cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bringing Bourdieu’s master concepts into organizational analysis

This article argues that while elements of Pierre Bourdieu’s sociology are increasingly employed in American sociology, it is rare to find all three of Bourdieu’s master concepts—habitus, capital, and field—incorporated into a single study. Moreover, these concepts are seldom deployed within a relational perspective that was fundamental to Bourdieu’s thinking. The article “Bourdieu and Organizational Analysis” by Mustafa Emirbayer and Victoria Johnson is a welcomed exception, for it draws on all three of Bourdieu’s pillar concepts to propose a relational approach to the study of organizations. It both reframes existing thinking about organizations, particularly from the neo-institutional and resource dependence schools, and indicates new directions for research in organizations to move. This paper evaluates their contribution calling attention to its many strengths and suggesting a few points that need future clarification and elaboration.
A Checklist of Diatoms from Inland Waters of the Northwestern United States

ABSTRACT. A list of diatom taxa from inland waters of the northwestern United States is presented as a product of the author's bioassessment work over the last 40 years. The list is limited to taxa that have been identified from slides that are deposited in the Montana Diatom Collection. The list includes 1,348 species and infra-species taxa in 118 genera. The list is provided in support of recent efforts to compile a comprehensive and up-to-date diatom flora for the conterminous United States. Slides, acid-cleaned material, geospatial data, and/or ecological data for taxa in the checklist are available from the author.
A Merger of Categories: Are We Finally Ready?

This article examines the background and current status o f attempts to define the term “learning disabilities,” and concludes that resolution of the problem by continued search for a consummate definition of LD is unrealistic. An alternate procedure is outlined: The focus is on description of essential school problems which lead to referral, and determination through a staffing conference whether the problems require special education services. A merger of the categories of learning disabilities, emotional disturbance (as represented by behavior disorders in the schools), and educable mental retardation is proposed, and an experimental state reimbursement system for special education services based on such a merger is outlined.
Tiagabine: The Safety Landscape

Tiagabine (TGB) hydrochloride is a potential new antiepileptic drug (AED) undergoing clinical development. Experience in humans amounts to 1,810 patient-years of exposure. TGB was found to be tolerated in an integrated safety analysis of five double-blind, add-on therapy trials involving approximately 1,000 patients with epilepsy with difficult-to-control seizures with existing AEDs. Discontinuation resulting from adverse events were infrequent, occurring in 15% of patients receiving TGB compared to 5% receiving placebo. The most frequently reported adverse event was dizziness, which was usually transient and did not require medical intervention. Adverse events that were statistically significantly more common with TGB than placebo were dizziness, asthenia, nervousness, tremor, diarrhea, and depression (not major depression). Adverse events were usually mild to moderate in severity and transient, and most were associated with dose titration. The incidence, type, and severity of adverse events in long-term studies were comparable with those in short-term studies. Serious adverse events were uncommon and no idiosyncratic events were reported.
Proteolytic Cleavage of the Plasmodium falciparum Circumsporozoite Protein Is a Target of Protective Antibodies

Studies in animals and human volunteers demonstrate that antibodies against the repeat-region of the Plasmodium circumsporozoite protein (CSP) abrogate sporozoite infection. However, the realization that the N- and C- terminal regions flanking the repeats play essential roles in parasite infectivity raised the possibility that they could be targeted by protective antibodies. We characterized a monoclonal antibody (mAb5D5) specific for the N-terminus of the P. falciparum CSP, which inhibits the proteolytic cleavage of the CSP, a key requirement for parasite infection of hepatocytes. Adoptive transfer of mAb5D5 strongly inhibits the in vivo infection of sporozoites expressing the N-terminus of P. falciparum CSP, and this protection is greatly enhanced when combined with antirepeat antibodies. Our results show that antibodies interfering with molecular processes required for parasite infectivity can exert a strong in vivo protective activity and indicate that pre-erythrocytic vaccines against Plasmodium should include the CSP N-terminal region.
Effects of chronic hypoglycemia and euglycemic correction on lysine metabolism in fetal sheep.

In this study, we determined rates of lysine metabolism in fetal sheep during chronic hypoglycemia and following euglycemic recovery and compared results with normal, age-matched euglycemic control...
Recent evidence exploring the associations between physical activity and menopausal symptoms in midlife women: perceived risks and possible health benefits

