cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adapting the Chumbley Score to Match Striae on Land Engraved Areas (LEAs) of Bullets

The same-source problem remains a major challenge in forensic toolmark and firearm examination. Here, we investigate the applicability of the Chumbley method (J Forensic Sci, 2018, 63, 849; J Forensic Sci, 2010, 55, 953) (10,12), developed for screwdriver markings, for same-source identification of striations on bullet LEAs. The Hamby datasets 44 and 252 measured by NIST and CSAFE (high-resolution scans) are used here. We provide methods to identify parameters that minimize error rates for matching of LEAs, and a remedial algorithm to alleviate the problem of failed tests, while increasing the power of the test and reducing error rates. For 85,491 land-to-land comparisons (84,235 known nonmatches and 1256 known matches), the adapted test does not provide a result in 176 situations (originally more than 500). The Type I and Type II error rates are 7.2% (6105 out of 84,235) and 21.4% (271 out of 1256), respectively. This puts the proposed method on similar footing as other single-feature matching approaches in the literature.
Quantitative, Label‐Free Proteomics in the Symptomatic Niemann–Pick, Type C1 Mouse Model Using Standard Flow Liquid Chromatography and Thermal Focusing Electrospray Ionization

Niemann-Pick disease, type C1 (NPC1) is a fatal, autosomal recessive, neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in the NPC1 gene. As a result, there is accumulation of unesterified cholesterol and sphingolipids in the late endosomal/lysosomal system. This abnormal accumulation results in a cascade of pathophysiological events including progressive, cerebellar neurodegeneration, among others. While significant progress has been made to better understand NPC1, the downstream effects of cholesterol storage and the major mechanisms that drive neurodegeneration remain unclear. In the current study, a) the use of a commercial, highly efficient standard flow-ESI platform for protein biomarker identification is implemented and b) protein biomarkers are identified and evaluated at a terminal time point in the NPC1 null mouse model. In this study, alterations are observed in proteins related to fatty acid homeostasis, calcium binding and regulation, lysosomal regulation, and inositol biosynthesis and metabolism, as well as signaling by Rho family GTPases. New observations from this study include altered expression of Pcp2 and Limp2 in Npc1 mutant mice relative to control, with Pcp2 exhibiting multiple isoforms and specific to the cerebella. This study provides valuable insight into pathways altered in the late-stage pathophysiology of NPC1.
College admissions viewbooks and the grammar of gender, race, and STEM

Numerous reports on the US economy argue that American higher education institutions must prepare a greater number of workers for employment in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM), in order for the US to remain globally competitive. To do so, addressing the underrepresentation of women and people of color who pursue degrees in STEM is viewed as critical. In this study we examine one of the most widespread marketing tools used by institutions of higher education to attract prospective students, the admissions viewbook. Specifically, we provide an analysis of the ways in which gender and race are situated in representations of undergraduate STEM education. Our findings, based on a critical and visual textual analysis of 20 viewbooks, suggest that viewbooks convey strong messages concerning race, gender, and issues of belonging, hierarchy, power, and privilege in STEM.
Polar alignment of a protoplanetary disc around an eccentric binary – III. Effect of disc mass

Martin & Lubow (2017) found that an initially sufficiently misaligned low mass protoplanetary disc around an eccentric binary undergoes damped nodal oscillations of tilt angle and longitude of ascending node. Dissipation causes evolution towards a stationary state of polar alignment in which the disc lies perpendicular to the binary orbital plane with angular momentum aligned to the eccentricity vector of the binary. We use hydrodynamic simulations and analytic methods to investigate how the mass of the disc affects this process. The simulations suggest that a disc with nonzero mass settles into a stationary state in the frame of the binary, the generalised polar state, at somewhat lower levels of misalignment with respect to the binary orbital plane, in agreement with the analytic model. Provided that discs settle into this generalised polar state, the observational determination of the misalignment angle and binary properties can be used to determine the mass of a circumbinary disc. We apply this constraint to the circumbinary disc in HD 98800. We obtain analytic criteria for polar alignment of a circumbinary ring with mass that approximately agree with the simulation results. Very broad misaligned discs undergo breaking, but the inner regions at least may still evolve to a polar state. The long term evolution of the disc depends on the evolution of the binary eccentricity that we find tends to decrease. Although the range of parameters required for polar alignment decreases somewhat with increasing disc mass, such alignment appears possible for a broad set of initial conditions expected in protostellar circumbinary discs.
Facilitating phenotype transfer using a common data model.

