cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What Can We Learn from the Grand Policy Experiment? Lessons from SO2 Allowance Trading

Stable URL:http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0895-3309%28199822%2912%3A3%3C69%3AWCWLFT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-TThe Journal of Economic Perspectives is currently published by American Economic Association.Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available athttp://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtainedprior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content inthe JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use.Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained athttp://www.jstor.org/journals/aea.html.Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printedpage of such transmission.The JSTOR Archive is a trusted digital repository providing for long-term preservation and access to leading academicjournals and scholarly literature from around the world. The Archive is supported by libraries, scholarly societies, publishers,and foundations. It is an initiative of JSTOR, a not-for-profit organization with a mission to help the scholarly community takeadvantage of advances in technology. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.http://www.jstor.orgTue Jun 26 16:25:17 2007
Methodological Considerations in Analyzing Twitter Data

Twitter is an online microblogging tool that disseminates more than 400 million messages per day, including vast amounts of health information. Twitter represents an important data source for the cancer prevention and control community. This paper introduces investigators in cancer research to the logistics of Twitter analysis. It explores methodological challenges in extracting and analyzing Twitter data, including characteristics and representativeness of data; data sources, access, and cost; sampling approaches; data management and cleaning; standardizing metrics; and analysis. We briefly describe the key issues and provide examples from the literature and our studies using Twitter data to understand public health issues. For investigators considering Twitter-based cancer research, we recommend assessing whether research questions can be answered appropriately using Twitter, choosing search terms carefully to optimize precision and recall, using respected vendors that can provide access to the full Twitter data stream if possible, standardizing metrics to account for growth in the Twitter population over time, considering crowdsourcing for analysis of Twitter content, and documenting and publishing all methodological decisions to further the evidence base.
Vascular physiology of a Ca2+ mobilizing second messenger - cyclic ADP-ribose.

Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) is a novel Ca2+ mobilizing second messenger, which is capable of inducing Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) via activation of ryanodine receptors (RyR) in vascular cells. This signaling nucleotide has also been reported to participate in generation or modulation of intracellular Ca2+ sparks 2+waves or oscillations, Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR) and spontaneous transient outward currents (STOCs) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). With respect to the role of cADPR-mediated signaling in mediation of vascular responses to different stimuli, there is accumulating evidence showing that cADPR is importantly involved in the Ca2+ response of vascular endothelial cells (ECs) and VSMCs to various chemical factors such as vasoactive agonists acetylcholine, oxotemorine, endothelin, and physical stimuli such as stretch, electrical depolarization and sheer stress. This cADPR-RyR-mediated Ca2+ signaling is now recognized as a fundamental mechanism regulating vascular function. Here we reviewed the literature regarding this cADPR signaling pathway in vascular cells with a major focus on the production of cADPR and its physiological roles in the control of vascular tone and vasomotor response. We also summarized some publish results that unveil the underlying mechanisms mediating the actions of cADPR in vascular cells. Given the importance of Ca2+ in the regulation of vascular function, the results summarized in this brief review will provide new insights into vascular physiology and circulatory regulation.
Use of a statewide system to improve health and safety in child care facilities.

Background.—The Early Childhood Education Linkage System (ECELS) in Pennsylvania (PA) models ideals of the national Healthy Child Care America (HCCA) Campaign. Little is known about how child care providers use these newly developed statewide systems and about how users compare with nonusers of such a system. Objectives.—Our objectives were 1) to assess knowledge and use of ECELS among child care providers in PA, 2) to compare users and nonusers of ECELS with regard to health concerns, advice-seeking preferences, and infant sleep positioning, and 3) to assess satisfaction among users of ECELS. Methods.—Cross-sectional telephone survey of directors of 400 licensed child care centers (CCCs) and providers of 400 registered family child care homes (FCCHs) in PA. Results.—The proportion of children with certain special health care needs mirrored the prevalence in the national child population. Of the facilities surveyed, 88% of CCCs and 71% of FCCHs had heard of ECELS. Among these, 85% had used ECELS's services in the previous 12 months. Significantly more nonusers than users consulted doctors, whereas more users consulted health professionals from government agencies and used printed materials. Of those who enrolled infants, 46% of users and 41% of nonusers reported placing infants on their backs only to sleep. Users who placed infants on their backs were more likely than nonusers to have a written policy about the correct practice (55% and 26%, respectively; P = .02). Overall, 46% of users and 28% of nonusers reported having a sleep position policy (P = .02). Users were at least 95% satisfied with ECELS's services. Conclusion.—This statewide system reached most child care providers surveyed: more outreach is needed to providers in FCCHs. The health concerns, safety practices, and advice-seeking preferences of child care providers described in this article can inform others who are developing similar collaborative services in each state. Further research on the impact of HCCA programs on health and safety practices (such as correct infant sleep positioning) is warranted.
Miniature phased array antennas for direct sensor-to-satellite links

