cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Equivalent Wheel Load Approach for Slender Cable-Stayed Bridge Fatigue Assessment under Traffic and Wind: Feasibility Study

In the current AASHTO LRFD specifications, the fatigue design considers only one design truck per bridge with 15% dynamic allowance. While this empirical approach may be practical for regular short and medium span bridges, it may not be rational for long-span bridges (e.g., span length > 152.4 m or 500 ft) that may carry many heavy trucks simultaneously. Some existent studies suggested that fatigue may not control the design for many small and medium bridges. However, little research on the fatigue performance of long-span bridges subjected to both wind and traffic has been reported and if fatigue could become a dominant issue for such a long-span bridge design is still not clear. Regardless if the current fatigue design specifications are sufficient or not, a real understanding of the traffic effects on bridge performance including fatigue is desirable since the one truck per bridge for fatigue design does not represent the actual traffic condition. As the first step toward the study of fatigue performance of long-span cable-stayed bridges under both busy traffic and wind, the equivalent dynamic wheel load approach is proposed in the current study to simplify the analysis procedure. Based on full interaction analyses of a single-vehicle – bridge – wind system, the dynamic wheel load of the vehicle acting on the bridge can be obtained for a given vehicle type, wind, and driving condition. As a result, the dimension of the coupled equations is independent of the number of vehicles, through which the analyses can be significantly simplified. Such simplification is the key step toward the future fatigue analysis of long-span bridges under a combined action of wind and actual traffic conditions.
Hypersonic Leading Edge Problem: Wedges and Cones

An analysis is given for the viscous hypersonic flow past slender sharp wedges and unyawed cones. The leading edge or nose region treated encompasses the merged layer regime in which the shock thickness is not small in comparison with the viscous layer thickness but for which in the axisymmetric case the shock thickness is small in comparison with the radius of transverse shock curvature. A Navier-Stokes flow is assumed, and both the shock structure and viscous layer are taken to be locally-similar of boundary-layer type. The analysis follows that used by Shorenstein and Probstein for the corresponding flat plate problem. For axisymmetric cone flow, a modification of a transformation introduced by Probstein and Elliott is given to reduce the axisymmetric viscous layer equations including transverse curvature to "exactly" two-dimensional form. Results for the state conditions behind the shock, and the wall pressure and heat-transfer rate are found to be in good agreement with available experimental data. Nomenclature A = velocity ratio, uf/U^ B = given by Eq. (15) C — Chapman-Rubesin constant Ci = given by Eq. (17a) C2 = given by Eq. (17b) cp = specific heat at constant pressure D = reduced density, pjp^ / = streamfunction given by Eq. (6) CQb = reduced slip velocity, wj/u* F = given by Eq. (35) g = shear stress, Nfm 0(0) = value of g at body surface h = specific enthalpy, cpT
A Comparison of Modeled and Observed Relationships between Interannual Variations of Water Vapor and Temperature

Abstract The correlations between interannual variations of tropical mean water vapor and temperature in the simulations by a low resolution (R15) GCM are stronger than those in the rawinsonde observations. The rate of fractional increase of tropical mean water vapor with temperature in the model simulations is also larger than that from the observations. The largest discrepancies are found in the region immediately above the tropical convective boundary layer (850–600 mb). The rate of fractional increase of tropical mean water vapor with temperature in the model simulations is close to that for a constant relative humidity. The correlations between variations of water vapor in the upper troposphere and those in the lower troposphere are also stronger in the model simulations than in the observations. In the horizontal, the characteristic spatial patterns of the normalized water vapor variations in the model simulations and observations are similar. The water vapor–temperature relationship in simulations ...
Microwave-assisted synthesis of nitrogen-containing 1-hydroxymethylenebisphosphonate drugs

Abstract A simple, rapid one-pot synthesis of heterocyclic (risedronate, zoledronate) and aminoalkyl (pamidronate, alendronate, neridronate) bisphosphonate drugs using microwave irradiation is presented. Good yields of product are achieved within 20 min, in contrast to conventional synthesis, which typically requires a day or longer.
BLOOD PROFILES FOR A WILD POPULATION OF GREEN TURTLES (CHELONIA MYDAS) IN THE SOUTHERN BAHAMAS: SIZE-SPECIFIC AND SEX-SPECIFIC RELATIONSHIPS

Blood biochemical profiles and packed cell volumes were determined for 100 juvenile green turtles, Chelonia mydas, from a wild population in the southern Bahamas. There was a significant correlation of body size to 13 of the 26 blood parameters measured. Only plasma uric acid and cholesterol were significantly different between male and female turtles. The relationship between total plasma proteins and plasma refractive index was significant. The equation for converting refractive index (Y) to total plasma proteins (X) is Y = 1.34 + 0.00217(X).
19F-13C, 1H-13C Multi-Bond and Single-Bond 2D Correlations and Determinations of Coupling-Constant Signs

