cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cortical Actin Interacts with the Plasma Membrane and Microtubules

Cortical actin comprises a dynamic array of single actin microfilaments that interacts with the plasma membrane of most plant cells. These interactions, mediated by as yet unknown actin-binding proteins, may function to anchor the entire actin cytoskeleton, and contribute to cell signaling. In cells elongating by diffuse growth, cortical actin is typically transversely oriented, parallel to microtubules. Drug studies demonstrate that in some cases, cortical actin is necessary for the precise re-arrangements of cortical microtubules that control cell expansion and plant morphogenesis. However, in other cases, cortical actin depends on the cortical microtubules for its organization. This suggests that the cortical cytoskeleton is a closely controlled system involving feedback between actin and microtubules.
Cardiac transplantation in children with Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and other chromosomal anomalies: A multi-institutional outcomes analysis.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence, characteristics, and outcomes in pediatric patients with chromosomal anomalies (CA) undergoing orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT). METHODS A query of the database of the Pediatric Health Information System, a large administrative and billing database of 43 tertiary children's hospitals, was performed for the Years 2004 to 2016. Pediatric patients who received OHT were analyzed based on presence and type of CA. CA analyzed included: Down syndrome (DS); Turner syndrome (TS)/gonadal dysgenesis; conditions due to anomaly of unspecified chromosome; autosomal deletion; microdeletion; and autosomal anomaly. Healthcare-associated charge analysis during hospitalization for OHT and survival after OHT were assessed. RESULTS A total of 3,080 hospitalizations were identified in which OHTs were performed. Of these OHTs, 64 (2.1%) were performed in patients with a concomitant diagnosis of CA. The presence of CA did not confer a higher risk of in-hospital mortality after OHT (odds ratio 1.2 [0.5 to 3.2], p = 0.651). Differences in in-hospital mortality between different types of CA, including DS and TS, did not reach statistical significance. Survival at 1-year post-OHT was similar in patients with CA compared to those without CA (p = 0.248). Length of stay after OHT was longer in patients with CA: 76 (interquartile range [IQR] 76 to 142 days vs 49 [IQR 21 to 98] days) (p < 0.001), respectively. Overall adjusted hospital charges were significantly higher in the CA group: $1.2 million (IQR $740,000 to $2.2 million) vs $792,000 (IQR $425,000 to $1.5 million] (p < 0.001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS CA is present in ~2% of pediatric patients undergoing OHT. The presence of CA was not associated with increased mortality in pediatric patients undergoing OHT. Limitations of this study include the small number of patients available for analysis and a likely highly selective cohort of patients with CA.
”Shapewear” for women as a postural improvement garment

Young women tend to transform their physical appearances to prevent low self-esteem since media portrays the thin body which influences women’s body image attitudes (Grabe, Hyde, & Lindberg, 2007). There have been many attempts to develop body shaping products that provide an ideal body shape which is slim and curvy. Jones and Guilbault (2014) stated that shapewear transforms the silhouette and creates the illusion of an hourglass figure. Even though shapewear may have negative effects on health such as gastric reflux, compressed stomach or intestines (Steele, 2001), U.S. sales of shapewear were $697.6 million last year (Jones & Guilbault, 2014).
Read It This Way: Scaffolding Comprehension for Unconventional Statistical Graphs

How do you make sense of a graph that you have never seen before? In this work, we outline the types of prior knowledge relevant when making sense of an unconventional statistical graph. After observing students reading a deceptively simple graph for time intervals, we designed four instructional scaffolds for evaluation. In a laboratory study, we found that only one scaffold (an interactive image) supported accurate interpretation for most students. Subsequent analysis of differences between two sets of materials revealed that task structure–specifically the extent to which a problem poses a mental impasse–may function as a powerful aid for comprehension. We find that prior knowledge of conventional graph types is extraordinarily difficult to overcome.
Dynamics of transparent exopolymer particle production and aggregation during viral infection of the coccolithophore, Emiliania huxleyi.

Emiliania huxleyi produces calcium carbonate (CaCO3 ) coccoliths and transparent exopolymer particles (TEP), sticky, acidic carbohydrates that facilitate aggregation. E. huxleyi's extensive oceanic blooms are often terminated by coccolithoviruses (EhVs) with the transport of cellular debris and associated particulate organic carbon (POC) to depth being facilitated by TEP-bound 'marine snow' aggregates. The dynamics of TEP production and particle aggregation in response to EhV infection are poorly understood. Using flow cytometry, spectrophotometry and FlowCam visualization of alcian blue (AB)-stained aggregates, we assessed TEP production and the size spectrum of aggregates for E. huxleyi possessing different degrees of calcification and cellular CaCO3 :POC mass ratios, when challenged with two EhVs (EhV207 and EhV99B1). FlowCam imaging also qualitatively assessed the relative amount of AB-stainable TEP (i.e., blue:red ratio of each particle). We show significant increases in TEP during early phase EhV207-infection (∼ 24 h) of calcifying strains and a shift towards large aggregates following EhV99B1-infection. We also observed the formation of large aggregates with low blue:red ratios, suggesting that other exopolymer substances contribute towards aggregation. Our findings show the potential for virus infection and the associated response of their hosts to impact carbon flux dynamics and provide incentive to explore these dynamics in natural populations.
Experiments on Current Motion Estimation Techniques

