cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Innovations in Accounting Education

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates the status to date of the BYU School of Accountancy and Information Systems on this project and the innovative approach it has taken to improve the accounting education process. The BYU program includes the innovative features such as an integrated faculty team of eleven, two from each area of accounting specialization plus one from business law, were selected which represented systems, audit, financial accounting, managerial accounting, and tax. One faculty member from international accounting is also involved. At times there are two faculty teams teaching a given subject area. The program will provide all students with the same common educational experience; the Accounting Core is required of all accounting students. The core has 24 hours of credit, and is taught four to five days a week in three hour blocks. There are two blocks of course material per semester with a grade given to the student at the end of each block.
Intelligent jamming in wireless networks with applications to 802.11b and other networks

It has long been recognized that complete jamming of wireless networks can be realized by generating continuous noise with sufficient power in the vicinity of the wireless network. There are many disadvantages of this approach including high energy requirements and a high probability of detection. The purpose of this paper is to show that similar jamming effectiveness can be achieved with very low energy requirements and low probability of detection. We discuss various measures of performance for jamming and the role of authentication in denial of service attacks. Then we study and simulate, using OPNET 11.5, the effect of periodic jamming on throughput for an 802.11b network. We add intelligence to the jammer by using knowledge of the protocol and exploiting crucial timings and control packets. Intelligent jamming is shown to be more efficient than continuous jamming in terms of signal duration. The next approach is to use a node or two to exploit the backoff timer to create a denial of service attack. Finally, we discuss how these attacks can be applied to networks with protocols such as MILSTD- 188-220D.
Tumors of the Optic Nerve

Primary tumors of the optic nerve include anterior visual pathway gliomas and optic nerve sheath meningiomas. Both are relatively rare lesions that result in significant visual morbidity. Together they account for less than 4% of all orbital tumors. There has been controversy about the natural history and appropriate management of these lesions, often resulting from small sample sizes and short follow-up periods. Other tumors, such as gangliogliomas and primary lymphomas, have also been described but are extremely rare.
The dancing goddesses: folklore, archaeology, and the origins of European dance

The first time I heard the term ‘wilis’ I was sitting in my black-and-white uniform among leotard-and-pink-tights clad dancemates watching Margot Fonteyn and Rudolf Nureyev in a 1962 recording of G...
Axiom (cc)0 and Verifiability in Two Extracanonical Logics of Formal Inconsistency

In the field of logics of formal inconsistency (LFIs), the notion of “consistency” is frequently too broad to draw decisive conclusions with respect to the validity of many theses involving the consistency connective. In this paper, we consider the matter of the axiom (cc)0—i.e., the schema ◦ ◦ϕ—by considering its interpretation in contexts in which “consistency” is understood as a type of verifiability. This paper suggests that such an interpretation is implicit in two extracanonical LFIs—Soren Hallden’s nonsense-logic C and Graham Priest’s cointuitionistic logic daC—drawing some interesting conclusions concerning the status of (cc)0. Initially, we discuss Hallden’s skepticism of this axiom and provide a plausible counterexample to its validity. We then discuss the interpretation of the operator in Priest’s daC and show the equivalence of (cc)0 to the intuitionistic principle of testability. These observations suggest that it may be fruitful for members of the LFI community to look outside the canon for evidence concerning the adoption of principles like (cc)0.
Challenging implicit bias: preparing students to practice with African American families

The disparity of African American families in the foster care system is a concern in the field of child welfare services and the social work profession. African American families experience unique ...
Measuring the Inflation Risk Premium on U.S. Treasury Securities: Does the Federal Government Have a Risk Premium?

One of the common reasons given for issuing inflation-indexed government securities is to avoid paying a risk premium on nominal, non-indexed securities to compensate investors for uncertain inflation. Paradoxically, a number of countries began issuing inflation indexed bonds during a period of low, stable inflation. We theorize that the issuers also have a risk premium on the nominal bonds, of the opposite sign. This accounts for the negative risk premiums observed by several researchers on US Treasury securities.
A universal approach to ratcheting problems of bree type incorporating arbitrary loading and material nonlinearity conditions

Abstract A universal solution procedure has been developed for solving a wide range of thermal ratcheting problems beyond those covered by Bree Diagram or modified Bree Diagrams. Both thermal and pressure cyclic loading histories considered can be in-phase or out-of-phase with a prescribed phase shift. Material strain hardening behavior is modeled through a modified Ramberg-Osgood stress-strain relationship which can recover the elastic-perfect-plastic material response as an idealized case considered originally by Bree. The universal procedure is made possible through a unified analytical treatment of the associated thermoplasticity phenomena in an incremental form. In addition to elucidating some specific mechanics aspects of ratcheting phenomena under realistic loading and material hardening conditions of interest, the procedure can be used to automate the Bree Diagram generation process under conditions beyond those available to design engineers today. Validations are performed by comparing with brute force finite element solutions for selected thermal ratcheting problems and recovering the original and modified Bree Diagrams used by Codes and Standards currently used by the pressure equipment industry. One key finding is that by considering strain hardening effects, Bree diagram actually “evolves”, primarily in the form of an expanded “shakedown” region, as cyclic thermal and pressure loading continues until a limiting condition is reached. This suggests that existing ratcheting design criteria can be overly conservative.
Seizure as the presenting symptom of COVID-19: A retrospective case series.

