cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Waterbird response indicates floodplain wetland restoration

Despite extensive anthropogenic degradation of most wetlands and other aquatic habitats associated with large rivers in the Midwest, the region still supports continentally important numbers of waterbirds during autumn and spring migration; however, few data exist to evaluate wetland restoration success and identify thresholds where changes in management may be necessary to meet conservation targets. We tracked waterbird response to restoration of a historical floodplain wetland complex along the Illinois River during 2007–2013 relative to waterbird use of other wetlands and floodplain lakes in the region. Dabbling ducks and other waterbirds showed dramatic responses to restoration, each accumulating more than 3 million use-days/year and comprising more than 30% of the total waterbird use-days in the Illinois River Valley during autumn and spring migrations. We identified use that was strongly disproportionate to availability within the region for several waterbird taxa and documented nesting by several species of conservation concern. Many species and foraging guilds of waterbirds [e.g., American coot (Fulica americana), dabbling ducks (Anatini)] responded rapidly to wetland restoration, continued to use Emiquon Preserve regardless of changing conditions at reference sites, and showed relatively limited temporal variation, thereby demonstrating their utility as indicators of habitat conditions and restoration trajectory.
Defining RNA–Small Molecule Affinity Landscapes Enables Design of a Small Molecule Inhibitor of an Oncogenic Noncoding RNA

RNA drug targets are pervasive in cells, but methods to design small molecules that target them are sparse. Herein, we report a general approach to score the affinity and selectivity of RNA motif–small molecule interactions identified via selection. Named High Throughput Structure–Activity Relationships Through Sequencing (HiT-StARTS), HiT-StARTS is statistical in nature and compares input nucleic acid sequences to selected library members that bind a ligand via high throughput sequencing. The approach allowed facile definition of the fitness landscape of hundreds of thousands of RNA motif–small molecule binding partners. These results were mined against folded RNAs in the human transcriptome and identified an avid interaction between a small molecule and the Dicer nuclease-processing site in the oncogenic microRNA (miR)-18a hairpin precursor, which is a member of the miR-17-92 cluster. Application of the small molecule, Targapremir-18a, to prostate cancer cells inhibited production of miR-18a from the cl...
2-Substituted and 1,2-Disubstituted Piperidines

This chapter describes methods of synthesis, pharmacological properties, and the use of derivatives of 2-substituted and 1,2-disubstituted piperidines such as methylphenidate, perhexiline, pipradrol, mefloquine, mepivacaine, ropivacaine, bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, flecainide, encainide, thioridazine, rimiterol, lobeline, argatroban, ascomycin, pimecrolimus, tacrolimus, sirolimus everolimus, and temsirolimus.
The Dark Side of Outsourcing: Outsourcing Scope, Vendor Relations & Value Creation in IT Services

As outsourcing expands in scope to increasingly higher-end tasks, the outcomes and implications for outsourcing firms remain unclear. The current literature poses contradictory predictions on the e...
Impact of elevated glycosylated hemoglobin on hospital outcome and 1 year survival of primary isolated coronary artery bypass grafting patients.

Abstract Objective It is unknown whether adequacy of diabetic control, measured by hemoglobin A1c, is a predictor of adverse outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting. Methods From December 2013 to November 2015, 80 consecutive patients underwent primary isolated CABG surgery at national heart institute, their data were prospectively collected and they were classified according to their HbA1c level into two groups, Group (A): Forty patients with fair glycemic control (HbA1c below or equal to 7%), Group (B): Forty patients with poor glycemic control (HbA1c above 7%). Hospital morbidity, mortality and one year survival were examined in both groups. Telephone conversation was used to call patients or their relatives to determine the one year survival and it was 100% complete. This study had gained the ethical approval from national heart institute ethical committee. Results In-hospital mortality for group A was 2.5% (one patient) and 7.5% (3 patients) for group B with no statistical significance. One year mortality was (5.13%) (2 patients for group A) and (8.11%) (3 patients) for group B with no statistical significance. As regard the morbidity there was no statistical significance between the two groups in the incidence of neurological complications whether stroke or coma, atrial fibrillation, postoperative myocardial infarction, low cardiac output syndrome, heart failure, renal failure, need for dialysis, deep sternal wound infection, and readmission. However, group B had lengthy hospital stay, lengthy ventilation hours, more respiratory complications, and more superficial wound infection with a statistical significance when compared to group A, P values were 0.003, 0.003, 0.038, 0.044 respectively. Conclusions This study showed that HbA1c is a good predictor of in-hospital morbidity. It worth devoting time and effort to decrease HbA1c level below 7% to decrease possible postoperative complications.
Histone deacetylase inhibitor MS-275 restores social and synaptic function in a Shank3-deficient mouse model of autism

