cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the intestinal microbiota of two Antarctic notothenioid fish species

The fish fauna of the Southern Ocean is dominated by species of the perciform suborder Notothenioidei, which constitute 46% of fish species and 90% of biomass. Notothenioids have undergone rapid morphological and ecological diversification and developed physiological adaptations to a cold, highly oxygenated environment. Microbes inhabiting animal intestines include those that perform essential nutritional functions, but notothenioid gut microbial communities have not been investigated using cultivation-independent approaches. We analyzed bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences obtained from the intestinal tract of Notothenia coriiceps and Chaenocephalus aceratus, which differ in their pelagic distribution and feeding strategies. Both samples showed dominance of Gammaproteobacteria (mostly Vibrionaceae), as has been reported for temperate teleost species. Both samples showed low diversity relative to that reported for other fish microbiota studies, with C. aceratus containing fewer OTUs than N. coriiceps. Despite the small sample size of this preliminary study, our findings suggest that Antarctic notothenioids carry a gut microbiota similar in composition to that of temperate fish, but exhibiting lower species-level diversity. The omnivorous N. coriiceps individual exhibited greater diversity than the exclusively carnivorous C. aceratus individual, which may indicate that increasing herbivory in fish leads to gut microbe diversification, as found in mammals. Lastly, we detected members of taxa containing known microbial pathogens, which have not been previously reported in Antarctic notothenioid fish.
St. Louis encephalitis virus: An ultrastructural study of infection in a mosquito vector

Abstract The course of St. Louis encephalitis virus infection of Culex pipiens pipiens Linn, mosquitoes was followed sequentially by electron microscopy. At the site of initial viral invasion of mosquito parenchyma in the midgut, epithelial infection involved a rather constant proportion of cells that yielded only moderate numbers of virus particles. Virus was observed in the midgut at locations where spread via the hemolymph could occur. Tissues in intimate contact with hemolymph (abdominal muscles, malpighian tubules, ovarian sheath) became infected, but only modest numbers of virus particles were ever produced. In sharp contrast, an ever increasing number of of virus particles were formed in the epithelial cells of the salivary glands. Virus was primarily yielded into the cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum and then shed from the apical end of cells into the lumen of the glands. Very few particles were associated with lateral or basal margins of salivary gland epithelium, indicating a directional “preference” of virus for shedding through apical plasma membrane. So much virus was shed into the limited space of the glandular lumen and its diverticula that dispersed particles formed into crystalline arrays from day 25 onward; one of the larger of these crystals was estimated to contain more than 50,000 virus particles. Changes in the infected cells of all the mosquito organs examined were interpreted as physiologic variances relative to feeding time and not as specifically due to viral cytopathology.
ThermaIly Resistant Whiteware

Thermal endurance in the field zircon-calcium zirconium silicate-clay was evaluated together with those physical properties that should contribute most to this characteristic. The coefficient of thermal expansion was similar throughout the field, resulting in an area of high thermal endurance which coincided quite closely with that of high transverse strength. The best compositions did not fail until the 500 °F. quenching cycle (one cycle at each temperature) and withstood 30 cycles from 400°F. Petrographic analysis revealed that good thermal endurance could be attained over a wide range of compositions.
Retrograde signaling and the development of transmitter release properties in the invertebrate nervous system

The dynamics of presynaptic transmitter release are oftern matched to the functional properties of the prostsynaptic cell. In organisms ranging from cats to crickets, evidence suggests that retrograde signaling is essential for matching these presynaptic release properties to individual postsynaptic partners. Retrograde interactions appear to control the development of presynaptic, short-term facilitation and depression. 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Pseudomonas pericarditis and tamponade in an infant with human immunodeficency virus infection.

Children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are at increased risk of infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa , but pericardial involvement with this microorganism is rare and our MEDLINE search did not disclose any previous report of Pseudomonas pericarditis in infancy. We describe an 11-month-old infant with HIV infection who had pericarditis with effusion and tamponade caused by P aeruginosa . Patient Report . An 11-month-old female infant was admitted with fever and cough of 24 hours' duration. Diagnosis of HIV infection had been previously established by positive HIV viral culture and DNA polymerase chain reaction. Developmental delay and progressive cerebral atrophy on serial magnetic resonance imaging were indicative of HIV encephalopathy. Her immunoglobulin levels were elevated (IgG, 43.9 g/L; IgM, 5.12 g/L; and IgA, 1.25 g/L) and lymphocyte subsets showed low CD4 + values (0.14; absolute count, 0.53×10 9 /L) and high CD8 + values (0.36; absolute count, 1.37×10 9 /L), with a reversed CD4:CD8
Purification and characterization of the Escherichia coli exoribonuclease RNase R: Comparison with RNase II

