cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The contribution of anthropogenic SO2 emissions to the Asian tropopause aerosol layer

Recent observations reveal a seasonally occurring layer of aerosol located from 0° to 100°E, 20° to 45°N and extending vertically from about 13 km to 18 km; this has been termed the Asian tropopause aerosol layer (ATAL), and its existence is closely associated with the Asian summer monsoon circulation. Observational studies argue that the ATAL is a recent phenomenon, as the layer is not observed in the satellite record prior to 1998. This suggests that the ATAL may be of anthropogenic origin associated with a shift in the dominant regional emission of sulfur dioxide (SO2) to China and India in the late 1990s. Here we test the hypothesis that SO2emitted from Asia led to the formation of the ATAL using an aerosol microphysical model coupled to a global chemistry climate model. This is the first modeling study to specifically examine the ATAL and its possible origin. From our results, we conclude that the ATAL is most likely due to anthropogenic emissions, but its source cannot solely be attributed to emissions from Asia. Specifically, the results indicate that Chinese and Indian emissions contribute ∼30% of the sulfate aerosol extinction in the ATAL during volcanically quiescent periods. We also show that even small volcanic eruptions preclude our ability to make any conclusions about the existence of the ATAL before 1998 with observations alone.
Report from the Field: Skin-in-Solutions: Militarizing Medicine and Militarizing Culture in the United States Military

: The US military's creation and deployment of “Human Terrain Teams” and the use of anthropology as a weapon in counterinsurgency operations bears a disturbing similarity to militarized forms of medicine and biotechnology currently in development for US military personnel. Through the mobilization and instrumentalization of health, the US military intends to manipulate the bodies of soldiers while claiming that this manipulation is to protect the well-being of the soldier. This sort of deployment of health has little to do with the health of the individual, and is directly linked to “improving” the combat abilities of the individual, and of creating better and more encompassing means of control of the individual. As I see it, the Human Terrain System, and attempts to deploy a militarized anthropology to aid in counterinsurgency operations utilize a similar rationale, a rationale directly at odds with the AAA code of ethics and what I think it means to be an anthropologist.
Effects of hindlimb contraction on pressor and muscle interstitial metabolite responses in the cat

We used the microdialysis technique to measure the interstitial concentration of several putative metabolic stimulants of the exercise pressor reflex during 3- and 5-Hz twitch contractions in the d...
Adenosine preconditions against endothelin-induced constriction of coronary arterioles

Myocardial hypoperfusion is accompanied by concomitant increases in adenosine and endothelin-1 (ET-1) production, but the vasodilatory effect of adenosine prevails over that of ET-1. Therefore, we ...
Persistent Gender Gaps in Entrepreneurial Attitudes, Intentions, and Actions: The Effects of a Youth Entrepreneurship Education Program in Khujand, Tajikistan (Dissertation Abstract)

This dissertation reports the results of a longitudinal, randomized control trial that examines the impact of a 40-hour youth entrepreneurship education program (EEP), above and beyond a market economics control group, for English speaking-youths aged 18-35 living in Khujand, Tajikistan. Results show that the program has no effect, above and beyond a market economics control group, on any of the outcomes at timing of post-test or follow-up. However, there is a fixed effect of gender, with females have lower average scores on all of the outcomes except perceived behavioral control.
Host Plant Effects on Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis Against Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Larvae

The activity of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner against larvae of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), was measured initially on field-collected foliage of 17 host trees and a laboratory host (leaf lettuce) dipped in suspensions of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki . Large differences in larval mortality among hosts were found; the amount of B. thuringiensis required to obtain comparable levels of mortality varied > lO-fold among some hosts. White oak, Quercus alba L., and sweetgum, Liquidambar styraciflua L., were selected for further study. Mortality of larvae on foliage treated with B. thuringiensis suspensions of 2 concentrations and held in small cages was higher on white oak than on sweetgum. The amount of B. thuringiensis deposited on white oak and sweetgum foliage, and the amount remaining after 3 d, was measured by extracting, culturing, and counting colonies produced by viable spores. There was a nonsignificant trend toward higher initial deposition of B. thuringiensis on oak than on sweetgum, but only at the high rate of B. thuringiensis . Otherwise, deposition of B. thuringiensis and survival of spores over 3 d did not differ between white oak and sweetgum, and was not closely related to differences in larval mortality. These results indicate that other factors, possibly secondary plant compounds or environmental factors, are involved.
Abstract 42: Differential Contribution Of The N- And C-terminal Domains To The Folding And Function Of Tandem Calponin-homology Domains

Tandem calponin-homology (CH) domains constitute a major class of actin-binding domains that include dystrophin and utrophin, the two key proteins involved in muscular dystrophy. Despite their importance, how their structure controls their function is not understood. Here, we study the contribution of individual CH domains to the actin-binding function and thermodynamic stability of utrophin’s tandem CH domain. Traditional actin co-sedimentation assays indicate that the isolated C-terminal CH2 domain binds weakly to F-actin when compared with the full-length tandem CH domain. In contrast, isolated CH1 binds to F-actin with a similar efficiency as that of the full-length tandem CH domain. Thus, the obvious question that arises is why tandem CH domains require CH2, when their actin-binding efficiency is originating primarily from CH1. To answer, we probed the thermodynamic stabilities of individual CH domains. Isolated CH1 domain is unstable and is prone to serious aggregation. Isolated CH2 is very stable, ...
Distinguishing surface effects of gold nanoparticles from plasmonic effect on photoelectrochemical water splitting by hematite