In this chapter, we present comprehensive results that we obtained by performing a number of experiments on current motion estimation techniques, described in Chapter 3. We used three standard video test sequences: “Miss America” of size 352x288 pixels at 30 frames/second, “Susie” of size 720x480 pixels at 30 frames/sec, and “Football” of size 720x480 pixels at 30 frame/sec.
Computational Behavioral Ecology

Computation has fundamentally changed the way we study nature, from molecules to ecosystems. Recent advances in data collection technology, such as GPS and other mobile sensors, high definition cameras, satellite images, and genotyping, are giving biologists access to data about the natural world which are orders of magnitude richer than any previously collected. Such data offer the promise of answering some of the big questions about why animals do what they do, among other things. Unfortunately, in the domain of behavioral ecology and population dynamics, our ability to analyze data lags substantially behind our ability to collect it. In this talk I will show how computational approaches can be part of every stage of the scientific process of understanding animal sociality, from data collection (identifying individual animals from photographs by stripes and spots) to hypothesis formulation (by designing a novel computational framework for analysis of dynamic social networks).
Epidemiological Perspectives on Co-Occurring Anxiety Disorder and Substance Use Disorder

The purpose of this chapter is to review the issue of anxiety disorders cooccurring with substance use disorders (SUDs) (‘‘co-morbidity’’) from an epidemiological perspective. Generally speaking, epidemiology pertains to the study of the various factors influencing the occurrence, distribution, prevention and control of disease, injury and other health-related events in defined human populations. The quasi-experimental methodology of the typical epidemiological study – contrasting the rates of an outcome between naturally occurring groups – is well suited to the problem of co-morbidity. For instance, epidemiological data collected in representative communitybased samples avoid many of the biases built into studies of co-morbidity in institutional/clinical samples. Such data are also more flexible than are clinical data in assigning the status of outcome between co-morbid disorders. From the epidemiological perspective, for example, which co-morbid disorder is designated as the outcome and which as a putative risk factor is analytically arbitrary. By contrast, outcome status in clinical samples is typically fixed (i.e., all SUD treatment patients have an SUD). The most basic epidemiological question asks to what extent having either an anxiety disorder or SUD (again, the predictor-outcome arrangement is analytically arbitrary) modulates one’s risk for the other disorder. Epidemiological studies can also document changes in risk for the later development of a comorbid disorder (e.g., SUD) conferred by the earlier presence of an index disorder (e.g., anxiety disorder). Beyond the useful service of quantifying the
Background Due to Penning Traps

Penning traps are a very useful tool in many areas of physics, most notably in atomic physics. They are often used for precision measurements of ion properties, but also for technical applications like vacuum gauges and sputtering technology. However, for KATRIN, Penning traps are an unwelcome guest, most of the time.
Fiduciary Constraints: Correlating Obligation With Liability

State law seems to be ratcheting up the scrutiny of corporate behavior including the behavior of officers and executives. In this article we consider the issues that are likely to arise as officer conduct is scrutinized more closely using state corporate fiduciary principles. The challenge is not so much one of ensuring that fiduciary principles govern the conduct of corporate actors as it is correlating obligation with potential liability. We find in this paper that ERISA is helpful in anticipating the issues that state corporate law will confront in its increasing focus on officer liability. We look to ERISA to identify issues expected to arise as a result of the growing state law emphasis on individual liability and to consider alternative approaches to address those issues.
On efficient resource allocation in the internet of things environment

In the Internet of Things environment, it is often the case that a smart device is compatible with a set of gateways. A service composition in such environment may require a set of devices to cooperate to perform a task. These smart devices must be connected with compatible gateways efficiently to maintain the quality of service. In this paper, we consider the problem of allocating devices to compatible gateways while minimizing the maximum traffic at a gateway. We develop a polynomial-time algorithm when all devices required by a service have the same data transmission requirement and establish optimality of the proposed algorithm. We establish that the allocation problem is NP-complete when all participating smart devices have different data transmission requirement. We develop an approximation algorithm to bind smart devices with compatible gateways dynamically when devices have different data transmission requirement. We establish that the maximum traffic assigned to a gateway by the approximation algorithm is at most twice the optimal assignment.
Corrigendum to “On sharp constants for dual Segal-Bargmann Lp spaces” [J. Math. Anal. Appl. 424 (2) (2015) 1198–1222]

Abstract In our previous article, a particular function was stated to give an equality in a particular inequality, proving that inequality was sharp. In this corrigendum it is shown that the function given in the original paper does not have the stated property, but prove that another function does have the desired property, thus preserving the overall result from the original paper.
Guillain-Barré syndrome with unilateral peripheral facial and bulbar palsy in a child: A case report.

