cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Further Additions to Materials for West African History in the Archives of Belgium and Holland by Patricia Carson

This article is a supplement to a previous article on the same subject published in the African Studies Bulletin . Before I list further citations omitted from Materials for West African History in the Archives of Belgium and Holland , I will discuss, in some detail, the nature of the archival material deposited in the Algemeen Rijksarchief, The Hague. I will attempt to enhance the brief discussions of Miss Carson while avoiding repetition of statements which seem clear and/or are adequately discussed in her book. The General State Archives, The Hague, includes two major collections of interest to the West African historian: the Archives of the West India Companies and the Archives of the Netherlands Settlements on the Guinea Coast. Initially, one must realize that most of the seventeenth-century papers of both collections have been lost or destroyed, and that as a consequence there are many gaps among the existing manuscripts. For example, volume 81 (1658-1709) of the Archives of the Netherlands Settlements on the Guinea Coast includes only manuscripts for the following times: December 25, 1658-June 12, 1660; August, 1693; and October 12-December 31, 1709. Also, most of the seventeenth-century material is written in script, whereas the eighteenth-century manuscripts, with some exceptions, are in more conventional hand-writings.
Teaching Students to Infer Meaning through Material Culture.

Abstract Social studies students can learn to glean historical information from the study of material culture through active engagement as curators. Teachers can guide students through a pre-survey of helpful reading materials and then through selecting items of personal significance to them: creating labels that objectively describe the chosen items as to origin, composition, background, and provenance; exchanging the created sets of file cards; examining the cards received in the exchange; inferring factual information about the owner of the selected items; and sharing deductions with the class. From this exercise, students will have a chance to learn how historians, anthropologists, and other social scientists use critical thinking in their work, how much can be learned from material culture, and how missteps can result from overtheorizing.
Database Support for Multimedia Applications

Advances in high performance computing, communication, and storage technologies, as well as emerging large-scale multimedia applications, have made the design and development of multimedia information systems one of the most challenging and important directions of research and development within computer science. The payoffs of a multimedia infrastructure are tremendous- it enables many multi-billion dollar-a-year application areas. Examples are medical information systems, electronic commerce, digital libraries, (like multimedia data repositories for training, education, broadcast and entertainment,) special purpose databases, (such as face/fingerprint databases for security,) and geographical information systems storing satellite images, maps, etc.
Changes in Response to Ascorbic Acid Administered Orally to Rat Pups: Lung Collagen, Elastin and Protein Synthesis

Rat pups were supplemented orally with high doses of L-ascorbic acid (AA) or D-isoascorbic acid (IA) throughout suckling. The regulation of AA in the lung and its relationship to collagen and elastin deposition were examined. Based on known resposes of smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts in culture to high concentra tions of AA, it was hypothesized that a markedly elevated intake of AA should increase net collagen deposition, but decrease net elastin deposition in the neonatal rat lung. In two experiments, groups of rat pups were gavaged daily with AA (in saline), in amounts corresponding to 0.1, 1 or 2 % of the total consumed milk solids. As controls, pups were gavaged with IA (2% of the milk solids) or saline. The treatments were initiated 2 d postpartum and continued for 19 or 23 d. Compared to the saline- gavaged pups little change was observed in body or lung weights in AA- and IA- treated pups. AA and IA were elevated (twofold) in serum and lung at d 11, but not at d 25. Urinary excretion represented a major route for the elimination of excess AA and IA. With respect to collagen and elastin accumulation, only elastin consistently was altered (10-20% decrease) in groups supplemented with AA or IA at the termination of experiments. The rodent appears to defend against elevation of AA concentration in the lung. Consequently, the putative effects of AA on the net deposition of lung collagen and elastin in vivo are less obvious than effects reported by others from in vitro studies. J. Nutr. 115: 70-77, 1985.
Electron-Photon Interaction

A short survey of recent experimental and theoretical results on the Kapitza-Dirac Effect (the reflection of electrons from a standing light wave) will be given. Higher order calculations show that the effect under certain conditions may disappear while increasing the intensity. — In the second half, results on the optical modulation of an electron beam will be presented. The modulation experiment is performed by an electron beam passing through a thin crystal modulated by laser light which shines through it. The light is then reproduced when the electron beam strikes a nonluminescent target. Further experimental and theoretical results, especially on the monochromaticity requirements for the electron beam, and the quantum mechanical nature of the effect, are reported.
A Novel Mechanism of CD4 Lymphocyte Depletion Involves Effects of HIV on Resting Lymphocytes: Induction of Lymph Node Homing and Apoptosis Upon Secondary Signaling Through Homing Receptors