Abstract Background Implementing clinical phenotypes across a network is labor intensive and potentially error prone. Use of a common data model may facilitate the process. Methods Electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) sites implemented the Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics (OHDSI) Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership (OMOP) Common Data Model across their electronic health record (EHR)-linked DNA biobanks. Two previously implemented eMERGE phenotypes were converted to OMOP and implemented across the network. Results It was feasible to implement the common data model across sites, with laboratory data producing the greatest challenge due to local encoding. Sites were then able to execute the OMOP phenotype in less than one day, as opposed to weeks of effort to manually implement an eMERGE phenotype in their bespoke research EHR databases. Of the sites that could compare the current OMOP phenotype implementation with the original eMERGE phenotype implementation, specific agreement ranged from 100% to 43%, with disagreements due to the original phenotype, the OMOP phenotype, changes in data, and issues in the databases. Using the OMOP query as a standard comparison revealed differences in the original implementations despite starting from the same definitions, code lists, flowcharts, and pseudocode. Conclusion Using a common data model can dramatically speed phenotype implementation at the cost of having to populate that data model, though this will produce a net benefit as the number of phenotype implementations increases. Inconsistencies among the implementations of the original queries point to a potential benefit of using a common data model so that actual phenotype code and logic can be shared, mitigating human error in reinterpretation of a narrative phenotype definition.
Fast Overcomplete Dictionary Construction with Probabilistic Guarantees

In dictionary learning, a matrix comprised of signals Y is factorized into the product of two matrices: a matrix of prototypical atoms D, and a sparse matrix containing coefficients for atoms in D, called X. This process has applications in signal processing, image recognition, and a number of other fields. Many procedures for solving the dictionary learning problem follow the alternating minimization paradigm; that is, by alternating between solving for D and X, until the procedure converges to a solution. Our findings indicate that the costly step of alternating minimization can be avoided in some cases, by modifying an initialization procedure that was proposed in 2014. We provide theoretical justification and empirical evidence showing that atom recovery and reasonable data reconstruction is possible under these new assumptions.
Broken or not?: fixing undergraduate computing education in a multi-disciplinary world

The National Science Foundation has recently recognized that "despite the deep and pervasive impact of computing and creative efforts in a small number of institutions, undergraduate computing education today often looks much as it did several decades ago" [1]. Concomitantly recent reports from Microsoft Research [2, 3] have highlighted that further development in the sciences will require the complete integration of computing principles and practices into the very fabric of science, as opposed to the mere application of computing to support scientists in their daily work. In other words, transforming the state of undergraduate education in computing for both computing majors and non-majors alike has become a national imperative. The panelists will discuss steps taken by their institutions to address current needs for critical computing concepts, methodologies, and techniques in an increasingly multidisciplinary world. The moderator will summarize the current state of undergraduate computing education, and query the panelists about the following issues: (1) approaches taken to improve the curriculum for computing students, (2) progress achieved in developing non-traditional computing majors, (3) approaches taken to make computing more attractive and accessible to non-traditional or underrepresented populations; (4) progress achieved in making computing an equal partner with (and not just a service course provider to) other disciplines, (5) specific strategies, tactics, and techniques used to improve computing education, and (6) administrative structures and delivery mechanisms used to improve computing education. The panelists will address one or more of the above issues as applicable to their institution, discuss lessons learned from their own work in broadening the computing discipline, and provide their own insights into what worked and what did not. The session will include sufficient time for audience participation as it is essential for a successful exposition of this topic.
Complex Fetal Care Cases: Fetoscopic Myelomeningocele Repair

* Abbreviations: CSF: : cerebrospinal fluid MMC: : myelomeningocele MRI: : magnetic resonance imaging VP: : ventriculoperitoneal A 34-year-old gravida 6, para 2-0-3-2 pregnant woman was referred to the fetal center with a diagnosis of fetal lumbosacral myelomeningocele (MMC). Her medical history was significant for polycystic ovarian syndrome, migraine headaches, seasonal allergies, and anxiety. She had a surgical history of wisdom teeth extraction and 2 prior cesarean sections. She was taking prenatal vitamins and using vaginal progesterone for an obstetrical history of 3 early first-trimester spontaneous abortions. She had no family history of neural tube defects, but 1 child with Asperger syndrome and sensory processing disorder and 1 child with speech delay. Prenatal laboratory testing was unremarkable. Imaging at the referring obstetrician’s office was significant for an L3 lesion with a lemon-shaped calvarium, findings of Chiari II malformation in the posterior fossa, and lateral ventricular enlargement with a dangling choroid. Amniocentesis performed by the referring provider showed a normal female karyotype and microarray. She was referred to our center at 23 5/7 weeks’ gestation, with imaging and multidisciplinary team meeting at 24 6/7 weeks’ gestation. The following results were obtained: Figure 1. A. Prerepair fetal magnetic resonance imaging …
Sintering effects on additive manufactured Ni–Mn–Ga shape memory alloys: a microstructure and thermal analysis

