cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Universe is Shaped like a Football: Football and Revolution

Football has had a long and rich history as a liberating force. It has been an important agent of social integration and a major arena in which ethnic and religious identities – local, national and regional – and conceptions and practices of gender and class are played out. It has created a culture where fraternity and cooperation are common and has served as a vehicle for independence and dignity. This essay pays homage to some of the football players, teams, fans, projects and dreams that have been in the front lines of struggles for social justice, community and a better world. It focuses on men and women who have understood the game's connection to larger social and political transformations and, in word and deed, helped further its equalitarian and inclusive nature, thus also helping to transform society.
Reflection and transmission of fundamental Lamb wave modes obliquely incident on a crack in a plate

Lamb waves are increasingly being used for structural health monitoring of plate-like structures. In order to take advantage of Lamb waves, it is important to have a good understanding of how they interact with defects such as cracks. In this study, the scattering of the fundamental S0 Lamb mode by a part-through transverse symmetric crack in an isotropic plate is examined. The modal decomposition technique coupled with the method of collocation is used to determine the energy reflection coefficients of reflected and transmitted waves. These coefficients are shown to depend on the crack depth and the incident frequency. Experiments were conducted to verify the analytical results. Two different crack depths and frequencies were used. The experimental results follow the trends seen in the analytical results.
Primitive Accumulation in the United States: The Interaction between Capitalist and Noncoapitalist Class Relations in Seventeenth-Century Massachusetts

Capitalist relations do not develop “naturally,” nor are the preconditions for capitalism assured by the rise of markets alone. This paper takes seventeenth–century Massachusetts as a case in point. Class relations there were noncapitalist. A brief exploration of these class relations as well as their economic, political, and cultural conditions of existence will show how complex interaction between classes produced the conditions necessary for capitalism.
SOME CORRELATES OF DISCRETION FOR CHARTERED SURVEYORS

The discretion of professionals in small organizational practices was examined. This research identified three types of discretion: (1) discretion over clients; (2) discretion over the choice and sequence of tasks; (3) discretion over task rules and procedures. the first two forms of discretion are associated with high performance and job satisfaction. Discretion over rules and procedures in tasks (contrary to the job design literature) is not associated with satisfaction or performance, and is positively associated with role conflict and role ambiguity. Organization size reduces discretion over clients, but not over tasks. Reduced discretion over clients in turn is associated with low ability to attract work.
ATS-6 Description and Performance

The Applications Technology Satellite-6 (ATS-6) uses a 9l1-r parabolic antenna with high gain to enable communications with simple, low-cost ground stations with 3-m-diameter antennas. The structural system met all of its requirements, deployed properly, and preserved sensor alignment within 0.1 degree. The thermal control system has kept all temperatures within specified limits. The communications subsystem in-orbit performance has also exceeded specifications with high receiver gain-to-temperature ratios and high transmitter El RP. The spacecraft propulsion system performance has been within specifications. The near-perfect geosynchronous orbit achieved by the Titan IIIC resulted in a 8-kg fuel saving which should extend mission life. The attitude and control subsystem is providing the necessary stabilization and accurate slewing control. The electrical power subsystem provided 40 W more than the specified value at the last summer solstice. The telemetry and command subsystem performance has also been nominal.
Characteristics that Matter Most: Doctoral Students' Perceptions of Positive and Negative Advisor Attributes.

The relationship doctoral students develop with their advisor is reputed to be one of the most important of their graduate education. Research shows that advisors play a critical role in many aspects of the doctoral degree process. However, the literature is sparse regarding doctoral students' perceptions of the positive and negative attributes of their advisors. We address that gap by identifying several recurring themes that emerged from a qualitative content analysis of open-ended survey responses from doctoral students regarding their advising experiences. Students spoke most positively about advisors who were accessible and helpful as well as socializing and caring. Conversely, they identified being inaccessible, unhelpful, and uninterested as negative attributes of advisors. We offer implications for advisors and advisees.
Identification of Individuals With Covert Ischemic Thrombotic Cerebrovascular Disease: A Discriminant Function Analysis

Sixty-one men with ischemic thrombotic cerebrovascular disease (ITCVD) and 61 age-matched controls (±three years) were studied to select risk factors which would identify ITCVD-prone individuals from a healthy population. Numerous clinical and biochemical measurements were made on all subjects including a three-hour oral glucose tolerance test concomitant with the immunoreactive insulin response (IRI). The following parameters were selected as risk factors for ITCVD from the many variables assessed: elevated systolic blood pressure; triglycerides; uric acid; glucose one-hour, two-hour and three-hour levels; and IRI two-hour and three-hour levels. There is also a higher prevalence of abnormal lipoproteins (mostly type IV), abnormal EKG, and hypertension in ITCVD. A stepwise linear discriminant function analysis was used to select the risk factors which best separate and classify the ITCVD and control subjects. These primary risk factors are the IRI three-hour level, systolic blood pressure, abnormal lipoproteins, and glucose two-hour level. Utilizing only these four primary risk factors in a discriminant function, 84.4% of the subjects were correctly classified. The contribution of the other variables is minimal in the discriminant function, but they are applicable as individual risk factors of ITCVD.
A sonic instrument for retrograde preparation