Abstract Background Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly become a global pandemic, with over 1.8 million confirmed cases worldwide to date. Preliminary reports suggest that the disease may present in diverse ways, including with neurological symptoms, but few published reports in the literature describe seizures in patients with COVID-19. Objective The objective of the study was to characterize the risk factors, clinical features, and outcomes of seizures in patients with COVID-19. Methods This is a retrospective case series. Cases were identified through a review of admissions and consultations to the neurology and neurocritical care services between April 1, 2020 and May 15, 2020. Setting The study setting was in a tertiary care, safety-net hospital in Boston, MA. Participants Patients presenting with seizures and COVID-19 during the study period were included in the study. Results Seven patients met inclusion criteria (5 females, 71%). Patients ranged in age from 37 to 88 years (median: 75 years). Three patients had a prior history of well-controlled epilepsy (43%), while 4 patients had new-onset seizures, including 2 patients with prior history of remote stroke. Three patients had no preceding symptoms of COVID-19 prior to presentation (57%), and in all cases, seizures were the symptom that prompted presentation to the emergency department, regardless of prior symptoms of COVID-19. Conclusions Provoking factors for seizures in patients with COVID-19 may include metabolic factors, systemic illness, and possibly direct effects of the virus. In endemic areas with community spread of COVID-19, clinicians should be vigilant for the infection in patients who present with seizures, which may precede respiratory symptoms or prompt presentation to medical care. Early testing, isolation, and contact tracking of these patients can prevent further transmission of the virus.
Minimizing Age of Information in Multi-channel Time-sensitive Information Update Systems

Age of information, as a metric measuring the data freshness, has drawn increasing attention due to its importance in many data update applications. Most existing studies have assumed that there is one single channel in the system. In this work, we are motivated by the plethora of multi-channel systems that are being developed, and investigate the following question: how can one exploit multi-channel resources to improve the age performance? We first derive a policy-independent lower bound of the expected long-term average age in a multi-channel system. The lower bound is jointly characterized by the external arrival process and the channel statistics. Since direct analysis of age in multi-channel systems is very difficult, we focus on the asymptotic regime, when the number of users and number of channels both go to infinity. In the many-channel asymptotic regime, we propose a class of Maximum Weighted Matching policies that converge to the lower bound near exponentially fast. In the many-user asymptotic regime, we design a class of Randomized Maximum Weighted Matching policies that achieve a constant competitive ratio compared to the lower bound. Finally, we use simulations to validate the aforementioned results.
15. WHO SPEAKS FIRST? PROMOTING SENIOR RESIDENT AUTONOMY ON FAMILY CENTERED ROUNDS: A QI INITIATIVE

Background Graduated resident autonomy is fundamental as a trainee begins to transition to independent practice. Family Centered Rounds (FCR), the leading model of inpatient rounding in pediatrics, is an opportunity for trainees to demonstrate their competence in leading a healthcare team, which is included as an entrustable professional activity for all pediatric residents by the American Board of Pediatrics. At our institution, senior residents (SR) at baseline performed at a novice level based on the SREA-21, a validated tool that assesses SR autonomy during FCR in 4 domains. Aim Statement Our aim was to increase the median percentage of SREA-21 domains where SR perform at a competent level from 38% to 75% within 6 months. Interventions We used the Model for Improvement to identify key drivers and test proposed interventions using serial PDSA cycles. Interventions included: creation of unified inpatient SR expectations agreed upon by the division of pediatric hospital medicine, introduction of a hospitalist-SR pre-FCR huddle, auditing of FCR interruptions, and direct feedback to the hospitalist-SR dyad by the observer after FCR. Run charts were used to track both SR and hospitalist scores based on the SREA-21 tool. Measures Researchers observed 4 FCR encounters weekly, and calculated SREA-21 domain scores based on actions promoting SR autonomy that were performed by the hospitalist-SR dyad. The primary outcome measure was the percentage of SREA-21 domains in which the SR achieved a competent score based on the tool. Results Prior to our interventions, the median percentage of SREA-21 domains in which the SR performed at a competent level was 38%. After multiple PDSA cycles, there was special cause improvement with a desirable shift upward in the median to 75%, which correlated with the project's interventions and met our goal. The creation of unified SR expectations and the addition of a daily hospitalist-SR huddle had the strongest impact on SR autonomy. Conclusions and Next Steps Using quality improvement methodology, we improved senior resident autonomy during FCR, as measured by the SREA-21 tool. Future interventions will be aimed at sustaining this improvement and evaluating the effect of this change on future independent practice, as well as resident well-being.
Effect of Nylon Wick Technique on Early Intraocular Pressure Control in Nonvalved Aqueous Shunt Surgery.

