cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract WP337: The Ischemic Neuroprotectant Protein Kinase C Epsilon, Phosphorylates Enzymes in Neuronal NADH Shuttle and Regulates Mitochondrial Respiration and Glycolysis

Background: Among PKCe-mediated potential protective mechanisms in ischemic preconditioning, one target that we surmise is crucial for neuroprotection is the malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS). MAS is ...
Nonmodular Stems Are a Viable Alternative to Modular Stems in Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background Nonmodular and modular femoral stems have been associated with complications after revision total hip arthroplasty (rTHA). As such, the ideal femoral component for rTHA remains undecided. This study aims to report outcomes of titanium, tapered-fluted, modular and nonmodular femoral components in rTHA. Methods From January 1, 2013 to September 30, 2017, all rTHAs using modular or nonmodular femoral stems were identified. Demographic data including age, gender, and American Society of Anesthesiologists scores were collected. Surgical details including operative time and implant cost were also collected. Clinical outcomes including length of stay, dislocation, infection, fracture, reoperation, and re-revision were collected. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square test and Student's t-test for all categorical and continuous variables, respectively. Results One hundred forty-six rTHA cases (103 modular and 43 nonmodular) were identified with an average follow-up of 29 months (range 3-59 months). Nonmodular stems had a significantly lower cost when compared to modular implants (modular stems 120.8% higher cost; P Conclusions Nonmodular components provide encouraging clinical results with significantly lower costs compared to modular implants in rTHA. The use of titanium, tapered-fluted, nonmodular components may offer a more cost-effective approach to rTHA compared to their modular counterparts.
Singular race models: addressing bias and accuracy in predicting prisoner recidivism

As machine learning based predictive systems pervade many aspects of our lives, an inherent bias and unfairness surface from time to time in the form of mispredictions in various domains. Recidivism, the tendency of offenders to reoffend after release from prison on parole, is one such domain where one race-based sub-population has been found to be treated more harshly than others. Current practices have focused on eliminating race information from datasets to reduce the predictive bias. In contrast to this, we built Singular Race Models, a novel approach of segmenting the dataset based on race, to train and test single race-based models to increase prediction accuracy and reduce racially inspired bias by considering only one race at a time. We created Singular Race Models for four different crime categories and compared these with base models created using all crimes and all races. This modeling choice helped us increase accuracy and analyze race related discrimination. A three-layered artificial neural network was utilized to do the heavy weight-lifting of recidivism prediction. With the help of several suitable metrics, in this paper, we demonstrate the increase in predictive accuracy of these Singular Race Models in various crime categories and analyze the causes and the secondary effect on bias.
Application of a skein relation to difference topology experiments

Difference topology is a technique used to study any protein that can stably bind to DNA. This technique is used to determine the conformation of DNA bound by protein. Motivated by difference topol...
15.3 A 351TOPS/W and 372.4GOPS Compute-in-Memory SRAM Macro in 7nm FinFET CMOS for Machine-Learning Applications

Compute-in-memory (CIM) parallelizes multiply-and-average (MAV) computations and reduces off-chip weight access to reduce energy consumption and latency, specifically for Al edge devices. Prior CIM approaches demonstrated tradeoffs for area, noise margin, process variation and weight precision. 6T SRAM [1]–[3] provides the smallest cell area for CIM, but cell stability limits the number of activated cells, resulting in low parallelization. 10T and twin-8T [4]–[5] isolate the read/write paths for noise margin improvement, however both require special design of the bit cell using logic layout rules, resulting in over a 2x area overhead compared to foundry yield-optimized 6T SRAMs. Furthermore, single-bit precision of weights, in prior work [1]–[4], cannot meet the requirement for high-precision operations and scalability for large neural networks.
A High-Throughput System for Cyclic Stretching of Precision-Cut Lung Slices During Acute Cigarette Smoke Extract Exposure

Rationale Precision-cut lung slices (PCLSs) are a valuable tool in studying tissue responses to an acute exposure; however, cyclic stretching may be necessary to recapitulate physiologic, tidal breathing conditions. Objectives To develop a multi-well stretcher and characterize the PCLS response following acute exposure to cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Methods A 12-well stretching device was designed, built, and calibrated. PCLS were obtained from male Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 10) and assigned to one of three groups: 0% (unstretched), 5% peak-to-peak amplitude (low-stretch), and 5% peak-to-peak amplitude superimposed on 10% static stretch (high-stretch). Lung slices were cyclically stretched for 12 h with or without CSE in the media. Levels of Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and its tissue inhibitor (TIMP1), and membrane type-MMP (MT1-MMP) were assessed via western blot from tissue homogenate. Results The stretcher system produced nearly identical normal Lagrangian strains (Exx and Eyy , p > 0.999) with negligible shear strain (Exy < 0.0005) and low intra-well variability 0.127 ± 0.073%. CSE dose response curve was well characterized by a four-parameter logistic model (R2 = 0.893), yielding an IC50 value of 0.018 cig/mL. Cyclic stretching for 12 h did not decrease PCLS viability. Two-way ANOVA detected a significant interaction between CSE and stretch pattern for IL-1β (p = 0.017), MMP-1, TIMP1, and MT1-MMP (p < 0.001). Conclusion This platform is capable of high-throughput testing of an acute exposure under tightly-regulated, cyclic stretching conditions. We conclude that the acute mechano-inflammatory response to CSE exhibits complex, stretch-dependence in the PCLS.
Spatial associations of dockless shared e-scooter usage

