cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A General Theory of Connectivity and Current Sheets in Coronal Magnetic Fields Anchored to Discrete Sources

A scheme is presented for mapping the connectivity of a potential magnetic field arising from an arbitrary distribution of discrete sources. The field lines interconnecting the sources are classified into Nd domains, defining the field's connectivity. The number of domains is shown to depend on the number of sources and on the numbers of nulls and separators according to a simple relation. A class of nonpotential equilibria are then generated by minimizing magnetic energy subject to constraints on the flux of each domain. The resulting equilibria are current-free within each domain and contain singular currents along each of the field's separators.
On the Logic of Being a Democrat

THE CENTRAL purpose of this paper is to sketch the logic of being a democrat. That is, what is involved in being a democrat will be defined and delineated. I shall proceed by first examining Richard Wollheim's alleged paradox of democratic theory. 2 Wollheim's solution to the paradox will then be shown to be unsatisfactory. Next, the concept of being a democrat will be clarified. The stage will then be set for showing that Wollheim's alleged paradox of democratic theory dissolves upon discerning what a democrat qua democrat is committed to believe. In the process of clarifying what is involved in being a democrat and dissolving the alleged paradox of democratic theory, it will become evident that one popular argument often levelled against resistance to democratic law is without foundation. This is the argument that any democrat who conscientiously disobeys valid democratic law is necessarily behaving inconsistently with his democratic principles; and, therefore, if someone does conscientiously disobey valid democratic law, it proves he is not 'really' a democrat after all.
Longitudinal Changes in Adiponectin and Inflammatory Markers and Relation to Survival in the Oldest Old: The Cardiovascular Health Study All Stars Study

THE association between chronic inflammation and aging-related decline is well documented (1). According to the molecular inflammation hypothesis, aging is accompanied by a diminished capacity for maintenance of cellular redox balance (2). The resulting accumulation of reactive oxidative species leads to chronic upregulation of inflammatory molecules, which act both as markers of heightened oxidative stress and as direct mediators of further homeostatic dysregulation across organ systems (2). Such chronically elevated levels of inflammatory markers are a common feature not just of reduced survival in older cohorts but also of a variety of aging-associated diseases (1,2). The adipocyte-derived hormone adiponectin has been demonstrated in laboratory studies to have insulin-sensitizing, antiatherogenic, and anti-inflammatory properties (3). On the anti-inflammatory side, adiponectin can reduce activation of nuclear factor kappa B, the principal orchestrator of proinflammatory cytokine gene expression (4,5) and promote clearance of proinflammatory apoptotic cells (6). In obesity-associated disorders, where inflamed adipose tissue is a forerunner of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis (7), a reciprocal relationship between adiponectin and proinflammatory mediators appears to be of major importance (3). Specifically, monocyte infiltration of the adipose compartment leads to increased secretion of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 6 (IL-6) (7), cytokines that directly inhibit adipocyte secretion of adiponectin (8). Removal of adiponectin's suppressive actions on the cytokines’ own production serves in turn to further amplify the underlying inflammatory process (7). We have recently reported that adiponectin, for all its beneficial metabolic and inflammation-countering actions, increases longitudinally with age and that such an increase portends higher mortality (9). Our group has also shown that elevations in C-reactive protein (CRP) and IL-6, markers that account for incompletely overlapping aspects of the inflammatory response, are also adversely related to functional survival (10). These observations, however, leave unexplored the potential interrelation of adiponectin on the one hand and IL-6 and CRP on the other as determinants of all-cause mortality in the oldest old. Whether the pathways linking adiponectin and inflammatory mediators with mortality are partly or wholly interdependent, or even synergistic, remains unknown. We investigated these bioactive peptides jointly to determine whether they reflect separate or shared pathogenetic processes acting to shorten survival in late life.
A retrospective study of coagulation abnormalities in patients receiving concomitant capecitabine and warfarin.

