cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Context and Position in a Systemic Approach to Capacity Development

This article discusses a process of facilitating capacity development in the Africa Adapt network using a systemic approach. The author reflects on the extent to which the context of Africa Adapt enabled a systemic approach, and how the practice of facilitating capacity development in this context differed from the theory on which it was based. The article argues that a systemic approach to facilitating capacity development has been enabled by the complicated context of Africa Adapt. However, the approach would have been strengthened by ensuring a more dynamic understanding of the system, and a more explicit acknowledgement of the positional power of capacity development facilitators within this context.
“What Makes a Woman a Woman?” Versus “Our First Lady of Sport” A Comparative Analysis of the United States and the South African Media Coverage of Caster Semenya

Caster Semenya, a South African female track and field star from rural Limpopo South Africa, won the IAAF 2009 World Championships in the 800-meter event. She was then subjected to “gender-verifica...
Influencing Natural Forest Disturbance through Timber Harvesting: Tradeoffs among Disturbance Processes, Forest Values, and Timber Condition

Governments provide technical, political, and financial incentives to encourage timber harvesting for the purpose of mitigating natural forest disturbance. To provide guidance concerning these incentives, this paper integrates a natural disturbance regime into a dynamic model of forest management. The model is used to estimate live and salvage timber harvest subsidies needed to incorporate disturbance-mitigating benefits before and after three types of natural disturbance: insect outbreak, storm, and wildfire. While not specific to a particular country or state, results indicate that the degree of forest mortality may be a poor metric for gauging management response due to various degrees of endogeneity across different types of disturbance events. The live timber harvesting subsidy is substantial but quickly declines after a disturbance event. In contrast, salvage subsidies increase following a disturbance event but remain modest. Copyright 2013, Oxford University Press.
Online three-dimensional dendritic spines mophological classification based on semi-supervised learning

Recent studies on neuron imaging show that there is a strong relationship between the functional properties of a neuron and its morphology, especially its dendritic spine structures. However, most of the current methods for morphological spine classification only concern features in two-dimensional (2D) space, which consequently decreases the accuracy of dendritic spine analysis. In this paper, we propose a semi-supervised learning (SSL) framework, in which spine phenotypes in three-dimensional (3D) space are considered. With training only on a few pre-classified inputs, the rest of the spines can be identified effectively. We also derived a new scheme using an affinity matrix between features to further improve the accuracy. Our experimental results indicate that a small training dataset is sufficient to classify detected dendritic spines.
Micromagnetic studies of microstructual dependence of track edge recording on signal and nonlinearities in longitudinal thin film media

Square wave recording in polycrystalline longitudinal thin films is studied by using micromagnetic simulation. Track edge recording is examined for various media with different microstructural properties. Signals and medium nonlinearities are studied by including the track edge recording. From the simulated magnetization patterns, it is found that media with higher intergranular exchange coupling has larger track edge area. The introduction of random anisotropy field magnitude reduces the track edge area. Media with higher intergranular exchange coupling will also have transition percolation occur at a lower recording density. At high recording densities partial erasure starts at the track edges, which yields a reduced effective track width. Magnetic poles at the track edges cause broadening of the playback signals, resulting in a larger PW/sub 50/ with increased playback track width.
Quadrature frequency conversion

A technique for frequency conversion of high-power lasers is described which uses two crystals for each conversion step rather than one. The two crystals are oriented so that the waves generated in them are orthogonally polarized. The conversion efficiency of these quadrature arrangements is much less sensitive to laser pulse nonuniformities than that in single-crystal methods. Consequently, very high conversion efficiency is possible for typically nonuniform laser pulses. Realization of the quadrature concept for all types of nonlinear optical processes are described. Data taken on second harmonic generation of Gaussian pulses shows that very high (internal) conversion efficiency is possible ( > 95 percent) over a substantial range of input energy.
A high-performance entropy decoding system for H.264/AVC

We present a high-performance entropy decoding system for H.264/AVC. This system includes a variable length coding (VLC) decoder, a context-based adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC) decoder, and a run-level converter. Each syntax element above slice data is decoded by VLC decoder within a clock cycle. The CABAC decoder decodes the syntax elements at slice data and below through pipeline mechanism. A run-level converting method is designed and integrated into the system to improve the output efficiency of decoded quantized coefficients. This system can process 574,712 macroblock/s operating at 300 MHz, quite enough for real-time decoding for H.264/AVC HD level 4.1 video sequences.
NVMalloc: Exposing an Aggregate SSD Store as a Memory Partition in Extreme-Scale Machines