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social deficits and repetitive behaviors. Genetic screening has identified synaptic, transcriptional, and chromatin genes disrupted in autistic patients. Haploinsufficiency of Shank3, which encodes a scaffold protein at glutamatergic synapses, is causally linked to autism. Using a Shank3-deficient mouse model that exhibits prominent autism-like phenotypes, we have found that histone acetylation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is abnormally low, which can be reversed by MS-275 (also known as Entinostat, SNDX-275), a class I histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor that is selectively potent in PFC. A brief (3-day) treatment with MS-275 (i.p.) led to the sustained (11 days) rescue of autistic social preference deficits in Shank3-deficient mice, without altering locomotion, motor coordination, anxiety, or the increased grooming. MS-275 treatment also rescued the diminished NMDAR surface expression and NMDAR function induced by Shank3 deficiency. Moreover, F-actin at synapses was restored and the transcription of actin regulators was elevated by MS-275 treatment of Shank3-deficient mice, which may contribute to the recovery of actin-based NMDAR synaptic delivery. Taken together, these results suggest that MS-275 treatment could normalize the aberrant epigenetic regulation of genes, leading to the amelioration of synaptic and social deficits associated with autism.
Health plan enrollees with disability informing primary care practices and providers about their quality of care: A randomized trial.

Abstract Background In October 2013, Massachusetts initiated the One Care demonstration, which enrolls beneficiaries ages 21 to 64 dually-eligible for Medicare and Medicaid. Local disability advocates argued that persons with disability should assess their own One Care quality. Objectives To test the comparative effectiveness for improving patient-reported health care experiences of two informational interventions in a 12-month period: (1) “YESHealth: Your Experience, Speak up for better health care,” in which disability advocates developed brief topical surveys and gathered information from One Care enrollees with significant physical disability or serious mental illness; and (2) the Persons with Disability Quality Survey (PDQ-S), developed collaboratively with persons with disability. Methods This cluster randomized controlled trial randomly assigned 27 primary care practices with ≥50 One Care members to three study arms differing by information provided to practice directors and primary care providers (PCPs): (1) quarterly YESHealth reports plus results from baseline administration of PDQ-S to 720 enrollees before YESHealth implementation; (2) PDQ-S results only; and (3) no study information. We administered PDQ-S again one year later and used difference-in-differences analyses of results across the two years to assess intervention outcomes. Results Disability advocates conducting YESHealth reported substantial difficulties contacting practices and engaging PCPs. With few exceptions, no differences were found across the three study arms in enrollee-reported outcomes. Conclusions Providing consumer-designed and generated quality information to PCPs had no measurable effect on enrollees' perceptions of One Care quality. Barriers to PCPs engaging with disability advocates could have contributed to YESHealth's failure to improve care.
Using Description to Convey Mathematics Content in Visual Images to Students Who Are Visually Impaired.

IntroductionBecause of the preponderance of visual images, many mathematics texts are wholly or largely inaccessible to students who are blind. This study investigated how much description is suffi...
Time to exonerate eyewitness memory

Understandably enough, most people are under the impression that eyewitness memory is unreliable. For example, research shows that memory is malleable, so much so that people can come to confidently remember traumatic events that never actually happened. In addition, eyewitness misidentifications made with high confidence in a court of law are known to have played a role in more than 70% of the 358 wrongful convictions that have been overturned based on DNA evidence since 1989. However, recent research demonstrates that eyewitness confidence is highly indicative of accuracy on an initial, uncontaminated, properly administered photo lineup. In other words, low confidence indicates that the test result (i.e., the ID) is inconclusive, whereas high confidence indicates that the test result is far more conclusive. Critically, for the DNA exonerees who were misidentified by an eyewitness in a court of law, in every case where their initial confidence can be determined, the eyewitness appropriately expressed low confidence. For any other kind of evidence (e.g., DNA, fingerprints), an inconclusive test result like that would have been the end of it. By contrast, in the case of eyewitness evidence, investigators repeatedly tested (and therefore unwittingly contaminated) memory until a seemingly conclusive high-confidence ID could be presented to the jury. Blaming eyewitness memory for the failure of the criminal justice system to accept the inconclusive nature of the initial (uncontaminated) eyewitness evidence seems misguided. In addition to exonerating the innocent defendants who were wrongfully convicted, the time has come to exonerate eyewitness memory too.
Incidence of white spot lesions among patients treated with clear aligners and traditional braces.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To compare the incidence of white spot lesions (WSLs) among patients treated with aligners and those treated with traditional braces. Materials and Methods: A group of 244 aligner patients (30.4 ± 14 years) was compared to a group of 206 patients (29.2 ± 11.5 years) treated with traditional fixed braces. Consecutive cases in the late mixed or permanent dentitions who had high-quality pre- and posttreatment digital photographs available were included in the study. Each set of photographs was independently evaluated by two investigators to determine pretreatment oral hygiene (OH), fluorosis, and WSLs, as well as changes in OH and WSLs during treatment. Results: Approximately 1.2% of the aligner patients developed WSLs, compared to 26% of the traditionally treated patients. The numbers of WSLs that developed were also significantly (P < .001) less among the aligner patients. The aligner patients developed three new WSLs, while the traditionally treated patients developed 174 WSLs. The in...
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 4A3 (PTP4A3) modulates Src signaling in T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia to promote leukemia migration and progression

