cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heat Transfer of Solid Particulate and Gaseous Heat Carrier in an Airlift Apparatus

This paper considers the heat transfer process between solid particulates with heat source and gaseous heat transfer carrier in airlift apparatus during the pneumatic transportation. This case has many important practical applications in heat transfer systems where heat is generated within or absorbed by the particulate. Examples of such processes include drying processes, chemically reacting systems, and combustion processes. The two most important parameters in the thermal treatment of solid particulates in this case are the temperatures of solids and the gaseous heat carriers. Traditionally, these temperatures are considered as functions of x-ordinate along the heat transfer duct of the apparatus. Such an approach leads to the subsequent difficulties because it is necessary to solve simultaneously the differential equations of particulates and gaseous heat transfer carrier motion and the equations of heat transfer. This paper considers a deviation from this traditional approach and presents a set of differential equations in which the parameter is a heat transfer surface of the particulates. This approach reduces the number of differential equations describing the process and significantly simplifies the analytical formulation of the problem and hence the solution itself. The provided solutions allow for determining the temperatures of both the solids and the gaseous heat carriers as a function of particulate heat transfer surface. Two specific cases addressed here are heat transfer and heat and mass transfer when heat is generated within or absorbed by the particulates.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Learning from Data using XCS

Abstract In this paper, we present first of all the working principles of an accuracy based learning classifier system. We also discuss the use of learning classifier systems for learning from data by considering a sample application. The sample application, the Terrain Reasoner Weight Adapter (TRWA), is a system that learns near optimal weights to be used by a path planner while generating routes. Manually generated weights are used to generate a sample data set for training the TRWA. We detail the TRWA and the significant improvements made to the usual XCS strategies in order to achieve our goal of using a supervised learning technique for the TRWA. A reward assignment scheme is developed. The use of tournament selection instead of roulette wheel selection for selecting two parents in the GA is also analyzed. The results obtained show the efficiency of the method.
The Two Miipas of Chan Kom: A Study of Socioeconomlc and Political Transformation In a Maya Community

The Two Miipas of Chan Kom:. Study of Socioeconomlc and Political Transformation In. Maya Community. Alicia Re Cruz. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996. xii. 203 pp., figures, tables, references, notes, index
The Brazilian peppertree seed-borne pathogen, Neofusicoccum batangarum, a potential biocontrol agent

The invasive exotic Brazilian peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae) has become a serious threat to the delicate ecosystem of Everglades National Park in Florida, USA. More than 4000 ha in the Hole-in-the-Donut (HID) area within the park have been infested with Brazilian peppertree. Brazilian peppertree is a prolific seed producer, which enhances its invasive potential. Native phytopathogens can be a viable tool in the management of exotic species; no prior studies have reported on the occurrence of native seed-borne pathogens of Brazilian peppertree in Florida. This study showed that drupes of Brazilian peppertree are affected by seed-borne fungal pathogens. These fungal pathogens either cause germination failure or attack seedlings after germination, which results in reduced vigor or seedling death. The seed-borne fungal isolate BPSPF-1 was found to be virulent, and when inoculated it was able to kill Brazilian peppertree seedlings in seedling assays, and 1 year old saplings in greenhouse trials. Field inoculation of Brazilian peppertree branches with BPSPF-1 resulted in dieback symptoms. Host range studies on one related native species (winged sumac, Rhus copallinum) and one non-native species (mango, Mangifera indica) showed that neither was affected by girdle inoculation of stems. The BPSPF-1 isolate produced dark melanized mycelium on agar media and did not produce conidia or other fruiting structures. Based on ITS DNA sequence analyses, the isolate was identified as Neofusicoccum batangarum.
Entropy dominated subambient temperature separations in reversed-phase liquid chromatography

Abstract Subambient temperature selectivity in reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC) is an entropy dominated process. Since reduced temperature results in a more ordered stationary phase as well as more effective intramolecular interactions, it is useful for resolving solutes which exhibit similar retentions at ambient and higher temperatures, such as isomeric compounds. We have been investigating the effects of temperature on RP-LC selectivity for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and polyphenyl isomers over the temperature range of −20 to 70°C using methanol-water mobile phases and monomeric octadecyl stationary phases. We have observed that a high bonding density monomeric reversed-phase column (4.4 μmol m −2 ) exhibits improved selectivity over a low density column (1.5 μmol m −2 ). Shape selectivity for both columns is enhanced at temperatures of 25° C or less and this is especially demonstrated by the high density phase. Van 't Hoff plots (ln k ′ vs. 1/ T ) have been constructed to observe whether solute retention behavior is linear over the temperature range studied. This is observed over the entire temperature range for the low bonding density stationary phase, yet distinct curvature is noted at ca. 25°C for the high density phase. One explanation of this observation is a “phase transition” of the bonded octadecyl chains from a liquid-like state at higher temperatures to a more ordered and extended crystalline-like state at lower temperatures.
Urine Aquaporin 1 and Perilipin 2 Differentiate Renal Carcinomas From Other Imaged Renal Masses and Bladder and Prostate Cancer

