cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metabolic fate of administered [13C]galactose in tissues of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase deficient mice determined by nuclear magnetic resonance

The pattern of distribution of galactose and its metabolites was determined in tissues of mice deficient in galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (G/G) 4 h after the administration of 1mg/g of [13C]galactose. Labeled galactose was found in all the tissues examined, the highest amounts in liver and kidney. Each of the tissues had its own pattern of labeling of galactose-1-phosphate (gal-1-P), galactitol and galactonate. [13C]gal-1-P and galactonate concentration was highest in liver while [13C]galactitol was higher in kidney and heart than in other tissues. Muscle had the lowest amounts of these compounds. In contrast, no galactose was found in tissues of normal mice (N/N) except for a minute amount in muscle. No [13C]gal-1-P was found in liver, kidney or brain and only minute amounts in heart and muscle of N/N animals. Barely detectible, labeled galactitol was observed in these tissues except liver, where none was found. [13C]Galactonate was formed in liver comparable to G/G mice. Almost all of the accumulating 13C isotope was found in liver and kidney glucose and lactate in the normal animals. [13C]Glucose and lactate was also found in liver of the G/G animals, but to a lesser extent than in normals, indicating the presence of a pathway in G/G animals for circumventing the block at GALT for the normal conversion of galactose to glucose.
Neutron scattering study of magnetic excitations in intercalated CoCl2.

We have studied by inelastic neutron scattering the magnetic excitations of Co${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$ layers intercalated in graphite. At 4.5 K the stage-2 compound exhibits ferromagnetic $\mathrm{xy}$-type interactions within the ${\mathrm{Co}}^{2+}$ sheets, which are weakly antiferromagnetically coupled along the hexagonal $c$ axis. The magnon dispersion curve was measured for spin waves propagating within the basal planes up to the first powder-average Brillouin zone. At small wave vectors, a splitting of the branch occurs, indicative of weak interplanar coupling. A fit to the measured excitation energies yields exchange and anisotropy parameters which are in good agreement with susceptibility data.
Effective and Sustainable Multimedia Education for Children With Asthma: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Traditional asthma education has been found to be time-consuming and limited in terms of availability. Our goal was to improve asthma care by meeting special needs of children with asthma and by building on their skills in using new technologies. Multimedia asthma education occurred through the viewing of short, animated vignettes on an exam room computer. Evaluation of 228 children showed significant improvement in days of asthma symptoms (p ??.01), in emergency room visits (p ??.05), in school days missed (p ??.05), and in days of activity limitation from baseline to the year-end follow-up (p ??.05). Effective multimedia education, if integrated into pediatric practice to supplement existing asthma care, can improve clinical outcomes.
Serine-Enhanced Restoration of 2-Methoxyethanol-Induced Dysmorphogenesis in the Rat Embryo and Near-Term Fetus

Effects of serine on restorative growth were characterized by comparing embryo/fetal responses after maternal exposure to 2-methoxyethanol (ME) and ME + serine by gavage on gestation day (gd) 13, a day of heightened limb sensitivity. Paws (gd 20) and limb buds (gd 15) were examined after ME alone at 50, 100, and 250 mg/kg, and after ME (either 100 or 250 mg ME/kg) + serine (1734 mg serine/kg) administered within minutes (0 hr) to 24 hr after ME. Paw development was not altered after ME at 100 mg/kg, but was highly sensitive to 250 mg ME/kg with all fetuses and litters exhibiting defects (ectrodactyly, syndactyly, and short digit) in the preaxial region. In contrast, the limb bud displayed dose-related incidences of abnormalities after maternal treatment with the low and high levels of ME. The condensing (precartilaginous, pentadactyl pattern) and noncondensing (undifferentiated mesenchymal cells) regions exhibited changes in their size, number, and location. Serine administration after 250 mg ME/kg was effective in reducing the occurrence of paw dysmorphogenesis with its protection potency inversely related to its delay of administration (i.e., 0% paw defect incidence after 0-hr delay, 25% after 4-hr delay, 41-45% after 8- and 12-hr delays, and 76% after 24-hr delay). The occurrences of limb bud pattern disturbances produced by ME were also markedly decreased by serine cotreatment. Higher incidences of embryonic defects versus those of fetal defects demonstrate that restorative growth followed ME exposure. Serine attenuation of ME teratogenicity appears to emanate from enhanced restorative growth so that tissue damage, which otherwise would be expressed as a defect at parturition, is repaired and replaced to resume development of the limb toward its normal structure.
Approximate Born-Infeld effects on the relativistic hydrogen spectrum

Abstract The Born–Infeld form of the hydrogen atom has a spectrum that can be used to determine the physical viability of the theory, and place an experimentally relevant bound on the single parameter found in it. We compute this spectrum using the relativistic Dirac equation, and a form of the Born–Infeld potential that approximates the self-field corrections of the electron. Using these together, we can establish that if the Born–Infeld nonlinear electrodynamics is to be physically relevant, it must contain a fundamental constant that is well below the original value proposed by Born. This work extends the original Schrodinger spectrum from Carley and Kiessling (2006) [1] for the self-field correction, and shows that using the Dirac equation introduces minor corrections – but also gives access to a range for the fundamental constant that is below that attainable from non-relativistic considerations.
Biphasic Plasma Aldosterone Responses to Four Single-Dose ACTH Regimens

