cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT EVALUATION; DEVELOPMENTS IN JAPAN

The reseach, technology and development (RTD) evaluation in terms of science and technology policy has come to be important in stimulating research activities and in continuously keeping the vitality and the higher quality of research in RTD institutions. There are two criteria on the RTD evaluation, i.e, in-house evaluation from the stand point of RTD management and independent macroscopic evaluation for the decision making of companies and/or policy making for science and technology policy.
Interannual Fluctuations of the Tropical Pacific Wind Field and the Southern Oscillation

Abstract Linear regression analysis of tropical Pacific winds versus a Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) show departures from the seasonal mean wind associated with the phase of SOI. When the SOI is low the largest departures are westerlies on the equator and in the subtropics west of the dateline. The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) shift equatorward. Departures from mean wind are strongest from September through February and weakest from March to May. The usual pattern of cyclonic wind stress curl in the tropics and anticyclonic wind stress curl in the subtropics intensifies when the SOI is low. Effects of these changes on ocean circulation are discussed and compared to changes in ocean circulation data.
High performance liquid chromatographic determination of n-butyl glycidyl ether

Abstract A novel high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) technique for the determination of n-butyl glycidyl ether (n-BGE) at concentrations down to 1 ppb (1 μg/liter) has been developed. This HPLC procedure is simple, highly sensitive, and rapid within the limits described.
Fasting and nonfasting blood ethanol concentrations following repeated oral administration of ethanol to one adult male subject

Whole capillary blood ethanol concentrations following the oral administration of a 30-ml dose of absolute alcohol (0.32 g/kg absolute alcohol) and 45-ml doses of 95% alcohol (0.45 g/kg absolute alcohol) under varying test meal conditions to an adult male volunteer were measured. Ten different test conditions were two fasting (30 ml and 45 ml), three liquid test meals (45 ml), and five solid test meals (45 ml). The terminal concentration-time data were simultaneously fitted to a modification of the integrated form of the Michaelis-Menten equation. The parametersV m andK m of the Michaelis-Menten equation obtained in this fitting were very close to the average values of these parameters following the constant-rate intravenous infusion of ethanol to six adult male volunteers in another study. The area under the concentration-time curves following the liquid and solid food test meals decreased with an increase in the size of the meal. The reduction in area caused by food was the result of two factors: (a) decrease in efficiency of absorption (average 55%) and (b) slowing of the absorption rate coupled with the operation of Michaelis-Menten elimination kinetics (average 45%).
General metabolism of the hexapod embryo with particular reference to lipids

Abstract The available information concerning the general metabolism of the insect embyo is presented, with particular emphasis on lipid metabolism. The energy utilizaton patterns are correlated with the different insect egg types and related to specific stages of morphogenesis. A summary comparing lipid metabolism in different insect orders during development is included.
International Impact of U.S. Domestic Farm Policy

It is an accepted fact that international markets have become an important driving force in the well-being of U.S. agriculture. Until the late 1960s commercial international markets were almost insignificant in many minds for U.S. agricultural products. Farm legislation was primarily inward looking, reflecting the perspective of the agricultural sector itself. Farm programs were responsive to a domestically oriented clientele that had little interest or cause for concern with international markets.
Finland's penal colonies: The forbearant model and community-based corrections

Abstract Community-based corrections is widely heralded as the proper basis for future penal administration. Penal colonies of Finland are employed in this paper to relate changes in society at large to innovation in corrections. The penal colonies were the indirect result of the postwar crisis in Finland and changes brought by industrialization and urbanization. Unprecedented opportunities for solving problems of conventional administration motivated officials to introduce penal colonies as a means of accomodating prisons to the new expectations being imposed on correctional work. The forbearant model is proposed as a hesitant and primitive reaction to pressures to bring corrections into conformity with the trends shaping society at large. This model is useful in analyses of the American movement toward community-based corrections.
Laminar Heat Transfer Over Blunt-Nosed Bodies at Hypersonic Flight Speeds

This paper deals wi th two l imit ing cases of laminar heat transfer over blunt-nosed bodies at hypersonic flight speeds, or high s tagnat ion temperatures: (a) thermodynamic equil ibrium, in which the chemical reaction rates are regarded as "very fas t" compared to the rates of diffusion across streamlines; (b) diffusion as rate-governing, in which the volume recombination rates within the boundary layer are "very s low" compared to diffusion across streamlines. In either case the gas density near the surface of a blunt-nosed body is m u c h higher than the density jus t outside the boundary layer, and the velocity and stagnation enthalpy profiles are m u c h less sensitive to pressure gradient than in the more familiar case of moderate temperature differences. In fact, in case (a), the nondimensionalized enthalpy gradient at the surface is represented very accurately by the "classical" zero pressure gradient value, and the surface heat-transfer rate distribution is obtained directly in terms of the surface pressure distribution. In order to i l lustrate the method , this solution is applied to the special cases of an unyawed hemisphere and an unyawed, b lunt cone capped by a spherical segment . In the opposite l imit ing case where diffusion is ratecontrolling the diffusion equation for each species is reduced to the same form as the low-speed energy equation, except that the Prandtl number is replaced by the Schmidt number . The simplifications introduced in case (a) are also applicable here, and the expression for surface heat transfer rate is similar; the maximum value of the ratio between the rate of heat transfer by diffusion alone and by heat conduction alone in the case of thermodynamic equil ibrium is given by: (Prandtl n o . / S c h m i d t no.)'. When the diffusion coefficient is es t imated by taking a reasonable value of a tom-molecule collision cross section this ratio is 1.30. Additional theoretical and (especially) experimental studies are clearly required before these s imple results are accepted.
Sources of welfare disparities between and within regions of Brazil: evidence from the 2002–2003 household budget survey (POF)