Gold nanoparticles have been deposited on the surface of hematite nanorod array photoanode to improve the photoelectrochemical water splitting performance. The Au nanoparticles induce the Fermi level equilibration, the surface catalysis, and the plasmonic enhancement effects in the Au/hematite photoanode. The Fermi level equilibration effect promotes the extraction of photo-generated charge carriers, suppressing the charge recombination. Surface catalysis effect reduces the overpotential for photoelectrochemical water oxidation. In the Au/hematite sample, the Fermi level equilibration and the surface catalysis effect make major contribution to photocurrent enhancement while the plasmonic effect makes a little contribution. In addition, the Au@SiO2 particle has been immobilized on hematite nanorod array surface that has been passivated. In the Au@SiO2/hematite sample, the photocurrent enhancement originating from plasmonic effects is negligible. Both the Femi level equilibration and the surface catalysis effects were excluded due to the isolated Au and hematite while surface passivation is mainly responsible for the photocurrent enhancement.
A solution to the problem of refractory cell smears for indirect immunofluorescence.

In our laboratory the indirect immunofluorescence test for measuring antibody is used extensively as a back-up for complement fixation and hemagglutination-inhibition serology results, for rapid diagnosis, and for IgM antibody determinations. In addition, it is our primary test for detecting antibodies to vaccinia, Colorado tick fever and Epstein-Barr viruses. At present, 41 different viral, chlamydial and rickettsial antigens for fluorescent antibody (FA) assays are prepared in the form of smears of infected cells (Emmons and Riggs 1977), requiring approximately 400 microscope slides each month.
Stability Analysis on Rainfall and Seismic of Slope

Rainfalls and earthquake often lend to landslides of natural and artificial slopes.Therefore,Through detailed inspections of a typical slope in the vicinity of the central Longmen Shan fault,based on field investigation and laboratory test analysis,as well as earthquakes and rainfall operating conditions of the slope stability analysis and evaluation,the slope stability is studied. At last,slope of the prevention and treatment programs for the characteristics and the actual context of the specific projects are proposed.
Determination of dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid in drinking water by gas chromatography

Objective:To develop a rapid method for determination of dichloroacetic acid(DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid(TCAA) in drinking water based on improved derivatization and gas chromatographic conditions.Methods:The drinking water sample was acidized with sulfuric acid,extracted with methyl tert-butyl ether and derived with methyl ester,then detected by GC-ECD.Results:The linear range of DCAA was 1 μg/ L~100 μg/L,while TCAA ranged from 0.5 μg/ L to 50 μg/ L,and the correlation coefficients were both higher than 0.999.The extraction recoveries ranged from 82% to 117%,and the RSDs were less than 10%.Conclusion:The method is simple,rapid and reproducible for the determination of DCAA and TCAA in drinking water.
Application of Homoplastic Bone Transplantation on Dislocation of Congenital Hip Joint of Old Children

Objective To explore the efficacy of radical operation for dislocation of congenital hip joint of children. Methods 78 cases of dislocation of congenital hip joint in old children was summarized.Data of all cases were selected from Jan 1996 to Dec 2003 in our department hospitalization.45 cases of them,using autogenous iliac crest triangular bone mass was tronsplanted into site of iliu fracture,it as control group. other 33 cases using homoplastic bone transplantation,as the experimental group. Results The cacetabul indexes in the experimental group were superior to the control group,but there was no difference in the cacetabul growth development,mobilizable degree of joint and walk etc in both groups.At healing time in control group was short than that in experimental group. Conclusions We consider that the homoplastic bone transplantation in treatment of old children with congenital hip joint dislocation have some merits,and worth popularization.
microPET/CT imaging of local and systemic inflammatory response using 64Cu-labeled anti-CD11b Antibody

