cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Surface Phenomena Created by Underground Chemical Explosions in Dry Alluvium and Granite Geology From Fully Polarimetric VideoSAR Data

Phase I of the Source Physics Experiment (SPE) series involved six underground chemical explosions, all of which were conducted at the same experimental pad. Research from the sixth explosion of the series (SPE-6) demonstrated that polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) is a viable technology for monitoring an underground chemical explosion when the geologic structure is Cretaceous granitic intrusive. It was shown that a durable signal is measurable by the $H/A/\alpha$ polarimetric decomposition parameters. After the SPE-6 experiment, the SPE program moved to the Phase II location, which is composed of dry alluvium geology (DAG). The loss of wavefront energy is greater through dry alluvium than through granite. In this article, we compare the SPE-6 analysis to the second DAG (DAG-2) experiment. We hypothesize that despite the geology at the DAG site being more challenging than at the Phase I location, combined with the DAG-2 experiment having a 3.37 times deeper scaled depth of burial than the SPE-6, a durable nonprompt signal is still measurable by a PolSAR sensor. We compare the PolSAR time-series measures from videoSAR frames, from the SPE-6 and DAG-2 experiments, with accelerometer data. We show which PolSAR measures are invariant to the two types of geology and which are geology dependent. We compare a coherent change detection (CCD) map from the DAG-2 experiment with the data from a fiber-optic distributed acoustic sensor to show the connection between the spatial extent of coherence loss in CCD maps and spallation caused by the explosion. Finally, we also analyze the spatial extent of the PolSAR measures from both explosions.
Physical and Link Layers

IoT physical and link layer technologies determine many of the most important characteristics of the protocol stacks they belong to. This includes critical attributes like transmission rate, latency, and overall power efficiency. In the context of IoT, however, many of these physical and link layer mechanisms are derived and taken from proprietary stacks that were not designed to support end-to-end IPv6 connectivity. To this end, this chapter first explores some of the basic concepts associated with these mechanisms, and then it focuses on the different wireless as well as wireline physical and link layer protocols with emphasis on their features and characteristics.
Continuous glucose monitoring in persons with type 2 diabetes not using insulin.

Introduction CGM is an evidence-based intervention to improve glycemic control in persons with T1D and T2D using insulin. Use of CGM in persons with T2D not using insulin is not well studied. Areas covered Existing clinical evidence for the use of CGM in persons with T2D is reviewed with a focus on persons with T2D not using insulin. Additional perspective and consideration are provided on the role and rationale for using CGM in persons with T2D not using insulin. Expert opinion On the basis of available evidence, persons with T2D not using insulin benefit clinically through reduction in HbA1c, and improvement in time in range. Additional benefits include improvement in behavior modification, satisfaction, quality of life, empowerment, and diabetes distress. Drivers of these benefits are independent of insulin use in persons with T2D and may include an improved understanding of how diet, lifestyle, and exercise impact diabetes through CGM use. Clinical benefits from CGM independent of medication use include ability to modify health behavior and subsequently improve self-management.
A $q$-deformation of a trivial symmetric group action

Let A be the arrangement of hyperplanes consisting of the reflecting hyperplanes for the root system An−1. Let B = B(q) be the Varchenko matrix for this arrangement with all hyperplane parameters equal to q. We show that B is the matrix with rows and columns indexed by permutations with σ, τ entry equal to qi(στ −1) where i(π) is the number of inversions of π. Equivalently B is the matrix for left multiplication on CSn by Γn(q) = ∑ π∈Sn qπ. Clearly B commutes with the right-regular action of Sn on CSn. A general theorem of Varchenko applied in this special case shows that B is singular exactly when q is a j(j − 1)st root of 1 for some j between 2 and n. In this paper we prove two results which partially solve the problem (originally posed by Varchenko) of describing the Sn-module structure of the nullspace of B in the case that B is singular. Our first result is that ker(B) = indn Sn−1(Lien−1)/Lien in the case that q = e2πi/n(n−1) where Lien denotes the multilinear part of the free Lie algebra with n generators. Our second result gives an elegant formula for the determinant of B restricted to the virtual Sn-module P η with characteristic the power sum symmetric function pη(x).
Cross Sections for the Al( n, xn ) and Al( n, xγ ) Reactions Between 1 and 20 MeV

Differential cross sections for the production of secondary neutrons and gamma rays from neutron interactions in natural copper have been measured at 130/sup 0/ (lab) for incident neutron energies in the range 1 to 20 MeV. An electron linac was used as a pulsed, white neutron source. Incident neutron energies were determined using time-of-flight techniques for a source-to-sample distance of 48 m. Secondary spectra were determined by unfolding the pulse-height distributions observed in a NE-213 scintillation counter. The results are compared to the current evaluated nuclear data file (ENDF/B-IV, MAT 1295).
Distributed joint spoofing attack identification and estimation in sensor networks

Distributed estimation of a deterministic scalar parameter by using quantized data in the presence of spoofing attacks, which modify the statistical model of the physical phenomenon, is considered. The paper develops an efficient heuristic approach to jointly detect attacks and estimate under spoofing attacks that are undetectable by a traditional approach that relies on noticing the data is not consistent with an expected family of distributions. Numerical results show that the proposed approach can correctly identify the attacked sensors with a large number of time observations, and moreover, the estimation performance of the proposed approach can asymptotically achieve the genie Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) for the desired parameter, which is the CRB under the assumption that the set of attacked sensors is known.
Ischemic diseases of the bowel. I. Ischemia of the small bowel.