Although the health benefits of physical activity are well established, the prevalence of midlife women accumulating sufficient physical activity to meet current physical activity guidelines is strikingly low, as shown in United States (U.S.) based surveillance systems that utilize either (or both) participant-reported and device-based (i.e., accelerometers) measures of activity. For midlife women, these low prevalence estimates may be due, in part, to a general lack of time given more pressing work commitments and family obligations. Further, the benefits or “reward” of allocating limited time to physical activity may be perceived, by some, as too distant for immediate action or attention. However, shifting the health promotion message from the long term benefits of physical activity to the more short-term, acute benefits may encourage midlife women to engage in more regular physical activity. In this article, we review the latest evidence (i.e., past 5 years) regarding the impact of physical activity on menopausal symptoms. Recent studies provide strong support for the absence of an effect of physical activity on vasomotor symptoms; evidence is still inconclusive regarding the role of physical activity on urogenital symptoms (vaginal dryness, urinary incontinence) and sleep, but consistently suggestive of a positive impact on mood and weight control. To further advance this field, we also propose additional considerations and future research directions.
Host-Centric Model Checking for Network Vulnerability Analysis

Research has successfully applied model checking, a formal verification technique, to automatically generate chains of vulnerability exploits that an attacker can use to reach his goal. Due to the combinatorial explosion of the chain generation problem space, model checkers do not scale well to networks containing a large number of hosts. This paper proposes a methodology that uses a host-centric modeling approach together with a monotonicity assumption to alleviate the scalability problem of model checkers. We describe the proposed approach, its limitations, and show how it can reduce the time complexity of chain generation to a quadratic polynomial of the number of hosts, both theoretically and empirically. We also compare its advantages over similar customized graph-based approaches.
A testbed for high voltage, high bandwidth characterization of nonlinear dielectrics

Summary form only given. Ferroelectric materials exhibit a hysteretic response similar to the B-H curve of magnetic materials. With ferroelectric materials the polarization-electric field (P-E) hysteretic loop is typically measured at low frequencies. However, the material behavior at high frequencies is less understood. To address this information gap, a test bed has been created to characterize non-linear material behavior at high frequencies and high voltages. This paper will report testbed goals in addition to design, assembly, analysis and issues. Preliminary results will also be presented from testing commercially available ferroelectric capacitors and materials, including 10 nf non-linear BaTiO-based capacitors and 3 mm thick lead zirconate titanate (PZT)-based materials. The main goal of the test bed is to drive a 1-50 nF ferroelectric sample around its polarization-electric field (P-E) loop with a low inductance circuit (10 nH) and high bandwidth (1 GHz) diagnostics at voltages up to 20 kV and currents up to 10 kA. A secondary goal is to drive the sample through P-E sub-loops to measure the sample response at high frequencies within the P-E loop. Polarization of the sample is obtained by integrating the current passing through the sample and dividing by its cross-sectional area. The electric field is determined by measuring the voltage across the sample and dividing by its thickness. Simulation of the circuit and analysis of the data require modeling of the sample behavior internal to the P-E loop and along its boundaries. A hyperbolic tangent (Fermi function) model that depends on the initial values of P and E and the polarity of the current provides a reasonable model for low bandwidth measurements of most materials. However P-E loops with sharper corners and/or a strong variation with frequency may require a model with a higher order exponential dependence, and a free parameter to characterize the sharpness of the corners independent of the slope of the loop through zero polarization. Simulation and analysis of our preliminary results will be discussed.
Imaging Findings of Patients with Metastatic Neuroblastoma to the Brain

Rationale and Objectives Metastatic involvement of brain is rare in neuroblastoma (NB). We retrospectively evaluated conventional and advanced imaging and clinical findings of seven patients with secondary intra-axial brain NB metastases. Materials and Methods Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography examinations of patients with metastatic brain NB were reviewed. Recent iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine ( 123 I-MIBG) scans were also reviewed. A medical record review was performed for relevant clinical, laboratory, histopathologic, and genetic data. Results Mean age at the time of primary tumor diagnosis was 35 months, and all were considered high-risk NB at diagnosis. Mean time interval between diagnosis and brain involvement was 23.2 months. Extensive prior extra-central nervous system (CNS) disease was present in all patients, but concomitant extra-CNS disease at the time of brain involvement was absent in three (43%) patients. Various forms of disease, including intraparenchymal, intraventricular, and leptomeningeal lesions were detected. Most intraparenchymal lesions were supratentorial and hemorrhagic; however, hemorrhage was absent in multiple leptomeningeal nodules in one patient. Contrast enhancement of lesions was present on all contrast-enhanced studies. Restricted diffusion of lesions was present in two patients. Arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion in two patients also revealed increased cerebral blood flow. Recent 123 I-MIBG scans were available in four patients and showed lesions in two patients with larger metastases but failed to demonstrate lesions in another two patients with smaller lesions. Conclusions Brain metastases of NB are often supratentorial and hemorrhagic and demonstrate contrast enhancement. Diffusion-weighted imaging can show restricted diffusion. ASL images may reveal increased perfusion. MIBG scans may not show smaller brain metastases.
The Status of Immunohistochemical Studies in Lymphoma Diagnosis

