cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microbes and obesity—interrelationship between infection, adipose tissue and the immune system

The world is currently experiencing an obesity epidemic as declared by the World Health Organization. The traditional view is that behaviour leading to overeating and under-activity is the major contributing factor for this worldwide epidemic. However, several microbes are linked to obesity in animals and humans. On the one hand, various microbes, including animal and human viruses, bacteria, parasites and scrapie agents, increase adiposity in several animal models. Some of these microbes show an association with human obesity, but conclusive evidence for a causative role of microbes in human obesity is lacking. On the other hand, obese individuals show an altered response to infections. Obesity is often associated with impaired immune function, which may lead to increased susceptibility to infection with a number of different pathogens. Hence, certain microbes appear to induce obesity, whereas, obesity itself may exacerbate certain other infections. Linking the two phenomenon is the immunological property of adipocytes and their progenitors. For instance, proliferating pre-adipocytes share embryonic origin with immune cells and exhibit phagocytic activity. Taken together it appears that there is a close interrelationship between adipose tissue, inflammatory response, immune system and infections. Hence, it is conceivable that in response to certain infections, adipose tissue expands similar to the expansion of cells of the immune system. The impaired immune function of adipose tissue in obesity may exacerbate infections. Considering the global obesity epidemic, it is necessary to further investigate both phenomena.
Interferon Treatment of Ehrlich Ascites Tumor Cells: Effects on Exogenous mRNA Translation and tRNA Inactivation in the Cell Extract

We reported earlier that in cell extracts that were prepared from interferon-treated Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and preincubated and passed through Sephadex G-25 (S30 INT ), the translation of exogenous mRNA (viral and host) was impaired and the impairment could be overcome to a large extent by adding a crude tRNA preparation from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells but not from Escherichia coli. We find now that the rate of inactivation of some tRNA9s (especially those specific for leucine, lysine, and serine) but not those of many others is faster in S30 INT than in corresponding extracts from control cells. This increased rate of tRNA inactivation may perhaps account for the need for added RNA to overcome at least partially the impairment of translation in S30 INT . The relationship of the increased rate of tRNA inactivation to the antiviral effect of interferon is unclear. So far no significant difference has been detected in the amount of tRNA needed to overcome the impairment of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA translation in S30 INT between tRNA from interferon-treated cells and tRNA from control cells. Furthermore, no difference was found in the rate of inactivation in S30 INT between leucine-specific tRNA9s from interferon-treated and from control cells. tRNA9s specific for leucine and lysine were not inactivated (unless very slowly) during incubation under our conditions in an extract from interferon-treated (or from control) cells unless the extract had been passed through Sephadex G-25 or dialyzed. The translation of exogenous mRNA was, however, impaired in an extract from interferon-treated cells that had not been passed through Sephadex G-25. This impairment was apparently not overcome by added tRNA.
An update on products and mechanisms of lipid peroxidation.

The free radical reaction of polyunsaturated fatty acids with molecular oxygen leads to hydroperoxides as the first stable products. From linoleic acid the two conjugated diene hydroperoxides at carbons 9 and 13 were considered the only primary products until the recent discovery of the bis-allylic 11-hydroperoxide. The 11-carbon is the site of the initial hydrogen abstraction, and the 11-hydroperoxide is formed without isomerization of the 9,10 and 12,13 cis double bonds. In the autoxidation reaction, bis-allylic hydroperoxides are obtained only in the presence of an efficient antioxidant, for example, α-tocopherol. The antioxidant functions as a hydrogen atom donor, necessary to trap the fleeting bis-allylic peroxyl radical intermediate as the hydroperoxide. Understanding of the mechanism of formation of bis-allylic hydroperoxides has led to increased appreciation of the central role of the intermediate peroxyl radical in determining the outcome of lipid peroxidation.
Identification and localization of mutations at the Lesch-Nyhan locus by ribonuclease A cleavage

Many mutations leading to human disease are the result of single DNA base pair changes that cannot be identified by Southern analysis. This has prompted the development of alternative assays for point mutation detection. The recently described ribonuclease A cleavage procedure, with a polyuridylic acid-paper affinity chromatography step, has been used to identify the mutational lesions in the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) messenger RNAs of patients with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Distinctive ribonuclease A cleavage patterns were identified in messenger RNA from 5 of 14 Lesch-Nyhan patients who were chosen because no HPRT Southern or Northern blotting pattern changes had been found. This approach now allows HPRT mutation detection in 50 percent of the cases of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. The polyuridylic acid-paper affinity procedure provides a general method for analysis of low abundance messenger RNAs.
Tannins, salivary proline-rich proteins and oesophageal cancer

Abstract No single dietary factor or ingested substance has been implicated in the aetiology of oesophageal carcinoma especially in high-risk areas of the world. Although not weel defined, there is heavy consumption of tannin-rich foods, particularly sorghum, by populations at high risk for carcinoma. The carcinogenic properties of tannins and extracts of tannin-rich plants have been demonstrated experimentally. It is proposed herein that salivary proline-rich proteins (PRPs) by binding ingested tannins protect the oesophagus from the carcinogenic effects of the latter. It is also possible that genetic variants of PRPs may influence the incidence of oesophageal cancer in different populations.
Characterizations of the spectral radius of positive operators

