cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experiences in developing a fair-exchange e-commerce protocol using common off-the-shelf components

Fair-exchange is an important property that must be ensured in all electronic commerce environments where the merchants and the customers are reluctant to trust each other. This property guarantees that none of the transacting parties suffer because of the fraudulent behavior of the other party in the transaction. In this paper, we describe our experiences in developing a new e-commerce protocol to address the problem of fair-exchange for digital products. The protocol is based on a novel cryptographic technique that we had proposed earlier. We show how to use common off-the-shelf software components to develop such a protocol.
Safety, feasibility and cost of outpatient radiofrequency catheter ablation of accessory atrioventricular connections

Abstract Objectives. The purpose of this study was to evaluate prospectively the safety, feasibility and cost of performing radiofrequency catheter ablation of accessory atrioventricular (AV) connections on an outpatient basis in 137 cases. Background. The efficacy and low complication rate of radiofrequency ablation as performed in the hospital suggested that it might be feasible to perform it on an outpatient basis. Methods. In 100 cases (73%) performed between September 1, 1991 and April 20, 1992, patients met criteria for treatment as outpatients. Reasons for exclusion were age 70 years (4), anteroseptal location of the accessory AV connection (5 patients), obesity (>30% of ideal body weight) (4 patients) or clinical indication for hospitalization (24 patients). Patients with only venous punctures had a recovery period of 3 h and those with arterial punctures had a recovery period of 6 h. There were 63 men and 32 women (5 patients underwent two ablation procedures >1 month apart), with a mean age ± SD of 36 ± 13 years. The pathway was left-sided in 67 cases and right-sided or posteroseptal in 33. Results. The procedure was successful in 97 of 100 cases, with a mean procedure duration of 99 ± 42 min. In 70 cases the patient was discharged the day of ablation, and in 30 cases the patient required a short (≤18-h) overnight stay because the procedure was completed too late in the day for recovery in the outpatient facility. The mean duration of observation was 4.8 ± 1.5 h for outpatients and 15 ± 1.4 h for patients who underwent overnight hospitalization. At follow-up study, two patients had a clinically significant complication; both had a femoral artery pseudoaneurysm detected ≥1 week after the procedure and both required surgical repair. Thirty consecutive patients (22 outpatients and 8 hospitalized overnight) undergoing catheter ablation after January 1, 1992 were chosen for a cost analysis. The mean cost of the procedure was $10,183 ± $1,082. Conclusions. The majority of patients undergoing radiofrequency catheter ablation of an accessory AV connection can be treated safely on an outpatient basis.
Cellular Fatty Acid Uptake: A Pathway Under Construction

Membrane uptake of long-chain fatty acids (FAs) is the first step in cellular FA utilization and a point of metabolic regulation. CD36 facilitates a major fraction of FA uptake by key tissues. This review highlights the contribution of CD36 to pathophysiology in rodents and humans. Novel concepts regarding regulation of CD36-facilitated uptake are discussed (i.e. the role of membrane rafts and caveolae, CD36 recycling between intracellular depots and the membrane, and chemical modifications of the protein that impact its turnover and recruitment). Importantly, CD36 membrane levels and turnover are abnormal in diabetes, resulting in dysfunctional FA utilization. In addition, variants in the CD36 gene were shown recently to influence susceptibility for the metabolic syndrome, which greatly increases the risk of diabetes and heart disease.
Reference dosimetry and measurement quality assurance

Abstract Measurements of absorbed dose made by a reference dosimetry system, such as alanine, have been suggested for achieving quality assurance through traceability to primary standards. Such traceability can assist users of radiation worldwide in enhancing quality control in medicine, agriculture, and industry. International and national standards of absorbed dose are still needed for applications of γ-ray and electron dosimetry at high doses (e.g. radiation therapy, food irradiation and industrial radiation processing). Reference systems, such as ferrous sulfate dosimeters measured by spectrophotometry and alanine measured by electron spin resonance spectrometry are already well established. Another useful reference system for high doses is supplied as dichromate solutions measured by spectrophotometry. Reference dosimetry, particularly for electron beams, can be accomplished with thin alanine or radiochromic dye film dosimeters.
Vasculitis and CD 19 plasma cells: Is it a reactive process or a plasma cell dyscrasia?

