cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Urbanization and the Incomes of Farm and Nonfarm Families in the South

tion that trend is inoperative in 1954 and 1955 could account for a substantial part of the deviation between actual and predicted land values. Such an assumption, however, is probably not realistic. One would suspect trend to be most operative during periods of declining farm income and general prosperity in that land is the only residual claimant upon agricultural income that cannot move in response to higher returns outside the agricultural sector. A serious question does exist as to whether the USDA's index of land values properly reflects current changes in the market value of land for agricultural purposes. According to the March Farm Real Estate Market: "Several important regional factors are responsible for continued strength in the farm real estate market. Among these are urban and industrial expansion, demand for part-time farms and rural residences, increased demand for land for timber production, and climatic conditions with their resultant effects on crop yields and income expectations."18
Modeling of Phonon Dispersion in a Semiconductor Quantum Dot Crystal

We describe a model for numerical calculation of phonon spectrum in a three-dimensional regimented array of semiconductor quantum dots. Regimentation and possibility of carrier mini-band formation make this structure analogous to a crystal, e.g. quantum dot crystal. It is demonstrated that the acoustic phonon dispersion undergoes strong modification in such a structure leading to emergence of low-energy quasi-optical branches. Strong phonon spectrum modification is expected to affect carrier relaxation and transport properties.
Alcohol Craving and Consumption in Borderline Personality Disorder When, Where, and With Whom

Substance use is highly prevalent in our society, and substance use disorders are comorbid with most psychiatric disorders, including borderline personality disorder (BPD). Craving is a fundamental feature of addiction and disorder, yet the contexts in which craving occurs and is associated with substance use is still underresearched. We examined alcohol craving and consumption in a sample of 56 BPD individuals and a comparison group of community drinkers (COM; n = 60) who carried electronic diaries for approximately 21 days. BPD individuals reported more craving than COM individuals in most contexts. Compared with COM individuals, elevated craving in BPD individuals was paralleled by more drinking when at work, at home, and with romantic partners, coworkers, and children. These findings identify contexts of particular relevance to those with BPD and other mood/anxiety disorders in which craving may lead to risky and maladaptive alcohol use.
Magnetic Circular Dichroism of Low-Temperature-Grown AlxGa1-xAs

We study magnetic circular dichroism of absorption (MCDA) of LT AlxGa1−xAs as a function of aluminum content. The MCDA spectrum of LT AlxGa1−xAs is distinctly different from the MCDA spectrum of LT GaAs, which has one paramagnetic and one diamagnetic peak at 0.95 eV and 1.18 eV, respectively. As the aluminum content increases, the spectrum of LT AlxGa1−xAs is dominated by a diamagnetic peak similar to the 1.18eV peak of the EL20-like defects in LT GaAs. However, the peak shifts to higher energies as x increases. The photoquenching and temperature dependence of this peak indicates an association with the EL2 defect. The paramagnetic peak observed in LT GaAs also shifts to higher energies but faster and eventually merges with the diamagnetic peak as the Al content increases. The study of the MCDA spectrum of LT AlxGa1−xAs as a function of aluminum content allows a better understanding of the MCDA phenomena of LT AlxGa1−xAs and LT GaAs, as well as the EL2-related transitions in bulk semi-insulating GaAs.
The Place of Radiation Therapy in the Treatment of Carcinoma of the Distal End of the Penis.

Carcinoma of the penis is a rare disease in the mainland United States. It occurs almost exclusively in uncircumcised men, very rarely before age 30, usually after age 50, and is generally associated with phimosis and resulting difficult or poor hygiene. It tends to remain localized for considerable lengths of time, but undifferentiated tumors and tumors in younger patients may be quite aggressive. Primary treatment may be surgical extirpation or irradiation. The latter is followed by surgery in the event of failure to control the tumor or for a radiation complication. Irradiation alone, if successful, avoids the functional disability and the psychological distress caused by loss of the penis, so if control is comparable, obviously this is the treatment of choice. Many authors have published results of treatment by primary surgery or radiotherapy. We wish to report on the treating of carcinoma of the penis by radiotherapy alone or in planned combination with surgery. The M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute's experience with conservative management of carcinoma of the distal end of the penis by radiotherapy is reviewed, and compared with more drastic methods that combine preoperative irradiation with partial or total amputation.
Lead-210 Balance and Implications for Particle Transport on The Continental Shelf, Mid-Atlantic Bight, USA

