cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Proposed DNA Binding Activity of Mitochondrial Iron-sulfur Protein Miner2

Miner2 (mitoNEET-related protein 2) is a member of a new CDGSH (Cys-Asp-Gly-Ser-His) iron-sulfur proteins family. The primary sequence analysis showed that human Miner2 has a typical mitochondrial signal peptide (residues 1-14) in its N-terminus and the mature Miner2 (113 residues) is a soluble mitochondrial matrix protein. Although Miner2 is found to be highly expressed in lung cancer, breast cancer and other types of cancer, it has not been previously purified or characterized, and very little is known on the function of Miner2 in mitochondria. Here we report that mature human Miner2 is able to bind double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), but not single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). Binding of Miner2 effectively protects the bound dsDNA from DNase I digestion. While the [2Fe-2S] clusters in Miner2 are not required for the dsDNA binding activity of Miner2, the reduced Miner2 [2Fe-2S] clusters are readily oxidized by hydrogen peroxide without disruption of the clusters, indicating that redox transition of the Miner2 [2Fe-2S] clusters may remove hydrogen peroxide in the vicinity of the Miner2-bound dsDNA. The results suggest that Miner2 may act as a DNA binding protein which protects mitochondrial DNA from oxidative damage via the redox transition of its [2Fe-2S] clusters.
Control Design Using Passivation for Stability and Performance

A method to passivate a given system by using an input–output transformation matrix is introduced. This matrix generalizes the commonly used methods of series, feedback, and feedforward to passivate a linear or nonlinear system. Through an appropriate design of this matrix, positive passivity indices can be guaranteed for the system. Furthermore, this transformation matrix allows the use of a nonpassive system as a controller to guarantee the passivity and finite-gain $\mathcal{L}_2$ stability of a negative feedback configuration. The passivation parameters can be selected to improve system performance. The results are illustrated by considering nonlinear systems and linear systems with input/output delay. To validate the theory, simulation results in CarSim and Simulink are presented.
Expanded Radio Tracking Potential in Wildlife Investigations with the Use of Solar Transmitters

Abstract The longevity of solar transmitters enables the researcher to gather longterm life history information which was previously limited by package weight and battery life associated with conventional primary power sources (i.e. mercury, lithium, and silver oxide batteries). Continuous transmission is possible with relatively low levels of indirect solar radiation, depending upon transmitter design. These range in size and capabilities from daylight only, 6 g, 1.25 V, single stage subminiature transmitter with a power output of 0.25 mW and a transmission range of 2 km (ground to ground); to a rechargeable, 800 g, 2.5 V, two-stage standard transmitter with a power output of 2 mW and a transmission range of 9.5 km (ground to ground). Attention must be given to attachment design to ensure solar panel exposure to solar radiation. Examples of attachment techniques are; fitted collar, slip-on neck collar, dorsal harness, tail-clip, tarsus ‘bracelet’, and cutaneous adhesion. Gray partridge ( Perdix perdix ) have been monitored with 10.5 g (total package weight) rechargeable solar transmitters in east-central Wisconsin, U.S.A., to gather year-round life history information previously unattainable via conventional primary power batteried transmitters.
Taking on the C-word

First paragraph:What role does love play in challenging the devastating impacts of capitalism on our food system? What role does hope play? For Holt-Gimenez, the author of A Foodie’s Guide to Capital­ism, both love and hope are essential in building a more just and sustainable world, and his newest book is inspired by his long career of allying with those “for whom giving up was not an option” (p. 240). Concluding a treatise on understanding the inner workings and history of capitalism with a call for love and hope might seem trite at first glance. And yet, this is perhaps the best indication of the narrowness and cynicism that often dominate the thinking of those of us who consider ourselves food activists. Another world is indeed possible, and Holt-Gimenez gives us the tools we need to better understand the ways that capitalism—and racism—and sexism—and classism—stand in the way of that world. This is the kind of intersectional analysis that we need in the face of climate change, the plundering and privatization of our natural resources, and the ongoing attacks on democracy and progressive politics. A Foodie’s Guide to Capitalism allows the reader to understand how these kinds of wicked problems are interrelated with the ways that food is grown, distributed, consumed, and wasted...
Polypeptide Growth Factors and the Growth of Mammary Epithelial Cells

It is the goal of this chapter to provide a general yet comprehensive overview of some of the more well-defined growth factors that affect the proliferation of normal, preneoplastic, and malignant rodent and human mammary epithelial cells. In this context, we intend to focus only on those factors that directly stimulate the growth of mammary epithelial cells in vitro.
A phase II trial of irinotecan in hormone-refractory prostate cancer

Irinotecan is a DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor that has a wide spectrum of activity against human tumors in both preclinical and clinical studies. To evaluate the efficacy of irinotecan in hormone-refractory prostate cancer, we conducted a phase II study in 15 men with metastatic, PSA-progressive disease after primary androgen deprivation. Irinotecan was administered at a dose of 125 mg/m2 weekly for four weeks followed by a two-week rest period; cycles were repeated every six weeks. Response was assessed by evaluation of serial changes in the serum PSA. None of fifteen patients had a decline in PSA of greater than 50%; eight patients had stable disease as a best response. None of three patients with measurable disease had a partial or complete response. Toxicity was primarily hematologic and gastrointestinal, with 40% of patients requiring dose modification due to granulocytopenia and 20% requiring intravenous fluid supplementation after development of diarrhea. There were no treatment-related deaths. We conclude that irinotecan in the dose and schedule used in this trial does not have significant activity against hormone-refractory prostate cancer.
Ein Ruf aus Harvard