Abstract T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive blood cancer, and currently, there are no immunotherapies or molecularly targeted therapeutics available for treatment of this malignancy. The identification and characterization of genes and pathways that drive T-ALL progression is critical for development of new therapies for T-ALL. Here, we determined that Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 4A3 (PTP4A3) plays a critical role in disease initiation and progression by promoting cell migration in T-ALL. PTP4A3 expression was upregulated in patient T-ALL samples at both the mRNA and protein levels compared to normal lymphocytes. Inhibition of PTP4A3 function with a small molecule inhibitor and knock-down of PTP4A3 expression using short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) in human T-ALL cells significantly impeded T-ALL cell migration capacity in vitro and reduced their ability to engraft and proliferate in vivo in xenograft mouse models. Additionally, PTP4A3 overexpression in a Myc-induced zebrafish T-ALL model significantly accelerated disease onset and shortened the time needed for cells to enter blood circulation. Reverse phase protein array (RPPA) revealed that manipulation of PTP4A3 expression levels in T-ALL cells directly affected the SRC signaling pathway, which plays a well-characterized role in migratory behavior of several cell types. Taken together, our study revealed that PTP4A3 is a key regulator of T-ALL migration via SRC signaling, and suggests that PTP4A3 plays an important role as an oncogenic driver in T-ALL. Highlights A subset of T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (T-ALL) highly express the phosphatase PTP4A3 PTP4A3 expression promotes leukemia development in zebrafish T-ALL models Loss of PTP4A3 prevents T-ALL engraftment in mouse xenograft models Knock-down or small molecule inhibition of PTP4A3 prevents T-ALL migration in part via modulation of SRC signaling.
Aplasia in Chronic Phase CML Post-TKI Therapy: A Management Dilemma

Transient cytopenias and bone marrow hypoplasia commonly occur during treatment of CML with TKIs (tyrosine kinase inhibitors). This is usually related to the eradication of CML clones that initially compose the majority of hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow at the time of diagnosis. With continuation of effective therapy, normal blood counts return as normal hematopoiesis is restored and CML clones are reduced. Though rare and more unusual than myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), isolated instances of persistent marrow aplasia have been documented with chronic use of TKIs. We describe two such instances of chronic phase CML where no significant reduction of CML clones was achieved following treatment with TKIs, but bone marrow aplasia occurred resulting in persistent dysfunctional hematopoiesis. Due to prolonged aplasia/hypoplasia, such patients are no longer amenable to TKI treatment. CML progression to accelerated or blast phase in that setting would likely be fatal.
Expectations matter: Evaluation of brand’s pro-environmental initiatives based on consumers’ brand schemas and brand familiarity

This manuscript focuses on how consumers evaluate a brand’s pro-environmental messages, its pro-environmental initiatives, and the brand itself as the effect of consumers’ schema-congruity and thei...
Correlation of neural foraminal motion after surgical treatment of cervical radiculopathy with long-term patient reported outcomes.

Background Post-surgical changes in adjacent segment motion are considered a factor in further development of degeneration and cervical radiculopathy. The objective was to examine the extent of correlations between physiological motion of cervical foramina and long-term patient reported outcomes (PRO). Methods Biplane X-ray imaging and CT-based markerless tracking were used to measure 3D static and dynamic dimensions during neck axial rotation and extension from 18 patients treated for C5-6 radiculopathy with fusion or arthroplasty. Minimum foraminal height (FH.Min) and width (FW.Min), and their range (FH.Range and FW.Range) achieved during a motion task were calculated for adjacent levels (C4-5 and C6-7) at 2.0±0.6 years post-surgery. The modified Japanese Orthopedic Association score (mJOAS), the Neck Disability Index (NDI) including the visual analogue scale (VAS) for neck and arm pain, and the EuroQol EQ-5D score were recorded at 6.5±1.1 years post-surgery. The relationships between 6.5-year outcomes and 2-year foraminal motion were examined using regression. Results Worsening patient-reported outcomes were generally associated with lower values of FW.Min (P<0.05 to P<0.008), the associations being stronger for neck extension (r2 up to 0.43). Dynamic foraminal measurements from the C6-7 level more significantly and consistently correlated with mJOAS, EQ-5D and NDI Arm Pain VAS (r2=0.27 to 0.43; P<0.03 to P<0.008), whereas those from the C4-5 level correlated with NDI Neck Pain VAS (r2=0.33; P<0.02). Conclusions Dynamic 3D foraminal dimensions at 2-year post-surgery, notably FW.Min measured in neck extension at adjacent levels, were associated with PRO at 6.5 years post-surgery. These relationships provide insight into the motion related factors in development of pain and loss of function, and may help develop markers or objective outcome measures.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Outbreak Investigation Among Persons Who Inject Drugs in Massachusetts Enhanced by HIV Sequence Data.

