cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Voxel Based Automatic Tool Path Planning Approach Using Scanned Data as the Stock

Abstract This paper presents a novel automatic tool path planning approach which employs the scanned data as the stock. Using the scan data as the stock allows a new geometrical approach to measure the difference between the stock model and desired final geometry. This approach employs a voxel model as the underlying geometric representation, which enables an efficient parallel tool path planning algorithm based on a general-purpose graphics processing unit (GPGPU) approach. The approach is composed of two stages: first, to identify the excess material to be cut and reduce the required GPU memory, a novel voxelization algorithm for machining was developed to voxelize the scanned data and the model of the part in a single 3D grid. Second, slice-by-slice contour parallel tool paths for roughing and 3D contour parallel tool paths for finishing were generated directly based on the voxel model. The proposed approach has been successfully implemented to machine a part representative of the welded blade tip and a part representative of a cast workpiece with a freeform surface into parts with desired final geometry. The experiment results show that the proposed approach is efficient and feasible in generating tool paths when scanned data was used as the stock.
Authoritarian attitudes and support for radical right populists

This paper examines which parties attract support from people with authoritarian attitudes by comparing multi-party systems to a pure two-party system (the US). It proposes reasons why radical righ...
Construction and case study of total factor evaluation index system of power generation enterprises

The electric power enterprises cannot cope with the current electric power system reform trend If they do not have enough competition abilities. Therefore, how to construct competitiveness evaluation system for power enterprises according to the characteristics of power market plays an important role in improving the scientific management level of electric power enterprises. This paper designs the evaluation system of total factor competitiveness of power generation enterprises, including market force, marketing force, development force, reliability, economy, flexibility, environmental protection. Analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method are used to determine the weight and the final evaluation basis.
Rapid and scalable profiling of nascent RNA with fastGRO

Abstract Genome-wide profiling of nascent RNA has become a fundamental tool to study transcription regulation. Over the past decade, next-generation sequencing has fostered development of a handful of techniques (i.e. GRO-seq, PRO-seq, TT-seq and NET-seq) that map unprocessed transcripts originating from both the coding and the noncoding portion of the genome. Unlike steady-state RNA sequencing, nascent RNA profiling mirrors the real-time activity of RNA Polymerases and provides an accurate readout of transcriptome-wide variations that occur during short time frames (i.e. response to external stimuli or rapid metabolic changes). Some species of nuclear RNAs, albeit functional, have a short half-life and can only be accurately gauged by nascent RNA techniques (i.e. lincRNAs and eRNAs). Furthermore, these techniques capture uncapped post-cleavage RNA at termination sites or promoter-associated antisense RNAs, providing a unique insight into RNAPII dynamics and processivity. Here we present a run-on assay with 4s-UTP labelling, followed by reversible biotinylation and affinity purification via streptavidin. Our protocol allows streamlined sample preparation within less than 3 days. We named the technique fastGRO (fast Global Run-On). We show that fastGRO is highly reproducible and yields a more complete and extensive coverage of nascent RNA than comparable techniques. Importantly, we demonstrate that fastGRO is scalable and can be performed with as few as 0.5×10^6 cells.
Using Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) Analysis to Assess Microbial Community Structure in Compost Systems

Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of PCR-amplified genes is a widely used fingerprinting technique in composting systems. This analysis is based on the restriction endonuclease digestion of fluorescently end-labeled PCR products. The digested product is mixed with a DNA size standard, itself labeled with a distinct fluorescent dye, and the fragments are then separated by capillary or gel electrophoresis using an automated sequencer. Upon analysis, only the terminal end-labeled restriction fragments are detected. An electropherogram is produced, which shows a profile of compost microbial community as a series of peaks of varying height. This technique has also been effectively used in the exploration of complex microbial environments and in the study of bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryal populations in natural habitats.
Model Kitchen Design for the Low Vision Elderly Community

This article addresses characteristics of elderly persons with vision impairment, presenting arguments for creating responsive rehabilitation environments for this rapidly increasing population. A ...
Metasurfaces for the infrared spectral range fabricated using two-photon polymerization

Abstract Fabrication of metasurfaces is often time consuming and expensive, involving complex lithographic processes. The maskless fabrication of metasurfaces composed of rectangular Au bars is reported as a suitable alternative, providing cost-effective, rapid prototyping of metasurfaces. The investigated metasurfaces were fabricated using a simple three-step process which is discussed in detail. The fabrication process establishes a simple method for producing high fidelity 2D patterns suitable to synthesize metasurfaces for chemical sensing, beam steering, and perfect reflection/transmission. Comprehensive polarization-sensitive reflection data reveal multiple resonances in the infrared spectral range. In addition to the dipole and substrate resonances, a resonance which is attributed to a coupling between the excitation of the metasurface and the substrate phonon mode is observed.
Fe-based single-atom catalysis for oxidizing contaminants of emerging concern by activating peroxides