Abstract Fluorine-labeled metabolic products of pesticide or drug models often involve CF3-C- moieties. The first multibond as well as direct fluorine-carbon and proton-carbon correlations are reported for several simple aliphatic fluorocarbon molecules containing CF3-C-. The relative sign and magnitude of the 19F-13C, 1H-13C, and 1H-19F coupling constants are determined with facility by the skewing and separation of multibond and direct cross peaks in the 2D heteronuclear NMR spectra. The ability to obtain the coupling information potentially provides vital clues for the structural identification of CF3-C- metabolites.
Genetically‐Linked Syndromes in Intellectual Disabilities

Comprehensive medical research is optimally based on a clear understanding of the pathogenesis of disease. It follows that a research agenda designed to promote healthy aging in persons with genetic syndromes linked to intellectual disabilities is best based upon a clear understanding of biological events that have occurred at early stages of development. The pathogenesis of such genetic syndromes encompasses a number of concepts including: (1) the locus and form of the genetic abnormality, (2) the mode of inheritance, and (3) the relationship between the genetic abnormality and the resulting phenotypic abnormalities. Recent research has increased our knowledge about such disorders; however, much remains to be learned. Genetic, clinical, and epidemiological perspectives on several genetic intellectual/developmental disability syndromes, including fragile X syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, Rett syndrome, mitochondrial genome disorders, Down syndrome, Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome, and phenylketonuria, are described to demonstrate directions for future research to promote longevity and healthy aging in people with these disorders.
Trimethylaminuria in a girl with Prader-Willi syndrome and del(15)(q11q13)

We report on an individual with trimethylaminuria, Prader-Willi syndrome, and del(15) (q11q13). To our knowledge, such an association has never been reported. Skin sores secondary to choline-rich foods and amenable to dietary control have not been described in trimethylaminuria, although they are seen in some patients with Prader-Willi syndrome. Pathogenesis, clinical diagnosis, and management of reported cases with trimethylaminuria are reviewed. Serious social and behavioral problems may result from strong body odor. Amelioration of the "fish odor" by dietary choline restriction makes trimethylaminuria detection important. Association of trimethylaminuria with Prader-Willi syndrome and del(15) (q11q13) in this patient is of particular interest. It may represent a contiguous gene syndrome, or deletion of the normal allele leading to expression of a single recessive trimethylaminuria gene, or an unrelated association, such as in Noonan syndrome. However, recent development of mapping of flavin-containing monooxygenase 2 (FMO2), the likely enzyme that is defective in fish odor syndrome, to chromosome 1q probably excludes pathogenetic association of fish odor syndrome with the Prader-Willi syndrome.
The quenching of biacetyl phosphorescence by alkenes: a dissection of rate effects on exciplex formation and exciplex decay for ketone triplet quenching

Abstract : Rate constants for the quenching of biacetyl phosphorescence by alkenes at room temperature in benzene have been measured. Quenching constants correlate with the ionization potentials of the alkenes. Rate data from phosphorescence quenching for a number of ketones are compared and trends associated with formation and decay of electron donor-acceptor complexes of excited ketone triplets and alkene quenchers. (Author)
Remarks on superconformal bosonization

Abstract An alternative bosonization of the superconformal ghosts of the NSR superstring is presented. Unlike the standard approach, the new framework is shown to have BRST invariant scattering amplitudes in both the large and small algebras. The effect on picture changing is discussed. It is also shown that the new approach is required in order to obtain a manifestly supersymmetric bosonization.
Ferromagnetic exchange coupling in the linear, chloride-bridged cluster (cyclam)CoII[(μ-Cl)UIV(Me2Pz)4]2

The trinuclear cluster (cyclam)Co[(l-Cl)U(Me2Pz)4]2 (cyclam = 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane, Me2Pz � = 3,5-dimethylpyrazolate) is synthesized through cleavage of the homoleptic dimer [U(Me2Pz)4]2 by (cyclam)CoCl2. A single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals a linear chloride-bridged structure analogous to that previously reported for (cyclam)M[(l-Cl)U(Me2Pz)4]2 (M = Ni, Cu, Zn). The magnetic exchange coupling of the CoU2 cluster was probed by analyzing the temperature dependence of its magnetic susceptibility. Comparison of vMT versus T between the CoU2 species and the diamagnetic ZnU2 cluster demonstrates the presence of ferromagnetic coupling between the Co II and U IV centers. We present methods for estimating upper and lower bounds for the exchange interaction energy in such systems and find that for CoU2, the exchange constant, J, lies in the range 15–48 cm � 1 . Application of these methods to the previously reported NiU2 cluster suggests somewhat weaker ferromagnetic exchange, with J lying in the range 2.8–19 cm � 1 . AC magnetic susceptibility experiments were not indicative of singlemolecule magnet behavior for the CoU2 cluster, although qualitative interpretation of the low-temperature magnetization data suggests the presence of significant zero-field splitting in the ground state.
Neutral transport analysis of recent DIII-D neutral density experiments

