cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Passively Mode-Locked 2.7 and 3.2 μm GaSb-Based Cascade Diode Lasers

The passively mode-locked type-I quantum well cascade diode lasers operating near 2.7 and 3.2 μm generated trains of the ∼10 ps long pulses with average power up to 10 mW. The devices based on laser heterostructures with reinforced carrier confinement requires increased reverse bias voltages applied to absorber sections to operate in mode-locked regime. The autocorrelation measurements showed that lasers generated strongly chirped pulses with temporal width an order of magnitude above transform limit. The application of the external feedback led to narrowing of the laser emission spectra accompanied by an order of magnitude reduction of the intermodal beat note linewidth. The multiheterodyne beat notes have been observed for devices stabilized by external feedback.
A pseudo-equilibrium thermodynamic model of information processing in nonlinear brain dynamics

Computational models of brain dynamics fall short of performance in speed and robustness of pattern recognition in detecting minute but highly significant pattern fragments. A novel model employs the properties of thermodynamic systems operating far from equilibrium, which is analyzed by linearization near adaptive operating points using root locus techniques. Such systems construct order by dissipating energy. Reinforcement learning of conditioned stimuli creates a landscape of attractors and their basins in each sensory cortex by forming nerve cell assemblies in cortical connectivity. Retrieval of a selected category of stored knowledge is by a phase transition that is induced by a conditioned stimulus, and that leads to pattern self-organization. Near self-regulated criticality the cortical background activity displays aperiodic null spikes at which analytic amplitude nears zero, and which constitute a form of Rayleigh noise. Phase transitions in recognition and recall are initiated at null spikes in the presence of an input signal, owing to the high signal-to-noise ratio that facilitates capture of cortex by an attractor, even by very weak activity that is typically evoked by a conditioned stimulus.
USING SCHOLARSHIP APPLICATIONS TO AID KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER OF KEY MARKETING CONCEPTS

This paper presents a pedagogical innovation used in a marketing principles course that requires students to apply for scholarships throughout the semester as an active-learning technique that aids...
Effect of rotating peanuts on aflatoxin detoxification by ultraviolet C light and irradiation uniformity evaluated by AgCl-based dosimeter

Abstract Ultraviolet irradiation (UV) has been used as a non-thermal processing method for food disinfection. In disinfecting solid foods such as peanuts, UV irradiation could be shaded or attenuated with increased distance, resulting in non-uniform dosage distribution. An affordable, rapid, and feasible method for measuring and improving irradiance distribution, however, is unavailable for detoxifying peanuts. In this study, a method was developed for rapidly quantifying UV dosage distribution on peanuts in a UV disinfection process. The darkening of the UV indicator, AgCl, was linearly proportional to the UV dosage from 0 to 120 mJ/cm2 delivered on peanuts. The uniformity of UV dosage distribution was described by measuring the color change of UV indicator at four points on two orthogonal axes of each peanut kernel. The UV indicator coated peanuts were then rotated in a customized cylindrical chamber at different speeds. A rotation speed with more uniform UV dosage distribution was determined and applied to an aflatoxin detoxification process. The results demonstrate that the UV uniformity was significantly improved when peanuts were rotated at 11 rpm in the cylindrical chamber. Furthermore, after irradiating with 2.3 mW/cm2 UV-C for 2 h, the aflatoxin B1 degradation rate increased from 60.8 ± 15.3 pmol g−1h−1 to 75.0 ± 10.9 pmol g−1h−1 in the peanuts rotated at 11 rpm, compared to those that were not rotated.
Toward Deliberate College Teaching: A Constructivist Grounded Theory

Deliberate college teaching can empower learners and help instructors foster welcoming and inclusive classrooms for all students. Yet, despite a growing literature on effective pedagogies, college ...
Ena/VASP proteins promote cancer cell invasion

559A Ena/VASP proteins act at the interface of several signaling pathways to regulate cellular protrusion and migration by controlling the geometry of growing actin networks. Mena, one of the three Ena/VASP proteins is upregulated in invasive breast cancers in humans and rodent models. In particular, Mena is overexpressed in the metastatic subpopulation of tumor cells in mammary tumors. Mena is one of the genes that are coordinately upregulated in the cofilin and N-WASP pathways that lead to EGF chemotaxis. Therefore, we are analyzing the role of the three mammalian Ena/VASP proteins, Mena, VASP and EVL, in breast cancer cell chemotaxis and metastasis. To do so we generated rat mammary adenocarcinoma cell lines stably overexpressing GFP-tagged versions of Mena, VASP or EVL. Using a three-dimensional collagen invasion assay, we show that overexpression of Ena/VASP proteins promotes cancer cell invasion. Furthermore, Ena/VASP proteins localize to invadopodia, actin-rich structures important for cancer cell invasion, and affect matrix degradation activity of invadopodia. Chemotaxis towards EGF has been documented to be important during breast cancer metastasis. We document that Mena localizes to the leading edge after EGF stimulation. In addition, GFP-Mena localizes to cellular protrusions in motile tumor cells in vivo in the primary tumor as shown by intravital imaging. We show that inhibition of Ena/VASP function attenuates cellular protrusion in response to EGF, linking Ena/VASP proteins to EGF signaling. Furthermore, overexpression of Mena enables breast cancer cells to respond to lower EGF concentrations. Our results suggest that Ena/VASP proteins play a role in breast cancer metastasis, most likely by increasing cancer cell invasion and/or promoting the response of tumor cells to EGF.
Ciclo de supresión y retorno: Geografía simbólica de las literaturas indígenas