The incidence of acute ischemia of the small bowel is increasing. Although occasionally it is secondary to occlusion of major vessels and amenable to direct surgical attack, it is more often secondary to a perfusion problem without occlusions of large vessels. The diagnosis of ischemia should be considered for any elderly patient with abdominal pain and gastrointestinal bleeding which is not secondary to some overt cause. Early diagnosis requires a differentiation of occlusive from nonocclusive disease, and arteriography appears to be the only reasonable approach. Supportive therapy, including fluid replacement, cardiac support and control of sepsis, is necessary in all these cases. It is applied preoperatively over the course of several hours when the patients have perfusion problems; however, in the cases of patients with largevessel occlusion, the supportive therapy is applied during the intraoperative and postoperative periods. The patient with chronic mesenteric ischemia should have elective surgical correction of the occlusion to the splanchnic flow, not only for relief of pain and correction of weight loss but also to prevent progression to an acute complete occlusion.
Reinhold Niebuhr and Richard John Neuhaus

The passing of Richard John Neuhaus in 2009 elicited a wave of comparisons to the renowned public intellectual Reinhold Niebuhr. The two men share many interesting biographical similarities and intellectual continuities (to the chagrin of some liberal disciples of Niebuhr). Indeed, during one encounter between them, Niebuhr supposedly dubbed Neuhaus “the next Reinhold Niebuhr.” The comparisons between these two influential figures of twentieth century American life, however, may be less important than their differences. By way of introducing this special issue devoted to the lives and legacies of these two public theologians, this essay considers what contending interpretations of Niebuhr and Neuhaus tell us about religion and American public life in the twenty-first century.
Movement! Action! Belief?

Deleuze's philosophy of cinema departs from the standard conception of modernist aesthetics that sees art withdrawing from representation in order to reflect upon the specificity of its medium. While ambitious and influential, Deleuze's attempt fails. Overdetermined by its own metaphysics, it forsakes the real importance of the movies. It is unable to explain how they function and why they matter. This essay pursues three lines of criticism: Deleuze cannot account for the aesthetic specificity of cinema because he deposes the primacy of action in the movement-image in favour of the primacy of belief (the time-image). This failure is connected to the fact that a cinema of the virtual depends on the very Bazinian realism it is meant to displace. Realism must be acknowledged as the cinematic condition and truth of virtuality. Further, Bazinian realism is the cinematic form of philosophical modernism, preferable for many reasons to Deleuze's philosophy, which returns to pre-modern cosmology in its desire to e...
Two problems with time-dependent Hamiltonians

The method arises from a procedure in classical mechanics. Consider Hamilton's equations of motion dq OH dp OH dt Op ' dt Oq ' where the Hamiltonian H(p,q,t) depends on time. Bringing in the time t as a new coordinate, the energy E of outside sources as its conjugate momentum, and the new Hamiltonian K(p,q,E,t) = E + H(p,q,t), leads to the equivalent equations dp OH dp OH doOp' doOq' dt dE OH 1, dodo0 t ' in which K is independent of the time o-. Thus, by a simple transformation, every temporally inhomogeneous system reduces to a conservative, homogeneous one.
Global Magnetohydrodynamic Simulation of the Two‐Dimensional Magnetosphere

The time-dependent magnetohydrodynamic interaction of the solar wind with a two-dimensional dipole magnetic field has been simulated using a novel Lagrangian particle type of MHD code that can treat local low density or vacuum regions without numerical instability. This enables one to simulate the time-dependent magnetic tail. When the solar wind field is southward, a magnetic field line topology consistent with Dungey's model emerges in steady state. The tail, however, is short, and the x-points are only slightly shifted from their vacuum locations, because of strong numerical resistivity. Different configurations resulting from different relative orientations of the solar wind magnetic field and dipole axis are also presented. While the magnetic field is relatively steady, the density and flow in the magnetosheath are turbulent, as are the bow shock and magnetopause; the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability may account for these phenomena. We also model a 'substorm' as the passage of a rotational discontinuity in the solar wind over the dipole. Both 90 and 180 deg shifts to a southward solar wind field cause a violent readjustment of the magnetic tail which eventually settles down to the Dungey configuration.
WE-EF-210-04: Viscoelastic Response (VisR) Ultrasound for Noninvasively Assessing the Viscoelastic Properties of Tissue

