cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Media Integration for an Information System

This paper discusses an online information service for the delivery of federal, state and university research data to the public. The information processing unit collects research data, manipulates the information for an appropriate display, and organizes and structures the data for use by various audiences. The computer and telecommunications facilities include a statewide X.25 network, minicomputers in distributed nodes, networked microcomputers, and a supercomputer.
Complementable and almost definite matrices

Abstract In recent papers, [1] and [5], “ M -complementable” matrices were defined by T. Ando and “almost definite” matrices by Duffin and Morley. In this paper additional characterizations are given for these sets of matrices making use of the generalized inverse. Also rank properties and generalized inverses of these matrices are discussed.
A Mesoscale Model for Molecular Interaction in Functionalized Nanopores

Nanopores have been used to detect DNA translocation and gene detection. However, the interaction between DNA and nanopore is still not well understood due to the small size of DNA/nanopore and dynamic translocation process. Very recently, various chemical modifications have been applied on nanopore surface for improved signal yield and selective detection. Thus, it is important to characterize the interaction between DNA and chemically modified nanopores. This paper intends to develop an understanding of the interaction between DNA and chemically modified nanopore surface and the translocation process of DNA by probing the DNA-nanopore interaction mechanisms through computational modeling. The DNA-nanopore interaction will be explored through a model that links atomistic DNA-nanopore interaction to meso-scale particle dynamics. Critical interrelationships between physical properties of the nanopore (surface properties, sizes, roughness etc.), electric field strength, and translocation kinetics will be established. This research not only advances the molecular-level understanding of the DNA-nanopore interface, but would also help design lab-on-chip devices for molecule based diagnosis.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
The roles of trace elements in foetal and neonatal development

Manganese, zinc and copper are essential for normal prenatal and neonatal development. Manganese deficiency causes skeletal abnormalities, congenital ataxia due to abnormal inner ear development, and abnormal brain function. Depression of mucopolysaccharide synthesis and manganese superoxide dismutase activity may be fundamental to ultrastructural and other defects. In copper deficiency, neurological and skeletal abnormalities are due to impairment of phospholipid synthesis and collagen crosslinking, and possibly to low activity of copper metalloenzymes. The fundamental defect leading to the extremely teratogenic effects of zinc deficiency is related to depressed synthesis of DNA. In the neonatal period, poor survival and growth and depressed function of the immune system are salient features. Developmental patterns of trace element concentrations in various tissues suggest that important changes in metabolic regulation of trace elements may occur during the neonatal period. This hypothesis is being investigated by studies of molecular localization of trace elements in certain neonatal tissues, in conjunction with similar observations in milk.
Development of the lateral and medial limbic cortices in the rat in relation to cortical phylogeny.

[3H]Thymidine autoradiography was used to investigate neurogenesis of the lateral limbic cortex and morphogenesis of the medial and lateral limbic cortices in adult and embryonic rat brains. Ontogenetic patterns in the limbic cortex are unique because some neurogenetic gradients are linked to those in neocortex, others are linked to those in paleocortex. These findings are related to hypotheses of cortical phylogeny. The experimental animals used for neurogenesis were the offspring of pregnant females injected with [3H]thymidine on 2 consecutive days: Embryonic Day (E) 13-E14, E14-E15, ...E21-E22, respectively. On Postnatal Day (P)60, the proportion of neurons originating during 24-h periods were quantified at nine anteroposterior levels and one sagittal level. Similar to neocortex, deep cells are generated earlier than superficial cells throughout the lateral limbic cortex: layer VI mainly on E14-15, layer V on E15-E16, and layers IV-II on E16-E18. There is a ventral/older to dorsal/younger neurogenetic gradient between the ventral agranular insular, dorsal agranular insular, and gustatory cortical areas and between ventral and dorsal orbital areas beneath the frontal pole. Similar to paleocortex below the rhinal sulcus, limbic cortex in the rhinal sulcus has a "sandwich" gradient: the older posterior agranular insular area is sandwiched by anterior and posterior younger areas (ventral agranular insular and perirhinal). To study morphogenesis, pregnant females were given single injections of [3H]thymidine during gestation and embryos were removed in successive 24-h intervals (sequential-survival). Neurogenesis finishes first in ventral limbic areas, later in dorsal limbic areas, and latest in neocortical areas. The cortical plate in the region of the medial and lateral limbic cortices does not have a separate subplate layer as is found in the region of the neocortex. Instead, layer VI in the limbic cortices has unusually older cells that are generated simultaneously with subplate cells.
On the elastic characterization of composite plates with vibration data

This paper takes a global look at a method of obtaining the elastic constants of the material of a rectangular plate sample by explicitly inputting the geometrical shapes and frequencies of a sufficient number of experimental vibration modes into a computational procedure that essentially compares experimental frequencies with analytical predictions. There are many aspects of this method that have important bearing on accuracy, ease of use and computational economy. The issues that arise include vibration representation functions, selection of experimental mode shapes and frequencies for analysis, goodness of experimental data, frequency sensitivity of the elastic constants, influence of diagonal modes where relevant, plate thickness, plate aspect ratio, material orthotropy ratio and orientation of reinforcing fibers in laminate composites. Whereas some of these factors have been discussed separately in other works, this paper attempts bring the method completely into focus in one place, with an examination of all the factors believed to influence the efficiency of the method.
Metabolic state of the pancreas affects end-point titre in the islet cell antibody assay.