A surgical approach is required when a nonsurgical endodontic treatment is impossible or ineffective in resolving an endodontic problem (1). The successful outcome ofendodontic surgery requires a hermetic apical seal. Therefore, a retrograde filling is necessary when the apical sealing quality is doubtful (2). One of the prerequisites for a good filling is a good cavity preparation. A major difficulty in performing proper apical preparation is the limited working space. A conventional handpiece is often too bulky for preparing an apical cavity. A mini-head handpiece (DYNA DENT; Micro Motors, Santa Aria, CA) can be helpful, but it is usually still necessary to remove a certain amount of periapical bone to obtain a proper working position. In conventional root canal preparation, sonic as well as ultrasonic systems have been used as time-saving devices for root canal instrumentation. The Ultrasonic Retro-tips (Excellence in Endodontics, San Diego, CA) have recently been designed to be used in ultrasonic systems (ENAC; Osada Electric, Los Angeles, CA and Amadent, Cherry Hill, N J) and they have improved and simplified apical preparation and also minimized bone removal. Sonic handpieces are widely used in endodontic practice and therefore an attempt has been made to utilize a sonic instrument for apical cavity preparation. Tips were designed to be used in a MMI500 handpiece (Sonic Air MMI500 Endo System; Micro Mega, Woodside, NY) (Fig. 1). Extracted teeth were used to test the sonic instrument tips and to determine whether their energy level, which is lower than that of the ultrasonic instrument, was sufficient for the cavity preparation. It was possible to obtain a deep preparation which followed the original path of the apical root canal. These tips have also been tested clinically. It was found that FiG 1. Comparison of the sizes of the conventional handpiece, the mini-handpiece, and the surgical tip for the MM1500 Sonic Air Handpiece.
The Way the Wind Blew: A History of the Weather Underground

The arrest and subsequent imprisonment of Silas Bissell, former heir to the rug-cleaning fortune who was discovered living near Eugene, Oregon, in 1987, drew a line under one of the most spectacular and bizarre episodes in the history of the American New Left, for it marked the official end of the Weatherman. The product of splits within the anti-war movement during the late 1960s, the Weatherman Underground would become synonymous with violent, clandestine resistance to the racism and imperialism in the United States and, for some, a symptom of how the movement went wrong. This comprehensive history of the Weatherman covers the origins, development and ultimate demise of the organization: its emergence from the Students for a Democratic Society; its leadership role in the famous Days of Rage in Chicago during October 1969; its decision to go underground; the various actions it staged - and in some cases bungled - during the 1970s; its role as goad to other left organizations to sustain the struggle against racism and imperiliasm; and, finally, its disintegration, as various members were either captured or surrendered. Drawing on an array of documents, interviews with participants, and a knowledge of the history of the New Left, Jacobs gives an objective assessment of US 1960s radicalism.
Movement of acetate across the cytoplasmic membrane of the unicellular cyanobacteria Synechococcus and Aphanocapsa

Mutants of Synechococcus and of Aphanocapsa which were unable to activate acetate have been used to demonstrate that acetate entered the cells rapidly in darkness, and to a greater extent in light. Total internal concentrations under different conditions can be explained if acetic acid equilibrates rapidly across the cell membrane while acetate ion is strongly hindered. Acetate as well as other weak acids such as 5,5-dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidenedione can therefore be used as a probe of internal pH in these mutants. The intracellular pH was maintained at about 7.1 in darkness and 7.6 in light when external pH was varied from 6.8–8.0 No carrier involved in acetic acid equilibration could be demonstrated. Of other organic acids investigated, only propionate distributed in accordance with pH differences between the cells and surrounding fluid. The low uptake rates of glycolate, pyruvate and leucine appeared limited by slow movement of molecules into the cells.
Use of inorganic and organic nitrogen by Synechococcus spp. and diatoms on the west Florida shelf as measured using stable isotope probing.

The marine nitrogen (N) cycle is a complex network of biological transformations in different N pools. The linkages among these different reservoirs are often poorly understood. Traditional methods for measuring N uptake rely on bulk community properties and cannot provide taxonomic information. 15N-based stable isotope probing (SIP), however, is a technique that allows detection of uptake of individual N sources by specific microorganisms. In this study we used 15N SIP methodology to assess the use of different nitrogen substrates by Synechococcus spp. and diatoms on the west Florida shelf. Seawater was incubated in the presence of 15N-labeled ammonium, nitrate, urea, glutamic acid, and a mixture of 16 amino acids. DNA was extracted and fractionated using CsCl density gradient centrifugation. Quantitative PCR was used to quantify the amounts of Synechococcus and diatom DNA as a function of density, and 15N tracer techniques were used to measure rates of N uptake by the microbial community. The ammonium, nitrate, urea, and dissolved primary amine uptake rates were 0.077, 0.065, 0.013, and 0.055 μmol N liter−1 h−1, respectively. SIP data indicated that diatoms and Synechococcus spp. actively incorporated N from [15N]nitrate, [15N]ammonium, and [15N]urea. Synechococcus also incorporated nitrogen from [15N]glutamate and 15N-amino acids, but no evidence indicating uptake of labeled amino acids by diatoms was detected. These data suggest that N flow in communities containing Synechococcus spp. and diatoms has more plasticity than the new-versus-recycled production paradigm suggests and that these phytoplankters should not be viewed strictly as recycled and new producers, respectively.
Portfolio return autocorrelation