DRAM is a precious resource in extreme-scale machines and is increasingly becoming scarce, mainly due to the growing number of cores per node. On future multi-peta flop and exa flop machines, the memory pressure is likely to be so severe that we need to rethink our memory usage models. Fortunately, the advent of non-volatile memory (NVM) offers a unique opportunity in this space. Current NVM offerings possess several desirable properties, such as low cost and power efficiency, but suffer from high latency and lifetime issues. We need rich techniques to be able to use them alongside DRAM. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for exploiting NVM as a secondary memory partition so that applications can explicitly allocate and manipulate memory regions therein. More specifically, we propose an NVMalloc library with a suite of services that enables applications to access a distributed NVM storage system. We have devised ways within NVMalloc so that the storage system, built from compute node-local NVM devices, can be accessed in a byte-addressable fashion using the memory mapped I/O interface. Our approach has the potential to re-energize out-of-core computations on large-scale machines by having applications allocate certain variables through NVMalloc, thereby increasing the overall memory capacity available. Our evaluation on a 128-core cluster shows that NVMalloc enables applications to compute problem sizes larger than the physical memory in a cost-effective manner. It can bring more performance/efficiency gain with increased computation time between NVM memory accesses or increased data access locality. In addition, our results suggest that while NVMalloc enables transparent access to NVM-resident variables, the explicit control it provides is crucial to optimize application performance.
Teaching politics to nursing students: An innovative project

For some time now, the nursing literature has supported course content, courses, and classes on nurses becoming more politically aware and active (Andreoli, Musser, & Otto, 1987; Dean, 1983; Labelle, 1986; Martin, White, & Hansen, 1989; Taylor, 1995; Winter, 1991). A strong case has been made that, for nurses to be in a position to influence health, health policy, and health delivery (Taylor, 1995), nursing students, through nursing curricula, must have political content included in their undergraduate and graduate studies. Andreoli et al. (1987) made an even stronger case by reminding us that, if nurses are to be effective in competing for scarce resources, our profession must increase its numbers and activities involved in the political process. To this end, an innovative semester-long capstone project was introduced in the first-semester senior professional development course—the “From Idea to Bill Project.” The members of a group project (the group is usually 7–10 students who are already working together in their clinical learning communities) select an important healthrelated idea from their clinical experience and/or discussion with their clinical instructors. These ideas have ranged from having sunshades at each bus stop (in Arizona's heat), to no candy or soda machines on public elementary and middle school campuses, to mobile prenatal clinics, to Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus education in the correctional facilities, to full resuscitation response at the homeless shelter, to even the creation of a nursing icon stamp series. These projects must be well thought out and have complete group buy-in as they are ongoing throughout the semester and can be intensive experiences—in
Probing the Electronic Structures of Ternary Perovskite and Pyrochlore Oxides Containing Sn 4+ or Sb 5+

Experimental and computational studies were performed to understand the electronic structure of ternary perovskites (ASnO3, A = Ca, Sr, Ba, Cd), pyrochlores (RE2Sn2O7, RE = Y, La, Lu; Cd2Sb2O7), and defect pyrochlore oxides (Ag2Sb2O6) containing the main group ions Sn4+ and Sb5+. In all compounds, the lowest energy states in the conduction band arise primarily from the antibonding Sn/Sb 5s−O 2p interaction. In the alkaline-earth stannate perovskites (BaSnO3, SrSnO3, and CaSnO3) the conduction bandwidth decreases strongly in response to the octahedral tilting distortion triggered by the decreasing size of the alkaline-earth cation. This in turn leads to a corresponding increase in the band gap from 3.1 eV in BaSnO3 to 4.4 eV in CaSnO3. The band gap of CdSnO3 is relatively small (3.0 eV) considering the large octahedral tilting distortion. The origin of this apparent anomaly is the mixing between the empty Cd 5s orbitals and the antibonding Sn 5s−O 2p states. This mixing leads to a widening of the conductio...
Allelic association of G72/G30 with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A comprehensive meta-analysis

The G72/G30 gene complex (G72 also known as D-amino acid oxidase activator, DAOA) and its chromosomal region 13q32-34 have been linked and associated with both schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BP) in multiple studies, including our initial association report on BP. However, the inconsistency of associated variants across studies is obvious. Previous meta-analyses had small data sets. The present meta-analysis combined 18 association articles published before April of 2007. There were 19 independent studies of SCZ, with 4304 cases, 5423 controls, and 1384 families, and four independent studies of BP with 1145 cases, 1829 controls, and 174 families. Of 15 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) analyzed in the 95-kb G72/G30 gene region, M18/rs947267 and M22/rs778293 showed association with SCZ in Asians, and M24/rs1421292 with SCZ in Europeans. The associations of C allele at M18 and A allele at M22 with SCZ in Asians survived conservative Bonferroni correction for multiple testing for 15 markers and subgroup analysis (adjusted P=0.0000253 for M18; adjusted P=0.009 for M22). No single maker showed evidence of overall association with BP. These results suggest that G72/G30 may influence susceptibility to schizophrenia with weak effects.
Automatic visual to tactile translation. II. Evaluation of the TACTile image creation system

