cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Childhood victimization: Relationship to adolescent pregnancy outcome

Childhood sexual abuse is a common antecedents of adolescent pregnancy. We studied the pregnancies of 127 poor, black, 12- to 18-year-olds; 42 (33%) of whom reported that they had been physically or sexually abused prior to conception. We hypothesized that during pregnancy: (a) Previously abused adolescents report more stress and depression and less adequate social support than do nonabused adolescents; and (b) Previously abused adolescents obtain less prenatal care, gain less weight, engage in more substance abuse, and give birth to smaller babies than do nonabused adolescents. Consistent with the first study hypothesis, we found that abused adolescents scored significantly higher on stress and depression scales and rated their families as less supportive than did nonabused adolescents. Although there were no group differences in the rate of weight gain or the quantity of prenatal care obtained during pregnancy, abused adolescents were more likely to report substance use during pregnancy and gave birth to significantly smaller, (2,904 +/- 676 vs. 3,198 +/- 443 grams; p = .01), less mature (38.0 +/- 3.4 vs. 39.1 +/- 1.7 weeks; p = .05) infants. Our finding demonstrate the importance of asking pregnant adolescents about abuse. Language: en
The Role of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Contemporary AntiHuman Trafficking Discourse

According to various sources, 27 million people worldwide are enslaved, hundreds of thousands are trafficked across international borders, and each year 15,000 to 17,000 people are trafficked into the United States. In response, anti-trafficking activists, academics, and others have sought to use the trans-Atlantic slave trade and slavery to understand and combat this modern form of exploitation. The form of use varies: Either “the old slavery” is compared to “the new slavery” with respect to, for example, the egregiousness of abusive treatment of the enslaved, the level of interconnection of the phenomenon with the global economy, or the race or ethnicity of the victims in order to distinguish the new slavery from the old. Often, the implicit hypothesis is that modern slavery is more widespread and awful, and involves more victims and, by extension, more human degradation than did the trans-Atlantic slave trade. Still others invoke the trans-Atlantic slave trade and slavery to assume a mantle of self-righteousness, and distance themselves, their political and economic system, their state and its efforts, from the repugnant phenomenon.I claim that those who have used the analogy have failed to explore it other than superficially, or to adequately map out the similarities and differences between the two phenomena. As a consequence, the ability to effectively combat the modern traffic in human beings has been compromised both internationally and domestically. The analogy is underutilized as currently deployed because it does not illuminate the essential similarities or differences in the phenomena. Instead, the trans-Atlantic slave trade is too often invoked in appeals to emotions to serve particular ends of the user. The analogy to the trans-Atlantic slave trade can be relevant if explored more deeply – there are similarities not merely in individual plights but in the deeper structures of the world economic system and the factors that cause and foster the rise in the phenomena.
Rates of transfer of Rb86, K42, K39, Cl36, Cl35, Na22, and Na23 across a blister surface on the forearm of normal man and patients with chronic congestive heart failure.

Abstract The base of a cantharides blister on the forearm of man was utilized as a living membrane for the study of kinetics of electrolyte transfer. This preparation provided a readily reproducible and reliable model for such studies. Studies were made of transfer of Na23, Na22, Cl35, Cl36, K39, K42 and Rb86 both into and out of the experimental extracorporeal compartment. Since the electrolytes and radioisotopes entered and left the extracorporeal compartment by way of capillaries, this model provided an approach to the study of transfer across capillary walls without the limitations of circulation and mixing which interfere with such studies from within the vascular tree. Transcapillary transfer of electrolytes was found to be very rapid. Estimation of the amount of electrolytes crossing the capillaries of man per day revealed enormous amounts: sodium chloride 60,000 lb and potassium 1900 lb at normal seral concentrations.
Sedimentation-upwelling : a model for the science-policy interface in the case of climate change and California water

This paper sets forth a framework to describe the science–policy interface. The “sedimentation–upwelling model” is a two-part process through which scientific information gradually becomes part of resource managers9 and policymakers9 agendas. In this paper, sedimentation refers to a gradual process through which scientific information slowly permeates a policymaking body, often slowly and through multiple sources. Upwelling is a process by which policymakers, having become aware of scientific concepts in a general way though sedimentation, independently devise policy actions consistent with the scientific body of knowledge. The framework was tested in the case of climate change science and California water policy through an analysis of historical data and interviews with key players on the science and policy sides of this issue. A remarkably consistent scientific message over the course of fifteen years before 2003 was not followed by corresponding changes in water management, as a “linear model” in which policymakers act directly on scientists recommendations would predict. Instead, both sedimentation and upwelling operated in this case and the importance of the linear pathway was minimal. Viewing science in the context of the upwelling-sedimentation model does not imply that science is ultimately any less influential on policy. On the contrary, this work suggests that policymakers rely on general, widespread cues that come both directly from scientists and through intermediaries and that these cues can influence policy choices in important, but often indirect ways.
Manned flight [virtual reality simulation]

