cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the dielectric response obtained from fluorescence upconversion measurements and molecular dynamics simulations for coumarin 153-apomyoglobin complexes and structural analysis of the complexes by NMR and fluorescence methods.

We present a comparison of the dielectric response obtained from fluorescence upconversion experiments and from molecular dynamics simulations of the complexes of coumarin 153 with five apomyoglobins (apoMbs): wild-type horse heart (HH-WT) and those of wild-type sperm whale (SW-WT); its two triple mutants, L29F/H64Q/V68F and H64L/V68F/P88A; and its double mutant, L29F/V68L. Comparisons between experimental and simulated solvation relaxation functions, C(t)s, for the wild-type proteins range from very good to excellent. For the three mutants we investigated, however, agreement between experiment and simulation was considerably inferior. Thus, an NMR study of the complex of the HH-WT complex apoMb, and fluorescence energy transfer and anisotropy studies of the five complexes, were performed to investigate the structures upon which the simulations were based. The NMR measurements confirm our earlier conclusions that the C153 lies in the heme pocket of the HH-WT apoMb. For the wild-type complexes, fluorescenc...
Nonlinear Alfvén waves: 1. Interactions between outgoing and ingoing waves according to an amplitude expansion

[1] We expand the compressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations in terms of the amplitude of first-order Alfven waves. Incompressible MHD equations are treated as a special case. We examine the evolution of mildly oblique Alfven waves consisting of forward and backward propagating waves so that these would correspond to the interactions of outgoing and ingoing Alfven waves in the solar wind. We obtain the solutions of these equations through second order. We find and distinguish three types of second-order modes which have zero frequency and are generated in association with nonsecular interactions of mildly oblique first-order Alfven waves. Two of these modes have wave vectors which are perpendicular to the background magnetic field. Both are associated with magnetic energy but they do not have kinetic energy.
Expression and distribution of the dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy gene product (atrophin-1/drplap) in neuronal and non-neuronal tissues.

Abstract Utilizing an affinity-purified antiserum directed against the carboxyl terminal region of atrophin-1/drplap (residues 1170–1185), we have examined the expression and distribution of the protein in a variety of neuronal and non-neuronal tissues. Immunohistochemical analyses of gelatin-embedded sections of monkey brain demonstrated a wide-spread distribution of the protein throughout the cerebrum and cerebellum. Labeling was primarily cytoplasmic within neuronal cell bodies and dendrites. Prominently staining regions included layers II, III, V, and VI of cerebral cortex, CA1-4 of the hippocampus, caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, amygdala, thalamus, red nucleus, pons, Purkinje cells, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Immunoblot analysis of extracts of frontal cortex from a wide variety of mammalian species (human, monkey, rabbit, rat, mouse, and bovine) detected a 190 kDa band in each extract. No cross-reactive material of similar molecular weight was detected in an extract of avian (chicken) central nervous system (CNS) tissue. Furthermore, in the rat, expression of the protein was predominantly neuronal in origin as immunoblot analyses of non-neuronal tissue extracts detected little or no 190 kDa protein. Collectively these investigations suggest a ubiquitous expression of atrophin-1/drplap in mammalian CNS tissue and provide initial immunochemical data for the study of the neuroanatomic and perhaps, phylogenetic relationships between mammalian and non-mammalian forms of the protein. © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
The Deep Western Boundary Current in the tropical North Atlantic Ocean

Abstract Tracer and CTD data collected on four cruises to the western tropical North Atlantic during 1987–1989 are used to describe the water mass properties and geostrophic transport of the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC). The study are extends along the boundary and east to the mid-Atlantic Ridge from 14.5°N to the equator. Two cores of recently ventilated (with respect to the chlorofluorocarbon F11) northern hemisphere water are advected through the area. A shallow core is centered at about 1500 m and a deeper core at about 3500 m. The upper core of high F11 (bounded by the 3.2 and 4.7°C potential temperature isotherms) is typically located inshore of the deeper core (bounded by the 1.8 and 2.4°C isotherms). Geostrophic currents and transports were computed relative to a zero reference velocity on the 4.7°C potential temperature surface. Total transport below the 4.7°C surface for the most intense portion of the DWBC is 26 Sv (1 Sv = 106 m3 s−1). Of this total, 17 Sv are contained in the two recently ventilated high F11 cores. The Ceara Rise blocks equatorward flow in the DWBC below the 1.8°C potential temperature surface, causing at least the coldest waters to recirculate back to the north.
On the production of deletions in the chromosome of Escherichia coli.

