cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stress distribution in granular heaps using multi-slip formulation

SUMMARY Many experiments on conical piles of granular materials have indicated, contrary to simple intuition that the maximum vertical stress does not occur directly beneath the sand-pile vertex but rather at some distance from the apex resulting in a ring of maximum vertical stress. Some recent experiments have shown that the observed stress dip is very much dependent on construction history. A multi-slip model has been proposed to investigate the stress dip phenomenon in granular heaps. The double-slip version of the model was implemented into ABAQUS and used to study the vertical stress distribution along the base of a granular pile. The numerical simulations show that plastic deformation is confined within the localized region around the apex while the rest of the pile is in an elastic state of deformation. Within the plastic region the stress distribution differs significantly depending on the initial active slip orientation. The results show that for homogenous state of granular materials such as those produced by a raining procedure the vertical stress profile along the base reached its peak at the apex (i.e. no dip was observed). On the contrary, granular heaps constructed by the use of a localized source such as a funnel resulted in a significant reduction in the stress distribution within the ring with the minimum attained beneath the peak (i.e. a dip). Therefore, we believe that the initial microstructure and thus the initial slip orientation resulting from sand deposition is the source of the stress dip phenomenon. Copyright # 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of clofibrate on acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity in hepatocytes.

Cytochemical localization techniques and electron microscopy were used to evaluate the effects of clofibrate on acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity. It was demonstrated that the drug inhibited the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase in rat hepatocytes. Although the results in one of these experiments were somewhat variable, it is suggested that the inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase may be the mechanism by which clofibrate exerts its hypolipidemic effects.
Intracellular adenosine formation and its carrier-mediated release in cultured embryonic chick heart cells

Summary Adenosine formation and release was examined in 48 hr old primary cultures of chick ventricular myocytes. Dilazep > hexobendine > dipyridamole inhibit incorporation of adenosine into chick embryonic heart cellular nucleotides in a concentration dependent manner. A combination of 30 mM 2-deoxyglucose and 2 g of oligomycin/ml reduces the ATP content of the cells by 71% in 10 min. This change is accompanied by an increase in total adenosine concentration of 3.4 nmoles/10 7 cells in 10 min. Although the ATP concentration is not altered during hypoxia (95%N 2 / 5%CO 2 ), adenosine concentration increases by 0.52 nmoles/10 7 cells in 30 min. When nucleoside incorporation is inhibited by 85–90% by dipyridamole, dilazep or hexobendine, efflux of adenosine decreases by 70–90%, and 60–90% of the newly formed adenosine is trapped inside the cells compared to 10% in the absence of the transport inhibitors. α ,s -Methylene ADP inhibits the ecto 5'-nucleotidase activity by 91 ± 6% but does not inhibit adenosine formation or alter its distribution between cells and medium, thus ruling out the involvement of this enzyme in adenosine formation. We conclude that adenosine is formed intracellularly during 2-deoxyglucose and oligomycin-induced ATP degradation and during hypoxia and that the nucleoside is released via the symmetric nucleoside transporter.
Seismic Qualification of Large Equipment with Test-Verified Analytical Techniques

The seismic qualification of large structural items by analytical methods gains considerable credibility if the analytical techniques are verified by test-obtained modal data. Analytical seismic qualification of the McGuire Nuclear Station main control boards for Duke Power Company provide an example of the types of analysis procedures which are well suited to large structural pieces of equipment, and illustrate the enhancement of analytical results with modal test data. This approach resulted in an analytical seismic qualification which was suitable from both the standpoint of structural integrity assessments and defining required response spectra for component qualification.
Advances in Relative Deprivation Theory and Research

The focus of this special issue is relative deprivation (RD): the judgment that one or one’s group is worse off compared to some standard accompanied by feelings of anger and resentment. This collection of seven papers demonstrates the range of the new thinking and research about RD, and they include data from an impressive variety of participants—including Canadians (both French- and English-speakers), Dutch, the Maoris of New Zealand, Mongols, Singaporeans, and South Africans (both Blacks and Whites). These seven papers show that if RD, and its counterpart, relative gratification, are defined carefully, at the right level of analysis and employed within larger theoretical models, the concept offers invaluable insight to how people respond to often dramatic changes in their objective circumstances.
pH-Induced Fusion and Lysis of Phosphatidylcholine Vesicles by the Hydrophobic Polyelectrolyte Poly(2-ethylacrylic Acid)

Poly(2-ethylacrylic acid) [PEAA] was shown to induce fusion of phosphatidylcholine bilayer membranes under mildly acidic conditions. The pH-dependent destabilization and fusion of extruded large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) by PEAA was characterized by optical density measurements, transmission electron microscopy, and lipid-mixing and contents-release assays. Reduction of either the chain length or the polymer concentration caused the fusion and contents-release events to shift to lower pH values. Release of entrapped calcein was observed at pH values approximately 1 unit higher than those found to cause membrane fusion. Decreased levels of fusion were observed when the concentration of PEAA was lower than that of the lipid; however, quantitative release of encapsulated calcein could be effected at very low polymer concentrations (∼3% w/w PEAA/lipid).
Could White Be Green

