cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of Microchannel Boundary Conditions on Gas Diffusion Layer Saturation and Transport in Fuel Cells

Flooding within a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cell occurs during operation as a result of product water vapor condensing near the surface of the cathode; this can be detrimental to fuel cell performance due to its role in reducing oxygen transport throughout the GDL. Previous Gas Diffusion Layer (GDL) transport models have made use of a zero-saturation boundary condition at the GDL/Oxygen (O2 ) gas channel (GC) interface. However, the physical correctness of this saturation boundary condition is still unclear. Further investigation of the saturation boundary condition could lead to a more robust model of the GDL saturation distribution and cathodic flooding. This exploration provides a one-dimensional two-phase transport model for saturation as well as liquid water and gaseous oxygen pressure distributions throughout the cathode-side gas diffusion layer (GDL) within a PEM fuel cell. The focus of this investigation is on the impact of non-zero saturation boundary conditions at the GDL / GC interface, and its impact on two-phase transport within the porous medium, with regard to fuel cell performance. Saturation boundary conditions at this location are determined based on GDL interfacial liquid coverage of water droplets that diffuse through the porous medium during operation and block oxygen transport paths. The results of this investigation suggest that non-zero saturation boundary conditions at the GDL/GC interface are evident when analyzing two-phase phenomena, which affect the overall saturation distribution throughout the GDL, and consequent performance of the fuel cell. In addition, GDL membranes with large porosities were found to improve gas and liquid transport by lowering the saturation at the GDL / Cathode interface that would otherwise impede oxygen transport.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Comparison of methods to predict scapular notching from radiographs after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty

Scapular notching is a complication of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA) that results in bone loss on the lateral border of the scapula. Notching has been reported in up to 86% of patients at 5 year follow-up [1], and is graded 1–4 as a function of progressive bone loss [2]. Notching may arise from impingement, erosion, periprosthetic osteolysis, stress shielding or a combination of these [1]. Glenosphere position can mitigate notching by limiting hardware impingement [3–5], but may increase the forces required to abduct the arm [6]. Clinicians might optimize patient range of motion and function via implant placement if susceptibility to notching was known a-priori.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Eight decades of maize streak virus research

Abstract Maize streak virus (MSV) (genus Mastrevirus; family Geminiviridae) causes what is considered the most important and widespread disease of maize in sub-Saharan Africa. Maize streak was named by Storey in 1925. Since his classical work on the virus and its leafhopper vectors of the genus Cicadulina China, MSV has been the subject of intensive research. Aspects concerning the geographical distribution, virus diversity, molecular characterization, vector–virus relationships and resistance breeding are reviewed. Special emphasis is placed on recent studies of MSV ecology and epidemiology in West Africa.
Biogenesis of catalase in glyoxysomes and leaf-type peroxisomes of sunflower cotyledons.

Abstract Eight charge isoforms of catalase (EC 1.11.1.6.) appeared in the peroxisomes of sunflower cotyledons during growth after germination (2.5 days of dark, continuous light thereafter). In the light, when glyoxysomes were transformed to leaf-type peroxisomes, the five more-basic forms (CAT 1 through CAT 5) became more prominent, while amounts of the three more-acidic forms (CAT 6 through CAT 8) decreased considerably. The isoforms CAT 1 through CAT 5 were hybrids of 55-and 59-kDa subunits, whereas CAT 6 through CAT 8 contained 55-kDa subunits exclusively. The catalase translation products changed during the transition of glyoxysomes to leaf-type peroxisomes. Polyadenylated RNA from 2-day-old cotyledons directed synthesis of 56-kDa subunits, whereas 59-kDa subunits predominated after in vitro translation of RNA from 4-day-old cotyledons. Both translation products were processed to lower molecular weight forms in vivo. The 56-kDa translation products were precursors for 55-kDa subunits in glyoxysomes. It could not be decided however, whether the 59-kDa precursors were processed to 56-kDa or 55-kDa subunits, because both subunits of lower molecular weight were present in leaf-type peroxisomes. Some of the 59-kDa precursors escaped proteolytic processing and formed hybrid isoforms (CAT 1 through CAT 5) with mature 55-kDa subunits. This type of isoform formation, i.e., condensation of mature and unprocessed subunits, has not yet been described for other plant catalases. In summary, the results showed that the postgerminative changes in the number and abundance of catalase isoforms resulted from changes in translation (transcription) of catalase precursors and assembly of proteolytically processed and unprocessed subunits into tetramers within peroxisomes acquiring leaf peroxisomal function.
Interferon effects on the growth and division of human fibroblasts.