Immunohistochemical studies of formalin fixed paraffin embedded sections today constitute an essential component of the diagnostic process for malignant lymphoma. Lineage related markers are of value in distinguishing various lymphomas from anaplastic large and small cell carcinomas, and from sarcomas. Other more recently available markers are of value in establishing prognosis and, on occasion, in differentiating between neoplastic and reactive proliferations. Meticulous attention to reagent control and technical procedures is essential to all such studies.
Characterization of the 16S–23S internal transcribed spacer among 34 higher plants: suitability for interspecific plastid transformation

Biomanufacturing by chloroplast transgene expression has the potential to produce significant amounts of biopharmaceuticals, endow plants with novel commercial or humanitarian capabilities, enhance phytoremediation methods and harden plants against adverse environments. Plastid bioengineering exploits the phenomenon of homologous recombination to specifically integrate heterologous sequences into the plastid genome. Previous research suggests the plastid genome 16S–23S internal transcribed spacer provides an advantageous integration site for transgene expression. To characterize the suitability of the 16S–23S region for interspecific recombination, we developed primers against conserved plastid sequences and amplified ∼2.6 kb from 25 plant species. We analyzed the amplicons with nine species from Genbank for homeology, phylogenetic relationships, potential to form chimeric rDNA elements disruptive to translational/replication systems, and the potential number of recombination events for various minimal essential processing segments (MEPS) lengths. Multiple sequence alignment of the 34 species revealed considerable conservation, with identities exceeding 95% among the angiosperms. Substitutions were statistically clustered, generally in noncoding sites, although proposed functional elements such as the OriA region and 3′ terminus of the 16S rRNA exhibited unexpected variation. The nonrandom distribution of substitutions undermines the established, statistical method of estimating the number of recombination initiation sites. This finding is further substantiated by comparing statistical estimates of the number of MEPS sites to a direct count at three different MEPS lengths. We frame this in silico analysis in terms of the potential of the 16S–23S region as a target for interspecific transformation, and describe a ‘primer-to-plastid’ system to rapidly generate species-specific flanking regions for transformation vectors.
Towards an intrusion detection system for battery exhaustion attacks on mobile computing devices

Mobile computers are subject to a unique form of denial of service attack known as a battery exhaustion attack, in which an attacker attempts to rapidly drain the battery of the device. In this paper we present our first steps in the design of an intrusion detection system for these attacks, a system that takes into account the performance, energy, and memory constraints of mobile computing devices. This intrusion detection system uses several parameters, such as CPU load and disk accesses, to estimate the power consumption using a linear regression model, allowing us to find the energy used on a per process basis, and thus identifying processes that are potentially battery exhaustion attacks.
Positive Effects of Methylphenidate on Social Communication and Self-Regulation in Children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders and Hyperactivity.

This report examined the effect of methylphenidate on social communication and self-regulation in children with pervasive developmental disorders and hyperactivity in a secondary analysis of RUPP Autism Network data. Participants were 33 children (29 boys) between the ages of 5 and 13 years who participated in a four-week crossover trial of placebo and increasing doses of methylphenidate given in random order each for one week. Observational measures of certain aspects of children’s social communication, self-regulation, and affective behavior were obtained each week. A significant positive effect of methylphenidate was seen on children’s use of joint attention initiations, response to bids for joint attention, self-regulation, and regulated affective state. The results go beyond the recent literature and suggest that methylphenidate may have positive effects on social behaviors in children with PDD and hyperactivity.
Nativization processes in L1 Esperanto.

The artificial language Esperanto is spoken not only as a second language, by its proponents, but also as a native language by children of some of those proponents. The present study is a preliminary description of some characteristics of the Native Esperanto (NE) of eight speakers, ranging in age from six to fourteen years. As such, it is the first of its kind – previous works on NE are either theoretical treatises or individual case studies. We find, at least for the eight subjects studied, both bilingualism and nativization effects, differentiating native from non-native Esperanto speech. Among these effects are loss or modification of the accusative case, phonological reduction, attrition of the tense/aspect system, and pronominal cliticization. The theoretical ramifications are discussed, particularly with regard to universals of language acquisition and the effects of expressive requirements of language.
Flux-canceling electrodynamic maglev suspension. II. Test results and scaling laws

Electrodynamic suspensions (EDS) are highly undamped and require some form of active control or a secondary suspension to achieve adequate ride quality. This paper reports on efforts to develop a version of EDS that uses controllable magnetic forces to eliminate the need for any secondary suspension. The magnetic forces act directly on the guideway and avoid the need to have unsprung weight and a secondary suspension. It is shown that the energy required to effect this control can be less than 1% of the energy stored in the suspension magnets, so a modest size controller can be used. The same controller can also provide lift at very low speeds and thereby eliminate the need for a separate low-speed suspension system. A set of scaling laws is described which is used to size a full-scale high-temperature superconductor (HTSC)-based suspension magnet. The test fixture was also used to verify the use of "zero velocity" lift, where ac excitation is used in the suspension coils to achieve lift at low train velocity.
Polymer miscibility in organic solvents and in plasticizers—a two-dimensional approach

