cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Broadband homonuclear cross polarization in 2D N.M.R. using DIPSI-2

We discuss broadband homonuclear cross polarization of J-coupled spin systems in liquids, and compare a new windowless sequence, called DIPSI-2, to the broadband spin decoupling sequences MLEV-16 and WALTZ-16. We find that DISPI-2 leads to more rapid and complete cross polarization for a given expenditure of radiofrequency power. Either longitudinal or transverse magnetization components can be exchanged by DIPSI-2. Using DIPSI-2 as a mixing sequence to induce longitudinal magnetization transfer can give absorption-mode 2D correlation spectra with a minimum of phase cycling steps.
NEW MEASUREMENTS OF THE FLUORESCENCE EFFICIENCY OF AIR UNDER ELECTRON BOMBARDMENT.

The fluorescence efficiency of air under electron bombardment has been measured at a pressure corresponding to an altitude of 65 km, for electron energies around 700 eV, with the principal measurements at the bright 3914-A band of the N2+ ion. Efficiencies for the 3914-A band from two methods of observation were in good agreement, and gave a value of η3914 = 0'34 per cent. Spectra were obtained for air emission in the range of 2500–12,000 A. Comparison of the radiation in the 3914-A band to that in the whole spectrum gave a total efficiency of ηitT = 1.86 per cent for this spectral range. Efficiencies of other bands were also determined by comparison with the 3914-A band. The 3914-A efficiency, for electron energies of from 165 to 1000 eV, was found to be nearly independent of energy. The dependence on pressure of the light output in the spectral range 3000–11,000 A was observed for electron energies of 750 and 1425 eV and pressures from 30 to 960 μ. The efficiency of the 3914-A band is independent of pressure below 100 μ. Above 100 μ, efficiencies of the N2+ first negative and the N2 first and second positive bands decrease with increasing pressure, the first positive decreasing most rapidly and the second positive least rapidly. Intensities of some N2+ Meinel bands were compared with the first positive (0, 0) band at pressures from 50 to 1 μ in nitrogen and air. The intensity of the Meinel bands relative to the first positive band increases by an order of magnitude over this pressure range in nitrogen. To check photometric techniques, the cross-section for excitation of the 3914-A band by 750-eV electrons was measured and found to be in satisfactory agreement with results obtained by Holland. Some electron range measurements also gave results in agreement with previous work.
The Chinese Generals Problem

To achieve higher reliability, safety, and fault-tolerance, many mission-critical detection and decision systems implement consensus algorithms that force the system's underlying sensor networks to reach the states of consensus and unanimous decision among the sensor nodes. Most consensus algorithms presented in the literature utilize local averaging (for continuous values) and majority voting (for discrete values) operators combined with iterative message passing and other similar nearest-neighbor information propagation schemes. Although very simple to implement, such schemes can be very prone to noise because individual detection and decision errors can be amplified and propagated many times throughout the network. For this reason, in this paper we propose a novel consensus algorithm for binary systems that requires each sensor node to participate in message propagation only if its input exceeds a predetermined threshold. This algorithm is a solution to what we call The Chinese Generals Problem, a wide generalization of The Byzantine Generals Problem by Lamport et al [1]. The threshold function used in the algorithm leads to an adjustable network-wide threshold level that defines the minimum number of nodes initially reporting positive detection required in order for all the nodes to reach the correct consensus.
Design of a Pressure-Sensing Laparoscopic Grasper

This paper describes a magnetic, nonoperative device and control system designed to treat long-gap esophageal atresia LEA. This congenital disorder occurs in approximately 100 newborn infants every year and is characterized by a discontinuity in the esophagus between the mouth and stomach. Our device builds upon previous work investigating the use of internal permanent magnets to stretch the proximal and distal esophageal pouches together until anastomosis occurs. We implement a hydraulic standoff device for the proximal magnet assembly to control the distance between the two magnets independent of the esophageal gap size. The standoff allows for controllable, intermittent force between the two pouches and provides a layer of safety from runaway magnetic forces that could potentially damage delicate esophageal tissue. The proximal device comes in two variations: a convex tip for stretching the esophagus and a concave mating tip for meeting the distal end during anastomosis. A light emitting diode LED and phototransistor pair estimates the esophageal gap size for the duration of the procedure, and a fluid pressure sensor enables the force on the esophageal tissue to be calculated. The external control circuitry, physician interface, and pump are described that demonstrate the core functionality of the system.
THE AVIFAUNA OF THE BARSTOW MIOCENE OF CALIFORNIA

