education that spreads to politico-cosmic concord. V. Sadly the home-relation can turn into a relation of hostility. VI. A person can dwell in hell in the other, however, because the person originally dwells at home in the other. VII. How the two dwellings shift into each other constitutes the person's historical dialectic. Such a history makes up the person. Sartre discovered "Hell is other people" and pursued its structure. Other people can be hell because my consciousness both "is what it is not, and is not what it is." This "not" - nihilation - constitutes me as a person. I am a lack; I exist as nihilation executed by the other. He founds me for whom I remain responsible. Thus Sartre grasps nihilation solely as annihilation by the other. His look shapes me by shaming me. I exist as the other's annihilation. This is one ontological possibility often actualized; the other is often
Children's Testimony in Historical Perspective

Children have been testifying in courts of law for centuries, but not without raising questions about the value of their statements. Over the years, the legal system has proposed a host of rules to govern children's testimony, but today the value of many of these rules is being questioned. The scientific study of child witnesses by psychologists began around the turn of the century. Early studies tended to support some of the legal profession's stereotypes of children by claiming to show that children are “the most dangerous of all witnesses.” More recent studies challenge this oversimplified view and instead indicate that children are not always more suggestible than adults. In this paper, the laws, past and present, and the development of the relevant psychological literature are reviewed, with special attention placed on the early studies.
Large‐Gauge Core Needle Biopsy of the Breast

: Large-gauge core needle biopsy (LGCNB) of the breast is gaining acceptance as a viable alternative to surgical excision. The procedure can be performed efficiently using ultrasound or stereotactic guidance. We report our experience with 137 LGCNB performed over a 40-month period. One hundred thirty-seven lesions in 125 patients were subjected to LGCNB. Fifty-nine procedures were performed using stereotactic guidance and 78 using ultrasound guidance. Stereotactic procedures utilized a prone table and ultrasound procedures used a freehand technique. All biopsies were performed with a 14-gauge core needle attached to an automated biopsy device. There were 53 malignant and 84 benign diagnoses in this group of 137 LGCNB. Surgical correlation is available in 46 of the 53 malignant cases. There were no false positives, though one lesion was missed at the initial surgical excision but retrieved at reexcision. Of the 84 benign cases, there has been surgical (n = 10) or mammographic follow-up (n = 32) in 42. The mean duration of mammographic follow-up is 13 months (range: 5–36 months). There was one false negative LGCNB. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value in this series are 98%, 100%, 100% and 96%, respectively. LGCNB has a high degree of accuracy and is well accepted by patients. There are some persistent difficulties with the technique, such as ensuring compliance with follow-up recommendations among patients with benign results and excluding invasive carcinoma.?
Role of Mitochondrial Aldehyde Dehydrogenase in Nitroglycerin-Induced Vasodilation of Coronary and Systemic Vessels An Intact Canine Model

Background— It has recently been shown that mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (mtALDH) catalyzes the formation of 1,2-glyceryl dinitrate and nitrite from nitroglycerin (glyceryl trinitrate [GTN]) within mitochondria, leading to production of cGMP and vasorelaxation. However, whether this mechanism operates in the systemic and coronary beds that subserve the antianginal action of GTN is not known. In this study, we address this question in an intact canine model. Methods and Results— Fourteen healthy mongrel dogs (weight, 20 to 25 kg) were studied. Coronary blood flow and hemodynamics were continuously monitored by a pulse Doppler flow probe implanted around the left circumflex coronary artery and with catheters in left ventricle and aorta, respectively. Each dog was given a 1-mL bolus injection of GTN, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), or adenosine through a catheter in the left atrium before and 30 minutes after infusion of cyanamide (17 mg/kg), an inhibitor of mtALDH. Cyanamide significantly inhibited bo...
A low-distortion 22 kHz 5th-order Bessel filter

A low-distortion MOSFET-C filter design is proposed. The proposed technique relies on the linearity of the passive resistors and the tunability of current-steering MOS transistors operating in the triode region. Placing the nonlinear elements inside the feedback loops and degenerating the MOSFETs by passive resistors, greatly reduces the distortion resulting from the nonlinear devices. A prototype 22-kHz Bessel filter automatically tuned to a switched-capacitor reference resistor has control voltage feedthrough below -100 dB, and measured linearity better than -90-dB THD (total harmonic distortion), with a 2-kHz, 4-V/sub pp/ voltage swing. Measured THD demonstrates an improvement of at least 30 dB over a conventional MOSFETC filter. The chip consumes 40 mW with a 5-V supply, and the active die area is 7 mm/sup 2/ in 2- mu m double-poly CMOS. >
Multimethod Comparison of Similarity in School Adjustment of Siblings and Unrelated Children

