cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fidelity in the supramolecular assembly of triply and quadruply hydrogen‐bonded complexes

Advancements in self-assembly and nanotechnology will require multiple assembly "codes" to be executed simultaneously. At the molecular level this will require fidelity or orthogonality in molecular recognition events. Toexplore the limits of orthogonal assembly, association constants (K a s s o c ) and dimerization constants (K d i m e r ) were measured with a known series of matched and mismatched recognition units in chloroform. Using the available complexation constants, fidelity, defined as [concentration of desired complexes]/[all complexes], was modeled for several component mixtures allowing general conditions for high fidelity assembly to be elucidated.
Dietary and dosage factors affecting thyroxine inhibition of estrogen-induced lipemia in the chick.

IT HAS been repeatedly demonstrated that estrogen administration induces a marked lipemia in young chicks (Lorenz et al., 1938) (Zondek and Marx, 1939). Fleischmann and Fried demonstrated that thyroxine could effectively inhibit the hypercholesterolemia seen in estrogen-treated chicks (Fleischmann and Fried, 1945). They also noted that this interference by thyroxine with the expected chemical changes in the serum did not alter the tissue-growth response to estrogen in the chick oviduct. The present report includes observations which indicate: (a) that the degree of thyroxine inhibition of estrogen-induced lipemia in young chicks is quantitatively limited by the dosage of thyroxine, (b) that the thyroxine effect is not mediated by an excessive demand for factors of the B-complex created by the hyperthyroid state, (c) that the oviduct response to estrogen stimulation is quantitatively unaffected by simultaneous thyroxine administration,
Particle contact dynamics on tubes in the freeboard region of fluidized beds

Gas-fluidized beds are operated with a wide particle size range, and the entrainment of particles into the freeboard region above the dense bed is of practical importance. For example, heat transfer coefficients in the freeboard region are a strong function of void fraction and solid holdup. As a result the heat transfer coefficient is reduced an order of magnitude in the freeboard region as compared to in-bed values. The objective of this investigation was to determine the local and average void fractions that may be experienced by a heat transfer tube located in the freeboard region of gas-fluidized beds.
Golden Gate Bridge and Marin County suicide statistics

Marin County of California has the highest incidence of suicide in the nation. These high statistics are generally attributed to the Golden Gate Bridge and San Quentin State Prison. Both locations bring additional suicides to the county since people come from other areas to jump off of the Golden Gate Bridge, and prisoners from all over California who are sentenced to death reside in San Quentin. In this study, we did a detailed analysis of the Marin County suicide statistics and determined the impact of the Golden Gate Bridge. Death statistics from Marin County (Holmes, 2005) were analyzed according to manner of death. The suicide categories were further subdivided into method of suicide, age of suicide victims, and gender of suicide victims. Special emphasis was placed on the Golden Gate Bridge as a method of suicide and this study also attempts to map the pattern of residency of the bridge jumpers. Our analysis was focused on data from more recent years (1990 through 2005) and our results show that while self-inflicted gunshot wounds are the leading method of suicide nationally, Golden Gate Bridge jumpers are the leading method of suicide in Marin County.
Toward a Strategy for Teaching Engineering Design

Design is behavior. Therefore, it can best be understood by means of behavioral theory and must be taught in a way consistent with the theory of behavior modification. This simple fact appears to have been overlooked by most, if not all, engineering educators who teach design courses or write textbooks on engineering design. This article examines this thesis and its relationship to engineering heuristics by considering specific examples taken from current practice in engineering design education.
Secondary Flows in a Rocket Launcher Tube

An experimental program was conducted to determine the secondary flow rates existing when an underexpanded, supersonic nozzle exhausts into a constant area tube. Data were obtained for three nozzle geometries and three launch tubes, where the tube radius varied from 1.20 to 1.50 times the nozzle-exit radius. The stagnation pressure varied from 6.89 xlO N/m to 8.75 x 10 N/m. At low stagnation pressures, the system acted as an ejector with significant amounts of air entrained by the exhaust plume. Only when the stagnation pressures were so large that the impinging plume flow could not be turned by a weak shock was significant reverse flow observed.
Relationship between depth of a target in a turbid medium and fluorescence measured by a variable-aperture method

The relationship between the depth of a target in a turbid medium and the fluorescence ratio profile measured by use of illumination and collection apertures with variable diameters and the same optical path is shown. The forward problem was studied by Monte Carlo simulations of the propagation of fluorescent light through a theoretical model of a biologically relevant system for a range of aperture diameters. The curve of the fluorescence ratio as a function of the aperture diameter is characterized by a maximum/minimum point whose position shifts linearly with the depth of the target. Furthermore, the position of the maximum/minimum is observed to be insensitive to variations in the fluorescence efficiency and to the optical properties of the target layer or the entire medium.
The effects of cystatin C and alkaline phosphatase changes on cognitive function 12-months after bariatric surgery.

