cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transient CO2 leakage and injection in wellbore‐reservoir systems for geologic carbon sequestration

At its most basic level, the injection of CO2 into deep reservoirs for geologic carbon sequestration (GCS) involves a system comprising the wellbore and the target reservoir, the wellbore being the only conduit available to emplace the CO2. Wellbores in general have also been identified as the most likely conduit for CO2 and brine leakage from GCS sites, especially those in sedimentary basins with historical hydrocarbon production. We have developed a coupled wellbore and reservoir model for simulating the dynamics of CO2 injection and leakage through wellbores, and we have applied the model to situations relevant to geologic CO2 storage involving upward flow (e.g. leakage) and downward flow (injection). The new simulator integrates a wellbore-reservoir system by assigning the wellbore and reservoir to two different sub-domains in which flow is controlled by appropriate laws of physics. In the reservoir, we model flow using a standard multiphase Darcy flow approach. In the wellbores, we use the drift-flux model and related conservation equations for describing transient two-phase non-isothermal wellbore flow of CO2-water mixtures. Applications to leakage test problems reveal transient flows that develop into quasi-steady states within a day if the reservoir can maintain constant conditions at the wellbore. Otherwise, the leakage dynamics could be much more complicated than the simple quasi-steady-state flow, especially when one of the phases flowing in from the reservoir is near its residual saturation. A test problem of injection into a depleted (low-pressure) gas reservoir shows transient behavior out to several hundred days with sub-critical conditions in the well disappearing after 240 days. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Construction of a high-performance magnetic enzyme nanosystem for rapid tryptic digestion.

A magnetic enzyme nanosystem have been designed and constructed by a polydopamine (PDA)-modification strategy. The magnetic enzyme nanosystem has well defined core-shell structure and a relatively high saturation magnetization (Ms) value of 48.3 emu g−1. The magnetic enzyme system can realize rapid, efficient and reusable tryptic digestion of proteins by taking advantage of its magnetic core and biofunctional shell. Various standard proteins (e.g. cytochrome C (Cyt-C), myoglobin (MYO) and bovine serum albumin (BSA)) have been used to evaluate the effectiveness of the magnetic enzyme nanosystem. The results show that the magnetic enzyme nanosystem can digest the proteins in 30 minutes and the results are comparable to conventional 12 hours in-solution digestion. Furthermore, the magnetic enzyme nanosystem is also effective in the digestion of low-concentration proteins, even at as low as 5 ng μL−1 substrate concentration. Importantly, the system can be reused several times and has excellent stability for storage. Therefore, this work will be highly beneficial for the rapid digestion and identification of proteins in future proteomics.
Optimization of Enzyme-Substrate Pairing for Bioluminescence Imaging of Gene Transfer Using Renilla and Gaussia Luciferases

Background Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) permits the non-invasive quantification and localization of transduction and expression by gene transfer vectors. The tendency of tissue to attenuate light in the optical region, however, limits the sensitivity of BLI. Improvements in light output from bioluminescent reporter systems would allow the detection of lower levels of expression, smaller numbers of cells and expression from deeper and more attenuating tissues within an animal. Methods With the goal of identifying substrates that allow improved sensitivity with Renilla luciferase (RLuc) and Gaussia luciferase (GLuc) reporter genes, we evaluated native coelenterazine and three of its most promising derivatives in BLI of cultured cells transduced with retroviral vectors encoding these reporters. Of the eight enzyme–substrate pairs tested, the two that performed best were further evaluated in mice to compare their effectiveness for imaging vector-modified cells in live animals. Results In cell culture, we observed striking differences in luminescence levels from the various enzyme–substrate combinations and found that the two luciferases exhibited markedly distinct abilities to generate light with the substrates. The most effective pairs were RLuc with the synthetic coelenterazine derivative ViviRen, and GLuc with native coelenterazine. In animals, these two pairs allowed similar detection sensitivities, which were eight- to 15-fold higher than that of the prototypical RLuc-native coelenterazine combination. Conclusions Substrate selection can dramatically influence the detection sensitivity of RLuc and GLuc and appropriate choice of substrate can greatly improve the performance of reporter genes encoding these enzymes for monitoring gene transfer by BLI. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Empirical Test of Racial/Ethnic Differences in Perceived Racism and Affiliation with the Gay Community: Implications for HIV Risk

Studies of sexual stigma management techniques expected to decrease HIV risk among Black men who have sex with men (MSM) have yielded some counterintuitive findings. For example, some research suggests that identification with and participation in the gay community may be related to higher levels of sexual risk behavior among Black MSM. Moreover, some of this research tends to assume that Black and White MSM experience the gay community in identical ways. Borrowing from key tenets of intersectionality theory, we examine whether there are substantive differences in the ways in which Black and White MSM experience the gay community. In particular, we use the Urban Men's Health Study to quantitatively test Black–White differences in perceptions of racial hierarchy and racism within and positive affiliation with the gay community. Our findings suggest that Black MSM may encounter racism, and may experience engagement with the gay community as less positive than their White counterparts. These data contextualize existing research, and suggest that racism may shape the extent to which affiliation with the gay community serves as a protective factor against HIV for Black MSM.
Subcellular metabolite and lipid analysis of Xenopus laevis eggs by LAESI mass spectrometry.

