cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-pressure, anion-exchange chromatography of proteoglycans.

Abstract Although high-performance liquid chromatography has been used extensively to characterize the glycosaminoglycan chains of proteoglycans, very few researchers have reported the use of this technology for the separation of intact proteoglycan species. The high molarity denaturing buffers required for proteoglycan disaggregation and separation are often not compatible with the low back-pressure limitations imposed by many of the HPLC systems designed for the separation of biological macromolecules. In this study, heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate proteoglycans, obtained by the metabolic labeling of cultured corneal endothelial cells, were rapidly and completely separated in less than an hour in a high-pressure liquid chromatography system. The separation, which used a Dionex BioLC system equipped with a Pharmacia Superloop and a ProPac PA1 column, also effected a greater than 10-fold concentration of the proteoglycans during the separation procedure. All buffers were 8 m in urea, and the back-pressures generated during the separation were well below the limit of the system. The pooled fractions from the ion-exchange column were subsequently analyzed for glycosaminoglycan composition and molecular size. The system was able to resolve dermatan sulfate-substituted species from heparan sulfate-substituted species in a single chromatographic step. The proteoglycan nature of the recovered products was established by Sepharose CL-4B chromatography and gel electrophoresis.
Aquatic metabolism in four newly constructed freshwater wetlands with different hydrologic inputs

To determine the effect of two different hydrologic flows on aquatic metabolism in constructed freshwater riparian marshes, we measured diurnal changes in dissolved oxygen concentrations during two growing seasons. Average gross primary productivity of water column producers (phytoplankton, periphyton, and submerged macrophytes), estimated from the daily shift in dissolved oxygen concentration, was generally higher in the high-flow wetlands (84 kJ m−2 d−1 in 1990; 69 kJ m−2 d−1 in 1991) than in the low-flow wetlands (73 kJ m−2 d−1 in 1990; 46 kJ m−2 d−1 in 1991). Detailed comparisons of one high-flow and one low-flow wetland at 16 sample sites in each wetland twice the solar efficiency in the high-flow wetland (0.6 vs. 0.3%). Depth profiles indicated that the dissolved oxygen concentration decreased by as much as 60% from 15 cm below the water's surface to 50 cm below. Chlorophyll a concentration did not correlate to productivity. Water column primary producers contributed an estimated 17 to 67% of the net aboveground carbon production of each wetland.
Two studies of proximal outcomes and implementation quality of universal preventive interventions in a community–university collaboration context

Here we present the results from two longitudinal studies of competency-training interventions that entailed community–university collaboration intended to enhance implementation quality. In Study 1, 22 rural schools were randomly assigned to a family-focused intervention or a minimal contact control group. In Study 2, 36 rural schools were randomly assigned to a family-focused preventive intervention combined with a school-based intervention, the school-based intervention alone, or a minimal contact control group. In both studies, observers rated adherence to intervention protocols. Results showed that, on average, high levels of observer-rated adherence were attained in both studies. Analyses of the relationship between observer-rated adherence scores and proximal outcomes showed limited evidence of poorer outcomes associated with lower-adherence groups. Overall, findings highlight the benefits of community–university collaboration intended to facilitate high levels of intervention adherence. The need for a framework guiding a collaborative implementation research agenda is discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Innocent Abroad: Charles Dickens's American Engagements

In 1842, Victorian England's foremost novelist visited America, naively expecting both a return to Eden and an ideal republic that would demonstrate progress as a natural law. Instead, Charles Dickens suffered a traumatic disappointment that darkened his vision of society and human nature for the remainder of his career. His second tour, in 1867-68, ostensibly more successful, proved no antidote for the first. Using new materials--letters, diaries, and publishers' records--Jerome Meckier enumerates the reasons for the failure of Dickens's American tours. During the first, an informal conspiracy of newspaper editors frustrated his call for copyright protection. More important, he grew less equalitarian and more British daily, a disillusioned novelist discovering his true self. His American Notes (1842) and Martin Chuzzlewit (1843-44) repudiated travel books by Tocqueville, Mrs. Trollope, and Martineau that had either viewed America as civilization's new dawn or voiced insufficient reservations. Having plumbed man's tainted hear abroad, the creator of Mr. Pickwick saw everything more satirically at home: he became a radical pessimist, a dedicated reformer who nevertheless ruled out a utopian future. Dickens's return visit, the reading tour intended to make his fortune, was an ironic second coming. Thanks to poor planning and management, ticket scalpers benefited as greatly as the much-lionized performer. Meckier argues that Dickens's business dealings with his American publishers were neither as smooth nor as lucrative as legend holds, but that the novelist's health problems and his eagerness to bring along his mistress have been much exaggerated. In fascinating counterpoint, Meckier charts the ticket speculators' systematic successes, the ups and downs of Dickens's catarrh, and the steady inroads he made into the heart of Annie Fields, his American publisher's young wife. This critical/biographical study reshapes our view of the life and career of the giant of Victorian Literatures.
Randomized Trial of the Availability, Responsiveness and Continuity (ARC) Organizational Intervention for Improving Youth Outcomes in Community Mental Health Programs

