cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Containing the Hype

Containers, or OS-based virtualization, have seen a recent resurgence in deployment. The term "container" is nearly synonymous with "lightweight virtualization", despite a remarkable dearth of careful measurements supporting this notion. This paper contributes comparative measurements and analysis of both containers and hardware virtual machines where the functionality of both technologies intersects. This paper focuses on two important issues for cloud computing: density (guests per physical host) and start-up latency (for responding to load spikes). We conclude that the overall density is highly dependent on the most demanded resource. In many dimensions there are no significant differences, and in other dimensions VMs have significantly higher overheads. A particular contribution is the first detailed analysis of the biggest difference---memory footprint---and opportunities to significantly reduce this overhead.
The Fiber Optic Refrigeration Cycle Monitor

The measurement of absorbent concentration is a key control parameter in operating and assessing the performance of absorption heat pump systems. Because most refrigerant absorbent fluids are binary mixtures, the measurement of refractive index has been used routinely to directly determine the concentration of absorbent fluid components. Until recently, this measurement has been limited to the analysis of samples withdrawn from the absorption machine after system shut-down. The Fiber Optic Refrigeration Cycle Monitor (FORCM) is the first device capable of making multiple and in-situ, real-time measurements of refractive index at user-definable points within operating absorption machines. The refractive index of the solution is determined by measuring light loss from an unclad segment of an optical fiber that is immersed in the absorption fluid. Changes in fluid refractive index alter the angle at which the light rays are totally internally reflected at the core-fluid interface, thereby altering the light transmission efficiency of the fiber. The unclad portion of the fiber is placed at a point within the absorption vessel for which the fluid composition measurement is desired. Any number of modified optical fibers can be installed within a system. A thermocouple junction adjacent to each fiber measures the local fluid temperature. The combination of local concentration and temperature measurements allows in-line monitoring and control of the system, as well as provides a detailed study of heat and mass transfer processes occurring within these machines. The operating characteristics of the FORCM are described in this paper.
Influence Relationships Within the Supreme Court: a Comparison of the Warren and Burger Courts

IN ORDER to enhance understanding of the relationships among the justices of the U.S. Supreme Court and to provoke a degree of conceptual and operational standardization within the judicial subfield, if not more broadly we operationalized the construct of influence in a previous paper (Altfeld and Spaeth 1984) and measured its effects on the justices who served during the first twelve years of the Burger Court (1969-1980). Our purpose here is to test further the utility of our measures by applying them in a comparative context: to the Warren, as well as the Burger, Court so that the dynamics of the relationships of all the Justices who served on these Courts may be specified and assessed.
Influence of TiCl4 treatment on surface defect photoluminescence in pure and mixed-phase nanocrystalline TiO2.

Room-temperature UV-excited photoluminescence spectra are reported for nanocrystalline films of anatase, rutile, and mixed-phase TiO2 (Degussa P25) before and after treatment with TiCl4 solution. The surface defect luminescence of anatase in the visible region is suppressed by TiCl4 treatment, indicating a decrease in surface traps. A similar anatase surface-defect emission is observed in the mixed-phase nanoparticles but is completely quenched following TiCl4 treatment and replaced by emission characteristic of rutile. Our results suggest that TiCl4 treatment of mixed-phase TiO2 may result in a surface layer of rutile and that radiative recombination of electron−hole pairs formed in the bulk anatase region of nanocrystallites occurs after electrons migrate to newly formed rutile surfaces.
EFFECT OF ISOTOPIC MASS ON VISCOSITY OF MOLTEN LITHIUM

The viscosity of the separated isotopes of molten lithium was measured by observing the damped oscillations of a torsion pendulum whose bob contained a spherical cavity filled with the material under test. For both ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$ and ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$, the viscosity varies approximately as $\mathrm{exp}(\frac{B}{T})$ over the temperature range 180 to 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C; $B$ has the value 458\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K for ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$ and 631\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K for ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$. The viscosity of ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$ is 4.18\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 mP (millipoise) at 180.4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, its melting point; of ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$, 6.00\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 mP at 180.7\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, its melting point. A linear interpolation for ${\mathrm{Li}}^{\mathrm{nat}}$ (7.4% ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$, 92.6% ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$) gives 5.86 mP at 180.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, only slightly lower than the value of 6.02 mP reported earlier by Andrade and Dobbs. The ratio of the viscosity of ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ to that of ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$ is 1.44 at the melting point, in contrast with the value of 1.08, the square root of the mass ratio, as predicted on simple theoretical arguments. Actually, a thorough dimensional analysis shows that the viscosity varies as ${(\mathrm{mkT})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ times a complementary dimensionless function containing---among other arguments--- the mass as a consequence of quantum effects. The function evidently depends strongly on these effects, as indicated not only by the present results on molten ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$ and ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$, but also by the results of others on other isotopically-substituted liquids.
A rapid method for dissolving tissue for liquid scintillation counting.

