cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Order and Trial on Necker Cube Reversals under Free and Resistive Instructions

Summary.-Habituated but not practiced Ss were required to count the reversals of the Necker cube under free (passive) and hold (resistive) instructions. Two 30-sec. trials under each instructional set, for 2 testing periods, were administered. Two groups of 15 men each viewed the trials in the orders: free, free, hold, hold and hold, hold, free, free. Stable free and hold scores over these 2 testing periods were sought. For the free scores, successive trials, periods, and the order conditions did not produce significant changes in the number of fluctuations. However, the trials x orders interaction was significant. For the hold-score analysis, trials, and trials X periods X orders interaction was significant. In general, the order interaction for the free scores and the significant effects for the hold scores were interpreted as related to a failure to provide a number of habituation trials in the hold condition equal to those for the free conditions. Suggestions for obtaining stable free and hold fluctuation scores over a short testing period and a possible procedure for studying both free and hold scores as related to personality variables were presented. For many years, both passive (free) and resistive (hold) instructions were used in experiments with the Necker cube. Bruner, Postman, and Mosteller (1950) cite a long line of investigations concerning cube fluctuations and personality variables. More recently, Haronian and Sugarman ( 1966) have investigated fluctuations of the Necker cube as related to measures of degrees of field dependency. They report significant relationships between cube fluctuations under instructions to inhibit or resist changes of perspective and scores on an embedded-figures test and a rod-and-frame test. However, since 1959 with the exception of the Ammons' work most investigations aimed at uncovering the factors associated with cube reversals have used only the "free" or passive condition. A few representative samples from the research literature illustrate the point. Ammons, Ulrich, and Ammons (1959) showed that the reversal rate could be affected by instructions (hold vs actively change) and learning. Heath, Ehrlich, and Orbach (1963) investigated some of the activating conditions: temperature, noise, flicker, which influence the rate of reversals. In the 1950 Bruner, Postman, and Mosteller report, the authors stated that the confused results in flucn~ating figure research were due to the failure to "isolate the three major sources of variance: set, subjects, and sequence." These three variables and some review of factors in the cube drawing affecting fluctuations need scrutiny before an experiment is designed. In the present investiga'The author wishes to thank Mr. Robert Schachcschneider for his assistance in collecting these data.
Defects in boron carbide before and after neutron irradiation

Abstract Many crystalline compounds contain regular geometrical arrangements of atoms which are so stable that the presence and motion of defects such as dislocations are expected to leave these units more or less intact. In boron and most of its compounds, the stable units are icosahedral groups of twelve boron atoms and in boron carbide, which is rhombohedral with rhombohedral angle 65° 36′, the B 12 icosahedra are arranged in an array which is almost a f.c.c. lattice, as a result of which, fault surfaces analogous to stacking faults in close-packed metals are observed. The small departure from cubic symmetry is, however, sufficient to impose a distinction between rhombohedral planes, which are hosts for translation twin boundaries created by the dissociation of glide dislocations, and the basal plane, which is believed to contain Frank partial dislocation loops resulting from the agglomeration of point defects introduced during neutron irradiation. Another important consequence of the rhombohedral distortion is that the atomic displacements produced by the leading and trailing partials in an extended dislocation are different. In physical terms, both refinements of the close-packed cubic case arise from the presence of the carbon atoms. The analogy to close-packed metals is carried over to the relationship between translation twins and orientation twins; the dissociation of a glide dislocation in boron carbide is accompanied by rotation of C 3 chains which thread the slip plane and this rotation both may and may not be sufficient to render the translation twin boundary region identical to a thin orientation twin.
HYPERVELOCITY A AND B STARS SHOULD BE SLOW ROTATORS

The most commonly accepted explanation for the origin of hypervelocity stars in the halo of the Milky Way is that they are the result of tidal disruption of binaries by the massive black hole at the center of the Galaxy. We show that if this scenario is correct and if the original binary properties are similar to those in the local stellar neighborhood, then the hypervelocity stars should rotate with velocities measureably lower than those for field stars of similar spectral type. This may prove to be a more direct test of the model than trying to predict the position and velocity distributions.
Gold nanoparticle–M2e conjugate coformulated with CpG induces protective immunity against influenza A virus

Aim: This study aimed to develop a novel influenza A vaccine by conjugating the highly conserved extracellular region of the matrix 2 protein (M2e) of influenza A virus to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and to test the vaccine in a mouse influenza challenge model. Materials & methods: Citrate-reduced AuNPs (diameter: 12 nm) were synthesized, and characterized by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. M2e was conjugated to AuNPs through thiol–gold interactions to form M2e–AuNP conjugates. Particle stability was confirmed by UV–visible spectra, and M2e conjugation was further characterized by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Mice were immunized with M2e–AuNPs with or without CpG (cytosine-guanine rich oligonucleotide) as an adjuvant with appropriate control groups. Sera was collected and M2e-specific immunoglobulin (IgG) was measured, and immunized mice were challenged with PR8-H1N1 influenza virus. Results: M2e-capped AuNPs could be lyophilized and stably resuspended in water. Intranas...
Comparative Accuracy of Diffuse Radiative Properties Computed Using Selected Multiple Scattering Approximations

