cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tracing and testing multiple generations of contacts to COVID-19 cases: cost-benefit tradeoffs

Traditional contact tracing for COVID-19 tests the direct contacts of those who test positive even if the contacts do not show any symptom. But, by the time an infected individual is tested, the infection starting from the person may have infected a chain of individuals. Hence, why should the testing stop at direct contacts, and not test secondary, tertiary contacts or even contacts further down? One deterrent in testing long chains of individuals right away may be that it substantially increases the testing load, or does it? We investigate the costs and benefits of such multi-hop contact tracing for different number of hops. Considering a large number of contact topologies, spanning synthetic networks of divergent characteristics and those constructed from recorded interactions, we show that the cost-benefit tradeoff can be characterized in terms of a single measurable attribute, the initial epidemic growth rate. Once this growth rate crosses a threshold, multi-hop contact tracing substantially reduces the outbreak size compared to traditional contact tracing. Multi-hop even incurs a lower cost compared to the traditional contact tracing for a large range of values of the growth rate. The cost-benefit tradeoffs and the choice of the number of hops can be classified into three phases, with sharp transitions between them, depending on the value of the growth rate. The need for choosing a larger number of hops becomes greater as the growth rate increases or the environment becomes less conducive toward containing the disease.
Judging Judging: The Problem of Second-Guessing State Judges' Interpretation of State Law in Bush v. Gore

I. BUSH V. GORE AND JUDICIAL ENFORCEMENT OF ARTICLE II, SECTION 1 497 II. SECOND-GUESSING STATE COURT CONSTRUCTION OF STATE LAW TO PROTECT FEDERAL RIGHTS 502 A. Bouie and its Progeny 502 B. Contracts Clause 504 III. RETREAT FROM ENFORCEMENT OF BOUIE AND JUDICIAL IMPAIRMENT DOCTRINES 511 A. The Bouie Doctrine 512 B. Contracts Clause 521 C. Enforcement of Article II, Section 1 526 CONCLUSION 533
Impression material lodged in the hypopharynx: A clinical report.

Abstract Ingestion or aspiration of foreign objects may present as a significant complication with various common dental procedures. The most reported ingested or aspirated dental materials have included endodontic instruments and metal restorative and prosthetic materials, which can often be identified clinically and radiographically from their relative radiodensities. The authors present an unusual report of lodged impression material in the hypopharynx, which was not detectable radiographically.
Short-term facilitation of breathing upon cessation of hypoxic challenge is impaired in male but not female endothelial NOS knock-out mice

Decreases in arterial blood oxygen stimulate increases in minute ventilation via activation of peripheral and central respiratory structures. This study evaluates the role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in the expression of the ventilatory responses during and following a hypoxic gas challenge (HXC, 10% O2, 90% N2) in freely moving male and female wild-type (WT) C57BL6 and eNOS knock-out (eNOS–/–) mice. Exposure to HXC caused an array of responses (of similar magnitude and duration) in both male and female WT mice such as, rapid increases in frequency of breathing, tidal volume, minute ventilation and peak inspiratory and expiratory flows, that were subject to pronounced roll-off. The responses to HXC in male eNOS–/– mice were similar to male WT mice. In contrast, several of the ventilatory responses in female eNOS–/– mice (e.g., frequency of breathing, and expiratory drive) were greater compared to female WT mice. Upon return to room-air, male and female WT mice showed similar excitatory ventilatory responses (i.e., short-term potentiation phase). These responses were markedly reduced in male eNOS–/– mice, whereas female eNOS–/– mice displayed robust post-HXC responses that were similar to those in female WT mice. Our data demonstrates that eNOS plays important roles in (1) ventilatory responses to HXC in female compared to male C57BL6 mice; and (2) expression of post-HXC responses in male, but not female C57BL6 mice. These data support existing evidence that sex, and the functional roles of specific proteins (e.g., eNOS) have profound influences on ventilatory processes, including the responses to HXC.
The Virtual Team Member: Remote Engagement of Medical Students in COVID-19 Care

Background Medical education abruptly changed in the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic, impacting experiential learning in clinical clerkship as medical students were removed from direct patient interactions and care team participation. Re-configuring a hospital clinical rotation using virtual care platforms allowed students to re-engage in the clinical environment and actively participate in patient care. Methods During the height of the pandemic, we implemented a 4-week "virtual team member" (VTM) inpatient medicine elective for medical students in their second year and above to participate in acute patient care during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. Tasks included providing daily updates to patients and family members along and care coordination. Faculty experts in infectious disease, mental health, ethics, and patient safety incorporated weekly didactic video talks throughout the elective. Student feedback was obtained anonymously through pre-, mid-, and post-elective questionnaires. Results A total of 26 students enrolled in the two 4-week blocks, with 85% in the 2nd year. Survey response rates for the pre, mid, and post-rotation questionnaires were 96%, 77%, 58% respectively. Of the 15 students who completed the post-survey, the majority strongly and somewhat agreed that the elective met expectations (12/15, 80%), was worthwhile (14/15, 93%) and met goals (12/15, 80%). Best parts of the elective most frequently cited by students were patient care and teamwork. Working remotely was the greatest challenge. Conclusions Designing a virtual role for students successfully allowed students to re-engage in the acute care setting and connect with patients and participate in COVID-19 care. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40670-021-01422-8.
Evolution of metastable phases during Mg metal corrosion: An in situ cryogenic x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study

