cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Judicious Evaluation of Adverse Drug Reactions: Inaccurate Assessment of 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Inhibitor‐Induced Muscle Injury

Adverse reactions in two patients who received HMG CoA reductase inhibitor therapy were reinvestigated because of their rarity. A case of permanent forearm myalgia was thought to be caused by atorvastatin. Closer evaluation and work-up revealed underlying lateral epicondylitis, and atorvastatin was not considered the cause of the disability. In another patient, rhabdomyolysis was suspected to be secondary to simvastatin. However, after an extensive review, the reaction was believed to be compartment syndrome of the anterior tibial area. An adverse drug reaction report requires careful and judicious assessment to assign the correct probability for the event.
RIFT VALLEY FEVER IN MAN : REPORT OF A FATAL LABORATORY INFECTION COMPLICATED BY THROMBOPHLEBITIS

A case of Rift Valley fever following an accidental laboratory infection, and believed to be the first instance of the disease in the Western hemisphere, is reported. Although the course of illness was otherwise quite typical, it was complicated by thrombophlebitis—a condition not previously described in association with this disease in man. Death was caused by a pulmonary embolus.
Long-lived microRNA–Argonaute complexes in quiescent cells can be activated to regulate mitogenic responses

Cellular proliferation depends on the integration of mitogenic stimuli with environmental conditions. Increasing evidence suggests that microRNAs play a regulatory role in this integration. Here we show that during periods of cellular quiescence, mature microRNAs are stabilized and stored in Argonaute protein complexes that can be activated by mitogenic stimulation to repress mitogen-stimulated targets, thus influencing subsequent cellular responses. In quiescent cells, the majority of microRNAs exist in low molecular weight, Argonaute protein-containing complexes devoid of essential components of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). For at least 3 wk, this pool of Argonaute-associated microRNAs is stable and can be recruited into RISC complexes subsequent to mitogenic stimulation. Using several model systems, we demonstrate that stable Argonaute protein-associated small RNAs are capable of repressing mitogen-induced transcripts. Therefore, mature microRNAs may represent a previously unappreciated form of cellular memory that allows cells to retain posttranscriptional regulatory information over extended periods of cellular quiescence.
Analysis of Endogenous D-Amino Acid-Containing Peptides in Metazoa

Peptides are chiral molecules with their structure determined by the composition and configuration of their amino acid building blocks. The naturally occurring amino acids, except glycine, possess two chiral forms. This allows the formation of multiple peptide diastereomers that have the same sequence. Although living organisms use l-amino acids to make proteins, a group of d-amino acid-containing peptides (DAACPs) has been discovered in animals that have at least one of their residues isomerized to the d-form via an enzyme-catalyzed process. In many cases, the biological functions of these peptides are enhanced due to this structural conversion. These DAACPs are different from those known to occur in bacterial cell wall and antibiotic peptides, the latter of which are synthesized in a ribosome-independent manner. DAACPs have now also been identified in a number of distinct groups throughout the Metazoa. Their serendipitous discovery has often resulted from discrepancies observed in bioassays or in chromatographic behavior between natural peptide fractions and peptides synthesized according to a presumed all-l sequence. Because this l to d post-translational modification is subtle and not detectable by most sequence determination approaches, it is reasonable to suspect that many studies have overlooked this change; accordingly, DAACPs may be more prevalent than currently thought. Although diastereomer separation techniques developed with synthetic peptides in recent years have greatly aided in the discovery of natural DAACPs, there is a need for new, more robust methods for naturally complex samples. In this review, a brief history of DAACPs in animals is presented, followed by discussion of a variety of analytical methods that have been used for diastereomeric separation and detection of peptides.
The effect of diet upon the excretion of parahydroxy-phenylacetic acid and creatinine in MA

Abstract The daily para-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (p-HPAA) excretion was examined in four adults under varying dietary intake. The diet varied considerably in the content of precursor amino acid, tyrosine and other phenolic acids. When the subjects were on a complete fast but for water, the total volume of urine almost doubled, the creatinine excretion doubled but the p-HPAA excretion remained approximately the same for each individual. These experiments indicate that the daily excretion of p-HPAA may be independent of dietary intake and rather constant from one day to the next in individuals. Differences occur between individuals in the daily excretion of p-HPAA while receiving the same diet, but they are within a relatively narrow range. The 24-h excretion of p-HPAA was examined in 53 people of all ages. The p-HPAA excretion begins to increase around the age of puberty. However, there were several children and adults in the study who excreted no detectable amount of p-HPAA. Tyrosine loads were given to 2 people and the urinary p-HPAA was determined over several hours. While only a small percentage of the fed tyrosine was converted to p-HPAA it is apparently a large contributor to this pool.
Weekly subcutaneous recombinant human erythropoietin corrects anemia of progressive renal failure.

