cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Late-time radiography at the National Ignition Facility using the Crystal Backlighter Imager (CBI) (Conference Presentation)

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) uses the world’s largest and most energetic laser system to explore High-Energy-Density (HED) physics. Historically, experiments at the NIF could not radiograph an Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) experiment at late times due to self-emission from the capsule. The Crystal Backlighter Imager diagnostic (CBI) fielded on NIF in 2017 and has allowed radiography of ICF capsules at late times. This capability is due to the very narrow bandwidth of the imaging system, which eliminates much of the self-emission. X-rays from a backlighter source (driven by NIF beams) pass through the experiment, and the CBI uses a spherically curved crystal to reflect these x-rays at near-normal incidence (Bragg angle close to 90°) onto the detector, resulting in a very narrow bandwidth microscope. The geometry of a near-normal-incidence microscope is challenging to implement at the NIF, since the crystal must be positioned and aligned to high precision on the opposite side of the target relative to the detector. The in-chamber alignment procedure cannot take significantly longer than a simple pinhole imager, since demand for NIF shots is high and a given experiment is allotted a strict time limit. Avoiding any collision between diagnostic hardware and the target is paramount and any instrument that is placed in close proximity to a target must be able to withstand the debris produced by a 2.0 MJ NIF shot. CBI overcomes these challenges by mounting the detector and crystal on a single diagnostic instrument manipulator (DIM). The crystal is mounted on an arm that passes around the target, positioning the crystal on the opposite side of the target to the detector. This allows much of the crystal alignment to be done before the instrument is inserted into the NIF chamber, saving time. The arm that supports the crystal is mechanized so that, during insertion of the CBI, the risk of collision with the target is minimized. The CBI is designed as a robust platform that is capable of maintaining alignment tolerances of <200 microns relative to the target, as well as survive the harsh loading on the mechanical components during a NIF 2.0 MJ energy experiment. This paper discusses the engineering challenges of the CBI system.
Ultrabroadband lattice filters for integrated photonic spectroscopy and sensing

We report the design, fabrication, and measurement of waveguide lattice filters for use in integrated Raman- or fluorescence-based spectroscopy and sensing systems. The filters consist of a series of broadband directional couplers and optical delay sections that create an n-stage unbalanced Mach–Zehnder interferometer specifically designed to segregate pump light and redshifted signal light in the two output ports. We first report the design criteria for optimal filter performance. Then, we use these criteria with numerical beam propagation methods to design specific broadband couplers. The filters were fabricated by a photonic integrated circuit foundry and measured using white-light spectroscopy. We report both four-stage and eight-stage filters, with the eight-stage filter demonstrating a 190-nm-wide signal passband (1100 cm − 1) on the “through” port with <1.5 dB of ripple and a 17-nm-wide, 20-dB extinction band at the filter resonance.
Attitudes towards Donor Breast Milk in an Inner City Population

Objective. The purpose of our study was to identify attitudes towards donor breast milk in our population and identify barriers to its acceptance. Methods. The study sample was comprised of a convenience sample of 174 postpartum women. A questionnaire consisting of demographic information and 12 questions relating to attitudes and understanding of donor breast milk was administered. Results. Among the mothers surveyed, 34% were aware of the use of donor breast milk and donor milk banks. 62% of mothers preferred the use of formula compared to donor breast milk if they were unable to provide their own breast milk. Educational level did play a role with 64% of mothers with education beyond high school believing that donor breast milk was beneficial for newborns as opposed to 46% with a high school education or less (p=0.02). US born mothers were more likely to have heard about donor breast milk (47% versus 29%, p=0.025) than foreign born mothers although they were less likely to believe it was a better option for feeding than formula (22.7% versus 43%, p=.016). Mothers with infants in the NICU were more likely than mothers of well babies to accept milk from a milk bank rather than a relative or friend (81% versus 39%, p≤0.001). Conclusion. Although the beneficial effects of donor breast milk are well established in the scientific community, there remains a lack of awareness and a major discrepancy in the understanding and acceptance of it within our community. Education on the benefits of mother's own milk as well as donor breast milk and milk banks is an important public health initiative needed to increase acceptance of human milk as the optimal form of nutrition in infants.
Interaction of a Blast Wave with a Material Interface

Hydrodynamic instabilities are important drivers of mixing in many engineering applications and physical phenomena. Blast waves, e.g., originating from explosions in these systems, interact with interfaces between materials of different densities. This interaction deposits baroclinic vorticity along the interface, leading to characteristic rollups and late-time mixing of the materials. As opposed to instabilities driven by a shock wave (Richtmyer-Meshkov) or constant acceleration (Rayleigh-Taylor), the blast wave exhibits a complex acceleration history due to the combination of the leading shock and the following rarefaction. In addition to the induced interface acceleration, the shock and rarefaction compress and decompress the material, further modifying the perturbation growth. Finally, after the blast-wave interaction with the interface, residual circulation at the interface continues to drive the perturbation growth.
Seizure self-prediction in a randomized controlled trial of stress management

