cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In Defense of Putnam’s Brains

In Reason, Truth and History, Hilary Putnam considers the possibility that all conscious beings are brains in a vat, connected to a giant computer that just happens to stimulate and monitor the nerve firings of the brains in such a way that the brains' collective 'inner experience' just happens to match our own (see Putnam for details, pp. 5-7). Putnam, apparently, is willing to concede that there is such a possible world, but he attempts to prove that our world is not that world. In an analogous fashion, Putnam might allow that there is a possible world in which he does not exist, but argue that our world is not that world by raising the question 'do I exist?' and noting that since he can raise that question, he most certainly exists. As a first approximation, Putnam's Brains in a Vat argument goes something like this.
The effects of large orientation and spatial frequency differences on spatial discriminations

Abstract We have examined two questions: (1) can the finest orientation discrimination be achieved only between stimuli with similar spatial frequency content? and likewise, (2) can the lowest spatial frequency discrimination thresholds be achieved only with parallel gratings? In 2 AFC tests we found that neither type of discrimination was affected by stimulus differences along the other dimension. However, some small decreases in method of adjustment matching accuracy were associated with large differences along the secondary dimensions. Considering the neurophysiological implications, these data suggest that fine orientation and spatial frequency discrimination can occur even though separate populations of neurones in the primary visual cortex may be activated by the two stimuli to be discriminated.
Basin precipitation estimates by Bethlahmy's two-axis method

Abstract Annual precipitation during each of five years over each of eight U.S. river basins, 800–4200 km 2 , was estimated by five different methods. Results by Bethlamy's two-axis method agreed generally with the others, and were easier to compute than by Thiessen polygons.
Information Order and Sign Design A Schema-Based Approach

Recreation and wilderness areas are frequented by millions of visitors each year. These environments are charged with protection and preservation of resources while supporting visitor involvement and enjoyment. Given these potentially competing demands, the design of visitor communications is critical. Visitor communications should be consistent with users’cognitive capabilities and expectations about the order in which information will be presented. This study employed a cognitive elicitation method to capture shared schemas among participants who examined information communicated through a small panel system in a national park. Quantitativeand qualitativeresults support theexistenceof common schemas for information order. Implications and further methods to support performance-based validation arediscussed.
The role of protein kinase C in the biochemical pathways of classical conditioning

Evidence suggests that protein kinase C (PKC) is required for long term memory storage such as classical conditioning. Stimulation of parallel fibers (PF) and climbing fibers (CF) of the cerebellum leads to production of the second messengers diacylglycerol, arachidonic acid, and calcium which are activators of PKC. A model is developed that describes the cascade of biochemical reactions in response to PF and CF stimulation and leading to PKC activation. Model simulations are used to evaluate the temporal specificity of PKC activation and the sensitivity of PKC activation to the interstimulus interval (ISI) of classical conditioning. Simulations at different ISI show that if PF stimulation precedes CF stimulation, PKC activation is elevated.
A web-based examination of experiences with intrusive thoughts across the adult lifespan.

Objectives: Intrusive thoughts and images are common across the adult lifespan, but vary in their consequences. Understanding age-related experiences with intrusive thoughts is important for identifying risk and protective factors for intrusive thought problems across the adult lifespan. This study characterized age trajectories for six aspects of experiences with intrusive thoughts using Internet data collection.Method: Participants (N = 1427; ages 18–87) were randomly assigned to suppress (i.e. keep out of mind) or monitor an intrusive thought for one minute, and then later to monitor the thought for a second minute. Participants tracked thought recurrences during each thinking period, then reported their positive and negative affects following each thinking period, as well as their effort expended in suppressing the thought and perceived difficulty controlling the intrusive thought. Multilevel modeling and generalized estimating equations modeled the continuous relationships between age and each depend...
Recovery: An alternative to sterilization of chemically dependent women

This paper addresses a theoretically and substantively important problem—the efforts of chemically dependent women to recover from substance abuse. This ethnographic study of one treatment program in a Northeastern city provides insight into the challenges that are not often examined relative to the cost chemically dependent women pay for sobriety and recovery in order to be reunited with their children. Through this study, recovery is a viable alternative to sterilization. Chemically dependent women can be helped to become more functional with appropriate interventions and adequate resources. The yearning to regain custody of their children becomes the deep driving force for recovery. Emergent themes revealed through the study will include discussion of women’s health, intervention programs, sexuality, and spirituality.
Improved acoustic-plate-mode biosensor

Abstract The design of an improved acoustic-plate-mode (APM) biosensor is presented. The biosensing element consists of a pair of APM delay lines fabricated on an ZX lithium niobate (LiNbO 3 ) substrate. Each delay line utilizes a single APM and exhibits adjacent-mode rejection superior to previous LiNbO 3 designs, without sacrificing the high sensitivity to electrical effects. The biosensing element is evaluated as an immunosensor using the vector voltmeter (VVM) measurement system. The results show that the improved biosensor is capable of selectively detecting antibody concentrations of 20 ng per ml.
Nonclassical Antimetabolites XXIV: Alkylation of 5-Fluorouracil

