cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A mutation in the alpha 3 chain of type IX collagen causes autosomal dominant multiple epiphyseal dysplasia with mild myopathy

Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) is a degenerative cartilage condition shown in some cases to be caused by mutations in genes encoding cartilage oligomeric matrix protein or type IX collagen. We studied a family with autosomal dominant MED affecting predominantly the knee joints and a mild proximal myopathy. Genetic linkage to the COL9A3 locus on chromosome 20q13.3 was established with a peak log10 odds ratio for linkage score of 3.87 for markers D20S93 and D20S164. Reverse transcription–PCR performed on the muscle biopsy revealed aberrant mRNA lacking exon 3, which predicted a protein lacking 12 amino acids from the COL3 domain of α3(IX) collagen. Direct sequencing of genomic DNA confirmed the presence of a splice acceptor mutation in intron 2 of the COL9A3 gene (intervening sequence 2, G-A, -1) only in affected family members. By electron microscopy, chondrocytes from epiphyseal cartilage exhibited dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum containing linear lamellae of alternating electron-dense and electron-lucent material, reflecting abnormal processing of mutant protein. Type IX collagen chains appeared normal in size and quantity but showed defective cross-linking by Western blotting. The novel phenotype of MED and mild myopathy is likely caused by a dominant-negative effect of the exon 3-skipping mutation in the COL9A3 gene. Patients with MED and a waddling gait but minimal radiographic hip involvement should be evaluated for a primary myopathy and a mutation in type IX collagen.
The new science of human reproduction: A reflection on the inadequacy of “disciplines” for the understanding of human life

Books reviewed THE CODE OF CODES: SCIENTIFIC AND SOCIAL ISSUES IN THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT. Edited by Daniel J. Kevles and Leroy Hood. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992; pp. 473. $29.95. THE NEW REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES. Edited by Maureen McNeil, Ian Varcoe, and Steven Yearley. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990; pp. 384. $39.95. PHILOSOPHICAL ETHICS IN REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE. Edited by David R. Bromham, Maureen E. Dalton and Jennifer C. Jackson. Manchester University Press, 1990; pp. 304. $70.00. TOMORROW'S CHILD: REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE 90S. Lynda Birke, Susan Himmelweit, and Gail Vines. London: Virago Press, 1990; pp. 340; paper $17.95. WOMEN AND NEW REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES: MEDICAL, PSYCHOSOCIAL, LEGAL, AND ETHICAL DILEMMAS. Edited by Judith Rodin and Aila Collins. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1991; pp. 240. $29.95.
EFFECT OF BORON DEFICIENCY UPON THE STRUCTURE OF ZEA MAYS

Boron is now included, by most plant physiologists, among the elements essential for the normal growth of higher plants. Until recently, most of the work has been done on the amount and habit of growth produced in many of our common plants, either by too great a quantity of boron or by a lack of it. Brenchley (1) and Collings (5) found boron to be toxic for both growth and germination with the concentrations which they used. Since then, by using very small amounts, Brenchley and Warington (3), and others (9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27), have found boron to be indispensable for the normal growth of the plants used. Much less investigation has been done on the effect of boron on the internal structure of the plant. Webber (31) studied the effect of a toxic concentration of boron on prune, peach, and grape. She finds fewer chloroplasts in the leaves, and a disintegration of leaf tissue in the plants supplied with such a concentration. The smaller veinlets were often filled with a
Task-dynamics of gestural timing: Phase windows and multifrequency rhythms

Abstract In this paper, we explore the hypothesis that intergestural phasing relations are implemented via coupling terms in a nonlinear dynamical systems model. Specifically, we describe recent computational developments of the task-dynamic model of gestural patterning (e.g., E. Saltzman, J. A. S. Kelso, Psychological Review 94 (1987) 84–106; E. Saltzman, K. G. Munhall, Ecological Psychology 1 (1989) 333–382) that are focused on modeling the timing of rhythmic action units. First, we explore the possibility of attractor states for intergestural phasing that are characterized as ranges or phase windows (D. Byrd, Phonology 13 (1996) 139–169), and contrast this behavior with standard models that display punctate relative phasing. It is argued that the phase window approach can provide flexible control of the relative timing of articulatory gestures, allowing constrained variability in intergestural timing as a function of linguistic and para-linguistic factors. Second, we discuss how this extension of the task-dynamic model has been adapted for modeling the production of multifrequency rhythms (speech or bimanual). This work explores the control of the frequency- and phase-locking characteristics of coupled limit cycle oscillators by examining how desired frequency ratio, intrinsic frequency detuning, and coupling asymmetries interact in creating observed rhythmic patterns. Using this method, details of the resultant transient and steady-state trajectories of phase and amplitude are generated that are not available using models derived with averaging techniques.
Impact of transmission dynamics on the cost-effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination

The objective of this study is to estimate the cost-effectiveness of mass vaccination of US infants with the recently available rotavirus vaccine, RotaTeq. We developed a dynamic transmission model of rotavirus to incorporate herd immunity into cost-effectiveness analysis. Our study indicates that a rotavirus vaccination program would prevent about 90% of rotavirus incidence, mortality, hospitalization and emergency department visits annually. We conclude that a universal rotavirus vaccine program in the US would cost $77.30 per case averted from the health care and give a net saving of $80.75 per case averted from the societal perspectives, respectively. The cost per QALY gained was found to be $104,610 when we considered child with one caregiver, making the rotavirus vaccination program a cost-effective intervention.
Measuring adherence to the Mediterranean diet.

