cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scholarly Strains on Shaky Ground: Caribbeanness and the Campus in Marking Time and Grounds for Tenure

Campus narratives, either written by Caribbean writers or whose setting is the Caribbean, explore issues that go beyond the affairs of the institution. This paper focuses on two particular works of Campus fiction, E.A. Markham’s Marking Time (1999) and Barbara Lalla’s Grounds for Tenure (2017), which – despite being published almost two decades apart – interrogate aspects of the university on their way to raising questions about Caribbean identity in the region and its overseas diaspora. These questions revolve around the frail interpersonal relationships between academics; the rivalries that ensue out of the quest for power; the politics that undermine the duty of the university; and the psychological ruptures that result from pursuing tenureship in an academic rat race. The primary argument made in this paper is that each novel reflects ideological statements about the Caribbean and its diaspora that are both internally as much as externally produced. By incorporating the wider world into the affairs of the campus, the novels demystify the esteemed position of Caribbean institutions when faced with larger, neo-liberal systems at work. Apart from the internal missteps of the university being explored by each novel, there is also the larger exploration of the effects on the institution brought on by the commercialization of higher education. By using satire, both writers dramatise controversy in extreme cases and thereby allow serious consideration of the function of the contemporary Caribbean university. Both novels help us to understand not only educational institutions in crisis, but also different stages of crises that stem from being Caribbean.
Bringing Down the Other Berlin Wall: Germany's Repeal of the Corporate Capital Gains Tax

Faced with pressure from increased global competition and capital mobility, Germany's government made a surprise announcement in December 1999 that it would repeal the longstanding capital gains tax on sales of corporate crossholdings. The repeal was hailed as a revolutionary step toward breaking up Germany's complex web of cross-ownership. When the changes become effective in 2002, Germany will move from having one of the most punitive taxes on corporate capital gains to having the smallest among major industrial countries. This paper uses Germany as a natural experiment to provide evidence on the extent to which taxes present a barrier to the efficient acquisition and divestiture of stakes in other firms. In particular, we examine the stock market response by German firms to the announcement that capital gains taxes on intercompany holdings would be eliminated. We find a positive association between a firm's abnormal stock returns and the extent of its crossholdings, consistent with taxes acting as a barrier to efficient allocation of ownership and investment. However, the reaction is limited to the largest banks and insurers and their extensive minority holdings in industrial firms, suggesting that taxes are not the binding constraint preventing most firms from divesting their crossholdings.
The Extended Mind Rehabilitates The Metaphysical Hegel

The nonmetaphysical interpretation of Hegel's philosophy asserts that the metaphysical reading is not credible and so his philosophy must be rationally reconstructed so as to elide its metaphysical aspects. This article shows that the thesis of the extended mind approaches the metaphysical reading, thereby undermining denials of its credibility and providing the resources to articulate and defend the metaphysical reading of Hegel's philosophy. This fully rehabilitates the metaphysical Hegel. The article does not argue for the truth of the metaphysical Hegel's claims. Rather, it defends the correctness of reading his philosophy as metaphysical.
Hindsight Bias: A Primer for Motivational Researchers

Thirty-five years since the publication of Fischhoff’s (1975) seminal article, we continue to be fascinated by the hindsight bias. Like a well-developed character in a novel, the bias has something for everyone. Its basic tenet ‐ that things seem less surprising in hindsight than they should ‐ is instantly recognizable as a common human flaw. It is robust, often difficult to reduce, and appeals to researchers with a wide range of interests including history, business, law, medicine, and of course, psychology. This interest stems from the belief that failure to be surprised by an event prevents us from learning from it, and will likely cause us to judge others unfairly for not having been able to foresee it. But just how bad is it? Although guided by a cold cognitive mechanism that ‘creeps up’ on us, hindsight bias is complex, seemingly strengthened, and yet also reduced by self-serving motives. In this article, I introduce the reader to the basic designs used to study the bias, key cognitive and motivational mechanisms, the major controversies, and some unstudied questions that I hope will guide future research.
"CARPE DIEM (OR THE HOUR OR MINUTE) AND WRETCHED EXCESS": SOME CONCEPTUAL NOTES ON TEMPORAL OPPORTUNITY STRUCTURE, DEVIANCE COMPRESSION, AND BINGEING BEHAVIOR

This paper examines the bingeing process and posits three conceptual paradigms that articulate various elements, dynamics, distinctions and nuance attendant to the bingeing process: the potentiality of temporal opportunity structure, the intention of deviance compression, and the operationalization of this intention through three types of bingeing behavior. The three types of bingeing behaviors offered are: the relief, addictive, and occasional binge.
8-Azidoflavins as Photoaffinity Labels for Flavoproteins

