cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE ORIGIN OF PHOSPHOLIPID ETHANOLAMINE IN THE BLOWFLY, PHORMIA REGINA (MEIG.).

Abstract The predominant phospholipids of Phormia regina are those containing ethanolamine. The origin of this ethanolamine has been investigated by feeding possible precursors labelled with C 14 to larvae raised under axenic conditions on a chemically defined diet free of ethanolamine or serine. The phospholipids were extracted, chromatographed on silicic acid columns, and the nature of the radioactive fragments in acid hydrolysates determined. C 14 -labelled ethanolamine was isolated from the phospholipids of larvae raised on media containing C 14 -labelled ethanolamine, serine, glycine, or formate.
On the quality of discrete representations in multiple objective programming

Within the past ten years, emphasis has been placed on generating discrete representations of the nondominated set which are truly representative of the nondominated set as a whole. This paper reviews measures for assessing the quality of discrete representations as well as exact solution methods that attempt to produce representations satisfying certain quality criteria. The measures are classified according to the aspect of the representation which they assess: cardinality, coverage, or spacing. The proposed solution methods are categorized according to whether a measure is integrated into the procedure a priori (before generation of solution points), a posteriori (after the generation of solution points), or not at all. The paper concludes with a comparative discussion of these three approaches and directions for future research.
Transmembrane Segment 6 of the Glut1 Glucose Transporter Is an Outer Helix and Contains Amino Acid Side Chains Essential for Transport Activity

Experimental data and homology modeling suggest a structure for the exofacial configuration of the Glut1 glucose transporter in which 8 transmembrane helices form an aqueous cavity in the bilayer that is stabilized by four outer helices. The role of transmembrane segment 6, predicted to be an outer helix in this model, was examined by cysteine-scanning mutagenesis and the substituted cysteine accessibility method using the membrane-impermeant, sulfhydryl-specific reagent, p-chloromercuribenzene-sulfonate (pCMBS). A fully functional Glut1 molecule lacking all 6 native cysteine residues was used as a template to produce a series of 21 Glut1 point mutants in which each residue along helix 6 was individually changed to cysteine. These mutants were expressed in Xenopus oocytes, and their expression levels, functional activities, and sensitivities to inhibition by pCMBS were determined. Cysteine substitutions at Leu204 and Pro205 abolished transport activity, whereas substitutions at Ile192, Pro196, Gln200, and Gly201 resulted in inhibition of activity that ranged from ∼35 to ∼80%. Cysteine substitutions at Leu188, Ser191, and Leu199 moderately augmented specific transport activity relative to the control. These results were dramatically different from those previously reported for helix 12, the structural cognate of helix 6 in the pseudo-symmetrical structural model, for which none of the 21 single-cysteine mutants exhibited reduced activity. Only the substitution at Leu188 conferred inhibition by pCMBS, suggesting that most of helix 6 is not exposed to the external solvent, consistent with its proposed role as an outer helix. These data suggest that helix 6 contains amino acid side chains that are critical for transport activity and that structurally analogous outer helices may play distinct roles in the function of membrane transporters.
Critical thermodynamic analysis of differential scanning calorimetry for studying chemical kinetics

A critical thermodynamic analysis of differential thermal calorimetry is reported herein to gain further insight into the phenomena leading to the reported differences between kinetic parameters extracted from isothermal DSC methods and those from dynamic DSC methods. The sources have been identified for the variations observed in the total heat of reaction as a function of the heating rate in dynamic DSC experiments. The analysis clearly indicates that these variations are, in fact, to be anticipated. The relationships necessary for extracting kinetic data from both isothermal and dynamic experiments are derived rigorously by resorting to classical thermodynamics.
Learning Effects In ROC And Contrast Detail Observer Performance Testing With Medical Images

Studies have been conducted to determine whether learning effects are present in contrast detail or receiver operating characteristic (ROC) observer performance tests. Anecdotal responses by more than 20 observers report the presence of learning in both types of observer performance tests. Such learning effects are reported to be strongest during viewing of the first few test im-ages. Detailed investigation of the responses from over 17,000 film readings failed to show a statistically significant learning effect.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Generating remote control interfaces for complex appliances

The personal universal controller (PUC) is an approach for improving the interfaces to complex appliances by introducing an intermediary graphical or speech interface. A PUC engages in two-way communication with everyday appliances, first downloading a specification of the appliance's functions, and then automatically creating an interface for controlling that appliance. The specification of each appliance includes a high-level description of every function, a hierarchical grouping of those functions, and dependency information, which relates the availability of each function to the appliance's state. Dependency information makes it easier for designers to create specifications and helps the automatic interface generators produce a higher quality result. We describe the architecture that supports the PUC, and the interface generators that use our specification language to build high-quality graphical and speech interfaces.
Putting Science First: Distinguishing Visualizations from Pretty Pictures

How do we tell whether a proposed visualization is a valid pictorial representation of the truth or just an accidental but appealing image? Art and science can work brilliantly together in visualization science, but we must know when, and how, to distinguish them.
Birth of a megaproject: political economy of flood control in Bangladesh

A major flood control initiative has been launched in Bangladesh under the coordination of the World Bank. The bank's five-year Action Plan is intended to initiate a long-term investment program, the specifics of which remain to be determined. Long-term proposals under consideration include the construction of massive embankments along the great rivers of the Bangladesh delta. The wisdom of such a “structural solution” to Bangladesh's flood problems can be questioned on economic, environmental, and technical grounds. Regrettably, the decision-making process has not encouraged wide debate on these questions.
Advance directives. Good, bad or indifferent.

