cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scattered near field characteristics due to the physical features of a simplified missile structure

In order to develop a basic understanding of the interaction of an ultra-wideband transient electromagnetic plane wave with a conducting cylindrical body such as a missile, the near field effects due to the basic physical features of the scatterer must be studied. A simplified missile structure with no appendages such as fins or antennas is considered. The simplified missile structure consists of a straight cylinder which is closed on one end with a flat endcap and linearly tapered to a circular aperture over a portion of the opposite end. Of particular interest is the axial electric field at the center of the aperture. The axial aperture electric fields of four distinct models are studied in order to isolate the effects of the separate physical features on the axial aperture electric field.
Aristea (Iridaceae, Aristeoideae), a Subgeneric Classification

Abstract. A novel classification here of the sub-Saharan and Madagascan genus Aristea Aiton (Iridaceae), with ca. 57 species, recognizes three subgenera, Aristea subg. Aristea (18 species), Aristea subg. Eucapsulares (Goldblatt) Goldblatt [≡ Aristea sect. Eucapsulares Goldblatt] (ca. 30 species), and Aristea subg. Pseudaristea (Pax) Goldblatt [≡ Aristea sect. Pseudoaristea Pax] (nine species). This replaces a 1940 classification by Henning Weimarck, which included eight sections. In this updated classification, Aristea subg. Aristea includes three sections, and Aristea subg. Eucapsulares, two sections. A lectotype, A. spiralis (L. f.) Ker Gawl., is designated for Aristea sect. Pseudaristea Pax [≡ Aristea subg. Pseudoaristea (Pax) Goldblatt].
Cholesterol stabilizes hemifused phospholipid bilayer vesicles.

Abstract Cholesterol was found to inhibit full fusion of oppositely charged phospholipid bilayer vesicles by stabilizing the contacting membranes at the stage of the hemifused intermediate. Vesicles of opposite charge containing different amounts of cholesterol were prepared using cationic (1,2-dioleoyl- sn -glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine) and anionic (dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol) phospholipids. Pairwise interactions between such vesicles were observed by fluorescence video microscopy in real time after electrophoretically maneuvering the vesicles into contact. Hemifusion accounted for more than 80% of the observed events when the vesicles contained 33–50 mole% cholesterol. In contrast, vesicles containing only a small proportion of cholesterol (≤10 mole%), underwent full fusion in approx. 70% of the interactions monitored. The role of cholesterol is explained both as favoring the formation of the hemifused intermediate according to the adhesion-condensation mechanism of bilayer fusion and as disfavoring the transition from hemifusion to full fusion on the basis of reduced tension in the vesicle bilayers.
Architectural models for intelligent machines

Intelligent Machines are defined to be hierarchical structures composed of three interactive levels: organization, coordination and execution. An architectural model that can accommodate fast and reliable operation for the levels individual functions is proposed and explained. The model is composed of hardware units including special memories, long-term, short-term and buffers, to store permanent and temporary information, memories to store probabilities, costs and terminal sets, and specific hardware to upgrade the stored information. The architecture proposed is suitable for the decision phase and upgrade phase of Intelligent Machines. The decision phase involves formulating complete and compatible plans to execute a user requested job. The upgrade phase involves the upgrade of the probabilities and costs associated with the best possible plan formulated during the decision phase.
On Malaria and the Duration of Civil War

Geographic factors such as rugged terrain and distance from capital cities are widely believed to prolong civil wars by enabling rebel groups to resist total defeat. This article argues that prevalence of malaria can similarly serve to asymmetrically enhance rebels’ defensive capabilities and thus prolong civil war. Malaria prevalence does so in three complementary ways. First, while malaria can inflict costs on both government and rebel troops, these costs are magnified for larger and denser human groups; thereby ensuring that the costs of malaria will often be higher among government troop deployments. Second, because government soldiers are rotated in and out of conflict zones whereas insurgents typically are not, the former are likely to have a higher nonimmune exposure rate than the latter, which further ensures that government forces will be more susceptible to contracting and spreading malaria. Third, malaria can also indirectly prolong civil war by helping to maintain a socio-geographic environmen...
Hematopoietic Stem-Progenitor Cells Restore Immunoreactivity and Improve Survival in Late Sepsis

