cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ADHD and Reading Disabilities A Cluster Analytic Approach for Distinguishing Subgroups

Data suggest that children with reading disability (RD) and non-RD children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may comprise distinct subgroups. Research has been hampered by variance in definitional criteria, which results in the study of different subgroups of children. Using cluster analysis, this study empirically divided children with ADHD (N = 54), based on their Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) and reading ability. Four distinct subgroups emerged in which cognitive, behavioral, and neurochemical function was compared. Cluster 1 was of average FSIQ and reading scores; Cluster 2 was of average FSIQ but showed impairment in reading; Cluster 3 had high FSIQ and reading scores; and Cluster 4 had low scores in both domains. The groups had different patterns of cognitive, behavioral, and neurochemical function, as determined by discrepancies in Verbal-Performance IQ, academic achievement scores, parent aggression ratings, and a measure of noradrenergic function. These distinctions are discussed with regard to etiology, treatment, and long-term outcome.
A new workerless social parasite in the ant genus Pseudomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a discussion of the origin of social parasitism in ants

The New World ant genus Pseudomyrmex (subfamily Pseudomyrmecinae) contains about 180 species, of which only one workerless social parasite, P.leptosus, from Florida, has been previously recorded. A new species discovered recently in northern Argentina, P.inquilinus sp. nov., is more derived morphologically and behaviourally than P.leptosus and has convergently developed features characteristic of the workerless inquilines known in other ant subfamilies. These features include diminutive size, reduced mouthparts, a broadened petiole and postpetiole, well-developed subpetiolar and subpostpetiolar processes, and the habit of straddling the gaster of the host queen. A cladistic analysis confirms that the new species is not closely related to its host nor to P.leptosus; it belongs in fact to a different species complex within the genus Pseudomyrmex. Two widespread Neotropical species, P.filiformis and P.subater, to which P.inquilinus appears to be related, show indications of being temporary social parasites on other, unrelated species of Pseudomyrmex. Thus, there is evidence from comparative natural history that the extreme social parasitism seen in the new species from Argentina was preceded by a period of temporary social parasitism, but ‘Emery’s Rule’– the claim that social parasites are close relatives of, and evolve from, their hosts – is not supported. Rather, parasitism in Pseudomyrmex seems to have arisen through interspecific colonization and exploitation of congeners. A review of the evidence suggests that Emery’s Rule has received too uncritical an acceptance in the literature on social parasitism. Uncertainties about the generality of Emery’s Rule and about the plausibility of achieving prezygotic isolation under sympatric conditions undermine the theory that social parasites evolve from within populations of their host species.
Role of frenular penile‐brachial index in the assessment of penile vasculature

The evaluation for vasculogenic causes of impotence includes penile Doppler studies. These are often time-consuming and tedious procedures. A retrospective study of the last 54 penile Doppler examinations was carried out to determine if an abbreviated study would accurately reflect the status of the penile vasculature. The frenular sound is easily auscultated. There is statistically significant correlation between frenular penile-brachial index (PBI) and corporal PBI. We therefore recommend that the frenular PBI be used as a screening procedure. More complete Doppler studies including corporal measurements are only necessary when the frenular PBI is not normal.
A C. elegans CLIC-like Protein Required for Intracellular Tube Formation and Maintenance

The Caenorhabditis elegans excretory canal is composed of a single elongated and branched cell that is tunneled by an inner lumen of apical character. Loss of the exc-4 gene causes a cystic enlargement of this intracellular tube. exc-4 encodes a member of the chloride intracellular channel (CLIC) family of proteins. EXC-4 protein localizes to various tubular membranes in distinct cell types, including the lumenal membrane of the excretory tubes. A conserved 55-amino acid domain enables EXC-4 translocation from the cytosol to the lumenal membrane. The tubular architecture of this membrane requires EXC-4 for both its formation and maintenance.
Carbon fiber reinforced cement mortar improved by using acrylic dispersion as an admixture

Cement mortar reinforced by short carbon fibers was improved by using acrylic dispersion as an admixture in the amount of 15% by mass of cement. The improvement of the tensile properties (particularly strength and ductility) was more than those attained by using methylcellulose, styrene acrylic, or latex as admixtures. Acrylic was effective whether silica fume was present or not. However, for lowering the electrical resistivity, methylcellulose in combination with silica fume was most effective.
Effects of delayed sidetone, noise, and syntactic structure on the level and duration of speech

The effect of eight syntactic structures in conjunction with four levels of sidetone and three levels of noise, on the duration and loudness of sentences was measured. Three different populations of readers were used. In terms of both measures, delayed sidetone and different sentence-types significantly affected oral reading. In all circumstances a kernel sentence was affected least by the speech-retarding variables. Negative and query sentences, which uniformly contain more rather than fewer transformational nodes (in the tree-diagram system) were more adversely affected than kernel sentences. There was a striking similarity between the outcome of sidetone and noise with respect to the effects of sentence structure.
Guide to Power Station Noise Control - A Working Group Report

