cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pathophysiology of Dystonia: Models and Mechanisms

Dystonia has generally been considered a basal ganglia disorder. Increasing evidence, however, suggests a more system-wide disruption of brain circuitry involving cerebellar and brainstem pathophysiology reflected in altered firing patterns, synchronized oscillations, as well as widened receptive fields and abnormal plasticity. A model of dystonia incorporating observed pathophysiological properties within the basal ganglia thalamocortical and cerebellothalamocortical circuits (BGTC and CTC) is presented. In this model, we postulate that disruption in the BGTC arises from functional changes within the striatum, while alterations in the CTC arise independently but contribute to the development and expression of dystonia. The degree to which changes in firing rates/patterns and broadened receptive fields in these circuits contribute to the manifestation of dystonia is unclear but may be secondary to the development of uncontrolled temporal-spatial changes in synchronization and underlying changes in neuro-plasticity within these circuits. The continued review and modification of established theories and development of emerging pathophysiological models of dystonia is critical to improving our approach to treatment; this is particularly true for refining surgical therapies such as therapeutic deep-brain stimulation (DBS).
Alignment of schlieren and Rayleigh optical systems in the ultracentrifuge

Abstract Problems in the optimal design on the double-slit mask used in the adaptation of the Rayleigh interferometer ultracentrifuge are discussed. Consideration is given to the orientation of the mask either symmetrically about a radius or offset with one slit along a radius from the center of rotation, to the placement of the mask above or below the rotor, to the use of a second pair of slits in the cell to mask imperfections in the cell windows, and to certain aberrations arising from variations in the refractive index across the width of the slit and from deviation of light perpendicular to the slits by a component of the radial refractive index gradients. Optimal mask dimensions for different experimental conditions for both symmetrical and offset masks are given. Equations based on the geometry of the cells and mask are derived, permitting calculations sufficient to align correctly a symmetrical mask with minimal labor. Two lower-mask assemblies are described. One, with great flexibility in selecting slit widths and separations was especially useful for the investigation of various mask configurations. The other, with simple and precise adjustments for the rotational and lateral adjustment of the mask, permitted great accuracy in the final placement of the mask and was especially useful for difference sedimentation experiments.
Commentary: "Up" within "Down"

This commentary considers ways in which meter implies a virtual environmental field, one that has close correlations with dancers’ actual experiences of movement within gravitational constraints, despite their verbal descriptions that might suggest the contrary. Upward movements on downbeats are interpretable as virtual agents’ expenditures of energy against virtual gravitational constraints, akin to those dancers experience in ballet. Thus, “up” as movement can imply “down” as gravitational field.
Microdischarge arrays: a new family of photonic devices

The optical and electrical characteristics of microdischarge devices and arrays fabricated in semiconductors and metal/polymer structures are described. Devices as small as (10 /spl mu/m)/sup 2/ in emitting area (nanoliters in volume) and arrays as large as 30 /spl times/ 30 have been demonstrated and operated at gas pressures up to and exceeding one atmosphere. This new generation of microoptical sources is capable of producing photons from the infrared to the vacuum ultraviolet and beyond and is well suited for integration with microoptoelectronic, fluidic, and mechanical systems.
Role of Non-NMDA Receptors in the Hypoxia-Induced Increase in Extracellular Dopamine in Newborn Piglets. † 1737

Previous studies in piglets have shown that the hypoxia-induced increase in the extracellular striatal level of dopamine is significantly decreased by addition of MK-801, an NMDA receptor antagonist. The present study tests the hypothesis that the hypoxia-induced increase in extracellular striatal dopamine is also associated with activation of AMPA/kainate (KA) receptors. Hypoxia was induced in 20 anesthetized, ventilated newborn piglets by decreasing the FiO2 from 0.22 to 0.07 for 1 hr, followed by 1 hr of reoxygenation at 22% O2. Cortical oxygen pressure (PcO2) was measured optically by oxygen-dependent quenching of phosphorescence and extracellular dopamine by in vivo microdialysis. Microdialysis probes were implanted in the right and left striatum; one was perfused with Ringer's solution and the other with Ringer's with 20 μM NBQX, a specific AMPA/KA receptor antagonist. During the first 30 min of hypoxia, PcO2 gradually decreased from 54±8 mmHg to 11±6 mmHg and remained stable. In striatum perfused with Ringer's, dopamine increased progressively(mean±SEM) from 403±118% to 20,807±2887% of control after 10 and 60 min of hypoxia, respectively (p <0.05). In striatum perfused with NBQX there was no significant increase in dopamine during the first 40 min of hypoxia. However, by 50 and 60 min, dopamine increased significantly to 9, 113±2100% and 15,625±1455% of baseline, respectively, lower than values in striatum perfused with Ringer's alone (p<0.05). Extracellular levels of two major dopamine metabolites, DOPAC and HVA, decreased during hypoxia by 73±18% and 62±11%, respectively, and were not altered by the presence of NBQX. Blockade of the non-NMDA glutamate receptors with NBQX during hypoxia suppressed the increase in extracellular dopamine without affecting its metabolites, demonstrating that non-NMDA-type glutamate receptors play a role in the regulation of dopamine release. We speculate that non-NMDA receptor antagonists may be neuroprotective during hypoxia by decreasing extracellular dopamine levels. (NIH #HD-20337)
An interdisciplinary approach to understanding nonlinear ecological dynamics