Objective Using electronic diaries as part of a randomized controlled trial of stress reduction for epilepsy, we evaluated factors associated with successful seizure self-prediction. Methods Adults with medication-resistant focal epilepsy were recruited from 3 centers and randomized to treatment with progressive muscle relaxation or control focused attention. An 8-week baseline was followed by 12 weeks of double-blind treatment. Twice daily, participants rated the likelihood of a seizure in the next 24 hours on a 5-point scale from very unlikely to almost certain, along with mood, premonitory symptoms, stress ratings, and seizure counts. We analyzed the association of mood, premonitory symptoms, stress, and circadian influences on seizure self-prediction. Results Sixty-four participants completed the trial (3,126 seizures). Diary entry adherence was >82%. Participant self-prediction was associated with seizure occurrence at 6, 12, and 24 hours (p Conclusion In this prospective study, participants’ prediction of a high probability of seizure was significantly associated with subsequent seizure occurrence within 24 hours. Future studies should focus on understanding factors that drive self-prediction. Clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT01444183.
The Mindful Manager: Validation of a Rounding Leadership Instrument for Residents

In the context of inpatient general medicine, “rounding” refers to the process of seeing, assessing, and caring for patients as a team. The clinical leadership skills required of residents to lead rounds are essential to inpatient care and clinical education. Assessment of these skills has relevance to developing competent physicians; however, there is an absence of widely accepted tools to specifically measure this competency. To develop and collect validity evidence for a direct observation instrument of internal medicine residents’ leadership skills during daily inpatient care rounds for future formative assessment. Prospective observational study. PGY2 and PGY3 internal medicine residents. The authors collected inferences of validity evidence according to Kane’s validity model. They performed direct observations of PGY2 and PGY3 residents by individual faculty and trained raters and measured inter-rater reliability, using the kappa statistic. Mixed linear regression models were used to compare PGY2 and PGY3 residents. Surveys captured faculty perceptions about value of the instrument. A total of 223 observations were performed in 92 unique individuals. Twenty-four faculty used the observation instrument, of which 18 (75%) completed the post-survey, and 100% agreed that the instrument represented the resident’s global leadership abilities. Inter-rater reliability was strong, with an overall kappa statistic equaling 0.82. The mean performance for PGY2 and PGY3 residents was 15.9 (SD 5.1) and 17.7 (SD 4.1), respectively. Adjusting for repeated measures, there was no statistically significant difference between groups. The authors reported evidence for all four stages of validity and use of the instrument in clinical practice. Their work provides a codification of best practices of rounding leadership, which directly impacts the education of trainees, care of hospitalized patients, and use for formative assessment. The instrument also has the potential to be used for summative assessment.
Effects of a 12-week yoga versus a 12-week educational film intervention on symptoms of restless legs syndrome and related outcomes: an exploratory randomized controlled trial.

Study Objectives:To assess the effects of a yoga versus educational film (EF) program on restless legs syndrome (RLS) symptoms and related outcomes in adults with RLS.Methods:Forty-one community-dw...
The Impact of the SEERs Project on HIV Testing in Kenya

Compared to other key populations, adolescents living in sub-Saharan Africa experience a high HIV disease burden. To address this, organizations have implemented a variety of youth-oriented HIV prevention strategies, including the HIV SEERs Project. SEERs is an innovative, community-based program designed with and for youth in Kenya to reduce HIV stigma (a known barrier to HIV testing), and increase treatment and retention in care. While preliminary research has demonstrated SEERs efficacy for increasing HIV knowledge and decreasing stigma, information about its efficacy as a means to increase HIV testing has been limited to assessing behavioral intentions. To address this limitation, SEERs facilitators partnered with 20 local HIV agencies in 2018 to offer on-site HIV testing during SEERs programming. The purpose of this article is to examine the impact, as well as the benefits and challenges of SEERs programming on HIV testing and linkage to care. SEERs facilitators collected and reported the following data monthly over the course of the year: number of locations for SEERs programming, number and age range of SEERs attendees, number of attendees who screened for HIV and, among those, the number who tested positive and were linked to care. Facilitators also provided written descriptions of the benefits and challenges of implementing the SEERs programming. We analyzed HIV testing data using descriptive statistics and used qualitative data to describe facilitators' perceptions of the benefits and challenges of implementing the SEERs program. We discuss the contributions of these findings to the existing literature and explore future directions.
44 GHZ CLASS I METHANOL (CH3OH) MASER SURVEY IN THE GALACTIC CENTER