Abstract This report describes an efficient technique for the rapid dissolution of tissues for liquid scintillation counting incorporating the advantages of previously published studies to obtain high counting efficiencies without phase separation. We have employed a 2 N solution of methanolic KOH as the solubilizing agent, and ethylene glycol monobutyl ether to bring about complete miscibility of the tissue digest with the toluene scintillator solution.
Treatment of chronic hepatitis B.

Chronic hepatitis B is the commonest cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Although vaccination has been successful in preventing new infections, there are still 350 million individuals, or approx 5% of the world’s population, with chronic hepatitis B virus infection (1). These individuals are at risk of developing liver cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Thus, treatment that can arrest the disease, before irreversible damage to the liver occurs, is urgently needed. The aims of treatment are to achieve sustained suppression of HBV replication, and remission of liver disease (Table 1). The end points of treatment include clearance of HBV DNA in serum, loss of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), development of hepatitis B e antibody (anti-HBe), and normalization in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. Currently, two therapeutic agents have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Many new antiviral and immunomodulatory therapy are being evaluated, some of them with very promising results.
RESOURCE USE AND THE SURVIVAL OF LAND AND FRESHWATER VERTEBRATES ON OCEANIC ISLANDS

Land and freshwater birds and mammals reduce resource use on small oceanic islands. The adjustments used vary among taxa. Rails reduce energy expenditure both by a decrease in body mass and the evo...
Murine Typhus as a Cause of Cognitive Impairment: Case Report and a Review of the Literature

Abstract Background Murine typhus is a systemic febrile illness caused by Rickettsia typhi , a gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacterium. It is found worldwide, including in the United States, where cases are concentrated in suburban areas of Texas and California. The disease manifests with fever, headache, and rash. Central nervous system involvement is rare in both adults and children. Aseptic meningitis and meningoencephalitis are the most common neurological presentations, occurring in 2% to 5% of cases. Neurological dysfunction, including memory impairment and behavioral alterations, can occur and usually are reversible. Long-term deficits are considered rare even in untreated cases and have not been described in the pediatric population. Methods Single case report. Results We describe a previously healthy 17-year-old girl infected with R. typhi who developed meningoencephalitis that resulted in chronic cognitive impairment despite treatment. Conclusion Murine typhus should be considered in the differential diagnosis of aseptic meningitis and meningoencephalitis. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent death and long-term morbidity.
Region segmentation in cine-MRI by time series analysis

A new technique is presented for measuring the local changes and correlation between them on spatially aligned image sequences. A temporal correlation image is derived from a sequence of static images. The method is illustrated in an application to the cine-MRI data from kidney and brain.
Stability of subharmonic solutions

Consider the equation \[ \ddot x + g( x ) = - \lambda \dot x + \mu f( t ) \] where x is real, g is smooth, $f( t + 1 ) = f( t )$ and $\lambda $ and $\mu $ are small parameters. By using periodic Melnikov functions and the method of Lyapunov–Schmidt, we determine all the Floquet multipliers of the bifurcating subharmonic solutions of order k, $k = 1,2, \cdots $.
On the singular graph and the Weyr characteristic of anM-matrix

LetA be anM-matrix in standard lower block triangular form, with diagonal blocksAii irreducible. LetS be the set of indices α such that the diagonal blockAαα is singular. We define the singular graph ofA to be the setS with partial order defined by α > β if there exists a chain of non-zero blocksAαi, Aij, ⋯, Alβ.
The independent impact of extended pattern biopsy on prostate cancer stage migration.

ABSTRACTPurpose:: There are many factors impacting stage migration for prostate cancer. The number of prostate core biopsies is known to increase detection of prostate cancers. It is still unknown whether the number of biopsies is an independent predictor of tumor size. This is important as a number of studies show that tumor volume is an independent predictor of cancer progression.Materials and Methods:: Using the University of California, San Francisco Urologic Oncology database, a retrospective review of 378 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy by a single surgeon during 2000 to 2003 was performed. Patient and tumor specific variables including age, prostate specific antigen (PSA), number of biopsies, biopsy Gleason grade, tumor volume in the surgical specimen and surgical specimen tumor grade were studied. Univariate and multivariate statistical methods including multiple and logistic regression were used to characterize patients by the number of biopsy cores. Tests of significance to identify pr...
Systems with Multiplicative Noise: Critical Behavior from KPZ Equation and Numerics

We show that certain critical exponents of systems with multiplicative noise can be obtained from exponents of the KPZ equation. Numerical simulations in 1D confirm this prediction and yield other exponents of the multiplicative noise problem. The numerics also verify an earlier prediction of the divergence of the susceptibility over an entire range of control parameter values and show that the exponent governing the divergence in this range varies continuously with control parameter.
Regularity of local minimizers of an isotropic compressible hyperelastic material

Holder continuity of local minimizers of the energy functional of an isotropic compressible hyperelastic material is studied. The functional is a nonconvex function of the deformation gradient.Using a blowup technique it is shown that all local minimizers are everywhere Holder continuous.
Orientation of chromatophores and spheroplast-derived membrane vesicles of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides: analysis by localization of enzyme activities.

