cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring what nonprofit branding can learn from contemporary art

As more and more nonprofits seek to refashion themselves as brands, they tend to take inspiration from for-profit organizations. Another domain that has had similar purposes to those of nonprofit branding for many years is contemporary art. This is an exploratory paper that looks at a recent trend in art, “message art,” and how it might inform nonprofit branding. Message art deals with many social issues that drive major nonprofits today including everything from pro-environment causes to anti-segregationist issues. This paper has two purposes: (1) to call attention to message art among nonprofit brand managers and (2) to explain how they can use this art. Message art is useful to the extent that it calls attention to new ideological trends and often provides selected pieces of art that can serve as exemplars of brand essence for relevant causes. Results are provided from a small, qualitative study of women's feelings about selected examples of feminist art. Two pieces of art drew the most positive responses. One piece, “Egyptian Rocket Goddess,” is felt to be a harbinger of Third Wave Feminism. Another piece, “Blessed Art Thou Among Women,” is felt to be an effective source of inspiration and direction for feminist organizations, which focus on mother–daughter relationships. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From Feynman's wave function to the effective theory of vortex dynamics.

We calculate the overlap between two many-body wave functions for a superfluid film containing a vortex at shifted positions. Comparing the results to phenomenological theories, which treat vortices as point particles, we find that the results are consistent if the point-particle vortices are considered as under the action of the Magnus force and in weak interaction with sound waves of the superfluid. We are then able to resolve the disagreement concerning the effective mass of vortices, showing it is finite.
Vibration analysis and design optimization of viscoelastic sandwich cylindrical shell

Abstract Damping properties of viscoelastic sandwich structure can be improved by changing some parameters such as thickness of the layers, distribution of partial treatments, slippage between layers at the interfaces, cutting and its distribution at the top and core layers. Since the optimization problem may result in a thick core layer, for achieving more accuracy a new higher-order Taylor's expansion of transverse and in-plane displacement fields is developed for the core layer of sandwich cylindrical shell in which the displacement fields at the core layer are compatibly described in terms of the displacement fields at the elastic faces. The presented model includes fewer parameters than the previously developed models and therefore decreases the number of degree of freedom in the finite element modeling. The transverse normal stress in the core layer is also considered. The formulations are developed to consider the slippage between layers at the interfaces. Finally, by combining the finite element method and the optimization algorithms based on the genetic algorithm and sequential quadratic programming technique, a design optimization methodology has been formulated to maximize the damping characteristics using the optimal number and location of cuts and partial treatments with optimal thicknesses of top and core layers.
Fluctuation-dissipation theorem for chiral systems in nonequilibrium steady states

We consider a three-terminal system with a chiral edge channel connecting the source and drain terminals. Charge can tunnel between the chiral edge and a third terminal. The third terminal is maintained at a different temperature and voltage than the source and drain. We prove a general relation for the current noises detected in the drain and third terminal. It has the same structure as an equilibrium fluctuation-dissipation relation with the nonlinear response $\ensuremath{\partial}I/\ensuremath{\partial}V$ in place of the linear conductance. The result applies to a general chiral system and can be useful for detecting ``upstream'' modes on quantum Hall edges.
The effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum 25OHD in thin and obese women

Obese people are known to have lower serum 25OHD levels compared to non-obese people. It is not known whether it is due to storage of vitamin D in fat, inadequate input from sunlight, diet or other unknown factors. We examined the relationship at study baseline of serum 25OHD, PTH, 1,25(OH)2D with body composition measurements using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The results showed a significant inverse relation between total body fat mass and serum 25OHD (p 25kg/m(2). The differences in serum 25OHD levels between normal and obese women may be due to differences in volume dilution. After vitamin D supplementation, all obese women reach adequate levels of serum 25OHD but normal women (BMI<25kg/m(2)) reach much higher levels of 25OHD and in this group smaller doses of vitamin D used should be used. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Vitamin D Workshop'.
New Model to Analyze Nonlinear Leak-Off Test Behavior

A leak-off test (LOT) is a verification method to estimate fracture pressure of exposed formations. After cementing each casing string, LOT is run to verify that the casing, cement and formation below the casing seat can withstand the wellbore pressure required to drill for the next casing string safely. Estimated fracture pressure from the test is used as the maximum pressure that may be imposed on that formation. Critical drilling decisions for mud weights, casing setting depths, and well control techniques are based upon the result of a LOT. Although LOT is a simple and inexpensive test, its interpretation is not always easy, particularly in formations that give nonlinear relationships between pumped volume and injection pressure. The observed shape of the LOT is primarily controlled by the local stresses. However, there are other factors that can affect and distort LOT results. Physically the LOT, indeed, reflects the total system compressibility, i.e., the compressibility of the drilling fluid, wellbore expansion, or so-called borehole ballooning, and leak (filtration) of drilling fluids into the formation. There is, however, no mathematical model explaining the nonlinear behavior. Disagreement on determining or interpreting actual leak-off pressure from the test data among the operators is common. In this paper, a mathematical model using a well-known compressibility equation is derived for total system compressibility to fully analyze nonlinear LOT behavior. This model accurately predicts the observed nonlinear behavior in a field example. The model also predicts the fracture pressure of the formation without running a test until formation fracture.
Impaired monocyte-to-macrophage maturation in patients with lymphadenopathy syndrome.