Recent measurements of the neutral densities both inside and outside the separatrix near the X-point of the DIII-D tokamak, in both L- and H-mode plasmas, are analysed with the two-dimensional transmission/escape probability neutral transport code GTNEUT and with the two-dimensional Monte Carlo code DEGAS. The predictions of the two codes are in good agreement with each other and agree with the experiment to within the experimental error bars in most cases.
Population structuring of multi-copy, antigen-encoding genes in Plasmodium falciparum

The coexistence of multiple independently circulating strains in pathogen populations that undergo sexual recombination is a central question of epidemiology with profound implications for control. An agent-based model is developed that extends earlier 'strain theory' by addressing the var gene family of Plasmodium falciparum. The model explicitly considers the extensive diversity of multi-copy genes that undergo antigenic variation via sequential, mutually exclusive expression. It tracks the dynamics of all unique var repertoires in a population of hosts, and shows that even under high levels of sexual recombination, strain competition mediated through cross-immunity structures the parasite population into a subset of coexisting dominant repertoires of var genes whose degree of antigenic overlap depends on transmission intensity. Empirical comparison of patterns of genetic variation at antigenic and neutral sites supports this role for immune selection in structuring parasite diversity.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00093.001.
Instrumentation:'Seeing' acoustically: New nondestructive techniques permit subsurface examination of materials for density and elasticity

Discusses the principles of acoustic microscopy and its applications to the examination of materials for density and elasticity. Three basic types of microscope are described.
Effects of the cessation of training on left ventricular function in the racing greyhound. Serial studies in a model of cardiac hypertrophy

Exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy has been associated with normal resting left ventricula function and, after cessation of training, variable degrees of regression. The racing greyhound is as animal with cardiac hypertrophy said to be part congenital and part exercise-induced. Racing grcy hounds underwent serial cardiac catheterization three times during an 8-month period after cessation racing/training to determine the functional consequences of the cessation of training. At the end ci 8 months of inactivity the animals' hearts were excised and weighed in order to compare heart weight body weight (HW/BW) ratios with those obtained in a group of racing greyhounds killed within one month, 19±16 days (mean±SD), of the cessation of training. Comparison of HW/BW ratios failed to reveal a significant difference between the serially studied group, 12.1±1.9 g/kg (mean±SD), and the more recently exercising group, 12.7±1.4 g/kg (mean±SD) of dogs. After 2 months of inactivity, 9 ol 12 greyhounds in the serially studied group showed increases in max dP/dt and dP/dt normalized to pressure of 50 mm Hg. Modified pre-ejection period and peak negative dP/dt also increased significantly (p<.004) during this same period. No further changes in these variables were found at the final 8-month study. Our failure to demonstrate a difference in HW/BW ratios between these two groups or dogs suggests that the exercise-induced component of cardiac hypertrophy in the trained racing greyhound is probably very small and, if it exists, regresses very carly (<1 month). Changes in contractility indices that were observed occurred after this time period (between 1 and 2 months) and are therefore probably not due to regression of cardiac hypertrophy.
Bacillus species (not anthracis)

Bacteria of the genus Bacillus are widely distributed in nature, useful in agriculture and industry, and occasionally directly harmful to humans. The uniqueness of Bacillus relates to its ability to produce spores that can survive desiccation, heat, and cold and can germinate readily. The toxins that cause anthrax and food poisoning are encoded by plasmid-borne genes, allowing different species to have strikingly similar chromosomal DNA despite radically different phenotypes. Bacillus infections are uncommon and often associated with trauma or foreign bodies. Food poisoning caused by Bacillus spp. is much less common than other forms of bacterial food poisoning and almost always brief and self-limited. Treatment of Bacillus infections is usually straightforward once the species has been determined. Prevention of infection and intoxication is desirable, but the challenge of eradicating spores and destroying some heat-stable toxins reminds us how lucky we are that these infections and intoxications are rare. Vol. 31, No. 12
The use of allogeneic bone for alveolar cleft grafting

Freeze-dried bone marrow has been used for grafting alveolar clefts. In all instances in which canines were present, they erupted through the grafted allogeneic bone. The ability to avoid donor site morbidity, coupled with successful eruption of canines through the grafted allogeneic bone, represents an additional technique for treating alveolar clefts.
Engineering attenuated virus vaccines by controlling replication fidelity

Long-lasting protection against viral infection is best achieved by vaccination with attenuated viruses. Obtaining stably attenuated vaccine strains has traditionally been an empirical process, which greatly restricts the number of effective vaccines for viral diseases. Here we describe a rational approach for engineering stably attenuated viruses that can serve as safe and effective vaccines. Our approach exploits the observation that restricting viral population diversity by increasing replication fidelity greatly reduces viral tissue tropism and pathogenicity. We show that poliovirus variants with reduced genetic diversity elicit a protective immune response in an animal model of infection. Indeed, these novel vaccine candidates are comparable in efficacy to the currently available Sabin type 1 vaccine strain, but have the added advantage of being more stable, as their increased replication fidelity prevents reversion to the pathogenic wild-type phenotype. We propose that restricting viral quasispecies diversity provides a general approach for the rational design of stable, attenuated vaccines for a wide variety of viruses.
Synthesis and MALDI-ToF characterization of dendronized poly(ethylene glycol)s