Background The Massachusetts Department of Public Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention collaborated to characterize a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) outbreak in northeastern Massachusetts and prevent further transmission. We determined the contributions of HIV sequence data to defining the outbreak. Methods Human immunodeficiency virus surveillance and partner services data were analyzed to understand social and molecular links within the outbreak. Cases were defined as HIV infections diagnosed during 2015-2018 among people who inject drugs with connections to northeastern Massachusetts or HIV infections among other persons named as partners of a case or whose HIV polymerase sequence linked to another case, regardless of diagnosis date or geography. Results Of 184 cases, 65 (35%) were first identified as part of the outbreak through molecular analysis. Twenty-nine cases outside of northeastern Massachusetts were molecularly linked to the outbreak. Large molecular clusters (75, 28, and 11 persons) were identified. Among 161 named partners, 106 had HIV; of those, 40 (38%) diagnoses occurred through partner services. Conclusions Human immunodeficiency virus sequence data increased the case count by 55% and expanded the geographic scope of the outbreak. Human immunodeficiency virus sequence and partner services data each identified cases that the other method would not have, maximizing prevention and care opportunities for HIV-infected persons and their partners.
The Scarcity Slot: Excavating Histories of Food Security in Ghana

The Scarcity Slot is the first book to critically examine food security in Africa’s deep past. Amanda L. Logan argues that African foodways have been viewed through the lens of “the scarcity slot,” a kind of othering based on presumed differences in resources. Weaving together archaeological, historical, and environmental data with food ethnography, she advances a new approach to building long-term histories of food security on the continent in order to combat these stereotypes. Focusing on a case study in Banda, Ghana that spans the past six centuries, The Scarcity Slot reveals that people thrived during a severe, centuries-long drought just as Europeans arrived on the coast, with a major decline in food security emerging only recently. This narrative radically challenges how we think about African foodways in the past, with major implications for the future. “This book offers a pathbreaking archaeological ethnography of food in a region of West Africa that has experienced some of the most cataclysmic sociopolitical upheavals the world has ever seen. Amanda Logan dismantles the dominant narrative that Columbian Exchange crop introductions rescued a continent long shaped by hunger. This brilliant study elevates archaeology’s contributions to African food history and food insecurity studies.” JUDITH CARNEY, author of In the Shadow of Slavery: Africa’s Botanical Legacy in the Atlantic World “The Scarcity Slot is an accessible, empirically grounded history demonstrating for students of Africa’s futures the urgent need to understand her pasts.” KATHRYN M. DE LUNA, Provost’s Distinguished Associate Professor, Georgetown University “A radical shift from the old ways of doing the archaeology of diet, this book breaks ground for a new food archaeology. A truly innovative and exciting work and a convincing antidote to the popular image of Africa as a continent of famine.” RICHARD WILK, Distinguished Professor and Provost’s Professor Emeritus of Anthropology, Indiana University AMANDA L. LOGAN is Associate Professor of Anthropology at Northwestern University.
Abstract 13481: South Asian-specific MYBPC3 25bp Intronic Deletion Carriers Demonstrate Hypercontractility and Impaired Diastolic Function Under Exercise Stress

Introduction: A 25bp intronic deletion in MYBPC3 (Δ25bp), present in 6% of US South Asians, is a risk allele for late onset left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and hypertrophy. Hypothesis: Asymptomat...
Current Understanding of Ultraviolet-C Decontamination of N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirators

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to critical shortages of single-use N95 filtering facepiece respirators. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has identified ultraviolet-C (...
Please Don't Let Academia Forget about Us:" An Exploration of Nursing Home Social Work Experiences during COVID-19."

Nursing home social workers are on the frontlines during COVID-19 responding to individual resident needs, the needs of staff, and larger health needs of the nursing home. However, it is unclear whether nursing home social workers feel adequately trained and prepared in responding to disasters, such as COVID-19. To explore this, we used a study cross-sectional survey distributed via social media focusing on 1) prior training on disaster preparedness, 2) any content social workers wish had been a part of their education, and 3) suggestions for educators/academics to serve social workers on the frontlines. Data in this study are based on a sample of 63 (N=63) nursing home social workers. Demographic data were analyzed using SPSS and qualitative data were analyzed using the RaDar (rigorous and accelerated data reduction) technique. Findings revealed that most social workers had little to no training in disaster preparedness, and shared areas of future education initiatives. Participants also shared the need for bridging the research to practice gap through open access articles and support from academics. Findings from the present study reveal areas social work programs can expand gerontology-focused course offerings. Additionally, developments promoting practitioner support from academics is worth consideration.
Some Remarks on Recent Characterizations of Continuous Distributions