Abstract Objective To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of urine aquaporin 1 (AQP1) and perilipin 2 (PLIN2) concentrations to diagnose clear cell or papillary renal cell carcinoma (RCC) by comparing urine concentrations of these unique biomarkers in patients with RCC, noncancer renal masses, bladder cancer, and prostate cancer. Methods From February 1, 2012, through October 31, 2012, preoperative urine samples were obtained from patients with a presumptive diagnosis of RCC based on an imaged renal mass, prostate cancer, or transitional cell bladder cancer. Imaged renal masses were diagnosed postnephrectomy—as malignant or benign—by histology. Urine AQP1 and PLIN2 concentrations were measured by using a sensitive and specific Western blot and normalized to urine creatinine concentration. Results Median concentrations of urine AQP1 and PLIN2 in patients with clear cell and papillary RCC (n=47) were 29 and 36 relative absorbance units/mg urine creatinine, respectively. In contrast, median concentrations in patients with bladder cancer (n=22) and prostate cancer (n=27), patients with chromophobe tumors (n=7), and patients with benign renal oncocytomas (n=9) and angiomyolipomas (n=7) were all less than 10 relative absorbance units/mg urine creatinine (Kruskal-Wallis test, P Conclusion These results support the specificity and sensitivity of urine AQP1 and PLIN2 concentrations for RCC. These novel tumor-specific proteins have high clinical validity and high potential as specific screening biomarkers for clear cell and papillary RCC as well as in the differential diagnosis of imaged renal masses. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00851994
Preparation of the membrane-permeant biarsenicals FlAsH-EDT2 and ReAsH-EDT2 for fluorescent labeling of tetracysteine-tagged proteins

Preparation of the membrane-permeant biarsenicals FlAsH-EDT 2 and ReAsH-EDT 2 for fluorescent labeling of tetracysteine-tagged proteins
Preparation and Optical Aborption Spectra of AucorePtshell and PtcoreAushell Colloidal Nanoparticles in Aqueous Solution

Bimetallic gold and platinum particles of the Pt−Au and Au−Pt core−shell type are prepared using hydrogen reduction and radiolysis techniques. The optical absorption spectra are recorded and compared to various Au−Pt particles described in the literature. AucorePtshell particles catalyze the hydrogen reduction of silver ions to yield trimetallic particles.
Effect of low-rate intermittent mandatory ventilation on pulmonary function of low-birth-weight infants.

induced acute hypo-, or hypervolemia in the newborn infant, Acta Paediatr Scand 53:1, 1964. 4. Mountcastle VP: Medical physiology , vol 2, St. Louis, 1974, The CV Mosby Company, p 979. 5. Goldberg RN, Chung D, Goldman SL, and Bancalari E: The association of rapid volume expansion and intraventricular hemorrhage in the preterm infant, J PEmaTR 96:1060, 1980. 6. Fitch W, MacKenzie ET, and Harper AM: Effect of sympatheCtomy on the autoregulation of cerebi'al blood flow, In Harper, M, Jennett B, Miller, D, and Rowan J, editors: Blood flow and metabolism in the brain, New York, 1975, Churchill-Livingston, pp 2.12-2.16. 7. Milligan DWA: Failure of autoregulation and intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants, Lancet 1:896, 1980.
Polarographic behaviour of 3-(2'-thiazolylazo)-2,6-diaminopyridine using DC and differential pulse polarography

The polarographic behaviour of 3-(2′-thiazolylazo)-2,6-diaminopyridine (2,6-TADAP) has been studied in aqueous buffer solutions and aqueous-ethanol mixtures of different pH's using DC and DP polarographic methods. The reduction of the azo linkage takes place via two electrons in both aqueous and aqueous-ethanol mixtures. The linear relationship between the current and 2,6-TADAP concentration allowed the polarographic determination of 2,6-TADAP over a wide concentration range. The values of the adsorption parameters in the presence of both Triton X-100 (non-ionic) and a new non-ionic surfactant, nonylphenol polyoxypropylene polyoxyethylene (NPE 1800) have been computed. The kinetic parameters of the electrode reaction have been calculated.
Copper(0) phthalocyanine

Abstract The reduction of copper(II) phthalocyanine with potassium in liquid ammonia has been shown to yield an anionic phthalocyanine complex of copper in the zero oxidation state. Evidence is presented for the possible intermediation of copper(I) phthalocyanine and its disproportionation.
Outcomes of elective abdominal aortic aneurysm repair among the elderly: Endovascular versus open repair

