cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expanding The Design Space Through Innovative Design Processes

The subject of design and manufacturing has received increasing attention in practically all industrialized countries. Ever increasing competition has forced most manufacturing organizations to rethink the process by which they create new products and improve existing ones. The following paper attempts to describe the traditional product evolution cycle by reviewing historic as well as modern methods of product design and manufacturing. Several limitations and constraints in the traditional process are identified and related to new methods currently under development at Carnegie Mellon’s Engineering Design Research Center, a National Science Foundation Center.
Religious Charter Schools: Are They Constitutionally Permissible?

ABSTRACTAn analysis of the jurisprudence related to religious schools and public funding, grounded in the interpretation of the Establishment Clause and the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment, suggests that religious charter schools may be constitutionally permissible. Moreover, recent Supreme Court cases may provide a stronger argument for supporting the participation of religious charter schools on free exercise and neutrality grounds. The question may come down to whether charter schools are legally regarded as public or private schools, an open question with conflicting jurisprudence. How this question is ultimately resolved has significant implications for the future role of religious schools and an understanding of educational freedom and pluralism in America.
Abstract 644: Enhancing Lymphangiogenesis Ameliorates Chronic Heart Failure

Previous studies have indicated that cardiac lymphatics are involved in the pathogenesis of acute cardiac injuries. However, the role of cardiac lymphatics in the pathogenesis of chronic heart fail...
Src/FAK complex phosphorylates cardiac myosin binding protein c (cMyBP-C) in vitro and in vivo

Cardiac myosin binding protein C (cMyBP-C) is a phosphorylation-dependent force regulator and plays an important role in controlling myosin and actin dynamic interaction. Point-mutations of cMyBP-C that interfere with cMyBP-C threonine/serine phosphorylation resulted in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and cardiac failure. However, it remains largely unknown how cMyBP-C tyrosine phosphorylation is regulated during cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Integrins are receptors of extracellular matrix and are the sensors of cardiac mechanical stretch. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) plays an essential role in integrin-initiated signal transduction and regulates multiple cellular functions in various types of cells including cardiomyocytes. To identify the regulatory mechanism of cMyBP-C tyrosine phosphorylation during cardiac hypertrophy, we examined the effect of FAK on phosphorylation of cMyBP-C. Immunoprecipitation analysis showed that FAK and cMyBP-C are associated within the intact mouse heart. Results from our mutagenesis experiments demonstrated that the FAK kinase domain was required for FAK to associate with cMyBP-C. Our data also documented that the FAK Y397 site is required for FAK and cMyBP-C association. Importantly, overexpression dominant active Src Y527F with FAK significantly enhanced cMyBP-C phosphorylation. Interestingly, overexpression of cMyBP-C inhibited FAK phosphorylation. Taken together, cMyBP-C is one of effectors of Src/FAK complex in cardiomyocyte.
The Inhibitory Neurogenic Effects of N-N-di-n-Propyl Dopamine: a Vascular Dopamine Agonist

N-N-di-n-propyl dopamine (DPDA) produces vasodilation in the femoral vascular bed of the dog under conditions where dopamine (DA) is typically vasoconstrictor. This vasodilation is not antagonized by several classes of antagonists, ruling out β-adrenergic, cholinergic, or histaminergic receptors as possible mechanisms of this effect of DPDA. Marked reduction of DPDA-induced vasodilation by acute denervation, by ganglion blockade or by α-adrenergic blockade with phenoxybenzamine indicates that inhibition of sympathetic nerve transmission is involved in the femoral vasodilation induced by DPDA. Presynaptic α- or DA receptors may be one of the sites of action of DPDA.
A Bfloat16 Fused Multiplier-Adder

This paper describes a new floating-point fused multiplier-adder (FMA) designed for bfloat16 data. Analysis and optimizations for 8-bit exponent logic, adders, and multiplier are presented, and compared in performance and area against a double-precision FMA, and an FMA ‘scaled’ for bloat16 data, where a calculated 19% performance gain with reduced area is achieved over the reference design.
Acute lung toxicity by nitrofurantoin.

Nitrofurantoin is a synthetic derivative of imidazolinedione, used to treat uncomplicated urinary tract infections. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA, RNA and cell wall protein synthesis. It is used prophylactically as a urinary anti-infective agent against most gram-positive organism and for long-term suppression of infections. Nitrofurantoin-associated pulmonary injuries occur in 1% of patients, presenting with dyspnoea and dry cough, and it can mimic interstitial lung disease. We present a case of an 81-year-old woman with shortness of breath and cough 3 days after initiation of nitrofurantoin. CT of the chest revealed bilateral pleural effusion and extensive pulmonary interstitial prominence, suggesting pulmonary fibrosis. According to the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale score of 6, it was determined that nitrofurantoin was the probable cause, and immediate cessation of the medication showed a marked clinical improvement and resolution after 10 days.
Uterine Mesenchymal Neoplasia