For more than forty years the Upper Miocene beds known as the Barstow Syncline have been under the scrutiny of vertebrate paleontologists representing widely separated institutions and having greatly divergent backgrounds. An extended account of this area in the Mohave Desert of California was published by Merriam (1919). Here he discussed the general geology and paleontology and correlated the faunas as far as known up to that time. Very little had been recovered except mammal remains. One reptile was described (Testudo mohavense) and three fragments of bird bone were recorded as buteonid hawks. In succeeding years there has been a good deal of work done on the mammal fauna but very little has been added to the record of birds (L. Miller, 1950). During the past three years, some painstaking and enthusiastic surface collecting has been done in the Barstow Syncline by Messrs. Richard Tedford and Robert Shultz with the result that an interesting, though small, collection of bird remains has been assembled. Some of this material is located at the Los Angeles Museum (L. A. Mus.) and some at. the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA). All of it has been made available for this study along with field notes and personal comment by Tedford and Shultz. The material is so highly fragmentary that specific identity has in most instances not been determined. However, the familial relationships displayed are of great significance in reconstructing the ecologic picture of the area during Upper Miocene time. Specimens are beautifully mineralized and have suffered very little corrosion or distortion from pressure. Fragmentation seems to be due to breaking up of the matrix by Recent surface erosion. Excavation below the weathered zone is not practicable because of the rarity and the widely separated locations of bird remains. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the services of Messrs. Tedford and Shultz in bringing this bird material to light.
A fast visual colorimeter

A simple colorimeter is described which enables untrained observers to rapidly and reliably match hue and saturation using a novel joystick control. The colorimeter output is suitable for computer recording and analysis. The applications of this color-matching technique in experiments requiring speed and simplicity are illustrated.
The early treatment of common colds with an antihistamine--histadyl.

A SERIES of articles on the use of antihistaminic drugs in the prevention and early treatment of common colds has appeared since the first paper by Brewster1 in 1947. Several early and very optimis...
Subunit interface mutants of rabbit muscle aldolase form active dimers

We report the construction of subunit interface mutants of rabbit muscle aldolase A with altered quaternary structure. A mutation has been described that causes nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia and produces a thermolabile aldolase (Kishi H et al., 1987, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:8623-8627). The disease arises from substitution of Gly for Asp-128, a residue at the subunit interface of human aldolase A. To elucidate the role of this residue in the highly homologous rabbit aldolase A, site-directed mutagenesis is used to replace Asp-128 with Gly, Ala, Asn, Gln, or Val. Rabbit aldolase D128G purified from Escherichia coli is found to be similar to human D128G by kinetic analysis, CD, and thermal inactivation assays. All of the mutant rabbit aldolases are similar to the wild-type rabbit enzyme in secondary structure and kinetic properties. In contrast, whereas the wild-type enzyme is a tetramer, chemical crosslinking and gel filtration indicate that a new dimeric species exists for the mutants. In sedimentation velocity experiments, the mutant enzymes as mixtures of dimer and tetramer at 4 degrees C. Sedimentation at 20 degrees C shows that the mutant enzymes are > 99.5% dimeric and, in the presence of substrate, that the dimeric species is active. Differential scanning calorimetry demonstrates that Tm values of the mutant enzymes are decreased by 12 degrees C compared to wild-type enzyme. The results indicate that Asp-128 is important for interface stability and suggest that 1 role of the quaternary structure of aldolase is to provide thermostability.
Escherichia coli Glutamine Synthetase Adenylyltransferase (ATase, EC 2.7.7.49): Kinetic Characterization of Regulation by PII, PII-UMP, Glutamine, and α-Ketoglutarate†

Glutamine synthetase adenylyltranferase (ATase, EC 2.7.7.49) catalyzes the adenylylation and deadenylylation of glutamine synthetase (GS), regulating GS activity. The adenylyltransferase (AT) reaction is activated by glutamine and by the unmodified form of the PII signal transduction protein and is inhibited by the uridylylated form of PII, PII-UMP. Conversely, the adenylyl-removing (AR) reaction is activated by PII-UMP and is inhibited by glutamine and by PII. Both AT and AR reactions are regulated by alpha-ketoglutarate, which binds to PII and PII-UMP. Here, we present a kinetic analysis of the AT and AR activities and their regulation. Both AT and AR reactions used a sequential mechanism of rapid equilibrium random binding of substrates and products. Activators and inhibitors had little effect on the binding of substrates, instead exerting their effects on catalysis. Our results were consistent with PII, PII-UMP, and glutamine shifting the enzyme among at least six different enzyme forms, two of which were inactive, one of which exhibited AR activity, and three of which exhibited AT activity. In addition to a site for glutamine, the enzyme appeared to contain two distinct sites for PII and PII-UMP. The PII, PII-UMP, and glutamine sites were in communication so that the apparent activation and inhibition constants for regulators depended upon each other. The binding of PII was favored by glutamine and its level reduced by PII-UMP, whereas glutamine and PII-UMP competed for the enzyme. alpha-Ketoglutarate, which acts exclusively through its binding to PII and PII-UMP, did not alter the binding of PII or PII-UMP to the enzyme. Rather, alpha-ketoglutarate dramatically affected the extent of activation or inhibition of the enzyme by PII or PII-UMP. A working hypothesis for the regulation of the AT and AR activities, consistent with all data, is presented.
A clinical evaluation of the pathogenicity of trichomonas vaginalis

