cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
T2 relaxation time histograms in multiple sclerosis.

An accurate measurement of the transverse relaxation time T2, and the histogram of T2 in the brain parenchyma can be accomplished in vivo using a multi-echo magnetic resonance imaging sequence. An estimate of the error in the T2 measurement is derived using copper sulfate doped water phantoms. Correction factors are calculated and applied to the signal intensity of each voxel prior to the in vivo T 2 evaluation. These corrected T2 are in good agreement with the theoretical values calculated from copper sulfate concentrations. This technique is then applied to calculate T2 histograms of the brain. The population studied was composed of normal volunteers and multiple sclerosis patients. The corrected T 2 histogram method discriminates the normal control population from the MS population, and also discriminates between relapsing-remitting patients and primary progressive or secondary progressive patients. Moreover using this approach we are able to detect in MS patients a global shift of the T2 of the white mater toward higher values. The results of this study showed that the method is easy to implement and may be used to characterize MS pathology. © 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Escape from inhibition of synaptic transmission during in vitro hypoxia and hypoglycemia in the hippocampus

Abstract Electrophysiological recordings were made from rat hippocampal slices exposed to in vitro ischemic conditions in which the superfused medium is hypoxic and lacking glucose. Under these conditions, the evoked population spike recorded in CA1 is initially depressed and then transiently returns prior to an anoxic depolarization. This transient return in synaptic function under ischemic-like conditions also occurs if the population spike is inhibited by pretreatment with adenosinergic agonists or with the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)B agonist, baclofen.
Unequally Spaced Arrays Based on the Poisson Sum Formula

It has been recognized that unequally spaced arrays can offer some advantages over equally spaced arrays, mainly in the following areas: 1) thinned array by reducing the number of elements to achieve the high resolution without producing grating lobes; 2) broadbanding or wide scanning without grating lobes; 3) reducing sidelobes for the array of uniform amplitude; and 4) unequally spaced arrays on a curved surface. Historical accounts and a basic theory of unequally spaced arrays based on Poisson Sum Formula are given. Most of the analytical approach can be obtained by numerical computation. Analytical methods may show additional physical mechanisms and offer alternative approaches. This paper also discusses some additional applications on circular arrays, active impedance and arrays on a curved surface.
Practical Problems With Aerosol Therapy in COPD

Inhaled aerosol drugs commonly used by patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease include short-acting and long-acting bronchodilators, as well as corticosteroids. These agents are available in a variety of inhaler devices, which include metered-dose inhalers (MDI), breath-actuated MDIs, nebulizers, and, currently, 5 different models of dry powder inhaler (DPI). There is evidence to suggest that multiple inhaler types cause confusion among patients and increase errors in patient use. Problems with MDIs include failure to coordinate inhalation with actuation of the MDI, inadequate breath-hold, and inappropriately fast inspiratory flow. Lack of a dose counter makes determining the number of remaining doses in an MDI problematic. Patient misuse of MDIs is compounded by lack of knowledge of correct use among health-care professionals. Several factors often seen with elderly patients have been identified as predictive of incorrect use of MDIs. These include mental-state scores, hand strength, and ideomotor dyspraxia. Holding chambers and spacers are partially intended to reduce the need for inhalation-actuation coordination with MDI use. However, such add-on devices can be subject to incorrect assembly. Possible delays between MDI actuation and inhalation, rapid inspiration, chamber electrostatic charge, and firing multiple puffs into the chamber can all reduce the availability of inhaled drug. Because they are breath-actuated, DPIs remove the need for inhalation-actuation synchrony, but there is evidence that patient errors in use of DPIs may be similar to those with MDIs. One of the biggest problems is loading and priming the DPI for use, and this may be due to the fact that every DPI model in current use is different. Medical personnel's knowledge of correct DPI use has also been shown to be lacking. The optimum inhalation profiles are different for the various DPIs, but, generally, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients have been shown to achieve a minimum therapeutic dose, although the inhaled amount may be suboptimal. A limitation of DPIs that have multidose powder reservoirs (eg, the Turbuhaler) is ambient humidity, which can reduce the released dose. Small-volume nebulizers are limited by bulk, treatment time, and variable performance, but are easy for patients to use. Important features identified by patients for an ideal inhaler are ease of use during an attack, dose counter, and general ease of use and learning. A breath-actuated-pMDI, such as the Autohaler, ranked at the top of inhaler preference in a study of 100 patients with airflow obstruction, compared to DPIs and MDIs. Short of a universal simple inhaler, patient and caregiver education remains the best solution to correct patient errors in use.
High-pressure studies of polymerization in sulfur