Uterine mesenchymal neoplasms consist of a group of benign and malignant tumors including smooth muscle, endometrial stromal cells, and other rare cell types. Benign uterine smooth muscle tumors are the most common gynecologic mesenchymal tumors, and they are major tumor types encountered in daily pathology practice. Importantly, uterine smooth muscle and endometrial stromal tumors are histologically heterogeneous and consist of many variants which can be a diagnostic challenge. Many tumor types require careful clinical and histologic evaluation, and some may rely on immunohistochemistry and even molecular analysis before rendering a definite diagnosis. Recent progress and published data provide some useful tools in aid of accurate diagnosis and tumor classification. We intend to bring in those new findings in this chapter. Some biphasic tumors originating from endometrial epithelial and stroma cells are also discussed in this chapter. The format of this chapter designs the questions to address the specific and common encountered issues related to tumor types, specific cytohistology, biomarkers or target genes, as well as diagnostic pitfalls. The purpose of this chapter is to provide trainees and early career pathologists a platform with brief and highly relevant descriptions and images for the most updated information regarding uterine mesenchymal neoplasia.
Nanoparticle Internalization Promotes the Survival of Primary Macrophages

ABSTRACT Macrophages, a class of tissue resident innate immune cells, are responsible for sequestering foreign objects through the process of phagocytosis, making them a promising target for immune-modulation via particulate engineering. Here, we report that nanoparticle (NP) dosing and cellular internalization via phagocytosis significantly enhances survival of ex vivo cultures of primary bone marrow-derived, alveolar, and peritoneal macrophages over particle-free controls. The enhanced survival is attributed to suppression of caspase-dependent apoptosis and is linked to phagocytosis and lysosomal signaling, which was also found to occur in vivo. Uniquely, poly(ethylene glycol)-based NP treatment does not alter macrophage polarization or lead to inflammatory effects. The enhanced survival phenomenon is also applicable to NPs of alternative chemistries, indicating the potential universality of this phenomenon with relevant drug delivery particles. These findings provide a framework for extending the lifespan of primary macrophages ex vivo for drug screening, vaccine studies, and cell therapies and has implications for any in vivo particulate immune-engineering applications.
Unequal Returns of Employment on Self-Rated Health: Asian-White Differences

Previous research has shown that employment status is one of the most powerful socioeconomic resources utilized to promote health and well-being. However, racial and ethnic minorities often experience diminished returns of socioeconomic resources compared to non-Hispanic Whites. This analysis explores the association between employment status and self-rated health among Asians and non-Hispanic Whites, and whether race or ethnicity moderates this association. We used data from the 2016 National Asian American Survey, a nationally representative survey of Asians from ten ethnic backgrounds. We measured the association between employment status and self-rated health, using race and ethnicity as the primary moderators. Age, gender, income, education, nativity status, and English proficiency were used as controls. Pooled (by race) and stratified (by ethnicity) logistic regressions were estimated. The pooled logistic regressions showed that employment was associated with lower odds of poorer self-rated health among Asians and Whites. Race, however, moderated this relationship, indicating a stronger protective effect of employment for Whites. In the stratified logistic regressions, employment was not associated with lower odds of poorer self-rated health across all of the assessed Asian ethnic subgroups. Ethnicity moderated the association between employment and self-rated health, suggesting a stronger protective effect of employment for Whites than for Chinese, Hmong, Koreans, Japanese, and Filipinos. The protective health benefits of employment do not operate the same for Whites and Asians. Discrimination and unequal labor market and working conditions may weaken the positive health returns of employment for Asians compared to their White counterparts.
A Multi-Stage Stochastic Risk Assessment with Markovian Representation of Renewable Power

Probabilistic forecasts provide a distribution of possible outputs and so can capture the VRE uncertainty and variability. However, taking advantage of uncertainty information has practical challenges that make it difficult to integrate probabilistic forecasting into control room decision-making. This paper proposes a novel use-case for probabilistic forecasts by incorporating them into the hour-ahead operations for situational awareness via a risk-averse multi-stage stochastic program. We employ a Markovian representation of the probabilistic forecast that enables the formulation of the multi-stage problem and avoids a scenario generation phase. We test the model on a realistically sized system to assess risk and showcase the capability of using probabilistic renewable forecast as input to produce probabilistic output forecasts of future system states. The results show that the model can capture time consistency in the reserves and Area Control Error (ACE) forecast. The solution times are adequate for risk profiling in the hour-ahead timescales.
Ethical and Global Health Perspectives on Obstetric Healthcare and Safe Abortions in Refugee and Internally Displaced Populations

Statement of Significance Literature demonstrates women living in poverty in remote areas are less likely to receive adequate health care, particularly in regard to obstetrics and gynecology. Lack of medical care during childbirth is associated with significant maternal mortality due to otherwise readily prevented or treated causes. While reproductive healthcare for women in all 'developing nations' merits consideration, this catch-all term for under-resourced regions obscures disproportionate burdens faced by a heterogeneous collection of communities facing disparate barriers to health care. Displaced women, both externally as refugees or within their nation of origin, face maternal morbidity and mortality rates at nearly twice the world average. Displaced women and those in countries deemed as undergoing a humanitarian crisis, represent the majority of all maternal deaths—both globally and among developing nations. This article considers the current state of women's health in displaced populations. Data on morbidity, mortality, and disparities in reproductive health demonstrate a violation of their human rights as defined by well-established ethical paradigms and international declarations. The onus of guaranteeing human rights to reproductive health falls well within the purview of the international medical community. Medical providers and medical organizations have a responsibility to recognize and amend these disparities and this article concludes by offering practical approaches toward this end.
The LDC Medicines Extension Question: Contemplating Next Steps