Inmitten all dieser Belastungen und Unsicherheiten erreichte mich im Marz 1989 ein Brief aus den Vereinigten Staaten mit dem Briefkopf der Harvard University.
Transcriptional Changes Before and After Forgetting of a Long-Term Sensitization Memory in Aplysia californica

Abstract Most long-term memories are forgotten, becoming progressively less likely to be recalled. Still, some memory fragments may persist, as savings memory (easier relearning) can be detected long after recall has become impossible. What happens to a memory trace during forgetting that makes it inaccessible for recall and yet still effective to spark easier re-learning? We are addressing this question by tracking the transcriptional changes that accompany learning and then forgetting of a long-term sensitization memory in the tail-elicited siphon withdrawal reflex of Aplysia californica. First, we tracked savings memory. We found that even though recall of sensitization fades completely within 1 week of training, savings memory is still detectable at 2 weeks post training. Next, we tracked the time-course of regulation of 11 transcripts we previously identified as potentially being regulated after recall has become impossible. Remarkably, 3 transcripts still show strong regulation 2 weeks after training and an additional 4 are regulated for at least 1 week. These long-lasting changes in gene expression always begin early in the memory process, within 1 day of training. We present a synthesis of our results tracking gene expression changes accompanying sensitization and provide a testable model of how sensitization memory is forgotten.
Systems consultation for opioid prescribing in primary care: a qualitative study of adaptation.

Background In order to promote guideline-concordant opioid prescribing practices, a blended implementation strategy called systems consultation was pilot tested in four primary care clinics in one US health system. Objectives To describe (1) how systems consultation worked during the pilot test and (2) the modifications necessary to adapt this implementation strategy to primary care. Methods A team of investigators conducted observations (n=24), focus groups (n=4) and interviews (n=2). The team; kept contact logs documenting all interactions with the intervention clinics and preserved all work products resulting from the intervention. Initial analysis was concurrent with data collection and findings were used to modify the intervention in real time. At the conclusion of the pilot test, a pragmatic descriptive analysis of all data was performed to explore key modifications. Results Time constraints, entrenched hierarchical structures and a lack of quality improvement skills among clinical staff were the main barriers to implementing systems consultation. Modifications made to address these conditions included creating a consulting team, giving change teams more direction, revising process improvement tools, supporting the use of electronic health record (EHR) functionalities and providing opportunities for shared learning among clinics. Discussion and conclusion With the lessons of this research in mind, our goal in future iterations of systems consultation is to give clinics a combination of clinical, organisational change and EHR expertise optimised according to their needs. We believe a streamlined process for assessing the key characteristics identified in this study can be used to develop a plan for this kind of optimisation, or tailoring, and we will be developing such a process as part of an upcoming clinical trial.
Awareness of chronic viral hepatitis in the United States: An update from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

The World Health Organization has set the goal of reducing the hepatitis-related mortality rate by 65% between 2015 and 2030. Diagnosis and awareness of infection is the first essential step towards achieving this goal. Our study examined the current awareness rate of chronic viral hepatitis in the United States and the potentially associated factors. In the National Health Nutrition and Examination Survey 2013-2016, there were 11 488 persons who participated in serology testing for chronic viral hepatitis. We defined chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection by HbsAg, HBV past exposure by anti-HBc and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection by HCV RNA. At risk for significant fibrosis was determined by AST to Platelet Ratio Index >0.7. Awareness of chronic HBV infection, past HBV exposure and HCV infection were present in 33.9%, 11.7% and 55.6% of participants, respectively. Among HCV-infected baby boomers, the awareness was in 61.5%. The awareness of HBV infection was significantly higher in individuals with high education level. Age group (40-60 years), women, non-Black race/ethnicity and those with high household income who were born in the United States with insurance plans tend to be aware of their infection. For HCV, awareness was the lowest in Hispanics and Asians, foreign-born who lived below the federal poverty level and low education level. Awareness among chronic viral hepatitis patients at risk for significant fibrosis was 62.0% in HBV and 38.2% in HCV infection. In conclusion, current awareness of chronic viral hepatitis in the United States remains suboptimal. Active public health policy to identify persons at risk and provide appropriate management is warranted.
The future of differentiated integration: a ‘soft-core,’ multi-clustered Europe of overlapping policy communities