Objectives The primary objective of the study was to assess whether the Availability, Responsiveness and Continuity (ARC) organizational intervention improved youth outcomes in community based mental health programs. The second objective was to assess whether programs with more improved organizational social contexts following the 18-month ARC intervention had better youth outcomes than programs with less improved social contexts. Method Eighteen community mental health programs that serve youth between the ages of 5 and 18 were randomly assigned to ARC or control conditions. Clinicians (n = 154) in the participating programs completed the Organizational Social Context (OSC) measure at baseline and following the 18-month ARC organizational intervention. Caregivers of 393 youth who were served by the 18 programs (9 in ARC and 9 in control) completed the Shortform Assessment for Children (SAC) once a month for six months beginning at intake. Results Hierarchical linear models (HLM) analyses indicated that youth outcomes were significantly better in the programs that completed the 18 month ARC intervention. HLM analyses also showed that youth outcomes were best in the programs with the most improved organizational social contexts following the 18 month ARC intervention. Conclusions Youth outcomes in community mental health programs can be improved with the ARC organizational intervention and outcomes are best in programs that make the most improvements in organizational social context. The relationships linking ARC, organizational social context, and youth outcomes suggest that service improvement efforts will be more successful if those efforts include strategies to improve the organizational social contexts in which the services are embedded.
Abstract 3433: ARHGAP30 and DEDD as potential genomic drivers of invasive urothelial carcinomas

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Background: Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is diagnosed in 72,570 patients annually. 20-30% of these patients have high grade advanced disease. These patients have had historically poor prognosis with 5-year survival rates of 33% and 6% in patients with regional and distant staged disease, respectively. Recent genomic analysis suggests that amplification of 1q23.3 may be associated with poor survival in patients with advanced UC. Using functional genomic screens, we aim to identify the genomic driver(s) of this association. Methods: First, we created an arrayed shRNA screen with 79 shRNAs targeting 15 genes within this amplification. We studied these effects across 4 and 6 bladder cell lines with and without amplification of 1q23.3, respectively. We then performed secondary screens through the overexpression of these genes. This was performed in 2 UC cells lines without amplification of 1q23.3, RT-4 (grade 1 UC) and RT-112 (grade 2 UC) along with an immortalized bladder cell line, TRT-HU1. These secondary screens include assessment of morphology, proliferation, clonogenicity, anchorage independence by soft agar colony formation, migration and invasion by Boyden chambers, and in-vivo tumor growth. Results: RIGER analysis of the arrayed shRNA screen identifies DEDD, F11R, ARHGAP30 and PVRL4 knockdown as inducing decreased proliferation (FDR <0.25) when comparing 1q23.3 amplified to non-amplified lines. Overexpression of those genes preliminarily shows: 1) ARHGAP30 overexpression changes the morphology from an epithelial to an amoeboid state in a subpopulation of both cancer cell lines. 2) DEDD overexpression confers a modest proliferative advantage in both UC cell lines. 3) No increased clonogenic potential or invasion/migration is observed when these genes are overexpressed. 4) DEDD and ARHGAP30 confer anchorage independence in RT-112 although this is not seen in RT-4 or TRT-HU1. Conclusions: ARHGAP30 and DEDD are potential drivers within the amplification of 1q23.3 and possibly mediators of advanced urothelial carcinoma. Detailed biological mechanisms and cooperativity of these genes requires further investigation. Citation Format: Andrew L. Hong, Markus Riester, Anna C. Schinzel, Amy Schlauch, Rosalyn M. Adam, David J. Kwiatkowski, Jonathan E. Rosenberg, William C. Hahn. ARHGAP30 and DEDD as potential genomic drivers of invasive urothelial carcinomas. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3433. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3433
The in vivo role of “Bartlett” pear fruit polygalacturonase inhibitors☆

Abstract Proteinaceous inhibitors of the polygalacturonase (PG) in a commercial Aspergillus niger pectinase preparation have been purified from “Barlett” pear fruit [2]. These proteins do not interfere with partially purified PG from pears and inhibit, to varying degrees, an assortment of purified fungal PG, Penicillium expansum, which produces a PG that is only slightly affected by the pear fruit inhibitor, produces almost as much PG while growing on pear fruits as it does in liquid culture. In contrast, Botrytis cinerea and Dothiorella gregaria, which produce PG that are substantially inhibited (>90%) by the pear fruit inhibitors, generate considerable PG in liquid culture but only a small amount of activity when grown on pear fruits. The pear inhibitor appears to be specific for PG. It resembles some lectins in that it binds reversably to dextrans. While the inhibitor does not promote blood cell agglutination on its own it interferes with the ability of Concanavalin A to promote agglutination.
Studies on Leptospira IcterohaemorrhagiaeIV. Survival in Water and Sewage: Destruction in Water by Halogen Compounds, Synthetic Detergents, and Heat

Leptospirosis, also known as the infectious jaundice or Weil' s disease, may occur sporadically as an occupational disease particularly among fish-cutters, slaughterhouse workers, miners, and sewer workers, or as a water-borne disease. Whatever the form may be, the primary source of infection comes chiefly, if not solely, from the sewer rat, Rattus norwegicus. (Black rats, mouse, vole, and bandicoot have also been found to carry this organism.) The L. icterohaemorrhagiae are harbored in the kidneys of the rats and discharged in the urine.
SU-E-J-04: Initial Experience with 4D-CBCT for Lung Cancer: Physician Verification of Computed Shifts Remains Necessary.

