cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Essential Hypertension Worsens Left Ventricular Contractility in Systemic Sclerosis.

OBJECTIVE Primary cardiac involvement in systemic sclerosis (SSc) is prevalent and morbid; however, the influence of traditional cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, such as essential hypertension (HTN), are unclear. In the present study, we sought to understand the effects of HTN on left ventricular (LV) contractility in patients with SSc using echocardiographic speckle-derived global longitudinal strain (GLS). METHODS Fifty-six SSc patients with HTN (SSc+HTN+) and 82 SSc patients without HTN (SSc+ HTN-) were compared with 40 non-SSc controls with HTN (SSc-HTN+) and 40 non-SSc controls without HTN (SSc-HTN-), matched by age and sex. All HTN patients were on stable antihypertensive therapies. Echocardiographic measures included LV (LV) ejection fraction (LVEF), left atrial volume index (LAVI), and LV diastolic function. LV contractility was assessed by GLS, averaged across the 18 LV segments. RESULTS Patients with SSc had diminished GLS regardless of HTN status when compared to both control groups, despite normal LVEF (P < 0.001). SSc+HTN+ had the highest prevalence of diastolic dysfunction, with significantly higher septal E/e´, a marker of LV filling pressures (P < 0.05), as well as the largest reduction in GLS compared to SSc+HTN- and both control groups. CONCLUSION Speckle-derived strain revealed diminished LV contractility in patients with SSc, despite normal LVEF. SSc+HTN+ had more prominent reductions in GLS associated with evidence of LV remodeling and worsened diastolic function. Our findings demonstrate the presence of subclinical LV contractile dysfunction in SSc that is further exacerbated by concomitant HTN, thereby identifying HTN as an important modifiable CV risk factor that should be managed aggressively in this at-risk population.
A Unified Approach to Initial Value Problems for the Generalized Enskog Equation

A generalized existence theory for Enskog equations is outlined. The method includes the symmetrized and revised Enskog equations, a class of generalized Enskog equations, and the Boltzmann equation as a special case. Regularity properties for the Enskog equations are given.
A survey of response of access services in academic libraries to COVID-19

This article presents the results of an online survey of access services departments at academic libraries on the responses implemented during the initial stage of COVID-19 in March–May 2020. The 3...
Identifying high-impact invasive plants likely to shift into northern New England with climate change

Invasive plants are expanding their ranges due to climate change, creating new challenges for invasive species management. Early detection and rapid response could address some nascent invasions, but limited resources make it impossible to monitor for every range-shifting species. Here, we aimed to create a more focused watch list by evaluating the impacts of 87 plant species projected to shift into northern New England (the states of Maine, New Hampshire, and/or Vermont). We used the Environmental Impact Classification for Alien Taxa (EICAT) protocol to evaluate all ecological impacts reported in the scientific literature, scoring ecological impacts from 1 (minimal concern) to 4 (major) depending on the level of reported impact. For each species, we also recorded any reported impacts on socioeconomic systems (agriculture, human health, or economics) as “present.” We found 24 range-shifting species with impacts on ecological communities, of which 22 have reported impacts in ecosystems common to northern New England. Almost all of these species also had impacts on socioeconomic systems and were available for purchase at ornamental plant retailers or online. Thus, these species can be considered high risk to northern New England with climate change based on their large negative impacts and potential to arrive quickly with deliberate human introduction. Our study demonstrates the use of impact assessments for creating targeted priority lists for invasive species monitoring and management.
Forging the link between nuclear reactions and nuclear structure

A review of the recent applications of the dispersive optical model (DOM) is presented. Emphasis is on the nonlocal implementation of the DOM that is capable of describing ground-state properties accurately when data like the nuclear charge density are available. The present understanding of the role of short- and long-range physics in determining proton properties near the Fermi energy for stable closed-shell nuclei has relied mostly on data from the (e , e′ p ) reaction. Hadronic tools to extract such spectroscopic information have been hampered by the lack of a consistent reaction description that provides unambiguous and undisputed results. The DOM, conceived by Claude Mahaux, provides a unified description of both elastic nucleon scattering and structure information related to single-particle properties below the Fermi energy. We have recently introduced a nonlocal dispersive optical potential for both the real and imaginary part. Nonlocal absorptive potentials yield equivalent elastic differential cross sections for 40 Ca as compared to local ones but change the l -dependent absorption profile suggesting important consequences for the analysis of nuclear reactions. Below the Fermi energy, nonlocality is essential for an accurate representation of particle number and the nuclear charge density. Spectral properties implied by (e , e′ p ) and (p , 2p ) reactions are correctly described, including the energy distribution of about 10% high-momentum protons obtained at Jefferson Lab. The nonlocal DOM allows a complete description of experimental data both above (up to 200 MeV) and below the Fermi energy in 40 Ca. It is further demonstrated that elastic nucleon-nucleus scattering data constrain the spectral strength in the continuum of orbits that are nominally bound in the independent-particle model. Extension of this analysis to 48 Ca allows a prediction of the neutron skin of this nucleus that is larger than most predictions made so far.
THE PUBLIC SECTOR IN A MODEL OF GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION À LA PASINETTI: EXISTENCE OF ONE‐ OR TWO‐CLASS ECONOMIES

