cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Matrix Cracking In Brittle-Matrix Composites with Tailored Interfaces

Matrix cracking from controlled through cracks with bridging filaments was studied in a model unidirectional composite of SiC filaments in an epoxy-bonded alumina matrix. An unbonded, frictional interface was produced by moderating the curing shrinkage of the epoxy with the alumina filler and coating the filaments with a releasing agent. Uniaxial tension test specimens (2.5 × 25 × 125 mm) with filament-bridged through cracks were fabricated by a novel two-step casting technique involving casting, precracking and joining of cracked and uncracked sections. Distinct matrix-cracking stresses, corresponding to the extension of the filamentbridged cracks, were measured in uniaxial tension tests using a high-sensitivity extensometer. The crack-length dependence of the matrix-cracking stress was found to be in good agreement with the prediction of a fracture-mechanics analysis that employed a new crack-closure force - crack-opening displacement relation in the calculation of the stress intensity for fiber-bridged cracks. The prediction was based on independent experimental measurements of the matrix fracture toughness (Kcm), the interfacial sliding friction stress (τ) and the residual stress in the matrix (σmI). The matrix-cracking stress for crack lengths (2a) greater than 3 mm was independent of the crack length and agreed with the prediction of the steady-state theory of Budiansky, Hutchinson and Evans[2]. Tests on specimens without the deliberately introduced cracks indicated a matrix-cracking stress significantly higher than the steady-state stress.
Differential effects of dexamethasone and body weight loss on two measures of activity.

Abstract The effect of dexamethasone on activity in the running wheel and in the shuttlebox was studied in the female rat. A single injection of dexamethasone was without effect on activity on the day of injection, but injection of dexamethasone for four consecutive days produced progressive increases in running activity that appeared on the second day of injection and persisted for two days after injections were terminated. The effects of dexamethasone on running wheel activity were closely paralleled by progressive loss of body weight in the dexamethasone group. Quantitatively similar increases in activity resulted from food depriving control rats to produce a pattern of weight loss similar to that caused by dexamethasone treatment. By contrast, neither dexamethasone nor deprivation affected activity in the shuttlebox. Increases in running wheel activity following dexamethasone treatment appear to result from weight loss caused by the drug.
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDREN: THE RELATIONSHIP OF SKIN CONDUCTANCE AND HEART RATE TO WORD ASSOCIATIONS AND TASK REQUIREMENTS

Heart rate and skin resistance were recorded from male and female children five to seven years of age during the following conditions: low arousal (rest), high arousal (auditory and visual stimulation), and administration of a Word Association Test (WAT) and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT). Children who gave a mature response pattern (paradigmatic) on the WAT tended to have lower conductance levels than immature responders. Heart rate decreased during environmental intake (high arousal), increased during environmental rejection (WAT), and was unchanged during a combined intake and rejection situation (PPVT). The skin conductance data were interpreted as being consistent with recent theories concerning the development of mature cognitive behaviors in children and the psychophysiological correlates of complex and simple behaviors.
Are women with recurrent spontaneous preterm births different from those without such history

Objective This study was undertaken to determine whether women with recurrent spontaneous preterm births (rSPBs) have different clinical characteristics or systemic markers than those with isolated preterm (iSPBs) or recurrent term births (rTBs), when assessed remote from delivery. Study design We compared clinical characteristics and findings (including cervical ultrasound, bacterial vaginosis, fetal fibronectin), maternal plasma markers obtained at 22 to 24 weeks' gestation (inflammatory cytokines, cortisol, and corticotrophin-releasing hormone), between women with rSPBs (2 or 3 consecutive SPBs and no TBs), iSPBs (1 SPB and 1 or 2 TBs), and rTBs (2 or 3 consecutive TBs and no SPBs). Results A total of 1257 women met our inclusion criteria; 47 rSPBs, 241 iSPBs (80 current and 161 prior iSPBs), and 969 rTBs. Before pregnancy, women with rSPBs had lower weights ( P P P = .008) or less than 19.8 kg/m 2 BMI ( P = .001). At 22 to 24 weeks those with rSPBs remained lighter and leaner, and had more advanced Bishop scores than iSPBs and rTBs. Ultrasound demonstrated progressive decrease in cervical length for those with rTBs, prior iSPBs, current iSPBs, and rSPBs, and also progressively more frequent short cervixes with worsening history ( P P = .001 and .0027), a finding more apparent with SPB in the current pregnancy. However, maternal cytokines were not increased with either iSPBs or rSPBs. Conclusion Women with rSPBs are leaner, contract more, have shorter cervixes, and have more advanced Bishop scores than women with iSPBs or rTBs.
PREVALENCE OF ASTHMA AND ALLERGIC DISEASE IN THE UNITED GERMANY

