cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antidepressant Use, Depression, and New Onset Diabetes among Elderly Medicare Beneficiaries

Background The aim of the present study was to examine the association between antidepressant use, diagnosed depression, and new-onset diabetes among elderly Medicare beneficiaries. Methods Longitudinal data from merged survey and claims from the nationally representative Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey(MCBS) from 1999 to 2005 were used. Diabetes incidence was extracted from claims and survey data over a 3-year period. Data regarding depression and antidepressant use over time were obtained. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to examine associations between antidepressant use, depression, and new-onset diabetes, adjusted for demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle risk factors. Analyses accounted for the complex design of the MCBS. Results The incident diabetes rate was 4.8% for those “without depression and without antidepressants” and 9.5% for those with any antidepressant use in all 3 years and diagnosed depression”. Compared with Medicare beneficiaries who did not report any antidepressant use, beneficiaries reporting antidepressant use in all 3 years were 50% more likely to have new-onset diabetes. However, when diagnosed depression was entered in the model, there was no significant association between long-term antidepressant use and new-onset diabetes. Medicare beneficiaries with any depression were twice as likely as those without depression to develop diabetes (adjusted odds ratio 2.04; 95% confidence interval 1.51, 2.75). Conclusions Depression independently increased the risk of developing diabetes in the MCBS population, although there is no evidence of an association between antidepressant use and new-onset diabetes. If replicated, these results have significant clinical implications. 摘要 背景 本研究的目的是在老年医疗保险受益者中调查抗抑郁药的使用、抑郁症的诊断与新发糖尿病之间的关系。 方法 纵向数据来自于合并的调查与索赔数据，即1999至2005年间全国典型的医疗保险当前受益人调查（Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey MCBS）数据。糖尿病发生率来自于超过3年的索赔与调查数据。并获取有关抑郁症以及随着时间的推移抗抑郁药使用情况的数据。使用多因素Logistic回归分析来检验抗抑郁药的使用情况以及抑郁症与新发糖尿病之间的关系，并且经过了人口统计学、社会经济学以及生活方式等危险因素的校正。分析解释了MCBS的复杂设计。 结果 那些“没有抑郁症也没有使用抗抑郁药物”的老年人糖尿病发生率为4.8%，那些“使用任何抗抑郁药物总共达到3年以及已经诊断抑郁症”的老年人糖尿病发生率为9.5%。与那些没有报告使用任何抗抑郁药的医疗保险受益者相比较，报告使用任何抗抑郁药物总共达到3年的受益者出现新发糖尿病的可能性高50%。然而，若将已经诊断的抑郁症也并入模型中，则长期使用抗抑郁药与新发糖尿病之间就没有显著的相关性了。合并任何程度抑郁症的医疗保险受益者发生糖尿病的可能性是那些未合并抑郁症受益者的2倍（校正后优势比为2.04；95%CI为1.51，2.75）。 结论 在MCBS人群中，抑郁症可独立增加患糖尿病的风险，虽然目前还没有证据表明抗抑郁药的使用与新发糖尿病之间具有相关性。如果能够得到重复研究的证实，那么这些结果将具有重要的临床意义。
Preliminary Measurement of the RMTP/RTIP

The Real-time Message Transport Protocol (RMTP) and the Real-Time Internetwork Protocol (RTIP) are the transport and network layer data delivery protocols in the Tenet Protocol Suite. We implemented the protocols in Ultrix on the DECstation 5000 workstations and in HP/UX on the HP 9000/7000 workstations. A preliminary measurement study has been conducted to evaluate the performance of the prototype implementation. Some of the results are: the throughput obtained by using RMTP/RTIP is comparable to that obtained by using raw IP; the rate control mechanism in RMTP/RTIP effectively enforces the traffic specification of communication clients; the scheduling mechanism in RTIP protects the real-time channel so that the performance of a real-time channel is not affected by the presence of IP traffic or other real-time channels in the network.
The quiet evening auroral arc and the structure of the growth phase near‐Earth plasma sheet

The plasma pressure and current configuration of the near-Earth plasma sheet that creates and sustains the quiet evening auroral arc during the growth phase of magnetospheric substorms is investigated. We propose that the quiet evening arc (QEA) connects to the thin near-Earth current sheet, which forms during the development of the growth phase enhancement of convection. The current sheet's large polarization electric fields are shielded from the ionosphere by an Inverted-V parallel potential drop, thereby producing the electron precipitation responsible for the arc's luminosity. The QEA is located in the plasma sheet region of maximal radial pressure gradient and, in the east-west direction, follows the vanishing of the approximately dawn-dusk-directed gradient or fold in the plasma pressure. In the evening sector, the boundary between the Region1 and Region 2 current systems occurs where the pressure maximizes (approximately radial gradient of the pressure vanishes) and where the approximately radial gradient of the magnetic flux tube volume also vanishes in an inflection region. The proposed intricate balance of plasma sheet pressure and currents may well be very sensitive to disruption by the arrival of equatorward traveling auroral streamers and their associated earthward traveling dipolarization fronts.
Sacrococcygeal teratoma in adults: case reports and a review of the literature.