Abstract Rationale A 64 year-old WM presenting with fever, vasculitic rash and SOB was diagnosed with Chlamydia pneumoniae, cryoglobulinemia, polyclonal gammapathy and an abnormal plasma cell phenotype. Methods SPEP and IFE revealed polyclonal gammapathy. We analyzed bone marrow histology with flow cytometry of peripheral blood and bone marrow and obtained a skin biopsy for histology and immunofluorescence. Results SPEP and IFE revealed polyclonal gammapathy. Bone marrow histology demonstrated increased plasma cells with lymphoplasmacytoid morphology more like that of lymphocytes than plasma cells and occasional binucleated plasma cells. Peripheral blood flow cytometry demonstrated a heteogenous population of mature B and plasmacytoid-like cells, appearing polyclonal. There was a population of polyclonal large cells expressing B cell and plasmacytoid cell markers, expressing CD 19 but not 20, composing 6% of WBC population. Bone marrow flow revealed similar findings. Chromosome analysis demonstrated no clonal abnormalities. Skin biopsy revealed vasculitis with perivascular lymphocytes and plasma cells around small blood vessels consistent with cryoglobulinemia. IgG, IgM and IgE were significantly elevated with elevated titers to C. pneumoniae. Qualitative cryoglobulins were positive. Imaging studies were significant for lung infiltrates, axillary and subcarinal lymph nodes, and soft tissue within the AP window. Conclusions The patient had findings usually associated with a monoclonal process but his abnormal plasma cell phenotype showed no evidence for clonality. The patient initially responded to prednisone but worsened as the drug was tapered. His rash and cryoglobulinemia resolved with hydroxychloroquine, suggesting a reactive process to infection. This phenotype, however, raises questions about abnormalities in regulation of plasma cell differentiation.
Rank and Order: Evaluating the Performance of SNPs for Individual Assignment in a Non-Model Organism

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are valuable tools for ecological and evolutionary studies. In non-model species, the use of SNPs has been limited by the number of markers available. However, new technologies and decreasing technology costs have facilitated the discovery of a constantly increasing number of SNPs. With hundreds or thousands of SNPs potentially available, there is interest in comparing and developing methods for evaluating SNPs to create panels of high-throughput assays that are customized for performance, research questions, and resources. Here we use five different methods to rank 43 new SNPs and 71 previously published SNPs for sockeye salmon: F(ST), informativeness (I(n)), average contribution to principal components (LC), and the locus-ranking programs BELS and WHICHLOCI. We then tested the performance of these different ranking methods by creating 48- and 96-SNP panels of the top-ranked loci for each method and used empirical and simulated data to obtain the probability of assigning individuals to the correct population using each panel. All 96-SNP panels performed similarly and better than the 48-SNP panels except for the 96-SNP BELS panel. Among the 48-SNP panels, panels created from F(ST), I(n), and LC ranks performed better than panels formed using the top-ranked loci from the programs BELS and WHICHLOCI. The application of ranking methods to optimize panel performance will become more important as more high-throughput assays become available.
Interacting with Uncertainty

This paper considers issues related to the design of a system which can aid the operator in their interaction with the uncertain real world. This takes several complimentary approaches. The first is to reduce discrepancies between the master station's initial, imprecise, model of the slave site and the real remote world. This may be achieved by utilizing information received from the slave manipulator's kinesthetic interaction with the environment. The second is to make the operator aware of uncertainty by using color clues in the graphical user interface to provide an indication of uncertainty--this should allow an operator to compromise between speed and accuracy. The final approach is to reduce uncertainty in the position of the master arm by actively guiding it along one, or more, degrees of freedom such that it conforms to pre-defined and task-dependent geometric primitives.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Protein and nucleic acid synthesis in rat mammary glands during early lactation.

A study of the effects of hypophysectomy and various hormone replacement therapies upon rates of DNA, RNA, casein and cytoplasmic protein synthesis and enzyme activities in rat mammary glands was undertaken in an attempt to gain information regarding the effects of prolactin and cortisol upon cell proliferation and development in early lactation. Two types of enzymatic responses were observed. One type of response, characteristic of most of the enzymes studied, appeared to be closely related to gland growth and cell proliferation in that activity per mg of DNA remained constant in all hormone treatment groups. A second type of response was observed in which the activity of glucose-6-P dehydrogenase per mg DNA was increased markedly by treatment with a combination of prolactin and cortisol, indicating that the 2 hormones acted together to cause a specific increase in the activity of this enzyme. A higher relative rate of DNA synthesis in hypophysectomized rats treated with prolactin than in those not treat...
Tools for managing financial-stability risks from capital inflows ☆

Abstract We examine whether macroprudential policies and capital controls can enhance financial stability in the face of the risks typically associated with large capital inflows. We construct new indices of foreign currency (FX)-related prudential measures, domestic prudential measures, and financial-sector specific capital controls for 51 emerging market economies over the period 1995–2008. Our results indicate that both capital controls and FX-related prudential measures are associated with a lower proportion of FX lending in total domestic bank credit, and with a lower proportion of portfolio debt in total external liabilities. Other prudential policies appear to help restrain the intensity of aggregate credit booms. Experience from the global financial crisis suggests that prudential and capital control policies in place during the boom enhanced economic resilience during the bust.
Generation of Continuous-Wave UV, Visible, and Near-IR Waves in a Whispering-Gallery Resonator

We experimentally demonstrate generation of continuous-wave UV, visible, and near-IR waves in a periodically-poled lithium niobate whispering-gallery resonator pumped with a telecommunication-compatible IR source, at a record-low pump power of 200mW.
Specificity of transinhibition of amino acid transport in neurospora.

