cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Homomeric rho 1 GABA channels: activation properties and domains.

Expression of human rho 1 subunits in Xenopus laevis oocytes forms homomeric GABA-activated chloride channels with activation and pharmacological properties distinct from those of typical heteromeric GABA channels (e.g., alpha 1 beta 2 gamma 2). Here, we describe these rho 1 activation features and use site-directed mutagenesis to identify amino acids involved in GABA-mediated activation. In comparison to heteromeric GABA channels (alpha 1 beta 2 gamma 2), GABA channels comprised of rho 1 subunits are approximately 40-fold more sensitive to GABA, activate 8.3-fold more slowly (at a GABA concentration equal to their respective EC50S), do not desensitize with maintained agonist application, and close approximately 8-fold more slowly after agonist removal. Site-directed mutagenesis of rho 1 GABA channels has identified five amino acids (Y198, Y200, Y241, T244, and Y247) located between the N-terminal extracellular cysteine loop and first membrane spanning domain, that when conservatively mutated, significantly impaired GABA-mediated activation. These five residues are grouped in two domains that correspond in position to the putative agonist-binding domains previously identified for the beta 2 subunit of alpha 1 beta 2 gamma 2 GABA channels. Y198, T244, and Y247 correspond directly to crucial amino acids identified in the beta 2 subunit; Y200 and Y241 do not. These differences may account, in part, for the unique activation and pharmacological features of homomeric rho 1 GABA channels.
DEBATES: Voter and Political Response to Political Communication in Sierra Leone

Candidate debates have a rich history, offer a unique communication forum, and have become integral to contemporary campaign strategy. There is, however, no definitive evidence of whether they affect actual voting behavior. The relative scarcity of political information in the developing world offers an attractive testing ground, where the effects of debates could be larger and more directly linked to electoral outcomes. We experimentally manipulate citizen exposure to debates in Sierra Leone to measure their impacts on, and the interconnections among, voter behavior, campaign spending, and the performance of elected politicians. We find positive impacts on citizen political knowledge, policy alignment, openness to candidates, and votes cast on Election Day. We then document an endogenous response by participating candidates, who increased campaign expenditure in communities where debate videos were screened in large public gatherings. Over the longer term, we find that debate participation enhanced the subsequent accountability of elected Parliamentarians, who demonstrated greater constituency engagement and development expenditure over their first year in office. To explore mechanisms, individual treatments disentangle the effects of general political knowledge from the information conveyed about candidate persona, and find that both matter. The results speak to the central political economy question of whether elections effectively discipline politicians, and show how political communication – via interparty debates – can trigger a chain of events that ultimately influences policy.
Structural Relaxations in the GHz Frequency Range in Glass Forming Silicate Melts

The Brillouin light scattering technique is used for the investigation of structural relaxations in glass-forming liquids at high temperatures. From the analysis of the line shapes of Rayleigh and Brillouin peaks, the friction coefficients, which are associated with the atomic scale mechanisms of the structural relaxations in these systems, are determined. Results for a series of K2O-SiO2 compositions, which were chosen as model substances, are reported. As a function of temperature, maxima in the Brillouin line widths were observed, which reflect resonant conditions of molecular scale structural motions, where the relaxation time is of the order of the reciprocal Brillouin frequency shift. Due to thermal activation of the component mobilities, different relaxation mechanisms couple at different temperatures. Typically, at least one strongly absorbing regime is observed in between the glass transition and the equilibrium melting temperatures. The prominence of this regime decreases with increasing silica concentration. The friction coefficients approach the hydrodynamic viscosity in the high temperature limit, when the relaxation times become short in comparison with the time scale of the Brillouin shift.
Ultra-high pulse intensity amplification and compression in plasma

This talk provides the summary of experimental research at Princeton on Raman Backscattering (RBS) amplification and compression in plasma [1]. The main subject of the talk is about obtaining high efficiency of such system [2,3].
The Policy Consequences of Motivated Information Processing Among the Partisan Elite

An analysis of U.S. budgetary changes shows that, among subaccounts that are cut, Democrats make more large cuts when they control more lawmaking institutions. This surprising finding is consistent with legislators who are subject to motivated reasoning. In an information-rich world, they disproportionately respond to information in line with their bias unless they must make a large accuracy correction. This article tests, for the first time, motivated information processing among legislators. It finds evidence that Democrats engage in motivated information processing and that the effects of it are felt more on social spending and in off-election years.
Efficient approaches to the stereoselective synthesis of cyclopropyl alcohols.

