cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diabetic kidneys do deserve a lifestyle change

Dick De Zeeuw and Hiddo Lambers Heerspink comment on our report of lower nephropathy incidence with intensive lifestyle intervention compared with diabetes support and education (DSE) in the Look AHEAD clinical trial in patients with type 2 diabetes. They write that we reported a secondary analysis of an outcome not specifi cally defi ned in the protocol, which was clearly acknowledged in the report. Although no diff erences in the primary outcome of cardiovascular events were shown, our secondary analysis is informative because a broad range of health effects should be considered in assessment of an intervention, and nephropathy is unquestionably important in diabetes. Treatment decisions are based on many factors beyond the primary outcome. These writers suggest that we should have reported end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or doubling of serum creatinine because these factors are conventional primary outcomes in clinical trials of late renal disease. Furthermore, they imply that approval of a lifestyle intervention should need the same level of evidence for ESRD as does approval of a new drug. We believe that recommendation of lifestyle change, which is generally safe and has many known benefits, need not wait for conclusive evidence of prevention of ESRD. These authors suggested using microalbuminuria as an endpoint because late outcomes, including ESRD, are of little value in trials in early renal disease. Consistent with their suggestion, we assessed albuminuria, which was significantly lower with lifestyle intervention compared with DSE. As Look AHEAD participants had a median duration of known diabetes of only 5 years and no overt renal disease at the beginning of the trial, few developed ESRD, which typically occurs after decades of diabetes. Our reported eff ects on ESRD and doubling of serum creatinine are consistent with those on earlier renal outcomes, but confi dence intervals for ESRD and doubling of serum creatinine were wide because of the small number of events. The consistency between all the renal outcomes reported strengthens our conclusion that lifestyle change benefi ts the kidneys in type 2 diabetes, although, as noted by de Zeeuw and Lambers Heerspink, the renal protective mechanism of weight loss remains to be established.
A useful mapping of triatomic potential energy surfaces

Abstract We present in this paper a mapping of triatomic three-dimensional Born-Oppenheimer potential energy surfaces V for which all arrangement channels are represented evenhandedly. This representation is very useful for visualizing the geometrical and dynamical properties of such surfaces.
The Bernese Periacetabular Osteotomy: Is Transection of the Rectus Femoris Tendon Essential?

Background The Bernese periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) traditionally is performed using the iliofemoral or the ilioinguinal approach with transection of the rectus femoris tendon attachments. Although a rectus-preserving approach has been developed, there is limited direct comparison data regarding the surgical safety, radiographic correction, and improvement in hip pain and function between the rectus-preserving and the classic approaches.
Treatment of depressed tinnitus patients with nortriptyline.

Patients disabled by tinnitus show a high prevalence of major depression. Furthermore, tinnitus produces patterns of disability similar to those produced by major depression. To explore further this link between tinnitus and depression, and to investigate the efficacy of treating depression in the treatment of tinnitus, a single-blind, placebo-washout, nonrandomized pilot study of the tricyclic antidepressant nortriptyline (hydrochloride) was undertaken in disabled tinnitus patients who also met diagnostic criteria for major depression. Nineteen patients began the study, two responded to placebo, and two dropped out prior to completion. Fourteen considered their tinnitus improved, and 12 chose to continue taking nortriptyline after the study. Depression severity decreased, on the average, by 65% (p less than .0001). Tinnitus loudness measured by audiometric matching decreased by a mean of 10 dB or 50% (p less than .02). Self-reports of tinnitus loudness and severity, somatic and psychologic symptoms, and psychosocial dysfunction all showed significant improvement with treatment. These results suggest that what initially appears to be an irreversible otologic disability in these patients may be in large part a reversible psychiatric disability.
The overall thermal conductivity in a straining body with microcrack evolution

Abstract The overall thermal conductivity in a cracked solid with microcracks evolving in the strain history is studied in this work. The strain field aggravated by the increase of microcrack density and its effect on the overall degradation of thermal conductivity is illustrated. Special emphases are placed on the deformation-induced inhomogeneity and the path-dependency resulting from the evolution of microcracks. The micro-mechanical model established by Budiansky and O'Connell for the degradation of elastic moduli and that established by Tzou for the degradation of overall thermal conductivity are bridged together to describe this complicated phenomenon.
A simplified method for the analysis of hydroxyproline in biological tissues.

Abstract A critical study of the different steps involved in previous procedure for hydroxyproline assay allows the direct measurement of collagen content in tissue homogenates without losing the advantages of the method. The procedure is based on alkaline hydrolysis of the tissue homogenate and subsequent determination of the free hydroxyproline in hydrolyzates. Chloramine-T was used to oxidize the free hydroxyproline for the production of a pyrrole. The addition of Ehrlich's reagent resulted in the formation of a chromophore that can be measured at 550 nm. Optimal assay conditions were determined using tissue homogenate and purified acid soluble collagen along with standard hydroxyproline. Critical parameters such as the amount of chloramine-T, sodium hydroxide, p-dimethylaminobenzaidehyde, pH of the reaction buffer, and length of oxidation time were examined to obtain satisfactory results. The method has been applied to samples of tissue homogenate and purified acid soluble collagen, with recovery of added hydroxyproline of 101 ± 6.5 and 104 ± 6.0 (SD) percent, respectively. The method is highly sensitive and reproducible when used to measure the imino acid in tissue homogenates. The modified hydroxyproline assay presented in this communication will be useful for routine measurement of collagen content in extracts of various tissue specimens. In addition, the modified method can be used for batch processing of column fractions to monitor the collagen concentrations during purification.
Evolution and results of aortic valve surgery, and a 'disruptive' technology.