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) administration increases cortisol synthesis but produces a biphasic aldosterone response. Some investigators believe that the hypercortisolism from prolonged ACTH administration is responsible for this aldosterone response. The present study evaluated the plasma aldosterone response to four acute single-dose ACTH regimens that produced only a transient increase in plasma cortisol. Fourteen normal adult men received (1) 1-18 ACTH intravenous bolus (IV), (2) 1-18 ACTH intramuscular (IM), (3) 1-39 ACTH (IM), and (4) 1-24 ACTH (IV). The plasma aldosterone increased within one hour and tended to parallel the cortisol increment with all four ACTH regimens. With all of these ACTH regimens, the plasma aldosterone level decreased below placebo with 1-24 ACTH (IV) (24 hours), 1-39 ACTH (IM) (24 hours), and 1-18 ACTH (IV) and (IM) (48 hours) at a time when the cortisol had returned to normal. These results suggest that the delayed ACTH-induced aldosterone inhibition production are not directly related to cortisol production and do not require prolonged ACTH administration. These observations are consistent with ACTH induction of a nonaldosterone mineralocorticoid, which is independently suppressing aldosterone production.
Predicting Radical−Molecule Barrier Heights: The Role of the Ionic Surface

We present a theory of radical−molecule abstraction reactions based on the crossing of reactant ground and ionic states at the transition state. By calculating the evolution of ground- and ionic-state energies as the reactants approach each other, we are able to specify the boundary conditions for an avoided curve crossing problem as the atom is transfered. The lower the ionic-state energy, the lower in energy the transition state will be. This drives strong correlations between barrier heights and the difference of ionic- and ground-state energies. This theory successfully explains the evolution of barrier heights in a series of reactions involving alkanes and several radicals (OH, O, H, F, Cl, Br), in which barriers range from 0 to 10 kcal/mol. A perturbation treatment of the ionic- and ground-state energies improves the performance of the theory. We compare predicted curve-crossing heights with observed barriers for both our theory and for the covalent (singlet−triplet) curve-crossing theory. We also c...
A Reliable Technique to Determine the Local Mechanical Properties at the Nanoscale for Cementitious Materials

A Hysitron Triboindenter has been used to determine the mechanical properties of hardened cement paste and cement paste at the early age. This technique provides an in-situ scanning probe microscopy (SPM) imaging facility that allows pre and post-test observation of the sample. The same probe is used to indent and image eliminating the complicated situation of locating the same area with different instruments or coupling two different instruments, such as a SEM and a nanoindenter to work together. This paper presents preliminary results of experiments performed on hardened cement paste and cement paste at the early age.
Texting while driving on automatic: Considering the frequency-independent side of habit

This study tested the potential of the frequency-independent components of habit, or automaticity, to predict the rate of texting while driving. A survey of 441 college students at a large American university was conducted utilizing a frequency-independent version of the experimentally validated Self-Report Habit Index (SRHI; Orbell & Verplanken, 2010; Verplanken & Orbell, 2003). Controlling for gender, age, and driver confidence, analyses showed that automatic texting tendencies predicted both sending and reading texts while driving. The findings suggest that texting while driving behavior may be partially attributable to individuals doing so without awareness, control, attention, and intention regarding their own actions. The unique contribution of automaticity explained more variance than overall individual usage, and remained significant even after accounting for norms, attitudes, and perceived behavioral control. The results demonstrate the importance of distinguishing the level of automaticity from behavioral frequency in mobile communication research. Future applications and implications for research are discussed.
Computing arrival cost parameters in moving horizon estimation using sampling based filters

Abstract Moving horizon estimation (MHE) is a numerical optimization based approach to state estimation, where the joint probability density function (pdf) of a finite state trajectory is sought, which is conditioned on a moving horizon of measurements. The joint conditional pdf depends on the a priori state pdf at the start of the horizon, which is a prediction pdf based on historical data outside the horizon. When the joint pdf is maximized, the arrival cost is a penalty term based on the a priori pdf in the MHE objective function. Traditionally, the a priori pdf is assumed as a multivariate Gaussian pdf and the extended Kalman filter (EKF) and smoother are used to recursively update the mean and covariance. However, transformation of moments through nonlinearity is poorly approximated by linearization, which can result in poor initialization of MHE. Sampling based nonlinear filters completely avoid Taylor series approximations of nonlinearities and attempt to approximate the non-Gaussian state pdf using samples and associated weights or probability mass points. The performance gains of sampling based filters over EKF motivate their use to formulate the arrival cost in MHE. The a priori mean and covariance are more effectively propagated through nonlinearities and the resulting arrival cost term can help to keep the horizon small. It is also possible to find closed-form approximations to the non-Gaussian a priori pdf from the sampling based filters. Thus, more realistic nonparametric arrival cost terms can be included by avoiding the Gaussian assumption. In this paper the use of the deterministic sampling based unscented Kalman filter, the class of random sampling based particle filter and the aggregate Markov chain based cell filter are discussed for initializing MHE. Two simulation examples are included to demonstrate the benefits of these methods over the traditional EKF approach.
An experimental study of strategic information transmission

