cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of dietary clenbuterol on net flux across the portal-drained viscera, liver and hindquarters of steers (Bos taurus)

Abstract 1. Addition of the β-adrenergic agonist clenbuterol to the diet of steers increased blood flow in portal-drained viscera, liver and tissues of the hindquarters. 2. Uptake of oxygen increased with clenbuterol feeding in hindquarters but not portal-drained viscera or liver. 3. On day 1 of clenbuterol feeding, the principal source of circulating l -lactate switched from portal-drained viscera to hindquarters. 4. Both net release of α-amino nitrogen by the portal-drained viscera and net uptake by the hindquarters decreased on day 1 of clenbuterol feeding. Over time of clenbuterol feeding, both release of α-amino nitrogen by the portal-drained viscera and uptake by the hindquarters increased to equal or greater than pretreatment values, respectively.
Protective and anti-protective effects of acute ethanol exposure in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion

Epidemiological data suggest that a cardioprotective effect of acute alcohol exposure exists in humans. Recent studies in animal models indicate that transient alcohol exposure can indeed reduce myocardial infarct size and exert a preconditioning-like protective effect akin to ischemic preconditioning (IPC). Moreover, the mechanism of alcohol-induced cardioprotection in part resembles the signaling cascade triggered by ischemic preconditioning, with adenosine receptors, PKC, protein tyrosine kinases, and mitochondrial K(ATP) channels all being implicated as key components. However, it was also seen, at least in the rabbit, that if alcohol were present during the ischemic insult, it could block its own protection. The primary protective effect of alcohol use is probably in the chronic setting where alcohol exposure causes a second window type of protection that persists for many days thereafter. Regular moderate drinking should keep the heart in a second window state indefinitely.
Assessing Dietary Concerns: Do the Conventional Questions Adequately Measure Concern?

Abstract Dietary surveys of consumers frequently ask “How concerned are you about…?” when assessing food-related concerns. This conventional question form involves an assumption that respondents are concerned, or seems to suggest that they should be. Such questions also assume that the concerns expressed are based on relevant knowledge. One approach to overcoming the assumption of concern is to ask an initial filter question about whether the respondent is concerned. Those who express concern then can be asked how concerned they are. A filter question also can be used to determine respondents’ knowledge in order to deal with the assumption of awareness or knowledge. For this study, a national sample of respondents was randomly assigned to groups that were given alternative question forms. Their response patterns then were compared. One group was given the conventional question form asking how concerned they were about the amount of fat in the food they eat. A second group was given an initial question asking if they were concerned (concern filter); those who expressed concern then were asked their level of concern. A third group was given an initial question asking if they were aware of health problems caused by the amount of fat in the food they ate (awareness filter). Those who indicated they were aware were asked how concerned they were about their fat intake. Those given the conventional question form expressed significantly higher levels of concern than did those given the concern filter form or the awareness filter form. The comparison of the results for the first and second groups indicates that the conventional question form with its assumption of concern may encourage the overstatement of concerns. A comparison of the results for the first and third groups indicates that more respondents will indicate their lack of knowledge when asked a direct question with the awareness filter form than will volunteer such information with the conventional question form.
An integrated graphical development and debug environment supporting a multi-function parallel analog test instrument

This paper describes a software environment for experimentation, test development, and debugging that will address the needs of the test engineer. The environment allows the test engineer to interactively control multiple source and measurement functions from a single graphical environment. The environment also supports mathematical operations on source and measurement functions. During the experimentation and development phases, source and measurement information is clearly visible in a manner consistent with traditional bench top instrumentation. To support automated testing, the environment can be used to generate test code that reflects the state of the environment. This code can also be used to provide examples of how to program the instrument for various functions to assist in the creation of automatic test programs.
Observation of transition radiation from pions at 100–250 GeV☆

Abstract We report on the observation of transition radiation from pions at 100–250 GeV using a transition radiation detector (TRD). The detector consisted of multiwire proportional chambers and foil radiators. The observed spectra and efficiencies for separating pions from protons in this energy region are presented.
Optically pumped ultraviolet microdisk laser on a silicon substrate

We have fabricated ultraviolet microdisk lasers on silicon substrates. A thin layer of zinc oxide is grown on top of the silica microdisks and serves as the gain medium. Under optical pumping, lasing occurs in the whispering gallery modes of the hybrid microdisks at room temperature. Above the lasing threshold, a drastic increase of emission intensity is accompanied by a decrease of spectral width of the lasing modes.
Chemistry of pyrimidine. Proton magnetic resonance study of covalent hydration across the 3,4-carbon-nitrogen bond of 5-substituted pyrimidines

Pyrimidines containing 5-substituents which are weakly or strongly electron withdrawing undergo covalent hydration across the 3,4-carbon-nitrogen bond in aqueous acid. The degree of hydration was measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and was found to be dependent on the strength of the acid media and the electron withdrawing power of the 5-substituent.
The Crossed-Orbit Model of Helium

