cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct analysis of surface chemicals using vibrating sharp-edge spray ionization mass spectrometry.

Rationale Direct analysis of chemicals on a surface using mass spectrometry (MS) is of great importance in forensics, food and drug safety, environmental monitoring, and defense. Solvent extraction-based surface analysis offers a convenient way of controlling the desorption conditions and applying internal standards. To date, it mainly relies on a separate electrospray process to nebulize and ionize the solvents. Here, we report a simple and stand-alone ionization system for the solvent extraction-based surface analysis without the need for high voltage, based on vibrating sharp-edge spray ionization (VSSI). Methods We modified the original VSSI device and developed a stand-alone, integrated surface sampling, and ionization system for MS analysis. By incorporating a micropipette-based solvent dispenser with the VSSI device, the new system performs solvent extraction and ionization, and still maintains a small footprint. Results We demonstrated a four order-of-magnitude linear response for glucose spotted on a glass surface with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.1 pg/mm2 . We further characterized the performance of this method with a series of compounds and demonstrated a similar LOD to literature values obtained by desorption electrospray ionization. Finally, we applied this method to quantitatively measure the concentration of a pesticide ametryn on spinach surfaces. We demonstrated good linearity (R2 = 0.99) for ametryn with surface densities in the range of 8-800 pg/mm2 and an LOD of 9 pg/mm2 . Conclusions We have demonstrated a simple, effective, direct ambient-ionization method that is highly sensitive to molecules on a wide range of surfaces. The flexibility, small footprint, low cost, and voltage-free nature of this method make it an attractive technique for direct surface sample analysis using MS.
Turning "Lose-Lose" into "Win-Win": What Is Good for Them Is Good for Us!

Simply telling patients what to do with respect to medical recommendations or lifestyle changes often does not have the desired impact, contributing to frustration for both patients and physicians. Therefore, this “educate and advise” approach can be a “lose-lose” proposition—bad for the patient, and bad for the physician. Broader adoption of efficacious approaches to patient engagement, such as motivational interviewing, can help make the process of addressing patients’ behavioral responsibilities regarding chronic disease prevention and management a “win-win” for the health and satisfaction of patients and physicians alike. Greater emphasis on evidence-based patient engagement skills is necessary in medical education.
Inhibition of the H3K27 demethylase UTX enhances the epigenetic silencing of HIV proviruses and induces HIV-1 DNA hypermethylation but fails to permanently block HIV reactivation

One strategy for a functional cure of HIV-1 is block and lock, which seeks to permanently suppress the rebound of quiescent HIV-1 by epigenetic silencing. For the HIV LTR, both histone 3 lysine 27 tri-methylation (H3K27me3) and DNA methylation are associated with viral suppression, while H3K4 tri-methylation (H3K4me3) is correlated with viral expression. However, H3K27me3 is readily reversed upon activation of T-cells through the T-cell receptor. To suppress latent HIV-1 in a stable fashion, we depleted the expression or inhibited the activity of UTX/KDM6A, the major H3K27 demethylase, and investigated its impact on latent HIV-1 reactivation in T cells. Inhibition of UTX dramatically enhanced H3K27me3 levels at the HIV LTR and were associated with increased DNA methylation. In latently infected cells from patients, GSK-J4, which is a potent dual inhibitor of the H3K27me3/me2-demethylases JMJD3/KDM6B and UTX/KDM6A, effectively suppressed the reactivation of latent HIV-1 and induced DNA methylation at specific sites in the 59 LTR of latent HIV-1 by the enhanced recruitment of DNMT3A to HIV-1. Nonetheless, suppression of HIV-1 through epigenetic silencing required the continued treatment with GSK-J4 and was rapidly reversed after removal of the drug. Thus, epigenetic silencing by itself appears to be insufficient to permanently silence HIV-1 proviral transcription.
Identification of rare, transient post-mitotic cell states that are induced by injury and required for whole-body regeneration in Schmidtea mediterranea

Regeneration requires the coordination of stem cells, their progeny and distant differentiated tissues. Here, we present a comprehensive atlas of whole-body regeneration in Schmidtea mediterranea and identify wound-induced cell states. An analysis of 299,998 single-cell transcriptomes captured from regeneration-competent and regeneration-incompetent fragments identified transient regeneration-activated cell states (TRACS) in the muscle, epidermis and intestine. TRACS were independent of stem cell division with distinct spatiotemporal distributions, and RNAi depletion of TRACS-enriched genes produced regeneration defects. Muscle expression of notum, follistatin, evi/wls, glypican-1 and junctophilin-1 was required for tissue polarity. Epidermal expression of agat-1/2/3, cyp3142a1, zfhx3 and atp1a1 was important for stem cell proliferation. Finally, expression of spectrinβ and atp12a in intestinal basal cells, and lrrk2, cathepsinB, myosin1e, polybromo-1 and talin-1 in intestinal enterocytes regulated stem cell proliferation and tissue remodelling, respectively. Our results identify cell types and molecules that are important for regeneration, indicating that regenerative ability can emerge from coordinated transcriptional plasticity across all three germ layers.
Audience Comments and the Civic Space that Rarely Was

