cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MAP-based model updating of building structures under earthquakes using limited acceleration measurements

An accurate numerical model that is able to represent real structural behaviors and reproduce structural responses with high fidelity is critical to numerous engineering applications such as damage detection, diagnosis, and prognosis, and data assimilation. While a wide variety of methods have been developed in the past decades for finite element model updating, a widely adopted concept is to solve a constrained optimization problem to minimize the prediction errors, such as those formulated by modal properties, frequency response functions, and static and dynamic responses, among others. This paper considers model updating for earthquake-excited building structures using incomplete acceleration measurements. In this case, due to the transient nature and limited duration of earthquake responses, as well as incomplete instrumentation and measurement noise, identifying accurate and adequate number of modal parameters for model updating is challenging. Furthermore, in presence of static nonlinear functions, model updating is a nonlinear inverse problem solved using nonlinear optimization methods. This often faces divergences due to issue of nonconvexity, resulting in unreasonable parameter estimations. Therefore, identifying an accurate model of building structure under earthquake excitation is still a challenge. In this paper, we propose a maximum a posteriori (MAP)- based approach using measured earthquake response time histories, which renders model updating as a regularized nonlinear optimization problem. The prior knowledge of structural parameters is incorporated to constrain the estimation. One main advantage of the proposed approach is that it makes no assumption of the upper and lower bounds while ensuring the physical meaning of the structural parameters. The proposed approach is validated through a numerical example.
Incarceration, Health Harm, and Institutional Epistemic Injustice

We argue that people who are incarcerated and prison health workers are impacted by embodied institutional epistemic injustice. This particular epistemic state results in prison health workers practicing “health harm” instead of health care in prison medical wards. The paper begins by providing background data on incarceration, aging, and health. It then engages the concept of institutional epistemic injustice by framing it as an epistemic component of nonideal theory through the work of Charles Mills and Elizabeth Anderson, and then extending their arguments to understand institutional epistemic injustice as an activity of institutional structures that is imposed on people and embodied. This embodied understanding of institutional epistemic injustice is applied to understanding the health and health care of people who are aging in the U.S. carceral system. It does so by analyzing the effects of this embodied epistemic state on people who are incarcerated and the people who are responsible for caring for their health. We argue that prison health workers take on the harm mentality of the carceral system engaging their patients as prisoners and not as patients. They thus engage in health harm and not health care in their relationship with people who are in their medical care. We end with some key epistemic strategies derived from epistemic injustice and applied to the health and health care of people who are ill, aging, and dying in prison.
The Rates of Chemical Reactions

The rate of a chemical reaction is a function of the reactants and products, as well as of the temperature. One of the objectives of the kinetic study of a reaction is to determine the rate law. The rate law of a chemical reaction is the differential equation for the time rate of change of the concentration of a reactant or product. Differential rate laws can be determined experimentally using the method of initial rates. An integrated rate law for a simple reaction can be obtained by integrating the differential law with nonnegligible reverse reaction. For a reversible reaction, the difference between the concentration of the reactant and its equilibrium value relaxes exponentially, and the relaxation time and the half-life are both inversely proportional to the sum of the two rate constants. Moreover, the chapter discusses some techniques for studying fast reactions that cannot be studied by classical experimental techniques. These techniques include continuous-flow and stopped-flow techniques, which are rapid mixing methods, as well as relaxation techniques.
Treatment of Peripheral Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma with Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy

Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is an effective and well-tolerated noninvasive treatment for medically inoperable patients with peripheral non-small cell lung carcinoma. The term "peripheral" refers to lesions that lie 2 cm or more from the mediastinum and proximal bronchial tree and was instituted based on results from a specific dose and fractionation schedule. Improvements in immobilization, respiratory motion management, and image guidance have allowed for SBRT's highly conformal and accurate delivery of large radiation doses per fraction. Results from prospective and retrospective studies suggest that lung SBRT has superior outcomes when compared with conventionally fractionated treatments and is comparable with surgical resection. Investigations into the optimal SBRT dosing regimen for peripheral lesions are ongoing, with recent trials suggesting comparable efficacy between single and multiple fraction schedules. Chest wall toxicity after peripheral treatment is common, but it usually resolves with conservative management. Pneumonitis is less often observed after treatment of peripheral lesions, and changes in pulmonary function tests are minimal. Studies in the frail and elderly suggest that neither baseline pulmonary function tests nor age should preclude treatment. Recent technical developments have reduced delivery time and resulted in more conformal treatments. This review is on behalf of the IASLC Advanced Radiation Technology Committee.
A scale is a scale is a scale (or is it

Bespreking van: M. Perkmann,Globalization, regionalization and cross-border regions Houndmills/New York:Palgrave Macmillan ,2002
c‐Rel in GVHD biology: A missing link

