cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterizing highly correlated video traffic in high-speed asynchronous transfer mode networks

The enormous bandwidth potential of optical fiber has resulted in a worldwide effort to develop high-speed ATM networks, also called broadband integrated services digital networks (BISDN). Many of the applications that ATM networks will support will have a strong video component to them. Hence, it is important to understand the behavior of video traffic as it travels through these networks. To that end, we develop the generalized histogram model (GHM) to characterize ''highly correlated'' traffic, such as motion JPEG or ''smoothed'' MPEG traffic over ATM networks end-to-end. Using our GHM model we show how to determine the loss rate at any node in an ATM network. We find that, for highly correlated video sources, increasing the buffer size beyond a certain region called the ''cell region'' only marginally decreases the probability of loss. This implies that large buffers cannot be used to control the loss for such sources. The analytical model provided in this paper can be used for admission control, and network dimensioning and design in ATM networks. We have validated our results using simulations of real traces of video sources.
The contribution of abiotic and biotic factors to spatial and temporal variation in population density of the least killifish, Heterandria formosa

We report the results of a long-term examination of variation in adult density in the least killifish, Heterandria formosa, and the associations among adult density and a variety of ecological factors. We used data from 11 populations of H. formosa in Northwest Florida, collected between 2000 and 2010, to examine the relationships among temporal and spatial variation in adult density and (1) the composition of the aquatic fauna community among habitats (springs, ponds, and tidal marshes) where H. formosa are found, (2) an index of predation pressure and (3) the sampling season, distance from shore (cm), water depth (cm), and aquatic vegetation cover (%) in throw traps at each sampling event. We found clear evidence that adult densities of H. formosa vary widely but consistently among populations, with greater spatial variation than temporal variation in density estimates. Site identity explained most of the variation in density among populations, and there was no long-term consistent association of variation in density with different habitats; sites of the same habitat type were as likely to have characteristically different densities as were sites of different habitat types. Average adult densities of H. formosa increased as aquatic vegetation cover increased and as the index of predation pressure decreased, however assemblage structure was not a strong predictor of density. These results show that despite marked community, abiotic and biotic distinctions between habitat types, location-specific variation was the predominant signal in these data.
Industry Life Cycles

Evidence on entry, exit, firm survival, innovation and firm structure in new industries is reviewed to assess whether industries proceed through regular cycles as they age. A leading depiction of the evolution of new industries, the product life cycle, is used to organize the evidence it is shown that the product life cycle captures the way many industries evolve through their formative eras, but regular patterns occur when industries are mature that are not predicted by the product life cycle. Regularities in entry, exit, firm survival and firm structure are also developed for industries whose evolution departs significantly from the product life cycle. Opportunities for further research on the nature of industry life cycles and the factors that condition which life cycle pattern an industry follows are discussed. Copyright 1997 by Oxford University Press.
Sound production by males of a coral reef fish (Pomacentrus partitus): its significance to females

Abstract Field evidence has demonstrated that free-ranging females of the bicolor damselfish, Pomacentrus partitus Poey, use the courtship sounds of conspecific males to locate male nest sites during the spawning period. Evidence is also provided that females can distinguish, not only between such sounds and similar sounds on the reef, but also between courtship sounds of different conspecific males, the latter indicating a role in mate assessment by the acoustical modality.
You don't have to be an artist to produce an illustrated document

Regardless of your drawing ability and experience, you can produce an illustrated document such as a paper, an article, or a book. This article describes how to produce illustrated documents; how to determine when and where illustrations are needed; how to take action photographs; how to produce line drawings quickly and easily; and how to layout a page that contains both text and illustrations. Using the procedure described in this article, you should be able to produce your own illustrated documents for preliminary or final camera-ready drafts.
Optoacoustic detection of NO(2) using a pulsed dye laser.

Using a pulsed dye laser and a nonresonant optoacoustic detector, the absorption spectrum of NO2 has been measured in the spectral region of 480–625 nm at various cell pressures and at various concentrations in air. The results of the measurements as a function of NO2 concentration in air demonstrate the detection capability of the system. An extrapolated sensitivity of 4 ppb NO2/W of laser power has been achieved.
Perceptions of jury duty: Satisfaction and overall impression

A jury service exit questionnaire that was designed to measure satisfaction with and overall impression of jury duty was administered to a saturation sample of 2,947 respondents by court clerks serving District or Circuit courts in nine counties in southeastern Michigan. For those sworn to jury duty, global satisfaction with the jury experience is found to be influenced by perceptions of trial characteristics and by the extent of participation in the jury system. The significant predictors of overall impression with the jury system are respondent age, being elected jury foreman, and deliberating a criminal rather than civil case.
Nuclear spin relaxation in the quadrupole spectrum of antimony metal