Abstract Three hundred consecutive patients were examined for trichomonas vaginalis. Fifty or 16.6 per cent showed the presence of the parasite. Sixteen per cent of the positive cases had no discharge of any kind, 24 per cent had only a slight discharge, making a total of 40 per cent of the patients positive for the presence of trichomonas vaginalis, in whom the leucorrheal discharge was a negligible factor. Only 34 per cent of the trichomonas vaginalis patients complained of itching and only 30 per cent had any evidence of a definite vaginitis. Certainly such figures do not establish a definite disease entity. Various vigorous treatments, gathered from different parts of the world, including our own, showing some success in eliminating the trichomonas vaginalis, have been mentioned. The treatment that yielded the best results, in our hands, was that one directed toward the elimination of the chronic, congestive condition in the pelvis and not the trichomonas. With the eradication of the causative factor of the stasis, all of the symptoms as well as trichomonads disappeared in 75 per cent of the cases, and the trichomonas vaginalis disappeared permanently in 91.6 per cent of those so treated.
Second generation picture archiving and communication systems

A modern radiology department utilizes multimedia technologies to facilitate its operation. Multimedia technologies include hardware platform, information systems, databases, communication protocols, display technology and system interface and integration. Current existing PACS can not handle this multimedia information because of its closed architectural design. This paper describes the concept of second generation PACS and its design and implementation at the University of California, San Francisco. The second generation PACS concept consists of four major components: folder manager, platter manager, image and data format standardization, and integration of heterogeneous information systems.
Motivational and cognitive test-taking strategies and their influence on test performance in mathematics

A structural equation model of relationships among testing-related motivation variables (test value, effort, self-efficacy, and test anxiety), test-taking strategies (test tactics and metacognitive strategies), gender, and math test performance were examined with a sample of 10th graders (N = 438; 182 males and 256 females). In general, motivation variables influenced the use of test-taking strategies and demonstrated stronger impacts on math performance than did test-taking strategies. Gender differences were found in self-efficacy and test anxiety. With a few surprising but culturally relevant results that warrant further investigation, the current study extended previous works on antecedents of academic achievement to testing situations within the self-regulated learning theory.
Reaction of protein disulfide groups with Ellman's reagent: A case study of the number of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in Aspergillus oryzae α-amylase, papain, and lysozyme

Abstract Ellman's reagent, 5,5′-dithiobis[2-nitrobenzoic acid] (DTNB and abbreviated here as O-S-S-O), is a standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurement at 412 nm. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxylato-4-nitro-thiophenolate (O-S−). In the determination of the number of sulfhydryl groups of porcine pancreatic α-amylase, we observed that the protein contained more O-S-S-groups than could be accounted for from the original sulfhydryl analysis (reaction 1). We consequently postulated that disulfide groups were reacting in addition to sulfhydryl groups (reactions 2 and 3). The reaction was postulated to release one O-S− for every free sulfhydryl group, and the protein was postulated to be derivatized so that one -S-S-O group is formed for every free sulfhydryl group and two -S-S-O groups are formed for every disulfide group. This hypothesis was tested by using three diverse proteins (A. oryzae α-amylase, papain, and lysozyme) whose numbers of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups are known. O-S− was released from the derivatized protein by incubation at pH 10.5 (reaction 4). Determination of the amount of O-S−/mole of protein before and after pH 10.5 permitted determination of the number of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in the protein. The results of the study of the three proteins confirmed the hypothesis and established methods for the fast and accurate determination of the number of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. 1. (1) Protein-S− + O-S-S-O → Protein-S-S-O + O-S− 2. (2) Protein-S-S-Protein + O-S− → Protein-S-S-O + Protein-S− 3. (3) Protein-S− + O-S-S-O → Protein-S-S-O + O-S− 4. (4) 3 Protein-S-S-O + DTT or pH 10.5 → 3 Protein-S− + 3 O-S−
Newsworkers, technology, and journalism history

This paper explores the absence of a labor perspective in journalism history by focusing on the relationship between newsworkers and technology. The result is a view of mainstream journalism history as supporting an ideological status quo. The author suggests a cultural history of journalism that embraces the concerns of a working class history and the understanding of a critical social theory to help provide answers about the status of intellectual work, cultural production, and the nature of class consciousness under conditions of technological advancement in the United States.
Hormonal replacement in patients with brain injury-induced hypopituitarism: Who, when and how to treat?

