cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Activist Educators and the Production, Circulation, and Impact of Social Movement Knowledge

The burgeoning research on contemporary educator movements provides insight into what activist educators know and believe, what they learn through their collective organizing and activism, and how they engage in inquiry to generate new knowledge for praxis. Yet, although this work suggests that knowledge is being generated, circulated, and mobilized for action among organizers and activists, the process remains mostly tacit. In this article, I draw from Eyerman and Jamison’s (1991) work on the cognitive praxis of social movements, as well as several studies of educator activism, to argue for the importance of understanding how activist educators produce and circulate social movement knowledge. To make this argument, I share diverse examples of how communities of activist educators engage with knowledge generated by social movements, create new localized knowledge for their activist activity, and promote that knowledge within and beyond their movement networks. Circulating their knowledge through networks extending over time and space, activist educators ultimately bridge social movement knowledge into spheres of influence over state schooling, new arenas for struggle in the contested terrain of education.
Selective area regrowth and doping for vertical gallium nitride power devices: Materials challenges and recent progress

Abstract This paper reviews materials challenges and recent progress for selective area regrowth and doping for vertical gallium nitride (GaN) power devices. The purpose is to realize randomly placed, reliable, contactable, and generally useable laterally patterned p-n junctions, which are the building blocks for various advanced power rectifiers and transistors. The general regrowth process and regrowth dynamics in trenches were discussed, where the effects of trench geometries, growth methods, and bulk substrates were elucidated. Comprehensive materials characterization techniques were utilized to analyze the regrown structures, including scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atom probe tomography, scanning probe microscopy, and secondary-ion mass spectrometry. Cathodoluminescence and secondary electrons in scanning electron microscopy and atom probe tomography were used to achieve lateral and vertical dopant profiling at a sub-micron scale. The regrowth interface after dry etching accumulated a high density of impurities and charges, contributing to the formation of a p+-n+ tunneling junction. This hypothesis was further confirmed by the electrostatic potential profile at the regrowth interface using electron holography. Novel etching technologies were investigated to improve the regrowth interface. It was found that low-power dry etching significantly reduced the interfacial charges and the reverse leakage currents of regrown p-n junctions. Photoelectrochemical wet etching was found to be effective in reducing deep-level defects near the regrowth interface. Atomic layer etching uses self-limiting chemical processes, thus removing the damaged layers without inducing further etching damage. Tertiarybutylchloride-based in situ etching may serve as an alternative etching method to dry etching with reduced etching damage. In terms of devices, regrown p-n junctions with low leakage currents and vertical junction field-effect transistors were demonstrated. Further improvements in selective area regrowth and associated devices can be expected using regrowth optimization and regrowth interface engineering via surface treatments and low-damage etching. These results represent an important step towards realizing selective area regrowth and doping for high performance GaN power electronics devices and systems.
Financial Armageddon Routs Law Again

This essay, after highlighting the unique aspects of financial markets, offers a mostly rational account for financial crises, centering on the 2008 crisis as an example. The thesis is that market participants overestimate the duration of high
Climate change curriculum infusion project: An educational initiative at one U.S. medical school

Abstract Background Climate change is considered the greatest threat and opportunity to health of the 21st century and medical schools are seeking effective ways to teach relevant climate change competencies in an already crowded medical curriculum. Objective Describe the Climate Change Curriculum Infusion Project (CCCIP) at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS) and summarize results of two phases of evaluation assessing student perceptions and visibility of the CCCIP curriculum three years after its inception. Methods CCCIP content was mapped to medical and climate and health competencies. Content was designed in conjunction with institutional staff and faculty. Data was collected in two phases (Summer 2018, Fall 2020) utilizing anonymous, online surveys distributed to medical students who had participated in at least one year of the CCCIP curriculum. Results The CCCIP integrates climate change and health content (30+ slides across 6 courses) with minimal disruption ( Conclusions CCCIP demonstrates a feasible preliminary approach to integrating climate content into medical preclinical education. Students largely understand the value of climate change material and are open to its inclusion in the preclinical curriculum. However, curricular enhancements are needed to meet project goals in terms of curricular visibility and effectiveness.
Knowledge and Skill Requirements for it Graduates

This study examines the knowledge and skills required of entry-level IT workers as perceived by nearly 600 IT managers and workers from across the United States. In keeping with previous studies, the findings suggest that personal and interpersonal skills are the top rated skills with technical skills following closely behind. Organizational knowledge, particularly knowledge of primary business functions, is important, but less important for entry-level works than technical skills. The findings also suggest that possessing relevant work experience is more important for graduates seeking entry-level positions than a having a high GPA. Implications of the findings for curriculum design, student advisement and job placement are discussed.
Particle Transport along Magnetic Null Lines as Sputter or Antihydrogen Source