Investigations carried out as part of the Shelf-Edge Exchange Processes (SEEP) program show that a consideration of the geochemical balance of the natural radionuclide Pb-210 (half-life 22 years) can provide important insights concerning the fate of fine particulate matter on the continental shelf. This is because (1) the supply of Pb-210 is dominated by the well-known input from the atmosphere and (2) the removal is dominated by scavenging and particle transport. An important and somewhat counter-intuitive finding is that there are significant inventories of Pb-210 (similar in magnitude to the inventory predicted from the atmospheric supply) in the shelf sediments, even though the sediments are predominantly coarse-grained sands that are not believed to be accumulating at present. Analyses of size-fractionated sediment samples show that the Pb-210 accumulations are due mostly to the presence of small amounts (a few percent) of silt- and clay-sized material mixed into the sands. The hypothesis is advanced that particulate matter introduced to the shelf is trapped efficiently on the shelf because deposition is followed by downward mixing into the sediment column by benthic organisms. Eventually there is completion of the cycle by mixing back up to the sediment surface followed by resuspension, but completion of the cycle and the eventual export of the particles take many decades to complete (time for most of the Pb-210 to decay). The resulting long detention of particles on the shelf has important implications for the fate of particulate organic matter and the possible entry of particle-associated contaminants into food chains on the shelf.
Situations, identity, and the Semantic Web

We present a prototype of a computational framework for identity based on situation theory as developed by Barwise et al. Taking our cue from Kokar's Situation Theory Ontology (STO), we use Semantic Web standards to capture the information present in a constellation of situations that relate to identity attributions. We do so in a way that supports cross-situation queries and reasoning. Our ontology, however, differs substantially from STO. Central to our account are id-situations, where an id-action (pronouncing on the identity of an agent) is performed. Our account focuses on evidence, provenance of information, and appropriate actions that back evidence, so we also address situations that support id-situations by providing artifacts, collecting evidence, and generally enabling and informing id-actions. We note that Semantic Web resources are ideal for representing situations since the Semantic Web is open and situations are partial information structures. Situations in our application area, while not dynamic like those typically of interest in studies of situation awareness, like them, rely on trust in automation and in our collaborators. In presenting a computational approach to identity, this paper shows how situations can be used to model the support we have for judgments and how Semantic Web standards can be used to represent and reason about constellations of situations.
Gleaning signals from noise for probing matter at the molecular scale

Thermal noise has a significant effect on the functionality of the processes and matter at the molecular and smaller scales. Rational control and interrogation of matter at such small scales necessitates devices which have exquisite resolution to discern the signals where the measurement noise introduced cannot overwhelm the thermal response of matter. In this tutorial, methods that have evolved for rational control and interrogation of matter at the small scale will be explained with specific emphasis on the use of flexure probes and optical forces. In particular biological molecules will be used as a case study with emphasis on motor-proteins based transport inside cells and protein folding and unfolding experiments using flexure probes. Modern control theory and related perspectives hold significant promise in meeting the resolution and band-width needs for interrogation and manipulation of matter at the small scale. In the tutorial, examples on how such methods have overcome perceived limitations will be emphasized. Moreover, the tutorial will highlight avenues for future research and will outline outstanding challenges. The tutorial will be apt for researchers with background in controls; no expertise will be assumed on molecular scale aspects.
Modeling Genetic Susceptibility to Disease

The mouse has become an important model in understanding the interplay between human disease and environmental interactions, both xenobiotic and pharmacological. The key methodology is that of generating mouse models using gene targeting. We describe in general terms the various approaches, including production of null alleles, and alleles whose expression can be controlled both spatially and temporally. We also describe several strategies that attempt to ‘humanize’ the mouse so that it more accurately reflects the human response to xenobiotic or pharmacological insult. Finally we describe additional strategies that can be used to identify mouse models of interest including screening the various mouse strains and creating novel alleles using N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis.
Johnson and Newton: Dismantling the Plenum

In Rambler, No. 8, Samuel Johnson writes: It is said by modern philosophers, that not only the great globes of matter are thinly scattered thro’ the universe, but the hardest bodies are so porous, that, if all matter were compressed to perfect solidity, it might be contained in a cube of a few feet. (Rambler, I, 41)
Quantification of mesembrine and mesembrenone in mouse plasma using UHPLC-QToF-MS: Application to a pharmacokinetic study.

Sceletium tortuosum, is an indigenous herb of South Africa which is widely used as an herbal supplement in the treatment of anxiety and stress. Mesembrenone and mesembrine are the two main pharmacologically active alkaloids present in the extract. Despite the wide therapeutic applications of Sceletium extract, there are no reports of in vivo pharmacokinetic properties or analytical methods to quantify these two important alkaloids in plasma. Therefore, the current study was aimed to develop and validate a simple and sensitive analytical method for simultaneous quantification of mesembrenone and mesembrine in mouse plasma. Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC/QToF-MS) was employed to achieve our objectives. The compounds were extracted using protein precipitation method by methanol (100%) with quinine as an internal standard. The lower limit of quantification for both the compounds was 10 ng/m. The extraction recovery was between 87% - 93% for both compounds with no matrix effects on the analysis. The accuracy was between 89.5 and 106 % and precision was < 12.6 % for all QC samples. This validated method was successfully applied to evaluate the IV plasma pharmacokinetics of mesembrine and mesembrenone in mouse. However, the oral bioavailability of these alkaloids was poor and the plasma levels were under the detection limits.
Genetic Risk Scores

