cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Method of Discrete Ordinates ( SN -Approximation)

Like the spherical harmonics method, the discrete ordinate method is a tool to transform the equation of transfer (for a gray medium, or on a spectral basis) into a set of simultaneous partial differential equations. Like the P N -method, the discrete ordinates or S N -method may be carried out to any arbitrary order and accuracy, although the mathematical formulation of high-order S N -schemes is considerably less involved. First proposed by Chandrasekhar [1] in his work on stellar and atmospheric radiation, the S N -method originally received little attention in the heat transfer community. Again like the P N -method, the discrete ordinates method was first systematically applied to problems in neutron transport theory, notably by Lee [2] and Lathrop [3, 4]. There were some early, unoptimized attempts to apply the method to onedimensional, planar thermal radiation problems (Love et al . [5, 6], Hottel et al . [7], Roux and Smith [8, 9]). But only during the past thirty years has the discrete ordinates method been applied to, and optimized for, general radiative heat transfer problems, primarily through the pioneering works of Fiveland [10–13] and Truelove [14–16].
Psychology and Sociology.

THIS PAPER WILL BE concerned with the relations between psychology and sociology as theoretical disciplines, but from a very specific point of view which should be made clear and explicit at the outset. It is written by a sociologist in an attempt not only or even mainly to answer the question of what have been the contributions of psychology to sociology, but rather to attempt to state clearly a framework in which the question of the future fruitfulness of the relations between the two disciplines from the sociological point of view can be worked out. The central question then, is what are the conditions of an optimum "fit" between two theoretical schemes which can make the one as fruitful as possible for the other. The sociological perspective in which these questions are discussed will inevitably entail some criticism of past and partly of present trends of psychology, but rather less of sociology. If it were written by a psychologist about sociology the reverse would be expected. Hence the reader should keep clearly in mind that the purpose of the paper is not a general evaluation of psychological theory, but rather an evaluation of different trends for this specific purpose. How important this function of psychology relative to others may be is a question which cannot be dealt with here.
Cross-Border Tax Arbitrage

This chapter covers the practice of taking advantage of differential tax treatments across tax jurisdictions. It also analyzes the most commonly used schemes such as the Dual No Tax Residence, the Original Issue Discount, the Hybrid Financing Instrument, the Feline Prides, the REPO, the Lease-Back Transaction, the Entity Classification, the Dual Resident Company, and the Double Dipping schemes.
Architecture for 3D navigation and authoring of distributed learning object repositories

We propose the architecture of LORNAV, a virtual reality tool to navigate distributed learning object (LO) repositories in 3D virtual environments (VE). The presented architecture facilitates authoring of LOs within the VE to create new aggregated objects and represent them in SMIL format.
The Compensation Effect in the Vogel–Tammann–Fulcher (VTF) Equation for Polymer-Based Electrolytes

Single-ion conducting polymer electrolytes have been proposed to significantly enhance lithium ion battery performance by eliminating concentration gradients within the cell. Such electrolytes have universally suffered from poor conductivity at low to moderate temperatures. In an attempt to improve conductivity, numerous studies have sought to better understand the fundamental interplay of ion content and segmental motion, with typical analyses relying on a fit of temperature-dependent conductivity data using the Vogel–Tammann–Fulcher (VTF) equation to assist in separating these effects. In this study, we leverage the large accessible composition window of a newly synthesized, single ion conducting polysulfone–poly(ethylene glycol) (PSf-co-PEG) miscible random copolymer to more completely understand the interrelationship of glass transition temperature, ion content, and the polymer’s Li+ conductivity. It is demonstrated here that choice of fitting procedure and Vogel temperature plays a crucial role in th...
Ideal Worker and Academic Professional Identity: Perspectives from a Career Flexibility Educational Intervention.

• Career flexibility policies to support faculty work-life balance are under-utilized due to many perceived barriers.
A periodic table for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Part IX. Isomer enumeration and properties of radical strictly peri-condensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Abstract Isomer enumeration of strictly peri-condensed benzenoid (PAH6) radicals is simplified by enumerating their excised internal structures. The number of many radical benzenoid isomers are enumerated for the first time. Structural properties of this important class of high-spin hydrocarbons has been detailed. It is shown that for a given number of formula carbon atoms, the strictly peri-condensed benzenoid hydrocarbon structures are the most stable, and the possible pyrolytic formation of strictly peri-condensed benzenoid hydrocarbons via condensation of other benzenoid hydrocarbons can only occur with the evolution of hydrogen. If the excised internal structure of a strictly peri-condensed PAH6 is not a cross conjugated diradical species and it has a HMO eigenvalue of zero, then its corresponding strictly peri-condensed PAH6 structure will also have an eigenvalue of zero.
Satya Revisits "Pervasive Computing: Vision and Challenges"

