cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Political Challenges of Innovation in the Developing World1

In this article, we seek to rectify the absence of political analysis characterizing most literature on innovation and development. Although existing research is careful to note the lack of any single recipe or model of innovation, most scholars identify a range of institutions and policies influencing innovative performance. But such explanations beg the question of where institutions, so critical to policy implementation, actually come from. We argue that the answer lies in (1) the desire of political leaders to promote innovation and related institutions, and (2) the structure of political arrangements—especially the number of actors with the power and interest to block or promote reform—through which leaders must operate. We argue that both of these variables are strongly influenced by the threats facing leaders and the resources available to address such threats.
Incorporation of Mono Sodium Titanate and Crystalline Silicotitanate Feeds in High Level Nuclear Waste Glass

Four series of glass compositions were selected, fabricated, and characterized as part of a study to determine the impacts of the addition of Crystalline Silicotitanate (CST) and Monosodium Titanate (MST) from the Small Column Ion Exchange (SCIX) process on the Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) glass waste form and the applicability of the DWPF process control models. All of the glasses studied were considerably more durable than the benchmark Environmental Assessment (EA) glass. The measured Product Consistency Test (PCT) responses were compared with the predicted values from the current DWPF durability model. One of the KT01-series and two of the KT03-series glasses had measured PCT responses that were outside the lower bound of the durability model. All of the KT04 glasses had durabilities that were predictable regardless of heat treatment or compositional view. In general, the measured viscosity values of the KT01, KT03, and KT04-series glasses are well predicted by the current DWPF viscosity model. The results of liquidus temperature (T{sub L}) measurements for the KT01-series glasses were mixed with regard to the predictability of the T{sub L} for each glass. All of the measured T{sub L} values were higher than the model predicted values, although most fell within themore » 95% confidence intervals. Overall, the results of this study show a reasonable ability to incorporate the anticipated SCIX streams into DWPF-type glass compositions with TiO{sub 2} concentrations of 4-5 wt % in glass.« less
Extended x-ray absorption fine structure and electron paramagnetic resonance of nitrous oxide reductase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain P2.

The copper centers of nitrous oxide reductase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain P2 were studied by x-ray and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The enzyme is dimeric and contains four Cu atoms and about seven cysteine residues/subunit of Mr = 73,000. The extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EX-AFS) spectrum was analyzed for enzyme as isolated (oxidized or slightly reduced), enzyme exposed briefly to air, reduced enzyme, and enzyme at pH 7 after having been activated by standing at pH 10. The average Cu ligand environment in the first shell was best modeled for all forms of the enzyme by a combination of N/O and S atoms at a total coordination number between 3 and 4 and bond distances ranging from 1.96-2.03 A for Cu-N/O and 2.20-2.25 A for Cu-S. The data could be fit without using Cu-Cu interactions. Overall the results are similar to those reported for the enzyme for Pseudomonas stutzeri (Scott, R. A., Zumft, W.G., Coyle, C.L., and Dooley, D.M. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86, 4082-4086). The first derivative EPR spectra of the Cu(II) centers at 15 and 45 K were qualitatively similar among enzyme as isolated and enzyme exposed to N2O or air. These three nominally oxidized samples showed an axial signal with g perpendicular = 2.03 and g parallel = 2.15-2.16. Hyperfine structure was observed in both the g parallel and g perpendicular regions with splittings of 43 and 25 gauss, respectively. These hyperfine components are attributed to exchange coupled Cu(I)-Cu(II) S = 1/2 (half-met) centers. In the enzyme as isolated and after exposure to N2O, about 3/4 of the Cu was EPR silent, whereas after exposure to air the signal integrated to about half the Cu concentration. The EPR spectrum of enzyme activated at pH 10 but frozen at pH 7 was a composite of spectra from activated and inactive species. The activated species presented a complex set of narrow hyperfine components which may arise from contributions from more than one species of half-met center.
The Case of Colonel Abel