Purpose: Four‐dimensional cone‐beam CT (4D‐CBCT) is a novel imaging technique used to guide treatment setup for patients with pulmonary lesions by providing additional information about tumor motion at the time of treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the 4D‐CBCT capability in ensuring accurate patient setup during SBRT.Methods: Twelve patients with pulmonary lesions were imaged pre‐treatment with Elekta XVI4.5 using the Symmetry protocol resulting in a respiratory correlated 4D‐CBCT. Reconstruction produced 10 phased‐based and one average 3DCT image set. Patient shifts were derived from contour‐based(mask) registration driven by the weighted average of shifts from each phased CT(4D shifts). Physicians reviewed registration and manually adjusted shifts based on visual registration. We exported the average 3DCT to MIM Vista Software 5.1.1 in reference volume coordinates and manually fused to the reference CT. All manual fusions were contour‐based registrations performed by a single observer. No rotations were permitted in manual fusion to mimic clinical procedure. Translational 3D shifts from manual fusion were compared to 4D(automatic registration) shifts and final physician‐corrected shifts. Results: Mean differences between 4D and 3D shifts in lateral, longitudinal, and vertical directions were 1.07mm, 5.92mm, and 1.43mm, respectively. Mean differences between physician‐corrected and 3D shifts were 1.41mm, 4.83mm, and 1.61mm. Differences between 4D shifts and 3D shifts increased with increasing tumor motion. One patient had consistently large longitudinal differences between 4D and 3D shifts (mean=3.0cm). Further review revealed poor 4D registration(via mask and clipbox) on the XVI system which was corrected by physician adjustment prior to treatment.Conclusions: 4D‐CBCT is a valuable imaging tool in patient setup. Physician review of contour‐based registration is imperative in preventing a geometrical miss. Caution must be employed in tumors that exhibit a large degree of motion. Further research is necessary in determining functional limits of the 4D‐CBCT system.
Ultrastructure of the liver of the fingerling rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson

Portions of the livers of fingerling rainbow trout were studied by light and electron microscopy. The histology, cytology and ultrastructure of mesothelial cells, serosal fibroblasts, hepatocytes, sinusoidal endothelial cells, endothelial cells of central veins and blood cells were described. Mesothelial cells and fibroblasts constituted a very thin capsule. Hepatocytes contained extensive areas of rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, consisting mainly of parallel cisternae and pools of glycogen. One or two nuclei and numerous mitochondria occurred in the areas of endoplasmic reticulum, but never in the pools of glycogen. Hepatocyte surface possibilities included hepatocyte to hepatocyte, hepatocyte to bile canaliculus, hepatocyte to space of Disse and hepatocyte to serosa. The trout liver was compared compared to channel catfish liver and to rat liver. Functional implications of the structural features were discussed.
Is keeping cool still hot? An update on hypothermia in brain injury.

Purpose of reviewThe purpose of this review is to examine recent research results for hypothermia as a treatment for brain injury.Recent findingsOne potential application for hypothermia is as a means of control of elevated intracranial pressure in which hypothermia is induced when intracranial pres
Nucleation Phenomena in Electron‐Hole Drop Formation in Ge and Si. II. Application to Observable Phenomena

The expressions derived in Part I for electron-hole drop (EHD) nonequilibrium nucleation rates and dynamic equilibrium concentration are used to calculate the following results for Ge samples under continuous excitation: 1. very slow metastable time dependence of the EHD concentration, 2. EHD signal versus generation rate G for different histories of excitation, 3. mathematically well defined equilibrium and non-equilibrium EHD thresholds, 4. procedure for accurately determining the EHD surface tension from threshold data at a given temperature, 5. modified EHD-free exciton phase diagram including the effeets of metastability and finite lifetime, 6. EHD radius versus temperature for different historics of excitation. Results for the modified phase diagram of Si are also presented. Die im Teil I berechneten Konzentrationen bei dynamischem Gleichgewicht sowie die Keimbildungshaufigkeit von Elektron-Loch-Tropfchen (EHD) werden benutzt, um die folgenden, bei kontinuierlicher Anregung von Ge-Proben auftretenden Besonderheiten zu diskutieren: 1. die sehr langsame zeitliche Veranderung der metastabilen EHD-Konzentration, 2. die Abhangigkeit der EHD-Lumineszenz nicht nur von der momentanen Erzeugungsrate freier Exzitonen (FE), sondern auch von der Anregungs-Vorgeschichte, 3. die deutlichen, mathematisch wohldefinierten EHD- Anregungsschwellen bei Gleichgewicht wie auch bei Ungleichgewicht, 4. die Moglichkeit, bei vorgegebener Temperatur aus Schwellenwertmessungen die Oberflachenspannung genau zu bestimmen, 5. das durch endliche Lebensdauer und Metastabilitat modifizierte Phasendiagramm fur EHD und FE, 6. der EHD-Radius als Funktion der Temperatur fur verschiedene Anregungs-Vorgeschichten. Auch das modifizierte Phasendiagramm in Si wird diskutiert.
Development of central control of norepinephrine turnover and release in the rat heart: responses to tyramine, 2-deoxyglucose and hydralazine.