Traumatic brain injury is one of the main causes of death, as well as, physical and cognitive disabilities in young adults. Recent studies have demonstrated head injury (TBI and SAH) as a frequent cause of hypopituitarism. Since hormonal deficits may contribute to the outcome of the patient, it is important to establish guidelines of who, when, and how to treat. The probability of developing hypopituitarism has been based on the severity of the TBI. Yet discrepancies in recent studies display that minimal TBI can also result in hypopituitarism. Thus patients with moderate to severe TBI must be screened and those with minimal TBI monitored for hypopituitarism. The temporal relationship between TBI and occurrence of hypopituitarism is observed in 3 phases-acute, recovery, and chronic. Clear hormonal deficits should be treated, but the question arises concerning subtle abnormalities and their role in the outcome of TBI patients.
Stoichiometry of interaction between soluble (—)‐dopa melanin and enantiomers of ephedrine by NMR spectroscopy

Synthetic soluble (—)-dopa melanin was prepared in deuteriated buffer, pH 8, by autooxidation of the precursor. At 6 mM of the precursor, the incorporation was over 90%. The changes in the line width measurements of N-CH3 protons of enantiomers of ephedrine in the soluble melanin were quantified by NMR spectroscopy. The dissociation constants of (—)-1R,2S-ephedrine, (+)-1S,2R-ephedrine, (—)-1R,2R-ψ-ephedrine, and (+)-1S,2S-ψ-ephedrine were 11.7, 4.20, 3.60, and 4.80 mM, respectively. Since the concentration of (—)-dopa was known and since the conversion of (—)-dopa to indole units of melanin was considered as 1:1, the stoichiometry of the interaction between the drug and the indole unit was calculated. Based on the dissociation constants of the enantiomers, it appears that up to four molecules of (—)-ephedrine can interact with one indole unit of the melanin, while such a ratio for other isomers appear to be 2:1. The preference by indole units of melanin is stereoselective. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Na+-independent sugar uptake by rat intestinal and renal brush border and basolateral membrane vesicles.

Abstract 1. 1. Uptake of [14C]-labelled d -glucose, l -arabinose and d -fructose by intestinal and renal brush border and basolateral membrane vesicles was studied in the absence of Na+ . 2. 2. The Na+-independent d -glucose transport system in these membrane vesicles was saturable, sensitive to phloretin, stereospecific and accessible only to d -glucose and d -galactose. 3. 3. Na+-independent l -arabinose transport was not saturable even when its concentration was raised to 300 mM and it was insensitive to phloretin. 4. 4. Na+-independent d -fructose transport demonstrated saturation kinetics with only renal brush border membrane vesicles, but it was not inhibited by either phloretin or phlorizin. 5. 5. These studies indicated that the Na+-independent carrier-mediated d -glucose/ d -galactose transport system of intestinal and renal brush border and basolateral membranes is clearly not shared by other monosaccharides.
Structural modeling of functional visual pathways mapped with 2-deoxyglucose: effects of patterned light and footshock.

Abstract This paper describes the first application of structural modeling to the visual system. Structural modeling, or path analysis, is a mathematical method that allows for the quantification of the functional strengths of anatomical connections between the structures that form a neural system. The objective was to demonstrate how structural modeling can be used to determine the functional interrelationships between brain structures that form the visual system and how these interrelationships change under different conditions. Data were obtained from measured of 2-deoxyglucose uptake in the visual system of rats presented with either patterned light or darkness. The effects of arousing footshock on visual system operations were also investigated. Models based on the anatomical connections and the interregional correlations between metabolic activity data were used to determine path coefficients representing the magnitude of the influence of each directional path. Statistical evaluation of the models revealed that the dominant positive influences on visual system activity in the darkness were the tectocortical subsystem and the descending connections from secondary visual cortex. In the patterned light model, the total influence of the geniculocortical subsystem was higher than in the dark, and the tectocortical pathways showed both a reduction and a shift in the direction of effects. The models also revealed that the effects of footshock-induced arousal on visual system operations depended upon the visual environment and on extra-visual influences. The footshock led to an increase in the interaction of the two main subsystems at the level of connections between primary visual cortex and the lateral posterior nucleus, and a descending negative influence from the secondary visual cortex became dominant. The models are discussed in the context of conventional analyses to show how structural modeling allows for the determination of much more information about the functional interactions within the visual system of subjects under different experimental conditions.
Tales of Estrangement and Transformation: Cal(lie), Christopher, and the Parental Gaze

Using as background the transformations of two fathers in recently published books, Jeffrey Euginides's Middlesex and Mark Haddon's The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time, this article provides an account of the transformations by the therapist and a patient in the eyes of each other after they were able to share their parental concerns and anxieties. The treatment of the fragmented and disorganized female patient, who had developed intense depressive and paranoid anxieties in response to her children's emotional and learning difficulties, felt haphazard and disorganized until the therapist, moved by her parental agony, shared his own depressive anxieties as a parent. Just as with the two paternal figures in the books by Haddon and Euginides—fathers who became present and were transformed after they realized the inner lives and struggles of their children—the patient and the therapist were transformed in the presence of each other after sharing and listening to each other's subjective experienc...
MOTIVATIONS, VALUES, AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION: STUDENTS' INTEGRATION OF PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL IDENTITIES

Edicts within the Council on Social Work Education's 2008 Educational Policyand Accreditation Standards address the importance of understanding theintersection of personal and professional values. ...
Interpenetrating polymer networks for biological applications.