Abstract In Escherichia coli B grown at 37 °C, essentially all spontaneous deletions detected by simultaneous mutation to resistance to the bacteriophage T1 and to tryptophan auxotrophy ( tonB trp del mutations) remove the entire trp operon (B-type deletions). In contrast, tonB trp del mutations in E. coli K12 have a more random assortment of end points terminating within any of the five structural genes (K-type deletions) or beyond them. Chromosomal hybrids, constructed by transduction of the trp region from E. coli B into E. coli K12 (KB hybrids), could be divided into two distinct classes on the basis of their deletion patterns; some produced K-type deletions with the same relative frequency as in strain K12, while the others all produced the B-type and, without exception, at a 10- to 20-fold higher relative frequency than that observed in strain B. Further analysis of KB hybrids showed that the chromosomal region from E. coli B approximately midway between the cysB and trp operons is the region responsible for the generation of the B-type deletions characteristically found in this strain. Evidence was obtained suggesting that the end points of the B-type deletions are not at fixed points in the chromosome. TonB trp deletions occurred in strains K12(W3110), B and in the KB hybrids at 30, 37 and 42 °C, but in all these strains the relative frequency of deletions was reduced at 42 °C more than sevenfold; the most pronounced reduction, about 40-fold, was observed for the B-type deletions occurring in the KB hybrids. Protein synthesis at 37 °C is required for production of the B-type deletions at the high frequency. The reduction in the generation of deletions when the cells are grown at 42 °C may be due to temperature sensitivity of a protein. DNA replication is probably not required for the event that culminates in a B-type deletion since, under certain conditions, deletion events occur in a thymidine auxotroph apparently in the absence of thymidine. The effects of thymidine starvation, however, are complicated and depend on whether a preceding period of amino-acid starvation is allowed. The bacterial recA and recB functions are not required for the production of the B-type deletions.
The 15-Meter National New Technology Telescope-A Progress Report

A brief review of current technical activities related to the 15-Meter NNTT is given along with a listing of tentative design goals specified by astronomers. A general comparison is made of filled versus unfilled aperture characteristics. These characteristics will influence the final NNTT concept selection to be made in 1983 between a Segmented Mirror-Telescope (SMT) and a Multiple-Mirror-Telescope (MMT).
Robustness of the Multiple Correlation Coefficient When Sampling From a Mixture of Two Multivariate Normal Populations

The density of the multiple correlation coefficient is derived by direct integration when the sample covariance matrix has a linear non-central distribution. Using the density, we deduce the null and non-null distribution of the multiple correlation coefficient when sampling from a mixture of two multivariate normal populations with the same covariance matrix. We also compute actual significance levels of the test of the hypothesis Ho : ρ1·2…p = 0 versus Ha:ρ1·2…p > 0, given the mixture model.
Effect of O2 partial pressure on YBa2Cu3O7-δ thin film growth by pulsed laser deposition

Abstract YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− δ thin films were processed by pulsed laser deposition on (1 0 0) LaAlO 3 substrates using O 2 partial pressures from 120 to 1200 mTorr. The effect of O 2 pressure on film properties including room temperature resistivities and microstructures was studied for a unique set of deposition parameters. The film quality was observed to remain high over a wide range of O 2 partial pressures, with much less sensitivity to O 2 pressure than previous studies which are compared. For O 2 pressures from 200 to 1200 mTorr, superconducting transition temperatures consistently reached values >91.5 K and transport critical current densities were 3–5 MA/cm 2 (77 K, self-field). It is proposed that less sensitivity of film properties to O 2 pressure is achieved by: (1) reducing the particle velocity of the plume below a critical threshold, and (2) using a deposition temperature of 785 °C for adequate surface activation.
Factors influencing prymnesium parvum population dynamics during bloom initiation: Results from in-lake mesocosm experiments

Roelke, Daniel L., Leslie Schwierzke, Bryan W. Brooks, James P. Grover, Reagan M. Errera, Theodore W. Valenti, Jr., and James L. Pinckney, 2010. Factors Influencing Prymnesium parvum Population Dynamics During Bloom Initiation: Results from In-Lake Mesocosm Experiments. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):76-91. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00392.x Abstract: The alga Prymnesium parvum forms large fish-killing blooms in many Texas lakes. In some of these lakes, however, P. parvum occurs but does not develop blooms. In this study, we investigated factors that may influence bloom initiation by conducting a series of in-lake experiments involving mixing of waters from Lake Whitney, which has a history of P. parvum blooms, with waters from Lake Waco where no blooms have occurred. In all experiments, the addition of Lake Waco waters resulted in a poorer performance of P. parvum. Various experimental treatments and field data show that differences in grazing, pathogens, nutrients, and salts between the two lakes were not likely factors that contributed to this observation. Industrial and agricultural contaminants, allelochemicals and algicidal chemicals were not measured as a part of this research. However, anthropogenic contaminants other than nutrients were not observed at levels exceeding water quality standards in Lake Waco in recent years. On the other hand, nuisance cyanobacteria are common in Lake Waco, where Microcystis sp. and Anabaena sp. were abundant during the initiation of our experiments, both taxa are known to produce chemicals with allelopathic properties. In addition, the emergent field of algal-heterotrophic bacteria interactions suggests that chemicals produced by heterotrophic bacteria should not be overlooked. Further research focusing on the chemical interactions between cyanobacteria and P. parvum, as well as the potential role of algicidal bacteria, in the initiation of P. parvum blooms is necessary, as it may be important to the management of these blooms.
Visual Snow: A New Disease Entity Distinct from Migraine Aura (S36.006)