Computational results have been obtained for the spherical albedo, global transmission, and global absorption of plane-parallel layers composed of cloud droplets. These computations, obtained using the doubling method for the entire range of single scattering albedos and for optical depths between 0.1 and 100, are compared with corresponding results obtained using selected multiple scattering approximations. The spherical albedo and global absorption computed using asymptotic theory are found to be accurate to better than 5 percent for all values of the single scattering albedo, provided the optical thickness exceeds about 2. The diffuse two-stream approximations have relative accuracies that are much worse than 5 percent for the spherical albedo over most of the parameter space, yet are accurate to within 5 percent in the global absorption when the absorption is significant. The integrated delta-Eddington scheme appears to be the most suitable model over the entire range of variables, generally producing relative errors of less than 5 percent in both the spherical albedo and global absorption.
Implantation of cultured sensory neurons and Schwann cells into lesioned neonatal rat spinal cord. I. Methods for preparing implants from dissociated cells.

Our goal was to devise methods of implanting defined populations of the cellular constituents of peripheral nerve into regions of spinal cord injury. This objective derived from the knowledge that the cellular environment of peripheral nerve is known to be supportive of axon regeneration from both central and peripheral neurons. Two of the constituents of the peripheral nerve environment known to influence axonal growth are the Schwann cell and extracellular matrix (particularly basal lamina), both of which can be obtained in culture. We describe here large-scale methods of establishing purified populations of rat sensory neurons to which purified populations of Schwann cells were added. These essentially monolayer preparations were then scrolled and cut into lengths of proper shape and size to provide implants for sites of spinal cord injury in newborn rats. We also describe methods enabling the addition of leptomeningeal components to the implants; this addition contributes a proliferating population of vascular endothelial cells (identified by immunostaining) to the otherwise vasculature-free neuron/Schwann cell implant. Light and electron microscopic observations were made to characterize the implants. When the implant was ready for use, it contained Schwann cells that were differentiated, i.e., had begun to ensheathe axons and form basal lamina. The use of a medium containing human plasma to foster endothelial cell growth led to increased neurite fasciculation and Schwann cell migratory activity in the outgrowth, particularly when the neurons and Schwann cells were cultured on leptomeninges. The second paper in this series reports the deportment of these implants and their influence on corticospinal tract growth after placement into regions of dorsal column injury in neonatal rats (Kuhlengel et al., J. Comp. Neurol 293:74-91, 1990).
Simplified interosseous wiring technique

Abstract Difficult interosseous wiring is an indication for the use of a length of nylon catheter as a flexible wire introducer. A simple technique has been described.
CONCEPTS FOR POWER AND ENERGY ANALYSIS IN NASTIC STRUCTURES

Nastic structures are potentially high-energy density smart materials that will be capable of achieving controllable deformation and shape change due to internal microactuation that functions on principles found in the biological process of nastic motion. In plants, nastic motion is accomplished through osmotic pressure changes causing a respective increase or decrease in cell volume, thereby causing net movement. In nastic structures, osmotic pressure is increased by moving fluid from low concentration to high concentration areas by means of active transport, powered by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis. Power analysis involves calculating possible ranges of actuation as a result of interior pressure exchanges and hydraulic flux rates which will determine the speed of actuation. Because pressure inside the actuating cylinder is uniform, the cylinder undergoes deformation in all the three dimensions. Predicting the work-energy balance involves considering the factors that determine the total volumetric change, including cylinder wall expansion, surface bulging and stretching, and outside forces that oppose the actuation. The hydraulic flux rates determine both the force magnitude and the actuation speed. Energy analysis considers the pressure variation range needed to accomplish the desired actuation deflection, and the energy required for active transport mechanisms to move the volume of fluid into the nastic actuator. Nonlinear effects are present, as the pressure inside the actuation cylinder increases, it takes more energy for active transport to continue moving fluid into it. The chemical reaction of ATP hydrolysis supplies the energy for active transport, which is related to the ratio of the reactants, to the products, as well as to the pH level. As the pH lowers, more energy is released through ATP hydrolysis. Therefore, as pH decreases, ATP Hydrolysis releases more energy, enabling active transport to move more fluid into the actuation cylinder, thereby increasing the internal osmotic pressure and causing material deformation work and actuation.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Lattice expansion during polyisoprene crystallization from blends

Abstract Crystallization of cis-1,4-polyisoprene (PIP) in blends with atactic poly(vinylethylene) (PVE) is found to be accompanied by entrapment of the amorphous PVE within the crystalline lattice. As determined from wide angle X-ray diffraction measurements, this entrapment causes an expansion of the PIP unit cell. Such mixing within the crystalline phase is usually associated with chain isomorphism, whereby structurally similar blend components cocrystallize. In the present case, the amorphous PVE is literally entrapped as a defect in the crystal. This is in addition to its interlamellar entrapment observed in an earlier study.
Micromagnetic study of single-domain FePt nanocrystals overcoated with silica