Abstract This paper investigates whether portfolio return autocorrelation can be explained by time-varying expected returns, nontrading, state limit orders, market maker inventory policy, or transaction costs. Evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that transaction costs cause portfolio autocorrelation by slowing price adjustment. I develop a transaction-cost model which predicts that prices adjust faster when changes in valuation are large in relation to the bid-ask spread. Cross-sectional tests support this prediction, but time-series tests do not.
Differential response of size-fractionated soil bacteria in BIOLOG® microtitre plates

The majority of bacterial cells in soil observed by fluorescence microscopy are less than 0.4 μm in diameter, yet these cells rarely are recovered on nutrient agar. Metabolically active bacteria that are not culturable on solid media might respond in BIOLOG® microtitre plates, which contain 95 different carbon substrates. In the present study, BIOLOG® GN and GP microtitre plates were used to compare functional diversity of large (>0.45 μm) and small (<0.45 μm) cells within A and B horizons of cultivated and forested site situated on a single soil taxon (Guernsey silt-loam; fine, mixed mesic, Aquic Hapludalfs). Overall, the cultivated site exhibited greater substrate richness and average well color development compared to the forested site. The small cell fraction was numerically greater at both sites, yet exhibited limited substrate utilization compared with large cells. Greater substrate utilization by small cells was evident in A compared with B horizons at both sites. Principal component analysis separated the bacterial community by size and horizon at each study site. Small cells primarily utilized carbohydrates and carboxylic acids, compared to a broad range of substrate utilization by large cells. These data suggest that small cells are metabolically distinct from large cells. Small cells in the B horizon may be metabolically dormant and/or physiologically distinct from those in A horizon soils.
Linker Histone H1 Regulates Specific Gene Expression but Not Global Transcription In Vivo

Abstract In a linker histone H1 knockout strain (ΔH1) of Tetrahymena thermophila, the number of mature RNAs produced by genes transcribed by pol I and pol III and of most genes transcribed by pol II remains unchanged. However, H1 is required for the normal basal repression of a gene ( ngoA ) in growing cells but is not required for its activated expression in starved cells. Surprisingly, H1 is required for the activated expression of another gene ( CyP ) in starved cells but not for its repression in growing cells. Thus, H1 does not have a major effect on global transcription but can act as either a positive or negative gene-specific regulator of transcription in vivo.
PICASSO-CENA mission

Current uncertainties in the effects of aerosols and clouds on the Earth radiation budget limit our understanding of the climate system and the potential for global climate change. PICASSO-CENA is a recently approved satellite mission within NASA's Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP) program designed to address these uncertainties. The PICASSO-CENA payload includes a lidar and three passive instruments which will provide unique information on the global distribution and properties of aerosols and clouds. PICASSO-CENA will be flown in formation with the EOS PM and CloudSat satellites to provide coincident measurements of atmospheric state, radiative fluxes, and thick clouds. This global suite of measurements will provide a basis for improving the representation of clouds and aerosols in climate models, leading to improved capabilities for predicting climate and climate change. PICASSO-CENA is planned for a three year mission beginning in early 2003 and is being developed within the framework of a collaboration between NASA and CNES.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effect of reciprocating dietary lysine fluctuations on chick growth and carcass yield

Abstract Three experiments (Exp) were conducted to study the effect of reciprocating (i.e., back-and-forth) fluctuations in dietary Lys concentration on growth performance of male broiler chicks. The Lys, CP, and ME concentrations were fluctuated in Exp 1 by varying corn and soybean meal concentrations. Corn-peanut meal diets in Exp 2 and 3 contained a constant calorie-protein ratio, but Lys concentrations were fluctuated by varying supplemental L-Lys · HCl. During 7-d feeding periods from d 8 to 43 posthatch, chicks fed the fluctuating regimen were provided diets with nutrient concentrations arranged in the following order (relative to control diets at any given point): excess-deficient-excess-deficient-adequate. In each Exp, differences in feed intake and gain:feed were observed during the first 7 d. Weight gain was never affected by dietary regimen. Overall, chicks fed the fluctuating regimen showed similar weight gain and feed intakes relative to chicks fed the control regimen. Additionally, efficiency of feed, Lys, CP, and ME utilization over the 35-d growth period of Exp 2 and 3 were not affected by dietary regimen. An increase in carcass yield (dressed, carcass weight as a percentage of live weight) of birds fed the fluctuating regimen was observed, but there were no differences in abdominal fat yield (as a percentage of dressed, carcass weight). These data support the conclusion that reciprocating 7-d periods of nutrient excess and deficiency do not affect overall growth performance of growing chicks.
Antibiotics for rheumatoid arthritis? Minocycline shows promise in some patients.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a painful, chronic disease that affects an estimated 2 million Americans. Although no single pharmacologic agent is completely effective against the disease, some patients have shown significant improvement when treated with minocycline. Dr Alarcon summarizes the outcomes of studies to date and offers her recommendations.
Transformation depending on intermolecular homologous recombination is stimulated by UV damage in transfected DNA.