Abstract Amino acid transport systems I and III in Neurospora are inhibited by amino acids in the intracellular pool (transinhibition). The transinhibition is system specific. The ability of an amino acid to transinhibit a transport system is highly correlated with its affinity for the system. The significance of the system specificity of transinhibition is discussed.
Unsupervised segmentation of natural images via lossy data compression

In this paper, we cast natural-image segmentation as a problem of clustering texture features as multivariate mixed data. We model the distribution of the texture features using a mixture of Gaussian distributions. Unlike most existing clustering methods, we allow the mixture components to be degenerate or nearly-degenerate. We contend that this assumption is particularly important for mid-level image segmentation, where degeneracy is typically introduced by using a common feature representation for different textures in an image. We show that such a mixture distribution can be effectively segmented by a simple agglomerative clustering algorithm derived from a lossy data compression approach. Using either 2D texture filter banks or simple fixed-size windows to obtain texture features, the algorithm effectively segments an image by minimizing the overall coding length of the feature vectors. We conduct comprehensive experiments to measure the performance of the algorithm in terms of visual evaluation and a variety of quantitative indices for image segmentation. The algorithm compares favorably against other well-known image-segmentation methods on the Berkeley image database.
EARLY RESULTS FROM THE HIGH-RESOLUTION FLY's EYE

The High-Resolution Fly's Eye cosmic ray observatory has been operating in monocular (stereo) mode for about three years (one year), during which time we have observed extensive airshowers with an integrated aperture of ~ 1500 km2-sr-yr (~ 400 km-sr-yr) at 5×1019 eV. We describe the HiRes experiment and the nitrogen fluorescence technique, and present data taken in both monocular and stereo modes including preliminary energy spectra.
Random-phase approximation for transport cross sections

Abstract The random-phase approximation is tested for the first two transport cross sections with several potential functions. Fairly good results are obtained, and the approximation is recommended for exploratory calculations, since it requires very little computational effort.
“The Body Gives Way, Things Happen”: Older women describe breast cancer with a non-supportive intimate partner

Abstract Purpose Many women identify their intimate partner as important source of support during cancer diagnosis and recovery, but little is known about how women deal with breast cancer while in a relationship self-described as difficult. The purpose of this article is to describe the aging-related experiences of older women who were diagnosed with breast cancer while in a non-supportive, difficult intimate relationship. Method Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with a convenience sample of 16 women aged 55–84 years (mean 68.1 years) in community settings in the mid-Atlantic United States. Data were analyzed using hermeneutic phenomenological analysis. Results Participants self-identified as being in a difficult intimate relationship (relationship length range: 1 year- 60 years, mean 35.6 years). Reasons for relationship difficulty ranged from intimate partner abuse to terminal illness. The findings included the themes: "At my Age": participants reflect on aging and breast cancer; breast cancer, sexuality, and aging; and silence. Conclusions Issues related to aging such as changes in sexual relationships, comorbidities, and partner illness complicated the women's breast cancer experience. Despite relationship difficulties, these women coped effectively with breast cancer in various ways. Study findings will increase awareness about the unique, complex needs of older women facing breast cancer with non-supportive intimate partners. Nurses should assess older breast cancer patients keeping in mind physical functioning, comorbidities, social support network, and quality of intimate partner support.
Herpes T virus plaque assay studies.

A plaque assay system for the study of Herpes T virus in various host cells was examined. Squirrel monkey kidney cells were found to be the most sensitive for plaque assay. The difficulty of obtaining kidney cultures without indigenous viral agents hampered the utilization of this tissue for routine purposes and favored the use of rabbit kidney cells. The optimum temperature for viral adsorption and plaque development was found to be 37°C. There was total absence of plaque development at 25° C. Addition of agar to the infected cultures without washing the monolayers prevented diffusion of virus through the agar, indicating the need for washing cell cultures when used for viral cloning procedures. Plaque yield was influenced by the time of adsorption. Maximum plaque development resulted when the adsorption time was extended to 3 hours. The influence of the inoculum size on plaque titer was paradoxical: the smaller the inoculum size (0.05 ml) the higher the plaque yield. The plating efficiency of Herpes T virus was observed by a linear relationship between virus concentration and plaque numbers. The reproducibility of replicate plaque assay and the ease with which Herpes T plaques developed in most cell cultures studied made this a reliable technique for quantitation purposes.
Salinity, temperature, and growth regulator effects on seed germination of Salicornia europaea L.