Due to increased megawatt unit sizes in the traditionally noisy power stations, noise emission levels have increased considerably. Regulations and public concern have increased the importance of reducing the harmful effects of this noise. IEEE recognized the need for industry guidance in this difficult area and formed a working group to consolidate expertise and report on the subject of power station audible noise control. Background is provided on the process of developing "the guide" report. The guide content is reviewed with emphasis on the systematic steps in consideration for a typical noise control program and how the guide assists in this regard.
The electronic structure of platinum-guanine complexes

Molecular orbital calculations using the SC-MEH method have been carried out on guanine and its mode of interaction with the anti cancer drug,cis-diamminodichloroplatinum(II) (DDP), in various geometrical bonding conformations. It is shown that if indeed a monomeric complex between DDP and guanine is formed, the N-7 and O-6 positions of guanine bond most strongly with DDP in both monodentate and bidentate chelation models. The influence of this bonding on the N-1--H-1 bond is studied in terms of atomic charge variations and orbital overlap population densities to determine if miss-pairing in DNA might occur via the loss of the guanine H-1 proton, as proposed in the mechanism of O-6 methylation. Preliminary findings do not support one of the proposed mechanisms for miss-pairing in DNA if a bidentated N-7, O-6 DNA-DDP chelate is formed. Interest in the cellular effects of square-planar platinum complexes began with Rosenberg's discovery in 1965 that DDP, inhibited cell division with inhibiting growth rate in Escherichia coli bacteria [u]. Shortly thereafter, the anti-cancer activity of DDP and a number of related platinum complexes was demonstrated [2]. Since then, DDP has been used effectively for a number of types of cancers including lung, head and neck, prostate, bladder, ovaran, and testicular cancers [3], and has recently been released in the United States for distribution as a prescribed drug in chemotherapy.
Survival of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium and Quality Attributes of Cooked Pork Chops and Cured Ham after Irradiation

Cooked pork chops (pumped with salt/polyphosphate brine or untreated) and cured hams were inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium. The samples were irradiated at low (0.75 to 0.90 kGy) or medium doses (1.8 to 2.0 kGy), and each dose was delivered at either a low (2.5 M/min conveyor speed) or high (5.4 M/min) dose rate. Low-dose irradiation reduced L. monocytogenes by more than 2 log and S. typhimurium by 1 to 3 log. Pathogen populations and total plate counts (TPC) were reduced to undetectable levels by medium doses. No meat quality attributes were affected, and no dose rate effect was observed. Nitrite reduced (P < 0.05) both pathogens and TPC during 7°C storage in ham, especially when combined with low-dose irradiation.
A contemporary rural trauma center experience in blunt traumatic aortic injury

Introduction Traumatic aortic injury (TAI) is a rare yet highly lethal injury associated with blunt force deceleration injury. The adoption of thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) has become a safer option than traditional open repair. The purpose of this study is to review a rural trauma center experience with TAI. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed, reviewing all patients who presented with TAI between 2000 and 2009. Clinical, anatomical, and procedural variables of all cases were systematically reviewed. Clinical endpoints included mortality, and aortic-related mortality, and hospital length of stay. The study population was stratified by those that underwent surgical repair (SR) and those managed medically (MM). Results Fifty-six patients presented with blunt TAI; 35 patients (62.5%) were surgically repaired (22 open, 13 TEVAR), while 21 (37.5%) were MM. The only difference in comorbidities was a higher rate of coronary artery disease in MM. Mean hospital arrival time (SR, 188.6 ± 30.3 minutes, MM, 253 ± 65.3 minutes), aortic injury grade (SR, 2.7 ± 0.1; MM, 2.3 ± 0.2), and injury severity score were not significantly different between the groups. Head Abbreviated Injury Score (AIS) was worse in the MM group, while chest AIS was worse in the SR group ( P P Conclusion These data provide a group of stable patients to examine the management of TAI in the endovascular era. The low aortic-related mortality in the MM group demonstrates that there is time for a thorough evaluation in patients sustaining TAI who arrive without hemodynamic instability.
Peer Relationships and the Mental Health of Young Children with Intellectual Delays.

Available evidence indicates that a substantial majority of young children with intellectual delays exhibit special problems in forming peer relationships and developing friendships. This increased social isolation from peers poses a considerable threat to their mental health in both the short and long term. This problem is related to but extends far beyond expected difficulties based on the increased level of behavior disorders evident for children with intellectual delays. Contemporary evidence suggests that children's peer-related social competence based on both emotion-regulation and social-information processes contributes to their peer relationship difficulties. A number of practice and policy suggestions are outlined to address this critical problem.
Diaries, Logs and Journals in the Elementary Classroom

(1991). Diaries, Logs and Journals in the Elementary Classroom. Childhood Education: Vol. 67, No. 3, pp. 149-154.
Coherent gamma oscillations couple the amygdala and striatum during learning.