In this study, we explore the usage of e-scooter sharing services in Austin, Texas over about a six-month period. The study is based on trip records of all the shared e-scooter operators in Austin and includes trip start and end locations. We use both analysis of trip patterns and spatial regression techniques to examine how the built environment, land use, and demographics affect e-scooter trip generation. Our findings show that people use e-scooters almost exclusively in central Austin. Commuting does not seem to be the main trip purpose, and usage of e-scooters is associated with areas with high employment rates, and in areas with bicycle infrastructure. People use e-scooter sharing regardless of the affluence of the neighborhood, although less affluent areas with high usage rates have large student populations, suggesting that students use this mode of travel. Implications for planners suggest that better bicycle infrastructure will facilitate e-scooter usage, college towns are a ready market for e-scooter sharing services, and e-scooters may be a substitute for some short non-work trips, reducing car usage, and benefiting the environment.
Addressing Asian American Misrepresentation and Underrepresentation in Research

Asian Americans are the fastest growing racial/ethnic minority group in the United States and have unique, heterogenous health status and outcomes across a range of conditions between disaggregated Asian subgroups. Despite the rapid growth of this group, clinical and epidemiologic research lags considerably in adequately and appropriately representing Asian Americans. Too often, Asian American participants and populations are inappropriately aggregated into a single race category in research, masking important differences between ethnic subgroups. In this commentary, actionable recommendations are provided to investigators in order to enhance inclusion and representation of Asian Americans in a broad scope of research programs. Incorporating these recommendations in research planning and conduct will support health and promote health equity for these populations.
Renal Artery Stenosis: State of the Art in the Diagnosis and Management

Renal artery stenosis as defined by narrowing of one or more of the renal arteries by more than 50%, can cause significant morbidity and mortality in those patients predisposed to atherosclerotic disease. Clinical manifestations include recurrent pulmonary edema, unstable angina, renovascular hypertension, and ischemic nephropathy, which are associated with worse patient outcomes. While non-invasive methods such as duplex ultrasound and computed tomography can diagnose renal artery stenosis, invasive angiography remains the gold standard. Medical therapy is sufficient in a majority of patients; however a small subset of patients will benefit from an invasive approach. We will review the data underlying decision making strategies in this high risk patient cohort.
Immunohistochemical Profiling of Conjunctival Melanocytic Intraepithelial Lesions, Including SOX10, HMB45, Ki67, and P16.

Purpose To determine the usefulness of melan-A, SOX10, HMB45, and p16 immunohistochemical stains in the distinction between the low-grade and high-grade conjunctival melanocytic intraepithelial lesions, either independently or as components of an immunohistochemical panel. Design Retrospective observational case series. Methods Institutional pathology records between 2014 and 2018 were searched for all patients with conjunctival melanocytic intraepithelial lesions. Biopsies without supporting clinical history or tissue available for review and immunohistochemical analysis were excluded. Clinical, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical (p16, SOX10, HMB45, and Ki-67) findings were recorded. Results Thirty-one patients underwent 47 biopsies for conjunctival melanocytic lesions between 2014 and 2018. Pathologic diagnoses were low-grade conjunctival melanocytic intraepithelial lesion (n = 18, 38%) and high-grade conjunctival melanocytic intraepithelial lesion/melanoma in situ (n = 29, 62%). The addition of melan-A and SOX10 immunohistochemical stains resulted in an upgrade of conjunctival melanocytic intraepithelial lesion from low-grade to high-grade in 2 (4%) of 47 cases. The addition of melan-A and SOX10 immunohistochemical stains did not downgrade any of the histomorphologically high-grade lesions. In a clinical-pathologic multivariable model, the parameters most predictive of high-grade melanocytic intraepithelial lesion/melanoma in situ were involvement of the caruncle (odds ratio [OR] = 19, confidence interval [CI] 1.6-212; P = .02] and p16 cytoplasmic H-score >30 (OR = 81, CI 2.7 to >999; P = .01) Conclusion Although the stains for melanocytic markers melan-A and SOX10 facilitate assessment of melanocytic intraepithelial lesions, the current immunohistochemical panels have limited value in distinction between the low-grade and high-grade intraepithelial melanocytic proliferations and need to be used judiciously.
Printed Ridge Gap Waveguide Rotman Lens without Dummy Ports or Matching Loads for 5G

