cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Meta-Analysis Reveals the Prognostic Relevance of Nuclear and Membrane-Associated Bile Acid Receptors in Gastric Cancer.

Introduction Bile acids (BAs) arising from duodenogastric reflux are known to facilitate gastric cancer (GC) development. Although BAs traditionally contribute to carcinogenesis through direct cellular cytotoxicity, increasing evidence implicates nuclear and membrane BA receptors (BARs) as additional factors influencing cancer risk. Indeed, some BARs are already linked with GC, but conflicting evidence and lack of information regarding other endogenous BARs warrant further investigation. In this study, we meta-analyzed multiple data sets to identify clinically relevant relationships between BAR expression and prognosis, clinicopathology, and activity in GC. Methods We collected transcriptomic data from the Gene Expression Omnibus and The Cancer Genome Atlas to analyze associations between BAR expression and GC prognosis, subtype, and clinicopathology. We also used Ingenuity Pathway Analysis to assess and predict functions, upstream regulators, and downstream mediators of membrane and nuclear BARs in GC. Results BARs showed differential distribution in GC; membrane BARs (G protein-coupled BAR 1, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2, and cholinergic receptor muscarinic 2) were enriched in diffuse-, genome-stable, and mesenchymal-type tumors, whereas nuclear BARs (pregnane-X-receptor, constitutive androstane receptor, and farnesoid-X-receptor) were enriched in chromosome instability and metabolic subtypes. High expression of all membrane but not nuclear BARs was associated with poor prognosis and unfavorable GC clinicopathologic features. Similarly, expression patterns of membrane but not nuclear BARs varied geographically, aligning with Helicobacter pylori infection and GC mortality rates. Finally, GC-related oncogenes, namely transforming growth factor β1, were associated with membrane BARs, whereas many metabolic-associated genes were associated with nuclear BARs. Discussion Through transcriptomic meta-analysis, we identified distinct expression profiles between nuclear and membrane BARs that demonstrate prognostic relevance and warrant further investigation.
The Social and Sociological Consequences of China's One-Child Policy

China's one-child policy is one of the largest and most controversial social engineering projects in human history. With the extreme restrictions it imposed on reproduction, the policy has altered ...
Digitality and Debordered Spaces in the Era of Streaming: A Global South Perspective

Emerging digital entertainment media in the Global South are anchored in nation-state configurations, benefit from supranational affordances, and aspire to global operations. Drawing on Sassen’s “t...
The Inversion Problem II: Practical Computation

We now return to the study of our problems from the point of view “practical computation” as distinct from that of “theoretical arithmetic” which we took in Chapter 4. Several questions clearly arise as is indicated by Problems 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.6, which are to be solved in the first place by hand or by desk machine. We discuss these briefly.
Social Control in Marketing Channel Systems

Interest in the behavioral dimensions of marketing channel systems has existed for decades. One aspect of channel member behavior which has received relatively little attention is how social control is used within a channel system. This paper makes a start in that direction by specifying the constructs of interest and providing a preliminary model showing the relationships between these constructs.
The impact of intersatellite communication links on LEOS performance

LEOS communication systems are rapidly moving from dream to reality. When operational, the LEOS systems can offer mobile and fixed?site communications between any two points on the globe. Yet, many LEOS system design issues remain unresolved. Some of the planned systems, such as Iridium and Teledesic, rely on intersatellite communication to provide space based routing from origin to destination while others, like Globalstar, use ground based routing. This paper investigates the effect of satellite crosslink design on user?to?user delay and satellite power consumption. Delay is an important measure of quality of service and may have a significant impact on system revenues. The results indicate that the choice of crosslink architecture has a large effect on user?to?user delay. In a polar orbit LEOS system, there will be two seams from pole to pole 180° apart, where satellites in orbits on opposing sides of the seam move in opposite directions. It is demonstrated that the ability to maintain communication links across the seams is of relatively minor importance for user?to?user delay. Finally, the choice of crosslink pattern and crosslink antenna technology is shown to have no significant impact on satellite power consumption or on LEOS system capacity.
Depth of Origin of Sputtered Atoms

The depth of origin of sputtered atoms is currently a very important quantity in surface physics. The importance is best observed by examining the literature on computer simulations and theoretical calculations. Despite this interest, it is very hard to find experimental measurements of the depth of origin of sputtered atoms, which is probably due to the difficulty of such experiments. A good determination of the depth of origin should be done on a well characterized system and without damaging it. The results reported here are obtained from 1–2 monolayers of Cu on a Ru(0001) single crystal surface. The first 2 monolayers of Cu evaporated onto Ru(0001) is known to exhibit a layer by layer growth[l]. The sputtering is studied in the Surface Analysis by Resonance Ionization of Sputtered Atoms(SARISA) apparatus[2], where it is possible to do the determination before the overlayer is damaged by the ion beam. One monolayer of Cu on Ru is found to give a ratio of 3.2 between Cu and Ru in the sputtered flux for 4 keV normal incidence Ar ions.
A rapid method for preparing crystalline beta 2 subunit of tryptophan synthetase of Escherichia coli in high yield.