Abstract DNA-mediated gene transfer (DMGT) was performed in DNA repair-proficient and UV-hypersensitive, repair-deficient Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines using the UV-irradiated thymidine kinase gene from herpes simplex virus (HSV-TK). Transformation frequencies in repair-deficient CHO cell lines declined relative to repair-proficient cells with increasing UV damage in transfected DNA; approximately 3-fold higher UV fluence was required to inactivate 50% of irradiated HSV-TK plasmid molecules in repairproficient cells. In cotransfection experiments performed with pairs of HSV-TK plasmids containing linker insertion mutations in TK coding sequences, moderate UV damage in plasmid DNA enhanced the yield of TK + transformants resulting from homologous recombination between HSV-TK sequences up to 4-fold. These results suggest that UV damage in DNA can stimulate transformation of mammalian cells dependent on intermolecular DNA homology.
Microstructure and Hall-Petch behavior of Fe-Co-based Hiperco© alloys

The microstructure and hardness of Fe–Co-based Hiperco© alloys were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy revealed elongated grains in the as-received (cast and cold-rolled) alloys, and samples containing Nb had second phase precipitates. Annealing of alloys for 1 to 3 h at temperatures in the range 700 to 800 °C resulted in grains becoming equiaxed. In the Nb-containing alloys, the original precipitates dissolved and new precipitates appeared. The rate of grain growth decreased with increasing Nb content, suggesting that Nb or Nb-containing precipitates were responsible for a reduction in the grain boundary mobility. The hardness as a function of grain size in the annealed samples of all of the alloys could be plotted on the same Hall–Petch curve, indicating that the yield strength of these alloys is governed by the grain size, independent of the alloy composition and volume fraction of precipitates.
The influence of managerial incentives on the resolution of financial distress

This study investigates the influence of managerial incentives on the resolution of financial distress. Our model predicts that when creditors and equityholders prefer different resolution methods, the likelihood of choosing Chapter 11 over private renegotiation is related to the ownership structure of the distressed firm. Empirical test results using a sample of 81 voluntary Chapter 11 firms and 65 private workout firms support the model’s prediction. We show that managerial ownership is positively related to the incidence of Chapter 11 filing when there is conflict between equityholders and creditors over the choice between Chapter 11 and a private renegotiation. Consistent with prior literature, we also find that the choice of resolution methods depends on the extent of creditor holdout problems and the level of economic distress. We also performed the analysis of a subsequent 5 years of post-distress performance for all sample firms. The majorities of firms that file for Chapter 11 lose their independence and are either acquired or liquidated. However, more than half of firms in private workouts survived as independent firms.
Reaction time in relation to display size and correctness of response in forced-choice visual signal detection

Response times were recorded in a two-alternative, forced choice visual detection situation. Stimulus displays, presented tachistoscopically, were randomly selected consonant letters distributed in random subsets of cells of a matrix. Display sizes in Experiment 1 were 8, 12, and 16 letters; in Experiment 2—1, 4, and 8 letters; on each trial S operated a key to indicate which member of a predesignated pair of letters (signal elements) was present in a given display. Correct response times, on the average, increased uniformly with display size. Incorrect response times were uniformly greater than correct response times and, except for a reduction in the case of one element displays, were constant over display size. These relationships appear to require a modification of one assumption in the earlier proposed serial processing model for tachistoscopic perception.
Review and summary of opacity calculations

Abstract An outline is presented of relevant methods and theories emphasizing the main contributions to Rosseland mean opacities in widely differing temperature and compression ranges for widely different elements and mixtures.
Dimensions of Religion/Spirituality and Relevance to Health Research

This study aimed to identify unique religion/ spirituality (R/S) factors that account for variation in R/S measures of interest to health research. A 127-item questionnaire that included R/S items from classic, personality, clinical, and recent R/S-health research was administered to California state college students (n = 846) and to members of two California churches (n = 425). A seven-factor solution emerged that explained 61.5% of total variance that replicated across independent samples and that was highly stable across diverse subgroups. A large primary factor (28% of explained variance) included a number of key R/S measures assessing R/S motivation, devotion, and coping. Six other factors, each accounting for 6% to 9%, supported the discriminant validity of social support, existential well-being, extrinsic motivation, religious proscription, and two personality factors (spiritual and self transcendence). The link between current results and literature on health is discussed in terms of current causa...
Control of an automotive shape memory alloy mirror actuator

