cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phosphorus Budgets for Channel Catfish Ponds Receiving Diets with Different Phosphorus Concentrations

. Phosphorus budgets were prepared for channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus ponds at Auburn, Alabama, that received one of five diets ranging from 0.60 to 1.03% phosphorus. Fish production did not differ (P > 0.05) among diets. There were few differences among treatments with respect to soluble reactive phosphorus, total phosphorus, and chlorophyll a concentrations or gross primary productivity. Phosphorus loss in effluents when ponds were drained for harvest did not differ among treatments (P > 0.05). Phosphorus removed from ponds in fish at harvest and the amounts of phosphorus adsorbed by bottom soils increased as dietary phosphorus concentration increased (P < 0.05). Low-phosphorus diets did not decrease phytoplankton productivity or improve effluent quality. Uptake of phosphorus by bottom soils is a major factor controlling phosphorus concentrations in pond water. Low-phosphorus diets can be beneficial in catfish pond management by reducing the phosphorus load to bottom soils and conserving their ability to adsorb phosphorus.
Predictors of bacteremia in emergency department patients with suspected infection.

Abstract Objectives The goal of this study is to identify clinical variables associated with bacteremia. Such data could provide a rational basis for blood culture testing in emergency department (ED) patients with suspected infection. Methods This is a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort of ED patients with suspected infection. Data collected included demographics, vital signs, medical history, suspected source of infection, laboratory and blood culture results and outcomes. Bacteremia was defined as a positive blood culture by Centers for Disease Control criteria. Clinical variables associated with bacteremia on univariate logistic regression were entered into a multivariable model. Results There were 5630 patients enrolled with an average age of 59.9 ± 19.9 years, and 54% were female. Blood cultures were obtained on 3310 (58.8%). There were 409 (12.4%) positive blood cultures, of which 68 (16.6%) were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and 161 (39.4%) were Gram negatives. Ten covariates (respiratory failure, vasopressor use, neutrophilia, bandemia, thrombocytopenia, indwelling venous catheter, abnormal temperature, suspected line or urinary infection, or endocarditis) were associated with all-cause bacteremia in the final model (c-statistic area under the curve [AUC], 0.71). Additional factors associated with MRSA bacteremia included end-stage renal disease (odds ratio [OR], 3.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.9-7.8) and diabetes (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1-3.6) (AUC, 0.73). Factors strongly associated with Gram-negative bacteremia included vasopressor use in the ED (OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.7-4.6), bandemia (OR, 3.5; 95% CI, 2.3-5.3), and suspected urinary infection (OR, 4.0; 95% CI, 2.8-5.8) (AUC, 0.75). Conclusions This study identified several clinical factors associated with bacteremia as well as MRSA and Gram-negative subtypes, but the magnitude of their associations is limited. Combining these covariates into a multivariable model moderately increases their predictive value.
Characteristic basis function method: A new technique for efficient solution of method of moments matrix equations

In this paper, we introduce a novel approach for an efficient solution of matrix equations arising in the method of moments (MoM) formulation of electromagnetic scattering problems. This approach is based on the characteristic basis functions (CBFs), which are used to substantially reduce the matrix size because these bases are not bound by the conventional λ/20 domain discretization. As a result, it is possible to electrically solve large problems with much fewer unknowns than those needed when using conventional RWG basis functions. The accuracy and efficiency of the CBFs are demonstrated in a variety of scattering problems to illustrate the versatility of the approach. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 36: 95–100, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10685
Modes and origins of mechanical and ethological isolation in angiosperms

Abstract Mechanical and ethological isolation between species is widespread in angiosperms with specialized animal-pollinated flowers, being recorded in 29 species groups belonging to 27 genera and 16 families. Mechanical isolation occurs in two forms. (i) The common type, designated the Salvia type, operates when two or more species of flowers are adapted for different groups of pollinators with different body sizes and shapes. (ii) In the Pedicularis type two flower species have the same species of pollinator but pick up pollen from different parts of the pollinator's body. Four forms of ethological isolation are recognized. (i) In the Aquilegia type, which is widespread, ethological isolation is a side effect of mechanical isolation. (ii) The flower-constancy type, as the name suggests, is based on flower-constant foraging behavior. (iii) In the Ophrys type, floral scents attract male bees or wasps and play a role in their mating behavior; different species of flowers, often orchids, have different scents and attract different sets of hymenopteran species. (iv) The monotropy type occurs in plants pollinated by hymenopterans with species-specific or group-specific flower preferences for nutritive purposes (monotropic and oligotropic bees and fig wasps). Three modes of origin of floral isolation are confirmed by evidence: (i) mechanical and ethological isolation arising as a by-product of allopatric speciation, (ii) ethological isolation developing by selection for reproductive isolation per se, and (iii) mechanical isolation arising as a by-product of character displacement. Mode of origin i accounts for the Salvia and Aquilegia types of isolation in nine known species groups and for the Ophrys type in one group. Mode of origin ii accounts for the flower-constancy type of ethological isolation in two species groups. Mode of origin iii explains mechanical isolation in two groups. Sympatric origin of floral isolation by hybrid speciation and by flower constancy has been proposed, but these modes are undocumented and improbable.
Survival of Rainbow Trout during Their First Winter in the Henrys Fork of the Snake River, Idaho

