cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ubiquity with a Dark Side: Civil-Military Gaps in Social Media Usage

Most college undergraduates are Millennials or Generation Z members. These generations are ferocious social media consumers across a range of platforms. Research exists on the U.S. military’s adoption of social media, but less is known about the everyday implications of social media use and how service members might differ in their uses from their civilian peers. Using survey data comparing (N = 960) American civilian college students, Reserve Officer Training Corps cadets, and military academy cadets, we examine how these groups use social media, the educational and social impacts of this usage, and experiences with self-censorship and anxiety. We find a civilian-military gap when it comes to social media uses and experiences. Social media is more adverse for civilians than academy cadets in terms of time usage, impact on education, and experiences with the darker dimensions such as cyber-bullying and harassment. Civilians also practice less self-censorship of social media posts than cadets.
Return to the City of Joseph: Modern Mormonism's Contest for the Soul of Nauvoo

Review of: Return to the City of Joseph: Modern Mormonism’s Contest for the Soul of Nauvoo, by Scott C. Esplin
Design and Optimization of a Shared Aperture Multifunctional Metasurface Antenna

A single metasurface is designed which can convert a traveling-wave antenna’s feed wave into a collection of radiation patterns. Multiple holographic patterns are jointly optimized to create a series of steered beams through a switched-feed architecture. The design procedure is explained and contrasted with other methods. We then investigate a vast design space—including the feed-type, the comprising metasurface element geometries and their patterning, and the overall structure’s properties—and discuss how they impact the ability to multiplex information into the metasurface. The structure presents the opportunity to emulate a limited version of a phased array from a substantially simpler architecture.
Examine Internet Addiction and Acculturative Stress among International College Students in the United States

While Internet use plays an increasingly important role in individuals’ lives, many college students have found themselves totally unconsciously plunged into Internet addiction (IA). Guided by the acculturative stress theory, we examined the relationships between acculturative stress, gender, age, length of stay, and IA among international college students. Data were collected from 111 international undergraduate and graduate students studying in the United States. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses reported that acculturative stress and gender significantly predict IA among international college students. In this sample, neither age nor length of stay predicted IA. Our findings paint a picture of the potential influence of acculturative stress on IA. We offer suggestions for future research on Internet addiction and acculturative stress, particularly for international college students.
Should We Implement Geographic or Patient-Reported Social Determinants of Health Measures In Cardiovascular Patients.

Objectives: To compare patient-reported social determinants of health (SDOH) to the Brokamp Area Deprivation Index (ADI), and evaluate the association of patient-reported SDOH and ADI with mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Design: Prospective cohort. Setting: Academic medical center. Participants: Adults with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and/or acute exacerbation of heart failure (HF) hospitalized between 2011 and 2015. Methods: Patient-reported SDOH included: income range, education, health insurance, and household size. ADI was calculated using census tract level variables of poverty, median income, high school completion, lack of health insurance, assisted income, and vacant housing. Primary outcome: All-cause mortality, up to 5 years follow-up. Results: The sample was 60% male, 84% White, and 93% insured; mean patient-reported household income was $48,000 (SD $34,000). ADI components were significantly associated with corresponding patient-report­ed variables. In age, sex, and race adjusted Cox regression models, ADI was associated with mortality for ACS (HR 1.23, 95% CI 1.06, 1.42), but not HF (HR 1.09, 95% CI .99, 1.21). Mortality models for ACS improved with consideration of social determinants data (C-statistics: base demographic model=.612; ADI added=.644; patient-reported SDOH added=.675; both ADI and patient-reported SDOH added=.689). HF mortality models improved only slightly (C-statistics: .600, .602, .617, .620, respectively). Conclusions: The Brokamp ADI is associated with mortality in hospitalized patients with CVD. In the absence of available patient-reported data, hospitals could implement the Brokamp ADI as an approximation for patient-reported data to enhance risk stratification of patients with CVD. Ethn Dis. 2021;31(1):9-22; doi:10.18865/ed.31.1.9
Pulsed Radiofrequency Ablation for Anterior Cutaneous Nerve Entrapment Syndrome: A Case Report: PRF For ACNES: A Case Report

Anterior Cutaneous Nerve Entrapment Syndrome (ACNES) is a cause of chronic abdominal pain in which nerves become pathologically entrapped and irritated, leading to pain. The prevalence of the syndrome is 15 to 30 percent, and many treatment approaches begin with pharmacologic therapy. If pharmacologic therapy fails, trigger point injections, nerve blocks, and neurectomy are subsequent therapeutic options. We present the case of a 50-year-old female with chronic abdominal pain and steroid allergy who presented to the pain clinic after failed mainstay therapy including gabapentin, amitriptyline, nortriptyline, duloxetine, NSAID, and acetaminophen. She was diagnosed with Anterior Cutaneous Nerve Entrapment Syndrome (ACNES). A primary intervention of Bilateral Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block with local anesthetic provided 80% pain relief. Following successful primary intervention, a secondary intervention of Pulsed Radiofrequency Ablation (PRF) provided pain relief for 2 months.
Introduction to the Methods for Assessing the Impact of Screening in Childhood on Health Outcomes Supplement.