495 Objectives This study was to develop PET tracer for targeting inflammatory cells and to noninvasively assess local and systemic inflammatory response by infiltration of CD11b+ myeloid cells. Methods BALB/c mice with acute or chronic inflammation in the ears were induced by 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Anti-mouse CD11b antibody was conjugated with p-SCN-Bn-DOTA and then labeled with 64Cu. The specific binding affinity of 64Cu-DOTA-anti-CD11b to CD11b+ myeloid cells was confirmed by cell binding assays. microPET-CT imaging and biodistribution were evaluated at different times after intravenous injection of 64Cu-DOTA-anti-CD11b. Blocking experiments were also performed. Ear tissues from TPA challenged mice were assessed by H&E and immunohistochemistry staining. To verify the systemic response for TPA challenges, the cell sub-population from bone marrow and spleen were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results 64Cu-DOTA-anti-CD11b bound specifically to CD11b+ myeloid cells. microPET-CT images showed significantly higher uptake of 64Cu-DOTA-anti-CD11b Abs in the ears of mice with acute inflammation than in the ears of mice with chronic inflammation or ears of un-challenged mice. In addition, immunohistochemistry staining confirmed that the ear with acute inflammation had greater number of infiltrating CD11b+Ly6G+ granulocytes than ear from other groups. Interestingly, whole body PET-CT imaging of mice received 64Cu-DOTA-anti-CD11b showed different systemic response to TPA challenges. The uptake in bone marrow decreased in acute inflammation, but dramatically increased in chronic inflammation compared to normal mice. Flow cytometry studies revealed that observed PET imaging results of systemic inflammatory response were correlated with ratio of CD11b+Gr-1+ sub-population of myeloid cells in the bone marrow. The uptake of 64Cu-DOTA-anti-CD11b in bone marrow and spleen could be specifically blocked by cold anti-CD11b antibody. Conclusions 64Cu-DOTA-anti-CD11b antibody is a promising radiotracer for monitoring different stage of local and systemic inflammatory response.
Verification of Good Production Practices that Reduce the Risk of Exposure of Pigs to Trichinella1

ABSTRACT Control of Trichinella infection in pork has traditionally been accomplished by inspection of individual carcasses at slaughter or by post-slaughter processing to inactivate parasites. A decline in the prevalence of this parasite in domestic swine during the last 20 to 30 yr coupled with improvements in pork production systems offer the opportunity to document pork safety at the farm level. We report here on a certification pilot study using an on-farm audit to document good production practices for swine relative to the risk of exposure to trichinae. Based on the results, improvements in the program have been made and further studies will be undertaken prior to launching the voluntary Trichinae Certification Program in the U. S.
Dynamic Behavior of Anion and Solute/Solvent in Fluids at High Pessures and Temperatures

In this article, we have dealt not only with the dynamic behavior of nitrate anion in aqueous zinc nitrate solution at high temperatures and a fixed pressure but also with photoreduction of benzophenone by N, N, -diethylaniline in supercritical carbon dioxide with time-resolved absorption techniques. In the former cases the perpendicular orientational relaxation time (τ) of the anion significantly decreases with increasing temperature u p to 340°C the values of τ were 1. 86 and 0. 25 ps at 20 and 340°C, respectively. In the latter the rate constant at 40°C decreased greatly with increasing pressure from 9. 8 to 17. 2 MPa, which is considered to be due to the local aggregation of carbon dioxide around benzophenone and/or N, N, -diethylaniline.
Diabetes Mellitus Heightens the Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Except in Patients With Hepatitis C Cirrhosis

Diabetes Mellitus Heightens the Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Except in Patients With Hepatitis C Cirrhosis
Explicit construction of computational bases for RTk and BDMk spaces in R3

In this paper, a set of computational bases is developed for Raviart–Thomas (RT) and Brezzi–Douglas–Marini (BDM) vector spaces in R3. There are two attractive computational features of the bases. The first is that the normal components of the basis functions satisfy a Lagrangian property with respect to the nodal points in the faces of the tetrahedrons in the triangulation. The second computationally attractive feature is a decomposition of the basis function into face functions and interior functions, permitting a significant reduction in the number of unknown coefficients in the approximating linear system arising in a finite element computation.
Rhetoric In Situ

The essays in this volume were selected from the 2016 Symposium of the American Society for the History of Rhetoric: “Rhetoric In situ” held in Atlanta, Georgia. The archaeological term in situ des...
Therapeutic Social Control of People with Serious Mental Illness: An Empirical Verification and Extension of Theory:

Mental health services and psychiatric professional values have shifted in the past several decades toward a model of client autonomy and informed consent, at least in principle. However, it is unc...
Enhancing the teaching of structural dynamics using additive manufacturing

Abstract This paper provides a companion study to a previous paper by the same author (Virgin, 2017). In that paper, 3D printing was used to provide a hands-on experience for students of (linear) structural analysis based on the lateral stiffness of plane frames. In this paper, a related set of structural plane frames is investigated in terms of their natural frequencies, perhaps the fundamental feature in structural dynamics. Again, a 3D printer is used to provide a variety of parameter variations, and the extent to which certain simplifying analytical assumptions are justified is assessed.
Micellar Thrombin-Binding Aptamers: Reversible Nanoscale Anticoagulants.