Hibridos bem definidos de poli(etilenoglicol) lineares (PEGs) e poliesteres dendrimericos foram preparados via "dendronizacao" de alcool e grupos de PEGs lineares mono e bifuncionais. Embora uteis para a caracterizacao rudimentar de produtos, Cromatografia por Permeacao em Gel e RMN podem nao demonstrar a pureza estrutural global desses hibridos lineares dendriticos. Por outro lado, informacoes detalhadas provenientes de espectrometria de massas MALDI-ToF permitiram a confirmacao de elevada pureza estrutural de PEGs "dendronizados" em cada passo do processo de "dendronizacao". O numero de funcionalidades bem definidas destes PEGs "dendronizados", torna-os particularmente uteis para pesquisa na area biomedica, na qual funcionalidade e pureza sao de grande importância. A abordagem de espectrometria de massas MALDI-ToF descrita aqui representa uma tecnica valiosa para o monitoramento detalhado destas reacoes de "dendronizacao", bem como diversas modificacoes de outros polimeros e grupos.
Drug-induced changes in lipid composition of E. coli and of mammalian cells in culture: ethanol, pentobarbital, and chlorpromazine.

Abstract Both Chinese hamster ovary cells in culture and E. coli cells change their lipid composition when grown in the presence of ethanol, pentobarbital, and chlorpromazine. The effects of ethanol and the cross-tolerant drug, pentobarbital, are similar. Both cause a shift from 18:0 fatty acid to 16:0 fatty acids in CHO cells and a decrease in the proportion of saturated fatty acids in E. coli . Chlorpromazine, a non-cross-tolerant drug, causes the opposite effect in E. coli , a decrease in the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids. Chlorpromazine has little effect on the fatty acid composition of CHO cells. These changes in lipid composition are proposed as an adaptive response and a part of the mechanism for the development of drug tolerance.
Dyon-axion dynamics

Abstract We examine the coupling between magnetic monopoles and axions induced by the Witten effect, and discuss the cosmological implications of monopole-axion interactions.
Progress in implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy: Advancement beyond technology alone

Over 50 years ago, an American president ambitiously challenged his country to land a man on the moon. When it comes to the progress in implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) technology, no such challenge has ever been issued nor required. Nevertheless, its history is actually quite remarkable, from its original conception to a commonly utilized approach to anti-arrhythmia therapy in high-risk cardiovascular patients. Beginning with relatively large, thoracotomy-based systems with limited diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities, the ICD has evolved into a powerhouse of technology, offering an evergrowing spectrum of clinical data and therapies. While ICD technology has certainly grown, so too have its features, capabilities, programmability, and applications; nowadays, these are where ICD advancements are most commonly observed. In the current issue of Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine, Miller et al. [1] follows the story of the ICD by reporting on the body of evidence supporting its use in different arenas. It begins with a depiction of the earliest studies demonstrating ICDs as a superior strategy over anti-arrhythmic drugs in preventing death in survivors of malignant ventricular arrhythmias, followed by a detailed discussion of the evidence proving its prophylactic role in reducing death in highrisk populations. The latter concept is most often applied in those with left ventricular systolic dysfunction though as the article points out, patients with a range of other less commonly occurring disorders may also gain benefit from primary prevention ICD implantation. Other aspects of ICD therapy are also detailed: reduction of painful ICD shocks (and mortality) through strategic ICD programming, alleviation of heart failure symptoms and accompanying morbidity with cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), and the use of remote ICD monitoring for enhanced patient management.
Houseofficers' reactions to media coverage about the sequencing of the human genome

After the announcement that sequencing of the human genome was nearly complete, media coverage was extensive. In light of ample evidence that the media are a primary source of health and science information, even for health professionals, media portrayals are often inaccurate or misleading, and discoveries that emanate from sequencing the human genome are likely to influence future health care, it is important to assess physicians' interpretations of media coverage about the human genome announcement. This paper describes the reactions of a sample of new physicians in the United States to this announcement, as well as the content of the stories they read or heard. Semi-structured surveys were distributed to all incoming houseofficers during Orientation at one major academic medical center. Eighty-one percent of 190 houseofficers returned a survey; 123 completed surveys were analyzed. Fifty-four percent of respondents thought the media message was only positive and 21% thought it was negative or mixed. Participants who reported radio as their media source were less likely to recall positive messages (p<0.05). Sixty-five percent and 76%, respectively, had positive perceptions of the impact of the accomplishment on people and on the medical profession. Overall, 48% were enthusiastic and 52% were guarded about the accomplishment. Enthusiasm was related to being an adult primary care houseofficer (p=0.07) or to having heard about it on television or in the newspaper (p<0.05). Of the 36 stories analyzed, newspaper and television reports focused more on medical implications and radio reports focused more on ethical issues. The degree of enthusiasm about the accomplishment reflects the content of the media coverage, and, at least for adult primary care houseofficers, probably reflects the increasing relevance of genetic discoveries to medical practice. Since physicians obtain much of their health and science information from the media, they can play an instrumental role in helping their patients interpret media coverage of advances in genetics and their impact on health care. However, this will require that physicians develop an appreciation of the newsmaking process, and how subtle interactions between politics, the media and science influence the "framing" of media coverage.
Home Influence on School Learning: Direct and Indirect Effects of Parental Involvement on High School Grades

