cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) as an anti-inflammatory cytokine: induction of circulating IL-1 receptor antagonist and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor p55

The aim of this study was to investigate whether interleukin (IL)-6 induces the production of IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists. Serial plasma samples were obtained from cancer patients participating in phase I and II trials of recombinant IL-6 administered as a 120-hour continuous intravenous (IV) infusion. Plasma IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) and soluble TNF receptor p55 (TNFsRp55) levels were measured by specific radioimmunoassays (RIAs). IL-1Ra levels increased rapidly, reaching peak values (9.6 +/- 1.7 ng/mL) within 2 to 4 hours of beginning treatment. Thereafter, levels promptly declined, reaching near baseline within 24 hours despite continuation of IL-6. TNFsRp55 plasma levels increased within 4 to 8 hours after initiating treatment and increased progressively throughout the duration of therapy. IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha plasma levels were below the detection limit in all samples tested. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) exposed to IL-6 produced only small amounts (1.56 +/- 0.3 ng/mL) of IL-1Ra, even in the presence of exogenous soluble IL-6 receptor (gp80). TNFsRp55 levels measured in the supernatants of IL-6-stimulated PBMC were below the detection limit of the assay. Macrophages generated by culturing monocytes in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were much more responsive to IL-6 than freshly isolated unfractionated or adherent PBMC and synthesized almost as much IL-1Ra when stimulated with IL-6 as with endotoxin. These results suggest that the antinflammatory properties of IL-6 may be due; in part, to the induction of IL-1Ra synthesis and the release of soluble TNF receptors. Our findings also suggest that tissue macrophages may be an important source of IL-6-induced IL-1Ra.
Putting North America’s End-Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinction in Context

After many decades of debate, the North American end-Pleistocene megafaunal mass extinction remains a lightning rod of controversy. The extraordinarily divergent opinions expressed in this volume show that no resolution is in sight. My own position is quite heterodox: I believe that the overkill hypothesis, at least in general terms, already has been “proven” as thoroughly as any historical hypothesis can be. All of the key evidence was available years ago, and all of it firmly refutes competing, ecologically oriented hypotheses (Martin, 1967, 1984). The event’s timing, rapidity, selectivity, and geographic pattern all make good sense according to the anthropogenic model, and no sense at all otherwise. To my eyes, this assessment is so clear-cut that further “tests” (e.g., Beck, 1996) are not really necessary.
Properties of Random Fields

This chapter provides the necessary background on random fields for understanding the subsequent chapters on prediction and inference for random fields. The focus here is on weakly stationary random fields (defined later in this section) and the associated spectral theory. Some previous exposure to Fourier methods is assumed. A knowledge of the theory of characteristic functions at the level of a graduate course in probability (see, for example, Billingsley (1995), Chung (1974), or Feller (1971)) should, for the most part, suffice. When interpolating a random field, the local behavior of the random field turn out to be critical (see Chapter 3). Accordingly, this chapter goes into considerable detail about the local behavior of random fields and its relationship to spectral theory.
Empirical Risk Minimization in Non-interactive Local Differential Privacy Revisited

In this paper, we revisit the Empirical Risk Minimization problem in the non-interactive local model of differential privacy. In the case of constant or low dimensions ($p\ll n$), we first show that if the loss function is $(\infty, T)$-smooth, we can avoid a dependence of the sample complexity, to achieve error $\alpha$, on the exponential of the dimensionality $p$ with base $1/\alpha$ ({\em i.e.,} $\alpha^{-p}$), which answers a question in \cite{smith2017interaction}. Our approach is based on polynomial approximation. Then, we propose player-efficient algorithms with $1$-bit communication complexity and $O(1)$ computation cost for each player. The error bound is asymptotically the same as the original one. With some additional assumptions, we also give an efficient algorithm for the server. In the case of high dimensions ($n\ll p$), we show that if the loss function is a convex generalized linear function, the error can be bounded by using the Gaussian width of the constrained set, instead of $p$, which improves the one in \cite{smith2017interaction}.
Recent Research on Banks’ Financial Reporting and Financial Stability

Banks’ financial reporting requirements and discretionary choices may affect financial stability by altering one or more of the likelihood that banks violate regulatory capital requirements, banks’...
Do Small Area Fair Market Rents Reduce Racial Disparities in the Voucher Program

A lawsuit that argued that the method used to calculate rent limits in the Housing Choice Voucher Program promoted racial segregation in Dallas, Texas, resulted in the U.S. Department of Housing an...
Effect of Fabry-Perot Cavities on Concentration Quenching

We show that concentration quenching of emission of dye molecules - an energy transfer to quenching centers - is inhibited in subwavelength Fabry-Perot cavities (or metal-insulator-metal, MIM, waveguides). © 2019 The Author(s)
Identifying the benefits and risks of emerging integration methods for upper limb prosthetic devices in the United States: an environmental scan.