We examine strategic information transmission in an experiment. Senders are privately informed about a state. They send messages to Receivers, who choose actions resulting in payoffs to Senders and Receivers. The payoffs depend on the action and the state. We vary the degree to which the Receivers' and the Senders' preferences diverge. We examine the relationship between the Senders' messages and the true state as well as that between actions and the true state and contrast the ability of different equilibrium message sets to explain the data. When preferences are closely aligned Senders disclose more. We assess two comparative statics: (i) as preferences diverge, state and action are less frequently matched, and (ii) messages tend to become less informative as preferences diverge. The first result is weakly confirmed for adjacent treatments but is considerably stronger when non-adjacent treatments are compared. We find that as preferences diverge messages become less informative. While the ex-ante Pareto-optimal Bayesian Nash Equilibrium does not explain our conditions, the equilibrium message sets supported by the data are similar to the ex-ante Pareto Optimal message sets.
the decolonization of consciousness: local skeptics and the “will to be modern” in a West African village

During a recent initiation ceremony, the men of Bassarel rewrote customary law. I discuss both the attitudes of the protagonists in the ceremony who likened it to a “Party Congress” and attitudes toward spirits as revealed in ritualized orations. I conclude that a tendency to objectify and manipulate custom, coupled with a pervasive skepticism about spiritual efficacy, reveals a typical West African ethos rather than reflects the ruptures of colonization and revolution. [postcolonial ethnography, belief, religious change, West Africa]
Ability of Integrins to Mediate Fertilization, Intracellular Calcium Release, and Parthenogenetic Development in Bovine Oocytes

Abstract The ability of arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD; a sequence recognized by integrins) or non-RGD-containing peptides to block fertilization, induce intracellular Ca2+ oscillations, and initiate parthenogenetic development in bovine oocytes was investigated. Addition of a soluble RGD peptide during fertilization at concentrations ranging from 10 to 1000 μg/ml significantly decreased (P < 0.05) fertilization as compared to the in vitro-fertilized controls. The addition of non-RGD peptide had no effect on fertilization. Two intracellular Ca2+ transients 21.5 ± 1.9 min apart were observed in 56 of 60 oocytes incubated in RGD peptide concentrations ranging from 20 to 1000 μg/ml. No intracellular Ca2+ transients were observed in medium alone, non-RGD treatment groups or in the RGD peptide at 10 μg/ml. The percentage of oocytes activated with ionomycin and 6-dimethylaminopurine (63% cleavage and 34% blastocyst development) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those activated with the RGD peptide a...
Short wavelength instabilities of incompressible three-dimensional flows and generation of vorticity

Abstract We consider three-dimensional flows of an inviscid (or asymptotically inviscid), incompressible fluid and present a method for describing the propagation of nonlinear small amplitude, short wavelength perturbations of these flows. Analyzing the evolution of these perturbations we obtain a local sufficient condition for the nonlinear instability of an arbitrary three-dimensional flow.
Liability insurance in midwifery education: faculty and student needs versus academic realities.

The objective of this study was to examine faculty and student liability claims and insurance problems in midwifery education. The American College of Nurse–Midwives Professional Liability Section and Division of Education developed and administered an Internet survey to 45 midwifery programs. Of the 39 programs that responded to the survey, 28 (72%) were previously involved in a liability claim, yielding a maximum claim incidence of 1%. Liability coverage was provided to midwifery faculty and students by a variety of mechanisms, including sovereign immunity, organizational trust funds, and private insurance. The costs of annual liability coverage ranged from $1,500 to $7,000 for faculty and from $1,000 to $1,800 for students. Six of 31 program directors (19%) knew a student who did not enroll because of the cost of liability insurance. Thirty of the 39 directors (77%) reported difficulty with obtaining clinical placements as a result of liability-related preceptor concerns. Midwifery student involvement in liability claims is low; however, liability insurance is required by hospitals for clinical practice and many clinical preceptors. The price of private liability insurance is a disincentive for students to study midwifery and for clinical preceptors to work with students. Midwifery program directors and academic administrators must advocate for affordable liability coverage.
Pd membranes formed by electroless plating with osmosis: H2 permeation studies

The synthesis of fully dense Pd-Vycor glass composite membranes by electroless plating with or without osmosis is reported. Use of osmotic flux allows one to rapidly form thin (a few microns), fully dense palladium films, which have submicron size microstructure. These features significantly enhance hydrogen permeability as compared to the conventional method. By accounting for resistance of the porous support, it is confirmed that for membranes prepared by the same technique, with gradually changing microstructural characteristics, those with smaller palladium crystallites exhibit larger hydrogen flux. Pd-stainless steel composite membranes were also prepared using electroless plating, either with or without osmosis. Membranes synthesized using osmosis exhibit superior thermal stability.
Concomitant Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy with PRES Syndrome: A Coincidence or a Real Heart-Brain Connection?

