cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethylene evolution and ammonium accumulation by tomato plants with various nitrogen forms and regimes of acidity. I

Abstract Ammonium nutrition of plants in soil or solution culture leads to development of a strongly acidic regime in the medium. Foliar evolution of ethylene and accumulation of ammonium are stimulated by ammonium nutrition. This stimulation may be due in part to the acidification of media by ammonium nutrition. To determine the effects of medium pH on ethylene evolution and ammonium accumulation by plants, tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ‘Heinz 1350’ and neglecta‐1) were grown with nitrate, ammonium, or urea nutrition and with various pH regimes in solution culture. Ammonium nutrition decreased medium pH to 3.5 and increased ethylene evolution and ammonium accumulation by plants. Urea nutrition at pH 3.5 also increased ammonium accumulation and ethylene evolution by plants. Nitrate nutrition at pH 3.5 slightly increased ammonium accumulation but had no effect on ethylene evolution. Media supplied with different ratios of nitrate to ammonium relieved toxic effect of ammonium relative to 100% ammoni...
Sulindac Derivatives That Activate the Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ but Lack Cyclooxygenase Inhibition

A series of novel derivatives of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) sulindac sulfide were synthesized as potential agonists of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Nonpolar and aromatic substitutions on the benzylidene ring as well as retention of the carboxylic acid side chain were required for optimal activity. Compound 24 was as potent a compound as any other in the series with an EC50 of 0.1 μM for the induction of peroxisome proliferator response element (PPRE)-luciferase activity. Direct binding of compound 24 to PPARγ was demonstrated by the displacement of [3H]troglitazone, a PPARγ agonist, in a scintillation proximity assay. Compound 24 also stimulated the binding of PPARγ to a PPRE-containing oligonucleotide and induced expression of liver fatty-acid binding protein (L-FABP) and adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (aP2), two established PPARγ target genes. Taken together, these compounds represent potential leads in the development of novel PPARγ agonists.
Intracellular Potential Changes of Corti's Organ With Anoxia

• Intracellular measurements of the resting cell membrane potentials of guinea pig Corti's organ were made in order to determine the sensitivity of this cell potential to anoxic hypoxia (a lowered oxygen state due to lack of respiratory oxygen) and to establish differences according to cell types or morphologic regions of the sensory epithelium. The negative cell potentials measured from successful electrode penetrations were found to be relatively more stable and resistant to change during a 120-s period of anoxia than was the positive endocochlear potential. The intracellular resting potentials were also much slower to recover after resumption of respiration. Data obtained from various cells in two different regions of Corti's organ indicate that Corti's organ is receiving oxygen from both the perilymph and the endolymph. An iontophoretic dye-marking technique was used to label some experimental cells for later histologic identification. ( Arch Otolaryngol 105:574-578, 1979)
Loss of Life in the United States Associated with Recent Atlantic Tropical Cyclones

A database was established for the period 1970–99 to assess the threat to life in the contiguous United States and adjacent coastal waters from Atlantic tropical cyclones. Freshwater floods caused more than one-half of the 600 U.S. deaths directly associated with tropical cyclones or their remnants during that 30-year period. More than three-quarters of the victims under age 13 died in rain-induced floods. Most fatalities occurred in inland counties. Storm surge losses were significantly (but perhaps only temporarily) less than in previous periods of comparable length. This paper presents a statistical summary of the casualties, explores reasons for the losses, and reviews efforts to mitigate the threats.
Feedback system design: The pole placement problem

The pole placement problem is studied in, a frequency domain setting in which it is desired to define a feedback compensator which will simultaneously stabilize the system and place the poles of the resultant input-output gain at the zeros of a prescribed Hurwitz polynominal, q(s). In the single variate case this may be achieved if and only if o(q) > = ?(p) - ? where o(q) is the order of q(s), ?(p) is the total number of RHP poles and zeros of the plant, and ? is either 1 or 0 while in the multivariate case similar, but only partial, numerical results are obtained. Moreover, when these inequalities are satisfied a complete parameterization of the required set of compensators is obtained.
Threshold for resuspension by particle impaction

The threshold velocity for the resuspension of 8.6-μm diameter ammonium fluorescein particles from a Tedlar surface by impaction of 3-μm ammonium fluorescein particles has been measured to be 9.3 ± 4.3 m/s. The resuspension rate, observed with an optical particle counter, has a wide variability. Image analysis of the particle patterns on the surface suggests that particle resuspension takes place at a radius somewhat smaller than that of the nozzle of the impactor used in the experiments. Exposure of some test surfaces to laboratory air for several days prior to the measurements did not change the results significantly. A theoretical model has been shown to predict a threshold velocity within a factor of 2 of the experiment. The major uncertainty involves the value of the surface energy parameter, a difficulty encountered previously in a study of particle bounce. The model is based on the transfer of vertical momentum to the struck particle which is subsequently compressed against the surface. Elastic reb...
Comparison of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography with MR Cholangiopancreatography in Patients with Pancreatitis