Abstract Intact spheroplasts, vesicles obtained from French-press lysates (chromatophores), and spheroplast-derived vesicles were isolated from photosynthetically grown cells of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides . Lysed spheroplasts showed specific activities of succinate, NADH, and l -lactate dehydrogenase which were eight-, six-, and seven-fold higher, respectively, than those of intact spheroplasts when ferricyanide was used as electron acceptor. Mg 2+ -ATPase activity of lysed spheroplasts, measured using an assay system coupled to the oxidation of NADH, was seven-fold higher than the activity of intact sheroplasts. Toluene-treated spheroplast-derived vesicles displayed higher succinate dehydrogenase (ferricyanide reduction) and Mg 2+ -ATPase activities than untreated vesicles whereas no differences were measured between untreated and toluene-treated chromatophores. However, NADH dehydrogenase (ferricyanide reduction) activities of both toluene-treated vesicles and chromatophores were higher than the activities of untreated vesicles and chromatophores. When chromatophores and spheroplast-derived vesicles were preincubated with trypsin, the l -lactate and succinate dehydrogenase activities of chromatophores were preferentially inactivated when phenazine methosulfate was used as electron acceptor. The data indicate that chromatophores are oriented in an opposite direction to the spheroplast-derived vesicles. At least 80% of the latter are oriented in a direction equivalent to the cytoplasmic membrane of intact cells and spheroplasts. Spheroplast-derived vesicles from cells grown with higher light intensities seem to be more uniformly oriented than those obtained from cells grown with lower light intensities.
Evolution of Polynesian bark cloth and factors influencing cultural change

Abstract The origin and dispersal of the first human inhabitants of the Polynesian Triangle have been studied from many perspectives and significant progress in our understanding of Polynesian prehistory has derived from an intermingling of linguistics, archaeology, and genetics. Contributions from the ethnographic record, however, have been limited by the dearth of comparative methods that are useful for reconstructing prehistory and identifying and analyzing cross-cultural trends. For more than fifty years, cladistic phylogenetic methods have been used to reconstruct the evolutionary history of biological systems from contemporary trait distributions. These rigorous methods are applied herein to reconstruct the prehistoric evolution and dispersal of Polynesian bark cloth, using ethnographic data recorded since European contact with Polynesian cultures. Contrary to expectation given the earlier settlement of Western Polynesia, the Eastern Polynesian bark cloth traditions retained many ancestral features. In contrast, a suite of innovations appear in the Western Polynesian bark cloth traditions and it is asserted herein that the distribution of these traits may be associated with the rise of the Tongan maritime Empire. Within Eastern Polynesia, the pattern of diversification of bark cloth traditions is consistent with the breakdown of interaction spheres late in the settlement era.
Design and Analysis of Composite Ocean Current Turbine Blades Using NREL Codes

Ocean current energy is at an early stage of development — a vital component in that is the design and analysis of turbine blades that would be used to generate the power. The ocean current turbine (OCT) is similar in function to wind turbines, capturing energy through the processes of hydrodynamic, rather than aerodynamic, lift or drag. OCT operates on many of the same principles as wind turbines and share similar design philosophies. NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory) has extensively investigated the design of wind turbine blades over the years and many codes have been developed. It is meaningful and prudent to take advantage of those codes and use them in the design of OCT blades. Currently available codes such as FoilCheck, PreComp, BModes, AeroDyn, FAST, etc. provides an excellent dynamic analysis of hollow composite wind turbine blades. Since OCT blades have PVC foam as core materials inside the skin, NREL codes could not be used directly. These core materials for the blade were necessary to fulfill the buoyancy requirement at ocean depth. A set of methods was therefore developed to design and analyze OCT blades where most of NREL codes could be utilized. The methods are as follows: DesignFOIL was first used to generate hydrofoil geometry (coordinates), and lift and drag coefficients for selected blade sections. FoilCheck was then used to calculate hydrofoil data for the entire range of ±180°. FoilCheck output files were later used as input for AeroDyn. In the next step, PreComp computed the section properties for the hollow composite OCT blade. Section properties of the core material such as extensional stiffness, flexural rigidity, and torsional rigidity were calculated separately and added to the properties computed by PreComp. Mode shapes and frequencies of OCT blades were computed using BModes. AeroDyn calculated the hydrodynamic lift and drag forces for the hydrofoil sections along the blade. In AeroDyn input file, kinematic viscosity, density and velocity were set to the values of seawater @ 1.05×10−6 m2/sec, 1025 kg/m3, and 1.7 m/s, respectively. Finally, FAST was used to obtain the dynamic response of three-bladed, conventional, horizontal-axis OCT. However, this analysis did not provide any stress calculations. In order to perform stress analysis, NuMAD code developed by Sandia National Laboratory was incorporated in the method. This allowed us to create ANSYS input files. Loads calculated by AeroDyn were then transported to ANSYS and a complete stress analysis was performed. Critical regions of stress concentration were identified — opening up an opportunity for materials failure and fatigue analysis. In summary, coupling of NREL codes, NuMAD, and ANSYS revealed a path way to achieve comprehensive design and analyses of OCT blades.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Finite waiting space bulk service system

This paper discusses the ergodic queue length distribution of a bulk service system with finite waiting space by the method of the imbedded Markov chain. The system under consideration is a queuing system with Poisson arrivals, general service times, single server and where service is performed on batches of random size.
Explicit expressions for the evolution of single-mode Rayleigh-Taylor and Richtmyer-Meshkov instabilities at arbitrary Atwood numbers.