Recent advances in ultrasound-related technologies have had a significant impact on enhancing image quality as well as offering new approaches for quantitative ultrasonic imaging and therapeutic applications. The presentations associated with this session will provide an overview of advances in ultrasound image formation, the development of using nanoparticles for therapeutic ultrasound applications, as well as approaches for assessing the intrinsic viscoelastic properties of tissue and methods for monitoring tissue response to therapy. Learning Objectives: 1. Develop a general understanding of new technologies associated with enhanced ultrasound image formation and volume imaging. 2. Develop an understanding of new ultrasound-based technologies for quantitative assessment of intrinsic tissue properties. 3. Develop an understanding of novel approaches for ultrasound-mediated non-invasive therapeutic applications. Dr. Rao is an employee of Siemens Ultrasound
A surface perspective on self-diffusion in rutile TiO2

Abstract Although there has been considerable debate in the solid state literature regarding oxygen vacancy versus titanium interstitial models for point defect diffusion in rutile TiO 2 , ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) surface scientists have all but unanimously adopted the oxygen vacancy model in explaining mass transport phenomena occurring between the bulk and surface. This unanimity, however, has not arisen from detailed mechanistic studies, but from a general misunderstanding that surface oxygen and titanium concentration changes measured by techniques like X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) can be interpreted mechanistically. This thinking is especially pervasive in investigations of the bulk-assisted reoxidation of ion sputtered TiO 2 surfaces. It is well known that ion sputtering TiO 2 preferentially depletes the surface of oxygen until a steady-state level of surface reduction has been established. The surface stoichiometry of the sputtered TiO 2 surface can be restored when annealing in UHV through transport of sputter damage to the bulk. In this paper, the mechanism of the bulk-assisted reoxidation of ion sputtered TiO 2 is addressed by monitoring the diffusion of oxygen and titanium in the 18 O and 46 Ti isotopically enriched surfaces of TiO 2 (110) using static secondary ion mass spectrometry (SSIMS). The sputtered TiO 2 (110) surface remains heavily reduced 2 surfaces possess a concentration gradient of reduced titanium cations normal to the surface. Above 700 K, only titanium diffusion from the surface to the bulk is detected. These data suggest that the major diffusive species responsible for the bulk-assisted reoxidation of ion sputtered TiO 2 surfaces is titanium cations and not oxygen anions/vacancies.
Correlation of ciliary and nuclear development in the life cycle of Euplotes.

SYNOPSIS. Kinetosomal changes, as indicative of cytoplasmic reorganization in binary fission and during and after conjugation, were followed in a zoochlorellae-bearing species of Euplotes. The preconjugant peristome, designated the first generation peristome, breaks down partially after the conjugants have paired; the basal section, comprising the shorter adoral membranelles and the undulating, membrane, is resorbed. A new peristome, the second generation peristome, arises as a small pit near the left ventral margin, in midline, at the time when the micronuclei are in the first meiotic prophase. By the time of the second meiotic division a single set of new cirri, the second generation cirri, has formed in each conjugant. This second set is not perfect, lacking one of the frontals. Neither the second generation peristome nor cirri develop very far, or migrate, until after separation of the conjugants. Then the new peristome replaces the old one and the new cirri become functional. However, the new peristome lacks an undulating membrane and does not complete its development, bearing only a fraction of the normal number of membranelles. At its posterior termination, at the time of condensation of the macronuclear anlage, another peristome, the third generation peristome, is formed and develops as a granular, and later striated, invagination extending posteriorly. It appears to integrate with its predecessor and, as its constituent membranelles develop, a third generation single set of new cirri arises. These replace the imperfect previous set, all of the cirri being represented. In anticipation of the first postconjugant fission, all of the cirral apparatus is discarded again and two new sets (fourth generation cirri) originate; the old (combination second and third generation) peristome is retained by the proter while a new one is provided for the opisthe. It is evident, therefore, that a rather far-reaching cytoplasmic reorganization accompanies the nuclear changes of conjugation, seeming, for the most part, to follow the nuclear changes. The old macronuclear fragments have been found not to fuse with the macronuclear anlage.
HELICOBACTER PYLORI AND GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE

The nature of the relationship between Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) remains unclear. This article reviews the current body of knowledge regarding the association between these two common entities. The authors examine the potential interactions of Hp and GERD from epidemiologic and pathophysiologic viewpoints and summarize and critique the prevalence and eradication studies that have been performed to date. Special consideration is given to the possible effects that long-term use of proton pump inhibitors may have on Hp gastritis.
A mathematical theory of enamel solubility and the onset of dental caries: I. The kinetics of dissolution of powdered enamel in acid buffer.