Abstract We generalize the Birkhoff-Varga, Wielandt, and Donsker-Varadhan characterizations of the spectral radius of positive operators to general clones, finite or infinite dimensional.
Comparison of diatomics-in-molecules and simple valence-bond potential surfaces for FH2

Abstract The method of diatomics-in-molecules (DIM) is applied to the FH 2 system. With spin—orbit interaction neglected, all elements of the 24 × 24 hamiltonian matrix are tabulated as analytic functions of the six diatomic fragment potential curves. It is found that neglect of off-diagonal 8 × 8 blocks in the DIM hamiltonian matrix leads to an energy expression for the ground 1 2 A′ level which is identical to the valence-bond formula used by Blais and Truhlar in dynamical studies of the F + D 2 reaction. The 2 A″ excited level from DIM theory is identical to the result derived by Blais and Truhlar, without neglect of the 8 × 8 off-diagonal blocks. The DIM and simple valence-bond energies are compared numerically for noncollinear geometries.
A multigrid approach to discretized optimization problems

Many large optimization problems represent a family of models of varying size, corresponding to different discretizations. An example is optimal control problems where the solution is a function that is approximated by its values at finitely many points. We discuss optimization techniques suitable for nonlinear programs of this type, with an emphasis on algorithms that guarantee global convergence. The goal is to exploit the similar structure among the subproblems, using the solutions of smaller subproblems to accelerate the solution of larger, more refined subproblems.
The proteinuria of industrial lead intoxication

Studies of protein excretion were undertaken in seven males, aged 35–42 years, who had more than 5 years exposure to industrial lead and had clinically established Pb intoxication. Heavy metal intoxication with Cd and Hg causes proximal tubular abnormalities, i.e., aminoaciduria, glycosuria, phosphaturia. Similar abnormalities occur in Pb intoxication except that the nature of the proteinuria remains controversial. Studies of urinary proteins included 24-hr urine protein excretion, dextran gel separations, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and β 2 microglobulin (B 2 M) measurements. Creatinine clearances, and serum B 2 M concentrations were normal. Urine total protein distribution by SDS-PAGE and the B 2 M excretion rate were also normal. These data imply that the nephrotoxicity of Cd and Hg are different than that of Pb. We speculate on what might account for this difference. This study suggests that when examining a population exposed to Pb, the finding of tubular proteinuria should alert investigators to search for the presence of other toxic agents.
The impact of drywall handling tools on the low back

Carpenters and other construction workers who install drywall have high rates of strains and sprains to the low back and shoulder. Drywall is heavy and awkward to handle resulting in increased risk of injury. The purpose of this study was to evaluate several low-cost coupling tools that have the potential to reduce awkward postures in drywall installers. Five coupling tools were evaluated using the Lumbar Motion Monitor that measures trunk kinematics and predicts probability of low back disorder group membership risk (LBD risk). Workers answered surveys about their comfort while using each tool. The results indicate that use of the 2-person manual lift and the J-handle provide the best reduction in awkward postures, motions, low back sagittal moment, and LBD risk. The two-person manual lift appears to be the safest method of lifting and moving drywall, though using the two-person J-handle also significantly reduces injury risk. Given that carpenters are skeptical about using equipment that can get in the way or get lost, a practical recommendation is promotion of two-person manual lifting. For single-person lifts, the Old Man tool is a viable option to decrease risk of MSDs.
Public perceptions of bioenergy and land use change: comparing narrative frames of agriculture and forestry.

Abstract While much research has focused on landowner perspectives for producing biomass to supply potential future bioenergy demands, there has been relatively little research on regional public opinion and perceptions of land use change associated with bioenergy production. This project investigates perceptions of potential bioenergy land use among the general public by using a natural experiment employing narrative frames of agriculture and forestry. Results show differences in public perceptions given these two narrative land use frames. Relatively high levels of uncertainty were found across both frames, especially related to perceptions of future impacts on local energy prices in the forestry frame. Understanding how land use frames can influence perceptions about bioenergy system development can help facilitate more effective communication while addressing potential uncertainties when moderating or participating in stakeholder group deliberation regarding bioenergy and related land use change.
Co-Creation with Production Externalities

