cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of the Roles of Univariate and Three-Dimensional Anthropometric Data in the Description of Form

With the recent completion of the Civilian American and European Surface Anthropometry Resource (CAESAR), a comprehensive set of univariate and three-dimensional anthropometric data has been made available to the design community. It is now the role of the designers to determine how best to utilize these data, whether to continue designing with distance measures or to break with the traditional methods and explore the descriptive possibilities of 3D data. This paper describes a statistical comparison of the characteristics of traditional, univariate anthropometric data to three-dimensional data in the design of a seated workstation through the exploration of (1) the ability of distance data extracted from 3D landmark data to represent traditional anthropometric dimensions and (2) the degree of similarity between the design information provided by extracted distance data and the original set of three-dimensional landmark coordinates. The results suggest that three-dimensional landmarks provide a more compl...
Calco Oil Red N-1700 for marking adults and eggs of the southwestern corn borer

A method of marking adult southwestern corn borers, Diatraca grandiosella Dyar, is essential to conduct certain ecological studies. However, the adult insect is so fragile that the marking technique must require a minimum of handling at this stage.
Informal Sector Work and Evaluations of the Incumbent: The Electoral Effect of Vulnerability on Economic Voting

Economically vulnerable voters are expected to hold politicians accountable for their management of the economy because these voters are more likely to be personally affected by economic shocks and less able to cope with the resulting dislocation. Evidence from the informal sector in Argentina, where the lack of formal registration increases income volatility and denies unemployment benefits, is consistent with this hypothesis. Data from Argentina from 2005 to 2006 show that the association between evaluations of the economy and evaluations of President Nestor Kirchner was stronger among those working without formal employment guarantees. The implication is that the electoral support of Latin America's many informal workers may very well be fickle and dependent on economic performance.
Power Monitor II Electric Monitor

In this paper, Power Monitor II which concentrates measurement, analysis, data logging, control and communication function in one unit was introduced. The structures, functions, configuration management software and the function, network structure, and application of power quality supervisory system based on Power Monitor II mainly were described.
Discussion on the "mechanism locking" of cultural tradition and the modernization of minority concentrated region

The minority concentrated region is the "later developed region" in the modernization process of China.The "mechanism locking" formed by the factors such as cultural tradition,ideology,etc.developed upon natural economic foundation and continued to this day is a reason of deep layer that caused this situation."Mechanism locking" makes the modernization mechanism transition in the minority concentrated region involve in a low efficiency state on the basis of "route dependence".Therefore,the key for promoting the modernization process in the minority concentrated region is to break through "mechanism locking" caused by informal system including cultural tradition,realize benign system transition.
Derivation of High-Purity Oligodendroglial Progenitors

Oligodendrocytes are a type of glial cells that play a critical role in supporting the central nervous system (CNS), in particular insulating axons within the CNS by wrapping them with a myelin sheath, thereby enabling saltatory conduction. They are lost, and myelin damaged - demyelination - in a wide variety of neurological disorders. Replacing depleted cell types within demyelinated areas, however, has been shown experimentally to achieve remyelination and so help restore function. One method to produce oligodendrocytes for cellular replacement therapies is through the use of progenitor or stem cells. The ability to differentiate progenitor or stem cells into high-purity fates not only permits the generation of specific cells for transplantation therapies, but also provides powerful tools for studying cellular mechanisms of development. This chapter outlines methods of generating high-purity OPCs from multipotent neonatal progenitor or human embryonic stem cells.
Eye movement research in the 1950s

Publisher Summary The decade and a half following the Second World War was a particularly interesting period in human eye-movement research. The enlistment of scientists and engineers in technical projects for the war effort showed many of them the way towards practical applications. This included not only electronic devices and computers, but also instrumentation and procedures for solving problems in biology and medicine. With instrumentation derived from war surplus material and under the banner of “systems theory,” eye movements, the pupil, and accommodation responses were recorded to step, pulse, ramp, and sinusoidal stimuli. Results from inventive experiments show that the eyes were never still even during intersaccadic intervals. Movements, called micronystagmus, were of sufficient magnitude—up to several minutes of arc—to raise concern about their role in visual acuity. Some people theorized that they actually sharpened vision while others felt that their effect would be detrimental.
Theory in Sociology of Emotions

In this chapter, we selectively review the contributions of three traditions to sociology of emotions – dramaturgy, symbolic interactionism, and group processes. In summarizing the key contributions of these literatures, we highlight possible areas for theory development and integration across the three traditions. Drawing on recent studies of the relationships between emotion and differences in social position, we focus on status and power as common ground. After reviewing the contributions to sociology of emotion by the emotion management, identity theory, affect control theory, social exchange theory, and justice/equity theory literatures, we address the lack of clarity and shared language across traditions as critical obstacles to theory development in the sociology of emotions.
EPID-26EVALUATION OF METABOLIC ENZYME EXPRESSION AS PREDICTORS OF SURVIVAL IN AGGRESSIVE GLIOMAS