A material is transparent to the extent that it preserves the contrasts and detail of any set of objects seen through it. It can fail to be transparent to the extent that contrast is lost either selectively or unselectively, or the detail is blurred. Contrast is lost selectively if there are two areas of similar lightness in a scene which look dissimilar in lightness when viewed through the material. Contrast is lost unselectively if, for a scene, any two areas of similar lightness are similarly darkened when seen through the material. A material that is thus unselective is achromatic, whereas a material that is thus selective is chromatic. In a similar fashion, a material that darkens some light reflected from it more than other light reflected from it is chromatic, whereas a material that equally darkens all light reflected from it is achromatic. Of course some pieces of material will be selective in one respect for light that passes through them, and differently selective for light that is reflected from them, but this is a complication that can usually be ignored, and easily dealt with when the situation demands it. Achromatic materials may be arranged in a grey sequence. The limit of the darkest greys is black. The limit of the lightest greys is clear if they are nondiffusive, and white if they are diffusive. A substance transmits or reflects nondiffusively to the extent that the scene viewed through or reflected by the material retains its detail. To the extent that the detail is blurred or completely lost, the transmission or reflection is diffuse. Diffused transmission of light is translucence. When light falls upon a body, that body will transmit a fraction of the light, reflect a fraction, and absorb a fraction (the fraction can include zero and one as limiting cases). The perceived whiteness of a body can be consequent upon the diffuse reflection of light, or upon the diffuse transmission of light, or some combination of the two. The first makes for opacity, the second for translucence. Both degrade image quality, hence transparency, and both reduce achromatic contrast.' So, for a material that unselectively transmits most of the light that is incident upon it, whiteness is inversely related to transparency.2 This account of the impossibility of transparent white is similar to that tendered by Jonathan Westphal.3 It rests on no theoretical assumptions about the micro-
Identification and characterization of a prostaglandin transporter

Carrier-mediated prostaglandin transport has been postulated to occur in many tissues. On the basis of sequence homology, the protein of unknown function encoded by the rat matrin F/G complementary DNA was predicted to be an organic anion transporter. Expression of the matrin F/G complementary DNA in HeLa cells or Xenopus oocytes conferred the property of specific transport of prostaglandins. The tissue distribution of matrin F/G messenger RNA and the sensitivity of matrin F/G-induced prostaglandin transport to inhibitors were similar to those of endogenous prostaglandin transport. The protein encoded by the matrin F/G complementary DNA is thus preferably called PGT because it is likely to function as a prostaglandin transporter.
A Meditational Model Linking Witnessing Intimate Partner Violence and Bullying Behaviors and Victimization Among Youth

A growing body of research documents that various forms of violence exposures are interrelated. This paper presents a conceptual model, which accounts for the relationship between youth witnessing intimate partner violence (IPV) at home and their subsequent engagement in bullying behaviors and victimization by peers. A comprehensive search of major databases was conducted within a 12-year period (1999–2011). Based on this review, we provide empirical evidence, which documents that youth who witness IPV are at increased risk for bullying behaviors and peer victimization. Next, we posit a mediational model, which suggests that the relationship between witnessing IPV and bullying behavior and peer victimization is mediated by psychological problem behaviors, lower school success, and problematic peer interactions. We also explore potential moderating factors that may exacerbate or buffer the effects of witnessing IPV, such as age, gender, race/ethnicity, parenting practices, and peer relationships. This overall conceptual model should be empirically tested and has important implications for guiding future research on the relationship between IPV and bullying behaviors and victimization among youth.
Effects of leptophos on rat brain levels and turnover rates of biogenic amines and their metabolites

Leptophos is a potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor which causes delayed central-peripheral neuropathy. Rats were administered multiple doses of leptophos until motor deficits were observed in rotorod performance in the highest dosage group. Doses lower than the median effective dose were then administered to other rats and alterations of brain catecholamine and serotonin levels and turnover rates were determined. Turnover rates of brain norepinephrine and dopamine were elevated in rats administered cumulative doses of 75 mg/kg leptophos over a 15-day period. Levels of the major dopamine metabolite, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, appeared to be slightly elevated at this dose level and levels of dopamine were also higher than controls. These observations suggest that leptophos increases brain adrenergic activity. Rats administered the same dose levels had significantly reduced serotonin turnover rates. This observation was possibly artifactual, because rats administered a cumulative dose of 225 mg/kg leptophos showed no difference from controls.
Tensor Sparse Coding for Positive Definite Matrices

