cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence for a heritable contribution to neuroendocrine tumors of the small intestine

Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (SI-NETs) are rare tumors arising from the enterochromaffin cells of the gut. Having a first-degree relative with a SI-NET has been shown to confer a substantial risk arising from shared environment and genetics. Heritable risk was examined using a computerized genealogy linked to historical statewide cancer data. A population-based analysis of the observed familial clustering of SI-NETs was performed to assess the genetic risk in distant relatives. A test for significant excess relatedness of 384 individuals with genealogy data and histologically confirmed SI-NETs was performed by comparing pairwise relatedness of cases to 1000 sets of matched controls. Overall significant excess pairwise relatedness was found for the 384 cases (P<0.001) and was still observed when closer than first cousin relationships were ignored (P=0.041). Relative risks (RRs) for SI-NETs were estimated as a ratio of observed to expected number of SI-NET cases among each relationship class. Siblings have a 13.4-fold (P<0.0001) and parents have a 6.5-fold (P=0.143) RR, suggesting both genetic and environmental influences. The risk extends out to third-degree relatives with a 2.3-fold RR (P=0.008). Metachronous cancers were also reported in 26% of the SI-NET cases demonstrating an increased RR of colon, bladder, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, melanoma, and prostate cancers. Although SI-NETs are rare, relatives of these cases are at a significantly elevated risk of developing a SI-NET due to heritable genetic factors. Definition of the genetic risk factors will be an important tool for earlier diagnosis and better outcomes for SI-NETs.
Overview of C

This chapter presents object-oriented programming and the C++ language, and it discusses the basic principle of object-oriented programming and the history of the C++ programming language. Object-oriented programming differs from the more familiar procedural programming in which the basic principle is that a software system is a sequence of operations on data. The term imperative programming is often used instead of procedural programming. The level of abstraction of object-oriented programming is generally higher than that of the procedural programming. C++ is essentially a superset of ANSI C, and it has essentially the same typing features as ANSI C for non-object-oriented features. C++ compilers frequently accept code written in the older Kernighan and Ritchie version of C. C++ compilers generally give either warnings or error messages when given C code without function prototypes. The class is the fundamental building block in C++. A class should be considered as an abstract data type, together with a set of allowable transformations on the abstract data type. The code for the functions that make up the set of allowable transformations for a class is considered to belong to the class.
A Safety Valve Model of Equity as Anti-Opportunism

In this paper, we argue that the notion of equity as a safety valve on the law can be seen as part of the law’s response to the problem of opportunism. We define equity as the use of a more flexible, morally judgmental, and subjective mode of legal decision making that roughly corresponds with historical equity. We distinguish opportunists as agents who have unusual willingness and ability to take advantage of necessary imperfections in the law. We present a simple contracting model that captures the role of equity as a safety valve, and show how it can solve problems posed by opportunists. In our model, a simple but imperfect formal legal regime is able to achieve first best in the absence of opportunists. But when opportunists are added, a more flexible regime (equity) – specifically, one that denies damages to parties who exploit contractual gaps – can be preferred. However, equity is also vulnerable to being used opportunistically by the parties it intends to protect. For this reason, we show that it is often preferable to limit equity, reserving it for use only against those who appear sufficiently likely to be opportunists. Our model generates intuitive comparative statics that describe the optimal expansiveness or restrictiveness of equity.
Circles: Networks of Reading

Welcome to the fourth issue of Humanist Studies & the Digital Age. It continues the discourse started in the third issue, “Textualities in the Digital Age”; this time we focus on the role of the reader in digital environments. An analysis of current digital projects follows the historical and theoretical premise.
A Filthy Little Piece of Math

Before you go too far, please note that this paper was written with a sense of humor. It all started with a single swear. As my wife was taking the family out for some coffee, she missed a turn and uttered a single expletive under her breath. A simple and fairly insignificant curse word that for some reason became my singular focus for a few minutes. After a little consideration, I began to laugh and asked her, ”Do you think, that we may be able to determine how bad something broke, by how people curse when it does?” ”How do you mean?” Let’s suppose that Eterm represents the number of expressive terms spoken at the time of a systems failure, and Sterm to represent the Syllabic Complexity of the most creative cursing uttered in the string. Could we describe a system failure as having a proportionate relationship to these variables? Using Fsev to represent the severity of a failure, and noting the approximate nature of this thought experiment would produce the simple equation
The Use of Mesh in Hiatal Hernia Repair