INTRODUCTION: Aggressive primary brain cancers like glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are metabolically active tumors with a poor prognosis. We hypothesize that expression of metabolic enzymes may be reflective of the tumors increased metabolism and might be useful in predicting survival. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) reactions using formalin fixed paraffin embedded sections from brains, were performed with antibodies raised against the glycolytic enzyme Hexokinase-II (HK2) and several ketolytic enzymes [Succinyl CoA: 3-oxoacid CoA transferase 1 (OXCT1) cytosolic type 2 (R)-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (BDH2) and Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (ACAT1)] on 23 patients, 18 with GBM and 5 with anaplastic gliomas. The immunoreactivities were graded by comparing the IHC staining observed in normal brain cells present in the periphery of the tissue with tumor cells using a semi-quantitative scale based on the percentage of positive cells: Positive (≥20%), Negative (< 20%). The survival of patients was evaluated using Kaplan Meier and an age adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) for death was obtained using cox proportional analysis for enzyme expression. RESULTS: Out of 23 patients 6 were female and 17 males, median age was 55 years with the median survival for all the patients of 11.3 months. Univariate analysis for survival using HK2 showed increased survival with decreased IHC expression with a aHR of 0.3 p = 0.02. Patients with increased expression of the ketolytic enzymes had increased survival: BDH2 with an aHR of 7.6 p = 0.008; ACAT1 aHR 0.2, p = 0.02; OXCT1 aH1.6, p = 0.08. In a multivariate analysis HK2 was the only enzyme that was statistically significant; median survival in 17 negative patients was 13.5 months and 3.8 months in 6 positive patients, aHR 0.3, p = 0.02. CONCLUSION: IHC analysis of metabolic enzymes may help to predict survival in patients with aggressive primary brain cancers, but this requires confirmation using a larger number of subjects.
Insomnia Phenotypes Based on Objective Sleep Duration in Adolescents: Depression Risk and Differential Behavioral Profiles.

Based on previous studies on the role of objective sleep duration in predicting morbidity in individuals with insomnia, we examined the role of objective sleep duration in differentiating behavioral profiles in adolescents with insomnia symptoms. Adolescents from the Penn State Child Cohort (n = 397, ages 12–23, 54.7% male) underwent a nine-hour polysomnography (PSG), clinical history, physical examination and psychometric testing, including the Child or Adult Behavior Checklist and Pediatric Behavior Scale. Insomnia symptoms were defined as a self-report of difficulty falling and/or staying asleep and objective “short” sleep duration as a PSG total sleep time ≤7 h. A significant interaction showed that objective short sleep duration modified the association of insomnia symptoms with internalizing problems. Consistently, adolescents with insomnia symptoms and short sleep duration were characterized by depression, rumination, mood dysregulation and social isolation, while adolescents with insomnia symptoms and normal sleep duration were characterized by rule-breaking and aggressive behaviors and, to a lesser extent, rumination. These findings indicate that objective sleep duration is useful in differentiating behavioral profiles among adolescents with insomnia symptoms. The insomnia with objective short sleep duration phenotype is associated with an increased risk of depression earlier in the lifespan than previously believed.
Pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis associated with telomerase reverse transcriptase mutations.

A diagnosis of PPFE is linked to pathogenic variants in three different telomere-related genes http://ow.ly/eGOq30aPkgx
Esophageal Stents: Benign

Self-expandable metal stents (SEMS) were first introduced for palliation of malignant dysphagia and malignant tracheoesophageal fistula. Initially bare-wire (uncovered) SEMS were used but evolved to partially then fully covered SEMS. It became apparent that covered SEMS could be removed and thus temporarily inserted to treat benign esophageal diseases. A self-expandable plastic stent is also available and removable and used to treat benign disease. Most recently, biodegradable self-expandable stents have become available and are designed so that removal is not required. The main indications for placement of self-expandable esophageal stents for benign disease include strictures, leaks, fistulae, and perforation. Less common uses include treatment refractory esophageal variceal bleeding and treatment of achalasia. In this chapter, the outcomes and complications for each stent type for each indication will be reviewed.
Long-term outcomes after surgical treatment of pediatric neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome

OBJECTIVE Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (nTOS) is an uncommon compression syndrome of the brachial plexus that presents with pain, sensory changes, and motor weakness in the affected limb. The authors reviewed the clinical presentations and outcomes in their series of pediatric patients with surgically treated nTOS over a 6-year period. METHODS Cases of nTOS in patients age 18 years or younger were extracted for analysis from a prospective database of peripheral nerve operations. Baseline patient characteristics, imaging and neurophysiological data, operative findings, and outcomes and complications were assessed. RESULTS Twelve patients with 14 cases of nTOS surgically treated between April 2010 and December 2016 were identified. One-third of the patients were male, and 2 male patients underwent staged, bilateral procedures. Disabling pain (both local and radiating) was the most common presenting symptom (100%), followed by numbness (35.7%), then tingling (28.6%). The mean duration of symptoms prior to surgery was 15.8 ± 6.6 months (mean ± SD). Sports-related onset of symptoms was seen in 78.6% of cases. Imaging revealed cervical ribs in 4 cases, prominent C-7 transverse processes in 4 cases, abnormal first thoracic ribs in 2 cases, and absence of bony anomalies in 4 cases. Neurophysiological testing results were normal in 85.7% of cases. Conservative management failed in all patients, with 5 patients reporting minimal improvement in symptoms with physical therapy. With a mean follow-up after surgery of 22 ± 18.3 months (mean ± SD), pain relief was excellent (> 90%) in 8 cases (57.1%), and good (improved > 50%) in 6 cases (42.9%). On univariate analysis, patients who reported excellent pain resolution following surgery at long-term follow-up were found to be significantly younger, and to have suffered a shorter duration of preoperative symptoms than patients who had worse outcomes. Lack of significant trauma or previous surgery to the affected arm was also associated with excellent outcomes. There were 4 minor complications in 3 patients within 30 days of surgery: 1 patient developed a small pneumothorax that resolved spontaneously; 1 patient suffered a transient increase in pain requiring consultation, followed by hiccups for a period of 3 hours that resolved spontaneously; and 1 patient fell at home, with transient increased pain in the surgically treated extremity. There were no new neurological deficits, wound infections, deep vein thromboses, or readmissions. CONCLUSION Pediatric nTOS commonly presents with disabling pain and is more frequently associated with bony anomalies compared with adult nTOS. In carefully selected patients, surgical decompression of the brachial plexus results in excellent pain relief, which is more likely to be seen in younger patients who present for early surgical evaluation.
The interaction effects between race and functional disabilities on the prevalence of self-reported periodontal diseases - National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2012.

Background Racial minority groups and adults with functional disabilities (FDs) disproportionally experience periodontal diseases. However, little is known about the interactions of these two characteristics in disease prevalence. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between FDs and periodontal experiences, and to identify whether race has a particular influence on this relationship. Methods Data were derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2012, in a representative sample of adults aged 30 years and older. FDs were defined as experiencing limitations in activities of daily living. The weighted logistic regression models were performed using SAS software. Results The incidence of FDs was associated with a poor self-rated perception of teeth and gum health, gum disease, bone loss, and loss of teeth. The racial minority groups with FDs were more likely to report poor teeth and gum health, loose teeth, and a history of gum disease treatment. Mexican Americans with FDs reported poor teeth and gum health, gum disease, and had been previously treated for gum disease. African Americans with FDs were more likely to be diagnosed with bone loss and loose teeth. Practical implications Racial minority groups with FDs were more likely to be associated with periodontal disease and poor oral health. To improve oral health, access to dental care among minority populations is important, particularly for people with FDs in community settings. Dentists should reach out to these underrepresented groups to address their oral health needs.
Differential Diagnosis: Venous Edema

Lymphedema, especially in the early stages, can easily be confused with venous edema which is one of the most common causes of lower extremity swelling. Lymphedema and venous edema can occur separately or concurrently as the lymph system and venous system are mutually complimentary and the pathophysiologies of these conditions are intricately entwined. This chapter will focus on ways to differentiate edema of the lymph and venous origin in the lower extremity.
EVOLUTION OF ENGLISH IN THE INTERNET AGE

Although the Internet came into existence in the second half of the twentieth century, its influence on language began to escalate in 1990 onwards. It has drastically changed the way people communicate and use English both in writing and speaking. Consequently, the world has become increasingly interconnected through synchronous and asynchronous communicational scripts, such as SMS, online chat, Yahoo messengers, emails, blogs, and wikis, which have become retrievable as accessible corpora for analysis. These corpora can yield anecdotal evidence of historical language change. The arrival of Web 2.0 tools and applications, such as Facebook, Twitter, Skype, WhatsApp, and Viber, can likewise reveal changes that English has recently undergone. The Internet has given rise to what is arguably a new variety of English that differs from standard varieties. This article provides an account of the development of English from dialects spoken by a small number of people in the British Isles to an international and global language. It emphasizes the language shifts that have taken place more recently since the widespread use of the Internet. The pervasiveness of the Internet has led to new changes in form and usage described as Internet English .
In-situ high temperature micromechanical testing of ultrafine grained yttria-stabilized zirconia processed by spark plasma sintering