Co-creation, the participation of customers in the design and production of goods and services, has been gaining popularity in recent years. In this research we incorporate firm pricing into the joint production process allowing us to study 1 production externalities between firm and customers, 2 production externalities among customers, and 3 optimal pricing by firms. We show that given a choice, a monopoly firm will opt for co-creation with customers rather than deal with passive price-taking consumers. Furthermore, the firm will increase the effort it devotes to co-creation as the number of potential co-creating customers increases. We show that the profit of a firm facing a centralized pattern of externalities among customers with an expert, or lead user, in the center can be higher than its profit when facing a decentralized pattern of externalities among customers and clearly dominates its profit when customers do not have any cross externalities. Thus, we provide a different justification for the use of lead users, one that depends on their network centrality and not on having lower cost, more information, or greater ability than the firm. Because the decentralized pattern has more links than the centralized pattern, our results demonstrate the importance of the pattern of links between customers, and not just their number, in determining the profitability of co-creation. Furthermore, we find that the lead user's externality spillover to other connected users, her neighbors, acts as a force multiplier on the efforts exerted by all participants in equilibrium. Specifically, a higher spillover from the lead user increases the efforts of the firm, the neighbors, and the lead user herself, and this may lead to beneficial outcomes for all. Finally, we show that in co-creation environments, a monopolist firm may benefit by committing to a single price rather than exercising price discrimination. This is because the pricing structure affects customers' incentive to invest effort in the innovation-production stage.
MO‐D‐204B‐02: Temporal Dose‐Response of Normal Lung Tissue in Patients Treated with Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Lung Tumors

Purpose: To study the temporal changes of normal lungtissuedose‐response for patients with lungtumors who received stereotactic body radiation therapy(SBRT).Methods: Between 2003 and 2009, 63 patients received a hypofractionated treatment with a maximum of 5 fractions and a median total dose of 54 Gy (range, 30–60). RT‐induced lung density changes were evaluated after fusion of planning CT scans with a maximum of 5 post‐RT follow‐up scans corresponding to interval periods of approximately 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after treatment. Patient specific dose‐response curves (DRC) were obtained by averaging CT number changes for regions receiving the same dose at 10 Gy intervals. In a secondary analysis, SBRTdose schedules were converted into 2Gy‐equivalent using a biological equivalent dose (BED) model. Results:At 6 months, transient increases of up to 100% were observed compared to the pre‐treatment lung density. After 12 months, the density changes stabilized to less than 50% of pre‐treatment levels. Different evolutions of the lung density were observed for BED levels of 0–45 Gy and 45–110 Gy. For the late response, no significant increase of lung density was visible for doses below 45 Gy. Above this threshold, the dose‐density change was linearly increasing but not as rapidly as after 6 months. Conclusion: This analysis is the first report, to our knowledge, of SBRT‐induced lung density changes showing that the lung density temporal response varied significantly with the received dose. More than 90% of the lung volume experienced an acute response that reversed to nearly no late response, indicating that the lung morphology was mostly unaffected after 12 months. Since the acute response also partially reversed for the remaining 10%, SBRT was expected to only marginally affect long term lung function.
Quasi-isochronous storage ring

Abstract We study the single particle and collective dynamics of a storage ring where the momentum compaction is made small to make it nearly isochronous, to reduce the bunch length and increase the peak current. We find that a quasi-isochronous ring makes it possible to obtain a bunch length in the millimeter range and to increase the beam longitudinal brilliance by more than one order of magnitude.
Users and builders

The author has illuminated some of the questions which appear to cloud constructive builder - user relations. Each of the questions has a common feature: the problems will not be solved by extreme, one-way solutions; these problems are a feature of a new era of experimentation using large shared instruments. On the one hand, the objectives and the fundamental interest are just as "academic" as they have always been in the past when large tools were not required; on the other hand, the technical necessities are such that traditional academic methods cannot be blindly continued. In order to solve these problems there is a clear need for the builders to understand the problems of the users, and the users, the problems of the builders.
Privatization, State Ownership, and Bank Performance in Egypt

Summary In this study, we address the financial and operating performance of a sample of 12 Egyptian banks from 1996 to 1999, during which time control was transferred from the state to the private sector. Following privatization, the results indicate that some profitability and liquidity ratios for privatized banks decline significantly, but other performance measures are virtually unchanged. Antithetically, the results indicate that the relative performance changes of privatized banks were better than those of mixed banks with majority state ownership but worse than those of banks with other ownership forms (private, state-owned, and mixed private ownership). However, the study finds a strong evidence to support the theory and previous empirical findings that banks with greater private ownership perform better.
A real reason for patients with pseudobulbar affect to smile

Pseudobulbar affect (PBA) is a dramatic disorder of emotional expression and regulation characterized by uncontrollable episodes of laughing and crying that often cause embarrassment, curtailment of social activities, and reduction in quality of life. The disorder occurs in patients with brain injury caused by many types of neurological disease, including stroke, tumors, and neurodegenerative gray and white matter disorders. Although the pathophysiology is unknown, PBA may relate to release of brainstem emotional control centers from regulation by the frontal lobes. Diagnosis of PBA can be difficult and relies on careful characterization of episodes and differentiation from depression. Although there are no US Food and Drug Administration-approved treatments for PBA, several agents have been shown to be effective, including tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and a new agent containing dextromethorphan and quinidine. The growing number of treatment options, some of great benefit to patients, highlights the importance of accurate diagnosis of this disorder.
Lyα Absorption in the Quasar Triplet Q0107−025A, Q0107−025B, and Q0107−0232: Data Calibration and Line Selection