* Abbreviation: NIH — : National Institutes of Health The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has a special interest group on childhood screening that is staffed jointly by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and the Office of Disease Prevention in the Office of the NIH Director. After a series of internal meetings, the special interest group decided that the most compelling issue to tackle was the lack of an evidence base to support screening recommendations for exposures, behaviors, and conditions that are part of current routine pediatric care. To stimulate methodologic innovation to address this problem, the NIH convened an in-person workshop in Bethesda, Maryland, on May 9–10, 2019, entitled “Methods for Assessing the Impact of Screening in Childhood on Health Outcomes.” Workshop objectives included (1) conceptualizing the universe of child health outcomes pertinent to screening; (2) identifying methodologic challenges in assessing child health outcomes; (3) discussing novel and rigorous approaches to assessing these outcomes; … Address correspondence to Diana W. Bianchi, MD, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 2A03, 31 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892. E-mail: diana.bianchi{at}nih.gov
Wearable devices and low-power design for smart health applications: challenges and opportunities

Wearable devices can enable affordable and accessible smart health care services with the help of innovative low-power design and edge computing technologies. Indeed, novel wearable devices are already fueling a shift from a hospital-centric setting to more personalized home-based solutions [1]. A wide variety of miniature, flexible, and stretchable sensors enable collecting real-time data without impeding users’ daily routines. For example, inertial measurement units (IMUs) based on MEMS technology integrate a 9-axis accelerometer/gyroscope/magnetometer into a small package. Similarly, bend and stretch sensors embedded into clothes measure knee and hip angles, while biosensors track biopotentials, such as electrocardiogram (ECG) and electromyography (EMG). Then, novel edge-AI algorithms process the real-time data using low-power processors to build smart health applications ranging from health and activity monitoring to early diagnosis and prognosis [2] (Section B). One of the most critical challenges in wearable smart health applications is the stringent energy capacity imposed by size and weight constraints [2], [3]. All the required sensing, processing, and communications tasks must be performed without any manual charging or battery maintenance effort to maximize the user experience (Section C). The rest of this extended abstract discusses the challenges and potential solutions for driver applications and energy management techniques.
Hidden Influences: Exploring the Red Castle Restorations During the Italian Colonization of Libya:

This article examines alterations made to the Red Castle in Tripoli during Italy’s colonization of Libya between 1911 and 1943. Italian architects completed two projects which both restored the cas...
Toward a New Export Intermediary: Export Trading Companies in the United States

In this paper we identify emerging trends in U.S. export trading company activities and develop scenarios for future ETC growth. Insights are presented from the experience of the Japanese general trading companies. Shortcomings of the U.S. ETC legislation are assessed along with their implications for the future. A 10-step planning framework for ETCs is presented and the issue of what makes for a viable U.S. ETC is discussed.
TH-CD-303-01: On Characterizing 4D Lung Motion Using Coupled Multi-Physics Framework of Computational Fluid Dynamics, Linear Elasticity Estimation and 4D Lung Deformable Image Registration

Purpose: Modeling human lung dynamics is critical in quantitatively representing the subject specific 4D tumor motion. However, the process is numerically complicated by fluid-structure interactions (FSI) between air and the visco-elastic lung tissue and the lack of information on the anisotropic lung elasticity. Methods: We present a mathematical method to couple image registration and physics-based modeling approaches in order to represent a consistent volumetric lung dynamics. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation assumes the lung to be a poro-elastic medium with spatially dependent elastic property. The simulation is performed on a 3D lung geometry reconstructed from four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) scan dataset of a human subject. The heterogeneous linear elastic Young’s Modulus (YM) values are estimated from a linear elastic deformation model with the same lung geometry and 4D lung Deformable Image Registration (DIR). The deformation obtained from the CFD simulation is then coupled with the displacement obtained from the DIR by means of the Tikhonov regularization (TR) algorithm. Numerical results present an analytic inter-model consistent estimation of the volumetric lung dynamics. The fusion method was validated by comparing the optimal displacement with 5D model-generated landmarks. Results: A set of five 4DCT datasets was employed for this study. For the landmarks inside the lung, the optimization results in a significant reduction in error. Specifically, in the left lung, the average error for the landmarks on the surface and edges is reduced by 1.11 mm while this value is 2.96 mm for the nodes, while, in the right lung, the average displacement errors after optimization are reduced by 1.34 mm and 0.86 mm for the interior and surface nodes respectively. Conclusion: These results shows that although optimization reduces the displacement error both at the surface and the interior nodes, it is more effective for the error reduction of interior nodes.
Clarifying the identity of the Japanese Habu-kurage, Chironex yamaguchii, sp. nov. (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Chirodropida)