Abstract purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze data retrospectively from our use of weekly subcutaneous recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) in predialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients with anemia. patients and methods: All anemic patients with progressive renal failure (12 predialysis and seven home peritoneal dialysis) in whom subcutaneous rHuEPO therapy was begun at, or was reduced to, a weekly dose were studied retrospectively. Patients were not selected for, nor excluded from, these observations for any other reason. Hematocrit and endogenous creatinine clearance were monitored regularly, and no other new treatment for anemia was given except oral iron. Iron-deficiency anemia was considered improbable because of normal red blood cell mean corpuscular volume. Unfortunately, iron parameters were not monitored. results: The hematocrit increased 4 to 9 percentage points in 4 to 13 weeks in all but two patients who were initially treated with weekly doses, and a hematocrit of 31% was achieved in these patients within 6 to 12 weeks. The mean effective dose to accomplish this was 150 U/kg. All but three patients could be maintained on weekly doses at a hematocrit of 31% or higher. The mean effective dose was 75 U/kg. conclusion: It is concluded that subcutaneous rHuEPO administered weekly can correct the anemia of predialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. Weekly dosing is more convenient for patients and may be less costly for Medicare providers.
Stop the spinning world: postoperative nausea and vomiting.

As the stretcher approaches, the patient begins retching and moaning. After checking with the certified registered nurse anesthetist (CRNA), you reposition the patient, attach the monitoring equipment and oxygen, and quickly do a visual assessment. You receive the following report: PK is a 31-year-old female with a past medical history of motion sickness, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and infertility. She has had anesthesia in the past for a diagnostic laparoscopy, with removal of an ectopic pregnancy under general anesthesia and had to be admitted for 23 hours for postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). She has also had an odontectomy completed in the dental office under sedation and again reported being very “sick” afterwards. She has no allergies and is taking a multivitamin and clomiphene for invitro fertilization preparation.
Urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the rat after immobilization stress.

Abstract An increase of 100% in urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, as a measure of release and catabolism of serotonin, is associated with the stress of 18 hr of restraint. Seventy percent of the rats developed gastric ulcers. Increased urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels were not observed in rats deprived of food for 42 hr.
The Stigma of Race: Who Now Bears the Mark of Cain?*

Instances are cited from the U.S. and India in which individual whites and Brahmans were attacked as being guilty of prejudice and discrimination simply on the basis of their hereditary group membership. These are characterized as involving “stigma reversal,” defined as the imputation of guilt and moral inferority to the members of a dominant group on the basis of descent when the moral justification of the group's position of advantage is being redefined. Evidence of the use of stigma reversal as an argument in support of protective discrimination or preferential treatment of minority group members is presented. It is postulated that stigma reversal is related to changes in self-conception which accompany minority protest movements and redefinition of the sense of group position even by members of the dominant group. Dominant group members whose definition of the situation is that they are becoming victims themselves may lead to defensive reactions similar to those previously observed among traditional minorities. The negative consequences which stigma reversal may have for public policies designed to help disadvantaged minorities are discussed.
Taking Advantage of Image-Based and Geometry-Based Constraints to Recover 3-D Surfaces

A unified framework for 3-D shape reconstruction allows us to combine image-based and geometry-based information sources. The image information is akin to stereo and shape-from-shading, while the geometric information may be provided in the form of 3-D points, 3-D features, or 2-D silhouettes. A formal integration framework is critical in recovering complicated surfaces because the information from a single source is often insufficient to provide a unique answer. Our approach to shape recovery is to deform a generic object-centered 3-D representation of the surface so as to minimize an objective function. This objective function is a weighted sum of the contributions of the various information sources. We describe these various terms individually, our weighting scheme, and our optimization method. Finally, we present results on a number of difficult images of real scenes for which a single source of information would have proved insufficient.
Biosynthesis of Holarrhena alkaloids from pregnenolone and progesterone

Abstract Pregnenolone-4- 14 C, but not progesterone-4- 14 C, was converted to the steroidal alkaloids holaphylline and holaphyllamine by leaves of Holarrhena floribunda . Progesterone-4- 14 C was converted to alkaloids of unknown structure.
Live imaging of cell protrusive activity, and extracellular matrix assembly and remodeling during morphogenesis in the frog, Xenopus laevis

Cell motility and matrix assembly have traditionally been studied in isolation because of a lack of suitable model systems in which both can be observed simultaneously. With embryonic tissues from the gastrulating frog Xenopus laevis we observe stages of fibronectin fibrillogenesis coincident with protrusive activity in the overlying cells. Using live confocal time-lapse images collected from Cy3-tagged fibronectin and plasma membrane tethered green fluorescent protein, we describe the movement and the elaboration of a complex fibrillar network undergoing topological rearrangements of fibrils on the surface of an embryonic tissue. Discrete processes of annealing, polymerization, stretching, breaking, and recoiling are recorded. Elaboration and maintenance of the complex topology of the extracellular matrix appears to require filamentous actin. These findings support a mechanical-model in which cell tractive forces elaborate the complex topological fibrillar network and are part of a homeostatic mechanism for the regulation of the extracellular matrix.
Systematic Error Analysis as an Empirical Basis for Analytic Teaching of Young Adults