We present spectroscopic observations for quasars Q0107-025A, Q0107-025B, and Q0107-0232. For the first time, all data obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope's GHRS and FOS for these three quasars are combined. Lyα absorbers selected from the spectra can be used to trace the coherence of the intergalactic medium (IGM) on scales of 1-2 h Mpc over the redshift range 0.4 < za < 0.9. A new analysis of double and triple absorber coincidences derived from the improved spectra is performed. Automated line-selection algorithms were used to detect absorption lines in the QSO spectra; coincident absorbers were identified across two and three sight lines based on their proximity to each other in velocity space. A control simulation designed to generate artificial absorption-line spectra was used to gauge the significance of the coincidences. Four intervening metal-line absorption systems are detected, with three of the four coincident to the A and B sight lines and one coincident across all three sight lines. This is evidence for substantial clustering among the objects responsible for the metal-enriched gas. By contrast, large-scale coherence of the IGM gas is detectable but weak. Fewer than half of the absorbers are coincident on scales of 1-2 h Mpc, a result that is significant at the 99% confidence level, and coherence arises preferentially in the higher column density gas. Triple absorber coincidences occur at a level that is significant at the 99% confidence level, which indicates that the higher column density gas has a planar geometry.
Recursive estimation methods for tracking of localized perturbations in absorption using diffuse optical tomography

Analysis of the quasi-sinusoidal temporal signals measured by a Diffuse Optical Tomography (DOT) instrument can be used to determine both quantitative and qualitative characteristics of functional brain activities arising from visual and auditory simulations, motor activities, and cognitive tasks performances. Once the activated regions in the brain are resolved using DOT, the temporal resolution of this modality is such that one can track the spatial evolution (both the location and morphology) of these regions with time. In this paper, we explore a state-estimation approach using Extended Kalman Filters to track the dynamics of functionally activated brain regions. We develop a model to determine the size, shape, location and contrast of an area of activity as a function of time. Under the assumption that previously acquired MRI data has provided us with a segmentation of the brain, we restrict the location of the area of functional activity to the thin, cortical sheet. To describe the geometry of the region, we employ a mathematical model in which the projection of the area of activity onto the plane of the sensors is assumed to be describable by a low dimensional algebraic curve. In this study, we consider in detail the case where the perturbations in optical absorption parameters arising due to activation are confined to independent regions in the cortex layer. We estimate the geometric parameters (axis lengths, rotation angle, center positions) defining the best fit ellipse for the activation area's projection onto the source-detector plane. At a single point in time, an adjoint field-based nonlinear inversion routine is used to extract the activated area's information. Examples of the utility of the method will be shown using synthetic data.
Enhanced Bonding of Poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) to Oxides through Surface-Bound Alkoxyzirconium Complex Interfaces

Surface-bound alkoxyzirconium complexes form stable interfaces between poly(ethylene-co-acrylic) acids and various substrates. These interfaces enhance polymer bonding to the oxide surface as demon...
Physiological Evaluations of Armoured Vests in Hot-Wet and Hot-Dry Climates

This laboratory has developed mathematical formulae for prediction of an average man's rectal temperature and heart rate as a function of clothing, work level and ambient temperature, humidity and air motion. Physiological studies of eight men walking with 25.6 kg loads in a hot-wet (35°C, 70% R.H.) and a hot-dry (48.9°C, 21° R.H.) climate allowed comparison of the effects of three uniform systems with their predicted effects. The three systems included: a standard or a lightweight armoured vest worn over a tropical fatigue uniform, or the fatigue uniform without armour. One major objective of this study was to validate the coefficients assumed for these armour systems to combine the physiological effect of external air movement with subject generated air movement. These coefficients, termed ‘ pumping coefficients ’, are essential in the equations for predicting these physiological responses. The study demonstrates the feasibility and potential value of such predictive equations for the solution of proble...
Mechanisms of nuclear vitamin D receptor resistance in Harvey-ras-transfected cells

Abstract The hormone 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH) 2 D) binds to the nuclear vitamin D receptor (nVDR), which heterodimerizes with retinoid X receptor α (RXRα), and this complex interacts with specific response elements [vitamin D response elements (VDREs)] to regulate gene transcription. Previous results show a significant reduction in 1,25(OH) 2 D-induced nVDR transcriptional activity in fibroblast (C3H10T1/2) cells transfected with the Harvey ras gene ( ras cells) compared with parental cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanisms by which the H- ras gene interferes with nVDR transcriptional activity. Similar to the ras cells, transcriptional activity of the nVDR was reduced following induction of the H- ras gene for 9 days. The ras cells expressed similar protein levels of RXRα with the parent cells, and overexpression of the wild-type RXRα plasmid did not restore 1,25(OH) 2 D-mediated nVDR activity in ras cells. Inhibiting activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) had no effect on nVDR activity in ras cells. Furthermore, the binding of nVDR to VDREs was reduced in 1,25(OH) 2 D-treated ras cells. In addition, neither treatment of ras cells with an inhibitor (ketoconazole) of the 1,25(OH) 2 D degradative enzyme, 24-hydroxylase, nor the protein kinase C inhibitors, bisindoylmaleimide I and Go 6976, had an effect on nVDR activity. In contrast, inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) with LY294002 resulted in a 1.6-fold significant increase in the nVDR activity in the ras cells. Taken together, these results indicate that PI3K may, at least in part, mediate the suppression of the 1,25(OH) 2 D regulation of nVDR transcriptional activity by the H- ras gene, leading to reduced ability to associate with response elements.
Response of rat salivary glands to mastication of pelleted vitamin A-deficient diet