The use of a sequential polymerization method for preparing interpenetrating polymer networks with biocompatible surfaces has been studied. A hydrogel monomer was made to undergo polymerization with simultaneous cross-link formation, in the presence of a swollen thermoplastic elastomer heterophase block copolymer. On removal of the swelling solvent, an interpenetrating network of the hydrogel and the thermoplastic elastomer was obtained, which absorbed water in the manner of a hydrogel, but had mechanical properties superior to hydrogels. The studies employed a poly(ether-urethane) block copolymer as the thermoplastic elastomer. The materials fabricated included samples in which the interpenetrating polymerization extended throughout the thermoplastic elastomer as well as samples in which the interpenetrating polymerization was confined to a region near the surface of the latter.
Environment of the iron-sulfur chromophore in adrenodoxin studied by EPR and ENDOR spectroscopy

Abstract Changes in the EPR magnetic anisotropy of reduced forms of beef adrenodoxin and spinach ferredoxin induced upon removal of hydrated water molecules from the proteins by evaporation were observed. The results suggest a small distortion from the native conformation of the 2Fe-2S group through the cysteine residues to which the Fe atoms are bonded. The average g- value of the 2Fe-2S chromophore of the powder samples is identical with that of the frozen aqueous samples, while the g x,y,z - values change slightly in the powders. In the presence of small amounts of organic solvent-water mixtures ( 30:70 , by vol.) in which the organic solvent was methanol, dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylformamide and glycerol, no detectable changes in g- value and line width in EPR signal of reduced adrenodoxin were observed. At a higher concentration (80 vol. %) of the organic component, no EPR signals were obtained because of the instability of reduced adrenodoxin, except for the case of glycerol. Electron nuclear double resonance spectra of reduced adrenodoxin in H 2 O, 2 H 2 O and the anhydrous powder have been obtained and partially analyzed. At least four sets of protein hyperfine lines have been resolved near the free-proton frequency. They are interpreted as arising from the methylene protons of the cysteine residues complexed to the iron-sulfur chromophore. Comparison of these electron nuclear double resonance spectra suggests that the iron-sulfur chromophore has a hydrophobic environment and is not exposed to solvent water and is perhaps on an inside-protected surface of the protein, and that the ligand methylene groups of the cysteine residues are a little bit distorted in the powder adrenodoxin sample compared to the sample in the frozen liquid.
Changing Patterns of Marriage Courtship among the Hausas: The Case of Emerging Role of Marriage Brokerage in Contemporary Kano Metropolis

This paper describes a number of significant alterations in the patterns of courtship among the Hausas of Northern Nigeria with specific reference to contemporary Kano Metropolis identifying some attending consequences. These changes affect personal choice preference in spouse selection, power of parents and relatives, the role of agency of marriage brokerage, the demands of the dating parties, and the expectations of the spouses prior and during courtships and marriages. The results of the changes are both positive and negative. On the one hand, the changes have opened avenues for match-makers popularly known as “Masu Dalilin Aure;” expanded the markets of mobile telecommunications industries; and increased the social capital of those in the communication business. On the other hand, there has been a decline in the role of parents as primary socializing agents; a disruption in the family ethos; high rates of divorce rates; increase in the number of unwanted pregnancies, abortions and throw-away children; and a rise in reported cases of delinquent behaviors. The paper posits that comprehensive studies that will explore the cost and benefit analyses of the institution of marriage brokerage need to be conducted in order to have a nuanced understanding of the phenomenon, as well as the trajectories of its dynamics. Keywords: Courtship, Marriage Brokerage, Dalilin Aure, Social Change
Bioassay for antioxidants based on protection of isolated rat liver mitochondria against the photodynamic toxicity of benzo[a]pyrene

Abstract A bioassay for antioxidants, based on the protection of isolated rat-liver mitochondria from the photodynamic toxicity of benzo[ a ]pyrene, is described. The assay has been applied to 92 antioxidants of widely varied structure, including phenols, aliphatic and aromatic amines, heterocyclic nitrogen compounds, aminoazobenzenes, polyenes (β-carotene, xanthophyll and vitamin A), sulphur-containing compounds, ultraviolet absorbers and antioxidant synergists. Data from the assay correlate closely with data from a previously described assay based on the protection of Tetrahymena pyriformis from photodynamic injury.
On-line optimization of the Tennessee Eastman challenge problem