The author writes about various alternatives once decisional capacity is lost. So-called advance directives come in two forms: the living will and an appointed proxy for health care. The US — were these have been legally binding for over 20 years in all states — is a useful laboratory for studying the effect. Advantages and disadvantages are discussed. In some civilizations decisions about all such matters are made in different ways — these are not superior or inferior but simply different. In the US with its shameful social conditions for a large part of the population more important problems need to be addressed. In civilizations which have at least basic medical care for all, discussing such documents becomes far more important. The EU is likely to make some form of advance directive have legal standing. The last 20 or more years that they have been utilized in the US may provide experience important for the time when the EU also makes such documents legally binding.
Effect of nonuniform surface potential on electroosmotic flow at large applied electric field strength.

Electroosmotic flow in nanochannels with non-uniform wall potential is investigated. While several researchers have presented results for the case of periodic potential and sudden change in potential, most of the previous work in this area is based on the Debye-Huckel approximation and the validity of Boltzmann distribution for ionic species. In this paper, the nonlinear distributions of potential, velocity and mole fractions are calculated numerically based on the Poisson-Nernst-Planck model including convective effects. The distribution of potential and species concentration are shown to be different from the Boltzmann distribution at large applied electric field strength. The convective effect is also investigated and found to be negligible.
The Capabilities Perspective: A Framework for Social Justice:

The concept of social justice is deeply rooted in social work. The theoretical framework most often embraced by the profession is John Rawls' A Theory of Justice. However, like most frameworks it h...
Activity-based therapy for recovery of walking in chronic spinal cord injury: results from a secondary analysis to determine responsiveness to therapy.

Abstract Objective To gain insight into who is likely to benefit from activity-based therapy (ABT), as assessed by secondary analysis of data obtained from a clinical trial. Design Secondary analysis of results from a randomized controlled trial with delayed treatment design. Setting Outpatient program in a private, nonprofit rehabilitation hospital. Participants Volunteer sample of adults (N=38; 27 men; 11 women; age, 22–63y) with chronic (≥12mo postinjury), motor-incomplete (American Spinal Injury Association [ASIA] Impairment Scale [AIS] grade C or D) spinal cord injury (SCI). Interventions A total of 9h/wk of ABT for 24 weeks including developmental sequencing; resistance training; repetitive, patterned motor activity; and task-specific locomotor training. Algorithms were used to guide group allocation, functional electrical stimulation utilization, and locomotor training progression. Main Outcome Measures Walking speed and endurance (10-meter walk test and 6-minute walk test) and functional ambulation (timed Up and Go test). Results This secondary analysis identified likely responders to ABT on the basis of injury characteristics: AIS classification, time since injury, and initial walking ability. Training effects were the most clinically significant in AIS grade D participants with injuries Conclusions ABT has the potential to promote neurologic recovery and enhance walking ability in individuals with chronic, motor-incomplete SCI. However, not everyone with goals of walking recovery will benefit. Individuals with SCI should be advised of the time, effort, and resources required to undertake ABT. Practitioners are encouraged to use the findings from this trial to assist prospective participants in establishing realistic expectations for recovery.
Preservice teachers defining ``Self-as-teacher'': The elementary science teaching rationale

This study reviews allied literature and specific teacher educator behaviors that promote preservice teachers development of a personalized, research-based elementary science teaching rationale (STR). Declaring absolutes is not the goal of the rationale. Rather, the goal is to initiate, among preservice teachers, the lifelong professional disposition of thoughtful teaching based upon cycles of reflection on one’s experiences, the literature, and research on effective science teaching. The authors have found that the STR, as a key assignment in their methods courses, encourages these desirable “habits of mind.”
Classical conditioning has much to do with LTP

Shors & Matzel somewhat lightly dismiss the evidence that a process like LTP may underlie the learning-induced increase in neuronal activity in the hippocampus in eyeblink conditioning. I provide some 12 lines of evidence supporting this hypothesis and the further hypothesis that this learning-induced LTP-like hippocampal plasticity can play a critical role in certain aspects of learned behavior.
Mental health needs of children and adolescents at camp: are they being assessed and treated appropriately by the camp nurse?

