cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Circulation, Pulsation and Convection in Accretion Disks

We consider the evolution and stability of an accretion disk with vertical structure. We performed two-dimensional axisymmetric calculations by solving the set of fully non-linear hydrodynamic equations, including radiation transport. We followed the time evolution of a representative section (ring) of a thin radiative accretion disk for parameters resembling disks in Cataclysmic Variables and a protostellar environment. Depending on the magnitude of the viscosity and opacity variation with temperature, the flow structure of the disk displays either Circulation, Pulsations or Convection
A Review of Picture Exchange Communication Interventions Implemented by Parents and Practitioners

The picture exchange communication system (PECS) is widely used with individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and other developmental disabilities to improve communication skills. Several s...
Intelligent control in traffic management

The goal of an advanced traffic management system (ATMS) is to efficiently manage existing transportation resources in response to dynamic traffic conditions. The utility of an ATMS will greatly depend upon its ability to adaptively respond to traffic patterns and permutations. The application of knowledge-based systems and neural networks provides an ATMS with the technology required to control traffic in an intelligent manner. The volume of traffic combined with the number of streets and intersections an operator control station must monitor clearly dictates the need for computer support. Integrating these technologies with existing transportation methodologies produces a semi-autonomous system capable of reducing operator workloads while maintaining high levels of safety. This paper describes an intelligent traffic management control system called TERMINUS developed to adaptively respond to real-time traffic management problems. >
Análisis lingüístico de la escritura bilingüe (español-inglés) de los hablantes de español como lengua hereditaria en los Estados Unidos

Tradicionalmente; los hablantes de espanol por herencia (Spanish Heritage Speakers) en los Estados Unidos aprenden el espanol en casa o en su comunidad. Sin embargo; la mayoria no recibe instruccion formal academica en espanol. Por lo tanto; su escritura en espanol y en ingles muestra ciertas caracteristicas linguisticas relevantes. En esta investigacion se analizan los textos persuasivos/argumentativos de estudiantes universitarios de los siguientes grupos: hablantes de espanol por herencia (HELH); estadounidenses que estudian espanol (EESL) y mexicanos hablantes nativos de espanol (HNE). Los resultados del analisis linguistico y estadistico sugieren que hay diferencias notables en la manera en que cada uno de los grupos incorpora los aspectos linguisticos en su discurso escrito. Los resultados indican tambien que la escritura bilingue de los hablantes por herencia posee caracteristicas linguisticas particulares que hacen que su discurso escrito en ambas lenguas sea no solo unico; sino muy valioso para la ensenanza y para todos los estudios en este campo.
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy led to shorter hospital stays and shorter duration of convalescence in patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis

Source Citation Barkun JS, Barkun AN, Sampalis JS, et al. Randomised controlled trial of laparoscopic versus mini cholecystectomy. Lancet. 1992 Nov 7;340:1116-9.
Geriatric Consultative Models in Primary Care

At a time of a growing senior population, changing payment structures, and increasingly complex chronic care, comanagement models that include geriatric consultants offer an underutilized tool to keep older patients out of acute care settings. Many specialties, including orthopedics and cardiology, already work alongside geriatric specialists to create robust circles of care to minimize perioperative complications and heart failure exacerbations. Despite evidence showing its effectiveness, primary care has been slow to adopt this model and many geriatricians practice as primary care physicians. This may not be the optimal method to utilize these scarce specialists. I argue that geriatric subspecialists can play a unique and important role in not only helping other physicians manage complex, frail, and often very work-intensive patients, but assisting those patients in navigating the increasingly complex world of chronic care medicine. The geriatric co-management model is a cost-effective chronic care management system helping to prevent readmissions/hospitalizations, and delaying the need to live in a care facility for as long as possible.
Alumina Ceramic and Polyethylene: Materials for the Double Pivot Bearing System of an Implantable Centrifugal Ventricular Assist Device

To achieve the development of a centrifugal blood pump for long-term implantation, the Gyro C1E3 pump was designed with a double pivot bearing system to remove the need for seals. Based upon this pump design, an implantable centrifugal ventricular assist device (VAD; Gyro PI) is currently being developed. Alumina ceramic (A12O3) and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) are used for the male and female pivots for this pump respectively. Since the double pivot bearing system is the most critical component in this pump design, these components were studied in terms of durability, spinning stability, and biocompatibility.
Modern Isoconversional Kinetics: From Misconceptions to Advances

Abstract This chapter overviews the status of modern isoconversional kinetics, focusing on common misconceptions and recent advances in the field. The misconceptions discussed are associated with estimating the preexponential factor and reaction model, single-step approximation, meaning of isoconversional activation energy, and the application of isoconversional methods to the processes taking place on cooling. The advances covered include the development of the methodology as well as its expansion to new application areas such as polymer melting, solid-solid transition, solution crystallization, thermal decomposition during cooling, glass aging, gelation and gel melting, and denaturation of proteins. An essential advance in the methodology is related to the quantitative interpretation of variations in the isoconversional activation energy by linking its value to the kinetic parameters of individual single steps. This approach is advocated as a way of obtaining important insights into the kinetics of various thermally stimulated processes.
A novel combination treatment against melanoma with NRAS mutation and therapy resistance