We would closely look at two recent published papers dealing with characterizations of certain univariate continuous distributions. We shall explain that the main results reported lack important assumptions. These results nevertheless are based on the conditional expectations of monotone functions of the generalized order statistics. We will also mention that similar results have recently been reported without the assumption of monotonicity of the functions of the generalized order statistics. REMARKS Haque and Faizan (2010), stated the following lemma, which we call it "Lemma HF". Lemma HF: Let   F x be a df (distribution function) such that   0 0 F  and has a continuous second order derivative on   0, with   0 F x  for all 0 x  (so that   1 F x  for all x , in particular). If it satisfies the differential equation                   2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 0, p r r F x F x p F x p x x F x F x F x                                (1) where     1 F x F x   . Then   p x F x e  for all 0 x  where 1 , , r p    are all positive constants. Remark 1: It is easy to see that if   F x is df of a Weibull distribution with parameters Θ, p, then   p x F x e  satisfies equation (1). The hazard function,   F x  of the Weibull distribution is     , 0 with 1 p F F x px x p         (2) which satisfies the following differential equation       1 1 0 F F x p x x        . (3) Some remarks on recent characterizations of continuous distributions 564 For a continuous df   F x and       F F x x F x     , we obtain from (1)           2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 p F F r F r x p x x x p x                 (4) In view of (2) and (3), equation (4) is in fact the same as equation (3), the last two terms cancel out each other for the above mentioned Weibull df . Haque and Faizan (2010), attempted to show that the unique df solution of (1) is   p x F x e  by looking at a change of variables     1 1 1 0, for 0. p r F x t p x x F x                 (5) In view of (5), they obtain from (1) 1 2 1 1 , p r x r r t Ae t           (6) where A is the constant of integration. By introducing a new variable 1 2 p r x u e     , they arrive at   1 1 1 1 p p r r r x x F x B Ae e                 , (7) where B is also a constant to be determined. They conclude that since   F x is bounded, then   p x F x e  , in view of the initial conditions on x . Although (7) is a solution of (1), we cannot obtain   p x F x e  from (7) without proper assumption. One can see that if   p x F x e  is inserted on the left hand side of (7), one obtains 1 1 1 2 1 r p r r x B e A B          , which is simply impossible for 0 x  . We believe what has taken place is that the authors took equation (3) and added and subtracted   2 1 r F x    in (3) to arrive at (4) which is the same as (1) for any df   F x and
Recrudescent herpes simplex genitalis : a clinical study

Sanderson, Judy Smith, M.S., July 1981 Microbiology Recrudescent Herpes Simplex Genitalis: A Clinical Study (83 pp.) . , . . I Director: Marilynn F. Waite ' ■ < A group of 30 women with tentative diagnoses of herpes simplex genitalis was studied for six months. The women were cultured weekly for herpesvirus from their cervixes, vaginal walls and suspect lesions. Serum samples for antibody determinations were obtained from the women at various times. Each woman reported the presence of factors which previous workers had suggested might affect recurrent herpes including menstrual cycle, sexual activity and subjectively defined stresses. The study determined that five of the women participating in the investigation probably lacked herpes simplex genitalis infections, despite their previous diagnoses. Another five women did not provide sufficient data for analysis. The information from 20 women was statistically analyzed to determine influences on recurrent herpes genitalis. All 20 women shed herpesvirus asymptomatically during the study. The only parameter which influenced asymptomatic and recurrent herpes in this study was subjective stress. Menstrual cycle, sexual activity or birth control methods showed no correlation to the disease. Serological data cast doubt on the current concept that women with low antibody titers to herpes simplex II may be presumed not to have been infected with it.
An Experimental Study of the Effects of Subcutaneous Implantation of Androgens and Estrogens on Human Skin1

It has long been known that hormones are of great importance in the development and maintenance of normal human skin and its appendages. At puberty, during pregnancy and at the climacteric, striking changes have been observed in the growth of body hair, in sebaceous, apocrine and even eccrine sweat gland function, as well as the state of the epidermis and corium (1). Furthermore, the disappearance or recrudescence of various dermatologie disorders with endocrinologie alterations is well known. Despite such evidence, however, the precise relationship of the various known hormones of human skin is, in the main, unknown. The results of animal studies have not been satisfactorily reproduced in man, probably because of species variation and dosage differences (2). Significant changes in human skin have been observed only after long term high dosage hormonal therapy in clinical disease such as breast carcinoma (3). In such instances, however, histologic and control observations were usually lacking, and the underlying disease process may have altered the observed tissues.
Clean Water Act: Applicability of the Constitutional Doubt Canon: Comment on Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 531 U.S. 159 (2001)

Traditional canons of statutory interpretation have played an unclear role in reviewing agency constructions of statutes in recent years. This uncertainty derives from the Supreme Court's holding in Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. that courts should defer to permissible agency interpretations of ambiguous statutes. Rather than follow this holding, however, the Court has recently revived and applied several traditional canons in interpreting such statutes. One such canon--the canon of constitutional doubt--has exhibited signs of life after Chevron, although some scholars have questioned its precedence over agency interpretations. In 2001, in Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (SWANCC), the Supreme Court strongly endorsed the constitutional doubt canon. To avoid the serious constitutional difficulties that it argued would result, the Court declined to defer to an agency's clearly pronounced interpretation of a statute and instead imposed its own reading. The merits of this imposition are questionable: The principles underlying both the Chevron decision and the constitutional doubt canon counsel that the Court should reach the constitutionality of clearly pronounced agency interpretations with serious constitutional problems. Instead, by effectively limiting Chevron deference to agency interpretations without serious constitutional problems, the Court frustrated the very principles it sought to uphold.
Formation of patterns and coherent structures in charged particle beams

In the present paper we study the long wavelength and slow time scale behavior of a coasting beam in a resonator adopting a broad-band impedance model. Based on the renormalization group approach we derive a set of coupled evolution equations for the beam envelope distribution function and the resonator voltage amplitude. The equation for the resonator voltage amplitude is further transformed into a generalized Ginzburg-Landau equation.
Social security privatisation: the lessons from the Chilean experience for other Latin American countries and the USA