Abstract Transient nuclear spin-lattice relaxation ( T 1 ) measurements have been made at 4.2 K on the nuclear quadrupole spectra in antimony metal. The ratios of the gyromagnetic ratios and of the quadrupole moments of the two isotopes 121 Sb and 123 Sb are used for the separation and measurement of the relaxation provided by the magnetic interaction and the two electric interactions. The quantity T 1 T is found to be constant for 4.2 and 77 K, in agreement with a Fermi-surface relaxation by the conduction electrons. Measurements and analysis have been made for the ( 3 2 1 2 ) transition of 121 Sb and the ( 3 2 1 2 ), ( 5 2 3 2 ) transitions of 123 Sb, allowing the determination of the relaxation contributions at 4.2 K.
Speaking of Something: Plato's Sophist and Plato's Beard

The Eleatic Visitor speaks forcefully when he insists, ‘Necessarily, whenever there is speech, it is speech of something; it is impossible for it not to be of something’ (Soph. 262e6-7). For ‘if it were not of anything, it would not be speech at all; for we showed that it is impossible for there to be speech that is speech of nothing’ (Soph. 263c9-11). Presumably, at 263c10, when he claims to have ‘shown’ that it is impossible for speech to be of nothing, the Visitor is referring back to the Parmenidean puzzles at Sophist 237ff.
Radiosensitivity and sublethal damage repair in human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells

The assessment of the comparative radiosensitivity of different parenchymal cells is potentially of great importance in clinical radiotherapy. Previous studies from various laboratories using vessel regeneration techniques have demonstrated that endothelial cells are quite radioresistant, having a Do in excess of 250 rads. The present studies were undertaken to investigate the radiosensitivity of human endothelial cells obtained from umbilical cord veins (HEC) using "colony formation" as an endpoint, and to evaluate their ability to repair sublethal radiation damage (SLD). The endothelial origin of the cells in the surviving colonies was demonstrated by their positive staining for factor VIII antigen. The survival curve for HEC has a Do of about 165 rads, with a moderate initial shoulder. Dose fractionation studies demonstrate a moderate capability to repair SLD, comparable to other human cells studied including fibroblasts and other normal diploid cells in vitro. These studies indicate that HEC, being a terminally differentiated cell type with various differentiated markers, may prove useful in radiobiological and radiocarcinogenesis studies.
Indinavir alters sterol and fatty acid homeostatic mechanisms in primary rat hepatocytes by increasing levels of activated sterol regulatory element-binding proteins and decreasing cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase mRNA levels

Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors induce hyperlipidemia in many patients treated with these drugs. We examined the effects of indinavir on cholesterol and bile acid homeostatic mechanisms in a primary rat hepatocyte (PRH) culture model. In PRH, indinavir up-regulated (2.5-fold) 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A reductase mRNA levels 24 hr after drug addition. In these same experiments, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) mRNA levels, the rate-limiting enzyme in bile acid biosynthesis, was decreased up to 10-fold. Fatty acid synthase mRNA levels were up-regulated more than 3-fold under these conditions. Indinavir did not alter CYP7A1 transcriptional activity, but decreased CYP7A1 mRNA half-life in PRH from 1.5 hr to less than 0.5 hr. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) mature form was increased approximately 6-fold by this drug. Indinavir-induced mRNA changes and SREBP-1 mature protein levels were significantly abated by the addition of cholesterol, solubilized in β-cyclodextrin, to culture medium. Indinavir markedly decreased endogenous cholesterol esterification and increased cholesterol in intracellular membranes in primary hepatocytes. Indinavir gavaged into intact mice also markedly increased SREBP-1 and SREBP-2 (mature forms) in hepatic nuclei. CYP7A1 mRNA was also decreased ∼52% in indinavir-treated animals. We propose that indinavir disrupts cellular cholesterol homeostasis by increasing SREBP’s and decreasing CYP7A1 mRNA.
Schlomilch's integral equation for oblique incidence

Abstract Ionospheric records for oblique incidence are analyzed for the isotropic case and the electron profile is expressed in a closed form by using the Schlomilch's integral equation.
Constrained Estimation: Consistency and Asymptotics

We review some of the recent results obtained for constrained estimation, involving possibly non-differentiable criterion functions. New tools are required to push consistency and asymptotic results beyond those that can be reached by classical means.
On the use of Small Calculators Having Stacked Registers

Abstract The incorporation of an operational stack considerably enhances the potential of the small calculator. Full use of the stack permits calculations involving a stored constant or two or more intermediate results, but it requires careful planning and execution. Regardless of whether the calculator is “programmable,” an explicit instruction list, preferably written down, may contribute greatly to the rapidity and accuracy of such calculations. The “pop-up” feature of the stack is of particular interest, for it can be utilized to increase the permanent storage capacity. A comparison between conventional (memory) storage and stack storage is given, and examples are presented for the application of a calculator having a 4-register stack (plus 1 -memory register) to problems involving 2 parameters and/or summations, iterative solution of a transcendental equation, and recursion. Contribution of the National Bureau of Standards, not subject to copyright.
Embracing and Resisting Romantic Fantasies as the Rhetorical Vision on a SeniorNet Discussion Board

