cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Guidelines in surgery of the liver and bile ducts

The surgery of biliary ducts and malignant liver tumors is formulated illustratively in guidelines in order to assist the physician as well as the uninformed patient in their orientation concerning diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic questions. Special attention is paid to diagnostics, which is based on both rational and empirical verified arguments. Moreover, the examples presented in this study show that guidelines can only be formulated if extensive verified knowledge exists; for rare diseases and those about which little is yet known guidelines cannot (yet) be formulated.
The Rise of Global Powers: The European war, 1939–1941

We have reached a certain point in our story, passing over the line between peace and war. At this point we might be expected, in the way of conventional diplomatic narratives of the origins of wars, to take leave of the main geopolitical threads and pass over into another darker world indicated by the failure of diplomacy to keep the peace. We might talk of the “lights going out all over Europe” and similar wistful notations. This was the pattern of the great diplomatic narratives of the origins of World War I. Debate on the origins of World War II, whose essential terms were reset by historian A. J. P. Taylor’s Origins of the Second World War of 1961, was couched in a similar tone of regret. The year 1939 was as tragic as the year 1914, the result of the same misunderstanding and bungling. But this is the wrong tone for discussion of the second war. We do not feel regret for the failure of appeasement but for appeasement itself. When we read a volume such as Winston Churchill’s Gathering Storm , the classic which for the generation who lived through the war and that which followed it served as the guideline, we have almost the attitude of warmongers contemplating how war might have been taken up sooner with greater effect. Or perhaps we even consider the dubious theme of the author, that, had Britain built more bombers, it would not have had to fight it at all. So far in this narrative I have not given much to the idea that Hitler might easily have been deterred by the European powers he faced, with their inherited conceptions of national interest. More than that, I have been arguing that the prevention of war might have been the greatest tragedy of all. In view of the several scientific papers produced in Germany, France, Britain, and even Japan, on the physical principles of fission, chain reaction, and other tropes of modern nuclear physics, we come to realize that the physics of nuclear weapons was generally known to the whole international lodge of scientists on the eve of the war. And in view of the inevitability of these being employed to make weapons, all the existing ideas of international realism and the balance of power were about to be cast in a new light. Nuclear weapons were one of the ultimate stakes in the war. Whoever built them – ideally before the others could follow suit, but just as good to be able to build them without being destroyed by the others – would find a new level of great power status in the age of air power. If the state that did manage this was already a land power, it would attain the status of a superpower. Roosevelt’s “world domination” theme takes on even greater significance than the prospect of having to deal with the Have Not imperialists on every question on the globe. Hitler and the other fascists had to be prevented from acquiring nuclear weapons. That is, they had to be defeated and the sooner the better.
Screening for Sexual Dysfunction by Medical Students.

Abstract Introduction Despite the widespread effects of sexual dysfunction on health, sexual problems are not routinely addressed by physicians. Attitudes toward sexual dysfunction screening have not yet been evaluated in medical students. Aim To evaluate the frequency of screening for sexual dysfunction by medical students, their attitudes toward screening, and factors that influence whether medical students discuss sexual problems with patients. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted by online questionnaire. Participants were U.S. medical student members of the American Medical Student Association. Main Outcome Measures Demographic information, frequency of screening for sexual problems at annual examinations, importance of screening, and screening practices of role models were assessed. Results In total 369 participants completed demographic information and additional questions (mean age = 26.5 ± 4.3 years, range = 21–52). Most students believed it was important to screen for sexual dysfunction (mean = 7.8 ± 2.0); however, 16.1% never screened patients. Importance and frequency of screening were correlated with how often the student's role model screened (r = 0.400, P P P = .031), students earlier in their training (F = 3.608, P = .014), those who had observed a preceptor screen a patient (t = −2.298, P = .022), and those screened by their own clinician (t = −2.446, P = .015). Students reported increased screening frequency if they had observed any preceptor screen a patient (t = −7.678, P P = .001), and had themselves been screened by a clinician (t = −4.557, P Conclusion Medical students do not routinely screen patients for sexual dysfunction despite believing it is in the physician's scope of practice. These results highlight the importance of role modeling and curriculum in increasing screening practices.
HER2 and EGFR overexpression support metastatic progression of prostate cancer to bone

Activation of the epidermal growth factor receptors EGFR (ErbB1) and HER2 (ErbB2) drive the progression of multiple cancer types through complex mechanisms that are still not fully understood. In this study, we report that HER2 expression is elevated in bone metastases of prostate cancer independently of gene amplification. An examination of HER2 and NF-κB receptor (RANK) coexpression revealed increased levels of both proteins in aggressive prostate tumors and metastatic deposits. Inhibiting HER2 expression in bone tumor xenografts reduced proliferation and RANK expression while maintaining EGFR expression. In examining the role of EGFR in tumor-initiating cells (TIC), we found that EGFR expression was required for primary and secondary sphere formation of prostate cancer cells. EGFR expression was also observed in circulating tumor cells (CTC) during prostate cancer metastasis. Dual inhibition of HER2 and EGFR resulted in significant inhibition of tumor xenograft growth, further supporting the significance of these receptors in prostate cancer progression. Overall, our results indicate that EGFR promotes survival of prostate TIC and CTC that metastasize to bone, whereas HER2 supports the growth of prostate cancer cells once they are established at metastatic sites.
Nanostructures Significantly Enhance Thermal Transport across Solid Interfaces

