cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Finite Element-Based Brownian Dynamics Simulation of Nano-Fiber Suspensions in Nano-Composites Processing Using Monte-Carlo Method

This paper presents a computational approach for simulating the motion of nano-fibers during polymer nano-composites processing. A finite element-based Brownian dynamics simulation is proposed to solve the motion of nano-fibers suspended within a viscous fluid. In this paper, a Langevin approach is used to account for both hydrodynamic and Brownian effects. We develop a stand-alone Finite Element Method (FEM) for modeling the hydrodynamic effect exerted from the surrounding fluid. The Brownian effects are regarded as the random thermal disturbing forces/torques, which are modeled as a Gaussian process. Our approach seeks solutions using an iterative Newton-Raphson method for the fiber’s linear and angular velocities such that the net forces and torques, i.e. the combination of hydrodynamic and Brownian effects, acting on the fiber are zero. In the Newton-Raphson method, the analytical Jacobian matrix is derived from our finite element model. Fiber motion is then computed with a Runge-Kutta method to update the fiber positions and orientations as a function of time. Instead of re-meshing the fluid domain as fiber moves, we applied the transformed essential boundary conditions on the boundary of fluid domain, so the tedious process of updating stiffness matrix of finite element model is avoided. Since Brownian disturbance from the fluid molecules is a stochastic process, Monte-Carlo simulation is used to evaluate the motion of a great many fibers associated with different random Brownian forces and torques. The final fiber motion is obtained by averaging a numerous fiber motion paths. Examples of fiber motions with various Peclet numbers are presented in this paper. The proposed computational methodology will be used to gain insight on how to control fiber orientations in micro- and nano-polymer composite suspensions in order to obtain the best engineered products.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Optimal Treatment Strategies for Localized and Advanced Microsatellite Instability–High Colorectal Cancer

The defective mismatch repair phenotype (MMR-D) has been recognized as a distinct form of colorectal cancers with specific clinical and biologic features. It is caused by a lack of expression of mismatch repair enzymes in tumor cells either on the basis of hereditary or sporadic mutation of gene(s) encoding the enzymes such as in the Lynch syndrome, or by silencing of gene transcription due to promoter methylation. Colorectal cancers of the MMR-D phenotype have consistently shown to be associated with good prognosis and are likely, at least in early-stage disease, resistant to fluoropyrimidine monotherapy. These characteristics have significant implications for clinical practice and treatment strategies, particularly in the adjuvant setting.
The impact of gun ownership rates on crime rates: a methodological review of the evidence

PURPOSE: This paper reviews 41 English-language studies that tested the hypothesis that higher gun prevalence levels cause higher crime rates, especially higher homicide rates. METHODS: Each study was assessed as to whether it solved or reduced each of three critical methodological problems: (1) whether a validated measure of gun prevalence was used, (2) whether the authors controlled for more than a handful of possible confounding variables, and (3) whether the researchers used suitable causal order procedures to deal with the possibility of crime rates affecting gun rates, instead of the reverse. RESULTS: It was found that most studies did not solve any of these problems, and that research that did a better job of addressing these problems was less likely to support the more-guns-cause-more crime hypothesis. Indeed, none of the studies that solved all three problems supported the hypothesis. CONCLUSIONS: Technically weak research mostly supports the hypothesis, while strong research does not. It must be tentatively concluded that higher gun ownership rates do not cause higher crime rates, including homicide rates. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Language: en
Role of PD-1 in regulating acute infections

While the role of PD-1 in inhibiting immunity during chronic infections is well established, its functions during acute infections are much less clear. The PD-1 pathway can dampen CD8 T cell responses during some acute infections and restrain responses by 'helpless' CD8 memory T cells. An emerging role for PD-1 in innate immunity has been revealed by recent studies showing that PD-1 can limit function of DC and macrophages as well as T cell independent B cell responses. Thus, PD-1 can influence adaptive immune responses during acute infections, though precisely how this regulation occurs is only just beginning to be appreciated.
Split spectrum processing: a new filtering approach for improved signal-to-noise ratio enhancement of ultrasonic signals

Abstract Split spectrum processing is a frequency diversity technique used to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of ultrasonic signals. Traditionally, many Gaussian bandpass filters are used to achieve frequency diversity. This paper introduces an alternative method of obtaining frequency diversity wherein raised-cosine bandpass filters with flat-tops are recommended for use. The reasoning behind the use of raised-cosine filters is outlined. Experimental results are provided to demonstrate the advantages of the raised-cosine filters over Gaussian filters. Finally, the limitation of the new filters is experimentally shown.
Verbs and attention to relational roles in English and Tamil

