cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth and death of bacteria and fungi underlie rainfall-induced carbon dioxide pulses from seasonally dried soil

The rapid increase in microbial activity that occurs when a dry soil is rewetted has been well documented and is of great interest due to implications of changing precipitation patterns on soil C dynamics. Several studies have shown minor net changes in microbial population diversity or abundance following wet-up, but the gross population dynamics of bacteria and fungi resulting from soil wet-up are virtually unknown. Here we applied DNA stable isotope probing with H218O coupled with quantitative PCR to characterize new growth, survival, and mortality of bacteria and fungi following the rewetting of a seasonally dried California annual grassland soil. Microbial activity, as determined by CO2 production, increased significantly within three hours of wet-up, yet new growth was not detected until after three hours, suggesting a pulse of nongrowth activity immediately following wet-up, likely due to osmo-regulation and resuscitation from dormancy in response to the rapid change in water potential. Total microbial abundance revealed little change throughout the seven-day post-wet incubation, but there was substantial turnover of both bacterial and fungal populations (49% and 52%, respectively). New growth was linear between 24 and 168 hours for both bacteria and fungi, with average growth rates of 2.3 x 10(8) bacterial 16S rRNA gene copies x [g dry mass](-1) x h(-1) and 4.3 x 10(7) fungal ITS copies x [g dry mass](-1) x h(-1). While bacteria and fungi differed in their mortality and survival characteristics during the seven-day incubation, mortality that occurred within the first three hours was similar, with 25% and 27% of bacterial and fungal gene copies disappearing from the pre-wet community, respectively. The rapid disappearance of gene copies indicates that cell death, occurring either during the extreme dry down period (preceding five months) or during the rapid change in water potential due to wet-up, generates a significant pool of available C that likely contributes to the large pulse in CO2 associated with wet-up. A dynamic assemblage of growing and dying organisms controlled the CO2 pulse, but the balance between death and growth resulted in relatively stable total population abundances, even after a profound and sudden change in environment.
Regulation of Cardiac Muscle Contraction- How Paramount Are the Sarcomeres?

at the 2006 experimental biology meeting, the American Physiological Society sponsored a symposium on the Regulation of Cardiac Muscle Contraction, and this same topic received a Call for Papers to the American Journal of Physiology- Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology . Much of the
Suicidal Behaviors Among Muslim Women. Patterns, Pathways, Meanings, and Prevention.

Abstract. Background: The literature on Muslim women's suicidality has been growing. Comprehensive reviews are, however, unavailable, and theory needs development. Aims: This article reviews and integrates theories and findings about Muslim women's suicidality. Method: Two databases (PsycINFO and Web of Science) were searched for publications about Muslim women's suicidality. Results: There is significant variability in Muslim women's patterns of suicidality across Muslim-majority communities and countries. Muslim women represent half to nearly all cases of nonfatal suicidal behavior. According to the official records of Muslim-majority countries, women's suicide mortality is lower than that of men. Community studies, however, show that in some areas, Muslim women have significantly higher suicide rates than Muslim men. Both nonfatal and fatal suicidal behaviors are most common among uneducated and poor rural young women. Muslim women's typical suicide methods vary by locale, and include self-burning, han...
Measurement of Built-in Electrical Potential in Cu(In, Ga)Se2 Solar Cells

The built-in electrical potential on cross sections of Cu(In, Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells was measured quantitatively and resolved spatially using scanning Kelvin probe microscopy. In the conditions of open and short circuits, no significant potential variation on the p-n junction was probed due to the surface Fermi-level pinning. With an external reverse-bias voltage applied to the device, we were able to probe the potential on the junction; the potential profiles demonstrate that the p-n junction is a buried homojunction, located 30-80 nm from the CIGS/CdS interface in the CIGS film. The potential measurement over the CdS and ZnO layers, which is consistent with the band diagram calculations, indicates that the CdS and ZnO layers are inactive for the collection of photoexcited carriers.
The Pirates of the Indian Ocean: A Case Study of How Ship Piracy Has Affected the Economy of the Seychelles and How the Seychellois Are Fighting Back

Seychelles is currently working to solve their piracy problem not simply manage it. Although numerous measures are underway by a multinational force, piracy continues to develop into a lucrative business. Severing the ties between piracy financiers and their criminal networks will help eliminate these activities. A standard policy mandating the arrest, prosecution, hold, and transport of all pirates is essential to solve the problem and deter this menace.
Objective and Subjective Knowledge and HIV Testing among College Students

