cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cellular fluxes of vitamin B12.

Incorporation of vitamin B12 into L1210 cells requires the protein binder transcobalamin II (TCII). The process is saturable, follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics (Km = 2.5 X 10(-9) M at 37 degrees C), is both temperature and calcium (K50 - 1 X 10(-6) M) dependent, and is inhibited by apo-TCII, indicating the presence of a TCII specific receptor on the cell membrane. B12 also leaves the cell by a calcium- independent pathway bound to either TCII or to a protein with chromatographic properties similar to those of TCIII. Since intact TCII- B12 can be found in the cytosol and can promote B12 uptake by mitochondria, it is proposed that the B12 released from the cell bound to the TCIII-like protein is derived by mitochondrial processing of incorporated TCII-B12. The slower time course of release of the latter B12 is consistent with this postulate.
Book review: The Implementation of Prolog By Patrice Boizumault Translated from the original French by Ara M. Djamboulian and Jamal Fattouh (Princeton University Press, 1993)

As a programming language, Prolog was designed to reflect conceptual problem-solving methods rather than the architecture of any particular computer; it encourages the programmer to solve problems by describing facts and relationships, instead of trying to fit the problem into a set of memory locations and machine operations on a computer. Prolog is thus, by design, a step farther from the machine than most conventional imperative programming languages.
New concepts in screening

ALTHOUGH screening is often delivered by clinicians, screening programmes are public health services that need to be managed at the level of a large population to monitor quality effectively. In the United Kingdom (UK) this is carried out by the National Screening Committee. The first task of the National Screening Committee is to use research evidence to identify programmes that do more good than harm. The second is to make policy recommendations about those programmes that will do more good than harm at reasonable cost, focusing on opportunity cost; that is, the professional time involved, as well as the financial cost. When it has been decided to introduce screening, using criteria based on the Wilson and Jungner WHO criteria, 1 care has to be taken to ensure that the programme is set up in a way that will minimise harm and maximise benefit. In policy making the evidence for screening is often limited because of the rarity of the conditions being screened for, which minimises the contribution that the randomised controlled trial can make, but emphasises the need for a systematic review of the evidence.
Great Problems of Grand Challenges: Problematizing Engineering's Understandings of Its Role in Society

The U.S. National Academy of Engineering’s Grand Challenges for Engineering report has received a great deal of attention from legislators, policymakers, and educators, but what does it entail for social justice considerations in engineering? This article situates the Grand Challenges report as a cultural artifact of the engineering profession—an artifact that works to reinforce engineering’s professional culture, recruit new members, and reassert engineering’s legitimacy in the 21st century. As such, the Grand Challenges report provides a unique opportunity to understand and critique the role engineering envisions for itself in society. The articles in this special issue of IJESJP identify four central critiques of Grand Challenges : authorial particularism, double standards in engineering’s contributions to these challenges, bracketing of the “social” from “technical” realms, and deterministic definitions of progress. These critiques call for increased reflexivity and broadened participation in how engineers define problems and attempt to solve them.
Best quadrature formulas at equally spaced nodes

It has been known for some time that the trapezoidal rule Tnf = 12f(0) + f(1) + … + f(n − 1) + 12f(n) is the best quadrature formula in the sense of Sard for the space W1,p, all functions such that f′ ϵ Lp. In other words, the norm of the error functional Ef = ∝0n f(x) dx − ∑k = 0n λkf(k) in W1,p is uniquely minimized by the trapezoidal sum. This paper deals with quadrature formulas of the form ∑k = 0n ∑lϵJ cklf(l)(k) where J is some subset of {0, 1,…, m − 1}. For certain index sets J we identify the best quadrature formula for the space Wm,p, all functions such that f(m) ϵ Lp. As a result, we show that the Euler-Maclaurin quadrature formula Tnf + ∑o<2v≤mB2v(2v)! (f (2v−1)(0) − f (2v−1) (n)) is the best quadrature formula of the above form with J = {0, 1, 3,…, ⩽m − 1} for the space Wm,p, providing m is an odd integer.
The prophylactic treatment of thrombocytopenic leukemic patients with platelets: a double blind study

Eighteen patients with thrombocytopenia and acute leukemia were randomized in a double blind study to receive either platelets or platelet-poor plasma as prophylaxis against bleeding. Despite no significant differences in platelet counts between patients of the two groups, the frequency of bleeding in the two groups was significantly different, affirming the value of prophylactic platelet transfusions. Fever preceded substantial hemorrhage in 10 of 13 patients, suggesting that infection may initiate bleeding in thrombocytopenic patients.
Phase diagram and breathing dynamics of a single red blood cell and a biconcave capsule in dilute shear flow.