Abstract Temperature optima for Salicornia europaea L. seed germination at different salinities were investigated. Maximum germination occurred in distilled water at 25°C. Lowest germination percentages for all salinities were at 10°C. Even though S. europaea is the most salt tolerant of the species growing on the salt pan in which it occurs, an increase in salinity stress proved to be inhibitory to seed germination for all temperature regimes investigated. Treatments with 1 × 10 −3 M gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) stimulated germination in salinities with up to 5.0% NaCl concentrations; germination increased from 5.0% in the control to 42.0% in the growth regulator treatment. Kinetin did not stimulate germination of S. europaea seeds.
Vibrational frequencies via total-energy calculations. Applications to transition metals

The important longitudinal ($\frac{2}{3},\frac{2}{3},\frac{2}{3}$) vibrational modes in Mo, Nb, and bcc Zr as well as the $H$- point modes in Mo and Nb have been studied using the frozen-phonon approach. These entirely first-principles calculations involve the precise evaluation of the total crystalline energy as a function of lattice displacement and yield calculated phonon frequencies to within a few percent of the experimental values. Anharmonic terms are readily obtained and are found to be very important for causing the tendency toward the $\ensuremath{\omega}$-phase instability in bcc Zr. The charge densities and single-particle energies obtained in the course of the calculations allow a detailed analysis of the electronic response to lattice distortions and the mechanisms causing phonon anomalies. The calculations also provide first-principles benchmarks at a few wave vectors where the validity of phenomenological models can be tested or their parameters determined.
Exploring the role of host-tumor interactions in tumor growth and regression

In the last 35 years the characterization of tumor growth using Gompertizian models has led to new understandings of the spread of tumor cells, and enabled researchers to develop novel therapeutic strategies to eradicate disease in some cases [2, 34, 37, 44]. A long standing assertion is that the Gompertizian framework doesn’t allow characterizations of complex biological and clinical phenomena such as tumor regression and dormancy [42]. We propose a generalized Gompertzian system of delay-differential equations, to study host-tumor interaction effects in the absence of external therapy. Our model is a parsimonious extension of the Norton, et al [34] model: N(t) denotes tumor volume, G(t) represents host-tumor interactions, N ′ (t) = K1N(t)G(t) and G ′ (t) = K2G(t �), and � � 0 represents time of response of the host to the presence of tumor cells. The first step is to set G(t) = exp(�t) and study � = K2 exp(��). Setting � = �(�)+i�(�), we derive ODE’s satisfied by �(�), �(�), and prove existence and qualitative properties of infinitely many branches of solutions. Thus, G(t) = P j∈I1 cj exp(�j(�)t)cos(�j(�)t) + P k∈I2 dk exp(�k(�)t)sin(�k(�)t), where exp(�j(�)t)cos(�j(�)t), exp(�k(�)t)sin(�k(�)t) are eigenfunctions. Substituting G(t) into the N(t) ODE, we (I) identify an “optimal immunological response” range � > 0 where host-tumor interactions can cause a tumor to remain dormant, or regress from growth state into dormancy, (II) replicate observed tumor growth in mammograms of 32 breast cancer patients.
The status and future of methane destruction projects in Mexico

Of the Clean Development Mechanism projects that exist in Mexico, methane destruction from hog farms dominates the landscape with 56% of the projects developed and 49% of the certified emission reductions that will be generated within the country by 2012. These biodigesters, however, have experienced many technical difficulties that place their future viability and continued development in question. Because of these challenges, future methane capture in the country may focus around other agro industries or landfills.
Melvin Moss’ function matrix theory—Revisited

Abstract The functional matrix theory was first introduced in the orthodontic literature by Melvin Moss half century ago. Since its original introduction, several attempts have been made to test the validity of this theory with mixed results. In this paper, we present evidence generated using transgenic mice to test the role of neuronal function in craniofacial development. Our data confirmed previous observations that midface retrusion accompanied neuronal dysfunction in the HexB −/− mouse model of Sandhoff disease. Importantly, restoration of neuronal function after targeted expression of a therapeutic gene selectively in the neurons of HexB −/− mice resulted in normalization of midface development in this mouse model. Histological analysis of the cranial base revealed that abnormal development of the synchondroses underlies the attendant midface retrusion in this model: Neuronal dysfunction led to the absence of hypertrophic chondrocytes in the synchondroses, whereas restoration of neuronal function resulted in normalization of the cranial base development. Taken together, our studies suggest that neuronal function is critical for normal midface development, underscoring the importance of the functional matrix theory as originally proposed by Melvin Moss.
Divergent Interpretations of Communism and Currents of Duplicity in Post-Cold War Sarawak

■ According to the literature on the history of communism in Sarawak, Malaysia, it was the concerted effort of the government in educating the public of the danger within the state that led to the demise of the communist movements. In this article, I argue that the prevailing ideology of the progress of democracy against the evil of communism, on which a large portion of the scholarship on communism in Sarawak is based, needs to be re-examined. Moreover, even though there were several communist organizations in Sarawak, the competition and conflicts between them seemed to be de-emphasized by this literature. Working with former guerrillas from two communist organizations that had a history that was anything but amicable, this article offers divergent representations of episodes of communist activities in Sarawak. The article is also concerned with how the anthropologist's working relations with these two groups of former guerrillas affected the interpretations of their representations of communism in Sarawak.
Erectile dysfunction: A sentinel marker for cardiovascular disease in primary care