Thein vitro maturation of monocytes from patients with lymphadenopathy syndrome (LAS) was studied by means of enzymatic activity performed during a 7-day incubation period. Monocytes from LAS patients, healthy homosexuals, and healthy heterosexuals were assayed for β-galactosidase and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity on days 3, 5, and 7 of culture. The LAS monocytes had significantly lower (P<0.01) absolute levels of both enzymes compared with controls or healthy homosexual subjects. All three groups showed a linear increase in enzyme activity over time. There was no statistical difference between the slopes of the curves of enzyme activity vs time for the three groups, indicating that the rate of increase in enzyme activity was similar for the groups. These results suggest that monocyte-to-macrophage maturation is impaired in LAS. LAS monocytes are initially less mature than those of healthy homosexuals or heterosexuals but retain their capacity to mature during incubationin vitro.
Real-time traffic measurement on MAGNET II

Real-time traffic measurements on MAGNET II, an integrated network testbed based on asynchronous time sharing, are reported. The quality of service is evaluated by monitoring the buffer-occupancy distribution, the packet time-delay distribution, the packet loss, and the gap distribution of the consecutively lost packets. The experiments show that both time-delay and buffer-occupancy distributions of multiplexed video sources display a marked bimodal behavior, which does not seem to depend on the buffer size. The reliance of the network designer on traffic sources that do not exhibit substantial correlations can lead to implementations with serious congestion problems. For asynchronous-time-sharing-based networks with different traffic classes, the impact of a traffic class on the performance of the other classes tends to be diminished when compared to single-class-based asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks. >
Molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of cirrhotic portal hypertension: focus on nitric oxide

Portal hypertension occurs because of increased intrahepatic resistance in addition to increased portal venous inflow. Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous molecule implicated in several of the vascular derangements that characterize and contribute to portal hypertension and this will be the focus of this review article. In the intrahepatic circulation, NO bioavailability is diminished due to defects in endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) regulation that contribute to increased intrahepatic resistance. NO bioavailability is increased in the splanchnic and systemic circulation because of increased eNOS protein expression and eNOS enzyme activation, which contributes to splanchnic vasodilation and increased portal venous inflow. Therapies to modulate NO bioavailability in portal hypertension are under investigation in humans and animal models.
The addition of medium-chain triglycerides to a purified fish oil-based diet alters inflammatory profiles in mice.

Abstract Objective Parenteral nutrition associated liver disease (PNALD) is a deadly complication of long term parenteral nutrition (PN) use in infants. Fish oil-based lipid emulsion has been shown in recent years to effectively treat PNALD. Alternative fat sources free of essential fatty acids have recently been investigated for health benefits related to decreased inflammatory response. We hypothesized that the addition of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) to a purified fish oil-based diet would decrease the response to inflammatory challenge in mice, while allowing for sufficient growth and development. Materials/methods Six groups of ten adult male C57/Bl6 mice were pair-fed different dietary treatments for a period of twelve weeks, varying only in fat source (percent calories by weight): 10.84% soybean oil (SOY), 10% coconut oil (HCO), 10% medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), 3% purified fish oil (PFO), 3% purified fish oil with 3% medium-chain triglycerides (50:50 MCT:PFO) and 3% purified fish oil with 7.59% medium-chain triglycerides (70:30 MCT:PFO). An endotoxin challenge was administered to half of the animals in each group at the completion of dietary treatment. Results All groups demonstrated normal growth throughout the study period. Groups fed MCT and HCO diets demonstrated biochemical essential fatty acid deficiency and decreased IL-6 and TNF-α response to endotoxin challenge. Groups containing PFO had increased inflammatory response to endotoxin challenge, and the addition of MCT to PFO mitigated this inflammatory response. Conclusion These results suggest that the addition of MCT to PFO formulations may decrease the host response to inflammatory challenge, which may pose potential for optimized PN formulations. Inclusion of MCT in lipid emulsions given with PN formulations may be of use in therapeutic interventions for disease states resulting from chronic inflammation.
Impact of morbid obesity on outcome of laparoscopic splenectomy

Because of the obesity epidemic, surgeons are operating on morbidly obese patients in increasing numbers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of morbid obesity on the outcome of laparoscopic splenectomy. The study group consisted of 120 consecutive patients who underwent laparoscopic splenectomy for benign and malignant disease from March 1996 to May 2005. These patients were retrospectively divided into three groups. Group 1 had a body mass index (BMI) 40. Conversion rates were also higher in this group, although this did not reach statistical significance. Patients with a BMI > 30 experienced similar complication rates when compared with patients with a BMI 40 did they experience more complications. Laparoscopic splenectomy was performed safely in obese patients (BMI > 30) with similar results to those of nonobese patients. Only in morbidly obese patients (BMI > 40) do outcomes and complications appear to be affected. Obesity should not be a contraindication to laparoscopic splenectomy.
Aircrew visual acuity viewing with different night vision goggle eyepiece diopter settings