The purpose of this article is to analyse the economic and social implications of the privatisation of social security in Chile and to draw some lessons from the Chilean experience. The focus of the analysis is on the costs and benefits of the privatised system and its impact on social equity. Thus, the main section of the article is devoted to the analysis of the 20-year-old Chilean experience. This section is followed by a discussion of privatisation in other Latin American countries and the impact that World Bank's policies have had on the region. The last section looks at the lessons for the United States and argues against the establishment of a partially private plan in the USA.
The utility of p63, p40, and GATA-binding protein 3 immunohistochemistry in diagnosing micropapillary urothelial carcinoma

Summary Micropapillary urothelial carcinoma (MPUC) is an uncommon variant of urothelial carcinoma (UC) with an aggressive clinical course. There have been limited studies on the UC markers GATA-binding protein 3 (GATA3), p63, and p40 in MPUC. Our study investigated the immunoreactivity of these 3 markers in MPUC compared with conventional UC of different grades and stages. Immunohistochemistry was performed on 62 cases of high-grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC), 16 low-grade urothelial carcinoma (LGUC), and 20 MPUC. p63 expression was strong and diffuse in all LGUC, significantly decreased in high stage and HGUC, and virtually absent in MPUC. p40 expression was decreased in HGUC and markedly decreased in MPUC relative to LGUC. These results suggest that loss of p63 expression in a UC appears to be associated with adverse features—including cases with micropapillary differentiation. Decreased GATA3 expression was seen frequently in high-grade and high–pathologic stage (≥pT2) tumors but was retained in MPUC cases. The findings of retained GATA3 expression in MPUC, which often shows a loss of expression of other urothelial markers such as p63, may be helpful for determining the origin of micropapillary carcinoma of unknown primary. Compared with the traditional markers p63 and p40, GATA3 is the most sensitive marker of conventional UC and MPUC.
Corn and Soybean Production as Affected by Tillage Systems

Although continuous no-till (NT) cropping systems are appropriate on highly erodible land, concern among producers about potential yield reductions has limited NT adoption in the northern Corn Belt, especially on poorly drained soils. The objectives of this 4-yr study were to quantify the effects of rotational full-width tillage compared with long-term NT and zone-tillage (ZT) systems with and without in-season row cultivation (RC) on corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield and economic return. The study was conducted on a tile-drained Nicollet-Webster clay loam soil complex. Sixteen of the 18 treatments comprised a factorial arrangement of three factors: (i) tillage for corn following soybean [NT, 38-cm deep fall ZT, 20-cm deep fall strip-tillage (ST), or spring field cultivate (SFC)], (ii) tillage for soybean following corn [NT or fall chisel plow (CP) plus SFC], and (iii) in-season RC for corn (with or without). Four-year average corn grain yields were greater for ST and ZT (10.1 Mg ha -1 ) compared with SFC (9.7 Mg ha -1 ) and NT (9.6 Mg ha -1 ) tillage for corn. No-tillage for the previous year's soybean crop reduced corn yields in two of 4 yr compared with full width (CP+SFC) tillage. Moreover, when full-width tillage for soybean was rotated with ZT or ST for corn, these treatments produced greater corn yields and economic returns than annual full-width tillage systems. Soybean yields were maximized by rotational tillage; however, the small differences in yields found among the tillage systems did not result in an economic return to full-width tillage practices. When both corn and soybean production was considered, rotational tillage practices were likely to maximize yields but not economic return.
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) produced by repetitive pulses in atmospheric pressure plasma jets

Summary form only given. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are desired in numerous applications from the destruction of harmful proteins and bacteria for sterilization in the medical field to taking advantage of the metastable characteristics of O2(1 Δ) to transfer energy to other species. Advances in atmospheric pressure plasma jets in recent years have shown the possibility of using this technology as a source of RONS. The plasma jets consist of small diameter tubes (a few mm) through which rare gas mixtures (e.g., He seeded with a few percent of O2) are flowed into room air. They are typically operated in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) configuration which produces an ionization wave (or plasma bullet) with repetition rates of many kHz to tens or hundreds of MHz. In this paper, we report on results of a computational investigation of the production of RONS from repetitively pulsed plasma jets at frequencies from many kHz to many MHz consisting of He/O2 mixtures discharged into ambient air. The computer model used in this study, nonPDPSIM, solves transport equations for charged and neutral species, Poisson's equation for the electric potential, the electron energy conservation equation for the electron temperature, and Navier-Stokes equations for the neutral gas flow. Rate coefficients and transport coefficients for the bulk plasma are obtained from local solutions of Boltzmann's equation for the electron energy distribution. The length of the interpulse period has significant effects on the density and distribution of the RONS in the effluent of the plasma jet. At high repetition rates (producing interpulse periods shorter than the gas clearing time), there is accumulation of RONS in the plume on a pulse-to-pulse basis, enabling further reactions between these species. The ionization wave of the following pulse samples the reactive environment produced by the previous pulse. At lower repetition rates, the interpulse periods are commensurate or longer than the clearing time of the gas through the device. In these cases, the ionization wave enters a more pristine and controllable environment.
Comparison of absorbed dose in bone substitute material and water using ionization measurements.