The repair of large hiatal hernias has always been problematic as can be difficult to perform and plagued with a high recurrence rate. The most common cause of recurrent hernias after initial successful surgery is failure of the crural closure. Numerous techniques have been employed to mitigate this problem including mesh implantation to reinforce the diaphragmatic closure and diaphragmatic relaxing incisions to minimize tension on the repair. This chapter discusses some of the more popular techniques with a focus on the impact of mesh at the hiatus. We discuss the current controversies and alternatives concerning the use of meshes in hiatal hernia repair.
Forword on Earth Jurisprudence Symposium Issue

Comments of the Earth Jurisprudence Symposium and the joint creation of the Center for Earth Jurisprudence, as the first legal center of its kind in the United Statesa between Barry and St. Thomas Universities.
Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Therapies in Combination with Substrate for the Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the western world, which severely decreases the quality of life in the patients and places an economic burden on their families and society. The disease is caused by the dysfunction of a specialized cell layer in the back of the eye called the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). Pluripotent stem cells can provide an unlimited source of RPE, and laboratories around the world are investigating their potential as therapies for AMD. To ensure the precise delivery of functional RPE to the diseased site, some groups are developing a therapy composed of mature RPE monolayers on a supportive scaffold for transplantation as an alternative to injecting a single-cell suspension. This review summarizes methods of generating RPE from pluripotent stem cells, compares biodegradable and biostable materials as scaffolds, and describes the specific combination of human embryonic stem cell-derived RPE on Parylene-C membranes, which is scheduled to begin clinical trials in the United Sates in 2016. Stem cell-derived RPE monolayers on scaffolds hold great promise for the treatment of AMD and other retinal diseases.
Absorption rates of colloid and milky suspensions of halogenated fats for hepatosplenography in the rat.

Summary1. A colloid sol of hexabromostearic acid was used successfully for hepatosplenography in the rat. This sol could be given intravenously or by repeated intragastric injections. Dibromindigo appeared in the urine after intragastric injection. 2. Half the minimum intravenous dose of several halogenated fat emulsions for hepatosplenography was effective when reinforced with injections by the intralymphatic and intragastric routes, but the total dose was greater than the minimum intravenous dose alone. 3. The emulsions were broken by boiling but this method of sterilization was not necessary since it was found that the halogens acted as sterilizing agents.
Heuristic Methods for Assigning Men to Machines: An Experimental Analysis

Abstract This paper describes a labor assignment decision frequently encountered in production operations where: 1) one operator can service several semi-automatic machines simultaneously, 2) the operator service and machine processing times vary considerably among machines, and 3) the combined costs of idle labor and machine time are to be minimized in preparing a work schedule. Two heuristics for determining labor assignments are described: the man-loading and labor-saved heuristics. Experimental results are reported that compare the heuristics with respect to: 1) the proximity of their solutions to an optimum solution derived using a branch and bound algorithm, 2) their computational efficiency, and 3) the dependency of their performance on the data considered in the experiments.
Student Protesters and Gang Delinquents: Toward a Theory of Collective Deviance

Abstract The era of widespread student protest in the United States seems to have ended. While social scientists produced enormous amounts of material on student protest, many empirical findings remain to be codified. The theoretical significance of much of this work also remains to be explored. This study attempts some theoretical integration by viewing student protest as an instance of a more general class of social phenomena—collective deviance. In doing so it locates the theoretical significance of the topic. Four theories of gang delinquency, another well-studied form of collective deviance, are extended and applied to student protest. An assessment of the applicability of each of these approaches to student protest reveals the specific questions which must be addressed by any general theory of collective deviance.
MANAGEMENT OF EARLY-STAGE EPITHELIAL OVARIAN CANCER

Because ovarian cancer is asymptomatic until the late stages of the disease and because accurate methods of early detection are lacking, only about 40% of these cancers present in stages I and II. As a result, ovarian carcinoma remains the leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancy in the United States. However, proper management of early cases may lead to a good prognosis for long-term survival and, in some cases, may even permit preservation of reproductive capacity. The appropriate management of these early cases includes meticulous and thorough staging at the time of the initial surgery. In women who do not desire further reproduction, total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy should be carried out. In those who eagerly wish to maintain reproductive potential, the uterus and contralateral ovary may be preserved, providing certain criteria have been met. Patients with stage Ia or Ib grade 1 disease can be followed-up without further therapy after definitive surgery; those with Ic or grade 3 tumors should receive adjuvant therapy. Patients with stage I epithelial ovarian cancer who are without evidence of disease after comprehensive staging surgery and primary adjuvant chemotherapy do not require second-look laparotomy. In the future, laparoscopy will play an increasingly important role in the diagnosis and management of early-stage epithelial ovarian cancer.
Earthquakes and Faulting: Self-Organized Critical Phenomena with a Characteristic Dimension

