cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching International Ethics: 1985 and Today

There are important differences between 1985 and today in the way we think about the subject of international ethics as political scientists, the resources we have available for students, and in the attitudes of students toward ethical issues. This paper compares the experience of teaching international ethics in 1985 with teaching the same course in the twenty-first century. The current environment is more accepting of international ethics as a field of academic inquiry, and much richer in terms of resources.
Influence of the Thyroid Status on Volume and Concentration of Cock Semen

Abstract CONSIDERABLE evidence is now available to show that the thyroid hormone is implicated in the development and normal function of the testis. A comprehensive review of this topic has been published recently by Maqsood (1952). Most investigators agree that in the domestic fowl hypothyroidism, produced by either thyroidectomy or goitrogen administration, results in testicular regression and hypofunction. Benoit and Aron (1934) reported that thyroidectomy delayed testicular development in White Leghorn cockerels. Reduction in testis size together with impairment or cessation of spermatogenesis in male birds was reported by Greenwood and Chu (1939), Blivaiss and Domm (1942) and Payne (1944). No spermatogenic stages beyond secondary spermatocytes were found in thyroidectomized cocks up to 22 months of age (Blivaiss, 1947). Similar findings have been reported with goitrogens although results appear to vary with the dosage level, duration of treatment and age of the birds. No significant change was noted by Schultze and …
Affective and Ability Factors in Second-Language Acquisition.

Although past research studies have failed to yield consistently positive correlations between motivation and achievement in second-language classes, teacher experience clearly indicates that student attitudes and opinions do have a decided effect on learning. The question confronting both teachers and researchers is what student affective characteristics influence learning and what influence each has. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of three affective student characteristics, in comparison with selected student ability characteristics, on course grade in elementary language courses. In this study there were as many positive correlations between the affective characteristics and course grade as there were between ability factors and course grade. The implication was that affective characteristics have at least as much influence on learning as do ability factors.
Implementing the ACGME general competencies in a cardiothoracic surgery residency program using 360-degree feedback.

Abstract Background Methods to assess the six competency categories outlined by the Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education are essential to allow residency programs to develop reproducible evaluations of their educational curriculum. Current tools to evaluate competencies are insufficient to perform these tasks, particularly in subspecialty disciplines. The key objective of this initiative was to develop and implement an evaluative tool that would provide data to residents and program leadership regarding their performance and to provide the training program with a reliable way to assess this component of the program. Methods Utilizing a highly customized survey tool with a group of cardiothoracic residents, we implemented a 360-degree performance assessment process based on the six Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education competency areas. The full spectrum of associations in a resident's sphere of interaction were surveyed (ie, supervisors, peers, direct reports, nurses, and administrative personnel). Results Each resident received a comprehensive report that included detailed documentation of the self-evaluation and the average rating of others by category. Each resident also received a transcript of the responses to the open-ended questions and summary of the data highlighting areas of excellence, areas for improvement, and suggested goals and recommendations. The program director received copies of all of these as well as a chart documenting the average scores on each item for the whole cohort. Each resident met with the 360-degree feedback specialist and the program director to develop and commit to an action plan based on the feedback. The feedback process was repeated approximately 8 months later. Conclusions The 360-degree feedback results provided valuable information for the residents. It also provided our program with a reproducible, quantifiable tool to assess these competencies. Combined with other instruments, the 360-degree feedback was found to be a particularly valuable instrument.
Shifting Climate Sensitivity and Contrasting Growth Trends in Juniperus Species Growing Together at Opposite Range Margins

The long generation time of woody plants inhibits detection of shifts in their distributions induced by climatic change. Consequently, assessing growth changes within existing populations, especially those near species range margins, can increase understanding of climate change impacts. We apply dendrochronological methods to examine recent radial growth of the ecologically similar species Juniperus communis L. and J. virginiana L. growing under the same conditions but at opposite latitudinal range margins. We use moving correlations to analyze changes in relationships between growth and monthly climatic variables, and regional curve standardization to identify trends in growth rate independent of plant age. For J. communis, growth sensitivity to temperature and precipitation shifted earlier in the spring whereas for J. virginiana only temperature sensitivity shifted earlier over the last 50 years. Since 1920, J. virginiana growth displays an upward trend, but J. communis growth shows both increases and decreases. Recent precipitation increase, rather than warming alone, appears to drive the growth trends, but interactions with temperature and vegetation dynamics, instead of range position, likely account for the differences in trends between species. Although these results generally agree with climate change predictions, they also point out potential difficulties in modeling future species ranges based on growth-climate relationships and growth at range margins.
Measurement of near fields of antennas and scatterers

A tutorial review of techniques used for the measurement of near-fields of antennas and scatterers, and an extensive bibliography of the readily available literature in this area, are presented.
Association of medically unexplained fatigue with ace insertion/deletion polymorphism in Gulf War veterans