This is the second part of a two-part paper that develops a method for the automatic conversion of images from visual to tactile form. In Part I (see ibid. vol.5, no.1, p.81-94 (1997)), a variety of topics mere reviewed including issues in human factors, access technology for tactile graphics production, and image processing. In this part, the material presented in the first part is used to motivate, develop, and support the methods used in the development of a prototype visual-to-tactile translator called the TACTile Image Creation System (TACTICS). The specific choices made in the design of the system are discussed and justified, including selection of software platform, tactile output format, tactile image creation procedure, aggregate image processing sequences used, and principles from the discipline of psychophysics. The results of four experiments on tactile image discrimination, identification, and comprehension are reported and discussed, and future directions in this area are proposed.
THE ROLE OF EXPOSURE CONDITION IN THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EXPLICIT CORRECTION

This article reports on a study that investigated the effects of two feedback exposure conditions on the acquisition of two Turkish morphemes. The study followed a randomized experimental design with an immediate and a delayed posttest. Forty-two Chinese-speaking learners of Turkish were randomly assigned to one of three groups: receivers, nonreceivers, and control. All learners performed three communication games with a Turkish native speaker in which their errors on the Turkish plural and locative morphemes were treated according to their group assignment. The receivers’ errors were corrected through explicit correction. The nonreceivers were allowed to hear the feedback provided to the receivers; however, they did not receive feedback on their own errors. The learners in the control group neither received feedback on their own errors nor were allowed to hear the feedback other learners received. Results indicated that feedback exposure condition has an effect on the extent to which learners benefit from feedback but that this effect may be moderated by linguistic structure.
Protein packing: dependence on protein size, secondary structure and amino acid composition

We have used the occluded surface algorithm to estimate the packing of both buried and exposed amino acid residues in protein structures. This method works equally well for buried residues and solvent-exposed residues in contrast to the commonly used Voronoi method that works directly only on buried residues. The atomic packing of individual globular proteins may vary significantly from the average packing of a large data set of globular proteins. Here, we demonstrate that these variations in protein packing are due to a complex combination of protein size, secondary structure composition and amino acid composition. Differences in protein packing are conserved in protein families of similar structure despite significant sequence differences. This conclusion indicates that quality assessments of packing in protein structures should include a consideration of various parameters including the packing of known homologous proteins. Also, modeling of protein structures based on homologous templates should take into account the packing of the template protein structure.
Regulation of Glucose Partitioning by PAS Kinase and Ugp1 Phosphorylation

The ability of cells to recognize and respond to specific metabolic deficiencies is required for all forms of life. We have uncovered a system in the yeast S. cerevisiae that, in response to a perceived deficiency in cell wall glucan, alters partitioning of glucose toward glucan synthesis and away from glycogen synthesis. The paralogous yeast PAS kinases Psk1 and Psk2 phosphorylate UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (Ugp1), the primary producer of UDP-glucose, the glucose donor for glucan biosynthesis. Unexpectedly, phosphorylation of Ugp1 does not affect its catalytic activity but instead alters the terminal destination of the UDP-glucose it generates. Phosphorylated Ugp1 is required for intensive glucan production, and inability to phosphorylate Ugp1 is associated with a weak cell wall, decreased glucan content, and increased glycogen content. We provide data indicating that phosphorylation by Psk1 or Psk2 targets Ugp1 to the cell periphery, where the UDP-glucose it produces is in proximity to the site of glucan synthesis. We propose that regulation of glucose partitioning by altered enzyme and substrate localization is a rapid and potent response to metabolic deficiency.
Numerical and experimental study of an out-of-plane prealigned refractive microlens fabricated using ultraviolet lithography method

We present a novel out-of-plane polymer refractive microlens that can be prealigned with other optical components in a free-space micro-optical bench. This out-of-plane microlens is designed and optimized through simulation, and then successfully microfabricated using a unique UV lithography technology. In this fabrication technology, the desired surface profile is obtained by a controlled SU-8 development after two tilted exposures. The microlens backside focal length, diameter of the focal pad, and the surface curve were measured, analyzed, and compared with the simulation results. The microlenses obtained are perpendicular to the substrate. This out-of-plane prealigned microlens can be used to eliminate the alignment and assembly steps and obtain integrated optical benches. It helps to reduce the running cost, save time, and improve the quality and performance of the integrated optical systems.
Approximating the surface impedance of a homogeneous lossy half-space: an example of "dialable" accuracy

We present an approximation by exponentials of the time-domain surface impedance of a lossy half space. Gauss-Chebyshev quadrature of order N-1 is employed to approximate an integral representation of the modified Bessel functions comprising the time-domain impedance kernel. An explicit error estimate is obtained in terms of the physical parameters, the computation time and the number of quadrature points N. We show that our approximation is as accurate as other approaches which do not come with such an error estimate. The paper investigates the conditions under which the derived error estimate also applies to the approximation of J.A. Roden and S.D. Gedney (see Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol.47, p.1954, 1999).
Base station orientation calibration in 3-D indoor UWB positioning