Abstract Background The extent and complications of the interaction between capecitabine and warfarin are not fully known. Patients and Methods A retrospective study of 77 patients who received capecitabine was performed to analyze coagulation abnormalities with or without warfarin. Results Twenty-one patients received warfarin with capecitabine. Twelve were on an average warfarin dosage of 19.4 mg per week (range, 7–35 mg) before capecitabine treatment, with a stable international normalized ratio (INR; range, 0.9–3.3). The dose of capecitabine ranged from 1.6 g/m 2 to 2 g/m 2 per day. Thirteen patients (11 on warfarin) had an INR > 3 (range, 3.23–11.5), resulting in a probability of an INR > 3 of 32% in the warfarin group versus 4% for those not on warfarin ( P = 5.1 × 10 –14 ) at 130 days. Six patients required a warfarin dose reduction (1–2.5 mg decrease). There were 7 episodes of bleeding (all gastrointestinal; 5 with warfarin). Seven patients who experienced bleeding had INRs ranging from 1.06 to 8 (average, 3.31) at the time bleeding occurred. Of the 7 bleeding episodes, 5 patients required transfusions, averaging 3.25 units of red blood cells and 2.4 units of fresh frozen plasma. The incidence of bleeding at 130 days of treatment with capecitabine was 18% with warfarin versus 2% without ( P = 4 × 10 –13 ). Bleeding episodes were not significantly different between patients with or without liver involvement (4 of 40 episodes vs. 3 of 37 episodes, respectively; P = 0.12). Patients with an INR > 3 were evenly distributed between those with or without liver involvement (6 of 40 patients vs. 7 of 37 patients, respectively). No INR increases persisted after discontinuation of capecitabine. Conclusion This study confirms a clinically significant interaction between warfarin and capecitabine–based chemotherapy akin to that already known for 5-fluorouracil. In addition to altered coagulation parameters, bleeding can be a complication. These events occurred in patients with and without liver metastases. We recommend weekly monitoring of coagulation parameters for all patients receiving concomitant warfarin and capecitabine, with an appropriate adjustment of warfarin dose. The nature and extent of this interaction requires further investigation.
What Can Political Freedom Mean in a Multicultural Democracy? On Deliberation, Difference, and Democratic Governance

This essay takes as its starting point an apparent tension between theories of democratic deliberation and democratic theories of multicultural accom- modation and makes the case that many multiculturalists and deliberative democrats converge on an ideal of political freedom, understood as non- domination. It argues for distinguishing two dimensions of nondomination: inter-agentive nondomination, which obtains when all participants in a power relation are free from rule by others who can set its terms, and systemic nondomination, which obtains when the terms of a power relation itself are responsive to those they affect. Because inter-agentive and systemic non- domination do not covary, it is critical to distinguish between them, in order to build institutions and practices that promote both.
How a Historically Black College University (HBCU) Established a Sustainable Online Learning Program in Partnership with Quality MattersTM

This case study describes an initiative approach to establishing online learning at a medium-size historically black college university. The study reveals the collaborative efforts between university administration and faculty, Quality MattersTM, and Blackboard. The strategic initiative spanned a period of five academic years (2010–2014) during which online learning grew incrementally and set the stage for fully online certificates and degree programs. The output of this initiative involved six hundred to seven hundred online learners each semester and twenty-six hundred students across five years and a 26% increase in the total number of online courses offered to students. Learner outcomes: 19.7% increase in A–D pass course grades, 66.6% reduction in failing F course grades, and 23.5% reduction in course withdrawal over a five-year period of tracking pre-/post-Quality Matters course-design interventions. The initiative’s success was due to its data-driven approach to evaluate early attempts at online edu...
Optimization of Airfoil Flow Control Using a Genetic Algorithm with Diversity Control

The aerospace community is on the verge of a new generation of practical active flow control devices, from synthetic jets to plasma actuators. However, even as the mechanical challenges of implementing these systems seem attainable, the proper placement, orientation, and energy inputs to achieve the maximum benefit in a variety of flow conditions are often poorly known. Successful application of computational fluid dynamics to this type of control problem critically depends on an efficient searching algorithm for design optimization. Based on our previous research of single-suction/blowing-jet control on a NACA 0012 airfoil, the design parameters of a test two-jet system are proposed. A genetic algorithm drives the computational fluid dynamics simulations, guiding the configuration of a suction jet and a blowing jet on the airfoil's upper surface. Reasonable optimum control values are determined within the control parameter range, and the sensitivity of the control values can be determined through a comparison of the fitness value from a large number of computational fluid dynamics simulations.
The rebound phenomenon-fact or fancy? Experience with discontinuation of long-term anticoagulation therapy after myocardial infarction.

Long-term anticoagulant therapy (coumadin) was gradually tapered over a 6-week period in 63 patients, and stopped abruptly in 71. All of these patients had been on coumadin following myocardial infarction. A careful follow-up showed that there was no difference in the incidence of thrombotic events in the first 6 weeks after discontinuation of therapy, whether this was stopped abruptly or gradually. These results suggest that clinically recognized "rebound" thrombosis does not occur after long-term coumadin therapy is stopped. There appears to be no hazard inherent in stopping long-term coumadin therapy abruptly. A possible exception to this is patients whose therapy must be stopped because of bleeding episodes.
ANATASE-TO-RUTILE TRANSFORMATION IN TITANIA POWDERS

Titania (TiO2) is an important electronic ceramic material for use in diverse applications such as gas sensors, catalysts, dielectrics, and ceramic membranes. TiO2 exists as several polymorphic phases, most commonly as rutile or anatase. This paper investigates the microstructural evolution of anatase-based commercial TiO2 powders, with an average size of 100 nm, at high temperatures. These powders transform to the rutile structure at 1000°C. The characteristics of the anatase-to-rutile transformation have been studied using transmission electron microscopy analysis, and new information regarding the nature and mechanisms of this polymorphic reaction has been revealed.
Do racehorses and Greyhound dogs exhibit a gender difference in running speed