Abstract A very rapid method for preparing β2 subunit of tryptophan synthetase of Escherichia coli is based on our observation that the apo-β2 subunit is much less soluble in solutions containing ammonium sulfate than is the holo-β2 subunit. This new preparation (Preparation III) and the standard preparation of Wilson and Crawford (Preparation I) have both been crystallized. Two mechanisms are proposed to explain our findings that the β2 subunit crystallizes as the apoenzyme from solutions of ammonium sulfate containing pyridoxal-P and as the holoenzyme from solutions of potassium phosphate containing pyridoxal-P. Crystalline β2 subunit Preparations I and III have high specific activities which are stable when the enzyme is stored in the crystalline form.
Inhibition of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinomas Expressing Somatostatin Receptors by a Targeted Cytotoxic Analogue of Somatostatin AN-238

The effectiveness of chemotherapy targeted to somatostatin (SST) receptors based on cytotoxic SST analogue AN-238, consisting of 2-pyrrolinodoxorubicin (AN-201) linked to SST carrier octapeptide, was investigated in human renal cell carcinomas (RCCs). SST receptors, which showed high-affinity binding for AN-238, were found in the SW-839 RCC line with sst2A subtype and in the 786-0 RCC line, which expressed the sst5 subtype. CAKI-1 RCC, which does not express sst2A or sst5, was used as a negative control for testing the specificity of SST receptor targeting. Using microsatellite analysis, AN-238 was shown to selectively inhibit the proliferation of 786-0 line, but not the CAKI-1 RCC line in vitro . The effects of three i.v. injections of 150 nmol/kg of AN-238 or AN-201, given on days 1, 8, and 21, were evaluated in groups of nude mice bearing s.c. xenografts of SW-839 and 786-0 RCC. After 5 weeks, the volumes of SW-839 and 786-0 RCC tumors were decreased by 67.2 ( P < 0.05) and 78.3% ( P < 0.01), respectively, whereas AN-201 had no significant effect on tumor growth. The inhibition of SST receptor-negative CAKI-1 tumors by AN-238 was only marginal. To investigate the efficacy of SST receptor-targeted chemotherapy in metastatic RCC, three i.v. injections of AN-238 or AN-201 at 150 nmol/kg were given at biweekly intervals to nude mice implanted with 786-0 tumors under the renal capsule. After 6 weeks, the weight of orthotopic tumors treated with AN-238 (55.3 ± 44.3 mg) was significantly lower (87% reduction; P < 0.001) than that in the control group (414.2 ± 41.0 mg) or in animals given AN-201 (270.2 ± 60.3 mg; P < 0.05). Five of six animals (83%), both in the control and the AN-201 group, developed metastases to lymph nodes, but only one of seven mice (14%) given AN-238 showed lymphatic spread. Lung metastases were found in 83% of controls and 50% of AN-201 treated animals, but none occurred in mice treated with AN-238. This study demonstrates that targeted cytotoxic SST analogue AN-238 provides an effective therapy for chemoresistant neoplasms such as RCC. Because most clinical RCCs express SST receptors, this treatment modality might be beneficial to patients with metastatic disease.
Utilizing covariates in partially observed networks

In many applications of network analysis one observes the network of interest imperfectly. Inference on such networks requires one to either impute the unobserved information, or to be robust to the missing information. In many applications, such as social networks, brain connectomes, communications networks, etc. these graphs can be extremely large, which can make imputation problematic. Typically one has little to no control over the missing information. Additionally, there is often meta-data associated with the network, and incorporating these covariates can improve the inference and provide some level of robustness under the missing data. We will describe a family of spectral graph algorithms that allow one to utilize covariates in a natural way, and will illustrate the methodology on a large graph derived from Twitter, in which one observes most of the tweets containing geographic information (latitude and longitude of the device used to send the tweet) and builds the mentions graph, in which a directed edge indicates that a tweet from one user mentioned another user. Note that since we observe only those tweets with a location, we do not observe tweets from many of the users mentioned, and so do not have information about their outward edges or such covariates as their location, the languages they speak, etc. Note that in the case of the latter, we observe the meta-data partially as well — we observe the language of the tweets mentioning these users, but not those sent by them. We will describe a method to utilize the geographic information of the subset of users for which this is observed to perform inference on the overall graph, such as inferring missing edges and inferring the location of users whose devices do not provide this information.
Seismic and acoustic signals detected at Lo'ihi Seamount by the Hawai'i Undersea Geo-Observatory