A method is proposed to correct three-dimensional (3D) positioning error due to base station antenna orientation that takes into account non-boresight electrical length differences due to antenna phase center errors. An automated algorithm is used to calibrate an ultra-wideband (UWB) system using only a starting estimate of the base station position and acquired positions central to the base stations. The true positions of the acquired 3D calibration points are unknown to the calibration algorithm. Upon completion of the algorithm, the base station orientation is estimated, along with estimates of electrical length offsets due to potential cable length differences. This method is designed to minimize small errors due to base station position and orientation uncertainty. The algorithm is shown to be robust given the availability of accurate 1D ranging can be provided by the system.
Ankle proprioception correlates with functional mobility in people with Peripheral Neuropathy

The ankle proprioception could influence the functional stability of ankle joint. In addition, ankle proprioception may indirectly influence postural control. Furthermore, ankle proprioception may play an important role in the impaired somatosensory system.
Liquidus diagram for the sodium orthophosphate-sodium pyrophosphate system☆

Abstract The Na 3 PO 4 Na 4 P 2 O 7 system was studied by thermal analysis and high temperature microscopy. The system has a eutectic at 67·6 mole % Na 4 P 2 O 7 and 952°C. Na 3 PO 4 and Na 4 P 2 O 7 melt at 1512° and 998°C, respectively.
Conventional endovascular treatment of small intracranial aneurysms is not associated with additional risks compared with treatment of larger aneurysms

Background Endovascular treatment of small intracranial aneurysms has historically been technically challenging and has been associated with high rates of complications and intraprocedural rupture. In this study, we compared complication and recurrence rates for treatment of small aneurysms (≤4 mm) versus large aneurysms in the context of the advent of improvements in endovascular techniques and technologies. Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed to include all patients who underwent coiling of an intracranial aneurysm between 2005 and 2012. Small aneurysms were defined as any aneurysm 4.0 mm or smaller in all dimensions. The primary outcome was a composite outcome of the occurrence of an intraoperative rupture or a perioperative thromboembolic event. The secondary outcome of interest was aneurysm recurrence. Results During the study period, 483 patients were treated using endovascular techniques; 85 (17.6%) of these patients had small aneurysms. In the small aneurysm group, there was only one (1.2%) intraoperative rupture, three (3.5%) perioperative thromboembolic events, and 11 (12.9%) incidents of aneurysm recurrence. Both the primary and secondary outcomes of interest were similar in patients presenting with small or large aneurysms. Small aneurysm size was not a risk factor for either the composite primary outcome or aneurysm recurrence in multivariate analysis. Conclusions Treatment of small intracranial aneurysms via conventional endovascular coiling techniques is not inferior to endovascular treatment of larger aneurysms based on our single institution experience. While technically challenging, such aneurysms may be treated safely and effectively with acceptable rates of complications and recurrence.
Mysterious misalignments between geomagnetic and stellar reference frames seen in CHAMP and Swarm satellite measurements

SUMMARY The orientation of a spacecraft in Low Earth Orbit can be determined accurately from either magnetic field measurements or star camera images. Ideally, the independently computed spacecraft attitudes should agree. However, we find that the German CHAMP and European Space Agency triple-satellite Swarm geomagnetic satellites exhibit consistent misalignments betweenthestellarandgeomagneticreferenceframes,whichoscillatewiththelocaltimeofthe orbit. Having an amplitude of 20 arcsec, these oscillations are more than an order of magnitude largerthanthestabilityoftheopticalbench,whichcohoststhemagnetometersandstarcameras. Themisalignmentscouldoriginateeitherfromthemagnetometerorstarcamerameasurements. On one hand, as-yet-unknown external magnetic field contributions could appear as a rotation of the geomagnetic reference frame. On the other hand, the observed misalignments agree in amplitude and phase with the effects of stellar aberration, caused by the movement of the star cameras relative to the light rays emitted by the stars. This is surprising because stellar aberration is allegedly already corrected for by the star image processing system. Resolving these mysterious misalignments is key to fulfilling the measurement accuracy requirements and science objectives of the ongoing Swarm mission. If caused by stellar aberration, fully correcting for this effect could significantly improve the attitude accuracy not only of CHAMP and Swarm, but also of several other past and ongoing scientific satellite missions.
Cellular Compartments and Translocation of Receptor-Steroid Complexes