Background The mechanisms for improved cognitive function post-bariatric surgery are not well understood. Markers of kidney and liver function (i.e., cystatin C and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)) are elevated in obese individuals and associated with poor neurocognitive outcomes in other samples. Bariatric surgery can improve cystatin C and ALP levels, but no study has examined whether such changes correspond to post-operative cognitive benefits.
Single Cell Analysis of Hippocampal Neural Ensembles during Theta-Triggered Eyeblink Classical Conditioning in the Rabbit

SINGLE CELL ANALYSIS OF HIPPOCAMPAL NEURAL ENSEMBLES DURING THETATRIGGERED EYEBLINK CLASSICAL CONDITIONING IN THE RABBIT By Ryan Daniel Darling Rabbit eyeblink classical conditioning (EBCC) is a task widely used to understand the neurobiological correlates of associative learning and memory. The hippocampus has proven to be an important structure in acquiring the association between the conditioning stimuli and the development of conditioned responses. This study used a brain-computer interface to trigger conditioning trials in the presence (T+) or absence (T-) of a frequency component of the hippocampal field potential historically related to sensory processing and attention, termed theta. The presence of theta has been shown to facilitate learning in this task as well as accelerate learning related unit responses in the hippocampus, but the precise nature of its beneficial effect in hippocampal neurophysiology has yet to be determined. In this study, tetrodes were lowered into the dorsal hippocampus of four groups of rabbits including those who received paired or unpaired conditioning stimuli in both T+ and Ttheta conditions. Specialized signal processing software compared the extracted data streams from each wire of the tetrode to separate the waveforms into single neuron responses. Each sorted neuron was then categorized according to its firing properties as pyramidal cells or one of the known types of interneurons that exist in the hippocampus. The individual units were analyzed for their relation to the pretrial period as well as for how they responded to the conditioning stimuli. Interneurons were highly correlated with hippocampal state used to trigger the trials, supporting the existence of interneurons that systematically vary with the ongoing theta activity. Interneuron responses to the conditioning stimuli were generally dependent on hippocampal state, demonstrating excitatory responses in T+ groups and suppression in Tgroups. Pyramidal cells that demonstrated suppression to the conditioning stimuli were also more common in Tgroups, while excitatory pyramidal cells were more related to associative training, being more prevalent in T+ paired animals. The results are discussed in terms of how hippocampal state enhances hippocampal neurophysiology during EBCC and likely produces accelerated learning. This is an important step in understanding the complex relationship between locally recorded neural oscillations, single neuron responses, and memory acquisition in an awake and behaving animal. SINGLE CELL ANALYSIS OF HIPPOCAMPAL NEURAL ENSEMBLES DURING THETATRIGGERED EYEBLINK CLASSICAL CONDITIONING IN THE RABBIT
Capacitance Calculation for Offset Via Structures Using an Integral Approximation Approach Based on Finite Element Method

A simple yet efficient approach is presented to extract the via-plane capacitances for an offset via structure. According to the integral approximation approach, the geometry of offset via is first divided into several segments with equally distributed angles from the origin. The two-dimensional FEM method for the concentric case is used for each segment based on its pad-stack parameters. Then, the final offset via-plane capacitance is approximated as the average of these ‘segmental’ capacitance values. Numerical examples demonstrated that the combined method has similar accuracy with a three-dimensional solver but it has much higher efficiency in both CPU time and memory cost.
Phonetic features in young children's slips of the tongue.

The form in which phonological information is stored in the lexical entries of young children, and how this form changes over time, are questions which are difficult to address, given the limitatio...
A Neuronal Circuit for Colour Vision Based on Rod-Cone Opponency

In bright light, cone-photoreceptors are active and colour vision derives from a comparison of signals in cones with different visual pigments. This comparison begins in the retina, where certain retinal ganglion cells have 'colour-opponent' visual responses-excited by light of one colour and suppressed by another colour. In dim light, rod-photoreceptors are active, but colour vision is impossible because they all use the same visual pigment. Instead, the rod signals are thought to splice into retinal circuits at various points, in synergy with the cone signals. Here we report a new circuit for colour vision that challenges these expectations. A genetically identified type of mouse retinal ganglion cell called JAMB (J-RGC), was found to have colour-opponent responses, OFF to ultraviolet (UV) light and ON to green light. Although the mouse retina contains a green-sensitive cone, the ON response instead originates in rods. Rods and cones both contribute to the response over several decades of light intensity. Remarkably, the rod signal in this circuit is antagonistic to that from cones. For rodents, this UV-green channel may play a role in social communication, as suggested by spectral measurements from the environment. In the human retina, all of the components for this circuit exist as well, and its function can explain certain experiences of colour in dim lights, such as a 'blue shift' in twilight. The discovery of this genetically defined pathway will enable new targeted studies of colour processing in the brain.
Marine algae as human food in Hawaii, with notes on other Polynesian Islands