Earthquakes are among the most frequently cited natural phenomena that exhibit the behavior called self-organized criticality that is found in models of spacially extended dissipative systems. In this article the relevant phenomenological aspects of earthquakes, and of faults, the objects upon which earthquakes occur, are reviewed in terms of this concept. Both earthquakes and faults have fractal (power law) size distributions, a prime characteristic of SOC systems. Earthquake statistics do not vary in space except for a factor that defines the overall rate of activity, and observations of artificially induced seismicity suggests that the continental crust is virtually everywhere in a state close to seismic failure. These observations lead to the conclusion that the continental crust is in a self-organized critical state everywhere, but with geographically varying rates of loading. However, the earthquake system contains a characteristic dimension, the width of the brittle zone, or schizosphere, within which earthquakes can occur, and this has a profound effect on the behavior. Earthquakes of size on either side of this crossover dimension have very different characteristics. The seismic moments of small earthquakes, which are unconstrained to propagate in two dimensions, scale with dimension cubed. For large earthquakes, that may only propagate in one dimension, moment scales with rupture dimension squared. On a given fault, the large earthquakes do not belong to the same fractal set as the small earthquakes. Globally, both small and large earthquakes have power law size distributions but with different exponents, being somewhat less than 2/3 for small earthquakes and 1 for large earthquakes. The morphology of faults also exhibits profound changes at the crossover dimension.
Religious and Secular Curbs on the Selfishness and Amorality of the Market

Throughout history, religious ethical codes had dominated the milieu in which the market operated. Some religions were hostile to market activities, some were not. But, most of the religious codes demanded behavior which was charitable towards the less fortunate, and most looked askance at the excessive hoarding of private wealth.
Explanation of the Surface Representation

A point on the (i, j)th Beta-spline surface patch is a weighted average of the sixteen vertices V i+r, j+s, r = −2, −1, 0, 1 and s = −2, −1,0,1. The mathematical formulation for the patch Q ij (u, v) is then Open image in new window
CONCLUSIONS: BROADER LESSONS OF COMPETITION BETWEEN UNEQUALS

Since the 1970s, the political systems of Western Europe have undergone a major transformation. Competition between mainstream parties has been interrupted by the emergence of niche parties, actors that are fundamentally different from their mainstream opponents. The new parties' rejection of the economic focus of politics and their introduction of new and controversial issues have threatened the content of the political debate and the very partisan alignments that ensure mainstream parties' electoral and governmental dominance. Yet, although they have transformed political arenas across the region, niche parties have experienced wide variation in their electoral success. Hoping to explain why some green, radical right, or ethnoterritorial parties floundered while others flourished, scholars have turned to the institutional and sociological characteristics of the particular political environments. According to these theories, parties fail under restrictive electoral rules or unfavorable economic and societal conditions. Niche party success, therefore, occurs under the opposite conditions: for example, when PR rules are in effect or, in the case of radical right parties, when unemployment and immigrant populations are high. As the analyses in this book suggest, however, the electoral successes and failures of green, radical right, and ethnoterritorial parties are not merely the reflection of the institutional and sociological environment. Rather, this study finds answers to the puzzle of niche party performance in a factor that has been largely ignored in this literature: party competition. To the extent that institutional and sociological variables underlie a party's success, they are not neutral, exogenously determined variables.
Exercise-induced hypoalgesia: Pain tolerance, preference and tolerance for exercise intensity, and physiological correlates following dynamic circuit resistance exercise.

ABSTRACTPrevious research has demonstrated significant decreases in pain perception in healthy individuals following both aerobic and upper body resistance exercise, but research on circuit training has been limited. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of a strenuous bout of dynamic circuit resistance exercise on pain threshold and pain tolerance in conjunction with changes in blood lactate levels, heart rate (HR), and perceived exertion. A sample of 24 college-age students participated in 2 sessions: (1) a maximal strength testing session and (2) a circuit training bout of exercise that consisted of 3 sets of 12 repetitions with a 1:1 work to rest ratio at 60% one-repetition maximum (1-RM) predicted from a three-repetition maximum (3-RM) for 9 exercises. Participants exhibited increases in pain tolerance, blood lactate levels, HR and perceived exertion following resistance exercise. Preference for exercise intensity was positively correlated with lactate post exercise and tolerance for ...
The influence of height on academic outcomes

Abstract This paper examines whether the height premium for academic outcomes is driven by unequal opportunities for tall individuals. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health, this paper shows that taller individuals typically earn higher grades and attain more schooling, but the associations are not uniform across school size. Height is only associated with better outcomes for students attending large schools and these improvements are concentrated among males. Data suggest that height contributes more to sports participation and school satisfaction in large schools where resources are more scarce. Thus, differential opportunities or treatment across height in large schools may drive the performance differences.
Missing something? Codon aversion as a new character system in phylogenetics