Percutaneous aortic valve insertion is already benefitting patients who would not be able to undergo open heart surgery for valve replacement. However, the technology is still so new that we do not yet know how to define who will benefit from it.
Intra- and extraluminal sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane regulatory sites for Ca2(+)-induced Ca2+ release.

Abstract A heavy skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) fraction was actively loaded stepwise with calcium until Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release occurred. The total Ca2+ load, T1, at which release occurred is postulated to be regulated by an intraluminal, low-affinity receptor. After obtaining T1, the critical concentration of Ca2+ required extraluminally (T2) was determined. T1 averaged 58.6 ± S.D., 6.9 nmol Ca2+/mg SR and T2 averaged 2.14 ± S.D., 0.24,μM. Both T1 and T2 were increased by Mg2+ and decreased by caffeine. Ruthenium red increased T2 more than T1 while ryanodine had no effect on T1 but markedly increased T2. The results suggest that two Ca2+ regulatory sites may be functional for Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release from SR.
Use of Transesophageal Echocardiography During Thrombolysis with Tissue Plasminogen Activator of a Thrombosed Prosthetic Mitral Valve

Inadequate anticoagulation in patients with mechanical prosthetic heart valves can result in a significant incidence of thromboembolic complications. An even more life-threatening complication is massive thrombosis of the valve itself. Thrombolytic therapy was given to a moribund 22-year-old woman with intractable heart failure caused by a thrombosed St. Jude prosthetic mitral valve (St. Jude Medical, Inc., St. Paul, Minn.). Although this form of therapy has been used before, this is the first report of a case in which transesophageal echocardiography was performed during thrombolytic therapy to continually record successful thrombolysis of the clotted prosthetic valve. Serial imaging during thrombolysis displayed progressive dissolution of the thrombus and progressive improvement in valve function. Transesophageal echocardiography is helpful in the diagnosis of prosthetic valve thrombosis and has the ability to monitor continually the effect of treatment with thrombolysis. Although thrombolytic therapy with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator is effective in treating prosthetic valve thrombosis, it carries a high risk for serious thromboembolic complications and thus should be reserved for critically ill patients who are too sick to undergo immediate surgery.
Neurotrophic Peptides, ADNF-9 and NAP, Prevent Alcohol-Induced Apoptosis at Midgestation in Fetal Brains of C57BL/6 Mouse

Prenatal alcohol exposure is known to induce fetal brain growth deficits at different embryonic stages. We focused this study on investigating the neuroprotective effects against alcohol-induced apoptosis at midgestation using activity-dependent neurotrophic factor (ADNF)-9, a peptide (SALLRSIPA) derived from activity-dependent neurotrophic factor, and NAP, a peptide (NAPVSIPQ) derived from activity-dependent neuroprotective protein. We used an established fetal alcohol exposure mouse model. On embryonic day 7 (E7), weight-matched pregnant females were assigned to the following groups: (1) ethanol liquid diet (ALC) group with 25 % (4.49 %, v/v) ethanol-derived calories, (2) pair-fed (PF) control group, (3) ALC combined with i.p. injections (1.5 mg/kg) of ADNF-9 (ALC/ADNF-9) group, (4) ALC combined with i.p. injections (1.5 mg/kg) of NAP (ALC/NAP) group, (5) PF liquid diet combined with i.p. injections of ADNF-9 (PF/ADNF-9) group, and (6) PF liquid diet combined with i.p. injections of NAP (PF/NAP) group. On day 15 (E15), fetal brains were collected, weighed, and assayed for TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. ADNF-9 or NAP was administered daily from E7 to E15 alongside PF or ALC liquid diet exposure. Our results show that NAP and ADNF-9 significantly prevented alcohol-induced weight reduction of fetal brains. Apoptosis was determined by TUNEL staining; NAP or ADNF-9 administration alongside alcohol exposure significantly prevented alcohol-induced increase in TUNEL-positive cells in primordium of the cingulate cortex and ganglionic eminence. These findings may pave the path toward potential therapeutics against alcohol intoxication during pregnancy stages.
The occult in Russian and Soviet culture