Brazil’s inequalities in welfare and poverty between and within regions can be accounted for by differences in household attributes and returns to those attributes. Using Oaxaca–Blinder decompositions at the mean as well as at different quantiles of welfare distributions on regionally representative household survey data [2002–2003 Pequisa de Orcamentos Familiares (POF)], this article finds that household attributes account for most of the welfare differences between urban and rural areas within regions. However, comparing the lagging Northeast region with the leading Southeast region, differences in the welfare gains of attributes are associated with a large part of the welfare disparities, in particular in metropolitan areas, supporting the presence of agglomeration effects in booming areas.
Glycan encapsulated gold nanoparticles selectively inhibit shiga toxins 1 and 2.

Shiga toxins (Stx) released by Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Shigella dysentriae cause life-threatening conditions that include hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), kidney failure, and neurological complications. Cellular entry is mediated by the B-subunit of the AB5 toxin, which recognizes cell surface glycolipids present in lipid raft-like structures. We developed gold glyconanoparticles that present a multivalent display similar to the cell surface glycolipids to compete for these toxins. These highly soluble glyconanoparticles were nontoxic to the Vero monkey kidney cell line and protected Vero cells from Stx-mediated toxicity in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibition is highly dependent on the structure and density of the glycans; selective inhibition of Stx1 and the more clinically relevant Stx2 was achieved. Interestingly, natural variants of Stx2, Stx2c, and Stx2d possessing minimal amino acid variation in the receptor binding site of the B-subunit or changes in the A-subunit were not neutralized by e...
Effects of cycloheximide and 5-fluorouracil on the synthesis of ribonucleic acid in yeast

Abstract A fractionation by means of phenol treatment at different temperatures revealed that in yeast in the presence of cycloheximide small amounts of ribosomal 28-S RNA are synthesized. Virtually no formation of ribosomal 18-S RNA occurs. In the presence of 5-fluorouracil both ribosomal RNA components are found to be made. A study of the methylation of RNA formed in the presence of cycloheximide and 5-fluorouracil confirmed these observations but suggested also that small amounts of ribosomal precursor RNA accumulate. A closer investigation of the fate of this precursor RNA synthesized in the presence of cycloheximide revealed that this RNA was utilized mainly for the formation of the ribosomal 18-S species, indicating a selective accumulation of a precursor RNA for this ribosomal RNA component by the antibiotic. The remainder of the RNA accumulating in the presence of the antibiotic is also converted into ribosomal RNA. 5-Fluorouracil was found to inhibit this latter conversion. The observations are discussed in view of current hypotheses with regard to the formation of ribosomal RNA.
OBSERVATION OF TRANSITIONLIKE BEHAVIOR AND A SLOW THERMAL RELAXATION PROCESS IN ICOSAHEDRAL QUASICRYSTALS

Thermal relaxation effects on AlPdRe icosahedral quasicrystal samples quenched from high temperature have been studied. A systematic and rapid increase in electrical resistivity versus annealing temperature is seen below 700\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} C, near which an abrupt change in reversibility behavior is also observed, while the samples retain the i-phase structure. Samples quenched from above 700 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C show relaxation time constants many orders of magnitude larger than those for metallic glasses. The unusual features observed are ascribed to the possibility of a structural transition in AlPdRe i alloys.
Shifts in Diversification Rate with the Origin of Angiosperms

The evolutionary success of flowering plants has been attributed to key innovations that originated at the base of that clade. Maximum likelihood methods were used to assess whether branching rate increases were correlated with the origin of these traits. Four hypotheses for the basal relationships of angiosperms were examined by methods that are robust to uncertainty about the timing of internal branch points. Recent hypotheses based on molecular evidence, or on a combination of molecular and morphological characters, imply that large increases in branching rate did not occur until after the putative key innovations of angiosperms had evolved.
Bionics: Biological insight into mechanical design