Paragraph 7 of the World Trade Organization Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health adopted in 2001 recognized the special situation of least-developed WTO members and directed the TRIPS Council to take the necessary action to assure that LDCs would not be obligated with respect to pharmaceutical products to implement or enforce those parts of the TRIPS agreement relating to patent and regulatory data protection. The TRIPS Council approved a decision extending until January 1, 2016, the transition period during which LDCs do not have to provide or enforce patent and regulatory data protection for pharmaceuticals. As a related matter, on July 8, 2002, the WTO General Council acted to waive any obligation on the part of LDCs to grant “exclusive marketing rights” on newly approved patented drugs during the period until January 1, 2016 (hereinafter collectively the “2016 medicines extension”).On June 11, 2013, the TRIPS Council adopted a related general extension in favor of LDCs. It provides that LDCs are not required to apply the provisions of the TRIPS agreement until July 1, 2021. That is, an 8 year extension from the previous extension with July 1, 2013 expiration (hereinafter the “2021 general extension”). Despite pressure from some developed country members, the new extension does not include a no-rollback commitment.Assuming that the extension until 2021 is properly interpreted as providing maximum flexibility to LDCs, including the potential to roll back existing IP commitments, is there a need to further extend the 2016 medicines extension? Or, are all the flexibilities that LDCs enjoy under the 2016 medicines extension included within the scope of the 2021 general extension?In the absence of a firm basis of legal security, LDCs and suppliers to LDCs may find that doubts are raised as the January 1, 2016 deadline approaches regarding whether flexibility to import low-cost generic drugs will continue after that date. Legal insecurity imposes a cost, and in this case the cost may be an adverse impact on public health. To put it plainly, suppliers of medicines, including intermediaries and funding agencies, have a strong bias against being the subject of patent infringement litigation. The 2016 medicines extension provided legal security for these suppliers. Will these same suppliers find sufficient assurance in the 2021 general extension if doubts are raised about its interpretation, such as have raised by the EU Delegation and USTR?There is no “easy answer” to this diplomatic and real world question. It is a question that the LDCs will have to answer prior to January 1, 2016 so that they may make an informed decision about whether to seek extension of the 2016 medicines extension from the TRIPS Council and General Council of the WTO.This essay suggests a few options for LDCs.
Chronic Scapholunate Ligament Injury: Techniques in Repair and Reconstruction

Although the true incidence of scapholunate interosseous ligament (SLIL) injury is unknown, a study found that 35% of cadaveric wrists had some degree of scapholunate tear. Of those wrists with SLIL injury, 29% had evidence of arthrosis. Early recognition and treatment of these injuries can delay or prevent the onset of arthritis. This article details treatment options for SLIL injury across the spectrum of pathology with a particular emphasis on chronic scapholunate repair and reconstruction. New techniques and outcomes data also are presented.
Complexity and efficiency of data detection algorithms for TD-SCDMA

This paper presents computational complexity and memory counts for various data detection algorithms for TD-SCDMA. The algorithms include joint detection (JD) using Cholesky decomposition, successive interference cancellation based joint detection (SIC-JD), JD using fast Fourier transform (FFT-JD), single-user detection (SUD) and matched-filter based SIC (MF-SIC).
Psychology of Terrorism: Classic and Contemporary Insights, edited by Jeff Victoroff and Arie W. Kruglanski

THE PSYCHOLOGY OF TERRORISM: Classic and contemporary insights is an edited volume that contains a series of 28 carefully selected readings culled from a wide range of sources in the burgeoning ter...
The Codex Mexicanus Genealogy: Binding the Mexica Past and the Colonial Present

Created in late sixteenth-century Mexico City, the Codex Mexicanus is an extensive bound book of miscellaneous contents, including a rare pictorial genealogy of the Tenochca dynastic lineage that traces the family line from its ancient origins to its colonial descendants. The Codex Mexicanus, as a whole, represents an attempt by its patrons and contributors to reconcile the Mexica past and the Christian present, and the inclusion of a genealogy in the larger book suggests that the Mexica royal house was believed to play an important role in this process. By providing a reading of the genealogy and comparing it with others, both native and European, I show that it presents a unique view of the Tenochca royal house that emphasizes its integrity and antiquity and in so doing effectively excludes outsiders who, at the time the codex was being created, were increasingly making claims on Mexica privileges without the proper family connections.
Structure and mechanism of formation of recombinant-derived chymosin C