A model of the dissolution kinetics of powdered enamel is developed based on the kinetic rate termq, $$q = K'H - k'C \cdot P_1$$ , whereH=[H +],C=[Ca ++] andP 1=[HPO 4 = ]. The differential equations describing the rate of mineral dissolution (and the linearly related rate of appearance of calcium and phosphate in solution) have been derived and solved for three basic cases: (1) when thepH of the solution and surface area of the enamel are considered constant, (2) when thepH is assumed constant, but the reduction in surface area during dissolution is considered, and (3) when the rise ofpH resulting from the buffering effect of the dissolved enamel is considered along with the change in surface area. Analytical solutions have been obtained for cases (1) and (2), while a numerical solution has been found for case (3). Data from a study on enamel dissolution are presented that agree with the theory of case (3), and it is noted that apH rise as large as 0.5 can occur, as has been shown elsewhere in the literature.
Optically detected magnetic resonance study of the phosphorescent states of thiouracils

Abstract The triplet states of 1-methyl-2-thiouracil (1-Me-s2U), 1-methyl-4-thiouracil (1-Me-s2s4U) and 1-methyl-2,4-dithiouracil (1-Me-s2 s4) have been investigated by optically detected magnetic resonance in zero magnetic field. The zero field splittings (ZFS) and the individual sublevel kinetic parameters are reported. The ZFS (|D|, |E|) values (in cm−1) are found to increase in the order: 1-Me-s2 U (0.2895, 0.0728)
Relationship of Blood Serum Protein and Protein Fractions to Milk Constituents and Temperature-Season

Abstract Blood serum protein and protein fractions were determined in 265 samples from 62 lactating Holstein cows over one calendar year. Temperature-seasonal changes (cool, optimum, hot) were responsible for significant linear and quadratic fluctuation in serum protein fractions. Serum albumin, β-globulin, α 2 - globulin, and the A:G ratio significantly decreased as seasons progressed from cool to hot. Further, globulin and γ-globulin both increased significantly from cool to hot seasons. An a1bumin:globulin ratio (.56:1) was inverted. Milk fat percentage was positively correlated with serum albumin percentage and a1bumin:globulin ratio and negatively correlated with total serum protein, and serum globulin and γ-globulin percentages. No correlations were significant between Wisconsin Mastitis Test or Direct Microscopic Somatic Cell Count and any of the serum protein constituents or total serum protein. Monthly 4% fat-corrected milk was negatively correlated with total serum protein and serum globulin percentage and positively correlated with serum α 2 -globulin percentage.
What can we learn from prostaglandins and related eicosanoids in insects

Abstract Eicosanoids are oxygenated metabolites of three C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids (20:3n-6, 20:4n-6, and 20:5n-3). While eicosanoids are very well known in mammalian systems, mostly due to their pharmaceutical interest, there is increasing recognition of the significance of these compounds in insects and other invertebrates. In this paper we consider four major concepts emerging from work on eicosanoids in invertebrates. First, the biological significance of eicosanoids extends far beyond their physiological and pathophysiological actions in human and veterinary medicine. Second, we can greatly improve our understanding of eicosanoids in insects by integrating our work on insects into ongoing studies of other invertebrates. Third, some eicosanoid actions may be fundamental to animals. Fourth, the biochemistry of eicosanoids in insects and other invertebrates can differ from expectations based on the mammalian background. Finally, we point to an uncharted frontier in insect studies-the biochemical mechanisms of eicosanoid action—by drawing attention to some of the work on eicosanoid receptors in mammalian systems.
Our stubborn quest for diagnostic certainty. A cause of excessive testing.

Absolute certainty in diagnosis is unattainable, no matter how much information we gather, how many observations we make, or how many tests we perform. A diagnosis is a hypothesis about the nature ...
An immunophysical study of the complement system: Examples for the pH dependence of protein binding and stability

We present an immunophysical study for the binding and stability and related properties for selected proteins of the complement system, which is an innate immune defense against invading pathogens. The physical methods we use are based on electrostatic calculations and molecular dynamic simulations. We present applications for the predictions of (1) the titration of complement protein C3d, complement receptor CR2, C3d:CR2 complex, and viral complement inhibitor VCP; (2) the pH dependence of the binding between C3d and CR2; (3) the pH dependence of stability for VCP using molecular dynamics snapshots and (4) the pH dependence of conformational changes for VCP during molecular dynamics. We present critical discussions on the physical origins of the predicted data.
An FcγRIII (CD16)-specific autoantibody from a patient with progressive systemic sclerosis