Alkylation of 5-fluorouracil with 1-bromopentane or 5-chloropentyl p-nitrobenzoate in dimethyl sulfoxide in the presence of potassium carbonate and sodium iodide occurred at the N3-position. In contrast, alkylation with allylic-type halides, such as allyl bromide and benzyl chloride, occurred at the N1-position. These results are in contrast to alkylation of uracil where either saturated or allylic halides gave alkylation of N1.
SU-E-T-295: Optimizing Radiotherapy for Glioblastoma Using A Patient-Specific Mathematical Model

Purpose: To generate adaptive, biologically optimized, patient‐specific IMRT plans with the potential to reduce normal tissue complications and increase treatment efficacy in the treatment of glioblastoma. Methods: A proliferation‐invasion radiation therapy (PIRT) mathematical model of glioblastoma characterizes patient‐specific tumor evolution and response to radiotherapy. An iterative dialog between the PIRT model and a multi‐objective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) for IMRT plan generation results in adaptive, patient‐specific plans that can be optimized to clinical goals subject to defined restrictions. We performed simulations in a simplified geometry utilizing both the standard‐of‐care and optimized plans for a cohort of 11 patients exhibiting a wide range of tumor growth kinetics and compared the results. Results: The spatially non‐uniform, patient‐specific optimized plans reduced equivalent uniform dose (EUD) to healthy brain tissue (39 – 82%) and increased therapeutic ratio (the ratio of tumor EUD to normal tissue EUD) (50 – 265%). The model‐driven virtual evaluation of cancer treatment response (VECTR) score, a metric of treatment impact on survival, increased for all but one patient (8 – 181%). Both the normal tissue EUD and therapeutic ratio were linearly correlated with patient‐specific PIRT model parameters, indicating increased benefits or patients with more diffuse tumors. These results were robust to uncertainty in measured tumor radius of ±.5 mm and a 20% variation in the linear quadratic radiobiology parameter α/β. Conclusion: This analysis suggests that we can improve upon the standard‐of‐care radiation therapy with adaptive, individualized plans generated with a patient‐specific mathematical model of glioblastoma in combination with a MOEA for IMRT optimization. This work demonstrates a possible improvement of patient outcomes and lays the groundwork for further 3D anatomically accurate simulations that further optimize treatment and spare eloquent brain.
Compression of pictorial space through perspective reversal.

Artists frequently wish to compress portrayed space, and restrict it to the vicinity of the picture plane. One "rule" for doing this is to "reverse" some or all of the linear perspective.-ere, six pictures were scaled by each of 43 naive judges on a graphic scale end-anchored at least three-dime~zsionul (0 ) and mosd three-dimensional ( 10) . Analysis of variance by ranks5howed consistent scale differences among the pictures ( 9 < .001), with means shown in Fig. 1 .
A Comparison of the Chronic Toxicities of Synthetic Sweetening Agents

Data are given on the chronic oral toxicities of the synthetic sweetening agents, saccharin, sodium cyclohexyl sulfamate, dulcin, and P-4000. The results indicate that these four substances may be divided into a toxic group and a relatively nontoxic group. Dulcin and p-4000 were toxic to rats at dosage levels of 0.1 per cent and above, whereas saccharin and sodium cyclohexyl sulfamate had only slight effects at a dosage level of 5 per cent.
ELECTRIC VEHICLES AND THE ELECTRIC UTILITY COMPANY

Abstract This article describes the probable impacts of electric vehicles on the utilities which will provide their electricity. It draws on the results of a recent case study of the Southern California Edison Company. The impacts on the system if millions of electric vehicles were to appear in southern California over the next 20 years are described, and the conditions under which the findings may be transferred to utilities outside southern California are explained. The paper concludes by discussing the effect of incentives that the utility company or the state of California might provide to promote the sale of electric vehicles.
Occupational exposure to HIV: frequency and rates of underreporting of percutaneous and mucocutaneous exposures by medical housestaff.