By x-ray and optical studies of thermally quenched products and by differential thermal analysis under pressure the effect of high pressure on the melting and polymerization of sulfur has been investigated to 31 kb and 500°C. At least four different liquid fields have been identified. DTA experiments indicate that pressure shifts the 159°C polymerization transition first toward higher temperatures and then toward lower temperatures until it finally coincides with the melting point at a pressure of about 0.7 kb. The depolymerization temperature was found by the same technique to increase with increasing pressure up to 0.4 kb. A liquid P—T boundary that may constitute the higher-pressure extension to the depolymerization transition has been traced up to 7.5 kb and 480°C. A very sharp, practically temperature-independent reaction in the liquid state has been located at about 9 kb extending from the liquidus to at least the limits of the apparatus at about 450°C. Evidence has been found for a possible second-order phase transformation extending from about 10 kb at 400°C to the liquidus at approximately 360°C.
Automatic Thoughts and Cognitive Restructuring in Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder

The goal in (Heimberg, R. G. (1991). A manual for conducting Cognitive Behavior Group Therapy for social phobia (2nd ed), Unpublished manuscript) cognitive behavioral group therapy (CBGT) for social anxiety disorder (social phobia) is to challenge irrational automatic thoughts and create exposures to provide disconfirming evidence for these irrational thoughts as well as habituation to fearful stimuli. Yet little is know about the types of thoughts reported by socially anxious individuals in therapy or which thoughts therapists select for cognitive restructuring in CBGT sessions. The present study analyzed the semantic content of automatic thoughts reported in CBGT and found that the most common thoughts related to poor social performance, negative labels by others, and the anticipation of negative outcomes in feared situations. Principle components analyses indicated the automatic thoughts reflected three underlying themes: Experiencing Anxiety, Negative Self-Evaluation, and Fear of Negative Evaluation. The paper also describes exploratory analyses of which thoughts became the focus of cognitive restructuring exercises and their relationship to treatment outcome. Implications for cognitive therapy are also discussed.
Inflammation of the cystic fibrosis mouse small intestine

The CFTR null mouse [cystic fibrosis (CF) mouse] has a severe intestinal phenotype that serves as a model for CF-related growth deficiency, meconium ileus, and distal intestinal obstructive syndrom...
Modeling acoustic volume backscatter from two shallow-water marine environments by side-scan sonar

The authors use X-ray computed tomography (CT) of cores to provide three dimensional seafloor descriptions on scales much smaller than 1 cm/sup 3/. This scale of description is very relevant to sediment internal volume scattering at acoustic frequencies of 10-100 kHz. Statistical characterization and modeling is carried out in two selected environmental regimes: a region of seafloor that is gassy and a region of seafloor that is filled with shell hash. Characterizations of these two seafloor types based on the high-resolution environmental data sets are incorporated into forward models of scattering behaviour and comparisons are made between the various scattering mechanisms. Volume scattering strength predictions in the gassy sediment of Eckernfoerde Bay indicates that scattering from free gas bubbles will dominate that due to continuum variations even for the highest estimate of density and compressibility variance. Predictions of scattering strength versus grazing angle made for the shell hash sediment of the Louisiana continental shelf show that shell hash scattering tan in some instances be at the same level as the the very strong water-sand interface scattering. >
Microfluidic arrays for logarithmically perfused embryonic stem cell culture

We present a microfluidic device for culturing adherent cells over a logarithmic range of flow rates. The device sets flow rates through four separate cell-culture chambers using syringe-driven flow and a network of fluidic resistances. The design is easy to fabricate with no on-chip valves and is scalable both in the number of culture chambers as well as in the range of applied flow rates. Using particle velocimetry, we have characterized the flow-rate range. We have also demonstrated an extension of the design that combines the logarithmic flow-rate functionality with a logarithmic concentration gradient across the array. Using fluorescence measurements we have verified that a logarithmic concentration gradient was established in the extended device. Compared with static cell culture, both devices enable greater control over the soluble microenvironment by controlling the transport of molecules to and away from the cells. This approach is particularly relevant for cell types such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) which are especially sensitive to the microenvironment. We have demonstrated for the first time culture of murine ESCs (mESCs) in continuous, logarithmically scaled perfusion for 4 days, with flow rates varying >300× across the array. Cells grown in the slowest flow rate did not proliferate, while colonies grown in higher flow rates exhibited healthy round morphology. We have also demonstrated logarithmically scaled continuous perfusion culture of 3T3 fibroblasts for 3 days, with proliferation at all flow rates except the slowest rate.
Canada – Dairy Canada – Measures Affecting the Importation of Dairy Products and the Exportation of Milk

This paper summarizes and critically reviews the dispute brought before the World Trade Organization (WTO) concerning Canada – Measures Affecting the Importation of Dairy Products and the Exportation of Milk , euphemistically referred to herein as Canada – Dairy . This dispute is centered on the WTO Agricultural Agreement, though it also involves the WTO Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM) Agreement and GATT – 1994.
Transmission Electron Microscopy of Glass‐Ceramics

A new technique has been developed by which thin sections of glass-ceramics can be prepared for direct observation by transmission electron microscopy. Techniques for identifying crystalline phases are discussed, and the degree of crystallinity in several glass-ceramics is presented.
Introducing map-reduce to high end computing