Abstract Particle transport along null magnetic lines is investigated using classical trajectory Monte Carlo simulations and described as a traveling wave and through diffusion equations. A magnetic null line is defined as a one-dimensional region where the magnetic field magnitude is zero. This region may take any shape in three-dimensional space. The field used in the simulations is generated by two infinite wires of negligible thickness carrying identical current and separated by a small distance. Thus, an infinite magnetic null line exists directly between the wires. The particle trajectories are simulated by solving the equations of motion for each simulated particle of a mono- energetic set. Each is considered individually, with all trajectories starting from the same position along the null line. Each trajectory is simulated until it reaches a specified distance from the initial point or a maximum time elapses. The simulation is repeated using a full set for multiple endpoints and maximum times for ten different amounts of current in the wires. Each current value is selected so that no particles can travel more than seven times the distance between the wires from the null line. The fraction of particles that reach the endpoint in a given time is calculated and used to describe particle transport parallel to the null line. The results are given in normalized, dimensionless units and their possible applications as an antihydrogen source and use in ultra-high purity sputter are discussed. The results are used to find the conditions necessary to obtain a steady and uniform particle flux suitable for ultra-high purity sputter, assuming that plasma is generated near the null line.
Antigens of virus-induced tumors.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the antigens of virus-induced tumors in animals and man. The origin and characteristics of the various types of antigens in viral tumors and their participation in spontaneous or induced immunologic responses of the host are described in the chapter. The implications of such immunologic responses for prevention or therapy of virus-induced tumors are also considered in the chapter. Virus-induced tumors always contain a double potential from the standpoint of possible new antigens being present in the oncogenically transformed cells that are absent in their normal counterparts. The chapter also presents the transplantation type or surface antigen represented by in vitro and in vivo techniques. The chapter considers transplantation antigen as new antigen, presumably that is found on the cell surface and coded for by the viral genome present in the transformed cell that is responsible for homograft type of transplant rejection of virus-induced tumors in isologous systems. The demonstration of this type of virus-specified antigen in cells transformed by polyoma virus was one of the earliest evidences of virus-induced tumor antigens.
Analysis of VET in Ukraine since the Soviet era

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore how vocational education and training (VET) in Ukraine has changed since the Soviet era; and to determine its structure, successes, and challenges. Design/methodology/approach – The author conducted interviews and tours at 15 vocational schools in seven cities in Ukraine. Findings – Ukraine is struggling to establish itself as an independent, modern country; education includes elements from the Soviet era and contemporary European practices; the VET system is taking on the state-regulated bureaucratic model; it has mixed success mainly due to economic development; social support for secondary students is very strong. Research limitations/implications – Since Ukraine will eventually be a key player in international relations, it is important for scholars to understand how the VET system is developing. Originality/value – This study provides an in-depth view of VET in this once closed country which is now susceptible to influence from Russia and Europe.
Testing of Radiation Hardness in the Extreme‐Ultraviolet Spectral Region

Currently we are commissioning a second multilayer‐based beamline to study the radiation hardness of multilayers under extreme‐ultraviolet (EUV) irradiation in an oxidizing atmosphere. Multilayer lifetime is one of the most important issues for the commercialization of extreme‐ultraviolet lithography. The beamline employs a spherical multilayer mirror and a beryllium filter. The mirror demagnifies the source and reflects 13.4 nm radiation as well as visible light. The beryllium filter suppresses the visible light reflected by the mirror and provides also a barrier between the extremely clean storage ring vacuum and the water atmosphere of the test chamber.
Review of, "Biostatistics and Epidemiology" by S. Wassertheil-Smoller