The AN/AVS-9 night vision goggle (NVG) has an eyepiece lens that can be adjusted from +2 to -6 diopters (D). We have shown previously 1,2,3 that on average NVG users tend to select about -1D, with a range of +0.5D to -4D3. This study was designed to evaluate NVG visual acuity (NVG VA) and subjective ratings for a range of diopter settings including user-selected and three fixed settings of -0.25D, -1D and -2D. Twenty-one experienced USAF Special Operations aircrew members, including 15 pilots, served as subjects. The median user-selected setting was -1.25D and ranged from +0.5D to -3.5D. Only 2 of the 21 subjects had user-selected NVG VA significantly better than a fixed setting of -1D. Of those two, one was not wearing prescribed glasses and the other was 49 years old, presbyopic, and could not focus through the -1D lenses. Subjective ratings and NVG VA indicated that most people could fly with a fixed setting of -1D for each eye, although two individuals needed different diopter settings for the right and left eyes. The new Panoramic NVG (PNVG) has a fixed eyepiece focus of -1D. Results suggest the PNVG should have a limited set of accessory lenses available.
Shape memory alloys for damage-resistant composite structures

Shape memory alloy (SMA) materials such as nitinol have unique properties associated with the shape recovery effect and the material's phase changes that have been used in a variety of actuator and sensing applications. By embedding SMA elements into host composite materials, control or modification of the SMA hybrid composite's structural properties can be accomplished in-service, thereby increasing the hybrid composite's structural functionality. Utilizing the SMA's substantial capacity to dissipate strain energy to increase the hybrid composite's static functionality is addressed herein. Specific applications of SMA hybrid composites for improving polymer matrix composite material's impact damage resistance is presented. Hybridizing composites with nitinol improves their impact resistance because of nitinol's tremendous capacity to dissipate impact strain energy through the stress-induced martensitic phase transformation. The amount of impact damage is reduced and the material's resistance to impact perforation at various velocities is improved. The experimental response of nitinol hybrid composites to low and high velocity impact perforation is presented. The unique toughness and resistance to permanent deformation that is a result of the stress-induced martensitic phase transformation enables the nitinol to dissipate on the order of 4 times the strain energy of high alloy steel and 16 times that of many graphite/epoxy composites.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Rhetorical aesthetics and other issues in the study of literary narrative

The current study of literary narrative is a vibrant and various activity, marked not by a single orthodoxy but by multiple approaches. Within that variety there are five especially salient issues currently being investigated: nonmimetic narrative; digital narrative; the fact/fiction distinction; narrative space; and rhetorical aesthetics. Rhetorical aesthetics moves not toward a universal standards of literary quality but toward an understanding of how narratives work on their own terms and of appropriate general criteria for judging those terms. These criteria, as a comparison of the endings of Raymond Chandler’s The Big Sleep and Howard Hawks’s adaptation of the novel to film suggests, typically are not purely aesthetic but involve the interrelation of form, ethics, and aesthetics.
Robustness considerations and effects of moisture variations on near infrared method performance for solid dosage form assay

Quantitative analysis by near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy involves the establishment of the relationship between spectra, related to both physical and chemical information of a sample, and the corresponding parameter(s) of interest. To make a model useful and robust, other sources of variability, not directly related to the element(s) to predict should be included in the calibration set. One of the potential sources of variability is moisture. Raw materials may have different moisture levels as a function of the manufacturing lots, the geographic situation of a plant, storage conditions or the season. In a traditional calibration effort, tablets are often made at the same time and no robustness to moisture is built into the model. The present article investigates how moisture variations affect the predictive ability of a NIR calibration model for active ingredient in solid oral dosage forms. Examples of variable selection and orthogonalisation techniques are presented as an alternative to including the moisture variability in the calibration data. Tablets composed of acetaminophen, lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, hypromellose and magnesium stearate were manufactured using laboratory scale equipment. A full-factorial design was used to vary aceta minophen (five levels) and excipient ratios (three levels) to generate tablets for calibration and test. Tablets were placed in humidity chambers over saturated salt solutions and equilibrated to 11%, 32%, 52% and 75% relative humidity, respectively. Calibration and test tablets were scanned at each moisture level. Following spectral collection, the acetaminophen content was determined by HPLC. From each sample set representing tablets equilibrated at a single relative humidity, individual calibration models for acetaminophen were constructed. Test samples, stored at the alternate relative humidity conditions, were predicted. When the moisture level was different between calibration and test sets, the prediction error increased, indicating a degradation of the model performance when moisture variance was unaccounted for. Models developed using selected variable, orthogonalisation and global approaches gave significantly lower prediction errors for the test set than the individual models applied to all samples. These findings demonstrated the importance of accounting for expected sources of variance, such as moisture in order to achieve robust calibrations.
Surveying ubiquitin structure by noncovalent attachment of distance constrained bis(crown) ethers.