Two miniature phased array antenna designs that can be used in small wireless sensor packages to access satellites are presented in this paper. The antennas are designed using an array simulation program. The two models are 19- and 37-element arrays with diameters of 2.35 and 3.35 cm, respectively, operating at the Ka band frequency of 30 GHz. The antennas are well-suited for the small wireless sensors with small batteries that can be charged with a solar cell.
Poetic words, conservatism and the dating of Old English poetry

Although the lexicon has frequently been used in discussions of the dating of Old English poetry, little attention has been paid to the evidence that poetic simplexes offer. One exception is an article by R. J. Menner, who noted that Beowulf and Genesis A share three poetic words, apart from compounds, that are not found elsewhere: freme ‘good, valiant’, gombe ‘tribute’, and secg ‘sword’. Menner used these words as part of an argument for an early date of Genesis A, an argument which hinged, in part, on lexical similarities between this poem and Beowulf, which he assumed was early. Although such an a priori assumption is no longer possible, evidence provided by the limited distribution of certain poetic simplexes is nonetheless useful for demonstrating the presence of a connection between two or more poems. Such a connection may be a matter of date or dialect, or it may indicate that the poems were the products of a single poetic school or subtradition. Unfortunately, we know little, if anything, about poetic subtraditions, and the poetic koine makes the determination of the dialect of individual poems a complex and subtle matter that requires a much wider variety of evidence than poetic words can provide. However, the limited distribution of certain poetic simplexes can serve as an index of the poetic conservatism of the poems in which these words occur. This conservatism could be due to a number of factors: genre, content (that is, heroic legend vs biblical or hagiographical), style, or date of composition. As will emerge in the course of this discussion, the most straightforward explanation for this conservatism is that the poems which exhibit it were composed earlier than those which do not. Other explanations are, however, possible, and the evidence of poetic words is hardly sufficient by itself to determine the dating of Old English poems. But by focusing on patterns of distribution that centre upon Beowulf, we can examine what certain words may tell us about the conservatism of this poem and of those poems which are connected to it.
Requirement for Macrophages in Primary and Secondary Humoral Responses

The involvement of macrophages in the initiation and regulation of humoral and cellular immune responses and the functions of macrophages as nonspecific effector cells of the immune system have become better understood during the past 20 years. This began with the demonstration that antigens localized and were retained in lymphoid tissues in areas rich in macrophages and dendritic cells. Further, evidence was presented that macrophages, after ingestion and degradation of antigen, presented antigenic fragments which were highly immunogenic and critical for initiation of immune responses by lymphocytes. Later, several investigators demonstrated that antigen associated with macrophages was the important immunogen both in vivo and in vitro. The development of tissue culture systems capable of supporting development of both antibody and cellular immune responses and procedures to separate macrophages from complex cell mixtures has permitted more detailed and definitive investigations of functions of macrophages in immune responses.
Epigenetics in Childhood Health and Disease

The part that epigenetic modifications play in the development of childhood health and disease is being established by ongoing research and discoveries in this field. Right after the establishment of the genetic blueprint at the time of fertilization and zygote formation, the human organism is subject to complex and necessary series of epigenetic modifications of this genetic code to bring about differentiation and development. There are well-recognized stages during this process where the epigenetic changes have the most lasting and profound effects and these are considered critical periods of vulnerability. Depending on the timing of insult within the critical time periods in the human life cycle where epigenetic modifications occur, the effect on health and disease could be transient or may persist across many generations. In this chapter classification of human conditions based on the timing and etiology of epigenetic change has been attempted. Beginning with the time of fertilization of the egg with the sperm and subsequent fetal development and continuing from birth to the attainment of puberty, adulthood, and the generation of gametes for the next generation, the list of conditions where epigenetics has been found to play a key role have been listed and described. The role of epigenetics in certain special circumstances such as assisted reproductive technologies, developmental origins of adult disease, and in the brain and behavioral disorders are also discussed. Understanding the critical period of causation of epigenetic effects may yield important clues in prognostication and in designing therapeutic approaches for these conditions.
Pragmatic Alignment on Social Support Type in Health Forum Conversations

Linguistic alignment, such as lexical and syntactic alignment, is a universal phenomenon influencing dialogue participants in online conversations. While adaptation can occur at lexical, syntactic and pragmatic levels, relationships between alignments at multiple levels are neither theoretically nor empirically well understood. In this study, we find that community members show pragmatic alignment on social support type, distinguishing emotional and informational support, both of which provide benefits to members. We also find that lexical alignment is correlated with emotional support. This finding can contribute to our understanding of the linguistic signature of different types of support as well as the theory of Interactive Alignment in dialogue.
Combatting Synthetic Designer Opioids: A Conjugate Vaccine Ablates Lethal Doses of Fentanyl Class Drugs

