cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transient Two-Dimensional Analysis of Side Load in Liquid Rocket Engine Nozzles

Two-dimensional planar and axisymmetric numerical investigations on the nozzle start-up side load physics were performed. The objective of this study is to develop a computational methodology to identify nozzle side load physics using simplified two-dimensional geometries, in order to come up with a computational strategy to eventually predict the three-dimensional side loads. The computational methodology is based on a multidimensional, finite-volume, viscous, chemically reacting, unstructured-grid, and pressure-based computational fluid dynamics formulation, and a transient inlet condition based on an engine system modeling. The side load physics captured in the low aspect-ratio, two-dimensional planar nozzle include the Coanda effect, afterburning wave, and the associated lip free-shock oscillation. Results of parametric studies indicate that equivalence ratio, combustion and ramp rate affect the side load physics. The side load physics inferred in the high aspect-ratio, axisymmetric nozzle study include the afterburning wave; transition from free-shock to restricted-shock separation, reverting back to free-shock separation, and transforming to restricted-shock separation again; and lip restricted-shock oscillation. The Mach disk loci and wall pressure history studies reconfirm that combustion and the associated thermodynamic properties affect the formation and duration of the asymmetric flow.
Pilot test of a proposed chemical/biological/radiation/ nuclear-capable mass casualty triage system.

Introduction. Existing mass casualty triage systems do not consider the possibility of chemical, biological, or radiologic/nuclear (CBRN) contamination of the injured patients. A system that can triage injured patients who are or may be contaminated by CBRN material, developed through expert opinion, was pilot-tested at an airport disaster drill. The study objective was to determine the system's speed andaccuracy. Methods. For a drill involving a plane crash with release of organophosphate material from the cargo hold, 56 patient scenarios were generated, with some involving signs andsymptoms of organophosphate toxicity in addition to physical trauma. Prior to the drill, the investigators examined each scenario to determine the “correct” triage categorization, assuming proper application of the proposed system, andtrained the paramedics who were expected to serve as triage officers at the drill. During the drill, the medics used the CBRN triage system to triage the 56 patients, with two observers timing a...
Two RNA recognition motif-containing proteins are plant mitochondrial editing factors

Post-transcriptional C-to-U RNA editing occurs in plant plastid and mitochondrial transcripts. Members of the Arabidopsis RNA-editing factor interacting protein (RIP) family and ORRM1 (Organelle RNA Recognition Motif-containing protein 1) have been recently characterized as essential components of the chloroplast RNA editing apparatus. ORRM1 belongs to a distinct clade of RNA Recognition Motif (RRM)-containing proteins, most of which are predicted to be organelle-targeted. Here we report the identification of two proteins, ORRM2 (organelle RRM protein 2) and ORRM3 (organelle RRM protein 3), as the first members of the ORRM clade to be identified as mitochondrial editing factors. Transient silencing of ORRM2 and ORRM3 resulted in reduced editing efficiency at ∼6% of the mitochondrial C targets. In addition to an RRM domain at the N terminus, ORRM3 carries a glycine-rich domain at the C terminus. The N-terminal RRM domain by itself provides the editing activity of ORRM3. In yeast-two hybrid assays, ORRM3 interacts with RIP1, ORRM2 and with itself. Transient silencing of ORRM2 in the orrm3 mutant further impairs the editing activity at sites controlled by both ORRM2 and ORRM3. Identification of the effect of ORRM2 and ORRM3 on RNA editing reveals a previously undescribed role of RRM-containing proteins as mitochondrial RNA editing factors.
Reestablishment of endogonaceae on Mount St. Helens: survival of residuals

The 18 May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens resulted in the burial of relatively well developed soils under variable depths of sterile tephra and ash. During summer 1982, we examined a series of sites and estimated the numbers of spores of Endogonaceae that had been transported from the buried soil to the new ground surface by either abiotic or biotic vectors. There was no difference between spore counts of Endogone spp. or Glomus spp. in the buried soils of forests and clear-cuts; spores were rare in the tephra at any site. In areas featuring less than or equal to 50 cm of tephra, spores were transported to the surface by gophers (in previous clear-cut areas) and by ants (in previous forest and clear-cut habitats). In the Pumice Plain, an area devoid of gophers and ants, erosion exposed spores to the surface. We found no evidence to suggest that endogonaceous fungi grow back up root systems from buried horizons. We hypothesize that small-scale perturbations (erosion, gopher and ant mounds) following the major volcanic disturbance may drive succession by exposing buried mycorrhizal and decomposer fungi. 26 references, 2 figures, 3 tables.
Feeding behavior of a potential insect pest, Lygus hesperus, on four new industrial crops for the arid southwestern USA