Aptamers are nucleic acid-based ligands that exhibit promising features including specific and reversible target binding and inhibition. Aptamers can function as anticoagulants if they are directed against enzymes of the coagulation cascade. However, they typically suffer from nucleolytic digestion and fast clearance from the bloodstream. We present thrombin-binding aptamer amphiphiles that self-assemble into nanoscale polymeric micelles with a densely functionalized aptamer-displaying corona. We show that these micellar aptamers retain their native secondary structure in a crowded environment and are stabilized against degradation by nucleases in human serum. Moreover, they are effective inhibitors of human plasma clotting in vitro. The inhibitory effect can be rapidly reversed by complementary nucleic acids that break the aptamers’ secondary structure upon hybridization. Compared to free aptamers, the increased molecular weight and size of the overall assembly promotes extended blood circulation times i...
Why Is This Auntminnie a Diagnostic Conundrum?: A Knowledge-Based Approach to Balo’s Concentric Sclerosis From Reports of 3 Cases and Pooled Data From 68 Other Patients in the Literature

Introduction We came across 3 cases of Balo’s concentric sclerosis (BCS). The first of these patients presented to an outside hospital and was transferred to our institution due to complications resulting from a biopsy. The other 2 patients, despite having a characteristic imaging appearance and despite insistence on our part on the diagnosis of BCS, underwent a surgical procedure, which could have been prevented. This led us to review the available literature on BCS. Material and Methods A total of 68 patients diagnosed with BCS between 1995 and 2015 were studied and the data collected for the clinical presentation and course, imaging, spinal fluid analysis, treatment, and clinical and imaging outcome. Conclusions A 25% surgery rate (biopsy or resection) was found in the study. We concluded that this relatively high surgery rate in this auntminnie nonsurgical disease is multifactorial; and includes factors like nonfamiliarity with the disease, anxiety on the part of patients and physicians, due to a sometimes rapidly deteriorating clinical picture; and resemblance of the disease with other entities such as tumor and infection. However, characteristic imaging appearance combined with acute or subacute presentation and dramatic improvement in clinical status after high-dose steroid chemotherapy; are highly suggestive of the disease, and can prevent unnecessary surgery.
Subspace histograms for outlier detection in linear time

Outlier detection algorithms are often computationally intensive because of their need to score each point in the data. Even simple distance-based algorithms have quadratic complexity. High-dimensional outlier detection algorithms such as subspace methods are often even more computationally intensive because of their need to explore different subspaces of the data. In this paper, we propose an exceedingly simple subspace outlier detection algorithm, which can be implemented in a few lines of code, and whose complexity is linear in the size of the data set and the space requirement is constant. We show that this outlier detection algorithm is much faster than both conventional and high-dimensional algorithms and also provides more accurate results. The approach uses randomized hashing to score data points and has a neat subspace interpretation. We provide a visual representation of this interpretability in terms of outlier sensitivity histograms. Furthermore, the approach can be easily generalized to data streams, where it provides an efficient approach to discover outliers in real time. We present experimental results showing the effectiveness of the approach over other state-of-the-art methods.
Phytotoxicity of Herbicides to Spring Flowering Bulbs

Biennial application for two years of nine commonly used turf and ornamental herbicides were evaluated for phytotoxicity to fourteen species of spring flowering bulbs. OH 2 significantly damaged foliage of Anemone ‘Rosea’, Crocus ‘Cream Beauty’, Endymion ‘Blue’, Hyacinthus ‘Ostara’, Iris reticulata ‘Harmony’, Muscari armeniacum, Narcissus ‘Geranium’, Ornithogalum umbellatum, Scilla ‘Spring Beauty’, Triteleia ‘Queen Fabiola’, and the Tulipa ‘Golden Apeldoorn’, ‘Purissima’, and ‘Paul Richter’. Ronstar damaged the foliage of Crocus ‘Cream Beauty’, Crocus ‘Remembrance’, Endymion ‘Blue’, Hyacinthus ‘Ostara’, Iris ‘Harmony’, Muscari armeniacum, Narcissus ‘Geranium’, Ornithogalum umbellatum, Scilla ‘Spring Beauty’, Trietleia ‘Queen Fabiola’, and the Tulipa ‘Golden Apeldoorn’, ‘Purissima’, and ‘Paul Richter’. Muscari foliage was damaged by Balan, Dacthal, Devrinol, Fusilade and Poast. Hyacinthus ‘Ostara’ foliage was damaged by Balan. Anemone ‘Rosea’ foliage was injured by Betasan and Pennant. Tulipa ‘Paul Richter...
Making Corruption Harder: Asymmetric Information, Collusion, and Crime

We model criminal investigation as a principal-agent-monitor problem in which the agent can bribe the monitor to destroy evidence. Building on insights from Laffont and Martimort’s 1997 paper, we s...
Faculty Driven Assessment of Critical Thinking: National Dissemination of the CAT Instrument

This paper reports the latest findings of a project to nationally disseminate the CAT© instrument, a unique interdisciplinary assessment tool for evaluating students’ critical thinking skills. Tennessee Technological University originally partnered with six other institutions across the U.S. to evaluate and refine the CAT instrument beginning in 2004. Through these efforts a test with high face validity, high construct validity, high reliability, and that is culturally fair was developed In the current national dissemination project, we are collaborating with over 40 institutions across the country to disseminate this unique instrument and support the creation of assessment based efforts to improve student learning. These dissemination efforts involved training representatives from other institutions to lead scoring workshops on their own campuses as part of a broader effort to improve student learning. A variety of findings indicate these dissemination efforts are successful. National user norms that are being collected from this project indicate that largest gains in undergraduate critical thinking appear to occur in the junior and senior years. 1
Scientific abstracts at the society for adolescent medicine meetings:: A 3-decade comparison