[1] The Hawai'i Undersea Geo-Observatory (HUGO) is an ocean bottom observatory located on the summit of Lo'ihi seamount, Hawai'i. An electro-optical cable connects the HUGO junction box to a shore station on the Big Island of Hawaii, thereby enabling the first real-time monitoring of a submarine volcano. HUGO was active for 3 months in 1998, collecting nearly continuous, real-time data on a high-rate hydrophone. Signals detected during that time include local as well as teleseismic earthquakes, T phases from Pacific-wide earthquakes, landslides on the submarine flank of Kilauea, and eruption sounds from the current Kilauea eruption. The data do not indicate a Lo'ihi eruption during the time that HUGO was active. The variety and quality of signals detected by the HUGO hydrophone confirms that a real-time observatory can serve a valuable role in studies of oceanic acoustics, local and teleseismic earthquakes, and submarine eruption mechanics.
Uma Contribuição para Alfabetização de Portadores de Síndrome de Down

Resumo: O presente artigo apresenta o software educacional Alfabetizando Brincando voltado para individuos portadores de Sindrome de Down. O software disponibiliza diversas atividades, que pretende ensinar o alfabeto e reforcar o conceito das vogais, a formacao de palavras e a distincao de cada uma delas, ao mesmo tempo em que trabalha com a coordenacao motora do aluno. Neste contexto, a informatica desempenha um papel significativo de forma divertida e interativa, possibilitando a alfabetizacao e o desenvolvimento educacional de portadores da Sindrome de Down. Abstract: This paper presents the educational software Alfabetizando Brincando to people with Down Syndrome. This software becomes available different activities, which intend to teach the alphabet and to reinforce the concept of vowels, the words formation and the distinction of each one, at the same time that it works with the motor coordination of the students. In this context, the technology takes out an important role in a funny and interactive way, that gives possibility to the porters of Down Syndrome being alphabetized and having an educational growth.
Proactive vs. Retroactive Mediation: Effects of Mediation's Timing on Children's Reactions to Popular Cartoon Violence

An experiment with 150 children aged 5–7 and 10–12 revealed that children’s reactions to violent TV shows differed based on when they received negatively valenced, evaluative mediation. Results also showed that the effect of mediation’s timing consistently depended on children’s age. Older children responded better to pre-exposure mediation than they did to postexposure mediation. In some cases, older children exhibited reactance to postexposure mediation. For younger children, on the other hand, mediation given at any time was more beneficial than no mediation at all. The refore, the timing of active mediation may be an important factor in interpreting research and in the design and implementation of mediation interventions. doi:10.1111/hcre.12030 Both experimental and survey research have consistently shown that active mediation is a highly effective way of reducing media’s negative effects on children (Nathanson, 2001). Survey research, however, is inherently limited in its ability to establish causality—it cannot tell us whether mediation in fl uences children’s responses to media exposure or whether children’s responses to media exposure instigate adult–child conversations about media content (Livingstone & Helsper, 2008; Nathanson, 2002). Therefore, we know that active mediation can reduce media effects, but survey research cannot tell us whether (a) mediation prevents media effects from occurring, (b) mediation reduces media effects after they have already occurred, or (c) active mediation is more effective at minimizing the effect of media exposure when it occurs before or after the exposure. Although experimental research tells us that mediation occurring before or during media exposure is effective at reducing the media’s influence, no research compares the relative effectiveness of pre-, during-, and postexposure active mediation. Therefore, thefirst purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of active mediation when given at different times relative to children’s exposure to violent television shows. In addition, mediation research shows that mediation must be developmentally appropriate in order to achieve its intended, desirable outcomes (Buijzen, 2007;
Exploring Hospice Decisions: The Road from the Institute on Aging and Social Work to an ARRA Challenge Grant

Decisions about treatment and options for care at the end stage of an advanced chronic illness are important determinants of the quality of a person's death and of how family members adapt in bereavement. This article describes the steps taken to secure federal funding to study how people make the decision to enroll in hospice. The National Institute on Aging Training Institute underscored four key principles of a fundable proposal: (a) collaborative research partnerships with community agencies; (b) pilot funding and data; (c) interdisciplinary collaboration; and (d) a match between the federal agency and program announcement. The proposal was funded by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act's Challenge Grant Program through the National Institute for Nursing Research. The study aims were to (a) explore the factors that contribute to the decision to enter hospice or decline; (b) compare decision making in older cancer patients who were enrolled in hospice with those who declined; (c) determine how de...
Multiple dopamine binding sites: subcellular localization and biochemical characterization.