Fentanyl is an addictive prescription opioid that is over 80 times more potent than morphine. The synthetic nature of fentanyl has enabled the creation of dangerous "designer drug" analogues that escape toxicology screening, yet display comparable potency to the parent drug. Alarmingly, a large number of fatalities have been linked to overdose of fentanyl derivatives. Herein, we report an effective immunotherapy for reducing the psychoactive effects of fentanyl class drugs. A single conjugate vaccine was created that elicited high levels of antibodies with cross-reactivity for a wide panel of fentanyl analogues. Moreover, vaccinated mice gained significant protection from lethal fentanyl doses. Lastly, a surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based technique was established enabling drug-specificity profiling of antibodies derived directly from serum. Our newly developed fentanyl vaccine and analytical methods may assist in the battle against synthetic opioid abuse.
Status of Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and its parasitoid, Macroglenes penetrans (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), in Montana

Abstract The orange wheat blossom midge, S. mosellana (Gehin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a global pest of wheat ( Tritium aestivum L.), has recently invaded Montana's Golden Triangle, an important wheat producing region. Unchecked, S. mosellana populations can quickly grow to damaging levels. In this study, we document the prevalence of S. mosellana and its main natural enemy, Macroglenes penetrans (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), in this newly invaded area of Montana, and compared the effects of irrigated versus dryland cropping systems on S. mosellana and its parasitoid. Different approaches to monitoring S. mosellana populations were examined, including pheromone traps for adults, collection of larvae from wheat heads, and overwinter sampling of soil to measure the levels of larvae and cocoons. Adults of the M. penetrans were surveyed through daily sweep net sampling. This study demonstrated that the emergence of M. penetrans was usually well synchronized with emergence of S. mosellana as the emergence of parasitoids occurred shortly after the pest with the highest peak (90%) at 26 June and 14 July, 2015, respectively. Irrespective of sampling techniques; pheromone traps or soil sampling, no significant difference was observed in population of S. mosellana between irrigated and dryland cropping systems. In contrary, cropping systems played a significant role in the abundance of parasitoids since the irrigated fields had significantly higher population of parasitoids (five times on an average) compared to dryland cropping system. The possible implications of these findings in monitoring of S. mosellane and the establishment of M. penetrans are discussed.
Analysis of Adsorbent-Based Warm CO2 Capture Technology for Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Power Plants

Integrated gasification combined cycle with CO2 capture and sequestration (IGCC–CCS) emerges as a promising method for reducing emission of greenhouse gases from coal without reducing efficiency significantly. However, the high capital costs of these plants have limited their deployment. The current solvent-based low-temperature CO2 capture process is energy and capital intensive contributing to the problem. Warm CO2 capture has been predicted to be a key enabling technology for IGCC–CCS. Here, we assessed the applicability of CO2 removal technology to IGCC via a warm pressure swing adsorption (PSA) process based on our newly invented sorbent, which has good cyclic sorption–desorption performance at an elevated temperature. A 16-step warm PSA process was simulated using Aspen Adsorption based on the real sorbent properties. We used the model to fully explore the intercorrelation between hydrogen recovery, CO2 capture percentage, regeneration pressure of sorbent, and steam requirement. Their trade-off effe...
Subsurface Growth of Virulent Human Tubercle Bacilli in a Synthetic Medium.

SummarySuspensions of five virulent strains of My. tuberculosis var. hominis were found to rapidly produce subsurface growth when inoculated into synthetic medium. One avirulent rapidly growing strain grew in a similar manner.
Calcium Fluosilicate Compound is not Calcium Fluosilicate

The difference between true calcium fluosilicate and “calcium fluosilicate compound” is pointed out. It should be remembered that entomological results obtained with these materials should be reported separately and should not be compared as they are very much different in chemical composition. Analyses and compositions of these materials are shown.
Perception of Olfactory Stimuli That Inhibit the Responses of Male Phycitid Moths to Sex Pheromones

Male Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) or Cadra cautella (Walker) became habituated to inhibitors of the sex pheromone response while maintaining their responsiveness to the sex pheromones. From these data we conclude that the inhibitors and the sex pheromones are perceived via separate sensors. Inhibition is a direct and immediate result of sensory input via the appropriate sensors.
Should the US Eliminate Entry Barriers to the Practice of Law? Perspectives Shaped by Industry Deregulation

Abstract States' requirements that lawyers obtain a license to practice law, as well as American Bar Association (ABA) regulations of legal practice, constitute barriers to entry to the legal profe...
An evaluation of the relationship between rest position of the mandible and malocclusion

Rest position of the mandible and integumental change in a control group of Class I occlusions is compared and contrasted with a study group of Class II malocclusion and a study group of Class III malocclusion. Change from centric occlusion to rest position of the mandible was suggestive of simulated correction of the malocclusion and improved facial esthetics.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Oleaginous Yeast Cryptococcus albidus var. albidus.