A Rotman Lens beamformer (RLB) is loaded with the low-reflection open-ended tapered profile microstrip transmission lines (MSLs) instead of the conventional dummy ports terminated with matching loads. Based on this concept, a printed ridge gap waveguide (PRGW) RLB is designed at 30 GHz, and beam-switching performance is verified through fullwave analysis.
Patterns and Functions

This chapter deals with the recognition of visual and numeric patterns and their description through the language of functions which, in turn, form algebraic patterns to be recognized and generalized at a higher conceptual level. In the age of computers, this generalization is critical for developing a computational environment within which new numeric patterns can be revealed through a computational experiment. Once a new numeric pattern is discovered, it can be expressed in visual terms to be used as a springboard into new mathematical activities. Through this process, one comes full circle from visual at the basic level to visual at a higher cognitive level. The recognition of a visual pattern often deals with the constructive aspect of perception in which one can discern in an image more information than the image, in the absence of one’s insight, transmits. Such aspect of perception in the context of Gestalt psychology is called reification (Wertheimer, 1938). In addition to the reification of the Gestaltists, this aspect of perception is of importance for developing metacognition (Flavell, 1976). When planning how to apply findings from metacognition to include mathematics instruction, such a cyclic reinterpretation of earlier experienced concepts at a higher abstracted level was recognized as being critical. The process of mentally “following” each subsequent representation, how it followed from the preceding representation and how it led to the next was viewed as a crucial step in developing metacognitive awareness of the concept and its formation (Campione et al., 1989).
Al-Anon Intensive Referral to facilitate concerned others' participation in Al-Anon Family Groups: a randomized controlled trial.

AIMS To test the effectiveness of an intervention, Al-Anon Intensive Referral (AIR), to facilitate participation in Al-Anon Family Groups (Al-Anon). DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Multi-site, randomized controlled trial of AIR versus usual care (UC), with follow-up assessments at 3, 6 and 12 months. The 12-month follow-up rate was 74%. Residential alcohol use disorder (AUD) treatment programs in three US locations. Concerned others (COs) of patients in treatment for AUD. COs were mainly women (77%) who were patients' spouses (33%) or parents (25%). INTERVENTION AND COMPARATOR AIR (n = 128) consisted of four sessions over 3 months with an Al-Anon coach. UC (n = 151) was the treatment program's offer of educational sessions for COs. MEASUREMENTS Primary outcome: COs' self-reports of any Al-Anon attendance (yes or no) at 3 months. SECONDARY OUTCOMES number of Al-Anon meetings and the CO-patient relationship (stressors, resources). Potential predictors of outcomes examined in generalized linear mixed models were their baseline value, time, CO-patient relationship type (marital or non-marital), treatment program and condition. FINDINGS There was no effect of condition for the primary outcome (28% in AIR, 21% in UC; Bayes factor = 1.86). Relationship stressors at follow-ups were more severe for COs in a marital relationship with the patient than for COs in a non-marital relationship [β = 2.19, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.07, 3.32]. For CO-patient relationship resources at follow-ups, the main effect for condition was significant (β = 1.33, 95% CI = 0.04, 2.61). COs assigned to the AIR condition had more resources than COs who were in the UC condition. CONCLUSIONS Relative to usual care, Al-Anon Intensive Referral was not associated with increases in participation of concerned others in Al-Anon, but was associated with more resources in the concerned other-patient relationship.
Clutter and target discrimination in forward-looking ground penetrating radar using sparse structured basis pursuits

Forward-looking ground penetrating radar (FLGPR) is a remote sensing modality that has recently been investigated for buried threat detection. FLGPR offers greater standoff than other downward-looking modalities such as electromagnetic induction and downward-looking GPR, but it suffers from high false alarm rates due to surface and ground clutter. A stepped frequency FLGPR system consists of multiple radars with varying polarizations and bands, each of which interacts differently with subsurface materials and therefore might potentially be able to discriminate clutter from true buried targets. However, it is unclear which combinations of bands and polarizations would be most useful for discrimination or how to fuse them. This work applies sparse structured basis pursuit, a supervised statistical model which searches for sets of bands that are collectively effective for discriminating clutter from targets. The algorithm works by trying to minimize the number of selected items in a dictionary of signals; in this case the separate bands and polarizations make up the dictionary elements. A structured basis pursuit algorithm is employed to gather groups of modes together in collections to eliminate whole polarizations or sensors. The approach is applied to a large collection of FLGPR data for data around emplaced target and non-target clutter. The results show that a sparse structure basis pursuits outperforms a conventional CFAR anomaly detector while also pruning out unnecessary bands of the FLGPR sensor.
Neuronal organization of fetal striatal grafts in kainate- and sham-lesioned rat caudate nucleus: light- and electron-microscopic observations.