— The biochemical and pharmacological characteristics of dopamine agonist and antagonist binding to rat striatal subcellular fractions were studied and compared to the localization of dopamine–sensitive adenylate cyclase activity. The highest specific activity of adenylate cyclase sensitive to dopamine was associated almost exclusively with the crude synaptic membrane fraction (P2). Using [3H]-haloperidol, [3H]apomorphine and [3H]spiroperidol as markers for the dopamine receptor, high affinity and stereoselective specific binding was observed for the crude synaptic fraction and the microsomal fraction (P3). Analysis of the binding of [3H]haloperidol to the striatal microsomal preparation revealed a homogeneous receptor site with a Kd value of 3.0 nm. The data for [3H]haloperidol binding to the crude synaptosomal fraction showed two saturable binding sites with Kd values of 2.5 nm and 12.5 nm. A similar heterogeneous binding profile was observed in the P2 fraction using [3H]apomorphine. The Kd values for [3H]apomorphine in this fraction were determined to be 1.2 nm and 7.2 nm. The effects of various biochemical parameters including ionic strength, salt concentration and pH on the binding of [3H]haloperidol to the P2 fraction were also studied. Overall, these data show that the subcellular localization of multiple binding sites in the crude synaptosomal fraction and the identification of specific binding to purified synaptosomes correlate with the subcellular distribution of striatal dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity.
Alcohol consumption is inversely associated with adherence to diabetes self-care behaviours.

Aims Our aim was to examine the associations of alcohol consumption with six diabetes self-care behaviours. Methods We determined levels of alcohol consumption and examined associations between alcohol consumption and six self-care behaviours in 65 996 adults with diabetes who received care through Kaiser Permanente Northern California and who responded to a 1994–1997 survey. Adherence with recommendations for self monitoring of blood glucose, HbA1c testing, and diabetes medications were determined from electronic records; smoking and use of diet and exercise to treat diabetes were self reported. Multiple logistic regression models were used to determine the associations between alcohol consumption (average number of drinks/day in the past year) and the probability of adherence to each self-care behaviour. Results Current alcohol consumption was reported by 50.8% of adults with diabetes. In adjusted models, we observed a gradient of increasing risk for poor adherence to diabetes self-care behaviours with increasing alcohol consumption, starting with those who consume even one drink a day. Former drinkers had the greatest compliance with each self-care behaviour, except for current smoking. Conclusions Alcohol consumption is a marker for poorer adherence to diabetes self-care behaviours. These findings highlight the importance of routine assessment of alcohol intake in people with diabetes, particularly as half of adults with diabetes consume alcohol. Given extant evidence that moderate alcohol intake may have cardiovascular benefits for patients with diabetes, examination of the trade-offs between cardiovascular benefits vs. potential risk of lower adherence with self-care behaviours deserves study.
Citations of ETR&D and related journals, 1990–2004

Scientific communication in the field of educational technology was examined by analyzing references from and citations to articles published in Educational Technology Research and Development (ETR&D) for the period 1990–2004 with particular emphasis on other journals found in the citation record. Data were collected on the 369 core articles found in the 60 issues published during that time period, their reference lists (containing over 14,805 individual items), and citations of those articles in other journals (1,896 entries). The top cited and citing journals during that time period are listed. Nine symbiotic journals (i.e. those that are most cited by ETR&D and frequently cite it) were identified: Contemporary Educational Psychology, Educational Psychologist, Instructional Science, Journal of Computer-Based Instruction (no longer published), Journal of Educational Computing Research, Journal of Educational Psychology, Journal of Educational Research, Journal of Research in Science Teaching, and the Review of Educational Research. The results provide an in-depth, quantitative view of informal connections within the field via the citation record. Implications for further research and the potential influence of new technologies on scientific communication are also discussed.
PALB2 links BRCA1 and BRCA2 in the DNA-damage response

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are often mutated in familial breast and ovarian cancer. Both tumor suppressors play key roles in the DNA-damage response [1, 2]. However, it remains unclear whether these two tumor suppressor function together in the same DNA-damage response pathway. Here, we show that BRCA1 associates with BRCA2 through PALB2/FANCN, a major binding partner of BRCA2 [3]. The interaction between BRCA1 and BRCA2 is abrogated in PALB2-deficient Fanconi anemia cells and in the cells depleted of PALB2 by small interfering RNA. Moreover, we show that BRCA1 promotes the concentration of PALB2 and BRCA2 at DNA-damage sites and the interaction between BRCA1 and PALB2 is important for the homologous recombination repair. Taken together, our results indicate that BRCA1 is an upstream regulator of BRCA2 in the DNA-damage response, and PALB2 is the linker between BRCA1 and BRCA2.
Implementation of a pilot primary care lifestyle change intervention for families of pre-school children: Lessons learned

Abstract Objective We used Glasgow's RE-AIM framework to evaluate the feasibility of a primary care-based intervention to decrease behaviors that place urban children at risk for obesity. Methods During preventive visits of 2–5-year olds between February 2006 and May 2007, parents completed a health behavior assessment. Primary care providers engaged parents in brief goal setting and referred them to a lifestyle counselor. Evaluation involved medical record review, interviews with staff and clinicians, and health behavior assessment via a pre- and post-intervention telephone survey. Results Families reached by the intervention did not differ from families who were not. The intervention was adopted by 14 of 17 clinicians. The health assessment was implemented in 32% of preventive visits ( N = 354). Of those, goal setting by physicians occurred in 59%, with 55% referred to the lifestyle counselor. We were unable to demonstrate effectiveness to change adult or child nutrition or physical activity, as complete data were available for only 34 families. Conclusion Goal setting with referral for more intensive lifestyle counseling for obesity prevention in high risk families is feasible and acceptable in primary care. Practice implications Patient educators can be integrated into primary care to achieve preventive care goals.
Surgical management of early and late ureteral complications after renal transplantation: techniques and outcomes.