We prepared a single-atom Fe catalyst supported on an oxygen-doped, nitrogen-rich carbon support (SAFe-OCN) for degrading a broad spectrum of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) by activating peroxides such as peroxymonosulfate (PMS). In the SAFe-OCN/PMS system, most selected CECs were amenable to degradation and high-valent Fe species were present for oxidation. Moreover, SAFe-OCN showed excellent performance for contaminant degradation in complex water matrices and high stability in oxidation. Specifically, SAFe-OCN, with a catalytic center of Fe coordinated with both nitrogen and oxygen (FeNxO4-x), showed 5.13-times increased phenol degradation kinetics upon activating PMS compared to the catalyst where Fe was only coordinated with nitrogen (FeN4). Molecular simulations suggested that FeNxO4-x, compared to FeN4, was an excellent multiple-electron donor and it could potential-readily form high-valent Fe species upon oxidation. In summary, the single-atom Fe catalyst enables efficient, robust, and sustainable water and wastewater treatment, and molecular simulations highlight that the electronic nature of Fe could play a key role in determining the activity of the single-atom catalyst.
Strong Clustering in the Low-Redshift Lyα Forest

The two-point correlation function, ξ, of Lyα forest is found to be large, ξ = 1. 8−1.2+1.6, greater than 90% confidence level, on the scale of 250-500 km s–1 for a sample of absorbers (0 1.7) where ξ 0.2 for velocities greater than 250 km s–1.
Biomedical Information Access

This chapter introduces how such document repositories are constructed and how search engines work. It also examine how to access web-based information repositories from programs as opposed to using web browser front ends. Biomedical information access is concerned with organizing text documents and other kinds of records and documents to support searching such repositories to identify relevant and important documents as needed. Systems that address this task are called IR systems or, more commonly, search engines. The key concepts it addresses here are: how the structure and organization of information affect the efficiency of a search, the construction and use of indexing systems, how a query is matched to items, how to rank order the results, and alternatives to rank ordering. Furthermore, like text data biomedical images can be organized into a searchable document repository also although searching the image pixel data directly for content is a very difficult problem. In general, images are stored with tagged or otherwise organized metadata, describing what is in each image. In University of Washington Digital Anatomist Project Interactive Atlases, there are a large collection of photos, medical images, hand-contoured anatomic structures, and other kinds of images, with annotations. Representing the annotations by structures like MARC records and other bibliographic data makes them searchable, and thus since the images are referenced by the annotations, the images can readily be obtained. The chapter follows the outline of an excellent short article on the basics of search engines by Elizabeth Liddy.
The Effect of Employer-Provided General Training on Turnover: Examination of Tuition Reimbursement Programs

Tuition reimbursement programs provide financial assistance for college tuition and are a type of general skills training program commonly offered by employers in the United States. Standard human capital theory argues that investment in firm-specific skills reduces turnover, while investment in general skills training could result in increased turnover. However, firms cite increased retention as a motivation for offering tuition reimbursement programs. This rationale for offering these programs challenges the predictions of the standard human capital model. This paper tests empirically whether tuition reimbursement programs increase employee retention. The empirical analysis combines two data sources: a case study of a non-profit institution and the Survey of Employer-Provided Training, 1995 (SEPT95), which consists of training data collected from a cross section of establishments. From the case study analysis, this paper finds that participation in tuition reimbursement increases retention. Results from SEPT95, confirm this finding.
European Integration: Reflections on its Limits and Effects

One of the principal goals of this journal is to evaluate the impact of the globalization of law, politics, and markets. This article focuses on the economic integration of markets in Europe, where one aspect of the "globalization" process?the process by which laws, national economies, and political systems are becoming ever more entwined and interdependent?has occurred to the greatest extent, albeit at a regional level. I will first give an overview of this process and consider the factors that the European experience in "regionalization" suggests may limit economic and other forms of integration at the global level. I will then speculate on how the integration of markets in Europe will change European trade policies and on how those changes might affect the United States.
Third world multinationals: The characteristics of Indian firms investing abroad

Abstract This paper uses models of dichotomous choice to distinguish the characteristics of Indian firms that invest overseas from those that do not. It seeks to shed light on the motivations underlying foreign investment by Indian firms and on the nature of the perceived competitive advantage of these firms in their overseas operations.
Different Attitudes Concerning the Usage of Live Mobile TV and Mobile Video

The usage of live mobile TV and mobile video devices is increasing in Japan as well as in other countries. We conducted a user study in the summer of 2007, in the Tokyo area of Japan, with 11 participants, in order to understand through qualitative interviews when, how, and why people were using such devices. In this chapter, we present several findings from this user study, which reveals the different attitudes concerning the usage of live mobile TV compared with that of mobile video. These findings consider the following points. (1) Usage on commuter buses or trains, (2) usage at home, (3) usage related to experience sharing, and (4) interest of live mobile TV users in mobile video, and interest of mobile video users in live mobile TV. This chapter also proposes some ideas to improve user experience with mobile TV and video, and compares the results of our user study with those conducted in Finland, Korea, the USA, and the UK.
BNIP3- and BNIP3L-Mediated Mitophagy Promotes the Generation of Natural Killer Cell Memory

Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that possess traits of adaptive immunity, such as clonal expansion, contraction, and generation of long-lived "memory" cells, processes poorly understood at the molecular level. Here, we found that as proliferating NK cells accumulated dysfunctional mitochondria during viral infection, a protective mitophagy pathway was induced during the contraction phase to promote their survival in a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent manner. Inhibition of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) or activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) during the contraction-to-memory phase transition of the antiviral response increased autophagic activity and enhanced memory NK cell numbers through an Atg3-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, we demonstrated a temporally regulated role for mitophagy-inducing proteins BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19-kDa interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) and BNIP3-like (BNIP3L) in the generation of robust NK cell memory. Thus, our study reveals the functional importance of mitophagy during the dynamic response of these cytolytic innate lymphocytes.
Balancing authority area coordination with limited exchange of information

In this paper, we propose a coordination scheme between balancing authority (BA) areas in an interconnected power system that decreases the regulation amount needed as well as the associated costs. Our approach aims at mimicking the behavior of the automatic generation control (AGC) system in a scenario where the whole interconnected system is assumed to be operated by a single BA area. To this end, we modify the area control error (ACE), which is fed into the AGC system of each BA area, and determine the AGC allocation based on a distributed algorithm that identifies the least expensive generators, with the mismatch of the total regulation needed being the only information exchanged between BA areas. We demonstrate the proposed ideas with the 3-machine 9-bus Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) system, and compare the performance of our method with other three existing coordination approaches.
Generating explanatory captions for information graphics

Graphical presentations can he used to communicate information in relational data sets suffciently and effectively However novel graphical presentations about numerous attributes and their relationships are often difficult to understand completely until explained Automatically generated graphical presenlations must therefore either be limited to simple conventional ones or risk incornprehensibility One way of alleviating this problem is to design graphical presentation systems that can work in conjunction with a natural language generator to produce explanatory captions This paper presents three strategies for generating explanatory captions to accompany information graphics based on (1) a representation of the structure of the graphical presentation (2) a framework for identifying the perceptual complexity of graphical elements and (3) the structure of the data expressed in the graphic We describe an implemented system and illustrate how it is used to generate explanatory captions for a range of graphics from a data set about real estate transactions in Pittsburgh.
The evolution of ROSE: an engineering object-oriented database system

ROSE, an object-oriented database system for engineering applications, has recently been reengineered as part of the DARPA Initiative in Concurrent Engineering (DICE). The lessons learned from the first version of the system and the reasons for redesigning it are discussed. A detailed example illustrating how engineering applications tightly integrated with a ROSE database are built is presented. The role of the ROSE system in the DICE project and future plans for the system are discussed. >
The Impact of Trying Electronic Cigarettes on Cigarette Smoking by College Students: A Prospective Analysis

Objectives. We assessed the impact of trying electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) on future cigarette smoking in a sample of smokers enrolled in college.Methods. In this longitudinal study, first-semester college students at 7 colleges in North Carolina and 4 in Virginia completed a baseline survey and 5 follow-up surveys between fall 2010 and fall 2013. Current cigarette smoking at wave 6 was the primary outcome. Participants (n = 271) reported current cigarette smoking at baseline and no history of e-cigarette use. We measured trying e-cigarettes at each wave, defined as use in the past 6 months.Results. By wave 5, 43.5% had tried e-cigarettes. Even after controlling for other variables associated with cigarette smoking, trying e-cigarettes was a significant predictor of cigarette smoking at wave 6 (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.48; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.32, 4.66), as were friends’ cigarette smoking (AOR = 4.20; 95% CI = 2.22, 7.96) and lifetime use of other tobacco products (AOR = 1.63; 95% ...
Presence of Respiratory Viruses in Middle Ear Fluids and Nasal Wash Specimens From Children With Acute Otitis Media

During a 28-month period, 84 children with acute otitis media were studied by viral and bacterial cultures of middle ear fluid and viral cultures of nasal lavage fluid. Viruses were isolated from the middle ear fluid of 17 (20%) patients. Evidence of viral infection was demonstrated by positive viral cultures of middle ear fluid and/or nasal lavage fluid in 33 (39%) patients. Rhinovirus in one patient and influenza b virus in another were the only pathogens isolated. Influenza virus, enterovirus, and rhinovirus were the most common viruses found in middle ear fluids. Parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus were found less often. In 82% of cases, the virus isolated from middle ear fluid was also isolated from nasal lavage fluid, but only 44% of viruses found in nasal lavage fluid were also found in middle ear fluid. Mixed bacterial and combined viral-bacterial infections were common. Only 15% of patients had no pathogen isolated from middle ear fluids. Using tissue culture techniques, we demonstrated that enterovirus and rhinovirus are also common middle ear pathogens. Our data reemphasize the significance of viruses as etiologic agents of acute otitis media and propose several questions regarding the viral-bacterial interactions and the types of viruses involved in the pathogenesis of the disease.
4,17α-Dimethyl-4-aza-5α-androstan-17β-ol Acetate and Related Azasteroids