Behavioral and biochemical studies have suggested that fetal striatal grafts in the adult rat neostriatum can reverse deficits induced by excitotoxic lesions of the host caudate tissue. In this study, fetal day 17–18 striatal grafts were examined at 2, 5–6, 12, and 44–48 weeks following their implantation into saline- or kainic acid-treated host caudate nucleus in order to compare the neuronal organization of the grafts and the host caudate nucleus and to determine whether the differentiation of graft tissue was influenced by the period of implantation or prior lesion of the host caudate nucleus with kainic acid. Compared to host neostriatum, the grafts at the light-microscopic level lacked bundles of myelinated axons and had neurons that were tightly packed in clusters and rich in Nissl substance. Neurons in the grafts were mostly of medium size, had significantly larger cross- sectional areas, and more frequently exhibited indented nuclei than host caudate neurons. At the electron-microscopic level, grafts 2 weeks following implantation contained many features seen in the normally developing neostriatum, such as growth cones, immature synapses, and degenerating profiles. Grafts appeared mature by 5–6 weeks and contained at least 6 types of neurons and 8 types of axon terminals, which formed synapses with cell bodies, dendrites, spines, and axon initial segments. Both symmetric and asymmetric synapses were found within the grafts. The density of synapses was significantly lower in all the transplants than in host tissue, with the exception of the 5–6 week grafts, where values were statistically comparable to host caudate. A significantly higher proportion of axodendritic synapses was present in the graft neuropil than in the caudate nucleus. The lengths of the synaptic junctions in the grafts were the same as those in the neostriatum. There was little qualitative or quantitative difference in synaptic organization between transplants in kainic acid and sham- lesioned host, with grafts in both host treatment conditions exhibiting the same synaptic density and proportion of axodendritic/axospinous synapses. The development of a high differentiated ultrastructure within striatal grafts is consistent with recent anatomical evidence showing interconnections between striatal grafts and host-lesioned caudate nucleus. Although graft neuropil shows striking similarities in neuronal organization to the caudate nucleus, it also exhibits some distinct differences that may have implications for understanding the functional properties of fetal striatal grafts in animal models of Huntington9s disease.
Research on the human components of global change: Next steps

Abstract Although research on human interactions in global change is advancing rapidly, future research in this field will require changes in the scale and scope of social science research projects. The social sciences will also require new institutional structures that can organize and manage largescale, multinational, and multidisciplinary research. This article (a) summarizes what has taken place in planning for research on the human components of global environmental change; (b) assesses the readiness of the social science community to undertake large-scale research in this field; (c) identifies areas where large-scale research can and should be undertaken; and (d) suggests criteria that should guide the social science community as it moves towards large-scale research projects.
QAMO-SDN: QoS aware Multipath TCP for software defined optical networks

Cloud based datacenters will be most suitable candidates for future software defined networking. The QoS requirements for shared data centers, hosting diverse applications could be successfully achieved through SDN architecture. This paper provides an extension of our previously proposed scheme QAMO that was aimed at achieving tangible QoS in datacenters through controlling bandwidth reservation in Multipath TCP and OBS layer while maintaining throughput efficiency. However, QAMO was designed for traditional networks and did not have the capability to adapt to current network status as expected from future software defined networks. The paper presents an enhanced algorithm called QAMO-SDN that introduces a controller layer in previously proposed architecture and achieves adaptive QoS differentiation based on current network feedback. QAMO-SDN inherits the architecture of QAMO, using Multipath TCP over OBS networks. We evaluate the performance of QAMO-SDN under different network loads and topologies using realistic data center traffic models and present the results of our detailed simulation tests.
Effect of chromosome location of Bacillus subtilis forespore genes on their spo gene dependence and transcription by E sigma F: identification of features of good E sigma F-dependent promoters.

Abstract Translational lacZ fusions to forespore genes of Bacillus subtilis were not expressed in spoIIAC (sigma F) or spoIIIE mutants when the lacZ fusions were integrated at the loci of the same genes or at the SP beta locus. However, some of these genes, including gerA, gpr, spoIIIG (sigma G), and sspE, were expressed in spoIIIE mutants and spoIIIE spoIIIG double mutants (but not in spoIIAC mutants) when the lacZ fusions were integrated at the amyE locus. When tested, the beta-galactosidase made in these mutants was found only in the forespore, and the 5' ends of the mRNAs produced in these mutants were identical to those in a Spo+ background. Analysis of the in vitro transcription of forespore genes by RNA polymerase containing sigma F (E sigma F) revealed a direct correlation between good in vitro transcription by E sigma F and expression at the amyE locus in spoIIIE mutants. This result suggests that forespore genes are transcribed by E sigma F in spoIIIE and spoIIIE spoIIIG mutants. Comparison of the promoter regions of genes transcribed well and poorly by E sigma F in vivo and in vitro showed that good transcription by E sigma F was correlated with G residues at positions -15 and -16, a purine residue at position -13, and a T residue at position -7 relative to the start site of transcription. The importance of these residues in sigma F recognition was confirmed by analysis of the E sigma F-dependent transcription in vivo and in vitro of mutant ssp genes.
Child and parent perceptions of monitoring in chronic illness management: a qualitative study

