cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do cognitive attributions for smoking predict subsequent smoking development

To develop more effective anti-smoking programs, it is important to understand the factors that influence people to smoke. Guided by attribution theory, a longitudinal study was conducted to investigate how individuals' cognitive attributions for smoking were associated with subsequent smoking development and through which pathways. Middle and high school students in seven large cities in China (N=12,382; 48.5% boys and 51.5% girls) completed two annual surveys. Associations between cognitive attributions for smoking and subsequent smoking initiation and progression were tested with multilevel analysis, taking into account plausible moderation effects of gender and baseline smoking status. Mediation effects of susceptibility to smoking were investigated using statistical mediation analysis (MacKinnon, 2008). Six out of eight tested themes of cognitive attributions were associated with subsequent smoking development. Curiosity (β=0.11, p<0.001) and autonomy (β=0.08, p=0.019) were associated with smoking initiation among baseline non-smokers. Coping (β=0.07, p<0.001) and social image (β=0.10, p=<.0001) were associated with smoking progression among baseline lifetime smokers. Social image (β=0.05, p=0.043), engagement (β=0.07, p=0.003), and mental enhancement (β=0.15, p<0.001) were associated with smoking progression among baseline past 30-day smokers. More attributions were associated with smoking development among males than among females. Susceptibility to smoking partially mediated most of the associations, with the proportion of mediated effects ranging from 4.3% to 30.8%. This study identifies the roles that cognitive attributions for smoking play in subsequent smoking development. These attributions could be addressed in smoking prevention programs.
Matter Enhanced Neutrino Oscillations in the Standard Solar Model

The effects of matter-enhanced neutrino oscillations on solar-neutrino experiments can be calculated accurately only if uncertainties in the standard solar model are treated properly. As the oscillation probability depends on the neutrino energy, while modifications in the parameters of the standard solar model produce correlated changes in the various solar-neutrino sources, Monte Carlo calculations appear to offer the only means for addressing this problem. We consider the effects of matter-enhanced neutrino oscillations for 1000 standard solar models that were constructed by varying the solar input parameters according to their estimated probability distributions. From these Monte Carlo calculations (carried out for a neutrino parameter grid of 10{sup 4} cases corresponding to 3{times}10{sup 8} separate Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein (MSW) calculations) we derive 95%-C.L. limits on the neutrino mass difference {delta}{ital m}{sup 2} and mixing angle sin{sup 2}2{theta} for possible outcomes for the {sup 37}Cl, {sup 71}Ga, and Kamioka II experiments and the assumption of two-flavor oscillations.
Conditional sampling of velocity in a turbulent nonpremixed propane jet

Mesure des vitesses axiale et radiale simultanees dans un jet de propane non reactif aux grands nombres de Reynolds
965 DETECTION OF ANTIBODIES TO COW'S MILK PROTEIN(CMP) IN DUODENAL FLUIDS(DF)

Measurement of serum antibodies to CMP has not been useful in differential diagnosis of milk intolerance (allergy). Since duodenal mucosa is exposed to CMP during the digestive process, antibodies to CMP in DF might provide a new insight into the local immune response and development of clinical sensitivity to CMP. DF were collected originally for evaluation of pancreatic exocrine function and stored at -20°C for 1-36 months. 46 DF from 36 patients (1-16 years) were available for this study. Antibodies (G, A,M) to CMP (casein, albumin, α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin A&B) were measured by Enzyme Linked Immunoabsorbent Assay (ELISA). IgA & IgM, but not IgG, antibodies were detected in 14 of 17 post pancreozymin (PZ), 6 of 26 post secretin (S) and 2 of 3 basal (unstimulated) DF. 3 DF were compared with paired sera collected simultaneously: Antibodies were detected in both in 2 pairs, but only in serum in 1 pair. 6 pairs (PZ-S) of DF from same patients were compared: antibodies were present in both DF of 2 pairs, in only PZ fluid of 3 pairs, and none in 1 pair. The relative absence of IgG antibody in DF in comparison to serum and the presence of only IgA & IgM antibody in DF, suggest that these antibodies are produced locally. Further, hormonal stimulation of DF secrection may be accompanied by concomitant secretion of local antibody. Detection of antibodies to CMP in DF may provide a new means of studying the development of local immune response to food antigen. (Supported by Dairy Council and USPH AgO2417-01.)
Characterization of interlayer Cs+ in clay samples using secondary ion mass spectrometry with laser sample modification.