4,17α-Dimethyl-4-aza-5-androsten-17β-ol-3-one, 4,17α-dimethyl-4-aza-5α-androstan-17β-ol-3-one, 4,17α-dimethyl-4-aza-5α-androstan-17β-ol, and their corresponding acetate esters were synthesized and compared for antimicrobial activity. 4,17α-Dimethyl-4-aza-5α-androstan-17β-ol acetate exhibited significant activity.
Properties of R-plasmid pEB017, which confers both enhanced UV-radiation resistance and mutability to wild-type, recA and umuC strains of Escherichia coli K12

Abstract The R-plasmid, pEB017, restored recombination ability to recA56 and conferred enhanced resistance to UV-radiation and enhanced UV-radiation mutability to wild-type, recA56 and umuC36 strains of Escherichia coli K12. Comparatively, pEB017 enhanced UV-radiation mutability in a umuC strain, and also enhanced UV-radiation and nitrofuran mutability in a wild-type strain several-fold more than did another R-plasmid, pKM101. Plasmid pEB017 also mediated about a 3-fold enhancement of the SOS induction of s-galactosidase synthesis in a recA strain, compared with the normal recA+ gene of E. coli. A BamHI fragment of pEB017 DNA was cloned into plasmid vector pBR322 to yield pEB021. The BamHI fragment in pEB021 (3.5 kb) is about 170 bp longer between the BamHI and PstI sites on the left end of the recA-like fragment, compared with published data on a similarly cloned recA gene from E. coli. Plasmid pEB021 conferred enhanced resistance to UV-radiation and enhanced UV-radiation mutability in wild-type and recA strains, and restored recombination ability in a recA strain. The introduction of pEB021 into a umuC strain made the cells slightly more resistant to killing by UV-irradiation, and promoted a small amount of UV-mutability in an otherwise nonmutable strain. These results suggest that R-plasmid pEB017 has a recA-like gene that mediates the enhanced resistance to UV-radiation and enhanced UV-radiation mutability, but which seems different in several important aspects from the normal recA gene in E. coli.
Tolerability profile on continuous intravenous midazolam in critical care patients

This review summarizes the tolerability profile of midazolam administered as a continuous intravenous (IV) infusion to patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) who are receiving mechanical ventilation. Midazolam is a short-acting benzodiazepine indicated for intramuscular administration for preoperative sedation; for IV administration for conscious sedation prior to short diagnostic, therapeutic, or endoscopic procedures; and for IV administration for induction of general anesthesia. The drug can also be used for short surgical procedures as a component of IV supplementation. Because of its favorable properties (short half-life, ease of titration of infusion, and favorable tolerability profile), midazolam is used as a sedative agent for critically ill patients requiring mechanical ventilatory support. No clinically significant differences with respect to laboratory, hemodynamic, respiratory, neurologic, or monitoring variables have been reported between continuous IV midazolam and propofol, lorazepam, or diazepam. No adverse events were reported in association with the administration of midazolam by continuous infusion other than those previously identified in the short-term use of midazolam. Mortality rates for midazolam were no greater than those previously reported for critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation. The tolerability profile indicates that the continuous IV infusion of midazolam in critically ill patients who require mechanical ventilation in the ICU will not result in any significant clinical problems.
PEM fuel cell electrocatalyst durability measurements

Abstract Electrode material durability is an important factor in limiting the commercialization of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). PEMFCs typically use carbon supported nanometer sized Pt and/or Pt alloy catalysts for both anode and cathode. Electrocatalyst surface area loss is due to the growth of platinum particles. Particle size growth is accelerated by potential cycling whether due to artificial potential cycling or by cycling during fuel cell operation. Catalysts were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine the degree of electrocatalyst sintering. Cathode Pt particle size growth is a function of temperature, test length and potential. The largest increase in cathode Pt particle size was observed during potential cycling experiments and increased with increasing potential. During single cell durability testing, the cathode catalyst particle size grew from about 1.9 to 3.5 nm during the drive cycle experiments over 1200 h of testing. This extent of growth was greater than that observed during steady-state testing, where the particles grew to 2.6 nm at 900 h and 3.1 nm over 3500 h. During cycling measurements, catalyst coarsening rates exhibited a linear increase with temperature. Low relative humidity decreased platinum particle growth, but substantially increased carbon loss. Carbon corrosion of the electrode catalyst layer was found to increase with increasing potential and decreasing humidity.
Some Factors Affecting the Hill Reaction Activity in Cotton Chloroplasts