Recently, we reported that abortive HIV infection of resting human T lymphocytes up-regulated expression of CD62L, the receptor for homing to lymph nodes (LNs), and enhanced homing of these cells from the blood into the LNs (Wang et al., 1997, Virology 228:141). This suggested that HIV-induced homing of resting lymphocytes (which comprise >98% of all lymphocytes) may be a major mechanism for the reduction of CD4+ lymphocytes in the blood of infected individuals. This mechanism also could be partially responsible for the lymphadenopathy that often develops at the same time that CD4+ lymphocytes are disappearing from the blood. In this study, we show that secondary signaling through the homing receptors (CD62L, CD44, CD11a) of abortively infected resting CD4+ T lymphocytes induced apoptosis. These signals would occur as the cells home into the LNs. Apoptosis did not occur after secondary signaling through some other receptors (CD26, CD4, CD45, and HLA class I) or in HIV-exposed resting CD8+ lymphocytes signaled through the homing receptors. These findings indicate that HIV-induced homing of resting CD4+ lymphocytes to LNs results in death of many of these cells. This was confirmed in the LNs of SCID mice that were i.v. injected with HIV-exposed resting human lymphocytes. Thus, these effects of HIV upon binding to resting CD4+ T lymphocytes, which are not permissive for HIV replication, may significantly contribute to their depletion in vivo. These findings also offer an explanation for the bystander effect observed in the LNs of AIDS patients, whereby cells not making virus are dying.
Impact of local delayed CSIT on the capacity region of the two-user interference channel

The coherence time of a wireless channel is often smaller than the delay with which channel state information is available at transmitters. In this paper, we aim to find the most important subset of the channel state information that transmitters need to learn with delay. We characterize the capacity region of the two-user interference channel with local delayed channel state information at transmitters. We propose a transmission strategy that only relies on the delayed knowledge of the outgoing links at each transmitter and achieves the outer-bound for the scenario in which transmitters learn the entire channel state with delay. We also show that the delayed knowledge of the outgoing links is the minimum delayed knowledge that is required to outperform the no knowledge assumption.
Climate Change Policy and Law in China

The extraordinary growth of greenhouse gas emissions in China represents the single greatest challenge to global climate change efforts in coming decades. China is the world’s leading emitter of greenhouse gases, having surpassed the United States in 2006. China’s greenhouse gas emissions accounted for nearly a third (29 percent) of the global total in 2011, slightly more than emissions of the United States and the European Union combined (27 percent). This state of affairs is the result of more than three decades of energy-intensive, coal-fired economic growth, wherein China’s GDP grew by an average of 10 percent a year. This chapter offers an overview of China’s developing climate change response by examining the framework on the books and significant implementation challenges in practice. First, it offers background on China’s contribution to global climate change and its positions in international climate negotiations. Second, it describes China’s formal framework of climate change-related laws and policies. This body of authorities has expanded significantly since the beginning of China’s 11th five-year plan in 2006. This part also describes the preliminary results as reported by official and third party sources. Finally, this chapter concludes by discussing several dynamics that will influence the efficacy of China’s climate change efforts in practice. These include the evolution of various co-benefits (i.e., economic growth, pollution reduction, social stability, and enhancement of international reputation) and their impact on China’s cost-benefit calculation for climate change action; the extent to which implementation problems can be resolved; and whether China’s still developing interior regions continue to be the locus of carbon outsourcing (from wealthier coastal regions of China) or instead shift toward a low-carbon growth path.
Multimorbidity and Risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment.

Objectives To determine the association between multiple chronic conditions and risk of incident mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Olmsted County, Minnesota. Participants Cognitively normal individuals (N = 2,176) enrolled in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging (MCSA). Measurements Participants were randomly selected from the community, evaluated by a physician, and underwent neuropsychometric testing at baseline and at 15-month intervals to assess diagnoses of MCI and dementia. Information on International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes for chronic conditions in the 5 years before enrollment was electronically captured using the Rochester Epidemiology Project medical records linkage system. Multimorbidity was defined as having two or more chronic conditions, and the association between multimorbidity and MCI and dementia was examined using Cox proportional hazards models. Results Of 2,176 cognitively normal participants (mean age ± standard deviation 78.5 ± 5.2; 50.6% male), 1,884 (86.6%) had multimorbidity. The risk of MCI or dementia was higher in persons with multimorbidity (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.38, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.05–1.82) than in those with one or no chronic condition. The HR was of greater magnitude in persons with four or more conditions (HR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.21–2.13) than in those with two or three conditions (HR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.76–1.39) and for men with multimorbidity(HR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.01–2.31) than for women with multimorbidity (HR = 1.20, 95% CI = 0.83–1.74), compared to those with one or no chronic condition. Conclusion In older adults, having multiple chronic conditions is associated with greater risk of MCI and dementia. This is consistent with the hypothesis that multiple etiologies may contribute to MCI and late-life dementia. Preventing chronic diseases may be beneficial in delaying or preventing MCI and dementia.
Quantitative assessment of the use of modified nucleoside triphosphates in expression profiling: differential effects on signal intensities and impacts on expression ratios