English-learning children have been shown to reliably use cues from argument structure in learning verbs. However, languages pair overtly expressed arguments with verbs to varying extents, raising the question of whether children learning all languages expect the same, universal mapping between arguments and relational roles. Three experiments examined this question by asking how strongly early-learned verbs by themselves, without their corresponding explicitly expressed arguments, point to ‘conceptual arguments’ – the relational roles in a scene. Children aged two to four years and adult speakers of two languages that differ structurally in terms of whether the arguments of a verb are explicitly expressed more (English) or less (Tamil) frequently were compared in their mapping of verbs, presented without any overtly expressed arguments, to a range of scenes. The results suggest different developmental trajectories for language learners, as well as different patterns of adult interpretation, and offer new ways of thinking about the nature of verbs cross-linguistically.
The ESFET—An evaporated chemical-sensing field-effect transistor

Abstract The fabrication process and characteristics of the evaporated sensing field effect transistor are described. This is a new chemically sensitive semiconductor device utilizing evaporated thin film transistors without gate metal. Device response to pH changes and electrolyte ionic concentrations are reported.
Small-signal gain in lethargic and conventional laser amplifiers

The lethargic regime of a swept-gain laser amplifier is investigated theoretically to determine the procedure for passing over to the conventional limit ${T}_{1}(\mathrm{level}\mathrm{lifetime}) \ensuremath{\gg}{T}_{2} (\mathrm{phase}\mathrm{memory}\mathrm{time})$ of laser amplifiers. The calculation is done with a model in which the transit time of the atoms ${t}_{0}$, is less than ${T}_{1}$, which is soluble in closed form. The conventional limit is taken as ${t}_{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$. The general and conventional limits involve contradictory conditions of operation; nonetheless, both agree with experiment. This apparent contradiction is resolved by our finding that the conventional limit is a singular case.
Understanding Intolerance and Multiculturalism A Challenge for Practitioners, but Also for Researchers

The study of youth development urges a consideration of context, yet rarely are "intolerance" and "multiculturalism" posed as major research variables. This article offers a conceptualframework to identify the daily interpersonal and organizationalprocesses through which intolerance is directed at young people, affecting their exposure to ongoing developmental supports and opportunities. This article draws on data collected from the experiences of individuals attending workshops devoted to multiculturalism and diversity to present three typologies for understanding the processes inherent in subtle, yet powerful, forms of intolerance. These typologies are (a) forms of interpersonal intolerance, (b) fonns of responses to interpersonal intolerance, and (c) forms of organizational orientations to multiculturalism. In the conclusion, research implications of the proposed typologies are discussed in terms of "maps of' phenomena that researchers are likely to discove, and "maps for" thinking about the nature of ...
Survivor loneliness of women following breast cancer

Purpose/objectives To describe the experience of loneliness for women more than a year following breast cancer treatment. Research approach Qualitative, phenomenologic. Setting Interviews conducted in women's setting of choice (e.g., home, library). Participants Purposive sample of 13 women, 1-18 years following breast cancer treatment. Methodologic approach Streubert's descriptive phenomenologic method based on Husserl's phenomenology. Main research variables Phenomenon of loneliness. Findings Women conveyed a unique description of loneliness that was termed survivor loneliness. They described how they felt alone in the awareness of mortality and were invalidated in the experience of ongoing symptom burden, a changed sense of identity and connection, and an altered threshold for distress that pervaded their long-term experiences. As they sought ways to lead more authentic lives, the women sometimes withheld truth or projected images they perceived as inauthentic, contributing to their loneliness. Paradoxically, as survivors perceived connections with others as more fragile, they also felt a strengthened vitality of connection, particularly with their children, and a deepened sense of empathy and connectedness to the suffering of others. Conclusions Findings shed light on the ongoing symptom experience of women and the isolation they experienced as they sought to work through an altered sense of self, connection, and identity as breast cancer survivors. Although survivor loneliness was experienced by all participants, findings suggest that some women may be more vulnerable to heightened psychological distress. Follow-up care should include giving recognition to survivors' experiences and normalizing the situation to allow for survivors' expressions of experience. Interpretation Through attentive and empathic assessment, clinicians need to be alert to the unmet needs of longer-term survivors, including the experience of survivor loneliness and the importance of identifying and assisting survivors who describe heightened distress. Prospective studies are needed to examine survivor loneliness and the factors that make some women more vulnerable to psychological distress. Grounded theory studies are needed to delineate the phases and challenges of breast cancer survivorship, including survivor loneliness.
A 14-week abdominal pregnancy after total abdominal hysterectomy.

Background Pregnancy after hysterectomy is rare. Because this clinical phenomenon is so uncommon, the diagnosis is not always considered in the evaluation of pain in a reproductive-aged woman after hysterectomy. Delay in diagnosis can result in potentially catastrophic intra-abdominal bleeding. Case A 31-year-old multigravida underwent a total abdominal hysterectomy for menometrorrhagia. She experienced several weeks of postoperative abdominal pain and ultimately was diagnosed with a 14-week size intra-abdominal pregnancy. Surgical evacuation of the fetus and products of conception were complicated by significant intra- operative bleeding. Conclusion In reproductive-aged women undergoing hysterectomy, it is vital to obtain preoperative urine hCG levels immediately before surgery and to consider ectopic pregnancy in the differential diagnosis of these women when severe or persistent abdominal pain occurs postoperatively.
The efficiency of ECT: II. Correlation of specific treatment variables to response rate in unilateral ECT