Cyclopropanes occur in a diverse array of natural products, including pheromones, steroids, terpenes, fatty acid metabolites, and amino acids, and compounds that contain cyclopropanes exhibit interesting and important pharmacological properties. These valuable synthetic intermediates can be functionalized, or their rings can be opened, and the synthetic utility and unique biological activity of cyclopropanes have inspired many investigations into their preparation. One of the most powerful methods to generate cyclopropanes is the Simmons–Smith cyclopropanation. Since the original studies in the late 1950s reported that IZnCH2I could transform alkenes into cyclopropanes, researchers have introduced various modifications of the original procedure. Significantly, Furukawa demonstrated that diethylzinc and CH2I2 react to generate carbenoids, and Shi described more reactive zinc carbenoids that contain electron-withdrawing groups on zinc (XZnCHI2). Despite these advances, the development of catalytic asymmetri...
Expanding the Scope of High-Performance Computing Facilities

The high-performance computing centers of the future will expand their roles as service providers, and as the machines scale up, so should the sizes of the communities they serve. National facilities must cultivate their users as much as they focus on operating machines reliably. The authors present five interrelated topic areas that are essential to expanding the value provided to those performing computational science.
Survey on Health Risk Behaviors Among Secondary Students in Lucheng District

OBJECTIVE To understand the health risk behaviors of secondary students in Lucheng District and to provide evidence for the establishment of secondary students health education.METHOD An anonymous questionnaire survey was conducted among 465 students by stratified random cluster sampling.RESULTS Health risk behaviors were common among secondary students.In the survey of the past year,13.76% of the students had fighting once or more,8.39% of them often felt lonely,14.41% of them had thought about committing suicide,17.39% of them were unable to control their impulses to the net,22.80% of them had violation in biking,4.95% of them had obvious fat.1.72% of them had ever sexual behavior.In the investigation of the past 30 days,there were 4.52% and 31.61% of the students had smoked and drank respectively.During the survey of the last 7 days,13.76% and 15.27% of them who didn't do daily high or mediumintensity sports activities respectively,and 50.43% of them ate western-style fast food.CONCLUSION The health risk behaviors among secondary students aren't ignorable.Effective preventive measures should be further strengthened so as to prevent or reduce the risk behaviors to health of adolescents.
Abstract PC01-02: Colorectal cancer screening for African Americans: Should we be screening at an earlier age? Con

African Americans have the highest colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality of any racial/ethnic group. Citing the higher age-specific rate of CRC compared to whites that begins after age 45, several medical societies have recommended early age of screening initiation for African Americans at age 40 or 45 years. However, there are several reasons why early screening initiation may be a suboptimal strategy for improving CRC outcomes among African Americans. First, evidence to support effectiveness of early screening initiation for improving CRC outcomes is limited. The highest excess rates of CRC among African Americans occur after age 60, and the most rigorous studies suggest that there are not substantial differences in rates of polyps between African Americans and other groups younger than age 50, making the effectiveness of early initiation uncertain. Second, there are substantial logistical challenges to implementing early age of screening initiation for African Americans, but not other groups. Third, many alternate strategies have been proven to improve CRC screening; if implemented widely these strategies might be more effective than lowering the age of screening initiation. In taking the “Con” position against lowering the screening age, the author will highlight these issues, and make the case that lowering the screening age may not be the optimal strategy for improving CRC outcomes among African Americans. Citation Format: Samir Gupta. Colorectal cancer screening for African Americans: Should we be screening at an earlier age? Con. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Sixth AACR Conference: The Science of Cancer Health Disparities; Dec 6–9, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23(11 Suppl):Abstract nr PC01-02. doi:10.1158/1538-7755.DISP13-PC01-02
New York City’s Watershed Agricultural Program

For over a century, New York City’s unfiltered drinking water was characterized as the “champagne of tap water.” In the 1980s, the quality of New York City’s water was declining and the Environmental Protection Agency considered mandating filtration. The city looked for a way around this expense and began watershed management as an alternative. This chapter explores one component of the city’s management approach, the Watershed Agricultural Program. A farmer-run, non-profit institution was established to develop and implement best management practices (BMPs) on farms whose owners voluntarily participate. The city finances the operating costs of the WAC and covers the costs to farmers of adopting BMPs. This case study demonstrates the viability of watershed management to protect source water quality and the potential of voluntary agreements to produce meaningful changes in agricultural practices. It also demonstrates the challenges of a city trying to influence land use outside its jurisdiction, the challenges of avoiding filtration in developed watersheds, and the role of regulations as forcing functions.
Regulation of salt and water transport across airway mucosa