Interpretation of previous studies of the effects of hypovitaminosis. A on salivary glands is confounded by the atrophic effects of liquid or powdered diets. The purpose of this study was to reevaluate the effects of vitamin. A deficiency on the morphology and function of rat salivary glands using a pelleted diet that promotes physiological levels of masticatory stimulation. Profound vitamin A deficiency resulted in a marked decrease in stimulated parotid secretion. Histological evaluation demonstrated the development of squamous metaplasia in the ducts of parotid, submandibular and sublingual salivary glands; however, atrophy was observed only in serious salivary glands. In the parotid gland the degree of atrophy corresponded to the decrease in stimulated secretion. Mild hypovitaminosis A (before the development of squamous metaplasia in ducts) was associated with distinctly different effects. The parotid gland was moderately enlarged. There was also a significant increase in stimulated secretion, which was not explained by changes in gland size, muscarinic receptor number or affinity, or receptor-mediated calcium signalling.
A Review and Application of Existing Theories in Neighborhood Research: Toward a Model for Social Work Practice

The application of existing theory in regard to assessing and addressing neighborhoods from a social work perspective is largely unexplored. Current theories informing neighborhood-level interventions draw little on social work literature. The purpose of this paper is to explore literature from varied fields to assess their utility and inform neighborhood-level intervention methods for social workers. Examining neighborhood theory from all fields and comparing it to those most commonly used in social work is helpful to understanding how practitioners can advance this work and research.
Composites from benzylated wood and polystyrenes: Their processability and viscoelastic properties

Utilization and conservation of raw materials are two of the main thrusts of our research. Several plasticized woods have been prepared from sawdust in our laboratory. They possess unique thermal, mechanical, and viscoelastic properties. In this study, benzylated wood was used to blend with polystyrene to prepare a wood/plastic composite. Its dynamic processability and viscoelastic properties were evaluated. The mixtures with different blending ratios (benzylated wood/polystyrene) were prepared by mixing them in an intensive mixing device. The specific energy required to do the processing work decreased with the increase of benzylated wood in the composite. The mixture can be molded or extruded easily. The study of the viscoelasticity of the compression-molded composite products using a dynamic mechanical thermal analyzer (DMTA) revealed, regardless of the mixing ratios, a single damping peak (tan δ). This suggested good compatibility between the two polymers. The glass transition temperature and the storage modulus of these composites decreased as the amount of benzylated wood increased. A composite with comparable mechanical properties of polystyrene was obtained from those composites with mixing ratios (benzylated wood/polystyrene) ranging from 0.4 to 0.6. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The frequency, appearance, and significance of splenic perfusion defects on CT arterial portography

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency, appearance, and significance of splenic perfusion defects on computed tomographic arterial portography (CTAP).
Palatability dynamics of cardenolides in the monarch butterfly.

THE adaptive strategy of sequestering cardiac glycosides from milkweed plants (Asclepiadaceae and Apocynaceae) has evolved in several taxa of insects1. Since these cardenolides elicit vomiting following ingestion, birds learn to avoid the insects on sight after one or more emetic experiences2. By a specific assay, we found a spectrum of cardenolide concentrations in adult monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus L., Danainae) collected during the autumnal migration from four areas in eastern North America3. In this communication we compare Atlantic with Pacific Coast monarch populations and explore quantitative relationships between cardenolide concentrations and palatability spectra. The latter were measured by our blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata bromia Oberholser, Corvidae) emetic dose fifty (ED50) test4.
Influence of the immunoregulatory serum lipoprotein LDL-In on the in vivo proliferation and differentiation of antigen-binding and antibody-secreting lymphocytes during a primary immune response☆

Abstract The proliferation and differentiation of selected antigen-specific lymphocyte subpopulations were analyzed in order to gain insight into the cellular targets and the major in vivo biological effects of the immunoregulatory serum lipoprotein, LDL-In. The influence of SRBC antigen dose on the number and relative ratio of splenic B- and T-antigen-binding lymphocytes and plaque-forming cells was characterized in control mice. When LDL-In was administered intravenously 24 hr before antigen, there was a profound reduction throughout the primary response in the number of splenic ABL and PFC, the mean lytic plaque volume, and the serum hemagglutination titer. Kinetic analyses of the cellular events suggest that a simple reduction in effective antigen dose does not account for the suppressive activity. The pattern of suppression points to inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation rather than differentiation as the probable predominant mechanism whereby LDL-In exerts its immuno-suppressive effects in vivo.
The Development of Circuit Models for ZR