The basolateral amygdala (BLA) mediates the facilitating effects of emotions on memory. The BLA enhancing influence extends to various types of memories, including striatal–dependent habit formation. To shed light on the underlying mechanisms, we performed unit and local field potentials (LFP) recordings in BLA, striatum, auditory cortex, and intralaminar thalamus in cats trained on a stimulus-response task where the presentation of one of two tones (CS+) predicted reward delivery. The coherence of BLA but not cortical or thalamic LFPs was highest with striatal gamma activity and intra-BLA muscimol infusions selectively reduced striatal gamma power. Moreover, coupling of BLA-striatal unit activity increased when LFP gamma power augmented. Early in training, the CS+ and unrewarded tone elicited a modest increase in coherent BLA-striatal gamma. As learning progressed, this gamma coupling selectively increased in relation to the CS+. Thus, coherent gamma oscillations coordinate amygdalostriatal interactions during learning and might facilitate synaptic plasticity.
Neural Circuit Flexibility in a Small Sensorimotor System

Neuronal circuits underlying rhythmic behaviors (central pattern generators: CPGs) can generate rhythmic motor output without sensory input. However, sensory input is pivotal for generating behaviorally relevant CPG output. Here we discuss recent work in the decapod crustacean stomatogastric nervous system (STNS) identifying cellular and synaptic mechanisms whereby sensory inputs select particular motor outputs from CPG circuits. This includes several examples in which sensory neurons regulate the impact of descending projection neurons on CPG circuits. This level of analysis is possible in the STNS due to the relatively unique access to identified circuit, projection, and sensory neurons. These studies are also revealing additional degrees of freedom in sensorimotor integration that underlie the extensive flexibility intrinsic to rhythmic motor systems.
Trifluorothymidine resistance and colony size in L5178y/TK+/− cells treated with methyl methanesulfonate

L5178Y/TK +/- cells treated with methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) were allowed to recover for 0,48,96,144, or 240 hours, and were then plated in soft-agar medium containing trifluorothymidine (TFT). Dose-dependent and consistent increases in the frequency of TFTR cells were observed after each of the 48-240-hour expression periods through the counting of predominantly large, mutant colonies. Size distributions of soft-agar colonies from either MMS-treated or control cells were bimodal in the presence, and unimodal in the absence, of TFT. An increase of small, presumptive TFTR colonies with either increasing MMS concentration or decreasing recovery time was probably a manifestation of chemical toxicity, for a similar increase in small-colony number was observed in the absence of TFT when cells were cloned immediately after MMS treatment, when no induced mutants were yet detectable. Recloning experiments with 22 small-colony-derived cell lines revealed that, with one exception, small-colony morphology was not a heritable trait. While all large- and some small-colony-derived stocks from MMS-treated cells were of the phenotypically stable TK-/- type; spontaneous small TFTR colonies generally were not, their occurrence being directly correlated with serum concentration. No aneuploidy was evident in MMS-treated cell lines several generations after isolation as small TFTR colonies. These results suggest that delayed MMS cytotoxicity in TK +/- cells can temporarily produce increased physiological resistance to TFT in some cells, giving rise to secondary populations of small-colony TFTR variants.
Factorization in integral domains

Abstract In this paper, we study factorization in an integral domain R, that is, factoring elements of R into products of irreducible elements. We investigate several factorization properties in R which are weaker than unique factorization.
Intermolecular alignment in Y145Stop human prion protein amyloid fibrils probed by solid-state NMR spectroscopy.

The Y145Stop mutant of human prion protein, huPrP23–144, has been linked to PrP cerebral amyloid angiopathy, an inherited amyloid disease, and also serves as a valuable in vitro model for investigating the molecular basis of amyloid strains. Prior studies of huPrP23–144 amyloid by magic-angle-spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR spectroscopy revealed a compact β-rich amyloid core region near the C-terminus and an unstructured N-terminal domain. Here, with the focus on understanding the higher-order architecture of huPrP23–144 fibrils, we probed the intermolecular alignment of β-strands within the amyloid core using MAS NMR techniques and fibrils formed from equimolar mixtures of 15N-labeled protein and 13C-huPrP23–144 prepared with [1,3-13C2] or [2-13C]glycerol. Numerous intermolecular correlations involving backbone atoms observed in 2D 15N–13C spectra unequivocally suggest an overall parallel in-register alignment of the β-sheet core. Additional experiments that report on intermolecular 15N–13CO and 15N–13Cα ...
Effects of Various Minimum Green Times on Percentage of Pedestrians Waiting for Midblock "Walk" Signal

Pedestrians often do not wait for the "Walk" sign at signal-controlled midblock crossings. Many factors may contribute to this phenomenon, but one variable could be the waiting time. One study has shown that as the waiting time for an elevator in university buildings was systematically increased, more people took the stairs rather than the elevators. It is likely that the major reason why people try to cross against the signal at midblock signal-controlled crosswalks when there are gaps in traffic in the first half of the roadway is the length of the average waiting time. It is common to have minimum green times of 1 min or more on a main line with a signal-controlled midblock crosswalk. Arriving early in a cycle, a pedestrian may become frustrated and attempt to cross a street with fast, heavy traffic. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of waiting time on pedestrian signal compliance at two midblock crosswalks in Miami-Dade County, Florida. One crosswalk traversed an arterial multilane...
Phrase Based Topic Modeling for Semantic Information Processing in Biomedicine