PURPOSE: To assess the usefulness of magnetic resonance (MR) cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) in the evaluation of disease in patients with acute or chronic pancreatitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MR imaging was performed at 1.5 T in 39 patients with chronic (n = 30) or acute (n = 9) pancreatitis. The patients underwent a pancreas MR imaging protocol that included an MRCP sequence. Comparison was made with findings at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), performed within 30 days. Three blinded readers used a scoring system to evaluate nine segments of the pancreatic and biliary ducts as depicted on the ERCP and MRCP images. MRCP image quality was also evaluated. RESULTS: Of 196 segments analyzed, 17 were not seen at MRCP (sensitivity, 91%). Of the segments visualized at MRCP, 14 were incorrectly characterized (accuracy, 92%). At MRCP, segments not detected or mischaracterized were either normal, slightly dilated, or narrowed. At ERCP, 42 segments in 19 patients were not visualized. MRCP find...
Soybean trypsin inhibitors: isolation, purification and physical properties.

Abstract Two highly purified trypsin inhibitors, designated SBTIA 1 and SBTIA 2 , have been isolated directly from soybean whey solutions by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The two inhibitors differ in physical properties, nitrogen content, and trypsin inhibitor activity. SBTIA 2 is identical to Kunitz' crystalline soybean trypsin inhibitor. Molecular weight determinations and activity measurements indicate that SBTIA 1 and A 2 form trypsin-trypsin inhibitor complexes in the ratio of 1:1. Commercial preparations of 5X crystallized soybean trypsin inhibitor preparations frequently contain 5–50% impurities. A Chromatographic method was developed on a preparative scale to purify these commercial inhibitors.
Reproducibility of high spatial resolution proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging in the human brain

The application of proton (1H) magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) allows for noninvasive, localized analyses of brain biochemistry; however, minimal work has been devoted to the evaluation of 1H MRSI reproducibility. This study examined the reproducibility of 1H MRSI from five normal subjects on two occasions, separated by 10 days. Reproducibility of the MR signal was evaluated in the context of automated shimming, automated processing, and accurate subject repositioning. Reliability measures for physicochemical indices (choline moieties, creatine, N-acetylaspartate, and myo-inositol) were moderately concordant across repeat studies. Gain variation and repositioning results were excellent. It has been concluded that 1H MRSI reproducibility is adequate for serial studies of brain metabolism.
CONSTRAINT PROPAGATION IN SOFTWARE LIBRARIES OF TRANSFORMATION SYSTEMS

Domain modeling can be applied to collections of reusable designs and reusable software. Libraries of such collections can be used when applying a refinement by transformation technique to software construction. There already exist systems that can automatically or semi-automatically perform program transformations that constitute refinements. An important question is how to organize such libraries so that transformation tools may feasibly use them. We show that transformation of a high level program with constraints on the transformations is an NP-complete problem; however, appropriately organized libraries are tractable. Moreover, we define a property which a library of transformations can have, ensuring that any consistent high level program can be transformed into an executable form. Finally, we give approximations which reduce the complexity of transformations for libraries which do not have this property. The most important aspect of this work is that it implies certain rules should be followed in constructing libraries and the domains that are placed in them.
The Si−Si Effect on Ionization of β-Disilanyl Sulfides and Selenides

The ionization energies of conformationally constrained, newly synthesized β-disilanyl sulfides and selenides were determined by photoelectron spectroscopy. These ionization energies reflect substantial (0.53−0.75 eV) orbital destabilizations. The basis for these destabilizations was investigated by theoretical calculations, which reveal geometry-dependent interaction between sulfur or selenium lone pair orbitals and σ-orbitals, especially Si−Si σ-orbitals. These results presage facile redox chemistry for these compounds and significantly extend the concept of σ-stabilization of electron-deficient centers.
Defining Success in Heart Failure The End-Point Mess

In 1986, the landmark vasodilator trial, the Vasodilator–Heart Failure Trial (V-HeFT-1), ushered in a modern therapeutic regimen that provided hope, for the first time, to millions of patients suffering from and dying of heart failure.1 Entry criteria for the trial were simple and confined to men with “impaired cardiac function and reduced exercise tolerance.” The primary end point was all-cause mortality. Most clinicians did not quibble about the borderline statistical significance of the overall study, recognizing that a new era of heart failure therapy and clinical trials had begun. The Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS)2 and Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD)3 were published subsequently, in 1987 and 1991, respectively, further refining patient selection while molding a new generation of cardiologists, many of whom became heart failure specialists. Article see p 1985 Since those heady times, the evolution of therapy for heart failure has become increasingly complex. The managing clinician must integrate a number of factors about the individual heart failure patient before adding treatments to the pharmacological foundation of renin-angiotensin and β-adrenergic inhibition. Crucial historical or phenotypic variables may include left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), functional classification and/or exercise tolerance, history and timing of previous arrhythmias or myocardial infarction, QRS duration and current rhythm, duration of heart failure symptoms, adequacy of or intolerance to optimization of medical therapy, gender, race, cause of the cardiomyopathy, valvular competence, and renal function. Important patient characteristics currently determine eligibility for additional medications, electric devices, surgical procedures, cardiac transplantation, ventricular assist devices, endomyocardial biopsy, cardiac rehabilitation, hospitalization, or hospice. This process of exacting classification of disease has served other disciplines well; imagine outcome trials for the wide range of thrombolytic or antiplatelet agents without the concomitant and careful descriptors of the manifestations of the acute coronary syndrome.4 Likewise, …
Aggresome formation and pharmacogenetics: sulfotransferase 1A3 as a model system.

