cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Volatile components of the frying process

In the course of deep fat frying, food contacts oil at about 180 °C and is partially exposed to air for various periods of time. Thus frying, more than any other standard food process or handling method, has the greatest potential for causing chemical changes in fat, and sizeable amounts of this fat are carried with the food (5-40% fat by weight is absorbed). During frying, oxidative reactions involving the formation and decomposition of hydroperoxides lead to such compounds as saturated and unsaturated aldehydes, ketones, hydrocarbons, lactones, alcohols, acids and esters. Sulfur compounds and pyrazine derivatives may develop in the food itself or from the interactions between the food and oil. Food absorbs varying amounts of oil during deep-fat frying (potato chips have a final fat content of about 35%). The food itself can release some of its endogenous lipids (e.g., fat from chicken) into the frying fat and consequently the oxidative stability of the new mixture may be different from that of the original frying fat. The changes that occur in the oil and food during frying should not be automatically construed as undesirable or harmful. In fact, some of these changes are necessary to provide the sensory qualities typical of fried food. On the other hand, extensive decomposition, resulting from lack of adequate control of the frying operation, can be a potential source of damage not only to sensory quality of the fried food but also to nutritional value.
Euclid’s Parallel Postulate

We know several statements equivalent to Euclid’s Parallel Postulate (Chapter 21), and we know several statements equivalent to Saccheri’s Hypothesis of the Right Angle (Chapter 22). We shall now confirm your expectation that the two propositions are themselves equivalent.
The catalytic, stem, and transmembrane portions of matriptase-2 are required for suppressing the expression of the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin.

Matriptase-2 (MT2) is a type-II transmembrane, trypsin-like serine protease that is predominantly expressed in the liver. It is a key suppressor for the expression of hepatic hepcidin, an iron-regulatory hormone that is induced via the bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway. A current model predicts that MT2 suppresses hepcidin expression by cleaving multiple components of the induction pathway. MT2 is synthesized as a zymogen that undergoes autocleavage for activation and shedding. However, the biologically active form of MT2 and, importantly, the contributions of different MT2 domains to its function are largely unknown. Here we examined the activities of truncated MT2 that were generated by site-directed mutagenesis or Gibson assembly master mix, and found that the stem region of MT2 determines the specificity and efficacy for substrate cleavage. The transmembrane domain allowed MT2 activation after reaching the plasma membrane, and the cytoplasmic domain facilitated these processes. Further in vivo rescue studies indicated that the entire extracellular and transmembrane domains of MT2 are required to correct the low-hemoglobin, low-serum iron, and high-hepcidin status in MT2−/− mice. Unlike in cell lines, no autocleavage of MT2 was detected in vivo in the liver, implying that MT2 may also function independently of its proteolytic activity. In conjunction with our previous studies implicating the cytoplasmic domain as an intracellular iron sensor, these observations reveal the importance of each MT2 domain for MT2-mediated substrate cleavage and for its biological function.
User-targeted Denial-of-Service Attacks in LTE Mobile Networks

Mobile networks are prevalent in today’s world, being used in a variety of applications ranging from personal use to the work environment and other. Ensuring security for users in a mobile network is therefore increasingly important. Denial-of-service attacks or DoS proved to be the biggest threat to mobile networks in recent years. A lot of work has been done in DoS targeting the infrastructure of the mobile network. User-targeted DoS attacks have been neglected in comparison. The fourth generation of cellular networks 4G LTE is the fastest growing mobile network in terms of subscriber numbers. The security aspect of mobile networks has improved throughout the generations, however, 4G proved to still have vulnerabilities in the signaling plane that allow a malicious attacker to target a specific user. Deploying a rogue base station and forcing the targeted user to connect to it is possible. The attacker could then deny selected services of the targeted user such as voice and SMS services. In this paper, we survey the work done on user-targeted DoS attacks in LTE networks. We analyze the 3GPP LTE standard specifications that allow such attacks. We also test the response of a LTE mobile device to tweaked Attach Accept messages during an Attach Procedure. We furthermore examine the conditions that affect the attack when we have equal priority cells. We finally present a case study of how a targeted user connected to an LTE network provider could be denied SMS and voice services therefore denying 2-factor authentication. We tested the scenarios using open-source implementations of the LTE network stack and widely available Software Defined Radios.
Functional retinal imaging using adaptive optics swept-source OCT at 1.6 MHz (Conference Presentation)

