cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Data Analytics for Business Value: An interview with Andrew Davis, Co-founder, and CEO, 3Dot Digital, Brisbane, Australia; and Samantha Garbutt, Chief Commercial Officer, 3Dot Digital, Brisbane, Australia

The use of statistics, the ancestor of analytics has been around since the time of building the pyramids in Egypt. Early forms of analytics have existed since the 1800s; however, it has not been vi...
Treatment effects: ignorability

First, we describe a prototypical selection setting. Then, we identify some typical average treatment effects followed by a review of various identification conditions assuming ignorable treatment (sometimes called selection on observables). Ignorable treatment approaches are the simplest to implement but pose the strongest conditions for the data. That is, when the data don’t satisfy the conditions it makes it more likely that inferences regarding properties of theDGPare erroneous.
Relationship of Long Term Effects of Childhood Sexual Abuse to Identity of the Offender: Family, Friend, or Stranger

Sexual abuse is defined as the involvement of children and adolescents in sexual activities they do not fully comprehend and to which they do not freely consent. The long term effects of these violations of children have been described clinically. This study was initiated to demonstrate differences in emotional distress experienced by childhood victims of sexual abuse and their non-abused counterparts. Clinical records of 311 women were reviewed following termination from psychotherapy. Fifteen (15%) percent of the women indicated that they had been abused by a father, brother, grandfather, stepfather, friend, or stranger.
Volunteer Voices: Tennessee's Collaborative Digitization Program

This article provides an overview of Volunteer Voices, Tennessee’s statewide digitization program. The authors focus on the three-year Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) National Leadership Grant that provided the foundation for future growth of the digitization program. In addition to an overview of the content selection, metadata issues, software selection, digital preservation, and K-12 education emphasis of the grant project, the article includes a detailed description of the work of the digitization and content specialists who selected and scanned items across the state. The article concludes with a look at post-grant efforts to promote the sustainability of Volunteer Voices.
A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial of Four Anti-Dandruff Shampoos

A total of199 patients were selectedfor a comparison of the anti-dandruff efficacy offour shampoos. After a 2-week lead-in (all patients used only Johnson's Baby Shampoo twice weekly) the patients were randomly assigned to Selsun Blu~, Head & Shoulderss, Flexe; or Tegrine. The test preparation, which was unknown to the observer, was used twice weekly for 4 weeks. Loose and adherentdandruff were each rated on a scaleof0 to 20 (absent to severe) at the end of the lead-in (when a total score of 15 was required), and each week of study. The mean total pre-study scorefor all subjects was 19·5. At the end ofthe study the mean improvement scores were: 16·2 (Selsun Blue), 14·6 (Head & Shoulders), 13·5 (Flex), and 13·1 (Tegrin). The improvement was significantly greater(p < 0·05) on Selsun Blue than on any ofthe other shampoos.At the end ofthe study significantly (p <0·05) more patients had total scoresofzero on Selsun Blue (15) than on Tegrin or Head & Shoulders. In addition, the rate of improvement was significantly (p <0·05)faster with Selsun Blue than with anyofthe other test preparations.
Practical analysis of the stability of TCP

This paper discusses the stability of TCP. More precisely, the stationary behavior of the congestion window process is analyzed based on the measured real Internet traffic (bulk data transfer, FTP of large files). Appropriate algorithm approximating the actual congestion window is presented, and statistical methods to analyze the data are discussed in detail: change-point detection, distribution testing and parameter estimation. It has been shown that the distribution of the congestion window process during stable periods has a bell-like shape and can be approximated by a normal distribution. A number of interesting observations during the study are depicted and explained. Finally, possibilities for building reliable and robust models for the TCP protocol in the future, are discussed.
Gene structure prediction in plant genomes

Following the completion of the Arabidopsis genome sequence, other plant genome sequences are rapidly accumulating. Computational gene structure annotation in these sequences is a pressing and challenging task. Current approaches are discussed, including ab initio methods, cDNA/EST spliced alignment, and protein spliced alignment. Best results are achieved with combined methods, and human expert annotation will remain necessary to achieve high reliability in large-scale annotation efforts. Keywords: gene prediction; spliced alignment; EST; ab initio methods; splice site prediction
Intramuscular anabolic signaling and endocrine response following high volume and high intensity resistance exercise protocols in trained men