Effective mucociliary clearance of secretions by airway mucosa requires efficient ciliary beating. The structure of airway secretions provides for this requirement by having a viscous mucous layer touched underneath and propelled by ciliary tips, while the rest of the cilium is surrounded by a serous fluid layer. The regulation of the latter layer is thought to be a function of mucosal epithelial cells capable of active ion transport. Mammalian medium-sized bronchi actively absorb sodium, whereas the tracheal mucosae of several mammals are capable of sodium absorption as well as chloride secretion. By generating local osmotic gradients, these ion transport processes may regulate the depth of the periciliary sol layer. These transport processes generate an electrical PD across the mucosa such that the luminal side is negatively charged in reference to the submucosal side (electrogenic transport). Transport of sodium and chloride across the plasma membrane is against a steep electrochemical gradient, and cellular energy resources are utilized for this purpose (active transport). Chloride transport is coupled to sodium transport; therefore, inhibition of the sodium pump (Na-K-ATPase) with ouabain leads to inhibition of sodium as well as chloride transport. Several neurohumoral agents have been found to stimulate chloride secretion, such as PGs, beta-adrenergic agonists, VIP, substance P, and bradykinin. Mechanisms of regulation of sodium transport by airway epithelia are not clearly understood. Available evidence suggests that elevation of cellular PGs, cAMP, and calcium enhances apical cell-membrane conductance to chloride ion, with an opposite effect on sodium conductance. Therefore, it seems reasonable to suggest that neurohumoral control mechanisms may switch from sodium and fluid absorption to chloride and fluid secretion, and vice versa. Several lines of evidence support this proposal. First, the lung of fetal lamb secretes chloride and fluid in utero; this activity ceases at birth, when the catecholamine level is increased, causing a decrease in chloride secretion. In contrast, adult sheep trachea absorbs sodium. Second, agents that stimulate chloride secretion in bovine trachea concomitantly reduce sodium absorption, and vice versa. Similar observations were noted in some instances in dog trachea. Third, whereas unstimulated ferret and cat tracheas only absorb sodium, they secrete chloride upon exposure to beta agonists.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Psychiatric home care. An evolving legal standard.

The treatment of mentally ill individuals in the home setting increases a psychiatrist’s therapeutic responsibilities to the patient with commensurate greater legal exposure. Because psychiatric home care is in its infancy, the standard of care to be followed in implementing this therapy is still evolving. This article examines a psychiatrist’s legal duties in providing home care as well as methods of practice to minimize allegations of inappropriate care.
Funding for Cancer Research and Clinical Studies in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

While the majority of new cases of cancers occur in the developing world, cancer research funding is not commensurate with the challenge. The largest funders of cancer research are government institutions in developed countries. While some cancer charities are international in scope, most cancer advocacy and charity organizations also fall within national boundaries. Unlike the situation with infectious diseases, there is no Global Fund to Fight Cancer, and international efforts at coordinating funding are nascent.
EFFECTS OF SPATIAL VARIABILITY ON THE SCALING OF LAND SURFACE PARAMETERIZATIONS

Understanding and modelling physical and dynamical processes over heterogeneous land surfaces have becomea central focus of many recent studies. There is aconsiderable debate, however, over how to representthe effects of spatial heterogeneity in mesoscale andglobal scale models. Here, a computationally efficientanalytical approach is presented to evaluate scalingproperties of land surface representations. It isshown that the effects of spatial variability may not benegligible for commonly encountered land surfaces andassociated parameterizations. Second-order correction termsinvolving variances of the parameters and covariancesof each pair of land surface parameters are developedto account for the effects ofheterogeneity. Using this analytical approach, weshow that the detail of spatial heterogeneity may not beimportant for the infrared radiation and reflectedsolar radiation from the surface, while sensible andlatent heat fluxes are shown to be sensitive toheterogeneity. Assumptions related todifferent parameterizations for the same physicalprocess could potentially lead to different inferencesregarding the influence of spatial heterogeneity. Theproposed approach, however, is capable of identifying therole of different parameterizations in estimating theinfluence of spatial heterogeneity. These analyticalresults are consistent with the results of severalrecent numerical and field experiments that deal withthe effects of small-scale heterogeneity in landsurface characteristics.
Dimensionality effects in void-induced explosive sensitivity

The dimensionality of defects in high explosives controls their heat generation and the expansion of deflagrations from them. We compare the behaviour of spherical voids in three dimensions to that of circular voids in two dimensions. The behaviour is qualitatively similar, but the additional focusing along the extra transverse dimension significantly reduces the piston velocity needed to initiate reactions. However, the reactions do not grow as well in three dimensions, so detonations require larger piston velocities. Pressure exponents are seen to be similar to those for the two-dimensional system.
Advances in Pulmonary Immunology