Magnesium and its alloys are potential structural material candidates for a wide variety of applications due to their high strength-to-weight ratio. However, ductility and poor corrosion resistance under ambient environmental conditions are the bottlenecks for industrial deployment. Designing passivation layers and/or corrosion-resistant alloys requires fundamental understanding of the corrosion process. The traditional ex situ spectroscopic measurements of a polycrystalline metal surface with ubiquitous surface impurities and grain boundaries only provided an indistinct view of the corrosion process. To clearly distinguish the mechanism and the sequence of the corrosion process, we employed in situ cryo-based x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements on the Mg single crystal surface exposed to aqueous salt solution. Clean Mg (0001) surfaces were exposed to pure D2O and NaCl aqueous solution (5 wt. % NaCl + 95 wt. % D2O). The interfacial reactions were studied using a multimodal analysis including XPS, x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. In contrast to previous studies, our experiments demonstrated the formation of magnesium chloride hydroxide hydrate during aqueous salt corrosion processes. Evidence of metastable ClO* radicals were also found during the initial aqueous salt solution exposure.
Digital Systems and Competitive Responsiveness: The Dynamics of IT Business Value

The mechanics of competition involve perception and reaction to competitor moves. Both incur delays that can be reduced by digital systems. Using system dynamics and the Red Queen paradigm, we modeled the impact of IT investments on response delays and business value, with the following results: (a) value has significant transient components; (b) value depends on investment level and the relative delays of competitors; and (c) relative delays affect the first-mover advantage. These results show that when assessing the value of IT investments, it is important to consider (a) the temporal pattern of benefits, not just their total magnitude, and (b) the impact of ongoing moves by competitors.
Automated Intravascular Access Pressure Surveillance Reduces Thrombosis Rates

Although monitoring of vascular accesses by physical examination is nearly as sensitive as surveillance measurements by vascular access pressure when performed by examiners, the frequency of examinations is limited by time. We developed intravascular access pressure surveillance as a surrogate to physical examination. Using real-time data from hemodialysis machines, we derived intravascular access pressure ratios for each dialytic procedure. An automated, noninvasive surveillance algorithm that generated a ‘‘warning’’ list of patients at risk for thrombosis was formulated. We hypothesized that this algorithm would reduce access thrombosis frequency. We designed a study comparing thrombosis rates during a baseline 6-month interval to three subsequent 6-month periods of active surveillance. Referrals for interventions during this 18-month period were based on persistently abnormal elevated vascular access pressure ratio tests (VAPRT) >0.55. Thrombosis rates declined progressively for arteriovenous grafts (AVG) during the intervention period compared with the baseline period. Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) thrombosis rates decreased during postintervention months 13–18 during employment of the VAPRT. We conclude that use of VAPRT can reduce thrombosis rates in vascular accesses, and the magnitude of the effect is larger and more consistent in arteriovenous grafts (AVGs) than autologous AVFs.
Distance education: the technology—what you need to know to succeed, an overview

Distance education has become a core educational strategy in the 1990's, with a reach that extends to a broad cross-section of institutions and curriculum providers. It has been shown that technology is a fac- tor in the blurring of the boundaries between distance learning and the traditional classroom. This arti- cle explores the evolution of distance education and discusses prior research concerning distance learn- ing formats. The Internet is currently providing mechanisms for fundamental changes in the way peo- ple learn. Nine areas regarding the Internet and distance education are explained. In addition, sum- maries of computer networking advantages over other distance technologies are revealed. When decid- ing which technology is best, one must remain focused on instructional outcomes, not the technology of delivery. Keys to effective distance learning are explained and overviews of compressed video and com- puter distance education are described. The use of telecommunication technologies for distance learning will continue to expand as educators deal with increasing numbers of students. The technologies already exist - what matters now are how we use the technologies with distance education.
Effect of sublingual nitroglycerin and long-acting nitrate preparations on esophageal motility

Abstract The effect of nitroglycerin and long-acting nitrates in normal humans is unknown. Therefore, we studied the effect of commonly used clinical doses of nitrate preparations on the esophagus in normal subjects. Three minutes after administration of sublingual nitroglycerin 0.6 mg, a significant reduction in lower esophageal sphincter pressure occurred (19.0 ± 2.6 to 12.7 ± 2.2 mmHg ( P
Extremely Soft: Design with Rheologically Complex Fluids