Marine algae, also called seaweeds, have been consumed by numerous maritime peoples since antiquity. Although they have little importance in Western diet today, they remain an important food and in some cases a highly esteemed staple in eastern Asia and the Pacific islands. This paper discusses seaweed collection and uses in Hawaii and other areas of Polynesia. Most Polynesians collect seaweeds from a wide range of coastal habitats, thoroughly sort and clean them, and eat them either raw or cooked, mixed with vegetables, fish, or meat. Seaweeds may be preserved by salting. A crude type of seaweed cultivation has been practiced in Hawaii since ancient times. The importance of marine algae in Polynesian cultures is attested also in a variety of medicinal and ceremonial uses.
Temperature Dependence of Gramicidin Channel Transport and Structure

The gramicidin dipeptide is a small, cation-selective ion channel. Recent experiments have indicated that gramicidin can conduct ions at elevated temperatures. Since gramicidin is an efficient proton conductor, it is possible that this channel may have applications in fuel cell technology. In this study, we examine the temperature dependence of gramicidin A channel transport and structure with molecular dynamics simulations. In particular, the potentials of mean force (PMFs) for potassium ion motion through the channel are computed at five temperatures in the range 300–360 K. The channel displays a decrease in the free energy barrier height as the temperature increases. In addition, the enthalpic and entropic components of the free energy are computed, indicating a substantial enthalpy–entropy compensation and a positive entropy change when the ion enters the channel. The positive entropy change results from a reduction in fluctuations of ion interaction energies in the pore relative to those in the bulk ...
The quasi-human child: How normative conceptions of childhood enabled neoliberal school reform in the United States

ABSTRACTThis paper argues that normative conceptions of the child, as a natural quasi-human being in need of guidance, enable current school reforms in the United States to directly link the child to neoliberal aims and objectives. In using Foucault's concept of governmentality and disciplinary power, we first present how the child is constructed as a subject of the adult world, then trace how such understandings invite school policies and practices that worked on the child, rather than with the child. In order to understand how the child comes to be known and recognized as a learner, both at the intersections of normative conceptions of childhood and material expectations of the student, we use Biesta's three domains of education: socialization, qualification, and subjectification as an organizing framework and draw primarily from Common Core Learning Standards and related policy reports with the aim of reorienting educational work away from economic and political universals and toward a subjective respo...
Treatment of heart failure. 1.

Patients with heart failure should be hospitalized for observation, therapy and rest. Digitalis is used in all types of heart failure, but is most effective when the failure results from chronic muscle malfunction. The optimal or loading dose should be individualized and largely empirical. Method and appropriate interval of administering the optimal dose depend on the urgency. Digitalis toxicity is common because it has many predisposing factors and warning signs often are difficult to recognize.
An analysis of the convex hull's impact on localization performance

There exists a widely-held notion with regards to localization that being inside the convex hull of anchors (nodes with known locations) offers improved performance. This notion, previously supported by observation, will be subjected to a thorough analysis in the context of range-based positioning systems. Using the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) as our performance metric, we investigate the behavior of the CRLB both inside and outside of the convex hull in order to explore the validity of this widely-held belief. The link between the convex hull and localization performance will be examined analytically in one scenario and numerically in another. In the first scenario, the target being localized remains fixed while anchor nodes are placed arbitrarily, and in the second scenario, the anchors remain fixed while the target is placed arbitrarily. It will be shown that this notion of improved performance inside the convex hull is actually inconclusive in the first scenario, yet holds true in the latter. The details of this distinction and what exactly each scenario concludes about the convex hull and localization performance will be examined in this paper.
Just a snap: Fan Uses and Gratifications for following sports Snapchat

Employing a uses-and-gratifications approach, we examined the motives for following sports using the social media application Snapchat (version 9 [9.27.5.0 iOS/9.20.6.0] Andr). In Step 1 of the stu...
Environmental cues and symbiont microbe‐associated molecular patterns function in concert to drive the daily remodelling of the crypt‐cell brush border of the Euprymna scolopes light organ

Summary Recent research has shown that the microbiota affects the biology of associated host epithelial tissues, including their circadian rhythms, although few data are available on how such influences shape the microarchitecture of the brush border. The squid-vibrio system exhibits two modifications of the brush border that supports the symbionts: effacement and repolarization. Together these occur on a daily rhythm in adult animals, at the dawn expulsion of symbionts into the environment, and symbiont colonization of the juvenile host induces an increase in microvillar density. Here we sought to define how these processes are related and the roles of both symbiont colonization and environmental cues. Ultrastructural analyses showed that the juvenile-organ brush borders also efface concomitantly with daily dawn-cued expulsion of symbionts. Manipulation of the environmental light cue and juvenile symbiotic state demonstrated that this behaviour requires the light cue, but not colonization. In contrast, symbionts were required for the observed increase in microvillar density that accompanies post dawn brush-border repolarization; this increase was induced solely by host exposure to phosphorylated lipid A of symbiont cells. These data demonstrate that a partnering of environmental and symbiont cues shapes the brush border and that microbe-associated molecular patterns play a role in the regulation of brush-border microarchitecture.
Abstract B56: Genetic variation in stress response gene regulatory regions as a determinant of cancer susceptibility

