cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observations of the Florida and Yucatan Currents from a Caribbean Cruise Ship

Abstract The Yucatan and Florida Currents represent the majority of the warm-water return path of the global thermohaline circulation through the tropical/subtropical North Atlantic Ocean. Their transports are quantified and compared by analyzing velocity data collected aboard the cruise ship Explorer of the Seas. From 157 crossings between May 2001 and May 2006, the mean transport of the Florida Current at 26°N was estimated to be 30.8 ± 3.2 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1), with seasonal amplitude of 2.9 Sv. Upstream, the Yucatan Current was estimated from 90 crossings to be 30.3 ± 5 Sv, with seasonal amplitude of 2.7 Sv. These two currents are shown to be linked at seasonal time scales. Hence, contrary to former results, it was found that transports through the Florida Straits and the Yucatan Channel are similar, with the implication that only small inflows occur through minor channels between them.
Preparation of Chlorophenyldiazirine and Thermal Generation of Chlorophenyl Carbene: 1,2‐Diphenyl‐3‐methylcyclopropene

Preparation of chlorophenyldiazirine and thermal generation of chlorophenyl carbene: 1,2-diphenyl-3-methylcyclopropene product: 1-chloro-1,2-diphenyl-3-methylcyclopropanes product: 1,2-diphenyl-3-methylcyclopropene product: phenylchlorodiazirine product: (S)-1-chloro-(S,S)-1,2-diphenyl-(R)-3-methylcyclopropane product: (S)-1-chloro-(S,R)-1,2-diphenyl-(S)-3-methylcyclopropane Keywords: addition, to CC; annulation, carbocyclic-[3]; cyclization, free radical-carbenoid/nitrenoid; cyclization, oxidative cyclization; elimination, dehydrohalogenation; oxidation, miscellaneous; benzene; tetrahydrofuran; benzene; phenylchlorodiazirine
RICE SEQUENCES OF RELATIONS

We propose a framework to study the computational complexity of definable relations on a structure. Many of the notions we discuss are old, but the viewpoint is new. We believe that all the pieces fit together smoothly under this new point of view. We also survey related results in the area. More concretely, we study the space of sequences of relations over a given structure. On this space, we develop notions of c.e.-ness, reducibility, join and jump. These notions are equivalent to other notions studied in other settings. We explain the equivalences and differences between these notions.
Preventing hyponatraemic dehydration in cystic fibrosis: a cautionary note to take coconut water with a pinch of salt

Children and young people with cystic fibrosis (CF) are at risk of hyponatraemic dehydration in hot weather, largely because they lose substantial amounts of salt in sweat. Secretion of aldosterone, secondary to sodium loss, can cause pseudo-Bartter’s syndrome, manifest as hyponatraemia, hypochloremia, hypokalaemia and metabolic alkalosis. Children and families are therefore advised to remain well hydrated during summer months and often increase their dietary sodium intake, or take additional supplements. Recently, coconut water has been marketed as good fluid for rehydration purposes. The proposed advantages are that coconut water is …
Oncology Social Work for Survivorship

The cancer survivorship movement became part of the American scene in the 1980s with cancer patients and a physician survivor leading the way.1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Cancer survivorship became a force as a result of medicine’s focus on finding solutions to the problems of cancer following World War II. These solutions included the success of chemotherapy treatment in the 1960s, research into late effects and psychosocial research following cancer treatment (1970s), and the patient activist movement beginning in the 1980s. Oncology social workers have played a major role, being on the scene since the early days, delivering supportive services to cancer survivors, participating as team members in psychosocial research, and serving as members and leaders in survivorship organizations.6 This chapter examines survivorship from the perspective of a cancer survivor and oncology social worker, one who enjoys both clinical work and research.
Healthcare justice and human rights in perinatal medicine

This article describes an approach to ethics of perinatal medicine in which “women and children first” plays a central role, based on the concept of healthcare justice. Healthcare justice requires that all patients receive clinical management based on their clinical needs, which are defined by deliberative (evidence-based, rigorous, transparent, and accountable) clinical judgment. All patients in perinatal medicine includes pregnant, fetal, and neonatal patients. Healthcare justice also protects the informed consent process, which is intended to empower the exercise of patient autonomy in the decision-making process about patient care. In the context of healthcare justice, the informed consent process should not be influenced by ethically irrelevant factors. Healthcare justice should be understood as a basis for the human rights to healthcare and to participate in decisions about one’s healthcare. Healthcare justice in perinatal medicine creates an essential role for the perinatologist to be an effective advocate for pregnant, fetal, and neonatal patients, i.e., for “women and children first.”
Carpatamides A-C, cytotoxic arylamine derivatives from a marine-derived Streptomyces sp.