Abstract A common cause for pharmacogenetic alteration in drug response is genetic variation in encoded amino acid sequence. We have used the catecholamine and drug-metabolizing enzyme sulfotransferase (SULT)1A3 to create an artificial model system to study mechanisms—especially possible aggresome formation—by which genetic alteration in amino acid sequence might influence function. Specifically, we created a double variant SULT1A3 allozyme that included the naturally occurring Asn234 polymorphism plus an additional Trp172Arg mutation. Analysis of the SULT1A3 X-ray crystal structure had indicated that the Trp172Arg mutation might destabilize the protein’s structure. Expression of SULT1A3 Arg172,Asn234 in COS-1 cells resulted in undetectable enzyme activity and a virtual lack of enzyme protein. Rabbit reticulocyte lysate degradation studies showed that the double variant allozyme was degraded much more rapidly than was wild type SULT1A3 by a ubiquitin–proteasome-dependent process. In addition, after expression in COS-1 cells, the double variant allozyme localized to aggresomes, a process not previously described or studied in pharmacogenetics. Therefore, the alteration of only one or two amino acids can lead to decreased levels of protein as a result of both aggresome formation and accelerated degradation. The possible role of aggresome formation in pharmacogenetics should be evaluated in naturally occurring systems with inherited alteration in encoded amino acid sequence.
Tissue-resident bone marrow-derived progenitor cells: key players in hypoxia-induced angiogenesis.

See related article on pages 1027–1035 Hypoxia is a common feature of many diseases, including myocardial infarction,1 cerebral ischemia,2 pulmonary hypertension,3 and cancer.4 Thus, understanding the role of hypoxia in the pathogenesis of ischemic disease has significant therapeutic implications. Following ischemic injury, the growth of new blood vessels, neovascularization, is critical to maintain tissue reperfusion and homeostasis. Neovascularization occurs via 2 primary mechanisms: angiogenesis, the sprouting of new vessels from preexisting resident endothelium, and vasculogenesis, the organization of progenitor cells into vascular structures. Vasculogenesis was initially defined strictly as a developmental process.5 However, the characterization of bone marrow–derived progenitor cells (BMCs), which are able to differentiate into vascular cells, has suggested that vasculogenesis may also occur in adults.6,7 The remarkable ability of BMCs to contribute to vessel formation suggests a potentially beneficial role for these progenitor cells in regenerative medicine. Indeed, when BMCs are injected into animal models of ischemia, they “home” to sites of injury, migrate into tissues, and are associated with restoration of blood flow.8 Mobilization of BMCs has been reported to have beneficial effects after myocardial infarction9,10 and arterial injury.11 Moreover, recent clinical trials reveal promising results using BMC injection as a treatment for myocardial infarction.12 Previous studies have shown that BMCs are rapidly mobilized and recruited to sites of vessel injury.13 There is keen interest in determining which stimuli cause BMCs to home selectively to areas of ischemia. Recently, a molecular link between hypoxia and BMC mobilization has been reported involving the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and the chemokine stromal derived cell factor-1 (SDF-1).14 Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, stabilized during hypoxia, upregulates endothelial cell SDF-1 expression that, via its selective receptor CXC chemokine receptor-4, recruits BMCs to hypoxic areas. Because most animal models …
Transport processes and feasible operating domain in a twin-screw polymer extruder

The flow of a polymer and the associated heat transfer in a fully intermeshing, co-rotating twin screw extruder are investigated numerically. The control volume technique is used for numerical modeling and simulation, considering both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. The velocity distributions in the screw channel are compared with experimental resultlsf and good agreement is obtained. Owing to limitations arising from the physical aspects of the problem, the numerical results show that not all operating conditions are feasible. A feasible domain, in terms of screw speed and mass flow rate, in which the extruder operation is satisfactroy, is obtained for pure starch. To improve the applicable range of this model, an axial formulation is adopted for the translation region that characterizes the domain away from the intermeshing zone of the extruder. This model yields results consistent with the earlier down-channel model while the feasibility region is extended towards lower mass flow rates. For the upper limit, a physicdal restriction arises in terms of the maximum flow rate for a pressure rise in the extruder. Thus, the model can be used for simulating a wide range of operating conditions while retaining the appropriate physical behavior of the process.
Strategies for renal preservation and resuscitation: The responsibility of critical care medicine is the preservation of renal function