Sanchez et al.1 reported on ‘Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and quality of life in the SUN Project’, finding that higher levels of adherence were associated with higher self-perceived health-related quality of life (HRQL) in a cohort of university graduates in Spain. I am concerned that their dietary adherence measurement may have inflated the actual dietary quality of the study population, thus reducing the impact of their results.
Flux compression measurements in sintered bulk Ba/sub 2/YCu/sub 3/O/sub 7/

Trapping of magnetic fields and subsequent flux compression have been realized in sintered bulk Ba/sub 2/YCu/sub 3/O/sub 7/ superconductors at 77 K. The field is trapped in two interconnected holes of 0.95-cm and 0.52-cm diameter, respectively. By inserting a superconducting plunger with a diameter of 0.93 cm into the larger hole, the trapped flux is compressed into the smaller hole, where the flux density is measured with a Hall probe. The ratio of the areas available for the magnetic flux before and after compression is 3.7. Deviations from this compression ratio are observed to increase as the trapped field is increased, demonstrating penetration of magnetic flux into the interior of the superconductor. Using a simple extension of the critical state model, the authors demonstrate how the flux compression technique can be used to test the validity of the model and also to calculate the critical current density of the superconductor directly from the measurements.
Modeling the modulated acoustic radiation force distribution in a viscoelastic medium driven by a spherically focused ultrasound transducer

Acoustic radiation force created by focused ultrasound transducers is gaining great interest in medical diagnosis. This study aims to clarify the acoustic power delivery by means of a modulated focused transducer and to predict the performance of such systems. A spherical‐cap shaped transducer, made of piezoelectric material, is used to create ultrasonic waves at a focal point. Different modulation methods, given in the literature and reviewed here, are available for creating a concentrated alternating force due to the acoustic radiation pressure. The relationship between the voltage input to the piezoelectric transducer and its resulting mechanical deformation is examined using a finite element model (FEM) for high frequency harmonic excitation (3 ‐ 10 MHz). The oscillating surface of the transducer drives the contacting media, which exerts an acoustic load on the transducer that is also considered in the FE analysis. Also, the motion of resulting acoustic waves in a lossy medium is studied for a more ac...
Teaching and Learning in Diversity Classes: The Significance of Classroom Climate and Teacher Credibility.

This study examines the pedagogical conditions that contribute to a productive teaching and learning experience in diversity courses, using the University of Utah (UU) as the case study. The purpose of this research is to assess whether diversity courses are effective (successful) in helping students gain more information about nondominant groups that might influence their attitudes about and behavior towards disaffected members of American society; or, whether diversity courses engender student resentment. A survey of the literature identifies classroom climate, course content, and teacher credibility as having explanatory value. These constitute the study's independent variables. Two dependent variables are measured, “successful teaching” and “student resentment.” A random sample of 26 diversity courses (including five political science classes) was selected for analysis. The methodology includes classroom visits, quasi-structured surveys of faculty and students, interrogation of student course evaluati...
Existence of solutions to a model for sparse, one-dimensional fluids

Abstract We prove the global existence of solutions to a model for a viscous, compressible, barotropic fluid initially occupying a general open subset of a finite, one-dimensional interval. The fluid equations are applied only on the support of the density, understood in the sense of distributions. This support must be tracked and accommodation must be made for the possibly infinite number of collisions of fluid packets occurring on a possibly dense set of collision times. Our approach avoids certain nonphysical properties of solutions which are constructed as limits of solutions in which artificial mass has been inserted.
Future alternatives to heparin: Low-molecular-weight heparin and hirudin

The antithrombotic effects of standard heparin were compared with those of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) and hirudin by use of an in vitro perfusion system. Fresh blood collected from human volunteers was treated with varying doses of these three agents and perfused in a recirculating system over everted porcine vein segments. A low shear rate (100/sec) was selected to simulate conditions in large arteries and veins. Platelet and fibrinogen deposition were evaluated with indium 111 and iodine 125 radiolabels, respectively. Anticoagulant activity was assessed by measuring the activated clotting time (ACT). Anti-Xa activity was assayed to determine the degree to which these agents used antithrombin III pathways. Low-molecular-weight heparin was the weakest anticoagulant, requiring 32 micrograms/ml blood to double the ACT. By contrast, the ACT doubled with only 0.75 and 1.10 micrograms/ml blood of heparin and hirudin, respectively. Heparin and hirudin inhibited platelet and fibrin deposition at equivalent doses. Low-molecular-weight heparin was a less potent inhibitor of fibrin than heparin or hirudin. Hirudin, a direct thrombin inhibitor, exhibited minimal anti-Xa activity, contrasted with 0.14 anti-Xa units/micrograms for LMWH and 0.13 anti-Xa units/mg for heparin. These data suggest that heparin and hirudin are more potent anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents than LMWH.
Recurrent infrasellar clival craniopharyngioma