If you need to know anything basic about Biostatistics and Epidemiology, this book belongs in your library! Unlike most science and technology books – which, I have concluded after nearly 42 years in this business, tend to be written less to teach and communicate information than to impress the reader with how much the author knows about the subject matter – this one, refreshingly and quite successfully, ensures that the reader comes away with a better understanding of the topics of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, as a result of the authors' genuine desire to convey information in a clear, concise, relevant, understandable, and very readable way. In nine Chapters and nine Appendices, spanning 243 pages (which include ample references and suggested further readings), the indexed material covers a wide range of fundamental principles that form the basis for such subjects as: (1) The Scientific Method; (2) Probability Theory; (3) Statistics; (4) Epidemiology; (5) Screening Methods and Techniques; (6) Clinical Trials; (7) Quality of Life; (8) Genetics; and (9) Biomedical Ethics. A unique feature of the way the book is written, is that individual Chapters can be read out-of-sequence with no loss of continuity. The reader can skip around, omit certain sections, and still glean what he or she needs to know without feeling cheated. That's not easy to do, but this author does it well. I found the material to be written at a very comfortable cognitive level – aimed mainly at medical, upper-level-college, and graduate students – and sequenced in a logical manner, thus making it easy to follow and totally user-friendly. The author has a special talent for reducing complicated concepts to an easily understandable level. For example the Appendix dealing with Genetic Principles gives the best introductory synopsis of this topic that I have seen anywhere; and the "middle Chapters" that address "Mostly About" – Statistics (Chapter 3), Epidemiology (Chapter 4), Screening (Chapter 5), Clinical Trials (Chapter 6), Quality of Life (Chapter 7), and Epidemiology (Chapter 8), are gems!. What are especially nice are the many relevant, easy-to-understand and practical examples, that the author judiciously and effectively intersperses with the theoretical background material; and, the Chapter Summaries that conclude most of them. There is a very well-balanced give-and-take between theory and practice. I also liked the wonderful (sometimes witty) little parables and anecdotes that give the book a charming personality. In all, I would offer my compliments to the author for a "job well done!"
On the numerical simulation of particle dynamics in the radiation belt: 2. Procedure based on the diagonalization of the diffusion tensor

[1] In this paper, we conclude the survey and comparison of different numerical methods used to solve the diffusion equation for particle dynamics in the Earth's radiation belt, initiated in Camporeale et al. (2013). Here we focus on the diagonalization procedure introduced by Albert and Young (2005) that, by performing a change of coordinates, solves the diffusion equation in a space where the mixed diffusion terms are null. We describe the diagonalization procedure and its numerical implementation, which is not as straightforward as the implementation of a traditional solver in a rectangular domain. We compare the computing times with and without the diagonalization procedure, and we conclude that this procedure is generally not advantageous from the point of view of computational efficiency.
Chemical and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the blood group M and N active sialoglycopeptides from human glycophorin A.

The NH2-terminal sialoglycopeptides from human erythrocyte glycophorin A have been obtained by specific proteolytic cleavage and gel filtration chromatography. By cyanogen bromide cleavage, a glycosylated octapeptide was obtained from blood group M donors having an amino acid composition and 13C NMR spectrum consistent with the structure (formula: see text) was demonstrated. By Staphylococcus aureus protease cleavage, a glycosylated pentapeptide was obtained from N donors having the same structure as II, without the carboxyl-terminal sequence Val . Ala . Hse. Methanolysis/gas chromatographic analysis and 13C NMR spectroscopy of I and II and their asialo derivatives reveal that the M- and N-active sialoglyco-octapeptides both have identical oligosaccharide structures, each containing three O-linked tetrasaccharides with the structure NeuNAc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-3(NeuNAc alpha 2-6)GalNAc alpha 1-O-Ser(Thr). The demonstration of the anomeric form of GalNAc-peptide linkages revealed by 13C NMR has previously been inaccessible by chemical analysis. Conformationally, I and II appear identical and both manifest several unusual resonance shifts suggestive of a glycopeptide secondary structure involving four specific hydrogen bonds. Calcium ion titration was also found to induce shifts in the NeuNAc 13C resonances that may be of functional significance. Serological studies reveal that both the M and N glyco-octapeptides and the N glyco-pentapeptide retain all of the M and N activity of the parent structure. Deamination and/or desialylation completely destroys this activity. These data are consistent with a model in which the M or N determinant is the NH2-terminal amino acid and a NeuNAc residue(s). From these data it is concluded that there is no chemical basis for assertions in the literature that M and N antigens differ in their oligosaccharide structure or that the N antigen is biosynthetically transformed to the M antigen by sialylation.
On the accuracy of perfectly matched layers using a finite element formulation

A Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) is applied to a three-dimensional edge-based finite element formulation to calculate the S-parameters of waveguide structures. The PML region is implemented in the finite element code as a non-physical uniaxial anisotropic lossy material. Numerical results demonstrate the accuracy and future potential of such an absorber.
Qualitative Research Methods

Qualitative psychological research addresses people who are living through particular situations. Findings are presented discursively (descriptively) or through listed interrelated themes. Examples of studied phenomena are the experiences of being criminally victimized, being joyful, awaiting biopsy results, and the formation of white-space Rorschach responses as described by clients. Two related forms of qualitative research, conversation analysis and discourse analysis, identify people's interactive ways of gaining or maintaining influence. Examples of these studies are interdisciplinary team meetings with patients in a psychiatric facility, marital discussions, and psychotherapy sessions. These situations as lived by participants are not amenable to experimental methods, which require manipulation and measurement in terms of predetermined categories. Hence, qualitative—descriptive—methods have been developed to access situations as they unfold in the life world. Qualitative research is not opposed to categorical, quantitative research, which historically has been essential to psychology's becoming scientific and has provided our ever-evolving body of knowledge. Qualitative research is in the beginning stages of providing an empirical body of understanding. Keywords: generalization; hermeneutic interpretation; human science psychology; rigor; representation; validity
A case of indeterminate dendritic cell tumor presenting with leonine facies