Certain cancers, including triple negative breast cancer and prostate cancer, have a significantly altered incidence in populations of different ancestries. For example, triple negative breast cancer is more common in African American (AA) compared to European American (EA) women under the age of 50. As human populations dispersed out of Equatorial Africa to other parts of the world, environmental conditions (e.g. temperature, rainfall, pathogen exposure) changed dramatically from the original habitat. During this migration and adaptation process, genetic variation is posited to have occurred in the regulatory region of critical stress response genes so as to ensure a successful survival advantage. However, by altering the magnitude of the adaptive stress response, there may also be consequences on an individual9s susceptibility to chronic diseases (e.g. cancer and the metabolic syndrome). Here, we hypothesize that the disparities observed in the incidence of certain cancers may result from genetic variation resulting from environmental challenge. The main human stress response hormone, cortisol, acts via glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-dependent gene regulation. Because most normal and premalignant breast epithelial cells express the GR, and activation of the GR results in breast and other cancer epithelial cell survival, studying variation in GR target gene regulatory regions is an ideal model to connect responses to environmental stressors with cancer susceptibility. We have identified GR binding regions (GBRs) using ChIP-chip technology in the GR-expressing triple negative MCF10A-Myc model of early breast cancer. We have discovered several GRBs that are likely to regulate GR target genes involved in the stress response. We further identified SNPs that have been selected by environmental pressures and that are in close proximity to these GBRs. Specifically, we found a relatively large number of SNPs with unusually high differences between Europeans and African populations. We will present data on novel GR targeted regions of the human genome, their variation across populations, and the potential involvement of these genes in human cancer susceptibility. In addition, a genome-wide search for genetic variants with similar and unusual patterns of geographic variation has identified a significant excess of such signals in sets of genes that are differentially regulated in different types of breast cancer, including the ER-negative type. Although it is not known whether these signals arise from targets of the GR, this finding corroborates the idea that adaptations to different environments has played an important role in shaping the distribution of breast cancer susceptibility in human populations.
The New Realities of the Legal Academy

This short paper is the Foreword to Brannon P. Denning, Marcia L. McCormick, and Jeffrey M. Lipshaw, Becoming a Law Professor: A Candidate's Guide, American Bar Association, Forthcoming. One of the great virtues of Denning, McCormick and Lipshaw’s guide is that it reflects the changing nature and new realities of the legal academy. Not so many years ago, entry into the elite legal academy was mostly a function of two things - credentials and connections. The ideal candidate graduated near the top of the class at a top-five law school, held an important editorial position on law review, clerked for a Supreme Court Justice, and practiced for a few years at an elite firm or government agency in New York or Washington. Credentials like these almost guaranteed a job at a very respectable law school, but the very best jobs went to those with connections - the few who were held in high esteem by the elite network of very successful legal academics and their friends in the bar and on the bench. The not-so-elite legal academy operated by a similar set of rules. Regional law schools were populated by a mix of graduates from elite schools and the top graduates of local schools, clerks of respected local judges, and alumni of elite law firms in the neighborhood. In what we now call the "bad old days," it was very difficult indeed for someone to become a law professor without glowing credentials and the right connections. But times have changed. When the Association of American Law Schools created the annual Faculty Recruitment Conference (or FRC) and the associated Faculty Appointments Register (or FAR), the landscape of the legal academy was forever changed. The change was slow in coming. For many years, candidates were selected for interviews at the FRC on the basis of the same old credentials and connections, but at some point (many would say the early 1980s), the rules of the game began to change. In baseball, a similar change is associated with Billy Beane, the manager of the Oakland Athletics, who defied conventional wisdom and built winning teams despite severe financial constraints by relying on statistically reliable predictors of success. The corresponding insight in the legal academy (developed by hiring committees at several law schools) was that the best predictor of success as a legal scholar was a record of publication. It turns out that law school grades, law review offices, and clerkships are at best very rough indicators of scholarly success. But those who successfully publish high quality legal scholarship are likely to continue to do so. This foreword explores the implications of the new realities of the legal academy for candidates seeking to become law professors.
The prenatal gut microbiome: Are we colonized with bacteria in utero?