Genome-wide variation data with millions of genetic markers have become commonplace. However, the potential for interpretation and application of these data for clinical assessment of outcomes of interest, and prediction of disease risk, is currently not fully realized. Many common complex diseases now have numerous, well-established risk loci and likely harbor many genetic determinants with effects too small to be detected at genome-wide levels of statistical significance. A simple and intuitive approach for converting genetic data to a predictive measure of disease susceptibility is to aggregate the effects of these loci into a single measure, the genetic risk score. Here, we describe some common methods and software packages for calculating genetic risk scores and polygenic risk scores, with focus on studies of common complex diseases. We review the basic information needed, as well as important considerations for constructing genetic risk scores, including specific requirements for phenotypic and genetic data, and limitations in their application. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dual phase consensus algorithm for distributed sensor management

We propose the dual phase consensus algorithm (DCPA) to solve distributed sensor-target allocation for multitarget tracking. DPCA combines the benefits of greedy and consensus algorithms to converge to a feasible solution, and then iteratively improves the allocation to aproach the global optimal. Theoretical analysis for convergence and computational and communication complexity of the algorithm is included. This analysis is validated using representative simulation results including sensitivity studies for increasing the number of targets and varying network topologies.
Introduction to the Special Issue: Community Dance Practices

Welcome to the first special issue of Dance Education in Practice. The focus for this special issue is community dance practices, a term that can apply to a wide variety of settings and participant...
Leveraging Social Media for Health Promotion and Behavior Change: Methods of Analysis and Opportunities for Intervention

This chapter describes methodologies used to describe, model, and predict user communication patterns in social media interactions, with the shared goal of facilitating understanding of health-related behavior change. To set the stage, the chapter presents an overview of the documented effects of social relationships on health behavior change. Investigators from a variety of disciplines have attempted to understand and harness these social ties for health promotion. Online communities, which digitize peer-to-peer communication, provide a unique opportunity to researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying human behavior change. Through transdisciplinary methods that draw upon socio-behavioral theories, and information and network sciences, analysis of communication patterns underlying social media user interactions is possible at scale. Such methods can provide insight into development of “healthier life” technologies that harness the power of social connections. Examples of such translational projects and implications for public health practice are discussed to conclude the chapter.
Impacts of Music on Sectional View Drawing Ability for Engineering Technology Students as measured through Technical Drawings.

Research indicates that performance of verbal, mathematical, or visuospatial tasks can increase in students who received music lessons before the tests, in comparison with students who followed nonmusical courses (Bilhartz, Bruhn, & Olson, 2000; Costa-Giomi, 1999; Rauscher, Shaw, Levine, Wright, Dennis, & Newcomb, 1997).However, the issue remains controversial as some studies show that such benefits tend to disappear after a few years in comparing musical students with students who have not received music lessons (Costa-Giomi, 1999). In addition, most of the observed differences rely on top–down cognitive abilities, such as spatial memory, rather than on lower-level processes (Brochard, Dufour, & Despres, 2004).The purpose of the current study is to identify whether listening to different kinds of music can increase or decrease spatial ability performance for engineering technology students.
Effects of Task Difficulty on the Disruptive and On-Task Behavior of Students with Severe Behavior Disorders:

It has been proposed that academic materials presented to students with emotional and behavioral disorders may serve in some situations as aversive stimuli that increase escape and/or avoidance res...
Relationship between stroke recurrence, infarct pattern, and vascular distribution in patients with symptomatic intracranial stenosis

Objective In view of recent literature suggesting that stroke recurrence and risks related to intervention may be related to plaque physiology/instability, our study sought to discern the pattern of stroke and rates of stoke recurrence as they relate to the anatomy and presentation of the underlying stenosis. Methods Retrospective chart as well as CT and MR angiographic imaging review of patients in the institutional stroke database was performed, including identification of patient risk factors, medical therapeutic optimization, compliance, serum cholesterol (low density lipoprotein) levels, blood pressure, physical therapy referrals, follow-up clinical status (using the modified Rankin Scales), and rate of recurrent stroke. 39 patients met the inclusion criteria. We evaluated infarct pattern (embolic, adjacent perforator, or watershed) and vascular distribution. Results Basilar artery stenosis was most likely to present as a perforator stroke and least likely to recur. Patients discharged with suboptimal medical therapy were twice as likely to have a recurrent stroke. Among patients with optimized medical therapy, no recurrent strokes were seen in patients with an embolic infarct pattern, while a 57% recurrence rate was seen in patients with a watershed infarct pattern. Conclusions Our results suggest that hemodynamic intracranial vascular stenoses may be less responsive to medical therapy, while stenotic lesions caused by plaque destabilization or in perforator territories may benefit from aggressive medical management with delayed or staged endovascular therapy. Recurrence of stroke may be affected both by vascular territory and by aggressive risk factor control, although the latter remains difficult to evaluate.
PIAAC: Focusing Adult Learning on Building Adult Competence

This chapter describes how PIAAC's concept of competency-in-use can support literacy policy and practice focused on adult learners’ real needs.
Development of a modular synthetic route to (+)-pleuromutilin, (+)- 12-epi-mutilins, and related structures.