Here we describe the new species Chironex yamaguchii (Cnidaria: Cubozoa) from the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. This highly venomous cubomedusa, commonly referred to as Habu-kurage in Japan, is the culprit for several fatalities in Japanese waters. The scientific name adopted for this species in the literature is Chiropsalmus quadrigatus, but our taxonomic investigations show that this represents a case of mistaken identity. In fact, Habu-kurage is a close relative of Chironex fleckeri, which is particularly interesting because the latter has a reputation for being the most venomous animal known. Differences in the shape of the pedalial canal bend, the number of tentacles, and bell size distinguish the two species. In addition to Japan, Chironex yamaguchii is widely distributed in the Philippines.
VOLUNTARY SERVICE AND STATE HONOURS IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY BRITAIN*

The importance of the honours system as an institution in British politics and public life has frequently been underestimated. At the end of the First World War, the British government prioritized voluntary service to the state as an area which the honours system should reward more than others through the newly created Order of the British Empire. However, after the war the Order changed to focus more on civil servants, soldiers, and the broad category of ‘local service’. The latter could include volunteers, but more often did not. Various attempts to democratize honours through reforms from the 1960s focused on rewarding a wider range of service. The most successful of these was John Major's honours reform programme in 1993, which returned volunteer service to the forefront of the public image of honours. While these reforms were not as egalitarian as they seemed, they were successful because they integrated an ideology of crown honours with the other functions of the modern monarchy and opened up the honours system to a wider potential set of recipients. At the same time, they maintained a hierarchical structure that meant that elites who had traditionally enjoyed the exclusivity of high honours continued to do so.
Wigmore: The Japanese Connection

John Henry Wigmore was a preeminent scholar in the law of his own land, but he also thought about the law and legal problems on a global scale. This article discusses Wigmore’s research in Japanese law, his work in comparative law generally and his interest in international law and institutions. In 1889, Wigmore was asked to serve for three years as a professor of law at a Japanese university. He took this as an opportunity to compare the process of legal development in the West with that in Tokugawa-era Japan. His research unearthed a goldmine of information regarding Japanese legal history and he began a large translation and editing project which was not completed until after his death. His early Japanese connection certainly contributed to the formation of his view of the law and legal problems on a global scale. Although comparative law was never the focus of Wigmore’s scholarship, his interest in comparative and historical studies stayed with him all his life. As this article discusses, Wigmore made important contributions to comparative law and showed others the fascination and utility of the study of other legal systems. He supported international institutions and sought to promote interchange and cooperation among lawyers from around the world. He taught a generation of students about the emerging international order. In all of these things, Wigmore's vision was far ahead of its time.
Combinatorial synthesis and screening of cancer cell-specific nanomedicines targeted via phage fusion proteins

Active tumor targeting of nanomedicines has recently shown significant improvements in the therapeutic activity of currently existing drug delivery systems, such as liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil/Caelyx/Lipodox). Previously, we have shown that isolated pVIII major coat proteins of the fd-tet filamentous phage vector, containing cancer cell-specific peptide fusions at their N-terminus, can be used as active targeting ligands in a liposomal doxorubicin delivery system in vitro and in vivo. Here, we show a novel major coat protein isolation procedure in 2-propanol that allows spontaneous incorporation of the hydrophobic protein core into preformed liposomal doxorubicin with minimal damage or drug loss while still retaining the targeting ligand exposed for cell-specific targeting. Using a panel of 12 structurally unique ligands with specificity toward breast, lung, and/or pancreatic cancer, we showed the feasibility of pVIII major coat proteins to significantly increase the throughput of targeting ligand screening in a common nanomedicine core. Phage protein-modified Lipodox samples showed an average doxorubicin recovery of 82.8% across all samples with 100% of protein incorporation in the correct orientation (N-terminus exposed). Following cytotoxicity screening in a doxorubicin-sensitive breast cancer line (MCF-7), three major groups of ligands were identified. Ligands showing the most improved cytotoxicity included: DMPGTVLP, ANGRPSMT, VNGRAEAP, and ANDVYLD showing a 25-fold improvement (p < 0.05) in toxicity. Similarly DGQYLGSQ, ETYNQPYL, and GSSEQLYL ligands with specificity toward a doxorubicin-insensitive pancreatic cancer line (PANC-1) showed significant increases in toxicity (2-fold; p < 0.05). Thus, we demonstrated proof-of-concept that pVIII major coat proteins can be screened in significantly higher throughput to identify novel ligands displaying improved therapeutic activity in a desired cancer phenotype.
Spatially variant tomographic imaging: estimation, identification, and optimization