Abstract purpose: To study the frequency of work-related exposures to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected blood and reporting of exposures among medical housestaff. settings: Three teaching hospitals where HIV infection is prevalent among patients. subjects: Internal medicine interns and residents in training in 1988–1989. methods: In a cross-sectional survey, house officers were asked to complete anonymously a questionnaire reviewing their past percutaneous and mucocutaneous exposure to blood products. results: Nineteen percent of the respondents (16 of 86) recalled accidental exposure to HIVinfected blood, and 36% (31 of 86) recalled exposure to blood from patients at high risk for having HIV infection. Of the exposures recalled in the 12 months prior to the survey, 81% (47 of 58) of all needlestick injuries and all (nine of nine) needlestick injuries from HIV-infected blood occurred in postgraduate year 1 or 2 trainees. Only 30% (31 of 103) of the needlestick injuries recalled by subjects were reported. The principal reasons for not reporting were time constraints, perception that the percutaneous injury did not represent a significant exposure, lack of knowledge about the reporting mechanism, and concern about confidentiality and professional discrimination. conclusions: Medical housestaff are at substantial risk for occupational infection with HIV. A large proportion of internal medicine housestaff recall accidental exposure to blood during medical school and residency, and the majority of exposures were not reported. Hospitals may be able to increase rates of reporting of percutaneous exposures to HIV by developing programs that are easy to access, efficient, and strictly confidential.
Species Distribution Modeling for Conservation of Rare, Edaphic Endemic Plants in White River Valley, Nevada

ABSTRACT: Sites where edaphic endemic plants have evolved exist in isolated, often small patches throughout the Great Basin. Gypsophytes, plants that live on gypsum soil outcrops, are one group of edaphic endemic plants about which information on localities and habitat requirements is needed. An opportunity to provide some protection to gypsophyte species in White River Valley, Nevada, arose with the revision of Ely BLM's Resource Management Plan. Field surveys to gather locality data were performed in 2005 and 2007, and 1840 new localities were identified. Species distribution modeling can be a useful tool for delineating areas for special management to benefit species of concern. Species distribution model inputs included gypsophyte localities, elevation, slope, aspect, and remotely sensed data on probability of gypsum springmound occurrence. Model outputs were refined using field surveys, and four sites with gypsum springmounds with BLM sensitive-status gypsophytes for Area of Critical Environmental Co...
Gender, race, and group behavior in group drug treatment.

Background Group drug counseling is the primary treatment modality used to treat drug dependence in community settings in the United States. Findings from the social psychology literature suggest that gender may influence how individuals participate in groups, and that race may moderate the effects of gender on group behavior. This study examined gender, race, and their interaction as predictors of alliance, participation, self-disclosure, and receipt of advice and feedback in drug counseling groups, and explored how gender and racial differences in drug counseling group behavior related to outcome of cocaine dependence treatment.
Further study on the properties of the rat liver protein involved in a paramagnetic complex in the livers of carcinogen-treated rats

The properties of the paramagnetic Fe-NO—thiol protein complex previously observed in the livers of certain carcinogen fed rats have been further studied using ion-exchange chromatography and agarose-gel electrophoresis. Black Roussin's salt, [Fe4S3(NO)7]K, is found to induce the same paramagnetic complex as nitrite in rat liver and its action is similarly potentiated by the concurrent feeding of p-dimethylaminoazobenzene. It is also shown that the formation of the paramagnetic complex appears to inhibit the binding of p-dimethylaminoazobenzene to its protein constituent.
The adjoint Boltzmann equation and its simulation by Monte Carlo

Abstract The Boltzmann equation for neutron transport is discussed in both integro-differential and integral form. The “value” or “importance” equation is derived and shown to be equivalent, in the integral form, to the adjoint of the collision density. However, the value is also equivalent to the adjoint of the flux when the adjoint operation is carried out on the integro-differential equation. Possible ways of simulating both the forward and adjoint equations by Monte Carlo are discussed. Because the value equation is a “flux-like” equation, direct simulation of it proves to be unwieldly. Instead, a “collision density” for adjoint particles, equal to the value or adjoint flux times the total cross section, is introduced. The equation for this adjuncton collision density may be simulated by the same routines as were used for the forward calculation and only the cross sections need to be changed. The extension of this to problems involving multiplying media is also included.
A model for coupled rotation-displacement modes of certain molecular crystals. Illustration for KNO3

Abstract A model is presented for the dynamics of crystal lattices whose elements have finite inertia and distinct equilibrium orientations. The model is based upon representing the non-central interactions by the bending of a flexible spring in analogy with the extensible spring of Born-Von Karman for central interactions in simple lattices. The model is stable for all configurations and the rotational and translational modes are coupled. The parameter expressing the bending rigidity can be determined from infrared or Raman spectroscopy and this is illustrated for a special mode of the KNO 3 crystal. Dispersion relations for the lattice modes are given for a linear chain of identical molecules and KNO 3 crystal.
Mono(cyclopentadienyl) Complexes of Calcium, Strontium, and Barium, {[C5(SiMe3)3H2](Ca,Sr,Ba)I(thf)n}x. Influence of Alkali-Metal Cations on Ligand Exchange Reactions