Abstract To evaluate their first-winter survival, wild rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (78–169 mm total length) were placed in small wire-mesh cages at four sites along a thermal gradient in the Henrys Fork of the Snake River in October 1989. Four cages at each site contained cobble rock cover and four had no cover. Our hypotheses were that test fish would have better survival if cover were available or if water temperatures were higher at the site, and that larger fish would have better survival than the smaller fish of the test group. Survival ranged from 100% at a spring-fed site to 63% at the coldest site. In the cages checked periodically, 95% of the mortality occurred during early winter and no mortality occurred during late winter. Survival was 11–24% higher in cages with cover than in those without cover; and was higher for larger fish than for smaller ones. Fish smaller than 100 mm in October did not survive the winter. Water temperature in spaces among cobble rock cover in the cages was 0.2–1....
Solar transmittance characteristics of evacuated tubular collectors with diffuse back reflectors

Abstract The partition matrix between light sources and light sinks is introduced to evaluate the transmittance properties of optically asymmetric collectors constructed with evacuated tubes. A ray tracing model is used to compute its elements. Curve fits to the ray tracing results are provided. The effects of polarization are discussed. Comparisons with previously published results are presented in order to check the accuracy of the proposed model. The beam and diffuse transmittance of a tubular cover are calculated and their dependency on the tube orientation investigated. The biaxial incidence angle modifier product is extended to evacuated tube collector arrays with a diffuse back reflector, providing a simple interpolation process for the beam transmittance. An effective beam direction for diffuse radiation is computed so that transmittances for ground reflected radiation and sky diffuse radiation can be calculated from biaxial incidence angle modifier measurements.
Voice Stress Analysis: Use of Telephone Recordings.

Voice stress analyses were performed on tape recorded pre-employment interviews in both their original form and after they had been transmitted via telephone and re-recorded. Expert voice stress examiners, blind to the telephone condition, reported less stress in the telephone charts than in the original charts. There was little relationship between the stress rating for the same charts in their original and telephone forms. Reliability estimates were low for both the original and telephone stress ratings. Summing over the stress ratings from individual questions and advanced training on the part of the examiners both appeared to improve the reliability estimates. The continued use of telephone recorded tapes as substitutes for the original tapes is highly questionable. In addition, these results suggest that voice analysis ratings, as they are currently used, do not show sufficient reliability to warrant their continued use as a selection procedure for employment.
Perching and Vertical Climbing: Design of a Multimodal Robot

We present a robot capable of both (1) dynam- ically perching onto smooth, flat surfaces from a ballistic trajectory and (2) successfully transitioning to a climbing gait. Merging these two modes of movement is achieved via a mechanism utilizing an opposed grip with directional adhesives. Critical design considerations include (a) climbing mechanism weight constraints, (b) suitable body geometry for climbing and (c) effects of impact dynamics. The robot uses a symmetric linkage and cam mechanism to load and detach the feet while climbing. The lengths of key parameters, including the distances between each the feet and the tail, are chosen based on the ratio of required preload force and detachment force for the adhesive mechanism.
Induction of Feline Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome by Feline Leukemia Virus: Immuno- and Neuroendocrine Dysfunctions:

Young cats, when chronically infected with feline leukemia virus (FeLV), developed feline acquired immune deficiency syndrome (FAIDS). The syndrome was associated with a sequence of dysfunctions in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) and the immune system, manifested in the reduction of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone in blood plasma. The average FSH and LH (in plasma or lymphocyte), testosterone, and LHRH concentrations in the 20 FeLV-infected cats were measured by radioimmunoassay. The results were compared with those of the 12 control cats that were not FeLV-infected. Four weeks after infection, the plasma LHRH concentration in the infected cats showed a 43% reduction. Five to six weeks after infection, the content of FSH and LH in lymphocyte was reduced by 50% and 28%, respectively, whereas, the plasma FSH and LH was reduced by 52% and 42%, respectively. A significant reduction in testosterone content was detected at Week 11 of infection. The onset of the immuno- and neuroendocrine dysfunctions in FAIDs cats followed this sequence: hypothalamus, lymphocyte, pituitary, adrenal gland, and gonads. Indirect immunofluorescence assay showed the presence of FeLV cytoplasmic antigens in the fibers of the hypothalamic preoptic region and the Leydig cells. The possible causal relationship between the dysfunction of the lymphocyte and HPG systems and the presence of FeLV was discussed.
Francisella tularensis LVS-induced Interleukin-12 p40 cytokine production mediates dendritic cell migration through IL-12 Receptor β1.