Given that unstructured data is increasing exponentially everyday, extracting and understanding the information, themes, and relationships from large collections of documents is increasingly important to researchers in many disciplines including biomedicine. Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) is an unsupervised topic modeling technique based on the "bag-of-words" assumption that has been applied extensively to unveil hidden semantic themes within large sets of textual documents. Recently, it was extended using the "bag-of-n-grams" paradigm to account for word order. In this paper, we present an alternative phrase based LDA model to move from a bag of words or n-grams paradigm to a "bag-of-key-phrases" setting by applying a key phrase extraction technique, the C-value method, to further explore latent themes. We evaluate our approach by using a phrase intrusion user study and demonstrate that our model can help LDA generate better and more interpretable topics than those generated using the bag-of-n-grams approach. Given topic models essentially are statistical tools, an important problem in topic modeling is that of visualizing and interacting with the models to understand and extract new information from a collection. To evaluate our phrase based modeling approach in this context, we incorporate it in an open source interactive topic browser. Qualitative evaluations of this browser with biomedical experts demonstrate that our approach can aid biomedical researchers gain better and faster understanding of their document collections.
Can direct stenting in selected saphenous vein graft lesions be considered an alternative to percutaneous intervention with a distal protection device

Background: Distal embolization during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of saphenous vein graft (SVG) lesions is associated with a high rate of myonecrosis. Although direct stenting (DS) is feasible with less catheter manipulations, its ability to prevent distal embolization in SVG lesions compared with distal protection devices (DPD) is unknown. Methods: The study included 188 SVG lesions subjected to PCI, 101 patients with 101 lesions treated with DPD, and 87 patients with 87 lesions by DS without DPD. Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in-hospital and at 30 days were compared. Results: Baseline characteristics were comparable, except for higher frequencies of unstable angina (53% vs. 67%, P = 0.045) and prior myocardial infarction (38% vs. 53%, P = 0.07) in the DS group. There was no difference in lesion type aside from more restenotic lesions in the DS group (7% vs. 16%, P = 0.047). Drug-eluting stent deployment was similar. Stent length in the DPD group (22.8 ± 7.2 mm) was significantly longer than that in the DS group (17.6 ± 8.0 mm, P 2 times the upper limit of normal did not differ (11% vs. 6%, P = 0.2). There were no differences in MACE rates in-hospital and at 30 days. By multivariate analysis, neither DPD nor DS was a significant predictor for maximum CK-MB value. Conclusion: DS should be considered an alternative treatment to PCI with DPD for selected SVG lesions. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Assembly and qualification procedures of CMS forward pixel detector modules

Abstract The CMS pixel detector is located at the core of the CMS all-silicon tracker and consists of three barrel layers (BPIX) and two end-cap disks (FPIX) on each side of the interaction region. About 1000 detector modules were built and tested at Purdue University from June 2006 to March 2008, and delivered to Fermilab for the construction of FPIX disks. This paper describes the assembly and qualification procedures of the CMS FPIX detector modules.
Anthropology, human rights and justice

Anthropologists have a special obligation to promote the human rights of the peoples they study. This paper discusses various ways anthropologists can meet that obligation by working with various United Nations and regional intergovernmental human rights convention committees, their own state government's human rights and humanitarian affairs commissions, and human rights non-governmental organizations.
A Cdc48p-associated Factor Modulates Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation, Cell Stress, and Ubiquitinated Protein Homeostasis

The hexameric AAA-ATPase, Cdc48p, catalyzes an array of cellular activities, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD), ER/Golgi membrane dynamics, and DNA replication. Accumulating data suggest that unique Cdc48p partners, such as Npl4p-Ufd1p and Ubx1p/Shp1p (p47 in vertebrates), target Cdc48p for these diverse functions. Other Cdc48p-associated proteins have been identified, but the interplay among these factors and their activities is largely cryptic. We now report on a previously uncharacterized Cdc48p-associated protein, Ydr049p, also known as Vms1p, which binds Cdc48p at both the ER membrane and in the cytosol under non-stressed conditions. Loss of YDR049 modestly slows the degradation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator but does not impede substrate ubiquitination, suggesting that Ydr049p acts at a postubiquitination step in the ERAD pathway. Consistent with Ydr049p playing a role in Cdc48p substrate release, ydr049 mutant cells accumulate Cdc48p-bound ubiquitinated proteins at the ER membrane. Moreover, YDR049 interacts with genes encoding select UBX (ubiquitin regulatory X) and UFD (ubiquitin fusion degradation) proteins, which are Cdc48p partners. Exacerbated growth defects are apparent in some of the mutant combinations, and synergistic effects on the degradation of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator and CPY*, which is a soluble ERAD substrate, are evident in specific ydr049-ufd and -ubx mutants. These data suggest that Ydr049p acts in parallel with Cdc48p partners to modulate ERAD and other cellular activities.
Steady-state and transient behavior in microbial methanification: II. Mathematical modeling and verification.