In this work we present an scientific application that has been given a Hadoop MapReduce implementation. We also discuss other scientific fields of supercomputing that could benefit from a MapReduce implementation. We recognize in this work that Hadoop has potential benefit for more applications than simply data mining, but that it is not a panacea for all data intensive applications. We provide an example of how the halo finding application, when applied to large astrophysics datasets, benefits from the model of the Hadoop architecture. The halo finding application uses a friends of friends algorithm to quickly cluster together large sets of particles to output files which a visualization software can interpret. The current implementation requires that large datasets be moved from storage to computation resources for every simulation of astronomy data. Our Hadoop implementation allows for an in-place halo finding application on the datasets, which removes the time consuming process of transferring data between resources.
A critical evaluation of the diagnostic features of the feet in rheumatoid arthritis.

The clinical and x-ray manifestations of rheumatoid feet are presented in the hope of shedding light in an often neglected area. A typical patient presentation, accompanied by schematic, photographic, and radiographic illustrations, leads to a discussion of the many and varied rheumatoid foot features in the light of other causes and the possible mechanisms responsible for these changes. Stressed is the concept that no single feature renders a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, but the presence of several features together may assist in the differential diagnosis of arthritis. Le manifestationes clinic e roentgenologic de pedes rheumatoide es presentate in le spero de poter illuminar un pauco un area que es frequentemente negligite. Le presentation de un caso typic, accompaniate de illustrationes schematic, photographic, e radiographic, introduce un discussion del multiple e variate characteristicas del pede rheumatoide in le lumine de altere causas e del mechanismos que es possibilemente responsabile pro iste alterationes. Es emphatisate le concept que nulle aspecto individual per se pote supportar le diagnose de arthritis rheumatoide sed que le presentia de plure characteristicas insimul pote ewer de adjuta in le diagnose differential de arthritis.
Recent decadal trends in global phytoplankton composition

Identifying major trends in biogeochemical composition of the oceans is essential to improve our understanding of biological responses to climate forcing. Using the NASA Ocean Biogeochemical Model combined with ocean color remote sensing data assimilation, we assessed the trends in phytoplankton composition (diatoms, cyanobacteria, coccolithophores, and chlorophytes) at a global scale for the period 1998–2012. We related these trends in phytoplankton to physical conditions (surface temperature, surface photosynthetically available radiation (PAR), and mixed layer depth (MLD)) and nutrients (iron, silicate, and nitrate). We found a significant global decline in diatoms (−1.22% yr−1, p < 0.05). This trend was associated with a significant (p < 0.05) shallowing of the MLD (−0.20% yr−1), a significant increase in PAR (0.09% yr−1), and a significant decline in nitrate (−0.38% yr−1). The global decline in diatoms was mostly attributed to their decline in the North Pacific (−1.00% yr−1, p < 0.05), where the MLD shallowed significantly and resulted in a decline in all three nutrients (p < 0.05). None of the other phytoplankton groups exhibited a significant change globally, but regionally there were considerable significant trends. A decline in nutrients in the northernmost latitudes coincided with a significant decline in diatoms (North Pacific, −1.00% yr−1) and chlorophytes (North Atlantic, −9.70% yr−1). In the northern midlatitudes (North Central Pacific and Atlantic) where nutrients were more scarce, a decline in nutrients was associated with a decline in smaller phytoplankton: cyanobacteria declined significantly in the North Central Pacific (−0.72% yr−1) and Atlantic (−1.56% yr−1), and coccolithophores declined significantly in the North Central Atlantic (−2.06% yr−1). These trends represent the diversity and complexity of mechanisms that drives phytoplankton communities to adapt to variable conditions of nutrients, light, and mixed layer depth. These results provide a first insight into the existence of trends in phytoplankton composition over the maturing satellite ocean color era and illustrate how changes in the conditions of the oceans in the last ~15 years may have affected them.
Measurement of Silicon Strength as Affected by Wafer Back Processing

The distribution of strength of silicon chips has been measured by bending a chip between a soft ball and pad. The chip strength is controlled by flaws introduced by processing and the critical flaws can be located and analyzed after the chip breaks. The flaw sizes can be predicted reasonably well from the fracture toughness of silicon. Wafer back etching strengthens the chip, but the response depends on whether the wafer was lapped or ground.
Compensation System Attributes and Applicant Pool Characteristics

The relationships between two compensation system attributes-pay level and the level and flexibility of benefits-and the number of applicants attracted to a job, the rate at which they accept the j...
A maintenance protocol for psoriasis plaques cleared by the 308 nm excimer laser