Targeted cancer therapies have shown some progress in treating BRAF‐mutant melanoma, but not against NRAS‐mutant and treatment‐resistant melanoma. In this issue of EMBO Molecular Medicine , Echevarria‐Vargas et al (2018) report that cotargeting BET and MEK pathways efficiently kills immune therapy‐resistant and NRAS‐mutant melanoma tumor cells.
Lack of Association of Intraventricular Hemorrhage with Retinopathy of Prematurity

Objective Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is the primary cause of visual impairment in premature infants. Our objective was to study the relationship between ROP and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in the premature infant. Methods This study was a retrospective chart review of very low birthweight infants of 1,500 g or less admitted to Kings County Hospital Center's neonatal intensive care unit who were screened for ROP over a 6-year period. Results Of 335 infants screened for ROP, 85 infants were identified to have ROP. Of these, 50 (56%) infants had stage 1 ROP, 25 (29%) had stage 2 ROP, 7 (8%) had stage 3 ROP, and 3 (4%) had stage 4 ROP. The incidence of IVH in our population was 14%. Multiple logistic regression demonstrated a significant association between ROP and gestational age ( p = 0.001). There was no significant association between ROP stage and IVH grade. There was also no significant association between birthweight, ethnicity, or 5-minute Apgar score. Conclusions Our data demonstrated no association between IVH and severity of ROP. There was a statistically significant association between ROP and gestational age. We speculate that these data may be a reflection of improvement in neonatal care, with a declining incidence of IVH as well as increased ROP screening efforts.
Prediction of Human Heat Tolerance

Abstract : Human tolerance to heat exposure is limited by body heat storage, as the body is unable to eliminate all the heat it produces and/or receives from the environment, and by the physiologic consequencies of such storage. Heat storage of about 80 kcal represents the 'voluntary heat tolerance' limit at which an average, fit, 170 kg man usually decides he is not willing to work much longer in the heat; and increase of 160 kcal in his heat content is associated with a 50% risk of heat exhaustion collapse. As the difference between skin and air temperatures decreases, a demand for evaporative cooling in the heat is imposed by the interplay of 3 factors: (a) the metabolic heat production; (b) the 'effective' solar heat load; and (c) the radiative and convective heat exchange through the clothing insulation. This demand may be greater than the maximum evaporative cooling allowed by 3 other factors: (a) the body's maximum sustainable sweat production (about 1L/hr approximately = to 675 Watts of cooling power); (b) the limit to sweat evaporation imposed by clothing moisture permeability and thickness; and (c) the difference between the vapor pressure of sweat at the skin surface and the ambient vapor pressure.
Beef quadriceps hot boning and modified-atmosphere packaging influence properties of injection-enhanced beef round muscles.

Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of hot boning, modified atmosphere packaging, and injection enhancement on the oxidative and sensory properties of beef round muscles. The beef knuckle (quadriceps muscles) was partially hot boned within 1.5 h postmortem from one randomly selected side of each beef carcass (n = 14), whereas the quadriceps on the opposite side remained intact throughout a 48-h chilling period. At 5 d postmortem, biceps femoris, semimembranosus, vastus lateralis, and rectus femoris muscles from both hot- and cold-boned sides were injected with an enhancement solution consisting of water, salt, phosphate, and natural flavorings (rosemary) at either 6 (Exp. 1) or 10% (Exp. 2) of fresh muscle weight. Enhanced muscles were then processed into 2.54-cm-thick steaks, which were allotted randomly to high-oxygen (HiOx; 80% O2:20% CO2) or ultra-low oxygen (LoOx; 80% N2:20% CO2) modified atmosphere packaging. Regardless of hot boning or enhancement, steaks packaged in LoOx had lower thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances values (P or = 0.99) and sensory properties (P > or = 0.85). Increasing the level of injection enhancement from 6 to 10% introduced more rosemary and phosphate into the muscles, thereby decreasing the extent of oxidation, but also imparting a nontypical beef flavor. Packaging in LoOx atmosphere offered the optimal result of decreased oxidation and improved tenderness, without detriment to flavor. Injection enhancement (both 6 and 10%) created off-flavors attributable to the enhancement solution; however, the 10% injection seemed to offer more resistance to lipid oxidation.
Solving 4x5 dots-and-boxes