Background National outcomes for elective abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair in elderly populations are needed. The purpose of this study was to analyze outcomes of endovascular (EVAR) and open surgical repair (OSR) of elective AAA among the elderly (≥80 years). Methods Patients undergoing non emergent AAA repair between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2008, were identified using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP). Logistic regression models were used to compare risk-adjusted 30-day outcomes. Results Of 7,936 patients identified, 2,034 (25.6%) were ≥80 years. Older patients were more likely to experience adverse 30-day outcomes as compared with patients Conclusion Although elderly patients have worse outcomes compared with younger patients regardless of approach, endovascular repair among elderly patients is associated with less morbidity and mortality compared with open repair.
Bodipy-backboned polymers as electron donor in bulk heterojunction solar cells

Bodipy-based polymers, which possess a high absorption coefficient with a bandgap of ∼1.6 eV, have been used as electron donor in solution-processed bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells containing PCBM as acceptor. A power conversion efficiency (PCE) of ∼2% has been achieved with Voc of ∼0.8 eV and Jsc of ∼4.8 mA cm−2.
Budget-Constrained, Capacitated Hub Location to Maximize Expected Demand Coverage in Fixed-Wireless Telecommunication Networks

This paper presents a quantitative model for telecommunication network installation by companies in the broadband-access business, specialized to the fixed-wireless case. Under stochastic demand modeled using scenarios, we maximize the expected demand coverage subject to a budget constraint on hub installation, and technological constraints on demand coverage by installed hubs. There are multiple hub types, differing in costs and capacities. We present a practical greedy heuristic based on the budgeted maximum-coverage problem and analyze its worst-case performance. For special cases with a single hub type or a single demand scenario, we show that a guarantee of 1 - 1/e or 63.2% applies to our greedy heuristic. For the general case we develop a data-dependent performance guarantee. Through computational experiments, we show that the greedy heuristic's empirical performance is, on average, within 2% of the optimal expected demand coverage.
Light-scattering study in nematic-smectic-A-smectic-C multicritical mixtures.

Light scattering in the bend, splay, and bend-twist modes has been studied in two binary liquid-crystal systems exhibiting the nematic\char21{}smectic-A\char21{}smectic-C multicritical phase diagram. The results on the behavior of the longitudinal correlation length above the nematic\char21{}smectic-A transition are found to be in agreement with x-ray scattering data. The tilt susceptibility above the smectic-A\char21{}smectic-C transition is consistent with a simple mean-field description. The pretransitional behavior of the bend and splay elastic constants above the nematic\char21{}smectic-C transition in a pure material is found to follow the predictions of the Chen-Lubensky model. Near the multicritical point, the temperature dependence of the light-scattering intensity exhibits an anomalous minimum above the nematic\char21{}smectic-C transition in the bend and bend-twist modes but not in the splay mode. This behavior is not described by any existing model.
Structural and magnetic properties of stage-2 CocMn1-cCl2-graphite intercalation compounds.

Stage-2 ${\mathrm{Co}}_{\mathit{c}}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{c}}$${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$-graphite intercalation compounds (0\ensuremath{\le}c\ensuremath{\le}1) are two-dimensional random-spin systems with competing ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic exchange interactions. The structural and magnetic properties of these compounds for 0\ensuremath{\le}c\ensuremath{\le}1 have been studied by x-ray diffraction and dc magnetic susceptibility. An analysis of the (00L) x-ray diffraction using a simple model developed here shows that these compounds are dominantly stage 2 but have a Hendricks-Teller-type staging disorder along the c axis. The c-axis repeat distance is proportional to the Co concentration, suggesting that both Co and Mn ions are randomly distributed on the triangular lattice of the ${\mathrm{Co}}_{\mathit{c}}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{c}}$${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$ intercalate layers. The phase diagram determined from the dc magnetic susceptibility exhibits a ferromagnetic phase for 0.45\ensuremath{\le}c\ensuremath{\le}1.0. The Curie-Weiss temperature increases monotonically with increasing Co concentration. Its sign changes from negative to positive around c\ensuremath{\simeq}0.2. The exchange interaction between Co and Mn spins is ferromagnetic and is described by J(Co-Mn)=1.2 [\ensuremath{\Vert}J(Co-Co) J(Mn-Mn)\ensuremath{\Vert}${]}^{1/2}$=1.49 K. The average effective magnetic moment shows a minimum around c\ensuremath{\simeq}0.3, suggesting a partial replacement of ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}$ ions by ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{+}$ or ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{3+}$ ions because of a charge transfer.
Allosteric Modulation of Renal α2-Adrenoceptor Binding by Sodium in Inbred Dahl Rats