As more and more news organizations shutter their comment sections, it is worth considering what they mean (or, rather, meant) to journalism and to journalists. How do we explain their demise and i...
Detection of Malware Using Deep Learning

In the progressive world, cyber-crime has become a big threat for every person, companies and national security system. With the rapid evolution and noteworthy successes in wide range of applications, Deep Learning (DL) has been applied in many safety-oriented environments for protecting applications. DL techniques have been used for foremost challenges in cybersecurity problems like intrusion detection, classification and detection of malware, spam detection and phishing detection. However, DL also can have misprediction due to internal/external malicious properties, it may produce complications in our real life. To avoid these drawbacks, this paper describes a new algorithm for the detection of malicious cyber-attack using DL and to minimize misprediction of DL techniques. Furthermore, Extensive research experiments are carried out in order to isolate the adversaries adequately. The result of our proposed algorithm displays that it can achieve a higher defensive rate with minimal amount of misprediction level.
Experimental Results of a Learning Controller Applied to Tip Tracking of a Flexible Beam

This paper presents the experimental results of a learning controller applied to the tip trajectory tracking of a flexible beam. The overall controller consists of a feedback portion to ensure closed loop stability and a feedforward portion obtained via off-line learning to improve the tracking performance. Neither the model information nor the states of the flexible beam are required for the feedforward learning. Experimental results have verified that the tracking performance of the tip position is satisfied while maintaining the boundedness of the internal states.
Ground-Based Ultraviolet Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) System and Measurements

A ground-based Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) system was developed by SRI International to measure the atmospheric distribution of several pollutants: SO2, O3, and NO2, gases commonly associated with fossil fuel combustion. Although earlier DIAL research was funded by the National Science Foundation (Grant 1974, 1975), the system described in this paper was developed for the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), primarily for use in their Plume Model Validation (PMV) Project (Hilst, 1978). The DIAL system is also being used by utility companies to characterize power plant plume diffusion and is available through SRI to other institutions for similar studies.
Operations in an Agency Not Subject to the APA: Public Utilities Commission

Through constitution and statute the California Public Utilities Commission enjoys an extraordinary sweep of substantive powers. Regulation may be comprehensive, as in the case of most categories of utility operation where the commission dominates the economic scene through certification for entrance into the field, rate-fixing, rate-enforcing, supervision over financing methods and accounting, supervision over property transfers, and surveillance over service and safety requirements.' Or it may consist of some lesser control, as with "permitted carrier" operations where entrance into the field is governed largely through ministerial action, ratemaking is confined to the imposition of minimum rates, financing is left to the judgment of others, and service likewise depends to a large extent upon the desires of the operator.2 The range of commission functioning generally encompasses on a local plane what the Interstate Commerce Commission, the Federal Power Commission, the Federal Communications Commission, and in a limited way what the Civil Aeronautics Board encompass on the federal. This sweep of powers derives particular strength from the 1911 constitutional amendments3 which have enabled the Com-
Abolition: Latin American Revolutions, 1810s–1820s

The Spanish Empire, c. 1775–1825 Latin Americans entered the revolutionary process decades later than their Anglo-American and Franco-American counterparts. Different areas and different social segments had a range of predecessors from which to draw. The white elites who began the quest for greater autonomy in the colonies of mainland Spanish America envisioned a North American model and outcome. Events in France and Haiti had different meanings for observers on both sides of the Atlantic. In Latin America, the revolutionary process began with elites seeking local autonomy within a society that they envisioned as retaining the social hierarchies of the colonial regime. One of their greatest fears, however, was that the outcome might take a Franco-American turn toward conflict over racial equality or, even more radically, toward slave liberation. They were unable to avoid a drift toward both of these shoals. The initial insurgents encountered divisions first among themselves and then within the free colored and slave populations. These conflicts would occasionally replicate the terror and economic devastation of the Franco-Caribbean revolutions. The Spanish-American variant would ultimately resemble neither the Anglo-American nor the Franco-Caribbean revolutions in most respects, but would have a similarly ambivalent result for the fate of slavery. The structure of Latin American society profoundly affected the process of its revolutions. At the outset, South America was neither overwhelmingly white and free like North America nor overwhelmingly black and slave like the French overseas colonies.
Evaluation of aquifer heterogeneity effects on river flow loss using a transition probability framework