Abstract On-line, optimal steady state operating conditions were determined for the six modes of operation (with and without disturbances) for the industrial recycle reactor problem proposed by Downs and Vogel (J.J. Downs, E.F. Vogel, A plant-wide industrial process control problem, Computers and Chemical Engineering 17 (1993) 245–255.). The optimization and modeling problem was formulated as a sequential solution of steady state material balances through the process. Optimal operating setpoints were obtained using NPSOL (P.E. Gill et al., User's Guide for NPSOL: A FORTRAN Package for Nonlinear Programming, Technical Report SOL86-2, Stanford University, CA, 1986.) and reactor feed material balances as equality, non-linear constraints. On-line optimization results, without disturbances, compared favorably with the results obtained by Ricker (N.L. Ricker, Optimal steady-state operation of the Tennessee Eastman challenge process, Computers and Chemical Engineering 19 (1995) 949–959.). The optimization objective function tended to be broad and flat around the optimal operating conditions for all six modes of operation. The on-line, steady state, optimization algorithm compared favorably with the more complicated optimization structure designed by Yan (M. Yan, N. L. Ricker, On-line optimization of the Tennessee Eastman challenge process, in: Proceedings of the 1997 American Control Conference.). However, the algorithm presented here required less computational effort and exhibited greater convergence reliability than the work of Yan. On-line optimization was performed every 8 h and required less than 5 min calculation time. Updated model parameters were calculated every minute and filtered using a first order filter with 15 min time constant. Net profit was introduced as a tool to compare economic performance of the plant operating under a knowledgeable operator and operating under an off-line/on-line optimization algorithm for all six modes of operation. For modes 1–3, operating at the setpoints generated by the optimization algorithm provided significant increases in production rate and net profit that amounted to a 16–45% decrease in product operating costs when compared to operation of the plant at the setpoints specified by an operator. By decreasing operating costs and increasing production rate while maintaining a specified G/H ratio, the optimization algorithm increased net profit by 9.3–0.5% for modes 4–6, respectively, when compared to knowledgeable operator optimization of the plant. Also for sustained disturbances, the optimization algorithm decreased the error in the desired G/H ratio and increased process stability when compared to knowledgeable operator optimization of the plant. On-line optimization provided a maximum 1% relative increase in production rate and 1.5% relative increase in net profit compared to off-line optimization for modes 4–6 only when certain sustained, disturbances occurred. The economic justification of on-line optimization over off-line optimization depends upon the type, magnitude, and frequency of the disturbances.
Dosimetry measurements using a probe tube microphone in the ear canal

Federal and international standards recommended use of microphone placement either on or in the vicinity of the shoulder for dosimetry to minimize deviations from the undisturbed sound field. Probe microphone measurements from the ear canal were compared to shoulder and chest measures in order to investigate the validity of current dosimetry methodologies. Six subjects were monitored in an industrial setting. As expected, ear-canal levels exceeded other measures for all subjects. Shoulder and chest measures showed very low intersubject variability whereas ear-canal measures resulted in large intersubject variability. The ear-canal methodology has the potential to identify individuals whose external ear gain exceed the mean, putting them at increased risk of noise-induced permanent threshold shift (NIPTS). It is proposed that overall external ear pressure gain be used as an index to adjust exposure levels when predicting NIPTS using ISO 1999. A normative database of external ear pressure gain was constructed from 30 ears for this purpose.
A bi-objective analysis of the r-all-neighbor p-center problem

Abstract In this paper we consider a generalization of the p -center problem called the r -all-neighbor p -center problem (RANPCP). The objective of the RANPCP is to minimize the maximum distance from a demand point to its r th-closest located facility. The RANPCP is applicable to facility location with disruptions because it considers the maximum transportation distance after ( r - 1 ) facilities are disrupted. While this problem has been studied from a single-objective perspective, this paper studies two bi-objective versions. The main contributions of this paper are (1) algorithms for computing the Pareto-efficient sets for two pairs of objectives (closest distance vs r th-closest distance and cost vs. r th-closest distance) and (2) an empirical analysis that gives several useful insights into the RANPCP. Based on the empirical results, the RANPCP produces solutions that not only minimize vulnerability but also perform reasonably well when disruptions do not occur. In contrast, if disruptions are not considered when locating facilities, the consequence due to facility disruptions is much higher, on average, than if disruptions had been considered. Thus, our results show the importance of optimizing for vulnerability. Therefore, we recommend a bi-objective analysis.
“Toward Integrative Models of Flow”: Effects of Performance, Skill, Challenge, Playfulness, and Presence on Flow in Video Games

This research examined various predictors of flow in video games. Study 1 examined the effects of performance on flow across two game genres (shooting and medical simulation games) and demonstrated that successful performance results in greater flow. Study 2 demonstrated an interaction effect of skill and challenge on flow across three genres (racing, violent, and prosocial games). Highly skilled players experience greater flow when encountering higher challenge whereas players with moderate and low levels of skill experience less flow when encountering higher challenge. Study 3 tested the moderating role of users' playfulness in an exergame and a music game.
Perpendicular transport of solar energetic particles in heliospheric magnetic fields

This paper presents direct observational evidence for large perpendicular diffusive flows of solar energetic particles in heliospheric magnetic fields. Using anisotropy measurements of 40-92 MeV protons obtained by the High-Energy Telescope of the COSPIN consortium on Ulysses at high heliographic latitudes, we find that during several gradual solar particle events, for periods of many hours, the observed particle flow is directed at significant angles to the measured local magnetic field direction, which can only be explained by cross-field diffusion. The variation of the particle flow direction with the magnetic field direction seen in the 2000 July 14 solar energetic particle event has allowed us to derive a large κ⊥/κ∥ ratio of 0.25 with an error bar of less than 0.05. An upper limit of κA/κ⊥ 0.17 is also found by analyzing the dependence of the particle anisotropy on the magnetic field polarity. The observation suggests that perpendicular diffusion of solar energetic particles cannot be neglected even in the early phase of a solar particle event.
Reduction of oxygen catalyzed by nickel diphosphine complexes with positioned pendant amines