Abstract We describe a research program which covers a spectrum of activities essential to testing nonlinear population theory: from the translation of the biology into the formal language of mathematics, to the analysis of mathematical models, to the development and application of statistical techniques for the analysis of data, to the design and implementation of biological experiments. The statistical analyses, mathematics, and biology are thoroughly integrated. We review several aspects of our current research effort that demonstrate this integration.
Comparison between the Role of the Neuronal and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in Methamphetamine-induced Neurotoxicity and Sensitization

The involvement of the neuronal and inducible nitric oxide synthase (nNOS and iNOS, respectively) in methamphetamine (METH)-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity and behavioral sensitization was investigated. To determine METH-induced neurotoxicity, mice deficient in the nNOS and iNOS genes, nNOS(-/-) and iNOS(-/-) mice, and wild-type controls received either saline or METH (5 mg/kg x 3). After 72 h the level of striatal dopaminergic markers were measured. Administration of METH to nNOS(-/-) mice had no significant effect on the level of striatal dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA), or dopamine transporter (DAT) binding sites. However, METH caused 25-40% depletion of dopaminergic markers in iNOS(-/-) mice and 63-69% depletion in the wild-type mice. METH-induced locomotor activity was measured following the administration of a low dose (1 mg/kg) on day 1. Subsequently animals received the high dose of METH (5 mg/kg x 3). On day 4, after a 68-72 h drug free period, animals were challenged with 1 mg/kg METH, and locomotor activity was recorded. The intensity of METH-induced locomotion in nNOS(-/-) mice on day 1 and 4 was similar, suggesting that locomotor sensitization did not develop. However, the intensity of METH-induced locomotion in the iNOS(-/-) and wild-type mice on day 4 was doubled compared to day 1, suggesting the development of sensitization. The present findings indicate that nNOS(-/-) mice are more resistant to METH-induced neurotoxicity and behavioral sensitization than iNOS(-/-) mice. These results suggest a major role for nNOS rather than iNOS in the effects of METH.
Mechanosensitivity is mediated directly by the lipid membrane in TRAAK and TREK1 K+ channels

Mechanosensitive ion channels underlie neuronal responses to physical forces in the sensation of touch, hearing, and other mechanical stimuli. The fundamental basis of force transduction in eukaryotic mechanosensitive ion channels is unknown. Are mechanical forces transmitted directly from membrane to channel as in prokaryotic mechanosensors or are they mediated through macromolecular tethers attached to the channel? Here we show in cells that the K+ channel TRAAK (K2P4.1) is responsive to mechanical forces similar to the ion channel Piezo1 and that mechanical activation of TRAAK can electrically counter Piezo1 activation. We then show that the biophysical origins of force transduction in TRAAK and TREK1 (K2P2.1) two-pore domain K+ (K2P) channels come from the lipid membrane, not from attached tethers. These findings extend the “force-from-lipid” principle established for prokaryotic mechanosensitive channels MscL and MscS to these eukaryotic mechanosensitive K+ channels.
Invasions and re-emergences: an analysis of the success of Bythotrephes in Lago Maggiore (Italy)

Bythotrephes was first seen in North America in 1982 (single individual, Lake Ontario) and noticed elsewhere in the Laurentian Great Lakes in abundance in 1985. Starting from 1987 it sharply increased in the open-water zooplankton of Lago Maggiore, reaching values never recorded in the past 40 years. Despite being native, the species' impact on Lago Maggiore was somewhat comparable to that observed in invaded North American lakes. The re-emergence led to an overall increase in invertebrate predation which became permanent five years after Bythotrephes' establishment, causing direct and indirect effects on the food web. Changes included a sharp decrease in the large filter-feeder Daphnia, whose mortality rate increased, and consequently an increase in phytoplankton cell density; an increase in abundance and size of colonial rotifers with a decline in Leptodora abundance, and an overall decrease in zooplankton biomass were also observed. The increase of Bythotrephes in Lago Maggiore, however, was related to a shift in population phenology, which resulted in seasonal growth starting earlier and lasting longer. Daphnia phenology changed only later, suggesting that the impact was consequent to a temporary decoupling between Bythotrephes and its preferred prey. The shift in density and phenology became permanent. Over the long-term, however, potential competitors and prey were able to recover, reaching levels of abundance comparable to those recorded before the Bythotrephes' re-emergence. Such a response is likely attributable to behavioural adaptation mechanisms resulting in temporal and spatial displacement of potential competitors, predators and prey.
Structural mimicry of proline kinks: tertiary packing interactions support local structural distortions.