THE spectrum formula proposed for helium in my letter of March 1 (NATURE of April 28, p. 567), was shown to yield, for cos i = ½, the correct ionisation potential and, for, “,, 5/9, the four Lyman lines; with that corresponding to the former as the limit. The deduction of this formula (on lines by no means classical) and the attitude to be taken with regard to the “negative” results obtained in the meantime by Dr. Kramers by means of classical mechanics (Zeits. f. Physik, 13, 312) have been fully explained in a paper appearing in the June issue of the Astrophys. Journal, and need not be repeated here. The purpose of this letter is to point out some further peculiarities of the formula (a) as such, which will be seen to bring order into the apparently queer correlation given before.
On the distribution of vortex sizes and the long range potential

Abstract We study the effect of vortices of different size on the long range heavy quark potential. Under certain simplifying assumptions, we find that the subdominant term in the potential at long range is controlled by the distribution of vortices of large size.
Autonomic denervations influence ocular dimensions and intraocular pressure in chicks.

Choroidal thickness and axial eye length in the chick undergo day/night fluctuations that can also be modulated by visual experience. In the present study, we tested the effect of parasympathetic and sympathetic denervations on both day/night and image dependent changes in ocular dimensions. We also correlated such changes with fluctuations in intraocular pressure. Parasympathectomy influenced choroidal thickness and its day/night fluctuation, but had no effect on vision dependent choroidal thickness modulation. Parasympathectomy also influenced-to a lesser extent-axial length and reduced the axial growth response to form vision deprivation. Sympathectomy had little effect on ocular dimensions, but reduced the day/night differences in intraocular pressure. We conclude that (a) the parasympathetic nervous system influences both choroidal thickness and axial length and participates in the neural control mechanism leading to form deprivation myopia and, (b) the day/night fluctuations of choroidal thickness and axial length are unlikely to be explained by fluctuations in intraocular pressure. For the regulation of choroidal thickness, we hypothesize the existence of two independent mechanisms. One involves the parasympathetic nervous system; it influences the day/night choroidal thickness fluctuation. The other uses a separate pathway and is driven by visual input.
Merriam’s Kangaroo Rats (Dipodomys merriami) Voluntarily Select Temperatures That Conserve Energy Rather than Water

Abstract Desert endotherms such as Merriam’s kangaroo rat (Dipodomys merriami) use both behavioral and physiological means to conserve energy and water. The energy and water needs of kangaroo rats are affected by their thermal environment. Animals that choose temperatures within their thermoneutral zone (TNZ) minimize energy expenditure but may impair water balance because the ratio of water loss to water gain is high. At temperatures below the TNZ, water balance may be improved because animals generate more oxidative water and reduce evaporative water loss; however, they must also increase energy expenditure to maintain a normal body temperature. Hence, it is not possible for kangaroo rats to choose thermal environments that simultaneously minimize energy expenditure and increase water conservation. I used a thermal gradient to test whether water stress, energy stress, simultaneous water and energy stress, or no water/energy stress affected the thermal environment selected by D. merriami. During the nigh...
Depression is an Early Disease Manifestation in Lupus-Prone MRL/lpr Mice

Abstract Many lupus patients develop neuropsychiatric manifestations, including cognitive dysfunction, depression, and anxiety. However, it is not clear if neuropsychiatric lupus is a primary disease manifestation, or is secondary to non-CNS disease. We found that MRL/lpr lupus-prone mice exhibited significant depression-like behavior already at 8 weeks of age, despite normal visual working memory, locomotor coordination and social preference. Moreover, depression was significantly correlated with titers of autoantibodies against DNA, NMDA receptors and cardiolipin. Our results indicate that lupus mice develop depression and CNS dysfunction very early in the course of disease, in the absence of substantial pathology involving other target organs.
Non-functional requirements analysis modeling for software product lines

In most IT projects, software developers usually pay attention to functional requirements that satisfy business needs of the system. Non-functional requirements (NFR) such as performance, usability, security, etc. are usually handled ad-hoc during the system testing phase, when it is late and costly to fix problems. Due to the importance and criticality of NFR, I study the problem of modeling NFR for Software Product Lines (SPL), which adds yet an additional dimension of complexity. This paper will survey the software engineering literature, in search of a systematic way to analyze and design NFR, from the perspectives of the concept of commonality and variability of SPL and the characteristics of NFR. Finally, I will propose a methodology based on the extension of Product Line UML-Based Software Engineering (PLUS) techniques, for a unified and automated method to model NFR throughout all phases of SPL engineering.
SU‐GG‐I‐66: Measuring Thyroid Dose for a Multi‐Slice CT Scanner with OSL, TLD, and ImPACT in an Anthropomorphic Phantom and Teenage Patients