This thesis is an investigation of methods for processing multidimensional signals acquired using modern tomography systems that have an anisotropic or spatially variant response function. The main result of this research is the discovery of a new method to obtain better estimators of an unknown spatial intensity distribution by incorporating detailed knowledge about the tomograph system response function and statistical properties of the acquired signal into a mathematical model. In this model, data acquisition is represented by a linear transformation, $F\sb{\theta k}$, of functions, b, on a continuous domain object space to functions, $p\sb{\theta k}$, on a discrete domain observation space as described by $p\sb{\theta k}$ = $F\sb{\theta k}\cdot b$ = $\int\sb{\IR}dy\int\sb{\IR}dx\ f\sb{\theta k}(x,y)b(x,y)$. This data acquisition model and the singular value decomposition, $F\sb{\theta k} = U\sb{\theta k}S\cdot V\sp{T}$, of this model into the left singular vectors, $U\sb{\theta k}$, right singular functions, V, and the singular value operator, S, form a common, unifying structure for the three areas of this work: identification, estimation, and optimization. For system identification, the model is easily adapted to represent tomography systems that are spatially invariant, spatially variant with symmetry, or spatially variant without symmetry. Least squares, normal maximum likelihood, and Poisson maximum likelihood estimators and the corresponding covariance have been formulated to compensate for all three types of spatial responses. While bias is reduced by these estimators, undesirable statistical and systematic fluctuations can result due to pixelization effects. To reduce these fluctuations new estimators such as the filtered singular value least squares estimator $\ b = V\cdot S\sp{T}D(S\cdot S\sp{T})\sp+U\sp{T}\underline p$ with diagonal filter matrix, D, were developed. These new estimators use an orthonormal pixel basis decomposition of the unknown spatial distribution to eliminate systematic error and minimize statistical errors that occur using square or polar pixel bases. Characterizing the effects which sampling density has on reconstructed image resolution and noise using singular value analysis has led to a method to optimize sampling strategies to obtain better estimates of the unknown spatial distribution given bounds for noise and resolution. Symmetries in the data acquisition process lead to very efficient implementations of the new inverse problem algorithms.
Action potential models of murine cardiac ventricular cells

We have developed a computational model for the rat cardiac ventricular cell by using electrophysiology data. Our control model (Pandit et al,. 2001) represents the bioelectric activity in the left ventricular cells in adult male rats. We have formulated the differences in the membrane properties within the left ventricle to simulate the action potential variations of the endocardial and epicardial cells. We also built a right ventricular cell model from our control model (the left ventricular cell model) to investigate ionic mechanisms in diabetic rats (Pandit et al., 2003). Our right ventricular cell model was also the template for us to develop a mouse ventricular cell model by utilizing experimental data. The simulation studies in our models of the rat and mouse ventricular cells conclude that (1) the action potential variations in the left and right ventricles of the normal, diabetic, aged or spontaneously hypertensive rats is mainly due to differences in the 4AP sensitive, Ca/sup 2+/ independent transient outward K/sup +/ current (I/sub t/) current, and (2) the presence of the 4AP sensitive, slowly inactivating, delayed rectifier K/sup +/ current (I/sub Kslow/) in mouse is one of the main factors contributing to the faster rate of repolarization seen in mouse compared to rats.
Yohimbine-induced alterations of monoamine metabolism in the spontaneously hypertensive rat of the okamoto strain (SHR): II. The Central Nervous System (CNS)

Steady state levels of monoamine neurotransmitters were examined in SHR, a genetic model of hypertension and compared to its normotensive control (WKY). SHR and WKY were also challenged with alpha 2-adrenergic antagonists, (yohimbine, YOH, idazoxan) or an alpha 1-antagonist (prazosin) and alterations in CNS monoamine metabolism evaluated. SHR were found to have elevated levels of NE and 5-HT in a number of brain regions involved in cardiovascular control when compared to WKY. DA levels and metabolism were also altered in the SHR. Blockade of alpha 2-adrenoceptors and other direct and indirect actions of YOH exacerbated the abnormalities in central monoaminergic neurotransmission in SHR. Significant decreases in NE content were produced by YOH or idazoxan treatment in both SHR and WKY, presumably the result of the inhibition of alpha 2-adrenoceptor medicated presynaptic control of NE release. YOH treatment abolished the differences in steady state levels of NE between SHR and WKY, however, idazoxan did not. YOH administration resulted in significant increases in DA and 5-HT in a number of brain regions of both SHR and WKY. Idazoxan or prazosin produced few changes in DA and 5-HT metabolism except for increases in DA content in the spinal cord and brainstem of SHR given idazoxan. The YOH-induced increases in DA and 5-HT content of SHR were of a greater magnitude than the WKY in several brain regions. DOPAC levels were significantly elevated by YOH in both WKY and SHR, reflecting the antidopaminergic properties of YOH. 5-HIAA content was significantly reduced by YOH in a number of brain regions in both SHR and WKY, however, this effect was attenuated in several brain regions in SHR. The results of the present study demonstrate the multifarious nature of the alterations in CNS monoamine metabolism in SHR.
Ligand requirements for involvement of PKCε in synergistic analgesic interactions between spinal μ and δ opioid receptors