Sepsis progresses from an early/acute hyperinflammatory to a late/chronic hypoinflammatory phase with immunosuppression. As a result of this phenotypic switch, mortality in late sepsis from persistent primary infection or opportunistic new infection often exceeds that in acute sepsis. Emerging data support that persistence of the hypoinflammatory (hyporesponsive) effector immune cells during late sepsis might involve alterations in myeloid differentiation/maturation that generate circulating repressor macrophages that do not readily clear active infection. Here, we used a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) murine model of prolonged sepsis to show that adoptive transfer of CD34(+) hematopoietic stem-progenitor cells after CLP improves long-term survival by 65%. CD34(+) cell transfer corrected the immunosuppression of late sepsis by (i) producing significantly higher levels of proinflammatory mediators upon ex vivo stimulation with the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist lipopolysaccharide, (ii) enhancing phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages, and (iii) clearing bacterial peritonitis. Improved immunity by CD34(+) cell transfer decreased inflammatory peritoneal exudate of surviving late-sepsis mice. Cell tracking experiments showed that the transferred CD34(+) cells first appeared in the bone marrow and then homed to the spleen and peritoneum. Because CD34(+) cells did not affect the early-phase hyperinflammatory response, it is likely that the newly incorporated pluripotent CD34(+) cells differentiated into competent immune cells in blood and tissue, thereby reversing or replacing the hyporesponsive endotoxin-tolerant cells that occur and persist after the initiation of early sepsis.
Hospitalized Infants Who Hurt: A Sweet Solution With Oral Sucrose

Pain is harmful to newborn infants. Oral sucrose is safe, inexpensive, and effective at preventing and reducing pain in hospitalized babies who undergo invasive procedures. The sugar can be used alone or in combination with analgesics and other nonpharmacological interventions to provide analgesia. Parents expect nurses to serve as pain advocates for the parents' newborns and to protect the babies from needless suffering. It is incumbent upon nurses to stay abreast of the current evidence and integrate use of oral sucrose into daily pain management practice in emergency, acute, and critical care units.
Dietary Protein Effects on Nitrogen Excretion and Manure Characteristics of Lactating Cows

In the primary experiment, 12 diets were fed to 34 lactating cows with the objective to determine effects of level and source of dietary protein on N excretion, the first estimate needed to budget manure N flow and utilization on dairy farms. Complete collection of urine and feces separately allowed for determination of digestibilities and urine and fecal excretion of N. Equations to predict N excretion in urine and feces were developed using DM intake and N intake as the primary predictors. Including milk yield or body weight in the model did not account for appreciable additional variation. Fecal plus urine N excretions estimated from these equations agreed closely with NRC equations and estimates made assuming that N consumed was either secreted in milk or excreted in urine and feces (diet N minus milk N). Predicted N excretion for 635 kg Holstein cows consuming 17.8 kg/d dry matter (15.3% CP), which is the estimated amount required for 22.7 kg milk/d, was 325 g (150 g urine N and 175 g feces N). Fecal DM excretion averaged 34.3% of DM intake (6.1 kg for typical cow) and was 88.2% volatile solids; daily urine dry matter averaged 0.9 kg/d (20 kg urine/d averaging 0.045% dry matter) and was 47.8% volatile solids. Additionally, compositions and total daily excretions were determined for feces (ADF, NDF, crude fat, Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Mo) and urine (Ca, K, Mg, Na, P). As with N, amounts of various fractions excreted daily were closely associated with DM intake (which varies with milk production) and were much less variable than percentage compositions. Abbreviation key: BM = blood meal, Ca-LCFA = Ca soaps of long-chain fatty acids, CP = crude protein = N ¥ 6.25, DM = dry matter, DMI = DM intake, FtM = feather meal, RUP = ruminally undegraded protein, SBM = soybean meal.
Effects Of Variation In Look Angle And Wavelength In Radar Images For Geologic Applications: Implications For Sir-c And Magellan

Implications for SIR-C and Magellan of Seasat, SIR-A/B, and aircraft radar images which show that a variety of geologic targets can have similar backscatter and be indistinguishable under given observing wavelengths and/or look angles are discussed. The SIR-C/X-SAR combination provides three wavelengths, each of which may provide significant information not provided by another, and HH, VV, and one cross polarization each provide different and significant information. For study of unvegetated geological targets in relatively flat terrain, images made at smaller look angles probably provide more information than images from larger look angles. For Magellan, the possible existence of aeolian landforms such as sand dunes or sand sheets on Venus cannot be ruled out simply because they are not seen on radar images. The problem of dissimilar features having identical backscatter must also be considered in the Venusian context, where perhaps lava flows and impact ejecta could have similar high backscatter, or conversely, smooth aeolian materials and smooth volcanic ash (if either exist) could have a similar backscatter.
Mate choice and mate competition influence male body size in Japanese medaka