Escherichia coli RNase R, a 3' --> 5' exoribonuclease homologous to RNase II, was overexpressed and purified to near homogeneity in its native untagged form by a rapid procedure. The purified enzyme was free of nucleic acid. It migrated upon gel filtration chromatography as a monomer with an apparent molecular mass of approximately 95 kDa, in close agreement with its expected size based on the sequence of the rnr gene. RNase R was most active at pH 7.5-9.5 in the presence of 0.1-0.5 mm Mg(2+) and 50-500 mm KCl. The enzyme shares many catalytic properties with RNase II. Both enzymes are nonspecific processive ribonucleases that release 5'-nucleotide monophosphates and leave a short undigested oligonucleotide core. However, whereas RNase R shortens RNA processively to di- and trinucleotides, RNase II becomes more distributive when the length of the substrate reaches approximately 10 nucleotides, and it leaves an undigested core of 3-5 nucleotides. Both enzymes work on substrates with a 3'-phosphate group. RNase R and RNase II are most active on synthetic homopolymers such as poly(A), but their substrate specificities differ. RNase II is more active on poly(A), whereas RNase R is much more active on rRNAs. Neither RNase R nor RNase II can degrade a complete RNA-RNA or DNA-RNA hybrid or one with a 4-nucleotide 3'-RNA overhang. RNase R differs from RNase II in that it cannot digest DNA oligomers and is not inhibited by such molecules, suggesting that it does not bind DNA. Although the in vivo function of RNase R is not known, its ability to digest certain natural RNAs may explain why it is maintained in E. coli together with RNase II.
Obesity-related Comorbidities in Obese African Americans in an Outpatient Weight Loss Program

Objective: To identify, among obese African-American enrollees in an outpatient weight loss program, differences between those with and without obesity-related comorbidities (ORCMs). Research Methods and Procedures: Data were from 237 obese African Americans (BMI, 30 to 50 kg/m2; 90% women) who enrolled in a 10-week lifestyle weight loss program. Analyses compared subgroups defined by ORCM status (from medical history) on baseline characteristics, program attendance, and postprogram weight change. Results: Most participants (76%) had one or more ORCMs. Those with versus without ORCMs, respectively, were older (mean age, 45.6 vs. 37.1 years; p 12 years; p = 0.031), were more likely to perceive a physical limitation affecting activity (22.2% vs. 1.8%; p < 0.001), and had higher waist circumference (mean, 113.7 vs. 106.9 cm; p < 0.001) but not BMI (38.3 vs. 37.0 kg/m2; p = 0.095). Logistic regression analyses confirmed the independence of these associations. Having ORCMs was not associated with class attendance or return for data collection after the 10-week program. Postprogram weight change (n = 134) was unrelated to ORCMs, but better weight loss was seen among those without perceived physical limitations (1.9 vs. 0.4 kg in those without versus with limitations; p = 0.069). Conclusion: Data from this clinical sample of obese African Americans suggest that waist circumference is relevant to ORCM status at BMI levels up to 50 kg/m2. Clear indications for tailoring of treatment based on ORCM status were not identified, although the possible influence of ORCM-related activity limitations warrants further study.
UPWARD ACADEMIC MOBILITY FOR THE NON-SECONDARY SCHOOL GRADUATE: SOME AVENUES OPEN TO YOUNG ADULTS IN WEST GERMANY

In many nations, adults without a secondary school diploma have, in increasing numbers, returned to formal education in order to qualify for admission to higher institutions. The Federal Republic of Germany has been among the leaders in efforts to facilitate such upward academic mobility. Therefore, this article deals with some of the most important developing or newly-created institutions or practices aimed at encouraging those young West German adults most likely to succeed. Status elevation of non-academic schools, e.g., largely in engineering, to “Fachhochschulen”, as well as creation of in part vocationally-oriented, yet higher education-preparatory secondary schools, are discussed. The article stresses the role of adult education and especially those day and evening institutions (“Kollegs” and “Abendgymnasien”) specifically designed to qualify young adults for academic studies. While these schools take into account the relative maturity of their students and the recently-initiated course electivity of West German secondary schools, they have not as yet attracted, in sufficient numbers, such previously disadvantaged groups as workers, women, and rural residents. Other measures in the direction of upward educational mobility are extensive regional television-based programs (“Telekollegs”), recently-enacted official regulations governing correspondence education, and external school-leaving examinations varying from state to state.
NUTRITION OF THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER, PYRAUSTA NUBILALIS (HBN.) : III. AN UNIDENTIFIED DIETARY FACTOR REQUIRED FOR LARVAL GROWTH

1. The European corn borer larva has been shown to require a dietary source of one or more unidentified factors contained in corn leaves, grass juice concentrate, and certain other plant materials. The required factor or factors has been termed the corn leaf factor. 2. The corn leaf factor does not appear to be identical with any of the known B vitamins, or with ascorbic acid, sodium nucleate, citrovorum factor, or carnitine. 3. The corn leaf factor is heat-stable, acid-stable, water-soluble, and dialyzable.
Photomodification Processing of Biologically Recalcitrant Pollutants