Background and Purpose We recently found that PKCe was required for spinal analgesic synergy between two GPCRs, δ opioid receptors and α2A adrenoceptors, co-located in the same cellular subpopulation. We sought to determine if co-delivery of μ and δ opioid receptor agonists would similarly result in synergy requiring PKCe. Experimental Approach Combinations of μ and δ opioid receptor agonists were co-administered intrathecally by direct lumbar puncture to PKCe-wild-type (PKCe-WT) and -knockout (PKCe-KO) mice. Antinociception was assessed using the hot-water tail-flick assay. Drug interactions were evaluated by isobolographic analysis. Key Results All agonists produced comparable antinociception in both PKCe-WT and PKCe-KO mice. Of 19 agonist combinations that produced analgesic synergy, only 3 required PKCe for a synergistic interaction. In these three combinations, one of the agonists was morphine, although not all combinations involving morphine required PKCe. Morphine + deltorphin II and morphine + deltorphin I required PKCe for synergy, whereas a similar combination, morphine + deltorphin, did not. Additionally, morphine + oxymorphindole required PKCe for synergy, whereas a similar combination, morphine + oxycodindole, did not. Conclusions and Implications We discovered biased agonism for a specific signalling pathway at the level of spinally co-delivered opioid agonists. As the bias is only revealed by an appropriate ligand combination and cannot be accounted for by a single drug, it is likely that the receptors these agonists act on are interacting with each other. Our results support the existence of μ and δ opioid receptor heteromers at the spinal level in vivo. Linked Articles This article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2
Fetoscopic visualization in second-trimester pregnancies☆

Fetoscopic visualization may be required for the prenatal diagnosis of external fetal malformations which cannot be clearly defined by ultrasound. The synchronous use of real-time ultrasound guidance during the fetoscopic procedure has permitted successful visualization to be achieved in pregnancies of greater than 18 weeks' gestation. The chances of successful visualization and the influence of advancing gestational age have been critically evaluated. Between 18 and 23 weeks', when these techniques were used, advancing gestational age did not appear to exert a significant effect on the chances of successful visualization. Analysis of placental position indicated that an anterior placenta did not significantly affect bloodstaining of the fluid or preclude access to placental vessels for blood sampling.
Influence of grain size evolution on convective instability

[1] Grain size, one of the most important microstructural properties of materials, evolves during creep deformation to minimize the free energy of polycrystalline aggregates. We apply a model of grain size evolution to the study of convective instability of cooling boundary layers. The grain size evolution model is coupled to a composite rheology where the deformation rate is the sum of that due to dislocation creep and grain size sensitive diffusion creep. The onset of convection is sensitive to grain growth rates and the initial grain size. The formation of convective instabilities is enhanced by stresses induced by plate motions; therefore small-scale convection is more likely to occur beneath fast-moving plates. In finite amplitude convection, grain size evolution leads to high viscosity in regions where convective stresses are low and can induce viscosity contrasts exceeding one order of magnitude. Such viscosity contrasts are sufficient to influence the dynamics of convection, often leading to domains which remain isolated from the well-mixed convecting fluid. A composite viscosity including diffusion creep, which has a lower activation energy than dislocation creep, reduces the effective temperature dependence of viscosity.
The Interlocutor’s Dilemma: The Place of Strategy in Dialogic Theory

This essay discusses the implications of a concept of strategy for dialogical perspectives on communication. It begins by locating in the dialogical perspective a “longing for the other” that equates communication with communion or mutuality. It draws from the theory of communicative action of Jurgen Habermas to discuss strategy as the “other” of communication and explores the paradox of Habermas’s idea of communicative rationality in terms of the prisoner’s dilemma of game theory. The essay considers the extent to which the strategic and the dialogic are woven together in communication and argues that the communicative orientations of interlocutors at any given instance are rightfully regarded as the product of situational logics conditioned by social and cultural commitments extant in that instance. Given that the impetus for strategy stems in part from concerns about social solidarity in the face of the exigences of everyday life, the essay concludes by directing attention to the interplay of the management of social fears and the expression of otherness in shaping the course of communicative encounters.
A HIGH PRICE: THE TRIUMPS AND FAILURES OF ISRAELI COUNTERTERRORISM

Book reviewed: A High Price: The Triumphs and Failures of Israeli Counterterrorism / by Daniel Byman (Oxford University Press, 2011,) 496 pp.
Low cost plug-and-play PV system for DC microgrid

This paper proposes a plug-and-play PV system for DC microgrid based on an analog interleaved flyback converter implementation. The scheme's flexibility allows for the operation to be at the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) or at any power curtailment level, as directed by the DC microgrid control or any suitable analog voltage signal. This novel technique is a very low cost one that utilizes a simple control arrangement while supporting system scalability. The converter features soft switching and accomplishes interleaving by implementing the master/slave synchronization methodology of two variable frequency flybacks operating in the boundary conduction mode (BCM). System diagrams, control strategy, and experimental results are illustrated in this paper. Notable performance of this efficient low cost scheme is established and presented.
In-depth analysis of pH-dependent mechanisms of electromechanical reshaping of rabbit nasal septal cartilage.