Objective: To define clinical criteria for visual snow. Background Visual snow is a disorder with continuous visual symptoms consisting of white and black dots in the entire visual field that can persist for years. Additional visual phenomena might be present. It has a major impact on patients9 quality of life. The literature confounds the condition with persistent visual aura in migraine. Treatment usually fails. Physicians may regard the problem is trivial or psychogenic. Design/Methods: Retrospective survey of patients with visual snow. We describe the clinical phenotype of affected patients and propose criteria for the diagnosis. Results: Patients ( n = 120) with a female:male ratio of 1:2.2 are reported. Mean age of onset was 16.8±10.9 years with a mean duration of 9.1±10.3 years. Of patients 106 (88%) had visual snow during the daytime and 117 (98%) at night. Additional visual symptoms were: floaters (73%), persistent after-images (63%), "hard time seeing at night" (58%), "little cells that travel on a wiggly path" (57%), photophobia (54%), "moving objects leave trails" (48%), flashes (44%), and "swirls with eyes closed" (41%). Most disturbing were visual snow, floaters and "hard time seeing at night". Of patients 92% had no response to medication. Substance abuse was present in 40% of patients (LSD in 5%). Requiring at least one, two or three of the additional visual symptoms to make the diagnosis reduced the sensitivity by 3%, 10% and 21%. All standard tests were normal. Conclusions: (i) Visual snow, or Positive Persistent Visual Disturbance, is a unique disease entity presenting clinically distinct from migraine with aura.(ii) Criteria are: visual snow during daytime or at night plus at least one of the following: floaters, persistent after-images, "hard time seeing at night", "little cells that travel on a wiggly path", photophobia, "moving objects leave trails", flashes, and "swirls with eyes closed".(iii) Currently, the etiology is unknown. Supported by: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft SCHA 1676/1-1. Disclosure: Dr. Schankin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Maniyar has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hoffmann has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chou has nothing to disclose. Dr. Goadsby has received personal compensation for activities with Allergan, Inc., Amgen Inc, Colucid, MAP Pharmaceuticals, MSD, Neuralieve, Neuraxon, ATI, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Boston Scientific, Coherex, Eli Lilly & Company, Medtronic, Inc., Linde, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pfizer Inc, and Air Products. Dr. Goadsby has received research support from GlaxoSmithKline, Inc., Amgen Inc, MSD, Neuralieve, and Boston Scientific.
Metaphase analysis of metanephric adenoma reveals chromosome Y loss with chromosome 7 and 17 gain

A 61-year-old man underwent wedge excision of a 3-cm right renal metanephric adenoma. This recently recognized tumor has been considered benign, although no genetic studies have been reported. Metaphase analysis demonstrated a 47,X,-Y,+7,+17 karyotype. These results are consistent with a clonal neoplastic disorder.
Calcification and synthesis of skeletal organic material in the coral, Pocillopora damicornis (L.) (Astrocoeniidae, scleractinia)☆

Abstract 1. 1. Corals were incubated with Na 2 14 C0 3 in the presence of puromycin to study organic material production and calcification. 2. 2. A significant coefficient of correlation (+0·63) was found between organic material synthesis and the deposition of calcium carbonate. 3. 3. The effect of puromycin was not significant. 4. 4. These data suggest an interaction, before or during deposition, of skeletal organic material and mineral carbonate.
Redox changes in the respiratory chain related to acid secretion by the intact gastric mucosa.

Abstract Spectrophotometric studies were carried out on the intact isolated gastric mucosa of bullfrog. The anoxic vs oxygenated difference spectrum revealed absorbtion maxima typical of respiratory chain components with some noteworthy special features. Large reductions of all the components occured upon stimulation of acid secretion by histamine while inhibition by thiocyanate was accompanied by oxidation of all components. The reductions accompanying histamine addition do not appear to be due to hypoxia.
Internal sublattice fields of antiferromagnetic O 2 as determined by the nuclear heat capacity of 17 O

Below 23 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, solid oxygen becomes antiferromagnetic. Interaction between the sublattice magnetic fields and the magnetic moments of the isotope $^{17}\mathrm{O}$ gives rise to a nuclear heat capacity. This paper describes the results of measurements of the specific heat of solid oxygen with 40% enriched $^{17}\mathrm{O}$ from 0.05 to 0.20 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The effective field seen by the nuclei is measured to be 4.97 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.2 T.
Interactive computation and visualization of fetch using standard computer graphics hardware

Fetch is a measure of unobstructed wind exposure over open water. Depending on prevailing conditions, it may necessitate considering wind exposure from many directions. Applications in geography may require visualization of fetch over an entire body of water. Impossible by hand and computationally demanding even on a computer, this paper describes a new method which accelerates the process to interactive speeds. The speedup is obtained by reformulating the problem to one of graphics rendering and making use of commonly available computer graphics hardware through OpenGL, a widely support graphics standard.
Angioneurotic edema associated with haloperidol.

