cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Etching of Si, SiO2 , and Si3 N 4 in Fluorocarbon Discharges Interpretation Based on a Langmuir Surface Kinetics Model

Deposition/etching rates of fluorocarbon films measured as a function of the bias-voltage applied to the substrate in fluorocarbon discharges of an inductively coupled plasma reactor are analytically interpreted using a modified Langmuir surface kinetics model. The data for various fluorocarbon discharges given in the literature are well described by the modified surface kinetics model. Plotting (etch rate + deposition rate at zero ion flux) - 1 as a function of (plasma potential - bias voltage) - 3 / 2 yield a straight line, as expected, giving the value of the pure chemical etch rate and the relative value of sputter yield by incident ions. Based on this interpretation, etching behaviors of SiO 2 , Si 3 N 4 , and Si in fluorocarbon discharges are approached and thereby the selective etching of SiO 2 over other materials is discussed.
Unsteady airfoil pressures produced by periodic aerodynamic interference

An experimental study was made of the unsteady pressures induced on a two-dimensional airfoil by the rotation of an elliptical cylinder located behind and beneath the airfoil trailing edge. The experiment was conducted in a low Mach number flow for reduced frequencies based on airfoil semichord up to 6.4. Mean pressures and phases and amplitudes of the fundamental harmonic were measured and compared to predictions made using thin airfoil theory and the measured unsteady upwash produced by the rotating cylinder alone. Mean difference pressures were found to be in good agreement with the predictions. The pressure difference approached zero as the trailing edge was approached. Qualitative agreement between data and thin airfoil theory was found for the oscillating component except near the trailing edge where a difference in the phase was found.
A Pharmacy Blueprint for Electronic Medical Record Implementation Success.

ObjectiveImplementation of an integrated, electronic medical record (EMR) has been promoted as a means of improving patient safety and quality. While there are a few reports of such processes that ...
A Petri net based safety analysis of workflow authorization models^1

Workflow Management Systems (WFMS) are being widely used today by organizations to coordinate the execution of various applications representing their day-to-day tasks. To ensure that these tasks are executed by authorized users or processes (subjects), and to make sure that authorized subjects gain access on the required objects only during the execution of the specific task, granting and revoking of privileges need to be synchronized with the progression of the workflow through proper authorization mechanisms. Recently, Atluri and Huang have proposed a workflow authorization model (WAM) that provides such synchronization. This paper, first extends WAM to support roles and authorization constraints such as separation of duties. Second, it develops methodologies to analyze the safety of workflow authorization model when authorization constraints are imposed. The analysis is carried out by modeling WAM as a suitable Petri net (PN) and by utilizing the well-established analysis techniques of PNs.
Multi-platinum anti-cancer agents. Substitution-inert compounds for tumor selectivity and new targets.

This tutorial review summarizes chemical, biophysical and cellular biological properties of formally substitution-inert “non-covalent” polynuclear platinum complexes (PPCs). We demonstrate how modulation of the pharmacological factors affecting platinum compound cytotoxicity such as cellular accumulation, reactivity toward extracellular and intracellular sulfur–ligand nucleophiles and consequences of DNA binding is achieved to afford a profile of biological activity distinct from that of covalently-binding agents. The DNA binding of substitution-inert complexes is achieved by molecular recognition through minor groove spanning and backbone tracking of the phosphate clamp. In this situation, the square-planar tetra-am(m)ine Pt(II) coordination units hydrogen bond to phosphate oxygen OP atoms to form bidentate N–O–N motifs. The modular nature of the polynuclear compounds results in high-affinity binding to DNA and very efficient nuclear condensation. These combined effects distinguish the phosphate clamp as a third mode of ligand–DNA binding, discrete from intercalation and minor-groove binding. The cellular consequences mirror those of the biophysical studies and a significant portion of nuclear DNA is compacted, a unique effect different from mitosis, senescence or apoptosis. Substitution-inert PPCs display cytotoxicity similar to cisplatin in a wide range of cell lines, and sensitivity is indifferent to p53 status. Cellular accumulation is mediated through binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) allowing for possibilities of tumor selectivity as well as disruption of HSPG function, opening new targets for platinum antitumor agents. The combined properties show that covalently-binding chemotypes are not the unique arbiters of cytotoxicity and antitumor activity and meaningful antitumor profiles can be achieved even in the absence of Pt–DNA bond formation. These dual properties make the substitution-inert compounds a unique class of inherently dual-action anti-cancer agents.
Integrating Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) and Statistical Process Control (SPC) for safer nut processing

Abstract: Food processors around the world have applied the principles of HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) as a prevention-based approach to food safety. In 2005, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) issued the ISO 22000 standard, which incorporated HACCP into its food safety management system. An inherent weakness of HACCP is that there is no advanced warning when a critical control point (CCP) will exceed its critical limit (CL) safety zone. However, Statistical Process Control (SPC) is a proven tool that can signal when a CCP is in danger of going out of control. This chapter will focus on integrating SPC into a HACCP process to make food safety management more effective.
Effect of Fever-Like Whole-Body Hyperthermia on Lymphocyte Spectrin Distribution, Protein Kinase C Activity, and Uropod Formation