8-Azidoflavins have been synthesized and their potential as photoaffinity labels for flavoproteins has been explored. They are very photolabile, and in aqueous media they react with solvent to yield 8-aminoflavins and 8-hydroxlaminoflavins as the main products. They fulfill the criteria expected of a good photoaffinity label, since they bind stoichiometrically at the flavin-binding site of flavoproteins, thus minimizing problems of nonspecific labeling. Second, they absorb strongly in the visible, so that the reactive nitrene can be generated without short wavelength light, minimizing the possibility of light-induced damage of the protein. Third, in the absence of light, 8-N3-flavins are stable, permitting a study of their binding to apoproteins. 8-Azidoflavins have been bound to hen egg white riboflavin-binding protein, Megasphera elsdenii flavodoxin, yeast Old Yellow Enzyme, Aspergillus niger, glucose oxidase, and pig kidney D-amino acid oxidase, and the effect of exposure to visible light has been determined. Only small extents of covalent attachment of the flavin to the protein were found with flavodoxin, D-amino acid oxidase, and Old Yellow Enzyme; much more extensive labeling was obtained with glucose oxidase and riboflavin-binding protein. In addition to their photoreactivity, 8-azidoflavins have been found to be converted to 8-aminoflavins by reaction with sulfite or upon reduction. Similar reactions occur with 8-hydroxylamino-, 8-(O-methyl)hydroxylamino-, and 8-hydrazinoflavins, which serve as models for possible flavin-protein covalent linkages which could be formed in the photolabeling procedure. Some of the properties of these flavins, which were obtained by reaction of 8-F-flavin with the corresponding nucleophiles, are also described.
Casting alloys: the materials and "The Clinical Effects".

This manuscript is published as part of the proceedings of the NIH Technology Assessment Conference on Effects and Sideeffects of Dental Restorative Materials, August 26-28,1991, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, and did not undergo the customary journal peer-review process. I t is estimated that 96% of adults in the United States between the ages of 18 and 65 have one or more carious or filled teeth, with an average of almost 10 decayed or filled teeth for each adult (Miller etal, 1987). The best treatment for carious teeth, to prevent loss and restore masticatory function, often involves the use of cast dental restorations. This paper will discuss the chemical compositions of noble and base metal dental alloys and, based on 72-month data from a 10-year clinical study (Morris etal., 1986), will summarize the clinical behavior of alloys with "representative formulations". "Noble" refers to metals with marked resistance to oxidation and chemical reaction. Silver is not considered noble in the context of dental casting alloys. "Precious" refers to an economic value. The American Dental Association has stated that "semi-precious" has no meaning in dentistry because no definition has been agreed on (ADA, 1984). "Base metal" refers to metal elements that are chemically reactive to their environment (Phillips, 1991).
A Legislative Scorecard for the United States Senate: Evaluating Legislative Productivity

THE ORGANIZATION OF THE SENATE 301 The Senate‘s Origins: A Condensed History 301 Organization of the Modern Senate 305 A Note on the Role of Seniority in the Senate 308 THE SENATE SCORECARD: EXAMINING LEGISLATIVE EFFICACY 309 Methodology of Analysis and Limitations of the Captured Data 310 Predictive Factors in Legislative Success 315 Legislative Impact: Findings and Commentary on the 109th Congress 318 Substantive Legislation 318 Summary of Findings with Respect to Resolutions 326 Legislative Impact: Summary of Findings for Combined Bills and Resolutions 329 Legislative Impact: Findings and Commentary on the 110th Congress 331 Substantive Legislation 331 Summary of Findings with Respect to Resolutions 335 Legislative Impact: Summary of Findings for Combined Bills and Resolutions 337 A Tale of Two Senates 338 CONCLUSION 340
Looking at the Social Activity for Adolescents with Orthopedic Impairments

Adolescents with identified orthopedic impairments are often less likely to participate in social activities outside of the school setting. However, the adolescents who are able to participate in activities have higher social skills, more academic successes, and show more satisfaction in their roles as family member or friend. The aim of this study was to look at adolescents with orthopedic impairments and their level of participation in social activities. Also looked at was the adolescent’s report of a higher level of fulfillment in their family or friend role if they participated in social activities. Responses of adolescents from a national school-based survey were used in the study. The results revealed that students with orthopedic impairments were just as happy as their peers when they participated in social activities.
Relationship between tobacco retailers’ point-of-sale marketing and the density of same-sex couples, 97 U.S. counties, 2012

The reasons for higher rates of smoking among lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people than among heterosexual people are not well known. Research on internal migration and neighborhood selection suggests that LGB people are more likely to live in neighborhoods where the tobacco industry has historically targeted their marketing efforts (lower income, more racial/ethnic diversity). We used multi-level models to assess the relationship between the rate of same-sex couples per 1000 coupled households and 2012 marketing characteristics of tobacco retailers (n = 2231) in 1696 census tracts in 97 U.S. counties. We found no evidence of tobacco marketing at retailers differing by same-sex couple rates in census tracts with the exception of three findings in the opposite direction of our hypotheses: a small, significant positive relationship for the rate of same-sex male couples and the price of Newport Green (mentholated) cigarettes. For male and female same-sex couples, we also found a small negative relationship between tobacco advertisements and same-sex household rate. Tobacco retailers’ tobacco marketing characteristics do not differ substantially by the rate of same-sex couples in their neighborhood in ways that would promote LGB health disparities. Further work is needed to determine if these patterns are similar for non-partnered LGB people.
Enhanced cerebral bioenergetics with dietary ketosis in Mild Cognitive Impairment

