cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Golden Shiners on Plankton and Water Quality in Ponds Managed for Intensive Production

Water quality variables and plankton were monitored and compared between ponds that were stocked or not stocked with golden shiners in order to determine what changes occur in the plankton community and water quality of ponds managed for intensive production. Ponds with shiners had significantly lower phosphate and carbon dioxide concentrations and lower carbonate alkalinity than ponds without shiners. No significant difference in nitrite, nitrate, ammonia, temperature, secchi disk readings, or turbidity levels was found between the treatments. The standing crop of phytoplankton was nearly twice as great in ponds with fish. Ponds with fish had significantly fewer copepods but more rotifers than fishless ponds. Although the fish were offered a commercial feed with 29.5% protein and 1.5% crude fat at 3% of their biomass daily, they apparently continued to feed on crustacean zooplankton.
Intermodal Path Algorithm for Time-Dependent Auto Network and Scheduled Transit Service

A simple but efficient algorithm is proposed for finding the optimal path in an intermodal urban transportation network. The network is a general transportation network with multiple modes (auto, bus, rail, walk, etc.) divided into the two major categories of private and public, with proper transfer constraints. The goal was to find the optimal path according to the generalized cost, including private-side travel cost, public-side travel cost, and transfer cost. A detailed network model of transfers between modes was used to improve the accounting of travel times during these transfers. The intermodal path algorithm was a sequential application of specific cases of transit and auto shortest paths and resulted in the optimal intermodal path, with the optimal park-and-ride location for transferring from private to public modes. The computational complexity of the algorithm was shown to be a significant improvement over existing algorithms. The algorithm was applied to a real network within a dynamic traffic and transit assignment procedure and integrated with a sequential activity choice model.
Freedom of Speech in Cyberspace: Intel v. Hamidi

Abstract The development of cyberspace and the Internet have changed how we communicate to a large audience. Television advertising or bulk mailings are extremely expensive, but an individual or organization can send out thousands of e- mails at virtually no cost. Many charitable and business organizations use e-mail to communicate worldwide with their employees, supporters, clients, potential customers, or other interested parties. As the U.S. Supreme Court noted in a recent decision, “any person with a phone line can become a town crier with a voice that resonates farther than it could from any soapbox.”1
The Penetration of Ultraviolet Light into Pure Water and Sea Water

With a quartz spectrograph, sodium hydride quartz photoelectric cell and quadrant electrometer, measurements were made in the ultraviolet spectrum region λ4000 to 2500A of the light absorption coefficients of pure water and sea water and of the molecular absorption coefficients of aqueous solutions of the principle salts in the sea, namely, NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, MgSO4 and CaSO4. The transparency of the sea water declines rapidly with decreasing wave length in the ultraviolet becoming quite small below λ3000A. From λ3400 to 3000A, CaSO4 contributes about half to the absorption of sea water, H2O about a fourth and the other salts the rest; from λ3000 to 2500A, MgCl2, CaSO4 and H2O each contribute roughly a third, the other salts giving relatively little absorption. There is a close correspondence between the falling off in the transparency of the sea with decreasing wave length in the ultra violet and the spectral energy curve of sunlight. This, together with the very similar correspondence in the case of the transparency of the atmosphere permits the suggestion that the actinic effects of sunlight may have played a part, perhaps more important than has been heretofore recognized, in the constitution of the sea and the air.
White matter volume in the schizophrenia and bipolar spectrum

Structural brain imaging abnormalities in schizophrenia-resemble spectrum disorders in many respects. Similar to schizophrenia, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is increased and cortical volumes are decreased in schizotypal personality disorder (SPD). In this large sample study, MRI assessed white matter volumes and diffusion tensor anisotropy was assessed in the schizophrenia spectrum. The sample includes 230 schizophrenics (ages 13-78) and an approximately age matched group of 81 patients with schizotypal disorder and 230 normal volunteers. For the bipolar spectrum there were 44 patients with bipolar spectrum disorder. Results in a pilot subsample of patients revealed increases in white matter in the cingulate in SPD and Schizophrenia in comparison to the normal sample. However in prefrontal regions, a schizophrenia spectrum pattern was observed with greater white matter increases in patients with schizophrenia than patients with schizotypal disorder, and greater gray matter decreases in patients with schizophrenia than patients with schizotypal disorder. Anisotropy changes were widely observed across the prefrontal cortex and corpus callosum. Taken together these results suggest that prefrontal change appears associated with a continuous spectrum deficit while some changes in the cingulate and other brain regions may show protective or reactive change in schizotypal patients. Bipolar patients had significantly reduced volume of the white and the gray matter of the frontal cortex. Furthermore, compared with control subjects, BPS patients as a group showed alterations in anisotropy of the internal capsule adjacent to the striatum and thalamus and the frontal white matter.
Considerations in the analysis and treatment of dietary effects on behavior: a case study.