A pioneering, richly interdisciplinary volume, this is the first work in any language on a subject that has long attracted interest in the West and is now of consuming interest in Russia itself. The cultural ferment unleashed by the collapse of the Soviet Union reawakened interest in the study of Russian religion and spirituality. This book provides a comprehensive account of the influence of occult beliefs and doctrines on intellectual and cultural life in twentieth-century Russia. Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal's introduction delineates the characteristics of occult cosmology which distinguish it from mysticism and theology, and situates Russian occultism in historical and pan-European contexts. Contributors explore the varieties of occult thinking characteristic of prerevolutionary Russia, including Kabbala, theosophy, anthroposophy, and the fascination with Satanism. Other contributors document occultism in the cultural life of the early Soviet period, examine the surprising traces of the occult in the culture of the high Stalin era, and describe the occult revival in contemporary Russia. The volume includes bibliographical essays on Russian occult materials available outside Russia. Contributors: Mikhail Agursky, Hebrew University; Valentina Brougher, Georgetown University; Maria Carlson, University of Kansas; Robert Davis, New York Public Library; Mikhail Epstein, Emory University; Kristi Groberg, North Dakota State University; Irina Gutkin, UCLA; Michael Hagemeister, Ruhr University, Bochum; Linda Ivanits, Pennsylvania State University; Edward Kasinec, New York Public Library; Judith Deutsch Kornblatt, University of Wisconsin; Hakan Loevgren, Independent Scholar; Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Fordham University; William F. Ryan, Warburg Institute, London; Holly Denio Stephens, University of Kansas; Anthony Vanchu, University of Texas, Austin; Renata Von Maydell, Munich University; George Young, Independent Scholar
Massive gastric enlargement with delayed presentation of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: Report of three cases and review of the literature

In three cases of congenital diaphragmatic hernia presenting long after the newborn period, there was striking enlargement of the intraabdominal stomach. In each case there was herniation of the entire small bowel into the thorax and absence of a hernial sac. Despite the enormous capacity of the stomach, which was suggestive of obstruction preoperatively, no site of obstruction could be demonstrated at operation. This enlargement disappeared following surgical repair of the hernia.
The New Zealand black mouse as a model for the development and progression of chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Background: Similar to a subset of human patients who progress from monoclonal B lymphocytosis (MBL) to chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), New Zealand Black (NZB) mice have an age-associated progression to CLL. The murine disease is linked to a genetic abnormality in microRNA mir-15a/16-1 locus, resulting in decreased mature miR-15a/16. Methods: Spleens of aging NZB were analyzed for the presence of B-1 cells via flow cytometry and for the presence of a side population (SP) via the ability of cells to exclude Hoechst 33342 dye. The SP was assayed for the presence of hyperdiploid B-1 clones and for the ability to differentiate into B-1 cells in vitro and transfer disease in vivo. In addition, enhanced apoptosis of chemoresistant NZB B-1 cells was examined by restoring miR-16 levels in nutlin-treated cells. Results: Aging NZB mice develop a B-1 expansion and clonal development that evolves from MBL into CLL. An expansion in SP is also seen. Although the SP did contain increased cells with stem cell markers, they lacked malignant B-1 cells and did not transfer disease in vivo. Similar to B-1 cells, splenic NZB SP also has decreased miR-15a/16 when compared with C57Bl/6. Exogenous addition of miR-15a/16 to NZB B-1 cells resulted in increased sensitivity to nutlin. Conclusion: NZB serve as an excellent model for studying the development and progression of age-associated CLL. NZB SP cells do not seem to contain cancer stem cells, but rather the B-1 stem cell. NZB B-1 chemoresistance may be related to reduced miR-15a/16 expression. © 2010 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Antipheromone of the Codling Moth: Potential for Control by Air Permeation

In an air permeation test in a pear orchard in 1975, 98% disruption of trap capture was achieved for 7 wk with the antipheromone of the codling moth, Laspeyresia pomonella (L.), ( E , E ,)-8,10-dodecadien-1-o l acetate, permeating the test area at an initial rate of 127 mg h−1ha−1 and decreasing to a final rate of 62 mg h−1ha−1. When the antipheromone and the sex pheromone, ( E , E ,)-8, 10-dodecadien-1-o l , were compared for disruption efficiency in an apple orchard in 1976, a minimum evaporation rate of 25 mg h−1ha−1 of the antipheromone and 15 mg h−1ha−1 of the sex pheromone were required to effect 98% disruption of trap capture.
A SIMPLE TECHNIQUE FOR MAINTAINING TEMPERATURE OF COOKED MEAT SAMPLES PRIOR TO SENSORY EVALUATION

A technique using a double boiler system was developed to keep cooked meat samples at a constant uniform temperature prior to sensory panel analysis. The advantages of the technique include temperature stability, ease of use, prevention of surface dehydration and versatility (can be used with many other heated food products). A comparison to holding samples in either a gas or electric oven was made.
Computational Issues for Simulating Finite-Rate Kinetics in LES