We describe the development of an enantioselective synthetic route to (+)-pleuromutilin (1), (+)-12-epi-mutilin, and related derivatives. A key hydrindanone was prepared in three steps and 48% overall yield from cyclohex-2-en-1-one. 1,4-Hydrocyanation provided a nitrile (53%, or 85% based on recovered starting material) that was converted to the eneimide 57 in 80% yield by the 1,2-addition of methyllithium to the nitrile function, cyclization, and in situ acylation with di-tert-butyldicarbonate. The eneimide 57 was employed in a 2-fold neopentylic coupling reaction with an organolithium reagent derived from the alkyl iodides (R)- or (S)-30, which contain the C11–C13 atoms of the target, to provide diastereomeric diketones in 60% or 48% yield (for coupling with (R)- or (S)-30, respectively). The diketone derived from (S)-30 contains the (S)-C12 stereochemistry found in pleuromutilin and was elaborated to an alkynylaldehyde. Nickel-catalyzed reductive cyclization of this alkynylaldehyde, to construct the ei...
Modeling of Dendritic Evolution of Continuously Cast Steel Billet with Cellular Automaton

In order to predict the dendritic evolution during the continuous steel casting process, a simple mechanism to connect the heat transfer at the macroscopic scale and the dendritic growth at the microscopic scale was proposed in the present work. As the core of the across-scale simulation, a two-dimensional cell automaton (CA) model with a decentered square algorithm was developed and parallelized. Apart from nucleation undercooling and probability, a temperature gradient was introduced to deal with the columnar-to-equiaxed transition (CET) by considering its variation during continuous casting. Based on the thermal history, the dendritic evolution in a 4 mm × 40 mm region near the centerline of a SWRH82B steel billet was predicted. The influences of the secondary cooling intensity, superheat, and casting speed on the dendritic structure of the billet were investigated in detail. The results show that the predicted equiaxed dendritic solidification of Fe-5.3Si alloy and columnar dendritic solidification of Fe-0.45C alloy are consistent with in situ experimental results [Yasuda et al. Int J Cast Metals Res 22:15–21 (2009); Yasuda et al. ISIJ Int 51:402–408 (2011)]. Moreover, the predicted dendritic arm spacing and CET location agree well with the actual results in the billet. The primary dendrite arm spacing of columnar dendrites decreases with increasing secondary cooling intensity, or decreasing superheat and casting speed. Meanwhile, the CET is promoted as the secondary cooling intensity and superheat decrease. However, the CET is not influenced by the casting speed, owing to the adjusting of the flow rate of secondary spray water. Compared with the superheat and casting speed, the secondary cooling intensity can influence the cooling rate and temperature gradient in deeper locations, and accordingly exerts a more significant influence on the equiaxed dendritic structure.
Vibrational Spectroscopy of Gas–Liquid Interfaces

Abstract The intent of this chapter is to discuss vibrational spectroscopic techniques that are specific to surfaces either inherently or by experimental design. Instrumentation and data interpretation in the physical chemistry of gas–liquid interfaces are therefore described. Applications of infrared and Raman spectroscopy in reflection geometries and sum-frequency generation spectroscopies are discussed in detail. Moreover, this chapter is focused on how these vibrational spectroscopic methods elucidate atmospherically relevant proxy interfaces modeled after those of aerosols, cloud droplets, and sea or continental surface waters.
SCOPE PHENOMENA, “MOVEMENT TRANSFORMATIONS,” AND RELATIVE CLAUSES

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses movement transformations and relative clauses. An adequate grammar of English must provide constraints on the syntax to prevent violation of these conditions and forestall the production of ungrammatical sentences. The grammar given by Montague in PTQ predicts that the sentences are two ways ambiguous, the ambiguity centering on the relative scopes of the quantifiers a and every. However, neither sentence actually is ambiguous. In English, one cannot relativize an element that belongs to a relative clause, and an adequate grammar of the language must take this into account. Thus, the Montague grammar claims that the fact that elements of relative clauses cannot be relativized, and the fact that such elements always have narrower scope than the NP head of their relative clause is somehow related. Whether this claim is empirically justifiable on purely linguistic grounds remains to be seen. If it is, the kind of grammar advocated by Montague receives empirical support of particular significance, as no standard theory can associate two such facts so closely.
A Note on Bayesian Games

This paper tackles some conceptual problems in the epistemic foundations of classical game theory. Focus is placed on the discussions of the asymmetry of different epistemic standpoints in modeling a game and the thesis of no subjective probability for self-action in games.
On the Effect of Time Lapse Between Sampling and Expansion in the Aitken Nuclei Counter

Previous, and more recent, comparisons of electronmicroscopic and conventional nuclei counts show that the Aitken counts are deficient. Special experiments revealed that the cause for this deficiency lies in the rapid decay of nuclei in the time lapse between sampling and counting nuclei. It was found that a lapse of 30 seconds reduces the nuclei concentration in the counter by roughly 50%. When this decay is considered, the Aitken and electron microscopic counts can be brought into good agreement.
Perceptions and experience of veterinary surgery residents with minimally invasive surgery simulation training.

