cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mathematical analysis of viscometric (polymer) flow fields in capillaries: Taylor dispersion revisited

A general formulation for capillary flow of two miscible fluids – one a dilute plug of polymer fluid inserted into a fully developed Poiseuille flow of the other, a Newtonian stream – is examined for its long time behavior. Phenomenologically, the system evolves from an initial state, that of a plug within the boundaries of sharp, well defined fronts inside a Newtonian stream, to a more homogenized state in the very long time scale. This problem was addressed by G.I. Taylor but with regard to a system of two Newtonian fluids, leading to the well-known results commonly described as `Taylor axial dispersion'. In this paper, a general and systematic perturbation analysis is presented from which Taylor's result is recovered as a special case of a more general solution which applies to fluids incorporating elastic properties. In particular, the influence of viscoelasticity and (polymer) diffusivity on the observed pressure profile in the capillary conduit is examined. This effect is clearly separated out for small Peclet number flows using asymptotic and numerical analysis. The results identify the influence of fluid viscosity, elasticity, and diffusivity on the observed pressure profile and form the basis for the improved characterization of polymeric elasticity using capillaries – a finding that is of significant scientific and commercial interest. These results were obtained by the authors as a class of observations resulting from the perturbation analysis of forced-flow capillary devices in viscoelastic fluid property investigation.
Complications of Morbid Obesity in Total Joint Arthroplasty: Risk Stratification Based on BMI

This study stratifies complication risk in primary total joint arthroplasty (TJA) based on body mass index (BMI). Demographics, co-morbidities, perioperative variables, and complications were reviewed for 22,808 patients. Chi-squared, one-way ANOVA, univariate and multivariable regression analysis were performed. Increasing BMI led to an increase (P 40 revealed an increase in combined complications (15.21-vs-17.40%), AKI (1.93-vs-3.87%), CA (0.22-vs-0.57%), reintubation (0.47-vs-0.95%), reoperation (2.36-vs-3.37%), and SI (0.82-vs-1.65%). Multivariable regression showed BMI>40 as an independent predictor for combined complications (OR=1.18), AKI (OR=1.79), CA (OR=3.94), reintubation (OR=2.56), reoperation (OR=1.44), and SI (OR=2.11). Morbid obesity confers increased risk for complications in TJA.
Azathioprine treatment of ulcerative colitis, granulomatous colitis and regional enteritis.

Twenty-four patients with ulcerative colitis, granulomatous colitis or regional enteritis were treated with azathioprine, starting with 2.5 mg/kg body weight. Seven received treatment for less than 4 months. Seventeen received treatment for 4 months or longer. Of these, 14 had partial or full benefit; all of those in the latter group who were on steroids were taken off the drugs. One patient died from complications that arose partly from preexisting renal disease. One patient was found to have a small carcinoma at colectomy after 22 months of therapy. Side effects were minor and easily reversible. Azathioprine is reasonably safe and effective for treating inflammatory bowel disease in patients who cannot tolerate or do not respond to the usual therapy with salicylazosulfapyridine, corticosteroids or surgery.
Bovine viral diarrhea infections in new world camelids—A review

Abstract Bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVDV) has recently been identified as an important infectious disease of new world camelids (NWC) particularly alpacas. Both sub-genotypes 1a, 1b and genotype 2 have been isolated. However, non-cytopathic BVDV 1b is reported to be primarily implicated in cases of BVDV in NWC's. Although suspected a BVDV strain unique to camelids have not been isolated. The most important source of BVDV is the immuno-tolerant persistently infected cria. Natural transient infection of BVDV in NWCs is reported to go almost undetected except for vague signs of illness, including lethargy and anorexia. Diarrhea does not appear to be a constant finding. Embryonal/fetal disease in NWC's includes early pregnancy loss, abortion and premature birth or the birth of persistently infected crias. Persistently infected disease can occur in both acute and chronic forms. In NWCs the chronic form of the condition is most commonly reported. Signs include chronic ill-thrift, poor weight gain or being underweight, intermittent illness, chronic diarrhea, joint swelling and episodes of nasal discharge and pneumonia despite antibiotic treatment. The mortality rate in NWCs appears to be close to 100%. Seroprevalence of BVDV in NWCs ranged from 2.05% to 11.11% however the possibility that the correct (homologous) BVDV strain is not being used in serological assays need to be considered. The importance of cattle as a source of BVDV for camelids is unclear although there is consensus of a spill-over from cattle to NWC's. Assays available for BVDV in cattle appear to work for camelids. An antigen ELISA which is the usual method for detecting BVD in cattle has not been validated in NWC's.
Ferrocene tagging of amines, amino acids and peptides for liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection

Abstract Ferrocenecarboxylic acid chloride (FAC) and ferrocenesulfonyl chloride (FSC) were investigated as ferrocene tagging reagents for amine and amino acid determination by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (LC-EC). Whereas FSC gives low sulfonamide yields, FAC reacts readily with both primary and secondary amines and amino acids to yield stable amides with are reversibly oxidized in mixed acetonitrile—aqueous solutions at potentials 220 mV positive of ferrocene oxidation. A derivatization procedure is presented which yields quantitative derivatization of micromolar concentrations of amines and amino acids and the resulting derivatives are amenable to reversed-phase chromatographic separation coupled with dual-electrode detection schemes. A mixture of fourteen amino acids was derivatized and separated by gradient elution LC-EC within 45 min. FAC derivatization was applied for monitoring the enzymatic hydrolysis of 200 mmol of the tripeptide Gly—Phe—Leu by leucine aminopeptidase M. FAC derivatization of peptides is also demonstrated for the substance P fragment 4–11 ( N -terminus-proline) and subsequent LC-EC determination of the FAC derivative yielded a detection limit of 500 fmol.
Catalytic Role of 2′-Hydroxyl Groups Within a Group II Intron Active Site

Domain 5 is an essential active-site component of group II intron ribozymes. The role of backbone substituents in D5 function was explored through synthesis of a series of derivatives containing deoxynucleotides at each position along the D5 strand. Kinetic screens revealed that eight 2'-hydroxyl groups were likely to be critical for activity of D5. Through two separate methods, including competitive inhibition and direct kinetic analysis, effects on binding and chemistry were distinguished. Depending on their function, important 2'-hydroxyl groups lie on opposite faces of the molecule, defining distinct loci for molecular recognition and catalysis by D5.
Importance of aromatic content for peptide/single-walled carbon nanotube interactions.

We have previously demonstrated that a designed amphiphilic peptide helix, denoted nano-1, coats and debundles single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and promotes the assembly of these coated SWNTs into novel hierarchical structures via peptide−peptide interactions. The purpose of this study is to better understand how aromatic content impacts interactions between peptides and SWNTs. We have designed a series of peptides, based on the nano-1 sequence, in which the aromatic content is systematically varied. Atomic force microscopy measurements and optical absorption spectroscopy reveal that the ability to disperse individual SWNTs increases with increasing aromatic residues in the peptide. Altogether, the results indicate that π-stacking interactions play an important role in peptide dispersion of SWNTs.
Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Redox Switching of Polyvinylferrocene Films in Perchlorate Solutions

Cyclic voltammetry was used to create nonequilibrium populations of different solvation and configurational states of partially oxidized polyvinylferrocene (PVF). Oxidation levels were established by scanning either from a fully reduced state to the desired oxidation level or from a fully oxidized state to the desired level. Coulostatic conditions were then established by opening the external circuit, and subsequent mass and potential changes were followed. The film's approach to equilibrium involves configurational changes within the polymer and simultaneous and subsequent solvent transfer. At very short times (t ≤ 0.2 s) the approach to equilibrium is limited by both solvation and reconfiguration processes. For a short time afterward (0.2 5 s) solvation is the controlling step. The electroactive polymer film does not completely reach equilibrium even after 1 h...
Zooplankton species composition, abundance and biomass on the eastern Bering Sea shelf during summer: The potential role of water-column stability and nutrients in structuring the zooplankton community

The southeastern Bering Sea sustains one of the largest fisheries in the United States, as well as wildlife resources that support valuable tourist and subsistence economies. The fish and wildlife populations in turn are sustained by a food web linking primary producers to apex predators through the zooplankton community. Recent shifts in climate toward warmer conditions may threaten these resources by altering productivity and trophic relationships in the ecosystem on the southeastern Bering Sea shelf. We examined the zooplankton community near the Pribilof Islands and on the middle shelf of the southeastern Bering Sea in summer of 1999 and 2004 to document differences and similarities in species composition, abundance and biomass by region and year. Between August 1999 and August 2004, the summer zooplankton community of the middle shelf shifted from large to small species. Significant declines were observed in the biomass of large scyphozoans (Chrysaora melanaster), large copepods (Calanus marshallae), arrow worms (Sagitta elegans) and euphausiids (Thysanoessa raschii, T. inermis) between 1999 and 2004. In contrast, significantly higher densities of the small copepods (Pseudocalanus spp., Oithona similis) and small hydromedusae (Euphysa flammea) were observed in 2004 relative to 1999. Stomach analyses of young-of-the-year (age 0) pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) from the middle shelf indicated a dietary shift from large to small copepods in 2004 relative to 1999. The shift in the zooplankton community was accompanied by a 3-fold increase in water-column stability in 2004 relative to 1999, primarily due to warmer water above the thermocline, with a mean temperature of 7.3 °C in 1999 and 12.6 °C in 2004. The elevated water-column stability and warmer conditions may have influenced the zooplankton composition by lowering summer primary production and selecting for species more tolerant of a warm, oligotrophic environment. A time series of temperature from the middle shelf indicates that the warmer conditions in 2004 are part of a trend rather than an expression of interannual variability. These results suggest that if climate on the Bering Sea shelf continues to warm, the zooplankton community may shift from large to small taxa which could strongly impact apex predators and the economies they support.
Metabolism of morphine by cats