In recent years, there has been extensive research on sparse representation of vector-valued signals. In the matrix case, the data points are merely vectorized and treated as vectors thereafter (for example, image patches). However, this approach cannot be used for all matrices, as it may destroy the inherent structure of the data. Symmetric positive definite (SPD) matrices constitute one such class of signals, where their implicit structure of positive eigenvalues is lost upon vectorization. This paper proposes a novel sparse coding technique for positive definite matrices, which respects the structure of the Riemannian manifold and preserves the positivity of their eigenvalues, without resorting to vectorization. Synthetic and real-world computer vision experiments with region covariance descriptors demonstrate the need for and the applicability of the new sparse coding model. This work serves to bridge the gap between the sparse modeling paradigm and the space of positive definite matrices.
A Study of Reactional Force Compensation Based on Three‐Degree‐of Freedom Parallel Platforms

Reaction compensation is necessary for space robot applications because reactional forces/torques will cause undesired movement of the spacecraft. Because the reactional torques can be compensated by the existing torque balancing device in the spacecraft, an additional reaction compensating device is necessary to compensate the reactional forces. In this article we study two types of reactional force compensating devices based on three-degree-of freedom, parallel platforms. The first type has three R-P-S legs while the second type has three R-R-P-S leg and a passive R-R-P leg. A three-degree of freedom serial manipulator is used to generate reactional forces, which are to be compensated by the paralle platforms. The kinematics and dynamics of both platforms are analyzed and closed form inverse kinematics solutions are derived. We then design a reactional force compensating device that satisfies the strict volume constraint in a spacecraft. The first type of parallel platform is found to require very long legs due to large orientational motion at certain positions. The second type has smooth motion in both position and orientation, and therefore its size can be very compact. It is concluded that the second type of parallel platform has great potential to be used as a compact reactional force compensating device. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Responses of Social and Solitary Bees to Pulsed Floral Resources

AbstractPulsed food resources lead to mismatches between distribution of consumers and resources in space and time. Many studies have investigated how pollinators and floral resources covary in space, but few have looked at their covariance among years. I studied responses of two bee taxa, Bombus (a social genus) and Anthophora (a solitary genus), to variation in flowering by Astragalus scaphoides, a perennial herb that flowers in alternate years. First, I quantified the rate at which individual plants were visited by bees. Anthophora showed evidence of a demographic response to resource pulses—that is, more individuals were seen in the year after a high-flowering year—whereas Bombus did not. Second, I quantified pollinator behavior by following individual bees and recording the proportion of visits to A. scaphoides within single foraging bouts. The proportion of visits to A. scaphoides by both taxa increased with A. scaphoides’s flowering density. Higher specialization in high-flowering years likely make...
Reference priors for exponential families with increasing dimension

In this article, we establish the asymptotic normality of the posterior distribution for the natural parameter in an exponential family based on independent and identically distributed data. The mode of convergence is expected Kullback-Leibler distance and the number of parameters p is increasing with the sample size n. Using this, we give an asymptotic expansion of the Shannon mutual information valid when p=pn increases at a sufficiently slow rate. The second term in the asymptotic expansion is the largest term that depends on the prior and can be optimized to give Jeffreys’ prior as the reference prior in the absence of nuisance parameters. In the presence of nuisance parameters, we find an analogous result for each fixed value of the nuisance parameter. In three examples, we determine the rates at which pn can be allowed to increase while still retaining asymptotic normality and the reference prior property.
The clinical imperative in clinical nursing research.

Conducting preliminary clinical fieldwork to update clinical knowledge in preparation to plan and perform relevant, meaningful, credible and feasible clinical research is imperative. Clinical nurse investigators cannot generate relevant questions to study a current phenomenon with which they are not experienced. The nurse researcher's early involvement in the clinical world of health care as a prerequisite of proposal development not only contributes to the design of a study that has rigor and significance, but it also augments his or her competence and commitment to the improvement of patient outcomes.
"Attentional bias toward suicide-related stimuli predicts suicidal behavior": Correction.