Abstract Polyspecific and organ specific autoimmune diseases are often accompanied by prolonged clearance of immune complexes. In mice, impaired macrophage Fc γ receptor function may be associated with autoantibody against Fc γ receptors. To extend these observations to autoimmune human disease, we transformed with EBV peripheral lymphocytes from a patient with terminal progressive systemic sclerosis and screened for clones secreting anti-Fc γ receptor Ig. A clone, N55, which secretes a high affinity anti-Fc γ receptor IgG 2 antibody was obtained. The Fab fragment of N55 bound to human neutrophils, NK cells, but not to monocytes, consistent with specificity for Fc γ RIII (CD16). N55 Fab competed weakly for the binding of anti-Fc γ RIII mAb 3G8 to neutrophils but did not have any effect on staining with the anti-Fc γ RII mAb, IV.3. N55 Fab did not bind to peripheral monocytes, but did bind to monocytes incubated with TGF-β (24 h) to induce Fc γ RIII. The specificity of N55 IgG for Fc γ RIII was confirmed by ELISA using secreted recombinant Fc γ RIIA and Fc γ RIIIB protein to coat microtiter wells. N55 IgG triggered the release from neutrophils of β-glucuronidase, arylsulfatase and alkaline phosphatase. Such antibody may play a pathogenic role in progressive systemic sclerosis.
Molecular mapping of the neural pathways linking leptin to the neuroendocrine reproductive axis

Negative energy balance and insufficient adipose energy stores decrease the production of leptin, thereby diminishing the leptin-supported secretion of GnRH from the hypothalamus and promoting decreased reproductive function. Leptin acts via its receptor (LepRb) to support the neuroendocrine reproductive axis, but the nature and location of the relevant LepRb neurons remain poorly understood. Possibilities include the direct or indirect action of leptin on hypothalamic GnRH neurons, or on kisspeptin (Kiss1) neurons that are major regulators of GnRH neurons. To evaluate these potential mechanisms, we employed immunohistochemical analysis of the female brain from various molecular mouse models and sheep. Our analysis revealed no LepRb in GnRH neurons or in anteroventral periventricular Kiss1 neurons, and very limited (0-6%) colocalization with arcuate nucleus Kiss1 cells, suggesting that leptin does not modulate reproduction by direct action on any of these neural populations. LepRb neurons, primarily in the hypothalamic ventral premammillary nucleus and a subregion of the preoptic area, lie in close contact with GnRH neurons, however. Furthermore, an unidentified population or populations of LepRb neurons lie in close contact with arcuate nucleus and anteroventral periventricular Kiss1 neurons. Taken together, these findings suggest that leptin communicates with the neuroendocrine reproductive axis via multiple populations of LepRb neurons that lie afferent to both Kiss1 and GnRH neurons.
UPLIFTING THE RACE THROUGH DOMESTICITY: CAPITALISM, AFRICAN-AMERICAN MIGRATION, AND THE HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY IN THE GREAT MIGRATION ERA OF 1916—1930

Abstract The transformation of African Americans into a working-class population began during the World War I Great Migration era. In response to the rise in racial intolerance and the urgency of migrants’ needs, the Pittsburgh Urban League was formed in 1918 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Using a historical case study, this article suggests that the League attempted to promote domesticity among married migrant women for the purpose of racial uplift. This paper examines the implications of this strategy for migrant households and Pittsburgh industry. The study explores the relationship between patriarchy and capitalism in the formation of working-class families by discussing the role of racial ideologies in this process. The author argues that studies of white women’s domesticity and reproductive labor also must address the ways in which race has affected their incorporation into capitalist class systems in countries where race is a central organizing feature of the political economy.
Ontogeny of Isolation Rearing-Induced Deficits in Sensorimotor Gating in Rats

Presentation of a weak stimulus immediately before a startling stimulus decreases the magnitude of the resultant startle response. This phenomenon, termed prepulse inhibition (PPI), provides an operational measure of sensorimotor gating, and is deficient in schizophrenia patients. Clinically observed PPI deficits can be modeled in rodents by housing rats individually from weaning until adulthood. The developmental time course of isolation rearing-induced PPI deficits, however, is unknown. The present studies characterized the ontogeny of isolation-induced PPI deficits and hyperactivity. Separate groups of Sprague-Dawley and Lister hooded rats were either singly housed (ISO) or socially housed (SOC, groups of two to three per cage) upon weaning and then maintained in these housing conditions for different periods of time until assessment of PPI and locomotor activity; animals were tested at time points that roughly corresponded to before puberty (2 weeks postweaning), during puberty (4 weeks postweaning), or after puberty (6-7 weeks post weaning). PPI deficits were seen in Sprague-Dawley ISO rats at either the 4- or 6-, but not the 2-week time points. In contrast, hyperactivity was noted in these animals starting at the 2-week time point. Lister rats showed the same general pattern of ISO-induced effects, with ISO-induced hyperactivity (observed 4 weeks postweaning) preceding ISO-induced PPI deficits (observed 7 weeks postweaning). Therefore, ISO produces dissociable effects on PPI and locomotor activity, with PPI deficits emerging only during or after puberty. ISO might thus provide a useful noninvasive tool with which to study the neural substrates of delayed-onset sensorimotor gating abnormalities.
Temporary open market operation on MBS repos: any foreshadowing of the financial crisis of 2008?