As discussed in the preceeding chapters, steroid-hormone receptors are generally considered to exist as soluble macromolecules in the cytoplasm of target cells (Fig. 1). When these receptors (Rc) bind to steroid hormones (S) they form receptor-steroid complexes (RcS), which undergo translocation to the nucleus (RnS). These conclusions were reached from experiments by Jensen et al. (1968) and Gorski et al. (1968). Figure 24, taken from an experiment by Gorski et al. (1968), demonstrates the rapid shift of 3H-estradiol from the cytoplasmic to the nuclear compartment of the rat uterus in vitro. Cytoplasmic receptor declines after either in vivo or in vitro exposure to estradiol and, as if in a concerted or ordered process, there occurs a concomitant increase in the quantity of a salt-extractable 55 complex in the nucleus (Jensen et al., 1968; Gorski et al., 1968). Similar results have been obtained by O’Malley et al. (1970) for the chick oviduct and are shown in Fig. 25.
People notice and use an applicant's religion in job suitability evaluations

Abstract Social identity theory suggests that people use social categories such as race and gender as the basis of interpersonal judgments and demonstrate biases favoring their ingroups, and that this discrimination against out-groups includes hiring and other personnel decisions. This research examines whether, in the context of other information, participants will use a person's religion and show typical intergroup biases often seen between racial groups. One hundred and seventy-five Black Christian participants viewed fictional job applicants of different religions (Christian/Muslim/atheist) and races (Black/White). Thirty-two percent of participants explicitly reported using the applicant's religion (but seldom reported using their race) as a source of evaluation and showed a consistent preference for Christian (ingroup) over Muslim and atheist (outgroup) applicants. In contrast, those who did not acknowledge using religion showed some racial ingroup bias but none for religion. This research has implications for workplace discrimination, hiring practices, and racial and religious group relations.
Distributed subgradient methods for saddle-point problems

We present provably correct distributed subgradient methods for general min-max problems with agreement constraints on a subset of the arguments of both the convex and concave parts. Applications include separable constrained minimization problems where each constraint is a sum of convex functions of local variables for the agents. The proposed algorithm then reduces to primal-dual updates using local subgradients and Laplacian averaging on local copies of the multipliers associated to the global constraints. The framework also encodes minimization problems with semidefinite constraints, which results in novel distributed strategies that are scalable if the order of the matrix inequalities is independent of the network size. Our analysis establishes for the case of general convex-concave functions the convergence of the running time-averages of the local estimates to a saddle point under periodic connectivity of the communication digraphs. Specifically, choosing the gradient step-sizes in a suitable way, we show that the evaluation error is proportional to 1/√t where t is the iteration step.
Paraguayan Independence and Doctor Francia

One of the consequences of the Buenos Aires revolution in May of 1810 was the eventual independence of Paraguay and the rise to power of Doctor Jose Gaspar Rodriguez de Francia. But before analysing the events of the Independence Movement in the isolated province of Paraguay it is necessary to consider both the conditions in that region in the last decade of colonial rule and the activities of Doctor Francia in the same period.
Force and flux relations for flows of ionic solutions between parallel plates with porous and charged layers.

We derive coefficients of the electrokinetic coupling matrix (${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{11}$, ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{12}$, and ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{21}$) for the flow of an ionic solution through a parallel-plate geometry having porous and charged layers grafted onto a solid surface with a known potential and demonstrate Onsager reciprocity for the cross terms (i.e., ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{12}={\ensuremath{\chi}}_{21}$). Our results enable the prediction of system outputs in the solid-porous-fluid system from parameters that are either known or may be measured and inferred. These electrokinetic coupling coefficients are in terms of the potential, $\ensuremath{\phi}$, and fixed charge, ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{f}$, only, removing dependence on field gradients and fluid velocity. Additionally, we present simplified expressions of these coupling coefficients in limiting regions of the parameter space. Away from these limits, we present numerical results demonstrating the facility of our functional form for facile numerical approximation and report the utility and accuracy of our analytical approximations.
Motor Unit Pathology in SMA Patients (P03.175)

Objective: To examine the pathology of the motor unit in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Background SMA is an inherited motor neuron disease, which often causes early mortality. Although there is currently no disease-modify treatment to offer patients, several drugs show promising effects in SMA mouse models in which the pathology of the motor unit has been well defined. In mice, there are early abnormalities of motor neuron (MN) terminals prior to MN loss with differential susceptibility of certain MN groups. Limited prior studies of human SMA pathology have not characterized early changes of MNs, their axons, or terminals. Design/Methods: At autopsy, spinal cord, nerve roots, phrenic nerve, and skeletal muscle were collected from 14 SMA cases and analyzed with confocal and electron microscopy methods. Results: Vast numbers of small, round myofibers were evident in the psoas, paraspinal, and intercostal muscles, but myofiber size was relatively preserved in diaphragm muscle. Phrenic nerve showed an average of 1830±177 axons/nerve in SMA cases, while ventral roots exhibited a severe reduction in axonal density. Active axonal degeneration was present in ventral roots and phrenic nerve where 3.7±0.45% of axons showed a compacted myelin appearance. Neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) in the diaphragm were often well innervated, but many axon terminals displayed neurofilament aggregation and others were very thin. EM analysis confirmed neurofilament aggregation and reduced density of synaptic vesicles in SMA diaphragm NMJs. Conclusions: These studies show that motor units are differentially affected in human SMA, with phrenic nerve motor neurons innervating the diaphragm less affected than those innervating the paraspinal, intercostal, or proximal limb muscles. The diaphragm may therefore provide important insights into early SMA disease pathology. In this muscle, most NMJs were innervated but structurally abnormal. These studies raise the possibility that the distal motor neuron terminal and axon are the earliest sites of disease pathogenesis in human SMA. Supported by: The SMA Foundation and by R01NS062869 (CJS) from NINDS and by R01-HD054599 (KJS) from NICHD. Disclosure: Dr. Crowder has nothing to disclose. Dr. Polley has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kong has nothing to disclose. Dr. Van Meerbeke has nothing to disclose. Dr. Murphy has nothing to disclose. Dr. Swoboda has received research support from BioMarin Pharmaceuticals and Orphamed, Dr. Crawford has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sumner has nothing to disclose.
Applications of hydrogen/deuterium exchange MS from 2012 to 2014.

Hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) detected by mass spectrometry (MS) is extraordinarily useful in the study of many aspects of proteins, especially the analysis of protein conformation and dynamics. While once a challenging and therefore sparingly used method, modern HDX MS is more straightforward, rapid, and routine than in the past. As a result, the breadth of applications of the method has expanded. This Review catalogs applications of HDX MS that have appeared in the literature during the 30 months from January 2012 to June 2014. As penetration of the method into nonacademic sectors where confidentiality is necessary is also at an all-time high, many more applications of this method likely exist that have not been reported in the literature. A synopsis of the recent applications of HDX MS is shown in Figure ​Figure11 where classifications have been made in terms of sector in which the work was performed, geography, and general topic. We elected to categorize the publications in these ways to emphasize that the method is used not only in all sectors but also on nearly every continent. Many different possibilities existed for characterizing the applications by topic, and this was not a perfect task. Some papers belong in multiple topics or could arguably be placed in different categories than we finally decided. An Excel database and an Endnote library of the 234 articles we surveyed, both of which contain the topic groupings, are available from the authors. Figure 1 Synopsis of the published applications of HDX MS from January 2012 to June 2014. (A) A total of two-hundred thirty-four (234) articles were published and classified according to the scheme shown, based on author affiliations. The number of articles in ... Academia is the largest sector contributing to published HDX MS applications (Figure ​(Figure1).1). Approximately 25% of the papers surveyed included multiple sectors, which we have classified as mixed. As mentioned above, such categorization is biased against work that has not been published. Industrial research and research from governmental laboratories must/may remain confidential. Therefore, the results in Figure ​Figure1A1A are to be interpreted with this in mind. The United States was the primary source of publications in HDX MS during the January 2012 to June 2014 time period (Figure ​(Figure1B,C),1B,C), although significant and important work originated from 22 other countries (Figure ​(Figure1D).1D). To illustrate the HDX MS applications in much greater detail, we have divided the remainder of the article into six sections that each discuss one of the topical classifications shown in Figure ​Figure11E.
D-ToSS: A Distributed Throwaway Spatial Index Structure for Dynamic Location Data

Many applications deal with moving object datasets, e.g., mobile phone social networking, scientific simulations, and ride-sharing services. These applications need to handle a tremendous number of spatial objects that continuously move and execute spatial queries to explore their surroundings. To manage such update-heavy workloads, several throwaway index structures have recently been proposed, where a static index is rebuilt periodically from scratch rather than updated incrementally. It has been shown that throwaway indices outperform specialized moving-object indices that maintain location updates incrementally. However, throwaway indices suffer from scalability due to their single-server design and the only distributed throwaway index (D-MOVIES), extension of a centralized approach, does not scale out as the number of servers increases, especially during query processing phase.
FAO, IFAD, and WFP. The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2015: Meeting the 2015 International Hunger Targets: Taking Stock of Uneven Progress. Rome: FAO, 2015

Genesis of Report The last 3 decades have ushered in considerable international humanitarian focus on reducing hunger for all people, regardless of nationality, ethnicity, age, income, and geographic location. Highlighting this global initiative have been 2 major commitments put forth by the UN member states, one in 1996 and the other in 2000. The former was launched in Rome by 182 governments participating in the World Food Summit when they committed “...to eradicate hunger in all countries, with an immediate view to reducing the number of undernourished people to half their present level no later than 2015.” To put this into perspective, in 1990, ;991 million people around the world were considered to be undernourished, generally defined as being underweight for one’s age, too short for one’s age (stunted), dangerously thin for one’s height (wasted), and/or deficient in vitamins and minerals (micronutrient malnutrition). In 2000, as part of the UN’s Millennium Development Goal, the following was put forth as an international aim: “cutting by half the proportion of people who suffer from hunger by 2015.” Approximately 23% of the world’s population was considered to be hungry or (synonymously) undernourished in 1990. In a nutshell, the World Food Summit goal was to halve the number of malnourished people, whereas that of the Millennium Development Goals was to halve the proportion of people who are hungry. With the end date of 2015 upon us, the UN’s most recent annual State of Food Insecurity in the World report takes stock of the progress made toward achieving these slightly different yet equally ambitious and fundamental goals related to greatly reducing world hunger. Key findings and messages from this report jointly prepared by the FAO, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, and the World Food Program are summarized here.
Chlorthalidone Versus Hydrochlorothiazide: A New Kind of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study