We investigated the reported differences in the modulating effect of sodium on renal α2-adrenoceptor binding between inbred Dahl Salt-Sensitive (S/JR) and Salt-Resistant (R/JR) Rats. Saturation binding of [3H]rauwolscine to renal α2-adrenoceptors and its displacement by epinephrine were performed in the absence and presence of NaCl, GppNHp, or MgCl2 in S/JR and R/JR rats. We omitted sucrose in our buffers which preserves endogenous catecholamines in renal membranes. MgCl2 but not NaCl or GppNHp decreased the apparent density and affinity of renal α2-adrenoceptors for [3H]rauwolscine in both strains. NaCl and GppNHp reduced and MgCl2 increased the affinity of renal α2-adrenoceptors for epinephrine in both strains. There were no differences in the modulating effects of sodium on renal α2-adrenoceptor binding between the two strains except for the higher receptor density in S/JR than in R/JR rats. These data suggest that the difference in renal α2-adrenoceptors between S/JR and R/JR is not due to alterations which affect receptor protein structure or interaction with G proteins. Thus, future investigations should be directed at the regulation of the receptor gene expression. (Hypertens Res 1994; 17: 179-185)
Citation for Dorothy Drummond 2010 Recipient of the George J. Miller Award for Distinguished Service

Dorothy Drummond, a fifty-plus-year member of both the National Council for Geographic Education and the Association of American Geographers, likes to joke that she joined when she was thirteen. Sh...
Homonymous hemianopia in nonketotic hyperglycemia is an ictal phenomenon

Extended video-EEG or 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET (FDG-PET) was obtained in 3 adult patients with hemianopia secondary to nonketotic hyperglycemia. Two male patients presented with left hemianopia and episodic left gaze deviation and one male patient presented with right hemianopia and visual hallucinations. None of the 3 patients had a history of seizures or known epilepsy risk factors. All 3 patients were found to have elevated serum glucose (267 mg/dL, 320 mg/dL, and 487 mg/dL) without acidosis or urine ketones. In all 3 patients, video-EEG recorded recurrent ictal discharges originating from the posterior quadrant contralateral to their hemianopia. In 2 patients, FDG-PET demonstrated corresponding focal areas of hypermetabolism. Resolution of visual symptoms was achieved with antiepileptic drugs, hydration, and tight glycemic control.
Low plasma lycopene concentration is associated with increased mortality in a cohort of patients with prior oral, pharynx or larynx cancers.

Objective: This analysis was conducted to evaluate the association between plasma beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, lycopene, lutein/zeaxanthin, total carotenoids, retinol, alpha-tocopherol and subsequent mortality.Methods: Blood samples collected longitudinally from 259 participants in a chemoprevention trial aimed at the prevention of second cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, or larynx were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography for selected micronutrients. All-cause mortality (primary outcome) and cause-specific mortality (secondary outcomes) were evaluated in relation to plasma micronutrient concentrations at baseline and longitudinally.Results: A total of 61 deaths occurred over a follow-up time of up to 90 months. Cox proportional hazards models with time-dependent covariates were used for data analyses. In models adjusted for age, plasma cholesterol, time-dependent smoking, treatment arm, study site and gender, only plasma lycopene was significantly inversely associated with total mortal...
Collective surface modes of Ag single crystals.

We calculate the electron-energy-loss spectra and the normal surface modes of the low-index faces of Ag single crystals. To this end we develop a model that accounts for the surface crystalline geometry and for both intraband and interband transitions. We obtain surface response functions that display a resonant structure due to face- and orientation-dependent modes, which lead to an anisotropy in the loss spectra for finite momentum transfers. Furthermore, they lead to a large anisotropy in the optical reflectance.
Tampon use in patients with anorexia nervosa can cause persistent vaginal bleeding: a case series.

Objective: To describe the phenomenon of persistent vaginal bleeding intwo patients with severe anorexia nervosa. Method: We report two cases of young women with severe anorexia nervosa reporting vaginal bleeding that persisted for months despite trials of topical and systemic conjugated estrogen therapy. Result: A speculum exam by a gynecologist ultimately revealed the source of the bleeding to be tampon-induced vaginal ulcers. These resolved, along with the vaginal bleeding, with vaginal estrogen cream and cessation of tampon use. Discussion: Most patients with anorexia nervosa are amenorrheic due to reversion of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis to a prepubertal state. Vaginal bleeding in patients with anorexia nervosa may trigger needless systemic hormonal treatments, radiographic studies, and multiple physician visits. A careful exam is warranted to evaluate for the presence of tampon-induced vaginal ulcer in patients with anorexia nervosa who have persistent vaginal bleeding. © 2010 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2010)
Structural characterization of single-walled carbon nanotube bundles by experiment and molecular simulation

A procedure, combining molecular simulation, Raman spectroscopy, and standard nitrogen adsorption, is developed for structural characterization of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) samples. Grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations of nitrogen adsorption are performed on the external and internal adsorption sites of homogeneous arrays of SWNTs of diameters previously determined by Raman spectroscopy of the sample. The results show the importance of the peripheral grooves of a nanotube bundle at low relative pressure and the insensitivity of nanotube diameter toward adsorption on the external surface of the bundle at higher pressures. Simulations also reveal that samples containing thin nanotubes have less internal adsorption capacity that saturates at lower pressure than those comprising large diameter nanotubes. The fraction of open-ended nanotubes in a sample can be estimated by scaling the simulated internal adsorption inside nanotubes to obtain a near perfect fit between simulated and experimental isotherms. This procedure allows extrapolation of adsorption properties to conditions in which all nanotubes in the sample are open-ended.
Alternate routes for ubiquinone biosynthesis in rats.