Resistance exercise paradigms are often divided into high volume (HV) or high intensity (HI) protocols, however, it is unknown whether these protocols differentially stimulate mTORC1 signaling. The purpose of this study was to examine mTORC1 signaling in conjunction with circulating hormone concentrations following a typical HV and HI lower-body resistance exercise protocol. Ten resistance-trained men (24.7 3.4 years; 90.1 11.3 kg; 176.0 4.9 cm) performed each resistance exercise protocol in a random, counterbalanced order. Blood samples were obtained at baseline (BL), immediately (IP), 30 min (30P), 1 h (1H), 2 h (2H), and 5 h (5H) postexercise. Fine needle muscle biopsies were completed at BL, 1H, and 5H. Electromyography of the vastus lateralis was also recorded during each protocol. HV and HI produced a similar magnitude of muscle activation across sets. Myoglobin and lactate dehydrogenase concentrations were significantly greater following HI compared to HV (P = 0.01–0.02), whereas the lactate response was significantly higher following HV compared to HI (P = 0.003). The growth hormone, cortisol, and insulin responses were significantly greater following HV compared to HI (P = 0.0001–0.04). No significant differences between protocols were observed for the IGF-1 or testosterone response. Intramuscular anabolic signaling analysis revealed a significantly greater (P = 0.03) phosphorylation of IGF-1 receptor at 1H following HV compared to HI. Phosphorylation status of all other signaling proteins including mTOR, p70S6k, and RPS6 were not significantly different between trials. Despite significant differences in markers of muscle damage and the endocrine response following HV and HI, both protocols appeared to elicit similar mTORC1 activation in resistance-trained men.
IMmunostaining for peptides of the egg-laying hormone/bag cell peptide precursor protein in the head ganglia of Aplysia

Egg-laying hormone and alpha-bag cell peptide are two neuropeptides derived from a common precursor protein in the marine mollusk Aplysia. Previous studies indicate that they are neurotransmitters that co-exist in individual bag cell neurons and most bag cell processes in the abdominal ganglion. In the present investigation we used double-label immunocytochemistry with highly specific antisera to describe their distribution elsewhere in the CNS. We found that a small cluster of cells and their fibers in the pleural ganglion that were previously described as being immunoreactive for egg-laying hormone were also immunoreactive for alpha-bag cell peptide(1-9). A previously described group of small cell bodies in the cerebral ganglion also stained for both peptides. However, the fiber arborizations located near them were immunoreactive for alpha-bag cell peptide(1-9), but not egg-laying hormone. This suggests that there is alternative processing of the precursor protein or differential transport of the peptides from the cell bodies. The specificities of the antibodies indicate that all of the neurons that stain for egg-laying hormone-like peptides in the CNS synthesize peptides derived from the egg-laying hormone/bag cell peptide precursor, rather than peptides derived from other members of the egg-laying hormone gene family. They also suggest that peptides derived from the related A or B precursor proteins are not synthesized in the CNS, or at levels too low to detect. The results are consistent with the proposal that the behavior associated with egg-laying is initiated and controlled by peptide transmitters derived from a single gene and expressed in specific neurons of the CNS.
Depression and epilepsy: Do glucocorticoids and glutamate explain their relationship?

Depression is the most common psychiatric comorbidity in people with epilepsy, but it remains underrecognized and undertreated. In addition to its negative impact on quality of life, depressive disorders are predictive of a worse response to pharmacologic and surgical treatment of seizure disorders. This phenomenon is probably an expression of a bidirectional relationship between epilepsy and depression, which in turn is indicative of common pathogenic mechanisms that are operant in the two conditions. The abnormal role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is one of the common pathogenic mechanisms that explains why patients with depression are at greater risk for developing epilepsy and vice versa.
Ferro-orbital ordering transition in iron telluride Fe(1+y)Te.

Fe1+yTe with y 0.05 exhibits a first-order phase transition on cooling to a state with a lowered structural symmetry, bicollinear antiferromagnetic order, and metallic conductivity, d /dT > 0. Here, we study samples with y = 0.09(1), where the frustration effects of the interstitial Fe decouple different orders, leading to a sequence of transitions. While the lattice distortion is closely followed by incommensurate magnetic order, the development of bicollinear order and metallic electronic coherence is uniquely associated with a separate hysteretic first-order transition, at a markedly lower temperature, to a phase with dramatically enhanced bond-order wave (BOW) order. The BOW state suggests ferro-orbital ordering, where electronic delocalization in ferromagnetic zigzag chains decreases local spin and results in metallic transport
Kohn-Luttinger effect and the instability of a two-dimensional repulsive Fermi liquid at T =0

We consider the possibility for a pairing in a two-dimensional (2D) repulsive Fermi liquid due to the singularity in the scattering amplitude \ensuremath{\Gamma}(q) at the momentum transfer q\ensuremath{\le}2${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{F}}$ (Kohn-Luttinger effect). A common belief based on perturbative calculations up to second order in the s-wave scattering amplitude is that this effect is absent in two dimensions. I show that this is not the case. For an arbitrary Fermi liquid, \ensuremath{\Gamma}(q) is found to have a singular part, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}^{\mathrm{sing}}$(q)\ensuremath{\sim} \ensuremath{\surd}1-${\mathit{q}}^{2}$/(2${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{F}}$${)}^{2}$ , for q\ensuremath{\le}2${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{F}}$. For large 2D orbital momentum l, this term gives a dominant attractive contribution to the scattering amplitude and leads to a pairing instability in a 2D Fermi liquid with arbitrary short-range repulsion. In the dilute limit, numerical studies show that the effect survives down to l=1 and gives rise to a p-wave pairing. The relevance of these results to experiments on $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ adsorbed on the free surface of $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ is discussed.
The case of the phantom phases in solid hydrogen

Published measurements relating to the upper transition in solid hydrogen are reviewed and inconsistencies are pointed out. An attempt is made to connect this transition to the well-known one at low pressures and temperatures.
Implausible results in human nutrition research.