Abstract Three cytokines use the IL-12p40 cytokine subunit namely: IL-12p70 (IL-12-comprised of IL-12p40 and IL-12p35), IL-23 (comprised of the IL-12p40 and IL-23p19 subunits) and homodimeric IL-12p40 (IL-12(p40)2). Following activation, immature dendritic cells (DCs) upregulate the chemokine receptor Chemokine-C-Receptor 7 (CCR7), and migrate in response to homeostatic chemokines such as chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 19 (CCL19). Induction of the cytokine IL-12p40 in response to pathogen-exposure, likely in its homodimeric form, is one of the primary events that mediates migration of DCs in response to CCL19. Here we show that following exposure to Francisella tularensis Live Vaccine Strain (LVS), DCs produce IL-12p40 and promote the migration of DCs to the chemokine CCL19 in an IL-12Rβ1- and IL-12p(40)2-dependent manner. Induction of IL-12p40 and resulting chemokine responsiveness in DCs is TLR2-dependent and coincides with the uptake of F. tularensis LVS and activation of DCs. Importantly, we show that IL-12Rβ1 signaling is required for DC migration from the lung to the draining lymph node following F. tularensis LVS exposure and coincides with accumulation of IL-12p40 expressing DCs in the draining lymph nodes. Together, these findings illustrate that IL-12p40 is induced rapidly in response to F. tularensis LVS and is required for DC migration through an IL-12Rβ1-IL-12(p40)2 dependent mechanism.
A New Correlation of Sphere-Gap Data

The similarity principle for electrical discharges is used to correlate the most recent AIEE sphere-gap data for both positive and negative impulses. Empirical formulas are developed from which the entire range of data can be calculated to within about 1.5 per cent. Some practical results of this study are: 1. Spark-over curves for each value of spacing to diameter ratio are straight lines when plotted to logarithmic scales, at least to within the certainty of the present data. 2. A spark-over voltage chart covering the entire useful range of sphere sizes, spacings, and air densities can be constructed easily. 3. New air-density correction factors are derived which differ appreciably from those previously published.
The Family and Children's Peer Relations

We review research on linkages between the family and children's peer relations including studies of attachment, parent-child relations and the social and economic contexts of family life. Whether based on observations of parent-child relations, teacher reports, parental reports or child reports, the literature has consistently documented connections between the quality of parent-child relationships and peer relations assessed in the school context. In addition, children's experience of stressors such as low income and parental divorce appear to be associated with difficulties in peer relations. Given that such connections would seem to exist, several recommendations for future research are offered, including the adoption of broader perspectives on the family (e.g. to incorporate marital as well as parent-child relations), the expansion of conceptualizations of peer relations (e.g. to include friendships and social networks as well as popularity and behavior) and greater consideration of social contextual...
CP VIOLATION AND CHIRAL SYMMETRY.

$\mathrm{CP}$-violation terms belonging to the (3,${3}^{*}$) and (3,${3}^{*}$) chiral representations are discussed with the help of a general form of the SU (3) $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ model. We develop the formalism for calculation with such terms and proceed to numerical estimates. It is noted that the electric dipole moment of the neutron may be calculated very simply in this approach and the results show that models of this type are unlikely. The question of spontaneous breakdown of $\mathrm{CP}$ invariance is also discussed. As an aside it is shown that both $\mathrm{CP}$-violating and $\mathrm{CP}$-conserving $|\ensuremath{\Delta}S|=1$ terms of the ("3,${3}^{*}$") type do not contribute to nonleptonic decays. Thus the socalled tadpole corrections to hyperon decays really vanish.
Thiosemicarbazones derived from indanedione-1, 3

A series of thiosemicarbazones derived from indanedione-1, 3 has been synthesized. Preliminary biological screening data are provided.
Mucinous Sweat Gland Adenocarcinoma of the Eyelid

A 62-year-old woman developed a recurrent mucinous sweat gland adenocarcinoma of the eyelid. The clinical characteristics of this rare, primary adnexal neoplasm of skin in our patient were, to our knowledge, unique. The tumor mimicked a lacrimal sac tumor and had orbital extension demonstrated preoperatively by computed axial tomography. Orbital extension of the tumor mass was confirmed during a wide, en bloc, excisional biopsy.
Design of Mechanically-Latched Micromirror Arrays

This paper describes the design of silicon surface micromachined mirrors that were conceived for operation as part of an extremely large array of mirrors. Such an array has direct application to space-based imaging. For example, in certain spectrometer instrument applications an array of micromirrors is needed to optically switch selected portions of an incoming signal. The mirror array is used to direct selected portions of the signal into the instrument for spectrographic analysis. One technique used to address mirror elements within a large array requires that individual mirror elements can be mechanically latched. This paper will describe the design of a silicon surface micromachined micromirror device with a latching mechanism positioned entirely beneath and within the perimeter of the mirror element.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Bacterial stress enrichment enhances anaerobic hydrogen production in cattle manure sludge