The efficiency of thermal transport across solid interfaces presents large challenges for modern technologies such as thermal management of electronics. In this paper, we report the first demonstration of significant enhancement of thermal transport across solid interfaces by introducing interfacial nanostructures. Analogous to fins that have been used for macroscopic heat transfer enhancement in heat exchangers, the nanopillar arrays patterned at the interface help interfacial thermal transport by the enlarged effective contact area. Such a benefit depends on the geometry of nanopillar arrays (e.g., pillar height and spacing), and a thermal boundary conductance enhancement by as much as ∼88% has been measured using the time-domain thermoreflectance technique. Theoretical analysis combined with low-temperature experiments further indicates that phonons with low frequency are less influenced by the interfacial nanostructures due to their large transmissivity, but the benefit of the nanostructure is fully d...
The properties of inducible membranes in animals and humans

Membranes form around spacers used in large bone defects. We studied the effect of the spacer material on the ability of the membrane to promote osteogenesis in an animal model and the gene expression patterns of membranes obtained from humans. Critical-sized osseous defects were created in the ulnae of 12 rabbits. Stainless steel (SS) or polymethymethacrylate (PMMA) spacers were inserted into the defects, and the animals healed for four or eight weeks. After sacrifice, samples of the membrane were grown in cell culture. Human membrane samples were collected for gene expression analyses. Cultures of rabbit membranes with bone marrow cells showed significantly greater alkaline phosphatase activity (PMMA) and mineral deposition (SS) than bone marrow cells alone. All membranes had elevated expression of osteoblast-related genes. Inducible membranes around orthopaedic implants likely contain active cells of the OB lineage and the spacer material may influence the healing properties of the membrane.
Inter-subject fMRI registration based on functional networks

An accurate registration plays a critical role in group-wise fMRI image analysis. Inspired by the observations that common functional networks can be reconstructed from fMRI image across individuals and in different brain states, we propose a novel computational framework for fMRI image registration by using these common function networks as references for correspondence between individuals. This framework innovatively utilizes averaged functional networks from fMRI images instead of structure MRI templates as registration reference and aims to maximize the match between each functional network across individuals. The proposed method is examined on the resting state fMRI images of 184 subjects publicly released by an autism study. Our results show increased registration accuracy and revealed meaningful findings on brain functional network changes in autism patients.
Markers for measles virus. I. Physical properties.

Six measles virus strains possessing different pathogenic properties for man and/or small laboratory animals were examined for stability to heating at 45°C, inactivation after irradiation with ultra-violet (UV) light, susceptibility to freezing and thawing, and inhibition of infectivity by absorption with brain tissue. The viruses included the Edmonston cell culture-adapted strain, the Edmonston B and Schwarz attenuated vaccine strains, a neurotropic hamster brain-adapted strain, and 2 strains isolated from the brains of 2 cases of subacute sclerosing panencepahlitis (SSPE). Neurotropism of a strain was characteristically associated with increased sensitivity to heating and resistance to freeze-thaw damage. The highly neurotropic hamster brain-adapted strain was significantly more stable to UV irradiation and its infectivity was sharply reduced by adsorption with brain extracts. The persistence of the physical markers was largely dependent on the degree of cell culture adaptation. The Schwarz attenuated strain possessed markers which distinguished it both from strain Edmonston B and the other measles virus strains.
Abstract WP264: Be Fast - Redefined

Introduction: Simple prehospital assessment tools for identifying patients with large vessel occlusion remains a challenge. This study evaluated the mnemonic BE FAST with modified designations for ...
“A Most Elegant Property”: On the Early History of Lexell’s Theorem

In the late 18th century, both Anders Lexell (1740–1784) and his mentor Leonhard Euler (1707–1783) published a proof of a result in spherical geometry that is now known as Lexell’s Theorem. In this paper, I discuss both proofs and provide some background to the theorem. I will also outline some of the later proofs of the theorem as well as discuss some applications. In this connection, I argue that some of the work of Euler’s disciples Fuss and Schubert may be connected to Lexell’s investigations. In conclusion, I touch upon the role of Lexell’s Theorem in the history of hyperbolic geometry.
Are breast-fed infants vitamin K deficient?

Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn is a disease of breast-fed infants. We have followed 119 exclusively breast-fed infants for up to 6 months of age, who received 1 mg of vitamin K1intramuscularly at birth. As vitamin K is undetectable in cord blood, the only other source in breast-fed infants is human milk We found persistently low vitamin K1plasma concentrations in these infants by 4 weeks, and vitamin K concentrations at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 26 weeks averaged 1.18 ± 0.99, 0.50 ± 0.70, 0.16 ± 0.07, 0.20 ± 0.20, 0.25 ± 0.34, and 0.24 ± 0.23 ng/mL, respectively (lower limit of adult normal = 0.5 ng/mL). Vitamin K1in breast milk at 2, 6, 12, and 26 weeks was also very low, averaging 1.17 ± 0.70, 0.95 ± 0.50, 1.15 ± 0.62, and 0.87 ± 0.50mg/mL, respectively. This may be secondary to low maternal vitamin K1intakes or inability of vitamin K1to penetrate human milk We had previously reported a relatively high mean vitamin K intake of 316 ± 548 µg in 20 lactating women during the first 6 months of lactation (mean of 60, 3-day dietary recalls) which greatly exceeded the recommended daily allowance of 1.tg/kg/day. The vitamin K content of foods was recently revised downward utilizing newer analytical methods (Booth et al. 1995). Recalculating maternal vitamin K intakes in this original cohort resulted in a dramatic decrease in intake to 74 ± 57.tg/day, an amount closely approximating 1 µg/kg/day. We have completed 69 new dietary recalls in 23 lactating women and, combining these data with the previous study, determined a maternal vitamin K1mean intake of 65 ± 48 µg/day (0.8-1.314/kg/day). Other than plasma vitamin Ktconcentrations, PIVKA (undercarboxylated prothrombin produced in the absence of vitamin K) is a marker of vitamin K deficiency. We measured PIVKA in 156 cord bloods of full-term infants. Seventy-five (48%) had a significantly elevated PIVKA (>_0.1 absorption units per milliliter). Seventy-seven of these infants who were exclusively breast-fed subsequently had no detectable PIVKA at 4 weeks, but by 8 weeks, 3 were again positive for PIVKA (prothrombin times were normal). Breast-fed infants may benefit from increased maternal vitamin K intakes (>114/kg/day) during pregnancy and lactation. A supplement of 5 mg of vitamin K to lactating mothers will increase the concentration in human milk to 80.0 ± 37.7 ng/mL and significantly increase infant plasma vitamin K (Greer et al. 1997).
Extending Set Measures to Pythagorean Fuzzy Sets

We introduce the idea of level sets which are crisp sets associated with a fuzzy set. We show how we can represent a fuzzy set using a collection of level sets; this allows us to extend set functions, such as probability and other set measures, to fuzzy subsets. We emphasize that this extension is itself a fuzzy subset. We next introduce Pythagorean fuzzy subsets and discuss the OWA and Choquet aggregation of these sets. We provide a formulation for level sets associated with a Pythagorean fuzzy subset that we use to provide a representation of a Pythagorean fuzzy set in terms of level sets. With the aid of Zadeh’s extension principle, we use this level set representation to provide for an extension of set measures to Pythagorean fuzzy sets. We then suggest an alternative approach to extending set measures to Pythagorean fuzzy sets using the Choquet integral.
Examing the Process of Electronic-JAD

Manuscript originally submitted September 22, 1993; Revised April 13, 1994; Accepted June 8, 1994 for publication. One of the leading methodologies for user involvement and user participation in the system development process is called JAD. JAD (Joint Application Development) involves users in a series of structured meetings which, traditionally, have benefitted from little explicit computer support. Yet, given the highly structured nature of JAD meetings, and the prominent role of the JAD facilitator, it appears that JAD meetings have the potential to benefit from additional computer support. Our research question is how and whether JAD can benefit from computer support in the form of Electronic Meeting Systems (EMS)(See Figures 1 and 2). The study we conducted to investigate this question can be classified as descriptive, as there is no theory of JAD and no overarching theory of EMS. Dubin (1978) argues that “...there is a fundamental place for accurate description in any science. Description...provides the input for developing units of a theory, its laws of interaction, the system states, and the boundaries of the model (p. 219).” Our findings are a starting point for the development of a theory of meetings, supported by computing and not, that includes structured processes like JAD. Our study also has practical implications — similar to those of Olson and Olson (1991) — for identifying opportunities for successful computer support. We begin with a literature review of the intersecting methodologies and technologies, describe our field study approach, and discuss our observations of JAD sessions for four broad process-related areas of interest.
Synthesis and crystal structure of [(Cs6F)(Cs3AgF)][Ge14O32] through alkali halide flux growth