Objective optical assessment of photoreceptor function may permit earlier diagnosis of retinal disease than current methods such as perimetry, electrophysiology, and clinical imaging. Recent work with adaptive optics (AO) flood imaging, conventional OCT and phase-sensitive full-field OCT have revealed apparent changes in photoreceptor outer segment (OS) length in response to visible stimuli. In this work, we describe an AO-OCT system designed to measure these stimulus-evoked OS length changes. The OCT subsystem consisted of a Fourier-domain mode-locked laser that acquires A-scans at 1.64MHz and an AO subsystem providing diffraction-limited imaging with a closed-loop correction rate of 20Hz. To our knowledge this is the highest-speed AO-OCT system developed to date. Visible stimuli were delivered using a LED-based Maxwellian view channel incorporated into the system. In a dark-adapted healthy subject, 1-deg square volumetric images were acquired at a rate of 32Hz. Images were acquired for 10s, with a 10ms bleaching stimulus flash with variable intensity. Strip-based registration was used to track individual cones in the volume series, and time series of the resulting depth-resolved complex signal were analyzed. Stimulus-evoked changes in the morphology of OS and RPE were observed in the M-scan amplitude. In the M-scan phase, the difference between the IS/OS and COST was shown to increase in response to the stimulus flash, and the magnitude of the phase change depended upon flash intensity. These results suggest that cone OS elongates in response to visible stimuli, and that the length change scales with stimulus intensity.
Perioperative Treatment with a Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitor Reduces Necrosis in a Rat Ischemic Skin Flap Model.

Background:The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway, regulated by prolyl hydroxylase, is central to tissue adaptation to ischemia. The authors tested whether the prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor dimethyloxalylglycine reduces skin flap necrosis.Methods:Dorsal skin flaps were raised on hairless rats, wi
Spending propensity and price perceptions

This article presents a systematic investigation of how Spending Propensity moderates consumers’ perceptions of prices. Results from three studies are presented. Studies 1 and 2 reveal that, in the...
Genomic comparison of 60 completely sequenced bacteriophages that infect Erwinia and/or Pantoea bacteria.

Abstract Erwinia and Pantoea are closely related bacterial plant pathogens in the Gram negative Enterobacteriales order. Sixty tailed bacteriophages capable of infecting these pathogens have been completely sequenced by investigators around the world and are in the current databases, 30 of which were sequenced by our lab. These 60 were compared to 991 other Enterobacteriales bacteriophage genomes and found to be, on average, just over twice the overall average length. These Erwinia and Pantoea phages comprise 20 clusters based on nucleotide and protein sequences. Five clusters contain only phages that infect the Erwinia and Pantoea genera, the other 15 clusters are closely related to bacteriophages that infect other Enterobacteriales ; however, within these clusters the Erwinia and Pantoea phages tend to be distinct, suggesting ecological niche may play a diversification role. The failure of many of their encoded proteins to have predicted functions highlights the need for further study of these phages.
Reducing Interdisciplinary Communication Failures Through Secure Text Messaging: A Quality Improvement Project.

Introduction Interdisciplinary communication failures contribute to medical mistakes and adverse events. At our institution, provider communication previously occurred through unidirectional pager systems. We utilized quality improvement methodology to (1) implement a secure text messaging system for providers on a pediatric ward and (2) evaluate its impact on communication failures. We aimed to reduce potential communication failures between providers by > 25% within 1 month. Methods Implementation of secure text messaging occurred via Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles focused on education, feedback, and electronic health record interventions. We collected pager data before implementation and both pager and secure text messaging data after intervention. Potential communication failures were identified a priori through manual review of the messaging data to capture lack of closed-loop communication. A run chart was used to track daily potential communication failures and total communication volumes. Results Before implementation of secure text messaging, the median daily potential communication failure rate was 5.5%. Usage of secure text messaging increased after implementation, representing 3.5 of 7.2 communications per patient-day. Paging communications decreased from 4.2 to 3.7 per patient-day. Potential communication failures decreased to a median daily rate of 2.2%, representing a 59% reduction in communication failures. Conclusion Implementation of secure text messaging using quality improvement methods resulted in a significant reduction in potential communication failures between residents and nurses. Future interventions will be aimed at maintaining and augmenting providers' use of secure text messaging to ensure the potential for communication failure remains low.
Growth and Rents in Today’s Economy

A modern real-side growth model is developed, allowing for effects on distribution and for demand-driven innovation; it also features a wage-accumulation curve—Joan Robinson—and rents can be introduced, driven by both growth and innovation.
Breaking of 1RSB in Random Regular MAX-NAE-SAT

For several models of random constraint satisfaction problems, it was conjectured by physicists and later proved that a sharp satisfiability transition occurs. In the unsatisfiable regime, it is natural to consider the problem of max-satisfiability: violating the least number of constraints. This is a combinatorial optimization problem on the random energy landscape defined by the problem instance. In the bounded density regime, a very precise estimate of the max-sat value was obtained by Achlioptas, Naor, and Peres (2007), but it is not sharp enough to indicate the nature of the energy landscape. Later work (Sen, 2016; Panchenko, 2016) shows that for very large but bounded density, the max-sat value approaches the mean-field (complete graph) limit: this is conjectured to have an "FRSB" structure where near-optimal configurations form clusters within clusters, in an ultrametric hierarchy of infinite depth inside the discrete cube. A stronger form of FRSB was shown in several recent works to have algorithmic implications (again, in complete graphs). Consequently we find it of interest to understand how the model transitions from 1RSB near the satisfiability threshold, to (conjecturally) FRSB at large density. In this paper we show that in the random regular NAE-SAT model, the 1RSB description breaks down by a certain threshold density that we estimate rather precisely. This is proved by an explicit perturbation in the 2RSB parameter space. The choice of perturbation is inspired by the "bug proliferation" mechanism proposed by physicists (Montanari and Ricci-Tersenghi, 2003; Krzakala, Pagnani, and Weigt, 2004), corresponding roughly to a percolation-like threshold for a subgraph of dependent variables.
Theories and Contemporary Development of Organizational Perspectives in Social Sciences. The founding writers of Western sociology. Part 1