We present phase diagrams of the single red blood cell and biconcave capsule dynamics in dilute suspension using three-dimensional numerical simulations. The computational geometry replicates an in vitro linear shear flow apparatus. Our model includes all essential properties of the cell membrane, namely, the resistance against shear deformation, area dilatation, and bending, as well as the viscosity difference between the cell interior and suspending fluids. By considering a wide range of shear rate and interior-to-exterior fluid viscosity ratio, it is shown that the cell dynamics is often more complex than the well-known tank-treading, tumbling, and swinging motion and is characterized by an extreme variation of the cell shape. As a result, it is often difficult to clearly establish whether the cell is swinging or tumbling. Identifying such complex shape dynamics, termed here as ``breathing'' dynamics, is the focus of this article. During the breathing motion at moderate bending rigidity, the cell either completely aligns with the flow direction and the membrane folds inward, forming two cusps, or it undergoes large swinging motion while deep, craterlike dimples periodically emerge and disappear. At lower bending rigidity, the breathing motion occurs over a wider range of shear rates, and is often characterized by the emergence of a quad-concave shape. The effect of the breathing dynamics on the tank-treading-to-tumbling transition is illustrated by detailed phase diagrams which appear to be more complex and richer than those of vesicles. In a remarkable departure from the vesicle dynamics, and from the classical theory of nondeformable cells, we find that there exists a critical viscosity ratio below which the transition is independent of the viscosity ratio, and dependent on shear rate only. Further, unlike the reduced-order models, the present simulations do not predict any intermittent dynamics of the red blood cells.
A typology for drinking driving offenders: methods for classification and policy implications

Comprehensive arrest histories were obtained for 353 DUI offenders who were referred to a probation and rehabilitation demonstration program. The average number of total offenses was 7.9, with 89% of all tracked offenders having more than one offense. Approximately 63% of all recorded offenses were other types of offenses besides DUI. The overall arrest history profile of the group suggested that many DUI offenders are habitual violators of other laws as well. To identify distinctive arrest profiles within the referral sample, a Q mode factor analysis followed by a discriminant function analysis was used to classify offenders into profile subgroups. Five distinctive subgroups emerged. A "low offense" group was characterized by the lowest average number of overall arrests and also contained all offenders with no arrest besides the index DUI arrest. A "mixed" group had a higher average number of total arrests than the "low offense" group and diverse types of offenses. A young "traffic" group was distinguished by many hazardous moving violations other than DUI. Two smaller and older groups--a "public drunkenness" group and a "license" group--had the highest average number of arrests including DUI, public drunkenness, license violations, equipment violations, disturbance arrests and assault arrests. These subgroups were found to differ on demographic variables and drinker status variables. The "public drunkenness" group was found to have the highest accident rate. Groups were compared to groups found in other cluster analyses. Also, treatment implications were discussed. It was suggested that treatment programs focusing exclusively on changing alcohol consumption behavior are not likely to reduce accident risk for some of the offender groups. For example, it was suggested that effective intervention for the "traffic" group should target driving behavior, whether drunk or sober, rather than focus exclusively on consumption behavior. Other alternatives are also discussed.
KD*P frequency doubler for high average power applications

The development and operation of a kilowatt scale KD(asterisk)P second harmonic generator is described. The design utilizes a simple and compact two-plate alternating-Z configuration with a transverse thermal gradient. The calculated single pulse conversion efficiency is between 50 and 75 percent for beams whose divergence is up to 15 times the diffraction limit. Offline subaperture tests demonstrated that the effect of induced thermal gradients on conversion efficiency was less than 5 percent for optical loads expected for kilowatt operation. Full aperture tests with a 300 watt average power Nd:glass zigzag slab laser gave conversions of 35 percent.
Philosophy of Communication as Carrier of Meaning 1 : Adieu to W. Barnett Pearce

This essay reviews W. Barnett Pearce's career, highlighting the places that he helped flourish as scholarly dwellings, his groundbreaking scholarship, and his unique contributions to philosophy of communication. Pearce's career countered education fixated on information alone; he united the practical, the philosophical, and the fundamental importance of human meaning in his study and application of communication. His teaching and scholarship announced the pragmatic importance of philosophy of communication engaged in response to the problems before us.
The preparation and X ray characterization of HfTe2−x, x = 0.061

Abstract The phase HfTe2−x, x = 0.061, characterized by the space group P 3 m1 , was prepared by a vapor transport technique. The unit cell parameters are: a = 3.9492 ± 4A and c = 6.6514 ± 7A. A description of the structure is presented based on nonstoichiometry in the tellurium sublattice and random but unequal distribution of hafnium atoms on two possible sites.
Transient ischemic left ventricular cavity dilation is a significant predictor of severe and extensive coronary artery disease and adverse outcome in patients undergoing stress echocardiography.