A fantasy theme analysis of a SeniorNet discussion board found participants simultaneously embracing and resisting the relationships constructed in traditional romance narratives. The rhetorical vision that emerged illustrates bow life-span conditions facilitate talk about romantic relationships. Three fantasies coalesced to construct the rhetorical vision "good men are hard to find": the knight in shining armor, searching for a bargain, and fishing for men. Through these fantasies, the rhetorical community resisted female subordination found in traditional romance narratives while embracing the need for love, partnership, and physical intimacy. As the heroines in these fantasies, women were constructed as independent, vital, and fulfilled, yet wanting to find heterosexual partnerships. The heroes upheld this construction of "woman," while the villains infringed upon females' valued independence. In this way, narratives that evidenced the struggle over the meaning of romance were tools for the participants' empowerment.
Effect of wood decayed by Lenzites trabea on the fatty acid composition of the eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes

Abstract Feeding on either sound wood or wood decayed with Lenzites trabea changed the fatty acid composition of whole body fat of Reticulitermes flavipes from that of termites fed on partially decayed field-collected wood. The major component of the fatty acids of all termite samples was oleic acid (45·5–66·5 per cent); the second most abundant component for the lipids of termites fed on the sound wood was linoleic acid and on the rotted wood, palmitic acid. Generally, palmitic and oleic acids were relatively lower and the remaining fatty acids higher for the lipids of termites fed on sound woods than for the lipids of termites fed on the decayed woods. The fatty acid compositions, of the termite lipid did not simply reflect the fatty acid compositions of the dietary lipid from the woods.
Precepts of Reflective Public Relations: An Isocratean Model

The reflective paradigm, an emerging philosophy of public relations, involves an organization's “production of self-understanding in relation to the environment,” (Holmstrom, 2004, p. 126). An instructive antecedent of reflection may lie in the works of Isocrates (436–338 BCE), who has gained increasing scholarly recognition as a progenitor of modern public relations. As Isocrates sought to strengthen Athens via a unified Greece, he promoted panhellenism over the narrower interests of individual Greek city-states. In highly self-analytical addresses to Greek leaders, he advocated, in words and deeds, specific precepts of nascent reflection, including conducting thorough research on a diverse society and the encouragement of dissent.
Fry age and size effects on immersion immunization of brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchell, against infectious pancreatic necrosis virus.

. Brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchell, fry were divided into eight age groups of 1–8 weeks post-hatch (wph) and immunized by a single direct immersion in formalin-inactivated infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv). After a direct-immersion ipnv challenge given 4 weeks later, only fry immunized at 2, 3 and 6wph showed protection. The relative per cent survival 60 days after ipnv challenge was highest in 2 and 3 wph fry (45–50%) and decreased as fish increased in age or size. The same response was obtained one year later when four age groups of fry, from 1 to 4wph, were immunized with a different serotype and dose of ipnv. The 2 and 3 wph fry had mean weights between 49 and 60mg at immunization. Killed vaccines administered by immersion have not previously been reported as inducing protection in salmonid fry of such low weights. Analysis of the growth of the fry suggests that protection against IPNV requires immunization in the eleutheroembryo phase, during the time of slow weight gain. This appears to be in direct contrast to the stage of ontogeny and weight growth rate required for successful immunization against the bacterial pathogen Vibrio anguillarum. Although immunization with two ipnv serotypes reduced mortalities from challenges with these same virus isolates, it did not prevent ipnv infection of fry in any age group.
3-Substituted-2-thiohydrothymines as Potential Antitumor Agents

A series of 3-substituted-2-thiohydrothymines was synthesized through the cyclization of the corresponding 1-(2-methyl)-carboxyethyl-3-substituted-2-thioureas which were formed from the appropriate isothiocyanate and β-aminoisobutyric acid. The cyclized products were screened for antitumor activity against lymphoid leukemia L-1210. Results of the screening indicated the compounds have little significant activity in the test system employed.
Determination of single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides by capillary gel electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence and on column derivatization

OliGreen reagent, a new dye for complexing of oligonucleotides of low molecular mass was successfully utilized for their quantitative analysis using on column derivatization and capillary gel electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence. Method optimization for the precise, accurate and reproducible quantitation of low-molecular-mass oligonucleotides from aqueous matrices is described.
Effects of odd-numbered medium-chain fatty acids on the accumulation of long-chain 3-hydroxy-fatty acids in long-chain L-3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase and mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficient skin fibroblasts.