Abstract Proline residues in the helical segments of soluble and transmembrane proteins have received special attention from both a structural and functional perspective. A feature of these helices is the structural distortion termed “proline-kink”, which has been associated with the presence of the proline residue. However, a recent report on the yeast heat-shock transcription factor of Kluyveromyces lactis (HSF_KL) suggests that these proline-associated deformations can be achieved in the absence of proline residues, thus raising the question of the mechanisms responsible for the structural mimicry of proline-related features. In this study, the specific interactions responsible for the distortion were characterized by comparative analysis of the atomic details of the packing interactions that surround the evolutionarily conserved proline-kink in the α2 helix of HSF_KL and a set of 39 structurally related proteins that lacked the distortion. The mechanistic details inferred from this analysis were confirmed with molecular dynamics simulations. The study shows that the packing interactions between the α2 and α1 helices in HSF_KL are responsible for the stabilization of the conserved kink, whether a proline residue that divides the helix into segments is present or not. The proline-kink can facilitate the formation of tertiary packing interactions that would otherwise not be possible. However, it is the ability to establish differential packing interactions for the helix segments, rather than the structural properties of the proline-kink itself, that emerges as the key factor for the characteristic distortion.
Party Conflict and Political Stability in Monmouthshire, 1690–1740

In the 1960s Professor Plumb discussed The growth of political stability in England 1675–1725. In the seventeenth century, he noted, party violence and political conflict were frequent events, resulting in open civil war in the 1640s and several perilous crises in later years. Stability (he argued) developed from the 1720s by means of the ubiquitous use of political patronage by the Whig government, and Sir Robert Walpole's judicious ability to avoid too many controversies that stirred political passions. The government simply offered too many tempting jobs and places for any but the staunchest tory to resist. At the same time, elections became more expensive and less frequent, so a parliamentary seat was a long-term investment for a wealthy family. Of course, this account has been challenged. The tory opposition continued to exist, and to develop creative new methods of organization and propaganda. However, Britain clearly had a much more stable and secure political system in the eighteenth century.
Dynamic Characteristics Analysis and Optimization Design of Spindle Box with FEA

The simplified finite element modal was established with ANSYS aiming to study the spindle box. The changing regularity of the first 6-order natural frequency of spindle box was studied after the static and modal analysis. Shape optimization design was carried out by taking the maximum deformation of the direction of X，Y，Z as the objective function. The results show that the structure of spindle box after optimization can effectively reduce the maximum deformations of the direction of X，Y，Z，and has better static and dynamic characteristics.
Liquid-phase synthesis of nanoparticles: Particle size distribution dynamics and control

Abstract The effectiveness of liquid-phase synthesis routes for nanoparticles is largely affected by the narrowness of the particle size distribution. To study the particle size distribution dynamics, we formulated a mathematical model describing nanoparticle growth in batch reactors. The model consists of two modules. The first is comprised of a single-particle model accounting for nanoparticle growth and Ostwald ripening, while the second incorporates the single-particle growth kinetics in a population balance model, describing the dynamics of the nanoparticle size distribution and supersaturation. For the numerical simulation of the resulting formulation we developed a novel moving boundary algorithm which can efficiently treat the vastly different time scales that are inherent in this process. Our numerical results were found to be in excellent agreement with those of the Lifshitz–Slyozov–Wagner (LSW) theory for the asymptotic behavior of the system for the extreme cases of reaction- and diffusion-limited nanoparticle growth, thus establishing the validity of the algorithm. The asymptotic behavior of the system depends on the Damkohler ( Da ) number and on the number of terms ( n ) included in the expansion of the exponential in the Gibbs–Thomson equation, while the dynamics of the system are affected by the initial fraction of free monomer in excess ( χ ) and characteristics of the initial size distribution. Varying the Da number, from 0 (reaction-limited) to ∞ (diffusion-limited) leads to asymptotic number density functions which lie in between those predicted by the LSW theory. Moreover higher values of n , lead to significant narrowing of the number density function and higher average growth rates. High initial standard deviations lead to Ostwald ripening accompanied by continuous narrowing of the distribution in contrast to traditional ideas about Ostwald ripening. For higher values of χ , the number density function exhibits fast focusing followed by a much slower defocusing stage. Using the knowledge obtained from studying the dynamics of the system, we also illustrated the possibility of simultaneously controlling the mean radius and the standard deviation of the particle size distribution by periodically injecting monomer to the reactor. Thus, the model developed can guide the rigorous manipulation of reactor conditions that will yield particle size distributions with desirable characteristics.
The effects of riparian logging on terrestrial invertebrate inputs into forested headwater streams

Terrestrial invertebrates (TIs) are an important food source for stream salmonids, especially in low-productivity headwater streams. Studies have shown that TIs can account for >50% of a salmonid’s summer diet, and the consumption of larger TIs is often the difference between feeding above or below maintenance ration. Riparian disturbance is assumed to affect the biomass and composition of TIs entering a stream, but consistent patterns have not emerged. In this study, pan traps were used to quantify the effects of riparian tree harvesting at 0, 50, and 90% basal area harvest (BAH) on TI inputs into 8 Appalachian headwater streams in West Virginia during the summers of 2007 and 2008. The biomass and composition of TI inputs were affected by both treatment and year. The 90% BAH treatments had significantly higher TI input biomass due to a shift in composition toward larger taxa. At greater harvest intensities, increases of grasshoppers (Acrididae) and katydids (Tettigoniidae), wood-associated Coleoptera, ants (Formicidae), and pollinating hymenopterans were observed. No significant changes were attributed to the 50% BAH treatments. These results indicate forestry practices can significantly affect TI inputs into Appalachian headwater streams and have the potential to alter fish production.
Comparison of six dilute russell viper venom time lupus anticoagulant screen/confirm assay kits.