In June 2010, journalists for the Associated Press reported the arrest of ten Russian spies, all suspected of being “deep-cover” illegal agents in the United States. Seeking to convey the magnitude of this event, the journalists wrote in the first paragraphs of their article that this “blockbuster series of arrests” might even be as significant as the FBI’s “famous capture of Soviet Col. Rudolf Abel in 1957 in New York.” Colonel Abel’s story of American justice at a time of acute anxiety about the nation’s security is one that continues to resonate today. The honor, and error, that is contained in that story offer lessons worth remembering as the American and Russian systems of justice struggle with a new common enemy, international terrorists. This paper examines three topics: (1) the appointment of counsel for Abel, (2) the pretrial investigation and trial work conducted by his defense counsel, and (3) the defense’s motion to suppress evidence, a motion that led to two separate oral arguments before the United States Supreme Court. Comparisons are made between the American and Russian systems of criminal procedure. Similarities and differences are also explored between the treatment in the United States of a suspected Soviet spy in 1957 and suspected terrorists fifty years later.
Purification and characterization of a DNA-pairing and strand transfer activity from mitotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract An enzyme catalyzing homologous pairing of DNA chains has been extensively purified from mitotic yeast. The most highly purified fractions are enriched for a polypeptide with a molecular mass of approximately 120 kDa as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Protein-dependent pairing of single-stranded DNAs requires a divalent cation (Mg2+ or Ca2+) but proceeds rapidly in the absence of any nucleoside triphosphates. The kinetics of reassociation are extremely rapid, with more than 60% of the single-stranded DNA becoming resistant to S1 nuclease within 1 min at a ratio of 1 protein monomer/50 nucleotides. The results of enzyme titration and DNA challenge experiments suggest that this protein does not act catalytically during renaturation but is required stoichiometrically. The protein promotes formation of joint molecules between linear M13 replicative form DNA (form III) containing short single-stranded tails and homologous single-stranded M13 viral DNA. Removal of approximately 50 nucleotides from the ends of the linear duplex using either exonuclease III (5' ends) or T7 gene 6 exonuclease (3' ends) activates the duplex for extensive strand exchange. Electron microscopic analysis of product molecules suggests that the homologous circular DNA initially associates with the single-stranded tails of the duplexes, and the heteroduplex region is extended with displacement of the noncomplementary strand. The ability of this protein to pair and to promote strand transfer using either exonuclease III or T7 gene 6 exonuclease-treated duplex substrates suggests that this activity promotes heteroduplex extension in a nonpolar fashion. The biochemical properties of the transferase are consistent with a role for this protein in heteroduplex joint formation during mitotic recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Ion Extraction and Transport by Proton-Ionizable Crown Ethers

Interest in macrocyclic polyethers as complexing agents has grown exponentially since Pedersen’s original description [1] of the ability of these compounds to lipophilize metal and ammonium cations. Such ligands have been used to complex about half the metals on the periodic table [2], to act as selective agents for metal extractions [3], to serve as phase transfer catalysts [4], to carry metal ions across hydrophobic barriers [5], and to emulate biological binding sites [6]. In view of their widespread applications, macrocycles have correlation between the side arm length and transport selectivity, but the relationship between flux and length of side arm indicated that the more lipophilic the crown the higher the flux. In the same study, it was found that lengthening the side arm by adding methylene units so that the carboxylic acid group was moved further from the cavity greatly reduced the selectivity and flux even though the lipophilicity was increased. This is consistent with the observation [91] that higher selectivity is achieved when the anionic site can closely approach the cation sequestered in the cavity of the crown.
Inflation, Fisher Equation, and the Term Structure of Inflation Risk Premia: Theory and Evidence from Tips

In this paper, we study inflation risk and the term structure of inflation risk premia in the U.S. nominal interest rates through the Treasury Inflation Protection Securities (TIPS) and an analytical two-factor Cox-Ingersoll-Ross (CIR) model with correlated real rate and inflation. The analytical formula facilitates the estimation of the model parameters and improves the accuracy of the valuation of nominal rates and TIPS, and especially enables us to estimate the term structure of inflation risk premia. We use the two-factor model to evaluate the inflation-index bonds and study the relationship between the real rate and the expected inflation rate implied by the nominal Constant Maturity Treasury (CMT) rates for the period of January 1998 through December 2004. We use the Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) to estimate the model and the inflation risk premium. The empirical evidence indicates that the expected inflation rate, as opposed to those derived from the consumer price indexes, is very stable and the inflation risk premia demonstrate a steep term structure.
Cardiac responses to GLP-1 receptor activation are impaired in the setting of metabolic syndrome (1078.7)

This study investigated the cardiovascular effects of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist Exendin-4 in lean vs. obese hearts. Left ventricular pressure-volume relations were obtained following 24 hr intravenous infusion of saline-vehicle or Exendin-4 (30 fmol/kg/min) in lean (69 ± 4 kg) and obese (105 ± 2 kg) Ossabaw swine with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Measurements were obtained at rest, following 30 min occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery, and following 2 hours of reperfusion. Baseline coronary flow, heart rate, and stroke volume were not different between vehicle-treated lean and MetS swine. Exendin-4 had no effect on end diastolic volume or stroke volume in lean or MetS swine. However, cardiac output and blood pressure were significantly increased relative to end-diastolic filling volumes by Exendin-4 administration in lean swine (P<0.05). Load independent assessment of cardiac inotropy revealed that Exendin-4 increased the slope of the end systolic pressure volume relat...
Insurance Take-up in Rural China: Learning from Hypothetical Experience

This paper uses a novel experimental design to test for the role of experience and information in insurance take-up in rural China, where weather insurance was a new and highly subsidized product. We randomly select a group of poor households to play insurance games and find that it improves the actual insurance take-up by 48%. In order to determine the mechanism behind this effect, we test whether it is due to: (1) changes in risk attitudes, (2) changes in the perceived probability of future disasters, (3) learning the objective benefits of insurance, or (4) hypothetical experience of disaster. We show that the effect cannot be explained by mechanisms (1) to (3), and that the experience acquired in playing the insurance game matters. We develop a simple model in which agents give less weight to disasters and benefits which they experienced infrequently. Our estimation also suggests that compared with experience with real disasters in the previous year, experience gained in the insurance game played recently has a stronger effect on the actual insurance take-up, implying that learning from experience displays a strong recency effect.
Comparison of Commercially Available 125I-based RIA Methods for the Determination of Circulating 25-Hydroxyvitamin D