Recalcitrant pollutants, such as pesticides, plastics, and ligninsulfonates, a product of paper manufacture, are of increasing concern because microorganisms are not able to break these down at desirable rates. With insufficient rates of breakdown, one can observe increasing accumulation of these materials in the environment. To aid microorganisms in metabolizing such materials, photolytic processes have been developed that show the potential of treating process streams, allowing more efficient microbial utilization. These systems can be envisioned for production of microbial protein and for the pretreatment of materials before release into natural environments. Photolysis efficiency is dependent on the wavelength of light used, with light in the ultraviolet range, from 180 to 210 nm being most effective. An active free-radical reacting reagent, such as oxygen, is required for efficient modification. After modification a substrate can be used in growth chambers for production of microbial protein or be treated in a lagoon system before release to a natural environment. Aspects of control and instrumentation, which should be considered in future large-scale use of such processes, are discussed.
Anxiety in Asthma: Panic-Fear Symptomatology and Personality in Relation to Manifest Anxiety

Anxiety in asthma has been measured in two ways. The MMPI Panic-Fear scale is a measure of general, nonillness specific anxiety and the Panic-Fear symptom scale of the Asthma Symptom Checklist is a measure of illness-specific anxiety focused on the asthma attack. Both measures relate to response styles in asthma which contribute to the maintenance of illness. In the present study of 140 asthmatic patients, MMPI Panic-Fear scores were highly related to trait-anxiety measured by the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, even after partialling out checklist Panic-Fear symptom scores. In contrast, Panic-Fear symptomatology had a more moderate relationship to the Taylor Anxiety scores and was independent of the Taylor scores after partialling out MMPI Panic-Fear scores. The results support earlier findings suggesting that MMPI Panic-Fear measures trait anxiety. In contrast, checklist Panic-Fear symptom reports measure an illness-specific state anxiety that is not per se a measure of trait anxiety.
The decomposition of malmquist productivity indexes

Two different Malmquist productivity indexes have been proposed. One I call partially oriented because it is either output- or input-oriented, and the other is simultaneously output- and input-oriented. The partially oriented Malmquist index owes some of its popularity to the fact that it has been decomposed to isolate various sources of productivity change. Conversely, the simultaneously oriented Malmquist index has not achieved popularity in part because it has not been decomposed. In this paper I evaluate alternative decompositions of the partially oriented Malmquist index, and I obtain a new decomposition of the simultaneously oriented Malmquist index. This new decomposition leads me to conclude that the latter index is deserving of greater attention than it has received to date.
Impacts of sea-level rise and urbanization on groundwater availability and sustainability of coastal communities in semi-arid South Texas

The sea levels along the semi-arid South Texas coast are noted to have risen by 3–5 mm/year over the last five decades. Data from General Circulation Models (GCMs) indicate that this trend will continue in the 21st century with projected sea level rise in the order of 1.8–5.9 mm/year due to the melting of glaciers and thermal ocean expansion. Furthermore, the temperature in South Texas is projected to increase by as much as 4 °C by the end of the 21st century creating a greater stress on scarce water resources of the region. Increased groundwater use hinterland due to urbanization as well as rising sea levels due to climate change impact the freshwater-saltwater interface in coastal aquifers and threaten the sustainability of coastal communities that primarily rely on groundwater resources. The primary goal of this study was to develop an integrated decision support framework to assist land and water planners in coastal communities to assess the impacts of climate change and urbanization. More specifically, the developed system was used to address whether coastal side (primarily controlled by climate change) or landward side processes (controlled by both climate change and urbanization) had a greater control on the saltwater intrusion phenomenon. The decision support system integrates a sharp-interface model with information from GCMs and observed data and couples them to statistical and information-theoretic uncertainty analysis techniques. The developed decision support system is applied to study saltwater intrusion characteristics at a small coastal community near Corpus Christi, TX. The intrusion characteristics under various plausible climate and urbanization scenarios were evaluated with consideration given to uncertainty and variability of hydrogeologic parameters. The results of the study indicate that low levels of climate change have a greater impact on the freshwater-saltwater interface when the level of urbanization is low. However, the rate of inward intrusion of the saltwater wedge is controlled more so by urbanization effects than climate change. On a local (near coast) scale, the freshwater-saltwater interface was affected by groundwater production locations more so than the volume produced by the community. On a regional-scale, the sea level rise at the coast was noted to have limited impact on saltwater intrusion which was primarily controlled by freshwater influx from the hinterlands towards the coast. These results indicate that coastal communities must work proactively with planners from the up-dip areas to ensure adequate freshwater flows to the coast. Field monitoring of this parameter is clearly warranted. The concordance analysis indicated that input parameter sensitivity did not change across modeled scenarios indicating that future data collection and groundwater monitoring efforts should not be hampered by noted divergences in projected climate and urbanization patterns.
Three‐dimensional BEM for scattering of elastic waves in general anisotropic media

Based on the full-space Green's functions, a three-dimensional time-harmonic boundary element method is presented for the scattering of elastic waves in a triclinic full space. The boundary integral equations for incident, scattered and total wave fields are given. An efficient numerical method is proposed to calculate the free terms for any geometry. The discretization of the boundary integral equation is achieved by using a linear triangular element. Applications are discussed for scattering of elastic waves by a spherical cavity in a 3D triclinic medium. The method has been tested by comparing the numerical results with the existing analytical solutions for an isotropic problem. The results show that, in addition to the frequency of the incident waves, the scattered waves strongly depend on the anisotropy of the media. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies on information processing rates in science learning and related cognitive variables. I: Some theoretical issues related to motivation