Three new acylated arylamine derivatives (1–3), carpatamides A–C, were isolated from a marine-derived Streptomyces sp. based on activity screening against non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The structures of 1–3 were established on the basis of comprehensive spectroscopic analyses and chemical methods. Compounds 1 and 3 showed moderate cytotoxicity against NSCLC cell lines HCC366, A549, and HCC44 with IC50 values ranging from 2.2 to 8.4 μM.
Oxynitride Glass Reinforced Cement Composites

Glass fiber reinforced composites made with an oxynitride analogue of alkali resistant glass were tested in tension after accelerated aging. The results were compared to composites made from oxide alkali resistant glass. The strength of the oxynitride glass reinforced composites was almost double that of the oxide glass based material. The results are related to the improved properties of oxynitride glass over oxide glass. In particular previous work has shown that surface chemistry of the oxynitride glass inhibits the formation of a strong bond between fiber and matrix. The difference in surface chemistry was examined by measuring the contact angle of aqueous solutions with respect to nitrogen content of the glass.
Effects of dibenamine on cardiovascular actions of epinephrine, acetylcholine, pitressin and angiotonin in unanesthetized dogs.

Summary and ConclusionsThe actions of Dibenamine on the cardiovascular adjustments caused by epinephrine, acetylcholine, pitressin, and angiotonin have been studied in unanesthetized dogs. Dibenamine produced an increase in heart rate which persisted for one to 3 hours.A test dose of epinephrine which regularly caused reflex cardiac slowing in normal unanesthetized dogs produced severe cardiac acceleration after administration of Dibenamine. This acceleration is attributable to the direct stimulatory action of epinephrine on the sino-auricular node and to reflex acceleration from a fall in blood pressure.The compensatory cardiac acceleration produced by injection of a test dose of acetylcholine was undiminished and prolonged in unanesthetized animals under the influence of Dibenamine. This result is compatible with the interpretation that the vasoconstrictor mechanisms are impaired while the cardioaccelerator mechanisms are relatively intact.The severe cardiac inhibition produced by pitressin and angioton...
The structures of europium(III)- and uranium(IV) derivatives of [P5w3oo110]15-: Evidence for “cryptohydration”

The crystal structures of (Nh4)11.5K0.5[ Eu(OH2)P5W30O110] ·24 H2O, K5H5 [Eu(OH2)P5W30O110] ·31 H2O, and (NH4)11[U(OH2)P5Wn30O110 ·12 H2O have been determined. In each case, the anion has the overall virtual C5v symmetry previously observed for the sodium derivative, [NaP5W30 110]14- The encrypted Eu3+ and U4+cations lie on the C5 axis, but are displaced further than the Na+ from the equatorial plane defined by the five phosphorus atoms. Only minor differences are observed between the structures of the two salts of the europium derivative, although solutions of these display31P NMR spectra with chemical shifts differing by 10 ppm, provisionally attributed to the effects of protonation of the anion, The most significant feature of the three new structures is the presence of a water molecule within the central cavity and coor-dinated to the Eu3+ or U4+ cation.The coordination spheres of the central cations can therefore be described as monocapped pentagonal antiprisms.
Nonreciprocal behavior of the spin pumping in ultra-thin film of CoFeB

The processional magnetization induced spin current at the interface between CoFeB and Ta has been studied experimentally using spin pumping and inverse spin Hall effect for different thicknesses of CoFeB film down to 1.6 nm. It is found that upon decreasing the thickness of the CoFeB, the frequency of the peak position of the spin pumping signal reduces and dispersion relation of the ferromagnetic resonance changes from a quadratic to a linear behavior indicating the presence of an interfacial perpendicular anisotropy. Furthermore, a nonreciprocal behavior between the spin pumping signal amplitude at positive and negative fields is observed which could be as large as 100%. Our experimental results suggest reduction of the effective demagnetization field and possibly the spin waves nonreciprocal behavior mediated by the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction at the Ta/CoFeB interface are responsible for the large nonreciprocity of the spin pumping signal.
Trends in condom use among MSM in the United States: the role of antiretroviral therapy and seroadaptive strategies.

Objective: Evaluate changes in condomless anal sex at last sex among men who have sex with men (MSM) and assess if these changes are associated with the adoption of serosorting and biomedical prevention. Design: The National HIV Behavioral Surveillance is a crosssectional survey done in up to 21 cities in 2005, 2008, 2011 and 2014. Methods: MSM were recruited through venue-based sampling. Among men reporting at least one male partner, we evaluated changes in condomless anal sex at last sex with a partner with (1) HIV-concordant (proxy for serosorting) or (2) HIV-discordant (discordant/unknown) status. We hypothesized that if concordant condomless sex was increasing while discordant was stable/declining, the increases could be driven by more men attempting to serosort. We used generalized estimating equations assuming a Poisson distribution and robust variance estimator to explore whether temporal changes in the outcomes varied by selected characteristics. We also assessed changes in condomless anal sex by antiretroviral therapy (ART) use among HIV-positive MSM. Results: Among 5371 HIV-positive MSM, there were increases in concordant (19% in 2005 to 25% in 2014, P < 0.001) and discordant condomless sex (15 to 19%, P < 0.001). The increases were not different by ART use. Among 30 547 HIV-negative MSM, concordant (21 to 27%, P < 0.001) and discordant condomless sex (8 to 13%, P < 0.001) increased. Conclusion: Our data suggest that condom use decreased among MSM and that the trends are not explained by serosorting or ART. Promotion of condoms and increased access to preexposure prophylaxis are vital to ensure that the benefits of ART in reducing transmission of HIV are not undermined.
Effects of extracted compound of panax natogineseng and ganoderma lucidum spore powder on immune function of mice