Scientific and public interest in the effects of diet on behavior disorders has recently increased. This paper argues that (1) the experimental analysis of behavior offers an effective scientific methodology for assessing the effects of dietary substances on behavior problems, and that (2) such analysis permits behavioral consequences to be considered as an alternative treatment to dietary control. A case study of a 9-year-old retarded boy with autistic behaviors is presented. Suspected dietary substances were demonstrated not to be effective influences on the child's behavior, whereas a simple behavior modification program improved his problem behaviors. Also discussed are issues and problems which arise in research on dietary effects on behavior and in selection of effective and ethical treatments.
A Microdata Child Well-Being Index: Conceptualization, Creation, and Findings

Over the past 30 years, a prominent stream of research has addressed the conceptualization and measurement of child well-being and the construction of child well-being indices. This paper extends this accumulating body of research in five ways. First, an index of child well-being for US children ages 6–11 is constructed using individual children (micro-data) as the unit of analysis rather than population-based measures which have typically been used in the past. Second, the new index uses a recently developed US data source (National Survey of Children’s Health) to incorporate far more measures related to child well-being (69) into an index than have been used in past efforts. Third, this research explicitly separates child outcome measures (measures of child well-being) from contextual measures (seen as measures of risk or inputs). Fourth, separate indices are developed for children age 6–11 and those aged 12–17. Fifth, analyses show that contextual indicators add significant albeit modest power over and above common demographic measures (age, gender, race/ethnicity) as predictors of individual differences in well-being among children.
A Survey of Sound Propagation in Soils

Acoustical scientists could make an enormous contribution to society if they could develop techniques to image objects buried near the surface of the earth. It would be possible to locate and define the surface of the water table or bedrock. Builders could locate boulders and other obstructions in construction sites, geologists could trace the details of subsurface geology, archeologists could locate tombs and ruins. The list of applications is almost endless.
THE RELATION OF THE ADRENAL GLANDS TO THE CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD

IN spite of the publication of a considerable amount of evidence to the contrary the idea persists among various clinical writers that the discharge of adrenin into the blood stream plays a predominant role in the maintenance of the circulation. Some phases of the evidence were presented in articles by Professors Vincent and Stewart in the preceding number of Endocrinology. In the present communication it is proposed to present a few additional facts bearing on the problem and to discuss some recent work on the relation of adrenin to the distribution of the blood. That the suprarenal glands are stimulated under certain “emergency” conditions to pour out their secretion in significant amounts has been asserted by several investigators of recent years. Cannon in studying the activities of the alimentary tract had noticed that an outburst of fear or anger resulted in a checking of peristalsis.
Expression of T cell receptor Vβ transcripts in central nervous system of mice susceptible and resistant to Theiler's virus-induced demyelination

We utilized the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to examine for preferential expression of T cell receptor (TcR) V beta s in T cells infiltrating the central nervous system (CNS) of mice infected with Theiler's virus. Infection of susceptible strains of mice with Theiler's virus results in demyelinating disease similar to multiple sclerosis. At 7 days following infection, no difference was observed in TcR V beta usage in lymphocytes infiltrating the CNS between resistant (B10.K) and susceptible (B10.Q or SJL/J) mice. In susceptible mice with prominent demyelination (day 45 and 238 following infection), no preferential expression of TcR V beta s was observed in the CNS. There is strong evidence that T cells play a major role in pathogenesis of TMEV-induced demyelination. There is increasing evidence using recombinant inbred strain mice with TcR V beta deletions that T cells expressing certain TcR V beta genes may be critical in the disease process. Yet, analysis of TcR V beta expression on T cells in CNS using PCR technology did not provide a way to dissect which antigen-specific T cells play a role in disease. These results confirm that during active demyelination specific as well as non-specific T cells are recruited to the CNS. Even though the pathogenesis of TMEV-induced disease may not be identical to that in multiple sclerosis, it is unlikely that similar approaches utilizing polymerase chain reaction will provide insights to the role of T cell receptors in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.
Daidzin Decreases Ethanol Consumption in Rats

In a previous study, daidzin, a constituent of an ancient Chinese herbal treatment for alcoholism, decreased home-cage ethanol consumption in laboratory Syrian golden hamsters. The present study tested the generality of daidzin's antidipsotropic effects. Rats served as subjects in a two-lever choice procedure. At one lever, responses earned 10% ethanol, flavored with saccharin. At the other lever, responses earned an isocaloric starch solution. Daidzin decreased both ethanol and starch consumption, but the decreases in ethanol intake were larger. Changes in consumption were dose dependent, and differences in ethanol and food consumption increased slightly (but significantly) as dose increased. Daidzin produced a similar pattern of decreases in lever pressing. In baseline, there was an approximately equal distribution of responses between the two levers; at the highest daidzin dose, the relative number of responses at the ethanol lever decreased to 30%. These results replicate and extend earlier findings, and they encourage further research on daidzin's capacity to decrease ethanol consumption.
Aggression, narcissism, self-esteem, and the attribution of desirable and humanizing traits to self versus others ☆

