cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Testing for Regulatory Penalties: Insuring the Health of Federalism in the Age of Obamacare

In National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (“NFIB”), the Supreme Court held that the “individual mandate” to obtain health insurance imposed under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (“ACA”) was not within Congress’s power to regulate interstate commerce. At the same time, in a decision that surprised most observers and still confounds many, the Court upheld the “shared responsibility payment” required of those who do not obtain the requisite insurance as a constitutionally valid tax. In reaching that decision, the Court necessarily found that the shared responsibility payment is not a penalty upon those who do not obtain insurance. Professor Hodaszy argues that, while the Court was correct to view the shared responsibility payment as a tax, there is nevertheless cause for concern that NFIB may embolden Congress to pass future exactions that, while disguised as taxes, are really penalties to enforce rules of conduct that Congress would not have the constitutional power to impose directly. Permitting Congress to overstep the limits of its enumerated powers in such a manner would lead to an erosion of important political benefits that the federalist structure of American government provides. To thwart any such attempted congressional overreach, there needs to be a clear and dispositive test for determining whether an exaction styled as a federal “tax” is instead an unconstitutional penalty on conduct that Congress has no authority to regulate. In this article, Professor Hodaszy proposes just such a test.
Angiotensin II signalling kicks out p27Kip1: casein kinase 2 augmentation of Cav1.2 L‐type Ca2+ channel activity in immature ventricular cardiomyocytes

Abstract Ca2+ influx via the L-type Ca2+ channel Cav1.2 triggers our heartbeat. Perinatally and particularly at birth, angiotensin II is produced to augment necessary physiological changes in blood flow such as pulmonary perfusion. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Higher doses of inhaled steroid are associated with bacterial bronchitis in children with severe therapy resistant asthma (STRA)

Background Bacterial airway infection is increasingly being considered important in acute asthma [Bisgaard H et al. BMJ 2010; 341: c4978]. We hypothesised that it may also contribute to control in STRA. Methods Retrospective review of children with STRA undergoing elective bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). All children were assessed as part of a structured protocol and potentially modifiable management issues addressed. Asthma control including spirometry, exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and Asthma Control Test (ACT) were assessed on the day of bronchoscopy. Comparison between the cohorts with positive and negative BAL cultures was made with Mann-Whitney and Chi squared tests. Results 109 children, 64 (57%) male were identified. 22 (20%) had a positive BAL bacterial culture. The most common organisms were haemophilus , pneumococcus and staph aureus . The positive culture group were significantly younger. A positive culture was associated with a higher maintenance dose of inhaled steroid, lower FEV 1, and higher BAL neutrophils. [figure 1] Despite the higher ICS dose there was no difference in FeNO or ACT between the groups. Conclusion STRA children with positive BAL cultures have more severe disease. Further work is needed to determine whether the higher dose of ICS increases the risk of infection or whether infection contributes to relative steroid insensitivity.
Abstract 5256: Intracellular lipid droplet quantity as a biomarker for obesity associated resistance to omega-3 fatty acid colon cancer prevention

Rationale: Obesity induces resistance to Omega-3 (ω-3) FA anticarcinogenesis effect. Obesity associated excessive fatty acid intracellular concentration results in excess triglycerides stored as intracellular lipid droplets, saturated acyl-co-A transport of FA to triglycerides resulting in excess substrate for cyclooxygenase metabolism with increased formation of PGE2 and other inflammatory eicosanoids. Methods: Five weeks old male F344 rats were randomized equally into two diet groups. One cohort fed a western diet of ω-6 fatty acids (EPA:ω6 ratio of 0) and other fed an ω-3 fatty acid supplemented diet (EPA:ω6 ratio of 0.4). One half from each diet group were further treated with azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium (AOM/DSS) and then euthanized at 21 weeks after the carcinogen induction. Snap frozen colon tissue were assayed for Prostaglandins and fatty acids. OCT fixed colonic tissue stained with oil red O (ORO) to detect lipid droplets which were quantified using Aperio image analysis. From the second set, rat colons were opened longitudinally and fixed in 10% Formalin. Tumors were identified and enumerated using stereomicroscope to get tumor count, incidence and volume. These tissue were subjected to hematoxylin & eosin staining for histological evaluation of colonic tumors. Results: The ω-3 FA diet significantly increased the percent of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in total fatty acids in both untreated and AOM/DSS-treated rats. EPA in the colonic tissue was increased with ω-3 diet as compared to ω-6 from 1.4±0.8 to 2.6±1.0* in untreated rats and from 1.3±1.3 to 3.3±1.7* in AOM/DSS-treated rats (*p 5mm (p value=0.0055). ω-3 also reduced the number of 3-5mm size tumors in the cecum (p value=0.0377). On preliminary quantification of lipid droplets, there was a reduction in the positive pixels divided by the total pixels of ORO stained colonic tissue of ω-3 rats (0.004 ±0.01 as compared to 0.013±0.07 in ω-6 rats; p value=0.0121) Conclusions: Dietary ω-3 supplementation that increases the EPA:AA ratio in colonic tissue phospholipids reduces excess intracellular FA concentrations reflected by a reduction in size and number of lipid droplets. Lipid droplet number and size may be useful as a biomarker for effective reduction of obesity associated inflammation and carcinogenesis risk. Citation Format: Muhammad N. Aslam, Nithya Sridhar, Maheen Nadeem, Becky R. Simon, Jianwei Ren, Ananda Sen, James Varani, William L. Smith, Zora Djuric, Dean E. Brenner. Intracellular lipid droplet quantity as a biomarker for obesity associated resistance to omega-3 fatty acid colon cancer prevention [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5256. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-5256
Paired comparison of therapeutic plasma exchange using the Fenwal Amicus versus TerumoBCT Spectra Optia