Este ensayo ofrece un modelo para la comprension de los patrones evolutivos de la narrativa que enmarca los movimientos literales y ﬁgurativos de personajes y argumentos en las literaturas indigenas. Concretamente, el analisis se apoya en un acercamiento que se deriva de los estudios del critico literario afroamericano B. Stepto, esto con el ﬁn de identiﬁcar un patron ciclico de movimiento fisico y psiquico en las literaturas indigenas que se maniﬁesta en lo que llamo narrativas de la supresion y narrativas del retorno. La siguiente geografia simbolica de las narrativas indigenas situa la experiencia indigena entre dos polos, a saber, el Centro simbolico y la Ciudad simbolica, los cuales se encuentran mediados por un tercer espacio, la Reserva simbolica.
EVALUATING THE EMERGENCE OF REVERSE INTRAVERBALS FOLLOWING INTRAVERBAL TRAINING IN YOUNG CHILDREN WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER

The purpose of the proposed study was to replicate and extend prior research on intraverbal training by evaluating whether teaching sets of original and reverse intraverbals from the same category (e.g., animal sounds) would result in the emergence of novel, reverse intraverbals. Three children with autism spectrum disorder participated in the study. We used a multiple baseline across categories design with a constant-series control to evaluate the effects of training original and reverse intraverbals on subsequent trained and untrained reverse intraverbals. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Behavior-based language interventions are often grounded in Skinner’s (1957) analysis of verbal behavior. Skinner’s unit of analysis is the verbal operant, and he proposed seven verbal operants (e.g., echoics, mands, and intraverbals) that are defined by distinct antecedents and consequences. Skinner (1957) defined the intraverbal as the verbal operant that is controlled by a verbal stimulus that lacks point-to-point correspondence between the stimulus and the response. An example of an intraverbal response includes saying, ‘I’m seven’, following the antecedent verbal stimulus ‘How old are you?’ Correct intraverbal responses are typically maintained by socially mediated reinforcement (e.g., praise) for early language learners, which may lead to additional opportunities for social interactions across various settings. Intraverbal behavior plays an important role in conversational skills and early social interactions. Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often fail to acquire an intraverbal repertoire; therefore, they do not have the prerequisite verbal
Coordinating agents using agent communication languages conversations

Internet agents are expected to accomplish their tasks despite heterogeneity; agents of different designs and of varying skills and domain knowledge need to interact successfully through knowledge and information exchange and effective coordination. We identify two distinct and separate problems that Internet agents are faced in an open and dynamic environment: knowledge sharing and coordination.
Rules and control strategies of multi-robot team moving in hierarchical formation

The main objective of this paper is to study the control problems for a multi-robot team moving in hierarchical formation. We formulate the problem as a chart by the four-tier hybrid architecture. We devise rules to form a realizable hierarchical formation. Four control laws are derived to achieve the formation patterns. The proposed control laws are suitable for the on-line, real-time formation tasks. Simulation result shows the efficacy of the approaches.
Secondary task display attributes: optimizing visualizations for cognitive task suitability and interference avoidance

We found that established display design guidelines for focal images cannot be extended to images displayed as a secondary task in a dual-task situation. This paper describes an experiment that determines a new ordering guideline for secondary task image attributes according to human cognitive ability to extract information. The imperative for alternate guidelines is based on the difference in an image's ability to convey meaning, which decreases when moved from a focal to a secondary task situation. Secondary task attribute ordering varies with the level of degradation in the primary task. Furthermore, attribute effectiveness may be particular to types of visual operations relating to cognitive tasks.
The Cultural Historical Complexity of Human Personality Adaptation

Research on implicit intelligence has conceptualized students’ beliefs about the nature of intelligence as either fixed or malleable. This research has largely not included African American adolesc...
Corruption in Vietnamese Higher Education

There is no doubt that the Vietnamese higher education system is in need of serious reform. Corruption is epidemic, and actions must be taken to change the environment in which these practices flourish. The recent decision by the Ministry of Education and Training to adopt new, stricter measures on national exams and the increased media attention on corruption are steps in the right direction. If Vietnam desires to obtain an international standard educational system, required reforms are necessary from all parties. Perhaps, most importantly, there must be a monumental change in the attitude and thinking by students, faculty, and parents. Education is a right and privilege that is earned, not a commodity to be sold by administrators and faculty.
Basic Protein Sequence Analysis