In lieu of a conclusion to the Special Issue, this article discusses the future of Europe as one of differentiated integration. It argues that this future takes the form of member-states’ overlapping participation in the EU’s many policy communities, making for a soft-core Europe, as an alternative option to the hard-core around the Eurozone. The article contends that this multi-clustered Europe is the only feasible future, given the challenges facing the EU from its many crises, its problems of governance, and the difficulties of decision-making against a background of increasing politicization. But such differentiation is not without its problems, given EU decision-rules, the interconnectedness of policy arenas that can spell problems of spillover, and the need for deeper integration in some policy areas (e.g., migration) while others may benefit from less or more highly differentiated integration (e.g., Eurozone). Institutional reforms would also be necessary to ensure a positive future of differentiated integration: While the EU would continue to require a single set of institutions, it would need modified decision-rules to allow for more (and less) differentiation depending upon the area.
Intertextuality, Isiac Features, and the Shaping of the Sacred Feminine in Trimorphic Protennoia (NHC XIII, 1)

The aim of this paper is to bring to light through intertextual analysis some dimensions of continuity between the Hellenistic and Imperial theology of Isis and the figure of the Sacred Feminine as it appears in the Trimorphic Protennoia (NHC XIII 1). Instead of attempting to establish a diachronic (=historical) relationship of dependence between sources (e.g., borrowing, allusion, influence), this study establishes correspondences that can be traced on the literary level. Through a reception-oriented analysis, it will be possible to show the continuity between the Isiac religion and the late ancient mysticism of the Trimorphic Protennoia. A late ancient reader would have experienced the Nag Hammadi text in dialogue with Isiac traditions, and this literary dialogue with the Isiac religion would have nurtured and shaped their understanding of the sacred feminine described in the Trimorphic Protennoia.
Enantiopure Chiral Two-dimensional Sinusoidal Lanthanide(III) Coordination Polymers Based on R-/S-2-Methylglutarate: Luminescence, Magnetic Entropy Change, and Magnetic Relaxation

As a base for neutralizing homochiral dicarboxylic acids [R-/S-2-methylglutaric acid, abbreviated as (R/S)-2-MG] rather than an N-donor ligand, 1,3-di(4-pyridyl)propane participates in the self-assembly of isostructural, homochiral lanthanide(III) coordination polymers derived from (R/S)-2-MG at room temperature, which show 2D sinusoidal ruffling (4, 4) network structures with the formulas {[Eu2(R-2-MG)3(H2O)4]·0.5H2O}n (Eu-R1), {[Gd2(R-2-MG)3(H2O)4]·0.5H2O}n (Gd-R2), {[Tb2(R-2-MG)3(H2O)4]·0.5H2O}n (Tb-R3), and {[Dy2(R-2-MG)3(H2O)4]·0.5H2O}n (Dy-R4) as well as {[Eu2(S-2-MG)3(H2O)4]·0.5H2O}n (Eu-S1), {[Gd2(S-2-MG)3(H2O)4]·0.5H2O}n (Gd-S2), {[Tb2(S-2-MG)3(H2O)4]·0.5H2O}n (Tb-S3), and {[Dy2(S-2-MG)3(H2O)4]·0.5H2O}n (Dy-S4). Among them, the europium(III) and terbium(III) compounds show solid fluorescent properties characteristic of lanthanide(III) ions, while the dysprosium(III) compound may exhibit magnetic relaxation. Furthermore, the magnetic entropy change or magnetocaloric effect of the gadolinium(III) c...
Fully human Anti-HER3 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have unique in vitro and in vivo functional and antitumor activities versus other HER family inhibitors

LB-21 Background: HER3 is a member of the Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (HER) family. HER3 is an essential partner for HER family driven tumorgenesis and recently has been implicated in mediating resistance to EGFR and HER2 inhibitors. Though HER3 lacks intrinsic kinase activity, it contains 6 docking sites for the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3K making it a scaffold for PI3K/AKT signaling for the HER family via heterodimeric interactions. We report uniqueactivities of the first fully human anti-HER3 mAbs vs. current HER family inhibitors. Combinations of HER family inhibitors were also explored. Methods: To determine the inhibition of HER3 ligand-induced phosphorylation, MDA MB 453 breast and A549 NSCLC cells were treated with 10 ug/ml of anti-HER3, C225 (anti-EGFR), c2C4 (anti-HER2) or control mAbs 1 hour prior to heregulin-beta (HRG) stimulation. To determine the activity of the anti-HER3 mAbs on anchorage-independent growth, MDA MB 453 cells were treated with 10 μg/ml anti-HER3 or isotype control mAbs in serum containing medium. Colonies were quantified using a Scanalyzer HTS imaging system. To evaluate the effect on HER3 internalization, MDA MB 453 and A549 cells were treated at 4oC with 10 μg/ml of an anti-HER3, anti-EGFR, anti-HER2 or control mAbs prior to incubation for 1 hour at 37oC. HER3 internalization was measured by confocal microscopy. To determine in vivo efficacy, mice bearing ~200 mm3 A549 NSCLC xenografts were treated twice per week with anti-HER family or control Abs. Since HER3 is a critical heterodimerization partner for other HER family members, the anti-tumor effects of single vs. combination mAbs in the Calu-3 and H1975 NSCLC xenograft models were tested. Results: Anti-HER3 mAbs inhibited ligand-induced pHER3 of both MDA MB 453 and A549 cells vs other HER family inhibitors. Treatment with anti-HER3 mAbs resulted in > 80% inhibition of MDA MB 453 colony formation; other HER inhibitors had little effect (p 90% reduction of HER3 cell surface expression on MDA MB 453 cells vs other HER family inhibitors or control mAbs. Administration of anti-HER3 mAbs resulted in tumor stasis in the A549 NSCLC xenograft model vs control mAbs, C225 or c2C4. Treatment of Calu-3 and H1975 xenografts with anti-HER3 plus anti-EGFR mAbs resulted in tumor inhibition that was greater than either single agent alone at the doses and schedule used (p
Association of Mycobacterium africanum Infection with Slower Disease Progression Compared with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Malian Patients with Tuberculosis