Abstract Undergraduates (n = 156) completed measures of aggression, self-esteem, and narcissism. In accord with previous research, self-esteem and narcissism had opposing effects on aggression and functioned as mutual suppressors: Controlling their shared variance amplified self-esteem’s negative association with aggression and narcissism’s positive association with aggression. Participants also rated themselves and peers on traits that were or were not (a) desirable and (b) humanizing (i.e., uniquely human or reflecting human nature). Ascribing more humanizing and less dehumanizing traits to the self than to others was associated with more narcissism and more aggression (but did not mediate the narcissism-aggression relationship); this intriguing finding should stimulate further study of the social cognition associated with entitled, exploitative, and hostile behavior.
Against the whim: State legislatures' use of program evaluation

Evaluation capabilities of the nation's state legislatures provide a unique resource to the overall evaluation community.
Effects of anesthesia on cardiovascular control mechanisms.

The manner in which general anesthesia affects circulatory control was studied by examining the effects of commonly employed anesthetics on left ventricular function and distribution of cardiac output, and the extent to which responses to physiological and pharmacological stimuli are modified by general anesthesia. While commonly employed anesthetics affect almost every aspect of the circulatory system, the importance of general anesthesia on the circulation tends to be underestimated by considering only its direct effects. More important is the modification of the organism's integrative response to any perturbation. Major differences often directionally opposite, in responses of conscious and anesthetized animals were found for reflex control of the circulation, effects of hemorrhage and alterations in preload and after load. In addition, commonly employed pharmacologic agents, e.g., cardiac glycosdies, catecholamines, and morphine sulfate exerted differing actions in the conscious and anesthetized states. Thus, while it is generally held that the overall responses to complex physiological functions such as exercise or eating can be best described in the intact, conscious organism, the importance of conducting any experiment involving integrative control of the circulation in the conscious organism should also be recognized.
When can magnetic resonance angiography replace contrast angiograms for vascular disease

Summary On the basis of the rapid proliferation of magnetic resonance methods, it seems likely that magnetic resonance angiography will obviate the need for invasive x-ray angiography in the initial screening of many patients with known or suspected vascular disease. As it relates to the stable patient with thoracic aortic disease, MRA has already replaced invasive contrast angiography and is now widely accepted as the gold standard. For abdominal aortic disease, MRA can best be considered a viable alternative, but developments need to be made before this can be considered a first-line approach. For the peripheral vasculature MRA has already assumed an important role but technical developments need to occur before this is more widely disseminated. Finally, in the extracranial cerebral vasculature, several centers are already performing therapeutic interventions based on noninvasive testing, most notably the combination of MRA and data from ultrasound-based techniques. The ultimate goal is to move as many diagnostic studies as possible into the noninvasive arena to reduce morbidity associated with straightforward diagnoses. In parallel, the invasive angiography suite will be used primarily for therapeutic work and for the occasional diagnostic study in which noninvasive testing fails to reveal a clear-cut diagnosis. Cardiovascular specialists need to assume a leadership role in developing and applying this technology to help improve the care of the large number of patients with vascular diseases.
Mycobacteriophage L5 infection of Mycobacterium bovis BCG: implications for phage genetics in the slow‐growing mycobacteria

Mycobacteriophage L5 is a well-characterized temperate phage that forms stable lysogens in Mycobacterium smegmatis. The host range of L5 is, however, unclear because previous reports suggested that it does not infect slow-growing mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Moreover, luciferase reporter phage derivatives of L5 failed to produce light from BCG, suggesting that infection is blocked at or before the stage of DNA injection. In this study, we demonstrate that L5 infection of slow growing mycobacteria specifically requires a high concentration of Ca2+, conditions that differs from those required for infection of M. smegmatis by L5 and for infection of BCG by the closely related phage D29. In addition, we show that there are specific genetic determinants of L5 that confer the ability to infect slow growing mycobacteria, without altering infection of M. smegmatis. These observations extend the use of phage L5 for the diagnosis and analysis of tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases.
Application of the double intramolecular hetero-Michael addition (DIHMA) approach in spiroketal synthesis: total synthesis of (±)-(4S*,6S*)-4-hydroxy-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane, a Dacus oleae olive fly pheromone

Application of a novel double intramolecular hetero-Michael addition (DIHMA) strategy to spiroketal synthesis was illustrated by a concise synthesis of (±)-(4S*,6S*)-4-hydroxy-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane, a Dacus oleae olive fly pheromone.
Effects of instructional ratios on students' reading performance in a regular education program