This paper is purely theoretical in which I have illustrated the contributions of the founding theorist of Western sociology, by focusing on how they addressed (or didn’t address) organizations. Then, I have discussed (in brief) the development of organizational theory and how organizational theorists are responding to the emergence of challenges to the traditional rational approaches to understanding organizations. These analyses are situated on the historical contexts include major contributions of each theorist. This research is solely based on the secondary information. Paper contents four Sections: first the work of the three founding theorists of Western Sociology, Karl Marx; Emile Durkheim and Max Weber, secondly, I have exemplified the development of organizational theory and the emergence of challenges to the traditional rational approaches to understand the organization; where I have analyzed the work of Classical theorists- Max Weber, Henri Fayol, Frederick Taylor, Luther Halsey Gulick, Herbert A. Simon, Berton H. Kaplan, modern theorist- Michel Foucault, Jurgen Habermas, Jacques Derrida, Jurgen Habermas etc. Third Section covers the contemporary theories and perspectives. In this section I have exemplified how Philip Selznick, Peter Blau, James David Thompson and Charles Perrow incorporated the Weber notion of bureaucracy followed by DiMaggio, Paul, J. and Walter W. Powell etc. and in forth section, covers the feminist approach in theory building with focus of organizational analysis (with the focus of Arlene Daniels, Dorothy Smith, Marjorie DeVault, Gisela Bock and Susan James, Martha Calas, Linda Smircich etc. work). This paper has detailed footnotes quoted from the original sources and contents useful reference of the sociological theory and practices for concerned social scientist to build their knowledge base and research direction.
Self-Assembly of Macromolecules within Single Topological Defects of Nematic Solvents

Solvent-mediated self-assembly of macromolecules has been widely used as a bottom-up strategy for the synthesis of nanostructured materials, but most solvents (e.g., water or isotropic organic solv...
Complications: Reoperative Pelvic Surgery

Reoperative pelvic surgery for surgical complications is typically a very challenging endeavor, fraught with high rates of further complications and a significant risk of poor outcome. The keys to success are a thoughtful preoperative workup, careful patient counseling, a meticulous operative plan, disciplined dissection and access to a variety of reconstructive techniques. A sober case by case assessment of what is most appropriate for the individual patient optimizes the results and provides the best opportunity for restoration of the patient’s quality of life.
Interparental Relationship Quality During Pregnancy: Implications for Early Parent-Infant Bonding and Infant Socioemotional Development

Research demonstrates the central role of mother-child relationships in child socioemotional development; however, families are complex systems and the unique roles of multiple family subsystems in early infant development have received less attention. In the present study, we investigated the role of multiple family relationships (interparental, mother-infant, father-infant), during pregnancy and the first month after childbirth, in infant socioemotional functioning at 6 months. We administered semi-structured interviews during pregnancy to assess multiple qualities of the interparental relationship. At 1 month postpartum, parents completed reports about their feelings and attitudes toward their infant to assess impaired bonding. At 6 months, parents provided reports of child socioemotional functioning. Both mother-infant and father-infant impaired bonding were uniquely associated with infant socioemotional impairment, controlling for prenatal interparental relationship quality. Additionally, multiple dimensions of the interparental relationship (i.e., poor-quality conflict management, inadequate support for fathers, and low levels of respect toward mothers) were associated with infant socioemotional impairment controlling for parent-infant bonding. Results also demonstrated an indirect pathway, such that poor sexual quality during pregnancy was associated with fathers (but not mothers) reporting more impaired bonding with their infants, which was linked to greater infant socioemotional impairment. Results highlight the importance of understanding the broad family environment, prior to and immediately following the birth of the child, to identify at-risk children at the earliest possible stages of intervention.
Data-driven predictions of a multiscale Lorenz 96 chaotic system using machine-learning methods: reservoir computing, artificial neural network, and long short-term memory network