We present explicit analytic expressions for the evolution of the bubble amplitude in Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) and Richtmyer-Meshkov RM instabilities. These expressions are valid from the linear to the nonlinear regime and for arbitrary Atwood number A. Our method is to convert from the linear to the nonlinear solution at a specific value ${\ensuremath{\eta}}^{*}$ of the amplitude for which explicit analytic expressions have been given previously for $A=1$ [K. O. Mikaelian, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 508 (1998)]. By analyzing a recent extension of Layzer's theory to arbitrary A [V. N. Goncharov, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 134502 (2002)], we find a simple transformation that generalizes our solutions to arbitrary A. We compare this model with another explicit model attributed to Fermi and with numerical simulations. Fermi's model agrees with numerical simulations for the RT case but its extension to the RM case disagrees with simulations. The model proposed here agrees with hydrocode calculations for both RT and RM instabilities.
Opponent Process Model and Psychostimulant Addiction

There are many sources of reinforcement in the spectrum of cocaine dependence that contribute to the compulsive cocaine self-administration or loss of control of cocaine intake that constitutes the core of modern definitions of dependence. The development of withdrawal has long been considered an integral part of drug addiction but has lost its impact in the theorization of drug dependence because of new emphasis on the neurobiological substrates for the positive-reinforcing properties of drugs. The present treatise reviews the neurobiological substrates for the acute positive reinforcing effects of cocaine and what is beginning to be known about the neurobiological substrates of cocaine withdrawal. The concept of motivational or affective withdrawal is reintroduced, which reemphasizes opponent process theory as a model for the motivational effects of cocaine dependence. The same neural substrates hypothesized to be involved in the acute reinforcing properties of drugs (basal forebrain regions of nucleus accumbens and amygdala) are hypothesized to be altered during chronic drug treatment to produce the negative motivational states characterizing drug withdrawal. Within these brain regions, both the neurochemical system(s) on which the drug has its primary actions and other neurochemical systems may undergo adaptations to chronic presence of the drug. An understanding of the adaptations of the motivational systems of the brain accompanying cocaine dependence leads to important predictions not only about the etiology, treatment, and prevention of cocaine addiction but also about the vulnerability of these motivational systems in non-drug-induced psychopathology.
Factors underlying yield variability in two California rice fields

Modern technologies associated with precision agriculture provide the opportunity to more precisely measure yield variability and the ecological processes underlying this variability. Effective analysis of data from these measurements requires statistical methods different from those traditionally employed on data from controlled agronomic experiments. Our objective was to develop and test multivariate statistical methods appropriate for use in analyzing precision agriculture data. We analyzed a data set taken from two commercial California rice fields and consisting of yield spatial trends together with soil core data from a grid of sample points. We used cluster analysis to discern spatiotemporal patterns in grain yield. We applied a Monte Carlo randomization process to the generation of clusters to analyze cluster stability. We then used classification and regression trees (CART) to determine the factors underlying cluster distribution. The clustering procedure successfully identified stable, physically meaningful clusters with recognizable spatial and temporal structure. Thus, the randomization procedure may present an attractive alternative to fuzzy clustering. The CART analysis identified some but not all of the factors underlying the cluster patterns. The number of available data values may have been too small to take advantage of the CART partitioning capabilities.
The isolation and genetic characteristics of lambda transducing phages of the uvrA+ and uvrC+ genes of E. coli K12.

Lambda transducing phages carying the excision repair genes uvrA+ and uvrC+ were selected from a pool of λ phages carrying EcoR1 fragments of E. coli DNA. These phages and also λuvrB+ (obtained from Gottesman) were used to make lysogens of excision-defective strains carrying uvrA-, uvrB- or uvrC-. Lambda uvrA+ was found to transduce strains carrying uvrA- but not those carrying uvrB- or uvrC-, to normal ultraviolet resistance. Similarly, λuvrB+ and λuvrC+ were found to complement only the corresponding uvr- allele. The λ transducing phages were co-transduced with gal+ by P1 phage into lysogenic gal- recipients, and presumably were integrated at the normal prophage site.
Von Willebrand Factor: Dissociation from Antihemophilic Factor Procoagulant Activity

Factor VIII corrects both the clotting defect in hemophilia A and an abnormality of platelet aggregation in von Willebrand's disease. These two activities of factor VIII (antihemophilic factor and von Willebrand factor) are both detected in the void volume when human plasma or cryoprecipitate is chromatographed on Bio-Gel 5M under conditions of isotonic salt concentration. In contrast, antihemophilic factor procoagulant activity is detected with proteins of lower molecular weight when the chromatography is performed with a buffer containing 0.8M NaCl. In this way, the two activities of factor VIII can be dissociated. It remains to be determined whether these components are separate molecules associated as a complex of high molecular weight in plasma or whether they are subunits of a complex macromolecule.
Analysis of Transient Heat Transfer in a Thermal Energy Storage Module