Abstract Mitochondrial preparations from rat heart and liver were able to prenylate 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (protocatechuic acid) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (vanillic acid). Rat heart slices when incubated with 3,4-dihydroxy [U- 14 C] benzoic acid could incorporate the label to ubiquinone. Rat heart slices were also able to convert 4-hydroxybenzoic acid to 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic acids, indicating alternate pathways for ubiquinone biosynthesis in mammals.
Lithium reactions with intermetallic-compound electrodes

Intermetallic compounds are under investigation as possible anode materials in lithium batteries. The compounds on which the Argonne National Laboratory group has primarily focused were selected on the basis of structural compatibility between host and product (lithiated) phases. In this presentation, we discuss the additional insights into the behavior of intermetallic-compound anodes that are available from materials modeling.
Rasch Analysis of US Household Food Security Survey Module in Latino Migrant Farmworkers

This secondary analysis evaluated the validation of the short version of the US Department of Agriculture's Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM) in a Latino migrant population. The Rasch model assessed the HFSSM's structure, item severity levels, and fitness of the sample population. Differential item functioning (DIF) analysis explored the invariance of HFSSM response patterns between less/more acculturated households. Item infit scores were within an adequate range (0.7-1.3). Item severity scores and unidimensionality structure supported the HFSSM's theoretical framework. Analysis showed statistically nonsignificant DIF contrast between acculturation levels. The adapted HFSSM performed in agreement with the theoretical framework of food insecurity as a managed process in this Latino migrant population.
Measurements of the Thermal Characteristics of Heated Turbulent Jets in Crossflow

An experimental investigation of the thermal characteristics of heated turbulent jets discharging into a cross-flowing stream in a water channel is reported. Hot water was injected vertically upward from a circular pipe located near the channel bottom to simulate the heated jet. Fiber-film probes along with appropriate anemometers and bridges were operated in the constant-current mode as cold films to measure both mean and fluctuating temperatures. Profiles of mean and rms temperatures are presented for heated turbulent jets at velocity ratios of 1, 4 and 7 and for jet discharge temperatures approximately 28 to 42C higher than the free-stream temperature. Measurements were carried out in the jet and its wake both in and outside the jet plane of symmetry.
Surface Plasmon Spectroscopy For The Optical Characterization Of Thin Metal Films And Their Surfaces

Surface plasmons are surface electromagnetic waves. That is, they are travelling waves whose electric and magnetic fields are localized at the interface between a metal and a dielectric. Their propagation characteristics (dispersion) are functions of the optical properties of both the metal and the medium in contact with it. Since they are localized at the interface, they are also sensitive to thin films on the metal surface. Quantitative measurement of surface plasmon resonances can thus yield the optical constants of any one of these three regions. For instance, we can determine the thickness and the dielectric constant (real and imaginary parts) of metal films less than 70 nanometers thick; measure the thickness or refractive index of organic coatings in the 1 to 30 nanometer range; observe the orientation of molecules near a surface in a liquid crystal cell; detect submonolayer adsorption of ionic species from an electrolyte solution. While both prism and grating coupling can be used to excite surface plasmons, we will describe the prism coupling or attenuated total reflection method we commonly use and discuss the sensitivity and range of applicability of the technique.
Searching very large routing tables in wide embedded memory

Exponentially growing routing tables create the need for increasingly storage-efficient lookup schemes that do not compromise on lookup performance and update rates. This paper evaluates the mechanisms that determine the storage efficiency of state-of-the-art IP lookup schemes. A novel scheme named BARTS (balanced routing table search) is proposed for searching large routing tables in wide embedded memory at OC-192 and OC-768 speeds, while also supporting fast incremental updates. BARTS supports a 38 K-entry routing table in 255 KB and a 72 K-entry table in 453 KB; a 500 K-entry table is estimated to fit into 3 MB. More sophisticated memory management can further reduce these figures to 215, 375 KB, and approximately 2.5 MB, respectively. This is sufficient to handle the large routing tables towards which the Internet seems to be heading in the near future.
Fluctuating drug markets and HIV risk taking: Female drug users and their relationship with drug markets

This paper focuses on recent changes in the drug market and in patterns of use in Atlanta, Georgia. Participant observation was conducted in four neighborhoods and in‐depth interviews were conducted with 40 female active drug users. Field notes and interview data were logged in a textual database and QSR Nu'dist was used for data management. Main changes included the growing prevalence of crack cocaine injection and the increasing heroin availability. The data showed that few central individuals could drive such changes and that the dissemination of new use patterns typically involved informal processes. A reduction in HIV risk was found among individuals who shifted from heroin injection to smoking. Specialized use settings formed a barrier against connections between both drug scenes. Most changes involved an increase in HIV risk taking. Changes in drug‐use patterns were driven by individual choices and larger community forces.
Excentric Cleavage Products of β-Carotene Inhibit Estrogen Receptor Positive and Negative Breast Tumor Cell Growth In Vitro and Inhibit Activator Protein-1-Mediated Transcriptional Activation