Objectives: Novel connective and control methods between an upper limb prosthetic device and end-user have large potential rewards and risks, making economic evaluation difficult.Methods: We conduc...
Total Syntheses of (±)- and (−)-Stemoamide

(±)-Stemoamide (1) was prepared in seven steps beginning with γ-chlorobutryl chloride (20) and succinimide (15), which were efficiently converted to the key alkyne oxazole 17 on a multigram scale. Intramolecular (Diels−Alder)−(retro-Diels−Alder) reaction of 17 then gave butenolide 12b directly upon aqueous workup. The remaining two stereocenters in 1 were established in a single step by a highly selective reduction of 12b (NaBH4/NiCl2), followed by equilibration to the thermodynamically favored natural configuration. In analogous fashion (−)-stemoamide (1) was prepared beginning with l-pyroglutamic acid (S-35).
Social entrepreneurship, stakeholder management, and the multiple fitness elements of sustainability: where cash is no longer king

Social entrepreneurs are driven to solve a particular social problem. Yet, they operate in a broad universe of stakeholders that expect the organization to at least not worsen a range of social ill...
Osmotically Driven and Detected DNA Translocations

A salinity gradient propels a DNA molecule through a solid-state nanopore and generates an ionic current whose change allows for the detection of the translocation. Measurements and theoretical analyses reveal the role of diffusio-osmosis in driving these phenomena: After accounting for known salinity-dependent electrode effects, the measured current change caused by the presence of a DNA molecule inside the nanopore and the DNA translocation speed through it both increase with the magnitude of the applied salinity gradients. The effects are consistent with the theory of diffuisio-osmosis and strong enough to enable DNA translocations to overcome an applied retarding potential of tens of millivolts. This work illustrates how salinity gradients can be used to power and operate a nanopore sensor.
Electromagnetic metamaterials and metasurfaces: historical overview, characterization, and the effect of length scales

Abstract The study of electromagnetic (EM) interactions with materials has a rich and long history dating back to Maxwell, Lord Rayleigh, Fresnel, and many others. Over these nearly 200 years, EM material development and applications have blossomed dramatically, culminating in the recent developments of metamaterials and metasurfaces. The prefix “meta” is a Greek preposition meaning (along with other things) “beyond”. Metamaterials are novel synthetic materials engineered to achieve unique properties not normally found in nature, i.e., materials beyond those occurring naturally. Metamaterials and metasurfaces are often engineered by arranging a set of small scatterers in a regular array throughout a region of space, thus obtaining some desirable bulk behavior or desired surface behavior. In this chapter we will discuss different aspects of these various metastructures, including a historical perspective, a discussion on the characterization of these metastructures, and a discussion on how these different metastructures behave on different length scales (that is, periodicity and inclusion size relative to the wavelength of interest).
Association between hidradenitis suppurativa, depression, anxiety, and suicidality: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Previous studies found conflicting results about whether hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is associated with depression or anxiety. Objectives To determine the relationship of HS with depression and anxiety. Methods A systematic review was performed of published observational studies in MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, Global Resource for Eczema Trials (GREAT), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), Cochrane, Scopus, and PsychInfo that analyzed depression or anxiety in HS. Two reviewers performed title/abstract review and data extraction. Meta-analysis was performed with random-effects weighting. Results Thirty-eight studies met inclusion criteria; 27 had sufficient data for meta-analysis. The prevalences of depression (26.5% vs 6.6%) and anxiety (18.1% vs 7.1%) were higher in persons with versus without HS. Patients with HS had higher odds of depression in 12 of 13 studies and pooled analysis (odds ratio, 2.54; 95% confidence interval, 2.15-3.01), and anxiety in 6 of 6 studies and pooled analysis (odds ratio, 2.00; 95% confidence interval, 1.66-2.42). Similar results were found in sensitivity analyses for different methods of HS diagnosis (physician diagnosed and chart review) and control groups (healthy and dermatologic control individuals). HS was associated with higher antidepressant and anxiolytic use and with suicidality, but not mean depression and anxiety scale scores. Limitations Individual-level data were unavailable. Conclusions Patients with HS have higher odds of depression, anxiety, and suicidality.
Origin of Mechanical Enhancement in Polymer Nanoparticle (NP) Composites with Ultrahigh NP Loading

Polymer nanoparticle composites (PNCs) with ultrahigh loading of nanoparticles (NPs) (>50%) have been shown to exhibit markedly improved strength, stiffness, and toughness simultaneously compared t...
Abstract 133: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Based Transient Ischemic Attack Triage In The Emergency Department Is Feasible And Safe

