cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Harrod’s Deliberate Misrepresentation of Keynes’s Liquidity Preference Theory of the Rate of Interest After August 30th, 1935: Lying to Ralph Hawtrey in June, 1951 and in His Biography of Keynes in 1951

In his August 30th, 1935 letter to Keynes, Harrod not once, but twice, conceded that Keynes had radically reconstituted the classical and neoclassical theory of the rate of interest by pointing out that the standard theory was one equation short. However, by adding the missing Liquidity Preference equation, Keynes had shown how a quantitatively, determinate equilibrium position could be specified in Aggregate Income (Effective Demand)-interest rate space. However, from this date on, Harrod backtracked and worked feverously to undermine this admission on his part to Keynes, due to his own extreme petty and trite jealousy and envy of Keynes’s world renown recognition as the world’s greatest living economist. Harrod successfully carried out his subterfuge and sabotage in (a) his 1937 Econometrica paper, (b) his correspondence with Hawtrey in 1951, and (c) in his 1951 biography of Keynes. Harrod allied himself with the Pseudo Keynesians (Joan Robinson, Richard Kahn, Austin Robinson) on the issue of what determines the rate of interest by supporting the Joan Robinson claim that the rate of interest in Keynes’s theory was determined solely by the demand and supply of money. Hutchison had pointed this out in 1977 but was unaware of how closely Harrod was involved with the Pseudo Keynesians.
Noise Source Localization and Optimization of Phased Array Results (LORE)

A new approach to the deconvolution of acoustic sources has been developed and is presented in this work. The goal of this postprocessing is to simplify the beamforming output by suppressing the side lobes and reducing the sources' main lobes to single (or a small number of) points that accurately identify the noise sources' positions and their actual levels. In this work, a new modeling technique for the beamforming output is proposed. The idea is to use an image-processing-like approach to identify the noise sources from the beamforming maps: that is, recognizing lobe patterns in the beamformed output and relating them to the noise sources that would produce that map. For incoherent sources, the beamforming output is modeled as a superposition of point-spread functions and a linear system is posted. For coherent sources, the beamforming output is modeled as a superposition of complex point-spread functions and a nonlinear system of equations in terms of the sources' amplitudes is posted. As a first approach to solving this difficult problem, the system is solved using a new two-step procedure. In the first step, an approximated linear problem is solved. In the second step, an optimization is performed over the nonzero values obtained in the previous step. The solution to this system of equations renders the sources' positions and amplitudes. In the case of coherent sources, their relative phase can also be recovered. The technique is referred as noise source localization and optimization of phased-array results. A detailed analytical formulation, numerical simulations, and sample experimental results are shown for the proposed postprocessing.
Jury verdicts, outcomes, and tort reform features of malpractice cases involving thoracic outlet syndrome.

Abstract Objective/Background Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is most often referred to vascular surgeons. However, there is a lack of understanding of the malpractice cases involving TOS. The goal of this study is to better understand the medicolegal landscape related to the care of TOS. Methods The Westlaw Edge AI-powered proprietary system was retrospectively reviewed for malpractice cases involving TOS. A Boolean search strategy was used to identify target cases under the case category of “Jury Verdicts & Settlements” for all state and federal jurisdictions from 1970 to September 2020. The settled case was described but not included in the statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to report our findings, and when appropriate. The P ≤ .05 decision rule was established a priori as the null hypothesis rejection criterion to determine associations between jury verdicts outcomes and state's tort reform status. Results In this study, 39 cases were identified and met the study's inclusion criteria from the entire Westlaw Edge database. Among plaintiffs who disclosed age and/or gender, median age was 35.0 years with a female majority (67.6%). Cases involving TOS were noted to be steadily decreasing since the mid-1990s. The cases were unevenly spread across 18 states, with the highest number of cases (14, 35.9%) from California and the second highest (4, 10.3%) from Pennsylvania. A similar uneven distribution was seen among U.S. census regions, in which the West had the highest cases (39.5%). The study revealed that more cases were brought to trials in tort reform states (26, 68.4%) than in non-tort reform states (12, 31.6%). A total of 24 of 39 (61.5%) plaintiffs had one specific claim, which resulted in their economic and noneconomic damages. Negligent operation and treatment complication represented an overwhelming majority of claims brought by 38 of 39 plaintiffs (97.4%). Misdiagnosis and lack of informed consent were both brought nine times (23.1%) by the group. Intraoperative nerve injury (20 patients, 51.3%) was the most commonly reported complication. Excluding one case with a settlement of $965,000, 30 of 38 (78.9%) cases went to trials and received defense verdicts. Eight cases (20.5%) were found in favor of plaintiffs with a median payout of $725,581. Conclusions This study highlighted higher than average payouts to plaintiffs and risk factors that may result in malpractice lawsuits for surgeons undertaking TOS treatment. Future studies are needed to further clarify the relationships between tort reform and outcomes of malpractice cases involving TOS.
Control of a Titania Aerosol Reactor