From thermodynamic considerations based on associated solution models and from the Hansen's three-dimensional solubility parameter concept, it is found that the solvent power of an organic liquid for a given polymer can be characterized by two parameters, δh and χH, where δh is the hydrogen-bonding solubility parameter of the liquid, and χH is a term which takes account of the dispersion and polar interactions between the liquid and the polymer and of the effects due to temperature and molecular size of the liquid. It is also found that Hansen's solubility sphere for the polymer can be represented as a solubility circle in the proposed χH−δh plane. The proposed approach is applied successfully to polymer–plasticizer systems.
A Fundamental Tradeoff Between Performance and Sensitivity Within Haptic Rendering

In this paper, we show that for haptic rendering using position feedback, the structure of the feedback loop imposes a fundamental tradeoff between accurate rendering of virtual environments and sensitivity of closed-loop responses to hardware variations and uncertainty. Due to this tradeoff, any feedback design that achieves high-fidelity rendering incurs a quantifiable cost in terms of sensitivity. Analysis of the tradeoff reveals certain combinations of virtual environment and haptic device dynamics for which performance is achieved only by accepting very poor sensitivity. This analysis may be used to show that certain design specifications are infeasible and may guide the choice of hardware to mitigate the tradeoff severity. We illustrate the predicted consequences of the tradeoff with an experimental study.
Thermal decomposition of copper-azole complexes

The thermal decomposition of complexes of the formulae Cu(IMDAH)xCl2, Cu(BIMDAH)xCl2 (x=2 or 4), Cu(BTAH)2Cl2, Cu(5MBTAH)2Cl2, Cu(BIMDA)2, Cu(PDZ)Cl2, and Cu(PYM)Cl2 (IMDAH=imidazole, BIMDAH=benzimidazole; BTAH=benzotriazole; 5MBTAH=5-methyl-benzotriazole; PDZ=pyridazine; PYM=pyrimidine) has been studied in an oxidizing environment using thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. The TG profiles of all the complexes indicate degradation of the azole ligands and conversion to copper oxides. The Cu-azole complexes retain much higher fractions of the Cu in the degradation residue than the Cu(PDZ)Cl2 and Cu(PYM)Cl2 complexes which volatilize most of the Cu on thermal decomposition. These differences are interpreted on the basis of metal-ligand bonding and the participation of redox reactions in the thermal decomposition mechanism.
Identification of Regulators of Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy

Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) is a selective mechanism for the degradation of cytosolic proteins in lysosomes that contributes to cellular quality control and becomes an additional source of amino acids when nutrients are scarce. A chaperone complex delivers CMA substrates to a receptor protein at the lysosomal membrane that assembles into multimeric translocation complexes. However, the mechanisms regulating this process remain, for the most part, unknown. In this work, we have identified two regulatory proteins, GFAP and EF1α, that mediate a previously unknown inhibitory effect of GTP on CMA. GFAP stabilizes the multimeric translocation complex against chaperone-mediated disassembly, whereas GTP-mediated release of EF1α from the lysosomal membrane promotes self-association of GFAP, disassembly of the CMA translocation complex, and the consequent decrease in CMA. The dynamic interactions of these two proteins at the lysosomal membrane unveil now a role for GTP as a negative regulator of CMA.
Conversion of Methionine to Thiols by Lactococci, Lactobacilli, and Brevibacteria

Methanethiol has been strongly associated with desirable Cheddar cheese flavor and can be formed from the degradation of methionine (Met) via a number of microbial enzymes. Methionine gamma-lyase is thought to play a major role in the catabolism of Met and generation of methanethiol in several species of bacteria. Other enzymes that have been reported to be capable of producing methanethiol from Met in lactic acid bacteria include cystathionine beta-lyase and cystathionine gamma-lyase. The objective of this study was to determine the production, stability, and activities of the enzymes involved in methanethiol generation in bacteria associated with cheese making. Lactococci and lactobacilli were observed to contain high levels of enzymes that acted primarily on cystathionine. Enzyme activity was dependent on the concentration of sulfur amino acids in the growth medium. Met aminotransferase activity was detected in all of the lactic acid bacteria tested and alpha-ketoglutarate was used as the amino group acceptor. In Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris S2, Met aminotransferase was repressed with increasing concentrations of Met in the growth medium. While no Met aminotransferase activity was detected in Brevibacterium linens BL2, it possessed high levels of L-methionine gamma-lyase that was induced by addition of Met to the growth medium. Met demethiolation activity at pH 5.2 with 4% NaCl was not detected in cell extracts but was detected in whole cells. These data suggest that Met degradation in Cheddar cheese will depend on the organism used in production, the amount of enzyme released during aging, and the amount of Met in the matrix.
Partnerschaften in der Praxis