BACKGROUND The sacrococcygeal area is the most frequent site of teratoma in infants, but it is a rare location for teratoma in adults. METHODS The authors report two patients in their sixth decade of life with the pathologic diagnosis of sacrococcygeal teratoma. The clinical presentations, the histologic findings, and the patients' clinical outcomes are described. A review of the literature on sacrococcygeal teratoma in adults is also presented. RESULTS In the first patient, who had no evidence of recurrence after adequate resection, examination of the specimens showed mature teratoma. The second patient had mature teratoma with adenocarcinomatous component and possible leptomeningeal involvement. She died 2 months after the operation. CONCLUSIONS Although rare in adults, sacrococcygeal teratoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with a pelvic mass presenting with obstructive symptoms. These two cases suggest that sacrococcygeal mature teratoma is surgically curable if teratoma is completely resected. The presence of leptomeningeal involvement and malignant transformation are associated with a less favorable outcome. Cancer 1999;86:1198–202. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
A Review and Analysis of Some Methods Used to Measure Functional Aspects of Periphyton

Historically, assessments of water quality using periphytic communities have centered around indexes of structure such as biomass estimates, diversity indices, cluster analyses, and species abundances and distributions. However, perturbation of a community's structural attributes may not be concomitant with functional changes, and it follows that protection of community structural integrity would not signify protection of ecosystem function. A series of model streams provided semicontrolled experimental conditions for study of nontaxonomic attributes of periphytic community structure and function (photosynthesis) in response to a variety of perturbants. Over all of the model stream experiments, measured functional values were statistically less variable (P = 0.05) than measured structural values. No significant reduction in variability of structural or functional measurements was found for the treated streams relative to untreated or reference streams. A unified effort incorporating both structural and functional measurements should yield information adequate for accurate evaluation of impacts of perturbants on periphytic communities and aquatic ecosystems.
Fatigue Testing of Asphaltic Concrete Slabs

THIS REPORT IS CONCERNED WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF DEVICES FOR MAKING AND TESTING 18-IN. DIAMETER ASPHALTIC CONCRETE SPECTMENS FOR FLEXURAL FATIGUE CHARACTERISTICS. IN ADDITION, DATA ARE PRESENTED TO SHOW EFFECTS OF MIXTURE VARIABLES ON FATIGUE LIFE OF ASPHALTIC CONCRETE. /ASTM/
Is time an extra dimension in 3D cell culture

Time or the temporal microenvironment is a parameter that is often overlooked in 3D cell culture. However, given that the 3D system is a dynamic entity, there exists bidirectional signaling between the cells and their microenvironment and, in time, cells can develop the capacity to modulate their environment. We make this case here by illustrating the relation between the temporal dimension and other microenvironmental parameters and demonstrate how the exogenously incorporated microenvironmental factors (MEFs) can be rendered less significant with time. Such knowledge can guide construct design to make 3D platforms architecturally simpler by eliminating redundancy. We further show that there is a need to establish the point at which the construct is complex enough such that its use yields responses that more closely emulate in vivo outcomes.
Grazing Impact on Brood Parasitism in the Black-capped Vireo☆

ABSTRACT Grazing facilitates foraging opportunities for brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater), an obligate brood parasite. Cowbirds can reduce productivity of their hosts, causing some host species to decline in abundance. Thus grazing indirectly influences productivity of some songbirds. The black-capped vireo (Vireo atricapilla) is an endangered songbird with most of its breeding range occurring in areas of ungulate grazing. A contributing factor to its endangered status is brown-headed cowbird parasitism. We monitored 382 black-capped vireo nests from 2012–2013 in Real, Kerr, Bandera, and Edwards Counties, Texas. We investigated how enclosed ungulate (characterized by the presence of enclosed ungulates) and wild ungulate—only (characterized by the absence of enclosed ungulates) systems influenced brood parasitism. We also examined how distance to water (distance from nest to nearest ungulate water source), nest concealment, and grassland in the landscape (proportion of grassland within 3 km of a nest)...
Hexagonal boron nitride for deep UV photonics

Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) possesses extraordinary physical properties including wide bandgap (E g ∼ 6.5 eV), high temperature stability and corrosion resistance, and large optical absorption and emission, and thermal neutron capture cross section. In addition, h-BN is a material with a very low dielectric constant, but having a very high dielectric strength. Due to its similar lattice constant with graphene, h-BN is an ideal template and dielectric separation layer in graphene devices. Furthermore, having a hexagonal layered-structure, h-BN represents an ideal platform for probing fundamental 2D properties in semiconductors. In comparison to AlN, p-type h-BN appears to be easier to obtain [1–3]. Currently, the most outstanding issue for achieving high performance deep UV emitters based on III-nitrides is the low p-type conductivity of Al-rich AlGaN. This issue is caused by the large acceptor activation energies (E A ) in Al-rich Al x Ga 1−x N (as large as 500 meV in AlN) [3–6]. The attainment of p-type h-BN could potentially overcome the intrinsic problem of low p-type conductivity in Al-rich AlGaN for deep UV photonic devices. Wafer-scale h-BN epilayers (up to 2-inch in diameter) have been successfully synthesized by MOCVD [1–3, 7–9].
Relocating Children in Daytime No-Notice Evacuations