A neuromathematical model of information processing applied to science learning is exanded to include coefficients representing the motivational state of the learner. Two coefficients be included: (1) an exponential coefficient in the gain function representing largely a change rate of learning associated with varying motivation, and (2) an initial factor in the gain quation change in motivation at the outset of a learning task. The inclusion of these variables permits modeling of the effects of variations in motivation on the rate and amount of information in a larning task.
Effective Power Optimization Under Timing and Voltage-Island Constraints Via Simultaneous $V_{dd}$ , $V_{th}$ Assignments, Gate Sizing, and Placement

We present a physical-synthesis based power optimization technique that simultaneously explores the four transforms, multiple Vdd, multiple Vth , cell sizing, and placement, to find a minimum power solution under timing and other constraints. The optimal selection of the design options of all transforms for all cells in the circuit is solved using a new optimization technique called discretized network flow that we have recently developed. Among the constraints we consider, timing and the voltage-island constraints are the two most important and complex ones. The voltage-island constraint specifies the maximum allowed number of voltage islands in the layout, and the requirement that each island be rectangular. We develop an approach that along with the option selection process can simultaneously determine the voltage islands needed, as well as satisfy all given constraints. Experimental results on ISCAS'89 and Faraday benchmarks show that compared to an initial wire length (WL)-optimized placement with high supply and low threshold voltage levels, we obtain a power reduction by up to 42% and an average of 30% for the same delay as that of the initial design. These improvements are also 44-50% relatively better than the improvements yielded by sequentially applying the four power reduction transforms, which is the currently standard method for applying multiple transforms. Finally, compared to an industry tool Synopsys IC Compiler (ICC) that also applies all four transforms, our method reduces power by an additional amount of up to 19%, and an average of 16%.
Abnormalities in Lipid Metabolism in HIV

Infection with the HIV virus has been shown to be associated with alterations in plasma lipid levels, mainly increased plasma triglyceride (TG) levels and reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. These alterations become more evident with disease progression. However, over the last four years it has been shown that treatment of HIV infection with antiretroviral therapy including one or more protease inhibitors (PI) may worsen lipid abnormalities in these patients. PI-related lipid abnormalities include increased TG levels but also increased total and LDL cholesterol levels, without changes in HDL cholesterol levels. The pathophysiology of the Pi-associated plasma lipid changes is not well defined.
Improved System for Construction and Analysis of Single-Copy β-Galactosidase Operon Fusions in Yersinia enterocolitica

We report a significantly improved system for studying single-copy lacZ operon fusions in Yersinia enterocolitica: a simple procedure for the stable integration of lacZ operon fusions into the ara locus and a strain with a deletion mutation that abolishes the low level of endogenous β-galactosidase activity.
Circulating vitamin D, supplement use, and cardiovascular disease risk: The MrOS sleep study

Context: Evidence suggests an inverse association between circulating 25(OH) vitamin D and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Objective: To determine the association between serum 25(OH) vitamin D and risk for CVD events. Setting and Design: From March 2000 to April 2002, participants were recruited for the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study. Between December 2003 and March 2005, members of the MrOS cohort were invited to participate in the MrOS Sleep Study. Participants were recruited from 6 clinical centers across the United States and followed for a mean of 5.9 years. Three-thousand-one-hundred-thirty-five men ages 65 and older were included from the MrOS cohort, of whom 116 were excluded for missing vitamin D or CVD data. Participants were divided into two groups based on serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels, <20 ng/mL and ≥20 ng/mL. Participants were followed for CVD endpoints including coronary heart disease (CHD) and cerebrovascular events. Age- and multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios were calculated ...
Impact of time-frequency representation to the generalization ability of synthesized time-frequency spatial patterns algorithm in brain computer interface

This paper focuses on the problem of how time-frequency representation influences the generalization ability of the ‘synthesized time-frequency spatial pattern (TFSP)’ algorithm in Brain Computer Interface (BCI) for classification. TFSP methods use time-frequency analysis to extract features in both time and frequency domains. Different time-frequency analysis methods have been used before. However, it is still unknown how these different approaches influence the generalization ability. We compared the performance of three different TFSP methods in classifying 3 stroke survivors’ intention in hand opening and closing. Each of these TFSP methods uses different time-frequency analysis approaches with different time-frequency resolutions. Our results show that a high resolution in time-frequency resolution doesn’t guarantee better generalization ability. It seems that although large redundancy in feature reduces the generalization ability of TFSP method, certain redundancy is necessary for achieving high generalization ability.
Gone Digital: Aboriginal Remix and the Cultural Commons