It has been shown that the Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bed (UASB) system data reported earlier(1) cannot be explained by simple Monod-type substrate consumption patterns. An autoinhibition model was also ruled out because the substrate concentration range over which hysteresis was observed was much larger than such a model would predict. However, propionic and acetic acids were found to inhibit each other's conversion machineries. Since in the UASB system the biocatalyst is flocculated, it was found that a model additionally incorporating this facet of the reactor set-up could explain the steady-state data very well. Using the parameters generated from steady-state data and data from butyric acid step change,(1) i.e., the entire set of parameters (Table I), a very good agreement between predicted and observed data was found. International Mathematical and Statistical Libraries (IMSL) and Upjohn's NONLIN library combined with various root-finding and integrating subroutines were used for parameter estimation. The model thus described was used to predict the response of the UASB system when acetic acid and propionic acid influent concentrations were stepped-up/down. The agreement between the predicted and observed data was found to be excellent in each case during the step-up schedule. During the step-down the data seemed to indicate that the UASB system, like any other chemostat, responded faster than predicted. This could be due to the fact that when the culture has to "gear up" part of the lag time is the time required for the cell to produce the requisite amount of enzymes. In the case of "gearing down" this time is not required and the system responds faster.
A simple graphical method for orthogonal rotation of axes.

A simple method of making orthogonal rotations by projecting coordinates from one plot to another is presented. An easily constructed apparatus for rapid and accurate work is described in detail. By the technique proposed 12 to 15 rotations of pairs of axes involving 20 test variables can be completed per hour by a practiced technician.
Cholecystokinin-8-like immunoreactivity is sexually dimorphic in a midline population of rat lumbar neurons.

The gray matter surrounding the central canal of rat lumbar spinal cord contains a population of spinothalamic neurons which has been shown to co-contain cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8) and galanin (GAL) (Ju, G., Melander, T., Hokfelt, T. and Frey, P., Immunohistochemical evidence for a spinothalamic pathway co-containing cholecystokinin- and galanin-like immunoreactivities in the rat. Neuroscience, 20 (1987) 439-456). A previous study from our laboratory has shown that female rats have only 62% the number of GAL-containing midline neurons present in males. Counts of CCK-8-containing midline neurons reveal that females have 59% the number observed in males. These results indicate that the degree of sexual dimorphism seen for CCK-8 is the same for GAL in these midline lumbar neurons, and suggests that androgens modulate the production of the co-contained GAL and CCK-8 in a similar fashion within male rat spinal cords.
Microbial inactivation and electron penetration in surimi seafood during electron beam processing

Electron penetration and microbial inactivation by electron beam (e-beam) in surimi seafood were investigated. Dose map revealed that 1- and 2-sided e-beam could effeciently penetrate 33- and 82-mm thick surimi seafood, respectively. Modelling of microbial inactivation by e-beam demonstrated that 2-sided e-beam may control Staphylococcus aureus if the surimi seafood package is thinner than 82 mm. The D e-beam value for S. aureus was 0.34 kGy. An e-beam dose of 4 kGy resulted in a minimum of a 7-log and most likely a 12-log reduction of S. aureus. Microbial inactivation was slower when frozen samples were subjected to e-beam.
Automated identification of relevant new information in clinical narrative

The ability to explore and visualize clinical information is important for clinicians when reviewing and cognitively synthesizing electronic clinical documents for new patients contained in electronic health record (EHR) systems. In this study, we explore the use of language models for detecting new and potentially relevant information within an individual patient's collection of clinical documents using an expert-based reference standard for evaluation. We achieved good accuracy with a heterogeneous system based on a modified n-gram language model with statistically-derived and classic stop word removal and lexical normalization, as well as heuristic rules. This technique also identified relevant new information not identified with the expert-derived reference standard. These methods appear promising for providing an automated means to improve the use of electronic documents by clinicians.
Optimizing populations of SAI tactile mechanoreceptors to enable activities of daily living

At present, the dense network of peripheral afferents between finger and brain and the large size of engineered sensors preclude the recreation of biologically observed afferent populations. This work uses a validated computational model of cutaneous skin and tactile afferents to evaluate sparse populations in performing tasks required in activities of daily living. Using a model (3D finite element representation of fingertip skin, linear bi-phasic transduction function, and leaky-integrate-and-fire neuronal model), we systematically varied populations of tactile receptors in dimensions of density (100, 45, 20, and 10 sensors/cm2f) and size (diameter 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 mm) to determine if a given modeled population can discriminate spheres and cylinders representative of objects used in activities of daily living. Using a scoring system which allows for direct comparisons between the populations, our results indicate that a population must have at least 20 sensors per cm2 to maintain response resolution in these activities of daily living and that larger-sized sensors do not degrade response resolution.
Using a nanopore for single molecule detection and single cell transfection