Abstract Single crystals of a new germanate, [(Cs6F)(Cs3AgF)][Ge14O32], were obtained via high temperature cesium chloride/cesium fluoride flux growth and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. [(Cs6F)(Cs3AgF)][Ge14O32] crystallizes in the F-43 m space group with a = 15.5049(4) A. This compound is related to the Ge7O16 family of zeotypes, such as Rb3HGe7O16, Li4HGe7O16, Na4Ge7O16, and Ca2Ge7O16. [(Cs6F)(Cs3AgF)][Ge14O32] is a salt-inclusion material with two distinct inclusions: tetrahedral Cs3AgF and octahedral Cs6F. The material is shown to participate in ion exchange, making Rb3HGe7O16·4H2O and K3HGe7O16·4H2O.
Culture-Bound Syndromes During Pregnancy and Early Childhood

Culture-bound syndromes or conditions are a universal occurrence. Individuals or families embrace a diagnostic category and an explanation of certain physical and mental ailments by assigning their causality to specific phenomena of a natural, mystical, or religious nature. Sometimes they are attributed to the feelings in others, or negative wishes or states of mind. Culture-bound syndromes may also occur in the highly industrialized Western world as those strongly determined by cultural representations and parental beliefs, like some dysmorphic disorders, anorexia nervosa or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and others. Rooted in sociocultural norms and restrictions to the expression of one’s internal states (especially those deemed unacceptable), these syndromes are culturally rational and acceptable explanations for their expression within a social context. Such etiological attributions also lead to a culturally acceptable solution. This chapter provides multiple examples of culture-bound syndromes in pregnancy and early childhood with the corollary that many of the culture-bound syndromes (across cultures) are psychosomatic in nature, with clinical manifestations throughout the body.
Novel Therapeutics in the Management of Waldenström Macroglobulinemia

Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM) is an indolent B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by the presence of an IgM monoclonal protein. For many years, treatment of this disease has included rituximab-based therapies, but recent advances, such as the discovery of MYD88 and CXCR4 mutations, have led to improvements in diagnosis, prognostication, and treatment. Better understanding of the pathophysiology of WM has enabled the development of many more targeted therapies that are better tolerated and potentially more effective options for patients with this disease.
Running on Empty, Running on Full

The experiences of emerging and young adults, parents, and employers—the major stakeholders—are captured in the preceding chapters. They represent a nuanced and complex narrative of coming of age in the United States. In this summative chapter, distinct themes that emerged from the major stakeholders are discussed: the pursuit of passion, exercise of choice, and lack of structural supports. While emerging adults are depicted as coddled, self-involved, and gratification-seeking by many critics, a richer story of the lack of forethought and planning by earlier generations describes a faulty framework needing to be rebuilt. Emerging and young adults recognize the need for career and relationship maneuverability and recast their employment and personal narratives as a quest for meaning and optimization of fit, although this process is mediated by economic resources. Identity capital serves them well in their journey toward independence and identity consolidation. Anxiety, self-doubt, depression, and drift can result from underused talents and disappointing employment options and relationships that are fleeting and unstable. The individual and combined voices of emerging and young adults highlight their genuine, hopeful, and struggling experiences.
A complicated course for an infected endovascular stent graft.

Abstract The management of an infected endovascular aortic stent graft can be complex and morbid. Therefore, caution should be exercised before an endovascular approach is considered in patients presenting with a saccular aneurysm who are younger than 65 years and without risk factors for this may indicate a mycotic aneurysm. An open approach with consideration of aneurysm excision should be entertained to prevent an endovascular implantation in the setting of an infected aorta. We report a case of endovascular aortic stent graft infection that led to complex surgical management and prolonged postoperative care.
Computations of orbits for the Lubin–Tate ring

We take a direct approach to computing the orbits for the action of the automorphism group $$\mathbb {G}_2$$ of the Honda formal group law of height 2 on the associated Lubin–Tate rings $$R_2$$ . We prove that $$(R_2/p)_{\mathbb {G}_2} \cong \mathbb {F}_p$$ . The result is new for $$p=2$$ and $$p=3$$ . For primes $$p\ge 5$$ , the result is a consequence of computations of Shimomura and Yabe and has been reproduced by Kohlhaase using different methods.
An inversion statistic for reduced words

Abstract We study the graph on reduced words with edges given by the Coxeter relations for the symmetric group. We define a statistic on reduced words for a given permutation, analogous to Coxeter length for permutations, for which the graph becomes ranked with unique maximal element. We show this statistic extends naturally to balanced labellings, and use it to recover enumerative results of Edelman and Greene and of Reiner and Roichman.
Bayesian reconstruction of biphoton frequency correlations

We apply Bayesian mean estimation to retrieve high-dimensional spectral correlations of a biphoton frequency comb. Our method is more general than previous techniques involving compressive sensing, and significantly more efficient than raster scanning.
Nationalism and withdrawals from intergovernmental organizations: Connecting theory and data

von Borzyskowski and Vabulas’ (2019) pioneering research explores why states withdraw from intergovernmental organizations (IGOs). Contrary to popular belief, the research finds that IGO withdrawal has little to do with increased nationalism and instead is largely driven by geopolitical reasons and democracy levels both within the state and organization. In this study, I test von Borzyskowski and Vabulas’ empirical analysis by the introduction of an alternative measure of leader nationalism that more closely matches their theoretical argument. With this alternative nationalism measure, I find strong evidence consistent with popular belief: nationalism is a key driving force for IGO withdrawals across space and time.
ICT-Based Education Reform to Development