Quantification of islet cell antibodies is used increasingly to evaluate pre-clinical Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. If expression of the antigen(s) reacting with islet cell antibodies varies depending upon the functional state of the pancreatic islets, this may partly explain differences in assay sensitivity between laboratories. To address this question we altered Beta-cell function in Osborn-Mendel rats, by dietary manipulation prior to killing. Rats were fed chow (n=7) or a high sucrose/high fat “cafeteria” diet (n=8) or were fasted for 18 h (n=6) until immediately prior to killing. Using frozen sections of these rat pancreata in the indirect immunofluorescent test for islet cell antibodies, we determined the end-point titre for 18 sera in which islet cell antibodies had been previously quantified in our standard human pancreas assay. These sera included ten positive sera and eight normal negative control sera. The four most strongly positive sera gave significantly higher end-point titres on “cafeteria” diet-fed pancreata and lower titres on fasted pancreata (p<0.04 to 0.002). None of non-diabetic control sera were positive on any substrate. These data suggest that islet antigen expression is increased when Beta-cell function is increased by dietary manipulation. Improved sensitivity in the islet cell antibody assay might be possible by altering Beta-cell function before or immediately after pancreas collection.
Acute coronary syndromes: Reducing door-to-balloon time for STEMI--success at a price.

To achieve timely restoration of coronary flow in patients with acute myocardial infarction, the decision to call in the cardiac catheterization team has moved ever earlier, and is often made before cardiologist evaluation. Door-to-balloon times have been reduced, but the price of this success is an increase in 'false alarms'.
Rare Bleeding Disorders in Young Women

Rare bleeding disorders can cause significant bleeding in children and adolescents. These encompass rare clotting factor deficiencies, and fibrinolytic pathway defects. Vascular anomalies can cause recurrent and refractory bleeding, and are included in this review of rare causes of abnormal bleeding in children and adolescents. Menorrhagia is often reported as a manifestation of these conditions. Succinct knowledge about these disorders, their clinical presentation, diagnostic work-up, and therapeutic options are crucial to the accurate diagnosis and optimal management of affected patients. This review provides an overview of these infrequently encountered disorders, discusses their recognition based on results of suggested screening tests and offers a general guideline for approach to therapy.
Effects of L-arginine supplementation on human lymphocyte proliferation in response to nonspecific and alloantigenic stimulation.

Abstract Background: l -Arginine has been described as a potential immunostimulant in vitro and in vivo. Excessive arginine, however, may be counterproductive. Data support the concept of minimal arginine requirements for normal lymphocyte proliferation, but the results of supplementation with pharmacologic doses of arginine have been contradictory. We hypothesized that excessive arginine supplementation might result in a blunting of normal immune responses of human lymphocytes in vitro. Materials and Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear and T-cells were isolated from normal human donors. Cells were cultured in complete media with various concentrations of l -arginine, l -ornithine, and glycine. Lymphocytes were then stimulated with PHA or alloantigens, and proliferation was determined by measuring [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation. Results: Lymphocyte proliferation was inhibited by l -arginine at pharmacologic doses. The effects were completely reversible. This inhibition could not be prevented by lymphocyte stimulation with IL-2. Lymphocyte proliferation was more sensitive to inhibition by lower doses of arginine when alloantigens from irradiated fresh tumor cells or allogeneic lymphocytes were the stimuli. Finally, lymphocytes showed variable sensitivity to inhibition of proliferation in response to mitogen when treated with l -ornithine (little to no effect) or l -arginine (consistent inhibition at high doses). Pharmacologic doses of l -arginine result in reversible inhibition of normal lymphocyte proliferation in response to both mitogen and alloantigen. This inhibition could not be blocked by interleukin-2. Conclusions: We conclude that caution should be exercised when recommending aggressive l -arginine supplementation as a possible method to reverse clinical immunosuppression caused by cancer, malnutrition, or trauma.
Transcriptional analysis of the repressor gene of the temperate Streptomyces phage φC31