In the early part of this paper, conflicting perspectives of mathematics education are discussed. An argument is made for more systematic analysis of students’ handicaps in the performance of basic arithmetic operations. Such analysis is viewed as an important basis for more focused prescriptive remedial instruction. Specific information regarding functional handicaps in basic arithmetic and mathematic computation is not available from traditional school test scores from either norm or criterion referenced tests. Similarly, the developmentally orientated assumptions of the United States’ National Council of Teachers of Mathematics Curriculum Standards, aimed as they are toward initial instruction in mathematics, are not seen as particularly fruitful for the remedial mathematics instruction of young adults. Specific deficit information was seen as extremely valuable in designing appropriate analytic teaching methods and materials for remedial mathematics instruction. In the latter portions of this report a...
Renormalization-Group Techniques in the Kondo Effect

Various renormalization-type approaches to the Kondo problem are shown to be equivalent. It is pointed out that the exact solution to the ferromagnetic case has been known for many years in quantum field theory. For the antiferromagnetic case, in the infrared limit the effective coupling becomes infinite, and there is no "critical-exponent" behavior at zero energy. Some recent criticisms of Anderson scaling laws are discussed.
The effects of technology on early art development

Abstract For some time I have nurtured a curiosity regarding the effects of technology on early art development. As my opportunities increased for observing and then influencing the learning process, I found myself addicted to the excitement of technology, specifically in the area of art education. I can now draw on information gathered from three professional experiences: elementary school teacher (K-8), project director of an Equity Project entitled “Encouraging Female Students in Math and Science through Art and Technology” and Artist in Residence with the San Bernardino Arts Foundation. As in any project, the real measure of success is the accomplishment of the students. Students' growth in the areas of art curriculum, use of related art vocabulary, choice of methods selected for completing a task, utilization of thinking skills, application of art principles, and the increased productivity of personal expression, is evidenced in their impressive collection of art files: printed, on disk, and on video. It is my intent to share these files, along with related anecdotal records, and to detail some of the instructional processes that accompany the use of technology in the classroom.
Fat fractals on the energy surface.

For a closed system of two coupled nonlinear oscillators, chaotic orbits are punctuated by holes associated with stable periodic orbits. For the corresponding class of Hamiltonian maps we demonstrate that the combined area for all holes of size epsilon or greater scales as a power law with exponent ..beta.. and asymptotic area 0 < ..mu.. < 1. In contrast to previous results, this is a global scaling property, valid for a set of positive Lebesgue measure. It suggests that these chaotic orbits are fat fractals, i.e., Cantor setlike objects of positive area. We numerically compute lower bounds on their area.
Microcomputer-Assisted Student Examinations in Special Education Teacher Training.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of microcomputers for test administration in an undergradute special education teacher training program. By design, four unit examinations were administered to 32 participating students randomly assigned to four groups. Each group took one examination on the microcomputer, while the remaining three examinations for each group were of the paper-and-pencil variety. As anticipated, no significant differences were found between treatments. Student reactions to the microcomputer-assisted testing were generally positive, which, when considered together with such potential benefits as reductions in recurring test preparation efforts, appears to justify this particular microcomputer application.
Adventures in Coaching Young Chemists.

We believe that students should have opportunities—early and often—to learn about science and math activities in fun and recreational ways. As a result, we try to provide many science enrichment activities to the surrounding community. In doing so, we hope to inspire young students to become future scientists and mathematicians. Here we describe some annual science outreach events that we have hosted, share a few demonstrations and activities we have tried at these events, and discuss how we plan to connect our outreach in 2011 to the themes of the International Year of Chemistry.
Comparative ultrastructure of the zona radiata from eggs of six species of salmonids.

The zona radiata from unactivated and activated eggs from chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), chum salmon (O. kisutch), pink salmon (O. gorbuscha), brown trout (Salmo trutta), rainbow trout (S. gairdneri) and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) were examined using scanning and transmission microscopy. The zona radiata in all species examined consisted of an outer adhesive coating, a thin densely staining zona radiata externa with pore canal plugs and a thick, fibrous zona radiata interna with a fibrous network on the inner surface. There was a two layer adhesive coating over the zona radiata externa in all species except pink salmon in which only one layer was observed. There were structural differences among species in the adhesive layer, zona radiata externa and plugs in the pore-canal openings.
Induction of local epidermal papillomas and carcinoma by selected nitrosamines