Purpose: To estimate thyroid dose from multi‐detector CT Head and Neck scans in an Anthropomorphic phantom using TLDs, OSLs, and the Monte Carlo‐based ImPACT software, and to compare the results to OSL doses obtained from teenage patients. Methods and Materials: Five TLD chips were inserted into each of the three holes surrounding the thyroid gland in the 9* slice of a Rando phantom. Four InLight/OSL nanoDot (Landauer Inc.) dosimeters were taped on the phantom surface (anterior, laterals, and posterior of the 9th slice) which was then positioned for head and neck scans on a 16‐slice CT scanner. A standard axial head scan was used followed by a helical neck scan. ImPACT software was used to determine the contribution of each scan to the total thyroid dose. Clinical doses were obtained from nanoDots which were placed on the skin over the thyroids of pediatric patients (ages from 15 to 17 y/o). Results: Average dose of all TLDs was 25.3 mGy. The total thyroid dose as calculated by ImPACT for both scans was 25.2 mGy. OSL dosimeters in the phantom gave the following readings: 40.1, 39.7, 39, and 32.8 mGy for anterior, left lateral, right lateral, and posterior positions, respectively. The average dose from the OSL placed on the patients' necks was found to be 37.5 mGy. Conclusion: The thyroid dose measurements obtained by using TLDs in a Rando phantom were similar to the dose calculated with the ImPACT software (p = 0.8). There was also good agreement between the values of the OSLs placed on the necks of the phantom and of three subjects. Preliminary results show the neck OSL readings overestimating the thyroid dose by a factor of 1.5. Results will be presented with a larger number of patient data and a relationship between surface and thyroid dose will be explored.
The price and quantity of land by legal form of organization in the United States

Abstract I develop estimates of the value, price and quantity of land owned by each of the major legal forms of organization in the United States. “Land” stands for all aspects of a developed property (location, amenities, option value, etc.) such that the market value of the property is worth more than the replacement cost of the structures. The estimates I produce are necessary ingredients in the production of a fully integrated set of economic accounts for the United States as described by Jorgenson and Landefeld (Jorgenson, Dale W., Landefeld, J. Steven, 2006. Blueprint for Expanded and Integrated U.S. Accounts – Review, Assessment, and Next Steps. In: Jorgenson, Dale W., Landefeld, J. Steven, Nordhaus, William D. (Eds.), A New Architecture for the U.S. National Accounts. The University of Chicago Press). The estimates also contribute to our understanding of the behavior of the aggregate price of land. A key result of this paper is that the price of land in residential use historically has very different patterns than the price of land in commercial use.
Analysis of Animal-Related Outages in Overhead Distribution Systems With Wavelet Decomposition and Immune Systems-Based Neural Networks

Outages in overhead distribution systems caused by different factors significantly impact their reliability. Since animals cause large number of outages in overhead distribution systems, analysis of these outages has a practical value as it allows utilities to keep track of historical trends. This paper presents a methodology for yearend analysis of animal-caused outages in the past year. Models to estimate weekly animal-caused outages in overhead distribution systems using combination of wavelet transform techniques and neural networks are presented. Discrete wavelet transform is applied to decompose the time series of weekly animal-caused outages into two components and separate neural networks are constructed for each decomposed coefficient series. The outputs of neural networks are combined according to wavelet reconstruction techniques to get estimated results for the weekly animal-caused outages. Artificial immune system (AIS) is used to overcome the overtraining problem associated with neural networks. Results obtained for four districts in Kansas of different sizes are compared with observed outages to evaluate performance of three different models for estimating these outages.
Dynamic data layouts for cache-conscious factorization of DFT

Effective utilization of cache memories is a key factor in achieving high performance in computing the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT). Most optimization techniques for computing the DFT rely on either modifying the computation and data access order or exploiting low level platform specific details, while keeping the data layout in memory static. In this paper we propose a high level optimization technique, dynamic data layout (DDL). In DDL, data reorganization is performed between computations to effectively utilize the cache. This cache-conscious factorization of the DFT including the data reorganization steps is automatically computed by using efficient techniques in our approach. An analytical model of the cache miss pattern is utilized to predict the performance and explore the search space of factorizations. Our technique results in up to a factor of 4 improvement over standard FFT implementations and up to 33% improvement over other optimization techniques such as copying on SUN UltraSPARC-II, DEC Alpha and Intel Pentium III.
PROOF OF A REAL-TIME MUTUAL-EXCLUSION ALGORITHM

Michael Fischer has proposed a mutual exclusion algorithm that ingeniously exploits real time. We prove this algorithm using the time-honored technique of establishing an appropriate invariant.
Controlling Nitrate Leaching in Irrigated Agriculture