BACKGROUND: Metabolic disturbance is associated with risk for neurodegeneration, and cerebral glucose hypometabolism is prominent in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Ketone metabolism can compensate for glucose hypometabolism and confers other benefits pertinent to neurodegeneration, among them reduction of oxidative stress and AD pathological factors, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic intervention. In a prior controlled trial, we showed that six weeks’ carbohydrate restriction induced ketogenesis and produced improvements in metabolic parameters and memory performance in older adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Those benefits were attributed to the correction of hyperinsulinemia and to the presumed enhancement of cerebral bioenergetic function associated with ketone metabolism. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of dietary ketosis on cerebral metabolites in older adults with MCI. METHODS: We enrolled a sample of five MCI participants in a ketogenic dietary regimen and performed pre- and postintervention proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to investigate changes in neurochemical metabolites. We also assessed cognitive function and metabolic and anthropometric factors. RESULTS: We observed a significant increase in myo-inositol (p = 0.02) and trends for increases in N-acetyl-aspartate (p = 0.09) and creatine + phosphocreatine (p = 0.11) after six weeks on the ketogenic regimen. Working memory (p = 0.01) and long-term memory (p = 0.07) performances also improved. CONCLUSIONS: This study offers novel, preliminary evidence of cerebral bioenergetic enhancement with mild dietary ketosis in aging humans. Further investigation in controlled trials is warranted to assess the preventive and treatment implications of this intervention for age-related memory decline and dementia.
Visual categorization with random projection

Humans learn categories of complex objects quickly and from a few examples. Random projection has been suggested as a means to learn and categorize efficiently. We investigate how random projection affects categorization by humans and by very simple neural networks on the same stimuli and categorization tasks, and how this relates to the robustness of categories. We find that 1 drastic reduction in stimulus complexity via random projection does not degrade performance in categorization tasks by either humans or simple neural networks, 2 human accuracy and neural network accuracy are remarkably correlated, even at the level of individual stimuli, and 3 the performance of both is strongly indicated by a natural notion of category robustness.
Physiology of murine B lymphocytes. II. Life-spans of mitogen and thymus-independent antigen (type 2) reactive B lymphocytes from aged mice.

Abstract We showed earlier that life spans of murine B lymphocytes could be estimated by measuring the functional reactivities of normal B cells upon transfer into x-linked immunodeficient (xid) mice, which do not respond to anti-mouse IgM (anti-μ) antibodies and thymic-independent type -2 (TI-2) antigens. Here the same approach was adopted, to evaluate the life spans of B-lymphocytes from aged mice. Spleen cells from normal young and aged mice were transferred into young or aged xid recipients and the decay kinetics were followed by measuring the proliferative response to anti-μ and PFC response to TNP-Ficoll, a prototype TI-2 antigen. The results indicated that anti-μ reactive B cells of both young and aged mice decayed with similar non-linear kinetics. About 50% of the donor cells decayed in 8–10 days, whereas, the remaining decayed at a slower rate and it appeared that the median life-expectancy of this latter population could be at least 3 weeks. Essentially, there was no apparent difference in the decay kinetics of anti-μ reactive B cells of young and aged mice. Unlike anti-μ reactive cells, TNP-Ficoll reactive B cells showed 2–3-fold enhancement in the PFC response during the first 2 weeks, and persisted at least until 5 weeks post transfer. This result indicated that TNP-Ficoll reactive B cells are long-lived. Further, it was found that the turn over rate of TNP-Ficoll reactive B
Precise mass measurement of a double-stranded 500 base-pair (309 kDa) polymerase chain reaction product by negative ion electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry.

Electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI-FTICRMS) has been used to determine the mass of a double-stranded 500 base-pair (bp) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product with an average theoretical mass of the blunt-ended (i.e. unadenylated) species of 308 859.35 Da. The PCR product was generated from the linearized bacteriophage Lambda genome which is a double-stranded template. Utilization of ethanol precipitation in tandem with a rapid microdialysis step to purify and desalt the PCR product was crucial to obtain a precise mass measurement. The PCR product (0.8 pmol/µL) was electrosprayed from a solution containing 75% acetonitrile, 25 mM piperidine, and 25 mM imidazole and was infused at a rate of 200 nL/min. The average molecular mass and the corresponding precision were determined using the charge-states ranging from 172 to 235 net negative charges. The experimental mass and corresponding precision (reported as the 95% confidence interval of the mean) was 309 406 +/- 27 Da (87 ppm). The mass accuracy was compromised due to the fact that the PCR generates multiple products when using Taq polymerase due to the non-template directed 3'-adenylation. This results in a mixture of three PCR products with nearly identical mass (i.e. blunt-ended, mono-adenylated and di-adenylated) with unknown relative abundances that were not resolved in the spectrum. Thus, the experimental mass will be a weighted average of the three species which, under our experimental conditions, reflects a nearly equal concentration of the mono- and di-adenylated species. This report demonstrates that precise mass measurements of PCR products up to 309 kDa (500 bp) can be routinely obtained by ESI-FTICR requiring low femtomole amounts. Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long range interactions and the spin glass temperature of metallic alloys