Abstract Weekly cutaneous application of N-nitrosobis (2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP) at a dose of 2 mg/application to the neck area resulted in the induction of local papillomas and carcinomas in 80% of Syrian hamsters as early as 19 weeks post-treatment. In addition, a few tumors of internal organs (predominantly in the liver) were also found. N-Nitroso(2-hydroxypropyl) (2-oxopropyl)amine (HPOP), a common metabolite of BOP and BHP, was also found to be an epidermal carcinogen at a dose of 3.8 mg/application. N-Nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine (BHP), however, failed to induce any epidermal lesions, when applied similarly at a much higher dose level (50 mg/animal/week). In contrast to BOP and HPOP, BHP induced a high incidence of tumors in internal organs, especially pancreatic cancer, which was the only induced tumor in 5 animals. Skin absorption studies demonstrated that BHP, but not BOP is rapidly absorbed and was detectable in the blood in concentrations of up to 5.5 μg/ml as early as 15 min after carcinogen administration. The possible reasons for the differing effects of BHP and BOP upon hamster skin are discussed.
DESIGNING GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACES USING TAE PLUS

The Transportable Applications Environment (TAE) Plus is a general purpose user interface development and management system. TAE Plus was designed for user interface (UI) designers who are not programmers and it provides an intuitive development environment for (1) interactively constructing the visual layout of an application screen, (2) rehearsing the UI, (3) generating the application source code to manage the UI, and (4) providing run-time services to manage the UI during application execution. Refer to Figure 1.
German Federalism After Unification: The Legal/Constitutional Response

The collapse of communism in East Germany and the resulting German unification produced a new focus on the operation offederalism in a unified Germany and on certain reforms concerning fiscal federalism and various constitutional amendments. The initial decisions about financing the new Linder in the East soon proved to be inadequate, and after much controversy a new "solidarity pact" was concluded between the federal and Land governments in March 1993. To counter recent trends toward increasing centralization, a constitutional commission proposed a number ofamendments, now under consideration by thefederal parliament, which would strengthen the Linder vis-a-vis thefederal government. The Liinder have also been concerned about the growing interference by Brussels in their affairs. As a result of recent changes in the Basic Law, they have strengthened their position in relationship to the federal government and the European Union.
Reaction and transport in disordered composite media: Introduction of percolation concepts

Reaction and transport in disordered composites are percolation processes. In this paper, the relevant ideas of percolation theory are laid out and illustrated with the aid of computer simulations. The concepts of percolation theory closely coupled with computer constructs and mathematical modelling provide potent tools for understanding the role of irregular morphology in transient reaction and diffusion processes in disordered composites. Examples given involve diffusion, combustion, and catalysis in porous media, conduction in cellular media, and reaction and conduction in branched polymer systems. The rate at which a combustible porous medium becomes unconsolidated (disintegrates) under combustion is predicted. The effect of porosity on gas penetration and reaction rate in a porous pellet supporting a catalyst is investigated. Transient conduction in cellular systems is studied. Conduction in regular cellular media (squares and hexagons) is compared to conduction in irregular cellular media (Voronoi polygons). The effect of randomly distributed impervious cells and cell-walls is examined. The role of bond coordination number in the molecular weight distribution, gel formation, and electrical conduction of branched polymers is studied. In applications, the percolation threshold and material distributions under conditions near threshold can play a crucial role. The percolation threshold of material i is the volume, area, cell, or cell-wall fraction below which material i exists only in isolated clusters. Analytical results are obtained in some cases, numerical in others.
Describing the plastic deformation of aluminium softball bats

Hollow aluminium bats were introduced over 30 years ago to provide improved durability over wooden bats. Since their introduction, however, interest in hollow bats has focused almost exclusively around their hitting performance. The aim of this study was to take advantage of the progress that has been made in predicting bat performance using finite elements and apply it to describe bat durability. Accordingly, the plastic deformation from a ball impact of a single-wall aluminum bat was numerically modelled. The bat deformation from the finite-element analysis was then compared with experiment using a high-speed bat test machine. The ball was modelled as an isotropic, homogeneous, viscoelastic sphere. The viscoelastic parameters of the ball model were found from instrumented, high-speed, rigid-wall ball impacts. The rigid-wall ball impacts were modelled numerically and showed good agreement with the experimentally obtained response. The strain response of the combined bat-ball model was verified with a strain-gauged bat at intermediate ball impact speeds in the elastic range. The strain response of the bat-ball model exhibited positive correlation with the experimental measurements. High-speed bat-ball impacts were performed experimentally and simulated numerically at increasing impact speeds which induced correspondingly increased dent sizes in the bat. The plastic deformation from the numerical model found good agreement with experiment provided the aluminium work hardening and strain rate effects were appropriately described. The inclusion of strain rate effects was shown to have a significant effect on the bat deformations produced in the finite-element simulations. They also helped explain the existence of high bat stresses found in many performance models.
Immunologic Response in Patients with Epiglottitis Caused by Haemophilus injluenzae Type b