At present, large-eddy simulations (LES) of turbulent flames with multi-species finite-rate kinetics is computationally infeasible due to the enormous cost associated with computation of reaction kinetics in 3D flows. In a recent study, In-Situ Adaptive Tabulation (ISAT) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) methodologies were developed for computing finite-rate kinetics in a cost effective manner. Although ISAT reduces the cost of direct integration considerably, the ISAT tables require significant on-line storage in memory and can continue to grow over multiple flow-through times (an essential feature in LES). Hence, direct use of ISAT in LES may not be practical, especially in parallel solvers. In this study, a storage-efficient Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is investigated for LES application. Preliminary studies using ANN to predict freely propagating turbulent premixed flames over a range of operational parameters are described and issues regarding the implementation of such ANNs for engineering LES are discussed.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
A cooperative self-consistent microscopic theory of thermally induced melting of a repeat sequence DNA polymer

We attempt to extend the modified self-consistent phonon theory to describe thermal fluctuational base-pair opening of repeat sequence DNA polymers in the helix–coil transition region as well as in the premelting region. A microscopic base-pair open state is introduced and the effect of this open state is taken into account self-consistently in a mean field system that models the DNA polymer. Our analysis indicates the structure of this open state changes with temperature in such a manner that on average a base pair opens and unstacks with its neighbors more completely as temperature increases. We apply this theory to a homopolymer—poly(dG) · poly(dC) to evaluate the base-pair opening probability in a temperature range from 273 to 366.5 K. At 366.5 K the system undergoes cooperative melting. Our calculated base-pair opening probabilities are in general agreement with several experimental estimates at room temperature. The calculated probabilities show typical melting curve behavior at temperatures close to the observed melting temperature. The cooperative modified self-consistent phonon approximation approach becomes a viable microscopic theory of melting. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Some properties of polyacetaldehyde rubber

Certain physical and chemical properties of samples of polyacetaldehyde prepared by M. Letort have been examined. Study of the rheological behavior of high molecular weight specimens of this polymer indicates that its internal strength is high, and that it shows typical rubbery elasticity. Under rapidly applied stresses, it shows a high modulus, indicating a high degree of internal friction. Correlated with this is a relatively high brittle point. Upon pyrolysis the polymer depolymerizes to yield the monomer, and likewise undergoes chain cleavage. About 200–400 monomer units are lost for each cleavage of the chain.
Efficient multiscale algorithms for solution of self-consistent eigenvalue problems in real space

Real-space multiscale methods provide efficient algorithms for large-scale electronic structure calculations. In this paper, we present multigrid strategies for solving self-consistent problems in density functional theory. The full approximation scheme (FAS) formulation of the multigrid method allows for transfer of the expensive orthogonalization and Ritz projection operations to coarse levels. In addition, the effective potential may be updated on coarse levels during multiscale processing of the eigenfunctions. We investigate modifications of a previously proposed algorithm which are necessary to yield robust convergence rates. With these modifications, rapid convergence is observed without orthonormalization or Ritz projection for the full occupied subspace on the fine level. Calculations comparing the various algorithms are performed on three many-electron examples: benzene, benzenedithiol, and the amino acid glycine. The modified algorithm is also illustrated on several larger test cases. Recently developed relativistic separable dual-space Gaussian pseudopotentials are utilized to remove the core electrons.
The fast cooling/heating rate effects in devitrification of glasses. I. Number of nucleated particles

We consider nucleation of crystalline phase in a glass-forming melt which is quenched at some arbitrary rate, S, and then reheated at some other (typically smaller) rate, H. In conventional (steady-state) approaches it is assumed that the nucleation rate is a function of temperature only, so that the number of nucleated crystallites is proportional to 1/S+1/H. We demonstrate, however, that in general the nucleation rate depends on the quench/heating rate and that there exists an S- and H-dependent temperature region which effectively does not contribute to nucleation, so that the aforementioned scaling does not hold. An expression for the non-steady-state nucleation rate is derived analytically. In certain cases, the number of nucleated crystallites can be reduced by orders of magnitude compared to the steady-state predictions. The results are tested against numerically exact data obtained from the Turnbull–Fisher nucleation model.
Limit points for average genus. I: 3-connected and 2-connected simplicial graphs

Abstract It is demonstrated that a give value of average genus is shared by at most finitely many 2-connected simplicial graphs and by at most finitely many 3-connected graphs. Moreover, the distribution of values of average genus is sparse, in the following sense: within any finite real interval, there are at most finitely many different numbers that are values of average genus for 2-connected simplicial graphs or for 3-connected graphs. Thus, there are no limit points for the values of average genus of graphs in these classes. The potential applicability of these results to graph isomorphism testing is considered.
SOME NEUROLOGICAL SPECIES DIFFERENCES - A POSTERIORI*

“Human imagination is the source of the greatest triumphs of science, technology, art, and philosophy. We must be careful not to cripple its exercise by arbitrary restrictions. It gives us our preeminence over the brutes.” C. J. Herrick 1956 The Evolution of Human Nature
Regulation of Glucocorticoid Receptors by Glucocorticoids in Cultured HeLa S3 Cells

