cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reversal potential for glutamate responses in hippocampal pyramidal cells.

Abstract L -Glutamic acid was iontophoresed onto hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Intracellular recordings revealed that glutamate reliably depolarized all neurons examined. The depolarization evoked by glutamate was voltage sensitive and had an apparent reversal potential close to 0 mV.
A multi-band spectral subtraction method for enhancing speech corrupted by colored noise

The spectral subtraction method is a well-known noise reduction technique. Most implementations and variations of the basic technique advocate subtraction of the noise spectrum estimate over the entire speech spectrum. However, real world noise is mostly colored and does not affect the speech signal uniformly over the entire spectrum. In this paper, we propose a multi-band spectral subtraction approach which takes into account the fact that colored noise affects the speech spectrum differently at various frequencies. This method outperforms the standard power spectral subtraction method resulting in superior speech quality and largely reduced musical noise.
The oxidation of ethyl 1,2-dihydro-2-naphthoate by flavins and its stimulation by light.

Abstract 1. 1. Riboflavin, lumiflavin and 3-methyllumiflavin have been shown to oxidize ethyl 1,2-dihydronaphthoate to ethyl 2-naphthoate. 2. 2. The reactions are stimulated by light. The second order rate constant of the riboflavin-catalyzed oxidation, in the dark, at 95° is 25 l·mole −1 ·min −1 while the same reaction in the light (15-W fluorescent tube at a distance of 30 cm), at 25°, has a rate constant of 540 l·mole −1 ·min −1 . 3. 3. Although somewhat complex, the pH dependency of the photooxidations parallels the ability of the flavins to fluoresce. At pH values greater than 7, riboflavin and lumiflavin lose their oxidizing ability while 3-methyllumiflavin is as effective at pH 11 as it is at pH 7. 4. 4. The photooxidation is only weakly affected by changes in the ionic strength. Some ions were found to inhibit the reaction and most of these are paramagnetic. 5. 5. The oxidation, in the dark, has a heat of activation equal to +14.6 kcal/mole while the photooxidation has one of −2.25 kcal/mole. 6. 6. The other isomeric dihydronaphthoates were not oxidized, but some were isomerized. 7. 7. This is the first report of a non-enzymic flavin-catalyzed oxidation of a carbon-carbon bond, α to a carbonyl functional group.
Regulatory characteristics of amino acid transport in newborn rat renal cortex cells

Abstract The uptake of α-aminoisobutyric acid by slices of kidney cortex from newborn rats is enhanced by a preliminary incubation of the tissue in buffer at 37 °C. This effect is abolished by anaerobiosis, the presence of dinitrophenol or the removal of Na+ during the preliminary incubation. Cycloheximide (50 μM) and purimycin (1 mM) as well as α-aminoisobutyric acid, glycine and proline (5 mM) in the pre- incubation buffer also abolish the effect, while actinomycin D (0.8 μM) partially inhibits the enhancement due to preliminary incubation. A kinetic examination of the phenomenon indicates that the enhanced uptake is due to an increased entry rate into the cells without a change in efflux. There is no alteration in the apparent transport K m but an increase in the V for entry. The effect is dependent on tissue age being observed between birth and 22 days, after which there is a decrease in response to preliminary incubation with no effect seen in adult tissues.
Magnetite-embedded cellulose fibers prepared from ionic liquid

A dry-jet wet spinning process for making magnetically active cellulose fibers has been developed using the ionic liquid (IL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C2mim]Cl). Cellulose from different sources with various degrees of polymerization (DP) was used for making fibers by first dissolving the cellulose in the IL, dispersing particles of magnetite in the solution, and then coagulating the fibers in a water bath under appropriate spinning conditions. The variation of fiber properties with cellulose source and concentration of magnetite is discussed. Fiber texture was found to be related to overall magnetite concentration, cellulose concentration, and molecular weight in the spinning solution. In general, it was found that increasing DP and/or cellulose concentration resulted in more robust fibers, and conversely the addition of magnetite particles weakened the overall mechanical properties.
Asthma severity and prevalence: an ongoing interaction between exposure, hygiene, and lifestyle.

Why are the prevalence and severity of asthma increasing? Platts-Mills looks at the key studies that can help to anwer this important question.
Design and Implementation of a Decision Support System for Institutional Advancement.

COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES must increase the effectiveness of alumni development and fund raising programs to ensure quality in academic programs and campus life for the coming decade. This paper details (1) the design of a comprehensive decision support system responsive to institutional advancement needs, (2) examines specific research and management applications of that system, and (3) features effective analyses and reports it generates. Discussion also will focus on early collaboration between institutional researchers and advancement professionals which facilitated this effort and led to construction of a multipurpose alumni survey. Institutional researchers involved in alumni, development, fund raising, outcomes assessment, or decision support will find this paper of particular interest.
Mechanisms and specificity of amino acid transport in Taenia crassiceps larvae (Cestoda).