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common, age-related disorder that diminishes quality of life for affected men and their partners. While most ED is now recognized as organic in origin, both organic and psychogenic causes often conspire to reduce sexual function in men with ED. Vasculopathy has come to be recognized as the most common cause of ED, which has elevated ED's importance in the primary care setting as a sentinel to underlying cardiovascular disease. Identification of cardiovascular risk factors should be a routine part of the evaluation for ED and is as important as taking the patient's sexual, medication, and psychosocial histories. Involving the patient's partner in evaluation and management is often valuable. Treatment with phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors is effective in restoring sexual function for most men with ED, but patients and their partners should be encouraged to make an informed choice from among all available treatment options.
Urbanization and riparian forest woody communities: Diversity, composition, and structure within a metropolitan landscape

Understanding how urban land-use structure contributes to the abundance and diversity of riparian woody species can inform management and conservation efforts. Yet, previous studies have focused on broad-scale (e.g., urban to exurban) land-use types and have not examined more local-scale changes in land use (e.g., the variation within “urban”), which could be important in urban areas. In this paper we examine how local-scale characteristics or fine-scale urban heterogeneity affect(s) the diversity, composition, and structure of temperate woody riparian vegetation communities in the highly urbanized area of Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. We use an information-theoretic approach to compare vegetation models and canonical correspondence analyses to compare species responses to urban variables. We found that urban riparian areas can harbor a high diversity of native canopy and shrub species (38 and 41, respectively); however, native and exotic woody plant species responded differently to urbanization. Exotic canopy species increased with the level of urbanization while native canopy and understory species declined. Understory species diversity displayed a greater response to urbanization than did canopy diversity, suggesting temporal lags in canopy response to disturbances associated with present and recent land-use changes. Certain native and exotic woody species represent ecological indicators of different levels of urbanization. Native species characteristic of pre-European settlement conditions were restricted to the wide riparian forests with little urban encroachment. Several native early-successional species appear tolerant to urbanization. Two exotic species, the tree Ailanthus altissima and the shrub Lonicera maackii, were the most abundant and ubiquitous woody species and appear to exploit urban disturbances. These exotic species invasions have the potential to modify forest composition and ecological function of urban riparian systems. In addition, altered hydrology may be a contributing factor as canopy and understory stem density of high-moisture-requiring species decreased with an increase in impervious surface and grass cover and with proximity to roads and railroads. In the face of urbanization, maintaining wide riparian forests and limiting building, road and railroad development within these areas may help reduce the invasion of exotic species and benefit hydrological function in temperate riparian areas.
Gastric afferents project to the aldosterone-sensitive HSD2 neurons of the NTS.

The HSD2 (11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-type 2 enzyme) containing neurons of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) become activated during low-sodium and high-aldosterone states such as hypovolemia. This response may be due to hormonal and/or neural signals. Hormonal signals may activate neurons in the area postrema that innervate the HSD2 neurons. The vagus nerve projects directly to the HSD2 neurons and this could be another route whereby these neurons receive information about systemic sodium/aldosterone status. The peripheral sites of origin that contribute to this vagal projection remain unknown, and in the present study, we injected the transganglionic tracer, cholera toxin β-subunit-horseradish peroxidase (CTb-HRP), into wall of various gastrointestinal organs (stomach, small and large intestine) or liver of rats. Confocal microscopy of brainstem sections stained by a double immunohistochemical procedure was used to analyze whether the HSD2 neurons received axonal contacts from specific gastrointestinal structures. The major source of afferents arose from the stomach, mainly from its pyloric antrum, but a weaker input originated from the fundus region. A trace amount originated from the duodenum. The terminal part of the small intestine and large intestine did not to contribute to this projection. Similarly, no afferent inputs from the liver or portal vein were found. In conclusion, HSD2 neurons receive an input mainly from the stomach and these results are considered as potential sites affecting sodium intake.
An Evaluation of Marine Scientific Research Policy within the Exclusive Economic Zone

Since the US did not sign the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, the US marine research policy within our Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) was initiated by the Reagan Proclamation. The Reagan Proclamation does claim a less restrictive regime than the LOS Convention, but the Proclamation does not encourage other coastal States to adopt a similar approach. The US supports freedom of marine scientific research. Yet the US exerts Jurisdiction over research on the shelf because of the Truman Proclamation. To improve the United States demonstrative position, the US must pass EEZ and shelf legislation in marine scientific research.
Assessment, Accreditation, and Accountability: Using the A-List to Promote Kinesiology Programs in Higher Education.

