cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intercellular Adhesion-Dependent Cell Survival and ROCK-Regulated Actomyosin-Driven Forces Mediate Self-Formation of a Retinal Organoid

In this study we dissected retinal organoid morphogenesis in human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived cultures and established a convenient method for isolating large quantities of retinal organoids for modeling human retinal development and disease. Epithelialized cysts were generated via floating culture of clumps of Matrigel/hESCs. Upon spontaneous attachment and spreading of the cysts, patterned retinal monolayers with tight junctions formed. Dispase-mediated detachment of the monolayers and subsequent floating culture led to self-formation of retinal organoids comprising patterned neuroretina, ciliary margin, and retinal pigment epithelium. Intercellular adhesion-dependent cell survival and ROCK-regulated actomyosin-driven forces are required for the self-organization. Our data supports a hypothesis that newly specified neuroretina progenitors form characteristic structures in equilibrium through minimization of cell surface tension. In long-term culture, the retinal organoids autonomously generated stratified retinal tissues, including photoreceptors with ultrastructure of outer segments. Our system requires minimal manual manipulation, has been validated in two lines of human pluripotent stem cells, and provides insight into optic cup invagination in vivo.
Economic Analysis of Endoscopic Procedures

Economic analysis is becoming an important tool for the evaluation of new technologies. In this era of rapidly rising health care costs, we are required to demonstrate that our procedures are effective and cost-efficient. This article provides a glossary of terms for the evaluation and performance of an economic analysis and outlines the steps for performing an economic evaluation of an endoscopic procedure. The reader is provided with the skills to critically evaluate economic analyses of endoscopic technologies, and to determine their relevance to their practice.
Comparing staging by positron emission tomography with contrast-enhanced computed tomography and by pathology in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Objective:This study aimed to evaluate the ability of positron emission tomography with contrast-enhanced computed tomography to correctly stage head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, in comparison with pathological staging.Methods:Positron emission tomography computed tomography was used to determine the tumour–node–metastasis classification and overall cancer stage in 85 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients who underwent pre-operative imaging using this modality and primary surgery between July 2010 and January 2013. Staging by positron emission tomography computed tomography was retrospectively compared with staging using pathological specimens. Agreement between imaging stage and pathological stage was examined by univariate and multivariate analysis both overall and for each primary tumour site.Results:This imaging modality was 87.5 per cent sensitive and 44.8 per cent specific in identifying regional cervical metastases, and had false positive and false negative rates of 18.8 per cent and 8.2 per cent, respectively. The positive predictive and negative predictive values were 75.4 per cent and 65.0 per cent, respectively. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed a significant agreement between positron emission tomography computed tomography and pathological node classification in older patients and for the oral cavity primary tumour site. There was significant agreement between both methods in the overall classification only for tumours classified as T3 or greater.Conclusion:Positron emission tomography computed tomography should be used with caution for the pre-operative staging of head and neck cancers because of its high false positive and false negative rates.
Total Quality Management in the Critical Care Environment: A Primer

Total Quality Management is the system being used by hospitals and other health care organizations to reach new quality standards. This article provides an overview of Total Quality Management for the critical care professional by examining the major components, how to initiate the program, and the role of physicians.
Renewed Awareness: Perspectives on Gender and Race

The dynamics of gender and race are examined more closely in this chapter. It renders specific attention to the voter response to the candidacies of Hillary Clinton, Sarah Palin, and Barack Obama in 2008. The analysis here examines voting behavior and the treatment of the candidates in the news media during the campaign. While the voters and media espoused excitement during the 2008 campaign, there were also common themes of intensified scrutiny of the candidates as research suggests is common for women and black candidates. On the other hand, the analysis also denotes that women and racial voters expressed more enthusiasm toward political candidates in 2008 and were noticeably more mobilized than in 2004. The research employs the analysis of feeling thermometers to evaluate the influence of identity politics of candidate likeability. The findings suggest that racial identity and partisanship demonstrated influence on candidate likeability, while gender had a singular influence on voters liking Hillary Clinton.
An adaptive multimodal interface for wireless applications

In this paper we present an adaptive multimodal interface for wireless computing applications. The system optimizes its performance by dynamically selecting its network service based on cost and performance requirements. We describe a prototype system and its application to demonstrate the proposed concept.
Topical Therapies for Refractory Chronic Rhinosinusitis

Topical therapy has become an important tool in the otolaryngologist's armamentarium for refractory chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Daily high-volume sinonasal saline irrigation and standard metered-dose topical nasal steroid therapy are supported by the most evidence. Nonstandard topical sinonasal steroid therapies are a potential option for refractory CRS. Current evidence recommends against the use of topical antifungal therapy and topical antibiotic therapy delivered using spray and nebulized techniques in routine cases of CRS. Stents are a new modality with preliminary data showing they are an option when traditional treatment has failed. Further research with long-term effects and outcomes studies for refractory CRS are needed.
Cochlear hair cell regeneration after noise-induced hearing loss: Does regeneration follow development?

Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) affects a large number of military personnel and civilians. Regenerating inner-ear cochlear hair cells (HCs) is a promising strategy to restore hearing after NIHL. In this review, we first summarize recent transcriptome profile analysis of zebrafish lateral lines and chick utricles where spontaneous HC regeneration occurs after HC damage. We then discuss recent studies in other mammalian regenerative systems such as pancreas, heart and central nervous system. Both spontaneous and forced HC regeneration occurs in mammalian cochleae in vivo involving proliferation and direct lineage conversion. However, both processes are inefficient and incomplete, and decline with age. For direct lineage conversion in vivo in cochleae and in other systems, further improvement requires multiple factors, including transcription, epigenetic and trophic factors, with appropriate stoichiometry in appropriate architectural niche. Increasing evidence from other systems indicates that the molecular paths of direct lineage conversion may be different from those of normal developmental lineages. We therefore hypothesize that HC regeneration does not have to follow HC development and that epigenetic memory of supporting cells influences the HC regeneration, which may be a key to successful cochlear HC regeneration. Finally, we discuss recent efforts in viral gene therapy and drug discovery for HC regeneration. We hope that combination therapy targeting multiple factors and epigenetic signaling pathways will provide promising avenues for HC regeneration in humans with NIHL and other types of hearing loss.
Converse Translation in Targum Pseudo-Jonathan Genesis 19.33: Did Lot Really Not Know That His Older Daughter Lay with Him?

While Gen. 19.33–35 in the Hebrew Bible indicates that Lot did not know that his daughters lay with him, the manuscript of TgPsJ suggests that Lot did know when the older daughter arose after the act of intercourse was completed. The printed editions of TgPsJ disagree with the manuscript, but agree with the Hebrew Bible and state that Lot did not know when either daughter lay down or arose. This raises the question: Is the manuscript accurate or does it contain a textual error? Scholars disagree. Some affirm the manuscript; others prefer the printed editions. This article argues that the text of the manuscript is accurate: the targumist did indeed state that Lot knew when his older daughter arose after she lay with him.
Introduction: The Background

The Introduction provides the landscape for the argument that neoliberalism and neoliberal policies have a pervasive influence upon higher education institutions and a potentially intractable effect on organizational behaviors and actions. The chapter sets the stage for the focus of the book: seven organizations—four present day community colleges and three universities that were former community colleges—and the influences of neoliberalism on the development of these institutions, as well as the interplay between institutional logics and neoliberal ideology and between government policy and institutional logics.
Knowing and interpreting prekindergarten policy: A Bakhtinian analysis

Many state-funded prekindergarten (preK) programs are implemented through school-community partnerships, which has been promoted as a way to increase preK access, to meet the needs of families, and to ensure program quality (Schumacher, Ewen, Hart, & Lombardi, 2005). In spite of the potential benefits of such partnerships, there are also challenges to bringing together the K-12 and ECE systems (McCabe & Sipple, 2011). In this paper I use Bakhtin’s (1981) notions of authoritative and internally persuasive discourse to analyze the discourse that staff members at a Lakeville, Wisconsin, ECE partner site used to situate their approach to assessment in opposition to state and district assessment policy. ECE partner site staff drew on their institution’s long history and strong sense of best practice in early education to characterize required preK assessments as unnecessary, too aligned with the elementary grades, and a duplication of other approaches to assessment that they valued. Yet, even as they resisted the assessments, ECE partners’ internally persuasive discourse shifted slightly over time; staff members conceded that some aspects of the assessment policy had a positive effect on their program. This discursive analysis provides insight into some of the challenges associated with bringing together the ECE and K-12 systems. It points to the need for policy to address the particular challenges faced by ECE partners as they encounter new mandates in public preK and for the need to ensure that partnerships are characterized by mutual understanding.
Palladium Catalyzed Asymmetric Three-Component Coupling of Boronic Esters, Indoles, and Allylic Acetates

Boronic esters react with 2-lithiated indoles to form boronate intermediates. The boronate reacts with allylic acetates in the presence of (BINAP)Pd catalysts to allylate C3 concurrent with alkyl migration from B to C2 of the indole. Overall, the process is a three-component coupling that joins an allylic acetate, and indole and an organo-B(pin) species to provide substituted indoles and indolines with high enantio-, regio-, and diastereoselectivity.
The North American Genus Climacoidea Puri, 1956, and the Tribe Campylocytherini (Neogene and Quaternary)