Background In this study, we present our experience with ureteral complications requiring revision surgery after renal transplantation and compare our results to a matched control population. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of our database between 1997 and 2012. We divided the cases into early (<60 d) and late repairs. Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare graft survival between the intervention cohort and controls generated from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients data set. Results Of 2671 kidney transplantations, 51 patients were identified as to having undergone 53 ureteral revision procedures; 43.4% of cases were performed within 60 d of the transplant and were all associated with urinary leaks, and 49% demonstrated ureteral stenosis. Reflux allograft pyelonephritis and ureterolithiasis were each the indication for intervention in 3.8%; 15.1% of the lesions were located at the anastomotic site, 37.7% in the distal segment, 7.5% in the middle segment, 5.7% proximal ureter, and 15.1% had a long segmental stenosis. In 18.9%, the location was not specified. Techniques used included ureterocystostomy (30.2%), ureteroureterostomy (34%), ureteropyelostomy (30.1%), pyeloileostomy (1.9%), and ureteroileostomy (3.8%). No difference in overall graft survival (HR 1.24 95% CI 0.33–4.64, p = 0.7) was detected when compared to the matched control group. Conclusion Using a variety of techniques designed to re-establish effective urinary flow, we have been able to salvage a high percentage of these allografts. When performed by an experienced team, a ureteric complication does not significantly impact graft survival or function as compared to a matched control group.
An Algorithm for the Solution of Mixed Integer Programming Problems

An algorithm is presented for the solution of mixed integer programming problems. The method was developed to solve primarily those programming problems which contain a large number of continuous variables in addition to a few variables that are restricted to discrete values. The algorithm solves a continuous, non-integer constrained problem first. Subsequently, a search for the optimum integer solution is made on the basis of those changes in the value of the objective function that are produced by activating integer constraints.
A wavelet-Galerkin scheme for analysis of large-scale problems on simple domains

A wavelet–Galerkin scheme tailored to address the numerical solution of large-scale boundary value problems defined on domains of simple geometry is presented. The variation of parameters, e.g. material properties, within the domain is arbitrary but the method is specifically designed to solve problems where parameters vary in raster-like fashion. Boundary conditions are imposed via Lagrange multipliers using a fictitious domain approach. A preconditioner specially designed for this problem is developed to guarantee that convergence of conjugate gradient algorithms is quick and insensitive to problem size. The strategy is applied to the solution of steady state, heat conduction problems in 2-D, but it can be generalized without conceptual changes to 3-D problems and to problems in linear elasticity. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early warnings of regime shifts in spatial dynamics using the discrete Fourier transform

In ecosystems with spatial dispersion of nutrients, organic matter, or organisms, dispersal may dampen variability that could provide an early warning of regime shifts. The discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of spatial pattern rescales system dynamics into spatial frequencies where early warnings may be sharpened. We analyzed four spatial ecological models with the DFT. Different models represented single species in discrete and continuous time, and two different prey-harvester systems. In all four systems, the DFT of transient data exhibited substantial increases prior to the critical transitions. The DFT adds to the arsenal of early warning indicators for spatially structured ecosystems. In addition it provides information about the spatial frequencies where destabilization first begins.
Isolated septal substrate for ventricular tachycardia in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy: Incidence, characterization, and implications

Background The substrate for ventricular tachycardia (VT) in nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) has a predilection for the basolateral left ventricle with right bundle branch block VT morphology. Objective The purpose of this study was to describe a unique group of NICM patients with septal VT substrate. Methods Between 1999 and 2010, 31 (11.6%) of 266 patients with NICM undergoing VT ablation had septal substrate and no lateral involvement. Mean age was 59 ± 12 years, and ejection fraction was 30% ± 14%. Eight patients had heart block. Results Cardiac magnetic resonance showed septal delayed enhancement in 8 of 9 patients. Electroanatomic mapping demonstrated bipolar low voltage ( Conclusion Isolated septal VT substrate is uncommon in NICM. Biventricular low-voltage zones extending from the basal septum are characteristic, but septal scarring can be entirely intramural as evidenced by unipolar/bipolar electrograms and imaging. Multiple unmappable morphologies are the rule, often requiring several procedures aggressively targeting the septal substrate to achieve moderate long-term VT control.
The perceived value of green professional credentials to credential holders in the US building design and construction community