Precis The use of nylon wicks with fenestrations in non-valved aqueous shunt surgery significantly reduces intraocular pressure and glaucoma medication usage in the immediate postoperative period compared to the use of fenestrations alone. Purpose To compare early postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) and medication usage in patients undergoing implantation of a non-valved aqueous shunt device with fenestrations only or fenestrations with nylon wicks. Methods A retrospective review of all non-valved aqueous shunt insertions completed by one surgeon (LWH) was completed using current procedure terminology. Patients undergoing Baerveldt or ClearPath 350▒mm aqueous shunt insertion with fenestrations only (n=37) or fenestrations with two nylon wicks were identified (n=92). All devices were ligated with 7-0 Vicryl (polyglactin) suture, and either 4 fenestrations or 2 fenestrations and two 9-0 nylon wicks were placed anterior to the ligature. Data regarding visual acuity (VA), IOP, number of glaucoma medications, and complications were collected from the preoperative visit just prior to surgery, postoperative day 1, week 3 (POW3), week 5, and month 2 (POM2). Main outcome measures were VA, IOP, number of glaucoma medications, and complications at all postoperative timepoints. Results There was no difference in logMAR VA between the two groups at any timepoint. At POW3, IOP was significantly lower in the wick group (14.6±7.7 vs. 18.1±8.7▒mmHg, P=0.03). Number of glaucoma medications used was significantly reduced in the wick group at POW3 (0.5±0.9 vs. 1.0±1.2, P=0.02) and POM2 (0.7±1.0 vs. 1.4±1.3, P=0.02). There was no significant increase in the overall rate of complications in the wick group, but there was a higher rate of transient hyphema (28% vs. 8%, P=0.02). Conclusions The use of two nylon wicks with fenestrations in non-valved aqueous shunt device implantation can significantly lower IOP and medication burden while awaiting dissolution of the ligature suture.
Substance Use Disorder Detection Rates Among Providers of General Medical Inpatients

The prevalence of substance use disorders is higher among medical inpatients than in the general population, placing inpatient providers in a prime position to detect these patients and intervene. To assess provider detection rates of substance use disorders among medical inpatients and to identify patient characteristics associated with detection. Data drawn from a cluster randomized controlled trial that tested the effectiveness of three distinct implementation strategies for providers to screen patients for substance use disorders and deliver a brief intervention (Clinical Trials.gov : NCT01825057). A total of 1076 patients receiving care from 13 general medical inpatient units in a large teaching hospital participated in this study. Data sources included patient self-reported questionnaires, a diagnostic interview for substance use disorders, and patient medical records. Provider detection was determined by diagnoses documented in medical records. Provider detection rates were highest for nicotine use disorder (72.2%) and lowest for cannabis use disorder (26.4%). Detection of alcohol use disorder was more likely among male compared to female patients (OR (95% CI) = 4.0 (1.9, 4.8)). When compared to White patients, alcohol (OR (95% CI) = 0.4 (0.2, 0.6)) and opioid (OR (95% CI) = 0.2 (0.1, 0.7)) use disorders were less likely to be detected among Black patients, while alcohol (OR (95% CI) = 0.3 (0.0, 2.0)) and cocaine (OR (95% CI) = 0.3 (0.1, 0.9)) use disorders were less likely to be detected among Hispanic patients. Providers were more likely to detect nicotine, alcohol, opioid, and other drug use disorders among patients with higher addiction severity (OR (95% CI) = 1.20 (1.08–1.34), 1.62 (1.48, 1.78), 1.46 (1.07, 1.98), 1.38 (1.00, 1.90), respectively). Findings indicate patient characteristics, including gender, race, and addiction severity impact rates of provider detection. Instituting formal screening for all substances may increase provider detection and inform treatment decisions.
Trends and New Opportunities in Digital Phase-Locked Loop Design: Design Principles, Key Overheads, and New Opportunities in This Emerging Architecture

Phase-locked loop (PLL)-based frequency synthesizers are pervasively utilized in almost every electronic system for generating welldefined clock frequencies of interest. For instance, in a modern wireless transceiver, a radio-frequency (RF) synthesizer is typically used as a local oscillator to upconvert/downconvert the desired signal to and from the proper communication bands. A similar utilization of RF PLL can be seen in a wireline transceiver, which modulates and demodulates the data symbol at a precise frequency and phase. In addition to RF applications, PLL is also commonly used in baseband and digital circuitry, such as generating a sampling clock for switched-capacitor circuits and clocking the sequential logic of the digital circuitry. As the complexity of the modern system-onchip (SoC) platform continues to grow, it is likely to require numerous highperformance PLLs. Moreover, interference coupling through the same silicon substrate is exacerbated. As a result, the low implementation (area and power) cost, high reconfigurability, resilience over interferences, and reduced design time of a PLL have become increasingly important in light of this new trend.
An inducible Cre mouse for studying roles of the RPE in retinal physiology and disease