Abstract Cardiac responses to centrally-mediated stimulation of the efferent sympathetic nervous system appear postnatally in the rat. To identify the sequence of maturational events in this pathway, the abilities of selected drugs to elicit cardiac norepinephrine release were evaluated. Tyramine, which displaces norepinephrine from nerve terminals, produced release at the earliest age tested. However, 2-deoxyglucose, which causes centrally-evoked stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, did not elicit a response until about one week postnatally. Hydralazine lowers blood pressure and thus requires function of both baroreceptor afferent and sympathetic efferent pathways in order to produce stimulation; hydralazine was first able to cause loss of norepinephrine from cardiac sympathetic terminals at 14 days of age. These results suggest that although the noradrenergic nerve terminals in the neonatal myocardium are immature, they do contain some releasable norepinephrine. The failure of 2-deoxyglucose and hydralazine to elicit release indicates that the onset of overall function of this pathway is attendant upon maturation of synapses central to those in the myocardium. Additionally, the spontaneous turnover rate of norepinephrine, measured after alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine administration, was low at birth, showed a peak at two weeks of age, and declined thereafter toward the adult value; the peak corresponded to a transient increase in sympathetic activity inferred previously from indirect measurements, and correlated temporally with onset of baroreceptor control of sympathetic tone.
Structure of the glacial thermocline at Little Bahama Bank

Within the thermocline of the western North Atlantic, bathymetric gradients of hydrographic properties are controlled by the lateral movement of water along isopycnal surfaces1–4. This movement is driven by air–sea interaction processes :Ekman pumping and sur-face heat (buoyancy) flux. By affecting the intensity of these processes, glacial7ndash;interglacial climatic change should also affect the bathymetric gradients of properties within the thermocline. Benthic foraminifera live on carbonate bank margins that intersect the thermocline. These foraminifera record the hydrographic gradients in their isotopic shell chemistry, providing the means to reconstruct changes in thermocline structure and circulation. We have measured the δ18O compositions of a near-surface planktonic foraminifer, Globigerinoides ruber, and a shallow-water benthic foraminifer, Cibicidoides floridanus, in a core recovered from Little Bahama Bank. Cibicidoides floridanus exhibits a glacial–inter-glacial range in δ18O that is 0.5% less than G. ruber's, because individuals of this species lived and calcified ~110m shallower on the thermocline ~ 18,000 yr ago. After glacio-eustatic changes in thermocline position are accommodated, we estimate that temperature at 540 m palaeodepth cooled by ~ 2 ° C. Globigerionoides ruber δ18O values suggest that surface water temperature at this location also cooled by ~2 °C. This uniform cooling of the upper 600 m of the water column is consistent with the observation that surface water where isopycnals outcrop was ~2 °C cooler during the glacial maximum5–8.
Black Transnationalism, Africana Studies, and the 21st Century

The renewed interest in diaspora studies, interdisciplinarity, and transnationalism has long been a feature of African American, Africana, and Black studies. African American studies combines two modalities of knowledge formation that have been common to Western academia throughout the 20th century; the disciplines (the categorization of the social and natural sciences as well as the humanities) and area or regional studies. It combines various methodologies, concepts, and theories of the social sciences and humanities to examine specific groups of people (African and African derived) from specific territories and regions of the world (Africa and the Americas). Its unusual intellectual foundations continue to be an advantage in relation to the conventional disciplines in terms of multi-method, multiperspectival approaches to African and African diaspora related topics. The debates about area studies and their relevance for social science research have not generated much commentary or debate within African...
Marjolin's ulcer the LSU experience

Skin cancers originating in areas of chronic injury (Marjolin's ulcers) are thought to behave in a more aggressive fashion than those due to other causes. The initial surgical treatment, especially the management of the regional lymph nodes, remains controversial. This review of 37 patients with Marjolin's ulcer evaluated the effectiveness of local surgical treatment at our center. Three of 18 patients treated with amputation developed recurrences and died of metastatic disease. Five of 16 patients treated by wide excision developed recurrences, two dying with metastatic disease, the remaining three apparently cured by additional surgery. Only six (17.6%) of the patients treated by “local” modalities, i.e., wide excision or amputation, developed subsequent regional node metastases. Recurrences following local excision tend to be local and can usually be managed by re-excision or amputation. It can be inferred from this study that prophylactic node dissections are not required in most patients with Marjolin's ulcers. Cancer 52:173-175, 1983.
Dished peaks from collision-induced dissociations of nitroaromatic anions