Titania powder finds a major use as a white pigment in paints and in absorbents, and is commercially produced by two main processes: the gas phase oxidation of titanium tetrachloride, resulting in micron sized particles which are used as white pigments, and the gas phase hydrolysis of titanium tetrachloride, resulting in nanometer sized particles, which are used as UV absorbants. The pigmentary properties of titania, such as the opacity and gloss, depend heavily on the particle size. This fact suggests the design and implementation of advanced model-based feedback control schemes on titania aerosol reactors to produce powders with desired size distributions. The development of mathematical models for aerosol reactors that accurately describe the evolution of key variables that characterize the form of the size distribution is usually addressed through application of population balances to the particulate phase (see Akhtar et al., 1991; Kobata et al., 1991 for modeling of titania aerosol reactors). However, the high complexity of the population balances (systems of nonlinear partial integro-differential equations) renders them inappropriate for process simulation and controller design. Fortunately, the fact that most aerosol size distributions can be adequately described by lognormal functions (William and Loyalka, 1991) allows utilizing the method of moments to derive approximations of the population balances that accurately describe the key properties of the aerosol size distribution; such approximate models are suitable for process simulation and controller design.
Latent Characteristics of Selected Herpesviruses

Publisher Summary The Herpesvirus group essentially consists of many agents, individuals of which infect most of the members of the animal kingdom. The classification of an agent as a herpesvirus is based entirely upon the distinctive morphology of the virion and certain other additional properties shared by most members of this group. Many herpesviruses establish a unique relationship with their host in which initial infection is followed by the persistence of the agent, commonly for the life of host. This phenomenon is commonly called “latency.” In context to tissues harboring latent viruses, the herpesviruses can be further divided into three subgroups—namely, those associated exclusively with either nervous tissues, lymphoid tissues, or epithelial tissues. This chapter focuses on Herpes simplex virus (HSV), Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), and the Lucke agent, which are well-studied representatives from each subgroup. It discusses the basic aspects of the latent state, particularly as they exist in the intact host. Essentially, herpesviruses establish latent infections from which they can be subsequently reactivated.
Metabolic Regulation in Fungi

Abstract Metabolic Pathways in the fungi are subject to a high degree of regulation which frequently occurs at the level of transcription. Expression of structural genes within a control circuit is achieved by a network of interactions between metabolic repressors and inducers with both global-acting regulatory factors and pathway-specific factors. These sophisticated regulatory circuits operate in such a way to allow preferential use of certain compounds to supply a particular metabolite but also enable the cells to efficiently utilize alternative sources when necessary. Positive-acting regulatory proteins as well as negative-acting repressor proteins display sequence-specific DNA binding to elements within promoters. These control elements are arranged in organized arrays to allow multiple controlled responses from a single structural gene. Protein-protein interactions as well as the dynamic turnover of mRNAs and proteins also play a significant role in controlling metabolic pathways.
Tableaux for Functional Dependencies and Independencies

In this paper we show the application of prefixed-signed tableaux to functional dependencies and independencies. Although functional dependencies and independencies are first-order formulae, a custommade tableau proof procedure is more efficient than a general purpose tableau for first-order logic.
Atypical Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors that Provide Clues About Cocaine's Mechanism at the Dopamine Transporter

The dopamine transporter (DAT) has been a primary target for cocaine abuse/addiction medicationdiscovery. However predicted addiction liability and limited clinical evaluation has provided a formidablechallenge for development of these agents for human use. The unique and atypical pharmacological profileof the benztropine (BZT) class of dopamine uptake inhibitors, in preclinical models of cocaine effects andabuse, has encouraged further development of these agents. Moreover, in vivo studies have challenged theoriginal DAT hypothesis and demonstrated that DAT occupancy and subsequent increases in dopamine producedby BZT analogues are significantly delayed and long lasting, as compared to cocaine. These important anddistinctive elements are critical to the lack of abuse liability among BZT analogues, and improve theirpotential for development as treatments for cocaine abuse and possibly other neuropsychiatric disorders.
Power-efficient embedded processing with resilience and real-time constraints

Low-power embedded processing typically relies on dynamic voltage-frequency scaling (DVFS) in order to optimize energy usage (and therefore, battery life). However, low voltage operation exacerbates the incidence of soft errors. Similarly, higher voltage operation (to meet real-time deadlines) is constrained by hard-failure rate limits. In this paper, we examine a class of embedded system applications relevant to mobile vehicles. We investigate the problem of assigning optimal voltage-frequency settings to individual segments within target workflows. The goal of this study is to understand the limits of achievable energy efficiency (performance per watt) under varying levels of system resilience constraints. To optimize for energy efficiency, we consider static optimization of voltage-frequency settings on a per-application-segment basis. We consider both linear and graph-structured workflows. In order to understand the loss in energy efficiency in the face of environmental uncertainties encountered by the mobile vehicle, we also study the effect of injecting random variations in the actual runtime of individual application segments. A dynamic re-optimization of the voltage-frequency settings is required to cope with such in-field uncertainties.
Neutron Capture and the Production of 60-Fe in Stellar Environments