Objective To determine access to and use of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) simulators among American College of Veterinary Surgeons (ACVS) small animal residents and to identify barriers to simulator use and perceptions of simulator training. Study design Voluntary online survey. Sample population One hundred forty-one ACVS small animal residents. Methods American College of Veterinary Surgeons residents were identified by contacting ACVS residency program directors. An emailed online survey was sent to residents along with a reminder email 2 weeks later. All surveys were collected within 1 month. Participation was voluntary but incentivized. Results Response rate to the survey was 79 of 141 (56%) residents. Twenty-eight of 77 (36%) residents have access to a simulator, with box simulators being most common. Lack of time was the most frequent reason for not using the simulator more. Sixty-eight of 77 (88%) and 65 of 77 (65%) residents agreed or strongly agreed that simulator-based training improves laparoscopic skills and that simulator skills are transferable to the operating room, respectively. Residents with access to a simulator were more comfortable with basic laparoscopic surgeries at the end of their residency than those without such access (P = .04). Conclusion There is substantial room for improved access to and use of MIS simulator training in ACVS residency programs. Despite lack of simulator access, residents believed that simulator training improved their skill and comfort level with basic laparoscopic procedures. Clinical significance The results of this study inform us about access to and perceptions of MIS simulator training among residents. This information is important to surgeons responsible for training residents and may help guide the creation of a surgical skills curriculum.
Methanol and ethanol concentrations in a Greenland ice core

Abstract The first methanol and ethanol concentrations in a Greenland ice core are reported for 14 annual samples ranging from 1686 to 1947 AD. Concentrations ranged from 83 nM to 1666 nM and 16 nM–424 nM for methanol and ethanol, respectively. Low median methanol and ethanol concentrations from 1686 to 1745 result primarily from natural emissions during a cold climate period. These concentrations provide a baseline alcohol level in deposition before impacts from various sources (e.g. naturally recovering plant populations, anthropogenic sources, and changing atmospheric oxidation chemistry) increased alcohol concentrations in the atmosphere. Concentrations of both alcohols increased after 1745 possibly due to increased biogenic and anthropogenic sources. Because both of these alcohols react with hydroxyl radicals, this increase has important implications for changing atmospheric oxidation chemistry. Samples were also analyzed for various other ice core components (e.g. aldehydes, anions, H+, DOC) to investigate possible correlation with alcohol concentrations. These ice core data are significant because they can be used to determine the extent temporal trends in alcohol concentrations were due to changes in atmospheric chemistry and varying source type and magnitude.
O-0029 Prognostic Impact of DNA Mismatch Repair Status and BRAFV600E Mutations in Stage III Colon Cancer Patients Treated in a Phase III Study of Adjuvant Folfox Alone or Combined with Cetuximab: NCCTG N0147

ABSTRACT Background Colon cancers with deficient function of the DNA mismatch repair (dMMR) system develop microsatellite instability (MSI) and have been associated with a favorable prognosis, but appear to lack benefit from adjuvant 5-fluorouracil. To date, the prognostic impact of MMR status for an oxaliplatin-containing regimen evaluated in a clinical trial has not been reported. We determined the impact of MMR and BRAFV600E mutation status on disease-free survival (DFS) in stage III colon cancer patients (T1-4,N1-2,M0) treated with adjuvant FOLFOX +/- cetuximab where the antibody was shown to be ineffective (JAMA 307:1383-93, 2012). Methods MMR protein expression (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6) was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Tumors with loss of an MMR protein were categorized as dMMR; those with intact/proficient expression as pMMR. Extracted DNA from archival tumors was analyzed for BRAF exon 15 (V600E) mutations by allele specific RT-PCR. Median patient follow-up was 3.1 yr, and DFS data were censored at 4 yr. Results Among stage III colon carcinomas (N = 2,686), 12% were dMMR and 14% carried BRAFV600E mutations of which 43% showed dMMR. BRAFV600E mutations were associated with high grade histology, proximal site, increased T stage and ≥4 positive lymph nodes (N2) [all p Conclusion In FOLFOX-treated patients (irrespective of cetuximab), the prognostic impact of MMR status was dependent upon primary tumor site with significantly better DFS for dMMR tumors of the proximal colon, but adverse outcome for dMMR in distal tumors. Within dMMR cases, N2 stage was associated with a poor prognosis. BRAFV600E mutations were associated with poor outcome and when stratified by MMR status, their prognostic impact was limited to pMMR tumors. Support: NIH Grant CA25224, NCI K05CA-142885, Bristol-Myers Squibb, ImClone, Sanofi-Aventis, and Pfizer
Approaching overload: diagnosis and response to anomalies in complex and automated systems