HeLa S3 cells contain high affinity, saturable receptors specific for glucocorticoids (congruent to 20,000 per cell). Growth of HeLa S3 cells in media containing dexamethasone (10(-6) M) results in a pronounced (congruent to 70%) reduction in the total cellular level of nuclear or cytoplasmic dexamethasone receptor number without any alteration in steroid-receptor dissociation constant (Kd congruent to 1 X 10(-9) M). This reduction in receptor number is not the result of simple receptor occupation, since this effect also occurs when receptor number is modulated by the direct addition of [3H]dexamethasone. Both control and dexamethasone-treated cells attain equilibrium states of receptor binding by 120 min at 0 C and by 60 min at 37 C, enabling estimation of receptor number and affinity by Scatchard analysis of saturation curves. Down-regulation of glucocorticoid receptor occurs at steroid concentrations as low as 10(-9) M (40% reduction). This alteration in receptor occurs after 24 h of hormone but not after either 2 or 6 h. Only the active glucocorticoids, (dexamethasone, cortisol) down-regulate glucocorticoid receptors. Cortexolone, estradiol, and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone have no apparent effect on this process, whereas progesterone (10(-7) M) is partially effective. Subcellular distribution studies indicate that glucocorticoids affect only that population of receptors capable of nuclear translocation at 37 C. We conclude that glucocorticoids can regulate the metabolism of their own receptors, via undefined mechanisms.
A chemical approach to elucidate tin mechanism of transthyretin and β-protein amyloid fibril formation

Amyloid deposits are associated with a variety of amyloid diseases, although their role in the pathogenesis remains unclear. Detection of amyloid fibrils and/or prevention of their formation appears to be important in the diagnosis and treatment of amyloid diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. The design of therapeutic molecules with this activity requires a detailed understanding of the structure of the amyloid fibril and the mechanism of fibril formation. This review is focused on studies carried out in the laboratories of the authors, who were trained as organic chemists and bring that perspective to their work. The ongoing studies described within have as their ultimate goal the complete description of the molecular mechanism of amyloid formation by two proteins; transthyretin and the amyloid protein. The purpose of this review is to outline chemical approaches and methodology which prove to be useful for understanding amyloid fibril formation.
Acoustically Generated Micromachined Jet Arrays for Micropropulsion Applications

Theory, manufacturing and experimental results of acoustically generated micromachined jet arrays for micropropulsion applications are presented. A reduced order theoretical analysis is found to be an accurate performance predictor. Scaling laws derived from the theory suggest the performance benefits derived by reducing the geometric size of the resonators, specifically the application of MEMS technologies. A novel manufacturing method is employed to construct the devices, incorporating an electrostatically actuated membrane to drive the acoustic jets. Experimental results of the MEMS devices demonstrate a structurally sound design, and a performance commensurate with expectations.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Complementarity problems over cones with monotone and pseudomonotone maps

The notion of a monotone map is generalized to that of a pseudomonotone map. It is shown that a differentiable, pseudoconvex function is characterized by the pseudomonotonicity of its gradient. Several existence theorems are established for a given complementarity problem over a certain cone where the underlying map is either monotone or pseudomonotone under the assumption that the complementarity problem has a feasible or strictly feasible point.
Programmable memory cell using quantum confined Stark effect in multi-quantum well heterojunction bipolar transistor

A three terminal bistable programmable memory cell which can be read either optically or electrically is proposed and demonstrated. The device is based on using Stark effect of the excitonic transitions in a multiquantum well base region of a heterojunction bipolar transistor. The single device can be flipped (and held) from low transmittance (high voltage) to high transmittance (low voltage) state and vice versa by a varying base current signal.
A theory of consistency of ordering generalizable to tailored testing

Measures of consistency and completeness of order relations derived from test-type data are proposed. The measures are generalized to apply to incomplete data such as from tailored testing. The measures are based on consideration of the items-plus-persons by items-plus-persons matrix as an adjacency matrix in which a 1 means that the row element, whether item or person, dominated the column element. From this the number of item-item and person-person dominance relations can be derived. Indices of consistency are developed which compare the number of dominance relations in a matrix to the number that would occur if it were perfectly consistent and to the number in a random matrix; relations to other indices are noted.
Two rates of fast axonal transport of [3H]glycoprotein in an identified invertebrate neuron

Abstract Recently, the kinetics of fast axonal transport of a single type of organelle, the serotonergic storage vesicle, was described in an identified axon of Aplysia using a pulsing technique combined with intracellular injection of [ 3 H]serotonin. Here we extend the single axon studies by analyzing the movement of pulses of [ 3 H]glycoprotein, following injection into the giant Aplysia cell, R2, of the amino sugar [ 3 H]N-acetylgalactosamine. This glycoprotein precursor has been shown to label several organelles in this neuron. [ 3 H]Glycoprotein is found to move in the axon of R2 at 2 rates of fast transport, 174 and 105 mm per day at room temperature. We suggest that the 2 rates reflect movements of 2 different types of organelle.
Bayesian capture-recapture analysis and model selection allowing for heterogeneity and behavioral effects