TOPIC: Increasingly, more children and adolescents are attending camps with mental health concerns. This can pose a challenge for camp nurses who may lack experience in assessment and treatment of mental health issues. PURPOSE: To focus on the importance of addressing and treating mental health needs of children and adolescents at camp utilizing the Scope and Standards of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing Practice. SOURCES: Personal observations, camp nursing experience, and scholarly published literature. CONCLUSIONS: It is paramount that mental health needs of children and adolescents at camp are addressed and managed appropriately by the camp nurse. Education of camp nurses and camp administrators is also a vital part of previding care.
Immunoreactive-β-endorphin and LHRH levels in the brains of aged male rats with impaired sex behavior

Abstract —Levels of immunoreactive β-endorphin and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) were measured in brain tissue of aged male Long-Evans rats. The animals were tested for sex behavior twice in one week at bimonthly intervals between the 7th and 27th month of life and were sacrificed along with a group of young (5-month old) sexually active rats. Thirty-one of the 89 rats which began the study remained healthy and tumor-free. By month 27, 21 of these had completely ceased to mate and 10 continued to show adequate sexual behavior. Diminished levels of β-endorphin-like immunoreactivity were measured in the hypothalami and hindbrain of the old animals grouped together as compared to young animals and this reduction was shown to be significantly greater in hypothalamic tissue from the behaviorally inactive subgroup. Hypothalamic LHRH levels were not significantly altered by age in these animals. However, a marked reduction of LHRH content in the septal and midbrain regions of the aged-behaviorally inactive subgroup was evident when compared with the behaviorally active group. The data suggest that altered function of β-endorphin and LHRH neurons of the aged brain may be involved in the behavioral deterioration observed in aged animals.
The Fern-Leaved Monkeyflower (Phrymaceae), a New Species from the Northern Sierra Nevada of California

Abstract The fern-leaved monkeyflower, Mimulus filicifolius (Phrymaceae, Section Simiolus), is a new species described from the northwestern corner of the Sierra Nevada of California. The new taxon is differentiated from close relatives of Mimulus L. (M. laciniatus Gray and M. guttatus DC.) mostly by having many finely divided, bi-pinnately compound leaves. Mimulus filicifolius occurs mainly within ephemeral seeps of rock outcrops, where it occupies similar habitats to M. laciniatus, which occurs farther south in the Sierra Nevada. Mimulus filicifolius appears to be highly geographically restricted, and is currently known only from Butte and Plumas Counties within the Plumas National Forest. It therefore merits strong conservation consideration.
Competitive demethylation and substitution in N,N,N-trimethylanilinium fluorides

Abstract Fluorination of aromatic compounds by nucleophilic displacement of trimethylanilinium salts by fluoride is a commonly used reaction for radiotracer synthesis. Though the liberated trimethylamine is thought to be an excellent leaving group for this type of SNAr reaction, scattered reports show that amine demethylation (reverse Menschutkin reaction) sometimes dominates over substitution, particularly when relatively electron rich fluoroarenes are the desired targets. Here we provide systematic experimental and theoretical studies of trimethylanilinium demethylation and substitution. Results from these studies highlight the limits of this leaving group in fluoroarene synthesis and have important ramifications for the design of nucleophilic fluorinating agents featuring ammonium cations.
886. AAV-Mediated Somatic Gene Transfer as an Approach To Delineate Pathogenic Mechanisms in an Autosomal Dominant Blindness Disorder Resembling Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)

Malattia Leventinese (ML) is an autosomal dominant inherited macular degeneration with a middle-age onset. Phenotypically, the disease closely resembles Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD), a condition affecting 20% of the population over age 65 and the leading cause of blindness in the elderly in the Western world. Patients with ML suffer from decreased visual acuity and have a characteristic radial pattern of deposits, called drusen, which form beneath the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). A single missense mutation (R345W) in the Epidermal Growth Factor Containing Fibrillin-like Extracellular Matrix Protein 1 (EFEMP1) gene is responsible for the disease, and leads to the misfolding and inefficient secretion of the protein. In normal retinas, the protein localizes to the inner photoreceptor matrix (IPM), apical to the RPE, while in individuals with ML, it resides between the RPE and drusen. We therefore surmised that wild-type EFEMP1 is apically secreted by the RPE, and that the R345W mutation misdirects this secretion basolaterally. To test this hypothesis, we utilized a cell culture system consisting of polarized monolayers of human fetal RPE (hfRPE) cells grown on Transwell membranes. AAV2/1 vectors containing FLAG-tagged wild-type or mutant EFEMP1 were used to transduce the hfRPE cells with high efficiency. Transduction did not affect hfRPE cell polarization or tight junction formation, as shown by immunofluorescence staining for Na+/K+ ATPase, CD147, and ZO-1. Immunoprecipitation of EFEMP1-FLAG from the basolateral and apical medium revealed that, contrary to our hypothesis, EFEMP1 is secreted basolaterally, and that this polarized secretion pattern is not altered by the R345W mutation. In addition, we found that this pattern of secretion was distinct from dog epithelial (MDCK) cells, which secreted the protein apically. Additional immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence experiments indicated that the R345W mutation resulted in retention of EFEMP1 within polarized RPE cells. We conclude that EFEMP1 is directionally secreted from epithelial cells, and that its basolateral secretion from RPE cells may be indicative of some yet unknown function in the extracellular matrix underlying those cells, within the local environment of drusen formation in ML patients. However, the absence of an alteration in polarized secretion suggests that the intracellular retention of mutant EFEMP1 may be a major contributing factor to the progression of ML.
VENA CAVAL RESECTION FOR BULKY METASTATIC GERM CELL TUMORS: AN 18-YEAR EXPERIENCE