Aim:To observe the immune-regulating effect of the extracted compound of panax natogineseng and ganoderma lucidum spore powder.Methods:A total of 144 mice were allocated into 4 groups,The first 3 groups were given low-,mediate-,high-doses of the extracted compound and the remained group was given distiued water.After 30 days, the ratio of spleen-thymus/body weight, T lymphocyte proliferation of mouse spleen induced by ConA, the response of delayed hypersenitivity, the amount of hemolytic antibility in serum, antiboty-producing cell assay, phagocytic activity of macrophages and the ability of macrophages for carbon particle clearance and cytotoxicity of NK cells by LDH method.Results: The extracted compound of Panax Natogineseng and Ganoderma Lucidum Spores Poweder could increase the ability of T lymphocyte proliferation and the response of delayed hypersenitivity induced by SRBC in the dosage of 1.48 g/kg; the amount of antibody-producing cells was enhanced significantly in the dosage of 0.49 g/kg and 1.48 g/kg; significant difference was observed in the dosage of 1.48 g/kg in the amount of hemolytic antibody;significant difference was not observed in the ratio of spleen-thymus/body weight, phagocytic activity of macrophages and the ability of macrophages for carbon particle clearance.Conclusion: The result showed that the extracted compound of Panax Natogineseng and Ganoderma Lucidum Spores Poweder had a positive immune-regulating effects on normal mice.
Plasma Membrane DC-SIGN Clusters and Their Lateral Transport: Role in the Cellular Entry of Dengue Virus

DC-SIGN (a single-pass transmembrane protein and C-type lectin) is a major receptor for a variety of pathogens on human dendritic cells including dengue virus (DENV), which has become a global health threat. DENV binds to cell-surface DC-SIGN and the virus/receptor complexes migrate to clathrin-coated pits where the complexes are endocytosed; during subsequent processing, the viral genome is released for replication. DC-SIGN exists on cellular plasma membranes in nanoclusters that may themselves be clustered on longer length scales that appear as microdomains in wide-field and confocal fluorescence microscopy. We have investigated the dynamic structure of these clusters using fluorescence and super-resolution imaging in addition to large-scale single particle tracking. While clusters themselves can be laterally mobile there appears to be little mobility of DC-SIGN within clusters or exchange of DC-SIGN between the clusters and the surroundings. We end this account with some outstanding issues that remain to be addressed with respect to the composition and architecture of DC-SIGN domains and some highly unusual aspects of their lateral mobility on the cell surface that may accompany and perhaps facilitate DENV infection.
Stress and Coping Predicts Adjustment and Glycemic Control in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes

Adolescents with type 1 diabetes are at increased risk for deteriorating glycemic control, poor quality of life, and depressive symptoms. Stress and coping are related to these outcomes in adolescents with diabetes, yet few studies have examined these constructs longitudinally. This study aimed to describe stress and coping in adolescents with type 1 diabetes and to examine coping strategies as predictors of adolescent adjustment (i.e., depressive symptoms, quality of life) and glycemic control. Adolescents with type 1 diabetes completed measures of diabetes-related stress, coping, symptoms of depression, and quality of life at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. Data on glycemic control were collected from the adolescents’ medical charts. The adolescents’ use of primary control coping (e.g., problem solving) and secondary control engagement coping (e.g., positive thinking) strategies predicted significantly fewer problems with quality of life and fewer depressive symptoms over time. In contrast, the use of disengagement coping strategies (e.g., avoidance) predicted more problems with quality of life and depressive symptoms. Coping was not a significant predictor of glycemic control. Coping mediated the effects of diabetes-related stress on depressive symptoms and quality of life. The ways in which adolescents with type 1 diabetes cope with diabetes-related stress predict quality of life and symptoms of depression but not glycemic control. Through the use of screening to identify adolescent’s diabetes-related stress and targeted interventions to improve coping strategies, there is potential to improve outcomes.
NUMERICAL STUDIES OF LASER-INDUCED SHOCK STRUCTURE IN CONDENSED MATERIALS

We report the results of numerical simulations of a single laser pulse depositing energy into a thin layer of absorbing material confined between a rigid wall and a semi-infinite slab of liquid. The results show the ability of long duration laser pulses to create a structure which has a plateau behind the shock for a finite time before evolving into the classical blast wave.
Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment

This chapter highlights personal protective clothing (PPC) and personal protective equipment (PPE) that are selected only after all managerial efforts and potential engineering controls have been scrutinized toward the objective of minimizing risk. Managerial efforts include alternative procedures and protocols used in incident response as well as those used to conduct normal offsite activities, as cleaning and maintenance. Engineering controls include alternative uses of barriers, space, and area-ventilation to confine hazardous materials and/or conditions within areas under management control. PPC and PPE must be viewed as the last available means of controlling responder risk and, therefore, is most sensitive to the consequence of failure. Any failure of PPC and/or PPE exposes the responder to immediate life-threatening risk. While protective clothing and equipment are specifically intended to protect the responder against risks otherwise uncontrolled by managerial procedures and engineering controls, PPC and PPE also present additional risks of their own, including impaired vision, mobility and communication; and physical and psychological stress of the user. The objective must achieve an effective and assured balance between the risks attendant to the incident and the risks inherent in the use of PPC and PPE, while avoiding both over- and under-protection.
Henry Brougham as Economic Popularizer

While earlier classical economists, such as Smith and Malthus, had merely talked of the importance of educating all classes of people, Brougham was the first to become actively involved in implementing a program to see that people were educated. He believed, as did other classical economists, that once all classes understood the principles of political economy each class would be more content with its position in life and, as a result, there would be harmony throughout society. Brougham thought ignorance of these principles was the most dangerous problem facing society and sought to correct the problem through education. Brougham’s efforts on behalf of education included introducing bills and making speeches in Parliament, giving financial and moral support to various educational groups, publishing books and pamphlets designed to win popular backing and participating in the founding of infant schools, the Mechanics’ Institutes, the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge and London University. This chapter examines Brougham’s role in spreading economic knowledge through these activities.
Improved machinability of SiC/SiC ceramic matrix composite via laser-assisted micromachining

This study is focused on numerical modeling and experimental evaluation of laser-assisted micromachining (LAMM) of SiC/SiC ceramic matrix composite (CMC) materials. A novel experimental setup consisting of a fiber laser and the necessary optics, a three-axis CNC linear stage, and a high-speed spindle was used to implement the LAMM process. The laser-assisted micro-milling system provides unique micro-milling capabilities for flexible machining of very difficult-to-machine materials, such as ceramics, composites, and high-temperature alloys. The integrated high-power laser beam is flexibly focused on arbitrary positions around the cutting tool at a low incidence angle with a very small focused spot, thus making the system suitable for a wide range of micro-milling methods. Micro-end mills of cubic boron nitride (CBN) tools were used to perform slotting operations with and without laser preheating on CMC materials for comparative assessment. A three-dimensional (3D) transient finite-element-based thermal model was used to analytically predict appropriate process parameters on the basis of material removal temperature (Tmr). The effects of LAMM on the tool wear and tool life were evaluated experimentally. In addition, an economic analysis was carried out to compare LAMM of CMC materials with conventional micromachining methods.
Ecomapping as a Research Tool for Informal Child Care

Research Findings: Many young children spend crucial developmental years in informal, home-based child care (HBCC) settings, but parents and others share concerns about HBCC quality. We applied the...
Countering Transnational Organized Crime

This chapter focuses on the trends in transnational organized crime (TOC). It begins by examining the dark side of globalization and how technology can be used for various illicit activities. The chapter then examines the over 100-year drug war, focusing on the cases of Colombia and Mexico. It examines how drug trafficking and organized crime in Colombia and Mexico have been US national security priorities. This section also examines the decriminalization and legalization debate as many scholars have argued that drug trafficking will exist as long as there is a demand for such illicit substances. The chapter then examines President Obama’s drug strategy. Finally, the chapter highlights trends with regard to other criminal groups, focusing on gangs.
Hybrid cured thiol-ene/epoxy networks for core-shell semiconductor packaging

This research describes thiol-ene/epoxy hybrid networks for core-shell encapsulation of semiconductor devices. A thiol-ene network was formed using ultraviolet-induced radical polymerization, with unreacted thiols and epoxide monomers remaining in the network. Immersion in tributylamine catalyzed the thiol-epoxy coupling to produce a diffusion-limited hard outer shell. Tensile testing shows that the initial thiol-ene product (core) has elastomeric behavior, while the secondary curing creates a glassy material (shell) at room temperature due to thiol-epoxy coupling. Bulk samples of the material form a hard outer shell surrounding a soft core depending on the secondary cure conditions. There are positive relationships between wall thickness and secondary cure temperature and cure time, enabling control of shell thickness by varying reaction conditions. Shell thicknesses were measured up to 1.8 mm when immersed in tributylamine for up to 150 minutes and up to 140 °C. The ability to control core-shell thickness of dual-cured networks is applicable in device encapsulation processes. Core-shell encapsulants for microelectronics may provide further shock and impact protection for durable electronic devices. Further aging and operational studies will be needed to determine time-stability and optimal processing of the core-shell structure.
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) Lymphoma of the Colon: A Case Report and a Literature Review.