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to review abstracts accepted for presentation at the annual national meeting of the Society for Adolescent Medicine (SAM) over the past 3 decades for subject content and research design. Methods: Retrospective review was conducted of research abstracts for 3 years, selected at random, for the 1990s and then matched at 10-year intervals for the previous 2 decades. The major categories for subject content were: medical, psychosocial, health services, and miscellaneous; for research design categories were: retrospective, observational, experimental, and miscellaneous. Subsequent publication was also assessed. Results: The most notable change over the 3 decades in subject content was a shift from medical topics (58% to 19%) to psychosocial topics [20% to 52% ( p p p p p p Conclusion: A significant shift occurred in subject con- tent of scientific abstracts from a medical to a psychosocial emphasis. The proportion of retrospective designs decreased, and qualitative analyses emerged. The likelihood of later publication of the studies increased.
The Inheritance of Courtship Behavior in Schizocosa Wolf Spiders (Araneae; Lycosidae)

The wolf spider genus Schizocosa is common throughout most of North America (Dondale and Redner 1978) and is a group that provides an example of how sexual behavior can function in reproductive isolation. Individuals of Schizocosa ocreata (Hentz) are found in deciduous forest leaf litter in the eastern United States and are nearly identical to individuals of Schizocosa rovneri Uetz and Dondale with respect to genital characters, body size, general morphology and coloration (Uetz and Dondale 1979). The two species overlap extensively in habitat, period of reproduction and geographic range (Uetz and Denterlein 1979, Stratton and Uetz 1981). Both species have ten autosomes (W. P. Maddison, pers. comm.) and both show identical patterns of maturation given a variety of temperature and diel light regimes in the laboratory (Stratton 1982). The females of the two species are indistinguishable on the basis of morphology, however the mature males of S. ocreata have prominent tufts of black bristles on the first pair of legs that are lacking in mature males of S. rovneri. These species were considered to be one (Uetz and Dondale 1979) until it was shown that their courtship behaviors are very different. Males of both species court females of either species, but females are receptive only to conspecific males (Uetz and Denterlein 1979, Stratton and Uetz 1981). It was demonstrated that sound production by males during courtship is critical for reproductive isolation as females are receptive only when the substratum-coupled acoustic signals are present (Stratton and Uetz 1981).
Electric Charge and Its Field

We are now reaching an important milestone—the beginning of electrical science. In these pages, the subject will be developed, as it was historically, from an initial study of electric charges at rest; this forms the topic of electrostatics. (Moving charges exhibit an additional range of phenomena, magnetism, about which more later.)
Dispersion and deposition of firebrands in a turbulent boundary layer

Abstract The dispersion and deposition of cylindrical shaped firebrands of constant mass in a turbulent boundary layer was investigated by large eddy simulation of air flow, with firebrands individually tracked in a Lagrangian framework. The carried firebrands experienced both translation and rotation as gravity, drag and lift forces acted on them. Simulations were carried out in a turbulent boundary layer with a free stream wind velocity of 18.8 m/s, an initial boundary layer height of 25 m, with firebrand densities of 70, 230, and 570 kg/m3 and release heights of 20 m and 40 m. Identical firebrands were consecutively released under identical initial conditions after the turbulent flow reached a statistically stationary state. The motion and deposition locations of firebrands were characterized by tracking tens of thousands of firebrands in each simulation and computing statistical quantities such as dispersion and diffusion of flying firebrands, and the joint probability density function of the coordinates of the deposited firebrands. For all simulated cases, the distribution of deposited firebrands exhibited symmetry in the spanwise direction. The normalized mean position of the deposited firebrands in the streamwise direction increased approximately by a factor of two when the density of firebrands decreased from 570 kg/m3 to 70 kg/m3. Also, the ground distribution of firebrands that were released from a higher elevation was found more leptokurtic with a multivariate kurtosis deviating more than 5% of that of a normal distribution.
Association of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) with molecular subtype and prognosis in stage III colon cancers (CC) from a FOLFOX-based adjuvant chemotherapy trial.

3518Background: High levels of TILs are associated with favorable prognosis in some solid tumors. We examined TIL levels in CC subtyped using mutations in KRAS or BRAF oncogenes as well as DNA mism...
The Griffith empathy measure needs to be revised with attention to item coding direction: A reply to Dadds (2018)

The Griffith empathy measure (GEM; Dadds et al., 2008, Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 39, 111) needs to be revisited through further factor analytic and interpretational work. Studies usin...
Multimodal partial cavity shedding on a two-dimensional hydrofoil and its relation to the presence of bubbly shocks