Chemically-synthesized FePt nanocrystals must be annealed at a high temperature (>550 °C) to induce the hard ferromagnetic L 10 phase. Unfortunately, the organic stabilizer covering these nanocrystals degrades at these temperatures and the nanocrystals sinter, resulting in the loss of control over nanocrystal size and separation in the film. We have developed a silica overcoating strategy to prevent nanocrystal sintering. In this study, 6 nm diameter FePt nanocrystals were coated with 17 nm thick shells of silica using an inverse micelle process. Magnetization measurements of the annealed FePt@SiO2 nanocrystals indicate ferromagnetism with a high coercivity at room temperature. Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) results show that the film composed of nanocrystals behaves as a dipole after magnetization by an 8 T external field. The individual nanocrystals are modelled as single-domain particles with random crystallographic orientations. We propose that the interparticle magnetic dipole interaction is weaker than the magnetocrystalline energy in the remanent state, leading to an unusual material with no magnetic anisotropy and no domains. Films of these nanoparticles are promising candidates for magnetic media with a data storage density of ~Tb/in2.
A Subspace Preconditioning Algorithm For Eigenvector/Eigenvalue Computation

We consider the problems of computing a modest number of the smallest eigenvalues along with orthogonal bases of the corresponding eigenspaces of a symmetric positive definite operator A defined on a finite dimensional real Hilbert space V. In our applications, the dimension of V is large and the cost fo inverting A is prohibitive. In this paper, we shall develop an effective parallelizable technique for compution these eigenvalues and eigenvectors utilizing sunspace iteration and preconditioning for A. Estimates will be provided which show that the preconditioned method coverages linearly when used with a uniform preconditioner under the assumption that the approximatiog subspace is close enough to the span of desired eigenvectors.
Detection of a bacteriophage gene encoding a Mu-like portal protein in Haemophilus parasuis reference strains and field isolates by nested polymerase chain reaction

A nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) assay was developed to determine the presence of a gene encoding a bacteriophage Mu-like portal protein, gp29, in 15 reference strains and 31 field isolate...
Influence of triaxial braid denier on ribbon-based fiber reinforced dental composites

Abstract Objectives The aim of the study was to compare the mechanical characteristics of two ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fiber-based triaxial braided reinforcements having different denier braider yarns used in fiber reinforced dental composites to elucidate differences in response and damage under flexural loading. Methods Two commercially available triaxial braided reinforcing systems, differing in denier of the axial and braider yarns, using ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) were used to reinforce rectangular bars towards the tensile surface which were tested in flexure. Mechanical characteristics including energy absorption were determined and results were compared based on Tukey post-test analysis and Weibull probability. Limited fatigue testing was also conducted for 100, 1000, and 10,000 cycles at a level of 75% of peak load. The effect of the braid denier on damage mechanisms was studied microscopically. Results The use of the triaxially braided ribbon as fiber reinforcement in the dental composite results in significant enhancement in flexural performance over that of the unreinforced dental composite (179% and 183% increase for the “thin” and “dense” braid reinforced specimens, respectively), with a fairly ductile, non-catastrophic post-peak response. With the exception of strain at peak load, there was very little difference between the performance from the two braid architectures. The intrinsic nature of the triaxial braid also results in very little decrease in flexural strength as a result of fatigue cycling at 75% of peak load. Use of the braids results in peak load levels which are substantially higher than those corresponding to points at which the dentin and unreinforced dental composites would fail. The total energy at peak load level is 56.8 and 60.7 times that at the level that dentin would fail if the reinforcement were not placed for the “thin” and “dense” reinforced braid reinforced composites, respectively. Significance The research shows that in addition to enhancement in flexural performance characteristics, the use of a triaxial braid provides significant damage tolerance and fatigue resistance through its characteristic architecture wherein axial fibers are uncrimped and braider yarns provide shear resistance and enable local arrest of microcracks. Further, it is demonstrated that the decrease in braider yarn denier does not have a detrimental effect, with differences in performance characteristics, being in the main, statistically insignificant. This allows use of thinner reinforcement which provides ease of placement and better bonding without loss in performance.
Online documentation and hypermedia: designing learnability into the product

The author describes how learnability can be designed into software products focusing on the online documentation and hypermedia learning products that can help novice users become expert users faster and more easily. The author discusses how to choose the online documentation and hypermedia learning products which will best fit into the learning model for a product's particular users. To illustrate this she explains how such learning products are being mapped into the user learning model for Hewlett-Packard's Printed Circuit Design System. >
A Mixed-Signal Vector Modulator for Eigenbeamforming Receivers

Analog vector modulators used in eigenbeamforming receivers usually include radio-frequency (RF) variable-gain amplifiers (VGAs) to modulate both the magnitude and the phase of receiving signals. The strenuous linearity requirement of RF VGAs makes it unsuitable to be realized in CMOS. This paper applies the mathematical concept of overcomplete expansion and coarse quantization to replace the VGAs with simple switches. The operation of these switches are controlled by an algorithm running in the digital domain. The proposed mixed-signal architecture thus shifts most of the system complexity from the analog domain to the digital domain. It will be shown that this architecture scales well with CMOS technology.
All-reflective Ti:Sa power amplifier for Petawatt laser

An all-reflective Ti:Sa power amplifier capable of extracting up to 60 joules has been designed. The power amplifier consists of four passes through a 100mm Ti:Sa crystal realy imaged by off-axis parabolas enclosed in a vacuum chamber.
Implementation processes associated with a home-based phonological awareness intervention for children with specific language impairment.