Mycobacterium africanum (MAF) is known to endemically cause up to 40-50% of all pulmonary TB in West Africa. The aim of this study was to compare MAF with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) with regard to time from symptom onset to TB diagnosis, and clinical and radiological characteristics. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Bamako, Mali, between August 2014 and July 2016. Seventy-seven newly diagnosed pulmonary TB patients who were naive to treatment were enrolled at Mali's University Clinical Research Center. Sputum cultures were performed to confirm the diagnosis and spoligotyping to identify the mycobacterial strain. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify factors associated with disease progression. Overall, the frequency of female patients was 25% in MAF infection and only 10.0% in MTB infection (OR = 2.9), and MAF was more represented in patients aged ≥ 30 years (57.1% versus 36.7% [OR = 2.3]). More MAF- than MTB-infected patients had a history of a prior TB contact (32.1% versus 14.3% [OR = 2.8]). The mean duration between cough onset and TB diagnosis was 111 days (∼3.7 months) for MAF and 72 days (∼2.4 months) for MTB (P = 0.007). In a multivariate regression, weight loss (body mass index [BMI] 4 months) were strongly associated with MAF infection (OR = 5.20 [1.49-18.26], P = 0.010, and 4.74 [1.2-18.58], P = 0.02), respectively. Our data show that MAF infection was significantly associated with lower BMI and a longer time between symptom onset and TB diagnosis than MTB. This supports the concept that MAF infection may have slower disease progression and less severe cough symptoms than MTB.
Flavonoid and Other Chemical Constituents of Fossil Miocene Celtis and Ulmus (Succor Creek Flora)

Organic solvent extractions of green-colored fossil Celtis sp. and Ulmus sp. leaves (36 to 25 × 106 years old) indicate the preservation of quercetin-3-O-glycosides, apigenin and luteolin carbon gl...
A public-private partnership for the express development of antiviral leads: a perspective view.

The COVID-19 pandemic raises the question of strategic readiness for emergent pathogens. The current case illustrates that the cost of inaction can be higher in the future. The perspective article ...
Growth Mindset Messaging in Stigma-Relevant Contexts: Harnessing Benefits Without Costs:

Growth mindsets are increasingly used to promote learning, development, and health. The increased popularity resulted in scrutiny and disputes about utility. The current work reviews a perspective ...
Dyadic Group Exercises for Persons with Memory Deficits and Care Partners: Mixed-Method Findings from the Paired Preventing Loss of Independence through Exercise (PLIÉ) Randomized Trial.

Background Non-pharmacological therapies for persons with dementia (PWD) are needed. Objective To develop and test the Paired Preventing Loss of Independence through Exercise (PLIE) program, an integrative group movement program for PWD and care partners (CPs). Methods Participants were randomized to immediate or delayed start to Paired PLIE in community-based classes (1 hour, 2 days/week, 12 weeks, 3 home visits). Co-primary outcomes included standard measures of cognition, physical function,and quality of life (PWD) and caregiver burden (CPs) assessed by blinded assessors, analyzed using linear mixed models to calculate effect sizes for outcome changes during Paired PLIE, controlling for randomization group. Anonymous satisfaction surveys included satisfaction ratings and thematic analysis of open-ended responses. Results Thirty dyads enrolled, 24 (80%) completed. PWD (mean age 80; 55% female) experienced significant improvement in self-rated quality of life (Effect Size+0.23; p = 0.016) when participating in Paired PLIE, while CPs experienced a non-significant increase in burden (-0.23, p = 0.079). Changes in physical and cognitive function in PWD were not significant. All CPs returning the satisfaction survey (n = 20) reported being moderately-to-highly satisfied with the program. Thematic analyses identified physical (e.g., sit-to-stand, more energy), emotional (enjoyment), and social benefits (peer-to-peer interaction) for PWD and CPs; challenges were primarily related to getting to the in-person classes. Conclusion Paired PLIE is a promising integrative group movement program that warrants further study. It is feasible and may improve self-rated quality of life in PWD. Although CPs may experience increased burden due to logistical challenges, most reported high satisfaction and physical, emotional, and social benefits.
Proposing a TEI-Encoding Project for the Wesley Works

The Text Encoding Initiative (TEI), a branch of XML, is a mature standard for encoding texts that was developed three decades ago and continues to be improved and expanded upon today. Learn about how TEI was centrally imagined for a project devoted to a corpus of John Wesley material. We will begin by explaining why we chose to use TEI for the project and reviewing the considerations inherent in transitioning from a longstanding print-based project to a digital project, including the challenges of converting thousands of pages of text across different file types into rudimentary TEI. Next, we will move into topics specific to TEI encoding practices, including the creation of XML tagsets designed to maximize the use value of the Wesley Works for its various audiences: scholars, librarians, and clergy. Finally, we will show the TEI in action by sharing an example of an XML file from our first round of encoding.
Between sacred gift and profane exchange: identity craft and relational work in asylum claims-making on religious grounds