The impact of improved irrigation and nutrient practices on ground water quality was assessed at the Nebraska Management System Evaluation Area using ground water quality data collected from 16 depths at 31 strategically located multilevel samplers three times annually from 1991 to 1996. The site was sectioned into four 13.4-ha management fields: (i) a conventional furrow-irrigated corn (Zea mays L.) field; (ii) a surge-irrigated corn field, which received 60% less water and 31% less N fertilizer than the conventional field; (iii) a center pivot-irrigated corn field, which received 66% less water and 37% less N fertilizer than the conventional field; and (iv) a center pivot-irrigated alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) field. Dating (3H/3He) indicated that the uppermost ground water was <1 to 2 yr old and that the aquifer water was stratified with the deepest water approximately 20 yr old. Recharge during the wet growing season in 1993 reduced the average NO3-N concentration in the top 3 m 20 mg L(-1), effectively diluting and replacing the NO3-contaminated water. Nitrate concentrations in the shallow zone of the aquifer increased with depth to water. Beneath the conventional and surge-irrigated fields, shallow ground water concentrations returned to the initial 30 mg NO3-N L(-1) level by fall 1995; however, beneath the center pivot-irrigated corn field, concentrations remained at approximately 13 mg NO3-N L(-1) until fall 1996. A combination of sprinkler irrigation and N fertigation significantly reduced N leaching with only minor reductions (6%) in crop yield.
Static Security Analysis based on Vulnerability Index (VI) and Network Contribution Factor (NCF) Method

This paper introduces a new approach of power system static security analysis based on the vulnerability index (VI) and network contribution factor (NCF) method. Vulnerability index method provides quantitative vulnerability information about generation, transmission, load condition, and the whole system. NCF method gives fast approximate power flow results due to parameter change (contingency) based on the base load flow condition and network information. The contingency list can be chosen based on NCF method and VI evaluation. Comparison with the full AC power flow method shows that this approach is promising for fast and accurate static security analysis
Development of a brushless doubly-fed machine for a limited-speed pump drive in a waste-water treatment plant

A 60 hp brushless doubly-fed machine (BDFM) pump drive, which is designed to replace an existing wound-rotor induction machine (WRIM) drive in a waste-water treatment plant, is discussed. Machine structural design as well as controller design are optimized according to the operational demands of the application. This paper focuses mainly on the controller design and implementation for the BDFM pump drive, in a limited-speed range of operation. The performance characteristics of the existing WRIM drive and the projected characteristics of the BDFM drive are presented. The microprocessor based drive controller is capable of performing start-up synchronization, speed control and near unity power factor operation, Additionally, the controller generates a shut-down signal during fault conditions such as power failure and loss of synchronism. Experimental results obtained from a low-power laboratory prototype BDFM are presented to verify the 60 hp design. >
Intensive Care, Old Age, and the Problem of Death in America

This article, part of a larger anthropological investigation of how death occurs in the hospital, explores the relationship of elderly deaths in the intensive care unit to the cultural conversation about the desire for “ldeath with dignity.” Based on participant observation, it provides three case studies that focus on the unfolding of events surrounding patient treatment, decision making, and family involvement. The cases are interpreted in the context of four sources of the culturally defined “problem” of death: (a) how medicine operates as the dominant conceptual framework for understanding both old age and death; (b) the power of the technological imperative to determine events; (c) ambivalence regarding end-of-life goals; and (d) the incommensurability of lay and medical knowledge.
Cost comparison of hand assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy and open nephrectomy: analysis of individual parameters.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Hand assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy (HAL) is an effective approach to nephrectomy that is less morbid than open nephrectomy (ON). In response to budgetary pressure at our large county hospital we reviewed the published experience and identified the cost components of HAL that could be targeted to decrease procedure cost.Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature review of HAL and ON was performed and certain parameters were abstracted, including operative (OR) time, operative equipment and hospital stay (LOS). Using these data the projected overall cost and individual cost centers at our institution for HAL and ON were compared. Decision tree analysis models were devised to estimate the cost of each treatment using computer software. One and 2-way sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the effect of individual treatment variables on overall cost.Results: The literature showed 6 and 9 reports on 127 and 419 patients for ON and HAL, respectively. LOS was 5 and 3 days for ...
The effect of intellectual ability on functional activation in a neurodevelopmental disorder: preliminary evidence from multiple fMRI studies in Williams syndrome