Background The normalized dilute Russell viper venom time (DRVVT) ratio provides a robust assay methodology for lupus anticoagulant (LA) detection. Objectives We evaluated six normalized DRVVT LA screen and confirm systems for inter-method consistency. Reagents were purchased from Diagnostica Stago, Inc. (Parsippany, NJ); Precision BioLogic Inc. (Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada); Siemens Healthcare Inc. (Deerfield, IL); TCoag (Parsippany, NJ); Instrumentation Laboratories (Bedford, MA); and Sekisui Diagnostics (Pfungstadt, Germany). Methods For all assays, we employed the STA-R Evolution automated coagulometer, adhering to manufacturers' instructions. LA-positive and LA-negative plasma controls were purchased from Diagnostica Stago and pooled normal plasma (PNP) was purchased from Precision BioLogic. We computed the mean of the reference interval (MRI) and action limits for all kits using LA-negative aliquots from locally sourced normal subjects ( n = 42). We then assayed locally sourced LA-positive plasmas ( n = 43) and using analysis of variance compared uncorrected screen/confirm ratios and screen/confirm ratios that were normalized using MRI and mean PNP results. Results The grand mean action limit, MRI + 3 SD, derived from the local normal plasmas, was 1.2, confirming the manufacturers' recommended limits; however, limits must be locally computed. The all-sample p value was less than 0.001, indicating heterogeneity among ratios. When Sekisui ratios were excluded, the p value was 0.14, thus indicating that this method introduced the major difference among methods. Mean screen/confirm ratios computed from LA-positive specimens were 1.91 to 2.04 for reagent systems other than Sekisui, which instead yielded a mean ratio of 1.198, indicating that this method was relatively insensitive to LA. A negative bias was recorded by two lots from the Sekisui system for LA-positive specimens. Screen/confirm ratios from combined LA-positive and LA-negative samples generated a combined range of 1.59 to 1.67 for all reagents except Sekisui, which instead yielded 1.09. The within-run percent coefficient of variation (CV%) was less than 5.0% using all samples. Between-run CV% using Diagnostica Stago LA-positive and LA-negative controls was less than 5.5%. Conclusions DRVVT screen/confirm ratios discriminate between LA-positive and LA-negative samples and generally provide acceptable reproducibility. Ratio results may vary among reagent–instrument combinations. In this study, normalization added little to the clinical result interpretation.
Soviet political culture: Insights from Jewish Emigres

(1977). Soviet political culture: Insights from Jewish Emigres. Soviet Studies: Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 543-564.
Near‐surface structure formation in chemically imidized polyimide films

Free-standing polyimide films are manufactured by the chemical imidization of linear, soluble polymeric precursors. The reactive solution is coated onto a heated substrate, peeled off after partial imidization, and then dried and cured as a free-standing film. Adhesive bonds to the cast side of the final film more strongly than to the air side. Near-surface elastic moduli of film samples were measured with a nanoindentation setup. Samples were annealed at different final temperatures. The air side of the samples annealed at 400 °C had a higher modulus of 1.4 GPa than the 0.8 GPa of the casting side. This difference diminished as the annealing temperature was raised to 460 °C. Polyamic acid and polyimide exhibit phase transitions from disordered, isotropic solutions to ordered, liquid-crystalline states. A theoretical model of drying and curing demonstrates formation of a gradient in conversion and ordering: the air side vitrifies at a lower solvent content, lower conversion, and higher ordering; the casting side, at a greater solvent content, higher conversion, and less ordering. Subsequent high-temperature drying and curing of the free-standing films removes solvent, completes reaction, and nematically orders both sides. However, longer times and higher temperature annealing are needed to bring the two sides to their common equilibrium state of nematic order. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 39: 1824–1838, 2001
A simple technique for autoradiography of cylindrical polyacrylamide gels.