Purpose Terumo BCT Spectra Optia (O) and Fenwal Amicus (A) can perform therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE). We compared these systems in a prospective, randomized, crossover study of 81 paired procedures. Primary objective was to determine if there was a difference in platelet loss between the instruments. Secondary objectives were to determine differences in procedure time (PT), plasma removal efficiency (PRE 1), plasma removal rate (PRR), and fluid balance (FB). Methods Fifty-seven adults undergoing 162 procedures were included. Diagnoses included neurologic, nephrologic, and hematologic diseases. Replacement fluids included 5% normal serum albumin and/or fresh frozen plasma. The first instrument (randomized) established the inlet flow rate for the second with a maximum inlet rate of 120 ml/min. Spun HCT was used to program the procedure. One plasma volume was exchanged, for both instruments. Multivariable general estimating equations were used to assess the relationship between the outcome variables with machine after adjusting for covariates, with P values <.05 significant. Results Median total blood volume (4,775 mL-A, 4,775 mL-O) and preprocedure spun HCT (33%-A, 34%-O) were not statistically different. The plasma removed (3196 mL-A, 3120 mL-O), PLT in waste plasma (0.62 × 1011-A, 0.33 × 1011-O), PLT decline (8.5%-A, 6.5%-O), and PRR (48.1 mL/min-A, 49.2 mL/min-O) were not statistically different. There were statistically significant, but clinically irrelevant, differences in PLT CE1 (6.2%-A, 3.6%-O), PRE 1 (85.3%-A, 83.9%-O), FB (+2 mL-A,+15 mL-O), and PT (71 min-A, 71 min-O). Conclusions Statistical differences were seen but none were of a magnitude to be clinically relevant, indicating comparable TPE performance.
How We Do Economics Today

We start with a definition of economics: it is derived from the Greek oikos, meaning pertaining to the household, so economics is the study of household management Aristotle wrote of this in his Politics. Wise household management, even if the household comprises the entire state, is part of natural law. But for Aristotle, and those who followed his philosophical lead long into the medieval period, chrematistics, or producing and lending money for profit, was unnatural. Economic thought has changed a great deal since ancient and medieval times! Curiously ecology starts there too, although the ecologist’s household can often be much larger. If you think about economics in your day-to-day life, you are probably thinking about providing yourself with the necessities of life (and hopefully a few amenities), that is, the basic stuff you need to survive and, hopefully, be happy. Often you need to think about the trade-offs that exist between the choices you have, a hamburger and no movie vs. Ramen soup and a movie, tuition vs. rent or a vacation, or how to budget whatever financial resources that you have to meet your needs and wants. Many elderly people of limited means must consider the trade-off between food and health care. Hence in very basic perspective, economics is about choice: how much we have and how we should decide among alternatives. Of course, economics pays a lot of attention to money, and a basic starting point for economic thought is that almost everything of concern to humans has a price and can be bought or sold for money. A starting assumption of mainstream economics is that the value of something is represented by its price.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PERSISTENT TRICUSPID REGURGITATION AFTER TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) concomitant with aortic stenosis persisting after surgical aortic valve replacement reportedly increases mortality. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of persistent TR after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). We reviewed 802
The promise of genes for understanding cause and effect.

Since the 1980s, social scientists have become increasingly interested in how to make credible claims about cause and effect using observational data (1). Ignited by seminal papers demonstrating the promise of natural experiments (2), the causal revolution has put social scientists on the lookout for “as-if” random sources of variation in the world. The search for instrumental variables, discontinuities, and other naturally occurring randomizations has become a massive industry. But what if we had a large set of instrumental variables right under our skin, encoded in our genes? After all, our genes are a random draw of the genes of our parents, and many human behaviors and traits—from alcoholism to personality to political partisanship—have a genetic component. If we used the genotypes that influence, say, education, as an instrument for schooling completed, we might be able to figure out how much education causally affects wages net of confounders, like childhood nutrition, that affect both education and wages. One commonly adopted approach, Mendelian randomization (MR), deploys genes as instruments to unpack causal relationships in this way (3). In PNAS, DiPrete et al. (4) identify the conditions under which the identifying assumptions behind MR are not met and propose an alternative, genetic instrumental variables, which they argue makes it possible to credibly deploy genes as instruments. These efforts are important because if we could use genes as instrumental variables, we could make causal inferences about an expanded set of social and behavioral treatments and outcomes. And, because everyone has genes, we could study these relationships in broader populations, rather than be limited to highly local effects in narrow populations of compliers, as is often the case with many instruments today. These advantages, coupled with advances in the infrastructure to support research employing genetic data, mean that the payoff for figuring out how … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: dconley{at}princeton.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
3D Interdigitated Electrode Array (IDEA) Biosensor For Detection Of Serum Biomarker