Cats excreted 19.2 ± 1.5% of free morphine and 48.4 ± 2.4% of conjugated morphine in urine during the first 48 hr. after subcutaneous injection of morphine. Fecal excretion during 2 days following drug administration ranged from 2.0 to 20% of the injected drug. The major morphine conjugate was isolated and characterized as morphine-3-ethereal sulfate by UV and IR spectra, morphine content, and elemental analysis. In addition to morphine-3-ethereal sulfate, morphine-3-glucuronide and normorphine were also identified as minor metabolites.
The neurobiology and behavior of the American water shrew (Sorex palustris)

American water shrews (Sorex palustris) are aggressive predators that dive into streams and ponds to find prey at night. They do not use eyesight for capturing fish or for discriminating shapes. Instead they make use of vibrissae to detect and attack water movements generated by active prey and to detect the form of stationary prey. Tactile investigations are supplemented with underwater sniffing. This remarkable behavior consists of exhalation of air bubbles that spread onto objects and are then re-inhaled. Recordings for ultrasound both above and below water provide no evidence for echolocation or sonar, and presentation of electric fields and anatomical investigations provide no evidence for electroreception. Counts of myelinated fibers show by far the largest volume of sensory information comes from the trigeminal nerve compared to optic and cochlear nerves. This is in turn reflected in the organization of the water shrew’s neocortex, which contains two large somatosensory areas and much smaller visual and auditory areas. The shrew’s small brain with few cortical areas may allow exceptional speed in processing sensory information and producing motor output. Water shrews can accurately attack the source of a water disturbance in only 50 ms, perhaps outpacing any other mammalian predator.
Comments on Cladophialophora bantiana.

(1997). Comments on Cladophialophora bantiana. Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology: Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 151-151.
Histopathology of the liver in Down's syndrome.

Sections of the liver were obtained at necropsy from 48 patients with Down's syndrome, who ranged in age from 5 days to 72 years. The incidence of histologic abnormalities was compared with that observed in the livers of 48 matched control patients suffering from a variety of mental disorders. Fatty metamorphosis (69%), portal tract abnormalities (96%), and amyloidosis (8%) were found to be significantly more common in the mongoloid patients. Cirrhosis, granulomas, and acidophilic bodies were twice as common among the mongoloid patients. Sinusoidal dilatation and central-vein sclerosis were also noted, but at a level not significantly greater than in the control group. The possible relationship of the fatty metamorphosis and amyloidosis to the specific chromosomal abnormalities of Down's syndrome is considered.
Antiretroviral activities of hypericin and rose bengal: Photodynamic effects on Friend leukemia virus infection of mice

Abstract The ability of hypericin to protect mice from splenomegaly resulting from infection with Friend leukemia virus (FLV) was re-examined in light of recent evidence showing that light is absolutely required for this drug's antiviral activity. FLV-induced splenomegaly was not prevented or ameliorated in mice injected with 100 μg hypericin, either mixed with the FLV inoculum or administered 1 day p.i., either under normal laboratory light or in the dark. These results contradict previous findings. Both hypericin and rose bengal, however, inactivated the FLV inoculum at low doses (
[13N]Ammonia and L-[amide-13N]glutamine metabolism in glutaminase-sensitive and glutaminase-resistant murine tumors.

The short-term metabolic fate of labeled nitrogen derived from [13N]ammonia or from l-[amide-13N]glutamine was determined in murine tumors known to be resistant (Ridgeway Osteogenic Sarcoma (ROS)) or sensitive (Sarcoma-180 (S-180)) to glutaminase therapy. At 5 min after intraperitoneal injection of [13N]ammonia or of l-[amide-13N]glutamine, only about 0.7% of the label recovered in both tumors was in protein and nucleic acid. After [13N]ammonia administration, most of the label (over 80%) was in a metabolized form; a large portion of this metabolized label (50–57%) was in the urea fraction with a smaller amount in glutamine (37–42%). The major short-term fate of label derived from l-[amide-13N]glutamine was incorporation into components of the urea cycle with smaller amounts in the acidic metabolites and in acidic amino acids. No labeled urea was found during in vitro studies in which S-180 tumor slices were incubated with [13N]ammonia, suggesting that the [13N]urea formed in the tumor in the in vivo experiments was not due to de novo synthesis through carbamyl phosphate in the tumor. Both tumors exhibited very low glutamine synthetase activity. Following glutaminase treatment, glutamine synthetase and γ-glutamyltransferase activities, while remaining low, increased in the resistant tumor but not in the sensitive tumor; this increase may be related to the insensitivity of the ROS tumor toward glutaminase treatment.
A LIFE OF CRIME: CRIMINOLOGY AND PUBLIC POLICY AS PEACEMAKING

ABSTRACT The focus of this paper is on criminology and public policy as peacemaking. It offers a challenge to criminologists to reexamine their personal and professional agenda. Criminologists are encouraged to support and engage in a “compassionate criminology” that recognizes the interrelatedness of everything: that everyone is connected to each other and to their environment. Compassion, wisdom, and love are essential to understanding the suffering of which we are all a part and to practicing a criminology of nonviolence. A compassionate criminology advocates cooperation and compassion rather than competition, exploitation, and greed.
Pollutant tomography using integrated concentration data from non-intersecting optical paths