Abstract A simple procedure for the autoradiography of cylindrical gels is described. Gels are frozen and sliced longitudinally with a razor blade, in an apparatus which allows 1- to 2-mm slices to be taken sequentially. The slices are dried onto filter paper and autoradiographed by standard procedures.
A survey of software engineering courses

Together with the recent, rapid growth in numbers of technical papers, survey articles, symposia, conferences, and books, there is also a corresponding increase in software engineering education activities. In order to obtain some insight into the number and nature of course offerings, Peter Freeman of the University of California, Irvine, published a survey form in early 1977 in both the ACM Software Engineering Notes and the IEEE TC/SE News-letter. Figure 1 replicates this survey form. Most responses were received by April, 1977. Recently, Peter Freeman forwarded these responses to A.A.J. Hoffman of Texas Christian University for analysis and reporting.There were a total of 28 responses from 26 traditional educational institutions, offering regular and special courses, industrial organizations, and professional development companies. Table 1 is a list of the organizations represented by survey respondents. While most responses came from the United States, others originated in France, Canada, and the United Kingdom.
Subgrain and electrical resistivity studies of molybdenum single crystals

Abstract The electrical resistivity for single crystals of molybdenum after various amounts of bending at room temperature and after annealing isothermally at several temperatures was measured and correlated with metallographic and X-ray observations. Resistivity during room-temperature bending is found to increase slightly initially and is followed by a rapid rise coincident with crossing slip bands. Etch-pit density measurements are found to be proportional to the reciprocal of the bend radius, in agreement with the Cottrell relation.
Evaluation of Prestressing with a Shape Memory Alloy

The paper addresses the possibility of using shape-memory effect in Nitinol (Nickel-Titanium) alloy to remedy prestress losses in aging concrete beams. Straight annealed NiTi in the low temperature martensite phase can undergo large plastic deformations. This deformation and strain energy is recoverable when the material transforms to the higher temperature (about 55° C) austentite phase. This phenomena can be exploited to induce curvature, hence prestressing, by embedding NiTi wires and ropes in a structural member. Depending on the type of wire used its actuation effect can be reversed as necessary, creating the possibility of a smart prestressed concrete bridge of the future. Materials aspect studied in this project include the bond between NiTi wires and the host composite material, through mechanical testing and microscopy. An evaluation of the phase transformation is conducted using Acoustic Emission (AE) technology. AE event rate, locations and characteristics were evaluated during the actuation process.
The Fight: Symbolic Expression and Validation of Masculinity in Working Class Tavern Culture

This study examines the role that masculinity plays in men’s decisions to participate in bar fights. The data were obtained via semi-structured interviews with adult, White males in Louisiana who had a history of fighting. We argue that specific elements of fighting events represent symbolic attempts at attaining and maintaining honor and status, which many men in working class culture equate with masculine identity. While winning fights was seen as important, participants suggest that willingness to fight in the right circumstances builds character, develops an honorable reputation, and prevents negative labels. We further argue that pursuit of symbolic masculinity is important to working class men, who possess fewer alternative avenues for achieving status than do those from higher social ranks.
Ocular toxoplasmosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

In seven of eight cases of presumed ocular toxoplasmosis in patients with AIDS, the diagnosis was supported by a reduction or resolution of intraocular inflammation and healing of necrotic retinal lesions after initiation of antiparasitic drug therapy including one or more of the following medications: pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, clindamycin, tetracycline, or spiramycin. In two cases the diagnosis was confirmed histologically. The cases differed clinically and histopathologically from those in immunocompetent patients. There was no evidence that disease originated in preexisting retinochoroidal scars. Lesions frequently were bilateral and multifocal. Vitreous inflammatory reaction was a common clinical finding, but histopathologic examination demonstrated scant retinal inflammation in areas of necrosis. Ocular toxoplasmosis in these patients with AIDS probably resulted from newly acquired infection or dissemination of organisms from nonocular sites of disease. Infections became clinically inactive with drug therapy in all treated patients, but reactivation and progression of disease occurred when therapy was stopped in two of three patients. Severe retinal necrosis led to retinal tears or detachment in three cases. Ocular lesions were the first manifestation of Toxoplasma gondii infection in four of five patients with evidence of multisystem infection.
Exploration of the Solar System

The Realm of the Terrestrial Planets. By Z. Kopal. Pp. 223. (The Institute of Physics: Bristol, UK, 1979.) £7.50.
Mental Health Consequences of September 11: A Five-Year Review of the Behavioral Sciences Literature

ABSTRACT This publication provides an overview of studies conducted on different segments of the population and the psychological reactions of respondents to the devastating events of September 11, 2001. This investigation stems out of an intellectual curiosity to learn about the psychological impact of this tragedy in general, and to retrieve studies conducted on families who lost loved ones in particular. To this end, a comprehensive review of the medical and psychological literature was conducted in order to retrieve original research reported in peer-reviewed journal articles published between October 2001 and December 2006. Findings suggest that the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks contributed to widespread and sometimes continued psychological and emotional problems.
Nano-needle structured, ambipolar high electrical conductivity SnOx (x ≤ 1) thin films for infrared optoelectronics

SnO has become an important earth-abundant transparent conductive oxide (TCO) with applications not only in photovoltaics but also in electrodes for energy storage. For optoelectronic applications, low fabrication temperature, high electrical conductivity, and low optical losses are highly desirable. This study presents self-assembled, ambipolar (i.e., n and p-type) nano-needle structured SnOx (x ≤ 1) thin films with high electrical conductivity, low infrared (IR) optical losses, and potentials for effective light trapping. These nano-needle structured SnOx films are fabricated through non-reactive co-sputtering of Sn and SnO2 followed by crystallization annealing at low temperatures <250 °C. The crystallization of SnOx thin films occurred rapidly above 210 °C, resulting in SnO nano-needles with average dimensions of 1 μm long, 0.1 μm wide, and 0.15 μm thick that are interspersed with Sn nanocrystals. The optical scattering from these nanostructures can be utilized for light trapping in thin film absorber...
Dopant states and recombination in compensated a-Si:H