Abstract The absorption of lysine, arginine, phenylalanine and methionine by Taenia crassiceps larvae is linear with respect to time for at least 2 min. Arginine uptake occurs by a mediated system and diffusion, and arginine, lysine and ornithine (in order of decreasing affinity) are completely competitive inhibitors of arginine uptake. The basic amino acid transport system has a higher affinity for l -amino acids than d -amino acids, and blocking the α-amino group of an amino acid destroys its inhibitory action. Phenylalanine uptake by T. crassiceps larvae is inhibited in a completely competitive fashion by serine, leucine, alanine, methionine, histidine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan (in order of increasing affinity). Methionine apparently binds non-productively to the phenylalanine (aromatic amino acid-preferring) transport system. l -methionine uptake by larvae is inhibited more by d -alanine and d -valine than by their respective l -isomers, while d - and l -methionine inhibit l -methionine uptake equally well. The presence of an unsubstituted α-amino group is essential for an inhibitor to have a high affinity for the methionine transport system. Uptake of arginine, phenylalanine and methionine is Na + -insensitive, and both phenylalanine and methionine are accumulated by larvae against a concentration difference in the presence or absence of Na + . Arginine accumulation is precluded by its rapid metabolism to proline, ornithine and an unidentified compound.
SE-LEGO: creating metasearch engines on demand

Extended Abstract As a system that provides unified access to multiple existing search systems, a metasearch engine can alleviate ordinary users from the formidable task of identifying useful sources and searching them individually. At present, the largest metasearch engines such as ProFusion (www.profusion.com) and SavvySearch (www.search.com) can connect to about 1,000 search engines. This means that only a small fraction of the information sources on the Web, including both the Surface Web and the Deep Web, are connected, as the number of such sources is estimated to be in the order of hundreds of thousands [1]. Most of these Websites have their own search capabilities and provide search interfaces. Many of these Websites provide high quality information that has been frequently queried by specialists and researchers in particular fields. Present major metasearch engines usually do not connect to these specialized Websites. Currently, building a metasearch engine is an expensive and labor-intensive job that needs diverse expertise. As a result, it is difficult for an ordinary Web user to create a metasearch engine based on the search engines of the user’s choice. Some metasearch engine companies (e.g., ProFusion) allow user to build customized metasearch engines, but only search engines in a pre-compiled list can be used because the capability to connect to these search engines need to be established in advance.
Teaching Technical Writing with Only Academic Experience

Can technical writing still be taught credibly by teachers with only academic experience? This article draws a distinction between courses designed for students expecting to be full-time technical communicators and general-purpose service courses designed for students in a variety of fields. The article then argues that teachers of service courses can teach credibly without having worked as writers in nonacademic workplaces if they fulfill these conditions: they should have a critical command of research into non-academic writing, rhetorical theory, and reading theory; they should define technical writing broadly enough to see themselves as technical writers; they should seek and take advantage of everyday opportunities to practice technical writing and reading; and they should carefully consider the sense in which their courses reflect reality.
Reversal of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage-induced Vasoconstriction with an Endothelin Receptor Antagonist

Increased concentrations of the vasoconstrictor endothelin have recently been demonstrated in the cerebrospinal fluid after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). This observation is consistent with the hypothesis that SAH-induced vasopasm is mediated in part by enhanced constriction due to endothelin. To investigate the issue, an endothelin receptor antagonist (ETant), cyclo(D-Asp-L-Pro-D-Val-L-Leu-D-Trp), was tested for its ability to reverse vasoconstriction after SAH. A transclival surgical approach to the basilar artery in rabbits was used, and the arterial diameter was measured continuously by videomicroscopy. Rabbits were divided randomly into six groups: 1) normal rabbits treated with 40 nmol/L ETant only; 2) normal rabbits treated with 50 mmol/L KCl, then 50 mmol/L KCl + 40 nmol/L ETant; 3) normal rabbits treated with 20 nmol/L endothelin-1 (ET-1), then 20 nmol/L ET-1 + 40 nmol/L ETant; 4) rabbits treated with 20 nmol/L ET-1 only; 5) rabbits subjected to SAH and treated with 40 nmol/L ETant; and 6) rabbits subjected to SAH and treated with artificial cerebrospinal fluid only. In normal (non-SAH) rabbits, ETant: 1) had little or no effect on resting tone; 2) did not reverse potassium-induced constrictions; and 3) substantially reversed endothelin-induced constrictions. The diameter of normal rabbit basilar arteries was 832.1 +/- 20.0 microns (mean +/- standard error). After SAH (double hemorrhage model), the mean diameter was 517.4 +/- 18.3 microns. The addition of ETant reversed this SAH-induced constriction by 70.7%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Cyclopentadienyl-triethylphosphine-copper(I) and bis-cyclopentadienylmercury(II)

Abstract The compound C 5 H 5 Cu P(C 2 H 5 ) 3 has been prepared by the reaction of cyclopentadiene and triethylphosphine on cuprous oxide; it is a white crystalline solid stable to water. The compound (C 5 H 5 ) 2 Hg has been prepared by the reaction of mercuric chloride with sodium cyclopentadienide in tetrahydrofuran; it is a yellow solid which is stable towards water but decomposes readily thermally and in light. The chemical properties, ultraviolet and infrared spectra of these compounds are described, and are compared with those of cyclopentadienyl-trimethylsilicon and some “sandwich bonded” cyclopentadienyl compounds.
A technique for assessing strength of a smoking preference in monkeys.