The incidence of perioperative renal dysfunction has declined over the last few decades and the risk factors for this outcome have been well characterized. Some of these factors are identifiable preoperatively and may be amenable to optimization prior to surgery. Nevertheless, when perioperative renal dysfunction does occur, it is attended by significant increases in often complex morbidity and mortality. Postoperative courses are prolonged and difficult and even quite small decrements of renal function negatively impact patient outcome. The preservation of renal function is therefore paramount in the care of the patient throughout the perioperative period.
Mechanisms of Low-Frequency Variability in a Simple Model with Orography

Abstract Mechanisms of low-frequency variability are examined in an extended run of a two-level nonlinear global model with a single isolated mountain. The presence of the mountain modifies the low-frequency behavior, compared with that in a zonally homogeneous model, in two ways. First, slow variations in the zonally averaged circulation, the zonal index, are manifest as variability in the train of stationary waves generated by the orography. Second, trains of low-frequency Rossby waves are modified by their propagation through the model's zonally asymmetric time-mean flow. These eddies become meridionally elongated at the jet entrance and zonally elongated at its exit, allowing them to extract energy barotropically from the mean flow in the jet exit.
The Surgical Approach to Short Bowel Syndrome - Autologous Reconstruction versus Transplantation.

Background: Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is a state of malabsorption resulting from massive small bowel resection leading to parenteral nutrition (PN) dependency. C
The Use of Ketamine in Neuropathic Pain

Hyperactivity of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors may be one of the factors in the genesis of neuropathic pain (NP). Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic and analgesic that is the most potent NMDA receptor antagonist currently available for human use. There is a growing body of literature for three decades suggesting efficacy of subanaesthetic doses of ketamine in the treatment of NP, particularly the pain in complex regional pain syndromes. The primary limitations of ketamine use are secondary to psychotomimetic and, to a lesser extent, sympathetic activation. The purpose of this article is to review the history, pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, clinical benefits, and limitations of ketamine for treatment of NP. Methods of administration and management of adverse effects are highlighted based on the clinical experience of the authors.
CHRONIC TOXICITY STUDIES OF DIETHYL-STILBESTROL II. SUBCUTANEOUS IMPLANTATION OF PELLETS IN RATS

TOXICITY STUDIES of stilbestrol are of importance because of the many divergent reports in the current medical literature from both clinical and experimental investigators. In a previous report by the present authors (i) stilbestrol was given orallyto rats and histological study of the organs and tissues was performed. This mode of administration is questionable because of variable absorption of the drug from the gastrointestinal tract and because of the rapidity of detoxification in the liver following the absorption of the drug into the portal circulation. In the toxicity studies of stilbestrol we have given the drug in sesame oil subcutaneously, intramuscularly and intraperitoneally to other groups of rats. This mode of administration was not considered satisfactory for chronic toxicity studies because oil cysts were formed at the site of injection in many of the animals. These cysts persisted for longperiods and on removal were found by assay to contain varying proportions of the originally injected s...
A deformable chiral bag

Abstract In the linearized chiral bag model with pions expelled from the bag interior intrinsic deformations of nucleon and isobar ground state are studied. For ellipsoidal shapes the solutions of the Dirac equation and the deformed pion propagator are constructed. The equilibrium deformation is determined by minimizing the second order corrections to the ground state energy from quark-pion interaction with respect to the bag shape parameters. We find that within the model both the nucleon and the isobar acquire an oblate deformation.
Determinants of contraceptive method among young women at risk for unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections

The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between contraceptive method choice, sexual risk and various demographic and social factors. Data were collected on 378, 15- to 24-year-old women, recruited from health clinics and through community outreach in Northern California. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the association of predictors with contraceptive method used at last sex. Asian and Latina women were less likely to use any method. Women who were raised with a religion, or thought they were infertile, were also less likely to use any method. Women with multiple partners were generally less likely to use any method, but were more likely to use barrier methods when they did use one. Few women (7%) were dual method users. Women appear to act in a rational fashion within their own social context and may use no methods at all or use methods that are less effective for pregnancy prevention but offer more protection from sexually transmitted infections.
Earth in motion

Fault Mechanics and Transport Properties of Rocks. Edited by Brian Evans and Teng-Fong Wong. Academic: 1992. Pp. 524. £45, $99.
Metastable Eutectic Condensation in a Mg-Fe-SiO-H2-O2 Vapor: Analogs to Circumstellar Dust

Experimental studies of gas-to-solid condensation in a Fe-Mg-SiO-H2-O2 vapor reveal that this process yields only solids with magnesiosilica (MgO.SiO2) and ferrosilica (Fe-oxide.SiO2) compositions that coincide with metastable eutectics in the MgO-SiO2 and (FeO/Fe2O3)-SiO2 binary phase diagrams plus simple metal oxides (MgO, SiO2, and FeO or Fe2O3). No solids form with mixed Mg-Fe-O compositions during condensation nor is there evidence for the formation of ferromagnesiosilica, MgO.FeyOx.SiO2 solids. The experimental evidence demonstrates that condensation of multicomponent vapors yields only a limited number of metastable solids of well-defined composition. These results have interesting consequences for models of grain formation in circumstellar outflows, for predictions concerning the chemical and mineralogical composition of presolar silicates, and for the composition of condensates formed in protostellar systems.
Electrical and mechanical properties of the closer muscle of the Alaskan king crab Paralithodes camtschatica

