cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Outcomes for hospitalized patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis treated with antifibrotic medications.

Background Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis is a chronic, progressive interstitial lung disease for which there is no cure. However, lung function decline, hospitalizations, and mortality may be reduced with the use of the antifibrotic medications, nintedanib and pirfenidone. Historical outcomes for hospitalized patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis are grim; however there is a paucity of data since the approval of nintedanib and pirfenidone for treatment. In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of nintedanib and pirfenidone on mortality following respiratory-related hospitalizations, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and mechanical ventilation. Methods Using a large U.S. insurance database, we created a one-to-one propensity score matched cohort of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis treated and untreated with an antifibrotic who underwent respiratory-related hospitalization between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2018. Mortality was evaluated at 30 days and end of follow-up (up to 2 years). Subgroup analyses were performed for all patients receiving treatment in an ICU and those receiving invasive and non-invasive mechanical ventilation during the index hospitalization. Results Antifibrotics were not observed to effect utilization of mechanical ventilation or ICU treatment during the index admission or effect mortality at 30-days. If patients survived hospitalization, mortality was reduced in the treated cohort compared to the untreated cohort when followed up to two years (20.1% vs 47.8%). Conclusions Treatment with antifibrotic medications does not appear to directly improve 30-day mortality during or after respiratory-related hospitalizations. Post-hospital discharge, however, ongoing antifibrotic treatment was associated with improved long-term survival.
Polystyrene/TiO2 nanocomposite coating for strength and toughness enhancement of aluminum alloy 2024–T3 in accelerated stress corrosion cracking

Abstract The polystyrene/TiO2 nanocomposite coating is evaluated for reducing the susceptibility of aluminum alloy AA2024-T3 to stress corrosion cracking (SCC). The as-synthesized titania nanoparticles of aspect ratio (AR) 1, 2, and 4 are individually loaded at 25 wt% to the acetone-dissolved polystyrene (PS) to make the nanocomposites. Coated compact tension specimens are tested under accelerated SCC testing that combines the constant displacement rate equivalent to 10−7 s−1 and 3.5 wt% NaCl solution dripped at the crack tip. The load and crack-mouth opening displacement of each specimen are recorded and analyzed to determine the indices to the mechanical ductility, strength, toughness, and fracture toughness. The PS/TiO2 AR1 coated specimens exhibit the least SCC susceptibility, with a relatively high fracture toughness of 55 MPa-m1/2 and more than 60 h of lifetime without apparent cracking under the SCC testing. Intriguingly, the PS-coated specimens perform similarly well. The results are explained by an SCC failure mechanism that considers the complex interaction among the agglomerated nanoparticles, polystyrene matrix, and the substrate in various aspects. The mechanism suggests that the nanocomposite coating with a higher yield strength and less permeability performs better. The highly loaded nanoparticles such as 25 wt% used herein make the nanocomposite only more marginally yieldable than polystyrene, but undesirably introduce morphological and electrochemical defects that count against the SCC susceptibility improvement.
Pelvic Floor Muscle Training to Prevent and Treat Urinary and Fecal Incontinence in Antenatal and Postnatal Patients

Structured PFMT beginning early in pregnancy prevents the onset of urge incontinence later in pregnancy and in the postpartum period compared with no intervention. There is no evidence that PFMT improves urinary incontinence later in pregnancy or in the postpartum period in pregnant patients who already have urinary incontinence. There is no clear evidence that PFMT effectively prevents or treats fecal incontinence later in pregnancy or after delivery.
Transcriptome sequencing and development of an expression microarray platform for liver infection in adenovirus type 5-infected Syrian golden hamsters.

The Syrian golden hamster is an attractive animal for research on infectious diseases and other diseases. We report here the sequencing, assembly, and annotation of the Syrian hamster transcriptome. We include transcripts from ten pooled tissues from a naive hamster and one stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Our data set identified 42,707 non-redundant transcripts, representing 34,191 unique genes. Based on the transcriptome data, we generated a custom microarray and used this new platform to investigate the transcriptional response in the Syrian hamster liver following intravenous adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) infection. We found that Ad5 infection caused a massive change in regulation of liver transcripts, with robust up-regulation of genes involved in the antiviral response, indicating that the innate immune response functions in the host defense against Ad5 infection of the liver. The data and novel platforms developed in this study will facilitate further development of this important animal model.
An end to national science: the meaning and the extension of local knowledge.