The popularity of green construction professional credentials has increased dramatically in recent years in the United States and abroad, due in part to the mainstream development of sustainable construction in the building design and construction community. The aim was to compare the perceived value of three broad-spectrum green building professional credentials currently available in the North American construction market: Green Globes Professional, LEED Green Associate and Green Advantage Certified Practitioner. Perceived professional and personal value derived from holding credentials, including but not limited to impacts on compensation, promotion, education, industry recognition and self-confidence, were evaluated for a sample of credential holders using an online survey instrument. Invitations were successfully delivered to 6670 certified and non-certified design and construction professionals. Of those surveyed, 730 responded to the Qualtrics survey. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used...
EVALUATING THE FULL COSTS OF URBAN PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION

Full-cost analyses are being used increasingly within the transportation community to evaluate modal alternatives. Full costs include the costs to users, public agencies, and society (external costs). A working model to estimate the full costs of different transportation modes at the corridor, network, and project levels—one allowing for cross-modal comparisons and easy calibration to local conditions—is presented. The computerized model (MODECOST) is designed to provide assistance to metropolitan planning organizations, transit authorities, and regional and municipal authorities in making cross-modal cost comparisons of transportation alternatives.
Measuring the Impact of Ethanol Plants on Local Grain Prices

A considerable number of farmer-owned ethanol plants have been built in the past few years, with many more planned. In part, farmers' investment in ethanol plants is an attempt to increase grain prices in their local market. We examined this issue by estimating the impact on local grain prices of twelve ethanol plants that opened from 2001 to 2002. We find that these new ethanol plants increased local grain prices, but the impact was not uniform around the plant. Markets downstream from a new plant, where prices tend to be higher, experienced a smaller price impact from the ethanol plant. On average across plants, corn prices increased by 12.5 cents per bushel at the plant site, and some positive price response was felt 68 miles away from the plant.
Radiation-induced decomposition of anion exchange resins

Abstract Radiation-induced degradation of the strongly basic anion exchange resin Amberlite™ IRA400 in NO 3 - , Cl− and OH− forms has been studied. The research focused on the formation of molecular hydrogen in the gamma-radiolysis of water slurries of these quaternary ammonium resins with varying water content. Extended studies with various electron scavengers ( NO 3 - , N2O and O2) prove an important role of e solv - in the formation of H2 from these resins. An excess production of H2 in these systems at about 85% water weight fraction was found to be due to trimethylamine, dimethylamine and other compounds that leach from the resin to the aqueous phase. Irradiations with 5 MeV 4He ions were performed to simulate the effects of α-particles.
Metatarsal Coalition Complicated by Interdigital Neuroma

We present the case of a 20-year-old man with the chief complaint of right foot pain for the past three years presenting with focal bony prominence at dorsomedial aspect of right mid foot with interdigital pain. MRI demonstrated a metatarsal coalition with interdigital neuroma.
A location–allocation model for service providers with application to not-for-profit health care organizations

Abstract In this paper, we develop and solve a model for the location and allocation of specialized health care services such as traumatic brain injury (TBI) treatment. The model is based on and applied to one of the Department of Veterans Affairs’ integrated service networks. A cost minimization model with service proportion requirements is solved using simulated annealing. Large instances of the model with 100 candidate medical center locations and 15 open treatment units are solved in about 1000 s. In order to test the real-world applicability of our model, an extensive managerial experiment is conducted using data derived from our health care setting. In this experiment, the effects of three critical factors: (1) degree of centralization of services, (2) the role of patient retention as a function of distance to a treatment unit, and (3) the geographic density of the patient population are investigated with respect to the important trade-off between the cost of providing service and the need to provide such service. Our analysis shows that all three factors of the experiment are both relevant and useful to decision-makers when selecting locations for their services.
The effect of temperature on the uptake of radioiodine by the thyroid gland of the frog, Rana pipiens.

Abstract The pattern of I131 uptake by the thyroid of the frog, Rana pipiens has been studied. Despite the small size of the gland and the lack of an apparent function in the adult summer frog, the removal of radioiodine from blood by the thyroid appeared to follow a pattern similar to that reported for mammals with the exception that the maximum accumulation of radioactivity in the gland had not yet occurred 48 hours after injection of the isotope. In frogs maintained at 3°C for at least 24 hours before administration of the I131, the accumulation of radioactivity in the gland occurred at a near normal rate for the first few hours; however, this was followed at the fifth hour by a marked decrease in the amount of radioactivity found in the gland. A similar sequence was observed when the frogs were maintained in a solution of 0.5% propylthiouracil for 5 days before injection of I131. Thiocyanate administration prevented the uptake levels observed in the cold frogs during the first 6 hours by reducing I131 uptake at each sampling period. It is suggested that both thiouracil and reduction in the environmental temperature inhibit the enzymatic oxidation of iodide to iodine in the gland, while thiocyanate reduces the uptake of iodide by thyroid tissue.
Monolithic telescopes for free-space optical communications