Abstract 1. 1. The Alaskan king crab, Paralithodes camtschatica , is characterized by very large muscle fibers—up to 4 mm dia. in the meropodite. 2. 2. The closer muscle is innervated by two excitor axons. Stimulation of the phasic axon elicits large, weakly facilitating junction potentials (j.p.'s) in proximal fiber, small strongly facilitating j.p.'s in central fibers and small j.p.'s in distal fibers which exhibit variable facilitation. Single stimulation of the phasic axon results in a twitch. 3. 3. Stimulation of the tonic axon results in medium-size, facilitating j.p.'s in distal fibers and small, strongly facilitating j.p.'s in central fibers. It does not innervate proximal fibers and never elicits a twitch. 4. 4. Sarcomere size is uniform (4–6 μ) for fibers observed in all portions of the closer muscle. Rise time (90–110 msec) and half-decay time (150–200 msec) for contraction of proximal, central and distal fibers are similar for direct stimulation to isolated fibers. 5. 5. Length-tension curves of single fibers show development of passive tension before the peak of active tension. 6. 6. An inhibitory axon was found in only a few cases; it fatigued rapidly. Application of 10 −5 M GABA reversibly reduced the size of phasic j.p.'s.
Genetic Mechanisms of Age Regulation of Protein C and Blood Coagulation

Blood coagulation activity in humans increases with age. We previously identified two genetic elements, age-related stability element (ASE; GAGGAAG) and age-related increase element (AIE; unique stretch of dinucleotide repeats), which were responsible for age-related stable and increasing expression patterns, respectively, and together recapitulated normal age regulation of the human factor IX (hFIX) gene. Here we report the age-regulatory mechanisms of human anticoagulant protein C (hPC), which shows an age-stable pattern of circulatory levels. The murine protein C gene showed an age-related stable expression pattern in general agreement with that of the hPC. Through longitudinal analyses of transgenic mice carrying hPC minigenes, the hPC gene was found to have a functional age-related stability element (hPC ASE; CAGGAAG) in the 5'-upstream proximal region but was found to lack any age-related increase element. Three other ASE-like sequences present in the hPC gene, GAGGAAA and (G/C)AGGATG, also bound nuclear proteins but were not active in the age regulation of the hPC gene. Functional hPC ASE and hFIX ASE were apparently generated through convergent evolution, and hFIX ASE can fully substitute for the hPC ASE in conferring age-related stable expression pattern of the hPC gene. In the presence of the hPC ASE, hFIX AIE can convert the age-stable expression pattern of the hPC gene to a hFIX-like age-related increase pattern. These results support the universality of ASE and AIE functions across different genes. Clearance of hPC protein from the circulation was not significantly affected by age. We now have established the basic mechanisms responsible for the age-related increase of blood coagulation activity.
Risk Communication Failure: A Case Study of New Orleans and Hurricane Katrina

The devastating event that was hurricane Katrina is a fertile field for risk and crisis communication scholars. As a case study in failed risk communication by the City of New Orleans, this paper explores the inadequacies of the risk communication based upon Lundgren and McMakin (2004) as augmented by Rowan's (1991) rhetorical perspective. The analysis concludes that while the care communication was adequate, inadequate clarity, insufficient credibility, and a failure to properly adapt to critical audiences resulted in a failure of consensus communication and crisis communication. Several lessons learned are advanced: (a) effective care communication is to little avail if the subsequent consensus and crisis messages are inadequate, (b) message preparation before the crisis is essential, (c) to be effective, messages must be credible to their recipient audiences, and (d) ethnicity, class, gender, and similar demographic characteristics of audiences must be adapted to if risk communication messages are to b...
Effects of acute and subacute cadmium administration on carbohydrate metabolism in mice.

Abstract The administration of single doses of cadmium acetate (2.0–6.0 mg/kg, ip) produces hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance in intact mice. Adrenalectomy prevents the hyperglycemic effect but not the glucose intolerance. Glucose intolerance is associated with a decreased pancreatic secretory activity as evidenced by decreased insulinogenic indices in Cd-treated mice. The administration of 4.0 mg/kg of Cd daily for 14 days produces tolerance to Cd-induced hyperglycemia. The subacute treatment did not produce changes in resting blood glucose levels, nor did it produce a decrease in glucose tolerance. A significant reduction in circulating serum insulin was detected after subacute Cd administration. It is suspected that a Cd-induced decrease in renal threshold to glucose masks the effect of lowered serum insulin concentrations.
The Eutrophication of Lake Okeechobee