This paper explores the implications of different regimes of taxation and fiscal policies on the existence of a one- or two-class economy in the Kaldor–Pasinetti approach of growth and income distribution. A simple model and its diagrammatical representation provide a complete taxonomy of the possible steady state equilibria and synthesize some early and recent contributions. It shows that the distribution among factors and the personal distribution among socio-economic classes depend on the fiscal policy of the government, the behavioural parameters of actors and technology; but, provided that some conditions are fulfilled, the Cambridge Theorem and its distributional implications hold.
From Requisite to Right: Assessing and Addressing Paid Maternity Leave in US Psychiatry Residency Programs.

OBJECTIVE Data on the physical and mental health benefits of paid maternity leave for mothers and infants is abundant. Data on the make-up of current maternity leave policies in US psychiatry residency programs is not. This survey of program directors was undertaken to assess the components of their program's policies and the perceived impact of maternity leave on the training of childbearing residents, co-residents, and programs. METHODS An anonymous 19-question survey was emailed to US psychiatric residency program directors. Questions assessed demographics for respondents and their programs, composition of maternity leave including paid and unpaid components, and the perception of effects of maternity leave on childbearing residents, co-residents, and programs (with optional free-text elaboration). RESULTS The response rate was 19.5% (49 out of 262 program directors). Many programs require the use of FMLA (81%), vacation days (75%), sick days (75%), and short-term disability (30%) for maternity leave. Around a third (34%) offer separate paid time off varying from 2 to 12 weeks at 80-100% of pay. Most respondents relate a neutral to strongly positive impact of leave on the psychiatric training of childbearing residents (98%) and co-residents (84%), citing benefits like improved empathy, compassion, and patience. CONCLUSIONS Maternity leave is seen to have minimal negative impact on training received within psychiatry residency programs. A minority of residents have access to paid maternity leave policies that would best support their health and career trajectories.
Observations of the Lower Atmosphere From the 2021 WiscoDISCO Campaign

Abstract. The meso-scale meteorology of lake breezes along Lake Michigan impacts local observations of high ozone events. Previous manned aircraft and UAS observations have demonstrated non-uniform ozone concentrations within and above the marine layer over water and within shoreline environments. During the 2021 Wisconsin’s Dynamic Influence of Shoreline Circulations on Ozone (WiscoDISCO-21) campaign, two UAS platforms, a fixed-wing (University of Colorado RAAVEN) and a multirotor (Purdue University DJI M210), were used simultaneously to capture lake breeze during forecasted high ozone events at Chiwaukee Prairie State Natural Area in southeastern Wisconsin from May 21–26, 2021. The RAAVEN platform (data DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5142491 ) measured temperature, humidity, and 3-D winds during 2-hour flights following two separate flight patterns up to 3 times per day at altitudes reaching 500 m above ground level. The M210 platform (data DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5160346 ) measured vertical profiles of temperature, humidity and ozone during 15-minute flights up to 6 times per day at altitudes reaching 120 m above ground level (AGL) near to a WI-DNR ground monitoring station (AIRS ID: 55-059-0019). This campaign was conducted in conjunction with the Enhanced Ozone Monitoring plan from WI-DNR that included Doppler lidar wind profiler observations at the site (data DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5213039 ).
Being a mentor: what's in it for me?

The benefits of mentorship for the protege are well established and include increased career satisfaction, advancement, and income. Mentors can derive satisfaction from personal and professional networks within their institutions and specialties. However, the advantages of being a mentor are underreported in the medical literature. The purpose of this review is to investigate the effect of the mentoring relationship on the mentors and institutions in disciplines that have studied it widely and to draw parallels to academic medicine. Literature in the fields of business, organizational psychology, and kindergarten through high school (K-12) education describe benefits of serving as a mentor to the individual, organization, and discipline. Potential mentors are intensely self-motivated and derive satisfaction from developing junior colleagues and improving their institutions. Business mentors take pride in junior colleagues' achievements and enjoy improved recognition by superiors, favorable perception within the organization, increased job satisfaction, accelerated promotion rates, higher salaries, development of managerial skills, and improved technical expertise. Organizations enjoy worker longevity from both members of the partnership and benefit from the formation of networks. In the K-12 education model, master teachers who train novices are more likely to remain in the classroom or advance to an administrative role. Application of the principles from these disciplines to academic medicine is likely to produce similarly positive outcomes of personal satisfaction, collaboration, and academic and institutional advancement.
THE PATHOLOGY OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS : A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