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major complication associated with allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Recent advances in the treatment of lymphoid malignancies with BMT include exploring mechanisms that can inhibit GVHD while maintaining graft-versus-leukemic (GVL) effects. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Yu et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2013.43: 2327–2337] demonstrate efficient separation of GVHD and GVL by abrogating c-Rel in T cells. Intrinsic c-Rel deficiency in T cells resulted in complete protection against GVHD in both major and minor histocompatibility mismatched murine models of BMT. Protection against GVHD was associated with a decreased presence of Th1 and Th17 cells with a concomitant increase in Treg-cell numbers. Interestingly, an intrinsic defect of c-Rel also resulted in decreased expression of the Th1-associated chemokine receptor CXCR3. Finally, the absence of c-Rel maintained GVL effects with significant tumor clearance in murine recipients. These data suggest that specific targeting of the T-cell-specific transcription factor c-Rel can inhibit GVHD while maintaining GVL effects.
Design and implementation of an instrumented cane for gait recognition

Independent mobility is an important aspect of an individual's life and must sometimes be augmented by use of an assistive device such as a wheeled walker or cane following a fall, injury, or functional decline. Physical therapists perform functional gait assessments to gauge the probability of an individual experiencing a fall and often recommend use of a walker, cane, or walking stick to decrease fall risk. Our team has developed a clinical assessment tool centered on a standard walking cane embedded system that can enhance a therapist's observation-based gait assessment with use of additional objective and quantitative data. This system can be utilized to detect timing and speed of cane placement, angular acceleration of the cane, and amounts of weight borne on the cane. This system is designed to assist physical therapists at the basic level in collection of objective data during gait analysis, to facilitate appropriate assistive gait device prescription, to provide patients and therapists feedback during gait training, and to reduce wrist and shoulder injuries with cane usage. However, more importantly, using the plethora of objective data that can be obtained from this cane, automated gait analysis and gait pattern classification can be performed to understand a patient's walking performance.
Why Wasn't It Pink?

To the Editor: I recently used a dosage of triple live vaccines (rubeola, rubella, and mumps), and on injecting the diluent into the vial withdrew a clear fluid. Past experience has always resulted in a pink to red color of the fluid on reconstitution. The question of efficacy of the product was the basis of my making inquiry of the manufacturer. Attached is a letter explaining the variations in color. I believe that the main
The end of spectrum scarcity [spectrum allocation and utilization]

This article discusses the issues of spectrum allocation and the effect of new technologies on spectrum utilization. To understand the impact new radio technologies are having on spectrum availability, it is helpful first to address a common misconception: that spectrum is a concrete and finite resource. Not so. Radio waves do not pass through some ethereal medium called "spectrum"; they are the medium. What is licensed by governments is not a piece of a finite pie but simply the right to deploy transmitters and receivers that operate in particular ways. Moreover, interference is not some inherent property of spectrum. It is a property of devices. A better receiver will pick up a transmission where an earlier one heard only static. Whether a new radio system "interferes" with existing ones is entirely dependent on the equipment involved. Consequently, the extent to which there appears to be a spectrum shortage largely depends not on how many frequencies are available but on the technologies that can be deployed.
Managing and analyzing massive data sets with data cubes

Data cubes combine an easy-to-understand conceptual model with an implementation that enables the fast summarization of large data sets. This makes them a powerful tool for supporting the interactive analysis of massive data collections like data warehouses and digital libraries. This article surveys some of the recent developments in data cube research. We mainly focus on techniques for fast aggregation in data warehousing environments. This includes work on group-by and range queries, approximate query responses, and compression. Since sparse high-dimensional data cubes are of increasing interest, issues related to them are explicitly discussed.
Tuning of Cache Ways and Voltage for Low-Energy Embedded System Platforms

System-on-a-chip platform manufacturers are increasingly adding configurable features that provide power and performance flexibility, in order to increase a platform's applicability to a variety of embedded computing systems. We illustrate the energy benefits of combining the configurable features of voltage scaling and cache way shutdown in a single platform. We describe methods to assist a designer to tune such a platform to a particular software task and to particular energy optimization criteria.
What Caused Enron?: A Capsule Social and Economic History of the 1990's

Between January 1997 and June 2002, approximately 10% of all listed companies in the United States announced at least one financial statement restatement. The stock prices of restating companies declined 10% on average on the announcement of these restatements, with restating firms losing over $100 billion in market capitalization over a short three day trading window surrounding these restatements. Such generalized financial irregularity requires a more generic causal explanation than can be found in the facts of Enron, WorldCom or other specific case histories. Several different explanations are plausible, each focusing on a different actor (but none giving primary attention to the board of directors): 1. The Gatekeeper Story looks to the professional "reputational intermediaries" on whom investors rely for verification and certification - i.e., auditors, analysts, debt rating agencies and attorneys - and views the surge in financial restatements as the product of both (a) reduced legal exposure for gatekeepers (as the result of legislation and judicial decisions in the 1990's sheltering them from liability) and (b) the increased potential for consulting income or other benefits from their clients (resulting in gatekeeper acquiescence in accounting or financial irregularities). This is essentially the story to which the Sarbanes-Oxley Act responds. 2. The Misaligned Incentives Story instead focuses on managers and a dramatic change in executive compensation during the 1990's, as firms shifted from cash to equity-based compensation. Stock options (and legal changes that enabled management to exercise the option and sell the security without any delay) arguably gave management a strong incentive to inflate reported earnings and create short-term price spikes that were unsustainable, but which they alone could exploit. Sarbanes-Oxley does not address this potential cause of irregularities. 3. The Herding Story focuses on the incentives of investment fund managers and argues that they are uniquely focused on their quarterly performance vis-a-viz their rivals. As a result, they have an incentive to "ride the bubble," even when they sense danger, because they fear more the mistake of being prematurely prophetic. Again, Sarbanes-Oxley does not address this cause of bubbles and price spikes. This comment compares and contrasts these explanations, finding them highly complementary.
The Contribution of Lianas to Forest Ecology, Diversity, and Dynamics

