cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Road Mythographies: Space, Mobility, and the Historical Imagination in Postcolonial Niger

In this article, I explore how some Hausaphone Mawri in postcolonial Niger materialize their experience of modernity. I examine the fundamental role that space plays in local perceptions of modernity by discussing stories people tell about what happens on the road. In particular, I focus on their attention to the road as part of a complex economy of violence, power, and blood. By linking the road and its deadly spirits to the region's history of civil engineering, emergent capitalism, and religious transformation, I show that rather than simply being iconic of modernity, the road is a hybrid space that condenses past histories at the same time that it concretizes the perils and possibilities of modern life for rural Mawri. [space, roads, mobility, modernity, imagination, spirits, Niger]
Emergency Stenting of the Left Main Coronary Artery After Diagnostic Coronary Angiography

A 76-year-old female presented with an acute coronary syndrome manifested by chest pain, a new left bundle branch block, and positive troponin. She had a previous history of aortic valve replacement. Emergent diagnostic coronary angiography via the right femoral arterial approach with a 5-F Left
Universal behavior of 4He films as a function of thickness near the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition.

We report measurements of the convective conductance of {sup 4}He films near the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition. Data for 14 films are analyzed over a range of critical temperatures from 1.28 to 2.16 K, and thicknesses 11.7 to 156 A. We obtain good agreement using two different methods of analysis with the predicted behavior of the dynamic theory. The exponential divergence is observed up to six decades in conductance and one decade in reduced temperature. We find that the parameter {ital b}, which determines the sharpness of the divergence, and also the cusp in the superfluid density increases with film thickness. This is consistent with the growth of the three-dimensional correlation length. We find also that the ratio of diffusion constant to the square of the vortex core radius, {ital D}/{ital a}{sup 2}, is a decreasing function of film thickness. We compare this with measurements in which {ital D} is obtained directly. We also report measurements of the nonlinear dependence of the conductance below the transition. These are shown to be consistent with measurements above the transition.
Stop-flow analysis of cooperative interactions between GLUT1 sugar import and export sites.

The human erythrocyte sugar transporter is thought to function either as a simple carrier (sugar import and sugar export sites are presented sequentially) or as a fixed-site carrier (sugar import and sugar export sites are presented simultaneously). The present study examines each hypothesis by analysis of the rapid kinetics of reversible cytochalasin B binding to the sugar export site in the presence and absence of sugars that bind to the sugar import site. Cytochalasin B binding to the purified, human erythrocyte glucose transport protein (GLUT1) induces quenching of GLUT1 intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence. The time-course of GLUT1 fluorescence quenching reflects a second-order process characterized by simple exponential kinetics. The pseudo-first-order rate constant describing fluorescence decay (kobs) increases linearly with [cytochalasin B] while the extent of fluorescence quenching increases in a saturable manner with [cytochalasin B]. Rate constants for cytochalasin B binding to GLUT1 (k1) and dissociation from the GLUT1.cytochalasin B complex (k-1) are obtained from the relationship: kobs = k-1 + k1[cytochalasin B]. Low concentrations of maltose, D-glucose, 3-O-methylglucose, and other GLUT1 import-site reactive sugars increase k-1(app) and reduce k1(app) for cytochalasin B interaction with GLUT1. Higher sugar concentrations decrease k1(app) further. The simple carrier mechanism predicts that k1(app) alone is modulated by import- and export-site reactive sugars and is thus incompatible with these findings. These results are consistent with a fixed-site carrier mechanism in which GLUT1 simultaneously presents cooperative sugar import and export sites.
Volumetric properties of aqueous NaCl solutions from 0.0025 to 5.0 mol · kg−1, 323 to 600 K, and 0.1 to 40 MPa

Abstract A vibrating-tube densimeter was used to measure differences between the density of NaCl(aq) and water from 0.0025 to 5.0 mol · kg −1 , 323 to 600 K, and 0.1 to 40 MPa. The results were represented by a multi-dimensional cubic-spline surface fitted to the apparent molar volumes with inclusion of the Debye-Huckel limiting-law slopes. Attention has been paid to a proper weighting of results with consideration of uncertainties in all measured variables. Recommended values of apparent molar volume were generated from the knots characterizing the surface. The results compare well with most recommended values published earlier and yield new information on volumetric properties of NaCl solutions at high temperatures.
Effective elastic, piezoelectric and dielectric properties of braided fabric composites

Composites based upon 3D textile preforms have found broad structural application. This paper presents an analytical methodology for functional composites using piezoceramic fibers in a 3D braided preform. The effective elastic, piezoelectric and dielectric properties of 2-step braided composites with a polymeric matrix have been investigated. In the analytical approach, the effective properties of the braider and axial yarns of the unit cells are determined first using a 3D connectivity model. Then, the effective properties of the 2-step braided composite are predicted using an averaging technique. Results of a numerical example illustrating the variation of elastic, piezoelectric and dielectric constants with the braider yarn angle are provided. Textile preforming technique in general offers the potential of near net shape forming and 3D fiber placement. The present work provides the analytical basis for 3D piezoceramic textile composites.
Growth and transport properties of Bi-Sb single crystal alloys

Since the details of this investigation are to be published elsewhere, 1,2 it is our purpose to only briefly summarize the results here.
The Correlation between Excess Calories and Excess Urinary Nitrogen in the Specific Dynamic Action of Protein in Animals.