In the century and a half since multiple sclerosis (MS) was first recognized, the pathology of the condition has been defined with increasing detail. From the recognition and definition of MS as a clinical phenomenon, studies of the diseased brain tissue have progressed in a manner dependent on the science of the time. Through multiple generations, the increasingly detailed analysis of the MS lesion itself has lead to an increasingly sophisticated understanding of a complex, apparently diverse, immunopathological process. During this evolution, many hypotheses concerning the pathogenesis of MS have been overturned, and the interpretation of some clearly delineated gross and histological findings have been reversed. This review plots the progress and highlights current theories and emerging concepts regarding one of the most enigmatic of neurological diseases.
Transfinite multifractal dimension spectrums

The first order theory of the decomposition of measures with respect to dimension which has been developed by Kahane, Katznelson, Cutler, and others is extended through transfinite recursion to a ω1-order theory. Necessary and sufficient conditions for a finite regular Borel measure on [0, d]ω1 to be a ω1-order multispectrum for a finite Borel measure on Rd is given.
Multiscale image processing using normal triangulated meshes

Multiresolution triangulation meshes are widely used in computer graphics for 3D modeling of shapes. We propose an image representation and processing framework using a multiscale triangulation of the grayscale function. Triangles have the potential of approximating edges better than the blocky structures of tensor-product wavelets. Among the many possible triangulation schemes, normal meshes are natural for efficiently representing singularities in image data, thanks to their adaptivity to the smoothness of the modeled image. Our non-linear, multiscale image decomposition algorithm, based on this subdivision scheme, takes edges into account in a way that is closely related to wedgelets and curvelets. The highly adaptive property of the normal mesh construction provides a very efficient representation of images, which potentially outperforms standard wavelet transforms. We demonstrate the approximation performance of the normal mesh representation through mathematical analyses for simple functions and simulations for real images.
How to Make a Statement

In the previous chapter we learned how to introduce mathematical concepts with definitions or as primitives. Once we introduce a new concept, we are interested in its properties, usually stated as mathematical statements. Statements are sentences that are either true or false—but not both.
Floating Point Geometric Algorithms for Topologically Correct Scientific Visualization

The unresolved subtleties of floating point computations in geometric modeling become considerably more difficult in animations and scientific visualizations. Some emerging solutions based upon topological considerations will be presented. A novel geometric seeding algorithm for Newton's method was used in experiments to determine feasible support for these visualization applications.
Reply to Dorrington: Oxygen concentration and predator escape abilities are important controls on insect size

Dorrington (1) argues that oxygen is not an important control on insect size and that selective pressure for maneuverability and predator escape is not inversely related to body size. Because these claims are contradicted by many experimental studies, we stand by our hypothesis (2) that controls on maximum insect size shifted from environmental (primarily oxygen concentration) to biotic (primarily predation) following the evolution of flying predators like birds.
Accurate method to calculate liquid and solid free energies for embedded atom potentials

Using a perturbation theory with a hard-sphere reference system we have directly calculated free energies of fluid and solid phases of aluminum with an embedded atom model potential. Unlike other approaches such as thermodynamic integration, we do not require any simulations. Moreover, the free energies of the two different phases are calculated in a single approach, unlike approximations like the quasi-harmonic solid approach. The calculated free energies are with an average relative error 0.55% of the simulation values and the resulting melting temperature is within 5% of the simulation value. Calculations of the melting line of materials are of fundamental interest, representing a fundamental understanding of the equilibrium properties of both the solid and liquid phases, and the competition between them. Traditionally, the liquid free energy is calculated from perturbation theory or variational theory with an appropriate reference system. The crystalline free energy may be calculated with quasi
In Defense of Anti-Matter

There appears to be a prejudice in the astronomical world against an obvious high-energy source—the mutual annihilation of matter and anti-matter. In favor of this prejudice is the lack of any convincing evidence of the presence of naturally occurring anti-matter. Only recently have cosmic-ray antiprotons been detected (cf. Goldenet al., 1979), and then in numbers consistent with secondary production in flight, while annihilation X-rays have also been detected, but again in circumstances where they might well be attributed to secondary effects of some other high-energy process.
Role of protein X in the function of the mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

Abstract Two lipoyl-bearing subunits—the dihydrolipoyl transacetylase and protein X—form the core of the mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Selective removal of the lipoyl domain of protein X results in loss in the activity of the complex with a relationship suggesting the involvement of the lipoyl domain of protein X in a key but not rate limiting step. The dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase component markedly reduces both the cleavage of protein X and the loss in activity. Using a microplate binding assay, we demonstrate that the lipoyl domain of protein X and the transacetylase component contribute to the binding of the dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase component. These roles of protein X in the catalytic function and organization of the complex require new reactions and afford an explanation for the unusual stoichiometry of dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase dimers in the complex.
Variability of magnitude estimates: A timing theory analysis*