Lianas are a common component of forests worldwide and they contribute to forest ecology, diversity, and dynamics. Lianas can have both positive and negative effects in forests. Lianas can be an important resource for animals, as food (in the form of nectar, pollen, fruits, leaves, or sap), providing nesting sites, shelter and, by climbing among many tree crowns, lianas can provide aerial highways for many animal species. By contrast, lianas also compete intensively with trees, reducing tree recruitment, growth, reproduction, and survival, as well as tree diversity and forest-level carbon sequestration. While the inclusion of lianas in ecological studies have lagged behind that of trees, over the past three decades, the study of liana ecology has grown significantly, revealing many important contributions of lianas to forest ecology. In this chapter, I review the state of knowledge about the ecology of lianas and their contribution to forest ecology, diversity, and dynamics.
Kinetics Study of the 5 V Spinel Cathode LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 Before and After Surface Modifications

The 5 V spinel LiMn 1.5 Ni 0.5 O 4 has been surface-modified with 2 wt % nanosize Al 2 O 3 and Bi 2 O 3 by an electrostatic self-assembly method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, and electrochemical measurements. Although the modifications do not change the crystallographic structure of the spinel sample, the surface-modified samples exhibit better cycling performance (at both room and elevated temperatures) and rate capability compared to the bare LiMn 1.5 Ni 0.5 O 4 . Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and large potential step chronoamperometry measurements demonstrate that the discharge process is controlled by phase transformation and lithium ion diffusion in the bulk material in addition to charge-transfer reaction. Surface modification is found to affect only the charge-transfer reaction kinetics. The enhanced electrochemical performance of the surface-modified samples is attributed to the suppression of the thick solid electrolyte interfacial layer and the consequent improvement in charge-transfer kinetics.
Sequence Heterogeneity in Closed Simian Virus 40 Deoxyribonucleic Acid

The heteroduplex molecules formed by self-annealing of denatured, singly nicked simian virus 40 (SV40) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) prepared from closed viral DNA were examined by formamide-protein film electron microscopy to test the DNA for sequence homogeneity. Sequence inhomogeneity appears in the heteroduplexes as single-strand loops. These result from sequence deletion or from sequence substitution, if regions greater than 50 nucleotides are involved. The undenatured DNA from viruses passaged twice at multiplicities of infection much less than 1 plaque-forming unit (PFU) per cell appeared to be homogeneous in size. The heteroduplexes formed by this DNA indicated that approximately 2% of the molecules carried deletions, but that substitutions were below the level of detection. In contrast, undenatured DNA from viruses grown by passaging undiluted lysates seven times or by infection with stock virus at a multiplicity of infection of 5 PFU per cell contained a large frequency of molecules shorter than the full length. The heteroduplex samples indicated that 12 and 7% of the undenatured material contained base substitutions, and 13 and 11% contained deletions. The deletions and substitutions appear to occur in separate molecules. Length measurements on heteroduplexes displaying the loop characteristic of substitutions have established that these molecules are from true sequence substitutions, and not from adjacent or overlapping deletions. More than 80% of the molecules carrying substitutions are shorter than the native SV40 length. On the average, the substituted sequence is about 20% of the length of SV40, but it replaces a sequence about 30% of the native length. The substituted sequences may be host cell nuclear DNA, possibly arising from integration of SV40 into the chromosome followed by excision of the SV40 DNA together with chromosomal DNA.
Structure‐Based Approaches to Antibiotic Drug Discovery

The development of antimicrobials has advanced tremendously over the past century. However, as our production capacity increases, the threat of resistance is ever-present. To combat this resistance, two main avenues of drug discovery are being pursued: identifying new microbial proteins for which to direct drug discovery efforts, and designing innovative drugs that target existing proteins. The advent of structural genomics research has advanced to the point of rapidly discovering novel microbial protein targets. In addition, modern tools of computational biology greatly enhance the speed and reliability of antimicrobial discovery. The various steps of this process are outlined and discussed, including virtual ligand screening, pocket identification, and compound optimization.
Anatomical and behavioral effects of colchicine administration to rats late in utero