Williams syndrome (WS) is a rare genetic disorder caused by the deletion of approximately 25 genes at 7q11.23 that involves mild to moderate intellectual disability (ID). When using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to compare individuals with ID to typically developing individuals, there is a possibility that differences in IQ contribute to between-group differences in BOLD signal. If IQ is correlated with BOLD signal, then group-level analyses should adjust for IQ, or else IQ should be matched between groups. If, however, IQ is not correlated with BOLD signal, no such adjustment or criteria for matching (and exclusion) based on IQ is necessary. In this study, we aimed to test this hypothesis systematically using four extant fMRI datasets in WS. Participants included 29 adult subjects with WS (17 men) demonstrating a wide range of standardized IQ scores (composite IQ mean = 67, SD = 17.2). We extracted average BOLD activation for both cognitive and task-specific anatomically defined regions of interest (ROIs) in each individual and correlated BOLD with composite IQ scores, verbal IQ scores and non-verbal IQ scores in Spearman rank correlation tests. Of the 312 correlations performed, only six correlations (2%) in four ROIs reached statistical significance at a P value < 0.01, but none survived correction for multiple testing. All six correlations were positive. Therefore, none supports the hypothesis that IQ is negatively correlated with BOLD response. These data suggest that the inclusion of subjects with below normal IQ does not introduce a confounding factor, at least for some types of fMRI studies with low cognitive load. By including subjects who are representative of IQ range for the targeted disorder, findings are more likely to generalize to that population.
Is chronic primary major depression a distinct depression subtype

Abstract Eighteen chronic primary major depressives differed little from 106 nonchronic primary major depressives when compared on multiple clinical variables, including symptoms, longitudinal course, and family history. Chronic depressives had an earlier age of illness onset, more depressive episodes and were more likely to have attempted suicide at some time in their life. It is our interpretation that this data leaves open the issue of whether chronic depression is a distinct depressive subtype.
Regional aerosol retrieval results from MISR

Examples of aerosol retrieval results, derived from the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) on the Earth Observation Science (EOS) Terra platform, are shown and the performance of the retrieval algorithms are discussed, following the first 18 months of operational data processing. A number of algorithm modifications were implemented, based on an analysis of aerosol retrieval results during this period, and these changes are described. Two cloud-screening algorithms, the angle-to-angle smoothness and angle-to-angle correlation tests, which were used in the preprocessing phase of the analyses are also described. The aerosol retrieval examples cover a wide variety of conditions, both over land and water. Particular aerosol types include dust clouds, forest fire and volcanic plumes, and localized dense haze. Finally, some ideas are discussed for additional improvement of the MISR aerosol data product, based on the experience gained in analyzing multiangle data and the associated geophysical products.
Cost-Effectiveness of Access to Nonemergency Medical Transportation: Comparison of Transportation and Health Care Costs and Benefits

Although a lack of access to nonemergency medical transportation (NEMT) is a barrier to health care, national transportation and health care surveys and data sets have not comprehensively addressed this link. The current study builds on earlier work that identified and described the population that lacks access to health care because of transportation barriers by examining the combined transportation and health care impacts of providing access to NEMT for those who currently lack such access. The goal of this study was to compare the costs and benefits, including the potentially large net health benefits, of providing NEMT to those who lack access to it. This analysis uses data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, which is administered by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; the National Transit Database; and data provided by selected NEMT providers, as well as the transportation and health care literature. By a focus on 12 prevalent and costly medical conditions experienced by those who lack access to NEMT, it was determined that the provision of NEMT to those who currently lack it results in a net cost savings across the transportation and health care domains for four of these conditions (prenatal care, asthma, heart disease, and diabetes) and is cost-effective for the remaining eight conditions (influenza vaccinations, breast cancer screening, colorectal cancer screening, dental care, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension, depression, and end-stage renal disease). These cost-effectiveness analyses take into account increased life expectancy and improved quality of life and indicate that the provision of additional transportation is worth the investment for these eight conditions. On the basis of these findings, it was concluded that the provision of NEMT to those transportation-disadvantaged individuals who lack access to it would result in net societal benefits for all 12 conditions examined.
A virtual machine for merit-based runtime reconfiguration

This work advocates a merit-based reconfiguration policy. In the merit-based approach, each kernel that has a hardware implementation also has a software implementation. A runtime system performs continuous profiling of the application to decide which hardware reconfigurations are most profitable at any given time. Such a system can minimize thrashing, keeping the set of hardware-resident functionality constant over short intervals while still adapting to phased behavior in the application. Consequently, the system is better able to tolerate reconfiguration latencies. The main contribution of this work is the exhibition of a simple "merit" heuristic that can be used to direct reconfiguration. In this synopsis we present a brief overview of our ongoing work. First, a simple online algorithm for calculating a figure-of-merit for RTR systems is formalized. Next we describe its implementation and demonstrate a working prototype.
Neuroendocrine Effects of M-Chlorophenylpiperazine, a Serotonin Agonist, in Humans