The sera of 13 patients (median age, 31 months) with epiglottitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae, type b (HIB), were studied for bactericidal, hemagglutinating, and radioimmune assay antibodies to the infecting agent. All 10 patients over two years of age and two of three less than two years of age had significant increases in antibody titers; one child, aged 17 months, showed no rise in antibody titer by any of the three assays. The magnitude of the antibody response correlated with the increasing age of the patients. Nineteen other patients who had HIB epiglottitis six months to 15 years before the period of study and their siblings were bled for determination of their current levels of antibody. Seventyfour percent of patients and only 38% of siblings had detectable bactericidal antibodies to HIB. Two children, who had epiglottitis two and six years previously, and two siblings were immunized with HIB capsular polysaccharide material. All developed specific antibodies by the seventh day after immunization.
Metastability and phase transitions associated to dynamic routing in networks

The nature of the empirically observed metastability is studied by using particle system techniques. One of the questions examined is whether the metastability in large finite systems can be studied through an explicit phase transition in an infinite limit. Metastability in large finite systems is often associated with phase transitions in an infinite limit, i.e. the finite systems can be thought of as embedded in a single Markov process that admits multiple invariant distributions for certain parameter values. An example of this is discussed in the context of the well-known contact process. The phase transition suggested by circuit switched networks with alternate routing is of an unlikely kind because the system has positive rates and appears to be ergodic for both very small and very large arrival rates and to have multiple equilibria only in an intermediate range of parameters. >
Trace analysis of volatile polar organics by direct aqueous injection gas chromatography

Procedures for the quantitative analysis of industrial effluents which involve concentration by solvent extraction or the purge-and-trap method are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and prone to error. Direct aqueous injection gas chromatography using an electron-capture detector for the analysis of volatile halocarbons at the ppb level is in routine use in many laboratories. We now discuss the development of a similar protocol for the analysis of volatile polar organics such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, and tretrahydrofuran using a flame-ionization detector.
Early enteral nutrition can be successfully implemented in trauma patients with an "open abdomen"

Abstract Background The presence of an “open abdomen” after a trauma laparotomy can complicate the nutritional management of injured patients. Methods The medical records of patients admitted to an American College of Surgeons–verified level 1 trauma center were evaluated. The timing of nutritional support was noted. The method to obtain abdominal closure was also noted. Results Twenty-three patients were included in the study. Enteral nutrition was successfully initiated in 52% of patients before fascial closure. Enteral nutrition was initiated 3.8 days after the initial laparotomy in these patients. All patients successfully achieved fascial and skin closure, obviating the need for delayed hernia repair or skin grafting. Conclusions Enteral nutrition can be successfully initiated in patients with “open abdomens.” In our series, early enteral nutrition did not alter our ability to ultimately obtain fascial and skin closure.
Dysregulation of DGCR6 and DGCR6L: Psychopathological Outcomes in Chromosome 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome

Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is the most common microdeletion syndrome in humans. It is typified by highly variable symptoms, which might be explained by epigenetic regulation of genes in the interval. Using computational algorithms, our laboratory previously predicted that DiGeorge critical region 6 (DGCR6), which lies within the deletion interval, is imprinted in humans. Expression and epigenetic regulation of this gene have not, however, been examined in 22q11DS subjects. The purpose of this study was to determine if the expression levels of DGCR6 and its duplicate copy DGCR6L in 22q11DS subjects are associated with the parent-of-origin of the deletion and childhood psychopathologies. Our investigation showed no evidence of parent-of-origin-related differences in expression of both DGCR6 and DGCR6L. However, we found that the variability in DGCR6 expression was significantly greater in 22q11DS children than in age and gender-matched control individuals. Children with 22q11DS who had anxiety disorders had significantly lower DGCR6 expression, especially in subjects with the deletion on the maternal chromosome, despite the lack of imprinting. Our findings indicate that epigenetic mechanisms other than imprinting contribute to the dysregulation of these genes and the associated childhood psychopathologies observed in individuals with 22q11DS. Further studies are now needed to test the usefulness of DGCR6 and DGCR6L expression and alterations in the epigenome at these loci in predicting childhood anxiety and associated adult-onset pathologies in 22q11DS subjects.
Stimulation of the dorsal periaqueductal gray enhances spontaneous recovery of a conditioned taste aversion.