Three rhesus monkeys were trained to puff 1 of 2 tubes in order to obtain water. Cigarette smoke was delivered through one tube while air was delivered through the other. One of the monkeys showed a preference for the tube delivering air. Another monkey showed a preference for the tube delivering smoke. The third monkey showed no smoke or air preference. This technique therefore allowed smoking to be distinguished from puffing.
Ophthalmic Practice of Charles H. Mayo, M.D.

With no formal training in ophthalmology, Dr. Charles H. Mayo (the younger Mayo brother) undertook the unwanted task of diagnosing ocular disease and managing patients with such disorders in rural southeastern Minnesota during the 20-year period 1889 through 1908. This endeavor was ancillary to a busy general practice in partnership with his father and older brother. A series of his office ledgers provides a daily panorama of the foibles, remedies, and diagnoses associated with an ophthalmic practice during that era.
Photochemically degradable polymers containing metal-metal bonds along their backbones

Abstract This review describes the synthesis and photochemistry of polymers that contain metal–metal bonds along their backbones. Such polymers are photodegradable because the metal–metal bonds are photolyzed by visible light. Understanding the factors that control the rate of polymer photodegradation is important for the technological applications of these materials, and this review focuses on two such factors, namely the radical cage effect and the applied stress on the polymer. With regard to the cage effect, data are reviewed showing that the kd/kc ratio (i.e. the ratio of the rate constant for diffusive separation out of the cage to that for radical–radical recombination in the cage) is proportional to m1/2/r2, where m is the mass of the radical fragment and r the radius. The effect of stress on a polymer undergoing degradation is to increase the initial separation of the radical particles following photolysis of a bond along the backbone. The increase in separation of the radicals decreases the likelihood of radical–radical recombination, leading to an increase in degradation efficiency. Quantitative knowledge of these and other factors that control polymer degradation will eventually allow synthesis of an ideal photodegradable polymer—one that has a tunable onset of degradation and that degrades quickly once degradation has started.
RF B-field effects in inductive plasma sources

Summary form only given. For inductive plasma sources, the RF electric field E/sub rf/ decays going into the plasma owing to the skin effect and finite geometry. This short scale length gives rise to a strong RF magnetic field B/sub rf//spl prop/1/f, where f is the RF frequency. The resulting qv/spl times/B/sub rf/ force for electrons typically exceeds the qE/sub rf/ force for f/spl les/14 MHz. In the linear regime (/spl nu//sub rf//spl Lt//spl nu//sub thermal/), the magnitude of the collisionless (or stochastic) heating for an isotropic distribution is not changed by B/sub rf/, but it does cause the energy to be deposited primarily in the velocity component along E/sub rf//spl times/B/sub rf/ rather than along E/sub rf/. In the nonlinear regime, B/sub rf/ can stop most of the electrons before they reach the wall sheath, with an effect that is qualitatively like a ponderomotive potential. Here the collisionless heating level is reduced below that predicted from linear theory. Analytical results are given for the for the nonlinear regime when the transit time is either small or large compared to the wave period, and linear regime with arbitrary transit time, and compared to numerical results. Numerical results with a self-consistent DC potential show improved plasma uniformity, as expected from the ponderomotive-like effect. Collisions in the field region can modify these results; this is explored numerically by adding a model for pitch-angle scattering.
Dissecting yeast Hog1 MAP kinase pathway using a chemical genetic approach

Using a chemical genetic approach, we identified four novel physiological substrates of Hog1 kinase (Krs1, Tdh3, Hsp26, and Shm2). These substrates suggest plausible mechanisms for actin reorganization, cell cycle arrest and regulation of protein synthesis observed upon osmotic stress. We further show that the human homolog of Shm2 (SHMT1) is a novel physiological substrate of p38 MAP kinase in vitro and in vivo. Down-regulation of its enzymatic activity was observed following p38-mediated phosphorylation revealing a potential cancer-modulating property of p38 MAP kinase. This screen has uncovered several novel Hog1 substrates that provide new avenues for investigation into the mechanism of osmoadaptation by this kinase.
Nontraditional activities and the efficiency of US commercial banks

Abstract In recent years, an increasing portion of bank income has been generated through nontraditional activities. Most studies of bank efficiency do not include any measure of nontraditional activities when measuring outputs. In this paper, cost, revenue, and profit efficiency are estimated by using models with and without nontraditional output. The results suggest that the standard model which omits nontraditional output understates bank efficiency. Evidence also surfaces that based on efficiency, the relative ranking of individual banks changes when nontraditional activities are included as a type of output.
N = 3 warped compactifications