Background The management of a childhood chronic illness can be challenging because it can involve frequent and complex treatment tasks that must be carried out on a daily basis. Parental monitoring of the treatment regimen and child disclosure of health-related information may impact effective illness management but are not well understood. Methods The present study utilized qualitative methods to examine parental monitoring-related behaviours, youth disclosure of health-related information, and both perceptions about, and reactions to, these behaviours in a sample of youth diagnosed with a chronic illness (e.g. asthma, diabetes and cystic fibrosis) and parents of youth with one of these illnesses. Results Parents solicited information from youth verbally, observed symptoms, reminded youth about treatments and tracked indicators of treatment adherence (e.g. dose counters; glucose meters). Youth reactions varied from acceptance to irritation. Youth behaviours included withholding information and freely disclosing spontaneously and in response to requests. Conclusions Findings derived from this qualitative methodology demonstrate convergence with findings from quantitative studies on this topic, add to the literature related to parental monitoring of chronic illness management and suggest several avenues for future research.
Modeling particulate matter in the San Joaquin Valley with a source-oriented externally mixed three-dimensional photochemical grid model

Abstract Air pollution in California's San Joaquin Valley (SJV) rivals that of the Los Angeles area and ranks among the worst in the United States for particulate matter (PM) and ozone. The application and validation of an atmospheric chemical transport model to the SJV will aid in the design of emissions control programs to improve air quality. The extensive data required for meaningful Eulerian modeling of airborne PM in the SJV region were collected as a part of the 1995 Integrated Monitoring Study (IMS95). In the current study, the CIT-UCD source-oriented air quality model is applied to the IMS95 data set to verify model performance in the SJV. This article represents the first published application of a full-scale photochemical grid model with diagnostic meteorological data to simulate PM concentrations in the SJV and is the first study outside of the Los Angeles area to include complete PM model performance statistics. The CIT-UCD model results show excellent agreement with most measurements collected during the IMS95 4–6 January 1996 modeling episode. The fractional bias (FBIAS) for SJV ozone and PM 10 are approximately 0.16 and −0.19, respectively, for all SJV stations excluding Bakersfield. Most modeled criteria gases, PM precursor gases, and chemically speciated PM concentrations show strong agreement with their corresponding measurements at the Chowchilla, Fresno, Kern Wildlife Refuge, and Bakersfield sampling stations. Furthermore, the modeled PM size distribution of nitrate, ammonium ion, and sulfate agree well with cascade impactor measurements made at Bakersfield on 5 January 1996. Given the robust model agreement with both gas and condensed phase measurements, it appears that the CIT-UCD model adequately captures the fundamental transport and chemical reactivity of air pollutants in the IMS95 domain during a typical severe pollution episode. These results suggest that the CIT-UCD model can be used to explore control scenarios designed to improve air quality in the SJV.
Understanding mine aerosols for radon risk assessment

Abstract The radon risk-coefficient, determined from long-term epidemiology studies of 11 groups of uranium and hardrock miners, is given in terms of exposure to airborne radon progeny, not lung dose, which must be computed using breathing rates and the airborne radioactivity as a function of particle size in the mine atmosphere. Aerosol measurements relevant to this issue are reviewed: in diesel-powered mines the range of activity median diameters is between 75 and 175 nm (GSD=2), and these aerosols are expected to be hydrophobic and not double in size in the respiratory tract as is often assumed. However, since much of the exposure occurred in mines powered electrically or with compressed air, and few activity size distribution measurements have been made in such mines, it appears that further experimental work is needed to characterize the properties of aerosols to be expected in the working environments of the mines under consideration.
An Empirical Examination of Validity in Evaluation

This study addresses validity issues in evaluation that stem from Ernest R. House’s book, Evaluating With Validity. The authors examine American Journal of Evaluation articles from 1980 to 2010 tha...
On γ-reducibility versus polynomial time many-one reducibility

Abstract We prove that each element of a class of functions (denoted by NPC t P ), whose graphs can be accepted in nondeterministic polynomial time, can be evaluated in deterministic polynomial time if and only if γ-reducibility is equivalent to polynomial time many-one reducibility. We also modify the proof technique used to obtain part of this result to obtain the stronger result that if every γ-reduction can be replaced by a polynomial time Turing reduction, then every function in NPC t P can be evaluated in deterministic polynomial time.
Genetic control of immune responses to major histocompatibility complex antigens during equine pregnancy

Summary Embryo transfer was used to establish a pregnancy in which two equine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens, equine lymphocyte antigen (ELA) W2, a ‘strong’ antigen, and ELA W3, a ‘weak’ antigen, were presented together to the maternal immune system on a single conceptus. Cytotoxic antibody was first detected in the serum of the recipient mare on Day 51. Sampling was continued until Day 100, during which time antibody to ELA W2 persisted but no antibody to the W3 antigen was detected. It is clear that the maternal cytotoxic antibody response to ELA W3 in equine pregnancy is very weak relative to responses to other MHC antigens.
Inspection duration and the linear motion aftereffect: Preliminary report

Two subjects rated the strength of motion of the linear motion aftereffect (MAE) produced by a horizontal grating following inspection periods of 0.5, 1, 5, 10, and 15 min. There was only one trial per day. The MAE consisted of three phases: an initial maximum-strength phase, a decay phase, and a tail. The duration of all three phases increased and the decay rate decreased with increasing inspection duration. The decay time constant increased as a linear function of inspection duration.
Beyond Performance: A Motivational Experiences Model of Stereotype Threat.