Determining the most efficient use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for treating depression hinges on defining the crucial variable(s) related to the maximal efficacy of an individual seizure. In this study, we examined the relationships of several treatment variables to antidepressant effect of 109 individual unilaterally induced seizures. The seizures occurred during the maximal response phase of 39 courses of ECT judged to have been effective. The patients were divided according to whether or not they were receiving antidepressants during ECT. The variables were treatment number, seizure length, and type of seizure end point. In the total group, earlier treatments were significantly related to antidepressant effect. Seizure length and type of seizure end point appeared to be of little consequence. Further studies of ECT should focus particularly on the effects of the first treatment in order to define optimal ECT efficiency.
Dynamic remapping of parallel computations with varying resource demands

The issue of deciding when to invoke a global load remapping mechanism is studied. Such a decision policy must effectively weigh the costs of remapping against the performance benefits, and should be general enough to apply automatically to a wide range of computations. The authors propose a general mapping decision heuristic, then study its effectiveness and its anticipated behavior on two very different models of load evolution. Assuming only that the remapping cost is known, this policy dynamically minimizes system degradation (including the cost of remapping) for each computation step. This policy is quite simple, choosing to remap when the first local minimum in the degradation function is detected. Simulations show that the decision obtained provides significantly better performance than that achieved by never remapping. The authors also observe that the average intermapping frequency is quite close to the optimal fixed remapping frequency. >
Pioneers in Peace Psychology: Reflections on the Series

The Pioneers in Peace Psychology series has explored the lives, contributions, and perspectives of eight early pioneers in peace psychology: Dorothy Ciarlo, Morton Deutsch, Herbert Kelman, Doris Miller, Milton Schwebel, Brewster Smith, Ethel Tobach, and Ralph White. Reflection on the interviews conducted with these pioneers between 1992 and 2010 revealed consistent themes. These included the importance of early experience, family influences, and positive role models; the value of multidisciplinary approaches; the importance of linking theory and practice; the need for critical reflection on issues of gender and other forms of diversity; the importance of working at multiple levels for peace; and the value of flexible thinking, persistence, and humor. The early pioneers have lain the foundation for future efforts in peace psychology, and they have provided inspiration for rising generations of peace psychologists through their outstanding contributions.
Intracellular retention of mutant gonadotropin receptors results in loss of hormone binding activity of the follitropin receptor but not of the lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor.

It has recently been reported that Asp 397 of the rat lutropin/ choriogonadotropin receptor (rLHR) may be involved in transducing the signal from hormone binding to the stimulation of cAMP production. We examined the analogous region in the rat follitropin receptor (rFSHR) by substituting the Asp at position 404 (D404) of the rFSHR with either Glu (D404E), Ala (D404A), or Lys (D404K). Both in intact 293 cells and in detergent-solubilized extracts of 293 cells transiently transfected with the rFSHR constructs, only the wild type rFSHR exhibited detectable binding activity. Although the D404-substituted rFSHR mutants were visible on Western blots, in contrast to the wild type rFSHR which is present on Western blots as both mature and immature forms, only a single band comigrating with immature receptor was observed for the mutants. Furthermore, these mutants were sensitive to endoglycosidase H (Endo H), thus indicating that the mutant receptor proteins were retained intracellularly in the endoplasmic reticu...
Resolution of Mixture Components by Target Transformation Factor Analysis and Determinant Analysis for the Selection of Targets

A combination of target testing and an iterative determinant analysis is incorporated into a mixture analysis method that achieves data decomposition in the spectral space by successive average orthogonalization (SAO) and the estimation of the pure component spectra by iterative target transformation factor analysis (ITTFA). This mixture analysis method starts with the resolution of component spectra. Hence, the selection of targets for further transformation is critical when a component spectrum contains multiple peaks. Various synthesized spectra, as well as IR spectra collected during the formation of a polyurethane foam, have been analyzed. SAO is shown to produce eigenvectors comparable to those obtained by some well-established methods, such as SVD and NIPALS. It is preferred in this research because it allows the processing of a potentially unlimited number of spectra and linearly dependent data sets. The results of the analysis of both the synthesized spectra and the real IR spectra demonstrate th...
A new approach to spontaneously broken conformal symmetry

In this paper we present a new method for constructing theories of gravitation which exhibit spontaneously broken conformal symmetry. It does not require introducing nongeometric terms (i.e., auxiliary gauge fields or potential terms for the conformal field) into the Lagrangian. It is based on a theory which initially is locally both Lorentz invariant and Weyl gauge invariant inD dimensions. It is shown that, if the field Lagrangian contains terms quadratic in curvature in addition to the Ricci scalar, then the field equations allow both the dilation field and some connection components to have nonvanishing vacuum values. Both Lorentz and Weyl symmetries are thereby broken simultaneously.
Taylor series analysis of time-varying multi-delay systems