Abstract Recent experimental studies and theoretical developments have made it possible for us to calculate the spin glass temperature of spin glass alloys from single-ion parameters. Preasymptotic corrections to the 1/R3 RKKY interaction are necessary to obtain the correct spin interaction constant V0, and to estimate Tg. Our calculations consider only the long range interactions between spins; short range interactions do not seem to play a role in determining Tg.
Microelectronic systems engineering

Several general requirements for microelectronic systems are most likely to influence the nature of the future product of the components engineer. These requirements are grouped under three main headings: power dissipation, topology, and reliability.
Criticism of communication theory and research: A critical celebration

This essay examines the need for giving criticism a more substantial role in communication theory and research. It further examines the structures through which such an expanded role can be most effectively developed. Finally, the essay outlines the principles and practices that can contribute to the cultivation of a critical attitude of the type necessary for criticism to play not only an expanded role but a consequential one.
Optical probing of ultrasonic pulses

Abstract A description is given of an experimental set-up with which the predictions of a recently developed theory of light diffraction by pulsed ultrasonic waves was verified. The apparatus uses a long optical path which makes it possible to resolve diffraction orders produced by low MHz centre frequency pulses with repetition frequencies as low as 40 kHz. An empirical model of the transducer frequency response to continuous waves was established using light diffraction. The model was then used to predict the Fourier spectrum of an ultrasonic pulse in the liquid whose centre and repetition frequencies and pulse duration were known. The pulse frequency spectrum was used as input for the diffraction model to predict the shape of light diffraction patterns. The pulse modelling technique provides better agreement between measured and predicted light diffraction patterns.
CorrectDB: SQL engine with practical query authentication

Clients of outsourced databases need Query Authentication (QA) guaranteeing the integrity (correctness and completeness), and authenticity of the query results returned by potentially compromised providers.Existing results provide QA assurances for a limited class of queries by deploying several software cryptographic constructs. Here, we show that, to achieve QA, however, it is significantly cheaper and more practical to deploy server-hosted, tamper-proof co-processors, despite their higher acquisition costs. Further, this provides the ability to handle arbitrary queries.To reach this insight, we extensively survey existing QA work and identify interdependencies and efficiency relationships. We then introduce CorrectDB, a new DBMS with full QA assurances, leveraging server-hosted, tamper-proof, trusted hardware in close proximity to the outsourced data.
Corporate social investments: Do they pay?

The stock market reaction to two very different corporate social investments (the 1977 Sullivan Principles adoption announcement and the 1990 McDonald's Corporation environmental statement) is explored. A market model event study methodology is employed using daily stock returns. The results are that the stock market appears to have ignored the 1977 announcement, but rewarded the 1990 event. Future research and possible managerial implications are discussed.
THE ACQUISITION AND MAINTENANCE OF LANGUAGE BY MINORITY CHILDREN1

Ninety-eight children whose first language is Hawaii Creole English (HCE) were examined over a period of time for their proficiency in both HCE and English, the medium of instruction in the Hawaii public school system. The hypothesis that the children could acquire English without a formal language program, and that they would maintain their first language was confirmed. For these kindergarten and first-grade children, learning the dominant variety of the language in a bicultural/bidialectal environment did not appear to affect adversely performance in their first language.
Vagal influences on parasternal intercostal muscle inspiratory shortening during hypercapnia and airway occlusion.

To determine whether increases in electromyographic activity (EMG) are necessary for respiratory muscle shortening to occur during airway occlusion, respiratory changes in parasternal intercostal musle length were measured using sonomicrometry in 11 anesthetized dogs during unoccluded (UB) and occluded (OB) breaths both before and after vagotomy. During UB the extent of parasternal intercostal inspiratory shortening was greater after than before vagotomy both during oxygen breathing and during progressive hyperoxic hypercapnia. The relation between parasternal shortening, parasternal EMG, and tidal volume was not substantially affected by vagotomy. During OB parasternal intercostal EMG increased significantly compared to UB when the vagi were intact, but airway occulusion did not significantly change EMG activity post-vagotomy. However, both before and after vagotomy the parasternal intercostal shortened during OB in all animals. Parasternal intercostal inspiratory shortening during OB as a % of that during UB was significantly greater before compared to after vagotomy during oxygen breathing and moderate hypercapnia, but vagal integrity made no significant difference at high CO2. These result suggest that (1) pulmonary stretch receptor afferents inhibit parasternal intercostal inspiratory shortening but in proportion to their inhibitory effects on parasternal intercostal EMG and tidal volume, and (2) even when the EMG stays constant the parasternal intercostal muscle does not contract isometrically during occluded breaths.
Phosphorus reduction through precision feeding of dairy cattle