Abstract The role of gap states introduced by compensation of a-Si:H for the trapping and recombination processes in this material are examined using magnetic resonance techniques (LESR and ODMR). It is found that neutral donor states rather than conduction band tail states are the dominant electron traps for high compensation levels. A new ODMR resonance is observed and interpreted as due to exchange coupled electron-hole pairs.
Social Values of Indian and United States Female University Students: Implications for Exchange Programs

The main purpose of this study was to identify social values similarities and differences between female students from India and the United States.
Signature adaptive target detection and threshold selection for constant false alarm rate

A constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detection algorithm and a threshold selection algorithm are adapted and developed for use in multiband-image small-target detection. While it is often difficult to predict the spectral signatures of targets, the shape of the target may be known. This detection algorithm exploits geometric target features and spectral differences between the target and the surrounding area. The detection algorithm is derived from a general statistical model of the data with most emphasis on the background. The utility of CFAR algorithms is that the selection of a detection threshold can be made independently of image intensity. However, varied applications of the algorithms show that detection values are dependent on the scene adherence to the model. Achieving a CFAR in applications is very difficult. The threshold for a desired number of false alarms fluctuates with differing backgrounds. By appropriately mapping observations to the model, an automatic threshold selection algorithm is shown. Combining the CFAR-detection algorithm with the threshold selection algorithm produces a reliable constant false alarm rate.
Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Induce Expression of Matrix-Metabolizing Enzymes in Human Cervical Smooth Muscle Cells

The process of cervical ripening has been likened to an inflammatory reaction associated with the catabolism of cervical extracellular matrix by enzymes released from infiltrating leukocytes. We hypothesized that smooth muscle cells in the cervix also participate in this process and that pro-inflammatory cytokines act on cervical smooth muscle cells (CSMC) to provoke the expression of matrix-degrading enzymes. We treated primary cultures of human CSMC with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and examined expression of the elastinolytic enzyme, cathepsin S, the collagen metabolizing matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-1, -3, -9, and the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and -2. A time course analysis revealed that 10 ng/ml of TNF-α induced cathepsin S, MMP-1, -3, and -9 mRNA expression with the maximal response observed after 24–48 hours. TNF-α induced cathepsin S, MMP-1, -3, and -9 mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner: the maximal effect was observed at a concentration of 10 ng/ml, with appreciable increases observed at concentrations of 0.1 to 1.0 ng/ml. In contrast, TIMP-1 and -2 mRNAs were not significantly increased by TNF-α treatment. Interleukin-1β produced a pattern of gene expression in the CSMC similar to that observed following TNF-α treatment. Western blot analysis and zymography confirmed the induction of proMMP-1, -3, and -9 in response to TNF-α, but MMP-2 immunoreactivity and zymographic activity were unaffected. TNF-α increased secretion of procathepsin S, but did not affect TIMP-1 and reduced TIMP-2 production. We conclude that CSMC are targets of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which induce a repertoire of enzymes capable of degrading the cervical extracellular matrix. The induction of these enzymes may facilitate the normal ripening of the cervix at term and participate in the premature cervical changes associated with preterm labor.
Evidence for Residual K-Shell Excitation in Chlorine Ions Penetrating Carbon

Chlorine ions at 70 and 140 MeV energy impinge upon \ensuremath{\sim}1-\ensuremath{\mu}g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ Cu targets, in one case after emerging from a carbon prefoil and in the second striking Cu on the back side of a carbon foil. The latter approach leads to an appreciable increase in the Cu $K$ x-ray yield, an effect which is explained in terms of residual Cl $K$-shell excitation and which is in accord with a simple model of competing rearrangement processes.
The Relationship of Teachers' Use of Humor in the Classroom to Immediacy and Student Learning.

This study investigated teachers' use of humor in relationship to immediacy and learning. The amount and type of humor recorded by 206 students as observations of things teachers did to show “a sense of humor” were analyzed and correlated with overall immediacy and perceived cognitive and affective learning outcomes. The results indicated that amount and type of humor influenced learning, that students were particularly aware of tendentious humor, and that an overdependence on tendentious humor diminished affect. The effects of humor were more pronounced for male students and male teachers; however, indications of previous research that humor use negatively influenced evaluations of female teachers and that female teachers' humor was largely different than male teachers' humor were not supported.
A Study of PCR Inhibition Mechanisms Using Real Time PCR