A sexual size dimorphism usually occurs when size-dependent reproductive advantages exist in only one sex. Studies on Japanese medaka, Oryzias latipes, have demonstrated reproductive size advantages in females but not in males, even though males and females are similar in body size. We conducted mate-choice and mate-copying tests in which a female could first associate with, then mate with, either a large (>/=1 sd+X standard length) or a small male (</=1 sd-X standard length). Large males obtained a mating advantage in both tests, and both mate choice and mate competition influenced their mating success. In the majority of trials, females associated with large males. Association preferences of females corresponded to their mating preferences when mate competition between males was weak; however, when mate competition was strong, large males obtained almost every mating regardless of female association preference. Preference for large males may provide females with a reproductive advantage if males mate multiply because small males become sperm-depleted sooner than large males. We found no indication that females copied the mating decisions of other females. Repeatability of female mating preference was low, not because females mated at random with respect to male size, but because most females consistently preferred large males. We also conducted mating tests at four density levels and found that large males maintained their mating advantage relative to small males at all densities. Thus, male and female medaka may be similar in body size because large size provides a fecundity advantage for females, as demonstrated in previous studies, and large size provides a mating advantage for males, as demonstrated in our study. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny of North American field crickets: perspectives on the evolution of life cycles, songs, and habitat associations

North American field crickets (genus Gryllus) exhibit a diversity of life cycles, habitat associations, and calling songs. However, patterns of evolution for these ecological and behavioral traits remain uncertain in the absence of a robust phylogenetic framework. Analyses of morphological variation have provided few clues about species relationships in the genus Gryllus. Here we use comparisons of mitochondrial DNA restriction site maps for 29 individuals representing 11 species (including potential outgroups) to examine relationships among eastern North American field crickets. Initially chosen as likely outgroup taxa, the two European species of Gryllus do not obviously fall outside of an exclusively North American clade and (based on amount of sequence divergence) appear to have diverged from North American lineages at about the same time that major North American lineages diverged from each other. The egg-overwintering crickets comprise a strongly supported monophyletic group, but relationships among these three closely related species cannot be resolved. The mtDNA data are consistent with a single origin of egg diapause and do not support a model of recent life cycle divergence and allochronic speciation for Gryllus pennsylvanicus and G. veletis. The two crickets are not sister species, despite remarkable similarity in morphology, habitat, and calling song. This conclusion is consistent with published data on allozyme variation in North American field crickets. The habitat associations of eastern North American field crickets have been labile, but calling songs sometimes have remained virtually unchanged across multiple speciation events.
Interacting excitons in organic and semiconductor systems; the nonlinear exciton equations

Summary form only given. A unified description of nonlinear optical spectroscopies of molecular aggregates (starting with the Frenkel-Heitler-London Hamiltonian) and semiconductors (starting with the two-band model) is developed using the nonlinear exciton equations (NEE). The equations follow explicitly the complete set of dynamical (one-, two-, and three-point) exciton variables relevant for the third-order response. Effects of nuclear motions are incorporated through relaxation superoperators calculated perturbatively in exciton-phonon coupling. A Green function expression for the third order response is derived by solving the (NEE) using a new truncation scheme based on factorizing the three-point relaxation kernels. These results set the stage for designing multidimensional spectroscopies of excitons and analyzing them using coherence-transfer pathways.
Transitioning from resistance devices to photonic devices for temperature measurements

For the past century, industrial temperature measurements have relied on resistance measurement of a thin metal wire or filament whose resistance varies with temperature. Though resistance thermometers can routinely measure industrial temperatures with uncertainties of 10 mK, they are sensitive to mechanical shock which causes the sensor resistance to drift over time requiring frequent off-line, expensive, and time consuming calibrations. These fundamental limitations of resistance thermometry have produced considerable interest in developing photonic temperature sensors to leverage advances in frequency metrology and to achieve greater mechanical and environmental stability. We are developing a suite of photonic devices that leverage advances in microwave and C-band light sources to fabricate cost-effective photonic temperature sensors. Our preliminary results indicate that using photonic devices such as the ring resonator we can measure short term temperature fluctuations of 80 μΚ at room temperature. Photonic sensor technology provides a low cost, lightweight, portable and electromagnetic interference (EMI) resistant solution which can be deployed in a wide variety of settings ranging from controlled laboratory conditions, a noisy factory floor, advanced manufacturing, to the variable environment of a residential setting.
Merlin; NF2 Tumor Suppressor and Regulator of Receptor Distribution/Signaling