Aim and Methods: Environmental exposure in eastern (Leipzig (L)) and western (Munich (M)) Germany of SO2 and particulate matters differs by factor of 30 and 10 respectively. We studied cross-sectionally n=7445 children in M and n=1429 in L (age 9-11 years) for prevalence of asthma and allergies with a parental self administered questionnaire (Q) and a cold air challenge to test for bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR). Results. Response rates were 87% in M and 75% in L. 89% in M and 92% in L of responding subjects were screened for BHR (postchallenge drop of FEV1 >9%). According to Q the parents gave doctor diagnoses and self reported symptoms: (*p<0.05) BHR was obtained in 6.4% of children in M and 5.5% of children in L. Conclusion. We suggest that in L a thirty-fold elevated level of London-type smog increases the prevalence of bronchitic symptoms significantly without affecting BHR and allergic manifestation.
Understanding Bias toward Latinos: Discrimination, Dimensions of Difference, and Experience of Exclusion

White–Black relations have historically been the defining form of intergroup relations in the study of prejudice and discrimination. The present article suggests that there are limitations to applying this model to understanding bias toward other groups and proposes that a comprehensive view of the dynamics of the Anglos’ bias toward Latinos requires consideration of the distinctive elements of this form of intergroup relations. In four empirical studies, we experimentally document discrimination against Latinos (Study 1), explore the potential dimensions that underlie bias against Latinos (Study 2), and examine the effect of a particular social identity cue, accentedness, on perceptions of acceptance and belongingness of Latinos and members of other groups (Studies 3 and 4). These studies consider general processes of prejudice and identify how particular facets of bias against Latinos can shape their experiences and, taken together, illustrate how understanding bias against Latinos can reciprocally inform contemporary theories of prejudice.
Cost/Effectiveness Analysis: Its Tasks and Their Interrelation

Studies of the cost/effectiveness of specific systems and mathematical techniques used in such investigations have frequently been presented at ORSA meetings and published in Operations Research. A few other papers have described the general theory of cost/effectiveness or a special approach to one or more of the major tasks involved in its application. This paper discusses the nature of these tasks and how they are interrelated, using as an example the design of a communication system in a nuclear environment.
Probing transport and microheterogeneous solvent structure in acetonitrile-water mixtures and reversed-phase chromatographic media by NMR quadrupole relaxation.

Mixtures of CH3CN and H2O are the predominant solvent systems used in reversed-phase liquid chromatographic (RPLC) separations, as well as in a multitude of other applications. In addition, acetonitrile is the simplest model for an amphiphilic molecule possessing both organic and polar functional groups. Although many studies have focused on this solvent system, the general nature of the intermolecular interactions are not fully understood, and a microscopic description of the proposed microheterogeneity that exists is still not clearly established. In the present study, we measure the spin−lattice relaxation times (T1) of 14N to determine reorientational correlation times (τc) of CH3CN−H2O solvent mixtures over the entire binary composition range and at temperatures ranging from 25.0 to 80.0 °C. At all compositions, the microscopic observable, τc, is found to be directly proportional to the macroscopic solution viscosity when scaled for temperature (η/T). This indicates that for a constant composition, t...
A finite difference approach to degenerate Bernoulli and Stirling polynomials

Abstract Starting with divided differences of binomial coefficients, a class of multivalued polynomials (three parameters), which includes Bernoulli and Stirling polynomials and various generalizations, is developed. These carry a natural and convenient combinatorial interpretation. Calculation of particular values of the polynomials yields some binomial identities. Properties of the polynomials are established and several factorization results are proven and conjectured.
Effects ofdl-α-aminoadipate on synaptically and chemically evoked excitation of anteroventral cochlear nucleus neurons of the cat

Abstract This paper reports the effects of iontophoretically applied glutamate, aspartate, kainate, N -methyl- d -aspartate and acetylcholine on single units in the antero-ventral cochlear nucleus of pentobarbital anesthetized cats. In addition, the effects of dl -α-aminoadipate, a dicarboxylic amino acid antagonist, on chemically induced and synaptically evoked excitation on these units are described. The manner in which units responded to iontophoretically applied compounds was not dependent on their characteristic frequency or response pattern. Single units could be separated according to their waveform as prepotential and non-prepotential. Non-prepotential units responded to iontophoretically applied excitants in a manner similar to units in other regions of the CNS. The actions of the amino acids were antagonized by dl -α-aminoadipate but the synaptic excitation of the units was rarely affected by this antagonist. Prepotential units normally either did not respond or showed depolarization block to the excitants. dl -α-aminoadipate readily blocked the synaptic excitation of these units. The results are discussed with reference to the anatomy of cells in the antero-ventral cochlear nucleus and their primary afferent innervation. The results support the supposition that either glutamate or aspartate (or both) is the primary afferent transmitter of the auditory nerve.
Ferroelectric Polarization Fatigue in PZT‐Based RAINBOWs and Bulk Ceramics