Under no-notice conditions in which family members are collecting dependents, the geographic location and the characteristics (e.g., the number of entrances and exits) of the pickup points become factors crucial to efficient evacuation. This paper presents a linear integer mathematical program for facilities to relocate dependents who need to be picked up in an optimal manner. The program is iterated with a traffic simulation model to obtain an optimal set of locations to which dependents are relocated, on the basis of anticipated travel times. The entire methodology is applied to a sample network based on the Chicago Heights, Illinois, network with three safety time thresholds. The results indicated that the safe evacuation time threshold is important to the relocation strategy. When the safe evacuation time threshold is adequate, the relocation of dependents increases the number of successful evacuees and increases the average travel speed of the network; it also significantly benefits those who rely on public transit to evacuate because new sites are closer to bus stops and walking times to those stops are reduced. Application of the proposed methodology can assist local decision makers with taking effective measures during no-notice evacuations, and the relocation sites could be part of local evacuation management plans.
An unusual case of papillary stenosis from Strongyloides stercoralis in a patient with HTLV-1

An unusual case of papillary stenosis from Strongyloides stercoralis in a patient with HTLV-1
Introduction of D-Phenylalanine enhanced the receptor binding affinities of gonadotropin-releasing hormone peptides

The purpose of this study was to examine whether the introduction of D-Phe could improve the GnRH receptor binding affinities of DOTA-conjugated D-Lys(6)-GnRH peptides. Building upon the construct of DOTA-Ahx-(D-Lys(6)-GnRH1) we previously reported, an aromatic amino acid of D-Phe was inserted either between the DOTA and Ahx or between the Ahx and D-Lys(6) to generate new DOTA-D-Phe-Ahx-(D-Lys(6)-GnRH) or DOTA-Ahx-D-Phe-(D-Lys(6)-GnRH) peptides. Compared to DOTA-Ahx-(D-Lys(6)-GnRH1) (36.1 nM), the introduction of D-Phe improved the GnRH receptor binding affinities of DOTA-D-Phe-Ahx-(D-Lys(6)-GnRH) (16.3 nM) and DOTA-Ahx-D-Phe-(D-Lys(6)-GnRH) (7.6 nM). The tumor targeting and pharmacokinetic properties of (111)In-DOTA-Ahx-D-Phe-(D-Lys(6)-GnRH) was determined in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer-xenografted nude mice. Compared to (111)In-DOTA-Ahx-(D-Lys(6)-GnRH1), (111)In-DOTA-Ahx-D-Phe-(D-Lys(6)-GnRH) exhibited comparable tumor uptake with faster renal and liver clearance. The MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer-xenografted tumors were clearly visualized by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) using (111)In-DOTA-Ahx-D-Phe-(D-Lys(6)-GnRH) as an imaging probe, providing a new insight into the design of new GnRH peptides in the future.
To reach for the unreachable - psi and gamma

Abstract The structure of current molecular theory is briefly reviewed in three specific areas: pure quantum mechanics, general quantum theory, and the applications of the study of the Coulombic Hamiltonian.
Infrared Radiation Statistics of Nonluminous Turbulent Diffusion Flames

Mixture fraction and radiation statistics were studied for radiation paths through turbulent carbon monoxide/hydrogen diffusion flames burning in still air. Measurements included Mie scattering for mixture fraction statistics and fast-response infrared spectroscopy for radiation statistics. Measured mixture fraction statistics also were used to predict radiation statistics based on stochastic time series methods, the laminar flamelet approximation, and a narrow-band radiation model. Measured intensities of radiation fluctuations were in the range 10-40%, which causes mean radiation levels to be 1.1-4.2 times larger than estimates based on mean scalar properties in the flames. In contrast, stochastic predictions of mean and fluctuating radiation properties were generally in excellent agreement with measurements. An exception was the temporal integral scales of radiation fluctuations, where differential diffusion errors of the Mie scattering measurements were identified as the source of the discrepancies.
Studying the mechanisms of language learning by varying the learning environment and the learner

Language learning is a resilient process, and many linguistic properties can be developed under a wide range of learning environments and learners. The first goal of this review is to describe properties of language that can be developed without exposure to a language model – the resilient properties of language – and to explore conditions under which more fragile properties emerge. But even if a linguistic property is resilient, the developmental course that the property follows is likely to vary as a function of learning environment and learner, that is, there are likely to be individual differences in the learning trajectories children follow. The second goal is to consider how the resilient properties are brought to bear on language learning when a child is exposed to a language model. The review ends by considering the implications of both sets of findings for mechanisms, focusing on the role that the body and linguistic input play in language learning.
Doppler-guided retrograde catheterization system