The patient is a 44-year-old man who underwent resection of a posterior nasopharynx tumor 12 years earlier via left lateral rhinotomy approach. The final pathological analysis indicated the tumor was a craniopharyngioma, and the patient subsequently underwent focal radiation. The patient returned to medical attention complaining of dysequilibrium. A neurologic exam was nonfocal. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a clival mass, separate from the sella turcica, with imaging characteristics concerning for chordoma or primary bone tumor (Fig. 1). The lesion was resected via an endoscope-assisted endonasal transsphenoidal approach, with gross total resection achieved. Intraoperatively, the mass was noted to erode through the posterior nasopharynx, without extension superiorly into the sella or posteriorly through the clival dura (i.e., lesion was infrasellar). The final pathological results indicated the tumor was adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma.
Ten Essential Questions Educators Should Ask When Using Video Annotation Tools

The increasing ease and ubiquity of video has resulted in a proliferation of video annotation tools used and designed for improving education. While similar, each tool has its relative strengths and weaknesses. Choosing the “right” tool can have an impact on the experience of teachers and the effectiveness of video as a means for improving teaching and learning. In this article, we present ten guiding questions for making an informed choice about which video annotation tool will best suit each individual situation.
"The Responsibilities of the Critic": F. O. Matthiessen's Homosexual Palimpsest.

F.O. Matthiessen's American Renaissance, a text central to the formation of American Studies as a field, has inspired critical derogation and hagiography based on the extent to which sexuality can be discerned in its pages. largue that these readings do not account for Matthiessen's context of homophobic oppression, thus miss a homosexual double‐consciousness that animates the work. Specifically, a resistive form of “passing” which I label “homosexual palimpsest” manifests itself in Matthiessen's exploration of Herman Melville, surreptitiously inscribing the homosexual into American literary and cultural history. Matthiessen's criticism offers insights into homosexual resistance, the critical/rhetorical tension in interpretation, and the practice of gay historical criticism generally.
Health-related quality of life among adults with serious psychological distress and chronic medical conditions

Determine the prevalence of serious psychological distress (SPD) among adults with and without chronic medical conditions and examine the association between SPD and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Cross-sectional data from the 2005 Los Angeles County Health Survey were used to estimate prevalence of SPD. The association between SPD and HRQOL was evaluated using logistic regression and analysis of covariance, adjusting for sociodemographic variables and number of chronic conditions. SPD was significantly associated with younger age, lower income, being unemployed or disabled, being unmarried, fair or poor health, and having one or more chronic conditions. Adults with three or more chronic conditions were six times as likely to have SPD as those with no conditions. Adults with SPD reported significantly more unhealthy days (mental and physical) and activity limitation days than adults without SPD. The adjusted mean number of unhealthy days was highest among adults with SPD (23.3), followed by adults with depression (14.1), and diabetes (10.6). SPD is associated with decreased HRQOL and presence of chronic medical conditions. Mental health should be routinely assessed when addressing health needs of individuals and communities. Persons with chronic diseases may benefit from targeted mental health screening and programs that employ treatment approaches that jointly manage physical and mental health and provide improved links and access to services.
Psychology and Environmental Sustainability: A Call for Integration.

Environmental scientists warn that the health of the planet is rapidly deteriorating, and the primary cause of the crisis is human behavior. Psychology can contribute greatly to understanding and changing behaviors that negatively impact global ecosystems; however, environmental issues are not generally included in psychology curricula, and psychology is not often represented in environmental curricula. We describe the relevance of psychology to environmental problem solving; suggest how to integrate environmental issues into psychology courses; and urge psychology faculty to collaborate with environmental studies and science faculty to strengthen the training of future policy makers, conservation scientists, and activists. We conclude that psychology has a critical role to play in creating a sustainable society.
An experimental investigation into the ignition of leaking hydrogen