Xenopus laevis eggs are used as a biological model system for studying fertilization and early embryonic development in vertebrates. Most methods used for their molecular analysis require elaborate sample preparation including separate protocols for the water soluble and lipid components. In this study, laser ablation electrospray ionization (LAESI), an ambient ionization technique, was used for direct mass spectrometric analysis of X. laevis eggs and early stage embryos up to five cleavage cycles. Single unfertilized and fertilized eggs, their animal and vegetal poles, and embryos through the 32-cell stage were analyzed. Fifty two small metabolite ions, including glutathione, GABA and amino acids, as well as numerous lipids including 14 fatty acids, 13 lysophosphatidylcholines, 36 phosphatidylcholines and 29 triacylglycerols were putatively identified. Additionally, some proteins, for example thymosin b4 (Xen), were also detected. On the subcellular level, the lipid profiles were found to differ between the animal and vegetal poles of the eggs. Radial profiling revealed profound compositional differences between the jelly coat vitelline/plasma membrane and egg cytoplasm. Changes in the metabolic profile of the egg following fertilization, e.g., the decline of polyamine content with the development of the embryo were observed using LAESI-MS. This approach enables the exploration of metabolic and lipid changes during the early stages of embryogenesis.
Alcohol policies and impaired driving in the United States: Effects of driving- vs. drinking-oriented policies

Xuan, Z., Blanchette, J., Nelson, T., Heeren, T., Nguyen, T., & Naimi, T. (2015). Alcohol policies and impaired driving in the United States: Effects of driving- vs. drinking-oriented policies. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 4 (2), 119-130. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i2.205 Aims: To test the hypotheses that stronger policy environments are associated with less impaired driving and that driving-oriented and drinking-oriented policy subgroups are independently associated with impaired driving. Design: State-level data on 29 policies in 50 states from 2001-2009 were used as lagged exposures in generalized linear regression models to predict self-reported impaired driving. Setting: Fifty United States and Washington, D.C. Participants: A total of 1,292,245 adults (≥ 18 years old) biennially from 2002–2010. Measures: Alcohol Policy Scale scores representing the alcohol policy environment were created by summing policies weighted by their efficacy and degree of implementation by state-year. Past-30-day alcohol-impaired driving from 2002–2010 was obtained from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys. Findings: Higher Alcohol Policy Scale scores are strongly associated with lower state-level prevalence and individual-level risk of impaired driving. After accounting for driving-oriented policies, drinking-oriented policies had a robust independent association with reduced likelihood of impaired driving. Reduced binge drinking mediates the relationship between drinking-oriented policies and impaired driving, and driving-oriented policies reduce the likelihood of impaired driving among binge drinkers. Conclusions: Efforts to reduce alcohol-impaired driving should focus on reducing excessive drinking in addition to preventing driving among those who are impaired.
Evolution of Mesoscale Precipitation Band Environments within the Comma Head of Northeast U.S. Cyclones

Abstract This paper explores the mesoscale forcing and stability evolution of intense precipitation bands in the comma head sector of extratropical cyclones using the 32-km North American Regional Reanalysis, hourly 20-km Rapid Update Cycle analyses, and 2-km composite radar reflectivity data. A statistical and composite analysis of 36 banded events occurring during the 2002–08 cool seasons reveals a common cyclone evolution and associated band life cycle. A majority (61%) of banded events develop along the northern portion of a hook-shaped upper-level potential vorticity (PV) anomaly. During the 6 h leading up to band formation, lower-tropospheric frontogenesis nearly doubles and the conditional stability above the frontal zone is reduced. The frontogenesis increase is primarily due to changes in the kinematic flow associated with the development of a mesoscale geopotential height trough. This trough extends poleward of the 700-hPa low, and is the vertical extension of the surface warm front (and surface...
Amount of care given and caregiving satisfaction: a latent growth curve analysis.

We examined the wear-and-tear hypothesis using data from 4 annual interviews with 130 (128 White) middle-aged daughters caring for their physically impaired, elderly mothers. We formulated a latent growth curve model hypothesizing that increases in the amount of care given by daughters caused a decrease in caregiving satisfaction, independent of caregiving duration. We found considerable individual variability and change in both caregiving satisfaction and the amount of care given in univariate latent growth curve analyses. Contrary to the wear-and-tear hypothesis, a multivariate latent growth curve analysis revealed duration ofcaregiving had no effect on either initial caregiving satisfaction or change in satisfaction. An elaborated wear-and-tear model was supported, however. The mechanism for decline in satisfaction is an increase in the amount of care given.
Cultural Differences in Belief Bias Associated with Deductive Reasoning