AbstractPurpose: The operative management and followup of vena caval resection for bulky metastatic germ cell tumors have been previously described in 3 series. In 1989 Ahlering and Skinner described their experience with 12 patients. We now update this experience with the most recent followup on 19 patients.Materials and Methods: From April 1978 to May 1995, 19 men underwent retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for stage B3 (N3) or C (N3, M+) germ cell tumor after induction chemotherapy. In all cases the inferior vena cava was resected because of extensive thrombosis or direct involvement of the vessel wall by a tumor. The inferior vena cava was resected from just below the renal veins to beyond the level of disease involvement. Complete resection of retroperitoneal disease was accomplished in all patients. Morbidity and mortality were examined.Results: The mean hospital stay was 10 days (range 7 to 13) for uncomplicated recoveries (9 patients) versus 19 days (range 6 to 32) for complicated recoveries (...
Kappa receptor mediated opioid dependence in rhesus monkeys

Abstract The kappa receptor-selective agonist U-50, 488 was administered chronically to rhesus monkeys. Tolerance developed to the overt behavioral effects of U-50, 488 without cross-tolerance to morphine. Withdrawal behaviors produced by deprivation, naloxone or quadazocine administration in U-50, 488-dependent monkeys consisted of hyperactivity, excessive grooming, and yawning. The syndrome was suppressed in a dose-related manner by a kappa agonist, ethylketazocine, but not by doses of morphine that suppressed its own withdrawal. The mu-selective antagonist, beta-funaltrexamine, at doses which are active in morphine-dependent monkeys, did not precipitate withdrawal in U50, 488-dependent monkeys. Dependence, which is the result of activity at the kappa receptor, was distinct from morphine dependence.
Tit-for-Tat, Tariffs, and Time: A Dynamic Model of Trade Policy

The objective of this study is to examine the impact of a global protectionist response to a small country's tariff setting behavior. It is assumed that the small country's government seeks to maximize tariff revenues for the purpose of generating funds that can be used to subsidize an interest group in return for its political support. The main result is that if a small country were to seek to raise revenues from a tariff in an environment initially characterized by free trade, while it might be optimal for the country to levy a positive tariff initially, a “tit-for-tat” type response by trading partners would drive tariff levels down over time.
The effect of adrenal steroids on evoked reticular responses

Abstract An electrophysiological study has been made of the effects of altering the adrenal state on the transmission of nervous impulses from midbrain to parietal cortex. Cats with electrodes permanently implanted in the brain were studied without the use of immobilizing agents and, routinely, 100 potentials were averaged with the Computer of Average Transients (Mnemotron). Each response was recorded before and after adrenalectomy and served as its own control. Evoked potentials revealed a fast oligosynaptic component and the slower multisynaptic phase described in the rabbit by Tissot and Monnier. Adrenalectomy supported with DOCA (a mineralocorticoid) slowed transmission, extending the latency and retarding the peaking especially in the multisynaptic component. Support with the glucocorticoid cortisone acetate (CA) restored this response towards, but not reaching, normal. The super glucocorticoid dexamethasone restored conditions still further and in the intact cat accelerated transmission and reduced latencies beyond normal limits. On adrenalectomy the animals become more susceptible to barbiturate anesthesia and required only half the usual amount of pentobarbital to abolish the evoked response. DOCA, CA and dexamethasone were each progressively more efficient in counteracting the susceptibility to anesthesia. If slow infusion of the anesthetic was terminated with the flattening of the evoked response, all animals, regardless of their adrenal state or support, required the same (40–45 min) awakening time.
The computer generated symbolic solution of a system of linear first order differential equations

The computer generated symbolic Cayley-Hamilton recursion solution of the matrix equation dx/dt = Ax is obtained using the PL/I-FORMAC Interpreter. The generated solution is a polynomial whose degree is larger than the order of A. The Leverrier method is then used to generate the characteristic polynomial of A and the Cayley-Hamilton theorem is used to reduce powers of A in the solution. This method has applications in the area of networks of RCL circuits and networks of mechanical circuits. In the area of statistics, the explicit solution of multi-component generalized birth-death stochastic processes can be obtained. Finally, our linear system also represent many input-output economic models, as well as input-output models in other social sciences and business analysis.
Carrier-independent Nuclear Import of the Transcription Factor PU.1 via RanGTP-stimulated Binding to Nup153