Patient: Female, 56 Final Diagnosis: Colonic MALT lymphoma Symptoms: Epigastric pain Medication: — Clinical Procedure: Colonoscopy and biopsy Specialty: Gastroenterology and Hepatology Objective: Rare disease
New Ways to Assess and Enhance Land Registry Sustainability: Evidence from Rwanda

Summary Rwanda has recently implemented a nation-wide program of first-time land regularization (LTR) that many believe set new standards for the region. We use administrative data combined with household survey- and program-rollout information to explore sustainability of the infrastructure created in this process, including the impact of public efforts to increase registration of subsequent transactions. We find that the program provided significant benefits in terms of gender equality and credit access while opening up new opportunities in terms of land taxation or land use planning, but that high level of rural informality may undermine these in the medium to long term. While public efforts to decentralize service provision helped to significantly reduce informality, additional efforts are likely to be needed to ensure sustainability of the registry. We discuss how Rwanda can further move in this direction and draw out implications for other countries considering first time adjudication and registration of property rights.
The Aquanaut Program

The Aquanaut Program (AP) began in 1988 as an educational initiative of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) National Undersea Research Center at The University of Connecticut at Avery Point (NURC-UCAP). At its inception, the AP was a purely experiential program with students and teachers spending one day on board a ship observing scientists and diving in an occupied submersible. In response to feedback of participating teachers the AP evolved into a more rigorous, yearlong project that includes introduction to a research topic, interactions with a research mentor, hands-on field research during the summer months, and subsequent data analysis and presentation during the fall semester. The AP is open to all secondary schools in the Northeast Region served by NURC-UCAP and typically supports about 100 students and 20 teachers per year. During its history, the AP has enrolled 885 students and 128 teachers from schools throughout the regions served by NURC-UCAP. This includes 28 students from high schools in Michigan who have been involved with a similar program in the Great Lakes and 19 students from Israel.
Sarcoid-Like Granulomatosis of the Lung Related to Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors: Distinct Clinical and Imaging Features of a Unique Immune-Related Adverse Event

With the rapidly expanding role of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in advanced cancer treatment, an increasing number of new immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are being reported. The present report describes sarcoid-like granulomatosis of the lung as a distinct type of irAE with characteristic clinical, imaging, and histologic features. In patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors, sarcoid-like granulomatosis of the lung presented with a focal area of consolidation in the lung, which was often nodular or round, in the absence of new or enlarging lymphadenopathy on imaging. Histologic examination demonstrated non-necrotizing granulomas and an absence of malignant cells. The patients were free of new or worsening respiratory symptoms, despite the development of lung parenchymal consolidations. Holding the immune checkpoint inhibitors led to the spontaneous resolution of the findings, without any specific treatment for the abnormality. Awareness of the manifestations of sarcoid-like granulomatosis of the lung as a distinct type of irAE will improve management of patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
“Trust but Verify”: The Difficulty of Trusting Autonomous Weapons Systems

Autonomous weapons systems (AWSs) pose many challenges in complex battlefield environments. Previous discussions of them have largely focused on technological or policy issues. In contrast, we focu...
Impact of chemotherapy-induced neuropathy on balance performance: Using wearable sensors for objective balance assessment.

e20687 Background: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) may cause balance impairment and increased fall risk. However, little is known about the association between CIPN severity and i...
Preparation and characterization of B2S3-based chalcogenide glasses

The discovery of the fast ion conducting B[subscript]2S[subscript]3-based glasses has been one of the most significant development in the field of solid electrolytes. Considerable experimental studies have been done to maximize conductivities and chemical stabilities of these glass systems. Recently, the study of the structure and properties of these glasses compared to their oxide analog has become important;The IR spectra of M[subscript]2S + B[subscript]2S[subscript]3 (M = Li, K, Rb and Cs) and MS + B[subscript]2S[subscript]3 (M = Sr and Ba) thioborate glasses have shown the monotonic increase in tetrahedral boron units at the expense of thioboroxyl six-membered ring groups in a manner similar to that found in the alkali borate glasses in the low alkali glasses. Although the Li and K thioborate glasses were found to have structural similarities in the high alkali glasses, the Rb, Cs, Sr and Ba thioborate glasses have significant differences which arises from the fact that the alkali and alkaline earth ion plays a dominant role in controlling local structural environments;The density data and IR spectra for these glasses have shown the monotonic increase in tetrahedral boron units in the low alkali region, whereas the destruction of tetrahedral boron units arising from the formation of trigonal boron units with terminal non-bridging sulfurs for the high alkali glasses. In contrast to this behavior, the Tg measurements have shown the decreasing Tg with the addition of alkali modifier in the alkali thioborate glasses in the low alkali region. It is apparent that, although the SRO are similar in both systems, there are significant differences in the IRO and we have proposed that sulfur ions plays a dominant role in degrading IRO structure rather than enhancing.
The use of fluoride-containing toothpastes in young children: the scientific evidence for recommending a small quantity.