Regional inflammation and systemic fever are hallmarks of host immune responses to pathogenic stimuli. Although the thermal element of fever is thought to enhance the activity of immune effector cells, it is unclear what the precise role of increased body temperatures is on the activation state and effector functions of lymphocytes. We report here that mild, fever-like whole body hyperthermia (WBH) treatment of mice results in a distinct increase in the numbers of tissue lymphocytes with polarized spectrin cytoskeletons and uropods, as visualized in situ. WBH also induces a coincident reorganization of protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes and increased PKC activity within T cells. These hyperthermia-induced cellular alterations are nearly identical with the previously described effects of Ag- and mitogen-induced activation on lymphocyte spectrin and PKC. Immunoprecipitation studies combined with dual staining and protein overlay assays confirmed the association of PKCβ and PKCθ with spectrin following its reorganization. The receptor for activated C kinase-1 was also found to associate with the spectrin-based cytoskeleton. Furthermore, all these molecules (spectrin, PKCβ, PKCθ, and receptor for activated C kinase-1) cotranslocate to the uropod. Enhanced intracellular spectrin phosphorylation upon WBH treatment of lymphocytes was also found and could be blocked by the PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide I (GF109203X). These data suggest that the thermal element of fever, as mimicked by these studies, can modulate critical steps in the signal transduction pathways necessary for effective lymphocyte activation and function. Further work is needed to determine the cellular target(s) that transduces the signaling pathway(s) induced by hyperthermia.
Refraction through cylindrical tubes

When viewed from the outside, objects placed inside containers with cylindrical walls (i.e. test tubes, beakers, pipes) appear distorted because of the curvature of the interfaces and the differing refractive indices of the media. We have developed a method for measuring the coordinates of a particle located inside a straight cylindrical tube by viewing it from two directions using a camera. A set of equations is derived which maps all points inside the tube to the camera image plane; ray tracing diagrams are shown for several important cases, indicating variable distortion, hidden regions, multiple images, and critical reflections. An experimental test was performed to check the calculations; excellent verification was obtained.
Terminal proliferation and synaptogenesis following partial deafferentation: The reinnervation of the inner molecular layer of the dentate gyrus following removal of its commissural afferents

The inner one-third of the dendritic region of the dentate gyrus granule cells in adult rats receives projections primarily from the commissural fibers of the contralateral hippocampus and the associational fibers of the ipsilateral hippocampus. At two to four days following the complete removal of the contralateral hippocampus, approximately 25% of the terminals in the inner molecular layer are observed degenerating. This provides an excellent model system to investigate possible terminal proliferation induced by deafferentation since (1) the experimental lesion is easily reproducible, (2) no retrograde reactions occur in the granule cells as a direct result of the lesion, (3) no shrinkage is detected in this region following commissural deafferentation, (4) the same dendritic region can be relocated precisely in each animal, and (5) the synaptic counts are highly consistent between animals. Results from this study and from previous investigations demonstrate that the commissural projection is contained within a 0–80 μ zone directly above the granule cell layer. Complete photomontages of this zone were taken, but only the 40–80 μ zone was quantified for neuronal and glial changes in three normal, five 2- to 4-day, and five 50- to 75-day postlesion animals. The average synaptic count dropped to 64% of control values by 2 to 4 days, but returned to 97% by 50- to 75 days postlesion. The number of terminals showing multiple synaptic contacts increased slightly in the long-term animals. Measurements of average terminal area showed no change between the short- and long-term survival groups. These results indicate that this dendritic region is reinnervated following partial deafferentation and that the reinnervation is due primarily to the formation of new terminals rather than the expansion of pre-existing terminals.
Addition of 1-nitroalkanes to methyl 2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-d-ribo-pentodialdo-1,4-furanoside and N6-benzoyl-2′,3′-O-isopropylideneadenosine-5′-aldehyde

Abstract Various 1-nitroalkanes reacted with methyl 2,3- O -isopropylidene-β- d - ribo -pentodialdo-1,4-furanoside to yield methyl 6-alkyl-6-deoxy-2,3- O -isopropylidene-6-nitro-β- d -ribofuranosides in 64–79% yield. Similarly, nitromethane and 1-nitropentane reacted with N 6 -benzoyl-2′,3′- O -isopropylideneadenosine-5′-aldehyde, to yield the corresponding 9-[6-alkyl-6-deoxy-2,3- O -isopropylidene-6-nitro-α- l -talo(β- d -allo)furanosyl]- N 6 -benzoyladenines in 74 and 44% yield, respectively. The potential utility of this nitroalkane addition for the synthesis of nucleosides having a C-5′C-6′ bond is discussed.
Physical and physiological dormancy in black henbane ( Hyoscyamus niger L.) seeds