The financial crisis of 2008 was significantly influenced by housing, mortgage markets and mortgage-backed securities (MBS). The Federal Reserve (Fed) conducts temporary open market operations on a daily basis and frequently uses repos on MBS. With this daily interaction with MBS, we examine whether any signal about the impending financial crisis could have been seen in the Fed’s temporary open market operations. We identify four anomalous events in MBS temporary open market operations and examine those events for signals of the financial crisis. We find nothing in the four events that would have provided signals of the financial crisis. Instead, the common feature of the four events is an unusually large supply of MBS made available to the Fed for those day’s temporary open market operations.
Endothelial Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells in a Chemically Defined Medium

Endothelial cells (ECs) are desired for their therapeutic potential in a variety of areas including gene therapy, cardiac regeneration, development of tissue-engineered vascular grafts, and prevasc...
Thomas Aquinas on Virtuous Warfare

Thomas Aquinas, one of the "founding fathers" of just war theory, offers an account of virtuous warfare in practice. The author argues that Aquinas's approach to warfare, with its emphasis on justice and charity, is helpful in providing a coherent moral account of war to which Christians can subscribe. Particular attention is given to the role of charity, since this virtue is the distinguishing characteristic of the Christian soldier. Charity compels him to soldier justly, and by fighting justly, he is elevated by God to friendship with God. Notable features of this approach are its emphasis on the criteria for judging whether a war is just and its relativizing of the criteria for proper combat behavior.
Generic physical mechanisms of morphogenesis and pattern formation as determinants in the evolution of multicellular organization

Early embryos of metazoan species are subject to the same set of physical forces and interactions as any small parcels of semi-solid material, living or nonliving. It is proposed that such “generic” properties of embryonic tissues have played a major role in the evolution of biological form and pattern by providing an array of morphological templates, during the early stages of metazoan phylogeny, upon which natural selection could act. The generic physical mechanisms considered include sedimentation, diffusion, and reaction-diffusion coupling, all of which can give rise to chemical nonuniformities (including periodic patterns) in eggs and small multicellular aggregates, and differential adhesion, which can lead to the formation of boundaries of non-mixing between adjacent cell populations. Generic mechanisms that produce chemical patterns, acting in concern with the capacity of cells to modulate their adhesivity (presumed to be a primitive, defining property of metazoa), could lead to multilayered gastrulae of various types, segmental organization, and many of the other distinguishing characteristics of extant and extinct metazoan body plans. Similar generic mechanisms, acting on small tissue primordia during and subsequent to the establishment of the major body plans, could have given rise to the forms of organs, such as the vertebrate limbs. Generic physical processes acting on a single system of cells and cell products can often produce a widely divergent set of morphological phenotypes, and these are proposed to be the raw material of the evolution of form. The establishment of any ecologically successful form by these mechanisms will be followed, under this hypothesis, by a period of genetic evolution, in which the recruitment of gene products to produce the “generically templated” morphologies by redundant pathways would be favoured by intense selection, leading to extensive genetic change with little impact on the fossil record. In this view, the stabilizing and reinforcing functions of natural selection are more important than its ability to effect incremental change in morphology. Aspects of evolution which are problematic from the standard neo-Darwinian viewpoint, or not considered within that framework, but which follow in a straightforward fashion from the view presented here, include the beginnings of an understanding of why organisms have the structure and appearance they’ do, why homoplasy (the recurrent evolution of certain forms) is so prevalent, why evolution has the tempo and mode it does (“punctuated equilibrium”), and why a “rapid” burst of morphological evolution occurred so soon after the origin of the metazoa.
Conductivity enhancement in Ba1−xLaxF2+x solid electrolytes

Abstract The small-signal a.c. response of Ba1−xLaxF2+x solid solution crystals has been studied as a function of temperature and composition (10−3 ×10−2 enhanced ionic motion of a solute independent number of F-interstitials occurs. In addition, the dielectric response of concentrated solid solutions is determined by broad distributions of dipole-like relaxations. The mobility enhancement and the concept of a critical mobility offer a plausible explanation for the fall in the Faraday transition temperature in solid solution crystals.
Distributional effects of property rights: Transitions in the Atlantic Herring fishery

Abstract A principal challenge in developing any fishery management plan is the allocation of benefits and costs among participants in the fishery. This process is further complicated by imperfect information about future market demand and limited ability to predict the consequences of regulatory change. This paper offers a new approach to policymakers, using econometric analysis to simulate the potential impact of individual tradable quotas (ITQs) in a fishery. We compare the distribution of harvest across participants in the Atlantic Herring fishery under the current open access regime and under a potential ITQ regime, assuming two different levels of future demand. Our results show that production efficiency varies by vessel gear, home-port and relationship with buyers. Some of the predicted consequences of ITQs are: vessels from Massachusetts will gain share relative to those from Maine; trawlers will gain share relative to purse seine vessels; and independent vessels will lose share relative to vessels that are primarily contracted to specific processors or bait companies. These results will help policymakers in developing future management plans for the herring fishery. More generally, this analytical approach can help regulators in any fishery assess the potential impact of alternative policy changes under alternative future demand scenarios.
Effect of confinement and thermal cycling on the shock initiation of LX-17