OBJECTIVE: Using the 308 nm excimer laser, to evaluate the effectiveness of tapering the dose frequency on maintaining the clearance of psoriasis plaques after at least 75% clearance of a target plaque was achieved.METHODS: This prospective case series, conducted at a university‐based dermatology practice, enrolled five adults with stable, mild‐to‐moderate plaque‐type psoriasis vulgaris. Patients received 308 nm UVB doses to affected areas. Initial dosing was based on multiples of a pre‐determined minimal erythema dose (MED). Delivered fluences were 100, 150, 200, 250, 300 and 350 mJ/cm2, corresponding to MED levels of 1 through 6. Subsequent doses were based on response to treatment. Induction treatments were scheduled biweekly for a total of 15 treatments. After improvement of disease, tapering began as follows: one treatment per week for 4 weeks, one treatment every other week for 4 weeks, and one final treatment 4 weeks later for a total of seven treatments. The main outcome measure was maintenance of...
FREE RADICAL MEDIATED OXIDATION OF PROTEINS

Living organisms are constantly bombarded with a battery of oxygen free radicals and other forms of reactive oxygen, leading to the modification of proteins. These modifications include: (a) fragmentation of the polypeptide chain, (b) formation of intra- and inter-molecular cross-linkages, direct oxidation of amino acid residue side chains, (c) derivatization of amino groups of lysine by reducing sugars or their oxidation products (glycation), (d) derivatization of lysine, histidine, or cysteine residues by lipid oxidation products (malondialdehyde, 2,3 unsaturated aldehydes), and (e) nitration of tyrosine residues. The generation of carbonyl derivatives (aldehydes, ketones) by some of these reactions may serve as markers of oxidative protein damage in aging and disease. The nitration of tyrosine residues can seriously compromise major mechanisms of enzyme regulation and signal transduction. And the formation of protein-protein cross linkages can lead to the accumulation of protease resistant protein polymers and inhibitors of proteases that degrade the oxidized forms of oxidatively modified proteins.
The Role of PVH Circuits in Leptin Action and Energy Balance

Although it has been known for more than a century that the brain controls overall energy balance and adiposity by regulating feeding behavior and energy expenditure, the roles for individual brain regions and neuronal subtypes were not fully understood until recently. This area of research is active, and as such our understanding of the central regulation of energy balance is continually being refined as new details emerge. Much of what we now know stems from the discoveries of leptin and the hypothalamic melanocortin system. Hypothalamic circuits play a crucial role in the control of feeding and energy expenditure, and within the hypothalamus, the arcuate nucleus (ARC) functions as a gateway for hormonal signals of energy balance, such as leptin. It is also well established that the ARC is a primary residence for hypothalamic melanocortinergic neurons. The paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH) receives direct melanocortin input, along with other integrated signals that affect energy balance, and me...
Iron as a Limiting Factor in Oceanic Productivity

Iron has been hypothesized to be a factor limiting phytoplankton standing crop in the ocean for decades. For example, in 1931, Gran suggested that, “If the productivity of the coastal waters is dependent on any factor of a chemical nature acting as a minimum factor, it must be an element which in its circulation does not follow the nitrates and phosphates accumulating in solution in the deep sea and reaching the surface again by vertical circulation of any kind. If such minimum stuffs exist, they must irreversibly go out of circulation in the sea, so that they can only be renewed from the land.” Based on growth in culture solution, Gran (1931, p.41) concluded that lack or low concentration of iron probably limited plant growth at times and in areas of the sea where it was not replenished by land drainage. Previous data, and those obtained by Braarud & Klem (1931) off the Norwegian coast at his instigation, showed the iron content of sea water to be very small, ranging from 3 to 21 mg. Fe per m3 (Harvey, 1938, p.205)
Nonradioisotopic Immunoassays for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

A review of the principles and current status of nonradioisotopic immunoassays in the context of therapeutic drug monitoring application is presented. The methods discussed include 1) light scattering, both nephelometric and particle aggregation; 2) fluorescence; 3) immunoenzyme; and 4) chemiluminescence. Basically, all of these methods have demonstrated acceptable sensitivity and replicability for application to drugs of current interest to therapeutic drug monitoring. Each system presents advantages and disadvantages which must be reviewed by the user before making a decision for individual laboratory application.
Animal-algal Relationships of the Amphipod Hyale Nilssoni (Rathke) in the Rocky Intertidal

ABSTRACT Hyalenilssoni was the most abundant algal-inhabiting amphipod at two New Hampshire study sites, and algal morphology was important for algal species preference. The filamentous alga Polysiphonia lanosa was readily consumed and the most preferred habitat by H. nilssoni in laboratory and field studies. Laboratory studies showed that in the absence of P. lanosa, II. nilssoni chooses ephemeral algal species over the robust perennials Fucus spiralis and Ascophyllum nodosum for shelter. Polysiphonia lanosa, with its densely and finely branched fronds, was easily clung to, and was available throughout the year.
Antigenic Relationships of Strains of Bacterium Necrophorum