Selective noncovalent adduct protein probing (SNAPP) mass spectrometry was recently developed to study solution-phase conformations of proteins by exploiting the specific affinity between 18-crown-6 ether (18C6) and lysine side chains. To obtain more detailed information about protein tertiary structure, a novel noncovalent cross-linking reagent with two 18C6 molecules bridged by a covalent phenyl linker (called PBC for phenyl bis-crown) was synthesized. PBC introduces a distance constraint into SNAPP experiments where pairs of lysine side chains that are held in proximity by tertiary structure should be the most favored binding sites. Application of this method to ubiquitin reveals that PBC can bind to one lysine in a monodentate fashion or bind to two lysines via a bidentate interaction. Comparison with 18C6 can be used to reveal the mode of binding. For the native state of ubiquitin, bidentate binding of PBC is not observed. The partially denatured A-state, however, contains a single pair of lysines th...
Treatment of fever in the neurologic intensive care unit with a catheter-based heat exchange system.

ContextElevated temperature worsens injury in experimental focal and global ischemia and brain trauma. Fever is common in patients with acute neurologic illness and independently predicts poor outcome. Conventional means of treating fever are not very effective in this population.ObjectiveTo study t
A Comparison of Mixed Standard Scale Ratings Calculated with Blanz and Ghiselli's and Saal's Scoring Algorithms

The present study compared the accuracy of mixed standard scale (MSS) ratings determined with either the Blanz and Ghiselli (1972) or the Saal (1979) scoring algorithm. A laboratory methodology was used so that the true level of ratee performance would be available and the accuracy of ratings could serve as dependent measures. Eighty-four undergraduate students observed four videotapes of managers interacting with subordinates and rated each manager on a MSS. The MSS was scored using the Blanz and Ghiselli and Saal algorithms. Analyses indicated that MSS ratings calculated with Saal's algorithm were more accurate than those calculated with Blanz and Ghiselli's method. Implications of the findings for past research and the future use of mixed standard scales are discussed.
Lewis rats immunized with GM1 ganglioside do not develop peripheral neuropathy

Elevated levels of anti-GM1 antibodies are associated with motor nerve syndromes. Although there is a lot of circumstantial evidence that anti-GM1 antibodies may be causing the disease, their precise role remains unclear. In order to study the role of anti-GM1 antibodies in the pathogenesis of peripheral neuropathy, eight Lewis rats were injected with GM1 ganglioside mixed with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and emulsified with Freund's adjuvant and three rats were immunized with GM1 in liposomes. Although IgM class anti-GM1 antibodies were detected in all animals immunized with GM1, none of the animals exhibited overt signs of neuropathy during 6 months after initial immunization. IgG antibody to GM1 was not produced in any of the animals. There was no pathological evidence of nerve damage. These studies suggest that elevated levels of IgM anti-GM1 antibodies by themselves do not cause nerve damage in rats.
Difficulties in Troubleshooting Automated Manufacturing Systems

Abstract Based on the results of an empirical study of the process of troubleshooting in computer-controlled manufacturing systems, we highlight sources of difficulty encountered by expert maintenace personnel in acquiring and using information to diagnose faults. We focus on difficulties in collecting background information, testing hypotheses, making repair attempts, and generating beliefs about causes of failures. Recommendations are provided for how to make people more effective in the troubleshooting task by (i) changing management policies and practices at the plant level, (ii) modifying the process control hardware and software that already exists on the plant floor, and (iii) improving the design of new hardware and software for the next generation of process control systems.
Influence of extent and timing of Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) defoliation on potato tuber production in eastern Virginia.

A 2-yr field study was done to evaluate tuber production of ‘Superior’ variety potatoes, Solanum tuberosum L., following various levels of defoliation by the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). Plants were subjected to defoliation during five consecutive plant growth periods, and tuber weights were measured at the end of each period. Additional plants subjected to defoliation were marked with a visual defoliation rating at the end of each period and maintained free of Colorado potato beetle infestation during subsequent growth periods. Tuber weights of these plants were recorded at the end of growth period five. plants were most sensitive to beetle defoliation during the early stages of plant growth up to 60 d after planting. Tuber yield was least affected by beetle feeding damage during later plant growth stages. Up to 100%defoliation during the last plant growth period (75-89 d after planting) did not result in significant reduction in tuber weights, compared with undefoliated plants. Colorado potato beetle counts indicated that plants could tolerate beetle populations well above published threshold levels without a decrease in tuber production, particularly after initiation of bloom.
On the complexity of optimization problems for 3-dimensional convex polyhedra and decision trees