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) provides vital metabolic support for retinal photoreceptor cells and also is an important player in numerous retinal diseases. Gene manipulation in mice using the Cre-LoxP system is an invaluable tool for studying the genetic basis of these retinal diseases. However, existing RPE-targeted Cre mouse lines have critical limitations that restrict their reliability for studies of disease pathogenesis and treatment, including mosaic Cre expression, inducer-independent activity, off-target Cre expression, and intrinsic toxicity. Here, we report the generation and characterization of a knock-in mouse line in which a P2A-CreERT2 coding sequence is fused with the native RPE-specific 65 kDa protein (Rpe65) gene for co-translational expression of CreERT2. Cre+/- mice were able to recombine a stringent Cre reporter allele with >99% efficiency and absolute RPE specificity upon tamoxifen induction at both post-natal days (PD) 21 and 50. Tamoxifen-independent Cre activity was negligible at PD64. Moreover, tamoxifen-treated Cre+/- mice displayed no signs of structural or functional retinal pathology up to 4 months of age. Despite weak RPE65 expression from the knock-in allele, visual cycle function was normal in Cre+/- mice. These data indicate that Rpe65CreERT2 mice are well-suited for studies of gene function and pathophysiology in the RPE.
An Office of Experiential Education Rotation for APPE Students

The Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) requires 1440 hours of advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPE). The majority of all APPE hours should be in direct patient care; however, non-patient care electives can also be used to prepare students to become practice ready and explore areas of interest. Many schools of pharmacy (SOP) across the nation offer elective academic rotations, but an office of experiential education (OEE) academic rotation offers a unique academic elective rotation. The following commentary discusses the experiences of an OEE rotation from a faculty and student point-of-view. A detailed list of activities for an OEE rotation is laid out so it can be easily duplicated by other SOPs. The OEE rotation can be completed online or in-person creating greater flexibility with COVID-19 or other unique circumstances.
Exponentially Converging Distributed Gradient Descent with Intermittent Communication via Hybrid Methods.

We present a hybrid systems framework for multi-agent optimization in which agents execute computations in continuous time and communicate in discrete time. The optimization algorithm is a hybrid version of parallelized coordinate descent. Agents implement a sample-and-hold strategy in which gradients are computed at communication times and held constant during flows between communications. Completeness of maximal solutions under these hybrid dynamics is established. Under assumptions of smoothness and strong convexity, we show that this system exponentially converges to the minimizer of an objective function. Simulation results illustrate this convergence rate.
II The Optical Performance of the Human Eye

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the optical performance of the human eye as is an optical device, which forms an optical image on its retina. The retina has many layers, but the first layer to become involved in the act of seeing is the layer of photoreceptors, which are called rods and cones. The rods respond at low levels of irradiance so that if two neighboring rods absorb one quantum each within the same tenth of a second, the two rods acting together can generate a signal, which can be transmitted through the retina to the brain and can be detected. Two quanta absorbed by a single rod can also generate such a signal. In dealing with theoretical problems of optical image formation on the retina, one can substitute for the layer of rods and cones a hypothetical retinal layer, which is smooth and uniform, infinitesimal in thickness, and capable of absorbing all the light that falls on it.
Studies on epsilon-prototoxin of Clostridium perfringens type D. I. Purification methods: evidence for multiple forms of epsilon-prototoxin.

Abstract Clostridium perfringes type D was grown in protein-free medium. ϵ-Prototoxin was found to contain insignificant amounts of ϵ-toxin. Purification of ϵ-prototoxin by column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose followed by CM-cellulose revealed multiple forms of ϵ-prototoxin which differed in their electrophoretic mobility but were immunochemically indistinguishable. The multiple forms of ϵ-prototoxin varied in their activation ratios and specific activities. The most potent preparation contained 3 × 10 6 to 4.2 × 10 6 MLD/mg protein which was formed of three electrophoretically different yet immunochemically indistinguishable bands. Activation of ϵ-prototoxin to toxin by treatment with trypsin resulted in a more negatively charged molecule, suggesting splitting of a basic peptide (s). The ϵ-prototoxin and ϵ-toxin show complete immunologic identity.
Mechanism of photoinduced carotenoid synthesis. Induction of carotenoid synthesis by antimycin A in the absence of light in mycobacterium marinum.