Web production software systems operate at an unprecedented scale today, requiring extensive automation to develop and maintain services. The systems are designed to regularly adapt to dynamic load to avoid the consequences of overloading portions of the network. As the software systems scale and complexity grows, it becomes more difficult to observe, model, and track how the systems function and malfunction. Anomalies inevitably arise, challenging incident responders or SREs to recognize and understand unusual behaviors as they plan and execute interventions to mitigate or resolve the threat of service outages.A study of four real cases reveals the interplay between the human and machine agents when problems disrupt the system. The analysis of the incidents directly links the cascade of disturbances below the line of representation (e.g. computer interfaces, monitoring tools) with the cognitive work of Site Reliability Engineers. The Above the Line / Below the Line Framework (ABL) changes the perspective in reviewing the cases post mortem in the tradition of Cognitive Systems Engineering and Resilience Engineering. The case study demonstrates specific and general patterns for complications to incident management in complex web operation systems, as well as directions for designing better tooling to support future, resilient work.
Individuals Who Determined the Dance Philosophy of Graduate Education

Abstract Twenty-nine teachers of dance in graduate schools in the United States were interviewed to find out what teachers and what performing artists were seminal in determining their teaching philosophies. Data on the longevity of the teaching careers of the subjects were gathered. A statement of teaching philosophy was sought. The subjects named Gertrude Kline Colby and Margaret Newell H'Doubler as seminal teachers and Martha Graham, Hanya Holm, Doris Humphrey, and Mary Wigman as seminal artists. The longevity of the subjects' careers indicated that they have largely determined the teaching philosophy of dance in education in the United States. The statements of philosophies, although available, are too complex and lengthy for this report.
Selection and training of paraprofessionals in core parent-child interaction therapy skills

Abstract Families in need of behavior parent training (BPT) to address childhood conduct problems face numerous barriers to accessing evidence-based programs. An alternative delivery format with the potential to reduce service disparities involves training non-credentialed helpers (e.g., paraprofessionals, natural helpers) to administer BPTs with a prevention approach. This alternative has received little attention for the coaching-based BPT parent–child interaction therapy (PCIT). We sought to (a) identify selection factors that would predict PCIT therapist skills in a sample of non-credentialed helpers and (b) evaluate uptake of skills of non-credentialed helpers after a brief training. In Study 1, 62 undergraduate students with an interest in working with families provided information on their general learning ability, empathy, natural helping tendency, and knowledge of behavior principles. These constructs were used to predict performance on core PCIT therapist skill domains, including child-centered interaction skills, behavior observation coding, and parent coaching. In Study 2, 21 individuals from Study 1 were selected based on their knowledge of behavior principles (high, moderate, & low scores) to participate in a brief training in foundational PCIT therapist skills and again complete performance measures. Results revealed that learning ability and knowledge of behavior principles were the most consistent predictors of initial PCIT therapist skills. Non-credentialed helpers showed significant improvements in their PCIT therapist skill use with brief training, which has important implications for the potential implementation of a prevention model of PCIT by paraprofessionals. Preliminary recommendations for selection and training are provided.
Interleukin-1β Stimulates Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in U373 Astrocytoma Cells without the Production of Lipid Second Messengers

IL-1β is one of the cytokines known to affect astroglial cells in normal brain development, brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases. IL-1β causes astrocytes to become more reactive, alter the expression and release of molecules and in some cases to proliferate. We have investigated the mitogenic effect and signal transduction pathway induced by IL-1β in U373 cells, a human astrocytoma cell-line. Recombinant human IL-1β induced mitogenesis of U373 cells in a dose-dependent fashion as assessed by tritiated thymidine incorporation. The following signal transduction mechanisms, reported to be induced in other systems by IL-1β, were investigated in U373 cells: (1) activation of phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C as assayed by incorporation of tritiated choline into cellular phospholipids, (2) production of diacylglycerol, a lipid second messenger, (3) activation of sphingomyelinase, and (4) activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Of these, IL-1β activated only MAPK. In cultured rat astrocytes, IL-1β caused activation of MAPK without inducing proliferation.
Near-field nanoimaging of biological cells on 2D materials

Two-dimensional (2D) semiconducting materials such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have been widely investigated for the potential use in optoelectronic, biosensing and photovoltaic applications. Nanoscale heterogeneous morphological, electronic and optical properties of these materials play a crucial role in the device performance. We use tip-enhanced Raman and photoluminescence near-field nanoimaging techniques to better understand the materials and hybrid biological systems such as bacterial and cancer cells on 2D TMDs and lateral heterostructures. We investigate the effects of local strain, doping, hot electron injection and transfer, as well as the electromagnetic and chemical enhancement mechanisms in these systems. The results show unusual tip-sample interaction effects that could reveal new synergistic phenomena at the nano- and picometer scales.
Stretta in the Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