We assert that it is possible to trap and identify proteins, and even (conceivably) manipulate proteins secreted from a single cell (i.e. the secretome) through transfection via electroporation by exploiting the exquisite control over the electrostatic potential available in a nanopore. These capabilities may be leveraged for single cell analysis and transfection with single molecule resolution, ultimately enabling a careful scrutiny of tissue heterogeneity.
Pulmonary function preservation with targeted antibiotic use in infants with CF

We hypothesized that in CF infants microbiologic surveillance with targeted antibiotic intervention preserves pulmonary function. Our program follows a standardized protocol with microbiologic surveillance performed at every visit by oropharyngeal sampling for culture. Positive cultures are treated based on antibiotic susceptibility regardless of clinical status. First detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is treated with a 6 week course of ciprofloxacin and 6 months of inhaled Colistin. Pulmonary function (PFT) is assessed by raised-volume rapid thoracoabdominal compression (RVRTC) and multi-breath washout (MBW). Nutritional status is monitored by weight for length Z-score (WLZ). Twenty four CF infants have participated since 2008. Mean age at diagnosis was 6.8 weeks, 16 are female. On average, 75% of the cultures per patient were positive. Only 6 of the infants had at least one positive culture for PA. In contrast 75% of the infants had at least one positive culture for S. aureus. By RVRTC parameters only 4 infants had evidence for significant obstruction. However by MBW almost all had evidence for mild ventilatory inhomogeneity (mean LCI 8.5±1.1). No correlation was found between RVRTC and MBW parameters. We did find an inverse correlation between WLZ and LCI (r=0.46). Further, we found no relationship between microbiologic results and PFT parameters. Patients with positive cultures, including those with PA, had comparable PFT results to those not infected. Thus, despite airway colonization with CF pathogens, there was no evidence for significant detrimental changes in lung function. We propose that frequent monitoring and targeted use of antibiotics preserves lung function in infants with CF.
Real-time 4D signal processing and visualization using graphics processing unit on a regular nonlinear-k Fourier-domain OCT system

We realized graphics processing unit (GPU) based real-time 4D (3D+time) signal processing and visualization on a regular Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) system with a nonlinear k-space spectrometer. An ultra-high speed linear spline interpolation (LSI) method for lambda-to-k spectral re-sampling is implemented in the GPU architecture, which gives average interpolation speeds of >3,000,000 line/s for 1024-pixel OCT (1024-OCT) and >1,400,000 line/s for 2048-pixel OCT (2048-OCT). The complete FD-OCT signal processing including lambda-to-k spectral re-sampling, fast Fourier transform (FFT) and post-FFT processing have all been implemented on a GPU. The maximum complete A-scan processing speeds are investigated to be 680,000 line/s for 1024-OCT and 320,000 line/s for 2048-OCT, which correspond to 1GByte processing bandwidth. In our experiment, a 2048-pixel CMOS camera running up to 70 kHz is used as an acquisition device. Therefore the actual imaging speed is camera- limited to 128,000 line/s for 1024-OCT or 70,000 line/s for 2048-OCT. 3D Data sets are continuously acquired in real time at 1024-OCT mode, immediately processed and visualized as high as 10 volumes/second (12,500 A-scans/volume) by either en face slice extraction or ray-casting based volume rendering from 3D texture mapped in graphics memory. For standard FD-OCT systems, a GPU is the only additional hardware needed to realize this improvement and no optical modification is needed. This technique is highly cost-effective and can be easily integrated into most ultrahigh speed FD-OCT systems to overcome the 3D data processing and visualization bottlenecks.
Guglielmi detachable coil embolization of intracranial aneurysms.

Today, the Guglielmi Detachable Coil (GDC) technique is the primary endovascular modality used for the endovascular occlusion of intracranial aneurysms carrying a high surgical risk of morbidity and mortality. 1,2 Balloon embolization of aneurysms is only used in those cases requiring parent artery occlusion such as in giant skull base and intracerebral aneurysms. 3 The endovascular occlusion of aneurysms using detachable balloons has now been abandoned because of its high technical and clinical complication rate. 4 Electrolytically detachable microcoils were developed by Guglielmi et al. at UCLA Medical Center in 1989 and used in patients at the beginning of 1990. The coils are constructed of soft platinum with different diameters and lengths and are deposited within an aneurysm through a soft guiding microcatheter. The platinum coil is then detached from the stainless steel guidewire by applying a small current of I mA for approximately I minute. The aneurysm is packed with GDC coils until it is completely isolated from the circulation. The anatomic results using this technology depend mainly on the diameter of the aneurysm and the size of its neck (Fig 1).
Counterfactual thinking and confidence in blackjack: A test of the counterfactual inflation hypothesis