A method for finding an approximate solution of a multi-delay system with time-varying coefficients is proposed. The method is based upon expanding various time functions in the system as their truncated Taylor series, using the operational matrices for integration and delay and hence reducing the system into a set of algebraic simultaneous equations. The properties of Taylor series are first briefly reviewed and associated operational matrices are utilized to solve multi-delay systems. The method is computationally very attractive and applications are demonstrated through illustrative examples.
Creep behavior of W-4Re-0.32HfC and its comparison with some creep models

Abstract The high-temperature creep behavior of tungsten-4 wt% rhenium-0.32 wt% hafnium carbide (W-4Re-0.32HfC) was evaluated at temperatures ranging from 2200 to 2400 K and stresses ranging from 40 to 70 MPa in a vacuum less than 1.33 × 10 −6 Pa (1.0 × 10 −8 torr). The effects of temperature and stress on the secondary creep rate were determined. The stress exponent for creep was 5.2, and the activation energy for creep was 594 kJ/mol. These creep parameters were compared with predictions made by three creep models: the Ansell–Weertman, Lagneborg and Roesler–Arzt models. The results showed that none of these models accurately predicted the creep behavior of the alloy. However, the Lagneborg recovery creep model qualitatively predicted the secondary creep rate of W-4Re-0.32HfC. The stress exponent for creep that was predicted by the Ansell–Weertman model did not agree with the values obtained in this research. The secondary creep rate that was predicted by the Roesler–Arzt model was approximately five orders of magnitude different from the rate obtained in this research.
Microstructures of Y123 Films on Srtio3, Lagao3 and Laaio3

Transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have been used to study the microstructural features of YBa2Cu3O7 (hereafter referred to as Y123) films grown on various single crystal substrates by electron beam deposition. The films are all of high quality with the best observed Jc value being 10 A.cm-2 at 7K. Cross-sectional views in TEM have shown that the morphology of the film depends on its thickness. Thinner films (2500 A) have a single layer of Y123 oriented with its c-axis perpendicular to the substrate while thicker films(8000 A) have this same c-axis perpendicular layer closest to the interface with a c-axis parallel layer above it. The interface between the film and the substrate is well defined in all cases with no amorphous region at the interface. Chemical analysis shows evidence of interdiffusion between the film and substrate.
The responsiveness of rabbit bronchial rings to antigen, AGEPC and histamine.

Abstract Rings of intrapulmonary bronchi isolated from rabbits producing anti-horseradish peroxidase IgE antibodies contracted when exposed to antigen. The contractile response had a lag period of about 1 min, reached a peak at 6 min and then subsided. Bronchi from rabbits with detectable levels of specific IgG (in addition to IgE) antibodies did not differ in response from those with undetectable specific IgG levels. Histamine also contracted rabbit intrapulmonary bronchi with an EC 50 of 10ωM (SD 1.29). The response to antigen was completely inhibited with chlorpheniramine (30 ωM). In contrast to intrapulmonary bronchi, responsiveness of mainstem bronchi to antigen was observed only occasionally, whereas histamine was equipotent on both mainstem and intrapulmonary bronchi. Thus, the amount of antigen-induced mediator release may be less in the mainstem bronchi. Acetyl glyceryl ether phosphorylcholine, in concentrations up to 10 ωM, did not contract either mainstem or intrapulmonary bronchi. This study indicates that histamine is the major mediator of (and acetyl glyceryl ether phosphorylcholine does not significantly participate in) antigen-induced contraction of isolated bronchi from IgE-producing rabbits. The results provide a likely mechanism for the increase in pulmonary resistance observed in IgE anaphylaxis in this species.
Numerical Approximation of a Quasi-Newtonian Stokes Flow Problem with Defective Boundary Conditions

In this article we study the numerical approximation of a quasi-Newtonian Stokes flow problem where only the flow rates are specified at the inflow and outflow boundaries. A variational formulation of the problem, using Lagrange multipliers to enforce the stated flow rates, is given. The existence and the uniqueness to the continuous, and discrete, variational formulations of the solution are shown. An error analysis for the numerical approximation is also given. Numerical computations are included which demonstrate the approximation scheme studied.
Experimental studies of the boundary layer on an airfoil at low Reynolds numbers

An experimental wind tunnel investigation was carried out to study the effect of laminar separation bubbles on a NACA 66(3)-018 airfoil for Reynolds numbers less than 4.0 x 10 to the 5th. Leading edge laminar separation bubbles formed for angles of attack of approximately 7 to 12 deg. To study the leading edge separation bubble more closely, hotwire anemometer measurements were made in the airfoil a Reynolds number of 8.0 x 10 to the 4th. Velocity and turbulence intensity profiles were obtained and boundary layer parameters were calculated. Frequency spectra were also calculated at key points in the airfoil boundary layer for this case. Correlation of the anemometry data with static pressure distributions, and flow visualization data provided insight into laminar separation bubble behavior at low Reynolds numbers.
Constitutional Character: Virtues and Vices in Presidential Leadership