The genera Reticulocythereis Puri, 1960, and Climacoidea Puri, 1956, which occur in Pliocene to Holocene marine deposits of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain, have been examined and found to possess a vertical row of four adductor muscle scars and two frontal scars, a carapace that is subovate in lateral view and widest behind the middle, and an amphidont hinge having a conical anterior tooth in the right valve. These and other characteristics indicate placement in the North American ostracode tribe Campylocytherini. Climacoidea and Reticulocythereis differ from one another and from the campylocytherine genus Proteoconcha Plusquellec and Sandberg, 1969, only in details of carapace ornament. We propose that Proteoconcha and Reticulocythereis be relegated to subgenera of the genus Climacoidea. As do other genera of the tribe, species of Climacoidea inhabit inner sublittoral to brackish environments in mild-temperate to subtropical waters. Two new species C. (Reticulocythereis) foresteri , and C. (Reticulocythereis) reticulata are diagnosed.
The Iwasawa Decomposition

Let us begin this topic with an example. Let G = GL(n, ℂ). It is the complexification of K= U(n), which is a maximal compact subgroup. Let T be the maximal torus of K consisting of diagonal matrices whose eigenvalues have absolute value 1. The complexification T ℂ of T can be factored as TA, where A is the group of diagonal matrices whose eigenvalues are positive real numbers. Let B be the group of upper triangular matrices in G,and let B 0 be the subgroup of elements of B whose diagonal entries are positive real numbers. Finally, let N be the subgroup of unipotent elements of B. Recalling that a matrix is called unipotent if its only eigenvalue is 1, the elements of N are upper triangular matrices whose diagonal entries are all equal to 1. We may factor B = TN and B 0 = AN. The subgroup N is normal in B and B 0, so these decompositions are semidirect products.
Comparison of sprinting vs non-sprinting to wean nasal continuous positive airway pressure off in very preterm infants

Comparison of sprinting vs non-sprinting to wean nasal continuous positive airway pressure off in very preterm infants
Image-line voltage controllable active antennas

A varactor-tuned Gunn oscillator was constructed in an image-line circuit ingrated with a grating antenna. The combined circuit exhibited a 2 percent electronic tuning range corresponding to a frequency steerable range of 4 degrees. The circuit can be produced at low cost in the millimeter-wave frequency band.
Putting the Patient Back Together - Social Medicine, Network Medicine, and the Limits of Reductionism.

Network biologists, in focusing on interrelational structures emerging from complex interactions among genes, proteins, internal milieu, and external environment, echo the social science view that biomedical reductionism misses crucial aspects of human disease.
Acupuncture versus medication for pain management: a cross-sectional study of breast cancer survivors

Aim of the study Breast cancer survivors who take aromatase inhibitors (AI) often suffer from chronic pain. Emerging evidence supports the use of acupuncture as an effective pain management strategy for this condition, but its acceptability among cancer survivors is unknown. We evaluated breast cancer survivors’ preferences for acupuncture as compared with medication use and identified factors predictive of this preference. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study among breast cancer survivors who were currently, or had been, taking an AI. The primary outcome was degree of preference for acupuncture as compared with medication for pain management. We conducted multivariate logistic regression analyses to evaluate the effects of socioeconomic status (SES) factors and health beliefs on treatment preference. Results Among 592 participants, 160 (27.0%) preferred acupuncture, 153 (25.8%) preferred medication and 279 (47.1%) had no clear preference. In a multivariate analysis that only included SES, higher education and white race were significantly associated with greater preference for acupuncture. When health beliefs were added, SES effects were attenuated, while greater expectation of acupuncture’s effect, lower perceived barriers to its use, higher social norm (endorsement from family members and healthcare professionals) related to acupuncture and higher holistic health beliefs were associated with greater preference for acupuncture. Conclusion We found similar rates of preference for acupuncture versus medication among breast cancer survivors for pain management. Specific attitudes and beliefs predicted such preferences, highlighting the importance of a patient-centred approach to align patient beliefs and preferences with therapeutic options for more effective pain management. Trial registration number NCT01013337; Results.
Special Session: Joint Task Force on Cybersecurity Education

In this special session, members of the Joint Task Force (JTF) on Cybersecurity Education will provide an overview of the CSEC2017 curricular guidelines (finalized in December 2017) and engage session participants in a discussion of the curricular framework and body of knowledge. The session will conclude with an interactive panel discussion on implementing the curricular guidance.
Real and complex polynomial root-finding by means of eigen-solving

Our new numerical algorithms approximate real and complex roots of a univariate polynomial lying near a selected point of the complex plane, all its real roots, and all its roots lying in a fixed half-plane or in a fixed rectangular region. The algorithms seek the roots of a polynomial as the eigenvalues of the associated companion matrix. Our analysis and experiments show their efficiency. We employ some advanced machinery available for matrix eigen-solving, exploit the structure of the companion matrix, and apply randomized matrix algorithms, repeated squaring, matrix sign iteration and subdivision of the complex plane. Some of our techniques can be of independent interest.
Geriatric preventive care: Counseling techniques in practice settings