L'auteur s'interroge sur le concept de savoir local en constatant la disparition d'une science nationale. Il etablit le principe selon lequel l'Etat est un intervenant nefaste et perturbe la vie scientifique qui progresse a l'echelon local mais juge ses progres selon des normes precises au niveau transnational. De ce point de vue, la science est un savoir locale valide mondialement.
New staining methods for chromosomes.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses new staining methods for chromosomes. Virtually every aspect of mammalian cytogenetics has been altered by the development of simple techniques for the differential staining of metaphase chromosomes. The ability to identify each chromosome, as well as small homolog differences, has brought cytogenetics to the brink of an exciting new phase. The difficulties encountered by many laboratories in obtaining consistent, satisfactory banding with these techniques have led to frustration and delay in the realization of much of this potential and have prompted this review. This compound was found after a systematic search for agents that would stain adjacent regions of chromosomes differentially. Differential staining along the arms as well as the centromeres was noted in the later experiments.
Relationship of professionalism, rewards, market orientation and job satisfaction among medical professionals: The case of Certified Nurse–Midwives

Abstract A model considers the impact of professionalism, market orientation and reward structure on job satisfaction of Certified Nurse–Midwives (CNMs). Structural equation modeling methods are used to examine data collected from these health care providers. The results indicate professionalism and rewards are positively related to job satisfaction. Professionalism and rewards were found to be positively correlated with market orientation. In turn, rewards were found to be strongly and positively related to professionalism. In addition, market orientation was found to be strongly and positively related to job satisfaction.
Considerations for the Effects of Military Deployment on Children and Families

Children of deployed military personnel represent a unique subculture in the United States. While many children exhibit high levels of resiliency, others will struggle with the impact of a parent who has gone to war. This article looks at some of the stressors of deployment as experienced by children and offers three case examples as well as clinical considerations for those who work with the children and families of the deployed.
Head injury, α-synuclein Rep1 and Parkinson's disease: a meta-analytic view of gene-environment interaction.

Keywords: alpha-synuclein; epidemiology; gene−environment interaction; genetic association study; Parkinson's disease; traumatic brain injury
Iran days in Egypt: Mosaddeq's Visit to Cairo in 1951

AbstractDuring Mohammad Mosaddeq’s tenure as the Iranian Prime Minister, the struggles for de-colonization took shape vis-a-vis the old superpowers, Britain and France, in Iran and the rest of the Middle East. Following the nationalization of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, Mohammad Mosaddeq became the first Middle Eastern Muslim leader that overcame Britain, albeit temporarily. Mosaddeq paid a price, overthrown in 1953 in an American and British-backed coup, but his struggle aroused interest around the world and received different interpretations, depending on the location. This article examines the way Mosaddeq was perceived in Egypt, where he visited in November 1951 for a highly significant four-day visit. The article examines the evolution of the anti-colonial struggle in Egypt and the emergence of a new vernacular framing of the struggles in the Middle East in one context.
Risk factors for complications and readmission after operative fixation of pediatric femur fractures

Purpose Operative fixation of pediatric femur fractures with intramedullary implants has grown in popularity in recent decades. However, risk factors for short-term adverse events and readmission have not been well studied.
A behavioral technology for producing concept formation in university students.

Three experiments analyzed the effectiveness of a textbook incorporating “concept programming” in producing concept formation in university students. The concept programming portion of each lesson requires students to determine which concept is illustrated by each of 20 short fictional stories about everyday behavioral situations. The stories are selected to illustrate and contrast the concepts of that lesson. Student responses are heavily prompted during the initial stories of each lesson. The first experiment demonstrated that students generalize to entirely novel examples from the examples in the textbook. The second experiment demonstrated that the concept programming portion of the textbook is a critical component in producing generalization. The third experiment demonstrated that the amount of concept formation produced by the concept programmed textbook is greater than that produced by a widely used standard textbook.
Biological relationships to convective flow patterns within stream beds

Porewater flowlines in the bed of a small Michigan USA river were shown to be altered by Chara hummocks, sea lamprey nests, and beaver dams. Altered flow lines followed expected in-bed convective and underflow patterns predicted from published models. The greater density and shape of Chara hummocks caused upwellings into the hummocks, possibly being of benefit to the plants through contact with higher levels of dissolved substances contained in the cooler, deeper porewater. Streamwater downwelling into the more permeable sea lamprey nests may provide a continuous supply of well-oxygenated water, enhancing egg survival. Convective flow patterns beneath beaver dams, as well as beneath other bed surface features, may function to temporarily store dissolved streamwater substances, altering downstream transport rates, and may function to bring porewater/streamwater to the surface, affecting distributions of surface dwelling organisms.
Self-organizing systems across scales

Abstract Over the past few years, ecologists have increasingly recognized the existence of strong self-reinforcing (or self-organizing) interactions within systems at a variety of scales. Positive feedback within food chains has been reported from terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Accumulating evidence supports the existence within communities of cooperative guilds — tit-for-tat relationships based on diffuse mutualisms and favored by environmental unpredictability. At the landscape level, both real world experience and models indicate that processes such as hydrology and the propagation of disturbance can be strongly self-reinforcing (i.e. the landscape structure supports the process, and vice versa). Hence the picture emerges of a hierarchy of self-organizing systems that span food chains, communities and landscapes/regions.
Immobilization of Penicillium solitum lipase on the carbon fiber material “Dnepr-MN”

A method for immobilizing Penicillium solitum lipase (the medicinal agent Solizyme) on the activated carbon fiber material “Dnepr-MN” is proposed; using a matrix with total pore volumes of 0.41–1.3 cm3/g, the method allows the enzyme:matrix ratio (1:30–1:60) to be controlled, yielding preparations with a specified lipolytic activity (20–40 LU/mg of agent) at quantitative yield (91–97%). Studies of the pH and temperature stability, functioning in acid media, and desorption demonstrated stabilization and prolongation of the lipolytic activity of the immobilized lipase.
Correlation of redox levels of component electron carriers with total electron flux in an electron-transport system. P-700 and the photoreduction of NADP+ in chloroplast fragments.