The observation of gamma rays associated with the decay of {sup 26}Al and {sup 60}Fe can provide important information regarding ongoing nucleosynthesis in our galaxy. The half-lives of these radioisotopes (7.2 x 10{sup 5} y and 1.5 x 10{sup 6} y, respectively) are long compared to the interval between synthesis events such as supernovae, so they build up in a steady state in the interstellar medium (centered on the galactic plane, where massive stars reside), yet short enough that gamma radiation from their decay may be detected. Additionally, these half-lifes are short compared to the period of galactic revolution, so that observable abundances remain in the proximity of their production sites. Predicted abundances of {sup 26}Al and {sup 60}Fe vary widely between several calculations in the last decade. In 2004, the first observation of the gamma ray flux from {sup 60}Fe decay was reported, with a {sup 60}Fe/{sup 26}Al flux ratio in good agreement with nucleosynthesis modeling from 1995. However, recent calculations that include well motivated updates to the stellar and nuclear physics, predict a flux ratio as much as six times higher than the observed value. It is desirable to understand the discrepancy between the latest calculation, which inmore » principle should have been more accurate, and the observation. In the present study, the uncertainties related to two key nuclear aspects of this problem, namely the neutron capture reaction rates for {sup 59,60}Fe, are investigated. New reaction rates are modeled using local systematics as opposed to the global systematics used in previous studies. Comparisons to experimental data are made whenever possible. The sensitivity of the reaction rates to various input quantities is gauged, and estimates regarding the total uncertainty in the reaction rates are made. The resulting rates and uncertainties are used in parameterized single-zone nucleosynthesis calculations using hydrodynamic conditions typical of those found in more complex stellar models. Finally, the sensitivity of the abundance of {sup 60}Fe to the reaction rates is discussed.« less
Managing various levels of a large software system

The orderly management of releasing, maintaining, and enhancing a large software system is described. The software system is used at various locations. A large software system is defined as more than a million lines of high-level code with associated softcopy documentation. The author only discusses the management of the various levels (versions) of the code within the software system. It is assumed that the requirements and functional specifications have been defined and the appropriate administrative actions have occurred. Specifics of the process are given, such as code library levels for software and softcopy documentation from development through testing and release to production. The process handles multiple levels and types of code and documentation from various groups (departments). A single system is used for tracking and releasing code with minimal personnel resource required. The appropriate level of security control is provided. The tracking and pertinent data are stored in one direct-access database. It is concluded that the data integrity provided by this system makes the developer's job easier. The tracking system keeps management informed of the status of system integration and problems as they develop. The total system ensures the orderly release and maintenance of code with minimal risk of contaminated production code. >
Efficacy of a Bio-Absorbable Antibacterial Envelope to Prevent Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Infections in High-Risk Subjects.

Efficacy of Bio-Absorbable Antibacterial Envelope Introduction Cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infections are potentially preventable complications associated with high morbidity, mortality, and cost. A recently developed bio-absorbable antibacterial envelope (TYRX™-A) might prevent CIED infections in high-risk subjects. However, data regarding safety and efficacy have not been published. Methods and Results In a single-center retrospective cohort study, we compared the prevalence of CIED infections among subjects with ≥2 risk factors treated with the TYRX™-A envelope (N = 135), the nonabsorbable TYRX™ envelope (N = 353), and controls who did not receive an envelope (N = 636). Infection was ascertained by individual chart review. The mean (95% confidence interval) number of risk factors was 3.08 (2.84–3.32) for TYRX™-A, 3.20 (3.07–3.34) for TYRX™, and 3.09 (2.99–3.20) for controls, P = 0.3. After a minimum 300 days follow-up, the prevalence of CIED infection was 0 (0%) for TYRX™-A, 1 (0.3%) for TYRX™, and 20 (3.1%) for controls (P = 1 for TYRX™-A vs. TYRX™, P = 0.03 for TYRX™-A vs. controls, and P = 0.002 for TYRX™ vs. controls). In a propensity score-matched cohort of 316 recipients of either envelope and 316 controls, the prevalence of infection was 0 (0%) and 9 (2.8%), respectively, P = 0.004. When limited to 122 TYRX™-A recipients and 122 propensity-matched controls, the prevalence of CIED infections was 0 (0%) and 5 (4.1%), respectively, P = 0.024. Conclusions Among high-risk subjects, the TYRX™-A bio-absorbable envelope was associated with a very low prevalence of CIED related infections that was comparable to that seen with the nonabsorbable envelope.
Interface corner stress states: plasticity effects