Guillain–Barre syndrome is characterized by progressive motor weakness, sensory changes, dysautonomia, and areflexia. Cranial nerve palsies are frequent in Guillain–Barre syndrome. Among cranial ne...
Implementation of a surgical safety checklist for dental implant surgeries in a prosthodontics residency program.

Abstract Statement of problem Surgical safety checklists are commonly used in medical surgery to reduce errors, yet they are rarely used in the dental office. Presently, research on the implementation of surgical safety checklists in implant dentistry and user adherence is lacking. Purpose The primary purpose of this quality assessment study was to evaluate user compliance by using a surgical safety checklist for dental implant surgeries in a postgraduate prosthodontics program at the University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine. The secondary purpose was to identify and analyze the nature, number, and frequency of omitted items on the surgical safety checklist. Material and methods All surgical safety checklists completed by 8 prosthodontic residents from 120 dental implant surgeries over the course of 1 academic year were collected as part of the program's quality assessment. Each surgical safety checklist contained 12 preoperative items and 14 postoperative items, giving a total of 26 items to be analyzed for each dental implant surgery. The collected data were then analyzed for user compliance, as well as the nature, number, and frequency of omitted items. Results Surgical safety checklists from 120 dental implant surgeries encompassing 262 implants were accessed for the academic year cycle from July 2017 to June 2018. There were 6 additional dental implant surgeries whose checklists were inaccessible. There was a 100% compliance rate for surgical safety checklist completion by all 8 prosthodontic residents across 120 dental implant surgeries. Within the checklists, the rate of incomplete responses or omissions was 2.4% (n=77). The 5 most commonly omitted items on the checklist by residents were preoperative photographs (0.29%), postoperative analgesics or steroids (0.26%), preoperative oral antiseptic rinse (0.22%), postoperative prescriptions (0.19%), and signed prosthodontic treatment plan forms (0.16%). Conclusions There was excellent compliance with the implemented dental implant surgical safety checklist across 8 prosthodontic residents, and the number of omitted items was small. Surgical safety checklists appear to be a straightforward method of helping prosthodontic residents in their dental implant surgical training to provide consistent and high-quality safe treatment for patients.
Exploring Presence in Online Learning through Three Forms of Computer-Mediated Discourse Analysis.

This case study examined patterns in online communication using computer-mediated discourse analysis to better understand how teaching presence, social presence, and cognitive presence are manifest...
Risk of QTc interval prolongation among cancer patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

3033Background: QTc interval prolongation can lead to life-threatening complications such as torsade de pointes (TdP), ventricular tachycardia (VT), and sudden cardiac death (SCD). It can occur wit...
Incidence of nasopalatine canal perforation in relation to virtual implant placement: A cone beam computed tomography study

BACKGROUND The nasopalatine canal (NPC) is of special importance when considering implant therapy in the maxillary central incisors' region. PURPOSE To investigate the incidence of NPC perforation in relation to virtual immediate implant placement. MATERIALS AND METHODS A search through the cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) database of The University of Oklahoma-College of Dentistry was conducted. First, canal related measurements were conducted. Second, digital prosthetic planning was performed. Then, immediate implants were virtually placed and additional measurements were performed. Perforation rate was assessed. Last, data obtained was statistically analyzed. RESULTS A total of 217 scans fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Only 8% of cases showed NPC perforation. The perforation occurred at mid-third of the implant or at the mid and apical third in 33% and 22% of the cases, respectively. A statistically significant association was found between perforation of NPC and bone width palatal to the root of the central incisor (P < .0001) as well as canal angulation (P = .0196). NPC angulation (°) and palatal bone width (mm) predisposed to a higher risk of perforation. Only 27.78% of the perforations could be overcome by the installation of shorter implants. CONCLUSIONS Low incidence of NPC perforation could be expected when immediately placing implants in the maxillary incisor region.
The Clinical Utility of Additional Axillary and Velpeau Radiographs in the Evaluation of Suspected Shoulder Trauma.