Norenzayan, Smith, Jun Kim, and Nisbett (2002) investigated cultural differences in the use of intuitive versus formal reasoning in 4 experiments. Our comment concerns the 4th experiment where Norenzayan et al. reported that, although there were no cultural differences in accuracy on abstract logical arguments, Koreans made more errors than U.S. undergraduates in judging the logical validity of concrete arguments. Norenzayan et al. concluded that Koreans are less likely than European Americans to decontextualize an argument's content from its logical structure, as Koreans were more likely to consider the believability of the conclusion when assessing an argument's validity (a belief bias). Notably, Korean participants were more conservative (less likely to say an argument is valid) than European American participants when assessing arguments. An analysis of the average of the hit and correct rejection rates in each of the conditions (abstract, concrete-believable, concrete-nonbelievable) revealed that, contrary to conclusions of Norenzayan et al., European Americans were no better than Koreans at determining the validity of concrete deductive arguments with conclusions varying in believability.
Poly(β‐pinenes) carrying one, two, or three functional end groups. I. The effect of reaction conditions on the polymerization of β‐pinene

β-Pinene was polymerized with H2O/BCl3 (protic) and p-dicumyl chloride and sym-tricumyl chloride (nonprotic) inifer systems in CH2Cl2 or CH2Cl2/n-C6H14 solvents from −10 to −70°C. The effect of solvent polarity, temperature, and monomer and inifer concentration on conversions and molecular weights was investigated. Low conversions and molecular weights, Mn = 1300–2500, obtained under these conditions suggest rapid termination.
A Conserved N-Terminal Domain Mediates Required DNA Replication Activities and Phosphorylation of the Transcriptional Activator IE1 of Autographa californica Multicapsid Nucleopolyhedrovirus

IE1 is the principal transcriptional regulator of the baculoviruses. Like multifunctional transcription factors of other large DNA viruses, IE1 is an essential, site-specific DNA-binding phosphoprotein that activates virus gene expression and promotes genome replication. To define the poorly understood mechanisms by which IE1 achieves its diverse functions, we identified IE1 domains that contribute to productive infection of Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), the baculovirus prototype. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the N-terminal 23 residues of IE1 are required for origin-specific DNA replication and AcMNPV propagation, but not for DNA-binding-dependent transcriptional activation. Within this defined replication domain, we identified an invariant TPXR/H motif that resembles a consensus cyclin-dependent kinase phosphorylation site. Amino acid substitutions of potential phosphorylation sites within or near this motif caused loss of IE1-mediated DNA replication activity. Remarkably, substitution of the single threonine (residue 15) within the TPXR/H motif caused complete loss of AcMNPV multiplication. The replication domain was required for IE1 phosphorylation. It was also sufficient for conferring phosphorylation of a heterologous protein. Importantly, IE1 hyperphosphorylation coincided exclusively with AcMNPV DNA replication. The temporal regulation of IE1 phosphorylation and the essential nature of the TPXR/H motif suggest that phosphorylation critically alters and possibly activates DNA replication activity of IE1 during infection. The striking conservation of the TPXR/H motif among IE1 proteins further suggests that this molecular switch may be a common mechanism by which the alphabaculoviruses coordinate DNA replication and gene expression by using a single regulator.
Blockade of Caspases Inhibits Amebic Liver Abscess Formation in a Mouse Model of Disease

We looked at the effect of inhibiting caspases on amebic liver abscess in the mouse model of infection. A dose of the pan-caspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-V-A-D-O-methyl fluoromethyl ketone (Z-VAD-FMK; R & D Systems) given to SCID mice 2 h prior to direct hepatic inoculation with Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites, and 12 h after amebic inoculation, reduced the mean liver abscess size by 70% at 24 h compared to a control group. These data indicate that apoptosis plays a significant but not an exclusive role in amebic liver abscess formation in the mouse model.
Passages: Airborne in an African Diaspora

Summary This article relays a story about race and empire in the air. It uses the openness of creative nonfiction to mix and link ostensibly disconnected ethnographic and archival moments. Focused on diaspora and flight, it ties the onset of airline travel to the recent rise of aerial deportations and deaths. It shows why the differentiation, discrimination, and domination of racial others took to the sky, leaving us to wonder what befalls humanity aloft.
Testicular Growth Arrest and Adolescent Varicocele: Does Varicocele Size Make a Difference?

ABSTRACTPurpose: We assessed whether testicular growth arrest is related to varicocele size in adolescents. We also determined whether adolescents with a varicocele and testes of equal size treated nonoperatively are at significant risk for growth arrest and, if so, whether this risk is related to varicocele size.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of boys with a varicocele. Testis volume was measured with calipers and computed into cc as (length × width × breadth) × 0.521. Testicular growth arrest was defined as left testis at least 15% smaller than the right testis. Varicocele size was graded 1—barely palpable, 2—palpable but not visible, 3a—visible and, 1 to 1.5 times the size of the ipsilateral testis, 3b—1.5 to 2 times the size of the ipsilateral testis and 3c—greater than 2 times the size of the ipsilateral testis. Boys with a grade 1 varicocele and those treated with previous inguinal or testicular surgery were excluded from study. Repair was recommended for testicular gr...
"BACK-END SENTENCING" AND REIMPRISONMENT: INDIVIDUAL, ORGANIZATIONAL, AND COMMUNITY PREDICTORS OF PAROLE SANCTIONING DECISIONS*