ABSTRACT Average annual total phosphorus concentrations in Lake Okeechobee increased from 0.049 mg/L in 1973 to 0.098 mg/L in 1984. The increases in total phosphorus concentrations were not correlated to external phosphorus inputs, but to changes in lake water levels. It is proposed that the flooding of marshes and exposed lake bottom primarily caused increased total phosphorus concentrations, but that the resuspension of bottom sediments by wind action may also be a major factor influencing in-lake total phosphorus concentrations. Reducing phosphorus inputs by 40 percent as proposed by the Lake Okeechobee Technical Advisory Committee (LOTAC) will not significantly improve water quality in Lake Okeechobee. Average total phosphorus concentrations will not decline significantly. Chlorophyll a concentrations and Secchi transparencies are not correlated to total phosphorus concentrations so massive expenditures of public funds to reduce nutrient inputs will not protect long-term water quality at Lake Okeechobee.
Neurobehavioral outcomes of cocaine-exposed infants

The present study investigated the neurobehavioral outcomes of fetal cocaine exposure. Attempts were made to control, by design or statistical analysis, for significant confounders. Timing and amount of drug exposures were considered, and biologic measures of exposure were quantified to classify exposure severity. One hundred sixty-one non-cocaine and 158 cocaine-exposed (82 heavily and 76 lightly exposed) infants were seen at a mean-corrected age of 43 weeks post-conception and administered the Neurobehavioral Assessment (NB Assessment). Heavily cocaine-exposed infants had more jitteriness and attentional problems than lightly and non-exposed infants. They also had more movement and tone abnormalities, and sensory asymmetries than non-exposed infants. Heavily exposed infants were more likely to be identified with an abnormality than non-exposed infants and there was a trend toward heavily exposed infants being more likely to be identified with an abnormality than lightly exposed infants. Furthermore, there was a trend for heavily exposed infants to be less likely to be testable than non-exposed infants. After the confounding and mediating factors were considered, heavily cocaine-exposed infants were four times as likely to be jittery and nearly twice as likely to demonstrate any abnormality than lightly and non-exposed infants, but all other effects were no longer significant. Higher concentrations of the cocaine metabolites of cocaine, cocaethylene, and benzoylecgonine (BZE) were related to higher incidence of movement and tone abnormalities, jitteriness, and presence of any abnormality. Higher cocaethylene levels were related to attentional abnormalities and higher meta-hydroxybenzoylecgonine (m-OH-BZE) was related to jitteriness. Drug effects on attention were mediated by maternal psychological distress, suggesting that this factor should be considered in future studies of drug exposure effects.
Vaccinia virus reexamined: Development and release

Abstract Vaccinia virus was examined in thin sections by electron microscopy at intervals after release of infected cells from hydroxyurea, which permits the synthesis of early proteins but blocks DNA replication. There was sufficient synchrony in the ensuing process of development to recognize early stages. The foci of assembly lack polyribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum suggesting that the late proteins, at least, are synthesized elsewhere in the cytoplasm and transported to the maturation sites. The proposal by previous investigators that the surface spicules account for the contour and rigidity of the trilaminar membrane enclosing immature forms of the virus is consistent with the present study. The nucleoprotein appears to be inserted into the immature virus and to condense into the nucleoid just before closure of the envelope. The nucleoid is believed to move from its eccentric position to the center of the particle and there to become transformed into the biconcave disc characteristic of the mature, infectious virion. Previous reports were confirmed that virions are packaged by membranes of the Golgi apparatus and transported to the cell surface where they are released by exocytosis.
The stability and transferability of conceptual coding in children

Abstract The stability and transferability of conceptual coding systems learned under special rule-learning (RL) procedures was investigated in 6- and 9- year old children. All children were presented three successive biconditional RL problems and were then transferred to a conditional RL problem. The experimental S s received special enforced-attention (EA) instructions and procedures on the first two biconditional problems which were designed to direct their attention to the relevant attributes and encourage a truth-table coding of the stimulus population. On the third biconditional problem and the conditional rule problem they were given standard RL instructions, identical to what one of the control conditions received on all four problems. A second control condition received the EA instructions on all four problems. The results from problems 1 and 2 showed that the experimental procedures facilitated biconditional rule-learning performance in both age groups and tended to reduce the absolute superiority of the older children. Omission of EA on problem 3 had a significant disruptive effect on biconditional RL performance, but on the conditional transfer problem the experimental S s in both age groups solved as rapidly as the control receiving EA and with significantly fewer errors than the control conditions receiving standard RL instructions on all four problems.
Physical development of interracial children in the first year.