Several years ago it was pointed out that after the ingestion of proteins or amino acids a definite correlation existed between the calories and urinary nitrogen in excess of the basal(1) The data used were those obtained by Rapport,(2) Weiss and Rapport(3) and Rapport and Beard.(4) Aubel and Schaeffer(5) were of the opinion that this correlation bears no relation to the specific dynamic action of protein and amino acids. Their main reason was that the curves of extra calories and extra nitrogen are not synchronous; that the curve of caloric metabolism returns to the basal level before that of the nitrogen.
A kinetic approach to detergent synergism

It is shown that kinetic theory can be applied to the removal of a heterogeneous soil by detergent solutions. By assuming first-order kinetics, const permitting rate comparisons were calculated for the removal of baked P32 milk films from stainless steel test discs by NaOH, a nonionic surfactant, and combinations of the two. Values for E* were obtained from Arrhenius plots. The data indicate an abrupt change in the activity of the nonionic detergent occurred as it passed through the cloud point region. Synergism was demonstrated in solutions of NaOH-surfactant maintained below cloud point temps; at higher temps, this synergism was apparently lost. Possible explanations of synergism and detergency as affected by the could point phenomenon are discussed. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A03O2193 00002
Medical interpreters as tools: Dangers and challenges in the utilitarian approach to interpreters’ roles and functions

Objective This study explores the tensions, challenges, and dangers when a utilitarian view of interpreter is constructed, imposed, and/or reinforced in health care settings.
Antimicrobial properties of peptides from Xenopus granular gland secretions

Previously, we described a family of novel broad spectrum antimicrobial peptides, magainins, from the skin of Xenopus laevis. In this report we show that at least two other Xenopus peptides, present in the skin and its secretions, PGLa and a peptide released from the xenopsin precursor, exhibit antimicrobial properties comparable to the magainins. The identification of these newer members provides insight into the structural diversity of vertebrate antimicrobial peptides.
Hippo signaling in mammalian stem cells

Over the past decade, the Hippo signaling cascade has been linked to organ size regulation in mammals. Indeed, modulation of the Hippo pathway can have potent effects on cellular proliferation and/or apoptosis and a deregulation of the pathway often leads to tumor development. Importantly, emerging evidence indicates that the Hippo pathway can modulate its effects on tissue size by the regulation of stem and progenitor cell activity. This role has recently been associated with the central position of the pathway in sensing spatiotemporal or mechanical cues, and translating them into specific cellular outputs. These results provide an attractive model for how the Hippo cascade might sense and transduce cellular 'neighborhood' cues into activation of tissue-specific stem or progenitors cells. A further understanding of this process could allow the development of new therapies for various degenerative diseases and cancers. Here, we review current and emerging data linking Hippo signaling to progenitor cell function.
Nuclear electric propulsion mission to Neptune

A nuclear electric propulsion (NEP) mission to Neptune is studied. Results of trajectory and propulsion parameter optimization are presented which lead to a selection of key electric propulsion system parameters. Spiral earth escape and spiral capture modes are assumed in the optimization studies. Flight time vs payload for Space Transportation System (STS)/Centaur injection and Triton-aided orbit capture at Neptune are also briefly investigated as methods of improving mission performance. Radiation effects of the earth spiral phase are discussed. The effects of NEP technology on science payloads and mission and system designs are evaluated. NEP is shown to be a very flexible and high performing propulsion technology.
Permissible Concentrations of Chemicals in Air and Water Derived From Rtecs Entries: a "Rash" Chemical Scoring System:

Many chemicals are of concern to human health, but only a few have epidemiologically derived risk estimates. About 45,000 chemicals are listed in RTECS, most of which have had some testing in subhuman models. RTECS entries range from cellular effects through organoleptic damage to lethality, with many pathological endpoints listed, including mutagenic changes, irritation, teratogenesis, cancer, mortality, etc. However, it is difficult to extend any biological test results to human risk assessments. If the results are extended, the degree of validity is highly uncertain. This paper describes a logical basis for using the entire complex spectrum of test results to evaluate the overall toxicological potency of a chemical to be assayed (i.e., an interviewing chemical) and describes how to derive tentative, permissible concentrations in air and water for any particular chemical for which no regulatory guidance exists. This approach has been tested for 16 reference chemicals discussed in NIOSH Criteria Documents, EPA-CAG reports, etc. The evaluations are uncomplicated, but occasionally it is difficult to match RTECS entries for two different chemicals. Difficult comparisons may require some familiarity with experimental design and the toxicological literature. One important product of this novel approach is that a distribution or array of potency values is obtained for any chemical evaluated. This distribution reflects many uncertainties stemming from low statistical power, experimental design, pharmacological processes, interspecies variability, dose rate, biological effect monitored, route of treatment, etc. The array of relative values for a particular chemical reflects many different biological and physical conditions. The distribution of the array helps to index a composite toxicological profile for many different biological effects resulting from numerous treatment protocols. To minimize the effect of extreme sensitivity of certain (perhaps novel) biological test models, possible errors in the RTECS data-base, and possible human pharmacological insensitivity to a particular chemical and/or a particular route of administration, we consider the interquartile range (i.e., the central 50%) of the array of relative potency values between two chemicals being compared as a practical measure of uncertainty. Thus, the range in response derived from variability in relative potency should be useful in addressing the range of response in man as estimated from extrapolations of test data.
Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Models for Twisted PRODAN and Dimethylaminonaphthonitrile

The synthesis and photophysical properties of 7-cyano-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-ethano-benzo[g]quinoline and 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-ethano-7-propionyl-benzo[g]quinoline are reported. These compounds possess a quinuclidine substructure that locks the tertiary amino group perpendicular to the naphthalene ring. Their excited states are models for the twisted excited states of 2-(dimethylamino)-6-naphthonitrile (DMANN) and 6-propionyl-2-(dimethylamino)naphthlene (PRODAN). In contrast to DMANN and PRODAN, the fluorescence of these twisted derivatives is strongly deactivated in polar solvents. Neither DMANN nor PRODAN likely emit from TICT excited states.
Multispectral imaging system on tethered balloons for optical remote sensing education and outreach

A set of low-cost, compact multispectral imaging systems have been developed for deployment on tethered balloons for education and outreach based on basic principles of optical remote sensing. The imagers use tiny CMOS cameras with low-cost optical filters to obtain images in red and near-infrared bands, and a more recent version include a blue band. The red and near-infrared bands are used primarily for identifying and monitoring vegetation through the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), while the blue band is used for studying water turbidity, identifying water and ice, and so forth. The imagers are designed to be carried by tethered balloons at altitudes up to approximately 50 m. Engineering and physics students at Montana State University-Bozeman gained hands-on experience during the early stages of designing and building the imagers, and a wide variety of university and college students are using the imagers for a broad range of applications to learn about multispectral imaging, remote sensing, and applications typically involving some aspect of environmental science.
Role-based interfaces for collaborative software development

Real-time collaboration between multiple simultaneous contributors to a shared document is full of both opportunities and pitfalls, as evidenced by decades of research and industry work in computer-supported cooperative work. In the domain of software engineering, collaboration is still generally achieved either via shared use of a single computer (e.g. pair programming) or with version control (and manual pushing and pulling of changes). By examining and designing for the different roles collaborating programmers play when working synchronously together, we can build real-time collaborative programming systems that make their collaboration more effective. And beyond simple shared editing, we can provide asymmetric, role-specific interfaces on their shared task. Collabode is a web-based IDE for collaborative programming with simultaneous editors that, along with several novel models for closely-collaborative software development, explores the potential of real-time cooperative programming.
Anomaly detection and visualization using Fisher Discriminant clustering of network entropy

Entropy has been widely used to quantify information for display and examination in determining network status and in detecting anomalies. Although entropy-based methods are effective, they rely on long-term network statistics. Here, we propose an approach that deduces short term observations of network features and their respective time averaged entropies. Acute changes are detected in network feature space and depicted in a visually compact information graph. First, average entropy for each feature is calculated for every second of observation. Then, the resultant short-term information measurement is subjected to first- and second-order time averaging statistics. These time-varying statistics are used as the basis of a novel approach to anomaly estimation based on the well-known Fisher linear discriminant (FLD). This process then initiates stochastic clustering to identify the exact time of the security incident or attack on the network. The proposed method is tested on real-time network traffic data collected from Ohio Universitypsilas main Internet connection. Experimentation has shown that the presented FLD based method is accurate in identifying anomalies in network feature space. Furthermore, itpsilas performance is highly robust in the presence of bursty network traffic and it is able to detect network anomalies such as BotNet, worm outbreaks, and denial of service attacks.
Agroforestry training: global trends and needs