A method of plant culture was developed for growing large leaves of glandless cotton on single stems. Chloroplasts isolated from these leaves actively reduced ferricyanide when assayed for the Hill reaction. Hill reaction activity increased 133% when the 0.5 m sucrose isolation medium was replaced with 10% (w/v) polyethylene glycol, both buffered at pH 7.6. The presence of 2 or 5% (w/v) bovine serum albumin in the sucrose buffer did not increase Hill activity. Ferricyanide reduction in the dark occurred in all assays, and the possibility of gossypol as the reductant is discussed. Half-life of the chloroplasts stored in 10% glycerol at −23 C was 23 days. The ammonium ion at 0.01 m enhanced Hill reaction activity up to 171%. Leaves containing chloroplasts with the highest Hill reaction activity were found near the 8th node below the apex. Leaf water potentials less than −28 bars reduced the activity about 50%. Daylight conditions during the winter months in the greenhouse reduced the activity about 30%.
A simple method for calculating the statistical power for detecting a QTL located in a marker interval

We developed a simple method for calculating the statistical power for detecting a QTL located in an interval flanked by two markers. The statistical method for QTL detection is assumed to be the Haley and Knott's simple regression method of interval mapping. This method allows us to answer one of the fundamental questions in designing a QTL mapping experiment: What is the minimum marker density required to detect a QTL explaining a certain heritable proportion of the phenotypic variance (denoted by h2) with a power γ under a Type I error α in an F2 or other mating designs with a sample size n? Computing the statistical power only requires the ability to evaluate a non-central F-distribution function and the inverse function of this distribution.
Grand Challenges in Oncology

Since the declaration of war against cancer in the National Cancer Act of 1971 by then U.S. President Richard Nixon, great progress has been made in several areas, but it is clear that cancer is a more complex disease than what we had anticipated. Despite the high cure rates achieved in some hematological malignancies and pediatric tumors, progress in the most common adult solid tumors has been slower and less impressive. However, there are important improvements in the understanding of the causation of cancer and the molecular mechanisms by which cancer develops and disseminates, which have allowed a better understanding of the biology and the definition of new treatment strategies. The understanding of these basic mechanisms has allowed the development of a number of more targeted anticancer agents that are exquisitely active in patients whose tumors have specific genetic abnormalities.
Blind recovery of biochemical markers of brain cancer in MRSI

We present an algorithm for blindly recovering constituent source spectra from magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) of human brain. The algorithm is based on the non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) algorithm, extending it to include a constraint on the positivity of the amplitudes of the recovered spectra and mixing matrices. This positivity constraint enables recovery of physically meaningful spectra even in the presence of noise that causes a significant number of the observation amplitudes to be negative. The algorithm, which we call constrained non-negative matrix factorization (cNMF), does not enforce independence or sparsity, though it recovers sparse sources quite well. It can be viewed as a maximum likelihood approach for finding basis vectors in a bounded subspace. In this case the optimal basis vectors are the ones that envelope the observed data with a minimum deviation from the boundaries. We incorporate the cNMF algorithm into a hierarchical decomposition framework, showing that it can be used to recover tissue-specific spectra, e.g., spectra indicative of malignant tumor. We demonstrate the hierarchical procedure on 1 H long echo time (TE) brain absorption spectra and conclude that the computational efficiency of the cNMF algorithm makes it well-suited for use in diagnostic work-up.
Sampling Conformational Intermediates with Dynamic Important Sampling

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a wide spread health concern and causes approximately 35,000 new infections in the U.S. each year. Though there are treatments available, they cause many side effects and are not completely effective for all genotypes. HCV contains a positive sense single-stranded RNA genome and replicates with the aid of RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). This polymerase is known to have at least two different conformations: open and closed. Our goal is to understand how this transition occurs in order to better understand how the enzyme is able to replicate RNA. To accomplish this goal we employ the Dynamic Importance Sampling Algorithm (DIMS). DIMS is a pathway finding algorithm that gives information about the intermediate states between defined starting and ending points. In our case of study this starting and ending points are the coordinates of the open and closed conformations taken from the 1YV2 and 1YUY structures (Biswall, B. K., Cherney, M.M., J. Biol. Chem. 280, 18, 18202-18210) DIMS allows us to sample the conformations of intermediates between the open and closed conformations to illuminate, at the molecular level. how this transition takes place, what motions facilitate the transition and what role conformational changes play in the function of the enzyme.
Pressure Measurements on a Mach 5 Sabot During Discard

An experimental program has been conducted in a Mach 5 airflow to obtain surface pressures in the scoop and on the underside of a sabot at different stages of the discard process. The data are needed to validate computer codes used for predicting the trajectory of the sabot during discard and to aid in the design of minimum-interference sabots. Because of wind-tunnel size constraints, the tests were carried out using a model with one sabot petal. The remaining sabot petals were modeled by using splitter plates as symmetry planes. Assessment of the data indicates that the complex flow structure between the sabot and projectile is simulated using this approach. Because of the complex shock-shock and shock-boundary-layer interactions, the pressure distributions on the sabot underside have very distinctive shapes with large maxima; if a code can locate these maxima and predict their magnitudes reasonably well, then the integrated forces and moments (which determine the sabot trajectory) should be modeled reasonably accurately. The current data should prove useful in that regard.
Wood species affects laboratory colonization rates of Chlorociboria sp.