A study was conducted on 4 dairy farms in the Cannonsville Reservoir Basin (Delaware County, NY) to identify feeding strategies in commercial dairy herds that will reduce manure phosphorus and mass farm phosphorus balance. Lactating cow diets on all 4 farms were evaluated monthly for 28 mo using the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System. Milk production and herd reproductive performance were measured monthly. Manure phosphorus content was measured every 6 mo. Reduced phosphorus diets (precision feeding) were implemented in 2 of the herds. Mean herd phosphorus intakes in the 4 herds ranged from 107 to 165% of requirement. Dietary phosphorus intakes in the 2 herds where diets were modified were reduced from 153% of requirement to 111%, an average reduction of 25%. Predicted phosphorus intakes and manure excretions were reduced 11.8 kg/yr per cow. After dietary adjustments in the 2 herds, fecal phosphorus concentrations decreased 33%. Milk production was not adversely affected by reduced phosphorus diets. Whole farm mass phosphorus balances (amount of phosphorus remaining on the farm) on the 2 farms were reduced 49%, with the percentage of imported phosphorus remaining on the farm reduced to less than 45%. Achieving feed phosphorus reductions similar to those of this study on all of the estimated 7000 to 8000 mature dairy cattle in the Cannonsville Basin could reduce feed phosphorus imports and manure phosphorus excretions more than 64,000 kg/yr. This would slow the rate of phosphorus accumulation in agricultural soils in the Cannonsville Basin, which over time could reduce the 50,000 kg/yr average total phosphorus loading of the Cannonsville Reservoir.
Amino acid transport in embryonic chick bone and rat costal cartilage.

Abstract 1. 1. Concentrative transport of amino acids by embryonic chick pelvic bone has been demonstrated. The transport is: (a) inhibited by ouabain, fluoride, N -ethyl-maleamide, or incubation at 4°; and (b) stimulated by blood serum. 2. 2. Amino acids are also transported by costal cartilage from hypophysectomized rats. 3. 3. Active transport of sulfate, glucose, 3- O -methyl glucose or galactose could not be demonstrated.
Non-equivalent Interactions between Amino-terminal Domains of Neighboring λ Integrase Protomers Direct Holliday Junction Resolution

The bacteriophage λ site-specific recombinase (Int), in contrast to other family members such as Cre and Flp, has an amino-terminal domain that binds “arm-type” DNA sequences different and distant from those involved in strand exchange. This defining feature of the heterobivalent recombinases confers a directionality and regulation that is unique among all recombination pathways. We show that the amino-terminal domain is not a simple “accessory” element, as originally thought, but rather is incorporated into the core of the recombination mechanism, where it is well positioned to exert its profound effects. The results reveal an unexpected pattern of intermolecular interactions between the amino-terminal domain of one protomer and the linker region of its neighbor within the tetrameric Int complex and provide insights into those features distinguishing an “active” from an “inactive” pair of Ints during Holliday junction resolution.
The effect of pre-incubation on trypsin kinetics at low pH

A possible source of discrepancy between kinetic and spectroscopic studies of the active site ionizations in the enzyme trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) could arise if a slow pH-dependent conformational change affected the rates at low pH. No such effect is observed within the time range of 1 min- 3 h when pre-incubation of trypsin at pH 2.0 or at pH 6.9 precedes the enzymatic hydrolysis of Nα-carbobenzoxy-l-lysine-p-nitrophenyl ester. The deacylation rate of this hydrolysis depends on a single pKa on the enzyme between pH 3 and pH 7.
Epithelial adhesion complexes and organ culture of the human cornea

Abstract The effects of extended organ culture of human cornea on the structural integrity, particularly adhesion complexes, of the epithelium were determined. Human corneas were placed in organ culture using an immersion method. The structure of the cornea prior to culture (0 h) and at 7, 14, and 18 days in culture was evaluated by staining with hematoxylin/eosin, and by ultrastructural analysis that included a morphometric study of the type and number of adhesion complexes. Human corneas prepared immediately (0 h) and those in culture after 7 days showed similar structural organization and anatomical features. In contrast to 0 h specimens, the corneal epithelium at 14 days in culture exhibited signs of deterioration, with increases in cellular contraction, extracellular space, electron density of the cytoplasm, nuclear invaginations, and nucleoplasmic opacity, as well as aggregations of junctional complexes between cells. At 18 days in culture, the ocular surface epithelium was markedly reduced in thickness and consisted of no more than 2–3 cell layers; a distinct basal layer was not detected, and the morphology of the suprabasal and basal layers were similar. The basement membrane was disorganized, and anchoring complexes composed of hemidesmosomes were often absent. The number and type of the anchoring complexes associated with the basal epithelium and Bowman’s membrane were comparable until 14 days of age, although the total number of hemidesmosomes per μm of epithelial plasmalemma was subnormal. After 2 weeks in culture, there were 38–72% fewer anchoring complexes and a decrease of 44% in the number of hemidesmosomes/μm of membrane from samples prepared immediately and after 7 days in culture. These results indicate that the structural integrity of human corneal epithelium in organ culture is compromised after 14 days in vitro using an immersion system of tissue culture. Thus, long-term use of cultures to define homeostasis and wound healing of the ocular surface epithelium, which necessitates normal architecture including anchoring complexes between epithelium and Bowman’s membrane, may not be appropriate and requires careful monitoring both qualitatively and quantitatively at the electron microscopic level of resolution.
Lattice Boltzmann model for simulation of magnetohydrodynamics