Identity crafts for migration and citizenship purposes require the assistance of brokerage actors that help secure documents, advise on self-presentations, and vouch for relevant credentials. While recognizing the contradictory roles these intermediaries play in both facilitating and controlling migration and the porous boundary between for-profit and non-profit actors, scholars have yet to explore what challenges these characteristics pose to the organization of a particular brokerage transaction. How do these intermediaries reconcile their roles as migration facilitators and surrogate gatekeepers? Does it matter to present the transaction as driven by financial rewards or other loftier goals? How are the boundaries between different types of intermediaries enacted and contested? I explore these questions through the case of a religious organization that helps migrants establish their religious identities for asylum claims-making on religious grounds. Combining insights from the “relational work” approach with ethnographic research in Korean evangelical congregations in the U.S., I show how the template of gift giving allows the church to focus on making the faithful as God’s intermediary, instead of screening them as the state’s private deputy, and avoid an accusation that its trade with asylum-seekers turns the Christian persona into a quasi-commodity. The boundary between the church and commercial brokers, between gift giving and market exchange, however, is constantly contested and renegotiated through the interaction between the transaction parties. In conclusion, I discuss how the relational work approach can advance our comparative inquiry into the brokerage transactions facilitating the “profane” exchange of “sacred” identities for migration and citizenship purposes.
Posterior Slow Wave Transients Associated with Eye Blinks in Children

(1975). Posterior Slow Wave Transients Associated with Eye Blinks in Children. American Journal of EEG Technology: Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 14-19.
Synergistic interaction between all-trans retinoic acid, Herceptin, and tamoxifen in BT-474 human breast cancer cells.

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 45, 2004 2205 HER-2/neu and estrogen receptor (ER) play critical roles in breast cancer. HER-2/neu and ER are validated therapeutic targets; the anti-HER-2/neu antibody Herceptin and the antiestrogen tamoxifen are effective drugs targeting these two receptors. Retinoids have also been shown to inhibit breast cancer growth. We find that all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) downregulates phosphorylation of HER-2/neu and decreases ER activity in BT-474 human breast cancer cells. We thus hypothesize that treatment with atRA and simultaneous targeting of HER-2/neu and/or ER may synergistically inhibit growth of breast cancer cells. We find that combining atRA with Herceptin, tamoxifen, or both results in strong synergistic growth inhibition of BT-474 breast cancer cells. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying this synergistic growth inhibition, we examined the effects of these various drug combinations on cell cycle and apoptosis. We find that atRA, Herceptin, and tamoxifen all lead to an enhanced accumulation of cells in G0/G1 phase coupled with a reduction of cells in S phase of cell cycle. Furthermore, while neither atRA, Herceptin, tamoxifen, nor the Herceptin/tamoxifen combination induce apoptosis, the combination of atRA with Herceptin or with the Herceptin/tamoxifen combination does induce apoptosis. These findings suggest that there are synergistic interactions between atRA, Herceptin, and tamoxifen. Treatment with atRA and simultaneous inhibition of HER-2/neu and/or ER signaling may translate into improved therapy for breast cancer patients.
TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE ACTIVITY IN ACETOBACTER PASTEURIANUM

Previous papers from this laboratory (King and Cheldelin, 1952, 1952a, 1954; Hauge et al., 1955, 1955a) have reported on the oxidation of carbohydrates in Acetobacter suboxydans. Neither resting nor disintegrated cells can oxidize acetate or other intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. These findings have recently been confirmed in another laboratory (Rao and Gunsalus, 1955). From the comparative biochemical viewpoint, it is of interest to study the oxidative behavior of other species of the genus Acetobacter. Results reported in this paper demonstrate that Acetobacter pasteurianum, in contrast to A. suboxydans, can oxidize all the intermediates of the Krebs cycle. Other evidence also indicates the functioning of this cycle in A. pasteurianum.
Purification of Two Heparin-Binding Proteins From Porcine Platelets and Their Homology With Human Secreted Platelet Proteins