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to extend the work of Roberts, Turco, and Shapiro, Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 9, 308–318 (1991) by examining the effectiveness of different instructional ratios of known (K) to unknown (UK) vocabulary words on the reading progress of 46 students. The four experimental conditions were as follows: (a) 80%K : 20%UK, (b) 50%K : 50%UK, (c) 20%K : 80%UK, and (d) an assessment-only group. Differences on dependent measures across the four experimental conditions were evaluated at the end of a 7-week drill intervention (28 sessions). The results suggest that the students acquired new information when instructional ratios were expanded beyond the 80%K : 20% UK ratio (suggested by Gickling) and even the 50%K : 50% UK ratio (suggested by Roberts et al., 1991). An inverse relationship was also established between the amount of instructional material presented and the percentage of material acquired during drill sessions. Overall findings are discussed that provide partial support for Gickling's suggested instructional ratios.
Phosphodiesterase 4B2 gene is an effector of Toll-like receptor signaling in astrocytes

Cyclic AMP is part of an endogenous mechanism that downregulates inflammatory response, and its intracellular concentration is regulated chiefly by cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases type 4. The goal of the present study was to determine whether phosphodiesterases 4 are involved in the inflammatory response of astrocytes mediated by Toll-like receptors. Astrocyte cultures established from newborn rat brain were challenged with lipoteichoic acid, a ligand of Toll-like receptor 2, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, a ligand of Toll-like receptor 3, or lipopolysaccharide, a ligand of Toll-like receptor 4. After 24 h the expression of genes encoding phosphodiesterase 4A, phosphodiesterase 4B and phosphodiesterase 4D was determined by real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The challenge of astrocytes with the ligands profoundly up-regulated expression of the phosphodiesterase 4B mRNA, while the phosphodiesterase 4A and 4D mRNA was either unaffected or downregulated. Moreover, Toll-like receptor ligation specifically up-regulated expression of the phosphodiesterase 4B2 transcriptional variant. Thus, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid induced approximately 7-, 5- and 4-fold up-regulation of the message, respectively. Toll-like receptor ligation also led to an over 2-fold increase in the protein level of phosphodiesterase 4B2 as revealed by immunoblot analysis. The inactivation of Rho proteins by pretreatment with toxin B form C. difficile enhanced ligation-induced up-regulation of the phosphodiesterase 4B2 message by 4-9-fold. However, in spite of this increase in the message abundance, there was no increase in the protein level compared to cells challenged with the ligands alone. These results demonstrate that the phosphodiesterase 4B2 gene is an effector of Toll-like receptor signaling in astrocytes, and that its up-regulation at the protein level is controlled by complex mechanisms.
Colonized through Language: The Case of Early Childhood Education

In this article, the privilege accorded to language as the 'natural' way of human expression and communication is problematized. Drawing upon multiple post-colonial sources, the author suggests that this is yet another of the ways in which dominant Western ways of viewing the world are imposed upon diverse groups of people, including young children. Questions are asked about whose interests are best served when language is privileged over other modes of communication. Acquiring language is often perceived as a crucial tool in the growth of young children; however, the question is rarely asked, what is lost when language is gained. The article also provides examples from an ethnographic study done in India that suggests that children can engage in complex forms of communication that do not involve language. Finally, the article addresses the common assumption that using language mostly means using one language. Dominant Western discourses about language are almost overwhelmingly unilingual; however, most of the world's children use and live in multilingual environments. The excessive importance given to language as the 'natural' way of human expression represents the continued colonization of the field of early childhood education by dominant perspectives (Cannella, 1997). Said (1991) has used Foucault's work on the alliance between power and knowledge to explore life in colonized societies, and suggests that knowledge transforms power into a 'web-like force which is confirmed and articulated through the everyday exchanges ... which animate social life' (Gandhi, 1998, p. 74). I extend this argument to the lives of young children (who in many ways fit the definition of a colonized group) and demonstrate how, in the case of language, one form of representation (that of the privileged) has gained power and how that marginalizes and casts into shadow other ways of viewing and interacting with the world (Viruru & Cannella, 1998). As Dahlberg et al (1999) ask, why does so much of the early childhood world speak the same language? What other
A terminally anchored polymer chain in shear flow: Self-consistent velocity and segment density profiles

The behavior of a terminally anchored freely-jointed bead-rod chain, subjected to solvent shear flow, was investigated via Brownian dynamics simulations. Previous calculations have been improved by computing the segment density and fluid velocity profiles self-consistently. The segment density distributions, components of the radius of gyration, and chain attachment shear and normal stresses were found to be sensitive to low values of shear rate. Additionally, it was found that the thickness of a model polymer layer was a strong function of the shear rate, and that the functional dependence on shear rate changed dramatically as the chain length increased. For the longest chains studied, the thickness of the model polymer layer first increased as the shear rate increased, passed through a maximum, and then decreased at high shear rates, in accordance with experimental results in theta solvents. These results suggest that a dilute or semi-dilute layer model may explain hydrodynamic behavior previously thought to be due to the entanglements that occur in dense surface bound polymer layers.
Positive association between blood brain barrier disruption and osmotically-induced demyelination