A major worldwide trend toward the use of agroforestry and other sustainable agricultural systems has heightened the need for training. Such training is currently underway on every continent. This paper addresses the general principles and practices of training in agroforestry focusing on who needs training, what training is required, and designing training programs. The breadth and depth of training required by the various clientele groups — villagers, politicians, technicians, and professionals — are quite different. Politicians require broad but rather shallow training in agroforestry making them aware of the physical and biological constraints, as well as the social and economic aspects of agroforestry. Villagers require applied, hands-on training but teaching principles also enables them to develop and modify their own systems. Technicians and professionals both need more in-depth and thorough training consisting of both principles and practices. Spaid’s approach to training involves the 4-D program: Define, Design, Develop and Deliver. Another model for training, the critical events model, emphasizes the need for feedback and evaluation in every stage of the training program. If a series of well-defined steps is followed, valuable, efficient, effective training programs that further the understanding and practice of agroforestry can be a reality.
Cell proliferation and migration in the primitive ependymal zone; An autoradiographic study of histogenesis in the nervous system

Thymidine was incorporated into deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of cells preparing for division. Autoradiography with tritium-labeled thymidine (thymidine-H3) provided a method of marking such cells in the reletively inaccessible mammalian embryo. Pregnant mice were injected intravenously with thymidine-H3 and killed at various intervals. Autoradiograms were prepared of sections through the embryonic brains. Eleven-day embryos fixed 1 hour after exposure to thymidine-H3 showed heavy labeling of most cell nuclei in the external half of the primitive ependymal layer in the wall of the cerebral vesicle, and almost no labeling in the inner half. Thus, the external half of the primitive ependymal layer is the site of DNA synthesis. Six hours after exposure to thymidine-H3, the labeled nuclei occupied the inner (ventricular) half of the primitive ependymal layer, and most mitotic figures at the ventricular surface contained labeled chromosomes. Forty-eight hours after injection, labeled nuclei had migrated laterally; some had entered the developing mantle layer, but many remained in the primitive ependyma and had repeated the cycle of DNA synthesis, migration, and division. Development of the primitive ependyma was similar throughout the embryonic nervous system. The data show that the cells of the primitive ependymal layer behave synchronously, and that the sites of DNA synthesis and mitosis are different. The views of Schaper and Sauer are confirmed: the primitive ependymal layer is a pseudostratified columnar epithelium within which nuclei of undifferentiated cells migrate to and fro in relation to the mitotic cycle.
Characterization of the intron in the phage T4 thymidylate synthase gene and evidence for its self-excision from the primary transcript

Abstract The td gene contains a 735 bp open reading frame within its 1017 bp intron. A 12 nucleotide stretch may form a stable secondary structure with the putative Shine-Dalgarno sequence of the intron open reading frame and thus impair its translation. SP6 RNA polymerase transcripts of the td gene synthesized in vitro at 40°C encompass a 2.7 kb primary transcript, a 1.7 kb mRNA, and a 1 kb intron RNA. The excised intron RNA consisted of linear and cyclized forms. RNAase H studies and resistance of the cyclized intron to linearization by HeLa cell debranching enzyme suggest it to be circular. Self-splicing of isolated td primary transcript occurred only marginally at 28°C, but increased progressively to 50°C, and required the presence of both Mg ++ and a guanosine cofactor. An internal guide sequence is evident which may align the 5′ splice site with the 3′ end, presumably for precise exon ligation.
Zinc Metabolism and Homeostasis in Rats Fed a Wide Range of High Dietary Zinc Levels

Zinc metabolism and homeostasis were studied in young growing rats fed a 38 ppM zinc diet with added zinc levels ranging from 0 to 8400 ppM for 21 days. High dietary zinc did not cause toxicity symptoms. Stable zinc in feces increased linearly with dietary zinc intake but fecal /sup 65/Zn, from a single oral dose, did not increase above the 1200 ppM dietary level. Stable zinc in liver, kidney, and tibia increased two to three times with 2400 ppM added zinc, but was not further elevated until 8400 ppM was fed. Stable zinc in muscle and heart was not affected appreciably by dietary zinc level. In all tissues, /sup 65/Zn retention was drastically reduced with 1200 ppM added dietary zinc. Additional dietary zinc reduced /sup 65/Zn in muscle and heart but had little effect on liver and kidney /sup 65/Zn. The data indicate that rats have fairly effective homeostatic control mechanisms for tissue zinc below about 7200 ppM dietary zinc. Whereas, with dietary zinc up to about 1200 ppM, decreasing absorption is the main route of homeostatic control, above this level, more rapid zinc turnover rates and increasing endogenous zinc excretion appear to have major importance.
Recent experience modulates forebrain gene-expression in response to mate-choice cues in European starlings