When pressed with an engineering problem, humans often draw guidance and inspiration from the natural world (1). Through the process of evolution, organisms have experimented with form and function for at least 3 billion years before the first human manipulations of stone, bone, and antler. Although we cannot know for sure the extent to which biological models inspired our early ancestors, more recent examples of biomimetic designs are well documented. For example, birds and bats played a central role in one of the more triumphant feats of human engineering, the construction of an airplane. In the 16th century, Leonardo da Vinci sketched designs for gliding and flapping machines based on his anatomical study of birds. More than 300 years later, Otto Lilienthal built and flew gliding machines that were also patterned after birds (2). Sadly, Lilienthal died in one of his own creations, in part because he failed to solve a difficult problem for which animals would eventually provide another critical insight: how to steer and maneuver. The wing warping mechanism that enabled Orville and Wilbur Wright to steer their airplane past the cameras and into the history books is said to have been inspired by watching buzzards soar near their Ohio home (3).
A Single Irrigation to Improve Early Maturing Soybean Yield and Quality

When irrigation sources are limited, deficit irrigation at selected growth stages may help avoid crop stress at critical times. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a single irrigation at different reproductive growth stages on yield and quality of early maturing (Maturity Group I) soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars. The experiment was conducted from 1991 through 1994 on a Parsons silt loam (fine, mixed, thermic Mollic Albaqualf). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with a split-plot arrangement of treatments. Irrigation scheme (application of 2.5 or 5 cm at R4, R5, or R6) as the main plot was factorially arranged within each replicate, and cultivar (Hodgson 78 and Weber 84) was the subplot treatment. Also included was a randomized nonirrigated check whole plot planted with both cultivars. Yields from a single irrigation at R4, R5, or R6 were similar, and averaged approximately 20% more than yield with no irrigation (1.72 Mg ha -1 ). Irrigation at R4 increased seeds plant -1 , whereas R5 and R6 irrigations increased weight per seed. Irrigation had minimal effect on seed protein and variable effect on oil content. Visual quality of harvested seed frequently scored poor and irrigation improved quality only in 1992 when maximum air temperatures were <35°C. A single irrigation at R5 in 1991 improved germination to nearly 60% compared with 30% with no irrigation. Germination averaged 81% in other years with no irrigation effects. These data show that a single irrigation at different reproductive growth stages can influence early maturing soybean yield and quality, but the improvements may be inadequate to justify the practice.
Quantitative mapping of oxidation-sensitive cysteine residues in SERCA in vivo and in vitro by HPLC-electrospray-tandem MS: selective protein oxidation during biological aging.

The selective reversible S-glutathiolation of specific SERCA (sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic-reticulum Ca2+-ATPase) cysteine residues represents a novel physiologic pathway of NO (nitric oxide)-dependent arterial smooth muscle relaxation [Adachi, Weisbrod, Pimentel, Ying, Sharov, Schoneich and Cohen (2004) Nat. Med. 10, 1200–1207]. This mechanism may be impaired through the irreversible oxidation of functionally important cysteine residues as a consequence of oxidative stress and aging. To establish whether in vivo aging and in vitro oxidation by peroxynitrite result in the loss of such functionally important cysteine residues of SERCA, we have developed and optimized a quantitative method to monitor the oxidation state of the individual SERCA cysteine residues using a maleimide-based fluorescence dye, TG1 (ThioGlo® 1), as a label for cysteine residues that have not been altered by oxidation and are not involved in disulphide bridges. A high efficiency for TG1 labelling of such residues and the chemical structure of cysteine–TG1 adducts were validated by MS analysis of model peptides, model proteins and rat skeletal muscle SERCA1. Tryptic peptides containing 18 out of a total of 24 cysteine residues were identified by HPLC–ESI (electrospray ionization)–MS/MS (tandem MS). Two cysteine residues, at positions 344 and 349, were detected in the form of an internal disulphide bridge, and another 16 were found to be labelled with TG1. Using HPLC–ESI–MS, we quantitatively mapped peroxynitrite oxidation of eight cysteine residues (positions 364, 417, 420, 498, 525, 674, 675 and 938), some of which are involved in the control of SERCA activity. Biological aging resulted in the partial modification of cysteine residues 377, 498, 525, 561, 614, 636, 674, 675, 774 and 938. Neither peroxynitrite exposure nor biological aging affected the apparent SERCA1 ATP affinity. Our data show an age-dependent loss of cysteine residues (approx. 2.8 mol of cysteine/mol of SERCA1), which may be partially responsible for the age-dependent decrease in the specific Ca2+-ATPase activity (by 40%).
THE TIME GUARANTEE IN ACTION: SOME TRENDS AND OPPORTUNITIES

This article describes an empirical investigation of a relatively new marketing concept, the Time Guarantee, as implemented by an automobile dealership. Results suggested: • Consumers regarded the Time Guarantee as a feature that could prompt them to differentiate sellers. • Consumers in a variety of demographic categories placed a high value on time. • Consumers viewed the Time Guarantee as a benefit which should be included in the price paid for the product.
Entropy and the prediction of consumer behavior

Consumers can be characterized as experiencing varying levels of entropy or disorder. Models of consumer behavior, such as the multiattribute attitude model, generally do not explain much variation in behavior for individuals experiencing high entropy. An entropy explanation about belief-behavior prediction will be offered, and will be shown to be parsimoniously related to individual's life span and social class.
Comparison of Dexmedetomidine Versus Propofol on Hospital Costs and Length of Stay.