Reports an error in "Attentional bias toward suicide-related stimuli predicts suicidal behavior" by Christine B. Cha, Sadia Najmi, Jennifer M. Park, Christine T. Finn and Matthew K. Nock (Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 2010[Aug], Vol 119[3], 616-622). The description of the Stroop task on pp. 617-618 should have noted that each trial started with a blank white screen for 4 s followed by a centered "+" for 1 s, another blank screen for 1 s, and then the word; and in addition to suicide-related, negative, and neutral words, 12 of the 48 test trials also included positive words (happy, success, pleasure). Exploratory analyses showed that there was no evidence of an attentional bias toward these positive words. All analyses and results are accurate as reported in the manuscript. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2010-15289-018.) A long-standing challenge for scientific and clinical work on suicidal behavior is that people often are motivated to deny or conceal suicidal thoughts. The authors proposed that people considering suicide would possess an objectively measurable attentional bias toward suicide-related stimuli and that this bias would predict future suicidal behavior. Participants were 124 adults presenting to a psychiatric emergency department who were administered a modified emotional Stroop task and followed for 6 months. Suicide attempters showed an attentional bias toward suicide-related words relative to neutral words, and this bias was strongest among those who had made a more recent attempt. Importantly, this suicide-specific attentional bias predicted which people made a suicide attempt over the next 6 months, above and beyond other clinical predictors. Attentional bias toward more general negatively valenced words did not predict any suicide-related outcomes, supporting the specificity of the observed effect. These results suggest that suicide-specific attentional bias can serve as a behavioral marker for suicidal risk, and ultimately improve scientific and clinical work on suicide-related outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
INFLUENCE OF THE MULTILAYERED STRUCTURE ON THE MORPHOGENESIS OF MARCHANTIA SPERMATIDS

The multilayered structure (MLS) in a spermatid of Marchantia is the morphogenetic blueprint of the headpiece in a mature sperm. As the nucleus begins elongation, a curved, tapered nuclear projection follows the path of microtubules extending from the MLS and becomes inserted into an indented zone at the rear of the asymmetric organelle. The indented zone defines the most forward penetration of the nucleus into the sperm headpiece. Partial disorganization of MLS lower strata nearest the nuclear projection facilitates overlapping of the nucleus with the rearward part of the anterior mitochondrion. At the front of the nascent headpiece, the mitochondrion is stabilized against microtubules following total disorganization of intervening MLS strata. Penetration of the nuclear projection along the MLS and directed disorganization of MLS lower strata control ultimate disposition of headpiece components. The headpiece is isolated and molded into final shape by undercutting and constriction of the cell membrane. THE MULTILAYERED STRUCTURE (MLS) is an evolutionarily conservative organelle characteristic of archegoniate plant spermatids (Paolillo, 1974). In contrast with their presence in the mature sperm of most vascular archegoniates, lower strata of the MLS become disorganized in bryophytes preceding late stages of spermatid differentiation. Information concerning MLS origin and development in spermatids of the liverwort Marchantia provides some evidence that its lower strata, especially the vertical lamellae of the second layer, constitute a specialized organizing center of microtubules. (Kreitner and Carothers, 1976). The MLS in Marchantia spermatids is highly asymmetric (Carothers and Kreitner, 1968). The significance of asymmetry is not self-evident, but it has been observed that a tapered projection of the nucleus is inserted into the distal indented zone of sub-microtubular strata preceding their disorganization. The nuclear tip appears in the headpiece of the mature sperm in association with a mitochondrion and microtubules of the cytoskeleton (Kreitner, 1970). This report attempts to show that MLS morphology, in conjunction with the manner in which its lower strata become disorganized, is a controlling agent of spermatid development affecting spatial relationships and form of headpiece organelles.
Equality, prioritising the disadvantaged, and the new educational landscape

This paper takes Mary Warnock’s paper in the first issue of the Oxford Review of Education as its starting point, and explores how both philosophical thinking about equality in education and the landscape of educational provision have changed. It articulates a view of justice in education that emphasises benefiting the least advantaged; and shows that detailed philosophical thinking about values can be valuable for making policy decisions, while also showing that deploying careful value considerations is not a straightforward exercise.
ADP-Ribosylation of Heterogeneous Ribonucleoproteins in HeLa Cells

Poly and mono (ADP-ribosyl)transferases catalyze the transfer of ADP-ribose from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to acceptor proteins. Protein substrates of ADP-ribosylation reactions were investigated in human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells in the exponential phase of growth. Permeabilized cells were incubated with [32P]-NAD and ADP-ribosylated proteins were detected by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) and autoradiography. Microsequencing of two coomassie blue-stained proteins corresponding to 32P-labeled proteins on autoradiographs revealed sequence identity with heterogeneous ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) A1 and A2/B1, consistent with the isoelectric points, molecular sizes, and 2D-PAGE map locations of these proteins. ADP-ribosylation of hnRNPs may thus serve to modulate the activity of these proteins in the nucleus.
TURNOVER OF CELL-RENEWING POPULATIONS UNDERGOING CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS IN CELL PROLIFERATION