Aim of this study was to investigate the nature of dormancy in black henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) seeds which have low germination rate under normal laboratory conditions. To do this, before placing the seeds in Petri dishes, they were soaked in 5,10 and 15 mg/L GA; 1,2 and 3% H2SO4, 15 mg/L GA + 1% H2SO4, 0.01 M KNO3 solutions, tap water, 40, 50 and 60°C hot water for 30 min. The study was performed under both continuous illumination and darkness in growth chambers to evaluate the effect of light on germination rate. The results showed that H2SO4 and GA treatments were the most important factors affecting seed germination and their germination enhancing effects were more evident in darkness. The results also suggested that black henbane seeds exhibit double dormancy involving a hard seed coat and a partially dormant embryo and have a partial dark requirement to germinate.
A preliminary basin analysis of the El Rito Formation (Eocene), north-central New Mexico

The Eocene(?) El Rito Formation in north-central New Mexico is the basal Tertiary unit of the Chama basin and the northwestern Espanola basin. Deposition of the El Rito Formation occurred in the final stages of the Laramide orogeny. The formation is predominantly an alluvial-fan deposit, showing two principal facies: quartzite conglomerate and quartzose sandstone. Postdepositional pore filling by calcite, zeolite, and hematite, alteration of feldspars, and removal of heavy minerals are observed in the sediments of the El Rito Formation. The extensive diagenetic effects are interpreted as resulting from diagenesis under semi-arid to arid conditions. Paleocurrent directions determined from imbricated clasts, cross-bedding, and parting lineations indicate that the primary sources of the El Rito Formation were in the north and northeast. The clasts of the early, conglomeratic facies were derived from the Precambrian crystalline highlands of the Brazos-Sangre de Cristo uplift. The conglomerates represent debris-flow, sieve, and high-energy braided-stream deposits. Point counts of thin sections of four sandstone samples show high QFL% quartz and QpLvmLsm% metamorphic lithic fragments. These results also indicate that the provenance was the Precambrian metamorphic rocks of the Brazos uplift. The sandstone units represent sheet-flow sediments deposited from lower-energy, braided streams with more easterly sources than the sources for the conglomerates. Only sandstones in the western portion of the El Rito depositional basin may have had significant sources in the Nacimiento uplift, the Gallina-Archuleta arch, or the southern San Juan uplift at the northwest. The El Rito Formation was deposited in a south-southeast-trending, asymmetrical basin with through-flowing drainage in the southern Rocky Mountains east of the Colorado Plateau. The basin formed in response to compression associated with the north-northeast jamming of the Colorado Plateau into the stable craton during the Laramide orogeny. The El Rito depositional basin probably was continuous with the Galisto basin before northeast-trending normal faulting of the Rio Grande rift separated the two basins in the Miocene to Holocene.
Microwave and millimeter-wave fiber optic feeders for wireless microcells

Analog fiber-optic links can be used as a connecting infrastructure for modern wireless communication systems. For existing wireless networks, which operate at frequencies below 3GHz, the possibility of using low-cost, commercially available optoelectronic components is very attractive. Also, the development of practical millimeter-wave optical transmitters may be critical to the deployment of future high frequency (> 20 GHz) radio distribution systems. The linearity performacne of low-cost microwave, and millimeter-wave optical trnamitters will be assessed for the wireless application.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Heat transfer effect on the specific power availability of heat engines

Abstract The maximum possible specific power (specific power availability) that can be obtained from heat engines with a set of high temperature heat source and low temperature sink is analyzed. The heat engines considered in this paper include (1) externally and internally reversible, (2) externally irreversible and internally reversible, (3) externally reversible and internally irreversible and (4) externally and internally irreversible engines. The irreversibilities are assumed caused by heat transfer only. The specific power, defined as the power output per unit total heat exchanger surface area, is adopted as the objective function in determining power economics in this paper.
The reaction of hydroxylamine with bacteriorhodopsin studied with mutants that have altered photocycles: selective reactivity of different photointermediates.

Abstract The reaction of the retinylidene Schiff base in bacteriorhodopsin (bR) to the water-soluble reagent hydroxylamine is enhanced by greater than 2 orders of magnitude under illumination. We have used this reaction as a probe for changes in Schiff base reactivity during the photocycle of wild-type bR and mutants defective in proton transport. We report here that under illumination at pH 6, the D85N mutant has a 20-fold lower rate and the D212N mutant has a greater than 4-fold higher rate for the light-dependent reaction with hydroxylamine compared with wild-type bR. In contrast, the reactivities of wild-type bR and the D96N and T46V mutants are similar. It has been previously shown that the D96N and T46V replacements have no significant effect on the kinetics of "M" formation but have dramatic effects on rate of the decay of M. We therefore conclude that the hydroxylamine reaction occurs before formation of the M intermediate. Most likely it occurs at the "L" stage of the cycle and reflects increased water accessibility to the Schiff base due to a light-driven change in protein conformation.
Maltreatment Clusters Among Youth in Outpatient Substance Abuse Treatment: Co-Occurring Patterns of Psychiatric Symptoms and Sexual Risk Behaviors