Mitaka zehrt bis heute von seinem Ruf als burgernahe Kommune mit langer Tradition. Kaum eine andere Stadt hat sowohl in der kommunalpolitischen Praxis als auch in der einschlagigen Forschung als Reformkommune so viel Aufmerksamkeit auf sich gezogen (vgl. Satō 2005a, b, c, Etō 2004, Ōasa 2005). Bis 2006 wurde die Stadt bereits vier Mal in der „Studie zum Innovationsgrad der Verwaltung“ (Gyōsei kakushindo chōsa) zur Stadt mit der innovativsten Verwaltung gekurt (Nikkei Gurōkaru 2006).
Utilization of the Small Business Advancement National Center in Creating a More Viable Classroom Setting and Vibrant up to Date Research

This article provides the reader with a better understanding of how to utilize the Small Business Advancement National Center in their classroom and their research. The Center's website is used by numerous colleges and universities for research and classroom information. The Electronic Resource allows the professor and students a much greater opportunity to communicate via the Internet and e-mail as well as receive classroom and business consulting information. The paper also gives ideas as to how to utilize other Internet interfaced teaching tools.
TRAIL-receptor antibodies synergize with chemotherapy to enhance anti-tumor activity in cholangiocarcioma

B50 Tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) death receptors, TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2, are expressed on the cell surface of many human tumor cells. Activation of these receptors induces programmed cell death. Mapatumumab and lexatumumab are fully human agonistic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target and activate cell death via TRAIL-R1 or TRAIL-R2, respectively. Both mAbs are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. We assessed the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of mapatumumab or lexatumumab alone and in combination with chemotherapeutic agents in several cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cell lines in cytotoxicity assays and xenograft tumor models. Three CCA cell lines representing intra- (HuCCT1) or extra- (EGI, TFK-1) hepatic, biliary duct cancer expressed low to moderate levels of both TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2 on the cell surface and were either resistant (HuCCT1), weakly (EGI) or moderately sensitive (TFK-1) to treatment with mapatumumab or lexatumumab. Co-treatment with cisplatin, gemcitabine or 5-fluorouracil increased the cytotoxicity of both mAbs in most cells lines; in some cases a synergistic enhancement was observed. Co-treatment with the triplet of cisplatin and gemcitabine and either mAb was more effective than either single agent alone in all cell lines with most treatment triplets inducing >90% cytotoxicity. We examined the effect of pre-treating CCA cell lines with a single chemotherapeutic agent 24 hours before treatment with either mapatumumab or lexatumumab. Interestingly, pre-treatment with a single chemotherapeutic agent followed by mapatumumab or lexatumumab increased cytotoxicity more than that observed in co-treatment with the same single agent and either mAb in most cell lines. In some cell lines, pre-treatment with cisplatin followed by mapatumumab was as effective as co-treatment with cisplatin, gemcitabine and mapatumumab. We conclude that pre-treatment with chemotherapeutic agents can alter the sensitivity of CCA cell lines to TRAIL-R mAbs. Similarly, in a xenograft model of CCA, mapatumumab and either co- or pre-treatment with cisplatin and gemcitabine were more effective than either chemotherapy or mapatumumab alone. In addition, pre-treatment with chemotherapy was as effective as co-treatment with the triplet in inhibiting tumor growth. This in vivo result confirms the conclusion that chemotherapy can enhance the anti-tumor activity of mapatumumab and shows that pre-treatment with chemotherapy is a potential strategy for enhancing this activity. We continue to investigate the mechanism of increased TRAIL-R mAb sensitivity to pre-treatment with chemotherapy in CCA.These results demonstrate the significant anti-tumor activity of the TRAIL-R mAbs mapatumumab and lexatumumab as therapeutic agonist monoclonal antibodies that can augment the activity of cytotoxic agents used in the treatment of human cancer. This preclinical data supports the evaluation of these chemotherapeutic agents in combination with TRAIL-R mAbs in future clinical studies, particularly in biliary cancer.
Within-plant Distribution of, and Partial Compensation for, Stink Bug (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) Damage to Soybean Seeds

Yield, pod filling, weights of 100 seeds, viability, and vigor of seeds from upper and lower halves of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, plants were examined in response to four levels of natural infestation (population means of 3.8, 3.0, 1.5, and 0.3 bugs per meter of row) by a stink bug complex that included Nezara viridula (L.), Acrosternum hilare (Say), and Euschistus spp. Reductions in yield occurred as stink bug infestation levels increased; these reductions primarily were confined to upper halves of plants. Feeding damage, as evidenced by reductions in pod filling, seed viability, and seed vigor, was restricted to upper halves of plants until infestations reached the highest level (i.e., 3.8 bugs per meter of row). These results demonstrated that stink bugs fed preferentially on seeds in upper halves of plants until high infestation levels forced bugs to feed in lower halves. Results also suggest that feeding by stink bugs at low infestation levels (i.e., 1.5 bugs per meter of row) effected increases in weights of 100 seeds. Damage-free seeds compensated for damaged seeds by exhibiting increases in weights of 100 seeds of as much as 43.8%.
Cities are Alive with the Sound of Music: Saengerfest and the Transformation of Urban Public Music in Nineteenth-century America