The treatment for patients with genetic disorders of mitochondrial long-chain fatty acid β-oxidation is directed toward providing sufficient sources of energy for normal growth and development, and at the same time preventing the adverse effects that precipitate or result from metabolic decompensation. Standard of care treatment has focused on preventing the mobilization of lipids that result from fasting and providing medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) in the diet in order to bypass the long-chain metabolic block. MCTs that are currently available as commercial preparations are in the form of even-chain fatty acids that are predominately a mixture of octanoate and decanoate. Recently, the use of odd-chain fatty acids has been proposed as an alternative treatment. We have shown previously that the even-numbered medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) that are found in MCT preparations can reduce the accumulation of potentially toxic long-chain metabolites of fatty acid oxidation (FAO). In the current study, we undertook to determine if the same is true of odd-numbered MCFAs. We found that provision of odd-chain species does decrease the build-up of long-chain FAO intermediates in our in vitro skin fibroblast model, but to a lesser extent than even-numbered MCFAs.
Correlates of Psychological Abuse Perpetration in College Dating Relationships

This study examined the contributions of gender, adult romantic attachment orientations (i.e., avoidance, anxiety), defense mechanisms (i.e., narcissism, other-splitting), and stressors to college student psychological abuse perpetration (dominance). Men with higher levels of attachment avoidance, narcissistic entitlement, and stressful problems reported more dominance of female partners. Women with higher levels of other-splitting reported more dominance of male partners. Attachment avoidance contributed to women's dominance of male partners only in the context of elevated narcissistic entitlement or few stressors.
Ribonucleic acid within the extracellular matrix during embryonic tooth formation

During embryonic tooth formation, interactions between epithelial and mesenchymal cells results in the formation of a metachromatic interface or extracellular matrix. The cervical or germinative region of this epidermal organ system is populated by an increasing gradient of cellular differentiation and an extracellular matrix which is the progenitor for subsequent dentine organic matrix formation. Embryonic rabbit tooth primordia can be maintained in culture enabling kinetic studies of labeled precursor incorporation. Autoradiographs of tooth organ cultures continusly incubated with labeled uridine for periods up to eight hours, demonstrated initial cellular incorporation with subsequent transfer of 2% of the grain density to the extracellular matrix by four hours. The grain density was removed by ribonuclease treatment. No incorporation of tritiated thymidine into the matrix was observed. The incorporation of C14-uridine during organ culture was inhibited by actinomycin D. Micrurgy was employed to isolate the extracellular matrix free of adherent cells. Electron microscopy demonstrated membrane-bound, electron dense bodies within the matrix, presumably cytoplasmic extensions. No cells per se were observed on the isolated matrix. Several experimental criteria suggested that uridine incorporation into the extracellular matrix was regulated by epithelial and mesenchymal cells. Phenol extraction procedures of labeled cervical matrices demonstrated an ultraviolet absorption maximum at 260 μU. Both spectrophotometric determinations and orcinol assays found RNA to be 0.4–0.5% of the cervical extracellular matrix. These results are interpreted to indicate that RNA is a component of the metachromatic extracellular matrix during epithelio-mensenchymal interactions associated with tooth formation. The functional significance of these observations is premature at this time.
Simultaneous ensiling and enzymatic hydrolysis of structural polysaccharides

Abstract Sweet sorghum is an attractive fermentation feedstock because as much as 40% of the dry weight consists of the readily fermentable sugars sucrose, glucose, and fructose. However, if this material is to serve as year-round feedstock, some means must be employed to stabilize its sugar content following harvest. Work presented here has demonstrated that a modified version of the traditional ensiling process is effective in accomplishing this objective. The modified ensiling process is conducted in the presence of cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes. Significant amounts of cellulose and hemicellulose are degraded; the amounts are proportional to enzyme loading. The heterolactic fermentation of the ensiling organisms is complete in approximately four days. Hydrolysis of polysaccharides and the accumulation of glucose follows power law kinetics and is essentially complete in 30 days. This method of carbohydrate storage becomes effective using cellulase enzyme loadings as low as five International Filter Paper Units/g DM of sweet sorghum.
A Monte Carlo study of accelerator head scatter.