Abstract The overall rate of proliferation of human fibroblasts in culture is reduced at interferon concentrations greater than 40 international reference units (U)/ml. Inhibition is near maximal at 640 U/ml, at which concentration the doubling time between 24 and 72 h after beginning of treatment is increased 2–3 times over the control value. Inhibition of cell proliferation was not readily reversible upon removal of interferon and refeeding of cultures. Study of the mitotic behavior of individual cells showed that the first intermitotic interval after beginning of treatment with interferon (640 U/ml) was prolonged in about two-thirds of the cells. In this fraction, many cells failed to divide again after the second post-treatment mitosis, while others exhibited a progressively increasing intermitotic interval with subsequent divisions. One-third of the interferon-treated fibroblasts initially divided at a rate similar to the rate of proliferation of control cells, but subsequently these cells also slowed down and finally stopped dividing. After treatment at 640 U/ml for 3 days, the rates of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis were depressed to 86, 75, and 64% of control values, respectively. However, the interferon-treated fibroblasts had grown larger than control cells as indicated by the following parameters: cell attachment area, 165%; volume, 131%; DNA content, 130% and protein content, 150%. Thus, interferon does not prevent cell growth, but interferes with cell division.
Estimating the mean life time when new is better than used in expectation

Abstract Let X be a non-negative random variable with a cumulative distribution function (c.d.f.) F. F is said to be new better than used in expectation (NBUE) if ∫ t ∞ F (x) d x ⩽ F (t) ∫ 0 ∞ F (x) d x , for all t ≥ 0. Let F n ( x ) be the empirical survival function based on a random sample of size n from an NBUE distribution F. This paper is dedicated to the study of the estimator g m(e) defined as sup ∫ t ∞ F n (x) d x F n (t) , where the supremum is taken over all t for which F n (t) > e . It is shown that g m(e) is strong consistent for μ= ∫ 0 ∞ F (x) d x
High anisotropy utilized diffuse light suppression for large area spectroscopic imaging

A unique optical property of biological tissue is high anisotropy so that light is scattered in the same direction with respect to the incident direction. We demonstrate that simple back-directional gating allows us to take advantage of such an intrinsic property of biological tissue to significantly suppress unwanted diffuse light. In back-directional gated imaging, the high anisotropic property of the surrounding medium can serve as a waveguide in a moderate depth. Although this idea is straightforward, it has not been utilized for diffuse light suppression and imaging quality improvement such as contrast and resolution in large-area imaging for biological tissue. We further show that by combining a spectral analysis with back-directional gated imaging, image contrast and depth can be dramatically enhanced for visualizing stromal microvascular blood content in a relatively large area. Because microvasculature can be heterogeneous, our imaging approach can permit detailed visualization of microvascularity in a relatively large area up to ~20 mm x 20 mm.
Bilateral testicular tumors in an infant.

A 7-month-old infant showed bilateral enlarged, nontender scrotal masses. The level of α-fetoprotein was greater than 10,000 ng/ml preoperatively; a high left inguinal orchiectomy was performed for a suspected yolk-sac tumor. The right testis was diagnosed as a mature teratoma because it was not possible to establish a line of cleavage between the tumor and the normal tissue, and a high right inguinal orchiectomy was performed. Only one case of bilateral testicular teratomas has been reported in the literature to date. We report a rare second case of bilateral testicular tumors, one a yolk-sac tumor and the other a teratoma.
Photodynamic Therapy for Unresectable Cholangiocarcinoma

Cholangiocarcinoma (CC) is a rare primary malignancy of the biliary tract with a dismal prognosis. Curative resection can only be applied to a small proportion of early diagnosed patients. Palliative biliary drainage by either percutaneous or endoscopic insertion of endoprostheses improves quality-of-life by reducing pruritis, cholangitis, and pain, but has been reported to improve survival time only slightly. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a relatively new local, minimally invasive palliative strategy for unresectable CC. PDT uses a photosensitive molecule that accumulates in proliferating tissue such as tumors. Activation of the photosensitizer by use of light of a specific wavelength generates reactive oxygen species leading to selective tumor-cell death. After initial feasibility studies and promising prospective phase II studies, results from two prospective randomized controlled trials comparing PDT after endoprostheses insertion with endoprostheses alone for patients with unresectable CC have been published. One study resulted in dramatically prolonged median survival in the PDT group (493 days) compared with the non-PDT group (98 days) (P < 0.0001), and significantly improved performance status (PS) in the PDT group. A second study with high baseline patients’ PS confirmed the benefit of PDT for survival (630 days in the PDT group compared with 210 days for endoprostheses alone, P < 0.01). The procedures were generally well tolerated. PDT has also been reported to have a favorable outcome as adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy for CC. Although accumulated data and local expertise are limited, PDT can be regarded as a standard palliative therapy for unresectable CC.
AMPLIFICATION AND ATTENUATION OF SOUND BY BURNING PROPELLANTS

Abstract : From the point of view of determining the acoustic stability of a solid propellant rocket motor, it is vital to know whether or not a sound wave is amplified or attenuated upon reflection from the burning surface. If amplification occurs, instability may result. This question has two parts to its answer. The first part concerns the burning response of the combustion layer itself to an acoustic pressure fluctuation, and the second part concerns the matching of an incident and reflected sound wave at the surface in order to determine whether the reflected wave has been amplified or attenuated. In previous theoretical treatments it has been customary to ignore the simultaneous existence of thermal or entropy waves when performing this matching procedure. In this study, the detailed matching of the thermo-acoustic field at the combustion zone boundary is carried out and the results are examined in the light of previous studies on the acoustic stability of solid propellant rocket motors. (Author)
The amino acid sequence of amphomycin. I. The "core-hexapeptide".