Reaction of the alkali-metal cyclopentadienide MCp‘ with an alkaline-earth dihalide (AeX2) in ethers is usually an efficient route to group 2 cyclopentadienyl complexes Cp‘nAeX2-n. This is not true for every Cp‘/Ae combination, however, and the precipitation of an insoluble MX halide may not always be an adequate driving force for ligand exchange. As examples of this, [1,2,4-tris(trimethylsilyl)cyclopentadienyl]metal iodides (Cp3Si)AeI(thf)n (Ae = Ca, n = 1; Ae = Sr, Ba, n = 2) are isolated from the 1:1 reaction of K[Cp3Si] and AeI2 in THF, but the yields range from very good (79%) when Ae = Ca to poor (26%) when Ae = Ba. In the case of Ae = Sr, Ba, substantial amounts of K[Cp3Si] are recoverable at the end of the reaction. No redistribution of (Cp3Si)AeI(thf)n into (Cp3Si)2Ae and AeI2(thf)n is observed in either THF or aromatic solvents at room temperature. Both (Cp3Si)CaI(thf) and (Cp3Si)SrI(thf)2 crystallize from THF/toluene as iodide-bridged dimers, [(Cp3Si)Ae(μ-I)(thf)n]2, with η5-[Cp3Si]- ligands an...
Simultaneous optimal bottom linewidth and side‐wall curvature control of wet etching

Etching is one of the critical steps in the fabrication of microelectronics devices. A time-optimal control problem with a dual-term terminal cost including both bottom linewidth and side-wall curvature is formulated to implement an optimal open-width design principle. A singular-arc solution does not exist and the control action is bangbang. The optimal switching time is analytically calculated. The feasibility and effectiveness of this technique are illustrated by simulation studies. This design and control philosophy can easily be applied to other microelectronics manufacturing processes.
Exploration of on-chip switched-capacitor DC-DC converter for multicore processors using a distributed power delivery network

In this paper, we explore the design of on-chip switched-capacitor (SC) DC-DC converters in the context of multicore processors, using an accurate power grid simulator. Results show that distributed design of SC converters can reduce the IR drop by up to 74% compared to the lumped design, with improved supply voltage. We also demonstrate the usage of SC converters for multi-domain power supply.
Proteome-scale purification of human proteins from bacteria

The completion of the human genome project and the development of high-throughput approaches herald a dramatic acceleration in the pace of biological research. One of the most compelling next steps will be learning the functional roles of all proteins. Achievement of this goal depends in part on the rapid expression and isolation of proteins at large scale. We exploited recombinational cloning to facilitate the development of methods for the high-throughput purification of human proteins. cDNAs were introduced into a master vector from which they could be rapidly transferred into a variety of protein expression vectors for further analysis. A test set of 32 sequence-verified human cDNAs of various sizes and activities was moved into four different expression vectors encoding different affinity-purification tags. By means of an automatable 2-hr protein purification procedure, all 128 proteins were purified and subsequently characterized for yield, purity, and steps at which losses occurred. Under denaturing conditions when the His6 tag was used, 84% of samples were purified. Under nondenaturing conditions, both the glutathione S-transferase and maltose-binding protein tags were successful in 81% of samples. The developed methods were applied to a larger set of 336 randomly selected cDNAs. Sixty percent of these proteins were successfully purified under denaturing conditions and 82% of these under nondenaturing conditions. A relational database, FLEXProt, was built to compare properties of proteins that were successfully purified and proteins that were not. We observed that some domains in the Pfam database were found almost exclusively in proteins that were successfully purified and thus may have predictive character.
Impact of a Digital Filter as a Weak Constraint in MM5 4DVAR: An Observing System Simulation Experiment

In this study, a digital filter is introduced into the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University‐National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4DVAR) system as a weak constraint to control high-frequency oscillations, which negatively affect assimilation performance. To assess the impact of the digital filter and to understand how the digital-filter 4DVAR functions, a series of observing system simulation experiments are conducted with the assimilation of global positioning system (GPS) refractivity soundings for a cyclogenesis case over the Antarctic region. It is shown that the use of a digital filter, centered at the midpoint of the assimilation period, is effective in suppressing the highfrequency waves. The imbalance during the early period of assimilation is further reduced by utilizing an additional short-span filter, starting at the beginning of the assimilation period. The filtering of the wind field is found to be the most effective in suppressing high-frequency oscillations. It is also revealed that the imposed weak constraint significantly reduces the wave-reflection problem caused by imperfect upper boundary conditions. It is concluded that the weakly constrained 4DVAR with digital filters not only reduces dynamic imbalance, but also significantly improves the qualities of analysis and forecast. Without projecting its solution onto the highfrequency waves, which diminish rapidly with forecast time, the constrained 4DVAR is able to yield additional improvement in the model initial condition in the larger-scale range and hence utilizes the available observations more effectively when compared with the unconstrained 4DVAR.
Throughput-delay analysis of mobile ad-hoc networks with a multi-copy relaying strategy