Background Transient ischemic dilation (TID) of the left ventricle on stress-redistribution thallium-201 scintigraphy is a marker of severe and extensive coronary artery disease (CAD), and associated with an adverse outcome. The significance of transient ischemic dilation during stress echocardiography is not well defined. Methods We assessed 155 patients undergoing stress echocardiography (61% treadmill exercise, 39% dobutamine) with confirmed follow-up (mean 2.8 ± 1.1 years) for hard events (myocardial infarction, n = 14, and cardiac death, n = 9). Results Normal limits for TID ratio were developed using data from 39 patients with a low likelihood ( Conclusions TID during stress echocardiography is a sensitive marker of severe and extensive angiographic CAD and is associated with a high risk of cardiac events (19.7%/y event rate).
Fine Structure of the Hydrogen Atom. Part I

The fine structure of the hydrogen atom is studied by a microwave method. A beam of atoms in the metastable $2^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}$ state is produced by bombarding atomic hydrogen. The metastable atoms are detected when they fall on a metal surface and eject electrons. If the metastable atoms are subjected to radiofrequency power of the proper frequency, they undergo transitions to the non-metastable states $2^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $2^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$ and decay to the ground state $1^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}$ in which they are not detected. In this way it is determined that contrary to the predictions of the Dirac theory, the $2^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}$ state does not have the same energy as the $2^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$ state, but lies higher by an amount corresponding to a frequency of about 1000 Mc/sec. Within the accuracy of the measurements, the separation of the $2^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $2^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$ levels is in agreement with the Dirac theory. No differences in either level shift or doublet separation were observed between hydrogen and deuterium. These results were obtained with the first working apparatus. Much more accurate measurements will be reported in subsequent papers as well as a detailed comparison with the quantum electrodynamic explanation of the level shift by Bethe.Among the topics discussed in connection with this work are (1) spectroscopic observations of the ${\mathrm{H}}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ line, (2) early attempts to use microwaves to study the hydrogen fine structure, (3) existence of metastable hydrogen atoms, their properties and methods for their production and detection, (4) estimates of yield and r-f power requirements, (5) Zeeman and hyperfine structure effects, (6) quenching of metastable hydrogen atoms by electric and motional electric fields, (7) production of a polarized beam of metastable hydrogen atoms.
Top-down processing and the suffix effect in young and older adults.

The suffix effect has generally been viewed as reflecting an automatic component involving the terminal item and a component susceptible to top-down influences involving the preterminal items (Balota & Engle, 1981). Recent findings have raised questions about this widely accepted view of the suffix effect by showing that the terminal component is not insensitive to top-down influences (Bloom & Watkins, 1999). In the present study, we attempted to uncover the source of these contradictory findings by assessing whether the terminal items susceptibility to top-down influences might depend on subjects first-hand experience of the extent to which recall is affected by the suffix. Furthermore, we examined whether age differences in the suffix effect could be attributed to age-related declines in inhibitory processes. Our findings supported both predictions.
Extended vertical range roughness measurements in non-ideal environments

This paper describes recent research into developing an extended range dynamic interferometry technique where the range is extended vertically to enhance surface roughness measurements made in non-ideal environments. Utilizing short pulses from two sources on either side of a frame transfer in a CCD sensor, data can be taken fast enough in noisy shop environments to make measurements in the presence of vibration, and air turbulence. A key application of this technique is monitoring of surface roughness of large optics during the polishing process by making in situ measurements from fine grind through to the final polish. It is anticipated that this monitoring can help speed up what is now a very lengthy process. This same technique is applicable to many other types of measurements including MEMS devices, as it is not affected by dispersion in windows covering devices, and for measuring features on flat panel display glass or semiconductor wafers. This paper describes the technique, and presents results of a variety of sample measurements including: bare glass in various states of polish from fine grind to final polish, scratches and pits in a roughened semiconductor wafer, a DMD MEMS device, and various calibration standards. Performance in terms of repeatabilitity of step heights and roughness for this proof of concept is in the +/-2% range.
Calretinin is expressed in the Leydig cells of rat testis

Calretinin, a highly evolutionarily conserved E-F hand calcium binding protein, is expressed predominantly in neurons, with a few exceptions. The function of calretinin is not known. We demonstrate the expression of calretinin mRNA and protein in rat testes. Immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization reveal that calretinin expression in testis is localized to the interstitial Leydig cells. Western blot and ribonuclease protection analyses show that calretinin protein and mRNA in testis is the same as that expressed in brain. It is suggested that calretinin may play a role in the production of testosterone.
Vortex dynamics in superfluid helium films.

A high-Q torsional oscillator was used to measure the superfluid density and excess dissipation in thin films of $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ as a function of temperature and film thickness. The effects of rotation on the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition were studied and the rotation-induced dissipation was measured. The first direct measurements of vortex diffusivity D as a function of the temperature through the superfluid transition were obtained. We find that D is a rapidly varying function of temperature in the vicinity of the transition. It is very small well below the transition, increases to order \ensuremath{\Elzxh}/m at the static transition temperature, and appears to diverge at the point where the superfluid density vanishes. The diffusivity also appears to be insensitive to the presence of $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ impurities and to the nature of the substrate.
Crystallographic snapshots along a protein-induced DNA-bending pathway