At any level of competition, men run faster than women. Consequently, a male speed advantage is often presumed for other species. This assumption was tested in two animals bred for speed: horses and dogs. Results from Thoroughbred (TB), Standardbred (STB) and Greyhound (GH) races were analysed by ANOVA to compare the speeds of victorious males, neutered males (TB and STB only) and females. Separate analyses were run for shorter (TB: ≤ 1609 m, GH: 503 m) and longer (TB: >1609 m, GH: 603.5 m) TB and GH races. All STB races (trotters and pacers) were 1609 m. In TB races, intact males were 0.7% faster than females at ≤ 1609 m (n = 305; P 1609 m (n = 194; P < 0.01). The speed of neutered males was equivalent to that of females at both distances. Gender accounted for 3.8 and 10.7% of the variance in speed at short and long distances, respectively. In STB pacers, intact males were 1.5% faster than females and gender accounted for 10.1% of the variance in speed (n = 96; P < 0.01). Gender was not a significant predictor of STB trotter (n = 95) or GH speed at 503 m (n = 146) or 603.5 m (n = 23). In conclusion, gender has a significant effect on speed of TBs and STB pacers. Although the effect size is small, it may be significant for racing; in a 7 furlong (1408 m) TB race, the 0.7% difference translates to an advantage of several lengths.
Early exposure to dogs and farm animals reduces risk of childhood asthma

Commentary on: Fall T, Lundholm C, Ortqvist AK, et al. Early Exposure to Dogs and Farm Animals and the Risk of Childhood Asthma. JAMA Pediatr 2015;169:e153219. Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood. The risk of developing asthma is associated with environmental exposures, including tobacco smoke, air pollution, dust mites, endotoxin and farm animals.1 A lower prevalence of asthma among children in farm environments supports the hygiene hypothesis on the role of childhood exposure to microbes in developing a more favourable immune system. The effect of exposures to domestic dogs has been less clear. Fall et al undertook a nationwide study to investigate the association between early exposures to dogs as well as farm environment and risk of childhood …
Screening for Cervical Cancer:It's Time to Check Your Pap Technique

The Pap test has become an integral part of health maintenance for women since its introduction in the 1940s. Drs. Papanicolaou and Traut developed a cytologic test to detect cervical cancer that was then the most common cancer killer of women in this country. Since that time, abundant research has documented dramatic declines in cervical cancer rates as a result of this screening test that is now a routine part of gynecologic care.
Should California Adopt an Earned Income Tax Credit

Over the past thirty years, the federal earned income tax credit (EITC) has grown from a relatively modest program to the largest income transfer program in the country. For the tax year 2003, approximately $39.2 billion in EITC benefits were paid out to more than 22 million claimants - an average benefit of $1,772 per claimant. As the federal EITC has grown in both size and popularity, state government officials have begun to consider income transfer programs designed to build on its success. Among the programs most commonly considered is the state-level EITC. As of August 2005, nineteen states had adopted EITCs based on the federal credit. To date, however, the country's largest state, California, has refused to adopt a state-level EITC. In this article, I consider the arguments for a California EITC and examine an alternative policy option that has not yet been discussed in the literature - namely, that a state income transfer program may be designed not only to supplement the federal EITC, but also to exploit and take maximum advantage of the benefits provided by the federal program. This can be done through the adoption of state policies that increase the earned income of EITC recipients whose income falls within the phase-in range of the federal credit. Rather than just supplementing the federal credit, the idea would be to maximize the amount of federal EITC dollars flowing into the state by ensuring that each potential EITC beneficiary earns an amount of income equal to or greater than the "plateau" range within the federal EITC structure. A properly designed state program - i.e., one that takes account of the nuance and detail of federal tax law - can target state resources at those with the lowest levels of household income, while maximizing tax benefits available under federal law.
Scaling reward value with demand curves versus preference tests

In Experiment 1, six capuchins lifted a weight during a 10-minute session to receive a food piece. Across conditions, the weight was increased across six different amounts for three different food types. The number of food pieces obtained as a function of the weight lifted was fitted by a demand equation that is hypothesized to quantify food value. For most subjects, this analysis showed that the three food types differed little in value. In Experiment 2, these monkeys were given pairwise choices among these food types. In 13 of 18 comparisons, preferences at least equaled a 3-to-1 ratio; in seven comparisons, preference was absolute. There was no relation between values based on degree of preference versus values based on the demand equation. When choices in the present report were compared to similar data with these subjects from another study, between-study lability in preference emerged. This outcome contrasts with the finding in demand analysis that test-retest reliability is high. We attribute the unreliability and extreme assignment of value based on preference tests to high substitutability between foods. We suggest use of demand analysis instead of preference tests for studies that compare the values of different foods. A better strategy might be to avoid manipulating value by using different foods. Where possible, value should be manipulated by varying amounts of a single food type because, over an appropriate range, more food is consistently more valuable than less. Such an approach would be immune to problems in between-food substitutability.
Abstract 2719: The Impact of Insurance Status on Post-Acute Care among Working Age Stroke Survivors