[1] River-aquifer exchange is considered within a transition probability framework along the Rio Grande in Albuquerque, New Mexico, to provide a stochastic estimate of aquifer heterogeneity and river loss. Six plausible hydrofacies configurations were determined using categorized drill core and wetland survey data processed through the TPROGS geostatistical package. A base case homogeneous model was also constructed for comparison. River loss was simulated for low, moderate, and high Rio Grande stages and several different riverside drain stage configurations. Heterogeneity effects were quantified by determining the mean and variance of the K field for each realization compared to the root-mean-square (RMS) error of the observed groundwater head data. Simulation results showed that the heterogeneous models produced smaller estimates of loss than the homogeneous approximation. Differences between heterogeneous and homogeneous model results indicate that the use of a homogeneous K in a regional-scale model may result in an overestimation of loss but comparable RMS error. We find that the simulated river loss is dependent on the aquifer structure and is most sensitive to the volumetric proportion of fines within the river channel.
Cross validation and ruggedness testing of analytical methods used for the quantification of urinary phthalate metabolites.

Abstract Since the publication of our first analytical method in 2000 to detect and quantify phthalate metabolites in human urine, we have modified the method several times to improve performance, reduce the volume of matrix and solvents used, and to increase the number of analytes in one analytical run. We performed cross method validation and ruggedness testing after each modification to ensure that the analytical method adopted is robust and produces accurate and reproducible data when compared to the previously used method. Here, we present the results from the evaluation of the ruggedness of our analytical approach under variable experimental conditions, using the current analytical method. Minor deviations of the standard experimental conditions, i.e., pH, incubation time, amount of deconjugation enzyme, and incubation temperature, had no effect on final analyte concentrations. Furthermore, we validated the method to ensure accuracy at concentrations beyond the highest calibration standard. The concentrations obtained by using a lower volume of urine agreed well with original levels, suggesting broad linear calibration range as well as complete hydrolysis of the glucuronide conjugates with the standard amount of β-glucuronidase used for deglucuronidation; also, the time of incubation (90 min) was adequate regardless of the amount of glucuronide present. We also summarize the precision of concentration data acquired by the five different analytical approaches we have used since 2000. The correlation plots of concentration data for each analyte obtained from split sample analysis, using three of these approaches, produced linear curves (R2 > 0.98) with slopes and intercepts that were not statistically different (p > 0.05) from 1 and 0, respectively. These results suggest that the data are reproducible and accurate, regardless of the analytical method used. Furthermore, analysis of quality control urine samples made over the years confirmed the stability of the phthalate metabolites in urine at −70 °C for several years and the consistency of the analytical measurements obtained by using various methodological approaches over time.
Motor design features for adjustable-frequency drives

The advantages of having a motor specifically designed for adjustable-frequency drive systems are listed. Some of the design parameters that can be changed to make motors more compatible with the nonsinusoidal current and voltage waves generated by these drive systems are detailed. It is suggested that users and the motor industry combine to encourage these improvements. >
Gender, interaction, and delinquency : Testing a theory of differential social control

This paper develops an interactionist explanation of gender differences in the processes leading to juvenile delinquency. Drawing on principles of symbolic interactionism and on research on gender differences in interactions, the paper specifies a theoretical model that generates predictions about similarities and differences across gender in the relationships between commitment to reference groups, role-taking, and delinquency. It then tests hypotheses using data from a national sample of youths, and finds that an interactionist theory of delinquency is supported for both females and males. The findings also show gender differences in the role-taking process leading to delinquency; indeed, these findings suggest an important difference in the process by which group social controls are transformed into self-control in delinquent situations among girls as compared with boys.
Exploring Protein Conformational Change Using The Double Well Network Model

Conformational changes in proteins are often crucial to their function. However understanding the mechanisms underlying these movements remains a significant challenge. Because of the long time-scales on which conformational change occurs, coarse graining methods are needed to provide a realistic approximation to detailed atomistic interactions while reducing the computational cost. Elastic network models (ENMs),which approximate protein structure as a network of alpha carbons connected by harmonic potentials, predict the direction of large-scale motion in many systems. However, since ENMs stabilize only one conformation, effective modeling of the transition pathways between two local minima is precluded. Rather than using uniform spring constants as in conventional ENM, we systematically obtain spring constants for each of two stable conformations using the heteroENM approach recently reported by our group. The potentials describing pairwise interactions from these two states are then individually mixed using a combination of harmonic, double well, and Morse potentials to allow for transitions between minima. Langevin dynamics simulations using the new methodology display multiple energy minima and intermediates between states, suggesting that this approach can realistically model a frustrated energy landscape. We evaluate equilibrium dynamics trajectories and minimum energy paths for the transition between the two local minima obtained using this approach for several model proteins.
Optimal nonlinear interpolation of image line scans