When a butt joint fails, failure often initiates in the region where the interface intersects the stress-free edge. Asymptotic solutions for the stress field found at this type of interface corner are presented for an idealized butt joint with rigid adherends and a thin, essentially semi-infinite, adhesive bond. Linear elastic, power law hardening, and perfectly plastic adhesive models are considered. A stress singularity of type σ∼Krδ(δ<0) exists when the adhesive is either linear elastic or power law hardening. The impact of material properties on the order of the stress singularity δ and the effect of load level and bond thickness on the value of the interface corner stress intensity factor K are detailed. Slip theory is used to determined the asymptotic, interface corner stress field for a perfectly plastic adhesive. This solution indicates that there is a high level of hydrostatic tension, equal to 1.5 δy, in the yielded material along the interface. The three asymptotic solutions are used to construct interface normal stress distributions that closely approximate full, finite element results for an idealization butt joint when small scale yielding conditions apply.
The versatile roles of antibodies in Borrelia infections

Antibodies are the primary weapons of the mammalian immune system that are used against the tick-borne borreliae, the causative agents of relapsing fever and Lyme disease worldwide. Some antibody responses have 'traditional' functions, whereas others are more versatile and have novel functions and modes of action. At a time when the multiple functions of antibodies are being increasingly recognized and passive immunization is being revived as therapy for infectious and other diseases, the versatile nature of the antibody response to the borreliae fits well with this antibody renaissance.
Rings with finitely generated injective (quasi-injective) hulls of cyclic modules

(1987). Rings with finitely generated injective (quasi-injective) hulls of cyclic modules. Communications in Algebra: Vol. 15, No. 8, pp. 1679-1687.
Transient deposition of colloidal particles in heterogeneous porous media

Abstract A general theoretical model for particle deposition and transport in heterogeneous porous media is developed. The model can describe the transient particle deposition and the nonuniform particle coverage of porous media surfaces, resulting from surface charge heterogeneity, surface roughness, or other unevenly distributed surface properties. The model is applied to a packed-bed column with spherical collectors whose surfaces are hetero geneously charged. Results indicate that, under unfavorable chemical conditions, it is the degree of surface charge heterogeneity that mainly determines the transient (dynamic) deposition behavior. This transient behavior can be predicted by the flux-correcting function, a function strongly dependent on the charge heterogeneity of solid surfaces. It is further shown that the effect of surface charge heterogeneity on particle deposition dynamics can be quantitatively represented by a few parameters. These parameters are λ, the fraction of favorable surface sites, and α, the collision efficiency of colloidal particles with the unfavorable surface in the patchwise charge distribution model; and ψ0, the average surface potential, and σ, the standard deviation of surface potential in the normal charge distribution model.
Plague as HIV vaccine adjuvant

Individuals homozygous for a 32-basepair deletion mutation (null mutation) in CCR5, a chemokine receptor, are nearly immune to developing HIV infection. Recently based on molecular dating evidence it has been proposed that the bacterium Yersinia pestis, cause of plague, may have been the selective pressure which selected for a high prevalence of the 32-basepair null mutation. An association of a robust chemokine response with HIV vaccine efficacy has recently been shown. I suggest that Y. pestis may be a useful adjuvant in an HIV vaccine protocol by stimulating a vigorous chemokine response.
Comparative water balance in two species of Liomys (Rodentia: Heteromyidae)

Abstract 1. 1. Water metabolism in Liomys irroratus and L. pictus was studied by measuring water loss and gain by several routes. 2. 2. Urine concentrations and fecal water contents were similar in the two species; L. pictus experiences significantly higher evaporative water loss than does L. irroratus . 3. 3. Observed differences in water loss between the two species are largely a function of parameters related to weight-specific metabolic rate; the differential water losses are offset by differences in metabolic water production and ease of obtaining free water, so that the two species appear equally capable of attaining water balance. 4. 4. The physiological characteristics of these two species are discussed relative to their respective ecological distributions and to a current hypothesis about the evolution of Liomys .
Higher probability of detection of subsurface land mines with a single sensor using multiple polarized and unpolarized image fusion

Detection and clearance of subsurface land mines has been one of the challenging humanitarian and military tasks. Among the several surface land mines detection techniques available, passive polarimetric in the visible range holds a high promise to lead a high probability of detection. In this paper we show how a single sensor producing multiple polarized and unpolarized imagery can be used to improve the probability of detection of subsurface land mines. This improvement is shown using the Receiver Operation Characteristic (ROC) curve approach.
Redistributing Campaign Funds by U.S. House Members: The Spiraling Costs of the Permanent Campaign