Background. Angioneurotic edema is a life-threatening medical emergency that requires urgent diagnosis and treatment. Haloperidol is in the butyrophenone class of antipsychotic medications. Acute anaphylaxis to Haloperidol is very rare and no cases have been reported in literature. Objective. To report the association of life-threatening angioneurotic edema with intramuscular Haloperidol. Case Report. We present a case of an adult with no known allergies in whom angioneurotic edema with tongue swelling and protrusion developed after the administration of a single IM dose of Haloperidol. Conclusion. We propose angioneurotic edema in a rare side effect of Haloperidol. The onset of the symptoms is abrupt, but it may take 12–36 hours to resolve completely. Therefore patient should be monitored for 12–36 hrs.
Neuronal intermediate filaments: new progress on an an old subject

Neurofilaments (NFs) are the major intermediate filaments in most mature neurons. Genetic approaches have now proven that NFs are an essential determinant for radial growth of axons. NF phosphorylation most probably plays an important role in this function. Further, forced over-expression of NF subunits in transgenic mice yields NF misaccumulation in motor neurons and, subsequently, causes motor neuron dysfunction. This has important implications for human motor neuron diseases because similar accumulations are nearly universally found in the early stages of many motor neuron disorders.
Nonlinear Inertia Forces on Slender Cylindrical Members

Etablissement, a partir d'une solution exacte du probleme de la diffraction du second ordre, d'une expression pour la force non lineaire des vagues sur un cylindre circulaire vertical. Comparaison avec les estimations de la force d'inertie obtenues en utilisant les theories de Stokes des vagues de second ou cinquieme ordre avec un coefficient de masse derive de la theorie du potentiel lineaire
Stability of oleander extract and oleandrin in sera stored in plastic serum separator tubes.

Introduction Oleander poisoning is common in the southern parts of the United States as well as part of Europe and South East Asia. The fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) for digoxin cross-reacts with oleandrin, the major poison of oleander extract and can be used for rapid detection of oleander poisoning. However, for medicolegal investigation, the presence of oleandrin should be confirmed by a more sophisticated analytical technique such as liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry. We studied stability of oleander extract as well as oleandrin in serum samples stored in Becton Dickinson plastic serum separator tubes (SSTs) by comparing values obtained in parallel specimens stored in plain glass tubes and in red-topped plastic tubes. Method Oleander leaves were extracted using absolute ethanol, and drug-free serum pools were supplemented with oleander extract or ethanolic solution of pure oleandrin. Aliquots of the supplemented pools were then stored in plain glass tubes, red-topped plastic tubes or SSTs and the stability of oleander extract or oleandrin in sera were studied by the FPIA digoxin assay for varying times up to seven days. Results We observed no statistically significant change in apparent digoxin concentrations in specimens stored in SSTs even after seven days of storage compared to original values observed in the supplemented serum pools. Conclusions Specimens can be stored in SSTs for up to seven days prior to analysis of oleandrin concentration.
Colonization and microbiology of the motile enterococci in a patient population

Abstract The motile enterococci with the vanC gene have intrinsic low-level resistance to vancomycin, but have not been implicated in a nosocomial outbreak. We determined the colonization rate of motile enterococci in hospitalized and nonhospitalized patients. Perianal or stool specimens were cultured in Enterococcosel broth supplemented with 6 μg of vancomycin per mL. Rapid motility and pigment tests were performed on all enterococci isolated. A total of 82 motile and/or pigmented enterococci were isolated from 679 patients for a colonization rate of 12.1%. There were 43 Enterococcus gallinarum, 32 Enterococcus casseliflavus, 4 Enterococcus flavescens, and 3 Enterococcus mundtii identified. The E. gallinarum vancomycin MIC 90 was 32 μg/mL and the E. casseliflavus vancomycin MIC 90 was 8 μg/mL.
Gate sizing and buffer insertion using economic models for power optimization

In this paper, we propose new algorithms for gate sizing and buffer insertion that aim at reducing the switched capacitance in gate level circuits. We have formulated the gate sizing and the buffer insertion problems as competitive resource allocation based auction theoretic games and develop solutions based on the Nash equilibrium function. The main contribution of this work is in the application of economic models and game theoretic solutions to logic synthesis problems for power optimization. The gate sizing problem is modeled as a Progressive Second Price (PSP) auction, where the players of the auction (representing the gates) bid for partial delays in each path of the circuit. The PSP auction process attempts to optimize the power consumption of each path in the circuit. The bids supplied by the players are used to determine the allocation for each player in the auction, using a game theoretic formulation. The size of a gate is determined based on its delay allocation. The gate sizing problem can be integrated with buffer insertion for better power optimization and we develop a game theoretic algorithm for combined gate sizing and buffer insertion. Experimental results on MCNC '91 benchmark circuits indicate that the proposed algorithms provide better power optimization than similar approaches in the literature, and are comparable in terms of run times.
Head-trunk coordination in elderly subjects during linear anterior-posterior translations