Three procedures for magnitude estimation were investigated, and a sufficient number of responses were obtained to make reasonable estimates of both the mean and variance of the responses. The conventional magnitude estimate procedure, without a standard signal, appeared to produce the most sensible data. The best method of establishing the central tendency of the data appears to be the plot of the mean ratio of successive responses against the intensity ratio of the corresponding signal intensities. When this is done, the average response ratio increases roughly as a power function of the signal ratios. The coefficient of variation, σ/m, varies from about 0.1 for small signal ratios and increases to 0.3 at about 20 dB and greater signal separations. The distribution of response ratios appears to be reasonably well approximated by a beta distribution. The change in σ/m with signal ratio is suggestive of an attention mechanism in which the sample size depends on the location of the attention band. The ratio estimation procedure suffers badly from discrete number tendencies.
Human resource management, information technology, and the competitive edge

Executive Overview Global competition is putting increasing pressure on U.S. managers to make faster and better business decisions. Investments in information technology are often touted as a critical means of speeding up and improving management decision making. Yet it has proved distressingly difficult to realize the potential of information technology investments. This is particularly so in business areas such as Human Resources (HR), though the longer lead times traditionally associated with changes in HR systems mean that it is a prime candidate to benefit from information technology. To pull into the lead in global competition, managers must control labor costs, motivate employees to high quality, customer-oriented performance, and continuously search out new and better ways of doing both. These objectives must be met in the face of shrinking head count and a global environment in which employees are more culturally diverse and located throughout the globe. Even the relatively routine tasks of emplo...
Cholesterol exchange between the red blood cells and plasma of young and old rats.

Abstract The exchange of unesterified cholesterol between plasma and red blood cells of young (1.5 month) and old (1–2 years) rats was studied using [3H]-cholesterol as label. Using labeled plasma and unlabeled red blood cells, no equilibrium of specific activity of unesterified cholesterol with the specific activity of cholesterol of red blood cells occurred in either young or old rats. Using labeled red blood cells and unlabeled plasma, equilibration of radioactivity of cholesterol was observed in both young and old rats. However, a more rapid exchange of free cholesterol was observed when labeled old red blood cells were incubated with unlabeled plasma. This apparent paradox may be explained by the existence of a larger, more readily exchangeable pool of free cholesterol in red blood cells of old rats than of young rats. Red blood cells and plasma of old rats contained significantly more free cholesterol than those of young rats but phospholipid levels were comparable.
Ice in the lunar polar regions

The idea that ice and other trapped volatiles exist in permanently shadowed regions near the lunar poles was proposed by Watson, Murray, and Brown (1961). It is reexamined in the present paper, in the light of the vast increase of lunar knowledge. The stability of the traps and the trapping mechanism are verified. Four potential sources of lunar H2O, namely (1) solar wind reduction of Fe in the regolith, (2) H2O-containing meteoroids, (3) cometary impact, and (4) (the least certain) degassing of the interior, can supply amounts of trapped H2O estimated in the range of 10 to the 16th to 10 to the 17th g. Two important destructive mechanisms have been identified: photodissociation of H2O molecules adsorbed on the sunlit surface and sputtering or decomposition of trapped H2O by solar wind particles. The effect of impact gardening is mainly protective. The question of the presence of H2O in the traps remains open; it can be settled by experiment.
Magnetic response of a single, isolated gold loop.

Measurements have been made of the low-temperature magnetic response of single, isolated, micron-size Au loops. The magnetic response is found to contain a component which oscillates with the applied magnetic flux with a fundamental period of ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Phi}}}_{0}$=h/e. The amplitude of the oscillatory component corresponds to a persistent current of \ensuremath{\simeq}(0.3--2.0)${\mathit{ev}}_{\mathit{F}}$/L, 1 to 2 orders of magnitude larger than predicted by current theories.
Production of acrodynia in mice fed diets low in pyridoxine.

Summary1. Pyridoxine deficiency was produced in weanling male and in young adult female mice fed (a) a purified diet containing 9 other crystalline B vitamins, and (b) a semi-purified diet containing a low level of liver powder. 2. Acrodynia appeared among both the weanling and young adult mice fed these 2 diets. 3. As little as 0.166 mg of added crystalline pyridoxine-HCl per kg of the purified diet protected the mice from acrodynia and resulted in a good growth response by the weanling mice.
Bone marrow autotransplantation.

Abstract Bone marrow autotransplantation involves the administration of very high doses of chemotherapy or radiation therapy, or both, followed by infusion of autologous hematopoietic stem cells. This treatment was used in the past as a salvage therapy for patients with end-stage cancers. Occasional cures in patients with chemotherapy-responsive malignancies encouraged oncologists to utilize this treatment earlier when a better result might be achieved. This has led to a substantial number of long-term disease-free survivors in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, acute leukemia, and neuroblastoma. Studies are currently ongoing in the treatment of breast cancer, multiple myeloma, testicular cancer, and ovarian cancer. Important areas for future investigation include the identification of optimal criteria for patient selection and timing of the therapy, the need for infusion of hematopoietic stem cells as cloned hematopoietic growth factors become available, the identification of the most effective high-dose regimens, and the need for "purging" tumor cells from the marrow before re-infusion. Successfully addressing these issues will increasingly require large comparative trials.
An investigation of user acceptance of peer evaluations.