Background and Purpose: Utilization of post-stroke rehabilitation is associated with improved functional outcomes. However, more than 20% of American adults under 65 are uninsured potentially leading to disparate utilization of post-acute care services. We sought to determine whether insurance status is associated with utilization and intensity of institutional post-acute care among working age stroke survivors. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study of ischemic stroke survivors under the age of 65 (n=33,917) from the 2004-2006 Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) was conducted. Stroke survivors were categorized based on their insurance status as:1) private insurance; 2) Medicaid; 3) no insurance. Using hierarchical logistic regression models, we explored the association of insurance status and utilization of any institutional post-acute care (inpatient rehabilitation facility (IRF) or skilled nurse facility (SNF)) versus home. We then explored the association of insurance status and intensity of rehabilitation (IRF vs SNF) among those who utilized any institutional post-acute care. All models were controlled for patient factors including age, gender, comorbidities, length of stay, thrombolysis and hospital level factors including size, location, teaching status, region of the country, annual stroke discharges, annual stroke mortality and hospital uninsured. Results: Nineteen percent of the study population was uninsured while 20% were Medicaid enrollees. Median age of stroke survivors with private insurance was 56 (IQR 49-60) while that of the uninsured was 53 (IQR 47-59) and stroke survivors with Medicaid was 54 (IQR 47-60). Compared to those privately insured, uninsured stroke survivors were less likely to utilize any institutional post-acute care (adjusted OR=0.53, 95%CI 0.47-0.59). Conversely, stroke survivors with Medicaid were more likely to utilize any institutional post-acute care (adjusted OR=1.40, 95%CI 1.27-1.54) than privately insured stroke survivors. Among stroke survivors who utilized institutional post-acute care, uninsured (adjusted OR=0.48, 95%CI 0.36-0.64) and Medicaid stroke survivors (adjusted OR=0.27 95%CI 0.23-0.33) were less likely to utilize an IRF than a SNF compared to privately insured stroke survivors. Conclusion: The results suggest differences in utilization and intensity of institutional post-acute care for working age stroke survivors based on their insurance status. These findings are interesting in light of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act which will result in millions of uninsured individuals transitioning to Medicaid. On one hand our results suggest that this healthcare reform will result in increased utilization of institutional post-acute care among stroke survivors but on the other hand our results suggest that this rehabilitation may be less intense than if they were privately insured.
Unilateral lung hypoperfusion with normal ventilation on pulmonary scintigraphy caused by pulmonary artery sling.

Anomalous origin of the left pulmonary artery, arising from the right pulmonary artery and coursing between the trachea and the esophagus to reach the left hilum, represents a rare vascular abnormality. It has been termed pulmonary artery sling because of its effect on the airway; it generally manifests itself in infancy and is accompanied by severe respiratory symptoms. A young adult patient had an asymptomatic pulmonary artery sling found subsequent to ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy, which showed uniformly decreased perfusion to the left lung with normal ventilation.
Two Distinct Transitions in CuxInS2 Quantum Dots. Bandgap versus Sub-Bandgap Excitations in Copper-Deficient Structures

Cu-deficient CuInS2 quantum dots (QDs) synthesized by varying the [Cu]:[In] ratio allow modulation of optical properties as well as identification of the radiative emission pathways. Absorption and emission spectral features showed a strong dependence on the [Cu]:[In] ratio of CuxInS2 QDs, indicating two independent optical transitions. These effects are pronounced in transient absorption spectra. The bleaching of band edge absorption and broad tail absorption bands in the subpicosecond–nanosecond time scale provide further evidence for the dual optical transitions. The recombination process as monitored by photoemission decay indicated the involvement of surface traps in addition to the bandgap and sub-bandgap transitions. Better understanding of the origin of the optical transitions and their influence on the photodynamics will enable utilization of ternary semiconductor quantum dots in display and photovoltaic devices.
Comparison of spatially filtered geologic maps

Various methods have been employed by geologists to determine the similarity of spatial data represented by contour maps. These methods generally entail the separation of specified components within the map surface. Visual comparison of maps was the only method possible until introduction of computers when automated quantitative techniques became available. Polynomial trend-surface analysis was introduced in the late 1950s and early 1960s to separate regional and local components of a data set. Miller (1964) suggested direct comparison of the computed grid matrices as a method of map comparison. A matching coefficient for comparison of trend-surface anomalies was used by Merriam and Lippert (1964). Merriam and Sneath (1966) used the coefficients of the calculated polynomial trend surfaces as numeric descriptors for comparison. Another method of comparing surfaces involves rearrangement of the least-squares summation equations for direct comparison (Rao, 1971).
Cytochemistry of sex steroid receptors: a critique.