An understudied contributor to the massive growth of American incarceration is an increase in the practice of reimprisoning parolees through parole board revocations—now referred to as “back-end sentencing.” To conduct the analyses outlined in this article, we use data from the California Parole Study to analyze the effects of three clusters of factors (parolees' characteristics, organizational pressures, and community conditions) on these sentences. Our analyses are informed by theories that have been used to explain “front-end” (court) sentences, which center on the focal concerns of social-control agents, labeling, and racial threat. Our results indicate that status characteristics—race/ethnicity and gender—affect the likelihood that criminal parole violators are reimprisoned. Moreover, certain “pivotal categories” of parolees—registered sex offenders and those who have committed “serious” or “violent” offenses—are much more likely to be returned to prison than others. Organizational pressure (prison crowding) also affects the likelihood of reimprisonment. Communities' political punitiveness affects the likelihood that technical violators are reimprisoned and that serious or violent offenders are reimprisoned for criminal violations. In this article, we use these findings to consider ways that mass incarceration is driven by both top-down policies as well as bottom-up organizational and community forces.
Multilayered cognitive processing

The complexity of large-scale systems can be controlled by imposing structure on the problem space. In the domain of device diagnosis the problem space consists of all possible faults and their manifestations which cannot be represented directly. A multitude of perspectives, such as physical structure, function, and behavior, need to be modeled to describe this space implicitly. The utility of a multilayered knowledge representation scheme for a relation-based knowledge base is demonstrated. The structure established by multiple layers and multiple perspectives facilitates classification of symptoms and focuses on the exploration of the solution space. >
Multimodal analysis of language learning in world of warcraft play: Languaging as values-realizing

Applying Communicative Project theory (Linell, 2009), we identify and distinguish between the different coordination and language activities that emerged during an episode of World of Warcraft (WoW) gameplay involving English Language learners (ELLs). We further investigate ELLs' coordinations between killing and caring, self and others, in which language and action arise. Using multimodal analysis, we found: 1) a diverse tapestry of communicative activities unlikely to match what would be found in a classroom environment; 2) that the values realizing involved in killing (a typical action in WoW) demonstrates a strong covariate tie with caring; and 3) that players' values realizing is multi-layered, heterarchical and dynamic at a given time and space of situated interaction. We conclude by making suggestions for 1) the design of learning environments based on affordances for coaction and rich communicative activities and 2) the reconceiving of language learning as skilled linguistic action (Cowley, in press ) grounded in situated learning and participation in intercultural, technology-mediated L2 networks.
Phosphoinositides in constitutive membrane traffic

Proteins that make, consume, and bind to phosphoinositides are important for constitutive membrane traffic. Different phosphoinositides are concentrated in different parts of the central vacuolar pathway, with phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate predominate on Golgi, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate predominate at the plasma membrane, phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate the major phosphoinositide on early endosomes, and phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate found on late endocytic organelles. This spatial segregation may be the mechanism by which the direction of membrane traffic is controlled. Phosphoinositides increase the affinity of membranes for peripheral membrane proteins that function for sorting protein cargo or for the docking and fusion of transport vesicles. This implies that constitutive membrane traffic may be regulated by the mechanisms that control the activity of the enzymes that produce and consume phosphoinositides. Although the lipid kinases and phosphatases that function in constitutive membrane traffic are beginning to be identified, their regulation is poorly understood.
Synthesis and properties of phenylindane-containing polybenzimidazole (PBI) for high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs)

Abstract A thermally stable and organo-soluble phenylindane-containing polybenzimidazole (phenylindane-PBI) was synthesized from 3,3′,4,4′-tetraaminobiphenyl and 1,1,3-trimethyl-3-phenylindan-4′,5-dicarboxylic acid using polyphosphoric acid (PPA) as both solvent and dehydrating agent. Polymerization conditions were carefully investigated to achieve high molecular weight polymers (IV = 1.00 dL g−1). To study the effects of backbone structure on properties, meta-PBI was also synthesized in PPA. It was found the introduction of rigid bent phenylindane moiety into the polymer backbone greatly improved the polymer solubility in polar aprotic solvents. The fabrication of acid-doped phenylindane-PBI membranes was attempted by both sol–gel and acid imbibing processes. The membranes prepared by the latter method showed a maximum proton conductivity of 0.061 S cm−1 at 180 °C with a phosphoric acid doping level of 10.0 PA/RU. Both phenylindane-PBI and meta-PBI membranes were fabricated into membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) and tested to evaluate their fuel cell performance. The phosphoric acid doped phenylindane-PBI membrane exhibited comparable fuel cell performance as meta-PBI under similar testing conditions, demonstrating that it is a promising polymer electrolyte membrane candidate for high-temperature fuel cell applications.
2001 Plenary Session: Friday Imaging Symposium. CT Screening for Cancer.