Background The power of DNA microarrays derives from their ability to monitor the expression levels of many genes in parallel. One of the limitations of such powerful analytical tools is the inability to detect certain transcripts in the target sample because of artifacts caused by background noise or poor hybridization kinetics. The use of base-modified analogs of nucleoside triphosphates has been shown to increase complementary duplex stability in other applications, and here we attempted to enhance microarray hybridization signal across a wide range of sequences and expression levels by incorporating these nucleotides into labeled cRNA targets.
Phytoestrogen Supplement Use by Women

Phytoestrogens are weak estrogens found concentrated in soybeans. Americans consume phytoestrogens primarily in traditional soy foods, soymilk and isolated soy protein added during food processing or consumed as a beverage. Extracted phytoestrogens are also marketed in numerous forms as dietary supplements regulated under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act. Consumers of phytoestrogen supplements tend to be peri- and postmenopausal women looking for an alternative to hormone therapy. Although there are no approved health claims for phytoestrogens at this time, numerous claims are being made regarding benefits to heart, bone, breast and general menopausal health. The data supporting these claims are generally not strong. The strongest data show that phytoestrogens reduce the number and intensity of hot flashes, although the reduction is a modest 10-20%. The studies showing cholesterol lowering have used soy protein rather than phytoestrogen extracts. The soy protein appears to be required for this effect, although phytoestrogen extracts may have other beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. The data on bone metabolism are suggestive of possible benefits whereas the effects on the breast are the most poorly understood. Although most animal studies have shown cancer-preventive effects, a few recent studies suggest that soy phytoestrogens may stimulate breast cancer cell growth under certain circumstances. Before recommendations regarding phytoestrogen supplements can be safely made, we must have more information on the effects of the extracts on bone, heart and breast health. Until safety with respect to breast cancer is established, phytoestrogen supplements should not be recommended, particularly for women at high risk of breast cancer.
Convergence of minimizing sequences

Abstract A functional f defined on a closed convex subset C of a normed space is to be minimized. It is known that if f is strictly convex and C is compact, then any minimizing sequence converges in norm to a unique minimum. A characterization is given herein for the norm convergence of any minimizing sequence when C is weakly compact and f is strictly quasi-convex, a more general result than those which are already known.
Power and intergroup perception between public defenders and district attorneys

This paper proposes a theoretical framework for understanding intergroup perception differences between public defenders and district attorneys. Social psychological research is reviewed to outline the role of power in intergroup perception differences between high and low status groups. These power differences as well as perception differences are then applied to public defenders and district attorneys, who themselves represent low and high status groups, respectively. To help substantiate this theoretical framework, a qualitative field study is presented in which public defenders and district attorneys of the juvenile justice system were interviewed regarding their perceptions of the youth they process, themselves, and each other. While this field study is a first step and supports the theoretical claim that power underpins intergroup perception differences between public defenders and district attorneys, more quantitative and qualitative empirical research is necessary. The implications of this research are discussed in the terms of the welfare of juvenile offenders.
Growth-in-gel zeolite crystallization and transport phenomena

Zeolite crystal growth is a unique process that usually takes place within an amorphous solid gel plus aqueous solution. It is found herein that, under normal gravity, a white opaque portion containing amorphous solid gel, crystals and aqueous solution shrinks to the bottom of the hydrothermal reactor due to depletion of the flocculated gel particles. A correlation for the shrinkage is derived, which agrees very well with experimental observations. The shrinkage curve can be used to distinguish the two different growth stages, nucleation and crystallization. Also, based on our analyses, a method of growing larger zeolites is presented.
Endovascular interventional MRI.

MR guidance has been used recently to navigate endovascular catheters and deliver stents in large (aorta and pulmonary) and small (coronary, renal, and femoral) arteries, place ASD closure devices, deliver pulmonary valve stents, guide cardiac RF ablations, and perform intramyocardial injections. However, MR visualization of a stent lumen is still a problem and requires more attention. Because of technical limitations and safety concerns associated with the prototype devices used, limited numbers of clinical studies have been performed. Considerable development is necessary to overcome the challenges and take advantage of the benefits that MR has to offer for endovascular interventions. In this article we review the current state of the art and address the topic partly by referring to our own experiments and presenting our recent illustrations. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for cervical cancer.