Methodology was evaluated to selectively enrich hydrogen-producing species present in biological sludge produced during organic wastewater treatment. The influence of bacterial stress enrichment on anaerobic hydrogen-producing microorganisms was investigated in batch tests using serum bottles. Enrichment conditions investigated included application of acute physical and chemical stresses: wet heat, dry heat and desiccation, use of a methanogen inhibitor, freezing and thawing, and chemical acidification with and without preacidification of the sludge at pH 3. For each enrichment sample, cultivation pH value was set at an initial value of 7. After application of selective enrichment (by bacterial stress), hydrogen production was significantly higher than that of untreated original sludge. Hydrogen production from the inocula with bacterial stress enrichment was 1.9–9.8 times greater when compared with control sludge. Chemical acidification using perchloric acid showed the best hydrogen production potential, irrespective of preacidification. Enhancement is due to the selective capture of hydrogen-producing sporeformers, which induces altered anaerobic fermentative metabolism.
Generalization and antagonism studies with convulsant, GABAergic and anticonvulsant drugs in rats trained to discriminate pentylenetetrazol from saline.

Abstract Male hooded rats were trained on an FR 10 schedule of food reinforcement to discriminate the interoceptive stimulus produced by a subconvulsive dose of pentylenetetrazol from that produced by saline, by responding on a lever on one side of a food cup following a 20 mg/kg pentylenetetrazol injection and responding on a lever on the alternate side following a 1 ml/kg saline injection. All of the subjects learned this discrimination reliably. Picrotoxin and strychnine, but not bicuculline nor gamma-hydroxybutyrate, partially generalized to the pentylenetetrazol discriminative stimulus. Valproic acid, sodium pentobarbital and sodium phenobarbital antagonized the pentylenetetrazol discriminative stimulus but etomidate, gamma-hydroxybutyrate, gamma-acetylenic GABA, gamma-vinyl GABA, trimethadione, ethosuximide and diphenylhydantoin did not. These data suggest that the pentylenetetrazol discriminative stimulus is based upon neither a subconvulsant brain state produced by this drug nor a deficiency of GABA neuronal function. Drugs which antagonize the pentylenetetrazol stimulus are all anxiolytic drugs that show no other pharmacological property common to all of them.
2D Electrochemical Airfoil Machining Process Model

A 2D Electro-Chemical Machining (ECM) process model was developed to aid with tooling design and process optimization by simulation of the ECM process. The boundary element method (BEM) was used to numerically solve the field equations of the process model. The electrochemical anodic reaction was furnished by Faraday’s Law, which provided the relationship for the rate of dissolution at the surface of the workpiece as a function of charge transfer. Accordingly, the workpiece shape change and mass of metal removed by the machining process can be determined as a function of time. The process model includes a library of workpiece material and electrolyte combinations for predicting the electrochemical machining behavior, e.g., titanium alloy 6Al-4V and NaCl electrolytes. These metal/electrolyte combinations are of special interest in the aircraft engine industry for manufacturing heat-resistant, rotary components with complex geometry such as airfoil blades. The major features of the numerical computer program are briefly described with a selected example of machining a typical fan blade. Preliminary comparison of the numerical predictions with the nominal airfoil geometry showed good agreement and is discussed below.Copyright © 1995 by ASME
Changes in Instream Habitat, Large Woody Debris, and Salmon Habitat after the Restructuring of a Coastal Oregon Stream

Abstract Elk Creek, a drainage of 26.6 km2 that historically has been severely degraded by logging, floods, and stream cleaning, was restructured in 1986, 1987, and 1989. In all, 106 full-spanning and 94 partial-spanning structures were installed along 4.2 km of stream. An upstream reach of 0.5 km was left untreated. Inventories of stream habitat conditions and large woody debris conducted in 1985 and 1990 (i.e., before and after restructuring), showed that restructuring caused substantial changes favoring suitable habitat for coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch; meanwhile, the untreated reach became less favorable for rearing coho salmon. Stream surface area and water volume, respectively, increased 74 and 168% in the treated reach, and 8 and 37% in the untreated reach. Surface area of pool and suitable of channel habitat, the most important summer and winter rearing components for coho salmon juveniles, increased nearly fivefold in the treated reach at summer low flow. In the treated reach, which had a mat...
Separation of disulfide-bonded polypeptides using two-dimensional diagonal gel electrophoresis

A simple method for the separation of disulfide-bonded polypeptides using two-dimensional diagonal gel electrophoresis is described. The first dimension involves standard SDS-PAGE of nonreduced proteins. The separated proteins are then subjected to reduction before electrophoresis in the second dimension. This technique has several applications. It can be utilized to detect the presence of disulfide-bonded polypeptides within a protein, as an assay to detect the presence of a protein known to contain disulfide-bonded polypeptides in a mixture of proteins, and as a means of separating disulfide-bonded polypeptides from proteins of similar molecular weight.
From Databases to Big Data