This study examined whether the head of elderly subjects was less stable in space when the trunk was free to move than when the trunk was fixed to a linearly moving platform. Fourteen healthy elderly subjects were seated on a linear sled with their trunk either fixed to the seat or free to move. Subjects received 10 cm, 445 cm/s2 anterior-posterior ramps and 0.35-4.05 Hz sum-of-sines translations while performing a mental distraction task in the dark. Kinematics of the head and trunk were derived from an Optotrak motion analysis system and a linear accelerometer placed on the head. Electromyographic (EMG) signals were collected for neck and paraspinal muscles. Data were tested for significance with paired t-tests corrected for multiple testing and compared (Mann-Whitney U-test) with previously published data from 12 healthy young adults (Keshner 2003). Linear acceleration trajectories of the head corresponded to the direction of sled linear acceleration when the trunk was fixed and countered the direction of the sled when the trunk was free. Angular head accelerations countered the sled or the trunk when the trunk was fixed or free, respectively. Peak amplitudes of head angular acceleration in space were greater with a fixed trunk. With the trunk free, amplitudes of head linear peak acceleration, angular accelerations, and response gains exceeded those of the young adults. Muscle EMG response latencies did not vary with the timing of head acceleration onset but the neck muscles were activated more frequently in a direction consistent with a vestibulocollic or cervicocollic reflex. Differences in angular motion of the head could be explained by the biomechanical constraints of the two tasks having one freely moving mass (head) with the trunk fixed and two freely moving masses (head and trunk) with the trunk free. These data suggest that elderly subjects rely upon active trunk mechanics in order to coordinate their head and trunk motion; however, a contribution by vestibular and ascending segmental inputs cannot be completely ruled out. A less flexible trunk in the elderly could explain why they were not as successful as young adults in stabilizing their heads in space when the trunk was free to move.
Continuing professional development: racial and gender differences in obstetrics and gynecology residents' perceptions of mentoring.

AbstractIntroduction:Having a mentor during residency is often linked to greater success in professional development. The present study compares changes in the percentage of residents with mentors in 1999 and in 2004, while considering current residents' perceptions of their mentors, with particular
Role of Bacteria in Oncogenesis

Although scientific knowledge in viral oncology has exploded in the 20th century, the role of bacteria as mediators of oncogenesis has been less well elucidated. Understanding bacterial carcinogenesis has become increasingly important as a possible means of cancer prevention. This review summarizes clinical, epidemiological, and experimental evidence as well as possible mechanisms of bacterial induction of or protection from malignancy.
Influence of l-Triiodothyronine on Steroid Hormone Metabolism: Studies in a Patient with Adrenal Hyperplasia (Cushing's Syndrome)

A low urinary excretion of the 5α-metabolite of cortisol, allo-THF, was previously reported by us to occur in patients with adrenal hyperplasia (Cushing's type). An attempt to increase 5α reduction by administering increasing amounts of l-triiodothyronine (T3)—0.2–0.8 mg/day—was made in a 17-yr-old boy with this syndrome. Progressive quantitative changes in individual C19 and C21 steroid metabolites excreted during T3 administration were compared with control periods during which no T3 was given, with the following results: 1) progressive increases in the following ratios of 5α/5β metabolites: androsterone/etiocholanolone, 0.3 to 1.3; allo-THF/THF, 0.1 to 0.7, and 11β-OH androsterone/11β-OH etiocholanolone, 0.2 to 0.8; 2) increased “total” cortisol metabolites; 3) increased absolute and relative amounts of THE; and 4) relatively constant excretion of THF, androsterone+etiocholanolone and percentage of allo-THF. These results suggest that thyroid hormone does increase steroid 5α-reductase activity as well ...
Outcomes of autologous or allogeneic stem cell transplantation for non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Transplant outcomes of autologous or allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) have not been elucidated as a single cohort in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). We analyzed the outcomes of 270 adult recipients receiving autologous (auto) SCT (n = 198) or allogeneic (allo) SCT (n = 72) for NHL between the years 2000 and 2010. Five-year overall survival rates for B and T cell NHL were 58% and 50%, respectively (allo-SCT 51% vs. 54% for B and T-cell NHL, and auto-SCT 60% vs. 47% for B and T cell lymphoma, respectively). In multivariate analysis, the number of chemotherapy regimens and disease status pre-SCT were independently associated with long-term outcome after SCT (for both auto- and allo-SCT). We conclude that the type of transplantation offered to patients, based on patient selection and disease-related factors, can achieve long-term survival, highlighting the importance of further improvement in disease control and reducing procedure-related mortality. The role of transplantation needs to be reevaluated in the era of targeted therapy.
Optimization of fuzzy procedure for classification of medical problems

The author has modified Kosko's standard additive model (1997) of fuzzy systems to handle classification problems. This involves overcoming the curse of dimensionality by limiting the number of rules to the number of classes. The basic fuzzy classification procedure (FCP) does not use weights. Using weights on the fuzzy rules should improve the FCP's accuracy. Investigating how to choose weights that improve accuracy without lengthy training is the purpose of the research reported in this paper. If the weights smoothed the accuracy for each class, as well as improving overall accuracy, this would be an added benefit, especially for medical problems The basic FCP uses the vector of means for each class as the class prototype. The fuzzy rules can be applied to these vectors to produce a matrix of scores. The greater the difference between the diagonal elements and the other elements on the same row the better FCP should perform. These weights improved the performance of the basic fuzzy procedure from 2-20% for several problems, mainly medical. It not only improved the overall accuracy of prediction; it "smoothed" the accuracy, so that, in the medical problems, the two classes were each predicted with comparable accuracy.
Measurement of Faraday rotation using phase-sensitive low-coherence interferometry