Abstract Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is a clinical entity characterized by reversible ventricular dysfunction in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome is another rare clinical syndrome characterized by reversible neurological symptoms. Concomitant occurrence is increasingly reported leading to credence to hypothesis of "heart–brain connection". We present a case of a 60-year-old female admitted for neurological symptoms who developed takotsubo cardiomyopathy within 24h of admission. Learning objective: Two relatively new clinical entities, namely takotsubo cardiomyopathy and PRES syndrome, might have common underlying pathophysiology as they are being increasingly reported to occur at the same time and under similar circumstances. Our case helps to further validate this theory which is yet to be well established.>
“A Dragon Risen from a Shallow Stream”: The South Korean Middle Class Framed Through Narratives of Loss, Progress, and Return

This article explores the relationship between nationalist narrative and middle-class performativity and how this relationship is challenged by processes of globalization. What types of narrative does the nation-state use to frame the middle class, and how do such representations affect middle-class development? It focuses on the South Korean middle-class post–Korean War, after which the state’s claim to legitimacy rested upon creating a large middle stratum to serve as the synecdoche for the nation. This normative middle-class project was increasingly articulated in neoliberal terms. It then identifies three narrative frames the state used to shape the new urban middle class: loss, progress, and return. I then examine the South Korean middle class as a movement that coalesced or fractured through time in relation to the three narrative framings.
Challenges and opportunities in renewable energy and energy efficiency

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in Golden, Colorado is the nation's premier laboratory for renewable energy and energy efficiency research. In this talk we will give a brief overview of NREL and then focus on some of the challenges and opportunities in meeting future global energy challenges. Computational modeling, high performance computing, data management and visual informatics is playing a key role in advancing our fundamental understanding of processes and systems at temporal and spatial scales that evade direct observation and helping meet U.S. goals for energy efficiency and clean energy production. This discussion will include details of new, highly energy efficient buildings and social behaviors impacting energy use, fundamental understanding of plants and proteins leading to lower cost renewable fuels, novel computational chemistry approaches for low cost photovoltaic materials, and computational fluid dynamics challenges in simulating complex behaviors within and between large-scale deployment of wind farms and understanding their potential impacts to local and regional climate.
Vagal Nerve Stimulation Reverses Aberrant Dopamine System Function in the Methylazoxymethanol Acetate Rodent Model of Schizophrenia

Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) is an alternative therapy for epilepsy and treatment refractory depression. Here we examine VNS as a potential therapy for the treatment of schizophrenia in the methylozoxymethanol acetate (MAM) rodent model of the disease. We have previously demonstrated that hyperactivity within ventral regions of the hippocampus (vHipp) drives the dopamine system dysregulation in this model. Moreover, by targeting the vHipp directly, we can reverse aberrant dopamine system function and associated behaviors in the MAM model. Although the central effects of VNS have not been completely delineated, positron emission topographic measurements of cerebral blood flow in humans have consistently reported that VNS stimulation induces bilateral decreases in hippocampal activity. Based on our previous observations, we performed in vivo extracellular electrophysiological recordings in MAM- and saline-treated rats to evaluate the effect of chronic (2 week) VNS treatment on the activity of putative vHipp pyramidal neurons, as well as downstream dopamine neuron activity in the ventral tegmental area. Here we demonstrate that chronic VNS was able to reverse both vHipp hyperactivity and aberrant mesolimbic dopamine neuron function in the MAM model of schizophrenia. Additionally, VNS reversed a behavioral correlate of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Because current therapies for schizophrenia are far from adequate, with a large number of patients discontinuing treatment due to low efficacy or intolerable side effects, it is important to explore alternative nonpharmacological treatments. These data provide the first preclinical evidence that VNS may be a possible alternative therapeutic approach for the treatment of schizophrenia.
Disparity in assisted reproductive technologies outcomes in black women compared with white women.