The purpose of the current study was to describe the use of a brief maltreatment assessment instrument to classify adolescents receiving alcohol or other drug (AOD) treatment services based on the extensiveness and severity of prior maltreatment. This goal is significant because maltreatment reduces the effectiveness of AOD treatment and is associated significantly with co-occurring patterns of psychiatric symptoms and sexual risk behaviors. Structured interviews were administered to 300 adolescent treatment clients (202 males, 98 females; M = 16.22 years; SD = 1.13 years) to assess childhood maltreatment experiences, past year psychiatric symptoms, and sexual risk behaviors during the past 180 days. Cluster analysis classified adolescents into unique groups via self-reported sexual abuse, physical punishment, and parental neglect/negative home environment. Significant between-cluster differences in psychiatric symptoms and sexual risk behaviors were documented using MANOVA and chi-square analyses. More severe maltreatment profiles were associated with higher scores for psychiatric symptoms and unprotected intercourse. Significant heterogeneity and distinct types within this treatment sample of adolescents supports the adaptation of selected prevention efforts to promote HIV/STI risk reduction.
IM-10EFFECTS OF T-CELL TGF-β SIGNALING ABROGATION ON SURVIVAL IN PEDIATRIC GLIOMA

We have been investigating the effects of immune system modulation on brain tumor survival in animal models of pediatric malignancies. For example, TGF-β is produced by various tumor types and dampens the response of the immune system, preventing recognition of tumor cells. Thus, we crossed mice with T-cell-specific TGF-β blockade (CD4-TGFβRII-DNR) with a mouse model of medulloblastoma (SmoA1 transgenic mice) and analyzed offspring. We noted dramatic infiltration of T cells into the tumor and coincident improvement in survival of these mice. Furthermore, there was a striking change in T cell phenotype—notably a large increase in memory T cells in double transgenic mice, which are in principle able to mount anti-tumor immunity. We've been employing a novel piggyBac model of forebrain glioma to rapidly generate tumors from patient driver genes. Interestingly, using genome-wide analysis, many members of the TGF-β ligand family are upregulated by tumor cells and these secreted ligands appear to be the principle immunosuppressive molecules expressed by the tumor propagating population. Given the survival-promoting role of T cell TGF-β signaling blockade in our medulloblastoma model, we have generated de novo tumors in CD4-TGFβRII-DNR mice using our in vivo piggyBac system and are investigating the applicability of this strategy in pediatric forebrain glioma.
Steady Convective Diffusion in a Bifurcation

In a study of the development of atherosclerotic lesions, we investigate convective diffusion along the wall of a modeled arterial bifurcation. Under boundary layer assumptions, the resulting set of equations is transformed into a form to which we can apply Laplace transforms. The result is two integral relationships between the species flux through the wall and its concentration at the wall, one of which appears to be new.
Quantifying the effects of crack width, tortuosity, and roughness on water permeability of cracked mortars

Abstract The existing service-life prediction models rarely account for the effect of cracks on mass transport and durability of concrete. To correct this deficiency, transport in fractured porous media must be studied. The objective of this paper is to quantify the water permeability of localized cracks as a function of crack geometry (i.e., width, tortuosity, and surface roughness). Plain and fiber-reinforced mortar disk specimens were cracked by splitting tension; and the crack profile was digitized by image analysis and translated into crack geometric properties. Crack permeability was measured using a Darcian flow-thru cell. The results show that permeability is a function of crack width square. Crack tortuosity and roughness reduce the permeability by a factor of 4 to 6 below what is predicted by the theory for smooth parallel plate cracks. Although tortuosity and roughness exhibit fractal behavior, their proper measurement is possible and results in correct estimation of crack permeability.
The effects of progestins mineralocorticoids glucocorticoids and steroid solubility on the induction of sexual receptivity in rats.

Abstract In the first experiment, progesterone and its 5α-reduced metabolite, 5α-dihydroprogesterone, dissolved in two different vehicles were compared for their effectiveness in facilitating lordosis behavior in ovariectomized estrogen-primed rats. When dissolved in oil vehicle, 5α-dihydroprogesterone was less effective than progesterone. However, when dissolved in Tween 80 solution, the two progestins were equally effective. In the second experiment, adrenal corticoids dissolved in Tween 80 solution were tested for their relative ability to facilitate sexual receptivity. Progesterone, desoxycorticosterone, and desoxycorticosterone acetate were equally effective in facilitating sexual receptivity. Aldosterone, corticosterone, and corticosterone acetate were no more effective than the vehicle in facilitating sexual receptivity.
Numerical Analysis: Numerical solution of a thin plate heat transfer problem

The numerical solution of a system of linear equations resulting from a discrete approximation to a thin plate heat transfer problem is considered. The slow convergence of point iterative methods is analyzed and shown to be caused by one of the boundary conditions. The difficulty may be removed by a standard line iterative technique.
Topography of nucleic acid helices in solutions. XXVIII. Evidence for a dynamic structure of DNA in solution