A number of histochemical methods for sex steroid receptors, especially estrogen receptors, have been proposed to replace standard biochemical receptor methods used to predict hormone responsiveness in breast cancer. This discussion addresses a number of serious concerns as to whether these histochemical procedures do in fact adequately detect receptors in situ, and concludes that most of the observed results can be explained by Type II and Type III non-receptor binding. Until further studies are performed, it is not valid to consider the histochemical localization of binding in cancer specimens as indicating the presence of steroid receptor proteins.
Aepyceros melampus melampus (Impala)

Skin biopsies of two specimens, one male and one female, were made available by Dr. H. Heck, Catskill Game Farm, New York, USA. The karyotypes are essentially similar to those of Wallace and Fairall. These authors studied 34 animals (20♂, 14♀) of which 17 had 2n=60, 14 had 2n=59 (with one metacentric), and 3 had 2n=58 (with two metacentrics). These authors concluded that a Robertsonian system exists in this species and they found trivalent figures in meiosis of animals with 2n=59.
Epidemiological characteristics and control strategies of avian influenza A(H7N9)

A novel avian influenza was discovered in Mainland China in March 2013,and the virus was identified as avian influenza A(H7N9)-a new virus that has not been reported previously before.Further research showed that the virus was probably a combination of three different subtypes of influenza A virus.By May 31,a total of 131 confirmed cases have been reported in China,including 39 deaths.Shanghai reported 33 confirmed cases,with the onset of 29 cases found before closing the live poultry markets by the municipal government on April 6.The onsets of the rest 4 cases were all found during the first incubation period after the closure.We found that 66.7%(22/33) of the confirmed cases in Shanghai were above 60 years of age,and of the 15 deaths,80%(12/15) were aged above 60 years old.It was also noted that 90.9%(30/33) of the confirmed cases had an exposure history to susceptible animals or environmental circumstances.The cases appeared to be sporadic;although there were two family clusters,no evidence of human-to-human transmission has been found so far.Shanghai municipal government activated the Flu Pandemic Preparedness and Response Plan(Level Ⅲ) on April 2,2013,timely after the first few cases was identified.The rapid responses of public health emergencies included citywide suspending of live poultry markets,health education,and risk communication;the epidemic was controlled effectively and timely.In this paper we analyzed the pros and cons of our prevention and control strategies,hoping to provide reference for future epidemics.
Clinical Trail of Drug Abuse Detection by Colloidal Gold Method

Objective To discuss the main points of clinical trails of drug abuse detection reagents. Methods Considering both the active regulations of IVD and the drug abuse detection reagents own characteristics,the characteristics of clinical trails of the drug abuse detection reagents were described in detail. Results Significant problems have been settled such as classification,study method,clinical trail scheme setup,sample selection,statistical analysis of results and reports composing. Conclusion Clinical trails of drug abuse detection reagents should be carried out scientifically and focus on the accuracy and specificity,based on the active regulations and it's own clinical use.
Quality Improvement and CAUTI Project: A Nursing Approach

This article emphasizes the need for quality improvement from a multidisciplinary approach in an acute care hospital setting with a focus on a catheter-associated urinary tract infection project. This project was conducted by the quality and safety council, which is manned mostly by nurses, in cooperation with other members of the health-care team. The methodology used to monitor quality incorporated the PDCA approach. Challenges and successes encountered are encompassed in the work as well as data results from the project. This article is not to concentrate on what is specifically done, but how it is done, by involving a variety of contributors from different licensure resulting in a true quality improvement in a patient’s hospitalization. Collaboration among disciplines improves professionalism, teamwork, and ultimately superior quality of care as evidenced by the CAUTI project.
The relationship between social maladjustment, childhood abuse and suicidal behavior in college students.

There are over 1,000 suicides on college campuses annually. Childhood abuse and social maladjustment are risk factors for suicidal behavior in the college student population. Few studies have investigated how these variables combine to instantiate risk for suicidal behavior. Thus, the current study examined the role of social maladjustment (i.e. insecure attachment style and inadequate social support) in the relationship between childhood abuse and suicidal behavior among college students. Six hundred fifty-nine undergraduate college students completed online self-report questionnaires measuring childhood sexual and physical abuse, suicidal behavior, social support, and attachment style. Structural equation modeling was used to explore hypothesized relationships between childhood abuse, social maladjustment, and suicidal behavior. Social maladjustment mediated the relationship between childhood physical and sexual abuse and suicidal behavior. These findings reveal social maladjustment is a pathway by which childhood abuse is associated with suicidal behavior. Implications are discussed as they pertain to improving suicide prevention interventions for college students. How to cite: Restrepo DM, Chesin D, & Jeglic EL (2016). The Relationship between Social Maladjustment, Childhood Abuse and Suicidal Behavior in College Students. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 16, 235-248.
Ethnic Differences in the Metabolic Syndrome

The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome has been shown to differ in various populations around the world and among ethnic groups within the same geographical areas. For example, whereas about 25% of the entire US population has the metabolic syndrome, a much larger prevalence is observed in Hispanic Americans, Native Americans, and blacks. These differences contribute to the excessive risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease reported in US minority groups. Details on the mechanisms for ethnic differences in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome are not yet completely elucidated. However, susceptibility to central obesity and insulin resistance may play a major contributing role.
Reconstruction-The Final Dimension in Head and Neck Surgery: The 2017 Hayes Martin Lecture.