Abstract. In this paper, the performance of three machine-learning methods for predicting short-term evolution and for reproducing the long-term statistics of a multiscale spatiotemporal Lorenz 96 system is examined. The methods are an echo state network (ESN, which is a type of reservoir computing; hereafter RC–ESN), a deep feed-forward artificial neural network (ANN), and a recurrent neural network (RNN) with long short-term memory (LSTM; hereafter RNN–LSTM). This Lorenz 96 system has three tiers of nonlinearly interacting variables representing slow/large-scale ( X ), intermediate ( Y ), and fast/small-scale ( Z ) processes. For training or testing, only X is available; Y and Z are never known or used. We show that RC–ESN substantially outperforms ANN and RNN–LSTM for short-term predictions, e.g., accurately forecasting the chaotic trajectories for hundreds of numerical solver's time steps equivalent to several Lyapunov timescales. The RNN–LSTM outperforms ANN, and both methods show some prediction skills too. Furthermore, even after losing the trajectory, data predicted by RC–ESN and RNN–LSTM have probability density functions (pdf's) that closely match the true pdf – even at the tails. The pdf of the data predicted using ANN, however, deviates from the true pdf. Implications, caveats, and applications to data-driven and data-assisted surrogate modeling of complex nonlinear dynamical systems, such as weather and climate, are discussed.
Acute Arterial Ischemic Stroke in a Treated Child with Hunter's Syndrome: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) has limited therapeutic effects on neurologic, skeletal, and cardiovascular pathophysiology. We report an acute right-sided flaccid hemiparesis in an 11-year-old boy with the severe neuronopathic phenotype of Hunter's syndrome who was receiving weekly idursulfase ERT. Due to his psychomotor regression and epilepsy, his presentation to the hospital was delayed. Computed tomography scan of brain showed no acute changes or hemorrhage. Stroke code was not called as patient was already outside of the time window for tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) therapy. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed diffuse cortical and deep atrophy consistent with his baseline neurological status and restricted diffusion in the territory of the left-middle cerebral artery (MCA) consistent with recent infarction. T1-weighted MRI revealed low signal intensity of the left insular cortex, as well as volume loss, consistent with previous undiagnosed stroke in the same vascular territory. In addition, MR angiogram (MRA) demonstrated left terminal M1 segment MCA occlusion. Echocardiogram showed aortic root dilation and moderate aortic valve insufficiency. Patient was also noted to have bacteremia related to port infection. ERT is limited by blood–brain barrier and the underlying glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) extracellular tissue accumulation which produces a proinflammatory state. GAG and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are known to activate toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4). GAGs released in the extracellular space of intracranial vessels induce inflammation by activating the TLR-4 pathway which is exacerbated by bacterial LPS contributing to focal arteritis. Our case suggests the importance of GAGs in the activation of the TLR-4 pathway as a cause of stroke in Hunter's syndrome.
MEC Service APIs in Action

This chapter will describe more in detail few selected MEC services. The specific APIs usage will be coupled also with concrete use cases of interest for MEC (e.g. from automotive market segment), and in some case also with practical examples and APIs implementations.
Congenital heart defects and copy number variants associated with neurodevelopmental impairment.

A genetic etiology is identifiable in 20%-30% of patients with congenital heart defects (CHD). Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) can detect copy number variants (CNV) associated with CHD. In previous studies, the diagnostic yield of postnatal CMA testing ranged from 4% to 28% in CHD patients. However, incidental pathogenic CNV and variants of unknown significance are often discovered without any known association with CHD. The study objective was to describe the rate of pathogenic CNV associated with neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) and compare clinical findings in CHD neonates with genetic results. A single-center retrospective review was performed on all consecutive newborns with CHD admitted to a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit from January 2013 to March 2019 (n = 525). CHD phenotypes were classified as per the National Birth Defect Prevention Study. CMA detected pathogenic CNV in 21.3% (61/287) of neonates, and karyotype or fluorescence in situ hybridization detected aneuploidies in an additional 11% of the overall cohort (58/525). Atrioventricular septal defects and conotruncal defects showed the highest diagnostic yield by CMA (28.6% and 27.2%, respectively). Among neonates with pathogenic CNV on CMA, 78.7% (48/61) were associated with NDI. Neonates with pathogenic CNV were smaller in length at birth compared to those with benign CNV or variants of unknown significance (p = 0.005) and were more likely to be discharged with an enteral feeding tube (p = 0.027). CMA can discover genetic variants associated with NDI and are common in neonates with CHD. Genetic testing in the neonatal period can heighten awareness of genetic risk for NDI.
Differential Autophagy Response in Men and Women After Muscle Damage