Background: Measurement of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] is important in the management of metabolic bone disease. The aim of this study was to compare two widely used methods for the quantification of circulating 25(OH)D with attention to their abilities to measure 25-hydroxylated ergocalciferol (vitamin D 2 ) [25(OH)D 2 ] and cholecalciferol (vitamin D 3 ) [25(OH)D 3 ]. Methods: We used two commercially available, Food and Drug Administration-approved, radioiodine ( 125 I)-based RIA kits for the detection of 25(OH)D (DiaSorin, Stillwater, MN and IDS Ltd, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom). These methods were tested for general assay performance, including antibody specificity. Results were compared with those of an HPLC-based direct ultraviolet detection method. Results: Within- and between-run CVs were ≤10%. Both methods quantitatively recovered 25(OH)D 3 added to serum, but only the DiaSorin kit quantitatively recovered 25(OH)D 2 . The primary antibody in the IDS kit had unequal reactivities with pure 25(OH)D 2 and 25(OH)D 3 , whereas the DiaSorin primary antibody reacted with them equally. In 50 patient samples assayed by HPLC, the IDS method, but not the DiaSorin method, underestimated total circulating 25(OH)D when significant circulating 25(OH)D 2 was present in patient samples. Conclusions: Some immunoassays may underestimate total 25(OH)D when 25(OH)D 2 constitutes an appreciable part of the total.
Experimental host range and natural reservoir of sweet potato leaf curl virus in the United States

Sweet potato leaf curl virus (SPLCV), a sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) transmitted begomovirus, causes serious yield losses to many sweet potato cultivars. Using experimental whitefly transmissions in a greenhouse (choice tests) and in a growth chamber (no-choice tests), we evaluated 111 plant species in 30 families to determine the host range of SPLCV. The host range was limited to plants in the genus Ipomoea within the family Convolvulaceae. In total, 38 of 45 Ipomoea species tested were susceptible to SPLCV infection. Surveys were conducted during the 2007–2009 sweet potato growing seasons in Mississippi and South Carolina to evaluate morning glory species as potential reservoir hosts for SPLCV. In the sweet potato experimental fields and surrounding areas, a large proportion of volunteer sweet potatoes, as well as a high percentage of annual and perennial morning glories tested positive for SPLCV. Understanding the host range and potential virus reservoir host plants will ultimately help in the development of an effective disease management strategy that is based on the consideration of agroecological factors.
Effect of chronic food restriction on Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) induced in rat brain regions by intraventricular MK-801.

The noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, MK-801, produces stimulant and rewarding effects that are mediated by a combination of dopamine-dependent and -independent mechanisms. It was recently demonstrated that, similar to amphetamine, the rewarding and locomotor effects of intraventricular (i.c.v.) MK-801 are potentiated by chronic food restriction. Because food restriction also increases c-Fos expression induced by i.c.v. amphetamine in several subcortical dopamine (DA) terminal areas, Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) induced by i.c.v. MK-801 was evaluated in an effort to identify responses that are common to amphetamine and MK-801 and similarly augmented by food restriction. Unlike amphetamine, MK-801 did not increase FLI in caudate-putamen, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, or ventral pallidum. Similar to amphetamine, MK-801 increased FLI in cingulate cortex, central nucleus of the amygdala and nucleus accumbens (NAC) core, but in none of these areas was the response augmented by food restriction. In medial prefrontal cortex, retrosplenial cortex, and NAC shell, however, MK-801 induced FLI that was augmented by food restriction. An effect that is common to amphetamine and MK-801 is the augmentation of FLI by food restriction in NAC shell. It is therefore suggested that increased releasability of DA, or upregulation of the D-1 receptor linked signal transduction pathway, in NAC shell may mediate the enhanced behavioral sensitivity of food-restricted subjects to drugs of abuse.
Setting confidence belts

We propose using a Bayes procedure with uniform improper prior to determine credible belts for the mean of a Poisson distribution in the presence of background and for the continuous problem of measuring a non-negative quantity $\theta$ with a normally distributed measurement error. Within the Bayesian framework, these belts are optimal. The credible limits are then examined from a frequentist point of view and found to have good frequentist and conditional frequentist properties.
Semiconductor physics: Electric fields drive spins

Electron spins are traditionally manipulated by a resonant magnetic field, but spin–orbit coupling provides a better option of achieving spin operation, using a resonant electric field. A theoretical treatment now fills in the microscopic detail of this process.
Effect of Thermal Deformation on Part Errors in Metal Powder Based Additive Manufacturing Processes