We examined similarities among 45 sibling pairs in Grades 2 to 5 in their social and academic adaptation to the school setting. Measures included teacher ratings and rankings of academic skills, social behavior, and peer acceptance; peer sociometric ratings; and direct observations on the playground with peers and in the classroom with teachers and peers. Comparisons were made with randomly selected, unrelated subject pairs matched on sex, grade, and classroom. Significant correlations were found only among sibling pairs on peer ratings of social preference, teachers' judgments of academic competence, popularity, social behavior and school adjustment, positive behavior with peers on the playground, and teachers'disapproving behavior in the classroom
Acute monarthritis: diagnosis and management.

The patient who presents with an acute painful synovitis of a single join provides a significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to the primary care physician. An aggressive approach is required to differentiate a potential infectious arthritis, with its attendant morbidity and potential mortality, from other causes of monarthritis that are not immediately life-threatening. The article reviews the common causes of acute monarthritis in the adult, including their presentation; as well as guidelines for rapid and efficient diagnosis and management. Common causes include infections (bacterial/ Lyme/mycobacterial/viral), microcrystalline disease (gout/pseudogout), and traumatic and reactive arthropathy. In addition, guidelines are suggested for the management approach to acute monarthritis when initial diagnostic testing is unrevealing of a specific diagnosis. The Appendix has a list of diseases that may present with acute monarthritis. Bacterial arthritis
Highway safety metrics implementation and evaluation using a geographic information system-based screening tool

Approximately 94.6% of the land area in the United States is termed rural or open space. Although the geographic size of this area is enormous, rural counties, towns, and villages are less likely than other locations to have sophisticated resources dedicated to road maintenance and safety. Through geographic information system (GIS) techniques and increased data availability, a data-driven approach to screening rural roadways has become an effective way to prioritize the use of limited highway safety funds for potential improvements. A GIS-based screening tool was developed with cutting-edge techniques, which included sliding window analysis and empirical Bayesian statistics. The screening tool implements these analytical methods, while taking advantage of GIS spatial computing techniques. A simple user interface aids in processing. Intended to simplify implementation by practicing professionals, the tool is designed to make use of existing geometric and law enforcement crash response data reporting, whic...
Lateral temperature variations at the core-mantle boundary deduced from the magnetic field

Recent studies of the secular variation of the earth's magnetic field over periods of a few centuries have suggested that the pattern of fluid motion near the surface of earth's outer core may be strongly influenced by lateral temperature variations in the lowermost mantle. This paper introduces a self-consistent method for finding the temperature variations near the core surface by assuming that the dynamical balance there is geostrophic and that lateral density variations there are thermal in origin. As expected, the lateral temperature variations are very small. Some agreement is found between this pattern and the pattern of topography of the core-mantle boundary, but this does not conclusively answer to what extent core surface motions are controlled by the mantle, rather than being determined by processes in the core.
Schizophrenic children's utilization of images and words in performance of cognitive tasks

Hospitalized schizophrenic (N=15) and nonschizophrenic (N=18) youngsters were compared on measures of verbal and imagery development as well as on four paired-associate learning tasks involving combinations of word and picture stimuli pairs. The results showed the schizophrenic group to be similar to the controls on verbal and full-scale intelligence measures but significantly inferior on performance measures. The schizophrenic group also showed a general disadvantage in paired-associate learning, with a trend toward specific differential difficulty with words as stimulus items. Results suggest the presence of nondominant hemisphere deficit in the target group and also provide weak support for theories of dominant hemisphere dysfunction in schizophrenia.
SECONDARY OCULAR INFECTIONS