ABSTRACT We report the complete draft genome sequence of Cryptococcus albidus var. albidus, an oleaginous yeast, which can utilize various organic carbon sources for lipid synthesis. Availability of this genome will help elucidate factors driving lipid accumulation in C. albidus and contribute toward bioprocess development and optimization for engineered lipid production.
Mutations Designed by Ensemble Defect to Misfold Conserved RNA Structures of Influenza A Segments 7 and 8 Affect Splicing and Attenuate Viral Replication in Cell Culture

Influenza A virus is a significant public health threat, but little is understood about the viral RNA structure and function. Current vaccines and therapeutic options to control influenza A virus infections are mostly protein-centric and of limited effectiveness. Here, we report using an ensemble defect approach to design mutations to misfold regions of conserved mRNA structures in influenza A virus segments 7 and 8. Influenza A mutant viruses inhibit pre-mRNA splicing and attenuate viral replication in cell culture, thus providing evidence for functions of the targeted regions. Targeting these influenza A viral RNA regions provides new possibilities for designing vaccines and therapeutics against this important human respiratory pathogen. The results also demonstrate that the ensemble defect approach is an efficient way to test for function of RNA sequences.
CO2-storage assessment and effective capacity in Algeria

Deep saline aquifers widely distributed deep in the earth offer the greatest CO2 storage potential in all current geological CO2 storage approaches. The western region of the Saharan platform in Algeria includes several sedimentary basins characterized by a large production of dry gas with high CO2 rates sometimes exceeding 9 %. To reduce CO2 emissions, these basins were analyzed to identify those with the largest potential for the geological sequestration of CO2 (GSC). The evaluation methodology applied to determine the basin potential is based on qualitative geological and practical criteria to which we have assigned normalized numerical values. This evaluation method allows us to quantitatively compare and evaluate the basins in Algeria. Estimations of the CO2 storage capacities of several structures in the sedimentary Ahnet–Gourara Basin, which has the greatest potential for GSC, vary from 1 Gt to over 5 Gt. Based on cautious estimations, these geologic structures should be able to contain the entire volume of the CO2 emitted over the next three decades at least.
Integrating Ethical Reasoning into Preparation for Participation to Work in/with Big Data Through the Stewardship Model

In 2001, the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement and Scholarship of Teaching instituted a 5-year, in-depth review of doctoral training in the United States, the Carnegie Initiative on the Doctorate (CID). To frame that initiative, the project leaders defined a “steward of the discipline” as “someone who will creatively generate new knowledge, critically conserve valuable and useful ideas, and responsibly transform those understandings through writing, teaching, and application.” Although formulated as the purpose of doctoral education, disciplinary stewardship can support a more general model for “education and preparation”, and need not be limited to doctoral training. This chapter argues that stewardship can support the integration of ethical reasoning into preparation to work in/with Big Data. Three dimensions of stewardship that can be introduced earlier than doctoral education are the ideas that: (1) disciplines and fields are dynamic, and require stewardship; (2) the quality and integrity of disciplines must be actively preserved and conserved; and (3) there are particular habits of mind that characterize “those to whom we can entrust” the core features of a discipline or field. In order to formulate clear objectives that will support the explicit and evaluable integration of ethical reasoning across an institution of higher education, doctorally-trained faculty need to perceive its relevance to their own disciplinary stewardship. Efforts to prepare students for participation to work in/with Big Data—whether at or prior to the doctoral program—cannot presume that all possible future situations will have been conceptualized. Preparation for participation to work in/with Big Data must include the initiation of awareness of—and readiness for- the potential to engage with complex ethical, social, and legal implications (ELSI) that have not yet been recognized or encountered. Since Big Data draws practitioners from a wide range of disciplines, it might also be impossible to integrate training for reasoning through ELSI in Big Data into a few specific programs. Thus, a specific and evaluable institutional objective would be “one instructor in every degree-granting program will teach one required course in ethical reasoning for ”. The creation of that course is supported by a published developmental framework for instruction in ethical reasoning that can either comprise the single course or could be a first step to initiate career-spanning engagement with ethical reasoning. A course built with these recommendations can support ongoing development in ethical reasoning—both within, and independent of, the target discipline.
Genesis of chronic pain

Abstract The theories behind the evolution of the genesis of chronic pain are explored from a historical perspective. The major focus of the article explores the biomedical and the psychosocial factors that contribute to the genesis of chronic pain in particular how the physical and psychological interact together. Risk factors and pre-existing determinants are discussed.
Political Economists as Proponents, Promoters, and Opponents

From my files of contributors to the history of thought on economic integration I shall select for presentation in this chapter those who may appropriately be listed as political economists. Most of them were proponents, promoters, or architects of various schemes of economic integration; some were opponents or dissenters; and a few were neutral observers commenting on possible consequences or on the chances for success.
Hematopoietic Stem Cells Contribute to Lymphatic Endothelium.