There is a tremendous amount of buzz around the concept of "big data." In this article, the author discusses the origins of this trend, the relationship between big data and traditional databases and data processing platforms, and some of the new challenges that big data presents.
Effects of alcohol on radial maze performance in rats

Working memory for spatial information was studied in an eight-arm radial maze by imposing a 15 min delay following an injection of either saline (0.9%) or 10% alcohol (1.25 g/kg) between an animal's fourth and fifth arm choices. Exposure to intoxicating doses of alcohol did not significantly influence the number of errors for the first 4 arm choices, but did increase the errors on the final set of arm choices following the delay and treatment. Moreover, alcohol injections significantly increased the mean response time to complete the first 4 arm choices over the 10 days of testing, suggesting a conditioned aversion to the maze as a consequence of the noxious effects of the alcohol treatments.
Nontransmural myocardial infarction: A comparison of hospital and late clinical course of patients with that of matched patients with transmural anterior and transmural inferior myocardial infarction

The hospital and long-term course of 67 patients with nontransmural myocardial infarction was compared with that of 66 patients with transmural anterior and 63 patients with transmural inferior infarction matched for age, sex, previous infarction and prior congestive heart failure. During their hospital stay, patients with nontransmural infarction had significantly less congestive heart failure and fewer intraventricular conduction defects than did patients with transmural anterior infarction; fewer atrial tachyarrhythmias and less sinus bradycardia and atrioventricular block than did patients with transmural inferior infarction; and an incidence of hypotension, pericarditis and ventricular irritability similar to that of patients in the other two groups. Patients with nontransmural infarction had a significantly lower coronary care unit mortality rate (9 percent) than that of patients with transmural anterior or transmural inferior infarction (20 and 19 percent, respectively). By 3 months, the mortality rate had risen to 14 percent in patients with nontransmural infarction, but was significantly higher (29 and 27 percent, respectively) in patients with transmural anterior or transmural inferior infarction. Angina was common in all three groups, occurring in more than 50 percent of patients during a mean follow-up period of 28.6 months after hospital discharge. In contrast, the incidence of subsequent myocardial infarction was significantly greater in patients with nontransmural myocardial infarction, occurring in 21 percent at 9 months compared with only 3 percent of patients with transmural anterior (p less than 0.01) and 2 percent of patients with transmural inferior (p less than 0.05) infarction. By 54 months, 57 percent of patients with nontransmural infarction had sustained a new infarction contrasted with only 12 percent of patients with transmural anterior (p less than 0.001) and 22 percent of patients with transmural inferior (p less than 0.01) infarction. Late mortality increased in patients with nontransmural myocardial infarction and, although this group had a significantly better survival rate at 3 months, the overall late mortality of the three groups was comparable. The study suggests that nontransmural myocardial infarction is an unstable ischemic event associated with a great risk of later myocardial infarction and high late mortality rate. A more aggressive diagnostic and therapeutic approach may be warranted in patients with nontransmural myocardial infarction.
Magnetic Control of Convection in Nonconducting Diamagnetic Fluids

An inhomogeneous magnetic field exerts a magnetic body force on magnetically permeable fluids. A recent experiment [D. Braithwaite, E. Beaugnon, and R. Tournier, Nature (London) 354, 134 (1991)] demonstrates that this force can be used to compensate for gravity and to control convection in a paramagnetic solution of gadolinium nitrate. We provide the theory of magnetically controlled convection in a horizontal paramagnetic fluid layer heated from either above or below. Our theoretical predictions agree with the experiments.
Situation recognition: an evolving problem for heterogeneous dynamic big multimedia data

With the growth in social media, internet of things, and planetary-scale sensing there is an unprecedented need to assimilate spatio-temporally distributed multimedia streams into actionable information. Consequently the concepts like objects, scenes, and events, need to be extended to recognize situations (e.g. epidemics, traffic jams, seasons, flash mobs). This paper motivates and computationally grounds the problem of situation recognition. It describes a systematic approach for combining multimodal real-time big data into actionable situations. Specifically it presents a generic approach for modeling and recognizing situations. A set of generic building blocks and guidelines help the domain experts model their situations of interest. The created models can be tested, refined, and deployed into practice using a developed system (EventShop). Results of applying this approach to create multiple situation-aware applications by combining heterogeneous streams (e.g. Twitter, Google Insights, Satellite imagery, Census) are presented.
Moral Entanglements: Ad Hoc Intimacies and Ancillary Duties of Care *

This paper develops and explores the idea of moral entanglements: the ways in which, through innocent transactions with others, we can unintendedly accrue special obligations to them. More particularly, the paper explains intimacy-based moral entanglements, to which we become liable by accepting another’s waiver of privacy rights. Sometimes, having entered into others’ private affairs for innocent or even helpful reasons, one discovers needs of theirs that then become the focus of special duties of care. The general duty to warn them of their need cannot directly account for the full extent of these duties, but does indicate why a silent retreat is impermissible. The special duties of care importantly rest on a transfer of responsibilities that accompanies the privacy waivers. The result is a special obligation of beneficence that, while grounded in a voluntary transaction, was never voluntarily undertaken. Impartialist views of beneficence cannot capture the relevant phenomena well.
Reducing Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake Among Students: School-Based Programs and Policies That Work