This article is an overview of a large, multicenter, randomized clinical trial that will compare the effects of hydrochlorothiazide with chlorthalidone on cardiovascular events among Veterans Affai...
The Kuiper Belt

Until recently the most distant parts of the solar system were thought to be very empty. The outer solar system is principally occupied by the giant gas planets – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune – and tiny Pluto, with a number of long-period comets passing through on their way to the distant Oort Cloud (see box on page 38). In contrast, the inner solar system seems to be much more densely populated. It is home to the terrestrial planets, many tens of thousands of asteroids in a belt between Mars and Jupiter, and a thousand short-period comets with orbits largely controlled by Jupiter. The inner solar system also contains debris ranging from micron-sized particles of interplanetary dust to kilometre-sized asteroids, the impact of which could threaten life on Earth.
High-resolution CSR GRACE RL05 mascons

The determination of the gravity model for the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) is susceptible to modeling errors, measurement noise, and observability issues. The ill-posed GRACE estimation problem causes the unconstrained GRACE RL05 solutions to have north-south stripes. We discuss the development of global equal area mascon solutions to improve the GRACE gravity information for the study of Earth surface processes. These regularized mascon solutions are developed with a 1° resolution using Tikhonov regularization in a geodesic grid domain. These solutions are derived from GRACE information only, and no external model or data is used to inform the constraints. The regularization matrix is time variable and will not bias or attenuate future regional signals to some past statistics from GRACE or other models. The resulting Center for Space Research (CSR) mascon solutions have no stripe errors and capture all the signals observed by GRACE within the measurement noise level. The solutions are not tailored for specific applications and are global in nature. This study discusses the solution approach and compares the resulting solutions with postprocessed results from the RL05 spherical harmonic solutions and other global mascon solutions for studies of Arctic ice sheet processes, ocean bottom pressure variation, and land surface total water storage change. This suite of comparisons leads to the conclusion that the mascon solutions presented here are an enhanced representation of the RL05 GRACE solutions and provide accurate surface-based gridded information that can be used without further processing.
Theoretical modeling of a portable x-ray tube based KXRF system to measure lead in bone

Objective. K-shell x-ray fluorescence (KXRF) techniques have been used to identify health effects resulting from exposure to metals for decades, but the equipment is bulky and requires significant maintenance and licensing procedures. A portable x-ray fluorescence (XRF) device was developed to overcome these disadvantages, but introduced a measurement dependency on soft tissue thickness. With recent advances to detector technology, an XRF device utilizing the advantages of both systems should be feasible. Approach. In this study, we used Monte Carlo simulations to test the feasibility of an XRF device with a high-energy x-ray tube and detector operable at room temperature. Main Results. We first validated the use of Monte Carlo N-particle transport code (MCNP) for x-ray tube simulations, and found good agreement between experimental and simulated results. Then, we optimized x-ray tube settings and found the detection limit of the high-energy x-ray tube based XRF device for bone lead measurements to be 6.91 µg g−1 bone mineral using a cadmium zinc telluride detector. Significance. In conclusion, this study validated the use of MCNP in simulations of x-ray tube physics and XRF applications, and demonstrated the feasibility of a high-energy x-ray tube based XRF for metal exposure assessment.
Blue tarantulas and dancing rainbow spiders inspire new color technologies (Conference Presentation)

Many spiders exhibit vivid colors that are not produced by pigments, but rather by optical interference, diffraction, and scattering — structural colors. Traditionally, structural color research in nature focused on birds, butterflies and beetles. But the long evolutionary history and extreme diversity of spiders provide fruitful new territory. The repeated evolution of blue in large, nearly blind tarantulas and the diversification of sexual display colors in tiny peacock spiders provide two striking examples. Here, we show how tarantula blue is produced using specialized hairs with complex hierarchical structure that greatly reduces iridescence — which has been a key obstacle to the production of synthetic structural colorants without the shimmering effects. On the other hand, the strikingly iridescent scales of the rainbow peacock spider (Maratus robinsoni) can produce every color of the rainbow, and may hold the secrets for future optical device miniaturization. We used an interdisciplinary biomimetic approach to investigate both questions by including techniques such as: morphological characterization (SEM/TEM), phylogenetic analysis, spectrophotometry, optical simulation, and rapid prototyping by 3D nano-printing. Particularly with the rapid prototyping capability, we can create engineering models to test biological hypotheses in a controlled manner that may not be feasible with the living systems. Hence, biomimicry is not only taking what we learned from natural systems to practical human applications, but it is also providing insightful feedbacks and ideas to deepen our understanding of the biological system subject matter during the process.
Curiosity Enabled the Cat: Curiosity as a Driver of Creativity