Abstract Proton magnetic resonance (pmr), ultraviolet absorption, induced circular dichroism (CD), and viscometric evidence is presented which show that reporter molecules 1 and 2 bind to DNA via an intercalation process. Preliminary kinetic studies show that the DNA· 1 complex forms rapidly (i.e., 2 complex forms at a considerably slower rate ( t 1 2 > 100 msec ). The kinetic results, and the steric requirements for intercalation of 2 can be explained on the basis of a dynamic structure of DNA.
Minimal pure injective resolutions of flat modules

Abstract Every module has a minimal pure injective resolution. For a flat modul over a noetherian ring, the structure of the pure injective modules appearing in such a resolution is now known and can be used to give information about minimal pure injective resolutions of flat modules. This information can in turn be used to give new proofs of results about the projective dimension of flat modules and at the same time sharpen these results. A change of ring theorem gives the perhaps surprising result that the pure injective dimensions of the coordinate rings of affine algebraic varieties over some fixed ground field are the same for all varieties of a given dimension n .
A preliminary study on the effect of time on apparent lead content of evaporated milk as determined by non-flame atomic-absorption spectrometry.

Abstract Analysis of several brands of canned evaporated milk at various times after opening showed increases in the lead content upon standing. Initially all samples had a lead content within the range 0.1–0.2 ppm. Upon standing, however, the lead concentration of anumber of samples doubled or tipled. Control samples obtained by pouring approximately half of the milk from a can into a polyethylene bottle immediately after opening showed no such increase. When atmospheric oxygen was ecluded by bubbling nitrogen through a sample, where was likewise no increase in lead for the sample. Bubbling oxygen through the samples produced an increase in the lead content of the milk left in the can but did not affect that of the milk in the polyethylene bottle.
Transient Adjustment of Circulation in a Midlatitude Abyssal Ocean Basin with Realistic Geometry and Bathymetry

Abstract The early stages in the adjustment of the circulation in a midlatitude abyssal basin with realistic geometry and bathymetry are studied using an inverted 1½-layer model of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea as a natural test basin. The model is forced with a localized sidewall mass source and a compensating distributed uniform mass sink. The basin is spun up by topographic waves with planetary vorticity gradients playing a minor role. A shallow sill in the middle of the basin dynamically separates the abyssal Eastern Mediterranean Sea into two regions. Despite a constant mass flux into the basin, the resulting energy input is time dependent and is correlated with nonlocal dynamics. A positive feedback develops between the source region and the interior circulation during the early adjustment; for a higher interface height level in the source region, the amount of energy injected by the mass source increases. A series of simulations with filtered bathymetries show that the presence of high-wavenumber t...
New Aspects of the Photoelectric Emission from Na and K

The external photoelectric effect for Na and K in the form of thick evaporated layers was investigated with photon energies $h\ensuremath{\nu}$ up to 6.71 ev. When $h\ensuremath{\nu}$ was within 1.5 ev of the threshold, the energy distributions of the emitted electrons were like those derived by DuBridge for a simple photoelectric effect involving an ideal metal. For larger $h\ensuremath{\nu}$, there was a growing preponderance of low velocity electrons. Their appearance could not be correlated, on the basis of a simple emission process, with the assumed parabolic shapes and approximately known widths of the valence bands. The following complications were therefore considered: (a) scattering by other electrons, causing the excited electron to lose energy before escape; (b) absorption of the recoil momentum by a second electron rather than by the entire crystal, resulting in the transfer of only a portion of the photon energy to the photo-electron; (c) modifications of the simple Fermi band by electron interactions, giving the effect of initial energy states much farther below the surface barrier than had been assumed.The spectral distributions showed no evidence of a sharply defined "volume effect" such as might be due to optical transitions between zones. The form of these spectral curves was notably sensitive to variations in the structure of the evaporated films. Either matter or specular Na surfaces could be produced merely by controlling the deposition rate. There was no appreciable difference in the energy distributions for electrons from the two types of sufaces.
PHOTOBIOLOGY OF RNA BACTERIOPHAGES—I. ULTRAVIOLET INACTIVATION AND PHOTOREACTIVATION STUDIES*

— Biologically active f2-RNA, Obtained from bacteriophage f2, was inactivated by ultraviolet (u.v) light (2537 A) with a quantum yield of 3.3 ± 0.3 times 10-3 when assayed in the dark with protoplasts of an F- strain of E. coli k12. Assay under “black light” gave a quantum yield of 2.7 ± 0.5 times 10-3 which was just enough lower to suggest that 17 per cent photorecovery of the u.v. lesions has taken place. Intact phage f2 was inactivated by u.v. radiation with a quantum yield of 0.7 ± 0.12 times 10-3, Thus the whole phage is much less sensitive than the free RNA. No evidence of photorecovery was found in u.v.-irradiated RNA phage 7S assayed in its host Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
EWING'S SARCOMA AND EXTRACRANIAL PRIMITIVE NEUROECTODERMAL TUMORS