The colonization of the gut with microbes in early life is critical to the developing newborn immune system, metabolic function and potentially future health. Maternal microbes are transmitted to offspring during childbirth, representing a key step in the colonization of the infant gut. Studies of infant meconium suggest that bacteria are present in the foetal gut prior to birth, meaning that colonization could occur prenatally. Animal studies have shown that prenatal transmission of microbes to the foetus is possible, and physiological changes observed in pregnant mothers indicate that in utero transfer is likely in humans as well. However, direct evidence of in utero transfer of bacteria in humans is lacking. Understanding the timing and mechanisms involved in the first colonization of the human gut is critical to a comprehensive understanding of the early life gut microbiome. This review will discuss the evidence supporting in utero transmission of microbes from mother to infants. We also review sources of transferred bacteria, physiological mechanisms of transfer and modifiers of maternal microbiomes and their potential role in early life infant health. Well-designed longitudinal birth studies that account for established modifiers of the gut microbiome are challenging, but will be necessary to confirm in utero transfer and further our knowledge of the prenatal microbiome.
Untangling the Annual Cycle of the Tropical Tropopause Layer with an Idealized Moist Model

AbstractThe processes regulating the climatology and annual cycle of the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) and cold point are not fully understood. Three main drivers have been identified: planetary-scale equatorial waves excited by tropical convection, planetary-scale extratropical waves associated with the deep Brewer–Dobson circulation, and synoptic-scale waves associated with the midlatitude storm tracks. In both observations and comprehensive atmospheric models, all three coexist, making it difficult to separate their contributions. Here, a new intermediate-complexity atmospheric model is developed. Simple modification of the model’s lower boundary allows detailed study of the three processes key to the TTL, both in isolation and together.The model shows that tropical planetary waves are most critical for regulating the mean TTL, setting the depth and temperature of the cold point. The annual cycle of the TTL, which is coldest (warmest) in boreal winter (summer), however, depends critically on the stro...
Considering Self-Report in the Interpretation of Objective Performance Data in the Comparison of HMI Systems

Driver interaction with two production voice-command interfaces representing differing user interface design approaches were compared under onroad highway driving conditions. A sample of 80 drivers was randomly assigned to drive each vehicle (40 per vehicle). During voice-based phone contact calling and destination address entry, participants in one vehicle showed, on average, statistically significant “better” performance in terms of task completion time, mean glance duration, total off-road glance time, and total number of glances. However, these objective measures do not fully characterize the overall experience of participants. An analysis of error rates and subjective report of attitudes, effects on driving behavior, and behavioral intentions relative to their exposure to the two systems provided important, complementary and sometimes contrasting data about the relative advantages of each implementation.
Biodiversity (Communications arising): maize transgene results in Mexico are artefacts.

Quist and Chapela's conclusion1 that the transgenes they claim to have detected in native maize in Oaxaca, Mexico, are predominantly reassorted and inserted into a “diversity of genomic contexts” seems to be based on an artefact arising from the inverse polymerase chain reaction (i-PCR) they used to amplify sequences flanking 35S transgenes from cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV).
Signaling Pathways Regulating Hematopoietic Stem Cell and Progenitor Aging

The functional decline of hematopoiesis that occurs in the elderly, or in patients who receive therapies that trigger cellular senescence effects, results in a progressive reduction in the immune response and an increased incidence of myeloid malignancy. Intracellular signals in hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors (HSC/P) mediate systemic, microenvironment, and cell-intrinsic effector aging signals that induce their decline. This review intends to summarize and critically review our advances in the understanding of the intracellular signaling pathways responsible for HSC decline during aging and opportunities for intervention. For a long time, aging of HSC has been thought to be an irreversible process imprinted in stem cells due to the cell-intrinsic nature of aging. However, recent murine models and human correlative studies provide evidence that aging is associated with molecular signaling pathways, including oxidative stress, metabolic dysfunction, loss of polarity, and an altered epigenome. These signaling pathways provide potential targets for prevention or reversal of age-related changes. Here, we review our current understanding of the signaling pathways that are differentially activated or repressed during HSC/P aging, focusing on the oxidative, metabolic, biochemical, and structural consequences downstream, and cell-intrinsic, systemic, and environmental influences.
Reduction of Aqueous CO2 to 1-Propanol at MoS2 Electrodes

Reduction of carbon dioxide in aqueous electrolytes at single-crystal MoS2 or thin-film MoS2 electrodes yields 1-propanol as the major CO2 reduction product, along with hydrogen from water reduction as the predominant reduction process. Lower levels of formate, ethylene glycol, and t-butanol were also produced. At an applied potential of −0.59 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode, the Faradaic efficiencies for reduction of CO2 to 1-propanol were ∼3.5% for MoS2 single crystals and ∼1% for thin films with low edge-site densities. Reduction of CO2 to 1-propanol is a kinetically challenging reaction that requires the overall transfer of 18 e– and 18 H+ in a process that involves the formation of 2 C–C bonds. NMR analyses using 13CO2 showed the production of 13C-labeled 1-propanol. In all cases, the vast majority of the Faradaic current resulted in hydrogen evolution via water reduction. H2S was detected qualitatively when single-crystal MoS2 electrodes were used, indicating that some desulfidization of si...
Technology and opportunities of photon sieve CubeSat with deployable optical membrane