The transient behavior of a thermal energy storage system was studied numerically. The storage system is composed of cylindrical tube containing the phase change material (PCM) surrounded by the heat transfer fluid (HTF) that flows along the axial direction of the tube. The melting of PCM was solved using specific heat capacity method. The heat transfer inside the tubes was analyzed by solving the energy equation, which was coupled with the heat conduction equation in the container wall. The velocity profile was obtained by solving the annular flow outside the tubes. The parameters that control the thermal behavior were identified. Several numerical simulations were performed to assess the effects of the Reynolds number on the heat transfer process of the system during the melting of a PCM.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Prospective, randomized vector analysis of astigmatism after three-, one-, and no-suture phacoemulsification

Abstract Purpose: To compare surgically induced astigmatism and visual outcomes after three-, one-, and no-suture phacoemulsification. Setting: Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, and Manhattan Eye, Ear, and Throat Hospital, New York, New York, USA. Methods: This prospective, randomized study followed 131 patients treated with phacoemulsification with a 5.5 mm self-sealing scleral tunnel and implantation of a 5.5 mm poly(methyl methacrylate) posterior chamber lens. Radial 10-0 nylon sutures were used in the three- and one-suture groups. Results: Mean astigmatism was greatest in the first postoperative week in all groups and stabilized after 8 weeks. The percentage of patients with with-the-rule (WTR) astigmatism increased from baseline in the one- and three-suture groups and decreased in the sutureless group. Mean uncorrected Snellen acuity was significantly better in the no- and one-suture groups than in the three-suture group at 1 week. There were no significant differences in uncorrected acuity at other times. No statistically significant differences in the surgically induced spherical equivalent were noted among the three groups during the 1 year follow-up. There was significantly less surgically induced keratometric astigmatism in the one-suture group at 4 (P = .03) and 8 (P = .007) weeks postoperatively. At all follow-ups, the sutureless group had the greatest proportion of patients with significant ATR astigmatic shift (1 week, 17%; 4 weeks, 32%), and the lowest proportion of patients with significant WTR astigmatic shift (10% after 1 week). At 4 weeks, the percentage of patients with significant WTR shift in the one-suture group dropped to that in the sutureless group (10%); however, those in the one-suture group had less ATR astigmatic shift (16%). Conclusion: Sutureless and one-suture surgery resulted in a low percentage of WTR induced astigmatism 4 weeks postoperatively. Compared with sutureless surgery, the one-suture surgery resulted in less ATR shift.
Review of the Fermilab Main Ring Accelerator Study Program as Directed to the PP Program

Recently the colliding beam goals at Fermilab have been redirected toward 2 TeV c.m. pp physics to be done in the Tevatron. The booster-main ring complex will be the proton injector and the source of protons for anti-proton production. Consequently, the emphasis of recent studies in the main ring has been directed at those problems which arise from the beam manipulation necessary for the pp scenario. These studies are divided into three categories: 1) true storage studies directed toward revealing problems and techniques likely to apply to storage in the Tevatron, 2) beam manipulations necessary for the production of anti-protons, and 3) beam manipulations necessary for producing single proton bunches containing 10/sup 11/ protons each. 16 refs.
Adding interior points to an existing Brownian sheet lattice

We compute the conditional distribution of new interior points of a given a lattice representing a path of a Brownian sheet process in discrete time. This is done so that we can simulate paths of this multi-parameter Gaussian process by refining previously simulated paths, which allows one to refine a particular area of the path that is of interest.
Holocene Relative Sea Level Changes along the Seattle Fault at Restoration Point, Washington.

At a marsh on the hanging wall of the Seattle fault, fossil brackish water diatom and plant seed assemblages show that the marsh lay near sea level between ∼7500 and 1000 cal yr B.P. This marsh is uniquely situated for recording environmental changes associated with past earthquakes on the Seattle fault. Since 7500 cal yr B.P., changes in fossil diatoms and seeds record several rapid environmental changes. In the earliest of these, brackish conditions changed to freshwater ∼6900 cal yr B.P., possibly because of coseismic uplift or beach berm accretion. If coseismic uplift produced the freshening ∼6900 cal yr B.P., that uplift probably did not exceed 2 m. During another event about 1700 cal yr B.P., brackish plant and diatom assemblages changed rapidly to a tidal flat assemblage because of either tectonic subsidence or berm erosion. The site then remained a tideflat until the most recent event, when an abrupt shift from tideflat diatoms to freshwater taxa resulted from ∼7 m of uplift during an earthquake on the Seattle fault ∼1000 cal yr B.P. Regardless of the earlier events, no Seattle fault earthquake similar to the one ∼1000 cal yr B.P. occurred at any other time in the past 7500 years.
Strategies for leveraging a community college foundation