While scholars have suggested that curiosity plays an important role in creativity, the present research is, to our knowledge, the first empirical examination of the relationship between these two ...
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Associated with Intratumoral Aneurysm Rupture within a Posterior Fossa Hemangioblastoma: The Importance of Continued Surveillance for Cerebral Vasospasm

Cerebellar hemangioblastomas are rare tumors of the neuraxis. Only seven cases of hemangioblastoma associated with a cerebral aneurysm have been reported. We report a case of a patient who presented with acute onset headache as a result of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and hydrocephalus. Radiographic workup revealed a hemangioblastoma with an intratumoral aneurysm. Preoperative cerebral angiography was performed for both embolization as well as characterization of the aneurysm. The patient underwent a suboccipital craniotomy for tumor resection. The patient's postoperative course was unexpectedly complicated by delayed ischemic neurologic deficit secondary to flow-limiting left internal carotid artery vasospasm. We present a case report, review of the literature, and management considerations for patients who present with tumors and an associated ruptured aneurysm.
Heidegger’s Apophaticism: Unsaying the Said and the Silence of the Last God

In this chapter, Wolfson reflects on the impact of negative theology in Heidegger’s later thinking from the vantage point of the overcoming of ontotheology as preparation for the appearance of the last god. Dasein is accorded the special role of guarding the clearing wherein language and being are juxtaposed in the sameness of their difference. The showing-saying of language thus exposes the being that remains hidden precisely as a result of its being exposed. The poet is privileged as the purveyor of the mystery of language that bears witness to the breakaway through which being becomes word. By saying the unsaid in unsaying the said, the poem mimics the simultaneous disclosure and concealment that is characteristic of the truth of being. Poetic language proffers a context wherein the withholding bestowal of the nihilating nonground is dramatized. The example of poetry exemplifies that language more generally is disclosive of nothing, which denotes not the negation of something positive, but the advent of the retreat of the appropriating event that precedes the fissure into being and nonbeing.
Flexible CMOS integrated circuits based on carbon nanotubes with sub-10 ns stage delays

High-performance logic circuits that are constructed on flexible or unconventional substrates are required for emerging applications such as real-time analytics. Carbon nanotube thin-film transistors (TFTs) are attractive for these applications because of their high mobility and low cost. However, flexible nanotube TFTs usually suffer from much lower performance than those built on rigid substrates, and the resulting flexible integrated circuits typically exhibit low-speed operation with logic gate delays of over 1 μs, which severely limits their practical application. Here we show that high-performance carbon nanotube TFTs and complementary circuits can be fabricated on flexible polyimide substrates using a high-yield, scalable process. Our flexible TFTs exhibit state-of-the-art performance with very high current densities (>17 μA μm−1), large current on/off ratios (>106), small subthreshold slopes (<200 mV dec−1), high field-effect mobilities (~50 cm2 V−1 s−1) and excellent flexibility. We also develop a reliable n-type doping process, which allows us to fabricate complementary logic gates and integrated circuits on flexible substrates. With our approach, we build flexible ring oscillators that have a stage delay of only 5.7 ns. High-performance carbon nanotube thin-film transistors and complementary circuits can be fabricated on flexible substrates, including ring oscillators that have a stage delay of only 5.7 ns.
Hypofractionated radiation treatment in the management of breast cancer.

Introduction: The standard treatment for early-stage breast cancer is breast conservation therapy, consisting of breast conserving surgery followed by adjuvant radiation treatment (RT). Conventiona...
Feminism and the Economics of Deception: An Examination of Adam Smith’s “Spirit of System”

In The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Adam Smith claimed that fundamental self-deceptions underlie human industriousness and public service. Ignoring the tranquility and comforts of life that are readily at hand, Smith claimed, men [sic] are instead are driven by a love of artifice and machines into lives of toil and discomfort. Similarly, Smith argued that in matters of public service, men are more motivated by visions of the harmony of the grand system of trade and manufacture, than by a feeling for the actual situation of humanity. This paper argues that such enthrallment with the “spirit of system” motivates public dis-service on a global scale in the present day. Feminist scholarship helps elucidate the historical and psychic sources of continuing support for a Smithian vision of a clockwork economy. Feminist, pragmatist and Whiteheadian organicist thought suggest ways of moving past mechanistic understandings of economic behavior. Neoliberal economic policies, the neglect of caring labor, and U.S. welfare reform are discussed as examples where the “spirit of system” causes real suffering.