Mate-choice decisions can be experience dependent, but we know little about how the brain processes stimuli that release such decisions. Female European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) prefer males with long-bout songs over males with short-bout songs, and show higher expression of the immediate early gene (IEG) ZENK in the auditory forebrain when exposed to long-bout songs than when exposed to short-bout songs. We exposed female starlings to a short-day photoperiod for one of three durations and then, on an increased photophase, exposed them to one week of long-bout or short-bout song experience. We then examined their IEG response to novel long-bout versus novel short-bout songs by quantifying ZENK protein in two song-processing areas: the caudo-medial hyperstriatum ventrale and the caudo-medial neostriatum. ZENK expression in both areas increased with tenure on short-day photoperiods, suggesting that short days sensitize females to song. The ZENK response bias toward long-bout songs was greater in females with long-bout experience than in females with short-bout experience, indicating that the forebrain response bias toward a preferred trait depends on recent experience with that category of trait. This surprising level of neuroplasticity is immediately relevant to the natural history and fitness of the organism, and may underlie a mechanism for optimizing mate-choice criteria amidst locally variable distributions of secondary sexual characteristics.
Genetics of Opiate Addiction

Addiction to MOP-r agonists such as heroin (and also addiction to prescription opioids) has reemerged as an epidemic in the twenty first century, causing massive morbidity. Understanding the genetics contributing to susceptibility to this disease is crucial for the identification of novel therapeutic targets, and also for discovery of genetic markers which would indicate relative protection or vulnerability from addiction, and relative responsiveness to pharmacotherapy. This information could thus eventually inform clinical practice. In this review, we focus primarily on association studies of heroin and opiate addiction, and further describe the studies which have been replicated in this field, and are thus more likely to be useful for translational efforts.
Ab initio study of the inversion barrier in NF3

Ab initio Hartree–Fock, Moller–Plesset perturbation theory (MP2), and quadratic configuration interaction, using single and double substitutions (QCISD), calculations were carried out for the NF3+ ion. Optimized structures were examined at the various levels of theory. Calculation of the inversion barrier height shows the importance of optimizing the geometry at the post-Hartree–Fock level and the inclusion of polarization functions. The best calculated inversion barrier was 13.3 kcal/mol, compared to an experimental value of 17.3 kcal/mol. The dissociation transition state was computed to determine the well depth of the NF3+ ion and its stability toward dissociation. The computed well depth was 28 and 48 kcal/mol at the SCF and MP2 levels, respectively. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Distinctive Effects of Three Intravenous Anesthetics on the Inward Rectifier (IK1) and the Delayed Rectifier (IK) Potassium Currents in Myocardium: Implications for the Mechanism of Action

The mechanism(s) of action of anesthetics on cell membrane ionic currents are not known. To investigate this further the effects of clinically relevant concentrations of ketamine, methohexital, and propofol on the delayed rectifier (IK) and the inward rectifier (IK1) currents of single dispersed guinea pig ventricular myocytes were studied. These voltage-gated currents are major components of cardiac cell electrophysiologic function regulating resting potential and repolarization. Each of the three anesthetics had a distinct spectrum of activity. Ketamine (10(-4) M) decreased IK1 (P < 0.05) but had no effect on IK. Methohexital (10(-4) M) had no significant effect on either current. Propofol (2.8 x 10(-5) M) resulted in significant depression of IK (P < 0.001) but had no effect on IK1. These results suggest that these intravenous anesthetics may have more specific effects on sarcolemma than volatile anesthetics, whose effects may be more generalized membrane effects.
A shared RNA-binding site in the Pet54 protein is required for translational activation and group I intron splicing in yeast mitochondria

The Pet54p protein is an archetypical example of a dual functioning (‘moonlighting’) protein: it is required for translational activation of the COX3 mRNA and splicing of the aI5β group I intron in the COX1 pre-mRNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondria (mt). Genetic and biochemical analyses in yeast are consistent with Pet54p forming a complex with other translational activators that, in an unknown way, associates with the 5′ untranslated leader (UTL) of COX3 mRNA. Likewise, genetic analysis suggests that Pet54p along with another distinct set of proteins facilitate splicing of the aI5β intron, but the function of Pet54 is, also, obscure. In particular, it remains unknown whether Pet54p is a primary RNA-binding protein that specifically recognizes the 5′ UTL and intron RNAs or whether its functional specificity is governed in other ways. Using recombinant protein, we show that Pet54p binds with high specificity and affinity to the aI5β intron and facilitates exon ligation in vitro. In addition, Pet54p binds with similar affinity to the COX3 5′ UTL RNA. Competition experiments show that the COX3 5′UTL and aI5β intron RNAs bind to the same or overlapping surface on Pet54p. Delineation of the Pet54p-binding sites by RNA deletions and RNase footprinting show that Pet54p binds across a similar length sequence in both RNAs. Alignment of the sequences shows significant (56%) similarity and overlap between the binding sites. Given that its role in splicing is likely an acquired function, these data support a model in which Pet54p's splicing function may have resulted from a fortuitous association with the aI5β intron. This association may have lead to the selection of Pet54p variants that increased the efficiency of aI5β splicing and provided a possible means to coregulate COX1 and COX3 expression.
Proteogenomic approaches for the molecular characterization of natural microbial communities.