While community college foundations may be the new kids on the fundraising block, they are well positioned to build private-sector support. This chapter discusses ways foundations can achieve success by developing a platform for expanded philanthropic growth.
Differential effects of organic and inorganic mercury on the micropyle of the eggs of Fundulus heteroclitus

The eggs of Fundulus heteroclitus from Piles Creek (PC), a polluted environment, were compared to those from a reference population from relatively unpolluted waters on eastern Long Island (LI). We have shown in a previous study that PC embryos had a higher resistance to meHg (methylmercuric chloride) than LI embryos but not to Hg (inorganic mercuric chloride). Twenty minute exposures of eggs prior to insemination likewise showed PC eggs were more tolerant to 1.0mg l-1 meHg but more susceptible to 1.0mg l-1 Hg and also remained viable in clean sea water for a longer time than LI eggs. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the reduced insemination success after egg exposure to meHg was due to artificial activation, due to rupture of cortical vesicles and blockage of the micropyle. On the other hand, inorganic mercury produced very different morphological effects. Eggs exposed to Hg showed a swelling of the micropylar lip and a decrease in its diameter, which may have led to the reduction in insemination.
New rigid angular dicarboxylic acid for the construction of nanoscopic supramolecules: from a molecular rectangle to a 1-D coordination polymer.

A new rigid angular bridging ligand, 7-oxa-dibenzofluorene-3,11-dicarboxylic acid (H2L), was synthesized by cyanation of known rac-6,6‘-dibromo-1,1‘-bi-2-naphthol followed by ring closure and hydrolysis with concentrated sulfuric acid and used for the self-assembly of nanoscopic molecular rectangle [Cu4(L)4(Py)8]·2DMF·10H2O, 1, and 1-D coordination polymer [Co2(L)2(Py)4]·2DMF·2H2O, 2. Both 1 and 2 contain open channels occupied by DMF and water guest molecules. Crystal data for 1: triclinic, space group P1, a = 8.869(2) A, b = 16.437(3) A, c = 21.586(4) A, α = 78.18(3)°, β = 79.19(3)°, γ = 83.66(3)°, U = 3017.0(11) A3, and Z = 1. Crystal data for 2: triclinic, space group P1, a = 8.254(2) A, b = 12.154(2) A, c = 15.348(3) A, α = 95.34(3)°, β = 93.38(3)°, γ = 94.37(3)°, U = 1525.1(5) A3, and Z = 1.
Further Observations on the Red Pigments of Pellagra Urines

Conclusions1. The color noted in positive Beckh-Ellinger-Spies tests is not due to porphyrin. While a marked increase in urinary porphyrin, such as occurs in porphyria, would be productive of color, the color reaction as observed in pellagra and other diseases, is due to urorosein, first described by Nencki and Sieber. There is no evidence that the color reaction is due to any bile pigment derivative. 2. The urines of pellagra patients may contain either the chromogen of urorosein, or a red pigment extracted by the toluene preservative. It appears highly probable that this pigment is indirubin, although exact identification has not yet been made. 3. Both of the red substances may be noted in the urines of patients not having clinical pellagra. Further investigation is necessary to decide whether their appearance is related to deficiency of nicotinic acid or other essential substances.
Iodine in terrestrial wildlife on the U.S. department of energy's Hanford Site in southcentral Washington.

Iodine-129 in controlled amounts has been released into the air from the operating chemical separations facilities on the Hanford Site. Small amounts of 129I have accumulated in surface soils especially at locations near the chemical separations facilities. Enriched levels of 129I also occur in the thyroid glands of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) residing on the Hanford Site.
A BITE BY A BURROWING ADDER, Atractaspis bibronii

(1965). A BITE BY A BURROWING ADDER, Atractaspis bibronii. Journal of the Herpetological Association of Rhodesia: Vol. 23-24, No. 1, pp. 47-50.
Factor Structure of the Bereavement Experience Questionnaire: The Beq-24, a Revised Short-Form

To empirically determine the factor structure of the original sixty-seven-item Bereavement Experience Questionnaire (BEQ) (Demi, 1984; Demi & Schroeder, 1987, 1989), data from 437 adults bereaved w...
Power converter and control system developed in the Ocean Sentinel instrumentation buoy for testing wave energy converters

The Ocean Sentinel instrumentation buoy was developed for the non-grid-connected testing of wave energy converters (WECs). This surface buoy provides power analysis and data acquisition, environmental monitoring, as well as an active converter interface to control WEC-generated power dissipation in an onboard electrical load. The first deployment of the Ocean Sentinel was in the summer of 2012 for the testing of a half-scale WEC over a six-week period. This paper presents the Ocean Sentinel instrumentation buoy power converter and control system designed to enable the ocean testing of a wide range of WEC technologies with various power outputs and generator configurations.
Positive and negative tone double patterning lithography for 50nm flash memory