Counseling patients in preventive health measures may be considerably more difficult for the clinician than managing acute illnesses. It requires medical knowledge and assiduousness on the part of both patient and physician, facilitative systems, the cooperation of significant others, and longitudinal good communication between all of these persons to facilitate the kind of objective-setting necessary to make preventive medicine work. The spectrum of clinical preventive care for the elderly is considerable, and the breadth of communication competencies required for optimal effectiveness somewhat daunting. All are within the scope of activities of the active clinician, however, given time and reflective experience. In this broad domain, what is most important to elderly patients may not be primary prevention (avoidance of onset of new diseases) but tertiary prevention (avoidance of impaired function from diseases already in existence) and avoidance of iatrogenesis. Ironically, the final acts of geriatric clinical prevention are those designed to assure appropriate end-of-life care.
Dual-detector-post-column reactor system for the detection of isoenzymes separated by high-performance liquid chromatography : I. Description and theory

We describe a dual-detector-post-column chromatographic reaction detector system that corrects for substances present in biological samples that interfere with the measurement of isoenzymes separated on a chromatographic column. The response observed at the detector in front of the reaction coil is mathematically dispersed, time transformed and subtracted from the detector behind the coil to produce a blank corrected chromatogram. The same computer program calculates peak areas and other chromatographic parameters such as height equivalent to a theoretical plate and retention time. In addition, we have evaluated the dispersion effects caused by various changes in our experimental system.
Questions Posed by Residents in the Operating Room: A Thematic Analysis.

Objective Questioning behavior is a type of intraoperative communication for which little information exists on the types of questions that residents ask. The purpose of this study is to describe and identify themes of questions asked by residents in the operating room. Design Trained observers documented questions asked by residents during operations. Thematic analysis was applied. Setting University of Utah Hospital (Salt Lake City, Utah) operating rooms; institutional. Participants A total of 10 general surgical residents (postgraduate year 1 to 5) were observed along with 10 attending general surgeons. Cases were purposefully selected to be broadly representative of general surgery cases. Results Thematic saturation occurred following examination of 16 operative cases, which included 178 questions asked by residents. Two broad categories of questions emerged: case-related (71%) and noncase-related (29%), with multiple subcategories within the 2 groups. Case-related subcategories included operative techniques, logistics, patient care, and other. Questions unrelated to the case included subcategories of social, work-related but unrelated to case, other. Less than 1% of questions asked by residents during operations were reflective. Conclusions Most questions related to the case were technical and most of those unrelated to the case were social; almost all questions were transactional in nature. Our identification of questioning themes by residents expands understanding of resident questioning behaviors, and therefore may enable residents and faculty to be more effective in establishing entrustment.
Improving Adherence to PAP Therapy: an Update

Positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy is the “gold standard” of treatment for obstructive sleep apnea; however, rates of non-adherence to PAP therapy remain high despite device improvements and the inclusion of PAP education programs in most comprehensive sleep disorders clinics. We aimed to review recent evidence-based trends for improving PAP adherence. Remote monitoring and telemedicine interventions in conjunction with mobile patient engagement applications have shown promise in facilitating uptake and maintenance of PAP use. New focus on the bedpartner dyad and managing comorbid conditions are also notable, though more recent evidence for specific interventions is limited. Recent trends suggest a shift towards developing more patient-centered programs to support PAP adherence. Advancements in telemedicine and interactive mobile health technologies represent the most promising area of growth for PAP adherence interventions. Continued efforts focused on treatments that address socio-relational factors and comorbid conditions seem warranted.
Composites Composed of Polydopamine Nanoparticles, Graphene Oxide, and ε-Poly-l-lysine for Removal of Waterborne Contaminants and Eradication of Superbugs

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 30% people in the world lack access to safe drinking water due to the presence of toxic waterborne contaminants, which kills more than 7.6 million...
Police Leadership in the United States

Leadership is an enduring concern in American policing. In a post-Ferguson era, the police find themselves once again confronting a crisis of trust and confidence. Better leaders and leadership represent important mechanisms to ameliorate these concerns and to disrupt American policing’s historical cycle of controversy. This chapter examines the historical and current periods of crisis in US policing as they relate to police leadership. It provides an overview of the major programmes and initiatives designed to develop future generations of US police leaders, while discussing the lack of evidence validating how-best to develop better police leaders. The chapter concludes with a discussion of ways to enhance the quality of leaders and leadership in policing to better serve the interests of citizens and society.
Technical, Economic, and Social Coordination Requirements of Internet-Based Innovation