Abstract Little research has been conducted on the knowledge domain specifically related to HIV testing among college students. Students (age 18–24) were recruited from a major university in the southeastern United States to participate in a Web-based survey during spring 2003 (N=440). About 21% of the students reported previous voluntary HIV tests. Reliability of the overall knowledge test demonstrated good internal consistency (alpha=0.71). Students scored higher on items related to HIV/AIDS in general (percentage correct=82.3%) and lower on items related to HIV testing (percentage correct=70.8%). Subjective rating on HIV testing knowledge (mode=low) was also lower than that of HIV/AIDS in general (mode=medium). Although analyses of knowledge and prior testing revealed significant associations, when using both objective and subjective knowledge in predicting prior HIV testing, only subjective HIV testing knowledge revealed a significant coefficient (odds ratio=2.63). Results indicated both objective kno...
Response Surface Approximations for Fatigue Life Prediction

Response surface methodology is used to construct response surface approximations for the fatigue life of structures with complex geometry and/or loading conditions. The smooth nature of the response surface approximations eliminates numerical noise, which is inherent to the numerical analysis procedures used to estimate the fatigue life. Procedures for constructing the required response surface approximations, as well as for implementing the resulting approximations in the design process, are discussed. The durability of a structure is introduced into the design process by including the minimum fatigue life as a constraint in a minimum weight optimization of the structure. The smoothness of the response surface approximations allows the use of a derivative based optimization in the design process. Two example problems, typical of the automotive industry, are evaluated to illustrate the proposed methodology. Both example problems have structures modeled by plate elements and the objective of the optimization problem is to find the optimum thickness distribution for a minimum specified fatigue life. It is shown that the thickness
Contact modeling in boundary element analysis including the simulation of thermomechanical wear

Abstract Computational mechanics codes include contact or over-closure models to account for contact stiffness, which can be related to surface roughness and nominal pressure from Greenwood and Williamson. We present results of wear simulation studies with adjustable contact parameters for a ring-on-ring sliding configuration. A boundary element code is used to solve the non-linear contact problem with an axisymmetric thermoelastic representation of the rings, along with a localized Archard wear model. Parametric studies indicate the extent to which the wear tracks can be affected by the roughness and wear history. The effects range from minor to moderately significant, with areas of maximum wear shifting radially. Contact parameters influence pressure, temperature and wear distributions, with stiffer contacts resulting in greater localization.
Spatially Reversible Electric Field-Induced Permeation in Pure and Mixed Langmuir-Blodgett Layers of Hemicyanine Dyes and Octadecanoic Acid on Poly(2-Vinylpyridine)

Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of the hemicyanine dyes 4-(4-dihexadecylaminostyryl)- N-methylpyridinium iodide and 4-(4-dioctylaminostyryl)-N-propylsulfonate pyridinium mixed with octadecanoic acid have been deposited onto H2O-swollen poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VP) as mass transport barriers. The transport properties of these structures have been studied both with and without the application of an electric field in the range 0 ≤ E ≤ 100 V/cm, by observing the rate of permeation of both anionic (fluorescein) and zwitterionic (rhodamine B) fluorophores. The apparent diffusion coefficient at E = 0 decreases exponentially with the number of monolayers through which the probe molecule must permeate, in agreement with a hole-mediated permeation model. Application of an external electric field is observed to control the rate and direction of the mass transport of the probe molecule across the barrier layer. The electric field effect is both spatially reversible, i.e. the probe can be transported in either direction across the barrier layer, and temporally reversible, i.e. the permeability cycles with the field between large values when the field is on and small values when it is not applied. The results are consistent with an interpretation in which electroporation is the dominant mechanism for transport in the field-on state.
A New MSE Curriculum

The MSE Department at MIT has developed a new undergraduate curriculum, and has implemented it for Sophomores in the 2003–2004 academic year. The Junior and Senior year curricula will be implemented as the current Sophomores advance. In addition to major core topic additions such as biomaterials and computational modeling, the new curriculum features a novel mixing of laboratory and lecture hours. This permits students to experience hands-on applications of materials in the laboratory immediately after covering the associated theory in lecture. The curriculum was developed in consultation with both students and our external community (Visiting Committee, ABET, alumni), and it required construction of substantial new laboratory facilities. It also required a novel approach to scheduling, in which some loss of flexibility was accepted to gain coherence and relevance of topics.
How do you test a digital sphygmomanometer

I ncreasing health-consciousness has greatly stimulated the use of self-monitoring equipment, including digital (electronic) sphygmomanometers. Many individuals now routinely check their blood pressures at home with these units. Easy to use and relatively inexpensive, they are a boon particularly to people who cannot use traditional sphygmomanometers due to sensory or physical impairments. Now, in addition to instructing your patients on proper measurement technique, you will want to assure the accuracy of their digital units at the time of purchase and at regular intervals.
Trap Design and Other Factors Influencing Capture of Male Potato Tuberworm Moths by Virgin Female Baited Traps