Peer evaluations show promise as valid, reliable measures of performance, but users' resistance to peer evaluations may limit their use. This study investigated employees' acceptance of the practice of peer ratings, and factors related to this acceptance. Subjects were 174 faculty of a university where faculty peer evaluations had been practiced for six years. Results indicated a relatively low degree of user acceptance of the practice of peer evaluations. Six factors of peer evaluations and their users were hypothesized as relating to user acceptance. Correlational and multiple regression analyses indicated strong support for the relationship between user acceptance and two factors: perceived friendship bias and perceived feedback value. Perceived validity of peer ratings, perceived effects on morale, and satisfaction with previous peer ratings were positively but not uniquely correlated with user acceptance. There was no evidence of a relation between previous peer ratings and user acceptance. These findings were discussed in terms of implications for policy changes which might increase user acceptance of peer evaluations.
Exacerbation and Transformation of Allergic Encephalomyelitis by Pertussis Vaccine.

SummaryRelapses and exacerbations were induced in the course of allergic encephalo-myelitis (EAE) by injection of pertussis vaccine without repeating the primary immunization against neural antigen...
Canopy architecture, irradiance distribution on leaf surfaces and consequent photosynthetic efficiencies in heterogeneous plant canopies. Part 1. Theoretical considerations☆

Abstract The method of modelling horizontally heterogeneous canopies as assortments of geometrical objects for studying the solar radiant energy regime grossly undermines the architecture of plant canopies. A general methodology for abstracting a maize canopy grown in distinct rows is presented here. It is essentially a mapping of the foliage description functions (viz. leaf size, number, inclination distributions) to an array of digital values of foliage dispersion in space. This information can then be used as input to models that characterize the radiant energy distribution in these canopies. The simulated cross-row local leaf area indices (LAI) were compared with published field data from the literature. The agreement was adequate and revealed that the leaf size and area-inclination distribution functions uniquely characterize the dispersion of leaf area in space. When leaf size distribution was incorporated into the model, the resulting profiles of leaf area with height between the simulated and field data were in satisfactory agreement (70%). Some reasons for lack of better convergence are discussed. Finally, the two-dimensional distribution of leaf area in a young maize crop (LAI = 1.0) is presented to show that the distribution is far from uniform.
The location of deuterium ions in zeolite Y by pulsed-neutron powder diffraction

Many structural studies have been conducted to determine the cation positions in faujasite type zeolites, including some to locate hydrogens which play a central role in acid catalysis. In this report, pulsed-neutron powder diffraction techniques were employed to determine the crystallographic positions of deuterium ions, and to learn the structure and placement of PbS species, in zeolite Y. 11 refs., 1 fig., 2 tabs.
The modulation of host cell apoptosis by intracellular bacterial pathogens.

Abstract Recent years have witnessed significant advances in unraveling the elegant mechanisms by which intracellular bacterial pathogens induce and/or block apoptosis, which can influence disease progression. This intriguing aspect of the host–pathogen interaction adds another fascinating dimension to our understanding of the exploitation of host cell biology by intracellular bacterial pathogens.
Higher serum testosterone is associated with increased risk of advanced hepatitis C–related liver disease in males†‡

Males have strikingly increased risk of advanced liver disease. However, the association between testosterone and risk of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related advanced liver disease is unknown. We performed a cross-sectional study in male veterans with chronic HCV. Blood samples were obtained to measure total serum testosterone and perform the FibroSURE-ActiTest. Other risk-factor data were obtained through systematic questionnaires (e.g., alcohol), physical measurements (e.g., body mass index), and serological tests (e.g., viral load). The association between total testosterone and risk of advanced hepatic fibrosis (F3 and F3/F4) and inflammatory activity (A3 and A2/3) measured by the FibroSURE-ActiTest was evaluated with logistic regression. A total of 308 eligible study participants were prospectively recruited (mean age: 57; 52% African-American). There were 105 cases with advanced fibrosis and 203 mild fibrosis controls as well as 88 cases with advanced inflammatory activity and 220 mild activity controls. Mean total serum testosterone was significantly higher in advanced fibrosis cases as well as advanced inflammatory activity cases, compared to mild disease controls (6.0 versus 5.3 ng/mL and 5.9 versus 5.4 ng/mL, respectively). We observed a significant 25% increase in advanced fibrosis risk and 15% increase in advanced inflammatory activity risk for each 1-ng/mL increase in total serum testosterone. Total testosterone in the upper tertile was associated with an even greater excess risk of advanced fibrosis than advanced inflammatory activity (odds ratio [OR]adjusted advanced fibrosis = 3.74; 95% CI: 1.86-6.54 versus ORadjusted advanced inflammatory activity = 2.23; 95% CI: 1.07-4.93, respectively). Conclusions: Total serum testosterone is associated with an increased risk of both advanced hepatic fibrosis and advanced hepatic inflammatory activity in HCV-infected men. Testosterone may be important in the pathogenesis of HCV-related advanced liver disease in males. (Hepatology 2011)
“Experiments of Nature” and the New Era of Immunology: An Historical Perspective

