cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plant-Based Colloidal Delivery Systems for Bioactives

The supplementation of plant-based foods and beverages with bioactive agents may be an important strategy for increasing human healthiness. Numerous kinds of colloidal delivery systems have been developed to encapsulate bioactives with the goal of improving their water dispersibility, chemical stability, and bioavailability. In this review, we focus on colloidal delivery systems assembled entirely from plant-based ingredients, such as lipids, proteins, polysaccharides, phospholipids, and surfactants isolated from botanical sources. In particular, the utilization of these ingredients to create plant-based nanoemulsions, nanoliposomes, nanoparticles, and microgels is covered. The utilization of these delivery systems to encapsulate, protect, and release various kinds of bioactives is highlighted, including oil-soluble vitamins (like vitamin D), ω-3 oils, carotenoids (vitamin A precursors), curcuminoids, and polyphenols. The functionality of these delivery systems can be tailored to specific applications by careful selection of ingredients and processing operations, as this enables the composition, size, shape, internal structure, surface chemistry, and electrical characteristics of the colloidal particles to be controlled. The plant-based delivery systems discussed in this article may be useful for introducing active ingredients into the next generation of plant-based foods, meat, seafood, milk, and egg analogs. Nevertheless, there is still a need to systematically compare the functional performance of different delivery systems for specific applications to establish the most appropriate one. In addition, there is a need to test their efficacy at delivering bioavailable forms of bioactives using in vivo studies.
The Cambridge Companion to Socrates

The Cambridge Companion to Socrates is a collection of essays providing a comprehensive guide to Socrates, the most famous Greek philosopher. Because Socrates himself wrote nothing, our evidence comes from the writings of his friends (above all Plato), his enemies, and later writers. Socrates is thus a literary figure as well as a historical person. Both aspects of Socrates' legacy are covered in this volume. Socrates' character is full of paradox, and so are his philosophical views. These paradoxes have led to deep differences in scholars' interpretations of Socrates and his thought. Mirroring this wide range of thought about Socrates, this volume's contributors are unusually diverse in their background and perspective. The essays in this volume were authored by classical philologists, philosophers and historians from Germany, Francophone Canada, Britain and the United States, and they represent a range of interpretive and philosophical traditions.
Multiple Points of Contact: Promoting Rural Postsecondary Preparation through School-Community Partnerships.

Formal and informal partnerships between rural schools and their communities can provide a wide range of supports for all students, but particularly those from low-income families. In this analysis of six small rural school districts in Virginia we show how the broad participation of community groups and individuals supports academic achievement as well as preparation and aspirations for postsecondary education. Results demonstrate that school-community partnerships provide multiple points of contact for students that buttress the efforts of school personnel by extended educational opportunities outside the classroom and by meeting the needs of low-income students when parents and teachers are unable to do so.
Unintended Consequences: How Qualification Constrains Innovation

The development and implementation of new materials and manufacturing processes for aerospace application is often hindered by the high cost and long time span associated with current qualification procedures. The data requirements necessary for material and process qualification are extensive and often require millions of dollars and multiple years to complete. Furthermore, these qualification data can become obsolete for even minor changes to the processing route. This burden is a serious impediment to the pursuit of revolutionary new materials and more affordable processing methods for air vehicle structures. The application of integrated computational materials engineering methods to this problem can help to reduce the barriers to rapid insertion of new materials and processes. By establishing predictive capability for the development of microstructural features in relation to processing and relating this to critical property characteristics, a streamlined approach to qualification is possible. This paper critically examines the advantages and challenges to a modeling-assisted qualification approach for aerospace structural materials. An example of how this approach might apply towards the emerging field of additive manufacturing is discussed in detail.
Spatially resolved methane band photometry of Saturn: II. Cloud structure models at four latitudes

Abstract Spatially resolved measurements of Saturn's reflectivity in the 6190-, 7250-, and 8996-A methane bands are analyzed to determine cloud vertical structures in the Equatorial Zone, South Equatorial Belt, and North and South Temperate Regions near latitudes ±30°. Radiative transfer models are computed for a simple two-parameter structure. The parameters are A0, the methane column abundance in an aerosol-free layer at the top of the atmosphere, and A1, the specific abundance of methane in a semi-infinite homogeneous gas and cloud mixture deep in the atmosphere. For the Equatorial Zone, a model with A0 = 37 ± 3 m-am and A1 = 26 ± 2 m-am fits all three bands. For the North Temperate Region, a model with A0 = 39 m-am and A1 = 47 m-am comes close to fitting all three bands. For the South Equatorial Belt and South Temperate Region, a single A0 and A1 do not fit all three bands. The structure for the South Equatorial Belt resembles that for the North Temperate Region. The level where unit cloud optical depth occurs in the South Temperate Region is deeper than the corresponding level at other latitudes. Some suggestions are proposed to explain differences between model parameters derived using different absorption bands.
Cell Adhesion Mediated Drug Resistance (CAM-DR): Role of Integrins and Resistance to Apoptosis in Human Myeloma Cell Lines