This article discusses advances in pulmonary immunology with the focus on clinically relevant, holistic issues. Management of immune system and assessment of pulmonary immunity are presented. The interaction of immune system management and integration of the beef industry, as well as beef quality assurance initiatives, are also discussed. Some relevant mechanistic topics dealing with mucosal immunity, host responses, and predisposing infections are covered, as well.
Vitamin D and Organ Transplantation

Abstract Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent among patients prior to and following transplantation. Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels in transplant candidates may be related to many disease-specific factors, as well as decreased sunlight exposure and limited intake of foods containing vitamin D. Following solid organ transplantation, low serum 25(OH)D levels are extremely common, both during the immediate postoperative period and in long-term graft recipients. Vitamin D status in transplant recipients is related to demographic and lifestyle factors. Low levels of vitamin D are associated with poorer general health, lower albumin, and even decreased survival among these patients. The importance of vitamin D in the transplant population is heightened further by evidence that 1,25(OH) 2 D may reduce infections and prevent allograft rejection after transplantation. Although several studies have demonstrated that active forms of vitamin D and its analogs prevent bone loss following transplantation, others do not show consistent benefit. These therapies may be most effective in renal transplant recipients. Given the narrow therapeutic window of these agents and the demonstrated efficacy of bisphosphonates to prevent posttransplantation bone loss, we regard these agents as adjunctive rather than primary therapy for transplantation osteoporosis.
Microelectronics for planetary spacecraft

The evolution of microprocessors, detectors, and memory from the Voyager era to the current Magellan and Galileo spacecraft, and then on to the future Mars Observer and Cassini projects, is presented. The presentation includes the Magellan spacecraft overview of the electronics used to produce radar images of Venus, and a discussion of some of the problems encountered. The current status of Galileo on its voyage to Jupiter and of the Mars Observer planned for launch in September 1992 are also discussed. Details of the new microelectronics required for the Cassini Project, including the microprocessor and its chip family, and some of the advanced components being developed are also described. The GaAs IC power amplifier part failure problem is also described. New detectors for scientific instruments and a microelectronics view beyond current planetary spacecraft are presented. >
Assessment of a rural Native American's knowledge and thoughts on cancer risk and screening recommendations

B40 a) A random household survey was conducted in a rural Native American reservation community to assess adult community members’ knowledge of cancer education resources, cancer risk factors and preventative behaviors, and recommended cancer screening practices. This information would be used to design a local cancer education program. b) A culturally relevant survey based on the National Cancer Institute’s Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) was developed by a team of local lay and professional health care providers and a university partner. Community members were trained to administer the survey to a maximum of one female and one male adult residing in randomly assigned households. All data was analyzed and interpreted collaboratively by a local native health educator and the university partner. c) The survey was completed by 137 females and 88 males. These 225 adults represent approximately 40% of the population > 18 years of age. Respondents reported that they rarely received any information about cancer risk factors, screening recommendations and preventative behaviors but when they did the information most often came from lay health care providers and family members. Respondents consistently identified family history and environmental factors as important cancer risk factors. More than 40% of the younger respondents (
Eco-friendly (green) synthesis of magnetically active gold nanoclusters

AbstractAu–FexOy composite nanoparticles (NPs) are of great technological interest due to their combined optical and magnetic properties. However, typical syntheses are neither simple nor ecologically friendly, creating a challenging situation for process scale-up. Here we describe conditions for preparing Au–FexOy NPs in aqueous solutions and at ambient temperatures, without resorting to solvents or amphiphilic surfactants with poor sustainability profiles. These magnetic gold nanoclusters (MGNCs) are prepared in practical yields with average sizes slightly below 100 nm, and surface plasmon resonances that extend to near-infrared wavelengths, and sufficient magnetic moment (up to 6 emu g–1) to permit collection within minutes by handheld magnets. The MGNCs also produce significant photoluminescence when excited at 488 nm. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis indicates a relatively even distribution of Fe within the MGNCs, as opposed to a central magnetic core.
The relationship between double-diffusive intrusions and staircases in the Arctic Ocean

AbstractThe origin of double-diffusive staircases in the Arctic Ocean is investigated for the particular background setting in which both temperature and salinity increase with depth. Motivated by observations that show the coexistence of thermohaline intrusions and double-diffusive staircases, a linear stability analysis is performed on the governing equations to determine the conditions under which staircases form. It is shown that a double-diffusive staircase can result from interleaving motions if the observed bulk vertical density ratio is below a critical vertical density ratio estimated for particular lateral and vertical background temperature and salinity gradients. Vertical background temperature and salinity gradients dominate over horizontal gradients in determining whether staircases form, with the linear theory indicating that perturbations to stronger vertical temperature gradients are more likely to give rise to a staircase. Examination of Arctic Ocean temperature and salinity measurements...
What Is Measured by Self-report Measures of Mindfulness?: Conceptual and Measurement Issues