Chymosin C, an autolysis product of chymosin A, is not formed from chymosin B (Foltmann, B. (1966) C. R. Trav. Lab. Carlsberg 35, 143-231) even though chymosins A and B differ in only a single residue (residue 286 is Asp in chymosin A but is Gly in chymosin B). Autolysis of recombinant-derived chymosin A yielded chymosin C for structural analysis. N-terminal sequencing revealed two peptide chains in chymosin C, one of which begins with Gly43, the N terminus of chymosin A; the other begins with Asp289. C-terminal sequencing, peptide mapping, and amino acid analysis showed that chymosin A undergoes autolytic excision of Asp286–Glu287–Phe288 in yielding chymosin C. As predicted from the established disulfide pattern and verified by size-exclusion chromatography under denaturing conditions, no disulfide bond cross-links the two chymosin A fragments which comprise chymosin C. The N-terminal fragment (243 residues) is termed the C-protein, and the C-terminal fragment (77 residues) is termed the C-peptide. Studies with synthetic peptide analogues of relevant regions of the chymosin sequences suggested that Tyr285–Asp286 is the first chymosin A peptide bond hydrolyzed during chymosin C formation and that Tyr285–Gly286 in chymosin B is not cleaved. Cleavage of Phe288–Asp289, a bond which is present in both chymosins A and B, most likely occurs in the A form as a secondary event following nicking at Tyr285–Asp286. This explains why chymosin A gives rise to chymosin C, but chymosin B does not. Examination of the sequence of a prochymosin gene (Hidaka, M., Sasaki, K., Uozumi, T., and Beppu, T. (1986) Gene (Amst.) 43, 197-203) showed that the autolysis-sensitive region of the polypeptide is encoded by genomic DNA located at the end of one exon and at the beginning of the next. Thus, chymosin C illustrates the correlation of protease-sensitive regions of protein sequences with genomic splice junctions.
DO-Sag in Oscillating Flow

The BOD and DO deficit in an oscillating flow due to a steady supply of BOD from an outfall are studied. Formulas are derived for the maximum BOD concentration and DO deficit by the method of perturbation. These results serve as the upper bounds for a tidal river during a dry season.
Ganglioside-specific binding protein on rat brain membranes.

Abstract A derivative of ganglioside GT1b (IV3NeuAc,II3(NeuAc)2-GgOse4) with an active ester in its lipid portion was synthesized and covalently attached to bovine serum albumin (BSA). The conjugate, having four GT1b molecules per albumin molecule [GT1b)4BSA) was radioiodinated and used to probe rat brain membranes for ganglioside binding proteins. A ganglioside-specific, high affinity (KD = 2-4 nM), saturable (Bmax = 13-20 pmol/mg membrane protein) binding site for 125I-(GT1b)4BSA was demonstrated on detergent-solubilized rat brain membranes adsorbed to filters. 125I-(GT1b)4BSA binding was tissue-specific (more than 35-fold greater to brain than to liver membranes) and was nearly eliminated by pretreatment of brain membrane-adsorbed filters with trypsin (1 microgram/ml). Underivatized gangliosides added as mixed detergent-lipid micelles blocked 125I-(GT1b)4BSA binding to brain membranes; structurally related GQ1b, GT1b, and GD1b were the most potent (half-maximal inhibition at 70-110 nM), while half-maximal inhibition by other gangliosides (GD3, GD1a, GM3, GM2, and GM1) required 5-20-fold higher concentrations. Other sphingolipids, neutral glycosphingolipids, and glycoproteins were poor inhibitors, and treatment of (GT1b)4BSA with neuraminidase attenuated its binding. Although most phospholipids were noninhibitory, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylglycerol inhibited half-maximally at 400-600 nM. However, inhibition of 125I-(GT1b)4BSA binding by gangliosides was competitive and reversible while that by phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylglycerol was not. Ganglioside-protein conjugate binding reveals ganglioside-specific brain membrane receptors.
Are Large Corporate Fines Levied on the Right Party and Do They Have Long Term Negative Consequences

In the past twenty years, large corporate fines have been levied on U.S. businesses - in effect on the shareholders who today in the main have no meaningful say in the management of the enterprise. In many such instances, no corporate officers have been charged with a crime, and often appear only too happy to utilize corporate (shareholder) funds to pay the fines for their corporate actions. This paper explores management’s responsibilities under ‘Agency Theory,’ ‘The Honest Services (Work) Law’ and ‘The Responsible Corporate Officer Doctrine.’ The paper concludes as to whether the use of corporate funds by management in the payment of large fines has a negative impact on stock prices.
Orbital Characteristics of Comets Passing through the 1:1 Commensurability with Jupiter

When, in consequence of a close approach, a comet of the Jupiter group changes its osculating semimajor axis from a > 1 to a < 1 (a’ = 1 for Jupiter’s orbit), or vice versa, then the normal case is that of an abrupt change from one side of Jupiter’s orbit to the other one. Under special conditions, however, temporary capture into satellite or ‘Trojan’ status is possible. P/Slaughter-Burnham, the first known comet in temporary 1:1 resonance with Jupiter, sheds some light on the requirements for Trojan captures. In consideration of the recent finding that the Trojan ‘cloud’ around L 4 contains probably as many as 700 Trojans brighter than magnitude 20.9, it is suggested that at least some comets of the Jupiter group may have originated among these accumulations around L 4 and L 5.
Observation of the two triplet state conformations of alkyl phenylglyoxylates.