Orientifolds with three-form flux provide some of the simplest string examples of warped compactification. In this paper we show that some models of this type have the unusual feature of $D=4,$ $\mathcal{N}=3$ spacetime supersymmetry. We discuss their construction and low energy physics. Although the local form of the moduli space is fully determined by supersymmetry, to find its global form requires a careful study of the Bogomol'nyi-Prasad-Sommerfield spectrum.
Flavin‐containing monooxygenase isoform specificity for the N‐oxidation of tamoxifen determined by product measurement and NADPH oxidation

The Km value for tamoxifen is 1.2 mM for mouse FMO1 (human FMO1 is not expressed in adults) and 1.4 mM for human FMO3, with no detectable activity being expressed toward tamoxifen by FMO5 from either mouse or human. These data are derived from experiments using 3H-tamoxifen as substrate in which the product, tamoxifen N-oxide, was measured directly. It was not possible to derive meaningful data from the measurement of NADPH consumption because Escherichia coli preparations, in the presence of tamoxifen, regardless of whether the E. coli was expressing an FMO isoform, consumed large amounts of NADPH without the appearance of tamoxifen N-oxide or other discernable product.
Correlation of Rickettsial Titers, Circulating Endotoxin, and Clinical Features in Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

• Blood rickettsial titers, skin biopsy results, and circulating endotoxin measurements were correlated with the clinical course of disease in patients with Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF). Nine of 11 patients with documented RMSF had Rickettsia rickettsii isolated from plasma samples. Of the eight patients in whom rickettsial titers were measured, seven had 10 0.7 to 10 1.2 median tissue culture infective doses (TCID 50 ) per milliliter; all seven had mild to moderately severe disease. One patient with fulminant, fatal untreated RMSF had 10 3 TCID 50 /mL of postmortem plasma. Two patients from whom rickettsiae were not isolated had positive direct immunofluorescent stains of skin biopsy material for R rickettsii . Circulating endotoxin was present in two patients, one with documented rickettsemia and one with a positive skin biopsy alone. Only low levels of circulating rickettsiae are present in patients with moderately severe disease. Measurement of plasma endotoxin is not useful in the early diagnosis of RMSF. ( Arch Intern Med 1983;143:1149-1151)
Some aspects of iron uptake by rat hepatocytes in suspension.

Abstract 1. 1. Ferrous iron was taken up from rat hepatocytes by a simple diffusion process, though the cells were able to concentrate it from the medium. 2. 2. Uptake of ferric iron was apparently receptor mediated. 3. 3. Uptake of transferrin-bound iron was complex: at low iron saturation levels, it was apparently receptor mediated; at iron saturation levels of 30% and above, simple diffusion without temperature dependence was observed. 4. 4. In 1–3 above, iron appearing in the cell sap was present bound to ferritin, an intracellular transferrin, and as a small-molecular weight chelate.
Einstein's theory in a three-dimensional space-time

As a preparation for studying quantum models, we analyze unusual features of Einstein's theory of gravitation in a three-dimensional space-time. In three dimensions, matter curves space-time only locally and the gravitational field has no dynamical degrees of freedom. The standard correspondence of Einstein's theory with Newton's theory breaks down. A dust distribution moves without any geodesic deviation between the particles. The cosmological models and relativistic stars behave in a qualitatively different way from their Newtonian counterparts. These features are important for the correct understanding of mini-superspace models.
Free Radical-Dependent Dysfunction of Small-for-Size Rat Liver Grafts: Prevention by Plant Polyphenols

Background & Aims: The mechanisms by which smallfor-size liver grafts decrease survival remain unclear. This study investigated the role of free radicals in injury to small-for-size grafts. Methods: Rat liver explants were reduced in size ex vivo and transplanted into recipients of the same or greater body weight, resulting in a graft weight and standard liver weight of approximately 50% and 25%, respectively. A polyphenol extract from Camellia sinenesis (20 g/mL) or an equivalent concentration of epicatechin was added to the storage solution and the lactated Ringer poststorage rinse solution. Results: Serum alanine aminotransferase release increased from approximately 60 U/L before implantation to 750, 1410, and 2520 U/L after full-size, half-size, and quarter-size transplantation, respectively. Total bilirubin increased slightly after transplantation of full-size and half-size grafts but increased 104-fold in quarter-size grafts. In quarter-size grafts, histological changes included necrosis, leukocyte infiltration, and eosinophilic inclusion body formation. Polyphenol treatment ameliorated these effects by >67%. Survival was 30% after transplantation of small-for-size grafts. After polyphenol treatment, survival increased to 70%. Free radicals in bile assessed by spin trapping and 4-hydroxynonenal adducts measured by immunohistochemistry were also greater in reduced-size grafts, an effect ameliorated by polyphenols. Epicatechin, a major polyphenol from Camellia sinenesis, also improved graft function and decreased enzyme release, histopathologic changes, and free radical formation. Conclusions: Increased formation of free radicals occurs after transplantation of reducedsize livers, which contributes to graft dysfunction and failure. Plant polyphenols decrease liver graft injury and increase survival of small-for-size liver grafts, most likely by scavenging free radicals.
Viscous Shear Flow Model for MOS Device Radiation Sensitivity