Received March 23, 2011 Accepted March 30, 2011 Address for correspondence Ju Hyoung Lee, MD Department of OtolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University of Medicine & Science, 1198 Guwol-dong, Namdong-gu, Incheon 405-760, Korea Tel +82-32-460-3763 Fax +82-32-467-9044 E-mail febent@gilhospital.com Acoustic tumor is the most common tumor originating from cerebellopontine angle. Acoustic tumor is benign and main origin of this tumor is vestibular nerve. This tumor arises in Schwann cell (SC) and is encapsulated. Recently, the tumor is called vestibular schwannoma (VS). VS is classified to two type by epidemiology, sporadic form and neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2). NF2 is autosomal dominant inherent disorder. This tumor is characterized bilateral VS, brain tumors such as meningioma and ependymoma, and spinal or cranial nerve schwannoma. Genetic studies suggested that NF2 is caused by abnormality or mutation of NF2 gene in chromosome 22q12. Both of them are known to develop the tumor by mutation of NF2 gene. Merlin is the cytoskeletal protein product of the NF2 tumor suppressor gene that mediates cell to cell contact information to regulate SC proliferation and survival. And merlin is highly homologous to ERM proteins. Merlin function is regulated by its conformation, adopting an inactive, growth permissive state following serine 518 (S518) phosphorylation. In NF2 patients, the precise mechanisms of developing the VS are unclear. But, the abnormalities of merlin are confirmed by many studies. And now, a lot of research about merlin function is progressing. In this study, the author would introduce about merlin (structure, function, molecular pathway, tumorigenesis and regulation) which leads to VS and molecular studies about merlin, and suggest the future direction of research. Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2011;54:379-85
A Color Saturation Threshold Meter

A color saturation threshold meter has been designed in which a gradually changeable mixture of white and colored light is produced. The variability of the mixture is produced by means of double refraction. A ray of white light is split into two beams; one traversing a color filter. The two rays are then reunited so that a homogeneous mixture of white and colored light is obtained. Polarization of the two rays involved permits a measurable change in the ratio of luminances of both lights between limits of zero and infinity. The instrument works satisfactorily in its present state. Yet, it could be rendered more useful by the following two devices which can easily be installed: (1) Instead of colored filters, interference filters producing an approach to spectrally homogeneous light can be installed. (2) Application of neutral density filters of proper dimensions would provide constancy of the mixture’s luminance throughout the measuring range; a condition which is only approximated for a limited range in the present instrument.
Radiotherapy alone for squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal vestibule: management of the primary site and regional lymphatics.

Abstract Purpose : To examine patterns of failures and complications in invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal vestibule treated with radiotherapy alone. Methods and Materials : Thirty-nine patients are reported with two-year minimum follow-up. Twenty-nine patients had tumors that were previously untreated; 10 were recurrent after prior surgical resection. Twelve patients received external beam alone, 18 had external beam followed by a radium implant, and nine had radium implant alone. Results : Local control in patients eligible for analysis was as follows: Tl, 11 of 13; T2, 6 of 6; and T4, 12 of 17 (1988 AJCC skin cancer staging classification). Previously untreated tumors and tumors recurrent after surgical excision alone had similar local control, stage for stage. Among T4 tumors, local control with radiotherapy was achieved in 11 of 13 lesions measuring Conclusion : Radiotherapy in this series proved to be an effective and cosmetically favorable alternative to surgery for nasal vestibule carcinoma. Elective treatment of the regional lymphatics is not warranted in early stage, previously untreated patients, but should be considered for selected advanced and recurrent lesions.
Contribution of Polymorphisms in ankA, gltA, and groESL in Defining Genetic Variants of Anaplasma phagocytophilum

Analysis of several nucleotide polymorphisms in polymorphic genes (ankA, gltA, and groESL) from 16S rRNA gene-based genetic variants of Anaplasma phagocytophilum from dogs in the western United States defined at least two sets of multigene polymorphisms to further characterize these variants. The multigene polymorphism approach holds promise for development of a genotyping scheme for this important pathogen.
Order-to-disorder phase transformation in ion irradiated uranium-bearing delta-phase oxides RE6U1O12 (RE=Y, Gd, Ho, Yb, and Lu)

Polycrystalline uranium-bearing compounds Y{sub 6}U{sub 1}O{sub 12}, Gd{sub 6}U{sub 1}O{sub 12}, Ho{sub 6}U{sub 1}O{sub 12}, Yb{sub 6}U{sub 1}O{sub 12}, and Lu{sub 6}U{sub 1}O{sub 12} samples were irradiated with various ions species (300 keV Kr{sup ++}, 400 keV Ne{sup ++}, and 100 keV He{sup +}) at cryogenic temperature ({approx}100 K), and the microstructures were examined following irradiation using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The pristine samples are characterized by an ordered, fluorite derivative structure, known as the delta phase. This structure possesses rhombohedral symmetry. Amorphization was not observed in any of the irradiated samples, even at the highest dose {approx}65 dpa (displacement per atom). On the other hand, some of these compounds experienced an order-to-disorder (O-D) phase transformation, from an ordered rhombohedral to a disordered fluorite structure, at ion doses between 2.5 and 65 dpa, depending on ion irradiation species. Factors influencing the irradiation-induced O-D transformation tendencies of these compounds are discussed in terms of density functional theory calculations of the O-D transformation energies. - Graphical abstract: The different order-to-disorder (O-D) phase transformation tendencies in irradiated uranium-bearing delta-phase RE{sub 6}U{sub 1}O{sub 12} compounds (Y{sub 6}U{sub 1}O{sub 12}, Gd{sub 6}U{sub 1}O{sub 12}, Ho{sub 6}U{sub 1}O{sub 12}, Yb{sub 6}U{sub 1}O{submore » 12}, and Lu{sub 6}U{sub 1}O{sub 12}) are revealed by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy measurements, and theoretical simulations of the O-D transformation energies, performed using DFT, also support our experimental results.« less
Invited Editorial on “Effects of chest wall vibration on breathlessness during hypercapnic ventilatory response”