Ultraviolet laser irradiation was used to greatly enhance the secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) detection of Cs+ adsorbed to soil consisting of clay and quartz. Imaging SIMS showed that the enhancement of the Cs+ signal was spatially heterogeneous: the intensity of the Cs+ peak was increased by factors up to 100 for some particles but not at all for others. Analysis of standard clay samples exposed to Cs+ showed a variable response to laser irradiation depending on the type of clay analyzed. The Cs+ abundance was significantly enhanced when Cs+-exposed montmorillonite was irradiated and then analyzed using SIMS, which contrasted with the behavior of Cs+-exposed kaolinite, which displayed no Cs+ enhancement. Exposed illitic clays displayed modest enhancement of Cs+ upon laser irradiation, intermediate between that of kaolinite and montmorillonite. The results for Cs+ were rationalized in terms of adsorption to interlayer sites within the montmorillonite, which is an expandable phyllosilicate. In thes...
Physiological and comfort effects of commercial wicking clothing under a bulletproof vest

Abstract Ballistic protective gear (“bulletproof” vest), required in law enforcement and some branches of the military, contains thick padding and covers much of the surface area of the user's torso. Bulletproof vest (BV) use poses a compromise between protecting one's life from assault and risking possible harm from heat strain injury. Aside from the danger of heat-related injuries, BV may contribute to severe discomfort problems. Therefore, this study examined the effects of a snug-fitting synthetic shirt designed to wick sweat away from the skin worn under BV. Several physiological and comfort parameters were assessed while wearing two different undergarments on two separate occasions (Under Armour {EC} or cotton t-shirt {CT}). Pre- and post-blood and urine samples were collected for determination of percent change in plasma volume (%ΔPV) and urine-specific gravity (USG). Before exercising, participants inserted a rectal thermocouple for the continuous measurement of core temperature. Also, participants were fitted with several skin thermocouples and a heart rate monitor was placed beneath the undergarment. Next, the participants were dressed in the undergarment, trousers, BV, short-sleeved button up shirt, and a military ballistic helmet. Participants performed a simulated industrial protocol for ∼2 h. Results showed no significant difference between trials (EC vs. CT) for rectal temperature and all skin temperatures except for chest temperature, which was significantly lower while wearing EC. There were also no significant differences between trials for %ΔPV, USG, or heart rate. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between trials for any subjective or comfort measure. Results suggest that EC offers no advantage in cooling the wearer over CT. Additionally, even though there were no significant differences between ensembles for subjective measures, trends were observed with EC being perceived as being more comfortable.
Questions with quantifiers

This paper studies the distribution of ‘list readings’ in questions like who does everyone like? vs. who likes everyone?. More generally, it focuses on the interaction between wh-words and quantified NPs. It is argued that, contrary to widespread belief, the pattern of available readings of constituent questions can be explained as a consequence of Weak Crossover, a well-known property of grammar. In particular, list readings are claimed to be a special case of ‘functional readings’, rather than arising from quantifying into questions. Functional readings are argued to be encoded in the syntax as doubly indexed traces, which straightforwardly leads to a Crossover account of the absence of list readings in who likes everyone?. Empirical and theoretical consequences of this idea for the syntax and semantics of questions are considered.
Conference Report Making Statistics More Effective in Schools of Business

(1988). Conference Report Making Statistics More Effective in Schools of Business. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 247-260.
Exploiting multihop diversity through efficient localized searching with CDMA and route metric-based power control

Wireless links a subject to large deviations in quality. While such deviations may result in the failure of routes, it also means that some routes may be substantially better than others. In order to utilize these routes, the routing protocol must find these good routes. This paper presents a method for locally searching for routes. Specifically, through passive overhearing of data packets, nodes determine which control packets they should forward. Furthermore, nodes use CDMA with route metric-based power control in order to allow multiple nodes to transmit simultaneously and yet ensure that the control packets advertising the best routes are received. Packet level simulations indicate that these techniques result in significantly better packet delivery ratio, lower delay, and far fewer route failures. For example, in one scenario examined, it was found that the techniques presented resulted in 90% of the connections not requiring any route search after the initial route was found, whereas the other protocols were forced to perform between 4 and 25 route searches for each connection.
A real-time wireless smart sensor array for scheduling irrigation

A prototype real-time, smart sensor array for measuring soil moisture and soil temperature that uses off-the-shelf components was developed and evaluated for scheduling irrigation in cotton. The array consists of a centrally located receiver connected to a laptop computer and multiple sensor nodes installed in the field. The sensor nodes consist of sensors (up to three Watermark^(R) soil moisture sensors and up to four thermocouples), a specially designed circuit board, and a Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) tag which transmits data to the receiver. The smart sensor array described here offers real potential for reliably monitoring spatially variable soil water status in crop fields. The relatively low cost of the system (~USD 2400 for a 20-sensor node system) allows for installation of a dense population of soil moisture sensors that can adequately represent the inherent soil variability present in fields. This paper describes the smart sensor array and testing in a cotton crop. Integration of the sensors with precision irrigation technologies will provide a closed loop irrigation system where inputs from the smart sensor array will determine timing and amounts for real-time site-specific irrigation applications.
Finite difference modelling of continuous-flow electrophoresis

Abstract A numerical scheme is used to describe the operation of isothermal continuous-flow electrophoresis. The model used accounts for the effects of diffusion, electroosmosis, and nonuniformities in convection, without the limitations on experimental parameter ranges imposed by previous solutions. Results from the numerical scheme are verified by comparison with these limiting case solutions. The flexibility of the numerical scheme provides a basic framework for the description of continuous-flow electrophoresis.
Laparoscopy and malignancy