A numerical method, based on a discrete Boltzmann equation, is presented for solving the equations of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). The algorithm provides advantages similar to the cellular automaton method in that it is local and easily adapted to parallel computing environments. Because of much lower noise levels and less stringent requirements on lattice size, the method appears to be more competitive with traditional solution methods. Examples show that the model accurately reproduces both linear and nonlinear MHD phenomena.
Genes and biological rhythms

Abstract Biological clocks are disturbed by certain mutations in Drosophila and Neurospora . It has recently been possible to isolate the genes defined by certain of these mutations in order to study their expression and the information that they encode. It is hoped that these investigationswill eventually shed light on the fundamental nature of timing mechanisms that exist in eukaryotic cells and nervous systems.
Doctors without borders: Humanitarian quests, impossible dreams of Médecins Sans Frontières

As I write this review, the Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa commands the attention and resources of much of the global health community. And at the front lines of the burgeoning international r...
Longterm Outcomes for Whole and Segmental Liver Grafts in Adult and Pediatric Liver Transplant Recipients: A 10-Year Comparative Analysis of 2,988 Cases

Background Data on longterm outcomes after liver transplantation with partial grafts are limited. We compared 10-year outcomes for liver transplant patients who received whole grafts (WLT), split grafts from deceased donors (SLT), and partial grafts from living donors (LDLT). Study Design We conducted a single-center analysis of 2,988 liver transplantations performed between August 1993 and May 2006 with median followup of 5 years. Graft types included 2,717 whole-liver, 181 split-liver, and 90 living-donor partial livers. Split-liver grafts included 109 left lateral and 72 extended right partial livers. Living-donor grafts included 49 left lateral and 41 right partial livers. Results The 10-year patient survivals for WLT, SLT, and LDLT were 72%, 69%, and 83%, respectively (p=0.11), and those for graft survival were 62%, 55%, and 65%, respectively (p=0.088). There were differences in outcomes between adults and children when compared separately by graft types. In adults, 10-year patient survival was significantly lower for split extended right liver graft compared with adult whole liver and living-donor right liver graft (57% versus 72% versus 75%, respectively, p=0.03). Graft survival for adults was similar for all graft types. Retransplantation, recipient age older than 60 years, donor age older than 45 years, split extended right liver graft, and cold ischemia time>10 hours were predictors of diminished patient survival outcomes. In children, the 10-year patient and graft survivals were similar for all graft types. Conclusions Longterm graft survival rates in both adults and children for segmental grafts from deceased and living donors are comparable with those in whole organ liver transplantation. In adults, patient survival was lower for split compared with whole grafts when used in retransplantations and in critically ill recipients. Split graft-to-recipient matching is crucial for optimal organ allocation and best use of a scarce and precious resource.
Radiothermoluminescence of 4,4′-Dimethyl-benzophenone

THE formation of radiation-induced colour centres in inorganic crystals is a well-known phenomenon1,2; however, such colour centres have been previously reported for only a limited number of simple organic compounds3. Colour formation in irradiated organic crystals probably results either from the unpairing of electron spins to give free radicals or triplet states or by the transfer of an electron into a lattice defect4. The latter would be the more probable explanation for stable colour formation. On heating the irradiated organic crystal to the melting point, emission of light and disappearance of colour would be expected as the electrons become released from lattice defects or free radicals combine.
Analysis of gene expression levels in individual bacterial cells without image segmentation

Studies of stochasticity in gene expression typically make use of fluorescent protein reporters, which permit the measurement of expression levels within individual cells by fluorescence microscopy. Analysis of such microscopy images is almost invariably based on a segmentation algorithm, where the image of a cell or cluster is analyzed mathematically to delineate individual cell boundaries. However segmentation can be ineffective for studying bacterial cells or clusters, especially at lower magnification, where outlines of individual cells are poorly resolved. Here we demonstrate an alternative method for analyzing such images without segmentation. The method employs a comparison between the pixel brightness in phase contrast vs fluorescence microscopy images. By fitting the correlation between phase contrast and fluorescence intensity to a physical model, we obtain well-defined estimates for the different levels of gene expression that are present in the cell or cluster. The method reveals the boundaries of the individual cells, even if the source images lack the resolution to show these boundaries clearly.
Polar bodies—more a lack of understanding than a lack of respect†