Abstract Camelina ( Camelina sativa ), guayule ( Parthenium argentatum ), lesquerella ( Physaria fendleri ), and vernonia ( Centrapalus pauciflorus [formerly Vernonia galamensis ]) are either under limited commercial production or being developed for production in the southwestern USA. Insect pests are a potential economic threat to all these new crops, with Lygus hesperus , the western tarnished plant bug, among the most prominent due to its regional abundance and propensity to feed on reproductive plant tissue. The objectives of this study were to establish baseline data on the feeding behavior and potential impact of L. hesperus on camelina, guayule, lesquerella and vernonia. Behavioral observations of adult females and males, and nymphs of this insect were made in the laboratory. Insects spent ≈35% of their time either probing (=tasting) or feeding on various reproductive and vegetative tissues of guayule, lesquerella or vernonia, but only 20% on camelina. When insects did probe and feed they preferred reproductive tissues, primarily flowers and siliques/achenes, and there were differences in these behaviors relative to crop but not generally to insect stage or sex. Insects probed and fed more on flower tissue of guayule and vernonia compared with camelina and lesquerella, and more on siliques of lesquerella compared with achenes of vernonia. When probing and feeding on vegetative tissue, there was generally a preference for stems compared with leaves in all crops except guayule. Results show that L. hesperus will readily feed on the economically important tissues of all crops, and although research has shown that this feeding did not consistently affect lesquerella yield, further work will be needed to determine if such feeding poses a risk to commercial production of camelina, guayule or vernonia.
Unsolved issues in teaching content: A critique of a lesson on federalist paper no. 10☆

Abstract Our knowledge of effective teaching comes from the teaching of skills, but it is difficult to apply that knowledge to a lesson like this which teaches content. Some of the findings from the teaching of skills include checking for student understanding, providing for active participation by all students, providing for a high success, correcting guided practice, and independent practice. But we have not yet developed techniques for conducting these activities when teaching content. The paper concludes with some suggestions from recent research on the teaching of content.
A new look at electromagnetic field theory

The most general expression of electromagnetic theory is examined in the light of (1) Faraday's interpretation of the field as a potentiality for the force of charged matter to act upon a test body, and (2) Einstein's view of the field equations as an example of a covariant expression of special relativity. Faraday's original interpretation, in which all physical variables must be expressible as nonsingular fields, implies a particular generalization of the standard forms of the conservation equations and leads to a removal of the problem of the infinite self-energy of point sources. A further generalization of the mathematical expression of electromagnetism occurs when it is asserted that the form of the laws must be compatible with the symmetry requirements of the irreducible representations of the Poincare group. This yields a factorization of the vector field equations, giving a set of two uncoupled two-component spinor equations. It is shown that the latter lead to twice as many conservation equations for electromagnetism, compared with the vector formalism, thus making extra predictions that are not made in the latter formalism. It is shown that the extra conservation equations reveal themselves only when incorporating the requirements of Faraday's interpretation of the field solutions.
Ruth Snodgrass El Saffar (1941–1994) In Memoriam

University teachers seldom receive the recognition accorded to those in the fields of public service or the arts. Ruth El Saffar was an exceptional example: someone who transcended the categories of Academia, while never ceasing to be a model in her chosen profession of scholar and teacher. At the time of her woefully premature death she was Research Professor in the Department of Romance Languages at the University of Illinois at Chicago. An extraordinarily productive scholar, she was at the height of her powers.
Prevalence of Delirium and Urinary Tract Infection in a Psychogeriatric Unit

A retrospective study involving 407 patients discharged over a 2-year period from a psychogeriatric unit found that 83 (20.4%) had urinary tract infection (UTI) and 54 (13.3%) had delirium diagnoses at admission. Of the 54 with delirium, 14 (25.9%) had UTI. Of these 14 patients, delirium cleared in nine (64.3%) after appropriate treatment of UTI, two (14.3%) improved with treatment of concomitant medical disorders, and three (21.4%) did not improve. Only six of the 14 (42.8%) showed symptoms of UTI, with only one of the 14 (7.1%) showing fever and leukocytosis. Urine analyses were abnormal in all cases with 13/14 (92.8%) having positive cultures. Dementia was an associated risk factor in 71.4% of the 14 patients with UTI and delirium. Clinicians need to have a high index of suspicion relative to the presence of UTI in the elderly, especially with pre-existing cognitive impairment, since it can precipitate delirium. Early recognition and appropriate treatment decreases morbidity.
Serum fucose in the diagnosis of breast cancer.