The paper explores the role of coordination mechanisms with an emphasis on next generation digital innovations, many of them related to the Internet of Things (IoT) and 5G wireless services. Much of the discussion on the conditions that support Internet-based innovation focused on modular innovations. These were indeed a major driver of innovation in during much of the development of the Internet. While many of the new services can be configured as modular projects, others, for example cyber-physical systems supporting smart cities or autonomous vehicles, require coordination efforts that go beyond the relevant market players and involved public sector actors and the development of social norms that support these innovations. We are particularly interested in the role of policy in facilitating the provision of appropriate coordination mechanisms. The discussion shows that some situations may require new forms of proactive public policy at the local, state, and national level, including coordinated rollout of complementary infrastructures, support for public interest innovation, and a redesign of regulation and legislation.
Quantifying the Impact of Resuscitation-Team Activation in Hospital Emergency Departments

Hospital emergency department (ED) operations are affected when critically ill or injured patients arrive. Such events often lead to the initiation of specific protocols, referred to as Resuscitation-team Activation (RA), in the ED of Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN where this study was conducted. RA events lead to the diversion of resources from other patients in the ED to provide care to critically ill patients; therefore, it has an impact on the entire ED system. This paper presents a data-driven and flexible statistical learning model to quantify the impact of RA on the ED. The model learns the pattern of operations in the ED from historical patient arrival and departure timestamps and quantifies the impact of RA by measuring the deviation of the departure of patients during RA from normal processes. The proposed method significantly outperforms baseline methods based on measuring the average time patients spend in the ED.
High multiplicity asymmetric traveling salesman problem with feedback vertex set and its application to storage/retrieval system

Abstract We describe an algorithm for the high multiplicity asymmetric traveling salesman problem with feedback vertex set of size k ( HMATSP -kFVS) where each vertex can be visited a certain number of times and each cycle in a solution contains at least one vertex from the feedback vertex set. We show how it can be used to improve algorithms in automated storage and retrieval systems. An automated storage and retrieval system includes storage blocks and storage and retrieval machines that either move to retrieve unit loads from their current locations in the system to a depot or take unit loads from a depot and store them to specific locations in the system. Given n storage and retrieval requests in a system with k depots and one storage and retrieval machine, we show that our algorithm for HMATSP -kFVS can solve the problem of minimizing total traveling time of the storage and retrieval machine in O ( n k + n 3 ) time when all depots are specialized (each depot fulfills one type of requests) and in O ( n 2 k + n 3 ) time when depots are regular (each depot fulfills both types of requests). The best previous algorithm only solves the special case of the problem with 2 regular depots in O(n6) time. The applicability of our algorithm for several generalizations and special cases of the problem is also discussed. Furthermore, to evaluate the performance of our solution method, we perform extensive numerical experiments.
Metamaterial assisted cellular imaging using photobleaching kinetics

In the past two decades, various super-resolution fluorescence microscopic techniques have achieved an axial resolution on the order of tens of nanometers and been applied for a wide range of biological studies. However, these imaging techniques still face technical challenges to reach a resolution below 10 nm. Moreover, the required complex system for these techniques limits their wide applications in practice. In this talk, we present a new cellular fluorescence imaging method with a nanometer-scale axial resolution, based on a distance-dependent photobleaching suppression of fluorophores on hyperbolic metamaterial. We will show that by applying this technology to image HeLa cell membranes tagged with fluorescent proteins, an axial resolution of ~3 nm at multiple colors can be achieved, allowing for a precise determination of the architecture of cell adhesion.
Constrained Bi-objective Surrogate-Assisted Optimization of Problems with Heterogeneous Evaluation Times: Expensive Objectives and Inexpensive Constraints

In the past years, a significant amount of research has been done in optimizing computationally expensive and time-consuming objective functions using various surrogate modeling approaches. Constraints have often been neglected or assumed to be a by-product of the expensive objective computation and thereby being available after executing the expensive evaluation routines. However, many optimization problems in practice have separately evaluable computationally inexpensive geometrical or physical constraint functions, while the objectives may still be time-consuming. This scenario probably makes the simplest case of handling heterogeneous and multi-scale surrogate modeling in the presence of constraints. In this paper, we propose a method which makes use of the inexpensiveness of constraints to ensure all time-consuming objective evaluations are only executed for feasible solutions. Results on test and real-world problems indicate that the proposed approach finds a widely distributed set of near-Pareto-optimal solutions with a small budget of expensive evaluations.
Defining recovery trajectories after shoulder arthroplasty: a latent class analysis of patient-reported outcomes.