This work investigates the effects of time dependency for isothermal sintering on additive manufactured Ni–Mn–Ga magnetic shape memory alloys. Binder jetting additive manufacturing was used to produce Ni–Mn–Ga parts from pre-alloyed powders. Additive manufacturing via the binder jetting technique produces parts with intrinsic porosities, based on the morphology of the source material. The Ni–Mn–Ga parts printed in this study using the binder jetting method possessed average densities of ~ 46% before sintering. These samples were sintered at 1353 K in increments of 10 h up to 50 h. Based on this temperature and time frame, (1) microstructural evolution, (2) crystallographic phase analysis, (3) transformation behaviors, and (4) thermal–physical properties were investigated. The additive manufactured Ni–Mn–Ga samples exhibited increases in densities, from ~ 74 to ~ 83% due to solid-state diffusion mechanisms. X-ray diffraction reveals that all of the additive manufactured samples have the 5 M martensitic phase at room temperature. Reversible martensitic transformation temperatures were recorded during heating and cooling cycles through differential scanning calorimetry, which indicate austenitic phase transformations occurring slightly above ambient temperatures. Additionally, analysis of the heating and cooling cycles prescribes that the entropy and Gibb’s energies decrease over the reversible martensitic transformations as sintering time increases. It is envisioned that this study will support a more synergistic manufacturing process between binder jetting additive manufacturing and post-heat treatment processes for Ni–Mn–Ga shape memory alloys.
Adaptive Isostable Reduction of Nonlinear PDEs With Time Varying Parameters

Isostable reduction is a powerful technique for characterizing the transient behavior of a weakly forced, nonlinear dynamical systems in relation to a stable attractor. Practically, this reduction strategy requires small magnitude inputs so that the state remains close to the underlying attractor; when inputs become too large the reduction becomes unusable. Here, we develop an adaptive isostable coordinate framework that is valid for a continuous family of system parameters. Relations are derived that capture changes to the isostable coordinates in response to parameter changes. This information is subsequently used to define a reduction strategy valid for large magnitude but slowly varying inputs. The proposed reduction framework is compared to well-established linear and nonlinear proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) reduction techniques for simulations of the 1-dimensional nonlinear Burgers' equation with time-varying Dirichlet boundary conditions. In numerical simulations the proposed reduction strategy only requires a single mode to accurately capture system behavior. By contrast, the linear POD reduction performs poorly while the nonlinear POD strategy requires several modes to achieve comparable performance.
Beckett, Decadence, and the Art of Revisioning: Review of Stanley E. Gontarski, Revisioning Beckett: Samuel Beckett’s Decadent Turn, London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2018, pp. 320

The recent collection of occasional pieces by renowned Beckett scholar Stanley Gontarski situates the Irish Modernist’s life and work within the broader historical context of the cultural and intellectual trends of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, particularly those trends which ran counter to bourgeois values and expectations. Within that context, he explores, among other subjects, the complex and varied forms of rewriting and revisioning central to the writer’s creative process, the most important of which are realised in the writer-cum-theatre director’s close involvement staging his dramatic works, whether for the boards, radio, television or film. Gontarski’s friendship with Beckett often imbues the collection with the authority of an eyewitness, a privileged proximity always kept in service to meticulous scholarship.. Keywords: theatre; Samuel Beckett; decadence; Barney Rosset; revisioning
Single-Cell Transcriptome Profiling Reveals β Cell Maturation in Stem Cell-Derived Islets after Transplantation

Summary Human pluripotent stem cells differentiated to insulin-secreting β cells (SC-β cells) in islet organoids could provide an unlimited cell source for diabetes cell replacement therapy. However, current SC-β cells generated in vitro are transcriptionally and functionally immature compared to native adult β cells. Here, we use single-cell transcriptomic profiling to catalog changes that occur in transplanted SC-β cells. We find that transplanted SC-β cells exhibit drastic transcriptional changes and mature to more closely resemble adult β cells. Insulin and IAPP protein secretions increase upon transplantation, along with expression of maturation genes lacking with differentiation in vitro, including INS, MAFA, CHGB, and G6PC2. Other differentiated cell types, such as SC-α and SC-enterochromaffin (SC-EC) cells, also exhibit large transcriptional changes. This study provides a comprehensive resource for understanding human islet cell maturation and provides important insights into maturation of SC-β cells and other SC-islet cell types to enable future differentiation strategy improvements.
Changes in Provider Type and Prescription Refills Among Privately Insured Children and Youth With ADHD

ObjectiveThe aim of this paper is to understand associations between age and health care provider type in medication continuation among transition-aged youth with ADHD.MethodUsing an employer-spons...
The 2019 therapeutic recreation education survey: a 50-year comparison.