Two heparin-neutralizing proteins secreted by thrombin-stimulated platelets were purified to homogeneity by means of heparin-agarose affinity chromatography. These proteins, termed porcine platelet basic protein (PBP) and porcine platelet factor 4 (PF4), were eluted from a heparin-agarose column at 0.6-0.9 M NaCl and at 1-1.4 M NaCl, respectively. The molecular weight of porcine platelet basic protein was 7,000-7,700 daltons, as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and amino acid analysis. The isoelectric point of this protein was at pH 9.0. The amino acid composition of porcine platelet basic protein resembled that of human low affinity platelet factor 4 (LA-PF4), except that the porcine protein did not contain tyrosine. The molecular weight of porcine platelet factor 4 ranged from 10,000 (estimated from amino acid analysis) to 14,000 (estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). The amino acid compositions of human platelet factor 4 and of porcine platelet factor 4 were similar. Monospecific antibodies against porcine platelet factor 4 and porcine platelet basic protein were raised in rabbits. Competitive radioimmunoassay demonstrated a low but significant immunologic cross-reactivity between human and porcine platelet factor 4, and between porcine platelet basic protein and a group of human secreted platelet proteins that bind to heparin with low affinity (beta-thromboglobulin [beta TG] and low affinity platelet factor 4). Experiments with direct immuno-precipitation of 125I-labeled antigens suggested that all four proteins investigated (human platelet factor 4, porcine platelet factor 4, human low affinity platelet factor 4 or human beta-thromboglobulin, and porcine platelet basic protein) share common antigenic determinants. However, there was a higher degree of immunologic cross-reactivity between heterologous antigens with similar heparin binding affinity (human platelet factor 4 and porcine platelet factor 4) than between heterologous antigens with different binding affinity (human platelet factor 4 and porcine platelet basic protein). In conclusion, our finding suggests a significant structural homology among the four proteins.
Virtual Solar System Project: Learning Through a Technology-Rich, Inquiry-Based, Participatory Learning Environment

In this manuscript we describe an introductory astronomy course for undergraduate students in which we moved from the large-lecture format to one in which students were immersed in a technologically-rich, inquiry-based, participatory learning environment. Specifically, undergraduate students used 3-D modeling tools to construct virtual reality models of the solar system, and in the process, build rich understandings of various astronomical phenomena. For this study, primarily naturalistic inquiry was used to gain a holistic view of this semester-long course. These data are presented as two case studies focusing on: (1) the role of the teacher in this participatory learning environment; (2) the particular dynamics that formed in each group; (3) the modeling process; (4) the resources used, specifically student-developed inscriptions; and (5) the role of technology and whether learning the technology interfered with learning astronomy. Results indicated that VR can be used effectively in regular undergraduate university courses as a tool through which students can develop rich understandings of various astronomical phenomena.
On mathematical understanding: perspectives of experienced Chinese mathematics teachers

Researchers have long debated the meaning of mathematical understanding and ways to achieve mathematical understanding. This study investigated experienced Chinese mathematics teachers’ views about mathematical understanding. It was found that these mathematics teachers embrace the view that understanding is a web of connections, which is a result of continuous connection making. However, in contrast to the popular view which separates understanding into conceptual and procedural, Chinese teachers prefer to view understanding in terms of concepts and procedures. They place more stress on the process of concept development, which is viewed as a source of students’ failures in transfer. To achieve mathematical understanding, the Chinese teachers emphasize strategies such as reinventing a concept, verbalizing a concept, and using examples and comparisons for analogical reasoning. These findings draw on the perspective of classroom practitioners to inform the long-debated issue of the meaning of mathematical understanding and ways to achieve mathematical understanding.
Individual differences in wheel-running rhythms are related to temporal and spatial patterns of activation of orexin A and B cells in a diurnal rodent (arvicanthis niloticus)

This study investigated the relationship between the orexins and patterns of activity in the diurnal Nile grass rat, Arvicanthis niloticus. Some individuals of this species switch to a more nocturnal pattern when given access to a running wheel, while others continue to be most active during the day. In both day- and night-active grass rats, the percentages of orexin A (OXA) and orexin B (OXB) cells expressing Fos were highest when animals were actively running in wheels. In night-active animals, removal of the running wheel significantly decreased OXA and OXB cell Fos expression. Additionally, in night-active animals, clear regional differences were apparent. In these animals the presence of a wheel induced higher percentages of Fos in both OXA and OXB cells in medial regions of the lateral hypothalamus than in lateral regions. In night-active animals without access to wheels, this medial-lateral gradient was present only in OXA cells. No regional differences were observed in day-active animals. This study demonstrates that individual differences in the patterns of activation of OXA and OXB cell populations are related to differences in the temporal pattern of wheel running. We also present evidence that orexin cells have projections to the intergeniculate leaflet that appear to make contact with neuropeptide-Y cells. We discuss the possibility that these fibers may be involved in relaying feedback regarding the activity state of the animal to the circadian system through these projections.
False negative and prozone reactions in tests for antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus-associated nuclear antigen.

Titration of anti-complementary human sera may yield false negative or prozone reactions in anti-complement immunofluorescence (ACIF) tests for antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus-associated nuclear antigen (EBNA) when the human complement (C') is added to the serum dilutions prior to charging of the target cell smears (two-stage ACIF test). This effect of anti-complementary sera and with it a source of error is avoided by using a three-stage ACIF technique; that is, when the target cell smears are successively overlayed with serum dilutions, C' and fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated antibodies to human βC/βA globulins. The two- and three-stage ACIF procedures yield comparable anti-EBNA titers with non-anti-complementary sera.
Investigations of the effects of ethanol on warfarin binding to human serum albumin.

Ethanol effects on warfarin binding to human serum albumin (HSA) have been studied by equilibrium dialysis and fluorescence methods at pH 7.4 in phosphate-buffered saline at 37°C. In the presence of v
Parietal representations for hand-object interactions.