Offspring from pregnant rats injected with 4mg/kg body weight colchicine on Embryonic Days 18, 19, and 20 were found to have isocortical and hippocampal structures greatly reduced in mass when examined at birth. Cells with pyknotic nuclei were found in Layers 5, 4, and 3 of the cerebral isocortex, the habenula, and anterior medial nuclei of the thalamus. Brains taken at Postnatal Days 22 and 132 were reduced in overall size, and had a 20-30% reduction of cells at the vertex of the neocortex with up to 50% reduction in the thickness of the corpus callosum. A decrease in activity, an increase in fearfulness and/or decreased tendency to explore, reduced error scores on the Hebb-Williams maze, poor performance on the Maier elevated maze, and a lessened sensitivity to sound-induced seizures were correlated with these anatomical changes.
CAPITAL THEORY, CORPORATE TAXATION, AND CAPACITY EXPANSION

SUMMARY The author makes net investment an increasing function of the marginal efficiency of capital affected by the corporate tax and accelerated depreciation, and then lets that investment enter the growth equation as an independent variable. Thus he shows that the corporate tax rate or the length of the period of accelerated depreciation will have to be reduced if the rate of growth of productive capacity is to be increased in a capital-scarce market economy. Further the author brings out two implications. First, considering the tax-afforded depreciation reserves as a definite fraction of national income, the resulting ratio is added to the private saving ratio so as to increase capacity growth. This first implication is thought important to a developing economy whose personal saving is insufficient to finance the net investment required for capacity expansion. The second of the implications is brought out by making externally raised capital funds an increasing function of tax-influenced dividend payments. Considering such capital funds as a fraction of national income on a par with the personal saving ratio, the author demonstrates the theoretical possibility of the low corporate tax favorable influencing capacity expansion. He points out that this second implication is especially important to an economy whose securities market is highly developed but whose long-term bank financing is relatively underdeveloped. He alludes to some relevant empirical evidence as supporting his theoretical arguments.
Robotically assisted repair of sinus venosus defect.

Circulation. 1997;96:827-33. 4. Liel-Cohen N, Guerrero JL, Otsuji Y, Handschumacher MD, Rudski LG, Hunziker PR, et al. Design of a new surgical approach for ventricular remodeling to relieve ischemic mitral regurgitation: insights from 3-dimensional echocardiography. Circulation. 2000;101:2756-63. 5. Hung J, Guerrero JL, Handschumacher MD, Supple G, Sullivan S, Levine RA. Reverse ventricular remodeling reduces ischemic mitral regurgitation: echo-guided device application in the beating heart. Circulation. 2002;106:2594-600. 6. Guy TS 4th, Moainie SL, Gorman JH 3rd, Jackson BM, Plappert T, Enomoto Y, et al. Prevention of ischemic mitral regurgitation does not influence the outcome of remodeling after posterolateral myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:377-83.
Catheterization of renal artery in rats.

SummaryA method is described for chronic catheterization of the left renal artery in female rats. Glomerular and tubular excretory functions of the cannulated kidney were evaluated 18–48 hr after catheterization by concurrent comparison of its excretions of endogenous creatinine and intravenously administered PAH with those of the undisturbed right kidney. The data show that both functions were satisfactorily preserved in the cannulated kidney.
Genetic Strategies for Identifying New Drug Targets

Genetic strategies have yet to come into their own as tools for antibiotic development. While holding a lot of initial promise, they have only recently started to bear fruit in the quest for new drug targets. An ever-increasing body of knowledge is showing that genetics can lead to significant improvements in the success and efficiency of drug discovery. Techniques such as high-frequency transposon mutagenesis and expression modulation have matured and have been applied successfully not only to the identification and characterization of new targets, but also to their validation as tractable weaknesses of bacteria. Past experience shows that choosing targets must not rely on gene essentiality alone, but rather needs to incorporate knowledge of the system as a whole. The ability to manipulate genes and their expression is key to ensuring that we understand the entire set of processes that are affected by drug treatment. Focusing on exacerbating these perturbations, together with the identification of new targets to which resistance has not yet occurred--both enabled by genetic approaches--may point us toward the successful development of new combination therapies engineered based on underlying biology.
Magnetic resonance imaging to measure concentration profiles of solutes diffusing in stagnant beds of cellulosic fibers

The evolution of the concentration profiles of an adsorbing solute diffusing in a stagnant bed of cellulosic fibers is measured using magnetic resonance imaging. Effective diffusivities are calculated by matching concentration profiles with a numerical model of one-dimensional Fickian diffusion. The measured values of the effective diffusion coefficients are interpreted using a model that accounts for the porosity, tortuosity, and adsorption equilibrium constant. The effective diffusivities in fiber beds are significantly lower than the bulk diffusivity of the solute and highly dependent on fiber type. The diffusivity is lower for the fiber type that exhibited stronger adsorption properties. The influence of concentration, adsorption, and other fiber characteristics on diffusion rates and rates of reaction is discussed. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Marine Science and Technology: History, Politics, and People

From Norway to Peru, Scripps to Woods Hole, Bristol in the nineteenth century to Chesapeake Bay in the 1970s, The Machine in Neptune's Garden describes the individuals and institutions that promoted the study of the marine environment. But this is not the whole story. On the contrary, we are also introduced to the compelling, enabling features of the new technologies the instruments, models, and research platforms that have transformed ocean exploration over the past two centuries. The editors have borrowed their title from Leo Marx's The
EFFECT OF INSTRUCTIONAL SET ON VERBAL CONCEPTUAL PERFORMANCE IN NORMAL AND RETARDED CHILDREN