A hexapeptide with the amino acid sequence glycyl-D-erythro-α, β-diaminobutyryl-L-valyl-L-prolyl-(L-threo-α, β-diaminobutyric acid, D-pipecolic acid) was obtained by selective acid hydrolysis of amphomycin.
Electronic Postcompensation of Fiber Nonlinearity for 40 Gbit∕s WDM Systems

We propose a technique to electronically postcompensate fiber nonlinearity in ≥40 Gbit/s long-haul WDM transmission systems. We have analyzed this technique for return-to-zero and carrier-suppressed return-to-zero modulation formats using two different dispersion maps. Our analysis shows that the proposed technique can increase the overall system margin by more than 1.0 dB in 40 Gbit/s long-haul WDM transmission systems.
Does Informal Care Attenuate the Cycle of ADL/IADL Disability and Depressive Symptoms in Late Life?

Objective. Prior studies have extensively examined the reciprocal relation between disability and depressive symptoms in late life, but little is known about whether informal care attenuates the reciprocal relation over time. This study examined whether disability and depressive symptoms mobilize informal care and whether informal care, once mobilized, protects older adults against the progression of disability and depressive symptoms. Methods. The analysis was based on 6,454 community-dwelling older adults who were interviewed in one or more waves of the Health and Retirement Study between 1998 and 2006. Extending an autoregressive cross-lagged model, we constructed 3 cycles of the relations among disability, depressive symptoms, and informal care. Comparing the relations across 3 cycles informs us about the attenuating effect of informal care on the relation between disability and depressive symptoms over time. Results. Although older adults’ disability and depressive symptoms mobilized informal care initially, worsening disability and depressive symptoms often exhausted support. Receipt of care generally increased, rather than decreased, disability and depressive symptoms, and the detrimental effects remained the same over time. Discussion. We need to better understand the linkage between disability and depressive symptoms and seek effective interventions to reduce caregiver strain and enhance care receivers’ well-being.
Effects of strong correlations in single electron traps in field-effect transistors

We study effects of strong electron-electron and electron-phonon correlations in single electron traps in metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (FETs). In order to explain the strong suppression of single electron tunneling in the trap, we introduce a model in which the excess charge of the trap couples to a local lattice deformation. By using nonperturbative techniques, we derive an effective low-energy action for the system. The behavior of the system is characterized by simultaneous polaron tunneling (corresponding to the charging and discharging of the trap) and Kondo screening of the trap spin in the singly occupied state. Hence, the obtained state of the system is a hybrid between the Kondo regime, typically associated with single electron occupancy, and the mixed valence regime, associated with large charge fluctuations. In the presence of a strong magnetic field, we demonstrate that the system is equivalent to a two-level system coupled to an Ohmic bath, with a bias controlled by the applied magnetic field. Due to the Kondo screening, the effect of the magnetic field is significantly suppressed in the singly occupied state. We claim that this suppression can be responsible for the experimentally observed anomalous magnetic field dependence of the average trap occupancy in Si-Si0/sub 2/ FETs.
Mechanical Failure Characteristics of Native and Modified Egg White Gels

Abstract Mechanical failure characteristics of cooked egg white were evaluated using a torsion test and a uniaxial compression test. Native egg white and egg white modified with acetic anhydride, succinic anhydride, and oleic acid were evaluated. Gels were formed by cooking egg white to 80 C in stainless steel cylinders submerged in a 90 C waterbath. All gels had a Poisson's ratio of .49, indicating that the gels were incompressible materials. Gels made from succinylated or oleic acid-treated albumen were highly deformable and did not fail in compression. When comparing torsion and compression results, shear stresses, true shear strains, and shear moduli for native and acetylated egg white gels were in good agreement. Shear stresses at failure by torsion testing ranged from 13.0 to 19.8 KPa. True shear strain at failure for oleic acid-treated and succinylated egg white gels were approximately three times as great as for native egg white gels. Shear modulus values were about half as large. The results confirm that changes in physicochemical properties of proteins prior to heat gelling significantly affect the failure properties. The sensitivity of the torsion test suggests that earlier examination of egg white gel texture properties by texturometer testing may have underestimated the differences in gels due to the modification procedures applied.
Application of the microbond technique. IV. Improved fiber–matrix adhesion by RF plasma treatment of organic fibers