Abstract A mathematical analysis is described which measures the effects of actinic light intensity and concentration of an artificial electron donor on the steady-state light-induced redox level of a reaction-center pigment (e.g. P -700) and on the overall light-induced electron flux (e.g. reduction of NADP + ). The analysis led to a formulation (somewhat similar to the Michaelis-Menten equation for enzyme kinetics) in which a parameter, I 1 2 , is defined as the actinic light intensity that, at a given concentration of electron donor, renders the reaction-center pigment half oxidized and half reduced. To determine the role of a presumed reaction-center pigment, I 1 2 is compared with another parameter, equivalent to I 1 2 , that is obtained independently of the reaction-center pigment by measuring the effect of actinic light intensity and concentration of electron donor on the overall electron flow. The theory was tested and validated in a model system with spinach Photosystem I chloroplast fragments by measurements of photooxidation of P -700 and light-induced reduction of NADP + by reduced 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol. A possible extension of this mathematical analysis to more general electron-transport systems is discussed.
Resting parasympathetic status and cardiovascular response to orthostatic and behavioral challenges in type I insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Alterations in cardiac autonomic innervation are commonly seen in individuals with diabetes mellitus. In this study, we used a cluster analysis to quantitatively separate individuals with Type I insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (1DDM) on the basis of assessment of autonomic mediation of resting cardiac function and compared these two IDDM groups with nondiabetic control subjects. One group, termed IDDM-1, exhibited respiratory sinus arrhythmia and resting heart rale (HR) at the same level as controls. A second group, termed IDDM-2, displayed significantly reduced respiratory sinus arrhythmia and elevated resting HR, indicating reduced parasympathetic cardiac input. Noninvasive physiological assessment of the subjects’ response to orthostatic maneuvers (supine, seated, upright tilt) and behavioral stressors (speech preparation, speech talking, mirror tracing, cold pressor) revealed abnormalities in cardiovascular regulation in the IDDM groups. Specifically, under supine resting conditions the IDDM-2 group exhibited reduced myocardial contractility and stroke volume. HR was accelerated in these subjects but not enough to compensate for the decreased stroke volume, and therefore cardiac output was not maintained at normal levels. Consequently, total peripheral resistance and hlood pressure were elevated in thcse subjects. Thus. for the IDDM-2 subjects, these data sugges that blood flow to the periphery is being sacrificed In maintain flow to the heart, lungs, and brain, which cannot sustain themselves anaerobically. The IDDM subjects, when compared with the control subjects, responded with similar magnitude and pattern of cardiovascular response to the behavioral stressors that selectively challenged the heart, vasculature, or both. However, the cardiovascular pattern produced by the IDDM subjects to the seated and uprigh postural challenges suggests that the IDDM-1, and to a certain extent the IDDM-2 subjects, evidenced difficulty in regulating vasomotor and/or venomotor tone to maintain blood pressure levels. Therefore, this study demonstrates a quantitative method for assessing resting parasympathetic status that distinguishes a group of IDDM subjects with abnormal resting cardiovascular regulation and response to challenge.
Homophobia and Heterosexism in a College of Education: A Culture of Fear, a Culture of Silence.

In this study, we examine how broad heteronormative discourses circulate, become embodied within, negotiated by, and potentially resisted within a university, a college of education, and educators themselves. We pay special attention to how heteronormative discourses at Southwestern University (SWU) impact the various roles this college of education undertakes to train professionals in a range of human service occupations, most notably K‐12 schools. In our findings, we demonstrate ways in which the institution of SWU maintains a hostile environment toward LGBTQ individuals, ways in which the college of education fails to interrogate such issues and train its educators and other human service personnel to deal with issues of sexuality and schooling, and how SWU, in regards at least to its conservative position on homosexuality, is constituted discursively as quite normal.
Band engineered epitaxial Ge-SiXGe1-X core-shell nanowire heterostructures