Objectives/Hypothesis Electromechanical reshaping (EMR) involves reshaping cartilage by mechanical deformation and delivering electric current to the area around the bend axis, causing local stress relaxation and permanent shape change. The mechanism of EMR is currently unclear, although preliminary studies suggest that voltage and application time are directly related to the concentration and diffusion of acid–base products within the treated tissue with little heat generation. This study aims to characterize local tissue pH changes following EMR and to demonstrate that local tissue pH changes are correlated with tissue damage and shape change. Study Design Ex vivo animal study involving EMR of rabbit nasal septal cartilage and biochemical estimation of tissue pH changes. Methods The magnitude and diffusion of acid–base chemical products in control (0V, 2 minutes), shape change (4V, 4 minutes; 6V, 1, 2, 4 minutes; 8V, 1, 2 minutes), and tissue damage (8V, 4, 5 minutes; 10V, 4, 5 minutes) parameters following EMR are approximated by analyzing local pH changes after pH indicator application. Results There is a direct relationship between total charge transfer and extent of acid–base product diffusion (P <0.05). A “pH transition zone” is seen surrounding the bend apex above 8V, 2 minutes. Colorimetric analysis suggests that small local pH changes (10−8 hydrogen ions) are at least partly implicated in clinically efficacious EMR. Conclusions These results provide additional insight into the translational applications of EMR, particularly the relationship among pH changes, shape change, and tissue injury, and are integral in optimizing this promising technology for clinical use. Level of Evidence N/A. Laryngoscope 124:E405–E410, 2014
Urinary diversion: 15 years' experience

In many urologic conditions — massively dilated ureter, neuropathic bladder, bladder exstrophy, and malignant bladder tumor — there are situations for which diversion is indicated on a temporary or permanent basis. This review describes the indications and applicability of temporary and permanent urinary diversions carried out in 62 patients over a period of 15 years (1972–1987). Improved results of reconstructive surgery, the use of intermittent catheterization, temporary percutaneous drainage of the urinary tract, and recently, the creation of various types of continent diversion will probably decrease the need for diverting procedures.
"A kiss here and a kiss there": conflict and collaboration in environmental partnerships.

Multistakeholder collaboration in the environmental realm has been increasing steadily over the past decade. This trend is responding to several stimuli, including dissatisfaction with current regulatory regimes, a liberal economic climate emphasizing global competitiveness and short-term returns, and the growing roles of the business and nongovernmental organization sectors in the environmental policy arena. This paper grows out of ethnographic research conducted between 1994 and 1998 with four environmental partnerships in Europe and the United States. The research found all of these partnerships to be marked by practices of conflict minimization and diffusion. Drawing upon illustrative data from one of these case studies, a European Union level initiative aimed at enabling sustainable development in Europe, the paper asks why this was the case, especially given the diverse political and economic interests at stake and the history of contentious relations between the sectors in other venues. Employing a theoretical perspective highlighting the sociohistoric factors involved in these processes, the paper suggests that this proclivity toward nonconfrontational behavior stems in part from two sources: a prominent cultural model that conceptualizes the partnership process as fundamentally nonconflictual in nature, and the promotion of the discourse of ecological modernization over other competing discourses. The paper explores some of the implications of this finding and concludes that environmental partnerships characterized by such nonconfrontational practices risk inadvertently encouraging the delegitimization of conflictual approaches to environmental action and engendering a retreat from radical thinking and innovative environmental solutions.
Flaw Tolerance for Multiple Fatigue Cracks

Appendix L of Section XI provides for serviceability assessments of piping components that are subject to fatigue stresses. This appendix introduced a damage tolerance examination strategy to assure that components perform reliably throughout operating periods between inspections. Operating periods are based on fatigue crack growth analyses of postulated pre-existing cracks. Evidence from service experience shows that fatigue cracking occurrences at operating nuclear power plants often result from mechanisms that cause cracks to initiate and then grow at multiple locations on the inside surface of a pipe, becoming longer and deeper, and eventually linking to form a single long crack. This paper documents important details of the technical bases for changes to Appendix L. Calculations identified aspect ratios for equivalent single cracks (ESC) between the extremes of a 6:1 ratio and a full circumferential crack that can be used in Appendix L flaw tolerance assessments to account for the initiation, growth, and linking of multiple fatigue cracks. Probabilistic fracture mechanics (PFM) calculations determined ESC aspect ratios that result in the same through-wall crack probability as multiple small cracks (0.02 inch depth) that initiate and coalesce. The computations considered two materials (stainless and low alloy steels), three pipe diameters, five cyclic membrane-to-gradient stress ratios and a wide range of primary loads. Subsequent deterministic calculations identified the ESC aspect ratio for the hypothetical reference flaw depth assumptions in Appendix L. This paper also describes computations that compare the Appendix L flaw tolerance allowable operating period for the ESC models with results obtained when a single default 6:1 aspect ratio reference flaw.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
NONAXIAL HYDROGEN BOND IN THE NA+(12-CROWN-4)2SCN.HOME COMPLEX