Abstract The intent of this work was to determine how close an ignition source must be to a hydrogen leak to cause ignition of the leak. This distance was then compared to the maximum distance at which 4% hydrogen concentration could be found in the leaking hydrogen plume. This was done by constructing a device to produce a measured 566 l/min (20 SCFM) leak horizontally through the center of an aluminum clad 8 ft by 8 ft wall. The pure hydrogen leak was allowed to continue until it produced a relatively steady-state plume. The concentration of hydrogen was measured at various locations and compared to a computational fluid dynamics model of the plume. Electric arcs, and in some instances open flames, were utilized at various locations to determine those locations that would produce full ignition of the leak. The experimentally determined location, farthest from the wall, at which the leak could be ignited, was then compared to the computational and experimentally determined location of 4% hydrogen–air mixture in the plume. It was found that the maximum horizontal distance, from the horizontal hydrogen leak at Mach = 0.10 , at which the leak could be ignited was 57 in which was significantly closer than the location that contained 4% hydrogen (77 in). The maximum horizontal distance to ignite a Mach = 0.20 leak was 47 in which was significantly closer than the location that contained 4% hydrogen (88 in). Additionally, the ability of a 9.0% hydrogen in air flame to ignite paper was tested. One minute exposure to the flame did not ignite the paper.
Experimental approach to optimize phytate phosphorus utilization by broiler chickens by addition of supplements

Abstract Supplementation of 1α-hydroxycholecal-ciferol (1α-OHD3), phytase, and Ca levels has been shown to influence phytate P utilization. Two experiments were conducted with 1- to 16-d broilers to investigate the interactions between the effects of 1α-OHD3, phytase, and Ca on phytate P utilization. In experiment 1, the birds were randomly allocated to 13 treatments with 6 levels of 1α-OHD3 from 0 to 11μg/kg, with and without 500 U/kg of phytase supplemented to P-deficient diet. A positive control diet, adequate in Ca and P, was included. In experiment 2, a 3-dimensional rotatable design with 5 levels each of 1α-OHD3, phytase, and Ca was implemented. Supplementation of 1α-OHD3 and phytase increased phytate P utilization, as indicated by an increase in bone ash, phytate P disappearance, and BW. In experiment 1, no interaction between the 1α-OHD3 and phytase effects was determined for any criteria, except for the incidence of P rickets. However, the second experiment showed that there were interactions between the 3 factors (1α-OHD3, phytase, and Ca). The probabilities that observed variation in the 3-way interaction for measured criteria that were due to chance are: BW gain = 0.1364, G:F = 0.11, bone ash percentage = 0.0278, milligrams of bone ash/tibia = 0.0909, Ca rickets = 0.9394, P rickets = 0.4892, tibial dyschondroplasia = 0.5927, and phytate P disappearance = 0.1126. The equations obtained from the regression models were used to generate contour-surface plots. The percentage of bone ash data indicated that low Ca, high phytase, and high 1α-OHD3 levels were needed to optimize phytate P utilization. The results of this study show that this experimental design may be utilized to identify the best levels of nutrients to add to a diet where complex 3-way interactions exist affecting several criteria. The equations may be used to optimize performance based on desired levels of performance and the costs of the inputs.
Differences Between Blacks and Whites, Women and Men, in Reasons for Living:

Most research has shown that there are race differences in suicide rates (deCatanzaro, 1981), with Blacks being about half as likely to die by suicide as Whites (4.6 versus 11.3 per 100,000, annually). Among teenagers, a particularly high-risk group, there was a ratio of nearly one non-White suicide to two White suicides in 1981 (National Center for Health Statistics, 1984). There are also gender differences in suicide rates. Depending on age, the suicide rate for women in the United States is one-eighth to one-third that of men (McGinnis, 1987). The ratio of suicides by 20 to 24 year old men and women was nearly 5:1 in 1980 (Mercy, Tolsma, Smith, & Conn, 1984). The majority of research in the field of suicide has been directed at identifying maladaptive characteristics of suicidal persons. Adaptive, life-maintaining characteristics may be just as importantthey prevent suicide -but have received little research attention. There are also theoretical and clinical reasons for focusing on adaptive characteristics. From a theoretical perspective, Des Pres (1976) and Frankl (1959) independently proposed a model to investigate adaptive, life-maintaining characteristics in their studies of the survivors of the Nazi concentration camps. From a clinical perspective, for every person who commits suicide when faced with realistically difficult problems, there are many others who find
A relationship between the recursive least squares update and homotopy continuation methods

The authors present an alternative derivation of the general recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm using homotopy approaches. Homotopy continuation methods are briefly described, and a simple iterative update for path following is derived. A homotopy function is then constructed using the RLS filtering criteria. The equivalence between the iterative update for following the path defined by this homotopy function and the general RLS update is derived. Finally, an intuitive explanation of this result is presented. >
When online meets offline: A field investigation of modality switching

In order to explore the differing theoretical predictions of the cues-filtered-out perspective, SIDE model, and hyperpersonal model for online-to-offline relationships outside of the laboratory, a longitudinal survey study was conducted. Participants from a large online message board community who met up with an online acquaintance face-to-face completed surveys regarding their relationship with that individual before and after meeting their acquaintance face to face. Results indicated that the amount of communication with the online acquaintance was related to greater relation development whereas connection to the group was only related to greater individual closeness not satisfaction or predicted outcome value. In general the face-to-face meeting resulted in improved closeness, satisfaction, and predicted outcome value. An exploration for curvilinear effects as predicted by the hyperpersonal model revealed that predicted outcome value at time 1 had a curvilinear effect on closeness at time 2.
Exposure to Environmental Complexity Promotes Recovery of Cognitive Function after Traumatic Brain Injury