The neuroanatomical correlates of tool and object use have become a compelling area of interest. Tool use and interactions with objects are functions that are generally taken for granted. However, persons with stroke can have a deficit in actual tool-use ability, generally referred to as apraxia.
Nucleation and growth during tungsten atomic layer deposition on SiO2 surfaces

The nucleation and growth during tungsten (W) atomic layer deposition (ALD) on SiO2 surfaces was examined using Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) techniques. Tungsten ALD was performed on a hydroxylated silica (SiO2) surface using repeated exposures to disilane (Si2H6) and tungsten hexafluoride (WF6) in an ABAB… sequence at 573 K. The AES measurements revealed that W growth is slow during the first ∼10 AB reaction cycles using ∼105 Langmuir reactant exposures. Following this initial nucleation period, the tungsten film grew linearly at 2.5 A per AB cycle. The W and Si AES signals dramatically oscillated in magnitude versus the sequential Si2H6 and WF6 exposures in the linear growth regime. Comparison of the experimental AES signals with predicted AES signals assuming different growth mechanisms determined that tungsten grows in a layer-by-layer fashion following the Frank–van der Merwe mechanism. Quantitative modeling indicated that electron backscattering effects must be included to describe the absolute experimental AES signals during W ALD. Simulations also revealed that the mechanism of tungsten nucleation during the first ∼10 AB reactions cycles will affect the surface roughness of the tungsten films. More rapid nucleation of W ALD was achieved using a larger initial Si2H6 exposure of >1010 Langmuir, or by repeatedly probing the same location on the SiO2 surface with the AES electron beam.
Intertopical sequencing of examination questions: An empirical evaluation

Abstract This research examines whether the ordering of topics within an accounting examination influences either (a) the time necessary to complete the examination, or (b) examination scores. Further, these effects are examined on both introductory students (n=83) and on more advanced accounting students (n=84). Six hypotheses concerning examination time and examination score were tested via two three-factor ANOVAs. It was found that “better” students are disadvantaged by random sequencing of multiple-choice questions and score significantly lower than on an ordered format. Poorer students appear not to be affected. No differences were found relating to time necessary to complete the exam.
Enhanced Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence in the Presence of Fluorinated Alcohols

The electrochemistry, UV−vis absorption, photoluminescence (PL), and coreactant electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) of Ru(bpy)32+ (where bpy = 2,2‘-bipyridine) have been obtained in a series of hydroxylic solvents. The solvents included fluorinated and nonfluorinated alcohols and alcohol/water mixtures. Tri-n-propylamine was used as the oxidative-reductive ECL coreactant. Blue shifts of up to 30 nm in PL emission wavelength maximums are observed compared to a Ru(bpy)32+/H2O standard due to interactions of the polar excited state (i.e., *Ru(bpy)32+) with the solvent media. For example, Ru(bpy)32+ in water has an emission maximum of 599 nm while in the more polar hexafluoropropanol and trifluoroethanol it is 562 and 571 nm, respectively. ECL spectra are similar to PL spectra, indicating the same excited state is formed in both experiments. The difference between the electrochemically reversible oxidation (Ru(bpy)32+/3+) and first reduction (Ru(bpy)22+/1+) correlates well with the energy gap observed in...
Unexpected Roles of Molecular Sieves in Palladium-Catalyzed Aerobic Alcohol Oxidation

Methods for palladium-catalyzed aerobic oxidation of alcohols often benefit from the presence of molecular sieves. This report explores the effect of molecular sieves on the Pd(OAc)2/pyridine and Pd(OAc)2/DMSO (DMSO = dimethyl sulfoxide) catalyst systems by performing kinetic studies of alcohol oxidation in the presence and absence of molecular sieves. Molecular sieves enhance the rate of the Pd(OAc)2/pyridine-catalyzed oxidation of alcohols, and the effect is attributed to the ability of molecular sieves to serve as a Bronsted base. In contrast, no rate enhancement is observed for the Pd(OAc)2/DMSO-catalyzed reaction. Both catalyst systems exhibit improved catalyst stability in the presence of molecular sieves, manifested by higher catalytic turnover numbers. Control experiments indicate that neither of these beneficial effects is associated with the ability of molecular sieves to absorb water, a stoichiometric byproduct of these reactions. Finally, the use of simultaneous gas-uptake and in-situ IR spect...
A Multiplist Strategy for Strengthening Nonequivalent Control Group Designs

Evaluation researchers are often confronted with less than optimal conditions in which to design studies. When this occurs, researchers may be forced to utilize relatively weak designs that do not rule out all threats to internal validity. Using archival data from a sales campaign for a state lottery, this article illustrates a multiplist strategy (Cook, 1985) in which several complementary designs are utilized to help rule out the four threats to internal validity associated with the frequently utilized nonequivalent control group design. Specific methods for addressing each of these threats and strengthening the basic nonequivalent control groups design are also illustrated.
The implementation of generators and goal-directed evaluation in icon

Two features of the Icon programming language strongly influence its implementation: generators and goal-directed evaluation. A generator is an expression that is capable of producing a sequence of results. In goal-directed evaluation, the results of generators are produced automatically in an attempt to complete computations successfully. This paper describes the generated code and run-time support for generators, goal-directed evaluation, and related control structures.
Individually addressable submicron scale light-emitting devices based on electroluminescence of solid Ru(bpy)3(ClO4)2 films