The implementation processes associated with a home-based phonological awareness intervention were observed for mothers and their 4-year-old children with specific language impairment (SLI). Mother–child dyads (n = 13) read books four times per week over 12 weeks; each book contained nine embedded phonological awareness (PA) tasks. Four hundred and ninety-eight book reading sessions were coded for three variables of interest: maternal support of concept development, quantity of maternal instructional support, and accuracy of children's responses to the PA tasks. Using growth curve modelling, results indicate that maternal support of concept development decreased over the course of the 12-week program, and the quantity of maternal supports changed considerably reflecting intra-individual differences among mothers. Both support of concept development and quantity of support decreased over the course of a given week. In addition, children's responses to the phonological awareness tasks significantly increase...
Anterior hypothalamic neural activation and neurochemical associations with aggression in pair-bonded male prairie voles

Male prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) display mating-induced pair bonding indicated by social affiliation with their female partners and aggression toward unfamiliar conspecifics. In the present study, we characterized their aggression associated with pair bonding and examined the related neuronal activation and neurochemical architecture. Males that were pair-bonded for 2 weeks displayed intense levels of aggression toward a female or male conspecific stranger but maintained a high level of social affiliation with their familiar female partners. These social interactions induced increases in neural activation, indicated by increased density of Fos-immunoreactive staining (Fos-ir) in several brain regions including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), medial preoptic area (MPOA), paraventricular nucleus (PVN), anterior cortical (AcA), and medial nuclei (MeA) of the amygdala. In the anterior hypothalamus (AH), increased density of Fos-ir staining was found specifically to be associated with aggression toward unfamiliar female or male strangers. In addition, higher densities of AH cells that were stained for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or vasopressin (AVP) were also labeled with Fos-ir in these males displaying aggression toward a conspecific stranger compared with males displaying social affiliation toward their female partner. Together, our results indicate that dopamine and vasopressin in the AH may be involved in the regulation of enduring aggression associated with pair bonding in male prairie voles. J. Comp. Neurol. 502:1109 –1122, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Indexing terms: dopamine; vasopressin; anterior hypothalamus; neural activation; c-fos; mating; aggression
Doxorubicin acts via mitochondrial ROS to stimulate catabolism in C2C12 myotubes.

Doxorubicin, a commonly prescribed chemotherapeutic agent, causes skeletal muscle wasting in cancer patients undergoing treatment and increases mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. ROS stimulate protein degradation in muscle by activating proteolytic systems that include caspase-3 and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. We hypothesized that doxorubicin causes skeletal muscle catabolism through ROS, causing upregulation of E3 ubiquitin ligases and caspase-3. We tested this hypothesis by exposing differentiated C2C12 myotubes to doxorubicin (0.2 μM). Doxorubicin decreased myotube width 48 h following exposure, along with a 40–50% reduction in myosin and sarcomeric actin. Cytosolic oxidant activity was elevated in myotubes 2 h following doxorubicin exposure. This increase in oxidants was followed by an increase in the E3 ubiquitin ligase atrogin-1/muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx) and caspase-3. Treating myotubes with SS31 (opposes mitochondrial ROS) inhibited expression of ROS-sensitive atrogin-1/MAFbx and protected against doxorubicin-stimulated catabolism. These findings suggest doxorubicin acts via mitochondrial ROS to stimulate myotube atrophy.
Redefining Phrymaceae: the placement of Mimulus, tribe Mimuleae, and Phryma.

Chloroplast trnL/F and nuclear ribosomal ITS and ETS sequence data were used to analyze phylogenetic relationships among members of tribe Mimuleae (Scrophulariaceae) and other closely related families in Lamiales. The results of these analyses led to the following conclusions. (1) The Australian genera Glossostigma and Peplidium and the taxonomically isolated Phryma join four genera of tribe Mimuleae to form a well-supported clade that is distinct from other families in the Lamiales. We refer to that clade as the subfamily Phrymoideae. (2) The genera Mazus and Lancea (tribe Mimuleae) together form a well-supported clade that we recognize as the subfamily Mazoideae. Mazoideae is weakly supported as sister to Phrymoideae. We assign Mazoideae and Phrymoideae to a redefined family Phrymaceae. (3)Mimulus is not monophyletic, because members of at least six other genera have been derived from within it. In light of the molecular evidence, it is clear that species of Phrymaceae (about 190 species) have undergone two geographically distinct radiations; one in western North America (about 130 species) and another in Australia (about 30 species). Phylogenetic interpretations of morphological evolution and biogeographical patterns are discussed.
Assessing pyloric sphincter pathophysiology using EndoFLIP in patients with gastroparesis.