Objective To compare success rates in black and white women undergoing IVF. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology member clinics in 1999–2000 that performed ≥50 cycles of IVF and reported race/ethnicity in >95% of cycles. Patient(s) Women receiving 80,309 IVF cycles. Intervention(s) IVF using nondonor embryos. Main Outcome Measure(s) Live-birth rate per cycle started. Result(s) Black, white, and other race/ethnicity women underwent 3666 (4.6%), 68,607 (83.5%), and 8036 (11.9%) IVF cycles, respectively. Spontaneous abortions were more common among black women. The live-birth rate was 26.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 25.9%–26.7%) among white women compared with 18.7% (95% CI, 17.5%–20.1%) among black women (rate ratio, 1.41). After controlling for increased tubal and uterine factor infertility among blacks and other characteristics, black race was an independent risk factor for not achieving a live birth (adjusted relative risk, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.12–1.36 if no prior ART, and RR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.20–1.57 if prior ART). For cryopreserved embryo cycles, live-birth rates were equivalent. Conclusion(s) Black women, who represented 7.8% of married reproductive-age women in the United States at that time, were underrepresented among IVF recipients. Race is a marker for prognosis that is not explained by characteristics available in the registry data set.
Structure-activity relationships of carbocyclic 6-benzylthioinosine analogues as subversive substrates of Toxoplasma gondii adenosine kinase.

Abstract Carbocyclic 6-benzylthioinosine analogues were synthesized and evaluated for their binding affinity against Toxoplasma gondii adenosine kinase [EC.2.7.1.20]. Various substituents on the aromatic ring of the 6-benzylthio group resulted in increased binding affinity to the enzyme as compared to the unsubstituted compound. Carbocyclic 6-(p-methylbenzylthio)inosine 9n exhibited the most potent binding affinity. Docking simulations were performed to position compound 9n into the T. gondii adenosine kinase active site to determine the probable binding mode. Experimental investigations and theoretical calculations further support that an oxygen atom of the sugar is not critical for the ligand-binding. In agreement with its binding affinity, carbocyclic 6-(p-methylbenzylthio)inosine 9n demonstrated significant anti-toxoplasma activity (IC50 = 11.9 μM) in cell culture without any apparent host-toxicity.
Damage to nutritional value of plant proteins by chemical reactions during storage and processing

The nutritive function of proteins for monogastric animals may be simply to supply the body with amino acids. However, the complexities of digestion, absorption and metabolism imply that amino acid composition, determined chemically after hydrolysis, can only be a very rough guide (usually setting upper limits) to the nutritional value of proteins. Chemical reactions which may affect nutritional values of proteins are discussed at length. Chemical tests, for determining the extent to which these reactions have occurred, are increasing, both in number and usefulness. However, to derive practical benefits from chemical tests, frequent parallel nutritional assessments must be conducted using animals.
Neighbor effects of neurons bearing protective transgenes

Abstract Viral vectors bearing protective transgenes can decrease neurotoxicity after varied necrotic insults. A neuron that dies necrotically releases glutamate, calcium and reactive oxygen species, thereby potentially damaging neighboring neurons. This raises the possibility that preventing such neuron death via gene therapy can secondarily protect neighboring neurons that, themselves, do not express a protective transgene. We determined whether such “good neighbor” effects occur, by characterizing neurons that, while uninfected themselves, are in close proximity to a transgene-bearing neuron. We tested two genes whose overexpression protects against excitotoxicity: anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, and a calcium-activated K+ channel, SK2. Using herpes simplex virus type 2-mediated transgene delivery to hippocampal cultures, we observed “good neighbor” effects on neuronal survival following an excitotoxic insult. However, in the absence of insult, "bad neighbor" effects could also occur (i.e., where being in proximity to a neuron constitutively expressing one of those transgenes is deleterious). We also characterized the necessity for cell–cell contact for these effects. These phenomena may have broad implications for the efficacy of gene overexpression strategies in the CNS.
Consumer welfare effects of increased food and energy prices

In this study, the authors evaluated how much price changes in food and energy – two basic living expenditures competing for consumers’ budgets – would affect consumer welfare. We first estimated a US complete demand system to quantify the interdependent demand relationships among 11 categories of consumption expenditures. Among the estimates, the own price elasticities of both food and energy are relatively inelastic, a finding that explains the dynamics of the recent soaring food and energy prices. The estimated demand elasticities were then incorporated into the measurement of Hicksian compensating variation to analyse the consumer welfare effects of price changes in food and energy. The results indicated that an increase in food and energy prices would increase compensated expenditures or incur a substantial consumer welfare loss, creating an especially heavy burden for low income households.
The Distinctive Questions Developmental Action Inquiry Asks.

Developmental Action Inquiry askes three types of questions together in one’s actions with others, with the normative aim of improving the timelines and transformational effectiveness of action. Th...
Responses to electrical stimulation of the median nerve in the human newborn

Four normal full-term newborns and 4 adults were stimulated by constant-current square-wave pulses to the median nerve at the wrist. Thumb and finger movement thresholds were determined by visual observation and by recording movement potentials from the thenar eminence. Afferent nerve action potential thresholds were determined by recording from the median nerve above the elbow. Subjective sensory thresholds were also determined by verbal report in the adults. Somesthetic evoked responses (SEP) were recorded from the contralateral scalp at movement threshold and 2 times the movement threshold in both infants and adults. The mean afferent nerve action potential threshold of the newborns was 3 times higher than that of the adults. The mean movement thresholds of newborns and adults were not significantly different. The mean action potential threshold was not different from the mean subjective sensory threshold in the adults. The mean action potential threshold was not different from the mean movement threshold in the newborns. Shocks of movement threshold intensity are not always adequate for elicitation of afferent action potentials and SEP's in newborns. In stimulating peripheral nerves to elicit SEP's, the positions of the stimulating electrodes are critical.
Experimental investigation of diesel and biodiesel post injections during active diesel particulate filter regenerations