Abstract A 397-bp fragment that contained the 5′ end of the coding region of the repressor gene of the temperate Streptomyces phage oC31 was shown by in vivo promoter-probing to possess bidirectional promoter activity. In vitro runoff transcription experiments, and high resolution transcript mapping of mRNA species produced in vivo using both nuclease S1 and mung bean nuclease, indicated the probable presence of two promoters for the repressor gene with two further promoters oriented in the opposite direction. An inverted repeat sequence is situated 20 bp downstream from the translational stop codon of the repressor gene; high resolution transcript mapping revealed an mRNA endpoint close to this sequence, indicating its likely role as a transcriptional terminator.
Ontogenetic change in molecular and functional properties of blood of garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis

At birth the blood of garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) has high oxygen affinity (P50 at 25 degrees C and pH 7.2 = 21 mm Hg), low hematocrit (14%), and a high proportion of inactive hemoglobin (44%). Growth of the snakes is accompanied by a steady decrease in oxygen affinity (P50 = 44 mm Hg in adults), increased hematocrit (to 44%), and decreased inactive hemoglobin (to 3%). These adult values are reached in the second or third year of a snake's life. There is a continuous change in the electrophoretically separable hemoglobin fractions during this period, but there is no ontogenetic change in the oxygen affinity of phosphate-stripped hemoglobin in solution. Organic triphosphates do not fully explain the ontogenetic change in blood oxygen affinity. Similar ontogenetic changes in blood oxygen affinity were found in two other species of snakes. The unusual morphology of snake lungs and consequent changes in pulmonary pO2 and pCO2 during ontogeny may be the basis for the unusual relationship between body size and blood oxygen affinity in snakes.
Plasma and Blood Volume in Space

Body fluid regulation is affected by gravity. The primary mechanisms of the etiology of hypovolemia found in simulation studies on earth and after space flight are different. The increased diuresis after increase of central blood volume postulated by Henry Gauer could not be found. Based on recent findings, new hypotheses about fluid volume regulation during space flight have emerged. The reduced blood volume in space is the result of 1) a negative balance of decreased fluid intake and smaller reduction of urine output; 2) fast fluid shifts from the intravascular to interstitial space as the result of lower transmural pressure after reduced compression of all tissue by gravitational forces especially of the thorax cage; and 3) fluid shifts from intravascular to muscle interstitial space because of less muscle tone required to maintain body posture. Additionally, loss of erythrocytes reduces blood volume. The attenuated diuresis during space flight can be explained by increased retention after stress-mediated sympathetic activation during initial phase of space flight, stimulation caused by reduced red cell mass, and activation after fast blood volume contraction. Additionally, the relation between plasma osmolarity and vasopressin release might be disturbed in microgravity.
LAKE SUPERIOR AREA TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS

Variations in atmospheric circulation and spatial and temporal patterns of sea-level pressure anomalies over eastern North America are highly correlated in time with temperature trends in the Lake Superior area. Lake Superior region temperature trends have not been the same for all seasons. January and July temperatures were highest in the mid-1930s; those for April and October culminated later. Differences in the timing of temperature peaks within the Lake Superior region are related mainly to variations in pressure anomalies over western Canada and with associated anomalous air flow components across the Lake. Pressure anomalies over the southwestern United States and opposite anomalies to the east have been less important and they have affected mainly the temperatures over the eastern part of the region. About seventy to eightly percent of the temperature variance for the Lake Superior region is related to about twenty-five to thirty percent of the pressure variance for eastern North America.
CA8-02: Implementing a Community Health Initiative Using the Chronic Care Model

Background/AimsGroup Health, an integrated care system serving 600,000 members in Washington state, has developed a community health initiative (CHI) based on the medical home and the Chronic Care Model (expanded to emphasize community health promotion). Primary care providers want to maximize their limited time and resources for encouraging healthy behaviors but often are unaware of the full range of community services that can augment and support clinic-based care. The overall goal of the CHI is to improve health outcomes by integrating patient-centered approaches with community- based programs and services that promote better health.MethodsA CHI logic model was developed that defines expected short term (phase 1), intermediate and long term outcomes for its primary audience (patients and providers), for Group Health as an organization, and for health-promoting community resources and environments. The CHI strategy involves development of a searchable, web-based database that allows providers to easily refer patients to community-based programs that promote active living, healthful eating, and effective chronic disease management. Focus groups were held with providers to determine database scope and content and secondary data were analyzed and mapped to identify where the most vulnerable populations in Group Health?s service live.ResultsDuring phase 1 the database is being piloted at a Group Health clinic in a high needs area in King County, to test clinical-community linkage strategies and to set the stage for replication throughout Group Health, among safety net providers, and in the community at large. The pilot phase evaluation is primarily a process evaluation, assessing characteristics of the program that contribute to its success, the creation of linkages to community resources, participant satisfaction, recommendations for improvement, and fidelity of implementation.DiscussionThe interactive database shows promise as a tool for providers to engage patients in making healthy lifestyle choices and strengthening linkages between clinical practice and community resources. Piloting and evaluating the CHI will ensure the successful replication throughout Group Health, the safety net, and the broader community, and will contribute to the field by demonstrating successful linkages between primary care and community resources.
Isolation and characterization of low molecular weight (4-6S) nuclear RNA in the developing rat brain, and the effect of starvation.