No criteria have been universally accepted for the classification of certain nonsporulating anaerobic bacteria which we call Bacterium necrophorum.1 Earlier work was concerned with their morphological, cultural and biochemical properties but not with their antigenic relationships until comparatively recent years.2,3'4'5,6 Studies of strains of Bact. necrophorum, isolated from cases of chronic ulcerative colitis, have shown the presence of specific antibodies in the serum of patients from whom they were isolated.7'8'9 There was evidence that certain of these strains were related serologically. In this investigation the problem of antigenic relationships among 12 strains, selected from different sources, was studied by means of agglutination and agglutinin absorption tests.
Phage Integrases for Genome Editing

Phage integrases are prokaryotic site-specific recombinases that perform precise cut-and-paste recombination between their short attB and attP recognition sequences. These enzymes work in cellular environments ranging from bacteria to mammalian cells and have become useful genome engineering tools. PhiC31 was the first phage integrase to be developed for use in mammalian cells. This integrase has the useful property of being able to recombine its own attB and attP sites. In addition, phiC31 integrase performs recombination at related native sequences called pseudo att sites present in large genomes, which has allowed integration into unmodified genomes. PhiC31 integrase can also be used in conjunction with another phage integrase, Bxb1, which has different recognition sequences and does not recombine at pseudo att sites. The properties of these phage integrases have led to a range of applications, summarized here, from creation of transgenic organisms and in vivo gene therapy, to cellular reprogramming and precise genome editing by cassette exchange. The latest system, dual integrase cassette exchange (DICE), uses target phiC31 and Bxb1 attP sequences precisely placed in genomes by homologous recombination and is especially useful for iterative genome engineering in pluripotent stem cells.
Cutting through the clutter: Task-relevant features for image matching

Where do we focus our attention in an image? Humans have an amazing ability to cut through the clutter to the parts of an image most relevant to the task at hand. Consider the task of geo-localizing tourist photos by retrieving other images taken at that location. Such photos naturally contain friends and family, and perhaps might even be nearly filled by a person's face if it is a selfie. Humans have no trouble ignoring these ‘distractions’ and recognizing the parts that are indicative of location (e.g., the towers of Neuschwanstein Castle instead of their friend's face, a tree, or a car). In this paper, we investigate learning this ability automatically. At training-time, we learn how informative a region is for localization. At test-time, we use this learned model to determine what parts of a query image to use for retrieval. We introduce a new dataset, People at Landmarks, that contains large amounts of clutter in query images. Our system is able to outperform the existing state of the art approach to retrieval by more than 10% mAP, as well as improve results on a standard dataset without heavy occluders (Oxford5K).
Management of pulmonary hypertension in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia

In infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), a posterolateral diaphragmatic defect results in herniation of abdominal contents into the chest and compression of the intrathoracic structures. In the most severe cases, hypoplasia of the ipsilateral and contralateral lungs, severe pulmonary hypertension (PH) and left ventricular (LV) hypoplasia/dysfunction all contribute to increased mortality. The management of PH in CDH is complicated by structural and functional changes in the heart, pulmonary vasculature, airways and lung parenchyma; consequently, determining optimal management strategies is challenging. Treatment of PH in patients with CDH changes as the underlying pathophysiology evolves in the days and weeks after birth. During the early transition, the use of pulmonary vasodilators is limited by LV structural and functional abnormalities, and pulmonary vasodilators such as inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) may have a limited role (for example, stabilization for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), treatment of marked preductal desaturation and treatment of PH as LV performance improves). In contrast, subacute treatment of PH in CDH with iNO has an important role in recurrent or persistent PH and potentially improves survival. Chronic PH and vascular abnormalities may persist into childhood in patients with CDH, contributing to late mortality. It is unclear how pulmonary vasodilator therapies, such as iNO, sildenafil and bosentan, will modulate late outcomes in CDH with late/chronic PH.
Computerized Tomography Diagnosis of Diffuse Intraperitoneal Metastases after Retroperitoneal Lymphadenectomy for Testicular Carcinoma

AbstractWe report 2 cases of diffuse intraperitoneal metastases from testicular carcinoma following transabdominal retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy. This is an unusual pattern of metastasis for nonseminomatous germ cell tumors and it is believed to be the result of direct seeding from lymphatic leakage secondary to surgery. The value of computerized tomography in diagnosing this entity is emphasized.
Preventing errors in oncology: perspective of a physician who is also a cancer patient.

Overview:This article presents my personal experiences as a physician who underwent laryngectomy for hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. I describe the numerous medical and surgical errors that...
Rapid conditional targeted ablation model for hemolytic anemia in the rat.