over the past 20-30 years, substantial progress has been made in our understanding of dyspnea. We have come to the realization that dyspnea encompasses a number of distinct sensations ([16][1]) and that a diverse array of receptors in the chest wall, lungs, airways, and central nervous system may
REVIEW: Update on preconditioning beef calves prior to sale by cow-calf producers1

ABSTRACT Preconditioning is designed to reduce incidence of bovine respiratory disease by increasing the immunity of the calf in preparation for the stress of weaning and shipping as calves move from their birth location through the stocker and feedlot phases of the beef production cycle. Results summarized from various studies indicate buyers paid more for preconditioned relative to nonpreconditioned calves (premium values ranged from $1.43 to $6.15/45.4 kg for studies that assessed statistical significance of values); however, premiums paid for preconditioned calves do not necessarily result in increased net profit for cow-calf producers (net profit values ranged from -$89.92 to $53.71/calf). To realize the greatest monetary benefit from preconditioning, cow-calf producers should develop a reputation for integrity and market calves through special preconditioning sales.
Kinetic Study of Wall Effects in SPT Hall Thrusters

Wall conditions in a Stationary Plasma Thruster with a broad ionization region are considered to play a much more important role than in a Thruster with Anode Layer. This may explain our successful simulations of mini-TAL with a fully kinetic code, while attempts at simulating the SPT-like P-5 have faced substantial difficulties. Detailed analysis shows that in PIC-MCC simulations with artificial plasma permittivity and limited numbers of particles, both the sheath structure and the ion wall fluxes are poorly reproduced. Typical runs take several days of computer time on a single-processor computer, making impossible any further increase of the number of particles in the simulation. We try to overcome these difficulties by a) imposing theoretical values of sheath potential and plasma fluxes through it, and b) speeding-up the kinetic code by parallelization using MPI techniques, and running the code on a massively parallel platform. We apply these new techniques to investigate the role of the secondary electron emission on the conditions of the SPT discharge. In a separate study we make a semi-self-consistent simulation of the wall erosion due to energetic ion impact. Our ultimate goal is to study SPT performance at high voltages and mitigate the dielectric wall degradation problem.
Evidence for survival of the α cluster structure in light nuclei through the fusion process

Background: Despite the importance of light-ion fusion in nucleosynthesis, a limited amount of data exist regarding the de-excitation following fusion for such systems.Purpose: To explore the characteristics of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ emission associated with the decay of light fused systems at low excitation energy.Method: $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles were detected in coincidence with evaporation residues (ER) formed by the fusion of $^{18}\mathrm{O}$ and $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ nuclei. Both $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles and ERs were identified on the basis of their energy and time-of-flight. ERs were characterized by their energy spectra and angular distributions while the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles were characterized by their energy spectra, angular distributions, and cross sections.Results: While the energy spectra and angular distributions for the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles are relatively well reproduced by the statistical model codes, evapor and pace4 the measured cross section is substantially underpredicted by the models. Examination of the relative $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ emission probability for similar systems reveals that this underprediction is a more general feature of such light-ion reactions.Conclusion: Comparison of the measured relative $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ cross section at low ${E}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}$ for $^{18}\mathrm{O}+^{12}\mathrm{C},\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{16}\mathrm{O}+^{12}\mathrm{C}$, and $^{16}\mathrm{O}+^{13}\mathrm{C}$ indicates that the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ cluster structure of the initial projectile and target nuclei influences the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ emission following fusion. The underprediction of the relative $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ emission by the statistical model codes emphasizes that the failure of these models to account for $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ cluster structure is significant.
SDPR: Improving Latency and Bandwidth in On-Chip Interconnect Through Simultaneous Dual-Path Routing