Abstract Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) exhibits both enhanced strength and fracture toughness attributed to transformation-induced plasticity. Recent studies show that miniaturization of YSZ to the microscale enhances the effectiveness of stress-induced phase transformation by reducing mismatch stress among incommensurate grains. However, the fundamental understandings on the high temperature micromechanical behaviors of ultrafine grained YSZ remain limited. Here, we report on the high temperature (up to 670 °C) in-situ micromechanical testing of spark plasma sintered YSZ. The mechanical behaviors of YSZ tested below 400 °C are highlighted by large inelastic strain (∼7%) due primarily to phase transformation toughening. Beyond 400 °C, martensitic transformation toughening is gradually superseded by grain boundary sliding triggered by ultrafine grains. The micropillars tested at 670 °C exhibit significantly enhanced plastic flow, arising mainly from dislocation activity along with grain boundary sliding.
Chapter 22 – Tetramer Analysis

This chapter focuses on some of the biological and practical issues related to the use of peptide/major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) tetramers. The basic components of a pMHC complex (class I) include the peptide, MHC class I molecule, and beta-2-microglobulin. For subsequent tetramerization, the MHC class I molecule is engineered with a C-terminal substrate peptide for BirA-mediated biotinylation, biotin signal peptide (bsp). This MHC l-bsp recombinant protein is generally produced using E. coli in inclusion bodies. There are now numerous human and mouse MHC I alleles engineered with bsp in efficient E. coli expression vectors. The first step when a new tetramer is made is to validate and titrate the reagent. Tetramers may fail for a number of reasons—peptides of very low MHC binding affinity do not fold into pMHC complexes well, incomplete purification or biotinylation of pMHC complexes, or bad batches of streptavidin–fluorophore . A T cell line or clone specific for the pMHC complex in the tetramer is needed for this process. The chapter discusses some of the advanced uses of pMHC tetramers. The use of MHC class I tetramers in humans is briefly described.
GENOTOXIC PROPERTIES OF RADON AND ITS DAUGHTERS

Gaseous 222Rn and its short-lived solid daughter products are present in the atmosphere due to its production from 222Ra in crustal earth. The short-lived 222Rn daughters emit alpha particles, beta rays and gamma radiation. The carcinogenic effects of radon daughters are well documented in epidemiological studies of miners. Radon itself is an alpha-emitting noble gas and has no major sinks in the environment. Its removal from the atmosphere is through radioactive decay and its 3.8 day half-life allows it to be transported thousands of kilometers from its point of origin. It is the two short-lived alpha emitting daughter 218Po(RaA) and 214Po(RaC’) which deliver the radiation dose associated with the carcinogenic properties of radon. Their effective half-lives are only 3.05 and 19.7 minutes respectively, so the concentration of the parent must be studied as well as the daughter activity in order to understand their presence in the human environment.
A Pseudonym Ring Building Scheme for Anonymous Authentication in VANETs

Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is a special ad-hoc network for communicating between vehicles or vehicle and Roadside Unit (RSU). Vehicles need to exchange necessary messages in realtime to achieve safety driving. The security and privacy issues during such communication become critical. Ring signature is usually used to achieve authentication due to its anonymity and unforgeability. Consequently, how to determine the ring members during vehicle’s registration and mobility becomes a critical problem. In this paper, a pseudonym ring building scheme for anonymous authentication in VANETs is proposed, which can guarantee the secure communication goal between vehicles without revealing the true identity. Brief analysis shows that the proposed scheme satisfies the security features required in VANETs.
Basic Principles of Fetal Echocardiography

Heart defects are among the most common malformations in the developing fetus. Carry the highest mortality among all congenital malformations and are very challenging to detect.
Inotersen treatment for ATTR amyloidosis.

Until recently there has been limited specific therapy for transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR). One possible therapy is to reduce the availability of the protein precursor necessary for amyloid fibril...
Aborting Sex: Gay Rights as an Anti-Life Movement

Gay rights is not generally considered a life issue. But the social and cultural effects of same-sex sexual expression are remarkably similar to those of induced abortion. Like contraception, both contravene the natural operation of the body in order to conform human sexuality to the ideals of modernity – including unconditioned personal expression, availability to industrial capitalism, and reduced uncertainty in the life course. By severing the link between sex and children, both increase privatization, diminish the social intentionality and form of the sexual union, and undermine the unitive good and the transcendent goal of marriage. Movements for both gay rights and abortion rights employ similar rhetoric and share activist personnel, and gay rights activists strategically promote affinity with abortion rights. Unless proponents of human life engage such alignments on the cultural level, overcoming insularity and a narrow focus, direct issue engagement on abortion and on homosexuality risks becoming incoherent and counterproductive.
Towards Bridging the Experimental Length-Scale Gap for Tensile Tests on Structural Materials: Lessons Learned from an Initial Assessment of Microtensile Tests and the Path Forward