I'd like to really know how a bird feels when it is flying, just as though my mind was in the bird's body. I think this is a dream that can come true in the next couple of decades. Computer graphics has pointed the way, by showing that we can simulate one human sense-vision. As we refine our synthetic images, we can make similar progress in other senses to let people envelop themselves in richly sensate worlds, both artificial and natural. Computer graphics begins by simulating the physics of the environment under study, determining the light falling on key parts of the scene. We can stop there if our goal is analytical, but to show the result to a person, we need to take a second step and get the image into the mind of the observer. We do this by transforming the computed data into a form that controls devices that stimulate our sense of sight. Computer graphics has validated the model of sense synthesis, showing that we can model, simulate and present an environment so well that, under controlled conditions, neutral observers cannot tell reality from simulation. As time progresses, I expect that this test will succeed for increasingly complex scenes, and we'll extend our abilities to the other human senses.
The Demands of the “True” Mapuche: Ethnic Political Mobilization in the Mapuche Movement

To understand the role of ethnicity in ethnic political mobilization when there are no clear-cut ethnic groups, it is valuable to analyze the construction and interaction of different modalities of ethnicity. In the process of ethnic political mobilization in the Mapuche conflict, one can observe the importance of ethnic images as activists reject the dominant negative image of the Mapuche and advocate a more positive image of the “true” Mapuche. This prototype of the “true” Mapuche, however, does not necessarily correspond to the reality in which many Mapuches live. This article analyzes the strategies of Mapuche activists to deal with this gap between the two ethnic modalities.
Intramolecular specificity of anti-HLA alloantibodies.

Abstract Recent descriptions of epitopes within HLA class I antigens recognized by mouse monoclonal antibodies are providing an antigenic map of such molecules. However, for transplantation purposes, it is crucial to understand the epitope specificity of alloantibodies. To investigate this issue, we performed sequential absorption/elution studies with serum from a broadly sensitized patient and homozygous typing cells (HTCs) which shared one HLA-A,B antigen with the patient. Antibody reactivity in the different eluates was measured by flow cytometry in a panel of 20 HTCs. These studies revealed two major findings: (a) There were multiple antibodies recognizing one HLA antigen. For example, there were 8 anti-B62 antibodies, 8 anti-B51, 5 anti-B57, 5 anti-B46, and 4 anti-B35. (b) The reactivity of most antibodies correlated highly with the presence of specific amino acids at a given position in the target HLA molecule. Such residues were absent in most HLA antigens nor recognized by the antibody. Most of the target residues were located in the accessible α helices or connecting loops, but at least one antibody reactivity appeared to be influenced by residues located in the β sheets. The HLA antigens evaluated in this study were those of the B5, B15, B17 cross-reactive group which have multiple epitopic sites. However, further studies are necessary to determine if alloantibodies directed to other HLA molecules will have a similar or more restricted degree of complexity.
Models of duration dependence

Abstract The paper discusses models for longitudinal data in which a sample of individuals or firms is followed over time. Since the typical panel has a large number of individuals observed over a short time period, the relevant limiting distributions have the number of individuals increasing but not the time periods. If we allow for individual specific parameters, then maximizing the joint likelihood function does not in general provide a consistent estimator of the parameters common to all individuals. The paper discusses procedures that are valid in general, based on conditional, marginal and posterior likelihood functions. As for models with discrete data in discrete time, the paper argues that the distinction between serial correlation and state dependence cannot be made just on the basis of the multinomial distribution of the binary sequence. Some distinctions are possible if we consider the distribution of the binary sequence conditional on observed variables. These discrete time models are appropriate if the time interval has some natural significance. In many problems, however, the basic data is the amount of time spent in a state. In studying labor force participation, a complete description of the process is the duration of the first spell of participation and the date it began, the duration of the following spell of non-participation, and so on. This complete history will generate a binary sequence when it is cut up into fixed length periods, but these periods may have little to do with the underlying process. In particular, the measurement of serial correlation depends on the interval between observations. As this interval becomes shorter, the probability that a person who participated last period will participate this period approaches one. So a more fruitful question is whether an individual's history helps to predict his future given his current state. A stationary version of this Markov property implies that the durations of the spells are independently distributed with exponential distributions. With heterogeneity, each individual has his own exponential rate parameters. Departures from this model constitute duration dependence. The paper shows the binary sequences generated by various sampling schemes do allow us to test for duration dependence in the continuous time model. A particularly interesting and relevant case is the sampling procedure that asks whether the individual was ever in a particular state (participation, for example) during the previous period. The paper develops methods for using the underlying data on duration when it is available. We model the distribution of duration conditional on other variables, allowing for duration dependence. Using models with log-linear hazard functions, we discuss the restrictive features of Cox's conditional likelihood analysis, including the role fo strict exogeneity and the sense in which age and time are not strictly exogenous. The restrictive features are relaxed in a posterior likelihood analysis. We also consider marginal and conditional likelihood methods in models based on the Weibull, gamma, and log-normal distributions for duration.
Liposomal VIP potentiates DNA synthesis in cultured oral keratinocytes.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether association of vasoactive intestinal peptide with sterically stabilized liposomes (VIP on SSL) amplifies DNA synthesis evoked by the peptide in cultured chemically transformed hamster oral keratinocytes (HCPC-1) and, if so, whether this response in mediated, in part, by SSL-induced inactivation of neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (NEP; EC 3.4.24.11) and angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE; EC 3.4.15.1), two ectoenzymes that modulate HCPC-1 cell growth, in these cells. We found that VIP (10−9–10−6 M) alone elicited a modest, albeit significant, concentration-dependent increase in DNA synthesis in HCPC-1 cells that was maximal after 48–72-h incubation (p < 0.05). VIP on SSL potentiated DNA synthesis in these cells relative to VIP alone. The magnitude of VIP on SSL-induced responses was 1.2–1.6-fold higher than that of VIP alone with maximal effects observed at 10−9 M and 10−6 M after 72- and 48-h incubation, respectively. Empty SSL had no significant effects on DNA synthesis. Empty SSL and VIP on SSL had no significant effects on NEP 24.11 and ACE activity in HCPC-1 cells. Collectively, these data indicate that association of VIP with SSL potentiates DNA synthesis in cultured oral keratinocytes relative to VIP alone and that this response is not related to non-specific effects of SSL.
The Place of Biotechnology in Modern Civilization: A Veblenian Analysis of Public Misgiving Toward Embryology in the United States