Following muscle damage, autophagy is crucial for muscle regeneration. Hormones (e.g., testosterone, cortisol) regulate this process and sex differences in autophagic flux exist in the basal state. However, to date, no study has examined the effect of a transient hormonal response following eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage (EE) between untrained young men and women. Untrained men (n=8, 22±3yr) and women (n=8, 19±1yr) completed 2 sessions of 80 unilateral maximal eccentric knee extensions followed by either upper body resistance exercise (RE; designed to induce a hormonal response; EE+RE) or a time-matched rest period (20 min; EE+REST). Vastus lateralis biopsy samples were collected before (BL), and 12 h, and 24 h after RE/REST. Gene and protein expression levels of selective markers for autophagic initiation signaling, phagophore initiation, and elongation/sequestration were determined. Basal markers of autophagy were not different between sexes. For EE+RE, although initiation signaling (FOXO3) and autophagy-promoting (BECN1) genes were greater (p < 0.0001; 12.4-fold, p = 0.0010; 10.5-fold, respectively) for women than men, autophagic flux (LC3-II/LC3-I protein ratio) did not change for women and was lower (p < 0.0001 3.0-fold) than men. Furthermore, regardless of hormonal changes, LC3-I and LC3-II protein content decreased (p =0.0090; 0.547-fold, p = 0.0410; 0.307-fold, respectively) for men suggesting increased LC3-I lipidation and autophagosome degradation whereas LC3-I protein content increased (p =0.0360; 1.485-fold) for women suggesting decreased LC3-I lipidation. Collectively, our findings demonstrated basal autophagy was not different between men and women, did not change after EE alone, and was promoted with the acute hormonal increase after RE only in men but not in women. Thus, the autophagy response to moderate muscle damage is promoted by RE-induced hormonal changes in men only.
Absolute Plane Geometry

In this chapter we will review the basic properties of Absolute Plane geometry, based on the Birkhoff axioms. All the theorems to be considered are also theorems of Euclidean geometry and hence, for the most part, will be familiar to the reader. For this reason, proofs will not be given except for a few theorems not ordinarily encountered in a beginning course in Euclidean geometry. Our intent is to sketch a natural progression for the theorems and to introduce notations and conventions that we will need in the later study of Hyperbolic geometry.
Protective effects of nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor on basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in adult rats with partial fimbrial transections.

Publisher Summary Neurotrophic factors are found among several protein families, including neurotrophins, fibroblast growth factors, epidermal growth factor protein family, lymphokines, and others. The nerve growth factor (NGF) represents the initially discovered member of the protein family called neurotrophins, whose other known members are brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), neurotrophin-4 (NT-4), and neurotrophin-5 (NT-5). All known neurotrophins are synthesized as large precursor proteins from which an active protein of approximately 120 amino acids is cleaved at the N-terminal. In this chapter, the studies demonstrate that NGF is more effective than BDNF in protecting cholinergic septo-hippocampal neurons from degenerative changes induced by lesions in adult rat brains. BDNF treatment provides partial protection of cholinergic cell bodies in the septal area but fail to enhance presynaptic cholinergic function in the partially deafferentated hippocampus. In contrast, NGF treatment protects the entire population of cholinergic cell bodies and significantly elevated several measures of hippocampal cholinergic function. These findings indicate that NGF remains the agent of choice, when attempting to protect forebrain cholinergic neurons from degeneration induced by injury or disease.
Normal and mutant huntingtin: partners in crime.

Proteins carrying (CAG)n repeat expansions are believed to cause neurological diseases such as Huntington Disease through their toxic gain-of-function. It may be, however, that loss of normal protein function can also contribute to pathogenesis.
Positive and negative regulation of sequences upstream of the form II cbb CO2 fixation operon of Rhodobacter sphaeroides.

Abstract The unlinked form I and form II Calvin cycle CO2 fixation (cbb) operons of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides are located on different genetic elements, yet both operons are positively regulated by the transcription activator protein CbbR, the product of the cbbR gene located immediately upstream of the form I operon. By employing deletion mutagenesis, and a newly constructed promoter probe vector, the form II operon promoter (cbbFIIp) and three other promoters (Up, Vp, and Wp) were localized within 2.1 kb upstream of the form II operon. Mutations in both cbbR and the first gene of the form I operon (cbbFI) elicited both positive and negative responses when transcriptional fusions controlled by these four promoters were examined. With the exception of Wp, all these upstream promoters were repressed by oxygen. In addition, these promoters were associated with open reading frames of unknown function whose deduced amino acid sequences showed no significant relationship to proteins in current databases. The results of these experiments suggest that the promoter sequences and genes upstream of the form II cbb operon may be intimately involved with control of the cbb regulon of this photosynthetic organism.
Measurements of antenna impedance in the ionosphere - II. Observing frequency greater than the electron gyro frequency

Short dipole antenna impedance measurements in ionosphere at observing frequency above electron gyrofrequency
Motion compensated beamforming

A sea-water range and test environment is constructed in which multiple acoustic sources are moving along varied trajectories. The aggregate acoustic signal is measured with a planar array consisting of 120 hydrophones. A system of independent tracking arrays is used to provide ancillary positional information for each source. When the information obtained from the tracking system is incorporated into the beamforming algorithm it is demonstrated that the extraction of each source can be achieved with the effect that source motion is removed from the signature estimate.
Trajectons: Action recognition through the motion analysis of tracked features