Microtensile testing of structural materials offers several advantages over conventional mesoscale tests, including the ability to target specific areas of interest and directly correlate the mechanical response to the microstructure of the material. As this technique becomes more widely adopted, it has the potential to have a tremendous impact in the nuclear materials field. However, further work on establishing appropriate testing parameters, unifying testing procedures, and demonstrating the effectiveness of the methodology is required before microtensile tests can be used to replace mesotensile tests for the qualification of materials for use in reactor environments. As a first step towards bridging the experimental length-scale gap for tensile tests, we conducted micro- and mesotensile tests on polycrystalline 304 stainless steel and directly compared the test data to identify the size scaling behavior in such material. Comparison of the results obtained on these two length scales clearly illustrates the specimen size effect, with smaller being stronger. The paper discusses the limitations of microtensile testing, outlines the challenges involved in interpretation of its results, and lists the lessons learned through the process.
Chemical permeation of similar disposable nitrile gloves exposed to volatile organic compounds with different polarities: Part 1: Product variation

Many glove manufacturers of chemical protective clothing produce chemical resistance guides to aid in selection of an appropriate product. Some manufacturers provide permeation data, but others pro...
Maximize CdTe solar cell performance through copper activation engineering

Abstract The incorporation of copper (Cu) is one of the critical processes for fabricating high-efficiency CdTe thin-film solar cells. However, due to its high mobility in CdTe, the distribution and concentration of Cu must be carefully engineered to reduce the compensative donor-like interstitial defects in CdTe bulk and the recombination centers at the buffer layer/CdTe interface to maximize device performances. Here, a cuprous chloride (CuCl) solution treatment and a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) process are used to control the concentration and distribution of Cu in CdTe absorbers, enabling a champion CdTe thin-film solar cell with a power conversion efficiency of 17.5% without selenium incorporation. The results demonstrate that the use of a CuCl solution can substantially reduce the amount of Cu needed in CdTe and the RTA process is a viable approach to engineer the Cu distribution in CdTe solar cells.
Predicting nodal positivity in women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+), early stage breast cancer (ESBC).

574Background: Omission of axillary surgery is appropriate in some patients with clinically node-negative (cN0), HR+ ESBC; however, there are no pre-operative tools to predict pathologic node posit...
Prelimilary study on MRI findings of prolactinomas in male

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics and MRI findings of pituitary prolactinomas in male and to improve the diagnostic accuracy of the disease.Methods Retrospectively study the MRI findings of 20 prolaetinomas already verified by either pathology or medical treatment.Results Of all 20 cases.9 cases were proved with microadenomas and 11 with macroadenomas.Prolactinomas showed low or isointense on T1WI,slightly high or hyperintense on T2WI.Obvious enhance could be seen after contrast medium administration.All invasive cases were maeroadenomas,with the involvement of stalk hypophysial,cavernous sinus sphenoidal sinus or even skull base.Conclusion Prolactinomas in male are different with those in female both clinically and in MRI findings.MRI is useful in diagnosing prolactinomas,but we should also pay attention to the clinical data in order to reach early and accurate diagnosis. Key words: Prolactinoma; Megnatic resonance imaging; Pituitary adenoma
Hole Transport Bilayer for Highly Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells

We demonstrate that using a hole transport bilayer composed of poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA) and CuI leads to highly efficient and stable inverted, that is, p–i–n, perovski...
Competing with free: the impact of movie broadcasts on DVD sales and internet piracy 1

The creative industries have frequently expressed concern that they can't compete with freely available copies of their content. Competing with free is particularly concerning for movie studios, whose content may be more prone to single-use consumption than other industries such as music. This issue has gained renewed importance recently with the advent of new digital video recording and distribution technologies, and the widespread availability of Internet piracy. We examine competition between "free" and paid video content in two important contexts: the impact of legitimate free distribution in one channel on sales through paid channels, and the impact of illegitimate free distribution in pirated channels on sales through paid channels. We do this by studying the impact of movie broadcasts on DVD demand and the impact of piracy availability at the time of broadcast on DVD demand. Our data include all movies shown on over-the-air and cable television during an eight-month period in 2005-2006. With respect to the impact of movie broadcasts on piracy and sales, we find that movie broadcasts on over-the-air networks result in a significant increase in both DVD sales at Amazon. com and illegal downloads for those movies that are available on BitTorrent at the time of broadcast. With respect to the impact of piracy on sales, we use the television broadcast as an exogenous demand shock and find that the availability of pirated content at the time of broadcast has no effect on post-broadcast DVD sales gains. Together our results suggest that creative artists can use product differentiation and market segmentation strategies to compete with freely available copies of their content. Specifically, the post-broadcast increase in DVD sales suggests that giving away content in one channel can stimulate sales in a paid channel if the free content is sufficiently differentiated from its paid counterpart. Likewise, our finding that the presence of pirated content does not cannibalize sales for the movies in our sample suggests that if free and paid products appeal to separate customer segments, the presence of free products need not harm paid sales.
The ‘Problem of Individuality’ in Scientific Psychology