Rapid correction of chronic hyponatremia can cause osmotic brain demyelination in animals and humans. Why demyelination develops is unknown, but blood brain-barrier disruption might expose oligodendrocytes to substances normally excluded from the brain. To test this hypothesis, chronic hyponatremia was induced and corrected using a new, reproducible rat model for producing osmotic brain demyelination. Blood brain barrier integrity was assessed by NMR imaging at either 3, 16 or 24 h during the first day of correction. Demyelination was determined histopathologically 5 - 6 days later. Of 96 rats studied, demyelination developed 5 - 6 days later in 37 rats, 89% of whom showed barrier disruption. In the 59 rats who did not develop demyelination, 45 (76%) had no barrier disruption. Thus, blood-brain barrier disruption during the first 24 h of correction was associated with a 70% risk of developing demyelination. By contrast, the risk of developing subsequent demyelination was only 8% when the barrier was intact. This strong association between barrier disruption and subsequent demyelination provides new insights into the role of blood brain barrier function in demyelinative disorders such as the osmotic demyelination syndrome and by extension to other demyelinative disorders such as multiple sclerosis.
Pericardial Fat is Associated With Atrial Conduction: The Framingham Heart Study

Background Obesity is associated with altered atrial electrophysiology and a prominent risk factor for atrial fibrillation. Body mass index, the most widely used adiposity measure, has been related to atrial electrical remodeling. We tested the hypothesis that pericardial fat is independently associated with electrocardiographic measures of atrial conduction. Methods and Results We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 1946 Framingham Heart Study participants (45% women) to determine the relation between pericardial fat and atrial conduction as measured by P wave indices (PWI): PR interval, P wave duration (P-duration), P wave amplitude (P-amplitude), P wave area (P-area), and P wave terminal force (P-terminal). We performed sex-stratified linear regression analyses adjusted for relevant clinical variables and ectopic fat depots. Each 1-SD increase in pericardial fat was significantly associated with PR interval (β=1.7 ms, P =0.049), P-duration (β=2.3 ms, P <0.001), and P-terminal (β=297 μV·ms, P <0.001) among women; and P-duration (β=1.2 ms, P =0.002), P-amplitude (β=−2.5 μV, P <0. 001), and P-terminal (β=160 μV·ms, P =0.002) among men. Among both sexes, pericardial fat was significantly associated with P-duration in analyses additionally adjusting for visceral fat or intrathoracic fat; a similar but non-significant trend existed with P-terminal. Among women, pericardial fat was significantly associated with P wave area after adjustment for visceral and intrathoracic fat. Conclusions Pericardial fat is associated with atrial conduction as quantified by PWI, even with adjustment for extracardiac fat depots. Further studies are warranted to identify the mechanisms through which pericardial fat may modify atrial electrophysiology and promote subsequent risk for arrhythmogenesis.
Health Education Counseling During Pediatric Well-Child Visits in Physicians’ Office Settings

Objective. The current study assessed factors associated with health education counseling during well-child visits. Methods. Data from the 2007-2010 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) were used to examine well-child visits made to physicians’ offices in the United States. Logistic regression models examined the relationship between the provision of health education counseling and selected covariates. Health education provisions measured included injury prevention, nutrition, exercise, tobacco use, and weight reduction. Results. A total of 4837 well-child visits were identified during the study period, which is equivalent to a weighted estimate of 43.4 million well-child visits annually. Multivariate analyses indicated that the length of the well-child visit was the predominant factor associated with delivery of health education counseling. Conclusions. Provider education and counseling of patients concerning health behaviors were implemented at a low level. Time spent with the patient was ass...
Water Temperatures in a California Red-legged Frog Breeding Pond

The California Red-legged Frog ( Rana draytonii ) is a threatened species, thus resource managers are faced with maintaining, and even creating, breeding habitat for the frog. The Mediterranean climate regime where the frog occurs can result in breeding site desiccation during the long dry summer, before larval metamorphosis occurs, which can be exacerbated in coastal areas where prevailing cool temperatures might slow tadpole development. Water temperature profiles were logged every three hours for six days at a coastal breeding pond. Despite mid-day maximum air temperatures that averaged about 14 o C, solar radiation produced mid-day shallow-water temperatures approaching 30 o C. These preliminary data hopefully will encourage further research on the topic, but in the meantime will assist resource mangers to better understand frog behavior and existing recommendations for maintaining, improving, and developing frog breeding habitat.
Environmental Design for Patient Families in Intensive Care Units