Abstract Mycobacterium marinum, like a number of nonphotosynthetic microorganisms, produces only traces of carotenoids when grown in the dark. On illumination, the dark grown bacteria synthesize substantial amounts of carotenoids de novo. This study shows that antimycin A can also induce the synthesis of carotenoids in M. marinum in the absence of light. The amounts of carotenoids synthesized are proportional to the amount of antimycin A added; for maximal carotenogenesis, a concentration of 37.5 µm is required. Antimycin A is 300 to 400% more effective than saturating amounts of light in the induction of carotenoid synthesis. The effects of light and antimycin A are additive. Chromatography of the carotenoid pigments reveals that the same polyenes are synthesized regardless of the means of induction—light alone, antimycin A in the dark, or antimycin A plus light. Evidence is presented that both light and antimycin A act by inducing protein synthesis (carotenogenic enzymes). In the antimycin A-induced system protein synthesis continues for more than 20 hours. In the light-induced system, on the other hand, protein synthesis continues for 4 hours and then stops. However, a second illumination at this time can lead to a resumption of protein synthesis. Inasmuch as the inductive effects of light and antimycin A are additive, it is concluded that the sites of action of light and antimycin A are different. Antimycin A may act either as an inducer for the synthesis of carotenogenic enzymes or by inactivating a repressor. Light may have an analogous role but at a different site; it may act either by photo-oxidizing a repressor or by producing a photo-oxidized metabolite which can act as an inducer for the synthesis of carotenogenic enzymes.
Strain-Specific Differences in LFA-1 Induction on Measles Virus-Infected Monocytes and Adhesion and Viral Transmission to Endothelial Cells

Measles virus (MV) infection of monocytes induces leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), an integrin that mediates intercellular adhesion to the endothelium. Thus, an increase in LFA-1 expression could lead to enhanced monocyte adherence and virus dissemination to endothelial cells (ECs) and potentially be an important means of distinction between MV strains. We identified both vaccine and wild-type strains that induced LFA-1 and others that failed to induce. Although adhesion of MV-infected monocytes and viral transmission to ECs was demonstrated, strain-specific differences were not correlated with LFA-1 induction. MV infection of ECs was dramatically reduced in the absence of cell contact, suggesting virus dissemination by cell-cell transmission.
Interactions of concanavalin A with asparagine-linked glycopeptides. Structure/activity relationships of the binding and precipitation of oligomannose and bisected hybrid-type glycopeptides with concanavalin A.

We have recently demonstrated that certain oligomannose and bisected hybrid-type glycopeptides are bivalent for concanavalin A (ConA) binding and that they can precipitate the lectin [Bhattacharyya, L., Ceccarini, C., Lorenzoni, P. & Brewer, C. F. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 1288–1293]. Two protein-binding sites on each glycopeptide were identified: one on the α(1–6) arm of the core β-mannose residue which binds with high affinity (primary site); the other on the α(1–3) arm of the core β-mannose residue which binds with lower affinity (secondary site). In the present study, we have investigated the relationship between the structures of the primary sites of oligomannose-type glycopeptides and their affinities for ConA. Two mechanisms of binding at the primary sites of oligomannose-type glycopeptides have been identified which account for the 3000-fold increase in affinity of a Man9 glycopeptide relative to that of methyl α-D-mannopyranoside. Changes in the structures and affinities of both the primary and secondary sites are observed to influence the precipitation activities of the glycopeptides. These findings have important consequences for the specificity of ConA binding in solutions containing mixtures of the carbohydrates.
Studies on the Carbohydrate Units of Thyroglobulin STRUCTURE OF THE MANNOSE-N-ACETYLGLUCOSAMINE UNIT (UNIT A) OF THE HUMAN AND CALF PROTEINS

Abstract An investigation of the structure and peptide attachment of the mannose-N-acetylglucosamine unit (unit A) from human and calf thyroglobulin has been carried out on glycopeptides containing large (8 to 10 mannose plus 2 glucosamine residues) and small (5 to 6 mannose plus 2 glucosamine residues) variants of this unit, as well as on an oligosaccharide fraction (8 mannose plus 2 glucosamine residues). All of the mannose residues could be released by α-mannosidase, after which 1 N-acetylglucosamine could be removed by β-N-acetyglucosaminidase. This permitted the isolation from the glycopeptides of 2-acetamido-4-O-(2acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranosyl)-1-N-β-l-aspartyl-2deoxy-β-d-glucopyranosylamine and 2-acetamido-1-N-β-laspartyl-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranosylamine, which could be split to aspartic acid plus di-N-acetylchitobiose or N-acetylglucosamine, respectively, by the action of glycosyl asparaginase. Incubation of the unit A oligosaccharide with α-mannosidase resulted in the production of a di-N-acetylglucosamine disaccharide in high yield which was shown to be identical with di-N-acetylchitobiose. Serial periodate oxidation of the glycopeptides caused destruction of all but approximately 2 of the mannose residues, but spared both N-acetylglucosamine residues in the first Smith degradation. These 2 surviving mannose residues were destroyed in the second degradation. One glucosamine was oxidized in the third treatment, while the other glucosamine still remained intact. Glycerol was the only alcohol released during the three Smith degradations. Periodate oxidation and sodium borohydride reduction of the reduced unit A oligosaccharide, in which the terminal glucosamine had been converted to glucosaminitol, yielded 1 residue of xylosaminitol. Methylation of the glycopeptides by the method of Hakamori yielded tetra- and di-O-methyl mannose ethers from glycopeptides with small carbohydrate units, while tetra-, tri-, and di-O-methyl ethers were obtained from the glycopeptides with large carbohydrate units. All glycopeptides yielded only 1 O-methyl ether of N-methylglucosamine, which was identified by ion exchange chromatography to be 3,6-di-O-methyl-N-methylglucosamine. The results of these studies suggest the following structure for carbohydrate unit A. [see PDF for sequence] The smallest unit found was a tightly branched structure containing 5 mannose residues, and the larger units are believed to contain additional mannose residues, designated as (Man)x linked to the terminal residues of the three chains by α1-2 bonds. No significant species variations were observed between the calf and human proteins.
Intervention and Regime Change