Absorbed dose in a liquid substitute for bone has been compared with absorbed dose in water for 9‐, 12‐, and 15‐MeV electron beams using ionization chamber measurements. The ionization readings were converted to dose using collisional mass stopping power ratios. The collisional mass stopping powers for the liquid substitute of bone were calculated using the Monte Carlo Code PEGS4. The results of our study show that there is an increase in dose in the liquid bone substitute compared to water at shallow depths. The maximum increase in dose was 5%, 4%, and 2% at depths of 1.2, 1.5, and 2.0 cm, respectively, for 9‐, 12‐, and 15‐MeV electrons. The density of the liquid bone substitute was 1360 kg/m3 and the effective atomic number was 11.
Ultrastructural aspects of the host cellular immune response to Taenia crassiceps metacestodes.

Abstract When three Taenia crassiceps metacestodes were injected intraperitoneally into C3H mice primed by previous subcutaneous inoculation of metacestodes, larvae which were resistant to early immune damage by the humoral response were encapsulated by host cells and rejected. Initially, normal larvae were encapsulated primarily by eosinophils and macrophages. In the early stages of encapsulation, both cell types showed severe degenerative changes and disruption of cell membranes, but there was no evidence of tegumental damage to the encapsulated larvae. Later, mast cells appeared in the capsules surrounding the larvae. After mast cells became common, all of the cell types present were normal, and damage to the larval Tegument became apparent. Ultimately, interaction of eosinophils, mast cells, macrophages, and lymphocytes resulted in death of the encapsulated larvae. These results suggest that larvae may secrete substances toxic to host cells, and that mast cells are necessary for rejection of larvae.
Rapid Induction of Allergic Encephalomyelitis in Rats without the Use of Mycobacteria

Rats, in contrast to certain other species of animals reported, have a striking capacity to develop allergic encephalomyelitis within 2 to 3 weeks following one injection of spinal cord antigen combined with Freund's incomplete adjuvant-that is, adjuvant prepared without addition of killed mycobacteria.
Spermatozoal methylene blue reduction: An indicator of mitochondrial function and its correlation with motility

Methylene blue reduction rates (MeBRR) were evaluated spectrophotometrically to study bovine spermatozoal mitochondrial function and its relation to motility. A chemical reaction (H2SO4, methylene blue solution, and zinc powder) was used to quantify methylene blue reduction. Absorbance measurements were made for 10 min at 609 nm in a narrow band spectrophotometer. In a second experiment, fresh ejaculates were assessed for concentration and motility evaluated with phase microscopy (37 degrees C). Semen was diluted to 100 million cells/mL in a sodium citrate-glucose buffer and methylene blue. Absorbance and motility were evaluated every 30 min for 2.5 h in a water-jacketed cuvette (41 degrees C). Methylene blue reduction rates and motility decreased at each subsequent period. Methylene blue reduction rates were correlated to sperm motility. Lastly, the methylene blue reduction rate was measured with a broad band spectrophotometer and compared with motility using similar conditions. Motility estimates were made on sperm from the cuvettes. Sperm motility was correlated to methylene blue reduction rates measured spectrophotometrically.
Unitary SK1 of semiramified graded and valued division algebras

We prove formulas for SK1(E, τ), which is the unitary SK1 for a graded division algebra E finite-dimensional and semiramified over its center T with respect to a unitary involution τ on E. Every such formula yields a corresponding formula for SK1(D, ρ) where D is a division algebra tame and semiramified over a Henselian valued field and ρ is a unitary involution on D. For example, it is shown that if $${\sf{E} \sim \sf{I}_0 \otimes_{\sf{T}_0}\sf{N}}$$ where I 0 is a central simple T 0-algebra split by N 0 and N is decomposably semiramified with $${\sf{N}_0 \cong L_1\otimes_{\sf{T}_0} L_2}$$ with L 1, L 2 fields each cyclic Galois over T 0, then $${\rm SK}_1(\sf{E}, \tau) \,\cong\ {\rm Br}(({L_1}\otimes_{\sf{T}_0} {L_2})/\sf{T}_0;\sf{T}_0^\tau)\big/ \left[{\rm Br}({L_1}/\sf{T}_0;\sf{T}_0^\tau)\cdot {\rm Br}({L_2}/\sf{T}_0;\sf{T}_0^\tau) \cdot \langle[\sf{I}_0]\rangle\right].$$
The Sequence of Human βB1-Crystallin cDNA Allows Mass Spectrometric Detection of βB1 Protein Missing Portions of Its N-terminal Extension