The production of off‐focus x rays in the head of a 6 MV linac has been investigated using the egs4 Monte Carlo code. The purpose of the study was to identify the sources of off‐focus radiation and the relative contribution for each source. Even though a particular energy and linac were modeled, the broad conclusions are expected to be general since the effects of head scatter are similar for most conventional head designs, regardless of manufacturer, energy, and model. The head components that were modeled include the exit window of the accelerating structure, target, beam stopper, flattening filter, monitor chamber, primary and secondary collimators, and air. Monoenergetic 6 MeV electrons were followed through the exit window, target, and beam stopper until all energy was expended. Primary‐ and higher‐order x rays produced throughout the head were followed until they were either absorbed or passed through a plane at the isocenter. Sites of off‐focus radiation were found to be diffusely distributed throughout the head, with the most intense sources being the primary collimator, flattening filter, and beam stopper. Data analysis shows that the collimator effect is determined primarily by the volume of the extended head‐scatter source that is exposed to the point of measurement through the collimating system. The results of this study provide a rationale for developing extended source models to calculate the collimator factor for fields defined by arbitrary collimation. An additional advantage is an improvement in the agreement between measured and calculated isodose distributions.
Easigami: a reconfigurable folded-sheet TUI

Easigami is a novel tangible user interface (TUI) and interactive system intended to help children to learn to fold 3D geometric forms and to explore 2D-3D transformations. We present the design of Easigami's physical interface: a reconfigurable system of thin flat polygon pieces connected by electronically instrumented hinges. Using the Easigami TUI as an input device, we have developed early prototype applications to develop children's visualization and spatial recognition skills. We discuss our experience in integrating traditional craft with computation, which may inform future tangible and graspable user interface design.
Identification of 5-meta-Hydroxyphenyl-5-phenylhydantoin as a metabolite of diphenylhydantoin

Abstract 5-meta-Hydroxyphenyl-5-phenylhydantoin has been identified in conjugated form in the urine of dogs and patients treated with diphenylhydantoin (DPH). This metabolite appears to be the major product of the hydroxylation of DPH in dogs, but it accounts for relatively little of the DPH hydroxylated by patients.
We Liked to Watch: Television as Progenitor of the Surveillance Society

The rise of mass television allowed hundreds of millions of people to closely watch other people and places on a regular basis, anonymously and from afar. Television watching altered the balance of what different types of people knew about each other and relative to each other, blurred the dividing line between public and private behaviors, and weakened the link between physical location and access to social experience. In these ways, television contributed to the reshuffling of previously taken-for-granted reciprocal social roles, including those related to age, gender, and authority. In cultivating its viewers into the normalcy of the acts of watching and of being watched, television experience also stimulated the widespread use of more recent interactive visual media, including the displays of self on social networking sites. Moreover, familiarity with television as a watching machine has fostered the otherwise surprising level of tolerance for increasingly pervasive government, corporate, and populace...
WELL-FORMED SYSTEMS OF POINT INCIDENCES FOR RESOLVING COLLECTIONS OF RIGID BODIES

For tractability, many modern geometric constraint solvers recursively decompose an input geometric constraint system into standard collections of smaller, generically rigid subsystems or clusters. These are recursively solved and their solutions or realizations are recombined to give the solution or realization of the input constraint system. Even for generically wellconstrained systems in 3D, and even when the shared objects between clusters in the decomposition are restricted to be points, it is a significant hurdle to find a wellformed system of shared object incidences that recombines a cluster decomposition. By wellformed we mean that the recombination system generically preserves the classification of the original, undecomposed system as a well, under or overconstrained system. Here we motivate, formally state and give an efficient, greedy algorithm to find such a wellformed system for a general constraint system, when the shared objects in the cluster decomposition are restricted to be points. Our solution relies on an interesting new matroid structure underlying collections of rigid clusters with shared points.
Trends in array signal processing

Summary form only given, as follows. Arrays and associated signal processing algorithms have been in use for many years. In recent years, a new wave of algorithms has swept upon the scene promising superior performance at the expense of computational load. Rather than a litany of unrelated algorithms, these new approaches are based on a small number of key ideas drawn from rather diverse mathematical concepts: linear algebra (especially eigenanalysis), optimization theory, and robust statistics. These modern techniques will be surveyed in a unified way so that their relationships can be understood. A critical aspect of evaluating these algorithms will be the tradeoff between performance and computation. >
Developing an intervention to address physical activity barriers for African–American women in the deep south (USA)

Aim: To address high rates of inactivity and related chronic diseases among African–American women. Materials & methods: Eleven focus groups on physical activity barriers for African–American women in the deep south (USA) were conducted (n = 56). Feedback guided an intervention development process. The resulting Home-Based Individually Tailored Physical Activity Print intervention was vetted with the target population in a 1-month, single arm, pre–post test demonstration trial (n = 10). Results: Retention was high (90%). Intent-to-treat analyses indicated increases in motivational readiness for physical activity (70% of sample) and physical activity (7-day Physical Activity Recall) from baseline (mean: 89.5 min/week, standard deviation: 61.17) to 1 month (mean: 155 min/week, standard deviation: 100.86). Small improvements in fitness (6-Min Walk Test), weight and psychosocial process measures were also found. Conclusion: Preliminary findings show promise and call for future randomized controlled trials wit...
The Black-White Difference On the K-ABC: Implications for Future Tests