A model is presented which relates MOS processing steps and design parameters to the ionizing radiation sensitivity of hardened MOS devices. The model is based on combining the viscous properties of SiO/sub 2/ at typical processing temperatures with stresses arising in the SiO/sub 2/ on Si system during oxidation and subsequent high-temperature cycles. The model explains the recently observed dependence of radiation-induced flatband voltage shifts upon SiO/sub 2/ thickness cubed. Quantitative comparison with experiment is obtained for the relations of flatband voltage shift on post-oxidation annealing temperature and on oxide growth temperature. Several processing changes to further harden both dry and wet oxides are suggested by the model.
Trends in hospital deaths among human immunodeficiency virus–infected patients during the antiretroviral therapy era, 1995 to 2011

OBJECTIVE Mortality in hospitalized human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients is not well described. We sought to characterize in-hospital deaths among HIV-infected patients in the antiretroviral (ART) era and identify factors associated with mortality. METHODS We reviewed the medical records of hospitalized HIV-infected patients who died from January 1, 1995 to December 31, 2011 at an urban teaching hospital. We evaluated trends in early and late ART use and deaths due to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and non-AIDS, and identified clinical and demographic correlates of non-AIDS deaths. RESULTS In-hospital deaths declined significantly from 1995 to 2011 (P < 0.0001); those attributable to non-AIDS increased (43% to 70.5%, P < 0.0001). Non-AIDS deaths were most commonly caused by non-AIDS infection (20.3%), cardiovascular (11.3%) and liver disease (8.5%), and non-AIDS malignancy (7.8%). Patients with non-AIDS compared to AIDS-related deaths were older (median age 48 vs 40 years, P < 0.0001), more likely to be on ART (74.1% vs 55.8%, P = 0.0001), less likely to have a CD4 count of <200 cells/mm3 (47.2% vs 97.1%, P < 0.0001), and more likely to have an HIV viral load of ≤400 copies/mL (38.1% vs 4.1%, P < 0.0001). Non-AIDS deaths were associated with 4.5 and 4.2 times greater likelihood of comorbid underlying liver and cardiovascular disease, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Non-AIDS deaths increased significantly during the ART era and are now the most common cause of in-hospital deaths; non-AIDS infection, cardiovascular and liver disease, and malignancies were major contributors to mortality. Higher CD4 cell count, liver, and cardiovascular comorbidities were most strongly associated with non-AIDS deaths. Interventions targeting non–AIDS-associated conditions are needed to reduce inpatient mortality among HIV-infected patients. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2015;10:608–614. © 2015 Society of Hospital Medicine
The local effect of intermittency on the inertial subrange energy spectrum of the atmospheric surface layer

Orthonormal wavelet expansions are applied to atmospheric surface layer velocity measurements. The effect of intermittent events on the energy spectrum of the inertial subrange is investigated through analysis of wavelet coefficients. The local nature of the orthonormal wavelet transform in physical space makes it possible to identify a relationship between the inertial subrange slope of the local wavelet spectrum and a simple indicator (i.e. the local variance of the signal) of local intermittency buildup. The slope of the local wavelet energy spectrum in the inertial subrange is shown to be sensitive to the presence of intermittent events. During well developed intermittent events (coherent structures), the slope of the energy spectrum is somewhat steeper than -5/3, while in less active regions the slope is found to be flatter than -5/3. When the slopes of local wavelet spectra are ensemble averaged, a slope of -5/3 is recovered for the inertial subrange.
Ti diffusion in quartz

Abstract We have measured Ti diffusion in quartz under dry 1-atm conditions. Experiments were performed using synthetic and natural quartz and a TiO2 powder source, with Ti profiles obtained by Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS). Over the temperature range 700–1150 °C, the following Arrhenius relation was obtained for diffusion parallel to (001): D Ti = 7 × 10 − 8 exp ⁡ ( − 273 ± 12 kJ mol − 1 / R T ) m 2 sec − 1 Similar diffusivities were obtained for both synthetic and natural quartz, and for a range of Ti source materials, including natural titanite powder and rutile–quartz single crystal diffusion couples. Although Ti diffusion appears slightly slower in the direction normal to c, this difference is not great. Using these diffusion parameters, calculations indicate that distances over which diffusional alteration of Ti concentrations in quartz could occur in a million years would be on order of 500 μm at 800 °C, and ∼ 15 μm at 600 °C. The Arrhenius relation above should be broadly applicable, and may find application in constraining metamorphic histories under conditions where the Ti-in-quartz geothermometer can be reasonably applied. This relation can also be used to constrain peak temperatures and cooling histories from observations of exsolved rutile needles in quartz and the width of the Ti-depleted zone that develops around the growing needles. Finally, these findings may find utility in evaluating crystal residence times in magmatic systems when coupled with observations of the sharpness of zoning patterns in quartz.
A Thin-Film SOI 180nm CMOS RF Switch