With virgin females as bait, 8 different trap designs deployed at 2 heights and 2 orientations were evaluated for their efficiency in capturing adult males of Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller). The Pherocon™ 1C trap was superior to all other designs tested but had a tendency to become coated with dust. Its performance was independent of the heights tested. Although significantly less efficient, the Pherocon™ 1CP and 1CPY (with and without flag) captured numerous males and were less prone to collecting dust. Pherocon 1C traps deployed with mated females were no more attractive to males than unbaited traps. Virgin females between 0 and 6 days post-emergence were most attractive to males; this attraction continued at a lower level for at least 10 days.
Does Processing Level Affect Vegetable Region of Production Certification Preferences

ABSTRACTWhile a number of U.S. agricultural industries have implemented a region of production (ROP) certification, little research has focused on ROP valuation associated with both whole and processed forms of a food product. Understanding consumer preferences toward certified products sold in multiple forms is critical to the success of a new certification program in an industry that sells products at multiple levels of processing. This study examines preferences for a possible ROP-certified vegetable across two product forms: fresh and processed. Discrete choice analysis was conducted using data collected from an online panel survey of 553 U.S. food consumers. A chile pepper product’s ROP was deemed important by participants, although the ROP certifier appears to matter less than other potential certifications (e.g., safety, quality). Differences in the importance of ROP between product forms suggest a single certification can have disparate effects on consumer preferences for different forms of a ROP-...
Age-dependent decrease in the amount of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 in various rat tissues

Recent studies have suggested that the decline in protein synthesis that occurs in rat liver and brain during development and aging is associated with a decrease in the activity of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF-2). One way in which eIF-2 activity could be decreased in tissue extracts would be through a decrease in the activity of the GDP exchange factor, eIF-2B. In the present study, the activity of eIF-2B was measured in tissue extracts and was found to be less in older than in younger rats. Thus a decrease in eIF-2B activity could account for part of the decrease in protein synthesis that occurs during aging. Another way in which eIF-2 activity could be decreased would be through a decrease in amount of the protein. Therefore the amount of eIF-2 in various tissues was quantified by protein immunoblot analysis. We found that the amount of eIF-2 relative to total protein tended to fall with increasing age. Furthermore, eIF-2 content was directly proportional to the rate of protein synthesis in the tissues examined. Finally, slot-blot analysis of polyadenylated RNA revealed no significant change in the relative abundance of eIF-2 alpha mRNA with age. The last-mentioned experiments suggest that the synthesis of eIF-2 may be regulated through changes in the deficiency of translation of eIF-2 alpha mRNA rather than through changes in gene transcription.
Characterization of N-nitrosourea-induced tumors of the nervous system; their prospective value for studies of neurocarcinogenesis and brain tumor therapy

Two decades of research with resorptive neurocarcinogens firmly established the high potency of methyl and ethylnitrosourea (MNU and ENU) as neurocarcinogens, particularly in rats. There are significant differences in susceptibility to these agents among species. There are also differences among age groups. Fetuses are between 50 to 100 times more susceptible than adult rats. One single iv inoculation of 20-50 mg/kg ENU into pregnant rats may produce neurogenic tumors in 100% of the offspring. The tumors produced by these compounds have been well characterized morphologically, biologically, biochemically and histochemically. Tumors produced by both compounds are mostly gliomas and neurinomas (Schwannomas), however, clear differences exist between ENU and MNU produced neoplasms. Transplacental exposure to ENU generally results in a high number of anaplastic neurinomas and mostly differentiated gliomas (astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas or mixed gliomas). In contrast, multiple exposures of adult rats to MNU result in a moderate number of mostly differentiated neurinomas and a high number of anaplastic gliomas. Tumors usually start out as well differentiated oligodendrogliomas or astrocytomas. As they grow larger, they become more mixed and anaplastic. In contrast to spontaneous gliomas in old rats, MNU and ENU-induced astrocytomas can be readily identified with well established biomarkers such as the S100 protein and particularly GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein). Neurinomas are also strongly positive for S100 protein. No reliable markers exist for oligodendrogliomas. Neurogenic tumors induced by MNU or ENU, as well as derived cell lines and clones from such tumors, have been successfully used as models for neurocarcinogenesis and therapeutic screening.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Mucosal tolerance disruption favors disease progression in an extraorbital lacrimal gland excision model of murine dry eye