Definitive solutions won’t come from another million observational papers or small randomized trials
Absorption of fat and calcium by infants fed a milk-based formula containing palm olein.

Objective: The study tested the hypothesis that inclusion of palm olein (45% of fat) in the fat blend of a milk-based infant formula decreases the absorption of fat and calcium.Methods: Formula PO contained palm olein (45%) in addition to soy, coconut and high-oleic sunflower oils (20%, 20%, and 15%, respectively); Formula HOS contained high-oleic safflower oil (42%) in addition to coconut and soy oils (30% and 28%, respectively) and no palm olein. Fat and calcium levels in the two formulas were similar. In a balanced crossover design, fat and calcium absorption were determined in 10 normal infants ranging in age from 22 to 192 days. In three infants metabolic balance studies with complete separation of urine and feces were performed, whereas in seven infants excreta were in part collected at home, resulting in incomplete separation of urine and feces.Results: Mean (±SD) fecal excretion of fat was higher when Formula PO was fed than when Formula HOS was fed (0.55±0.29 vs. 0.09±0.04 g/kg/day; p<0.001). Hen...
Preliminary Experiments for Evaluating 3-D Effects on Cracks in Frozen Stress Models

Information gleaned from applying the frozen stress photoelastic method to cracks emanating from critical locations around the fin tips in models of solid rocket motors is reviewed and assessed together with new experimental results. The studies are the initial part of a program developed to contribute background data for consideration in modifying current motor grain design rationale.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Infrared and raman spectra, conformational stability, barriers to internal rotation, ab initio calculations, ro structure, and vibrational assignment for methyl vinyl silane

Abstract The infrared (3250 to 40 cm −1 ) and Raman (3250 to 10 cm −1 ) spectra of gaseous and solid methyl vinyl silane (CH 2 CHSiH 2 CH 3 ) have been recorded. Additionally, the Raman spectrum of the liquid has been recorded and qualitative depolarization values have been obtained. From the far infrared spectrum of the gas, the fundamental asymmetric torsions for both the cis and gauche conformers have been observed at 98.68 and ∼73 cm −1 , respectively, with the cis conformer having several upper state transitions. From these transitions, the potential function to internal rotation has been determined with the following values: V 1 = 56 ± 11, V 2 = 79±6, V 3 = 600 ± 16, V 4 = 31 ± 6, and V 6 = 64 ± 6 cm −1 , with the cis conformer thermodynamically preferred by 124 ± 33 cm −1 (355 ± 94 cal mol −1 ). The cis to gauche , gauche to gauche , and gauche to cis barriers are 696 (1.99 kcal mol −1 ), 532 (1.52 kcal mol −1 ), and 572 cm −1 (1.64 kcal mol −1 ), respectively. A variable temperature study of the Raman spectrum of the liquid was carried out and the enthalpy difference was found to be 254 ± 16 cm −1 (726 ± 46 cal mol −1 ) with the cis conformer being the more stable form. A complete vibrational assignment is proposed based on infrared band contours, depolarization ratios, and group frequencies. The assignment is supported by an ab initio calculation utilizing the 3-21G* basis set to obtain the force constants and potential energy distribution. Additionally, ab initio calculations have been carried out utilizing the 6-31G* basis set to obtain the conformational stability, barriers to internal rotation and optimized structural parameters. These results are compared with the experimentally determined values as well as to corresponding results of some related molecules.
Infrared wavelength-selective photodesorption on diamond surfaces

Abstract We report first studies of photodesorption from diamond films using the Vanderbilt Free-Electron Laser at two infrared wavelengths: 3.5 μ m, corresponding to localized absorption by C–H bonds at grain boundaries, and 5 μ m, corresponding to two-phonon absorption by the bulk diamond. At 3.5 μ m, we observe two photodesorption thresholds at fluences well below the onset of ablation. In contrast, at 5 μ m, a single photodesorption threshold is identified at a fluence which is close to the second fluence threshold, observed at 3.5 μ m. These experiments shed light on the physics of wavelength selective desorption through non-electronic channels.
Future time reference in the conditional protasis

(1982). Future time reference in the conditional protasis. Australian Journal of Linguistics: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 143-152.
Incentivizing sustainable waste management

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the integration of economic and non-economic concepts of waste management and sustainability to achieve new insights to sustainable waste management. Since landfilling will continue to be a significant waste management method, our theory and practice of sustainable waste management should focus upon incentivizing the development of more sustainable landfills. The model sheds light on the design of efficient and fair landfill siting processes; how production inputs to bioreactor landfilling should be selected; and how management practices during the facility's operation phase can achieve greater economic, ecological and social sustainability.
Observations of the 2001 Leonid meteor shower using VHF meteor radar

Abstract Every year the Earth crosses or passes near one of the dust trails left by Comet 55P/Tempel–Tuttle in its pass through the Solar System every 33.2 years. This produces a meteor shower Commonly called the Leonid. The 2001 Leonid meteor shower is one of the strongest in recent years. We present observations made by the 50 MHz all-sky meteor radar located at the Platteville Atmospheric Observatory in Colorado (40° N, 105° W). The spatial and temporal distributions of the meteor activity detected by the radar during the 2001 Leonid shower differs from the observed sporadic activity detected by VHF radars. Estimation of the radiant flux of the meteor shower of the shower by a well-known methodology is presented, and the intensity of the phenomena is discussed.
Detection of Stachybotrys chartarum using rRNA, tri5, and beta-tubulin primers and determining their relative copy number by real-time PCR.