In this interview, Mahadev Satyanarayanan (Satya) looks back 15+ years to consider what motivated him to write his seminal 2001 paper, "Pervasive Computing: Vision and Challenges." He considers where we are in terms of battery life, cyber foraging, and smart spaces; explains how the Internet of Things relates to pervasive computing; and addresses issues of user intent, user distraction, and privacy, discussing why, in some ways, we're in worse shape now than we were back in 2001.
Remnant gastropathy due to bile reflux after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a unique cause of abdominal pain and successful treatment with ursodiol

Chronic abdominal pain can occur after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), and can remain unexplained despite extensive investigation. Bile can pool in the gastric remnant and create a bile reflux gastropathy. The aim of this study was to assess gastric remnant findings in patients with RYGB and chronic abdominal pain of unclear etiology, and to determine the effectiveness of ursodiol therapy for patients with confirmed remnant gastropathy. All consecutive patients with RYGB and a diagnosis of chronic abdominal pain, and a negative diagnostic workup (including physical examination, routine laboratory work, cross-sectional imaging, and standard upper endoscopy), who underwent device-assisted enteroscopy for evaluation of the gastric remnant, were included. Pathology reports, treatments, and clinical follow-up were recorded. 28 post-RYGB patients (all female) with chronic abdominal pain and negative evaluation were included. Pooling of bile with gastric erythema was noted in 22/28 patients. All 22 patients with endoscopic erythema had pathology consistent with bile reflux chemical gastropathy. Of these patients, 12 were started on a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) alone, and 10 were started on ursodiol. Of the ursodiol group, 8/10 (80%) patients reported substantial improvement or resolution of abdominal pain at clinical follow-up. All three ursodiol patients with repeat endoscopic examination of the gastric remnant had endoscopic and histologic resolution of gastropathy. Of the PPI patients, 1/12 reported improvement in abdominal pain at clinical follow-up (p = 0.002), and both patients with repeat endoscopic examination of the gastric remnant had persistent remnant gastropathy. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patients with unexplained chronic pain, and biopsy-confirmed chemical gastropathy, had a significantly higher rate of abdominal pain resolution with ursodiol treatment compared to PPI. Remnant gastropathy due to bile reflux is a treatable cause of chronic abdominal pain in RYGB patients, and ursodiol should be considered for empiric treatment in RYGB patients with unexplained chronic abdominal pain.
‘We report the world as it is, not as we want it to be’: Journalists’ negotiation of professional practices and responsibilities when reporting on suicide:

Media coverage of suicide can play a pivotal role in raising public awareness of an important public health issue. But research suggests that reporting on suicide can potentially trigger suicidal b...
A Revised Lexical Approach for Analyzing Online Reviews

Inspired by the lexical approach used by psychologists to study personality traits, this paper proposes a revised version of this approach for analyzing online reviews. The lexical approach is based on a lexical hypothesis stating that personality traits are reflected in the adjectives invented by people to describe them. The revised lexical approach contains five steps: collecting online reviews, parsing adjectives, extracting consumer/user observations, factor analysis, and exploring factors/patterns. The paper elaborates each of these steps. It further discusses implications of this new approach.
Tritium permeability measurement in hydrogen-tritium system

Abstract Understanding of thermodynamic equilibria of multi-components hydrogen isotopes is required to accurately measure tritium permeability at the expected low tritium partial pressure and non-negligible high hydrogen partial pressure in a fusion blanket system. A gas-driven tritium permeation system that is capable of independently controlling hydrogen and tritium partial pressures was developed at Idaho National Laboratory to accurately measure low partial pressure tritium permeability. The thermodynamic equilibria for hydrogen (H) – tritium (T) permeation through metal are discussed to accurately measure tritium permeability, and the experimental conditions required for evaluating tritium permeability in H-T system are presented.
Pilot test of a single-session AIDS workshop for young Hispanic U.S. immigrants.

A multiple-session AIDS workshop poses a substantial burden on the provider and on the clients. Therefore, we developed and pilot-tested a single-session AIDS prevention workshop, using a before and after comparison in a one group design. Young Hispanic patients at an HIV testing clinic completed a baseline survey and were invited to attend a single-session 90-min AIDS prevention workshop. The goals of the workshop were to reinforce issues discussed in the individual HIV counseling session, and to encourage and practice condom carrying, negotiation and use. Forty-seven percent of the patients attended the workshop and evaluated it very positively. Sixty-eight percent of all patients completed a telephone interview 4 weeks later. The proportion of subjects who always carried condoms increased from 18% at baseline to 42% at 4-week follow-up (p < 0.0004). Stratified analyses showed that condom carrying increased significantly only in males and only in workshop attenders.
Case Study in Ergonomics Problem Solving Process at a Beer Distribution Company