Integrin-mediated adhesion influences cell survival and may prevent programmed cell death. Little is known about how drug-sensitive tumor cell lines survive initial exposures to cytotoxic drugs and eventually select for drug-resistant populations. Factors that allow for cell survival following acute cytotoxic drug exposure may differ from drug resistance mechanisms selected for by chronic drug exposure. We show here that drug-sensitive 8226 human myeloma cells, demonstrated to express both VLA-4 (alpha4beta1) and VLA-5 (alpha5beta1) integrin fibronectin (FN) receptors, are relatively resistant to the apoptotic effects of doxorubicin and melphalan when pre-adhered to FN and compared with cells grown in suspension. This cell adhesion mediated drug resistance, or CAM-DR, was not due to reduced drug accumulation or upregulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members. As determined by flow cytometry, myeloma cell lines selected for drug resistance, with either doxorubicin or melphalan, overexpress VLA-4. Functional assays revealed a significant increase in alpha4-mediated cell adhesion in both drug-resistant variants compared with the drug-sensitive parent line. When removed from selection pressure, drug-resistant cell lines reverted to a drug sensitive and alpha4-low phenotype. Whether VLA-4-mediated FN adhesion offers a survival advantage over VLA-5-mediated adhesion remains to be determined. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that FN-mediated adhesion confers a survival advantage for myeloma cells acutely exposed to cytotoxic drugs by inhibiting drug-induced apoptosis. This finding may explain how some cells survive initial drug exposure and eventually express classical mechanisms of drug resistance such as MDR1 overexpression.
Forces on Rigid Culverts under High Fills

The forces acting on the barrel of a rigid culvert due to the dead load of a high fill may depend on the construction method, the presence of organic material, the material of the earth's crust, the fill properties, and culvert geometries. These features are accounted for by the finite-element method for obtaining approximate solutions to plane problems of linear elasticity. The analytical methods are applied to an actual embankment over a rigid culvert, the barrel of which was instrumented with pressure meters. The analytical results for two conditions of the earth's crust, various fill properties, and for a hay block deliberately placed over the crown of the culvert are compared with the recorded pressures. It is concluded that given a proper description of the material properties, in particular the fill to hay modular ratio, an accurate distribution of barrel pressure may be obtained.
Clustering remote RDF data using SPARQL update queries

The emergence of large and distributed RDF data in the Linked Open Data cloud calls for approaches to extract useful knowledge using machine learning techniques such as clustering. However, the massive size and remote nature of RDF data hinder traditional approaches that gather the datasets onto a centralized location for analysis. In this work, we show how to implement two representative clustering algorithms using update queries against the SPARQL endpoint of the RDF store. We compare the time complexity and the communication complexity of our algorithms with of those that require direct centralized access to the data and hence have to retrieve the entire RDF dataset from the remote location. We conduct experiments on a real social network dataset and report our preliminary findings.
Robust GPS receiver for multipath immunity

A standard Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver is vulnerable to multipath signals. 12 A standard receiver will exhibit bias in the timing estimate if multipath is present. This paper examines how a GPS receiver can be made immune to the presence of multipath by incorporating a bank of correlators in the code-tracking loop in place of the standard prompt gate, early-late gate scheme commonly in use. The presence of multipath distorts the response curve of the correlation gates, resulting in timing bias for the standard receiver. This bias can be estimated and removed by a bank of correlators occupying the timing error range defined by the early-late gate combination, resulting in a receiver that is robust in comparison with its standard counterpart. The acquisition performance of a standard GPS receiver and the proposed robust GPS receiver is compared to illustrate the improvement that can be obtained through the use of a correlation bank.
Subcritical-supercritical bifurcation crossover in directional solidification

The Mullins-Sekerka planar-cellular instability in directional solidification should be subcritical when the partition coefficient [ital k][lt]0.45 and latent heat is ignored. However, Merchant and Davis [Phys. Rev. Lett. [bold 63], 573 (1989)] predicted that as the solute concentration is reduced, the increasingly important thermal diffusion field would lead to a crossover from a subcritical to a supercritical bifurcation. We have performed directional solidification experiments on a series of succinonitrile samples containing different concentrations of Coumarin 152, and have found preliminary evidence for the predicted crossover at a concentration [ital C][sub [ital t]] [similar to] 0.1%.
Active Cooperation Between Primary Users and Cognitive Radio Users in Heterogeneous Ad-Hoc Networks