Dots-And-Boxes is a well-known and widely-played combinatorial game. While the rules of play are very simple, the state space for even small games is extremely large, and finding the outcome under optimal play is correspondingly hard. In this paper we introduce a Dots-And-Boxes solver which is significantly faster than the current state-of-the-art: over an order-of-magnitude faster on several large problems. We describe our approach, which uses Alpha-Beta search and applies a number of techniques—both problem-specific and general—to reduce the number of duplicate states explored and reduce the search space to a manageable size. Using these techniques, we have determined for the first time that Dots-And-Boxes on a board of 4x5 boxes is a tie given optimal play. This is the largest game solved to date.
Nanopharmaceuticals: Challenges and Regulatory Perspective

Products in nanometer size range offer ‘‘uniqueness’’ because of their altered properties as compared to their macro-counterparts. Improved solubility, permeability, or targetability of nanoparticles seems to be beneficial in the drug delivery area. As an example, ‘‘nano’’ paclitaxel molecules may reach a tumor cell line sooner than the ‘‘bulk’’ paclitaxel. Similarly, if a nanodrug is unable to reach a particular receptor, specialized nanoparticles have been proven to have the ability to reach that receptor (Dubey, 2006). Therefore, there is a lot of interest in using a nanotechnology platform to deliver drugs, and it explains the spurt in funding for nanotechnology research. The research and development funding for nanotechnology from government and industry is estimated at nearly US$10 billion globally for 2005 (Lux research, 2006). By 2014, it is estimated that the global value of nanotechnology products will exceed US$2.5 trillion (Lux research, 2004). After formation of National Nanotechnology Initiative by the US government (‘‘NNI’’, 2004), most developed countries have also focused their activities in the nanotechnology area. Japan and Europe have programs supported by their government. Other countries are also moving toward nanotechnology research. For example, Canadian National Research Council created theNational Institute of Nanotechnology with substantial funding. Other countries including Korea, Australia Russia, Ukraine, and Mexico, as well as some Eastern European countries and many of the Asian countries, have invested substantially in nanotechnological research and development activities supported by either government or other organizations (Roco, 2003). International activities and agreements and
Abstract 3215: Combination BB2r targeted radiotherapy with PARP inhibitors in human prostate cancer cells: An in vitro evaluation

Introduction: Although recent studies employing 177 Lu-PSMA beta emitting targeted radiotherapy (TRT) have demonstrated efficacy in treating patients with CRPC, there remains significant opportunities for improvement. Since the TRT mode of action involves DNA damage, inhibiting DNA damage repair with a PARP inhibitor (PARPi) may lead to increased cell death. This pilot in vitro study aims to evaluate the potential synergy of two FDA approved PARPi9s, Olaparib and Rucaparib, when used in combination with 177 Lu-RM2 TRT to prevent repair of DNA damage caused by TRT in PC3 cells. 177 Lu-RM2 TRT, a beta emitting TRT agent targeting the BB2 receptor frequently expressed in CRPC. Methods: 177 Lu-RM2 was prepared via automated radiosynthesis with HPLC QC validation of product purity >90%. PC3 cells cultured overnight were treated with media or 177 Lu-RM2 TRT (5uCi to 40uCi/160uL). Cells were incubated with TRT for 4 h prior to addition of fresh media with or without the PARP inhibitors, Olaparib (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5uM) or Rucaparib (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0uM). DNA damage was assessed at 24 hrs after TRT addition by enumeration of 53BP1 and gamma H2AX foci. Clonogenic survival was evaluated in cells treated with TRT and Olaparib at 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5uM as single and combination treatments with media refreshed every 4-7 days. CalcuSyn software (Biosoft™) was used to evaluate synergism. Results: At 24 hrs after TRT, the addition of either Olaparib or Rucaparib to the cell culture media showed significant increases in DNA damage markers. Combined with TRT dose levels of 10-20uCi/160uL, the addition of Olaparib significantly increased the number of both markers at 0.5-1.25uM as compared to TRT alone. Treatment with Rucaparib resulted in extreme significance (P Conclusions: This in vitro investigation supports the use of either Olaparib or Rucaparib in combination with beta emitting TRT to increase PC cell death resulting from beta particle induced DNA damage. Additional in vitro and in vivo preclinical therapeutic evaluation is warranted to support the clinical translation of TRT/PARPi combination therapy. Acknowledgements: US Veterans Administration (VA) BX001699 and USVA Research Career Scientist (TJH) Citation Format: Tammy Rold, Reneise White, Nkemakonam C. Okoye, Timothy J. Hoffman. Combination BB2r targeted radiotherapy with PARP inhibitors in human prostate cancer cells: An in vitro evaluation [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3215.
Incidence of Nerve Repair Following Endoscopic Carpal Tunnel Release is Higher Compared to Open Release in New York State

BackgroundCarpal tunnel release (CTR) has traditionally been performed through an open approach, although in recent years endoscopic CTR has gained in popularity.Questions/PurposesWe sought to asse...
Molecular dynamics simulation study of linear, bottlebrush, and star-like amphiphilic block polymer assembly in solution