Background Indeterminate dendritic cell tumor is an extremely rare neoplastic proliferation of dendritic cells that share immunophenotypic features of Langerhans cells and macrophages but lack Birbeck granules and Langerin expression. Methods We report a 55-year-old female presenting with a leonine facies and generalized multiple confluent papules, nodules and plaques on neck, upper trunk, arms and thighs. Laboratory evaluations were performed including skin biopsies, peripheral blood flow cytometry and positron emission tomography-computed tomography. Results The lesional skin biopsy showed a dense dermal and perifollicular infiltrate composed of histiocytoid cells with nuclear grooves lacking dendritic processes in a background of lymphocytes. Eosinophils were absent. The histiocytoid cells were CD68+CD1a+Langerin- and only focally S100+. Special stains including GMS, Gram and Fite were all negative for infectious organisms. Although an initial diagnosis suggesting Langerhans cell histiocytosis was proposed due to CD1a positivity, a diagnosis of indeterminate dendritic cell tumor was finally rendered based on the histopathological findings and the lack of expression of Langerin. Conclusion This case illustrates the variegated clinical presentation of indeterminate cell tumor and the necessity of appropriate immunohistochemical workup for its diagnosis.
Mathematical modeling of key‐hole laser welding

Laser welding is a unique way of joining materials with less thermal distortion and minimum metallurgical damage to the workpiece. The molten pool formed during welding determines the shape of the final welded region. At high laser intensities, the molten material vaporizes and a key hole is formed during the welding process. This vapor and the shape of the molten pool affect the absorption of laser at the liquid surface. The forces generated at the liquid‐vapor interface due to surface tension gradient induce thermocapillary convection in the weld pool. This paper presents a mathematical model by considering these surface forces and the energy balance at the liquid‐vapor and solid‐liquid interfaces. The model is used to predict the surface velocity and temperature distributions, weld pool shape, key‐hole depth and diameter. The velocity field is found to be large in the radial and azimuthal directions before the key hole is formed, and it changes to a radially and axially dominant field after the formation of the key hole. The results of this model are also compared with experimental data.
Malposition of a Total Parenteral Nutrition Catheter in the Accessory Hemiazygos Vein

A total parenteral nutrition catheter was surgically introduced into the left cephalic vein of a 31-yr-old man with regional enteritis. After placement, a frontal radiograph indicated malplacement of the catheter. Its left vertical paramedian position indicated a left internal thoracic vein, a persistent left superior cava, or a left superior intercostal-accessory hemiazygos vein position. The left internal thoracic vein is very anterior within the thorax, a persistent left superior vena cava is centrally located, and the left superior intercostal-accessory hemiazygos vein is quite posterior. A lateral radiograph revealed a markedly posterior catheter course, with its tip at the level of the vertebral bodies. A venogram confirmed its location within the left superior intercostal-hemiazygos vein. The catheter was removed and replaced. After placement of all total parenteral nutrition catheters, a chest radiograph should be obtained. A single frontal film is usually adequate; if not, a supplemental lateral view may be taken. If uncertainty still exists, a venogram through the catheter may be obtained for precise localization.
A Women's Support Group for Asian International Students

International students underuse counseling services, which are grounded in Western cultural values. The authors describe a support group for Asian international students that they launched at a large midwestern university to help students feel at ease with American university life, address homesickness, language problems, and academic and social stressors. Co-leaders created a safe and culturally sensitive atmosphere where the women could network, socialize, and address their issues. Group treatment offers many advantages over individual counseling and can enhance the health of international students.
Stability of Triple-Helical Poly(dT)-Poly(dA)-Poly(dT) DNA with Counterions