Although many studies have documented codon usage bias in different species, the importance of codon usage in a phylogenetic framework remains largely unknown. We demonstrate that a phylogenetic signal is present in the codon usage and non-usage biases of 17 717 orthologues evaluated across 72 tetrapod species using a simple parsimony analysis of a binary matrix of codon characters. Phylogenies estimated using stop codons were more congruent with previous hypotheses than phylogenies based on any other single codon or a combination of codons. Although each codon is present in every species, specific genes have different codon preferences and may or may not use every possible codon. This observation allowed us to map the pattern of codon usage and non-usage across the topology. These results suggest that codon usage is phylogenetically conserved across shallow and deep levels within tetrapods.
Health related quality of life during cancer treatment: Perspectives of young adult (23-39 years) cancer survivors and primary informal caregivers.

Abstract Purpose There is a paucity of information regarding health related quality of life (HRQoL) of young adults (YAs) with cancer and caregivers. Therefore, we characterize YA and caregiver perspectives on the impact of cancer and its treatment on HRQoL. Methods We conducted descriptive qualitative in-depth, semi-structured interviews with YAs receiving cancer care at an academic health center in Albuquerque, New Mexico (USA) and primary informal caregivers. The interviews, conducted from September through December 2015, focused on perspectives on the impact of the disease and its treatment in terms of physical and emotional effects, coping, and strategies to enhance HRQoL. We used an iterative thematic analysis approach to identify emergent themes and create a coding structure. Results We reached thematic saturation after interviewing 8 YAs and 8 caregivers. YAs and caregivers discussed cancer triggered challenges such as anxiety, depression, isolation, fear, and financial hardships. YAs and caregivers coped by maintaining positive perspectives, relying on friends and family, and prayer. Caregivers discussed how expectations for and experiences of a “good day” changed depending on their loved ones’ stage of cancer treatment. YAs navigated challenges by focusing on activities and thoughts that provided meaning to their lives. YAs and caregivers suggested strategies to enhance HRQoL through patient/provider communication, support services, and decision making tools as potential mechanisms for grounding patient-centered interventions to improve cancer care. Conclusions Implications include the development and evaluation of informational and behavioral interventions tailored and targeted to address the pragmatic needs of YAs undergoing cancer treatment and informal caregivers.
The promethean spirit in public administration: Spirituality without crutches

This is a cry: “Let us face reality!” This article builds on Friedrich Nietzsche and argues against transcendental truth, which is the basis of spirituality. Instead, we need merely to face up to the radical contingency of life in a multi-cultured society. The rules of ethics and morality are contextual and they change over time. Standards are not found but our discourse and interaction establish them. We need to recall Promethean, who was the hero of humans against the gods and provided humans with out running start. That is really all we have but that can be enough. In public administration, we need to not look to gods, God, or spirituality; but instead we need to look to what Promethean gave us and face our intractable problems with the spirit of Promethean. We need to reject those that say they have The Truth as they seek to impose their version on us by thrusting under our arm pits crutches, which we do not need.
Worshiping across the Color Line: The Influence of Congregational Composition on Whites’ Friendship Networks and Racial Attitudes:

Religious participation has reinforced the color line in American society for generations. Despite rising racial and ethnic diversity across U.S. communities, most Americans continue to belong to c...
Tregs in SLE: an Update.

Purpose of Review There has been great interest in understanding why T regulatory cells (Tregs) are reduced in number and/or in function in several autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Although research has provided some answers, there is still much to learn.
The structure of the Mississippian world: A social network approach to the organization of sociopolitical interactions

Abstract The structure and organization of macroregional networks have long captured the attention of archaeologists working in eastern North America, especially in regard to the overall character and spread of Mississippian culture across the midwestern and southeastern United States. In this paper, we use distributions of marine shell gorgets to evaluate the organization of relationships across the Mississippian world and to understand how social capital was accumulated and reciprocal relationships were established in the context of emerging organizational complexity. We use data on 1980 shell gorgets from 165 sites across eastern North America to investigate the social networks related to the distribution of these materials and, indirectly, to the types of social capital that were produced through regional social relationships. We employ a framework that articulates social network topologies with different forms of social capital to explicate the relational structure of Mississippian sociopolitics and to identify the sociospatial scales at which different forms of social capital, reciprocity, and relationships underwrote these structures. We conclude that resources (both material and immaterial) were likely drawn from community, local, regional, macroregional, and continental-scale networks while multiple types of networks were maintained across these multiscalar relational fields.
A Brief Introduction to Moral Philosophy and Ethical Theories