The defining feature of video compared to still images is motion, and as such the selection of good motion features for action recognition is crucial, especially for bag of words techniques that rely heavily on their features. Existing motion techniques either assume that a difficult problem like background/foreground segmentation has already been solved (contour/silhouette based techniques) or are computationally expensive and prone to noise (optical flow). We present a technique for motion based on quantized trajectory snippets of tracked features. These quantized snippets, or trajectons, rely only on simple feature tracking and are computationally efficient. We demonstrate that within a bag of words framework trajectons can match state of the art results, slightly outperforming histogram of optical flow features on the Hollywood Actions dataset. Additionally, we present qualitative results in a video search task on a custom dataset of challenging YouTube videos.
Migrant women domestic workers in Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan: a comparative analysis

This article discusses the legal systems in Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan and the protection of migrant domestic workers who are vulnerable to domestic violence and abuse. Migration in the last 10 years in Asia has increasingly included female migrants who are usually employed in domestic services, the entertainment industry, and health care services. This work places women migrants in a vulnerable position in the isolation of households, away from public oversight. Labor laws are not applied to domestic workers, who are considered of low societal value. In Hong Kong, domestic work is covered under the labor laws, but the societal perception is that housework is not really work. Employer-employee relationships are more clear cut in institutional settings. Most domestic workers live with their employers. They are outsiders to families and must maintain professional relationships within an intimate environment. The isolation within a household discourages development of support systems and contacts with women doing similar work. There is a power struggle between women of unequal stature concerning the operation of the household and the interrelationships with family members. The power dynamic, the nature of the family structure, and culture are all interrelated. The first year's income covers the cost of securing foreign employment, and workers are vulnerable in this first year due to their debts. Employers protect their investment by working them to capacity or using fear and physical confinement to secure obedience. Workers are humiliated and immobilized. The comparison between the three countries illustrates the potential for protecting migrant domestic workers. Singapore and Taiwan lack sufficient legal and social support for migrant women, and Hong Kong must use a more comprehensive approach for integrating power dynamics, employment, work regulations, and labor status. Language: en
Local dispersal promotes biodiversity in a real-life game of rock–paper–scissors

One of the central aims of ecology is to identify mechanisms that maintain biodiversity. Numerous theoretical models have shown that competing species can coexist if ecological processes such as dispersal, movement, and interaction occur over small spatial scales. In particular, this may be the case for non-transitive communities, that is, those without strict competitive hierarchies. The classic non-transitive system involves a community of three competing species satisfying a relationship similar to the children's game rock-paper-scissors, where rock crushes scissors, scissors cuts paper, and paper covers rock. Such relationships have been demonstrated in several natural systems. Some models predict that local interaction and dispersal are sufficient to ensure coexistence of all three species in such a community, whereas diversity is lost when ecological processes occur over larger scales. Here, we test these predictions empirically using a non-transitive model community containing three populations of Escherichia coli. We find that diversity is rapidly lost in our experimental community when dispersal and interaction occur over relatively large spatial scales, whereas all populations coexist when ecological processes are localized.
The localization of prolactin in cultured cells of the rostral pars distalis of the pituitary of Fundulus heteroclitus (Linnaeus)

Abstract The rostral pars distalis of Fundulus heteroclitus (Linnaeus) has been cultured in vitro and prolactin identified immunochemically in pituitary cells of this area by means of fluorescent antibody to ovine prolactin. New colonies of cells arising by mitosis in the outgrowing layers of prolactin cells show the presence of prolactin, which indicates the ability of the cells to elaborate prolactin under the existing culture conditions. Fluorescent antibody to ovine prolactin, when applied to cells in culture, demonstrate that prolactin is correlated with granules dispersed within the cytoplasm. Control staining techniques using fluorescent normal gamma globulin gave negative results. The intensity of antibody staining varies throughout the explant as well as in the outgrowth of the cells and the number of fluorescent granules within the cells varies from few to many. During mitotic fission cells become temporarily chromophobic. This is followed by a period of maturation when acidophilic granules become again demonstrable. In any area of the outgrowth, cells with intensely brilliant green fluorescent-staining granules are interspersed with faintly staining cells. In mature cells these prolactin granules are either erythrosinophilic or orangeophilic depending upon the staining technique used. No attempt has been made to maintain the cultures for longer than 8 weeks so that it is not known if the piscine prolactin cell in culture is capable of maintaining the elaboration of prolactin for a longer period. Since it has been shown (Emmart et al., 1963) that antibody to prolactin precipitates prolactin, irrespective of the state of functional activity of the hormone, it is not possible to say that the prolactin demonstrable in the cultured cells is physiologically active.
An Empirical Examination of Multinational Corporate Capital Structure

This paper examines whether there are systematic differences in the traditional capital structure determinants between MNCs and DCs, and if there are additional, uniquely international factors that may help explain the capital structure choice of multinational corporations. The results suggest that specific international factors such as political risk and exchange rate risk are relevant to the multinational capital structure decision, that multinationals have higher agency costs than purely domestic firms, and that international diversification does not lower earnings volatility for multinational corporations.
Crystal structure of baculovirus RNA triphosphatase complexed with phosphate.