Objective: To evaluate the safety and feasibility of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based transient ischemic attack (TIA) triage pathway in the emergency department (ED). We hypothesized that an MRI based triage pathway in an academic setting would be feasible and associated with a low rate of stroke recurrence. Methods: From January 2010 to May 2011, consecutive patients assessed in our institution’s ED for suspicion of TIA were evaluated by a neurologist and underwent MRI with diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) and MRA of the head and neck within 12 hours per radiology department convention. By protocol, the neurologist recommended admission for patients with restricted diffusion on MRI, symptomatic vessel stenosis, or per clinical judgment. Final diagnosis was adjudicated by the treating neurologist at the time of discharge as definite or possible transient cerebrovascular event, or a non-cerebrovascular event. Stroke recurrence was evaluated at 1 week, 3 months, and 1 year with a telephone interview. Results: One hundred and twenty nine patients were enrolled with a mean age of 69 years (+/-16.8) and median ABCD 2 of 3 (IQR 3-4). Final diagnosis was definite transient cerebrovascular event in 77 (59.7%), possible in 21 (16.3%), and other in 31 (24%). At the time of triage, 112 (92%) patients underwent brain MRI in the ED after a median delay of 8.2 hours (IQR 4.8-14.7) from arrival and 15.7 hours (IQR 9.9-22.8) from symptom onset. No patients experienced a recurrent stroke before imaging. Twenty two (19.6%) patients had a positive DWI and 9 (8%) had a symptomatic vessel stenosis. All but two patients with a positive DWI or MRA were admitted. In total, 46 of the 129 (35.7%) patients were hospitalized and one (2.2%) had a recurrent stroke after 90 days. Of 83 patients discharged from the ED, one (1.2%) had a minor stroke at one week. This patient’s baseline MRI was DWI negative and MRA was without stenosis. Altogether, among 98 patients with a final diagnosis of possible or definite transient cerebrovascular event, the rate of recurrent stroke was 1.03% at 7 and 90 days, and 2.2% at one year. Conclusion: Acute evaluation of TIA using an MRI based triage approach is feasible and associated with a low rate of recurrent stroke.
A Rare Case of Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumor Arising From a Jejunal Pancreatic Heterotopia:

Pancreatic heterotopia is a well-described entity occurring at multiple abdominal sites, most commonly the stomach and small intestine. They can develop similar disease processes as the pancreas ranging from acute pancreatitis, cyst formation, or neoplasms, most commonly ductal adenocarcinoma. Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) arising in pancreatic heterotopias are exceedingly rare with only 3 prior published cases. In this article, we describe the first reported case of a NET arising in a jejunal pancreatic heterotopia in a 59-year-old woman presenting with abdominal pain and diarrhea. The submucosal tumor was composed of a well-differentiated NET (World Health Organization grade 1) directly intermixed with a heterotopic pancreas consisting of acinar cells, islet cells, and ducts. This case illustrates that NETs can occur in association with pancreatic heterotopias at any site. Also, the importance for pathologists to recognize that pancreatic heterotopias can give rise to a variety of neoplasms and is not limited to ductal adenocarcinoma.
A New RDL-First PoP Fan-Out Wafer-Level Package Process with Chip-to-Wafer Bonding Technology

Fan-Out Wafer-Level Interposer Package-on-Package (PoP) design has many advantages for mobile applications such as low power consumption, short signal path, small form factor and heterogeneous integration for multi-functions. In addition, it can be applied in various package platforms, including PoP, System-in-Package (SiP) and Chip Scale Package (CSP). These advantages come from advanced interconnection technology called a redistribution layer (RDL).However, a PoP-type RDL-base platform requires dual-side RDLs on both top and bottom sides to stack another package on top. In a monolithic process flow, that means the second RDL only can be fabricated after finishing all the first RDL and the assembly processes such as flip-chip bonding, molding and grinding. Therefore, this process flow is not quite as advantageous as a non-PoP type platform because chips can be lost during the second RDL process.In this paper, to address this RDL-base Interposer PoP challenge, a real chip-last process flow with a chip-to-wafer (C2W) bonding technology is introduced. And the results are presented of building and testing an RDL-base wafer-level Interposer PoP with a size of 12.5 x 12.5 mm2 and thickness of 0.357 mm including solder ball. The bottom side has a 3-layer RDL structure and the top RDL for the package stacking has a 1-layer structure. These RDLs are implemented with copper (Cu) lines with 5 μm/10 μm of line & space (L/S) and copper (Cu) cored solder balls (CCSBs) are used as the vertical interconnect components. The silicon die and CCSBs’ joint quality is confirmed by reliability testing. The test vehicle package passed all the reliability tests of moisture resistance test (MRT) L3, Temperature Cycle, Condition B (TCB) 1,000 cycles and high temperature storage (HTS) 1,000 hrs.
Higher-order Clustering in Complex Heterogeneous Networks

Heterogeneous networks are seemingly ubiquitous in the real world. Yet, most graph mining methods such as clustering have mostly focused on homogeneous graphs by ignoring semantic information in real-world systems. Moreover, most methods are based on first-order connectivity patterns (edges) despite that higher-order connectivity patterns are known to be important in understanding the structure and organization of such networks. In this work, we propose a framework for higher-order spectral clustering in heterogeneous networks through the notions of typed graphlets and typed-graphlet conductance. The proposed method builds clusters that preserve the connectivity of higher-order structures built up from typed graphlets. The approach generalizes previous work on higher-order spectral clustering. We theoretically prove a number of important results including a Cheeger-like inequality for typed-graphlet conductance that shows near-optimal bounds for the method. The theoretical results greatly simplify previous work while providing a unifying theoretical framework for analyzing higher-order spectral methods. Empirically, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the framework quantitatively for three important applications including clustering, compression, and link prediction.
Machine Learning-Based Cyber-attack Detection and Resilient Operation via Economic Model Predictive Control for Nonlinear Processes