At the present time we know little about how microbial communities function in their natural habitats. For example, how do microorganisms interact with each other and their physical and chemical surroundings and respond to environmental perturbations? We might begin to answer these questions if we could monitor the ways in which metabolic roles are partitioned amongst members as microbial communities assemble, determine how resources such as carbon, nitrogen, and energy are allocated into metabolic pathways, and understand the mechanisms by which organisms and communities respond to changes in their surroundings. Because many organisms cannot be cultivated, and given that the metabolisms of those growing in monoculture are likely to differ from those of organisms growing as part of consortia, it is vital to develop methods to study microbial communities in situ. Chemoautotrophic biofilms growing in mine tunnels hundreds of meters underground drive pyrite (FeS2) dissolution and acid and metal release, crea...
Comparison of methotrexate with 6-mercaptopurine-prednisone in treatment of acute leukemia in adults.

A randomized study of methotrexate vs. 6-mercaptopurine and prednisone was carried out in 45 previously untreated patients with acute leukemia. Methotrexate was given orally in divided daily doses for 5-day courses at intervals of ten to 14 days. Six-mercaptopurine and prednisone were given daily until toxicity or hematologic response occurred. Patients surviving 6 weeks and failing to respond to the first treatment regimen were switched to the second program. Five of 29 patients who received methotrexate either as first or second treatment responded—four with partial remissions and one with a complete remission. Eight of 34 patients who received 6-mercaptopurine and prednisone responded—two with complete remissions and six with partial remissions. The response rate in both groups of patients was low and there was no significant difference between the two groups. In a second unrandomized group of 20 patients treated with methotrexate there were two partial, responses.
THE THEORY OF INTERSTELLAR TRADE

This article extends interplanetary trade theory to an interstellar setting. It is chiefly concerned with the following question: how should interest charges on goods in transit be computed when the goods travel at close to the speed of light? This is a problem because the time taken in transit will appear less to an observer traveling with the goods than to a stationary observer. A solution is derived from economic theory, and two useless but true theorems are proved. (JEL F10, F30)
AuxV: a database of auxin transport velocities

One of the most widely used techniques to quantify polar auxin transport is the measurement of auxin speed. To date there have been more than 90 published reports of auxin speed in 44 species. We have collected available speed measurements into a database, along with information on plant growth conditions and growth rate. Measured auxin speeds have a range of 1.2–18 mm/h, and show notable correlations with organ type, growth rate, and plant clade.
Some Background on this New Journal

The Oregon Undergraduate Research Journal began as an idea 18 months ago. It has evolved into a student-edited and -managed peer reviewed open access journal that showcases the best University of Oregon undergraduate work.
Fragmentation of Sialylated Carbohydrates Using Infrared Atmospheric Pressure MALDI Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry from Cation-Doped Liquid Matrixes

Infrared atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization on an ion trap mass spectrometer is used to study sialylated oligosaccharides desorbed from the liquid phase. Glycerol doped with various cations provides the opportunity to produce cation-adducted intact molecular ions of sugars. Distinct combinations of cations allow for sialic acid stabilization, as well as differential cleavage, resulting in more complete fragmentation coverage of the oligosaccharide. Alkali and transition metal cations are utilized to create three distinct molecular ion species, involving the adduction of a singly charged cation, two singly charged cations, or a doubly charged cation. From these different molecular ion types, complementary sequence, branching, and linkage information for sialylated oligosaccharides can be deduced.
A hybrid expert system for scheduling the U.S. Army's Close Combat Tactical Trainer (CCTT)

Abstract In recent years, the United States Army has undertaken the development of a new type of computerized training facility called the Close Combat Tactical Trainer (CCTT). This system will enable future armored and mechanized units at battalion and below to train in virtual environments on a digitized battlefield. The major tasks for planning a days' training include the following. First, personnel from the unit undergoing training select training scenarios to be conducted during each training day. Next, the training scenarios are scheduled throughout the planning horizon where multiple scenarios may be scheduled simultaneously. Finally, the type and quantity of training resources for conducting each training scenario are identified and scheduled. Resource quantities vary by training scenario type and may vary within a scenario type as well. CCTT training resources include simulator modules, computer workstations, workstation operators (people) and computer-generated, semi-automated forces (SAF). This paper discusses the development of a hybrid expert system prototype for scheduling training in the new CCTT facilities.
Molecular motions within the pore of voltage-dependent sodium channels

The pores of ion channel proteins are often modeled as static structures. In this view, selectivity reflects rigidly constrained backbone orientations. Such a picture is at variance with the generalization that biological proteins are flexible, capable of major internal motions on biologically relevant time scales. We tested for motions in the sodium channel pore by systematically introducing pairs of cysteine residues throughout the pore-lining segments. Two distinct pairs of residues spontaneously formed disulfide bonds bridging domains I and II. Nine other permutations, involving all four domains, were capable of disulfide bonding in the presence of a redox catalyst. The results are inconsistent with a single fixed backbone structure for the pore; instead, the segments that line the permeation pathway appear capable of sizable motions.
Atmosphere beryllium-7 concentrations over the Pacific Ocean