This study was designed to determine whether exposure to a complex environment after traumatic brain injury (TBI) would promote the recovery of cognitive function. Rats were injured at a moderate level of fluid percussion injury (2.1 atm) or were prepared for injury but were not injured (sham injury). Immediately after the injury or sham injury, the injured/complex (n = 8) and the sham/complex (n = 7) groups were placed into a complex environment. The complex environment was a 89 x 89-cm enclosure with different types of bedding and objects that provided motor, olfactory, tactile, and visual stimulation. The injured/standard (n = 8) and the sham/standard (n = 8) groups were returned to the animal vivarium where they were housed individually in standard wire mesh cages (24 x 20 x 18 cm). On days 11-15 (postinjury), performance in the Morris water maze was assessed. Analysis of the latency to reach the goal platform indicated that injured animals recuperating in the complex environment performed significantly better than injured animals recovering in the standard environment (p < 0.01). In fact, injured animals in the complex environment performed as well as both sham-injured groups. The improved performance of injured rats recovering in the enriched environment occurred in the absence of environmentally induced alterations in brain weight. These results indicate that exposure to environmental complexity enhances recovery of cognitive function after TBI.
Need or availability? Modeling aftercare decisions for psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents

Abstract Discharge planning and linkage to appropriate aftercare services are crucial to successful outcomes following inpatient psychiatric care. Yet little is known about how aftercare decisions are made and what factors clinicians consider most important when making decisions about level of aftercare. Using comprehensive medical record data for 508 adolescents enrolled in Medicaid and admitted to three inpatient hospitals, this study examines the influence of both clinical and non-clinical factors on level of aftercare decisions. Results from the multinomial logistic regression analyses indicate that decisions about level of aftercare are largely driven by clinical need factors—illness severity and prior service history. However, non-clinical factors such as race/ethnicity, custody status, availability of services, and hospital provider also strongly influenced aftercare decisions, even after controlling for level of need. Study findings highlight the need for evidence-based decision-making guidelines to improve quality of care and ensure that youths are being referred to clinically effective and appropriate services. Further research is needed to understand how non-clinical factors affect clinical decision-making and the delivery of mental health care.
Prevalence of infant stunting in an urban Kenyan population: Comparison to the 1998 Kenyan Health and Demographic Survey and the 2000 CDC growth grids

Abstract In 1998, the Kenyan Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS) estimated that 33% of Kenyan children were stunted, one-third of which were severely stunted. During a one-month study period, in the summer of 2000, 161 children age twenty-three months and younger were seen at clinics in the Mathare Valley, Nairobi, Kenya. Height and weight were measured on all children; z-scores were calculated from the anthropometrical measurements. A z-test was used to compare the height-for-age of children twenty-three months of age and younger living in the Mathare Valley to the 1998 KDHS statistics. The results demonstrate that there was a significant increase (p
Risk factors for four-year incident visual impairment and blindness: the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study

Purpose To identify independent risk factors for incident visual impairment (VI) and monocular blindness. Design Population-based prospective cohort study. Participants A total of 4658 Latinos aged 40 years in the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study (LALES). Methods A detailed history and comprehensive ophthalmologic examination was performed at baseline and at the 4-year follow-up on 4658 Latinos aged ≥40 years from Los Angeles, California. Incident VI was defined as best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 20/200 in the better-seeing eye at the 4-year follow-up examination in persons who had a BCVA of ≥20/40 in the better-seeing eye at baseline. Incident monocular blindness was defined as BCVA of ≤20/200 in 1 eye at follow-up in persons who had a BCVA >20/200 in both eyes at baseline. Sociodemographic and clinical risk factors identified at the baseline interview and examination and associated with incident VI and loss of vision were determined using multivariable regression. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for those variables that were independently associated with VI and monocular blindness. Main Outcome Measures Odds ratios for various risk factors for incident VI and monocular blindness. Results Independent risk factors for incident VI were older age (70–79 years, OR 4.8; ≥80 years OR 17.9), unemployment (OR 3.5), and diabetes mellitus (OR 2.2). Independent risk factors for monocular blindness were being retired (OR 3.4) or widowed (OR 3.7) and having diabetes mellitus (OR 2.1) or any ocular disease (OR 5.6) at baseline. Persons with self-reported excellent/good vision were less likely to develop VI or monocular blindness (OR 0.4–0.5). Conclusions Our data highlight that older Latinos and Latinos with diabetes mellitus or self-reported eye diseases are at high risk of developing vision loss. Furthermore, being unemployed, widowed, or retired confers an independent risk of monocular blindness. Interventions that prevent, treat, and focus on the modifiable factors may reduce the burden of vision loss in this fastest growing segment of the US population. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Development and utilization of incentive systems for mental health operations: successful and unsuccessful knowledge utilization in California and Los Angeles.