Summary from only given. The capabilities of the Z accelerator will be significantly enhanced by the Z Refurbishment (ZR) project [McDaniel DH, 2002]. The performance of a single ZR module is currently being characterized in the pre-production engineering evaluation test bed, Z20 [Lehr, JM, 2003]. Z20 is thoroughly diagnosed so that electrical performance of the module can be established. Circuit models of Z20 have been developed and validated in both Screamer [1985] and Bertha [1989] circuit codes. For the purposes of predicting ZR performance, a full ZR circuit model has also been developed in Bertha. The full ZR model (using operating parameters demonstrated on Z20) indicates that the required 26 MA, 100 ns implosion time, output load current pulse will be achieved on ZR. In this paper, the electrical characterization of Z20 and development of the single module circuit models will be discussed in detail. The full ZR model will also be discussed and the results of several system studies conducted to predict ZR performance will be presented.
Scale Dependence of the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Crustaceans Thin Films as Biomimetic Materials

The exoskeletons of crustacean species in the form of thin films have been investigated by several researchers to better understand the role played by the exoskeletal structure in affecting the functioning of species such as shrimps, crabs, and lobsters. These species exhibit similar designs in their exoskeleton microstructure, such as a Bouligand pattern (twisted plywood structure), layers of different thickness across cross section, change in mineral content through the layers, etc. Different parts of crustaceans exhibit a significant variation in mechanical properties based on the variation in the above-mentioned parameters. This change in mechanical properties has been analyzed by using imaging techniques such as scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and by using mechanical characterization techniques such as nanoindentation and atomic force microscopy. In this article, the design principles of these biological composites are discussed based on two shrimp species: Rimicaris exoculata and Pandalus platyceros.
Participative Approaches for Evaluating the Hazards of New Technology

New technology is transforming the workplace and bringing with it hazards that were unknown a few decades ago. New chemicals, plasma gases, biotechnology, new electronic devices, robots, and genetic engineering are being introduced so quickly that we do not know if they pose new threats to health until after they have been in wide use. These new technologies challenge our current state of knowledge about health hazards and our ability to control potential hazards. A major concern is that there currently are not enough resources to handle traditional safety and health hazards, and that these new challenges will tax the capabilities of our current health and safety resources. It is very likely that the potential hazards posed by new technology may not be amenable to traditional safety and health approaches. A major difficulty is that we just do not have enough knowledge about these new technologies or their potential harmful effects to be able to make good judgments. Knowledge about potential health hazards...
Electrochemical reactions of cyclopentadienes in non-aqueous media

Abstract Solutions of cyclopentadiene (CpH) and cyclopentadienide (Cp − ) in several non-aqueous solvents were prepared, and were examined by cyclic voltammetry. CpH shows a reduction peak in liquid ammonia at −78°C, and also an oxidation peak at the same potential as that of Cp − in this solvent. Bulk oxidation of CpH in liquid ammonia leads to the formation of the neutral fulvalene molecule. In THF or THF+HMPA, CpH is not electroactive. NMR studies show that ammonia is not a sufficiently strong base to deprotonate CpH. Ultramicroelectrodes were used to study the oxidation of CpH in ammonia, and the voltammetry is analyzed based on theoretical CE q C 2i , behavior. The synthesis of n-Bu 4 N + Me 5 Cp − is described, and the electrochemistry of MeCp − is compared to the electrochemical behavior of Cp − .
Spatial risk factors of felonious battery to police officers

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the spatial influence of features of the physical environment on the risk of aggression toward law enforcement. Design/methodology/approach – The spatial analytic technique, risk terrain modeling was performed on felonious battery data provided by the Chicago Police Department. Findings – Out of the 991 batteries against law enforcement officers (LEOs) in Chicago, 11 features of the physical environment were identified as presenting a statistically significant spatial risk of battery to LEOs. Calls for service within three blocks of foreclosures and/or within a dense area of problem buildings pose as much as two times greater risk of battery to police officers than what is presented by other significant spatial factors in the model. Originality/value – An abundance of existing research on aggression toward law enforcement is situated from the perspective of characteristics of the suspect or officer. The research advances the field of violence studies by il...
TESTIMONIOS EN TRIÁNGULO: PERSONAJES DE LA NUEVA CORÓNICA DE GUAMAN POMA Y DEL MANUSCRITO QUECHUA DE HUAROCHIRÍ EN EL PLEITO SOBRE EL CACICAZGO PRINCIPAL DE MAMA (1588-1590)