In this study we investigate the effect of varying branched polymer architectures on the assembly of amphiphilic block polymers in solution using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. We quantify assembly structure (e.g., aggregation number, assembly morphology, and micelle core size) and thermodynamics (e.g., unimer to micelle transition conditions) as a function of increasing solvophobicity of the solvophobic block in the copolymer for three broad categories of polymer architectures: linear, 'bottlebrush' (with many short side chains on a long backbone), and 'star-like' (with few long side chains on a short backbone). Keeping the total number of coarse-grained beads in each polymer (or polymer molecular weight) constant, as we go from either linear or 'star-like' to 'bottlebrush' polymer architectures, the micelle aggregation number and micelle core size decrease, and the solvophobicity required for assembly (i.e., transition solvophobicity) increases. This trend is linked to the topological/steric hinderance for making solvophobic bead contacts between neighboring polymers for the 'bottlebrush' polymer architecture compared to the linear or 'star-like' architectures. We are able to identify some universal trends in assembly by plotting the assembly structure and thermodynamics data as a function of branching parameter defined as the ratio of the branched chain to the linear chain radius of gyration in the unimer state, and the relative lengths of the backbone versus side chain. The results in this paper guide how one could manipulate the amphiphilic block polymer assembly structure and thermodynamics by choosing appropriate polymer architecture, block sequence, and composition.
How Interdisciplinary? Taking Stock of Decision-Making Research at the Intersection of Psychology and Law.

Contemporary inquiries in psychology and law increasingly cross disciplinary boundaries for inspiration. Our focus is on whether such research is substantive in both directions and whether interdis...
A Text Mining Investigation of the Presence and Emotional Impact of Religious Language in Service Organizations’ Websites

AbstractChristian religious language in marketing communications is becoming more common, and many Christian-based service firms communicate religiosity via company websites. The impact of religiou...
Low-grade Apocrine Intraductal Carcinoma: Expanding the Morphologic and Molecular Spectrum of an Enigmatic Salivary Gland Tumor.

Intraductal carcinoma (IDC) is the current designation for a salivary gland neoplasm previously referred to as “low-grade salivary duct carcinoma” and “low-grade cribriform cystadenocarcinoma,” among others. IDC is conceptually believed to be similar to ductal carcinoma in-situ of the breast. Although IDC is one entity in the current WHO Classification of Head and Neck Tumors, recent studies have suggested that at least three subtypes exist: a low-grade, intercalated duct-like variant with frequent RET rearrangements; a high-grade apocrine variant with complex, salivary duct carcinoma-like genetics; and a mixed variant. We sought to characterize an unusual form of low-grade, purely apocrine IDC. Three cases of apocrine-type IDC with low-grade histology were retrieved from the authors’ consultation files. Immunohistochemistry for androgen receptor, GCDFP-15, S100, smooth muscle actin, and p40 was performed. A custom, targeted next generation sequencing (NGS) panel including 1425 cancer‐related genes was also done on all cases. All three cases developed in the parotid glands of men, aged 51, 63, and 73 years (mean, 62 years). All cases consisted of large, rounded macrocysts surrounded by smaller nests which were lined by cells with abundant granular eosinophilic cytoplasm and large round nuclei with prominent nucleoli. Pleomorphism was mild, the mitotic rate was low, and necrosis was absent. No cases had any invasive foci or areas of intercalated duct-like morphology. By immunohistochemistry, all cases were diffusely positive for androgen receptor and GCDFP-15, surrounded entirely by an intact layer of small myoepithelial cells positive for S100, smooth muscle actin, and p40. Targeted NGS results were obtained from two cases: both harbored HRAS mutations and copy number losses in TP53, while one case each harbored mutations in PIK3CA, SPEN, and ATM. Fusions were absent in both cases. All three patients were treated by surgery alone, and are currently free of disease (follow up 12–190 months). This study confirms the existence of a low-grade, purely apocrine form of IDC. In its pure form, i.e., without an intercalated duct-type component, low-grade apocrine IDC is genetically similar to high-grade salivary duct carcinoma, with frequent HRAS and PI3K pathway mutations. Despite its molecular similarities to the aggressive salivary duct carcinoma, low-grade apocrine IDC appears to behave in a very indolent manner, supporting is classification as a non-invasive neoplasm, and underscoring the need to distinguish these tumors from each other.
Assessment of Magnetically Induced Displacement Force and Torque on Metal Alloys Used in Medical Devices

Millions of patients receive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans each year, and thousands of healthcare professionals and other individuals also routinely enter the magnetic resonance (MR) environment. The electric and magnetic fields used by the MR system to create MR images produce hazards that must be considered to determine whether a medical device or other object may safely be used in or near an MR system. Magnetically induced deflection force and torque are two of the hazards that must be addressed to determine the MRI safety of any device or object that will be used in or near an MR system. This article presents magnetically induced force and torque test results for a variety of common medical implant alloys. For seven of the eleven tested alloys, magnetically induced force is less than the device weight in any current clinical 1.5, 3.0, and 7.0-T MR system. For the other alloys, the magnetically induced force is greater than the device weight in some MR systems. The torque test results for the tested alloys demonstrate that for static magnetic fields of 3.0 T or less, the magnetically induced torque will always be less than the worst case torque produced by gravity. These results may be leveraged in MRI safety assessments for medical devices and other objects composed of those alloys and conforming to the same ASTM specifications and may be used as part of the information needed to generate MR Conditional labeling for the devices.
Shared autonomous vehicle fleet performance: Impacts of trip densities and parking limitations