Multiuser diversity has been shown to increase the throughput of mobile ad-hoc wireless networks (MANET) when compared to fixed wireless networks. This paper addresses a multiuser diversity strategy that permits one of multiple one-time relays to deliver a packet to its destination. We show that the /spl theta/(1) throughput of the original single one-time relay strategy is preserved by our multi-copy technique. The reason behind achieving the same asymptotic throughput is the fact that, as we demonstrate in this paper, interference for communicating among closest neighbors is hounded for different channel path losses, even when n goes to infinity. We find that the average delay and its variance scale like /spl theta/(n) and /spl theta/(n/sup 2/), respectively, for both the one and multi-copy relay strategies. Furthermore, while for finite n the delay values in the single-copy relaying strategy are not bounded, our multi-copy relay scheme attains bounded delay.
Toward improved landing precision on Mars

Mars landers to date have flown ballistic entry trajectories with no trajectory control after the final maneuver before entry. 12Improvements in landing accuracies (from ∼150 km from the target for Mars Pathfinder to ∼30–40 km for MER and Phoenix) have been driven by approach navigation improvements. MSL will fly the first guided-entry trajectory to Mars, further improving accuracy to ∼10–12 km from the target. For future missions, landing within ∼100m is desired to assure landing safety close to a target of high scientific interest in irregular terrain, or to land near a previously landed asset. Improvements in approach navigation alone are not sufficient to achieve this requirement. If approach navigation error and IMU error are eliminated, the dominant error source is wind drift on the parachute, with map-tie error also significant. Correcting these errors requires terrain-relative navigation (TRN), which can be accomplished with passive imaging supplemented by radar for terrain sensing (with onboard navigation capable of processing measurements from IMU, imaging, and radar). Additionally, near-optimal-ΔV powered descent guidance is needed to minimize the amount of propellant required to reach the target. The capability to land within 100m can be applied in different landing modes depending on how much fuel is carried.
On the decoder error probability of block codes

By using coding and combinational techniques, an explicit formula is derived which enumerates the complete weight distribution of decodable words of block codes using partially known weight distributions. Also, an approximation formula for nonbinary block codes is obtained. These results give exact and approximate expressions for the decoder error probability P/sub E/(u) of block codes. >
TEXTURE PROFILE ANALYSIS PARAMETERS OBTAINED BY AN INSTRON UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE

A method for the interpretation of the force-deformation curves obtained by the Instron Universal Testing Machine is suggested. The method provides a more specific physical meaning to the experimental parameters and treats separately the mechanical aspects of the recoverable and nonrecoverable deformations. The method also provides for the possibility of the introduction of new mechanical parameters and terms which might represent textural properties.
Transient analysis of nonuniform transmission lines

The transient propagation through nonuniform transmission line structures is analyzed. Nonuniform structures include tapered microstrips and uniform lines with periodic and nonperiodic loadings or discontinuities. The analysis employs a scattering parameter formulation in the time domain to derive closed-form algorithms for the voltage and current variables in the line. The solutions that can be used in the case in which both discontinuities and terminations are nonlinear avoid the use of transforms or convolutions and thus are computationally efficient. Simulation algorithms are tested and, when compared with experimental simulations, indicate good agreement. >
Spontaneous vesicoureteral reflux resolution in children: A ten-year single-centre experience.

Background/Aim: To evaluate the spontaneous resolution rate in infants and young children with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Patients and Methods: Paediatric patients with VUR treated in our hospital from January 2000 to December 2010 were retrospectively analyzed. Only patients with pretreatment and follow-up voiding cystourethrogram were included into the study. Treatment success was defined as complete VUR resolution. Results: The resolution rate for infants less than 1 year of age was 38.6% (17 of 44 renal units). Renal units with mild-moderate VUR (I-III) had a resolution rate of 40% (12 of 30 renal units) compared to 35.7% (5 of 14 renal units) with severe grade (IV-V) VUR. The resolution rate for children over 1 year of age was 39,1% (9 of 23 renal units). Renal units with mild-moderate VUR (I-III) had a resolution rate of 42.9% (9 of 21 renal units) compared to 0% (0 of 2 renal units) with severe grade (IV-V) VUR. Conclusion: Infants less than 1 year of age with nonsymptomatic, mild, moderate or severe VUR have a spontaneous resolution rate of more than 35% and therefore should receive a primary conservative therapy. Children over 1 year of age with nonsymptomatic mild-moderate VUR (I-III) have a spontaneous resolution rate of about 40% and should receive primary conservative treatment as well.
Complete Genome Sequences of Two Hemotropic Mycoplasmas, Mycoplasma haemofelis Strain Ohio2 and Mycoplasma suis Strain Illinois

We report the complete and fully assembled genomes of Mycoplasma haemofelis strain Ohio2 and Mycoplasma suis strain Illinois, which are the first available genomes of these uncultivatable hemoplasma species. The single circular chromosomes of 1,152,484 bp and 742,431 bp for M. haemofelis and M. suis, respectively, are typical of mycoplasma species, having reduced size and low G+C content (38.8% for M. haemofelis and 31.1% for M. suis). Their metabolic pathways are reduced, with evidence of adaption to the blood environment.
Enhancing the Cognitive Vitality of Older Adults