The amount of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) consumed by U.S. youth has nearly doubled since the 1970s. The majority of children between 2 and 19 years drink SSBs on any given day. Many serious health problems such as childhood overweight and obesity, type 2 diabetes, kidney disease, and cardiovascular problems have been linked to SSBs. This article provides an overview of school-based interventions and policies that have successfully contributed to a reduction in sugar-sweetened intake among children. School nurses and nurses in other community-based settings are well positioned to promote intake of more healthful beverages among children using strategies recommended in this article.
An Essential Interaction between Distinct Domains of HIV-1 Integrase Mediates Assembly of the Active Multimer (∗)

Integrase mediates integration of the retroviral genome into a host cell chromosome, an essential step in the viral life cycle. In vitro, a stable complex containing only purified human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) integrase and a model viral DNA substrate processively executes the 3'-end processing and DNA joining steps in the integration reaction. We examined the relationship of three essential components of the HIV integrase: the HHCC domain, a putative zinc-finger near the N terminus; the phylogenetically conserved "DD35E" motif, which defines the catalytic domain; and a feature recognized by its sensitivity to the alkylating agent N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). HIV integrase is a multimer, and these three components can be distributed among at least two subunits of the multimeric enzyme. The components function asymmetrically in the active multimer; the DD35E motif and NEM-sensitive site are required in trans to the HHCC region. A divalent cation-dependent interaction involving the NEM-sensitive site of one integrase subunit and the HHCC region of another subunit points to a role for these two features of integrase in multimer assembly. Deletion of the HHCC domain, or modification of integrase with NEM, impaired the assembly of a stable complex between integrase and viral DNA, suggesting that this initial step in the integration pathway requires assembly of the active integrase multimer.
Spectral determination of microdissociation constants

Two new methods are given for the spectral determination of microdissociation constants. The methods were compared to the method used currently, using D,L-tyrosine and morphine hydrochloride. In both instances the two new methods gave better agreement between calculated and observed experimental points. One of the new methods, based on nonlinear regression analysis, is the method of choice if a highspeed digital computer is available.
Natural History after Biochemical Failure Following Dose-escalated External Beam Radiation: An Opportunity to Improve Outcomes?

In the current issue of European Urology, Zumsteg and colleagues help to fill an unmet need in defining parameters that allow us to better understand the natural history of patients experiencing biochemical failure following highdose radiation for clinically localized prostate cancer [1]. With a median follow-up of 122 mo in a cohort of 609 failing patients, Gleason score (GS) 8–10, T3–4 disease, and prostate-specific antigen doubling time (PSA-DT)<3mo were all powerful independent predictors of distant metastases (DM) and prostate cancer–specific mortality (PCSM). Thus, although their findings provided no surprises, they provide insights and opportunities for speculation and perhaps interventions. This group lead by Dr. Zelefsky provides quantitative insights intohow long it takes formanifestationofmetastatic disease after biochemical failure (5.4 yr) and how long patients might be expected to survive after this event (10.5 yr). Given the size of their study and the follow-up, these may be the best data for making such estimates at present. However, I would argue that the latter estimate (death from prostate cancer) is probably more accurate than time tometastasis, becauseneitherbone scansnor computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging are very sensitive at picking up minimal microscopic disease. My point is, an individual for whom metastatic disease is detected on such imaging within 1–2 yr after biochemical failure is very likely to have had micrometastatic disease at the time of failure, consistent with the predictive power of PSA-DT<3 mo. The authors imply that such patients are not well suited for local salvage therapy alone, and I agree.
Robotic skeletonizing of the internal thoracic artery: is it safe?

Abstract Background The advantages of internal thoracic artery skeletonization include early high blood flow, a longer conduit, and less bleeding than pedicle internal thoracic artery grafts. Longer conduits are needed for complete endoscopic arterial revascularization. Therefore this study was designed to determine the feasibility and safety of internal thoracic artery skeletonization using the da Vinci robotic system (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA). Methods Nine dogs underwent bilateral robotic internal thoracic artery harvesting through three ports placed in the left chest. One internal thoracic artery was harvested as a pedicle in each dog, and the other was skeletonized. Internal thoracic artery blood flow was measured in each graft, and comparative endothelial histologic studies were performed. Data are mean ± the standard error of the mean. Results All 18 internal thoracic arteries were harvested successfully. Skeletonized internal thoracic artery harvests required more time (48.0 minutes ± 1.8) than pedicle internal thoracic artery harvests (39.0 minutes ± 1.4; p p = 0.9). Free internal thoracic artery bleeding flow was similar in both groups (skeletonized = 162.0 mL/min ± 3.0 vs pedicle=189.0 mL/min ± 2.4; p = 0.4). Histologically, both groups were similar with minimal endothelial damage. Conclusions Robotically skeletonized harvesting is safe, but it requires more time (48.0 minutes ± 1.8) than pedicle internal thoracic artery harvesting. Despite muted tactile feedback with robotics, neither technique was associated with histologic or functional damage. These encouraging results may represent an advantage for complete arterial revascularization in robotic coronary bypass patients.
Experimental Philosophy: Surveys Alone Won't Fly—Response