Highly conserved regions are attractive targets for detection and quantitation by PCR, but designing species-specific primer sets can be difficult. Ultimately, almost all primer sets are designed based upon literature searches in public domain databases, such as the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Prudence suggests that the researcher needs to evaluate as many sequences as available for designing species-specific PCR primers. In this report, we aligned 11, 9, and 16 DNA sequences entered for Stachybotrys spp. rRNA, tri5, and β-tubulin regions, respectively. Although we were able to align and determine consensus primer sets for the 9 tri5 and the 16 β-tubulin sequences, there was no consensus sequence that could be derived from alignment of the 11 rRNA sequences. However, by judicious clustering of the sequences that aligned well, we were able to design three sets of primers for the rRNA region of S. chartarum. The two primer sets for tri5 and β-tubulin produced satisfactory PCR results for all four strains of S. chartarum used in this study whereas only one rRNA primer set of three produced similar satisfactory results. Ultimately, we were able to show that rRNA copy number is approximately 2-log greater than for tri5 and β-tubulin in the four strains of S. chartarum tested.
D -Ornithine coopts pyrrolysine biosynthesis to make and insert pyrroline-carboxy-lysine

D-Ornithine has been used as a supplement under the assumption that it increases production of pyrrolysine-containing proteins, but detailed characterization and investigations of pyrrolysine biosynthesis now demonstrate these modified proteins contain an entirely different amino acid.
Synchrotron photoemission investigation of the initial stages of fluorine attack on Si surfaces: Relative abundance of fluorosilyl species

The nature of fluorosilyl species existing on silicon surfaces during the initial stages of fluorine attack has been investigated with use of high-resolution soft-x-ray photoemission spectroscopy. In this study, several different silicon surfaces [Si(111)-(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1), Si(111)-(7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7), Si(100)-(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1), and silicon rendered amorphous by argon-ion bombardment] were exposed to fluorine via the dissociative chemisorption of Xe${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$. For fluorine coverages in the monolayer regime we observed Si $2p$ levels chemically shifted by approximately 1, 2, and 3 eV corresponding, respectively, to Si${\mathrm{F}}_{1}$, Si${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ and Si${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$. The relative abundance of the specific fluorosilyl species varied significantly among the different silicon surfaces. Recent experiments indicate atomic fluorine is the primary agent in reactive ion etching (RIE) of silicon by ${\mathrm{CF}}_{4}$/${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ plasmas. Based on such experiments several reaction models hypothesizing the existence of specific surface fluorosilyl species have been proposed, although no direct evidence for any of these surface species has been presented. The results presented here provide the first direct measurement of the composition and relative abundance of the fluorosilyl species remaining on silicon surfaces after exposure to fluorine.
A method for obtaining an approximate Wiener filter.

The Wiener restoration filter yields the minimum mean‐square error between the restored image and the true object function. However, it has found limited use because, in its usual formulation, it requires information about the object power spectrum which is generally unknown. In this paper, it is shown that the Wiener filter can be derived from the noise‐free image power spectrum, and a method is presented for estimating this from the observed data. From this estimate an approximate Wiener filter was calculated. The method was tested on three sets of simulated data which included a constant background, rectangular defects, and Gaussian defects at varying contrast and noise levels. The performance of the approximate Wiener filter was compared both to the true Wiener filter and to the standard 1‐2‐1 three‐point smooth. The results confirmed that the approximate Wiener filter adapted to the information content of the observed data and closely matched the performance of the true Wiener filter. The approximate Wiener filter outperformed the three‐point smooth in all cases, especially at low contrast and high noise levels. The approximate Wiener filter can be calculated without operator intervention and requires little additional computation time over conventional Wiener filter techniques.
A simple relationship between chandrasekha's S and T functions

Abstract Chandrasekhar's equations for the functions S and T which represent the diffuse scattering and the diffuse transmission, respectively, of a beam of radiation by a planar atmosphere are invariant under the transformations S ( τ 1 ; μ , φ - μ 0 ), φ 0 ) exp (- τ 1 / μ 0 ) = T ( τ 1 ; μ , φ ; μ 0 , φ 0 ) and T ( τ 1 ; μ , φ ; - μ 0 , φ 0 ) exp (- τ t / μ 0 ) = S ( τ 1 ; μ , φ ; μ 0 , φ 0 ). This relationship reflects the physical symmetry of radiative transfer in a planar atmosphere. It offers a simple method for obtaining the expression for S ( T ) when an analytical expression for T ( S ) exists. However, it does not appear to ofter any simplification of numerical solutions.
Concordance Correlation for Model Performance Assessment: An Example with Reference Evapotranspiration Observations