Prediction of molecular function of proteins has become an important task in the genomics era. A wide variety of sequence analysis tools are available to biologists for this task. We have selected one or two primary protocols for tasks such as domain detection, subcellular localization, and motif detection. We also present a strategy for integration of results from different protocols. All the resources needed for these protocols are accessible via publicly available Web servers and databases and require little or no computational expertise.
The vertical distribution of cloud feedback in coupled ocean‐atmosphere models

[1] We assess the vertical distribution of cloud feedbacks in coupled climate models, taking care to distinguish between cloud feedbacks and a change in cloud forcing. We show that the effect of cloud changes on the longwave fluxes provides a strong positive feedback that is broadly consistent across models. In contrast, the effect of cloud changes on the shortwave fluxes ranges from a modest negative to a strong positive feedback, and is responsible for most of the intermodel spread in net cloud feedback. The feedback from high clouds is positive in all models, and is consistent with that anticipated by the Proportionately Higher Anvil Temperature hypothesis over the tropics. In contrast, low cloud cover is responsible for roughly three-quarters of the difference in global mean net cloud feedback among models, with the largest contributions from regions associated with low-level subtropical marine cloud systems.
Rotational State Selection and Orientation of OH and OD Radicals by Electric Hexapole Beam-Focusing

An electrostatic hexapole was used to state-select OH and OD radicals in single, low-lying, |JΩMJ〉 rotational states. The radicals were produced in a corona discharge, supersonic molecular beam source by dissociating H2O (D2O) seeded in Ar or He. Beam velocities ranged from 650 to 1850 m s-1, and translational temperatures were less than 10 K for all expansion conditions. Measured beam flux densities, J, of selected states were high (e.g., J > 1013 radicals cm-2 s-1 for the |3/2 ±3/2 ∓3/2〉 states of OH seeded in He). Classical trajectory simulations reproduced the well-resolved rotational state structure of experimental beam-focusing spectra. Simulations were based on a Stark energy analysis of the rotational energy levels, including significant effects due to Λ-doubling and spin−orbit coupling. Orientational probability distribution functions were calculated in the high-field limit for all selectable states and demonstrate exceptional experimental control over collision geometry for scattering experiments.
The isolation and some properties of an enzyme system which catalyzes the degradation of β-nitropropionic acid☆

An enzyme system, found in extracts of Penicillium atrovenetum, catalyzes the degradation of β-nitropropionic acid to nitrite, nitrate, and as yet unidentified carbon compounds. This thermolabile enzyme system requires oxygen for both nitrite and nitrate formation, and it appears to be specific for β-nitropropionic acid as a substrate. Nitrite formation is inhibited by reduced pyridine nucleotides, high concentrations (10 mm) of ferrous or ferric ions, and (1.0 mm) azide. Nitrate formation is inhibited by NADP, low concentrations (1.0 mm) of ferrous ions, and low concentrations (0.01 mm) azide. The evidence indicates that more than one enzyme is involved in the degradation, and that this system may be responsible for the production of nitrite and nitrate by growing cultures of P. atrovenetum.
Chairperson and faculty gender in academic emergency medicine departments.

Objectives: Despite the influx of female physicians in academic medicine departments, there are a small number of women in faculty and departmental leadership positions in emergency medicine (EM). The objective of this study was to determine if the gender of the chairperson of an academic EM department is associated with the gender of the residency program director (RPD) and gender proportion of its faculty. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of 133 academic EM departments using the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine online residency catalog, program Web site, or e-mail. Main outcome measures were proportion of female EM faculty and gender of the RPD. Results: Data were available for 133 academic departments. Women chaired 7.5% (n= 10) of departments and comprised 22.3% of all faculty and 15.0% (n= 20) of RPD positions. EM departments that were chaired by women had a significantly higher percentage of female faculty compared with those led by men (31% vs. 22%; p = 0.01). Similarly, departments that were chaired by women had a significantly higher proportion of female RPDs compared with those chaired by men (50% vs. 12%; p < 0.01). Compared with departments chaired by men, the RPD was 5.0 times (95% confidence interval = 1.9 to 27.8; p < 0.01) more likely to be a woman if the chairperson was also a woman. Conclusions: An academic EM department was more likely to have a higher proportion of female faculty and a female RPD when the department chairperson was female.
Increased rural vehicular mortality rates: roadways with higher speed limits or excessive vehicular speed?