Abstract This research attempted to determine conditions and wood species required to maximize xylindein production from a Chlorociboria sp. under laboratory conditions for use in induced spalting. A pure culture of a Chlorociboria species was isolated from fruiting bodies and grown on 2% malt extract agar. The colonies reached a maximum diameter of 18 mm in four weeks, although the blue-green xylindein pigment continued to diffuse through the culture media for at least eight months. In vermiculite jar tests, this Chlorociboria isolate colonized Populus tremuloides more heavily than Acer saccharum or Betula alleghaniensis , and did not colonize Tilia americana at all. Pre-inoculation of test blocks with white rot fungi did not significantly affect xylindein production, regardless of wood species.
Racial Stereotypes: Measurement Variables and the Stereotype-Attitude Relationship

The widely used paradigm developed by Katz and Braly (1933) for the assessment of “stereotypes” has been criticized because of the ambiguity of the subject's task. In the present study, 2 alternate sets of instructions were used, attempting to make the subject's task more clearcut. Traits attributed to each of 5 ethnic groups were virtually identical to those given under the instructional format usually utilized in such studies. When subjects were asked to list the trait-attributions most commonly made by “others” in our society to each of the ethnic groups, responses concerning Negroes were considerably different from subjects' own attributions to Negroes. This own-others difference was not evident for the other 4 ethnic groups rated. Racial attitude was significantly related to attribution for 5 of the 17 traits attributed to blacks by over 10% of the subjects, when subjects were giving their own views. The degree to which a subject's attributions to Negroes agreed with those of the sample as a whole was not related to his racial attitude. However, the degree to which a subject's attributions to Negroes agreed with those seen as most commonly attributed by “others” in our society was positively related to racial prejudice. The implications of these findings for common conceptualizations of stereotype are discussed.
Local physeal widening on MR imaging: an incidental finding suggesting prior metaphyseal insult

Objective. To offer a descriptive review which characterizes and evaluates the significance of local physeal widening, (cartilaginous signal extending from the physis into the adjacent metaphysis), identified on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Materials and methods. MR images (recollected from exams performed between 1988 and 1995) of 31 metaphyses in 22 children where we recognized local physeal widening were examined retrospectively. These areas of physeal widening were evaluated for morphology, depth, location, signal intensity, and the coexistence of epiphyseal alterations. The characteristics of the signal abnormalities were correlated with the duration and type of any identifiable insult to the adjacent metaphysis, and with the development of growth disturbance. Results. Twenty-six metaphyses had identifiable insults (19 single event and 7 sustained or repetitive). The widened physes were of focal tongue (n = 15), broad band (n = 10), or mixed (n = 6) morphology. Most (n = 27) areas of widening were isointense with the physeal cartilage on all sequences. Subsequent growth disturbance was more likely when the metaphyseal insult was a single event rather than sustained or repetitive (P = 0.023), with focal tongues (P = 0.029), and with centrally located lesions (P = 0.030). In five cases, the adjacent epiphysis showed signal abnormalities; all developed growth disturbance. Histologic examinations available in two limbs confirmed that the MR findings represented extensions of hypertrophic physeal chondrocytes into the metaphysis. Conclusion. Incidentally observed local physeal widening in a growing bone may represent the imprint of a previous or ongoing interference with endochondral ossification from a prior metaphyseal insult, rather than a primary metaphyseal disorder. Single event insults, physeal widening of focal tongue morphology, central distribution in the metaphysis, and concomitant epiphyseal signal abnormalities on MR imaging are significant predictors of subsequent growth disturbance.
Clinical outcome and survival time in a cohort of HIV-infected children with atypical mycobacterial infection. ♦ 697

Clinical outcome and survival time in a cohort of HIV-infected children with atypical mycobacterial infection. ♦ 697
Microtubule‐Templated Biomimetic Mineralization of Lepidocrocite

Protein microtubules (MTs) 25 nm in diameter and tens of micrometers long have been used as templates for the biomimetic mineralization of FeOOH. Exposure of MTs to anaerobic aqueous solutions of Fe{sup 2+} buffered to neutral pH followed by aerial oxidation leads to the formation of iron oxide coated MTs. The iron oxide layer was found to grow via a two-step process: initially formed 10-30 nm thick coatings were found to be amorphous in structure and comprised of several iron-containing species. Further growth resulted in MTs coated with highly crystalline layers of lepidocrocite with a controllable thickness of up to 125 nm. On the micrometer size scale, these coated MTs were observed to form large, irregular bundles containing hundreds of individually coated MTs. Iron oxide grew selectively on the MT surface, a result of the highly charged MT surface that provided an interface favorable for iron oxide nucleation. This result illustrates that MTs can be used as scaffolds for the in-situ production of high-aspect-ratio inorganic nanowires.
Incidence of spondylolisthesis in ambulatory cerebral palsy patients.