Effective methods for cell ablation are important tools for examining the anatomical, functional, and behavioral consequences of selective loss of specific cell types in animal models. We have deve...
An experimental study of InGaAs photovoltaic cell to solar exposure in outer space environment

This paper presents the results of a practical experiment studying the behavior of InGaAs solar cells exposed to sunlight in outer space. The experiment was performed by a team of students and faculty as part of RockSat-C student project in June 2015.
Challenging Neoliberalism in Latin America: CONTENTIOUS POLITICS, CONTEMPORARY MARKET SOCIETY, AND POWER

As seen in the previous chapter, a rich literature on new social movements, subaltern groups, and labor and peasant studies shows that movement and protest had not disappeared during Latin America's neoliberal era. These included new social movements (indigenous, environmental, and gender); breakaway, traditional, and new labor movements; and self-help and civic associations (urban services, human rights, democratization). Although they frequently directed action against free-market reforms, this literature emphasized the distinctiveness, fragmentation, and decentralization of movement. What, then, transformed protest by individual movements – frequently localized– into a nationwide concatenation of diverse social actors demanding change on a wide variety of connected issues? What gave them the capacity to force presidents who supported neoliberalism to resign and catapult into office presidents promising to reform neoliberalism? Part I: Episodes of Contention and Motivation for Anti-Neoliberal Protest Answering the first question requires, in the first instance, flexible concepts capable of reducing the diversity of protest groups to common denominators. A key common denominator was the fact that the myriad social actors engaged in contentious politics . Their actions were episodic (discontinuous) public challenges to government by politically constituted social actors, who, when successful, affected the interests of opposing social groups and established authority (McAdam, Tarrow, and Tilly 2001; Tarrow 1998; Tilly 2004). Equally important, in addition to studying movement formation, this approach draws attention to the grievances and demands of protest groups.
Henry VI, Part One

Even before 1 Henry VI begins, Shakespeare uses the magic of the theater to establish an atmosphere of tragic solemnity and expectation: the spectator upon entering the auditorium would have seen the “heavens” and possibly some of the rest of the stage draped in black, perhaps “mournful streamers” fixed to the pillars as they were for Zenocrate’s funeral in 2 Tamburlaine, III.2. Curiosity about whose funeral is at hand has been evoked, and an ominous mood established in which the cosmic as well as the human level is involved. The solemn music of the “dead march,” heralds bearing a wooden casket, and an ordered procession of mourners in black prolong the anticipation, as does the first speaker momentarily before he identifies the coffin’s remains as those of the glorious Henry the Fifth (I.1.6). The first two as yet unidentified noblemen lament in speeches of symmetrical length, the first seeking the cause of the late king’s untimely, premature death, the second praising his excellence as a warrior.
State and Law in Third World Poverty and Underdevelopment

By the twentieth century, societies achieved purposeful social change primarily through the exercise of state power.1 The paradox of third world poverty amidst potential global plenty, therefore, reflected a failure of the state. This chapter: (1) depicts a model of distorted third world patterns of resource allocation; (2) demonstrates the way the state and the legal order pre-formed the institutions — the repetitive patterns of social behavior — that shaped those resource patterns to benefit ruling oligarchies; (3) argues that merely replacing individual governors cannot alleviate third world poverty and powerlessness; (4) explains why, instead, development requires changing inherited institutions, which, in turn, implies the instrumental use of law; and (5) shows why copying other countries’ laws and institutions rarely worked.
Technology and Diabetes: Insulin Delivery Systems and Glucose Sensing

Numerous technologic advances have been and continue to be developed in the areas of insulin delivery and glucose sensing. These advances have evolved to allow individuals with diabetes to obtain the best glucose control possible while minimizing the risk of hypoglycemia.
Thiamine-Based Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Silicon Tri-doped Carbon for Supercapacitor Applications

This paper reports the synthesis of N, P, and Si tri-doped C (NPSiDC) using thiamine (a renewable resource material), silicone fluid, and ammonium polyphosphate. A one-pot microwave assisted method was utilized in synthesizing NPSiDC. The method is simple, rapid, and economical which does not employ any inert or reducing gases. Three variants of NPSiDCs were synthesized by varying the proportions of the precursor materials. NPSiDC-1 was found to have high specific surface area of 471 m2 g–1 and a single point total pore volume of 0.25 cm3 g–1. Raman spectroscopy results revealed the presence of defects in an sp2 C lattice. XPS analysis revealed the presence of N, P, Si, and O in C. NPSiDC-1 and NPSiDC-2 exhibited tremendous potential for supercapacitor applications with NPSiDC-1 recording highest specific capacitance value of 318 F g–1 in 6 M KOH. NPSiDCs were discovered to be electrochemically stable after 2000 cycles in 6 M KOH.
‘The big ole gay express’: sexual minority stigma, mobility and health in the small city

Recent research has examined how gay and bisexual men experience and navigate the variations in sexual minority stigma that exist across geographic contexts, with implications for their health. We extend this literature on stigma, mobility, and health by considering the unique and understudied setting of the small city. Drawing on semi-structured interviews (n = 29) conducted in two small US cities (New Haven and Hartford), we find that these small cities serve as both destinations and points of departure for gay and bisexual men in the context of stigma. New Haven and Hartford attracted gay and bisexual men from surrounding suburbs where sexual minority stigma was more prevalent and where there were fewer spaces and opportunities for gay life. Conversely, participants noted that these small cities did not contain the same identity affirming communities as urban gay enclaves, thus motivating movement from small cities to larger ones. Our data suggest these forms of mobility may mitigate stigma, but may also produce sexual health risks, thus drawing attention to small cities as uniquely important sites for HIV prevention. Furthermore, our analysis contributes to an understanding of how place, stigma and mobility can intersect to generate spatially distinct experiences of stigmatised identities and related health consequences.
Stem Cells and Nanostructured Materials