Evidence is presented in support of the concept of partial synchrony of cells as the cause for circadian rhythms in DNA synthesis and mitotic activity. The nonuniform age distribution of cells in cycle indicated that equations based on total asynchrony were not applicable for calculation of cytokinetic parameters in cellrenewing populations undergoing circadian rhythms. The integration of the circadian mitotic curve is introduced as a simple and accurate method for determination of proliferation rate and turnover time. An approximately linear increase in the labeling index following repeated injections of 3H-thymidine demonstrated that nearly 100% basal cells in hamster cheek pouch epithelia were in cycle during a turnover time. These experiments suggest that if there is a G2 phase in cellrenewing tissues, this is short with respect to turnover time and that it may be a specific compartment where the control of cell proliferation operates.
The surface cholesteryl ester content of donor and acceptor particles regulates CETP a liposome-based approach to assess the substrate properties of lipoproteins

Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity is regulated, in part, by lipoprotein composition. We previously demonstrated that CETP activity follows saturation kinetics as cholesteryl ester (CE) levels in the phospholipid surface of donor particles are increased. We propose here that the plateau of CETP activity occurs because the surface concentration of CE in the acceptor becomes rate limiting. This hypothesis was tested in CETP assays between synthetic liposomes whose CE content was varied independently. As donor CE increased, CETP activity followed saturable kinetics, but the slope of the first-order portion of the curve and the maximum achievable CE transfer rate were linearly related to the acceptor's surface CE concentration. These findings, plus studies with free cholesterol-modified LDL, strongly suggest that CE-rich donor liposomes can measure the CETP-accessible CE in acceptor lipoproteins. CETP activity from CE-rich liposomes to multiple control LDLs ranged 1.8-fold despite equivalent CETP binding capacity, suggesting that LDLs vary widely in their capacity to present CE to CETP. Thus, CETP activity depends on the surface availability of substrate lipids in the donor and acceptor. Donor liposomes with high CE content can be used to assess how subtle changes in composition alter the substrate potential of plasma lipoproteins.
Sub-nanosecond jitter high voltage spark-gap triggered by femtosecond laser pulses

Summary form only given. Several applications in laser technology and other fields require either very good time control of high voltage spark-gaps capable of switching large currents, or very good synchronization between laser pulses and events controlled by these high voltage switches. This has motivated significant amount of research in laser triggered spark-gaps utilizing laser pulses of ns duration. We report sub-nanosecond jitter operation of a pressurized high voltage spark-gap triggered by femtosecond pulses from a Ti:sapphire laser. Time delay between the trigger pulses and discharge with statistical fluctuations as low as /spl sigma/ (standard deviation) = 0.07 ns were obtained.
a Methodology for Evaluating Development-Environmental Conflicts on Wild and Scenic Rivers

: A methodology is developed for examining the environmental and developmental conflicts inherent in the classification process of a wild river. The Salmon River in Idaho is used as an example of the methodology. The steps were: 1. a resource inventory, 2. an evaluation methodology, and 3. an economic comparison of resource use tradeoffs. Alternatives for the Salmon were examined, following generally the procedures outlined in the United States Water Resources Council's Establishment of Principles and Standards for Planning Water and Related Land Resources Final comparisons showed that hydroelectric development had greater net benefits than outdoor recreation at up to a three percent recreation growth rate. When recreation use grew at a faster rate, recreation had a considerable margin of net benefits in its favor.
Electronics and network energy use: Status and prospects

The energy use of electronics has been rising in the last several decades, driven by enormous innovation in computation, display, storage, and communication technologies. Networks and communication play a special role in that they cause the functional (and hence energy) state of devices to be linked. This paper presents baseline information about how much energy is used by all electronics, how it is distributed, and how networks drive energy use, and network-related methods to reduce energy use of these devices.
Using early phase termination to eliminate load imbalances at barrier synchronization points

We present a new technique, early phase termination, for eliminating idle processors in parallel computations that use barrier synchronization. This technique simply terminates each parallel phaseas soon as there are too few remaining tasks to keep all of the processors busy. Although this technique completely eliminates the idling that would other wise occur at barrier synchronization points, it may also change the computation and therefore the result that the computation produces. We address this issue by providing probabilistic distortion models that characterize how the use of early phase termination distorts the result that the computation produces. Our experimental results show that for our set of benchmark applications, 1) early phase termination can improve the performance of the parallel computation, 2) the distortion is small (or can be made to be small with the use of an appropriate compensation technique) and 3) the distortion models provide accurate and tight distortion bounds. These bounds can enable users to evaluate the effect of early phase termination and confidently accept results from parallel computations that use this technique if they find the distortion bounds to be acceptable. Finally, we identify a general computational pattern that works well with early phase termination and explain why computations that exhibit this pattern can tolerate the early termination of parallel tasks without producing unacceptable results.
Engineering Proteins for Custom Inhibition of CaV Channels

The influx of Ca2+ ions through voltage-dependent calcium (CaV) channels links electrical signals to physiological responses in all excitable cells. Not surprisingly, blocking CaV channel activity ...
Anodic Dissolution and Protection of Aluminum Alloy 7075 in Hydroxide Solutions