Over the past decades, there has been growing research interest in mindfulness. This chapter aims to address the four issues with regard to the measurement of mindfulness. First, it will review various conceptualizations and facets of mindfulness that have been proposed in the literature. In particular, this review will introduce how mindfulness has been conceptualized in traditional Buddhist texts and will examine secular conceptualizations proposed by contemporary Western scholars. Second, the chapter will review eleven self-report instruments of mindfulness available in the literature and will present how the identified facets of mindfulness map onto these instruments. Previous research found that the correlations between mindfulness measures vary widely from weak to strong, indicating their lack of concurrent validity. Since no established referent of mindfulness exists yet, the review will focus on linking key mindfulness facets identified in theoretical sources with mindfulness components specified in the instruments. Third, the chapter will evaluate the psychometric properties and provide general guidelines for the use of these mindfulness measures. Finally, the chapter will address three important issues regarding the assessment of mindfulness: measurement utility of mindfulness questionnaires, types of mindfulness, and implications for future research.
Religious Institutions and Collective Action: The Catholic Church and Political Activism in Indigenous Chiapas and Yucatán

Why do religious organizations facilitate secular political activism in some settings but not others? I contend that where religious institutions are characterized by decentralized local governance, they are more likely to facilitate political activism. Drawing on nine months of field research and 60 interviews, I conduct a qualitative comparison between the Mexican states of Chiapas and Yucatan. I argue Chiapas exhibits highly decentralized governance by the Catholic Church whereas Yucatan exhibits centralized clerical management. This difference accounts for why Chiapas experiences high levels of indigenous political activism while Yucatan experiences very little political activism.
Boundary Shock Problems and Singularly Perturbed Riccati Equations

A quasilinear singularly perturbed boundary-value problem is considered under conditions which guarantee that the solution has a boundary shock. The problem is initially transformed to a Riccati initial-value problem which is then solved numerically using the backward Euler scheme on a Shishkin-type mesh. For this method, a robust error estimate is proved and illustrated by numerical experiments.
H.P. Lovecraft: a Horror in Higher Dimensions

(2006). H.P. Lovecraft: a Horror in Higher Dimensions. Math Horizons: Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 10-12.
Cellular Mechanics of Acute Leukemia and Chemotherapy

Cellular mechanics plays a major role in the pathophysiology of hematologic diseases, in which the alterations of biophysical properties of circulating blood cells influence vascular flow and contribute to vascular complications. In particular, the cellular mechanical alterations that occur in acute leukemia, cancer of blood cell precursors, may lead to life-threatening complications that result in microvascular compromise of vital organs such as the brain and lung. As such, pharmacological agents that modulate the cellular mechanics of leukemia cells have the potential to both improve and worsen the symptoms and outcome of these complications. Recent technological advances have provided the necessary tools to study leukemia, cancer of blood cell precursors, cellular mechanics and have vastly improved our understanding of the biophysical aspects of leukemia pathophysiology. In this chapter, we review studies from our laboratory and other researchers that focus on the interactions between cellular mechanics, pharmacological agents, and leukemia biology, and we also highlight the novel tools and techniques developed to conduct those experiments. These studies clearly stress the important role the nascent field of cellular mechanics will have in clinical medicine in the near future.
Malpractice allegations: A reality check for resident physicians.

Abstract Background Medical malpractice is a source of stress and cost to physicians. Little is known about how it impacts resident physicians. Methods We analyzed data from the Comparative Benchmarking System between 2007 and 2016. We also surveyed surgery residents at our institution regarding malpractice in training. Results 4% of cases identified a resident physician and 32% involved a surgical specialty. Common allegations were “improper performance of surgery” and “improper management of surgical patient”. 1 case attributed supervision as the major allegation but supervision was a contributing factor in 26% of cases. 18% of cases named a resident as a defendant. Most residents correctly answered that they can be defendants, agreed that a medico-legal curriculum is at least “moderately important”, but had “poor” to “terrible” malpractice knowledge. Conclusions A significant number of medical malpractice claims involve resident physicians as a responsible party. Though universally recognized as important, medico-legal training in surgical residency is often lacking.
What to Believe? Social Media Commentary and Belief in Misinformation

Americans are increasingly turning to social media for political information. However, given that the average social media user only clicks through on a small fraction of the political content available, the brief article previews that appear in the News Feed likely serve as shortcuts to political information. Yet, in addition to sharing political news, social media also allow users to make their own comments on news posts, comments which may challenge or distort the information contained in the articles. In this paper, we first analyze how social media posts on Twitter and Facebook differ from the actual content of their linked news articles, finding that social media comments regularly misrepresent the facts reported in the news. We then use a survey experiment to test the consequences of these information discrepancies. Specifically, we randomly assign individuals to read a full news article, a news article preview post (as seen on Facebook), or a news article preview with misinformative social commentary attached. We find that individuals in the social commentary conditions are more misinformed about the featured topic, tending to report the factually-incorrect information relayed in the comments rather than the factually-correct information embedded within the article preview.
Preoperative management of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea with acetazolamide.