The ergonomic problem-solving process is a uniformly consistent approach to address challenges presented in various environments. Steps include: (1) identification, (2) analysis, (3) brainstorm of possible solutions, (4) implementation (prototypes), and (5) evaluation. This process was conducted at a distribution company that delivered beer to commercial establishments. Less than 200 employees worked at the company. The first three steps of the ergonomic problem-solving process were carried out with warehouse and delivery workers. A safety climate survey was administered. Following data collection (delivery and warehouse tasks observations and a safety climate survey), employees participated in a workshop. The first session introduced work design principles (including product quality, customer service, efficiency, decrease risk of injury, and improve quality of work life) and how they aligned with the company’s goals. Concepts were communicated in an interactive setting. During the second session, two separate groups discussed challenges specific to warehouse or delivery workers. Videos gathered during data collection were shared with workers. Researchers facilitated brainstorm sessions to address challenges presented in those videos. Identified challenges included errors in building orders at the warehouse to delivering keg up stairs and around tight spaces. One suggestion included shifting emphasis from individual pick-rates to team accuracy to stress accuracy over speed. Another solution from brainstorming involved standardizing communication policies with clients. This project covered the first three stages of the ergonomics solution development process (identification, analysis, and brainstorming possible solutions). Further collaboration with the company will incorporate the prototype, implementation and evaluation steps.
Optimizing Distributed Photovoltaic System Set Points Under Uncertainty

We explore the potential for using dynamic programming (DP) and approximate dynamic programming (ADP) techniques to optimize the set points of distributed photovoltaic (DGPV) inverters under uncertainty about future DGPV deployment. We consider a case where a large $(\geq1\mathbf{MW})$ system is installed first, and growth in deployment of small rooftop systems is anticipated, but uncertain. We find that for a real feeder (EPRI's J1 feeder), a significant reduction in the number and severity of voltage violations can be expected when DP or ADP is used compared to selecting set points based on the current conditions (the traditional myopic approach). Additionally, we find that using a simple ADP algorithm, sampled backward induction, is more than twice as fast as DP with similar outcomes.
Spatial plans in post-liberalization India: Who’s making the plans for fast-growing Indian urban regions?

This article asks who is making the plans for India’s fast-growing urban regions? It begins with the adopted conceptual framework illustrating how the perception of plans within the planning discip...
KIF18A's neck linker permits navigation of microtubule-bound obstacles within the mitotic spindle

KIF18A (kinesin-8) is required for mammalian mitotic chromosome alignment. KIF18A confines chromosome movement to the mitotic spindle equator by accumulating at the plus-ends of kinetochore microtubule bundles (K-fibers), where it functions to suppress K-fiber dynamics. It is not understood how the motor accumulates at K-fiber plus-ends, a difficult feat requiring the motor to navigate protein dense microtubule tracks. Our data indicate that KIF18A's relatively long neck linker is required for the motor's accumulation at K-fiber plus-ends. Shorter neck linker (sNL) variants of KIF18A display a deficiency in accumulation at the ends of K-fibers at the center of the spindle. Depletion of K-fiber-binding proteins reduces the KIF18A sNL localization defect, whereas their overexpression reduces wild-type KIF18A's ability to accumulate on this same K-fiber subset. Furthermore, single-molecule assays indicate that KIF18A sNL motors are less proficient in navigating microtubules coated with microtubule-associated proteins. Taken together, these results support a model in which KIF18A's neck linker length permits efficient navigation of obstacles to reach K-fiber ends during mitosis.
Evaluation of Two Products Recently Introduced as Nitrification Inhibitors

This study compared the relative effectiveness of two products recently introduced as nitrification inhibitors with other materials used to inhibit nitrification. Four soils were treated with 0, 0....
Body image and weight management among Hispanic American adolescents: Differences by sport type.

Abstract Background Adolescents' body image concerns vary by sex, ages, and participation in different types of sports. Little is known about variability of body image and weight management behaviors by sport type in Hispanic American adolescents. This study examined whether body image distortion and dissatisfaction are associated with weight management behaviors by sex and sport type in Hispanic adolescents. Methods A sample of 728 Hispanic participants from the United States (61.6% female, Mage = 12.36 ± 2.35) completed the Stunkard Figural Stimuli, reported weight management behaviors and sport participation. Sports were classified as non-aesthetic (such as soccer), aesthetic (such as cheerleading), or non-sport participation. Separate multiple linear regression and multinomial logistic regression models were conducted to test adjusted associations between body image dissatisfaction and distortion, and sport type with weight management behaviors. Results and conclusions Participants in non-aesthetic sports (51.2% male) were more dissatisfied with their body image (want to be bigger; B = −0.17; p = .01) and were 1.5 times more likely to use exercise to lose weight than non-sport participants. Greater body image dissatisfaction increased the likelihood of weight management behaviors. As year in school increased, participants perceived themselves as smaller than their actual BMI and wanted to be smaller. Hispanic females exhibited similar trends to other ethnicities. However, Hispanic males may have interpreted a desire to be “smaller” as a more lean, muscular physique. Subsequent studies should focus on reasons for weight management, and whether those behaviors are healthy.
Abstract P3020: Therapeutic Induction of Renal Lymphatic Expansion Attenuates Blood Pressure in Mice With L-NAME Hypertension