Abstract A photon sieve (PS) is a revolutionary optical instrument that provides high resolution imaging at a fraction of the weight of typical telescopes, with an areal density of 0.3 kg/m2 compared to 25 kg/m2 for the James Webb Space Telescope. The photon sieve is a variation of a Fresnel Zone Plate consisting of many small holes arranged in a series of concentric rings. The sieve works by diffracting light of a certain wavelength to a specified focal point for imaging, so that only a specific wavelength can be imaged. Moreover, the better image contrast and higher signal-to-noise ratios come from suppressing higher diffracted orders by apodizing the number of pinholes in the outer rings. Finally, a photon sieve requires less supports and can withstand more deformation without a reduction in the imaging qualities. Due to these properties, various groups have created PS CubeSats for Earth and Sun imaging at a low cost and weight specifically using deployable technology. A team at the Air Force Research Laboratory created a design and prototype of a mechanism that deploys a 20 cm diameter photon sieve. The United States Air Force Laboratory used a similar design to create a CubeSat-based deployable photon sieve. The team at NASA Langley Research Center has researched photon sieves for conducting an Earth-observing experiment using LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) with a higher signal-to-noise ratio benefit from the PS. This paper provides a state of the art overview on existing PS CubeSat technology with deployable structures and applications. Especially, the paper introduces PS for LIDAR applications and discusses the CubeSat-based PS challenge being worked at the NASA Langley Research Center.
Basic Smooth Structures

We shall see later that any Ck-smooth (k ≥ 4) affinely connected manifold can be regarded as a smooth (universal) algebra with partial operations of a special kind. This motivates some preliminary consideration of smooth (universal) algebras.
Cervical and Cervicothoracic Instrumentation

Instrumentation is used to provide stability in cases where instability results from trauma, tumor, infection, degenerative disease, or decompressive surgery used to treat those disorders. It is also essential to correct spinal deformities and maintain correction. In general, instrumentation serves to hold the spine immobilized in a desired position until biological fusion occurs. While instrumentation increases fusion rates, most instrumentation will eventually fail if fusion does not occur (Raizman et al., J Am Acad Orthop Surg 17:494–503, 2009). As such, surgeons must focus on creating an environment conductive to bone healing and using bone graft material which will reliably lead to fusion. Instrumentation alone will not lead to successful fusion. This chapter introduces the various cervical and cervicothoracic constructs that are frequently used.
Literature and Heresy in the Age of Chaucer: Margery Kempe's “lollard” shame

Shame is by nature recognition. Sartre Any conclusion that the Book of Margery Kempe expresses the cultural issues of its day – especially those related to Wycliffism, heresy, and “lollardy” – is bound not to surprise. In the Book , we hear of Sir John Oldcastle, purported leader of a “lollard” rebellion in 1414 who was eventually executed for heresy and treason in 1417 (see Chapter 5, 107–08). We also encounter the most prominent persecutors of Wycliffites such as archbishops Thomas Arundel and Henry Bowet, as well as Wycliffism's most distinguished academic opponents, such as Thomas Netter, who attended the 1410 trial of John Badby – the first layman ever to be burned for his views on the eucharist – and sat at the Council of Constance in 1415, which belatedly deemed Wyclif a heretic and ordered his bones to be exhumed and burned along with his writings. Finally, we find many passages in the Book where clerks and laypersons alike call Kempe a “lollard” for her preaching of scripture in English, her distaste for swearing, and her advocating the rights of women to preach. Many threaten to burn her as a heretic for these practices.
Crurale Bypasschirurgie: Möglichkeiten der Venennutzung jenseits der V. saphena magna

In der cruralen Bypasschirurgie geht es in der Regel um den Erhalt der Extremitat. Dafur empfiehlt sich wegen der guten Offenheitsraten die Nutzung der eigenen Venen, wenn moglich der Vena saphena magna (VSM). Allerdings ist dies nicht immer moglich. In unserem Patientengut haben wir deshalb auf atypische Formen der Venennutzung zuruckgegriffen. Es sollen Moglichkeiten aufgezeigt werden, die individuell bei fehlender Magna bestehen konnen. Gleichzeitig soll diese Arbeit, falls notwendig, zur Entwicklung weiterer atypischer Venennutzungen anregen. Es werden 8 von 97 eigenen Patienten mit cruralen Bypassen, angelegt zwischen 2013 und 2017 wegen kritischer Ischamie, retrospektiv analysiert. Acht Patienten (8,1 %) erhielten Bypasse mit untypischer Venengewinnung. Die unmittelbaren, wie auch langzeitigen Ergebnisse ergaben eine durchschnittliche Offenheitsrate von 16 Monaten mit einem Beinerhalt von 87,5 % (7 von 8 Patienten). Trotz fehlender VSM sollten Moglichkeiten eruiert werden, trotzdem einen Venenbypass zu kreieren. Die Besonderheit liegt in der langen Strecke, welche in der Regel zu uberwinden ist. Letztlich gilt es v. a. individuell zu erkennen, ob sich eine Vene von ausreichender Lange und Kaliber fur einen funktionsfahigen Bypass gewinnen lasst.
An EM algorithm for fitting a mixture model with symmetric log-concave densities