Screening, defined as the testing of asymptomatic individuals for subclinical disease, has become a major strategy in improving patient outcome through the early detection of cancer. The purpose of screening is to differentiate among those individuals who likely have cancer from those who do not. The premise of screening is that early diagnosis will yield positive health benefits by permitting early initiation of treatment and thus a reduction in morbidity and mortality (1‐3). Screening tests differ from diagnostic tests. Diagnostic tests are generally used in patients who come to medical evaluation for symptoms. Results of diagnostic tests are often accurate enough to establish a definite diagnosis, and they can be used as a basis for initiating treatment. By comparison, screening tests are generally offered to asymptomatic populations as a means of determining whether it is probable that they have a target disease. During the past few years, many institutions have established targeted screening programs for pulmonary cancer and colorectal adenomatous polyps and also whole-body screening programs that use both single-detector and multidetector computed tomography (CT). The Radiological Society of North America recognized the importance of screening tests for cancer and dedicated an afternoon session to this topic at the 2001 annual meeting. The following two articles by Yee and Brant-Zawadzki discuss the role for virtual colonography and whole-body CT in the detection of cancer. Because screening programs for cancer detection are increasing in the United States, we believe that publication of these presentations is appropriate. Radiologists will be asked to make decisions about offering screening tests in their own practices, and thus, they must be aware of the risk/benefit and cost/benefit ratios of screening imaging procedures. These introductory comments, which emphasize the general criteria for a good screening program and the clinical and financial implications of offering CT screening directly to the consumer, provide a foundation for the articles that follow.
The solution structure of a d[C(TTCG)G] DNA hairpin and comparison to the unusually stable RNA analogue

The solution structure of the DNA analogue of the unusually stable r[C(UUCG)G] RNA hairpin, 5'-d[GGA-C(TTCG)GTCC]-3', has been determined by NMR spectroscopy, and its structure has been compared to that of the RNA molecule. The RNA molecule is compact and rigid with a highly structured loop. However, the DNA molecule is much less structured. The DNA hairpin contains a B-form stem of four base pairs. The terminal base pair frays, and the 3'-terminal nucleotides, C11 and C12, are in equilibrium between 2'-endo and 3'-endo conformations. Unlike the RNA loop, the DNA loop contains no syn nucleotides, and there is no evidence for base-base or base-phosphate hydrogen bonding in the loop. The loop is flexible, and reveals no specific internucleotide interactions.
Thermodynamic properties of aqueous solutions of ammonium Nitrate salts

We present Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) results on Hydroxyl Ammonium Nitrate (HAN) solutions and Triethanol Ammonium Nitrate (TEAN) solutions with varying concentrations. These results are used to generate phase diagrams of these solutions. The results of the melting points of these liquids are compared with the theoretical calculations of the depression of melting points. The melting temperatures of the HAN solutions at some specified concentration range are predicted rather well using the two electrolyte assumption. The phase diagram of the TEAN solutions explains an instability with respect to phase separation of this liquid.
Fingerprinting Web Users Through Font Metrics

We describe a web browser fingerprinting technique based on measuring the onscreen dimensions of font glyphs. Font rendering in web browsers is affected by many factors—browser version, what fonts are installed, and hinting and antialiasing settings, to name a few—that are sources of fingerprintable variation in end-user systems. We show that even the relatively crude tool of measuring glyph bounding boxes can yield a strong fingerprint, and is a threat to users’ privacy. Through a user experiment involving over 1,000 web browsers and an exhaustive survey of the allocated space of Unicode, we find that font metrics are more diverse than User-Agent strings, uniquely identifying 34 % of participants, and putting others into smaller anonymity sets. Fingerprinting is easy and takes only milliseconds. We show that of the over 125,000 code points examined, it suffices to test only 43 in order to account for all the variation seen in our experiment. Font metrics, being orthogonal to many other fingerprinting techniques, can augment and sharpen those other techniques.
Infrared Aerial Color Photography for Detection of Populations of Brown Soft Scale in Citrus Groves

Ground and infrared aerial surveys conducted monthly at approximately the same time in 6 citrus groves showed that infrared aerial photography can be used to detect progressive buildup of Coccus hesperidum L. Also, random photographs of other groves showed that developing infestations of the scales can be detected with this remote-sensing technique. Infrared color photographs taken from heights of 2000 and 5000 feet demonstrated the changes brought about in citrus foliage by this pest. The effect of sooty mold fungus, Capnodium citri Berk. & Desm., caused by brown soft scale, on the reflectance characteristics of citrus leaves was measured.
A Study on Su Qing’s Folklore Writing and Its Literary Value

Su Qing was a very popular "civil writer" in Shanghai in the 1940s.Her creative writing and use of folklore led her works to a best seller.In a historical perspective this paper makes a deep study of Su Qing's folklore creation from physical and mental folklore,attempting to explore her creation's epochal significance and literary value.
Respiratory insufficiency due to pneumonia in pregnancy