This article examines the development of outdoor public music in American cities during the nineteenth century and develops three primary arguments. Organized and recreational forms of public music – such as musical festivals and outdoor band concerts – became commonplace and integral to city life during the second half of the nineteenth century. Second, German-American singing festivals (Saengerfests) were major public events during the mid-nineteenth century and helped create this recreational public music culture by demonstrating how organized and recreational public music could enhance city life and suggesting to commentators and public officials that it could serve as a tool of reform. Third, public music – such as occurred during Saengerfests – helped bridge social divisions and made American cities more socially fluid, even at a time when some aspects of civic life were becoming more divided and contentious.
Adaptive training and individual differences in perception.

Four types of training techniques were compared in the training of a perceptual concept-formation task. Adaptive training, a technique in which one parameter in the learning situation is varied so that the difficulty of a learning task remains constant for that individual, was compared to three intermediate approaches to training (self-adaptive, in which the trainees could control their own pace of learning by indicating when they felt they had mastered the problem, fixed sequence, and fixed task). The relationship between individual trainee's perceptual style and various stages of training was also investigated. Perceptual style was measured by the Hidden Figures Test, the Rod-and-frame Test, a Distracting Context Test, and a Cancellation Test. Results showed a definite (time to perform the task) advantage in favor of the adaptive training method. Fewer errors were committed under the self-adaptive approach, but the task completion time was significantly higher. Further analysis showed that for the adapt...
Mean Lengths of Line Segments

(1945). Mean Lengths of Line Segments. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 52, No. 5, pp. 250-252.
The technosphere: a new concept for urban studies

According to the United Nations University Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability, ‘cities are responsible for 67% of the total global energy consumption and more than 70% of greenhouse gas emissions and these trends significantly intensify the severity of some of the two great challenges of our time; climate change and energy security’. Moreover, if cities are driving anthropogenic climate change, the effects are felt everywhere on earth, from glaciers to atolls, from oceans to the troposphere. It is no longer simply society that has been, to cite Henri Lefebvre, ‘completely urbanized’. The entire planet and its atmosphere have been subordinated to the metabolic demands of extremely large human settlements.
Impact of season-long water abstraction on invertebrate drift composition and concentration

Surface water abstraction from rivers for irrigated agriculture is one of the largest uses of freshwater resources in the world. Water abstraction has important impacts on the structure of riverine assemblages. However, little work has examined the chronic, season-long impacts on ecosystem functions. Invertebrate drift is an important ecosystem function of river systems influencing nutrient cycling, food webs, and invertebrate population dynamics. We examined the season-long impact of reduced discharge resulting from multiple points of abstraction on drift assemblage composition, concentration, and total drift load. Early in the season, water abstraction had little impact on drift assemblage composition. However, later in the irrigation season, the drift assemblage at sites impacted by water abstraction diverged from upstream, control sites. The degree of change in assemblage composition at impacted sites was related to the amount of water abstracted such that sites with the lowest discharge also had assemblages that differed most strongly from control sites. Drift assemblages at impacted sites became dominated by tolerant microcrustaceans. In addition, water abstraction resulted in an increase in drift concentration (ind./m3). However, despite this increase in concentration at impacted sites, total drift load (# of invertebrates drifting in the river) decreased with decreasing discharge.
Technical note: epimerization of ergopeptine alkaloids in organic and aqueous solvents

ABSTRACT: Puriﬁedergopeptinealkaloidsareoftenused in studies related to tall fescue toxicosis withoutregard to epimerization that occurs when ergopeptinesare solvated. The objectives of this study were to mea-sure the rates of α -ergocryptine epimerization to α -ergocryptinine at room temperature and at −40°C, andtomeasuretherateofergovalineepimerizationtoergo-valinine at 37°C. α -Ergocryptine tartrate was stable (<0.5% epimerization) in protic or aprotic solvents whenstored at −40°C for 20 to 52 d. At room temperature, α -ergocryptine epimerization in chloroform did not occur;epimerization was modest in acetone and acetonitrile(< 5%) but was substantial in methanol (78% by 38d) and in a 70:30 water methanol mix (47% by 42 d).Ergovaline epimerization to ergovalinine occurred atKey Words: Ergot Alkaloids, Festuca, Toxicology 2002 American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. J. Anim. Sci. 2002. 80:1616–1622 Introduction Several lines of evidence suggest that ergopeptinealkaloids,presentintallfescueinfectedby
Fast Extraction of Water Bodies Information in Wenchuan Earthquake Regim Based on Remote Sensing