We report on a large 44 GHz (70–61 A +) methanol (CH3OH) maser survey of the Galactic Center. The Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array was used to search for CH3OH maser emission covering a large fraction of the region around Sgr A. In 25 pointings, over 300 CH3OH maser sources (>10σ) were detected. The majority of the maser sources have a single peak emission spectrum with line of sight velocities that range from about −13 to 72 km s−1. Most maser sources were found to have velocities around 35−55 km s−1, closely following velocities of neighboring interacting molecular clouds (MCs). The full width at half-maximum of each individual spectral feature is very narrow (~0.85 km s−1 on average). In the north, where Sgr A East is known to be interacting with the 50 km s−1 MC, more than 100 44 GHz CH3OH masers were detected. In addition, three other distinct concentrations of masers were found, which appear to be located closer to the interior of the interacting MCs. It is possible that a subset of masers is associated with star formation, although conclusive evidence is lacking.
Contemporary Incidence and Predictors of Occult Inguinal Lymph Node Metastases in Men With Clinically Node-negative (cN0) Penile Cancer.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To (1) examine the contemporary incidence of occult inguinal LN metastases and (2) identify predictors of occult inguinal LN metastases to improve selection of cN0 patients for inguinal lymphadenectomy (ILND). METHODS We identified 590 men with cTany cN0 cM0 penile cancer who underwent partial/radical penectomy and ILND from 2006-2016 in the NCDB. Rates of pN+ disease were examined, and a multivariable regression model was constructed to identify features associated with pN+ disease. RESULTS Tumors were ≤pT1 in 21%, pT2 in 43%, and pT3/pT4 in 24% of patients. A median of 15 (IQR 8-22) LNs were removed at ILND. The overall pN+ rate was 24% and did not vary over the study period. The pN+ rate, stratified by pT stage, varied from 18-33%. On multivariable analysis, only higher tumor grade (OR 2.16; P = 0.02 for grade 2; OR 2.81; P = 0.005 for grade 3-4, versus grade 1) and lymphovascular invasion (OR 3.12; P CONCLUSION The contemporary rate of occult LN metastases in men with cN0 penile cancer remains high at approximately 24%. Our results suggest that high tumor grade and/or lymphovascular invasion are better determinants of lymph node involvement than primary tumor stage.
An Invitation to Combinatorics

Active student engagement is key to this classroom-tested combinatorics text, boasting 1200+ carefully designed problems, ten mini-projects, section warm-up problems, and chapter opening problems. The author – an award-winning teacher – writes in a conversational style, keeping the reader in mind on every page. Students will stay motivated through glimpses into current research trends and open problems as well as the history and global origins of the subject. All essential topics are covered, including Ramsey theory, enumerative combinatorics including Stirling numbers, partitions of integers, the inclusion-exclusion principle, generating functions, introductory graph theory, and partially ordered sets. Some significant results are presented as sets of guided problems, leading readers to discover them on their own. More than 140 problems have complete solutions and over 250 have hints in the back, making this book ideal for self-study. Ideal for a one semester upper undergraduate course, prerequisites include the calculus sequence and familiarity with proofs.
Late-Life Vascular Risk Score in Association With Postmortem Cerebrovascular Disease Brain Pathologies.

Background and Purpose: The general cardiovascular Framingham risk score (FRS) identifies adults at increased risk for stroke. We tested the hypothesis that baseline FRS is associated with the pres...
The Survey in Brief

The Survey of Physiological Science presents a composite picture of a scientific profession. ‘What is physiology?’ and ‘Who are physiologists?’ are two recurring questions. In spirit, physiology is not a science or a profession but a point of view; yet it is also institutionalized as both, so answers must be given. Briefly, and in an elementary way, here are some provided by the Survey.
Clinical Features of Legionnaires’ Disease: A Selective Review

Legionnaires’ disease was thought to be an atypical and easily recognized form of pneumonia for several years after the 1976 Philadelphia epidemic. Astute clinicians began to question the characterization of the illness as clinically unique, and in a seminal prospective study of community-acquired and nosocomial pneumonia, researchers showed that Legionnaire's disease could not be distinguished on presentation from non-Legionnaires’ disease cases of pneumonia. This study was followed by several others showing that neither community-acquired nor nosocomial Legionnaire's disease could be accurately distinguished on presentation from other common pneumonias on clinical, laboratory, and roentgenographic grounds. Each study found one or two differences between Legionnaire's disease and other pneumonias, often differing from one study to another. Another recent approach that has been taken to detect Legionnaires’ disease is the analysis of blood acute phase reactant levels. Researchers measured blood procalcitonin and neopterin levels in pneumonia patients with and without Legionnaires’ disease, which showed that patients with pneumococcal pneumonia had higher levels of procalcitonin and lower levels of neopterin than did Legionnaires’ disease patients and that procalcitonin levels increased with greater disease severity regardless of diagnosis. Several types of probably noninfectious extrapulmonary disease have also been recognized since the 1976 Legionnaires’ disease epidemic.
Foodways and Folklore: A Handbook