Structural conformation of triple-helical poly(dT)-poly(dA)-poly(dT) has been a very controversial issue recently. Earlier investigations, based on fiber diffraction data and molecular modeling, indicated an A-form conformation with C'3-endo sugar pucker. On the other hand, Raman, solution infrared spectral, and NMR studies show a B-form structure with C'2-endo sugars. In accordance with these experimental results, a theoretical model with B-form, C'2-endo sugars was proposed in 1993. In the present work we investigate the dynamics and stability of the two conformations within the effective local field approach applied to the normal mode calculations for the system. The presence of counterions was explicitly taken into account. Stable equilibrium positions for the counterions were calculated by analyzing the normal mode dynamics and free energy of the system. The breathing modes of the triple helix are shifted to higher frequencies over those of the double helix by 4-16 cm-1. The characteristic marker band for the B conformation at 835 cm-1 is split up into two marker bands at 830 and 835 cm-1. A detailed comparison of the normal modes and the free energies indicates that the B-form structure, with C'2-endo sugar pucker, is more stable than the A-form structure. The normal modes and the corresponding dipole moments are found to be in close agreement with recent spectroscopic findings.
Measured and Calculated Earth–Atmosphere Radiance in the 8–14-μ Window as a Function of Altitude

Aircraft measurements of the earth–atmosphere radiance in the 8–14-μ window are compared with calculated values as a function of altitude. Two instruments, the Barnes PRT–4 radiometer and the Block I6T interferometer spectrometer, were used. The theoretical model is found to describe satisfactorily the integrated radiance from the earth and lower atmosphere.
Seamless integration of clinical care and research in an innovative fertility preservation program: the Colorado Oncofertility Program model

The purpose of this study is to describe a model of care for fertility preservation (FP) that integrates clinical care and research through the establishment of the Colorado Oncofertility Program’s (COP) patient registry. To integrate research and clinical care, the COP developed a multidisciplinary organizational structure and established a prospective registry of demographic information and clinical data of patients who agree to participate in future studies. The patient registry allows for the integration of clinical care and research as well as streamlined data collection. Since the program launch in January 2012, over 285 patients have been evaluated and >95 % of approached patients have agreed to participate in the registry. Data collected are used for research, systematic program evaluation, and utilization of services. As one of the fastest growing oncofertility programs in the country, there is great potential for the COP’s registry to contribute to expanding the limited body of literature on the late effects of cancer treatment on fertility and reproductive health in the adolescent and young adult (AYA) oncology population. With the use of web-based bioinformatics, objective data are captured for clinical care, future studies, program evaluation, and quality assurance, without compromising patient autonomy, privacy, and confidentiality or the commitment to personalized care.
A Farm Firm Model of Machinery Investment Decisions

This article presents a multiperiod mixed integer programming (MMIP) model of optimal machinery decisions. Infinite horizon valuation models of replacement and other investment situations are conceptualized in the context of a finite programming model. Dual properties of the MMIP model are used to identify and value opportunity costs involved in investment decisions of farm machinery. The interdependent nature of investment and production relationships necessary for solving these values emphasizes the importance of a holistic firm perspective in analyzing farm machinery investment strategies. An empirical situation is used to demonstrate model application.
Rapid analysis of large protein-protein complexes using NMR-derived orientational constraints: the 95 kDa complex of LpxA with acyl carrier protein.

Characterization of protein–protein interactions that are critical to the specific function of many biological systems has become a primary goal of structural biology research. Analysis of these interactions by structural techniques is, however, challenging due to inherent limitations of the techniques and because many of the interactions are transient, and suitable complexes are difficult to isolate. In particular, structural studies of large protein complexes by traditional solution NMR methods are difficult due to a priori requirement of extensive assignments and a large number of intermolecular restraints for the complex. An approach overcoming some of these challenges by utilizing orientational restraints from residual dipolar couplings collected on solution NMR samples is presented. The approach exploits existing structures of individual components, including the symmetry properties of some of these structures, to assemble rapidly models for relatively large protein–protein complexes. An application is illustrated with a 95 kDa homotrimeric complex of the acyltransferase protein, LpxA (UDP- N -acetylglucosamine acyltransferase), and acyl carrier protein. LpxA catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of the lipid A component of lipopolysaccharide in Gram-negative bacteria. The structural model generated for this complex can be useful in the design of new anti-bacterial agents that inhibit the biosynthesis of lipid A.
A sentence generator for testing parsers

A fast algorithm is given to produce a small set of short sentences from a context free grammar such that each production of the grammar is used at least once. The sentences are useful for testing parsing programs and for debugging grammars (finding errors in a grammar which causes it to specify some language other than the one intended). Some experimental results from using the sentences to test some automatically generated simpleLR(1) parsers are also given.
Direct measurement of the vibrational relaxation of the 991 cm−1 mode of the benzene crystal

Abstract A picosecond time-resolved CARS experiment on the 991 cm −1 mode of the benzene crystal at low temperature is reported. The decay is single exponential with a decay time τ = 39 ± 2 ps. This is interpreted as the vibrational population relaxation time of the Ag( k ≈ 0) vibron state which is at the minimum of the lowest exciton branch.
Risk factors of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