In metal additive manufacturing (AM) processes, parts are manufactured in layers by sintering or melting metal or metal alloy powder under the effect of a powerful laser or an electron beam. As the laser/electron beam scans the powder bed, it melts the powder in successive tracks which overlap each other. This overlap, called the hatch overlap, results in a continuous cycle of rapid melting and resolidification of the metal. The melting of the metal from powder to liquid and subsequent solidification causes anisotropic shrinkage in the layers. The thermal strains caused by the thermal gradients existing between the different layers and between the layers and the substrate leads to considerable thermal stresses in the part. As a result, stress gradients develop in the different directions of the part which lead to distortion and warpage in AM parts. The deformations due to shrinkage and thermal stresses have a significant effect on the dimensional inaccuracies of the final part. A three-dimensional thermomechanical finite element (FE) model has been developed in this paper which calculates the thermal deformation in AM parts based on slice thickness, part orientation, scanning speed, and material properties. The FE model has been validated and benchmarked with results already available in literature. The thermal deformation model is then superimposed with a geometric virtual manufacturing model of the AM process to calculate the form and runout errors in AM parts. Finally, the errors in the critical features of the AM parts calculated using the combined thermal deformation and geometric model are correlated with part orientation and slice thickness.
The synthesis of 4-halotetrahydropyrans and 4-halo-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyrans via the lewis acid promoted cyclization of acetals of homoallylic and homopropargylic alcohols

Abstract Ethyl vinyl ether, MEM chloride, and dihydropyran based acetals of homoallylic and homopropargylic alcohols cyclize in the presence of Lewis acids to give 4-halotetra-hydropyrans and 4-halo-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyrans, respectively.
Effect of Insulin on High-Glucose Medium-Induced Changes in Rat Glomerular Epithelial Cell Metabolism of Glycoconjugates

Abstract We have previously reported that incubation of rat glomerular epithelial cells in vitro for 8 days with 30 mM glucose without insulin results in reduction in the synthesis of a cell layer heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) species that has hydrodynamic size and antigenic characteristics of glomerular basement membrane HSPG (1994, Arch. Biochem. Biophys 309, 149-159). In these studies, reduction in HSPG synthesis could be attributed either to high-glucose medium or to insulin deficiency. In this study we investigated the effects of insulin replacement on changes in glomerular epithelial cell metabolism of glycoconjugates induced by high-glucose medium. Addition of pharmacologic concentrations of insulin prevented the following changes induced by 30 mM glucose: (a) increment in 35 SO 4 incorporation into macromolecules in cell layer and medium, (b) increment in the synthesis of low anionic macromolecules, probably glycoproteins, in both cell layer and medium, (c) increment in synthesis of small-sized glycosaminoglycans ( K av 0.75 on Sephrose CL-4B) associated with the cell layer. Insulin was unable to correct the 30 mM glucose-induced reduction in the synthesis of cell layer HSPG that resembles glomerular basement membrane HSPG. Physiologic concentrations of insulin did not affect any of the changes in glycopeptide metabolism induced by 30 mM glucose, These findings suggest that (a) inhibition of glomerular epithelial cell synthesis of 35 SO 4 -labeled low anionic macromolecules, probably glycoproteins, may be involved in insulin-induced reversal of glomerular hypertrophy seen in early diabetes, and (b) mechanisms other than insulin lack are involved in reduction in the synthesis of glomerular basement membrane HSPG in diabetic nephropathy.
Inefficient Markov perfect equilibria in multilateral bargaining

We study a complete-information alternating-offer bargaining game in which one “active” player bargains with each of a number of other “passive” players one at a time. In contrast to most existing models, the order of reaching agreements is endogenously determined, hence the active player can “play off” some passive players against others by m oving back and forth bargaining with the passive players. We show that this model has a finite number of Markov Perfect Equilibria, some of which exhibiting wasteful delays. Moreover, the maximum number of delay periods that can be supported in Markov Perfect Equilibria increases in the order of the square of the number of players. We also show that these results are robust to a relaxing of the Markov requirements and to more general surplus functions.
New York State and the politics of postsecondary spending

This paper attempts to place the fiscal problems faced by higher education in a broad political economic context so strategies for coping with declining resources can be better evaluated. At the national level, fiscal crisis theories are used to examine broad changes in higher education spending patterns. At the state level, theories of regional variation are used to understand more fully why some states face conditions of greater fiscal authority than others. At a concrete level, the strategies evolving in New York State for allocating resources are explored, and the responses of one institution - the State University of New York at Buffalo - are examined.
The role of general pediatrics in an academic department.