Background: The advantages of pneumoperitoneum-based surgery are well documented. Laparoscopy is the gold standard of treatment in certain benign conditions such as cholelithiasis and gastroesophag...
Overexpression of X-Linked Genes in T Cells From Women With Lupus

Women develop lupus more frequently than men and the reason remains incompletely understood. Evidence that men with Klinefelter's Syndrome (XXY) develop lupus at approximately the same rate as women suggests that a second X chromosome contributes. However, since the second X is normally inactivated, how it predisposes to lupus is unclear. DNA methylation contributes to the silencing of one X chromosome in women, and CD4+ T cell DNA demethylation contributes to the development of lupus-like autoimmunity. This suggests that demethylation of genes on the inactive X may predispose women to lupus, and this hypothesis is supported by a report that CD40LG, an immune gene encoded on the X chromosome, demethylates and is overexpressed in T cells from women but not men with lupus. Overexpression of other immune genes on the inactive X may also predispose women to this disease. We therefore compared mRNA and miRNA expression profiles in experimentally demethylated T cells from women and men as well as in T cells from women and men with lupus. T cells from healthy men and women were treated with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-azacytidine, then X-linked mRNAs were surveyed with oligonucleotide arrays, and X-linked miRNA's surveyed with PCR arrays. CD40LG, CXCR3, OGT, miR-98, let-7f-2*, miR 188-3p, miR-421 and miR-503 were among the genes overexpressed in women relative to men. MiRNA target prediction analyses identified CBL, which downregulates T cell receptor signaling and is decreased in lupus T cells, as a gene targeted by miR-188-3p and miR-98. Transfection with miR-98 and miR-188-3p suppressed CBL expression. The same mRNA and miRNA transcripts were also demethylated and overexpressed in CD4+ T cells from women relative to men with active lupus. Together these results further support a role for X chromosome demethylation in the female predisposition to lupus.
Microglial release of nitric oxide by the synergistic action of β-amyloid and IFN-γ

Abstract Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized hisotpathologically by a loss of neurons and an accumulation of β-amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, dystrophic neurites, and reactive glial cells. While most previous studies on the neurodegeneration of AD have focused on neuronal cells and direct β-amyloid-mediated neurotoxicity, few have focused on the role of reactive glial cells in β-amyloid-mediated neurotoxicity. In the present study nitric oxide release from cultured rat microglia was examined by exposing the cells to synthetic β-amyloid peptides (β25–35 and β1–40) alone and in combination with the cytokines IFN-α/β (100 U/ml), IL-1β (100 U/ml), TNF-α (100 U/ml), TNF-β (100 U/ml), or IFN-γ (10, 100, 500, or 1000 U/ml). Assessment of microglial release of nitric oxide was based on the colorimetric assay for nitrite in the culture medium and histochemistry for nitric oxide synthase. Of the cytokines tested, only IFN-γ (1000 U/ml) induced nitric oxide release from microglia. β25–35 did not stimulate nitric oxide release by itself, but it did induce nitric oxide release when co-exposed with IFN-γ (100, 500, and 1000 U/ml). In contrast, β1–40 did induce microglial release of nitric oxide by itself, and this effect was enhanced significantly by co-exposure with IFN-γ (100 U/ml). These findings warrant a further investigation into the role of microglia in the neurodegeneration of Alzheimer's disease via nitric oxide toxicity induced by the synergistic action of β-amyloid and a costimulatory factor.
Impact of field-calibrated vegetation parameters on GCM climate simulations

This paper describes a study in which, for the first time, advanced systems-engineering parameter-estimation techniques were applied to data from several field studies to estimate the preferred set of parameters for some of the most common biomes represented in an advanced Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Transfer (SVAT) scheme (BATS2, a recent version of the Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme); the effect on modelled climate was also investigated. Observational data from field sites in Brazil, Canada, Arizona and Kansas/Oklahoma in the USA, and the Netherlands were chosen as representative of tropical rain forest, coniferous forest, semi-arid vegetation, agricultural crops, and grassland biomes, respectively. Together, these five biomes make up 50% of the land area represented in BATS2. Multi-criteria calibration algorithms do not produce a unique set of model parameters and, when different combinations of the available objective functions at each site are considered, the number of solutions increases substantially. The need for a single parameter-set for each site (biome) is an important practical issue that was necessarily addressed in this study. A procedure was defined in which optimized parameter-sets were successively discarded by successively applying a cut-off threshold to single observable objective functions following a preference hierarchy. In this study, only the vegetation-related parameters are calibrated for each of the five biomes and implemented into BATS2; however, in a separate experiment, the effect of including soil parameters in the optimization was investigated. When the calibrated parameters are adopted and used in BATS2, there are significant changes between the climates calculated in an eight-year run with Version 3 of the Community Climate Model and in an equivalent eight-year run in which the original default parameters were used. The overall conclusion of this exploratory study is that advanced parameter-estimation techniques and appropriate field data can be used successfully to improve representation of surface exchanges and the modelled climate given by a GCM, by defining appropriate values for vegetation-related parameters in an advanced SVAT scheme.
Milk Yield, Milk Composition, and Behavior of Holstein Cows in Response to Jet Aircraft Noise Before Milking