Automobile designers are continuously trying to improve the safety and comfort of new car models. In many cases this translates to the need for less expensive and compact actuators. There are many features that are commonly found in cars that utilize electromechanical type actuators. Power mirrors are one such application that has been becoming more and more standard on cars today. A cost effective mirror actuator was designed and built that utilizes shape memory alloy (SMA) wires to position the external side mirrors. This paper present a second generation SMA-actuated mirror. A robust control algorithm is developed for the mirror to provide stable and accurate positioning. This variable structure controller provides accurate positioning without adding unnecessary complexity to the computational requirements for the mirror. Experimental results are compiled to show the tracking response of the SMA mirror actuator.
The Structure of Preschoolers’ Emotion Knowledge: Model Equivalence and Validity Using a Structural Equation Modeling Approach

Research Findings: A theory-based 2-factor structure of preschoolers’ emotion knowledge (i.e., recognition of emotional expression and understanding of emotion-eliciting situations) was tested using confirmatory factor analysis. Compared to 1- and 3-factor models, the 2-factor model showed a better fit to the data. The model was found to be equivalent for gender, race, age, and socioeconomic risk. Theory and the high correlation between the 2 latent factors suggested a hierarchical nature of development, in which a higher level of emotion knowledge is built upon a lower level. In our validity model, we found significant paths from the recognition to the situation factor and from the situation factor to teachers’ reports of preschoolers’ learning behaviors and social competence. Results provide further evidence of the significant role emotion plays in preschoolers’ school readiness. Practice or Policy: Early childhood educators can benefit from knowing that recognition of expressions and understanding of e...
QoS-Aware scheduling in heterogeneous datacenters with paragon

Large-scale datacenters (DCs) host tens of thousands of diverse applications each day. However, interference between colocated workloads and the difficulty of matching applications to one of the many hardware platforms available can degrade performance, violating the quality of service (QoS) guarantees that many cloud workloads require. While previous work has identified the impact of heterogeneity and interference, existing solutions are computationally intensive, cannot be applied online, and do not scale beyond a few applications.We present Paragon, an online and scalable DC scheduler that is heterogeneity- and interference-aware. Paragon is derived from robust analytical methods, and instead of profiling each application in detail, it leverages information the system already has about applications it has previously seen. It uses collaborative filtering techniques to quickly and accurately classify an unknown incoming workload with respect to heterogeneity and interference in multiple shared resources. It does so by identifying similarities to previously scheduled applications. The classification allows Paragon to greedily schedule applications in a manner that minimizes interference and maximizes server utilization. After the initial application placement, Paragon monitors application behavior and adjusts the scheduling decisions at runtime to avoid performance degradations. Additionally, we design ARQ, a multiclass admission control protocol that constrains application waiting time. ARQ queues applications in separate classes based on the type of resources they need and avoids long queueing delays for easy-to-satisfy workloads in highly-loaded scenarios. Paragon scales to tens of thousands of servers and applications with marginal scheduling overheads in terms of time or state.We evaluate Paragon with a wide range of workload scenarios, on both small and large-scale systems, including 1,000 servers on EC2. For a 2,500-workload scenario, Paragon enforces performance guarantees for 91p of applications, while significantly improving utilization. In comparison, heterogeneity-oblivious, interference-oblivious, and least-loaded schedulers only provide similar guarantees for 14p, 11p, and 3p of workloads. The differences are more striking in oversubscribed scenarios where resource efficiency is more critical.
Modeling of Multicomponent Concentration Profiles in Membrane Microreactors

In this paper, we study the problem of modeling multicomponent concentration profiles in a membrane-based microreactor. Using basic constitutive laws of mass balance, we derive a low-order model of a generic membrane microreactor, incorporating chemical reaction and permeation through a selective micro-membrane and utilizing a pressure distribution formula for slipping flows from our previous work. Without loss of generality, the model can address nonisothermal conditions and can be extended to allow flow compressibility. We study the utility of our model in evaluating the optimal design and operation of a palladium-based membrane microreactor for conducting hydrogen purification and water gas shift (WGS) reforming in microfuel processing applications.
The proliferative effects of retinoic acid on primary cultures of adult rat type II pneumocytes depend upon cell density