The purpose of this study was to investigate a Doppler guided catheterization system as an adjunctive or alternative methodology to overcome the disadvantages of left heart catheterization and angiography. These disadvantages include the biological effects of radiation and the toxic and volume effects of iodine contrast. Doppler retrograde guidance uses a 20 MHz circular pulsed Doppler crystal incorporated into the tip of a triple lumen multipurpose catheter and is advanced retrogradely using the directional flow information provided by the Doppler waveform. The velocity detection limits are either 1 m/second or 4 m/second depending upon the instrumentation. In a physiologic flow model of the human aortic arch, multiple data points revealed a positive wave form when flow was traveling toward the catheter tip indicating proper alignment for retrograde advancement. There was a negative wave form when flow was traveling away from the catheter tip if the catheter was in a branch or bent upon itself indicating improper catheter tip position for retrograde advancement. In a series of six dogs, the catheter was able to be accurately advanced from the femoral artery to the left ventricular chamber under Doppler signal guidance without the use of x-ray. The potential applications of a Doppler guided retrograde catheterization system include decreasing time requirements and allowing safer catheter guidance in patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease and suspected aortic dissection. The Doppler system may allow left ventricular pressure monitoring in the intensive care unit without the need for x-ray and it may allow left sided contrast echocardiography. With pulse velocity detection limits of 4 m/second, this system may allow catheter direction and passage into the aortic root and left ventricle in patients with aortic stenosis. A modification of the Doppler catheter may include transponder technology which would allow precise catheter tip localization once the catheter tip is placed in the aortic root. Such technology may conceivably assist in allowing selective coronary catheterization. These studies have demonstrated that Doppler guided retrograde catheterization provides an accurate method to catheterization the aortic root and left ventricular chamber without x-ray. In humans, it may prove useful in a variety of settings including the development of invasive ultrasonic diagnostic and therapeutic technology.
Childhood victimization and illicit drug use in middle adulthood

Using a prospective cohort design, the authors examined in this study whether childhood victimization increases the risk for illicit drug use and related problems in middle adulthood. Court-documented cases of childhood physical and sexual abuse and neglect and matched controls (N = 892) were first assessed as young adults (mean age = 29 years) during 1989-1995 and again in middle adulthood (mean age = 40 years) during 2000-2002. In middle adulthood, abused and neglected individuals were about 1.5 times more likely than controls to report using any illicit drug (in particular, marijuana) during the past year and reported use of a greater number of illicit drugs and more substance-use-related problems compared with controls. The current results reveal the long-term impact of childhood victimization on drug use in middle adulthood. These new results reinforce the need for targeted interventions with abused and neglected children, adolescents, and adults, and particularly for women.
Negative Maternal Attributions, Projective Identification, and the Intergenerational Transmission of Violent Relational Patterns

This paper discusses one family's struggle with domestic violence involving three generations. In this case, coercive negative maternal attributions interacted with parent‐to‐child projective identification, which resulted in the child's internalization of parental perceptions involving confusion around danger and protection from danger. Projective identification occurs as readily from a parent to a child as from a child to a parent. As is illustrated, when the parent's use of projective identification is excessive, it has severe implications for the whole of the child's psychic development (Lieberman, 1992, 1994, 1997, in press; Seligman 1993, 1995, this issue; Silverman, Lieberman, and Pekarsky, 1997).
Intracellular retention, degradation, and signaling of glycosylation-deficient FGFR2 and craniosynostosis syndrome-associated FGFR2C278F.

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) are known to play a critical role in a variety of fundamental processes, including wound healing, angiogenesis, and development of multiple organ systems. Mutations in the FGFR gene family have been linked to a series of syndromes (the craniosynostosis syndromes) whose primary phenotype involves aberrant development of the craniofacial skeleton. Craniosynostosis syndrome-linked FGFR mutations have been shown to be gain of function in terms of receptor activation and have been presumed to result in increased levels of FGF/FGFR signaling. Unfortunately, studies attempting to link expression of mutant FGFRs with changes in cellular phenotype have yielded conflicting results. In an effort to better understand the biochemical consequences of these mutations on receptor function, here we have investigated the effect of the FGFR2C278F mutation of Crouzon craniosynostosis syndrome on receptor trafficking, ubiquitination, degradation, and signaling. We find that FGFR2C278F exhibits diminished glycosylation, increased degradation, and limited cellular sublocalization in the osteoblastic cell line, MC3T3E1(C4). Additionally, we show that trafficking and autoactivation of wild type FGFR2 is glycosylation-dependent. Both FGFR2C278F and unglycosylated wild type FGFR2 signal through phospholipase Cγ in a ligand-independent manner as well as exhibit dramatically increased binding to the adaptor protein, Frs2. These findings suggest that autoactive FGFR2 can signal from intracellular compartments. Based upon our results, we propose that the functional signaling of craniosynostosis mutant, autoactive receptors is limited in some cell types by protective cellular responses, such as increased trafficking to lysosomes and proteasomes for degradation.
Investigation of ionic polymer cathode binders for microbial fuel cells