This review of the events leading to the New Era of Immunology focuses on the important leads provided by the Experiments of Nature. Not only did they provide the path that led to our present knowledge of the ontogeny of the immune system, but also to an entirely new perspective of lymphocytic malignancies. The power of taking clinical clues to the laboratory to conduct experiments not otherwise envisioned and then returning with that information to impact the clinical problem that motivated the studies is elaborated. Finally, the ongoing utility of this approach is emphasized.
Role of Manganous Ion in the Kinetics of Pig-Heart NAD-Specific Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

The NAD-dependent isccitrate dehydrogenases require the presence of divalent metal cation for activity. In order to elucidate the role of metal in this reaction, Michaelis constants for manganese were determined as a function of pH and isocitrate concentration. At constant pH, the Km values for total manganese as well as free manganous ion decreased as the concentration of isocitrate in the reaction mixture was increased; in contrast, the Michaelis constant in terms of the metal isocitrate complexes was invariant, suggesting that manganese binds as a metal chelate of isocitrate. A previous analysis of the Michaelis constants for isocitrate [Cohen, P. F., and Colman, R. F., Biochemistry (1972) IZ, 15011 indicated that in the presence of 1-10 niM manganese, the substrate binds as free dibasic isocitrate. A model is proposed which allows for the formation of the active enzyme - manganese * isocitrate complex from either of two pathways: in the presence of low concentrations of manganese, the enzyme may combine directly with the metal chelate of dibasic isocitrate; alternatively, in the presence of high concentrations of manganese, the enzyme first binds metal ion to yield an enzyme The affinity of the enzyme for the manganese * dibasic-isocitrate complex varies with pH, exhibiting a lower Michaelis constant at pH 8 than 6. It is shown that the catalytic function of the free enzyme is dependent on the ionization of an amino acid residue with pKe = 7.26. The measurable pK of this ionizable group is decreased to 6.39 in the enzyme manganese and enzyme * manganese - isocitrate complexes. The Km for manganese was determined in the presence of various chelating agents. Although citrate and GDP increase the Michaelis constant in terms of total manganese, the Km for the actual substrate (manganese * dibasic-isocitrate) is not changed. This result can be attributed to the competition between these chelators and isocitrate for manganous ion. In contrast, ADP lowers the Km values for the metal isocitrate complex, as well as that for total manganese, suggesting that a direct interaction with the enzyme is involved.
Cotrel-Dubousset Hook and Screw Combination for Spine Fractures

Summary: A review of 14 patients treated for spinal fracture using lumbar pedicle screw and thoracic pediculotransverse claw “hybrid” Cotrel-Dubousset fixation was performed. Pedicle screw fixation was used one level below the most inferiorly injured vertebrae. Pediculotransverse claw constructs were used for thoracic level fixation three segments above the superior injured vertebrae. Fractures were classified as burst (n = 9), burst dislocation (n = 3), and thoracic facet dislocation (n = 2). Complications included one patient who increased his kyphosis postoperatively before stabilizing at 3 months and one patient with a single screw breakage noted at 1 year. Both patients are asymptomatic. Early results demonstrate that this hybrid pedicle screw and pediculotransverse claw fixation is a satisfactory alternative to other posterior distraction methods. The use of the claw fixation superiorly allows for safe instrumentation in the thoracic spine, where pedicle screw placement is hazardous or may not be possible due to the small pedicle diameter.
Cutaneous Melanomas of the Eyelid

Cutaneous eyelid melanomas are very rare lesions. The lentiginous subtypes are the most frequent melanocytic lesions of the eyelid and can be likened to conjunctival melanocytic lesions like PAM, PAM with atypia and conjunctival melanoma. Compared to melanomas elsewhere on the body, eyelid melanomas have special considerations. Eyelid skin is very thin, the mucocutaneous junction at the lid margin can affect prognosis, the lymphatic drainage pattern is very variable and there is an inherent difficulty to excise wide margins without sacrificing important structures. A customized excision approach, using tissue-sparing "Slow-Mohs" technique, is suggested. Sentinel lymph node dissection has an evolving therapeutic role but remains controversial.
Wind-Transverse Corrugations in Pleistocene Periglacial Landscapes of Central Pennsylvania

Abstract Periglacial conditions beyond the Wisconsin glacial limit produced wind-transverse corrugations in east-central Pennsylvania. The corrugations are low, linear ridges typically several hundred meters long, 10–30 m wide, and 3–8 m above the local slope. They are composed of matrix-supported diamictons. Depending upon landscape position, the corrugations form welts, step and risers, or ground-ice-scar ramparts. The average direction normal to the corrugations is clustered at 118°/298°, similar to the late Wisconsin or early Holocene wind direction of 284° measured from a nearby fossil dune field. But the corrugations were neither eroded nor deposited by wind. Rather, they record nivation beside snow that accumulated in wind-transverse patterns. Their wide distribution implies that the region was treeless during the late Wisconsin maximum. Present discontinuities in these and other periglacial features suggest wasting of ice-rich fill in upland valleys, with consequent widening of stream channels and fan growth, at the end of periglacial time.
Optical transmission at oblique incidence through a periodic array of sub-wavelength slits in a metallic host.