The shedding dynamics of partial cavitation forming on a NACA0015 hydrofoil is known from the previous studies to be multimodal, exhibiting abrupt changes in Strouhal number as the cavitation number is reduced (Arndt et al. in Instability of partial cavitation: a numerical/experimental approach. National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., Retrieved from the University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy. http://hdl.handle.net/11299/49781 , 2000). The present study aims to understand the underlying shedding mechanisms responsible for this abrupt change in dynamics. As was observed in Ganesh et al. (J Fluid Mech 802:37–78, 2016), the shedding process can result from both re-entrant liquid flow and the formation of propagating bubbly shock waves within the cavity. Time-resolved X-ray densitometry and high-speed videography are combined with time synchronous measurements of acoustic noise produced by the cavity to examine the formation and shedding of the partial cavitation on a NACA0015 hydrofoil. From the experiments on the hydrofoil, it was observed that the mean cavity length increased with decreasing cavitation number, as expected. At higher pressures, stable partial cavities formed that shed smaller vapor clouds mainly due to the re-entrant liquid flow in the cavity closure. With a reduction in cavitation number, the partial cavity grew in length, and shedding often occurred when the cavity was pinched-off from its leading edge. Once a large region of vapor was shed, the pressure pulse caused by its subsequent collapse could suppress the growth of the newly forming partial cavity. This feedback led to complex, multistep cavity shedding dynamics. At still lower cavitation numbers, bubbly shocks were found to be responsible for the strongest periodic shedding of vapor clouds. Spectral analysis of the acoustic signal revealed a multimodal nature, which was more pronounced at lower cavitation numbers, and similar dynamic behavior was also found for the time varying local void fraction measurements in the vicinity of cavity closure. The occurrence of strongest multimodal behavior was also characterized by the presence of bubbly shock waves as the dominant mechanism of shedding. From the measurements and analysis, it is concluded that at least four different types of shedding modes occurred over a range of cavitation numbers at a fixed attack angle (10°).
Ion Distribution Patterns in Human Lymphocytes: the Effects of Concanavalin A and Ouabain

This chapter discusses the effects of concanavalin A (Con A) and ouabain. Increased influxes of both K + and Ca ++ are among several physiological events known to occur within minutes of the mitogenic stimulation of lymphocytes, and ouabain is known to inhibit blastic transformation. This chapter discusses the way by which ouabain and Con A control ion distribution and the way by which ouabain inhibits mitogenesis. In an experiment described in the chapter, the level of cell K + bore a sigmoid relation to the external level, which—in the equivalent of a Hill plot—demonstrated a cooperative transition in K + uptake. Both ouabain and Con A caused a decrease in the cell K + but by different mechanisms. Ion selectivity was shifted in favor of Na + and co-operativity was decreased, but total K + +Na + remained constant. Con A, on the other hand, gave a continuous dose-response relation and had little effect on ion selectivity or on co-operativity but decreased total cell K + +Na + without a change in cell water content. The charge and solute deficit in the Con A-stimulated cell was not accounted for by a change in the low cell Cl→ level but may have been partially accounted for by an increased cell Ca ++ level. The cell Ca ++ content rose on adding Con A. Ouabain also increased cell Ca ++ content despite of there being no change in total cell K + +Na + . Combined Con A and ouabain give additive effect on cell K + and intermediate effect on cell Na + levels.
Enabling emergency mass vaccination: Innovations in manufacturing and administration during a pandemic.

The global reach of infectious disease pandemics typically necessitates a similarly ubiquitous public health intervention: mass vaccination. The development and large-scale deployment of a vaccine requires substantial investment and a coalition of stakeholders to undertake research and development (including phase I to III clinical trials), manufacturing, and widespread administration. Recent efforts by national and international funders and researchers to advance the state of vaccinology for pandemics and other infectious disease emergencies have focused largely on expediting the R&D phase [1]. There has been comparatively less attention paid to modernizing, optimizing, and therefore accelerating other aspects of the vaccine enterprise—namely, manufacturing, distribution, and administration. The current COVID-19 pandemic plainly underscores the need to vastly accelerate mass vaccination in every phase. We have conducted two qualitative research studies on vaccine manufacturing and administration capabilities in the context of infectious disease emergencies and have authored two forthcoming reports (Mass Vaccination 2.0: A Survey of New Technologies and Strategies and Vaccine Capacity for Global Pandemics: Manufacturing and Distribution). Here, we seek to apply findings and lessons from that work to inform the vaccine response to COVID-19.
U.S.-Born Mexican-Origin Women's Descriptions About Their Eating Patterns.

Introduction:Mexican origin (MO) women comprise the largest Hispanic subgroup of Latinas in the United States. This subgroup has high incidences of obesity and associated chronic diseases. Modifiab...
Pulse Wave Imaging Coupled With Vector Flow Mapping: A Phantom, Simulation, and In Vivo Study