The ferroelectric fatigue behavior of high-displacement reduced and internally biased oxide wafer (RAINBOW) actuators was investigated and compared with that of conventional bulk ceramics. Piezoelectric lead zirconate titanates (PZT-5H and PZT-5A) as well as electrostrictive lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT 9/65/35) materials were studied. Piezoelectric bulk ceramics experienced a 25% decrease in remanent polarization over 10–8 switching cycles, whereas RAINBOW polarization degraded by 33%–53%. Bulk ceramic and RAINBOW electrostrictors both fatigued only 8%. Bulk ceramics fatigued as a result of reorientation of the polar axes away from the electric-field direction. RAINBOW fatigue was believed to have been caused by degradation at the interface between the oxide and chemically reduced layers.
Genes and Developmental Pathways

The way in which genes control the growth and development of an organism is a central problem in biology, and one which is currently under study in diverse forms from phage to man. I would like to discuss an approach to this problem which makes use of a series of pseudoallelic genes in Drosophila. Such series of closely linked genes with related effects have, in several instances, been profitably exploited in the bacteria to learn more about how genes control biochemical pathways. Striking examples are the linked genes controlling histidine biosynthesis in Salmonella (Demerec and Hartman, 1959; Ames and Hartman, 1962), or lactose utilization in E. coli (Jacob and Monod, 1961a,b). It may be anticipated that pseudoallelic series affecting morphological traits, such as the case to be described below, can also be profitably exploited to learn more about how genes control developmental pathways.
Power lines, roads, and avian nest survival: effects on predator identity and predation intensity.

Anthropogenic alteration of landscapes can affect avian nest success by influencing the abundance, distribution, and behavior of predators. Understanding avian nest predation risk necessitates understanding how landscapes affect predator distribution and behavior. From a sample of 463 nests of 17 songbird species, we evaluated how landscape features (distance to forest edge, unpaved roads, and power lines) influenced daily nest survival. We also used video cameras to identify nest predators at 137 nest predation events and evaluated how landscape features influenced predator identity. Finally, we determined the abundance and distribution of several of the principal predators using surveys and radiotelemetry. Distance to power lines was the best predictor of predator identity: predation by brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater), corvids (Corvus sp. and Cyanocitta cristata), racers (Coluber constrictor), and coachwhips (Masticophis flagellum) increased with proximity to power lines, whereas predation by rat snakes (Elaphe obsoleta) and raptors decreased. In some cases, predator density may reliably indicate nest predation risk because racers, corvids, and cowbirds frequently used power line right-of-ways. Of five bird species with enough nests to analyze individually, daily nest survival of only indigo buntings (Passerina cyanea) decreased with proximity to power lines, despite predation by most predators at our site being positively associated with power lines. For all nesting species combined, distance to unpaved road was the model that most influenced daily nest survival. This pattern is likely a consequence of rat snakes, the locally dominant nest predator (28% of predation events), rarely using power lines and associated areas. Instead, rat snakes were frequently associated with road edges, indicating that not all edges are functionally similar. Our results suggest that interactions between predators and landscape features are likely to be specific to both the local predators and landscape. Thus, predicting how anthropogenic changes to landscapes affect nesting birds requires that we know more about how landscape changes affect the behavior of nest predators and which nest predators are locally important.
Angiotensin II type I receptor blockade attenuates reflex cutaneous vasoconstriction in aged but not young skin

Stimulation of angiotensin II type I receptors (AT1R) elicits vasoconstriction (VC) that may be occurring through the activation of a pathogenic vascular pathway such as Rho kinase (ROCK). We hypot...
Quantitative screening of single copies of human papilloma viral DNA without amplification.

We describe a novel quantitative viral screening method based on single-molecule detection that does not require amplification. DNA of human papilloma virus (HPV), the major etiological agent of cervical cancer, served as the screening target in this study. Eight 100-nucleotide (nt) single-stranded (ss)-DNA probes were designed complementary to the E6-E7 gene of HPV-16 DNA. The probes were covalently stained with Alexa Fluor 532 and hybridized to the target in solution. The individual hybridized molecules were imaged with an intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) in two ways. In the single-color mode, target molecules were detected via fluorescence from hybridized probes only. This system could detect HPV-16 DNA in the presence of human genomic DNA down to 0.7 copy/cell, and had a linear dynamic range of over six orders of magnitude. In the dual-color mode, we employed fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and added YOYO-3 dye as the acceptor. The two colors from Alexa Fluor 532 and YOYO-3 were dispersed by a transmission grating located in front of the ICCD. With this reinforced criteria for identifying the hybridized molecules, zero false-positive count was achieved. We also showed that DNA extracts from Pap test specimens did not interfere with the measurements.
On grain boundary dislocations and ledges