Abstract The objectives were to evaluate effects of jet aircraft noise before milking on milk yield and composition, amount of residual milk, and behavior of dairy cows. Thirty-six Holstein cows (79 to 155 DIM) were assigned to a partially balanced incomplete block design with three treatments. Cows received two of the three treatments during consecutive 21-d periods, each preceded by 5- to 7-d adjustment periods. Treatments were control (ambient noise) and ambient noise plus one of two recorded jet aircraft noises. Cows were exposed to jet noise up to four times daily on 10 to 12 d per period. Yields of milk, 3.5% FCM, residual milk, and components and component percentages were not affected significantly by exposure to recorded jet noise. Differences detected were due to time of milking, period, advancing stage of lactation, and management. Objective and subjective evaluations detected no evidence of behavioral responses, such as vocalization or aversive behaviors (startle, freeze, or retreat) at time of noise or more aggressive or agitated behavior during subsequent milking or postmilking. The lack of behavioral response was not caused by habituation of cows to noise during the 21-d periods.
Investigation of Pseudo Turbulent Scalar Transport in Two Phase Fluid Flow and Passive Scalar Mixing Using Simultaneous SPIV/PLIF

The presented work is focused on developing closure models for simulation of multiphase flow using multi-fluid models. In the two-fluid model, pseudo turbulent terms appear in both the heat transfer term in the energy equation and the mass transfer term in the species equation. These terms are often neglected due to lack of information, but recent studies show that they can indeed be significant in the simulation of the inter particle phenomena. In the present work, we experimentally investigate the importance of pseudo turbulent term in passive scalar transport. A simultaneous stereo particle image velocimetry and planar laser induced fluorescence (SPIV/PLIF) measurement of the field data for a liquid-solid flow is presented in this study. The results of this measurement are used to validate data from Particle Resolved DNS (PR-DNS) that in turn is used to develop the aforementioned closure models. In this work, results for a single sphere are presented for Reynolds number ranging from 50 to 150. In addition, results for arrays of spheres representing volume fractions of 0.1 and 0.2 are presented for the same range of Reynolds number.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Ubiquitous search for smart workspaces

One key goal of personal information management is to let users search all of their information assets easily. As knowledge workspaces evolve, a need to provide ubiquitous search services that allow the user to search anything, from anywhere, at any time becomes increasingly important. A key feature of the smart workspace is the ability to support this access to personal content. Here, several current systems that provide some of these capabilities are examined, and implications for future information access systems are derived.
Patient characteristics are important determinants of neurodevelopmental outcome at one year of age after neonatal and infant cardiac surgery.

Objective Many studies of neurodevelopmental outcomes after neonatal and infant cardiac surgery have focused on potentially modifiable risk factors for adverse outcomes, primarily intraoperative management strategies and the use of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. There is increasing evidence that patient-specific factors are more important determinants of outcome. Methods We investigated predictors of neurodevelopmental outcomes at 1 year of age after neonatal and infant cardiac surgery in a subgroup of infants enrolled in a prospective study of apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype and neurodevelopmental outcome. Children with a variety of 2-ventricle cardiac defects repaired with only 1 operation with cardiopulmonary bypass and no more than 1 episode of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest were included. Neurodevelopmental outcomes at 1 year of age included the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II, which yield 2 indices, the Mental Developmental Index and the Psychomotor Developmental Index. Results Two hundred forty-seven infants underwent surgical repair between October 1998 and April 2003 with 1 hospital death and 3 deaths before 1 year of age. Neurodevelopmental evaluation was performed in 188 (77%) of 243 survivors, including 56 patients with tetralogy of Fallot, 39 with transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum, 34 with ventricular septal defects, and 59 with other defects. The median age at operation was 56 days (1–186 days), including 72 (38%) neonates. Confirmed or suspected genetic syndromes were present in 59 (31%) of 188 infants. Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest was used in 67 (35%) infants with a median duration of 34 minutes (1-80 minutes). For the entire cohort, the mean Mental Developmental Index was 90.6 ± 14.9 and the mean Psychomotor Developmental Index was 81.6 ± 17.2. For patients without genetic syndromes, the mean Mental Developmental Index was 93.7 ± 13.6 and the mean Psychomotor Developmental Index was 85.1 ± 14.6. For the entire cohort, predictors of lower scores for both the Mental Developmental Index and Psychomotor Developmental Index were presence of a confirmed or suspected genetic syndrome, lower birth weight, and presence of the APOE ϵ2 allele (all P P = .018). Lower nasopharyngeal temperature during cardiopulmonary bypass was associated with a lower score on the Psychomotor Developmental Index ( P = .03) and was the only intraoperative factor that was a significant predictor of either the Mental or Psychomotor Developmental Index. Conclusions The strongest predictors of a worse neurodevelopmental outcome at 1 year of age were patient-specific factors including presence of a genetic syndrome, low birth weight, and presence of the APOE ϵ2 allele. Patient-specific factors eclipsed the use and duration of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest as predictors of worse neurodevelopmental outcomes.
Senescence Inhibition and Respiration