Renal immune cell infiltration and accompanying inflammation activates renal sodium transporters leading to sodium retention and hypertension. Lymphatic vessels traffic interstitial immune cells to...
Target Faults for Test Compaction Based on Multicycle Tests

The use of multicycle tests, with several functional capture cycles between scan operations, contributes significantly to the ability to compact a test set. Multicycle tests have the added benefit that they can contribute to the detection of defects with complex behaviors that are not detected by single-cycle or two-cycle tests. To ensure that this benefit is materialized when test compaction is applied to transition faults, this article suggests to incorporate into the test compaction procedure an additional fault model whose fault coverage increases when multicycle tests are used. To ensure that the computational complexity of test compaction is not increased by a fault model with a large number of faults, or faults with complex behaviors, the added fault model is required to have the same characteristics as the transition fault model. A type of transition fault called unspecified transition fault satisfies these requirements. The article describes a test compaction procedure for transition faults that incorporates unspecified transition faults, and presents experimental results for benchmark circuits to demonstrate the levels of test compaction and fault coverage that can be achieved.
Private vs. public prisons? A dynamic analysis of the long-term tradeoffs between cost-efficiency and recidivism in the US prison system

Compared with the rest of the world, the US prison system is characterized by high incarceration rates, high recidivism, and substantial incarceration costs. The US has increasingly turned to priva...
A pharmacokinetic study of morphine-6-O-sulfate in rat plasma and brain.

Morphine-6-O-sulfate (M6S), a polar, zwitterionic sulfate ester of morphine, is a powerful and safe analgesic in several rat models of pain. A sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry bioanalytical method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of M6S and morphine (MOR) in rat plasma and brain after M6S administration. Morphine-d6 was used as internal standard. Multiple reaction monitoring was used for detection and quantitation of M6S, MOR, and morphine-d6 in the turbo ion spray positive mode. The chromatographic separation was carried out on an Alltech Altima C18 column. The analytical method was validated for linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity, and stability over a concentration range of 3-8000 ng/ml in rat plasma and 10-10,000 ng/ml in brain samples for both M6S and MOR. The validated method was applied to determine the PK profile of M6S in plasma after i.v., i.p., and oral dosing in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were administered M6S by i.p. administration (5.6 and 10.0 mg/kg) or orally (10 and 30 mg/kg) and bioavailability compared to an i.v. injection (1 mg/kg) of M6S. The in vivo results indicate that M6S is not a prodrug of morphine, since M6S is not biotransformed into MOR in plasma after either i.p. or oral administration, and MOR was not detected in brain. The bioavailability of M6S was >93% and about 5% after i.p. and oral dosing, respectively. The low oral bioavailability of M6S may be due to poor permeation of the intestinal epithelial membrane. After i.p.-administration, M6S appears to reach brain tissues in low, but significant, concentrations.
Heterogeneity and Output Fluctuations in a Dynamic Menu-Cost Economy

When firms face menu costs, the relation between their output and money is highly nonlinear. At the aggregate level, however, this needs not be so. In this paper we study the dynamic behavior of a general equilibrium menu-cost economy where firms are heterogeneous in the shocks they perceive, and the demands and adjustment Costs they face. In this context we (i) generalize the Caplin and Spulber [1987] steady state monetary neutrality result; (ii) show that uniqueness of equilibria depends not only on the degree of strategic complementarities but also on the degree of dispersion of firms' positions in their price-cycle; (iii) characterize the path of output outside the steady state and show that as strategic complementarities become more important, expansions become longer and smoother than contractions; and (iv) show that the potential effectiveness of monetary policy is an increasing function of the distance of the economy from its steady state, but that an uninformed policy maker will have no effect on output on average.
Experimental and computational investigations of ethane and ethylene kinetics with copper oxide particles for Chemical Looping Combustion