Embryonic stem cell research and cloning are among the most controversial and ethically-loaded scientific advances of the past few decades. This paper argues that, in the context of recent theoretical developments in anthropology and cognitive psychology, Thorstein Veblen's work on the place of science in modern societies can provide a theoretical framework to study public misgiving toward embryology in the United States. It is argued that combining insights regarding human cognitive predisposition toward ritualization offered by Veblen with evolutionary theory on hazard-precaution systems and religious cognition may shed some light on the "peculiarity" of the initial public responses to embryology. Ultimately, this paper contends that understanding that initial reactions to embryology may follow a cognitive path of least resistance signifies that assessing the legitimacy of embryology will necessitate a deliberate effort toward instrumental thinking that may go against human cognitive predispositions.
Optical householder implementation for adaptive phased array radar processing

A new algorithm using the Householder transform to directly update an inverse data covariance matrix is examined for adaptive phased array radar (APAR) problems This algorithm is shown to operate very efficiently on parallel matrix-vector processors without the need for costly vector outer products. The processing accuracy requirements for this algorithm are shown to be roughly half that of more conventional direct approaches, which nearly doubles the processing speed. We investigate the performance of this algorithm with various jammer scenarios, and incorporate a joint jammer-clutter reduction architecture using a displaced phase center antenna (DPCA).© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
33.2: Study of the Dynamics of the Disclinations of Reflective TN-LCDS by Using a High-Resolution Digital Camera

A study of the dynamic evolution of disclinations in a liquid crystal display is reported for the first time. Using a high resolution digital camera, the case of the disclinations in a normally black, reflective, TN cell under column inversion driving is studied. It is found that the distorted fringe field dominated regions are independent of the pixel pitch, while the switching of the central portion of the normal domain is affected by the pitch of the pixels. For the pixels larger than 20um, the reflectivity of the central portion is comparable to the intensity at frame inversion. The intensity loss is mainly due to fringe field regions. For 10um pixel, the normal tilt domain is hardly switched due to strong influence of fringe field, resulting in a substantial loss in intensity. We describe a pixel switching model of the average display intensity that agrees reasonably well with the large area intensity measured by thez photodiode.
A bias-corrected covariance estimator for improved inference when using an unstructured correlation with quadratic inference functions

Abstract Notable bias can exist in the empirical covariance matrix of parameter estimates obtained from the quadratic inference function method that incorporates an unstructured working correlation. We therefore derive a bias correction. Via simulation, we show that the proposed correction leads to appropriate standard error estimation.
Tibiofemoral Contact After Conventional and High-Flexion Posterior Cruciate-Retaining Total Knee Arthroplasty

The human knee is capable of flexing up to 160°, yet most patients do not achieve more than 120° after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The translation of the tibiofemoral contact points with flexion is important in the overall understanding of knee kinematics and knee stability, particularly in high flexion. In this study, cadaveric knees were used in conjunction with a robotic testing system and TekScan® film to quantify the tibiofemoral contact between 0°–150° for two TKA designs. We found that, for both TKAs, with increasing knee flexion, the peak contact point moved posteriorly and that the contact area decreased with increasing knee flexion.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Non-finite specifiability of projections of functional dependency families