Dry eye is a highly prevalent immune disorder characterized by a dysfunctional tear film and a Th1/Th17 T cell response at the ocular surface. The specificity of these pathogenic effector T cells remains to be determined, but auto-reactivity is considered likely. However, we have previously shown that ocular mucosal tolerance to an exogenous antigen is disrupted in a scopolamine-induced murine dry eye model and that it is actually responsible for disease progression. Here we report comparable findings in an entirely different murine model of dry eye that involves resection of the extraorbital lacrimal glands but no systemic muscarinic receptor blockade. Upon ocular instillation of ovalbumin, a delayed breakdown in mucosal tolerance to this antigen was observed in excised but not in sham-operated mice, which was mediated by interferon γ- and interleukin 17-producing antigen-specific T cells. Consistently, antigen-specific regulatory T cells were detectable in sham-operated but not in excised mice. As for other models of ocular surface disorders, epithelial activation of the NF-κB pathway by desiccating stress was determinant in the mucosal immune outcome. Underscoring the role of mucosal tolerance disruption in dry eye pathogenesis, its prevention by a topical NF-κB inhibitor led to reduced corneal damage in excised mice. Altogether these results show that surgically originated desiccating stress also initiates an abnormal Th1/Th17 T cell response to harmless exogenous antigens that reach the ocular surface. This event might actually contribute to corneal damage and challenges the conception of dry eye as a strictly autoimmune disease.
The Role of Glutathione and Glutathione S-Transferases in Acquired Drug Resistance

A selected population from a wild type (WS) Walker 256 rat mammary carcinoma has been demonstrated to have a 20-fold resistance to nitrogen mustards. However, these resistant cells (WR) have no collateral resistance to nitrosoureas. A direct correlation between the carbamoylating activity and cytotoxicity has been found in this cell line. A one-hour incubation with N,N’-bis-(trans-4-hydroxycyclohexyl)-N’,-nitrosourea (BCyNU) (which decomposes to produce carbamoylating isocyanate species, but no alkylating species) at a concentration of 5 x 10-3M resulted in a 50% inhibition of glutathione reductase (GR) activity in WS and 100% in WR. Similar nitrogen mustard concentrations had no effect on GR activity. The basal levels of this enzyme showed that the GR activity in the WR cells was approximately half of the WS (3.98 vs 8.67 nmoles NADPH oxidised/mg protein/min). Glutathione S-transferases have been shown to protect cells against alkylating species. Basal activity in WR is twice that of WS (28.3 vs 14.1 nmoles/mg/min with CDNB as substrate). ID50 concentrations of alkylating and carbamoylating agents did not deplete transferase activity. The reduced efficiency of GR in WR cells may account for their relative sensitivity to carbamoylation. The presence of double minutes, a marker for gene amplification, and the increased glutathione S-transferase activity in the WR may be commensurate with an increased capacity of the resistant cells to deal with the electrophilic alkylating species and express resistance.
Catalyst Design Studies – Modeling Effectiveness and Multiplicity in Partially Impregnated Catalysts for Exothermic Reactions

Abstract The catalyst effectiveness factor for partially impregnated catalysts, in which a first order exothermic reaction occurs, is determined with and without external heat and mass transfer limitations. The problem of multiplicities is discussed, and uniqueness criteria are given. For the case without external limitations, the results obtained can be summarized as follows: 1. In the multiple solution region, partially impregnated catalysts show a much higher normalized effectiveness factor than fully impregnated ones. 2. If the predictions of these models are compared to the ones from an isothermal model, identical performance is shown at low and high Thiele moduli, while significant differences appear at intermediate values. 3. If the active material is deposited away from the external surface, the observable rate at high Thiele moduli is completely independent of the kinetic parameters. This finding forms the basis for a proposed method of measuring effective diffusion coefficients at reaction conditions. In case of external transfer limitations, it is found that for a wide range of the parameters involved, partially impregnated catalysts show no multiplicities, in contrast to totally loaded or front-loaded catalysts.
Bedside Neurologic Monitoring

While in some centers, patients with neurologic emergencies may be admitted to a neurointensive care unit and cared for by neurointensivists, across most centers in the United States and Western Europe, such patients are admitted to general surgical or medical intensive care units. It is thus essential that all intensivists be familiar with the basic diagnostic tools and treatment pathways related to neurologic monitoring. This chapter will focus on the methods that providers can use to monitor neurological status in the intensive care setting.
Pharmacogenetics. Promise and potential in child and adolescent psychiatry.

The range of recent promising clinical applications of pharmacogenetics, the nature of genetic research on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic issues, the possible contribution of pharmacogenetics to understanding pathogenesis, and the appropriate genetic methods to be employed are reviewed in this article. Following an overview of the research on the role of dopamine-and serotonin-related alleles in influencing risk to neuropsychiatric disorders, separate sections then review the specific pharmacogenetic studies examining the effects of dopamine- and serotoninrelated genes on drug response. The potential use of pharmacogenetics in child and adolescent psychopharmacology and the possible directions for future research also are discussed.
Locate, Evaluate, Activate

This chapter puts forth a framework for students to understand the almost overwhelming amount of information that they are inundated with daily. The framework draws from a number of research bases, from library science, media literacy framework, service learning, and knowledge mobilization to name a few. First students are instructed how to locate information. This portion of the framework pays attention to different sources and where to find them. The evaluation section examines how to evaluate and understand the information one locates. Finally, the activate shows ways that the information which was located and evaluated can actually be used in real-life settings. The chapter concludes by linking the LEA method with relevant skills, dispositions, and school climate attributes.
How Community Colleges in Texas Prioritize Resources for Latino Men