The contributing role of stereotype threat (ST) to learning and performance decrements for stigmatized students in highly evaluative situations has been vastly documented and is now widely known by educators and policy makers. However, recent research illustrates that underrepresented and stigmatized students’ academic and career motivations are influenced by ST more broadly, particularly through influences on achievement orientations, sense of belonging, and intrinsic motivation. Such a focus moves conceptualizations of ST effects in education beyond the influence on a student’s performance, skill level, and feelings of self-efficacy per se to experiencing greater belonging uncertainty and lower interest in stereotyped tasks and domains. These negative experiences are associated with important outcomes such as decreased persistence and domain identification, even among students who are high in achievement motivation. In this vein, we present and review support for the Motivational Experience Model of ST, a self-regulatory model framework for integrating research on ST, achievement goals, sense of belonging, and intrinsic motivation to make predictions for how stigmatized students’ motivational experiences are maintained or disrupted, particularly over long periods of time.
Development of an improved multi-pressure-sensor probe for recording muscle contraction in human intestine.

We have developed an improved semiconductor recording probe for monitoring motility of the upper small intestine in humans. The probe consists of six ultraminiature silicon pressure sensors spaced 10 cm apart and encased in a flexible polyurethane sheath. The probe is small [2.67 mm (8F) diameter], is easily passed transnasally, and is tolerated by patients for prolonged recording periods (24–36 hr) with a minimum of discomfort. The initial semiconductor and catheter material were those designed for use in the cardiovascular system, but they proved to be easily damaged by gastric acid and enzymes. After improvement of this probe, we now have recordings from more than 100 patients for an approximate total of 6000 hr of recording time. The improved probe is a durable recording device that facilitates the investigation of motility of the small intestine in humans in health and disease.
Retinoic acid induces neuronal differentiation of a cloned human embryonal carcinoma cell line in vitro

The human embryonal carcinoma cell lines NT2 /D1 and NT2 /B9, clonally derived from Tera-2, differentiate extensively in vitro when exposed to retinoic acid. This differentiation is marked by the appearance of several morphologically distinct cell types and by changes in cell surface phenotype, particularly by the disappearance of stage-specific embryonic antigen-3 (SSEA-3), which is characteristically expressed by human EC cells. Among the differentiated cells are neurons, which form clusters interconnected by extended networks of axon bundles, and which express tetanus toxin receptors and neurofilament proteins. These observations constitute the first instance of extensive somatic differentiation of a clonal human EC cell line in vitro.
On the finite element analysis of woven fabric impact using multiscale modeling techniques

Abstract Finite element modeling of the impact of flexible woven fabrics using a yarn level architecture allows the capturing of complex projectile-fabric and yarn–yarn level interactions, however it requires very large computational resources. This paper presents a multiscale modeling technique to simulate the impact of flexible woven fabrics. This technique involves modeling the fabric using a yarn level architecture around the impact region and a homogenized or membrane type architecture at far field regions. The level of modeling resolution decreases with distance away from the impact zone. This results in a finite element model with much lower computational requirements. The yarns are modeled using both solid and shell finite elements. Impedances are matched across all interfaces created between the various regions of the model to prevent artificial reflections of the longitudinal strain waves. A systematic approach is presented to determine geometric and material parameters of the homogenized zone. The multiscale model is extensively validated against baseline models. The limitations of using shell elements to model the yarn level architecture underneath the projectile are addressed.
Perfusion with fibrinolysin in experimental iliofemoral thromboembolism.

Summary o 1. An experimental lesion is described resembling iliofemoral emboli seen clinically. 2. This lesion has resisted lysis by the methods employed, including regional perfusion with an intensely lytic perfusate.
Sensor set switching noise in UWB indoor position tracking

Trilateration calculations are affected by errors in distance measurements from the set of fixed points to the object of interest. When these errors are systemic, each distinct set of fixed points can be said to exhibit a unique set noise. For ultrawideband (UWB) indoor position tracking, the set of fixed points is a set of sensors measuring the distance to a tracked tag. In this paper we develop a noise model for this sensor set noise, along with a particle filter that uses our set noise model. We test our methods on a real UWB system. Our methods showed an approximately 15% improvement in the accuracy over the raw measurements.
Microwave impedance measurements on the heavy fermion superconductors UPt3 and UBe13