The prevalence of dental fluorosis has increased since the 1930s in both fluoridated and nonfluoridated United States communities because of increased exposure to systemic fluorides. 1-4 Although the increase in dental fluorosis is of the mild and very mild categories and poses no immediate health problem, more severe levels are of esthetic concern and may threaten the continued use of systemic fluorides to prevent dental decay. Indeed, the severity of dental fluorosis in a few isolated populations already has become a public concern (see footnote). 5-7 Considering these factors, it is imperative that all possible efforts are undertaken to control the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis within the range of public acceptance. In March, 1991, the National Institute of Dental Research sponsored an international workshop, Changing Patterns of Systemic Fluoride Intake. In this meeting, fluoride and clinical science researchers discussed issues relating to the safe and effective use of systemic and topical fluorides. Workshop participants agreed that in addition to drinking water, fluoride supplements, and dietary sources, the inadvertent ingestion of toothpaste by young children could be a source of systemic fluoride. It is a common practice in the dental profession to recommend the use of a small quantity or a pea-size amount of toothpaste for young children. The rationale for this recommendation is to minimize the inadvertent ingestion of fluoride-containing dentifrices, which theoretically could lead to increased systemic fluoride intake. The purpose of this article is to discuss the relationship between fluoride-containing dentifrices and dental fluorosis; in particular, we will examine the scientific evidence for recommending the use of a small amount of fluoridated toothpaste for children.
A regression framework to uncover pleiotropy in large-scale electronic health record data.

OBJECTIVE Pleiotropy, where 1 genetic locus affects multiple phenotypes, can offer significant insights in understanding the complex genotype-phenotype relationship. Although individual genotype-phenotype associations have been thoroughly explored, seemingly unrelated phenotypes can be connected genetically through common pleiotropic loci or genes. However, current analyses of pleiotropy have been challenged by both methodologic limitations and a lack of available suitable data sources. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we propose to utilize a new regression framework, reduced rank regression, to simultaneously analyze multiple phenotypes and genotypes to detect pleiotropic effects. We used a large-scale biobank linked electronic health record data from the Penn Medicine BioBank to select 5 cardiovascular diseases (hypertension, cardiac dysrhythmias, ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, and heart valve disorders) and 5 mental disorders (mood disorders; anxiety, phobic and dissociative disorders; alcohol-related disorders; neurological disorders; and delirium dementia) to validate our framework. RESULTS Compared with existing methods, reduced rank regression showed a higher power to distinguish known associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms from random single-nucleotide polymorphisms. In addition, genome-wide gene-based investigation of pleiotropy showed that reduced rank regression was able to identify candidate genetic variants with novel pleiotropic effects compared to existing methods. CONCLUSION The proposed regression framework offers a new approach to account for the phenotype and genotype correlations when identifying pleiotropic effects. By jointly modeling multiple phenotypes and genotypes together, the method has the potential to distinguish confounding from causal genotype and phenotype associations.
Memories of the Future. Predictable and Unpredictable Information in Fractional Flipping a Biased Coin

Some uncertainty about flipping a biased coin can be resolved from the sequence of coin sides shown already. We report the exact amounts of predictable and unpredictable information in flipping a biased coin. Fractional coin flipping does not reflect any physical process, being defined as a binomial power series of the transition matrix for “integer” flipping. Due to strong coupling between the tossing outcomes at different times, the side repeating probabilities assumed to be independent for “integer” flipping get entangled with one another for fractional flipping. The predictable and unpredictable information components vary smoothly with the fractional order parameter. The destructive interference between two incompatible hypotheses about the flipping outcome culminates in a fair coin, which stays fair also for fractional flipping.
Rotational and Translational Velocity and Acceleration Thresholds for the Onset of Cybersickness in Virtual Reality

This paper determined rotational and translational velocity and acceleration thresholds for the onset of cybersickness. Cybersickness causes discomfort and discourages the widespread use of virtual reality systems for both recreational and professional use. Visual motion or optic flow is known to be one of the main causes of cybersickness due to the sensory conflict it creates with the vestibular system. The aim of this experiment is to detect rotational and translational velocity and acceleration thresholds that cause the onset of cybersickness. Participants were exposed to a moving particle field in virtual reality for a few seconds per run. The field moved in different directions (longitudinal, lateral, roll, and yaw), with different velocity profiles (steady and accelerating), and different densities. Using a staircase procedure, that controlled the speed or acceleration of the field, we detected the threshold at which participant started to feel temporary symptoms of cybersickness. The optic flow was quantified for each motion type and by modifying the number of features, the same amount of optic flow was present in each scene. Having the same optic flow in each scene allows a direct comparison of the thresholds. The results show that the velocity and acceleration thresholds for rotational optic flow were significantly lower than for translational optic flow. The thresholds suggestively decreased with the decreasing particle density of the scene. Finally, it was found that all the rotational and translational thresholds strongly correlate with each other. While the mean values of the thresholds could be used as guidelines to develop virtual reality applications, the high variability between individuals implies that the individual tuning of motion controls would be more effective to reduce cybersickness while minimizing the impact on the experience of immersion.
Shoreline Plants of Great Salt Lake