Abstract Soft is a relative term. Its scope includes the extreme of viscoelastic materials that exhibit both liquid-like and solid-like properties depending on loading conditions. Such rheologically complex materials are abundant in biological organisms, including mucin gels, blood, cellular cytoplasm, and molecules of protein or DNA. However, comparably soft, rheologically complex materials are not yet in the standard toolbox of the engineer. Engineering design generally, and robotic design specifically, stand to benefit greatly from soft and rheologically complex materials that could offer novel performance based on nonlinear material properties. In order to achieve this, several technical challenges must be overcome, including better conceptual modeling, more predictive mathematical modeling, and an overall design framework that manages the high dimensionality of rheological material properties. This article outlines the challenges, and as a first step toward overcoming them, describes a design process...
Evaluation of automatic exposure control options in digital mammography

To quantify the trade-offs of dose and image quality among pre-loaded automatic exposure control (AEC) options in digital mammography, two AEC tables from the Hologic Selenia digital mammography system were compared: the default AEC "table 0" and AEC "table 1". Realistically-shaped phantoms consisting of tissue-equivalent material of various thicknesses (4.5 cm-7 cm) were imaged to obtain a figure of merit (FOM), the squared contrast-to-noise ratio per mean glandular dose. To relate the results to pathological findings and to evaluate the overall performance, the measured contrast-to-noise ratios were applied to simulated lesions on the anthropomorphic breast phantom images, producing various lesion configurations which were blindly scored. It was found that the AEC table 1 improves the low contrast FOM by 11% to 20% for the breast thicknesses of 4.5-6 cm. However, for the 7 cm thick breast, the AEC table 1 decreases the low contrast FOM by 17%. For microcalcifications, the AEC table 1 improves the FOM slightly for the breast thicknesses of 4.5--6 cm and decreases it by 18% at a thickness of 7 cm. The lesion simulation showed enhanced contrast due to the AEC table 1 for the breast thicknesses of 5 cm, 6 cm, and 7 cm, but the enhancement gradually reduces as the thickness increases. The lesion reading showed that the microcalcification detection was scored significantly higher from the AEC table 1 for the thicknesses 5 cm, 6 cm, and 7 cm. The corresponding improvement of mass detection scores was also observed but not consistently significant over the thickness range.
Effect of anti-IgE therapy on microRNAs in the lungs of mice with allergen-driven airway remodeling

Rationale: Current therapies have had limited effect on structural airway changes in patients with asthma. We recently found that anti-IgE therapy significantly decreased established airway hyperresponsiveness and subepithelial fibrosis in a mouse asthma model (Henderson et al., AJRCCM 183: A4066, 2011). MicroRNA (miRNA or miR)s, small non-coding RNAs, are key regulators of gene expression that may serve as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets in disease states. Study Aim: Determine the effect of anti-IgE therapy on miRNA expression in a mouse asthma model with airway remodeling. Methods: Mice periodically given OVA (days 14-163) were treated with 100 µg monoclonal rat IgG1 anti-IgE (R35-92, Pharmingen) (OVA/anti-IgE group), rat IgG1 isotype control antibody (OVA/IgG1 group), or saline (OVA/Saline group) days 73-75, and then once weekly until day 163 when lung miRNA was isolated. MiRNA transcriptional profiling was carried out using Affymetrix GeneChip miR 2.0 arrays with data analysis by Bioconductor limma package. MiRNAs whose expression was changed >1.5-fold (p<0.05) were considered differentially expressed. Results: 21 miRNAs were significantly changed in the OVA/Saline group vs saline-treated controls including upregulation of profibrotic miR-21 and miR-155. MiRs 467e, 511, and 744* were downregulated and the antifibrotic miR-16* upregulated in the OVA/anti-IgE group vs the OVA/IgG1 group. Conclusions: The ameliorating effect of anti-IgE treatment on established airway remodeling in this asthma model is likely mediated by its differential effects on gene expression in the lung. Our data direct attention to key miRNAs that may serve as biomarkers for this remodeling process.
Renal function is associated with indicators of arsenic methylation capacity in Bangladeshi adults.

Background Arsenic (As) methylation capacity in epidemiologic studies is typically indicated by the proportions of inorganic As (%InAs), monomethylarsonic acid (%MMA), and dimethylarsinic acid (%DMA) in urine as a fraction of total urinary As. The relationship between renal function and indicators of As methylation capacity has not been thoroughly investigated.
Quantizing constrained systems

We consider quantum mechanics on constrained surfaces which have non-Euclidean metrics and variable Gaussian curvature. The old controversy about the ambiguities involving terms in the Hamiltonian of order ${\ensuremath{\Elzxh}}^{2}$ multiplying the Gaussian curvature is addressed. We set out to clarify the matter by considering constraints to be the limits of large restoring forces as the constraint coordinates deviate from their constrained values. We find additional ambiguous terms of order ${\ensuremath{\Elzxh}}^{2}$ involving freedom in the constraining potentials, demonstrating that the classical constrained Hamiltonian or Lagrangian cannot uniquely specify the quantization: the ambiguity of directly quantizing a constrained system is inherently unresolvable. However, there is never any problem with a physical quantum system, which cannot have infinite constraint forces and always fluctuates around the mean constraint values. The issue is addressed from the perspectives of adiabatic approximations in quantum mechanics and Feynman path integrals, and semiclassically in terms of adiabatic actions.
Equilibrium moisture content of cacao beans