Date from serum fucose determinations in the diagnosis of breast cancer are presented. Initial studies revealed that fucose found in normal people is protein bound with a concentration of 9-14 mg%. The most recent series of 150 patients 46 of whom were subsequently proved to have breast carcinoma revealed that 18% of those with benign disease and 70% of those with malignant disease had serum levels greater than 3.35 X 10 fucose/mg protein. These results indicate a relationship between elevated serum fucose and the presence of human breast cancer. 70% of 44 patients whose serum fucose was 25 mg/100 ml or higher and whose serum protein was less than 8.5 mg/100 mg subsequently were shown to have breast cancer. When correlated with age 80% of such patients over age 50 had malignancy in their breasts. This test may be useful as an additional follow-up tool in earlier detection of breast malignancy and in following patients with recurrent breast masses.
Weak Allee effect, grazing, and S-shaped bifurcation curves

We study a one-dimensional reaction-diffusion model arising in population dynamics where the growth rate is a weak Allee type. In particular, we consider the effects of grazing on the steady states and discuss the complete evolution of the bifurcation curve of positive solutions as the grazing parameter varies. We obtain our results via the quadrature method and Mathematica computations. We establish that the bifurcation curve is S-shaped for certain ranges of the grazing parameter. We also prove this occurrence of an S-shaped bifurcation curve analytically.
FIVE YEARS' EXPERIENCE WITH CHRONIC TRANSFUSIONS IN SICKLE CELL ANEMIA (SSA) USING DONORS MATCHED FOR MINOR RBC ANTIGENS

In 1978, a chronic transfusion program was initiated for selected SSA patients using donors closely matched for 17 RBC antigens (C,D,c,E,ē,Kell,P,M,N,S,s,Fya,Fyb,Jka,Jkb,Lea,Leb) because isoimmunization is common in black patients receiving random donor transfusions (34% in our population). This is due to the high frequency of negativity for certain minor RBC antigens (e.g. C,E,Fya,Fyb,Leb) in blacks and the likelihood of positivity for these antigens in Caucasians. Twelve patients who had received multiple previous “unmatched” random donor transfusions were then given 1-3 units of “matched” RBCs every 3 weeks over a period of 7-70 mo. Each patient was matched as closely as possible with 8-30 donors selected from over 1000 genotyped blacks.
Congenital heart disease in a tetra-X woman.

This is the 21st reported case of tetra-X, the oldest patient (58 years) to date, the first studied at autopsy, and the first with documented congenital heart disease. Her mental retardation may well have been related to widespread deficiency of hemisphenal white matter. Death resulted from multiple atrial septal defects.
On the attainable set of differential inclusions and control systems

In several cases, problems in optimal control, mathematical economics, and mechanics, involving various types of ambiguity, indeterminancy or shortage of information (hysteresis, stochastic problems, dynamical price decentralization, etc.) lead to the study of differential inclusions. In a differential inclusion the tangent at each point is prescribed by a multifunction (set-valued function) and the direction field is usually called an orientor field. In this paper we consider the differential inclusion
Environmental impact of IEEE 802.11 access points: a case study

Wireless local area networks have become an ubiquitous means for network access in both residential and commercial locations over the recent past. Given their widespread deployment, it is of importance to understand their environmental impact and this paper presents a life cycle assessment of the energy intensity of IEEE 802.11 wireless access points. Following a cradle-to-grave approach, we evaluate the energy consumed in the manufacture of access points (including the extraction of raw materials, component manufacturing, assembly, and transportation) as well as during its actual usage. Our results show that the manufacturing stage is responsible for a significant fraction of the overall energy consumption. In light of our findings, increasing the overall lifetime is one of the recommended ways to reduce the environmental impact of access points.
Medullary loci critical for expression of gasping in adult rats.

1. Our purpose was to define whether a region of medulla could be identified that is critical for the expression of gasping. 2. Decerebrate, vagotomized, paralysed and ventilated adult rats were used. The pattern of phrenic activity was reversibly altered from eupnoea to gasping by exposure to hypoxia or anoxia. 3. Gasping was irreversibly eliminated following unilateral electrolytic lesions of the lateral tegmental field of the medulla. The eupnoeic rhythm continued after these lesions. 4. Injections of kainic acid into the lateral tegmental field also eliminated gasping. Phrenic activity in eupnoea was not altered. 5. Lesions outside the lateral tegmental field caused marked changes in the eupnoeic rhythm, including expiratory apnoea. Upon exposure to hypoxia or anoxia, gasping was still induced. 6. This region for the neurogenesis of gasping in rats is identical to the region that serves a comparable function in cats. Moreover, it overlaps with the 'pre-Botzinger' complex which has been described for the in vitro brainstem preparation of the neonatal rat. Our results raise doubts that this complex plays a role in the neurogenesis of eupnoea.
Molecular orbital correlation of arylmethyl chloride atom abstraction by stannyl radicals

Abstract A series of monochloromethylated polycyclic benzenoid hydrocarbons have been treated with triphenyltin hydride and AIBN initiator at 70°C. Under these conditions the only observable reaction is reduction of the starting materials to methylarenes. A significant range of relative rates (factor of 40) has been found among the compounds studied. All relative rates yielded an excellent correlation when plotted against PPP-SCF calculated energy differences. The present works shows the ability of such calculations to treat processes involving nucleophilic radicals.
Foxp1-mediated programming of limb-innervating motor neurons from mouse and human embryonic stem cells