Atmospheric 7Be is used as a tracer of stratospheric and upper tropospheric air, but most measurements of 7Be in surface air have been restricted to continental regions. We report here the extensive temporal and areal distribution of atmospheric aerosol 7Be concentration in the marine boundary layer. Measurements of 7Be have been carried out for the weekly filter samples collected at the Pacific island stations where are located between 30° N and 30° S in 1981 and 1985. High annual mean concentrations among the stations are observed at latitude between 20° and 30° in both hemispheres. There is little seasonal variation of 7Be at the nine stations. The lowest concentrations are found in the equatorial region due to relatively little subsidence of the air from the upper layer in this area and high precipitation within the ITCZ (intertropical convergence zone) resulting in rapid removal of the aerosol containing the 7Be. The significant correlation between the 7Be concentrations and the nitrate concentrations at the stations in the North Pacific supports the assumption that nitrate is transported from continental sources to the marine boundary layer through the free troposphere by the westerlies.
Two-dimensional ultrastructural elements lead to three-dimensional reconstruction of protuberances on the cocoon membrane of the leech, Theromyzon tessulatum.

Abstract Protuberances on the cocoon surface of the leech, Theromyzon tessulatum , are roughly parallel rows of triangular prisms arranged equidistantly to each other on the outer surface of the cocoon membrane. The distance between neighboring protuberances is ∼1.6 μm, the height ∼0.5 μm and the semi-width ∼0.3 μm. The fibrillar arrangement within the protuberance maintains some elements of the helicoids found within the cocoon membrane but a high proportion of large holes disrupt the symmetry of the protuberance ultrastructure. A procedure for 3D reconstruction of the protuberance using the complementarity between the paratangential and normal sections through the cocoon is presented. Our results demonstrate that the ultrastructure of protuberances show elements of a twisted fibrillar arrangement, but the demands of filling a narrow space ruled by acute angles appears to cause a high degree of ultrastructural disorganization.
Achieving Healthy School Siting and Planning Policies: Understanding Shared Concerns of Environmental Planners, Public Health Professionals, and Educators

Policy decisions regarding the quality of the physical school environment—both, school siting and school facility planning policies—are often considered through the lens of environmental planning, public health, or education policy, but rarely through all three. Environmental planners consider environmental justice issues on a local level and/or consider the regional impact of a school. Public health professionals focus on toxic exposures and populations particularly vulnerable to negative health outcomes. Educators and education policymakers emphasize investing in human capital of both students and staff. By understanding these respective angles and combining these efforts around the common goals of achieving adequacy and excellence, we can work towards a regulatory system for school facilities that recognizes children as a uniquely vulnerable population and seeks to create healthier school environments in which children can learn and adults can work.
The November 15, 2006 Kuril Islands-Generated Tsunami in Crescent City, California

On November 15, 2006. Crescent City in Del Norte county, California was hit by a tsunami generated by a M w 8.3 earthquake in the central Kuril Islands. Strong currents that persisted over an eight-hour period damaged floating docks and several boats and caused an estimated $9.2 million in losses. Initial tsunami alert bulletins issued by the West Coast Alaska Tsunami Warning Center (WCATWC) in Palmer. Alaska were cancelled about three and a half hours after the earthquake, nearly five hours before the first surges reached Crescent City. The largest amplitude wave, 1.76-meter peak to trough, was the sixth cycle and arrived over two hours after the first wave. Strong currents estimated at over 10 knots. damaged or destroyed three docks and caused cracks in most of the remaining docks. As a result of the November 15 event. WCATWC changed the definition of Advisory from a region-wide alert bulletin meaning that a potential tsunami is 6 hours or further away to a localized alert that tsunami water heights may approach warning- level thresholds in specific, vulnerable locations like Crescent City. On january 13, 2007 a similar Kuril event occurred and hourly conferences between the warning center and regional weather forecasts were held with a considerable improvement in the flow of information to local coastal jurisdictions. The event highlighted the vulnerability of harbors from a relatively modest tsunami and underscored the need to improve public education regarding the duration of the tsunami hazards, improve dialog between tsunami warning centers and local jurisdictions, and better understand the currents produced by tsunamis in harbors.
Physical and biochemical characterization of the cloned LYS5 gene required for α-aminoadipate reductase activity in the lysine biosynthetic pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The LYS5 and LYS2 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are required for the synthesis of α-aminoadipate reductase in the lysine pathway. The LYS5 gene, originally cloned as a DNA insert of the plasmid pSC5, has been subcloned on a 3.2 kb SphI-Sau3AI DNA fragment of the recombinant plasmid pSR7. An internal 2.1 kb HpaI-HpaI DNA fragment of the subclone, upon Southern hybridization, exhibits homology with HpaI-restricted wild-type S. cerevisiae genomic DNA. The lys5 + transformants exhibited α-aminoadipate reductase activity similar to that of wild-type cells. S1 nuclease analysis localizes the transcription initiation site relative to the detailed restriction map, and reveals the direction of transcription, as well as the transcript size of the LYS5 gene which can be no greater than 1.65 kb. From this it is estimated that the encoded polypeptide is appreciably smaller than the 4 kb LYS2 gene product. These results provide a physical and biochemical characterization of the cloned LYS5 gene. Based on these observations, it is concluded that the LYS5 gene encodes a relatively small polypeptide of the large heteropolymeric α-aminoadipate reductase.
High-risk carotid endarterectomy and high-risk carotid surgery: is surgery or stenting the best choice?