ABSTRACTThis study explored how administrators at community colleges conceptualized change related to resource allocation and managing competing priorities to support targeted programming for Latino men. The study included the perspectives of 39 administrators from seven community colleges across Texas using concepts associated with institutional change to ground our analysis. Findings revealed that state and national initiatives, particularly those concerned with enhancing success for students of color, influenced how community college administrators approached change on their campuses. In addition, community college institutional mission, leadership, and a desire for data-informed resource management influenced the approach to resource allocation for Latino men.
Welfare and Poverty Impacts of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme: Evidence from Andhra Pradesh, India

This paper uses a three-round 4,000-household panel from Andhra Pradesh together with administrative data to explore short and medium-term poverty and welfare effects of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme. Triple difference estimates suggest that participants significantly increase consumption (protein and energy intake) in the short run and accumulate more nonfinancial assets in the medium term. Direct benefits exceed program-related transfers and are most pronounced for scheduled castes and tribes and households supplying casual labor. Asset creation via program-induced land improvements is consistent with a medium-term increase in assets by nonparticipants and increases in wage income in excess of program cost.
The History of Clinical Sociology in the United States

This chapter covers the development of clinical sociology in the United States beginning with the late 1800s. The contributions of four prominent scholar-practitioners—Jane Addams, W.E.B. Du Bois, Charles G. Gomillion and James Laue—are featured. A brief overview is provided of the first use of the term clinical sociology and the first clinical sociology courses. Some contemporary contributions are then mentioned including information about individual certification and program accreditation.
The Dynamic Nature of Activated Faultlines: Does Task Allocation Matter?

We theorize and investigate temporal aspects of activated faultlines. We also examine a reciprocal relationship over time between activated faultlines and task allocation, as well as their interact...
Erosion models: use and misuse on rangelands

Erosion modeling is currently of limited use in combating rangeland desertification. Empirical (e.g., RUSLE) and mechanistic (e.g., WEPP) erosion models exist, but are primarily designed for cropland systems and are difficult to adapt for use on rangelands. This is due to a critical lack of erosion data representing rangeland ecosystems. In particular, the feedback between changes in vegetation characteristics, hydrology and erosion processes is not well understood. For rangeland erosion modeling to move forward, improved databases and model parameter estimation techniques that represent vegetation, soil, and management-induced spatial and temporal variability are needed for model building, testing and implementation. To better address global desertification issues, erosion modeling must move beyond general or simplistic long-term erosion estimates. Future erosion models must be usable in an ecological context and address “state and transition” and “threshold” concepts and principles.
A Multi-agent Model with Dynamic Leadership for Fault Diagnosis in Chemical Plants

Timely fault detection and diagnosis are critical matters for modern chemical plants and refineries. Traditional approaches to fault detection and diagnosis of those complex systems produce centralized models that are very difficult to maintain. In this article, we introduce a biologically inspired multi-agent model which exploits the concept of leadership; that is, when a fault is detected one agent emerges as leader and coordinates the fault classification process. The proposed model is flexible, modular, decentralized, and portable. Our experimental results show that even using simple detection and diagnosis methods, the model can achieve comparable results to those from sophisticated centralized approaches.
Higher Order Indicator with Rank-Related Clustering in Multi-indicator Systems

We extend exploration and application of a compound ranking regime for multi-indicator systems based on partial order theory that coordinates principal down-set, up-set, and comparability. We use this “balance of normalized definitive status (BONDS)” ranking in conjunction with augmented hierarchical clustering for comparing clusters as graded groups to obtain information relevant to number of clusters, group-wise ordering, and interaction of indicators. A case study is conducted with localities as instances (objects) and percentages for kinds of land cover as indicators. Hierarchical clustering is accomplished with the hclust facility of R software in conjunction with customized computational support in R.
Treatment of chronic organic mental disorders associated with alcoholism.

Considering the magnitude of the problem, the treatment of alcoholism-associated chronic organic mental disorders has not been extensively studied. Alcoholic organic brain disease is heuristically viewed as the admixture of clinical syndromes of impairment [alcoholic amnestic disorder or Korsakoff’s psychosis (KP) and dementia associated with alcoholism (DAA)], each with its distinguishing cognitive, neuropathological, and neurochemical characteristics. Differences between KP and DAA are highlighted by studies that compare KP patients with those having Alzheimer’s disease or depression. Furthermore, treatment of cognitive deficits in KP and DAA may be modeled after strategies that have proved effective for these other neuropsychiatric disorders. Although abstinence and proper nutrition remain the cornerstones of treatment, pharmacological modification of neurotransmitter function and/or enhancement of cerebral metabolism combined with behavioral methods may also be beneficial. Serotonergic approaches to improve memory in detoxified alcoholics may also reduce alcohol intake, and this has implication for treatment of less impaired alcoholics.
The Transnational Key: Response to Judit Bokser Liwerant’s 2017 Sklare Lecture