M-Chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP) produces effects on the central serotonergic system in animals compatible with direct agonist activity on postsynaptic serotonin receptors. Although it is a metabolite of the antidepressant trazodone, m-CPP has not previously been given to humans. To evaluate the neuroendocrine, behavioral, and physiological effects of m-CPP, 15 normal subjects were given 0.5 mg/kg m-CPP, orally. Administered acutely under double blind, placebo-controlled conditions, m-CPP was well tolerated by 14 of the 15 subjects; it produced significant increases in plasma PRL and cortisol and in body temperature, without changing pulse or blood pressure. The mean (SD) maximal increases over baseline for PRL, cortisol and temperature were 13.4 (9.9) ng/ml, 10.1 (6.7) micrograms/100 ml, and 0.4 (0.2) C, respectively. A small but significant increase in self-rated activation-euphoria and anxiety was noted by some subjects, whereas there were no significant effects on ratings of depression, dysphoria, altered self-reality, or functional impairment. These results are similar to those for other serotonin agonists and, thus, suggest that m-CPP merits further study as a pharmacological probe of serotonergic responsivity in humans. The results also support the hypothesis that serotonin plays a role in the regulation of PRL, cortisol, body temperature, and mood.
Spacecraft charging potential during electron-beam injections into space plasmas

Injections of nonrelativistic electron beams from an infinite conductor have been simulated by using a two-dimensional electrostatic particle code to study the spacecraft charging potential. The simulations show that the conductor charging potential at the end of simulations does not vary with the beam density when the beam density exceeds four times the ambient density. The reflection coefficient, which determines a percentage of incident electrons reflected by the conductor, increases the charging potential. To charge the conductor to the beam energy, the reflection coefficient needs to be about 0.5. The results are applied to explain the spacecraft charging potential measured during the SEPAC (Space Experiments with Particle Accelerators) experiments from Spacelab 1. >
Cognitive training in Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis of the literature

Objective: To systematically review the literature and summarize the effect of cognitive training (CT) for Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients on multiple functional domains. Method: Effect sizes (Cohen's d) were calculated for 17 controlled studies identified through a comprehensive literature review. Results: An overall effect size of 0.47 was observed for all CT strategies across all measured outcomes. Mean effect sizes were higher for restorative (0.54) than for compensatory (0.36) strategies. Domain-specific effect sizes ranged from 2.16 (verbal and visual learning) to −0.38 (visuospatial functioning). Data are also presented on the relative impact of restorative and compensatory strategies for each domain of functioning. Conclusion: CT evidenced promise in the treatment of AD, with primarily medium effect sizes for learning, memory, executive functioning, activities of daily living, general cognitive problems, depression, and self-rated general functioning. Restorative strategies demonstrated the greatest overall effect on functioning. Several limitations of the published literature are discussed.
I Love You But I'm Not In Love with You*

This paper reports an investigation of the hypothesis that the meaning of love is different for different people. Six distinct concepts of love were isolated by using Smallest Space Analysis procedure. Ideal types of the six different styles of loving were constructed, following the work of Lee. The clinical implications of the findings were discussed, and a procedure for the management of cases involving incongruous concepts of love was proposed.
Genetic Variation in OAS1 Is a Risk Factor for Initial Infection with West Nile Virus in Man

West Nile virus (WNV) is a re-emerging pathogen that can cause fatal encephalitis. In mice, susceptibility to WNV has been reported to result from a single point mutation in oas1b, which encodes 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase 1b, a member of the type I interferon-regulated OAS gene family involved in viral RNA degradation. In man, the human ortholog of oas1b appears to be OAS1. The 'A' allele at SNP rs10774671 of OAS1 has previously been shown to alter splicing of OAS1 and to be associated with reduced OAS activity in PBMCs. Here we show that the frequency of this hypofunctional allele is increased in both symptomatic and asymptomatic WNV seroconverters (Caucasians from five US centers; total n = 501; OR = 1.6 [95% CI 1.2-2.0], P = 0.0002 in a recessive genetic model). We then directly tested the effect of this SNP on viral replication in a novel ex vivo model of WNV infection in primary human lymphoid tissue. Virus accumulation varied markedly among donors, and was highest for individuals homozygous for the 'A' allele (P<0.0001). Together, these data identify OAS1 SNP rs10774671 as a host genetic risk factor for initial infection with WNV in humans.
Labor and Delivery Complications among Teenage Mothers

A broad set of academic literatures shows that childbearing is associated with a variety of negative health outcomes for teenage mothers. Many researchers question whether teenage childbearing is the causal explanation for the negative outcomes (i.e., whether there is a biological effect of teenage childbearing or whether the relationship is due to other factors correlated with health and teenage childbearing). This study investigates the relationship between teenage childbearing and labor and delivery complications using a panel of confidential birth certificate data over the period from 1994 to 2003 from the state of Texas. Findings show that compared to mothers aged 25 to 29 having their first child, teenager mothers appear to have superior health in most--but not all--labor and delivery outcomes.
On the reduction of simultaneous switching in SoCs

The inexorable scaling of technology into the deep submicron era has been fuelled by the requirements of high performance, high on-chip integration of complex logic blocks, and short time-to-market windows. This has ensured that today's designs are densely packed systems of IP-cores, integrated on single chips. This leads to simultaneous switching noise (SSN) in the power and ground networks, which can be large enough to cause both functional and timing failures in the circuits. We propose a systematic approach to integrate clock tuning and flip-flop insertion to optimally spread out the switching times of IP-cores in system-on-s-chip circuits. A relaxation based method has been used to efficiently solve the above problem, and our experiments on wireless transceiver circuits show that we achieve a 30% reduction, on average, of maximum simultaneous switching current over the unoptimized circuits.
Performance of flat and spherical detectors with pinhole, a GATE study