The microbond technique is a modification of the single-fiber pullout test for measuring interfacial shear strength. Briefly, a cured microdroplet of material is debonded in shear from a single fiber. Ultra-high modulus polyethylene (Spectra) fibers and aramid fibers (Kevlar) were treated using a radio frequency plasma in order to increase the interfacial bond between the fibers and an epoxy resin. The treated fiber surface was subsequently analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Plasma treatment resulted in an increased concentration of oxygen containing functionalities on the fiber surface. The interfacial shear strength as determined by the microbond test increased by 118% for the Spectra fibers and by 45% for the Kevlar fibers with the same epoxy resin. Scanning electron microscopy indicated little change of the surface topography of either fiber following plasma treatment. Effects of friction and surface composition of the plasma-treated fibers is discussed. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Management of xanthomonas leaf blight of onion with bacteriophages and a plant activator

Xanthomonas leaf blight of onion (Allium cepa), caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. allii, continues to be a challenging and yield-threatening disease in Colorado and other regions of onion production worldwide. Studies were conducted to develop management strategies for this disease that are equally effective and more sustainable than the current practices of making multiple applications of copper bactericides. Mixtures of bacteriophages and the plant defense activator, acibenzolar-S-methyl, were evaluated under field and greenhouse conditions for their abilities to reduce Xanthomonas leaf blight severity. Bacteriophage populations in the phyllosphere of onion were monitored over time. Bacteriophage populations persisted on onion leaves for at least 72 to 96 h under field and greenhouse conditions, respectively. Under field conditions at one location, biweekly or weekly applications of bacteriophages reduced disease severity by 26 to 50%, which was equal to or better than weekly applications of copper hydroxide plus mancozeb. Acibenzolar-S-methyl also successfully reduced disease severity by up to 50% when used alone preventatively or followed by biweekly bacteriophage applications. Reductions in disease severity generally were not associated with improvements in onion bulb size or yield. Integration of bacteriophage mixtures with acibenzolar-S-methyl appears to be a promising strategy for managing Xanthomonas leaf blight of onion, and could reduce grower reliance on conventional copper bactericide applied with ethylenebisdithiocarbamate fungicides.
Just Beyond Reality's Edge: Kira Lynn Harris

In April 2009 Kira Lynn Harris debuted a new body of work in a solo presentation at CUE Art Foundation in New York. This article examines two site-specific installations in that exhibition: 2001, Mirror , which references Stanley Kubrick's film 2001: A Space Odyssey , and Prism, Mirror, Lens , inspired by Samuel R. Delany's landmark science fiction novel Dhalgren . While Harris's large-scale Mylar-and-light installations often refer to the Light and Space artists of her native California, to Robert Smithson, to Land Art, and to minimalism and various other areas of art history, her work is studied here, for the first time, through the lens of Afrofuturism.
An evaluation of functional unit lengths for single-chip processors

When designing a pipelined single-chip processor (SCP) with pipelined functional units of varying length, the processor issue logic must deal with scheduling of the result bus. In order to prevent serious performance degradation due to result bus conflicts, some pipeline scheduling techniques developed in the 1970's may need to be incorporated into the issue logic. Since this is a non-trivial complication of the issue logic, a set of simulations were performed in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the combination of multiple length functional units and scheduling techniques. Analysis of the simulation results indicates that providing relatively short multiple length functional units is not worthwhile. Multiple length functional unit configurations employing result bus scheduling do perform slightly better than uniform length configurations, but the difference is often less than 1%. Thus, the SCP designer should not waste valuable time improving the performance of each functional unit, but rather should produce a good design for the most complicated unit and design all other units to match it.
Usefulness of Precordial T-Wave Inversion to Distinguish Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy from Idiopathic Ventricular Tachycardia Arising from the Right Ventricular Outflow Tract

The 2 predominant causes of ventricular tachycardia (VT) arising from the right ventricle are arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) and idiopathic VT arising from the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT). These arrhythmias can be adrenergically mediated and may be difficult to distinguish clinically. A minor criterion for the diagnosis of ARVC is T-wave inversion (TWI) in the right precordial leads during sinus rhythm. However, there have been reports of precordial TWI identified in patients with RVOT tachycardia. The purpose of this study was to determine whether patterns of precordial TWI could differentiate between the 2 groups. A multicenter registry of 229 patients with VT of right ventricular origin was evaluated. After appropriate exclusions (n = 29), 79 patients (58% men, mean age 40 ± 14 years) had ARVC, and 121 patients (41% men, mean age 48 ± 14 years) had RVOT tachycardia. During sinus rhythm, 37 patients (47%) with ARVC and 5 patients (4%) with RVOT tachycardia had TWI in leads V 1 to V 3 . For the diagnosis of ARVC, TWI in leads V 1 to V 3 had sensitivity of 47% and specificity of 96%. In conclusion, in patients with VT of right ventricular origin, the presence of TWI in electrocardiographic leads V 1 to V 3 supports the diagnosis of ARVC.
Studies on mechanism of action of Salicylates V: Effect of Salicylic acid on enzymes involved in mucopolysaccharides synthesis