This research tests the idea that repeatedly generating counterfactual thoughts in response to recurring events can lead to impairments in memory for actual outcomes (i.e., counterfactual inflation hypothesis). Participants (N = 56) played 40 games of blackjack and listed their thoughts after each win. They were instructed to list evaluative counterfactuals, reflective counterfactuals, or any thoughts that came to mind following each loss. Because reflective counterfactuals focus only on the alternatives to reality, and not in addition to reality (like evaluative counterfactuals), they were expected to lead to the greatest degree of overestimations of performance and confidence for future blackjack playing. The results confirmed this hypothesis, and also demonstrated that the relationship between thought-listing instructions and confidence for the future was mediated by overestimations of performance. Thus, repeatedly generating reflective counterfactual thoughts appears to lead to a special case of imagination inflation with dysfunctional implications for future confidence and risk-taking.
Thermal relationships in the neutral‐red reaction

Neutral-red staining in Daphnia, legume seeds, starfish eggs, and Palaemonetes shows reactions to temperature changes which may be correlated with the thermal reactions of enzymes.
Divergence-free discontinuous Galerkin schemes for the Stokes equations and the MAC scheme

We show that recently studied discontinuous Galerkin discretizations in their lowest order version are very similar to the MAC finite difference scheme. Indeed, applying a slight modification, the exact MAC scheme can be recovered. Therefore, the analysis applied to the DG methods applies to the MAC scheme as well and the DG methods provide a natural generalization of the MAC scheme to higher order and irregular meshes.
United States emergency medicine block rotation curricula for the 1986-87 academic year.

Because emergency medicine is a broad-based specialty, there is much leeway in the structure of resident education. The monthly block curriculum is a major determinant of the overall residency training experience. The purpose of our study was to define the block curricula of the accredited emergency medicine residencies in the 1986–87 academic year. In a mail-confirmed telephone survey of residency directors, monthly block rotation data were obtained for 187 postgraduate years in 66 (98%) of 67 approved residencies; identified were 51 individual rotations in nine areas. The PG1 year, present in 47 (71%) of 66 residencies, resembled the flexible internship. Rotations in obstetrics-gynecology, medicine, pediatrics, and surgery accounted for 50% of PG1 year training time. Adult emergency department experience was 21% of PG1 year. In the PG2–4 (PG2+) years, 56% of clinical time was spent in the adult or pediatric ED (mean, 6.6 months per year). Electives and surgery rotations each accounted for 11% of PG2+ years training time. Emergency medicine-related areas and critical care rotations each accounted for 7% of the PG2+ years training time. Besides time spent in the ED and on electives, the most highly weighted individual rotations in the PG2+ years were orthopedic surgery, trauma surgery, and emergency medical services. Nearly all programs offered rotations in the adult ED, a surgical subspecialty, critical care, and an elective during residency training. The percentage of rotations requiring direct supervision by emergency physicians increased threefold by the PG4 year. Off-service rotations dropped 15-fold during the PG4 year relative to the PG1 year. The determination of national block rotation curriculum trends provides hard data that enhance the prediction of future educational objectives and needs by educators in emergency medicine. These curricular data, as well as their implications and usefulness, are discussed.
Interactions between the Cell Cycle and Embryonic Patterning in Arabidopsis Uncovered by a Mutation in DNA Polymerase ε

Pattern formation and morphogenesis require coordination of cell division rates and orientations with developmental signals that specify cell fate. A viable mutation in the TILTED1 locus, which encodes the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase epsilon of Arabidopsis thaliana, causes a lengthening of the cell cycle by approximately 35% throughout embryo development and alters cell type patterning of the hypophyseal lineage in the root, leading to a displacement of the root pole from its normal position on top of the suspensor. Treatment of preglobular and early globular stages, but not later stage, embryos with the DNA polymerase inhibitor aphidicolin leads to a similar phenotype. The results uncover an interaction between the cell cycle and the processes that determine cell fate during plant embryogenesis.
Failure of "bound insulin" to affect glucose metabolism of brown fat cells.

Brown fat cells isolated from rats respond to insulin but not to “bound insulin” as measured by stimulation of glucose conversion to CO2, while white fat cells respond to both insulin and “bound insulin.” The response of white adipocytes to both insulin and “bound insulin” was specifically abolished by trypsin treatment of the cells. Exposure of “bound insulin” to rat white fat cell extract did not release any substance which stimulated the glucose metabolism of brown fat cells. It is unlikely that the effects of “bound insulin” on white fat cells are due to sulfhydryl groups since cysteine stimulates the metabolism of brown fat cells. Our data suggest that the effects of “bound insulin” are not due to insulin but to a substance which stimulates glucose metabolism by white but not brown fat cells. (Endocrinology 86: 432, 1970)
Early Universe Cosmology, Effective Supergravity, and Invariants of Algebraic Forms