The structures for Na+(12-crown-4)2SCN- and Na+(12-crown-4)2SCN-·HOMe have been determined by X-ray crystallography. In the crystalline solvate, the methanol molecule forms a nonaxial hydrogen bond to the nitrogen atom of thiocyanate anion. This uncommon hydrogen bonded structure markedly affects the frequency of the νCN vibration, which is lowered with respect to the unperturbed anion in Na+(12-crown-4)2SCN-. Theoretical studies of SCN-·HOMe complexes also predict that nonaxial hydrogen bonds lower the frequency of the νCN vibration, but potential energy calculations do not reveal the preferred angle for a nonlinear interaction.
The Contribution of Familiarity to Associative Memory in Amnesia

In Experiment 1, using the remember/know paradigm with control participants, we compared the contribution of recollection and familiarity to associative recognition for compound stimuli and for unrelated word pairs. It was demonstrated that familiarity makes a greater contribution to associative recognition of compound stimuli than to associative recognition of unrelated word pairs. In Experiment 2, we examined associative recognition memory in medial temporal lobe amnesics, diencephalic amnesics, and control participants for the stimuli employed in Experiment 1. Whereas associative recognition for compounds and unrelated words was nearly identical in control participants, associative recognition was higher for compounds than for unrelated word pairs in amnesic patients. This pattern was observed in the medial temporal amnesic group as well as in the diencephalic amnesic group. These results suggest that associative recognition in amnesia is enhanced to the extent that performance can be supported by study-induced familiarity for the studied pair.
Anticholinergic activity of imipramine and some analogs at muscarinic receptors of cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells.

Imipramine and some of its analogs (trimipramine, 3-chlorimipramine, desipramine, 3-chloro-2-hydroxyimipramine, 2-hydroxyimipramine, and didesmethylimipramine), were assayed for their potencies as antimuscarinic agents by their abilities to antagonize muscarinic receptor-mediated cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP) formation by cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells. Equilibrium dissociation constants for these compounds yielded the following rank order of potency at the muscarinic receptor: imipramine > trimipramine > 3-chlorimipramine > desipramine > 3-chloro-2-hydroxyimipramine > 2-hydroxyimipramine > didesmethylimipramine. These results indicate that didesmethylation of the side chain nitrogen or hydroxylation of the ring at the 2-position lead to marked reductions (30-fold and 12-fold, respectively) in antimuscarinic activity of imipramine.
Performance of wheat cultivars and cultivar mixtures in the presence of Cephalosporium stripe

Abstract Wheat cultivars and cultivar mixtures were grown in commercial fields naturally infested with Cephalosporium gramanium. Thirteen treatments, including nine cultivars and four two-way cultivar mixtures, were replicated four times in 3×30 m plots in each of six experiments (two locations×three winter wheat seasons). Cephalosporium stripe was quantified by estimating the percentage of prematurely ripening heads (whiteheads) in each plot. There was little variation in percentage of whiteheads among club wheat entries, which were less susceptible than the common soft white winter wheats. Common wheat entries varied from highly susceptible to moderately resistant. One cultivar mixture significantly (P
Pediatric AIDS: The professional responsibilities of child caregivers to children and families

Information about the nature and control of AIDS is now available to the general public. Policies regarding the physical care of AIDS victims are also available to health care professionals. Unfortunately, information about professional issues like acceptance of AIDS victims, confidentiality, and family support is less available. One audience in particular need of such information is child caregivers who, in the years ahead, can expect to see an increasing number of children who are infected with the HIV virus. In this paper, the author addresses the professional responsibilities of child caregivers who care for children with AIDS or HIV infection.
Stimulation of RNA synthesis in isolated nucleoli by preparations of simian virus 40 T antigen.

Abstract Partially purified and highly purified preparations of simian virus 40 (SV40) T antigen from SV80 cells stimulate the incorporation of [3H]UTP into RNA in isolated rat liver nucleoli. The increased incorporation is dependent on an endogenous a-amanitin-resistant RNA polymerase, and ribosomal RNA sequences are present in the product. T antigen was also partially purified from Chinese hamster cells transformed by a tsA mutant of SV40. The complement-fixing activity of tsT was rapidly inactivated by heating at 50°, and this inactivation was paralleled by a marked decrease in its ability to stimulate nucleolar RNA synthesis in vitro. Under these same conditions, T preparations from wild-type transformed cells were more resistant, in terms of both complement-fixing activity and ability to stimulate nucleolar RNA synthesis. The stimulation of nucleolar RNA synthesis with wild-type T preparations of different degrees of purity correlated with the ability of the preparations to fix complement, even with highly purified preparations. Finally, cellular RNA synthesis was also stimulated when quiescent 3T3 cells were infected with wild-type SV40. The results do not prove, but strongly suggest, that one of the sites of action of SV40 T antigen may be at the level of transcription of nucleolar DNA.
Purification of decidual prolactin-releasing factor, a placental protein that stimulates prolactin release from human decidual tissue.