Miniaturization, integration and intelligence are the developing trends for sensor, especially for biosensors. The development of microelectronics technology is a powerful engine to ful ll this objective. It is well known that the microelectronic fabrication process in proven technology for fabrication of integrated circuits. Advances in the eld of micro-electronics and micro-mechanical devices combined with medical science have led to the development of numerous analytical devices in monitoring of a wide range of analytes. The unique properties of nanoscale materials o ers excellent prospects for interfacing biological recognition events with electronic signal transduction and for designing a new generation of bio-electronic devices exhibiting novel functions. Biosensor development has the potential to meet the need for rapid, sensitive, and speci c detection of pathogenic bacteria from natural sources. This work focuses on development of one such electrochemical biosensor platform and discusses di erent aspects related to the design of biosensor and biodetection systems. A new transducer for biosensor applications based on 3-dimensional, comb structured interdigitated electrode arrays was chosen mainly for two reasons. Firstly, this geometry allows the monitoring of both resistivity and dielectric constant of solution, thus making interdigitated electrodes more versatile tools than other kind of transducers. Second, they present short electric eld penetration depths, which make them more sensitive to changes occurring close to their surface (20 100 nm above the surface). This fact enables the monitoring of local changes in the vicinity of interest. Binding of analyte molecules to the
Nietzsche and the perspective of life

This paper is an extended version of "Valuing from life's perspective." In this paper, with the aim of explaining Nietzsche's view, I illustrate one way of making sense of a theoretical entity (called "Life"), which has values and a perspective. Then I turn to Nietzsche's perspectivism, with the hope of explaining why Life's perspective should be in any way privileged. Finally, I explain how trying to live from Life's perspective would force us to change our values - and, in particular, disown the values we have placed in truth (at least for its own sake) and traditional morality.
The Derivative of a Polynomial

In the last chapter we described some algebra which arises in integrating. In this chapter we observe that differentiating can be done purely algebraically, and can give a partial criterion for deciding whether a polynomial has a repeated factor. Since we can differentiate without using limits, we can assume that the polynomials have coefficients in any field, not necessarily the field of real numbers.
Enhanced Ion Transport in 2-nm Silica Nanochannels

Fluidic nanochannels with 1–2 nm in size are functional mimics of protein channels, and have recently attracted significant attention for exploring the transport of ions and molecules in confined liquids. Here we report ion transport in 2 nm deep nanochannels fabricated by standard semiconductor manufacturing processes. Ion transport in these nanochannels is dominated by surface charge until the ion concentration exceeds 100 mM. At low concentrations, proton mobility increases by a factor of four over its bulk value, possibly due to overlap of the two hydration layers adjacent to hydrophilic surfaces. The mobility of K+/Na + ions also increases as the bulk concentration decreases, although the reasons are not completely understood.
Who Benefits by Self-Help and Why?

By now it should be clear to readers that the self-help movement in mental health is represented by an enormous range of resources available, along various continua of validity and reliability. One of the most important areas in need of investigation is the area of patient–treatment matching with respect to SH. More specifically, who is most likely to benefit by SH? What are the most reliable indicators of assignment to SH? When are SH interventions most indicated? To answer these questions, a theory of SH and SC based on what is known about patient–treatment matching might more likely prove beneficial in the assignment of the various SH resources available today (e.g., Harwood & Beutler,2008 Beutler & Harwood, 2000; Beutler, Clarkin, & Bongar, 2000; Beutler & Clarkin, 1990).
Intradural Staphylococcus aureus Abscess of the Cauda Equina in an Otherwise Healthy Patient.