In the Wenchuan MS 8.0 earthquake on May 12,2008,a large number of land-slides and mudslides occurred,which partially blocked rivers and formed dammed lakes.The information on water bodies is need to be fast extracted in order to provide important data for disaster relief.With Beichuan County as an example,water body information is extracted by combined using LBV transformation and NDVI(Normalized Differential Vegetation Index) images.By making the LBV transformation of FORMOSAT-2 images,determining B threshold and extracting NDVI index,the water body images are obtained and an extraction model is set up.The model is on reliable theoretical basis and easy to implemented by computer,can discriminate water bodies from low-density water-plants mixture and gives the results in consisten with the actual situation.The extraction speed is so high that it meets the requirements of extracting disaster background parameters within 8 hours.
Carotid endarterectomy for cerebrovascular insufficiency: long-term results in 592 patients followed up to thirteen years.

A series of 592 patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency treated by carotid endarterectomy is reported on. Indications, surgical techniques, and results are given. Endarterectomy is most useful for transient ischemia and selected patients with mild frank strokes and asymptomatic bruits.
Nonequilibrium electron dynamics in a solid with a changing nodal excitation gap

We develop a computationally inexpensive model to examine the dynamics of boson-assisted electron relaxation in solids, studying nonequilibrium dynamics in a metal, in a nodal superconductor with a stationary density of states, and in a nodal superconductor where the gap dynamically opens. In the metallic system, the electron population resembles a thermal population at all times, but the presence of even a fixed nodal gap both invalidates a purely thermal treatment and sharply curtails relaxation rates. For a gap that is allowed to open as electron relaxation proceeds, effects are even more pronounced, and gap dynamics become coupled to the dynamics of the electron population. Comparisons to experiments reveal that phase-space restrictions in the presence of a gap are likely to play a significant role in the widespread observation of coexisting femtosecond and picosecond dynamics in the cuprate high-temperature superconductors.
Position Statement: The DFT Trip -- Dad Are We There Yet?

When I started as a design-for-test (DFT) engineer many, many, many, years ago, I had to crawl through schematics and find places to insert controllability and observability into systems, boards, and chips to make them more testable. Latchback, Testpoint Insertion, and SCOAP analysis were fundamental weapons in the test war. The goal was to place hooks in the design to help with debug and diagnostics and to meet customer defined quality levels. As a matter of fact, there was more emphasis in being able to detect and isolate to the failed element after the system was put in use, than using the DFT to assist with production test.
Neurochemical Aspects of Alzheimer Disease

Alzheimer disease (AD) is a multifactorial disorder involving oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, impairments in energy metabolism, and excitotoxicity. AD affects several brain regions such as entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, basal forebrain and amygdale, which exhibit synaptic loss resulting in extensive brain atrophy. In vulnerable brain regions, AD is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. The neurofibrillary tangles consist largely of hyperphosphorylated twisted filaments of the microtubule-associated protein Tau. Extracellular neuritic plaques are deposits of Aβ that are derived via sequential proteolytic cleavages of the APP. Clinically, AD patients present with symptoms of memory loss, altered personality and behavior, and impaired executive function. Neurochemically, AD is accompanied by profound biochemical alterations in multiple pathways including increased turnover of membrane phospholipid, sphingolipid, and cholesterol metabolism and increase in phospholipid-, sphingolipid-, and cholesterol-derived lipid mediators. The severity of AD pathology is associates with number of reactive astrocytes and activated microglia in the brain. Both neurons and glial cells contribute to the induction, maintenance, and progression of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in AD by releasing proinflammatory cytokines and generating reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which contribute to neurodegeneration in AD. Accumulating evidence suggests that AD also involves increases in metal ions (iron, copper, and zinc), nitric oxide generation, reduction in expression of trophic factors, dysfunction of the ubiquitin–proteasome system, depletion of endogenous antioxidants, and expression of proapoptotic proteins leading to synaptic and neuronal loss.
Common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) control in soybean (Glycine max) with reduced bentazon rates and cultivation

Common cocklebur is a very competitive and diffi'cult to control weed species in soybean production. Field research was conducted at Rosemount, MN, from 1989 to 1991 to evaluate reduced rates of bentazon applied broadcast or banded over the crop row in combination with interrow cultivation for common cocklebur control in soybean. Bentazon at 0.6 kg ai ha-1 applied in a 38-cm-wide band over the soybean row followed by two cultivations controlled almost 90% of the common cocklebur when environmental conditions were favorable, and the majority of the common cocklebur emerged prior to bentazon application. However, when precipitation was below normal prior to bentazon application and a high proportion of the common cocklebur emerged after the initial bentazon application, sequential bentazon treatments controlled more common cocklebur and resulted in greater soybean yields than combinations of bentazon plus cultivation. Differences in soybean yield were attributed to differences in common cocklebur control rather than injury from cultivation or bentazon. Nomenclature: Bentazon, 3-(1-methylethyl)-(1H)-2,1,3benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide; common cocklebur, Xanthium strumarium L. #3 XANST; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. 'Hodgson 78'. Additional index words: Banded herbicides, integrated weed management, mechanical weed control, XANST.
Ultracold fermion race is on