This chapter begins with material authored by myself. I discuss the way in which two of William Stern’s most prominent contemporaries in the subdiscipline of ‘differential’ psychology that he founded with works published in 1900 and 1911, E. L. Thorndike and Hugo Munsterberg, adopted views that diverged from his own in crucial respects but nevertheless came to dominate the thinking of differential psychologists then and since. The chapter’s second segment presents my translation of a chapter from Stern’s 1911 differential psychology book. That work provides a perspective on Stern’s personalistic understanding of the problem of individuality in scientific psychology that was obscured by Thorndike and Munsterberg, and that has remained lost to most mainstream differential psychologists up to the present. Issues arising in the writing of biographies are discussed at length.
Phase change materials in photonic devices

Recent developments in reconfigurable photonic devices highly rely on the effective refractive index change enabled by phase change materials (PCMs) as either dielectric surroundings or constituting materials. This universal characteristic, tunable refractive index, is shared among various kinds of PCMs and has been successfully utilized to achieve multilevel modulations for both free-space and integrated photonics. In this Perspective, we briefly recapitulate the fundamental mechanisms of phase transitions for three dominant PCMs. The progress in integrating different PCMs with on-chip silicon photonics and periodic antenna arrays are reviewed and analyzed in parallel. We also discuss the existing problems of PCM photonics, for example, the compatibility with commercial production line, the stability issue, and accessibility of the stimuli. In the end, we provide the outlook for the improving material engineering of PCM and multi-functional PCM-based photonics devices.
Sleep health mediates the relationship between physical activity and depression symptoms.

PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate cross-sectional associations between physical activity, sleep health, and depression symptoms using mediation models. METHODS Participants (N = 1576, MAge = 39.3 years, 40% female) were recruited online from Amazon's Mechanical Turk crowd-sourcing service. Physical activity was measured using a single-item self-report measure and depression symptoms were reported using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Sleep health was measured using the 6-question RUSATED Sleep Health survey V2.0. RESULTS Good sleep health (direct effect: β = - .273, t = - 13.87, p < .0001) and high levels of physical activity (direct effect: β = - .092, t = - 4.73, p < .0001) were both individually associated with fewer depression symptoms. Sleep health significantly mediated 19% of the association between physical activity and depression symptoms (indirect effect: β = - .022, 95% CI [- .036 to - .008]), while physical activity significantly mediated 3% of the relationship between sleep health and depression symptoms (indirect effect: β = - .008, 95% CI [- .014 to - .003]). CONCLUSION Physical activity and sleep health act as predictors and mediators of depression symptoms.
Which Document Delivery Service Best Serves Your Patron: UnCover2® or ILL?

ABSTRACT When deciding whether to use UnCover2 or ILL for document delivery, consider these factors: accessibility of the article, how quickly it is needed, and how much it costs the patron. Then within your ILL unit, determine the average delivery time for libraries that own the material. An informal study of UnCover2 shows that within Colorado, ILL can usually deliver quickly enough at no charge to the patron. If the owning libraries cannot deliver within the time frame needed and the patron will pay an average of $10 to $12, UnCover2 can do the job.
The Evolving International Law of Transnational Aquifers

Water is an essential resource for human survival. As a Turkish businessman commented, “Countless millions of people have lived without love, but none without water.“1 Water is essential not only for human survival, but also for human thriving. Yet humans and most plants and animals of use to humans can tolerate only a narrow range of impurities in the water they consume. Furthermore, the quantity of water available on the planet remains essentially unchanged and unchangeable. Therefore, usable water has always been a scarce and valuable commodity.
Examples of System Designs and Implementations

From the previous chapters it is evident that there are many different types of scheduling problems. It is not likely that a system can be designed in such a way that it can be made applicable to any scheduling problem with only minor customization. This suggests that there is room as well as a need for many different types of scheduling systems. The variety of available platforms, databases, Graphic User Interfaces (GUI’s), and networking capabilities enlarges the number of possibilities even more.
Disposal of industrial radioactive waste waters at Hanford

Problems encountered in handllng, storing, and diluting radioactive liquid wastes are reviewed. It is pointed out that the geography, geology, and hydrology of the Hanford Works site havs permitted the safe disposal to the ervirorment of large volumes of radioactive wastes containing millions of curies of fission isotopes. Ground disposal to hundreds of feet of essentially dry soil is relatively inexpensive and can be safely utilized with proper control and knowledge of soil waste chemistry and of the ground-water hydrology of the region. Disposal to the Columbia River is regulated to insure that isotope concentration at the point of use is at a level safe to those using the water. (C.R.)
Cost-effectiveness of erythromycin versus mupirocin for the treatment of impetigo in children.