Abstract Models for line defects in grain boundaries are considered. The structures of grain boundary dislocations (GBD's) and ledges are examined and line defects which correspond to either pure GBD's, pure grain boundary ledges or else defects possessing both dislocation and ledge character are distinguished. The concept of intrinsic grain boundary dislocations (IGBD's) is described, and circuits are denned which yield the Burgers vectors of both GBD's and IGBD's. Two distinct types of circuits are found to be useful and are presented. Virtual grain boundary dislocations (VGBD's) are also considered. What have been called VGBD's are shown in some cases to be true GBD's. In other cases, defects exist which could logically be termed VGBD's, but these can often alternatively be regarded as the result of the superposition of GBD's and IGBD's. GBD's formed in grain boundary cutting or impingement processes are found to be identical to secondary GBD's in boundaries of near-coincidence orientation. Generalized secondary GBD's are found to constitute an intermediate representation between the Frank model and the surface dislocation model.
Parameter estimation of two-fluid capillary pressure–saturation and permeability functions

Abstract Accurate characterization and modeling of subsurface flow in multi-fluid soil systems require development of a rapid, reproducible experimental method that yields the information necessary to determine the parameters of the capillary pressure–saturation and permeability functions. Previous work has demonstrated that parameter optimization using inverse modeling is a powerful approach to indirectly determine these constitutive relationships for air–water systems. We consider extension of the inverse parameter estimation method to the modified multi-step outflow method for two-fluid (air–water, air–oil and oil–water) flow systems. The wellposedness of the proposed parameter estimation problem is evaluated by its accuracy, uniqueness and parameter uncertainty. Seven different parametric models for the capillary pressure–saturation and permeability functions were tested in their ability to fit the multi-step outflow experimental data; these included the van Genuchten–Mualem (VGM) model, van Genuchten–Burdine (VGB), Brooks–Corey–Mualem (BCM), Brooks–Corey–Burdine (BCB), Brutsaert–Burdine (BRB), Gardner–Mualem (GDM) and Lognormal Distribution–Mualem (LNM) models. The VGB, BCM and BCB models fitted the multi-step outflow data poorly, and resulted in relatively large values for the root-mean-squared residuals. It was concluded that the remaining VGM, LNM, BRB and GDM models successfully characterized the multi-step experimental data for two-fluid flow systems. Although having one parameter less than the other models, the GDM model's performance was excellent. Finally, we conclude that optimized capillary pressure–saturation functions for the oil–water and air–oil could be predicted from the respective air–water function using interfacial tension ratios.
Analysis of band-limited functions on quantum graphs

Abstract A notion of band-limited functions is introduced in terms of a Hamiltonian on a quantum graph Γ. It is shown that a band-limited function is uniquely determined and can be reconstructed in a stable way from a countable set of “measurements” { Φ i ( f ) } , i ∈ N , where { Φ i } is a sequence of compactly supported measures whose supports are “small” and “densely” distributed over the graph. In particular, { Φ i } , i ∈ N , can be a sequence of Dirac measures δ x i , x i ∈ Γ . A reconstruction method in terms of frames is given which is a generalization of the classical result of Duffin–Schaeffer about exponential frames on intervals. The second reconstruction algorithm is based on an appropriate generalization of average variational splines to the case of quantum graphs. To obtain all these results we establish some analogs of Poincare and Plancherel–Polya inequalities on quantum graphs.
Rb–Sr dating of sphalerites from Tennessee and the genesis of Mississippi Valley type ore deposits

MISSISSIPPI Valley type (MVT) ore deposits commonly consist of some combination of lead, zinc and iron sulphides accompanied by barite, fluorite, dolomite and calcite. They are thought to form by fluid expulsion from sedimentary successions1–3,but their exact origin has remained controversial because of the scarcity of reliable geochronological data. In a recent and widely quoted model the MVT deposits of the central and eastern United States formed as a result of large-scale lateral fluid flow driven by the tectonic squeezing of sedimentary successions during the late Palaeozoic Alleghenian orogeny (330–250 Myr)4. Here we report the first direct Rb–Sr dating of sphalerites from an MVT deposit and propose this as a useful geochronological technique for sulphide mineralization with poor age control. Rb–Sr data for sphalerites from Coy mine, East Tennessee, define an isochron age of 377 ± 29 Myr, ruling out any genetic connection with the Alleghenian orogeny. Instead, MVT mineralization in the eastern United States was apparently generated from fluids expelled during thrusting associated with the older Acadian orogeny (380–350 Myr).
Computing matrix symmetrizers, finally possible via the Huang and Nong algorithm