Sunzmary.-The effect of varying instructional sets on verbal conceptual performance was investigated by administering a composite Similarities list to normal and retarded children of varlous CA and MA levels. Lack of differences between instructional conditions suggcsred that both normal and retarded Ss were giving their best available response ~n the customary psychometric format. The superiority of a multiple-choice format highlighted the developmental discrepancy between the ability to recognize conceptual responses and the ability spontaneously to formulate such responses. The effect of instructions on various types of learning tasks has received some actention in recent years. Gagne (1964) discussed che constraining as well as the contributing effects of inscn~ctions on problem solving, i.e., whac to ignore and whac to look for. He stated that instructions may serve any and all of the following functions: identify the terminal performance required; identify relevanc aspects of the sr~mulus situation; and recall relevanc subordinate performance capabilities that are the means to the goal, channel, or guide chinking, etc. His work and rhc majority of studies on instructional set have been confined, however, to problem solving. By contrast, the effect of instructions on the attainment and verbalization of concepts has received scanc actention (Klausmeier, 1964). The work of Bruner and others (1956) has dealt with the informational properties of differ- ences in stimulus array, of sequences of positive and negative instances of the concept to be attained, with cognitive style of Ss, etc., but not wich che informational properties of the instmctions themselves. In assessing the susceptibility of this type of cask performance ro the effeccs of instruccions, it is cseful to foc~~s on a parciciilar model of conceptual performance, the most common paradigm being the similarities-type item. Depending on one's verbal response to queries of the type "in what way are X and Y alike?" an individual is assigned quantitative andjor qualitative scores attescing to a level of verbal concepn~al ability. This baseline instructional condition has been employed in numerous psychometric instruments (e.g., Wechsler and Binec intelligence scales) without any theoretical or experimental consideracion of the contributing or constraining 'This study was supported in part by Grant No. M-8488-01, National Institute of Mental Health. The helpful criticism af Dr. Hans G. Furth, Director of the Center for Research in Thinking and Language, Catholic University of America, is gratefully acknowledged. The cooperation of the teacher; and pupils of Sr. Anthony Grade and High Schools and of the staff and residents of District Training School, Laurel, Md is most appreciated.
Crowdsourcing for grammatical error correction

We discuss the problem of grammatical error correction, which has gained attention for its usefulness both in the development of tools for learners of foreign languages and as a component of statistical machine translation systems. We believe the task of suggesting grammar and style corrections in writing is well suited to a crowdsourcing solution but is currently hindered by the difficulty of automatic quality control. In this proposal, we motivate the problem of grammatical error correction and outline the challenges of ensuring quality in a setting where traditional methods of aggregation (e.g. majority vote) fail to produce the desired results. We then propose a design for quality control and present preliminary results indicating the potential of crowd workers to provide a scalable solution.
Incentive contracts when production is subcontracted

Abstract The problem of pricing for products under subcontracting is set in an agency theory format. Characteristics of decentralization, moral hazard and adverse selection are inherent in this problem. Optimal incentive compensation function and the transfer price are analyzed. The results are illustrated with an example of logarithm utility functions.
A morphological and histochemical study of the primary and secondary immune responses in the rat spleen.

Macrophages and cells of the plasmocyte series were studied in the rat's spleen during the primary and secondary immune responses to particulate antigen. Evidence is presented to suggest that the plasma cell precursors are located in the marginal zones surrounding the lymphoid nodules and that less than one day following injection of antigen, these cells migrate into the nodules, where mitosis and subsequent differentiation into hemocytoblasts occurs in the presence of nodular macrophages. The hemocytoblasts then migrate across the marginal zone into the red pulp where differentiation into mature plasma cells occurs in the presence of red pulp macrophages. It is suggested that the initiation of the antibody-forming process occurs in the lymphoid nodules where marginal zone cells come into close contact with the marginal metalophils or with germinal center macrophages. The process initiating the migration of cells from the marginal zone to the nodules is unknown.
Potent Bivalent Smac Mimetics: Effect of the Linker on Binding to Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins (IAPS) and Anticancer Activity

We have synthesized and evaluated a series of nonpeptidic, bivalent Smac mimetics as antagonists of the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins and new anticancer agents. All these bivalent Smac mimetics bind to full-length XIAP with low nanomolar affinities and function as ultrapotent antagonists of XIAP. While these Smac mimetics bind to cIAP1/2 with similar low nanomolar affinities, their potencies to induce degradation of cIAP1/2 proteins in cells differ by more than 100-fold. The most potent bivalent Smac mimetics inhibit cell growth with IC50 from 1 to 3 nM in the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line and are 100 times more potent than the least potent compounds. Determination of intracellular concentrations for several representative compounds showed that the linkers in these bivalent Smac mimetics significantly affect their intracellular concentrations and hence the overall cellular activity. Compound 27 completely inhibits tumor growth in the MDA-MB-231 xenografts while causing no signs of toxicity in the a...
Transition probabilities for Xe I