Decidual prolactin-releasing factor (PRL-RF), a placental protein that stimulates the release of prolactin from human decidual tissue, has been purified from conditioned medium of human placental explants. The purification scheme consisted of ethanol extraction, anion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, size exclusion chromatography on Spherogel TSK-3000, and either a) immunoaffinity chromatography using an antiserum to a partially purified PRL-RF preparation or b) acetic acid-urea/SDS 2-dimensional PAGE. The apparent molecular weight of the purified releasing factor, estimated by SDS-PAGE, was 23,500 Da; and the half-maximal dose for the acute stimulation of prolactin release from human decidual cells was 0.05–0.1 ug/ml (2.2–4.4 nM).
Development of software tools for visualization of high-energy and nuclear physics

We discuss the development of software tools involved in the visualization of simulations, detectors and events used in high energy and nuclear physics experiments taking place at large particle accelerators. Two such accelerators are RHIC at Brookhaven National Lab completed in 1999 and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN to be completed in 2005. One primary goal of RHIC is the formation of a quark-gluon plasma, a sate of matter though to exist shortly after the big bang. We discuss a simulation and visualization of the collision at RHIC of two gold nuclei and the predicted results for the quark-gluon plasma calculated using the parton cascade mode. ATLAS is a large detector with 20 million separate elements being constructed to measure physics beyond the standard Model at the LHC. A high end visual display for ATLAS is necessary because of the sheer size and complexity of the detector. To load, rotate, query, and debug simulation code with a modern detector simply takes too long even on a powerful work station. We develop a visual display of HENP detectors on BNL multiprocessor visualization server at multiple level of detail. We work with general and generic detector framework consistent with ROOT, GAUDI, etc. We enable collaborative viewing of detector and events by directly running the analysis in BNL stereoscopic theater. We obtain real time visual display for events accumulated during simulations.
Prevalence of the hifBC, hmw1A, hmw2A, hmwC, and hia Genes in Haemophilus influenzae Isolates

Adherence of Haemophilus influenzae to respiratory epithelial cells is the first step in the pathogenesis of H. influenzae infection and is facilitated by the action of several adhesins located on the surface of the bacteria. In this study, prevalences of hifBC, which represent the pilus gene cluster; hmw1A, hmw2A, and hmwC, which represent high-molecular-weight (HMW) adhesin genes; and hia, which represents H. influenzae adhesin (Hia) genes were determined among clinical isolates of encapsulated type b (Hib) and nonencapsulated (NTHi) H. influenzae. hifBC genes were detected in 109 of 170 (64%) Hib strains and in 46 of 162 (28%) NTHi isolates (P = 0.0001) and were more prevalent among the invasive type b strains than invasive NTHi strains (P = 0.00003). Furthermore, hifBC genes were significantly more prevalent (P = 0.0398) among NTHi throat isolates than NTHi middle ear isolates. hmw1A, hmw2A, hmwC, and hia genes were not detected in Hib strains. Among NTHi isolates, the prevalence of hmw1A was 51%, the prevalence of hmw2A was 23%, the prevalence of hmwC was 48%, and the prevalence of hia was 33%. The hmw genes were significantly more prevalent among middle ear than throat isolates, while hia did not segregate with a respiratory tract site. These results show the variability of the presence of adhesin genes among clinical H. influenzae isolates and suggest that hemagglutinating pili may play a larger role in H. influenzae nasopharyngeal colonization than in acute otitis media whereas the HMW adhesins may be virulence factors for acute otitis media.
Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy of the intervertebral disc

Intervertebral disc disease is an emerging health concern and has a considerable negative effect on the economy and on society. MRI has a critical role in assessing the disc, but it is still a challenge to objectively correlate disc health and pain with images. In this paper, a review of MR disc imaging techniques including grading, relaxation time measurements, diffusion, and contrast perfusion is presented. In addition, high-resolution magic-angle spinning methods to correlate in vitro disc degeneration (with pain, etc) are discussed. With the potential for gaining morphological and biochemical information, MRI shows promise for quantitative assessment of disc health.
Firmware over the air for automotive, Fotamotive

The technologies in the automotive industry are becoming smarter and more advanced than before. Complexity of vehicle electronics is becoming a greater issue and often caused by more interfaces, more connections, more displays, more user demand features and more suppliers. This means there is a great need to supply system updates to ensure higher quality and improve functionality. This paper introduces a new solution for vehicle updates that will help OEMs to reduce cost, reduce recalls, increase quality, ease vehicle updates and take better control of vehicles fleet in the market. This new solution consists of updating vehicle ECUs over the air without the need of a physical connection to the vehicle. We are presenting Fotamotive architecture, process flow chart, system components, vehicle cloud management, simulation and results.