Pulse wave imaging (PWI) is an ultrasound imaging modality that estimates the wall stiffness of an imaged arterial segment by tracking the pulse wave propagation. The aim of the present study is to integrate PWI with vector flow imaging, enabling simultaneous and co-localized mapping of vessel wall mechanical properties and 2-D flow patterns. Two vector flow imaging techniques were implemented using the PWI acquisition sequence: 1) multiangle vector Doppler and 2) a cross-correlation-based vector flow imaging (CC VFI) method. The two vector flow imaging techniques were evaluated in vitro using a vessel phantom with an embedded plaque, along with spatially registered fluid structure interaction (FSI) simulations with the same geometry and inlet flow as the phantom setup. The flow magnitude and vector direction obtained through simulations and phantom experiments were compared in a prestenotic and stenotic segment of the phantom and at five different time frames. In most comparisons, CC VFI provided significantly lower bias or precision than the vector Doppler method ( ${p} ) indicating better performance. In addition, the proposed technique was applied to the carotid arteries of nonatherosclerotic subjects of different ages to investigate the relationship between PWI-derived compliance of the arterial wall and flow velocity in vivo . Spearman’s rank-order test revealed positive correlation between compliance and peak flow velocity magnitude ( ${r}_{s} = {0.90}$ and ${p} ), while significantly lower compliance ( ${p} ) and lower peak flow velocity magnitude ( ${p} ) were determined in older (54–73 y.o.) compared with young (24–32 y.o.) subjects. Finally, initial feasibility was shown in an atherosclerotic common carotid artery in vivo . The proposed imaging modality successfully provided information on blood flow patterns and arterial wall stiffness and is expected to provide additional insight in studying carotid artery biomechanics, as well as aid in carotid artery disease diagnosis and monitoring.
Cross-Modal Center Loss for 3D Cross-Modal Retrieval

Cross-modal retrieval aims to learn discriminative and modal-invariant features for data from different modalities. Unlike the existing methods which usually learn from the features extracted by offline networks, in this paper, we propose an approach to jointly train the components of cross-modal retrieval framework with metadata, and enable the network to find optimal features. The proposed end-to-end framework is updated with three loss functions: 1) a novel cross-modal center loss to eliminate cross-modal discrepancy, 2) cross-entropy loss to maximize inter-class variations, and 3) mean-square-error loss to reduce modality variations. In particular, our proposed cross-modal center loss minimizes the distances of features from objects belonging to the same class across all modalities. Extensive experiments have been conducted on the retrieval tasks across multi-modalities including 2D image, 3D point cloud and mesh data. The proposed framework significantly out-performs the state-of-the-art methods for both cross-modal and in-domain retrieval for 3D objects on the ModelNet10 and ModelNet40 datasets.
Imagined, Intended, and Spoken Speech Envelope Synthesis from Neuromagnetic Signals.

Neural speech decoding retrieves speech information directly from the brain, providing promise towards better communication assistance to patients with locked-in syndrome (e.g. due to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ALS). Currently, speech decoding research using non-invasive neural signals is limited to discrete classifications of only a few speech units (e.g., words/syllables/phrases). Considerable work remains to achieve the ultimate goal of decoding continuous speech sounds. One stepping stone towards this goal would be to reconstruct the inner speech envelope in real-time from neural activity. Numerous studies have shown the possibility of tracking the speech envelope during speech perception but this has not been demonstrated for speech production, imagination or intention. Here, we attempted to reconstruct the intended, imagined, and spoken speech envelope by decoding the temporal information of speech directly from neural signals. Using magnetoencephalography (MEG), we collected the neuromagnetic activity from 7 subjects imagining and speaking various cued phrases and from 7 different subjects speaking yes or no randomly without any cue. We used a bidirectional long short-term memory recurrent neural network (BLSTM-RNN) for single-trial regression of the speech envelope using all brainwaves (0.3–250 Hz). For the phrase stimuli, we obtained an average correlation score of 0.41 and 0.72 for reconstructing imagined and spoken speech envelope respectively, both significantly higher than the chance level (\({<}0.1\)). For the word stimuli, the correlation score of the reconstructed speech envelope was 0.77 and 0.82, respectively for intended and spoken speech. Furthermore, to evaluate the efficacy of low frequency neural oscillations in reconstructing spoken speech envelope, we used delta (0.3–4 Hz) and delta + theta (0.3–8 Hz) brainwaves and found that the performance for word stimuli was significantly lower compared to when brainwaves with all frequencies were used but no such significant difference was observed for phrase stimuli. These findings provide a foundation for direct speech synthesis from non-invasive neural signals.
Research Design as Professional Development and Empowerment: Equipping Students to See, Analyze, and Intervene in Political Realities

When teaching research methodology courses, I hope students end the semester understanding different ways of seeing and knowing the political world, applying a range of tools to name, analyze, and intervene in those political realities. To do so, I structure research design content within assignments that encourage career exploration and development; this chapter discusses personal statements, survey research, and undergraduate labs. This student-centered teaching approach is a reflection on my own professional development, and an effort to actively intervene in how research methodology classes often reflect and reproduce inequities in who leverages what knowledge to study which political realities.
CONCRETE CRACKING IN COASTAL AREAS: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

Case studies are described of concrete cracking resulting from reinforcement corrosion due to a coastal environment in combination with improper workmanship (e.g. improper cover, misplaced reinforcement, improper handling/placing of concrete) or unsuitable materials (e.g. seawater-contaminated aggregates, improper mix proportions). It is noted that appropriate cover and good quality concrete most efficiently prevent reinforcement corrosion. Compliance with provisions of ACI 318-83 and standard construction practice guarantees durable concrete. Specifications for selection and installation of accessories such as railings and planters should be provided to insure durability of concrete.
Principles for Developing Digital Health Interventions for Prostate Cancer: A Community-Based Design Approach with African American Men