Retinoic acid (RA) is important for maintaining integrity of alveolar epithelial cells, but the mechanism has not been defined. We cultured type II pneumocytes at confluent, high cell density (104 cells/mm2) and found that RA (10−6 M) inhibited thymidine incorporation to 60% of control, despite a dose-dependent increase in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) levels. However, at lower, subconfluent density (102 cells/mm2), RA stimulated thymidine incorporation to 280% of control. EGF increased thymidine incorporation at concentrations as low as 0.1 ng/mL, but no further increase was observed at higher concentrations up to 100 ng/mL. In subconfluent cells co-treated with EGF (100 ng/mL) and increasing concentrations of RA (10−8 M–10−5 M RA), thymidine incorporation was significantly greater at all concentrations than RA alone, with greatest increases observed at 10−7 (422% of control) and 10−6 (470% of control) M RA. In summary, the effects of RA on thymidine incorporation are sensitive to changes in cell density. RA inhibits thymidine incorporation at high cell density and stimulates thymidine incorporation at low density. RA increases EGFRs in cultured type II pneumocytes, and EGF stimulates thymidine incorporation independent of the cultured cell density. These data may help to explain how RA mediates lung repair in vivo.
A heavy-duty time domain reflectometry soil moisture probe for use in intensive field sampling

Mapping soil water content for site-specific management of farm fields is commonly achieved through grid soil sampling. This effort frequently requires intensive soil coring, which is destructive and time consuming. Precision farming and research can be facilitated if sampling techniques are improved and made cost effective. We designed and constructed a heavy-duty time domain reflectometry (TDR) probe of simple design that fits a hydraulic soil sampling machine. The design is simple enough to be adapted to the TDR equipment and hydraulic sampler that a researcher or practitioner may already possess. The probe consists of a housing and adapter that can be fabricated in a local machine shop from materials that are easily obtainable. Probe schematics and summary soil water maps obtained using the new design are presented. As with conventional TDR probe designs, stony or indurate soils may present particular problems in effective insertion of the probe.
A Prospective Study Of Somatic And Emotional Symptoms Of Pregnancy

Using a prospective design, this study examined somatic and emotional symptoms of planned pregnancy in a sample of 162 healthy women. All women participated in a baseline (prepregnancy) interview. Seventy women became pregnant and were assessed at each trimester; the 92 nonpregnant controls were interviewed 3, 6, and 9 months after their baseline interview. All participants also completed the Anxiety and Depression subscales of the Symptom Checklist-Revised (SCL 90-R). No significant group differences were found at baseline. As expected, however, pregnant women reported significantly more instances of digestive symptoms (nausea, vomiting, heartburn), fatigue, and moodiness than nonpregnant controls. Discriminant-function analyses found that in the context of all symptom variables, nausea and fatigue were the primary distinguishing features of the first trimester. In the second and third trimester, fatigue and heartburn contributed to the distinction of pregnant and nonpregnant women. Although pregnancy pr...
Sediment preference, salinity tolerance and COX-1 genetic differences in two purportive species of Luidia (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Specimens collected in or near Pensacola Bay, Florida matching the descriptions of Luidia lawrencei and Luidia clathrata (the congener from which L. lawrencei was recently split) were compared to determine whether their recent taxonomic separation is supported by differences in sediment preference, salinity tolerance and COX-1 mtDNA sequences. Luidia clathrata has a preference for smaller grain sizes, while no statistically significant preference was found for Luidia lawrencei, and no significant difference was found between the species. Luidia clathrata is more tolerant of lower salinity based on the righting response than Luidia lawrencei, especially at salinities lower than 25 g kg−1. The COX-1 comparison returned over 99% homology among individuals of the two species. While sediment preference and salinity tolerance results indicate differences in response to habitat dissimilarities, the COX-1 genetic result is strong evidence against the recently proposed separation of the species. In light of the COX-1 result, we interpret the sediment and salinity results as long-term acclimation responses.
Efficient Fiber Optic Detection of Trapped Ion Fluorescence

Integration of fiber optics may play a critical role in the development of quantum information processors based on trapped ions and atoms by enabling scalable collection and delivery of light and coupling trapped ions to optical microcavities. We trap 24 Mg + ions in a surface-electrode Paul trap that includes an integrated optical fiber for detecting 280-nm fluorescence photons. The collection numerical aperture is 0.37, and total collection efficiency is 2.1 %. The ion can be positioned between 80 and 100 μm from the tip of the fiber by use of an adjustable rf pseudopotential.
Relationships of free lipids with quality factors in hard winter wheat flours.

ABSTRACT Hard winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) flours (n = 72) were analyzed for free lipids (FL) and their relationships with quality parameters. The two main glycolipid (GL) classes showed contrary simple linear correlations (r) with quality parameters. Specifically, kernel hardness parameters, flour yields, and water absorptions had significant negative correlations with monogalactosyldiglycerides (MGDG) but positive correlations with digalactosyldiglycerides (DGDG). MGDG showed negative correlations with gluten content but positive correlations with gluten index. The percentages of DGDG in FL had significant positive correlations among cultivars (n = 12) with mixograph and bake mix times (r = 0.71, P < 0.01 and r = 0.67, P < 0.05, respectively), mixing tolerance (r = 0.67, P < 0.05), and bread crumb grain score (r = 0.71, P < 0.01). These results suggest that increasing DGDG in FL could contribute to enhancing wheat quality attributes including milling, dough mixing, and breadmaking quality charact...
Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) studies of quasi-one-dimensional materials. K4[Pt2(P2O5H2)4Br]-3H2O