'Presidents and presidential candidates should be assessed more than they usually are on the basis of what may be called constitutional character. This refers to the disposition to act, and motivate others to act, according to principles that constitute the democratic process. Its virtues and vices are distinct from personal or private morality. Constitutional character includes such qualities as sensitivity to basic rights, respect for due process in the broad sense, willingness to accept responsibility, tolerance of opposition, and most importantly a commitment to candor. Consider two candidates for president. Candidate A has engaged in questionable financial dealings and consorted with criminal types while in office, but is an exemplary family man. Candidate B has had several extramarital affairs, but his financial record is above reproach. Whom should voters choose? Recent candidates may come to mind, but the question actually refers to the 1884 presidential election—the contest between Grover Cleveland and James Blaine. Blaine had corruptly profited from public office but lived an impeccable private life. Cleveland had a reputation for public integrity, but had been forced to acknowledge fathering an illegitimate child. Here is what one of Cleveland's supporters said during the campaign:
HLA alloantibodies and the mechanism of the antiglobulin-augmented lymphocytotoxicity procedure.

Abstract ABSTRACT: HLA Class I alloantigens express multiple epitopes which can be defined serologically using human HLA alloantibodies (aAb). We have shown that the vast majority of HLA antisera exhibit the CYNAP phenomenon (complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) negative, adsorption positive) which can be identified by conversion to direct CDC positive reactivity with the addition of an antihuman immunoglobulin (Ig) light chain (AHG) reagent. In this study, the immunochemical mechanisms responsible for the CYNAP phenomena and how AHG overrides CYNAP have been further characterized using affinity-purified HLA aAb, class-specific anti-IgH reagents and human C1q binding assays quantified by flow cytometry. We have found that CYNAP reactions are not the result of low affinity aAb or generally caused by non-complement fixing HLA aAb. Our experiments illustrate that only anti-human IgL AHG reagents can consistently augment CDC and override CYNAP; anti-IgH have not effective. Two noncompeting HLA aAb of different epitopic specificity or one aAb in conjunction with the AHG-augmenting reagent results in striking synergy with a 200 to 400% increase in binding of C1q. We conclude from these and other experiments detailed in this article that an IgM aAb or either two adjacent, noncompeting IgG HLA aAb bound to spatially distinct epitopes on a single HLA molecule or a monospecific IgG HLA aAb in concert with the AHG binding to this HLA aAb, is required for efficient (bivalent) C1q binding and initiation of C-mediated lympholysis. In contrast, the CYNAP phenomenon usually occurs because monospecific HLA aAb directed against a single epitope cannot effect high affinity, bivalent interaction with C1q and activate complement that would ultimately lead to cytolysis.
Type Specimens and identity of the described species of Conus II. The species described by Solander, Chemnitz, Born, and Lightfoot between 1766 and 1786

Summary. Twenty-three species of Conus were described by authors other than Linnaeus between 1766 and 1786. Of these, 3 are Eocene species from England described by Solander in Brander (1766), and the remainder are Recent. Chemnitz (1777) described one valid species. Of the 10 species described by Born (1778), 7 are valid, 2 are junior synonyms of Linnaean species, and 1 is a nomen dubium. Solander in [Lightfoot] (1786) described 5 species, of which 3 are valid and 2 are junior synonyms of Linnaean species. Lightfoot (1786) described 4 species, of which 1 is valid and 3 are junior synonyms of Linnaean species. Holotypes of 7 species and lectotypes of 3 species exist, and representatives of lecto-types of 10 species have been selected. All of these types are illustrated photographically. Between 1758 and 1786, 60 species of Conus were described, of which 45 are now considered valid. Of these, 42 are Recent.
Antagonism of Propoxyphene Poisoning in Albino Mice with Nalorphine HCl, Methylene Blue, and Tolonium Chloride

The intraperitoneal administration of propoxyphene HCI to albino mice at a dosage level of 200 mg./Kg. (LD 99.5 ) was lethal to 98 per cent of the controls. The prophylactic subcutaneous administration of nalorphine HC1 alone, or in combination with either methylene blue or tolonium chloride, significantly increased the number of survivors with the greatest degree of protection being afforded by the nalorphine-dye combinations.
Keeping the Pace

Can you feel the pulse of an excited heart, perhaps after winning a race, or falling in love? The extra thumps and tickles, the flurry of flutters that accompany such emotional highs?
Fluorescence spectroscopy in biological and medical research

Abstract Fluorescence spectroscopy is one of the most sensitive and versatile tools in medical, biological and biochemical research. Here we discuss the use of (1) polarized fluorescence spectroscopy to study the conformational dynamics of proteins, (2) fluorescence recovery after photobleaching to study lateral mobility of proteins and lipids in biological cell membranes and (3) excitation energy transfer to measure distances between interesting sites in macromolecules and biological membranes.
A Reasearch Note VITAMIN B6 IN PORK MUSCLE COOKED IN MICROWAVE AND CONVENTIONAL OVENS