In this paper, we consider a heterogeneous ad-hoc network where primary users may cooperate with cognitive radio (CR) users for the transmission of their data. We propose a new cooperation protocol that allows CR users to relay primary user signals in exchange for some spectrum. The spectrum released by primary users is used by CR users for their own data transmission. The proposed protocol maximizes the primary user power savings and the CR users' own data transmission rate. In addition, it provides more robust (potentially continuous) service for CR users, compared to the conventional practice in cognitive networks where cognitive users transmit in the spectrum holes of primary users (i.e., their service is interrupted when primary users need to transmit and no spectrum holes are available). More specifically, we propose a CR user power allocation scheme that maximizes the rate of transmission of CR user own data, for any given CR user power budget and a given bandwidth released from the primary user. Furthermore, we determine a range of possible transmission power levels that can be used by the primary user during cooperation without sacrificing its target transmission rate, and we derive a necessary condition on the quality of the channel between the primary user and the CR user that enables cooperation. Extensive numerical and simulation studies illustrate our theoretical developments and show that cooperation between a primary and CR user may lead, for example, to up to 80% savings of primary user power when compared to a noncooperation scheme at the same transmission power level.
Rhodopsin-cholesterol interactions in bovine rod outer segment disk membranes

Cholesterol modulates the function of rhodopsin in the retinal rod outer segment (ROS) disk membranes. One mechanism for such modulation is cholesterol modulation of the properties of the membrane bilayer. This has been explored previously. Another possible mechanism is an interaction between the sterol and the protein, which has not been previously explored. In this study, the fluorescent sterol, cholestatrienol, was used to probe interactions between cholesterol and rhodopsin in bovine ROS disk membranes. Cholestatrienol was incorporated into the disk membranes by exchange from donor phospholipid vesicles. Fluorescence energy transfer from protein tryptophans to cholestatrienol was observed indicating close approach of this fluorescent sterol to the tryptophan. The effectiveness of the energy transfer was measured by the quenching of tryptophan fluorescence by cholestatrienol. The quenching of tryptophan fluorescence was directly related to the cholestatrienol content of the membranes. Cholesterol was incorporated into the disk membranes by exchange from donor phospholipid vesicles. The effect of increasing membrane cholesterol on the ability of cholestatrienol to quench rhodopsin tryptophan fluorescence was determined. This quenching was inversely proportional to the membrane cholesterol content. Furthermore the observed quenching was greater than could be explained by a simple dilution of the cholestatrienol by the addition of cholesterol to the membrane. These data suggest an interaction between the sterol and the protein. The specificity of this interaction was explored by the addition of ergosterol, instead of cholesterol, to the disk membranes. Ergosterol was not able to inhibit the quenching of protein trytophans beyond that due to dilution of the cholestatrienol by addition of ergosterol to the membrane. The ability of cholesterol to compete with cholestatrienol for that interaction suggests a 'site' at which cholesterol contacts rhodopsin. The inability of ergosterol to compete with cholestatrienol for this 'site' suggested that the site was specific for the structure of cholesterol.
Follow-Up of Atypical Prostate Needle Biopsies Suspicious for Cancer

Abstract Objectives. To determine both how the diagnosis of an atypical biopsy influences a urologist’s decision to repeat the biopsy and the outcome of rebiopsy. Methods. Of 200 atypical biopsies that we confirmed from outside consultations to the Johns Hopkins Hospital from 1992 to 1993, we were able to retrieve follow-up information for 144 cases. Each atypical biopsy was evaluated for the reason for atypia (atrophic glands, rule out [r/o] adenosis, atypical not otherwise specified [NOS; insufficient cytologic and/or architectural atypia], r/o prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia [PIN], inflammation, crush artifact) and a favored diagnosis (cancerous, benign, and undetermined). Results. Of the 144 atypical biopsies, 92 were rebiopsied (63.9%). The time from the initial atypical biopsy to rebiopsy ranged from 0.5 months to 3 years (63% less than 6 months; 39% less than 3 months). Rebiopsy revealed carcinoma in 48.9%, benign in 38%, atypical in 8.7%, and PIN in 4.4%. The median prostate-specific antigen (PSA) value was lower in men who did not undergo a repeat biopsy (6 versus 7.8) (rank sum analysis, P = 0.04). No correlation was found between PSA level and results of the rebiopsy. Of the atypical biopsies in which cancer was favored, 61% were cancerous on rebiopsy versus 33% where a benign process was favored. The three reasons for atypical biopsies that seemed to correlate with outcome of rebiopsy were atypical NOS (68% cancer on rebiopsy); inflammation (63% cancer on rebiopsy); and r/o adenosis (36% cancer on rebiopsy). Conclusions. Although 48.9% of the rebiopsied cases were cancerous, only 63% of men underwent rebiopsy, raising a concern that cancers are being missed in those cases not rebiopsied after an atypical diagnosis. Although there was a trend for serum PSA to correlate with outcome of rebiopsy, this correlation was not significant, and even men with serum PSA less than 4 ng/mL had a 33% risk of cancer on rebiopsy. Although histologic features of the atypical foci may be useful as factors in determining the urgency for rebiopsy, they also were not statistically significant in predicting outcome. Men with atypical diagnoses should undergo rebiopsy regardless of serum PSA levels and regardless of why the lesions were atypical.
Magnetic resonance force microscopy