Every country grows its own system of education which experiences alteration to meet the experiments of the altering times. Educational system in India is also challenged with several new selections, chances and experiments to ensure that an efficient, liberal and qualitatively greater system of education can be applied at all levels. The report of the Indian National Knowledge Commission confirms a promise to build fineness in the educational system to meet the information encounters of the 21st century and upsurge India’s modest benefit in fields of knowledge. This paper is focusing on the ICT-based education reform to development to the 21st century learners. India is the largest democracy with remarkable diversity among its population of 1.2 billion which makes up about 17% of the world’s population. Almost 70% of Indian population is rural. The adult literacy rate stands at about 60% and this is significantly lower in women and minorities. Education in India comprises of government, government aided and private institutions of which nearly 40% are government. With the population growth rate of 1.5%, there is tremendous pressure on the education system to provide quality education at affordable price and improve the literacy rate. If students are to be productive members of the 21st Century workplace, they must move beyond the skills of the 20th Century and master those of the 21st Century. Teachers are entrusted with mastering these skills as well and with modelling these skills in the classroom. Even in developing nations like India, many students and teachers are operating information and communication technology gears in the form of digital content, presentations, teleconferencing, internet, e-content, e-learning, mobile learning, electronic classroom, podcasts and computer-generated campus to varying degrees particularly in metropolitan cities. The characteristics of the 21st Century classroom will be very different from those of in the classrooms of the past because the focus is on producing students who are highly productive, effective communicators, inventive thinkers, and masters of technology. Increased need to universalise elementary education has resulted in serious focus on elementary education and at the same time rather total neglect of higher education.
A potential-based construction of the increasing supermartingale coupling

The increasing supermartingale coupling, introduced by Nutz and Stebegg (Canonical supermartingale couplings, Annals of Probability, 46(6):3351--3398, 2018) is an extreme point of the set of `supermartingale' couplings between two real probability measures in convex-decreasing order. In the present paper we provide an explicit construction of a triple of functions, on the graph of which the increasing supermartingale coupling concentrates. In particular, we show that the increasing supermartingale coupling can be identified with the left-curtain martingale coupling and the antitone coupling to the left and to the right of a uniquely determined regime-switching point, respectively. Our construction is based on the concept of the shadow measure. We show how to determine the potential of the shadow measure associated to a supermartingale, extending the recent results of Beiglbock et al. (The potential of the shadow measure, arXiv preprint, 2020) obtained in the martingale setting.
Panorama de lo epistolar en la poesía española peninsular contemporánea escrita por mujeres

El presente articulo se propone interpretar la eleccion por parte de algunas poetas de lo que a priori parecieran meras huellas, vestigios del genero epistolar. Con ese objetivo se analizaran obras de distintos momentos y generaciones de la poesia espanola contemporanea del siglo XX y hasta nuestros dias que tienen como comun denominador su acercamiento a lo epistolar. Buscamos dar testimonio de una realidad poetica singular, amen de examinar sus conexiones con la tradicion. Utilizando como marco referencial el estudio del apostrofe propuesto por J. Culler, se llevara a cabo un recorrido transversal de lo epistolar, asi como un analisis de las tecnicas y figuras retoricas relacionadas, en la poesia peninsular contemporanea escrita por mujeres que incluira, entre otras, a Rosa Chacel, Ernestina de Champourcin, Gloria Fuertes, Maria Victoria Atencia, Julia Uceda y Eloisa Otero.
Chapter 37 Efferent modulation of penile mechanoreceptor activity

Publisher Summary The purpose of this chapter is to focuses on the studies that demonstrate the presence of rapidly adapting and slowly adapting mechanoreceptors capable of responding, albeit in a manner somewhat different from receptors found in the digits, to a wide variety of indentations efferent modulation of penile mechanoreceptor activity. The mammalian penis is innervated by sensory receptors. The mechanoreceptors, responsible for tactile sensation and the afferent limb of the spinal sexual reflexes, are studied physiologically in several species using computer controlled mechanostimulators. The upward shift in the indentation velocity coding curves described in a study is again probably because of the decrease in penile compliance during a state of erection. In short, the results of this preliminary study demonstrate that many of the mechanoreceptors in the penis of the rat can respond to internal as well as external stimuli to the penis and their stimulus—response characteristics can be modulated with efferent stimulation of the autonomic and somatic components of erection.
The Complexity of Computing Equilibria