Aging is associated with decline in a multitude of cognitive processes and brain functions. However, a growing body of literature suggests that age-related decline in cognition can sometimes be reduced through experience, cognitive training, and other interventions such as fitness training. Research on cognitive training and expertise has suggested that age-related cognitive sparing is often quite narrow, being observed only on tasks and skills similar to those on which individuals have been trained. Furthermore, training and expertise benefits are often realized only after extensive practice with specific training strategies. Like cognitive training, fitness training has narrow effects on cognitive processes, but in the case of fitness training, the most substantial effects are observed for executive-control processes.
Circuits over HORNET (CoHo) - guaranteed bit rates over a packet-based metro network

HORNET is a tunable transmitter fixed receiver metro ring network, designed for efficient packet transport. By extending the MAC protocol to include a reservation mechanism, the packet based infrastructure is enhanced to support fixed bit rate circuits. We propose several reservation mechanisms and select one of the mechanisms to simulate and demonstrate experimentally. Our reservation scheme can setup fine granularity circuits, on the order of one to a few Mb/s, and setup and teardown times on the order of the ring propagation delay. The scheme is fully distributed and coupled with HORNET's wavelength sharing architecture allows simultaneous, point-to-point circuits between any and all network nodes.
Gain-of-function variant of the human epithelial sodium channel

Epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) mutations are associated with several human disorders, underscoring the importance of these channels in human health. Recent human genome sequencing projects have revealed a large number of ENaC gene variations, several of which have been found in individuals with salt-sensitive hypertension, cystic fibrosis, and other disorders. However, the functional consequences of most variants are unknown. In this study, we used the Xenopus oocyte expression system to examine the functional properties of a human ENaC variant. Oocytes expressing αβγL511Q human ENaCs showed 4.6-fold greater amiloride-sensitive currents than cells expressing wild-type channels. The γL511Q variant did not significantly alter channel surface expression. Single channel recordings revealed that the variant had fourfold higher open probability than wild type. In addition, γL511Q largely eliminated the Na+ self-inhibition response, which reflects a downregulation of ENaC open probability by extracellular Na+. Moreover, γL511Q diminished chymotrypsin-induced activation of the mutant channel. We conclude that γL511Q is a gain-of-function human ENaC variant. Our results suggest that γL511Q enhances ENaC activity by increasing channel open probability and dampens channel regulation by extracellular Na+ and proteases.
A cooperative sensing technique with weighting based on distance between radio stations

Cognitive radio, which is expected to yield high frequency utilization, requires a highly reliable sensing technique. Cooperative sensing techniques have been studied to meet this demand. However, conventional techniques have high false alarm rates. To solve this problem, we propose a new cooperative sensing technique in which the received power levels at several radio stations are multiplied by different weights and added. Whether or not radio waves are present is determined from this total power level. A computer simulation demonstrates that the proposed technique offers a lower false alarm rate than conventional techniques while satisfying the misdetection rate.
Projects of the Consortium for Materials Development in Space

The Consortium for Materials Development in Space amalgamates private industries, the federal government, and universities for a common goal, commercial developments in space. The Consortium embraces research and development projects that benefit from unique attributes of space and that also rely on innovative applications of physical chemistry, material transport and their interactions. Three projects employ vapor transport of material from a solid source at one end of a sealed container to a growing crystal at the other end. The fourth and fifth projects have desired surface properties of materials as their objectives. In one of these, surfaces are electrodeposited, often with inert solid particles codeposited in the surface layer. The other project investigating surface properties makes use of the atomic oxygen environment outside a spacecraft. A surface exposed toward the direction of orbital motion is impacted by a beam predominantly of 5 electron volt oxygen atoms. This can produce unusual chemical reactions and surface morphology. The sixth project uses demixing of immiscible polymers in low-g to better understand the role of phase segregation in the properties of polymer blends and to accomplish the purification of materials by partitioning between two liquid phases.
A Sleep Habits Questionnaire for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders

Sleep difficulties in children with autism spectrum disorders are common, with poor sleep hygiene a contributing factor. We developed the Family Inventory of Sleep Habits to measure sleep hygiene in this population. Its validity and reliability in 2 groups of children aged 4 to 10 years, those with a clinical diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders, and those who are typically developing are described. In both groups, total and modified (reflecting insomnia subscales) scores on the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire showed significant negative correlations with the total score. The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III was significantly correlated with total score in the autism spectrum group but not in the typically developing group. Age and socioeconomic status were not correlated with total score in either group. This preliminary work suggests that the Family Inventory of Sleep Habits is a valid and reliable measure of sleep hygiene in autism spectrum disorders.
Allograft reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract: Techniques and results