Fifty years ago, Stein (1970) conducted a therapeutic recreation (TR) education survey. Ten years later, Anderson and Stewart (1980) conducted a follow-up study that began the longitudinal studies in therapeutic recreation/ recreational therapy (TR/RT) education in the U.S. and Canada for the next four decades, and the results of each survey were published in the Therapeutic Recreation Journal (Anderson et al., 2000; Autry et al., 2010; Stewart & Anderson, 1990). The decennial TR/RT education surveys have included the same items and used the same core instrument since its first implementation in 1969 (Stein, 1970). Although survey content has expanded to include additional questions, this consistency of content was designed to allow the researchers to compare results across each decade and to identify and discuss trends and issues in TR/RT education. The overall findings and discussion were divided among TR/RT curricula, faculty and students and were compared to these same categories over the past 50 years. Subscribe to TRJ
Effects of a Text-Writing Fluency Intervention for Postsecondary Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

Writing has implications for the academic, vocational, and social pursuits of students. Unfortunately, many students with disabilities – including those with intellectual and developmental disabili...
Trends in US Emergency Department Visits for Anaphylaxis Among Infants and Toddlers: 2006-2015.

Background Anaphylaxis is a potentially life-threatening allergic reaction. The overall prevalence of anaphylaxis appears to be rising in children, but temporal trends among infants and toddlers are not well studied. Objective To characterize the trends in US emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations among infants and toddlers with anaphylaxis from 2006 to 2015. Methods We conducted a study of temporal trends in anaphylaxis among children (age Results Among infants and toddlers, the proportion of ED visits for anaphylaxis per year increased from 20 per 100,000 visits to 50 per 100,000 visits (Ptrend Conclusions In a large, nationally representative US database, from 2006 to 2015, ED visits by infants and toddlers with anaphylaxis increased, whereas hospitalization of these patients decreased.
Accelerated distributed model predictive control for HVAC systems

Abstract This paper investigates the accelerated distributed model predictive control (MPC) strategy for the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems with local and global power input constraints. The problems are firstly formulated in the distributed MPC framework and then the constrained optimization is converted into a quadratic programming problem. In the problem formulation, the thermal couplings between immediate neighboring zones are considered while designing the distributed controller, and the unknown thermal disturbances are incorporated by the robust optimization scheme. Then, using the accelerated dual gradient-projection method, a distributed fast MPC protocol is designed for HVAC systems considering both the electricity cost and occupant comforts. A distributed stopping criterion based on the distributed average consensus algorithm is utilized. Finally, numerical simulations are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed distributed MPC algorithm, and its computational advantages comparing with an existing distributed method and a centralized algorithm.
A Statistical Taylor Theorem and Extrapolation of Truncated Densities

We show a statistical version of Taylor's theorem and apply this result to non-parametric density estimation from truncated samples, which is a classical challenge in Statistics \cite{woodroofe1985estimating, stute1993almost}. The single-dimensional version of our theorem has the following implication: "For any distribution $P$ on $[0, 1]$ with a smooth log-density function, given samples from the conditional distribution of $P$ on $[a, a + \varepsilon] \subset [0, 1]$, we can efficiently identify an approximation to $P$ over the \emph{whole} interval $[0, 1]$, with quality of approximation that improves with the smoothness of $P$." To the best of knowledge, our result is the first in the area of non-parametric density estimation from truncated samples, which works under the hard truncation model, where the samples outside some survival set $S$ are never observed, and applies to multiple dimensions. In contrast, previous works assume single dimensional data where each sample has a different survival set $S$ so that samples from the whole support will ultimately be collected.
Nursing Perspectives on The Impacts of COVID-19: A Social Media Analytics Approach.

BACKGROUND Nurses are at the forefront of the COVID 19 pandemic. During the pandemic, nurses have faced an elevated risk of exposure and have experienced the hazards related to a novel virus. While being heralded as lifesaving heroes on the front lines of the pandemic, nurses have experienced more physical, mental and psychosocial problems as a consequence of the COVID-19 outbreak. Social media discussions by nursing professionals participating in publicly formed Facebook groups constitute a valuable resource that offers longitudinal insights. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore how COVID-19 impacted nurses through capturing public sentiments expressed by nurses on social media discussion platforms and how these sentiments changed over time. METHODS We collected over 110,993 Facebook discussion posts and comments in an open COVID-19 group for nurses from March 2020 until the end of November 2020. A de-identified offline HTML scraping on social media posts and comments was performed. Using subject-matter expert opinions and social media analytics (topic modeling, information retrieval and sentiment analysis), we performed a human-in-a-loop nursing key perspectives analysis to identify trends of the COVID-19 impact among at-risk nursing communities. We further investigated the key insights of the nursing perspectives trends by detecting temporal changes of comments related to emotional effects, feeling of frustration, impacts of isolation, shortage of safety equipment and the frequency of safety equipment uses. Anonymous quotes were highlighted to add context to the data. RESULTS We determined that COVID-19 impacted nurses' physical, mental and psychosocial health as expressed in the form of emotional distress, anger, anxiety, frustration, loneliness and isolation. Major topics discussed by nurses were related to work during a pandemic, misinformation spread by the media, improper Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), PPE side effects, the effects of testing positive and lost days of work related to illness. CONCLUSIONS Public Facebook nursing groups are venues for nurses to express their experience, opinions and concerns and can offer researchers an important insight to understand the COVID-19 impact on health care workers. CLINICALTRIAL
Disinfection and Bactericidal Effect Using Photocatalytic Oxidation