Two new high-resolution cocrystal structures of EcoRV endonuclease bound to DNA show that a large variation in DNA-bending angles is sampled in the ground state binary complex. Together with previous structures, these data reveal a contiguous series of protein conformational states delineating a specific trajectory for the induced-fit pathway. Rotation of the DNA-binding domains, together with movements of two symmetry-related helices binding in the minor groove, causes base unstacking at a key base-pair step and propagates structural changes that assemble the active sites. These structures suggest a complex mechanism for DNA bending that depends on forces generated by interacting protein segments, and on selective neutralization of phosphate charges along the inner face of the bent double helix.
Effects of the use of an incomplete set of shape parameters for /sup 40/Ca in analyzing hadron scattering

The effects of the use of a portion of a three-parameters Fermi set of nuclear shape parameters for /sup 40/Ca in a two-parameter Fermi shape are demonstrated.
RADIATION‐INDUCED GENETIC MARKERS IN THE STUDY OF LEAF GROWTH IN ZEA

Corn embryos heterozygous for the plant color mutunt yellow-green were treated with moderate doses of radiation The sectors resulting from the loss of the dominant gene Yg/sub 2/ furnish a graphic illustration of the growth of an organ in space and time. Wet embryos were irradiated and leaves 3 through 6 were analyzed. The total number of sectors per leaf increases in relation to the amount of leaf tissue present at time of irradiation and their distribution varies, indicating a change in mitotic activity during early ontogeny of the leaf. As represented by leaf 6 in the mature embryo, cell division is rather uniform throughout the young primordium. Soon thereafter (leaf 5) cell divisions in the apical region increase, though cell lineages remain short. In the basal region of the leaf, the proportion of cell division decreases but those cells which do divide continue their activity over a longer period than the apical cells. Longer files of mutunt cells are formed in such a way. The mid regions of the leaf maintain their status quo in terms of distribution of sectors. The results indicate that differertiation of the intercalary meristem as a thin band occurs early in the development ofmore » the leaf primordium. The use of genetic techniques in conjunction with radiation in this case as a"timed'' release of genetic markers, may be a useful tool in the precise analysis of the dynamic aspects of organogenesis and histogenesis. (auth)« less
RGD-coated titanium implants stimulate increased bone formation in vivo.

Numerous studies have demonstrated that peptide modified surfaces influence short- and long-term cell responses such as attachment, shape and function in vitro. These responses are mediated via cell receptors known as integrins which bind specifically to short peptide sequences from larger proteins. Integrins transduce information to the nucleus through several cytoplasmic signalling pathways. Little is known, however, about the ability of peptide-coated surfaces to influence cell responses in vivo. The present study was designed to evaluate the quality and quantity of the new bone formed in response to titanium rods surface-coated with the peptide sequence Arg–Gly–Asp–Cys (RGDC) using gold-thiol chemistry and implanted in rat femurs. Histomorphometric analysis of cross-sections perpendicular to the implant long axis showed a significantly thicker shell of new bone formed around RGD-modified versus plain implants at 2 weeks (26.2±1.9 vs. 20.5±2.9 μm; P<0.01). A significant increase in bone thickness for RGD implants was also observed at 4 weeks while bone surrounding controls did not change significantly in thickness (32.7±4.6 vs. 22.6±4.0 μm; P<0.02). Mechanical pull-out testing conducted at 4 weeks revealed the average interfacial shear strength of peptide modified rods was 38% greater than control rods although this difference was not statistically significant. These pilot data suggest that an RGDC peptide coating may enhance titanium rod osseointegration in the rat femur. Long-term studies and evaluation of other peptides in larger animal models are warranted.
Phylogenies, Temporal Data, and Negative Evidence

In their report ([1][1]), D. Fox et al. attempt to demonstrate that the use of temporal data contributes directly in the reconstruction of phylogenies. They tested the proficiency of stratocladistics, a method of constructing phylogenies in which temporal data is included, by modeling evolutionary
Gender Differences in the Influence of Faculty–Student Mentoring Relationships on Satisfaction with College among African Americans

Prior research has focused on mentoring as a concept and its role in facilitating the personal and professional success of business leaders, faculty members, and graduate students in general, without giving equal attention to the influence of mentoring on outcomes among Black undergraduate students. Using CSEQ data from 653 African American collegians, we found that although Black men report more frequent engagement than women in both formal and informal relationships with their faculty mentors; gender neither yields a statistically significant influence on satisfaction with college, controlling for confounding effects, nor mediates the influence of mentoring on Black students’ satisfaction with college. Implications for future policy, practice, and research are discussed in light of critical issues in higher education.
Heart Rate Variability and the Exercise Pressor Reflex during Dynamic Handgrip Exercise and Postexercise Arterial Occlusion