The lymphatic system plays an important physiological role in vascular and immune homeostasis. Lymphatic vessel function is implicated in a number of pathological conditions including tumor metastasis and impaired wound healing. The identity and origin of lymphatic endothelial precursors is poorly understood. Previously we have shown that adult bone marrow-derived, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs, c-kit + , Sca-1 + , lineage − ) can differentiate into functional blood vascular endothelial cells. Given the close relationship between the blood and lymphatic vascular systems, we have investigated whether HSCs also give rise to lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC). GFP + HSCs were transplanted into lethally irradiated (1200 cGy) recipient mice. Donor-derived LEC expressing lymphatic endothelial markers including LYVE-1 and VEGFR3 were clearly distinguished from hematopoietic cells by the absence of CD45 and F4/80 expression. Deconvolution microscopy confirmed the co-localization of donor and LEC marker expression in individual cells. Transplanted HSCs gave rise to LEC in the liver, gut, gastric and kidney. Donor-derived LEC were detected in 2.4% of liver lymphatic vessels at 4 weeks and persisted for at least 12 months (mean of 3.4%). The self-renewal capacity of HSC-derived lymphatic progenitor cells was demonstrated by serial transplantation. The contribution of these progenitors to tumor lymphatics was evaluated. Transplantation of HSCs into young Min −/− mice resulted in the incorporation of donor-derived LEC into the lymphatics of intestinal adenomas that spontaneously develop in these mice. In addition, CD45 + F4/80 + leukocytes were detected in the vessel lumens indicating that these are functional tumor lymphatic vessels. Finally, to determine if LEC progenitors contribute to lymphatic vessels in the absence of radiation injury or tumorigenesis, a parabiosis model was evaluated. Donor-derived LEC were detected in parabiotic mice at a frequency similar to that observed for donor-derived blood vascular endothelial cells. This finding suggests that circulating progenitor cells contribute to lymphangiogenesis during steady-state conditions. Our results indicate that hematopoietic stem cells have the potential to contribute to lymphatic endothelium and therefore HSC-derived progenitors may be potential therapeutic targets for hematopoietic and lymphatic disease.
Lessons from Practice: Designing Tools to Facilitate Individualized Support for Quitting Smoking

Many health care providers, with a variety of trainings, counsel clients on quitting smoking on a day-to-day basis. In their clinical practice, they draw from and adapt guidelines and research-based strategies to fit individual client situations and challenges. Designers of technologies to support quitting smoking can learn from these real world practices to create tools that better adapt to individual differences. We present findings from interviews with 28 providers with diverse experiences in smoking cessation counselling. Through analysis of their individualization strategies, challenges, and perceptions of technology, we find that providers: (1) individualize context appropriate coping strategies by involving clients in brainstorming, (2) emphasize the need to support nicotine withdrawal in clients, (3) mitigate social triggers and mediate social support for clients, and (4) need to navigate dependencies with other providers for managing medications and comorbid health conditions of clients. With this empirical understanding, we extend the discussion on the design of technology to support quitting smoking, highlight current barriers to individualization, and suggest future opportunities to address these barriers.
Chaos and Reordering

Crisis situations disrupt the status quo, create dilemmas, and produce a fluid environment in which power relations can be recodified. Disruption of the status quo creates a space for agency, thereby enabling individuals to respond to dilemmas as subjects, and thus a problematic event can be an opportunity for enhanced agency—a momentary break in time during which administrators can become creators by severing past relations and establishing new meaning and practices. A modified Foucauldian framework focused on power illuminates certain aspects of crisis situations. Administrators in these spaces are in a unique position to establish new power relations that simultaneously create and constrict. They have the capacity to produce meaning by constituting governance values and practices that bind.
Digital Media, Anxiety, and Depression in Children