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Jacqueline S. Thursby Year: 2008 Pages: 220 Publisher: Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN: 978-0-313-34173-1 (hard cover). Prices: $55.00 USD(hard cover).
An Empirical Investigation of Federal Wetlands Regulation and FloodDelineation: Implications for Residential Property Owners

Since the early 1970s, the federal government has undertaken extensive efforts to stem the loss of wetlands by regulating the use of land. This paper investigates the extent to which residential property owners are affected by federal wetlands regulation, by presenting an empirical investigation of such economic consequences. Results suggest that because of the Supreme Court's holding in United States v. Riverside Bayview Homes, Inc., sale prices of properties located in a wetlands area were discounted nearly 8%, even after controlling for some sample properties being flood delineated.
Inhibition of Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid Maturation in Novikoff Hepatoma Cells by 5-Fluorouracil and 5-Fluorouridine

Abstract 5-Fluorouracil, at 10-4 m concentrations, inhibited ribosomal RNA maturation only slightly in Novikoff hepatoma cells growing in suspension culture. On a molar basis, 5-fluorouridine was a much more potent inhibitor of the maturation process. The difference between the effectiveness of 5-fluorouracil and 5-fluorouridine is probably a result of the greater transport and incorporation of the latter into RNA. The nucleoside analogue strongly inhibited the production of mature 18 S and 28 S ribosomal RNA, while apparently only slightly inhibiting the formation of the initial 45 S ribosomal precursor RNA or the 38 S ribosomal RNA intermediate. Inhibition of 32 S ribosomal precursor RNA production was greater than that of the larger precursor molecules, but less than that of the mature ribosomal RNA molecules. 5-Fluorouridine did not affect the methylation of 45 S ribosomal precursor RNA, indicating that the analogue exerts its inhibitory effect on some other aspect of the ribosomal RNA maturation process.
The generation of tire cornering forces in aircraft with a free-swiveling nose gear

An experimental investigation was conducted to study the effect of various parameters on the cornering forces produced by a rolling aircraft tire installed on a tilted, free-swiveling nose gear. The parameters studied included tilt angle, trial, tire inflation pressure, rake angle, vertical load, and whether or not a twin tire configuration corotates. These parameters were evaluated by measuring the cornering force produced by an aircraft tire installed on the nose gear of a modified vehicle as it was towed slowly. Cornering force coefficient increased with increasing tilt angle. Increasing trial or rake angle decreased the magnitude of the cornering force coefficient. Tire inflation pressure had no effect on the cornering force coefficient. Increasing vertical load decreased the cornering force coefficient. When the tires of a twin tire system rotated independently, the cornering force coefficients were the same as those for the single-tire configuration. When the twin tire system was made to corotate, however, the cornering force coefficients increased significantly.
Determination of Orotic and Dihydroorotic Acids in Biological Fluids and Tissues

In commonly used procedures for colorimetric assay of orotic acid in biological materials, certain substances interfere, positively or negatively. Some that interfere negatively are ornithine, cysteine, citrulline, tyrosine, proline, hydroxyproline, and polyamines. Protein and interfering agents are easily removed by first isolating the total organic acid fraction. The orotic acid in this fraction can then be determined by an established colorimetric procedure. A rapid liquid—liquid column-chromatographic procedure is described, if analysis of both dihydroorotic and orotic acid is required.
THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SOME REFRACTORIES1

The problem of measuring the thermal conductivity of materials up to high temperatures has been studied, especially in regard to the sources of error. This investigation has shown that many of the previous determinations of thermal conductivity may have had little precision due to a lack of appreciation of the errors involved. The values of thermal conductivity for a number of refractories are given, as obtained by a new type of apparatus designed to eliminate to a considerable extent the errors of measurement. However, it is believed that these values may have an error as high as ± 25 % for the better heat conductors; so there is still much work to be done in developing a method for measuring thermal conductivity with the precision usual in other physical measurements.
Implementation of a PASCAL compiler for the IBM 360

The implementation of a compiler for a subject of PASCAL on the IBM 360 is reported. Some difficulties encountered using PL/I for the bootstrap are discussed.
Physical exercise and conferences

Conference planners often overlook the physical needs of conferees. They pay attention to the social and the learning needs of adults and then wonder why conferees appear groggy and lethargic by mid-afternoon. This article discusses a pilot study in which 82 conferees participated in an experiment to examine the effects of an exercise break during a conference. The results from the study shed light on the kinds of exercises that might be conducive to conference settings. Conferees who participated in the exercise expressed feelings of rejuvenation and exhilaration. They also preferred mild, short exercise breaks rather than prolonged activities.
A stochastic cluster model for hourly precipitation data