The assessment procedures for agronomic model performance are often arbitrary and unhelpful. An omnibus analysis, the concordance correlation coefficient (r c ), is widely used in many other sciences. This work illustrates model assessment with two r c measures accompanied with a mean-difference (MD) plot and a distribution comparison. Each r c is an adjusted value of the usual Pearson correlation coefficient, r, assuming the exact relationship observations = predictions. The adjustments use a scale shift, u, and a location shift, v. Both of these measures also can indicate the similarity of the two variables' distributions; however, a formal test, the Kolmorgov-Smirnov D statistic, is used to statistically compare the distributions. Daily evapotranspiration data (ET 0 ) from a published study are compared with estimates from two possible weather observation based models. Although the first model has slightly lower r than the second (0.980 vs. 0.982), its predictions reasonably agree with observations by having comparatively small location and scale shifts [(u = 0.025, v = 1.10, D = 0.12 (p ≤ 0.86)] and, consequently, a higher r c (0.975 vs. 0.946). Results for the second model are comparatively unacceptable having larger scale and location shifts (u = 0.215, v = 1.19, D = 0.28 [p ≤ 0.04]) with the bias ≠ 0 (p ≤ 0.05) as clearly shown in the associated MD plot. Researchers should consider using r c with an MD plot and distribution comparison in their model assessment toolkit because, together, they can provide a simple and sound probability based omnibus test as well as add useful insight.
Remembering the physical as virtual: source confusion and physical interaction in augmented reality

This study explored whether people misremember having seen a physical object when they actually had viewed a virtual one in augmented reality (and vice versa). Participants viewed uniquely shaped objects in a virtual form or a physical, 3D-printed form. A camera mounted behind a computer monitor showed either the physical object or an augmented reality version of it on the display. After viewing the full set of objects, participants viewed photographs of each object (taken from the physical version) and judged whether they had originally seen it as a physical or virtual object. On average, participants correctly identified the object format for 60% of the photographs. When participants were allowed to manipulate the physical or virtual object (using a Leap Motion Controller), accuracy increased to 73%. In both cases, participants were biased to remember the objects as having been virtual.
Pattern reproduction in tessellation automata of arbitrary dimension

Amoroso and Cooper have shown that for an arbitrary state alphabet A, one- and two-dimensional tessellation automata are definable which have the ability to reproduce any finite pattern contained in the tessellation space. This note shows that the same construction may be applied to tessellation spaces of any finite dimension.
Ion Beam Patterning of Block Copolymer Thin Films

Hierarchical nanostructures are generated on substrates by combining a top-down ion beam lithography with a bottom-up self-assembly of block copolymers. The ion beam lithography images micron sized patterns of block copolymer thin films which contain nanometer sized microdomains. This approach provides a simple route to fabricate structures containing two different length scales, i.e. micrometers and nanometers, which may find a variety of potential applications in nanoscience and technology.
Protein kinase C and regulatory volume decrease in mudpuppy red blood cells.

This study examined whether protein kinase C (PKC) stimulates K+ efflux during regulatory volume decrease (RVD) in Necturus maculosus (mudpuppy) red blood cells (RBCs). The limit of osmotic fragility increased with the general protein kinase inhibitor 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H-7, 10 μm), but not with the cyclic nucleotide-dependent kinase antagonists N-(2′-guanidinoethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide (HA-1004, 10 μm) and N-2-(methylamino)ethyl-5-isoquinoline-sulfonamide (H-8, 5 μm). Consistent with these results, osmotic fragility also increased with the PKC antagonists bisindolylmaleimide I (GF-109203X or bis I, 100 nm), bisindolylmaleimide II (bis II, 100 nm), and chelerythrine (10 μm). The effect of these three antagonists and H-7 was reversed with gramicidin (5 μm in a choline Ringer), indicating PKC was linked to K+ efflux (gramicidin is a cationophore that was used to ensure a high K+ permeability). We also measured cell volume recovery from hypotonic shock (0.5× Ringer) with a Coulter counter and estimated cell volume from the hematocrit. The percent RVD compared to control decreased with H-7 (10 μm), sphingosine (100 nm), chelerythrine (10 μm), bis I (100 nm), and bis II (100 nm), but not with HA-1004 (10 μm) nor H-8 (5 μm). Inhibition of RVD by H-7, chelerythrine, bis I, and bis II was reversed with gramicidin (5 μm). Furthermore, using the patch clamp technique, we found H-7 (10 μm) reduced a whole cell conductance that was activated during cell swelling. In addition, a conductance responsible for K+ efflux during cell swelling was inhibited by bis I (100 nm) and bis II (100 nm). These results indicate that a conductive pathway mediating K+ loss during RVD is regulated, at least in part, by protein kinase C.
An analytical method to characterize the performance of multiple section straight-sided neutron guide systems

Abstract We present a method to determine the trajectories of neutrons in multiple section straight-sided neutron guide systems. Nonreflecting sections can be handled, as well as reflecting sections with less than 100% reflectivity. It is also possible to trace the paths of neutrons which pass through a nonabsorbing guide surface, having been incident at an angle greater than the critical angle for reflection from the surface. Transverse displacements and angular misalignments between sections are readily included. The behaviour of systems with nonuniform illumination can be determined. The approach, as presently formulated, is limited to one lateral dimension. A number of practical examples of the use of the method are described.
NADP+-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli. II. Subunit structure.