Abstract Scanning tunneling microscopy images were collected for the trapped-valent linear-chain semiconductor K4[Pt4(P2O5H2)4Br]·3H2O at room temperature. Superstructure resulting in the quadrupling of the unit cell is observed parallel to the chain axis. A long (non-2kf) period charge-density-wave superstructure (ca. 10 lattice constant spacings) is observed along the chain-axis. Regions of crystal dislocations are also observed.
Variation in basal sprouting in co‐occurring shrubs: implications for stand dynamics

. Sources of basal sprouting for five shrub species representing five plant families common to the Tamaulipan biotic province were quantified, following four intensities of top removal. Among undisturbed shrubs, Celtis pallida and Zanthoxylum fagara were somewhat arborescent, with one or two dominant primary stems per plant. Aloysia gratissima, Ziziphus obtusifolia and Schaefferia cuneifolia were fruticose in architecture, with more and smaller stems. Following top removal, each species exhibited a distinct regenerative hierarchy whereby shoot production following disturbance was primarily from structures immediately subtending the removed tissues, even though more distal tissues had the capacity for shoot production. Thus, removal of stems to a 5 cm residual increased the contribution of primary stems from stem bases, whereas stem removal to ground line typically induced regeneration from root crowns. Schaefferia, Zanthoxylum and Ziziphus were capable of producing shoots from root tissue, yet regeneration from roots was not stimulated until tissues were removed to below root crowns. Field observations indicate that most woody species in the subtropical thorn woodlands of southern Texas, USA, are highly persistent in the face of natural and anthropogenic disturbance, owing to their ability to regenerate vegetatively. Alternative sources of stem replacement contribute to the high resilience of these shrubs following disturbance and may help explain or predict patterns of secondary succession and plant persistence following various intensities of disturbance.
Compression factors and second virial coefficients of H2, CH4, {xCO2 + (1 − x)H2}, and {xCO2 + (1 − x)CH4}

Abstract Compression factors were obtained with a Burnett apparatus following an isothermal-isochoric procedure for H 2 , CH 4 , two examples of { x CO 2 + (1 − x )H 2 } with x = 0.77 and 0.14, and {0.4820CO 2 + 0.5180CH 4 }, in the temperature range 323.15 K to 423.15 K for pressures up to 6.5 MPa. Virial coefficients extracted from the experimental results are compared with literature values.
The volume of the cerebellar molecular layer predicts attention to novelty in rats

Cerebellum volume was compared with the behavioral measure of attention to novelty in normal rats. The volume of the cerebellar molecular layer significantly predicted individual rats' exploratory tendency. Variations in neuronal process volume may explain part of the interindividual variation for cognitive abilities.
The occurrence and abundance of plants with extrafloral nectaries, the basis for antiherbivore defensive mutualisms, along a latitudinal gradient in east Asia

The occurrence and abundance of indigenous plants with extrafloral nectaries was evaluated within local communities and regional floras along a north to south gradient from tundra in northeastern Russia (64-70?N) through temperate types in eastern Russia and Korea to subtropical vegetation in the Bonin Islands (26-27?N) south of Japan. Moving from tundra to subtropical vegetation, there is a pattern of increasing abundance of extrafloral bearing plants as a function of total plant cover (from 10.25 to 40.18%), number of species per sampled area (from 0.11 to 1.13/100m), and proportion of species within regional floras (from 0.32 to 7.46%). There were some plants with extrafloral nectaries in all communities but their abundance varied greatly, c. 1-25% in the four northern latitudes and c. 7-70% in the subtropical region. Ants, the primary mutualists associated with plants bearing extrafloral nectaries, have a similar pattern of increasing abundance (species richness, nest density, and colony size) along the same north-south latitudinal gradient.
Enhanced catabolism of mitochondrial superoxide/hydrogen peroxide and aging in transgenic Drosophila

The generation of superoxide anion radicals (O2•−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) during mitochondrial respiration has been widely postulated to be causally linked to the aging process. The hypothesis that a specific enhancement of mitochondrial O2•−/H2O2 catabolism would delay age-associated physiological changes and extend the lifespan was tested by simultaneous overexpression of MnSOD (manganese superoxide dismutase) and catalase, ectopically targeted to the mitochondrial matrix of transgenic Drosophila melanogaster. The increased activities of these antioxidative enzymes resulted in a decrease of mitochondrial H2O2 release and enhancement of free methionine content. The MnSOD/mitochondrial catalase transgenic flies displayed an enhanced resistance to experimental oxidative stress, induced by dietary H2O2 administration or by exposure to 100% ambient oxygen. However, the lifespan of the flies was decreased, by up to 43%, and this effect coincided with (i) an overall decrease in physical fitness, as measured by the speed of walking, and (ii) an agerelated decrease in mitochondrial state 3 (ADP-stimulated) respiration. These findings support the notion that mitochondrial O2•−/H2O2 production at physiological levels is essential for normal biological processes leading to the attainment of a normal lifespan.
Proper Estimation of Random Uncertainties in Steady-State Testing