Free-space optical communications terminals frequently rely on optical telescopes to enhance the transmitted and received efficiency of the communication system. We have designed and patented a suite of monolithic optical telescope systems, fabricated from a single piece of transparent material. In small sizes (5 to 15 cm apertures) these designs hold promise for reducing flight terminal mass and volume, reducing risks associated with telescope alignment, and reducing costs of flight optical terminals when produced in volume. This paper presents variations of optical designs and compares their characteristics, and fabrication tolerances. Results of a prototyping effort demonstrate the feasibility of producing these elements using modern fabrication techniques.
Global Anesthesia Workforce Crisis: A Preliminary Survey Revealing Shortages Contributing to Undesirable Outcomes and Unsafe Practices

Background The burden of disease, disability, and mortality that could be averted by surgery is growing. However, few low and middle income countries (LMICs) have the infrastructure or capacity to provide surgical services to meet this growing need. Equally, few of these countries have been assessed for key infrastructural capacity including surgical and anesthesia providers, equipment, and supplies. These assessments are critical to revealing magnitude of the evolving surgical and anesthesia workforce crisis, related morbidity and mortality, and necessary steps to mitigate the impact of the crisis.
Incrementalism in appropriations: Small aggregation, big changes

U.S. federal budget dynamics, as a major attribute of the legislative and bureaucratic decision-making processes, increasingly calls into question the scholarly focus on incrementalism. What constitutes a “small” change is largely unspecified in previous research that has also been unable to assess incrementalism across multiple levels of aggregation. Using a unique budgetary database, this article analyzes whether budgetary changes are in fact “small” at different levels of aggregation. Surprisingly, a low proportion of changes are small by any logical standard. During most years, more than one-fifth of budgetary changes are greater than 50 percent, and nearly half are more than 10 percent. The level of aggregation is also important for assessing whether political variables influence incrementalism. A salient finding: change in party control reflects greater influence within micro-level budget decisions, while divided government manifests more impact on aggregate-level budget decisions.
Making therapeutic decisions in inflammatory bowel disease: the role of patients.

Purpose of review The treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is becoming more complex due to the introduction of new medications and evolving treatment algorithms. Data suggest that more aggressive treatment will yield improved clinical results. Although promising, it is not clear if patients will agree to this forceful approach. This review aims to describe what we know about patients’ perceptions of risks and benefits of treatment, how much risk IBD patients are willing to accept, and to introduce ideas to facilitate better patient communication.
Stem fracture after hemiresurfacing for femoral head osteonecrosis.

The ideal treatment of the young patient with a large necrotic segment in the femoral head remains controversial. Hemiresurfacing is a reasonable option in the young patient with a large osteonecrotic lesion that has collapsed. Complications reported after hemiresurfacing include implant loosening, femoral neck fracture, acetabular wear, and persistent pain. We present a case of stem fracture after hemiresurfacing in a young patient with femoral head osteonecrosis.
The Risk of Banks Expanding Their Permissible Nonbanking Activities

Risk exposure is a central issue in the continuing debate over the wisdom of allowing bank holding comapanies to expand into nonbank activities. This paper examines the relation between bank holding company (BHC) risk and the composition of nonbank assets. The empirical evidence indicates that risk is negatively associated with the mix of BHC assets in permissible nonbank subsidiaries. The negative association between BHC risk and the mix of permissible nonbank activities appears to have positive implications for future deregulation.
RF CMOS active inductor band pass filter with post fabrication calibration

Abstract This paper presents an active inductor bandpass filter (BPF) architecture with selectable 50 Ω driving capability and post fabrication calibration for gain, center frequency, and quality factor. The design details, and performance assessment that facilitate selecting an offline calibration mode to measure and tune post fabrication BPF performance are discussed. A specific design example for a L1/L2 channel GPS receiver is included with a BPF that is required to pass the L2 signal centered at 1.227 GHz with a gain of approximately16 dB at the center frequency, have a 3 dB bandwidth of 30 MHz (Q = 41) and rejection of the L1 signal at 1.575 GHz by at least 60 dB relative to the center frequency. A multistage active inductor BPF 90 nm CMOS design is presented that meets these specifications with typical process parameters. It is demonstrated that the post fabrication design based on typical corner analysis can be re-tuned to the desired performance for process variations across the slow and fast corners using the offline measuring and tuning control inputs.
A Case Report of Hairy Cell Leukemia Presenting Concomitantly with Sweet Syndrome

Hairy cell leukemia and Sweet syndrome are both uncommon hematological diagnoses. We present a patient who was admitted with fevers, pancytopenia, pneumonia, and rash. Diagnostic bone marrow biopsy demonstrates Hairy cell Leukemia and skin biopsy demonstrates neutrophils infiltration consistent with Sweet syndrome. The patient was treated with purine analogs with resolution of the cytopenias, infection, and rash.
Rasch Analysis of the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations in Individuals With Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