Freshly harvested asparagus spears treated with N 6 -benzyladenine and then held in the dark at 21°C for 136 hours showed a lower respiration rate, as measured by CO 2 evolution, than nontreated spears. Associated with the lower respiration rate were proportional decreases in postharvest spear elongation and weight loss through desiccation.
Growth of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 crystals from the solid–liquid interface

We demonstrate the synthesis of ZIF-8 crystals from the solid–liquid interface. Specifically, ZIF-8 was grown from zinc foil in the presence of concentrated 2-methylimidazole alcohol solutions. The solution pH and reducing environment were identified as key parameters in the formation of a pure ZIF-8 phase.
A multi-drug regimen for respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus infections in adult lung and heart-lung transplant recipients.

V. Liu, G.S. Dhillon, D. Weill. A multi-drug regimen for respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus infections in adult lung and heart–lung transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis 2010: 12: 38–44. All rights reserved Background. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza virus (PIV) can cause significant morbidity and mortality in lung and heart–lung transplant recipients. We evaluated the utility of a multi-drug protocol for the treatment of RSV- and PIV-related infections. Patients and methods. RSV or PIV was identified in 25 patients with a total of 29 infectious episodes between January 2006 and December 2007. The study included 20 women and 5 men, mean age 42 ± 13 years. Fifteen patients had received bilateral lung transplant and the remainder either received single lung or heart–lung transplant. Mean time from transplant to infection was 1192 days. RSV was identified in 23 cases, PIV in 7 cases. Patients underwent treatment with inhaled ribavirin, methylprednisolone, and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). RSV-positive patients were also treated with palivizumab. We retrospectively evaluated their clinical status and pulmonary function for a 1-year interval before and after the date of infection. Results. Average baseline forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) before infection was 2.14 ± 0.68 L/min. Average decline in FEV1 was 5.7% at the time of infection. Average FEV1 during post-treatment follow-up was not significantly different than baseline (2.16 ± 0.80 L/min). Among patients with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) stages 1, 2, or 3 at the time of infection, average FEV1 declined by 14.8% and remained lower at 9.1% during follow-up when compared with patients with BOS stages 0 or 0p. No complications resulted from treatment. One patient died during follow-up as a result of pre-existing liver failure. Conclusions. This study of lung and heart–lung transplant recipients infected with RSV and PIV shows that a multi-drug regimen including inhaled ribavirin, corticosteroids, and IVIG (with or without palivizumab) is safe and effective. Prompt diagnosis and therapy for patients with RSV or PIV infections are critical for maintaining lung function.
Foraging in the seed-harvester ant genus Pogonomyrmex: are energy costs important?

Energy intake and expenditure on natural foraging trips were estimated for the seed-harvester ants, Pogonomyrmex maricopa and P. rugosus. During seed collection, P. maricopa foraged individually, whereas P. rugosus employed a trunk-trail foraging system. Energy gain per trip and per minute were not significantly different between species. There was also no interspecific difference in energy cost per trip, but energy cost per minute was lower for P. maricopa foragers because they spent on average 7 min longer searching for a load on each trip. Including both unsuccessful and successful foraging trips, average energy gain per trip was more than 100 times the energy cost per trip for both species. Based on this result, we suggest that time cost incurred during individual foraging trips is much more important than energy cost in terms of maximizing net resource intake over time. In addition, because energy costs are so small relative to gains, we propose that energy costs associated with foraging may be safely ignored in future tests of foraging theory with seed-harvesting ant species.
Simple disturbance of the dam in the neonatal period can alter haloperidol-induced catalepsy in the adult offspring.

Three experiments were performed to determine whether apparently minimal disturbances of dams and litters would influence haloperidol-induced akinesia. In Experiment I, Long—Evans hooded rats (a) were left unmanipulated, (b) received nestcage relocation and observation, (c) received nestcage relocation/observation and maternal separation, or (d) received nestcage relocation/observation and pup handling. The male adult offspring received open-field testing and later received forepaw-on-dowel catalepsy testing following saline, morphine (20 mg/kg), or haloperidol (2 mg/kg). In Experiment II, hooded rats received (a) no manipulation, (b) nestcage relocation, (c) maternal separation, or (d) pup handling. At weaning, dams were tested in the open-field. Activity wheel locomotion of the offspring was assessed following saline or haloperidol for 3 days/week for 3 weeks; then, 5 and 7 days later, rats received haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg) and catalepsy testing. In both experiments, manipulations involving the dam reduced the offsprings' haloperidol-induced catalepsy, but, in Experiment II, a history of haloperidol administration distinguished between the effects of nestcage relocation and maternal separation. In Experiment III, Swiss albino mice received (a) no treatment, (b) nestcage relocation and maternal separation, (c) relocation/separation and mild cold stress of pups, (d) relocation/separation and pup handling, or (e) relocation/separation and severe cold stress of pups. Adult male mice received saline or haloperidol (2. 5 mg/kg) and inclined grid catalepsy testing. Mice receiving relocation/separation and mice receiving relocation/separation and severe cold stress showed enhanced catalepsy versus control mice. Thus, it was concluded that seemingly innocuous events in infancy can influence the intensity of extrapyramidal side effects of neuroleptics in adulthood.
Metabolism of 14c‐labeled glutamic acid and pyroglutamic acid in animals