Loin sections of pork muscle were heated to 75 or 85°C internal temperatures in microwave or conventional electric ovens. Cooking losses and time, percentage moisture and total vitamin B6 were determined. Cooking time was longer, total cooking loss less and moisture content greater for pork cooked in an electric oven than for that cooked in a microwave oven. Differences in vitamin B6 due to type of oven or internal temperature were small and not significant when calculated on a cooked weight basis. When calculated on a dry weight basis samples cooked in the conventional oven contained more vitamin B6 than did those cooked by a microwave oven.
Neurotropic melanoma of the face invading the maxillary nerve

Neurotropic melanoma is a variant of desmoplastic melanoma which, in addition to a spindle-cell vertical component and fibrosis, exhibits a fascicular growth pattern and invades cutaneous nerves. Here we describe a neurotropic melanoma which arose in a small lentigo maligna melanoma and invaded the maxillary nerve for a distance of 5 cm. Ultrastructural features were similar to those of previously described neurotropic melanomas and tumor fascicles contained S-100 protein and neuron-specific enolase immunoreactivity.
Tales Out of School: Accounting for Adolescents in a Literacy Reform Community

Guided by the hypothesis that students are most directly affected by—but least often consulted about—educational policy, practice, and reform, the author gathered interview data from students at a high school that was enacting new schoolwide literacy initiatives. In spite of the reforms, student achievement on state tests remained unchanged from previous years. The interview data support the assertion that the success or failure of literacy reform efforts depends in large measure on the cooperation and investment of students. Findings suggest further that adolescents, like their teachers, are not compliant functionaries but critical negotiators of change. On the basis of issues raised in the interviews, the author offers suggestions for ensuring all students are authorized as legitimate members of reform communities. Otherwise, the author claims, literacy innovations, which are often perceived as worthwhile by those lauding and enacting them, may have a limited degree of success in improving youths' academic performance.
THE SENSITIVITY OF DAIRYING TO URBANIZATION: A STUDY OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS

Dairying is especially sensitive to nearby urbanization, more so than many other types of agriculture. One reason for this is that dairy farming requires a relatively high investment in immobile capital, which farmers may not be willing to make if they anticipate selling their land to speculators or developers. Township-level data on the decline of dairying between 1964 and 1974 are presented for northeastern Illinois, as are estimates of the annualized fixed costs of dairying.
Nutrition and ontogenetic development of the intestine

Fetal, suckling, and postweaning vertebrates have distinct dietary inputs that impose different functional demands on the developing intestine. Differences between species and life-history stages i...
Machining and Ceramic/Ceramic Joining to Form Internal Mesoscale Channels

Ceramics and semiconducting materials with internal channels are crucial in a variety of diverse technologies such as “lab on a chip,” fuel cell applications, and cooling of microelectronics. In this paper, techniques for fabricating internal channels in brittle materials first are reviewed. Then, the mechanical machining of surface channels in 99.99% pure alumina partially sintered at 600°C and 700°C is discussed. After machining, the partially sintered alumina is sintered to a density of about 97% of theoretical and then joined to 96% pure alumina to convert the surface channels into internal channels.
Demonstration of Endogenous Pyrogen in Afebrile Rabbits

A VARIETY of environmental factors, including position, are known to influence temperature regulation in experimental animals. Rectal temperature will fall l°–2° C over a 2-h period in rabbits fastened to a board1. In addition, securely restrained rabbits in a normal, standing position will develop hypothermia of as much as 2.7° C during a 30–90 min period and exhibit reduced febrile responses to pyrogens when compared to ‘free’ animals2. Fekety recently reported a fall in baseline rectal temperatures when rabbits were shorn, restrained supine, or chilled; furthermore, large doses of endotoxin, adrenaline, or endogenous pyrogen failed to elicit fever3. It was postulated that the hypothermia resulted from increased heat loss, since covering the shorn and supine rabbits with blankets restored normal pyrogenic responsiveness3. As some of these differences in febrile reactivity might be due to alterations in the production of endogenous pyrogen, this possibility was investigated.
Bottleneck effects due to confined phonons in quantum dots

Abstract A generalization of the three-dimensional Frohlich hamiltonian for a polar semiconductor is presented which describes the interaction between charge carriers of a zero-dimensional electron gas and longitudinal optical (LO) phonon modes confined in three spatial dimensions. This hamiltonian is used to calculate the scattering rate of electrons by LO phonons in a GaAs quantum box which is free-standing in vacuum. The suppression of scattering through a phonon bottleneck effect is discussed in terms of the selection rules.
A note on the direction of energy movement in wavenumber of a two-layer model

Abstract An equation on the constrained direction of energy movement in wavenumber is derived for the two-layer, f-plane, quasi-geostrophic system.
Role of Cytosolic Serine Hydroxymethyltransferase in One-Carbon Metabolism inNeurospora crassa