Genes associated with muscle metabolism and physical endurance were evaluated for variants that may contribute to the etiology of medically unexplained severe and chronic fatigue. Subjects included 49 Gulf War veterans and 61 nonveterans with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) or idiopathic chronic fatigue (ICF) and 30 veterans and 45 nonveterans who served as healthy controls. Increased risk for CFS/ICF was associated with alterations of the insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene within the Gulf War veteran sample only. The I allele frequency was decreased in affected versus unaffected veterans (0.15 versus 0.48; odds ratio [OR], 5.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.97–13.35; P < 0.0001). Correspondingly, the II genotype was decreased fourfold in affected veterans (0.08 versus 0.35; OR = 5.87; 95% CI: 1.21–28.36; P = 0.02), and the DD genotype was increased twofold (0.78 versus 0.39; OR, 5.4; 95% CI, 1.6–18.4; P = 0.007). Veterans with the DD genotype were eight times more likely to develop CFS/ICF than were those with the II genotype (OR, 8.30; 95% CI, 1.50–56.09; P = 0.009). Muscle Nerve 30: 38–43, 2004
THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE AMERICAN GASOLINE CRISES

Weekly American Automobile Association reports on the numbers and types of gasoline station closings in 1974 and 1979 make it possible to estimate the overall severity for each shortage in each state. Comparisons of these estimates reveal significant regional differences in the size of the shortfalls. Statistical analyses and explanations for the geographic variations in the shortfalls have implications for the design of policies for coping with the shortages.
Health plan options at fortune 100 companies: available coverage for mental health care consumers.

tions in their industries, exert substantial influence on employer-sponsored mental health benefits (7). When these companies change their benefit options, other companies in their industries, which are competing for employees and market share, have an incentive to follow suit (8). Competition may thus produce industryspecific trends in employee medical benefits, resulting in substantially different plan options for mental health care in different industries and similar options within an industry. The presence of differences in coverage options by industrial sector implies that workers’ risk of incurring high out-of-pocket expenses for mental health services depends on which industry they work in, even if the workers have similar skills and experience and they all work for large companies.
Density Measurements of Hg 3P0,1,2 Excited States in a Discharge Using Saturated Laser Absorption

Much effort continues in understanding the complex physical processes involved in a low-pressure Hg - Ar1 discharge due to the vast commercial importance of this system to lighting. Computer modeling efforts on such discharges have stimulated the need for experimental determination of parameters such as cross-sections and densities1-4. This work describes a laser-based technique to measure the radial density distributions for the 6(3P0,1,2 excited states of mercury in the positive column (constant E-field) of a low-pressure Hg-Ar DC discharge in which the polarity is commutated at 60 Hz to avoid axial cataphoresis. The tube diameter is 34 mm, argon partial pressure is 2.8 torr, and a water jacket maintains control of the wall temperature and therefore the Hg vapor pressure (mtorr range). The current is maintained at 400 mA.
Survey of techniques for prevention and control of congestion in an ATM network

Some of the congestion control methods commonly considered to be suitable for an ATM (asynchronous transfer mode) network are reviewed. Attention is given to issues such as characteristics of bursty traffic, bandwidth allocation, call admission, and rate control schemes. The high processing speed changes the focus of network design from bandwidth efficiency to processing efficiency. It also moves the focus from feedback control to a preventive forward control. It is concluded that the schemes that are most likely to succeed in ATM emphasize congestion prevention (such as call admittance, bandwidth policing, and rate control) over reactive congestion control based on feedback. >
Seismic geomorphology of early North Atlantic sediment waves, offshore northwest Africa

AbstractThe lower continental rise of Morocco’s Atlantic Margin contains three varying morphologies of buried deepwater sediment waves. The 3D mapping of a 1,064-km2 seismic survey acquired in the Safi Haute Mer seismic block revealed numerous linear features that range from small, less than 17-m-thick Jurassic-age amplitude striations up to 110-m-thick migrating Cretaceous contourite sediment waves. Early proto-Atlantic deposition in Safi Haute Mer initiated in the Triassic, with syn- and postrift accumulation in basement half-grabens basinward of the modern Moroccan salt front. Sedimentation continued through the Mesozoic with deposition of turbidites, progradation of clinoforms, and culminating in multiple Late Cretaceous, regionally expansive, mass-transport deposits (20,000 km2). Tertiary stratigraphy consists of multiple thin, pelagic drapes and unconformities. The complex history of sedimentation and tectonics gave rise to three styles of sediment waves found within the study area: (1) type J1 — s...
Mapping Hyperlipidemia in Young Adulthood to Coronary Risk Importance of Cumulative Exposure and How to Stay Young