Abstract We show that several well-known optimization problems involving 3-dimensional convex polyhedra and decision trees are NP-hard or NP-complete. One of the techniques we employ is a linear-time method for realizing a planar 3-connected triangulation as a convex polyhedron, which may be of independent interest.
A geochemical survey of St. Lucia, West Indies

Abstract The Los Alamos National Laboratory conducted a reconnaissance-scale geochemical exploration program on the island of St. Lucia during September 1983. Totals of 307 stream-sediment and 55 beach-sand samples were collected and analyzed for a suite of 44 elements. Data interpretation utilized computer-generated color images. Several anomalies were delineated, the most significant of which indicate previously unrecognized Au mineralization in two areas.
Preterm Infant Massage Therapy Research: A Review

In this paper, preterm infant massage therapy studies are reviewed. Massage therapy has led to weight gain in preterm infants when moderate pressure massage was provided. In studies on passive movement of the limbs, preterm infants also gained significantly more weight, and their bone density also increased. Research on ways of delivering the massage is also explored including using mothers versus therapists and the added effects of using oils. The use of mothers as therapists was effective in at least one study. The use of oils including coconut oil and safflower oil enhanced the average weight gain, and the transcutaneous absorption of oil also increased triglycerides. In addition, the use of synthetic oil increased vagal activity, which may indirectly contribute to weight gain. The weight gain was associated with shorter hospital stays and, thereby, significant hospital cost savings. Despite these benefits, preterm infant massage is only practiced in 38% of neonatal intensive care units. This may relate to the underlying mechanisms not being well understood. The increases noted in vagal activity, gastric motility, insulin and IGF-1 levels following moderate pressure massage are potential underlying mechanisms. However, those variables combined do not explain all of the variance in weight gain, highlighting the need for additional mechanism studies.
Effects of propranolol on the chick embryo heart.

Propranolol had a negative chronotropic effect on the preneural chick embryo heart. The specificity of this effect was demonstrated by the finding that propranolol blocked the accelerating effects of isopropylnorepinephrine (Isopr) on the preneural heart. The establishment of threshold doses of both propranolol and Isopr for two preneural stages (50-55 and 80-85 hr) of chick embryo development provided evidence that the embryo heart became increasingly sensitive to these agents. A further increase in sensitivity was found when preneural threshold dosages of propranolol and Isopr were administered to 5-day, presumably innervated, embryos. The finding that beta adrenergic blockers such as propranolol as well as catecholamines influence the preneural heart rate emphasizes the importance of chemical mediators in heart-rate control during this period; further studies may aid in explaining the large increases in the preneural heart rate usually attributed to the “resetting” of the pacemaker.
Selective Inhibition of α1A-Adrenergic Receptor Signaling by RGS2 Association with the Receptor Third Intracellular Loop

Regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS) proteins act directly on Gα subunits to increase the rate of GTP hydrolysis and to terminate signaling. However, the mechanisms involved in determining their specificities of action in cells remain unclear. Recent evidence has raised the possibility that RGS proteins may interact directly with G-protein-coupled receptors to modulate their activity. By using biochemical, fluorescent imaging, and functional approaches, we found that RGS2 binds directly and selectively to the third intracellular loop of the α1A-adrenergic receptor (AR) in vitro, and is recruited by the unstimulated α1A-AR to the plasma membrane in cells to inhibit receptor and Gq/11 signaling. This interaction was specific, because RGS2 did not interact with the highly homologous α1B- or α1D-ARs, and the closely related RGS16 did not interact with any α1-ARs. The N terminus of RGS2 was required for association with α1A-ARs and inhibition of signaling, and amino acids Lys219, Ser220, and Arg238 within the α1A-AR i3 loop were found to be essential for this interaction. These findings demonstrate that certain RGS proteins can directly interact with preferred G-protein-coupled receptors to modulate their signaling with a high degree of specificity.
Neutrino oscillations and the number of neutrino types

A brief treatment of neutrino oscillations, generalized to an arbitrary number of neutrino types, is given as the basis for design of a feasible experiment to search for neutrino oscillations using the neutrino beam produced at a high-energy proton accelerator.
Some functions of collateral behavior

A systematic replication of Bruner & Revesky (1961) demonstrated that disruption of collateral behavior had differential effects on the maintenance of a reinforced operant. These effects were a function of whether the organism was engaged in acquiring or maintaining the terminal performance.
Functional Dissection of Transcription Factor ZBRK1 Reveals Zinc Fingers with Dual Roles in DNA-binding and BRCA1-dependent Transcriptional Repression