Regime promotion constitutes a distinct category of foreign intervention that includes any effort by an intervening state or coalition to create, preserve, or alter political institutions or governments within a target state. Although a common tool of statecraft, regime promotion has received relatively little scholarly attention. We discuss foundational and cutting-edge research that addresses three questions: What causes states or governments to try to change or preserve domestic institutions of other sovereign states? What modes or tools of statecraft do they employ? What are the consequences for the intervening power, the target state, or the international system? We conclude with six recommendations for advancing regime promotion research: (i) expand research beyond its United States and great-power focus to consider how regional actors and small states employ regime promotion; (ii) conduct comparative studies of forcible regime promotions with non-forcible and covert means; (iii) isolate the fundamental motivations—domestic and/or systemic—that propel states to attempt regime promotion despite significant costs and risks; (iv) examine further the role of regime-type in regime promotion; (v) increase research into the consequences of regime promotion by emphasizing long-term efficacy as well as the comparative success of non-democratic interveners and democracy promoters; and (vi) focus additional attention on the relation of regime promotion to international hegemony or hierarchy. Keywords: intervention; regime promotion; regime change; democratization; sovereignty; hegemony; US foreign policy; hierarchy
Time-varying modelling of arbitrary non-stationary signals

A novel approach to time-varying signal modeling is presented to reliably identify rational models in arbitrary nonstationary environments. It is motivated by the shortcomings of both adaptation methods, which cannot handle arbitrary nonstationarities, and description techniques, which tend to use unjustifiable assumptions on the observed data. Only limited a priori knowledge about the nonstationarity, namely, the expected maximum rate of change of the model parameters, is necessary to estimate these parameters online. The criterion considered is a constrained-least-squares cost functional which incorporates with equal weight all instantaneous errors up to the time of observation. An appropriate algorithm is developed and its performance is discussed to illustrate the increased confidence in time-varying model estimation which results from the approach. >
A Collector of Collections

We often use the phrase "a collection" to mean a loose assemblage, as in "a collection of poems." Goldstein's book is a collection of thirty-nine poems. But more to the point, this collection is about collecting. Inevitably, then, as they unfold, the poems also tell us how Goldstein grew from childhood into the adult poet, editor, critic, and professor: by collecting ever new experiences in widening cir cles. The collecting child is indeed father to the accumulated man. The first poem would reveal this all, if only on a first reading we could know all that it means. "Scrapbooks" nakedly exhibits Goldstein's passion for collecting, its origin and its fate. Growing up in California, figuratively in the shadow of Chavez Ravine and the newly installed Los Angeles Dodgers there, Goldstein's first col lection of baseball cards placed Duke Snider at the top of the pile. Here is the budding origin of his instinct to grow by acquisitions of desire. Then came larger collections, life anthologies assembled from newspapers and magazines as "Scrapbooks became more interesting than cards." Into his omnivorous scrapbooks, mur ders, movie stars, obituaries, photos of "female pulchritude," were clipped and pasted. Scrapbooks too eventually paled in interest and were replaced by scissored photos of the unseen, mysterious, exotic, undersea world. Then came travel photos and accounts of the won ders of the visible but as-yet-unseen world. But these, too, pass on and foretell the next emanation of collecting: Goldstein's adult travels to "outer copies of [his]... inner pictureland," scrapbooks of what can be remembered by the preserving imagination. That poem foreshadows the rest of this collection, unfolding remembrance of things past in the guise of a book, pointing the reader from the accumulative child to the collecting scholar who is writing the poems about the child's varied collections as his way of growing up. A child's scrapbooks, after all, will become an adult's books, and must remind the reader that Goldstein is the compiler
Nested expressions in logic programs

We extend the answer set semantics to a class of logic programs with nested expressions permitted in the bodies and heads of rules. These expressions are formed from literals using negation as failure, conjunction (,) and disjunction (s) that can be nested arbitrarily. Conditional expressions are introduced as abbreviations. The study of equivalent transformations of programs with nested expressions shows that any such program is equivalent to a set of disjunctive rules, possibly with negation as failure in the heads. The generalized answer set semantics is related to the Lloyd–Topor generalization of Clark’s completion and to the logic of minimal belief and negation as failure.
Characterization of ATP12, a yeast nuclear gene required for the assembly of the mitochondrial F1-ATPaSe