The atherogenic cholesterol content of blood, commonly clinically assessed as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) or non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), is the central causal factor in atherosclerosis. Given within-person variability, a 1-time assessment of cholesterol tends to underestimate the strength of relationship to coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. 1 An etiologically relevant time window for the examination of lipids in association with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk is multiple decades of life. That is the timeline by which atherosclerosis tends to develop. Therefore, epidemiological studies with successive lipid assessments and extended time horizons provide especially valuable information. Article see p 451
Characterisation of mental models in a virtual reality-based multitasking scenario using measures of situation awareness

The objective of this study was to assess an empirical approach to the characterisation of mental models in a multitasking scenario. A virtual reality task was used, in which participants were required to attend to and detect multiple types of perceptual events occurring randomly in time while carrying on steady physical activity (walking on a treadmill). Based on a cognitive task analysis, different forms of mental models for performing the task were hypothesised. Responses to situation awareness (SA) probes delivered during experiment trials, mental workload ratings and task performance measures were collected and compared with response patterns expected for specific mental model types. Results demonstrated utility of categorical SA responses for identifying different mental model types. However, in the multitasking scenario, the process of developing ‘good’ SA was significantly influenced by the physical and cognitive task demands and the progressive development of accurate isomorphic mental models of ...
Rate of reconfiguration convergence in Swarms

We have studied the rate of reconfiguration of Swarms with external disturbances, such as occurs in problems of fire fighting with constant resources against changing fire lines. We have carried out the investigation by using actual computer experiments on Swarms composed of 10 to 18 CPU's. The goal was to establish the dependence of the reconfiguration rate on the actual physical parameters of the CPU's used, the number of units, the initial configuration errors and the total resources of the Swarm. The results confirm qualitatively earlier finding by computer simulation. They are also confirming the theoretical result that, under rather general conditions, the Swarm can be made to converge in a time which is independent on its size. The type of disturbances under which this is possible are the most likely to occur in physical, practical problems. New results on the dependence of the rate of convergence on the shape of the external signal, confirm the intuitive notion that the Swarm will reconfigure faster if the disturbance has high spatial frequency since the parallelism of the Swarm algorithm is being utilized to a larger extent than for low frequency disturbances. >
Anxiety Sensitivity and Reactivity to Asthma-Like Sensations Among Young Adults With Asthma:

Anxiety sensitivity, particularly the physical concerns domain, is associated with more problematic asthma symptoms and greater functional limitations. It has been theorized that anxiety sensitivity fosters greater reactivity to asthma-related physical sensations; however, this theory has yet to be empirically tested. Thus, the present investigation sought to examine the role of anxiety sensitivity-physical concerns in terms of affective and physical reactivity to asthma-like symptoms. Participants were 101 undergraduates with asthma (76.2% female, Mage = 19.69 years, SD = 3.77 years, range = 18-49 years) who completed self-report measures and a straw-breathing task. Results indicated that after controlling for the effects of gender, asthma control (i.e., how well one's asthma symptoms are managed or controlled), and negative affectivity, greater levels of anxiety sensitivity-physical concerns significantly predicted greater anxiety (4.7% unique variance) and asthma symptoms (6.9% unique variance) and lower levels of lung function (4.4% unique variance) after the straw-breathing task. These findings suggest that individuals with asthma who are fearful of physiological arousal are a particularly "at-risk" population for poor asthma outcomes because of this greater reactivity and could benefit from interventions targeting anxiety sensitivity.
Pleural fluid lysozyme in human disease.

SummaryA prospective study was conducted to define the content, significance, and source of lysozyme present in the pleural fluid in human diseases. The pleural fluid lysozyme activity is similar in various malignant and nonmalignant transudates and exudates, and is of limited diagnostic value. The pleural fluid activity correlated well with that of paired serum samples but it had poor correlation with the disease state, the pleural fluid granulocyte counts, and total white blood cell counts. The data suggest that the pleural fluid lysozyme may be derived primarily from the blood and that it is not the product of inflammatory or neo-plastic cells in the pleural fluid itself.
IMPROVING MEDICATION ADHERENCE IN HYPERTENSION USING HOME MEASURED BLOOD PRESSURE AND TELEMEDICINE REPORTING TO MODIFY PATIENT AND PHYSICIAN BEHAVIOR

Management of hypertension is integral in both primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Poor adherence to medications results in suboptimal CVD risk reduction. We hypothesize that enrollment in a community-based program focused on blood pressure assessment and reporting via
The Use of A Multidisciplinary Project to Expand the Materials Science Curriculum