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess whether higher roadway speed limits and excessive vehicular speed were contributing factors to increased rural vehicular mortality rates in the State of Alabama. METHODS: During a 2-year period from January 2001 through December 2002, data were collected from Alabama police crash reports and EMS patient care reports. Police crash reports and EMS patient care reports were linked utilizing an imputational methodology. Vehicular speeds were estimated speeds extracted from police crash reports. Vehicular speeding was defined as estimated speeds greater than posted speed limits. RESULTS: A total of 38,117 reports were linked. Of those, 30,260 (79%) and 7,857 (21%) were injured in rural and urban settings, respectively. The frequency of vehicular speeding was significantly higher in rural (18.8%) than in urban settings (9.4%) (p < 0.0001). At vehicular speeds less than 26 mph, mortality rates for occupants of speeding and nonspeeding vehicles were not significantly different in rural (1.68%, 0.82%) and urban (1.44%, 0.59%) settings (p = 0.78,1.0), respectively. On roads with posted speeds of 26 to 50 mph, mortality rates for occupants in speeding vehicles were not significantly different in rural (3.75%) and urban (2.23%) settings (p = 0.1360). For occupants of nonspeeding vehicles on roads with posted speeds of 26 to 50 mph, mortality rates were significantly greater in rural (0.72%) than in urban (0.35%) settings (p < 0.0032). On roads with posted speeds of 51 to 70 mph, mortality rates for occupants in speeding vehicles were not significantly different in rural (5.80%) and urban (4.95%) settings (p = 1.0). For occupants of nonspeeding vehicles on roads with posted speeds of 51 to 70 mph, mortality rates were significantly greater in rural (1.92%) than in urban (0.94%) settings (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Vehicular speeding occurs with significantly higher frequency in rural settings. This imparts a greater overall vehicular mortality rate. At higher rates of speed, mortality rates for travel above the posted speed limit are similar in rural and urban settings; however, mortality rates for travel within the posted speed limit are greater in rural settings. This suggests factors beyond higher and excessive vehicular speed impart higher rates in rural settings. Language: en
Limit theorems for the spread of epidemics and forest fires

Abstract We prove that the “spatial epidemic with removal” grows linearly and has an asymptotic shape on the set of nonextinction.
Effect of Sprout Inhibitors and Nitrogen Fertilization on Nitrate‐N Content of Potato Tubers

The effect of sprout inhibitors, maleic hydrazide (MH), and isopropyl-N-(3-chlorophenyl)-carbamate (CIPC), on nitiate-N (NO3-N) content of tubers was investigated. The effect of rate of application of nitrogen fertilizer and variety on NO3-N content of tubers was also examined. Foliar application of MH significantly (p < 0.01) increased NO3-N content of the tubers. NO3-N content increased significantly (p < 0.01) with increasing amounts of MH application. No significant differences in NO3-N content of tubers were observed with CIPC treatment. NO3-N content increased significantly (p < 0.05) in tubers with increasing nitrogen fertilization rates. Varieties differed in their NO3-N content. The NO3-N content of the cortex was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the corresponding pith tissue regardless of treatment.
Computed tomographic evaluation of neonatal neck masses

Two cases of neonatal neck masses are presented where computed tomography was valuable in the diagnosis, as well as determining the extent of involvement.
Prediction and Testing of Biological Networks Underlying Intestinal Cancer

Colorectal cancer progresses through an accumulation of somatic mutations, some of which reside in so-called “driver” genes that provide a growth advantage to the tumor. To identify points of intersection between driver gene pathways, we implemented a network analysis framework using protein interactions to predict likely connections – both precedented and novel – between key driver genes in cancer. We applied the framework to find significant connections between two genes, Apc and Cdkn1a (p21), known to be synergistic in tumorigenesis in mouse models. We then assessed the functional coherence of the resulting Apc-Cdkn1a network by engineering in vivo single node perturbations of the network: mouse models mutated individually at Apc (Apc1638N+/−) or Cdkn1a (Cdkn1a−/−), followed by measurements of protein and gene expression changes in intestinal epithelial tissue. We hypothesized that if the predicted network is biologically coherent (functional), then the predicted nodes should associate more specifically with dysregulated genes and proteins than stochastically selected genes and proteins. The predicted Apc-Cdkn1a network was significantly perturbed at the mRNA-level by both single gene knockouts, and the predictions were also strongly supported based on physical proximity and mRNA coexpression of proteomic targets. These results support the functional coherence of the proposed Apc-Cdkn1a network and also demonstrate how network-based predictions can be statistically tested using high-throughput biological data.
The Responses of Kuwaiti Special Educators to American Approaches to the Care and Treatment Provided Individuals with Mental Retardation in the United States Today

Abstract Twenty‐five special educators from Kuwait who had participated in a six‐week special education enrichment program in the United States were surveyed regarding their impressions and reactions. A presentation of the program in which they participated is combined with an elaboration of their socio‐cultural background to form the framework upon which their impressions and reactions are discussed. Lessons learned regarding international training efforts are also included.
Degradation of cytoskeletal proteins in experimental spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury was produced in rats by dropping a 10 g weight from 30 cm upon dura-invested exposed spinal cord. Examination of the fine structure of the traumatic lesion (15 min to 30 min) revealed granular degeneration of axons and occasional loosening of myelin lamellae. Older lesions (4 to 72 hours) showed degeneration of axons and vesiculation of myelin. At 15 minutes there is more loss of neurofilament proteins than of myelin proteins. Substantial decreases in the neurofilament and myelin proteins were observed at 30 minutes and the losses were even greater 2–72 hours after injury. This indicates that degeneration of axons may precede degradation of the myelin sheath and also that increased proteinase(s) activity, possibly activated by calcium, mediates the traumatic axonolysis and myelinolysis in experimental spinal cord trauma.
Longitudinal Relationships of Social Reactions, PTSD, and Revictimization in Sexual Assault Survivors