Abstract Line strengths have been computed for the transition arrays 5 p 5 6 s -5 p 5 6 p and 5 p 5 6 s -5 p 5 7 p .
Lithics : macroscopic approaches to analysis

1. A brief introduction to lithic analysis 2. Basics of stone tool production 3. Lithic raw materials 4. Getting started in lithic analysis: identification and classification 5. Flake debitage attributes 6. Approaches to debitage analysis 7. Approaches to stone tool analysis 8. Artifact diversity and site function 9. Lithic analysis and prehistoric sedentism 10. Concluding remarks.
Varying historical interpretations of the American revolution: Some rhetorical perspectives

The American Revolution has been subjected to a variety of historical interpretations. This essay first examines some rhetorical implications of the older “Chauvinistic” interpretations. It then notes some differences between two of the best‐known contemporary interpretations — the “Progressive” and “Consensus” views — and considers those differences from some rhetorical perspectives.
Spermic dimorphism in Goniobasis laqueata (Say)

Two kinds of spermatozoa are formed in the testis of Goniobasis laqueata, typical (eupyrene) and atypical (apyrene); a similar dimorphism is noted in several other related genera. The development of each type of spermatozoon is described in Goniobasis. The apyrene spermatozoa do not appear in the testis until eupyrene spermatogenesis has progressed to the formation of mature eupyrene spermatozoa. After this time apyrene spermatogenesis becomes predominant. It is suggested that this condition is indicative of a modified protandric hermaphroditism, according to a recent theory of spermic dimorphism. The anatomy of the reproductive system of Goniobasis is described briefly, and the behavior and fate of the two types of spermatozoa are noted. Only the eupyrene spermatozoa are inclosed in a spermatophore formed in a special organ of the male, the apyrenes being somehow excluded. Thus the latter do not reach the female in copulation and can have no necessary functional relationship to the ova at the time of fertilization. The delayed formation of the apyrene spermatozoa, and other facts, indicate that they are probably not concerned with the nutrition or transport of the eupyrene spermatozoa.
Resequencing of LPL in African Blacks and associations with lipoprotein-lipid levels

Genome-wide association studies have identified several loci associated with plasma lipid levels but those common variants together account only for a small proportion of the genetic variance of lipid traits. It has been hypothesized that the remaining heritability may partly be explained by rare variants with strong effect sizes. Here, we have comprehensively investigated the associations of both common and uncommon/rare variants in the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene in relation to plasma lipoprotein–lipid levels in African Blacks (ABs). For variant discovery purposes, the entire LPL gene and flanking regions were resequenced in 95 ABs with extreme high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. A total of 308 variants were identified, of which 64 were novel. Selected common tagSNPs and uncommon/rare variants were genotyped in the entire sample (n=788), and 126 QC-passed variants were evaluated for their associations with lipoprotein–lipid levels by using single-site, haplotype and rare variant (SKAT-O) association analyses. We found eight not highly correlated (r2 A, rs8176337:G>C, rs74304285:G>A, rs252:delA, rs316:C>A, rs329:A>G, rs12679834:T>C, and rs4921684:C>T) nominally (P<0.05) associated with lipid traits (HDL-C, LDL-C, ApoA1 or ApoB levels) in our sample. The most significant SNP, rs252:delA, represented a novel association observed with LDL-C (P=0.002) and ApoB (P=0.012). For TG and LDL-C, the haplotype analysis was more informative than the single-site analysis. The SKAT-O analysis revealed that the bin (group) containing 22 rare variants with MAF≤0.01 exhibited nominal association with TG (P=0.039) and LDL-C (P=0.027). Our study indicates that both common and uncommon/rare LPL variants/haplotypes may affect plasma lipoprotein–lipid levels in general African population.
Transcriptional activity of HPV in inverted papilloma demonstrated by in situ hybridization for E6/E7 mRNA.

ObjectiveAssess human papilloma virus (HPV) transcriptional activity in inverted Schneiderian papillomas (IPs).Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingAcademic tertiary care center.Subject...
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COMET C/2007 N3 (LULIN): ANOTHER ‘‘ATYPICAL’’ COMET

We measured the volatile chemical composition of comet C/2007 N3 (Lulin) on three dates from 2009 January 30 to February 1 using NIRSPEC, the high-resolution (λ/Δλ ≈ 25,000), long-slit echelle spectrograph at Keck 2. We sampled nine primary (parent) volatile species (H2O, C2H6 ,C H 3OH, H2CO, CH4 ,H CN, C 2H2, NH3, CO) and two product species (OH ∗ and NH2). We also report upper limits for HDO and CH3D. C/2007 N3 (Lulin) displayed an unusual composition when compared to other comets. Based on comets measured to date, CH4 and C2H6 exhibited “normal” abundances relative to water, CO and HCN were only moderately depleted, C2H2 and H2CO were more severely depleted, and CH3OH was significantly enriched. Comet C/2007 N3 (Lulin) is another important and unusual addition to the growing population of comets with measured parent volatile compositions, illustrating that these studies have not yet reached the level where new observations simply add another sample to a population with well-established statistics.
Disruption of Mouse Cytochrome P450 4f14 (Cyp4f14 Gene) Causes Severe Perturbations in Vitamin E Metabolism