Salicylic acid (SA) and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), unlike cortisone, promote the release of lysosomal enzymes rather than protecting rat liver lysosomal membrane. Salicylic acid inhibits the oxidation of uridine-5-diphosphoglucose (UDPG) competitively with nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide (NAD) and noncompetitively with UDPG. It also competitively inhibits the transferring of glucuronyl group of uridine-5-phosphoglucuronic acid (UDPGA) to the phenolic acceptor. The wound-healing retardation action of salicylates is probably due mainly to its inhibitory action on mucopolysaccharide synthesis.
Filopodial Calcium Transients Promote Substrate-Dependent Growth Cone Turning

Filopodia that extend from neuronal growth cones sample the environment for extracellular guidance cues, but the signals they transmit to growth cones are unknown. Filopodia were observed generating localized transient elevations of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) that propagate back to the growth cone and stimulate global Ca2+ elevations. The frequency of filopodial Ca2+ transients was substrate-dependent and may be due in part to influx of Ca2+ through channels activated by integrin receptors. These transients slowed neurite outgrowth by reducing filopodial motility and promoted turning when stimulated differentially within filopodia on one side of the growth cone. These rapid signals appear to serve both as autonomous regulators of filopodial movement and as frequency-coded signals integrated within the growth cone and could be a common signaling process for many motile cells.
Superionic to superionic phase change in water: Consequences for the interiors of Uranus and Neptune

Using density functional molecular dynamics free energy calculations, we show that the body centered cubic (bcc) phase of superionic ice previously believed to be the only phase is, in fact, thermodynamically unstable compared to a novel phase with oxygen positions in face centered cubic lattice sites. The novel phase has a lower proton mobility than the bcc phase and may exhibit a higher melting temperature. We predict a transition between the two phases at a pressure of 1±0.5 Mbar, with potential consequences for the interiors of ice giants such as Uranus and Neptune.
Idiopathic Urgency Urinary Incontinence

At least weekly, a 62-year-old teacher has a strong sense of urgency to urinate, followed by leakage as she rushes to the bathroom. She sometimes leaks urine during exercise. She takes hydrochlorothiazide for mild hypertension. On physical examination, she is found to be obese and not to have abdominal masses or pelvic-organ prolapse.
Reduction in consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with weight loss: the PREMIER trial.

Background: Consumption of liquid calories from beverages has increased in parallel with the obesity epidemic in the US population, but their causal relation remains unclear. Objective: The objective of this study was to examine how changes in beverage consumption affect weight change among adults. Design: This was a prospective study of 810 adults participating in the PREMIER trial, an 18-mo randomized, controlled, behavioral intervention trial. Measurements (weight, height, and 24-h dietary recall) were made at baseline, 6 mo, and 18 mo. Results: Baseline mean intake of liquid calories was 356 kcal/d (19% of total energy intake). After potential confounders and intervention assignment were controlled for, a reduction in liquid calorie intake of 100 kcal/d was associated with a weight loss of 0.25 kg (95% CI: 0.11, 0.39; P < 0.001) at 6 mo and of 0.24 kg (95% CI: 0.06, 0.41; P = 0.008) at 18 mo. A reduction in liquid calorie intake had a stronger effect than did a reduction in solid calorie intake on weight loss. Of the individual beverages, only intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) was significantly associated with weight change. A reduction in SSB intake of 1 serving/d was associated with a weight loss of 0.49 kg (95% CI: 0.11, 0.82; P = 0.006) at 6 mo and of 0.65 kg (95% CI: 0.22, 1.09; P = 0.003) at 18 mo. Conclusions: These data support recommendations to limit liquid calorie intake among adults and to reduce SSB consumption as a means to accomplish weight loss or avoid excess weight gain. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00000616","term_id":"NCT00000616"}}NCT00000616.
Prospects for Health Impact Assessment in the United States: New and Improved Environmental Impact Assessment or Something Different?

Health impact assessment (HIA) has been advanced as a means of bringing potential health impacts to the attention of policy makers, particularly in sectors where health impacts may not otherwise be considered. This article examines lessons for HIA in the United States from the related and relatively well-developed field of environmental impact assessment (EIA). We reviewed the EIA literature and conducted twenty phone interviews with EIA professionals. Successes of EIA cited by respondents included integration of environmental goals into decision making, improved planning, and greater transparency and public involvement. Reported shortcomings included the length and complexity of EIA documents, limited and adversarial public participation, and an emphasis on procedure over substance. Presently, EIAs consider few, if any, health outcomes. Respondents differed on the prospects for HIA. Most agreed that HIA could contribute to EIA in several areas, including assessment of cumulative impacts and impacts to environmental justice. Reasons given for not incorporating HIA into EIA were uncertainties about interpreting estimated health impacts, that EIA documents would become even longer and more complicated, and that HIA would gain little from the procedural and legal emphasis in EIA. We conclude that for HIA to advance, whether as part of or separate from EIA, well-formulated methodologies need to be developed and tested in real-world situations. When possible, HIA should build on the methods that have been utilized successfully in EIA. The most fruitful avenue is demonstration projects that test, refine, and demonstrate different methods and models to maximize their utility and acceptance.
Improved Probabilistic Load Flow Method to Consider Random Generator Outages