A variety of valved and non-valved conduits have been used to establish right ventricle to pulmonary artery continuity in pediatric patients with complex congenital anomalies of the right ventricular outflow tract. Ross and Somerville originally described right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction with an extra-cardiac valved aortic allograft in 1966 (15). As early as 1968, aortic allograft calcification and degeneration were reported and attributed to then current methods of allograft collection, processing and storage (6). The disappointing results with the use of aortic allografts led to a search for more promising options for right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction. Mechanical valve prostheses were implanted in older children who were at a stage of physical development that would allow implantation of the relatively large valves. However, the inherent risk factors associated with thromboembolism and anticoagulation led most cardiac surgeons to avoid the use of a mechanical valve in the right ventricular outflow tract of pediatric patients. Favorable results with porcine valved bioprostheses implanted in adults led to their use in children in the early 1970’s. Unfortunately, it was not long before multiple problems presented themselves. Early valvar calcification and degeneration, conduit rigidity, and formation of intimai peel quickly curtailed enthusiasm for the use of porcine bioprostheses in the pediatric population (1, 10). As the popularity of porcine bioprostheses for pediatric use declined, interest in aortic valve allografts resurfaced. New methods of preservation and storage including antibiotic sterilization and cryopreservation resulted in increased cell viability and implied increased allograft durability (2, 4). In spite of less toxic preservation and storage methods, aortic valve allograft calcification continued to plague certain subsets of patients; younger children and patients with pulmonary hypertension (14, 16). The calcification problem along with the limited availability of aortic allografts prompted the use of pulmonary allografts for right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction in the mid 1980s. Pulmonary valve allografts with comparable viability demonstrated several potential advantages over aortic allografts (13). Pulmonary allograft anatomy and physiology accurately simulate the native right ventricular outflow tract, branch pulmonary arteries are available for distal reconstruction, and pulmonary allograft conduit calcium content is less than that of aortic conduits. Results with pulmonary allografts have been consistently superior to aortic allografts for reconstituting the right ventricle to pulmonary artery connection (3). However, recent follow-up of infants who received pulmonary allografts for right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction reveals that there is still room for improvement. Allograft calcification and degeneration that require reoperation are persistent problems for 16% of the infant population within ten years after implantation (9).
Seasonality of Sexual Debut

This study brings together insights from two bodies of scholarship that have heretofore existed as parallel research literatures, namely, research on the social antecedents of sexual debut and scholarship on the seasonality of coital activity. The authors use the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to discover two seasonal peaks in the reported onset of first intercourse, one in the early summertime months for adolescents in general (the summer effect) and another during December for romantically involved adolescents (the holiday season effect). The authors explore the social contours of these patterns by analyzing the effects of gender, race, and partner relationship context (romantic vs. nonromantic) on each peak. Summertime debuts typically occur between nonromantic partners, and wintertime debuts typically occur between romantic partners.
Northern goshawk diet during the nesting season in Southeast Alaska

Northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis; hereafter, goshawks) occur throughout forests of North America and have received much attention as a target species for management (Reynolds et al. 1992, Iverson et al. 1996, Andersen et al. 2003). Goshawks nest in forest stands with high timber volumes and dense overstory canopies above relatively open understories (Reynolds et al. 1982, Squires and Reynolds 1997, Daw and DeStefano 2001), and goshawk foraging is often associated with similar high-volume forest stands (Widen 1989, Beier and Drennan 1997). This association with high-volume forests has caused concern about the effects of forest management on goshawk populations (Crocker-Bedford 1990, Kennedy 1997, Andersen et al. 2003). Initially, management for goshawks concentrated on nesting habitat (Reynolds et al. 1982, Reynolds 1983), but recently the focus has been on managing for abundant and available prey populations (Reynolds et al. 1992, Graham et al. 1999). Thus, understanding the goshawks’ diet is a practical step in any attempt to manage this species. Across their range, goshawks consume a wide variety of smallto medium-sized birds and mammals associated with forested habitats, including grouse, tree squirrels, corvids, large passerines, woodpeckers, and hares (Cramp and Simmons 1980, Squires and Reynolds 1997). However, goshawks can also be local specialists, so diet patterns might be different across geographic scales. In 1991, the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADFG50 years (Iverson et al. 1996, USFS 1997). Concern for the effects of this logging led to the filing of a petition to list the goshawk as endangered in this region (Federal Register 1995); this petition continued to be litigated in federal court through 2004 (P. Schempf, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, personal communication). The most contentious issues for the Tongass relate to management of mediumto highvolume forests, which are critical to wildlife and valuable to the timber industry (Schoen et al. 1988). A better understanding of goshawk diet during the nesting season in southeast Alaska can provide insight into the importance of different habitats for nesting goshawks. The USFS recognizes that the link among goshawk prey species, prey habitats, and habitat management practices are key elements for conservation of the goshawk and the biotic communities in which it occurs (Reynolds et al. 1992, Iverson et al. 1996). Our objectives were to describe and quantify the nesting season diet of northern goshawks in southeast Alaska, USA, and to examine spatial and temporal variability in goshawk diet within this region.
Diversity in Unity - How Industry Policy Shaping UI/UX Research