Abstract A functional dependency (FD) (implicational dependency) (ID)) family is a family of relational database instances consisting of all instances which satisfy a given set of FDs (IDs). An ID family is finitely specifiable if it can be defined using a finite set of IDs. It is known that all FD families are finitely specifiable ID families, and also that each projection of each FD family, while not necessarily an FD family, is an ID family. It is shown here that if the projection of an FD family is not an FD family, then it is not a finitely specifiable ID family.
Expression and alternative splicing of the mouse autoimmune regulator gene (Aire)

AIRE, the gene responsible for the autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 (APS1) or APECED, may act as a transcription factor according to its predicated protein structure. Here we demonstrate the low expression level of the mouse Aire gene as it is undetectable by Northern blot analyses. However, RT-PCR analyses revealed expression of Aire in mouse thymus, ovary, lung, testis, kidney and adrenal gland. Barely detectable level of RT-PCR product was also found in thyroid gland and heart but no amplification was detected in pancreas, spleen and liver. Competitive RT-PCR assays demonstrated highest expression level of Aire mRNA in thymus. In addition to the complete cDNA (Aire or Aire-1a), we identified 11 alternative splicing forms (designated as Aire-1b, Aire-1c, Aire-1d, Aire-2a, Aire-2b, Aire-2c, Aire-2d, Aire-3a, Aire-3b, Aire-3c and Aire-3d). These forms result from combinations of four alternative splicing units (exon 10, exon 11, 12 bp in exon 6 and 3 bp in exon 8). The relative abundance of these splicing forms was also determined.
Direct injection of untreated serum using nonionic and ionic micellar liquid chromatography for determination of drugs

The chromatographic behaviour of nonionic micelles used as the mobile phase in liquid chromatography is similar to that of anionic and cationic micellar mobile phases, with reversal of retention order as the micelle concentration is varied. This behaviour follows the prediction of the model developed for anionic surfactants. Nonionic micelle chromatographic interactions are simplified by reducing the extent of electrostatic interactions with the solute and, as a result, their retention dependencies more closely follow the mathematical predictions. Drugs in blood serum samples are quantitatively determined by direct injection of the serum onto the chromatographic column, with no column clogging or pressure build-up. The results are similar to those found with anionic micellar mobile phases, but are in contrast to the protein precipitation observed with cationic micelles. Solute-micelle equilibrium constants and the critical micelle concentration of Brij-35, determined chromatographically, are reported. The potential usefulness of nonionic micelles for the determination of theophylline, paracetamol, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, quinine, quinidine, morphine, codeine and cocaine is demonstrated.
Preventive treatment of migraine: Effect on weight

Weight gain is a common side effect of drugs used for headache prevention. Weight gain can adversely affect patient health, exacerbate comorbid metabolic disorders, and encourage noncompliance. Additionally, obesity may promote the chronification of episodic migraine. Few studies have looked specifically at the effect that headache medications have on weight. The practicing physician needs accurate information about important side effects, including weight gain, when selecting appropriate pharmacologic regimens. This article discusses the potential effects the more common headache medications have on weight.
Dynamic Frame Packing in industrial applications using COTS components

Whilst Dynamic Frame Packing (DFP) has been defined in the PROFINET V2.3 standard and despite the fact that there are industrial applications that would derive benefit from the technique there are currently no commercially available controllers that support it. In fact there are currently no commercially available controllers that support PROFINET applications running at cycle-times lower than 250us. In this paper we describe an industry application that implements IRT phase-management, DFP and supports a cycle time of 62.5us whilst using a standard industry controller.
Innervation of the anococcygeus muscle of the rat.

The innervation of the anococcygeus muscle of the rat was investigated with regard to the histochemical features of nerve fibers within the muscle and to the location of the postganglionic autonomic neurons which are the source of these fibers. Acetylcholinesterase-positive fibers and catecholaminergic fibers are abundant in the anococcygeus as well as the related retractor penis muscle. Neuronal somata, either between muscle bundles of the anococcygeus or in the connective tissue sheath, are also acetylcholinesterase-positive. Nerve fibers and a minority of the ganglion cells in the anococcygeus and retractor penis muscles are immunoreactive for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Injection of the retrogradely transported dye Fluorogold into the anococcygeus muscle filled neurons in the abdominopelvic sympathetic chain, pelvic plexus and a small number of neurons in the inferior mesenteric ganglion. In the pelvic plexus, some neurons were located in the major pelvic ganglion but most were found along the main penile nerve and its branches to the anococcygeus muscle. Immunocytochemistry of these identified neurons indicates that about one half of them are positive for vasoactive intestinal polypeptice. These results raise the possibility that both acetylcholine and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide are important neurotransmitters in autonomic nerves to the anococcygeus muscle.
Vegetational fluctuation and prehistoric cultural adaptation in Amazonia: Some tentative correlations