We report the growth of germanium (Ge)—silicon-germanium (SixGe1−x) epitaxial core-shell nanowire (NW) heterostructures, with tunable Si and Ge shell content. The Ge NWs are grown using the vapor-liquid-solid growth mechanism, and the SixGe1−x shells are grown in situ, conformally on the Ge NWs using ultrahigh vacuum chemical vapor deposition. We use transmission electron microscopy to demonstrate epitaxial shell growth, and scanning energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy to determine the shell thickness and content. The Si and Ge shell content can be tuned depending on the SiH4 and GeH4 partial pressures during the shell growth, enabling band engineered core-shell NW heterostructures.
Indian informatics in the 1980s: The changing character of state involvement

Abstract The 1980s liberalization of the Indian informatics industry took place in the context of continued high levels of state involvement, but there was evidence that the character of that involvement was changing. In the 1960s and 1970s the Indian state combined restrictive regulation with attempts to substitute state-owned for private production. Examining the changing role of central government regulatory agencies and state-owned enterprises in the informatics industry during the 1980s reveals tentative attempts to increase state actions aimed at complementing and promoting private entrepreneurship. Illustrative comparisons with state involvement in informatics in South Korea and Brazil suggest that this trajectory of change may have relevance beyond India.
Imaging of excitonic transport in semiconductors

Abstract Excitonic matter produced by photoexcitation of a semiconductor crystal at low temperature is able to diffuse or drift macroscopic distances from the point of its creation. This motion can be observed by time-resolved imaging of recombination luminescence or optical absorption. At low densities, the simplest neutral particles — excitons — generally exhibit the diffusive motion of classical gases. At high densities, however, the transport behavior can deviate wildly from classical diffusion, as excitonic phase transitions and quantum statistics come into play. In this paper, I will survey a few of the current observations.
sp(6)⊃u(3) algebra of the fermion dynamical symmetry model for actinide nuclei

The basis states generated in the sp(6)[contains]u(3) algebra of the fermion dynamical symmetry model (FDSM) are studied. The assumption made in the FDSM that the lowest-lying states of even nuclei are states with [ital u]=0 and the largest SU(3) quantum numbers is analyzed. A pairing plus quadrupole-quadrupole interaction is diagonalized for valence nucleons of the actinide region in (i) a complete basis for two protons and two neutrons, (ii) a truncated FDSM basis for 10 protons and 14 neutrons, and (iii) a strongly-coupled FDSM basis for 24 nucleons. The existence of a multiplicity of FDSM bases is taken into account. In all cases, the overlap between the truncated FDSM subspace and the full shell model space is very small for the [ital n]-identical-particle calculations. This implies that a complicated renormalization of shell model effective interactions is required before they can be used in the individual proton and and neutron spaces. However, with the proper forced choice of proton and neutron bases, a strong proton-neutron quadrupole-quadrupole interaction drives the states with the largest possible FDSM-SU(3) quantum numbers to lie lowest in energy. This leads to a rotational band structure in actinide nuclei with excited rotational bands ordered by the FDSM-SU(3) quantummore » numbers in the strong coupling limit.« less
Reality Testing and Self-Reported Aids Self-Care Behavior

Summary.-This investigation examined the relationship between reality testing and AIDS self-care behavior for 509 urban college students. It was hypothesized that reality testing may become impaired in sexual interactions that carry the risk of HIV infection, leading to imperfect adoption of safer sex practices. Reality testing, measured by the BeU Object Relations and Reality Testing Inventory, was significantly related to AIDS knowledge as measured by the AIDS Prevention Survey of Thomas and not significantly related to self-reported safer sex behavior, measured by Bassman's HIV Infection Prevention Scale. Reality testing is a cognitive function that psychoanalytic theorists have suggested may be compromised by anxiety. Reahty testing is the capacity to distinguish between ideas and percepts and to make appropriate judgments based on this distinction. Reality testing includes the ability to discriminate between inner and outer stimuli, the accuracy of perception, and the awareness of inner psychological states (Belak & Loeb, 1969). When one experiences confict between internal drives and external demands, reality may be misinterpreted as a defense against the discomfort of the conflict (Freud, 192411962; Jacobson, 1964). The psychoanalytic ideas on reality testing have rarely been operationalized and empirically tested. A greater understanding is needed, however, because they have important implications for preventive health maintenance, and specifically for the adoption of safer sex practices to prevent transmission if ~uman ~mmunodeficienc~ Virus (HIV). Safer sex practices entail intense interpersonal interaction and the ability to maintain good judgment under potentially stressful circumstances. The psychoanalytic writing on the interaction of reality testing and anxiety offers possible explanations for why some people do not protect themselves adequately against the threat of contracting HIV from sexual contact. If a person lacks an adequate mental map of sequences, then foresight and planning may be difficult. Compromised reality testing might result in poor judgments about potential sex partners or about the risks involved in particular sexual practices. Sirmlarly, if reality is distorted, safer sex guidelines might be imperfectly understood, leading to failures in their implementation.
Unbiased Estimation in Convex Families

Suppose that we observe random variables X 1, • • •, X n which are identically and independently distributed according to some distribution F where F ranges over a family ℱ.
Election Outcomes and Economic Conditions: An Application of a Logit Model