Abstract The subunit structure and molecular weight of Escherichia coli NADP+-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase has been determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate at pH 7.0 and in 8 M urea at pH 2.9. The results obtained indicate that the enzyme, which exists as a catalytically active dimer, is composed of two subunits each with a molecular weight of approximately 42 000. Cross-linking with dimethylsuberimidate, followed by electrophoresis in sodium dodecylsulfate gives, in addition to a band of mol. wt 43 000, a second protein band of approximately 83 000. A single NH2-terminal amino acid, methionine, was obtained following dansylation of the performic acid oxidized protein suggesting identity of the subunits. The isoelectric point of the E. coli isocitrate dehydrogenase was found to be pH 5.0.
Partner interactions are associated with reduced blood pressure in the natural environment: ambulatory monitoring evidence from a healthy, multiethnic adult sample.

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine the effects of partner interactions on ambulatory blood pressure in a sample of 120 healthy adults who were monitored over a 6-day period. METHODS After each blood pressure measurement, participants rated characteristics of ongoing social interactions, along with emotional activation, physical activity, talking, posture, and other covariates, with computer-assisted self-report assessments. RESULTS Using multilevel modeling, we showed that blood pressure was significantly lower during social interactions with one's partner relative to social interactions with any other person and relative to periods of not interacting. Interactions with partners also were characterized by significantly less talking and emotional activation and more intimacy and perceived emotional support; however, these differences did not mediate the partner effect on blood pressure. In addition, the relative benefits of interacting with a partner were not moderated by relationship quality, gender, or race. CONCLUSIONS The effects of social situations on ambulatory blood pressure may represent one pathway through which social relationships affect cardiovascular health. Key words: blood pressure, social interaction, partner interactions, cardiovascular health.
The School Head, Director, or Principal and School Assessment

In noting the human being′s propensity to value and evaluate, explores five levels of assessment from the casual to the very serious and rigorous. A distinction is made between management or normative appraisals and leadership or discretionary evaluations for organizational improvement and making a difference. The importance of rigorous assessment of the school by the school head or principal is underscored in the discussion of the why, what, and how of school evaluation for management and leadership by the head or principal.
Calculation of consistent flux and advective terms from adjusted vertical profiles of divergence

Abstract A simple framework is presented for adjusting the normal wind components in a polygon of data points which produces a vanishing vertical integral of horizontal divergence, allows correct calculation of flux and advective terms, and permits virtually any choice of vertical profile of divergence adjustment. The procedure was used to estimate precipitation as a residual from vertically integrated heat and moisture budgets for SESAME data, in order to evaluate the uncertainty introduced by commonly used approximations in diagnostic studies. Although the method cannot be applied on a grid in its current form, the results remain valid for gridded calculations. Line integrals around the polygon were carried out analytically, allowing an exact calculation of eddy fluxes within the assumption of linearity along the edges. Finite difference approximations for nonlinear terms were shown to introduce significant errors, even under ordinary circumstances. It is common practice to neglect the horizontal advect...
Stepwise Construction of Conductive Au Colloid Multilayers from Solution

Very highly conductive Au films on glass substrates have been prepared by stepwise, layer-by-layer immobilization of 11-nm diameter colloidal Au particles and a short organic cross-linker. Particle...
Monoclonal antibody detection of transformation associated protein (TAP) in ts110 Moloney murine sarcoma virus transformed 6M2 cells that are different from the mos gene product

By the use of a highly specific monoclonal antibody (designated MC), we were able to detect three radiolabeled bands with molecular weights of 60,000, 63,000, and 66,000 daltons in the ts-110 Moloney murine sarcoma virus mutant-transformed rat kidney cells known as 6M2. Expression of transformation properties as well as these three bands in 6M2 cells was found to be temperature sensitive. Therefore, MC detected factors that are apparently associated with the transformation of 6M2 cells. These factors are tentatively referred to as transformation associated proteins. These transformation proteins were found in two other Moloney murine sarcoma virus-transformed rat cell lines. These proteins were found to differ from known gene products of the ts-110 Moloney murine sarcoma virus mutant and do not have kinase activity. The transformation associated proteins may represent rat cellular factors activated during the transformation of rat cells by Moloney murine sarcoma virus.
ASSOCIATION OF PLEUROCAPSA AND CALOTHRIX (CYANOPHYTA) IN A THERMAL STREAM1,2