Objectives To investigate the clinical utility of additional axillary or Velpeau views in evaluating potential shoulder trauma after a standard radiograph series of anteroposterior, Grashey, and/or trans-scapular views. Design Retrospective study. Setting Level I academic medical center. Patients All patients in a 10-year span who received an initial shoulder radiograph series followed by additional axillary/Velpeau views within 24 hours. Main outcome measurements The clinical utility of the additional axillary/Velpeau views, including the final diagnosis and treatment plan, as ascertained through examination of radiology reports, progress notes, and radiograph images. Results A total of 271 cases were reviewed, with 35 patients being excluded from the final cohort because they received post-treatment radiographs to confirm a successful therapeutic outcome. The additional axillary/Velpeau views did not affect clinical decision making in 230 (97.5%) of the remaining 236 cases. All 6 patients whose care benefitted from the additional views carried the diagnosis of shoulder instability, accounting for 40% of this diagnostic group. The additional views confirmed an equivocal finding in 5 of these 6 cases and changed the diagnosis (demonstrating a posterior dislocation that was not evident on initial radiographs) and treatment plan (leading to a closed glenohumeral reduction procedure) in the other case. Conclusions Additional axillary/Velpeau views of suspected shoulder trauma rarely led to a change in the final treatment plan, except in patients in which a definitive diagnosis of stability or instability could not be made based on initial radiographs. A cost/benefit analysis is required to weigh the cost of additional radiographs with the benefit of capturing infrequent yet serious dislocations (usually posterior). Level of evidence Diagnostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Management of myelofibrosis after ruxolitinib failure.

Over the last decade, the Janus kinase1/2 (JAK1/2) inhibitor ruxolitinib has emerged as a cornerstone of myelofibrosis (MF) management. Ruxolitinib improves splenomegaly and symptoms regardless of ...
UCL Reconstruction in the Throwing Elbow

The ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) of the elbow is the primary stabilizer to valgus stress and is most commonly injured in the overhead throwing athlete. First described in a javelin thrower in 1946, 1 UCL injury is now well recognized in sports medicine and has become the preeminent injury in professional pitchers. UCL insufficiency is usually managed surgically with UCL reconstruction or “Tommy John surgery,” named for the first professional pitcher treated by Dr Frank W. Jobe in 1974. 2 The operation is becoming increasingly prevalent especially in adolescent patients. 3 Using modern surgical techniques, the vast majority of patients are now expected to return to or exceed their previous level of play following UCL reconstruction. 4 This chapter outlines UCL anatomy, pathophysiology, patient evaluation and diagnosis, nonoperative management, surgical options, and describes current surgical techniques.
Emergent and urgent otologic surgeries during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: a protocol and review of literature.

Abstract Objective To review guidelines for otologic procedures during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and to present a protocol for emergent or urgent mastoidectomy at our institution. Data sources Guidelines regarding emergent and urgent otologic procedures from otolaryngologic societies are reviewed. We described a protocol for emergent or urgent mastoidectomy at our institution. Conclusion Patients requiring urgent or emergent mastoidectomy during the COVID-19 pandemic require prompt treatment. We make the following recommendations: Emergent or urgent otologic procedures should be performed in a contained environment, such as a tent created by the microscope drape. The surgical team should practice using instruments in the tent setup to prepare for real cases. Otologic procedures should adhere to guidelines set for high-risk procedures.
Fracture Epidemiology in Professional Baseball From 2011 to 2017

Background:Fractures are a significant cause of missed time in Major League Baseball (MLB) and Minor League Baseball (MiLB). MLB and the MLB Players Association recently instituted rule changes to ...
Kinetic modeling of microbial growth, enzyme activity, and gene deletions: An integrated model of β‐glucosidase function in Cellvibrio japonicus

Understanding the complex growth and metabolic dynamics in microorganisms requires advanced kinetic models containing both metabolic reactions and enzymatic regulation to predict phenotypic behaviors under different conditions and perturbations. Most current kinetic models lack gene expression dynamics and are separately calibrated to distinct media, which consequently makes them unable to account for genetic perturbations or multiple substrates. This challenge limits our ability to gain a comprehensive understanding of microbial processes towards advanced metabolic optimizations that are desired for many biotechnology applications. Here, we present an integrated computational and experimental approach for the development and optimization of mechanistic kinetic models for microbial growth and metabolic and enzymatic dynamics. Our approach integrates growth dynamics, gene expression, protein secretion, and gene-deletion phenotypes. We applied this methodology to build a dynamic model of the growth kinetics in batch culture of the bacterium Cellvibrio japonicus grown using either cellobiose or glucose media. The model parameters were inferred from an experimental data set using an evolutionary computation method. The resulting model was able to explain the growth dynamics of C. japonicus using either cellobiose or glucose media and was also able to accurately predict the metabolite concentrations in the wild-type strain as well as in β-glucosidase gene deletion mutant strains. We validated the model by correctly predicting the non-diauxic growth and metabolite consumptions of the wild-type strain in a mixed medium containing both cellobiose and glucose, made further predictions of mutant strains growth phenotypes when using cellobiose and glucose media, and demonstrated the utility of the model for designing industrially-useful strains. Importantly, the model is able to explain the role of the different β-glucosidases and their behavior under genetic perturbations. This integrated approach can be extended to other metabolic pathways to produce mechanistic models for the comprehensive understanding of enzymatic functions in multiple substrates.
Physics of the Intergalactic Medium During the Epoch of Reionization