We investigate the possibility of performing tomographic pollutant mapping using path-integral data from non-intersecting optical paths, and conclude that such a geometry does allow reconstruction of the pollutant distribution with the smooth basis function minimization method. The simulated optical data are derived from actual pollutant concentration distributions determined from previous experiments.
Thrombospondin-1 Contributes to Mortality in Murine Sepsis through Effects on Innate Immunity

Background Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is involved in many biological processes, including immune and tissue injury response, but its role in sepsis is unknown. Cell surface expression of TSP-1 on platelets is increased in sepsis and could activate the anti-inflammatory cytokine transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ1) affecting outcome. Because of these observations we sought to determine the importance of TSP-1 in sepsis.
Identifying and Validating Nursing Diagnoses in a Gynecologic Ambulatory‐Care Setting

This descriptive study was conducted to identify the nursing diagnoses made in providing care to 100 gynecologic ambulatory-care patients and to determine the defining characteristics of the three most frequently made diagnoses. Nurse-observers studied nurse and patient interactions, recorded the defining characteristics, and assigned a nursing diagnosis to the patient. Twenty-five nursing diagnoses were used in the study, and the type and frequency of the defining characteristics varied. The findings of the study will add to the nursing diagnoses' knowledge base.
Transdermal Delivery of Insulin Using Microneedles in Vivo

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to design and fabricate arrays of solid microneedles and insert them into the skin of diabetic hairless rats for transdermal delivery of insulin to lower blood glucose level. Methods. Arrays containing 105 microneedles were laser-cut from stainless steel metal sheets and inserted into the skin of anesthetized hairless rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. During and after microneedle treatment, an insulin solution (100 or 500 U/ml) was placed in contact with the skin for 4 h. Microneedles were removed 10 s, 10 min, or 4 h after initiating transdermal insulin delivery. Blood glucose levels were measured electrochemically every 30 min. Plasma insulin concentration was determined by radioimmunoassay at the end of most experiments. Results. Arrays of microneedles were fabricated and demonstrated to insert fully into hairless rat skin in vivo. Microneedles increased skin permeability to insulin, which rapidly and steadily reduced blood glucose levels to an extent similar to 0.05-0.5 U insulin injected subcutaneously. Plasma insulin concentrations were directly measured to be 0.5-7.4 ng/ml. Higher donor solution insulin concentration, shorter insertion time, and fewer repeated insertions resulted in larger drops in blood glucose level and larger plasma insulin concentrations. Conclusions. Solid metal microneedles are capable of increasing transdermal insulin delivery and lowering blood glucose levels by as much as 80% in diabetic hairless rats in vivo.
CHEMISTRY OF THE PHENOXATHIINS AND ISOSTERICALLY RELATED HETEROCYCLES. XI. THE SYNTHESIS AND CARBON-13 NMR SPECTROSCOPY OF 2-AZAPHENOXATHIIN

The synthesis of the 2-azaphenoxathiin ring system via the intermediary 2-azaphenoxathiin 2-oxide is described. Complete assignment of the 13C-nmr spectrum is reported, based on the observed heteronuclear 1H-13C spin-couplings of the system and calculated chemical shifts as assignment criteria. The possible relation of the chemical shift of Cα to the dehidral angle of the system is also discussed.
Oakeshott's Hobbesian Myth: Pride, Character and the Limits of Reason:

We are apt to think of a civilization as something solid and external, but at bottom it is a collective dream. "In so far as the soul is in the body", says Plotinus, "it lies in deep sleep." What a people dreams in this earthly sleep is its civilization. And the substance of this dream is a myth, an imaginative interpretation of human existence, the perception (not the solution) of the mystery of human life. (Oakeshott 1975: 150)
Properties of iron oxides in streams draining the Loess Uplands of Mississippi

Abstract Iron oxide precipitates are abundant in small stream systems of NW Mississippi, USA especially during the wet winter months. The properties of these specific materials are unknown even though they have the potential to influence soil physical properties and adsorb chemical pollutants in sediment environments. Streamwater and associated precipitates were collected from 4 representative streams at Cedar Creek (CC), Lee's Creek (LC), Spring Creek (SC), and Toby Creek (TC) during winter flow periods. Precipitate specimens were characterized for mineralogy, color, and solubility in oxalate (o), dithionite (d), and HNO 3 . Chemical composition of the water was dominated by Ca, Na, Mg, and K, in that order, at an average pH of 7.0. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) data indicated that the precipitates were primarily poorly ordered ferrihydrite (CC, TC) and lepidocrocite (LC, SC). The Fe o /Fe d ratios were 0.40 (CC), 0.68 (LC), 0.66 (SC), and 0.67 (TC). Organic C contents were 80.6, 38.0, 63.0, and 51.3 g kg −1 for the same samples. Precipitate color was uniform among sites, averaging 6.7 YR 4.8/6.2. After oxalate extraction, redness increased slightly in the CC and SC specimens, and decreased in the others. Extraction with dithionite depleted the red color in all specimens, but had less effect on the CC and SC samples which retained hues at 7.9 and 7.3 YR, respectively. Dithionite extractable P equaled 1.02 (CC), 0.72 (LC), 0.56 (SC), and 0.99 (TC) g kg −1 . The results from this study indicated that: (1) the precipitates are either primarily poorly ordered ferrihydrite or lepidocrocite; (2) the solubility of ferrihydrite in both oxalate and dithionite is influenced by C contents; and (3) the redder, ferrihydrite specimens contain the greatest P concentrations.
Explaining type errors in polymorphic languages