The success of modern agriculture is a result of the application of science to agriculture. However, discussion of foundational ethical principles is essential to continued success and to avoidance of the problems agricultural practice has caused. Exploration of what ought to be done rather than just what can be done is important. Five moral theories relevant to agriculture are discussed. Elements of a satisfactory moral theory and value criteria applicable to achieving the goal of maximizing the general welfare are proposed.
Differential characters and geometric invariants

This paper first appeared in a collection of lecture notes which were distributed at the A.M.S. Summer Institute on Differential Geometry, held at Stanford in 1973. Since then it has been (and remains) the authors' intention to make available a more detailed version. But, in the mean time, we continued to receive requests for the original notes. Moreover, the secondary invariants we discussed have recently arisen in some new contexts, e.g. in physics and in the work of Cheeger and Gromov on "collapse" (which was the subject of the first author's lectures at the Special Year). For these reasons we decided to finally publish the notes, albeit in their original form.
Robot-Assisted Transversus Abdominis Plane Block: Description of the Technique and Comparative Analysis.

Abstract Background: Several randomized clinical trials have shown the efficacy of percutaneous transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block in decreasing pain after open and minimally invasive surgerie...
Initial Assessment of Post-traumatic Stress in a US Cohort of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients.

Background Post-traumatic stress (PTS), or the psycho-physiological response to a traumatic or life-threatening event, is implicated in medical patient outcomes. Emerging evidence suggests a complex relationship between PTS, the brain-gut axis, the gut microbiome, and immune function. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may be susceptible to PTS and its subsequent impacts. To date, no study has evaluated PTS in IBD in the United States. Methods Adult patients with IBD were recruited from an outpatient gastroenterology practice, via social media, and via a research recruitment website. Patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) were recruited as a comparison group. Participants completed demographic and disease information, surgical and hospitalization history, and the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C). Statistical analyses evaluated rates of PTS in IBD and IBS, including differences between groups for PTS severity. Regression analyses determined potential predictors of PTS. Results One hundred eighty-eight participants (131 IBD, 57 IBS) completed the study. Thirty-two percent of IBD and 26% of IBS patients met the criteria for significant PTS symptoms based on PCL-C cutoffs. Inflammatory bowel disease patients are more likely to attribute PTS to their disease than IBS patients. Crohn's disease (CD) patients appear to be the most likely to experience PTS, including those being hospitalized or undergoing ileostomy surgery. Symptom severity is the greatest predictor of PTS for ulcerative colitis and IBS. Conclusions Although PTS is relevant in both IBS and IBD, IBD patients are seemingly more susceptible to PTS due their disease experiences, especially CD patients. The nature of PTS symptoms may contribute to IBD disease processes, most notably through sleep disturbance and ANS arousal. Clinicians should assess for PTS in IBD patients as standard of care, especially after a hospitalization or surgery.
Malnutrition among women and children in India: limited evidence of clustering of underweight, anemia, overweight, and stunting within individuals and households at both state and district levels.

Background In India, the prevalences of stunting and anemia have declined in the last decade, but continue to remain high in many regions, whereas those of overweight and obesity have increased in all age and socioeconomic groups. Determining whether these forms of malnutrition cluster is important for the development of appropriate interventions. Objectives Our objective was to describe the prevalence of a comprehensive list of dual burdens of malnutrition in individuals and households across the 36 states and 640 districts of India. Methods We analyzed data from the National Family Health Survey-4, 2015-2016, including 655,156 women aged 15-49 y and 145,653 children aged 6-59 mo in India. We measured the coexistence of 19 combinations of women's anemia, underweight, and overweight and children's stunting, underweight, overweight, and anemia at the individual and household levels. We aggregated this information to the state (n = 36) and district (n = 640) levels. We examined whether the observed dual burden prevalence exceeded the expected prevalence, and whether any such excess was related to household wealth. Results Of the 19 dual burdens examined, 8 had significant excess prevalence at the state level and 5 had significant excess prevalence at the district level. All but 1 of these instances reflected an excess dual burden of undernutrition as opposed to clustering of overweight with a form of undernutrition. Household wealth was not positively associated with any clustering of burdens. Conclusions While dual burdens of anemia, stunting, and underweight are prevalent, there is no evidence of clustering of overweight with other forms of malnutrition in India.
Short chain fatty acids as epigenetic and metabolic regulators of neurocognitive health and disease