Abstract (1) Groups of rats were subjected to severe starvation during the development of the foetus and/or during the postnatal period. Nuclear 4–6S RNA isolated from the brains of the 4 groups of rats was studied. (2) On fractionation of the RNA on Sephadex G-100, 3 subspecies of RNA were obtained. One of them had a base composition similar to that of mouse liver t-RNA and showed amino acid acceptor activity. (3) At birth, the total amino acid acceptor activity of 4S RNA obtained from rats born of mothers on a restricted diet was about half the activity of 4S RNA obtained from rats born of mothers on a normal diet. (4) The results indicate that starvation during the development of the foetus and also during the postnatal period causes a lowering in the total body and brain weights; in the total concentration of the low molecular weight (4–6S) RNA; and in the levels of amino acid acceptor activity of 4S RNA in rat brain nuclei. The animals were not capable of returning to the normal metabolic state once damage had been caused by starvation, either during the development of the foetus or in the early postnatal period .
The Anthropologist's View on Privacy

Privacy research is often run through a lens comprising of human-computer interface and engineering perspectives, with a marked preference for measurement and quantification.Anthropology can help fill this gap by taking an interpretive approach to knowledge creation, where users' experiences as observed in real life are the basis for an inductive analysis of largely qualitatively gathered data. Anthropologically gathered data and analysis can leverage new perspectives on issues around privacy, and “establish the interconnections between the biological, social, historical, and cultural dimensions of human life that are otherwise parceled up among different disciplines for separate study.
Advertising Engagement: A Driver of Message Involvement on Message Effects

ABSTRACT Engagement plays a contingent role in the effectiveness of advertising processing that corresponds to the message effects created during the process. Such message effects are advertising recall, message involvement, message believability, attitude toward the message (AM), and attitude toward the advertisement (AAD). This study9s objective is to examine whether higher engagement initiated by contextual relevance increases advertising recall, message involvement, message believability, AM, and AAD. The results have revealed that higher engagement increases advertising recall, message involvement, message believability, AM, and AAD. Moreover, message involvement mediates the engagement effect on message believability, whereas AM mediates message believability on AAD. Implications based on the findings demonstrate the importance of engagement as a driver of message involvement and a metric for advertising effectiveness.
A Biometric Study of Total Neutral 17-Ketosteroid Excretion in the Normal Adult Male1

MUCH OF THE published work dealing with 17-ketosteroid excretion has been concerned with the values obtained from patients with various endocrinopathies. While a large number of values from normal subjects have been published, the number in each paper is small and the results of different workers is difficult to integrate statistically, due to the various modifications of the Zimmermann method and the possible absence of homogeneity between the populations studied. The significance of extreme values is easy to evaluate, but some difficulty is encountered in interpreting the borderline values that are frequently found in studying the heterogeneous population encountered in general endocrine practice. Since most of the normal values published by American workers are expressed in terms of means and ranges, tests of significance are difficult to apply, either to the deviation of a clinical determination from normal values, or the difference between the results of two groups of workers.
Family Weight Talk and Dieting: How Much Do They Matter for Body Dissatisfaction and Disordered Eating Behaviors in Adolescent Girls?

Abstract Purpose To learn about parent weight talk, parent dieting, and family weight-teasing in the homes of adolescent girls at risk for obesity and weight-related problems. To examine associations between these family variables and girls' weight status, body satisfaction, and disordered eating behaviors. Methods Data were collected at baseline from girls participating in a school-based intervention to prevent weight-related problems. Participants included 356 adolescent girls from 12 high schools. The girls' mean age was 15.8 years; 46% were overweight or obese; and more than 75% were racial/ethnic minorities. Results A high percentage of girls reported parent weight talk (i.e., comments about one's own weight and encouragement of daughter to diet), parent dieting, and family weight-teasing. For example, 45% of the girls reported that their mothers encouraged them to diet and 58% reported weight-teasing by family members. Weight-teasing was strongly associated with higher body mass index, body dissatisfaction, unhealthy and extreme weight control behaviors, and binge eating with loss of control in the girls. Parent weight talk, particularly by mothers, was associated with many disordered eating behaviors. Mother dieting was associated with girls' unhealthy and extreme weight control behaviors. In no instances were family weight talk and dieting variables associated with better outcomes in the girls. Conclusions Parent weight-related comments and dieting behaviors, and family weight-teasing, may contribute to disordered eating behaviors in adolescent girls. Health care providers can help parents provide a supportive home environment by discouraging weight-based comments, which may be intended to be helpful, but can have unintentional harmful consequences.
Thin films of novel ferroelectric composites