Claims that the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) is less culturally biased than other standard tests of intelligence and therefore shows a much smaller average difference between black and white children are critically examined in terms of the psychometric properties of the K-ABC. It is concluded that the apparently reduced difference between black and white samples, as compared with the one standard deviation difference typically found on other IQ tests, is not the result of greater validity or of less biased measurement of children's intelligence by the K-ABC. The diminished black-white difference on the K-ABC seems to be largely the result of psychometric and statistical artifacts: lower g loadings of the mental processing scales and greater heterogeneity of the standardization sample, which causes mean group differences to be smaller when they are expressed in standard score units. The general factor measured by the K-ABC is essentially the same g as that of the Stanford-Binet and Wechs...
Special probe waveforms for flaw detection at “hot spots”

In this paper we examine the creation of a special probe waveform that, when applied to an emitting transducer at location A, results in a strong received signal at that transducer at a particular later time only when a scattering center is present at location B. The probing waveform can be calculated directly from the Green's function for propagation from A to B. Such a probe waveform can be used to detect scattering centers at the ldquohot spotrdquo location B.
Ecology and Reproductive Patterns of the Agamid Lizard Japalura swinhonis on an East Asian Island, with Comments on the Small Clutch Sizes of Island Lizards

I describe the habitat use, diet, and the male and female reproductive cycles of Japalura swinhonis, an oviparous agamid lizard inhabiting Orchid Island, a tropical island off the southeastern coast of Taiwan. Ninety percent of lizards (n=126) were observed on tree trunks or at the forest edge. The diet of J. swinhonis on Orchid Island consisted mostly of hymenopterans (53.33%) and orthopterans (16.67%). The mean snout-vent length (SVL) of adult males was 74.58 (n=89) and that of females was 69.31 (n=37) mm. Females exhibited a long vitellogenic period from November to February, with parturition occurring from March to October. The onset of vitellogenesis did not correlate with the mass of the female fat bodies. Females produced two to five eggs per clutch, and clutch size was not correlated with SVL. Two clutches were recorded during a single year in some individuals. Clutch size in J. swinhonis was compared with that in other Japalura species. Clutch sizes of Japalura species are larger in mainland China than on insular Taiwan. Clutch size is also mainly affected by environmental constraints, and smaller clutch sizes are probably affected by predators on Orchid Island.
The Mormons in the Habsburg Lands, 1841–1914

Since its organization in 1830 the Mormon Church has been extremely active in proselytizing. Believing themselves representatives of a unique and chosen people—the bearers of the restored gospel of Jesus Christ—Mormon elders, encouraged both by the New Testament admonition “to teach all nations and baptize them” and by Joseph Smith's injunction that “the greatest and most important duty is to preach the Gospel,” have proselytized indiscriminately among Christians and non-Christians. Their missionary zeal eventually prompted them to attempt to make converts in the Habsburg monarchy, which, with the exception of Spain, was the most loyal pro-Catholic power in Europe. In Austria, where the movement was usually branded either as an emigration scheme or as a contrivance to recruit women for “Mormon harems,” the elders were confronted with an apathetic public and a hostile government that denied them permission to preach. Harassed, imprisoned, and expelled, they faced one discouragement after another. No amount of discouragement and persecution, however, daunted the Mormons for long. Constant difficulties came to be expected and considered normal.
PHOTOREVERSAL OF RHODOPSIN BLEACHING.

A mechanistic scheme, showing certain steps of rhodopsin bleaching, provides two ways of viewing the bleaching process: (a) The rate of bleaching depends upon the net rate of accumulation of labile species; and (b) the number of labile molecules which accumulates in a certain period is the number which has absorbed an odd number of quanta by the end of that period. Both views, based on the photoreversibility of bleaching, lend themselves to concise mathematical formulation. The expected amounts of bleaching at various intensities, calculated according to these formulae, give very close fits to the experimental data. The relevance of these results to other experiments is pointed out and emphasis is placed on the explanation of observed quantum efficiencies which obtain at both low and high intensities.
A novel copper A containing menaquinol NO reductase from Bacillus azotoformans.