The equilibrium moisture content for cacao beans was determined by desorption techniques. Wet 'beans at 43.5 percent mosture content were placed in constant relative humidity atmospheres of 16, 56 and 87 percent, maintained by sulfuric acid solutions. Temperatures of 5, 25 and 45 deg C were maintained for the three different relative humidities. To maintain cacao beans at not more than 8 percent moisture content, the relative humidity must not exceed 70 percent at 25 deg C, and 60 percent at 20 deg C. A graph is included to make these comparisons for other temperatures and humidities. The data are useful for determining the extent of change of moisture content during storage and drying. The equilibrium moisture contents are 3 to 5 percent below the values for cereal grains.
Strawberry Fields: Politics, Class, and Work in California Agriculture

Strawberry Fields: Politics, Class, and Work in California Agriculture. Miriam J. Wells. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996. 339 pp.
Models of Cardiac Ischemia‐Reperfusion Injury in Dogs and Rats

A marked reduction in coronary blood flow produces a reduction in myocardial function, electrocardiographic abnormalities and eventually a myocardial infarction if the ischemic episode were to persist for more than 20 to 30 min. There have been numerous studies in animal models in search of a magic bullet or drug that can ameliorate these symptoms and result in a reduction in infarct size, improvement in the recovery of contractile function, and abrogation of malignant ventricular arrhythmias in humans. This unit describes two animal models of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury which are used to evaluate pharmacological agents that may eventually demonstrate cardioprotective activity in a clinical setting.
Compressive sampling of polynomial chaos expansions

Sampling orthogonal polynomial bases via Monte Carlo is of interest for uncertainty quantification of models with random inputs, using Polynomial Chaos (PC) expansions. It is known that bounding a probabilistic parameter, referred to as coherence, yields a bound on the number of samples necessary to identify coefficients in a sparse PC expansion via solution to an ? 1 -minimization problem. Utilizing results for orthogonal polynomials, we bound the coherence parameter for polynomials of Hermite and Legendre type under their respective natural sampling distribution. In both polynomial bases we identify an importance sampling distribution which yields a bound with weaker dependence on the order of the approximation. For more general orthonormal bases, we propose the coherence-optimal sampling: a Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling, which directly uses the basis functions under consideration to achieve a statistical optimality among all sampling schemes with identical support. We demonstrate these different sampling strategies numerically in both high-order and high-dimensional, manufactured PC expansions. In addition, the quality of each sampling method is compared in the identification of solutions to two differential equations, one with a high-dimensional random input and the other with a high-order PC expansion. In both cases, the coherence-optimal sampling scheme leads to similar or considerably improved accuracy.
Live Cell Fluorescence Fluctuation Analysis Of Cdc42 Polarity Maintenance In Live Yeast

Biological processes such as development, cell motility, and immune response depend on the maintenance of robust cell polarization. Cdc42, a conserved Rho-GTPase and master regulator of cell polarization is recycled by two complementary mechanisms: actin-mediated transport/endocytosis and cytosolic recycling through the Rho-GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI) Rdi1p. However, the molecular interactions controlling these recycling mechanisms are not well understood. Here, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), and cross correlation spectroscopy (FCCS), along with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) are implemented to study recycling of Cdc42 at the polarized site and dynamics and interactions of cytosolic Cdc42p in living yeast cells. FRAP of GFP-Cdc42p at the polar tip upon Cdc42 mutation, Rdi1 deletion, or LatA treatment to inhibit actin transport reveal that multiple recycling mechanisms work in concert to maintain polarization of Cdc42p. Using FCCS, we observe strong cytosolic interaction of Rdi1p-mCherry and GFP-Cdc42p. While in vitro experiments have shown that Rdi1p forms a stable complex with Cdc42p-GDP, we observe little in vivo interaction of Rdi1p with Cdc42 mutants locked in GDP or GTP forms, suggesting the GTPase cycle of Cdc42p is necessary for the ability of Rdi1p to bind Cdc42p in vivo. Relative abundance of ‘fast’ and ‘slow’ diffusing populations of Cdc42 depends upon the ability of Rdi1p to bind Cdc42 and the GTPase cycle of Cdc42p. In addition, the role of Rdi1p phosphorylation in the regulation of Rdi1p-mediated Cdc42 recycling, and a mathematical model of the spatial relationship of the multiple pathways for Cdc42p polarity maintenance relative to the polar cap will be presented.
A Five Color Zero-Sum Generalization

Let gzs(m, 2k) (gzs(m, 2k+1)) be the minimal integer such that for any coloring Δ of the integers from 1, . . . , gzs(m, 2k) by ** (the integers from 1 to gzs(m, 2k+1) by ** ) there exist integers**such that1. there exists jx such that Δ(xi) ∈ ** for each i and ∑i=1m Δ(xi) = 0 mod m (or Δ(xi)=∞ for each i);2. there exists jy such that Δ(yi) ∈ ** for each i and ∑i=1m Δ(yi) = 0 mod m (or Δ(yi)=∞ for each i); and1. 2(xm−x1)≤ym−x1.In this note we show gzs(m, 2)=5m−4 for m≥2, gzs(m, 3)=7m+** −6 for m≥4, gzs(m, 4)=10m−9 for m≥3, and gzs(m, 5)=13m−2 for m≥2.
The genetic basis of infertility in men.