ABSTRACT Background The exercise pressor reflex is thought to be an important cardiovascular control mechanism that may be compromised in disease states such as congestive heart failure and other metabolic syndromes. The purpose was to describe the exercise pressor reflex by observing heart rate variability and blood pressure responses to handgrip-exercise and postexercise arterial occlusion. Methods Continuous electrocardiography, arterial blood pressure, and pneumotachogram data were collected on 38 participants (age, 20 ± 1 year) during spontaneous breathing, venous-occluded exercise (60% maximal voluntary contraction, 0.5 Hz) and immediate postexercise arterial occlusion. Data were analyzed for mean R-R interval, standard deviation of R-R intervals (SDNN), normalized low (0–0.15 Hz) frequency power (LFnu), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and respiratory rate. Results During exercise, increases in respiratory rate (+ 4.55 ± 6.48 breaths/min), LFnu (+ 9.39 ± 16.83%), and MAP (+ 25.40 ± 17.55 mm Hg) were observed. Mean R-R interval (–230.73 ± 125.79 msec) and SDNN (–38.54 ± 36.02 msec) decreased ( P P P Conclusions The sustained elevation in MAP during postexercise arterial occlusion suggests metabo-receptor-mediated heightened sympathetic activity. The increase in LFnu during exercise and its subsequent recovery during postexercise occlusion is consistent with dynamic exercise-induced parasympathetic with-drawal but a strong vagal activation upon cessation of dynamic activity despite persistent sympathetic activity originating from afferent input from the occluded forearm.
Introduction to 2009 International Symposium on Potato Virus Y

Potato virus Y (PVY) is one of the most, if not the most, economically important viruses of potato. This virus occurs worldwide wherever the crop is grown. Infections with PVY reduce both yield and quality of the potato crop. The virus occurs as numerous biological strains that differ in pathogenicity on potato and tobacco and vary considerably in their serological and molecular genetic characteristics. The purpose of this symposium is to provide up-to-date information on the characteristics of this important virus, details of its genetic make-up and variability, research efforts in North America, and Europe, and an outline of the workings of a potato virus seed certification effort.
Contagious agalactia of sheep and goats preliminary studies on vaccines

Abstract Vaccines against contagious agalactia were tested for their ability to protect goats against challenge by subcutaneous inoculation of a strain of M. agalactiae of known infectivity. The results were assessed on clinical signs, and ante and post-mortern isolation of the challenge organism. They were expressed quantitatively by means of a scoring system. Serological response to vaccination was measured by complement fixation and growth inhibition tests. Of a number of vaccines prepared from formalin killed M. agalactiae those containing concentrated suspensions of mycoplasmata cells in oil adjuvants gave the best protection. A vaccine prepared from a cell suspension emulsified in oil and Falba gave better results than aluminium hydroxide vaccines prepared by the method of Popovici and De Simon (1966) . Before challenge, most of the goats vaccinated with oil and Falba vaccine became reactors to the CF test, but none reacted to the GI test. None of the dead vaccines prevented infection after challenge, but the resulting disease was in some instances less severe than in unvaccinated control goats. A live vaccine, attenuated by 40 passes on selective agar, gave complete protection against the challenge inoculation. The vaccine strain could be differentiated from the challenge strain by bacteriological methods. Goats inoculated with the live vaccine had a small residual infection with the vaccine strain when killed 3 to 4 months after vaccination and later work has shown that it can produce clinical contagious agalactia in lactating sheep. Before challenge, all the goats inoculated with the live vaccine became reactors to both the CF and GI tests.
Design Heuristics in Engineering Concept Generation

BACKGROUND Innovation in design depends on successful concept generation. The ideation stage of design is intended to produce multiple, varied concepts from which to develop and choose. Often, instruction on idea generation methods is not offered in engineering classes; however, when taught, it is commonly through techniques like brainstorming, which lacks specific ways to generate designs. Further, existing ideation strategies are not based on evidence from designers or rigorous testing through empirical studies. PURPOSE This study investigated how engineering students and practitioners generated ideas. We focused on how designers used product characteristics to define concepts, and how previous concepts were transformed into new solutions by modifying their characteristics. Our methodology is based on our previous work identifying Design Heuristics in engineering solutions, defined as cognitive prompts that facilitate exploration of multiple designs during concept generation. METHOD Think-aloud recordings and concept sketches were collected from 36 engineering students and practitioners (with varying levels of experience) as they generated ideas for a novel design task in a laboratory setting. These data, along with retrospective interviews, were analyzed for the ideation strategies evident in the participants’ solutions. RESULTS This study revealed evidence for over 60 strategies for concept generation during the ideation stage. Participants generated novel concepts and proposed concept modifications, and specific Design Heuristics were observed in their designs. The results suggest instruction on Design Heuristics can aid in effective idea generation. CONCLUSIONS This protocol study of engineering designers provides a collection of heuristics observed in practice that offers new methods for students and practitioners to explore design spaces. The Design Heuristics identified in this and previous work can potentially be learned and then incorporated into the practice of engineering students and practitioners.
Substance P antagonist inhibits vasomotor responses elicited from ventral medulla in rat.