Based on the effort to develop a comprehensive and effective management system for mental health services in Los Angeles, an incentives model is proposed as a general managerial approach for any mental health organization. The successes and failures of strategies to improve a large state (California) and county (Los Angeles) mental health delivery system are reviewed and evaluated. During a six-year period ending in 1984, using an incentives approach, Los Angeles County services to the seriously mentally ill increased, staff morale improved, hospital utilization decreased, residential treatment facilities increased by six times, and high costs per unit of service fell to competitive levels. Care shifted from the hospital to the community, and regional resources were partially redistributed to become more in line with patient needs. However, severe budget cuts consumed operational economies and political resistance hampered efforts to redistribute regional resources. A radical state-level reorgenization is proposed to focus responsibility and to avoid county governance.
Maladaptive Defense Style and Traumatic Stress Reactions in a Specialized Unit of the South African Police Service

ABSTRACT Police work has been recognized as high risk for exposure to traumatic events and the ensuing potential to develop posttraumatic stress disorder. However, not all officers exposed to traumatic events develop symptoms of traumatic stress, though they may continue to express subjective stress. Ego defense styles and the dispositional construct of sense of coherence (SOC) were identified as variables that impact on officers' stress responses. Fifty-one officers from a specialized unit with the South African Police Service completed several standardized self-report measures. Overall scores for subjective stress in the sample were elevated. The correlation analyses showed a stronger association of levels of traumatic stress with maladaptive defenses rather than with mature defenses. Similarly, hierarchical multiple regression indicated a stronger association for maladaptive defenses with traumatic stress rather than subjective stress. Overall results suggest that a model that includes maladaptive defe...
Urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator Stimulates the Ras/Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase (ERK) Signaling Pathway and MCF-7 Cell Migration by a Mechanism That Requires Focal Adhesion Kinase, Src, and Shc RAPID DISSOCIATION OF GRB2/SOS-SHC COMPLEX IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE TRANSIENT PHOSPHORYLATION OF ERK IN UROKINASE-TREATED CELLS

Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) stimulates MCF-7 cell migration by binding to the UPA receptor and activating the Ras-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Ras-ERK) signaling pathway. Studies presented here show that soluble uPA receptor and a peptide derived from the linker region between domains 1 and 2 of the uPA receptor also stimulate cellular migration via a mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase (MEK)-dependent pathway. Signaling proteins that function upstream of Ras in uPA- stimulated cells remain undefined. To address this problem, we transfected MCF-7 cells to express the noncatalytic carboxylterminal domain of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), FAK(Y397F), kinase-defective c-Src, or Shc FFF, all of which express dominant-negative activity. In each case, ERK phosphorylation and cellular migration in response to uPA were blocked. Both activities were rescued by co-transfecting the cells to express constitutively active MEK1, indicating that FAK, c-Src, and Shc are upstream of MEK. Shc was tyrosine-phosphorylated in uPA-treated cells. The level of phosphorylated Shc was increased within 1 min and remained increased for at least 30 min. Sos co-immunoprecipitated with Shc in cells that were treated with uPA for 1-2.5 min, probably reflecting the formation of Shc-Grb2/Sos complex; however, by 10 min, co-immunoprecipitation of Sos with Shc was no longer observed. Rapid dissociation of Sos from Shc represents a possible mechanism for the transient phosphorylation of ERK in uPA-treated MCF-7 cells.
Setting of Estuarine Invertebrates in Delaware Bay, New Jersey, Related to Intertidal‐Subtidal Gradients

Attachment of eight groups of estuarine benthic species was recorded on a 4000 ft. intertidal-subtidal transect on Delaware Bay, Cape May, New Jersey. Asbestos-board panels were spaced at 3-foot vertical intervals and harvested at weekly intervals for two seasons. Intraspecies attachment patterns were very regular both spatially, and temporally indicating specific setting behavior interacting with a relatively stable environmental influence. Intertidal, on-bottom patterns were associated with Crepidula sp. and Balanus sp. whereas Sabellaria vulgaris preferred subtidal, on-bottom panels. Subtidal, off-bottom panels were colonized by Tubularia crocea, Conopeum tenuissimum, Caprellidae and Gammaridae. Crassostrea virginica showed a variable pattern, predominantly on-bottom and subtidal, but occasionally on-bottom intertidal, inshore. Factors producing concentration of larvae and release of the setting response are important in the inshore recruitment of oysters. All information indicates that the mechanism of selective settlement is a dominant factor in producing benthic assemblages.
An evaluation of resident training in the outpatient department

Summary A questionnaire was sent to 25 pediatric training centers. Adequate replies were received from 18. This report deals with the following items: 1. The percentage of the residents' time spent in the outpatient department. 2. The work load in the clinic. 3. The supervision in the clinic. 4. The opportunity for residents to seewell babies and follow their own patients. 5. The use of outpatient department conferences. 6. Evaluation of the training program by former residents. The need for a thorough re-evaluation of the resident training program is emphasized.
Coupled Modes of the Warm Pool Climate System. Part I: The Role of Air–Sea Interaction in Maintaining Madden–Julian Oscillation