The breast- and ovarian-specific tumor suppressor BRCA1 has been implicated in both activation and repression of gene transcription by virtue of its direct interaction with sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription factors. However, the mechanistic basis by which BRCA1 mediates the transcriptional activity of these regulatory proteins remains largely unknown. To clarify this issue, we have examined the functional interaction between BRCA1 and ZBRK1, a BRCA1-dependent KRAB eight zinc finger transcriptional repressor. We report here the identification and molecular characterization of a portable BRCA1-dependent transcriptional repression domain within ZBRK1 composed of zinc fingers 5-8 along with sequences in the unique ZBRK1 C terminus. This C-terminal repression domain functions in a BRCA1-, histone deacetylase-, and promoter-specific manner and is thus functionally distinguishable from the N-terminal KRAB repression domain in ZBRK1, which exhibits no BRCA1 dependence and broad promoter specificity. Significantly, we also find that the BRCA1-dependent transcriptional repression domain on ZBRK1 includes elements that modulate its sequence-specific DNA binding activity. These findings thus reveal the presence within ZBRK1 of functionally bipartite zinc fingers with dual roles in sequence-specific DNA-binding and BRCA1-dependent transcriptional repression. We discuss the implications of these findings for the role of BRCA1 as ZBRK1 co-repressor.
Lessons learned from comparisons of mesotidal sand- and mudflats

Abstract Tidal flats with limited vegetation provide valuable opportunities to investigate the linkages of hydrodynamics and sediment dynamics. A mudflat in southern Willapa Bay and a sandflat in Skagit Bay (both Washington state, USA) are characterized by processes with many similarities, but some differences. In particular, one imports mud and the other exports mud. Classic intertidal mechanisms (e.g., flood/ebb asymmetry, settling/scour lags) cause net landward transport onto the southern Willapa tidal flat, and the details of the interlinked processes are complex. Meandering channels with dendritic planform are the circulatory system for this site, and are entrenched in cohesive clayey silt. Tidal range and wind/wave conditions are similar in the two areas, but the direct discharges of fluvial freshwater and sediment are much greater for Skagit Bay. When coupled with the other processes operating there, mud export from the Skagit tidal flat is the net result. Braided channels dominate the Skagit site, and migrate freely through non-cohesive fine sand. An integrated summary is presented here for a multi-investigator study of these two areas, and the detailed results are described by the papers that follow.
Remote Sounding of Cloudy Atmospheres. I. The Single Cloud Layer

The relaxation method for the inverse solution of the radiative transfer equation is applied in a dual-frequency scheme for the determination of complete vertical temperature profiles in cloudy atmospheres from radiance observations alone, without any additional information related to the expected solutions. The dual-frequency principle employs to advantage a property in the Planck function of the dependence of intensity on frequency. This property leads to the formulation of a new convergence criterion for the selection of cloud-sounding frequencies to be used for reconstructing the clear column radiance from observations made in the presence of a broken cloud layer in all fields of view. The principle is applied to the case of observations in two adjacent or partially overlapping fields of view and to the case of observations in a single field of view. The solutions are illustrated by numerical examples in the dual-frequency ranges of the 4.3 and 15-micron CO2 bands of the terrestrial atmosphere.
Relationship between cellular RecA protein concentration and untargeted mutagenesis in Escherichia coli

Abstract We measured the production of untargeted mutations in the cI and cII genes of untreated λ phage undergoing a lytic cycle in UV-irradiated bacterial hosts. As previously shown, treatment with 4 μg/ml of rifampicin during post-irradiation incubation inhibited amplification of the RecA protein in these cells. In addition, we observed a decreased mutation rate compared to the untreated, irradiated bacteria. Treatment with 4 μg/ml or 8 μg/ml rifampicin did not prevent the UV induction of the umuDC operon, as judged by assay of β-galactosidase activity in a umuC-lacZ fusion strain. In contrast, the UV-induction of β-galactosidase in the sulA-lacZ fusion strain was decreased by 4 μg/ml rifampicin. The inhibition of untargeted mutagenesis by this drug treatment was also observed in a strain constitutive for SOS functions (lexA (Def)) as well as ina RecA-overproducing plasmid strain, that blocks induction of heat-shock proteins, factor(s) in wild-type recA+ cells. An htpR165-carrying strain, that blocks induction of heat-shock proteins, exhibited normal UV-promoted mutagenesis. A correlation was observed between the cellular concentration of RecA protein, increased spontaneously by a temperature shift in a lexA(Ts) strain, and the extent of UV-promoted untargeted mutagenesis. These results suggest a mechanistic role of RecA protein in this process.
A mechanism for ethanol-induced damage to liver mitochondrial structure and function

Mitochondria isolated from rats chronically fed ethanol demonstrated a marked inability to produce energy. The respiratory control ratio, the ADP/O ratio and state 3 respiration rates were all decreased. Coupled with other data, a progression of ethanol-induced changes is proposed with site I being altered prior to site II. Quantitation of mitochondrial cytochromes revealed decreases in cytochromes b and aa3 and an increase in c1. Evaluation of respiration activity in relation to temperature showed ethanol-induced changes in the transition temperature (Tf) which may have been related to changes in the lipid composition of the inner membrane. Mitochondrial membranes were separated, and analysis of fatty acids and phospholipids was performed. Various fatty acids were altered in both membranes; however, the outer membrane was altered more severely. A decrease in the arachidonate : linoleate ratio was observed only in the outer membrane; however, there was no ethanol-induced change in degree of unsaturation in either membrane. Phospholipid quantitation showed a reduction of total lipid phosphorous/mg protein in both membrane fractions; however, the inner membrane was most affected. Cardiolipin was the only phospholipid in this membrane which remained unaltered. The evidence indicates that the mechanism for ethanol-induced damage to the liver mitochondrion involves lipid compositional changes as well as changes in cytochromes and possibly other proteins.
Biosynthesis of O-phosphoserine-containing phosphoproteins by isolated bone cells of mouse calvaria.