By a theorem of Frobenius (F.G. Frobenius, Uber die mit einer Matrix vertauschbaren Matrizen, Sitzungsberichte der Koniglich Preusischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (1910), pp. 3–15 (also in Gesammelte Abhandlungen, Band 3, Springer 1968. pp. 415–427)), every matrix A n,n over any field &#x1d53d; is the product of two symmetric ones. Using the algorithm of Huang and Nong (J. Huang and L. Nong, An iterative algorithm for solving finite-dimensional linear operator equations T(x) = f with applications, Linear Algebra Appl. 432 (2010), pp. 1176–1188) for linear systems, we develop an algorithm to compute a symmetric matrix S = S T ∈ &#x1d53d; n,n for which SA is symmetric for any given square matrix A ∈ &#x1d53d; n,n where &#x1d53d; = ℝ or ℂ. The algorithm is implemented and tested in MATLAB.
A duality theorem for semi-infinite convex programs and their finite subprograms

In this paper, we first establish a general recession condition under which a semi-infinite convex program and its formal lagrangian dual have the same value. We go on to show that, under this condition, the following hold. First, every finite subprogram, with ‘enough’ of the given constraints, has the same value as its Lagrangian dual. Second, the weak value of the primal program is equal to the optimal value of the primal.
Food affects zidovudine concentration independent of effects on gastrointestinal absorption

Food can change drug concentrations by several mechanisms, including some that are independent of absorption effects. This study tests the hypothesis that a meal decreases zidovudine (ZDV) concentration in blood plasma independent of an effect on drug absorption. The study was conducted as a substudy nested in a larger protocol in which ZDV was given to 7 healthy men by continuous infusion for 5 days starting on day 1. The subjects received only a standardized breakfast meal on day 2 and were fasted on day 3 until the 8-hour sampling period each day was finished. Blood samples were collected through an indwelling cannula in the arm contralateral to the ZDV infusion at the same time of day on both days. It was found that food decreased the blood plasma ZDV concentration at 1 hour postprandial by 14% (5.0%-22%; geometric mean change with 95% confidence interval). This decrease recovered by 6 hours postprandial. Similar changes were seen with the ZDV primary metabolite, zidovudine glucuronide. The authors conclude that food decreases blood plasma ZDV concentrations independent of any absorption effects. This effect may be due to the increased hepatic metabolism because feeding increases hepatic blood flow and because ZDV has a high hepatic extraction ratio with low affinity to blood plasma proteins.
Oestrous and birth synchrony in Norway rats, Rattus norvegicus

I investigated oestrous and birth synchrony in 22 groups of four sibling females from puberty to the birth of their first litters. I used Monte Carlo bootstrap simulations to evaluate whether the degree of synchrony observed in these groups differed from chance. No process of synchronization was found, however. No relationship between the degree of synchrony at first oestrus (puberty) and last oestrus (prior to introducing a breeding male into each group) was found. No relationship between the degree of oestrous synchrony and birth synchrony was found. These results conflict with previous results reporting synchrony in Norway rats. I suggest that the difference between this study and the previous study may have been due to the level of analysis at which these studies were statistically analysed. In this study, I measured and analysed synchrony at the level of the group, whereas in the original study, synchrony was measured at the level of the group but analysed at the level of the individual. These results have important negative implications. First, they undermine communal care or group mating hypotheses for the evolution of ovarian synchrony. Second, they further undermine the coupled-oscillator model of synchrony in rats; and thereby its application to other species.
Teleoperation training simulator with visual and kinesthetic-force virtual reality

A force-reflecting teleoperation training simulator with a high-fidelity real-time graphics display has been developed for operator training. A novel feature of this simulator is that it enables the operator to feel contact forces and torques through a force-reflecting controller during the execution of the simulated peg-in-hole task, providing the operator with the feel of visual and kinesthetic force virtual reality. A peg-in-hole task is used in our simulated teleoperation trainer as a generic teleoperation task. A quasi-static analysis of a two-dimensional peg-in-hole task model has been extended to a three-dimensional model analysis to compute contact forces and torques for a virtual realization of kinesthetic force feedback. The simulator allows the user to specify force reflection gains and stiffness (compliance) values of the manipulator hand for both the three translational and the three rotational axes in Cartesian space. Three viewing modes are provided for graphics display: single view, two split views, and stereoscopic view.
Healthy Foods Thought to Be Unhealthy at First Glance

In this highly fat-conscious society, several foods that were traditionally considered to be unhealthy are now proving to be of great health value and can be consumed on a regular basis. In this issue, the health benefits of the foods most commonly perceived as unhealthy are featured in the hopes of raising public consciousness. Consuming these foods in moderation may be protective against some of the chronic diseases.
Fuel adaptability study of a lab-scale 2.5 kWth autothermal reformer