Subfertility in men is a heterogeneous syndrome, its pathophysiology remaining unknown in the majority of affected men. A large number of genes and loci are associated with sterility in experimental animals, but the human homologues of most of these genes have not been characterized. A British study suggested that, in a large proportion of men with idiopathic infertility, the disorder is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait; this provocative hypothesis needs confirmation. Because normal germ cell development requires the temporally and spatially co-ordinated expression of a number of gene products at the hypothalamic, pituitary and testicular levels, it is safe to predict that a large number of autosomal, as well as X- and Y-linked, genes will probably be implicated in different subsets of male subfertility.
Tenosynovial giant cell tumor of the posterior arch of C1

Tenosynovial giant cell tumor, also called pigmented villonodular synovitis, is a disease typically of the joints and which uncommonly involves the spine. We present a case of a mass of the posterior C1 arch which eroded bone and did not arise from the facet joint. The imaging findings of spinal tenosynovial giant cell tumor will be reviewed as well as the imaging findings in this case, where tenosynovial giant cell tumor arose presumably within a small bursa. One’s understanding of the imaging characteristics can lead to the correct diagnosis and avoid an unnecessary work-up.
Analyzing and comparing the performance of two real-time playback systems.

Abstract A technique used in animated computer graphics involves the use of real-time playback. This method is used when it is not possible to display frames of display code in real-time. Instead, frames are compiled in advance at non realtime rates, saved in secondary storage, and played back at desired realtime speeds. The basic design and operation of two such systems will be considered. The more powerful of the two is built upon an Evans and Sutherland picture System I and utilizes animated vector graphics. The other playback system is built upon a Terak micro computer display and represents an example of rudimentary raster graphics animation. The synchronization, buffering, blocking and man-machine interfaces of both systems are detailed thus spotlighting their operational behavior. A comparison of the two systems show: that similarities in the logical organization of each system exist; that both systems are input bound; and both require their image files to be built on other computer systems. The differences in the performance of the two systems can be attributed to technological differences between the two systems; the retrieval rates of their respective disk subsystems; and differences in the intent and purpose behind the design of each machine. The systems are demonstrated by applying them to chemical modeling. It is determined that playback is a useful technique for examining complicated sequential situations or for providing the concise and convenient representation of large amounts of data.
Biodiversity and Conservation of the Marine Environment

Abstract Although the need to maintain biological diversity has received increasing attention from scientists and politicians in the last decade, little effort has been devoted to conserving the biological diversity of the oceans and seas, which cover 71% of the earth's surface. Marine systems provide food supplies, and, even more important in a greenhouse world, remove a large portion of the atmosphere's carbon dioxide. Overharvesting, introduction of alien species, toxic and nutrient pollution, coastal development, and increasing ultraviolet radiation threaten marine species. As the human population rises and marine species and ecosystems are subjected to stresses comparable to those on land, conservation of marine biological diversity is being hindered by inadequate understanding of its composition and functioning, its vulnerabilities, and the manner in which we approach marine resource management. This paper examines some basic characteristics of marine life, provides examples of three basic levels of...
Semantic-Aware Automatic Parallelization of Modern Applications Using High-Level Abstractions

Automatic introduction of OpenMP for sequential applications has attracted significant attention recently because of the proliferation of multicore processors and the simplicity of using OpenMP to express parallelism for shared-memory systems. However, most previous research has only focused on C and Fortran applications operating on primitive data types. Modern applications using high-level abstractions, such as C++ STL containers and complex user-defined class types, are largely ignored due to the lack of research compilers that are readily able to recognize high-level object-oriented abstractions and leverage their associated semantics. In this paper, we use a source-to-source compiler infrastructure, ROSE, to explore compiler techniques to recognize high-level abstractions and to exploit their semantics for automatic parallelization. Several representative parallelization candidate kernels are used to study semantic-aware parallelization strategies for high-level abstractions, combined with extended compiler analyses. Preliminary results have shown that semantics of abstractions can help extend the applicability of automatic parallelization to modern applications and expose more opportunities to take advantage of multicore processors.
The Role of Assessment in Differentiation

With the increasing diversity in classrooms, teachers are faced with a broad range of students representing a wide variety of educational needs. To effectively address students' diverse education needs, teachers must engage in good decision making. This article explores the bidirectional relationship between differentiation and assessment through the lens of decision-making. Particularly, the article investigates the 3 phases of assessment—planning instruction, guiding instruction, and evaluating instruction. It also asks 4 questions: Why does assessment matter? What happens if it is misaligned with learning goals? How does the teacher use the assessment data? What does it look like? The article concludes with a summary of the 3 principle building blocks of differentiation—active learning, high expectations for students, social context of learning—and their implications for assessment.
Technology transfer and public policy: a review of research and theory