Recently the commons has become a predominant metaphor for the types of social relationships between people, ideas, and new digital technologies. In IP debates, the commons signifies openness, the exclusion of intermediaries, and remix culture that is creative, innovative, and politically disobedient. This article examines the material and social implications of these debates (and the legal copyright regimes they interact with) in the translation and remix of Warumungu culture onto a set of locally produced DVDs. Although DVD technology can account for concerns such as monitoring access, preserving cultural knowledge, and reinforcing existing kinship networks, it also brings with it the possibility of multiple reproductions, knowledge sampling, and unintended mobilizations. Tracking the shifting mandates and emergent protocols in this digital interface redirects the lines of the debate to include multiple structures of accountability, ongoing systems of inequity, and overlapping access regimes involved in the always tense processes of cultural innovation.
The anti-EGFR antibody cetuximab sensitizes human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells to radiation in part through inhibiting radiation-induced upregulation of HIF-1α

In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying cetuximab-mediated radiosensitization of HNSCC. Irradiation of HNSCC cells upregulated hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) via a mechanism involving de novo synthesis of HIF-1α protein. Radiation-induced upregulation of HIF-1α was completely abolished by concurrent treatment of HNSCC cells with cetuximab. Experimental elevation of constitutively expressed HIF-1α abolished cetuximab-mediated radiosensitization in HNSCC cells, whereas downregulation of HIF-1α by siRNA or a small molecule inhibitor enhanced responses of cetuximab-resistant HNSCC cells to cetuximab plus radiation. Our data suggest that cetuximab sensitizes cancer cells to ionizing radiation in part through inhibition of radiation-induced upregulation of HIF-1α.
Coexpressing Escherichia coli Cyclopropane Synthase with Sterculia foetida Lysophosphatidic Acid Acyltransferase Enhances Cyclopropane Fatty Acid Accumulation

Cyclopropane fatty acids (CPAs) are desirable as renewable chemical feedstocks for the production of paints, plastics, and lubricants. Toward our goal of creating a CPA-accumulating crop, we expressed nine higher plant cyclopropane synthase (CPS) enzymes in the seeds of fad2fae1 Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and observed accumulation of less than 1% CPA. Surprisingly, expression of the Escherichia coli CPS gene resulted in the accumulation of up to 9.1% CPA in the seed. Coexpression of a Sterculia foetida lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (SfLPAT) increases CPA accumulation up to 35% in individual T1 seeds. However, seeds with more than 9% CPA exhibit wrinkled seed morphology and reduced size and oil accumulation. Seeds with more than 11% CPA exhibit strongly decreased seed germination and establishment, and no seeds with CPA more than 15% germinated. That previous reports suggest that plant CPS prefers the stereospecific numbering (sn)-1 position whereas E. coli CPS acts on sn-2 of phospholipids prompted us to investigate the preferred positions of CPS on phosphatidylcholine (PC) and triacylglycerol. Unexpectedly, in planta, E. coli CPS acts primarily on the sn-1 position of PC; coexpression of SfLPAT results in the incorporation of CPA at the sn-2 position of lysophosphatidic acid. This enables a cycle that enriches CPA at both sn-1 and sn-2 positions of PC and results in increased accumulation of CPA. These data provide proof of principle that CPA can accumulate to high levels in transgenic seeds and sets the stage for the identification of factors that will facilitate the movement of CPA from PC into triacylglycerol to produce viable seeds with additional CPA accumulation.
PARAMETRIC ADAPTIVE CONTROL OF AN NMR LASER MODEL

The parametric adaptive control method can be used to restore the values of the perturbed parameters of a low-dimensional system. The article illustrates the method by applying it to an NMR laser model.
Hemodynamic response patterns to acute behavioral stressors resemble those to cocaine

Hemodynamic responses to cocaine vary greatly between animals, and the variability is related to the incidence of cocaine-induced cardiomyopathies and hypertension. The variability in cardiac outpu...
Abstract 20373: Inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Amplifies β-catenin Signaling to Promote Dedifferentiation of Endothelial Cells to Improve Neovessel Formation

Rationale: Wnt signaling plays a key role in the development and the regeneration of neovessels, however, the underlying mechanisms of these processes are not clearly understood. Goal: To elucidate the mechanism of dedifferentiation of venous endothelial cells (VECs) to arterial (A)ECs. Methods and Results: Herein we demonstrate that 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime (BIO), an inhibitor of Glycogen Synthase Kinase (GSK)-3β elicits the stabilization and the nuclear accumulation of β-catenin, thereby its direct interaction with the transcription factor NANOG in the nucleus of ECs. In a ChiP experiment, NANOG protein bound to the NANOG-, BRACHYURY-, CD133- and VEGFR2 -promoters in these cells. In a cell-based assay, BIO induced the activation of the NANOG -promoter-luciferase reporter system. Accordingly, stimulation of VECs with BIO increased Notch-1, Ephrin-B2 and Hey2 expressions, indicating dedifferentiation these cells to AECs. While NANOG-depletion decreased BIO-induced NOTCH-1 expression and neovascularization. BIO increased Matrigel plug neovessel formation in nude mice. Immunostaining of Matrigel plug sections prepared from these mice showed increased expression of Notch-1, Ephrin-B2 and Hey2, indicating dedifferentiation of a subset of VECs into AECs. In a mouse model of hind limb ischemia, BIO induced the incorporation of VECs into collateral neovessels as characterized by Ephrin-B2- and Hey2-positivities, and smooth muscle cell recruitment. Summary: Thus, we show that a subset of mature VECs may retain the ability to dedifferentiate into AECs in vivo and suggest critical roles of GSK-3β inhibition in this process.
Study of 4He(e, e'p)3H through the (e, e'p) reaction at Q2 = 2(GeV/c)2 and xb = 1.24