Spinal motor neurons (MNs) control diverse motor tasks including respiration, posture and locomotion that are disrupted by neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal muscular atrophy. Methods directing MN differentiation from stem cells have been developed to enable disease modelling in vitro. However, most protocols produce only a limited subset of endogenous MN subtypes. Here we demonstrate that limb-innervating lateral motor column (LMC) MNs can be efficiently generated from mouse and human embryonic stem cells through manipulation of the transcription factor Foxp1. Foxp1-programmed MNs exhibit features of medial and lateral LMC MNs including expression of specific motor pool markers and axon guidance receptors. Importantly, they preferentially project axons towards limb muscle explants in vitro and distal limb muscles in vivo upon transplantation-hallmarks of bona fide LMC MNs. These results present an effective approach for generating specific MN populations from stem cells for studying MN development and disease.
Neighborhood Associations: Their Issues, their Allies, and their Opponents

We study neighborhood associations as local political actors. In our sample, most were formed around a single neighborhood issue, typically involving land-development projects. Their most common op...
Supramolecular synthesis based on a combination of hydrogen- and halogen bonds.

A family of supramolecular reagents containing two different binding sites, pyridine and amino-pyrimidine, were allowed to react with iodo- or bromo-substituted benzoic acids in order to assemble individual molecules into larger architectures with precise intermolecular interactions, using a combination of hydrogen- and halogen-bonds. The hydrogen-bond based amino-pyrimidine/carboxylic acid or amino-pyrimidinium/carboxylate synthons are responsible for the assembly of the primary structural motif in every case (7/7 times, 100% supramolecular yield), while I···N, Br···N, and I···O, halogen bonds play a structural supporting role by organizing these supermolecules into extended 1D and 2D architectures (5/7 times, 71% supramolecular yield). These results illustrate how two different noncovalent interactions can be employed side-by-side in the reliable construction of extended molecular solid-state networks with predictable connectivity and dimensionality.
Conserved gammaherpesvirus kinase and histone variant H2AX facilitate gammaherpesvirus latency in vivo

Many herpesvirus-encoded protein kinases facilitate viral lytic replication. Importantly, the role of viral kinases in herpesvirus latency is less clear. Mouse gammaherpesvirus-68 (MHV68)-encoded protein kinase orf36 facilitates lytic replication in part through activation of the host DNA damage response (DDR). Here we show that MHV68 latency was attenuated in the absence of orf36 expression. Unexpectedly, our study uncovered enzymatic activity-independent role of orf36 in the establishment of MHV68 latency following intraperitoneal route of infection. H2AX, an important DDR protein, facilitates MHV68 lytic replication and may be directly phosphorylated by orf36 during lytic infection. In this study, H2AX deficiency, whether systemic or limited to infected cells, attenuated the establishment of MHV68 latency in vivo. Thus, our work reveals viral kinase-dependent regulation of gammaherpesvirus latency and illuminates a novel link between H2AX, a component of a tumor suppressor DDR network, and in vivo latency of a cancer-associated gammaherpesvirus.
Contemporary Management of Jugular Paragangliomas

Jugular paragangliomas are generally benign slow-growing tumors that can cause pulsatile tinnitus, hearing loss, and cranial nerves neuropathy. Progressive growth can also lead to intracranial extension. Historically, the treatment of choice for these lesions has been gross total resection. However, over the last 15 years, many groups have adopted less invasive management strategies including stereotactic radiation therapy, subtotal resection, and primary observation in order to reduce treatment-associated morbidity. The focus of this article is to review the modern management of jugular paraganglioma, highlighting the evolving treatment paradigm at the Otology Group of Vanderbilt.
Zonisamide for Weight Loss in Adolescents

Obesity in children and adolescents is a growing epidemic in the United States, and physicians are increasingly looking for safe and effective treatments. In recent years, pharmacologic treatment has been considered for severe and refractory cases of adolescent obesity. We present a case of an obese adolescent who presented to an inpatient psychiatric unit with a body mass index (BMI) of 37.8 (>98th percentile for age). He was started on zonisamide for the purposes of weight loss, and a steady decrease in weight and BMI was noted through 4 months of outpatient follow-up. During this time, the patient's weight decreased from 126.8 kg to 106.2 kg, a 20.6-kg loss, representing a 16.25% reduction in weight. His most recent BMI decreased to 31.7 (96th percentile for age). We discuss the potential use of zonisamide for weight loss in adolescents, considering the potential risks and benefits.
The effects of convection criteria on the evolution of Population III stars and the detectability of their supernovae