This work proposes resilient operation strategies for nonlinear processes that are vulnerable to targeted cyber-attacks, as well as detection and handling of standard types of cyber-attacks. Working with a general class of nonlinear systems, a modified Lyapunov-based Economic Model Predictive Controller (LEMPC) using combined closed-loop and open-loop control action implementation schemes is proposed to optimize economic benefits in a time-varying manner while maintaining closed-loop process stability. Although sensor measurements may be vulnerable to cyber-attacks, the proposed controller design and operation strategy ensure that the process will maintain stability and stay resilient against particular types of destabilizing cyber-attacks. Data-based cyber-attack detectors are developed using sensor data via machine-learning methods, and these detectors are periodically activated and applied online in the context of process operation. Using a continuously stirred tank reactor example, simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the resilient control and detection strategy in maintaining stable and economically optimal operation in the presence of cyber-attacks.
A Basis for Comparison: The Congruence of Mother-Teacher Ratings of Externalizing Behavior as a Function of Family Size

The goal of the current study was to examine the role number of children in a family has on the discrepancy between mother- and teacher-reported externalizing problems. A total of 243 youth and mothers (Mage = 9.92 ± 2.84 years; age range: 8–16 years; 129 males and 114 females) presented for a psychological evaluation. Behavioral reports were gathered from the Child-Behavior Checklist and the Teacher Rating Form. A factorial analysis of variance first tested for mean-level discrepancies between informant reports across four sibling groups. Next, a polynomial regression analysis tested rank-order discrepancies as a function of sibling groups. Results indicated that mother-teacher mean-level discrepancies did not differ as a function of the number of children in the household. In contrast, rank-order discrepancies did differ across sibling groups; mothers with fewer children had higher congruence with teacher-reported externalizing problems. Overall, mother-teacher rank-order agreement was greatest when the child was an only child and decreased modestly with the first and each additional sibling. We discuss these findings in light of previous literature and provide direction for future literature examining mother-teacher informant discrepancies.
Tourism in the Sharing Economy: How Novelty Seeking Impacts Travel Intentions

This research is written for travel lodging online marketplaces (like Airbnb and HomeAway) and academics in e-commerce and travel industries. Lodging offered through online marketplaces is rapidly growing in popularity among travelers, yet the beliefs about these services and the motivations for using them are not well understood. This study explored key factors associated with lodging marketplace transactions, as well as traveler motivations. More specifically, the research focused on answering the following questions: What beliefs impact consumers' intention to reserve lodging through online lodging marketplaces such as Airbnb? and How does the motivation to travel for pleasure moderate the impact of online lodging marketplace beliefs on intention? It appears that motivation for travel is a key factor in the acceptance and use of online lodging marketplaces. Also, the four factors of novelty seeking—alleviation from boredom, change from routine, surprise, and thrill—extend the applicability of TPB to the sharing economy. Implications for tourism are discussed.
Water as a reactant in the first step of triosephosphate isomerase catalysis

The enzyme triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) performs a crucial role in the extraction of energy from glucose, doing so by converting dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) into glyceraldehyde phosphate, thereby doubling the yield of ATP molecules during glycolysis. The initial step of the mechanism is the seemingly unlikely abstraction of the pro-R methylene hydrogen from C1 by a conserved glutamate (Glu165), an assignment that has been both universally accepted yet a much-studied phenomenon for decades. In this work we introduce an alternative mechanism in which water as a strong general base abstracts the carbon proton acting effectively as hydroxide. We posit that strong electric fields associated with the substrate phosphate promote facile auto-ionization of water trapped near the phosphate dianion of DHAP and Glu165, an example of substrate assisted catalysis. Classical molecular dynamics simulations assert that the closest water oxygen atom is consistently closer to the pro-R H than the carboxylate oxygen atoms of the accepted base Glu165. Our proposal is further supported by quantum computations that confirm the implausibility of abstraction of the methylene hydrogen by glutamate and the ease with which it is abstracted by hydroxide. The necessity of Glu165 for efficient catalysis is attributed to its crucial involvement in trapping the vital water in an environment of high electric fields which promote ionization far more rapidly than in bulk solvent.
Context enabled decision aids to support the situation awareness and performance of risk engineers carrying out loss prevention surveys