Abstract Fuel adaptability of a lab-scale 2.5 kWth autothermal reforming system was experimentally investigated. Analyses of thermodynamics of autothermal reforming of different fuels at various temperatures were provided to determine the associated flow rates of fuel, air, and steam. The tested reformer has a specifically designed mixing chamber and NiO–Rh based bimetallic catalyst with promoters of Ce, K and La, which were originally designed for autothermal reforming of Jet-A fuel. The adaptability of the reformer to multiple fuels, including diesel, gasoline, ethanol, and methanol was experimentally studied at different operating conditions. Molar fractions of H2, CO, CO2, and CH4 in the dried reformate were measured and the results were compared with values reported in the literature. The autothermal reforming performance of the reformer for different fuels was evaluated with regard to hydrogen selectivity, COx selectivity, and energy conversion efficiency. It was concluded that the currently developed reformer and the associated catalyst have great fuel adaptability and high potential being used in a fuel-flexible autothermal reforming system.
Separate and Unequal at Hillsborough High: A Principal’s Challenges in Integrating “Academic” and Career and Technical Education Coursework

Dr. Edward White, Hillsborough High School principal, has decided to allocate faculty in-service time to address an unproductive chasm between academic and career and technical education programming within the school, which has created tensions among the faculty. On returning to his office after the professional development session, which was generally positive, he is confronted by his associate principal for curriculum, who is upset because she was excluded from the process. This case provides an opportunity for students to explore the importance of developing a college- and career-readiness curriculum, as well as to strategize mechanisms to resolve conflicts among colleagues.
Adolescent attachment hierarchies and the search for an adult pair-bond

Puberty alters the interplay of attachment, sexual, and affiliative systems; initiates the search for a peer attachment; and begins the reorganization of adolescents' attachment hierarchies
Paleogeographic reconstruction and origin of the Philippine Sea

Abstract Our reconstruction of the Philippine Sea suggests that it formed by two distinct episodes of back-arc spreading, each of which resulted from seaward retreat of the trench. In the first episode, the protoIzu-Bonin Trench retreated northward and the West Philippine Basin formed behind the northern half of the Palau-Kyushu Ridge. In the second episode, the Izu-Mariana Trench retreated eastward and the Shikoku and Parece Vela Basins formed behind it. During the last 17 Ma, the Philippine Sea basin has been moving northwestward with respect to Eurasia shifting the TTT triple junction off central Japan westward by about 50 km. The motion of the Philippine Sea with respect to Eurasia at the triple junction changed from north-northwestward to west-northwestward 10-5 Ma ago. For the period before 17 Ma ago, we construct two models, retreating trench model and anchored slab model. The Izu-Bonin Trench migrated from south to northeast rotating in a clock-wise sense since 48 Ma ago in the retreating trench model. In the anchored slab model, the trench has been fixed with respect to Eurasian margin since 43 Ma ago. We prefer the retreating trench model because the deformation of the plate boundary along the eastern margin of Eurasia during 30-17 Ma ago is much simpler for this model than for the anchored slab model. Furthermore rotations of the Bonin-Mariana islands are consistent with those predicted from the retreating trench model. The 48 Ma ages of the northern part of the Palau-Kyushu Ridge and of Chichi-Jima of the Bonin Islands indicate that there was subduction beneath the northern half of the ridge beginning at least 48 Ma ago. From this and the subparallelism in trend between the northern part of the Palau-Kyushu Ridge and the Central Basin Ridge, we propose that the major part of the West Philippine Basin formed by back-arc spreading in a N-S direction behind the northern part of the Palau-Kyushu Ridge. The Pacific plate was moving northward with respect to hot-spots from 48 to 43 Ma ago, which implies that the Pacific plate is not likely to have been subducting beneath the West Philippine Basin during this time. We speculate that another plate existed south of the Pacific plate and thai it was subducting beneath both tile West Philippine Basin and Australia. The annihilation of this plate might he a cause for the sudden change of the Pacific plate motion at 43 Ma ago.
The Pollution of Incontinence and the Dirty Work of Caregiving in a U.S. Nursing Home

In U.S. nursing homes, it is the job of nursing assistants to tend to residents' basic bodily needs, including elimination and incontinence care. Given theirfrequent contact with pollutants, aides are very much at risk of becoming "polluted people. " In this article, I investigate how nursing assistants' continual contact with contaminating substances impacts their status within the workplace, their relationships with others, and their attitudes toward their work and themselves as workers. I also explore how aides manage their encounters with pollutants and their stigmatized role as "dirty workers." In doing so, I hope to explicate the meaning of elimination and of incontinence caregiving in the United States. [nursing homes, caregiving, symbolic pollution, incontinence, American culture] ursing assistant work is, in many ways, prototypical "dirty work." As primary caregivers to the sick, the "crazy," and the dead in nursing homes, nursing assistants are constantly threatened with becoming symbolically polluted.' But of all the stigmata with which aides must contend, incontinence care poses one of the most serious threats to caregivers' sense of self and status on the job. This article investigates how nursing assistants' frequent contact with contaminating substances impacts their position within the workplace, their relationships with others, and their self-conceptions. Since being enmeshed in the realm of the culturally taboo has its difficulties, I also explore how aides experience and manage their encounters with pollution. In doing so, I hope to demonstrate the salience of symbolic pollution in a setting where such notions are seldom articulated but nevertheless play a major role in the structure of inequality.
Automatic feature extraction from airborne lidar measurements to identify cross-shore morphologies indicative of beach erosion