Background Patients undergoing total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) can have varying levels of improvement after surgery. As patients typically demonstrate a nonlinear recovery trajectory, advanced analysis investigating the degrees of variation in outcomes is needed. Latent class analysis (LCA) is a mixed and multilevel model that estimates random slope variance to evaluate heterogeneity in outcome patterns among patient subgroups and can be used to outline differing recovery trajectories. The purpose of this study was to determine recovery trajectory patterns after TSA and to identify factors that predict a given trajectory. Methods Data from a prospectively collected single institutional database of patients undergoing anatomic and reverse TSA were utilized. Patients were included if they had American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Standardized Shoulder Assessment Form (ASES) scores preoperatively, as well as postoperative scores at 6 weeks, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years. Patients were excluded if they underwent a revision procedure or hemiarthroplasty or had prior infection. LCA was used to subdivide the patient cohort into subclasses based on postoperative recovery trajectory. This was performed for all patients as well as anatomic TSA and reverse TSA as separate groups. Unpaired Student t tests, analysis of variance, and Fisher exact test were used to compare classes based on factors including age, body mass index, sex, preoperative diagnosis, and type of arthroplasty. Results A total of 244 TSAs were included in the final analysis, comprising 89 anatomic TSA and 155 reverse TSA. In the combined group, LCA modeling revealed 3 patterns for recovery: Resistant Responders had low baseline scores (ASES 50) with excellent final results (ASES > 75). For anatomic TSA, we identified Delayed Responders with moderate baseline scores and a delayed response before ultimately achieving moderate final results, Steady Progressors with moderate baseline scores and a steady progression to achieve moderate final results, and High Performers who had moderate baseline scores and excellent final results. For reverse TSA, we identified Late Regressors with low baseline scores and poor final results, Steady Progressors with moderate baseline scores and moderate final results, and High Performers with moderate baseline scores and excellent final results. Conclusions Patients recover in a heterogenous manner following TSA. Through LCA, we identified different recovery trajectories for patients undergoing anatomic TSA and reverse TSA.
Understanding Why Math and Science Teachers Quit: Evidence of Cognitive Errors

Every year school districts must fill tens of thousands of teacher vacancies in mathematics and science. Reasons for the high rate of attrition are described in general terms, such as lack of administrative support and dissatisfaction. Analysis of direct quotes from qualitative research, however, suggests the presence of cognitive errors within the decision-making process of those teachers who quit. Cognitive errors include all or nothing thinking and fortune telling, among others. Results of this study are interpreted in comparison to the attrition literature. Suggestions for future research, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy training for preservice teachers, are presented.
Does stress type and level affect gut decisions in sport

Two studies examined the influence of stress type (no, mental, physical) and level (low/no, moderate, high) on the major predictions of the “take the first” (TTF) heuristic. In each study, particip...
Plasma Cell-Free DNA Methylomics of Bipolar Disorder With and Without Rapid Cycling

Rapid cycling (RC) burdens bipolar disorder (BD) patients further by causing more severe disability and increased suicidality. Because diagnosing RC can be challenging, RC patients are at risk of rapid decline due to delayed suitable treatment. Here, we aimed to identify the differences in the circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) methylome between BD patients with and without RC. The cfDNA methylome could potentially be developed as a diagnostic test for BD RC. We extracted cfDNA from plasma samples of BD1 patients (46 RC and 47 non-RC). cfDNA methylation levels were measured by 850K Infinium MethylationEPIC array. Principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to assess global differences in methylome. cfDNA methylation levels were compared between RC groups using a linear model adjusted for age and sex. PCA suggested differences in methylation profiles between RC groups (p = 0.039) although no significant differentially methylated probes (DMPs; q > 0.15) were found. The top four CpG sites which differed between groups at p < 1E-05 were located in CGGPB1, PEX10, NR0B2, and TP53I11. Gene set enrichment analysis on top DMPs (p < 0.05) showed significant enrichment of gene sets related to nervous system tissues, such as neurons, synapse, and glutamate neurotransmission. Other top notable gene sets were related to parathyroid regulation and calcium signaling. To conclude, our study demonstrated the feasibility of utilizing a microarray method to identify circulating cfDNA methylation sites associated with BD RC and found the top differentially methylated CpG sites were mostly related to the nervous system and the parathyroid.
Trust-free Systems - a New Research and Design Direction to Handle Trust-Issues in P2P Systems: The Case of Bitcoin

Trust has always been important in electronic commerce. Prior research in MIS has mainly focused on trust-building mechanisms and insurance against opportunistic behavior. We suggest a “trust-free system” approach, which addresses trust issues by eliminating the need for trust. Using Bitcoin, a decentralized electronic cash system, we illustrate how a system can solve trust issues by becoming “trustfree” through design. We discuss the design features of this approach, and explore research questions for generalizing the design to other information systems. The idea of a trust-free system opens a new way of thinking about trust issues in information systems. We believe that there is an untapped potential for new ideas and research on how to design and evaluate information systems.
Patient Factors and Cost Associated with 90-Day Readmission Following Total Hip Arthroplasty