A new topical antibiotic, mupirocin, has been found to be as effective as erythromycin for the treatment of impetigo, but concerns about its expense have been raised. This controlled clinical trial sought to compare the cost-effectiveness of erythromycin (E) and mupirocin (M). Ninety-three children, aged 3 months to 16 years, were randomly assigned to receive 10 days of oral erythromycin (n = 46) or topical mupirocin (n = 47). Costs and effects were measured through structured interviews. Cost per case differed significantly by group (E = $56.85; M = $62.30; P less than .05) due chiefly to extra visits and medication changes needed by those treated with mupirocin. Erythromycin and mupirocin were equally effective. The likelihood of side effects (E = 43%, M = 22%) approached significance (P less than .07); those treated with erythromycin were willing to pay more for a different medicine to avoid the side effects experienced (P less than .05). Working parents and school-age children were more likely to alter their daily activities when the patient was taking erythromycin (P less than .04). Compliance and parental satisfaction did not differ by treatment group; however, parents of children treated with erythromycin were more likely to prefer the alternate drug regimen. It is concluded that the type of medication prescribed can be based on parental preference because the increased cost of mupirocin is offset by increased side effects and number of schooldays and workdays lost with erythromycin.
Career Counseling Practitioners: Reflections on Theory, Research, and Practice:

Career counseling practitioners of varied training levels were surveyed regarding the extent to which major career theories and research data inform their work with clients. In addition, this study was interested in career counselors views regarding (a) how career theorists, researchers, and practitioners can work together to address the needs of career clients, and (b) how theory and research findings can be more relevant to practice. Survey findings revealed that licensed counselors and psychologists as compared to non-counselor trained career practitioners agreed to a greater extent that their degree program had adequately prepared them to provide career counseling by emphasizing theory and attention to personal and career issues, and were more likely to regard professional development activities as important to their career counseling effectiveness. Finally, practitioners had numerous comments regarding the utility of career theory and interventions, and suggestions for bridging the gap between theory and practice.
A study of two mid-crustal bright spots from southeast Georgia (USA)

SUMMARY Two high-amplitude reflections, or ‘bright spots’, occur on COCORP (Consortium for Continental Reflection Profiling) line Georgia 16 at a record time of 5.9s, corresponding to nearly 16 km depth. They are significant because bright spots often mark great contrasts in subsurface physical properties. The first is the ‘Surrency Bright Spot’ (SBS), an exceptionally bright antiformal reflection, and the second is the ‘Reedy Creek Reflection’ (RCR), which lies 5 km to the south and resembles the south half of a diffraction. The RCR is also imaged on a crossline, Georgia 18, as a relatively symmetric antiformal reflection. These reflections coincide with the Brunswick magnetic anomaly, thought to mark the late Palaeozoic Alleghanian suture. The SBS and the RCR are reflections from bodies that lie within the plane of Georgia 16. Migration and 2-D seismic modelling show the aniformal SBS is from a synformal reflector with a buried focus while the RCR is from a relatively small body. The inferred geometry of the SBS reflector, with its flat portion corresponding to the deepest part of the reflector, argues that it does not represent fluids. These results, combined with recent evidence that the SBS is a reflection from a high-velocity thin layer, suggest that the SBS and the RCR might be reflections from ultramafic slices emplaced within the Alleghanian suture zone during collision or from mafic sheets intruded into the suture zone during subsequent rifting. The brightness of the SBS is attributed to a large impedance contrast, constructive interference, good data quality, and a relatively large reflector size with respect to the Fresnel zone and neighbouring reflectors.
Development of a pultruded composite material highway guardrail

Abstract Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials are being used to develop products for use as highway appurtenances, such as, sign supports, luminaire supports and guardrails (crash barriers). These structures, that are located alongside highways and roads, are subjected to vehicular impacts and must be designed to be ‘crashworthy’ to ensure the safety of the driving public. This paper reviews an ongoing 10-year research and development program funded by the United States federal highway administration (FHWA) and the United States department of transportation (DOT) to produce a crashworthy composite material highway guardrail system. An overview of the research and development leading to a patented pultruded composite material guardrail is provided.
‘Doing Gender’ After the War: Dealing with Gender Mainstreaming and Sexual Exploitation and Abuse in UN Peace Support Operations in Liberia and Sierra Leone

Although recommendations for gender mainstreaming and the prevention of sexual exploitation and abuse in United Nations peace support operations have increased in recent years, a comparative analysis of different approaches towards these policy objectives remains wanting. As a result, the effectiveness of the UN guidelines for gender mainstreaming as expressed in Security Council Resolution 1325 has not yet been evaluated and debated academically. By comparing UN missions in Sierra Leone and Liberia, this article provides a summary of the current literature on UN policies on gender mainstreaming and sexual misconduct. Relying on interviews with mission staff, the article argues that although the effects of 1325 look promising, efforts to integrate gender perspectives and prevent sexual exploitation still suffer from staff, funding and enforcement deficiencies. More importantly, it reveals how urgently further field research and an active scholarly debate on UN policies on gender awareness and sexual misco...
Theory of the driving force for electromigration