This article first gives a brief review of the literature on disinfection and bactericidal effect using photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) technology. Photocatalytic chemistry of titanium dioxide has been extensively studied over the last 30 years for removal of organic and inorganic compounds from contaminated water and air. This review provides (1) background on PCO technology, (2) biological effect of PCO, (3) mechanism of cell and DNA damage photoinduced by PCO. Relevant research conducted in our laboratory is also presented. Finally, possible applications of the PCO for engineering controls of infectious diseases are discussed.
The Challenge of Restoring Functioning Salt Marsh Ecosystems

CALLAWAY, J.C., 2005. The challenge of restoring functioning salt marsh ecosystems. Journal of Coastal Research, SK40), 24-36. West Palm Beach (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.
Singing Story, Healing Drum: Shamans and Storytellers of Turkic Siberia

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Dausen Van and Kira Year: 2004 Pages: xxvi + 205 Publisher: McGill-Queen's University Press ISBN: 077352616I (hard cover). Prices: $75.00 CAN(hard cover).
The formation of terminal fields in the absence of competitive interactions among primary motoneurons in the zebrafish

To make specific synaptic connections, projection neurons extend neurites to regions containing appropriate targets, then form synapses with the correct type and number of target cells. To investigate the mechanisms controlling this process, we have studied the formation of motoneuronal terminal fields in live zebrafish embryos. The primary motoneurons of the zebrafish are identifiable as individuals and innervate neighboring but mutually exclusive territories. To study the first week of their development, which includes embryonic and early larval stages, we labeled identified motoneurons with fluorescent dyes and made sequential observations of the axonal branches of individual neurons. We assessed the roles of competitive interactions and synapse elimination in the formation of specific synapses by identified neurons that innervate neighboring territories. Our results demonstrate that primary motoneurons establish their cell-specific terminal fields primarily by directed outgrowth of branches and formation of neuromuscular junctions almost exclusively on appropriate muscle fibers, rather than by overproduction and selective elimination of inappropriate branches. Retraction of the few branches that are inappropriately placed, though correlated in time with the ingrowth of branches from appropriate motoneurons, occurs independently of the influences of these other cells and when neuromuscular transmission is blocked. We suggest that, similar to the way in which they pioneer peripheral nerve pathways, primary motoneurons establish their cell-specific terminal fields using mechanisms that operate independently of activity and competition. The target or substrate interactions that are likely to instruct directed growth-cone navigation may be similar to the interactions that determine the locations of territorial borders and that instruct the retraction of misplaced branches.
Predictors of lost time from work among nursing personnel who sought treatment for back pain.

OBJECTIVE To examine possible predictors of lost workdays among nurses and nurses' aides who sought treatment for work-related back pain. PARTICIPANTS Nursing staff employed at a tertiary care medical center over a 13-year time period (1994 through 2006). METHODS We used existing data from clinic surveys administered to nursing personnel during their initial treatment visit to the hospital's occupational health clinic. Predictors of losing ≤ 7 and ≥ 8 workdays was examined. RESULTS 589 of 708 (83%) nursing personnel with complaints of work-related back pain completed the survey, with 31% resulting in lost workdays. Experiencing sudden onset of pain (RR:1.9; 95% CI: 1.1, 3.1), a combination of severe pain with numbness and tingling in the back/legs (RR: 7.4; 95% CI: 2.9, 18.6), severe pain only (RR: 4.4; 95% CI: 1.8, 11.1), numbness and tingling in the back/legs only (RR: 3.5; 95% CI: 1.0, 12.2), and working < 5 years at the hospital (RR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.2, 4.7) were predictive of losing ≥ 8 workdays. Job title, work demands, work conflicts, and most psychosocial factors were not predictive. CONCLUSIONS Severe pain, neurologic symptoms and sudden onset of pain were predictive of delayed return-to-work; however, these symptoms alone should not be considered indicators of poor outcomes given that most workers who reported these symptoms returned to work in less than 8~days. Among these health care workers, lost workdays appear to be related to more severe pathology rather than workplace characteristics.
Modeling of a flexible beam actuated by shape memory alloy wires

A thermomechanical model is developed to predict the structural response of a flexible beam with shape memory alloy (SMA) wire actuators. A geometrically nonlinear static analysis is first carried out to investigate the deformed shape of a flexible cantilever beam caused by an externally-attached SMA wire actuated electrically. The actuation force applied by the SMA actuator to the beam is evaluated by solving a coupled problem that combines a thermodynamic constitutive model of SMAs with the heat conduction equation in the SMA and the structural model of the beam. To calculate the temperature history of the SMA actuator for given electrical current input, the heat transfer equation is solved with the electrical resistive heating being modeled as a distributed heat source along the SMA wire. The steps in the formulation are connected together through an iterative scheme that takes into account the static equilibrium of the beam and the constitutive relation of SMAs, thus translating an electrical current history input into beam strain output. The proposed model is used to simulate the experimental results, thus demonstrating the feasibility of using SMA actuators for shape control of active flexible structural systems.
Isolation of Monocyte/Macrophage Populations