The structure and dynamics of 4He can be studied through 4He(e,e'p) coincidence measurements at high momentum transfers. Using the Hall A high resolution spectrometers and a cryogenic 4He target, the SRC (short range correlation) and E08009 experiments held at Jefferson Lab in April 2011 measured the entire range of missing momentum from 0.0 GeV/c to 0.9 GeV/c. The observables of interest in this experiment (E08009) are the missing energy and missing momenta for producing the triton (3H) ground state. This thesis concentrates on missing momentum values of 153 and 353 MeV/c. Cross sections are calculated and compared to theory.
Micropatterned charge heterogeneities via vapor deposition of aminosilanes.

Aminosilanes are routinely employed for charge reversal or to create coupling layers on oxide surfaces. We present a chemical vapor deposition method to pattern mica surfaces with regions of high-quality aminosilane (3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, APTES) monolayers. The approach relies on the vapor deposition of an aminosilane through a patterned array of through-holes in a PDMS (poly(dimethylsiloxane)) membrane that acts as a mask. In aqueous solutions the surfaces have regular patterns of charge heterogeneities with minimal topographical variations over large areas. This versatile dry lift-off deposition method alleviates issues with multilayer formation and can be used to create charge patterns on curved surfaces. We identify the necessary steps to achieve high quality monolayers and charge reversal of the underlying mica surface: (1) hexane extraction to remove unreacted PDMS oligomers from the membrane that would otherwise deposit on and contaminate the substrate, (2) oxygen plasma treatment of the to...
Highly sensitive transient absorption imaging of graphene and graphene oxide in living cells and circulating blood

We report a transient absorption (TA) imaging method for fast visualization and quantitative layer analysis of graphene and GO. Forward and backward imaging of graphene on various substrates under ambient condition was imaged with a speed of 2 μs per pixel. The TA intensity linearly increased with the layer number of graphene. Real-time TA imaging of GO in vitro with capability of quantitative analysis of intracellular concentration and ex vivo in circulating blood were demonstrated. These results suggest that TA microscopy is a valid tool for the study of graphene based materials.
Nonlinear Metal/Dielectric Plasmonic Interfaces

We investigate theoretically and experimentally the optical nonlinearity of metal/dielectric interfaces, which provides a metric that predicts the scaling of self-action as well as a means to measure (3) of gold using surface plasmon polaritons.
Restricted jaw motion due to osteochondroma of the coronoid process.

Progressive limitation of motion of the jaw can be caused by osteochondroma of the coronoid process of the mandible or by a bony growth in the zygoma. A special position for roentgenography may be necessary to demonstrate this lesion. The operative procedure described here has proved to be satisfactory.
Boll Weevils: Effects of Various Numbers of Leggett Traps on Small and Large Populations

Neither a small nor a large population of Anthonomus grandis Boheman was suppressed by from 10–80 pheromone traps/ha though the optimum number of traps/ha (greatest number of weevils captured/trap) was determined to be 20 for a large population. The regression of square infestation on trap capture was best expressed by the equation y = 0.09+0.048X. During the 1st and 2nd week of trapping (prior to squaring), captures within the field were clumped and fit a negative binominal distribution. Eighty % of the total weevils were captured and 75% of the punctured squares were found in a 20-m-wide belt around a cotton field. Boll weevil pheromone traps therefore can function alone only as a survey and detection tool; traps must be combined with other techniques when used in an integrated control program.
Improving energy relay dyes for dye sensitized solar cells by increasing donor homotransfer

The use of energy relay dyes in dye sensitized solar cells presents an opportunity to improve efficiency by increasing the range of absorption of the solar spectrum. In experiments, relay dyes have achieved high efficiency of energy transfer to the sensitizing dye, but the overall power conversion efficiencies of the solar cells is not yet competitive with single-dye dye sensitized solar cells. Using kinetic Monte Carlo simulations, we explored how energy transfer among relay dyes affects the energy transfer to sensitizing dyes and found that high concentrations of energy relay dyes with high rates of homotransfer (a large donor-to-donor Forster radius) can be used to improve the efficiency of excitation transfer to the sensitizing dyes. We examined the effect of Forster radii, quenching, pore size, and dye concentration on the excitation transfer efficiency. The improved understanding of the interplay between the donor–donor and donor–acceptor Forster transfer radii effectively relaxes requirements and e...
An MS Patient Loses Trust When She Finds Out Her Doctor Is Paid By Drug Companies

As of 2013, a national physician payment database created under the Affordable Care Act will make such information available to all.
What a year! the framing of marriage equality through media's selected sources in 2013