Summary Intraocular infection can follow endogenous or exogenous routes. Those of endogenous origin have increased due Jo increased use of immunosuppressive agents, hyperalimentation, long standing indwelling catheters, and prolonged use of antibiotics in supportive therapy. New surgical procedures such as intraocular lens implantations and vitrectomies, along with routine cataract extractions, retinal detachment repairs, glaucoma surgery, corneal grafts and strabismus surgery have all contributed to the endophthalmitis incidence. The organisms likely to produce intraocular infection may be varied, opportunistic, virulent or even of low pathogenicity Control of such infections requires an awareness of the many antibiotics, their toxicities and dosage, aids to selection, as a guide to therapy, role of pre and post-operative cultures, the value and types of prophylaxis, the routes of administration, and the place of nonspecific anti-inflammatory therapy and other adjuvant approaches.
A wafer-scale backplane-assisted resonating nanoantenna array SERS device created by tunable thermal dewetting nanofabrication.

A tunable lithography-less nanofabrication process using a metal thin-film thermal dewetting technique has been developed to fabricate wafer-scale and uniform plasmonic substrates at low cost for optimal performance in surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) applications. The relationship between the tunable parameters of this process and the corresponding optical and plasmonic characteristic is investigated both experimentally and theoretically to understand the deterministic design of an optimal SERS device with a three-dimensional plasmonic nanoantenna structure. The enhancement of SERS using various nanoplasmonic particle sizes, structure lengths, lateral hot spot spacings and resonating effects are examined and demonstrated. We achieve a uniform optimal enhancement factor of 1.38 × 108 on a 4 in wafer-scale SERS substrate with a backplane-assisted resonating nanoantenna array design. Sensitive environmental nitrate sensing, vitamin detection and oligonucleotide identification are demonstrated on the high-performance SERS device.
TIME EVOLUTION OF THE SHEAR LAYER OF A SUPERSONIC AXISYMMETRIC JET

We used a two-laser two-detector experiment to investigate the temporal evolution of the mixing layer of a pressure matched supersonic jet at an exit Mach number of 1.5. discharging into still air, resulting in a convective Mach number of O.7. The convective speed of the structures present in the flow was measured and compared with previous findings. Additional views of the mixing layer provided information on the three dimensionality of the mixing layer.
SU-FF-T-320: Simple Acoustic Beam Model for Thermoradiotherapy Implemented in An Open Source Treatment Planning Research System

Purpose: Several clinical trials have shown that hyperthermia can significantly increase both local tumorcontrol rates and duration of local control, significantly improving the quality of radiation treatment. No existing treatment planning systems provide tools for planning and analyzing thermal and radiationdoses simultaneously in the same volume of interest. We propose to modify our Matlab‐based open‐source‐code system CERR (Computational Environment for Radiotherapy Research) for the development of thermoradiotherapy treatment planning (radium.wustl.edu/cerr). Method and Materials: We implemented a simple exponentially attenuated acoustic beam model in CERR, accounting for reflection, transmission and refraction of the primary beams. The model applies to sub‐volumes that are assumed “homogeneous” (air, soft tissue, bone), that make up a composite “heterogeneous” total computational volume, and that account for interface phenomena, i.e. reflection, transmission and refraction of the primary beams at impedance mismatched interfaces between sub‐volumes. Results: We calculated the SAR (specific absorption rate) for a single acoustic beam at 3.5 MHz for a chest wall breast plan. The field size was 12cm × 12cm. Calculation of a single beam takes approximately 60 seconds for plan size of 512×512×131 voxels. The power deposition of this beam for the CERR plan is shown. An attenuation profile for the beam is shown. The model correctly shows zero SAR values outside the beam and in the lung areas. Conclusion: We propose tools to display SAR, temperatures, thermal doses, hybrid thermo‐radio‐ therapy doses, etc., simultaneously, along with calculation of volume histograms for the various dose parameters. Significant advances in clinical thermoradiotherapy have been hampered by the lack of advanced treatment planning systems. We are embarking on a long‐term project to develop a CERR‐based system for superficial ultrasound hyperthermia that includes implementation and validation of complex acousto‐thermal numerical models. The system will be freely distributed to the hyperthermia research community for IRB‐approved research.
Decoding by rank-2 bundles over plane quartics