Abstract This paper reports on a variety of nitroaromatic anions that release a large amount of kinetic energy when losing NO. via collision-induced dissociations. This is a very unusual observation and in contrast to the cations of these compounds which, while having a large kinetic energy release associated with NO. loss from metastable ions, show no NO. loss from collision-induced dissociation. These results suggest that the kinetics of fragmentation vary for the different polarities of these ions and that the transition state for the loss of NO. from the anions is very “tight”, even for ions with a large amount of internal energy, i.e. collisionally activated ions.
Bioinformatics for the 'bench biologist': how to find regulatory regions in genomic DNA

The combination of bioinformatic and biological approaches constitutes a powerful method for identifying gene regulatory elements. High-quality genome sequences are available in public databases for several vertebrate species. Comparative cross-species sequence analysis of these genomes shows considerable conservation of noncoding sequences in DNA. Biological analyses show that an unexpectedly high number of the conserved sequences correspond to functional cis-regulatory regions that influence gene transcription. Because research biologists are often unfamiliar with the bioinformatic resources at their disposal, this commentary discusses how to integrate biological and bioinformatic methods in the discovery of gene regulatory regions and includes a tutorial on widely available comparative genomics programs.
Gene dosage in the developing and adult brain in a mouse model of 22q11 deletion syndrome.

Abstract We evaluated the consequences of heterozygous chromosome 22q11 deletion – a significant genetic risk for schizophrenia – for expression levels and patterns of a subset of 22q11 genes implicated in schizophrenia and other phenotypes in mouse models of 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS). In deleted embryos, expression levels of at least nine 22q11 orthologues decline by 40–60% in the frontonasal mass/forebrain and other 22q11DS phenotypic sites (branchial and aortic arches, limb buds); however, coincident expression patterns of 22q11 and Snail genes – diagnostic for neural crest-derived mesenchyme – are unchanged, and Snail1 expression levels do not decline. Subsequently, 22q11 mRNA levels are reduced by 40–60% in the brains of developing, adolescent and adult deleted mice without altered expression patterns, dysmorphology or reduced cell density. Apparently, in deleted individuals, 22q11 gene expression declines across otherwise stable cell populations, perhaps disrupting individual cell function via diminished dosage. Such changes might contribute to schizophrenia vulnerability in 22q11DS.
Therapeutic Imaginaries in the Caribbean: Competing Approaches to HIV/AIDS Policy in Cuba and Belize

In this article, I put forward a therapeutic imaginaries framework, developed from previous geographic work on therapeutic landscapes. In particular, I briefly trace the history of HIV and HIV poli...
Regional contrasts in dust emission responses to climate

Time-series analysis of Earth's major dust source regions reveals common traits in responses of wind erosion to climate anomalies. Lag cross- correlations of monthly mean aerosol optical depth, precipitation, vegetation, and wind speed are examined from 1979-1993. The response to monthly climate anomalies can differ greatly from the response to seasonal mean climate. The signs, magnitudes, and lags of highly significant (p < 0:01) correlations show that fourteen important mineral dust source areas characterized by Prospero et al. (2002) fall into four response categories. Each category represents distinct mechanisms by which climate anomalies influence subsequent atmospheric dust loading on seasonal to interannual timescales. In most regions, precipitation and vegetation together strongly constrain dust anomalies on multiple timescales. In these regions, dry anomalies increase—and wet anomalies reduce—dust emission. Interestingly, in many other regions the contrary is true: dust and precipitation anomalies correlate positively, consistent with sediment-supply factors. The response timescales are consistent with loss of surface crusts (less than one month) and with alluvial transport and dessication (interannual lags). Supply-limited dust emission appears more prevalent than previously thought and is not accounted for in models. Reproducing these wind erodibility responses in models may help remediate underprediction of observed seasonal to interannual dust variability.
Knowledge of HPV in West Virginia high school health students and the effects of an educational tool.

Abstract Study Objective To assess the knowledge of human papillomavirus (HPV) in West Virginia high school students, create an educational DVD that could be used as a supplement to health class, and evaluate whether our intervention increases student knowledge of HPV. Design Prospective, randomized experimental design with analysis of questionnaire data. Setting West Virginia high school health class. Participants A total of 626 students participated. Interventions HPV educational DVD designed by health care providers. Main Outcome Measures Three WV counties were chosen for study participation. The study took place in health class during the sexually transmitted infection curriculum. Students were randomized to 2 arms: (1) HPV DVD educational intervention plus health class and (2) health class only. Participants completed a pretest and posttest that involved 11 true and false questions. The changes in test scores were compared between the 2 groups. Results Overall, posttest scores of those students in the HPV DVD plus health class arm improved significantly more than the posttest scores in the health class only arm (P Conclusion The educational HPV DVD we created was shown to be an effective learning tool. This is the first reported study to look at the effects of an educational program created by health care providers on the topic of HPV that would be used in the school setting. We believe this tool can be used to supplement the current health education curriculum in the school system.
Light Scattering Sensor for Direct Identification of Colonies of Escherichia coli Serogroups O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145 and O157