Strongly-typed languages present programmers with compile-time feedback about the type correctness of programs. Errors during polymorphic type checking take the form of a unification failure for two types. Finding the source of the type error in the code is often difficult because the error may occur far from the spot where the inconsistency is detected. As functional languages use more and more complex type systems, the difficulty of interpreting and locating these errors will increase. To locate the source of type errors the programmer must unravel the long chain of deductions and type instantiations made during type reconstruction. This paper describes an approach that maintains the deductive steps of type inference and the reasons for type instantiations. The approach could be used in an interactive system to guide the programmer to the source of a type error or to explain why the compiler assigned a particular type to an expression.
Smoking Prevalence, Attitudes, and Perceived Smoking Prevention and Control Responsibilities and Behaviors among Physicians in Jordan

This study identifies smoking prevalence among physicians in Jordan. It also assesses their attitudes, perceived smoking prevention, and control responsibilities and behaviors. A cross-sectional su...
The relationship between the timing of atrial systole and the useful work of the left ventricle in man.

Abstract Beat-to-beat variations of as much as 100 per cent in the external left ventricular stroke work have been found in 3 patients with acquired, chronic, complete heart block studied during idioventricular pacing. These changes in work output reflect the presence or absence of a preceding atrial contraction, its placement in time, and the cardiac rate.
High Radioactive Iodine Uptake Despite a Fully Suppressed TSH in a Patient with Thyroid Cancer

A 20-yr-old woman presented with a history of heat intolerance, tremors, and palpitations. A 2-cm left, level III, cervical lymph node was palpated. Thyroid function tests confirmed hyperthyroidism due to Graves’ disease: thyroidstimulating Ig (TSI), 4.7 IU/liter (normal, 1.3 IU/liter); and thyroid-binding inhibiting Ig, 27 IU/liter (normal, 1.37 IU/ liter). A fine-needle aspiration of the lymph node revealed papillary thyroid cancer. A total thyroidectomy and a left-sided neckdissectionwereperformed(finalpathology:papillarycancer with diffuse hyperplasia consistent with Graves’ disease). Two months after withdrawal of thyroid hormone, the patient’s TSH was 0.09 U/ml, free T4 was 0.6 ng/dl (7.72 pmol/liter; normal 0.9–1.8 ng/dl), a total T3 was 77 ng/dl (1.18 nmol/liter; normal 60–181 ng/dl), and serum thyroglobulin was 165 ng/ml. Twenty-four hours after 3 mCi 131I, the overall uptake was 40%, with uptake in the thyroid bed (Fig. 1, arrow 1), mediastinal nodes (arrow 2), and diffusely in her lungs (arrow 3). The ability to take up iodine despite a fully suppressed serum TSH, both in the thyroid bed and in the metastases, is due to the presence of TSIs that stimulate the TSH receptor and increase iodine uptake by the thyrocytes (1). Despite hypothyroidism, her TSH likely remained suppressed due to the prior long-standing hyperthyroidism. Although TSIs may be beneficial by increasing radioiodine uptake, they may stimulate further cancer growth by stimulating the TSH receptor (2). There is no way to inhibit TSI production. The patient subsequently received 131I (125 mCi) without TSH stimulation.
Muscular contraction reflexly relaxes tracheal smooth muscle in dogs

Abstract Although contraction of hindlimb skeletal muscle is well known to reflexly increase ventilation, heart rate and arterial pressure, little is known about the reflex effect of this maneuver on airway smooth muscle tone. Therefore, in chloralose-anesthetized dogs, we recorded transverse tension from the trachealis muscle while we constracted both gracilis muscles by electrically stimulating the gracilis nerves at 5 and 40 Hz. In 11 of the 13 dogs studied, static (40 Hz) contraction decreased tracheal tension, whereas in the remaining 2 dogs, static contraction increased tension. In 9 of 11 dogs, rhythmic (5 Hz) contraction decreased tracheal tension, whereas in the remaining 2, this maneuver increased tension. The changes in tracheal tension induced by stimulating the gracilis nerves were abolished by paralyzing the dogs and were restored, for the most part, after paralysis had dissipated. In addition, the contraction-induced changes in tension were not present when the gracilis muscles were contracted by stimulating the cut peripheral ends of the gracilis nerves. We conclude that muscular contraction reflexly relaxes tracheal smooth muscle in most dogs.
Characterization of the cell surface protein gene of Corynebacterium ammoniagenes.