Double patterning lithography is very fascinating way of lithography which is capable of pushing down the k1 limit below 0.25. By using double patterning lithography, we can delineate the pattern beyond resolution capability. Target pattern is decomposed into patterns within resolution capability and decomposed patterns are combined together through twice lithography and twice etch processes. Two ways, negative and positive, of doing double patterning process are contrived and studied experimentally. In this paper, various issues in double patterning lithography such as pattern decomposition, resist process on patterned topography, process window of 1/4 pitch patterning, and overlay dependent CD variation are studied on positive and negative tone double patterning respectively. Among various issues about double patterning, only the overlay controllability and productivity seemed to be dominated as visible obstacles so far.
Congophilic microangiopathy in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's syndrome (presenile dementia)

In a large proportion of cases of Alzheimer's presenile dementia the major causal mechanism is compromise of the blood-brain barrier as the result of Congophilic microangiopathy occurring in a relatively young age group. This allows chronic access of serum proteins, perhaps of a selective neurotoxic type, to the cerebrum. The effect on neuronal cells in specific locations, e.g. hippocampus, is to induce the formation of paired helical filaments, autophagia of filamentous protein (filarin) and neuronal degeneration. The partially digested filarin is further enzymatically cleaved by microglia to produce the amyloid core of the neuritic plaque.
Methods for determination of O2 dissociation curves, including bohr effect☆

Abstract This paper describes the methods available to determine the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve in whole blood or hemoglobin solution. The respective advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed.
Nicotine Replacement Therapy: Patterns Of Use After A Quit Attempt Among Methadone‐Maintained Smokers

AIM: To determine the association between daily smoking and use of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), and to determine predictors of greater NRT use among methadone-maintained smokers.
Effects of beta-lactam antibotics on thymidine incorporation of bacteria

Five strains each ofEscherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, andStaphylococcus aureus were grown in Trypticase soy broth (TSB) with or without penicillin, oxacillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, or cefamandole. [3H]Thymidine incorporation and the optical density of the cultures were determined at an hourly interval for the duration of incubation. All strains ofP. mirabilis showed after 2 and 3 h of incubation of 5-to 16-fold increase in the specific activity of [3H]thymidine incorporated in the presence of MIC of the antibiotics as compared to controls grown without the drugs.E. coli andS. aureus showed smaller increases in thymidine incorporation than didP. mirabilis. After 4–5 h the antibiotics produced an inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation. At the MAC, the responses were of a smaller magnitude. Regardless of whether these changes are the result of specific interference or just lack of [3H]thymidine incorporation, they are directly related to the antibiotic activity of agents known not to affect DNA synthesis. The monitoring of [3H]thymidine incorporation detects early antibiotic activity probably earlier than other current systems which are used for this purpose.
Early childhood memories: Accuracy and affect.

Abstract Subjects were asked to report the earliest memories of their lives. Where possible, the memory protocols were submitted to adults present at the time of the original episode for possible confirmation. The majority of memories were characterized by distinct emotion, with a higher count of negative than of positive emotion. The majority of memories proved accurate, with confirmation operating at as high a level in the case of positive or emotionally neutral memories as of negative memories. General memory content showed no differential patterns across negative and positive memories. Thus claims that infantile memories are powered uniquely by trauma, and/or routinely include distortions, were not supported. Evidence was found that some memories recalled as emotionally bland by the subject had involved as originally emotional episode.
MRI-guided and Monitored Radiofrequency Tumor Ablation1

As the science of tumor therapy continues to advance and extend the horizons for cancer management, parallel innovations in interventional radiology, particularly in interventional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (MRI), have a tremendous potential to assume a central role in the continued progress of oncological therapy beyond the traditional “surgery-radiotherapy-chemotherapy” treatment options. There are numerous exciting topics in this field that are expected to enjoy substantial contributions from MRI. They include gene therapy (1–3) and targeted drug delivery monitoring (4,5), control of angiogenesis (6), and delivery of various forms of thermal energy, such as radiofrequency (RF), laser (7), focused ultrasound (8), microwave (9), and cryotherapy (10) for tumor ablation. This article is an effort to zoom out part of the big picture by highlighting the current utility and future directions of interventional MRI in guiding and monitoring cancer ablation by using RF energy.
Equilibrium Chemistry of Biomass Combustion: A Round-Robin Set of Calculations Using Available Computer Programs and Databases

Equilibrium calculations of three problems regarding biomass combustion, at various levels of sophistication, were performed at six laboratories using seven combinations of computer programs and databases. The objective was to test the adequacy of the programs and databases for calculating both condensed and gas-phase behavior. The first problem was a simplified calculation for the combustion of a woodlike material with added sulfur to possibly form an ideal molten salt solution of potassium and calcium sulfate. The second and third problems were to simulate aspen wood and wheat straw combustion, respectively, and required a relatively sophisticated database on high-temperature solutions to describe condensed phases. All the participants performed calculations of the gas phases, which were reasonably accurate when their databases were adequate. For problem I, most of the participants were also able to calculate a reasonable set of condensed phases. However, for problems II and III, only four of the participants, using the two most sophisticated computer programs and databases, had the ability to produce rational results for the condensed phases. This round robin identified two computer programs and their associated databases that could prove useful for calculating the condensed-phase equilibrium chemistry of biomass combustion when coupled with experimental programs and the capability to expand databases as new experimental data become available. Such calculations can greatly enhance our understanding of the total equilibrium chemistry of biomass combustion.
Tropoelastin synthesis in fetal bovine tissues.