Stem cells and nanomaterials are currently two of the most promising technologies for tissue regeneration and the treatment of degenerative disease. Because of their ability to self-renew and differentiate into any cell type, stem cells offer the potential to regrow all types of damaged or degenerated tissues that are unrepairable by currently available treatment methods. Nanomaterials may prove to be ideal growth substrates for tissue regeneration as well as an ideal delivery vehicle for the diagnostic markers, growth factors, and drugs that are required to promote tissue regeneration and treat degenerative disease. Despite their great potential, stem cell behaviors such as proliferation and differentiation must be tightly regulated in order for this technology to be practical in a clinical setting. Experimental evidence has shown that the interactions of nanomaterials with stem cells can have a significant effect on many types of stem cell behaviors. In addition, nanomaterials can be used to provide targeted delivery of various agents in a controlled manner that allows for regulation of the chemical environment. Regulation of the chemical environment is critical for controlled guidance of stem cell behavior and for the treatment of degenerative disease. A precise understanding of the interactions between stem cells and nanomaterials is an important step toward unlocking the great potential of these two technologies.
Synthesis and electrochemical characterization of Ti x Ta y Al z N 1-δ O γ for fuel cell catalyst supports

Abstract Quinary TixTayAlzN1-δOγ of various compositions have been prepared by a co-precipitation method followed by ammonolysis. The nitride samples were examined as potential catalyst supports in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. The nitride products crystallized in the rock salt (NaCl) structure over a wide range of compositions. The addition of Ta and Al was highly beneficial towards improving the chemical and electrochemical stability of TiN, without a significant loss of electrical conductivity. Platinum particles were successfully deposited on the (oxy)nitride samples, and the composite samples at some compositions were found to be comparable to Pt/carbon in their stability and catalytic activity even without optimizing the Pt deposition and dispersion processes.
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Characterization of Dioxygen-Bridged Cobalt Dimers with Relevance to Water Oxidation

A variety of metal oxides can catalyze the oxidation of water to molecular oxygen when polarized by a sufficiently high electrochemical potential. Minimizing the overpotential and increasing the rate of the oxygen-evolving reaction (OER) are key goals in making such materials a component of viable energy storage devices. However, the structural factors that imbue the metal oxides with their catalytic power are difficult to assess as these solids contain many distinct metal-ion sites, have a varying amount of defect sites within the lattice, and can be composed of multiple phases. In the present study, we determined the magnetic properties for a series of dimeric cobalt complexes in which the two metal centers are bridged by a dioxygen moiety. Our spectroscopically validated electronic structure description indicates that each species is best described as two Co(III) ions that are bound to a μ–η1η1 superoxide ligand. Intriguingly, we found evidence that the two compounds that possess oxygen-evolving activi...
Paracas Cavernas and Chavín

In a recent review and critique of the Chavin Problem (1), Gordon Willey has listed seventeen ancient Peruvian sites whose remains indisputably affiliate stylistically with the type site oi Chavin de Huantar. Beyond these, he reviews a greater number of sites for which relationship with Chavin has been alleged. These he puts into three classes: 1, No evidence has been presented for the relationship; 2, There is evidence, but it shows similarities in cultural inventory or context, not of the characteristic Chavin Style; 3, Evidence is available but debatable. In this last class Willey puts the Paracas Cavernas pottery of Paracas and Ocucaje. He sees in its dark-ware, flat-bottomed, incised bowls ( 2 ) close similarity with Ancon and Supe Chavin bowls; but this similarity is balanced by the dissimilarities of [a] most of Cavernas cerramics being polychrome, and [b] others being negatively painted (3), a technique never or rarely ocurring in a Chavin context. As for an intised and painted fanged cat-face from Ocucaje, (4) it "lacks the characteristis Chavin rendering".
Crystal structure of 5,6-bis(9H-carbazol-9-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole: distortion from a hypothetical higher-symmetry structure.