The Ewing's family of tumors is comprised of bone and soft tissue, small round blue cell neoplasms of neuroectodermal origin defined by the chromosomal aberration t(11;22)(q24;q12), and closely related variants. Molecular methods now exist to facilitate diagnosis and to defect minimal residual disease. Multiagent chemotherapeutic regimens in concert with adequate local control yield improved survival rates in patients with localized disease at diagnosis. Patients with metastatic disease still suffer poor survival rates; programs attempting to cure metastatic patients with intensive therapy as facilitated by peripheral stem cell and autologous marrow rescue have shown some promise. Intensive regimens with and without rescue are being explored for high-risk patients.
Preparation of some iron-binding proteins and α-lactalbumin from bovine milk

Abstract The preparation of the iron-binding milk proteins— “red protein,” blood transferrin, and lactoperoxidase (donor: H2O2 oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.7) — by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and phosphocellulose is described. The “red protein” is distributed in the casein and whey fractions of milk. In some fractions it forms complexes with other proteins which drastically change its chromatographic behavior. The transferrins found in the milk and blood of an individual cow are shown to be the same by gel electrophoresis. The preparation of an electrophoretically homogeneous α-lactalbumin by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose is also described.
Active reduction of low-frequency tire impact noise using digital feedback control

Feedback control theory is used to develop an active noise control system to reduce transient-induced road noise in a vehicle interior. The system consists of a detector microphone, a high-speed digital controller, amplifiers, an analog smoothing filter, and a headphone. The digital control algorithm uses the output of the microphone combined with the past history of the control signal to calculate the current value of the control signal. This signal is passed through a low-pass filter (to smooth the steps resulting from the digital-to-analog conversion) and then amplified and sent to the headphone near the driver's ear. Two control algorithms are evaluated. A proportional-integral controller reduces the noise by about 5 dB over the 20-to-60 Hz range. A modified generalized minimum-variance controller is able to reduce the noise by about 10 dB for the 25-to-60 Hz range. >
The role of egg antigens, cytokines in granuloma formation in murine schistosomiasis mansoni

The induction of granuloma formation by soluble egg antigens (SEA) of Schistosoma mansoni is accompanied by T cell-mediated lymphokine production that regulates the intensity of the response. In the present study we have examined the ability of SDS-PAGE fractioned SEA proteins to elicit granulomas and lymphokine production in infected and egg-immunized mice. At the acute stage of infection SEA fractions ( 200 kD) that elicited pulmonary granulomas also elicited IL-2, IL-4 lymphokine production. At the chronic stage a diminished number of fractions (60-66, 70-90, 93-125, and > 200 kD) were able to elicit granulomas with an overall decrease in IL-2, IL-4 production. Granulomas were elicited by larval-egg crossreactive and egg-specific fractions at both the acute and chronic stage of the infection. Examination of lymphokine production from egg-immunized mice demonstrated that as early as 4 days IL-2 was produced by spleen cells stimulated with 200 kD fractions. By 16 days, IL-2production was envoked by 8 of 9 fractions. IL-4 production at 4 days in response to all fractions was minimal while at 16 days IL-4 was elicited with the 200 kD fractions. The present study reveals differences in the range of SEA fractions able to elicit granulomas and IL-2, IL-4 production between acute and chronic stages of infection. Additionally, this study demonstrates sequential (IL-2 followed by IL-4) lymphokine production during the primary egg antigen response.
Multianalyte sensor array based on an organic light emitting diode platform

Abstract A compact photoluminescence (PL)-based sensor array, utilizing pulsed organic light emitting diode (OLED) pixels as the excitation sources, for sequential or simultaneous detection of multiple analytes in a single sample, is described. The utility and potential advantages of the structurally integrated OLED-based platform for multianalyte detection are demonstrated for oxygen, glucose, lactate, and ethanol. The detection of glucose, lactate, and ethanol is based on monitoring the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) at the completion of the enzymatic oxidation reactions of these analytes in sealed cells. The monitoring in sealed cells and the ready access of the enzyme, when in solution, to the analyte enable a limit of detection of ∼0.02 mM, which is better than that obtained with enzymes embedded in sol–gel films. The DO concentration is determined via its effect on the PL decay time of the oxygen-sensitive dye Pt octaethylporphyrin embedded in a polystyrene film. A modified Stern–Volmer equation is derived to generate a linear calibration. The 2 mm × 2 mm OLED pixels and the sensor films are fabricated on glass substrates that are attached back-to-back, generating a compact module devoid of any optical couplers. Two individually addressable OLED pixels are associated with the detection of each analyte. This configuration enables consecutive detection of all analytes within a few minutes utilizing a single photodetector (PD). Simultaneous detection is achieved by using an array of small-size Si photodiode PDs compatible with the OLED pixel array. The OLED-based sensing array is unique in its ease of fabrication and integration with the sensing component, while its performance attributes are comparable to those obtained for detection of a single analyte using any excitation source.
Deinstitutionalization and the rise of violence