Abscesses involving the spine are usually located in the epidural space. In rare circumstances, intradural spinal abscesses can occur, typically in the setting of tuberculosis or other predisposing systemic conditions. In this illustrated case report, we discuss the imaging and intraoperative findings of an otherwise healthy patient with an intradural abscess of the cauda equina caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Although rare, intradural spinal abscesses can occur in the absence of typical “red flags” for infection, and a bacterial abscess should be considered in the differential diagnosis of intradural spinal cystic enhancing lesions.
Dietary vitamin D3 restriction differentially alters quadriceps contractile proteins in both sexes in the transgenic G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a pilot study

BackgroundWe previously demonstrated that dietary vitamin D3 (D3) restriction hastened the decline in functional outcomes following disease onset in the G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral scle...
Medical-Surgical Hospitalization Among Veterans With Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders

Background Mental illness is associated with an increased risk for medical hospitalizations. Objective This study investigates the degree to which nonpsychiatric factors account for these hospitalizations. Methods Using National Veterans Health Administration (VHA) fiscal year 2012 data for 2 million veterans under the age of 60 years, hospitalization risks were compared for veterans with and without mental illnesses. Bivariate analyses identified factors associated with mental illnesses. Multiple logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted psychiatric risk for medical hospitalization, controlling for these factors. Results Veterans carrying mental health diagnoses were at increased risk for hospitalizations (odds ratio [OR] = 2.52, 2.48–2.55). Among individual diagnoses, alcohol use disorder (AUD) (OR = 3.84, 3.78–3.91) and drug use disorders (OR = 4.58, 4.50–4.66) were associated with the highest risk. After adjusting for nonpsychiatric medical, addiction-related, and care utilization factors and the use of outpatient medical services, veterans with mental illnesses were at increased risk for medical hospitalization (OR = 1.43, 1.41–1.45). After further adjustment for AUD and drug use, hospitalization risk decreased further (OR = 1.23, 1.21–1.26) while the association of AUD and hospitalizations remained high (OR = 1.77, 1.73–1.81). Conclusions Medical comorbidities and service use accounted for most, but not all, of the increased risk of medical hospitalizations associated with mental illness. Even after accounting for poor health, AUD remained strongly associated with medical hospitalization.
Determinants of Backpackers’ Perceptions of Security? A WOM-based Approach

This paper aims to identify the determinants of backpackers' perceptions of security. In particular, the impact of hostel cleanliness, location, staff, and atmosphere as well as backpackers' country of origin on backpackers' perceptions of security are being studied. Using Word-of-mouth (WOM) approach, the analysis shows that hostel cleanliness, location, staff, and atmosphere have a positive and significant impact on backpackers' perceptions of security. Additionally, backpackers from countries with a high level of security have higher expectations about hostel security and in turn are harder to satisfy compared to backpackers from countries with lower security. Applying Centering Resonance Analysis (CRA) and Naive Bayes classification, this study provides evidence on how these attributes impact backpackers' perceptions of security. Results of this study are valuable in demonstrating how hostel managers can utilize rich information generated by backpackers on the Internet to develop and improve their business.
The role of molybdenum in formation of the NADPH-nitrate reductase by Aspergillus nidulans

Abstract Non-nitrate reducing mutants of Aspergillus nidulans have been noted to produce either a nitrate inducible or constitutive NADPH-cytochrome c reductase which resides in either a 4.5s or a 7.8s protein. The latter closely resembles the nitrate inducible, FAD dependent NADPH-nitrate reductase from the wild type. Measurement of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and molybdenum (Mo) in these two proteins revealed significant differences particularly in Mo. The concepts that a nitrate inducible nia gene product constitutes the major flavin bearing component of the enzyme and that a constitutively produced cnx gene product is implicated in formation of the larger Mo bearing multimer are further supported.
A review on fish immuno-nutritional response to indispensable amino acids in relation to TOR, NF-κB and Nrf2 signaling pathways: Trends and prospects

Indispensable amino acids (IAAs) are important regulators of key metabolic pathways associated with protein synthesis, tight junction proteins, inflammatory cytokines and immune-antioxidant related signaling molecules. However, the information pertaining to the immune functions of IAAs in relation to molecular approaches for commercially important fish species are scarce and discordant. This review summarizes the dietary requirements for IAAs necessary for improved growth and immune response in variety of fish species, using molecular approaches (nutrigenomics), particularly the interrelationships between IAAs and genes. Briefly, antioxidant status of fish as well as gene transcriptions regulating antioxidant enzymes are profoundly governed by the nutritional factors including a set of IAAs, and these genes expression are often regulated by the nuclear factor erythoid 2-related factor 2 signaling pathway (Nrf2). IAAs level could also attenuate the inflammatory response in fish partly by down-regulating the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and up-regulating the anti-inflammatory cytokines. The regulation of these cytokines by IAAs could be mediated by the signaling molecules nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB) and target of rapamycin (TOR). Overall, this review provides clear and recent molecular mechanisms of fish immuno-nutritional interrelation and highlights regulatory pathways underlying dietary IAAs mediated enhancement in the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune defense capacities, presenting trends and future perspectives.
The Unbearable Modernity of Mobile Money