The Hayes Martin lecture is dedicated to a giant who was essential to developing the surgical management of patients with head and neck cancer. Since that time, advents in anesthesia, intensive care, and improved diagnostic abilities have improved our ability to surgically manage and treat head and neck cancer. The original paradigm of resection, reconstruction, and rehabilitation was formulated as we endeavored to develop paradigms of treatment for our patients. We have maximized our resective and reconstructive abilities. Recognition that replacement of composition tissue defects allows one to best rehabilitate patients is persuasive throughout the field. The adoption of free tissue transfer has allowed us to reconstruct composition defects succinctly. The paradigm of a reconstructive ladder has been replaced with that of a reconstructive armamentarium. For most defects, compensate tissue is the preferred option. Rehabilitation of the maxillo/mandibular area requires providing patients with the ability to eat, drink, and articulate. Improvements in 3-dimensional modeling and surgical planning have allowed for exact reconstruction of the dental/alveolar/maxillary/mandibular structures. Thus, dental rehabilitation has markedly improved. Whereas it is still difficult to obtain this rehabilitation in many parts of the country, others are advancing the field to the concept of “teeth in a day.” Patients will be able to undergo surgical resection and reconstruction and go home with functional dental implants. Finally, the ability to manipulate the milieu of the surgical and to promote cellular differentiation remains elusive but has tremendous potential to decrease the quantity of invasive surgery required to functionally rehabilitate our patients.
The role of inflammatory processes in the pathophysiology and treatment of brain and spinal cord trauma

Traumatic injury to the brain and spinal cord results in an early inflammatory response that is initiated by the release of proinflammatory cytokines followed by the infiltration and accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs). The role of the inflammatory cascade on traumatic outcome remains controversial. Pleiotropic cytokines appear to function both protectively and destructively. The induction of cytokines can lead to the expression of the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which in turn provokes the release of excessive amounts of nitric oxide (NO) that may participate in the pathogenesis of tissue injury. Hypothermia has been reported by various groups to be neuroprotective in brain and spinal cord trauma. We studied the effect of therapeutic hypothermia on cerebral IL-lβ concentrations, PMNL accumulation and iNOS activity after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI). Based on current data therapeutic hypothermia may protect in models of traumatic injury by modulating deleterious inflammatory processes.
IIT TREC-2005: Genomics Track

For the TREC-2005 Genomics Track ad-hoc retrieval task, we report on the development of a scalable information retrieval engine based on a relational data model for the integration of structured data and text. Our objectives are to meet the need for the integrated search of heterogeneous data sets of biomedical literature and structured data found in biological databases, and to demonstrate the efficacy of using a relational database for a large biomedical information retrieval application.
HIV Citizenship in Uneven Landscapes

The HIV/AIDS epidemic has taken on a new course in recent years with expanded access to antiretroviral therapy in the Global South. Although this transition is extending the lives of individuals fo...
Ensemble-Based State Estimator for Aerodynamic Flows

Regardless of the plant model, robust flow estimation based on limited measurements remains a major challenge in successful flow control applications. Aiming to combine the robustness of a high-dimensional representation of the dynamics with the cost efficiency of a low-order approximation of the state covariance matrix, a flow state estimator based on the ensemble Kalman filter is applied to two-dimensional flow past a cylinder and an airfoil at high angle of attack and low Reynolds number. For development purposes, the numerical algorithm is used as both the estimator and as a surrogate for the measurements. Estimation is successful using a reduced number of either pressure sensors on the surface of the body or sparsely placed velocity probes in the wake. Because the most relevant features of these flows are restricted to a low-dimensional manifold of the state space, asymptotic behavior of the estimator is shown to be achieved with a small ensemble size. The relative importance of each sensor location is evaluated by analyzing how they influence the estimated flowfield, and optimal locations for pressure sensors are determined. Covariance inflation is used to enhance the estimator performance in the presence of unmodeled freestream perturbations. A combination of parametric modeling and augmented state methodology is used to successfully estimate the forces on immersed bodies subjected to deterministic and random gusts.
Expression and Prognostic Significance of the HER-2/neu Oncogene During the Evolutionary Progression of Human Breast Cancer