The complex microwave impedance in the frequency range of ∼8–36 GHz was measured in the superconducting state of two well characterized heavy fermion single crystals, UBe13 and UPt3. This microwave photon energy range is of the same order of magnitude as the zero-temperature (BCS) energy gap, 15% to 60% for the case of UBe13, and is higher than previous measurements.
Multicultural Considerations in Assessing and Treating Hispanic Americans who Stutter

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to provide speech-language pathologists with information that addresses multicultural perceptions about stuttering and suggestions for the assessment and treat...
Crisis in Social Psychology: Some Remarks Towards Breaking Through the Crisis

I. The Wheat vs. Chaff Ratio in the Sky-Rocketing Volume of Research and PublicationII. Two Illustrative Areas of Thriving Research: Small Group Research and Attitude-Attitude Change ResearchIII. The Increasing Hue and Cry Over the CrisisA. Diversity of proposals reveal as much about the proposers as what they propose.IV. Some Remarks Toward Breaking Through the CrisisV. The Roots of Crisis in Social Disciplines are Deep and Wide
Polarization of the fluorescence of picene and dibenz[a,h]anthracene

Abstract The polarizations of the fluorescence and the fluorescence excitation spectra of picene and dibenz[ a,h ]anthracene have been measured in a rigid glass at 77°K. For picene the polarization data support Platt's assignment of the first three singlet excited states as 1 L b , 1 L a , and 1 B b with transition moments polarized along the short, long, and long molecular axis, respectively. The polarization data for dibenz[ a,h ]anthracene suggest the low energy excited states are not directly related to the low energy excited states in linear polyacenes. This result supports Hummel and Ruedenberg's conclusions that the excited states in dibenz[ a,h ]anthracene are mixed and are not limited to polarizations along the long or short molecular axis. Vibrational analyses based on polarization data are given for the fluorescence and the absorption in the first excited singlet state for both compounds.
A three-dimensional viscoelastic constitutive model for particulate composites with growing damage and its experimental validation

A relatively simple nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive model for particle-filled rubber under three-dimensional stress states is developed from an existing axisymmetric constitutive equation and then experimentally verified. In extending the existing model to three dimensions, it is assumed that the damage leads to transverse isotropy with the axis of isotropy coinciding with the local, instantaneous maximum principal stress direction for monotonic loading. Rate-type evolution laws are used to account for the time-dependent changes in damage, and viscoelasticity of the rubber matrix is explicitly taken into account by using so-called pseudo variables; although strains may be large, in this theory rotations must be small. The model has been implemented in a finite element analysis to account for various geometry and loading conditions. Experiments were used to check the model. Various biaxial specimens of different aspect ratios, with and without holes or cracks, were tested with different cross-head rates. Load-deformation information reveal good agreement between theory and experiments, which is far better than using linear theory. A computer code based on the digital image correlation method has been developed and refined for accurate experimental displacement data extraction. The displacement field was further processed with a smoothing program for noise reduction. The specimen surface strain distribution is compared to predictions from theory. Nonlinear theory shows better agreement with experimental strain fields than linear theory.
Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma causing acute compartment syndrome of the forearm: a case report and review of the literature.

Acute compartment syndrome of the forearm has multiple etiologies affecting patients of all ages, but is most commonly caused by fractures, penetrating trauma, drug abuse, crush injuries and intravenous infiltration. Less common etiologies include tourniquet use, hemophilia, snakebites, phlebitis, burns, and postsurgical issues [1–8]. Tumors, while well-documented as an etiology of abdominal compartment syndrome [9], are an extremely rare cause of compartment syndrome in the upper or lower extremities. Herein, we describe the case of an acute forearm compartment syndrome caused by alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. This is followed by a review of the surgical literature on tumors as an etiology of forearm compartment syndrome and subsequent wound management.
When Indigenous and Modern Education Collide

There are an estimated 300 million indigenous people worldwide, roughly 5% of the world’s population (UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, 2004). Despite this significant presence, national schooling systems have ignored, minimized, or ridiculed their histories pre- and post-Western contact, as well as their cultural contributions toward social and environmental sustainability. Only since the 1960s have ministries of education around the world, regional entities, and community-based groups set up education programs that seek to rescue and protect the values, practices, languages, and knowledge systems of indigenous groups, including their relationship to local ecosystems; social relationships within each group; subsistence-based production, such as agricultural, pastoral, and hunting and gathering techniques; and lang­u­age, art, games and other cultural aspects (e.g., Barnach-Calbo Martinez, 1997; Hernandez, 2003; May, 1999; May and Aikman, 2003; Neil, 2000). These educational efforts have sought to recover indigenous peoples’ own history and identity to help them resist the pressure to assimilate into the surrounding dominant societies.
Welfare-to-Work Programs and the Dynamics of TANF Use

This study examines the effects of participation in Welfare-to-Work programs on the dynamics of TANF recipients’ welfare use. Using the Survey of Program Dynamics and the Welfare Rules Database, the study analyzes how participation in Human Capital Development and Labor Force Attachment programs affects the probabilities of TANF exit and re-entry, while holding the effects of the state economy and various TANF rules constant. The analyses reveal that LFA programs are not associated with a higher probability of TANF exit than HCD programs. Instead, TANF recipients’ employment status and the local labor market conditions are more important predictors of TANF exit. It also reveals that, for TANF leavers, severe poverty and economic insecurity are significantly related to their welfare recidivism.
Growth Hormone Response to Acute Thermal Exposure in Cattle