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) air cathodes examined here were made using poly(phenylsulfone) (Radel®) binders sulfonated to various ion exchange capacities (IECs). We examined the effect of increasing the IEC of poly(phenylsulfone) Radel binders from 0 to 2.54 meq/g on cathode performance using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), impedance, and single chamber air-cathode MFC tests. Unsulfonated Radel, which is a non-ionic, hydrophobic polymer, showed the highest current in LSV tests and the lowest charge transfer resistance. Increasing the binder IEC resulted in a decreased current response in LSV tests and an increased charge transfer resistance from 8 to 23 � . It is proposed that the presence of sulfonate groups in the cathode binder impeded the oxygen reduction activity of the cathodes by adsorption of the sulfonate to catalytic sites and by impeding proton diffusion to the catalyst surface. The unsulfonated Radel binder produced the most stable performance, and eventually the highest power density, in MFCs operated over 20 cycles (55 days). These results suggest that the use of a non-ionic binder is advantageous in an MFC cathode to facilitate charge transfer and stable performance in the neutral pH conditions found in MFCs.
On the “redundant coordinate” problem in the rotational-vibrational spectra of polyatomic molecules

Abstract A consistent method is described for treating redundant coordinates in the Wilson treatment of the rotational-vibrational problem of polyatomic molecules. This method furnishes a unique set of potential constants for molecules having redundant internal coordinates. Techniques are developed which permit the calculation of the rotational distortion constants by use of the internal coordinates. A method is given for obtaining the partial derivatives of the moment of inertia tensor with respect to the internal coordinates which is applicable even when redundant coordinates are present. The results for a ZX 3 Y molecule are tabulated in matrix form.
Motivational and neural systems of religion

Inzlicht, Tullett, and Good (IT&G) have provided a new and valuable insight into the neuroscience of religion, demonstrating that religious people show less activity in the anterior cingulate corte...
Interspecific aggression in mixed ungulate species exhibits

Mixed ungulate species exhibits are often plagued with difficulties stemming from interspecific aggression. Several aspects of interspecific aggression were investigated in mixed ungulate species exhibits at the Audubon Zoolnogical Garden in New Orleans, Louisiana. Success of a mixed species exhibit was found to be correlated with the rate of male-initiated aggression, but not with the total rate of aggression. Neither taxonomic relatedness nor size difference between the species could be used to predict the success of a species pairing. The total rate of aggression in an exhibit was related to taxonomic relatedness, aggression being highest between distantly related species. Increases in aggression were triggered by births, mating activity, and introduction of an animal to an exhibit.
The effect of intracutaneous d-aldosterone and hydrocortisone on human eccrine sweat gland function.

The effects of the local injection of d-aldosterone and hydrocortisone on the function of the human sweat gland have been studied. Both aldosterone and hydrocortisone increase sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion. With both steroids, a maximal effect on Na/K ratio was seen in 24 hours. The rate of sweat secretion was reduced by aldosterone but not by hydrocortisone.
Minireview: Inflammation and Obesity Pathogenesis: The Hypothalamus Heats Up

Obesity induced by high-fat (HF) feeding is associated with low-grade inflammation in peripheral tissues that predisposes to insulin resistance. Recent evidence suggests the occurrence of a similar process in the hypothalamus, which favors weight gain through impairment of leptin and insulin signaling. In addition to its implications for obesity pathogenesis, this hypothesis suggests that centrally targeted antiinflammatory therapies may prove effective in prevention and treatment of this disorder. This article highlights molecular and cellular mechanisms by which hypothalamic inflammation predisposes to diet-induced obesity.
The Communication Effectiveness of System Models Using the UML versus Structured Techniques: A Field Experiment

The Unified Modeling Language has become an alternative to traditional modeling languages such as data flow diagrams for use in systems analysis. A modeling language is used to represent an information system so that analysts can use the model to make decisions about the design of the system and to communicate with stakeholders about the system. This study examines the comparative effectiveness of the UML and traditional modeling languages in communicating information about a system design. The study examines this on three types of individuals: individuals with no knowledge of either modeling language, individuals with no knowledge of either language that were provided training in one of the languages, and individuals that have had more extensive training in one of the languages. The study finds that there is no difference in the ability to communicate system design information between the languages for the first two types of individuals. However, the study finds that, for more extensively trained individuals, systems modeled with the UML are better able to communicate information about the data in the system while systems modeled with traditional languages are better able to communicate information about the process used by the system.
Genetic implications of gender differences in the prevalence of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions.

Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs), which occur in about 40% of normal-hearing humans, do not have a firm explanation in auditory theory nor are their distributional properties well understo...
The negative sign and exponential expressions: Unveiling students’ persistent errors and misconceptions

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not certain errors made when simplifying exponential expressions persist as students progress through their mathematical studies. College students enrolled in college algebra, pre-calculus, and first- and second-semester calculus mathematics courses were asked to simplify exponential expressions on an assessment. Persistent errors are identified and characterized. Using quantitative and qualitative methods, we found that the concept of negativity played a prominent role in most of the students’ errors. We theorize that an underdeveloped conception of additive and multiplicative inverses is the root of these errors.
Contrasting Semantic Structures in English and Arabic: Problem and Promise in Second-Language Learning