Abstract The objective of this research was to develop a stochastic model of hourly precipitation that preserves the pattern of occurrence of precipitation events throughout the year as well as several characteristics of the duration, amount, and intensity of precipitation within events. In the developed model, the pattern of occurrence of precipitation events is described by a Poisson cluster process. The duration of events and the time between events within clusters are described with identical Logarithmic Negative Mixture distributions. The hourly precipitation amounts within events are described with a nonstationary, first-order autoregression model. The results of Monte Carlo simulations for Salem and Pendleton, Oregon (stations from very different climatic regimes) showed that the model accurately reproduces the seasonal pattern of event occurrence and the marginal and conditional distributions of the magnitude, duration, and intensity of precipitation during events. Autocorrelation functions for the historical and simulated data were also similar.
Relationship of somatomedin-C concentrations to pubertal changes.

The plasma somatomedin-C concentration increases above adult values during the teenage years. We studied the relationship of pubertal variables and the adolescent growth spurt to the changes in plasma total Sm-C concentration in normal volunteers and in boys with delayed puberty. The rise in plasma Sm-C concentrations was gradual and correlated positively with pubertal variables rather than with age. By midpuberty, plasma Sm-C had usually risen twofold. The Sm-C level in midpubertal girls (3.1±1.1, SD, U/ml) was greater than that in midpubertal boys (1.9±0.50, P
Modeling of Workpiece Location Error Due to Fixture Geometric Error and Fixture-Workpiece Compliance

Several fixture-related error sources contribute to workpiece location error in a machining system. Inaccurate part placement in the fixture relative to the cutting tool, for example, can negatively affect the quality of the part. In this paper the following major sources of error are considered: fixture geometric error and elastic deformation of the fixture and workpiece due to fixturing forces. The workpiece location error is predicted by modeling the process of part loading (given fixture geometric variations) and clamping (given deformations at the contact points) in a machining fixture. Linear elastic models for the fixture elements, contact mechanics models for the contact regions, and flexibility influence coefficients to capture the bulk elasticity of the workpiece have been used to model the compliance of the entire fixture-workpiece system. The deformations at the contact points are obtained by solving a constrained optimization model. The effect of geometric errors and compliance on workpiece location error is examined using part response points as a measure of quality. Experimental validation is also provided for several fixture-workpiece variable levels using a 3-2-1 machining fixture.
The envisioning cards: a toolkit for catalyzing humanistic and technical imaginations

We introduce the Envisioning Cards - a versatile toolkit for attending to human values during design processes - and discuss their early use. Drawing on almost twenty years of work in value sensitive design, the Envisioning Cards are built upon a set of four envisioning criteria: stakeholders, time, values, and pervasiveness. Each card contains on one side a title and an evocative image related to the card theme; on the flip side, the card shows the envisioning criterion, elaborates on the theme, and provides a focused design activity. Reports from the field demonstrate use in a range of research and design activities including ideation, co-design, heuristic critique, and more.
Switched reluctance generator controls for optimal power generation with current regulation

The paper presents a novel method of controlling switched reluctance generators (SRGs) for maximum efficiency with active current regulation. The effect of varying the input control parameters on the efficiency of the SRG is first analyzed through exhaustive data collection through simulation and experiments. The analysis of the collected data showed that the input control parameters that minimize the dc-link current ripple simultaneously also maximize the generating efficiency. A novel control strategy based on the analysis is then developed to maximize the efficiency indirectly through the control parameters that minimize the dc-link current ripple in real time while delivering the commanded generation power. The controller algorithm has been implemented with a 1kW experimental three-phase SRG drive system charging a NiMH battery pack.
The Architecture of the γδ Resolvase Crossover Site Synaptic Complex Revealed by Using Constrained DNA Substrates

Activated mutants of the serine recombinase, gammadelta resolvase, form a simplified recombinogenic synaptic complex containing a tetramer of resolvase and two crossover sites. We have probed the architecture of this complex by measuring the efficiency of recombination of a series of constrained DNA substrates (with phased recombination sites separated by an IHF-induced U-turn); this serves as a direct report on the topology of a productive synapse. Our data show that in the active complex, the catalytic domains from two resolvase dimers form a central core, while the DNA binding domains and the DNA lie on the outside. In addition, the crossover sites cross one another to form a local positive node. The implications of our data for the mechanism of strand exchange and the process of resolvase activation are discussed.
Combining cooperative relaying with spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks

In a network with dynamic spectrum access, secondary users equipped with frequency-agile cognitive radios communicate with one another via spectrum that is not being used by the primary, licensed users of the spectrum. We consider a scenario in which a secondary transmitter can communicate with a secondary receiver via a direct communication link or a relay channel, depending on the state of a primary transmitter. We develop a cooperative communications strategy that exploits the presence of spectrum holes both in time and in space by combining cooperative relaying with joint spatial-temporal spectrum sensing. A strategy based on pure temporal sensing alone uses the direct link when the primary transmitter is off, whereas a scheme based on spatial sensing alone uses the relay channel. Our numerical results show that the proposed scheme significantly reduces the average symbol error probability compared to schemes based on pure temporal or spatial sensing.
Radiology resident interpretations of on-call imaging studies: the incidence of major discrepancies.