This study sought to identify specific costs for 90-day readmissions following total hip arthroplasty in a bundled payment system. Hospital billing records revealed 139 readmissions (8.93%) in 1781 patients. Mean costs for surgical readmissions were greater (P=0.002) compared with medical reasons, but similar for Medicare/Medicaid and private payers (P=0.975). Costs for imaging, laboratory workup, medication and transfusions, and hospital cost correlated with increasing SOI (P<0.05). Patients transferred from outside hospitals or rehabilitation had higher hospital (P=0.006) and operating room costs (P=0.001) compared to patients admitted from ED or clinic. Hospitals that care for complex patients with Medicare/Medicaid may experience increased costs for unplanned 90-day readmissions highlighting considerations for payer mix.
92 BLASTOCYST FORMATION FROM VITRIFIED BOVINE OOCYTES, ZYGOTES, AND TWO-CELL EMBRYOS

The objective of this study was to devise a protocol to preserve bovine oocytes and early cleavage-stage embryos by vitrification and to compare their subsequent embryonic development after in vitro fertilization (IVF). Mature bovine oocytes from a commercial source (BoMed; Madison, WI, USA) were randomly allocated (in four replicates) to four treatment groups. Group I: control oocytes were subjected to IVF and cultured in CR1aa medium in a humidified atmosphere of 5% O2/5% CO2/90% N2 at 38°C. Group II: MII-stage oocytes were subjected to vitrification and then fertilized by IVF. Group III: presumptive zygotes were vitrified after IVF. Group IV: two-cell embryos resulting from IVF that were cultured for ∼28 h before vitrification. The vitrification solution consisted of TCM199 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (mTCM) and containing 20% ethylene glycol (EG)/20% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)/0.65 M trehalose. The oocytes/embryos to be vitrified were rinsed in mTCM, then in 5% EG/5% DMSO, then in 10% EG/10% DMSO, and finally for 45 s in the vitrification solution. For vitrification, groups of 6 to 12 oocytes/embryos were pipetted in 0.05) by Day 3 (54%) and developed into blastocysts by Day 7 (4%) and by Day 9 (8%); none hatched. Group III zygotes (n = 131) responded like Group II oocytes, 53% cleaved, and 5% formed blastocysts on Day 7 and 7% on Day 9; none hatched. In contrast, 19% of the 122 two-cell embryos formed blastocysts by Day 7 and 28% by Day 9, and 3% hatched. Although significantly fewer oocytes/embryos in Groups II and III cleaved compared with Group I, more than 50% of them did so after vitrification. After fertilization and cleavage, the two-cell embryos were much more resistant to the deleterious effects of cryoprotectants and vitrification. Higher survival of two-cell embryos may result from their increased permeability to cryoprotectants, and to water due to their higher surface area to volume ratio.
Port management and operations

This sourcebook outlines best practices and industry developments for ports. Contents include: Port management and economic growth, Port ownership, Port workforce, Port operations, Port and terminal investment, Size of ships and size of ports, Strategic planning, Port authorities and regulatory framework, Ports and offshore energy activities, and the Future of ports.
Photosynthesis, transpiration, and primary productivity: Scaling up from leaves to canopies and regions using process models and remotely sensed data

[1] Biophysical and physiological processes in plants and ecosystems occur over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Our knowledge (or models) of these processes is largely at small scales. It is, however, difficult to directly apply mechanistic process-oriented models over large scales due to heterogeneities in the distributions of processes, and nonlinearities in the functional responses of processes to environmental variables. On the other hand, simple parametric/empirical models in which system complexity is lumped into a small number of parameters have been widely employed to describe processes at larger scales. The variation of these parameters in these simple parametric/empirical models depends on the underlying biophysical processes. In this work, we showed that detailed process models and simple parametric models for primary production and transpiration could be effectively combined to scale leaf photosynthesis and transpiration up to large spatial scales. The integrated process model, General Energy Mass Transfer Model (GEMTM), was used to identify major factors contributing to the variability of the parameters in the parametric models for regional transpiration and primary production and quantify their responses to these factors. Simulations with the GEMTM showed that net carbon assimilation was proportional to intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (IPAR), but the radiation use efficiency (RUE) changed with leaf N concentration, temperature, and atmospheric CO2 concentration; transpiration was linearly correlated with the product of net primary production (NPP) and atmospheric water vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and the slope varied with leaf N concentration. RUE increased with leaf N content asymptotically, and responded to temperature in an asymmetric bell shape pattern with a 22°C and 26°C optimal temperature under current ambient and doubled CO2 concentration, respectively. A simple parametric NPP model and a regional transpiration model (Tr model) were developed from the relationships and parameter values obtained using the GEMTM. The NPP model reasonably simulated the seasonal and interannual variations of accumulated NPP estimated from field data. Simulated regional distribution of NPP over the Central Grassland Region of the United States was consistent with estimates obtained using other models. NPP increased from 120 gC/m2/year in the northwest to 956 gC/m2/year in the southeast. Simulated regional transpiration had a similar spatial distribution pattern as NPP, ranging from about 16 cmH2O/year to 136 cmH2O/year. The transpiration model introduced in this study provides a mechanism to explicitly couple transpiration and NPP in large-scale analyses, although more complete analysis and validation are required.
Evaluating Alder-Endophyte (Alnus acuminata-Frankia- Mycorrhizae) Interactions