Both retinoids and carotenoids are potentially useful chemopreventive agents. In this study we tested the effect of synthetic excentric cleavage products of beta-carotene on the growth of the MCF-7, Hs578T and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. The apo-beta-carotenoic acids (beta-apo-CA) beta-apo-14'-, beta-apo-12'-, beta-apo-10'- and beta-apo-8'-CA are structurally similar to all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) but have different side chain lengths. Nine days of treatment with atRA inhibited MCF-7 and Hs578T cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. beta-apo-14'-CA and beta-apo-12'-CA significantly inhibited MCF-7 growth, whereas only beta-apo-14'-CA inhibited Hs578T growth. None of these treatments inhibited the growth of MDA-MB-231 cells. Potential mechanisms of growth inhibition, i.e., regulation of the cell cycle control proteins E2F1 and retinoblastoma protein (RB), and effect on activator protein-1 (AP-1)-mediated gene regulation were examined. beta-apo-14'-CA and atRA inhibited the expression of E2F1 protein in MCF-7 and Hs578T cells. beta-apo-14'-CA, beta-apo-12'-CA and atRA down-regulated RB protein expression in MCF-7 but not in Hs578T cells. The effect of phorbol ester-induced transcriptional activation of a collagenase promoter-reporter gene construct was strongly inhibited by 1 micromol/L beta-apo-14'-CA, atRA (MCF-7, Hs578T) or beta-apo-12'-CA (MCF-7). These effects were due neither to cellular conversion of beta-apo-CA to atRA nor to high affinity binding to the retinoid acid receptors. Thus, beta-apo-CAs were effective inhibitors of breast tumor cell proliferation, possibly mediated through down-regulation of cell cycle regulatory proteins and/or inhibition of AP-1 transcriptional activity. The ability of beta-apo-CA to regulate breast tumor cell growth independently of conversion to atRA suggests that these compounds may have fewer side effects than retinoids and, therefore, have a potential chemotherapeutic value that deserves further examination.
Update on the molecular biology of malignant mesothelioma

Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a highly aggressive tumor with a very poor prognosis. The disease is largely unresponsive to conventional chemotherapy or radiotherapy, and most patients die within 10-17 months of the first symptoms. Novel, more effective therapeutic strategies are needed for this inexorably fatal disease. Improvement in our understanding of the molecular biology of MM has identified promising new candidates for targeted treatments. In this review the key molecular signaling pathways, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), Wnt, and the cell cycle control genes p53, pRb, and bcl-2 that appear to play an important role in the pathogenesis of MM are explored.
HYDRA: a light-weight, SCORM-based P2P e-learning architecture

Many P2P frameworks for e-learning and knowledge management are being proposed. Most of these frameworks provide generic interfaces to support multiple information providers. This results in an implementation overhead. In this paper we present a lightweight P2P e-learning architecture which uses a fast native XML database to allow basic query, retrieval and download services using SCORM metadata. Like EDUTELLA, this environment is built using the JXTA framework. We also provide experimental data for this environment with respect to scalability in terms of the number of learning objects per peer, the number of concurrent queries, the number of peers and the size of the response set.
A Reconfigurable and Redundant Optically-Connected Memory System using a Silicon Photonic Switch

We demonstrate a novel optically-connected memory system based on a silicon photonic switch that enables reconfiguration and redundancy. The FPGA-emulated system achieved 10-Gb/s WDM communication between a CPU and two memory nodes.
Histone exchange, chromatin structure and the regulation of transcription

The packaging of DNA into strings of nucleosomes is one of the features that allows eukaryotic cells to tightly regulate gene expression. The ordered disassembly of nucleosomes permits RNA polymerase II (Pol II) to access the DNA, whereas nucleosomal reassembly impedes access, thus preventing transcription and mRNA synthesis. Chromatin modifications, chromatin remodellers, histone chaperones and histone variants regulate nucleosomal dynamics during transcription. Disregulation of nucleosome dynamics results in aberrant transcription initiation, producing non-coding RNAs. Ongoing research is elucidating the molecular mechanisms that regulate chromatin structure during transcription by preventing histone exchange, thereby limiting non-coding RNA expression.
A Natural Response to Drug Misuse Problems: A Review of Drug-User Treatment Services of Bangladesh

This paper reviews and describes the natural processes through which the people of a Third World country, Bangladesh, have been trying to provide treatment to drug misusers. As the demand for medical help increases, different organizations develop to cater to the needs. Bangladesh has followed the age-old ashram model and the contemporary medical hospital model to provide services to its addicts. In reality the drug misuse treatment providers are still evolving through different learning stages about the biopsychosocial manifestations of addiction. According to the authors, the stages of learning can be divided into three phases: 1) the early period of confusion and enthusiasm, 2) the period of truism, and 3) the period of pragmatism. The people who have gained experience in running treatment centers in the last decade need to form alliances to share their experiences in order to develop rational models for drug treatment programs in Bangladesh. It is also important that they develop methods to monitor providers' activities and to protect clients' safety and interests.
Combinational Logic Synthesis from an HDL Description

Hardware Description Languages are used to input the details of a digital system into an automatic design system. An algorithm to synthesize combinational logic from the description in one such language (DDL) is discussed. A sample implementation and the cost comparison are provided.
The association between emergency medical services staffing patterns and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival.