An option to treat refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the delivery of radiofrequency energy to the gastroesophageal junction (Stretta). This endoscopic approach is safe, effective, durable, and, if necessary, repeatable. Stretta decreases esophageal sensitivity to acid and decreases the gastroesophageal junction compliance, thereby leading to symptom relief by decreasing refluxate volume. Stretta may also serve as an endoscopic pain modulator and should be considered in patients with refractory GERD despite proton pump inhibitors, as well as in those patients with hypersensitive esophagus or functional heartburn.
Data Science, COVID-19 Pandemic, Privacy and Civil Liberties

The world has seen pandemics, terrorism, hurricanes and other natural and man-made disasters. Each time such an event occurs we discuss technologies that can solve the problem and their impact on our privacy and civil liberties. Such discussions occurred after the 9/11 terrorist attacks and is happening now during the COVID-19 pandemic, the worst human crisis we have faced in a century. This paper discusses the applications of data science to detect and possibly prevent such pandemics and its impact on our privacy and civil liberties.
Micron-Scale Anomalous Hall Sensors Based on FexPt1−x Thin Films with a Large Hall Angle and near the Spin-Reorientation Transition

In this work, we fabricate and characterize an energy-efficient anomalous Hall sensor based on soft-magnetic FexPt1−x thin films with a large anomalous Hall angle. By varying the composition of the FexPt1−x alloy, its layer thickness and interfacial materials, the magnetization is tuned to be near the spin transition between the perpendicular and in-plane reorientations. We performed magneto-transport and noise characterizations on anomalous Hall sensors with a small sensing area of 20 × 20 µm2 in the 180 to 350 K temperature range. We found the best performance in a 1.25-nm-thick Fe0.48Pt0.52 sandwiched by two 1.6-nm-thick MgO layers at room temperature. The sensor has a large anomalous Hall angle of 1.95%. Moreover, it has the best field detectability of 237.5 nT/√Hz at 1 Hz and 15.3 nT/√Hz at 10 kHz, as well as a high dynamic reserve of 112.0 dB. These results suggest that the FexPt1−x alloy system is suitable for energy-efficient anomalous Hall sensors, particularly in micro-sensing applications.
Nurse-Doctor Co-Teaching: A Pilot Study of the Design, Development, and Implementation of Structured Interprofessional Co-Teaching Sessions.

Introduction High levels of interprofessional collaboration are beneficial for patients and healthcare providers. Co-teaching may be one method for creating a collaborative environment. This pilot study designed, developed, and implemented Nurse-Doctor Co-Teaching on an inpatient medicine service. Methods Ten Nurse-Doctor Co-Teaching pairs designed 30-minute, structured co-teaching sessions with learning objectives, evidence-based content, interactive teaching strategies and a Take-Away of key content with the help of a coaching team. Each session was presented by a nurse and senior doctor to nurse and resident learners. Our assessment blueprint included: 1. Anonymous surveys assessing the overall rating of each session and 2. Pre- and post-anonymous surveys assessing measures of interprofessional collaboration and communication between nurses and residents before and after the series of ten co-teaching sessions. Results Data from ten post-session surveys included 121 of 156 participants (77.6%). Attendance at each session ranged from 13-19 participants with 8-17 participants completing a survey per session for an average of 12.1 surveys analyzed. All Nurse-Doctor Co-Teaching sessions scored in the excellent range between 1.00 and 1.43 on a Likert scale (1 is excellent and 5 is poor). In response to the question "What did you like best?", interactive teaching strategies was the most frequent spontaneous answer. A significant correlation between the number of interactive teaching strategies and enjoyability of the session (p-value=0.01) was observed. Measures of interprofessional collaboration and communication did not change significantly in the pre-intervention compared to post-intervention period. Conclusion We created a unique model of interprofessional co-teaching on an inpatient service. The overall excellent ratings of our interactive sessions indicate that Nurse-Doctor Co-Teaching is a valued form of learning. Our structured format is adaptable to various medical settings and could be expanded to include additional allied health professionals. We plan further studies to assess if Nurse-Doctor Co-Teaching improves measures of interprofessional collaboration.
Production of Daphnia zooplankton on wastewater-grown algae for sustainable conversion of waste nutrients to fish feed