Judit Liwerant’s exploration of the “binomial” of the national and the transnational takes up one of the most significant shifts in history and the social sciences of the last few decades. Her focus on Latin American Jewry and how it is transformed by a transnational approach is consistent with a parallel focus in the study of North American Jewry. Liwerant’s analysis of the constantly shifting processes experienced by the Jews of the Americas underlines the constant negotiations involved in historical memories, networks, migration flows and cultural bonds that were and are never contained by national boundaries. Her work is a timely and important contribution to transnational studies of Jews.
Searching for Solutions

This chapter sets forth the strategy for obtaining bids from the best sources that match the requirements. There are challenges to determine what types of vendor and/or consulting firms need to be selected and what preliminary steps firms should exercise before asking for a formal bid. This section also addresses the types of searches that can be done, from hiring a third-party consulting firm, an independent contractor, to a more public forum. Levels of searches are also addressed, including having decision points where certain vendors get eliminated and narrowed to a final group of acceptable solutions. The section also covers the ways to contact potential solution firms and the procedures for doing the necessary due diligence of not only the product but also the firm itself. That is, too many firms may not be as dependable as its marketing materials suggest. Solutions also include hybrid approaches where both third-party and internally developed software can be integrated. New solutions today also require a broader scope, as some solutions may rely more on “big data” solutions as opposed to new process applications. Future application solutions must also address new global needs and security features to address the cybersecurity attacks experienced by companies over the past decade. Today, organizations are scrambling to configure strategies that can deal with the existing legacy systems that contain security exposures and replacing them with new products that can also meet government requirements, especially on those that have restrictions on the use of data.
A Framework and Methods for Researching the Interplay of Internal and External Memory

In this chapter we provide a summary of the results of the current study, which we described in detail in Chapters 1, 2, 3 and 4. We also discuss the limitations of the current study, with an eye toward future research. Most importantly, we present a framework that synthesizes the relative strengths and main purposes of internal and external memory and the directional ways in which they affect each other. This framework should help organize both the interpretation of past research and the development of future research. Finally, we review the most relevant research methods available for the study of external memory.
The vicissitudes of the politics of “life": Max Horkheimer and Herbert Marcuse’s reception of phenomenology and vitalism in Weimar Germany

L’article seguent s’ocupa d’aclarir la relacio ambivalent que Max Horkheimer i Herbert Marcuse van desenvolupar amb les tendencies vitalista i fenomenologica que van permear la filosofia i les ciencies socials durant la republica de Weimar. Mes precisament, documenta com ambdos pensadors, alhora que van reconeixer el «moment de veritat» latent en la critica al positivisme del segle XIX, expressat pels referents genuinament filosofics dels dos moviments (Husserl, Bersong, Dilthey), van detectar el desenvolupament popularitzant d’un perillos irracionalisme filosofic, suspicac davant la ciencia i els valors il·lustrats, que aviat va esdevenir complice de l’auge del totalitarisme.
PERFORMANCE OF POLYGENIC SCORES ACROSS ANCESTRALLY DIVERSE POPULATIONS: SCIENTIFIC AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

Background Polygenic scores (i.e. weighted metrics of phenotype-associated alleles) are now widely used in research and by companies like 23M predictive performance was usually better than in EA samples. Across the 1000Genomes populations, mean polygenic scores for each population were positively correlated with average height of individuals in regions from which the 1000Genomes data were obtained (r=.63, p=.009). Discussion Consistent with population genetic models (e.g. Scutari et al. 2016), polygenic prediction was worse in AA individuals when using EA GWAS data to weight polygenic scores. The same was not true for Latino and Asian samples. This could be due to sampling error, but also suggests that the relative importance of genetic and environmental effects may vary across populations. The positive correlation between mean polygenic scores for height in the 1000Genomes populations, and mean height for relevant populations, suggests that differences in polygenic scores across populations may contribute to population level differences in phenotypes. However, without evaluation of relevant environmental factors, it would be inaccurate to conclude that genetic differences explain observed phenotypic differences. Here we use the example of height, but this caveat is just as important for other complex genetic phenotypes including psychiatric disorders.
Collective action spillover and alternative organizations: the influence of piquetero protest activity on worker-recuperated businesses in Argentina, 1998-2007

"This study examines the Argentine worker-recuperated businesses movement during the economic crisis of the late 1990s and early 2000s—wherein workers preserved their jobs by taking control of failed businesses and managing them cooperatively—to understand how social movement activism spills over to work organizations. It is proposed that the cultural frames and tactics produced by other collective action campaigns provided the cultural tools that facilitated the recuperation of failed businesses by employees; time-series analyses test for the effect of collective action legacies (e.g. past labor protests involving workers’ occupation of businesses) and contemporaneous movement spillover (e.g. state-oriented ‘piquetero’ activism among unemployed workers) on yearly counts of worker-recuperated businesses. The findings carry implications for understanding the pathways by which social movement activism influences mobilizations within work organizations."
Multimodal interaction for 2D and 3D environments [virtual reality]