AbstractObjective. To determine whether the number of advanced life support–trained personnel at the scene of an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) was associated with return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) or survival to hospital discharge. Methods. A retrospective database review using Utstein-style reporting definitions was conducted in Milwaukee County. All adult (≥ 18 years of age) OHCA cases of presumed cardiac etiology from January 1993 through December 2005 were eligible for inclusion in the study. Cardiac arrests resulting from a drug overdose, suicide, drowning, hypoxia, exsanguination, stroke, or trauma were excluded from the study. Also excluded were cases in which no crew configuration or responding unit was available, cases in which no resuscitation effort was attempted, and cases in which no time data were available. Return of spontaneous circulation and survival to hospital discharge for OHCA patients treated by a crew with two paramedics were compared to those patients treated by cre...
Fatty Acid Competition as a Mechanism by Which Enterobacter cloacae Suppresses Pythium ultimum Sporangium Germination and Damping-Off

Interactions between plant-associated microorganisms play important roles in suppressing plant diseases and enhancing plant growth and development. While competition between plant-associated bacteria and plant pathogens has long been thought to be an important means of suppressing plant diseases microbiologically, unequivocal evidence supporting such a mechanism has been lacking. We present evidence here that competition for plant-derived unsaturated long-chain fatty acids between the biological control bacterium Enterobacter cloacae and the seed-rotting oomycete, Pythium ultimum, results in disease suppression. Since fatty acids from seeds and roots are required to elicit germination responses of P. ultimum, we generated mutants of E. cloacae to evaluate the role of E. cloacae fatty acid metabolism on the suppression of Pythium sporangium germination and subsequent plant infection. Two mutants of E. cloacae EcCT-501R3, Ec31 (fadB) and EcL1 (fadL), were reduced in β-oxidation and fatty acid uptake, respectively. Both strains failed to metabolize linoleic acid, to inactivate the germination-stimulating activity of cottonseed exudate and linoleic acid, and to suppress Pythium seed rot in cotton seedling bioassays. Subclones containing fadBA or fadL complemented each of these phenotypes in Ec31 and EcL1, respectively. These data provide strong evidence for a competitive exclusion mechanism for the biological control of P. ultimum-incited seed infections by E. cloacae where E. cloacae prevents the germination of P. ultimum sporangia by the efficient metabolism of fatty acid components of seed exudate and thus prevents seed infections.
The Role of Intersectional Stereotypes on Evaluations of Gay and Lesbian Political Candidates

This is the publisher's version, which is also available electronically from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X09990511
Real-Time Implementation of Intelligent Modeling and Control Techniques on a PLC Platform

Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) have been used for many decades for standard control in industrial and factory environments. Over the years, PLCs have become computational efficient and powerful, and a robust platform with applications beyond the standard control and factory automation. Due to the new advanced PLC's features and computational power, they are ideal platforms for exploring advanced modeling and control methods, including computational intelligence based techniques such as neural networks, particle swarm optimization (PSO) and many others. Some of these techniques require fast floating-point calculations that are now possible in real-time on the PLC. This paper focuses on the Allen-Bradley ControlLogix brand of PLCs, due to their high performance and extensive use in industry. The design and implementation of a neurocontroller consisting of two neural networks, one for modeling and the other for control, and the training of these neural networks with particle swarm optimization is presented in this paper on a single PLC. The neurocontroller in this study is a power system stabilizer (PSS) that is used for power system oscillation damping. The PLC is interfaced to a power system simulated on the real time digital simulator. Real time results are presented showing that the PLC is a suitable hardware platform for implementing advanced modeling and control techniques for industrial applications.
Manipulation of Macrophages to Enhance Bone Repair and Regeneration

Bone is a unique tissue in that it has the ability to heal itself perfectly, without scarring, under certain conditions. Therapeutic strategies that harness its powerful repair processes have the potential to successfully regenerate bone tissue in large defects, which remain a significant clinical challenge. However, despite the demonstrated importance of the inflammatory response in dictating the success or failure of implanted biomaterials, it is not often considered as an important criterion in the design of tissue engineering scaffolds. This chapter first highlights the role of macrophages in orchestrating the delicate balance between bone formation and resorption. Then, the main strategies that have been explored to actively control the inflammatory response are discussed, including delivery of mesenchymal stem cells, controlled release of immunomodulatory cytokines, and topographical modification of biomaterial scaffolds. Increased understanding of macrophage phenotypes (M1, various M2’s, osteoclasts, etc.) will allow us to design therapeutic strategies that tip the balance toward healthy bone regeneration and away from pathologic bone loss.
Performance and Return to Sport After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Male Major League Soccer Players