In 1961, on completion of a chief residency in pediatrics, becoming the assistant director of the Outpatient Department at St Christopher's Hospital, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pa, was not considered by most to be a prestigious academic position. "A true academician would become a neurologist, cardiologist, or some other legitimate subspecialist," was a frequent reminder. Despite these jibes, one's commitment, and even devotion, to Dr Waldo Nelson made the decision to assume this faculty position, under the mentorship of Dr Richard Olmsted, very easy to accept. Even the salary of $11000 per year seemed excessive after the lean residency years. Primary care or even ambulatory care were not common jargon in those years and we "OPD [outpatient department] pediatricians" found ourselves apologizing and defending our positions. 1 The first meeting of the Ambulatory Pediatric Association (APA) in 1963 was held in Atlantic City, NJ, in conjunction with the American Pediatric Society
Accuracy Enchancement of In-Vivo Bone Strain Measurements and Analysis

A numerical technique is presented to evaluate and correct the zero-strain reference points determined experimentally for certain in-vivo strain rosette applications on long bones. The method is used to determine whether significant transverse stresses are present at the gage site during in-vivo activities. If transverse stresses are shown to be negligible, the experimentally determined zeroes can be appropriately adjusted to provide an increased accuracy of the strain measurements. In addition, the transverse Poisson's ratio is calculated and can be incorporated in subsequent in-vivo stress calculations.
Geographical Distribution and Incidence of Orchardgrass Choke, Caused by Epichloë typhina, in Oregon.

A 1998 survey was conducted in the Willamette Valley of Oregon, the major U.S. production area for orchardgrass seed, to determine the extent and severity of choke disease in Dactylis glomerata. This disease is a severe constraint to orchardgrass seed production in other parts of the world, but was unknown in Oregon prior to 1997. Thirty-seven fields, representing 27 cultivars and the geographical extent of production in the Willamette Valley, were selected from a list of fields registered for certification. Choke was found in 26 (70%) of the fields, and disease incidence ranged from 10%. In a survey of 16 fields located within 3.5 km of the 1997 discovery, choke was found in 14 fields, of which three had incidences >20%. Increase in disease incidence between 1997 and 1998 ranged from 2.1- to 3.3-fold in the three fields where disease increase was measured. One year after its presence was confirmed in Oregon, choke disease of orchardgrass is well-established throughout the orchardgrass seed producing region at damaging levels and is apparently able to increase and spread under the prevailing climatic and cultural conditions.
Properties of the C-terminal tail of human mitochondrial inner membrane protein Oxa1L and its interactions with mammalian mitochondrial ribosomes.

In humans the mitochondrial inner membrane protein Oxa1L is involved in the biogenesis of membrane proteins and facilitates the insertion of both mitochondrial- and nuclear-encoded proteins from the mitochondrial matrix into the inner membrane. The C-terminal ∼100-amino acid tail of Oxa1L (Oxa1L-CTT) binds to mitochondrial ribosomes and plays a role in the co-translational insertion of mitochondria-synthesized proteins into the inner membrane. Contrary to suggestions made for yeast Oxa1p, our results indicate that the C-terminal tail of human Oxa1L does not form a coiled-coil helical structure in solution. The Oxa1L-CTT exists primarily as a monomer in solution but forms dimers and tetramers at high salt concentrations. The binding of Oxa1L-CTT to mitochondrial ribosomes is an enthalpy-driven process with a Kd of 0.3–0.8 μm and a stoichiometry of 2. Oxa1L-CTT cross-links to mammalian mitochondrial homologs of the bacterial ribosomal proteins L13, L20, and L28 and to mammalian mitochondrial specific ribosomal proteins MRPL48, MRPL49, and MRPL51. Oxa1L-CTT does not cross-link to proteins decorating the conventional exit tunnel of the bacterial large ribosomal subunit (L22, L23, L24, and L29).
A comparison of the mean square error performance of speckle and MFBD image reconstruction techniques under anisoplanatic long-horizontal-path imaging

The potential benefits of real-time, or near-real-time, turbulent image processing hardware for long-range surveillance and weapons targeting are sufficient to motivate significant commitment of both time and money to their development. Thoughtful comparisons between potential candidates are necessary to confidently decide on a preferred processing algorithm. In this paper, we compare the mean-square-error (MSE) performance of speckle imaging methods and a maximum-likelihood, multi-frame blind deconvolution (MFBD) method applied to longpath horizontal imaging scenarios. Both methods are used to reconstruct a scene from simulated imagery featuring anisoplanatic turbulence induced aberrations. This comparison is performed over three sets of 1000 simulated images each for low, moderate and severe turbulence-induced image degradation. The comparison shows that speckle-imaging techniques reduce the MSE 46 percent, 42 percent and 47 percent on average for low, moderate, and severe cases, respectively using 15 input frames under daytime conditions and moderate frame rates. Similarly, the MFBD method provides, 40 percent, 29 percent, and 36 percent improvements in MSE on average under the same conditions. The comparison is repeated under low light conditions (less than 100 photons per pixel) where improvements of 39 percent, 29 percent and 27 percent are available using speckle imaging methods and 25 input frames and 38 percent, 34 percent and 33 percent respectively for the MFBD method and 150 input frames.
The effect of interface velocity on the chemical potential of hydrogen in the two-phase coexistence region of intermetallic compound-hydrogen systems

Although the experimental variable in this investigation is the size of the aliquots of hydrogen employed, the fundamental variable is proposed to be the interface velocity, v. Because the rates of hydride formation and decomposition in intermetallic compounds such as LaNi/sub 5/ are reproducible and rapid, the interface velocities will be directly proportional to the hydrogen aliquot sizes employed for a given sample and gas handling volume.
Cost effectiveness of pertussis vaccination in adults.