As Carmel notes, survey techniques have important limitations as a source of data. However, surveys are the most direct means to investigate ordinary reactions to philosophical issues. When we want to know whether people think that their choices are determined, it is hard to justify not consulting
Division of Household Labor and Distress: The Role of Perceived Fairness for Employed Mothers

This study used a sample of 121 employed, married (or cohabitating) mothers with a high socioeconomic status (SES) primarily from the Midwest United States to examine the relationship between division of household labor, perceived fairness, and distress. Due to inconsistent findings in prior literature, perceived fairness was examined as both a mediator and moderator between division of household labor and distress. Analyses indicated that perceived fairness played a mediating (but not moderating) role, suggesting that an individual’s perceptions of fairness are one mechanism by which division of household labor influences marital and personal distress in married individuals. Post hoc analyses also indicated that increased marital distress may explain the link between perceived unfairness and personal distress. Although results must be interpreted with caution due to the selectivity of the sample, the present study provides additional support for the importance of perceived fairness in the link between division of household labor and distress.
Low-energy electron microscopy studies of interlayer mass transport kinetics on TiN(1 1 1)

Abstract In situ low-energy electron microscopy was used to study interlayer mass transport kinetics during annealing of three-dimensional (3D) TiN(1 1 1) mounds, consisting of stacked 2D islands, at temperatures T between 1550 and 1700 K. At each T , the islands decay at a constant rate, irrespective of their initial position in the mounds, indicating that mass is not conserved locally. From temperature-dependent island decay rates, we obtain an activation energy of 2.8 ± 0.3 eV. This is consistent with the detachment-limited decay of 2D TiN islands on atomically flat TiN(1 1 1) terraces [Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 (2002) 176102], but significantly smaller than the value, 4.5 ± 0.2 eV, obtained for bulk-diffusion-limited spiral step growth [Nature 429 (2004) 49]. We model the process based upon step flow, while accounting for step–step interactions, step permeability, and bulk mass transport. The results show that TiN(1 1 1) steps are highly permeable and exhibit strong repulsive temperature-dependent step–step interactions that vary between 0.03 and 0.76 eV · A. The rate-limiting process controlling TiN(1 1 1) mound decay is surface, rather than bulk, diffusion in the detachment-limited regime.
Facile synthesis of deuterated estrogens.

Abstract The acid catalyzed exchange of the aromatic protons, ortho to the phenolic hydroxyl moiety in estriol, estradiol, and estrone is described. The acidic protons adjacent to the keto function in estrone are also exchanged leading to tetradeuterioestrone (80.0 atom%). Estriol was converted to dideuterioestriol (81.2 atom%), and estradiol into dideuterioestradiol (90.5 atom%).
A useful arterial anastomosis technique in orthotopic liver homotransplantation

Abstract An end-to-end arterial anastomosis technique has been described for use in orthotopic homotransplantation in pigs. This method should be useful in the experimental situation and probably may be employed in the human because of the close anatomic resemblance between the pig and human celiac artery and branches (Fig. 6).
The Social Relations of Intensive Interviewing: Constellations of Strangeness and Science

The central question of this article is, What happens when interviewer and interviewee know, or come to know, one another, as they do in the intensive interview of qualitative research? The authors begin with the contradiction between the assumption of science that interview participants be strangers, on one hand, and the need for rapport in order to establish validity on the other. The authors construct a typology of the social relations in intensive interviewing: (1) the stranger dyad, in which unfamiliarity is assumed; (2) the web of relevance, in which interview participants know of one another at least indirectly; and (3) the web of group affiliation, in which participants are members of a primary group. For each type, different consequences of departures from strangeness for rapport and validity are explored. The authors conclude that although intensive interviews do produce valid data, the effects of familiarity appear problematic more often than not.
Inhibition of the Expression of Inducible Cyclooxygenase and Proinflammatory Cytokines by Sesquiterpene Lactones in Macrophages Correlates with the Inhibition of MAP Kinases