There are growing concerns about the impact of digital technologies on children's emotional well-being, particularly regarding fear, anxiety, and depression. The 2 mental health categories of anxiety and depression will be discussed together because there is significant symptom overlap and comorbidity. Early research has explored the impact of traditional media (eg, television, movies) on children's acute fears, which can result in anxieties and related sleep disturbances that are difficult to remedy. More recent research deals with the interactive nature of newer media, especially social media, and their impacts on anxiety and depression. Key topics of inquiry include the following: anxiety and depression associated with technology-based negative social comparison, anxiety resulting from lack of emotion-regulation skills because of substituted digital media use, social anxiety from avoidance of social interaction because of substituted digital media use, anxiety because of worries about being inadequately connected, and anxiety, depression, and suicide as the result of cyberbullying and related behavior. A growing body of research confirms the relationship between digital media and depression. Although there is evidence that greater electronic media use is associated with depressive symptoms, there is also evidence that the social nature of digital communication may be harnessed in some situations to improve mood and to promote health-enhancing strategies. Much more research is needed to explore these possibilities.
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Management of Nasal Airway Obstruction: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment

ImportanceNasal airway obstruction (NAO) is a common complaint in the otolaryngologist’s office and can have a negative influence on quality of life (QOL). Existing diagnostic methods have improved...
Asthma patients' satisfaction with the frequency and content of pharmacist counseling.

Objective To assess the level of expectation and satisfaction of patients with asthma regarding the counseling provided by community pharmacists, and to identify the counseling information patients consider important in helping them manage their asthma. Design Mailed survey. Participants: 208 patients seen in the University of Utah Asthma Clinic for at least 3 months, age 18 years or older, and on at least 1 asthma medication. Main Outcome Measures: Frequency of pharmacist-provided asthma medication counseling, patients' perception of the importance of counseling, and their satisfaction with counseling. Results: Response rate was 55% (106 of 194 surveys returned). The majority of patients (> 90%) indicated that their community pharmacist "never" or "sometimes" discussed the management of their asthma with them. Frequency of counseling in three predefined areas of asthma education (role of medications, inhaler technique, and prevention of asthma attacks) was 1.91, 1.72, and 1.31, respectively (1=never, 4=always). Most patients (76%) considered these areas of counseling to be important for the management of their asthma. Most patients (62%) were "somewhat" to "pretty" satisfied with the type and amount of asthma counseling provided by their pharmacist. Counseling sessions averaged less than 3 minutes. Only 25% of patients would be willing to pay an additional amount for pharmaceutical care. Conclusion: Self-reported rates of patient counseling concerning asthma medications in the community pharmacy setting are low and adequately address neither the educational needs of patients nor the recommendations of the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program.
Which phonetic features should pronunciation Instructions focus on? An evaluation on the accentedness of segmental/syllable errors in L2 speech

Many English language instructors are reluctant to incorporate pronunciation instruction into their teaching curriculum (Thomson 2014). One reason for such reluctance is that L2 pronunciation errors are numerous, and there is not enough time for teachers to address all of them (Munro and Derwing 2006; Thomson 2014). The current study aims to help language teachers set priorities for their instruction by identifying the segmental and structural aspects of pronunciation that are most foreign-accented to native speakers of American English. The current study employed a perception experiment. 100 speech samples selected from the Speech Accent Archive (Weinberger 2016) were presented to 110 native American English listeners who listened to and rated the foreign accentedness of each sample on a 9-point rating scale. 20 of these samples portray no segmental or syllable structure L2 errors. The other 80 samples contain a single consonant, vowel, or syllable structure L2 error. The backgrounds of the speakers of these samples came from 52 different native languages. Global prosody of each sample was controlled for by comparing its F0 contour and duration to a native English sample using the Dynamic Time Warping method (Giorgino 2009). The results show that 1) L2 consonant errors in general are judged to be more accented than vowel or syllable structure errors; 2) phonological environment affects accent perception, 3) occurrences of non-English consonants always lead to higher accentedness ratings; 4) among L2 syllable errors, vowel epenthesis is judged to be as accented as consonant substitutions, while deletion is judged to be less accented or not accented at all. The current study, therefore, recommends that language instructors attend to consonant errors in L2 speech while taking into consideration their respective phonological environments.
Design of a split-ring resonator based microstrip sensor for near- field inspection of composites

Metamaterials have been increasingly used in the past few decades in the design of novel microwave circuits and sensor systems. This paper deals with the design of a SRR sensor for microwave non-destructive evaluation (NDE) applications. Building on the previous works in this field, a modified design of the sensor is used for interrogating composites through edge coupling. A built-in calibration system, integration of multiple sensors (high and low frequencies) and high-Q factor are some of the benefits of the sensor. Specifically, the sensor's super resolution capability for detection of sub-wavelength defects inside the composite materials will be investigated. The sensor design, experimental results and demonstration of the whole system will be presented to demonstrate its feasibility for practical NDE applications.
The Bundled Hospital Elder Life Program—HELP and HELP in Home Care—and Its Association With Clinical Outcomes Among Older Adults Discharged to Home Healthcare