Sexual assault survivors receive various positive and negative social reactions to assault disclosures, yet little is known about the directionality of associations of social reactions to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms over time. Data from a large, diverse sample of women who had experienced adult sexual assault was analyzed with hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) to examine how negative and positive reactions relate to PTSD symptoms over 3 years and to test the hypothesis that the relationship between negative social reactions and PTSD symptoms is reciprocal. We found that, as predicted, social reactions predicted subsequent PTSD symptoms, and in turn PTSD symptoms predicted subsequent social reactions. We also investigated the role of sexual revictimization by comparing women who suffered (vs. not) additional sexual victimization during the course of our study. Revictimized women had greater PTSD symptoms and more negative social reactions, but associations of social reactions with PTSD symptoms did not vary according to revictimization status. Implications for practice and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Social reinforcement effects on preschool children's motor performance

The effects of positive, negative, and combined social reinforcement on the accuracy of motor performance among 25 preschool boys and 25 girls was determined. Reinforcement was administered on a contingency basis. Arithmetic error indicated significant differences between the sexes for initial trials. No significant social reinforcement effects were obtained. The failure of social reinforcement to influence complex motor performance was explained by the lack of control by an individual in varying his own performance.
Old Capital vs. New Investment in Post-Soviet Economies: Conceptual Issues and Estimates

The paper evaluates levels and trends in capital accumulation in countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) since the start of market reforms. Based on certain assumptions about the survival rate of the old Soviet era capital and perpetual inventory method to account for new investments, we estimate the amount of ‘market-quality’ capital accumulated in the CIS economies in the 1992–2005 period. Over the period of observation, in Russia the losses of the 1990s were largely restored while most other countries saw a decline in capital stock. Russia remains the highest capitalised CIS country with capital–labour ratio (K/L) of about $40,000 per worker. The lowest capitalised countries have K/L's from $10 to $13,000. Growth accounting using market-quality capital stock shows that the key factor of GDP changes was the dynamics of total factor productivity.
Adverse cutaneous reactions to mood stabilizers

Of all the psychotropic medications currently available, the mood-stabilizing agents have the highest incidence of severe and life-threatening adverse cutaneous drug reactions (ACDRs). An exanthematous eruption in a patient treated with a mood-stabilizing agent should be viewed as possibly being the initial symptom of a severe and life-threatening ACDR, such as a hypersensitivity reaction, Stevens- Johnson syndrome, or toxic epidermal necrolysis. The combination of mood-stabilizing agents may increase the risk of such reactions. The mood-stabilizing agents addressed in this article are carbamazepine, lithium carbonate, valproic acid, topiramate, lamotrigine, gabapentin, and oxcarbazepine. Prior to the initiation of a mood stabilizer, the potential benefits, risks, and adverse effects should be communicated to the patient. If possible, slow dose escalation should be attempted by the physician. Patients should also be advised to seek medical attention if they suspect a drug-induced skin reaction. If the physician suspects a severe ACDR, the offending agent should be removed immediately.
Female mating bias results in conflicting sex-specific offspring fitness

Indirect-benefit models of sexual selection assert that females gain heritable offspring advantages through a mating bias for males of superior genetic quality. This has generally been tested by associating a simple morphological quality indicator (for example, bird tail length) with offspring viability. However, selection acts simultaneously on many characters, limiting the ability to detect significant associations, especially if the simple indicator is weakly correlated to male fitness. Furthermore, recent conceptual developments suggest that the benefits gained from such mating biases may be sex-specific because of sexually antagonistic genes that differentially influence male and female reproductive ability. A more suitable test of the indirect-benefit model would examine associations between an aggregate quality indicator (such as male mating success) and gender-specific adult fitness components, under the expectation that these components may trade off. Here, we show that a father's mating success in the cricket, Allonemobius socius, is positively genetically correlated with his son's mating success but negatively with his daughter's reproductive success. This provides empirical evidence that a female mating bias can result in sexually antagonistic offspring fitness.
Independent nursing actions in cooperative care

Purpose/objectives To identify and describe independent nursing actions in cooperative care. Design Qualitative, descriptive, inductive study. Setting The Nebraska Medical Center's Lied Transplant Center in Omaha, where lay care partners assume responsibility for acute care of transplant recipients in partnership with nurses. Sample 12 cooperative care nurses. Methods Two focus groups, 59 narrative logs, and three follow-up interviews were tape recorded, transcribed, and content analyzed. Main research variable Independent nursing actions in cooperative care. Findings Independent nursing actions included surveillance, teaching, coaching, fostering partnerships, providing psychosocial support, rescuing, and coordinating. Surveillance leads to problem identification that, in turn, triggers other actions. Because all nursing actions occur in the context of nurse, dyad, and healthcare team relationships, coordinating is the category of nursing action used to manage all aspects of care. Conclusions The nurses integrated specialized knowledge and expertise while dynamically using surveillance to identify problems that trigger nursing actions to manage signs and symptoms. Cooperative care is an example of apprenticeship or guided participation in which a community of experts (nurses) guides, supports, and challenges novices (lay individuals) to participate in skilled activities until the responsibility for the activities can be transferred to the novice. Implications for nursing Independent nursing actions identified in this study are the first step in formulating an instrument to measure "doses" (frequency and intensity) of nursing actions in cooperative care. Such an instrument is needed to evaluate interventions designed to prepare and support lay care partners.
The In Vivo Behavior of Gentamicin-PMMA Beads in the Maxillofacial Region