427 Objectives Recently, new Cardiac SPECT camera designs have emerged with 5-8 times the sensitivity of the current clinical cameras (example GE Discovery Series using a configuration of flat-detectors with pinholes). We investigate performance improvement by using curved detectors instead of flat ones with pinholes. Methods Flat detector with a pinhole a=60mm focus and two spherical detectors Sphere1 and 2, with same pinhole, all NaI crystals, were considered. Sphere1 had center at the pinhole aperture (radius 72.11mm) and the second sphere (Sphere2) of radius 40mm with the center at the pinhole upper base (i.e. 60mm over the pinhole-aperture). Gate simulation of 9 5MBq point sources placed 0 to 80mm from the axis of pinhole, spaced 10mm apart, at depth 150mm below aperture yielded 3D positions for the gamma-ray interactions. Optical system is assumed to be fast-CCD with an image intensifier. We assume that the optical data can be used to estimate the depth-of-interaction [1]-[2]. The conditional probability of the estimated event locations given the true event locations is asymptotically a Gaussian [2]. We used a couple of models (Method1 and 2) for our estimation blur. Method1 assumed constant Gaussian blur of 3.2mm depth-wise along surface normal and perfect positioning on surface. A constant-resolution depth-blurring assumes that the mean-number-of-electrons varied linearly with depth (Eqn A.15, [1]). Method2 used an isotropic 3D Gaussian blurring with FWHM of 3.2mm. We back-traced the resultant detector data through the center of the pinhole and evaluate the FWHM and positional errors for the reconstructed point sources. Results Sphere2 and the flat detector yielded average FWHM of 11.42mm and 14.76 mm FWHM at 4mm pinhole-diameter. At pinhole diameter 5.5mm Sphere2 yielded 15.2mm FWHM. Positioning was sub-mm accurate. Method2 with isotropic smoothing yielded similar performance. Conclusions Sphere2 would yield a 23 % improvement of resolution or a 1.89 times improvement of sensitivity with similar resolution over the flat detector. Sphere1 had a modest performance improvement in resolution (9.4%) over flat. Research Support This work was supported fully by NIH grant 1R21HL102574
Dynamic Macrophage Polarization-Specific miRNA Patterns Reveal Increased Soluble VEGF Receptor 1 by miR-125a-5p Inhibition

Dynamic, epigenetic mechanisms can regulate macrophage phenotypes following exposure to different stimulating conditions and environments. However, temporal patterns of microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) a...
Cigarette Smoking Among Inmates by Race/Ethnicity: Impact of Excluding African American Young Adult Men From National Prevalence Estimates.

INTRODUCTION Cigarette smoking prevalence is more than two times greater among incarcerated adults, a population usually excluded from national health surveys. African American young adult (18-25) men are less likely to smoke cigarettes than their white counterparts. However, they are two and a-half-times more likely to be incarcerated. This study estimated smoking prevalence with noninstitutionalized and incarcerated samples combined to determine if excluding incarcerated adults impacts smoking prevalence for certain populations. METHODS The Bureau of Justice Statistics last fielded the Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correction Facilities in 2003-2004. We combined data from Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correction Facilities (n = 17 910) and the 2003 and 2004 National Health Interview Survey (n = 61 470) to calculate combined cigarette smoking estimates by race/ethnicity, sex, and age. RESULTS Inmates represented the greatest proportion of smokers among African American men. Among African American young adult men, inmates represented 15.2% of all smokers in the combined population, compared to 2.0% among white young adult men. Cigarette smoking prevalence was 17.6% in the noninstitutionalized population of young adult African American men and 19.7% in the combined population. Among white young adult men, cigarette smoking prevalence was 29.8% in the noninstitutionalized population, and 30.2% in the combined population. There was little difference in estimates among women. CONCLUSIONS The exclusion of incarcerated African American young adult men may result in a small underestimation of cigarette smoking prevalence in this population. Increasing access to smoking cessation support among inmates may reduce smoking prevalence in disproportionately incarcerated segments of the US population. IMPLICATIONS The exclusion of incarcerated adults from national survey data should be considered when examining differences in cigarette smoking prevalence estimates between African American and white young adult men. Approximately one in six African American young adult men who smoke were incarcerated. Increasing access to smoking cessation support among inmates may reduce smoking prevalence among disproportionately incarcerated segments of the population.
Effect of Nanoscale Morphology on the Conductivity of Polymerized Ionic Liquid Block Copolymers