In this article, we document and analyze the increase in the redistribution of campaign funds by U.S. House members during the 1990 through 2000 election cycles. By examining the contribution activity of members' leadership PACs and principal campaign committees, we show that House incumbents substantially increased their contributions to other House candidates and to the congressional campaign committees. The amount of money a member redistributes is a function of that member's institutional position: the greater the position's level of responsibility to the party caucus, the more campaign money the member redistributes, particularly as competition for majority control increases. Also, a member's capacity to raise surplus campaign funds, his or her support for the party's policy positions, and the level of competition for partisan control of the institution all affect the amount the member redistributes.
The Resistance of the Closed Mind to a Novel and Complex Audio-Visual Experience

(1966). The Resistance of the Closed Mind to a Novel and Complex Audio-Visual Experience. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 70, No. 1, pp. 123-131.
Use of orthogonal arrays in mechanism synthesis

Abstract No single optimization method exists that is best suited to solve all path generation problems effectively [Erdman 1991]. Graphical illustrations of the mechanism design space, given in this paper, attest to the difficulties encountered in the optimization of path generation tasks. An example has also been provided to illustrate the importance of a good initial guess in achieving proper convergence. Use of experimental design techniques that are based on statistically designed orthogonal arrays is suggested in this paper, as an alternate method to solve mechanism design tasks. It will also be benificial to use this method to obtain a good starting point for the traditional optimal synthesis procedures. Also, when a theoretical solution is translated into physical reality, manufacturing tolerances, joint clearances, and elasticity in link members cause variations in mechanism performance. Orthogonal arrays and the related robust design procedures, suggested here, account for such variations as well. Design examples are given to illustrate the use of orthogonal arrays.
A Mutation Affecting Signal Peptidase Inhibits Degradation of an Abnormal Membrane Protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Signal peptidase removes amino-terminal signal peptides from precursor proteins during or immediately following their translocation to the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and may participate in ER degradation, a poorly defined process whereby abnormal proteins are rapidly degraded early in the secretory pathway. Here, the involvement of signal peptidase in ER degradation is examined through the use of two chimeric membrane proteins that lack amino-terminal signal peptides: A189invHD, which contains sequences derived from arginine permease and histidinol dehydrogenase, and AHDK2, containing the ER-resident protein Kar2p fused to the carboxyl terminus of A189invHD. Degradation of approximately 95% of A189invHD is observed in yeast cells expressing enzymatically active signal peptidase, whereas only 60% undergoes rapid degradation in a sec11 mutant bearing a temperature-sensitive mutation in the gene encoding the 18-kDa subunit (Sec11p) of the signal peptidase complex. AHDK2 is proteolyzed in a reaction yielding at least two fragments in wild-type cells and in the sec11 mutant containing a plasmid bearing the SEC11 gene. The proteolytic reaction is catalyzed in a temperature-dependent manner in the sec11 mutant, with AHDK2 remaining stable at the nonpermissive temperature. Using conditional mutants defective in protein translocation into and out of the ER and in vitro protease protection studies, the site of degradation for AHDK2 is localized to the ER lumen. The data therefore indicate (i) A189invHD is degraded through both signal peptidase-dependent and independent processes; (ii) signal peptidase, specifically the Sec11p subunit, is required for the proteolysis of AHDK2; and (iii) the Kar2 fragment at the carboxyl terminus of AHDK2 permits detection of proteolytic intermediates.
Variability in the Yield of Benzophenanthridine Alkaloids in Wildcrafted vs Cultivated Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis L.)

Populations of bloodroot [Sanguinaria canadensis L. (Papaveraceae)] are found throughout the eastern forests of North America, with particular abundance in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Increasingly, it is finding use in Europe as a nonantibiotic animal feed supplement to promote weight gain. As efforts to cultivate this herb are underway, there is a need to understand the effect of agronomic permutations on both the dry mass rhizome yield and the yield of benzophenanthridine alkaloids. Month-to-month variability of the concentration of the alkaloids sanguinarine and chelerythrine in both cultivated and wildcrafted bloodroot was examined. The alkaloid yield was consistently higher, but more variable, in wildcrafted plants. On average, cultivated rhizomes were both larger and more consistently sized than those that were wildcrafted. The concentration of a suite of trace elements was measured in soil that was collected concomitantly with each plant accession. Differences in element profiles were compared against alkaloid yields.
Specific Heat of He 3 and He 4 in the Neighborhood of their Critical Points