Gentamicin-PMMA beads were placed in maxillofacial wounds of ten dogs, and gentamicin levels from wound drain sites, serum, and urine were measured by radioimmunoassay. The results indicate extremely high wound and modest urine levels (which decrease exponentially) concurrently with negligible serum levels of gentamicin. The results of this study of a highly vascularized area were similar to other studies in which beads were placed in avascular areas.
Imputing Erroneous Data of Single-Station Loop Detectors for Nonincident Conditions: Comparison Between Temporal and Spatial Methods

Effective use of loop detector data for traffic management requires that errors be efficiently detected, diagnosed, and corrected. We present two new spatial approaches and compare them to state-of-the-art correction procedures for station flow estimation when detectors within that station malfunction in nonincident conditions. One new method exploits the relationship between individual detector flow and station flow using linear regression. The second incorporates lane use percentages through kernel regression. To comprehensively compare the procedures, systematic and random-error evaluations are conducted for two detector stations with distinct lane configurations. Lane configuration is important for spatial correction methods, which perform well under certain detector failure combinations. The random-error evaluation indicates that temporal correction performs better at all error levels and spatial approaches are inaccurate under light traffic conditions, especially when estimates are based on zero flo...
Preparation and Degradation of Polysilylenes

Mechanistic aspects of preparation and degradation of polysilylenes (polysilanes) are discussed. Reductive coupling of disubstituted dichlorosilanes at ambient temperatures in the presence of ultrasound leads to monomodal polymers with relatively narrow molecular weight distributions (M w/M n from 1.2 to 1.5) and relatively high molecular weights (M n from 50,000 to 100,000). Ring-opening polymerization of 1,2,3,4,-tetramethyl-1,2,3,4-tetraphenylcyclotetrasilane initiated with carbanions and silyl anions provides polymers with molecular weights from 10,000 to 100,000 and gives potential possibility of the microstructure control. The dearylation of phenyl containing polysilylenes with triflic acid provides polymers with strong electrophilic silyl triflate moieties. They can react with any nucleophiles such as alcohols, amines, carbanions, organometallics, etc., and produce various functional polysilylenes. Synthesis and solid-state transitions in random copolysilylenes are discussed. Thermal, mechanical, and chemical degradation of polysilylenes is described.
Nasal alar reconstruction: A critical analysis using melolabial island and paramedian forehead flaps

Objectives: To qualitatively and quantitatively describe aesthetic and functional outcomes following Mohs ablative surgery involving the alar subunit, using a paramedian or subcutaneous melolabial island flap. Study Design: Retrospective review. Methods: A single surgeon's results in 38 consecutive patients were analyzed. Objective measures (alar rim thickness, donor scar width and length), subjective assessment (seven aesthetic parameters) by three academic otolaryngologists, and patient satisfaction questionnaires were evaluated. Student t test was used to ascertain statistically significant differences between reconstructive groups. Results: Questionnaire results demonstrate a significant (P = .026) difference in donor site rating favoring melolabial group responses. Objective scar measurements and subjective ratings of textural quality and alar notching also favored melolabial reconstructions. Conclusions: More favorable aesthetic and functional outcomes are seen with single subunit cutaneous alar defects reconstructed with the melolabial island flap than with deep composite or extensive unilateral nasal defects reconstructed with the paramedian forehead flap.
Sick sinus syndrome as a late complication after ventricular septal defect surgery.

Abstract Ventricular septal defect is a common congenital heart disease for which patch closure technique using cardiopulmonary bypass has been applied for a few decades, resulting in a low incidence of perioperative complications. We report a 26-year-old woman with bradycardia of 25–30 beats per minute, which was considered to be a late-onset complication of surgical closure of an isolated ventricular septal defect performed 21 years earlier. She has been stable for more than 9 months without an implanted pacemaker, although her heart rate was always around 40 beats per minute in scheduled follow-up visits. Learning objective: We experienced a 26-year-old woman with bradycardia of 25–30 beats per minute, which was considered to be a late-onset complication of surgical closure of an isolated ventricular septal defect performed 21 years earlier. Our case highlights the importance of close follow-up for patients who underwent successful surgical closure of a ventricular septal defect and have shown nonsignificant bradycardia, even though they have no symptoms.>
Who does the hair cell's 'do? Rho GTPases and hair-bundle morphogenesis.