Airborne lidar data were acquired along St. Augustine Beach, Florida six times between August 2003 and June 2006. To identify sub-aerial morphologies indicative to beach erosion, the data sets were mined extensively by extracting several morphological features using cross-shore profile sampling. For each profile, the features were grouped into erosion or accretion classes and their class-conditional probability density functions (PDFs) estimated via Parzen windowing. PDF separability was ranked using symmetric and normalized measures of relative entropy (i.e. divergence). Results were compared to a simple median metric. The more interclass separation provided by a feature, the greater its potential as an indicator for erosion or accretion. Over short time periods (>1 month), beach slope and beach width ranked highest by providing the most separation and therefore high potential as indicators for erosion. Over longer time periods (>1 year), deviation-from-trend, which is the shoreline's deviation from the natural strike of the beach, ranked highest. This is significant in that the pier region's deviation from the natural trend is believed by coastal researchers to be a strong contributing factor to it being an erosion "hot spot". The method we have developed provides a systematic framework to mine high-resolution airborne lidar data over beaches, detect erosion-prone areas, and numerically rank a feature's potential as an indicator for erosion.
Chinese emigration in global context, 1850–1940*

Chinese emigration was part of the global wave of mass migration in the nineteenth century. After establishing the main quantities, sources, destinations, and timing of emigration, this article analyses trends in return and female migration, two quantifiable phenomena that are often said to distinguish Chinese from other migrations. These trends are compared between different flows of Chinese migration, both overseas and to Manchuria, and with non-Chinese migrations. The most interesting conclusions have methodological implications: first, comparisons should be situated as historical trends to better understand patterns of convergence or divergence between flows; second, some cycles and patterns may grow more similar across migration flows even as others diverge; third, the results of comparison will change along with the scale of units being compared; and finally, both extensive comparisons of specific flows and an awareness of the global context are necessary to understand the patterns and causes of mass migration.
Langmuir turbulence in the ocean

Solutions are analysed from large-eddy simulations of the phase-averaged equations for oceanic currents in the surface planetary boundary layer (PBL), where the averaging is over high-frequency surface gravity waves. These equations have additional terms proportional to the Lagrangian Stokes drift of the waves, including vortex and Coriolis forces and tracer advection. For the wind-driven PBL, the turbulent Langmuir number, Latur = (U∗/Us)1/2, measures the relative influences of directly wind-driven shear (with friction velocity U∗) and the Stokes drift Us. We focus on equilibrium solutions with steady, aligned wind and waves and a realistic Latur = 0.3. The mean current has an Eulerian volume transport to the right of the wind and against the Stokes drift. The turbulent vertical fluxes of momentum and tracers are enhanced by the presence of the Stokes drift, as are the turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation and the skewness of vertical velocity. The dominant coherent structure in the turbulence is a Langmuir cell, which has its strongest vorticity aligned longitudinally (with the wind and waves) and intensified near the surface on the scale of the Stokes drift profile. Associated with this are down-wind surface convergence zones connected to interior circulations whose horizontal divergence axis is rotated about 45° to the right of the wind. The horizontal scale of the Langmuir cells expands with depth, and there are also intense motions on a scale finer than the dominant cells very near the surface. In a turbulent PBL, Langmuir cells have irregular patterns with finite correlation scales in space and time, and they undergo occasional mergers in the vicinity of Y-junctions between convergence zones.
A Parametric Cumulative Sum Statistic for Person Fit

This article develops a new cumulative sum (CUSUM) statistic to detect aberrant item response behavior. Shifts in behavior are modeled with quadratic functions and a series of likelihood ratio tests are used to detect aberrancy. The new CUSUM statistic is compared against another CUSUM approach as well as traditional person-fit statistics. A simulation study demonstrates the advantage of the proposed method. Also, the person-fit methods are applied to real response data from the administration of a high-stakes exam. The use of CUSUM charts to help visually identify types of aberrant behavior is demonstrated.
Comorbid persistent lower respiratory symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorder 5–6 years post-9/11 in responders enrolled in the World Trade Center Health Registry