Abstract Composites of BSTO combined with other non electrically active oxides have demonstrated adjustable electronic properteis which can be tailored for use in various electronic devices.[1,2] These novel composites of barium strontium titanate (BSTO) and oxide III compounds have already exhibited promising results in their ceramic form.[3] The additive oxides modify the dielectric constant, tunability (change in the dielectric constant with applied voltage), and dielectric loss of the material. One application has been for use in phased array antennas and insertion has been accomplished into several working antenna systems.[4] To further accommodate the frequencies required by these phased array antennas, thin films of the composites have been fabricated. Preliminary studies have indicated that thin films of such composites exhibit similar behavior as their bulk ceramic counterparts.[5] The purpose of this study is to investigate the properties of the BSTO/oxide III based compounds in thin film form.
Importance of on-time RotaTeq vaccination and long-term active surveillance.

To the Editor. — I read with great interest the article by Haber et al,1 who studied intussusception after implementation of RotaTeq vaccination by using the passive Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) and the active Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD) surveillance systems. Two important points bear mentioning. First, data from this study should not be misconstrued to support RotaTeq administration outside the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–licensed window.2 Although debated, reanalysis of the RotaShield data suggests that much of the risk of intussusception occurred in patients receiving RotaShield late (eg, first dose at 4 or 6 months).3–5 Compliance with recommendations to administer the first dose of RotaTeq at 6 to 12 weeks has been high (92%).1 Thus, although fewer …
Misleading testicular masses

Benign intrascrotal neoplasms of the testicle account for less than 10 per cent of all intrascrotal masses in postpubertal males. Radical inguinal orchiectomy is standard treatment for a firm, intratesticular mass. Of those patients so treated, 93 per cent of patients with this finding will have had the appropriate operation. There are misleading conditions, however, that can cause firm lesions in the testicle. There is a controversy over whether or not our current technology preoperatively can detect these benign lesions accurately. We encountered five different benign testicular masses within a twelve-month period. We present our findings and comments on some of the difficulties in dealing with these.
Preoxygenation reduces desaturation events and improves intubation success.

Abstract Objective Oxygen desaturation occurs frequently in the course of prehospital rapid sequence intubation (RSI) and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Preoxygenation with positive pressure ventilation by bag valve mask may delay the onset of desaturation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate implementation of a targeted preoxygenation protocol including the use of positive pressure ventilation on desaturation events and intubation success during air medical RSI. Methods The RSI air medical program airway training model was modified to target an oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry value of ≥ 93% before initial laryngoscopy. A review of oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry tracings was performed for 2 years before and 2 years after implementation of this protocol. The incidence of desaturation events and overall intubation success rates were compared before and after the intervention. Results One hundred fifty-five RSI procedures were evaluated over the study period. Desaturation events decreased from 58% in the 2 years before algorithm changes to 28% in the first year and 14% in the second year after implementation ( P P Conclusion A preoxygenation protocol dramatically reduced the incidence of desaturation events and increased intubation success without an increase in the number of reported aspiration events.
Adsorption and release of surfactant into and from multifunctional zwitterionic poly(NIPAm-co-DMAPMA-co-AAc) microgel particles

We synthesize monodispersed zwitterionic microgel (ZI-MG) particles that undergo an extensive, reversible change in volume in response to environmental stimuli such as pH and temperature. These aqueous ZI-MG dispersions exhibit a minimum hydrodynamic diameter value at an adjustable isoelectric point (IEP). In addition, the study elucidates the controlled uptake and release of ionic and nonionic surfactants from these particle systems. The extent of surfactant loading and the ensuing relative swelling/deswelling behaviors within the colloidal polymer networks are explained in terms of their binding interactions.
The generation and frequency measurement of short-wavelength far-infrared laser emissions