Step-scan time-resolved FT-IR spectra of alkyl phenylglyoxylates in hexane with a 4 cm−1 spectral resolution reveal splitting of the transient absorption signal near 1650 cm−1 into two closely located peaks with different lifetimes on the nanosecond time scale. This signal had been previously assigned to the triplet state of the starting material that gives rise to the α-hydroxyphenylketene. In the current article, evidence is presented to assign these two peaks to different triplet state conformers only one of which undergoes fast Norrish Type II photoelimination. This assignment was made on the basis of chemical reactivity, steric effects, and kinetic data.
Application of MEMS for improved emitter location accuracy

This paper considers the problem of locating a stationary radar emitter from a single airborne platform making frequency measurements in the presence of aperture state uncertainty. It is shown that the location accuracy is most sensitive to aperture velocity uncertainty and that location accuracy can be improved by using a MEMS accelerometer at the aperture. A decentralized method is developed for estimating the aperture velocity that integrates the on-board navigation data, the MEMS data, and Doppler shifts of any aperture-acquired GPS signals. An upper bound is given that shows the potential for significant location accuracy enhancement.
Factors related to the prescribing of selected psychotropic drugs by primary care physicians

The objective of this study were to investigate the influences of differing physician characteristics and attitudes on the diagnosis of emotional problems, and the prescribing of selected psychotropic and non-psychotropic drugs. The 32 physicians who completed the study recorded 10,585 patient visits, which accounted for 7934 prescribed drugs. Overall, 549 (6.9%) of the drugs prescribed were classified as psychotropic drugs. After controlling for patient characteristics, there was not a statistically significant relationship between board certification, practice size, or physician age and the rate at which study physicians diagnose emotional problems. Board certification, physician age, physician propensity to prescribe drug therapy, and the feeling that patients expect drug therapy were significantly related to the prescribing of non-psychotropic drugs, the prescribing of psychotropic drugs was not predictable. Only the propensity to prescribe drug therapy was significantly related to the rate at which physicians prescribed drugs for their patients.
Colistin interactions with the mammalian urothelium

Here we describe the effect of colistin on the barrier function of the mammalian urinary bladder epithelium. Addition of colistin to the mucosal solution of the rabbit urinary bladder epithelium (urothelium) resulted in an increase in the transepithelial conductance. The magnitude of the increase in transepithelial conductance was dependent on the membrane voltage, concentration of colistin, and presence of divalent cations in the bath solution. The initial site of action of colistin was at the apical membrane. Colistin increased the membrane conductance only when the apical membrane potential was cell interior negative. The more negative the membrane potential, the larger the conductance increase. The concentration dependence of the conductance increase saturated, suggesting a membrane binding site. Divalent cations decreased the magnitude of the conductance increase. This divalent cation action occurred at two sites: one in competition with colistin for a membrane binding site, and the other by rapidly blocking the induced conductance. At short exposure times, the increase in conductance was reversed by either removing colistin from the bath or changing the voltage so that the apical membrane was cell interior positive. At long exposure times, the increase was only partially reversible by voltage or removal from the bath. This finding suggests that at long exposure times, there is a toxic effect of colistin on the urothelium.
Effects of anaesthetics and anticonvulsants on the action of kainic acid in the rat hippocampus

The effects of anaesthetics and anticonvulsants on the acute behavioral response and neurochemical alterations following intrahippocampal injection of kainic acid were examined. When compared to the effects in animals anaesthetized with a combination of chloral hydrate and pentobarbital (Equithesin), brief anaesthesia with ether or with hexobarbital potentiated whereas prolonged anaesthetia attenuated the action of 0.5 microgram of kainic acid. Of the constituents of Equithesin, chloral hydrate offered less protection than pentobarbital. The anticonvulsants, phenobarbital, diazepam, diphenylhydantoin, and carbamazepine offered partial protection when administered in conjunction with ether anaesthetia.
Effect of Tailored Activity Pacing on Self-Perceived Joint Stiffness in Adults With Knee or Hip Osteoarthritis

OBJECTIVE. We examined the effects of a tailored activity-pacing intervention on self-perceived joint stiffness in adults with osteoarthritis (OA). METHOD. Thirty-two adults with hip or knee OA were randomized to a tailored or general activity-pacing intervention. Participants’ symptoms and physical activity over 5 days were used to tailor activity pacing. The outcome was self-perceived joint stiffness measured at baseline, 4 wk, and 10 wk. A linear mixed regression model was used. RESULTS. The tailored group significantly improved in stiffness compared with the general group over time. We found a significantly different linear trend between groups (Time × Group, p = .046) in which the tailored group had decreasing stiffness over the three time points, denoting continued improvement. The general group’s stiffness improved from baseline to 4 wk but returned to baseline levels at 10 wk. CONCLUSION. Tailoring activity pacing may be effective in sustaining improvements in self-perceived joint stiffness in adults with OA
Ecology and management of whitefly-transmitted viruses of vegetable crops in Florida.