A crustose, nodular mat, primarily composed of Calothrix sp. and Pleurocapsa sp., occurs in some alkaline hot springs of the western United States. Together, these species constituted ca. 71% of the mat biomass; the remainder was partitioned between other cyanophytes and bacteria. Their temperature growth ranges in culture were 24 to 50 C (Calothrix) and 30 to 55 C (Pleurocapsa). Both clonal cultures had maximal growth rates at 45 C (Pleurocapsa, 1.28 doublings/24 h; Calothrix 2.30). Calothrix grew at approximately twice the rate of Pleurocapsa throughout their coincidental temperature range. The relative proportions of Calothrix (42%) and Pleurocapsa (27%) were constant in a thick mat (ca. 1 mm) regardless of season; however, a thin mat (ca. 0.5 mm) contained significantly more Pleurocapsa (71%) and less Calothrix (5%). Analysis of 10 ..mu..m thick microtome sections showed that Pleurocapsa dominated the innermost region (substrate side) of the nodule mat while Calothrix abundance increased from ca. 3% in this region to 80--96% at the surface of thick mat samples (ca. 0.8 to 2.3 mm). Our proposal that the grazing pressure exerted by an ostracod population accounts for the continued coexistence of and the observed spatial relationships between these species appears most consistent withmore » the observations.« less
Polymorphism and the influence of crystal structure on the luminescence of the opto-electronic material 4,4′-bis(9-carbazolyl)biphenyl

Three polymorphs of 4,4′-bis(9-carbazolyl)biphenyl were prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction and luminescence spectroscopy. Electronic structure calculations were performed to examine the influence of the molecular geometry on the HOMO and LUMO energy levels and calculated electronic transitions.
Effects of maternal diabetes on early embryogenesis: I. The teratogenic potential of diabetic serum

Effects of maternal diabetes on initial stages of organogenesis was examined by culturing early somite stage mouse embryos in the presence of diabetic serum. Serum for the cultures was prepared from rats which had been made mildly or severely diabetic by the intraperitoneal administration of 50 mg/kg or 75 mg/kg streptozotocin, respectively. Effects of this diabetic serum were age-and dose-related, with a higher incidence of malformations occurring among younger (2–3 vs 4–6 somite) embryos and among embryos exposed to serum from severely diabetic animals. The most commonly occuring anomaly was inhibition of neural tube closure which involved cranial (exencephaly) regions only, and was accompanied by growth inhibition in embryos exposed to severely diabetic serum. Histologically, embryos cultured in diabetic serum exhibited a wave of cell necrosis which occurred during the first 4–8 h of culture and was primarily restricted to neuroepithelial and prospective neural crest cells. However, by 24 h the neurotic debris had disappeared, even in severely malformed embryos. These abnormalities are similar to central nervous system defects described for offspring from diabetic mothers. Furthermore, the severity of diabetes produced by streptozotocin treatment promoted glucose and insulin levels comparable to those observed in diabetic patients.
On the Generation of Linear Representations of Spatial Configuration

It has been shown that, with space syntax, spatial configuration can be described as a set of lines covering all the areas of a layout and all the ways of moving around the one-dimensional and two-...
The Structural Determination of an Insect Sterol Carrier Protein-2 with a Ligand-bound C16 Fatty Acid at 1.35-Å Resolution

Yellow fever mosquito sterol carrier protein (SCP-2) is known to bind to cholesterol. We report here the three-dimensional structure of the complex of SCP-2 from Aedes aegypti with a C16 fatty acid to 1.35-A resolution. The protein fold is exceedingly similar to the human and rabbit proteins, which consist of a five-stranded β-sheet that exhibits strand order 3-2-1-4-5 with an accompanying layer of four α-helices that cover the β-sheet. A large cavity exists at the interface of the layer α-helices and the β-sheet, which serves as the fatty acid binding site. The carboxylate moiety of the fatty acid is coordinated by a short loop that connects the first α-helix to the first β-strand, whereas the acyl chain extends deep into the interior of the protein. Interestingly, the orientation of the fatty acid is opposite to the observed orientation for Triton X-100 in the SCP-2-like domain from the peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme (Haapalainen, A. M., van Aalten, D. M., Merilainen, G., Jalonen, J. E., Pirila, P., Wierenga, R. K., Hiltunen, J. K., and Glumoff, T. (2001) J. Mol. Biol. 313, 1127-1138). The present study suggests that the binding pocket in the SCP-2 family of proteins may exhibit conformational flexibility to allow coordination of a variety of lipids.
Limitations on linear momentum transfer in 14N induced reactions on 238U at EA=15, 20, 25 and 30MeV

Abstract Linear momentum transfer distributions have been dermimined for 14 N induced reactions on 238 U by measuring the folding angle between two coincident fission fragments. The data follow the systematic trends previously established for alpha conjugate projectile nuclei. Over the range of energies investigated, the most probable linear momentum transfer has not reached a limiting value. Extrapolation of the present results indicates that complete fusion should cease to be a relevant reaction mechanism above incident energies of E A =40−45 MeV
Influence of Metal Nanoparticles on the Soil Microbial Community and Germination of Lettuce Seeds

Short term influence of silica, palladium, gold and copper nanoparticles on a soil microbial community and the germination of lettuce seeds are investigated in this study at two different concentrations of nanoparticles. Results show a statistically insignificant influence of the nanoparticles in the soil on the number of colony forming units, peak areas of methyl ester of fatty acids in the FAME profile or on the total soil community metabolic fingerprint (P > 0.05). Also, all nanoparticles tested in the study influenced the growth of lettuce seeds as measured through shoot/root ratios of the germinated plant (P < 0.05).
Role of adaptor proteins in secretory granule biogenesis and maturation.