Dan Rugar at IBM used magnetic resonance force microscope (MRFM) technology in the summer of 2004 to detect the signal from a single electron spin (Rugar et al., 2004). This marked a turning point for microscopy since John Sidles invented the MRFM method in the early 1990s (Sidles, 1991). MRFM fills one of the most fundamental gaps in the tools we have for determining the structure of systems and materials with nuclear detection and mapping coordinates at the atomic scale. This article discusses some history of this microscopy, the unique features of the microscope, and the software and hardware necessary for its success.
Differential Games Without Pure Strategy Saddle-Point Solutions

In some two-player, zero-sum differential games, pure strategy saddle-point solutions do not exist. For such games, the concept of a minmax strategy is examined, and sufficient conditions for a control to be a minmax control are presented. Both the open-loop and the closed-loop cases are considered.
Fly control, chronic toxicity, and residues from feeding Rabon to laying hens.

Effects of administering technical Rabon® (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate) at a concentration of 400 and 800 ppm in the feed of laying hens were investigated. The estimated mean daily intake of Rabon was 40.0 mg per hen for those receiving 400 ppm and 72.6 mg per hen for those receiving 800 ppm. Feeding of Rabon at 400 ppm resulted in excellent control of larvae of the house fly, Musca domestica L., Chrysomya megacephala (F.), and Parasarcophaga argyrostoma (Robineau-Desvoidy), but in poor control of Fannia pusio (Wiedemann). However, feeding of Rabon at 800 ppm resulted in good control of maggots of F. pusio . No hen mortality occurred that could be attributed to the insecticidal treatments, nor was there any inhibiting effect detected on blood plasma cholinesterase activity. Hens which received 800 ppm Rabon in their diet consumed less feed, produced fewer eggs, and did not maintain their body weight as well as the control birds. At 400 ppm, Rabon had less detrimental effect, and although birds at this concentration consumed less feed and produced fewer eggs than the control birds, they were able to maintain their body weight. Egg weight, interior egg quality, shell thickness, and odor were normal, but eggs from treated hens had a less desirable flavor than eggs laid by untreated hens. Feed efficiency was significantly less among both groups of hens receiving Rabon in the diet than among untreated control hens. A method was developed which used gas-liquid chromatography with a phosphorus-sensitive thermionic emission detector to determine Rabon ( cis ) and its low-melting isomer SD-13462 ( trans ). Eggs and tissues from hens slaughtered while on treatment and 7, 14, and 21 days after removal from treatment were analyzed for residues. The lower limit of detectability was 0.02 ppm. No detectable residues of Rabon or SD-13462 were found in the eggs or in any of the tissue samples except for two 800 ppm 11-day-posttreatment breast-muscle samples; two 800 ppm 0-day-posttreatment liver samples; three 800 ppm 0 day-posttreatment peritoneal-fat samples; and two 400 ppm 0 day-posttreatment fat samples. All but one (0.07 ppm) of the residues detected were in the 0.02 to 0.03 ppm range.
Seismic analysis of ZPR-6 Reactor Facility

Abstract A safe shutdown earthquake analysis of ZPR 6 Reactor Facility was conducted through seismic risk analysis, soil-structure interaction analysis, reactor building dynamic time history analysis and equipment response spectrum analysis due to an assumed El Centro earthquake. Several ASME, AISC and ANSI design codes were used to demonstrate the adequacy of this facility and to design several equipment and piping supports.
Robust finite-intersection tests for homogeneity of ordered variances

Abstract The finite-intersection approach, a special case of the well-known union-intersection method, often yields reasonable solutions to intricate, analytically intractable problems of testing hypotheses. In this paper we address the famous robust inference problem of testing homoscedasticity, but for the case where the variances are subject to order restrictions. Specifically, we propose some jackknife tests for this purpose which use finite-intersection order-constrained analysis of variance procedures based on the combination of independent p-values. A Monte Carlo experiment is undertaken to evaluate the validity robustness and power properties of these tests, as well as of a jackknife test based on Bartholomew's (1961) classical E 2 k statistic, relative to the normal theory test introduced by Boswell and Brunk (1969) and studied by Fujino (1979). The jackknife tests are seen to provide adequate type I error control under a variety of nonnormal models, whereas the normal theory test is shown to be invalid in these cases. When the normality assumption does hold, the jackknife tests do not seem to lose much in terms of power relative to the normal theory test.
Enhanced stimulus--secretion coupling from brains of aged mice.

Fractional calcium-dependent release of accumulated [3H]dopamine and γ-[14C]aminobutyric acid (GABA), but not [3H]norepinephrine or [14C]choline-acteylcholine, from isolated mouse forebrain synaptosomes was enhanced in 12- as compared to 2-month-old mice. In the case of [3H]-dopamine, differences in the storage of accumulated dopamine may have been responsible for these differences. No differences were observed in GABA accumulation or storage. The enhanced release of accumulated GABA in synaptosomes from 12- vs. 2-month-old mice is discussed in terms of age-related changes in secretion processes.
A statistical method for estimating the reliability of a station-year rainfall-record

A very urgent need exists among hydrologists and engineers for the best possible measure of the average frequency of high-intensity rainstorms. This is a particularly difficult determination for those intense storms for which the average length of time between occurrences is as great or greater than the average length of rainfall-records. The station-year method was proposed for the estimation of the average frequencies of such storms for any area, from a long synthetic record built up from many short records for stations in the area.
The differentiation of submicrogram amounts of inorganic and organomercury in water by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry.