Rationale and Objectives To determine the incidence of radiology resident preliminary interpretation errors for plain film, body computed tomography, and neuroradiology (neuro)computed tomographic examinations read on call. Materials and Methods We retrospectively reviewed the data in a prospectively acquired resident quality assurance (QA) database dating between January 2000 and March 2007. The database comprises all imaging studies initially interpreted by an on-call resident and later reviewed by a board-certified attending radiologist who determined the level of discrepancy between the two interpretations according to a graded scale from 0 (no discrepancy) to 3 (major discrepancy). We reviewed the data with respect to resident training level, imaging modality, and variance level. Statistical analysis was performed with χ 2 test, α = 0.05. We compared our results with other published series studying resident and attending accuracy. Results A total of 141,381 cases were entered into the database during the review period. Of all examinations, 95.7% had zero variance, 3.3% minor variance, and 1.0% major variance. There was a slight, statistically significant increase in overall accuracy with increased resident year from 95.4% of examinations read by first-year residents (R1s) to 96.1% by fourth-year resident (R4s) ( P Conclusions The majority of preliminary resident interpretations are highly accurate. The incidence of major discrepancies is extremely low and similar, even with R1s, to that of attending radiologists published in other studies. A slight, statistically significant decrease in the error rate is detectable as residents gain experience throughout the 4 years of residency.
Increased Nitric Oxide Bioavailability in Endothelial Cells Contributes to the Pleiotropic Effect of Cerivastatin

Background— Although statins preserve endothelial function by reducing serum cholesterol levels, it has been suggested they may also stimulate nitric oxide (NO) synthase in endothelium with concurrent increase in superoxide (O2−) generation, leading to impairment of NO activity. Therefore, measurements of biologically active NO and O2− in endothelium after exposure to the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor cerivastatin were undertaken to evaluate its potential effect on NO biological activity. Methods and Results— Highly sensitive electrochemical NO and O2− microsensors were placed near the surface of a single human umbilical vein endothelial cell, and the kinetics of NO and O2− release were recorded in vitro. Cerivastatin demonstrated a time-dependent effect on NO release in endothelial cells. The initial release (approximately the first 3 minutes) was concentration-dependent (0.01 to 10 μmol/L) and was similar to that observed for typical NO synthase agonists calcium ionophore or acetylcholine. Cerivastatin st...
Accelerated environmental testing of composites

Abstract The strengths and absorbed moisture obtained from eight different accelerated environmental test methods are presented and compared with static, ambient fatigue and environmentally exposed real time data. The test parameters included 0.52% and 1.17% moisture targets, the presence and absence of 127°C thermal spikes, moisture preconditioning and concurrent conditioning, six life times of spectrum loading and four types of graphite/epoxy specimens. Compression strength is reduced by increased moisture and elevated temperature, but is not significantly affected by moisture conditioning method or spectrum loading. Accelerated environmental testing, subject to the limitations of test variable severities, can determine the effects of real time environmental testing. If temperatures above glass transition temperatures cannot be avoided, their potentially detrimental effect must be accounted for in accelerated simulations.
Scholarly big data: information extraction and data mining

Collections of scholarly documents are usually not thought of as big data. However, large collections of scholarly documents often have many millions of publications, authors, citations, equations, figures, etc., and large scale related data and structures such as social networks, slides, data sets, etc. We discuss scholarly big data challenges, insights, methodologies and applications. We illustrate scholarly big data issues with examples of specialized search engines and recommendation systems that use information extraction and data mining in various areas such as computer science, chemistry, archaeology, acknowledgements, reference recommendation, collaboration recommendation, and others.
Expression of b 4 and b 5 chi light chain allotypes by B and pre-B cells in allotype-suppressed and neutralized b4b5 rabbits.