This paper describes and illustrates an optimal nonlinear interpolation method that is appropriate for image line scans. It is particularly suitable for the restoration of digital images corrupted by “salt and pepper” noise in which isolated pixels are driven to their minimum and maximum gray values. It assigns gray values to these pixels so that the original smoothness of each line scan is maintained. The method is significant in that smoothness invariance is not achieved using, for example, ordinary low-pass or standard wavelet filtering methods to remove “salt and pepper” noise.
Convergence by Conviction: Politics and Economics in the Emergence of the ‘Anglo-American Model’

With the end of the Cold War and the effective collapse of the socialist alternative, the question of 'convergence' has been reopened. It is now reasonable to ask whether recent events have led to a convergence of modern societies around a model of liberal capitalist development. The essay begins with a brief discussion of the issue considered from a global perspective comparing social change within and between the advanced societies, developing societies and societies making the transition from socialism to capitalism. It then turns to a more detailed focus on the advanced societies and, in particular, to the emergence of an 'Anglo-American model' of a liberal market economy. Despite continuing differences in society and culture, evidence exists for a significant convergence in matters of economic and social policy, sectoral growth and decline, industrial relations and the structure and culture of business in the two nations.
Development of a three-dimensional upwind parabolized Navier-Stokes code

An algorithm for the integration of the parabolized Navier-Stokes (PNS) equations that is based on Roe’s flux-difference splitting approach in both crossflow directions has been developed. The algorithm was developed using finite-volumes to ensure accurate conservation of numerical fluxes and modifications have been applied to make the scheme implicit and second-order accurate in the crossflow directions. The resulting PNS code has been applied to hypersonic flow past two simple test geometries and results are presented here. The computed flow-fields for a 10 deg half-angle cone at a wide range of incidence angles are compared with experimental surface pressure and heat transfer as well as lee side pitot pressure profiles. Generally good agreement is observed though high grid density is needed to capture the lee side pitot pressure behavior at moderate to high angles of attack. Computed results are also presented for turbulent flow past a generic elliptic cone-based geometry.
Thermal conductivity measurements of pacific illite sediment

Results are reported for effective thermal conductivity measurements performed in situ and in core samples of illite marine sediment. The measurements were obtained during a recent oceanographic expedition to a study site in the north central region of the Pacific Ocean. This study was undertaken in support of the U.S. Subseabed Disposal Project, the purpose of which is to investigate the scientific feasibility of using the fine-grained sediments of the sea floor as a repository for high-level nuclear waste. In situ measurements were made and 1.5-m-long hydrostatic piston cores were taken, under remote control, from a platform that was lowered to the sea floor, 5844 m below sea level. The in situ measurement of thermal conductivity was made at a nominal depth of 80 cm below the sediment surface using a specially developed, line-source, needle probe. Thermal conductivity measurements in three piston cores and one box core (obtained several kilometers from the study site) were made on shipboard using a miniature needle probe. The in situ thermal conductivity was approximately 0.91 W · m−1 · K−1. Values determined from the cores were within the range 0.81 to 0.89 W · m−1 · K−1.
A directive leadership style in group decision making can be both virtue and vice: Evidence from elite and experimental groups.

The group dynamics Q-sort was used to investigate the effects of leader directiveness in group decision making. Past research on leadership style has consistently implicated directive leaders as a chief cause of defective process and poor outcomes in group decision making. Leader directiveness was decomposed into 2 components: (a) outcome directiveness (i.e., the degree to which a leader advocates a favored solution) and (b) process directiveness (i.e., the degree to which a leader regulates the process by which the group reaches a decision). Process directiveness emerged as a potent predictor of quality of group process and outcomes. Outcome directiveness was associated with a much smaller and less coherent array of group outcomes. These findings suggest that current prescriptive models of decision making overemphasize the potential harmful effects of outcome directiveness.
An evaluation of molecular models of the cytochrome P450 Streptomyces griseolus enzymes P450SU1 and P450SU2

P450SU1 and P450SU2 are herbicide-inducible bacterial cytochrome P450 enzymes from Streptomyces griseolus. They have two of the highest sequence identities to camphor hydroxylase (P450cam from Pseudomonas putida), the cytochrome P450 with the first known crystal structure. We have built several models of these two proteins to investigate the variability in the structures that can occur from using different modeling protocols. We looked at variability due to alignment methods, backbone loop conformations and refinement methods. We have constructed two models for each protein using two alignment algorithms, and then an additional model using an identical alignment but different loop conformations for both buried and surface loops. The alignments used to build the models were created using the Needleman-Wunsch method, adapted for multiple sequences, and a manual method that utilized both a dotmatrix search matrix and the Needleman-Wunsch method. After constructing the initial models, several energy minimization methods were used to explore the variability in the final models caused by the choice of minimization techniques. Features of cytochrome P450cam and the cytochrome P450 superfamily, such as the ferredoxin binding site, the heme binding site and the substrate binding site were used to evaluate the validity of the models. Although the final structures were very similar between the models with different alignments, active-site residues were found to be dependent on the conformations of buried loops and early stages of energy minimization. We show which regions of the active site are the most dependent on the particular methods used, and which parts of the structures seem to be independent of the methods.
Functional and numerical response of Laricobius spp. predators (Coleoptera: Derodontidae) on hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae (Hemiptera: Adelgidae)