Polymerized ionic liquid (POIL) block copolymers represent a unique class of materials for fundamental studies of single ion conduction as a function of morphology in microphase-separated polymer electrolytes for energy storage and conversion applications. We describe the synthesis of a series of poly(styrene-b-4-vinylbenzylalkylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide) (PS-b-PVBn(alkyl)ImTFSI; alkyl = CH3 (Me), n-C4H9 (Bu), n-C6H13 (Hex)) diblock copolymers (2.7–17.0 mol % POIL) via exhaustive functionalization and ion exchange of relatively narrow molecular weight dispersity poly(styrene-b-4-vinylbenzyl chloride) precursors derived from nitroxide-mediated block copolymerizations. The solid-state morphology of these PS-b-PVBn(alkyl)ImTFSI copolymers were studied using a combination of temperature-dependent synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). From electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements, we observe that lamellar samples having simil...
Atoms in Cavities

The field in a closed optical cavity with no absorption present can oscillate only at a sequence of discrete normal mode frequencies. When absorption is present, each of these normal mode frequencies is broadened into a band of finite width. An excited atom, placed within such a cavity, radiates only into those modes with which it posseses appreciable coupling. In an approximate sense then, if the frequency with which it radiates is v0, and its own spectral decay width is Г, it can only couple to modes possessing appreciable spectral density within the band from v0-Г to v0+Г. (Those must furthermore be modes with non-vanishing amplitudes at the atomic position.)
Prevalence of Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack in the Setting of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Retrospective Review (P07.001)

Objective: To assess the prevalence of stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack in the setting of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Background Ischemic stroke in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), Crohn9s Disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC), is a well-recognized phenomenon but its prevalence is unknown. The association between the type of IBD, disease severity, and stroke risk is also not well known. Design/Methods: We performed a retrospective review of 10,134 patients with IBD in a Cleveland Clinic database, by cross-matching ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes for stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) with those for IBD. We analyzed this data using a multivariable logistic regression method. Results: A total of 103 patients had IBD plus either stroke or TIA yielding a prevalence of 1.02 per 100 patients. We also analyzed the association of traditional vascular risk factors and stroke in the setting of IBD as well as IBD-related factors and stroke. Traditional vascular risk factors significantly increased stroke risk. Although not statistically significant, patients with extra-intestinal manifestations of IBD had a higher risk of stroke (OR 2.9) as did those with CD compared with UC (OR 1.3). Severity of disease, based on the number of IBD-related surgeries, did not correlate with stroke risk. We found no link between any particular medical therapy and stroke risk, but patients receiving statins had significantly fewer IBD-related surgeries than those not receiving statins (OR 2.07). The prevalence of stroke or TIA in our IBD population was lower than previously reported. Conclusions: Further studies are needed to clarify the association between IBD and stroke, to elucidate the risk factors, and to investigate the potential disease-modifying effect of statins in these patients. Disclosure: Dr. Dangayach has nothing to disclose. Dr. Fong has nothing to disclose. Dr. Katzan has received personal compensation for activities with Genentech Inc as a speaker. Dr. Rose has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lopez has nothing to disclose. Dr. Shen has nothing to disclose. Dr. DeGeorgia has received personal compensation for activities with Osram Medical Incorporated as a consultant.
Light Delay in Quantum Well Bragg Structures

A scheme for stopping, storing, and releasing light through manipulating the photonic bandstructure of quantum well Bragg structures is presented. It is shown that a reflection geometry offers a high degree of dispersive distortion compensation.
"You better not leave me shaming!": Conditional indirect effect analyses of anti-fat attitudes, body shame, and fat talk as a function of self-compassion in college women

The present investigation provided a theoretically-driven analysis testing whether body shame helped account for the predicted positive associations between explicit weight bias in the form of possessing anti-fat attitudes (i.e., dislike, fear of fat, and willpower beliefs) and engaging in fat talk among 309 weight-diverse college women. We also evaluated whether self-compassion served as a protective factor in these relationships. Robust non-parametric bootstrap resampling procedures adjusted for body mass index (BMI) revealed stronger indirect and conditional indirect effects for dislike and fear of fat attitudes and weaker, marginal effects for the models inclusive of willpower beliefs. In general, the indirect effect of anti-fat attitudes on fat talk via body shame declined with increasing levels of self-compassion. Our preliminary findings may point to useful process variables to target in mitigating the impact of endorsing anti-fat prejudice on fat talk in college women and may help clarify who is at higher risk.
Spinal epidural hematoma with delayed appearance of neurological symptoms

Two weeks after trauma a young man developed signs and symptoms of cervical radiculopathy and myelopathy. Myelography revealed an extradural mass in the spinal canal at the cervicothoracic junction. At operation an epidural hematoma was found, the pathological features of which suggested that it had been present since the injury. This case is exceptional in that spinal epidural hematomas are nearly always associated with rapidly progressing neurological syndromes.