PU.1 is a transcription factor of the Ets family with important functions in hematopoietic cell differentiation. Using green fluorescent protein-PU.1 fusions, we show that the Ets DNA binding domain of PU.1 is necessary and sufficient for its nuclear localization. Fluorescence and ultrastructural nuclear import assays showed that PU.1 nuclear import requires energy but not soluble carriers. PU.1 interacted directly with two nucleoporins, Nup62 and Nup153. The binding of PU.1 to Nup153, but not to Nup62, increased dramatically in the presence of RanGMPPNP, indicating the formation of a PU.1·RanGTP·Nup153 complex. The Ets domain accounted for the bulk of the interaction of PU.1 with Nup153 and RanGMPPNP. Because Nup62 is located close to the midplane of the nuclear pore complex whereas Nup153 is at its nuclear side, these findings suggest a model whereby RanGTP propels PU.1 toward the nuclear side of the nuclear pore complex by increasing its affinity for Nup153. This notion was confirmed by ultrastructural studies using gold-labeled PU.1 in permeabilized cells.
Transient Gamma-Ray Spectrometer Observations of Gamma-Ray Lines from Novae. III. The 478 keV Line from 7Be Decay

The Wind spacecraft, which carries the Transient Gamma Ray Spectrometer (TGRS), moves in an extremely elliptical orbit that largely avoids Earth's trapped radiation belts and albedo γ-radiation. The TGRS therefore enjoys a relatively low level of background, which is also extremely stable. We show how this stability enables modeling of the time variability of background lines, which in turn enables a novel technique of background subtraction for use in the detection of transient astrophysical lines. We apply a simple version of this method to the line at 478 keV that is expected to arise from nucleosynthesis of 7Be in nearby novae. This search covers the entire southern ecliptic hemisphere during 1995-1997, including five known individual events and possible undiscovered individual events. The TGRS design also uses Wind's 3 s rotation period to modulate signals from the Galactic center. We use this feature of the instrument to search for a quasi-constant level of 478 keV emission from the accumulation of 7Be from several novae that are expected to occur in the direction of the Galactic center during that isotope's 53 day half-life. We derive upper limits on the transient (single nova) emission that improve on previous limits by about an order of magnitude and limits on the steady (many nova) emission that represent a factor of 2 improvement. Only weak limits can be placed on the key parameters in the nucleosynthesis and ejection of 7Be, however.
Accelerated Solvent Extraction of Alkylresorcinols in Food Products Containing Uncooked and Cooked Wheat

This research focuses on the overall extraction process of alkylresorcinols (ARs) from uncooked grains and baked products that have been processed with wheat, corn, rice, and white flour. Previously established extraction methods developed by Ross and colleagues, as well as a semiautomated method involving accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), were applied to extract ARs within freshly ground samples. For extraction of alkylresorcinols, nonpolar solvents such as ethyl acetate have been recommended for the extraction of uncooked foods, and polar solvents such as 1-propanol:water (3:1 v/v) have been recommended for the extraction of baked foods that contain rye, wheat, or other starch-rich grains. A comparison of AR extraction methods has been investigated with the application of gas chromatography and a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) to quantify the AR content. The goal of this research was to compare the rapid accelerated solvent extraction of the alkylresorcinols (ASE-AR) method to the previous manual AR extraction methods. Results for this study as well as the investigation of the overall efficiency of ASE-AR extraction with the use of a spiking study indicated that it can be comparable to current extraction methods but with less time required. Furthermore, the extraction time for ASE (approximately 40 min) is much more convenient and less tedious and time-consuming than previously established methods, which range from 5 h for processed foods to 24 h for raw grains.
Habitat choice in the intertidal snail Tegula funebralis

Intraspecific variation in habitat preference was studied in the black turban snail Tegula funebralis (Adams, 1854), at two locations on the northern U.S. Pacific Coast. Studies in 1977 using a mass-marking technique showed that most snails found either above or in permanent tidepools at low tide return to their original habitats within a few days after experimental habitat reversal. This return is not due to homing behavior, but is apparently based on the recognition of ecological characteristics of the two habitats. Experiments in 1978 with individually-marked snails suggest that they prefer specific intertidal levels, and not merely above-pool or in-pool habitats. Theoretical models predict that this behavior could play a major role in the maintenance of genetic polymorphism in a species like T. funebralis, whose intertidal environment is characterized by extreme spatial heterogeneity.
Influence of thyroid hormones on the thermal selection of African house snakes (Lamprophis fuliginosus)