Abstract A method for the determination of the individual concentrations of mercury(II) and RHg(II) in aqueous solutions is described. The mercury metal produced by reduction with tin(II) is measured by flameless atomic absorption. Selective reduction of mercury(II) is achieved in the presence of RHg(II) in sulfuric acid media with tin(II). The total mercury content is then measured after oxidation with acidic hydrogen peroxide solution just before injection into the tin(II) solution of the mercury analyzer. The method is useful in the range 1–15 p.p.b. with a standard deviation of 1 p.p.b. at 15 p.p.b. The method was satisfactory for river water samples.
Associations of ghrelin with eating behaviors, stress, metabolic factors, and telomere length among overweight and obese women: Preliminary evidence of attenuated ghrelin effects in obesity?

Ghrelin regulates homeostatic food intake, hedonic eating, and is a mediator in the stress response. In addition, ghrelin has metabolic, cardiovascular, and anti-aging effects. This cross-sectional study examined associations between total plasma ghrelin, caloric intake based on 3day diet diaries, hedonic eating attitudes, stress-related and metabolic factors, and leukocyte telomere length in overweight (n=25) and obese women (n=22). We hypothesized associations between total plasma ghrelin and eating behaviors, stress, metabolic, cardiovascular, and cell aging factors among overweight women, but not among obese women due to lower circulating ghrelin levels and/or central resistance to ghrelin. Confirming previous studies demonstrating lowered plasma ghrelin in obesity, ghrelin levels were lower in the obese compared with overweight women. Among the overweight, ghrelin was positively correlated with caloric intake, giving in to cravings for highly palatable foods, and a flatter diurnal cortisol slope across 3days. These relationships were non-significant among the obese group. Among overweight women, ghrelin was negatively correlated with insulin resistance, systolic blood pressure, and heart rate, and positively correlated with telomere length. Among the obese subjects, plasma ghrelin concentrations were negatively correlated with insulin resistance, but were not significantly correlated with blood pressure, heart rate or telomere length. Total plasma ghrelin and its associations with food intake, hedonic eating, and stress are decreased in obesity, providing evidence consistent with the theory that central resistance to ghrelin develops in obesity and ghrelin's function in appetite regulation may have evolved to prevent starvation in food scarcity rather than cope with modern food excess. Furthermore, ghrelin is associated with metabolic and cardiovascular health, and may have anti-aging effects, but these effects may be attenuated in obesity.
Operational data integrity during electronic health record implementation in the ED.

Abstract Objective Operational data are often used to make systems changes in real time. Inaccurate data, however, transiently, can result in inappropriate operational decision making. Implementing electronic health records (EHRs) is fraught with the possibility of data errors, but the frequency and magnitude of transient errors during this fast-evolving systems upheaval are unknown. This study was done to assess operational data quality in an emergency department (ED) immediately before and after an EHR implementation. Methods Direct observations of standard ED timestamps (arrival, bed placement, clinician evaluation, disposition decision, and exit from ED) were conducted in a suburban ED for 4 weeks immediately before and 4 weeks after EHR implementation. Direct observations were compared with electronic timestamps to assess data quality. Differences in proportions and medians with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate the magnitude of effect. Results There were 260 observations: 122 before and 138 after implementation. We found that more systematic data errors were introduced after EHR implementation. The proportion of discrepancies where the observed and electronic timestamp differed by more than 10 minutes was reduced for the disposition timestamp (29.3% vs 16.1%; difference in proportions, − 13.2%; 95% CI, − 24.4% to − 1.9%). The accuracy of the clinician-evaluation timestamp was reduced after implementation (median difference of 3 minutes earlier than observed; 95% CI, − 5.02 to − 0.98). Multiple service intervals were less accurate after implementation. Conclusion This single-center study raises questions about operational data quality in the peri-implementation period of EHRs. Using electronic timestamps for operational assessment and decision making following implementation should recognize the magnitude and compounding of errors when computing service times.
Circadian profiles in the embryonic chick heart: L-type voltage-gated calcium channels and signaling pathways.