Over the warm pool of the equatorial Indian and western Pacific Oceans, both the climatological mean state and the processes of atmosphere‐ocean interaction differ fundamentally from their counterparts over the cold tongue of the equatorial eastern Pacific. A model suitable for studying the coupled instability in both the warm pool and cold tongue regimes is advanced. The model emphasizes ocean mixed layer physics and thermodynamical coupling that are essential for the warm pool regime. Different coupled unstable modes are found under each regime. In contrast to the cold tongue basic state, which favors coupled unstable low-frequency SST mode, the warm pool regime (moderate mean surface westerlies and deep thermocline) is conducive for high-frequency (intraseasonal timescale) coupled unstable modes. The wind‐mixed layer interaction through entrainment/evaporation plays a central role in the warm pool instability. The cloud-radiation feedback enhances the instability, whereas the ocean wave dynamics have little impact. The thermodynamic coupling between the atmosphere and ocean mixed layer results in a positive SST anomaly leading convection, which provides eddy available potential energy for growing coupled mode. The relatively slow mixed layer response to atmospheric forcing favors the growth of planetary-scale coupled modes. The presence of mean westerlies suppresses the low-frequency SST mode. The characteristics of the eastward-propagating coupled mode of the warm pool system compares favorably with the large-scale features of the observed Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO). This suggests that, in addition to atmospheric internal dynamic instability, the ocean mixed layer thermodynamic processes interacting with the atmosphere may play an active part in sustaining the MJO by (a) destabilizing atmospheric moist Kelvin waves, (b) providing a longwave selection mechanism, and (c) slowing down phase propagation and setting up the 40‐50-day timescale.
The Influence of Professional Identity and the Private Practice Environment: Attitudes of Clinical Social Workers Toward Addressing the Social Support Needs of Clients

This study uses focus groups and follow-up interviews to explore how clinical social workers in private practice settings address the social support needs of their clients. Findings indicate that the social workers understand the importance of addressing these needs; however, because of concerns about status, identity and reimbursement, they tend to avoid case-management-like tasks despite their intrinsic understanding of the social support value of these services. Recommendations for practice follow the discussion of these findings.
Effects of Aircraft Noise on Reading Ability of School–Age Children

The percent of students reading below grade level from 1972 to 1976 was regressed on racial, socioeconomic, educational, and noise level variables for all elementary schools in Brooklyn and Queens, New York. Schools were assigned noise exposure scores based on Noise Exposure Forecast contours for New York City airports. The correlations between these noise scores and a variety of noise level metrics ranged from 0.74 to 0.97. The regression coefficients adjusted for confounding factors, indicated that an additional 3.6% of the students in the noisiest schools read at least 1 yr below grade level with 95% confidence limits from 1.5 to 5.8%. The dose-response relationship indicated that the percent reading below grade level increased as noise level increased.
Common polymorphisms in TP53 and MDM2 and the relationship to TP53 mutations and clinical outcomes in women with ovarian and peritoneal carcinomas.

The importance of somatic TP53 mutations and germline TP53 codon 72 genotype in the survival of women with epithelial ovarian cancer is controversial. Recent data suggest that a promoter polymorphism in the MDM2 gene may influence age of cancer onset in a gender-specific fashion. We sought to determine the relationship between somatic TP53 mutations, germline genotypes at TP53 codon 72 and MDM2 SNP309, and overall survival and response to chemotherapy in a large series of patients with ovarian and peritoneal carcinomas. Of the 188 cancers, 103 (54.8%) had a TP53 mutation, of which 71% were missense mutations and 29% were null mutations. TP53 mutation status and mutation type (null vs. missense) did not influence response to therapy or overall survival. Women with the codon 72 Pro/Pro had a decreased overall survival (median, 29 months) compared with women with one or two arginine alleles (median, 49 months; P = 0.04). Somatic mutation or deletion was equally common for either codon 72 allele. Age of diagnosis was not influenced by codon 72 but showed a trend for younger age in women with somatic TP53 mutations and the MDM2 G/G genotype. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Growth estimates for logarithmic derivatives of Blaschke products and of functions in the Nevanlinna class

We prove growth estimates for logarithmic derivatives of functions in the Nevanlinna class. Blaschke products with radially restricted zero sequences will be of particular interest. Our results are sharper in a certain sense than the corresponding estimates in [2] obtained for meromorphic functions in the unit disc.
Who killed Jesse Gelsinger? Ethical issues in human gene therapy

Gene therapy, while promising, is a relatively new field fraught with many benefits but even bigger pitfalls. Last year, Jesse Gelsinger became the first casualty in the race to discover a gene therapy cure. The death of Gelsinger was the result of several factors that came together at an inopportune time. His death highlighted the inadequacies in the regulation of gene therapy and shed light on several questionable decisions made by the doctors overseeing his case. There is no doubt that the Gelsinger case will affect how we pursue genetic therapy but the question is how?
Integration of a product stewardship program: a case study