Abstract In this work, reaction pathways for the oxidation of methane, ethane, and ethylene with CuO was obtained by ReaxFF Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations between temperatures of 1000 K and 2000 K. Experiments in a fixed-bed flow reactor were preformed with methane, ethane, and ethylene at temperatures ranging from 500 K to 1000 K with time-dependent species measurements from an Electron-Ionization Molecular Beam Mass Spectrometer (MBMS), and species validation with Gas Chromatography (GC) for detection of complete and intermediate combustion products. The MBMS and GC allow for the detection of oxygenated species and larger species produced from radical reformation. The simulation and experiment agree on the production of such species as CH 3 CHO, CH 2 O, CO, and H 2 O, which allow for the creation of simple C1 and C2 reaction pathways, which can be used in kinetic models of C2 species and larger fuels such as biofuels, which inherently depend on C1 and C2 kinetics and reaction pathway. The simulation and experiment disagree on the formation of C 2 H 2 , CH 3 OH, and CO 2 , with large amounts of C 2 H 2 being measured in the ethylene oxidation simulations and CH 3 OH being formed in methane oxidation simulations, while neither species were experimentally found. In the case of CO 2 , large amounts of CO 2 are rapidly produced in experiments with C2 fuels at 800 K, while little-to-no CO 2 was observed in simulations. This is believed to be resulting from the extremely short timescale of the simulations, preventing total oxidation of the fuel. The differences in products produced between simulation and experiment allow for the potential to modify the ReaxFF potential functions to more accurately model the experimental products of Cu–H–O–C reaction kinetics.
Safety review of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine pre-exposure prophylaxis for pregnant women at risk of HIV infection.

Introduction: Pregnancy is a period of elevated HIV risk in high-burden settings, motivating the need for prevention tools that are both safe for use and effective during pregnancy. Oral pre-exposu...
Increase in frequency of nuclear power outages due to changing climate

Climate-related changes have already affected operating conditions for different types of energy system, in particular power plants. With more than three decades of data on changing climate, we are now in a position to empirically assess the impact of climate change on power plant operations. Such empirical assessments can provide an additional measure of the resilience of power plants going forward. Here I analyse climate-linked outages in nuclear power plants over the past three decades. My assessment shows that the average frequency of climate-induced disruptions has dramatically increased from 0.2 outage per reactor-year in the 1990s to 1.5 in the past decade. Based on the projections for adopted climate scenarios, the average annual energy loss of the global nuclear fleet is estimated to range between 0.8% and 1.4% in the mid-term (2046–2065) and 1.4% and 2.4% in the long term (2081–2100). The impact of extreme weather events driven by climate change is increasingly disrupting energy assets and services. Using operational data of nuclear reactors, Ali Ahmad identifies how disruptions in nuclear power production have increased over the years with increasing temperature anomalies, and projects future loss of output.
Distal radius fractures : patterns of articular fragmentation

Distal radius articular fractures principally result from the die-punch mechanism of injury that leads to consistent patterns of articular disruption with readily identifiable radiographic signs of instability and reducibility. In the vast majority of articular fractures, prompt recognition of these key radiographic features serves as a sound basis for optimal management. Whereas the type I stable injury can be managed by short-term immobilization, the most frequently encountered type II unstable die-punch fracture requires stabilization provided by external fixation, frequently coupled with percutaneous internal fixation, to maintain an accurate reduction. Restoration of articular congruity in an irreducible type IIB dorsal die-punch fracture, in contrast, can only be accomplished by open treatment, usually comprising a limited exposure for reduction and internal fixation of the radiocarpal articular surface, supplementary external fixation, and adjunctive iliac bone grafting. The irreducible type IIB articular fracture with volar displacement is most suitable for stabilization by plate and screw fixation; however, in patients with excessive comminution, Kirshner wires provide a satisfactory alternative method of fixation. The type III spike fragment is secured with either small screws or wires in conjunction with closed or limited open articular restitution and appropriate nerve and tendon surgery. The irreducible type IV fracture demonstrating wide separation of articular components always requires extensive open treatment for restoration of articular congruity as well as repair of associated skeletal and soft tissue injuries. In the type V explosion injury, provisional stabilization employing, external fixation provides a sturdy framework for critical revascularization or resurfacing procedures and serves to maintain radial alignment before definitive articular reconstruction. In more severe injuries, early detection and repair of frequent periarticular injuries are essential for a favorable recovery. In those fractures requiring open reduction with internal fixation, supplementary external fixation and iliac bone grafting have proved to be increasingly beneficial adjuvants to management. In all cases, preservation of articular congruity with precise restoration of key medial fragments is the principal prerequisite for a successful outcome.
A Comparison Study of the Processing Methods and Properties for Zirconium Silicate Fibrous Monoliths.

ZrSiO{sub 4}/ZrSiO{sub 4} fibrous monoliths (FMs) have been fabricated using both ram and screw extrusion processing methods to form unidirectional [0] architectures. Ram extrusion has been the traditional process for fabricating FMs, in which a controlled-geometry feedrod containing the cell and cell-boundary phases as ceramic/polymer blends is forced through a die. Conventional screw extrusion has also been used more recently to fabricate FM filaments. Both techniques resulted in FMs that exhibit graceful failure in flexure. Peak strengths are in the range of 90-100 MPa with load retention after fracture occurs.
Koko: architecture and methodology for engineering social affective applications