Abstract Routine inspection by insurance companies at their clients’ facility, also known as loss prevention survey, help identify the best strategies to minimize damages when there is a high-speed wind event. More specifically, wind vulnerabilities associated with a building are evaluated using a process known as windstorm risk inspection. This routine inspection helps clients reduce the extent of damages caused by high-speed wind events including hurricane and tornado. Risk engineers make use of their subjective and analytical deduction skills to successfully carry out the inspection tasks. In this research the researchers investigated the effect of context-based visualization strategies on situation awareness and their understanding of the situation. The study examined how different types of information contribute towards the three levels of situation awareness. Following a between-subjects study design, 65 participants completed the study. Each session lasted 90–120 min. A checklist based and predictive display-based decision aids were tested and found to be effective in supporting the situation awareness requirements as well as performance of risk engineers. However, the predictive display only helped with certain tasks such as understanding the interaction among different components on the rooftop. For remaining tasks such as perceiving obvious issues like membrane tear, clogged drains and vegetation growth, checklist alone was sufficient. This study helped the understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of the decision aids tested. More specifically, these decision aids can improve the mental model of novice risk engineers. Additionally, this study provided insights that could help design training materials for infrastructure inspectors.
Acute exercise improves glucose effectiveness but not insulin sensitivity in paraplegia.

To determine the effect of a single session of arm crank ergometry (ACE) exercise on carbohydrate metabolism immediately and 24 h after the exercise bout in paraplegia and able-bodied controls (ABC...
The Structure and Function of the Normal c-myc Gene and Its Alteration in Malignant Cells

The c-myc gene, first discovered as the oncogene in an acute transforming avian retrovirus,(1) has subsequently been found to have important roles in the proliferation of both tumor and normal cells. The first major analyses of the normal structure of the c-myc gene and its altered structure in malignant cells followed the discovery that the c-myc gene is involved in the chromosomal translocations observed in human Burkitt lymphomas and murine plasmacytomas.(2–5) The finding that the deregulated expression of the c-myc gene appears to be contributing to the abnormal proliferation of many types of tumor cells suggested that c-myc may have an important role in the control of normal cellular proliferation. Later studies in normal cells have supported and extended this hypothesis implicating c-myc as an important gene in the entry and maintenance of cells in the growth cycle.(6) However, detailed knowledge of the exact function of the c-myc protein has been elusive as has a precise understanding of the complex regulation of c-myc gene expression in both normal and tumor cells.
Estimating minimally important difference (MID) in PROMIS pediatric measures using the scale-judgment method.

To assess minimally important differences (MIDs) for several pediatric self-report item banks from the National Institutes of Health Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System® (PROMIS®). We presented vignettes comprising sets of two completed PROMIS questionnaires and asked judges to declare whether the individual completing those questionnaires had an important change or not. We enrolled judges (including adolescents, parents, and clinicians) who responded to 24 vignettes (six for each domain of depression, pain interference, fatigue, and mobility). We used item response theory to model responses to the vignettes across different judges and estimated MID as the point at which 50 % of the judges would declare an important change. We enrolled 246 judges (78 adolescents, 85 parents, and 83 clinicians). The MID estimated with clinician data was about 2 points on the PROMIS T-score scale, and the MID estimated with adolescent and parent data was about 3 points on that same scale. The MIDs enhance the value of PROMIS pediatric measures in clinical research studies to identify meaningful changes in health status over time.
Information Security: Modeling the Unconscious Mind

We focus on the impact of individual habits of people on information security. More specifically, we ascertain the difference between conscious and unconscious errors in security breaches. Over the years, buzz words such as neuro-IS have come up, yet none have identified in a succinct manner, how issues pertaining to the human brain can be addressed.
Immigration Controls and “Modern-Day Slavery”

Are immigration controls the single biggest legal factor contributing to modern‐day slavery?In a national and international political moment in which immigration law and policy are being hotly debated, participants in the debate should recognize the impact of strict migration controls – one of the clearest results of the current U.S. immigration law reform effort – is to exacerbate conditions of immiseration that are frequently associated by anti‐trafficking advocates and reformers with "modern‐day slavery." Conversely, those who are fighting to end modern‐day slavery might be best advised to focus on immigration reform that relaxes border control and increases the rights and remedies of undocumented migrants, as the measures that could most provide immediate redress.
Effect of pressure and temperature on energy transfer between Cr 3 + and Tm 3 + in Y 3 Al 5 O 12