Abstract Interracial children of white mothers and black fathers were compared to interracial children of black mothers and white fathers on growth rates during the first year of life. Results indicate that interracial children of white mothers gained less weight between birth and four months of age than did interracial children of black mothers or monoracial black or white children. By one year of age, catch‐up growth appears to have occurred, and there is little evidence for lasting effects of the growth retardation during the first four months of life.
Some like it hot: Mouse temperature preferences in laboratory housing

In standard laboratory environments mice are housed at 20–24 °C. However, their thermoneutral zone ranges between 26 °C and 34 °C. This challenge to homeostasis is by definition stressful, and could therefore affect many aspects of physiology and behavior. We tested the hypothesis that mice under standard laboratory conditions are not housed at a preferred temperature, and predicted that this would be evident in thermotaxis and other behavioral responses to ambient cage temperature. We assessed the temperature preferences of C57BL/6J mice in standard laboratory housing from 4 to 11 weeks of age. Forty-eight mice (24 male and 24 female in groups of three) all born on the same day were randomly assigned to one of eight age treatments. One cage of males and one cage of females were tested each consecutive week. Mice were tested in a set of three connected cages with each cage's temperature set using a water bath. On days 1–3 each group of mice was acclimated to each of the three temperatures (20 °C, 25 °C, or 30 °C) in a random order. Then each group was given free access to all temperatures on days 4–6, and video taped continuously. The location of each mouse and the occurrence of three behavioral categories (Active, Inactive, and Maintenance) were recorded by instantaneous scan samples every 10 min over the 3 days, and time budgets calculated. While both sexes chose warmer temperatures overall (P < 0.001), they preferred warmer temperatures only for maintenance and inactive behavior (P < 0.001). This effect was most pronounced in females (P = 0.017). As temperature selection varied with time of day (P < 0.001), these behavioral differences cannot be due to ambient temperature dictating behavior. We conclude that C57BL/6J mice at 20–24 °C are not housed at their preferred temperature for all behaviors or genders, and that it may not be possible to select a single preferred temperature for all mice.
Frozen Storage of Unwashed Cod (Gadus morhua) Frame Mince with and without Kidney Tissue

Removal of kidney material was essential for a higher quality cod frame mince. The removal of kidney tissue before deboning eliminated typical “chemical” and “petroleum” type flavors and resulted in a white, less red, and higher quality unwashed frame mince. Those samples without kidney tissue had good frozen storage stability, (particularly at -40°C) and could be used as an ingredient in apropriate meat products. The length of iced storage of frames or whole cod had little effect on frame mince quality during frozen storage.
La 'Princesa' de Joaquín Sabina: nostalgia a caballo entre el amor y el miedo

[…] golfo, mal vividor, calavera, donjuan, solitario empedernido, amante de siete rumbos, alma oscura con propension a la bondad, crapula, drogata, individualista radical, bohemio y poeta de la boh...
Nano-scale glass formation in pyrochlore by heavy ion irradiation

Abstract Irradiation-induced amorphization in a pyrochlore (Na,Ca)2Nb2O6(F,OH,O) and a microlite (Na,Ca)2 Ta2O6(F,OH,O) have been studied over a temperature range of 300–873 K by in situ transmission electron microscope (TEM) using 1 MeV Kr+ and 400 keV Xe+ with a dose rate of 8.5×10 11 ions/cm 2 / s. Isolated nanometer-sized domains of glass were observed by high-resolution electron microscopy in the Xe+-irradiated samples. The density of these domains has a ‘one-to-one’ correlation to the ion density, consistent with the amorphous domains having formed directly within the displacement cascade. The effect of temperature on the amorphization dose was modeled based on a cascade quenching mechanism. A two-stage function was observed in the temperature dependence of amorphization dose for both the pyrochlore and microlite.
Ethmozine® (moricizine HCl) therapy for complex ventricular arrhythmias

Moricizine HCl (Ethmozine®), a new antiarrhythmic agent, was administered to 102 patients with refractory ventricular fibrillation (n = 31), sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) (n = 46) or symptomatic nonsustained VT (n = 25). A noninvasive approach utilizing monitoring and exercise testing was used in 82 patients who had a high density of reproducible spontaneous arrhythmia, whereas 20 patients without such arrhythmia required invasive electrophysiologic testing. The dosage of moricizine HCl was 200 mg 3 times daily, and during 5 to 6 days was titrated up to a maximum of 400 mg 3 times daily or 15 mg/kg daily, based on arrhythmia suppression and occurrence of side effects. Criteria for efficacy were a > 90% reduction in repetitive ventricular premature beats (couplets and runs of VT) and a > 50% reduction in ventricular premature beats when noninvasive methods were used. When electrophysiologic testing was used, the drug was judged effective if it prevented the induction of > 2 repetitive responses. Of 75 patients completing noninvasive study, 30 (40%) responded to moricizine HCl therapy, whereas only 1 of 20 patients undergoing electrophysiologic testing responded. There was no difference in moricizine HCl blood levels between responders and nonresponders (0.41 μg/ml vs 0.43 μg/ml, difference not significant). Side effects occurred in 28 patients (27%). Most frequent were aggravation of arrhythmia (n = 12), nausea and vomiting (n = 5), central nervous system toxicity (n = 3) and anticholinergic side effects (n = 3). The response rate to moricizine HCl therapy was higher in patients with nonsustained VT (62%) compared with those with sustained VT (19%) or ventricular fibrillation (33%). The response rate was 35% in patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction > 40% and 18% in those with an ejection fraction < 40% (p < 0.05). There was no difference in the density of arrhythmia during baseline studies between responders and nonresponders. Of 23 patients discharged while taking moricizine HCl, 12 patients have continued the drug for a mean follow-up of 17 months. Four patients died suddenly after 24 months, and 4 patients had a nonfatal recurrence after 5 months. Moricizine HCl is a well-tolerated antiarrhythmic drug particularly effective in patients with nonsustained VT and intact left ventricular function.
Expression of μ-, κ- and δ-opioid receptors in P19 mouse embryonal carcinoma cells