Abstract Laboratory studies were carried out to determine the functional and numerical responses of the adults and larvae of Laricobius osakensis Montgomery and Shiyake and Laricobius nigrinus Fender to different densities of its prey, Adelges tsugae Annand. Males, females and larvae of both species showed a type II functional response. Overall attack rates and handling times for L. osakensis males and females were comparable. For L. nigrinus males and females, attack rates were similar but handling times differed significantly. Females of both species had the same attack rates and handling times, but L. nigrinus males showed a higher attack rate and longer handling time than L. osakensis males. Males killed significantly more A. tsugae adults than did females for both species, but there were no significant differences between species. The number of eggs laid by the predators (numerical response) as a function of A. tsugae density (d) was modeled by the equations: ne = 2.6691 ln(d) + 3.4135 and ne = 2.3863 ln(d) − 0.5356 for L. osakensis and L. nigrinus, respectively. L. osakensis laid significantly more eggs than L. nigrinus for all prey densities. While L. osakensis preferred to lay the eggs under the A. tsugae adults, most L. nigrinus eggs were in the wool. Attack rates were similar, but L. osakensis larvae handling time was significantly less than that of L. nigrinus larvae. The higher numerical response, combined with the higher functional response of L. osakensis larvae indicates that this species can potentially be more effective than L. nigrinus.
Progressive alterations in cochlear nucleus, inferior colliculus, and medial geniculate responses during acoustic habituation

Abstract Multiple unit activity in auditory relay nuclei was studied during repeated tone or white noise presentations in cats immobilized by a neuromuscular blocking agent. Cochlear nucleus, inferior colliculus, and medial geniculate body showed characteristic patterns of integrated multiple unit responses with increasingly prominent amounts of inhibition evident at the more central sites. Progressive changes in response to constant repeated acoustic stimulation occurred at all levels of the auditory system. The cochlear nucleus showed a significant and repeatable attenuation of multiple unit acoustic responses in 71% of the habituation sequences, 10% showed a progressive increase in activity during stimulation, and 19% no significant change. A significant progressive decline in responsiveness was shown in 42% of the total collicular runs, 16% showed an increase in the original response, and 42% no change. Generally, similar findings were shown at the medial geniculate body. The responses were independent of alterations in activity during the prestimulus period and were uninfluenced by the middle ear musculature in the paralyzed preparations. Significant progressive changes of multiple unit responses occurred during auditory habituation at the most peripheral auditory relay, the cochlear nucleus, as well as in the more central inferior colliculus and medial geniculate body.
Consistent and Minimal Springback Using a Stepped Binder Force Trajectory and Neural Network Control

One of the greatest challenges of manufacturing sheet metal parts is to obtain consistent part dimensions. Springback, the elastic material recovery when the tooling is removed, is the major cause of variations and inconsistencies in the final part geometry. Obtaining a consistent and desirable amount of springback is extremely difficult due to the nonlinear effects and interactions between process and material parameters. In this paper, the exceptional ability of a neural network along with a stepped binder force trajectory to control springback angle and maximum principal strain in a simulated channel forming process is demonstrated. When faced with even large variations in material properties, sheet thickness, and friction condition, the control system produces a robust final part shape.
Applied Behavior Analysis and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS): a Symbiotic Relationship for Advancements in Services for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs)

The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) is a widely used diagnostic tool for the assessment of autism spectrum disorders. We compared interobserver reliability scores for observers using the existing guidelines for administration of the ADOS with those of the same observers using modified guidelines that included operational definitions for each area of observation. The results indicated increased mean interobserver reliability scores from 55.83 % using the existing guidelines to 84 % when using the modified guidelines and enhanced reliability scores for 3 of 3 clients with whom the ADOS was used. The guidelines are the following: integration of a highly effective diagnostic tool with ABA, the inclusion of a diagnostic tool may promote more comprehensive ABA services, more clearly define and identify areas of concern in autism, and impact implementation efficacy and reliability of assessments for individuals with autism.
Dynamic interaction between two interface cracks in a three-layered plate