Objective:The objective of this evaluation was to compare total hospital costs and length of stay of critically ill patients who received dexmedetomidine versus propofol for sedation in the intensive care unit (ICU).Methods:This was a retrospective quality improvement evaluation at a tertiary care, academic medical center in the United States. Data were retrieved for patients discharged between April 2012 and June 2013. Patients were included if they were admitted to the ICU, were 18 years of age or older, and received dexmedetomidine or propofol for sedation. Multivariate regression models were developed to determine the association between sedative type and hospital costs, ICU length of stay, and hospital length of stay.Results:The final cohort included 3294 patients. Of these, 2685 received propofol and 609 received dexmedetomidine. The median hospital cost was US$31 041 (interquartile range [IQR] US$17 963-US$57 826) in the propofol group and US$46 716 (IQR US$31 247 to US$85 490) in the dexmedetomidi...
Laser-heated pedestal growth of high Tc Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconducting fibers

Superconducting fibers of compounds with the nominal composition Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8, with highly oriented grain structure, and capable of carrying large currents have been grown using a miniature float zone process known as the laser-heated pedestal growth technique. The grains are oriented such as to maximize the current along the fiber axis. The influence of starting composition, diameter and growth conditions on structures and properties is discussed.
Axillary web syndrome after axillary dissection

Abstract Background: Some patients undergoing axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) experience postoperative pain and limited range of motion associated with a palpable web of tissue extending from the axilla into the ipsilateral arm. The purpose of this study is to characterize the previously undescribed axillary web syndrome (AWS). Methods: To identify patients with AWS, a retrospective review was performed of all invasive breast cancer patients treated by a single surgeon (REM) between 1980 and 1996. Records were also reviewed of 4 more recent patients who developed AWS after undergoing sentinel node lymph node dissection (SLND) without ALND. Results: Among 750 sequentially treated patients, 44 (6%) developed AWS between 1 and 8 weeks after their axillary procedure. The palpable subcutaneous cords extended from the axillary crease down the ipsilateral arm, across the antecubital space, and in severe cases down to the base of the thumb. The web was associated with pain and limited shoulder abduction (≤90° in 74% of patients). AWS resolved in all cases within 2 to 3 months. AWS also occurred after SLND. Tissue sampling of webs in 4 patients showed occlusion in lymphatic and venous channels. Conclusions: AWS is a self-limiting cause of morbidity in the early postoperative period. More limited axillary surgery, with less lymphovenous disruption, might reduce the severity and incidence of this syndrome, although SLND does not eliminate its occurrence.
Trying to Relate: Media Relations Training Needs of Agricultural Scientists

This study uses a descriptive survey to examine the perceptions agricultural scientists have of the news media and the perceived need for media relations skills. The results showed that respondents were more negative about national news coverage and more positive about local news coverage of agricultural and scientific stories. They also were more favorable in their perceptions of coverage of general science topics than of stories in their agricultural discipline. Significant differences were found in respondents’ confidence in communicating with the news media on the basis of gender and age. Overall, respondents were confident in their media relations capabilities; however, areas in which respondents indicated they might take training included communicating in crisis situations and writing newspaper columns.
Novel functions of photoreceptor guanylate cyclases revealed by targeted deletion

Targeted deletion of membrane guanylate cyclases (GCs) has yielded new information concerning their function. Here, we summarize briefly recent results of laboratory generated non-photoreceptor GC knockouts characterized by complex phenotypes affecting the vasculature, heart, brain, kidney, and other tissues. The main emphasis of the review, however, addresses the two GCs expressed in retinal photoreceptors, termed GC-E and GC-F. Naturally occurring GC-E (GUCY2D) null alleles in human and chicken are associated with an early onset blinding disorder, termed “Leber congenital amaurosis type 1” (LCA-1), characterized by extinguished scotopic and photopic ERGs, and retina degeneration. In mouse, a GC-E null genotype produces a recessive cone dystrophy, while rods remain functional. Rod function is supported by the presence of GC-F (Gucy2f), a close relative of GC-E. Deletion of Gucy2f has very little effect on rod and cone physiology and survival. However, a GC-E/GC-F double knockout (GCdko) phenotypically resembles human LCA-1 with extinguished ERGs and rod/cone degeneration. In GCdko rods, PDE6 and GCAPs are absent in outer segments. In contrast, GC-E−/− cones lack proteins of the entire phototransduction cascade. These results suggest that GC-E may participate in transport of peripheral membrane proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the outer segments.
Coase on the nature of economics

Recent writings on Coase's methodology largely focus on method, at the risk of underappreciating his substantive view of economics. That economics has as its subject matter the working of the real world economic system is Coase's main methodological message and is also the key to understanding Coase's other methodological concerns. Coase's methodological position is illustrated in this paper by comparing him with other economists in terms of their differing research programmes informed by their methodological stances. Along the way, this paper outlines the new institutional economics, a research programme inspired by Coase's methodology. Copyright 2003, Oxford University Press.
Guest Editorial: The Civic Responsibility of Anthropologists to Public Education