A major goal of observational and theoretical cosmology is to observe the largely unexplored time period in the history of our universe when the first galaxies form, and to interpret these measurements. Early galaxies dramatically impacted the gas around them in the surrounding intergalactic medium (IGM) by photoionzing the gas during the “Epoch of Reionization” (EoR). This epoch likely spanned an extended stretch in cosmic time: ionized regions formed and grew around early generations of galaxies, gradually filling a larger and larger fraction of the volume of the universe. At some time—thus far uncertain, but within the first billion years or so after the big bang—essentially the entire volume of the universe became filled with ionized gas. The properties of the IGM provide valuable information regarding the formation time and nature of early galaxy populations, and many approaches for studying the first luminous sources are hence based on measurements of the surrounding intergalactic gas. The prospects for improved reionization-era observations of the IGM and early galaxy populations over the next decade are outstanding. Motivated by this, we review the current state of models of the IGM during reionization. We focus on a few key aspects of reionization-era phenomenology and describe: the redshift evolution of the volume-averaged ionization fraction, the properties of the sources and sinks of ionizing photons, along with models describing the spatial variations in the ionization fraction, the ultraviolet radiation field, the temperature of the IGM, and the gas density distribution.
Modified artificial bee colony algorithm for facility layout design problem

The Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm is one of the best swarm intelligence-based algorithms that simulate intelligent behaviour of honey bees while searching for good food sources. Generally, this algorithm is used to get solution of complex optimisation problems that are not solvable by traditional methods. The facility layout design is combinatorial problem with large search space. Here, this work considers design of a single floor manufacturing plant, where all the facilities require rectangular shape with different sizes. The new variant successfully find optimised layout.
Sphingosine kinase inhibition enhances dimerization of calreticulin at the cell surface in mitoxantrone-induced immunogenic cell death

Agents that induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) alter the cellular localization of calreticulin (CRT) causing it to become cell surface exposed within the plasma membrane lipid raft microdomain (ectoCRT) where it serves as a damage associated molecular pattern that elicits an antitumor immune response. We have identified the sphingolipid metabolic pathway as an integral component of the process of ectoCRT exposure. Inhibition of the sphingosine kinases (SphKs) enhances mitoxantrone-induced production of hallmarks of ICD including ectoCRT production, with an absolute mean difference of 40 MFI (95% CI: 19 to 62; P=0.0014) and 1.3 fold increase of ATP secretion with an absolute mean difference of 87 RLU (95% CI: 55 to 120; P<0.0001). Mechanistically, sphingosine kinase inhibition increases mitoxantrone-induced accumulation of ceramide species including C16:0 ceramide 2.8 fold with an absolute mean difference of 1.390 pmoles/nmoles Pi (95% CI: 0.798 to 1.983; P=0.0023). We further examined the localization of ectoCRT to the lipid raft microdomain and demonstrate that ectoCRT forms disulfide bridged dimers. Together, our findings suggest that ceramide accumulation impinges on the homeostatic function of the endoplasmic reticulum to induce ectoCRT exposure and that structural alterations of ectoCRT may underlie its immunogenicity. Our findings further suggest that inhibition of the SphKs may represent a means to enhance the therapeutic immunogenic efficacy of ICD-inducing agents while reducing overt toxicity/immunosuppressive effects by allowing for the modification of dosing regimens or directly lowering the dosages of ICD-inducing agents employed in therapeutic regimens. Significance Statement This study demonstrates that inhibition of sphingosine kinase enhances the mitoxantrone-induced cell surface exposure of a dimeric form of the normally endoplasmic reticulum resident chaperone calreticulin as part of the process of a unique form of regulated cell death termed immunogenic cell death. Importantly, inhibition of sphingosine kinase may represent a means to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of immunogenic cell death-inducing agents, such as mitoxantrone, while reducing their overt toxicity and immunosuppressive effects leading to better therapeutic outcomes for patients.
Quantitative Electroencephalographic Findings Associated with Nociception Following Surgical Castration in Conscious Calves

Pain suffered by livestock due to routine husbandry is an issue of growing concern, yet there is no validated model of pain available to assess the efficacy of pain-mitigating procedures. This study assessed quantitative EEG parameters in fully conscious calves in response to surgical castration.
Pediatric mortality at pediatric versus adult trauma centers