Abstract Biogeographical studies have generated the hypothesis that the remarkably large number of plant and animal species inhabiting Amazonia are a consequence of several episodes of forest fragmentation and coalescence, in which periods of isolation that permitted biological differentiation alternated with periods of renewed interaction. Geological and palynological evidence support this reconstruction, but data are insufficient to permit definition of the dimensions and locations of the refugia, or to separate one episode from another. Dating is tentative, but the two most recent episodes appear to fall within the span of human occupation of the continent. Examination of linguistic, archaeological and ethnographic data reveals widespread dispersals, disjunct distributions and other patterns of the kinds observed by biogeographers. Glottochronological and Carbon‐14 dates correlate well enough with estimates for the durations of the forest refugia to suggest that the biogeographical model is useful for ...
Does perceptual analysis continue during selection and production of a speeded response

Abstract This study asked whether perceptual analysis of a stimulus can continue while a response to this stimulus is being generated. In Experiment 1, subjects rapidly named a word that was visually degraded with superimposed pixels. Near the time of response, degradation was removed for a short time and then followed by a mask. Subjects then made a second, unspeeded judgment about the identity of the word. Unspeeded judgments were more accurate, showing that the degradation-free stimulus exposure was processed. In Experiment 2, the task was the same, but the degradation was gradually faded out for an individually adjusted duration. Comparison of unspeeded-response accuracy on trials with and without a speeded response showed that stimulus analysis continued at full efficiency during speeded-response generation. The results support conclusions of Rabbitt and Vyas (1981) that perceptual analysis continues during response stages. This form of continuous processing does not necessarily contradict discrete stage models of human information processing, however.
Neuropsychiatric disturbance in Alzheimer's disease clusters into three groups: the Cache County study.

Objective We investigated the frequency and inter-relationship of neuropsychiatric disturbances in a population sample of persons suffering from Alzheimer's disease (AD). Method Screening 5,092 elderly residents (90% of the population aged 65 and older) of Cache County, Utah, for dementia, we identified 198 persons with AD using a comprehensive neuropsychiatric examination protocol. This examination included the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), a widely used measure of dementia-associated neuropsychiatric disturbances. Results Overall, 60% of individuals with AD reported one or more neuropsychiatric symptoms. A latent class analysis revealed that these participants could be classified into three groups (classes) based on their neuropsychiatric symptom profile. The largest class included cases with no neuropsychiatric symptoms (40%) or with a mono-symptomatic disturbance (19%). A second class (28%) exhibited a predominantly affective syndrome, while a third class (13%) had a psychotic syndrome. Conclusion Data from this first US population-based study of AD-associated neuropsychiatric disturbances suggest that a significant majority of persons with AD suffer from one or more neuropsychiatric disturbance. Based on phenomenological study, the spectrum of neuropsychiatric symptoms in AD can be empirically classified into three groups: an affective syndrome, a psychotic syndrome and other neuropsychiatric disturbance. The biologic and predictive validity of this classification merits further investigation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies on the inhibitory effects of various substances on drug metabolism by liver microsomes: The effect of nicotinamide in altering the apparent mechanism of inhibition

Abstract Nicotinamide, 2,4-dichloro-6-phenylphenoxyethylamine (DPEA), and amino-ethyldiphenylpropylacetate (SKF 26754A, SKF 525A-PA) inhibit the hydroxylation of aniline, and the N -demethylation of aminopyrine and ethylmorphine by liver microsomes. The mechanism of inhibition, however, depends on the species and the substrate. For example, nicotinamide blocks the aminopyrine demethylating enzyme in rat liver microsomes competitively, and that in mouse liver microsomes by a mixed mechanism. The aniline hydroxylating enzyme in mouse liver microsomes is blocked competitively by nicotinamide, uncompetitively by SKF 525A-PA, and partially uncompetitively by DPEA. The ethylmorphine demethylating enzyme in mouse liver microsomes is inhibited by nicotinamide, SKF 525A-PA and DPEA by dual mechanisms. At low concentrations, the inhibitors block the reaction noncompetitively, but a high concentrations they block it both competitively and non-competitively. Nicotinamide modified the apparent mechanism of inhibition by SKF 525A-PA and DPEA. Thus in the presence of nicotinamide, SKF 525A-PA apparently inhibits the N -demethylation of ethylmorphine by a competitive mechanism.
Hyperpermeable mucus in cystic fibrosis.