Abstract 1. Neither thyroxine (T 4 ) nor triiodothyronine (T 3 ) significantly influenced mean preferred body temperature ( T b ) of African house snakes, Lamprophis fuliginosus . T 4 tended to decrease mean preferred T b while T 3 slightly increased preferred T b . Although these results contrast with earlier evidence indicating significant influences of thyroid hormones on T b , they support earlier observations suggesting independent roles for T 4 and T 3 in the modulation of thermoregulatory behavior. 2. Male and female snakes showed a similar lack of response to thyroid hormone treatments. However, the small sample size of male and female snakes ( n =4 for each) within each treatment limits the power of these analyses for sex differences. 3. Mean selected T b 's of African house snakes in response to hormone treatments also did not differ among phases of the photoperiod. 4. We found no statistically significant differences between the thermoregulatory behaviors of snakes receiving injected control (5% ethanol in reptile Ringer's solution) and non-injected control treatments. These results have important implications for studies attempting to relate experimental manipulation (via intraperitoneal injection) of study animals to natural endogenous conditions.
Bayesian Case Influence Diagnostics for Survival Models

We propose Bayesian case influence diagnostics for complex survival models. We develop case deletion influence diagnostics for both the joint and marginal posterior distributions based on the Kullback-Leibler divergence (K-L divergence). We present a simplified expression for computing the K-L divergence between the posterior with the full data and the posterior based on single case deletion, as well as investigate its relationships to the conditional predictive ordinate. All the computations for the proposed diagnostic measures can be easily done using Markov chain Monte Carlo samples from the full data posterior distribution. We consider the Cox model with a gamma process prior on the cumulative baseline hazard. We also present a theoretical relationship between our case-deletion diagnostics and diagnostics based on Cox's partial likelihood. A simulated data example and two real data examples are given to demonstrate the methodology.
Microbial biomass and nutrient concentrations in hyphal mats of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hysterangium setchellii in a coniferous forest soil

Abstract In western Oregon, the calcium oxalate-producing ectomycorrhizal fungus Hysterangium setchellii (Fischer) forms a symbiotic relationship with Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] resulting in fungal mats that range from 1 to 1.5m dia and 7–10 cm thickness. Microbial biomass, extractable soil nutrients and nutrient concentration of hyphal tissue were measured in mat soils and adjacent non-mat soils. Extractable concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, AI, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn were analyzed in H. setchellii hyphal tissue, mat soils, non-mat soils and mat soils with H. setchellii hyphae removed. Mierobial biomassand concentrations of most nutrients were greater in mat soils than in non-mat soils. Nutrients were incorporated primarily in the fungal tissue rather than on soil exchange sites. Extractable nutrients other than Cu were correlated with microbial biomass for combined data from mat and adjacent non-mat soils. Macronutrients other than N were positively correlated with Al + Fe concentration in mat soils, but showed negative correlations in the non-mat soils and in mat soils with hyphae removed. The inverse correlation of soil Al + Fe concentration to soil macronutrient concentration in non-mat soils may reflect greater leaching and lower retention of macronutrients in soils without H. setchellii mats. These results indicate that the ectomycorrhizal fungus H. setchellii is able to concentrate nutrients in hyphal tissue that are important to the growth and productivity of Douglas-fir forests.
Multi-channel selection maximizing throughput for delay-constrained multi-application secondary users in dynamic cognitive radio networks

In dynamic cognitive radio networks (CRNs) secondary users (SUs) sense the spectrum bands to find temporal absence of primary users (PUs) and immediately transmit on the identified spectrum holes. SUs sequentially sense the channels, stopping when the available resources are expected to provide the best throughput performance. Following, the selected channels are exploited using multi-channel transmission. In this paper, the multi-channel selection problem for SUs supporting multiple applications generating traffic with different latency requirements is formulated in a CRN with both heterogeneous PU-traffic and channel conditions. We have proposed an optimal solution overcoming the expensive computations and storage requirements typical of optimal stopping problems. Our efficient algorithm only requires linear-time and quadratic-space complexities in the online decision phase, aided by statistical decision values efficiently pre-computed offline. Extensive evaluations validate our solution as a significant improvement over the application of existing solutions, all based on the well-known backward induction technique or its approximations, characterized by either intractable algorithmic complexities or approximate results.
Ultrastructure of granules and immunocytochemical localization of luciferase in photocytes of fireflies

Abstract Photocyte granules are round to oval, 1–2 μm, contain a peripheral dense area and are of three structural types. Type one granules consist of an amorphous matrix, a bundle of 2–12 microtubules and a flask-shaped vacuole. The type two granule is characterized by a large crystal or several smaller crystals embedded in an amorphous matrix with microtubules lined up along the face of the crystal. The type three granule is filled with a large number of thick-walled tubules (40–50 nm o.d.), usually found in bundles of two to four and a few microtubles. Luciferase has been shown to be localized in these photocyte granules by the immunoferritin technique. Ferritin is not localized over microtubules or flask-shaped vacuoles in type one granules but is randomly distributed over the matrix. In type two granules, ferritin is more densely distributed over the crystals and in type three granules over filamentous structures. There is no ferritin over the microtubules. Other parts of photocytes and of light organs are negative for luciferase. Buffer and anticalliphorin incubated sections showed no ferritin in granules.
Selective thermalization in sputtering to produce high T c films