Recently Bagatskil, Voronel’, and Gusak1 showed that the specific heat at constant volume of argon exhibited what appears to be a logarithmic singularity at the critical temperature (Tc) for measurements taken at a density near the critical density. This singular behavior is in sharp contrast to the predictions of the traditional view of this phase transition by Landau and Lifshitz.2 However, the behavior is precisely that to be expected for the so- called “lattice-gas” model for the liquid-gas transition. Lee and Yang3 have shown that the partition function of a classical gas of particles moving on a discrete lattice with a repulsive force preventing double occupancy of any site and a nearest-neighbor attraction can be mapped precisely onto the partition function of an Ising model of a spin system in an external magnetic field. The specific heat for this Ising model in zero field exhibits a logarithmic singularity at the Curie point. The specific heat for the corresponding lattice gas on the critical isochore exhibits a logarithmic singularity at the critical point. The measurements on argon then indicate that for a real gas the specific heat behaves in a manner similar to that of a lattice gas. We have investigated this point further by studying the specific heat at constant volume (Cv) of both He3 and He4 at densities close to the critical density. We have done this for two main reasons. Firstly, to see whether the behavior observed for argon is also observed for helium, for which quantum effects should be important, and secondly, to investigate the detailed nature of the sin gularity in the pressure-density plane, not only on the critical isochore but also in its immediate neighborhood. Yang and Yang4 have conjectured that the quantum effects would reduce the magnitude of the singular contribution to the specific heat in helium. Our results confirm this view.
Surface structure dependence of reversible/weak H2 chemisorption on supported Ru

Abstract Earlier work on highly dispersed NaY-supported Ru ( d p = 0.9–1.6 nm ) showed that the reversible (weak) fraction of hydrogen chemisorption at 298 K is a function of average particle diameter, and it was suggested that this hydrogen is accommodated on lower-energy sites. In order to gain a more complete understanding of this weak Chemisorption, an in-depth investigation of the effect of particle size on reversible H 2 Chemisorption at 298 K was carried out using supported ruthenium catalysts with average metal particle diameters of 0.9–12.5 nm. Particular attention was paid to determining the reversibly chemisorbed hydrogen fraction under strictly the same conditions. It was found that this fraction exhibited a maximum of 30% of the total Chemisorption for an average Ru particle size of 1.6 nm. This fraction decreased to zero as the average Ru particle size increased above 2.5 nm. These findings enable us to suggest that loosely chemisorbed hydrogen at equilibrium on Ru may be accommodated on multiatomic sites (“ensembles”) of a similar type as the so-called B 5 sites described by R. van Hardeveld and F. Hartog ( Surf. Sci. 15 , 189, 1969). Causes for deviations from this functionality are discussed.
Performance robustness of feature extraction for target detection & classification

Performance robustness of feature extraction with respect to environmental uncertainties is often critical for automated target detection & classification. This paper focuses on performance robustness in the sense that the extracted features are desired to be largely insensitive to environmental uncertainties, while they should be capable of recognizing the effects of small perturbations in the underlying system dynamics for detection & classification. From this perspective, performance robustness of three feature extraction algorithms, namely, principal component analysis, cepstrum, and symbolic dynamic filtering, is evaluated for target classification by making use of the respective field data collected from different sites. These algorithms have been evaluated for robust classification of two different types of mortar launchers with acoustic sensing systems, based on the training and testing data sets from the same and different field sites. The results, generated with training and testing data from different field sites, characterize performance robustness of the respective feature extraction algorithms, when compared with those generated with the corresponding data sets from the same field site.
Peduncular Hallucinosis: An Unusual Case of Visual Hallucination in a Delirious Patient

Visual hallucination is very common in case of delirium and other neuropsychiatric disorders. It is one of the most common clinical symptoms for which psychiatric consultation is requested on medical floors. When hallucination dominates the clinical presentation, a patient may be misdiagnosed as suffering from a psychiatric disorder. This case is a wonderful example of Peduncular Hallucinosis, an underlying organic pathology. A possible pontine tumor was discovered in a patient admitted to the medical floor with altered mental status in the absence of any focal neurological signs. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4021/jmc868w
Propionic acid production from glycerol by metabolically engineered Propionibacterium acidipropionici

Abstract Large amounts of crude glycerol produced in the biodiesel industry can be used as a low-cost renewable feedstock to produce chemicals and fuels. Compared to sugars (sucrose, glucose, xylose, etc.), glycerol has a lower reducing level, which is of benefit to the production of reduced chemicals. In this work, glycerol as the sole carbon source in propionic acid fermentation by metabolically engineered Propionibacterium acidipropionici (ACK-Tet) was studied. It was found that the adapted ACK-Tet mutant could use glycerol for its growth and produced propionic acid at a high yield of 0.54–0.71 g/g, which was much higher than that from glucose (∼0.35 g/g). In addition, the production of acetic acid in glycerol fermentation was much less than that from glucose. Thus, glycerol fermentation produced a high purity propionic acid with a high propionic acid to acetic acid ratio of 22.4 (vs. ∼5 for glucose fermentation), facilitating the recovery and purification of propionic acid from the fermentation broth. The highest propionic acid concentration obtained from glycerol fermentation was ∼106 g/L, which was 2.5 times of the highest concentration (∼42 g/L) previously reported in the literature.
Perceptions of wilderness and their application to ocean and coastal waters