AbstractCurrent concern with improving student academic progress within American education underscores the need to understand those manipulable influences that can affect academic learning. Parental involvement is considered an important influence on academic progress. Time spent on homework and in leisure TV viewing has an important effect on academic learning. Such time is potentially manipulable through parental effort. Using the massive High School and Beyond data set, the present study examines the direct effects of perceived parental involvement on grades. It also examines the indirect effect of such involvement on grades through TV time and time spent on homework. Parental involvement has an important direct, positive effect on grades. Additionally, parental involvement also leads to increased time spent on homework, which in turn has a positive effect on grades. The effect of parental involvement on grades through TV time appears negligible. In the current push for means to improve student academi...
The effects of femoral stem and neck length on cement strains in a canine total hip replacement model.

Objective— To determine the effects of femoral prosthesis stem length and head size on cement strains in a canine hip replacement system. Study Design— An in vitro experimental model. Sample Population— (1) Three standard and 3 1-cm shortened femoral implants with +3 femoral heads. (2) Two standard implants with +0, +3, and +6 femoral heads. Methods— Femoral stems were embedded in polymethylmethacrylate cement. A uniaxial proximodistal-oriented strain gauge was applied to the cement on the medial and lateral aspects of the construct 1.5 cm, 6.0 cm and 7.0 cm distal to the collar. Each construct with a +3 femoral head was mounted in a materials testing system. An axial compressive load (0–200 N) was applied to the femoral head and cement strains were recorded. Additionally, 2 standard length constructs were also tested with +0 and +6 femoral heads. The effects of stem length and neck length on cement strains were assessed with analysis of variance. Results— Strains increased at all locations with increasing loads for all constructs. Shorter implants had higher strains by 152% and 171%, lateral (P= .003) and medial (P= .0025) to the stem tip. No significant strain differences were noted, at any strain gauge location, between different neck lengths (P values ranged from .20 to .67). Conclusions— Although a shorter implant stem has a potential to improve implant fit, it led to significantly higher cement strains that may increase the risk for aseptic loosening. Changes in femoral neck length did not significantly affect cement strains under the conditions tested. Clinical Relevance— Shortening of the femoral stem currently cannot be recommended in canine total hip replacement. The existing use of variable neck lengths likely does not increase the risk of failure of the femoral stem.
Distinct roles for fibroblast growth factor signaling in cerebellar development and medulloblastoma

Cerebellar granule neurons are the most abundant neurons in the brain, and a critical element of the circuitry that controls motor coordination and learning. In addition, granule neuron precursors (GNPs) are thought to represent cells of origin for medulloblastoma, the most common malignant brain tumor in children. Thus, understanding the signals that control the growth and differentiation of these cells has important implications for neurobiology and neurooncology. Our previous studies have shown that proliferation of GNPs is regulated by Sonic hedgehog (Shh), and that aberrant activation of the Shh pathway can lead to medulloblastoma. Moreover, we have demonstrated that Shh-dependent proliferation of GNPs and medulloblastoma cells can be blocked by basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). But while the mitogenic effects of Shh signaling have been confirmed in vivo, the inhibitory effects of bFGF have primarily been studied in culture. Here, we demonstrate that mice lacking FGF signaling in GNPs exhibit no discernable changes in GNP proliferation or differentiation. In contrast, activation of FGF signaling has a potent effect on tumor growth: treatment of medulloblastoma cells with bFGF prevents them from forming tumors following transplantation, and inoculation of tumor-bearing mice with bFGF markedly inhibits tumor growth in vivo. These results suggest that activators of FGF signaling may be useful for targeting medulloblastoma and other Shh-dependent tumors.
GAPex-5 mediates ubiquitination, trafficking, and degradation of epidermal growth factor receptor.