None of the current surgical or radiation treatment strategies for cervical cancer satisfactorily leads to a high disease-free survival and a low risk for treatment-related complications in patients with bulky or locally-advanced disease. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) prior to surgery or radiation therapy has been studied as a means to reduce tumour bulk and thereby rendering subsequent therapy more effective. Impressive clinical response rates to cisplatin-based NACT have been achieved with acceptable toxicity and survival. Of the patients treated, ∼ 20% will achieve a complete clinical response and many of these patients will prove to have a complete pathological response. Although there are too few randomised controlled studies to determine the effectiveness of NACT approaches, relative to standard treatments.
Galactic cosmic ray modulation at high rigidities: cycles 20 – 22 and the ascending phase of cycle 23

Abstract We have followed the long term, steady state, 11 year modulation of the galactic cosmic ray (GCR) intensity for several solar cycles, using the dataset obtained with a variety of detectors on Earth (neutron monitors and ion chambers, at different global sites) as well as at the balloon altitudes. The median rigidity of response (Rm) for these detectors, to GCR spectrum, lies in the range: 3 GV
Demodulation/Remodulation Performance for a Class of Digitally Phase Modulated Signals

Demodulation/remodulation in a multi-link (e.g., satellite) communication system may take on a variety of forms and may satisfy one or more system requirements, such as anti-jam protection. The focus of this paper is on a specific signal structure that has broad applicability and a specific demod/remod scheme employed by the Space Shuttle. The signal is characterized by a residual carrier with binary data PSK modulated onto a subcarrier and additional data phase modulated onto the carrier. The signal is demodulated to baseband in a broad bandwidth, hard-limited and suppressed carrier/BPSK remodulated for final transmission. This paper analytically determines the spectral density of the hard-limited baseband signal and applies the result to bit error rate (BER) evaluation. Computed results display illustrative spectra and BER results, which are functions of: carrier and subcarrier data rate, modulation indices and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Hard-limiter suppression and enhancement factors are also explicitly treated; the relationships of these factors to modulation indices - especially for high SNR values - are particularly noted.
Amphiphilic gold nanoparticles with V-shaped arms.

Here we describe a very efficient method to produce well-defined amphiphilic gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) with an equal number of hydrophobic and hydrophilic arms which are distributed along the surface of a 2-nm gold core in an alternating fashion. The strategy involves direct coupling of V-shaped block copolymer amphiphile 2 with a carboxylic group at its junction point to mercaptophenol-terminated Au NPs. The reaction proceeds under mild esterification conditions and yields the product with a molecular weight of 40 kDa, high grafting density (2.9 chains/nm2), and extremely low polydispersity (1.07). The big advantage of this approach is the opportunity to avoid the use of expensive and often inaccessible polymeric thiols. The method described here is applicable to any carboxyl-terminated molecules and can be used for the preparation of complex, yet well-defined, macromolecular hybrid structures such as 1 (Au(PB−PEG)n). The new product, which was characterized by a combination of SEC, NMR, UV−vis, DLS, a...
Prevention and reversal of morphological changes in heart mitochondria associated with isolation in sucrose.

Abstract Morphological transformation of heart mitochondria from elongate to spherical forms during isolation in buffered sucrose can be prevented and reversed by including in the suspending medium a low concentration (0.5 m m ) of a high molecular weight solute which is incapable of penetrating the outer mitochondrial membrane. In view of this observation and of the fact that mitochondria in their normal, intracellular milieu are suspended in the presence of high molecular weight solutes which are incapable of penetrating the outer membrane, it is considered likely that the elongate-to-spherical transformation of mitochondria during isolation into media containing only sucrose and/or other solutes capable of penetrating the outer membrane is due to removal of extramitochondrial solutes of high molecular weight which normally prevent expansion of the outer mitochondrial compartment by exerting osmotic pressure on the outer membrane.
Non-small cell lung cancer

Lung cancer stands as the most important malignant neoplasm in the United States because of its high prevalence, increasing incidence, high rate of mortality, and great potential for prevention through the control of cigarette smoking. The World Health Organization (WHO) classification of lung cancer identifies four major types: squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and small cell carcinoma. These tumors are commonly divided into two groups based on differences in their biology and treatment: small cell (SCLC) and non-small cell carcinomas (NSCLC). This review analyzes NSCLC with a strong emphasis on the practical aspects of treatment. We give recommendations about smoking cessation and early diagnosis through screening of high-risk individuals. We review contemporary diagnostic and staging techniques in the context of the new international TNM system of staging. Subsequent discussions of treatment are based on this new staging system. We stress the pivotal role of surgery for the management of local disease, and in addition present the potential contributions of newer radiation therapy techniques. We examine chemotherapy in detail, including a review of the comparative activity of the available cytotoxic agents against NSCLC, the relative contribution of combination chemotherapy, and the role of surgical adjuvant treatment with either chemotherapy or immunotherapy. We advise that patients with NSCLC be treated under the aegis of modern clinical trials of new therapy whenever possible. When this is not possible, we recommend an individualized approach based on such factors as the patient's age, general state of health, cardiopulmonary status, psychosocial status, and personal system of values.
Examination and Treatment of Cuboid Syndrome: A Literature Review