Abstract This study investigates the upcycling of nutrients in anaerobic digestate via algal biomass to zooplankton which is a natural fish feed. There are no published studies, to the authors’ knowledge, on the viability of growing zooplankton on digestate-grown algae. Here, the viability of digestate-grown Chlorella sorokiniana as a feed for the large-bodied generalist zooplankter, Daphnia, was tested. It was found that Daphnia fed with digestate-grown C. sorokiniana led to 1.5- to 14-fold greater Daphnia population growth than Daphnia fed with Ankistrodesmus sp., an established feed. A sterol analysis of C. sorokiniana found 4–6 mg/g of the sterol, ergosterol, and nearly double the α-linolenic acid content of Ankistrodesmus. Sterols and α-linolenic acid are often-limiting nutrients in Daphnia diets. Other factors hypothesized to influence nutrient transfer from algae to Daphnia were also tested, including algal feed concentration, sterol supplementation, and the presence of digestate bacteria in the algal feed. The presence of bacteria and exogenous cholesterol had no significant impacts on Daphnia growth. The higher feed concentration (5 mg C/L) led to 3 times higher Daphnia growth than the low feed concentration (1.5 mg C/L) even though the latter concentration has frequently been used by other researchers. Finally, it was determined that the feed conversion ratio of algae to Daphnia fell in the range of 0.19–0.31 and that trophic transfer of carbon was 25–28% while that of nitrogen was 29–34% in this un-optimized system. These values compare favorably to livestock feed conversion efficiency but additional losses will occur when Daphnia are fed to fish. These results show that cultivation of Daphnia on digestate-grown algae is technically feasible.
Functional Brain Connectivity During Narrative Processing Relates to Transportation and Story Influence

Engaging with narratives involves a complex array of cognitive and affective processes. These processes make stories persuasive in ways that standard arguments are not, though the underlying reasons for this remain unclear. Transportation theory proposes a potential explanation for this: narratives are processed in a way which makes individuals feel immersed in the world of a story, which in turn leads people to resonate emotionally with the events of the story. Recent fMRI studies have shown that the posterior medial cortex (PMC) and anterior insula (AI) play important roles in understanding the meaning of stories and experiencing the feelings they produce. In this study, we aimed to explore the AI's and PMC's role in narrative processing by measuring their functional connectivity with the rest of the brain during story listening, and how connectivity changes as a function of narrative transportation and the persuasiveness of the story. We analyzed data from 36 right-handed subjects who listened to two stories, obtained from podcasts, inside the fMRI scanner. After the scan, subjects were asked a series of questions, including a measure of how transported into the story they felt, how likely they would be to donate to causes related to the messages of the stories. We used searchlight multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) to classify functional connectivity maps using seeds in both the AI and PMC and to compare these maps between participants who differed in transportation and prosocial intention. We found that connectivity to various regions successfully distinguished between high and low ratings on each of these behavioral measures with accuracies over 75%. However, only one pattern of connectivity was consistent across both stories: PMC-inferior frontal gyrus connectivity successfully distinguished high and low ratings of narrative transportation in both stories. All other findings were not consistent across stories. Instead, we found that patterns of connectivity may relate more to the specific content of the story rather than to a universal way in which narratives are processed.
Family-based treatment for pediatric eating disorders: evidence and guidance for delivering integrated interdisciplinary care

Eating disorders (EDs) are complex psychiatric diagnoses requiring specialized care. Family-based treatment (FBT) is the first-line treatment for adolescent anorexia nervosa and is also efficacious...
Mapping Word to World in ASL: Evidence from a Human Simulation Paradigm.

Across languages, children map words to meaning with great efficiency, despite a seemingly unconstrained space of potential mappings. The literature on how children do this is primarily limited to spoken language. This leaves a gap in our understanding of sign language acquisition, because several of the hypothesized mechanisms that children use are visual (e.g., visual attention to the referent), and sign languages are perceived in the visual modality. Here, we used the Human Simulation Paradigm in American Sign Language (ASL) to determine potential cues to word learning. Sign-naive adult participants viewed video clips of parent-child interactions in ASL, and at a designated point, had to guess what ASL sign the parent produced. Across two studies, we demonstrate that referential clarity in ASL interactions is characterized by access to information about word class and referent presence (for verbs), similarly to spoken language. Unlike spoken language, iconicity is a cue to word meaning in ASL, although this is not always a fruitful cue. We also present evidence that verbs are highlighted well in the input, relative to spoken English. The results shed light on both similarities and differences in the information that learners may have access to in acquiring signed versus spoken languages.
Cytochemical studies with the electron microscope. II. Succinic dehydrogenase in rat spermatozoa.

Abstract Succinic dehydrogenase is concentrated in the nine outermost axial fibers of the rat sperm flagellum. The submicroscopic cytochemical localization of this enzyme has been performed in frozen-dried sperm obtained from rat epididymides. Four different sets of reagents have been employed: polymeric nitro-BT tetrazolium, p -nitro tetrazolium and K tellurite in the presence of succinate, and sodium malonate in the absence of succinate. The increase in electron scattering of the fibers by malonate, a specific competitive inhibitor of succinic dehydrogenase, is regarded as confimatory evidence for the findings obtained in the presence of the tetrazoles and tellurite. The reagents in all cases acted as stains, the deposits appearing uniformly amorphous, with no distinct granules or crystalline formations. Appropriate controls were included. These findings indicate that the systems which may be involved in the oxidative resynthesis of ATP are closely associated morphologically with the structures which possess ATP-ase activity. This organization is favorable to the spermatozoon in that the flagellum is assured of a continuous supply of ATP for its motile activity.