The objective of this study was to compare the interaction betweenFrankia and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) on the growth and N-fixing response ofAlnus acuminata seedlings under three different phosphorus levels.A. acuminata is an actinorhizal tree, commonly associated with pastures on upland areas. Seedlings were grown in sterile vermiculite, and inoculated withFrankia strain ArI3 and/or VAM (asGlomus intra-radices) under three phosphorus levels (10, 50 and 100 ppm). After 120 days differences in growth were observed at the 50 ppm P level between nodulated and non-nodulated plants; either if inoculated withFrankia+VAM or just with VAM. Interaction betweenFrankia and VAM was positive on nodule weight at 50 ppm P level. Differences in acetylene reduction, per gram of fresh nodule, were observed between and within both groups:Frankia inoculated andFrankia+VAM inoculated seedlings. InFrankia inoculated seedlings differences were observed between seedlings receiving 50 ppm P which showed higher nitrogenase activity than seedlings treated with 100 ppm P. Plants inoculated withFrankia andGlomus intra-radices at low P level (10 ppm) showed the highest acetylene reduction. It was 150% higher than the mean of the other treatments within the group, and 87% higher than the general mean of the onlyFrankia inoculated plants.
Finite Fields and Applications

This book provides a brief and accessible introduction to the theory of finite fields and to some of their many fascinating and practical applications. The first chapter is devoted to the theory of finite fields. After covering their construction and elementary properties, the authors discuss the trace and norm functions, bases for finite fields, and properties of polynomials over finite fields. Each of the remaining chapters details applications. Chapter 2 deals with combinatorial topics such as the construction of sets of orthogonal latin squares, affine and projective planes, block designs, and Hadamard matrices. Chapters 3 and 4 provide a number of constructions and basic properties of error-correcting codes and cryptographic systems using finite fields. Each chapter includes a set of exercises of varying levels of difficulty which help to further explain and motivate the material. Appendix A provides a brief review of the basic number theory and abstract algebra used in the text, as well as exercises related to this material. Appendix B provides hints and partial solutions for many of the exercises in each chapter. A list of 64 references to further reading and to additional topics related to the book's material is also included. Intended for advanced undergraduate students, it is suitable both for classroom use and for individual study. This book is co-published with Mathematics Advanced Study Semesters.
Integrating Circadian Timekeeping with Cellular Physiology

Models of circadian timekeeping mechanisms in plants, flies, and mammals are expanding to include intracellular small-molecule signals.
The Realities of Reconstitution: A High School’s Tale

During the first decade of the 21 st century, the number of US schools required to restructure according to the policies of the No Child Left Behind Act increased annually. In response, educational researchers worked to identify best practices for school restructuring; however, they were unable to find a single set of effective strategies (Center for Comprehensive School Improvement and Reform, 2009). Instead, they recommended that strong school leadership and sustained school improvement reforms are used (Arkin & Kowal, 2005; Brady, 2003; Hess & Petrilli, 2007; Leithwood & Jantzi, 2005; Steiner, 2005). To illustrate the multitude of challenges restructuring schools face, this article uses narrative to chronicle Tyson Douglas High School’s experience. The narrative takes readers through the school’s first year of restructuring and provides them with test score data for the following two years to show the effectiveness of its restructuring. Because Tyson Douglas High School’s restructuring did not increase student achievement significantly, the author concludes by presenting a research-based alternative strategy for school restructuring.
Nature of Butyrate Oxidation by Mycoplasma hominis

VanDemark, P. J. (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.), and P. F. Smith. Nature of butyrate oxidation by Mycoplasma hominis. J. Bacteriol. 89:373–377. 1965.—Cell-free extracts of butyrate - grown Mycoplasma hominis strain O7, though lacking thiokinase activity on butyric acid, were found to activate butyrate via an acetyl-butyric thiophorase. These extracts also contained an aceto-coenzyme A (CoA) kinase, a butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase, a crotonase, a reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-specific β-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase, and a thiolase. Thiolase activity was stimulated by the addition of magnesium ions. The presence of these enzyme activities in this Mycoplasma species supports the hypothesis that a fatty acid oxidation represents an energy source for the nonfermentative pleuropneumonia-like organisms.
Characteristic functions in radar and sonar

We often encounter problems that involve either nonlinear or multi-dimensional combinations of random variables. One would like to be able to determine the probability density function of these combinations. The individual components that contribute to the combination are assumed known, but the combination is not known. Computations to determine this combined PDF axe tedious and difficult to accomplish in most cases. We propose a simpler means to bypass many of these difficulties. By using Fourier analysis and application of the definition of the Dirac delta function, the proper form the combined PDF is obtained with considerable simplification. The motivation for this is engineering applications that occur frequently in radar applications that involve combinations of probability density functions.