Abstract It is suggested that a primary biological function of mucus is to protect cell membranes from hydrostatic, osmotic, and concentration gradients. The consequences predicted for an impairment of this function fit in with the known characteristics of cystic fibrosis (C.F.). C.F. mucus is hyperpermeable and C.F. serum can induce hyperpermeability. The most definitive abnormality of C.F. mucoprotein is its electrophoretic mobility; an abnormality that is wholly dependent upon the calcium content of the mucus. Calcium was found to increase mucus permeability in vitro and in vivo and to raise the salt concentration of sweat.
Violence and democracy in South Africa's community protests

Community protests in South Africa are often described as violent. Drawing from newspaper articles, interviews with protesters and statements by public officials, this paper unpacks the meaning of ‘violent protest'. It shows that violence is both ambiguous and deeply entangled with democracy. On the one hand, violent practices may become a tool of liberation, promoting democracy by empowering marginalised groups. On the other hand, democracy may become a tool of domination, undermining dissent by constituting as violent those persons and actions that deviate from formal institutional channels. The analysis urges scholars to adopt a critical and nuanced view of violence.
Migratory properties of pulmonary dendritic cells are determined by their developmental lineage.

The chemokine receptor, CCR7, directs the migration of dendritic cells (DCs) from peripheral tissue to draining lymph nodes (LNs). However, it is unknown whether all pulmonary DCs possess migratory potential. Using novel Ccr7gfp reporter mice, we found that Ccr7 is expressed in CD103+ and a CD14med/lo subset of CD11bhi classical (c)DCs but not in monocyte-derived (mo)DCs, including Ly-6ChiCD11bhi inflammatory DCs and CD14hiCD11bhi DCs. Consequently, cDCs migrated to lung-draining LNs but moDCs did not. Mice lacking the chemokine receptor, CCR2, also lacked inflammatory DCs in the lung after lipopolysaccharide inhalation but retained normal levels of migratory DCs. Conversely, the lungs of fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L)-deficient mice lacked cDCs but retained moDCs, which were functionally mature but did not express Ccr7 and were uniformly non-migratory. Thus, the migratory properties of pulmonary DCs are determined by their developmental lineage.
When feedback is cognitively-demanding: the importance of working memory capacity

Feedback is generally considered a beneficial learning tool, and providing feedback is a recommended instructional practice. However, there are a variety of feedback types with little guidance on how to choose the most effective one. We examined individual differences in working memory capacity as a potential moderator of feedback type. Second- and third-grade children (N = 64) solved unfamiliar math problems prior to receiving instruction. Children received verification feedback on their answers (outcome-feedback) or on their strategies (strategy-feedback). Working memory capacity moderated the effect of feedback type on procedural transfer—the ability to solve novel problems. Children with lower working memory capacity benefitted less from strategy-feedback than outcome-feedback, whereas children with higher working memory capacity benefitted similarly from the two types of feedback. Results suggest the need to consider the cognitive demands of different feedback types. Problem solving can be optimized by considering both characteristics of the learner and the learning environment.
Untouchable Healing: A Dalit Ayurvedic Doctor from Nepal Suffers His Country's Ills

Ayurvedic medicine thrives in Nepal. Even so, barriers of untouchability that have long prevented Dalits from establishing equal relationships with upper castes have made medical education out of reach for them. Hence, nearly all Ayurvedic practitioners are high caste men. Forty years ago, an “untouchable” man from the Himalayan foothills with a thirst for knowledge about Ayurveda traveled south into India where he changed his caste and “became” a Brahman for 14 years as he studied the theory and practice of Ayurvedic medicine in a Haridwar college. Rasaliji's life story, recorded initially in 2000 and continued through 2007–2008, encompasses a period of rapid modernization that spawned a state health policy promoting biomedicine, a proliferation of pharmaceutical drugs, and a national election that swept the Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist into power and saw an unprecedented 9 percent Dalits elected to the Constituent Assembly. This article presents Rasaliji's current concerns with the state of medicine ...
Chronic barbiturate treatment increases NMDA receptors but decreases kainate receptors in mouse cortex

Chronic phenobarbital effects on brain NMDA and kainate receptors were assessed using [3H]MK-801 and [3H]kainate. Mice fed a phenobarbital diet for 7 days had a higher density of MK-801 binding sites (NMDA receptors) but a lower density of kainate receptors in cortex than control mice. No changes in MK-801 or kainate binding were observed in hippocampus. The results suggest brain area specific adaptation of certain glutamate receptors to chronic barbiturate treatment.
Tyrosine and peptide reorientational mobility in polymer solutions: Time-dependent fluorescence anisotropy measurements.