This article argues that language learning may be fostered by research inlto certain types of learner errors. After outlining related styles of analysis in applied linguistics, it employs several methods to examine semantic errors imade by Arabic speakers studying English. Then it shows lhow the practice of transferring meanings from one language to the other cant be made a more usefill strategy and can also elucidate semantic organizationi in both languages. INTERLANGUAGE; LANGUAGE LEARNING; SEMANTICS; ARABIC; ENGLISH. A substantial body of literature has been developed to analyze the problems and promises of learning and teaching foreign languages. The results, theories, and methods of this branch of applied linguistics have provided interesting and helpful insights to students and teachers alike. This paper seeks to add to that body of literature by analyzing a set of errors made by students who were learning English as a foreign language. However, many of the comments will be useful also to ethnographers, who must learn and employ languages of the peoples they study, and who may find useful analogies between strategies for learning language and those for learning other parts of culture. Relatively advanced students of English as a foreign language sometimes form sentences which jar a native speaker, even though these sentences appear to contain English words organized in what seems to be English grammatical order.' Sometimes the jar is abrupt, as when a beaming, apparently uncritical student says, "You are too friendly, sir." At other times it is reduced to a nagging doubt, as in "I have to go to Tripoli tomorrow, but I won't." Some investigators have attributed such problems to "interference," that is, negative results of a speaker's tendency to transfer elements from one language into another. Weinreich (1953:8) provides an example of this tendency: In English a certain area of meaning is included in, and divided by, the semantemes [in this article "semanteme" can be read as "word"] "feet" and "leg." Russian has no identical opposition; instead it divides approximately the same content into three semantemes: "nozka" (furniture leg), "noga"
Real-Time Measurements of Black Carbon Indoors and Outdoors: A Comparison of the Photoelectric Aerosol Sensor and the Aethalometer

A real-time instrument employing photoelectric emission has been suggested as a semiquantitative tracer of black carbon (BC). The instrument is known as the Photoelectric Aerosol Sensor (PAS) and has been manufactured in Europe since the 1980s. As a test of this relationship, real-time measurements were made using two models of this instrument side by side with two Aethalometers for one year (1998) and for an additional six months (December 1999–May 2000) inside and outside an occupied house in Reston, VA. Four sources, two outdoors and two indoors, were investigated. The outdoor sources included automobile traffic and woodburning; the indoor sources included cooking and candle burning. Correlations between the Aethalometer and both models of PAS instruments for three of the four sources ranged from R2 = 72% to 85%. For cooking, the earlier PAS Model 1001i using mercury vapor as a UV source was correlated with the Aethalometer for broiled foods, but the later PAS Model 2000 using a krypton chloride excime...
Effect of chloroplastic overproduction of ascorbate peroxidase on photosynthesis and photoprotection in cotton leaves subjected to low temperature photoinhibition

Abstract The photosynthetic performance of leaf discs of transgenic cotton with fourfold elevated activity of ascorbate peroxidase in the chloroplast stroma (APX+ plants) was compared to that of wild type ( Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Coker 312) during exposure to 10 °C and 500 μmol photons m −2 s −1 . APX+ leaves did not exhibit as large of an increase in cellular H 2 O 2 that was evident in wildtype leaves shortly after the imposition of the chilling treatment. In addition, APX+ leaves exhibited slightly, but significantly, less photosystem (PS)I and PSII photoinhibition. However, the greatest genotypic difference in H 2 O 2 scavenging did not coincide with the greatest difference in PSI inactivation, and APX+ leaves exhibited a greater quantum yield for PSII. Therefore, genotypic differences in H 2 O 2 scavenging may not have been the sole mechanism enhancing PSI protection in APX+ leaves. No evidence of competition for reduced ascorbate between ascorbate peroxidase and violaxanthin de-epoxidase was found. The dynamics of xanthophyll cycle carotenoid conversions, as well as the level of thermal dissipation, were similar for wildtype and transgenic plants throughout the chilling treatment and subsequent recovery.
Photoexcitation of dinucleoside radical cations: a time-dependent density functional study.

The excited states of dinucleoside phosphates (dGpdG, dApdA, dApdT, TpdA, and dGpdT) in their cationic radical states were studied with time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). The ground-state geometries of all the dinucleoside phosphate cation radicals considered, in their base stacked conformation, were optimized with the B3LYP/6-31G(d) method. Further, to take into account the effect of the aqueous environment surrounding the dinucleoside phosphates, the polarized continuum model (PCM) was considered and the excitation energies were computed by using the TD-B3LYP/6-31G(d) method. From this study, we find that the first transition in all the dinucleoside molecules involves hole transfer from base to base. dG•+pdG and dApdA•+ were found to have substantially lower first transition energies than others with two diffent DNA bases. Higher energy transitions involve base to sugar as well as base to base hole transfer. The calculated TD-B3LYP/6-31G(d) transition energies are in good agreement with ...
Direct experimental identification of the structure of ultrathin films of bcc iron and metastable bcc and fcc cobalt

X-ray-excited photoemission and Auger-electron angular distributions from epitaxial transition-metal films are shown to be characteristic of crystal structure but insensitive to elemental species. This feature is used to identify the structures of ultrathin films of iron and cobalt, grown at room temperature on single-crystal metal substrates. It is found that cobalt grows in the metastable bcc Co(001) structure on bcc Fe(001) thin films, and fcc Co(001) grows on fcc Cu(001). While bcc Fe(001) can be stabilized on fcc Ag(001) substrates, this is not the case for cobalt films. Epitaxy of cobalt on Ag(001) results in a complex structure that is neither fcc nor bcc but is consistent with a body-centered tetragonal structure. These results are used to determine an upper bound on the strain that bcc cobalt films can sustain in room-temperature growth.
Mixing and Thermal Equilibrium in the Dynamical Relaxation of a Vortex Ring.