Abstract In this paper, the dynamic interaction between two interface cracks, in a three-layered plate subjected to antiplane stress fields, is analytically studied. The problem is formulated in terms of a coupled set of integral equations, which are then solved by expanding the unknown crack opening displacements in a complete set of Chebyshev polynomials. The method is coded in a FORTRAN program and numerical results for a sample problem are presented. The results show that for the problem studied here one crack always reduces the crack opening displacement of its neighboring crack.
Invariant local conformation in p22phox p.Y72H polymorphisms suggested by mass spectral analysis of crosslinked human neutrophil flavocytochrome b

The NADPH oxidase of phagocytic leukocytes generates superoxide that plays a critical role in innate immunity and inflammatory responses. The integral membrane protein flavocytochrome b (Cyt b, a.k.a. cytochrome b(558/559)) is the catalytic core of the complex and serves as a prototype for homologs important in regulating signaling networks in a wide variety of animal and plant cells. Our analysis identifies a naturally-occurring Tyr72/His72 polymorphism (p.Y72H) in the p22(phox) subunit of Cyt b at the protein level that has been recognized at the nucleotide level (c.214T > C, formerly C242T) and implicated in cardiovascular disease. In the present study, Cyt b was isolated from human neutrophils and reacted with chemical crosslinkers for subsequent structure analysis by MALDI mass spectrometry. Following mild chemical modification of Cyt b with two pairs of isotopically-differentiated lysine crosslinkers: BS(2)G-d(0)/d(4) and BS(3)-d(0)/d(4), the reaction mixtures were digested with trypsin and purified on C(18)ZipTips to generate samples for mass analysis. MALDI analysis of tryptic digests from each of the above reactions revealed a series of masses that could be assigned to p22(phox) residues 68-85, assuming an intra-molecular crosslink between Lys71 and Lys78. In addition to the 30 ppm mass accuracy obtained with internal mass calibration, increased confidence in the assignment of the crosslinks was provided by the presence of the diagnostic mass patterns resulting from the isotopically-differentiated crosslinking reagent pairs and the Tyr72/His72 p22(phox) polymorphisms in the crosslinked peptides. This work identifies a novel, low-resolution distance constraint in p22(phox) and suggests that the medically-relevant p.Y72H polymorphism has an invariant structural motif in this region. Because position 72 in p22(phox) lies outside regions identified as interactive with other oxidase components, the structural invariance also provides additional support for maturational differences as the source of the wide variation in observed reactive oxygen species production by cells expressing p.Y72H.
Interactions of Puccinia canaliculata (Schw.) Lagerh. with herbicides on tuber production and growth of Cyperus esculentus L.

Abstract The rust Puccinia canaliculata (Schw.) Lagerh. is a potentially important component of integrated weed management systems (IWMS) for the control of Cyperus esculentus L (yellow nutsedge). The effect of P. canaliculata and P. canaliculata in combination with the herbicides imazaquin, glyphosate, paraquat, bentazon, or metribuzin, on C. esculentus reproductive and growth parameters, are reported. Significant rust‐herbicide interaction was demonstrated for bentazon, imazaquin, and metribuzin.
Visual Analytics for Biological Data

The preeminence of a systems approach in the biological and other life sciences creates enormous challenges for computational visualization techniques to enable researchers to gain insight from their large, highly complex, and multiple datasets. This special issue presents articles describing applications of visual-analytics techniques to yield viable results that are biologically relevant and significant.
Shock Wave Lithotripsy Causes Ipsilateral Renal Injury Remote From the Focal Point: The Role of Regional Vasoconstriction

ABSTRACTPurpose: Shock wave lithotripsy induced renal damage can occur as a result of multiple mechanisms, including small vessel injury and free radical production. Previous studies have demonstrated that shock wave lithotripsy exerts a regional change in renal hemodynamics, resulting in a global reduction in the glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma blood flow. We determined if biochemical evidence of cellular damage could be identified in ipsilateral locations remote from the shock wave site or in the contralateral kidney, suggesting regional or systemic alterations in renal function.Materials and Methods: Ten juvenile female swine underwent open insertion of microdialysis probes into the renal parenchyma at the right upper and lower poles, and left lower pole. The animals were divided evenly into a sham and a treatment group. Dialysate samples were collected from all 3 sites from the sham group at 10-minute intervals for 100 minutes and quantitatively assessed for conjugated dienes, a measure of...
ESR and ENDOR of bacteriopheophytin a radicals. Implications for bacteriochlorophylls in vivo