The allure of immersive technologies is undeniable. Unfortunately, the user's ability to interact with these environments lags behind the impressive visuals. In particular, it's difficult to navigate in unknown visual landscapes, find entities, access information and select entities using six-degrees-of-freedom (6-DOF) devices. We believe multimodal interaction-specifically speech and gesture-will make a major difference in the usability of such environments.
Idiopathic Terminal Ileal Ulceration Mimicking Crohn's in the Setting of Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation.

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has precipitously decreased the morbidity associated with human immunodeficiency virus but can unmask and exacerbate opportunistic infections and autoimmune diseases. Various diseases have been reported in association with ART initiation, but there is scant literature describing inflammatory colitis in the setting of ART initiation. We present a 39-year-old man with chronic untreated human immunodeficiency virus and central nervous system toxoplasmosis who developed persistent diarrhea after initiation of ART. A comprehensive infectious workup was negative. Computed tomography demonstrated terminal ileum enteritis, which was confirmed by colonoscopy. Biopsy of the terminal ileum revealed fibrinous exudate and granulation tissue.
A Relational Approach to Clinical Practice with African-American Clients

A relational approach to social work practice offers an opportunity to enhance the delivery of mental health services to African-American clients. In addition to an understanding of race as a social construction, the relational social worker possesses the capacity to build trust, display authentic empathy, create mutuality, and engage in critical self-reflection, all of which can contribute to effectively meeting the unique challenges of working with Black clients. The potential disruptive impact of the social worker’s countertransference reactions involving racial stereotypes, inaccurate assumptions about racial identity and unacknowledged fear, and guilt about racial and other cultural differences is acknowledged through the use of case examples. The compatibility of relational social work practice with core cultural values of African-Americans is underscored.
Core Specialization, Performance, and the Market for International Analysts

In this article, we investigate the relationship between core specialization, earnings forecast accuracy, and employment prospects of international equity analysts over the period 1996-2002. We find that forecast accuracy is higher for stocks that are in an analyst's core portfolio, and analysts provide more accurate forecasts when core stocks account for a larger fraction of their portfolios. However, analysts whose entire portfolio is comprised of core stocks provide less accurate forecasts than those for whom non-core stocks account for a relatively small fraction of their portfolio. These results bring out the tensions between the benefits that arise through a higher degree of specialization and the potential informational benefits that arise because of a broader perspective about the economy when an analyst also follows firms outside her core in a less specialized research portfolio. With regards to employment prospects, we find that the market for international analysts does reward analysts for higher forecast accuracy through more favorable employment outcomes, and this relation is more sensitive to performance in the core than in the non-core. Thus, international analysts appear to be rewarded by favorable job outcomes primarily because of their performance in their core portfolio. Finally, for the same level of performance, we find that an analyst is less likely to get a more favorable job outcome if the core size is larger, suggesting that a higher standard is applied to analysts with simpler portfolio tasks. The novel contribution of our paper is that, unlike the existing literature that focuses on the accuracy of forecasts over an analyst's entire portfolio, it explicitly makes the distinction between stocks that are inside and outside the core of an analyst's research portfolio. This distinction helps us reconcile the conflicting evidence on the relation between overall forecast accuracy and task complexity. It also allows us to provide deeper insights into the determinants of analyst forecast accuracy and analyst employment prospects. Finally, our finding of differences in forecast accuracy between core stocks versus non-core stocks in an analyst's research portfolio should be of interest to all market participants. Specifically, they need to be keenly aware that "not all stocks are equal" in assessing the reliability of an analyst's forecasts for any given stock in her research portfolio.
5G Antenna for Automotive Applications

Cellular Communication is rapidly being adopted and developed into several vehicle line in the automotive industry. The 5G New Radio (NR) Standards are also being finalized and the 5G Sub-6 GHz MIMO Antenna being designed for mobile devices and for automotive applications. This paper will examine the various performance properties of automotive 5G Sub-6 GHz MIMO Antenna such as Gain, Directivity, Efficiency, Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC) and Radiation pattern.
Resistive Random Access Memory Filament Visualization and Characterization Using Photon Emission Microscopy

Near InfraRed (NIR) photon emission is observed from filaments in HfO2 Resistive Random Access Memories (ReRAMs). This technique is non-destructive and offers rapid localization of filaments, enabling statistical analysis of their spatial distribution. We show that the emission is electric-field driven. We also report direct experimental evidence of ${i}$ ) completely random spatial distribution of filaments across multiple devices and ii ) formation of multiple filaments inside a single large device.
Accelerometer-derived physical activity and risk of atrial fibrillation.