The sequence of human βB1-crystallin cDNA encoded a protein of 251 amino acids in length. Mass spectrometric analysis of intact βB1 from young human lens confirmed the deduced amino acid sequence. Lenses of human donors newborn to 27 years of age also contained partially degraded forms of βB1 missing 15, 33, 34, 35, 36, 39, 40, and 41 amino acid residues from their N-terminal extensions. The similarity of the cleavage site between residues 15 and 16 in human βB1 to the cleavage occurring in bovine βB1 suggested that lenses of both species may contain a similar proteolytic activity. The remaining cleavage sites occurring in human βB1 did not closely match those occurring in other species, possibly due to the widely divergent amino acid sequence of the N-terminal extension of βB1 amoung species. Results from animal models suggest that cleavage of the N-terminal extension of βB1-crystallin could enhance protein insolubilization and cataract in lens. However, the presence of partially degraded βB1-crystallins in both water-soluble and water-insoluble fractions of lenses of young donors suggested that the rate that proteolyzed βB1-crystallins become water-insoluble is relatively slow in humans.
GENERALIZED GLUON CURRENTS AND APPLICATIONS IN QCD

We present a recursion relation for a current containing [ital n] off-shell plus an arbitrary number of on-shell gluons. We are able to obtain an exact solution for [ital n]=2 when all of the on-shell gluons have the same helicity, and one of the off-shell gluons is given a generalized'' polarization vector. We then apply this solution to derive an expression for the amplitude for [ital q[bar q]][r arrow][ital q[bar q]gg]...[ital g].
ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, LOCUS OF CONTROL, AND SELF-ESTEEM OF HIGH SCHOOL AND COLLEGE STUDENTS '

drinking after hypothetical unpleasant events, hypothetical and actual pleasant events, and hypotheucal and actual neutral events. Frequencies of actual drinking and hypothetical drinkmg were highly correlated. Many studes have been performed to investigate the relationships among alcohol consumption and various personality traits. Some investigators have suggested that adolescents and adults show a strong correlation between scores on internal-external locus of control and alcohol consumption. Ln one study of Montreal undergraduate students, alcohol consumption was higher among men with external locus of control on Rotter's I-E Locus of Control Scale (Lapp, 1984). Cox and Luhrs (1978) also administered Rotter's scale to adolescents. They found that a higher proportion of external scorers than internal scorers drank alcoholic beverages. Different amounts of drinlung by internal and external scorers may be caused by an interaction between peer-control influences and locus of control. Quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption by male and female undergraduates was examined by Cox and Baker (1982). Among men, higher wine consumption was associated with internal locus of control, but no other correlations between alcohol consumption and Rotter's I-E Locus of Control were found. Higgins and Marlatt (1975) investigated the effects of fear of interpersonal evaluation on drinkmg behavior for subjects classified as internally or externally oriented based on their scores on Rotter's I-E Locus of Control Scale. Locus of Control scores were not significantly related to drinlung rates.
Reaction mechanism and stereospecificity of 20 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase ☆

Abstract Kinetic and spectral analyses of 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase indicate that this enzyme mediates an Ordered BiBi reaction with cofactor binding first. Dissociation constants of NAD + and NADH have been determined by initial velocity studies and show that the enzyme has a higher affinity (10 to 15-fold) for NADH than for NAD + . The enzyme mediates hydrogen transfer from the 20α-position of the steroid to the 4β-position of the cofactor pyridine ring. Kinetic analysis of site specificity using pregnenolone and its sulfate ester indicate that both compounds are reduced at the same enzymatic site.
On the perceived unitization of repetitive auditory patterns

When a cyclic pattern of sound bursts occurs, a rhythmic pattern will be heard at certain rates of presentation. When rate is increased sufficiently, the pattern is heard as a repeating unit—a repeating packet of sound bursts consisting of the whole cycle. The temporal parameters of the process of unitization that produces the perceptual phenomenon were examined. Critical burst duration for fixed interburst intervals and critical interval for fixed burst durations were obtained. An inverse linear relationship between duration and interval was found. The sum of duration and interval yielded a constant that increased as the number of elements in the pattern increased. The results are interpreted as supporting a lowpass filter model of temporal pattern organization in the auditory system.
Velocity-shear origin of low-frequency electrostatic ion-gyroresonant waves

Electrostatic ion-cyclotron waves with spectral features below the ion gyrofrequency and spaced by small fractions of the ion gyrofrequency are reported, a result not possible for waves associated with the well-known current-driven electrostatic ion-cyclotron (CDEIC) instability. This is accomplished by producing a localized, transverse (to the magnetic field B z^) electric field E(x) x^ in a laboratory plasma to excite inhomogeneous energy-density driven (IEDD) waves and by exploiting the k y ν E dependence of the IEDD mode frequency, where k y and ν E are the components of the IEDD wavevector and plasma drift speed, respectively, along the E × B direction. The IEDD frequency range is shown to reach down to one-third of the ion gyrofrequency, a range usually reserved for other types of waves, e.g., ion-acoustic waves. These results may be relevant to broadband ELF waves observed in the ionosphere.
Cytolysis of Chattonella subsalsa by aponin

Abstract Cultures of the Japanese red tide organism Chattonella subsalsa were treated with aponin, the material that is extracted from cultures of Gomphosphaeria aponina. Aponin is cytolytic toward the Florida red tide organism, Ptychodiscus brevis, but it was less cytolytic toward C. subsalsa, based upon analysis of cells surviving after a 24‐hour period. The implications of this preliminary study are considered.