The mechanosensitive hair bundles of vertebrate hair cells exhibit a remarkable variety of shapes. For a given location in a sensory epithelium, however, the shape and polarity of a hair bundle are specified precisely. Recent findings, in particular with analogous experimental systems of actin polymerization, suggest a model of hair-bundle morphogenesis whereby different Rho guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) regulate the initiation phase and the elongation phase of local actinfilament assembly at the hair cell's apical membrane.
Crystal-field effects on the transport properties of rare-earth intermetallics

Low-temperature (1.5-11 K) measurements on the electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity of the pnictide compounds $L\mathrm{Sb}$ ($L=\mathrm{E}\mathrm{r},\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{m},\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{L}\mathrm{a}$) and the rare-earth intermetallic compounds (Pr${\mathrm{Cu}}_{5}$, Pr${\mathrm{Pt}}_{5}$, La${\mathrm{Pt}}_{5}$) are reported. The anomalous temperature dependence of these transport coefficients suggests strong evidence of an increased scattering of the carriers through exchange and aspherical Coulomb interaction with the localized $4f$ electrons. Results are compared with theory and good quantitative agreement is obtained. Values of the parameter ${r}_{i}$, which measures the strength of the exchange and the aspherical Coulomb interaction arising from different thermally populated crystal-electric-field states, were also obtained.
Force transmission by indirect retainers during unilateral loading

ome investigators postulate that the primary function of the indirect retainer component of a distal-extension removable partial denture is to resist dislodging forces placed on the base of the prosthesis? :" Others have stated that this component is an effective stabilizer against vertical and horizontal forcesP" 6 Still others have shown that the indirect retainer is inefficient in its primary function and serves only as a reference point for base reline procedures, s Little scientific data has been presented to demonstrate or support these statements. The purpose of this study was to determine the presence and effect of forces transmitted to the indirect retainer abutment when a unilateral vertical load was applied in the first molar region of a distalextension removable partial denture. A photoelastic mOdel of strategically selected abutments, remaining teeth, and bilateral edentulous mandibular residual ridges was used for the study. The photoelastic method provided a visual display of stress applications to the abutment teeth and residual ridge support areas by the prosthesis, s-'2 Comparisons of force direction and magnitude were made under variable conditions? 3-~5 The objectives of this study were (1) to determine if the experimental method was valid and (2) to compare the magnitude and distribution of stresses within a photoelastic model from a distal-extension removable partial denture with and without the indirect retainer components when a unilateral vertical load was applied.
Design considerations for honeycomb double-bubble tanks utilized in aerospace vehicles

Future earth-to-orbit vehicles will utilize reusable internal fuel tanks requiring most of the vehicle volume. Because weight reduction and volumetric efficiency are essential, these tanks will be integral to the vehicle structure, and the vehicle cross section will dictate the size and shape of the tank. For a fuselage with a noncircular cross section, a multibubble tank configuration may be employed. Multibubble tanks offer a reduction in tank weight over a single-lobe tank or several cylindrical tanks in a noncircular cross section but sacrifice the efficiency of utilizing the entire fuselage cross section. This paper includes a general configuration analysis of a double-bubble tank, a materials and efficiency study, and a complete mission design analysis centers on sizing the tank to withstand ascent and reentry loads while minimizing the structural weight.
Comparison of methods to estimate health state utilities for ovarian cancer using quality of life data: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study.

Background Cost-effectiveness/cost-utility analyses are increasingly needed to inform decisions about care. Algorithms have been developed using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT) quality of life instrument to estimate utility weights for cost analyses. This study was designed to compare these algorithms in the setting of ovarian cancer.
Reactions of some grignard reagents with 2,6-dichloropyridine

Abstract Reaction of benzylmagnesium chloride with 2,6-dichloropyridine gave 3-benzylglutarimide. Allylmagnesium chloride with 2,6-dichloropyridine, in a 1 1 molar ratio, gave 2-allyl-6-chloropyridine; and in a 2 1 molar ratio gave 2,6-diallylpyridine.
Influence of Vitamin E Source and Dietary Supplementation Level on Production Performance of Sunshine Bass, Morone chrysops ♀ × Morone saxatilis ♂, Fillet Tocopherol Content, and Immunocompetency during Stress and Bacterial Challenge

We evaluated the effects of dietary vitamin E concentration and source on production performance and immunocompetency of sunshine bass, Morone chrysops × Morone saxatilis, following stress and disease challenge. Four diets were formulated to contain requisite levels (1×) or five times (5×) the vitamin E requirement of sunshine bass as met by synthetic vitamin E (SYNE) or natural source vitamin E (NSVE). Each diet was fed to juvenile sunshine bass for 8 wk prior to experimental challenges. Replicate tanks within each dietary treatment were challenged with stressor exposure (chasing with dip net), incidental Flavobacterium columnare exposure, or both; control groups were not challenged. Pathogen and/or stressor exposure largely resulted in significant reductions in immunological performance. Although significant independent dietary effects were not observed among immunological parameters, suppression of complement and macrophage respiratory burst activities was numerically lower within the 5× NSVE treatment. Production performance was largely unaffected by dietary vitamin E source or level. Fillet α-tocopherol concentration was significantly higher among fish fed the 5× diets (40.7/41.6 vs. 12.2/14.5 μg/g dry tissue for 1× diets); however, the dietary concentration required to achieve these levels was lower for NSVE. Although super-requirement levels of either source of vitamin E were apparently beneficial, NSVE was effective at ∼50% lower supplementation levels.
Suppression of CED-3-independent apoptosis by mitochondrial βNAC in Caenorhabditis elegans