Abstract Objective To evaluate psychometric properties of the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Design Archival study using Rasch analysis. Setting Postacute rehabilitation hospital. Participants Adults (N=331) 1 to 15 years after moderate to severe TBI, recruited consecutively. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure CISS. Results Indices of unidimensionality and model fit supported the scale's proposed multidimensional structure consisting of Task, Emotion, and Avoidant coping style; 3 unidimensional scales showed better fit than a single combined scale. The 3 scales met Rasch expectations of reliability and separation for persons and items, as well as adequate response category functioning. The scales were generally well targeted but showed some evidence of ceiling effect for Task, and floor effects for Emotion and Avoidant coping; item difficulties did not fully capture extreme ranges demonstrated by some participants, suggesting that measurement of coping after TBI on the CISS would be improved with additional items at low and high ranges of difficulty. Results were generally equivalent for cross-sectional groups representing short-term (1y), intermediate (2y), and long-term (5–15y). Conclusions The CISS showed good psychometric properties as a measure of coping style among persons with moderate to severe TBI in acute and chronic phases of recovery, and showed evidence of multidimensionality as predicted by theory, consistent with 3 unidimensional scales. Added items tapping broader (or more accessible, less cognitively complex) ranges of coping responses would likely benefit the scale overall and improve correspondence with the response needs of people with TBI.
Magnetic flux structure at high current-densities in a narrow type-I superconducting constriction

Abstract The current-induced resistive state has been studied for a narrow type-I superconducting constriction in which the normal edge-structure can fill the total cross section of the superconductor. Electric resistance along the specimen is observed only in the presence of any normal connection between the two edge structures, this connection being either a stationary normal domain or a moving flux-tube train.
Discrimination of damaged/dead cells by propidium iodide uptake in immunofluorescently labeled populations analyzed by phase-sensitive flow cytometry

We report a flow cytometric fluorescence lifetime-based method to discriminate damaged/dead from viable cells in immunofluorescently labeled populations using propidium iodide as a dye-exclusion viability probe. Fluorescence signals from propidium iodide and the anti-thymus cell-surface immunofluorescence marker fluorochromes, phycoerythrin and phycoerythrin/Texas Red (tandem conjugate), which have overlapping emission spectra with propidium iodide, are resolved based on differences in their fluorescence emission lifetimes using phase-sensitive detection. Mouse thymus cell samples were first labeled separately with anti-Thy 1.2 antibody directly conjugated to phycoerythrin and to phycoerythrin/Texas Red and propidium iodide. Labeled cells were then analyzed to determine the lifetimes of the immunofluorescence markers and propidium iodide. Based on these results, rat and mouse thymocytes labeled with anti-Thy 1.1 conjugated to phycoerythrin and anti-Thy 1.2 conjugated to phycoerythrin/Texas Red, respectively, were suspended in phosphate buffered saline containing propidium iodide, and were analyzed as they passed through a flow chamber and crossed a high-frequency, intensity-modulated (sinusoidal) laser excitation beam. The resulting immunofluorescence and propidium iodide signals were resolved based on differences in fluorescence lifetimes expressed as phase shifts using phase-sensitive detection and displayed as frequency distribution histograms and bivariate contour diagrams. This technology provides a new method to resolve immunofluorescence and propidium iodide signals from overlapping fluorescence emission spectra and a flow cytometric lifetime-based technique to quantify damaged/dead cells in immunofluorescence studies.
Techniques for evaluating biological penetration of respiratory masks on human subjects.

Abstract Wearing a protective mask does not necessarily insure the user adequate respiratory protection against toxic aerosols. There are several sources of possible mask leakage; the most common is improper donning. As respirator designs are improved in an attempt to eliminate leakage sources, evaluation techniques must be upgraded so that small amounts of leakage can not only be detected but also be quantitated. Mask evaluation procedures utilizing a large aerosol chamber, bacterial spores, and human subjects permit accurate detection of mask leakage as minute as 1 part in 50 million. This sensitivity is achieved by the use of the various samplers and sampling techniques that operate under the mask. Four types of respiratory samplers are discussed in detail in this paper, and guidance is given concerning the sampler best suited for the evaluation of a particular type of protective mask.
Geomorphic Characterization of Reef Fish Aggregation Sites in the Upper Florida Keys, USA, Using Single-Beam Acoustics

The objective of this study was to determine if multiple reef fish aggregation sites in the upper Florida Keys share characteristic geomorphic features. A commercial single-beam acoustic seabed classification system was used to map the seabed in the vicinity of reported or observed black grouper (Mycteroperca bonaci), mutton snapper (Lutjanus analis), and yellowtail snapper (L. chrysurus) aggregation sites. Results showed that drowned, margin-parallel, rocky ridges, known locally as outlier reefs, were features found in proximity to all of the mapped aggregation sites. In particular, three geomorphic characteristics were observed at most sites: a steep slope of the landward boundary of the upper slope terrace, an exposed outlier reef forming the seaward boundary of the upper slope terrace, and at least one other exposed outlier reef on the upper slope terrace. The results suggest that the acoustic-mapping technologies used herein could be valuable when considering the placement of marine reserves.