The molecular biology and biochemistry of denitrification in gram-negative bacteria has been studied extensively. However, little is known about this process in gram-positive bacteria. We have purified the NO reductase from the cytoplasmic membrane of the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus azotoformans. The purified enzyme consists of two subunits with apparent molecular masses of 16 and 40 kDa based on SDS-PAGE. Analytical and spectroscopic determinations revealed the presence of one non-heme iron, two copper atoms and of two b-type hemes per enzyme complex. Heme c was absent. Using EPR and UV-visible spectroscopy, it was determined that one of the hemes is a low-spin heme b, in which the two axial histidine imidazole planes are positioned at an angle of 60-70°. The second heme b is high- spin binding CO in the reduced state. The high-spin heme center and the non-heme iron are EPR silent. They are proposed to form a binuclear center where reduction of NO occurs. There are two novel features of this enzyme that distinguish it from other NO reductases. First, the enzyme contains copper in form of copper A, an electron carrier up to now only detected in cytochrome oxidases and nitrous oxide reductases. Second, the enzyme uses menaquinol as electron donor, whereas cytochrome c, which is the substrate of other NO reductases, is not used. Copper A and both hemes are reducible by menaquinol. This new NO reductase is thus a menaquinol:NO oxidoreductase. With respect to its prosthetic groups the B. azotoformans NO reductase is a true hybrid between copper A containing cytochrome oxidases and NO reductases present in gram-negative bacteria. It may represent the most ancient "omnipotent" progenitor of the family of heme-copper oxidases.
Capturing global redundancy to improve compression of large images

A Source Specific Model for Global Earth Data (SSM-GED) is a lossless compression method for large images that captures global redundancy in the data and achieves a significant improvement over CALIC and DCXT-BT/CARP, two leading lossless compression schemes. The Global Land 1-km Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data, which contains 662 Megabytes (MB) per band, is an example of a large data set that requires decompression of regions of the data. For this reason, SSM-GED compresses the AVHRR data as a collection of subwindows. This approach defines the statistical parameters for the model prior to compression. Unlike universal models that assume no a priori knowledge of the data, SSM-GED captures global redundancy that exists among all of the subwindows of data. The overlap in parameters among subwindows of data enables SSM-GED to improve the compression rate by increasing the number of parameters and maintaining a small model cost for each subwindow of data.
Differential de-embedding methodology for on-board CPU socket measurements

This paper describes a methodology that accurately deembeds the test structure from the socket and demonstrates valid results up to 15 GHZ. The test structure mnsists of a probe launch and microstrip line to access the socket at the PCB side, and a probe launch and plated through hole (PTH) via on a top test interface board to au%ss the top of the socket. In order to characterize the pure socket performance excluding the performance deterioration from the PTH vias, those launchers are to be deembedded. The deembedding methods described in this work are based on 2- and 4-port ABCD parameters. The methods were extensively applied to various CPU sockets in order to extract the singleended and differential socket S-parameter data.
Looking beyond the Internet: Examining Socioeconomic Inequalities in Cancer Information Seeking among Cancer Patients

The gap in cancer information seeking between high-socioeconomic-status (high-SES) cancer patients and low-SES cancer patients deserves serious attention, considering the importance of information and knowledge in cancer control. We thus explored the association of SES, as measured by education, with cancer patients' overall cancer information seeking, and with seeking from each source (i.e., the Internet, mass media, medical sources, and nonmedical interpersonal sources) and across two topic categories (i.e., treatment, quality of life). We then asked whether the effect of education on treatment information seeking is reduced among those who are particularly motivated to control treatment choices. We conducted a survey with breast, prostate, and colon cancer patients diagnosed in 2005 (n = 2,013), who were randomly drawn from the Pennsylvania Cancer Registry in the fall of 2006. We found that education was more strongly associated with Internet use than with the use of other sources regardless of topics....
An energy function method for determining voltage collapse during a power system transient

The occurrence of a voltage collapse is often described as a small-signal stability problem resulting from a bifurcation of the equilibrium load flow equations as the bus loads and generator power injections incur small changes. However, during a transient period, a voltage collapse may occur as a bifurcation of the transient load flow equations as the generator rotor angles vary. The purpose of this paper is to address voltage collapse in the general context of a transient stability problem for a differential algebraic equation (DAE) power system model. In particular, we define a stability region that guarantees both rotor angular stability and voltage stability. The stability region does not intersect the "impasse surface," the surface on which the bus voltage variables are not defined as functions of the generator rotor angles. Bifurcation theory is used along with some recent results that characterize the stability boundary for DAE models, to show that an important component of the stability boundary is formed by the trajectories that are tangent to the impasse surface at a fold bifurcation point. An energy function transient stability method is developed that uses a sustained fault trajectory to find the first point of intersection with the impasse surface and then involves solving for the (stability) limiting trajectory that is tangent to the impasse surface at this point. This new transient stability method is somewhat similar in theory to the potential energy boundary surface method. Also, this method can be extended to develop stability estimates for power system models in which the stability region is more complex, possibly constrained by line power flow limits, voltage magnitude limits, etc. >
Efficient phase-matched second-harmonic generation and sum-frequency mixing in urea