Introduction: Pediatric trauma centers (PTCs) were created to address the unique needs of injured children with the expectation that outcomes would be improved. However, prior studies to evaluate the impact of PTCs have had conflicting results. Our study was conducted to further clarify this question. We hypothesize that severely injured children ≤ 14 years of age have better outcomes at PTCs and that better survival may be due to higher emergency department (ED) survival rates than at adult trauma centers (ATCs). Methods: A retrospective analysis of severely injured children (ISS>15) ≤18 years of age entered into the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) between 2011 and 2012 was performed. Subjects were stratified into 2 age cohorts; young children (0-14 years) and adolescents (15-18 years). Primary outcomes were emergency department (ED) and in-patient (IP) mortality. Secondary outcomes included in-hospital complications, hospital and ICU length of stay, and ventilator days. Outcome differences were assessed using multilevel logistic and negative binomial regression analyses. Results: A total of 10,028 children were included. Median ISS was 22 (Interquartile range 17-29). Adjusting for confounders on multivariate analysis, children ≤ 14 had lower odds of ED (0.42[CI 0.25-0.71], p=0.001) and IP mortality (0.73[CI 0.5-0.9], p=0.02) at PTCs. There were no differences in odds of ED mortality (0.81 [CI 0.5-1.3], p=0.4) or IP mortality (1.01 [CI 0.8-1.2], p=0.88) for adolescents between centers. There were no differences in complication rates between PTCs and ATCs (OR 0.86 [CI 0.69-1.06], p=1.7) but children were more likely to be discharged to home and have more ICU and ventilator free days if treated at a PTC. Conclusion: Young children but not adolescents have better ED survival at PTCs compared to ATCs.
‘Fresher than Fresh’. Consumer Attitudes Towards the Development of the Cold Chain in Post-2WW Greece

In studying the development and role of home appliances, either from a historical or anthropological or a sociological perspective, there emerges a kind of symmetry: what they do is, in effect, what humans can do. Appliances just do it better, they do it faster, they are more thorough, they do it more safely. Electric stoves, gas ovens, vacuum cleaners, washing machines even electric irons have their ‘counterparts’ in human activities and, at times, in human skilfulness. They can, in effect, be regarded as concentrated labour. There is, however, an intriguing exception to this rule: home refrigerators and to a certain extent, air conditioning. In other words, appliances producing artificial cold do not appear to be instantiations of concentrated labour. And if one is to search any kind of symmetry analogous to the appliances mentioned above, one will have to search it not with respect to human labour and skills, but with respect to natural conditions. Refrigerators ‘(re)produce’ what happens in cold winter days or what exists in mountain tops; refrigerators are regarded as appliances which harness and control ‘something’ found in nature. And, thus, refrigerators and air conditioners, as opposed to all other home appliances, produce something for consumption. They produce cold and, hence, they regulate its consumption. Furthermore, refrigerators not only produce material forms of cold, that is ice cubes (there is no analogue for heat), but they also produce a quality that creates an added value to a vast number of products. The very possibility that foodstuff can be preserved in cold, gives to these products an extra value. To have consumer goods, whose rate of perishing can be diminished with the aid of a specific appliance, makes these goods more valuable.
Scientific Discovery and the Psychology of Problem Solving

In the previous chapter a theory of human problem solving was put forward with references to some of the evidence for its validity. The theory has been formalized and tested by incorporating it in programs for digital computers and studying the behavior of these programs when they are confronted with problem-solving tasks.
Combating Acid Violence in Bangladesh, India, and Cambodia

Acid violence involves intentional acts of violence in which perpetrators throw, spray, or pour acid onto victims’ faces and bodies. This report examines acid violence in Bangladesh, India, and Cambodia from an international human rights perspective. Using this framework, it identifies the causes of acid violence and suggests practical solutions to address them. Acid violence is prevalent in these countries because of three related factors: gender inequality and discrimination, the easy availability of acid, and impunity for acid attack perpetrators. Acid violence is gender-based violence that reflects and perpetuates the inequality of women in society and as such is prohibited by international laws. To eradicate acid violence, governments must address its root causes — inequality and discrimination against women. In the short-term, governments should take the following steps to address acid violence: (1) enact laws that adequately punish perpetrators of attacks and limit the easy availability of acid; (2) enforce and implement those laws; and (3) provide redress to victims, including compensation for health care costs. Bangladesh is the only country among the three countries studied to adopt specific criminal laws and procedures relating to acid attacks and to enact particular laws to curb the easy availability of acid. Neither Cambodia nor India has adopted such legislation. Since Bangladesh adopted these laws in 2002, the rate of acid violence has decreased by 15% to 20%, while reported acid attacks continue to rise in Cambodia and India.
Maybe rhinitis, maybe sinusitis, maybe rhinitis and sinusitis, but certainly not rhinosinusitis!