This paper describes a single pole, single throw (SPST) 180nm CMOS thin film SOI switch developed for the most difficult cellular and 802.11x RF switch applications. We will show that power handling, linearity, insertion loss, isolation and switching times are competitive with switch applications utilizing GaAs pHEMT and silicon- on-sapphire technologies. Index Terms — RF switch, thin film SOI, wireless, CMOS I. INTRODUCTION The majority of transceivers in wireless communication systems require a switch to provide isolation between the transmitter and receiver, and flexibility in connecting the antenna(s) to the transmitter or receiver optimized for the needed communication standard in multi-mode systems. In addition to having sufficient isolation, a switch requires low insertion loss to maintain high transmitter efficiency and low receiver noise figure. High linearity is important to ensure that the amplitude and phase information of the modulated signal is maintained and to prevent intermodulation distortion. Switching times much faster than 1us are important in standards such as 802.11a (1) to ensure the full amount of power is available to or from the antenna when required. These performance requirements have historically motivated the selection of GaAs (2) or silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) technologies (3) for RF switch applications. These technologies provide a semi-insulating or insulating substrate, respectively, that offer small substrate parasitic coupling. Reduced substrate coupling minimizes insertion loss, removes a significant source of harmonic frequency generation, and helps ensure uniform voltage division in the stacked transistor configurations that are required for high power applications. However, integrating multi- mode and multi-band capabilities forces a complex integration of T/R switches, e.g. single-pole nine-throw (SP9T). Such complex switch integration requires high- yielding technology such as silicon based CMOS. GaAs and SOS technologies suffer cost and/or integration disadvantages in comparison with purely silicon technologies. Several authors have investigated RF switches fabricated on silicon wafers using nMOS as the switch device (4-6). Recent technology and design improvements have been closing the gap between silicon switch implementations and GaAs or SOS approaches. This paper describes several SPST switch configurations that have been built using the 180nm silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology optimized for RF switch applications (7), and their measured results. How these measured results compared to simulations and other technologies are also discussed.
Multiphase Segmentation of Deformation using Logarithmic Priors

In [8], the authors proposed the large deformation log-unbiased diffeomorphic nonlinear image registration model which has been successfully used to obtain theoretically and intuitively correct deformation maps. In this paper, we extend this idea to simultaneously registering and tracking deforming objects in a sequence of two or more images. We generalize a level set based Chan-Vese multiphase segmentation model to consider Jacobian fields while segmenting regions of growth and shrinkage in deformations. Deforming objects are thus classified based on magnitude of homogeneous deformation. Numerical experiments demonstrating our results include a pair of two-dimensional synthetic images and pairs of two-dimensional and three-dimensional serial MRI images.
Polarization-analyzed small-angle neutron scattering. II. Mathematical angular analysis

Polarization-analyzed small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is a powerful tool for the study of magnetic morphology with directional sensitivity. Building upon polarized scattering theory, this article presents simplified procedures for the reduction of longitudinally polarized SANS into terms of the three mutually orthogonal magnetic scattering contributions plus a structural contribution. Special emphasis is given to the treatment of anisotropic systems. The meaning and significance of scattering interferences between nuclear and magnetic scattering and between the scattering from magnetic moments projected onto distinct orthogonal axes are discussed in detail. Concise tables summarize the algorithms derived for the most commonly encountered conditions. These tables are designed to be used as a reference in the challenging task of extracting the full wealth of information available from polarization-analyzed SANS.
OBSERVATION OF NOISE AND DISSIPATION EFFECTS ON DYNAMICAL LOCALIZATION

We observe the effects of noise and dissipation on dynamical localization. Our system consists of cold cesium atoms in a pulsed standing wave of light, and is an experimental realization of the $\ensuremath{\delta}$-kicked rotor. We compare the effects of amplitude noise with those of spontaneous scattering. The experimental signature in both cases is an increased growth in energy, with qualitatively similar momentum distributions.
The effect of powder sintering on the palladium-catalyzed formation of carbon nanofibers from ethylene-oxygen mixtures

Abstract Carbon nanofiber growth on palladium particles from ethylene–oxygen mixtures was investigated with respect to thermal history. Electron microscopy, combined with focused ion beam cross-sectioning show particles sinter quickly, but can be stabilized by the addition of a short carbon deposition step at a temperature below the general reaction temperature. This step generates a thin layer of carbon on the catalyst which reduces sintering once the temperature is raised to the optimal reaction temperature. For example, high temperature (e.g. 500 °C) catalyst pre-treatment leads to catalyst particle sintering, and subsequent fiber growth produces large diameter fibers. In contrast, small diameter fibers form on catalyst particles pretreated at low temperature (ca. 350 °C), even if the fibers are grown at a temperature at which deposition rates are faster (e.g. 550 °C). These results led to the development of unique multiple temperature fiber growth protocols that produce smaller diameter fibers while improving the deposition rate.
Unsteady flow through an underdrained earth dam