A submicron light-emitting device (LED) was fabricated from lithographically fabricated parallel indium-tin oxide (ITO) finger electrodes (0.9 mum wide) separated by a 1.1 mum gap. A single layer of an amorphous (a) Ru(bpy)3(ClO4)2 film ( approximately 100 nm thick) was spin-coated on the electrode array. Ga:In or carbon paste was employed as a liftable upper contact electrode. Films ( approximately 1.5 mum thick) of single-crystal Ru(bpy)3(ClO4)2 (xyl) between two ITO electrodes in a sandwich cell were also prepared and produce electroluminescence. As with larger cells of this type, the high-resolution electroluminescence produced showed a high external efficiency ( approximately 3.4%), a low turn-on voltage (2.3 V), and reasonable stability. The single-crystal cells also behaved as photovoltaic devices and a short-circuit photocurrent was observed when they were irradiated without a bias voltage.
Adhesive wafer bonding using partially cured benzocyclobutene for three-dimensional integration

Wafer-level three-dimensional integration (3D) is an emerging technology to increase the performance and functionality of integrated circuits (ICs), with adhesive wafer bonding a key step in one of the attractive technology platforms. In such an application, the dielectric adhesive layer needs to be very uniform, and precise wafer-to-wafer alignment accuracy (similar to 1 mu m) of the bonded wafers is required. In this paper we present a new adhesive wafer bonding process that involves partially curing (cross-linking) of the benzocyclobutene (BCB) coatings prior to bonding. The partially cured BCB layer essentially does not reflow during bonding, minimizing the impact of inhomogeneities in BCB reflow under compression and/or any shear forces at the bonding interface. The resultant nonuniformity of the BCB layer thickness after wafer bonding is less than 1% of the average layer thickness, and the wafers shift relative to each other during the wafer bonding process less than 1 mu m (average) for 200 mm diameter wafers. When bonding two silicon wafers using partially cured BCB, the critical adhesion energy is sufficiently high (>= 14 J/m(2)) for subsequent IC processing.
THE PRAYER OF THE MOLINIST

According to the ‘Power of Prayer’ objection to Molinism, the insights of the Church's great saints and spiritual directors regarding how best to grow in the spiritual life conflict with Molinism: spiritual growth is best achieved by praying from a Thomistic attitude towards Providence. Thomas Flint has recently replied to this objection as it was raised by Fr. Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange. In this paper, I respond on behalf of Garrigou-Lagrange.
Chromatin Organization Measured by AluI Restriction Enzyme Changes with Malignancy and Is Regulated by the Extracellular Matrix and the Cytoskeleton

Given that expression of many genes changes when cells become malignant or are placed in different microenvironments, we asked whether these changes were accompanied by global reorganization of chromatin. We reasoned that sequestration or exposure of chromatin-sensitive sites to restriction enzymes could be used to detect this reorganization. We found that AluI-sensitive sites of nonmalignant cells were relatively more exposed compared to their malignant counterparts in cultured cells and human tumor samples. Changes in exposure and sequestration of AluI-sensitive sites in normal fibroblasts versus fibrosarcoma or those transfected with oncogenes, nonmalignant breast cells versus carcinomas and poorly metastatic versus highly invasive melanoma were shown to be independent of the cell cycle and may be influenced by proteins rich in disulfide bonds. Remarkably, regardless of degree of malignancy, AluI-sensitive sites became profoundly sequestered when cells were incubated with laminin, Matrigel, or a circular RGD peptide (RGD-C), but became exposed when cells were placed on collagen I or in serum-containing medium. Disruption of the actin cytoskeleton led to exposure, whereas disruption of microtubules or intermediate filaments exerted a sequestering effect. Thus, AluI-sensitive sites are more sequestered with increasing malignant behavior, but the sequestration and exposure of these sites is exquisitely sensitive to information conferred to the cell by molecules and biomechanical forces that regulate cellular and tissue architecture.
Excited electronic states of ketene

Abstract The electron-impact energy-loss spectrum of ketene has been measured at impact energies of 30 eV and 50 eV, and scattering angles varying from 5° to 80°. Transitions have been observed at 3.7, 5.3, and 5.86 eV. These values are in excellent agreement with recent high quality ab initio calculations. They are assigned, respectively, to an n → π* X 1 A 1 → 1 A 2 transition, a π → π* X 1 A 1 → 3 A 1 transition, and an n → 3s singlet → singlet Rydberg transition. The results do not preclude the existence of an X 1 A 1 → 3 A 2 transition near 3.6 eV underlying the low-energy side of the X 1 A 1 → 1 A 2 excitation. However, no evidence is found for the presence of a triplet state with maximum intensity transition energy lower than 3.4 eV.
Geometry from a Time Series

It is shown how the existence of low-dimensional chaotic dynamical systems describing turbulent fluid flow might be determined experimentally. Techniques are outlined for reconstructing phase-space pictures from the observation of a single coordinate of any dissipative dynamical system, and for determining the dimensionality of the system's attractor. These techniques are applied to a well-known simple three-dimensional chaotic dynamical system.