OBJECTIVES To describe the Bundled Hospital Elder Life Program (HELP and HELP in Home Care), an adaptation of HELP, and examine the association of 30-day all-cause unplanned hospital readmission risk among older adults discharged to home care with and without Bundled HELP. DESIGN Matched case-control study. SETTING Two medical-surgical units within two midwestern rural hospitals and patient homes (home health). PARTICIPANTS Hospitalized patients, aged 65 years and older, discharged to home healthcare with and without Bundled HELP exposure between January 1, 2015, and September 30, 2017. Each case (Bundled HELP, n = 148) was matched to a control (non-Bundled HELP, n = 148) on Charlson Comorbidity Index, primary hospital diagnosis of orthopedic condition or injury, and cardiovascular disease using propensity score matching. MEASUREMENTS The primary study outcome was 30-day all-cause unplanned hospital readmission. Additional outcomes measured were 30-day emergency department (ED) visit, hospital length of stay (LOS), and total number of skilled home care visits. RESULTS Fewer cases (16.8%) than controls (28.4%) had a 30-day all-cause unplanned hospital readmission. The fully adjusted model showed significantly lower risk of 30-day hospital readmission for case (Bundled HELP) patients (0.41; 95% confidence interval = 0.22-0.77; P < .01). The difference between case (10.8%) and control (15.5%) 30-day ED visit was not significant (P = .23). A lower LOS for the case group was shown (P < .01), while the number of skilled home care visits was not significantly different between groups (P = .28). CONCLUSION HELP protocol implementation during a patient's hospital stay and as a continued component of home care among older adults at risk for cognitive and/or functional decline appears to be associated with favorable outcomes. Our initial evaluation supports continued study of the Bundled HELP. Further research is needed to confirm the initial findings and to evaluate the impact of the adapted model on functional outcomes and delirium incidence in the home. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:1730-1736, 2019.
What Christian Environmental Ethics Can Learn from Stewardship’s Critics and Competitors:

In this article I distill a trio of lessons for Christian environmental ethics from the stewardship model’s detractors and rivals. I begin by delineating stewardship and explaining the model’s init...
Challenges and Choices In Urban Teaching: The Perspectives of Generaland Special Educators

This qualitative study was designed to strengthen the voice of urban practitioners in the scholarly debate regarding issues in urban teaching. Interviews were conducted with urban special education teachers, general education teachers, and principals from 23 urban school districts across the country. These three groups of educators identified challenges they faced in urban teaching, as well as strategies they found useful in addressing these challenges. Rewards and opportunities in urban teaching also were shared.
The Influence of Patient Baseline Data and Mental Health in Predicting Outcomes after Hip Arthroscopy for Femoracetabular Impingement Syndrome: A Prospective Cohort Analysis:

Objectives:Patient factors, including mental health, activity level, sex, and smoking, have been found to be more predictive of preoperative hip pain and function than are intra-articular findings ...
EFFECTS OF SAND BURIAL ON PURPLE SANDGRASS (TRIPLASIS PURPUREA) : THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SEED HETEROMORPHISM

The effects of sand burial on seedling emergence, growth, and reproduction of the annual dune grass Triplasis purpurea (Walt.) Chapm. were examined. This species matures heteromorphic seeds on panicles enclosed by leaf sheaths along tiller nodes in a characteristic pattern: seeds at the lower nodes are heaviest, whilst those at the upper nodes are lightest. Field excavation of seedlings revealed that seedlings can emerge from seeds buried to 4 cm. In one experiment in an incubator, seeds collected from the upper and lower tiller nodes of glasshouse-grown parental plants were buried in sand at depths of 0, 3, and 6 cm. As expected, the effects of seed depth on seedling growth were due to delayed emergence for seedlings from buried seeds. However, seedlings from the larger seeds from the lower nodes of parental plants had significantly greater dry mass than those from the lighter seeds from upper nodes. Because lower node seeds are the most likely to become buried by sand in nature, the seed heteromorphism may be adaptive in the coastal environment. A second experiment involved the burial of seedlings to 0, 50, or 100% of their height. Although most seedlings did not survive complete burial (100% height), for partially buried seedlings (50% height) there was high survival and a marked stimulation of growth and eventual reproduction compared to unburied seedlings. This stimulation could be linked to increased root growth for seedlings that had been buried. The ability to respond positively to sand accumulation may represent an adaptation to the dynamic dune environment.
Institution Morphisms