In this project, real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was utilized to study the mechanism of PCR inhibition through examination of the effect of amplicon length, melting temperature, and sequence. Specifically designed primers with three different amplicon lengths and three different melting temperatures were used to target a single homozygous allele in the HUMTH01 locus. The effect on amplification efficiency for each primer pair was determined by adding different concentrations of various PCR inhibitors to the reaction mixture. The results show that a variety of inhibition mechanisms can occur during the PCR process depending on the type of co-extracted inhibitor. These include Taq inhibition, DNA template binding, and effects on reaction efficiency. In addition, some inhibitors appear to affect the reaction in more than one manner. Overall we find that amplicon size and melting temperature are important in some inhibition mechanisms and not in others and the key issue in understanding PCR inhibition is determining the identity of the interfering substance.
SU‐E‐T‐593: Evaluation of Titanium Applicator Reconstruction Accuracy for Exclusive 3.0 Tesla MRI‐Guided Brachytherapy for GYN Cancers

Purpose: To evaluate applicator reconstruction accuracy using titanium tandem‐and‐ovoids applicator (TnO) when guided exclusively by high resolution (3 Tesla) MRI. Methods: MRI‐marker catheters (Vitamin‐E) are made in‐house. A titanium Fletcher‐Suit‐Delclos‐style TnO (Varian) was used. Nineteen HDR plans were randomly selected and TnO was reconstructed exclusively on MRI using the guidance from an applicator library (Solid Applicator, Varian) and a MRI‐marker. For control, TnO reconstructions were retrospectively performed on two radiographs before and after the MR scan (pre‐ and post‐Xray). The vector distances (d) were measured between each dwell position and a flenge. The differences of d (delta‐d) on the reconstructions between of MRI and of pre‐Xray (preXray‐ MRI) and between of MRI and post‐Xray (MRI‐postXray) were measured. The delta‐d values were used to quantify the reconstruction uncertainty on exclusive MrIGBT. The average (± std dev) of delta‐d for each dwell position was determined for each TnO plan. Results: We found on average delta‐d = 0.8 ± 0.5 mm (1.0 ± 0.5 mm) for preXray‐MRI (MRI‐postXray). The values of delta‐d were on average 0.9 ±0.1 mm and 0.8 ± 0.3 mm (1.0 ± 0.2 mm and 0.9 ± 0.4 mm) at tandem and ovoids for MRI‐preXray (MRI‐ postXray). The ovoid shape available for use from the applicator library was found to be beneficial, since the MRI‐marker could not generate signals for the ovoids. However, two cases showed delta‐d = more than 2 mm. The largest delta‐d values were on average 3.7 ± 0.3 mm (3.2 ± 0.8 mm) at tandem for preXray‐MRI (MRI‐postXray). Therefore, further studies on better MRI‐marker designs are expected to be followed for exclusive MrIGBT. Conclusions: The reconstruction uncertainties for exclusive MrIGBT using titanium applicators were on average less than 1.0 mm but exceeded 3.7 mm in one case. The first author, Yusung Kim, has been performed a research with the collaboration grant from Varian (Medical System; $124,160.42 Jan 2011 – July 2012).
Techniques for measuring renal transit time

A variety of techniques have been used for quantitative estimation of renal transit time. We compared different indices of transit time in a group of 30 patients having baseline and ACE inhibitor technetium-99m mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG3) renography prior to arteriography: peak time, mean transit time, and the ratio of background-subtracted counts at 20 min to those at 3 min. Each index was calculated from whole-kidney ROI, cortical ROI, and cortical factor (by factor analysis). The strongest correlations between angiographic percent of stenosis and transit time index were observed for the peak time (Spearmanρ=0.469,n=53,P <0.005) and for the R20/3 (againρ=0.469,n=53,P <0.005) using the whole-kidney ROI and using only the baseline data without captopril. (Spearman'sρ is simply the correlation coefficient calculated from rank in list, which allows for nonlinear correlation.) Thus simple indices of transit time (whole-kidney peak time and R20/3) correlated as well with the observed pathology as did more complicated methods that required deconvolution, factor analysis, or selection of a cortical ROI.
Service priority in department stores: The effects of customer gender and dress

Service priority refers to the condition when one customer is served before another and represents a dimension of customer service that is likely to affect customer satisfaction. Are men more likely to receive service priority than women? To investigate this question, a field experiment was conducted using a 2×3×2 factorial design with sex of the clerk, gender of the department, and customer dress as the main effects. The results indicate that men do receive service priority, and this finding held constant across the variety of conditions studied.
Predictors of 30-day readmission and association with primary care follow-up plans.