A catalogue and description of the major plant species inhabiting Great Salt Lake (GSL) shoreline is presented in this chapter. The mechanisms by which these plant species interact with the harshly saline shoreline environment are also described. The history of research surrounding these mechanisms and survey work will give readers a picture of the scientific body of knowledge that pertains to the GSL shoreline flora and its significance. Until now, there has not been a comprehensive review of the shoreline plants, which have typically been lumped in with plants of the Great Basin or other broad taxonomic studies, making it difficult for lake visitors to identify them or for scientists to understand the role they play. While there are a limited number of plant species inhabiting the shoreline, a guide to their identity and their adaptations to the harsh saline soils is presented here, which will provide a highly informative resource to inform future work.
Escritura y género en los Comentarios reales

Comentarios reales (1st part, 1609; 2nd part, 1617) by the Cuzcan chronicler Inca Garcilaso de la Vega (1539-1616), is a key work in the literary and cultural history of America and the Hispanic world. Although the chronicle has been studied from different disciplinary perspectives, less attention has been paid to the function of gender. This essay emphasizes how Inca Garcilaso intertwined in his narration, events and deeds related to his mother, palla Chimpu Ocllo. It proposes that episodes marked by her presence contribute to shape a more nuanced reinterpretation of Peruvian history, now marked by the presence of gender.
Workforce Participation of Parents of Children and Youth with Mental Health Difficulties: the Impact of Community Services and Supports

This study explored the effects of demands related to caring for children and youth with mental health difficulties and of resources in community ecologies including health services, schools, neigh...
Self-reported helpfulness of Cognitive Rehabilitation and Exposure/Sorting Therapy (CREST) for hoarding disorder

Abstract Cognitive Rehabilitation and Exposure/Sorting Therapy (CREST) is a promising treatment for hoarding disorder (HD) that incorporates exposure for sorting with compensatory cognitive training (CCT) tailored to reduce cognitive difficulties associated with hoarding. A randomized controlled trial of CREST found it to be favorable to case management for reducing hoarding symptoms and improving executive functioning. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate participant feedback about CREST and the perceived helpfulness of each aspect of treatment: individual CCT skills, exposure, and relapse prevention. We evaluated quantitative and qualitative data from 21 older adults who completed CREST. Most CREST modules were rated as being “quite a bit helpful.” The modules with the highest helpfulness ratings were using a calendar, making to-do lists, and practicing sorting. Higher helpfulness ratings of practicing sorting and using a calendar were associated with greater decreases in functional limitations at post-treatment. Participants commonly identified their therapist as the most helpful aspect of treatment, assessments as the least helpful, and expressed CREST could be improved upon with additional relapse prevention and/or aftercare. Our results suggest that in addition to being efficacious, CREST is perceived to be a highly useful treatment by older adults with HD.
Visualisation of inviscid transonic flows using a water table

The analogue of compressible inviscid flows and shallow water surface waves are studied via water table experiments. In particular, the non-uniqueness problems of transonic flows in nozzles and around airfoils are examined numerically and experimentally. Qualitative comparisons of the two results are shown for several cases.
Improving Air Pollution Predictions of Long-Term Exposure Using Short-Term Mobile and Stationary Monitoring in Two US Metropolitan Regions

Mobile monitoring is increasingly employed to measure fine spatial-scale variation in air pollutant concentrations. However, mobile measurement campaigns are typically conducted over periods much shorter than the decadal periods used for modeling chronic exposure for use in air pollution epidemiology. Using the regions of Los Angeles and Baltimore and the time period from 2005 to 2014 as our modeling domain, we investigate whether including mobile or stationary passive sampling device (PSD) monitoring data collected over a single 2-week period in one or two seasons using a unified spatio-temporal air pollution model can improve model performance in predicting NO2 and NOx concentrations throughout the 9-year study period beyond what is possible using only routine monitoring data. In this initial study, we use data from mobile measurement campaigns conducted contemporaneously with deployments of stationary PSDs and only use mobile data collected within 300 m of a stationary PSD location for inclusion in the model. We find that including either mobile or PSD data substantially improves model performance for pollutants and locations where model performance was initially the worst (with the most-improved R2 changing from 0.40 to 0.82) but does not meaningfully change performance in cases where performance was already very good. Results indicate that in many cases, additional spatial information from mobile monitoring and personal sampling is potentially cost-efficient inexpensive way of improving exposure predictions at both 2-week and decadal averaging periods, especially for the predictions that are located closer to features such as roadways targeted by the mobile short-term monitoring campaign.
Depression symtoms and related factors of fire fighters