Recently there has been a push to adopt the term rhinosinusitis in place of sinusitis. For many reasons, I view this term as not only not helpful but also a disservice that will add more confusion to our current understanding of chronic sinusitis. One of the primary arguments given for the term rhinosinusitis is that these conditions often coexist. However, on deeper reflection, this seems an insufficient justification. Adoption of the term rhiniosinusitis is unnecessary because, for example, asthma and allergic rhinitis often coexist, but there seems no pressing need to adopt the term rhinoasthma. Atopic dermatitis and food allergies coexist without a need to treat patients with dermatoenteritis. More important is that adoption of this term is unnecessarily confusing. An analogy is provided to gastroenteritis, arguably also 2 unique conditions that frequently coexist. But at least with gastroenteritis, there is a clear clinical distinction between the symptoms, signs, diagnostic criteria, and specific treatments required for the separate components of gastritis and enteritis. However, as discussed here, none of these distinctions can be made by proponents of the term rhinosinusitis, and as a result, adoption of the term rhinosinusitis will only further complicate patient diagnosis and care. The overarching problem is that there are no agreed-on diagnostic criteria for chronic sinusitis. Traditionally, that diagnosis is based on clinical criteria including such features as sinus headaches, sinus pressure, posterior pharyngeal drainage, purulent nasal drainage, nasal congestion, toothache, cough, and so forth. None of these are at all specific to the sinuses and, in fact, the presence of any or all of these has little predictive value in identifying patients with sinusitis. Innumerable studies have shown that compared with objective criteria such as computed tomography scans or rhinoscopy, clinical criteria are little better than random in predicting the presence and severity
Immunoblot analysis of humoral immune responses following infection with Bordetella pertussis or immunization with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine.

Abstract To help develop better diagnostic tests for pertussis, we examined the serologic response to whole-cell proteins of Bordetella pertussis after natural infection or vaccination with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine. Serum specimens collected during a pertussis outbreak investigation and from uninfected persons were used in Western blot (immunoblot) analyses to determine the presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA antibodies to specific B. pertussis proteins. IgG antibodies to proteins of molecular masses 220 and 210 kilodaltons (kDa) were detected in 14 of 18 serum samples obtained from patients with culture-confirmed pertussis greater than or equal to 40 days after the onset of coughing. IgA antibodies were detected in 15 of the 18 samples. Of 19 serum samples obtained from patients who had not been ill with pertussis, 6 contained IgG antibodies to these proteins and 1 contained IgA antibodies. The two proteins bound antiserum specific for filamentous hemagglutinin and comigrated with purified filamentous hemagglutinin. IgG antibodies to two additional protein bands of molecular masses 84 and 75 kDa were associated with previous vaccination. Antibody to the 84-kDa protein was detected in 15 of 17 vaccinated, never-infected persons, and antibody to the 75-kDa protein was detected in 16 of the 17. None of 11 nonvaccinated, never-infected persons tested had antibodies to either protein. All seven fully vaccinated persons with culture-documented infection had antibodies to both proteins. Antibodies to the 84-kDa protein were detected in 6 of 22 nonvaccinated and infected persons, and antibodies to the 75-kDa protein were detected in 8 of the 22. Use of Western blot analysis in this study allowed us to distinguish antibody responses to infection and immunization.
Genotypic Differences in Antioxidative Stress and Salt Tolerance of Three Poplars Under Salt Stress

To evaluate genotypic difference in antioxidative ability and salt tolerance in poplars, the authors investigated the effects of increasing content of soil NaCl on salt concentration in leaves, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and membrane permeability (MP) in Populus euphratica Oliv., P. popularis “35–44,” and P. × euramericana cv. I-214 (hereafter abbreviated as P. cv. I-214). Na+ and Cl− concentrations in leaves of P. popularis increased markedly over the increase of the duration of exposure to salinity, and culminated after 28 days of salt stress. SOD and POD activities declined correspondingly, followed by significant increases of MDA and MP, and leaf injury was finally observed. Compared with P. popularis, leaf Na+ and Cl− in P. cv. I-214 exhibited a trend similar to P. popularis, but a lower salt-induced increase of MDA and permeability was observed and lighter leaf necrosis occurred. In contrast to P. popularis and P. cv. I-214, SOD and POD activities in P. euphratica leaves increased rapidly at the beginning of salt stress with a light soil NaCl concentration of 58.5 mmol/L. Furthermore, salt ion concentration, MDA content, and MP in P. euphratica leaves did not increase significantly during 28 days of increasing salt stress. Therefore, the increase in MP in P. popularis and P. cv. I-214 had a close relationship with a salt buildup in leaves under increasing salt stress. Salt-induced declines of SOD and POD activities might accelerate lipid peroxide and consequently resulted in ion leakage. P. euphratica rapidly activated antioxidant enzymes after the onset of salt stress, which might reduce the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and the subsequent acceleration of lipid peroxide. P. euphratica leaves exhibited a higher capacity to exclude salt in a longer period of increasing salinity, thus limited salt-induced lipid peroxide and MP, which contributed to membrane integrity maintenance and salt tolerance of P. euphratica.
Computer vision and augmented reality in gastrointestinal endoscopy

Augmented reality (AR) is an environment-enhancing technology, widely applied in the computer sciences, which has only recently begun to permeate the medical field. Gastrointestinal endoscopy—which relies on the integration of highdefinition video data with pathologic correlates—requires endoscopists to assimilate and process a tremendous amount of data in real time. We believe that AR is well positioned to provide computer-guided assistance with a wide variety of endoscopic applications, beginning with polyp detection. In this article, we review the principles of AR, describe its potential integration into an endoscopy set-up, and envisage a series of novel uses. With close collaboration between physicians and computer scientists, AR promises to contribute significant improvements to the field of endoscopy.
The Biochemical characterization of syrian hamster cell-surface alloantigen : I. Analysis of allogeneic differences between recently wild and highly inbred hamsters.