Abstract The shock initiation of the insensitive high explosive LX-17, which contains 92.5% triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB) and 7.5% Kel-F binder, was studied under two simulated accident conditions: initially confined charges were heated to 250°C and shocked; and unconfined charges were thermally cycled between 25° and 250°C and shocked. Previous research on unconfined TATB-based explosives heated to 250°C revealed increased shock sensitivity. This increase was attributed to both the increased porosity caused by the unsymmetrical thermal expansion of TATB, which resulted in more hot spot ignition sites, and the faster growth of hot spot reactions due to the increased surrounding temperature. In this study, aluminum confinement was used to decrease the thermal expansion of LX-17. The shock sensitivity of confined LX-17 at 250°C was observed to be less than that of unconfined charges at 250°C but greater than that of unconfined, ambient temperature LX-17. The thermal cycling results showed that the LX-17 heated to 250°C and then shocked at 25°C was more sensitive than pristine LX-17, because irreversible growth had produced more ignition sites. LX-17 held at 250°C for an hour or fired at 250°C after two thermal cycles did not appear to be significantly more shock sensitive than LX-17 heated to 250°C and shocked immediately. Therefore it is unlikely that TATB is thermally decomposing into less stable intermediate species at 250°C. The Ignition and Growth reactive flow model for shock initiation of LX-17 was normalized to these experimental results to provide a predictive capability for other accident scenarios that cannot be tested directly.
Characteristics of Response to Nonstationary White Noise: Applications

In the companion paper new methods were developed to obtain exact and approximate second‐order statistics of the response of linear systems to modulated white‐noise excitation. In this paper the methods are used to evaluate characteristics of oscillator response to two basic modulations. Closed‐form expressions are obtained for the variance, mean zero‐crossing rate, and bandwidth of the response to suddenly‐applied excitation and numerical values are computed for an exponentially‐modulated excitation. Both analytical and numerical comparisons re‐veal that the approximate method of analysis is considerably simpler than the exact method, yet accurately retains the dominant features of the nonstationary response characteristics. The results are subsequently applied to the first‐passage problem using continuous and discrete forms of the response envelope. Good agreement with simulation results is observed in all cases.
The application of low interfacial tension scaling rules to binary hydrocarbon mixtures

Abstract For a given electrolyte concentration, aqueous petroleum sulfonate surfactants in a contact with alkanes, alkylbenzenes, or alkylcyclohexanes as the second phase yield low interfacial tensions for only a single member of each homologous hydrocarbon series. For a particular equivalent weight surfactant and electrolyte concentration, the three hydrocarbons might typically be octane, octylbenzene, and butylcyclohexane. It is shown that appropriate mixtures of other hydrocarbon members of these series will produce low interfacial tensions if the average molecular weight is identical to octane and if phenyl and cyclohexyl groups are assumed to contribute zero and four carbons, respectively, to the attached alkyl side chains. Similar scaling rules are developed for groups in molecular species such as decalin and 1-methyl naphthalene.
Continuous-time stochastic model simplification

Approximation of high-order and time-varying linear continuous-time Gaussian models by low-order and time-invariant models is considered. The recent work of Baram and Be'eri pertaining to the discrete-time systems is extended to continuous-time system models. The model simplification is carried out by maximizing the probabilistic ambiguity between the actual system and the approximate model. Differences between the continuous-time and the discrete-time model simplification problems are examined. The case when the observation noise covariance of the approximate model differs from that of the actual system presents technical difficulties not present in the discrete-time version.
Temperature behavior of the complex piezoelectric d31 coefficient in modified lead titanate ceramics

Piezoelectric properties of modified lead titanate ceramics were investigated in an effort to explain the large electromechanical anisotropy observed in these materials. While the thickness coupling factor is approximately constant with temperature, the planar coupling factor becomes zero near room temperature, probably indicating a change in sign of the piezoelectric d31coefficient. It is shown that for an accurate description of the electromechanical behavior of modified lead titanate ceramics, all material constants relevant for the planar coupling mode (s11, e33d31) must be taken as complex. Possible contributions to the complex d31 are discussed.
Correlations of carotenoid content and transcript abundances for fibrillin and carotenogenic enzymes in Capsicum annum fruit pericarp.