In this article, we present Bayesian analysis of capture-recapture models for a closed population which allows for heterogeneity of capture probabilities between animals and bait/trap effects. We use a flexible discrete mixture model to account for the heterogeneity and behavioral effects. In addition we present a solid model selection criterion. Through illustrations with a motivating dataset, we demonstrate how Bayesian analysis can be applied in this setting and discuss some major benefits which result, including consideration of informative priors based on historical data.
Adhesion to osteopontin in the bone marrow niche regulates lymphoblastic leukemia cell dormancy

Malignant cells may evade death from cytotoxic agents if they are in a dormant state. The host microenvironment plays important roles in cancer progression, but how niches might control cancer cell dormancy is little understood. Here we show that osteopontin (OPN), an extracellular matrix molecule secreted by osteoblasts, can function to anchor leukemic blasts in anatomic locations supporting tumor dormancy. We demonstrate that acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells specifically adhere to OPN in vitro and secrete OPN when localized to the endosteal niche in vivo. Using intravital microscopy to perform imaging studies of the calvarial bone marrow (BM) of xenografted mice, we show that OPN is highly expressed adjacent to dormant tumor cells within the marrow. Inhibition of the OPN-signaling axis significantly increases the leukemic cell Ki-67 proliferative index and leads to a twofold increase in tumor burden in treated mice. Moreover, using cell-cycle–dependent Ara-C chemotherapy to produce minimal residual disease (MRD) in leukemic mice, we show that OPN neutralization synergizes with Ara-C to reduce detectable BM MRD. Taken together, these data suggest that ALL interacts with extracellular OPN within the malignant BM, and that this interaction induces cell cycle exit in leukemic blasts, protecting them from cytotoxic chemotherapy.
State selective charge transfer cross sections for Na+ with excited rubidium: a unique diagnostic of the population dynamics of a magneto-optical trap.

It is shown how the newly developed technique of magneto-optical-trap recoil-ion momentum spectroscopy can be used to measure the temporal evolution of excited state fraction in such a trap. In this case, the fraction of atoms in a 5p state is measured. The technique can be generalized to allow the measurement of more complicated systems, e.g., a Rb sample having a mixture of 5s, 5p, 4d, and Rydberg states.
Purification and properties of a multifunctional calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase from rat pancreas.

Abstract A calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (Ca/calmodulin protein kinase) was purified from rat pancreas using hydrophobic chromatography followed by gel filtration and affinity chromatography. Ca/calmodulin protein kinase from pancreas resembled previously described multifunctional Ca/calmodulin protein kinases from other tissues with respect to substrate specificity, autophosphorylation on serine and threonine residues, and catalytic and hydrodynamic properties. While Ca/calmodulin protein kinase from other tissues contains subunits of 53–60 kDa with variable proportions of a smaller 50–52 kDa subunit, pancreatic Ca/calmodulin protein kinase was found to contain a single component of 51 kDa. Experiments mixing brain Ca/calmodulin protein kinase with pancreatic homogenate suggest that the absence of a larger subunit in the pancreatic Ca/calmodulin protein kinase is not due to proteolytic degradation during enzyme preparation. Ca/calmodulin protein kinase binding to 125I-labeled calmodulin in solution was demonstrated using the photoaffinity cross-linker, N-hydroxysuccinimidyl-4-azidobenzoate. 125I-labeled calmodulin binding to Ca/calmodulin protein kinase was also demonstrated using filters containing Ca/calmodulin protein kinase transferred from polyacrylamide gels after two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Finally, the ribosomal substrate for Ca/calmodulin protein kinase was identified as the ribosomal protein, S6. The purification procedure presented in this study promises to be useful in characterizing Ca/calmodulin protein kinase in other tissues and in clarifying the role of these enzymes in cellular function.
Aberrations theory of a time dependent magnetic field lens

Summary We analyze new forms of aberrations affecting a time dependent magnetic field lens recently proposed. The lens consist of an axially symmetric ellipsoidal solenoid producing a spatially uniform but time pulsating homogeneous field. The dynamics of electrons emitted by some object and injected into this coil shows that this system is capable of focusing a parallel beam or produce images free of geometrical aberrations. The cardinal elements of this lens change periodically in positions and therefore to obtain a stationary image it is necessary to employ a chopped electron beam. Two forms of aberrations originate from the finite duration of the electron pulse and the energy dispersion of the incoming beam (chromatic aberration). Their image degradation effects are quite similar and result from recording different axially displaced images at some fixed stationary plane. We show how, by adjusting the parameters characterizing the magnetic pulse and introducing small apertures that increase the depth of focus, their effects can be reduced or in some cases eliminated. Other forms of instrumental aberrations characteristic of this time dependent magnetic field lens are briefly discussed.
The transonic temperature wave around a rapidly propagating crack tip : an experimental evidence