Background Pyloric dysfunction has been associated with gastroparesis, particularly diabetic gastroparesis. Endoscopic functional luminal imaging probe (EndoFLIP) uses 16 sensors inside a balloon that is inflated inside a sphincter to assess physiologic characteristics. The aim of this study was to measure the pressure, diameter, cross-sectional area (CSA), and distensibility of the pylorus using EndoFLIP in patients with gastroparesis. In addition, the relationship between pyloric pathophysiology with gastroparesis etiology, symptoms, and gastric emptying was assessed. Methods EndoFLIP was performed in 54 patients (39 idiopathic gastroparesis, 15 diabetic gastroparesis). The EndoFLIP catheter was passed endoscopically so that the balloon straddled the pylorus. Pressure, diameter, CSA, and distensibility of the pylorus were measured at 20, 30, 40, and 50 cc balloon volume. Key Results Pyloric sphincter contour was seen best at 40 cc balloon distension (diameter 12.2 ± 0.44 mm, CSA 125.2 ± 9.15 mm2, pressure 18.0 ± 1.23 mmHg, length 1.59 ± 0.34 cm, distensibility 10.7 ± 2.57 mm2/mmHg). There was a wide range seen in diameter (5.6–22.1 mm) and distensibility (1–55 mm2/mmHg) of the pylorus. Symptoms of early satiety and postprandial fullness were inversely correlated with pyloric sphincter diameter and CSA. No significant difference was seen between diabetic and idiopathic gastroparetics. Conclusions & Inferences EndoFLIP is a novel technique that can be used to assess pyloric physiologic characteristics. Early satiety and postprandial fullness were inversely correlated with diameter and CSA of the pyloric sphincter. No significant differences were seen comparing diabetic and idiopathic gastroparetics. This technology may be of benefit to help select patients with pyloric sphincter abnormalities.
Helicobacter pylori targets cancer-associated apical-junctional constituents in gastroids and gastric epithelial cells

Objective Helicobacter pylori strains that express the oncoprotein CagA augment risk for gastric cancer. However, the precise mechanisms through which cag + strains heighten cancer risk have not been fully delineated and model systems that recapitulate the gastric niche are critical for understanding pathogenesis. Gastroids are three-dimensional organ-like structures that provide unique opportunities to study host- H. pylori interactions in a preclinical model. We used gastroids to inform and direct in vitro studies to define mechanisms through which H. pylori modulates expression of the cancer-associated tight junction protein claudin-7. Design Gastroids were infected by luminal microinjection, and MKN28 gastric epithelial cells were cocultured with H. pylori wild-type cag + strains or isogenic mutants. β-catenin, claudin-7 and snail localisation was determined by immunocytochemistry. Proliferation was assessed using 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine, and levels of claudin-7 and snail were determined by western blot and flow cytometry. Results Gastroids developed into a self-organising differentiation axis and H. pylori induced mislocalisation of claudin-7 and increased proliferation in a CagA- and β-catenin-dependent manner. In MKN28 cells, H pylori -induced suppression of claudin-7 was regulated by β-catenin and snail. Similarly, snail expression was increased and claudin-7 levels were decreased among H. pylori -infected individuals. Conclusions H. pylori increase proliferation in a strain-specific manner in a novel gastroid system. H. pylori also alter expression and localisation of claudin-7 in gastroids and human epithelial cells, which is mediated by β-catenin and snail activation. These data provide new insights into molecular interactions with carcinogenic potential that occur between H. pylori and epithelial cells within the gastric niche.
Water, Inertial Damping, and the Complex Shear Modulus

The author proposes an alternative to the traditional representation of soil damping. Rather than using damping ratio, this author advocates using viscosity as the specific soil property, especially for saturated permeable soils. Thus represented, the imaginary part of the complex shear modulus will vary directly with frequency. The point is particularly relevant in cases where the water table may change, thus affecting the dynamic design of foundations or structures composed of soils.
Unsupervised sentiment analysis for social media images

Recently text-based sentiment prediction has been extensively studied, while image-centric sentiment analysis receives much less attention. In this paper, we study the problem of understanding human sentiments from large-scale social media images, considering both visual content and contextual information, such as comments on the images, captions, etc. The challenge of this problem lies in the "semantic gap" between low-level visual features and higher-level image sentiments. Moreover, the lack of proper annotations/labels in the majority of social media images presents another challenge. To address these two challenges, we propose a novel Unsupervised SEntiment Analysis (USEA) framework for social media images. Our approach exploits relations among visual content and relevant contextual information to bridge the "semantic gap" in prediction of image sentiments. With experiments on two large-scale datasets, we show that the proposed method is effective in addressing the two challenges.
Unique clinical scenarios