Aims Physical activity may be an important modifiable risk factor for atrial fibrillation (AF), but associations have been variable and generally based on self-reported activity. Methods and results We analysed 93 669 participants of the UK Biobank prospective cohort study without prevalent AF who wore a wrist-based accelerometer for 1 week. We categorized whether measured activity met the standard recommendations of the European Society of Cardiology, American Heart Association, and World Health Organization [moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) ≥150 min/week]. We tested associations between guideline-adherent activity and incident AF (primary) and stroke (secondary) using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age, sex, and each component of the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology AF (CHARGE-AF) risk score. We also assessed correlation between accelerometer-derived and self-reported activity. The mean age was 62 ± 8 years and 57% were women. Over a median of 5.2 years, 2338 incident AF events occurred. In multivariable adjusted models, guideline-adherent activity was associated with lower risks of AF [hazard ratio (HR) 0.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.75-0.89; incidence 3.5/1000 person-years, 95% CI 3.3-3.8 vs. 6.5/1000 person-years, 95% CI 6.1-6.8] and stroke (HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.64-0.90; incidence 1.0/1000 person-years, 95% CI 0.9-1.1 vs. 1.8/1000 person-years, 95% CI 1.6-2.0). Correlation between accelerometer-derived and self-reported MVPA was weak (Spearman r = 0.16, 95% CI 0.16-0.17). Self-reported activity was not associated with incident AF or stroke. Conclusions Greater accelerometer-derived physical activity is associated with lower risks of AF and stroke. Future preventive efforts to reduce AF risk may be most effective when targeting adherence to objective activity thresholds.
Continual Competitive Memory: A Neural System for Online Task-Free Lifelong Learning.

In this article, we propose a novel form of unsupervised learning, continual competitive memory (CCM), as well as a computational framework to unify related neural models that operate under the principles of competition. The resulting neural system is shown to offer an effective approach for combating catastrophic forgetting in online continual classification problems. We demonstrate that the proposed CCM system not only outperforms other competitive learning neural models but also yields performance that is competitive with several modern, state-of-the-art lifelong learning approaches on benchmarks such as Split MNIST and Split NotMNIST. CCM yields a promising path forward for acquiring representations that are robust to interference from data streams, especially when the task is unknown to the model and must be inferred without external guidance.
Convolution Neural Network for Image Registration

Image registration plays a fundamental role in many computer vision applications, such as medical image processing, camera pose estimation, etc. It includes the estimation of geometric transformation and image warping. The goal of this study is to design, develop and evaluate an end to end trainable convolution neural network (CNN) which can learn homography and affine transformation’s controlling parameters. The trained model can be used for registering unseen image pairs to provide a better-quality image registration. The training data is based on publicly available image dataset and truth tagging is accomplished by generating synthetic image pairs instead of depending on manual annotations.
The Human Kinesin-14 Motor KifC1/HSET Is an Attractive Anti-cancer Drug Target

KifC1/HSET is a kinesin-14 motor protein recently recognized as a crucial player in the bi-focal clustering of supernumerary centrosomes in human cancer cells during mitosis. Various threads of evidence also implicate HSET as a potential driver of tumor evolution, with overexpression resulting in the emergence of more aggressive traits in tumors. Since HSET function appears to be dispensable for the viability of healthy somatic cells, these observations raise the tantalizing possibility that targeting HSET might be a promising cancer-selective chemotherapeutic approach. In this chapter, we summarize the multiple cellular roles played by HSET in various model systems and enumerate the steps required to validate and develop HSET as an anti-cancer drug target.
Prenatal whole-exome sequencing: parental attitudes.

Objective The aim of this study was to survey the opinions of expectant parents regarding prenatal whole-exome sequencing. Methods The study used a questionnaire that focused on acceptability of prenatal whole-exome sequencing to individuals who pursued first-trimester prenatal screening in a tertiary academic medical center. A total of 186 expectant individuals completed the questionnaire. The results of the questionnaire were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression models. Results Eighty-three percent of the participants answered that prenatal whole-exome sequencing should be offered, 14.8% were neutral, and only 2.2% disagreed. Fifty-four percent of the participants were interested in having prenatal whole-exome sequencing for their fetus, 40.1% were neutral, and 6.6% disagreed. The majority of participants expressed a desire to know about treatable (96.2%) and non-treatable (86.3%) childhood conditions, and most said the same for treatable (76.0%) and non-treatable (74.3%) adult-onset conditions. Over half of the participants (59.7%) indicated a maximum acceptable turnaround time of 3 weeks or less for prenatal whole-exome sequencing. Conclusions The majority of respondents felt prenatal whole-exome sequencing should be offered. Moreover, the majority wanted to know prenatally about treatable and non-treatable childhood and adult conditions. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.