cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of Na+,K+-ATPase by interferon γ down-regulates intestinal epithelial transport and barrier function

Abstract Background & Aims: To determine how interferon (IFN)-γ inhibits epithelial barrier and ion transport functions, intestinal T84 cells were studied. Methods: Acute and chronic effects of IFN-γ on T84 barrier function, Na + ,K + –adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity, and certain ion transport and tight junctional proteins were determined. To assess the role of Na + ,K + -ATPase and intracellular Na + , similar studies with the Na + ,K + -ATPase inhibitor ouabain and Na + ionophore monensin were performed. To determine the role of nitric oxide (NO), the NO donor SPER-NO was used. Results: IFN-γ acutely ( + ,K + -ATPase activity, followed later (>24 hours) by decreases in expression of Na/K/2Cl, the α subunit of Na + ,K + -ATPase, occludin, and ZO-1. In contrast, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator or the Na + pump β subunit were unchanged. Ouabain and monensin caused nearly identical changes to IFN-γ. Incubation in low Na + media significantly blunted the chronic effects of IFN-γ. Hypotonic-induced cell swelling, in contrast, had effects similar to IFN-γ but did not alter the expression of the Na + pump α subunit. The NO donor SPER-NO rapidly inhibited Na + ,K + -ATPase and also down-regulated transport and barrier proteins. Conclusions: IFN-γ inhibition of Na + ,K + -ATPase activity acutely causes increases in intracellular Na i concentration and cell volume, which are distinct signaling events that ultimately result in a leaky and dysfunctional epithelium associated with chronic inflammation. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2001;120:1393-1403
Vibrational Energy Pooling in CO on NaCl(100): Simulation and Isotope Effects†

The phenomenon of vibrational energy pooling in a CO monolayer on a NaCl(100) surface is investigated using a kinetic simulation approach. The kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) method requires as input the rate constants for each available channel of vibrational energy flow in the system: laser excitation; vibrational relaxation to the substrate; vibrational energy transfer between nearest neighbor CO molecules on the surface; radiation. These rates were computed using perturbation theory and available experimental information. Our simulations predict a dramatic isotope effect in which energy is seen to preferentially pool on heavier isotopomers of CO if a natural abundance sample of CO is optically pumped. Simulations of an isotopically pure CO/NaCl(100) system continuously pumped by a laser source demonstrate that vibrational energy pools containing more and more quanta can be formed by using more intense lasers until a theoretical crossover is reached where vibrational relaxation rates become faster than vibr...
Analog circuit design and implementation of an adaptive resonance theory (ART) neural network architecture

This paper presents an analog circuit implementation for an adaptive resonance theory neural network architecture, called the augmented ART-1 neural network (AART1-NN). The AART1-NN is a modification of the popular ART1-NN, developed by Carpenter and Grossberg, and it exhibits the same behavior as the ART1-NN. The AART1-NN is a real-time model, and has the ability to classify an arbitrary set of binary input patterns into different clusters. The design of the AART1-NN model. The circuit is implemented by utilizing analog electronic components, such as, operational amplifiers, transistors, capacitors, and resistors. The implemented circuit is verified using the PSpice circuit simulator, running on Sun workstations. Results obtained from the PSpice circuit simulation compare favorably with simulation results produced by solving the differential equations numerically. The prototype system developed here can be used as a building block for larger AART1-NN architectures, as well as for other types of ART architectures that involve the AART1-NN model.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Form and Function in the Early Enlightenment

Many physicians, anatomists and natural philosophers engaged in attempts to map the seat of the soul during the so-called Scientific Revolution of the European seventeenth century. The history of these efforts needs to be told in light of the puzzlement bred by today's strides in the neurological sciences. The accounts discussed here, most centrally by Nicolaus Steno, Claude Perrault and Thomas Willis, betray the acknowledgement that a gap remained between observable form, on the one hand, and motor and sensory functions, on the other. Observation yielded information about form, but did not guarantee a constant correlation with presumed function, while the mechanisms of sense and movement did not fit in with accounts of action and cognition whose purpose was to place the connection between active body and willful, conscious soul onto a descriptive rather than metaphysical plane. Teleology was now no longer a helpful tool in the disciplines of anatomy and physiology; the consequences of this are still with us.
Pulmonary toxicity syndrome in breast cancer patients undergoing BCNU-containing high-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation

We performed a retrospective review to investigate pulmonary toxicity syndrome (PTS) in a cohort of breast cancer patients undergoing BCNU-containing high-dose chemotherapy (HDC). Our aim was to characterize presentation, identify risk factors, determine outcome following therapy, and find any association with differences in survival. We reviewed the data of 152 patients with stage II or III or metastatic breast cancer treated with cyclophosphamide 5625 mg/m2, cisplatin 165 mg/m2, and BCNU 600 mg/m2 followed by autologous peripheral blood hematopoietic cell transplantation. During follow-up, PTS was diagnosed when the following criteria were met: (1) presentation with typical clinical symptoms of PTS, (2) an absolute carbon monoxide diffusion capacity (DLCO) decline of 10% compared with pre-HDC DLCO, and (3) no clinical evidence of active pulmonary infection. Patients were then treated with a course of corticosteroid therapy. The incidence of PTS for all 152 patients was 59%, with a median onset at 45 days (range, 21-149 days) post-HDC. The median absolute DLCO decrement was 26% (range, 10%-73%) at diagnosis of PTS. There was no significant correlation between patient age, stage of breast cancer, pre-HDC chemotherapy regimen, pre-HDC chest wall radiotherapy, tobacco use, prior lung disease, or baseline pulmonary function test results and the development of PTS. We did observe an interesting association between PTS and the development of a noncholestatic elevation of transaminases. Of PTS patients treated with prednisone therapy for a median of 105.5 days (range, 44-300 days), 91% achieved resolution of their PTS without pulmonary sequelae. At 3 years, the overall survival (OS) of stage II or III patients who developed PTS was 84% (95% confidence interval [CI], 73%-95%); of metastatic breast cancer patients with PTS, the OS was 58% (95% CI, 38%-78%). These values were not significantly different from those of patients who did not develop PTS (91% [95% confidence interval [CI], 81%-100%] and 53% [95% CI, 32%-74%], respectively). No significant differences in disease-free or event-free survival were observed between patients with and without PTS. The incidence of PTS in breast cancer patients treated with a BCNU-containing HDC regimen can be remarkably high. Treatment with a course of corticosteroid therapy is successful in the vast majority.
Individualized Assessment and Phenomenological Psychology

Although there is growing openness to tailoring of assessment procedures and reports to the particular client, these efforts typically have been sporadic and incomplete. This article reviews a systematic approach to individualized assessment, one whose practices are referred to as collaborative, contextual, and interventional. Clinical examples of these practices are presented in terms of their grounding in phenomenological psychology. Prior to that, themes such as intentionality, situatedness, dialectics, structuralism, and hermeneutics are introduced briefly. Phenomenological psychology as such is not seen here as necessary for all individualized practices, but it is seen as a critical touchpoint for development of theory and further practices.
Non-Coronary Cardiac CT Imaging

Cardiac multidetector CT (MDCT) has moved from purely anatomic imaging, to assessment of cardiac function. Significant advances since the advent of multidetector CT now make it feasible to assess not only the coronary arteries, but also ejection fraction, ventricular volumes, myocardial mass and the presence of wall-motion abnormalities. Advances include improvements in EKG-gating, including improvements in temporal resolution, as well as the addition of delayed contrast-enhanced methods. Anatomic imaging has improved as well, with thinner collimation and better reconstruction methods. Three-dimensional software programs now permit excellent surface rendered displays and multiplanar reconstructions suitable as surgical and procedural "road maps."
Comparison of methyl and hydroxyl protons generated in a Coulomb explosion event: application of a time-of-flight gating technique to methanol clusters

Abstract A time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry gating technique is applied to a study of methanol clusters subjected to ionizations via intense femtosecond laser pulses. The resulting high charged species (C2+, C3+/O4+) acquire large amounts of kinetic energy resulting from Coulomb repulsion of multicharged atomic ions that reside in close proximity to one another. Protons which are of two kinds, methyl and hydroxyl, also acquire large amounts of kinetic energy. When compared with protons generated from the Coulomb explosion of water clusters ((H2O)n, n≤20), protons from methanol clusters ((CH3OH)n, n≤10) acquire less overall average kinetic energy, which is in agreement with earlier findings that suggest greater clustering yields higher energy. Interestingly, despite the lower average kinetic energy released, the methanol protons peak at a higher value of energy than those generated in the water cluster system, an effect attributed to the presence of both methyl and hydroxyl groups.
Spectrum of squeezing and photocurrent shot noise: a normally ordered treatment

The detection of squeezed optical fields generated by intracavity nonlinear-optical interactions is described. The relationship between quantum-statistical properties of the cavity mode and those of the field at a detector placed outside the cavity discussed. The detected field is composed of a source field from the cavity plus a free external field. The free field couples weakly to the cavity so that it is correlated with the source field. The photocurrent spectrum in optical homodyne detection is calculated, and the spectrum of squeezing is defined. This spectrum can be calculated entirely in terms of intracavity fields without requiring knowledge of the correlations between source and free-field contributions in the cavity output. This follows from an explicitly normally ordered, time-ordered treatment of the photodetection problem. Contrasting earlier treatments of photodetection for squeezed fields, in a normally ordered approach, shot noise arises naturally from the self-correlation of photocurrent for pulses. The derived spectrum is converted into nonnormally ordered, non-time-ordered form to recover the results of these earlier treatments and their interpretation of shot noise in terms of local-oscillator quantum noise, signal and quantum noise, and detector-efficiency quantum noise.
Cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization in preweanling and adult rats: effects of a single drug–environment pairing