About half of all breast cancer patients have metastatic disease in axillary lymph nodes when they are first seen by a physician. The untreated prognosis for these patients is very poor, and the decision to use adjuvant therapy (i.e., radiation, endocrine or chemotherapy) has become almost routine. The other half of patients, however, present without clinical-pathological evidence of metastatic disease, and appear to be cured by initial surgery. Unfortunately, the disease will recur in 20–30% of these patients within 5 years. The choice for adjuvant therapy in this setting is difficult and controversial. On the one hand, evidence from recent studies has shown that adjuvant endocrine and/or chemotherapy can significantly improve disease-free survival (DFS) in some patients with apparently localized breast cancer (i.e., axillary node-negative tumors) (1–3). This has resulted in an official recommendation by the National Cancer Institute that all patients with node-negative breast cancer should be considered for some form of adjuvant therapy (4). On the other hand, the disease does not recur in the majority (70–80%) of node-negative patients, supporting an alternative point of view that all of them should not receive potentially harmful adjuvant therapy (5). Proponents of both views would agree that patients at high-risk for recurrence should receive adjuvant therapy if there were reliable methods of identifying them.
A Meta-analytic Test of Additive and Multiplicative Models of Stress

Additive models (which predict main effects for job demands and resources) and multiplicative models (which predict interactive effects for job demands and resources) have been proposed as organizi...
Biophysically interpretable inference of single neuron dynamics

Identification of key ionic channel contributors to the overall dynamics of a neuron is an important problem in experimental neuroscience. Such a problem is challenging since even in the best cases, identification relies on noisy recordings of membrane potential only, and strict inversion to the constituent channel dynamics is mathematically ill-posed. In this work, we develop a biophysically interpretable, learning-based strategy for data-driven inference of neuronal dynamics. In particular, we propose two optimization frameworks to learn and approximate neural dynamics from an observed voltage trajectory. In both the proposed strategies, the membrane potential dynamics are approximated as a weighted sum of ionic currents. In the first strategy, the ionic currents are represented using voltage dependent channel conductances and membrane potential in a parametric form, while in the second strategy, the currents are represented as a linear combination of generic basis functions. A library of channel activation/inactivation and time-constant curves describing prototypical channel kinetics are used to provide estimates of the channel variables to approximate the ionic currents. Finally, a linear optimization problem is solved to infer the weights/scaling variables in the membrane-potential dynamics. In the first strategy, the weights can be used to recover the channel conductances, and the reversal potentials while in the second strategy, using the estimated weights, active channels can be inferred and the trajectory of the gating variables are recovered, allowing for biophysically salient inference. Our results suggest that the complex nonlinear behavior of the neural dynamics over a range of temporal scales can be efficiently inferred in a data-driven manner from noisy membrane potential recordings.
An Efficient and Composable Parallel Task Programming Library

Composability is a key component to improve programmers’ productivity in writing fast market-expanding applications such as parallel machine learning algorithms and big data analytics. These applications exhibit both regular and irregular compute patterns, and are often combined with other functions or libraries to compose a larger program. However, composable parallel processing has taken a back seat in many existing parallel programming libraries, making it difficult to achieve modularity in large-scale parallel programs. In this paper, we introduce a new parallel task programming library using composable tasking graphs. Our library efficiently supports task parallelism together with an intuitive task graph construction and flexible execution API set to enable reusable and composable task dependency graphs. Developers can quickly compose a large parallel program from small and modular parallel building blocks, and easily deploy the program on a multicore machine. We have evaluated our library on real-world applications. Experimental results showed our library can achieve comparable performance to Intel Threading Building Blocks with less coding effort.
Nuclear NADPH oxidase-4 associated with disease progression in renal cell carcinoma

Nuclear NADPH oxidase-4 (Nox4) is a key component of metabolic reprogramming and is often overexpressed in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, its prognostic role in RCC remains unclear. Here we examined the significance of nuclear Nox4 on disease progression and development of drug resistance in advanced RCC. We analyzed human RCC tissue from multiple regions in the primary index tumor, cancer-associated normal adjacent parenchyma, intravascular tumor in locally advanced cancer patients. We found that the higher nuclear Nox4 expression was significantly associated with progression and death. These findings were consistent after controlling for other competing clinical variables. In contrast, patients with lower nuclear Nox4, even in higher stage RCC had better prognosis. We identified a subset of patients with high nuclear Nox4 who had rapid disease progression or died within 6 months of surgery. In addition, higher nuclear Nox4 level correlated with resistance to targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Western blotting performed on fresh human RCC tissue as well as cell-lines revealed increased nuclear Nox4 expression. Our data support an important prognostic role of Nox4 mediated regulation of RCC independent of other competing variables. Nox4 localizes to the nucleus in high-grade, high-stage RCC. Higher nuclear Nox4 has prognostic significance for disease progression, poor survival, and development of drug resistance in RCC.
Risk factors and antibiotic resistance analysis of pneumonia caused by multidrug resistant acinetobacter baumannii in pediatric intensive care unit