In this article, we revisit the problem of fitting a mixture model under the assumption that the mixture components are symmetric and log-concave. To this end, we first study the nonparametric maxi...
Measuring Team Members’ Contributions in Software Engineering Projects using Git-driven Technology

Software engineering is inherently a human-centric and collaborative process and this reflects in its teaching programs, as most of the courses comprise projects and team efforts. In order to fairly evaluate students, there is the problem of quantifying the amount of work contributed to the team development project by each of its members. Most commonly, in order to estimates student contributions, instructors use arbitrary and subjective judgment derived from observations and evaluations. The currently used process is not a complete picture and is time consuming since it requires numerous observations and extensive paperwork’s review. Emerging decentralized systems (such as git) and their widespread applications in all realms of development which capitalize on team-aware metrics, are worthwhile and can provide a solution to the problem. In this work we support a solution that utilizes git-driven technology, and its related features, to measure a team member’s contributions objectively, based not only upon the completion of the project, but also at any time during progression development. Such performance assessment could generate more productive team-based learning with higher-quality graduates for better meeting software industry’s expectations.
Rapid onset of orbital cellulitis after uncomplicated strabismus surgery

Orbital cellulitis is extremely uncommon following strabismus surgery. When it occurs, the infection has been reported to present from day 1 to within 1 week following surgery and has the potential for significant morbidity. We report the case of a 6.5-year-old boy presenting with unilateral orbital cellulitis growing group A Streptococcus pyogenes on postoperative day 1, after uncomplicated bilateral medial rectus recessions. The patient had two contacts with streptococcal pharyngitis at the time of surgery but was completely asymptomatic himself. We hypothesize that these contacts may have led to the rapid onset of his orbital cellulitis.
The Challenge of Digital Credentials: How Should Universities Respond?

Digital credentialing is changing higher education across the world in significant ways and represents an institutional imperative for all colleges and universities. Higher education institutions will have to make decisions about their involvement, or lack of involvement, in this movement. Digital credentials (in this chapter called “Alternative Digital Credentials,” or (ADCs) call for institutions to focus on serving the needs both of students and employers by attesting to workplace relevant skills and competencies. This shift has a profound impact on the relationship between students and institutions, institutions and regional development, pedagogy, organizational structure, and faculty roles. This chapter briefly describes ADCs, the benefits of serious involvement in issuing ADCs, and focuses on some of the most difficult challenges faced by higher education as it considers deeper engagement in ADCs. In addition, this chapter is founded on, and extends, a report issued by ICDE in January 2019 which describes the steps and challenges facing institutions which want to become involved in ADCs (Matkin et al., 2019).
MEK inhibitor resistance mechanisms and recent developments in combination trials.

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway plays a vital role in cellular processes such as gene expression, cell proliferation, cell survival, and apoptosis. Also known as the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway, the MAPK pathway has been implicated in approximately one-third of all cancers. Mutations in RAS or RAF genes such as KRAS and BRAF are common, and these mutations typically promote malignancies by over-activating MEK and ERK downstream, which drives sustained cell proliferation and uninhibited cell growth. Development of drugs targeting this pathway has been a research area of great interest, especially drugs targeting the inhibition of MEK. In vitro and clinical studies have shown promise for certain MEK inhibitors (MEKi) , and MEKi have become the first treatment option for certain cancers. Despite promising results, not all patients have a response to MEKi, and mechanisms of resistance typically arise in patients who do have a positive initial response. This paper summarizes recent developments regarding MEKi, the mechanisms of adaptive resistance to MEKi, and the potential solutions to the issue of adaptive MEKi resistance.
Statistical discrimination when group members are aware of their stereotype: Learning from David Hume and Adam Smith

Abstract The founding contributions to the theory of statistical discrimination implicitly supposed group members unaware of how their choices influences their stereotype. Hume and Smith point out how small religious groups police their members' behavior evidencing awareness of stereotypical externalities. Did African-American legislators vote to impose a harsher penalty for using a drug favored by their constituents than what would be imposed on the chemically equivalent drug favored by others in awareness of stereotypical externalities? Newspaper discussions are full of concern for the cost of the stereotype on law abiding voters.
Who Benefits Most from a Brief Mindfulness Intervention to Reduce Anxiety During Stereotactic Breast Biopsy: the Moderating Effect of Trait Mindfulness, Spiritual Well-being, and Distress Tolerance