A special interdisciplinary project course was offered in the Fall of 2006 within the Carnegie Institute of Technology at Carnegie Mellon University. The course was open to students from across the university, it drew participants from Civil and Environmental Engineering, Engineering and Public Policy, Materials Science and Engineering, Architecture, the School of Design. This multidisciplinary collection of students formed the necessary knowledge base to approach the various tasks of the project. Each student was to rely on their academic experience and talents to contribute to the work, while simultaneously learning from those in other disciplines. The collaborative group experience introduced students to how disciplines interact in the real world, encouraging them to pursue their own interests in broader areas. The project consisted of three efforts assessing life cycle impact in terms of energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and economic costs of equivalent products made from both steel and wood. The first effort involved comparison of steel products versus wood products in existing designs. The second, looked at the optimization of steel products to improve design options and the third tried to identifying opportunities to leverage the use of steel materials in green building design and construction, based on certification requirements established by the US Green Building Council and the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system. At Carnegie Mellon, the Green Design Initiative researchers have been leaders in life cycle assessment methodology development and assessment, and have a history of merging students and faculty from across the university into research teams. This multidisciplinary project was good example of how common topics can be exploited to provide excellent discovery opportunities for undergraduate engineering programs.
Precarious Class Formations in the United States and South Africa

Recent scholarship highlights the global expansion of precarious layers of the working class. This article examines the growth and collective struggles of such precarious layers in two very different places: California, United States and Gauteng, South Africa. The comparison challenges and extends existing research in two ways. First, it shows that the spread of insecurity is far from uniform, taking different forms in different places. Lack of citizenship is more crucial for workers in California, whereas underemployment is more crucial for workers in Gauteng. Second, it shows that insecure segments of the working class are capable of developing collective agency. This agency may be rooted in identities that extend beyond precarious employment, and will reflect the particular forms of insecurity that are prevalent in the given context. Such diversity is illustrated by examining May Day protests in California and community protests around service delivery in Gauteng.
The State and the Market in Higher Education

European universities are today surprisingly weak. While this is due in part to relatively low levels of both public and private expenditure. Highly centralized state control has resulted in a system in which there is little effective competition among universities, and hence little incentive for improvement in either instruction or research.Any effort at reform of this system must confront three issues: the degree of governmental ownership, the degree of governmental subsidy, and the degree of competition. While these issues are interrelated, they are also to a degree separable. It is possible to have public subsidy without public ownership, and it is possible to have both public subsidy and public ownership while still maintaining a high level of competition. Higher education is distinguished from other goods and services by its “associative” character, which has a strong and complicated bearing on the efficiency and fairness of competitive outcomes.
An increase in in vitro fertilization ability of low-density human sperm capacitated by multiple-tube swim-up.

Comparison was made of the efficacy of multiple-tube swim-up (MT-SU) and singletube swim-up (ST-SU) preparations on inducing human sperm fertilization ability in semen samples of P
A Novel Wearable Device for Food Intake and Physical Activity Recognition

Presence of speech and motion artifacts has been shown to impact the performance of wearable sensor systems used for automatic detection of food intake. This work presents a novel wearable device which can detect food intake even when the user is physically active and/or talking. The device consists of a piezoelectric strain sensor placed on the temporalis muscle, an accelerometer, and a data acquisition module connected to the temple of eyeglasses. Data from 10 participants was collected while they performed activities including quiet sitting, talking, eating while sitting, eating while walking, and walking. Piezoelectric strain sensor and accelerometer signals were divided into non-overlapping epochs of 3 s; four features were computed for each signal. To differentiate between eating and not eating, as well as between sedentary postures and physical activity, two multiclass classification approaches are presented. The first approach used a single classifier with sensor fusion and the second approach used two-stage classification. The best results were achieved when two separate linear support vector machine (SVM) classifiers were trained for food intake and activity detection, and their results were combined using a decision tree (two-stage classification) to determine the final class. This approach resulted in an average F1-score of 99.85% and area under the curve (AUC) of 0.99 for multiclass classification. With its ability to differentiate between food intake and activity level, this device may potentially be used for tracking both energy intake and energy expenditure.
Mirror Therapy for Hemiparesis Following Stroke: A Review

Ramachandran (Nature 377:489–490, 1995) showed that in amputees, phantom limb pain described as a spasming or immobile phantom limb can be alleviated by watching their reflection of the intact limb in a parasagittally placed mirror while moving the intact limb and the phantom simultaneously. This suggested that therapy via mirror visual feedback—mirror therapy—might be considered for other diseases and conditions characterized by poor mobility. We were the first to show that mirror therapy might be beneficial for hemiparesis following stroke. There have now been numerous case reports and studies of mirror therapy for hemiparesis following stroke. Overall, the majority of studies done thus far on patients with hemiparesis in the subacute or chronic phase following stroke find mirror therapy to be more beneficial than control treatments. Even when mirror therapy is not superior to control therapy, the reason for this is there are similar improvements in both groups. There have not been adverse effects in patients that perform mirror therapy for hemiparesis following stroke. There appears to be a benefit of mirror therapy for hemiparesis following stroke in the subacute and chronic phase. Trial of mirror therapy for hemiparesis may be warranted. Further study of mirror therapy for hemiparesis following stroke will be welcomed; in particular, it would be important to study different groups of patients given the heterogeneity of stroke.
Intensive Treatment with Ultrasound Visual Feedback for Speech Sound Errors in Childhood Apraxia