Respiratory insufficiency is a common complication of pneumonia in pregnancy. Respiratory insufficiency may progress to respiratory failure, requiring mechanical ventilation. Prompt diagnosis of the pneumonia and rapid institution of supportive care and effective antimicrobial therapy results in the best possible outcome for both mother and fetus. If the patient requires mechanical ventilation, resolution of the pneumonia usually allows for uneventful weaning from the respirator.
Effects of Maternal Dietary Zinc on the Expression of Diabetes-Induced Teratogenicity in the Rat

Although prenatal care of pregnant diabetic women has improved fetal outcome, there is still a two to four times higher incidence of congenital anomalies in the offspring of diabetic mothers compared to the general population (1). Fetuses from diabetic rats have low liver Zn levels and a high malformation frequency (2,3) compared to controls. The malformations are similar to those seen in fetuses from Zn-deficient dams. These data suggest that the teratogenic effect of diabetes is due in part to an induced fetal Zn deficiency. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that varying dietary intakes of Zn would affect the expression of diabetes-induced teratogenicity. Rats were injected with STZ (40 mg/kg) or buffer (controls) 14 days prior to mating, and fed diets containing 4.5, 25 or 500 ug Zn/g diet on day 0 of gestation. Fetuses were taken by caesarian section on day 20.
Machine Translation: Overview

Machine translation – the use of computers to translate automatically among human languages – is an alluring prospect, one that for more than 50 years has fascinated researchers, inspired idealists and opportunists, and provoked unease among professional translators. This article gives a broad survey of this diverse and active field. It begins with a description of the many challenging problems faced by designers of machine translation systems and explains why there appears to be slim hope of attaining human-level performance in the foreseeable future. With these problems in mind, this article examines the main symbolic and empirical translation methods, and tries to give a balanced picture of their strengths and weaknesses.
Quality rating and private-prices: Evidence from the nursing home industry

We use the rollout of the five-star rating of nursing homes to study how private-pay prices respond to quality rating. We find that star rating increases the price differential between top- and bottom-ranked facilities. On average, prices of top-ranked facilities increased by 4.8 to 6.0 percent more than the prices of bottom-ranked facilities. We find stronger price effects in markets that are less concentrated where consumers may have more choices of alternative nursing homes. Our results suggest that with simplified design and when markets are less concentrated, consumers are more responsive to quality reporting.
Can Selective Beta-Blockers Be Prescribed Safely for Hemodialysis Patients? A Retrospective Review

Purpose: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in hemodialysis patients. Beta-blockers (β-blockers) have been shown to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease and heart failure. Available data demonstrate that end-stage renal disease patients are prescribed β-blockers much less often than are those with normal kidney function. The concern that these agents may lead to critical elevations in serum potassium (K) has led some nephrologists to avoid their use. This study evaluates the possible association between hyperkalemia and β-blocker use in stable hemodialysis patients. Methods: The records of 121 patients in an inner-city dialysis unit treated over a 3-month period were evaluated retrospectively. Patients taking β-blockers were compared to those who were not. Differences in age, incidence of diabetes mellitus, mean serum K level, use of β 1 -selective agents, dialysate concentration, and number and severity of hyperkalemic episodes were assessed. The highest K value recorded during the study period was used for each patient. Serum K levels greater than 6.5 mEq/L were defined as serious. Levels of this magnitude or greater were included in the analysis. Results: Only three patients were taking nonselective β-blockers. Twenty percent of patients in the β-blocker group had serum K levels greater than or equal to 6.5 mEq/L compared with 13.9% of those not taking β-blockers. A comparison of the two groups revealed no statistically significant difference in any of the parameters evaluated. Conclusion: The use of β 1 -selective agents does not appear to be associated with an increased incidence of serious hyperkalemia in hemodialysis patients. β-blockers should not be selectively withheld from hemodialysis patients for this reason.
Maximizing the Signal Gain of Electrochemical-DNA Sensors

Electrochemical DNA (E-DNA) sensors have emerged as a promising class of biosensors capable of detecting a wide range of molecular analytes (nucleic acids, proteins, small molecules, inorganic ions) without the need for exogenous reagents or wash steps. In these sensors, a binding-induced conformational change in an electrode-bound “probe” (a target-binding nucleic acid or nucleic-acid-peptide chimera) alters the location of an attached redox reporter, leading to a change in electron transfer that is typically monitored using square-wave voltammetry. Because signaling in this class of sensors relies on binding-induced changes in electron transfer rate, the signal gain of such sensors (change in signal upon the addition of saturating target) is dependent on the frequency of the square-wave potential pulse used to interrogate them, with the optimal square-wave frequency depending on the structure of the probe, the nature of the redox reporter, and other features of the sensor. Here, we show that, because it...
Deletion of Lactate Dehydrogenase-A in Myeloid Cells Triggers Antitumor Immunity.