The issue of same-sex marriage continues to be a focal point in U.S. media. The topic garnered a substantial amount of attention in 2013, with the repeal of Defense of Marriage Act, the legalization of same-sex marriage in eight U.S states and five foreign countries, and the passage of the Russian Anti-Gay Law. The question at hand is how U.S. newspapers framed these stories throughout the year. The authors utilized a qualitative content analysis of source quotes included in articles about same-sex marriage in The New York Times. The findings from this analysis reveal the use of not only the traditional equality master frame but also uncovered themes of children, inevitability, political evolution, and fear. The results also unearthed a lack of human interest perspective. This study adds insight into how citizens of the United States are exposed to (and may ultimately define) the issue of same-sex marriage.
A Critical Assessment of Social Entrepreneurship Ostromian Polycentricity and Hayekian Knowledge

We offer a microfoundation of social entrepreneurship through the work of Vincent and Elinor Ostrom on polycentricity (Ostromian polycentricity) and that of Friedrich Hayek on the economics of knowledge (Hayekian knowledge) that reveals both the main strength and main weakness of social entrepreneurship. Problematizing social entrepreneurship in terms of the political economy of knowledge and based on Ostromian polycentricity and Hayekian knowledge, we first find the main strength of social entrepreneurship is that local, decentralized social entrepreneurs usually are the most appropriate and best-positioned—indeed, the most efficient—actors to solve their communities’ social problems. Also based on the work of the Ostroms and Hayek, we identify the main weakness of social entrepreneurship: the lack of institutional safeguards to social entrepreneurship. The localized decision-making process, however, might mitigate to some degree the potential for large-scale abuse.
Un camino insurgente a la democracia. La movilización popular, los intereses económicos y las transiciones de los regímenes en El Salvador y Sudáfrica

No abstract available. ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 57, No. 641-642, 2002: 189-207.
Stiffness Analysis of SMA Fiber Composite Leaf Spring

According to SMA constitutive relation theory,composite materials mechanics theory,and the classical theory of mechanics of materials,pre-strain of SMA fiber composite leaf spring analysis model is establesbed based on the restricted responsc characteristics of SMA.The mathematical formula of leaf spring stiffness is derived.Numerical calculation result reveals that temperature change.SMA fiber volume fraction,and overlay mode parameters will impact on stucture stiffness,and also the relationship of there influence factors in discussed.
Predictions from uncertain beliefs

According to probabilistic theories of higher cognition, beliefs come in degrees. Here, we test this idea by studying how people make predictions from uncertain beliefs. According to the degrees-of-belief theory, people should take account of both highand low-probability beliefs when making predictions that depend on which of those beliefs are true. In contrast, according to the all-or-none theory, people only take account of the most likely belief, ignoring other potential beliefs. Experiments 1 and 2 tested these theories in explanatory reasoning, and found that people ignore all but the best explanation when making subsequent inferences. Experiment 3A extended these results to beliefs fixed only by prior probabilities, while Experiment 3B found that people can perform the probability calculations when the needed probabilities are explicitly given. Thus, people’s intuitive belief system appears to represent beliefs in a ‘digital’ (true or false) manner, rather than taking uncertainty into account.
Neuromuscular effort predicts walk–run transition speed in normal and adapted human gaits

ABSTRACT Often, humans and other animals move in a manner that minimizes energy costs. It is more economical to walk at slow speeds, and to run at fast speeds. Here, we asked whether humans select a gait that minimizes neuromuscular effort under novel and unfamiliar conditions, by imposing interlimb asymmetry during split-belt treadmill locomotion. The walk–run transition speed changed markedly across different gait conditions: forward, backward, hybrid (one leg forward, one leg backward) and forward with speed differences (one leg faster than the other). Most importantly, we showed that the human walk–run transition speed across conditions was predicted by changes in neuromuscular effort (i.e. summed leg muscle activations). Our results for forward gait and forward gait with speed differences suggest that human locomotor patterns are optimized under both familiar and novel gait conditions by minimizing the motor command for leg muscle activation.
CRiOS: Toward Large-Scale iOS Application Analysis

Mobile applications - or apps - are one of the main reasons for the unprecedented success smart phones and tablets have experienced over the last decade. Apps are the main interfaces that users deal with when engaging in online banking, checking travel itineraries, or browsing their social network profiles while on the go. Previous research has studied various aspects of mobile application security including data leakage and privilege escalation through confused deputy attacks. However, the vast majority of mobile application research targets Google's Android platform. Few research papers analyze iOS applications and those that focus on the Apple environment perform their analysis on comparatively small datasets (i.e., thousands in iOS vs. hundreds of thousands in Android). As these smaller datasets call into question how representative the gained results are, we propose, implement, and evaluate CRiOS, a fully-automated system that allows us to amass comprehensive datasets of iOS applications which we subject to large-scale analysis. To advance academic research into the iOS platform and its apps, we plan on releasing CRiOS as an open source project.We also use CRiOS to aggregate a dataset of 43,404 iOS applications. Equipped with this dataset we analyze the collected apps to identify third-party libraries that are common among many applications. We also investigate the network communication endpoints referenced by the applications with respect to the endpoints' correct use of TLS/SSL certificates. In summary, we find that the average iOS application consists of 60.2% library classes and only 39.8% developer-authored content. Furthermore, we find that 9.32% of referenced network connection endpoints either entirely omit to cryptographically protect network communications or present untrustworthy SSL certificates.
In Vivo Bone Marrow Stem Cell Gene Transfer in Mice by In Situ Delivery of a 3rd-Generation Lentiviral Vector Using Intrafemoral Injection.