Ultrasound imaging is an adjunct to traditional speech therapy that has shown to be beneficial in the remediation of speech sound errors. Ultrasound biofeedback can be utilized during therapy to provide clients additional knowledge about their tongue shapes when attempting to produce sounds that are in error. The additional feedback may assist children with childhood apraxia of speech in stabilizing motor patterns, thereby facilitating more consistent and accurate productions of sounds and syllables. However, due to its specialized nature, ultrasound visual feedback is a technology that is not widely available to clients. Short-term intensive treatment programs are one option that can be utilized to expand access to ultrasound biofeedback. Schema-based motor learning theory suggests that short-term intensive treatment programs (massed practice) may assist children in acquiring more accurate motor patterns. In this case series, three participants ages 10-14 diagnosed with childhood apraxia of speech attended 16 hours of speech therapy over a two-week period to address residual speech sound errors. Two participants had distortions on rhotic sounds, while the third participant demonstrated lateralization of sibilant sounds. During therapy, cues were provided to assist participants in obtaining a tongue shape that facilitated a correct production of the erred sound. Additional practice without ultrasound was also included. Results suggested that all participants showed signs of acquisition of sounds in error. Generalization and retention results were mixed. One participant showed generalization and retention of sounds that were treated; one showed generalization but limited retention; and the third showed no evidence of generalization or retention. Individual characteristics that may facilitate generalization are discussed. Short-term intensive treatment programs using ultrasound biofeedback may result in the acquisition of more accurate motor patterns and improved articulation of sounds previously in error, with varying levels of generalization and retention.
A new approach to vacuum packaging of getter-less and gettered ceramic chip carriers

This paper reports on a new system and approach to vacuum packaging of MEMS sensors with vacuum pressures on the order of tens of milliTorr and below with and without getters. Until now, commercial vacuum packaging equipment has limited bake-out temperatures due to the upside-down approach where the sensor and ceramic chip carrier (LCC) is inverted on a non-heated stage and thermally isolated by a small gap and shutter. The approach reported in this article has demonstrated 20 milliTorr vacuum packaging pressures repeatedly measured for getter-less packaging and the first run of gettered packages have vacuum levels less than 6 milliTorr.
Density Functional Calculations for Prediction of 57Fe Mössbauer Isomer Shifts and Quadrupole Splittings in β-Diketiminate Complexes.

The relative ease of Mossbauer spectroscopy and of density functional theory (DFT) calculations encourages the use of Mossbauer parameters as a validation method for calculations, and the use of calculations as a double check on crystallographic structures. A number of studies have proposed correlations between the computationally determined electron density at the iron nucleus and the observed isomer shift, but deviations from these correlations in low-valent iron β-diketiminate complexes encouraged us to determine a new correlation for these compounds. The use of B3LYP/def2-TZVP in the ORCA platform provides an excellent balance of accuracy and speed. We provide here not only this new correlation and a clear guide to its use but also a systematic analysis of the limitations of this approach. We also highlight the impact of crystallographic inaccuracies, DFT model truncation, and spin states, with intent to assist experimentalists to use Mossbauer spectroscopy and calculations together.
SIMPAL: a compositional reasoning framework for imperative programs

The Static IMPerative AnaLyzer (SIMPAL) is a tool for performing compositional reasoning over software programs that utilize preexisting software components. SIMPAL features a specification language, called Limp, for modeling programs that utilize preexisting components. Limp is an extension of the Lustre synchronous data flow language. Limp extends Lustre by introducing control flow elements, global variables, and syntax specifying preconditions, postconditions, and global variable interactions of preexisting components. SIMPAL translates Limp programs to an equivalent Lustre representation which can be passed to the JKind model checking tool to perform assume-guarantee reasoning, reachability, and viability analyses. The feedback from these analyses can be used to refine the program to ensure the software functions as intended.
On Being Included: Racism and Diversity in Institutional Life

In an era where institutional diversity statements are increasingly common, and at a time when university presidents regularly speak out in support of diversity, college educators may think there i...
Factors Associated with Direct Health Care Costs Among Patients with Migraine