To reduce disparities related to prostate cancer among African American men, the American Cancer Society recommends that men make an informed decision with their healthcare provider about whether prostate cancer screening is right for them. The informed decision-making process can be facilitated through technology by teaching men about prostate cancer and providing them with activities to build their self-efficacy. However, these tools may be most effective when they are developed using a set of validated design principles, such as the Usability Engineering Lifecycle, in conjunction with a community-based participatory research (CBPR) process. Using CBPR can be especially useful in designing tools for minority communities, where men have the highest prostate cancer incidence and mortality. This paper describes the author’s process for using CBPR principles to develop a prostate cancer education program for African American men and also discusses the value of using these principles within an existing usability framework.
Cytotechnologist screening of fine-needle aspiration specimens: impact on turnaround time and diagnostic accuracy.

Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is widely utilized due to its short turnaround time (TAT), diagnostic accuracy, and low cost. Controversy exists as to what role cytotechnologists should play in evaluation of FNAs. Some authorities believe all FNAs should be screened by cytotechnologists while others believe that cytotechnologist review is unnecessary. Sixty sequentially performed FNAs without initial review by cytotechnologists were selected from the files of the University of Utah, Department of Pathology. The slides were obtained along with the associated final diagnoses. The slides were reviewed by cytotechnologists given patient history and specimen site but were blinded to the initial pathologist's diagnoses. The initial cytopathologist's diagnoses and subsequent cytotechnologists' diagnoses were recorded and correlated. TATs for these cases were calculated and compared with TATs in a second set of randomly selected FNAs where cytotechnologists had initially screened the cases. Correlation of initial cytopathologists' diagnoses with those of cytotechnologists' revealed no instances where cytotechnologists identified diagnostically significant findings not noted by the original pathologist. TAT for the FNAs reviewed only by a cytopathologist averaged 25.9 hours with a mode of 6 hours. TATs for cases with initial cytotechnologist screening averaged 44.1 hours with a mode of 25 hours. Pre-sign-out screening of FNA specimens by cytotechnologists does not appear to increase detection of cytologic abnormalities. Cytotechnologist screening does substantially increased TAT from a mean of 26 hours to approximately 44 hours. Such an extensive delay may reduce the overall clinical utility of the FNA technique. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:606–608. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Life in a Shrinking World: Thermal Physiology and Activity of Diurnal Alpine Mammals in Relation to Climate Change

The effects of increased global temperatures are being measured in many biological systems. Given the complexity of biological systems, their responses to a changing climate are difficult to predict. Physiologic processes are particularly susceptible to temperature, leading to a species specific optimal range of habitable temperatures. As global temperatures increase, species will be exposed to a changing range of potentially stressful temperatures, especially in species currently living at their thermal limits (e.g., alpine mammals). Warming temperatures may force alpine species to move to higher elevations to maintain thermoneutrality. Ultimately, if temperatures increase as predicted, alpine mammals may be unable to move higher and may face localized extinctions. I hypothesize that, many alpine mammals are currently living at the upper range of their thermoneutral zone and, in response to warming temperatures; alpine mammals will experience ambient temperatures above their upper critical temperature which will limit their activity period. I will measure the metabolic thermoneutral zone of small mammals in relation to temperature at four montane sites in the western U.S. We will focus on small diurnal mammals (chipmunks and pikas) as they are prolific and susceptible to high temperatures. The proposed study will not only provide sorely needed information on the basic thermal requirements of numerous alpine small mammals in the U.S., but that information can be used to generate physiologically relevant models to predict future changes in the altitudinal ranges of these species.
Social Aspects of Using Large Public Interactive Displays for Collaboration

Large displays have several natural affordances that can simplify small group collaborative work. They are large enough to hold multiple work areas, they are easy to see and can be manipulated directly via touch. When placed into group and public spaces, such displays create pervasively available working surfaces for lightweight, temporary walkup use. The BlueBoard is a large plasma display with touch sensing and a badge reader to identify individuals using the board. The onboard software acts as a thin client giving access to each participant's web-based content (e.g., home pages, project pages). The client also has a set of tools and mechanisms that support rapid exchange of content between those present. The overall design of the BlueBoard is one that is easily learnable (under 5 minutes), very simple to use, and permits novel uses for collaboration. Our initial field study revealed a number of social issues about the use of a large pervasively available display surface, yet indicates that a shared public display space truly has distinct properties that lend themselves to sharing content. Extreme learnability & overall simplicity of design makes BlueBoard a tool for collaboration that supports intermittent, but effective use for side-by-side collaboration between colleagues.
Interconnected automata and linear systems: a theoretical framework in discrete-time

This paper summarizes the definitions and several of the main results of an approach to hybrid systems, which combines finite automata and linear systems, developed by the author in the early 1980s. Some related more recent results are briefly mentioned as well.