In this paper the author examines the impact of macroeconomic conditions on the probability of the incumbent party winning a gubernatorial election. Using a sample of 265 gubernatorial elections held during the 1970–1988 period, the findings of this study indicate that the incumbent party’s probability of victory is not significantly affected by either state or national macroeconomic conditions. The author also finds that neither the unemployment rate nor per capita income growth affect the incumbent party’s probability of winning an election.
The patient's experience of aesthetic regenerative facial surgery: A composite

Data from self-perceptions of 55 female facial aesthetic surgery patients have been combined to show a general composite picture. Personal demographic data, life circumstances, and general attitudes are presented. Patients' motivations for surgery and expectations (both aesthetic result and resulting life changes) have been examined. Patient opinions of how their desires were met are included. The data show the patients' reactions to pre- and postoperative information, self-care instructions, and gernal staff management. Prominent psychological processes in patients presenting for these surgeries are revealed.
Experimental and Numerical Study of Spectral Dependent Radiation Reabsorption on Flame Propagation

Premixed flames in CO2 diluted CH4-O2-He mixture s were studied both experimentally and numerically to investigate the effects of spectral dependent radiation reabsorption on the flame propagation and flammability limit. Laminar burning velocities of CH4-O2-He -CO2 mixtures at both normal and elevated pressures up to 5 atm were measured by using a pressure-release type spherical bomb. The measured data were compared with the results from computations performed with and without spectral radiation absorption. It was found that the spectral radiation reabsorption results in higher burning velocities of CH 4-O2-HeCO2 mixtures and wider flammability limits than predictions using the optically thin model. Furthermore, the enhancement becomes more significant at higher pressures. The results demonstrated that reabsorption effects must be considered to correctly predict flame speeds and extinction limits in flammability limit and burning properties of mixtures with CO2 addition.
SIMULTANEOUS STUDIES OF FIRING PATTERNS IN SEVERAL NEURONS.

A tungsten microelectrode with several small holes burnt in the vinyl insulation enables the action potentials from several adjacent neurons to be observed simultaneously. A digital computer is used to separate the contributions of each neuron by examining and classifying the waveforms of the action potentials. These methods allow studies to be made of interactions between neurons that lie close together.
Depoliticizing Multicultural Education: The Return to Normalcy in a Predominantly White High School

Abstract This article examines how teachers at a predominantly white, middle-class high school enacted multicultural education in an innovative course called “Cultural Issues.” Responding to often tacit pressures in their school and community, teachers placed parameters around the kinds of issues acceptable for examination, de-politicizing the curriculum and deflecting discussions from matters of oppression and privilege. We explore some illustrative examples from the course, suggesting that the micro-political contexts of school and community shaped curriculum and instruction in important but often unacknowledged ways. We argue that before reforms such as multicultural education can take root, frank attention is needed to the often unspoken influence of contextual norms upon curricular framing and classroom interaction.
Effects of Blade Leading Edge Fillet on Near Wall Pressure and Heat Transfer in a Linear Turbine Cascade

Thermal stresses and failure of components in the gas turbine passages are common due to exposure of the passage walls to extremely hot combustion gasses. In addition, the gas turbine engine efficiency suffers due to secondary flows and passage vortex formations in turbine passages. Investigations are being conducted to reduce the thermal stresses and secondary flows in the turbine passages with endwall modifications and film cooling. The present investigation employs two types of fillets at the junction of blade leading edge and endwall in a low speed linear blade cascade to control the effects of passage vortex. Blade and endwall static pressure, axial vorticity and air temperature near endwall, and Nusselt numbers on endwall and blade wall are measured and presented in the cascade passage with and without the leading edge fillets. A constant Reynolds number of 233,000 based on the blade chord and the inlet velocity is employed for the measurements. The blade profile is obtained from the hub-side of first stage blade in the GE-E3 gas turbine and scaled 10 times in the present cascade. One of the two fillet shapes has a linear profile from the blade to endwall (Filet 1), and the other has a parabolic profile (Fillet 2) from the blade to endwall. Fillets are employed only at the blade leading edge at the bottom endwall. Results on axial vorticity and air temperature indicate that the fillets weaken passage vortex and reduce heat transfer from the endwall. This occurs as the pitchwise endwall pressure difference from the pressure side to the suction side is reduced near the filleted region. However, the distributions of wall static pressure coefficients and Nusselt numbers along the blade surface are about the same with and without the fillets and indicate no effects from the fillets on the blade surface. The blade-loadings are thus unaffected and require no design modifications with the fillets. The endwall Nusselt number distributions show lower values for the fillets than for the baseline (without fillets) which also indicate reduced heat transfer to or from the endwall. The results of the present investigations thus can be applied in designing the blade passages where the secondary flow effects are passively controlled and endwall thermal stresses are reduced.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Crystal structure of penta­kis­(ethyl­enedi­amine-κ2N,N′)lanthanum(III) trichloride–ethylene­diamine–dichloromethane (1/1/1)