Background Prior economic analyses have reached disparate conclusions about whether vaccinating adults against pertussis would be cost effective. Newly available data on pertussis incidence were used to evaluate the cost effectiveness of one-time adult vaccination and adult vaccination with decennial boosters. Methods A Markov model was used to calculate the health benefits, risks, costs, and cost effectiveness of the following strategies: (1) no adult pertussis vaccination, (2) one-time adult vaccination at 20–64 years, and (3) adult vaccination with decennial boosters. The impact of the severity of pertussis illness, vaccine adverse events, and herd immunity on model outcomes were also examined. Results At a disease incidence of 360 per 100,000, the one-time adult vaccination strategy would prevent 2.8 million cases, and the decennial vaccination strategy would prevent 8.3 million cases. As disease incidence varied from 10 to 500 per 100,000, the one-time adult vaccination strategy was projected to prevent 79,000 to 3.8 million adult pertussis cases, while the decennial vaccination program would prevent 239,000 to 11.4 million cases. A one-time adult vaccination strategy would result in 106 million people vaccinated, or approximately 64% of the adult cohort, for a total program cost of $2.1 billion, while a decennial vaccination strategy would cost $6.7 billion. The one-time and decennial booster vaccination strategies result in cost-effectiveness ratios of Conclusions Routine vaccination of adults aged 20 to 64 years with combined tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis is cost effective if pertussis incidence in this age group is greater than 120 per 100,000 population.
The vicious cycle of lettuce corky root disease: effects of farming system, nitrogen fertilizer and herbicide

This study was aimed at testing the hypothesis that lettuce corky root (CR) disease caused by Rhizorhapis suberifaciens was less severe in organic than conventional farms, due to the absence of herbicide and fertilizer, and greater soil microbial activity in organic farms. CR severity and soil quality were assessed in pairs of conventional and organic farms in California. To determine factors contributing to CR, effects of N fertilizer and pronamide herbicide were assessed on CR severity and plant weight in separate field experiments. CR was significantly more severe in conventional than organic farms, and there was a negative exponential relationship between CR severity and microbial activity. Split applications of soluble N fertilizer enhanced susceptibility to CR compared to pre-plant application of slow release N fertilizer. Pronamide increased disease severity on seedlings compared to untreated controls and reduced the dry weights of seedlings and mature heads. Conventional practices, like fertilizer and herbicide use, increase plant susceptibility to and reduce microbial competition or antibiosis against R. suberifaciens in conventional lettuce production farms, potentially leading to enhanced environmental pollution due to a decrease in nutrient use efficiency and an increased need for fertilizer and water for diseased plants.
Blastogenic responses, interleukin‐2 production and interleukin‐2 receptor expression on CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes in rhesus monkeys experimentally inoculated with Loa loa

To better understand cellular responses in loiasis infection, in vitro blastogenesis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to filarial antigen was assessed in 12 Loa loa-inoculated rhesus monkeys over a two-year period. Cellular reactivity to antigen was observed between 10-35 weeks postinoculation (WPI), but had declined by week 50. The roles of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) expression of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in regulating the response to antigen were examined during the initial (57 WPI) and late (92 WPI) time points of the observed diminished reactivity to antigen. The levels of IL-2 in antigen cultures at both time points were not significantly different from those in unstimulated cultures. Also, exogenous IL-2 partially reversed the PBMC response to antigen. The percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing IL-2R in antigen cultures at 57 WPI were not different from those of control animals. Likewise at 92 WPI, the percentage of CD4+ T cells expressing IL-2R in antigen cultures, were not increased above those of control animals. In contrast, the percentage of CD8+ T cells expressing IL-2R in antigen cultures were significantly increased above those of control animals (P < 0.0001), coinciding with an increase in CD8+ T cells numbers in these cultures. The data show that factors besides IL-2; and probably an imbalance in the percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells bearing IL-2R in antigen cultures, may contribute to the diminished reactivity to antigen in L. loa-inoculated rhesus monkeys.
Alcohol use predicts sexual risk behavior with HIV-negative or partners of unknown status among young HIV-positive men who have sex with men

Although the relationship between substance use and heightened sexual risk behaviors have been documented in samples of young men who have sex with men (YMSM) and HIV-positive adult men who have sex with men (MSM), there is a dearth of research on the role of substance use in the sexual risk behaviors of HIV-positive YMSM. We examined associations between alcohol and other drug use with sexual risk behaviors among a sample of HIV-positive YMSM (N=200). There were no significant predictors of either receptive or insertive unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) with HIV-positive partners among the substance use variables. Failure to use a condom after drinking alcohol (β=2.00, p<0.01) was significantly associated with insertive UAI with HIV-negative partners or partners of unknown status. Failure to use a condom after drinking alcohol (β=1.36, p<0.05) and age (β=0.35, p<0.05) were significantly associated with receptive UAI with HIV-negative partners or partners of unknown status. Findings from this article underscore the role of alcohol in facilitating UAI among HIV-positive YMSM and their HIV-negative and status-unknown partners.
Seizure activity causes elevation of endogenous extracellular kynurenic acid in the rat brain