An analytical treatment is given of the problem of the establishment of the flow through a dam or levee with a horizontal underdrain, when the head behind it is raised and then kept at a constant value. The essential idea employed in the analysis is to consider the unsteady flow as a time-dependent perturbation of the final steady flow. The unsteady potential ϕ( x , y , t ) is expanded in a power series of e −λt , of the form $\phi (x,y,t) = \phi_0(x,y) + \phi_1(x,y)e^ {\lambda t} + O(e^{-2\lambda t})$ where ϕ 0 ( x , y ) is the known steady-state potential, ϕ 1 ( x , y ) is a perturbation potential and O ( e −2λt ) = ϕ 2 ( x , y ) e −2δt + ϕ 3 ( x , y ) e −3λt + …. Each of the terms ϕ n ( x , y ) e −nλt can be thought of as being a perturbation term of its precursor in the series, and the present approach is limited to the computation of the first perturbation term ϕ 1 ( x , y ) e −λt . It is shown that ϕ 1 satisfies Laplace's equation ∇ 2 ϕ 1 = 0 in a dimensionless hodograph plane. The free-boundary condition is linear but complicated, containing the eigenvalue λ, which is fixed by a determinantal equation. The amplitude of the displacement of the free surface is left undetermined; only the mode of the motion and the eigenvalue are computed. The results of a numerical example are summarized.
Pleiotropic Roles of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Tumor Angiogenesis: Contrasting, Overlapping and Compensatory Functions

A number of extensive reviews are available discussing the roles of MMPs in various aspects of cancer progression from benign tumor formation to overt cancer present with deadly metastases. This review will focus specifically on the evidence functionally linking the MMPs and tumor-induced angiogenesis in various in vivo models. Emphasis has been placed on the cellular origin of the MMPs in tumor tissue, the requirement of proMMP activation and the resulting proteolytic activity for the induction and progression of tumor angiogenesis, and the pleiotropic roles for some of the MMPs. The functional mechanisms of the angiogenic MMPs are discussed as well as their catalytic detection in complex biological systems. In addition, the contribution of active MMPs to metastatic spread and establishment of secondary metastasis will be discussed in view of the findings indicating that MMPs are involved in the preparation of pre-metastatic niches. Finally, the most recent evidence, indicating the pro-metastatic consequences of anti-angiogenic therapies employing MMP inhibitors will be presented as examples highlighting possible outcomes of interfering with the pleiotropic nature of the MMP functionality.
Correcting Grammatical Verb Errors

Verb errors are some of the most common mistakes made by non-native writers of English but some of the least studied. The reason is that dealing with verb errors requires a new paradigm; essentially all research done on correcting grammatical errors assumes a closed set of triggers ‐ e.g., correcting the use of prepositions or articles ‐ but identifying mistakes in verbs necessitates identifying potentially ambiguous triggers first, and then determining the type of mistake made and correcting it. Moreover, once the verb is identified, modeling verb errors is challenging because verbs fulfill many grammatical functions, resulting in a variety of mistakes. Consequently, the little earlier work done on verb errors assumed that the error type is known in advance. We propose a linguistically-motivated approach to verb error correction that makes use of the notion of verb finiteness to identify triggers and types of mistakes, before using a statistical machine learning approach to correct these mistakes. We show that the linguistically-informed model significantly improves the accuracy of the verb correction approach.
Relationship between lattice and continuum definitions of the gauge-theory coupling

We generalize the background-field method to lattice gauge theories. By evaluating the lattice partition function in a weak background lattice field for weak coupling we determine the relationship between the lattice definition of the coupling and that of dimensional regularization. This corresponds to a determination of the ratio of the renormalization scale parameters for these definitions. We find, for an $\mathrm{SU}(N)$ lattice gauge theory with the Wilson action, that ${(\frac{{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{\overline{\mathrm{M}}\overline{\mathrm{S}}}}{{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{L}})}_{\mathrm{SU}(N)}=38.852704\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}\frac{3{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}}{11{N}^{2}})$.
Importance of white blood cells in platelet storage

Platelet concentrates from 290 healthy donors collected in CPD anticoagulant and PL-146 polyvinylchloride containers were stored for 72 h at 22 +/- 0.5 degrees C under standard conditions to investigate variables affecting the quality of stored platelets. In addition to the expected inverse relationship between pH and platelet count (p less than 0.001), a significant inverse correlation between pH and white blood cell count (WBC) was also noted (p less than 0.01). Platelets from female donors developed a lower pH than those from male donors; this difference could not be accounted for by any of the variables analyzed other than sex. To investigate the relationship between WBC and pH further, 15 units of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) were depleted of WBCs by slow centrifugation prior to being stored for 3 days. This resulted in a mean loss of 10% of the platelets and 75% of the WBCs. The average post-storage pH of the 15 WBC-poor concentrates (7.06 +/- 0.02) was significantly higher than that of routinely prepared concentrates containing the same number of platelets (6.54 +/- 0.43) (p less than 0.001). Production of lactic acid and consumption of glucose was markedly diminished in leukocyte-poor concentrates. These data suggest that WBCs significantly affect the metabolic activity of platelet concentrates and that the quality of stored platelets can be improved by reducing the number of contaminating leukocytes. Measurement of leukocytes may be important in quality control of platelet concentrates.
Exploring the Retrieval Dynamics of Delayed and Final Free Recall: Further Evidence for Temporal-Contextual Search.