Cuboid syndrome is an easily misdiagnosed source of lateral midfoot pain, and is believed to arise from a subtle disruption of the arthrokinematics or structural congruity of the calcaneocuboid (CC) joint.1,2,36,45 This condition is associated with several clinical terms for lateral midfoot pathology, including cuboid fault syndrome, dropped cuboid, subluxed cuboid, locked cuboid, peroneal cuboid syndrome, and lateral plantar neuritis.30,32,36,45 This presumed alteration in congruence and/or arthrokinematics can develop insidiously31 or after a traumatic event (eg, ankle sprain),2,10,31,36,43 and may be difficult to identify clinically or with imaging.2,10,31,36
Stochastic Characteristics in Microgrinding Wheel Static Topography

Superabrasive grind wheels are used for the machining of brittle materials such as tungsten carbide. Stochastic modeling of the wheel topography can allow for statistical bounding of the grind force characteristics allowing improved surface quality without sacrificing productivity. This study utilizes a machine vision method to measure the wheel topography of diamond microgrinding wheels. The results showed that there are large variances in wheel specifications from the manufacturer and that microgrinding wheels suffer from statistical scaling effects that increase wheel-to-wheel variability in the topography. Analysis of the static grit density values measured on the microgrinding wheels showed that the distributions provided by both analytic stochastic and numerical simulation models accurately predicted the static grit density within a significance level of 5%. Utilizing only manufacturer-supplied specifications caused the models to predict the static grit density with errors as large as 25.3% of the predicted value leading to a need for improved wheel tolerancing and in situ wheel measurement. The spacings between the grits on the wheel surface were shown to be independent of direction and can best be described by a loglogistic distribution.
Neuronal control of heart reversal in the hawkmoth Manduca sexta.

Cardiograms demonstrate that heart activity of Manduca sexta changes from larva, to pupa, to adult. The larval heart has only anterograde contractions. During metamorphosis, heart activity becomes a cyclic alternation of anterograde and retrograde contractions. Thus, the adult heart has both an anterograde and a retrograde pacemaker. External stimuli also can initiate cardiac reversal. Cardiac reversal is blocked by tetrodotoxin, indicating that reversal is under neuronal control. A branch of each dorsal nerve 8 innervates the posterior chamber of the heart, the location of the anterograde pacemaker. Only retrograde contractions occur when dorsal nerves 8 are cut. Stimulation of ml–1 8 initiates anterograde contractions; when stimulation ceases, the heart reverses to retrograde contractions. These experiments indicate that the anterograde pacemaker receives neural input that makes it the dominant pacemaker. In the absence of neural input this pacemaker is inactive, and the retrograde pacemaker becomes active. Application of crustacean cardioactive peptide accelerates the heart but does not eliminate cardiac reversal. The terminal chamber of the heart is also innervated by a branch of each dorsal nerve 7; stimulation of this nerve increases the strength of contraction of the terminal chamber but has no effect on contractions of the remainder of the heart or on cardiac reversal.
Abstract 5484: Dehydroleucodine: A potential sesquiterpene lactone for targeting castration-resistant prostate cancer

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Prostate cancer (PCa) patients undergoing standard androgen deprivation therapy eventually develop aggressive castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) for which there is no effective treatment currently available. Hence, there is an urgent need to identify effective treatment strategy for lethal CRPC. Previous studies have shown naturally occurring sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) are promising anti-cancer agents and few SLs are under clinical trials for cancer treatment. Evaluation of additional SLs may prove to be valuable as an adjunct or stand alone treatment especially for CRPC. Dehydroleucodine (DhL), a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Artemisia douglasiana has several pharmacological benefits such as anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer and anti-oxidant effects. However, the anti-cancer effects of DhL are not well known. In this study, we have evaluated the effects of DhL against castration-sensitive (LNCaP) and CRPC (PC-3) cells in a pre-clinical study. Our cell viability assay results showed that DhL had pronounced inhibition on PC-3 cell proliferation compared to that of LNCaP cells. Therefore, our subsequent studies focussed on elucidating the effects and mechanism of action of DhL using PC-3 CRPC cells. Our investigations showed that in addition to inhibiting the cell proliferation of PC-3 cells, DhL also abrogated the clonogenic potential of PC-3 cells by activating apoptotic markers such as caspase-3 and PARP-1 and cell cycle inhibitors p21 and p27 respectively. Furthermore, our mechanistic study has identified DhL downregulates the expression of NF-kB (p65) in PC-3 cells which may be contributing to the anti-cancer effects of DhL in these cells. Interestingly, our studies also showed that DhL inhibited the osteoclastogenesis mediated by PC-3 in vitro as determined by tartarate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) assay suggesting that DhL may be beneficial in preventing the bone destruction caused by metastatic CRPC. Taken together, our study warrants further investigation of DhL as a promising natural agent for effective treatment and management of CRPC. Citation Format: Souresh Banerjee, Gnanasekar Munirathinam. Dehydroleucodine: A potential sesquiterpene lactone for targeting castration-resistant prostate cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5484. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5484
On supporting reliable QoS in multi-hop multi-rate mobile ad hoc networks