Abstract For a crack propagating in the 4340 steel with a speed of 900 m/s, the temperature wave solution at the transonic stage is compared with the recent experimental results by Zehnder and Rosakis [8]. The analytical solution preserves all the salient features of the temperature field observed in the experiment. They include: (1) a family of parallel isotherms behind the crack tip, (2) a constant temperature gradient in the vicinity of the crack tip, and (3) an intensified thermal energy cumulated in the immediate vicinity ahead of the crack tip. The excellent agreements between the theory and the experiment reveals that the phase lag between the temperature gradient and the heat flux vector is important in modeling the heat conduction in the vicinity of a rapidly propagating crack tip. The wave propagation, as a result, dominates over the diffusion behavior.
High-Resolution Measurements of the L 3 M 2 , 3 M 4 , 5 Auger Transitions in Nickel and Copper

Measurements are reported (with $\ensuremath{\approx}0.1$-eV resolution) of the ${L}_{3}{M}_{2, 3}$ ${M}_{4, 5}$ Auger-electron energy distributions from evaporated Ni and Cu using electron-beam excitation. The data reveal new structure (over an $\ensuremath{\simeq}$ 20-eV range) that could be correlated in part with the final states (for atomic Cu) and in part with overall features of the $3d$-band density of states determined by soft-x-ray emission spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
On the cause of the annual cycle in tropical lower-stratospheric temperatures

An analysis of monthly mean, zonally averaged temperatures from the lower-stratospheric channel of the microwave sounding unit (MSU-4) shows that on the month-to-month time scale, there is nearly complete compensation between temperature changes in the tropics and in the extratropics. For the annual cycle the MSU-4 data show a similar compensation between temperatures in the tropics and those in high latitudes, with only a small residual variation in the global mean. The tropics are coldest in January and warmest in July, compensating for the warmer wintertime temperatues in the Northern Hemisphere compared to those in the Southern Hemisphere. These out-of phase temperature variations betwen the tropics and extratropics are interpreted as the signature of an annual cycle in the strength of the wave-driven, Lagrangian mean meridional circulation, which warms the high-latitude winter hemisphere and cools the tropics. The observed phase of the annual cycle in tropical lower-stratospheric temperatures is thus determined by the stronger orographic and thermal forcing of the wintertime planetary waves in the Northern Hemisphere, which drives a stronger Lagrangian mean meridional circulation. In the absence of fluctuations in the global mean diabatic heating, the compensation would be complete and the globally averaged temperature would be constant. The small annual cycle in the globally averaged temperature in the MSU-4 data is nearly in phase with the annual cycle in the tropics and is consistent with the annual cycle in diabatic heating by ozone.
A mechanistic overview of translation initiation in eukaryotes

Translation initiation requires the formation of a pre-initiation complex that recruits the 5′ end of the mRNA and scans along it to locate the start codon. Genetic, biochemical and structural studies have shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the individual steps of this complex process. This Review describes our current understanding of eukaryotic translation initiation and outlines some important outstanding questions in the field.
A quantitative comparison of conventional information compression techniques in dental literature

An actual word count was made of 93 articles from the dental literature and compared with their homo‐morphic transformations, i.e., abstracts and index citations. It was determined that the average article of 1,963 words was compressed into an abstract of 178 words, an index citation with tracings of 30 words, and an index citation of 18 words. A mathematical model was used to demonstrate the homomorphic reduction ratio.
Honoring accounts for sexual harassment: A factorial survey analysis.

This study analyzes a factorial survey, incorporating vignettes about student-to-student sexual harassment, completed by undergraduates at a small liberal arts college. As in previous studies, perceived seriousness levels for such incidents are shown to depend primarily on the perpetrator's behavior. However, perceived seriousness also depends strongly on the accounts offered by the perpetrator for his behavior and to a lesser extent on verbal reactions of the female victim. Furthermore, some types of accounts reduce the perceived seriousness of the behavior, while others increase it. Male and female respondents differ in their overall means, but do not differ significantly in the factors that influence perceived seriousness. Some implications of these results for the study of sexual harassment and of accounts are noted.
Linking Science and Language Arts: A Review of the Literature Which Compares Integrated versus Non-Integrated Approaches.

The purpose of this paper is to review the literature published during the last 20 years that investigates the impact of approaches that describe themselves as integrating science and language arts on student learning and/or attitude at the elementary level. The majority of papers report that integrated approaches led to greater student achievement in science and language arts across elementary grade levels. Additionally, integrated approaches facilitate improved attitudes toward both science and reading. The second section of the findings provides an overview of the types of pedagogical approaches used in the classrooms described in the studies. At all grade levels, teachers linked a variety of strategies including read-alouds, independent reading, at home reading, and writing in various genres that connected hands-on science activities to language arts skills.
Caveolae and Lipid Rafts: G Protein‐Coupled Receptor Signaling Microdomains in Cardiac Myocytes