Retrieval dynamics in free recall were explored based on a two-stage search model that relies on temporal-contextual cues. Participants were tested on both delayed and final free recall and correct recalls, errors, and latency measures were examined. In delayed free recall participants began recall with the first word presented and tended to recall items in a forward manner leading to large primacy and small recency effects. In final free recall participants tended to begin recall with a word from the last list presented and the first word in that list. Participants tended to cluster words based on list membership and the results for within list clusters were very similar to the delayed free recall results. Furthermore, participants tended to cluster items based on the output position from the initial delayed free recall test. When switching to a new list of items, participants tended to switch to lists presented in close temporal proximity to the current list and then recall the first word in the new list similar to delayed free recall. Overall the results are consistent with a two-stage search model in which temporal-contextual cues are used to retrieve items.
Residential building stakeholders' attitudes and beliefs regarding nail gun injury risks and prevention.

Pneumatic nail guns are ubiquitous at residential construction sites across the United States. These tools are noted for the traumatic injuries that can occur from their operation. Different trigger mechanisms on these tools are associated with different levels of risk. Residential building subcontractors and workers, both native-born and immigrant, were brought together in focus groups to discuss their attitudes and beliefs regarding risk factors for nail gun injury as well as barriers to the adoption of safer technology. Participants' comments are organized first by influences on traumatic injury occurrence or prevention and later by sociotechnical system category. Participants attributed influences on injury risk to personal and external causation factors in all sociotechnical system categories; however, participants more frequently described influences on injury prevention as related to workers' behaviors, rather than to external factors. A discussion of these influences with respect to attribution theory and sociotechnical models of injury causation is presented. Language: en
Marking Death: Representations of Beliefs about the Dead in Ukrainian Cemeteries

Cemeteries are repositories of concrete depictions of beliefs about the dead. Their location and layout, the vegetation growing on and around graves, and grave markers all serve as physical representations of beliefs about the dead, of the relationship between the living and the dead, and reflect cultural concerns. As I mentioned in my doctoral dissertation, The Dearly Not-Quite Departed: Funerary Rituals and Beliefs About the Dead in Ukrainian Culture, the arrangements of graves. the placement of grave markers, and the inscriptions on grave markers in Ukrainian cemeteries have symbolic significance; they illuminate elements of Ukrainian beliefs about the dead. Although I cannot present every aspect of this subject here, I will demonstrate that an examination ofthe material culture of funerary rituals, and of cemeteries and their contents, provides evidence of concern with boundaries and demonstrates that death is depicted in terms of territorial boundaries. The data in this article comes primarily from my field work in Ukraine. The bulk of my fieldwork was carried out in the spring and summer of 1997 with native folklorists and ethnographers in central, southern, and western Ukraine. The material culture, such as grave markers and cemetery layout, is depicted in photographs from my fieldwork in all three regions in my dissertation, although I am not able to include them here. The focus of my discussion here will be territorial symbolism depicting beliefs about the journey the dead undergo and that depicting the relationship between the living and the dead. My analysis relies heavily on Mary Douglas' theories on order, disorder and anomaly. \ Although she discusses neither funerals nor Ukrainian folklore in her work, these theories can illuminate a number of aspects of Ukrainian funerary rituals, including territorial symbolism. According to Douglas, humans have a need to impose order on existence in order to deal with the multitude of occurrences, objects, and people they encounter in daily life. People impose order by creating categories and attempting to fit all that they encounter into these categories. Those elements which do not fit are anomalies: Douglas defines anomaly as "an element which does not fit a given set or series."~ She predicates portions of her theories on the concept that societies are structured and therefore have boundaries and margins, and points out that margins can be dangerous. Both boundaries and margins are anomalous (or at least ambiguous) in that they belong to neither one nor the other category, hence their designation as potential dangers. Tied into this concept is the idea that the body serves as a symbol for society, and concerns about entrances and exits (which are margins in that they are the outer limits of the object in question) can be represented on the body. These ideas are relevant in that a number of instances of marking and crossing boundaries appear not only in funerary rituals, but also in graveyards. Based on my visits to a number of cemeteries in different regions of Ukraine, Ukrainian
60-Hz electric fields: detection by female rats.

Female rats were trained to detect a vertical, 60-Hz electric field using the same apparatus and procedure the authors used previously to study behavioral detection of the field by male rats. Each rat was trained individually to press a lever in the presence of the field and not to press in its absence. Correct detections occasionally produced a food pellet. The probability of detecting the field increased as field strength increased. The threshold of detection - i.e., the field strength required for detections at a probability of 0.5 after correction for errors - varied among rats between 3 and 10 kV/m. Behavioral detection by female rats was indistinguishable from that by male rats. 17 references, 1 figure.