In conventional cumulant method of probabilistic load flow (PLF), random generator outages are usually simulated by discrete distributions of nodal power injections, but that will lead to significant error in AC load flow model. An improved PLF method base on AC model is proposed in this paper, which considers random generator outages and loads uncertainties. Cumulant and Gram-Charlier series expansion were applied to deal with the random variations of loads, instead of convolution calculations. According to the characteristics and focused aspects of power grid, certain generators were selected to form event group of generator outages and each event was analysed by exact load flow.Then total probability theorem was introduced to obtain the probabilistic distributions of node voltages and line flows that considered random factors of loads and generators.The case study of IEEE 39-bus system shows that the random generator outages remarkably affect the probabilistic distributions of state variables. The proposed method can avoid the error caused by generator outages in conventional cumulant method. Furthermore, the result of proposed method is consistent with that of Monte Carlo simulation, while computation speed is much faster.
Characteristics, Similarities, and Differences among Four-Year Cooperative Engineering Programs in the United States.

Four-year cooperative engineering programs are becoming more common in the United States. Cooperative engineering programs typically involve a “parent” institution with an established engineering program and one or more “satellite” institutions which typically have few or no engineering programs and are located in an area where there are few, if any, other local opportunities for students to study engineering. In spite of an extensive literature search, the investigators were not able to find much information on these types of programs. Thus, in an effort to learn more about the characteristics of such cooperative programs, Program Directors from universities involved in four-year cooperative engineering programs were asked about the nature of their programs. The purpose of the research project was to learn about the different approaches used in developing and administering cooperative engineering programs, and to understand the strength and weaknesses of the different approaches. A web-based survey, consisting of 26 open-ended questions, was sent to Program Directors from eleven universities; seven responded to all or a portion the survey questions. The survey requested information on majors offered, enrollment, ABET accreditation, age and geographic distribution of students, administrative policies, tuition practices, and other such characteristics of each program. The findings show that most of these cooperative programs have been in existence less than ten years. All are ABET accredited or plan to seek ABET accreditation. Most of the programs offer majors only in Civil, Electrical, and/or Mechanical Engineering. Administrative structures and procedures were similar among all the programs with only minor differences. Although four-year cooperative engineering programs are a relatively new phenomena in engineering education, the number of such programs appears to be increasing. The investigators expected to find that the majority of students in these programs were non-traditional, part-time students, who were geographically bound to the area served by the cooperative engineering program. However, the survey results revealed that the majority of students in these programs are full- time, traditional students, who live within 100 miles of the institution housing the program. The students apparently choose these programs to avoid the costs of room and board at the program’s parent campus. The findings of this survey are believed to be the first such survey done on four-year cooperative engineering programs in the U.S. The results of this research may be helpful to universities planning to start a cooperative engineering program.
WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF EMU ON GREECE'S EXPORTS TO THE EUROZONE?

This paper investigates the effect of EMU on Greece’s exports to Eurozone countries in the context of a generalized gravity model using panel data between Greece and twenty-one developed countries from 1981-2005. The dynamic panel model is estimated using Hansen’s two-step Generalized Method of Moments estimator. The results suggest that the EMU has led to a decrease in Greek exports to Eurozone countries. That decrease is statistically different than zero. The paper also finds empirical evidence that shows that the negative EMU effect on Greece’s exports to Eurozone is most likely due to a loss in Greece’s competitiveness in Eurozone markets.
The research and application of ultrasonic imaging technology in transformer internal fault detection

In view of the complex internal structure of the transformer, this paper presented the theoretical foundation of high sensitivity ultrasonic sensor signal receiving mechanism, and the relationship between ultrasonic signal amplitude modulation information and the location and shape information of the transformer internal structure. Through the study of ultrasound folding and reflection law in different internal media of transformer, the relationship between ultrasonic signals and the transformer internal structure is revealed, and the internal structure of transformer is imaged.
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) and gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) interaction on spontaneous potentials and evoked response in the avian tectum.

Discussion and ConclusionIn the chicken, parenteral administration of GABA causes an inhibition of the photically evoked response recorded from the tectum. It does not have any marked effect on spontaneous potentials recorded from the same structure (4, 6). These results, considered with other data, lead to the conclusion that GABA acts primarily as an inhibitor upon axosoomatic synapses (6, 10). LSD decreases the amplitude of spontaneous activity, enhances the evoked response and uncovers a prolonged series of potentials (afterpotentials) following the evoked response (7, 11). At the synaptic level, these results suggest an inhibitory effect upon axodendritic (depression of spontaneous activity) and an excitatory effect upon axosomatic connections (evoked response plus afterpotentials) (12, 13).The interaction of LSD and GABA is not surprising. It now appears possible to state more precisely the site and mechanism of LSD action in the avian brain.It has long been known that lowered brain GABA levels are ...
Working Memory Capacity and Self‐Explanation Strategy Use Provide Additive Problem‐Solving Benefits