Mitochondrial F1-ATPase is an oligomeric enzyme composed of five distinct subunit polypeptides. The alpha and beta subunits make up the bulk of protein mass of F1. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae both subunits are synthesized as precursors with amino-terminal targeting signals that are removed upon translocation of the proteins to the matrix compartment. Recently, two different complementation groups (G13, G57), consisting of yeast nuclear mutants with defective F1, have been described. Biochemical analyses indicate that the mutational block in both groups of mutants affects a critical step needed for the assembly of the alpha and beta subunits into the F1 oligomer after their transport into mitochondria. In this study the ATP12 gene representative of the nuclear respiratory-deficient mutant of S. cerevisiae (pet) complementation group G57 has been cloned and the encoded product partially characterized. The ATP12 reading frame is 975 base pairs long and codes for a protein of Mr = 36,587. The ATP12 protein is not homologous to the subunits of F1 whose sequences are known, nor does it exhibit significant primary structure similarity to any known protein. In vitro import assays indicate that ATP12 protein is synthesized as a precursor approximately 3 kDa larger than the mature protein. The mitochondrial localization of the protein has been confirmed by Western blot analysis of mitochondrial proteins with an antibody against a hybrid protein expressed from a trpE-ATP12 fusion. Fractionation of mitochondria indicates further that the ATP12 protein is either a minor component of the matrix compartment or is weakly bound to the matrix side of the inner membrane. The molecular weight of the native protein, estimated from its sedimentation properties in sucrose gradients, is at least two times larger than the monomer. This suggests that the ATP12 protein is probably part of a larger complex.
Species Differences in Inhalation Toxicology: Variations in Exposure-Dose Relationships and Macrophage Function

As emphasized throughout this symposium, human responses to toxic agents are often predicted from experiments done in other species such as rodents. In addition to obvious differences in body mass, anatomy, and life span, differences in metabolism among species are often substantial. For example, the oxygen consumption of rats per kilogram of body weight is 5.5 times greater than that of humans (2). Amino acid requirements, vitamin requirements, and xenobiotic metabolism also differ markedly (42). Differences in lifestyle such as nocturnal activity and coprophagy are also important when evaluating response to toxic agents. Despite these many differences, we are confronted with the necessity of extrapolating experimental results from animals to humans. Many different species have been used to assess the toxicity of chemicals and environmental pollutants; yet, although species differences are widely acknowledged, our understanding of the variability in response among commonly used laboratory animals is neither systematic nor complete.
Structure of a U·U Pair Within a Conserved Ribosomal RNA Hairpin

A conserved hairpin corresponding to nt 1057-1081 of large subunit rRNA (Escherichia coli numbering) is part of a domain targeted by antibiotics and ribosomal protein L11. The stem of the hairpin contains a U.U juxtaposition, found as either U.U or U.C in virtually all rRNA sequences. This hairpin has been synthesized and most of the aromatic and sugar protons were assigned by two-dimensional proton NMR. Distances and sugar puckers deduced from the NMR data were combined with restrained molecular dynamics calculations to deduce structural features of the hairpin. The two U residues are stacked in the helix, form one NH3-O4 hydrogen bond and require an extended backbone conformation (trans alpha and gamma) at one of the U nucleotides. The hairpin loop, UAGAAGC closed by a U-A pair, is the same size as tRNA anticodon loops, but not as well ordered.
Diet influences on permethrin susceptibility and growth of soybean looper larvae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Larvae from several strains of soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), were reared on artificial diet, soybean foliage, and cotton foliage and tested for susceptibility to permethrin. Larvae from all three strains were significantly less susceptible to permethrin when reared on cotton than when reared on artificial diet. There were no significant differences in LD50s between soybean and artificial diet-reared larvae for any of the strains. Larvae from a permethrin-selected laboratory strain were 2-fold less susceptible when reared on cotton than on soybean; no significant difference in LD50 between soybean and cotton-reared larvae occurred for the other strains. Three soybean looper strains also were reared on soybean and cotton to compare development of soybean looper on these hosts. The development time of all three strains from eclosion to pupation was significantly longer when reared on cotton than on soybean, and all larval stadia except the second and third ins tars lasted significantly longer. Larvae and pupae tended to be heavier when reared on cotton, and there was no evidence of lower survival rates or increased incidence of supernumerary stadia when soybean looper developed on cotton, indicating that cotton is a suitable host for the insect.
Slug reproductive maturation hormone: In vivo evidence for long-day stimulation of secretion from brains and cerebral ganglia

Slugs (Limax maximus) that would normally remain reproductively immature in short-day light cycles (LD 8∶16) were employed as hosts for brain explants. Reproductive tract development was induced in hosts receiving whole brains from donors exposed to long days (LD 16∶8), but no development occurred in hosts receiving short-day brains (Fig. 1 and Table 1). Development equivalent to that induced by whole, long-day brains was also induced by implanting only cerebral ganglia from long-day donors (Table 2). Implantation of subesophageal complexes from long-day donors failed to stimulate reproductive organ growth but significantly inhibited somatic growth (Table 2). The results indicate that long-day photoperiods stimulate the release of a maturation-inducing factor from cells located in the cerebral ganglia of theLimax brain. It also appears that a growth-inhibiting factor is produced by the subesophageal ganglia.
Recommending random walks