Immunometabolism is emerging as a critical determinant of cancer pathophysiology. In this study, we explored the contributions of macrophage-expressed lactate dehydrogenase-A (LDH-A) to tumor formation in a K-Ras murine model of lung carcinoma. Myeloid-specific deletion of LDH-A promoted accumulation of macrophages with a CD86high and MCP-1high M1-like phenotype that suppressed tumor growth. This phenotypic effect was accompanied by reduced VEGF expression and angiogenesis; diminished numbers of PD-L1+ cancer cells; increased numbers of CD3+ T cells and activation status of CD8+ T cells. Further, it was associated with more pronounced antitumor T cell immunity via induction of IL-17 and IFNγ-producing CD8+ T (Tc17 and Tc1) cells, likely via suppression of lactate-driven PD-L1 expression. Our results suggest that expression of LDH-A and lactate by macrophage in the tumor microenvironment are major drivers of T cell immunosuppression, strongly supporting the concept of targeting stromal LDH-A as an effective strategy to blunt tumoral immune escape.
Abstract 3872: Transgenic HuR in Astrocytes Increases Ischemic Lesion Size in Mice

Introduction: Stroke is a serious neurological disorder that affects more than 800,000 Americans each year. HuR, an mRNA binding protein, regulates gene expression by modulating the stability and translational efficiency of mRNAs containing adenine-uridine rich elements in the 3’ untranslated region. Genes implicated in neuroprotection and post-ischemic repair may be regulated by HuR. The current investigation utilizes transgenic mice engineered to express Flag-HuR in astrocytes using the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter. We hypothesized that modulation of mRNA stability in astrocytes would change the outcome from transient cerebral ischemia. Methods: Four mouse cohorts were studied: male or female and transgenic (TG) or wild-type (WT). Mice underwent 30-minute transient right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and survived for 24 or 72h. Neurological scores were recorded after ischemia and prior to euthanasia, and brain tissue was sectioned for histology and immunolabeling. In a blinded fashion, Flag-HuR expressing nuclei were counted in peri-lesional regions of interest (ROI) and contralateral mirror ROIs, and ischemic/contralateral indices were calculated. Representative lesion size was determined in hematoxylin-eosin sections at the level of Bregma 1.10 mm. Results:HuR-Flag expression: The transgene was expressed in peri-lesional astrocytes. 24h after MCAO, hormonally intact female mice had higher levels of Flag-HuR expression: Flag-HuR index was 5.9 ± 1.9 in females (n = 7) vs. 2.0 ± 0.7 in males (n = 6), p = 0.002, Mann-Whitney rank sum test. 72h after MCAO, TG expression declined in females to levels comparable to those of males. Lesion size: There was no difference in lesion size between sex-matched TG and WT mice 24h post-MCAO, but at 72h lesion size was larger in TG females than WT females: 47% ± 12 (n = 10) vs. 22% ± 11 (n = 5), respectively, p = 0.002, t-test. Analysis of neurological scores, sex hormone levels, and long term survival is ongoing. Discussion: We hypothesized that altering mRNA stability in ischemic astrocytes would change outcome from cerebral ischemia. Initial characterization of TG mice in which HuR was expressed under control of the GFAP promoter showed that ischemia results in peri-lesional upregulation of the transgene, which is more robust in females than males 24h after MCAO and comparable to males 72h after MCAO. Transgene expression correlated with increased lesion size in females 72h after MCAO. While the mechanism of this effect requires elucidation, our results suggest that HuR is a viable novel target for further investigation in cerebral ischemia.
The killing of Cecil the Lion as an impetus for policy change

The killing of Cecil the Lion in July 2015 generated considerable media attention worldwide. We measured public interest in Cecil's death to examine the degree to which this high-profile incident represented the type of focusing event that public policy scholars often emphasize as being important for triggering policy change. Finding that public interest in lion conservation spiked in the weeks immediately following the incident, we then analysed whether this focusing event led to policy changes to restrict trophy hunting in eight countries (USA, Spain, France, Russia, Canada, South Africa, Germany and Mexico) that most frequently import lion Panthera leo trophies. The surge in public attention seems to have had only a limited impact on the adoption of significant new policy, although it may have hastened changes in some countries.
Finding Room in the Criminal Law for the Desuetude Principle

Overcriminalization -- the overuse, misuse, and abuse of the criminal law -- is a considerable problem today. This paper proposes one remedy to that problem: reliance on “the desuetude principle” in statutory interpretation. That little known precept is that courts may decline to enforce a statute if the public has openly and notoriously disregarded it, and the government has acquiesced in that practice. Desuetude effectively plays the same role for the criminal law that spring cleaning does for garages, basements, and attics: It enables items to be discarded that perhaps once were thought valuable but have not been used recently. To implement that principle, courts should narrowly read little used criminal statutes in order to avoid giving them broad, unanticipated applications.
Real time video transceiver using SDR testbed with directional antennas