Abstract This study micro-simulates 2% and 5% of the region’s 9.5 million daily person-trips and 20% of trips in the central Twin Cities with shared autonomous vehicles (SAVs) in the 7-county Minneapolis–Saint Paul region using MATSim to appreciate the effects of different trip-making densities and curb-use restrictions. Results suggest the average SAV in this region can serve at most 30 person-trips per day with less than 5 min average wait time, but generates 13% more vehicle-miles traveled (VMT). With dynamic ride-sharing (DRS), SAV VMT fell, on average, by 17% and empty VMT (eVMT) fell by 26%. Compared to idling-at-curb scenarios, parking-restricted scenarios generated 8% more VMT. Relying on 52 mi/gallon hybrid electric SAVs, as opposed to a 31 mi/gallon conventional drivetrain SAV, is estimated to lower travelers’ energy use by 21% and reduce tailpipe emissions by 30%, assuming no new or longer trips. Similarly, a 106 mi/gallon equivalent battery-electric fleet does much better by lowering energy use by 64%.
Feasibility study of MK-based geopolymer binder for RAC applications: Effects of silica fume and added CaO on compressive strength of mortar samples

Abstract The results of a preliminary case study of the effects of silica fume and additional calcium oxide (CaO) on the compressive strength of a metakaolin-based geopolymer binder developed to exhibit appropriate properties for use in recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) are presented. Using recycled aggregates in new concrete has significant environmental benefits but also presents significant challenges to the applicability of the technology, and using geopolymer binders in place of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) has the potential to solve some of these challenges. The study presented in this paper suggests that partial replacement of metakaolin with silica fume results in increased strength while additional CaO may only have limited effectiveness in certain applications. Additionally, it was observed that the activator-to-binder ratio has a much more significant effect on the strength than the water-to-binder ratio. It is concluded that, with some optimization, a geopolymer binder with appropriate strength can be developed for use in RAC applications.
Synchronous Inductor Switched Energy Extraction Circuits for Triboelectric Nanogenerator

Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), a class of mechanical to electrical energy transducers, has emerged as a promising solution to self-power Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, wearable electronics, etc. The use of synchronous switched energy extraction circuits (EECs) as an interface between TENG and battery load can deliver multi-fold energy gain over simple-minded Full Wave Rectification (FWR). This paper presents a detailed analysis of Parallel and Series Synchronous Switched Harvesting on Inductor (P-SSHI and S-SSHI) EECs to derive the energy delivered to the battery load and compare it with the standard FWR (a 3rd circuit) in a common analytical framework, under both realistic conditions, and also ideal conditions. Further, the optimal value of battery load to maximize output and upper bound beyond which charging is not feasible are derived for all the three considered circuits. These closed-form results derived with general TENG electrical parameters and first-order circuit non-idealities shed light on the physics of the modeling and guide the choice and design of EECs for any given TENG. The derived analytical results are verified against PSpice based simulation results as well as the experimentally measured values. In our experiments, P-SSHI and S-SSHI circuits are found to provide 1.18 and 8.59 fold per-cycle energy gain over the standard FWR circuit at 15 V battery load, respectively.
Prospective Secondary Math Teachers Encountering STEM in a Methods Course: When Math is More Than “Just Math”

Education reforms in the United States and abroad have increased efforts to improve student interest and capacity in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics). Despite these attempts, students still have little opportunity to engage in STEM learning in K-12 education. This qualitative case study was designed to investigate how incorporating STEM into teacher education can promote STEM teaching as well as enhance math instruction. The study took place in the fourth year of an undergraduate teacher education program spanning a secondary math and science Methods course and student teaching. Guided by the framework of sensemaking, individual interviews, teaching artifacts, and written reflections for four teachers were analyzed to identify moments of dissonance that pushed participants to reach new understandings about the learning and teaching of math. Findings indicated that learning to teach math through the lens of STEM shifted pre-service teachers’ instructional emphasis in two ways: 1) figuring out math vs. learning about math; and 2) teaching math through authentic STEM contexts as opposed to focusing purely on mathematics. However, experiences in student teaching can either enhance or stifle these gains. Findings suggest the role of teacher education in promoting STEM education by shifting prospective teachers’ mindsets about mathematics and teaching.
Enhancers Drive Heterogeneity in Embryonic Stem Cells