We improve on previous recommender systems by taking advantage of the layered structure of software. We use a random-walk approach, mimicking the more focused behavior of a developer, who browses the caller-callee links in the callgraph of a large program, seeking routines that are likely to be related to a function of interest. Inspired by Kleinberg's work [10], we approximate the steady-state of an infinite random walk on a subset of a callgraph in order to rank the functions by their steady-state probabilities. Surprisingly, this purely structural approach works quite well. Our approach, like that of Robillard's "Suade" algorithm [15], and earlier data mining approaches [13] relies solely on the always available current state of the code, rather than other sources such as comments, documentation or revision information. Using the Apache API documentation as an oracle, we perform a quantitative evaluation of our method, finding that our algorithm dramatically improves upon Suade in this setting. We also find that the performance of traditional data mining approaches is complementary to ours; this leads naturally to an evidence-based combination of the two, which shows excellent performance on this task.
Investigation of an automatic speaker identification system using a neural network

This paper investigated a simple speaker identification system based on a backpropagation neural network. The network was trained to distinguish between a small base of speakers using parameters extracted from human speech which are typically speaker dependent. Different network configurations were tested and observations were made regarding training time, testing errors, and the ability to generalize. The results showed that an experimentally determined optimum network configuration produced no errors during testing and that the parameters used to represent each speaker are sufficient for generalization.
Reduction of circulating and selective limbic brain levels of (3α,5α)-3-hydroxy-pregnan-20-one (3α,5α-THP) following forced swim stress in C57BL/6J mice

Rationale Stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and GABAergic neuroactive steroids contribute to homeostatic regulation of this circuitry. Acute forced swim stress (FSS) increases plasma, cortical, and hypothalamic (3α,5α)-3-hydroxy-pregnan-20-one (3α,5α-THP) levels in rats. However, there have not been systemic investigations of acute stress on changes in plasma and brain levels of 3α,5α-THP in mouse models.
Effect of pressure on the crystal structure of CsMnCl3 and RbMnCl3

The hexagonal 9R structure of CsMnCl3 has been found to transform at ∼10 kbar to the 6H polytype structure (a = 7.268 A, c = 17.85 A) and further transform above ∼25 kbar to the 3C polytype structure (a = 5.111 A). A pressure-temperature phase diagram is presented. At pressures greater than 7 kbar the 6H polytype structure of RbMnCl3 transforms to the 3C polytype structure (a = 5.058A). The quenched high pressure phases of Cs and Rb are stable at atmospheric pressure to 300 and 400°C, respectively. These polytype transformations are related to similar ones found for ABX3 compounds where X is fluorine or oxygen.
Parent report and electronic medical record agreement on asthma education provided and children's tobacco smoke exposure.

AbstractObjective: To examine the concordance between parent report and electronic medical record documentation of asthma health education provided during a single clinic visit and second-hand tobacco smoke exposure among children with asthma. Methods: Parents of children with asthma were recruited from two types of clinics using different electronic medical record systems: asthma-specialty or general pediatric health department clinics. After their child’s outpatient visit, parents were interviewed by trained study staff. Interview data were compared to electronic medical records for agreement in five categories of asthma health education and for the child’s environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Kappa statistics were used to identify strength of agreement. Chi square and t-tests were used to examine differences between clinic types. Results: Of 255 parents participating in the study 90.6% were African American and 96.1% were female. Agreement was poor across all clinics but was higher within the asthma s...
Timolol in Uncontrolled Childhood Glaucomas

Abstract: Thirty-four patients with childhood glaucoma who had difficult management problems in spite of conventional glaucoma medications were entered into an investigational protocol designed at a time when timolol was not available commercially. Since controlled studies in adult glaucoma had demonstrated the efficacy of timolol, a trial of the drug in these difficult childhood cases seemed justified. The study was approved by the Human Studies Committees of the Children's Hospital Medical Center and the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA. These children have been followed for periods up to 2 1/2 years. In general, timolol was added to the maximum tolerated medical therapy. Definite improvement was noted in 10 patients, modest or equivocal improvement in 11, and in 13 no substantial benefit to their course occurred when timolol was added. Youngsters over 5 years of age showed an average reduction in resting pulse rate of 6 beats/minute similar to that previously found in adult patients. Under 5 years of age no change in the resting pulse rate could be detected. One patient was discontinued from timolol for a possible adverse effect. The experience particularly in very young children is still quite limited, but the beneficial effects observed warrant further evaluation.
An object-oriented approach to model management

Abstract In order to apply the object-oriented programming paradigm to Model Management, a model must be interpreted as a collection of “objects” which perform the various model management functions by receiving and responding to “messages”. The recently proposed Structured Modeling framework is used to identify the classes of objects which constitute a model. The protocols, or sets of messages, which would be needed to carry out a variety of model manipulations, are also described. The close correspondence between the representation of a Structured Model in terms of objects and an earlier proposal for its representation as a relational database suggests the possibility of using a relational DBMS to implement an object-oriented Model Management Systems.