Adult rats typically exhibit more robust behavioral sensitization than do preweanling rats. A possible explanation for this age-dependent difference is that environmental context may have relatively less impact on the psychostimulant-induced behaviors of preweanling rats. The purpose of this study was to assess the importance of environmental context for the development of cocaine-induced sensitization in preweanling and adult rats. On postnatal day (PD) 19 or PD 79, rats in the context-dependent condition were injected with 30 mg/kg cocaine immediately before being placed in a novel test chamber for 30 min. The same rats were then injected with saline 30 min after being returned to the home cage. Rats in the context-independent condition were injected with saline before being placed in the novel chamber and cocaine in the home age. Control rats were injected with saline at both time points. One day later, adult and preweanling rats were challenged with saline or 10 mg/kg cocaine (experiment 1), or preweanling rats were challenged with 5, 20, or 30 mg/kg cocaine (experiment 2). After being injected, rats were placed in the test chamber, and behavior was measured for 60 min. Adult rats showed context-dependent locomotor sensitization and conditioned activity, with females exhibiting more locomotor activity than males. Preweanling rats did not exhibit conditioned activity, but they showed robust context-dependent and context-independent sensitization when challenged with 10–30 mg/kg cocaine. Context did not influence the expression of behavioral sensitization in preweanling rats, suggesting that deficits in associative or memory processes may be responsible for age-dependent differences in behavioral sensitization and conditioned activity.
Interfacial photoannealing: The light driven alteration of the surface-binding geometry of a mixed-valence complex capable of multielectron charge transfer on colloidal TiO2

The trimetallic, mixed-valence complex [(NC)5FeII−CN−PtIV(NH3)4−NC−FeII(CN)5]4- was surface-attached to colloidal TiO2. The system was characterized by UV/vis absorption, diffuse reflectance IR, an...
Inhibition of steroidogenesis in rat adrenal cortex cells by a threonine analogue.

Abstract We have investigated the ability of amino acid analogues of serine and threonine to inhibit the increase in steroidogenesis elicited by addition of ACTH or cAMP in cells isolated from the rat adrenal cortex. We have found that the serine analogues, D , L -isoserine, α-methyl- D, L -serine and L -homoserine, are almost totally ineffective in inhibiting this process but that the threonine analogue, D, L -β-hydroxynorvaline, at a concentration of 300 μ M inhibits stimulated steroid hormone biosynthesis by ca 95%, while inhibiting overall protein synthesis by only ca 40%. This inhibition was found to occur in a dose-dependent manner and to be reversible by a stoichiometric concentration of threonine. These studies suggest that β-hydroxynorvaline is functioning as a threonine analogue in our experimental system. Both the onset of inhibition by analogue and reversal of this inhibition by the natural amino acid occured rapidly, without detectable lag. Since results obtained using cAMP as stimulant parallel those obtained using ACTH, the inhibitory effect of the analogue seems to occur subsequent to the synthesis of cAMP. Additionally, the analogue does not inhibit the conversion of pregnenolone to corticosterone, suggesting the site of action of analogue occurs pior to the synthesis of pregnenolone from cholesterol. Thus, the analogue may be exerting its effect on a protein that is synthesized subsequent to ACTH addition and is important in the acute phase of stimulated steroid hormone biosynthesis. Further, since ACTH action on adrenal cortex cells causes the activation of protein kinase A, which phosphorylates serine and threonine residues, it is possible that the effect of the analogue is to prevent the phosphorylation of a newly-synthesized protein.
Marketing Strategies for a New Academic Economy: Can We Sell French Without Selling Out?

When I was asked to participate in this discussion, I was told that my comments should reflect in some way the perspective I gained by temporarily crossing the line into academic administration when I became Associate Dean of the Faculty in charge of the Humanities at my home university five years ago, an experience from which I'm still in recovery... This article is available in Studies in 20th Century Literature: http://newprairiepress.org/sttcl/vol26/iss1/3 Marketing Strategies for a New Academic Economy: Can We Sell French Without Selling Out?
On finite pure bending of curved tubes

Abstract The present paper, in essence, owes its origin to a statement in the original manuscript of a paper by Boyle ‡ in which doubts were expressed concerning the recovery possibility of the results of finite-bending theory for straight tubes as a limiting case of the corresponding results for curved tubes. Although this statement does not occur in the final version of the manuscript, Boyle's using a state of rotational displacement with two scalar components as against the evident possibility of needing just one such component,, and his treating the problem as a sixth order problem without regard to its possible reduction to one fourth order via use of two first integrals, suggested to the author that the following discussion (with the additional benefit of an opportunity of correcting an earlier oversight in Refs.[11, 12] would serve a useful purpose.
Microflotation of fine particles in the presence of a bulk-insoluble surfactant