Abstract Application of kainic acid to the ventral medulla in rats leads to increases in blood pressure and heart rate. These responses can be attenuated or reversed by infusion of the substance P antagonist — ( d -Pro2, d -Trp7,9)-substance P into the spinal subarachnoid space. Kainic acid elicits normal pressor responses from rats that have been treated intracisternally with the serotonin neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine. These results suggest that the substance P-like neurons of the ventral medulla may play a role in maintaining vasomotor tone.
Applying Anticipatory Text Selection in a Writing Aid for People with Severe Motor Impairment

By anticipating the next letter or word a disabled user is likely to choose, this system enables that user to more efficiently generate text when employing a scanning method.
Using Priming Methods in Second Language Research by MCDONOUGH, KIM, & PAVEL TROFIMOVICH

The article reviews the book "Using Priming Methods in Second Language Research," by Kim McDonough and Pavel Trofimovich.
Effect of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion on the Tensile Stress-Strain Response of Aluminum and Alumina-Particle Reinforced Aluminum Composite

Abstract The tensile stress-strain responses of Al 6061 (UNS A96061) and alumina (Al2O3)-particle reinforced Al 6061 composite were investigated while exposed to a marine bacteria, Pseudomonas species strain NCMB 2021. Tensile responses of the unreinforced alloy and composite samples were altered by the microbial exposures. The strain to failure of the unreinforced alloy was lowered significantly as a result of microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). The effect of MIC on composite samples was more drastic. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and strain to failure were reduced significantly in the presence of the microbial species. Changes in the stress-strain responses of both materials were attributed to preferential formation of surface voids as a result of biofilm formation and the MIC process.
Example Taiwanese Traditional Houses

The derivations of four Taiwanese traditional vernacular houses, based on a shape grammar, are illustrated. We also discuss the role of grammars in describing design style, using the Taiwanese houses as exemplars.
Autoantibodies against cytoskeletal neuronal proteins in sera of arsenic-exposed subjects correlate with neurological symptoms

This descriptive study correlates the presence of serum autoantibodies to five neuronal cytoskeletal proteins with neurologic deficits in subjects exposed to arsenic (As). Arsenic exposure remains a serious problem in many countries producing skin lesions and hair loss. More serious manifestations include: liver and kidney damage, encephalopathy, peripheral neuropathy, gangrene of extremities, and cancer. Bangladesh represents one of the countries where high percentage of population is exposed to As through highly contaminated drinking groundwater. Autoantibodies were determined against the following proteins: neurofilament triplet proteins (NFP), microtubule associated protein-2 (MAP2), and microtubule associated protein tau (tau). Sera were obtained from 14 subjects in the severely affected village of Mianpur, Charghat Thana, Rajshahi. Individuals were further divided into group A with objective complaints of organic neurologic damage and group B without neurologic deficits manifestations and eight heal...
A Systematic Assessment of Head and Neck Deformable Image Registration Using High Resolution Biomechanical Models

by imaging studies and/or physical examination, and most were pathologically confirmed (n Z 217; 92.3%). The median interval to ILRRs was 33.2 mos (range, 4.5-236 mos), and 76.6% arose within 60 mos. Among all LRRs, 35.3% (n Z 83) were isolated to the chest wall, 51.5% (n Z 121) were isolated to regional nodes, and 13.2% (n Z 31) occurred in both chest wall and regional nodes. Thus, 48.5% (n Z 114) of pts had local recurrences, whereas 64.7% (n Z 152) of pts had regional recurrences. Of regional recurrences, 53.3% (n Z 81) were isolated to the SCV region, 17.8% (n Z 27) were isolated to the IMNs, 11.8% (n Z 18) were isolated to the axilla, and 17.1% (n Z 26) occurred in multiple regions. Overall, there were 44.7% (n Z 105), 18.3% (n Z 43), and 14.0% (n Z 33) of pts relapsed in the SCV region, IMNs, and axilla, respectively. Conclusions: Unlike previous reports, this study identifies the regional nodes to be the most common place for ILRRs in pts treated with mastectomy and adjuvant systemic therapies but without PMRT, and regional recurrence in the IMNs is not an uncommon finding. Author Disclosure: J. Ma: None. W. Li: None. L. Fan: None. J. Chen: None. X. Guo: None.
Mental Computation of Students in a Reform-Based Mathematics Curriculum

Traditional school instruction in mathematics has generally produced students who are poor at mental computation and exhibit a weak sense of number and mathematical operations. In this study, fifth graders who had been in a reform-based mathematics curriculum since kindergarten were given a whole-class test on mental computation problems. Baseline data with students in traditional mathematics curricula were used as a comparison. The students in this reform-based mathematics curriculum performed much higher than the comparison group on all but one problem, and on most problems, this difference was substantial. Additionally, a student preference survey indicated that students in the reform curriculum were more likely to consider the calculator as an option than were the baseline group. They were also more able to recognize problems that did not lend themselves to mental computation. Individual interviews indicated that experiences in the primary grades with “invented” algorithms and discussing alternative solutions led to a better ability to compute mentally and a stronger number sense.
Changing contexts and the field of community psychology