Abstract Background Metabolic risk factors are associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but they are less frequent in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Aim This study evaluates the frequency of NAFLD and its risk factors among IBD patients including anti-TNF-α therapy. Methods IBD patients who underwent abdominal imaging from January, 2009 to December, 2010 were analyzed in this nested, case-controlled study. IBD patients with NAFLD by imaging were compared with those who had no evidence of NAFLD (control). Results Among 928 IBD patients, 76 (8.2%) had evidence of NAFLD by imaging, and were compared to 141 patients without NAFLD evaluated (study: control ratio = ~ 1:2). NAFLD patients were older (46.0 ± 13.3 vs. 42.0 ± 14.1 years; p = 0.018) and had a later onset of IBD compared to the control group (37.2 ± 15.3 vs. 28.7 ± 23.8 years; p = 0.002). Metabolic syndrome was present in 29.0% of NAFLD patients, with a median Adult Treatment Panel risk factor of 2 [Interquartile range 1,3]. Patients not receiving anti-TNF-α therapy had a higher occurrence of NAFLD (p = 0.048). In multivariate analysis, hypertension (OR = 3.5), obesity (OR = 2.1), small bowel surgeries (OR = 3.7), and use of steroids at the time of imaging (OR = 3.7) were independent factors associated with NAFLD. Conclusion NAFLD occurred in 8.2% of the IBD population. NAFLD patients were older and had a later onset of IBD disease. IBD patients develop NAFLD with fewer metabolic risk factors than non-IBD NAFLD patients. It is also less common among patients who received anti-TNF-α therapy.
Infiltration of immiscible contaminants in the unsaturated zone.

The presence of a nonaqueous liquid phase in the subsurface often controls the rate and magnitude of ground-water contamination. In addition, remediation efforts that do not directly address the nonaqueous phase material are unlikely to provide cost-effective or timely solutions to the ground-water contamination risk. Practical modeling tools that describe the fate and transport of a separate contaminant phase are described. Simple models such as those described are appropriate for regulatory development and preliminary site assessment and remediation planning. The current work is focused on the one-dimensional infiltration of a nonaqueous phase liquid through an unsaturated zone initially at residual water saturation. Laboratory experiments examining the infiltration of the water immiscible organics, automatic transmission fluid and isooctane, were used to develop and validate the simple models of the infiltration process. The models described herein are applicable to large spills where the infiltration is essentially one-dimensional and driven by gravity and capillary forces.
Growth and reproduction of the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians (Lamarck) at its southern distributional limit

Abstract Growth and reproduction in a Florida population of bay scallop, Argopecten irradians (Lamarck), existing at the southern limit of its distribution, was monitored over a 3-yr period. Somatic growth accompanied increasing water temperature between May and August, when maximum mantle, digestive gland, and adductor muscle weights and indexes were observed. From July through September, reproductive development was correlated with a decline in adductor muscle weight and index. Maximum gonad weight, gonad index, and oocyte diameter were found in late September and early October. Spawning commenced at this time in conjunction with decreasing water temperature. In comparison to more northern populations, the reproductive cycle of the Florida bay scallop occurs later in the year and is characterized by a higher gametogenic initiation temperature, a decreased maximum gonad index and decreased oocyte diameter, and a shift in reproductive energy resources from digestive gland (available food) to adductor muscle (pre-stored reserves). Increased metabolic rate associated with higher temperature and coupled with decreased food supply results in the Florida bay scallop having less energy available for reproduction, ultimately limiting its southern distribution.
Application of E-Therapy Programs to Social Work Practice

Technology is ever changing the way people interact and live. Communication is extensively different now, especially when compared to 10 years ago. Social work professionals need to embrace these changes and see how it can benefit their clients. This is a growing area with promising interventions using technology, although there is a need for more research to determine the effective use of these techniques.
Clinical Genetics & Human Genome Variation: The 2008 Human Genome Variation Society Scientific Meeting

The annual scientific meeting of the Human Genome Variation Society (HGVS) was held on 11 November 2008, in Philadelphia, PA. The major theme of this meeting was "Clinical Genetics & Human Genome Variation." For complex diseases, it is becoming evident that the contribution of most associated genetic variants to the disease process is small and, most likely, multiple variants are required to explain the predisposition and variation that is observed. As genome-wide association studies (GWASs) identify variants that are associated with a disease, there is a need to determine if the associated variants are causative, or simply in genetic disequilibrium with the true functional variant. New methods are being devised to help classify these genetic variants as either functional or nonfunctional. As study populations increase in size, there is also a need for better-constructed databases that can bring together the different genetic variants being identified, including SNPs, copy number variants (CNVs), and methylation differences, environmental risk factors, and the clinical information needed to construct useful phenotypes. These topics and others were discussed in this year's meeting.
Safety benefits of mandatory OSHA 10 h training