A variety of fresh market vegetables, including watermelon and tomato are economically important crops in Florida. Whitefly-transmitted Squash vein yellowing virus (SqVYV) was first identified in squash and watermelon in Florida in 2005 and shown to cause a severe decline of watermelon vines as crops approach harvest. Florida is most economically impacted by SqVYV, although the virus has been detected more recently in Indiana and South Carolina. The origin and evolutionary history of SqVYV, one of the few members of the genus Ipomovirus within the family Potyviridae, are not known. Sequence diversity of SqVYV isolates collected at different times, from different locations and from different plant species is being analyzed for insights into the origin of the virus. More recently, Cucurbit leaf crumple virus (CuLCrV) and Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV), also whitefly-transmitted, have been detected in watermelon in Florida. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) was first detected in south Florida tomato crops in 1997. Several surveys have been conducted in the region to identify alternative hosts for these four viruses. Cucurbit weeds including Balsam-apple (Momordica charantia), creeping cucumber (Melothria pendula) and smellmelon (Cucumis melo var. dudaim) provide reservoirs for SqVYV, CuLCrV and/or CYSDV. Green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) also can be a reservoir for CuLCrV. No wild hosts of TYLCV have been reported in Florida. The effectiveness of insecticides and silver plastic mulch to manage whiteflies and mitigate TYLCV has been demonstrated and is currently being evaluated for SqVYV, CuLCrV and CYSDV. In addition, potential sources of SqVYV resistance have been identified in greenhouse and field screening of watermelon germplasm. Further studies to refine these sources of resistance are underway. Lastly, a comprehensive map of 33,560 hectares (82,928 acres) of vegetable fields in the three counties comprising the majority of the southwest Florida vegetable production area has been developed to identify ‘hot spots’ and reservoir crops for viruses and whiteflies, and will be useful in evaluation of management strategies to decrease virus incidence in commercial fields.
High-power relativistic klystron amplifier research at the Naval Research Laboratory

Development of high power relativistic klystron amplifiers (RKAs) at the naval research laboratory is going to be discussed. The present RKA is of a cylindrical geometry and is currently operating in the multi GW range. We are using the present geometry as a test bed for new concepts of high power RKAs. For example, a new geometry of the Relativistic Klystron Amplifier (RKA) was designed. The new RKA will use a thin 45 cm diameter electron beam of 50 GW power. This electron beam will be confined by an external magnetic field between two coaxially grounded metallic tubes. High voltage gaps feeding coaxial cavities will be inserted in the annular drift tube. A 5 MW RF source feeding the cavities will be used to modulate the electron beam. The frequency of modulation can be extended with this geometry to the 10 Ghz region. We predict that 30% - 40% of the power can be extracted as an RF pulse.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Effect of Nutrition Information on Brand Rating: Test for a Non‐Use Benefit

Although consumers tend to express positive attitudes toward nutrition labeling when questioned directly, research indicates that most people do not use the information to help them make purchase decisions. While direct usage rates may be low, there may, however, be non-use benefits associated with the information. This article describes the findings from a laboratory experiment which employed an indirect and highly structured research method to study an important non-use benefit. The results indicate that consumers have more favorable attitudes toward food products which supply more information on the label.
Particulate and filter feeding in threadfin shad, Dorosoma petenense, at different light intensities

Previous workers inferred from stomach analyses that threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense) ate plankton by both filter and particulate feeding. These inferences were confirmed in this study by laboratory experiments in which both types of feeding were observed. Threadfin shad consumed relatively small food particles (≤ 0.39 mm) by filtration, while larger prey (7.5 mm) were eaten individually. The shad were able to filter feed on small foods (brine shrimp nauplii and phytoplankton) at all light intensities from 0 to 9 × 101 fL. These data indicate that under natural conditions shad can filter feed at any time of the 24 h period if food conditions are sufficient to trigger feeding. Filter feeding is probably induced by chemoreception rather than vision. The particulate feeding rate decreased as light intensity decreased, reaching a minimum between 9 × 10−4 and 9 × 10−5 fL. From these data it is inferred that particulate feeding is a visual process in this species, requiring intensities equivalent to bright moonlight or greater. Filter and particulate feeding abilities allow threadfin shad to consume most of the different types of plankton and to change their diet with seasonal changes in the composition of the plankton.
Analysis of an expert search query log

Expert search has made rapid progress in modeling, algorithms and evaluations in the recent years. However, there is very few work on analyzing how users interact with expert search systems. In this paper, we conduct analysis of an expert search query log. The aim is to understand the special characteristics of expert search usage. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the earliest work on expert search query log analysis. We find that expert search users generally issue shorter queries, more common queries, and use more advanced search features, with fewer queries in a session, than general Web search users do. This study explores a new research direction in expert search by analyzing and exploiting query logs.
Effects of directional and neutral category labels in bidimensional rule-learning problems.