We report a differential phase sensor capable of measuring Faraday rotation in reflection mode with a single measurement and a small field-depth factor. Based on a polarization-maintaining-fiber low-coherence interferometer, the sensor measures phase difference between two decorrelated and oppositely polarized circular states incident on a sample. Sensitivity of the sensor for the Faraday rotation is 0.31 arcmin, allowing applications on small volumes of liquids. The Verdet constants of various liquids, including clear and turbid samples, are measured at 857 nm.
Spectral absorption by marine particles of coastal waters of Baja California1

During March 1979 spectral absorptance for the suspended particles of the coastal waters of Baja California was determined by measuring the diffuse transmittance of filters containing the particles with a simply designed spectrophotometer. The absorptance for the upper water of 20 stations varied by over an order of magnitude, but the spectra were generally similar in shape and indicated that phytoplankton pigments were the dominant absorbers. A region of major spectral change was found between 400 and 435 nm, where a shift in maximal absorptance toward shorter wavelengths was correlated with increased concentrations of pheopigments relative to chlorophyll. A multivariate analysis of the data yielded two spectra for the specific absorptance in units of m2·mg pigment−1 of those particles containing chlorophyll and those containing pheopigments. The specific absorptance for chlorophyll-containing particles is compared with previous measurements in the field and laboratory; the specific absorptance for pheopigment-containing particles has not been measured before.
Hybrid cells for simultaneously harvesting multi-type energies for self-powered micro/nanosystems

Abstract Our living environment has an abundance of energies in the forms of light, thermal, mechanical (such as vibration, sonic wave, wind, and hydraulic), magnetic, chemical, and biological. Harvesting these types of energies is of critical importance for long-term energy needs and sustainable development of the world. Over the years, rationally designed materials and technologies have been developed for converting solar and mechanical energies into electricity. Photovoltaic relies on approaches such as inorganic pn junctions, organic thin films, and organic–inorganic heterojunctions. Mechanical energy generators have been designed based on principles of electromagnetic induction and piezoelectric effect. Innovative approaches have to be developed for conjunctional harvesting of multiple types of energies using an integrated structure/material so that the energy resources can be effectively and complimentarily utilized whenever and wherever one or all of them are available. We give a review on the hybrid cells that are designed for simultaneously harvesting solar and mechanical, and chemical and mechanical energies using nanotechnology. The two energy harvesting approaches can work simultaneously or individually, and they can be integrated in parallel and series for raising the output current and voltage, respectively. Innovative approaches have been demonstrated for developing integrated technologies for effectively scavenging available energies in our environment around the clock.
Elevated levels of chemokine receptor CXCR4 in HER-2 negative breast cancer specimens predict recurrence.

Introduction. CXCR4 is a chemokine receptor that has recently been implicated to play a pivotal role in breast cancer growth and metastasis. In animal models, reduction of CXCR4 expression significantly abrogated metastatic disease and prolonged survival. In human breast cancers, CXCR4 overexpression may portend a worse clinical course. Recent data suggest that HER-2 up-regulates CXCR4, but whether this is applicable in the clinical setting is not known. In this study, we evaluated the role of CXCR4 overexpression in breast cancer and determined whether it can serve as a potential marker of tumor recurrence in HER-2 negative tumors. Methods. One hundred three patients with stages I to III breast cancers and 6 benign breast tissues were prospectively accrued and analyzed. Study homogeneity was maintained by standardized treatment, surveillance, and compliance protocols. CXCR4 levels were detected using Western blots and results were quantified against 1 μg of HeLa cells (positive controls). HER-2 expression was evaluated using the Hercep program, (Dako Corp., Carpinteria, CA) with a positive result defined as ≥2. CXCR4 expression was defined as low (<6.6-fold) or high (≥6.6-fold). Primary endpoints were cancer recurrence and death. Statistical analysis performed included Spearman's correlation, independent samples t-test, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and log-rank test. Results. All 103 cancer specimens had CXCR4 overexpression (mean 6.6 ± 4.7), while none of the 6 benign breast tissues had detectable level of CXCR4. There were 36 HER-2 (+) tumors and 67 HER-2 (-) tumors. There was no statistical significance in mean CXCR4 overexpression between HER-2 (+) [5.6] and HER-2 (-) [6.6] cancers (P = 0.3; independent samples t-test). Recurrences occurred in 18 of 103 patients (17%); 10 occurred in HER-2 (+) tumors, and 8 occurred in HER-2 (-) patients. CXCR4 expression level was not predictive of cancer recurrence (P = 0.80) or overall survival (P = 0.70) in the HER-2 (+) group. However, among HER-2 negative tumors, 7 of 8 recurrences occurred in the high CXCR4 group (P = 0.037). There was no correlation between the degree of CXCR4 overexpression with tumor size (r = 0.13, P = 0.22), nodal status (r = 0.019, P = 0.4), ER/PR status (r = 0.12, P = 0.29), and HER-2 status (r = 0.091, P = 0.36). Conclusions. CXCR4 overexpression was observed in all 103 breast cancer specimens but was undetectable in benign breast tissues. CXCR4 overexpression does not correlate with tumor size, nodal status, ER/PR status, and HER-2 status. High CXCR4 overexpression had a significant impact on disease-free survival in HER-2 negative breast cancer patients and may help identify a subset of HER-2 negative breast cancers that have a more aggressive biological behavior.
Distribution of radioactive phosphorus among the progeny of a single labeled bacterium.