Abstract The purpose of this study is to investigate the common-rail diesel engine and aftertreatment system behaviors during active diesel particulate filter (DPF) regenerations with pure biodiesel and conventional diesel fuels. The experiments were conducted on a medium-duty diesel engine equipped with a high pressure common-rail fuel injection system. The comparative effects of post start of injection (SOI) timing, post fuel injection rate, and the number of post injections, on the engine behaviors including exhaust emissions (total hydrocarbon (THC), carbon monoxide (CO), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx)), exhaust gas temperatures, torque output, and the THC and CO conversion efficiencies inside a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), are presented and discussed. Experimental results show that, for both fuels, the engine-out THC emissions at late post injection timings are significantly higher than that at early post injection timings, while the engine-out CO emissions reach the peak values in mid phase of power strokes and the engine-out NOx emissions can be reduced with a late-cycle post injection. Engine torque output and cylinder-out gas temperatures can be promoted obviously with an early post injection. Post injection rate is the dominant factor influencing the exhaust emissions at fixed post SOI timings. Regarding the main differences between the two fuels, substantially lower engine-out THC and CO emissions can be observed from late post injection with biodiesel than those with diesel. The addition of an early post injection to a late post injection has little effect on the engine-out THC emissions, but can lead to higher engine-out CO emissions and higher cylinder-out gas temperatures. Furthermore, substituting diesel with biodiesel in the engine can lower the cylinder-out gas temperature, the engine torque disturbance, and the THC and CO conversion efficiencies inside the DOC.
Direct surgical repair of carotid pseudoaneurysm in an infant.

Introduction The authors present their case of direct intracranial carotid artery repair in an infant.
Induction of oxidative stress and DNA damage in rat brain by a folate/methyl-deficient diet

The age-associated decline in cellular antioxidant defenses and resultant accumulation of DNA damage in central nervous system has been mechanistically implicated in the etiology and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Neurons possess a high metabolic activity and are especially vulnerable to the long-term effects of continuous exposure to endogenous reactive oxygen species. It is well recognized that adequate availability of essential nutrients involved in cellular one-carbon metabolism is essential for normal brain development and function. Additionally, the synthesis of the primary low-molecular cellular antioxidant glutathione is inter-dependently linked to one-carbon metabolic pathway. Thus, any aberrant disruptions in one-carbon metabolism can result in potentially deleterious effects including cell death as a result of an imbalance in the cellular redox state. Hence, in the present study, we examined the long-term effects of a folate/methyl-deficient (FMD) diet on cellular antioxidant defenses and DNA damage in the rat brain. Feeding male Fisher 344 rats a FMD diet resulted in perturbations in the levels of one-carbon metabolites along with induction of oxidative stress and oxidative DNA damage in the brain. This was evidenced by a decrease in the reduced oxidized/glutathione ratio, imbalance of cellular antioxidant defense system; specifically, altered activity and expression of antioxidant enzymes Mn-containing superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), increased accumulation of oxidative DNA lesions, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) and DNA single-strand breaks, even in the presence of increased expression of critical DNA repair genes apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (Apex1) and DNA polymerase beta (Polbeta), and apoptosis in the brains of folate/methyl-deficient rats. These results indicate that chronic methyl group deficiency leads to an imbalance in cellular antioxidant defense systems, increased oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Any of these events may compromise normal central nervous system function and contribute to the development of various neurological, behavioral, and neurocognitive dysfunctions.
The Influence of Salary in Attracting and Retaining School Leaders

This article examines the salary trajectory of teachers as they move up the career ladder into leadership positions. The issue of compensation is set in the context of a principal shortage that has been widely reported and discussed in the literature. Urban schools are shown to experience the principal shortage differently from rural schools. District size and school type show significant differences in the additional compensation offered for moving from teaching to various leadership positions. The influence of salary is discussed in concert with the changing role of the principalship and candidate’s concerns about increasingly less desirable working conditions for school leaders.
Mueller matrix dual-rotating retarder polarimeter

A computer-controlled Mueller matrix polarimeter with dual rotating retarders is described. Bulk properties of optical materials are determined by controlling the input-polarization state and measuring the output-polarization state. The Mueller matrix of a sample is obtained from polarimetric measurements, and polarization properties, i.e., diattenuation and retardance as well as depolarization, are extracted from the Mueller matrix. Further, fundamental electro- and magneto-optical material properties such as the electro-optical tensor coefficients may be obtained from Mueller matrices measured with applied fields. The polarimeter is currently configured to operate over the 3- to 12-microm spectral region.
Mechanism of inhibition by trinitrophenylation of the ristocetin cofactor activity of von Willebrand factor.