Networks-on-chips (NoCs) are gaining in popularity as replacement for shared medium interconnects in chip-multiprocessors (CMPs) and multiprocessor systems-on-chips, and their performance becoming essential to system performance. There have been emerging studies to achieve better power/energy efficiency without performance degradation on NoCs. However, there are still non-negligible latency issues caused by the mechanism of power efficient approaches. To alleviate the latency problem and to transfer data efficiently with the high utilization of interconnect resources, we propose an on-chip network architecture that improves latency and bandwidth. Increasing the data/link widths across the network may considerably resolve this problem but is a costly proposition both in terms of device area and of power. Alternatively, we propose a dual-path router architecture that efficiently exploits path diversity to attain low latency without significant hardware overhead. By: 1) doubling the number of injection and ejection ports; 2) splitting packets into two halves; 3) recomposing routing policy to support path diversity; and 4) provisioning the network hardware design, we can considerably enhance network resource utilization to achieve much higher performance in latency. The proposed simultaneous dual-path routing (SDPR) scheme outperformed the conventional dimension order routing (DOR) technique across synthetic workloads by 31%–40% in average latency and up to a 100% improvement in throughput performance running on a 49-core CMP. Our synthesizable model for the SDPR router and network provides accurate power and area reports. According to the synthesis reports, SDPR incurs insignificant overhead compared to the baseline XY DOR router.
The Role of Executive Functions for Structure-Mapping in Mathematics.

Comparing analogs is a key recommendation in mathematics instruction, but successful structure-mapping may impose high demands on children’s executive functions (EF). We examine the role of individual differences in EF resources on learning from an everyday mathematics video-lesson placing a particular strain on children’s cognitive resources: comparing three analogs presented sequentially. Specifically, we examine the separate contributions of working memory (WM) and inhibitory control (IC) on successful schemaformation. Overall, WM and IC explained distinct variance for predicting improvements in procedural knowledge, procedural flexibility, and conceptual knowledge after a 1week delay. WM & IC are less predictive at immediate posttest, suggesting that these functions are not simply correlated with mathematics skill, but may be particularly important in the process of structure-mapping for durable schemaformation. These results inform the literature on both analogy and mathematics learning, extending previous findings implicating EFs as key for successful structure-mapping to an ecologically valid learning context.
Localized and nonlocalized plasmon resonance enhanced light absorption in metal-insulator-metal nanostructures

Multiple absorption bands in a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) nanostructure are comprehensively investigated in the visible and near-infrared (near-IR) regime. The MIM nanostructure consists of patterned gold squares with systematically varying size and period atop a thin aluminum nitride dielectric layer on a thick gold film. Both the transverse-electric (TE) slab-waveguide mode and the transverse-magnetic (TM) surface plasmon-polariton mode can be excited in the nanostructure. Grating coupling of the incident light into nonlocalized traveling waves is found from electromagnetic field patterns and from the linear dispersion of the absorption modes with period. A localized mode strengthens the near-IR absorption band for small square sizes, and the resonance shifts to red for large square sizes.
Total Plastic Strain and Electrical Resistivity in High Purity Aluminum Cyclically Strained at 4.2 K

The objective of this research is to correlate the resistivity increases in pure aluminum with the total accumulated plastic strain in cyclic strain experiments performed at 4.2 K. Monolithic tensile specimens were cycled to 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% strain for 3000 cycles. Resistivity measurements were made periodically during the experiments using the Eddy-Current Decay method. Resistivity increases are found to be linearly proportional to total plastic strain over much of the region for which plastic strain accumulates.
Management of Incidentally Discovered Gallbladder Cancer

The management of incidentally discovered gallbladder cancer, identified either intra-operatively or post-operatively, is still hotly debated. Surgical management options for incidentally discovered gallbladder cancer include observation after simple cholecystectomy (open or laparoscopic) or radical surgical re-excision of the gallbladder fossa with hilar lymphadenectomy. Adjuvant therapy after diagnoses remains controversial and is often individualized. Evidence to date strongly favors radical re-excision in cases of T1a tumors with positive margins or lymph nodes and T1b-T3 tumors without evidence of distant nodal (N2) or metastatic (M1) disease. The role of adjuvant therapy appears to be one that complements definitive surgical resection and is advised for increased stage, residual disease after surgical resection (R1/R2 resection), and/or the presence of lymph node metastasis (N1 disease). Improved overall survival and disease-free recurrence has been demonstrated for radical surgical re-excision with consideration of adjuvant therapy for the aforementioned indications.
Environmental Medical Epigenetics: A Review of Epigenetically Induced Medical Risks Generated From Exposures in our Air, Food, and Personal Products

This chapter will cover key concepts related to multiple common environmental exposures such as allergens, pollutants, chemicals, and dietary exposures, and the latest findings implicating them as underlying mechanisms for disease development or exacerbation via epigenetic processes. Recent animal models and human cohort studies addressing these exposures will be stressed, as will the importance of specific time windows of exposure. Epigenome-wide and gene-specific associations will be covered. Results suggest that despite the great expansion of this field in recent years, many fundamental questions and research gaps remain, particularly those related to understanding the mechanisms that cause chronic diseases and the importance of specific time periods of environmental exposure.
Pituitary Tumors, Surgery

Since the late 1800s, surgery has been a mainstay of treatment for pituitary disease, when Sir Victor Horsley performed the first craniotomy for treatment of a patient with acromegaly.
High cardiovascular disease mortality after endometrial cancer diagnosis: Results from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Database.