In bidimensional concept problems, the distinction between primary and complementary rule forms is, in some sense, a function of the directional nature of the sorting category labels. Primary rules are those rules which assign the TT class to the “positive” category. Complementary rule forms are obtained by reversing these category assignments. Instead of directional labels, neutral labels can be used. Reversing these labels creates no fundamental change in the solution of the problem. The present experiment investigates the effect of directional and neutral category labels in a design which incorporates all 12 problems defined by the combination of directional and neutral labels. Significant effects of labels on performance were obtained. Implications of these effects for hypotheses advanced by Seggie (1969), Peters and Denny (1971), and Bourne and Guy (1968) are discussed
Development of SAM-based multi-layer SERS substrates for intracellular analyses

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a powerful tool for intracellular analyses due its minimally invasive nature and molecular specificity. This research focuses on optimizing the sensitivity of SERS in order to widely apply it to the detection of ultra-trace biomolecules within individual living cells. Recent results have shown that large SERS enhancement factors (EF) can be achieved with multi-layer SERS substrates. To fabricate multi-layer SERS substrates, alternating layers of metal films and dielectric spacers are cast over a non-confluent monolayer of nanostructures. Individual particles of these substrates are then immobilized with antibodies to develop SERS-based immuno-nanosensors. The multi-layer SERS EFs can be increased by the use of appropriate dielectric spacer to fabricate the substrates. To further understand the effect of dielectric spacers on the multi-layer SERS EFs, this talk discusses the characterization of the SERS enhancements of multi-layer metal film on nanostructure SERS substrates fabricated with self-assembled monolayer (SAM) spacers. Monolayers with different chain lengths have been systematically capped with varying amount of metal films. It was found that the SERS EFs depend on the nature of the monolayer formed and the amount of metal film deposited on the monolayer. Using optimal SAMs and the appropriate amount of metal film overlayers, SAM multi-layer SERS substrate with optimized SERS intensity can be fabricated. This talk will also explore the functionalization of the SERS substrates with appropriate bio-recognition elements to develop SERS-based immuno-nanosensors.
Examining gender differences in intuitive decision making in the workplace : an exploratory investigation

Intuitive decision making is increasingly being viewed as a viable managerial decision tool in today's complex and competitive landscape. However, a general lack of consensus in the literature exists as to what intuition is, along with various unfounded generalizations about who uses it (e.g., women or men). Therefore, in this paper, we present results from an exploratory investigation that attempted to elucidate perceived gender differences in intuitive decision making in the workplace. Based upon interviews of 51 experienced professionals, we report: 1) how this sample of male and female practitioners defined intuition, and 2) our results regarding gender differences in the use of intuitive decision making. In terms of the latter, we highlight participant insights regarding: women's use of intuition in work versus non-work settings, reasons women may negate intuition in workplace decision making, and reasons men may invoke their intuition at work. Finally, based upon the results of the present study, implications for both research and practice are discussed. Gender & Behaviour Vol.3 2005: 252-268
Unified mathematical programming frameworks for survivable logical topology routing in IP-over-WDM optical networks

The survivable logical topology routing problem in an IP-over-WDM optical network is to map each link (u, v) in the logical topology (at the IP layer) into a lightpath between the nodes u and v in the physical topology (at the optical layer) such that failure of a physical link does not cause the logical topology to become disconnected. It is assumed that both the physical and logical topologies are at least two-edge connected. For this problem, two lines of investigation have been pursued in the literature: one pioneered by Modiano and Narula-Tam [Proc. IEEE INFO-COM, 2001, p. 348] and the other pioneered by Kurant and Thiran [Proc. Int. Conf. on Broadband Networks (BROAD-NETS), 2004, p. 44]. Since then there has been a great deal of research on this problem. Most of the works have not considered limitations imposed on the routings by physical capacity limits and other metrics in addition to survivability. In this paper, we first introduce two concepts: weakly survivable routing and strongly survivable routing. We then provide mathematical programming formulations for two problems. The first problem is to design a survivable lightpath routing that maximizes the logical demand satisfaction before and after a physical link failure. The second problem is to add spare capacities to the physical links to guarantee routability of all logical link demands before and after a physical link failure. We conclude with heuristics that mitigate the computational complexity of the mathematical programming formulations and with simulation results comparing these heuristics with the mathematical programming formulations.
Radiation degradation behavior of chlorine‐containing vinyl copolymers. Search for improved electron‐beam resists