Upon ligand stimulation, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is rapidly ubiquitinated, internalized, and sorted to lysosomes for degradation. Rab5 has been shown to play an important role in the early stages of EGFR trafficking. GAPex-5 is a newly described Rab5 exchange factor. Herein, we investigate the role of GAPex-5 on EGFR trafficking and degradation. Down-regulation of GAPex-5 by RNA interference decreases epidermal growth factor-stimulated EGFR degradation. Moreover, ubiquitination of EGFR is impaired by depletion of GAPex-5. This inhibitory effect is due to a decrease in the interaction between the adapter protein c-Cbl and EGFR, but not the phosphorylation state of EGFR. Consistently, when examined by immunofluorescence microscopy in cells depleted of GAPex-5, ligand-bound EGFR appeared trapped in early endosomes and the trafficking of internalized receptor from early to late endosomes was impaired. In agreement with the depletion studies, EGFR degradation is enhanced by overexpressing GAPex-5 wild type, but not GAPex-5ΔGAP, a mutant lacking the Ras GTPase-activating protein (GAP) domain. This is consistent with the finding that c-Cbl binds specifically to the Ras GAP domain. Finally, overexpression of dominant negative Rab5a or depletion of all three isoforms of Rab5 does not inhibit ubiquitination of EGFR, which suggests that GAPex-5-mediated EGFR ubiquitination is independent of Rab5 activation. Collectively, the results suggest a novel mechanism by which EGF-stimulated receptor ubiquitination and trafficking are mediated via GAPex-5.
NURSES' VIEWS OF THE COPING OF PATIENTS*

Abstract The findings of a study that explored the beliefs, assumptions and ideas nurses have about the coping of patients are presented. Interactive interviews with 26 nurses were used to elicit explanations of the meaning of coping and stories from their practice that illustrated coping. Analysis of the interview transcripts revealed three themes in the form of idioms or particular and different ways of talking about coping. Each idiom represented a different perspective or view of coping. The first idiom represented a view of coping as a rational, cognitive problem-solving response to illness. The nurses attributed, and thus valued, this view to science. In the second idiom the nurses spoke of coping as permeated with values that contrasted with the prior view of coping as a rational process. In the final idiom the nurses spoke of coping as courage—they told stories of patients who had faced existential situations with strength and will. The focus of this idiom was on issues of spirituality, struggle, personal meaning and acceptance. After each idiom is delineated and illustrated by data, the discussion is concentrated on the orientational and ontological metaphors that underlie them. Interpretation of the origin and construction of these different ways of talking about coping, and their underlying metaphorical meanings, is made in the context of cultural and subcultural influences.
Studies on the defectiveness of adeno-associated virus (AAV). I. Effects of phosphonoacetic acid and 2-deoxy-D-glucose on the replication of AAV.

Abstract Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are defective parvoviruses which require the presence of a helper virus, either an adenovirus or a herpesvirus, to initiate their replication cycle. The mechanisms by which these helper viruses can promote AAV macromolecular synthesis have been investigated in systems where the replication of the helper virus was altered. In the first system, phosphonoacetic acid (PAA), a specific inhibitor of herpesvirus-coded DNA polymerase, was used in AAV-herpes simplex virus (HSV) coinfections to determine what effect this drug would have on the replication of AAV. It was found that in the presence of increasing concentrations of PAA, the synthesis of AAV DNA, structural proteins, and immunofluorescent (IF) capsid antigens was inhibited. However, when an adenovirus helper was used in place of HSV, this inhibition was not seen. It was also found that the addition of the drug 5 hr after infection was still effective in inhibiting AAV capsid antigen synthesis completely. This finding indicates that the PAA-sensitive event required by AAV occurs relatively late in the HSV cycle. Restoration of HSV DNA polymerase activity by reversal of a PAA block was not sufficient for initiating AAV replication. De novo protein synthesis was required also. In the second system, the effects of 2-deoxy- d -glucose (2DG), an inhibitor of protein glycosylation, on AAV replication were also examined. In AAV coinfections with HSV, increasing concentrations of 2DG inhibited the production of AAV IF capsid antigens. Conversely, production of AAV intracellular proteins was enhanced with increasing 2DG concentrations. Under these conditions the pattern of IF staining for the major AAV polypeptide was normal. Thus 2DG appears to interfere with the assembly of AAV proteins into a capsid configuration. In experiments with an adenovirus helper, 2DG was found to inhibit initiation of AAV replication through early adenovirus functions.
Improved Methodology For Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting

Injecting a small fraction of the excitation pulse directly into the photomultiplier allows one to make a simultaneous recording of the instrument response function along with every sample measurement in time-correlated single photon counting procedures. The reference path is several nanoseconds shorter than the sample path, so the two signals are distinguishable. By this innovation, one can correct for drift in either the excitation pulses or the detection system including photomultiplier and electronics.
A more dangerous enemy? Philo’s “confession” and Hume’s soft atheism

While Hume has often been held to have been an agnostic or atheist, several contemporary scholars have argued that Hume was a theist. These interpretations depend chiefly on several passages in which Hume allegedly confesses to theism. In this paper, I argue against this position by giving a threshold characterization of theism and using it to show that Hume does not confess. His most important “confession” does not cross this threshold and the ones that do are often expressive rather than assertive. I then argue that Hume is best interpreted as an atheist. Instead of interpreting Hume as a proto-logical positivist and arguing on the basis of Hume’s theories of meaning and method, I show that textually he appears to align himself with atheism, that his arguments in the Dialogues on Natural Religion support atheism, and that this position is most consistent with Hume’s naturalism. But, I hold that his atheism is “soft” and therefore distinct from that of his peers like Baron d’Holbach—while Hume really does reject theism, he neither embraces a dogmatically materialist position nor takes up a purely polemical stance towards theism. I conclude by suggesting several ways in which Hume’s atheistic philosophy of religion is relevant to contemporary discussions.
Deflection model for corner-supported plates with segmented in-plane actuators