Numerical simulation of a two-dimensional ideal fluid is performed to study the dynamical relaxation and final equilibrium of a vortex ring in a disk. Vorticity mixing and its implication on the final state are carefully studied and compared to the statistical theory. We conclude that, although the ergodicity assumption in the statistical theory may not always be true, strong mixing does occur in particular regions and the flow then closely follows the statistical prediction in these regions.
Effect of feeding modality on interstage growth after stage I palliation: A report from the National Pediatric Cardiology Quality Improvement Collaborative

Objectives Achieving adequate growth after stage 1 palliation for children with single-ventricle heart defects often requires supplemental nutrition through enteral tubes. Significant practice variability exists between centers in the choice of feeding tube. The impact of feeding modality on the growth of patients with a single ventricle after stage 1 palliation was examined using the multiinstitutional National Pediatric Cardiology Quality Improvement Collaborative data registry. Methods Characteristics of patients were compared by feeding modality, defined as oral only, nasogastric tube only, oral and nasogastric tube, gastrostomy tube only, and oral and gastrostomy tube. The impact of feeding modality on change in weight for age z-score during the interstage period, from stage 1 palliation discharge to stage 2 palliation, was evaluated by multivariable linear regression, adjusting for important patient characteristics and postoperative morbidities. Results In this cohort of 465 patients, all groups demonstrated improved weight for age z-score during the interstage period with a mean increase of 0.3 ± 0.8. In multivariable analysis, feeding modality was not associated with differences in the change in weight for age z-score during the interstage period ( P = .72). Risk factors for poor growth were a diagnosis of hypoplastic left heart syndrome ( P = .003), vocal cord injury ( P = .007), and lower target caloric goal at discharge ( P = .001). Conclusions In this large multicenter cohort, interstage growth improved for all groups and did not differ by feeding modality. With appropriate caloric goals and interstage monitoring, adequate growth may be achieved regardless of feeding modality and therefore local comfort and complication risk should dictate feeding modality.
ZBP-89, Sp1, and Nuclear Factor-κB Regulate Epithelial Neutrophil-activating Peptide-78 Gene Expression in Caco-2 Human Colonic Epithelial Cells

We reported previously that human colonic epithelial cells produce the C-X-C chemokine epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide-78 (ENA-78) and that its expression is up-regulated in ulcerative colitis. The aim of this study was to investigate the transcriptional regulation of ENA-78 gene expression in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells. Reporter gene transfection and electrophoretic mobility shift assay studies demonstrated that cooperation between two regions of the ENA-78 promoter were required for maximal gene expression in interleukin-1beta-stimulated Caco-2 cells. Binding of activated p50/p65 nuclear factor-kappaB to nucleotides -82 to -91 was essential for interleukin-1beta-dependent gene transcription, whereas binding of constitutively expressed zinc-requiring nuclear factors to nucleotides -125 to -134 (site A) was required for basal gene expression. Scanning mutagenesis of site A demonstrated overlapping binding elements at this locus. One site (CTCCCCC) bound Sp1 and Sp3, and overexpression of Sp1 (but not Sp3) up-regulated basal ENA-78 transcription. Another site (CCCCTCCCCC) was found to bind the zinc finger nuclear factor ZBP-89, and overexpression of this protein significantly repressed ENA-78 reporter gene activity. This study demonstrates that ENA-78 gene expression in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells is subject to complex regulation involving the coordinate binding of ZBP-89, Sp1, and nuclear factor-kappaB to the ENA-78 promoter.
General systems theory: Practical and theoretical implications for group intervention

General systems theory (GST) principles have particular relevance for the practice of group psychotherapy. The present paper involves an integration of the abstract conceptual principles of GST with more practical issues in the fields of group dynamics and group psychotherapy. The specific focus is upon a hierarchical array of boundary subsystems having object relations characteristics, any one of which may become the target system for the leader's group intervention.
Simple model for space-charge region capacitance of an exponential-constant p–n junction

Depletion layer properties have been calculated for an exponential-constant p–n junction in silicon by using a simple model. Closed-form expressions are presented for the built-in voltage Vbi and the offset voltage correction ΔV, respectively, for this junction. These formulas allow the depletion capacitance to be accurately determined from a given value of applied voltage Va by manual calculations. The results obtained here can readily be extended to other semiconductor materials and other diffused p–n junctions.
Calcium uptake by sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle grafts in rats