Vitamin E is a family of naturally occurring and structurally related lipophilic antioxidants, one of which, α-tocopherol (α-TOH), selectively accumulates in vertebrate tissues. The ω-hydroxylase cytochrome P450-4F2 (CYP4F2) is the only human enzyme shown to metabolize vitamin E. Using cDNA cloning, cell culture expression, and activity assays, we identified Cyp4f14 as a functional murine ortholog of CYP4F2. We then investigated the effect of Cyp4f14 deletion on vitamin E metabolism and status in vivo. Cyp4f14-null mice exhibited substrate-specific reductions in liver microsomal vitamin E-ω-hydroxylase activity ranging from 93% (γ-TOH) to 48% (γ-tocotrienol). In vivo data obtained from metabolic cage studies showed whole-body reductions in metabolism of γ-TOH of 90% and of 68% for δ- and α-TOH. This metabolic deficit in Cyp4f14(-/-) mice was partially offset by increased fecal excretion of nonmetabolized tocopherols and of novel ω-1- and ω-2-hydroxytocopherols. 12'-OH-γ-TOH represented 41% of whole-body production of γ-TOH metabolites in Cyp4f14(-/-) mice fed a soybean oil diet. Despite these counterbalancing mechanisms, Cyp4f14-null mice fed this diet for 6 weeks hyper-accumulated γ-TOH (2-fold increase over wild-type littermates) in all tissues and appeared normal. We conclude that CYP4F14 is the major but not the only vitamin E-ω-hydroxylase in mice. Its disruption significantly impairs whole-body vitamin E metabolism and alters the widely conserved phenotype of preferential tissue deposition of α-TOH. This model animal and its derivatives will be valuable in determining the biological actions of specific tocopherols and tocotrienols in vivo.
The Role of Endothelin and Endothelin Receptor Subtypes in Regulation of Fetal Pulmonary Vascular Tone

The physiologic role of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and its receptors in regulating fetal pulmonary vascular tone is unknown. We therefore investigated the role of ET-1 and its receptors in the regulation of fetal pulmonary vascular tone using BQ 123 (an ETa receptor antagonist) and 4 Ala ET-1 (an ETb receptor agonist). In six fetal sheep in utero, we found that injections of ET-1 (250 ng/kg fetal weight) into the left pulmonary artery increased left pulmonary blood flow (21.0 +/- 17.5 to 74.7 +/- 32.9 mL/kg/min, p < 0.05) and decreased left pulmonary vascular resistance (6.02 +/- 7.00 to 0.84 +/- 0.48 mm Hg/kg/min/mL, p < 0.05). BQ 123 (5 mg) increased pulmonary blood flow (24.6 +/- 28.7 to 47.7 +/- 27.4 mL/kg/min, p < 0.05) and decreased pulmonary vascular resistance (8.84 +/- 10.32 to 1.43 +/- 0.80 mm Hg/kg/min/mL, p < 0.05); 4 Ala ET-1 (1725 ng/kg) markedly increased pulmonary blood flow (8.6 +/- 6.8 to 69.4 +/- 23.1 mL/kg/min, p < 0.05) and decreased pulmonary vascular resistance (12.02 +/- 10.2 to 0.78 +/- 0.44 mm Hg/kg/min/mL, p < 0.05). The absolute increase in pulmonary blood flow produced by ET-1 was attenuated by glibenclamide (an ATP-dependent potassium channel blocker) (flow increase of 73.4 +/- 34.1 versus 49.3 +/- 16.8 mL/kg/min, p < 0.05). This study demonstrates that ETa receptor activation has a small role in maintaining basal fetal pulmonary vascular tone, and that specific ETb receptor activation produces marked pulmonary vasodilation. The increase in pulmonary flow produced by ET-1 in fetuses is partly mediated by ATP-dependent potassium channels.
Constant-Temperature Molecular-Dynamics Simulation of the 2D Melting Transition of Rb and K

The energy histogram method, introduced by Ferrenberg and Swendsen [Phys. Rev. Lett., 61, 2635, (1988) and 63, 1195, (1989)], was applied for the first time to the constant temperature molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of a two-dimensional (2D) system with incommensurate structures. We performed MD simulations for the stage-2 graphite intercalation compounds (GIC’s) with Rb or K being the intercalants (Rb-GIC’s and K-GIC’s). The temperature dependence of the specific heat, Cv, is calculated for various sizes up to 864 atoms. The melting temperature was found to be 158 K for Rb-GIC’s and 119 K for K-GIC’s, respectively, which are in agreement with the experimental observations.
Understanding the Role of Self‐Efficacy in Engineering Education