Using the Bloch modes of a periodic, semi-infinite array of slits in a metallic host, we study the transmission of obliquely incident plane-waves through sub-wavelength slits. Matching the tangential E- and H-fields at the entrance facet of the periodic structure yields the complex amplitudes of the various Bloch modes, which exist and propagate within the slit array independently of each other. The computational scheme is robust, convergence is rapid, and a good match at the boundaries is obtained in every case. The regions examined in some detail include the vicinity of the Wood anomaly (where new diffraction orders appear/disappear on the horizon), the neighborhood of a point where surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are excited, and an ordinary situation in which the incidence angle is far from the angles that invoke Wood’s anomaly or cause the excitation of SPPs. Field distributions and energy flow diagrams in and around the slits reveal the existence of transmission minima (and reflection maxima) at incidence angles associated with the excitation of SPPs.
Factors Influencing the Creep of Dental Amalgam

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of relevant microstructural and compositional factors on the creep of 12 representative dental amalgams by means of stepwise multiple linear regression. The independent variables accepted by the regression were volume percent of the eta' (Cu6Sn5) phase, grain size of the gamma 1 (Ag2Hg3) phase, volume percent of the gamma (Ag3Sn) plus epsilon (Cu3Sn) phases, number of very small eta' crystals (less than 1.5 microns) per mm, and weight percent of Hg. The results of this regression showed an adjusted R2 of 0.949, significant at p = 0.002.
Does the Global Trade of Virtual Water Reduce Inequality in Freshwater Resource Allocation

Some countries require more freshwater resources than they control to maintain their current populations and standards of living. These countries import virtual water in the form of agricultural or industrial products to balance their water needs. Virtual water is the volume of water used to produce, but not necessarily contained within, agricultural and industrial products. It is thought that virtual water trade creates a more equal (narrower) distribution of water resources, a prerequisite to supporting large and growing populations in water scarce nations. I use United Nations data and statistical measures of inequality to quantitatively assess the effect of international trade on equality in global freshwater resource distributions. The distribution of virtual water is considerably more equal than the distribution of renewable freshwater resources between countries. However, this impact is limited when considering that many countries do not fully exploit their total volume of renewable freshwater reso...
A nuclear role for Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded K13 protein in gene regulation

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)-encoded viral FLICE inhibitory protein K13 interacts with a cytosolic IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex to activate nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). We recently reported that K13 antagonizes KSHV lytic regulator RTA (replication and transcription activator) and blocks lytic replication, but spares RTA-induced viral interleukin-6 (vIL6). Here we report that K13 is also present in the nuclear compartment, a property not shared by its structural homologs. K13 interacts with and activates the nuclear IKK complex, and binds to the IkappaBalpha promoter. K13 mutants that are retained in the cytosol lack NF-kappaB activity. However, neither the IKKs nor NF-kappaB activation is required for nuclear localization of K13. Instead, this ability is dependent on a nuclear localization signal located in its N-terminal 40 amino acids. Finally, K13, along with p65/RelA, binds to the promoters of a number of KSHV lytic genes, including RTA, ORF57 and vGPCR, but not to the promoter of the vIL6 gene. Thus, K13 has an unexpected nuclear role in viral and cellular gene regulation and its differential binding to the promoters of lytic genes may not only contribute to the inhibition of KSHV lytic replication, but may also account for the escape of vIL6 from K13-induced transcriptional suppression.
Obsolescence, input augmentation, and growth accounting

Abstract The paper points to a serious conceptual inconsistency in conventional measures of capital used in most empirical work on economic growth. When appropriate corrections are made, it is found that plausible alternative values for the relative magnitude of obsolescence and physical decay imply very different rates of growth in capital. This, in turn, leads to large differences in the fraction of growth in output attributed to input augmenting technical change as compared with the `Solow residual'.
A self-propagating system for Ge incorporation into nanostructured silica

Technologically-relevant levels of Ge can be incorporated into cell wall silica of the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana with no aberration in structure at low levels, whereas higher levels alter structure.
A hybrid process of EFCM (electrostatic formation of ceramic membrane) and SPCP (surface corona discharge induced plasma chemical process)