To understand the sputtering process as a means of producing high T c metastable superconducting compounds we have investigated the need for thermalization of the sputtered atoms as they are deposited on the substrate. We have used low pressure RF sputtering to produce Nb 3 Ge with T c of ∼ 22°K for pressures of 20 mtorr Kr and for 45 mtorr Ar. To test the hypothesis that a thermalization is required to effect a high T c in Nb 3 Ge we have been studying the sputtering process for systems such as Nb 3 Al where Kr is used to thermalize the Nb atoms with the minimum number of collisions and an admixture of Ne is used to optimally thermalize the Al atoms. A computer simulation of the sputtering process aids in the choice of optimum parameters. If the thermalization hypothesis is correct then co-evaporation should be able to produce high T c Nb 3 Ge.
Rating the vitality of sign languages

The Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS), developed by Lewis and Simons and based on work by Fishman, provides a means of rating ‘language vitality’ – the level of development or endangerment – where ‘development’ is understood as adding or preserving functions and ‘endangerment’ as loss of function. In its original form, it did not take sign languages into account. This paper explains what adjustments are needed to accommodate signed and spoken languages on an equal basis, recognising and generalising over the sociolinguistic differences in the two types of language communities. Besides minor wording changes made to avoid giving the impression that EGIDS applied only to spoken languages, we offer substantive changes to accommodate different patterns of intergenerational transmission; to better reflect the role of literacy, education, literature, institutional support, and standardisation in language development; and to reflect factors other than classic language shift which can unde...
Growth Responses of Perennial Cool-Season Grasses Grazed Intermittently

Eight introduced and two native perennial cool-season grass varieties were grown for comparison in the highly variable climate of western Kansas. Grasses were seeded in a randomized complete block design with four replications on two different range sites. Grasses were grazed in 2000-2002 when vegetation height reached approximately 12 inches. All but one of the varieties produced greater dry matter yield than the native western wheatgrasses during the first year. However, tall wheatgrass and the native western wheatgrass varieties were among the highest yielding and had the greatest tiller numbers during 2002, a drought year. Most varieties produced 1.5 to 4.0 times more forage in 2001, a wet year, than in 2000 or 2002. With stress from grazing and lack of precipitation, cool-season grasses had greater yield response if greater numbers of tillers were present. Establishing and maintaining high tiller densities in stressful environments is a key contributor to productive grazed perennial cool-season grass stands in the western Great Plains.
A Need-focused Approach to Air Force Engine Health Management Research

This paper outlines the work that the author has done to develop a structure to help direct engine health management (EHM) research. It discusses the definitions of the relevant EHM terms, outlines the essential elements of an EHM system, deduces the aims of an EHM system through the contributions it can make to the top-level Air Force goals, and uses this to create an EHM vision. It then proposes a method of grouping EHM research programs in terms of their scope and offers a first order method of rating their likely impact. Finally, it raises a number of important issues that need to be considered when developing an EHM system
Lipid Storage and Utilization in Reptiles

Lipids represent a biochemically efficient mechanism for storing energy to be used at a later date for maintenance and/or reproduction. This storage and utilization at different times results in seasonal patterns of lipid cycling. Reptiles exhibit a number of lipid cycling patterns which can be explained by seasonal patterns of food availability. Seasonality in food availability determines the quantity of lipids stored, when lipids are stored, and for what purposes these lipids are utilized. Lipid cycling patterns are in turn correlated with life histories.
Experimental photoallergy to systemic drugs.

We have induced photoallergy in mice to systemically administered drugs, specifically sulfanilamide and chlorpromazine. Mice were photosensitized to systemic sulfanilamide or chlorpromazine by i.p. administration of drug followed by UVB and UVA irradiation of shaved flank skin, on two consecutive days. Control mice received i.p. drug with no irradiation. In some experiments cyclophosphamide pretreatment, or intradermal Corynebacterium parvum (Propionibacterium acnes) , was administered as an immunoadjuvant. All animals were photochallenged on day 5 with i.p. drug followed by UVA irradiation of one ear. Mice that had been previously immunized with drug and UV radiation developed ear swelling and erythema, evident 24 h after photochallenge, but not at 4 h. Control animals showed no reactions. In a typical experiment of photosensitization to systemic sulfanilamide, the experimental group had a mean increase in ear thickness of 6.0 × 10 -2 mm 24 h after photochallenge, while unsensitized control animals showed a mean change of -0.8 × 10 -2 mm. The histopathology of the positive challenge reaction was characteristic of a delayed type hypersensitivity. Adoptive transfer of photoallergy to systemic sulfanilamide to naive recipients was accomplished by i.v. injection of lymph node cells (5 × 10 7 ) harvested from actively photosensitized donors. Clinical reports have suggested that exposure to systemic medications followed by sunlight can induce an eruption having a photoallergic basis. We now report the first experimental proof of that hypothesis. The murine model should facilitate exploration of photoallergic mechanisms and, in addition, it provides the basis for a prospective test of systemic drugs for their photoallergenicity.
Toward a control theory of white-collar offending