We prospectively studied 50 consecutive ambulatory cerebral palsy (CP) patients to determine the incidence of isthmic spondylolisthesis. In addition, we examined the relationship of hip flexion contractures to development of spondylolisthesis and low back pain. Three patients who had undergone previous spine operation were eliminated from the study group. Of the remaining 47 patients, one patient (2%) demonstrated an asymptomatic grade I spondylolisthesis. Another patient (2%) demonstrated spondylolysis without spondylolisthesis. Only six patients reported occasional low back pain
Endothelin in Health and Disease: Endothelin Receptor Antagonists in the Management of Pulmonary Artery Hypertension

Endothelin (ET) has been identified as playing a fundamental role in many disease processes. Therapeutic efforts at interrupting ET's pathologic effects have focused on endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs), of which two, bosentan and sitaxsentan, have been evaluated for the treatment of both primary and secondary pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). We discuss the multiple actions of ET, its role in various disease states, and the effects of ET receptor stimulation and blockade. Current classification and management of PAH are reviewed, along with the promise of greatly improved treatment generated by recent and ongoing clinical trials using ERAs.
Pulp test response of the maxillary anterior teeth in cleft palate patients

The relative pulpal responsiveness of the six maxillary incisors to electrical and cold thermal stimuli was tested in patients with complete unilateral and bilateral clefts. The six maxillary anterior teeth were tested at random to electrical stimuli. After a 5-minute interval, the same teeth were tested at random to cold stimuli with an ice pencil. Unilateral and bilateral cleft palate patients had statistically significant higher mean electrical pulp test thresholds for the maxillary anterior teeth than the noncleft palate patients. No statistically significant difference between unilateral and bilateral cleft palate patients was found in electric pulp test responses of the maxillary anterior teeth. No statistically differences in electric pulp test responses and cold test responses of the maxillary anterior teeth in both cleft palate and noncleft palate individuals based on differences in sex were observed. No statistically significant difference in cold test responses were observed between cleft palate and noncleft palate patients. Cleft palate patients who completed orthodontic treatment within 1 year of testing showed elevated mean electrical pulp test thresholds as did noncleft palate patients who received orthodontic treatment within 1 year of testing.
Bending Theory for Fiber-Reinforced Beams:

The Saint-Venant theory of beams cannot account for constraints against cross- sectional warping, and for this reason it gives results that are inaccurate near fixed ends and at points where the warping changes abruptly, as under concentrated side loads. In highly anisotropic materials such as fiber-reinforced composites, the cumulative effect of such inaccuracies may be significant in some circumstances.In the present paper we present an approximate theory of the bending of cross-ply fiber-reinforced composites that is simpler than the exact theory of elasticity but is capable of accommodating any given displacement boundary conditions and arbi trarily varying side loads. As an illustration, the theory is applied to the problem of a tip-loaded cantilever with a fixed end. In this problem the theoretical results agree with elementary beam theory (with a particular choice of the shear correction factor) except in a relatively long end-effect region near the clamped end.To test the theory, cantilever specim...
Linked provenance data: A semantic Web-based approach to interoperable workflow traces

The Third Provenance Challenge (PC3) offered an opportunity for provenance researchers to evaluate the interoperability of leading provenance models with special emphasis on importing and querying workflow traces generated by others. We investigated interoperability issues related to reusing Open Provenance Model (OPM)-based workflow traces. We compiled data about interoperability issues that were observed during PC3 and use that data to help describe and motivate solution paths for two outstanding interoperability issues in OPM-based provenance data reuse: (i) a provenance trace often requires both generic provenance data and domain-specific data to support future reuse (such as querying); (ii) diverse provenance traces (possibly from different sources) often require preservation and interconnection to support future aggregation and comparison. In order to address these issues and to facilitate interoperable reuse, integration, and alignment of provenance data, we propose a Semantic Web-based approach known as Linked Provenance Data, where: (i) the Web Ontology Language (OWL) can be used to support complex domain concept modeling, such as subtype taxonomy and concept alignment, and seamlessly connect domain extensions to OPM core concepts; (ii) Linked Data can enable open and transparent infrastructure for provenance data reuse.
Morphology dependent short circuit current in bulk heterojunction solar cell