Abstract A theoretical description of the flotation of semiBrownian spherical particles by small spherical bubbles containing a surface active substance is presented. The surfactant is considered to be insoluble in the bulk and to have small deviations in surface coverage. Collection efficiencies between the surfactant covered bubbles and the rigid particles are calculated with allowance for gravity, Brownian motion, and van der Waals attraction for a variety of bubble Peclet numbers and particle-to-bubble size ratios. The hydrodynamic problem was decomposed into axisymmetric and asymmetric parts, and pairwise hydrodynamic mobility functions were calculated for different degrees of bubble surface mobility. The effect of the adsorbed surfactant is characterized by the dimensionless surface retardation parameter, A = MaPe s , a product of the Marangoni and surface Peclet numbers. A =0 corresponds to a bubble with a freely mobile interface. For the limiting case of A →∞, the axisymmetric problem reduces to that of a bubble with a rigid interface. In the asymmetric problem, however, higher transversal mobilities occur for the case of A →∞ than for those of a rigid bubble. This fact results in lower collection efficiencies for A →∞ than for rigid bubbles, in some cases by as much as 80%. In general, the maximum influence of the bubble surface mobility on the collection efficiency occurs in the range where bulk convective and diffusive effects are comparable; in these cases, the collection efficiencies may vary by more than an order of magnitude for the range of possible values assumed by the surface retardation parameter.
Use of the Tension Cell to Monitor Particle Interactions in Suspensions

AbstractThe tension cell was able to monitor the effect of adsorbing either a nonionic or ionic surface active agent on particle arrangements in kaolinite suspensions. Adsorption of polysorbate 80 affected particle interactions by steric stabilization. Adsorption of sodium dodecylbenzenosulfonate produced dispersion by a combination of electrostatic repulsion and steric stabilization. The interpretation of the effect of the adsorbed surface active agents was supported by rheological studies
Molecular identification of bacteria in tracheal aspirate fluid from mechanically ventilated preterm infants.

Background Despite strong evidence linking infections to the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), limitations of bacterial culture methods have precluded systematic studies of airway organisms relative to disease outcomes. Application of molecular bacterial identification strategies may provide new insight into the role of bacterial acquisition in the airways of preterm infants at risk for BPD.
Musculoskeletal magnetic resonance imaging: importance of radiography

To determine the usefulness of radiography for interpretation of musculoskeletal (MSK) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies. In a 1-year period, 1,030 MSK MRI studies were performed in 1,002 patients in our institution. For each study, the interpreting radiologist completed a questionnaire regarding the availability and utility of radiographs, radiological reports and clinical information for the interpretation of the MRI study. Radiographs were essential, very important or added information in 61–75% of all MSK MRI cases. Radiographs were judged as essential for reading of MRI studies more often for trauma, infection/inflammation and tumors than for degenerative and miscellaneous/normal diagnoses (χ2=60.95, df=16, P<0.0001). The clinical information was rated as "essential" or "useful" significantly more often than not (χ2=93.07, df=16, P<0.0001). The clinical and MRI diagnoses were the same or partially concordant significantly more often for tumors than for trauma, infection/inflammation and degenerative conditions, while in the miscellaneous/normal group they were different in 64% of cases. When the diagnoses were different, there were more instances in which radiographs were not available. Radiographs are an important, and sometimes essential, initial complementary study for reading of MSK MRI examinations. It is highly recommended that radiographs are available when MSK MRI studies are interpreted.
Do Homeless Shelter Conditions Determine Shelter Population? The Case of the Dinkins Deluge

Abstract We study why families enter and leave homeless shelters. After 2 years of decline, the number of homeless families in New York City's shelter system began rising again in summer 1990 and continued to rise until it hit an all-time record high in summer 1993. The conventional wisdom is that a flood of new families were attracted into shelters by the Dinkins administration's aggressive policy of placing homeless families into subsidized housing. We test the conventional wisdom and reject it. Better prospects of subsidized housing increase flows into the shelter system, but this effect is not nearly large enough to offset the first order shelter effect—taking families out of the shelters reduces the number of families in them. Why did the shelter population grow after Spring 1990? A major part of the reason is that the city responded to conventional wisdom and slowed placement into subsidized housing. Other major factors were the 1990–92 recession, falling real welfare benefits and more NYCHA applications, and greater use of more attractive Tier II shelters instead of hotels.
Calculating components of the Coefficient of Relationship

SummaryThe coefficient of relationship by isonymy is Ri = Σ (n(n − 1)/2(N(N − 1)) in which n is the number of persons of each surname and N = Σn. Dividing Ri into two components, one for the contribution of co-residence (family size) and the other for diversity of surnames among residences is achieved by letting a1 represent Σn(n − 1) for all residents, a2 represent Σ n(n − 1) after eliminating all but one individual of any name at any residence, and b1 represent 2N(N − 1) for all residents. Then the component for inter-residence diversity is a2/b1 and the component for relationship by co-residence (including the interaction) is (a1 − a2)/b1. By the same logic it is possible to calculate separately the interaction component, but the additional information seems of limited imporpance.
New and noteworthy amphipod crustaceans from North Carolina, U.S.A.