Abstract The health benefits of fasting have been known for at least 2400 years (e.g. Plato). More recently, controlled experiments have documented anti-epileptic, anti-inflammatory, and pro-longevity effects of caloric restriction, fasting, and counterintuitively high-fat/low-carbohydrate diets. One molecular commonality among these interventions is the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), specifically ketone bodies, which are produced when fat is used as the primary energy source in the absence of sufficient carbohydrates. It was first shown in 2012, that Βeta-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB), a ketone body SCFA, could protect kidneys from oxidative damage while inhibiting the activity of epigenetic modifying enzymes, namely histone deacetylases (HDACs), at concentrations as low as 1 mM. These findings have since been expanded to other organs including the brain. The serum concentration of β-OHB can reach over 2 mM with relatively short periods of fasting or intense exercise, while prolonged fasting or high-fat/low-carbohydrate (ketogenic) diets can produce concentrations of β-OHB over 5 mM. Thus, with diet manipulation, effective doses of endogenous HDAC inhibitors are distributed systemically. Additional effects of SCFAs have been identified, including metabolic and G-protein coupled receptor mediated, and will be discussed. When coupled with recent attention to the gut microbiome derived butyrate (also an HDAC inhibitor) as a potential anti-inflammatory molecule, short chain fatty acid research is redefining our understanding of the links between diet and health at the molecular level. This chapter will discuss short chain fatty acids including β-OHB, and the mechanisms by which they protect against neurocognitive and mood disorders, which together, directly impact nearly 50% of the US population over the lifespan.
Biometrics and citizenship: Measuring diabetes in the United States in the interwar years:

In 1936, the journalist Hannah Lees published "Two Million Tightrope Walkers," drawing attention to the significant number of people in the United States estimated to have diabetes. Focusing on how people with diabetes should live, she emphasized the importance of recording the exact values of everything they ate and avoiding all "riotous living" lest they be unable to keep careful measurements of calories, insulin, and sleep. Employing two meanings of measured - as counted and as moderate - Lees was doing more than communicating how someone might control their disease; she was also calling for a "controlled and self-reliant citizenry." Indeed, Lees insisted that diabetics who followed a regime of measurement "make a good deal better citizens than the average." Drawing on the writings of Lees and other social commentators, I explore the link between biometrics, citizenship, and diabetes in the United States in the interwar years. In particular, I look at how this disease came to symbolize both the regimes of discipline thought to be necessary in a society moving to consumption as its economic motor, and the fears of what could happen if consumption ran amok. Biometrics, I argue, offered clinicians and patients a potent tool for measuring deviance and, potentially, for restoring a person to the "norm."
Polycystin 2: A calcium channel, channel partner, and regulator of calcium homeostasis in ADPKD

Polycystin 2 (PC2) is one of two main protein types responsible for the underlying etiology of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), the most prevalent monogenic renal disease in the world. This debilitating and currently incurable condition is caused by loss-of-function mutations in PKD2 and PKD1, the genes encoding for PC2 and Polycystin 1 (PC1), respectively. Two-hit mutation events in these genes lead to renal cyst formation and eventual kidney failure, the main hallmarks of ADPKD. Though much is known concerning the physiological consequences and dysfunctional signaling mechanisms resulting from ADPKD development, to best understand the requirement of PC2 in maintaining organ homeostasis, it is important to recognize how PC2 acts under normal conditions. As such, an array of work has been performed characterizing the endogenous function of PC2, revealing it to be a member of the transient receptor potential (TRP) channel family of proteins. As a TRP protein, PC2 is a nonselective, cation-permeant, calcium-sensitive channel expressed in all tissue types, where it localizes primarily on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), primary cilia, and plasma membrane. In addition to its channel function, PC2 interacts with and acts as a regulator of a number of other channels, ultimately further affecting intracellular signaling and leading to dysfunction in its absence. In this review, we describe the biophysical and physiological properties of PC2 as a cation channel and modulator of intracellular calcium channels, along with how these properties are altered in ADPKD.
Chapter 9 – In Vivo Pharmacology

The ultimate therapeutic value of a molecule is determined by its effect in vivo; factors such as plasma protein binding, endogenous physiological tone and reflexes can obscure the relationship between free drug concentration and observed effect. This chapter centers on the various pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors involved in the production of in vivo drug response. The response to a drug may be observed directly or through a surrogate such as a biochemical biomarker. In addition, there may be temporal dissociation between the actual biochemical events initiated by the drug and the eventual lasting therapeutic response. Since in vivo systems are open systems, response must be linked with the time of exposure to the drug. Specifically, the kinetics of drug movement within the body are immensely important to the in vivo activity of drugs either through restricted diffusion to and from the compartments containing the therapeutic target or through the actual rate of dissociation of the drug from the target itself. Since the body is an open system (not in equilibrium), the kinetics of interaction of drugs with targets becomes paramount and a major determinant of overall in vivo activity.
Project finance risk management at the stages of the housing projects’ life cycle