The profession of anthropology has succeeded in making its importance known in many areas. It has enlarged its vision, probed its specialities, captured masses of student devotees, become a household word, and developed an "holistic approach invaluable to the massive study of man.
Magnetic and electronic spin dynamics in magnetic semiconductor quantum structures

Abstract Diluted magnetic semiconductors offer a unique opportunity for studies which combine elements of semiconductor physics and magnetism, where one may exploit the strong spin exchange interaction between charge carriers and magnetic ions in the materials. Recent advances in the epitaxial growth of these systems have allowed the fabrication of new low dimension structures where either quantum wells or barriers contain magnetic species. Two experiments are described which demonstrate the utility of these systems for exploring novel physical phenomena. In the first, femtosecond spectroscopic measurements of optically-induced magnetization are performed on structures consisting of magnetic quantum wells confined by nonmagnetic barriers, where the formation and evolution of electron-based magnetic polarons in the wells is directly observed. In the second, double quantum well heterostructures having a thin magnetic barrier are studied by field-dependent photoluminescence measurements, revealing magnetically-tuneable barrier potentials and remarkably strong carrier polarizations.
FACTORS RELATED TO FAMILY THERAPISTS' BREAKING CONFIDENCE WHEN CLIENTS DISCLOSE HIGH-RISKS-TO-HIV/AIDS SEXUAL BEHAVIORS

This national survey of 309 marriage and family therapists examined what therapists do when their HIV-positive clients disclose that they are engaging in high-risk sexual behavior. The participants were given vignettes in which a fictitious client told the therapist about engaging in unprotected sex. Although the basic situations were the same, the client variables of age, gender, race, sexual orientation, and HIV status were systematically varied. The participants were more likely to break confidence regarding unsafe sex practices when their clients were male, young, gay, or African American. Moreover, therapists who were more likely to disclose were older, female, had less experience with gay/lesbian populations, were Catholic, were very religious, and were more likely to practice in urban areas. The authors discuss the implications of these and other findings.
All by Myself: Personal Qualifications versus Party Affiliation in Colombian Mayoral Elections

Political decentralization has been promoted as a way to devolve responsibility, bring government closer to citizens, and improve accountability. The shift prompted new local elections, but were the elected officials responsive to citizens or to national party elites? This study examines unique survey data from 125 Colombian mayors to identify the factors they believe were critical in their victories and thereby to identify the people to whom they believe they owe loyalty: citizens or party leaders. Examining the relative value mayors assign to their own actions versus those of the party, combined with information on how they financed campaigns, sheds important light on subnational electoral dynamics in Colombia.
Depressive Symptoms and Memory Performance Among Older Adults: Results From the ACTIVE Memory Training Intervention

Background:Cognitive performance benefits from the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE) study may differ for individuals who exhibit a greater number of depressive...
Glottic Reconstruction With Thyroid Perichondrium and Investing Cervical Fascia

• Various surgical procedures have been designed for glottic reconstruction following vertical partial laryngectomy. Many of these techniques require flaps or even a second stage to adequately compensate for the loss of lining or bulk that accompanies extended laryngeal resection. Thyroid perichondrium and investing cervical fascia were used in 20 cases of glottic reconstruction. Laryngeal reconstruction following vertical partial laryngectomy using readily available local tissue allows for the wide resection of tumor as well as for the preservation of laryngeal structure and function. (Arch Otolaryngol1985;111:472-475)
S-nitrosation of arginase 1 requires direct interaction with inducible nitric oxide synthase.

Arginase constrains endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity by competing for the common substrate, l-Arginine. We have recently shown that inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) S-nitrosates and activates arginase 1 (Arg1) leading to age-associated vascular dysfunction. Here, we demonstrate that a direct interaction of Arg1 with NOS2 is necessary for its S-nitrosation. The specific domain of NOS2 that mediates this interaction is identified. Disruption of this interaction in human aortic endothelial cells prevents Arg1 S-nitrosation and activation. Thus, disruption of NOS2–Arg1 interaction may represent a therapeutic strategy to attenuate age related vascular endothelial dysfunction.
Ultraviolet Fiber Optics

This paper describes a technique for drawing continuous quartz fibers, and cladding them with a lower index material. It also describes the method used for optically evaluating bundles made from these fibers, and presents some results.
Explaining Access to Human Services: The Influence of Descriptive and Behavioral Variables

Research on access tends to focus on descriptive indicators characterizing need. Other attributes such as behavior and attitudes however may also play central roles. This paper explores the influence of descriptive (e.g., sociodemographic characteristics, residential location, and physical health) and behavioral (e.g., social network interaction and mobility) variables on service use using a recent survey of persons living with HIV or AIDS in Orange County, California. Services are divided into two types: medical care (providing medication and regular examinations associated with HIV and AIDS) and human services (providing mental health care and meeting basic needs such as food, clothing, and housing). The analysis indicates that not having medical coverage was strongly associated with greater use of public medical services, and that self-reported disability and being reliant on a friend for transportation were strongly associated with greater use of human and supportive services. Implications of these re...
Not for Novices: Take Control of Your Printer