Obesity is a strong risk factor for developing endometrial cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD); consequently, understanding CVD mortality among endometrial cancer survivors is important. We analyzed Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program data for 157,496 endometrial cancer cases diagnosed between 1988 and 2012. We calculated standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for CVD and all-cause mortality comparing endometrial cancer cases and general population women. We categorized women into one of three prognostic groups (excellent, intermediate and poor) based on tumor characteristics. Cumulative incidence function curves were plotted to visualize absolute mortality risk in the presence of competing risks. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox regression for cause-specific mortality. Deaths were as follows: endometrial cancer 40.6%, CVD 20.5%, other cancers 18.7% and other causes 20.3%. Women with endometrial cancer were more likely to die from CVD (age-adjusted SMR = 8.8, 95% CI = 8.7-9.0) and all causes (age-adjusted SMR = 15.9, 95% CI = 15.8-16.0) compared to general population women. In case-only analyses, higher CVD mortality was associated with older age, Black ethnicity and lack of surgical treatment. Poor prognosis cancers (non-endometrioid histology and late stage) were related to higher mortality from each cause, with the highest HRs observed for endometrial cancer-specific mortality. Among women diagnosed with excellent prognosis tumors (endometrioid, well-differentiated and early stage), absolute risk of CVD mortality surpassed endometrial cancer-specific mortality 5 years after diagnosis. Women diagnosed with common forms of endometrial cancer have a high CVD burden. After diagnosis, cardiovascular health should be emphasized for these women to reduce mortality.
Post-acute care disparities in total joint arthroplasty.

Background Understanding the socioeconomic factors that influence hospitalization and post-discharge metrics after joint replacement is important for identifying key areas of improvement in the delivery of orthopaedic care.
"His Native, Hot Country"1: Racial Science and Environment in Antebellum American Medical Thought.

Relying on a close reading of more than 4,000 medicals student theses, this essay explores the evolving medical approaches to race and environment in the early national and antebellum United States and highlights the role that medical school pedagogy played in disseminating and elaborating racial theory. Specifically, it considers the influence of racial science on medical concepts of the relationship of bodies to climates. At their core, monogenesis—belief in a single, unified human race—and polygenesis—the belief that each race was created separately—were theories about the human body’s connections to the natural world. As polygenesis became influential in Atlantic medical thought, physicians saw environmental treatments as a matter of matching bodies to their natural ecology. In the first decades of the nineteenth century, Atlantic physicians understood bodies and places as in constant states of flux. Through proper treatment, people and environments could suffer either degradation or improvement. Practitioners saw African Americans and whites as the same species with their differences being largely superficial and produced by climate. However, by the 1830s and 1840s medical students were learning that each race was inherently different and unalterable by time or temperature. In this paradigm, medical students articulated a vision of racial health rooted in organic relationships between bodies and climates.
Probabilistic Topic Models for Text Data Retrieval and Analysis

Text data include all kinds of natural language text such as web pages, news articles, scientific literature, emails, enterprise documents, and social media posts. As text data continues to grow quickly, it is increasingly important to develop intelligent systems to help people manage and make use of vast amounts of text data ("big text data"). As a new family of effective general approaches to text data retrieval and analysis, probabilistic topic models, notably Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis (PLSA), Latent Dirichlet Allocations (LDA), and many extensions of them, have been studied actively in the past decade with widespread applications. These topic models are powerful tools for extracting and analyzing latent topics contained in text data; they also provide a general and robust latent semantic representation of text data, thus improving many applications in information retrieval and text mining. Since they are general and robust, they can be applied to text data in any natural language and about any topics. This tutorial will systematically review the major research progress in probabilistic topic models and discuss their applications in text retrieval and text mining. The tutorial will provide (1) an in-depth explanation of the basic concepts, underlying principles, and the two basic topic models (i.e., PLSA and LDA) that have widespread applications, (2) a broad overview of all the major representative topic models (that are usually extensions of PLSA or LDA), and (3) a discussion of major challenges and future research directions. The tutorial should be appealing to anyone who would like to learn about topic models, how and why they work, their widespread applications, and the remaining research challenges to be solved, including especially graduate students, researchers who want to develop new topic models, and practitioners who want to apply topic models to solve many application problems. The attendants are expected to have basic knowledge of probability and statistics.
The AAA ATPase Vps4 binds ESCRT-III substrates through a repeating array of dipeptide-binding pockets.