As discussed in previous chapters, most ovarian cancers are derived from the surface epithelium and are classified as serous, mucinous, endometrioid, and clear cell carcinomas. Following the two-tier grading system developed at MD Anderson, serous carcinomas can be either high- or low-grade. The most common subtype of all epithelial neoplasms is the high-grade serous carcinoma, which arises from the surface of the ovary or from epithelium within inclusion cysts. As we have come to appreciate the magnitude of heterogeneity of ovarian carcinoma it has become apparent that all five epithelial subtypes have unique molecular signatures, with high-grade serous tumors characterized by p53 mutations and breast cancer susceptibility gene 1/2 (BRCA1/2) dysregulation [1]. This subtype is clinically characterized by extensive intra-abdominal metastases and ascites, and biochemically by elevated levels of serum CA-125. The extent of maximal cytoreductive efforts or volume of residual disease is the most important clinical prognostic factor. These neoplasms respond well to platinum- and taxane-based combination chemotherapy, but acquired drug resistance remains the most important clinical hurdle [2].
RANS Modeling of Stably Stratified Turbulent Boundary Layer Flows in OpenFOAM

Quantifying mixing processes relating to the transport of heat, momentum, and scalar quantities of stably stratified turbulent geophysical flows remains a substantial task. In a stably stratified flow, such as the stable atmospheric boundary layer (SABL), buoyancy forces have a significant impact on the flow characteristics. This study investigates constant and stability-dependent turbulent Prandtl number ( Pr t ) formulations linking the turbulent viscosity ( ν t ) and diffusivity ( κ t ) for modeling applications of boundary layer flows. Numerical simulations of plane Couette flow and pressure-driven channel flow are performed using the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) framework with the standard k - e turbulence model. Results are compared with DNS data to evaluate model efficacy for predicting mean velocity and density fields. In channel flow simulations, a Prandtl number formulation for wall-bounded flows is introduced to alleviate overmixing of the mean density field. This research reveals that appropriate specification of Pr t can improve predictions of stably stratified turbulent boundary layer flows.
Hypothesised mechanisms of swimming-related death: a systematic review

Background Recent reports from triathlon and competitive open-water swimming indicate that these events have higher rates of death compared with other forms of endurance sport. The potential causal mechanism for swimming-related death is unclear. Objective To examine available studies on the hypothesised mechanisms of swimming-related death to determine the most likely aetiologies. Material and methods MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1950 to present) were searched, yielding 1950 potential results, which after title and citation reviews were reduced to 83 possible reports. Studies included discussed mechanisms of death during swimming in humans, and were Level 4 evidence or higher. Results A total of 17 studies (366 total swimmers) were included for further analysis: 5 investigating hyperthermia/hypothermia, 7 examining cardiac mechanisms and responses, and 5 determining the presence of pulmonary edema. The studies provide inconsistent and limited-quality or disease-oriented evidence that make definitive conclusions difficult. Conclusions The available evidence is limited but may suggest that cardiac arrhythmias are the most likely aetiology of swimming-related death. While symptoms of pulmonary edema may occur during swimming, current evidence does not support swimming-induced pulmonary edema as a frequent cause of swimming-related death, nor is there evidence to link hypothermia or hyperthermia as a causal mechanism. Further higher level studies are needed.
HERITABILITY AND SELECTION ON CLUTCH SIZE IN DARWIN'S MEDIUM GROUND FINCHES (GEOSPIZA FORTIS).

I studied the causes of variation and selection on clutch size in a population of Darwin's Medium Ground Finches (Geospiza fortis) on Isla Daphne Major, using data collected over a nine-year period (1976-1984). Quantitative-genetic analyses were carried out using the first clutch laid by a female in a given year. I used both unadjusted clutch-size values and values adjusted for between-year differences in mean clutch size for repeatability and regression analyses. Repeatability of clutch size was small (≤8%) and nonsignificant in all cases. Sib-sib analyses and parent-offspring regressions gave no evidence of a significant additive genetic component to clutch-size variation. Slopes of mother-daughter regressions were actually negative, suggesting possible maternal effects of mother's clutch size on daughter's clutch size. There was a small positive relationship between female age and clutch size but no effect of male or female body size or of large-scale differences in habitat quality on clutch size. Selection on clutch size was generally directional and positive: in almost all years in which successful breeding occurred, large clutches tended to fledge more chicks and produce more young surviving to the following year, possibly because there was no trade-off between clutch size and the weights of individual chicks at fledging. Thus, sustained directional selection for large clutch size may have reduced additive genetic variation in clutch size to low levels in this population. The size of a female's clutch may be primarily determined by unidentified proximate environmental factors which vary from year to year, rather than by any long-term optimization of clutch size with respect to adult survival.
Rocket screening of iridium/rhenium chambers