Polymer based bulk heterostructure (BH) solar cell offers a relatively inexpensive option for the future solar cell technology, provided its efficiency increases beyond the current limit of 4–6%. In this paper we propose a novel theoretical/computational process/device simulation model of organic solar cell and thereby quantitatively and explicitly relate (possibly for the first time) the process conditions to the solar cell performance. We find that the maximum limit of short-circuit current (J SC ) follows a simple power law with the anneal time (J SC α t a −n) for t a ≥ t a,opt , and we determine the optimum anneal time (t a,opt ) considering exciton dissociation (t hj ) and percolating pathway formation for charge carriers (t prc ). Our results anticipate experimentally observed trends and have obvious and significant implications for the determination of performance limit and the optimization of the BH solar cell.
Biodegradation of UV-irradiated polychlorinated biphenyls in surfactant micelles

Potential enhancement of biodegradability of commercial polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) mediated by photodechlorination was investigated. Used in tandem, photolysis and biodegradation of Aroclor 1242 (MW≈260), a commercial PCB mixture, dissolved in micellar solution of a nonionic surfactant, polyoxyethylene 10 lauryl ether (POL(10)), was studied. A mixed population of two genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs), Pseudomonas putida IPL5∷TnPCB and Ralstonia eutropha B30P4∷TnPCB, was used for the aerobic biodegradation of POL (10) while cometabolizing Aroclor 1242. UV-irradiation at 254 nm for 40 minutes caused 63% degradation of Aroclor 1242 in a solution containing 210 mg/L of PCB congeners in 4 g/L POL(10). In the same period, 42% of the PCB chlorine appeared as chloride in solution. Gas chromatograms of UV-irradiated Aroclor 1242 solutions indicated that almost all biorecalcitrant PCB congeners, especially the highly chlorinated ones, were photolyzed. PCB GEMs removed an additional 30 mg/L (14.3%) of the PCBs in 96 hr from the UV-irradiated micellar PCB solution. Seemingly, the products of photolysis did not inhibit biodegradation of the remaining congeners or the surfactant.
Caspase-mediated cleavage of actin-binding and SH3-domain-containing proteins cortactin, HS1, and HIP-55 during apoptosis.

Abstract Reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton occurs during apoptosis. We found that actin-binding and Src homology 3 (SH3)-domain-containing proteins cortactin, hematopoietic-specific protein 1 (HS1), and hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1-interacting protein of 55 kDa (HIP-55, also called SH3P7 and Abp1) were degraded in a caspase-dependent manner during apoptosis. Cortactin, HS1, and HIP-55 were direct substrates of caspase 3. Cortactin and HS1 have two clusters of potential caspase cleavage sites; one is in their actin-binding domains, and the other is close to their carboxy-terminal SH3 domains. HIP-55 has one caspase recognition site, EHID 361 . The HIP-55 (D361A) mutant was resistant to caspase cleavage. Cleavage of HIP-55 by caspases dissociated its actin-binding domain from its SH3 domain. The cleavage of these actin-binding and SH3 domain-containing proteins may affect cell signaling to and from the actin cytoskeleton and may be involved in the morphological change of cells during apoptosis.
Combined continuous monitoring of systemic and cerebral oxygenation in acute brain injury : preliminary observations

Objective To continuously evaluate the relationship between global systemic and cerebral oxygenation during temporary profound hypocapnia, which was attempted for prompt management of posttraumatic intracranial hypertension. Design Prospective, intervention study. Setting Neuroscience intensive care unit of a university hospital. Patients Young adults (n = 21) with acute brain trauma, undergoing routine monitoring of jugular bulb and pulmonary artery oxyhemoglobin saturations, along with other monitoring. Measurements and Main Results In 102multivariate observations carried out on days 2 and 3 posttrauma, two new physiologic variables were assessed. These variables, systemic-cerebral oxygenation index and the systemic-cerebral ventilatory index, were evaluated in terms of baseline and posthyperventilation changes. Overall, when intracranial pressure was largely increased, this increase was associated with decreased cerebral oxygen extraction (“luxury perfusion”), and high values of systemic-cerebral oxygenation index. In response to transient profound hypocapnia, the cerebral oxygen extraction normalized (increased), as did the systemic-cerebral oxygenation index (decreased), under most circumstances. The systemic-cerebral ventilatory index showed adequate systemic-cerebral response to hypocapnia in 92 (90.2%) observations. In the remaining ten (9.8%) observations, this response was considered inadequate, but it did not result in abnormal systemic or cerebral oxygenation parameters. Conclusions In young adults with severe acute brain trauma who require prompt management of intracranial hypertension, transient profound hypocapnia is effective in lowering the intracranial pressure, as well as in offsetting the cerebral luxury perfusion, while improving or maintaining adequate systemic oxygenation. The systemic-cerebral oxygenation index and the systemic-cerebral ventilatory index are potentially useful, physiologically monitorable variables for the combined assessment of global systemic and cerebral oxygenation in a variety of areas involving physiologic and/or therapeutic approaches. (Crit Care Med 1993; 21:1225–1232)