The first stars continue to elude modern telescopes, but much has been accomplished in observing the glow of the first galaxies. As detection capabilities improve we will eventually resolvethesegalaxies,buthopesofobservinganindividualstarremainsdimfortheforeseeable future. However, our first view of an individual first star may be possible due to its explosion. In this work, we present evolution calculations for Population III (Pop III) stars and their subsequentsupernovaeexplosions.Ourevolutionmodelsincludeamassrangeof15–100M� , each with initial heavy element abundance Z = 10 −14 . Our models are evolved from pre-main sequence through formation of an iron core, and thus near to core collapse. We find that modelling the evolution of these stars is very sensitive to the choice of convection criterion; here we provide evolution results using both the Schwarzschild and Ledoux criteria. We also use the final structure from our models for numerical simulation of their supernovae light curves using a radiation hydrodynamics code. In doing so, we estimate a lower bound of initial model mass that may be possible to observe in near future. We also find that our 40M� Schwarzschild evolution model produces the brightest supernova peak and statistically should
Chronic inflammatory pain does not attenuate the development of tolerance to chronic morphine in adult male rats

The overall impact of chronic pain on the response to opioids is ambiguous in the literature, and comparisons between human and animal studies are complicated by vast differences between the manner and dosage of opioids given to humans treated for pain in comparison to rodents as well as a lack of healthy participant studies examining the impact of chronic opioids. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of chronic pain on the development of tolerance to morphine and to assess how the concentration of drug affects this process. Twenty-four hours after the injection of CFA or normal saline in the left hind paw, the level of mechanical hypersensitivity was assessed and animals were randomly assigned to a morphine dose (1, 3 or 8 mg/kg or saline). Morphine was administered by subcutaneous injection twice a day for 5 days. On Day 6, animals were challenged with a single dose of 3 mg/kg morphine prior to formalin testing. Evidence of tolerance was mixed, and the results varied widely among the conditions. Analysis of mean paw withdrawal thresholds indicated that the analgesic efficacy of subcutaneous morphine diminished following repeated dosing. The presence of the chronic inflammatory pain condition during the morphine dosing period produced an increase in formalin pain behaviors compared to saline controls, such that animals given any dose of morphine during the 5-day dosing period showed higher responding to formalin following the 3 mg/kg dose than animals that had received saline injections. These results indicate that chronic pain does influence the development of opioid tolerance, but it does not prevent this phenomenon from occurring as suggested by some researchers.
The binding of RNA polymerase to DNA. Stabilization by nucleoside triphosphates

Abstract In the absence of RNA synthesis, RNA polymerase is readily dissociated from the DNA-RNA polymerase complex. The presence of 4 nucleoside triphosphates increases the binding of polymerase to DNA. Single nucleoside triphosphates can protect the dissociation of polymerase from its binding site by high salt concentration and can also protect polymerase from alteration by heat. Purine nucleoside triphosphates exert a greater effect in this regard than do pyrimidines.
Neuronal activity in the chronic and acute epileptogenic focus.

Abstract Activity of single neurons was recorded in the chronic (alumina) epileptogenic focus of unanesthetized monkeys with micropipettes. In some instances, intracellular recordings were obtained. Most of the bursting units had long interspike intervals between the first spikes in the burst. The following part of the burst consisted of a high-frequency train of spikes riding on a small membrane-depolarizing shift in many cases. Some units did not show the long initial intervals and differed in other respects as well. The activity in the chronic focus of the monkey was compared with that in the acute penicillin focus of the cat. A distinct difference between the two types of foci was found in the interspike interval patterns of bursting units. In some instances, movement-related trains of bursts separated by quiet periods, occurred in the the chronic focus. These cyclically occurring groups of bursts had a repetition rate of 25–35 per min. They were regarded as drug-induced (Sernylan). Within the trains, interburst intervals and the number of spikes in each burst were significantly reduced. In one cycling neuron, there was a negative correlation between trains of bursts and paroxysmal discharges in the EEG. The different types of activity in the chronic and acute focus are seen in parallel with some presumed structural differences.
Bounds on natural frequencies of composite circular plates: Integral equation methods

Abstract The problem of finding upper and lower bounds to the natural frequencies of free vibration of a circular plate with stepped radial density has been investigated. Such problems, involving discontinuous coefficients in the governing differential equation, are formulated with an integral equation by using a Green function and the basic theory of linear integral equations. It is shown that eigenvalue estimation techniques based on the integral equation formulation are more effective than those based on the traditional differential equation formulation. By using the Galerkin method, the integral equation formulation is shown to provide more accurate upper bounds than the differential equation formulation for both the clamped and simply supported plates. Additionally, it is shown that the corresponding Green functions can be used to supply improvable lower bounds.
Cioran et le gouffre temporel

RETRACTION NOTICE . This article has been retracted. For more information, please read the Editorial in Revue Romane 50:1 (2015). In the Cioranian universe, language and time, both inextricably bound, both chillingly perverse, constitute icons of what is, contextually, an inexorable vision of the human condition. The pairing progenerates specters, phantasms of the void, pernicious and vacuous. It is at the perilous, indeed, the perfidious nexus of enunciation and endlessness — each dreaded, yet each ineluctable — that the dyad adopts an onerous cast. To the extent that discourse configures a cipher of perpetuity, and in that, conversely, any trace of eternity conjures a ceaseless extension of the word, of that very word which begets and embodies postmodern aporia, there lurks in consequence of discourse emitted a palpable trepidation, a confrontation with the ultimate precipice, the unconscionable, inscrutable continuity of nothingness. The deconstructive imperative overtakes the text, from which there is neither scriptural nor metaphysical exit. A curious dynamic, a tangled skein of haunting refrain.
Introduction of ion-exchange moieties to reticulated vitreous carbon by direct chemical modification