Motivated by error-correcting coding theory, we pose some hard questions regarding moduli spaces of rank-2 vector bundles over algebraic curves. We propose a new approach to the role of rank-2 bundles in coding theory, using recent results over the complex numbers, namely restriction of vector bundles from the projective space where the curve is embedded. We specialize our analysis to plane quartic curves which, if smooth, are canonical curves of genus three, and remark that all the bundles in question are restrictions. Using the vector-bundle approach, we work out explicit equations for the error divisors viewed as points of a multisecant variety. We specialize canonical quartics even more, to Klein's curve, and finite fields of characteristic two, a situation in which bundles can be neatly trivialized and codes have been produced. We give explicit equations, work out counting results for curves, Jacobians, and varieties of bundles, revealing several surprising features.
Source-monitoring deficits for self-generated stimuli in schizophrenia: multinomial modeling of data from three sources.

Introduction: Schizophrenia patients, particularly those with specific types of hallucinations and delusions, may have a deficit in monitoring the generation of thought. This deficit, termed autonoetic agnosia, may result in the conclusion that self-generated thoughts come from an external source. Methods: This study assessed autonoetic agnosia in 29 schizophrenic patients and 19 controls by applying a recently developed technique from cognitive science: multinomial modeling of source-monitoring data. Results: Schizophrenic patients demonstrated deficits in monitoring the source of self-generated information, yet performed similarly to controls in monitoring the source of visual and auditory information. Schizophrenic patients with specific “target” symptoms such as auditory hallucinations and thought insertion had greater deficits than other patients in recognizing self-generated information. Conclusion: This study offers partial support for the notion that schizophrenic patients manifest autonoetic agnosia.
Binding of Benzoquinoid Ansamycins to p100 Correlates with Their Ability to Deplete the erbB2 Gene Product p185

Abstract Several benzoquinoid ansamycins, e.g.,herbimycin A and geldanamycin, have been widely used as inhibitors of tyrosine kinases. We recently reported that exposure to herbimycin A and several analogs depletes the erbB2 gene product p185 in human breast cancer cells. In order to explore the mechanism of this specific degradation of p185, a biologically active ansamycin incorporating a photoaffinity label was synthesized. This compound, CP202509, specifically bound to a 100 kD protein (p100) in intact SKBr3 cells and in fibroblasts transfected with the c-erbB2 or v-src oncogenes. Binding of other ansamycin analogs to p100, as measured indirectly by their ability to inhibit CP202509 binding, correlated with their ability to lower p185 protein and phosphotyrosine in SKBr3 cells. These results suggest that the ansamycins may deplete tyrosine kinases through binding to this protein.
Identifying targets for preventing epilepsy using systems biology.

While there are a plethora of medications that block seizures, these same drugs have little effect on preventing or curing epilepsy. This suggests that the molecular pathways for epileptogenesis are distinct from those that produce acute seizures and therefore will require the identification of novel truly ‘antiepileptic’ therapeutics. Identification and testing of potential antiepileptic drug targets first in animal models and then in humans is thus becoming an important next step in the battle against epilepsy. In focal forms of human epilepsy the battle, however, is complicated by the large and varied types of brain abnormalities capable of producing a state of chronic, recurrent seizures. Unfortunately, once the epileptic state develops, it often persists to produce a life-long seizure disorder that can only be suppressed by anticonvulsant medications, and cured only in some through surgical resection of the seizure focus. While deductive approaches to drug target identification use our current state of knowledge, based mostly on animal models of epileptogenesis, a growing reductionist approach often referred to as systems biology takes advantage of newer high-throughput technologies to profile large numbers and types of molecules simultaneously. Some of these approaches, such as functional genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics have been undertaken in both human and animal epileptic brain tissues and are beginning to hone in on new therapeutic targets. While these methods are highly sensitive, this same sensitivity also produces a high rate of false positives due to variables other than those of interest. The experimental design, therefore, needs to be tightly controlled to reduce these unintended results that can be misleading. Most importantly, epileptogenic targets need to be validated in animal models of epileptogenesis, so that, if successful, these new methods have the potential to identify unbiased, important new therapeutics.
Analysis of Basin-Range Structure, South-Central Oregon