Abstract Construction is an inherently dangerous industry. Its injury rates for the industry annually rank near the top of all U.S. industries. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is charged with regulating U.S. workplace safety. Towards this end, they provide enforcement and promote training. A standardized 10 h training course sanctioned by OSHA is available for construction workers in all states. In 2004, Massachusetts became the first of seven states to legislate mandated OSHA 10 h training for construction workers on most public projects. Previous studies have shown that occupational safety training has beneficial effects on knowledge gain and improved behavior but there is weak evidence for improved safety outcomes. The natural experiment created by mandated training provided the opportunity to study the effects of mandated training on these outcomes. This study uses the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) 2004–2012 State Occupational Injury and Illness data in a random effects multiple regression analysis and BLS 2008–2011 fatality data from the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries to examine fatality trends across different strata. The results are highly encouraging but fall short of definitive evidence. The post-mandate fatality trend results compare favorably against other state groupings and the non-fatal injury regression indicated a nearly statistically significant marginal effect for mandated training. However these results are clouded by the short duration of trend data and injury data known to be underreported. Recommendations include more extensive recordkeeping for OSHA 10 h training and improved injury surveillance.
Grain boundary segregation of sulfur in iron

Abstract This paper reports a study of grain boundary segregation of sulfur in iron. The results show that if the amount of sulfur in the alloy is greater than the solubility limit, the amount of segregation increases with increasing ageing temperature. When the temperature is raised above the point where all sulfur goes into solution, the amount of segregation decreases with increasing temperature. These results can be explained quite straightforwardly by McLean's model for segregation. However, at high bulk concentrations. Auger analysis may be difficult because the signal obtained from a grain boundary facet will arise from a combination of segregated sulfur and precipitated sulfur.
Mapping a data-flow programming model onto heterogeneous platforms

In this paper we explore mapping of a high-level macro data-flow programming model called Concurrent Collections (CnC) onto heterogeneous platforms in order to achieve high performance and low energy consumption while preserving the ease of use of data-flow programming. Modern computing platforms are becoming increasingly heterogeneous in order to improve energy efficiency. This trend is clearly seen across a diverse spectrum of platforms, from small-scale embedded SOCs to large-scale super-computers. However, programming these heterogeneous platforms poses a serious challenge for application developers. We have designed a software flow for converting high-level CnC programs to the Habanero-C language. CnC programs have a clear separation between the application description, the implementation of each of the application components and the abstraction of hardware platform, making it an excellent programming model for domain experts. Domain experts can later employ the help of a tuning expert (either a compiler or a person) to tune their applications with minimal effort. We also extend the Habanero-C runtime system to support work-stealing across heterogeneous computing devices and introduce task affinity for these heterogeneous components to allow users to fine tune the runtime scheduling decisions. We demonstrate a working example that maps a pipeline of medical image-processing algorithms onto a prototype heterogeneous platform that includes CPUs, GPUs and FPGAs. For the medical imaging domain, where obtaining fast and accurate results is a critical step in diagnosis and treatment of patients, we show that our model offers up to 17.72X speedup and an estimated usage of 0.52X of the power used by CPUs alone, when using accelerators (GPUs and FPGAs) and CPUs.
A Comprehensive Survey of Small-Molecule Binding Pockets in Proteins

Many biological activities originate from interactions between small-molecule ligands and their protein targets. A detailed structural and physico-chemical characterization of these interactions could significantly deepen our understanding of protein function and facilitate drug design. Here, we present a large-scale study on a non-redundant set of about 20,000 known ligand-binding sites, or pockets, of proteins. We find that the structural space of protein pockets is crowded, likely complete, and may be represented by about 1,000 pocket shapes. Correspondingly, the growth rate of novel pockets deposited in the Protein Data Bank has been decreasing steadily over the recent years. Moreover, many protein pockets are promiscuous and interact with ligands of diverse scaffolds. Conversely, many ligands are promiscuous and interact with structurally different pockets. Through a physico-chemical and structural analysis, we provide insights into understanding both pocket promiscuity and ligand promiscuity. Finally, we discuss the implications of our study for the prediction of protein-ligand interactions based on pocket comparison.
The dendritic cell cytoskeleton promotes T cell adhesion and activation by constraining ICAM-1 mobility