Nickel(II) bis(diphosphine) complexes that contain positioned bases in the second coordination sphere have been found to catalyze the reduction of O2 with H2 to selectively form water. The complexes also serve as electrocatalysts for the reduction of O2 with the addition of a weak acid. In contrast, a closely related nickel diphosphine complex without the positioned bases is catalytically inactive for O2 reduction. These results indicate that pendant bases in synthetic catalysts for O2 reduction can play a similar role to proton relays in enzymes, and that such relays should be considered in the design of catalysts for multi-electron and multi-proton reactions.
Polydendrocytes: NG2 Cells with Many Roles in Development and Repair of the CNS

NG2 cells, or polydendrocytes, are defined as glial cells that express the NG2 proteoglycan and represent a fourth major glial cell population in the mammalian central nervous system. They are morphologically, antigenically, and functionally distinct from mature astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. Although they are most often equated with oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, they exhibit some properties that are not commonly associated with those of progenitor cells that generate myelinating cells. This review discusses recent observations and unanswered issues related to their lineage and their role in remyelination, neural signaling, and axonal growth.
Fiber Assembly in Friction Spinning

Both classic and novel research methods were used to study a number of questions concerning the mechanisms involved with fiber assembly in friction open-end spinning of cotton yarns. The equipment used was a much-modified DREF-3 friction-spinning unit with replaced suction rolls and equipped with a comber-roll assembly from a Platt 881 rotor-spinning unit Reynolds-number simulation in a water medium provided a means of determining the source of flow instabilities in the vicinity of the nip. Considerable energy losses were found as a result of flow inefficiencies in the inner cylinders, and methods of improving the cylinder design were suggested. The use of short-duration flash techniques provided a means of determining fiber orientation prior to accumulation and assembly on the yarn tail. These techniques made it possible to photograph the yarn tail forming as well as the gradual tightening of the structure upstream of the original yarn-forming position. Determination of mechanisms of capture of the fiber...
Assessment of radiological hazards of tungsten divertors

Abstract The radiological hazards of utilizing tungsten for divertors are investigated. The safety and environmental characteristics are assessed by an integrated approach coupling the evaluation of activation and tritium inventories, accident thermal transient analysis, mobilization of activated materials, and dose dispersion. The activation products can contribute a significant amount of mobilized dose in accidents while shallow burial for waste disposal is acceptable. Observations of trends that improve the safety and environmental performance are discussed.
Environmental cadmium and lead exposures and age-related macular degeneration in U.S. adults: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005 to 2008.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex disease resulting from the interplay of genetic predisposition and environmental exposures, and has been linked to oxidative stress and inflammatory mechanisms. Lead and cadmium can accumulate in human retinal tissues and may damage the retina through oxidative stress, and may thereby play a role in the development of AMD. We examined associations between blood lead, blood cadmium, and urinary cadmium concentrations and the presence of AMD in 5390 participants aged 40 years and older with blood lead and blood cadmium measures and a subsample of 1548 with urinary cadmium measures in the 2005–2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. AMD was identified by grading retinal photographs with a modification of the Wisconsin Age-Related Maculopathy Grading System. The weighted prevalence of AMD was 6.6% (n=426). Controlling for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education and body mass index, adults in the highest blood cadmium quartile had higher odds of AMD compared to the lowest quartile (odds ratio [OR], 1.56; 95% CI, 1.02–2.40), with a significant trend across quartiles (p-trend=0.02). After further adjustment for pack-years of cigarette smoking, estimates were somewhat attenuated (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 0.91–2.27; p-trend=0.08). Similar associations were found with urinary cadmium. The association between urinary cadmium and AMD was stronger in non-Hispanic whites (NHW) than in non-Hispanic blacks (NHB) (OR, 3.31; 95% CI, 1.37–8.01 for levels above versus below the median among NHW; OR,1.45; 95% CI, 0.40–5.32 for levels above versus below the median among NHB; p-interaction=0.03). We found no association between blood lead levels and AMD. Higher cadmium body burden may increase risk of AMD, particularly among non-Hispanic white individuals; however, additional studies are needed before firm conclusions can be drawn.
Inheritance and regression toward the mean in heterogeneous cell populations.