This unit describes the isolation of monocytes from lymphocytes by adherence, gradient sedimentation on colloidal silica particles, and flow cytometry. Because the first two methods can result in cell activation (induction of gene expression or protein secretion), and the third is technically difficult, a fourth protocol is presented which describes counterflow centrifugal elutriation. This latter procedure can be used to isolate large numbers of purified, nonactivated monocytes.
Intra-Industry Trade, Factor Proportions, and Aggregation

In the literature on the empirical explanation of trade flows, it appears to have become a universally accepted dictum that the existence of so-called “intra-industry trade,” i.e., trade between countries of products within the same industrial category, is prima facie evidence of the existence of economies of scale or monopolistic competition, or both, and in particular is incompatible with the “factor-proportions theory,” by which is meant the theory developed by Heckscher and Ohlin according to which trade flows among countries are explained by differences in their relative factor endowments, it being assumed that production functions among countries are the same.
Discussion of "Solution Kinetics of a Cast and Wrought High Strength Aluminum Alloy" and "Influence of Ingot Structure and Processing on Mechanical Properties and Fracture of a High Strength Wrought Aluminum Alloy"*

This d i scuss ion pe r t a ins to the ident i f icat ion, by the au thors , of a soluble phase in a luminum alloy 7075 as CuA12. Although it in no way affects the r e s u l t s and conclus ions drawn by the authors f rom this work, an e r r o r in this ident i f ica t ion could be a source of confusion to m e t a l l u r g i s t s and me ta l l og raphe r s who a re working with this and s im i l a r a l loys . The wr i t e r has conducted extensive de ta i led s tudies of the cons t i tu t ion of the A1-Cu-Mg-Zn al loy sys t em, with and without common impur i t i e s and mino r addi t ions , and has e s tab l i shed with cer t i tude that the phase in ques t ion is ac tual ly the t e r n a r y phase shown as S-A1CuMg or A12CuMg, ra the r than CuAlz. The authors had apparen t ly based their ident i f icat ion on va r i a t i ons in copper and magnes ium content by mic rop robe t r aces a c r o s s reg ions conta in ing the phase in quest ion. For some unexpla ined r ea son , these t r a c e s failed to r evea l a high enough concen t ra t ion of magnes ium to be able to conclude that this could be a m a g n e s i u m r i c h phase. By v i r tue of the high copper concen t ra t ion , the au thors were led to be l ieve that the phase mus t therefore be CuA12. If this were so, howeve r , the i so the rma l sec t ions for the A1-Cu-Mg-Zn sys t em at 460~ developed by Strawbridge e t a l . 2~ would have to be s e r i o u s l y in e r r o r , or e l se the nonequ i l i b r ium condit ions in proceeding toward equ i l i b ra t ion would be total ly inexpl icable . T h e r e a re enough s i m i l a r i t i e s of CuA12 to A12CuMg that they can be r ead i ly confused in me ta l lograph ic work. Both can have a l ight pinkish tinge when a s pol ished and both show s t rong b i r e f r i ngence in pol a r i z ed light examina t ion . However, A12CuMg is more chemica l ly active and can eas i ly be roughened and t a rn i shed by prolonged contact with water dur ing poli shing or by etching with acidic solut ions. K e l l e r ' s e tch, even when di luted as much as 1:4 with water , wil l darken or roughen this phase to va ry ing degrees , whereas CuAI2 r e m a i n s l ight and smooth. F igs . 5(b) and 5(c) in the au tho r s ' f i r s t paper show an appea r ance which is quite c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of A12CuMg. Th i s , in i tse l f , i s not i r r e fu tab le proof of ident i f ica t ion , but it suggests that some r e fe ree method other than mi c roprobe ana lys i s is r equ i r ed . The sol idi f icat ion of the bas ic 7075 alloy compos i -
Abstract SY07-04: The evolutionary landscape of CLL: Therapeutic implications

Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA Clonal evolution is a key feature of cancer progression and relapse. Recent studies across cancers have demonstrated the extensive degree of intratumoral heterogeneity present within individual cancers. We hypothesized that evolutionary dynamics contribute to the variations in disease tempo and response to therapy that are highly characteristic of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). We have recently investigated this phenomenon by developing a pipeline that estimates the fraction of cancer cells harboring each somatic mutation within a tumor through integration of whole-exome sequence (WES) and local copy number data (Landau et al., Cell 2013). By applying this analysis approach to 149 CLL cases, we discovered earlier and later cancer drivers, uncovered patterns of clonal evolution in CLL and linked the presence of subclones harboring driver mutations with adverse clinical outcome. Thus, our study, generated from a heterogeneous sample cohort, strongly supports the concept that CLL clonal evolution arises from mass extinction and therapeutic bottlenecks which lead to the emergence of highly fit (and treatment resistant) subclones. We further hypothesized that epigenetic heterogeneity also shapes CLL clonal evolution through interrelation with genetic heterogeneity. Indeed, in recent work, we have uncovered stochastic methylation disorder as the primary cause of methylation changes in CLL and cancer in general, and that this phenomena impacts gene transcription, genetic evolution and clinical outcome. Thus, integrated studies of genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity in CLL have revealed the complex and diverse evolutionary trajectories of these cancer cells. Immunotherapy is exquisitely suited for specifically and simultaneously targeting multiple lesions. We have developed an approach that leverages whole-exome sequencing to systematically identify personal tumor mutations with immunogenic potential, which can be incorporated as antigen targets in multi-epitope personalized therapeutic vaccines. We are pioneering this approach in an ongoing trial in melanoma and will now expand this concept to address diverse malignancies. Our expectation is that the choice of tumor neoantigens for a vaccine bypasses thymic tolerance and thus generates highly specific and potent high-affinity T cell responses to eliminate tumors in any cancer, including both ‘trunk’ and ‘branch’ lesions. Citation Format: Catherine J. Wu. The evolutionary landscape of CLL: Therapeutic implications. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr SY07-04. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-SY07-04
Pediatric trauma experience in a combat support hospital in Eastern Afghanistan over 10 months, 2010 to 2011

We reviewed the pediatric trauma experience of one Combat Support Hospital (CSH) in Afghanistan to focus on injuries, surgery, and outcomes in a war zone. We conducted a review of all pediatric patients over 10 months in an eastern Afghanistan CSH. We studied 41 children (1 to 18 years; mean, 8.5 years; median, 9 years), 28 (68.2%) with penetrating injuries. Blasts (13 patients) and burns (nine) were the most common mechanisms. At arrival 19 (46.3%) underwent endotracheal intubation, four (9.8%) had no palpable blood pressure, 10.6 per cent (four of 38) a Glasgow coma score of 5 or less, 30.6 per cent (11 of 36) base deficits of 6 or less, and 41.7 per cent (15 of 36) hematocrit 30 or less. Red cells were given in 14 (34.1%) and plasma in 11 (26.8%). Of 32 total nonburn patients, 12 (37.5%) had multiple system injuries. Three-fourths of injuries were severe (75.8% [47 of 62] Abbreviated Injury Score 3 or greater). Thirty-two patients (78.0%) required major operations: burn and wound care, orthopedic, chest, abdominal, vascular, and neurosurgical. Second operations were performed in 16 (39.0%), most often burn and orthopedic procedures. Six died (14.6%), 13 were transferred to other hospitals (31.7%), and 20 were discharged to home (48.8%; two not noted). Broad experience in operative trauma care, pediatric resuscitation, and critical care is a priority for military surgeons.
Time in the New Economy: The Impact of the Interaction of Individual and Structural Temporalities on Job Satisfaction

The 24/7 economy creates new organizational temporalities including a temporal structure called layered-task time (LTT), characterized by greater simultaneity, fragmentation, contamination, and constraint. This paper develops a measure of LTT, and examines the relationship between its components and job satisfaction as moderated by an individual's polychronicity, or propensity for multitasking. A total of 306 employees from various jobs, organizations, and industries were surveyed. The LTT measures provide promising initial evidence of reliability and content validity. We also find that those who are more polychronic are more satisfied in environments characterized by a need for multitasking and using dissimilar skills, as well as organizational temporal constraint and unpredictable shifts in temporal boundaries. Finally, we discuss implications for research on temporal structures in the workplace.
Law enforcement organizational behavior and the occurrence of post-traumatic stress symptomology in law enforcement personnel follwoing a critical incident

Research by Evans and Coman (1993), Sewell (1984), and Gudjonsson and Adlam (1983) suggests that being shot in the line of duty or the shooting of a partner are often ranked by officers, despite their infrequent occurrence, as the most stressful field events. This study was designed to elucidate factors within the organizational structure of law enforcement, other than the incident itself, which promote ineffective coping and increases in PTSD-like symptomology in police officers. This study found that both police officers, and the organization in which they work, practice predominately ineffective emotion-focused coping strategies following an officer-involved shooting. Possible links between organizational behavior and long-term post-traumatic symptomology were discovered; it appears that officers have readily available models of poor coping responses merely by imitating the behavior of their organization.
Naturally Occurring Disk Herniation in Dogs: An Opportunity for Pre-Clinical Spinal Cord Injury Research