In this paper, we describe an ethnographic study of a mobile money infrastructure, especially its design, organization, and implementation, and its potential consequences for financial inclusion goals. Through using the analytic lens of infrastructure studies to ground our findings, we observe is that infrastructures emerge in organized practice and use. Moreover, they are constantly evolving with no specific beginning and end; any bounding is contingent on our own methodological and theoretical affiliations as well as our logistical constraints. To this end, we focus our attention on the two different infrastructures – the mobile money and the loan management infrastructures – that were operating in tandem to connect low-income auto-rickshaw drivers to mainstream bank loans. We specifically privilege the human work that goes into making and sustaining this mobile money infrastructure. In doing so, we challenge the ‘unbearable modernity’ of mobile money and its purported effects on helping the poor manage their unpredictable cash flows. Eventually, we make two main contributions. First, we demonstrate that what appeared on the surface to be solely a ‘mobile money infrastructure’ is in fact a complex and, often, visibly seamless organization of at least two interacting infrastructural systems. These come together in an intricate, layered way to enable mobile money to be used for loan repayments in this low-income setting. It becomes especially important to emphasize that an infrastructure is not always organically built or spontaneously accessed in order to challenge the dominant narratives around mobile money where an insulated infrastructure is thought to enable all digital transactions and thus achieve financial inclusion. Second, we privilege the human work of what is otherwise often considered an exclusively technological infrastructure. Bringing attention to these sidelined human workers is an important concern for CSCW with its focus on the work that enables systems to function seamlessly. Indeed, mobile money remains a favorite topic of interest for development scholars and practitioners and in the emergent conversations the focus continues to remain largely on the technological innovations. Even where the retail agent networks are discussed, their work is not completely understood. Bringing attention to these sidelined human workers is an important concern in this paper.
An automated ultracleanion exchange separation method for the determinations of 232Th and 238U in copper using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Abstract This work presents a novel analytical method for ultrasensitive (sub-pg g−1) determinations of Th and U in copper. The method is based on the use of clean sample preparation procedures and includes the use of an offline automated ion exchange separation method, followed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric (ICP-MS) analysis. The separation system is equipped with a single reusable chromatographic column that, with the rigorously clean procedures developed herein, provided a low carryover, low background, and reproducible automated separation method. Isotope dilution methods were used for quantitation. Method Detection Limits (MDLs) of 3.7 and 9.4 fg g−1 were obtained for the quantitation of 232Th and 238U in copper, respectively, corresponding to activities of 0.0148 and 0.116 μ Bq kg−1 for 232Th and 238U, respectively. The analytical method provided high and reproducible tracer recoveries. The use of an automated system significantly reduced the tedious active work time required for the chemist (by ca. 80%) relative to manually performing the separation. This method could be adapted to other critical sample matrices requiring the utmost in high throughput clean chemistry procedures.
CHOLINERGIC BASAL FOREBRAIN VOLUME CHANGES IN COGNITIVELY NORMAL ELDERLY ADULTS AND PRECLINICAL ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE

Introduction While degeneration of the basal forebrain cholinergic system (BFCS) substantially contributes to cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD), little is known about how the presence and severity of beta amyloid plaques (abeta) and the neurofibrillary tau tangles leverage these relationships at early stages of pathological changes. The goal of this study was to examine the relationships between early changes in BFCS sub-structural volumes and initial signs of cognitive alterations. Further we explored whether abeta and tau burden influence these associations in clinically normal elderly adults. Methods All imaging and cognitive data were obtained from 77 cognitively normal Alzheimer's disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) subjects (age 77 ± 8). We utilized recently developed cytoarchitectonic maps of BFCS sub-structures to enable sensitive BFCS voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to capture sub-BFCS volume measures. Global abeta and entorhinal tau burden were calculated from the associated regional uptake values that were normalized by reference regions. Cognitive performance was assessed by both objective testing (with standard instruments) and subjective self-reports of everyday functioning (with the ECog). Analyses included these cognitive variables as individual outcomes in multiple linear regression models with BFCS sub-structures as predictors. All models were covaried for age and sex. Results Different BFCS sub-structures were associated with different cognitive measures. The nucleus basalis of Meynert (Ch4) predicted changes in ECog domain of memory whereas the composite structure (Ch1-3) of medial septal nucleus (Ch1), the vertical nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca (Ch2), and the horizontal limb of the diagonal band (Ch3) predicted both ECog memory and ECog visuospatial skills. The associations remained statistically significant after adjusting for global abeta, entorhinal tau burden, and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) as covariates. The negative coefficient of the regression analysis for Ch1-3 indicated that increase in Ch1-3 volume was correlated with decrease in all cognitive measures. A backward elimination regression analysis indicated that the best model for predicting changes in Everyday visuospatial skills included tau, age, and Ch1-3 volume. We did not detect an interactive effect between tau or abeta and Ch1-3 for predicting visuospatial skills. Conclusions Early BFCS changes in cognitively normal elderly adults are associated with alterations in specific subjective cognitive domains. Our results may also support previous studies that found evidence of enlargement in basal forebrain septal nuclei in healthy elderly subjects prior to AD. Measures of sub-BFCS volumes may serve as an early and sensitive MRI-based biomarker for AD. This research was funded by: R01 AG066159 to JD and NP
Cost Analysis of Carbon Capture and Sequestration from U.S. Natural Gas-Fired Power Plants