Abstract Dissolution of Al 7075 (UNS A97075) in sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions results information of a black, loosely adherent film of corrosion products that provides partial protection in the aqueous environment. Optical and scanning microscopy showed the reaction product film is a bilayer, with a thin, adherent inner layer and a thicker, more fragile outer layer. The reaction mechanism involves the dissolution of aluminum followed by formation of a precipitated film. Corrosion protection at moderate hydroxide concentrations is provided by the use of a partially fluorinated amino-surfactant or a silicon nitride (Si3N4) coating prepared by ion beam-assisted deposition.
A mean field approach to MAP in belief networks

The maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) problem is to find the most probable instantiation of all uninstantiated variables, given an instantiation of a set of variables in a Bayesian belief network (BBN). MAP is known to be NP-hard. To circumvent the high computational complexity, we propose a neural network approach based on the mean field theory to approximate the MAP problem. In this approach, a given BBN is treated as a neural network with an energy function defined in such a way that the MAP solution corresponds to the global minimum energy state. The mean field equation is then derived. We also propose a method called resettling to further improve the solution accuracy. A series of computer experiment shows that this approach may lead to effective and accurate solutions to MAP problems.
Application of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) to the qualitative analysis of essential oils.

This paper investigates the separation of moderately complex samples by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC). The analysis of peppermint (Mentha piperita) and spearmint (Mentha spicata) essential oil components, including acetates, alcohols, furans, ketones, sesquiterpenes, and terpenes, was achieved by one-dimensional gas chromatography with quadrupole mass spectrometry detection (GC/MSD) and GC x GC with flame ionization detection. Peppermint essential oil was found to contain 89 identifiable peaks by GC x GC compared to 30 peaks in the GC/MSD chromatogram. Likewise, 68 peaks were found in the GC x GC chromatogram of spearmint (compared to 28 in GC/MSD). Plots of the first dimension versus second dimension retention times provided a fingerprint of the two essential oils, which revealed 52 similar compounds between the two essential oils as opposed to 18 matches by ID GC.
MPS: miss-path scheduling for multiple-issue processors

Many contemporary multiple issue processors employ out-of-order scheduling hardware in the processor pipeline. Such scheduling hardware can yield good performance without relying on compile-time scheduling. The hardware can also schedule around unexpected run-time occurrences such as cache misses. As issue widths increase, however, the complexity of such scheduling hardware increases considerably and can have an impact on the cycle time of the processor. This paper presents the design of a multiple issue processor that uses an alternative approach called miss path scheduling or MPS. Scheduling hardware is removed from the processor pipeline altogether and placed on the path between the instruction cache and the next level of memory. Scheduling is performed at cache miss time as instructions are received from memory. Scheduled blocks of instructions are issued to an aggressively clocked in-order execution core. Details of a hardware scheduler that can perform speculation are outlined and shown to be feasible. Performance results from simulations are presented that highlight the effectiveness of an MPS design.
Discrimination factors of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes from diet to hair and scat in captive tigers (Panthera tigris) and snow leopards (Uncia uncia)

Rationale In order to use stable isotope ratio values obtained from wild animal tissues, we must accurately calculate the differences in isotope ratios between diet and consumer (δtissue – δdiet). These values, called trophic discrimination factors (TDFs, denoted with ∆), are necessary for stable isotope ecology studies and are best calculated in controlled environments. Methods Scat, hair, and diet samples were collected from captive tigers (n = 8) and snow leopards (n = 10) at the Bronx Zoo. The isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen, the two most commonly used in ecological studies, of the samples were measured by continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The trophic discrimination factors were calculated for both carbon (δ13C values) and nitrogen (δ15N values). Results It was found that the only significant TDFs in this study were diet-hair, ∆13CHair, for snow leopards (5.97 ± 1.25‰) and tigers (6.45 ± 0.54‰), and diet-scat, ∆15NScat, in snow leopards (2.49 ± 1.30‰). The other mean isotope ratios were not significantly different from that of the premixed feline diet. The ∆15NHair values for both species were unusually low, potentially due to the protein content and quality of the feline diet. Conclusions The discrimination factors of the stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen calculated in this study can be applied to ecological studies of wild, non-captive terrestrial mammals. The effect of protein quality in isotope discrimination is also worthy of further investigation to better understand variation in TDFs. Carnivore scat is shown to be a valuable material for isotopic analysis. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental evaluation of support vector machine-based and correlation-based approaches to automatic particle selection

The goal of this study is to evaluate the performance of software for automated particle-boxing, and in particular the performance of a new tool (TextonSVM) that recognizes the characteristic texture of particles of interest. As part of a high-throughput protocol, we use human editing that is based solely on class-average images to create final data sets that are enriched in what the investigator considers to be true-positive particles. The Fourier shell correlation (FSC) function is then used to characterize the homogeneity of different single-particle data sets that are derived from the same micrographs by two or more alternative methods. We find that the homogeneity is generally quite similar for class-edited data sets obtained by the texture-based method and by SIGNATURE, a cross-correlation-based method. The precision–recall characteristics of the texture-based method are, on the other hand, significantly better than those of the cross-correlation based method; that is to say, the texture-based approach produces a smaller fraction of false positives in the initial set of candidate particles. The computational efficiency of the two approaches is generally within a factor of two of one another. In situations when it is helpful to use a larger number of templates (exemplars), however, TextonSVM scales in a much more efficient way than do boxing programs that are based on localized cross-correlation.
Why Me? Why Not Me?