Project financing is currently one of the possible ways to attract financial resources to the Russian economy in modern conditions. In the construction industry, due to the deficit of own funds and liquid assets, a decrease in business activity is observed. If the effective measures to support housing construction are not taken, the consequences for the construction industry and its related sectors of the economy will be disastrous. Therefore, the introduction of a new mechanism for financing the housing projects will allow the enterprises to receive funds on sufficiently favorable terms and will serve as an impetus to the industrial development as a whole. The project finance use in housing is possible only with the use of escrow accounts. In this regard, the new risks for the project participants appear and those that were traditionally present with project financing are redistributed. To create an effective project financing system, it is necessary not only to develop a methodology for identifying risks with project financing, but also to develop a risk management system that allows to take the informed decisions about the financing possibility taking into account uncertainties. The authors systematized and identified the risks of project financing at all the project life cycle phases, on the basis of which a project financing risk management system was developed.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the Islands of the Pacific

The Pacific is a vast place filled with different cultures and diverse religious expressions. The experience of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in the Pacific cannot be summed up easily in general terms. Each nation or territory has a different story. To understand the history and future of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in this region of the world means looking at the various parts individually. In what follows we examine the background and status of the LDS Church in the islands of the Pacific, consisting of the cultural regions of Polynesia, Melanesia, and Micronesia while considering the challenges and prospects for the religion of the Latter-day Saints in these regions in the twenty-first century. In particular we will provide an overview of early LDS missionary efforts in Polynesia and proceed to consider church education and translation needs, the role of LDS temples, native Polynesian missionaries, church humanitarian efforts, cultural issues, the current challenges of the Polynesian diaspora, and member retention and reactivation concerns (Fig. 16.1).
Annotated Bibliography: Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Issues in Educational Ministry:

The following short annotated bibliography is a starting place for locating resources regarding sexual orientation and gender identity issues in educational ministry.
Getting “Teched Up”

This chapter builds on its predecessor by providing technical tips to readers in conducting video-based interviews. Our assumption is that, with the advent and increased use of video conferencing software during the COVID pandemic, media outlets will rely more frequently on these methods of featuring Professor Pundits from their homes, offices, hotel rooms, and similar locations (where a reporter and camera person are not present). Features in this final chapter include discussion of video framing, audio, lighting, and setting options in video conferencing software.
The Breast Cancer Cliff

In our world of breast cancer care, there is a science and an art to how we can care for our patients. As scientists, we tend to measure our success by a lack of local–regional recurrence (LRR) as well as overall disease-free survival (DFS). Patients are often given a false sense of security that when they reach the five-year survival point, somehow, they are completely in the clear. Despite our tremendous wealth of knowledge in cancer care in 2021, patients’ outcomes cannot be promised regardless of breast cancer subtype and treatment. As physicians practicing the Art of Science, we often are hyper-focused on curing the physical body and ridding it of cancer. As healers practicing the Art of Medicine, we can guide our patients on their healing journeys to find true healing of their spirit and peace in their hearts. This healing can occur regardless of their cancer outcome!
Gate Driver for 10 kV SiC MOSFET Power Module with High-Speed Current Sensing

A compact gate driver is proposed for a 10 kV half-bridge SiC MOSFET power module. The gate drivers for the low-side and high-side devices are integrated into the busbar PCB which mates directly to the power module, yielding a streamlined design with a footprint of 200 x 167 mm2. High-speed short circuit protection is implemented by means of a parasitic sense technique which integrates the voltage induced across the parasitic inductance of the power source to form a high-frequency current sensor. PCB-embedded field grading techniques are used to improve the insulation performance of the PCB traces and reduce undesired stray inductance in the integrator. The gate driver and current sensor are experimentally verified in a double-pulse clamped inductive load switching test where a maximum dV/dt of 143 V/ns was achieved. The current sensor demonstrated linearity over the operating current range of the module.
The Effect of a School-Based Educational Intervention on Gender Differences in Reported Family Cancer History*

Background. Gender differences in reported family cancer history could reduce the effectiveness of genetic screening for cancer risk. Methods. We randomized 6 schools to teach ninth graders about health genealogy through workshops or offered a delayed intervention. We assessed the effect of the intervention on reported family history of various cancers along with gender and side of the family from which cancer was reported. Results. Girls reported more breast cancer in the family. Both sexes reported more maternal relatives with breast cancer. There were no treatment group effects. Conclusions. There are gender differences in reported family history of breast cancer.
Green policies for defence spending

How do plants stop themselves from being eaten by herbivores? As well as using conventional weapons — such as spines and stinging hairs — they may use chemical deterrents (toxins) or employ biological protection (aggressive, territorial ants). In one new study the authors find that, by producing toxins, plants can force grazers to seek out alternative food sources. And in a second, the authors calculate that a plant invests between 0.6 and 5% of its total productivity in its defence mechanism.
Applying microsoft research technologies to the 4th paradigm in scientific research