Abstract Reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) disks were successfully modified by covalent attachment of functional groups capable of metal ion exchange. Modification was accomplished through a three-step procedure. Oxidation of the RVC material with a mixture of H 2 SO 4 and HNO 3 significantly increased the number of carboxylic acid groups on the surface. These were converted to the acid chloride using oxalyl chloride and the ion-exchange moieties were attached through amide formation. Metal-ion uptake was determined by subjecting the modified electrodes to solutions of four different metal cations. Inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy was employed to determine the metal ion concentration both before and after introduction of the modified RVC material. Uptake ranged from 20% to 99%, depending on the ion-exchange moiety and metal cation. Electrochemical analysis revealed that the modified RVC is no longer suitable for use as an electrode.
Why do the [PhSiO1.5]8,10,12 cages self-brominate primarily in the ortho position? Modeling reveals a strong cage influence on the mechanism

(PhSiO1.5)8,10,12 cages are bulky, electron withdrawing like CF3; yet self-brominate (60 °C), favoring ortho substitution: PhT8 (≈85%), PhT10 (≈75%) and PhT12 (60%). First-principles calculations suggest bromination initiates when Br2 is “trapped” via H-bonding to ortho-H's, followed by polarization via strong interactions with cage faces, possibly cage LUMOs.
Fruits and vegetables intake and physical activity among hypertensive adults in the United States: behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 2003 and 2007.

BACKGROUND Consuming enough fruits and vegetables and engaging in regular physical activity are believed to be two important components of several lifestyle modifications for people with hypertension. The purpose of this study was to measure the degree to which US adults with hypertension achieved recommended intakes of fruits and vegetables and engaged in recommended levels of physical activity in 2003 and 2007. METHODS Using the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data conducted in 2003 (N = 264,178) and 2007 (N = 430,082), we determined the changes in the prevalence of eating > or =5 servings of fruits and vegetables and of obtaining Healthy People 2010 recommended level of physical activity among adults with hypertension during the period. RESULTS In 2003 and 2007, among individuals with hypertension, age-adjusted prevalences of eating > or =5 servings of fruits and vegetables were 23.8 and 24.4% (P = 0.394) and meeting a recommended physical activity level were 38.2 and 40.3% (P or =5 servings of fruits and vegetables and meeting a recommended physical activity for 2007 were 1.02 (0.97-1.08) and 1.06 (1.01-1.10), respectively, after adjusting for relevant factors. CONCLUSIONS Among hypertensives, less than a quarter are eating five or more servings of fruits and vegetables per day, and less than half are meeting recommended physical activity. In 4 years, there was no statistically significant improvement in intake of fruits and vegetables and just a slight, albeit statistically significant, improvement in physical activity among US adults.
Efficacy and safety of growth hormone treatment in short children with renal allografts: Three year experience

Efficacy and safety of growth hormone treatment in short children with renal allografts: Three year experience. The majority of children with renal allografts have diminished growth and reduced final height. Impaired allograft function and glucocorticoid treatment are the main contributing factors. Since recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) treatment was able to counteract the growth depressing effects of glucocorticoids in experimental uremia, an open-labeled prospective study in 17 short children with renal allografts was designed to investigate the efficacy of rhGH therapy (30 IU/m 2 /week) with special emphasis on the safety regarding graft function and carbohydrate metabolism. Height velocity in prepubertal children (N = 10) increased from baseline median 2.2 cm/year to 7.9 cm/year after one year (P
Base-rate training without case cues reduces base-rate neglect.

Base-rate neglect is a persistent phenomenon in which subjects do not place sufficient weight on the probabilities of occurrence of relevant events. Two experiments with college students support the hypothesis that base-rate neglect may be minimized by providing base-rate training in the absence of case, or witness, cues, prior to introducing (or reintroducing) these cues. In Experiment 1, the hypothesis was supported by both within-subjects and between-groups assessments; in Experiment 2, the hypothesis was supported while the effects of instructions and a correction procedure were found to be minimal. In Experiment 1, but not in Experiment 2, training with case cues present also reduced base-rate neglect, but this effect was not sufficient to account for the effect of cue-absent base-rate training. Correction trials led some subjects to detect that the task contingencies were random; however, neither this nor actually telling subjects after the experiment that the task was indeed random led invariably to subjects’ describing the optimal strategy (which was to choose the richer alternative exclusively).
The paradox of commodities