Integrity of the dendritic cell (DC) actin cytoskeleton is essential for T cell priming, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We show that the DC F-actin network regulates the lateral mobility of intracellular cell adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), but not MHCII. ICAM-1 mobility and clustering are regulated by maturation-induced changes in the expression and activation of moesin and α-actinin-1, which associate with actin filaments and the ICAM-1 cytoplasmic domain. Constrained ICAM-1 mobility is important for DC function, as DCs expressing a high-mobility ICAM-1 mutant lacking the cytoplasmic domain exhibit diminished antigen-dependent conjugate formation and T cell priming. These defects are associated with inefficient induction of leukocyte functional antigen 1 (LFA-1) affinity maturation, which is consistent with a model in which constrained ICAM-1 mobility opposes forces on LFA-1 exerted by the T cell cytoskeleton, whereas ICAM-1 clustering enhances valency and further promotes ligand-dependent LFA-1 activation. Our results reveal an important new mechanism through which the DC cytoskeleton regulates receptor activation at the immunological synapse.
Nonlinear Regression Applied to Non-Newtonian Flow

Modifications of the Gauss-Newton method are among the most widely used methods for nonlinear regression analysis. One such modification, which the authors found applicable to a wide variety of pharmaceutical systems, is described. Its application in describing the flow behavior of non-Newtonian systems and the FORTRAN IV program utilized are presented. One of the more useful, accurate, and physically significant equations for describing non-Newtonian flow is the structure equation: F = f + η∞ S − bνe−aS, in which F is shear stress, S is shear rate, and the other terms are constants. The equation was originally evaluated through the use of multiple regression, with the constant a assumed to be equal to 0.001, which gave good fit to a variety of flow systems. Since the original equation was developed, nonlinear regression techniques have appeared which make it possible to examine the structure equation in greater detail. It was found, for example, that for dispersions of a wax, consisting of a mixture of polyethoxylated higher fatty alcohols, in water the constant a varied from 0.013 to 0.049 rather than remaining fixed at 0.001. Some of the original data, upon which the structure equation was based, were reevaluated using nonlinear regression analysis. These data were for suspensions of salicylamide (varying concentration) in methylcellulose solutions of varying concentration. The constant a was found to vary from 0.00109 to 0.00172 as the concentration of methylcellulose increased and was independent of salicylamide concentration. In all instances, allowing a to vary as an adjustable parameter gave a better fit to the data than assuming it to be constant at 0.001. The use of nonlinear regression analysis served to emphasize the usefulness of the structure equation.
Sites of action of glucagon and other Ca2+ mobilizing hormones on the malate aspartate cycle.

Abstract Data from a number of laboratories suggest that the exchange of glutamate for aspartate across the mitochondrial inner membrane is stimulated by glucagon and by Ca 2+ -mobilizing hormones. The purpose of this study was to determine the site of action of these hormones. Two possibilities were considered and tested. The first hypothesis is that the mitochondrial membrane electrical potential gradient (ΔΨ m ) in the cells is increased by the hormones; and that the putative increase in ΔΨ m stimulates aspartate efflux. The second possibility is that Ca 2+ mediates decreases in cellular levels of α-ketoglutarate, secondary to stimulation of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and that the decrease in α-ketoglutarate stimulates aspartate production by mitochondria. The effect of glucagon on ΔΨ m was estimated in intact hepatocytes using the lipophilic cation tetraphenyl phosphonium. No increase in ΔΨ m was observed due to hormone treatment. On the other hand, α-ketoglutarate was found to be an effective competitive inhibitor of aspartate formation via glutamate transamination by isolated liver mitochondria ( K i = 0.55 m M).
Formation of Maxwellian Tails

Using two models, we study the relaxation to a Maxwell distribution in the context of classical kinetic theory. For the first model, an exact solution of the nonlinear Boltzmann equation is derived. For the second model, an asymptotic solution exhibits the remarkable feature of a transient tail population sometimes much larger than the equilibrium Maxwell distribution. This phenomenon may be of importance for calculating rates of fast chemical reactions and for controlled thermonuclear fusion.
A method to detect proteinase activity using unprocessed X-ray films

Abstract Routine assays to detect proteinases in biological samples are generally tedious and time-consuming. To expedite the recognition of proteinases, we have developed an assay utilizing the gelatin on the surface of an unprocessed Kodak X-Omat AR film as the proteolytic substrate. A positive reaction is indicated by a clear zone on the film after it has been rinsed with running water. This proteinase assay has been found to be inexpensive, rapid, and simple. Besides its ease of use, this assay has been found to be quantitatively reproducible with a well-defined endpoint. More importantly, this assay method is applicable to a variety of proteolytic enzymes under diverse pH (5–8.5) and salt conditions (up to 5 m NaCl) and has a sensitivity similar to that of azocoll. Since the assay does not require sophisticated equipment, it is useful as a general laboratory procedure.