Nucleophilic substitution of F atoms in 5,6-di­fluorobenzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (DFBT) for carbazole could be potentially inter­esting as a novel way of synthesizing building blocks for new conjugated materials for applications in organic chemistry. The crystal structures of 5,6-bis­(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ben­zo[c][1,2,5]thia­diazole (DCBT), C30H18N4S, and its hydrate, C30H18N4S·0.125H2O, were investigated using single-crystal X-ray analysis. The hydrate contains two symmetry-independent DCBT mol­ecules. The dihedral angles between the plane of the central benzo­thia­diazole fragment and that of the carbazole units vary between 50.8 and 69.9°, indicating conformational flexibility of the DCBT mol­ecule in the crystals, which is consistent with quantum chemical calculations. The analysis of the crystal packing of DCBT revealed that the experimental triclinic structure could be described as a distortion from a hypothetical higher-symmetry monoclinic structure. The quantum chemical calculations of two possible monoclinic structures, which are related to the experimental structure by a shifting of mol­ecular layers, showed that the proposed structures are higher in energy by 5.4 and 10.1 kcal mol−1. This energy increase is caused by less dense crystal packings of the symmetric structures, which results in a decrease of the number of inter­molecular inter­actions.
Teaching life cycle assessment to interdisciplinary graduate students

A course in Life Cycle Assessment has engaged graduate students in engineering, forestry, business administration, and public policy atthe University of Washington since 2003. The course pedagogy is project-based and supported by discussion-rich lectures that provide`just-in-time' knowledge for student projects. Project feedback is provided through three interim reports, the first describing the goaland scope of their project, the second describing and presenting their inventory analysis and the third describing their impactcharacterization. The final report combines these three interim reports (with responses to instructor comments), and adds the student'sinterpretation of the results.Students are encouraged to select projects related to their graduate research, which has contributed notonly to the student experience but also to an understanding of LCA in research labs throughout the university. Although studentprojects are limited in scope and by simplifying assumptions, computational nuances and all steps in the LCA process are implemented.
Management Information Needs and the Impact of the Process Control Computer

ABSTRACT The nature of the interaction between the kind of data generated by a computer system and the scope of its effects were discussed with regard to managerial functions. Data from a study of a process control computer installation in a refinery vere referred to in support of the view that such systems have most impact on the behavior of lower level supervision while not affecting upper management and the total organization.
Tissue Microarrays from Frozen Tissues-OCT Technique

Tissue microarray technology is a new method used to analyze 100s to 1,000s of tumor samples on a single slide allowing high throughput analysis of genes and proteins on a large cohort. The original methodology involves coring tissues from paraffin-embedded tissue donor blocks and placing them into a single paraffin block. One difficulty with paraffin-embedded tissue relates to antigenic changes in proteins and mRNA degradation induced by the fixation and embedding process. We modified this technology by using frozen tissues embedded in OCT compound as donor samples and arraying the specimens into a recipient OCT block. Tumor tissue is not fixed before embedding, and sections from the array are evaluated without fixation or postfixed according to the appropriate methodology used to analyze a specific gene at the DNA, RNA, and/or protein levels. While paraffin tissue arrays can be problematic for immunohistochemistry and for RNA in situ hybridization analyses, this method allows optimal evaluation by each technique and uniform fixation across the array panel. Frozen tissue microarrays work well for DNA, RNA, and protein analyses, and may have significant advantages over the original technology for the assessment of some genes and proteins by improving both qualitative and quantitative results.
“Best-Guess” MRAD Provides Robust Evidence for a Limit to Human Lifespan: Reply to de Grey (Rejuvenation Res. 2017;20:261–262)

Using segmented linear regression to reanalyze the "best-guess" maximum reported age at death data supplied in Aubrey de Grey's editorial, we find compelling evidence for a breakpoint in the mid-1990s, with a positive slope before the breakpoint and a flat or slightly negative slope after it. This confirmation of our earlier results was also modeled using exponential regression. Both the segmented and exponential models were superior to a simple linear regression, providing a better fit for the data even after taking into account their greater number of parameters. These findings are highly robust to the removal of several points from the data and bolster the existing evidence for a limit to human lifespan. Taken in light of both our original analysis and its confirmation by several independent groups, this latest result provides yet more evidence that human lifespan has reached its limit under the current technological paradigm. However, we cannot discount the possibility that novel innovations could propel human lifespan beyond the limit we have identified, if they can overcome the considerable challenges facing them.
Trends and Tools for Modeling in Modern Biology

Computational modeling in biology requires sophisticated software tools. Precise communication and effective sharing of the models developed by researchers requires standard formats for storing, annotating, and exchanging models between software systems. Developing such standards is the driving vision behind the Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) and several related efforts that we discuss in this chapter. At the same time, such standards are only enablers and ideally should be hidden “under the hood” of modeling environments that provide users with high-level, flexible facilities for working with computational models. As an example of the modern software systems available today, we discuss the Virtual Cell and illustrate its support for typical modeling activities in biology.
Semiotics, Compassion and Value-Centered Design

It is difficult to design systems that satisfy users; failure is common, and even successful designs often overrun time and cost. This motivates user-centered design methods. But users often don’t know what they need or else cannot articulate it (due to tacit knowledge), and also are often not aware of key impacts of organisational context on how they work. This motivates using ethnographic methods. However these can be slower and more expensive, and can still fail. We argue that values are keys to the promise of socially sensitive design. Algebraic semiotics provides a rigorous notation and calculus for representation that is explicitly value sensitive, while compassion supports both better analysis and better ethics in design. Together with discourse-based value discovery methods and iterative design, these enable a method that we call value-centered design; some case studies are discussed.