The legacy of the Swampscott conference 25 years ago is palpable. The scientific accomplishments have been substantial. The four agendas I have presented for the future development of the field depend upon psychologists as individuals and psychologists as participants in our departments, colleges, universities, professional societies, and peer review panels to reduce the constraints that limit the definition and study of psychological phenomena in community settings (Schneider, 1990). As these constraints are addressed, new social norms can be established to expand and diversify the research process. There are some explicit positive side effects that can occur. A new working social structure can be created for how universities and communities can be resources for each other. The four topics I have presented are agendas for keeping at the task of generating active and expanding scientific traditions. These topics when addressed in the context of collaboration with other disciplines and citizens can develop an empirical base of shared wisdom about how to carry out community psychology research. In these ways the benefits of community psychology research can become more empowering for the public and more and more systemic for the scholar.
Three‐dimensional computed tomography in the cardiac catheterization laboratory

Objectives: To establish the feasibility of fusion of a 3-dimensional computed tomography (3D CT) dataset to the routine fluoroscopic image in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Background: Routine fluoroscopic imaging in the cardiac catheterization laboratory often does not provide adequate anatomic detail for structural cardiac interventions. The modern C-arm is capable of acquiring CT-like 3D images (Syngo DynaCT), and the overlay of CT-acquired details on the fluoroscopic image may be useful. The feasibility of this new technology has not yet been reported. Methods: Three patients (presenting with three different clinical indications) were selected, all of whom had previously undergone contrast-enhanced chest CT. Anatomic details of interest were marked on the preprocedural CT, and the CT was registered to a DynaCT acquired in the catheterization laboratory. The CT:CT registration was then fused to the “real-time” fluoroscopic image. Results: Fusion of the CT to the fluoroscopic image was successful in these three patients and provided a substantial degree of anatomic guidance for catheter and device manipulation. Conclusions: We have demonstrated the ability to delineate cardiovascular structures of interest on the “real-time” fluoroscopic image using CT fusion. Future studies should address whether this technology can reduce overall contrast administration and radiation dose. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Using spectral vegetation indices to estimate rangeland productivity

Abstract Spectral vegetation indices (VI), that use combinations of photographic red (RED) and near‐infrared (NIR) remotely sensed radiances, were used to develop predictive relations for pholosynthetically active (green) biomass of rangeland plant canopies. Two basic types of soil adjusted VIs thai use multiplicative ratios and linear additive transformations of RED and NIR radiances were evaluated. Results showed that the perpendicular vegetation index (PVI), soil adjusted VI (SAVI), transformed soil adjusted VI (TSAVI), and soil adjusted ratio VI (SAVI2), were all equally related to green standing biomass. Soil moisture measurements significantly improved predictive relations for green biomass with VI. Thus, it is postulated that a thermal sensor, that could provide an independent estimate of soil moisture, might be useful for improving estimates of range productivity during periods where rainfall accumulations are temporally and geographically sporadic. These results indicated that most of the Vis tes...
Healthy whole-grain choices for children and parents: a multi-component school-based pilot intervention.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to pilot-test a school-based intervention designed to increase consumption of whole grains by 4th and 5th grade children. Design: This multi-component school-based pilot intervention utilised a quasiexperimental study design (intervention and comparison schools) that consisted of a five-lesson classroom curriculum based on Social Cognitive Theory, school cafeteria menu modifications to increase the availability of whole-grain foods and family-oriented activities. Meal observations of children estimated intake of whole grains at lunch. Children and parents completed questionnaires to assess changes in knowledge, availability, self-efficacy, usual food choice and role modelling. Setting/sample: Parent/child pairs from two schools in the Minneapolis metropolitan area; 67 in the intervention and 83 in the comparison school. Results: Whole-grain consumption at the lunch meal increased by 1 serving (P ,0?0001) and refined-grain consumption decreased by 1 serving for children in the intervention school compared with the comparison school post-intervention (P ,0?001). Whole-grain foods were more available in the lunches served to children in the intervention school compared with the comparison school postintervention (P ,0?0001). The ability to identify whole-grain foods by children in both schools increased, with a trend towards a greater increase in the intervention school (P 50?06). Parenting scores for scales for role modelling (P ,0?001) and enabling behaviours (P ,0?05) were significantly greater for parents in the intervention school compared with the comparison school post-intervention. Conclusions: The multi-component school-based programme implemented in the current study successfully increased the intake of whole-grain foods by children.
On the Theory of Turbulence in the Buoyancy Subrange of Stably Stratified Flows

Abstract A theoretical investigation is made of turbulence in the buoyancy subrange of stably stratified sheer flows. This theory is based on a new calculation of the buoyancy flux spectrum B (k). In the Lumley-Shur theory, it was assumed that B (k) had a universal form which could be determined by a simple dimensional consideration. That assumption is shown to be incorrect. One new result of the present calculation is that B (k) has a fairly sharp transition at a wavenumber kB = 0.8½ωB/vm, where ωB is the Brunt-Vaisala frequency and vm the root-mean-square velocity in the equilibrium range. Physically, this transition is “interpreted” as an emission of incoherent gravity waves fed by the kinetic energy of vertically fluctuating air particles. When k kB, the gravity waves are strongly damped and consequently contain very little energy. The transition of the energy spectrum E(k) at kB is foun...
Testosterone therapy for men at risk for or with history of prostate cancer