In this study, Hirschi's control theory was conceptually developed and empirically tested as a rationale for white-collar offending. The data were gathered from a sample of 435 executives who were employees of a multinational automobile manufacturer. Results suggest that factors within the corporation such as managerial attachments, work commitment and involvement, and belief in corporate rules significantly affect individual rates of executive self-reported offending. In particular, those executives who possessed the strongest bond to their manager, their co-workers, and the corporation itself were least likely to report having engaged in a white-collar crime. Theoretical implications of these findings and how they relate to extant theories of white-collar criminality are discussed.
Economic incentives and physicians’ delivery of preventive care: A systematic review

A systematic review of the randomized trial literature examining the impact of financial incentives on provider preventive care delivery was conducted. English-language studies published between 1966 and 2002 that addressed primary or secondary preventive care or health promotion behaviors were included in the review. Six studies that met the inclusion criteria were identified, which generated eight different findings. The literature is sparse. Of the eight financial interventions reviewed, only one led to a significantly greater provision of preventive services. The lack of a significant relationship does not necessarily imply that financial incentives cannot motivate physicians to provide more preventive care. The rewards offered in these studies tend to be small. Therefore, the results suggest that small rewards will not motivate doctors to change their preventive care routines.
Attitudes about cheating and self-reported cheating behaviors of criminal justice majors and noncriminal justice majors: A research note

This paper explores the attitudes about cheating, and the self-reported cheating practices of 639 undergraduate students. Criminal justice majors are compared to other undergraduate students. It appears that much traditionally defined academic cheating behavior is not viewed as such by college students in general, or by criminal justice majors in particular. It also appears that students are participating in a rather wide range of cheating behaviors. The range among criminal justice students is almost identical with the norm. Nearly every student claimed to have participated in at least one type of cheating while in college.
Natural history and etiology of hyperuricemia following pediatric renal transplantation

A retrospective review was conducted to determine the incidence, etiology, natural history and complications of hyperuricemia after pediatric renal transplantation. Of 81 active transplant recipients aged 10.1 +/- 4.8 (mean +/- SD) years being followed by St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, 57 (70%) were males and 59 (73%) Caucasian. Their immunosuppression consisted of azathioprine, cyclosporine A and prednisone. Mean serum uric acid concentrations peaked at 6 months post transplantation (6.2 +/- 2.6 mg/dl), when 39% of the patients had hyperuricemia and 60% were receiving diuretics, and decreased thereafter. At 30 months, 23% of the patients had hyperuricemia and 17% required diuretics. When we compared 42 normouricemic (group A) with 24 hyperuricemic (group B) patients at 18 months post transplantation, we found that patients in group B were older (11.6 +/- 4.2 vs. 8.6 +/- 5.2 years, P = 0.01), had worse renal function (77 +/- 25 vs. 96 +/- 36 ml/min per 1.73 m2, P = 0.03) and required diuretics more frequently (63% vs. 21%, P = 0.001), but had identical blood levels of cyclosporine A (82 +/- 28 vs. 84 +/- 35 ng/ml, P = 0.78). A family history of gout did not affect the prevalence of hyperuricemia after transplantation. Asymptomatic hyperuricemia is common following pediatric renal transplantation and is more likely attributable to reduced renal function and diuretic therapy than to the known hyperuricemic effect of cyclosporine A. Of these variables, only diuretic therapy is readily controllable and should be closely regulated following pediatric renal transplantation.
SULFONAMIDE CHEMOTHERAPY OF COMBINED INFECTION WITH INFLUENZA VIRUS AND BACTERIA

1. Sulfonamide chemotherapy controls the bacterial component of combined infection with influenza virus and pneumococci in rats. 2. Reinstillation of fluid (broth, physiological salt solution) into the respiratory passages of mice several days after sublethal viral infection converts the viral infection into a lethal one. 3. Sulfonamide chemotherapy controls the bacterial component of combined bacterial and viral infection of mice, produced by intrabronchial inoculation of mixtures of bacteria and sublethal or lethal doses of virus. 4. Bacterial pneumonia may be superimposed upon sublethal viral infection in mice by inhalation of fine droplets of bacterial suspension several days after inoculation of virus. Normal mice inhaling fine droplets of bacterial suspension fail to develop obvious disease. 5. Sulfonamide chemotheiapy controls bacterial pneumonia superimposed on sublethal viral infection by inhalation of fine droplets of bacterial culture. 6. The secondary bacterial penumonia does not convert the sublethal viral infection into a lethal one. 7. If another pandemic of influenza occurs, it is probable that sulfonamide chemotherapy will be valuable in the treatment of secondary bacterial pneumonia and will be effective in lowering the case fatality rate if the viral component of the infection is not severe enough by itself to cause death.