The fruits of Capsicum spp. are especially rich sites for carotenoid synthesis and accumulation, with cultivar-specific carotenoid accumulation profiles. Differences in chromoplast structure as well as carotenoid biosynthesis are correlated with distinct carotenoid accumulations and fruit color. In the present study, the inheritance of chromoplast shape, carotenoid accumulation profiles, and transcript levels of four genes were measured. Comparisons of these traits were conducted using fruit from contrasting variants, Costeno Amarillo versus Costeno Red, and from F1 hybrids; crosses between parental lines with novel versions of these traits. Intermediate chromoplast shapes were observed in the F1, but no association between specific carotenoid accumulation and chromoplast shape was detected. Increased total carotenoid content was associated with increased β-carotene and violaxanthin content. Transcript levels for phytoene synthase (Psy) and β-carotene hydroxylase (CrtZ-2) were positively correlated with increased levels of specific carotenoids. No correlation was detected between transcript levels of capsanthin/capsorubin synthase (Ccs) and carotenoid composition or chromoplast shape. Transcript levels of fibrillin, were differentially correlated with specific carotenoids, negatively correlated with accumulation of capsanthin, and positively correlated with violaxanthin. The regulation of carotenoid accumulation in chromoplasts in Capsicum fruit continues to be a complex process with multiple steps for control.
Finite transform solution of the symmetrically vibrating annular membrane.

Scalar wave equation of annular membrane for origin symmetric motion and arbitrary initial and boundary conditions
Voluntary contributions with redistribution: The effect of costly sanctions when one person's punishment is another's reward☆

Abstract We introduce new treatments of a voluntary contribution mechanism with opportunities to punish in order to see how contributions, punishments and earnings change when punishment is in the form of fines the punisher distributes to other members of her group. The linked punishment-reward set up is of theoretical interest and could represent simultaneous shifts of social disapproval and approval. Conjectures that punishment will be better targeted, and that it will be more substantial for given deviation from others’ contributions, receive support. Making punishment redistributive increases contributions and efficiency, even after netting out the design's free resource element.
Beneficial effects of fruit extracts on neuronal function and behavior in a rodent model of accelerated aging.

Abstract Exposing young rats to particles of high-energy and charge (HZE particles) enhances indices of oxidative stress and inflammation and disrupts the functioning of the dopaminergic system and behaviors mediated by this system in a manner similar to that seen in aged animals. Previous research has shown that diets supplemented with 2% blueberry or strawberry extracts have the ability to retard and even reverse age-related deficits in behavior and signal transduction in rats, perhaps due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study evaluated the efficacy of these diets on irradiation-induced deficits in these parameters by maintaining rats on these diets or a control diet for 8 weeks prior to being exposed to whole-body irradiation with 1.5 Gy of 1 GeV/n high-energy 56Fe particles. Irradiation impaired performance in the Morris water maze and measures of dopamine release 1 month following radiation; these deficits were protected by the antioxidant diets. The strawberry diet offered better protection against spatial deficits in the maze because strawberry-fed animals were better able to retain place information (a hippocampally mediated behavior) compared to controls. The blueberry diet, on the other hand, seemed to improve reversal learning, a behavior more dependent on intact striatal function. These data suggest that 56Fe particle irradiation causes deficits in behavior and signaling in rats which were ameliorated by an antioxidant diet and that the polyphenols in these fruits might be acting in different brain regions.
Double-wall carbon nanotubes doped with different Br2 doping levels: a resonance Raman study.

This report focuses on the effects of different Br2 doping levels on the radial breathing modes of “double-wall carbon nanotube (DWNT) buckypaper”. The resonance Raman profile of the Br2 bands are shown for different DWNT configurations with different Br2 doping levels. Near the maximum intensity of the resonance Raman profile, mainly the Br2 molecules adsorbed on the DWNT surface contribute strongly to the observed ωBr−Br Raman signal.
Signature frequencies for buried soil anchors

Abstract Soil anchors with their guy lines are employed in a wide variety of applications. Anchor support for utility poles is the focus of the present study. A nonintrusive measuring system is proposed to monitor the integrity of such guy line ground anchors. The natural longitudinal frequency of the partially buried anchor rod with a terminal buried plate attached can be measured periodically with an accelerometer. An increase in this frequency over time would indicate a possible corrosion-induced loosening of the ground anchor from its buried terminal plate, and the need for anchor replacement. A case study involving an aging and failed utility pole anchor illustrates the need for such frequency monitoring.
Group Actions in Civil Procedure: The United States Experience

This report has been prepared for purposes of the XIII Congress of Comparative Law to be held in Montreal, Canada in August, 1990. As summarized in a report by Professors Cappelletti and Garth following the Wurzberg Congress in 1983,1 in the United States four different types of group actions exist and encourage the enforcement of both private and public rights. They include: parens patriae suits by state governments who are allowed to sue for injuries suffered by their citizens;2 actions brought by organizations, some formal and highly structured, such as labor unions, and others less formal and organized for the purposes of fostering certain social or public policies, such as various environmental and consumer groups;3 public actions brought by administrative agencies, such as the Securities Exchange Commission or the Department of Justice, who are charged with ensuring the enforcement of laws within their jurisdiction; and private actions brought as class actions under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23 or various state counterparts.4 Although each of these forms of group actions continues to be utilized in the United States, the major recent developments that have produced the most observable strain on the existing system involve increased attempts to use private class actions5 to provide