A significantly improved three-laser heterodyne system has been assembled to generate and measure short-wavelength far-infrared (FIR) laser emissions. Over the past several years, this system has been used to discover fifty-five FIR laser emissions, ranging in wavelength from 26.3 to 185.0 /spl mu/m. These emissions were generated by optically pumping a FIR cavity with a continuous-wave carbon dioxide laser in a X-V geometry when using either hydrazine or a methanol isotopologue as the FIR laser medium. Although heterodyne techniques can be used to measure the frequencies of these FIR laser emissions with fractional uncertainties of /spl plusmn/2/spl times/10/sup -7/, shortcomings in the previous system limited its effectiveness. Improvements made to the three-laser heterodyne system have resulted in an increase in the spectral range used to search for the beat between the known and unknown laser frequencies (an increase of up to 25 GHz) as well as an increase in the system's sensitivity (by up to a factor of 30), all without requiring the use of an additional microwave frequency source. With this improved system, the FIR laser frequencies for the recently discovered 53.9- and 90.0-/spl mu/m laser emissions generated by optically pumped CH/sub 3/OD have been measured.
Anatomy of Success: The Top 100 Cited Scientific Reports Focused On Hypertension Research

• Online Data Supplement Hypertension affects ≈78 million adults (1 in 3 adults) in the United States and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, stroke, and chronic kidney disease.1 Thus, hypertension represents a formidable challenge to US healthcare. In 2010, hypertension was projected to cost US $93.5 billion in healthcare services, medications, and missed days of work.2 In 2012, the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the largest funding source for biomedical research in the world, spent $215 million to support hypertension research.3,4 In this study, we undertook an effort to identify the most frequently cited 100 articles that describe advances focused on hypertension research. The number of citations an article receives after its publication is a measure of its recognition and suggests the effect of its information within the scientific community. Therefore, a bibliometric analysis (ie, citation and content analysis) of the scientific literature may be used to identify influential articles, research topics, authors, and so on in a specific scientific field. To date, although several journals provide statistics of their own publications, we were unable to find an across-the-board bibliometric analysis of hypertension research. Here, we report the results of a bibliometric analysis that aimed to examine key characteristics of the top 100 cited articles that focused on hypertension published during the past century (T100), including citation ranking, year of publication, publishing journal, type of study, country of origin, funding source, and authorship. We used the Science Citation Index (SCI)–expanded (1900–2013) database provided by the Institute for Scientific Information Web of Science (http://thomsonreuters.com/web-of-science/) to determine the 100 most frequently cited articles in hypertension research. The search topic terms included were hypertension, hypertensive, or blood pressure. The articles identified by these search terms were accessed and reviewed online through the NIH library, and …
Spin of a batted baseball

Abstract Experiments are conducted to investigate the spin of a baseball undergoing an oblique collision with a bat. A baseball was fired horizontally at speeds up to 120 mph onto a 3”-diameter cylinder of wood that was rigidly attached to a wall. In one experiment, a two-wheel pitching machine was used in which the backspin or topspin of the incident ball could be adjusted. In another experiment, an air cannon was used to project the ball with no spin. In both experiments, markers on the ball were tracked with high-speed video to determine the velocity and spin vectors, before and after the scattering. Our primary results are as follows: (1) For a given angle of incidence, the scattered spin is nearly independent of the incident spin; (2) The spin of the scattered baseball is considerably larger than expected for a model whereby the ball rolls before leaving the surface. Implications for the spin of batted baseballs will be explored.
Economic model predictive control of nonlinear singularly perturbed systems

Abstract We focus on the development of a Lyapunov-based economic model predictive control (LEMPC) method for nonlinear singularly perturbed systems in standard form arising naturally in the modeling of two-time-scale chemical processes. A composite control structure is proposed in which, a “fast” Lyapunov-based model predictive controller (LMPC) using a quadratic cost function which penalizes the deviation of the fast states from their equilibrium slow manifold and the corresponding manipulated inputs, is used to stabilize the fast dynamics while a two-mode “slow” LEMPC design is used on the slow subsystem that addresses economic considerations as well as desired closed-loop stability properties by utilizing an economic (typically non-quadratic) cost function in its formulation and possibly dictating a time-varying process operation. Through a multirate measurement sampling scheme, fast sampling of the fast state variables is used in the fast LMPC while slow-sampling of the slow state variables is used in the slow LEMPC. Appropriate stabilizability assumptions are made and suitable constraints are imposed on the proposed control scheme to guarantee the closed-loop stability and singular perturbation theory is used to analyze the closed-loop system. The proposed control method is demonstrated through a nonlinear chemical process example.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF DYNAMIC INTERACTION BETWEEN MODEL SUPPORT STRUCTURE AND A HIGH SPEED RESEARCH MODEL IN THE NATIONAL TRANSONIC FACILITY

An extensive study of the dynamic interaction between the model support structure and a High Speed Research model in the National Transonic Facility is presented. Dynamic testing along with supporting analyses accurately characterized the natural modes and forced response characteristics of the National Transonic Facility model and model support system. Severe yaw vibrations of a High Speed Research model during recent wind tunnel tests were found to be due to a forced response resulting from a model system yaw mode natural frequency coinciding with a yaw mode natural frequency of the .model support structure. Possible approaches to vibration alleviation are presented from the standpoint of model design, detuning model system modes from model support structure modes, and vibration attenuation of the massive model support structure.
Novel approaches for immune reconstitution and adaptive immune modeling with human pluripotent stem cells