Representing and reasoning about affect (e.g. emotion and mood) is essential for producing believable characters and empathic interactions with users, both of which are necessary for effective entertainment and education. Leading applications of interest include pedagogical tools [1], military training simulations [2], and educational games [3].
INSTABILITY, STAGFLATION, AND THE DIRECTION OF MACROECONOMICS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses instability, stagflation, and the direction of macroeconomics. A proper timing of macro policy is not easy when stabilization is the major goal of the policy planners. Macro policy could be directed by macro policy rules. Advocates argue that macro rules would reduce destabilizing policies stemming from political considerations and eliminate the inflationary bias inherent in the institution of discretionary macro policy. The natural rate of unemployment could be reduced if the unemployment compensation system were reformed. The current system encourages unemployment because it makes periods of unemployment cheap relative to the acceptance of available employment opportunities. Although most economists oppose wage-price controls, some believe that a more flexible tax-based incomes policy (TIP) could reduce the rate of inflation without disrupting markets. TIP would use a system of tax-based rewards and penalties to discourage employers from granting large money wage increases. Sound Keynesian policy calls for budget deficits to combat recessionary conditions and budget surpluses to deal with inflationary booms. Public choice analysis suggests that vote-maximizing political entrepreneurs will fail to institute discretionary countercyclical macro policy.
Structure-function analysis of the exoribonuclease domain of arenaviral nucleoproteins in mediating host immune evasion (LB138)

Several pathogenic arenaviruses, including Lassa virus, cause hemorrhagic fever (HF) infections that can result in significant morbidity and mortality in humans. A hallmark of severe HF is the high levels of viremia coupled with generalized immune suppression of the hosts, the mechanisms for which are unknown. Recent studies in our laboratory have revealed several potential mechanisms that arenaviruses use to cause virulent infection [McLay, et al., JVI 2013, Jiang, et al., JBC 2013; Kumar, et al., Virol 2012; Wang, et al., JVI 2012; Qi, et al., Nature 2010; Lan, et al., JVI 2009, Arch Virol 2008). A unique feature of lethal Lassa (LASV) arenaviral infection is that it is often associated with a generalized immune suppression of the infected hosts, the exact mechanism of which is unclear but is thought to involve the ability of the viral nucleoprotein (NP) to suppress the induction of type I interferons (IFN). We have recently determined the first crystal structure for LASV NP at 1.80 Angstrom resolution ...
Coercive Control: How Men Entrap Women in Personal Life

Introduction I. THE DOMESTIC VIOLENCE REVOLUTION: PROMISE AND DISAPPOINTMENT 1. The Revolution Unfolds 2. The Revolution Stalled II. ENIGMAS OF ABUSE 3. The Proper Measure of Abuse 4. The Entrapment Enigma 5. Re-presenting Battered Women III. FROM DOMESTIC VIOLENCE TO COERCIVE CONTROL 6. Up to Inequality 7. The Theory of Coercive Control 8. The Technology of Coercive Control IV. LIVING WITH COERCIVE CONTROL 9. When Battered Women Kill 10. For Love or Money 11. The Reasonableness of Battered Women Conclusion: Freedom is Not Free
Multivariate Density Estimation and Visualization

This chapter examines the use of flexible methods to approximate an unknown density function, and techniques appropriate for visualization of densities in up to four dimensions. The statistical analysis of data is a multilayered endeavor. Data must be carefully examined and cleaned to avoid spurious findings.
Fully-implantable auditory prostheses: restoring hearing to the profoundly deaf

Present cochlear prostheses employ up to 24 electrodes to electrically stimulate the auditory nerve with currents of 200-800 /spl mu/A, charge-balanced pulse rates of 100 Kpps or more, and pulse widths of 20-200 /spl mu/sec/phase. To explore performance limits, MEMS-based microsystems will soon provide as many as 128 electrode sites and up to 16 parallel data channels. Fully-implantable microsystems for the cochlear nucleus are also being developed using 3D arrays of penetrating electrodes. Button-size implant prototypes with 1024 multiplexed electrode sites on 400 /spl mu/m centers have been realized. Packaging techniques are consistent with many decades of use in-vivo, while wireless interfaces can provide data at over 1 Mb/s in addition to power. These implantable microsystems will restore hearing to an expanding population of individuals during the coming decade as well as serve as a generic platform for dealing with a number of other disorders.
Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice

Experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE), the animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), has provided significant insight into the mechanisms that initiate and drive autoimmunity. Several central nervous system proteins and peptides have been used to induce disease, in a number of different mouse strains, to model the diverse clinical presentations of MS. In this chapter, we detail the materials and methods used to induce active and adoptive EAE. We focus on disease induction in the SJL/J, C57BL/6, and BALB/c mouse strains, using peptides derived from proteolipid protein, myelin basic protein, and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. We also include a protocol for the isolation of leukocytes from the spinal cord and brain for flow cytometric analysis.
Occurrence of a Thiothrix sp. Attached to Mayfly Larvae and Presence of Parasitic Bacteria in the Thiothrix sp.