Since the early 1940s when Huggins showed that severe reductions in serum testosterone by castration or estrogen therapy caused regression of prostate cancer (PCa), it has been assumed that higher testosterone levels cause enhanced growth of PCa. For this reason, it has been considered taboo to offer testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) to any man with a prior history of PCa, even if all objective evidence suggests he has been cured. The fear has been that higher testosterone levels would "awaken" dormant cells and cause a recurrence. Thus, US Food and Drug Administration-mandated language in all testosterone package inserts states that testosterone is contraindicated in men with a history of, or suspected of having, PCa. Although there is little modern experience with administration of testosterone in men with known history of PCa, there is a varied and extensive literature indicating that TRT does not pose any increased risk of PCa growth in men with or without prior treatment. For instance, the cancer rate in TRT trials is only approximately 1%, similar to detection rates in screening programs, yet biopsy-detectable PCa is found in one of seven hypogonadal men. Moreover, PCa is almost never seen in the peak testosterone years of the early 20s, despite autopsy evidence that men in this age group already harbor microfoci of PCa in substantial numbers. The growing number of PCa survivors who happen to be hypogonadal and request treatment has spurred a change in attitude toward this topic, with increasing numbers of physicians now offering TRT to men who appear cured of their disease. Publications have now reported no prostate-specific antigen (PSA) recurrence with TRT in small numbers of men who had undetectable PSA values after radical prostatectomy. Although still controversial, there appears to be little reason to withhold TRT from men with favorable outcomes after definitive treatment for PCa. Monitoring with PSA and digital rectal examination at regular intervals is recommended.
Ultrastructural morphology and protein content of the internal organic material of rat otoconia.

Abstract Otoconia taken from the maculae of the saccule and utricle of the rat inner ear were investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Their ultrastructure was compared using various decalcification techniques. Similar preparations were analyzed using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) to assess their protein constituents. TEM results show loss of organic material during prolonged decalcification. This is not seen in samples decalcified overnight. The SDS-PAGE results show that rat otoconia contain a major broad band of 90–100 kDa, a major thin band of 56 kDa, and three other bands of 33, 45, and 50 kDa. The band of 56 kDa may be associated with the surface of the otoconia.
Efficacy of laparoscopic antireflux surgery in patients with Barrett's esophagus.

Background Laparoscopic antireflux surgery (LARS) corrects significant physiologic and anatomic abnormalities in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD); however, debate exists whether LARS prevents recurrent symptoms and malignant transformation in patients with Barrett's esophagus (BE). This study compared clinical outcomes after LARS in patients with and without BE. Methods From 1994 to 2001, 448 patients who underwent LARS were studied. Of these, 68 (15%) had preoperative evidence of BE with low-grade dysplasia in 3 (4%), and 380 (85%) were without BE. Mean postoperative follow-up was more than 30 months in each group. Results After LARS, there was equivalent reduction in acid reduction medication use and typical GERD symptoms in both groups. Anatomic failures developed in 12% of patients with BE and in 5% of those without BE (P = 0.05). Upper endoscopy with biopsies was obtained in 50 of 68 patients (74%) with BE at 37 +/- 22 months postoperatively. Intestinal metaplasia was no longer present in 7 of 50 (14%) BE patients, and low-grade dysplasia regressed to nondysplastic Barrett's in 2 of 3 patients. New low-grade dysplasia developed in 1 BE patient (2%) at postoperative endoscopic surveillance. No BE patients developed high-grade dysplasia or adenocarcinoma. Conclusions After LARS, patients with BE have symptomatic relief and reduction in medication use equivalent to non-BE patients. Regression of intestinal metaplasia and the absence of progression to high-grade dysplasia or adenocarcinoma suggest that LARS is an effective approach for the management of patients with Barrett's esophagus. The higher failure rate of LARS in BE is of concern and mandates ongoing follow-up of these patients.
Resistive index of the intrascrotal artery in scrotal inflammatory disease.

Purpose: to investigate the utility of the resistive indices (RIs) of the epididymal and intratesticular arteries, and to establish diagnostic criteria for scrotal inflammatory disease on the basis of quantitative color Doppler sonographyMaterial and Methods: We prospectively examined 29 consecutive patients with scrotal pain, and 15 normal control subjects. the RIs of the intratesticular and epididymal arteries were obtained from color Doppler sonographsResults: the RIs of the testicular artery in epididymoorchitis were significantly lower than those in normal control subjects and in epididymitis (p 0.5). with a cut-off value of RI=0.5, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive and negative predictive values were 91%, 94%, 94%, 83%, and 77% respectively. the mean RI of the epididymal arteries in epididymitis and epididymoorchitis was 0.49±0.11. A high level of diagnostic accuracy in scrotal inflammato...