Due to complicated situations such as node/link interference and traffic load, quality of service support in multi-hop multi-rate ad hoc networks remains a challenging issue. Furthermore, when mobility is present, because of frequent route change, it is even more difficult to maintain high level performance for existing real-time flows that may not tolerate serious performance degradation. In this paper, we focus on the issue of providing sufficient QoS in networks with moderate to high node mobility. We first introduce route available bandwidth (RAB), a major index for prediction of flow performance along a specific path. RAB considers various important factors such as intra-flow interference, effective link bandwidth, and channel busy time. Then, we devise a DSR based admission control scheme where the source node accepts/rejects a flow according to the RAB of the collected route when it receives a route reply packet. To handle mobility, we incorporate an additional metric of route reliability (RR) so that a path with sufficient bandwidth and reliability can be obtained. Results show that with admission control, existing flows experiences around 80---95% average delivery ratio, even for 20 m/s maximum moving speed, which is much better than 30---60% average delivery ratio when admission control is absent.
Exactly solvable models for the radiofrequency size effect. I. Line shape

The radiofrequency size effect (RFSE) is investigated for two model “metals” having Fermi surfaces in the form of a cube and a corrugated sheet. In the parallel-field geometry, and with the Fermi surface oriented suitably with respect to the surfaces of the plate, the nonlocal conductivities reduce to a series of delta functions, thereby facilitating the calculation (in closed form) of the response of the plate to various modes of excitation. The calculations show explicitly the structure of the field “splash” within the plate as well as the structure of the fundamental and second RFSE resonances in the rf surface impedance and transmission coefficient. The effects of multiple revolutions and secondary excitation of trajectories are exhibited, and the electron mean free path dependence of the resonances is examined.
Individual differences in social networking site users

We structurally model personality and communicative influences on SNS activity.Results support the hypothesized model of SNS motivations and activity.SNSs were primarily used to maintain connections rather than explore new ones.SNS affordances favor individuals who are already proficient communicators.These platforms thus enable the "rich to get richer," in communicative terms. Based on the notion that individual users would utilize Social Networking Sites (SNSs) in characteristic ways, we tested a structural model hypothesizing that personality traits, communicative and social variables, attitudes, and motives would affect level of SNS activity. Participants (n=674) completed measures of personality, communication apprehension, self-esteem, need for affiliation, attitudes, motives of SNS use, and level of SNS activity. Results offered support for the hypothesized model of SNS motivations and activity, illustrating that SNSs were primarily used to maintain relational connections with others. In addition, support was found for the contention that SNSs offer beneficial social tools for all individuals; however, this effect was highest for individuals already proficient in face-to-face social and communicative behaviors.
Freestanding TiO2 Nanotube Arrays with Ultrahigh Aspect Ratio via Electrochemical Anodization

Self-organized, freestanding titania (TiO2) membrane with ultrahigh aspect ratio of the length/diameter (∼1500) was fabricated via electrochemical anodization of highly pure titanium (Ti) foil in fluorine-containing ethylene glycol, followed by a simple and safe detachment of the formed TiO2 membrane from the metallic Ti substrate. The resulting membrane consists of highly ordered, vertically aligned, one-side open TiO2 nanotube arrays. The pore diameter, wall thickness, and length of the nanotube arrays are 90 nm, 15 nm, and 135 µm, respectively, at a certain anodization condition.
Consecutive-k-out-of-n:F System With Sequential Failures

For consecutive-k-out-of-n:F systems in which failures occur one at a time, a time-to-failure model is developed.
The effects of “task- and “ego-oriented” performance on two kinds of overcompensation inequity

Abstract Two conditions of inequity and two control conditions of equity were manipulated as follows: (1) Input overcompensation—Subjects were told they were unqualified, but received the standard pay of $2.00 per hour; (2) Outcome overcompensation—Subjects were told they were qualified, but received higher pay than the standard ($3.00 per hour); (3) Equity—$2.00 per hour; and (4) Equity—$3.00 per hour. Within each of these conditions half of the Subjects were induced to engage in “ego-oriented” performance (Subjects believed they worked on development of a “mental alertness” test) and the other half were engaged in “task-oriented” performance (Subjects believed they worked on psycholinguistic project). The results, in terms of productivity data, provided for two main conclusions: (1) The input overcompensation manipulation seems to reflect what has been termed a “reaction to devalued self-esteem” rather than an emotion of inequity dissonance; (2) The outcome overcompensation manipulation does seem to arouse an inequity dissonance, but an alternative explanation in terms of the difference between expected and obtained pay is still available.
Griffiths' inequalities for Ashkin‐Teller model