Institutions formalise the intuitive notion of logical system, including syntax, semantics, and the relation of satisfaction between them. Our exposition emphasises the natural way that institutions can support deduction on sentences, and inclusions of signatures, theories, etc.; it also introduces terminology to clearly distinguish several levels of generality of the institution concept. A surprising number of different notions of morphism have been suggested for forming categories with institutions as objects, and an amazing variety of names have been proposed for them. One goal of this paper is to suggest a terminology that is uniform and informative to replace the current chaotic nomenclature; another goal is to investigate the properties and interrelations of these notions in a systematic way. Following brief expositions of indexed categories, diagram categories, twisted relations and Kan extensions, we demonstrate and then exploit the duality between institution morphisms in the original sense of Goguen and Burstall, and the `plain maps' of Meseguer, obtaining simple uniform proofs of completeness and cocompleteness for both resulting categories. Because of this duality, we prefer the name `comorphism' over `plain map'; moreover, we argue that morphisms are more natural than comorphisms in many cases. We also consider `theoroidal' morphisms and comorphisms, which generalise signatures to theories, based on a theoroidal institution construction, finding that the `maps' of Meseguer are theoroidal comorphisms, while theoroidal morphisms are a new concept. We introduce `forward' and `semi-natural' morphisms, and develop some of their properties. Appendices discuss institutions for partial algebra, a variant of order sorted algebra, two versions of hidden algebra, and a generalisation of universal algebra; these illustrate various points in the main text. A final appendix makes explicit a greater generality for the institution concept, clarifies certain details and proves some results that lift institution theory to this level.
Primary Cilium, An Unsung Hero in Maintaining Functional β-cell Population.

A primary challenge in type 2 diabetes (T2D) is the preservation of a functional population of β-cells, which play a central role in regulating blood glucose levels. Two congenital disorders, Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) and Alstrom syndrome (ALMS), can serve as useful models to understand how β-cells are normally produced and regenerated. Both are characterized by obesity, loss of β-cells, and defects in primary cilia - the sensory center of cells. Primary cilia are cellular protrusions present in almost every vertebrate cell. This antenna-like organelle plays a crucial role in regulating several signaling pathways that direct proper development, proliferation, and homeostasis. Mutations in genes expressing ciliary proteins or proteins present at or near the base of the cilium lead to disorders, collectively called ciliopathies. BBS and Alstrom syndrome are such disorders. Though both BBS and Alstrom patients are obese, their childhood diabetes rates are vastly different, suggesting distinct pathogenesis underlying these two ciliopathies. Clinical studies suggest that BBS patients are protected against early onset diabetes by sustained or enhanced β-cell function. In contrast, Alstrom patients are more prone to develop diabetes. They have hyperinsulinemia, yet their β-cells fail to sense glucose and to regulate insulin secretion accordingly. These data suggest a potential role for primary cilia in maintaining a functional β-cell population and that defects in cilia or in ciliary proteins impair development and function of β-cells. Identifying the respective roles of primary cilia and ciliary proteins, such as BBS and ALMS1 may shed light on β-cell biology and uncover potentially novel targets for diabetes therapy.
Development of a Preoperative Adult Spinal Deformity Comorbidity Score That Correlates With Common Quality and Value Metrics: Length of Stay, Major Complications, and Patient-Reported Outcomes.

Study Design:Retrospective review of a multicenter prospective registry.Objectives:Our goal was to develop a method to risk-stratify adult spinal deformity (ASD) patients on the basis of their accu...
Child deaths in the past, their consequences in the present, and mortality conditions in sub-Saharan Africa.

Over the past 50 years, various measures of mortality have been used to develop an understanding of the health of populations. Estimates from these measures have been used to study the determinants of mortality, track mortality transitions, and identify contexts where these transitions are anomalous. Sub-Saharan Africa is one such context where such anomalies persist, and in recent years conventional measures of infant and child mortality have provided the main basis for understanding the changing mortality conditions of children. The perspective provided by these measures is, however, one that focuses on the importance of child deaths as exits from a population. While this perspective is important, new estimation approaches are needed to provide more nuanced perspectives on the dynamics of child mortality in the region. Smith-Greenaway and Trinitapoli’s (1) maternal cumulative prevalence measures of child mortality offer one such approach. Unlike most conventional mortality estimation measures, they provide a dual perspective that highlights the importance of past mortality events in early childhood and their consequences for mothers in the present. With the exception of measures of orphanhood (2) and a small selection of other demographic indicators (3, 4), the repertoire of methods providing this dual perspective is limited. However, Smith-Greenaway and Trinitapoli’s (1) approach adds to this repertoire in important ways. First, it shifts the focus on the conceptualization of child deaths from one that views them as exits from a population to one that sees them as events with long-term consequences. Second, it highlights the need for analyses of child mortality to give more systematic attention to mothers who experience the death of a child during their reproductive years. In sub-Saharan Africa, where many mothers have multiple children who die in early childhood, this nuanced perspective is important for developing a more comprehensive portrait of population health. Because … [↵][1]1Email: kjt11{at}psu.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1