During the course of faunistic investigations of estuarine Amphipoda in North Carolina (Fox and Bynum, 1975), several undescribed species have been found. Six of these, in the generaGammarus, Maera, Stenothoe, Lembos andMicrodeutopus, are described here.
Atypical mitochondrial morphology of the intestinal absorptive cells of the germfree rat

Die Mitochondrien der Dunndarm-Epithelzellen 3 Monate alter keimfreier Ratten zeigten elektronenmikroskopisch auffallende Formunterschiede im Gegensatz zu Vergleichstieren desselben Wurfes, die mit Coecum-Inhalt gewohnlicher Ratten kontaminiert wurden.
Resistive properties of indium and indium-gallium contacts to CdS

Abstract The contact resistance of wiped-on InGa, evaporated In, and ion-plated In contacts on low-resistivity CdS single crystals both with and without an insulating surface layer have been examined. Resistance-voltage characteristics were measured for applied voltages of 1 mV to ∼ 10 V. On etched crystals (without insulating layer) low-resistance ohmic contacts ( 2 ) are obtained with InGa and evaporated In, whereas the ion-plated In contacts are ohmic but have apparent resistivities of ∼ 3.6 Ω-cm 2 . On unetched crystals (with insulating layer) contacts of InGa and evaporated In are highly resistive (2 × 10 2 to 2 × 10 6 Ω-cm 2 ) and non-ohmic, but the ion-plated contacts have approximately the same characteristics as those applied to etched samples. It is concluded that the high-resistivity surface layer on low-resistivity CdS crystals must be removed or altered in order to make low-resistance ohmic contacts, and that constant R-V (or linear I-V) characteristics are a necessary but not a sufficient condition for neglecting contact resistance in two-terminal measurements of the bulk electrical properties of CdS.
Modeling of hydrogen penetration in the energy market

Abstract The energy systems language method was used to develop a dynamic model which generated intersubstitution of energy sources and/or energy currencies in the energy market and provided information on interactions between the energy system and the socio-economic system. Particularly, substitution for the fossil fuel system by the solar hydrogen energy system has been analyzed. Different dates of inception and different initial rates of hydrogen introduction into the energy market were analyzed, with particular attention given to their effect on economic growth and on the environment. The results show that an early transition to the solar hydrogen energy system would provide long-term benefits to the economy and to the environment.
Comparison of arthroscopy and arthrotomy for diagnosis of medial meniscal pathology: an ex vivo study.

Objective— To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of arthroscopy and arthrotomy for diagnosis of medial meniscal pathology and to evaluate the diagnostic value of medial meniscal probing. Study Design— Ex vivo study. Animals— Cadaveric canine stifle joints (n=30). Methods— Stifle joints were assigned to either a cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) deficient or intact group. Within each stifle joint, no medial meniscal tear, a peripheral detachment, or 1 of 3 variants of vertical longitudinal tears of the medial meniscus were created. Each stifle joint had arthroscopy, craniomedial (CrMed), and caudomedial (CdMed) arthrotomy. Diagnoses were made by both observation and probing. Sensitivity, specificity, and correct classification rate (CCR) for diagnosing the state of the medial meniscus using both observation and probing with all diagnostic methods were calculated. Odds ratios were calculated to determine if probing increased diagnostic accuracy. Results— Arthroscopy with probing was the most sensitive and specific diagnostic method and had the highest CCR. For arthrotomy, CrMed was the most sensitive in CrCL-deficient and CdMed the most sensitive in stable, CrCL-intact stifle joints. For all methods, probing increased their diagnostic accuracy. Conclusions— Arthroscopy is the most accurate diagnostic method; however, probing the medial meniscus enhances the diagnostic accuracy of all methods. Clinical Relevance— Accurate diagnosis of medial meniscal pathology is ideally achieved by means of arthroscopy; however, if arthrotomy is chosen, CrMed should be selected in unstable and CdMed in stable stifle joints. Regardless, medial meniscal probing should be performed to increase diagnostic accuracy.
Nonlinearity identification by time-domain-only signal processing

Abstract A conjugate-pair decomposition (CPD) method is proposed for signal decomposition, dynamics characterization, and nonlinearity identification all in the time domain only. CPD uses the empirical mode decomposition method with signal conditioning techniques to decompose a compound signal into well separated intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) and then uses a pair of sliding conjugate functions to accurately extract the time-varying frequency and amplitude of each IMF using only three neighboring data points for each time instant. Because the variations of frequencies and amplitudes of IMFs contain system characteristics, they can be used for dynamics characterization and nonlinearity identification of discrete and continuum systems. Several discrete and continuum systems' simulated and experimental responses are used to validate CPD's accuracy and capability for system and nonlinearity identification. Experimental nonlinear free vibration of a horizontally cantilevered steel beam subject to an initial tip displacement is analyzed using CPD, and direct numerical simulations using a fully nonlinear finite-element code are also performed and compared. Both experimental and numerical results show that the first-mode vibration contains a softening cubic nonlinearity, and the shortening-induced longitudinal inertia and nonlinear modal coupling of the first few modes make the effective modal damping of the first mode nonlinear.
The incidence of external hernias in premature infants.