The ability of peptides to form biologically active conformations that bind to receptors is governed by their dynamics and their propensity to form stable structures. Such factors are consequently important in the design of peptide drugs. Moreover, the stability of such peptides depends on interactions of the peptide with the surrounding matrix. In this article, we study the effect of the polymer poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) on the mobility and orientational dynamics of tyrosine and a model peptide, Val-Tyr-Pro-Asn-Gly-Ala (VYPNGA) in glycerol-water solutions. Orientational dynamics are studied experimentally by time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy decays of tyrosine. The presence of PVP leads to the possibility of a distribution of environments for the peptide. The orientational dynamics of tyrosine show that the probe molecule experiences two very different environments. In one, tyrosine rotational motion is weakly coupled to PVP, while in the other, tyrosine interacts strongly with PVP leading to much slower rotational times. The dynamics of VYPNGA are more complex. Fast intramolecular, localized reorientations of the tyrosine are detected. The temperature dependence of the reorientational dynamics of the tyrosine side chain reveal that these motions are shielded from solvent friction. In contrast, global motions of the peptide are severely restricted by PVP, suggesting the ability of the polymer to restrict peptide mobility.
Indentation fracture of silicone gels

Indentation tests were performed, using a flat punch probe, on silicone gels to induce failure under compression. The silicone gels were formed from networks of vinyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with molecular weights of 800 and 28,000 g/mol and a sol fraction of trimethylsiloxy-terminated PDMS with molecular weights ranging from 1250 to 139,000 g/mol. Cone cracks were observed in samples that fractured from defects at the sample surface, but failure more commonly originated from the corners of the indenter. Ring cracks were observed for the most highly compliant samples that fractured at indentation depths approaching the overall thickness of the sample. In these cases we generally observed a delayed fracture response, with a time delay that increased with increasing sol fraction and decreased with increasing indentation load.
MULTI‐YEAR REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE FORECASTING: SOME POLICY ISSUES*

Multi-year forecasting of revenues and expenditures has received increasing attention by urban governments over the past several years as they face greater uncertainty in both the economic and political environments. This article reviews several alternative methods available for such forecasting models focusing upon the major problems faced in econometric revenue and accounting-identity expenditure forecasting. While these issues may seem purely technical in nature and outstide of the domain of administrators and policy-makers, the discussion shows that policy-makers cannot totally ignore these problems since the ultimate results and utility of the forecasts may be affected greatly by the approach taken.
Synthesis of l-ascorbate 6-phosphate☆

Abstract l -Ascorbate 6-phosphate ( 3 ) was prepared in aqueous medium at pH 8.5-9.0 by reaction of 6-bromo-6-deoxy- l -ascorbic acid with hydrogen phosphate ion at 25°. It was not detected by liquid chromatography in fresh spinach leaves, nor in mouse brain or lungs at a concentration above 30 μg/100 g of wet tissue.
A life cycle greenhouse gas inventory of a tree production system

Purpose This study provides a detailed, process-based life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory of an ornamental tree production system for urban forestry. The success of large-scale tree planting initiatives for climate protection depends on projects being net sinks for CO2 over their entire life cycle. However, previous assessments of urban tree planting initiatives have not accounted for the inputs required for tree production in nurseries, which include greenhouse systems, irrigation, and fertilization. A GHG inventory of nursery operations for tree production is a necessary step to assess the life cycle benefits or drawbacks of large-scale tree planting activities.
Mouse chromosome 5 codes for ecotropic murine leukaemia virus cell-surface receptor.

INFECTION of cells with murine leukaemia virus (MuLV) strains involves an initial interaction between the major viral glycoprotein (gp71) and specific cell surface receptors1. Virus adsorption and penetration occur only in cells having specific receptors2. Other cellular factors such as virogene integration sites may also be required for productive infections. There are three major classes of MuLV: ecotropic viruses which replicate preferentially in murine cells; xenotropic viruses which do not replicate in mouse cells but can replicate in cells from other species; and amphotropic viruses which replicate in mouse cells as well as in ells from other species. None of the three classes of virus infect hamster cells3,4. Previous studies with hamster × mouse somatic cell hybrid clones segregating mouse chromosomes showed that replication of ecotropic and amphotropic viruses required a cell function(s) coded by genes assigned to mouse chromosomes 5 and 8, respectively3. However, the function(s) of these genes was not determined. The third class of MuLV, the xenotropic viruses, could not be tested in this system since both parent cells were resistant5. In the present study, the replication patterns of ecotropic and amphotropic strains were correlated with the ability of hamster x mouse hybrid clones to bind gp71 of Rauscher leukaemia virus (RLV), an ecotropic strain of MuLV. By comparing the mouse chromosome segregation patterns of hybrid clones which retained the gp71 binding ability with those clones which had lost it, we have been able to assign the gene(s) coding for RLV cell surface receptor to mouse chromosome 5.
Anaerobic Digestion of Rum Stillage

Abstract The object of this study was to determine the feasibility of treating molasses stillage (approximately 55,000 ppm chemical oxygen demand), a by-product of rum production, by the anaerobic contact digestion process. The results showed that stillage is amenable to treatment by this process when supplemented with small amounts of ammonium and phosphate salts. Digesters held at 35°C and loaded at rates up to 0.20 lb volatile solids/ft 3 of digester/day (3.2 kg/m 3 /day), operated with a 7783% efficiency as determined by reduction in COD (from about 55,000 to about 11,000 ppm). Fortification of the stillage with yeast extract (1.5 g/1) improved digester stability, and permitted loading rates as high as 0.5 lb. volatile solids/ft 3 /day (8.0 kg/m 3 /day), but did not affect clean-up efficiency. Tests on the effect of shock loading and reloading after a starvation period, showed that up to a 30% increase in loading rate did not affect the stability of the digesters, and that starvation periods up to 30 days were accommodated without problems.
Picture Book Biographies for Young Children: A Way to Teach Multiple Perspectives