Higher education institutions and their departments are facing increased demands to document the effectiveness and efficiency of their academic programs, research, and engagement. These demands arise from the various constituents who have vested but not always “compatible” interest in the quality of the work and outcomes of these institutions. The resulting effect has been reliance on the use of assessment, accreditation, and accountability to address the expectations from these various groups. This paper provides an overview of the sources of those demands, the distinct but overlapping nature of assessment, accreditation, and accountability, and provides a model to integrate these processes to promote the academic programs in kinesiology.
Physical Properties of Metallic Antiferromagnetic CaCo1.86As2 Single Crystals

X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), magnetic susceptibility $\ensuremath{\chi}$, isothermal magnetization $M$, heat capacity ${C}_{\mathrm{p}}$, and in-plane electrical resistivity $\ensuremath{\rho}$ measurements as a function of temperature $T$ and magnetic field $H$ are presented for ${\mathrm{CaCo}}_{1.86}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ single crystals. The electronic structure is probed by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) measurements of ${\mathrm{CaCo}}_{1.86}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ and by full-potential linearized augmented-plane-wave calculations for the supercell ${\mathrm{Ca}}_{8}{\mathrm{Co}}_{15}{\mathrm{As}}_{16}$ (${\mathrm{CaCo}}_{1.88}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$). Our XRD crystal structure refinement is consistent with the previous combined refinement of x-ray and neutron powder diffraction data showing a collapsed-tetragonal ${\mathrm{ThCr}}_{2}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$-type structure with 7(1)% vacancies on the Co sites corresponding to the composition ${\mathrm{CaCo}}_{1.86}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ [D. G. Quirinale et al., Phys. Rev. B 88, 174420 (2013)]. The anisotropic $\ensuremath{\chi}(T)$ data are consistent with the magnetic neutron diffraction data of Quirianale et al. that demonstrate the presence of A-type collinear antiferromagnetic order below the N\'eel temperature ${T}_{\mathrm{N}}=52$(1) K with the easy axis being the tetragonal $c$ axis. However, no clear evidence from the $\ensuremath{\rho}(T)$ and ${C}_{\mathrm{p}}(T)$ data for a magnetic transition at ${T}_{\mathrm{N}}$ is observed. A metallic ground state is demonstrated from the band calculations and the $\ensuremath{\rho}(T)$, ${C}_{\mathrm{p}}(T)$, and ARPES data, and spin-polarized calculations indicate a competition between the A-type AFM and FM ground states. The ${C}_{\mathrm{p}}(T)$ data exhibit a large Sommerfield electronic coefficient reflecting a large density of states at the Fermi energy $\mathcal{D}({E}_{\mathrm{F}})$ that is enhanced compared with the band structure calculation where the bare $\mathcal{D}({E}_{\mathrm{F}})$ arises from Co $3d$ bands. At 1.8 K, the $M(H)$ data for $H\ensuremath{\parallel}c$ exhibit a well-defined first-order spin-flop transition at an applied field of 3.5 T. The small ordered moment of $\ensuremath{\approx}$$0.3{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{B}}$/Co obtained from the $M(H)$ data at low $T$, the large exchange enhancement of $\ensuremath{\chi}$ and the lack of a self-consistent interpretation of the $\ensuremath{\chi}(T)$ and $M(H,T)$ data in terms of a local moment Heisenberg model together indicate that the magnetism of ${\mathrm{CaCo}}_{1.86}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ is itinerant.
Synthetic Studies on the Bryostatins: Synthetic Routes to Analogues Containing the Tricyclic Macrolactone Core

Synthesis of the first of a projected series of bryostatin analogues has been accomplished in 26 steps and 2.2% overall yield. In this letter, we detail two approaches to the structural core of these tricyclic macrolactone bryostatin analogues. The key features of the route include BITIP-catalyzed asymmetric allylation reactions and Mukaiyama aldol reactions, a chelation-controlled allylation, pyran annulation reactions, and macrolactonization.
ASL syllables and prosodic constraints

Abstract This paper explores the composition of ASL signs and identifies constraints on syllabic well-formedness. The data presented show that signs require dynamic components that are realized as a sequenced articulation of a structural parameter. While signs require at least one dynamic component, signs may have multiple dynamic components. Considerations of these forms motivate a distinction between monosyllabic and disyllabic signs. Careful examinations of signs with multiple dynamic components reveal systematic lexical gaps. I argue that these gaps reflect structural constraints regarding possible syllabic nuclei in ASL. Previous sonority based accounts have failed to capture these restrictions. Formalization of the constraint requires recognition of an ASL syllable with internal constituency. A prosodic account is proposed in which only a limited set of moraic sign elements serve as the nucleus of a sign syllable. The acknowledgment of a prosodic level of representation that is separate from the melody permits a classification of permissible nuclei expressed over different sign parameters.
The nature of labor pain

A somewhat paradoxic aspect of childbirth is the association of this physiologic process with acute pain. The experience of pain during labor is the result of complex processing of multiple physiologic and psychosocial factors on a woman's individual interpretation of nociceptive labor stimuli. The nature of labor pain, particularly its physiologic and psychologic influences, is reviewed in the context of a multidimensional framework of the pain experience and an understanding of the origin of labor pain stimuli, of potential adverse effects of the pain response, and of the concepts of suffering and comfort.
Formation of the high-affinity agonist state of the α1-adrenergic receptor at cold temperatures does not require a G-protein