Due to its relevance to clinical practice, extinction of learned fears has been a major focus of recent research. However, less is known about the means by which conditioned fears re-emerge (i.e., spontaneously recover) as time passes or contexts change following extinction. The periaqueductal gray represents the final common pathway mediating defensive reactions to fear and we have reported previously that the dorsolateral PAG (dlPAG) exhibits a small but reliable increase in neural activity (as measured by c-fos protein immunoreactivity) when spontaneous recovery (SR) of a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is reduced. Here we extend these correlational studies to determine if inducing dlPAG c-fos expression through electrical brain stimulation could cause a reduction in SR of a CTA. Male Sprague-Dawley rats acquired a strong aversion to saccharin (conditioned stimulus; CS) and then underwent CTA extinction through multiple non-reinforced exposures to the CS. Following a 30-day latency period after asymptotic extinction was achieved; rats either received stimulation of the dorsal PAG (dPAG) or stimulation of closely adjacent structures. Sixty minutes following the stimulation, rats were again presented with the saccharin solution as we tested for SR of the CTA. The brain stimulation evoked c-fos expression around the tip of the electrodes. However, stimulation of the dPAG failed to reduce SR of the previously extinguished CTA. In fact, dPAG stimulation caused rats to significantly suppress their saccharin drinking (relative to controls) – indicating an enhanced SR. These data refute a cause-and-effect relationship between enhanced dPAG c-fos expression and a reduction in SR. However, they highlight a role for the dPAG in modulating SR of extinguished CTAs.
KNOWING THE VICTORIAN CITY: WRITING AND REPRESENTATION

From the beginning of the nineteenth century to the beginning of the twenty-first, the central issues in writing about the Victorian city have remained the same: how did the Victorians "see" the city? how do "we" see the Victorian city? and how do "we" see the Victorians seeing the city? Is the city knowable? What are the modes of repre sentation of the Victorian city? As Deborah Parsons reminds us in Streetwalking the Metropolis, "a city can be analysed demographically, economically, architecturally, as the result of an urban plan or
Kinetic stability of nitrogen-substituted sites in HY and silicalite from first principles

Abstract We have modeled the formation kinetics of nitrogen-substituted (nitrided) zeolites HY and silicalite; we have also modeled the stability of nitrided sites to heat and humidity. These kinetic calculations are based on mechanisms computed from DFT-computed pathways reported in our previous work. Reactant ammonia and product water concentrations were fixed at various levels to mimic continuous nitridation reactors. We have found that zeolite nitridation — replacing Si–O–Si and Si–OH–Al linkages with Si–NH–Si and Si–NH 2 –Al, respectively — proceeds only at high temperatures (> 600 ° C for silicalite and > 650 ° C for HY) due to the presence of large overall barriers. These threshold temperatures are in good agreement with experiments. Nitridation yields were found to be sensitive to water concentration, especially for silicalite where nitridation is more strongly endothermic. As a result, overall nitridation yields in silicalite are predicted to be much lower than those in HY. The stability of nitrided sites was investigated by modeling the kinetics of nitridation in reverse, going back to untreated zeolite plus ammonia. Using 10 h as a benchmark catalyst lifetime, nitrided silicalite and HY half-lives exceeded 10 h for temperatures below 275 and 500 °C, respectively, even at saturation water loadings. As such, our calculations suggest that nitrided silicalite and HY zeolites require high temperatures to form, but once formed, they remain relatively stable, auguring well for their use as shape-selective base catalysts.
On design and performance of VLSI based parallel multiplier

This paper introduces the VLSI design and layout of a (log2n) time n-bit binary parallel multiplier for two unsigned operands. Proposed design consists of partitioning the multiplier and multiplicand bits Into four groups of n/4 bits each and then reducing the matrix of sixteen product terms using three to two parallel counters and Brent-Kung (log n) time parallel adder. Area-time performance of the present scheme has been compared with the existing schemes for parallel multipliers. Regular and recursive design of the multiplier is shown to be suitable for VLSI implementation and an improved table look up multiplier has been used to form the basis of the recursive design scheme.
The Impact of an Insult or Disability from Birth on Infants' Ability to Organize and Interpret Multiple Sources of Information

Observing the behavior of at-risk infants as they interact with their environment may provide information about the way in which they organize and interpret multiple sources of information. This study was conducted at a regional neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) follow-up clinic to investigate the impact of a stressful birth on infants' performance during selected tasks. Infants between the adjusted ages of 91 days and 240 days were observed during three tasks that required integrating multiple stimuli: (a) a task of spatial perception, (b) a task of intermodal representation of speech, and (c) a contingency learning task. Seven birth-status variables (gestational age, birthweight, adjusted age, length of ventilation, 5-minute Apgar scores, parent education, and parent income levels) compiled from hospital records were compared to seven performance variables (reach, vision, smile, fuss, attention, speech, and contingency). Multiple regression analyses were applied to the data. Findings from the study in...
Revisiting and revising Alderson’s formula to measure the productivity of the aggregate marketing system:

In response to a swirling controversy over high costs, wastes and inefficiencies in marketing, Wroe Alderson (1948) proposed a novel formula to measure the productivity (or efficiency) of the marketing system. His dual input—output formulation represented a significant conceptual advance over marketing efficiency measures that had gone before or have come after. Alderson’s main contribution was to add a measure of household purchasing productivity to the standard economic formulation of the aggregate marketing productivity of business firms. There were, however, conceptual, operational and empirical problems with the formula, particularly with Alderson’s inclusion of household buying behavior. Because the conceptual challenges appeared so intractable and also because the difficulties of measurement seemed so insurmountable, the formula has long been relegated to the scrapheap of marketing history.Conceptual advances in marketing theory, particularly in light of Alderson’s later theoretical work, along wit...
WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO UNDERSTAND SOME MATHEMATICS

Mathematical activity involves work with concepts and problems. Understanding mathematical activity in mathematics education is different for the policy maker, the mathematician, the teacher, and the student. This paper deals with the understanding of a concept in mathematics from the standpoint of the student learner. We make the case for the existence at least five dimensions to this understanding: the skill-algorithm dimension, the property-proof dimension, the use-application (modeling) dimension, the representation-metaphor dimension, and the history-culture dimension. We delineate these dimensions for two concepts: multiplication of fractions, and congruence in geometry.
Blinatumomab: A novel, bispecific, T-cell engaging antibody

Purpose The pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, efficacy in clinical trials, safety and tolerability, and place in therapy of blinatumomab are reviewed. Summary Blinatumomab is a novel, bispecific, T-cell engaging antibody that targets tumor-associated antigens CD19 and CD3. Blinatumomab was approved through an accelerated pathway for the treatment of Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome-negative relapsed or refractory B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). One Phase II trial found 16 of 21 patients to be negative for minimal residual disease (MRD) after one cycle of treatment, resulting in a response rate of 80%. Another Phase II trial showed an 82% MRD response, even in heavily pretreated patients. The most common adverse events of any grade noted were pyrexia, febrile neutropenia, hypokalemia, and anemia. The most frequently occurring grade 3 or 4 adverse events were febrile neutropenia, neutropenia, and anemia. Cycle 1 is dosed as a 9- μg/ day continuous i.v. infusion on days 1–7 and a 28-μg/day continuous i.v. infusion on days 8–28 administered as a four-week continuous i.v. infusion, followed by at least two weeks of no treatment. Subsequent cycles are dosed as a 28-μg/day continuous i.v. infusion on days 1–28, followed by at least two weeks of no treatment, for up to five treatment cycles. Conclusion Blinatumomab is approved as an option for Ph chromosome-negative relapsed or refractory B-cell precursor ALL and is a needed addition to the limited treatment options for this difficult-to-treat patient population. Two Phase II clinical trials resulted in impressive results when using blinatumomab as a single agent, resulting in the drug’s approval.
Indomethacin increases susceptibility to injury in human gastric cells independent of PG synthesis inhibition

Indomethacin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are commonly used to indirectly deduce the possible role of PGs in a process being studied. The objective of this study was to determine ...
Mapping Substrate Surface Field Propagation in Block Polymer Thin Films

We isolated the key substrate–polymer interactions responsible for the propagation of substrate surface field effects in block polymer (BP) thin films through a modified approach to the Owens and Wendt interfacial energy formalism. This modification captured the influence of long-range surface energy components on through-film nanostructure orientation in BP thin films, and it provides a framework for manipulating BP thin film behavior without the need for extensive parameter space exploration. Optical microscopy (OM) of gradient thickness films on chlorosilane-modified substrates provided a high-throughput approach for identifying the critical propagation depth of substrate–polymer interfacial energy effects. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was combined with OM to verify changes in free surface nanostructure as a function of film thickness. Using a model poly(methyl methacrylate-b-n-butyl acrylate) BP thin films system, we mapped the critical propagation depth as a function of interfacial energy difference...
Effects of chronic heart failure on skeletal muscle vascular transport capacity of rats.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of chronic heart failure (HF) on the vascular transport capacity of rat skeletal muscle. A large myocardial infarction (MI) was surgically pro...
Reliability of the ICRP's dose coefficients for members of the public. III. Plutonium as a case study of uncertainties in the systemic biokinetics of radionuclides.

This paper is a case study of the validity of different data sources and modelling approaches commonly used to build biokinetic models for radionuclides. The paper examines the basis and apparent predictive accuracy of each of the biokinetic models for Pu used over the years by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), in view of recent improvements in the database. The results of this study and similar retrospective studies for other elements suggest the following five points. (1) Extrapolation of biokinetic data from laboratory animals to man is particularly uncertain for the liver due to qualitative differences among species in the handling of many elements by this organ. (2) As a 'default' approach to biokinetic modelling or model assessment, biokinetic data for unhealthy human subjects should be given higher weight than information extrapolated across animal species or chemical families, but there are counter-examples. (3) Little confidence can be placed in biokinetic model predictions for long times after exposure based solely on curve fits to short-term biokinetic data. (4) Bioassay and dosimetry models for a radionuclide should not be developed separately. (5) Where feasible, the systemic biokinetic model for a radionuclide should be developed within a physiologically realistic model structure, because this allows biokinetic data from experimental studies to be supplemented with physiological information, provides a basis for extrapolation of data across animals species or chemical families, results in models that can be used for both bioassay interpretation and dosimetry, and provides a logical basis for extrapolation of data to subgroups of the population (e.g., various ages) or to times outside the period of observation.
A Time-Domain Simulation for Comparison with the ANSI Impedance Measurement