In today’s global age, it is important for young students to develop multiple perspectives. Some of the standards that today’s teachers are required to adhere to include an understanding of different cultures. The National Council for the Social Studies, for example, indicates that teachers should provide instruction that complies with various thematic standards which include teaching about global connections and cultural diversity. To encourage young students to develop multiple perspectives, teachers need to pay attention not only to how they teach, but also to what they teach. Educators can guide students to develop cross-cultural understanding at an early age by using well-written picture book biographies which represent people from diverse backgrounds. This article explains what multiple perspectives are and offers resources and strategies for educators that will help young students develop an understanding of the frames of reference that different groups of people hold. It also emphasizes the importance of developing multiple viewpoints at a young age.
The Role of Social Media in Creating a 21st Century Educational Community: An Interview with Joseph Mazer

AbstractResearch indicates that some forms of social media unite groups, while others can fragment communities by reducing face-to-face contacts and group involvements and creating divisive interpersonal and intergroup conflicts. Because a strong sense of community can facilitate student educational engagement and moral development, it is important to understand how social media affect students’ personal development and campus life. This interview with Joseph Mazer, a communication and social media scholar at Clemson University, explores the productive and problematic implications of social media use in 21st century educational settings.
The 1958 Pine Tip Moth Collapse in Ohio

Before the winter of 1957–58 there had been a buildup of the populations of the Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock), and the pitch-pine tip moth, R. rigidana (Fernald), in areas in Kentucky, Indiana, Ohio, and Missouri. Shortleaf pine was the species that was most damaged, but red, Scotch, Mugho, and pitch pines were also attacked. R. frustrana caused the primary damage to shortleaf pine, but R. rigidana was usually present also.
Cation transport mediated by Na+, K+-adenosine triphosphatase in lymphoblastoma cells from patients with bipolar I disorder, their relatives, and unrelated control subjects

In an investigation of cation transport in bipolar affective disorder, we have measured parameters related to Na+,K(+)-adenosine triphosphatase, the enzyme that carries out active transport of sodium and potassium, in lymphoblastoid cells cultured from patients with bipolar affective disorder, age-matched nonaffected family relatives, and unrelated control subjects. Patients had lower ion transport per cell and per transport enzyme site than did related or unrelated control subjects. The rate of transport per cell appeared higher in nonaffected relatives of patients than in unrelated control subjects, though this difference did not reach significance. These data suggest that abnormally regulated ion transport may be associated with bipolar affective disorder independently of clinical state.
Time course of serum amyloid A response in myocardial infarction.

Abstract Plasma concentrations of serum amyloid A (SAA), high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and apolipoproteins (Apo) A-I and B were measured daily for 6 days in 10 patients following myocardial infarction (MI) and in 10 secular controls admitted to a coronary care unit. SAA concentrations peaked 3 days following MI (mean 47 mg/dl) and correlated with creatine kinase (CK) (r = 0.67, P
Kinetics of lipid rearrangements during poly(ethylene glycol)-mediated fusion of highly curved unilamellar vesicles.

In an effort to increase our understanding of the molecular rearrangements that occur during lipid bilayer fusion, we have used different fluorescent probes to characterize the lipid rearrangements associated with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-mediated fusion of DOPC:DL18:3PC (85:15) small, unilamellar vesicles (SUVs). Unlike in our previous studies of fusion kinetics [Lee, J., and Lentz, B. R., Biochemistry 36, 6251−6259], these vesicles have mean diameters of 20 nm compared to 45 nm. Surprisingly, we found significant inter-vesicle lipid mixing at 5 wt % PEG, well below the PEG concentration required (17.5 wt %) for vesicles fusion. Lipid movement rate between bilayers (or inter-leaflet movement) increased abruptly at 10 wt % PEG, and the rate of lipid mixing increased thereafter with increasing amounts of PEG. The characteristic time of lipid mixing between outer leaflets (τ ≈ 24 s) was comparable to that observed at and above PEG concentrations needed to induce fusion (17.5 wt %) of either 20 or 45 nm v...
The Variable-Path Lyman-Alpha Hygrometer and Its Operating Characteristics.

Abstract A hygrometer capable of making in situ humidity measurements with good accuracy and excellent time-space resolution is described. Based on the absorption of Lyman-alpha radiation by water vapor, the instrument uses a variable-path technique for achieving long-term stability and is characterized by 12 ms response time, 5% accuracy, 1 cm typical sensing path, and an operating range of −35° to +30°C dew point. The hygrometer is now operational on NCAR aircraft.