Abstract In one of the most influential existence theorems in mathematics, John F. Nash proved in 1950 that any normal form game has an equilibrium. More than five decades later, it was shown that the computational task of finding such an equilibrium is intractable, that is, unlikely to be carried out within any feasible time limits for large enough games. This chapter develops the necessary background and formalism from the theory of algorithms and complexity developed in computer science, in order to understand this result, its context, its proof, and its implications.
Analysis of the Role of Update Rate and System Latency in Interactive Virtual Acoustic Environments

The ultimate goal of virtual acoustics is to simulate the complex acoustic field experienced by a listener freely moving around within an environment. This paper discusses some of the engineering constraints that may be faced during implementation and the perceptual consequences of these constraints. In particular, the perceptual impact of parameters like the update rate and overall system latency of interactive spatial audio systems is addressed.
Astronomical bibliography from commercial databases

There are now many databases that concentrate on astronomical data from specific missions, such as the IUE, ERAS and EXOSAT, to name three, which can be accessed via the facilities at which they are archived and made available (see related chapters, this book). We have come a very long way in the last few years in improving the access to these data.
Relative motions of fragments of the split comets: II. Separation velocities and differential decelerations for extensively observed comets

Abstract A multiparameter model has been devised to discriminate the effects of the velocity of separation of two fragments of a split comet on their observed motions from the effects of the postsplit differential nongravitational forces. The iterative differential-correction procedure is applied to five extensively observed split comets: West 1975n, Ikeya-Seki 1965 VIII, Wirtanen 1957 VI, the Southern Comet 1947 XII, and Periodic Brooks 2 1889 V. The present model confirms that the major contribution to the observed rate of separation of the fragments comes from the postsplit forces. The model removes or substantially reduces the systematic trends in the residuals of comets West, Wirtanen, and P/Brooks 2, which could not be eliminated by a simple model that ignored the effects of the separation velocity. In particular, the results for Comet Wirtanen now indicate that the comet split at a heliocentric distance of more than 9 AU and that the initial rate of separation of the two fragments did not amount to more than 26 cm/sec. The separation velocities for the other comets range from 1 to 2 m/sec. Difficulties of the interpretation of the observed separation velocities are briefly discussed.
Location of sequences in the nar promoter of Escherichia coli required for regulation by Fnr and NarL.

Abstract Nitrate reductase, encoded by the nar operon in Escherichia coli, is produced only under anaerobic conditions and induced to its maximum level in the presence of nitrate. The anaerobic expression of the nar operon depends on the fnr gene product (Fnr), and the stimulation of anaerobic expression by nitrate requires the narL gene product (NarL). Distinct regulatory domains within the nar promoter are involved in these two responses. The specific locations of the sequences required for these two regulatory mechanisms were identified by analysis of a detailed set of deletions extending into the regulatory region of the nar operon from the 5' end. A region located around -55 base pairs (bp) from the transcriptional start site and immediately upstream from the presumed RNA polymerase binding site was required for the response to Fnr and anaerobic conditions. A base sequence no longer than 27 bp, located at about -200 bp, was essential for the stimulation by nitrate coupled with NarL. This NarL-specific sequence was equally effective if positioned 10 or 11 bp further upstream or downstream from its wild type position. However, it was ineffective if positioned 4, 6, or 14 bp or greater distances either upstream or downstream. Apparent autoregulation by active nitrate reductase occurred in all 5'-deletion constructions which retained the Fnr response, indicating that this regulatory phenomenon involves sequences located no further than -64 bp from the transcription start site.
Three‐dimensionality of slab detachment due to ridge‐trench collision: Laterally simultaneous boudinage versus tear propagation

The detachment of subducted tectonic plates is a process that has been increasingly associated with collisional scenarios and the end of subduction in various locations worldwide. In particular, the propagation of slab detachment (“tearing”) of a subducting plate has been described in conceptual models as a cause for spatially and temporally progressing surface effects such as slab gap volcanism and uplift. However, there is little understanding of the causes and dynamics associated with three-dimensional (3-D) slab tearing, especially in the case of ridge-trench collision. Here we show using fully dynamic 3-D numerical models that the process of detachment due to ridge-trench collision depends on the geometry of the ridge segments approaching the trench. For a finite laterally symmetric slab, the 3-D detachment process occurs nearly simultaneously along strike by way of boudinage-type necking and opening of holes central to the slab. For a case involving the approach of two offset ridge segments to the trench, slab tearing occurs in the form of (1) a vertical propagating separation along the age offset boundary within the slab that was previously weakened by a transform weak zone and (2) horizontal propagating detachment controlled by lateral transfer of slab pull to adjacent surface plate segments. However, lateral decoupling between offset adjacent plate segments and the propagating nature of the vertical and horizontal tearing are dependent upon fracture zones remaining weak through the subduction zone. Whether detachment occurs simultaneously along strike or propagates laterally, the process is controlled by plastic yielding of the slab interior when young lithosphere entering the trench can no longer support slab pull.
The Role of Lactic Acid Accumulation in Muscle Fatigue of Two Species of Anurans, Xenopus Laevis and Rana Pipiens