The hexameric AAA ATPase Vps4 drives membrane fission by remodeling and disassembling ESCRT-III filaments. Building upon our earlier 4.3 A resolution cryo-EM structure (Monroe et al., 2017), we now report a 3.2 A structure of Vps4 bound to an ESCRT-III peptide substrate. The new structure reveals that the peptide approximates a β-strand conformation whose helical symmetry matches that of the five Vps4 subunits it contacts directly. Adjacent Vps4 subunits make equivalent interactions with successive substrate dipeptides through two distinct classes of side chain binding pockets formed primarily by Vps4 pore loop 1. These pockets accommodate a wide range of residues, while main chain hydrogen bonds may help dictate substrate-binding orientation. The structure supports a 'conveyor belt' model of translocation in which ATP binding allows a Vps4 subunit to join the growing end of the helix and engage the substrate, while hydrolysis and release promotes helix disassembly and substrate release at the lagging end.
A quality improvement project decreases incidence of pulmonary embolism following arthroplasty.

Abstract Objective To develop a quality improvement initiative to reduce the incidence of pulmonary embolism (PE) following elective lower extremity joint replacement surgery. Methods 866 Patients undergoing a total knee or total or partial hip replacement surgery at a from 2014 to 2016 were included in this prospective pre-post interventional study. Results There were 13 PE’s before the intervention and 2 after the intervention. The incidence of PE was significantly higher prior to the intervention (2.8% vs. 0.7%; p = 0.044). Conclusions Our results suggest that our bundle of interventions was successfully implemented and helped to reduce the incidence of pulmonary embolism following surgery.
#Fallism and alter-globalisation: South African student movements as multi-institutional responses to globalisation

ABSTRACTThe South African student movements collectively referred to as #Fallism or #MustFall were more than resistance to fee increases. They were, and continue to be, movements targeting multiple...
Do the intellectual property rights of regional trading arrangements impact foreign direct investment? An empirical examination

Abstract In this paper, we examine the empirical impact of regional intellectual property rights (IPR) on inward foreign direct investment (FDI) in developed and developing countries. We include multiple measures of IPR content into a structural gravity model for FDI. We find that the presence and amount of regional IPR is positively related to intra-bloc FDI. With respect to the individual provisions and types, we find those relating to TRIPS reaffirmation, National Treatment, Copyrights and Trademarks, Trade Secrets and Knowledge, and Encrypted Broadcast Signals have a positive effect, while those relating to Enforcement and Dispute Resolution, Patents and Designs, and Domain names have a negative impact on FDI.
Pseudogout: a rare cause of joint swelling during postoperative period

A 50-year-old man presented to the emergency department for left lower limb pain of one day duration. He recently underwent right sided total knee replacement (TKR) three weeks ago which was complicated by left lower limb deep venous thrombosis (DVT) requiring coumadin therapy. At presentation,
The Categories View of Basic Constituents

Using the Categories said of and present in relations, this chapter sets out the Categories conception of primary substances, paradigm examples of which are individual living organisms. These are things that have characteristics essential to them as well as characteristics they can lose and continue to exist. They are basic constituents because everything else depends on them. The chapter then offers two kinds of dialectical support for this view, as well as some residual problems that could lead one to revise or reject it.
Continuous-wave electrically pumped 1550 nm lasers epitaxially grown on on-axis (001) silicon

Heteroepitaxy of III–V compound semiconductors on industry standard (001) silicon (Si) substrates is highly desirable for large-scale electronic and photonic integrated circuits. Challenges of this approach relate primarily to lattice, polarity, and coefficient of thermal expansion mismatch, which ultimately generate a high density of defects and limit the reliability of active devices. Ongoing efforts to monolithically integrate lasers in silicon photonics include leveraging quantum dots for reduced sensitivity to defects and the ability to enable 1310 nm lasers with gallium arsenide (GaAs) and related compounds. In this work, to extend the operation window to the widely used 1550 nm telecommunications region, we have demonstrated continuous-wave (CW) electrically pumped indium phosphide (InP)-based quantum well lasers on complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible (001) Si. Heteroepitaxy of InP and related compounds on Si poses additional challenges because the lattice mismatch is significantly larger compared to GaAs. Key to our approach is the development of a low dislocation density InP-on-Si template by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Following an InP buffer with a surface defect density of ${1.15} \times {{10}^8}/{{\rm cm}^2}$1.15×108/cm2, a seven-layer indium gallium arsenide phosphide (InGaAsP) multi-quantum well laser diode structure was grown. Fabry–Perot ridge waveguide lasers were then fabricated. A 20-µm wide and 1000-µm long laser demonstrates a room temperature continuous-wave (CW) lasing threshold current density of ${2.05}\;{{\rm kA}/{\rm cm}^2}$2.05kA/cm2 and a maximum output power of 18 mW per facet without facet coating. CW lasing up to 65°C and pulsed lasing greater than 105°C were achieved. This MOCVD-based heteroepitaxy approach offers a practical path toward monolithic integration of InP lasers in silicon photonics.