Abstract Five groups of isolated bone cells from mouse calvaria were incubated with [ 3 H]serine and the presence and amount of O [ 3 H]phosphoserine used as an indication of phosphoprotein synthesis. Cells in the osteoblastic fraction were the most active in synthesizing phosphoproteins, and unlike the other cell groups, released most of the phosphoproteins into the tissue culture medium. When subjected to molecular sieving and ion-exchange chromatography, the phosphoproteins synthesized by the bone cells of the osteoblastic group behaved like the phosphoproteins extracted from mouse calvaria by EDTA.
SU-FF-J-110: Gel Dosimetry for Measuring a Complex 3D Dose Distribution in Stereotactic Radiosurgery

Purpose: To explore the feasibility and the accuracy of using polymergeldosimeters in measuring a complex 3D dose distribution irradiated using dynamic arc for stereotactic radiotherapy.Method and Materials: MAGIC‐2 polymergel was produced and poured into a 500mL vessel. The treatment plan has four dynamic arcs and was generated from the BrainLab planning system using CTimages with 6 MV photon beam. The treatment plan with a complex 3D dose distribution was delivered to gel with the micro‐multileaf collimator, m3, adapted to a Varian Trilogy treatment machine. The irradiated gel was imaged by MRI on a Philips Achieva scanner at 3T. Before imaging, the gel was placed in the imaging suite overnight to reach room temperature. The gel phantom was scanned using a multi‐echo spin‐echo sequence. T2 (transverse relaxation time) images were calculated by performing a least‐square fit to a single exponential for each pixel of the echo images. R2 (transverse relaxation rate) images were calculated as the inverse of the T2 images. A 2‐mm transverse slice through the gel at maximum dose was chosen for analysis. Results: The calculated and measured relative dose distributions were quantitatively compared using gamma index calculations. With criteria of 5% dose and 3mm distance‐to‐agreement, approximately 97% of all pixels within the 50% isodose curves in the R2 image of the plan had gamma values of less than unity, indicating that they were in acceptable agreement with the dose distribution. For criteria of 5% dose and 1 mm distance‐to‐agreement, approximately 58% of the pixels had a gamma value of less than unity. Conclusion:Polymergeldosimetry is potentially a very useful dosimeter in measuring a complex 3D dose distribution for stereotactic radiotherapy treatment. It is able to provide a high resolution 3D dose distribution to verify a complex treatment plan.
Electrochemical Investigation of the Solvolytic Properties of Ethylammonium Nitrate (EAN) and Propylammonium Nitrate (PAN)

Ethylammonium nitrate (EAN) and propylammonium nitrate (PAN) are unique fused ionic media which have received relatively little attention despite their unusual physical and chemical properties. As a consequence very few applications for these media have been described in the literature. The utility of EAN and PAN as conductive solvents suitable for electrochemical analysis was examined by carrying out cyclic voltammetric analyses of ferrocene, ethylferrocene, and acetylferrocene dissolved in these molten media. Reversibility was observed for the ferrocene redox systems in EAN while those in PAN were not quite as well behaved. A comparison of the diffusion coefficient of ferrocene in EAN and PAN employing both Stokes-Einstein values and values derived from chronocoulometry shows that diffusion is very slow and nearly ideal in these solvents.
Compositional investigation of Yb3+-doped heavy metal fluoride glasses for laser-induced fluorescent cooling applications

Abstract A full-scale compositional analysis of Yb3+-doped heavy metal fluoride glasses (HMFG) has been undertaken to determine potential hosts for use in the development of a first-generation optical cryocooler for space-borne remote sensing applications. By pumping to the lower levels of the Yb3+ 2F5/2 manifold, followed by a thermally-driven population redistribution to higher levels within the manifold, net cooling can be achieved by anti-Stokes fluorescence back to the ground state. This paper reports on fluoride glasses in the ZBLAN and BaF2–InF3–GaF3 (BIG) families which have shown promise for fluorescent cooling. ZBLANPb:Yb3+ is the first solid to actually exhibit net cooling due to anti-Stokes fluorescence. The BIG-derived hosts have been determined to contain similar mean emission photon energies and larger long-wavelength absorption tails than those of ZBLANPb:Yb3+. Low-temperature absorption and fluorescence spectra have indicated that the Yb3+-containing BIG glasses should have a cooling efficiency more than twice that of ZBLANPb at temperatures below 80 K and may attain a minimum temperature of 45 K compared to 55 K expected for the ZBLANPb.
Time-dependent resonance Raman analysis of a trinuclear mixed valence coordination complex