A growing body of data indicates that multiple signal transduction events in the heart occur via plasma membrane receptors located in signaling microdomains. Lipid rafts, enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids, form one such microdomain along with a subset of lipid rafts, caveolae, enriched in the protein caveolin. In the heart, a key caveolin is caveolin-3, whose scaffolding domain is thought to serve as an anchor for other proteins. In spite of the original morphologic definition of caveolae ("little caves"), most work related to their role in compartmenting signal transduction molecules has involved subcellular fractionation or immunoprecipitation with anti-caveolin antibodies. Use of such approaches has documented that several G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), and their cognate heterotrimeric G proteins and effectors, localize to lipid rafts/caveolae in neonatal cardiac myocytes. Our recent findings support the view that adult cardiac myocytes appear to have different patterns of localization of such components compared to neonatal myocytes and cardiac fibroblasts. Such results imply the existence of multiple subcellular microdomains for GPCR-mediated signal transduction in cardiac myocytes, in particular adult myocytes, and raise a major unanswered question: what are the precise mechanism(s) that determine co-localization of GPCR and post-receptor components with lipid rafts/caveolae in cardiac myocytes and other cell types?
Increase of free and total testosterone during submaximal exercise in normal males.

The serum levels of testosterone, free testosterone, prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured at rest, during 45 min of exercise on a bicycle ergometer at 50% of the subjects' previously determined maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and during a 30-min recovery period. Ten healthy, untrained males were used as subjects. Mean serum testosterone levels increased significantly (P less than .05) over resting values at 15 min of exercise. Mean peak serum testosterone and free testosterone were significantly (P less than .01) increased during the exercise period as compared to resting values. No significant changes were measured for serum levels of LH, FSH, or prolactin during exercise. It appeared that bicycle exercise of moderate intensity significantly increased both free and total testosterone in untrained males.
Laser-activated protein deposition for fabrication of bio-chemical fluorescent sensors

This paper presents a fabrication method for biochemical sensors employing laser-activated protein deposition and reports the realization of an immunoglobulin G (IgG) sensor. It enables formation of multiple sensors and ELISA-like systems in a very small space. It also possesses the potential to fabricate sensors on 3D surfaces and in otherwise hard-to-reach places inside channels. The presented method is investigated for step-coverage, deposition on non-planar surfaces, resolution limiting factors and durability.
Reductions in portion size and energy density of foods are additive and lead to sustained decreases in energy intake

Background When the portion size and energy density (in kcal/g) of a food are varied simultaneously in a single meal, each influences energy intake independently.
Increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor messenger RNA in lungs of rats after cavopulmonary anastomosis.

doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2004.04.006 Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) are abnormal blood vessels that develop in a significant number of patients undergoing cavopulmonary anastomosis (CPA). PAVMs result in hypoxemia and decreased exercise tolerance from intrapulmonary right-to-left shunting. Histologically, PAVMs appear as numerous dilated and thin-walled vessels that extend far into the periphery of the pulmonary parenchyma. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important mediator of both normal and abnormal vascular proliferation. We have demonstrated increased protein expression of VEGF and its receptor in the lungs of children after CPA. This study describes our attempts to measure VEGF messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in a rat model of PAVMs after CPA.
Inhibition of vein graft intimal thickening by eicosapentanoic acid: reduced thromboxane production without change in lipoprotein levels or low-density lipoprotein receptor density.

Abstract Marine lipids containing ω-3 fatty acids (chiefly, eicosapentanoic acid [EPA] and docosahexanoic acid [DHA]) may inhibit the development of atherosclerotic vascular disease, but the mechanisms responsible for this putative beneficial effect are unknown. We investigated the effects of EPA and DHA in a canine model of accelerated vein graft arteriosclerosis during a 3-month period. Twenty-five dogs were divided into three dietary groups: group I (control), group II (2.5% cholesterol), and group III (2.5% cholesterol plus 2 gm EPA/day [as MaxEPA]). The effects of EPA on vein graft intimal thickening, platelet and vascular prostaglandin metabolism, lipid and lipoprotein receptor metabolism, and hematologic parameters were assessed. Cholesterol feeding caused a significant 54% increase in graft intimal thickness compared with control animals (124.9 ± 50.4 vs 81.2 ± 32.4 μm; p=0.013), which was prevented by supplementation with EPA in group III (56.9 ± 30.0 μm; p=0.001 vs group II). Intimal thickness in group III was not significantly different from that of control. EPA supplementation was also associated with a 38% decline in serum thromboxane levels from 457.0 ± 129.3 pg/0.1 ml in group II to 283.5 ± 96.9 pg/0.1 ml in group III (p = 0.007). The alterations in lipoprotein metabolism associated with cholesterol feeding were not affected by EPA: in both groups II and III, serum cholesterol and high-density lipoproteins and liver cholesterol content were elevated and hepatic low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor content was reduced. There were no differences between the three groups in terms of vein graft or native vessel prostacyclin production, hematocrit, platelet count, or coagulation parameters. In this canine model, dietary supplementation with marine ω-3 fatty acids reduced the extent and magnitude of accelerated vein graft intimal thickening induced by hypercholesterolemia; moreover, this beneficial effect was associated with lower serum thromboxane production and appeared to be independent of alterations in lipoprotein metabolism or LDL receptor density. (J VASC SURG 1988;7:108-18.)