The decision to undergo BRCA testing is very complex and emotionally laden. This decision can be further complicated by the loss of a mother at an early age. The following personal account by a genetic counselor discusses the testing process and the struggle to accept the results and reframe one’s self-identity. The sensitive nature of this testing and the implications for other family members is explored.
Effects of sentence writing in second language lexical acquisition

This study compared the effects of writing new words in sentences with word picture repetition learning alone. Second language (L2) Spanish learners attempted to learn 24 new Spanish words in one of two conditions while viewing word picture pairs. In Experiment 1, in the no sentence writing condition, the participants viewed 4 repetitions of each word for 6 seconds each. In the sentence writing condition, they viewed 1 repetition of each word for 48 seconds and were asked to write the word in a Spanish sentence. In Experiment 2, the participants were shown one repetition of each word for 24 seconds in both the sentence writing and no sentence writing conditions. Immediate and delayed posttests on productive vocabulary knowledge were administered in both experiments. Scores were submitted to analyses of variance. Condition and time were independent variables. Target word production was scored based on syllables and whole words produced. Results of both experiments indicated strong negative effects for the ...
Conceptualization of Schizophrenic Disorders

The aims of this chapter are to capture the overall sense and nonsense of the concept of schizophrenic disorders and to prepare the groundwork for Chapter 10, on treatment and prevention, and Chapter 11, on legal considerations. Basic conceptual issues relevant to these topics are made particularly explicit with these aims in mind.
Adenosine regulation of the immune response initiated by ischemia reperfusion injury

It is clinically established that adenosine has negative chronotropic, antiarrhythmic effects and reduces arterial blood pressure. Adenosine addition to cardioplegic solutions used in cardiac operations is clinically well tolerated and has been shown to improve myocardial protection in several studies. However, the mechanism of action remains unclear. Therefore, it is important to define the effect of adenosine on the inflammatory cascade as immune cell activation occurs early during ischemia reperfusion injury. Adenosine appears to mediate the initial steps of the inflammatory cascade via its four G-coupled protein receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3, expressed on neutrophils, lymphocytes and macrophages. The adenosine receptor isotype dictates the immune response. More specifically, the A1 and A3 receptors stimulate a pro-inflammatory immune response whereas the A2A and A2B are immunosuppressive. As the adenosine receptors are important for cardiac pre-conditioning and post-conditioning, adenosine may regulate the inflammatory responses initiated during ischemia-mediated immune injury related to myocardial protection.
Effects of Ownership and Performance on Executive Tenure in U.S. Corporations

The relationship between executive tenure and selected company characteristics was examined for 84 U.S. corporations. Among other findings, performance measures were related to the tenure of the ch...
Experimental and Computational Investigation of Ice Shedding from Aircraft Surfaces

Ice particles shed from aircraft surfaces are a safety concern because they can damage aft mounted engines and other aircraft components. Current particle trajectory simulation methods have limited capabilities in predicting ice fragment trajectories. This is due to the random characteristics of the shed particles and lack of experimental aerodynamic data for ice fragments. This paper describes a new effort in developing a methodology for computing the trajectories of large ice particles. The methodology combines experimental aerodynamic characteristics of ice fragments, computational fluid dynamics, trajectory analysis and the Monte Carlo method to provide probability maps of shed particle footprints at desired locations. The methodology was applied to compute the trajectories of a square ice fragment and a rectangular plate shed in a three-dimensional uniform flowfield. Monte Carlo simulations were also performed where ice fragment parameters such as length, thickness, lift and drag coefficients, initial orientation, etc. were randomly changed and probability maps were computed.
Strain amplification of elastomers filled with carbon black in tensile deformation

Abstract This work is based on data previously obtained by the tensile stress-strain and dynamic-shear measurements with several gum rubbers and carbon-black-filled compounds. The gum rubbers were three NBR's of different molecular architecture and two SBR's, one of which was oil extended. The compounds contained 40 phr of N550 carbon black. Through the data treatment procedure developed in this work, the strain amplifications in the dynamic shear and tensile stress-strain measurements were evaluated with the uncrosslinked compounds. Each compound showed a unique pattern of strain amplification.
Gödel and the Incompleteness of Arithmetic