Summary The present study examined the impact of working memory capacity (WMC) on college students' ability to solve probability problems while using a self-explanation strategy. Participants learned to solve probability problems in one of three conditions: a backward-faded self-explanation condition, an example problem pairs self-explanation condition, or a control (no self-explanation) condition. Even when accounting for the impact of WMC, learning to problem-solve using self-explanation led to superior problem-solving performance. Conditions that prompted self-explanation during problem-solving resulted in significantly better problem-solving performance than the control condition. These findings provide insight into the influence of individual differences on problem-solving when strategies are provided, as well as information about the effectiveness of the self-explanation strategy during mathematical problem-solving. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbon Filter Process for Flue-Gas Carbon Capture on Carbonaceous Sorbents: Field Tests of Steam-Aided Vacuum Swing Adsorption

A carbon filter that selectively captures CO2 from flue gas on porous carbonaceous sorbents is demonstrated in field tests. A new sorbent regeneration process, referred to as steam-aided vacuum swing adsorption (SA-VSA), uses steam under vacuum to displace CO2 from the carbon. Steam aids vacuum by reducing the partial pressure of CO2 without the need to reduce the total pressure to deep vacuum, which is a challenge for vacuum swing adsorption (VSA). In turn, vacuum prevents the bulk condensation of steam on the sorbent, which is a challenge for CO2 recovery using direct steam. Over 100 sorption–desorption cycles on flue gas produced in the lab and at two coal-fired power plants demonstrate that the SA-VSA-equipped carbon filter process can produce a nearly pure CO2 product (at least 98%) while achieving high recovery (at least 98%). While stable, flexible, and robust in achieving the very high recovery and purity targets, this technology offers ample room for improvement through process optimization and, ...
Long Distance Love: Growing Up a Liverpool Football Club Fan

This article explores the peculiar passions of football (soccer) fandom. Autobiographical in tone, it meditates at once on the personal dimension of fandom and larger theoretical concerns—the love for the Liverpool Football Club and postcolonialism belong to the same broad conversation. The article maps the process by which a fan in apartheid South Africa develops a deep and lasting relationship with an English football club; it demonstrates the arbitrariness of fandom and the importance of narrative (sports journalism) to long distance fandom; it explores how race and fandom complicate each other. It shows, most importantly, how fandom overcomes the debilitations of distance, the lack of technology, through a singular kind of imagination.
[Investigation on measles cases of new genotype D8 in Beijing, 2013].

Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of measles cases of new genotype D8 in Beijing from January to June,2013.Methods Epidemiological survey and descriptive analysis was conducted.Results 661 suspected measles were reported from January to June,2013.416 were confirmed measles cases by serology and etiology detection.28 measles cases were caused by genotype D8 measles virus by genotype identification.There were 2 measles outbreak including 14 cases and 14 sporadic cases.The incidence peak was during April and May.25 cases (89.3％,25/28) occurred in downtown and suburban districts.22 cases (78.5％,22/28) were adults aged 15-39 years and 19 cases (67.9％,19/28) were migrant population.12 cases (85.7％,12/14) in outbreak were migrant population working in clothing sales.There was epidemiological association between 2 outbreaks.Conclusion Measles cases of genotype D8 were found for the first time in Beijing.Genotype D8 virus mainly infected migrant adults and caused local outbreak and endemic. Key words: Measles; Genotype D8 virus; Outbreak
Transistor-based metamaterials with dynamically tunable nonlinear susceptibility

We present the design, analysis, and experimental demonstration of an electromagnetic metamaterial with a dynamically tunable effective nonlinear susceptibility. Split-ring resonators loaded with transistors are shown theoretically and experimentally to act as metamaterials with a second-order nonlinear susceptibility that can be adjusted through the use of a bias voltage. Measurements confirm that this allows for the design of a nonlinear metamaterial with adjustable mixing efficiency.
Conditional Maximum Likelihood Estimation in Gaussian Mixtures

The paper gives a brief history of the estimation problem for mixtures of gaussian populations. The classical maximum likelihood approach is not appropriate since the likelihood function is unbounded at each sample point. However, this does not seem to cause serious problems when iterative methods are used on a computer. This phenomenon is partially explained by the conditional likelihood approach taken in this paper. In addition, the conditional likelihood approach leads to consistent, asymptotically normal and efficient estimators for the parameters of the mixture. The results of a Monte Carlo study are reported for the univariate case and these show that the procedures provide reasonable estimators for small sample sizes. The methods are then extended to mixtures of multivariate gaussian populations.
Family drawings as attachment representations in a sample of post-institutionalized adopted children