In this study, a time-domain simulation is conducted on the setup for the method for determining the acoustic impedance of ground surfaces ground following the procedures specified in ANSI. The comparisons between the simulation and the results in ANSI show that the numerical simulation results agree very well with the one-parameter model solutions in ANSI standard at the low frequency, high resistivity ranges. Also, the Geometry B results compare relatively better than those of Geometry A.
Quantitative ananlysis of ferulic acid in Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. by near infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy

Objective:Near infrared(NIR) spectroscopy and chemometrics were applied to the quantitative analysis of ferulic acid in Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort.Method:Partial least squares(PLS) regression model was built using a calibration set(34 samples).The prediction set was established by 11 samples.And we applied this method to predict the data in the prediction set.Results:The coefficient of determination(R2) was 0.9883 as indicated from the cross-validation,and the root mean square error of cross validation(RMESCV) was 0.146%.The coefficient of determination(R2) of the reference and predicted values was 0.9751,and the root mean square of prediction(RMSEP) was 0.251%.NIR spectroscopy method was simple,rapid and accurate.Conclusion:The method can be applied in rapid qualitative and quantitative of different batches of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort.from the different places of origin.
On the streaming potential arising from flows having axial symmetry and the determination of zeta potential therefrom

Abstract Determining the zeta potential of macroscopic surfaces helps predict the surfaces' attractiveness to charged particles or cells, or tells whether the surface is clean or contaminated, among other applications. Typically, one pumps the test solution through a narrow channel formed by the test surface and measures the streaming current or streaming potential engendered thereby. It is worth considering alternative geometries: 1. The “spincoat” design, in which the test liquid is directed as a narrow jet to the axis of a disk-shaped sample rotating on its axis, offers a large signal with a small liquid flow rate, e.g. 1 mL/min. The validity of assumptions underlying the simplest analysis of this design improves as the flow rate decreases at constant rotation rate. 2. The “rotating disk”, in which the sample is spun on its axis while immersed in solution, offers much reduced surface conductance and uniform accessibility to charged entities in solution. This design also provides a means for determining the zeta potential of open porous structures without requiring compression of the sample into a plug. 3. The “impinging jet,” in which a jet of liquid is directed to a nonrotating sample, allows an arbitrary sample shape and detection of spatial variations of zeta potential. Deceleration of the radially expanding film causes a “hydraulic jump instability” some distance from the axis; the radius of the jump defines the probed area.
ODMR Studies of Protein-Nucleic Acid Interactions

ODMR and phosphorescence measurements on complexes of E. Coli single-stranded DNA binding proteins bearing specific tryptophan (W) → phenylalanine mutation with single-stranded poly (dT) and poly (2-thiouracil) have been made. They demonstrate that close-range interactions of W40 and W54 occur with the bases of the polynuclpeotide. At least in the case of W54 in the (dT) complex, an aromatic stacking interaction involving charge-transfer appears to occur.
Metatranscriptional Response of Chemoautotrophic Ifremeria nautilei Endosymbionts to Differing Sulfur Regimes

Endosymbioses between animals and chemoautotrophic bacteria are ubiquitous at hydrothermal vents. These environments are distinguished by high physico-chemical variability, yet we know little about how these symbioses respond to environmental fluctuations. We therefore examined how the γ-proteobacterial symbionts of the vent snail Ifremeria nautilei respond to changes in sulfur geochemistry. Via shipboard high-pressure incubations, we subjected snails to 105 µM hydrogen sulfide (LS), 350 µM hydrogen sulfide (HS), 300 µM thiosulfate (TS) and seawater without any added inorganic electron donor (ND). While transcript levels of sulfur oxidation genes were largely consistent across treatments, HS and TS treatments stimulated genes for denitrification, nitrogen assimilation, and CO2 fixation, coincident with previously reported enhanced rates of inorganic carbon incorporation and sulfur oxidation in these treatments. Transcripts for genes mediating oxidative damage were enriched in the ND and LS treatments, potentially due to a reduction in O2 scavenging when electron donors were scarce. Oxidative TCA cycle gene transcripts were also more abundant in ND and LS treatments, suggesting that I. nautilei symbionts may be mixotrophic when inorganic electron donors are limiting. These data reveal the extent to which I. nautilei symbionts respond to changes in sulfur concentration and species, and, interpreted alongside coupled biochemical metabolic rates, identify gene targets whose expression patterns may be predictive of holobiont physiology in environmental samples.