People normally believe that Arithmetic is not complete because GOdel launched this idea a long time ago, and it looks as if nobody has presented sound evidence on the contrary. We here intend to do that perhaps for the first time in history. We prove that what Stanford Encyclopedia has referred to as Theorem 3 cannot be true, and, therefore, if nothing else is presented in favour of GOdel’s thesis, we actually do not have evidence on the incompleteness of Arithmetic: All available evidence seems to point at the extremely opposite direction.
Learning, Development, and Training: The Influence of Synergies through Educational Evolution

Continuous learning is essential in academic and business environments for the 21st century learner as success, survival, and growth lean toward the educator answering the question, 'Which educational design best facilitates educators in becoming learner-focused while producing adaptive completers in this ubiquitous learning environment?' This research team proposes a unique but growing solution around educational synergies in which all learner-focused groups drive the understanding of learning, adaptation, practice, and change. To clarify the difference between training, development, and learning, the following are discussed: 1. reviewing success in learning, as a continuum into the processes of survival and growth; 2. conceptualizing the training model situated inside learning and development; and 3. synergizing the educational epistemology that bridges the gap between training and learning. Last, grouping of key trends expanded through theory and technology to support concrete recommendations for analyzing the influence of synergies through educational evolution around training, development, and learning.
Peeling arguments and double hashing

The analysis of several algorithms and data structures can be reduced to the analysis of the following greedy “peeling” process: start with a random hypergraph; find a vertex of degree at most k, and remove it and all of its adjacent hyperedges from the graph; repeat until there is no suitable vertex. This specific process finds the k-core of a hypergraph, and variations on this theme have proven useful in analyzing for example decoding from low-density parity-check codes, several hash-based data structures such as cuckoo hashing, and algorithms for satisfiability of random formulae. This approach can be analyzed several ways, with two common approaches being via a corresponding branching process or a fluid limit family of differential equations. In this paper, we make note of an interesting aspect of these types of processes: the results are generally the same when the randomness is structured in the manner of double hashing. This phenomenon allows us to use less randomness and simplify the implementation for several hash-based data structures and algorithms. We explore this approach from both an empirical and theoretical perspective, examining theoretical justifications as well as simulation results for specific problems.
"In situ" endografting in the treatment of arterial and graft infections.

Abstract Objective Endografts (eg, aortic aneurysm device or covered stent) are increasingly being used to temporize or treat arterial and graft infections in inaccessible areas, in patients with compromised anatomy, or in the presence of active bleeding or rupture. This summary examines the evidence for "in situ" endografting in the treatment these conditions. Methods A two-level search strategy of the literature (MEDLINE, PubMed, Google Scholar, and The Cochrane Library) was performed for relevant articles listed between January 2000 and December 2015. The review was confined to patients with primary and secondary bacterial or viral arterial infections, with or without fistulization and infection of bypass grafts and arteriovenous accesses. For the purposes of this summary, endografts can be considered to be an aortic aneurysm device or a covered stent. Results There are no societal guidelines. Endografts have been successfully applied to mycotic arterial aneurysms, aortoenteric, aortobronchial, and arterioureteric fistulae, and to anastomotic bleeds secondary to infection. Multiple reports indicate success at the control of hemorrhage in all locations. Short-term outcomes are good, but fatal infection-related complications, especially if antibiotic therapy is halted, are well reported and necessitate a more definitive plan for the long term. Conclusions Stent grafts remain an important and viable option for the treatment of mycotic aneurysms, aortoesophageal and aortobronchial fistulae, and infected pseudoaneurysms in anatomically or technically inaccessible locations. In patients with a short life span ( 6 months, careful consideration should be given to a more definitive procedure. Life-long appropriate antibiotic therapy is strongly recommended for any patient receiving an endograft in an infected field.
Metaphor as pedagogy in teacher education

Abstract Two teacher educators used metaphors to create spaces for students to express their shifting understandings of curriculum over time. This paper centers upon their reflection and analysis of affordances and limitations of metaphor as a pedagogical strategy for supporting students. Instructors noted a) critical shifts in students' dispositions and understanding over time, b) meaningful insights into students’ needs for addition support, c) how powerfully relationships were nurtured with students, d) and the quilted nature of the metaphors created, both across students and over time. Limitations are noted, as well as directions for future research.
Notes on the Fauna of the Chipola Formation- XXI a New Species of the Genus Lopha (Mollusca: Bivalvia)

The shallower water deposits of the Chipola Formation exposed in the section along Farley Creek eastward from the Chipola River contain many specimens of a relatively small species of the ostreid genus Lopha. All are elongate and most show evidence that they were attached, during life, t o a tubular dasydadacian alga that is common in all collections from that area; a few, however, were attached to small cerithioid and Turritella shells.