In part as a recognition of the '4th Paradigm' in scientific discovery, in recent years Microsoft Research has steadily increased its interest in the application of computer science tools and technologies to breakthrough science. This has happened in diverse areas of research ranging from astronomy to oceanography, from molecular biology to 'big history' and from sociology to climatology. The emergence of cloud computing as a viable computing platform is extending our research capabilities and accelerating the rate at which the 4th Paradigm is becoming real for these various disciplines. We have enjoyed some significant successes by improving access to scientific information, for example with Microsoft Research's Worldwide Telescope, but have also discovered that there are many challenges remaining when one considers the relatively fragmented context within which most science is undertaken. This presentation explores the ways in which Microsoft is enabling changes in the way science is conducted, it will evidence how existing tools can be used and blended with new services, such as cloud computing, to improve the way in which data and information are discovered/shared/visualized and gives lessons learned from our collaborative research engagements associated with realizing our vision for the 4th Paradigm.
Disilene Addition to C70

Semiempirical and ab initio Hartree Fock computational results indicate that the highly reactive dienophile tetramethyldisilene, Me 2 Si=SiMe 2 , is an excellent candidate for a novel functionalization of the equator of C 70 via a [2+4] cycloaddition to the 21, 22, 23, 42 carbons. Thermal or photochemical generation of tetramethyldisilene in the presence of C 70 results in similar complex mixtures in which the major product appears to be that of [2+2] cycloaddition to the 7,8 carbons of C 70 . A minor product clearly results from [2+2] cycloaddition to the 1,9 carbons. Both of these products are hydrolytically unstable and are converted nonspecifically to mixtures of 1,9- and 7,8-C 70 H 2 which are also present in HPLC traces of the reaction mixtures.
Changing Attitudes Toward Women IT Managers

Essentialism and social constructionism theories have long explained the difficulties women experience as they aspire to higher managerial positions or enter science and technology fields. In the 1970s, the Women as Managers Scale WAMS sought to determine the extent to which males perceived females as being different from their social group. Given efforts to encourage women to consider IT careers and changes in public law and education that have occurred since the early 1970s, this study revisited the WAMS to compare current attitudes of young people toward women as managers. The results suggest that through the intangible individual differences of women, perspective, overtime, via training, by awareness, and with their greater participation in the workplace, there has been gradual improvement in the perception of women as managers by men in the science and technology fields.
Global Distribution of Midnight Lighting—September to November 1977

Abstract The first significant results of a long detailed lightning study are reported in which the distribution of global midnight lightning is plotted from 60°S to 60°N for the months of September. October and November 1977. Lightning positions obtained from DMSP photographic data are plotted with an accuracy of ∼100 km and the cumulative plots show a remarkable agreement with features of the general circulation. Land-ocean lightning flash ratios are calculated to range from 1.5 to 2.0 for the three months, September (1.6), October (1.5) and November (2.0).
Combined effects of pentachlorophenol and salinity stress on chemiluminescence activity in two species of abalone.

Abstract The effect of pentachlorophenol (PCP) combined with salinity stress on hemocyte microbicidal activity was examined in two species of abalone. Microbicidal phagocytic function was determined in red ( Haliotis rufescens ) and black ( Haliotis cracherodii ) abalone after in vivo exposure to 25, 35 and 45‰ seawater salinity plus 1.2 mg/l PCP using luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (CL). Red and black abalone exposures of 3.5 and 6.5 h, respectively, were based on species-specific metabolic endpoints (MEPs) derived from previous nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) data. Endpoints examined include total CL (CL total ), peak CL (CL max ), and the time to reach peak CL ( T max ). Overall, black abalone CL was significantly greater than red abalone CL particularly at ambient and high salinities. High salinity alone had a dramatic effect on red abalone whereas black abalone demonstrated few salinity effects. While the addition of PCP stimulated CL max and CL total among red abalone at ambient and high salinities, PCP exposure inhibited CL max at each salinity and inhibited CL total at ambient salinity among black abalone. Black abalone generally did not demonstrate effects of PCP within the 3.5 h exposure period except at high salinity plus PCP, which caused a reduction of CL total . T max was greatly increased after PCP exposure at each salinity among red abalone but did not effect T max at any salinity tested among black abalone. No lysozyme activity was detected among red or black abalone after exposure to any of four different target particles tested either in the presence or absence of PCP. Overall, PCP in combination with salinity stress causes a modulation in the production of reactive oxygen species and this modulation varies between abalone species. Agents that decrease CL activity in hemocytes may reduce the antimicrobial potential of these cells thereby increasing susceptibility to infectious disease.