Abstract Cross transplantations were carried out in which the soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were switched to each other's muscle bed. Sixty days later, oxalate-supported calcium uptake was measured in homogenates of these grafts and compared with calcium uptake by homogenates of the contralateral control EDL and SOL muscles. With the incubation conditions used, calcium uptake was essentially limited to sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles. The velocities of the initial rapid calcium uptake were compared in the grafts and control muscles. Subsequently calcium uptake slowed and the 30-min accumulation of calcium indicated the loading capacity of the SR. In control muscles, the EDL had a faster velocity (0.234 ± 0.011 μmol/mg/min) of calcium uptake and higher capacity (0.527 ± 0.017 μmol/mg) for calcium loading than the SOL (0.089 ± 0.008 μmol/mg/min and 0.26 ± 0.014 μmol/mg, respectively). The EDL grafts (originally SOL muscles) had faster calcium uptakes than the control SOL muscles or SOL grafts (0.196 ± 0.013 versus 0.089 ± 0.008 or 0.126 ± 0.024 μmol/mg/min). Also, the calcium uptake capacities were higher in EDL grafts than in control SOL muscles (0.400 ± 0.017 versus 0.261 ± 0.014 μmol/mg), but not statistically higher than in SOL grafts (0.360 ± 0.033 μmol/mg). In contrast, SOL grafts (originally EDL muscles) had slower calcium uptakes (0.126 ± 0.024 μmol/mg/min) than did the control EDL muscles or EDL grafts and the calcium uptake capacities (0.360 ± 0.033 μmol/mg) were lower in SOL grafts than in control EDL muscles, but not statistically lower than in EDL grafts. We concluded that after cross transplantation of rat SOL and EDL muscles, the calcium uptake characteristics of the involved SR were converted from the original type toward the grafted type.
Delayed auditory feedback as a method of manipulating anxiety in a paired associate learning task.

Ss presently tested gave data replicating results of Korchin and Levine. Thus delayed auditory feedback can be used to induce anxiety.
Organizing Disparate, Seemingly Chaotic Data Into a Meaningful and Useful Order

Imagine the physician of a century ago. The tools available to diagnose patient disease were limited, confined largely to the patient’s history, physical diagnosis, and a few relatively elemental tests. And of course, collectively, our knowledge then of disease, causes, and cures was quite limited. Some 50 years ago laboratory medicine began making its major strides with the development of tests based on major new understandings in biochemistry and things to be tested. What happened subsequently with the laboratory has happened in almost every segment of medicine. We now have new abilities to examine, and the scope of what can be examined has mushroomed exponentially. Imagine also how limited surgical pathology was in diagnosing and delineating cancer’s many forms in the 1960s compared to today. A breast cancer then was usually invasive ductal carcinoma, and the report was complete if we knew the resection margin was free of tumor and number of lymph nodes found and involved. Now with immunohistochemistry and molecular techniques, some diagnostic and some for prognostic purposes, we now must report on tens of items, including location, size, margins, procedure, detailed histologic type including multiple patterns, immunohistochemical and molecular findings, such as estrogen and progesterone receptors and HER2/ neu gene overexpression, and with an ever-expanding list. And that is just 1 organ. As one method to bring order from growing chaos, the College of American Pathologists began in the early 1990s to develop organized systems for standardized reporting of all histologic data, thus ensuring that the end user, such as surgeons or tumor registry librarians, could expect what type of information a report might contain. Each data item to be scored was to be clinically necessary and tested and capable of being used for diagnostic, statistical, or prognostic decisions and purposes. These synoptic reports have over the past decades grown in detail, sophistication, and utility.
Efficient harmonic generation in plasmonic system

As the first step toward parametric amplification of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs), we demonstrate an efficient (nearly ∼105 more efficient than previously reported) SPP-enhanced second harmonic generation in 2-methyl-4-nitroaniline (MNA) in a Kretschmann geometry.
Immunization against Toxoplasma gondii

The emergence of Toxoplasma gondii as a major opportunistic organism in immunocompromised individuals and the steady increase in economic losses due to animal toxoplasmosis have fuelled the interest in vaccine development. In this review, Fausto Araujo addresses aspects of vaccination against T. gondii with regard to the problem posed by this parasite to pregnant women and to severely immunocompromised individuals.
A PIV Study of a Supersonic Impinging Jet

The characteristics of supersonic impinging jets are investigated using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The purpose of the experiments is to understand the jet induced forces on STOVL aircraft while hovering close to the ground. For this purpose, a large diameter circular plate was attached at the nozzle exit. The oscillations of the impinging jet generated due to a feedback loop are captured in the PIV images. The instantaneous velocity field measurements are used to describe flow characteristics of the impinging jet. The important flow features such as oscillating shock waves, slipstream shear layers and large scale structures are captured clearly by the PIV. The presence of large scale structures in the impinging jet induced high entrainment velocity in the near hydrodynamic field, which resulted in lift plate suction pressures. A passive control device is used to interfere with the acoustic waves travelling in the ambient medium to suppress the feedback loop. As a consequence, the large scale vortical structures disappeared completely leading to a corresponding reduction in the entrainment.