Traumatic spinal cord injuries represent a significant source of morbidity in humans. Despite decades of research using experimental models of spinal cord injury to identify candidate therapeutics, there has been only limited progress toward translating beneficial findings to human spinal cord injury. Thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation is a naturally occurring disease that affects dogs and results in compressive/contusive spinal cord injury. Here we discuss aspects of this disease that are analogous to human spinal cord injury, including injury mechanisms, pathology, and metrics for determining outcomes. We address both the strengths and weaknesses of conducting pre-clinical research in these dogs, and include a review of studies that have utilized these animals to assess efficacy of candidate therapeutics. Finally, we consider a two-species approach to pre-clinical data acquisition, beginning with a reproducible model of spinal cord injury in the rodent as a tool for discovery with validation in pet dogs with intervertebral disk herniation.
Intrauterine devices and infertility: sifting through the evidence.

Investigators in Oxford have made many contributions to the understanding for the potential relations between contraception genital-tract infections and infertility. A cohort study comparing return to fertility among nulliparas after discontinuation of contraception to become pregnant is an example. In this study long-term IUD use by nulliparas was associated with a delay of childbirth compared with time for those stopping oral contraceptives and barrier methods. The investigators recommended that IUDs should be used sparingly in nulliparous women and that use for many years should be avoided. In addition they speculated that pelvic inflammatory disease might have been the culprit although their study could not explore biological mechanisms. However the reported strong associations between IUDs and upper genital tract infections have been found to be unreliable due to selection bias confounding and because there was a broader definition of the outcome than the etiological hypothesis of the study. A review of the evidence conducted by WHO concludes that the benefits of IUDs for nulliparas outweigh the theoretical or proven risks. Nevertheless nulliparous women are still warned against long-term IUD use in view of the inconsistent evidence of the relations.
Series spectra of two-valence-electron atoms of boron (BII) and carbon (CIII)

Series spectra of BII and CIII.—By methods previously reported in the identification of lines in the extreme ultraviolet, 13 lines in addition to the pp′ group of BII have been identified, completing the classification of all lines known to be due to BII. Taking the 4f level as 27800 (probably correct to within 200 frequency units), the following term values were obtained for BII: 3s, 72930.8; 4s, 36655.5; 2p1, 165343.9; 2p2,3, 165362.7; 3p1, 59006.5; 3p2,3, 59010.0; 3d, 52054.2; 4d, 28640.4; 5f, 17795.7; 2S, 194325.9; 3S, 66665.1; 2P, 120929.4; 3D, 48410.3. In the case of CIII, 8 lines in addition to the pp′ group were identified, and taking the 4f level as 62600, the following term values were obtained for CIII: 3s, 146197.2; 2p, 331939.2; 3p1, 124685.8; 3p2, 124698.6; 3p3, 124704.1; 3d, 114387.2; 2S, 375463.1; 2P, 273111.0. Progression of frequency separations and of screening constants for regular doublets for Li to O is shown in Table VI, for one to six valence electrons. The separation (2p2-2p1) or (2p3-2p1) regularly decreases and the constant s regularly increases, for a given element, with the number of valence electrons, irrespective of the fact that both doublets and triplets are involved.
Measurement and Analysis of Aircraft Engine PM Emissions Downwind of an Active Runway at the Oakland International Airport

Abstract The growth of commercial aviation has fueled concerns over air quality around airports and the surrounding communities. Airports must expand their operations to meet the increase in air traffic, but expansion plans have been delayed or canceled due to concerns over local air quality. This paper presents the methodology for real-time measurements of aircraft engine specific Particulate Matter (PM) emissions and analysis of the associated high resolution data acquired during normal Landing and Take-Off (LTO) operations 100–300 m downwind of an active taxi-/runway at the Oakland International Airport. The airframe–engine combinations studied included B737-300 with CFM56-3B engines, B737-700/800 with CFM56-7B engines, A320 with V2500-A5 engines, MD-80 with JT-8D engines, A300 with CF6-80 engines, DC-10 with CF6-50 engines, and CRJ-100/200 with CF34-3B engines. For all engine types studied, the size distributions were typically bimodal in nature with a nucleation mode comprised of freshly nucleated PM and an accumulation mode comprised mostly of PM soot with some condensed volatile material. The PM number-based emission index observed ranged between 7 × 1015–3 × 1017 particles kg−1 fuel burned at idle/taxi and between 4 × 1015–2 × 1017 particles kg−1 fuel burned at take-off, and the associated PM mass-based emission index (EIm) ranged between 0.1 and 0.7 g kg−1 fuel burned at both the idle/taxi and take-off conditions. Older technology engines such as the CFM56-3B and JT8D engines were observed to have as much as 3× higher PM EIm values at take-off compared to newer engine technology such as the CFM56-7B engine. The results from this study provide information for better characterizing evolving PM emissions from in-service commercial aircraft under normal LTO operations and assessing their impact on local and regional air quality and health related impacts.