Abstract In the presence of ristocetin, von Willebrand factor is capable of agglutinating washed platelets. Modification of only a small percentage of amino groups of von Willebrand factor with trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid markedly inhibits this platelet agglutinating activity. 90% of the platelet agglutinating activity is lost after modification of only 10% of the von Willebrand factor amino groups. Since only the higher molecular weight forms of the heterogeneous von Willebrand factor polymers posses this platelet agglutinating activity, it was important to demonstrate that trinitrophenylation did not alter the degree of von Willebrand factor polymerization. This was accomplished by agarose gell electrophoresis. Subsequent direct binding and competitive binding studies demonstrated that trinitrophenylation markedly impairs the ability of von Willebrand factor to bind to the platelet surface. Thus the loss of platelet agglutinating activity upon modification of only a small fraction of the amino groups of von Willebrand factor is attributed to impaired binding of the modified von Willebrand factor to the platelet surface.
Bone outcomes and technical measurement issues of bone health among children and adolescents: Considerations for nutrition and physical activity intervention trials

Weight-bearing physical activity and calcium intake are two important behavioral influences for bone health. Physical-activity and calcium-intake intervention trials with youth have been implemented to evaluate their efficacy and effectiveness to decrease the risk for subsequent osteoporosis and fractures. Technical aspects of bone measurement have not been routinely reported in published trials of youth, even though they can have an impact on study findings and interpretation. This paper provides an overview of the outcome variables reported, and technical issues—such as software and bone detection, growth, and movement—that affect bone mass measurements among children and adolescents. It describes the implications of these issues for the interpretation of intervention effects observed in intervention trials, and provides recommendations for future research.
Toward a theory regarding the pathogenesis of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome: what we do and do not know about cytokine regulation.

ObjectivesThe systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is the massive inflammatory reaction resulting from systemic mediator release that may lead to multiple organ dysfunction. The objective of this review article is to analyze the roles of cytokines, cytokine production, and the relationship
Biochemical studies of mammalian oogenesis: kinetics of accumulation of total and poly(A)-containing RNA during growth of the mouse oocyte.

Kinetics of accumulation of total and poly(A)-containing RNA have been measured during growth of the mouse oocyte. Total RNA from oocytes isolated at discrete stages of growth was determined by two independent micro-assays. The fully-grown oocyte contained about 0.60 ng of RNA. Kinetics of accumulation of total RNA with respect to oocyte volume were biphasic. Small, growing oocytes (about 30 pi) contained about 0.20 ng of RNA/oocyte. The amount of RNA increased in a quasi-linear fashion until oocyte volume was about 160 pl, at which point there was about 0.57 ng of RNA/oocyte. Thus oocytes about 65% of their final volume had accumulated about 95% of the total amount of RNA present in the fully-grown oocyte. The relative amount of poly(A)-containing RNA in oocytes of various size was determined by in situ hybridization of [3H]poly(U) to ovarian sections from juvenile mice of known age, followed by autoradiography. The kinetics of accumulation of poly(A)-containing RNA were similar to those of total RNA; oocytes about 70% of their final volume had accumulated about 95% of the amount of poly(A)-containing RNA present in the fully-grown oocyte. The poly(A)-containing RNA resided predominantly in the cytoplasm and no obvious cytoplasmic localization was observed. Kinetics of accumulation of total RNA, which is mainly ribosomal, and poly(A)-containing RNA were consistent with levels of RNA polymerases I and II measured by others during oocyte growth (Moore and Lintern-Moore, '78). The number of ribosomes that could be made from the amount of rRNA present at various stages of growth was compared to the actual number of ribosomes calculated from a published morphometric study (Garcia et al., '79). Kinetic differences in accumulation between the theoretical and actual number of ribosomes suggested oocyte ribosomes are recruited into cytoplasmic lattice structures. These structures accumulate during oocyte growth and have been postulated to be a ribosomal storage form. In addition, the results from this study are compared to results derived from lower species.
DESIGN OPTIMIZATION - A POWERFUL TOOL FOR THE COMPETITIVE EDGE

The purpose here is twofold. First, the technology base in design optimization will be reviewed. This will offer an historical perspective from the early years to today, and will demonstrate the remarkable progress we have made. Examples will show that optimization is matured to the point where we can make daily use of this technology to reduce design times and improve product quality.
Preparation of purified bovine luteinizing hormone.