The deinstitutionalization of individuals with serious mental illness was driven by 4 factors: public revelations regarding the state of public mental hospitals, the introduction of antipsychotic medications, the introduction of federal programs to fund patients who had been discharged, and civil libertarian lawyers. The result is approximately 3.2 million individuals with untreated serious mental illness living in the community. Beginning in the 1970s in the United States, there began to be reported increasing incidents of violent behavior, including homicides, committed by these untreated individuals. Such incidents became more numerous in the 1980s and 1990s, and have further increased since the turn of the century. Existing studies suggest that individuals with untreated severe mental illness are responsible for at least 10% of all homicides and approximately half of all mass killings. Studies have also shown that when these individuals are treated, the incidence of violent behavior decreases significantly. Examples of treatment mechanisms that have proven effective include assisted outpatient treatment (AOT), conditional release, and mental health courts.
Mass-limited growth in zeptoliter beakers: A general approach for the synthesis of nanocrystals

Nanoscale fabrication methods provide a unique approach to synthesize nanoscale materials. Laser-assisted embossing was used to generate close-packed arrays of hemispherical nanowells with zeptoliter (zL) volumes. The volumes of the nanowells were controlled by changing the fluence of the laser, by applying variable pressure between the mold and the substrate, and by growing an amorphous oxide on the patterned silicon. Nanowells with diameters as small as 50 nm were used as reaction vessels for the preparation of simple inorganic salts and semiconducting nanocrystals. Under most growth conditions, individual nanocrystals were formed in individual nanowells.
Treatment of multinodular goiter by surgery

Although this comment emphasizes surgical treatment of multinodular goiter, the Author affirms that he feels both surgery and radioactive iodide (RAI) therapy have a role in managing this common condition. Multinodular goiter is typically a slowly evolving process and most often presents for management in post-menopausal women. The reasons for seeking treatment range from adverse cosmetic appearance, to concern about malignancy or symptoms indicating partial obstruction of the esophagus, compression of the trachea, or venous return to the superior vena cava. Less commonly, hoarseness prompts attention. Occasionally episodes of pain and swelling may be present. Typically, benign, non-toxic multinodular goiters grow to considerable size before patients seek attention. It is unusual for the gland to be less than three times normal size (greater than 45-50 g) when symptoms arise. Diagnostic studies, in addition to FTI, TSH, and often antibodies, may include ultrasound for examination of nodules, sometimes isotope scanning, occasionally CAT scans or X-rays to evaluate tracheal compression, and FNA of dominant nodules. Problems that suggest need for a surgical approach include adenopathy, very large size, progressive growth of a nodule or concern about FNA cytology, hoarseness or continued pain, marked tracheal compression, or obstruction of venous return. Surgery is conventionally done without specific medical preparation, currently involves admission on the day of operation, and typically the patient is discharged the following day. Patients are usually back at full activity in 10-14 days. Surgery almost always offers a good cosmetic outcome, and provides a histologic diagnosis. A bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy is often done, attempting to remove nodular tissue but leaving the posterior capsule and “normal” tissue intact. This operation rarely causes recurrent nerve paralysis or hypoparathyroidism. There is a trend toward total thyroidectomy in some centers, in an attempt to avoid recurrences (1). Almost all goiters can be removed through a transcervical incision. When done by a capable surgeon, the incidence of hypoparathyroidism, after surgery for multinodular goiter, is approximately 1%, unilateral recurrent nerve damage is approximately 1%, bilateral recurrent nerve damage almost never occurs, and tracheostomy should almost never be a problem (2). The low incidence of side-effects described may not be representative of results in hospitals where surgeons infrequently perform this operation. Obviously permanent hypoparathyroidism is a major lifelong complication, but unilateral recurrent nerve damage is typically a minor problem. Patients may, or may not, be started on replacement T4 therapy after subtotal resection, since the residual tissue can usually recover enough to ensure euthyroidism. Administration of thyroid hor
Resolution and reconstitution of a Mammalian membrane.

The problem of the resolution and reconstitution of the inner mitochondrial membrane has been approached at three levels. (1) Starting with phosphorylating submitochondrial particles, a "resolution from without" can be achieved by stripping of surface components. The most extensive resolution was recently obtained with the aid of silicotungstate. Such particles require for oxidative phosphorylation the addition of several coupling factors as well as succinate dehydrogenase. (2) Starting with submitochondrial particles that have been degraded by trypsin and urea a resolution of the inner membrane proper containing an ATPase has been achieved. These experiments show that at least five components are required for the reconstitution of an oligomycin-sensitive ATPase: a particulate component, F1, Mg++, phospholipids, and Fc. Morphologically, the reconstituted ATPase preparations resemble submitochondrial particles. (3) Starting with intact mitochondria individual components of the oxidation chain have been separated from each other. The following components were required for the reconstitution of succinoxidase: succinate dehydrogenase, cytochrome b\, cytochrome c1, cytochrome c, cytochrome oxidase, phospholipids and Q10. The reconstituted complex had properties similar to those of phosphorylating submitochondrial particles; i.e., the oxidation of succinate by molecular oxygen was highly sensitive to antimycin.
Approaches and considerations for setting occupational exposure limits for sensory irritants: report of recent symposia.