The two Griffiths' (1967) inequalities for the correlation functions of Ising ferromagnets with two-body interactions, and two other inequalities obtained by Kelly and Sherman (1968) and by Sherman (1969) are shown to hold not only for the Ashkin-Teller (1943) model but also for a generalized Ashkin-Teller model (Kihara et al., 1954) with many-body interactions involving arbitrary clusters of particles. A cluster of particles is understood to mean a collection of pairs of particles rather than a group of particles. The four generalized inequalities under consideration are presented in the form of theorems, and a new inequality is obtained.
Synthesis and Spectroscopic Properties of Rosamines with Cyclic Amine Substituents

There is a close structural similarity between rosamines A and rhodamines B, yet a diversity of structures in the rosamine class and their spectral properties have yet to be explored in depth. This manuscript describes a concise, scalable, solution-phase method to obtain rosamines 1−5 and 12−15, which include some water-soluble derivatives. In one test case (for 15) an illustrative protein conjugate was also formed. Throughout these products were isolated and purified, and the syntheses were found to be scalable. Further, the rosamines with these cyclic amine substituents display solvent-dependent fluorescence intensities, and high quantum yields in chlorinated hydrocarbons. In some cases the nature of the cyclic amine substituent was shown to modulate the fluorescence of the parent molecules in pH-dependent ways. The ring size of those amine substituents also correlated with some of their spectroscopic properties. Several water-soluble rosamines were prepared from some of the addition products 1−5, and o...
The role of behavioral intentions in turnover of salespeople

Abstract Behavioral intentions play an uncertain role in turnover of salespeople. To assess relationships between behavioral intentions and turnover, this study tests three path models derived from Mobley's (1977) turnover model using a longitudinal sample of salespeople. In the best model, thinking of quitting predicts intention to leave; intention to leave predicts intention to search; and intention to search predicts turnover. The findings imply that researchers need to examine separately determinants of searching for another job as opposed to those of intention to leave. Another implication is that a salesperson can intend to quit yet remain in a job indefinitely
Cybersecurity investment optimization with risk: Insights for resource allocation

Cybersecurity has become a key factor determining the success of business operations who relies on the functioning of information systems. Hence, the effecient investment on cybersecurity is an important financial and operaional decision. We propose a modeling framework that incorporates major components relevant to cybersecurity practice, and study the characteristics of optimal cybersecurity investment decisions for a firm, as well as how they vary under different risk approaches. A data-based analysis for major industries is performed, where we map the maximum potential loss of a firm with the optimal cybersecurity budget size and discover that the optimal budget size is independent of the mix of assets that a firm holds. In addition, we also conclude that firms in finance, energy, and technology sectors should invest more in detective technologies than preventive, as oppose to even split in most other industries. Moreover, the overall cybersecurity budgets for the former set of industries should be higher when compared with others.
A comparison of two validated scores for estimating risk of mortality of children with intestinal failure associated liver disease and those with liver disease awaiting transplantation

Summary Background and aims To evaluate risk of mortality in children with intestinal failure associated liver disease (IFALD) compared with other liver disease using two validated scores. Methods Sixty-seven children listed for transplant were studied: cholestatic liver disease (CLDn23); liver disease secondary to other processes (LDsec n11); (IFALDn22), acute liver failure (ALFn11). Paediatric Hepatology Score (PHD) score and Pediatric end-stage liver disease score (PELD) were evaluated by Receiver Operating Curves (ROC), proportional hazards regression. Results The highest PHD and PELD scores were found in ALF; the lowest in LDsec. Both scores correlated well in identifying waiting list (WL) mortality in patients with CLD and ALF, but not in those with IFALD where PELD scores were lower. Cox proportional hazard regression of time spent on the waiting list prior to death or transplant/delisting showed significant associations with PHD (P = 0.006) and PELD (P = 0.008). WL mortality was strongly predicted by disease group (6/8 deaths in IFALD). ROC analysis of all data showed that a PHD score greater than 15.5 had sensitivity of 87.5% and specificity of 81% for waiting list mortality (P Conclusion PHD and PELD scores had the same sensitivity for identifying risk of WL mortality in all patients, but PELD failed to identify the sickest children with IFALD, lowering its specificity. The PHD score has the added advantage for European centres of being in SI units, not requiring a computer application to calculate and was simpler to use at bedside.
Diet and annual production of two boreal river fishes following clearcut logging