Three methods of fabricating iridium-coated rhenium (Ir/Re) chambers were evaluated in "rocket coupon" testing on gaseous hydrogen/gaseous oxygen propellants. The testing on 22-N class chambers was conducted as a low cost method of assessing the fabrication processes before scaling up to 440-N class engines for more expensive testing with Earth storable propellants. Ir/Re chambers fabricated by vacuum plasma spraying (VPS), electroformed deposition (ED), and the diffusion bonding of a wrought Ir liner to a Re substrate were tested at mixture ratio 4 and 517 kPa chamber pressure. The VPS and ED chambers each successfully accumulated 10 hours of time without failure. Testing of the wrought chamber was halted after 2 hours to rework the front end attachment cone and is awaiting continuation of testing at the writing of this paper.
Gender, legitimate authority, and leader-subordinate conversations

L'A. analyse les differences de comportement verbal et non verbal entre les hommes et les femmes. Il examine les effets du genre et du pouvoir sur le comportement verbal (conversation) entre les hommes et les femmes, en particulier dans le cadre de relations d'autorite formelle entre les chefs (hommes et femmes) et leurs subordonnes (hommes et femmes). Il montre que le genre et l'autorite ont des effets differents sur les comportements verbaux et non verbaux qui s'instaurent entre les hommes et les femmes
Investigation of Linear and Nonlinear Raman Scattering for Isotopologues of Ru(bpy)32

Tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II), Rubpy, an important transition metal complex for its robust photochemistry, is studied using simulated resonance Raman scattering (RRS) and resonance hyper-Raman...
Improving the readability of online foot and ankle patient education materials.

Background:Previous studies have shown the need for improving the readability of many patient education materials to increase patient comprehension. This study’s purpose was to determine the readability of foot and ankle patient education materials and to determine the extent readability can be improved. We hypothesized that the reading levels would be above the recommended guidelines and that decreasing the sentence length would also decrease the reading level of these patient educational materials.Methods:Patient education materials from online public sources were collected. The readability of these articles was assessed by a readability software program. The detailed instructions provided by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) were then used as a guideline for performing edits to help improve the readability of selected articles. The most quantitative guideline, lowering all sentences to less than 15 words, was chosen to show the effect of following the NIH recommendations.Results:The reading level...
Importance of the Spleen as a Reservoir for Erythrocytes

ConclusionsRepeated examinations of the hematocrit value of the peripheric blood following the intravenous administration of adrenalin in 4 dogs before and for a period of 18 months following splenectomy could demonstrate that (1) the acute polycythemia following adrenalin which is regularly observed in the normal dog disappears after splenectomy; (2) after that period the polycythemia returns but does not reach the same degree as in the normal dog. These results suggest a slow substitution of the erythrocyte-storing function of the spleen by another capillary system.One of the modern conceptions of the physiology of the spleen is to regard this organ in human beings and in animals as a reservoir which is able under different conditions to pour red blood cells into the circulation (Lauda1). The discrepancy of the results obtained by various authors (Lauda and Haam, Radosaljevic and Sekulic, Testoni2 and others) concerning the appearance or nonappearance of adrenalin polycythemia in splenectomized animals ...
Constitutional Law in 1933–34.

Following the repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment, the state of Ohio authorized by statute the creation of a state liquor monopoly, purchased $4,500,000 worth of liquor, and perfected plans for the retailing of it through 187 stores owned and managed by the state. In Ohio v. Helvering, the state sought an injunction to restrain the commissioner of internal revenue from collecting from the state the customary federal excise taxes upon the sale of intoxicating liquors. It alleged the immunity of the state and its instrumentalities from federal taxation and further claimed that the federal taxing statutes were not intended by Congress to apply to the states. The court, speaking through Mr. Justice Sutherland, upheld the collection of the tax, reaffirming the doctrine laid down in 1905 in the South Carolina Dispensary Case. The immunity from federal taxation enjoyed by the states extends only to those agencies and functions which are governmental in character and not to those which are proprietary. “When a state enters the market place seeking customers, it divests itself of its quasi-sovereignty pro tanto, and takes on the character of a trader, so far, at least, as the taxing power of the federal government is concerned.” The Court rejected as “altogether fanciful” the argument that the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment and its later repeal had so altered the status of the liquor traffic that its conduct by the state has become an exercise of the state's police power, and hence a governmental operation immune from federal taxation.
Beneficial Effect of Metformin in Cardiology

Metformin is one of the most commonly used drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.However,accumulating evidence suggests that metformin also has direct cardioprotective effects.Some experimental studies suggest that the pleiotropic effects of metformin are mediated,in part,by activation of AMP-activated protein kinase.
Angiographic Infarction of a Large Hypernephroma with a Tissue Adhesive for Control of Hematuria

A case of a large inoperable hypernephroma in a 69-year-old man is presented. Recurrent life-threatening hematuria was controlled successfully by transcatheter embolization and infarction of the tumor using a tissue adhesive called isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate. The patient remained without hematuria for 18 months until death from extensive metastatic diseases. The advantages and disadvantages of tissue adhesive as an embolization material are discussed.
Growth of loblolly pine stands after the first five years of uneven-aged silviculture using single-tree selection