Circadian clocks exist in the heart tissue and modulate multiple physiological events, from cardiac metabolism to contractile function and expression of circadian oscillator and metabolic-related genes. Ample evidence has demonstrated that there are endogenous circadian oscillators in adult mammalian cardiomyocytes. However, mammalian embryos cannot be entrained independently to light-dark (LD) cycles in vivo without any maternal influence, but circadian genes are well expressed and able to oscillate in embryonic stages. The authors took advantage of using chick embryos that are independent of maternal influences to investigate whether embryonic hearts could be entrained under LD cycles in ovo. The authors found circadian regulation of L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (L-VGCCs), the ion channels responsible for the production of cardiac muscle contraction in embryonic chick hearts. The mRNA levels and protein expression of VGCCα1C and VGCCα1D are under circadian control, and the average L-VGCC curren...
Eliminating molybdenum oxide interference in urine cadmium biomonitoring using ICP-DRC-MS

A new method for urine cadmium biomonitoring is presented. It uses inductively coupled plasma dynamic reaction cell mass spectrometry (ICP-DRC-MS) to eliminate molybdenum-based polyatomic interferences. The method began to be used in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) starting with the 2003–2004 survey cycle. Removal of moybdenum-based polyatomic interferences was found to reduce observed urine cadmium concentrations by a signficant amount, 37% at the 50th percentiles, for a subset (N = 2066) of NHANES 2003–2004 urine specimens. To avoid creating an artificial shift in NHANES data with the introduction of this method, urine cadmium results for survey cycles 1999–2000 and 2001–2002 were republished (http://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport/report.htm,1http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/datawh.htm2) after mathematical adjustment correcting for the bias on the basis of their previously determined molybdenum concentrations. Data supporting this mathematical adjustment are presented in this article. Blood cadmium data presented here show that at the normal levels of blood molybdenum, no significant molybdenum-based interferences are observed.
Observed and simulated fluid drag effects on colloid deposition in the presence of an energy barrier in an impinging jet system.

The deposition and re-entrainment behaviors of carboxylate-modified latex microspheres (0.2-, 0.5-, 1.0-, and 2.0-μm diameter) were examined in an impinging jet system on both glass and quartz substrata under a variety of environmentally relevant fluid velocities (2.12 × 10-4 to 1.06 × 10-3 m sec-1) in both the absence and the presence of an energy barrier to deposition. In the absence of an energy barrier to deposition, deposition fluxes onto glass and quartz substrata increased with increasing fluid velocity for all four microsphere sizes, in accordance with expectations from theory. In contrast, in the presence of an energy barrier to deposition, deposition efficiencies onto glass and quartz substrata decreased with increasing fluid velocity for all four microsphere sizes. Lack of re-entrainment and observed strong attachment were consistent with the expectation that deposition occurs via the primary energy minima where nanoscale surface heterogeneity locally reduces or eliminates the energy barrier to...
Corneal topography of patients with excellent snellen visual acuity after epikeratophakia for aphakia

A computer-based corneal topographic analysis system was used to evaluate the patterns of power distribution in five patients with at least six months of postoperative follow-up who obtained excellent visual and refractive results after epikeratophakia for aphakia. All grafts were well centered relative to the visual axis. The range of surface power seen within the central 5 mm of the individual grafts ranged from 4.00 to 6.50 diopters. Each graft showed a unique, moderately irregular pattern of power distribution. Fair correlation was seen between the expected corneal power and that shown in the power map displays. These data suggest that moderate degrees of irregular astigmatism are compatible with good Snellen visual acuity after epikeratophakia for aphakia, though the effect of this irregularity on visual performance remains unclear.
Progressive halftoning by Perona-Malik error diffusion and stochastic flipping

Halftoning has been a significant topic in image processing due to many emerging applications, various diversified approaches, and challenging theoretical analysis. Inspired by the wealthy literature on halftoning, as well as the recent PDE (partial differential equations) approach in image processing, the current work proposes a novel progressive halftoning algorithm by empolying the celebrated anisotropic diffusion model of Perona and Malik ( IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Machine Intell., 12:629-639, 1990), and a properly designed stochastic strategy for binary flipping. The halftone outputs from the proposed model are typical samples of some random fields, which share many virtues of existent deterministic halftone algorithms, as well as show many interesting features like the blue noise behavior. The new model is independent of traditional windows, tiles, or paths, and allows direct parallel implementation.
Development of distillation processes responsive to energy cost escalations

Abstract Recent developments in distillation processes that respond to the continuing escalation in energy cost are reviewed. The most effective developments are considered to be those providing increased performance ratios and heat transfer rates, the utilization of waste heat or low grade heat including insolation, and improvements in the reliability of equipment and processes within reasonable capital cost levels. Suggestions are offered as themes for future research and development in each of these areas.
Analysis of current events: Identity mobilization in hybrid regimes: Language in Ukrainian politics

In August, a new language law in Ukraine allowed cities and regions to elevate the status of any minority language spoken by at least 10% of their population to “official” alongside Ukrainian. I argue that the law fails to protect genuine linguistic minorities and is likely to further undermine linguistic diversity in certain Ukrainian regions. More important, the law prolongs the vicious circle between Ukraine's lack of democracy and its politicians' reliance on identity cleavages to gather votes. I argue that the continuing exploitation of identity divides is increasing the popularity of extreme right parties and widening the gap in policy preferences between Ukrainian and Russian speakers. However, the current ethno-regional cleavages do not stand for irreconcilable identity attachments and their impact can be mitigated. The EU could contribute to this outcome by providing expert opinions on minority and language rights; demonstrating a commitment to Ukraine's territorial integrity and independence to ...
THE DEVELOPMENT AND REPRODUCTIVE MORPHOLOGY OF HALOSACCION AMERICANUM I. K. LEE (RHODOPHYTA, PALMARIALES)1