The first alloantiserum to be described in Syrian hamsters has been characterized for its ability to react with externally and internally radiolabeled antigens derived from normal hamster lymphoid cells. Utilizing conventional biochemical techniques, radioiodinated and3H-leucine labeled cellular extracts have been prepared, partially purified by lentil lectin affinity chromatography, and indirectly immunoprecipitated with experimental alloantisera. Analysis of the precipitated radiolabeled antigens by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in SDS has identified two prominent cell-surface proteins at 39,000 (p39) and 29,000 daltons (p29) on 2-mercaptoethanol reduced gels. Further analysis of the radiolabeled extract has demonstrated the existence of hamster cell-surface proteins at 43,000 and 12,000 daltons which are immunoprecipitated by a xenoantiserum directed against human β2 microglobulin. Coelectrophoretic studies indicate the independent identity of these four species of hamster cellsurface proteins. These results suggest that between two hamster lines, derived from animals caught 40 years apart from different geographic locations in Syria, polymorphism of cell-surface antigens is restricted to p39 and p29 molecular species.
Acute allograft rejection after lung transplantation: diagnosis and therapy.

Abstract Acute rejection remains a significant problem after lung transplantation. While it generally is a treatable condition, significant resources and therapies are directed toward its prevention and resolution. Its larger significance undoubtedly rests in its contribution to the pathogenesis of BOS. Significant questions regarding the origins of AR, the role of LBB, alternative histologic appearances of acute allograft injury, and optimal therapy remain. Controversy regarding the utility of surveillance bronchoscopy and preemptive treatment of occult AR persists because of lack of conclusive evidence. Future investigations might resolve these matters and provide more efficacious and less toxic therapies that will hopefully reduce the impact of chronic rejection and improve long-term outcomes.
An energy factor based systematic approach to energy-saving product design

In order to reach to an energy-saving product design, this paper presents a mathematic energy model to calculate the total energy consumption within entire product lifecycle. Energy factor is the essential coefficient of this model to represent the energy consumption throughout the entire product lifecycle, including raw material extraction, manufacturing, assembly, use, disassembly, and recycling. With an aim to create a systematic approach to energy-saving product design, the authors integrate the axiomatic design and modularity design theories with energy factor, and the energy factor is eventually optimized together with other major design factors in a multiple objective decision making model.
Chrysanthemums and swords: A reading of contemporary organizational communication theory and research

CERTAIN TRUTHS ABOUT THE SOCIAL SCIENCES today seem self‐evident. One is that in recent years there has been an enormous amount of genre mixing in social science, as in intellectual life generally, and such blurring of kinds is continuing apace. Another is that many social scientists have turned away from a laws‐and‐instances ideal of explanation toward a cases‐and‐interpretations one, looking less for the sort of thing that connects planets and pendulums and more for the sort that connects chrysanthemums and swords. … Something is happening to the way we think about the way we think (Geertz, 1970, pp. 165, 166).
Atomic data from the Iron Project - XLVII. Electron impact excitation of Ni III

This paper reports R-matrix calculations of electron impact excitation rates for Ni III. The calculation includes 70 LS terms corresponding to the configurations 3d 8 , 3d 7 4s, 3d 7 4p, and 3d 6 4s 2 . This expansion results in 162 fine structure levels and 13 041 transitions, including optical, infrared, and ultraviolet lines. The collision strengths, including detailed resonance structures, were integrated over a Maxwellian distribution of electron energies and the resulting effective collision strengths are given for a wide range of temperatures. A collisional-radiative equilibrium model of the Ni III ion is constructed and the strongest lines in the optical and infrared spectral regions are identified. The emissivities of these lines and emissivity line ratio diagnostics are presented.
Dispelling the Myths Behind Pediatric Patch Testing—Experience from Our Tertiary Care Patch Testing Centers

: Allergic contact dermatitis is now known to be a common problem in pediatric populations, accounting for up to 20% of all dermatitis seen in children. Seminal studies conducted over the past decade have demonstrated a prevalence rate in the range of 25% to 60% of children referred for epicutaneous patch testing. This patch test procedure is generally accepted as the gold standardin vivo technique to diagnose allergic contact dermatitis. However, the overwhelming majority of research studies to date have been conducted on adult populations. Increasingly, pediatric patients are undergoing patch test procedures with techniques that have been standardized and optimized almost exclusively in adults. With this article, we hope to emphasize common misconceptions and pitfalls encountered with this approach. In addition, we hope to stimulate research interest in this field so as to determine the optimum patch test conditions and techniques for children.