Abstract Baculovirus RNA 5′-triphosphatase (BVP) exemplifies a family of RNA-specific cysteine phosphatases that includes the RNA triphosphatase domains of metazoan and plant mRNA capping enzymes. Here we report the crystal structure of BVP in a phosphate-bound state at 1.5 A resolution. BVP adopts the characteristic cysteine-phosphatase α/β fold and binds two phosphate ions in the active site region, one of which is proposed to mimic the phosphate of the product complex after hydrolysis of the covalent phosphoenzyme intermediate. The crystal structure highlights the role of backbone amides and side chains of the P-loop motif 118HCTHGXNRT126 in binding the cleavable phosphate and stabilizing the transition state. Comparison of the BVP structure to the apoenzyme of mammalian RNA triphosphatase reveals a concerted movement of the Arg-125 side chain (to engage the phosphate directly) and closure of an associated surface loop over the phosphate in the active site. The structure highlights a direct catalytic role of Asn-124, which is the signature P-loop residue of the RNA triphosphatase family and a likely determinant of the specificity of BVP for hydrolysis of phosphoanhydride linkages.
Periodontal therapy in general practice

I t is the den tist’s responsibility to recog­ nize and diagnose gingivitis and perio­ dontitis because pa tien ts do not know they have any gingival disorder. T h e ex­ am ination o f the m ou th for periodontal disease m ust be com plete and m ust be repeated regularly, even in persons w ith m ouths exhibiting healthy investing tis­ sues. T h e general practitioner m ust dis­ cover periodontal disease early, treat it sim ply and precisely, and place his p a ­ tients on a regim en tha t prevents the occurrence and reduces the incidence of recurrence o f periodontal disease.
Alpha-particle induced charge transfer between closely spaced trench capacitor memory cells

A detailed analysis of various mechanisms involved in alpha-particle induced charge transfer between two trench type dRAM cells is reported and an analytical model has been developed to represent the transfered charge. The results compare very favorably with detailed simulation results.
Orthogonality properties of optical resonator eigenmodes

Abstract The transverse eigenmodes of optical resonators are not in general orthogonal to each other, but rather are biorthogonal to an adjoint set of functions which turn out to be the transverse eigenmodes for propagation in the reverse direction around the same resonator. We present a fairly general derivation of this property which is valid for ring or standing-wave and for stable or unstable resonators with arbitrary output mirror profiles. We also point out certain unusual consequences of these properties for high-magnification unstable resonators.
Estimated Flight Time for Optimum Trajectories

Various methods are presented for estimating the flight time for vehicles which fly an optimum trajectory. A realistic example is considered in order to display the inherent accuracy of each of these methods. Numerical integration methods are found to be the most accurate. Simple formulas are derived for the case where a less accurate estimate is acceptable. All of these methods require less computation than would be required in order to solve the overall optimization problem. Thus any one of these methods can be applied to an onboard guidance scheme or control system which requires a real time estimate of the time-to-go.
Gas Chromatographic Detection Based on the Beilstein Test and Its Anomalies

The green flame of the Beilstein test, a familiar sight to all chemists, has been used for the identification of chlorine, bromine, and iodine in organic compounds for over a century. The test was first reported in 1872 by F. Beilstein, from whom it takes its name, as a method of determining the presence of and approximate amounts of halogen in organic compounds. He attributed the flame test to Berzelius who had used it to detect the halogen in inorganic compounds, but this fact seems to have been over-looked with the passage of time, for Berzelius is never mentioned in the literature in connection with the test.
Teichmüller Spaces and Negatively Curved Fiber Bundles