A useful method has been developed for the paper chromatographic separation and identification of certain amino acids found in biological fluids. A synthetic route to 14 C-labeled pyroglutamic acid was developed. The 14 C-labeled glutamic acid and pyroglutamic acid were given orally to mice and rabbits. The drug concentration in various tissues was determined utilizing a chromatogram scanner or a liquid scintillation counter. Experimental data indicated that the metabolic products formed following glutamic acid therapy were pyroglutamic acid, γ amino butyric acid, and glutamine. Animals to which the labeled pyroglutamic acid had been administered showed radioactivity present as γ amino butyric acid and glutamic.
Adaptive reduced-rank interference suppression based on the multistage Wiener filter

A class of adaptive reduced-rank interference suppression algorithms is presented based on the multistage Wiener filter (MSWF). The performance is examined in the context of direct-sequence (DS) code division multiple access (CDMA). Unlike the principal components method for reduced-rank filtering, the algorithms presented can achieve near full-rank performance with a filter rank much less than the dimension of the signal subspace. We present batch and recursive algorithms for estimating the filter parameters, which do not require an eigen-decomposition. The algorithm performance in a heavily loaded DS-CDMA system is characterized via computer simulation. The results show that the reduced-rank algorithms require significantly fewer training samples than other reduced- and full-rank algorithms.
Cultivating Graduate Students: Techniques to Inspire Effective Research

Each year, U.S. institutions grant well over 10,000 bachelor’s degrees in science and engineering. However, only a small fraction of those students pursue graduate study. Many who do often experience great difficulty partly due to a lack of preparation for research: the nature of research is inherently foreign to those who are accustomed to studying course material and demonstrating their mastery of it by passing an exam. Carefully involving undergraduates in research can be an effective means for inspiring students to pursue graduate study. We have found that one can create a positive research experience for the student by implementing simple techniques. In this presentation, we present these practical techniques which include: Defining a manageable undergraduate research project; marketing the project to undergraduates; enabling effective record keeping in laboratory notebooks; focussing and directing research through efficient experimental designs. Along with these techniques, we will present examples—taken mainly from our Polymer Electronics Laboratory. We will also present the inherent pitfalls associated with these techniques.
Application of mean–Gini stochastic efficiency analysis

This article adds to the information base concerning the applicability of mean–Gini stochastic efficiency analysis in agriculture. The mean–Gini efficient set of decisions is characterized rigorously in terms of its corresponding absolute risk aversion. In an empirical analysis, the mean–Gini efficient set of decisions is derived for four studies from the literature and compared to the second degree stochastic dominance efficient set. An alternative quantitative measure of risk aversion is used to gain insight in a visceral sense to the risk preferences associated with mean–Gini efficient decisions.
Capsule Production and Growth Phase Influence Binding of Complement to Staphylococcus aureus

Complement-mediated opsonization of bacteria by C3 binding is an important component of the host innate immune system. Little information is available concerning the interaction between complement proteins and capsule type 5 and 8 Staphylococcus aureus strains, even though these isolates are responsible for approximately 70% of human staphylococcal infections. To investigate the importance of an intact complement pathway in an experimental staphylococcal infection, control and C3-depleted mice were challenged intravenously with 10(7) CFU of a serotype 5 S. aureus isolate. Whereas only 8% of the control mice succumbed to the infection, 64% of the complemented-depleted animals died. In vitro parameters of C3 binding to two heavily encapsulated (CP++) strains, three encapsulated (CP+) strains, and an isogenic capsule-negative (CP-) mutant were examined. The alternative pathway contributed 90% of C3 binding in 20% serum at 30 min, whereas it accounted for only 13% of C3 binding in 2% serum. Stationary-phase organisms bound only 10% as much C3 as mid-log-phase organisms; this was only in part due to capsule. When the S. aureus strains were cultivated on solid medium, the CP++ isolates bound 50% less C3 than CP+ strains; a CP+ strain bound 42% less C3 than the CP- mutant. Both C3b and iC3b fragments of C3 bound to S. aureus cells, and about one-third of the bound C3 was shed from the staphylococcal surface as iC3b, regardless of the CP phenotype of the strain. Thus, the phase of growth and presence of capsule are critical to opsonization.
An architecture for generating semantics-aware signatures