The purpose of this paper is to define the role of environmental design in improving family integration with patient care in Intensive Care Units (ICUs). It argues that it is necessary to understand family needs, experience and behavioral responses in ICUs to develop effective models for family integration. With its two components—the “healing culture” promoting effective relationships between caregivers and care seekers, and the “environmental design” supporting the healing culture—a “healing environment of care” can be an effective family integration model. This paper presents evidence showing how environmental design may affect families in ICUs, and proposes design recommendations for creating a healing environment of care promoting family integration in ICUs.
A case for information security awareness (ISA) programmes to protect global information, innovation and knowledge resources

The global diffusion of new technology, the increasing use of Web 2.0 networking and cloud computing have enable organisations to exchange significant amounts of information and knowledge. The successful transfer of knowledge and innovation has become critical to organisational competitiveness and survival. However, increased connectivity and unrestricted information sharing has rendered global organisations vulnerable to cyber-threats capable of breaching databases and restricted information. As cyber-attacks have become increasingly successful, organisations have invested more into cyber-safeguards to protect intellectual property and strategic data. Often absent in this strategic equation is the dissemination of knowledge to employees regarding the impact of cyber-attacks and how to protect informational resources. Research demonstrates that cyber-attacks are deterred and mitigated by the use of information security awareness (ISA) programmes. This paper discusses key components recommended for a viable ISA programme for global organisations seeking to educate their employees on the due care to protect knowledge resources and intellectual property.
Ternary gas mixture separation in two‐membrane permeators

Single-stage separation of ternary gas mixtures of He, CO2, and N2 in a hollow-fiber permeator that simultaneously houses two different types of membranes, cellulose acetate and silicone rubber, was investigated. The two membranes have reverse selectivities with respect to He and CO2. Such a two-membrane permeator separates the feed into three streams, two permeates and one reject, each stream being enriched in a different component. The species permeabilities through each membrane were measured independently, and these values were utilized in a simulation that incorporates the fiber lumen pressure drops, the elastic deformation of the silicone capillaries, and the asymmetric structure of the CA membrane. Simulation results are compared with experimental data. Effects of flow pattern, relative permeation areas of the two membranes, permeate pressure ratios, feed composition, and membrane selectivities are studied. Advantages of the two-membrane scheme over the conventional permeators with only one kind of membrane are discussed.
Suprachiasmatic Regulation of Circadian Rhythms of Gene Expression in Hamster Peripheral Organs: Effects of Transplanting the Pacemaker

Neurotransplantation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) was used to assess communication between the central circadian pacemaker and peripheral oscillators in Syrian hamsters. Free-running rhythms of haPer1, haPer2, and Bmal1 expression were documented in liver, kidney, spleen, heart, skeletal muscle, and adrenal medulla after 3 d or 11 weeks of exposure to constant darkness. Ablation of the SCN of heterozygote tau mutants eliminated not only rhythms of locomotor activity but also rhythmic expression of these genes in all peripheral organs studied. The Per:Bmal ratio suggests that this effect was attributable not to asynchronous rhythmicity between SCN-lesioned individuals but to arrhythmicity within individuals. Grafts of wild-type SCN to heterozygous, SCN-lesioned tau mutant hamsters not only restored locomotor rhythms with the period of the donor but also led to recovery of rhythmic expression of haPer1, haPer2, and haBmal1 in liver and kidney. The phase of these rhythms most closely resembled that of intact wild-type hamsters. Rhythmic gene expression was also restored in skeletal muscle, but the phase was altered. Behaviorally effective SCN transplants failed to reinstate rhythms of clock gene expression in heart, spleen, or adrenal medulla. These findings confirm that peripheral organs differ in their response to SCN-dependent cues. Furthermore, the results indicate that conventional models of internal entrainment may need to be revised to explain control of the periphery by the pacemaker.
Time judgments in global temporal contexts.

With three experiments, we examined the effects of global temporal context on time judgments as gauged by constant errors (CEs) and estimates of a preferred period (P). In Experiment 1, participants in seven different conditions listened to sequences of a given rate (with interonset intervals ranging from 200 to 800 msec) and judged the relative duration of a final (comparison) time interval. No P emerged. In Experiments 2 and 3, we embedded the same rates in different global (session) contexts that varied according to (1) mean session rate, (2) standard deviation, (3) range, and (4) number of different rates in a session. Evidence from CEs indicated that P varied primarily as a function of mean session rate and range of tempi. The best predictor of errors involved a measure termedrelative range (RR=range/mean session rate). A general algorithm incorporating RR successfully predicts P, and the implications of this algorithm are discussed.
IBN ASAKIR'S REPRESENTATIONS OF SYRIA AND DAMASCUS IN THE INTRODUCTION TO THE TARIKH MADINAT DIMASHQ