This study was designed to examine the effects of several classic convulsants on the extracellular concentration of the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective brain metabolite kynurenic acid (KYNA) in the rat brain. Drug effects were investigated in vivo, mostly by unilateral microdialysis in the dorsal hippocampus. Systemic administration of pentylenetetrazole (60 mg/kg, SC), pilocarpine (325 mg/kg, SC), bicuculline (6 mg/kg, SC), or kainic acid (10 mg/kg, SC) caused characteristic clonic and/or tonic convulsions. In all seizure paradigms, KYNA levels in the dialysate began to rise within 1 h and gradually reached a plateau approximately 4 h after administration of the convulsants. Peak increases were 1.5-3-fold over basal levels. The duration of the elevation in KYNA levels was significantly prolonged following kainic acid application. In the kainic acid model, extracellular KYNA was also measured and found to be increased in the ventral hippocampus, piriform cortex, and striatum. Moreover, temporary intrahippocampal infusion of the KYN synthesis inhibitor aminooxyacetic acid (1 mM) in the kainic acid- and pentylenetetrazole models attenuated the increase in extracellular KYNA levels, demonstrating that de novo production of KYNA in the brain accounts for the seizure-induced KYNA overflow. A separate group of animals received a unilateral intrahippocampal injection of the endogenous convulsant excitotoxin quinolinic acid (120 nmol) and showed long-lasting (> 24 h) bilateral increases in extracellular KYNA levels. Taken together, these data indicate that an increase in extracellular KYNA may constitute a common occurrence in response to seizures and that KYNA elevations may signify the brain's attempt to counteract seizure activity.
Non linearities in the harmonic spectrum of heavy ion collisions with ideal and viscous hydrodynamics

We determine the nonlinear hydrodynamic response to geometrical fluctuations in heavy ion collisions using ideal and viscous hydrodynamics. This response is characterized with a set of nonlinear response coefficients that determine, for example, the ${v}_{5}$ that is produced by an ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$ and an ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{3}$. We analyze how viscosity damps both the linear and nonlinear response coefficients, and provide an analytical estimate that qualitatively explains most of the trends observed in more complete simulations. Subsequently, we use these nonlinear response coefficients to determine the linear and nonlinear contributions to ${v}_{1}$, ${v}_{4}$, and ${v}_{5}$. For viscous hydrodynamics the nonlinear contribution is dominant for ${v}_{4}$, ${v}_{5}$, and higher harmonics. For ${v}_{1}$, the nonlinear response constitutes an important $\ensuremath{\sim}25%$ correction in midcentral collisions. The nonlinear response is also analyzed as a function of transverse momentum for ${v}_{1}$, ${v}_{4}$, and ${v}_{5}$. Finally, recent measurements of correlations between event planes of different harmonic orders are discussed in the context of nonlinear response.
Cardiac conduction system in hemochromatosis: clinical and pathologic features of six patients.

Abstract Iron deposition in the heart in patients with hemochromatosis often occurs in association with congestive heart failure and electrocardiographic abnormalities including arrhythmias and conduction disturbances. Whether these disturbances are due to direct involvement of the specialized conduction tissue of the heart is uncertain. The conduction system and the walls of the four chambers in the hearts of six patients with exogenous or secondary hemochromatosis were studied at autopsy to determine if there is an association between clinically manifested myocardial dysfunction and iron storage in fibers of the specialized conduction tissue. In all cases iron deposits were present in the myocardium of all four chambers although always to a lesser extent in the atria than in the ventricles. No differences in iron deposition were demonstrated in the right, septal and left ventricular walls or within the transmural extent of the walls themselves. Two patients had myocardial muscle cell necrosis, possibly attributable to severe cardiac iron deposition. The cardiac conduction tissue revealed no iron deposition in one case, mild deposition in two cases and moderate deposition in three cases, uniformly staining less intensely for iron than the working myocardium. However, the degree of iron deposition varied in the components of the conduction system. The sinoatrial node, involved in only two cases, stained less intensely than the remaining conduction tissue. The atrioventricular (A-V) node had iron in four cases, and the bundle of His and its right and left branches usually stained with a similar intensity. Congestive heart failure was present in five of the six cases. Electrocardiographic abnormalities were present in only those cases that revealed iron involvement of the conduction system. Thus, there is a gradient of iron deposition in the heart in cases of hemochromatosis with working ventricular myocardium showing the most and the sinoatrial node the least involvement. Iron deposition in the A-V node and His bundle tissue occurs with severe myocardial iron storage and is associated with electrocardiographic abnormalities, most often supraventricular rhythm disturbances and less often conduction block.
High-power high-speed waveguide photodiodes and photodiode arrays heterogeneously integrated on siliconon-insulator

We demonstrate InP-based modified uni-traveling carrier photodiodes on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguides with an internal responsivity of 0.85 A/W, up to 30 GHz bandwidth, and high RF output power. Photodiode arrays exceed a saturation current-bandwidth-product of 630 mA·GHz and +10 dBm RF output power at 20 GHz.
Fast 2-D Hartley transform in 3-D object representation and recognition