The resonance Raman spectrum of the trinuclear mixed valence complex [(NC)5FeCN−Pt(NH3)4NC−Fe(CN)5]4- is investigated using a simple time-dependent Raman intensity analysis devised by Heller et. al...
Determining the 3d position and orientation of a robot camera using 2d monocular vision

Abstract An algorithm for determining the three-space position and orientation of a robot camera relative to a rectangular object of known size has been developed. Given the image plane positions of the vertices of the rectangle, each projected diagonal of the rectangle is isolated and processed in turn to find the 2D position of the camera in the plane that contains the diagonal and the line between the centroid of the mark and the focal point of the camera. The two sets of results are then combined using heuristics based on human vision and processed to determine the unique three-space position and orientation of the camera relative to the rectangle. No a priori constraints are placed on the positional or orientational relationship between the camera and the rectangle.
A detailed fractographic analysis of cleavage steps in silicon

A detailed analysis of cleavage steps present on fracture surfaces in pure silicon has been carried out using scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that the mechanisms involved in both the formation of unfractured ligaments, produced when adjacent cleavage facets overlap, and the subsequent fracture of these ligaments to form cleavage steps, are quite complex. Specifically it is shown that, during ligament formation, the local crack fronts are deflected from their preferred (1 1 1) cleavage plane and that the fracture of these ligaments to form cleavage steps occurs in a very complex fashion producing very small microcleavage steps. It is shown that these latter steps are consistent with cleavage along both {1 1 1} and {0 1 1} planes.
Multiphoton interactions in rutile.

Laser-induced photoluminescence and photoconductivity in rutile crystal are described. Nd:YAG laser photons were employed which have energies of 1.16 eV (1.06 μm). This energy is just slightly more than ⅓ of the TiO2 band gap. Intensities between 105 and 106 W/cm2 were employed. The photoconductivity is shown to be produced by competing single- and two-photon events. The first-order and second-order photoconductivity cross sections are found to be 3.6 × 10−26 cm2 and 1.54 × 10−50 cm4 sec, respectively. A thermoluminescence study revealed traps with thermal ionization energies between 0.4 and 0.9 eV below the conduction band. Traps with photoionization energies ~1 and ~2 eV below the conduction band are believed to be responsible for the observed results and may or may not be due to alumina impurities known to exist in the samples.
The relationship of protein and lipid synthesis during the biogenesis of mitochondrial membranes.

Rat liver mitochondria were fractionated into inner and outer membrane components at various times after the intravenous injection of14C-leucine or14C-glycerol. The time curves of protein and lecithin labeling were similar in the intact mitochondria, the outer membrane fraction, and the inner membrane fraction. In rat liver slices also, the kinetics of3H-phenylalanine incorporation into mitochondrial KCl-insoluble proteins was identical to that of14C-glycerol incorporation into mitochondrial lecithin. These results suggest a simultaneous assembly of protein and lecithin during membrane biogenesis
Sevenfold improvement of axial resolution in 3D wide-field microscopy using two objective lenses

A weakness of standard 3D microscopies--both confocal and widefield+deconvolution-- is that their resolution is substantially worse in the axial direction than in the lateral plane. We describe two new widefield techniques with substantially improved axial resolution that actually exceeds the lateral resolution. As is well known, the resolution is related to the angle over which the objective lens collects light. In our first technique, light is collected over an enlarged set of angles by using two objective lenses on opposite sides of the sample. The two image beams are combined coherently on the same CCD camera. Interference between the beams yields new, previously inaccessible sample information. The second technique applies a similar concept to the illumination light in fluorescence microscopy. Light from an extended, spatially incoherent light source--such as a standard arc lamp--is split and directed through the two opposing objective lenses so as to create a narrow interference fringe at the focal plane in the sample. This spatial structure in the excitation light yields access to new sample information. The two techniques can easily be used together; the combined technique promises an axial resolution improvement of a factor of seven over standard widefield microscopy.
How and why corporate divestitures affect risk

We find that in general, parents experience an increase in risk following divestitures, although the specific increase is conditioned on the form of divestiture and the type of proxy used to measure risk. The increase in risk following divestitures is generally higher for carve-outs than for asset sell-offs. The increase in risk in response to all forms of divestitures is more pronounced when parents eliminate related assets than when they eliminate unrelated assets, and when parents increase their financial leverage. Overall, our findings suggest that the shift in parent risk is associated with the remaining asset and liability structure of the parent. This implies that the parents have much control over the degree to which the divestiture will change their risk, based on the types of assets divested (whether related to parent's remaining assets), and the liability structure of units divested (the amount of debt that the parent transfers to the unit).