Using a linear-response formalism coupled with an infinite resummation, expressions are derived for the driving force of electromigration for a system of independent electrons moving among an array of selfconsistently screened ion potentials. We assume that the net scattering is weak, but do not expand in powers of the individual-ion scattering strengths nor do we take an average over the configuration of neighbors about the electromigrating ion. Our final formulas, which are tractable for evaluation, may be understood in terms of solutions of the Boltzmann equation. We discuss this interpretation and show how it resolves the question of the existence and quantitative significance of the Landauer resistivity dipoles. We also comment on the still-unresolved question of the "direct" force.
Generalized scaling theory and its application to a &#188; micrometer MOSFET design

In this paper we present a generalized scaling theory which allows for an independent scaling of the FET physical dimensions and applied voltages, while still maintaining constant the shape of the electric-field pattern. Thus two-dimensional effects are kept under control even though the intensity of the field is allowed to increase. The resulting design flexibility allows the design of FET's with quarter-micrometer channel length to be made, for either room temperature or liquid-nitrogen temperature. The physical limitations of the scaling theory are then investigated in detail, leading to the conclusion that the limiting FET performances are not reached at the 0.25-µm channel length. Further improvements are possible in the future, provided certain technology breakthroughs are achieved.
Anchorage independence: Analysis of factors affecting the growth and colony formation of wild-type and dl 5459 mutant SV40-transformed lines

Abstract We have studied in detail the parameters of anchorage-independent growth of normal rat cells and two clones of simian virus 40 (SV40)-transformed rat fibroblasts. Normal secondary rat embryo fibroblasts (REF) suspended in soft agar neither form large colonies (greater than 0.2-mm in diameter) nor show any appreciable increase in total cell volume. A clone of wild-type SV40-transformed REF grows in agar with a colony-forming efficiency of 54% and an increase in total cell volume greater than 10 3 . A clone of REF transformed by the SV40 early deletion mutant 884 has a colony-forming efficiency in agar of only 0.02%, but the total increase in cell volume is greater than 100-fold. In defining anchorage transformants, a distinction must be made between the ability to form large colonies and the ability to undergo a significant number of doublings. Transformation by the viable deletion mutant 884 apparently is impaired far more in the former aspect than in the latter.
RTP-CVD: A Single Wafer In-Situ Multiprocessing Manufacturing Technology For ULSI

Future integrated circuits manufacturing will require a new class of equipment where large size single wafers are processed and several fabrication steps can be performed sequentially in the same equipment. This is made possible by rapidly changing the wafer temperature and processing environment, and by employing in-situ cleaning and in-situ process monitoring. The implementation of multiple in-situ processing steps within the same equipment has the potential to reduce particulate contamination by improved control of the wafer environment and increase throughput by reducing overall processing time. This should prove to be invaluable for VLSI manufacturing. Furthermore, each isolated process module can be integrated or "clustered" to match processing needs in an "application specific" fashion. In this paper, a novel single wafer multiprocessing technology, rapid thermal processing chemical vapor deposition (RTP-CVD), is described and experimental results are presented for multilayer in-situ growth and deposition of semiconductors and dielectrics.
Saponification of the Insoluble Organic Residues from Oil Shales, Algal Oozes, and Algae

Abstract Previous work has shown some structural similarities between the insoluble organic residues of certain blue-green algae, algal oozes, and kerogens from ancient sediments known to be of algal origin. To obtain more specific structural information on these insoluble organic residues, several specific degradation reactions have been performed on them. This paper describes results from saponifying residues of some blue-green and green algae, two algal oozes, and for the sake of comparison, kerogen from the Green River oil shale. The major aim of these experiments was to obtain information on any compoents linked as esters to the kerogen-like residues. The minor aim was to see whether there were any variations in the saponification products which could be linked to structural variations in the residues. In general the products from the organisms were dominated by n-C16, and n-C18 HC18, fatty acids and in the case of a green alga, Oilorella pyrenoidosa, a, u-dicarboxylic acids in the range C, 5-C11, al...
Embedding African Democracy and Development: The Imperative of Institutional Capital:

The concept of democracy has remained central in most academic and political discourse on African development. Beyond the state-centric model of democracy, what alternative approaches are open to African states and how could they enhance the nature of state-society relations and the process of economic development? While this question informs the general thesis as well as the specific arguments advanced in this article, suffice it then to state that Africa’s peculiar condition presents a case not so much about transitions to democracy (since these have been attempted in many cases) but about the consolidation of enduring democracies. The missing link is in the acquisition of critical institutional capital that would facilitate a systemic shift from traditional models of development to more pragmatic and integrative approaches. In order of priority, what Africa needs most are institutional reconstruction, state consolidation, and democratic governance.