The model studies presented here seek to probe effects that the protein environment may induce or impose on the conformation and electronic configuration of photosynthetic chromophores. The cation radicals observed on photooxidation of bacterial reaction centers have been assigned previously to dimeric bacteriochlorophylls (BChl) a or b on the basis of comparisons of ESR and ENDOR characteristics in vivo with those observed for BChl/sup +/ a and b in vitro. Recent X-ray results of the Rhodopseudomonas viridis reaction center (BChl b) support the dimer formulation for its unoxidized primary donor, P960, and provide evidence of possible interactions between the magnesium and the oxygen of a nearby 2-acetyl group, as well as of ligation by neighboring protein residues. Chlorophylls further interact with their environment by hydrogen bonding of their peripheral carbonyl groups, as evidenced by resonance Raman data. To separate ligation and/or hydrogen bonding effects from the intrinsic unpaired spin distributions of BChl radicals, the ENDOR parameters of the cation radical of bacteriopheophytin a (BPheo, a demetalated BChl) have been measured as a function of solvent and temperature. 19 references, 2 figures, 1 table.
Neodymium isotopic composition of Quaternary island arc lavas from Indonesia

Abstract 143 Nd 144 Nd ratios measured in Quaternary lavas from Java and the Banda arc of Indonesia range from 0.51242 to 0.51280 and exhibit an inverse correlation with 87 Sr 86 Sr . Isotopically, the Indonesian samples resemble Andean rather than island arc lavas. The samples from Java plot either within, or adjacent to the mantle array, towards higher 87 Sr 86 Sr ratios. Samples from the Banda arc and the anomalous calc-alkaline volcano Papandajan are characterized by relatively low 143 Nd 144 Nd and high 87 Sr 86 Sr ratios. These characteristics are consistent with the interpretation that subducted terrigenous material was involved in the genesis of these lavas. Furthermore the Banda arc samples appear to lie on a mixing line between isotopic compositions characteristic of the mantle and upper continental crust. A high-K trachyte from the alkaline volcano Muriah, Java, has isotopic characteristics of the mantle ( 143 Nd 144 Nd = 0.51270 , 87 Sr 86 Sr = 0.70424 ), which implies that the extreme enrichment in large-ion-lithophile elements in its source must have occurred only shortly before its formation. The inferred 143 Nd 144 Nd ratio of the unmodified mantle beneath Java and the Banda arc is lower than that observed in mid-ocean ridge basalt, which may have important implications for a better understanding of the geochemical structure of the mantle.
p35 is a neural-specific regulatory subunit of cyclin-dependent kinase 5

Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) was originally isolated through its structural homology to human Cdc2, a key regulator of cell-cycle progression. In tissue samples from adult mice, Cdk5 protein is found at the highest level in brain, at an intermediate level in testis, and at low or undetectable levels in all other tissues, but brain is the only tissue that shows Cdk5 histone H1 kinase activity. No equivalent kinase activity has been found in tissue culture cell lines despite high levels of Cdk5. This raised the possibility that a Cdk5 regulatory subunit was responsible for the activation of Cdk5 in brain. Here we describe the cloning and characterization of a regulatory subunit for Cdk5 known as p35. p35 displays a neuronal cell-specific pattern of expression, it associates physically with Cdk5 in vivo and activates the Cdk5 kinase. p35 differs from the mammalian cyclins and thus represents a new type of regulatory subunit for cyclin-dependent kinase activity.
Conceptual Combination: Alternative Knowledge Structures, Alternative Heuristics

Prior research points to the importance of conceptual combination in creative thought. One way people might generate new combinations is through feature search and mapping-an analogical approach. Another way people might generate new combinations is through the integration and elaboration of event models-a case-based approach. To contrast these two approaches, 190 undergraduates were asked to review material describing multiple educational programs and devise a new high school curriculum using heuristics applying to 1 of these 2 approaches. The programs presented were varied with respect to the number of prior programs presented, their similarity, and divergence from current educational practices. It was found that effective use of appropriate heuristics was related to the quality, originality, and elegance of obtained solutions. Use of heuristics associated with an analogical approach led to better performance when a larger number of prior programs was presented. Use of heuristics associated with a case-...
Children's private speech during algorithmic and heuristic drawing tasks

Abstract This cross-sectional study examined the private speech and task-related activity of 108 school-aged children while they drew pictures of real objects (i.e., a house, a person, and an animal) and make-believe objects (i.e., a house, a person, and an animal) to investigate developmental and task-related changes in self-regulation. Composite scores for each first-grade ( N =36), third-grade ( N =36), and fifth-grade ( N =36) participant were calculated from the repeated raw frequencies of overall private speech and private speech in conjunction with task-related behavior during the two types of drawing activities (i.e., real and make-believe). Scores were then analyzed using regression analysis and 3×2 (Grade×Task Type) ANOVA’s to explore study hypotheses. This study found that: (1) there was a concave curvilinear developmental trend in overall private speech production, (2) participants utilized more private speech during heuristic (i.e., make-believe) drawing tasks than algorithmic (i.e., real) drawing tasks, and (3) school-aged children used private speech in conjunction with task-related behavior in a different manner during the two types of drawing activities. These findings contribute to the Vygotskian perspective regarding the development and function of private speech.
X-Ray Fluorescence Determination of Iron in Polluted Streams