The late Tertiary basalt flows covering south-central Oregon have been intricately faulted to form a distinct fracture pattern and conspicuous horsts, grabens, and tilted fault blocks. The faults form a rhombic pattern and are in two principal sets—one striking approximately N. 35° W. and the other N. 20° E. Evidence indicates that the sets were contemporaneous in origin and that movements occurred concurrently along both sets. The latest movement was dip-slip; strike-slip movement had occurred previously. The traces of intersecting faults across escarpment faces, the presence of pivotal faults, and the results of a seismic-refraction study suggest that near-vertical faults may be dominant. The contemporaneous origin of the two fault sets, the intersection angle of approximately 55°, and the nearly vertical dips indicate that the faults originally developed as conjugate strike-slip shears in a stress system characterized by a north-south maximum principal stress and an east-west minimum principal stress. Subsequent to the development of the rhombic fracture system, block faulting occurred in which the dominant movement on the shears was dip-slip. This movement does not reflect the stress system that produced the faults, but represents a redistribution of surface forces acting on individual fault blocks.
Poly(p-phenylene vinylene)-silica composite: a novel sol-gel processed non-linear optical material for optical waveguides

Abstract We report here the first case (to our knowledge) of a compatible blend of an inorganic polymer, silica glass, and a π-conjugated non-linear optical polymer, poly( p -phenylene vinylene), homogeneously miscible over wide composition ranges. This composite material was prepared by combining sol-gel processing techniques applicable to the silica glass with those used for the synthesis of the organic polymer from a water/alcohol-soluble sulphonium salt precursor. In this preparation the organic polymer precursor and the inorganic sol were mixed in a common solvent and converted to the final composite material. The thermal conversion of the precursor polymer released HCl, which catalysed the gelation of the inorganic sol. The resulting composite material has been characterized by infra-red and ultra-violet/visible spectral analysis and thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetric analysis. The material can be cast into various forms. Thin films cast by the doctor-blading technique exhibit good optical quality and show promise for application as optical waveguides.
Quality of life assessment with the medical outcomes study short form-36 among patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy.

OBJECTIVECervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a chronic degenerative condition of the cervical spine that produces narrowing of the spinal canal and disruption of spinal cord function. We used Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 (SF-36), a generic quality of life outcome-assessment instrument,
Comparative Teratogenicity of Cortisone and Phenytoin in Mice

Single administrations of cortisone or phenytoin to pregnant mice on Days 11--14 of gestation caused similar skeletal and dissimilar soft tissue fetal anomalies. Cortisone reduced both maternal and fetal weight, whereas phenytoin only reduced fetal weight without adversely affecting maternal weight. A correlation between fetal weight reduction and cleft palate incidence was evident for each drug. Because probit analysis of dose--response regression lines did not deviate from parallelism after drug challenge, it was concluded that cortisone and phenytoin may produce palatal anomalies in the mouse fetus by a similar mechanism.
Design of Outlet Control Structures for Ecological Detention Ponds

AbstractThrough a simulation modeling approach, this paper seeks to modify the design of detention ponds to preserve the natural ecological flows while satisfying the requisite regulatory flow requirements. This paper will utilize an innovative ecological flow paradigm: the ecoflow statistics. The ecoflow statistics consist of nine hydrological flow statistics that have been shown to be particularly relevant to ecological quality. The statistics include annual and seasonal ecodeficits and ecosurplus, calculated using median annual and seasonal flow duration curves, and the total seasonal ecochange. A new metric called the ecodifference is defined as the weighted sum of the nine ecoflow statistics and represents the hydrologic alteration in the stream. The ecodifference in a receiving stream can be calculated using the outflow hydrograph from a detention pond hydrologic simulator. A design approach using a hydrologic model, detention pond model, and the ecodifference metric will be used to design a series ...
Considering the Dynamics of Problem Definition: Individual Experiences, Social Services, and Public Problems

Recent research demonstrates the influence of trust on the perceived legitimacy of governmental actions and policy-relevant attitudes. I argue that trust influences the translation of personal experiences with social services into public problems and thus plays a critical role in problem definition. I examine the relationship empirically, relying on data from a social service user survey. The results demonstrate that these users assess their individual experiences with providers more positively than how they assess such services collectively. When recipients rate their individual experiences with social services negatively, they are less likely to translate these negative assessments into public problems if they trust government and associate greater legitimacy with governmental actions. In this case, individuals bear increasingly significant personal costs, or self-sacrifice—as they maintain distinct evaluations of both individual and collective conditions. Trust does not appear to influence the translation of personal experiences into public assessments when personal experiences are positive.
Is there a role for treatment of asthma with omalizumab