The estimation of the random uncertainty of an experimental result (such as specific impulse or drag coefficient) that is determined from multiple measured variables in a steady-state test is considered. Often in the actual engineering testing of complex systems, all conditions cannot be tightly controlled, and the variations in successive measurements of the variables are caused both by unsteadiness and by measurement errors. In such cases, the distributions of the measurements of different variables might not be independent of one another, that is, the variables “drift” in unison. The results of two test programs are used to show that calculation of the random standard uncertainty (the standard deviation) of a result using the traditional propagation equation can produce an estimate many times too large or too small because the correlations among the variations in the measured variables are not taken into account. In contrast, when the random standard uncertainty is calculated directly from a sample of multiple results determined within a single test, the effects of the correlations are accounted for implicitly. The direct approach has not commonly been used in single test situations because unfortunately it has been presented in the past with nomenclature that caused a mindset that experimental results from multiple tests were necessary for its use, and that is not the case.
A generator for producing monoenergetic, high intensity, soft X-rays

Abstract An X-ray generator for producing monoenergetic high-intensity X-ray beams in the energy range to 1.5 to 8 keV has been developed. Electrons from an annular-shaped triode electron gun bombard one of nine individual water-cooled targets, which can be rotated into the electron beam. With appropriate filtration, each target provides a very intense source of fairly monochromatic X-rays. The electron gun can be operated either in a steady state or in a modulated mode, and the resulting X-ray beam intensity and energy can be measured accurately.
A method for analyzing absorbed power distribution in the hand and arm substructures when operating vibrating tools

Abstract In this study it was hypothesized that the vibration-induced injuries or disorders in a substructure of human hand–arm system are primarily associated with the vibration power absorption distributed in that substructure. As the first step to test this hypothesis, the major objective of this study is to develop a method for analyzing the vibration power flow and the distribution of vibration power absorptions in the major substructures (fingers, palm–hand–wrist, forearm and upper arm, and shoulder) of the system exposed to hand-transmitted vibration. A five-degrees-of-freedom model of the system incorporating finger- as well as palm-side driving points was applied for the analysis. The mechanical impedance data measured at the two driving points under four different hand actions involving 50 N grip-only, 15 N grip and 35 N push, 30 N grip and 45 N push, and 50 N grip and 50 N push, were used to identify the model parameters. The vibration power absorption distributed in the substructures were evaluated using vibration spectra measured on many tools. The frequency weightings of the distributed vibration power absorptions were derived and compared with the weighting defined in ISO 5349-1 (2001). This study found that vibration power absorption is primarily distributed in the arm and shoulder when operating low-frequency tools such as rammers, while a high concentration of vibration power absorption in the fingers and hand is observed when operating high-frequency tools, such as grinders. The vibration power absorption distributed in palm–wrist and arm is well correlated with the ISO-weighted acceleration, while the finger vibration power absorption is highly correlated with unweighted acceleration. The finger vibration power absorption-based frequency weighting suggested that exposure to vibration in the frequency range of 16–500 Hz could pose higher risks of developing finger disorders. The results support the use of the frequency weighting specified in the current standard for assessing risks of developing disorders in the palm–wrist–arm substructures. The standardized weighting, however, could overestimate low-frequency effects but greatly underestimate high-frequency effects on the development of finger disorders. The results are further discussed to show that the trends observed in the vibration power absorptions distributed in the substructures are consistent with some major findings of various physiological and epidemiological studies, which provides a support to the hypothesis of this study.
Clutter performance and confuser rejection on infrared data using distortion-invariant filters for ATR

We consider automatic target recognition (ATR) in infrared (IR) imagery using the minimum noise and correlation energy (MINACE) distortion-invariant filter (DIF). As in our prior work (SPIE 6566-03), we consider classification of true-class CAD targets and rejection of real clutter and unseen confuser CAD objects with range and full 360° aspect view variations. In this work, we address rejection of new UCIR bush clutter data. We also present performance scores for several different training and test cases with attention to filter capacity, i.e., the number of training images that can be included in one filter before performance on the test set deteriorates appreciably. We find that range rather than aspect view distortions seem to affect filter capacity more. Initial target contrast ratio tests are also presented. To more properly address clutter, in all tests we now form the magnitude of the output correlation plane before analysis. We also address when and why linear versus circular correlations are best. We also address DIF filter-synthesis and fast implementation for wide area "search" test regions. This introduces new issues concerning the region over which correlation plane energy is minimized in filter synthesis and the size of the FFT to use in tests. A key issue is that both training and tests should use the same procedures. This is vital for training and test metrics to be comparable. We distinguish between whether linear or circular correlation plane energy is minimized.