In his landmark study of historiography in the Islamic world, Franz Rosenthal identified the biographical dictionary associated with a particular locality and prefaced by a topographical introduction as a characteristic form of “theological local historiography.” What Rosenthal described as the “theological” nature of these dictionaries relates to their origins in hadith scholarship, a field of religious studies devoted to preserving an accurate record of the sayings and actions of the Prophet and his Companions passed down orally through an unbroken and authentic chain of trustworthy transmitters. Thus, the original motivation for composing such works, the earliest extant example of which dates to the 9th century, was to catalogue hadith scholars who had lived in a city to facilitate the assessment of their plausibility as transmitters of particular traditions. Furthermore, as expressions of local pride, these dictionaries allowed Muslims to celebrate the contribution made in their town to the sustenance of the most authoritative body of knowledge, after the Quran, in Islam. Although by the 10th century these works began to include notables who embodied a city's political, literary, and economic claims to fame, the defining feature of the majority of the biographical entries remained the individual's engagement with the religious sciences, particularly hadith studies.
Design and implementation of adaptive non-repetitive track-following disk file servos

This paper discusses the design, implementation and experimental verification of a new direct adaptive control scheme for disk file track-following servo systems. The adaptive controller acts as an add-on compensator to an existing fixed compensator, which stabilizes the feedback system. The control objective is to minimize the frequency weighted variance of the tracking position error signal in the presence of external random vibrations. The proposed adaptive control scheme was implemented on a TMS320C30 DSP board,and was tested on two different disk drives. The drives were subjected to stochastic input disturbances or random vibrations. Simulation and experimental results are in close agreement and show that the proposed adaptive scheme significantly improves the error rejection capabilities of the control system, without significantly increasing its bandwidth nor decreasing its open loop stability margins.
Self-Representations and Negative Affect in Cocaine-Dependent Individuals:

In an application of self-discrepancy theory to addiction, the self-representations of cocaine users (n = 29) were compared to those of methadone-maintained patients (n = 30) and non-drug-users (n = 27). Cocaine users had higher Beck depression scores than non-users, and the content of their self-representations was more dysphoric than either non-users or methadone patients. They also reported being most vulnerable to cocaine use when depressed. Given the predominance of dejection-related emotions experienced by cocaine users, self-discrepancy theory would hypothesize that these patients would have higher actual:ideal self-discrepancies than either of the other two groups, and that they would have higher actual:ideal than actual:ought self-discrepancies. Both of these hypotheses were supported. Furthermore, cocaine use was found to be positively related to actual:ideal self-discrepancy scores and to Beck depression scores. Additional drug-related self-representations were also explored using a modified ve...
The 21-gene recurrence score and locoregional recurrence in breast cancer patients.

Purpose Although the 21-gene recurrence score (RS) assay has been validated to assess the risk of distant recurrence in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer patients, the relationship between RS and the risk of locoregional recurrence (LRR) remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine if RS is associated with LRR in breast cancer patients and whether this relationship varies based on the type of local treatment [mastectomy or breast-conserving therapy (BCT)].
Neural encoding of sound source location in the presence of a concurrent, spatially separated source

In the presence of multiple, spatially separated sound sources, the binaural cues used for sound localization in the horizontal plane become distorted from the cues from each sound in isolation, yet localization in everyday multisource acoustic environments remains robust. We examined changes in the azimuth tuning functions of inferior colliculus (IC) neurons in unanesthetized rabbits to a target broadband noise when a concurrent broadband noise interferer was presented at different locations in virtual acoustic space. The presence of an interferer generally degraded sensitivity to target azimuth and distorted the shape of the tuning function, yet most neurons remained significantly sensitive to target azimuth and maintained tuning function shapes somewhat similar to those for the target alone. Using binaural cue manipulations in virtual acoustic space, we found that single-source tuning functions of neurons with high best frequencies (BFs) were primarily determined by interaural level differences (ILDs) or monaural level, with a small influence of interaural time differences (ITDs) in some neurons. However, with a centrally located interferer, the tuning functions of most high-BF neurons were strongly influenced by ITDs as well as ILDs. Model-based analysis showed that the shapes of these tuning functions were in part produced by decorrelation of the left and right cochlea-induced envelopes that occurs with source separation. The strong influence of ITD on the tuning functions of high-BF neurons poses a challenge to the "duplex theory" of sound localization and suggests that ITD may be important for localizing high-frequency sounds in multisource environments.
The Electrocardiogram and Vectorcardiogram in Right Ventricular Hypertrophy and Right Bundle Branch Block