Polar bodies are as diverse as the organisms that produce them. Although in many animals these cells often die following meiotic maturation of the oocyte, in other organisms they are an essential and diverse part of embryonic development. Here we highlight some of this diversity and summarize the evolutionary basis for their utility.
The Partial Reinforcement Effect in a Vigilance Task

Partial reinforcement effect in visual vigilance task, varying knowledge of results as incentive
Is resection of periampullary or pancreatic adenocarcinoma with synchronous hepatic metastasis justified

BACKGROUND. To date, no consensus has been reached regarding which primary tumor subtypes are managed appropriately with hepatic metastectomy. Specifically, the role of hepatic resection for metastatic periampullary or pancreatic adenocarcinoma remains controversial. METHODS. Between 1995 and 2005, 1563 patients underwent surgical resection for periampullary carcinoma (n = 608 patients) or pancreatic adenocarcinoma (head, n = 905 patients; tail, n = 50 patients). Data on demographics, operative details, primary tumor status, and—when indicated—extent of hepatic metastasis were collected. RESULTS. Of the 1563 patients who underwent resection of periampullary or pancreatic adenocarcinoma, 22 patients (1.4%) underwent simultaneous hepatic resection for synchronous liver metastasis. The primary tumor site was ampullary (n = 1 patient ), duodenal (n = 2 patients), distal bile duct (n = 2 patients), or pancreas (head, n = 10 patients; tail, n = 7 patients). The majority of patients (86.4%) had a solitary hepatic metastasis, and the median size of the largest lesion was 0.6 cm. Hepatic metastectomy included wedge resection (n = 20 patients), segmentectomy (n = 1 patient), and hemihepatectomy (n = 1 patient). After matching patients on primary tumor histology and location, the median survival of patients who underwent hepatic resection of synchronous metastasis was 5.9 months compared with 5.6 months for patients who underwent palliative bypass alone (P = .46) and 14.2 months for patients with no metastatic disease who underwent primary tumor resection only (P < .001). Pancreatic (median, 5.9 months) versus nonpancreatic (median, 9.9 months) primary tumor histology was not associated with a difference in survival in patients who underwent resection of synchronous liver metastasis (P = .43). CONCLUSIONS. Even in well selected patients with low-volume metastatic liver disease, simultaneous resection of periampullary or pancreatic carcinoma with synchronous liver metastases did not result in long-term survival in the overwhelming majority of patients. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Contract enforcement and trade liberalization in Mexico's footwear industry

Abstract The wave of formal legal system reforms sweeping developing countries provides only a partial solution to the problem of enforcing agreements between firms. Informal institutions govern the majority of interfirm transactions. Economic reform also necessitates changes in these institutions. This paper examines the evolution of contract enforcement in the Mexican footwear industry as trade barriers were removed. In the closed economy, geographic agglomeration of manufacturing allowed the manufacturers' trade associations to maintain information about the behavior of retailers and gave retailers strong incentives to maintain reputations. By providing an alternative source for procurement, trade liberalization weakened the power of manufacturers.
Progesterone receptors A and B differentially affect the growth of estrogen-dependent human breast tumor xenografts.

Sixty to seventy percent of all primary human breast cancers are estrogen-dependent and express both estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR). Whereas expression of the two naturally occurring PR isoforms, PR-A and PR-B, is close to equimolar in normal human tissues, the ratio of the two receptors varies extensively in tumors. This is important since the two PR are functionally distinct and have differential repressor effects on ER. The PR isoform content may, therefore, affect the outcome of endocrine therapies targeted at ER. Study of PR isoforms is difficult because the two receptors are co-expressed in cells under estradiol stimulation. We have engineered four sets of T47D human breast cancer cells that, independent of estrogen: (i) express only PR-A; (ii) express only PR-B; (iii) are PR-negative; or (iv) contain both PR isoforms. Each of these cell lines was grown into solid tumors in nude mice in a strictly 17β-estradiol-dependent manner. Results show, first, that PR-A expressing cells grow into tumors that are approximately half the size of PR-B expressing tumors, and second, that the reduced growth of PR-A tumors occurs in the absence of PR ligand. Tamoxifen treatment preferentially inhibited the growth of PR-A tumors, whereas PR-B tumors were unaffected. Thus, PR are not just passive markers of functional ER; the prevalence of PR-A or PR-B may differentially influence tumor phenotype.
Societal and school influences on student creativity: The case of China

Chinese students outperform American students in many international competitions in mathematics and the natural sciences. Does this superiority of Chinese students over American students also apply in other domains? Our previous research has shown that compared with their American counterparts, Chinese students' artwork is perceived as less creative by both Chinese and American judges. In a new study, we find that Chinese students' creativity is increased when given direct instructions to be creative or guidance on how to be creative. Three different factors are posited to be responsible for the discrepancy in rated creativity between Chinese and American students, namely, social values, school pedagogic practices, and educational testing systems. This article argues that high-stakes standardized tests could impair the development of students' creativity. Although there is a general tendency for school educators in both China and the United States to overemphasize analytical skills at the expense of the development of creative abilities, in general, the tendency for the Chinese to do so is stronger than it is for the American. Suggestions are proposed to educators on how to foster students' creativity. Furthermore, the article suggests that school and national leaders in the United States and China, as well as elsewhere, should learn from one another's educational successes, while maintaining their unique cultural and educational characteristics. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 40: 103–114, 2003.
Theoretical effects of macromolecule concentration and charge on membrane rejection coefficients