The cjfects oftlzree levels cfresidual basal area 140,60, and 80,ft2/rac), rr~uxirnurn dbh (12, 16, and 20 in.) and site index ( QO,ft) otr the grvwth qt'loblullvpine {Pjnus taeda L. i srarzds after 5 yyr- of uncvcn aycd rilvici~ltrrr.~ were deterwtirzed jrnm plots located irz south Arkansas and tlorlh Z,onisiunir. Lksign~iteci 1ei)eZs of basal area and nzuximlim dbh were ac:hicved by hur-~wting; n q fncfor of 1.2 (using I irz. dB11 classes) was imposed on all plots as closely cu possible. Stand-level models were developed.for almidalper arra net volrrrwe growrh (rnrrchantiible rltbic.feer, sowtimber cubic feer, clnd sawtimber boardfeat, Doyle rule) and ltnnualper. ncre suwit.o~-gr-owth, ingl-owfh, arid mortulity c-orrrycmenfs of brzsul area growth. Growthfor all volume measures increased with an incrcasc in basalarea. Site indexdid notsignijicantly ~gfSect nten:h~zrrtahlr crtt~i~.~j"c~~~( ~i grcin'th but half apositive e&>ct on sa\vtinlber gro~vtlz in both cubic feet and board fcrf, T)oyyle. Incrrc~ses in mcz.xirnum dbf~ decreased merchantable and sau*tinber cubic-foot growth but increased
Common Arterial Trunk with Interrupted Aortic Arch

The surgical repair of Truncus Arteriosus Communis associated with an Interrupted Aortic Arch (TAC-IAA) is challenging. The association with a severe truncal valve regurgitation as well as the presence of pre-operative multiple organs failure is a major risk factor. The early mortality in the published series varies from 0 to 50 %. The two large multicentric studies of the CHSS in 2006 and the STS in 2013 show an early mortality of: 68 % (34/50) and – 21 % (12/58) respectively. Nevertheless, the results can be excellent in experienced centers using a modern one stage surgical technique, undertaken in the first weeks of life.
Postmodern Scientific Cosmology and the Christian God of Creation

After brief explanations of constructive postmodern science and its epistemology, and the most widely accepted cosmological theory, the Big Bang, this essay explores their potential for theological reflection on the Christian God of creation. Attention is given to the Christian doctrine creatio ex nihilo; concordism of it with the Big Bang is ruled out. The potential for consonance of postmodern Big Bang cosmology with the Christian God of creation is examined. In a revisionist move, an abstract, unipersonal theism is rejected as not true to Christian trinitarian revelation and therefore inappropriate for an exploration of consonance with Big Bang cosmology. Consonance of major elements of cosmic process, made intelligible by postmodern cosmology, with the exocentric Trinity “immanent to the world” is proposed.
Characteristics and Evaluation of Geographically Distant vs Geographically Nearby Living Kidney Donors.

Abstract Background Living donor kidney transplant (LDKT) can be impeded by multiple barriers. One possible barrier to LDKT is a large physical distance between the living donor's home residence and the procuring transplant center. Methods We performed a retrospective, single-center study of living kidney donors in the United States who were geographically distant (residing ≥150 miles) from our transplant center. Each distant donor was matched to 4 geographically nearby donors ( Results From 2007 to 2010, of 429 live kidney donors, 55 (12.8%) were geographically distant. Black donors composed a higher proportion of geographically distant vs nearby donors (34.6% vs 15.5%), whereas Hispanic and Asian donors composed a lower proportion (P = .001). Distant vs nearby donors had similar median times from donor referral to actual donation (165 vs 161 days, P = .81). The geographically distant donors lived a median of 703 miles (25% to 75% range, 244 to 1072) from our center and 21.2 miles (25% to 75% range, 9.8 to 49.7) from the nearest kidney transplant center. The proportion of geographically distant donors who had their physician evaluation (21.6%), psychosocial evaluation (21.6%), or computed tomography angiogram (29.4%) performed close to home, rather than at our center, was low. Conclusions Many geographically distant donors live close to transplant centers other than the procuring transplant center, but few of these donors perform parts of their donor evaluation at these closer centers. Black donors comprise a large proportion of geographically distant donors. The evaluation of geographically distant donors, especially among minorities, warrants further study.
Current Progress in Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Biliary Cancers

Purpose Biliary tract cancers (BTC) remain one of the poorest groups of malignancies in terms of long-term survival, with only limited success in improvements by the use of systemic chemotherapy and our current repertoire of molecularly targeted therapies. Treatments that aim to adapt the patient’s own immune system to target cancer cell have shown tremendous promise in treating solid tumors such as melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer, and there are many recently completed and ongoing studies looking to move immunotherapy into the treatment of BTC. We review here both preclinical and early clinical studies of immune therapies for BTC, including autologous cell transfer, vaccinations, and immunomodulatory approaches (e.g., immune checkpoint inhibitors).