In previous studies, we described a primitive lymphoid cell found in fetal liver and in the bone marrow of older rabbits which contained cytoplasmic IgM but lacked surface IgM detectable by immunofluorescence. In heterozygous b4b5 rabbits, the pre-B cells in which we could detect these kappa chain allotypes appeared to exhibit allelic exclusion. In the present study, we investigated the effects of allotype suppression and its neutralization on the expression of the b4 and b5 allotypes by B and pre-B cells from the spleens and bone marrow of b4b5 rabbits. We found that in young allotype suppressed rabbits, pre-B cells of the suppressed allotype persist in bone marrow when B cells of the suppressed allotype are absent or severely depleted. The persistence of pre-B cells of the suppressed type supports the view that pre-B cells differ in their responsiveness to external influences such as anti-Ig compared to B lymphocytes. Injection of serum with b5 immunoglobulin into b4b5 animals suppressed 14-23 days previously for b5 was followed by the appearance of increased proportions of b 5 B cells in spleen within 24 h. Surviving pre-B cells are a likely source of these rapidly appearing B cells as well as of the B cells bearing surface immunoglobulin of the suppressed allotype which appear during the recovery phase of allotype suppression.
Wells and well-being: neoliberalism and holistic sustainability in the shale energy debate

Based on semi-structured interviews with 31 Ohioans, this article argues that individuals who are concerned about shale energy development draw from a discursive framework that diverges dramatically from the position promoted by industrial proponents. While the oil and gas industry and its supporters largely embrace a neoliberal outlook that most closely correlates well-being with economic growth, citizens troubled by such development are guided by a more holistic perspective that links well-being to numerous interrelated non-economic elements including human health, community continuity, political empowerment, and environmental sustainability. This work contributes to an emerging understanding of how environmental change and socionatural well-being converge in the novel context of shale energy development and aims to give voice to those who cope with the direct consequences of twenty-first-century fossil fuel extraction. Approaching discourse – defined here as shared communication patterns that simultane...
Digital filtering and signal processing

The design, realization, and some of the many uses of digital filters are reviewed. Computer programs coded in FORTRAN are presented for the design of lumped parameter digital and analog filter systems which are simulated on a digital computer. Explanations of the programs are accompanied by examples of their use. There is a discussion of problems arising from errors of roundoff and approximation.
Integration of local–global upscaling and grid adaptivity for simulation of subsurface flow in heterogeneous formations

We propose a methodology, called multilevel local–global (MLLG) upscaling, for generating accurate upscaled models of permeabilities or transmissibilities for flow simulation on adapted grids in heterogeneous subsurface formations. The method generates an initial adapted grid based on the given fine-scale reservoir heterogeneity and potential flow paths. It then applies local–global (LG) upscaling for permeability or transmissibility [7], along with adaptivity, in an iterative manner. In each iteration of MLLG, the grid can be adapted where needed to reduce flow solver and upscaling errors. The adaptivity is controlled with a flow-based indicator. The iterative process is continued until consistency between the global solve on the adapted grid and the local solves is obtained. While each application of LG upscaling is also an iterative process, this inner iteration generally takes only one or two iterations to converge. Furthermore, the number of outer iterations is bounded above, and hence, the computational costs of this approach are low. We design a new flow-based weighting of transmissibility values in LG upscaling that significantly improves the accuracy of LG and MLLG over traditional local transmissibility calculations. For highly heterogeneous (e.g., channelized) systems, the integration of grid adaptivity and LG upscaling is shown to consistently provide more accurate coarse-scale models for global flow, relative to reference fine-scale results, than do existing upscaling techniques applied to uniform grids of similar densities. Another attractive property of the integration of upscaling and adaptivity is that process dependency is strongly reduced, that is, the approach computes accurate global flow results also for flows driven by boundary conditions different from the generic boundary conditions used to compute the upscaled parameters. The method is demonstrated on Cartesian cell-based anisotropic refinement (CCAR) grids, but it can be applied to other adaptation strategies for structured grids and extended to unstructured grids.
Bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) treatment of melanoma cells decreases cellular proteolytic activity.

Summary Neutral and acidic protease levels of B16 mouse melanoma cells were studied before and after cells were treated with bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) levels sufficient to suppress tumorigenicity and differentiation. Treatment of cells with BUdR for up to 2 weeks produced a 33% decrease in pH 3.4 protease activity and an 80% decrease in pH 7.4 protease activity. Changes in protease levels were also found to be proportional to the BUdR dose after two generations of treatment. Previous results show that high neutral and acidic protease levels seem to be associated with increased tumorigenicity in variant cell lines selected in vivo for increased implantation. The present study documents that proteolytic activity decreases proportionally in the same cells treated with BUdR to lower tumorigenicity and differentiation.
Supply-side innovation and technology commercialization