A commodity is available from many vendors without distinction. Simply stated, a commodity is not a high-margin product. Pricing at multiples above unit cost requires something special - valued brand, frontier features, unique service, or lightening-fast distribution. In the beginning, computers were not commodities. During its heyday, IBM had the most storied distribution and servicing network in the world. IBM's engineering was pretty good, too. The combination of advanced technology and tailored service was extremely potent. IBM dominated the market. It was able to charge prices at multiple levels above a machine's unit cost. Computing has come a long way since then. Today, very few firms can garner high margins on their products. This fact fosters a myth that all high-tech product markets eventually evolve into commodities. There are four positive and three negative strategies firms use to fight commodification. It is simply wrong to argue that firms cannot make money in a commodity technology market. Yet, that leads to the central paradox of commodity markets: Starving off commodification requires investing in something special.
Modeling group trust for peer-to-peer access control

The information on the Web is growing at a very fast pace. In this ever-accumulating data, the volume of information being exchanged using peer-to-peer applications is on the rise in recent times. As peer-to-peer applications like file sharing, distributed computing and instant messaging are gaining popularity, security issues related to these applications are being taken up more seriously. We focus mainly on two important security issues related to the aspect of peer-to-peer file sharing. First of these is the problem of "Peer Selection", where the notion of security deals with the identification and prevention of peers that display malicious tendencies in their behavior. The second issue is "Request Resolution" which comes into play when a peer needs to decide among the received requests for its resources. Request resolution is of vital importance since some of these requests may tend to exhaust the peer's serving capabilities (like processing capacity and bandwidth), so that it can't respond to any further requests normally. Consequences of such a maligned request may result in the peer loosing its trust among other peers as well as being branded malicious. We show how to model group trust for peer-to-peer access control so as to make them secure and thus provide a redressal to the above-mentioned issues.
Mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia in coronary artery disease patients with left ventricular dysfunction.

Reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is a risk factor for poor outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia (MSIMI) also identifies a subset of CAD patients at increased risk for future cardiovascular events. Susceptibility to MSIMI in patients with CAD and reduced LVEF is unknown. We enrolled 182 patients (67 women) with a mean age of 64 years and a documented history of CAD in this study. Baseline resting ejection fraction was determined by use of technetium 99m sestamibi gated single photon emission computed tomography. Abnormal LVEF was defined as less than 45% for men and less than 50% for women (based on published norms for our software [Cedars-Sinai Medical Center]). All participants underwent mental stress testing with a public speaking task. Rest/stress myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography was performed via conventional methodology. Images were visually compared for number and severity of perfusion defects by use of a scoring method from 0 to 4. A summed difference score was calculated as the difference between summed stress and rest scores. A score of greater than 3 was considered abnormal. MSIMI developed in 19% of patients with normal LVEF and 31% of those with reduced LVEF. There is no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P=.11). CAD patients with left ventricular dysfunction are equally susceptible to MSIMI as those with normal LVEF.
Cervical sympathetic stimulation caused by carcinoma of the lung.

SUMMARY There are described two patients with carcinoma of the apex of the lung who exhibited the effects of stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nervous system; namely, widening of the palpebral fissure, dilatation of the pupil, increased sweating on the same side of the face and the upper extremity of the same side. The findings are exactly opposite those found in Horner's syndrome.
Floral Volatiles of Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb.

ABSTRACT The floral volatiles of Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. (autumn olive) were isolated by simultaneous steam distillation/extraction and “purge and trap” techniques. Extracts were analyzed by GC/M S. In the steam distillate, 84 peaks were detected of which 56 were assigned structures. In the “purge and trap” analysis, 47 peaks were detected with 37 assigned structures. The principal steam distillate constituents were palmitic acid, C14 to C20 fatty acid methyl esters, eugenol, 4-methyl phenol, phenylaeetaldehyde, and (E)-2-nonenal. Among the headspace volatiles recovered by “purge and trap,” the most abundant compounds were 4-methyl anisole, 4-methoxy anisole, 4-methyl phenol, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, and (E)-2-hexenal. The composition of the essential oil indicates that it may have commercial value.
MEET: a generalized framework for reciprocal recommender systems

Reciprocal recommender systems refer to systems from which users can obtain recommendations of other individuals by satisfying preferences of both parties being involved. Different from the traditional user-item recommendation, reciprocal recommenders focus on the preferences of both parties simultaneously, as well as some special properties in terms of "reciprocal". In this paper, we propose MEET -- a generalized framework for reciprocal recommendation, in which we model the correlations of users as a bipartite graph that maintains both local and global "reciprocal" utilities. The local utility captures users' mutual preferences, whereas the global utility manages the overall quality of the entire reciprocal network. Extensive empirical evaluation on two real-world data sets (online dating and online recruiting) demonstrates the effectiveness of our proposed framework compared with existing recommendation algorithms. Our analysis also provides deep insights into the special aspects of reciprocal recommenders that differentiate them from user-item recommender systems.
A Martian Stranded on Earth: Alexander Bogdanov, Blood Transfusions, and Proletarian Science