Two methods were employed to uncouple hepatic alpha 1-adrenergic receptors from their associated G-protein (termed Gp) in order to determine whether locking of the alpha 1-receptor in a high-affinity agonist state at cold temperatures (2 degrees C) represents formation of a ternary complex. Uncoupling is defined as the inability to observe the GppNHp-sensitive, high-affinity agonist state of the receptor in [3H]prazosin competition binding studies performed at 25 degrees C. The first method for achieving uncoupling involved brief alkalinization and resulted in greater than 95% loss of several G-proteins. The second method involved proteolytic cleavage of either part or all of the alpha 1-receptor coupling domain from the binding domain. Following either treatment, receptors were converted to the high-affinity agonist state at 2 degrees C. Thus, while formation of the high-affinity state of the receptor at higher temperatures may require Gp, formation of this state at 2 degrees C does not require Gp or even the entire alpha 1-adrenergic receptor.
Probing Confined Water with Nonphotochemical Hole Burning Spectroscopy: Aluminum Phthalocyanine Tetrasulfonate in Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)†

Nonphotochemical hole burning is used to measure the linear electron-phonon coupling, the temperature dependence of the pure dephasing, and the zero-phonon hole growth kinetics of aluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate (APT) in glassy water confined in pores (∼30 A) of films of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (poly-HEMA). The hole burning properties of APT in the polymer are compared with those of APT in hyperquenched glassy films of water and ethanol. Below ∼8 K in the polymer, the dephasing, which is dominated by coupling to the intrinsic two-level systems (TLS i n t ) of the glass, is found to be more similar to that of APT in unannealed hyperquenched glassy water (HGW) films than in annealed HGW films. This shows, for the first time, that confinement does not lead to a significant decrease in the TLS i n t density. At higher temperatures, dephasing due to exchange coupling with a pseudolocalized mode at 42 cm - 1 becomes dominant. This coupling is due to diagonal quadratic electron-phonon coupling that leads to a change in mode energy upon electronic excitation of APT. The 42 cm - 1 vibration is assigned to the transverse acoustic mode of confined water. In HGW the energy of this mode is 50 cm - 1 . The interaction of APT with surface-bound water and the polymer surface also leads to reduction of the energy of the linearly coupled (Franck-Condon active) phonon mode from 38 cm - 1 for HGW to 32 cm - 1 . Hole growth kinetics measurements for APT in polymer saturated with D 2 O are compared with those in polymer saturated with H 2 O. In the heavy water the hole burning is 330 times slower. The equivalent factor for heavy HGW is 800. Thus, the mechanism of hole burning involves proton tunneling associated with the extrinsic two-level systems (TLS e x t ) introduced by the dye. In contrast, dephasing data indicate that the coordinate of the TLS i n t is spatially extended and involves only small-amplitude motion of protons. Differences between the hole-burning properties of APT in poly-HEMA and in HGW and hyperquenched ethanol are discussed in terms of the interactions of APT with bound (nonfreezable) water and the hydroxyethyl groups of the polymer.
FDA regulations provide broader access to unapproved drugs.

On june 22, 1987 regulations issued by the Food and Drug Administration in the United States codified procedures for the treatment use and sale of investigational new drugs outside of the clinical trial setting
Neutron scattering of lanthanide materials

A selected review of recent neutron scattering results on lanthanide materials is presented. Topics covered include the magnetic structures of the elemental metals, magnetic superlattices, enhanced nuclear magnetism, magnetic excitations and critical scattering.
Disassembly of multiple product structures

In this paper, we address the problem of scheduling the disassembly of discrete parts products characterized by well-defined product structures. We allow for the existence of multiple product structures as well as the existence of common parts and/or materials which make the problem very complex. To this end, we present two companion algorithms which can be applied to obtain a disassembling scheme for such problems. Specifically, the algorithms determine the quantity and operations schedule of disassembly for all product structures (including the ordering of the roots and the disassembly schedule for the roots and the subassemblies) in order to fulfil the demand for the various parts. An example is presented to illustrate the use of the algorithms.
Production of latent transforming growth factor-beta and other inhibitory factors by cultured murine iris and ciliary body cells.

Aqueous humor contains transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and other inhibitory factors for cellular proliferation. In the present study we investigated the possibility that these factors are produced locally by cells found within the iris and ciliary body. Iris and ciliary body (I/C-B) cells or whole tissue explants from C57BL/6 mice produced soluble factors which inhibited both murine thymocyte and mink lung epithelial cell proliferation. Indomethacin partially blocked inhibition of thymocyte proliferation, but did not affect inhibition of Mv1 Lu proliferation. The inhibitory activity of culture supernatants was not blocked by neutralizing antibodies to TGF-β1 or TGF-β2. However, following acid activation of culture supernatants from both I/CB and corneal tissue, increased inhibitory activity consistent with activation of latent TGB-β was detected. Antibody neutralization experiments demonstrated that this increase in activity was due primarily to TGF-β2 for I/CB tissue. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)...
Viral nucleic acid stabilization by RNA extraction reagent