Abstract High-risk carotid surgery means that the likelihood of a complication is increased over the levels that are customarily accepted for carotid reconstruction. There are many instances where a high-risk operation should be performed, and where the increased risk is acceptable to the patient and the physician. In this presentation, I will identify the cases that I consider to be in high-risk groups and will present my evaluation and management strategy for these patients. Clearly, the surgeon considering a high-risk operation should have a good understanding of the natural history of carotid disease and the risks of surgery compared to the expected risks of medical treatment. I divide high-risk operations into several major categories. These include predictably difficult operations, cases with high risk for medical complications, cases with high risk for intraoperative ischemia, and cases with high risk for postoperative occlusion/stroke. Predictably, difficult operations include those with peculiar anatomical variants, reoperation, irradiated carotids, or extreme high exposures. With special emphasis on technique, these cases can be well performed surgically and the presentation will illustrate such cases. Patients with high-risk for medical complications include those with recent myocardial infarction, unstable angina, diabetic patients, patients with severe pulmonary disease, and patients who require continued postoperative anticoagulation (usually for heart valves). In many cases, these patients can undergo successful surgery; some such cases may also be suitable for endovascular treatment, particularly for recent myocardial disease. Patients with high-risk for intraoperative ischemia require that the surgeon have a solid knowledge of shunt placement and other strategies for cerebral protection. These include patients with contralateral occlusion, difficult shunt placements, high or difficult exposures, unstable neurological deficits, and propagating intraluminal thrombus high up the internal carotid. Patients with high risk for postoperative occlusion or stroke include diabetic patients, high focal lesions in the ICA, patients with postoperative hypotension, and hypertensive patients with headache following opening of a tight stenosis (dysautoregulated brain). In the majority of these cases, the use of a Hemashield patch graft will reduce or eliminate the chances of postoperative problems. Carotid surgery can be well performed by an experienced surgeon even in high-risk groups, and at present it remains the best-proven treatment for these cases. In the future, endovascular treatments may become common for some of these cases, but the scientific evidence to support this must still be proven. The most important factors in assuring a successful operation are careful planning, experience, and a high skill level for the operating surgeon.
The United States Needs a Health System Like Other Countries

To the Editor. —The article by Dr Glaser 1 on health system reform was remarkably lucid and thoughtful. I would like to add two comments. First, I believe that Glaser's concept is quite compatible with a single-payer model. Universal social insurance does not need to be the treasury (as it is in Canada). On the other hand, I see no advantage in a multiplicity of social insurances if we agree that classical market dynamics are not relevant to the problem. I am aware that in Germany, for instance, there are multiple sickness funds for historical reasons. Working in that system for 2 years as a primary care physician was fine, but having to use different prescription forms depending on the kind of sickness fund responsible for the patient was time-consuming and inconvenient. That inconvenience is not matched by any noticeable advantage to patient, provider, or any other component of the
Dietary CLA affects lipid metabolism in broiler chicks

A total of 120 three-wk-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to three diets containing 0, 2, or 3% CLA and fed for 5 wk. Fat content and FA composition of liver, plasma, and feces were analyzed. Key enzymes involved in FA synthesis and catabolism in liver, TG, cholesterol, and FFA content of plasma were also determined. Dietary CLA increased TG, total cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol levels in plasma. The increased plasma TG level could be caused by increased FA synthesis in the liver after CLA feeding, because the activity of FA synthase in the liver increased after dietary CLA treatment. Dietary CLA changed the FA composition of feces but had no effect on fat content. Compared to the amounts of linoleic and linolenic acids present in the control diet, the amounts excreted into the feces of CLA-treated birds were significantly higher. Liver weights of broilers significantly increased after CLA feeding, but there was no difference in liver fat content among the different CLA treatments. CLA treatment did not influence total FFA content in plasma; however, there was a significant difference in the composition of FFA. Dietary CLA reduced the content of linoleic and arachidonic acids in both plasma and liver.