Objective To investigate the risk factors involved in the refractory pneumonia caused by multidrug resistant acinetobacter baumannii (MDRAb) in pediatric Intensive care unit (PICU).Methods From January 2009 to August 2011,115 patients with MDRAb pneumonia were treated in Department of Emergency,Wuhan Children's Hospital,Wuhan.Another 45 patients with negative MDRAb (NMDRAb)pneumonia served as control.The patients in the two goups were analyzed using univariate and multivariate Logistic regression to find out the risk factors for MDRAb infection.Results Among the 176 clinical strains of acinetobacter baumannii isolated,128 (72.73％) strains were MDRAb.After drug susceptibility tests,acinetobacter baumannii showed the rates of resistance to β-lactams antibiotics not including cefoperazone-sulbactam were more than 70％,and the rates of resistance to carbapenems antibiotics were higher than 90％.All rates of resistance to antibiotics of betalactams and carbapenems in MDRAb were higher than those in NMDRAb significantly.There were very low rates of drug-resistance found in Amikacin,Levofloxacin,Ciprofloxacin and Minocycline ( ＜20％ ).Multivariate logistic regression revealed that ICU stay,length of time for mechanical ventilation,anemia,hypoproteinemia and the use of carbapenems were independent risk factors involved in MDRAb pneumonia.Conclusions MDRAb was an important conditional pathogen with high rate of drug-resistance to many antibiotics leading to pneumonia in PICU.It increased the mortality of patients significantly.To control the infection of MDRAb was the key to increasing efficacy of treatment of pneumonia in PCIU. Key words: Pediatric; Intensive care unit; Multidrug resistant; Acinetobacter baumannii; Pneumonia; Risk factor; Retrospective study
Missing Missingness in Merger Analysis

Data and statistical modeling have played an increasingly important role in analysis across disparate areas of law. But courts’ ability to assess the validity and reliability of the analyses that rely on these data has not kept apace. This mismatch between the law’s reliance on data and an ability to appropriately evaluate analyses using these data is especially acute in antitrust challenges to horizontal mergers by the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). Whereas enforcement agencies and courts once applied relatively simple rules about the structure of a market, the analytical landscape has become more dependent on sophisticated economic theories and data analysis techniques. Increased reliance on such models presents opportunities for creating better economic outcomes on average. But the use of observational data also carries with it often unacknowledged hazards. This is a problem. Observational data often suffer from missingness, meaning these data may be randomly or systematically incomplete. Whereas random missingness creates imprecision, systematic missingness results in bias, which may lead a court or agency to improperly enjoin or allow a merger. This Article explores the conditions under which data vital to merger analysis may be missing, as well as its effects. As an illustration, this Article evaluates the court’s discussion of data in F.T.C. v. Sysco through the lens of missingness and conducts simulations to examine how more complete data would have altered the court’s analysis. Finally, this Article offers changes to current practice to both increase transparency of and public confidence in the courts’ use of these data in merger review.
SARS-CoV-2 Infection Dynamics in Lungs of African Green Monkeys

Detailed knowledge about the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infection is important for unraveling the viral and host factors that contribute to COVID-19 pathogenesis. Old-World nonhuman primates recapitulate mild-moderate COVID-19 cases, thereby serving as important pathogenesis models. We compared African green monkeys inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 or inactivated virus to study the dynamics of virus replication throughout the respiratory tract. RNA sequencing of single cells from the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes allowed a high-resolution analysis of virus replication and host responses over time. Viral replication was mainly localized to the lower respiratory tract, with evidence of replication in the pneumocytes. Macrophages were found to play a role in initiating a pro-inflammatory state in the lungs, while also interacting with infected pneumocytes. Our dataset provides a detailed view of changes in host and virus replication dynamics over the course of mild COVID-19 and serves as a valuable resource to identify therapeutic targets.
The Function of Paraventricular Thalamic Circuitry in Adaptive Control of Feeding Behavior.

The paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) is a complex area that is uniquely embedded across the core feeding, reward, arousal, and stress circuits. The PVT role in the control of feeding behavior is discussed here within a framework of adaptive behavioral guidance based on the body’s energy state and competing drives. The survival of an organism depends on bodily energy resources and promotion of feeding over other behaviors is adaptive except when in danger or sated. The PVT is structurally set up to respond to homeostatic and hedonic needs to feed, and to integrate those signals with physiological and environmental stress, as well as anticipatory needs and other cognitive inputs. It can regulate both food foraging (seeking) and consumption and may balance their expression. The PVT is proposed to accomplish these functions through a network of connections with the brainstem, hypothalamic, striatal, and cortical areas. The connectivity of the PVT further indicates that it could broadcast the information about energy use/gain and behavioral choice to impact cognitive processes—learning, memory, and decision-making—through connections with the medial and lateral prefrontal cortical areas, the hippocampal formation, and the amygdala. The PVT is structurally complex and recent evidence for specific PVT pathways in different aspects of feeding behavior will be discussed.