This study examined trait mindfulness, spiritual well-being, and distress tolerance as moderators of the effect of a brief mindfulness intervention on anxiety reported during stereotactic breast biopsy (SBB). This is a secondary analysis of an RCT examining guided meditation (GM; n = 30), focused breathing (FB; n = 30), or standard care (SC; n = 16) on anxiety for women undergoing SBB. Women in GM and FB were guided through their respective interventions for 10 min before and during biopsy. Anxiety (0–10 visual analogue scale), trait mindfulness (FFMQ), spiritual well-being (FACIT-SP), and discomfort intolerance (DI) were assessed at baseline, and anxiety was assessed every 4 min during SBB. Multilevel modeling examined moderator-by-group-by-time interactions. Significant 3-way interactions were decomposed using a median split. FFMQ observing, FFMQ describing, FACIT-SP meaning/peace, and DI moderated the group-by-time effects on anxiety during biopsy (p’s < 0.03). For those high in FFMQ describing, FACIT-SP-Meaning/Peace, or DI, GM was associated with a steeper reduction in anxiety compared to FB and SC (p’s < 0.05). For those low in FFMQ describing, FFMQ observing, and FACIT-SP-Meaning/Peace, both GM and FB were associated with a steeper reduction in anxiety compared to SC (p’s < 0.05). Individuals high in mindful describing, high in the meaning/peace aspect of spiritual well-being, and high in distress intolerance may benefit most from GM. Individuals low in attentional aspects of mindfulness (i.e., describing and observing) and low in the meaning/peace aspect of spiritual well-being may benefit from either a GM or FB intervention. (NCT03023215)
Chronic Pelvic Pain

Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is a common pain syndrome in women worldwide, which can be difficult to manage by individual providers. CPP can result in significant debilitation and suffering for patients. A focused, systematic approach to the history and physical exam ensures that the patient’s clinical history is collected in an organized and thorough fashion. The differential diagnosis for CPP is extensive, and the causes of chronic pelvic pain are often complex and multifactorial. A systems-based approach to the differential diagnosis, guided by the patient’s clinical presentation, ensures that the provider does not miss a potential diagnosis. Treatment of CPP should target the most likely contributing causes. A trusting and caring primary care provider-patient relationship, a patient-centered approach, and the coordination of care with a team of specialists offer the best chance for successful treatment. These components are critical to ensure that all aspects of the patients’ symptoms are appropriately addressed and that treatment choices are complementary across disciplines. Patients should be counseled to understand that eradication of pain symptoms is unlikely to be a realistic outcome, but improvement in baseline pain level and quality of life are achievable with appropriate management.
Tumor size and genomic risk in localized prostate cancer.

Abstract Purpose Unlike many other cancers, measurement of primary prostate tumor size has no defined role in the management of localized prostate cancer. Here, we assess whether prostate tumor size is associated with aggressive tumor biology using biomarkers of genomic risk. Materials and methods We abstracted or imputed tumor size from the primary pathology reports of prostate cancers incorporated in The Cancer Genome Atlas. We used transcriptomic data to estimate the Cell Cycle Progression Score (CCPS, Prolaris), the Genomic Classifier Score (GCS, Decipher) and the Genomic Prostate Score (GPS, OncotypeDx), SChLaP1 expression, and copy number alteration percentage (%CNA) as well as hallmark gene set enrichment analysis. Results Tumor size and gene expression data was available for 267 men. On multivariable regression adjusted for Gleason Grade Group and tumor purity, tumor size was independently associated with the calculated (c)GCS, cGPS, SChLaP1 expression, and %CNA (P 5 cc were enriched for MYC targets and genes associated with epithelial mesenchymal transition. Conclusions Prostate tumor size is independently associated with established markers of genomic risk. This study nominates the size of a primary prostate cancer as candidate for inclusion in future novel risk scores seeking to quantify cancer aggressiveness.
Diffraction Experiments with a Smart Cart

The use of smartphones in experimental physics is by now widely accepted and documented. PASCO scientific’s Smart Cart, in combination with student-owned smartphones and free apps, has opened a new universe of low-cost experiments that have traditionally required cumbersome and expensive equipment. In this paper, we demonstrate the simplicity, convenience, and cost-savings achieved by replacing a plethora of traditional motion sensors, wires, interface boards, and other equipment clutter with the smart cart, PASPORT® High Sensitivity Light Sensor, and the free SPARKvue® app by carrying out diffraction measurements of light with a single as well as double slit. Rylander and Miller reported a similar experiment but with an ordinary laboratory cart and a motion sensor to extract the precise position of the light sensor. The use of the smart cart in this report obviates the need for using a motion sensor and the laborious extraction of the position data.