If you've ever taken the time to leaf through the owner's manual that came with your printer, you may have seen a list of special features like underlining, boldface printing, and graphics modes. Unfortunately, each printer has a different set of control codes to actuate these special features. As a result, most software packages avoid using these features so that the software will operate correctly with virtually any printer. But what's the point of having special features and operating modes if few software packages make any use of them?
Evaluation of simultaneous muscle and nerve biopsies for the diagnosis of neuromuscular diseases

Abstract Skeletal muscle and peripheral nerve are occasionally simultaneously biopsied with the goal of increasing diagnostic yield in patients with an uncertain clinical diagnosis or in cases where the pathology is known to be focal or multifocal (eg, vasculitis or amyloidosis). The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the diagnostic utility of performing simultaneous muscle and nerve biopsies. A surgical pathology database was searched from 1993 to 2011 to identify patients who had concomitant skeletal muscle and peripheral nerve biopsies. Demographic and pathologic findings were recorded for all cases. Two hundred eighty-seven patients were included for study. There were 161 (56%) males and 126 (44%) females with a mean age at the time of biopsy of 51 years. The most commonly sampled sites were gastrocnemius muscle (n = 186, 65%) and sural nerve (n = 264, 92%). Most cases (n = 166, 58%) were found to have a definitive diagnosis in either muscle or nerve. Of the cases with definitive diagnoses, 44 (27%) were based off the muscle only, 100 (60%) off the nerve only, and 22 (13%) had a definitive diagnosis in both the muscle and nerve. The most common diagnoses made on muscle biopsy alone were denervation atrophy (n = 34) and inflammatory myopathy (n = 7). The most common diagnosis made on nerve biopsy alone was a moderate or greater degree of axonal loss (n = 82). Vasculitis was found in muscle in 2 cases, in the nerve in 14 cases, and both muscle and nerve in 4 cases. Amyloidosis was exclusive to muscle in no cases, was seen in nerve only in 1 case, and was found in both muscle and nerve in 4 cases. Performing simultaneous muscle and nerve biopsies can improve diagnostic yield (from 8% to 58% in the current study).
Lattices with Unique Complements

For several years one of the outstanding problems of lattice theory has been the following: Is every lattice with unique complements a Boolean algebra? Any number of weak additional restrictions are sufficient for an affirmative answer. For example, if a lattice is modular (G. Bergman [1](1)) or ortho-complemented (G. Birkhoff [1]) or atomic (G. Birkhoff and M. Ward [1]), then unique complementation implies distributivity and the lattice is a Boolean algebra.
Fundamental characterization of clean and gas-dosed tin oxide

Abstract Experimental studies have been made of the chemical, electronic and structural properties of an SnO 2 (110) crystal in order to provide a fundamental basis for understanding the response of tin oxide-based sensors. Results are presented on the behavior of the tin oxide crystal during temperature cycling and following H 2 O and O 2 absorption.
Smad4 Protein Stability Is Regulated by Ubiquitin Ligase SCFβ-TrCP1*

Smad4 is a key intracellular mediator for the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily of growth factors and is also an important tumor suppressor. The receptor-regulated Smad (R-Smad) proteins are regulated by ubiquitin-mediated degradation, yet the precise control of Smad4 protein stability is unclear. We have identified SCFβ-TrCP1, a ubiquitin (E3) ligase, as a critical determinant for the protein degradation of Smad4 protein. F-box protein β-TrCP1 in this E3 ligase interacts with Smad4 both in yeast and in mammalian cells, but has no interaction with Smad2 and has weak interaction with Smad3. The β-TrCP1/Smad3 interaction was abolished by Smad4 gene silencing, indicating the interaction is indirect and is through Smad4. Ectopic expression of SCF complex containing β-TrCP1 is sufficient to induce the ubiquitination and degradation of Smad4. Furthermore, small interfering RNA-triggered endogenous β-TrCP1 suppression increases the expression of Smad4 protein. Consistent with these results, cells that overexpress the SCF complex display an inhibited TGF-β-dependent transcriptional activity and an impaired cell cycle arrest function. Thus, SCFβ-TrCP1 abrogates TGF-β function in vivo by decreasing Smad4 stability.
Multiple-symbol differential detection of π/4-DQPSK in land mobile satellite communication channels