Background Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) have emerged as important foodborne pathogens, among which seven serogroups (O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, O157) are most frequently implicated in human infection. The aim was to determine if a light scattering sensor can be used to rapidly identify the colonies of STEC serogroups on selective agar plates. Methodology/Principal Findings Initially, a total of 37 STEC strains representing seven serovars were grown on four different selective agar media, including sorbitol MacConkey (SMAC), Rainbow Agar O157, BBL CHROMagarO157, and R&F E. coli O157:H7, as well as nonselective Brain Heart Infusion agar. The colonies were scanned by an automated light scattering sensor, known as BARDOT (BActerial Rapid Detection using Optical scattering Technology), to acquire scatter patterns of STEC serogroups, and the scatter patterns were analyzed using an image classifier. Among all of the selective media tested, both SMAC and Rainbow provided the best differentiation results allowing multi-class classification of all serovars with an average accuracy of more than 90% after 10–12 h of growth, even though the colony appearance was indistinguishable at that early stage of growth. SMAC was chosen for exhaustive scatter image library development, and 36 additional strains of O157:H7 and 11 non-O157 serovars were examined, with each serogroup producing unique differential scatter patterns. Colony scatter images were also tested with samples derived from pure and mixed cultures, as well as experimentally inoculated food samples. BARDOT accurately detected O157 and O26 serovars from a mixed culture and also from inoculated lettuce and ground beef (10-h broth enrichment +12-h on-plate incubation) in the presence of natural background microbiota in less than 24 h. Conclusions BARDOT could potentially be used as a screening tool during isolation of the most important STEC serovars on selective agar plates from food samples in less than 24 h.
SN2 reactions at amide nitrogen – theoretical models for reactions of mutagenic N-acyloxy-N-alkoxyamides with bionucleophiles

The reactions of N-formyloxy-N-methoxyformamide 4 with ammonia 2 and methanethiol 3 have been modeled at theAM1, HF/6-31G* and Density Functional computational levels. The reaction process is similar geometrically and electronically to classical SN2 reactions at carbon. Near- linear transition states reveal extensive charge separation and partial nitrenium ion character at the formamide nitrogen indicative of a non-synchronous process involving early stretching of the formate-formamide nitrogen bond. Activation energies, computed from pBP/DN* energies of HF/6-31G* ground state and transition state geometries, are in the range of experimental values and a strong solvation effect is predicted. Evidence for anomeric weakening of the N-formate bond by the geminal alkoxyl oxygen was obtained from a comparison of the reactions of ammonia with 4 and N-formyloxy-N-methylformamide 5. An N-alkyl group leads to a much larger activation energy in accordance with the experimental findings for N-acyloxy-N- alkylamides, which are resistant to attack by nucleophiles and are non-mutagenic.
The Chromophobe Tumor Grading System is the Preferred Grading Scheme for Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma

Purpose: The prognostic usefulness of the Fuhrman nuclear grading system has been questioned for chromophobe renal cell carcinoma due to its frequent nuclear and nucleolar pleomorphism. Chromophobe tumor grade, a novel 3-tier tumor grading system based on geographic nuclear crowding and anaplasia, was recently reported to be superior to the Fuhrman system. We compared the 2 scoring systems in a large sporadic chromophobe renal cell carcinoma cohort to determine which grading scheme provides the most predictive assessment of clinical risk.Materials and Methods: We identified a total of 84 cases of sporadic chromophobe renal cell carcinoma in 82 patients from a total of 2,634 cases (3.2%) spanning 1989 to 2010. A subset of 11 tumors had secondary areas of sarcomatoid transformation. All cases were reviewed for Fuhrman nuclear grade and chromophobe tumor grade according to published parameters by an expert genitourinary pathologist blinded to clinicopathological information.Results: The distribution of Fuhrm...
Detrusor Compliance Changes After Bladder Neck Sling Without Augmentation in Children With Neurogenic Urinary Incontinence

Purpose: We reviewed preoperative, and initial and final postoperative urodynamic testing in consecutive children undergoing bladder neck sling without augmentation for neurogenic urinary incontinence to determine if progressive loss of compliance occurs.Materials and Methods: We assessed consecutive patients with neurogenic outlet incompetence who underwent 360-degree tight fascial wrap around the bladder neck with appendicovesicostomy but no augmentation. This population comprised all patients undergoing outlet surgery between 2002 and 2007. Inclusion criteria were initial urodynamic test within 1 year postoperatively and final urodynamic test at least 18 months postoperatively.Results: A total of 26 patients met inclusion criteria. Most patients (73%) had an acontractile bladder with detrusor pressures less than 25 cm H2O preoperatively. Initial postoperative urodynamic test at a mean of 7 months was most predictive of subsequent urodynamic findings. Eight patients (31%) had increased detrusor pressure...
Selective inhibition of a plasma fucosyltransferase by N-ethylmaleimide.