Over the past 50 years significant strides have been made in reducing occupational exposure to airborne chemicals. To a large extent, the impetus behind the reductions has been the identification of presumably safe levels of exposure, or occupational exposure limits (OELs). Most of the reduction in exposure has been to chemicals such as hepatotoxins, neurotoxins, nephrotoxins, and carcinogens that cause frank toxic effects. Recently, however, a number of industrial hygiene and occupational medicine initiatives have sought to identify acceptable levels of exposure to sensory irritants and reduce exposure to this class of chemicals. This article presents an overview of the field with emphasis on the work presented at two symposia sponsored by the Chemical Manufacturers Association: “How Do We Set an Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL) for Irritation?” (1998) at the American Industrial Hygiene Conference and Exposition and “Respiratory Tract Irritation and Olfaction Conference” (1997). The two symposia reviewe...
The influence of melodic context on pitch recognition judgment.

Subjects made delayed pitch comparisons between tones that were each preceded by tones of lower pitch. The pitches of these preceding tones were so chosen that in some conditions the melodic intervals formed by the standard (S) and comparison (C) combinations were identical, and in others they differed. A strong effect of melodic relational context was demonstrated. When the S and C combinations formed identical melodic intervals, there was an increased tendency for the S and C tones to be judged as identical. And when the S and C combinations formed different melodic intervals, there was an increased tendency for the S and C tones to be judged as different. These effects occurred both when the S and C tones were identical in pitch and also when these differed, and they occurred despite instructions to attend only to the S and C tones.
Behavioral and dorsal raphe neuronal activity following acute and chronic methylphenidate in freely behaving rats.

Abstract Concomitant behavioral and dorsal raphe (DR) neuronal activity were recorded following acute and chronic dose response of methylphenidate (MPD) in freely moving rats previously implanted with permanent semi-microelectrodes using telemetric (wireless) technology. On experimental day (ED) 1, the neuronal and locomotor activity were recorded after saline (baseline) and MPD (0.6, 2.5 or 10.0 mg/kg) injection (i.p.). Animals were injected daily with a single dose of MPD for five consecutive days (ED 2–6) to elicit behavioral sensitization or tolerance. After three washout days, the neuronal and locomotor activity recording was resumed on ED 10 followed by saline and MPD rechallenge injection. The main findings were: (1) the same dose of chronic MPD administration elicited behavioral sensitization in some animals and behavioral tolerance in others. (2) 46%, 56% and 73% of DR units responded to acute 0.6, 2.5 and 10.0 mg/kg MPD respectively. (3) 89%, 70% and 86% of DR units changed their baseline activity on ED 10 compared to that on ED 1 in the 0.6, 2.5 and 10.0 mg/kg MPD groups respectively. (4) A significant difference in ED 10 baseline activity was observed in the DR neuronal population recording from animals expressing behavioral sensitization compared to that of animals expressing behavioral tolerance. (5) 89%, 78% and 88% of DR units responded to chronic 0.6, 2.5 and 10.0 mg/kg MPD respectively. (6) The DR neuronal population recording following acute MPD on ED 1 and rechallenge MPD on ED 10 from animals expressing behavioral sensitization was significantly different from the neuronal population recorded from animals exhibited behavioral tolerance. The correlation between the DR neuronal activity and animal's behavior following chronic MPD exposure suggested that the DR neuronal activity may play an important role in the expression of behavioral sensitization and tolerance induced by chronic MPD administration.
Persuasive Pedagogy: A New Paradigm for Mathematics Education

Mathematics teachers face a myriad of instructional obstacles. Since the early 1990s, mathematics education researchers have proposed the use of constructivist practices to counteract these ever-prevalent obstacles. While we do give credit to the choices of instructional activities the constructivist paradigm promotes, there are problems with its use as the foundation of mathematics pedagogy (e.g., Phillips, Educational Researcher 24: 5–12 1995; Simon, Journal for Research in Mathematics Education 26: 114–145 1995). In this paper, we will analyze and review the literature pertaining to the conceptual tenets and operational practices of constructivism, and the viability of these practices for meeting the professional teaching standards proposed by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM; 2000). We will then review the literature pertaining to a paradigm of teaching that may be more applicable, that of persuasive pedagogical practices, and the ways in which these practices can differentially meet the goals of the mathematics standards. The differences between constructivism and persuasive pedagogy lead us to believe that the adoption of the theory of teaching as persuasion, or persuasive pedagogy, may be more appropriate for learning mathematics and the identification and correction of misconceptions. Further, these pedagogical practices correspond with suggestions for mathematical discourse provided by NCTM (2000).