Identifying new intrusions and developing effective signatures that detect them is essential for protecting computer networks. We present Nemean, a system for automatic generation of intrusion signatures from honeynet packet traces. Our architecture is distinguished by its emphasis on a modular design framework that encourages independent development and modification of system components and protocol semantics awareness which allows for construction of signatures that greatly reduce false alarms. The building blocks of our architecture include transport and service normalization, intrusion profile clustering and automata learning that generates connection and session aware signatures. We demonstrate the potential of Nemean's semantics-aware, resilient signatures through a prototype implementation. We use two datasets to evaluate the system: (i) a production dataset for false-alarm evaluation and (ii) a honeynet dataset for measuring detection rates. Signatures generated by Nemean for NetBIOS exploits had a 0% false-positive rate and a 0.04% false-negative rate.
Identification of two homologs of the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) in retroperitoneal fibromatosis of different macaque species.

Simian retroperitoneal fibromatosis (RF) is a vascular fibroproliferative neoplasm which has many morphological and histological similarities to human Kaposi9s sarcoma (KS). Like epidemic KS in AIDS patients, RF is highly associated with an immunodeficiency syndrome (simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [SAIDS]) caused by a retrovirus infection. Recently, a new gammaherpesvirus, called Kaposi9s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) or human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), has been identified in KS tumors, suggesting that KS has a viral etiology. Our previous experimental transmission studies and epidemiological data suggest that RF also has an infectious etiology. In order to determine whether a similar virus is also associated with RF, we have assayed for the presence of an unknown herpesvirus using degenerate PCR primers targeting the highly conserved DNA polymerase genes of the herpesvirus family. Here we provide DNA sequence evidence for two new herpesviruses closely related to KSHV from RF tissues of two macaque species, Macaca nemestrina and Macaca mulatta. Our data suggest that KSHV and the putative macaque herpesviruses define a new group within the subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae whose members are implicated in the pathogenesis of KS and KS-like neoplasms in different primate species.
History of Respiratory Gas Monitoring in Anesthesia

Before 1950, anesthetists assessed adequacy of ventilation by watching or rarely measuring gas volume exchange or chest movements. About 1950, infrared (IR) light absorption by CO2 was used to continuously measure expired CO2, a first real monitor of respiration. It was dubbed capnometry, and remains the basis of all respiratory gas monitors. Gaseous oxygen was first monitored in anesthetic circuits using a polarographic oxygen electrode, made available about 1960. Mass spectrometers that could continuously measure O2, CO2, N2O and anesthetic gases were rarely used until 1975 when methods were introduced to use one mass spectrometer to sequentially measure gases sampled through long catheters from many patients. In the late 1980s, infra red detectors of CO2 and anesthetic vapors were combined with polarographic O2 electrodes to make the modern operating room gas monitoring devices.
Scandal Potential: How Political Context and News Congestion Affect the President's Vulnerability to Media Scandal

Despite its importance in contemporary American politics, presidential scandal is poorly understood within political science. Scholars typically interpret scandals as resulting from the disclosure of official misbehavior, but the likelihood and intensity of media scandals is also influenced by the political and news context. This article provides a theoretical argument for two independent factors that should increase the president's vulnerability to scandal: low approval among opposition party identifiers and a lack of congestion in the news agenda. Using new data and statistical approaches, I find strong support for both claims. These results suggest that contextual factors shape the occurrence of political events and how such events are interpreted.
Are Dyads Really Groups

Social scientists who study groups disagree about whether (and to what extent) dyads ought to be included in their work. In this article, I argue that dyads are not really groups because (a) dyads are more ephemeral than groups, forming and dissolving more quickly; (b) people feel stronger (and often different) emotions in dyads than in groups; (c) dyads are simpler than groups—some group phenomena cannot occur in dyads, and those that do may operate differently there; and (d) research on dyads is carried out almost independently (by different people, applying different theories and methods, and publishing their work in different outlets) from research on groups. I also review some of the conceptual and methodological problems that can arise when dyads are mistakenly viewed as groups.
Harmony of the Heart: Music Therapy

This article presents a research agenda that began with the development of a clinical music therapy protocol, including music-assisted relaxation and imagery (MARI), for individuals with heart conditions who are referred for cardiac rehabilitation. Health-related outcomes of this program were investigated in a randomized controlled trial, finding significant changes in blood pressure over time, and short-term changes in stress and anxiety. A mixed methods study then examined process and outcomes more thoroughly in a small sample of patients. In a more recent trial, this approach was applied to individuals who have diabetes. Coming full circle, the research investigations informed an adaptation of the original music therapy protocol for clinical use in cardiac rehabilitation. Underlying mechanisms in the autonomic nervous system and future research directions are also discussed.
MDCT Diagnosis of the Child with Posterior Plagiocephaly

OBJECTIVE. In this article, we review the normal anatomy and development of the posterior skull base and describe distinguishing imaging features of the two most common causes of posterior plagiocephaly: posterior deformational plagiocephaly and unilateral lambdoid synostosis. We also describe three unusual cases of posterior plagiocephaly, including asymmetric premature fusion of the anterior and posterior intraoccipital synchondroses, with diagnoses enabled by volume-reformatted MDCT.CONCLUSION. Three-dimensional reformatted MDCT enables accurate diagnosis of common and rare causes of posterior plagiocephaly in children.
Accumulation of Substrates for Protein L-Isoaspartyl Methyltransferase in Adenosine Dialdehyde-treated PC12 Cells*