The shape control of flexible mirrors has been studied mainly for edge-supported thin-plate configurations. For applications such as optical reflectors, corner-supported configurations, which allow for paraboloidal geometries, prove more applicable. Moreover, the use of corner supports enables more flexibility and larger achievable deflections than with edge supports. This paper discusses a corner-supported thin rectangular plate actuated by a two-dimensional array of segmented piezoelectric laminated actuators. First, a model determining the deflected shape of a laminate for a given distribution of voltages over the actuator array is derived. Second, the results of the model are shown to agree well with a finite element simulation of the structure. Finally, paraboloidal deflection of a rectangular PVDF laminate is investigated.
The Impact of Differential Case Ascertainment in Clinical Registry Versus Administrative Data on Assessment of Resource Utilization in Pediatric Heart Surgery

Background:Resource utilization in congenital heart surgery is typically assessed using administrative data sets. Recent analyses have called into question the accuracy of coding of cases in administrative data; however, it is unclear whether miscoding impacts assessment of associated resource use.Methods:We merged data coded within both an administrative data set and clinical registry on children undergoing heart surgery (2004-2010) at 33 hospitals. The impact of differences in coding of operations between data sets on reporting of postoperative length of stay (PLOS) and total hospital costs associated with these operations was assessed.Results:For each of the eight operations of varying complexity evaluated (total n = 57,797), there were differences in coding between data sets, which translated into differences in the reporting of associated resource utilization for the cases coded in either data set. There were statistically significant differences in PLOS and cost for seven of the eight operations, al...
Executive summary of NIH workshop on the Use and Biology of Energy Drinks: Current Knowledge and Critical Gaps

Sales of energy drinks in the United States reached $12.5 billion in 2012. Emergency department visits related to consumption of these products have increased sharply, and while these numbers remain small relative to product sales, they raise important questions regarding biological and behavioral effects. Although some common ingredients of energy drinks have been extensively studied (e.g., caffeine, B vitamins, sugars, inositol), data on other ingredients (e.g., taurine) are limited. Summarized here are data presented elsewhere in this issue on the prevalence and patterns of caffeine-containing energy drink use, the effects of these products on alertness, fatigue, cognitive functions, sleep, mood, homeostasis, as well as on exercise physiology and metabolism, and the biological mechanisms mediating the observed effects. There are substantial data on the effects of some energy drink ingredients, such as caffeine and sugars, on many of these outcomes; however, even for these ingredients many controversies and gaps remain, and data on other ingredients in caffeine-containing energy drinks, and on ingredient interactions, are sparse. This summary concludes with a discussion of critical gaps in the data and potential next steps.
FLEXIQuant: A novel tool for the absolute quantification of proteins, and the simultaneous identification and quantification of potentially modified peptides

Measurements of protein abundance and quantitative assessment of multiple post-translational modifications (PTMs) within a single protein are increasingly used to understand the control of protein activity, particularly in metazoan cells. General methods of wide applicability and precision/accuracy for quantitative estimation of protein post-translational regulation are lacking. Protein mass spectrometry has evolved from a high-throughput qualitative technique to a potentially general quantitative tool, but there are still serious limitations in dynamic range and coverage. To address some of these limitations, we introduce a novel MS-based quantitative strategy, FLEXIQuant, (Full-Length Expressed Stable Isotope-labeled Proteins for Quantification), which can track changes in relative peptide abundances as a function of PTM, and determine absolute quantity of a protein from its lysate. We examined two subunits of the anaphase-promoting complex, CDC27 and APC5, as a test of our ability to monitor quantitatively, the PTM status of several peptides over time. We find evidence of differential regulation at different sites, a phenomenon we believe will be very widespread. FLEXIQuant proved itself to be capable of serving as a general quantitative tool.
Maternal cortisol levels and behavior problems in adolescents and adults with ASD.

Using daily diary methods, mothers of adolescents and adults with ASD (n = 86) were contrasted with a nationally representative comparison group of mothers of similarly-aged unaffected children (n = 171) with respect to the diurnal rhythm of cortisol. Mothers of adolescents and adults with ASD were found to have significantly lower levels of cortisol throughout the day. Within the ASD sample, the son or daughter’s history of behavior problems interacted with daily behavior problems to predict the morning rise of the mother’s cortisol. A history of elevated behavior problems moderated the effect of behavior problems the day before on maternal cortisol level. Implications for interventions for both the mother and the individual with ASD are suggested.
End-Linked Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Elastomer Structure: 2H-NMR Transverse Dephasing Data Compared to Predictions of Statistical and Thermodynamic Models

2H-NMR measurements of deuterated poly(dimethylsiloxane) [PDMS(d)] elastomers with systematically varied elastic and swelling properties are presented. 2H-NMR transverse dephasing data are compared to the predictions of a model describing elastomer deuterium transverse dephasing data as a linear superposition of contributions from elastic and pendant chains. Structural parameters obtained from the model for 2H-NMR transverse dephasing are compared to structural parameters inferred from swelling measurements using statistical and thermodynamic models. As predicted by the model for transverse dephasing data, dephasing time constants for elastic chains are directly proportional to number-average molecular weights of elastic chains obtained from swelling measurements.
Religion and aging.