Background Co-occurrence of lower respiratory symptoms (LRS) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been increasingly recognized among responders and survivors of the World Trade Center (WTC) disaster. Information is limited on the degree which comorbidity intensifies symptoms and compromises quality of life across exposed groups. Methods Among responders who completed the first and second Registry surveys, measures of respiratory illness, psychological distress, and diminished quality of life were compared between responders comorbid for LRS and PTSD and responders with only LRS or PTSD. Results Of 14,388 responders, 40% of those with LRS and 57% of those with PTSD were comorbid. When demographic and WTC exposure-related factors were controlled, comorbid responders compared to those with LRS alone were twice as likely to have frequentdyspneaandtohavesoughtcarefordyspnea.ComparedtoresponderswithPTSD alone, comorbid responders were 2.1 times more likely to report intense re-experiencing of the disaster, 2.5 times more likely to express feelings of significant non-specific psychological distress, and 1.4 times more likely to have received mental health care. Comorbid responders were approximately three times more likely to report only fair or poor general health and more than twice as likely to report being unable to perform usual activities for � 14 of 30 days before interview. Conclusions Outcomes in comorbid responders were similar to or more severe than in comorbid survivors. Health care and disaster relief providers must suspect comorbid illness when evaluatingresponders’respiratory ormental illnesses and considertreatment for both. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:1251–1261, 2013. 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Selective assay for heavy metal toxicity using a fluorogenic substrate

Chromogenic substrates have been generally used in enzymatic assays for the specific determination of heavy metal toxicity. A toxicity assay based on the specific inhibition of β-galactosidase by heavy metals and using a fluorogenic substrate was evaluated for its sensitivity to heavy metals and organic toxicants. The toxicity assay, FluoroMetPLATE, was specific for heavy metals and was more sensitive than the widely used Microtox assay. Except for lead, our assay displayed sensitivity similar to that of the 48-h acute Ceriodaphnia dubia assay. Monitoring of industrial samples showed that the FluoroMetPLATE assay gave similar results as the daphnid toxicity assay for 22 of 29 samples. For the remaining samples, for which there was no agreement between the two tests, it was found that the toxicity was mostly due to organic toxicants, confirming the specificity of FluoroMetPLATE for heavy metal toxicity.
Effects of External Compression on Isokinetic Muscular Endurance of the Quadriceps and Hamstring Muscle Groups

The purpose of this study was to determine whether external compression would cause a decrease in the isokinetic muscular endurance of the quadriceps and hamstring muscle groups. Subjects were tested on the Cybex II dynamometer (Cybex, Ronkonkoma, NY) under two conditions: with external compression applied to the thigh and without external compression applied to the thigh. External compression was applied with a lower extremity blood pressure cuff inflated to a predetermined clinically standardized pressure. The subjects performed an isokinetic endurance test consisting of 30 maximal repetitions at 180 deg/sec under both conditions. A paired t test showed no statistical differences (p > 0.05) between the mean total work, work over the first five repetitions, and work over the last five repetitions between the two conditions for the quadriceps and the hamstring muscle groups. Results indicated that external compression applied to the thigh at 30 mm Hg caused no significant decrease in the isokinetic muscular endurance of the quadriceps or hamstrings. Further research is indicated to determine whether external compression could influence other aspects of muscular performance.
Ubiquitin E3 ligase Wwp1 negatively regulates osteoblast function by inhibiting osteoblast differentiation and migration

Ubiquitin E3 ligase-mediated protein degradation promotes proteasomal degradation of key positive regulators of osteoblast functions. For example, the E3 ligases--SMAD-specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (Smurf1), Itch, and WW domain-containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (Wwp1)--promote degradation of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), transcription factor jun-B (JunB), and chemokine (C-X-C) receptor type 4 (CXCR-4) proteins to inhibit their functions. However, the role of E3 ligases in age-associated bone loss is unknown. We found that the expression level of Wwp1, but not Smurf1 or Itch, was significantly increased in CD45-negative (CD45(-)) bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells from 6-month-old and 12-month-old wild-type (WT) mice. Wwp1 knockout (Wwp1(-/-)) mice developed increased bone mass as they aged, associated with increased bone formation rates and normal bone resorption parameters. Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) from Wwp1(-/-) mice formed increased numbers and areas of alkaline phosphatase(+) and Alizarin red(+) nodules and had increased migration potential toward chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12) gradients. Runx2, JunB, and CXCR-4 protein levels were significantly increased in Wwp1(-/-) BMSCs. Wwp1(-/-) BMSCs had increased amount of ubiquitinated JunB protein, but Runx2 ubiquitination was no change. Knocking down JunB in Wwp1(-/-) BMSCs returned Runx2 protein levels to that in WT cells. Thus, Wwp1 negatively regulates osteoblast functions by affecting both their migration and differentiation. Mechanisms designed to decrease Wwp1 levels in BMSCs may represent a new approach to prevent the decrease in osteoblastic bone formation associated with aging.
MAPPING FROM AN AUTOMATED DISPLAY SYSTEM

This paper outlines recent developments in computer mapping and points out its importance for visualizing contents of geographic information systems. The authors present an integrated system of mapping packages and spatial-data files. Map examoles generated with this system are used to illustrate characteristics of various computer-mapping methods. The diversity of displays created from a single set of data demonstrates that mapping from automated display systems requires the user to take some decisions which have to be based on an understanding of the phenomena displayed, of cartographic communication, and of technical aspects of automated map processing.