HIV-based lentiviral vectors (LV) have become powerful tools for in vivo gene transfer and gene expression in non-dividing cells after local injection. However, the potential of in vivo bone marrow stem cell gene transfer by “in situ” bone cavity injection has not been well unexplored. This in vivo approach could take full advantage of any source of stem cells present in bone cavity and avoid many of the difficulties encountered by ex vivo hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene transfer. To determine if intra bone marrow (iBM) injection of LV can efficiently transduce BM stem cells, a 3rd-generation self-inactivating LV, containing eGFP regulated transcriptionally by a CMV promoter, was used to inject intra-femorally into adult Boy/J Ly45.1 mice (at 2 x106 IU/mouse). Blood counts were normal in all LV-injected mice (n=4) and buffer-injected mice (n=4). GFP-expressing peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) were observed in both myeloid (up to 4%) and lymphoid subpopulations (up to 2%) 3-month post injection. To evaluate gene transfer and transgene expression in multi-potential progenitors, the colony-forming cell (CFC) assay was performed using low-density bone marrow 4-months post injection, resulting in 4–5% GFP+ CFU-granulocyte macrophage (CFU-GM) and CFU-granulocyte, erythroid, macrophage and megakaryocyte (CFU-GEMM). This was consistent with the 4-color FACS analysis data demonstrating that up to 3.7% of HSC/progenitors (Lin−c-kit+Sca1+ cells) from LV-injected mice expressed GFP transgene 4-months post injection. To further evaluate HSC gene transfer, BM from injected mice was transplanted into lethally irradiated adult C57/Bl6 (Ly45.2) mice. Four months later, successful engraftment was demonstrated in all BM recipients with 97–99% donor-derived cells in PBL and 91–93.3% in BM. Moreover, significant levels of GFP+ CFU were observed in all recipients ranging from 8.4 ± 2.3% to 17.7 ± 4.2%. To further study the LV-mediated gene transfer profile in HSC, mesenchymal progenitors and systemic distribution by intra-femoral injection, molecular analyses are in progress including real-time QPCR and clonality analysis by LAM-PCR. Our results indicate successful LV-mediated gene transfer into HSC by iBM injection. These data would potentially open a door to a novel approach for treatment of human diseases, but also provide a new tool to study adult stem cell plasticity and the nature of hematopoiesis.
Is vascular flow a predictor of malignant thyroid nodules? A meta-analysis.

Background: Several reports have proposed that increased vascular flow on color Doppler sonography may be associated with malignancy in thyroid nodules. Others have described no correlation between the presence of flow and risk of malignancy. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the vascularity of a thyroid nodule can aid in the prediction of malignancy by performing a meta-analysis of the current literature. Methods: Independent reviewers conducted a systematic review of publications from PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Review using the following keyword searches: “vascular thyroid nodule”, and “vascular malignant thyroid nodule”. Outcomes included vascular flow pattern, nodule size, calcifications, echogenicity, margins, and shape. Data were extracted following review of appropriate studies, and outcome differences were calculated using analysis of variance and the Bonferroni method. Results: Eighty-nine publications were identified and 14 prospective studies met inclusion criteria totaling 4,154 thyroid nodules, 1,419 (34%) of which were malignant. Thirty-three percent of malignant thyroid nodules had no vascular flow, while 17% had peripheral and 50% had internal vascular flow. There was no significant difference in vascular flow (95% CI: −14.329, 4.257), or peripheral vascular flow rate between malignant and benign thyroid nodules (95% CI: −29.254, 4.313). Also, there was no significant difference in internal vascularity between malignant and benign thyroid nodules (95% CI: −72.067, 2.824). Conclusions: It appears that utilization of vascular flow on color Doppler sonography may not accurately predict malignancy in thyroid nodules. Further studies are warranted to investigate the predictive role of increased vascularity in diagnosing suspicious thyroid nodules.
The Case for Considering Consciousness Second: Response to Baumeister et al.; Plassmann and Mormann; and Sweldens, Tuk, and Hütter

Future efforts to better understand the causal antecedents of consumer behavior are aided by conceptual clarity, methodological rigor, collaboration, and debate. For these reasons we thank Baumeister, Clark, Kim, and Lau (this issue; henceforth BCKL), Plassmann and Mormann (this issue; henceforth PM), and Sweldens, Tuk, and Hutter (this issue; henceforth STH) for their insightful and indispensable comments on Williams and Poehlman (this issue; henceforth WP). In this rejoinder, we present an expanded case for our suggestion that we as a field consider consciousness second when building causal models of behavior. Because of the lack of scientific consensus regarding the biological underpinnings of consciousness, we maintain that treating consciousness as a cause hurts the field’s ability to connect top-down construct-level understanding to principles derived from more bottom-up, mechanistic (physiological) aspects of consumer functioning. We offer that the path forward must be characterized by a much more inquisitive take on the impact of consciousness on consumer outcomes.