Abstract Two fucosyltransferases have been found in plasma: the blood group H -dependent GDP-L-fucose:galactoside 2′ fucosyltransferase and a GDP-L-fucose:N-acetylglucosaminide fucosyltransferase. The presence of endogenous acceptors for both enzymes in plasma from normal donors and leukemia patients has complicated measurement of levels of the individual enzymes. We have found that the sulfhydryl reagent N-ethylmaleimide, at 3 mM, inhibits the H -gene specified enzyme without affecting the other. Both enzymes have been partly characterized here with regard to K m , Mg requirement and sensitivity to inhibitors.
The implementation of a reduced-field profile design for high-performance bipolar transistors

The first realization of a reduced-field design concept for advanced bipolar devices using the low-temperature epitaxial (LTE) technique to form the base layer is described. By inserting a lightly doped collector (LDC) spacer layer between the heavily doped base and collector regions, it is successfully demonstrated that the collector-base (CB) junction avalanche multiplication can be reduced substantially while maintaining high collector doping for current density consideration. Similar applications of the LDS technique to the emitter-base (EB) junction also results in a lower electric field, thus less EB junction reverse leakage. The feasibility of the reduced-field profile design concept is demonstrated using a LTE-base device structure. >
Accuracy of self-reported stroke among elderly veterans.

The objective was to use secondary analysis of prevalence data from a prospective cohort study to ascertain the accuracy of self-reported stroke among veterans. The study comprised a community-dwelling population of 88 elderly veterans (from five counties in the Northern Piedmont of North Carolina, USA) who received health care at the local Veterans Health Administration (VHA) medical center and were respondents at the North Carolina site of the NIH-funded Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (EPESE) project. Self-report of stroke from the baseline interview of the EPESE project; and occurrence of stroke as verified by the national VHA hospital discharge database and the patients' medical records was measured. Results showed that self-report of stroke had a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 100%; the predictive value of a positive report was 100%. Veterans' self-reports of stroke are sufficiently accurate to use in preliminary epidemiological studies and health services r...
The Effect of Field Independence, Job Analysis Format, and Sex of Rater on the Accuracy of Job Evaluation Ratings

An experiment was conducted in order to assess the impact of field independence (field independence vs. field dependence), job analysis format (job specifications vs. job descriptions), and sex of the rater on the differential accuracy of job evaluation ratings. Eighty-eight college students participated in the study. The results indicated that field independent raters were significantly more accurate in their job evaluations, as were subjects rating job specifications.
Challenging Classic Project Management: Turning Project Uncertainties into Business Opportunities:

The management of uncertainty during a project's implementation is not well understood. In general, uncertainties are treated similar to project risks by practitioners and by scholars as negative e...
THERMAL RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER EFFECTS ON SOLIDIFICATION OF FINITE CONCENTRIC CYLINDRICAL MEDIUM-ENTHALPY MODEL AND P-1 APPROXIMATION

The effect of thermal radiation on solidification of an absorbing, emitting, isotropically scattering finite, semitransparent gray medium bounded between two concentric cylinders is investigated. The law of conservation energy which employs enthalpy and temperature as dependent variables is coupled with a set of moment equations which are derived from the radiative transfer equation and Marshak-type boundary conditions by applying P-l differential approximation. The transient temperature distribution, interface location of a semitransparent phase-change medium, and the local radiative and axial heat fluxes have been obtained by using the Gauss-Seidel iterative numerical scheme for an optically thick medium. The numerical approximations of the finite cylindrical two-dimensional case are compared with those of the infinite axisymmetric one-dimensional case for some typical geometric dimensions and parameters. The use of enthalpy model coupled with a set of moment equations yielded a more general analysis of...
Acute repair of aorta-innominate vein fistulas

Penetrating wounds of the central vasculature are highly lethal. Ten cases of aorta-left innominate vein fistulas have been reported in the past, but most have presented late after injury. We report three successfully managed cases that had a short interval between injury and repair, and where we used cardiopulmonary bypass with total circulatory arrest. Preoperative arteriography facilitated planning the operative approach. The ready availability of complete radiologic and surgical resources at a trauma center were responsible for the successful outcome of these highly lethal central vascular injuries.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with per oral pancreatoscopy for calcific chronic pancreatitis using endoscope and catheter-based pancreatoscopes: a 10-year single-center experience.

ObjectivesPer oral pancreatoscopy (POP) with electrohydraulic lithotripsy (EHL) or laser lithotripsy (LL) permits stone fragmentation and removal during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Our study evaluates the safety and efficacy of POP in patients with main pancreatic duct (PD) stone
Medial septal unit firing characteristics following injections of 8-OH-DPAT into the median raphe nucleus.