Abstract A novel method to form a fine particle layer as a hybrid process of electrostatic formation of ceramic membrane (EFCM) and surface corona discharge-induced plasma chemical process (SPCP) was proposed. In this method, particles are synthesized by CVD reaction using surface corona discharge as a source of activation (SPCP). At the same time and same place, the particles imparted monopolar charge and electromigrated onto a substrate ceramic filter to form a particle layer by a DC electrical field. In this study, a TiO 2 fine particle layer was made with this method. The obtained TiO 2 fine particle layer had a unique structure due to EFCM method with a three-dimensional pearl-chain like structure and high prosity. The size of particles generated in the SPCP–CVD reaction was controllable with the concentration of TiCl 4 in reactant gases, and the density of the layer structure could be controlled by the applied DC voltage in the EFCM. It was also confirmed that the obtained TiO 2 particle layer had a photocatalytic activity from the experiments of photocatalytic decomposition of 2,4-dinitrophenol.
Radiation safety aspects for pulsed photonuclear assessment techniques in outdoor operations

As many pulsed photonuclear assessment (PPA) technologies are being developed for contraband detection within cargo container configurations, the radiation safe operation of linacs for outdoor operations needs to be addressed. Idaho National Laboratory along with the Idaho Accelerator Center are conducting field operations with high energy linacs in open outdoor configurations. The relevant information pertaining to the radiation regulations and dosimetry studies for these configurations will be presented for a prototypical 10 MeV PPA nuclear material detection system.
Ocular higher-order aberrations in individuals screened for refractive surgery.

Abstract Purpose To explore the distribution of ocular higher-order aberrations (HOAs, 3rd to 6th orders) in the population, evaluate the symmetry of ocular aberrations between right and left eyes in each subject using a Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor, and study the differences in aberration as a function of age. Setting Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA. Methods Ocular HOAs were examined across a 6.0 mm pupil in 532 eyes of 306 subjects (mean age 41 years ± 10 [SD] [range 20 to 71 years]; mean WaveScan spherical equivalent −3.39 ± 2.84 diopters [D] [range −11.56 to 7.60 D]) using the WaveScan system (Visx, Inc.). Zernike coefficients and root-mean-square (RMS) values of HOAs, spherical aberration (SA, Z 4 0 and Z 6 0 ), and coma (Z 3 −1 , Z 3 1 , Z 5 −1 , and Z 5 1 ) were analyzed. Correlation analysis was performed to assess the association between ocular HOAs and age and investigate the aberration symmetry between right and left eyes. Results For individual terms, the highest mean absolute values were for 4th-order SA (Z 4 0 ), 3rd-order coma, and trefoil terms. The mean RMS values of HOA, SA, and coma were 0.305 ± 0.095 μm, 0.128 ± 0.074 μm, and 0.170 ± 0.089 μm, respectively. Moderate to high correlations were found between the right and left eyes for HOA, SA, and coma (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.601, 0.776, and 0.511, respectively; all P P ′ r = 0.317, 0.273, and 0.176, respectively; all P Conclusion Wavefront aberrations varied widely among subjects and increased slightly with age. A moderate to high degree of mirror symmetry existed between right and left eyes.
Free vibration of rotating tapered beams using the dynamic stiffness method

Abstract The free bending vibration of rotating tapered beams is investigated by using the dynamic stiffness method. The range of problems considered includes beams for which the depth and/or width of the cross-section vary linearly along the length. First, the governing differential equation of motion of the rotating tapered beam in free flap bending vibration is derived for the most general case using Hamilton's principle, allowing for the effects of centrifugal stiffening, an arbitrary outboard force and the hub radius term. For harmonic oscillation the differential equation is solved for bending displacement by applying the Frobenius method of series solution. The expressions for bending rotation, shear force and bending moment at any cross-section of the beam are also obtained in explicit analytical form. Then the dynamic stiffness matrix is developed, by relating the amplitudes of forces and moments to those of the displacements and rotations at the ends of the harmonically vibrating tapered beam. Next the Wittrick–Williams algorithm is used as a solution technique to the resulting dynamic stiffness matrix to compute the natural frequencies and mode shapes of some illustrative examples. A parametric study is carried out to demonstrate the effects of rotational speed, taper ratio and hub radius on the results, which are discussed and compared with the published ones. Finally some conclusions are drawn.
Searching for Low-Mass Binary Companions in M35 Using the Fine Guidance Sensors of the Hubble Space Telescope

The Hubble Space Telescope Fine Guidance Sensors data on 23 stars in the intermediate-age cluster M35 having B - V 6 AU, secondary masses between 0.3 and 0.6 M⊙, and mass ratios of about 0.2. This latter value is in agreement with capture models employing stars with circumstellar disks for the formation of binaries.
Bequests, Gifts, and Social Security

This paper analyses the very long run, or "stationary state," impact of an unfunded social security system. We use an overlapping generations model framework. A key feature is that while parents care about their children and can leave non-negative bequests to them, children also care about their parents and can make non-negative "gifts" to them. We show that the possibility of negative "net bequests" may make social security less harmful to private wealth accumulation than would otherwise be the case. A subsidiary finding is that risk-loving behaviour may emerge for some households due to the nature of intergenerational transfers within family lines.