To ensure cell survival, it is essential that the ubiquitous pro-apoptotic machinery is kept quiescent. As death is irreversible, cells must continually integrate developmental information with regulatory inputs to control the switch between repressing and activating apoptosis. Inappropriate activation or suppression of apoptosis can lead to degenerative pathologies or tumorigenesis, respectively. Here we report that Caenorhabditis elegans inhibitor of cell death-1 (ICD-1) is necessary and sufficient to prevent apoptosis. Loss of ICD-1 leads to inappropriate apoptosis in developing and differentiated cells in various tissues. Although this apoptosis requires CED-4, it occurs independently of CED-3--the caspase essential for developmental apoptosis--showing that these core pro-apoptotic proteins have separable roles. Overexpressing ICD-1 inhibits the apoptosis of cells that are normally programmed to die. ICD-1 is the beta-subunit of the nascent polypeptide-associated complex (betaNAC) and contains a putative caspase-cleavage site and caspase recruitment domain. It localizes primarily to mitochondria, underscoring the role of mitochondria in coordinating apoptosis. Human betaNAC is a caspase substrate that is rapidly eliminated in dying cells, suggesting that ICD-1 apoptosis-suppressing activity may be inactivated by caspases.
Effect of melatonin on cell growth, metabolic activity, and cell cycle distribution

We have recently demonstrated that the pineal secretory product melatonin inhibits the key transcriptional regulator nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B). As the activation of NF-kappa B is known to regulate the expression of cellular genes associated with cell cycle progression, cell growth, and differentiation, we investigated the effect of melatonin treatment on several cellular processes. These include cell viability, metabolic activity, and cell cycle phase distribution. Human embryonic kidney (293S) cells were treated with melatonin at concentrations of 0.02, 0.2, or 2 mM. When cell viability was measured 24, 48, and 72 hr after continuous exposure to melatonin using the trypan blue dye exclusion method, no significant cell death was observed. Even after exposure to 2 mM melatonin for 72 hr, cell viability remained at 98%. In contrast, another antioxidant compound, pyrrolidine dithiocarbomate (PDTC), at a 2 mM concentration reduced cell viability to 80.7+/-2.1% as early as 24 hr compared with untreated controls (P<0.05). When the metabolic activity was determined at 24, 48, and 72 hr using the colorimetric MTT assay, no significant changes in metabolic activity were observed. Even if the cells were treated with 10 mM melatonin for 72 hr, the metabolic activity was similar to that of the control cells. When cell cycle analysis was performed by flow cytometry, no marked difference in cell cycle distribution was observed. Melatonin at a concentration of 2 mM, however, did slightly alter the cell cycle (percentage of S phase cells) at 48 hr. This study revealed that when 293S cells are treated with concentrations of melatonin up to 2 mM, no significant alterations in three important cellular functions occurred. Exogenously added melatonin appeared to have a limited influence on the normal functioning of the cells even when the exposure continued for 72 hr.
Some Small Sized Spanning Subgraphs of a Hypercube

Abstract The integral of a tree T is the tree obtained by joining one new leaf to each node of T. The broadcast tree Bn is the nth iterated integral of the graph K1 consisting of just one node. We derive the number of embeddings of Bn in the hypercube Qn. We also determine the minimum diameter of a spanning tree of Qn. A special spanning subgraph Rn of Qn is then constructed by suitably joining two broadcast trees Bn and Bn−1. This cubical graph Rn of diameter n serves to prove that asymptotically almost all the edges of Qn can be removed and still the remaining spanning subgraph has diameter n. Other properties of this new family of graphs are investigated.
Design and modeling of a computer-controlled planar manipulator

This paper describes the design of a computer-controlled planar manipulator and the modeling necessary to derive the dynamic equations of motion. The planar manipulator was built as an experimental research device for work in kine matics, dynamics, controls, design, and sensor development. The device consists of three joints and three links with a gripper and operates in a horizontal plane on air bearings. The planar manipulator was instrumented for position, veloc ity, and torque feedback from each joint and is controlled either manually, using a teach pendant, or directly from a computer. A modularity feature was also designed into the robot to allow for interchanging any electromechanical com ponents and to enable structural substitutions for investiga tions into flexibility and vibrations. The completed robot successfully exceeded performance specifications and design criteria.The next phase of the research focused on the development and evaluation of a computer model designed to simulate the open-loo...
Getting started: objectives and justifications in the history of neurology.

Contemporary historiographical ideas have the potential to enrich the history written by practicing neurologists. Neurology is a science, and historians of neurology might profit from considering the experiences of historians of other sciences. An explicit consideration of the range of possible objectives, justifications, sources and methods of historical research may open new and exciting avenues of inquiry. Any plausible answer to the question, “What does a historian do when he or she sits down to write history” helps an historian to develop the structure of his or her project. The selection of sources for a historical study is improved, if also expanded, by understanding its aims.