Background:Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is a significant injury in male Major League Soccer (MLS) players in the United States.Purpose:To determine (1) return-to-sport (RTS) rate in MLS...
Improved long-term expression from helper virus-free HSV-1 vectors packaged using combinations of mutated HSV-1 proteins that include the UL13 protein kinase and specific components of the VP16 transcriptional complex.

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-1) gene expression is thought to shut off recombinant gene expression from HSV-1 vectors; however, in a helper virus-free HSV-1 vector system, a number of promoters support only short-term expression. These results raise the paradox that recombinant gene expression remains short-term even in the absence of almost all (~99%) of the HSV-1 genome, HSV-1 genes, and HSV-1 gene expression. To resolve this paradox, we hypothesized that specific proteins in the HSV-1 virus particle shut off recombinant gene expression. In two earlier studies, we examined the effects on recombinant gene expression of packaging vectors using specific mutated HSV-1 proteins. We found that vectors packaged using mutated UL13 (a protein kinase), or VP16, or UL46 and/or UL47 (components of the VP16 transcriptional complex) supported improved long-term expression, and vectors packaged using mutated UL46 and/or UL47 also supported improved gene transfer (numbers of cells at 4 days). These results suggested the hypothesis that specific proteins in the HSV-1 particle act by multiple pathways to reduce recombinant gene expression. To test this hypothesis, we examined combinations of mutated proteins that included both UL13 and specific components of the VP16 transcriptional complex. A HSV-1 vector containing a neuronal-specific promoter was packaged using specific combinations of mutated proteins, and the resulting vector stocks were tested in the rat striatum. For supporting long-term expression, the preferred combination of mutated HSV-1 proteins was mutated UL13, UL46, and UL47. Vectors packaged using this combination of mutated proteins supported a higher efficiency of gene transfer and high levels expression for 3 months, the longest time examined. Vector particles containing this combination of mutated HSV-1 proteins improve recombinant gene expression. Implications of these results for strategies to further improve long-term expression are discussed. Moreover, long-term expression will benefit specific gene therapy applications.
What makes planners predictable

In recent work we showed that models constructed from planner performance data over a large suite of benchmark problems are surprisingly accurate; 91-99% accuracy for success and 3-496 seconds RMSE for runtime. In this paper, we examine the underlying causes of these accurate models. We deconstruct the learned models to assess how the features, the planners, the search space topology and the amount of training data facilitate predicting planner performance. We find that the models can be learned from relatively little training data (e.g., performance on 10% of the problems in some cases). Generally, having more features improves accuracy. However, the effect is often planner-dependent: in some cases, adding features degrades performance. We identify that the most prominent features in the models are domain features, though we find that the runtime models still have a need for better features. In the last part of the paper, we examine explanatory models to refine the planner dependencies and to identify linkages between problem structure and specific planners' performance.
Constraints on anomalous gauge boson couplings from b→sγ

Abstract The recent results of the CLEO Collaboration on both inclusive and exclusive radiative B decays are combined with those of the UA2 Collaboration on Wγ production to highly constrain the anomalous trilinear gauge couplings of the W . The theoretical analysis of the b → sγ process employs next-to-leading order operator coefficient evolution as well as QCD bremsstrahlung and appropriate phase space corrections.
The fate of random initial vorticity distributions for two-dimensional Euler equations on a sphere

The paper by Dritschel et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 783, 2015, pp. 1–22) describes the long-time behaviour of inviscid two-dimensional fluid dynamics on the surface of a sphere. At issue is whether the flow settles down to an equilibrium or whether, for generic (random) initial conditions, the long-time solution is periodic, quasi-periodic or chaotic. While it might be surprising that this issue is not settled in the literature, it is important to keep in mind that the Euler equations form a dissipationless Hamiltonian system, hence the set of equations only redistributes the initial vorticity, generating smaller and smaller scales, while keeping kinetic energy, angular impulse and an infinite family of vorticity moments (Casimirs) intact. While special solutions that never settle down to an equilibrium state can be constructed using point vortices, vortex patches and other distributions, the fate of random initial conditions is a trickier problem. Previous statistical theories indicate that the long-time state should be a stationary large-scale distribution of vorticity. By carrying out careful numerical simulations using two different methods, the authors make a compelling case that the generic long-time state resembles a large-scale oscillating quadrupolar vorticity field, surrounded by persistent small-scale vortices. While numerical simulations can never conclusively settle this issue, the results might help guide future theories that seek to prove the existence of such an interesting dynamical long-time state.