We present variable temperature (15--295 K) and pressure (ambient--102 kbar) studies of energy transfer in ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}:{\mathrm{Tm}}^{3+}:\mathrm{YAG}.$ The ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{Tm}}^{3+}$ energy-transfer rate was observed to increase with increasing temperature and to decrease with increasing pressure. The temperature study permitted us to identify three principal contributions to the overall energy-transfer rate from ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}:$ thermally activated transfer from the ${}^{4}{T}_{2}$ state, thermally activated transfer from the anti-Stokes sidebands of the ${}^{2}E$ state, and temperature independent transfer from the zero phonon and Stokes sideband transitions of the ${}^{2}E$ state. High pressure permitted us to increase the energy of the ${}^{4}{T}_{2}$ state relative to the ${}^{2}E$ state and to eliminate the contribution of the ${}^{4}{T}_{2}$ state to the energy-transfer process. As a result, the contribution of the ${}^{2}E$ state to the energy-transfer process was isolated and evaluated independently. A quantitative model based on F\"orster-Dexter theory was used to determine the energy-transfer rates as a function of temperature and pressure. Comparisons of limiting high-pressure and low-temperature energy-transfer rates with the energy-transfer rate at ambient conditions allowed us to separate and determine the relative importance of the three principal energy-transfer processes at ambient conditions. We found that energy transfer from the ${}^{4}{T}_{2}$ state is dominant at ambient conditions despite the fact that it is $\ensuremath{\sim}800{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ higher in energy than the ${}^{2}E$ state. Deviations from the Inokuti-Hirayama energy-transfer model observed under low-temperature or high-pressure conditions were shown to be due to preferential energy transfer to nonrandomly distributed ${\mathrm{Tm}}^{3+}$ acceptors. At high-temperature or low-pressure conditions, the overall energy-transfer rate is sufficiently fast to permit efficient transfer to the more numerous randomly distributed ${\mathrm{Tm}}^{3+}$ acceptors. Under these conditions, the Inokuti-Hirayama model becomes a valid description.
Karl Barth's Concept of the Divinity of Jesus Christ

Karl Barth's concept of the divinity of Jesus Christ is subject to two opposing interpretations. According to one, Barth maintains that Jesus Christ is a complete, human person who is distinct from God but who can be said to be divine because of God's unique presence in and with him. In this view, divinity in the strictest sense belongs only to God, but it can be attributed to Jesus because of his relation to God and his role as the special medium of God's revelation. If this interpretation were correct, Barth would stand in the Antiochian theological tradition.
A neural network model for the development of simple and complex cell receptive fields within cortical maps of orientation and ocular dominance

Prenatal development of the primary visual cortex leads to simple cells with spatially distinct and oriented ON and OFF subregions. These simple cells are organized into spatial maps of orientation and ocular dominance that exhibit singularities, fractures, and linear zones. On a finer spatial scale, simple cells occur that are sensitive to similar orientations but opposite contrast polarities, and exhibit both even-symmetric and odd-symmetric receptive fields. Pooling of outputs from oppositely polarized simple cells leads to complex cells that respond to both contrast polarities. A neural network model is described which simulates how simple and complex cells self-organize starting from unsegregated and unoriented geniculocortical inputs during prenatal development. Neighboring simple cells that are sensitive to opposite contrast polarities develop from a combination of spatially short-range inhibition and high-gain recurrent habituative excitation between cells that obey membrane equations. Habituation, or depression, of synapses controls reset of cell activations both through enhanced ON responses and OFF antagonistic rebounds. Orientation and ocular dominance maps form when high-gain medium-range recurrent excitation and long-range inhibition interact with the short-range mechanisms. The resulting structure clarifies how simple and complex cells contribute to perceptual processes such as texture segregation and perceptual grouping.
Further Comments on “The Effect of Tropospheric Temperature Lapse Rates on the Ascent Rates of Pilot Balloons”

Abstract Observations using a double-theodolite system for tracking pilot balloons were made to further examine the effects of temperature lapse rates on pibal ascent rates. It was found that under stable atmospheric conditions balloon ascent was noticeably retarded. This retardation resulted in erroneous derived wind speed data when using single theodolite reduction procedures assuming a constant ascent rate.
Spiritual care: an element in nursing care planning

Nursing has recognized spirituality as an aspect of holistic patient care but little has been written on the understanding of this concept within the holistic approach. In a discussion of the issue, three basic questions are addressed. These questions include 'What is spirituality?', 'How do patients express their spirituality?', and 'How can spiritual care be incorporated into a plan of care?' Drawing upon nursing and health-related literature, an outline of the concept of spirituality is drawn and five broad areas of expression are described. The nursing process is used to demonstrate how spirituality can be incorporated into the patient's plan of care.
Regulation of rat prostate stromal cell myodifferentiation by androgen and TGF-β1

BACKGROUND Myodifferentiation of stromal cells is a key step in prostate development and is a hallmark of reactive stroma in prostate cancer. Little is known about regulatory mechanisms, however, prostate stromal cells are androgen-regulated and TGF-β1 is a known stimulator of stromal myodifferentiation. The PS-1 rat prostate stromal cell line expresses androgen receptor, and exhibits androgen-regulated gene expression and proliferation. TGF-β1 inhibits androgen action in PS-1 cells through translocation of androgen receptor from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The present study was conducted to determine whether myodifferentiation of PS-1 cells is regulated by androgen and TGF-β1, and how myodifferentiation affects androgen receptor localization and cell proliferation. METHODS PS-1 cell cultures were exposed to physiological concentrations of dihydrotestosterone, TGF-β1, and combinations of both in chemically defined medium. Immunocytochemistry and Western blotting for smooth muscle α-actin filament formation, smooth muscle α-actin protein levels, calponin expression, PCNA index, and androgen receptor localization were performed. RESULTS Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and TGF-β1 each separately promoted PS-1 myodifferentiation. A combination did not affect the rate of differentiation, however, the level of α-actin protein was elevated and PCNA was decreased in co-stimulated conditions. TGF-β1 induction resulted in a transient translocation of androgen receptor from the nucleus to the cytoplasm during differentiation followed by a resumed nuclear localization in myodifferentiated cells. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that a complex cross-talk mechanism exists between androgen and TGF-β1 signaling in prostate stromal cells that affects cell proliferation and myodifferentiation. These findings also suggest that androgen and TGF-β1 interactions may cooperatively regulate myodifferentiation of stromal cells in the stromal response in prostate cancer. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
El Ciclo de Indagación: una metodología para la investigación ecológica aplicada y básica en los sitios de estudios socio-ecológicos a largo plazo, y más allá