Industry policy is usually a tool to promote the growth and efficiency of countries overall economy, in particular, to promote "specific growth of industry”. Generally speaking, it allocates the funds, talented people, regulations, and consider how to stimulate the usage from the demand side, and how to accelerate the development of the industry from the supply side. In this paper, the change of the industry policy is described based on the ICT(information and Communications Technology) industrial competitive advantage migration. The goal of the paper is delivering a few points on how industry policy shaping global competitiveness from a technology-driven era to a user-driven era. The differences of the policy focus will be the key discussion.
Co-occurring risk factors for current cigarette smoking in a U.S. nationally representative sample.

Introduction Relatively little has been reported characterizing cumulative risk associated with co-occurring risk factors for cigarette smoking. The purpose of the present study was to address that knowledge gap in a U.S. nationally representative sample.
Development of an Electrochemical Acidification Cell for the Recovery of CO2 and H2 from Seawater

Based on continuous electrodeionization (CEDI) technology, a novel hybrid electrochemical acidification process has been developed to extract large quantities of CO2 from seawater. This indirect approach acidifies seawater to recover CO2 from bicarbonate. The electrolytic regeneration of cation exchange resin allowed simultaneous and continuous ion exchange and regeneration to occur within the cell along with control of the seawater pH. Lowering seawater pH was found to be proportional to the applied current to the cell, and the CO2 in the acidified seawater was readily removed at pH less than 6.0. In addition, the cell produced a portion of hydrogen gas without additional energy penalties.
Surface Launch Simulations of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Loaded with Jet Assisted Takeoff Motors

A dynamic model of an unmanned aerial vehicle that relies on jet assisted take off motors to achieve controllable airspeeds and altitudes has been developed. The goal was to develop a flexible tool that could be used to analyze various configurations of the UAV under different atmospheric conditions. The model was validated against telemetry data from actual flights and is intended to be used to aid the rocket motor manufacturing activity in selecting suitable motor pairs. This paper highlights different simulations conducted to test the model under various scenarios concerning the JATO’s ballistic performance.
Intracellular processing of immune complexes formed on the surface of glomerular epithelial cells

Immune complexes formed on the surface of glomerular epithelial cells (GEC) resolve slowly and therefore result in inflammation of the glomerular capillary wall, as in the case of human membranous glomerulonephritis. The metabolic defect in the processing of these complexes has not been identified. Immune complexes of cationic bovine gamma-globulin (BGG) and anti-BGG were formed on cultured GEC, and their intracellular processing was followed by tracing the fate of radioiodinated and colloidal gold-labeled anti-BGG in the endosomal, lysosomal, and extracellular compartments. It was determined that the complexes were rapidly internalized in endosomes (50% saturation achieved in 10 min). The rate of expulsion of complexes was much slower (50% of internalized complex exteriorized in approximately 90 min). Of the internalized anti-BGG, < 5% were proteolytically degraded, suggesting an inefficient lysosomal processing. This aspect was studied further by separating anti-BGG colloidal gold-loaded vesicles by low...
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

The occurrence of unusual infections, in particular Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and the rare neoplasm Kaposi’s sarcoma, in previously healthy homosexual men in the late H170s heralded the epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus infection, the most severe form of which is the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
Religion, Community, and Slavery on the Colonial Southern Frontier

This book tells the story of Ebenezer, a frontier community in colonial Georgia founded by a mountain community fleeing religious persecution in its native Salzburg. This study traces the lives of the settlers from the alpine world they left behind to their struggle for survival on the southern frontier of British America. Exploring their encounters with African and indigenous peoples with whom they had had no previous contact, this book examines their initial opposition to slavery and why they ultimately embraced it. Transatlantic in scope, this study will interest readers of European and American history alike.
Stephen E. Atkins. The 9/11 Encyclopedia (Volumes 1 and 2)

The 9/11 Encyclopedia is the definitive reference book for understanding the key figures, events, and consequences of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. The collection is edited by Stephen E...
Roginski, Alexandra The Hanged Man and the Body Thief: Finding Lives in a Museum Mystery Clayton, VIC: Monash University Publishing 142 pp., $24.95, ISBN 978-1922235664 Publication Date: May 2015

Alexandra Roginski explores the “violent history of [museum] collection” in her solidly researched and well-written book The Hanged Man and the Body Thief (77). Roginski's book is slim—just 79 page...
Changes in management of stress urinary incontinence following the 2011 FDA Health Notification

Purpose:We sought to assess for impact on management trends in new patients presenting to our institution with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) following the release of the FDA Health Notification...