Background Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea has been associated with elevated intracranial pressure (ICP). As such, ICP reducing measures are commonly employed to optimize repair. Although postoperative acetazolamide use has been described, no data currently exists on the potential for preoperative use. Methods A retrospective review was performed including patients treated for anterior spontaneous CSF leaks by a single surgeon over a 6-year period during which acetazolamide therapy (250 mg twice daily) was employed before considering surgical repair. The primary endpoint was whether the patient went on to require surgical repair. Results A total of 16 patients were identified who were pretreated with acetazolamide. Leak sites were noted as cribriform (5/16), sphenoid (8/16), ethmoid (1/16), multiple (1/16), and indeterminate (1/16). Five patients had resolution of their rhinorrhea without surgery (31.3%). Mean follow-up for these nonsurgical patients was 470 days (range, 64 to 857 days). There were no differences in the patients' age or site of leak between surgical and nonsurgical patients (p = 0.65, p = 0.52, respectively). Nonsurgical patients had a lower body mass index (BMI) than surgical patients (p = 0.04). Conclusion This is the first study to report the use of acetazolamide therapy as a primary treatment option for spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea. This therapy enabled surgery to be avoided in 31.3% of patients. This would indicate that in the absence of other contraindications for delaying repair, a trial of acetazolamide therapy could be considered as an initial option in the management of isolated spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea.
Long-term Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent and Young Adult non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Progress in overall survival rates for childhood non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) can be largely attributed to effective development and conduct of a number of international treatment studies. Knowledge gained from these studies has shifted the treatment paradigm from a "one-size fits all" strategy to a histologically dependent approach. More specifically, many now adhere to a risk-stratified approach, prescribing cumulative doses and intensities of chemotherapeutic exposures based upon the aggressiveness of disease. Moreover, recognition that high cure rates could be achieved without the use of radiation has eliminated the use of this modality in frontline settings for the majority of newly diagnosed children. These changes have contributed to the emergence of a heterogeneous group of NHL survivors. As the number of NHL survivors continues to increase, providers will encounter a wide spectrum of individuals whose risk for long-term complications are accordingly diverse. The following review summarizes the existing literature surrounding late effects, such as chronic health conditions, functional and neurocognitive performance outcomes, and health-related quality of life, that are unique to NHL survivors, as well as those extrapolated from the broader childhood cancer survivor population.
Non-monotonic pressure dependence of the thermal conductivity of boron arsenide.

Recent experiments demonstrate that boron arsenide (BAs) is a showcase material to study the role of higher-order four-phonon interactions in affecting heat conduction in semiconductors. Here we use first-principles calculations to identify a phenomenon in BAs and a related material - boron antimonide, that has never been predicted or experimentally observed for any other material: competing responses of three-phonon and four-phonon interactions to pressure rise cause a non-monotonic pressure dependence of thermal conductivity, κ, which first increases similar to most materials and then decreases. The resulting peak in κ shows a strong temperature dependence from rapid strengthening of four-phonon interactions relative to three-phonon processes with temperature. Our results reveal pressure as a knob to tune the interplay between the competing phonon scattering mechanisms in BAs and similar compounds, and provide clear experimental guidelines for observation in a readily accessible measurement regime. Thermal properties of materials are driven by complex many-body interactions among thermal atomic vibrations called phonons. Here the authors show, from first-principles, that a full description of the unusual thermal behaviour in boron arsenide requires considering often-neglected four-phonon interactions.
Factors associated with knowledge of where to access health care among youth in juvenile detention: a mixed methods study.

Background Mental illness, substance use, and sexual health issues are major health concerns among detained youth compared with the general population. There is a dearth of studies that demonstrate what detained youth in the United States know about where to access health services in the community. Given the magnitude of these health concerns among detained youth compared with youth in the general population, knowing where to access health care in the community could lead to early intervention and better health outcomes. Objectives This study determines what detained youth know about where to access care for mental health symptoms, substance use, and sexually transmitted infections, and identifies the factors associated with knowledge of where to access health care. Methods Data were collected using mixed methods from a cross-sectional sample of 301 detained youth. Information was obtained using surveys (which included closed and open-ended questions), and data abstraction from their medical records. Logistic regression analysis, Chi-squared tests and thematic analysis were used to analyze the data. Results Having a primary care provider, perceived susceptibility, and previous experiences with health care providers all influenced what youth in our study knew about where to seek health care. Conclusions The use of mixed methods including open-ended questions allowed us to gain a better perspective of where detained youth would seek help for health issues. Detained youth have poorer health outcomes yet many did not know where to access health resources. Primary care providers who see youth should provide comprehensive, youth-friendly services.
A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures

Phthalates (diesters of phthalic acid) are widely used as plasticizers and additives in many consumer products. Laboratory animal studies have reported the endocrine-disrupting and reproductive effects of phthalates, and human exposure to this class of chemicals is a concern. Several phthalates have been recognized as substances of high concern. Human exposure to phthalates occurs mainly via dietary sources, dermal absorption, and air inhalation. Phthalates are excreted as conjugated monoesters in urine, and some phthalates, such as di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), undergo secondary metabolism, including oxidative transformation, prior to urinary excretion. The occurrence of phthalates and their metabolites in urine, serum, breast milk, and semen has been widely reported. Urine has been the preferred matrix in human biomonitoring studies, and concentrations on the order of several tens to hundreds of nanograms per milliliter have been reported for several phthalate metabolites. Metabolites of diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl- (DBP) and diisobutyl- (DiBP) phthalates, and DEHP were the most abundant compounds measured in urine. Temporal trends in phthalate exposures varied among countries. In the United States (US), DEHP exposure has declined since 2005, whereas DiNP exposure has increased. In China, DEHP exposure has increased since 2000. For many phthalates, exposures in children are higher than those in adults. Human epidemiological studies have shown a significant association between phthalate exposures and adverse reproductive outcomes in women and men, type II diabetes and insulin resistance, overweight/obesity, allergy, and asthma. This review compiles biomonitoring studies of phthalates and exposure doses to assess health risks from phthalate exposures in populations across the globe.
Integrating Non-Psychiatric Models of Delusion-Like Beliefs into Forensic Psychiatric Assessment

In both clinical and forensic psychiatry, it can often be difficult to distinguish delusions from normal beliefs. The categorical approach of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) leaves few options to describe intermediate delusion-like beliefs (DLBs). Neurocognitive models offer an alternative view of DLBs as existing on a continuum that can be quantified based on dimensions of severity as well as underlying cognitive biases. The Internet provides broadened access to putative evidence for diverse beliefs, with filter bubbles and echo chambers that can amplify confirmation bias and strengthen conviction. It is therefore much easier now for fringe beliefs to be shared and much less clear when they should be considered delusional. To place DLBs into a forensically relevant framework, psychiatric expert witnesses should adopt a broad biopsychosocial understanding of belief formation and maintenance that integrates clinical expertise with knowledge about dimensional aspects of delusions, cognitive biases, and the processing of online misinformation. The unavoidable conclusion that normal thinking is replete with cognitive biases and misbeliefs challenges the legal concept of mens rea that forms the foundation of a retributivist American justice system.
Metalinguistic negotiation and logical pluralism

Logical pluralism is the view that there is more than one right logic. A particular version of the view, what is sometimes called domain-specific logical pluralism, has it that the right logic and connectives depend somehow on the domain of use, or context of use, or the linguistic framework. This type of view has a problem with cross-framework communication, though: it seems that all such communication turns into merely verbal disputes. If two people approach the same domain with different logics as their guide, then they may be using different connectives, and hence talking past each other. In this situation, if we think we are having a conversation about “ $$\lnot A$$ ”, but are using different “ $$\lnot $$ ”s, then we are not really talking about the same thing. The communication problem prevents legitimate disagreements about logic, which is a bad result. In this paper I articulate a possible solution to this problem, without giving up pluralism, which requires adopting a notion of metalinguistic negotiation, and allows people to communicate and disagree across domains/contexts/frameworks.
Designing CMC Tools for Separated Families

Today, millions of people live in a country other than their home country, for example as international students, or as immigrants. Computer-mediated communication (CMC) tools such as video conferencing applications, help people stay in touch with their families and friends back home. Despite their use as a means of remote communication, CMC tools are very limited in affording users' needs that are beyond conversation, such as cooperative activities or enjoying a shared experience. For my dissertation, I am proposing the following aims. First, I will investigate the shortcomings of CMC tools in addressing people needs in remote communication. Secondly, based on this understanding, I will propose design implications that will address these shortcomings.
Wave-slope soaring of the brown pelican