Abstract Family drawings are thought to be a valuable tool for assessing attachment representations, but have not often been used with post-institutionalized adopted children thought to be at risk for attachment disturbances. The current study compared family drawings from a sample of post-institutionalized adopted children to a sample of children who entered their family by birth with similar levels of executive functioning. All families were residing in a major metropolitan area in the southwestern United States of America. Drawings were scored using Fury, Carlson, and Sroufe (1997) rating scales. The overall pattern of findings indicates family drawings of at risk adopted children and biological comparison children differ significantly in both objective scores and subjective ratings, suggesting that children in the adopted sample are at greater risk for attachment-related disturbances than children in the comparison sample. These findings corroborate other studies reporting attachment difficulties in post- institutionalized adopted children and indicate that family drawings are a sensitive and valid approach to assessing disturbances related to attachment representations during childhood.
Narcissism on the Jersey Shore: Exposure to narcissistic reality TV characters can increase narcissism levels in viewers

Recent research documents an increase in narcissism in the United States. Little research, however, has explored mechanisms that could cause higher narcissism. In 2 studies, we test the hypothesis that exposure to narcissistic reality TV characters is related to greater narcissism for those engaging in experience taking (Kaufman & Libby, 2012). Study 1 is a correlational study showing that greater exposure to narcissistic reality TV while engaged in experience taking is related to higher levels of narcissism. Study 2 is an experimental study showing that participants randomly assigned to watch a narcissistic reality TV show, under conditions that encouraged experience taking, were more narcissistic. These results suggest that media can shape trait narcissism levels that are generally assumed to be stable.
Solutal and Thermal Buoyancy Effects in Self-Powered Phosphatase Micropumps

Immobilized enzymes generate net fluid flow when exposed to specific reagents in solution. Thus, they function as self-powered platforms that combine sensing and on-demand fluid pumping. To uncover the mechanism of pumping, we examine the effects of solutal and thermal buoyancy on the behavior of phosphatase-based micropumps, using a series of reactants with known thermodynamic and kinetic parameters. By combining modeling and experiments, we perform the first quantitative comparison of thermal and solutal effects in an enzyme micropump system. Despite the significant exothermicity of the catalyzed reactions, we find that thermal effects play a minimal role in the observed fluid flow. Instead, fluid transport in phosphatase micropumps is governed by the density difference between the reactants and the products of the reaction. This surprising conclusion suggests new design principles for catalytic pumps.
Treatment of Low Bone Density or Osteoporosis to Prevent Fractures in Men and Women: A Clinical Practice Guideline Update From the American College of Physicians

This guideline updates the American College of Physicians' recommendations on treatment of low bone density and osteoporosis to prevent fractures in men and women. It focuses on the comparative ben...
Autologous minced muscle grafts improve endogenous fracture healing and muscle strength after musculoskeletal trauma

The deleterious impact of concomitant muscle injury on fracture healing and limb function is commonly considered part of the natural sequela of orthopedic trauma. Recent reports suggest that heightened inflammation in the surrounding traumatized musculature is a primary determinant of fracture healing. Relatedly, there are emerging potential therapeutic approaches for severe muscle trauma (e.g., volumetric muscle loss [VML] injury), such as autologous minced muscle grafts (1 mm3 pieces of muscle; GRAFT), that can partially prevent chronic functional deficits and appear to have an immunomodulatory effect within VML injured muscle. The primary goal of this study was to determine if repair of VML injury with GRAFT rescues impaired fracture healing and improves the strength of the traumatized muscle in a male Lewis rat model of tibia open fracture. The most salient findings of the study were: (1) tibialis anterior (TA) muscle repair with GRAFT improved endogenous healing of fractured tibia and improved the functional outcome of muscle regeneration; (2) GRAFT repair attenuated the monocyte/macrophage (CD45+CDllb+) and T lymphocyte (CD3+) response to VML injury; (3) TA muscle protein concentrations of MCP1, IL-10, and IGF-1 were augmented in a proregenerative manner by GRAFT repair; (4) VML injury concomitant with osteotomy induced a heightened systemic presence of alarmins (e.g., soluble RAGE) and leukocytes (e.g., monocytes), and depressed IGF-1 concentration, which GRAFT repair ameliorated. Collectively, these data indicate that repair of VML injury with a regenerative therapy can modulate the inflammatory and regenerative phenotype of the treated muscle and in association improve musculoskeletal healing.
Recalibrating Privacy Protections to Promote Patient Engagement

HIPAA regulations designed to protect patient privacy may be preventing patient-engagement tools from reaching their full potential. It may be time to reassess what levels of privacy and security are reasonable and appropriate for providing effective care.
Rank Learning by Ordinal Gerrymandering

Many applications, from ordering search engine results to medical triage, rely on learning to accurately rank a set of objects by combining a given collection of ranking or preference functions. We propose a technique for rank-learning using a boosting approach which merges accurate regions of poor-quality metrics into a single accurate metric. We show an improvement in accuracy for general similarity-ranking tasks across a variety of benchmark datasets and apply this technique to the prediction of software bug severity and resolution time from error report text, showing a significant improvement in bug triage accuracy over the state of the art.