Abstract Three dominant cell surface proteins of Corynebacterium ammoniagenes ATCC 6872 were identified in the cell wall fraction. The cspA gene, which encodes one of the major cell surface proteins, was cloned using the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the protein. Then the cloned chromosomal fragment containing the cspA gene was sequenced and was shown to encode a mature polypeptide of 333 amino acids with a molecular mass of 36 654 Da. The amino acid sequence of the cspA gene showed similarity to the amino acid sequence of C. glutamicum CspA, one of the two major secreted proteins of C. glutamicum , although C. ammoniagenes CspA and C. glutamicum CspA differed in size. Northern blot analysis and primer extension analysis respectively revealed a 1.1 kb transcript and a promoter sequence resembling that of the C. ammoniagenes fatty acid synthase B ( fasB ) gene.
Reduce the effects of lower-frequency nuclear radiations on rescuing robots and manipulators using a nested fuzzy controller

It is critically important to develop intelligent mobile robots to effectively reduce the effects of nuclear radiations to perform desired rescuing tasks in critical emergency situations. One of the good examples is the recent nuclear disposing damage to the Japanese nuclear power plants after the earth quick occurred in the northeast of Japan. In this study, a nested fuzzy logic control system is designed for mobile robots to effectively reduce the effects of those lower-frequency nuclear radiations on rescuing robots. A coarse and a fine fuzzy controller are combined together to realize this objective. The simulation and experimental results of this study confirmed the effectiveness of this nested fuzzy control system in reduction of the effects of lower-frequency nuclear radiations on mobile robots. This is the first paper related to this topic to be presented.
Cross-Country Skiing Injuries and Biomechanics

Cross-country skiing exercises most of the joints, muscles and tendons in the body giving the skier an all around workout. This, in combination with a low incidence of injury, makes cross-country skiing an ideal recreational and competitive sport. The new skating techniques developed during the last decade have resulted in greater velocity. The maximum speed during the diagonal stride technique is 6 m/sec compared to 8 to 9 m/sec when skating and double poling. Top-level skiers today use strong and ultra light skis of fiberglass and graphite. The ski weight is less than 500g. Today's skating technique does not require any waxing and only the cambered portion of the ski is waxed when performing the diagonal stride. The preparation of the ski course has improved with the development of special track machines. This allows top-level skiers to reach 60 to 80 km/h on downhill slopes, which has resulted in an increased risk of injury. Because cross-country skiing takes place wherever snow is available, it is difficult to establish accurate injury rates in comparison to alpine skiing which is performed on very specialised terrain at ski areas. Studies estimate the cross-country ski injury rate in Sweden to be around 0.2 to 0.5 per thousand skier days. A prospective study of cross-country ski injuries conducted in Vermont revealed an injury rate of 0.72 per thousand skier days. 75% of the injuries sustained by members of the Swedish national cross-country ski team during 1983 and 1984 were overuse injuries while 25% resulted from trauma. The most common overuse injuries included medial-tibial stress syndrome, Achilles tendon problems and lower back pain. Most common among traumatic injuries were ankle ligament sprains and fractures, muscle ruptures, and knee ligament sprains. Shoulder dislocation, acromioclavicular separation and rotator cuff tears are not infrequent in cross-country skiing. Injuries to the ulnar collateral ligament of the metacarpal phalangeal joint of the thumb (Stener's lesion) is the most common ski injury involving the upper extremity. Cross-country skiers 16 to 21 years of age complained more frequently of mild lower back pain than similarly aged non-skiers. This may result from repetitive hyperextension motions during the kick phase and the recurring spinal flexion and extension during the double poling phase. Repeated slipping on hard and icy tracks infrequently produce partial tears or microtrauma in the muscle tendinous units of the groin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Longitudinal evaluation of pulmonary function in an infant following chlorine gas exposure.

Cas d'un enfant de 3 mois 1/2 expose au chlore a la suite d'un accident industriel survenu pres de son domicile. Apres hospitalisation l'enfant a ensuite ete suivi pendant 2 ans
Functional Foods as Differentiated Products: the Italian Yogurt Market

In spite of the growing consumers' interest for functional foods, the knowledge regarding the demand for these products and their profitability is limited. Adapting the LA/AIDS (Linear Approximated–Almost Ideal Demand System) model by means of Pinkse, Slade and Brett's distance metric method (2002), this article studies demand, substitution pattern, and profitability of conventional and functional alternatives inside the yogurt category in Italy. Results indicate that, in the yogurt market, functional alternatives' demand is often less elastic than that of their conventional counterparts, that brand loyalty plays a key role, and that the profitability of the functional alternatives is, on average, larger than that of conventional ones.
Terbenzimidazoles: influence of 2"-, 4-, and 5-substituents on cytotoxicity and relative potency as topoisomerase I poisons.