SummaryIn embryonic stem cells (ESCs), heterogeneous gene expression impacts cell-fate decision making and pluripotency. Cell-to-cell variation in gene expression is a key feature of stem cell systems, yet its origins remain unknown. Here we identify a coherent regulatory program of enhancers that are dynamically transcribed across ESCs. Variable enhancers drive heterogeneous expression of developmental genes and transcription factors (TFs). Systematic analysis of enhancer transcription, accessibility, and function demonstrates that variable enhancers regulate cell state-specific gene expression programs. Further, we identify key TFs, Klf4 and Zfp281, that act antagonistically at shared enhancer sites, exerting opposing transcriptional and epigenetic effects and leading to enhancer variation. These results suggest gene expression heterogeneity is established and maintained by enhancers, providing insight into how cellular diversity may be generated during mammalian development.
Lightweight Composite Spring for the new Transit Camper

One challenge for the Ford chassis research team in the recent past was to investigate lightweight solutions for the upcoming Transit platform, for the end customer benefits of higher payload, reduced emission and better fuel consumption. As first application within the platform, the Camper /Motorhome was chosen. One of the promising items which was looked at were the rear longitudinal leaf springs. Replacing the standard steel springs with equivalent parts in composite material, generated a weight saving of about fifty percent, or about fifteen kilograms per vehicle. The spring had to be entirely redesigned, to obtain best in class performance, considering the new material properties and limitations. The project covered all the necessary steps, from the first research state to series implementation. Three important aspects which are discussed here are the design, the testing and finally the manufacturing process.
Leveraging research to inform prevention and intervention efforts: Identifying risk and protective factors for rural and urban homeless families within transitional housing programs.

This mixed method study spotlights hardships and supportive factors for unhoused families led by single mothers who have successfully graduated from two transitional housing programs, one rural and one urban. Data collection consisted of entry and exit surveys (n = 241) as well as qualitative interviews (n = 11). Binary logistic regression results indicated education and social support as significant predictors of successful program completion. Qualitative findings further illustrate narratives surrounding supportive factors and program supports (i.e., assistance securing employment, education courses, sense of community), as well as policy implications. Implications stress the need for enhancing supportive factors (i.e., education and social capital) in early prevention efforts (e.g., schools and community centers), as well as an intentional integration of addressing socio-emotional needs and resources within housing programs and services unique to rural and urban communities.
Predictions from extra dimensions

By representing the electroweak gauge symmetry group $SU(2) \times U(1)$ by a hypertorus $S_2 \times S_1$, the electroweak mixing angle and the fine structure constant are predicted. By representing neutrinos as oscillating spheroid perturbations on the same hypertorus, the number of neutrino families and the neutrino mixing matrix are predicted.
Chapter 26 Human brain cholinergic pathways

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the human brain cholinergic pathways. Acetylcholine is one of the most ubiquitous neurotransmitters in the mammalian central nervous system. Neuroanatomical experiments described in the chapter indicate that the cholinergic innervation of a given brain structure can be intrinsic or extrinsic. The innervation of the striatum is almost exclusively intrinsic and arises from cholinergic interneurons. In contrast, the cholinergic innervations of limbic structures, neocortex, thalamus, and superior colliculus are predominantly extrinsic. In the rodent, as much as a third of presynaptic cholinergic markers in the cerebral cortex originates from choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-positive interneurons. Such putatively cholinergic interneurons may also exist in the fetal primate brain. The major cholinergic innervation for limbic structures and neocortex arises from four groups of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain: for the thalamus from two cholinergic cell groups in the pontomesencephalic brainstem, for the interpeduncular nucleus from the medial habenula, and for the superior colliculus from the parabigeminal nucleus. In addition to these major pathways, there are also lesser cholinergic projections from the basal forebrain to the striatum, thalamus, and the interpeduncular nucleus; from the pontomesencephalic cell groups to the cerebral cortex and the superior colliculus; and from the parabigeminal nucleus to the thalamus.
Measurement of Carbon Cost in Ectomycorrhizae

Ectomycorrhizae (ECM) are a symbiosis between tree roots and fungi which may enhance the nutrient and water uptake of trees, protect roots from pathogens (Harley and Smith 1983) and have been implicated in interplant carbon and nutrient transfers (Read et al 1985). Since the carbon source for the fungal symbiont comes primarily from the plant, ECM can profoundly affect the carbon physiology of trees. Quantification of this flow to the fungus and its affect on the overall physiology of the host is essential to understanding the ecological importance of the symbiosis.
The Sleep Story

This is a story for myself and for persons who can't sleep. It should keep them awake or put them to sleep, either of which should be worth some thing. My name is Hopi. I talk in the first, second, and third persons. I hope you can get used to that. I have a few readers I correspond with and see regularly. I would like you to become one. Write me when you can't sleep. I want no other readers. Not for this story. This story is for insomniacs only. It's not designed for you. If it were designed to put you to sleep, I'm sure it wouldn't. You're tired of all those devices, because none of them work. You have to be bored to sleep. If I succeed too well with this, it will keep you up and that won't do. Either I bore you to sleep or I make you fight it. You don't have to worry as long as you have me around. You can look forward to the night with comfort. Just pick up old Fred. I've got plenty more for you, so you don't have to worry. If you'll just buy this one. I don't want a beatnik audience, or any other kind of audience but a club of insomniacs.
Redetermination of tetra­kis(trimethyl­stann­yl)germane