The engineering professor's role is dualistic in the sense that not only must s/he create an academic environment conducive to the acquisition of course content but must also prepare students to become practicing professionals. This dualism requires that the professor both motivate good study habits as well as build within students the confidence that they have the requisite capability to perform actual engineering. Self-efficacy, simply defined as one's self-judgment concerning capability, has been shown to be an important mediating factor in cognitive motivation. This paper describes the motivating role of the professor, theories of motivation, the role of self-efficacy in motivation, and guiding principles that can be used to enhance self-efficacy in engineering students. These principles can serve as guidelines in designing instructional delivery strategies that motivate engineering students to engage in behaviors conducive to becoming value-added practitioners.
Electrically Induced Optical Emission from a Carbon Nanotube FET

Polarized infrared optical emission was observed from a carbon nanotube ambipolar field-effect transistor (FET). An effective forward-biased p-n junction, without chemical dopants, was created in the nanotube by appropriately biasing the nanotube device. Electrical measurements show that the observed optical emission originates from radiative recombination of electrons and holes that are simultaneously injected into the undoped nanotube. These observations are consistent with a nanotube FET model in which thin Schottky barriers form at the source and drain contacts. This arrangement is a novel optical recombination radiation source in which the electrons and holes are injected into a nearly field-free region. Sucha source may form the basis for ultrasmall integrated photonic devices.
Unilateral reverse latissimus dorsi muscle flap for postoperative CSF leak and wound dehiscence in lumbosacral defects: a lifeboat approach

A lumbosacral defect with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak, particularly after breakdown of a repaired lipomeningomyelocele, is often a difficult problem to manage. Although several methods of local flap coverage have been used, local wound infection and tissue cellulitis associated with the wound dehiscence makes the repair prone to redehiscence. The associated CSF leak requires a good reliable closure as a matter of urgency. We describe two patients with lipomeningomyelocele, operated upon for tethered cord syndrome, who developed postoperative CSF leak and wound dehiscence. The associated wound infection and signs of meningitis made re-exploration, debridement and a dependable, well vascularized cover of the dura mandatory. The reverse latissimus dorsi flap provided a good vascularized seal. Both patients recovered rapidly.
Understanding the Arabian Sea: Reflections on the 1994-1996 Arabian Sea Expedition

Abstract The Arabian Sea Expedition, now five years past its field observations, is at a stage when some of its dominant themes can be summarized. Of the large range of possible topics, five are considered here: (1) Is the Arabian Sea a source or sink for carbon dioxide?; (2) Is the Arabian Sea Mother Nature's iron experiment?; (3) Do grazing zooplankton control carbon flux to the seabed?; (4) Does the paleoceanographic record help us predict the ocean's response to climate change?; and (5) What are the predominant physical processes of the Arabian Sea? A short history of each issue and results from the field work of 1994–1996 are presented.
Maintenance of Religious Fundamentalism

Kuhn's analysis of paradigm clashes in science is the backdrop from which the maintenance of religious fundamentalism is discussed. Claims that fundamentalists display either forms of psychopathology or some sort of intellectual distortion are reviewed and shown to be unwarranted. The relevance of paradigm clashes is confronted in terms of influencing both the collection and evaluation of data regarding fundamentalists. The general issue of boundary maintenance is suggested as a more fruitful approach to analyzing commitment to fundamentalist religious belief.
Giant dipole resonance in highly excited heavy nuclei

Abstract The giant dipole resonance built on excited states has been studied in very heavy nuclei through γ-ray and fission coincidence measurements in heavy ion fusion reactions. The data on Pb isotopes (A ∼ 200) establish a consistent picture of nuclear shape evolution with spin and temperature. The measurements in Th isotopes (A ∼ 224) show strong evidence for a fission hindrance effect in the decay of the compound system. These nuclei retain their deformed shapes at high angular momenta and temperatures.
Abnormal technetium-99m pyrophosphate images in unstable angina: Ischemia versus infarction?

Abstract There is controversy concerning the specificity of myocardial infarct imaging with technetium-99m pyrophosphate due to the high frequency of false positive images, especially in patients with unstable angina. In this study technetium-99m pyrophosphate images were compared with frequent determinations of plasma creatine kinase, MB isoenzyme (MB CK) activity in 116 patients admitted with the diagnosis of unstable angina. It was hypothesized that frequent measurement of MB CK activity, a sensitive and specific marker for myocardial necrosis, using sensitive assay techniques would detect small amounts of myocardial necrosis which might have been unrecognized by conventional clinical methods. The scintigraphic results and isoenzyme determinations agreed in 88 percent of patients; both tests were normal in 69 percent and both were abnormal, indicating acute myocardial infarction, in 19 percent of patients. In the remaining 14 patients (12 percent), the scans were abnormal, but MB CK activity was normal. In five of these patients (4 percent), abnormal scintigrams presumably reflected persistent scan positivity after previous myocardial infarction. Only the remaining nine patients (8 percent) could be classified as having unexplained false positive scans, a frequency substantially less than that reported by other investigators who based the diagnosis of myocardial infarction on conventional clinical criteria. These results suggest that abnormal technetium-99m pyrophosphate images in patients with unstable angina generally indicate myocardial necrosis.