Abstract A hydrodynamic model for the convection of rigid, spherical solutes through cylindrical pores, which includes both steric and electrostatic interactions between pairs of solute particles and between solutes and the pore wall, has been developed to examine the effects of solute concentration and charge on solute rejection by membrane pores during ultrafiltration. Calculations have been performed for a wide range of charge conditions and the results are presented in terms of the membrane rejection coefficient at infinite dilution and a correction factor which accounts for the first-order effects of concentration. For pores and solutes of like charge, the rejection coefficient is predicted to decrease with increasing feed concentration or ionic strength.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic evidence of distinctive underpotential deposition states of Ag and Cu on Pt substrates

Abstract The underpotential deposition (u.p.d.) of copper and silver ions on platinum electrodes has been studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (x.p.s.). A significant chemical shift of the x.p.s. binding energies of the u.p.d. copper and silver atoms relative to bulk copper and silver metal is obtained. Analogous spectral results are obtained for in situ vapor deposition of copper and silver atoms on clean platinum substrates which reveal the metallic nature of the u.p.d. species.
Characterization of iron in Fe-VPI-5 and its thermally transformed product, FAPO-8

Abstract Iron incorporation in VPI-5 occurs within a narrow range of gel composition and hydrothermal treatment conditions. Physico-chemical characterization was carried out by X-ray diffraction, SEM, thermogravimetry and solidstate NMR. The ESR studies showed that Fe 3+ incorporation occurs into lattice sites only; no occluded Fe species are observed. A significant amount of framework iron was removed during the thermal transformation of Fe-VPI-5 to FAPO-8, forming aggregates of occluded iron species in the pores. During the process, part of the Fe 3+ reduced to Fe 2+ with concurrent observations of a signal near zero field.
SURFACE RECORDING OF GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY

Several techniques for recording gastrointestinal activity are recounted. An input unit used in the electrical method is described in detail.
BIOASSAY OF HYPOPHYSEAL GROWTH HORMONE: THE TIBIA TEST

introduction It has been known for some time that pituitary growth extracts stimulate the bony epiphyses of rats and that the increments in the width of the epiphyseal cartilage of hypophysectomized rats as results of growth hormone injections is proportional to the dosage (Li and Evans, 1948). This led Evans et al. (1943) to propose a simple bioassay method for estimating growth hormone potency. It was found that the method is highly sensitive and simple as compared to other techniques. In this paper we attempt to standardize the procedure and apply it to the assay of pure and crystalline growth hormone. preliminary experiments Prior to the standardization of the test procedure, certain experiments were done varying the route of administration, the duration of the test period, and the frequency of injections of hormone. In these experiments, both tibiae were removed 24 hours after the last injection, fixed in acetone, and stained immediately with silver nitrate, as described below.
Growth and characterization of HgSe:Fe quantum dots

Applying three different sophisticated growth methods using MBE we succeeded in growing unburied and buried quantum-dot structures of HgSe:Fe on a ZnSe/GaAs buffer/substrate system in (0 0 1) orientation. For the buried quantum dots the buffer/substrate system was specially prepared by a thermal desorption process resulting in the generation of surface dips acting as a mould for the quantum dots. The advantage of this method lies in the possibility of easily removing the wetting layer without affecting the dots. In this way the usually strong influence of the wetting layer in the experimental data for the highly conductive HgSe:Fe could nearly completely be suppressed. The growth process was in situ controlled by RHEED providing detailed information on the structural properties. The ex situ structural investigation used AFM and SEM. The characterization of the electronic properties was performed by IR megagauss-magneto spectroscopy.
Developing a global logistic hub: a teaching case in multiparty collaboration and negotiation

Global supply chains (GSC) involve multiple stakeholders relying on public and private infrastructures run by an assortment of agencies. GSC development and operations require interactions between multiple agents collaborating efficiently and resolving conflicts equitably in a sustainable manner. Growth projections of supply chain infrastructure worldwide combined with expected goals in cost reduction and improved performance, predict that stakeholders involved in a development project will engage in multiparty negotiations to generate consensus for projects to move forward with wide support. This case simulates a multiparty negotiation for a 20-year infrastructure investment plan to convert a European city into global logistic hub. The target audience is practitioners in supply chain, operation managers, procurement officers, and MBA students needing to acquire skills and strategies to muster support for logistic infrastructure projects. The plan is presented with stakeholder positions on the project along with instructions for participants to develop a strategy to generate consensus.