We report here the crystal structure of a ten-coordinate lanthanum(III) metal coordinated by five bidentate ethyl­enedi­amine ligands, [La(C2H8N2)5]Cl3·C2H8N2·CH2Cl2. One free ethyl­enedi­amine mol­ecule and three Cl− anions are also located in the asymmetric unit. The overall structure is held together by an extensive hydrogen-bonding network between the Cl− anions and the NH groups on the metal-bound ethyl­enedi­amine ligands. The free ethyl­enedi­amine mol­ecule is held in an ordered position by additional hydrogen bonds involving both the chlorides and –NH groups on the metal-bound ligands. One highly disordered mol­ecule of di­chloro­methane is located on an inversion center; however, all attempts to model this disorder were unsuccessful. The electron density in this space was removed using the BYPASS procedure [van der Sluis & Spek (1990). Acta Cryst. A46, 194–201].
Interval between clinical presentation of necrotizing enterocolitis and bowel perforation in neonates

To define the interval between clinical presentation of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and bowel perforation in neonates. Charts of neonates with discharge diagnosis of NEC (n = 124) from our NICU during 2004–2008 were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic data were collected. Acute episode of NEC was defined as the interval between clinical presentations to resumption of enteral feeds. Neonates are followed, as a standard of care, clinically and radiologically until resumption of enteral feeds at the discretion of the attending clinician. Abdominal radiograph results were reviewed serially to determine the interval between clinical presentation and bowel perforation using pneumoperitoneum as the surrogate radiological marker. Histological report of resected bowel specimens was reviewed for coagulative necrosis as evidence of NEC and to exclude spontaneous intestinal perforation (SIP). Neonates with stage 1 NEC and SIP were excluded from the results. 105 neonates with stage 2 NEC were included in the study. Forty-six needed surgical treatment (group 2) and 59 did not need surgery (group 1). Twenty-six (26/46, 56%) group 2 neonates had bowel perforation and hence required surgery. Pneumoperitoneum was noted at a median interval of 1 day after presentation of symptoms. Twenty neonates in group 2 needed surgery for clinical indications including worsening clinical examination, thrombocytopenia or persistent metabolic acidosis. Fifty-nine neonates (group 1) were treated with bowel rest, antibiotics and parenteral nutrition. Group 2 neonates were significantly more premature, weighed less and had less radiographs than group 1 neonates. Mortality was significantly higher in group 2 compared to group 1. Bowel perforation occurs at a median interval of 1 day after clinical presentation of NEC. Neonates not needing surgery for their disease are exposed to significantly more radiographs than those needing surgery. Radiological evaluation can be safely minimized or eliminated after 2 days of presentation.
FAMILIAL INFANTILE LACTIC ACIDOSIS.

Two siblings with chronic lactic acidosis in infancy are presented. This is believed to be the first familial occurrence reported. The major symptoms of the condition are listed, as seen in five cases to date. Representative data are given from multiple studies in the present patients. A metabolic abnormality of muscle is probable. Therapy is limited to combating acidosis and tetany or convulsions. A high galactose diet provided apparent improvement in one sibling.
Atomic Force Acoustic Microscopy to Measure Nanoscale Mechanical Properties of Cement Pastes

The measurement of elastic properties at the nanoscale is a prerequisite to building a foundation for nanomechanics applications. At present, nanoindentation is widely used to measure the properties of elasticity. Under this method, a sample is indented with a rigid probe and the resistant force of the indentation is measured. The reduced modulus measured on the basis of the resistant force and the indentation depth is then converted to the elastic modulus of the sample. However, its spatial resolution, the distance between two consecutive locations of measurement, is limited to about 5 μm because of the area of the indented tip. Ultrasonic atomic force microscopy is an alternative method of attaining spatial resolution at the nanometer level. It uses information based on the vibrations transferred from the piezoelectric actuator at the bottom of a sample to the cantilever contacting the top surface of the sample. The cantilever makes contact with a relatively small force; as a consequence, it decreases t...
Low energy electron diffraction and work function studies of benzene, naphthalene and pyridine adsorbed on Pt(111) and Pt(100) single crystal surfaces

Abstract Benzene, naphthalene, and pryidine adsorb readily on the Pt(111) and Pt(100)-(5 × 1) surfaces. Adsorption of these aromatic molecules leads to the formation of ordered structures on the Pt(111) surface while adsorption on the Pt(100) surface leads to the formation of poorly ordeied surface layers. Benzene adsorbed on the Pt(111) surface at 25°C causes the formation of the Pt (111) −2 a 2 b 4 a 4 b -benzene structure with a corresponding work function change of approximately −1.4 V. With further benzene exposure the initial ordered structure is transformed to the Pt (111) −2 a 2 b 5 a 5 b -benzene structure with a work function change of approximately −0.7 V. This transformation is the result of a reorientation of the adsorbed benzene molecules. Naphthalene forms the Pt(111)-(6 × 6)-naphthalene structure when adsorbed on the Pt(111) surface at 150°C, and the work function change on adsorption is about −2.0 V. Pyridine forms two poorly ordered structures on the Pt(111) surface. The large work function change on adsorption of pyridine (−2.5 V) indicates that the nitrogen participates in the adsorbate-substrate bond.
Forbidden Transitions in β -decay and Orbital Electron Capture and Spins of Nuclei