The allergic response is distinct from other immune reactions in its reliance on IgE, its high affinity receptor, FceRI, and the primary effector cell—the tissue mast cell. Positive skin tests or raised concentrations of specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) in the serum define IgE sensitisation or “atopy”. IgE participates both in immediate hypersensitivity response and in the induction of chronic allergic inflammation. It enhances allergen capture and Th2 cell activation, and may trigger other immunoregulatory pathways. Considerable effort in therapeutic research has focused on interference with IgE function because of its position high in the allergic cascade. Therapy with anti-IgE is one such approach that shows much promise.
Mentoring Asian Graduate Students Who Attend Communication Sciences and Disorders Programs in the United States

Abstract This qualitative study provided an overview of American faculty members' perceptions of Asian graduate students who are in Communication Sciences and Disorders (CSD) programs in the United...
You Are What You Wear: An Interactive Demonstration of the Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

This article presents evidence in support of an interactive classroom activity that demonstrates the self-fulfilling prophecy. After a brief description of the topic, 5 volunteers from an introduct...
Self-centering head holder system for small animal stereotaxy

Abstract MARCHAND, E. R. AND J. N. RILEY. Self-centering head holder system for small animal stereotaxy . BRAIN RES. BULL. 4 (1) 141–143, 1979.—Plans are given for the construction of a small animal head holder and associated self-centering device which may be attached to a stereotaxic instrument. The system offers accuracy with ease of operation.
New insertion device vacuum chambers at the Advanced Photon Source

Six new types of insertion device vacuum chambers have been designed at the Advanced Photon Source (APS). One chamber has been designed for the APS canted undulator beamlines, two for the Canadian Light Source (CLS), and three for BESSY II. For the double canted undulators and CLS, a new extrusion shape with an oval aperture (not elliptical as usual) was developed and extruded. That required a thorough stress analysis and some compromise, which included a small increase of the vacuum chamber wall thickness. The details of the stress analyses and design of the chambers, along with lessons learned, are presented.
The behaviour of sharks

Despite the recent upsurge of interest in shark research, the current status of knowledge of the behavioural repertoire of most species is alarmingly incomplete. Clearly, from the steadily decreasing numbers of sharks caught by commercial and sport fishermen, sharks are highly vulnerable to human exploitation. Although education is making inroads, there is still steady opposition to the enforcement of catch limits and management strategies for most species. Accurate life history and behavioural information is required to enforce management policies. Wetherbee et al. (1990) cited a case in which commercial fishermen accused the spiny dogfish of stripping the commerical and recreational fisheries of their herring and salmon catch. A detailed study of the spiny dogfish diet disproved their claims. Sharks are clearly not mindless eating machines, as they have been labelled in the past. They are intelligent and have complex patterns of movement, space utilization, and social organization. Using a combination of remote and direct observational techniques, the scientific community is beginning to have a more complete understanding of these important apex predators in coral reef and oceanic ecosystems. More importantly, researchers who are interested in pursuing the fascinating field of shark behaviour still have a wide choice of direction.
Inhibition of epidermal growth factor-induced phosphorylation by trifluoperazine

We studied the effects of a series of drugs on A431, a cell line with well-characterized growth factor requirements and epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors. The major [32PO4]-labeled protein immunoprecipitated with anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies from EGF-stimulated A431 cells was the EGF receptor. Both the quantity of [32PO4]-labeled EGF receptor immunoprecipitated and the phosphotyrosine content of total [32PO4]-labeled proteins were reduced by the addition during EGF stimulation of trifluoperazine (TFP). TFP had little effect on the binding, internalization, and processing of [125I]-EGF. In addition to the effects on phosphorylation, TFP inhibited cell growth both in the presence and absence of EGF. Morphologically, TFP blocked EGF-induced ruffling. TFP did not alter the EGF-stimulated phosphatidylinositol turnover. In an in vitro experiment using A431 cell membranes, TFP did not inhibit phosphorylation of the EGF receptor.
Power Distribution in Hybrid Multi-cell Converter with Nearest Level Modulation

Hybrid multi-cell converters present a highly nonlinear power distribution at each cell. Moreover, the cells with smaller DC link voltage can regenerate power, even if the load is not active. This paper shows the active power distribution in terms of the modulation index, highlighting the regenerative operation. The active power is calculated based on the fundamental term of the switching pattern obtained by the nearest level or round modulation. The round modulation technique is described as a comparison algorithm to allow a mathematical analysis. This paper shows that low power cells present a regenerative operation which depends on the modulation technique and does not depend of the load type. The modulation index rates of regenerative operation are found, as example, for a three-cell hybrid multi- cell converter for two different asymmetries.
Epidural anesthesia in patients with palliated cyanotic congenital heart disease.