Abstract The distribution of radioactive phosphorus among the progeny of a single labeled cell of the bacterium Micrococcus cryophilus has been studied through the eighth generation progeny by using micromanipulative and radioautograph techniques. The DNA of this bacterium cannot be organized into twenty-five or less equivalent stable subunits whose phosphorus integrity is maintained on division. There cannot be one such subunit with more than 10 per cent of the cell DNA. The rate of growth of individual bacteria seems to be correlated with a small asymmetry in phosphorus (possibly RNA phosphorus) distribution at division.
An improved simulation model for spaceborne scatterometer measurements

Development of scatterometer designs and applications requires extensive data simulation. The advancing capabilities of instruments motivates our proposal for an improved simulation model for noisy scatterometer measurements. Previous simulation models do not separately account for the two forms of random variation - signal fading and additive noise - which affect scatterometer measurements. The proposed model is able to generate data that are statistically equivalent (in a mean and variance sense) to actual instrument measurements by accounting for both variations, while maintaining ease of implementation. The model is particularly adept at handling design tradeoffs related to signal-to-noise ratios by appropriately separating fading and additive noise. Unlike previous models, the new model also can account for correlation between measurements, an issue that has recently become important.
A compiler and runtime for heterogeneous computing

Heterogeneous systems show a lot of promise for extracting highperformance by combining the benefits of conventional architectures with specialized accelerators in the form of graphics processors (GPUs) and reconfigurable hardware (FPGAs). Extracting this performance often entails programming in disparate languages and models, making it hard for a programmer to work equally well on all aspects of an application. Further, relatively little attention is paid to co-execution — the problem of orchestrating program execution using multiple distinct computational elements that work seamlessly together. We present Liquid Metal, a comprehensive compiler and runtime system for a new programming language called Lime. Our work enables the use of a single language for programming heterogeneous computing platforms, and the seamless co-execution of the resultant programs on CPUs and accelerators that include GPUs and FPGAs. We have developed a number of Lime applications, and successfully compiled some of these for co-execution on various GPU and FPGA enabled architectures. Our experience so far leads us to believe the Liquid Metal approach is promising and can make the computational power of heterogeneous architectures more easily accessible to mainstream programmers.
Pupil constriction evoked in vitro by stimulation of the oculomotor nerve in the turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans).

The pond turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans) exhibits a notably sluggish pupillary light reflex (PLR), with pupil constriction developing over several minutes following light onset. In the present study, we examined the dynamics of the efferent branch of the reflex in vitro using preparations consisting of either the isolated head or the enucleated eye. Stimulation of the oculomotor nerve (nIII) using 100-Hz current trains resulted in a maximal pupil constriction of 17.4% compared to 27.1% observed in the intact animal in response to light. When current amplitude was systematically increased from 1 to 400 lA, mean response latency decreased from 64 to 45 ms, but this change was not statistically significant. Hill equations fitted to these responses indicated a current threshold of 3.8 lA. Stimulation using single pulses evoked a smaller constriction (3.8%) with response latencies and threshold similar to that obtained using train stimulation. The response evoked by postganglionic stimulation of the ciliary nerve using 100-Hz trains was largely indistinguishable from that of train stimulation of nIII. However, application of single-pulse stimulation postganglionically resulted in smaller pupil constriction at all current levels relative to that of nIII stimulation, suggesting that there is amplification of efferent drive at the ganglion. Time constants for constrictions ranged from 88 to 154 ms with relaxations occurring more slowly at 174‐361 ms. These values for timing from in vitro are much faster than the time constant 1.66 min obtained for the light response in the intact animal. The rapid dynamics of pupil constriction observed here suggest that the slow PLR of the turtle observed in vivo is not due to limitations of the efferent pathway. Rather, the sluggish response probably results from photoreceptive mechanisms or central processing.
Alloantibodies and Allograft Arteriosclerosis: Accelerated Adversity Ahead?