Multiple-symbol detection of /spl pi//4-DQPSK in land mobile satellite communications (modelled as correlated Rician fading) is studied. Metrics for maximum likelihood detection are derived. For the no channel-information case. The generation of the metric can be implemented as a multiple-symbol differential detector. For the ideal channel-information case, however, the generation of the metric cannot be implemented as a multiple-symbol differential detector. The BER performances of this scheme are evaluated through the union bounds of pairwise bit error probabilities and Monte Carlo simulation for both cases. It has been found that in light or medium fading Rician channels, about 1.0 dB gain for E/sub b//N/sub 0/ at a BER=10/sup 4/ can be achieved by using four-symbol detection instead of conventional two-symbol detection. The gain is greater than 1 dB when the BER is lower. It is also demonstrated that multiple-symbol differential detection actually increases the BER for severe fading Rician channels (K<10.5 dB) or Rayleigh channels if no channel information is available. However, with ideal channel information, the multiple-symbol detection can reduce the BER at high E/sub b//N/sub 0/. The influence of different fading rates on the BER performance is also evaluated, showing a lower BER at a lower fading rate, as expected.
Modeling of thermoelectric heat transfer in shape memory alloy actuators: Transient and multiple cycle solutions

Abstract In this paper we study the transient and multiple cycle solutions of one-dimensional symmetric thermoelectric shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators. From the model proposed by Bhattacharya et al. [1], an approximately equivalent simpler model governed by an integro-differential equation is derived first, to describe the temperature distribution in SMA. Then a numerical algorithm is proposed to solve the integro-differential equation. It is found that for the transient cooling problem with constant electric current density of magnitude | J | there is a critical value J 0 of | J | such that when | J |> J 0 , the temperature in SMA may not be always decreasing. The heat transfer problem and the resulting phase transition of SMA, induced by a piecewise constant electric current source, are also studied. It is found that there exist restrictions on the maximum and minimum values of the current density J ff a repeated complete phase transition to take place in SMA. Explicit expressions for the critical values of J are derived and their physical implications are discussed.
Structural and electronic properties of binary and ternary platinum oxides

Abstract The structural and crystal chemistry of all known binary and ternary platinum oxides are reviewed with emphasis on the types of polyhedral linkage seen and their relationship to electronic properties. Platinum oxides generally fall into two groups: those containing divalent or partially oxidized platinum in planar coordination and those containing fully oxidized tetravalent platinum in octahedral coordination. Highly conducting platinum oxides contain columnar stacks of partially oxidized planar Pt04 groups with direct electronic interactions and tend towards chemical non-stoichiometry. The temperature dependence of electrical conductivity in these compounds is related to the dimensionality of the Pt-Pt interaction. Fully oxidized platinum oxides are either semiconductors or insulators, depending on the type of linkage of the octahedral coordination polyhedra and the Pt-Pt distances. The electronic configuration of octahedrally coordinated Pt4+ (low spin d6) precludes the possibility of metallic conductivity in these materials. In general, platinum metal is found to be fairly reactive in air at elevated temperatures, particularly in the presence of alkali and alkaline earth metals. Therefore, caution should be taken before assuming platinum containers or thermocouples are inert with respect to reactants during high temperature synthesis reactions in air or oxidizing conditions.
Orbit determination using analytic partial derivatives of perturbed motion

State transition matrices for the motion of space vehicles have been calculated both numerically and analytically. The former method, for example, integrates the "variational equations." It yields accurate results when the same force model is used in the variational equations as in the equations of motion. The main advantage of the latter method, i.e., using analytic partial derivatives, is faster computation, but, if the transition is made by Keplerian formulas to a time many revolutions from epoch, the accuracy of the matrix is severely degraded. It is shown in this paper that the state transition matrix of a satellite orbit may be calculated analytically including the effects of perturbations. This is accomplished by generating each perturbation in the Gaussian form (using three mutually perpendicular components of the perturbing acceleration) to find the transition matrix from epoch state to the state at any other time. This analytic method is considerably faster than the numerical integration of the variational equations and it is shown that the methods are in good agreement. The state vector considered includes orbit parameters, which are not singular for any elliptic orbits except retrograde equatorial, and the parameters associated with the perturbations. These perturbations include atmospheric drag, thrust periods, impulses, direct solar radiation pressure, oxidizer outgassing, and the geopotential. The method, however, can be extended to any perturbation, nor is it restricted to geocentric orbit calculations. Results are presented in tabular form. Partial derivatives of the satellite's position with respect to the orbital elements and other vehicular parameters, such as the ballistic parameter Cz>/4/m, are listed in the tables as obtained by each of three methods: by the analytical procedure, by integrating the variational equations, and by differencing neighboring trajectories. The comparisons are made on a satellite with a period of 90 min, over complete revolutions one day after epoch and one week after epoch.
Haloaldehyde polymers, VII. Polymerization of chlorodifluoroacetaldehyde

Chlorodifluoroacetaldehyde has been prepared by lithium aluminum hydride reduction of methyl chlorodifluoroacetate. Purified chlorodifluoroacetaldehyde was polymerized to crystalline, insoluble polychlorodifluoroacetaldehyde or to a mixture of amorphous polymer soluble in organic solvents and insoluble polymer, depending on polymerization conditions and type and amount of initiators. The polymer, particularly the soluble fraction, could be end-capped by acetylation to improve the thermal stability of the initially unstable polymer. The thermal degradation of polymer prepared by various techniques has been studied before and after acetylation and the stability was compared to that of other polyhaloacetaldehydes. Chlorodifluoroacetaldehyde was copolymerized with other haloacetaldehydes and with phenyl isocyanate.
Effect of ischemic time on survival in clinical lung transplantation.