From the laboratory at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, it is common to see the brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) traveling along the crests of ocean waves just offshore of the surf-zone. When flying in this manner, the birds can travel long distances without flapping, centimeters above the ocean’s surface. Here we derive a theoretical framework for assessing the energetic savings related to this behavior, ‘wave-slope soaring,’ in which an organism in flight takes advantage of localized updrafts caused by traveling ocean surface gravity waves. The energy cost of steady, constant altitude flight in and out of ground effect are analyzed as controls. Potential flow theory is used to quantify the ocean wave-induced wind associated with near-shoaling, weakly nonlinear, shallow water ocean surface gravity waves moving through an atmosphere initially at rest. Using perturbation theory and the Green’s function for Laplace’s equation in 2D with Dirichlet boundary conditions, we obtain integrals for the horizontal and vertical components of the wave-induced wind in a frame of reference moving with the wave. Wave-slope soaring flight is then analyzed using an energetics-based approach for waves under a range of ocean conditions and the body plan of P. occidentalis. For ground effect flight, we calculate a ∼15 - 25% reduction in cost of transport as compared with steady, level flight out of ground effect. When wave-slope soaring is employed at flight heights ∼2m in typical ocean conditions (2m wave height, 15s period), we calculate 60-70% reduction in cost of transport as compared with flight in ground effect. A relatively small increase in swell amplitude or decrease in flight height allows up to 100% of the cost of transport to be offset by wave-slope soaring behavior. The theoretical development presented here suggests there are energy savings associated with wave-slope soaring. Individual brown pelicans may significantly decrease their cost of transport utilizing this mode of flight under typical ocean conditions. Thus wave-slope soaring may provide fitness benefit to these highly mobile organisms that depend on patchy prey distribution over large home ranges.
Working as a real estate agent. Bringing the clients in line with the market

Drawing on ethnographic observations and interviews, this paper examines the market work performed by real estate agents in a residential market. The research explores how agents are engaged in mar...
Student representations and conceptions of ecological versus social sciences in a conservation course

There is consensus among scientists that it is important that students understand the nature of science (NOS) and are competent in using primary literature to support understanding of complicated environmental problems. Because environmental issues involve social and ecological complexities, there is a need to create educational frameworks whereby students learn how to integrate and apply knowledge from both natural and social sciences. To explore the interplay between undergraduate students’ conceptions of NOS for ecology and sociology and how students apply discipline-specific knowledge to a socio-ecological issue, we administered a NOS evaluative survey and analyzed data from student modeling practices within the context of a course-based undergraduate research experience (CURE). We found that although students held similar conceptions of the NOS for both ecology and sociology disciplines, there were notable differences in how often and how accurately students applied discipline-specific knowledge when modeling a socio-ecological system. Such insight provides guidance for the development of future educational pedagogy that supports students’ ability to integrate knowledge from across natural and social sciences and applies it to real-world environmental issues.
An examination of possible carnivory in Silene regia (Caryophyllaceae)

ABSTRACT. Silene regia Sims (Caryophyllaceae), commonly referred to as royal catchfly, is known to ensnare small insects with its glandular trichomes. This morphological adaptation is primarily tho...
Enlightening advances in polymer bioconjugate chemistry: light-based techniques for grafting to and from biomacromolecules.

Photochemistry has revolutionized the field of polymer–biomacromolecule conjugation. Ligation reactions necessitate biologically benign conditions, and photons have a significant energy advantage over what is available thermally at ambient temperature, allowing for rapid and unique reactivity. Photochemical reactions also afford many degrees of control, specifically, spatio-temporal control, light source tunability, and increased oxygen tolerance. Light-initiated polymerizations, in particular photo-atom-transfer radical polymerization (photo-ATRP) and photoinduced electron/energy transfer reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (PET-RAFT), have been used for grafting from proteins, DNA, and cells. Additionally, the spatio-temporal control inherent to light-mediated chemistry has been utilized for grafting biomolecules to hydrogel networks for many applications, such as 3-D cell culture. While photopolymerization has clear advantages, there are factors that require careful consideration in order to obtain optimal control. These factors include the photocatalyst system, light intensity, and wavelength. This Perspective aims to discuss recent advances of photochemistry for polymer biomacromolecule conjugation and potential considerations while tailoring these systems.
A hybrid approach for vascular control and repair of an expanding iatrogenic femoral artery pseudoaneurysm

Surgical repair of iatrogenic femoral pseudoaneurysms in the setting of distorted anatomy, multiple prior interventions, and ongoing hemorrhage requires extensive proximal and distal dissection for control. Furthermore, profunda femoral and other arterial branch control may not always be feasible and can lead to considerable blood loss at the time of surgical exploration. We present a simple, safe, and effective hybrid approach for inflow, outflow, and branch control for treatment of a proximally located, actively expanding, iatrogenic common femoral artery pseudoaneurysm recalcitrant to multiple sessions of percutaneous thrombin injection.