Objective: To analysis the status of the mental health and related factors of fire fighters in Tianjin Binhai New District, and to provide suggestions for their psychological health protection. Methods: 399 fire fighters in Tianjin Binhai New District were selected as study subjects in Jan to April 2019. Depression symptoms were measured by the depression module of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) . The Chinese version of Efrort Reword Imbalance (ERI) Questionnnaire were used to investigate and evaluate their occupational stress. Chi-Square test was used to analysis Categorical data. Binary logistic regression model was used to analysis the ralated factors of depression. Results: Among the 399 fire fighters, 71.1% (280/394) were found high level of depression symptom. The detection rates of depression symptoms in the related influceing factors ERI、station、disease、life pressure、eating habits and sleep disorder occupational stress were difierent (P<0.05) . Sleep disorder, life pressure and ERI occupational stress were risk factors for depressive symptoms (OR=1.921, 95% CI=1.002-3.682; OR=2.852, 95% CI=1.561-5.212; OR=2.367, 95% CI=1.163-4.818, P<0.05) . Conclusion: The rate of depression of fire fighters is relatively higher. Government should pay attention to and take measures to improve the psychological condition of fire fighters.
High epileptiform discharge burden predicts delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Abstract Objective To investigate whether epileptiform discharge burden can identify those at risk for delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Methods Retrospective analysis of 113 moderate to severe grade SAH patients who had continuous EEG (cEEG) recordings during their hospitalization. We calculated the burden of epileptiform discharges (ED), measured as number of ED per hour. Results We find that many SAH patients have an increase in ED burden during the first 3–10 days following rupture, the major risk period for DCI. However, those who develop DCI have a significantly higher hourly burden from days 3.5–6 after SAH vs. those who do not. ED burden is higher in DCI patients when assessed in relation to the onset of DCI (area under the receiver operator curve 0.72). Finally, specific trends of ED burden over time, assessed by group-based trajectory analysis, also help stratify DCI risk. Conclusions These results suggest that ED burden is a useful parameter for identifying those at higher risk of developing DCI after SAH. The higher burden rate associated with DCI supports the theory of metabolic supply-demand mismatch which contributes to this complication. Significance ED burden is a novel biomarker for predicting those at high risk of DCI.
67863 Insulin use and depigmentation: a survey of real-world evidence

ABSTRACT IMPACT: Long-acting insulin containing protamine is more likely to be associated with skin depigmentation. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: An acquired disorder, skin depigmentation was found to be significantly correlated with diabetes. While a recent meta-analysis pointed at a possible similar pathogenesis, the possibility of vitiligo occurring as a drug-induced disease was never explored. This study aimed at elucidating whether utilization of specific insulins may play a role. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Records from the Medical Panels Expenditure Survey (MEPS) database made available by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality were used to identify all injectable insulin users (n=8867). ICD-9/10 codes were abstracted from the medical conditions files for all the subjects reporting any type of injectable insulin use (1996-2017). Skin depigmentation codes identified in our dataset were 709 and L81. Insulins were categorized based on duration of action, short-acting (SA), intermediate-acting (IA), and long-acting (LA), as well as based on formulation ingredients (zinc, protamine-zinc, other), and insulin combination (SA with or without IA/LA containing or not protamine-zinc). The association between skin depigmentation occurrence and insulin type and/or category was assessed by Fisher’s exact test. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: A total of 225 out of 8867 individuals were diagnosed with skin depigmentation. Incidence of skin depigmentation was 2.25% in SA users (n1=3606, p=0.355), 2.24% in LA users (n2=3910, p=0.337), and 2.39% in IA users (n3=4015, p=0.062). Occurrence of skin depigmentation was similar between users of insulin mono- or combo therapy (p=0.758). Interestingly, among IA insulins, insulin protamine-zinc insulin (n4=3992) distinguished as being mainly responsible for the association with the occurrence of skin depigmentation (p=0.062), whereas insulin zinc was not (n5=37, p=1.000). The highest skin depigmentation incidence was observed among Pacific Islanders (2.66%, p=0.110). Males distinguished by a skin depigmentation incidence of 2.34% vs. 1.91% in females (p=0.086). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: We report that presence of protamine-zinc may play a role in the development of skin depigmentation. It is uncertain whether this risk may be shared equally by insulin users diagnosed with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Of note, we observed a higher skin depigmentation incidence than that reported by community- (0.2%) or hospital-based (1.8%) studies.
Can Constitutional Democracies and Emergency Powers Coexist

A review of "Emergencies and the Limits of Legality" by Victor Ramraj and of "States of Emergency in Liberal Democracies"
An efficient algorithm for local distance metric learning

Learning application-specific distance metrics from labeled data is critical for both statistical classification and information retrieval. Most of the earlier work in this area has focused on finding metrics that simultaneously optimize compactness and separability in a global sense. Specifically, such distance metrics attempt to keep all of the data points in each class close together while ensuring that data points from different classes are separated. However, particularly when classes exhibit multimodal data distributions, these goals conflict and thus cannot be simultaneously satisfied. This paper proposes a Local Distance Metric (LDM) that aims to optimize local compactness and local separability. We present an efficient algorithm that employs eigenvector analysis, and bound optimization to learn the LDM from training data in a probabilistic framework. We demonstrate that LDM achieves significant improvements in both classification and retrieval accuracy compared to global distance learning and kernel-based KNN.