El Ciclo de Indagacion es una metodologia de investigacion integrada que ha ido desarrollandose en America Latina desde 1994. El Ciclo comienza por una Pregunta de trabajo, formulada mediante una secuencia explicita de tres pasos previos: el planteo de la Observacion, el Concepto de Fondo y la Inquietud Particular. La redaccion de la Pregunta cumple con cinco criterios que condicionan el diseno de la investigacion (Accion) y la discusion de los hallazgos (Reflexion). La Pregunta debe precisar tanto los factores de diseno como las unidades de respuesta o experimentales, ademas de las variables de respuesta que se registraran. Esto conduce a un proceso exigente de 17 pasos del diseno del estudio. De manera analoga, la Reflexion sigue una secuencia explicita que consiste en revisar los hallazgos, proponer causas posibles de estos y sugerir cautelosa y creativamente, posibles extrapolaciones a otros contextos y ambitos. Todos los elementos del Ciclo de Indagacion como metodologia explicita de investigacion sirven tambien para la redaccion completa de una tesis o publicacion. Si la investigacion trata sobre el manejo forestal, la conservacion biologica u otra disciplina de la biologia de campo aplicada, al Ciclo de Indagacion se le agrega otro paso, la Aplicacion. De esta forma se convierte en el Ciclo de Indagacion Aplicada, que guia el desarrollo de investigaciones con fines de manejo adaptativo. En la Red Chilena de Estudios Socio-Ecologicos a Largo Plazo, el Ciclo de Indagacion ofrece hoy un protocolo para investigaciones tanto basicas como aplicadas.
How to Be a Successful Teacher of Professional Development

Professional development has numerous meanings. It varies from discipline to discipline and from program to program and often from individual to individual. In 1960s and 1970s, the criminal justice system came under intense scrutiny for their responses to Civil Rights and Vietnam War demonstrations. In response, the federal government allocated millions of dollars into the training, education, and professional development of criminal justice employees. The primary focus at that time was on preparing undergraduate and graduate students for work in the field of criminal justice. As academic programs in criminology and criminal justice have evolved, the need for a new model of professional development has emerged that facilitates the mentoring of young scholars and educators. More recently, doctoral programs in our field have turned to structuring, in various forms, the professional development of future scholars. This article discusses the evolving nature of teaching, training, and professional development ...
vvd is required for light adaptation of conidiation-specific genes of Neurospora crassa, but not circadian conidiation.

con-10 and con-6 are two of the conidiation (con) genes of Neurospora crassa that were identified based on their preferential expression during macroconidiophore development. They are also regulated by several other environmental stimuli independent of development, including a transient induction by light. We identified an allele of vivid (vvd) in a mutant screen designed to obtain strains with altered expression of con-10. vvd mutants display enhanced carotenoid pigmentation in response to light. In addition, con-10 and con-6 show a heightened response to photoinduction. We tested the function of the light-responsive circadian clock in the vvd mutant and found no major defect in the circadian rhythm of conidiation or light regulation of a key clock component, frequency (frq). We conclude that vvd is primarily involved in a process of light-dependent gene repression, called light adaptation. Although a number of gene products are known to control light induction in fungi, vvd is the first gene shown to have a role in adaptation to constant light.
Calculations of vibrational signatures for coherent ladar

ABSTRACT The results of a computer model calculating the coherent LADAR vibrational signatures of a flat diffuse plate rotating about its axis of symmetry are presented. Descriptions of the target and the program structure are followed by a discussion of some specific results. 1. INTRODUCTION This paper describes some results of a computer program which models the output of a monostatic CW coherent laser radar for a limited class of targets and a limited set of possible target motions. It is strictly a far field model and has been validated only for relatively diffuse targets. The model satisfactorily accounts for all data taken to date at the Army Missile Optical Range (AMOR) facility at Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, for targets undergoing pure rotation. This includes range Doppler images even though the range resolution capability is added ad hoc using the measured range resolution at the facility. A very brief description of the model follows along with some results and discussion of the problem of measuring vibration signatures in the presence of speckle noise due to rotation. It is perhaps worth noting that an extension of the model to cover bi-static situations would be very easy and results would be valid so long as the receiver points to an illuminated side of a target.
School Liability for Student Injury from School Violence: Comparison between South Korea and the USA.