In the regulated secretory pathway, secretory granules (SGs) store peptide hormones that are released on demand. SGs are formed at the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and must undergo a maturation process to become responsive to secretagogues. The production of mature SGs requires concentrating newly synthesized soluble content proteins in granules whose membranes contain the appropriate integral membrane proteins. The mechanisms underlying the sorting of soluble and integral membrane proteins destined for SGs from other proteins are not yet well understood. For soluble proteins, luminal pH and divalent metals can affect aggregation and interaction with surrounding membranes. The trafficking of granule membrane proteins can be controlled by both luminal and cytosolic factors. Cytosolic adaptor proteins, which recognize the cytosolic domains of proteins that span the SG membrane, have been shown to play essential roles in the assembly of functional SGs. Adaptor protein 1A (AP-1A) is known to interact with specific motifs in its cargo proteins and with the clathrin heavy chain, contributing to the formation of a clathrin coat. AP-1A is present in patches on immature SG membranes, where it removes cargo and facilitates SG maturation. AP-1A recruitment to membranes can be modulated by PACS-1 (Phosphofurin Acidic Cluster Sorting protein 1), a cytosolic protein which interacts with both AP-1A and cargo that has been phosphorylated by casein kinase II. A cargo/PACS-1/AP-1A complex is necessary to drive the appropriate transport of several cargo proteins within the regulated secretory pathway. The GGA (Golgi-localized, -ear containing, ADP-ribosylation factor binding) family of adaptor proteins serve a similar role. We review the functions of AP-1A, PACS-1 and GGAs in facilitating the retrieval of proteins from immature SGs and review examples of cargo proteins whose trafficking within the regulated secretory pathway is governed by adaptor proteins.
Low flow rate laboratory feeders for agglomerative particles

The paper describes two particle feeders (fluidizing and entrainment): one was developed by modifying a design used for coal-dust suspensions, and the other was developed later in response to shortcomings of the initial system. The two feeders were tested and compared for their performance at feeding Ca(OH)/sub 2/ sorbents. The development and operation of a particle feeder for laboratory-scale, gas/solid-flow reactors is crucial in many research efforts. On this small scale, it is particularly difficult to feed particles at high mass rates without quantities of carrier gas that disrupt the operation of the reactor. These problems have been encountered in research programs involving the injection of limestone-based sorbents into utility boilers for the removal of SO/sub 2/. The injection systems for these reactors must be designed to minimize the effects of the sorbent carrier gas upon the simulated utility-boiler environment.
Attribute Attribute-Based Clustering for Product Family Design

As manufacturers are forced by today’s marketplace to provide nearly customized products to satisfy individual customer requirements and simultaneously achieve economies of scale during production, product family design and platform-based product development have garnered their attention. Determining which elements (attributes, functions, components, etc.) should be made common, variable, or unique, across a product family is the critical step in the successful implementation of product families and product platforms. Therefore, the inherent challenge in product family design is to balance the tradeoff between product commonality (how well the components and functions can be reused across a product family) and variety (the range of different products in a product family). There are opportunities to develop tools to directly aid in addressing the commonality/variety tradeoff at the product family planning stage in a way that supports the engineering design process. In this paper, we develop a matrix-based, qualitative design tool – the Attribute-Based Clustering Methodology (ABCM) that enables the design of product families to better satisfy the ideal commonality/variety tradeoff as determined by a company’s competitive focus. The ABCM is used to identify component commonality opportunities in product families without sacrificing product variety by analyzing product attributes across the product family. This paper focuses on the ABCM as used in new product family design and how the ABCM can be used to cluster product attributes into potential modules and product platforms. It is intended as a starting place, an opening set of questions, and as a framework for the general solution to the problem of a qualitative design tool for product family design that directly address the commonality/variety tradeoff. Development of the ABCM starts with the classification of existing product attributes into three categories: common, unique, and variable. The attributes are then clustered into platforms and differentiating modules based on their occurrences, target value ranges (partitioning the target values for each product attribute into achievable ranges), and the manner in which the range changes across the entire target market segments. The ABCM can be used as a qualitative guideline in product family design. In new product family design, it can be used to identify which elements (functions and components) should be clustered into a common platform and which should be clustered into differentiating modules based on an analysis of the product attributes, their occurrences, and their target values across the product family. In product family redesign, the ABCM can be used to identify any elements that are inappropriately included in a platform or inappropriately clustered into differentiating modules by comparing the ideal clustering with the actual clustering.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Single-nucleotide Polymorphism Analysis by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have great potential for use in genetic-mapping studies, which locate and characterize genes that are important in human disease and biological function. For SNPs to realize their full potential in genetic analysis, thousands of different SNP loci must be screened in a rapid, accurate and cost-effective manner. Matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry is a promising tool for the high-throughput screening of SNPs, with future prospects for use in genetic analysis.