Frank Salomon*Espinoza Soriano (1983-84) ha analizado conlujo de detalle el intrincado litigio fichado como“Pleito segundo entre Antonio Guamanyanac yGeronimo Caxayauri 1588”, existente en el Archi-vo General de la Nacion, Buenos Aires (ms. 9-45-5-15). Segun Espinoza Soriano, el litigio de 1588-1590 y sus secuelas hasta 1599 representan lasetapas avanzadas de un arraigado conflicto entredos kurakazgos importantes del valle del rio Rimac:el senorio o waranka Inka de Yaucha, con sede
The information and learning commons: a selective guide to sources

Purpose – This bibliography aims to give citations and annotations for a core selection of sources on the information and learning commons trend in academic libraries.Design/methodology/approach – Articles, books, and web sites relevant to this topic were found in the Library, Information Science & Technology Abstracts database; Library Literature Index; WorldCat; and on the internet. Sources were chosen that contribute to an overview of the concepts or cover practical considerations in implementation.Findings – Libraries are developing best practices as they experiment with learner‐centered service models, but they apply these best practices differently according to their unique needs. Early implementations focus on technology and access, while later implementations focus on more collaborations surrounding learner‐centered pedagogies.Research limitations/implications – This bibliography selects from English language books, web sites, and peer reviewed journals about US, British, Canadian, and Oceania aca...
1350 EFFECTS OF RATE OF VOLUME EXPANSION ON BRAIN BLOOD FLOW AFTER ASPHYXIA AND HYPOTENSION IN THE PIGLET

The rate at which the systemic arterial blood pressure (SABP) is restored after asphyxial and hypotensive insults may be a factor in the pathogenesis of perinatal central nervous system lesions. To examine this, brain blood flow (BBF) was determined in 16 newborn piglets during asphyxia, superimposed hypotension and subsequent volume expansion (15 ml/kg, plasmanate). Asphyxia (A) was produced by a respiratory dead space and hypotension (H) by phelbotomy. Group 1 received plasmanate in 3 min., Group 2 in 30 min. and Group 3 received none. BBF (microsphere technique) was measured with each insult and at 5 and 30 min. after the start of the volume expansion and removal of the dead space. Results were (M±SEM): *p<.02 as compared to control, +p<.05 as compared to Group 3. SABP was reduced (p<.05) in Group 3 at 5 min. after A and H. All groups had significant reductions in hematocrit from control at the completion of the study. At autopsy, intracranial hemorrhage was not observed. The data indicate that 1) the rate of volume expansion did not influence the magnitude of BBF and 2) the higher BBF at the completion of volume expansion probably reflects compensation for anemia to achieve adequate oxygen delivery.
Personality characteristics of ski instructors and predicting teacher effectiveness using the PRF.

Normative data for the Personality Research Form (PRF) were collected from 118 ski instructors (40 female, 78 male). Subjects differed significantly from PRF norms on 17 scales (.0001 ≤ p ≤ .05), thus reiterating the need for caution when applying college-normed summary statistics to non-college populations. The efficacy of PRF scales as predictors of teaching effectiveness was also investigated. Three PRF scales (Abasement, Succorance and Sentience) were negatively correlated with increasing levels of teaching effectiveness. Univariate regressions yielded Abasement and Sentience scores as significant predictors of effective ski instruction.
A New Procedure for Selecting a Subset Containing the Best Normal Population

Abstract A new procedure, called the fiducial procedure, is defined for selecting a subset of a collection of normal populations with common known variance. In the presence of an “indifference zone,” this procedure has probability at least P* of selecting the “best” population. An upper bound is obtained for the smallest indifference zone d* that satisfies the P* condition. Comparisons of relative merit are made between the fiducial procedure, Gupta's (1965) procedure, and an appropriate modified version of Gupta's procedure. Some ad hoc methods are presented for implementing the techniques of the fiducial procedure from a Bayesian approach.
The applications of charge-coupled devices to infra-red image sensing systems

The paper reviews the various ways in which c.c.d.s can be employed in i.r. sensing systems. These include: (i) monolithic structures fabricated using narrow band semiconductors such as HgCdTe or InSb, extrinsic silicon structures doped with deep-level impurities, and silicon Schottky barrier devices; (ii) hybrid structures in which the c.c.d. is used as the read-out mechanism from an array of, for example HgCdTe, PbTe, or pyroelectric detectors. The relative merits of these different approaches are compared and recent experiment results for manystructures are quoted.
Localization of the site of the haloperidol-induced, prolactin-mediated increase of dopamine turnover in the median eminence: studies in rats with complete hypothalamic deafferentations.