Fatigue produced a marked increase in the lactic acid content of hind-limb muscles, the blood, and the whole animal. After 15 min of rest there was little decline of lactic acid levels but the animals could be stimulated into about 3 min of intense activity. This re-fatigue produced a further increase in lactic acid levels. Gastrocnemius muscles removed from fatigued frogs and stimulated in vitro were able to generate initial tensions similar to those in control muscles; total tension was about a third of the control value. In vitro stimulation of these muscles from fatigued frogs led to additional accumulation of lactic acid. Fatigue produced little decrease in the glycogen content of muscles in X. laevis but a marked decrease in R. pipiens. Considerable glycogen stores remained even in the muscles of re-fatigued animals. These data show that accumulation of lactic acid in muscle or blood, depletion of glycogen in muscle, or change in blood pH cannot account for fatigue in these species. Possible other causes of fatigue are discussed.
Fractal approach to the solid-particle environmental radioactivity

Abstract A model of solid particle, based on fractal geometry of surfaces, was developed to describe the distribution of radioactivity in the natural environment. Two-fold distribution of natural radionuclides was assumed: internal and in the surface layer of the particle. The fractal-particle model was fitted to two sets of literature data on radioactivity distribution in coal fly ash particles and three sets of data for soil particles. In all cases studied, it was possible to determine the fractal dimension of the particle surface as a measure of its roughness. The values ranged from 2.40 to 2.79 for coal fly ash and from 2.50 to 2.73 for soil. Internal radioactivity concentrations were also determined. In some cases, it was possible to determine the surface concentrations of radioactive elements as well as an average thickness of the surface layer. Most of the radionuclides were found to be predominant on the surfaces of the particles, whereas in some cases, 40 K, 226, 228 Ra showed a depletion on the surfaces. The criteria for experimental data best suitable for the model are described, and new experiments to study roughness of environmental particles using radioactive tracers are proposed.
Athermal silicon ring modulators clad with titanium dioxide by RF magnetron sputtering

We present design, fabrication and measurement of athermal silicon ring modulators fabricated on a SOI platform, overclad with 830nm thick amorphous titanium dioxide. Current injection achieves 35 dB extinction intensity modulation.
Reducing School Violence Through Conflict Resolution Training

While violence prevention programs can be helpful in solving the prob lems facing society and schools, they are an incomplete intervention to prevent destructive conflicts from occurring. Conflict ...
Thermal-mechanical controls on seismicity depth distributions in the San Andreas Fault Zone

Earthquake depth distributions in continental crust can be related to factors which determine the depth of the transition from brittle to ductile failure. These factors include temperature, strain rate and lithology. The San Andreas Fault Zone of Northern and Central California is an ideal place to test the relative importance of these factors since there is abundant earthquake data and our understanding of the tectonic interaction of the Pacific and North American plates provides constraints for several parameters. In the San Andreas Fault Zone we have found an approximately 3 km increase from Northern to Central California of the median depth of events and the depth above which 90% of events occur. In addition, depth distributions of earthquakes vary systematically from Northern to Central California. Both the maximum depth of earthquakes and the depth of the peak of seismic activity are shallower in Northern California. Utilizing Critical Strength Envelopes we have found that, unlike the oceanic case, this variation is not thermally controlled. Rather, a combination of low strain rate and low stress level cause the seismicity in Northern California to be shallow relative to Central California.
Recognizing affect from speech prosody using hierarchical graphical models

In this work we develop and apply a class of hierarchical directed graphical models on the task of recognizing affective categories from prosody in both acted and natural speech. A strength of this new approach is the integration and summarization of information using both local (e.g., syllable level) and global prosodic phenomena (e.g., utterance level). In this framework speech is structurally modeled as a dynamically evolving hierarchical model in which levels of the hierarchy are determined by prosodic constituency and contain parameters that evolve according to dynamical systems. The acoustic parameters have been chosen to reflect four main components of speech thought to reflect paralinguistic and affect-specific information: intonation, loudness, rhythm and voice quality. The work is first evaluated on a database of acted emotions and compared to human perceptual recognition of five affective categories where it achieves rates within nearly 10% of human recognition accuracy despite only focusing on prosody. The model is then evaluated on two different corpora of fully spontaneous, affectively-colored, naturally occurring speech between people: Call Home English and BT Call Center. Here the ground truth labels are obtained from examining the agreement of 29 human coders labeling arousal and valence. The best discrimination performance on the natural spontaneous speech, using only the prosody features, obtains a 70% detection rate with 30% false alarms when detecting high arousal negative valence speech in call centers.
John Locke and The Enlightenment Metanarrative: A Biblical Corrective to a Reasoned World