BACKGROUND: Migraine imposes substantial economic burden on patients and the health care system. Approximately 18% of women and 6% of men suffer from migraine in the United States. This is a heterogeneous group, and little data are available to evaluate factors associated with migraine costs. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate characteristics associated with high costs among commercially insured patients with migraine. METHODS: This retrospective analysis identified patients with migraine in the Truven Health MarketScan Research Databases between January 2008 and June 2013. Patients were required to have 12 months continuous enrollment before and after migraine diagnoses and/or migraine-specific medications (index date). Patients with costs greater than the top 25th percentile of all-cause costs during the 12-month post-index period were classified into the upper quartile (UQ) cohort. Multiple logistic regression was used to evaluate demographic and clinical factors associated with being in the UQ cohort, and general...
Drones, dangerous animals and peeping Toms: impact of imposed vs. organic regulation on entrepreneurship, innovation and economic growth

This paper categorises regulations of economies and societies as either imposed or organic. Imposed regulations - federal, state and local statutes, regulatory agency promulgations and executive orders - rest on top of and interact with organic regulations - social customs, markets, private agreements and common law. We show how organic regulation, with its many distributed control points (courts, markets and individuals) and near-continuous decision making (by individuals and judges), better reflects the complex systems nature of and more closely evolves with economies and societies. Imposed regulations offer efficiencies and uniformity, but their fewer, more-indirect design and control points (legislatures, agencies and officials) are less accountable and invite public-choice concerns unrelated or counter to public welfare. As a result, imposed regulations are more prone to error, corruption and unintended consequences and are less predictable long-term. Greater reliance on organic regulation correlates with greater entrepreneurship, innovation and long-term economic growth. We consider case studies of self-driving vehicles and unmanned aerial vehicles ('drones') and conclude with recommendations for regulators, lawmakers and policy makers.
"I Think We Should...": Analyzing Elementary Students' Collaborative Processes for Giving and Taking Suggestions

Collaboration plays an essential role in computer science. While there is growing recognition that learners of all ages can benefit from collaborative learning, little is known about how elementary-age children engage in collaborative problem solving in computer science. This paper reports on the analysis of a dataset of elementary students collaborating on a programming project. We found that children tend to make several different types of suggestions. In turn, their partners address those suggestions in different ways such as by implementing them directly in code or by replying through dialogue. We observe that students regularly accept or reject suggestions without explanation or explicit acknowledgement and that it is often unclear whether they understand the substance of the suggestion. These behaviors may inhibit the development of a shared understanding between the partners and limit the value of the collaborative process. These results can inform instructional practice and the development of new adaptive tools that facilitate productive collaborative problem solving in computer science.
In-cell RNA structure probing with SHAPE-MaP

This protocol is an extension to: Nat. Protoc. 10, 1643-1669 (2015); doi:10.1038/nprot.2015.103; published online 01 October 2015RNAs play key roles in many cellular processes. The underlying structure of RNA is an important determinant of how transcripts function, are processed, and interact with RNA-binding proteins and ligands. RNA structure analysis by selective 2'-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE) takes advantage of the reactivity of small electrophilic chemical probes that react with the 2'-hydroxyl group to assess RNA structure at nucleotide resolution. When coupled with mutational profiling (MaP), in which modified nucleotides are detected as internal miscodings during reverse transcription and then read out by massively parallel sequencing, SHAPE yields quantitative per-nucleotide measurements of RNA structure. Here, we provide an extension to our previous in vitro SHAPE-MaP protocol with detailed guidance for undertaking and analyzing SHAPE-MaP probing experiments in live cells. The MaP strategy works for both abundant-transcriptome experiments and for cellular RNAs of low to moderate abundance, which are not well examined by whole-transcriptome methods. In-cell SHAPE-MaP, performed in roughly 3 d, can be applied in cell types ranging from bacteria to cultured mammalian cells and is compatible with a variety of structure-probing reagents. We detail several strategies by which in-cell SHAPE-MaP can inform new biological hypotheses and emphasize downstream analyses that reveal sequence or structure motifs important for RNA interactions in cells.
Gebruik van antidepressiva tijdens de zwangerschap

Er leven veel vragen over het al dan niet gebruiken van selectieve serotonineheropnameremmers tijdens de zwangerschap. Op de POP-poli’s (Psychiatrie, Obstetrie, Pediatrie) blijkt dat de adviezen die huisartsen geven niet altijd overeenstemmen met de multidisciplinaire richtlijn hierover. Oppel et al. gingen na hoe huisartsen omgaan met de beschikbare informatie over SSRI’s en zwangerschap.
Psychostimulant-Induced Gene Regulation in Corticostriatal Circuits