Despite increasing efforts to decarbonize the power sector, the utilization of natural gas-fired power plants is anticipated to continue. This study models existing solvent-based carbon capture technologies on natural gas-fired power plants, using site-specific emissions and regionally defined cost parameters to calculate the cost of CO2 avoided for two scenarios: delivery to and injection within reliable sequestration sites, and delivery and injection for the purpose of CO2-enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Despite the application of credits from the existing federal tax code 45Q, a minimum incentive gap of roughly $38/tCO2 remains for the geologic sequestration of CO2 and $56/tCO2 for CO2-EOR (before consideration of revenue generated from delivered CO2 contracts). At full escalation of 45Q, delivered CO2 costs from this sector for geologic sequestration could reach as low as $22/tCO2. However, given the capital investment required in the near-term, it would be beneficial if the credit provided the greatest economic benefit early on and decreasing over time as deployment continues to ramp up. Additionally, due to the high qualifying limit of 45Q for the power sector, e.g., 500 ktCO2/yr, the tax credit incentivizes the capture of roughly 397 MtCO2/yr at a 90% capture efficiency or 75% of the emissions in this sector, with missed opportunities equating to roughly 118 MtCO2. Advancing the scale of carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) will require both technological advances in the capture technology, cost reductions through the leveraging of existing infrastructure, and increased policy incentives in terms of cost along with the reduction of qualifying limits.
Ketogenic diet treatment of children in the intensive care unit: Safety, tolerability, and effectiveness.

Abstract Purpose The ketogenic diet (KD) is initiated emergently in the intensive care unit (ICU) for patients with super refractory status epilepticus (SRSE) and epileptic encephalopathies (EE). However, few data are available regarding safety, effectiveness, and long-term outcomes. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients with KD initiated in the ICU from 2010 to 2018 for SRSE and EE. We characterized time to ketosis, adverse effects, and seizure outcomes. Responders were defined as having ≥50 % reduction in seizure frequency compared to prior to KD initiation. Results We identified 29 patients. KD was initiated for SRSE in 12 patients, EE in 8 patients, and EE with SRSE in 9 patients. KD was initiated after a median of 9 days. Ketosis was achieved 2 days faster in fasted patients (p Conclusion Emergent KD initiation in the ICU is feasible, safe, and often effective for SRSE and EE. Expected adverse effects were common but treatable. Morbidity and mortality in this group was high. A ≥ 50 % reduction in seizure is achieved in most responders by 1–2 weeks.
Sandhill Milikweed, Asclepias humistrata

Sandhill milkweed is scattered on backdunes, in sandhills, and often in disturbed areas, such as mowed roadsides. It has a range in Florida south to Lake Okeechobee and also occurs in coastal southeast states west to Louisiana and northeast to North Carolina.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/sg162 Note: This fact sheet is also available as a chapter in a comprehensive manual titled Dune Restoration and Enhancement for the Florida Panhandle, Please see the manual for more information about other useful and attractive native plants for dunes and for further information about restoration and preservation techniques.
Adaptive reuse and its impacts on the acoustical environment and public health of community residents: the case of Fenway, Boston, MA

This article assesses the acoustical impacts to the environment in an urban neighborhood when a sports stadium is repurposed for live concerts. Various sound metrics were recorded with acoustic oct...
Variations in vertical stress in the Permian Basin region

Constraining the magnitude of vertical stress (Sv), or overburden pressure, is key in determining a region’s stress state and has implications for reservoir geomechanics and the potential for induced seismicity. Of the principal stress orientations (Sv, minimum horizontal stress [Shmin], and maximum horizontal stress [SHmax]), Sv is the most straightforward to constrain using wire-line log data. The magnitude of Sv varies because of lithology and burial history, potentially causing local perturbations in the in situ stress field. Previous studies on the state of stress in the Permian Basin use a constant Sv, relying on determination of SHmax and Shmin, and yield an interpretation that the faulting regime transitions from normal faulting in the west to normal to strike-slip faulting in the east. Here, we present an interpretation of the spatial and depth variability in Sv trends in the Permian Basin based on density log integration. Where density measurements are absent, values are calculated from compressional velocity logs using a transform that is fit to local data. Notable variations include higher Sv gradient on carbonate platforms and shelves, where high-density carbonates are thicker and are found at shallower depths than in the basins. Within the basins, the magnitude of Sv gradient is as low as 1.06 psi/ft at depth. This work shows the potential for regional interpretations of Sv to gain insight into the effect of variations in Sv on state of stress.
Care After Cure: Long-term Follow-up in Hepatitis C