Abstract Over the last few decades, there has been some debate within the conservation community regarding whether places in ocean and coastal waters can and should be considered “wilderness.” While there have been numerous marine protected areas around the world that have been self-identified as “wilderness,” there is no widely-held, consensus definition of what makes these areas “wilderness,” nor have the human uses that would be compatible, and incompatible, with preserving important wilderness attributes, values and qualities been identified and evaluated. A survey of conservation practitioners and scientists was conducted in 2011 to begin to systematically address these questions to better inform the identification, establishment and management of ocean wilderness. The results of this survey confirm that respondents believed that ocean and coastal waters could be considered wilderness, and that the spatial dimensions of wilderness in these places included everything from the seabed to the airspace above the sea surface. Survey findings identified the most important wilderness attributes as amount of boat traffic, amount of noise, presence of human-made structures, ‘naturalness’, opportunities for solitude, and opportunities for preserving ecosystems and biodiversity. The survey also suggested that recreational uses and those involving Indigenous use related to preserving cultural heritage as most compatible in wilderness waters, while finding that commercial shipping and fishing most incompatible. Survey respondents also emphasized the importance of preserving the non-use values of places identified as ocean wilderness.
Cotranslational folding inhibits translocation from within the ribosome–Sec61 translocon complex

Eukaryotic secretory proteins cross the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane through a protein-conducting channel contained within the ribosome-Sec61translocon complex (RTC). Using a zinc-finger sequence as a folding switch, we show that cotranslational folding of a secretory passenger inhibits translocation in canine ER microsomes and in human cells. Folding occurs within a cytosolically inaccessible environment, after ER targeting but before initiation of translocation, and it is most effective when the folded domain is 15-54 residues beyond the signal sequence. Under these conditions, substrate is diverted into cytosol at the stage of synthesis in which unfolded substrate enters the ER lumen. Moreover, the translocation block is reversed by passenger unfolding even after cytosol emergence. These studies identify an enclosed compartment within the assembled RTC that allows a short span of nascent chain to reversibly abort translocation in a substrate-specific manner.
Special research presentation: bmpr signaling in the mammalian oocyte improves fertilization and influences early embryo development

hyaluronan synthase-encoding gene HAS2 that is related to aging and angiogenesis. IGFBP3 was target of MIR210, whereas FGF2 was targeted by MIR424. CONCLUSION: The present study reports for the first time an extensive analysis of gene expression in CCs in relation to female age. Our findings point to aging as a major player in processes and pathways that are of key biological importance for oocyte growth and genome integrity. The characterization of the miRNA regulators of the genes impacted by female age represents a valuable resource for future investigations on the biology of aging and aneuploidy oocyte. Supported by: Ferring and Genevrier companies.
Management of Postpolio Syndrome

Recent research has shed light on the pathogenesis of the postpolio syndrome and has helped explain its symptoms and the rationale for management. The aim of this article is to familiarize physicians with this syndrome. The history, acute infection, definition, and diagnosis are discussed, as well as the various symptoms and their management. People with postpolio syndrome can educate health professionals about this condition and can help others inflicted with this syndrome. Thus far, no cure is available. A correct diagnosis is important, and the physician must realize that severe comorbidities tend to afflict people with this syndrome. Numerous management options are available to help these people enjoy a high quality of life.
Volkskirche , ‘Christian State,’ and the Weimar Republic

In recent years growing numbers of German and American church historians have turned their attention to the spectacular Kirch enkanipf (Church Struggle) under the Nazis but have so far largely neglected the preceding Weimar period. And yet it stands to reason that the ambiguous response of Evangelical churches in the 1930's to a seemingly demonic use of political power can be explained, at least in part, by their political and social attitudes in the 1920's.
Shifting priorities at the Department of Energy's bomb factories: protecting human and ecological health.

More than 50 years of research, development, manufacture, and testing of nuclear weapons at Department of Energy (DOE) sites has left a legacy of on-site contamination that often spreads to surrounding areas. Despite substantial cleanup budgets in the last decade, the DOE's top-to-bottom review team concluded that relatively little actual cleanup has been accomplished, although milestones have been met and work packages completed. Rather than solely use regulatory constraints to direct cleanup, many people have suggested that human and ecological health should guide long-term stewardship goals of DOE-managed sites. The main questions are how ecological and human health considerations should be applied in deciding the extent of cleanup that contaminated sites should receive and how near-term and longer run considerations of costs and benefits should be balanced as cleanup decisions are made. One effort to protect ecological integrity is the designation of the largest sites as National Environmental Research Parks (NERPs). Recently, the Competitive Enterprise Institute (CEI) suggested isolating and conserving DOE sites as a policy priority because of their rich ecological diversity. A more effective long-term stewardship approach for former nuclear weapons complex sites may emerge if the guiding principles are to (1) reduce risks to human and ecological health, (2) protect cultural traditions, and (3) lower short- and long-term cleanup and remediation costs. A “net benefits” perspective that takes both near- and longer-term costs and consequences into account can help illuminate the trade-offs between expensive cleanup in the near term and the need to assure long-term protection of human health, cultural values, and high levels of biodiversity and ecological integrity that currently exist at many DOE sites.
Non-linear frequency warping for VTLN using subglottal resonances and the third formant frequency