This paper examines school liability for school violence-related student injury in South Korea and the US. The study found that the US courts considered only violence-related behaviors of the perpetrator when judging whether violence can be foreseen; thus drug abuse or verbal abuse by the perpetrator were not considered as a part of his/her violent history. On the other hand, the Korean courts considered perpetrators’ nonviolent behavior, such as low academic achievement or negative attitudes toward academic work, as indicators of violent history. Regarding the extent of school liability, while in Korea, schools were not held responsible for injuries to non-school-related persons caused by their students’ violent acts in public, in the US, the court required schools to take legal responsibility for such cases happening during field trips. These findings help to reconsider school liability for school violence and generate suggestions for more reasonable and universal legal standards.
Antioxidant therapy attenuates deficient bone fracture repair associated with binge alcohol exposure.

Objectives Alcohol consumption is a known risk factor for traumatic injuries of all types and has been shown to produce detrimental effects on bone metabolism. While the mechanisms responsible for these detrimental effects are not well characterized, oxidative stress from alcohol exposure appears to play a central role. This study was designed to examine the effect of a short-term binge alcohol consumption pattern on fracture repair and the effect of an antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine, on fracture healing following binge alcohol consumption.
Antiphospholipid Antibodies in Stillbirth

OBJECTIVE:To compare antiphospholipid antibodies in deliveries with and without stillbirth using a multicenter, population-based case–control study of stillbirths and live births.METHODS:Maternal sera were assayed for immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM anticardiolipin and anti-β2-glycoprotein-I antibodies
Synthesis and Characterization of a New Microporous Material. 2. AlPO and SAPO Forms of EMM-3

A new aluminophosphate (AlPO) material, EMM-3, was recently synthesized at ExxonMobil. EMM-3, ExxonMobil material no. 3, was synthesized in both the AlPO- and SAPO-forms. The structure of the AlPO-...
Recasts in the L2 Classroom: A Meta-Analytic Review.

Abstract In order to examine what we know and understand about the effectiveness of recasts in the second language classroom, this paper presents the results of a meta-analytic review of the current research on recasts. Initial analysis showed an average weighted effect size of 0.38. A Q -statistic test revealed that the studies contain heterogeneous data, where significant difference occurred in the type of treatment given to the participants, the type of grammatical structure studied, and in the difference in the second language being studied.
Low‐Income Parents becoming professionals with children‐‐USA

In the United States in the 1960's, early childhood programs were directed toward the education of both the poor child and the parent. Mothers were involved as volunteers in the classroom and participated in weekly group meetings. Some classrooms were staffed by a qualified teacher and a mother trained as she worked. High school equivalency and college programs further provided opportunities for low‐income mothers to move into the professional ranks.
New Photometer for Visual Heterochromatic Photometry

A new heterochromatic photometer has been devised that combines the features of the direct-comparison and the flicker methods. Two contiguous photometric fields (for example, red and blue) are viewed in a plane mirror which is pivoted at one end and oscillates approximately 2° at a frequency of 5 to 40 cps. Each left or right movement of the mirror is of constant velocity. This mirror oscillation causes the image of the vertical boundary between the two fields to oscillate and blur into a central zone in which the two colors are mixed. The mixed zone has a color graduation with the colors at its two boundaries the same as the adjacent fields, and a photometric match is achieved when the luminance becomes uniform and both boundary lines disappear. The disappearance of both boundary lines has proved to be a more precise indication than the disappearance of flicker in the central zone. Various tests, using both experienced and inexperienced observers, showed that in both ease of use and precision the new method is superior to the direct-comparison and the flicker methods. These tests involved field luminances from 32.50 candles/ft2 to 0.0011 candles/ft2.
Transaction versus economic exposure: which has greater cash flow consequences?

Abstract Using a cash flow-oriented framework, this study assesses the transaction and economic exposures over 1989–1998 for 107 U.S.-based MNCs, which have substantial international business in Europe. Mean absolute response coefficients (MARCs) are introduced as a measure of responsiveness for short-term and longer-term lags, as proxies for transaction and economic exposures. Our results indicate that cash flow effects are greater for long-term lags than for short-term lags in exchange rate movements for the currencies examined. This result may occur because transaction exposure is easier to assess and hedge, whereas economic exposure is more difficult to recognize and hedge. Overall, this study suggests that practitioners should increase their focus on identifying economic exposures and incorporate this exposure dimension in strategy decisions.
Salmonella Exploits Suicidal Behavior of Epithelial Cells

Infection with enteric bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella leads to tissue invasion and intracellular replication in the intestinal mucosa. Bacterial invasion is detected by the host innate immune system and triggers a stereotypical, inflammatory response characterized by recruitment of immune cells to the infected tissue. In a remarkable paper, Knodler et al. (2010) propose a novel mechanism by which the intestinal epithelium can clear Salmonella-infected cells through a form of proinflammatory cell death and how Salmonella in fact may exploit this mechanism.