Vinyl copolymers with high radiation degradation sensitivity have been synthesized by copolymerizing vinylidene chloride (VDC), CH/sub 2/ = CCl/sub 2/, with methyl methacrylate (MMA), methacrylonitrile, methyl ..cap alpha..-chloroacrylate, and dimethyl itaconate using emulsion techniques. In addition, copolymers of methyl ..cap alpha..-chloroacrylate with methyl methacrylate and poly(..cap alpha..-chloroacrylonitrile) were studied. Introduction of vinylidene chloride into methyl methacrylate polymers caused a sharp increase in G/sub s/ even at relatively low VDC incorporation. Upon 29% VDC incorporation, the G/sub s/ value increased from 1.3 (homopolymer of MMA) to 3.4. G/sub s/ was found to be a linear function of copolymer content for several systems, but G/sub x/ was not. At higher VDC levels, the increase in G/sub s/ was countered by increases in G/sub x/. At lower VDC levels, G/sub x/ was suppressed below the values predicted by a linear G/sub x/ dependence on composition for such systems as VDC/MMA, MCA/MMA, and ..cap alpha..-chloroacrylonitrile/MMA. The VDC/MMA copolymer (29% VDC) gave a sensitivity of 4.0 x 10/sup -5/ C/cm/sup 2/ to electron beam exposure using the 0% unexposed resist thickness loss criterion and is 2 to 3 times more sensitive than PMMA. Poly(..cap alpha..-chloroacrylonitrile) is a negative resist with a sensitivity of 5 x more » 10/sup -5/ C/cm/sup 2/ using one-micron line images for testing. « less
Einstein A Coefficient for the Λ Doublet Transitions of the Ground State of OH

FOR some time now there has been some uncertainty in the literature of the correct value for the Einstein A coefficients for the ground state Λ doublet transitions of OH. Barrett1 calculated A = 2.66 × 10−11 sec−1 for the 1,667 Mc/s line using a matrix element |μij|2 taken from Dousmanis, Sanders and Townes2. This element is incorrect both because the form of its dependence on the rotational quantum number J was incorrectly given as [(J + 1)(2J + 1)]−1, and also because the element was incorrectly defined as (1). The appropriate definition is given below. The correct J-dependence, which is [J(J + 1)]−1, was given by Meyer3, in connexion with the Stark-effect determination of the OH dipole moment, μ because Meyer used an electric field directed so that only transitions of type ΔMJ = 0 occurred between the magnetic sub-levels characterized by quantum number MJ, the problem of combining these elements with those for which ΔMJ = ±1 to form an overall matrix element μij was not encountered. To derive the overall matrix element between the Λ doublet levels of the ground state of OH, Goss and Weaver4 combined the correct J-factor of Meyer with standard relative intensity formulae for hyperfine transitions as given by Townes and Schawlow5 to derive A = 0.9640 × 10−11 sec−1 for the 1,667 Mc/s line. They also used the most recent values for the OH dipole moment and the fine structure interaction constant, the calculation making use of the theory for intermediate coupling between Hunds's cases (a) and (b), as given by Dousmanis, Sanders and Townes2.
FISCAL PRODUCTIVITY AND THE PURE THEORY OF URBAN RENEWAL

Efforts to evaluate the impact of land use changes resulting from the redevelopment process (whether subsidized or not) are commendable. The intial use of a highly oversimplified and mechanistic benefit-cost approach limited to changes in property tax productivity and costs of services has led to critical evaluation of conceptual problems and measurement techniques and methodology. The result has been a consequent recognition of the inadequacies of this approach and efforts towards conceptual refinement and improvement of measurement techniques. The range of considerations involved in formulating criteria for project selection and choice among projects (priorities) requires a more inclusive conceptual framework. Current research, recognizing the shortcomings of the fiscal productivity approach, is making headway in a broader application of the benefit-cost framework to urban redevelopment.
The United Nations and Terrorism: Rethinking Legal Tensions Between National Security, Human Rights, and Civil Liberties

As the international community responds to the September 11 attacks and the general war on terrorism, member states in the United Nations (UN) must continue to address the balance between the rights of the individual and the security of the state. This study highlights the various roles that the UN plays in combating transnational terrorism through norm setting, codification of human rights law, as well as the drafting and effective implementation of 12 key multilateral agreements aimed at counter‐terrorism. In these ways, the UN provides direction and guidance for implementing human rights rules and the ways in which they should be enforced. Even so, national governments must make these rules work. In a system of sovereign states, the role of the UN organization in checking or reversing these human rights abuses remains severely limited and largely dependent upon the political will of the member states. As a consequence, part of the price paid for protecting national security against threats posed by terrorism may well be the curtailment of some human rights and civil liberties within the liberal democratic state.
Synthetic Macroporous Silicas with Multilamellar Structure

We report a novel mixed-surfactant-based synthesis for growing new macroporous forms of silica. The dominant morphology is a fairly regular honeycomb-like construction with roughly 0.5−3-μm pores and 100−200-nm silica dividing walls. These walls consist of mesoscopic multilamellar structures. Interference optical microscopy observation and 23Na and 13C magic-angle spinning NMR diagnosed the single- and double-tailed surfactants with opposite charges on their headgroups, producing equilibrium vesicles spontaneously. A model that accounts for the architecture of the multilamellar silicas with macroporous morphologies involves the deposition of silica in the interfacial regions of contiguous assemblies of silicate−surfactant vesicles. Synthesizing shapes over μ-length scales provides new opportunities for understanding nature's biosilicification processes and potential uses where macroscopic form determines function, such as the separation, sensing, release, and catalysis of macro- and biomolecules.
Counseling the “Imperial” Client: Translating Robert Kegan

Counselors pride themselves on their developmental focus; however, they have generally only applied phasic theories to counseling practice and have not incorporated constructive “stage” theories in...