The presence of light scalars can have profound effects on early universe cosmology, influencing its thermal history as well as paradigms like inflation and baryogenesis. Effective supergravity provides a framework to make quantifiable, model-independent studies of these effects. The Riemannian curvature of the Kahler manifold spanned by scalars belonging to chiral superfields, evaluated along supersymmetry breaking directions, provides an order parameter (in the sense that it must necessarily take certain values) for phenomena as diverse as slow roll modular inflation, non-thermal cosmological histories, and the viability of Affleck-Dine baryogenesis. Within certain classes of UV completions, the order parameter for theories with n scalar moduli is conjectured to be related to invariants of n-ary cubic forms (for example, for models with three moduli, the order parameter is given by a function on the ring of invariants spanned by the Aronhold invariants). Within these completions, and under the caveats spelled out, this may provide an avenue to obtain necessary conditions for the above phenomena that are in principle calculable given nothing but the intersection numbers of a Calabi-Yau compactification geometry. As an additional result, abstract relations between holomorphic sectional and bisectional curvatures are utilized to constrain Affleck-Dine baryogenesis on a wide class of Kahler geometries.
Seeking health information online: does limited healthcare access matter?

Consumers facing barriers to healthcare access may use online health information seeking and online communication with physicians, but the empirical relationship has not been sufficiently analyzed. Our study examines the association of barriers to healthcare access with consumers' health-related information searching on the internet, use of health chat groups, and email communication with physicians, using data from 27 210 adults from the 2009 National Health Interview Survey. Individuals with financial barriers to healthcare access, difficulty getting timely appointments with doctors, and conflicts in scheduling during clinic hours are more likely to search for general health information online than those without these access barriers. Those unable to get timely appointments with physicians are more likely to participate in health chat groups and email physicians. The internet may offer a low-cost source of health information and could help meet the heightened demand for health-related information among those facing access barriers to care.
A constrained optimal control problem

In this note the problem of optimizing a standard quadratic cost functional subject to a hard constraint is solved (i.e., the poles of the resulting system must lie in a specified region of the left-half s -plane). This can he viewed as a generalization of the problem of finding the optimal controller that yields a system with specified relative stability. The problem is phrased in terms of a design procedure using coprime fractional representations.
The influence of neural tissue on the early development of somitic muscle in ventrolateral implants in Ambystoma.

Prospective somite mesoderm from both sides of an Ambystoma neurula was implanted under the flank ectoderm of another embryo at stage 20–22. The host was fixed and studied after a period ranging from ten days to three months. After ten days to two weeks of culture there was good differentiation of muscle in the implants, just as in explants of the same amount of presumptive somite mesoderm into an ectodermal jacket. Subsequent to this, the muscle cells which had differentiated began to degenerate, and after a month or more only a trace of muscle, or none at all, was found. When presumptive spinal cord was included with such implants, initial differentiation of muscle was similar histologically and quantitatively, but the muscle cells were better organized into myotomes than in the first experiment. In these cases, also, the quantity of muscle in the graft tended to decrease after two weeks, but then increased again by two or three months. The results are interpreted as indicating that the developing spinal cord has little effect on the initial differentiation of muscle cells, but then, after about ten days, the outgrowing nerves exert an important influence on the maintenance and further growth of the myotome.
Dynamic security: an agent-based model for airport defense

The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) shifted the focus of airport security in 2004 to incorporate the need to continuously and rapidly adapt security to shifting threats. MITRE is developing a Dynamic Security Airport Simulation as part of a MITRE-sponsored research project in which attacker and defense behavior in the airport environment are modeled. The simulation accepts threat vectors (path-weapon combinations) from other software or the user and models the performance of the airport defense against those threat vectors. The simulation includes two intelligent agents: the attacker and the defense. These agents model the behavior of those two entities; their logic includes both decision making and learning.
Photoinduced oxygen transfer and double-linkage isomerism in a cis-(NO)(NO2) transition-metal complex by photocrystallography, FT-IR spectroscopy and DFT calculations.

Photocrystallographic experi- ments showthat laser exposure of crys- tals of (Ru(bpy)2(NO)(NO2))(PF6)2 at 90 K produces a double isonitrosyl-ni- trito linkage isomer and provide the detailed geometry of the metastable species generated. The analysis indi- cates that the isomerization is accom- plished through an intramolecular redox reaction involving oxygen trans- fer from the nitro to the nitrosyl group. At 200 K only a single (nitrito) linkage isomer is formed with a U-shaped con- formation of the nitrito group rather than the Z conformation observed at 90 K. A mechanism for the isomeriza- tion is proposed based on the crystallo- graphic results and FTIR data collected at lowtemperatures during the isomer- ization process. The study presents the first structural evidence for double linkage isomerization in transition- metal complexes.
A nuclease from animal serum which hydrolyzes double-stranded RNA.

Abstract Animal serum contains an enzyme which hydrolyzes synthetic and naturally occurring double-stranded RNA's. The entirely base-paired replicative form of an RNA virus (Semliki Forest Virus), the synthetic duplex poly I:poly C, as well as a highly structured RNA from uninfected animal cells were substrates for this enzyme under conditions in which these RNA's were resistant to ribonuclease A.