Abstract The method involves the addition of chromium as an internal standard and requires no other chemical pretreatment. Samples are spotted directly onto chromatographic paper discs and analyzed by x-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The method is rapid, and is best in the concentration range 5–400 p.p.m.
Increased progesterone concentrations are necessary to suppress interleukin-2-activated human mononuclear cell cytotoxicity

Abstract Fetal trophoblast is generally resistant to lysis by cytotoxic cells. Trophoblast progesterone and estrogens may act at the choriodecidual interface, where they are present in high concentrations to provide a local, paracrine immunosuppressive effect on cellular cytotoxicity. However, interleukin activation of these cytotoxic lymphocytes enhances their ability to lyse trophoblast. Recent evidence suggests that immunoactivation occurs in certain aberrant pregnancy conditions, including preeclampsia. Preeclamptic placentas produce more progesterone in vitro than do normal placentas. To study the potential association between progesterone production and immunoactivation, we evaluated the immunomodulatory effect of progesterone on cellular cytotoxicity. Comparisons were made with the use of both normal and interleukin-2—stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells as effector cells in a cytotoxicity assay. Progesterone suppressed cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. Interleukin-2 augmented cellular cytotoxicity, and higher concentrations of progesterone were required to attenuate this response. An additive suppression of cytotoxicity was also observed when estrone, estradiol, estriol, and progesterone were combined. We speculate that the higher placental production of progesterone seen in preeclampsia may be a trophoblast compensatory response to immunoactivated maternal effector cells. (AM J OBSTET GYNECOL 1991;165:1872-6.)
Efficient computation of packet CRC from partial CRCs with application to the Cells-In-Frames protocol

A Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) code is used by many communications protocols for packet error detection. Computation of CRC for an entire packet is easily implemented in hardware if packets are transmitted and received in contiguous form. In an ATM network, packets are fragmented into cells and, in the case of multiple virtual circuits, their transmission is overlapped, resulting in non-contiguous packets. For non-contiguous packets with a 32-bit CRC (CRC-32), as in the case of ATM Adaptation Layer 5 (AAL5), an efficient algorithm for computing the CRC for an entire packet based on combining packet fragment CRCs (e.g., cell CRCs) is developed in this paper. In this algorithm, the network hardware generates cell or partial packet CRCs and the host system software combines these CRCs into a full packet CRC. Several important properties for CRCs are described and proved, and the correctness of the algorithm developed from these properties is then also formally proved. The algorithm has direct application to the proposed Cells-In-Frames (CIF) architecture for support of ATM AAL5 services on Ethernet. When implemented in software, the algorithm is shown to be significantly faster than a table-based software computation of packet CRC-32. The algorithm is also applicable to networking devices that need to change the contents of a packet and quickly recompute the packet CRC based only on the changed portions of the packet.
The CSWE and Social Work Accreditation: Not Guilty on All Charges.

Many of the criticisms of Stoesz and Karger contained within their article titled “Reinventing Social Work Education” and focused against the Council on Social Work Education (CSWE) are misdirected...
Thickening oscillation of a delta wing using Navier-Stokes and Navier-displacement equations

The problem of unsteady, supersonic, locally conical, vortical flow around a delta wing undergoing thickening oscillation is solved using the unsteady, thin-layer Navier-Stokes equations and the unsteady linearized Navier-displacement equations. The unsteady, thin-layer Navier-Stokes equations are solved using the implicit approximate-factorization finite-volume scheme to compute the conservative components of the flow vector field. With the conservative components known at any time step, the linearized, Navier-displacement equations are solved using the alternating, direction-implicit scheme to obtain the grid points displacements due to known displacement boundary conditions. A grid-displacements limiter, in the form of a low mesh Reynolds number, is used to limit grid-folding in regions of highly reversed flow.
A new approach to deformation zone analysis

Abstract The deformation zone approach to the solution of practical deformation processing problems in the workshop introduced by Hill and elaborated by Green et al. is a very useful concept based on two-dimensional (plane strain) slip line field theory. A key element of this approach is an estimate of the intensification of die pressure due to inhomogeneous strain as the ratio of die contact separation (h) to die contact length (L) increases above one. Since this estimate is based on slip line field theory that assumes the work material to be rigid where it is not plastic and to act in plane strain, it cannot be used to answer questions concerning residual elastic stresses or brittle fracture (such as the central burst problem). A new approach to deformation zone geometry based on elastic rather than rigid-plastic behavior is presented and compared with slip line field results. Unlike the slip line field technique, the new approach is applicable to 3-D (axisymmetric) as well as 2-D problems and in addition, provides a limit of safety beyond which a central burst or centerline residual tensile stresses may be expected to present a problem.