The majority of research and practice tends to conceptualize innovation as a vertically coupled, intra-organizational process. We expand this perspective by conceptualizing innovation as a vertically decoupled, inter-organizational process and by studying the role of research universities as suppliers of discoveries to this market for innovation. We combined logic from agency and real options theories to explain why the outcomes of technology commercialization are a function of licensing strategies, the autonomy of technology licensing offices (TLOs), and the incentives bestowed on scientists, research departments, and TLO officers. We rely on data from licensing surveys, interviews with 128 TLO directors, and - for convergent validity - from web-based searches of the TLOs of American universities and the US Patent and Trademark Office. Results suggest that commercialization outcomes (in this case, revenue and start-up creation) are enhanced when TLOs employ diverse licensing strategies, TLOs enjoy greater autonomy, universities share revenues with scientists' departments, and universities compensate TLOs officers well. Results also show that late entrants - typically underperforming universities - inflate royalty shares to scientists as a means to rectify their commercialization record. We conclude with a discussion of this study's contribution to the literature on innovation and technology commercialization.
A further note on freeman's measure of association

This note extends and elaborates Hubert's attempt to provide an interpretation of Freeman's measure of association,ϑ. Theϑ measure is used in a a contingency table when observations are ordered on one variable and unordered on the other. No attempt is made explore the distribution ofϑ.
Mate fidelity in ChiffchaffPhylloscopus collybita

Two cases of year-to-year mate fidelity in Chiffchaff occurred in the subpopulation of 6 males and their females in a region of South Bohemia. The first nesting of both females failed in the first season. One of them was secondary female in the first season. Both pairs renested in a new territory in the second season. The nesting of both of them was successful in this season. This is probably the first record of remating between seasons in this species.
Dinitramide ion: Robust molecular charge topology accompanies an enhanced dipole moment in its ammonium salt

The electron density, p(r), of crystalline ammonium dinitramide (ADN) was determined from low-temperature X-ray diffraction data and electronic structure calculations. Single molecule wave functions were also computed forcomparison. Bader's atoms in molecules (AIM) method was used to partition p(r). The same number and kinds of critical points in p(r) for the dinitramide ion are found in ADN as were found in previous studies of other salts with different amounts of nitro group twist. An atomic interaction line (AIL) is always observed between the two "inner" oxygens. Topological characterization of the negative Laplacian of the charge distribution (-* 2 ρ(r)) was also performed to locate (3,-3) critical points in the valence-shell charge concentration (VSCC) region. Such points may be associated with the presence and location of lone pairs of electrons as predicted by the Lewis and VSEPR models. As with p(r), the same number of (3,-3) critical points are found in the Laplacian, -* 2 ρ(r), with experimental, single-molecule B3LYP, and crystal B3LYP models, however, comparison of experimental and theoretical results show some differences in the location of these points. These differences are shown to arise mostly from limited flexibility in the multipole model used to fit p(r) to the experimental data. Nonetheless, both B3LYP modeling and experiment agree that there is a single (3,-3) critical point in the VSCC associated with a lone pair of electrons on the central nitrogen. The hybridization of the central nitrogen of the dinitramide ion is, therefore, sp 2 -like, as observed in the two biguanidinium salts, [((NH 2 ) 2 C) 2 N][N 3 O 4 ] and [((NH 2 ) 2 C) 2 NH][N 3 O 4 ] 2 . Despite this robust topology, the dipole moment obtained from both experiment and crystal modeling is larger than that computed for a single dinitramide ion. Significant differences in the direction of the dipole from theory and experiment are found, as are differences in the atomic charges. These are also attributed to the limited flexibility of the multipole model. Electron densities obtained from crystal wave functions demonstrate that strong hydrogen bonding polarizes the dinitramide ion, increasing the negative charge on the most strongly hydrogen bonded oxygen atom. Decomposition of the theoretical molecular dipole moment into atomic charge and atomic dipole contributions reveals that the atomic dipoles are nearly equal in both the crystal and single molecular ion. Changes in the atomic charge contribution to the molecular dipole moment principally account for the induced dipole.
Characteristics of Convective Processes and Vertical Vorticity from the Tropical Wave to Tropical Cyclone Stage in a High-Resolution Numerical Model Simulation of Tropical Cyclone Fay (2008)

AbstractThe statistics of convective processes and vertical vorticity from the tropical wave to tropical cyclone stage are examined in a high-resolution simulation of Tropical Cyclone Fay (2008). The intensity of vertical velocity follows approximately the truncated lognormal distribution in the model simulation, which is consistent with previous observational studies. The upward motion at the pregenesis stage is weaker compared to mature hurricanes or midlatitude thunderstorms. The relatively strong upward velocities occupying a small areal fraction make a substantial contribution to the upward mass and moisture fluxes and condensation.It is also found that upward motion and downward motion both intensify with time, but the former is stronger than the latter, and the mean vertical motion and the mean vertical mass flux thus increase with time. By contrast, the maximum anticyclonic vorticity is comparable to the maximum cyclonic vorticity in magnitude. Both cyclonic vorticity and anticyclonic vorticity in...