A general formula giving minimum lifetimes for forbidden $\ensuremath{\beta}$-transitions of arbitrary order forbidden orbital electron capture is derived. Exact Coulomb wave functions are used for the electron. It is shown that the observed electron emission of ${\mathrm{K}}^{40}$ requires Gamow-Teller selection rules. Combined with the Konopinski-Uhlenbeck result that only the tensor and vector interactions are compatible with the energy spectra of the $\ensuremath{\beta}$-rays from ${\mathrm{Na}}^{24}$, ${\mathrm{P}}^{32}$, and RaE, it follows that the tensor interaction alone can explain both the lifetimes and energy spectra of forbidden $\ensuremath{\beta}$-transitions. The application of the tensor interaction to ${\mathrm{K}}^{40}$ and to the other long-lived $\ensuremath{\beta}$-emitters, ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}$, ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{176}$, ${\mathrm{Be}}^{10}$, ${\mathrm{C}}^{14}$, and to existing data on orbital electron capture, leads to certain spin and parity predictions about parent and product nuclei\char22{}e.g., neither ${\mathrm{Be}}^{10}$ nor ${\mathrm{C}}^{14}$ can have a spin greater than $3\ensuremath{\hbar}$, the 2-Mev $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray from ${\mathrm{K}}^{40}$ is associated with $K$-electron capture to an excited state of ${\mathrm{A}}^{40}$ having even parity, etc. The stability of the known neighboring isobars and the conditions under which $L$-electron capture becomes more probable than $K$-electron capture are also discussed.
Teacher Dismissal for Cause.

This case presents a discussion of events that led to the dismissal of a teacher for cause. A first year high school principal is confronted with teacher behavior that creates a dangerous situation...
Unusual anatomic presentation of ectopic ureteroceles

The authors describe four patients with unusual anatomic presentation of ectopic ureteroceles and their surgical treatment. Over a 3-year period, four cases of unusual ectopic ureteroceles were encountered. A 6-month-old girl had a complex cloacal anomaly with an ectopic ureterocele within the cloaca. A 10-year-old boy had two large diverticuli within an ectopic ureterocele combined with a blind-ending ipsilateral ureter. A 3-year-old girl had an ectopic ureterocele combined with a periureteral diverticulum and a completely duplicated ipsilateral kidney. A 4-year-old girl was found to have a vaginal ectopic ureterocele. Despite thorough radiological investigation in all patients, a correct assessment of the anatomic defect was achieved only by surgical exploration or endoscopic evaluation. If preoperative radiological evaluation is equivocal, a high index of suspicion and intraoperative recognition of an unusual anatomic presentation of the ectopic ureterocele are essential for appropriate management and a successful outcome.
Emotional geographies of veiling: the meanings of the hijab for five Palestinian American Muslim women

This article explores experiential and emotional dimensions of veiling practices, the ‘emotional geographies of veiling,’ in relation to Muslim women's community activism. By approaching the hijab as a symbol with both discursive effects and personal meaning – a psycho-social space – this article offers important insights into the intertwined, complex processes of internal embodiments and public manifestations of Muslim female identities. Based on the analysis of life narratives of five Palestinian American Muslim women in Milwaukee, a medium-sized city in the American Midwest, this article comes to the conclusion that public visibility through veiling entails both socio-spatial and emotional/internal processes. The analysis of these women's narratives explores how veiling practices can guide personal piety and self-transformation, and contributes to the solidification of a politically and religiously identifiable community.
Relaxation and guided imagery as an intervention for children with asthma: A replication

Asthma is a pervasive inflammatory disorder of the bronchial airways that causes the normal functioning of the airways to become overreactive. This disorder affects approximately 8 million children in schools per year and accounts for a significant amount of absences. Researchers have speculated that pharmacological interventions are alone insufficient or overaggressive in treating asthma, and numerous studies have demonstrated a connection between emotions and asthma. It has therefore been suggested that psychological interventions may be appropriate for this population. One such intervention, relaxation and guided imagery (RGI), that incorporates mental representations as well as the senses in a process of relaxing all the parts of the body has been shown to be effective with children with asthma. The current study served as a replication and extension of this previous research. The purpose of the investigation was to examine the effectiveness of RGI with an elementary school sample as well as determine the overall improvement in happiness, anxiety, and quality of life of the participants. Results demonstrated that RGI significantly improved the lung functioning of 3 out of 4 participants in the study. Furthermore, overall happiness improved for 1 participant in the study, state anxiety decreased for 2 of the 4 participants, and trait anxiety decreased for all 4 participants. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 42: 707–720, 2005.
Condensed phase equilibria in the Cr-Ga-N system