In the first part of the paper we introduce the theory of bundles with negatively curved fibers. For a space X there is a forgetful map F X between bundle theories over X, which assigns to a bundle with negatively curved fibers over X its subjacent smooth bundle. Our main result states that, for certain k-spheres $${\mathbb{S}^k}$$ , the forgetful map $${F_{\mathbb{S}^k}}$$ is not one-to-one. This result follows from Theorem A, which proves that the quotient map $${\mathcal{MET}^{\,\,sec <0 }(M)\rightarrow\mathcal{T}^{\,\,sec <0 }(M)}$$ is not trivial at some homotopy levels, provided the hyperbolic manifold M satisfies certain conditions. Here $${\mathcal{MET}^{\,\,sec <0 }(M)}$$ is the space of negatively curved metrics on M and $${\mathcal{T}^{\,\,sec <0 }(M) = \mathcal{MET}^{\,\,sec <0 }(M)/ {\rm DIFF}_0(M)}$$ is, as defined in [FO2], the Teichmuller space of negatively curved metrics on M. In particular we conclude that $${\mathcal{T}^{\,\,sec <0 }(M)}$$ is, in general, not connected. Two remarks: (1) the nontrivial elements in $${\pi_{k}\mathcal{MET}^{\,\,sec <0 }(M)}$$ constructed in [FO3] have trivial image by the map induced by $${\mathcal{MET}^{\,\,sec <0 }(M)\rightarrow\mathcal{T}^{\,\,sec <0 }(M)}$$ ; (2) the nonzero classes in $${\pi_{k}\mathcal{T}^{\,\,sec <0 }(M)}$$ constructed in [FO2] are not in the image of the map induced by $${\mathcal{MET}^{\,\,sec <0 }(M)\rightarrow\mathcal{T}^{\,\,sec <0 }(M)}$$ ; the nontrivial classes in $${\pi_{k}\mathcal{T}^{\,\,sec <0 }(M)}$$ given here, besides coming from $${\mathcal{MET}^{\,\,sec <0 }(M)}$$ and being harder to construct, have a different nature and genesis: the former classes – given in [FO2] – come from the existence of exotic spheres, while the latter classes – given here – arise from the non-triviality and structure of certain homotopy groups of the space of pseudo-isotopies of the circle $${\mathbb{S}^1}$$ . The strength of the new techniques used here allowed us to prove also a homology version of Theorem A, which is given in Theorem B.
AES and PES Studies of Semi‐Insulating Polycrystalline Silicon (SIPOS) Films

SIPOS (semi‐insulating polycrystalline silicon) films with 40 atomic percent oxygen have been studied with Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and photoelectron spectroscopy (PES). The comparison of the Si LVV Auger spectra with the Si 2p lines suggests that the as‐grown SIPOS film contains large amounts of as well as . Annealing at 1100°C causes crystal growth of Si and the change of towards . An additional peak at 83 eV is found in the Si LVV Auger spectra, which has been reported to exist at the interface, and can be attributed to .
Simple model for nonconducting tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) salts with donor to acceptor ratio 2:1

We propose a simple model for those nonconducting tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) salts in which the ratio of the numbers of donor and acceptor chains is 2:1. We assume that each TCNQ chain can be subdivided into electrically neutral boxes containing two TCNQ molecules and one electron. Electron transfer between boxes is neglected. The dominant Coulomb and exchange interactions are identified. The free energy is calculated exactly in two limits, vanishing and infinite intrabox hopping. Depending on the signs and relative magnitude of the Coulomb interactions, we find in the first case singlet, or paramagnetic doublet, or triplet ground states. In the second case, we find ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic ground states. We discuss also the intermediate cases.
Composition, structure and tribological properties of amorphous carbon nitride coatings

Abstract Carbon nitride thin films were synthesized using d.c. unbalanced magnetron sputtering of a high-purity graphite target in a nitrogen-containing plasma onto various substrates held at ambient temperatures. The N/C ratio was found to vary from zero to 0.8 depending on deposition conditions. There was evidence of multiple bonding states for carbon and nitrogen (sp, sp2 and sp3), and the bulk of the film was found to be amorphous. Nanoindentation studies showed that under appropriate substrate bias conditions the carbon nitride coating hardness can be enhanced to levels well above that of conventional amorphous hard carbon coatings. CNx coatings replicate the substrate topography, giving rise to surface roughness equal to or better than the original substrates. Lubricated tribotesting showed the relationship between wear performance and deposition conditions. Under pure sliding in air, the CNx coating provided a 30-fold reduction in wear rate for M2 steels (compared with uncoated M2) under our testing conditions.
Democracy, goverance and economic growth: Theory and evidence

This paper examines how democracy affects long-run growth by influencing the quality of governance. Empirical evidence is presented first showing that measures of the quality of governance are substantially higher in more democratic countries. A general equilibrium, endogenous growth model is then built to show how a governance improving democracy raises growth. In this model, stronger democratic institutions influence governance by constraining the actions of corrupt officials. Reducing corruption, in turn, stimulates technological change and spurs economic growth. Empirical evidence is presented showing that democracy is in fact a significant determinant of total factor productivity (TFP) growth between 1960 and 1990 in a cross-section of countries. But this contribution occurs only insofar as stronger democratic institutions are associated with greater quality of governance.
The production of high purity metal alloys by surface segregation

Abstract The synthesis of high purity liquid metal alloys has been accomplished by exploitation of surface segregation phenomena. The process consists of remelting the alloy in an ultra high vacuum chamber. At the melting temperature, low-level bulk impurities segregate to the surface of the liquid alloy to form an elastic solid skin enclosing the liquid which may be skimmed off to form an impurity-free alloy. In some cases, the segregated impurities prevent wetting and the alloy forms a spherical droplet of material. The pure alloy in the droplet interior may then be released by fracture of the impurity surface shell. Details of the melting arrangement and surface analysis of the alloy before and after segregation will be discussed. Applications of the technique to produce high purity eutectic alloys of transition metal borides (Pt72B28, Ni55B45,Pd72B28) and arsenides (Pd2As) will be discussed.