Pluripotent stem cells have the capacity to generate all cell lineages, and substantial progress has been made in realizing this potential. One fascinating but as yet unrealized possibility is the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into thymic epithelial cells. The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ essential for naive T-cell generation. T cells play an important role in adaptive immunity, and their loss or dysfunction underlies in a wide range of autoimmune and infectious diseases. T cells are generated and selected through interaction with thymic epithelial cells, the functionally essential element of thymus. The ability to generate functional thymic epithelial cells from pluripotent stem cells would have applications in modeling human immune responses in mice, in tissue transplantation, and in modulating autoimmune and infectious disease.
The determination of iodide‐iodate activity in sodium radio‐iodide (I131) by automatic scanning of paper chromatograms

Rf values of different width filter paper chromatograms using 75 per cent methanol in an ascending system are presented for iodide and iodate. The chemical identity of the spots is determined by the use of carrier iodide and iodate. The iodide spot was developed by spraying the dry chromatogram with starch hydrogen peroxide solution. The iodate spot was developed with a spray of ascorbic acid‐starch solution. Description of the equipment is given. The relationship of the chart drive speed and the optimal slit width to the time constant of the counting rate meter is discussed and the minimal slit width calculated for the instrument used. Integration of the curves gave areas representing the total activity at each spot. The ratio of the iodide‐iodate activities thus determined differed from the relative readings of the counting rate meter.
The effect of exercise intensity on endothelial function in physically inactive lean and obese adults.

Purpose To examine the effects of exercise intensity on acute changes in endothelial function in lean and obese adults. Methods Sixteen lean (BMI 30, age 26±6 yr) physically inactive adults were studied during 3 randomized admissions [control (C, no exercise), moderate-intensity exercise (M, @ lactate threshold (LT)) and high-intensity exercise (H, midway between LT and VO2peak) (30 min)]. Endothelial function was assessed by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) at baseline and 1, 2, and 4 h post-exercise. Results RM ANCOVA revealed significant main effects for group, time, and group x condition interaction (p<0.05). A diurnal increase in FMD was observed in lean but not obese subjects. Lean subjects exhibited greater increases in FMD than obese subjects (p = 0.0005). In the obese group a trend was observed for increases in FMD at 2- and 4-hr after M (p = 0.08). For lean subjects, FMD was significantly elevated at all time points after H. The increase in FMD after H in lean subjects (3.2±0.5%) was greater than after both C (1.7±0.4%, p = 0.015) and M (1.4±0.4%, p = 0.002). FMD responses of lean and obese subjects significantly differed after C and H, but not after M. Conclusion In lean young adults, high-intensity exercise acutely enhances endothelial function, while moderate-intensity exercise has no significant effect above that seen in the absence of exercise. The FMD response of obese adults is blunted compared to lean adults. Diurnal variation should be considered when examining the effects of acute exercise on FMD.
Severe candidal infections in neutropenic patients

The incidence of candidal infections in patients with cancer is increasing, and drug-resistant fungi are being isolated more frequently. Diagnosis of hematogenously disseminated candidiasis remains difficult. Characteristic clinical presentations, such as endophthalmitis and chronic hematogenously disseminated candidiasis, are inconstant and may not develop until after neutrophil recovery. Blood cultures are insensitive for detecting candidemia. Growth of Candida species in even one blood culture is strongly suggestive of hematogenously disseminated candidiasis. Serological tests to diagnose this disease remain experimental. Whenever feasible, central venous catheters should be removed from patients with candidemia
Aerothermodynamic technology for Space Shuttle - and beyond.

Wind-tunnel testing ground rules are discussed together with questions of orbiter heating, orbiter aerodynamics, flow fields, and ascent configurations. Aerodynamic heating is not expected to be of concern during ascent prior to solid rocket booster staging because of the relatively low staging velocity. It is pointed out that aerothermodynamics technology for the Space Shuttle orbiter has a three-year data base and is in hand. As shuttle support requirements diminish, and more effort can be brought to bear on advanced studies, advanced aerospace vehicle types, and their potential mission and operational requirements, will be explored in increasing depth.
Vitamin E Regulatory Mechanisms