In this paper, we propose a real-time transmission and reception scheme for high-quality video using the directional antenna with the smart beamforming. We implemented a Software Defined Radio (SDR) testbed based on Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) and LabVIEW, which can provide a cost effective solution for prototyping wireless communication systems. First, the major challenge for the streaming high quality video is high data rate. In our proposed system, the high data rate up to 56 Mbps is obtained with the directional beamforming transmission/reception. Second, packet efficiency, i.e., successful packet reception of the system should be high. In our proposed system, the packet efficiency up to 98.56% is achieved of by our developed algorithm. Third, the frame rate of the video transmission, which should be high, is attained at 30 fps in our implementation. The high power at the receiver is achieved by the use of the directional antenna. The experimental results show that the Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) is reduced to the great extent. Furthermore, the proposed solution is investigated by using high-order modulation techniques like 64-QAM and 256-QAM.
Self-Reflective Insights on What I Have Learned in an Evolving Academic Career Model: Accounting Scholarship, Administration, and Diversity

ABSTRACT In this paper, I offer personal insights based on my experiences (thus far) in an evolving academic accounting career model. While I value all aspects of an academic career responsibilities (teaching, research, and service), this narrative focuses primarily on the role of accounting scholarship and, broadly, the impact of diversity on the same. I offer these perspectives and personal experiences from the unique vantage point as an African American woman, focused first on contributing to top-tired accounting scholarship, and more recently on roles as an administrator of an accounting department and business college. While my academic journey is unique by objective measures (often dubbed “trailblazing” by others), I offer suggestions that may be useful to any academic who is dedicated to success in our field. Given the evolving accounting model and challenges ahead, my overriding goal remains to encourage junior accounting colleagues to persevere, as an accounting academic career is richly rewarding.
Circadian Organization in Eukaryotic Microorganisms

Circadian organization is not restricted to higher plants and animals or even to multicellular organisms. Over the past 30 years, overt persisting circadian rhythms have been documented in a number of eukaryotic microorganisms (Table 2.1) for a wide spectrum of behavorial, physiological, and biochemical variables. These periodicities include mating type reversal, phototaxis, pattern formation, stimulated bioluminescence, photosynthetic capacity, cell division, chloroplast shape and ultrastructure, susceptibility to noxious agents and treatments, enzymatic activities, concentrations of metabolic intermediates, energy charge carriers, biogenic amines, and many others.
Biosynthesis of Diterpene Phytoalexin Precursors in Cell-free Extracts of Rice

Rice leaves have been reported to accumulate two groups of diterpenoid phytoalexins, the momilactones and the oryzalexins, in response to infection with Pyricularia oryzae (Kono et al, 1985) or irradiation with UV-light (Cartwright et al, 1981). Scheme 1 illustrates proosed pathways and key intermediates in the biosynthesis of these phytoalexins bas’ed on known pathways of biosynthesis of polycyclic diterpenes such as ent-kaurene. Cyclization of geranylgeranyl-PP to two labadienyl pyrophosphates of appropriate stereochemistry followed by further cyclization of these intermediates could give rise to two tricyclic pimaradienes. A series of oxidative transformations of 9βH-pimara-7, 15-diene and sandaracopimaradiene would be responsible for the formation of the momilactones and oryzalexins, respectively. This paper reports evidence for the formation of pimaradienes and ent-kaurene. in cell-free extracts of UV-treated rice leaves.
The impact of health insurance market reforms on market competition.

OBJECTIVES To assess the impact of state and federal health insurance market reforms on the nature and extent of market competition. STUDY DESIGN Qualitative, comparative case studies in 7 states. METHODS Two rounds of in-depth interviews were conducted with over 100 key informants from the insurance industry. In each state, these sources included 2 to 4 regulators, 5 to 6 independent agents, and several sources at each of 4 to 5 of the top insurers. Extensive documentary data relating to market activity were also collected. These multiple sources of information and data were analyzed with both qualitative and quantitative techniques. RESULTS (1) Small-group health insurance markets are highly competitive, both in price and in product innovation and diversity. (2) In some of the more heavily regulated states, there is very little competition in less-populated areas, especially for indemnity insurance. (3) The rapid growth of managed care in the small-group market may have been precipitated by these reforms. (4) Standardized benefit plans have not achieved their objectives. (5) Competitive forces still focus to a considerable extent on risk selection techniques. CONCLUSION Small-group market reforms have not harmed market competition and may have improved competition in several respects. However, these reforms do not alter the fundamental orientation of competitive insurance markets, which is to focus on risk selection factors and techniques to the extent feasible.
Caching Policy and Cooperation Distance Design for Base Station-Assisted Wireless D2D Caching Networks: Throughput and Energy Efficiency Optimization and Tradeoff

This paper investigates the optimal caching policy and cooperation distance design from both throughput and energy efficiency (EE) perspectives in base station (BS)-assisted wireless device-to-device (D2D) caching networks. By jointly considering the effects of the BS transmission, D2D-caching, and self-caching, and the impact of the cooperation distance, a clustering approach is proposed with specifically designed power control and resource reuse policies. The throughput and EE of two network structures are comprehensively analyzed and designs aiming to optimize the throughout and EE, respectively, are proposed. We also characterize the trade-off between the throughput and EE and provide corresponding designs. Simulations considering practical parameters are conducted to verify the analyses and evaluate the proposed designs; they demonstrate superior performance compared with state-of-the art.