Abstract An isothermal section of the Cr-Ga-N phase diagram at 800 °C has been experimentally determined in order to better understand the metallurgy of Cr-containing electrical contacts to the wide band gap semiconductor GaN. The cubic phase CrN with the NaCl structure and liquid Ga are the only condensed phases in thermodynamic equilibrium with GaN at this temperature. Two chromium gallides (Cr 3 Ga, CrGa), another chromium nitride (Cr 2 N), and two ternary phases (Cr 3 GaN, Cr 2 GaN) were also observed in this study.
TRAMP Complex Enhances RNA Degradation by the Nuclear Exosome Component Rrp6

The RNA-processing exosome contains ribonucleases that degrade aberrant RNAs in archael and eukaryotic cells. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the nuclear/nucleolar 3′–5′ exoribonuclease Rrp6 distinguishes the nuclear exosome from the cytoplasmic exosome. In vivo, the TRAMP complex enhances the ability of the nuclear exosome to destroy some aberrant RNAs. Previous reports showed that purified TRAMP enhanced RNA degradation by the nuclear exosome in vitro. However, the exoribonucleolytic component(s) of the nuclear exosome enhanced by TRAMP remain unidentified. We show that TRAMP does not significantly enhance RNA degradation by purified exosomes lacking Rrp6 in vitro, suggesting that TRAMP activation experiments with nuclear exosome preparations reflect, in part, effects on the activity of Rrp6. Consistent with this, we show that incubation of purified TRAMP with recombinant Rrp6 results in a 10-fold enhancement of the rate of RNA degradation. This increased activity results from enhancement of the hydrolytic activity of Rrp6 because TRAMP cannot enhance the activity of an Rrp6 mutant lacking a key amino acid side chain in its active site. We observed no ATP or polyadenylation dependence for the enhancement of Rrp6 activity by TRAMP, suggesting that neither the poly(A) polymerase activity of Trf4 nor the helicase activity of Mtr4 plays a role in the enhancement. These findings identify TRAMP as an exosome-independent enhancer of Rrp6 activity.
Does international integration matter for financial development in Africa

This article analyses the links between international financial and trade integration and financial development in sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. It is based on a panel data set using methods that tackle slope heterogeneity, cross-sectional dependence and nonstationarity. The results do not point to a general direct robust link between trade and financial integration and financial development in SSA, once we control for other factors such as GDP per capita and inflation. The findings may be due to a number of factors including distortions in domestic financial markets, relatively weak institutions and/or poor financial sector supervision. We find some indication that financial integration is more important for financial development in countries with better institutional quality. Stronger scores in some measures of the quality of banking regulation and supervision are also linked to a positive association between integration and financial development in some of our results. Thus, African policy-maker...
Subunit 8 of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cytochrome bc1 complex interacts with succinate-ubiquinone reductase complex.

We have investigated the function of subunit 8 of the cytochromebc 1 complex by generating six site-directed mutants, F46C, R51S, P62V, G64A, R91N, and W69-stop, in the clonedQCR8 gene and expressing the mutated genes in aSaccharomyces cerevisiae strain in which the chromosomal copy ofQCR8 is deleted. The W69-stop mutation impairs assembly of thebc 1 complex and growth of yeast on nonfermentable carbon sources as does deletion ofQCR8 [Maarse, A. C., De Haan, M., Schoppink, P. J., Berden, J. A., and Grivell, L. A. (1988).Eur. J. Biochem. 172, 179–184], implying that the C-terminus of subunit 8 is important for assembly and/or the stability of thebc 1 complex. The F46C, R51S, P62V, G64A, and R91N mutations do not affect the growth of yeast on nonfermentable carbon sources, not do they lower the activity or alter the inhibitor sensitivity of thebc 1 complex. Rather, some of the mutations increase the cytochromec reductase activity of thebc 1 complex by as much as 40%. However, succinate-ubiquinone reductase activity was consistently reduced 40–60% in mitochondrial membranes from these mutants, while NADH-ubiquinone reductase activity was not affected. In addition, the activation of succinate-ubiquinone reductase activity by succinate was diminished by the F46C, R51S, P62V, and G64A mutations. These results indicate that the cytochromebc 1 complex participates in electron transfer from succinate to ubiquinonein situ and also suggest an interaction between succinate-ubiquinone reductase and cytochromebc 1 complex which involves subunit 8 of thebc 1 complex.
Teaching Undergraduate Positive Psychology: An Active Learning Approach Using Student Blogs:

In just over ten years positive psychology has become a major subfield in psychology. This is reflected in the development of positive psychology courses at many universities and in over a thousand...