Dietary and supplemental vitamin E is absorbed and delivered to the liver, but of the various antioxidants with vitamin E activity, only alpha-tocopherol is preferentially recognized by the alpha-tocopherol transfer protein (alpha-TTP) and is transferred to plasma, while the other vitamin E forms (e.g., gamma-tocopherol or tocotrienols) are removed from the circulation. Hepatic alpha-TTP is required to maintain plasma and tissue alpha-tocopherol concentrations. The liver is the master regulator of the body's vitamin E levels in that it not only controls alpha-tocopherol concentrations, but also appears to be the major site of vitamin E metabolism and excretion. Vitamin Es are metabolized similarly to xenobiotics; they are initially omega-oxidized by cytochrome P450s, undergo several rounds of beta-oxidation, and then are conjugated and excreted. As a result of these various mechanisms, liver alpha-tocopherol and other vitamin E concentrations are closely regulated; thus, any potential adverse vitamin E effects are limited.
Carrying out an optimal experiment

Diffraction data collection is the last experimental stage in structural crystallography. It has several technical and theor­etical aspects and a compromise usually has to be found between various parameters in order to achieve optimal data quality. The influence and importance of various experimental parameters and their consequences are discussed in the context of different data applications, such as molecular replacement, anomalous phasing, high-resolution refinement or searching for ligands.
Hazards to birds from open metal pipes

There are reports of open polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes causing bird deaths in the western United States (Brattstrom 1995). Here, we document cases of open bollards and open pipes on gates causing bird deaths in northern New Mexico. At Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), a 10,240-ha site, over 100 uncapped 10.16 cm diam- eter protective bollard posts were examined, and 27% of the open bollards contained dead birds. A total of 88 open pipes used as gate posts, with diameters of 8.89 cm or 10.16 cm, were examined, and 11% contained dead birds. We conducted a preliminary assessment of open pipes on gates along a highway on federal land north of LANL, and 14% of the open pipes contained dead birds. This gate configuration, with open pipes anchoring the gate on either side, is very common in the western United States. In all cases, Western Bluebirds (Sialia mexicana) composed the majority of the identifiable birds we discovered. Based on these preliminary findings, the number of bird deaths from this source is potentially very large and should be a concern in bird conservation and management. RESUMEN.—Existen informes de que tuberias de policloruro de vinilo (PVC) sin sellar causan la muerte de aves en el oeste de Estados Unidos (Brattstrom 1995). Aqui documentamos casos de bolardos y tuberias sin cubrir en puertas que causan la muerte de aves al norte de Nuevo Mexico. En el Laboratorio Nacional de Los Alamos (LANL), en un area de 10,240 hectareas, se examinaron mas de 100 postes de bolardos protectores sin cubrir de 10.16 centimetros de diametro y el 27% de estos bolardos contenian aves muertas. Ademas, se examinaron un total de 88 tuberias abiertas uti- lizadas como postes en puertas de entrada, con diametros de 8.89 cm o 10.16 cm, y el 11% de ellas contenian aves muer- tas. Se llevo a cabo una evaluacion preliminar de las tuberias sin sellar en puertas a lo largo de una autovia, propiedad federal al norte del LANL, y el 14% de estas tuberias contenian aves muertas. Esta configuracion de puertas con tuberias sin sellar anclando la puerta por cualquiera de sus lados es muy comun en el oeste de los Estados Unidos. En todos los casos, la mayoria de las aves reconocibles que fueron encontradas eran Azulejos de Garganta Azul (Sialia mexi- cana). Basandose en estos descubrimientos preliminares, la proporcion de muertes de aves por este motivo es potencial- mente muy elevada y deberia ser de interes para la conservacion y el manejo de las aves.
SOBA: sequence ontology bioinformatics analysis

The advent of cheaper, faster sequencing technologies has pushed the task of sequence annotation from the exclusive domain of large-scale multi-national sequencing projects to that of research laboratories and small consortia. The bioinformatics burden placed on these laboratories, some with very little programming experience can be daunting. Fortunately, there exist software libraries and pipelines designed with these groups in mind, to ease the transition from an assembled genome to an annotated and accessible genome resource. We have developed the Sequence Ontology Bioinformatics Analysis (SOBA) tool to provide a simple statistical and graphical summary of an annotated genome. We envisage its use during annotation jamborees, genome comparison and for use by developers for rapid feedback during annotation software development and testing. SOBA also provides annotation consistency feedback to ensure correct use of terminology within annotations, and guides users to add new terms to the Sequence Ontology when required. SOBA is available at http://www.sequenceontology.org/cgi-bin/soba.cgi.
Ethical issues in developing pharmacogenetic research partnerships with American indigenous communities

Pharmacogenetic research offers the potential to improve the safety and efficacy of drug prescribing. Assuring that the benefits of this research reach indigenous and other medically underserved people is an important justice concern. First, however, a legacy of mistrust, derived from traditional research practices that disempower communities, must be overcome. Linking pharmacogenetic research to collaborative, power-sharing research partnerships provides a valuable opportunity to develop new and positive precedents for genetic research in indigenous communities.