Diet and annual production of two cyprinid fishes in the Piscataquis River, Maine, were investigated before and after extensive deforestation of the surrounding watershed. Observed patterns were evaluated relative to post-logging changes in the benthic macroinvertebrate community, and to differences in ecomorphology between the two fishes. Prey selection was generally density-dependent for both predator species throughout the study, but significant exceptions to density-dependence were observed for several aquatic insect lifemode groups (e.g., swimmers, climbers, burrowers). This apparent preference/avoidance for certain prey taxa by fish predators could be adequately explained by differential availability (vulnerability) among prey taxa. Compared to the year before logging, significant post-logging changes in diet composition and gut fullness were observed for both blacknose dace,Rhinichthys atratulus, and creek chub,Semotilus atromaculatus, concomitant with post-logging changes in the availability of benthic prey. Annual production of blacknose dace was significantly lower (52.7 vs. 37.7 kg ha−1 y−1) in the year following logging. In contrast, annual production of creek chub increased significantly after logging, from 8.6 to 17.4 kg ha−1 y−1. Because post-logging changes in the physical environment were probably not sufficient to directly affect fish populations, we hypothesize that blacknose dace were morphologically constrained to feed on a declining aquatic prey resource, with a resultant decline in production. In contrast, the generalist creek chub switched to a non-aquatic prey resource (terrestrial arthropods) and no decline in production was observed for that species.
Raman study of interface phonons in GaAs/AlAs quantum wells: Resonance with the e2-h2 exciton.

We have performed light-scattering experiments from two GaAs/AlAs quantum-well structures. In one sample, the second conduction confinement subband ${\mathit{e}}_{2}$ is near degenerate with the AlAs X-band minimum. Raman spectra excited resonantly with the ${\mathit{e}}_{2}$-${\mathit{h}}_{2}$ transition contain phonon modes associated with both the GaAs and the AlAs layers. The resonantly excited AlAs phonon modes have an average frequency of 385 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ whereas in nonresonant Raman experiments the observed shift is 405 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. This indicates that the AlAs phonon spectra observed under resonant conditions are dominated by interface modes. Resonant Raman spectra from the second sample, in which the ${\mathit{e}}_{2}$ state is below the X-band minimum, contain only phonon modes associated with the GaAs layers.
Sol → gel → glass: III. Viscous sintering

Abstract Analysis of isothermal sintering data reveals that the viscosity of a gel increases with time. If the experiment is continued long enough, a limiting value of viscosity, η (final), is reached at each temperature. The increase in viscosity is attributed to two concurrent processes: condensation of hydroxyl groups and structural relaxation. Analysis of heat capacity ( C p ) data permits an estimate of the viscosity (η) of the sintered glass. The results are in good agreement with η (final) from the sintering data. The approximate dependence of viscosity on hydroxyl content ([OH]) was established using η obtained from ( C p ) data and [OH] from IR transmission spectra. The results indicate that structural relaxation contributes significantly to the rise in η during sintering.
Application of Platelet-Rich Plasma to Enhance Tissue Repair

For over 20 years, autologous blood products such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP) have been employed as a means to facilitate the healing process in fields such as orthopedics, dentistry, neurosurgery, cardiothoracic, and maxillofacial surgery. Proponents of this therapy advocate its effectiveness as a safe and natural way to expedite the healing process. Recent investigations of the specific growth factors present in PRP advocate its promise as an emerging therapy at the clinical level. However, there exist few controlled trials to objectively examine the proposed benefits of this therapy. Although some studies demonstrate promising results, the bulk of published data are largely anecdotal and the sample sizes are small. This article reviews the biological mechanisms by which PRP facilitates healing as well as the current clinical research that has investigated PRP therapy as a treatment for musculoskeletal injuries, such as tendonitis, tennis elbow, rotator cuff repair, Achilles tendon repair, muscle injuries, bone injuries, and anterior cruciate ligament repair. The increased prevalence of PRP therapy in treating musculoskeletal injuries warrants a more thorough investigation of its actual benefits if we are to endorse it as an effective therapy.
Can placental pathology explain second-trimester pregnancy loss and subsequent pregnancy outcomes?

Objective This study sought to determine whether specific placental pathology may provide further insight into the mechanisms of second-trimester pregnancy loss, particularly in cases without inflammation. Study Design A blinded pathologist examined placentas from 90 patients with spontaneous second-trimester pregnancy loss and 17 controls who presented for induction of labor for fetal indications. Inflammation was staged and evidence of other vascular pathology recorded. Significant associations were determined by χ 2 analysis and Fisher's exact test. A secondary analysis examined losses without inflammation. Twelve patients with a subsequent pregnancy were also evaluated. Results Acute inflammation was more prevalent in cases than controls ( P P = .05). Conclusion Second-trimester pregnancy loss is strongly associated with placental inflammation. Histologic abruption is likely another etiology. Future research should focus on subsequent pregnancy outcomes in these women based on initial placental pathology to help determine etiology and recurrence risk.