Life history data and cultural values are used to suggest ways in which personal and social beliefs influence the quality of experiences of aging. Central questions are the extent to which an individual can select beliefs that lead to a longer, more meaningful life and the special influence that religion may have in enhancing aging. Responsiveness to needs of the elderly is a necessary component of enlightened planning for the future. Secularization and industrialization have diminished roles and expectations for the elderly. Religion may be an effective means to identify these concerns and improve the quality of life of older people.
Proliferation potential in recurrent acoustic schwannoma following gamma knife radiosurgery versus microsurgery.

Objective: To evaluate the proliferation potential of recurrent acoustic schwannoma following gamma knife radiosurgery (GKR) versus microsurgery. Study Design: Retrospective study. Methods: A review of surgical records of the House Ear Clinic revealed 8 patients who had undergone GKR and 15 patients who had undergone microsurgery who had unilateral acoustic schwannoma recurrences. Immunohistochemical studies were performed to evaluate the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) on archival paraffin-embedded blocks. Results: All 8 GKR and 15 microsurgical tumors had positive staining for PCNA. The recurrent GKR tumors had significantly lower proliferation levels than in the microsurgical group (P = .03). Two GKR tumors had high proliferation levels. Conclusions: Our study indicates that recurrent vestibular schwannomas treated with GKR have lower proliferation potential as assessed by PCNA compared with recurrences following microsurgery. Radiation-induced apoptosis is thought to contribute to the lower tumor cell proliferation in GKR tumor. The two GKR tumors with high proliferation potential could be a result of radiation-induced sporadic mutation, resulting in high tumor cell proliferation.
Relaxation Phenomena and Thermodynamics of Liquids at Very High Pressures

Complex liquid glass-forming systems ranging from those composed of simple molecules to polymer melts and amorphous polymers have been studied extensively as a function of temperature resulting in a basic understanding of liquid-state dynamics and glass transition phenomenology as these systems are supercooled to the vitreous state. An important aspect of this problem that remains largely unexplored, and that is relevant to the topic of this symposium, involves liquid-state dynamics and vitrification (as well as crystallization) in the regime of high pressure and high density. We describe work on “fragile” to “intermediate strength” simple organic glass-forming liquids where both temperature (T) and pressure (P) are varied. Diamond anvil cells are used to achieve pressures exceeding 10 GPa. Several optical and light scattering techniques are used to explore both static and dynamic properties of these systems. High-pressure Brillouin scattering enables us to model the longitudinal relaxation time in these systems as well as their equations of state. These can now be refined by direct measurements of the pressure dependence of the glass transition, Tg(P). Finally, we summarize depolarized light scattering studies which allow us to compare both the isobaric and isothermal evolution of structural (α) and fast (β) relaxation processes.
Worker exposure to arsenic in Florida grapefruit spray operations.

Dermal and respiratory exposures of workers to arsenic when mixing, loading, and applying lead arsenate as a maturity spray to Florida grapefruit were determined. Respiratory exposure contributed <0.01% of total body exposure. The average level of dermal arsenic exposure was higher for suppliers than for applicators. Exposure was significantly higher for the hands and legs than other areas of the body. Accumulated total body exposure to arsenic was correlated with the urinary arsenic concentration. The mean dermal exposure of workers using a spray mixture of 0.1% lead arsenate was significantly lower than the average dermal exposure of workers applying arsenic with a 0.3% spray mixture. Although suppliers excreted an average daily total arsenic concentration of 228 ppb, slightly greater than the 200 ppb threshold value suggestive of arsenic poisoning, the average daily excretion of total arsenic by the applicators was 83 ppb, less than the threshold value. Exposure to arsenic of all workers was lower than the shortterm no-effect level set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Environmental cues, dendritic cells and the programming of tissue-selective lymphocyte trafficking

Lymphocytes are imprinted during activation with trafficking programs (combinations of adhesion and chemoattractant receptors) that target their migration to specific tissues and microenvironments. Cytokines contribute, but, for gut and skin, evolution has cleverly adapted external cues from food (vitamin A) and sunlight (ultraviolet-induced vitamin D3) to imprint lymphocyte homing to the small intestines and T cell migration into the epidermis. Dendritic cells are essential: they process the vitamins to their active metabolites (retinoic acid and 1,25(OH)(2)D3) for presentation with antigen to lymphocytes, and they help export environmental cues through lymphatics to draining lymph nodes, to program the trafficking and effector functions of naive T and B cells.