In this issue, Loupy et al1 report that, among renal allograft recipients who develop antidonor alloantibody, a subset that exhibit severe arteriosclerosis in the graft within the first year after transplant are at significantly increased risk to incur a major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) or die during subsequent intermediate term (minimum follow-up, 3.4 years and median follow-up, >5 years). The observations in a single-center renal transplant data set derived from a study population of >744 patients (of 1012 transplanted between 2004 and 2009, with complete data beyond 1 year in 664) were largely confirmed in a second independent cohort of 321 consecutive patients (2006–2009) from another center in the same city who met study entry criteria. To tease out accelerated [graft] arteriosclerosis as an independent risk factor, 33 previously identified donor and recipient factors were taken into account in their statistical model. This careful, detailed analytic approach reflects considerable effort, which is clearly necessary and perhaps sufficient to justify confidence that the association they identify is biologically meaningful. Article, see p 470 As expected, well-validated, mechanistically plausible risk factors for immune graft injury (retransplant status, donor-specific antibodies present on the day of transplant or within 1 year, and especially higher titer donor-specific antibodies that activate complement C1q fixation), nonimmune graft characteristics (donor age, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus), and recipient cardiovascular risk profile (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and previous MACE) emerged from the univariate and multivariate analyses. The link between alloantibody elaboration and graft injury is well established in the transplant literature.2 Similarly, donor characteristics and prolonged graft ischemic interval are well-known contributors to adverse long-term renal allograft outcomes.3 In addition, older transplant recipients with a history of cardiovascular risk factors (especially previous MACE) are at significantly greater risk …
Analysis of nematode trophic structure in agroecosystems: Functional groups versus high resolution taxonomy

Analyses of nematode community trophic structure can be made at different levels of taxonomic resolution depending on the type of ecological question being asked. We compared two methods of identifying fungivore, bacterivore, herbivore and omnivore/predator trophic groups of a nematode community in a corn agroecosystem. With the functional group approach we used gross esophageal morphology as the primary indicator of trophic status. With the high resolution taxonomy approach we identified nematodes to genus to determine trophic classification. We found that the higher resolution taxonomic approach did not improve the trophic classifications that were based on gross morphology. We suggest that the functional group approach can be used successfully to investigate soil food web structure and function because of the larger number of samples that can be processed in both time and space, and because highly specialized taxonomic training is not required. This approach will be sufficient in many ecosystem-level studies where the majority of nematodes fall into easily recognizable groups. High resolution taxonomy is best suited to address questions concerning biodiversity.
Controlled boiling on Enceladus. 2. Model of the liquid-filled cracks

Controlled boiling will occur on Enceladus whenever a long, narrow conduit connects liquid water to the vacuum of space. In a companion paper we focus on the upward flow of the vapor and show how it controls the evaporation rate through backpressure, which arises from friction on the walls. In this paper we focus on the liquid and show how it flows through the conduit up to its level of neutral buoyancy. For an ice shell 20 km thick, the liquid water interface could be 2 km below the surface. We find that the evaporating surface can be narrow. There is no need for a large vapor chamber that acts as a plume source. Freezing on the icy walls and the evaporating surface is avoided if the crack width averaged over the length of the tiger stripes is greater than 1 m and the salinity of the liquid is greater than 20 g kg^(−1). Controlled boiling plays a crucial role in our model, which makes it different from earlier published models. The liquids on Enceladus are boiling because there is no overburden pressure—the saturation vapor pressure is equal to the total pressure. Salinity plays a crucial role in preventing freezing, and we argue that the subsurface oceans of icy satellites can have water vapor plumes only if their salinities are greater than about 20 g kg^(−1).
Research Note: Variation in the Three-Week Body Temperature of Broilers and Athens-Canadian Randombred Chickens

Abstract The body temperatures of commercial broilers and an Athens-Canadian randombred population (ACRB), correlations of body temperature with BW, and a sire family heritability (h2) estimate in the ACRB population were obtained. The body temperature of the broilers was significantly lower than that of the ACRB chicks (41.44 versus 41.77 C). Correlations between BW and body temperature were very low for both the broiler and ACRB chicks (.04 and .06). A sire-component h2 estimate of .19 was calculated for 3-wk body temperature in the ACRB population.
Nation-State and Pluralistic Decision Making in Trade Policy: The Case of the International Trade Administration

In this article we examine two perspectives, a domestic interest group perspective and a nation-state centered perspective, of decision making in public policy by examining the behavior of the International Trade Administration (ITA) in granting administered protection to domestic industries. The ITA carries out antidumping and countervailing duty investigations upon the request of domestic industries, and, in conjunction with the International Trade Commission (ITC), decides whether or not to grant protection to those industries. In explaining the factors affecting the decisions of the ITA, an interest group model is used to emphasize the influence of domestic political factors, such as industry lobbying and power, while a state-centered model relies on policy makers' pursuit of national goals such as economic strength and sound foreign policy. In addition to the more common finding that interest groups influence policy outcomes, our results suggest that national concerns are also useful in explaining trade policy in the area of administered protection.
''Fake It 'Til You Make It'': Why Community College Students' Aspirations ''Hold Steady''.

Sociologists of education have explored the relationship between students’ postsecondary aspirations and their propensity to get “cooled out” in community colleges. However, researchers have direct...
Die Marke Volkswagen als Untersuchungsgegenstand

1m Zentrum der von WINTERKORN proldamierten sag. Strategic 2018 steht die Positionierung des VOLKSWAGEN Konzerns als okonomisch und okologisch weltweit fiihrendes Automobil• untemehmen.