Complete hypothalamic deafferentations were made in male rats with a modified Halasz knife to isolate tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons from the rest of the brain. A radioenzymatic procedure was employed to quantify dopamine and norepinephrine concentrations in various regions of the hypothalamus. Dopamine concentrations were unaltered while norepinephrine concentrations were reduced 50% in the median eminence and hypothalamic island 16–33 days after surgery. Basal serum prolactin concentrations were unaltered in these rats but were elevated 16 hours after the injection of haloperidol and 1 hour afterα-methyltyrosine. The isolation of tuberoinfundibular neurons from the rest of the brain did not alter the ability of haloperidol to increase the rate ofα-methyltyrosine-induced decline of dopamine in the median eminence. These results indicate that the haloperidol-induced, prolactin-mediated increase of dopamine turnover in the median eminence results from a direct action of this hormone on neurons within the medial basal hypothalamus.
Lesson-drawing and public policy: secondhand smoking restrictions in Scotland and England

The dangers associated with the use of tobacco products have been documented extensively in the literature on public health and tobacco control. As a result, various countries, including subcentral units in federations and other devolved political systems, have adopted policies to control tobacco consumption. This article examines the effects lesson-drawing had on the adoption of restrictive secondhand smoke policies in Scotland and England in 2006 and 2007. Using elite interviews and documentary sources, the study finds that in both countries secondhand smoke policies were influenced by the adoption of similar policies in other English-speaking jurisdictions, especially the nearby Republic of Ireland. In turn, the adoption of a non-smoking policy in Scotland influenced England. This confirms Castles’ (1993) claim of similar policies developing in the English-speaking ‘family of nations’ even at different levels of government. Policy transfer from Ireland to the United Kingdom is highly unusual, as is les...
Ranking explanatory sentences for opinion summarization

We introduce a novel sentence ranking problem called explanatory sentence extraction (ESE) which aims to rank sentences in opinionated text based on their usefulness for helping users understand the detailed reasons of sentiments (i.e., "explanatoriness"). We propose and study several general methods for scoring the explanatoriness of a sentence. We create new data sets and propose a new measure for evaluation. Experiment results show that the proposed methods are effective, outperforming a state of the art sentence ranking method for standard text summarization.
Stochastic Billboard Clouds for Interactive Foliage Rendering

We render tree foliage levels of detail (LODs) using a new adaptation of billboard clouds. Our contributions are a simple and efficient billboard cloud creation algorithm designed specifically for tree foliage, and a method for smooth transitions between LODs. The cloud creation algorithm performs stochastic search to find a set of billboards that approximate the base mesh. Billboard clouds offer an alternative to traditional triangle reduction methods, which break down for foliage with its small, disconnected pieces of geometry. By projecting foliage geometry onto large precomputed textures, our method shifts the bulk of the runtime rendering to the fragment processing stage. This results in higher frame rates for most viewing distances, with adjustable visual accuracy. We give results for foliage from two fully detailed tree models and discuss implementation issues.
Bradykinin stimulates aldosterone release from cultured bovine adrenocortical cells through bradykinin B2 receptors.

The adrenal cortex contains a kallikrein-like enzyme that may lead to bradykinin (BK) formation. This study was designed to determine whether BK acts on adrenocortical cells to stimulate steroid secretion. BK, Lys-BK, a specific BK 2 (B2) receptor agonist, and desArg9-BK, a specific BK 1 (B1) receptor agonist, all stimulated aldosterone secretion from cultured bovine adrenal zona glomerulosa cells. BK and Lys-BK were equipotent (EC50 = 2 x 10(-9) M), whereas desArg9-BK was 1000-fold less potent. The maximal effects of BK and BK analogs were comparable to the maximal effects of adrenocorticotropin or angiotensin II. A B2, but not a B1, receptor antagonist inhibited BK-stimulated aldosterone release. Verapamil and N,N-diethylamino-octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate, which reduce intracellular calcium concentrations, reduced BK-stimulated aldosterone secretion. Although BK stimulated both prostacyclin and aldosterone production, indomethacin abolished prostacyclin production without affecting aldosterone secreti...
Self-consistent pseudopotential calculations for the ideal (001) surface of Nb

A nonlocal self-consistent pseudopotential scheme is employed to calculate the electronic structure of the ideal (001) surface of Nb. Charge densities, electronic local density of states, and the two-dimensional band structure for the surface are presented and discussed. Prominent surface bands and surface resonances are identified and analyzed throughout the two-dimensional Brillouin zone. The projected Nb bulk band structure on the (001) surface is also obtained. Surface states of different angular momentum character are found to exist over a wide range of energies and over different portions of the two-dimensional Brillouin zone. Our calculations predict strong surface features in the density of states in the range 0-2 eV above the Fermi energy.
Computerized interferometric surface measurements [Invited]

The addition of electronics, computers, and software to interferometry has enabled enormous improvements in optical metrology. This paper discusses four areas in which computerized interferometric measurement improvements have been made in the measurement of surface shape and surface roughness: (a) The use of computer-generated holograms for the testing of aspheric optics, (b) phase-shifting interferometry for getting interferometric data into a computer so the data can be analyzed, (c) computerized interference microscopes, including multiple-wavelength and coherence scanning, for the precision measurement of surface microstructure, and (d) vibration-insensitive dynamic interferometers for enabling precise measurements in noncontrolled environments.