Redetermination of the structure of the title compound, [Ge(SnMe3)4] or [GeSn4(CH3)12], previously refined from powder diffraction data only [Dinnebier, Bernatowicz, Helluy, Sebald, Wunschel, Fitch & van Smaalen et al. (2002). Acta Cryst. B58, 52–61], confirms that four bulky trimethyl­stannyl ligands surround the central Ge atom (site symmetry 1) in a tetra­hedral coordination.
Dural Venous Sinus Thrombosis in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Three children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia developed sagittal sinus thrombosis. One patient was in peripheral remission. One patient survived. In neither patient who died were the walls of the dural sinuses infiltrated with leukemic cells. Attention is drawn to this potentially treatable cause of central nervous system symptoms in childhood leukemia. Angiography is the diagnostic test of choice and can also demonstrate intracerebral hematoma and subdural hematoma, if present. Sinus thrombosis can occur either during exacerbation or remission of the basic leukemic process. The possibility that chemotherapeutic techniques predispose toward this complication is raised.
Current and future particulate-matter-related mortality risks in the United States from aviation emissions during landing and takeoff.

Demand for air travel is projected to increase in the upcoming years, with a corresponding influence on emissions, air quality, and public health. The trajectory of health impacts would be influenced by not just emissions growth, but also changes in nonaviation ambient concentrations that influence secondary fine particulate matter (PM(2.5) ) formation, population growth and aging, and potential shifts in PM(2.5) concentration-response functions (CRFs). However, studies to date have not systematically evaluated the individual and joint contributions of these factors to health risk trajectories. In this study, we simulated emissions during landing and takeoff from aircraft at 99 airports across the United States for 2005 and for a 2025 flight activity projection scenario. We applied the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model with the Speciated Modeled Attainment Test (SMAT) to determine the contributions of these emissions to ambient concentrations, including scenarios with 2025 aircraft emissions and 2005 nonaviation air quality. We combined CMAQ outputs with PM(2.5) mortality CRFs and population projections, and evaluated the influence of changing emissions, nonaviation concentrations, and population factors. Given these scenarios, aviation-related health impacts would increase by a factor of 6.1 from 2005 to 2025, with a factor of 2.1 attributable to emissions, a factor of 1.3 attributable to population factors, and a factor of 2.3 attributable to changing nonaviation concentrations which enhance secondary PM(2.5) formation. Our study emphasizes that the public health burden of aviation emissions would be significantly influenced by the joint effects of flight activity increases, nonaviation concentration changes, and population growth and aging.
Measurements of Sediment Erosion and Transport with the Adjustable Shear Stress Erosion and Transport Flume

Soil and sediments play an important role in water management and water quality. Issues such as water turbidity, associated contaminants, reservoir sedimentation, undesirable erosion and scour, and aquatic habitat are all linked to sediment properties and behaviors. In situ analysis is necessary to develop an understanding of the erosion and transport of sediments. Sandia National Laboratories has recently patented the Adjustable Shear Stress Erosion and Transport (ASSET) Flume that quantifies in situ erosion of a sediment core with depth while affording simultaneous examination of transport modes (bedload versus suspended load) of the eroded material. Core erosion rates and ratios of bedload to suspended load transport of quartz sediments were studied with the ASSET Flume. The erosion and transport of a fine-grained natural cohesive sediment were also observed. Experiments using quartz sands revealed that the ratio of suspended load to bedload sediment transport is a function of grain diameter and shear ...
Model-based 3-D Reconstructions for the Structural Biology of Viruses Exhibiting Incompatible Symmetries

A model-based approach to 3-D reconstruction from cryo electron microscope images is presented for the case of a virus particle lacking total particle symmetry. In particular, we consider the reconstruction of a tailed bacteriophage where the symmetries of the capsid and tail are incompatible. We describe a model-based statistical approach and a two-stage reconstruction algorithm. Numerical results from synthetic data are presented.
EVOLUTION OF PERIODICITY IN PERIODICAL CICADAS