In image processing or computer vision, Fourier transform is widely used for frequency- domain analysis. However, Hartley transform can be a very good substitute for the more commonly used Fourier transform when the real input data are concerned. A two-dimensional butterfly algorithm for fast Fourier transform has been modified to calculate the Hartley transform faster than could be done using row-column decomposition. This paper presents three different frequency-domain registration techniques, power cepstrum, complex cepstrum and phase correlation. These techniques not only are capable of precise registration of images but also lead to three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of real objects by finding the corresponding points and disparities of an image pair. Use of these recently developed techniques allows one to obtain a precise displacement between two images and a quantitative measurement of 3-D information in a relatively faster computation time. Hartley transform can be used to implement all of these three techniques instead of using complex number computation required by Fourier transform. An additional 35 percent saving of the computation time is achieved by implementing the two-dimensional butterfly algorithm for computing Hartley transform. This reduction in computation time makes the use of Hartley transform in frequency-domain analysis more attractive.
On the nature of p-nitrothiophenylated myosin

Abstract Evidence is presented that myosin exposed to p-nitrothiophenol, ATP, and Mg2+ near o °C does not form a thiolester derivative as has been reported (Kinoshita, N., Kubo, S., Onishi, H. and Tonomura, Y. (1969) J. Biochem. Tokyo 65, 285–301). Properties of the p-nitrothiophenylated myosin and of model p-nitrothiophenyl esters suggest that the p-nitrothiophenol is bound to the myosin by a disulfide linkage.
Synthesis and in vitro characterization of a tissue-selective fullerene: Vectoring C60(OH)16AMBP to mineralized bone

Abstract A tissue-vectored bisphosphonate fullerene, C60(OH)16AMBP [4,4-bisphosphono-2-(polyhydroxyl-1,2-dihydro-1,2-methanofullerene[60]-61-carboxamido)butyric acid], designed to target bone tissue has been synthesized and evaluated in vitro. An amide bisphosphonate addend, in conjunction with multiple hydroxyl groups, confers a strong affinity for the calcium phosphate mineral hydroxyapatite of bone. Constant composition crystal growth studies indicate that C60(OH)16AMBP reduces hydroxyapatite mineralization by 50% at a concentration of 1 μM, following a non-Langmuirian mechanism. Parallel studies with C60(OH)30 also indicate an affinity for hydroxyapatite, but at a reduced level (28% crystal growth rate reduction at 1 μM) compared with C60(OH)16AMBP. This study is the first to demonstrate that a fullerene-based material can be successfully targeted to a selected tissue as a step toward the development of such materials for medical purposes, in general.
Education and corruption

Abstract This paper will draw on standard international definitions of ‘corruption’ and apply them to the education sector. It will define corruption in education, explain why it is important, and describe various types of corruption and their causes. Emphasis will be placed on the role of higher education institutions in educational corruption, but the paper will not limit itself to higher education. In the end the paper will suggest four categories of reforms designed to minimize the risk of educational corruption. These include reforms to: (i) educational structures, (ii) the processes of management and adjudication, (iii) the mechanisms of prevention and when wrongdoing occurs, (iv) the system of sanctions.
Inhibitory Effect of Testosterone on Luteinizing Hormone Secretion in Immature and Adult Rats

Immature and adult male rats were castrated and injected for 14–23 days with either sesame oil or testosterone propionate in varying doses. Plasma LH was elevated at the termination of the experiment in both immature and adult control rats. Testosterone propionate prevented the elevation in plasma LH and lowered hypophysial LH in doses which appeared to be slightly larger than those required to return the weight of the accessory sex organs to that found in intact controls. Three to 4 times less testosterone (per unit body weight) was required to repress the rise of plasma LH in immature than in adult rats. This suggests that a change in the hypothalamic sensitivity to the negative feedback of testosterone may be responsible, at least in part, for the onset of puberty in the male (Endocrinology 76: 412, 1965)
Statistical representation of design parameters for hurricane risk reduction structures

Abstract This paper presents the results of a review of the state-of-the-art for characterizing the uncertainty in geotechnical, structural, and hydraulic variables required for performing reliability analysis of hurricane risk reduction structures. For geotechnical design parameters, values of coefficient of variation (COV) are presented. For structural design parameters, values for bias factors and COVs are presented for material strengths, fabricated dimensions, and uncertainty in analysis models. The tabulations of statistical data assembled and the recommendations presented are built around the governing equations that form the basis of current design methodologies and commercial off-the-shelf software, using a hurricane risk reduction T-wall as a basis. This approach permits the data presented to be used for both a production-oriented model for use on multiple structures in larger systems as well as highly-specialized numerical and finite element models for individual structures of interest. This paper adds to the existing body of knowledge by providing a single source for multi-discipline statistical data required to conduct reliability analysis on hurricane risk reduction and, more generally, other structures that resist lateral loads through soil–structure interaction.