Abstract My purpose is to review, synthesize and criticize the voluminous, multidisciplinary literature on technology transfer. To reduce the literature to manageable proportions, I focus chiefly (not exclusively) on recent literature on domestic technology transfer from universities and government laboratories. I begin by examining a set of fundamental conceptual issues, especially the ways in which the analytical ambiguities surrounding technology transfer concepts affect research and theory. My literature review follows and I emphasize technology transfer's impact and effectiveness. I employ a “Contingent Effectiveness Model of Technology Transfer” to organize the literature. As the model's name implies, it assumes that technology effectiveness can take a variety of forms. In addition to examining the more traditional effectiveness criteria- those rooted in market impacts- the model considers a number of alternative effectiveness criteria, including political effectiveness, capacity-building.
Automatic and versatile publications ranking for research institutions and scholars

Assessing both academic and industrial research institutions, along with their scholars, can help identify the best organizations and individuals in a given discipline. Assessment can reveal outstanding institutions and scholars, allowing students and researchers to better decide where they want to study or work and allowing employers to recruit the most qualified potential employees. These assessments can also assist both internal and external administrators in making influential decisions; for example, funding, promotion, and compensation.
7.3.3 The Applications of Systems Engineering for the Development of RFID in e-Logistic Service

Current paper will apply system engineering to Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system that is developed for the purpose to improve Taiwanese logistic industry competitiveness. Based on the development strategy for systems engineering in the e-environment, the production line and warehouse management e-logistic RFID system program integrate both domain knowledge and systems engineering. The methodologies, tools, procedures, templates and management system of systems engineering have been applied in this program. Using systems engineering technology, such as requirement analysis, risk management and others will help to solve the complex and changing environment of present logistic service industry in Taiwan.
Physics of Cell Adhesion Failure and Human Diseases

Abstract Emergent phenomena in living systems, including your ability to read these lines, do not obviously follow as a consequence of the fundamental laws of physics. Understanding the physics of living systems clearly falls outside the conventional boundaries of scientific disciplines and requires a collaborative, multidisciplinary approach. Here I will discuss how theoretical and computational techniques from statistical physics can be used to make progress in explaining the physical mechanisms that underlie complex biological phenomena, including major diseases. In the specific cases of macular degeneration and cancer that we have studied recently, we find that the breakdown of the mechanical stability in the local tissue structure caused by weakening of the cell-cell adhesion plays a key role in the initiation and progression of the disease. This finding can help in the development of new therapies that would prevent or halt the initiation and progression of these diseases.
Microstructural characterization of metallic overlay coatings by high resolution analytical electron microscopy

Abstract The microstructures of MCrAlY coatings have been investigated using high resolution analytical electron microscopy. Phase identification was accomplished by X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, selected area diffraction and convergent beam diffraction of extractions and foils. The techniques for sample preparation and analysis will be emphasized. The phase distribution in the NiCrAlY coatings was observed to be a region of β-NiAl with fine spherical α-Cr along with a region of γ phase (nickel solid solution) and γ′-Ni3Al. Fissure-like growth defects were associated with the formation of coarse α-Cr. In addition, Y2O3 formation shows a strong affinity for Al2O3.
Synthesis and structural characterization of magnesium and cobalt derivatives of the bulky aryl ligand −C6H3-2,6-Mes2

Abstract The synthesis and structural characterization of the new metal-terphenyl derivatives [BrMC6H3-2,6-Mes2(THF)]2 (M  Mg (1), Co (2); Mes  −C6H2-2,4,6-Me3) are described. The magnesium derivative 1 was synthesized by reaction of the previously known iodide IC6H3-2,6-Mes2 with activated magnesium. Subsequent treatment of 1 with CoCl2 affords 2 in moderate yield. Compounds 1 and 2 have very similar dimeric structures, in which two bromides bridge two metals. Each is also coordinated to a −C6H3-2,6-Mes2 group and a THF molecule. The metals are thus four-coordinated. The cobalt species 2 is a very unusual example of a stable Co(II) σ-bonded hydrocarbyl. The CoCo separation of ca. 3.5 A precludes the existence of significant metal-metal bonding. Crystal data at 130 K with Mo Kα ( λ = 0.71073 A ) radiation: 1, a = 9.432(2), b = 21.973(5), c = 12.558(2) A , β = 94.87(2)°, Z = 2 , monoclinic, space, grou P21/c, R = 0.058 for 3006(1 > 2 σ(I)) data, 2, a = 9.394(2), b = 22.033(7), c = 22.033(7), c = 12.390(3) A , β = 94.99(2)°, Z = 2 , monoclinic, space group P21/c, R = 0.077 for 2675(I > 2σ(I)) data.
Activity of Cefamandole and Other Cephalosporins Against Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria

The activity of cefamandole was comparable to that of cephalothin, cefazolin, and cephaloridine against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Diplococcus pneumoniae. In contrast, cefamandole was considerably more active than cephalothin, cefazolin, or cephaloridine against gram-negative facultative bacilli, including Haemophilus influenzae, the most striking disparities being noted with indole-positive Proteus and Enterobacter. Bacteroides fragilis was more susceptible to cefoxitin than to cefamandole or cefazolin (median minimal inhibitory concentration, approximately 8, 32, and 32 mug/ml, respectively); cephalothin exhibited still less activity against this species. The majority of other anaerobes were inhibited by relatively low concentrations of all four cephalosporins. The results indicate a potentially valuable role for cefamandole against facultative gram-negative bacilli, including H. influenzae, but no exceptional activity against anaerobes.
A national study of the association between language use and health insurance coverage in the United States

Background: A significant proportion of individuals seen in US hospitals speak a language other than English. A number of reports have shown that individuals who speak a language other than English have diminished access to care, but few have examined specifically language barriers and its relationship to health insurance coverage. Objectives: To estimate the impact of language use on prevalence of reported health insurance coverage across multiple racial and ethnic groups and among persons living in the U.S. for varying periods of time. Design and participants: Cross sectional study using data from the 2010 National Health Interview Survey. Main measures: The main outcome measure is health insurance status. Key results: Persons who spoke Spanish or a language other than English were less likely to have insurance. Among Hispanics who speak Spanish or a language other than English, only 50.6% report having health insurance coverage compared to 76.7% of Hispanics who speak only or mostly English. For non-Hispanic whites who speak Spanish or a language other than English, 71.7% report having health insurance coverage compared to 83.4% of non-Hispanic whites who speak only or mostly English, this same pattern was observed across all racial/ethnic groups. Among those speaking only or mostly English living in the U.S. <15 years had significantly lower adjusted odds of reporting health insurance coverage compared to those born in the United States. Conclusions: This was a large nationally representative study describing language differences in insurance access using a multi-ethnic population. This data suggest that individuals who speak a language other than English are less likely to have insurance across all racial and ethnic groups and nativity and years in the United States groups, underscoring the significant independent importance of language as a predictor for access to insurance.
PHYTOTOXICITY OF PARAQUAT ON WHITE AND GREEN HIBISCUS, SORGHUM AND ALPINIA LEAVES*

Summary. Paraquat was applied to while, variegated and green leaves of Hibiscus rosa sinensis L. Visual observations and moisture loss determinations revealed that the rate of tissue kill by paraquat was reduced in while tissue. Evidence from paraquat absorption and concentration studies indicated that phytotoxic differences were not due to amount or rate of absorption or protoplasmic susceptibility, but to differences in chlorophyll Content of treated leaves. Desiccants such as dinoseb, not dependent upon chlorophyll for rapid action, were equally affective on white and green leaves. The same reduced activity of paraquat on white leaf tissue was demonstrated for other species. Phytotoxicite du paraquat applique sur les feuilles blanches ou vertes de l'hibiscus, du sorgho et de l'alpinia Resume. Du paraquat fut appliquea des feuilles blanches, vertes ou panachees d'Hibiscus rosa sinensis L. Des observations visuelles et des mesures de pertes d'eau revelerent que le taux de mortalite des lissus tues par le paraquat etait reduit pour les feuilies blanches. L'etude et l'absorption et de la concentration du paraquat montra que les differences dc phytotoxicite n'etaienl pas dues a la quantite de produit absorbe ou au taux d'absorption, ni a la sensibility du protoplasme, mais a dos differences dans la teneur en chlorophylle des feuilles traitees. Des dessicants tels que le dinosebe, independanis de la chlorophylle quant a la rapidite d'action, furent egalement actifs sur feuilles blanches el sur feuilles vertes. La meme reduction d'activite du paraquat sur les feuilles blanches fut demontrecGe egalement pour les autres especes. Phytetoxizitat von Paraquat gegenuber weissem und grunem Hibiscus, Hirse und Alpinia Blattern Zusammenfassung. Paraquat wurde auf weisse, panaschierte und grune Blatter von Hibiscus rosa sinetufis L. aufgebracht. Visuelle Beobachtungen und die Bestimmung des Feuchtigkeitsverlusts zeigten, dass weisses Gewebe durch Paraquat weniger stark abgetotet wurde. Aus Untersuchungen zur Absorption und Konzentration von Paraquat ging hervor, dass Unterschiede in der Phytotoxizitat nicht durch die Absorptionsrate oder die Emplindlichkeit des Protoplasma bedingt wurde, sondern durch die Unterschiede im Chlorophyllgehalt behandelter Blatter. Mittel zur Blattvorwelke, wie Dinoseb, deren Wirkungsintensitat nicht vom Chlorophyll abhangig ist, waren an weissen und grunen Blattern gleichermassen wirksam. Dieselbe reduzierte Aktivitat von Paraquat an weissem Blattgewebe wurde auch bei anderen Pflanzenarten nachgewiesen.
Locating Pea Comb and Blue Egg in Relation to the Centromere of Chromosome 1 in the Chicken