Periodical cicadas present numerous puzzles for biologists. First, their period is fixed, with individuals emerging as adults precisely after either 13 or 17 years (depending on species). Second, even when there are multiple species of either 13- or 17-year cicadas at the same location, only one or rarely two broods (cohorts) co-occur, so that periodical cicada adults appear episodically. Third, the 13- or 17-year periods of cicadas suggest there is something important about prime numbers. Finally, single broods can dominate large areas, with geographical boundaries of broods remaining generally stable through time. While previous mathematical models have been used to investigate some of these puzzles individually, here we investigate them all simultaneously. Unlike previous models, we take an explicitly evolutionary approach. Although not enough information is known about periodical cicadas to draw firm conclusions, the theoretical arguments favor a combination of predator satiation and nymph competition as being key to the evolution of strictly fixed periods and occurrence of only one brood at most geographical locations. Despite ecological mechanisms that can select for strictly fixed periods, there seem to be no plausible ecological mechanisms that select for periods being prime numbers. This suggests that the explanation for prime-numbered periods, rather than just fixed periods, may reside in physiological or genetic mechanisms or constraints.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in Chickens

Abstract DURING the daily routine of animal autopsies in the Denver Branch of the Pathological Division, U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry, quite frequently specimens of unusual character are encountered which elicit more than passing interest. A case of this type is described herewith: On March 22, 1935, a poultry client submitted for examination two adult White Leghorn hens with the following history. History: in a flock of 270 hens, six were found dead lying close together beside a 10-gallon water fountain. The fountain in question was located within an enclosure 4 × 6 feet, made of 2 × 12 inch planks, and partially filled with sand. In Figure 1, to the left of the fountain, may be seen a No. 2 kerosene burner removed from beneath the fountain for demonstration purposes. To the right of the fountain the hens had caused a depression in the sand by wallowing, and it . . .
Intrinsic and extrinsic carpal ligaments: evaluation by three-dimensional Fourier transform MR imaging.

As evaluation of the anatomic and functional integrity of intrinsic and extrinsic carpal ligaments with conventional imaging methods is difficult, we designed a study to evaluate the ability of three-dimensional Fourier transform MR imaging to show the carpal ligaments.We obtained coronal MR images of 15 cadaveric wrists and 15 wrists of patients, using three-dimensional volume acquisition with a gradient-recalled echo sequence and a 1.5-T magnet. The MR findings were compared with the findings on dissection in the 15 cadaveric wrists and with the surgical findings in eight patients.All the volar ligaments had a striated appearance on MR images, with alternating bands of low and intermediate signal intensity. No tears of the extrinsic ligaments were seen. The intrinsic scapholunate and lunotriquetral ligaments were seen as structures with more homogeneously intermediate intensity attaching to their adjacent bone through high-signal-intensity hyaline cartilage. For the cadaveric wrists, MR indications of a...
In-Vehicle Decision Support to Reduce Crashes at Rural Thru- Stop Intersections

Purpose: Within the context of thru-stop intersections, investigate the feasibility and future promise of warning systems inside the vehicle, where interfaces are best placed, and what modalities are most effective (visual versus haptic). Methods: A driving simulator study was conducted to compare three decision support systems (DSSs): a dynamic traffic sign, a set of displays on the vehicle side mirrors, and a vibrating seat. Dependent variables included measurements of safe driving behavior, and a usability questionnaire. A follow-up focus group study was conducted to gain further feedback on the in-vehicle systems and on ideas for how to improve the systems. Results: The vibrating seat yielded significantly higher results than the dynamic traffic sign on two safety variables. No system clearly outperformed the others in terms of promoting safer driving behavior, nor did any improve driving performance compared to the control condition. The questionnaire and usability data showed that the dynamic traffic sign was most preferred, while the in-vehicle displays were most comprehended. Comments during the simulator studies suggested that participants wanted stronger advisory messages from the systems, and the Focus Group Study confirms this. Conclusions: In-vehicle DSSs appear to be feasible for the purposes of assisting drivers with navigating rural thru-stop intersections. No results of this study indicate that in-vehicle systems are an inherently poor means of presenting traffic gap information to the driver. Results indicate that a visual display would be easier to comprehend than a vibrotactile display when no training or explanation is provided.
Management of Headache in the Elderly

The diagnosis and management of headache disorders in the elderly are challenging. The evaluation of the elderly patient with new-onset or recurrent headache requires a grasp of the heterogeneous set of causes of secondary head pain disorders. Once such aetiologies are excluded, the correct primary headache disorder must be diagnosed. Although tension-type headache is the leading cause of new-onset headache in the elderly, other primary headache disorders such as migraine can manifest in later life, and one disorder, hypnic headache, occurs almost exclusively in the elderly. Primary chronic daily headache persists in elderly patients to a greater extent than the primary episodic headache disorders do. The treatment of elderly patients with primary headache disorders is multifaceted, including acute, prophylactic and at times transitional treatments. Knowledge of drug interactions is particularly important as polypharmacy is the rule. Concomitant illnesses may require adjustments in choice or dose of drugs. In addition, as many acute and preventive treatments are either contra-indicated or poorly tolerated in the elderly, modifiable risk factors for headache progression and perpetuation must be addressed. In spite of these treatment complexities, there are numerous opportunities to bring relief to older patients with primary headache disorders from the currently available therapies. New treatment options for elderly patients with headache will soon be available, including acute, prophylactic and interventional techniques.