Extracellular single-unit recording techniques were used to examine the firing characteristics of neurons in the medial septum/diagnol band of Broca complex (MS/DB) following injections of the 5-HT1A agonist, 8-OH-DPAT, into the median raphe nucleus (MRN) of urethane-anesthetized rats. It had previously been shown that MRN injections of 8-OH-DPAT produce hippocampal theta rhythm. Injections of 8-OH-DPAT into the MRN produced a change in firing characteristics of MS/DB neurons from an irregular discharge to a pattern of rhythmical bursting in synchrony with hippocampal theta rhythm. Cross-correlational and coherence analyses demonstrated that the rhythmical firing pattern of MS/DB neurons strongly correlated with rhythmical fluctuations in the hippocampal EEG during periods of hippocampal theta produced by 8-OH-DPAT injections, but not during baseline conditions (i.e. hippocampal desynchronization). The results suggest that MRN control of the hippocampal EEG is modulated by the MS/DB. Serotonergic projections from the MRN to the MS/DB may normally act to inhibit the rhythmical bursting of MS/DB neurons, thereby producing hippocampal desynchronization. Suppression of MRN 5-HT neurons by MRN injections of 8-OH-DPAT would disinhibit MS/DB neurons, allowing them to burst rhythmically and thereby produce hippocampal theta rhythm.
Computed tomography of the sternum and its articulations

The chest wall present diagnostic difficulties for both the clinician and the radiologist. Because of normal variations in anatomy and ossification, analysis of the sternal region can be particularly confusing. We reviewed the normal computed tomographic (CT) appearance of the sternum in 354 patients. Important normal sternal variants included cortical unsharpness along the posterior aspect of the manubrium , lateral surfaces of the body, and at the sternal fibrocartilaginous articulations; soft tissue prominence at the junction of the sternum and costochondral cartilage; and bony sclerosis at the transitions from manubrium to body and from body to xiphoid. In seven patients with clinically significant sternal abnormality, key CT features were abnormal soft tissue mass (7/7), destruction or irregularity of the cortical contour (7/7), and abnormal increased attenuation of bone (1/7). CT should be the radiologic study of choice in patients with suspected abnormality of the sternum and its articulations.
Denaturalizing Dispossession: Critical Ethnography in the Age of Resurgent Imperialism

Critical ethnographies and methods of relational comparison provide tools for reconfiguring area studies to challenge imperial visions of the world; for illuminating power-laden processes of constitution, connection, and disconnection; and for identifying slippages, openings, contradictions, and possibilities for alliances. Crucial to this project are Lefebvrian conceptions of the production of space. In developing these arguments, this essay also intervenes in recent discussions of so-called “primitive accumulation” as an ongoing process. It does so by drawing on research into connections between South Africa and East Asia, and using these relational comparisons to highlight the significance of specifically racialized forms of dispossession and their salience to struggles currently underway in South Africa. These examples underscore how critical ethnography and relational comparison provide a crucial means for “advancing to the concrete”—in the sense of concrete concepts that are adequate to the complexity with which they are seeking to grapple.
Reliability of randomly excited structures

Reliability prediction of narrow band structures under random excitations, considering catastrophic and fatigue failure modes
The Influence of Body Weight on the Experimental Production of Perosis by Manganese Deficiency

Abstract NUMEROUS investigators have noted differences in the manganese requirements of various breeds of chickens for perosis prevention. Chickens of the heavy breeds generally require more manganese than those from light ones. (Gallup and Norris, 1939; and Golding et al., 1940.) The gross appearance of the perotic tibia has been described by several workers (Serfontein and Payne, 1934; Gallup and Norris, 1938; and Caskey et al., 1939). In most cases the tibia is shorter and increased in diameter, and the hock joint enlarged. Since no previous attempts to assess the role of body weight in the development of perotic lesions in the limbs has been made, it was considered desirable to do so. EXPERIMENTAL Six-hundred Barred Plymouth Rock chicks of both sexes were distributed equally into three groups and fed diets containing 7, 20, and 100 p.p.m. of manganese. The manganese-deficient basal diet (Table 1) was analyzed for manganese using the…
Synthesis of nanocomposite particles by intravesicular coprecipitation

Abstract Aqueous solutions of aluminum magnesium , aluminum calcium , or aluminum barium chloride and aluminum magnesium nitrate were encapsulated inside unilamellar vesicles and made to react with hydroxyl ions diffusing into the intravesicular space through the vesicle walls. The normal intravesicular coprecipitation product was nanometer-sized, nearly spherical crystalline particles, with one particle in each vesicle. The particle sizes are controllable and their size distribution remained unchanged over several days. Both the cationic species were incorporated, and, with one exception, the divalent/trivalent component ratio was higher in the intravesicular product than that in the original solution. In contrast, when the same reactant solutions were brought together for free precipitation, two distinct phases and particle morphologies resulted—each corresponding to the expected single cation hydroxide, and both radically different from the intravesicular product. Thus coprecipitation inside vesicles opens up the possibility of combining two normally “incompatible” components into one particle with the maximum scale of heterogeneity equal to the vesicle inner diameter—a low-temperature homogenization technique. It was possible to precipitate barium hydroxide in the intravesicular space when the initial solution had a barium ion concentration below its solubility, while a free reaction at the same concentration did not yield any precipitate. The ability to overcome traditional solubility limitations can be exploited for the production of unique phases. Except in a few cases, it was difficult to match electron diffraction patterns for the intravesicular product with those of known compounds, further confirming the possibility of making novel phases by this technique. By increasing the outflux of the chloride ions and hence enhancing the influx of the hydroxyl ions, it was possible to nucleate more than one particle in each vesicle—a potentially useful feature for forming polycrystalline or amorphous nanocomposites.