Objective To test the hypothesis that missing primary care follow-up plans in the discharge summary is associated with higher 30-day readmissions. Study design This retrospective cohort study included pediatric patients discharged from Mattel Children's Hospital, University of California, Los Angeles between July 2008 and July 2010. Exclusions included deaths, transfers, neonatal discharges, stays under 24 hours, and patients over 18 years of age. Bivariate and propensity weighted multivariate logistic regressions tested relationships between 30-day readmission and patient demographics, illness severity, and documentation of primary care provider (PCP) follow-up plans at discharge. Results There were 7794 index discharges (representing 5056 unique patients), with 1457 readmissions within 30 days (18.7%). Average length of stay was 6.3 days. Being 15-18 years old, (OR 1.42 [1.02-1.96]), having public insurance (OR 1.48 [1.20-1.83]), or having higher All-Patient Refined Diagnosis-Related Group severity scores (for severity=4 vs 1, OR 6.88 [4.99-9.49]) was associated with increased odds of 30-day readmission. After adjusting for insurance status, Asian (OR 1.46 [1.01-2.12]) but not Black or Hispanic, race/ethnicity was associated with greater odds of readmission. Fifteen percent of 172 medical records from a randomly selected month in 2010 documented PCP follow-up plans. After adjusting for demographics, length of stay and severity, documenting PCP follow-up plans was associated with significantly increased odds of 30-day readmission (OR 4.52 [1.01-20.31]). Conclusion Readmission rates are complex quality measures, and documenting primary care follow-up may be associated with higher rather than lower 30-day readmissions. Additional studies are needed to understand the inpatient-outpatient transition.
Non-skeletal Determinants of Fractures: The Potential Importance of the Mechanics of Falls

Bones break because the forces applied to them exceed their strength. For most non-spine fractures, this force results from a fall. Falls generate at least 10 times the energy necessary to fracture the proximal femur, but only 5%-10% of falls in older white women cause fractures and only 1% cause hip fractures. The mechanics of the fall plays a very important role in whether a fracture will occur and which bone will fracture. This review postulates that orientation of the fall and location of the impact determine the type of fracture, and whether a fracture occurs depends on the energy of the fall (distance to impact and weight of the moving parts) and how much of that energy is absorbed by protective responses, the impact surface and soft tissues over the bone. Recent case-control studies support the view that the mechanics of a fall are the most important determinant of whether it will result in a hip fracture.
Phonon-induced spectral holes in the gain region of an inverted semiconductor

Spectral-hole-burning experiments are performed in the gain region of an inverted semiconductor multiple quantum well. We find not only a spectral hole at the pump-pulse frequency but also replicas at higher frequencies. These replicas are qualitatively explained in terms of carrier–phonon interactions in which high-energy carriers relax into the optically induced spectral hole by LO-phonon emission.
Integration of silicon photonics in a bulk CMOS memory flow

Monolithically integrated silicon photonic (SiP) devices have been demonstrated using a modified bulk CMOS flow. Integration was achieved by nominally extending existing process and design collateral without shifting the CMOS parameterization.
Effect of the oxidized guanosine lesions spiroiminodihydantoin and guanidinohydantoin on proofreading by Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment) in different sequence contexts.

Oxidative damage to DNA by endogenous and exogenous reactive oxygen species has been directly linked to cancer, aging, and a variety of neurological disorders. The potential mutagenicity of the pri...
Ethanol modulation of Gaba-activated current responses in acutely dissociated retinal bipolar cells and ganglion cells

This study examined the effect of acute ethanol exposure on GABA-activated whole-cell current responses elicited in bipolar cells and ganglion cells of the rat retina. Acute exposure to ethanol potentiated GABA responses in 86% of the bipolar cells and in 52% of the ganglion cells tested. As determined in bipolar cells, ethanol was maximally effective at a concentration of 50 mM. In bipolar cells, a GABA c receptor-mediated component of the whole-cell response to GABA could be uncovered which was also potentiated by ethanol. However, ethanol was ineffective in enhancing bipolar cell responses to glycine. GABA-activated current responses monitored in ganglion cells that were insensitive to modulation by ethanol were sensitive to potentiation by diazepam. At higher concentrations (100-175 mM), ethanol by itself occasionally induced a chloride-mediated current but this occurred independent of an ethanol-induced potentiation of GABA responses. These data establish that ethanol can modulate the sensitivity of retinal neurons to GABA. Overall, the results presented in this study set the stage for future studies to examine the cellular and molecular bases for a differential neuronal sensitivity to an ethanol-induced modulation of GABA responses.
Toward a statistically relevant calibration end point for prostate seed implants.

Interstitial brachytherapy for carcinoma of the prostate is achieved through the use of a configuration of radioactive seeds placed in a manner that delivers a customized, reasonably uniform dose to the target volume. Accurate dose delivery depends on both precise seed placement and reliable seed strength in the implanted configuration. This study assumes the independence of the two issues, and quantifies the reduction in the minimum dose to the surface of the gland due only to variability in individual seed strengths. Current AAPM guidelines pertaining to the acceptable limits on seed-to-seed variability are prudent for small configurations of seeds, yet are likely to be overly stringent for applications such as prostate seed implantation. In this study we determine the reduction in the minimum peripheral dose (mPD) caused by the introduction of source strength variability, and provide statistical insight into this effect. It is concluded that the current guidelines limit the reduction in mPD to ⩽0.4% relative to the prescription value, for an average configuration, due to the inclusion of strength variability. The maximum observed reduction in mPD would be ⩽1.5%. This value is an order of magnitude lower than the recommendations of the AAPM Task Group 40 for the overall accuracy of brachytherapy procedures, which suggests that seed strength variability is of limited concern and that constraints on this factor should perhaps be reevaluated.