In the collection of field materials to test for the presence of arboviruses, samples must be appropriately maintained to detect arboviral nucleic acids. In austere field conditions this is often difficult to achieve because, during routine specimen processing, storage, and shipping viral RNA degradation could result in detection failure. RNA extraction reagents, while used commonly for their intended purpose of stabilizing RNA during the extraction process, have not been assessed fully for their potential to stabilize RNA before extraction. The potential for virus stabilization at varying temperatures and periods of time remains unknown. Accordingly, the ability of buffer AVL (Qiagen, Valencia, CA), an RNA extraction reagent, to stabilize viral suspensions of dengue, Venezuelan equine encephalitis and Rift Valley fever viruses was evaluated. The ability of buffer AVL to stabilize each viral suspension was examined at 32, 20, 4, and -20 degrees C. RNA in samples placed in buffer AVL was stable for at least 48h at 32 degrees C and refrigerating samples prolonged stabilization. Additionally, placing the sample/buffer AVL mixture at either 4 or -20 degrees C stabilized samples for at least 35 days. When combined with the ability of buffer AVL to inactivate viral samples, this provides the ability to collect and handle potentially infectious samples in a safe way that also provides sample stabilization.
Extravascular fluid dynamics of the embryonic chick wing bud.

While a number of models of positional information in the chick wing bud have involved the diffusion of morphogens to establish chemical gradients of morphogenetic activity, only recently have there been attempts to characterize the milieu in which such diffusion must take place. We report an analysis of the fluid dynamics of the extravascular (interstitial) spaces of stage 22–25 chick wing buds, into which aqueous aniline blue dye was microinjected as a visible, unreactive tracer. Six sites along the antero-posterior (A-P) and proximo-distal (P-D) axes were chosen for study. Injections of dye into the posterior half of the wing bud exhibited marked directionality of extravascular transport (mean of all posterior sites = 68%), while anterior injections showed little or no directionality (mean of all anterior sites = 13%). All instances of directed dye movement were disto-proximal, the same direction as the blood flow through the marginal veins. In embryos gassed in situ with CO2, which reversibly stopped the heartbeat and vascular flow, directionality was abolished, yet diffusion rates were unaffected. Posterior disto-proximal extravascular dye movement was correlated with the greater diameter, flow velocity, and volume flow rate of the posterior marginal vein, compared to the anterior marginal vein. Radial diffusion rates were measured, and posterior disto-proximal rates were corrected for measured disto-proximal directionality by the use of a simple diffusion-translation model. Three-way analysis of variance showed that directionality-uncorrected disto-proximal rates in posterior sites were not significantly different from anterior radial rates, but that directionality-corrected posterior rates did differ significantly (P < 0.0001). A significant stage effect (P < 0.005) and a significant interaction between the A-P axis and stage (P < 0.05) were also found. We hypothesize that the spatial arrangement and flow patterns of the vasculature physically determine the fluid dynamics of the interstitium. Based on these observations, we also suggest that disto-proximal extravascular fluid movement in the posterior wing bud presents a barrier to the free diffusion of aqueous molecules, including morphogens originating in the “zone of polarizing activity.”
On the Sensible Application of Familywise Alpha Adjustment

This essay responds to Daniel O'Keefe's “Against Familywise Alpha Adjustment.” Whereas O'Keefe maintains that one should never attempt to control Type I error introduced when many statistical tests are conducted, this essay argues that alpha adjustment should be applied only in the narrowly circumscribed instance when the researcher wants to make a strong claim that there is no Type I error in a specific collection of tests.
Beyond nature and nurture: The influence of lay gender theories on self-stereotyping

Although the nature versus nurture debate about gender differences has persisted for decades, few studies have examined the implications of individuals' nature versus nurture beliefs. In the present research, we examined how women's beliefs that gender is biologically determined or socially constructed affected their self-stereotyping tendency. Specifically, we hypothesized that holding a biological gender theory would orient women to view possessing gender stereotypical characteristics as inevitable, and thus would be linked to stronger gender self-stereotyping (even for negative feminine traits) than would a social gender theory. In two studies, using both correlational and experimental designs, we found as predicted that the biological gender theory was linked to stronger gender self-stereotyping tendency (as reflected by greater endorsements of negative feminine traits and slower reaction time in denying stereotypic feminine traits). Moreover, this relationship holds even when the participants' sexist...
Recent Trends in Therapy of Cerebral Vascular Disease

The various measures available for the therapy of a patient with a stroke have been discussed. The value of vigorous conservative therapy has been emphasized. The role of anticoagulant drugs has been detailed. This mode of therapy seems most efficacious in treatment of recurrent transient ischemic attacks and the slowly progressive stroke. The value of anticoagulants in the acute phase of cerebral thrombosis and in long-term postinfarction therapy is not clear as yet. The role of anticoagulant drugs in treatment of cerebral embolism seems well established. It may be wise to delay institution of these drugs for 24 to 36 hours after the acute stroke. Surgical procedures give promise of value in certain well-defined syndromes. The patient with cerebral hemorrhage remains a formidable therapeutic problem.