When Professor Nikolai Krementsov of the University of Toronto was confronted with a chapter grown too large for his book on the fate of the biomedical sciences after the Russian Revolution, he dec...
Dielectric Spectroscopy of Proteins as a Quantitative Experimental Test of Computational Models of Their Low-Frequency Harmonic Motions

Decades of molecular dynamics and normal mode calculations suggest that the largest-scale collective vibrational modes of proteins span the picosecond to nanosecond time scale. Experimental investigation of these harmonic, low-amplitude motions, however, has proven challenging. In response, we have developed a vector network analyzer-based spectrometer that supports the accurate measurement of both the absorbance and refractive index of solvated biomolecules over the corresponding gigahertz to terahertz frequency regime, thus providing experimental information regarding their largest-scale, lowest frequency harmonic motions. We have used this spectrometer to measure the complex dielectric response of lysozyme solutions over the range 65 to 700 GHz and an effective medium model to separate the dielectric response of the solvated protein from that of its buffer. In doing so, we find that each lysozyme is surrounded by a tightly bound layer of 165 ± 15 water molecules that, in terms of their picosecond dynam...
Keratin 23 (K23), a novel acidic keratin, is highly induced by histone deacetylase inhibitors during differentiation of pancreatic cancer cells

Sodium butyrate (NaBu) was shown to induce differentiation and apoptosis in the human pancreatic cancer cell line AsPC-1. A suppression subtractive hybridization-based technique was used to identify genes induced by NaBu. A novel cDNA was found to be highly up-regulated in AsPC-1 cells in response to NaBu. The gene expresses a 1.65-kb mRNA encoding a protein with an open reading frame of 422 amino acids. It has an intermediate filament signature sequence and extensive homology to type I keratins. Sequence comparison with known keratins indicated that the gene shares 42-46% amino acid identity and 60-65% similarity within the alpha-helical rod domain. The gene is named K23 (for human type I Keratin 23, KRT23). K23 mRNA was highly induced by NaBu in different pancreatic cancer cells. Trichostatin A (TSA), a potent and specific inhibitor of histone deacetylase, similarly induced K23 mRNA expression. Treatment with either actinomycin D or cycloheximide efficiently blocked the induction of K23 mRNA by NaBu/TSA. These results indicate that K23 mRNA induction by NaBu or TSA is a downstream event of histone hyperacetylation. We also demonstrated that expression of p21(WAF1/CIP1) antisense RNA efficiently blocked the induction of K23 mRNA induced by NaBu. Our results suggest that K23 is a novel member of the acidic keratin family that is induced in pancreatic cancer cells undergoing differentiation by a mechanism involving histone hyperacetylation. p21(WAF1/CIP1) serves as an important mediator during the induction process of K23 by NaBu.
Seafood consumption and blood mercury concentrations in adults aged ≥20 y, 2007–2010

BACKGROUND Seafood is part of a healthy diet, but seafood can also contain methyl mercury-a neurotoxin. OBJECTIVE The objective was to describe seafood consumption in US adults and to explore the relation between seafood consumption and blood mercury. DESIGN Seafood consumption, obtained from a food-frequency questionnaire, and blood mercury data were available for 10,673 adults who participated in the 2007-2010 NHANES-a cross-sectional nationally representative sample of the US population. Seafood consumption was categorized by type (fish or shellfish) and by frequency of consumption (0, 1-2, 3-4, or ≥5 times/mo). Linear trends in geometric mean blood mercury concentrations by frequency of seafood consumption were tested. Logistic regression analyses examined the odds of blood mercury concentrations ≥5.8 μg/L (as identified by the National Research Council) based on frequency of the specific type of seafood consumed (included in the model as continuous variables) adjusted for sex, age, and race/Hispanic origin. RESULTS In 2007-2010, 83.0% ± 0.7% (±SE) of adults consumed seafood in the preceding month. In adults consuming seafood, the blood mercury concentration increased as the frequency of seafood consumption increased (P < 0.001). In 2007-2010, 4.6% ± 0.39% of adults had blood mercury concentrations ≥5.8 μg/L. Results of the logistic regression on blood mercury concentrations ≥5.8 μg/L showed no association with shrimp (P = 0.21) or crab (P = 0.48) consumption and a highly significant positive association with consumption of high-mercury fish (adjusted OR per unit monthly consumption: 4.58; 95% CI: 2.44, 8.62; P < 0.001), tuna (adjusted OR: 1.14; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.17; P < 0.001), salmon (adjusted OR: 1.14; 95% CI: 1.09, 1.20; P < 0.001), and other seafood (adjusted OR: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.15; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Most US adults consume seafood, and the blood mercury concentration is associated with the consumption of tuna, salmon, high-mercury fish, and other seafood.