Abstract Larvae of the mayfly (Drunella grandis [Eaton]) from Diamond Fork Creek, Utah, were covered with a heavy growth of the sulfide-oxidizing bacterium Thiothrix. The bacterium did not seem to harm the mayfly, but the Thiothrix trichomes were parasitized by three morphologically distinct bacteria, two of which were cytoplasmic and one of which was probably periplasmic. At least two of the parasites destroyed the cytoplasmic contents of the Thiothrix sp., thus killing the host cell. Attempts to obtain the parasites in pure culture were unsuccessful.
Microstructural Characterization of Solidified Simulated Reactor Wasteforms

At Hanford the long-term waste management program is considering both glass and ceramics as material with which to immobilize defense waste . (1,2) Hanford defense waste spans three generations of nuclear fuel reprocessing plants. These wastes are chemically quite varied. Currently, glass is the leading candidate for the immobilization of these wastes. Conversion to ceramic materials is the main alternative. In order to ensure good products, thorough microstructural analyses are deemed necessary. Until recently such analyses have not been done and the emphasis has been to characterize the simulated products by studying leach rates.
Micromechanics: Elastic, Thermal, and Physical Properties

In this chapter, we examine the elastic and physical properties of ceramic matrix composites. In particular, we give a micromechanical description of the different elastic constants, thermal expansion coefficients, thermal conductivity, density, etc. in terms of the same constants or of the individual components and the geometric arrangement of the components.
Area efficient CMOS charge pump circuits

This paper describes the operation of three types of charge pump circuits. Power efficiency theory of charge pumps is discussed. A method of estimating the output ripple of a charge pump from the size of the capacitors used is described. A new charge pump circuit that uses two cascoded buffer transistors to improve the area efficiency is proposed.
Comment on "Is Faith the Enemy of Science?"

This comment was solicited by Physics in Canada and will appear alongside the article by Richard Mackenzie [arXiv:0807.3670] in the next issue.
Membership Structure and Dividend Payout Policies at Hungarian Cooperative Banks

Cooperative banks are widely seen as sustainable alternatives to profit-driven banking. However, while most banks struggle to meet the stringent capital requirements of regulators, cooperative banks are in particular need of cautious capital-related decisions given their little ability to accommodate profit-driven equity investors. In fact, cooperative banks’ single greatest source of capital is their annual surplus.This paper first highlights that capital protection rules related to Hungarian cooperative banks are more liberal than of other European cooperatives. This step is then followed by an analysis of Hungarian cooperative banks’ decisions on the distribution of annual surplus among their members. In doing so, the annual reports of 99 cooperative banks representing 73 percent of all Hungarian cooperatives are used, complemented with confidential data on the ownership structure of each cooperative.The study shows that a cooperative with low number of members and high amount of average subscribed capital per member are likely to distribute high dividends. This phenomenon is explained by the different nature of cooperatives according to their number of members. This result not only sends an alarming message to policy makers in Hungary and possibly elsewhere, but also contributes to the peculiarities of cooperative corporate governance.
The John Day Powerhouse

Salient features of the powerhouse design include selection of an indoor-type powerhouse and elimination of a generator floor; implementation of a control philosophy stating that the control room should only be provided with the control elements which would be provided at a remote control station and a basic requirement that control functions and equipment should be flexible as regards modification to suit future operating requirements; installation of a digital operations controller which is intended to lead to future closed-loop control of the plant; grouping of four large hydro units on each 500-kV transformer bank; and standardization of the design to include Lower Monumental and Little Goose Projects to effect savings in design and equipment procurement costs.
The efficacy of dynamic written corrective feedback for university-matriculated ESL learners

Abstract Truscott’s (1996) indictment on error correction in second-language (L2) writing has ignited much discussion and research on the appropriateness of written corrective feedback (WCF) in L2 contexts. Out of this has emerged a body of research that suggests that WCF can positively impact the linguistic accuracy of student writing. However, these studies have examined only one or two error types. A central aspect of the efficacy of any corrective measure has to do with using feedback that is appropriate for the learner and the learning context. This paper builds on previous studies of dynamic WCF, which targets all linguistic errors simultaneously. Previously, dynamic WCF was studied in the context of an intensive English program where students’ linguistic accuracy was positively affected. The current study tested the efficacy of dynamic WCF in the context of ESL students who are enrolled in university undergraduate studies. A comparative study was conducted measuring ESL learners who were taught using dynamic WCF against students who received traditional process writing instruction. Results indicated that students who received traditional process writing instruction experienced some declines in linguistic accuracy while those who received dynamic WCF showed significant improvement in the linguistic accuracy of their L2 writing.
The Stroke Team Concept as Implemented in the Area VIII Regional Medical Program