. Traits such as birth size and lifetime can vary widely even among non-mutated progeny of the same cell proliferating in the same environment. On the other hand, population parameters of these traits may remain stable over many generations, and there may be a distinct inheritance of these traits from mother to daughters. We have reconsidered the implication of mother-daughter correlations in light of linear regression analysis. It is proposed that a non-mutant cell whose phenotype deviates from the population mean produces progeny whose rate of regression toward the mean is proportional to 1-r, where r is the mother-daughter correlation coefficient of the trait under study. Theoretical support for this proposition is derived from linear regression analysis. Empirical support is found in pedigree analysis of cell growth constants among NIH3T3 mouse fibroblast cells, where the presence of an activated human ras oncogene is associated with a decreased r and an increased rate at which the growth constants of progeny regress toward the population mean.
Development of sperm cells of Volvox carteri f. weismannia (Chlorophyceae)

Abstract A high yield of male colonies of Volvox carteri f. weismannia can be attained in culture within 70–90 hr after inoculation of fresh Volvox medium to a concentration of 15–20 colonies/ml. The development and morphology of the sperm bundles in the male colonies were studied by light and electron microscopy. The nuclei of the mature sperm cells are characterized by osmiophilic material along the inner membrane and within the nucleus. Discrete spherical areas of fine fibrillar nuclear material are also observed. A tripartite layer of sheath material surrounds each sperm cell and the whole sperm bundle at maturity. Prominent eyespots are present in the reduced chloroplast; the cells contain rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, two contractile vacuoles, a microbody and a complex mitochondrial system near the flagellar bases. When the sperm cell is freed from the sheath and swims independently, the flagella are directed posteriorly from the apex. It is able to change its shape rapidly and can form...
Capture techniques and morphometrics for the woolly spider monkey, or muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoides, E. Geoffroy 1806)

A total of 12 free-ranging muriquis (Brachyteles arachnoides) were captured with Telazol® at Fazenda Esmeralda, Minas Gerais, Brazil, and at Fazenda Barreiro Rico, Sao Paulo, Brazil. All animals were measured, marked, weighed, and released. Previously reported data suggested that Brachyteles is a sexually dimorphic species with female-male body weights of 12–15 kg, respectively. We found no statistically significant difference in body weight between females (mean = 8.4 kg, range = 6.9–9.3 kg, n = 4), and males (mean =9.6 kg, range = 9.3–10.2 kg, n = 4). Our results are at variance with previously published body weights in the literature. Larger sample size may reveal a significant sexual difference, particularly in body weight. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The determinants and consequences of child care subsidies for single mothers in the USA

This paper provides an analysis of child care subsidies under welfare reform in the USA. We used data from the 1999 National Survey of America's Families to analyze the determinants of receipt of a child care subsidy and the effects of subsidy receipt on employment, school attendance, unemployment, and welfare participation. Ordinary least-squares estimates that treat subsidy receipt as exogenous show an effect of subsidy receipt on employment of about 13 percentage points. Two-stage least-squares estimates that treat subsidy receipt as endogenous and use county dummies as identifying instruments show an effect of 33 percentage points on employment, 20 percentage points on unemployment, and no effects on schooling and welfare receipt.
The quality of life in patients with Crohn's disease.

SUMMARY Background : Health-related quality of life studies provide insight into the influence of Crohn's disease on patients' lives, and the potential impact on professional and personal productivity. Aim : To compare health-related quality of life in Crohn's disease patients with that in other patients and healthy controls, and between medically and surgically treated Crohn's disease patients, and to correlate health-related quality of life with Crohn's disease activity. Methods : An expanded MEDLINE search of full length, English language, adult Crohn's disease studies from January 1966 to September 2000 was performed. The key words utilized were: ‘Quality of Life’, ‘Health Status’ or ‘Health Related Quality of Life’ and ‘Crohn’s' or ‘Inflammatory Bowel Disease’. Results : A total of 258 articles were identified; 236 subsequently were excluded, leaving 22 for analysis. Compared with Crohn's disease patients, the health-related quality of life was better in healthy controls and in ulcerative colitis patients (except pre-colectomy), but similar to or worse than that in many other medical conditions. The health-related quality of life was directly correlated with Crohn's disease activity, and was worse in active disease than in remission. The health-related quality of life was improved only in the short term in surgically vs. medically treated Crohn's disease patients. Conclusions : Health-related quality of life analysis provides important insights into the impact of Crohn's disease, and should be included in clinical trials. Researchers, clinicians and other health care providers need to be cognizant of the impact of the health-related quality of life upon patients' lives.
Galileo's Sidereus Nuncius or Sidereal Message

William R. Shea and Tiziana Bascelli, editors. Galileo's Sidereus Nuncius or Sidereal Message. Translated from the Latin by William R. Shea. Introduction and notes by William R. Shea and Tiziana Ba...
Engineering Small Molecule Specificity in Nearly Identical Cellular Environments

Methotrexate (MTX), an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, was tethered to an FKBP12 ligand (SLF), and the resulting bifunctional molecule (MTXSLF) potently inhibits either enzyme but not both simultaneously. MTXSLF is cytotoxic to fibroblasts derived from FKBP12-null mice but is detoxified 40-fold by FKBP12 in wild-type fibroblasts. These studies demonstrate that non-target proteins in an otherwise identical genetic background can be used to predictably regulate the biological activity of synthetic molecules.