Abstract Background . While there is convincing evidence that prolonged ischemic times correlate with reduced long-term survival in heart transplantation, the effect of ischemic time on outcome in clinical lung transplantation remains controversial. To assess the effect of ischemic time on outcomes in lung transplantation, we reviewed our experience. Methods . The study was performed by retrospective chart review. Results . First-time lung transplantation was performed on 392 patients between 1988 and 1998. All grafts were flushed with cold crystalloid preservation solution and stored on ice. Ischemic time data were available for 352 of 392 (90%) patients. Ischemic times were grouped as follows: 0 to 4 hours (n = 91), 4 to 6 hours (n = 201), more than 6 hours (n = 60). Ischemic time did not correlate with survival: 3-year actuarial survival=56% (0 to 4 hours), 58% (4 to 6 hours), 68% (> 6 hours), p = 0.58. There was no significant difference in the incidence of biopsy-proven diffuse alveolar damage in the first 30 days after transplantation (31%, 32%, 38%), episodes of acute rejection in the first 100 days after transplantation (1.9, 1.8, 1.7), duration of intubation (median 3, 4, 3 days), or incidence of obliterative bronchiolitis (23%, 28%, 26%) between the three groups (0 to 4 hours, 4 to 6 hours, > 6 hours, respectively). A diagnosis of diffuse alveolar damage was associated with a significantly worse outcome (1-year survival=82% versus 54%, p Conclusions . In contrast to heart transplantation, pulmonary allograft ischemic time up to 9 hours does not appear to have a significant impact on early graft function or survival. The presence of diffuse alveolar damage on biopsy early after transplantation does not correlate with prolonged ischemic time, but is associated with substantially reduced posttransplantation survival.
On the Transverse Twisting of Shallow Spherical Ring Caps

Abstract : The problem of transverse twisting of a shallow spherical shell with a small circular hole is solved, in generalization of the corresponding problem of a flat plate. The solution is of interest as a closed-form solution of an unsymmetrical stress concentration problem, with quantitative features depending on its boundary layer behavior for large values of a relevant parameter. The problem is also of interest as an example of the applicability of a previously proposed asymptotic procedure where interior contributions and edge-zone contributoins are determined in sequence rather than simultaneously. (Author)
View from the front line: Diagnosis and treatment of mental health problems among primary care physicians

A self-selected sample of primary care physicians (general practitioners, family specialists, internists, obstetricians/gynecologists) in a southern county completed structured, precoded questionnaires on a random sample of their patients. Approximately 16% of the patients were diagnosed as having mental health problems. Most common were psychological problems coincidental to somatic disorders rather than psychosomatic or primarily psychological problems. Physicians tended to face and deal with the psychological problems by giving counseling. Drugs were prescribed for less than one-third of those with psychological problems and most of these were counselled as well. Few of these patients were referred to other persons or agencies for care. Neither rates of mental health problems nor treatment of them varied by age, race, sex, marital status, or social class. Age, sex and social class significantly affected various measures of extensiveness of the psychological problems and/or specific diagnosis while race and marital status remained nonsignificant.
The Life Cycle of Fisheries

Abstract Fisheries are viewed as organisms that have a life cycle. The typical life cycle begins with an initial emphasis on food production, next a growing interest in recreation develops, and finally comes aesthetic uses. As commercial productivity and the number of commercial and recreational users increases, conservation requires more stringent management measures. Food production opportunities decline and recreation uses expand. Substituting cultured stocks for natural ones increases the quantity of fish available, but usually the life cycle process continues. To adjust to life cycle and evolutionary changes, management needs to separate conservation decisions from allocation issues, manage to include as much of the stock's range as possible, control effort growth, and keep expectations reasonable.
Observations of Rossby waves near site D1

Abstract A theory of Rossby waves makes a number of predictions about motions below the thermocline at Site D (39°10'N, 70°W). An experiment was made to test these predictions. Kinetic energy spectra show most of the energy is associated with periods of a week to a few months. The Reynolds' stress is negative for these periods. There is high coherence and on phase shift between 1000 m and 2000 m depths. Most of the wave-number estimates point to the south-west quadrant, consistent with westward propagation and with momentum flux into the Gulf Stream and energy flux out of it. There is enough consistency between statistics based on successive 8-month records to conclude that statistics based on a single 8-month record near Site D are meaningful. In an 8-month array of twenty-six current meters, for periods of a week to a month, the divergence is small compared to the vorticity, and the motion is transverse. The energy increases toward the bottom. The observed wave-numbers and frequencies fit the theoretical dispersion relationship satisfactorily. The kinetic energy of the fluctuations is much larger near the Gulf Stream than farther upslope. The vorticity is in quadrature with the upslope velocity. I conclude there is strong evidence that topographic Rossby wave mechanics are dominant below the thermocline on the continental rise north of the Gulf Stream.