Protein isoaspartyl methyltransferase is implicated in the repair of age-damaged proteins containing atypical, isoaspartyl linkages. To test the prediction that isoaspartyl proteins would accumulate during methyltransferase inhibition, rat PC12 cells were treated with the indirect methylation inhibitor, adenosine dialdehyde. We observed a marked, dose- and time-dependent, reversible accumulation of substrates for the enzyme that closely paralleled the elevation of its competitive inhibitor, S-adenosylhomocysteine. The accumulation of substrates also paralleled a cytostatic action of adenosine dialdehyde; however, 30 microM 3-deazaadenosine, another indirect methylation inhibitor, also caused an accumulation of substrates without affecting cell division, and other cytostatic agents did not affect substrate levels. Acidic gel electrophoresis revealed increased methyl-accepting capacity in a broad spectrum of proteins, with predominant increases in discrete bands of M(r) 46,000 and 110,000. A major substrate (M(r) 17,400) in untreated cells did not increase in methyl-accepting capacity during treatment. Methyl groups at the accumulated sites did not survive conventional electrophoresis, indicating the lability characteristic of isoaspartyl methyl esters in damaged proteins. These results are consistent with an involvement of the methyltransferase in the metabolism of damaged proteins, and they provide a basis for the characterization of physiological substrates for the enzyme.
A qualitative study using project-based learning in a mainstream middle school

Project-based learning taps into students' interests by allowing them to create projects that result in meaningful learning experiences. The method requires teachers to identify projects that challenge students to work individually or in groups to create plans, solve problems they encounter, test their ideas, and present their projects to peers. The article shares lessons learned in a mainstream middle school that in collaboration with the authors developed and implemented project-based learning. The effectiveness of the implementation was assessed by analyzing teacher acceptance and student engagement. The approach presented teachers with a unique set of problems involving time, fairness, and control; however, the authors concluded that teachers accepted the project-based learning teaching approach and that students were highly engaged in the process.
Investigation of interconnect capacitance characterization using charge-based capacitance measurement (CBCM) technique and 3-D simulation

This paper examines the recently introduced Charge-Based Capacitance Measurement (CBCM) technique through use of a 3-D interconnect simulator. This method is shown to have several advantages over extensive computer simulation in determining parasitic interconnect capacitances, which are the dominant source of delay in modern circuits. Metal to substrate, interwire, and interlayer capacitances are each discussed and overall close agreement is found between CBCM and 3-D simulation. Full process interconnect characterization is one possible application of this new compact, high-resolution test structure.
Influence of Motion Picture Rating on Adolescent Response to Movie Smoking

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between movie smoking exposure (MSE) and adolescent smoking according to rating category. METHODS: A total of 6522 US adolescents were enrolled in a longitudinal survey conducted at 8-month intervals; 5503 subjects were followed up at 8 months, 5019 subjects at 16 months, and 4575 subjects at 24 months. MSE was estimated from 532 recent box-office hits, blocked into 3 Motion Picture Association of America rating categories: G/PG, PG-13, and R. A survival model evaluated time to smoking onset. RESULTS: Median MSE in PG-13–rated movies was ∼3 times higher than median MSE from R-rated movies, but their relation with smoking was essentially the same, with adjusted hazard ratios of 1.49 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.23–1.81) and 1.33 (95% CI: 1.23–1.81) for each additional 500 occurrences of MSE respectively. MSE from G/PG-rated movies was small and had no significant relationship with adolescent smoking. Attributable risk estimates showed that adolescent smoking would be reduced by 18% (95% CI: 14–21) if smoking in PG-13–rated movies was reduced to the fifth percentile. In comparison, making all parents maximally authoritative in their parenting would reduce adolescent smoking by 16% (95% CI: 12–19). CONCLUSIONS: The equivalent effect of PG-13-rated and R-rated MSE suggests it is the movie smoking that prompts adolescents to smoke, not other characteristics of R-rated movies or adolescents drawn to them. An R rating for movie smoking could substantially reduce adolescent smoking by eliminating smoking from PG-13 movies.
An automata-theoretic approach for model-checking systems with unspecified components

This paper introduces a new approach for the verification of systems with unspecified components. In our approach, some model-checking problems concerning a component-based system are first reduced to the emptiness problem of an oracle finite automaton, which is then solved by testing the unspecified components on-the-fly with test-cases generated automatically from the oracle finite automaton. The generated test-cases are of bounded length, and with a properly chosen bound, a complete and sound solution is immediate. Particularly, the whole verification process can be carried out in an automatic way. In the paper, a symbolic algorithm is given for generating test-cases and performing the testings, and an example is drawn from an TinyOS application to illustrate our approach.