Summary Data on the incidence of external hernia during the first year of life in 82 healthy premature infants is presented. Twenty per cent of the infants had either inguinal or umbilical hernia, or both. Infants weighing less than 1500 g at birth were found to have a higher incidence of inguinal hernia. This is attributed to incomplete obliteration of the processes vaginal is as a result of premature birth. Infants weighing more than 1500 g at birth had a higher incidence of umbilical hernia. The incidence of inguinal hernia appears to be significantly increased in premature infants. Contrary to other reports, the incidence of umbilical hernia in this series of premature infants does not appear to be greater than that reported in full term infants.
Haemoglobin Constant Spring synthesis in red cell precursors.

Summary. The synthesis of α Constant Spring (αcs) chain was studied in the peripheral blood and bone marrow of five patients with haemoglobin H Constant Spring disease. Relative to the normal α and β chains, the production of αcs chain was found to be less efficient as the erythroid cells mature.
Identity complexity as an indicator of health

Although clinicians need to be able to rely on a conception of psychological health, it has been extraordinarily difficult to define health satisfactorily, especially from an adaptational perspective. This paper proposes viewing mental health as a highly developed capacity to create meaning with the content of the sense of self being highly differentiated, articulated and integrated. Examples of how this concept of “identity complexity” fits with clinical social work practice are provided.
Formation of fluoranthene and nitrofluoranthenes by gamma radiolysis

Etude du devenir des hydrocarbures polycycliques aromatiques (PAH) sous des irradiations ionisantes. Ici on fait la radiolyse gamma de bromo-1 naphtalene dans le benzene et le nitrobenzene
Strategies for the successful introduction of computer technology in a mental health care setting: the problem of change

An innovative approach to mental health care delivery which makes use of on-line computer technology is described. Results of a formal evaluation study of this system are summarized. These results indicate that the computer supported system has the capability of effecting improvements in mental health care delivery. However, it has also been learned that clinical staff have difficulties in accepting innovative approaches to patient care, and furthermore, that their resistance to change limits the effectiveness of the new system. Strategies to effect clinician acceptance of these changes and the positive results of these strategies, are also discussed.
Effect of ethidium bromide on mitochondrial DNA and cytochrome synthesis in HeLa cells

Abstract The effect of ethidium bromide (EB) on the synthesis of covalently closed circular DNA in HeLa cells and on the DNA of isolated HeLa cell mitochondria was studied. When HeLa cells were exposed to EB at a concentration of 0.1 μg/ml or higher for 48 h, newly synthesized mitochondrial DNA could not be detected by isopycnic centrifugation in CsCl-EB solution. Nuclear DNA synthesis was not decreased. Cell growth was inhibited by approximately 10%. Synthesis of cytochromes was increased in treated cells. At concentrations of 0.1 μg/ml, incorporation of 3H-thymidine into the DNA of isolated mitochondria was completely inhibited and at concentrations of 0.01 and 0.001 μg/ml, it was lowered by 40–50%.
Non-uniform spectral encoding of measured mode-locked laser pulses for performance enhancement of optical CDMA networks

We propose a novel non-uniform spectral encoding scheme in a SPECTS O-CDMA system. Simulations incorporating measured mode-locked laser pulse spectrum indicate that enhanced BER performance and 8-fold increase in system capacity are possible.
Brief report: comparative effects of antecedent exercise and lorazepam on the aggressive behavior of an autistic man

Aggression among developmentally disabled persons can be a major factor prohibiting movement to less restrictive environments. The refinement of effective aggression reduction techniques is therefore essential. Antecedent exercise has successfully reduced aggression, out-of-seat behavior, self-stimulation, and self-injury among disturbed children (Yell, 1988) and developmentally disabled persons (Bachman & Fuqua, 1983; Bachman & Sluyter, 1988; Baumeister & MacLean, 1984; Kern, Koegel, & Dunlap, 1984; Kern, Koegel, Dyer, Blew, & Fenton, 1982; McGimsey & Favell, 1988; Mendell & MacDonald, 1990; Watters & Watters, 1980). The Boston Higashi School has autistic children vigorously exercise as they believe this reduces maladaptive behavior (Quill, Gurry, & Larkin, 1989). Only two studies did not obtain positive effects with antecedent exercise (Gordon, Handleman, & Harris, 1986; Larson & Miltenberger, 1989). Gordon et al.'s (1986) results may be explained by the extremely brief exercise periods (3 min). Thus evidence clearly indicates that antecedent exercise is an effective decelerative treatment. Effective techniques are necessary but insufficient conditions for appropriate treatment. Treatments should be socially valid and acceptable, functionally based (Carr, Robinson, Taylor, & Carlson, in press), and able to be implemented with treatment integrity (Gresham, 1989).
Carbonate dissolution and sedimentation on the mid-atlantic continental margin.