A training program for hospital "stroke teams," consisting of physician, nurse-coordinator and physical therapist, is a unique feature of the Area VIII Regional Medical Program. Training in team concept of stroke management based on the experience of Memorial Hospital of Long Beach will be offered Area-wide. Thirty acute hospitals and 73 extended-care facilities located within Area VIII will participate. It is stipulated that each team completing such training at Long Beach return to its own hospital to put the new approach and methods into effect, and also to train backup teams where personnel is available. Professional faculty will make follow-up visits to gauge the effectiveness of the training program both in application of the technique by the team and in influencing total approach to the care of stroke patients. Extended-care facilities also are urged to participate, in line with their own staffing patterns. The Easter Seal Rehabilitation Center of Orange County will cooperate by providing other dis...
BRIEF REPORT: Patient‐Physician Agreement as a Predictor of Outcomes in Patients with Back Pain

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a patient-physician agreement instrument predicts important health outcomes.
Analysis of free-space laser signal intensity over a 2.33 km optical path

The probability distribution of aperture averaged signal intensity from free-space laser optical systems depends on the optical turbulence along the optical path. For most current free-space laser systems, random fluctuations of signal intensity are assumed to be statistically homogeneous and isotropic. Moreover, it is assumed that probability distributions are generally log-normal and that Kolmogorov -5/3 wave number turbulence power law represents the signal intensity data. In this paper, the Kolmogorov model is investigated for an optical path that traverses a complex non-uniform topography. Experimental research is conducted to determine the characteristic behavior of high frequency (2000 Hz) signal intensity data collected over a 2.33 km optical path at the Army Research Laboratory (ARL) Atmospheric Laser Optics Testbed (A_LOT) Facility. Results focus mainly on calculated power spectra and frequency distributions. In addition, a model is developed to calculate optical turbulence intensity (C2/n) as a function of receiving (and transmitting) aperture diameter, log-amplitude variance, and path length. Here, initial comparisons of calculated to measured C2/n data are favorable. It is anticipated that this kind of signal data analysis will benefit laser communication systems development and testing at the ARL.
The ordering scheme in Nb aluminides with the B2 crystal structure

Recently, a series of Nb aluminides containing various amounts of Ti and possessing the B2 crystal structure have been developed. Three examples of these intermetallic compounds have compositions given by Nb-15Al-xTi, where x = 10, 25 and 40 (all compositions in atomic % unless otherwise stated). The three compounds all exhibit excellent specific strengths, but have rather different values of tensile ductility. Among a number of possible factors that are being investigated is the state of ordering in the compounds. In this paper, a new approach is applied to define a general ordering state of the B2 structure in a ternary alloy. This new concept, the Ordering Tie Line (OTL), is used to describe this ordering state, from which the site occupancies or atomic configurations of the B2 alloys can be derived. Experimentally, it has also been shown that the OTL can be determined by the ALCHEMI technique. The ordering states of these three B2 alloys, as represented by the OTL`s, have been determined, and these are discussed below. As the OTL is a new concept, the notion and means of deriving an OTL are first described briefly. Further details are available in reference.
Isolation of protein synthesis initiation factor MP from the high-speed supernatant fraction of wheat germ.

Summary A protein which forms a ternary complex with GTP and Met-tRNA i has been partially purified from a high-speed supernatant fraction of wheat germ. This protein has properties similar to eukaryotic initiation factor MP (or IF-I) which is present in high salt washes of ribosomes from animal tissues. Ternary complex formation is optimal at low magnesium ion concentration, but diminishes as the magnesium ion concentration is increased. The factor is not specific for GTP, since a ternary complex is also formed with dGTP, CTP and UTP. At constant GTP and Met-tRNA i concentrations the amount of ternary complex formed is linear with respect to factor concentration, except at very low concentrations. Wheat germ factor is inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide and is inactivated by heating.
Towards self-healing smart grid via intelligent local controller switching under jamming

A key component of a smart grid is its ability to collect useful information from a power grid for enabling control centers to estimate the current states of the power grid. Such information can be delivered to the control centers via wireless or wired networks. We envision that wireless technology will be widely used for local-area communication subsystems in the smart grid (e.g., in distribution networks). However, various attacks with drastic impacts can be launched in wireless networks such as channel jamming attacks and DoS attacks. In particular, jamming attacks can cause a wide range of damages to power grids, e.g., delayed delivery of time-critical messages can prevent control centers from properly controlling the outputs of generators to match load demands. In this paper, we design a communication subsystem with enhanced self-healing capability under the presence of jamming through intelligent local controller switching. Our proposed framework allows sufficient readings from smart meters to be continuously collected by various local controllers to estimate the states of a power grid under various attack scenarios. In addition, we provide guidelines on optimal placement of local controllers to ensure effective switching of smart meters under jamming. Via theoretical, experimental and simulation studies, we demonstrate that our proposed system is effective in maintaining communications between smart meters and local controllers even when multiple jammers are present in the network.