According to recent literature, the crisis of modernity owes much to an uncritical acceptance of the ‘Enlightenment metanarrative’. The Enlightenment, with its sanctification of reason, privileged technological progress and personal advancement and created the illusion that human potential and happiness was unlimited. All one had to do was to free oneself from superstition (for example, religion) and the world would be a better place. Modernity has, correspondingly, emphasized individual rights, personal power, and wealth. In spite of the promise of modernity, however, the wars, famines, poverty, and inequality of the modern world have made it all too obvious that the end result of the Enlightenment's goal to alleviate the miseries of the human condition applies only to a small portion of the population. In this respect, the contradiction between the universality of the Enlightenment project and its application to a minority of the population lies at the heart of many of the critiques of modernity.
Use of n-acetyl 4-aminoantipyrine (NAAP) in measurement of total body water.

SummaryThe use of N-acetyl 4-amino antipyrine (NAAP) in the measurement of body water has been explored. The substance is uniformly distributed in the various tissues in close proportion to the water content, its metabolism is negligible and it is excreted slowly. The volumes of distribution of anti-pyrine and NAAP were compared in normal human subjects and the values found to agree well. NAAP has certain advantages over antipyrine: it is negligibly bound to plasma proteins; the value for body water may be calculated from a single plasma sample and a urine sample; its colorimetric estimation obviates the need for an ultraviolet spectrophotometer.
The morning (mourning) minyan: Group therapeutic aspects

Group therapeutic benefits may be provided by the performance of religiously prescribed ritualistic activities in an emotionally supportive group environment. This brief paper describes the author’s experience of group therapeutic benefit from an early morning prayer meeting, particularly from the ritualistic act of Kaddish recitation in a group setting, for his own mourning experience following the death of his mother.
Clinical and Utilization Outcomes for a Pediatric and Adolescent Telephonic Asthma Care Support Program

Objective To investigate the effect of an asthma care support program for patients under the age of 18 years.
Rape Victim Advocates' Knowledge and Insight on Rape Laws

Abstract Although previous literature details the successes and failures of reforms of rape laws designed to better support and protect victims, there is a lack of research on rape victim advocates' knowledge of and views about rape laws. It is essential that we understand advocates' level of legal knowledge because they may be the first or only source of legal information for victims. Based on analysis of interviews with 58 rape victim advocates serving six rape crisis centers in four East coast states, this article explores advocates' knowledge about rape laws, possible reasons for limited knowledge, and perceptions about various laws that aim to protect rape victims. This research suggests that although advocates have a somewhat limited grasp of laws intended to aid rape victims, they have an overall negative view of the legal system.
Some Ethical Questions in Teaching Marketing and Retailing

A large number of ethical questions arise when teaching marketing and retailing. Subject matter or content questions concern employer-employee, business-business, and business-society relationships. Course and program administration questions mainly relate to relationships between academic institutions and business, and between. such institutions and their students. In this article, a number of these problems are considered and then a partial problem-solving approach is outlined.
Increased Aβ42(43) from cell lines expressing presenilin 1 mutations

Mutations in the presenilin 1 (PS1) gene on chromosome 14 are a major cause of autosomal dominant, early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Here, we show that transfecting cells with several mutant, but not wild-type, PS1 cDNAs alters the processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) such that more Abeta42(43) is produced, confirming and extending several recent reports. The most effective mutation in this regard was the exon 9 splice-out mutation (delta9). The correlation between the size of the effect on APP processing and the age of onset of disease assessed in families with the mutations was not informative, and the possible reasons for this are discussed.
Nonthermal Velocities in Different Temperature Regions of the Solar Lower Transition Region

We analyze the relationship between nonthermal velocities derived from spectral lines of ions formed at different temperatures in the solar lower transition region, using spectra from the Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted Radiation (SUMER) spectrometer on board the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO). We find a high degree of correlation among nonthermal motions arising at temperatures ranging from 3 × 104 to 2.5 × 105 K over 1'' spatial scales in quiet-Sun regions. We discuss the implications of these results in terms of the physical nature of the transition region.
Relations among effective Fokker-Planck equations for systems driven by colored noise

A number of different effective Fokker-Planck equations have been proposed to describe systems driven by colored noise. Herein we show that the effective Fokker-Planck equation obtained from the path-integral technique is identical to that obtained from other techniques at the same level of approximation. Recently reported differences thus arise not from the use of different formalisms but merely as a consequence of different approximations.
ATF3 rSNPs, transcriptional factor binding sites and human etiology

Three rSNPs (rs3125289, rs1877474 and rs11119982) in one intron of the activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) gene have been significantly associated with the human etiology of hypospadias and may be associated with human disease. These rSNP alleles alter the DNA landscape for potential transcriptional factors (TFs) to attach resulting in changes in transcriptional factor binding sites (TFBS). These TFBS changes are examined with respect to the human etiology of hypospadias which has been found to be significantly associated with the rSNPs.