Terbenzimidazoles poison the nuclear enzyme topoisomerase I and possess significant cytotoxic activity against several human tumor cell lines. The relative pharmacological activity of 4,5- and 5,6-benzoterbenzimidazoles was compared to that of 5-phenylterbenzimidazole (3). 5,6-Benzoterbenzimidazole is inactive as a topoisomerase I poison and did not exhibit significant cytotoxic activity. In contrast, 4,5-benzoterbenzimidazole retained activity as a topoisomerase I poison but exhibited weak cytotoxic activity relative to 3. While 5-(1-naphthyl)terbenzimidazole is less potent than 3 as a topoisomerase I poison and cytotoxic agent, 5-(2-naphthyl)terbenzimidazole has comparable activity to 3. The presence of a p-methoxy or p-chloro substituent on the phenyl moiety did not dramatically alter the pharmacological activity of 3. Several analogs of 3 were synthesized wherein the 2‘‘-substituent varied from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, phenyl to p-methoxyphenyl. Evaluation of the intrinsic activity of these a...
Landscape characteristics affect animal control by urban residents

Ecological patterns exist within urban landscapes. Among urban patterns of biodiversity, species occurrences may coincide with interactions between humans and wildlife. However, research focused on consequences of human reaction to interactions with wildlife is limited. We evaluated landscape characteristics of rodent control behavior across two urban landscapes in California, Bakersfield, and in proximity to Santa Monica Mountain National Recreation Area (SAMO). Our data were collected prior to a recent policy ruling limiting distribution of particular rodent control products. In both locations, local biologists have observed non-target effects of rodent control products among local carnivores. Mice and rats were among the species most targeted in both locations, but squirrels and gophers also were common targets in SAMO. Carnivore species identified by biologists were among those also reported by residents as targeted for control. In both locations, those who reside in single-family structures and among lower-density development were more likely to practice rodent control. Species targeted varied by distance to open space in both locations, but by development density in SAMO only. In Bakersfield, control was distributed across the study area, but one cluster of control existed among mainly lower-density, single-family residences. In SAMO, clusters of both control (n = 2) and chemical use (n = 3) existed among single-family, lower-density areas in proximity to wash channels and relatively lush vegetation. Our results suggest possible pathways for contact between wildlife and rodent control products, but causal linkages between the two are beyond the scope of our data. Similar to other urban ecological processes, human responses to interactions with ecological phenomena may occur at both fine and landscape scales. Furthermore, our results suggest a possible feedback loop of interacting ecological and social phenomena that may provide information about human activities affecting urban wildlife populations.
Chemical Shift Tensors in Peptides: A Quantum Mechanical Study

DFT-IGLO shielding tensor calculations for the non-hydrogen nuclei in model dipeptides are presented. The behavior of the principal components, their magnitude and orientation, is investigated as a...
Randomized clinical trial of lifestyle interventions in Pima Indians: a pilot study

A pilot trial was conducted to test adherence to specific lifestyle interventions among Pima Indians of Arizona, and to compare them for changes in risk factors for diabetes mellitus. Ninety-five obese, normoglycaemic men and women, aged 25-54 years, were randomized to treatments named 'Pima Action' (Action) and 'Pima Pride' (Pride), which were tested for 12 months. Action involved structured activity and nutrition interventions, and Pride included unstructured activities emphasizing Pima history and culture. Adherence to interventions, changes in self-reported activity and diet, and changes in weight, glucose concentrations, and other risk factors were assessed regularly. Thirty-five eligible subjects who had declined randomization were also followed as an 'observational' group and 22 members of this group were examined once at a median of 25 months for changes in weight and glucose concentration. After 12 months of intervention, members of both intervention groups reported increased levels of physical activity (median: Action 7.3 h month(-1), Pride 6.3 h month(-1), p < 0.001 for each), and Pride members reported decreased starch intake (28 g, p = 0.008). Body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, weight, 2-h glucose and 2-h insulin had all increased in Action members (p < 0.003 for each), and waist circumference had decreased in Pride members (p = 0.05). Action members gained more weight than Pride members (2.5 kg vs 0.8 kg, p = 0.06), and had a greater increase in 2-h glucose than Pride members (1.33 mM vs 0.03 mM, p = 0.007). Members of the observational group gained an average of 1.9 kg year(-1) in weight and had an increase of 0.36 mM year(-1) in 2-h glucose. Sustaining adherence in behavioural interventions over a long term was challenging. Pimas may find a less direct, less structured, and more participative intervention more acceptable than a direct and highly structured approach.
How Clinical Social Workers Are Using the DSM-IV: A National Study

ABSTRACT The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) is both dominant and controversial as a clinical tool for social workers. However, few studies have assessed how social workers actually use DSM-IV in their clinical practice. A national study using a 72-item questionnaire was conducted with a random sample of 558 of the 7,000 social workers listed in the 1999 Register of Clinical Social Workers. The questionnaire assessed frequency and importance of using DSM-IV. Findings reflected that 78.9% of social workers used DSM often to always, 85.9% gave a DSM diagnosis often to always, but only 50% of social workers would use DSM if not required. Most common reasons for using DSM were to bill insurance (92.6% rated often to always) and to assess clients (78% rated often to always). Likewise, when rating importance of using DSM, the two most important reasons were to bill insurance (90.9% rated very to extremely importa...
Amplitude variations in a frequency-modulated oscillator

Abstract Frequency modulation of a vacuum-tube oscillator often is accomplished by causing the capacitance in the circuit to vary in accordance with a modulating signal. Because of the way in which the amplitude of the alternating voltage generated by the oscillator is controlled, variation of the capacitance introduces simultaneous amplitude modulation of this voltage. The nature and amount of amplitude modulation depend upon the interrelation of several parameters of the oscillating system. An analysis is presented for this type of modulation. Limitations inherent in the analysis include maximum values for the magnitude of the change in capacitance and for the time rate of this change. Elements of the oscillator are assumed to be chosen so that the generated voltage is nearly sinusoidal. These assumptions usually apply in practice.
Fully convergent solid phase synthesis of antifreeze glycoprotein analogues.