Abstract Tropoelastin was examined in bovine lung, aortic and ligament tissues using both organ culture and cell-free translation systems. The bovine tissues synthesized two tropoelastin polypeptides of approximately 70,000 and 68,000 daltons. Two polypeptides were also seen amongst the translation products directed by mRNAs isolated from each of the individual tissues. Both proteins were shown to be tropoelastins directly by immunoprecipitation with specific antibody and limited NH2-terminal sequence analyses and indirectly by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The finding of two forms of tropoelastin is similar to that previously reported in chick tissues although the apparent molecular weights of the tropoelastins differ between the two species. Another interesting observation is that the proportion of the two tropoelastins differs amongst the three fetal tissues examined. This situation is similar to the differences seen in the ratio of tropoelastin a and b between embryonic chick lung and aortic tissues.
Poly(ethylene oxide) Single Crystals as Templates for Au Nanoparticle Patterning and Asymmetrical Functionalization

Considerable attention has been paid to nanoparticle (NP) research because of their fascinating properties and potential applications in nanotechnology and biotechnology. Asymmetrically functionalizing NP is of particular interest because it could directly lead to controlled patterning of NPs for a variety of applications. In this article, we report using 2-dimensional poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) lamellar single crystals to create a patterned functional (thiol) surface and to immobilize gold NPs (AuNPs). We demonstrate that patterning AuNPs could be achieved by incubating these single crystals with gold sol and the AuNP areal density could be easily controlled by polymer molecular weight as well as the incubation time. Melting and recrystallization of the AuNP-covered PEO single crystals led to dewetting of PEO. AuNP chains were also observed during the recrystallization process, which was attributed to the dendritic growth of edge-on PEO crystals. Furthermore, this unique technique also enables asymmetric...
Food reward: Brain substrates of wanting and liking

Abstract What are the neural substrates of food reward? Are reward and pleasure identical? Can taste pleasure be assessed in animals? Is reward necessarily conscious? These questions have re-emerged in recent years, and there is now sufficient evidence to prompt re-examination of many preconceptions concerning reward and its relation to brain systems. This paper reviews evidence from many sources regarding both the psychological structure of food reward and the neural systems that mediate it. Special attention is paid to recent evidence from “taste reactivity” studies of affective reactions to food. I argue that this evidence suggests the following surprising possibilities regarding the functional components and brain substrates of food reward. (1) Reward contains distinguishable psychological or functional components—“liking” (pleasure/palatability) and “wanting” (appetite/incentive motivation). These can be manipulated and measured separately. (2) Liking and wanting have separable neural substrates. Mediation of liking related to food reward involves neurotransmitter systems such as opioid and GABA/benzodiazepine systems, and anatomical structures such as ventral pallidum and brainstem primary gustatory relays. Mediation of wanting related to food reward involves mesotelencephalic dopamine systems, and divisions of nucleus accumbens and amygdala. Both liking and wanting arise from vastly distributed neural systems, but the two systems are separable. (3) Neural processing of food reward is not confined to the limbic forebrain. Aspects of food reward begin to be processed in the brainstem. A neural manipulation can enhance reward or produce aversion but no single lesion or transection is likely abolish all properties of food reward. (4) Both wanting and liking can exist without subjective awareness. Conscious experience can distort or blur the underlying reward processes that gave rise to it. Subjective reports may contain false assessments of underlying processes, or even fail at all to register important reward processes. The core processes of liking and wanting that constitute reward are distinct from the subjective report or conscious awareness of those processes.
Octylphenol induces vitellogenin production and cell death in fish hepatocytes

The effects of octylphenol (OP) on vitellogenin production and cell death in hepatocytes from brown bullhead catfish (Ameriurus nebulosus) were studied. Production of vitellogenin was induced in hepatocytes exposed to 10 to 50 μM OP, whereas a higher concentration of OP (100 μM) induced apoptotic cell death. By 3 h after the addition of 100 μM OP, dying cells showed chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation as determined by fluorescence microscopy and gel electrophoresis. Later stages of cell death (nuclear membrane breakdown and cell fragmentation into apoptotic bodies) were identified in cells exposed to OP for at least 6 h. Hepatocytes exposed to 100 μM OP also produced less vitellogenin than cells exposed to 50 μM OP. An estrogen receptor antagonist, tamoxifen, greatly decreased vitellogenin production in OP-exposed hepatocytes from male fish but did not decrease cell death in these cells. Thus, although the ability of OP to induce vitellogenin production is likely mediated through interactions with the estrogen receptor, the induction of apoptotic cell death by OP does not appear to be dependent on its estrogenic activity but may be a more general toxic effect.