It is the purpose of this paper to appraise certain applications of the electrocardiogram and vectorcardiogram to the diagnosis of right ventricular hypertrophy. The problems that are encountered in this area of electrocardiography are created by the similarity of the records seen in recognizable right ventricular hypertrophy to those that occur in normal infants and to those that are seen in right bundle branch block. The not infrequent failure of any kind of record of the cardiac potentials to reveal recognizable evidence of right ventricular hypertrophy when in fact it is proved to exist adds further confusion to this constellation of difficulties. For the purpose of this paper it has been deemed practical to ignore almost completely problems created by the coexistence of left ventricular hypertrophy and other conditions occurring frequently in rheumatic heart disease (which contribute to the difficulties that are encountered in this area of electrocardiography and vectorcardiography). Our material consists of 1) serial observations on a large group of normal infants some of whom are now five years of age; 2) observations of individuals with congenital heart disease; 3) observations of normal young adults; and 4) observations on an individual with varying degrees of right bundle branch block. In addition we have reviewed observations of other authors that fall in the first three of the above categories. At the outset it is necessary to clarify certain matters that frequently appear to become confused in the literature. In the individual case entirely satisfactory proof of the presence of right ventricular hypertrophy can be obtained only at autopsy. The inference that the right ventricle is hypertrophied when the intraventricular pressure is high and more especially, the inference that it is not hypertrophied when the intraventricular pressure is normal, must be rejected because of the lack of close correlation between the level of the intraventricular pressure and the degree of hypertrophy found at autopsy in individual cases. On the other hand, when one encounters a large group of cases of the same cardiac condition in which a characteristic electrocardiogram is observed, it is not illogical to relate the electrocardiographic findings in question to the presence of that condition. However, the mechanism by which the cardiac condition produces the characteristic electrocardiographic changes may still be open to question. The form of the electrocardiogram may depend upon alterations of the cardiac potentials due to such a structural change as right ventricular hypertrophy or, on the other hand, it may result from a func
Detecting Malingering in Traumatic Brain Injury and Chronic Pain: A Comparison of Three Forced-Choice Symptom Validity Tests

Individual and joint malingering detection accuracy of the Portland Digit Recognition Test (PDRT), Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM), and Word Memory Test (WMT) was examined in traumatic brain injury (TBI; 43 non-malingering, 27 malingering) and chronic pain (CP; 42 non-malingering, 58 malingering) using a known-groups design. At published cutoffs, the PDRT and TOMM were very specific but failed to detect about 50% of malingerers; the WMT was sensitive but prone to false positive errors. ROC analyses demonstrated comparable accuracy across all three tests. Joint classification accuracy was superior to that of the individual tests. Clinical and research implications are discussed.
Variable-reluctance generators in wind-energy systems

Two methods of incorporating the variable-reluctance generator (VRG) into advanced wind conversion systems at or above the 50-kW power level are presented. Operating through a power electronic interface to the electric utility, this generator offers simplifications of the utility/generator interface over adjustable-speed wind conversion systems based on the induction generator. In addition, analyses performed using experimentally based data show that the VRG system is as much as 6% more efficient and up to 13% less expensive than a comparably rated induction generator system. These analyses are based on a piecewise linearization of the nonlinear VRG characteristics. At comparable power levels, the VRG can offer superior utility power-quality relative to the induction generator systems presently under development, and also offers a reduction in the operating, maintenance, and energy costs associated with advanced wind-energy systems. >
The effect on the yield of potatoes of incorporating 2,4-d in the regular spray

1. Potatoes treated with as much as .875 pound of 2,4-D acid equivalent per acre as sodium salt did not break down in storage. 2. These potatoes, when used for seed, were not affected by the former treatment. Seed growers are warned not to use 2,4-D since the reaction on the plant might be confused with disease. 3. Amounts as high as 2.1 pounds of acid equivalent may be made in single applications without depressing the yield of Katahdin potatoes. 4. Present data do not indicate that 2,4-D treatment will consistently increase the set of tubers on muck soil. 5. When making single applications, the size of the plant when treatment is made does not affect the yield. 6. 2,4-D is compatible with some of the common fungicides used in potato spraying, i. e. Basic Copper, Bordeaux mixture, Parzate, Zerlate and Dithane D-14. 7. Decrease in yield of the potato crop resulted when two sprays were applied at 5-day intervals, the Russet Rural variety being affected more severely than other varieties. 8. Visible changes in skin color result from a spray treatment of .52 pound of 2,4-D acid. Skin color in Triumph was intensified.
Associative Decorrelation Dynamics: A Theory of Self-Organization and Optimization in Feedback Networks

This paper outlines a dynamic theory of development and adaptation in neural networks with feedback connections. Given input ensemble, the connections change in strength according to an associative learning rule and approach a stable state where the neuronal outputs are decorrelated. We apply this theory to primary visual cortex and examine the implications of the dynamical decorrelation of the activities of orientation selective cells by the intracortical connections. The theory gives a unified and quantitative explanation of the psychophysical experiments on orientation contrast and orientation adaptation. Using only one parameter, we achieve good agreements between the theoretical predictions and the experimental data.