The calcium carbonate content was determined for core tops from two transects on the upper slope to lower rise on the mid-Atlantic continental margin. Carbonate content in the sediment increases from ∼ 5 percent (by weight) on the upper slope to more than 30 percent on the upper rise. A zone of low-carbonate content extends from 3000 to 4400 meters. Below 4400 meters, the percent carbonate increases. An examination of dissolution indices in these core tops indicates that the low-carbonate zone is associated with intense dissolution. Below 4400 meters, dissolution decreases and carbonate is well preserved. The decrease in dissolution occurs where the high-velocity core of the Western Boundary Undercurrent is first encountered .
Analysis of Cartesian Genetic Programming’s Evolutionary Mechanisms

Understanding how search operators interact with solution representation is a critical step to improving search. In Cartesian genetic programming (CGP), and genetic programming (GP) in general, the complex genotype to phenotype map makes achieving this understanding a challenge. By examining aspects such as tuned parameter values, the search quality of CGP variants at different problem difficulties, node behavior, and offspring replacement properties we seek to better understand the characteristics of CGP search. Our focus is two-fold: creating methods to prevent wasted CGP evaluations (skip, accumulate, and single) and creating methods to overcome CGPs search limitations imposed by genome ordering (reorder and DAG). Our results on Boolean problems show that CGP evolves genomes that are highly inactive, very redundant, and full of seemingly useless constants. On some tested problems we found that less than 1% of the genome was actually required to encode the evolved solution. Furthermore, traditional CGP ordering results in large portions of the genome that are never used by any ancestor of the evolved solution. Reorder and DAG allow evolution to utilize the entire genome. More generally, our results suggest that skip-reorder and single-reorder are most likely to solve hard problems using the least number of evaluations and the least amount of time while better avoiding degenerate behavior.
High-level expression of the bovine growth hormone gene in heterologous mammalian cells

Abstract The gene coding for bovine growth hormone (bGH) was isolated from a λ-phage library constructed using bovine pituitary DNA partially digested with Mbo I. Expression of this gene transfected into mouse and monkey cells was studied. CV-1 monkey cells transfected with simian virus 40 (SV40) vectors containing the intact bGH gene, including the putative promoter region, did not express bGH. However, replacement of the bGH promoter with the mouse metallothionein-I (MT) promoter resulted in high-level synthesis and secretion of bGH. These results show that the bGH promoter functions poorly in CV-1 cells but CV-1 cells process and translate the bGH mRNA accurately. The MT-bGH chimeric gene was used to establish permanent bGH-secreting mouse C127 cell lines using the 69% transforming fragment of bovine papilloma virus (BPV) as the vector. One such cell line produced high levels of bGH and secreted it into the medium efficiently. Secreted bGH is processed accurately and is bioactive as judged by its ability to bind to rabbit liver membrane preparations.
Status projections and ethnicity: A comparison of Mexican American, Negro, and Anglo youth☆

Abstract The general purpose of this paper was to determine to what extent ethnic group differences exist in adolescents' projected frames of status reference. Utilizing data obtained from Negro, Mexican American, and Anglo youth residing in nonmetropolitan areas of Texas, ethnic comparisons were made by sex on several dimensions of occupational and educational status projections: levels of aspiration and expectation, anticipatory goal deflection, intensity of aspiration, and certainty of expectation. The findings indicated that the three ethnic groups were generally similar, except in reference to status expectations and intensity of aspiration: Negro youth maintained higher level expectations and Mexican American youth maintained stronger intensity of aspiration. Several other consistent but less substantial patterns of ethnic variability were noted: Mexican American youth felt least certain of attaining their expectations, Negro youth held higher educational goals, and Anglo youth experienced the least anticipatory deflection. Implications were drawn for theory and future research.
Exploring RPE as a Source of Photoreceptors: Differentiation and Integration of Transdifferentiating Cells Grafted into Embryonic Chick Eyes

Purpose—To study the possibility of generating photoreceptors through programming RPE transdifferentiation by examining cell differentiation after transplantation into the developing chick eye. Methods—RPE was isolated, and the cells were dissociated, cultured, and guided to transdifferentiate by infection with retrovirus expressing neuroD (RCAS-neuroD), using RCAS– green fluorescence protein (GFP) as a control. The cells were then harvested and microinjected into the developing eyes of day 5 to day 7 chick embryos, and their development and integration were analyzed. Results—Cells from the control culture integrated into the host RPE. When grafted cells were present in large number, multilayered RPE-like tissues were formed, and the extra tissues consisted of grafted cells and host cells. None of the cells from the control culture expressed photoreceptorspecific genes. In contrast, most cells from RCAS-neuroD–infected culture remained depigmented. A large number of them expressed photoreceptor-specific genes, such as visinin and opsins. Antibodies against red opsin decorated the apical tips and the cell bodies of the grafted, transdifferentiating cells. In the subretinal space, visinin + cells aligned along the RPE or an RPElike structure. When integrated into the host outer nuclear layer, grafted cells emanated elaborate, axonal arborization into the outer plexiform layer of the host retina. Conclusions—Cultured RPE cells retained their remarkable regenerative capabilities. Cells guided to transdifferentiate along the photoreceptor pathway by neuroD developed a highly ordered cellular structure and could integrate into the outer nuclear layer. These data suggest that, through genetic programming, RPE cells could be a potential source of photoreceptor cells. Photoreceptors are the primary sensory neurons residing in the outer nuclear layer (ONL) of the vertebrate retina. Photoreceptor degeneration is a common cause of human visual impairments resulting from light damage, genetic changes, and aging. The low quality of life
Theology in the Wake of the Other