Halosaccion americanum, a member of Palmariaceae, was grown in culture from spores and the life history was critically examined by the use of scanning EM and light microscopy. A mature tetrasporangium of H. americanum produces four spores that germinate to form two male and two female gametophytes. The male gametophytes grow to maturity in approximately eight months and macroscopically resemble the tetrasporophyte. Following the first division of the tetraspore, the two-celled female gametophyte consists of a vegetative cell and a carpogonium with trichogynes. Fertilization is accomplished by spermatia from male plants of the preceding generation, as male plants of the same season are immature. Spermatia are formed in a continuous layer over the surface of the mature male gametophytes and, when released, are entrained in long strands of mucous. Spermatia adhere to and fuse with trichogynes and, nuclear fusions presumably follow. The carposporophyte is absent; the new tetrasporophyte develops directly from the fertilized carpogonium. Growth of the sporophyte eventually obliterates the female gametophyte, and development into a mature tetrasporophyte proceeds over a period of approximately eight months. The development of H. americanum, with its extremely abbreviated female gametophyte stage and direct development of the tetrasporophyte from the zygote, indicates that this rhodophyte has the same life history as reported for other members of the Palmariales.
Intimal response of saphenous vein to intraluminal trauma by simulated angioscopic insertion

Abstract Endothelial damage after simulated angioscopic insertion was evaluated in 22 dogs by radioimmunoassay of endogenous 6-keto-prostaglandin F 1α (stable product of prostacyclin produced by the endothelium) by means of a closed perfusion system and scanning electron microscopy. In 20 dogs, a 1.7 mm diameter polyethylene tube similar in size and physical characteristics to a commercially available angioscope was passed once into the distal venotomy site and out of the proximal venotomy site for a total distance of 15 cm in the left saphenous vein (group A) and 10 times in both directions in the right saphenous vein, destroying all valves (group B). The vein segments were examined immediately after simulated angioscopic insertion and at intervals of 2, 3, and 4 weeks. The remaining two dogs were used as control animals to establish baseline prostacyclin production. All veins were patent when harvested. Scanning electron microscopy revealed globular and contracted endothelial cells in some areas of group A veins, whereas partial longitudinal absence of endothelial cells was noted in group B veins. Intimal coverage was complete by 2 weeks in group A veins and between 3 and 4 weeks in group B veins. Prostacyclin synthesis of group B veins was significantly less than that of group A at day 1 and at 2 weeks after operation (p
Multinationality and technical efficiency: A neglected perspective

Abstract and Key Results • This paper addresses production function and technical efficiency in the context of multinational enterprises (MNEs). It applies the stochastic frontier production function technique (SFPF) to investigating a sample of U.S. manufacturing MNEs and finds that an MNE normally encounters two phases of “liability of internationalization” in the course of international expansion. In addition, it shows that the firms with intensive investment in R&D and advertising development tend to alleviate or even avoid the “liability of internationalization” and enjoy a prolonged period of effective international expansion. • The relationship between multinationality and meta production frontier (as well as technical efficiency) exhibits an upward horizontal S-curved relationship. • R&D and advertising intensity (RDAI) positively affects the relationship between multinationality and meta production frontier (as well as technical efficiency). In the case of very high RDAI, the S-curve transforms itself into an upward monotonous curve.
Large-area surface discharge UV light source for materials processing applications

Performance of 6 inches x 6 inches surface discharge that give integrated light intensities greater than 400 mJ/cm{sup 2} is reported here. Light uniformity on the surface of high density alumina dielectric has been measured to show better than 5% across the entire discharge area. Detailed spectroscopic content of these discharges in different gases and gas mixtures are presented from 160nm to 735 nm region.
Myths that Continue to Impede Progress in Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management

Ecosystem-based fisheries management has been perceived as something desirable but pragmatically unachievable due to several impediments identified earlier during its implementation phase. Over the years, many of these impediments have been resolved but not well communicated to stakeholders, managers, scientists, and policymakers. As a result, several past impediments to implementing ecosystem-based fisheries management have taken on a mythical status. Here we identify six common myths, address why they in fact no longer impede ecosystem-based fisheries management, and propose solutions for moving forward. We assert that these myths need not continue to exist and that improved approaches for fisheries are indeed feasible.
A Phase I study of intermittent intravenous bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) with conventional fractionated irradiation.