To summarize recommendations and common practices for long-term surveillance after hepatitis C cure. Patients with advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis have continued risk of the complications of portal hypertension and hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatitis C cure. While improvement in fibrosis has been noted, the clinical implications are not fully understood. Guidelines recommend no alteration in surveillance strategies based upon fibrosis measurements after hepatitis C cure. Liver wellness approaches and strategies to avoid reinfection are recommended for all patients after hepatitis C cure. Patients with early stage fibrosis after hepatitis C cure can be discharged from specialty care unless a co-existing liver disease is present, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Patients with advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis are recommended to have indefinite surveillance for the complications of portal hypertension and hepatocellular carcinoma. Further investigation is needed to understand fibrosis regression and thresholds when surveillance can be discontinued.
High School Girls’ Interpretations of Science Graphs: Exploring Complex Visual and Natural Language Hybrid Text

Science communication, as a hybrid, involves the concomitant reading of graphical representations and natural language. A scientifically literate individual should be able to make sense of both sites of information in relation to one another. In this paper, we explore the ability of 61 students from a highly rated, all-girls Catholic School to make sense of inconsistent graphical and textual data and examine their interpretations within 3 distinct settings: individually on a paper assessment, in a one-to-one interview with the researchers, and through classroom conversation. This study indicates that (1) sense-making was difficult for even advanced students and (2) different interpretations of text evolved within each of the 3 settings. Many students initially privileged natural language over the data represented on the graph and sought ways to explain how the incorrect description could somehow be construed as accurate. Although these students could successfully complete school assignments related to graphs, their skills in reading authentic, real-world science communication was limited. We recommend that teachers invite discussion of various semiotic forms rather than scaffold for correctness. Students have learned to do schoolwork, but they are much less able to engage critically in real-world science.
[20]In vivo analysis of signaling elements via targeted, inducible antisense RNA

Summary Antisense RNA technology provides for selective suppression of proteins of interest and thus a new strategy with which to probe the emerging complexity of the various regulatory networks of signal transduction pathways. Considering sheer economics, the use of antisense DNA oligodeoxynucleotides is practical for studies requiring small-scale culture of cells, pilot studies seeking to test the antisense DNA strategy, and in systems in which single-cell assays can be performed (e.g., patch-clamping or histochemical analysis). Vector-driven antisense RNA expression, both constitutive and inducible, in cell culture allows for large-scale cell growth capacities enabling biochemical analyses. Expanding the antisense RNA approach to transgenic mice provides the means to generate unique animal models with which to explore the role of transmembrane signaling elements in complex biological processes in vivo. In our studies, suppression of Gsα with antisense DNA oligodeoxynucleotides provided exciting information concerning the role(s) of this G protein in adipogenesis ( 16 ). Similarly, the role of Giα2 in early mouse development has been addressed in F9 embryonic stem cells stably expressing antisense RNA ( 10 ). Finally, investigation of the role of Giα2 in adipose tissue and liver function as well as its role in whole-body metabolism, growth, and development have been made possible only through the hybrid PEPCK gene construct employed in our laboratory ( 11 ). Using a variety of antisense DNA/RNA-based approaches, investigators are now able to explore the roles of signaling elements at several distinctly different levels, selectively targeting the expression of a protein of interest in vitro or in tissues in vivo. Our knowledge of the role of transmembrane signaling elements in disease is growing rapidly. Our success with antisense DNA/RNA-based approaches in vitro and in vivo highlights the potential applications of this technology for use in gene therapy to treat pathological disorders. Expression of antisense RNA in a global set of tissues by retroviral infection or expression in a tissue-specific manner using selective promoters has implications not only for our basic understanding of how signal transduction pathways impinge on these complex events, but also for the development of new therapeutic agents with which to treat human disease.
VI—Bayesian Expressivism

I develop a conception of expressivism according to which it is chiefly a pragmatic thesis about some fragment of discourse, one imposing certain constraints on semantics. The first half of the paper uses credal expressivism about the language of probability as a stalking-horse for this purpose. The second half turns to the question of how one might frame an analogous form of expressivism about the language of deontic modality. Here I offer a preliminary comparison of two expressivist lines. The first, expectation expressivism , looks again to Bayesian modelling for inspiration: it glosses deontically modal language as characteristically serving to express decision-theoretic expectation (expected utility). The second, plan expressivism , develops the idea (due to Gibbard 2003) that this language serves to express ‘plan-laden’ states of belief. In the process of comparing the views, I show how to incorporate Gibbard's modelling ideas into a compositional semantics for attitudes and modals, filling a lacuna in the account. I close with the question whether and how plan expressivism might be developed with expectation-like structure.
Radial distribution of tocopherols in rhesus monkey retina and retinal pigment epithelium-choroid.