The performance of urea as a new nonlinear optical crystal for phase-matched second-harmonic generation and sum-frequency mixing in the UV is reported. Tunable radiation down to 229 nm was obtained. In particular, efficient doubling at room temperature of CW argon laser lines from 488 to 528 nm was achieved. The nonlinear coefficient of urea was measured and found to be 2.5 times that of ADP. Angle tuning curves for type II SHG, several type II frequency mixing schemes, temperature tuning data, and comparison to other nonlinear materials are presented. More accurate Sellmeier constants were also obtained using the measured angle tuning curve for type I SHG.
Rethinking enterprise network control

This paper presents Ethane, a new network architecture for the enterprise. Ethane allows managers to define a single network-wide fine-grain policy and then enforces it directly. Ethane couples extremely simple flow-based Ethernet switches with a centralized controller that manages the admittance and routing of flows. While radical, this design is backwards-compatible with existing hosts and switches. We have implemented Ethane in both hardware and software, supporting both wired and wireless hosts. We also show that it is compatible with existing high-fanout switches by porting it to popular commodity switching chipsets. We have deployed and managed two operational Ethane networks, one in the Stanford University Computer Science Department supporting over 300 hosts, and another within a small business of 30 hosts. Our deployment experiences have significantly affected Ethane's design.
DYSFUNCTION AND FAILURE IN OPEN FAMILY SYSTEMS: II. CLINICAL ISSUES*

The “open family” model is widely used as a point of reference for healthy family functioning, but potential dysfunctional aspects of open families are not well understood. A unified theory is used to integrate diverse typological models of families to build a composite clinical picture of the disabled open family. The disabled open family is found to be chaotically enmeshed, caught in its commitment to collective problem solving. Its need for closure, tolerance for ambiguity, and expressive communication style can lead to intensely emotional sustained conflicts. Stress-related symptoms and aggressive acting out may be manifest in individuals, especially children. Dispersal of members may ultimately be necessitated by the exhausting process. Family therapy with the open family requires special attention to its style as a family and its characteristic responses to interventions. The unified theory is shown to be useful in planning strategy and choosing techniques for treatment of open families. The treatment issues connected with the pseudo-open family, a family with open values but severely limited resources in actual operation as an open system, are also highlighted.
Activation of melanocortin receptors in the intermediolateral cell column of the upper thoracic cord elicits tachycardia in the rat.

Melanocortin receptors (MCRs) are present in the intermediolateral cell column of the spinal cord (IML). We tested the hypothesis that activation of MCRs in the IML elicits cardioacceleratory respo...
Outline of Chinese Geology

The structural framework of Greater China consists of three positive areas and the geosynclines that separate and enclose them. These are compared with analogous features of eastern North America. A thick succession of Paleozoic formations accumulated in a great trough which extended northeast and southwest across China proper. At the end of Ordovician time this trough was restricted on the north and Silurian, Devonian and Mississippian strata are unrepresented in north China. The Pennsylvanian and Permian seas, however, again extended into that area. Eastern Asia was uplifted at the end of Triassic time and subsequent sedimentation was almost entirely non-marine. Mountain-forming movements, which began in mid-Pennsylvanian time and have continued with modifications to the present, produced a series of shifting sedimentary basins in which all later formations accumulated. The structure of central Asia is dominated by curving east-west mountain arcs but the coastal region is characterized by northeast-southwest trending structures. Throughout much of China proper these two systems have produced a complicated interference pattern. Diastrophism that affected central and eastern Asia since the Paleozoic era was so profound that most parts of China are intensely folded and faulted. Five large sedimentary basins are present, however, two in Chinese Turkistan, one in Tibet, and two in western and northern China proper.
Genetic Diversification, Vicariance, and Selection in a Polytypic Frog

Spatial patterns of heritable phenotypic diversity reflect the relative roles of gene flow and selection in determining geographic variation within a species. We quantified color differentiation and genetic divergence among 20 populations of the red-eyed tree frog (Agalychnis callidryas) in lower Central America. Phylogenetic analyses revealed 5 well-supported mitochondrial DNA clades, and we infer from our phylogeny that geographic barriers have played a large role in structuring populations. Two phenotypic characters varied independently among isolated population groups: Flank coloration distinguished Caribbean from Pacific individuals, whereas leg coloration exhibited a more complex geographic pattern. We detected 3 generalized spatial patterns of genetic and phenotypic diversity: 1) phenotypic differentiation in the presence of historical connectivity, 2) phenotypic uniformity across genetically differentiated regions, and 3) codistribution of genetic and phenotypic characters. These patterns indicate that phenotypic diversification is highly regionalized and can result from spatial variation in localized adaptations, geographic isolation, genetic drift, and/or evolutionary stasis. Although the mode of selection underlying color variation was not the focal objective of this study, we discuss the possible roles of natural and sexual selection in mediating population differentiation. Our study underscores the fact that selection gradients vary across relatively small spatial scales, even in species that occupy relatively homogeneous environments.