This paper proposes a non-linear frequency warping scheme for VTLN. It is based on mapping the subglottal resonances (SGRs) and the third formant frequency (F3) of a given utterance to those of a reference speaker. SGRs are used because they relate to formants in specific ways while remaining phonetically invariant, and F3 is used because it is somewhat correlated to vocal-tract length. Given an utterance, the warping parameters (SGRs and F3) are determined by obtaining initial estimates from the signal, and refining the estimates with respect to a speaker-independent model. For children (TIDIGITS), the proposed method yields statistically-significant word error rate (WER) reductions (up to 15%) relative to conventional VTLN (linear warping) when: (1) speakers show poor baseline performance, and/or (2) training data are limited. For adults (Wall Street Journal), the WER reduction relative to conventional VTLN is 4-5%. Comparison with other non-linear warping techniques is also reported.
Simulation of spherical powder sintering by surface diffusion

The surface diffusion-controlled sintering of monosized spheres is studied by a computer simulation process. The simulation is used to determine the variations in neck size and surface area as functions of both sintering time and powder packing density. Both morphology parameters are shown to be complex functions of the sintering time, contrary to numerous models. This work shows that the exponent method is not sufficient for identifying the dominant sintering mechanism.
Examining the Evidence for Chytridiomycosis in Threatened Amphibian Species

Extinction risks are increasing for amphibians due to rising threats and minimal conservation efforts. Nearly one quarter of all threatened/extinct amphibians in the IUCN Red List is purportedly at risk from the disease chytridiomycosis. However, a closer look at the data reveals that Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (the causal agent) has been identified and confirmed to cause clinical disease in only 14% of these species. Primary literature surveys confirm these findings; ruling out major discrepancies between Red List assessments and real-time science. Despite widespread interest in chytridiomycosis, little progress has been made between assessment years to acquire evidence for the role of chytridiomycosis in species-specific amphibian declines. Instead, assessment teams invoke the precautionary principle when listing chytridiomycosis as a threat. Precaution is valuable when dealing with the world's most threatened taxa, however scientific research is needed to distinguish between real and predicted threats in order to better prioritize conservation efforts. Fast paced, cost effective, in situ research to confirm or rule out chytridiomycosis in species currently hypothesized to be threatened by the disease would be a step in the right direction. Ultimately, determining the manner in which amphibian conservation resources are utilized is a conversation for the greater conservation community that we hope to stimulate here.
L1 Adaptive Controller for Uncertain Nonlinear Multi-Input Multi-Output Systems with Input Quantization

Abstract We address the problem of tracking for a general class of uncertain nonlinear MIMO systems with input quantization, without requiring any matching conditions. We consider the 1 adaptive controller and analyze its performance bounds in the presence of input quantization. We study two common types of quantization, the uniform quantization and the logarithmic quantization. In both cases we provide the transient performance bounds, which are decoupled into two positive terms. One of these terms can be made arbitrarily small by increasing the rate of adaptation, while the other term can be made small by increasing the quantization density. The performance bounds imply that with sufficiently dense quantization and fast adaptation, the output of an uncertain MIMO nonlinear system can follow the desired reference input sufficiently closely. We notice that with L 1 adaptive control architecture fast adaptation does not lead to high-gain control and retains guaranteed time-delay margin, which is bounded away from zero. Simulations included in the paper illustrate the results.
Cellular mechanisms underlying magnesium sulfate inhibition of phasic myometrial contractions.

These studies sought to test the hypothesis that magnesium inhibits extracellular calcium entry, thereby inhibiting intracellular calcium release and cytosolic calcium oscillations in myometrial smooth muscle. In vitro contraction studies were performed using oxytocin and other uterotonic agonists with and without the addition of magnesium in the presence and absence of extracellular calcium. Cytosolic calcium studies were performed using myometrial strips loaded with Fura 2. Oxytocin produced cytosolic calcium oscillations and simultaneous phasic contractions; both were inhibited by magnesium. The other uterotonic agonists tested also produced phasic contractions which were significantly inhibited by magnesium. The magnesium effect was reversible with washout and counteracted by Bay K 8644 (a calcium channel agonist). In the absence of extracellular calcium, intracellular calcium release in response to oxytocin was inhibited by magnesium. In summary, magnesium inhibited extracellular calcium entry, intracellular calcium release, cytosolic calcium oscillations, and phasic contractions of myometrial smooth muscle.