Purpose. To map vitamin E as a function of distance from the foveal center in the primate retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-choroid. Methods. Eyecups from rhesus monkeys were dissected with circular trephines so that the innermost disc, centered on the fovea, was in the center of a series of concentric rings. Two different types of dissection were performed. For one type, the authors used circular trephines with diameters of 1, 4, 8, and 10 mm (1,4-D), whereas for the other type the diameters were 2, 5, 8, and sometimes 10 mm (2,5-D). When possible, the neural retina was separated from the RPE-choroid. Tissues were analyzed for vitamin E, retinyl palmitate, and protein. Results. Surface area, volume, and protein were used as indexes of the amount of tissue analyzed. Distributions of vitamin E in neural retina were dependent on the tissue metric used and type of dissection performed. However, regardless of the tissue metric used, the central 1-mm disc of the 1,4-D was, on average, higher in vitamin E content than was the central 2-mm disc of the 2,5-D. This was particularly true when volume was the tissue metric. From the average values of vitamin E in a series of concentric discs, a composite plot of the vitamin E concentration in the neural retina was generated that took into consideration both types of dissection. That plot displayed a local maximum in the fovea and then precipitously declined to a minimum in the region between 0.5 and 1.0 mm eccentricity (near the foveal crest) ; at greater eccentricities, the vitamin E concentration rose to a value similar to that in the fovea, i.e., the composite plot indicated that vitamin E has a V-shaped distribution in the central neural retina. Vitamin E distribution in the RPE-choroid, with surface area as the tissue metric, also was measured. For this tissue, the foveal region displayed a local maximum. Conclusions. By combining the results of two different types of dissection, the authors found that in the neural retina, vitamin E displayed a minimum near the foveal crest. This minimum correlated anatomically with the site at which areolar (geographic) atrophy frequently occurs in retinal pigment epithelial cells in the human disease, age-related macular degeneration.
Contesting Constraints: Amelia Pincherle Rosselli, Jewish Writer in Pre-Fascist Italy

Amelia Pincherle Rosselli was a noted and award-winning playwright. Her work combined themes of social criticism, a condemnation of hypocrisy and a plea for gender equality. Her literary work features strong, independent and intelligent women, caught within the constraints of bourgeois society. As a non-practising Jew, Amelia implicitly criticized the patriarchy of traditional Judaism, and turned toward literature and nationalism as a secular religion. From Judaism she accepted the demand for social justice in the tradition of the Prophets, and ideal that she passed on to her sons who were active in the Italian anti-fascist resistance.
Pachangas: Borderlands Music, U.S. Politics, and Transnational Marketing

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Margaret Dorsey Year: 2006 Pages: 232 Publisher: University of Texas Press ISBN: 0-292-70690-1 (hard cover). Prices: $50.00 USD(hard cover).
Querying video using fuzzy temporal concepts

In querying video modes of presentation, an important issue is the representation of temporal concepts. The article looks at the possibilities of using fuzzy set methods for the representation of temporal concepts. Use is made of an annotation associated with the video to help in the querying process.
Optimize datacenter management with multi-tier thermal-intelligent workload placement

Rapid growth of internet services and mobile devices has led to more and larger cloud data centers. The hyper scale cloud data center consumes enormous amount of electricity and cause pressure to operation cost and infrastructure management. The industry has made great progress in improving power usage effectiveness through innovation and infrastructure upgrade. Recent research is focusing on dynamically adjusting workload placement according to realtime power and thermal telemetry of datacenter infrastructure to reduce the pressure to datacenter power and thermal as well as to improve datacenter power usage effectiveness (PUE), like thermal awareness scheduler (TAS). To achieve higher density and longer lifecycle of high value computing component, the conventional rack-mount server system is evolving to rack scale server system with power and cooling units moving to rack level to share with multi server systems, like Facebook-led Open Compute project and Project Scorpio developed by Chinese internet giants – Baidu, Alibaba and Tencent. The traditional thermal awareness workload placement assumes all server systems within clusters are uniform with discrete power units and cooling units, and there are no power and thermal correlation between different server systems. However, with power and cooling units moving to rack level, the power and thermal correlation between different server systems must be considered while calculating the optimal workload placement. To address these challenges, in this paper, we propose a framework of multi-tiers thermalintelligent workload placement and corresponding thermal management algorithms accustomed to rack scale server systems with shared power and cooling units. This paper evaluated these thermal management algorithms from performance, benefits, as well as their usage scenarios. The prototype and experiment introduced in this paper run over OpenStack managed cluster, but the thermal-intelligent workload placement and corresponding thermal management policies introduced by this paper aim to provide one common framework in addition to Cloud OS, like Big data software stacks, even customer's distributed computing and storage systems.
Competition between excitation and emission enhancements of quantum dots on disordered plasmonic nanostructures

Plasmon-enhanced fluorescence is attributable to two independent processes: 1) excitation enhancement due to an increased electric field near metallic nanostructures and 2) emission enhancement from a surface plasmon resonance-coupled excited state of fluorophores. Using semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots) on disordered plasmonic nanostructures and a mesoscopic imaging approach, we demonstrate that increased excitation can diminish the fluorescence emission enhancement efficiency. Thus, our experimental evidence on this competitive behavior has critical implications for better developing plasmon-enhanced photoluminescence.