Abstract Conidiospores of wild type and two mutant strains of Neurospora crassa were grown on [3- 13 C]serine, [2- 13 C]glycine, or [ 13 C]formate. Acid extracts of the mycelia were analyzed by 13 C NMR for incorporation of the 13 C label into choline, serine, and adenine. The goal was to elucidate the function of cytosolic serine hydroxymethyltransferase by comparison of a mutant strain lacking this activity and requiring formate for optimal growth ( for mutant strain) to the wild-type strain and the ser3 strain which cannot convert glucose to serine. The results for both the wild-type and ser3 strains showed that the one-carbon adduct of the cytosolic pool of methylenetetrahydrofolate is formed primarily and preferably from C3 of serine. Both organisms could form methylenetetrahydrofolate from formate in the absence of serine and glycine. However, the for mutant strain was restricted in its ability to form methylenetetrahydrofolate from C3 of serine, preferring formate as the one-carbon source. All three strains had an active glycine cleavage complex and mitochondrial serine hydroxymethyltransferase. The formate requirement of the for mutant strain appears to be the result of the inability to form formate in the mitochondria from serine or glycine at a rate sufficient to sustain the biosynthetic pools of methylenetetrahydrofolate and 10-formyltetrahydrofolate in the cytosol. All three strains rapidly accumulated serine from the media to form high intracellular levels of this substrate. However, these strains did not accumulate either glycine or formate from the media at levels that could be detected by 13 C NMR.
High performance InP Gunn devices with 34 mW at 193 GHz

InP Gunn devices on diamond heatsinks yielded RF output power levels (and corresponding DC-to-RF conversion efficiencies) of 34 mW (0.74%) and 25 mW (0.55%) at second-harmonic frequencies of 193 and 199 GHz, respectively. The measured phase noise was well below -94 dBc/Hz at an off-carrier frequency of 500 kHz.
Trends in the incidence of type 1 diabetes among Jews and Arabs in Israel.

Objective To assess the trends in the incidence of type 1 diabetes between 1997 and 2010 among 0–17-yr-old Israeli Jews and Arabs compared with global trends. Methods Data on children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes reported by pediatric endocrinologists from 19 medical centers to the Israel Center for Disease Control, as part of the National Diabetes Register. Results During 1997–2010, 2857 Jews and 757 Arabs were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. The average age-adjusted incidence among Jews was higher than Arabs [12.2 per 100 000, 95% confidence interval (CI) 10.5–14.2 and 8.9 per 100 000, 95% CI 7.5–10.7, p = 0.0001, respectively], however, the annual percent change was higher for Arabs compared with Jews (4.0 vs. 3.6%, p = 0.005, respectively). The mean age at diagnosis was similar for Jews and Arabs (9.6 ± 4.4 vs. 9.9 ± 4.4 yr, p = 0.08), and it remained stable during 1997–2010 in both ethnic groups (p = 0.6). In both Jews and Arabs the highest annual percent change was observed in younger children. It was 4.9% for children aged 5–9 yr and 10.7% for children aged 0–4 yr, respectively. There were no differences in the frequency of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) between Jews (39.9%) and Arabs (41.3%), (p = 0.5). Conclusion Type 1 diabetes incidence of Jews and Arabs in Israel is increasing. The incidence is higher in Jews than in Arabs; however, the annual percent change is higher in Arabs than in Jews. In both Ethnic groups the incidence of type 1 diabetes is increasing especially among young children.
IMAGE RETRIEVAL USING COLOR AND SHAPE

This paper deals with efficient retrieval of images from large databases based on the color and shape content in images. With the increasing popularity of the use of large-volume image databases in various applications, it becomes imperative to build an automatic and efficient retrieval system to browse through the entire database. Techniques using textual attributes for annotations are limited in their applications. Our approach relies on image features that exploit visual cues such as color and shape. Unlike previous approaches which concentrate on extracting a single concise feature, our technique combines features that represent both the color and shape in images. Experimental results on a database of 400 trademark images show that an integrated color- and shape-based feature representation results in 99% of the images being retrieved within the top two positions. Additional results demonstrate that a combination of clustering and a branch and bound-based matching scheme aids in improving the speed of the retrievals.
Blue whale B and D call classification using a frequency domain based robust contour extractor

Passive acoustic monitoring of blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) has been used to gain insight into their presence and behavior. Many of their calls have been shown to be detectable through spectrogram correlation due to the low variation in these stereotyped calls. In this work, we describe rule based classifiers for tonal B and D calls using the pitch/frequency contour information obtained from a contour extractor. B calls can be detected by spectrogram correlation, but the D calls are highly variable and are therefore difficult to detect using spectrogram kernel methods. Experiments on four hours of evaluation data from different field seasons show that 91.3% of B calls and 85.8% of D calls were correctly retrieved. For both types of calls, less than 2% of the retrieved calls were false positives.
Detector response restoration in image reconstruction of high resolution positron emission tomography