ATIENTS WITH palliated cyanotic congenital heart P disease (CHD) are surviving in greater numbers, and present for noncardiac surgical procedures that demand an understanding of progressive cyanotic CHD and the physiologic implications of varied anesthetic techniques. As these patients grow into young adulthood, they are desirous of discussing their anesthetic options, and may express a strong preference to retain consciousness and avoid a general anesthetic. Carefully administered regional anesthesia has a place in the options offered to such patients, and, therefore, two cases are presented to illustrate experience with these patients and epidural anesthesia.
Spatial Quantized Analog-to-Digital Conversion Based on Optical Beam-Steering

A novel optical spatial quantized analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is presented and the performance enhancements through employing this architecture are analyzed theoretically. A high-speed low-jitter ADC sampling clock is provided by a mode-locked laser. A high sampling rate is maintained by avoiding any speed-limiting conversion from optical to electrical domain in an all-optical quantization technique. A high quantization bandwidth is achieved by employing the all-optical quantization technique, benefiting from the high bandwidth characteristics of optical modulation. A high ADC resolution is obtained by using a single-channel quantization configuration and detecting a single image at each sampling step. A high power efficiency is achieved by extracting some portions of the required power from the analog electrical signal and optical sampling clock, directly. Various ADC-resolution limiting factors including the ambiguity of photodetector's, jitter of the optical sampling-clock, the limited beam deflector bandwidth, dispersion, phase modulator nonlinearity/mismatch, noise, and crosstalk have been identified and the contribution of each effect has been discussed.
Rush to Judgment? Trial Length and Outcomes in Patent Cases

We conduct a comprehensive study of all patent trials over the past eleven years. We find that juries are more favorable to patentees than judges, that (to our surprise) the length of a trial has no effect on its outcome, and that there are surprisingly modest differences between patentee win rates in favored jurisdictions like Delaware and the Eastern District of Texas.
Interferon-inducible ubiquitin E2, Ubc8, is a conjugating enzyme for protein ISGylation

Protein ISGylation is unique among ubiquitin-like conjugation systems in that the expression and conjugation processes are induced by specific stimuli, mainly via the alpha/beta interferon signaling pathway. It has been suggested that protein ISGylation plays a special role in the immune response, because of its interferon-signal dependency and its appearance only in higher eukaryotic organisms. Here, we report the identification of an ISG15-conjugating enzyme, Ubc8. Like other components of the protein ISGylation system (ISG15, UBE1L, and UBP43), Ubc8 is an interferon-inducible protein. Ubc8 clearly mediates protein ISGylation in transfection assays. The reduction of Ubc8 expression by small interfering RNA causes a decrease in protein ISGylation in HeLa cells upon interferon treatment. Neither UbcH7/UbcM4, the closest homologue of Ubc8 among known ubiquitin E2s, nor the small ubiquitin-like modifier E2 Ubc9 supports protein ISGylation. These findings strongly suggest that Ubc8 is a major ISG15-conjugating enzyme responsible for protein ISGylation upon interferon stimulation. Furthermore, we established an assay system to detect ISGylated target proteins by cotransfection of ISG15, UBE1L, and Ubc8 together with a target protein to be analyzed. This method provides an easy and effective way to identify new targets for the ISGylation system and will facilitate related studies.
Interfacial phenomena governing adhesion of chlorella to glass surfaces

Interfacial phenomena in adhesion of Chlorella alga strain to glass surfaces in simple ionic solutions, discussing zeta potential and additives effect
Ophthalmic drug delivery by contact lenses

The inefficiencies of most current drug delivery systems, particularly the lack of targeting, have led to considerable interest in developing novel strategies for drug delivery. Most approaches see...