In our previous studies (Refs. 1 and 2), it was shown that protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitors, radicicol and herbimycin A, inhibit the expression of the mitogen-inducible cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and proinflammatory cytokines. Radicicol and herbimycin A possess polarized double bonds which can conjugate sulphydryl groups of proteins. Parthenolide, the predominant sesquiterpene lactone in European feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium), contains alpha-methylene-gamma-lactone (MGL) and an epoxide in its structure. These moieties can interact with biological nucleophiles such as a sulfhydryl group. Parthenolide inhibited the expression of COX-2 and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF alpha and IL-1) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. The structure-function relationship indicates that the MGL moiety confers the inhibitory effect. Parthenolide suppressed LPS-stimulated protein tyrosine phosphorylation in the murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7). This suppression was correlated with its inhibitory effect on the expression of COX-2 and the cytokines. Among tyrosine phosphorylated proteins, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) exhibited the most dramatic inhibition.
Returns, Interest Rates, and Inflation: How They Explain Changes in Farmland Values

Weather in the Corn Belt and northern plains and the elimination of traditional commodity programs have refocused attention on farmland valuation. This study uses a statistical formulation of information provided by individual regressors to examine the sensitivity of farmland values to changes in inflation, returns on agricultural assets, and the cost of capital. The results indicate that inflation provides the most information on changes in farmland values; however, the regional results indicate that regions that tend to be more sensitive to changes in the return on agricultural assets also rely more heavily on government payments.
A Multiscale Approach for the Determination of Nonsingular Elastic Fields of Dislocations in Bulk and Nano-Layered Materials

The traditional description of elastic field and energies of dislocations is based on continuum theory of linear elasticity that suffers from the long-standing problem of singularities at the dislocation core. Singular solutions are often circumvented by introducing an artificial core-cutoff radius. This limits the applicability of the theory to describe situations where it is important to know the strained state and nanoscopic details within a few atomic spacings surrounding the dislocation center, known as the dislocation core. In this paper, a computationally tractable multiscale approach is developed to calculate the nonsingular elastic fields of dislocations in both bulk and nano-layered materials. The approach is an extension of Peierls-Nabarro (PN) model, with the following features: (1) all three components of the displacement vector for atoms within the dislocation core are included; (2) the entire generalized stacking fault energy (GSFE or gamma-γ) surface obtained from ab initio calculations is utilized; and (3) the method can be generalized to treat curved dislocations. We combine the parametric dislocation dynamics (DD ) approach for the interaction and motion of dislocations with the ab initio calculations of the lattice restoring forces, which are extracted from the γ surface. The method is used to study two important problems: (a) dislocation dissociation in bulk crystals (b) dislocation transmission across interfaces in elastic bimaterials. Dislocation core structures in bulk aluminum and silver are determined. The results from the model are shown to be in excellent agreement with experiments for both Al and Ag. For bi-materials system, the effects of the mismatch in the elastic properties, γ surface and lattice parameters on the spreading of the dislocation onto the interface(s) and the transmission across the interface(s) are studied in detail.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Perceived efficacy, conscious fear of death and intentions to tan: not all fear appeals are created equal.

Objectives According to the terror management health model, conscious thoughts of death motivate productive health behaviours when the targeted behaviour is perceived as an effective route for mitigating the threat and removing death-related thought from focal awareness. The present study thus examined whether messages manipulating the efficacy of a health behaviour moderate health outcomes when participants are presented with a fear appeal that makes death thought conscious. Design A 3 (fear appeal: cancer vs. appearance vs. neutral) × 2 (delay vs. no delay) × 2 (effective vs. non-effective) between-subjects ANOVA was conducted. Methods Beach patrons were randomly assigned to a cancer, appearance, or neutral-threat fear appeal followed by a delay or no delay. Subsequently, they read messages highlighting the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of sun protection behaviours and reported their intentions to engage in those behaviours. Results When fear appeals primed conscious thoughts of death, framing sun protection as ineffective decreased sun protection intentions relative to framing sun protection as effective. In contrast, fear appeals that did not consciously prime death, or appeals followed by a delay that allowed thoughts of death to fade from consciousness, did not interact with efficacy messages. Conclusions The findings revealed that messages impacting sun protection efficacy moderated sun protection intentions only when death was conscious. The findings have implications for understanding the conditions that render certain fear appeals, and accompanying messages of efficacy, more influential than others. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Health communications that arouse fear motivate adaptive health behaviours to the extent that people perceive that the behaviour is capable of being performed (i.e., self-efficacy) and will be effective at preventing the undesired outcome (i.e., response efficacy). According to the terror management health model (TMHM), health threats associated with mortality activate conscious thoughts of death. Moreover, the TMHM has found that when death thoughts are conscious, the belief that a health behaviour is effective predicts greater prevention intentions in an effort to remove the health threat, and conscious thoughts of death, from focal attention. What does this study add? Framing sun protection behaviours as effective increases sun protection behaviours among individuals exposed to a fear appeal that primes conscious thoughts of death (e.g., skin cancer from sun damage) relative to framing the behaviour as ineffective. Framing sun protection behaviours as effective after a fear appeal that does not prime death-related thoughts (e.g., appearance damage from sun damage) does not affect sun protection behaviours. Framing sun protection behaviours as effective or non-effective has no effect on sun protection intentions when death is no longer conscious.