At the quantum level, particles behave very differently depending on whether their spin angular momentum is an integer or a half integer. Half-integer spin particles are known as fermions, and include all the constituents of atoms: electrons, protons and neutrons. Bosons, on the other hand, are particles with integer spin, such as photons.
Subject and World

In Chapter 2, I set out the central tenets and philosophical framework of cognitivism, the background philosophy within which the information-processing approach to human speech perception research is situated, and called attention to certain respects in which it could be considered to have an inappropriate understanding of the nature of the Subject of speech perception.
The Dynamics of Bacterial Genomes

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the dynamics of bacterial genomes. It reveals that the availability of complete genome sequences for large numbers of microorganisms has catalyzed a paradigm shift on how evolutionary biologists view the bacterial chromosome. Two sets of processes that affect the character of microbial genomes, mutation and recombination, and their roles in microbial evolution are quite different. Mutational processes alter the sequences of existing genes. Ultimately, mutations produce all of the variation seen among extant organisms. Even when examining multiple species, only a small number of differences between any two forms of a gene may affect that gene's function or expression, if at all. Therefore, while mutational processes are ubiquitous, their impact in cellular evolution is necessarily smaller than their numbers suggest. Recombinational processes serve to reassort genes among genomes. Intraspecific recombination acts to distribute variant alleles—including, but not restricted to, those arising by mutational processes—among members of a bacterial species.
Finding the Time and Place to Vote

Early voting—or allowing voters to vote in person before Election Day—has been allowed formally at least since 1988.1 The idea behind early voting was that if voting times were more convenient, it would reduce the opportunity costs of voting. In other words, potential voters would not have to take off work (or give up other activities) in order to vote. If one examines newspapers covering the policy discussions, one can see that the goal of early voting was to increase voter turnout, not necessarily to relieve the pressure of long lines on Election Day, but it did not hurt that early voting might relieve long lines. For example, in North Carolina in January 1996 (about four years before North Carolina began to implement its one-stop voting— North Carolina’s name for early voting), one can see that no-excuse early voting was one of many proposals being considered to “cure voter apathy” and “boost turnout at the polls.”2 There was bipartisan excitement by the year 2000. Political reporter Jim Morrill quoted the Mecklenburg County Republican Party Chair Frank Whitney as saying: “Voter turnout always determines an election, not the polls … I have a feeling (early voting) will increase overall voter turnout.”3
Have adjuvant tyrosine kinase inhibitors lost their shine

Despite broad advances in molecularly targeted therapies, lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer related mortality in the United States. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations occur in approximately 17% of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in the US population. The remarkable efficacy of small-molecule EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in this unique subset of patients has revolutionized the therapeutic approach to lung cancer. The success of these agents in the metastatic setting leads to the logical question of what role these drugs may have in the adjuvant setting for patients with earlier stage disease. RADIANT, an international randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled phase III study in patients with completely resected stage IB to IIIA NSLC whose tumors expressed EGFR by IHC and EGFR amplification by FISH, attempted to answer the question of whether erlotinib would improve disease free survival and overall survival in the adjuvant setting. While RADIANT does not conclude for or against adjuvant use of EGFR-TKIs, all data points towards benefit in a selected population. As clinicians, we must continue to enroll to potentially practice changing therapeutic neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy studies internationally.
Coinvolgere i pazienti nella ricerca: integrare le competenze dei reclutatori con le strategie di medici e direttori scientifici

In order to advance medical care, it is necessary to invest resources, both human and financial, in medical research. However, these investments sometimes are not sufficient to ensure the success of research studies. No progress can be made without the participation of patients in research studies and clinical trials. These potential participants are normally identified by their physicians, or by professional recruiters, depending on the patient clinical profile. However, often patients are intimidated by the idea of engaging in clinical trials for several reasons, including the fear of side effects, to the difficulty of understanding specific research-related terms. The main objective of this project was to identify the communication strategies used by recruiters to help patients enroll into medical research projects. Another goal of the study was to identify key information that would help PIs and researchers make more effective decisions in terms of design and methodology. A total of 11 focus groups were conducted in two large, ethnically diverse cities: Indianapolis and Miami (USA). Our analyses indicated that recruiters use a variety of verbal and nonverbal communication strategies to create a relationship with potential participants. In addition, recruiters consider the cultural background of the people they interact with, the environment in which they live, the resources available, and the possible support of family members.