Abstract A chromosome translocation involving the Z chromosome and Chromosome 1, the NM 7659 t(Z+;1q–), (T) was used in a genetic linkage test with pea comb (P) and blue egg (O). The translocation break point on Chromosome 1 is on the long arm, close to the centromere. It had been previously suggested that the loci for P and O are located on the short arm. Significant linkages of 10.4 ± 1.5 map units between P and T, 13.5 ± 2.4 map units between O and T, and 3.1 ± 1.1 map units between O and P were found. The linear order is T-P-O. The centromere of Chromosome 1 is between T and P, and P and O are located on the short arm. Muffs and beard was also segregating in this test and showed independence from all other markers.
Attachment and separation difficulties in eating disorders: A preliminary investigation

Disruptions in normal attachment, signaled by intense separation distress, can be conceptualized as a central risk factor underlying the development of anorexia and bulimia nervosa. In a preliminary study of the hypothesis, Hansburg's Separation Anxiety Test, derived from Bowlby's attachment theory, was administered to eating-disordered inpatients. These patients evidenced significantly more severe separation and attachment difficulties than is normal in adolescence and in adults undergoing developmentally based relationship crises. They appear to make no cognitive distinction between brief, everyday leavetakings and more permanent breaks. The implications of these findings, and of Bowlby's attachment theory, for the understanding and treatment of eating disorders is discussed.
Multiscale geometric modeling of macromolecules II: Lagrangian representation

Geometric modeling of biomolecules plays an essential role in the conceptualization of biolmolecular structure, function, dynamics, and transport. Qualitatively, geometric modeling offers a basis for molecular visualization, which is crucial for the understanding of molecular structure and interactions. Quantitatively, geometric modeling bridges the gap between molecular information, such as that from X-ray, NMR, and cryo-electron microscopy, and theoretical/mathematical models, such as molecular dynamics, the Poisson-Boltzmann equation, and the Nernst-Planck equation. In this work, we present a family of variational multiscale geometric models for macromolecular systems. Our models are able to combine multiresolution geometric modeling with multiscale electrostatic modeling in a unified variational framework. We discuss a suite of techniques for molecular surface generation, molecular surface meshing, molecular volumetric meshing, and the estimation of Hadwiger's functionals. Emphasis is given to the multiresolution representations of biomolecules and the associated multiscale electrostatic analyses as well as multiresolution curvature characterizations. The resulting fine resolution representations of a biomolecular system enable the detailed analysis of solvent-solute interaction, and ion channel dynamics, whereas our coarse resolution representations highlight the compatibility of protein-ligand bindings and possibility of protein-protein interactions.
Generalized gust-front factor: A computational framework for wind load effects

Abstract This paper presents a unified framework of a generalized gust-front factor for modeling winds in gust-fronts and their attendant load effects on structures. This is analogous to the gust loading factor, a widely recognized format used world-wide in codes and standards, for the treatment of gusts in conventional boundary layer winds. The generalized gust-front factor encapsulates dynamic features inherent in wind load effects in gust-fronts originating from winds in downbursts/thunderstorms. In view of the computational complexity of the formulation and the need to promote the usage of such a framework, a web-based portal is provided. The portal at http://gff.ce.nd.edu can be conveniently utilized to evaluate the generalized gust-front factor in conjunction with international standards. The proposed generalized gust-front factor reduces to conventional gust loading factor in the case of boundary layer winds, thus, it represents a most generalized dynamic wind load effects modeling framework on structures that is compatible with the format used in ASCE 7 or any other international standard.
The IBM eServer z990 floating-point unit

The floating-point unit (FPU) of the IBM z990 eServerTM is the first one in an IBM mainframe with a fused multiply-add dataflow. It also represents the first time that an SRT divide algorithm (named after Sweeney, Robertson, and Tocher, who independently proposed the algorithm) was used in an IBM mainframe. The FPU supports dual architectures: the zSeries® hexadecimal floating-point architecture and the IEEE 754 binary floating-point architecture. Six floating-point formats-- including short, long, and extended operands-are supported in hardware. The throughput of this FPU is one multiply-add operation per cycle. The instructions are executed in five pipeline steps, and there are multiple provisions to avoid stalls in case of data dependencies. It is able to handle denormalized input operands and denormalized results without a stall (except for architectural program exceptions). It has a new extended-precision divide and square-root dataflow. This dataflow uses a radix-4 SRT algorithm (radix-2 for square root) and is able to handle divides and square-root operations in multiple floating-point and fixed-point formats. For fixed-point divisions, a new mechanism improves the performance by using an algorithm with which the number of divide iterations depends on the effective number of quotient bits.
Xenoliths of gneisses and the conformable, clot-like granophyres in the Marginal Border Group, Skaergaard intrusion, East Greenland

Results of this research and the earlier work of Wager and his colleagues indicate that contamination influenced the overall character of the Marginal Border Group of the Skaergaard intrusion. Precambrian gneisses were a major source of contamination and are identifiable as xenoliths in the Marginal Border. A variety of other xenoliths occur with a wide compositional range.
Radiocarbon Dating of Parchment

A NUMBER of parchment manuscripts of known historial age, from the period of the Renaissance, have been measured by the radiocarbon method to assess the feasibility and accuracy with which such documents can be dated. This study was also intended to check the veracity of secular variations in the radiocarbon content of the biosphere with animal rather than tree ring tissue.