A mathematical method was studied to model the detector response of high spatial-resolution positron emission tomography systems consisting of close-packed small crystals, and to restore the resolution deteriorated due to crystal penetration and/or nonuniform sampling across the field-of-view (FOV). The simulated detector system had 600 bismuth germanate crystals of 3.14 mm width and 30 mm length packed on a single ring of 60 cm diameter. The space between crystals was filled up with lead (i.e., septa). Each crystal was in coincidence with 200 opposite crystals so that the FOV had a radius of 30 cm. The detector response was modeled based on the attenuating properties of the crystals and the septa, as well as the geometry of the detector system. The modeled detector-response function was used to restore the projections from the sinogram of the ring-detector system. The restored projections had a uniform sampling of 1.57 mm across the FOV. The crystal penetration and/or the nonuniform sampling were compensated in the projections. A penalized maximum-likelihood algorithm was employed to accomplish the restoration. The restored projections were then filtered and backprojected to reconstruct the image. A chest phantom with a few small circular "cold" objects (/spl ap/4 mm diameter) located at the center and near the periphery of FOV was computer generated and used to test the restoration. The reconstructed images from the restored projections demonstrated resolution improvement off the FOV center, while preserving the resolution near the center. >
Secret-ballot receipts: True voter-verifiable elections

A new kind of receipt sets a far higher standard of security by letting voters verify the election outcome - even if all election computers and records were compromised. The system preserves ballot secrecy, while improving access, robustness, and adjucation, all at lower cost.
The minnesota density functionals and their applications to problems in mineralogy and geochemistry

Quantum mechanical electronic structure calculations are playing an increasingly useful role in many areas of mineralogy and geochemistry. This review introduces the density functional method for such calculations, gives an overview of the density functionals developed at the University of Minnesota, and summarizes selected applications using these density functionals that are relevant to mineralogy and geochemistry. A key reason for the importance of computational methods in mineralogy is the ability to explore problems that cannot easily be studied in the laboratory. For example, it is very difficult to carry out laboratory studies under the real conditions of the Earth’s mantle and core because the temperature of the Earth’s core ranges up to 6000 K, and the pressure ranges up to 360 GPa. In the past decade, applications of quantum mechanical methods to understanding the properties of minerals and melts in the Earth’s interior have become increasingly important (Warren and Ackland 1996; Oganov and Brodholt 2000; Stixrude and Peacor 2002; Brodholt and Vocadlo 2006; Gillan et al. 2006; Tsuchiya et al. 2006). Some specific examples of problems in solid-state geochemistry where electronic structure calculations can be particularly useful are phase equilibria (Tsuchiya et al. 2004; Lay et al. 2005; Schwegler et al. 2008), equations of state, elastic constants, bulk and shear moduli (Li et al. 2006), hydrogen, proton, and water diffusion in minerals (Sakamura et al. 2003; Belonoshko et al. 2004; Pohlmann et al. 2004), the character and structural properties of hydroxyl groups in minerals and structures of hydrous minerals (Winkler et al. 1994, 1995; Nobes et al. 2000; Brodholt and Refson 2000; Churakov et al. 2003; Walker et al. 2006; Ockwig et al. 2009), hydrolysis and dissolution mechanisms (Strandh et al. 1997, Criscenti et …
A Novel Approach to Simultaneous Selection of Surrogate Models, Constitutive Kernels, and Hyper-parameter Values

Owing to the multitude of surrogate modeling techniques, developed in the recent years and the diverse characteristics offered by them, automated adaptive model selection approaches could be helpful in selecting the most suitable surrogate for a given problem. Surrogate selection could be performed at three different levels: (i) model type selection, (ii) basis (or kernel) function selection, and (iii) hyper-parameter selection where hyperparameters are those kernel parameters that are generally given by the users. Unlike the majority of existing model selection techniques, this paper explores the development of a method that performs selection coherently at all the three levels. In this context, the REES method is used to provide measures of the median and maximum errors of a candidate surrogate model. Two approaches are used for the 3-level selection; (i) A Cascaded approach performs each level in a nested loop in the order going from model-kernel-hyperparameters; (ii) A more advanced One-Step approach solves a MINLP to simultaneously optimize the model, kernel, and hyper-parameters. In both approaches, multiobjective optimization is performed to yield the best trade-offs between the estimated median and maximum errors. Candidate surrogates that are considered include (i) Kriging, (ii) Radial Basis Function (RBF), and (iii) Support Vector Regression (SVR), and multiple candidate kernels are allowed within these surrogate models. The 3-level REES-based model selection is compared with model selection based on error estimated on a large set of additional test points, for validation purposes. Numerical experiments on a 2-variable, 6-variable, and 18-variable test problems, and wind farm power generation problem, show that the proposed approach provides unique flexibility in model selection and is also reasonably accurate when compared with selection based on errors estimated on additional test points.
Communication Technology Integration into Social Work Practice

The uses for communication technology continue to grow in the United States. Technology is changing how people collect and share information and is reshaping how people interact with one another. As a result of this transformation, the use of technology has evolved in social work practice. Communication technology is being incorporated into traditional social work practice for administrative and therapeutic purposes. This article will examine a theoretically based direction for the future creation of technologically driven interventions in social work practice and address both the challenges and opportunities communication technology poses for social work practice.
Heterogeneous ventricular chamber response to hypokalemia and inward rectifier potassium channel blockade underlies bifurcated T wave in guinea pig

It was previously demonstrated that transmural electrophysiological heterogeneities can inscribe the ECG T wave. However, the bifurcated T wave caused by loss of inward rectifier potassium current ...