Seagate Technology is a $7 billion/year, highly-integrated and market-leading manufacturer of hard disc drives. In 1998, after many years of responding to customer inquiries regarding the environmental attributes of its products, the company embarked on the development of a formal corporate product stewardship program, including hiring a full-time professional to manage the program and the implementation of a corporate-wide standard for product design that was to be adopted throughout the product development process. In any industry with relentless cost and time-to-market pressures, the program needed to be integrated into existing product development process-rather than built as a separate task-wherever possible. Support for and active engagement from representatives of the product development community, sales and marketing community, and procurement community with in the company needed to be obtained This case study presents the approach undertaken by Seagate to achieve these business and environmental goals and the lessons learned in the process.
Attitude Change as a Function of Self-Perceived Capacity for Counterattitudinal Advocacy

-The relationship between perceived capacity to elaborate a counterattitudinal position and change in attitude resulting from counterattitudinal advocacy was examined in terms of self-attribution of attitude. Female participants (entering college freshmen) individually conveyed positive impressions of a boring task to a female accomplice, in a posrtesr-only control group design. Capacity for counterartitudinal advocacy was manipulated by the apparent duration ( 6 or 1% min.) of the 3-min. advocacies. Participants in the 6-min. condition (high capacity) evidenced significantly more positive attitudes on posttest than did those in the 1%-min. condition (low capacity) (Fl,,= 7.83, p < .01) . Both experimental condirions yielded more change in attitude than the no-advocacy control group. These results are interpreted as supporting an "ability route" to self-attribution of attitude.
The anthocyanin metabolites gallic acid, 3-O-methylgallic acid, and 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzaldehyde decrease human colon cancer cell viability by regulating pro-oncogenic signals.

Anthocyanins are a class of polyphenols abundant in the skins of red grapes, and have been shown to have anti-cancer effects in models of colon cancer [Cooke et al. Int J Cancer 2006;119:2213–2220; Jing et al. J Agric Food Chem 2008;56:9391–9398]. Gut microflora metabolize anthocyanins to phenolic acids and aldehydes. These metabolites may explain the relationship between anthocyanin consumption and reduced incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC). Previously, gallic acid (Gal), 3-O-methylgallic acid (Megal), and 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzaldehyde (THBA) were found to decrease Caco-2 cell viability to a larger extent than other anthocyanin metabolites. To better understand the potential anti-CRC action of these compounds, this paper investigated their capacity to modulate the cell cycle, and induce apoptotic cell death. Dividing Caco-2 cells were incubated for 24–72 h in the presence of 10–100 µM Gal, Megal, THBA, and malvidin-3-glucoside (M3g). THBA reduced cell viability only at 100 µM, while Gal and Megal (10–100 µM) caused a time- and dose-dependent decrease in cell viability. After 72 h incubation, the metabolites caused cell cycle arrest at G0/G1. The activation of the apoptotic pathway by Megal, Gal, and THBA was evidenced by the activation of caspase-3. However, only Megal and Gal caused DNA fragmentation and nuclear condensation. Megal, Gal, and THBA inhibited transcription factors NF-κB, AP-1, STAT-1, and OCT-1 which are known to be activated in CRC. In conclusion, the anti-cancer effects of Megal and Gal occurs as a consequence of both the inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis. The inhibition of transcription factors that promote cell proliferation and survival can in part underlie the observed effects. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transmission of Alternaria brassicicola to cabbage by flea beetles (Phyllotreta cruciferae)

In 1995 and 1996, flea beetles (Phyllotreta cruciferae) were observed in the field feeding on cabbage plants that were infected with Alternaria brassicicola. Flea beetles were captured in glass vials, etherized, and placed on agar media for isolation of A. brassicicola. In 1995, A. brassicicola was isolated from 13 out of 69 (18.8%) flea beetles in the first test and 38 out of 132 (28.8%) in the second test. In 1996, flea beetles were collected nine times during the growing season, and the isolation frequency increased from 0 to 77% as the crop approached maturity. In another study, flea beetles were collected from a field of A. brassicicola-infected cabbage, enclosed in plastic bags containing potted healthy cabbage plants, and then placed on a shaded greenhouse bench for 6 days. Alternaria leaf spot developed on plants that were infested with the contaminated flea beetles. Feces obtained from flea beetles that fed on cabbage infected with A. brassicicola contained intact and broken conidia of A. brassicicola and undigested pieces of cabbage leaf. The conidia were viable after passing through the flea beetles, as evidenced by their germination on the glass slides used for collecting the feces. Conidia of A. brassicicola were observed by scanning electron microscopy on all parts of flea beetle bodies, including wings, mouthparts, antennae, and legs.
Teachability and behavior of learning disabled children.

Teachers' ratings of teachability and behavior for 38 learning disabled children in Grades 3 to 6 were compared with ratings for 38 nondisabled children. Only two correlations between behavior and ...