A Phase I trial of intravenous bromodeoxymidine (BUdR) and conventional fractionated radiation therapy was performed in 14 patients with gliobiastoma multiforme and 7 patients with other poorly radioresponsive tumors. The BUdR was given as a constant intravenous infusion for 12 hr/day for up to 14 days. Thirteen patients received a second 14 day infusion following a 10 to 14 day interruption for bone marrow recovery. Local toxicity (within the radiation field) was minor, with 7 of the 21 patients requiring a brief treatment break for moist skin desquamation. There was no significant CNS toxicity noted clinically nor by autopsy examination. Additionally, no significant enhancement of radiation injury was noted to bowel or liver. However, one patient treated for multiple pulmonary metastases experienced a clinical and radiographic pattern consistent with radiation pneumonitis. Dose-dependent systemic toxicity occurred in bone marrow and skin. Moderate myelosuppression, especially thrombocytopenia, was found following a 14 day cycle of BUdR at and above 650 mg/m2/12 hr infusion. Approximately one-third of patients developed a maculo-papular erythematous rash to the scalp, neck and upper chest. In two patients, the rash became generalized with evidence of epidermolysis on skin biopsy. Pharmacology studies revealed steady-state arterial plasma levels of 2 x 10−6 M/1 during the 12 hr infusion of 650 to 700 mg/m2. Radiosensitization was measured by a change in the D0 of radiation survival curves of human bone marrow CFUc prior to and following the 14 day infusion in 4 patients. A trend of increasing radiosensitization was noted in most patients as the infusion rate of BUdR was increased from 500 to 870 mg/m2/12 hr. We conclude that the maximum tolerable dose of BUdR is 650 to 700 mg/m2/12 hrs when given as a 2 week intermittent intravenous infusion. Local toxicity is acceptable. The major systemic toxicities are myelosuppression and a maculopapular skin rash.
Determination of particle size distribution of small aerosol particles of unknown refractive index by a light-scattering method

Abstract A light-scattering method is presented which provides the particle size distribution and the refractive index of small aerosol particles by measuring the intensities of scattered light at the scattering angles of 45, 90, and 135° with varying wavelengths of the incident beam. This method was applied to the particles of dioctyl phthalate, cigarette smoke, and incense smoke. The good agreement of the refractive indices obtained by this method with the ones measured by Abbe refractometer seems to support the usefulness of this method.
The Remote Atmospheric and Ionospheric Detection System experiment on the ISS: mission overview

The Remote Atmospheric and Ionospheric Detection System (RAIDS) is a suite of three photometers, three spectrometers, and two spectrographs which span the wavelength range 50-874 nm and remotely sense the thermosphere and ionosphere by scanning and imaging the limb. RAIDS was originally designed, built, delivered, and integrated onto a NOAA TIROS satellite in 1992. After a series of unfruitful flight opportunities, RAIDS is now certified for flight on the Kibo Japanese Experiment Module-Exposed Facility (JEM-EF) aboard the International Space Station (ISS) in September 2009. The RAIDS mission objectives have been refocused since its original flight opportunity to accommodate the lower ISS orbit and to account for recent scientific progress. RAIDS underwent a fast-paced hardware modification program to prepare for the ISS mission. The scientific objectives of the new RAIDS experiment are to study the temperature of the lower thermosphere (100-200 km), to measure composition and chemistry of the lower thermosphere and ionosphere, and to measure the initial source of OII 83.4 nm emission. RAIDS will provide valuable data useful for exploring tidal effects in the thermosphere and ionosphere system, validating dayside ionospheric remote sensing methods, and studying local time variations in important chemical and thermal processes.
Success in innovation implementation

Increasingly, how well organisations innovate is becoming the single most important issue in determining their ultimate success. Referencing a variety of cases primarily drawn from governmental organisations, this paper argues that the key to successful innovation implementation rests on the convergence of three different factors. First, an innovation must be properly framed in terms of stakeholders’ expectations. Secondly, a good internal innovation environment must be present. Finally, the pros of specific attributes of innovations must outweigh their cons. The Eight other conditions, in which one or more of these factors is not positive, result in differing degrees of success and failure, with different implications for organisational outcomes. These eight conditions, and their associated propositions, are discussed in terms of their heuristic value for bridging gaps in differing parties’ understanding of innovation processes and future directions for research, including the interaction of power and type of innovation.
Tumour induction by an indolyl-3-acetic acid-kinetin interaction in a Nicotiana hybrid.

IT has been demonstrated that auxins influence the ability of bacteria to induce plant tumours1, and that kinetin in the presence of auxin can substitute for extracts of tumours in the production of tumours on isolated tobacco pith tissue2.
Laboratory-reared larvae of Cancer anthonyi (Decapoda: Brachyura) with a brief description of the internal anatomy of the megalopa

The larval development of Cancer anthonyi Rathbun (Decapoda, Brachyura) is described from laboratory rearing experiments. The external anatomy of the various larval stages is illustrated. A prezoeal stage, 5 zoeal stages and 1 megalopa stage were identified. At 17.5°C it took an average of 32.5 days for the first-stage zoeae to develop through the fifth zoeal stage and molt to the megalopa stage. The general internal anatomy of C. anthonyi larvae is discussed, and a drawing of a parasagittal section of a megalopa-stage larva is included.