Altarity is a praxis, a text, an outwork but it is not a book. It is not a book in the same sense that Magritte's painting "This Is Not a Pipe" may not be a painting, least of all a painting of an object called a pipe. And it is not "about" "altarity" even if that is the "name" printed on its cover. Just as one can infer from the sign in the store window of which Kierkegaard speaks, "Pants pressed here," either that the store is a tailor shop or that it is selling signs, Altarity too is not "about" some single subject matter but, like the painting or the shop, Zweideutig (ambiguous). On the one hand, it is an emporium of signs, signs that generate meaning-a "straightforward" history of a certain critical reading of Hegel by post-Hegelian French writers who marginalize the history of Western philosophy as that history culminates in and is swallowed up by Hegel's Absolute. Read in this way Altarity is, by far, the most sophisticated and perceptive account to date of a "movement" comprising literary and philosophical tendencies that attempt to expose the presuppositions and dissimulations of Western philosophy's understanding of being, time, and language. But this is not the only way to read this text. Altarity is a taylor shop: a taylor's brilliant opening up of the text-ile history of Western thought, of the significance of a history that privileges rationality, speech, consciousness, present time, and male
Electrical safety in the use of biofeedback instruments

Electrical hazards associated with the use of medical apparatus are described with emphasis on biofeedback instruments. Safety standards specify safe current levels for instruments in normal operation; however, the user can take steps to provide back-up protection against hazards caused by component malfunction or breakdown. Measures for protection of patient and operator are outlined, including instrument design considerations and guidelines for the user to follow in order to provide a margin of safety.
Sensitization to the reinforcing effects of cocaine following binge-abstinent self-administration

The process of addiction in humans involves a transition from recreational drug use to compulsive drug-taking. To understand or study this behavioral phenomenon from a neurobiological perspective, behavioral models that reflect this process are necessary. Data from typical (restricted access) self-administration procedures demonstrate a stable pattern of responding over time, and thus fail to capture the transitional phases of this process. Here we describe the development of a model that incorporates self-administration-induced changes in the reinforcing efficacy of cocaine, assessed using a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement to probe the 'motivational' state of the animal. To date we have identified two necessary conditions for the development of this sensitization: extended access to cocaine and a deprivation period. This model, in conjunction with recently developed tools to characterize neurochemical and epigenetic changes, will provide a better understanding of the neurobiological bases of the addiction process.
Control of drug release from polymer matrices impregnated with magnetic beads —a proposed mechanism and model for enhanced release

Abstract The need to regulate drug release rates in applications such as suppression of diabetic symptoms and birth control has previously led to the development of delivery systems containing small magnetic beads uniformly imbedded within drug-laden polymer matrices. An oscillating magnetic field imposed on such systems triggers a significant increase in release rate. A mechanism for enhanced release is proposed here, which draws upon the similarity between the observed increase in mass transfer by pulsation, e.g., promotion of axial diffusion in a cylinder with pulsed (but zero net) flow and enhanced drug release by the oscillating field. A mathematical model is derived based on this analogy. Its predictions are consistent with general observations and provide correlations of release rates with the frequency and amplitude of the oscillating magnetic field and the intrinsic drug diffusivity.
Cultural Variability in Expressed Emotion among Families of Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa

Objective To examine the cultural variability in Expressed Emotion (EE) among families of white and ethnic minority adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN).
Effects of pyriproxyfen on ovarian development and fecundity of Rhagoletis pomonella flies

Three-day old female apple maggot flies, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), were topically exposed to different doses (0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μg per fly) of a juvenile hormone mimic, pyriproxyfen, in the laboratory. Pyriproxyfen had little lethal effect on females except at the extremely high dose of 100 μg. It also had no significant effect on egg viability of treated females. A non-lethal dose of 1 μg per fly did, however, enhance significantly the fecundity (egg production) as well as the ovarian development (number of eggs in ovaries and length of egg folicles) of treated flies. We conclude that pyriproxyfen could be a useful aid in exploring endocrine regulation of feeding and reproductive physiology behavior in R. pomonella, about which current knowledge is scant.
General Relativity and Flat Space. II

The possibility is considered of interpreting the formalism of the general theory of relativity in terms of flat space, the fundamental tensor ${g}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}$ being regarded as describing the gravitational field but having no direct connection with geometry. The resulting theory in general leads to the same predictions as the Einstein theory, but there are cases where the predictions differ. The present theory may explain the principal results obtained by D. C. Miller in his "ether-drift" experiments. The implications of the theory for cosmology are briefly touched upon.