Publisher Summary This chapter demonstrates that psychostimulants alter the expression of perhaps hundreds of genes in the cortex and the basal ganglia. These include effector genes such as those encoding neuropeptide transmitters that modulate basal ganglia circuit activity in several nuclei, but also transcription factors that regulate the expression of other genes, as well as a variety of other neuroplasticity-related molecules. The findings of numerous studies show that, in the striatum, psychostimulants affect gene regulation predominantly in neurons that give rise to the direct striatal output pathway, with lesser to minimal molecular effects in the indirect pathway. The chapter reviews that the relative impact on these two pathways is to some degree dependent on cortex-activating contextual variables. For the last two decades, much effort in addiction research has been devoted to understanding the significance of molecular changes in motivation-related striatal domains. However, molecular imaging studies demonstrate that psychostimulant-induced gene regulation is considerably more pronounced in associational and, especially, sensorimotor corticostriatal domains. It concludes that Future work will have to determine the functional consequences of such changes in these latter domains. However, studies indicate that these molecular changes occur in striatal areas associated with switching functions, procedural learning and compulsion. They may thus underlie aberrant habit formation and compulsive behavior that signify drug addiction.
DNA Adduct Formation and Removal in N-Acetoxy-2-Acetylaminofluorene-Exposed Cultured Cells and in Organs from Rats Fed 2-Acetylaminofluorene

The development of carcinogen DNA-adduct antibodies has made possible a new approach to investigate carcinogen-DNA interactions (1). To quantitate adducts of a particular carcinogen, highly-avid rabbit antibodies have been employed to allow detection by radioimmunoassay (RIA) of one adduct in 10 5DNA bases (1). The studies described here employed the antiserum anti-guanosin-(8-yl)-acetylaminofluorene (anti-G-8-AAF) elicited against the nucleoside-adduct coupled covalently to bovine serum albumin and injected into rabbits (2). The antiserum is specific for the acetylated and deacetylated C-8 adducts of 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) with DNA (dG-8-AAF and dG-8-AF) (see Figure 1). It does not cross-react with the minor adduct, 3-deoxyguanison(N2-yl)-acetylaminofluorene (dG-N2-AAF) (see Figure 1), the carcinogen alone, or DNA (2,3). Since the C-8 adducts comprise the major proportion (80 to 90%) of adducts formed upon interaction of 2-AAF, or its activated derivative N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-Ac-AAF) with DNA in vivo (3,4,5), the anti-G-8-AAF was considered appropriate for initial studies. The antibody has been utilized to distinguish between the acetylated and deacetylated C-8 adducts of 2-AM in DNA, and to quantitate the proportions of each in DNA extracted from either cultured cells exposed to N-Ac-AAF or from livers and kidneys of male rats fed 2-AAF.
Theory of Ion-Molecule Collisions at (1 eV-5 keV)/AMU

In 1on-mo1ecule collisions from thermal energies, to a few eV, up to a few keV, various processes such as chemical reactions (nuclear rearrangements), charge transfer (electronic rearrangement) and rotational, vibrational and electronic transitions occur, rarely in Isolation except over limited energy ranges. Inelastic scattering changes the internal state by rotational, vibrational and electronic excitation of one or both collision Darteners while preserving the identity of each partner, in contrast to reactive scattering (chemical reactions, three-body ion-molecule association, charge transfer, dissociation, ionization) which changes the chemical identities. There are few theories which elucidate the coupling between reactive and inelastic mechanisms, since development of feasible theoretical treatments of each of the processes In isolation presents. In itself, a considerable challenge.
On the Large Deviations Properties of the Weighted-Serve-the-Longest-Queue Policy

We identify the large deviation rate function for a single server with multi-class arrivals in which the service priority is determined according to the weighted-serve-the-longest-queue policy. The problem setup falls into the general category of systems with discontinuous statistics. Our analysis, which is largely based on a weak convergence approach, does not require any symmetry or dimensional restrictions.
A Novel External Nasal Splint

Every year, hundreds of thousands of individuals suffer from nasal bone fractures, and in 2016, more than 780 000 rhinoplasty surgeries were performed globally. As part of the comprehensive care fo...
Lightweighting technologies: Analyzing strategic and economic implications of advanced manufacturing processes