The convergent solid phase synthesis of C-linked analogues of antifreeze glycoprotein (AFGP) has been achieved. In this approach, three to six carbohydrate residues are simultaneously coupled to a resin-bound polypeptide. Glycopeptides ranging from 1.6 to 3.0 kDa are easily prepared in 26−44% yield demonstrating the utility of this approach.
Air entrapment and consolidation occurring with saturated hydraulic conductivity changes with intermittent wetting

A study was designed to measure air entrapment and consolidation as mechanisms that might contribute to reduced hydraulic conductivity with intermittent wetting similar to surge irrigation cycles. The changes in hydraulic conductivity with intermittent wetting would result in infiltration rate changes. Air entrapment and consolidation in a surface layer sample of 50 mm was the focus of the study. During drainage periods between successive wettings, pressure head gradients within the surface layer samples were controlled to simulate drainage in a field situation. Air entrapment was found to occur consistently with reduction in saturated hydraulic conductivity while consolidation was not as consistent in its response with changes in saturated hydraulic conductivity.
Variational calculations of bound and quasi-bound states of HCO (J=0 and 1) and comparison with experiment

Abstract We report exact vibrational energies of all bound and numerous quasi-bound states of HCO for total angular momenta J=0 and 1. The J=0 and 1 calculations are done with a Legendre polynomial fit to the three-dimensional ab initio potential of Harding. Additional J=0 calculations are done for a modified potential based on the ab initio one. Comparisons are made with available experimental data, and in agreement with that data, HCO is found to behave as a slightly asymmetric top. We predict a large dependence of the rotational A constant with the bending state of HCO, and explain this result by examination of several wave-functions for excited bend states.
SafeCare®: Historical perspective and dynamic development of an evidence-based scaled-up model for the prevention of child maltreatment

SafeCare is an evidence-based parent-training program that reduces child maltreatment, partic- ularly neglect. The risk of child maltreatment, a public health issue affecting millions of U.S. children each year, can be markedly reduced by interventions such as SafeCare that deliver in-home services. Drawing from applied behavioral analysis roots, SafeCare focuses on providing parents with concrete skills in three areas: health, home safety, and parent-child/-infant interaction. This paper will include an overview of the SafeCare model, an historical perspective of its history and dynamic development, description of the the- oretical underpinnings of the model, a description of the program targets and content by describing its modules and delivery, an overview of program outcomes, and data discussion of dissemination and imple- mentation.
Anomalous origin of a pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta: Associated anomalies and pathogenesis

The pathologic anatomic features and associated cardiovascular anomalies of 9 patients with anomalous origin of 1 pulmonary artery (PA) from the ascending aorta seen at the University of Florida and 99 previously reported cases were analyzed. Anomalous origin of the right PA was much more common than anomalous origin of the left PA. The anomalous right PA usually arose from the posterior aspect of the ascending aorta close to the aortic valve. Less commonly, it originated from the lateral ascending aorta just proximal to the innominate artery. Patent ductus arteriosus and aorticopulmonary septal defect were commonly associated with anomalous origin of the right PA; other cardiovascular anomalies were rare. In contrast, tetralogy of Fallot and aortic arch anomalies, e.g., right aortic arch and anomalous origin of the subclavian artery, were common in anomalous origin of the left PA. An association with DiGeorge syndrome, frequently noted with persistent truncus arteriosus, was not seen with anomalous origin of a PA from the ascending aorta. The observations indicate that anomalous origin of the right PA and anomalous origin of the left PA are pathogenetically unrelated to each other and both are unrelated to persistent truncus arteriosus. Moreover, anomalous origin of the right PA arising close to the innominate artery is thought to be pathogenetically distinct from the type that arises close to the aortic valve. These pathogenetic relations should be considered in epidemiologic studies of congenital heart disease.
Mobilizing women mobilizing gender: is it mobilizing difference?

This article examines political activism in the United States to evaluate the extent to which the mobilization of women involves a mobilization of difference, with an attendant goal of building a more inclusive polity and citizenship. The analysis is based on an extensive survey of political attitudes and behaviors in four medium‐sized cities in the western United States and on the political opportunity structures within the cities. While it appears that gendered experiences and an idea of difference may motivate women to become involved in community and political activism, the patterns of their activism do not differ dramatically from those of men and no separate ‘spaces of politics’ for women seem to have been constructed through their activism. I argue that political opportunity structures—the institutions, ideas, and organizations—within the four localities play an important role in channeling women's activism. These findings suggest the importance of considering the contexts in which political identi...