SummaryPlasma GH concentration, as estimated by radioimmunoassay increased significantly in cattle during 4 hr of acute thermal exposure. Blood hematocrit and plasma specific gravity did not change, while rectal temperature increased markedly. However, the rise and decline in plasma GH levels following, respectively, the onset and cessation of thermal exposure preceded the changes in body temperature. Changes in plasma GH were abrupt with the onset of heat exposure and correlated significantly with environmental temperatures suggesting the neural involvement of the skin thermal receptors, and areas of the hypothalamus. The possible adrenergic mechanism and significance of GH secretion during acute thermal stress is discussed.
Design of a router for network-on-chip

In this paper, we present several enhanced network techniques which are appropriate for VLSI implementation and have reduced complexity, high throughput and simple routing algorithm even if basic network problems such as deadlock and livelock are considered. We develop a new packet definition to support different requirements in an MIMD message passing architecture and also verify its efficiency by comparing simulation results with various routing algorithms. Major contributions of this paper are the design of Network-on-Chip (NoC) architecture adopting a minimal adaptive routing algorithm with competitive performance and feasible design complexity, thus satisfying all the stated design goals. The proposed adaptive routing algorithm and NoC architecture offer nearly optimal performance. This can be shown by comparing with the near-optimal worst-case throughput routing algorithm for 2D-mesh networks. By providing a uniform way of constructing such network architecture, its scalability can be easily accomplished. Moreover, this network architecture can be applied to different SoC developments.
Increased leukocyte sensitivity to phosphodiesterase inhibitors in atopic dermatitis: Tachyphylaxis after theophylline therapy

Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated elevated cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate specific phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity in mononuclear leukocytes (MNL) from patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and with allergic respiratory disease. We have studied the effect of PDE inhibitors on MNL from normal subjects and from patients with AD. We measured PDE activity in MNL after in vitro exposure to Ro20-1724, theophylline, and isobutylmethylxanthine. The effect of PDE inhibitors was also measured in MNL of patients during and after oral theophylline therapy. There was a dose-response effect of Ro20-1724 on PDE activity of AD cells. This activity was significantly more inhibited than that in MNL of normal subjects or in MNL of theophylline-treated patients with AD. The inhibition pattern of PDE in MNL of treated patients with AD did not vary significantly from the pattern observed in MNL from normal patients. Two weeks after oral theophylline was stopped, the PDE activity in MNL was once again susceptible to in vitro inhibition. The relative resistance of MNL to PDE activity in normal subjects to in vitro PDE inhibitors may be due to the existence of different PDE enzyme forms or the presence of endogenous inhibitors. The clinical importance of the tachyphylaxis observed is uncertain, but our results suggest that intermittent dosing with PDE inhibitors may provide a therapeutic advantage in treatment of AD and other atopic diseases.
Acoustic change responses to amplitude modulation: a method to quantify cortical temporal processing and hemispheric asymmetry

Objective: Sound modulation is a critical temporal cue for the perception of speech and environmental sounds. To examine auditory cortical responses to sound modulation, we developed an acoustic change stimulus involving amplitude modulation (AM) of ongoing noise. The AM transitions in this stimulus evoked an acoustic change complex (ACC) that was examined parametrically in terms of rate and depth of modulation and hemispheric symmetry. Methods: Auditory cortical potentials were recorded from 64 scalp electrodes during passive listening in two conditions: (1) ACC from white noise to 4, 40, 300 Hz AM, with varying AM depths of 100, 50, 25% lasting one second and (2) one second AM noise bursts at the same modulation rate. Behavioral measures included AM detection from an attend ACC condition and AM depth thresholds (i.e., a temporal modulation transfer function, TMTF). Results: The N1 response of the ACC was large to 4 and 40 Hz and small to the 300 Hz AM. In contrast, the opposite pattern was observed with bursts of AM showing larger responses with increases in AM rate. Brain source modeling showed significant hemispheric asymmetry such that 4 and 40 Hz ACC responses were dominated by right and left hemispheres respectively. Conclusion: N1 responses to the ACC resembled a low pass filter shape similar to a behavioral TMTF. In the ACC paradigm, the only stimulus parameter that changes is AM and therefore the N1 response provides an index for this AM change. In contrast, an AM burst stimulus contains both AM and level changes and is likely dominated by the rise time of the stimulus. The hemispheric differences are consistent with the asymmetric sampling in time hypothesis suggesting that the different hemispheres preferentially sample acoustic time across different time windows. Significance: The ACC provides a novel approach to studying temporal processing at the level of cortex and provides further evidence of hemispheric specialization for fast and slow stimuli.