Abstract High-pressure die-casting (HPDC) is a proven manufacturing technology to cast aluminum and magnesium alloys. Transportation industries are under increased pressure to reduce the mass of cast parts in order to cut fuel use and CO2 emissions, and increase load. Reducing mass and improving mechanical properties with current HPDC is not practical due to processing limitations that result from air entrapped during metal filling as well as limitations on performing additional processes such as heat treatment that can expose the porosity or voids. Super vacuum die-casting (SVDC) is an innovation that aims to overcome this challenge by introducing a vacuum to draw air from the die cavity before filling. While there is a significant literature on the technical performance of vacuum assisted technology, the authors are unaware of previous work focused in analyzing short- and long-term cost-benefit tradeoffs. This manuscript's goal is to evaluate the strategic and economical implications of novel SVDC technology as well as its upstream and downstream processes, however, the cost implications of use-life and end-of-life is not considered in this study. To do this, we develop and describe an analytical model to map future scenarios, both production and product, to expected production cost difference between SVDC and conventional die-casting. Using these models we find that materials and die casting process costs dominated the cost in both HPDC and SVDC. From analysis of several case studies, these dominant costs translate directly into the strategic advantages and disadvantages of SVDC. SVDC can provide cost savings if a part can be redesigned to reduce mass. Some of that cost savings is lost, however, due to added heat treatment costs and added tooling and system costs. The effect means that SVDC can reduce cost particularly for larger parts and when production volumes are higher. The cost advantage of SVDC is strongly dependent on production volume, and realized mass savings. From a variance-based sensitivity analysis, it can be seen that at higher production volumes (around 100k per year or more) breakeven requires a mass savings of 15% for small parts and around 12.5% for medium and large parts. However, when production volumes are low (say around 5000 parts per year) these values rise to 45%, 35%, and 30%, respectively.
Numerical Investigation of Heat Transfer Enhancement in a Slot Channel Induced by a Piezoelectric Fan

Heat transfer enhancement in an isothermal slot channel due to vortices shedding from a vibrating piezoelectric fan is numerically investigated at $\pmb{Re}=\mathbf{500}$. The numerical simulations are performed for the dimensionless frequency $\pmb{Sr}$ and dimensionless amplitude $\pmb{A}$ in the ranges of 0 ~ 1 and 0 ~ 0.25, respectively. Effects of Prandtl number $(\mathbf{0.1}\leq\pmb{Pr}\leq\mathbf{10})$ on the heat transfer enhancement for different fluids are also discussed. The results show that vibration of the piezoelectric fan can significantly enhance the heat transfer performance of the downstream walls of the fan. A critical dimensionless amplitude value of 0.1 is found for the heat transfer enhancement of the fan. Moreover, the benefits of fan vibration in enhancement of wall heat transfer are found to be very sensitive to $\pmb{Pr}$. The maximum heat transfer enhancement ratio of 41.6% is obtained when $\pmb{Pr}$ is approximately equal to 1.
Auscultation Serendipitously Leading to the Discovery of a Type A Aortic Dissection: The Lost Art of Physical Examination.

In the current era of rapidly advancing and evolving medicine, a huge emphasis has been placed on the utilization of diagnostic tests and imaging, as well as on following updated guidelines, at the expense of focusing on clinical exams and honing these skills. Poor physical exam skills is a definite risk to patient safety, as they might lead to the misdiagnosis of, sometimes, fatal diseases. In this case, we discuss a case of complicated aortic dissection type A that initially presented to us as a case of worsening chronic graft rejection. Aortic dissection type A was solely uncovered by clinical exam despite unusual presenting symptoms and grossly benign basic labs and initial chest radiograph.
IoT Supply Chain Security: Overview, Challenges, and the Road Ahead

Supply chain is emerging as the next frontier of threats in the rapidly evolving IoT ecosystem. It is fundamentally more complex compared to traditional ICT systems. We analyze supply chain risks in IoT systems and their unique aspects, discuss research challenges in supply chain security, and identify future research directions.
Calculation and Analysis of Energy Storage Demand in Shanxi Power Grid

The application of energy storage is mainly concentrated in several fields, including the access to grid of new energy, ancillary services of peak load regulating and frequency regulation, user side peak cut, demand side response, as well as micro-grid and household energy storage, etc. At present, energy storage is becoming more and more involved in Shanxi market of frequency regulation and flexible grid-connection of new energy, but the relevant intervention mode, incentive mechanism, operation mode and effect evaluation are still in the stage of exploration and demonstration. This article analyses and calculates the energy storage capacity demand in Shanxi power grid from five aspects of power system ACE command response, peak load regulation, frequency regulation, new energy consumption and power control of regional tie line, in order to provide a decision-making reference for the stable, economic and high-quality operation of Shanxi power grid.
The Maturation of the Queen

This chapter argues that Spenser’s Belphoebe typifies the youthful woman Elizabeth and Britomart the ruler as she grew to full maturity. Seeing the strife in Books II-V as a covert outworking of the conflict between Catholic and Protestant Englishmen in Book I, the chapter explores the queen’s struggles with Mary Stuart and her backers from 1560 to 1587, Elizabeth’s fraught courtship of the Duke of Anjou, and her erotic relationships with Leicester, Ralegh, Hatton, and Essex. Along with veiled criticism of the queen as a virgin Venus, resembling both chaste Florimell and her false Petrarchan twin, the allegory reproves her failure to adequately resolve growing tensions between England’s traditional agricultural economy and its rapidly expanding trading interests, a symbolized in the rivers Thames and Medway.