A technically simple method is described for the preparation of purified bovine luteinizing hormone. Preparations are attained which contain 1.05 and 1.69 units/mg when assayed in terms of NIH-LH-Sl by the ovarian ascorbic acid depletion assay of Parlow. Thyroid-stimulating hormone contamination is low, and no contamination with follicle- stimulating hormone could be detected when the material was tested at a total dose of 8 mg by the HCG-augmentation method of Steelman and Pohley.
Invidious Distinctions among Cars, Clothes and Suburbs

This study considers automobiles, clothing, and place of residence as socially stratified phenomena characterized by prestige hierarchies. Respondents were asked to rate automobile makes and models, clothing departments of chainstores, and politically distinct suburbs in the Chicago metropolitan area. The large number of "don't know" responses and the preponderance of "average" ratings indicate that these hierarchies are less clearcut than the well-known occupational prestige hierarchy. The results raise questions about the clarity of visible inequalities in daily life. Marcus Felson is Assistant Professor of Sociology, University of Illinois, at UrbanaChampaign. This study is based upon data collected by the Practicum in Survey Research, jointly sponsored by the Department of Sociology (Urbana-Champaign) and the Survey Research Laboratory of the University of Illinois. The author thanks Joe L. Spaeth, Robert Bibb, Marc Goldstein, Bernard Karsh, Robert Ferber, Seymour Sudman and the technical staff of the Survey Research Laboratory, as well as the graduate student participants in the Practicum in Survey Research. Public Opinion Quarterly ? 1978 by The Trustees of Columbia University Published by Elsevier North-Holland, Inc. 0033-362X/78/0042-0049/$01.25 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.104 on Mon, 20 Jun 2016 05:23:25 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
A Patient With a Large Pulmonary Saddle Embolus Eluding Both Clinical Gestalt and Validated Decision Rules

We report a patient with chest pain who was classified as having low risk for pulmonary embolism with clinical gestalt and accepted clinical decision rules. An inadvertently ordered D-dimer and abnormal result, however, led to the identification of a large saddle embolus. This case illustrates the fallibility of even well-validated decision aids and that an embolism missed by these tools is not necessarily low risk or indicative of a low clot burden.
The Origin and Evolution of New Businesses

The article reviews the book “The Origin and Evolution of New Businesses,” by Amar V. Bhide.
The Sleep Deprivation Attack in Sensor Networks: Analysis and Methods of Defense

The ability of sensor nodes to enter a low power sleep mode is very useful for extending network longevity. We show how adversary nodes can exploit clustering algorithms to ensure their selection as cluster heads for the purpose of launching attacks that prevent victim nodes from sleeping. We present two such attacks: the barrage attack and the sleep deprivation attack. The barrage attack bombards victim nodes with legitimate requests, whereas the sleep deprivation attack makes requests of victim nodes only as often as in necessary to keep the victims awake. We show that while the barrage attack causes its victims to spend slightly more energy, it is more easily detected and requires more effort on behalf of the attacker. Thus, we have focused our research on the sleep deprivation attack. Our analysis indicates that this attack can nullify any energy savings obtained by allowing sensor nodes to enter sleep mode. We also analyze three separate methods for mitigating this attack: the random vote scheme, the...
A digital video information storage and retrieval system

A concept of general purpose systems which generate, store, retrieve, process and display raster-scan format images is developed. The general purpose nature of such systems allows the handling of static and dynamic images from multiple sources as well as system synthesized images while precluding the use of special function hardware. A particular system implementation is described. The implementationwas accomplished with standard digital computer and video hardware with the exception of one special hybrid subsystem. Most of the equipment belongs to the digital computer class with the only video hardware being a standard broadcast television receiver. The system has application to many areas including computer animation, medicine, computerized picture libraries and the study of the mechanisms of visual perception. Problems and future developments are discussed.This research was supported in part by the National Science Foundation Division of Mathematical and Computer Sciences under grant DCR 74-00768A01.
Impaired Granulocyte Adherence: A Reversible Defect in Host Defense in Patients with Poorly Controlled Diabetes

When the ability of granulocytes from 10 poorly controlled diabetic patients with fasting hyperglycemia and no evidence of ketoacidosis (mean fasting glucose 293 +/- 20 mg. per 100 ml.; mean +/- S.E.M.) to adhere to a nylon fiber column was assessed, the number of adherent granulocytes from whole blood was only 53 +/- 6 per cent of the values observed in controls. After antidiabetic treatment for one to two weeks and lowering of fasting glucose levels (mean 198 +/- 29 mg. per 100 ml.), adherence improved significantly (p less than 0.01) in the diabetics; however, their values were still subnormal (diabetic 74 per cent +/- 8 of control; p less than 0.02). Adherence values before and after treatment correlated with the fasting glucose level (r = 0.88, p less than 0.001). These findings suggest that, in addition to previously reported abnormalities in migration and the ingestion and killing of bacteria, granulocyte adherence may also be impaired in poorly controlled diabetic patients. This functional abnormality correlates directly with the fasting glucose and is reversed by insulin treatment. A defect of this type may compromise the normal inflammatory response in some diabetics and impair their capacity to resist infection.
Implementing Project SEARCH in rural counties: A case study approach

Project SEARCH has been recognized nationally for its widely replicated employer-based job training model. In this article we describe the implementation of Project SEARCH in two rural areas of Virginia. Three student intern profiles are provided to illustrate how this on-the-employment site training model impacted the interns' lives. Rural culture, transportation and regional collaboration are described in the context of Project SEARCH.