P19 embryonal carcinoma cells are pluripotential and able to differentiate into a variety of cell types, including neurons, glia and fibroblast-like cells, upon retinoic acid treatment and cellular aggregation. Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, ligand binding and immunocytochemical methods, kappa- and delta-opioid receptors were detected in undifferentiated P19 cells. The mu-opioid receptor was not observed until one day after plating, following one essential step of differentiation, but increased in number in the four days after plating. Several different expression patterns were detected in these differentiated cells. Some cells exhibited mu- and delta-opioid receptors co-expressed, with or without K-opioid receptor; whereas some of the cells expressed only K-opioid receptor. All three opioid receptors are detected on aggregated cells which are postmitotic and also expressing neurofilaments, indicating neuronal characteristics. Furthermore, those cells expressing mu and delta-opioid receptors also expressed glutamate decarboxylase, characteristic of the GABAergic phenotype. Based on these findings, we propose that P19 cells may serve as a model system to study the developmental regulation of opioid receptors, and in particular their relationship with GABA.
Effects of Clozapine and Fluphenazine Treatment on Responses to m-Chlorophenylpiperazine Infusions in Schizophrenia

Objective: To explore serotonin function in patients with schizophrenia during typical and atypical neuroleptic treatment. We hypothesized that clinically relevant doses of the atypical neuroleptic clozapine would attenuate responses to the serotonin agonist m-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP). Design and Interventions: m-CPP or placebo was administered intravenously over 90 seconds to patients who had been receiving no medications for at least 3 weeks. m-CPP was also administered during treatment with the typical neuroleptic fluphenazine and the atypical neuroleptic clozapine. Patients: Fifteen inpatients (two women and 13 men) who met DSM-III-R criteria for chronic schizophrenia (n=13) or schizoaffective disorder (n=2) participated in the study. Mean age (±SD) was 33.8±8.0 years. Main Outcome Measures: Measures of m-CPP effects included plasma cortisol and prolactin, body tempera- ture, and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). The final BPRS total score at approximately 12 weeks of treatment was used to assess response to clozapine. Results: m-CPP infusion significantly increased plasma cortisol and prolactin levels in drug-free patients. There was a range of behavioral responses while drug-free, but no statistically significant effects on BPRS total or BPRS factor scores. Clozapine treatment significantly blocked neuroendocrine responses to m-CPP, whereas fluphenazine had no effect. Clozapine also appeared to attenuate behavioral responses. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that clozapine treatment has potent serotonin antagonist effects in patients with schizophrenia. This may be related to clozapine's therapeutic effects since patients with greater cortisol response to m-CPP while drug-free had a better subsequent response to clozapine.
Modifications to the imagej computer assisted sperm analysis plugin greatly improve efficiency and fundamentally alter the scope of attainable data

Summary Computer assisted sperm analysis (CASA) has greatly enhanced the quality and quantity of data that can be collected on spermatozoa movements. Open source imagej software allows any researcher to have access to such analyses, but CASA systems in general are not designed to ably process large numbers of video sequences. Here we introduce a modified imagej CASA_automated plugin that fundamentally enhances efficiency and will allow higher quality research to be conducted with no extra post-microscope effort.
Semantic abstraction and anaphora

This paper describes a way of expressing syntactic rules that associate semantic formulae with strings, but in a manner that is independent of the syntactic details of these formulae. In particular we show how the same rules construct predicate argument formulae in the style of Montague grammar[13], representations reminiscent of situation semantics(Barwise and Perry [2]) and of the event logic of Davidson [5], or representations inspired by the discourse representations proposed by Kamp [9]. The idea is that semantic representations are specified indirectly using semantic construction operators, which enforce an abstraction barrier between the grammar and the semantic representations themselves. First we present a simple grammar which is compatible with the three different sets of constructors for the three formalisms. We then extend the grammar to provide one treatment that accounts for quantifier raising in the three different semantic formalisms
Using Curriculum‐Based Measurement to Improve Student Achievement: Review of Research

This review examines the efficacy of curriculum-based measurement (CBM) as an assessment methodology for enhancing student achievement. We describe experimental-contrast studies in reading and mathematics in which teachers used CBM to monitor student progress and to make instructional decisions. Overall, teachers' use of CBM produced significant gains in student achievement; however, several critical variables appeared to be associated with enhanced achievement for students with disabilities: teachers' use of systematic data-based decision rules, skills analysis feedback, and instructional recommendations for making program modifications. In general education, positive effects for CBM were associated with use of class profiles and implementation of peer-assisted learning strategies. Implications for instructional practice and future applications of CBM are described. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 42: 795–819, 2005.