cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computational Electromagnetics with MATLAB, Fourth Edition

This fourth edition of the text reflects the continuing increase in awareness and use of computational electromagnetics and incorporates advances and refinements made in recent years. Most notable among these are the improvements made to the standard algorithm for the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method and treatment of absorbing boundary conditions in FDTD, finite element, and transmission-line-matrix methods. It teaches the readers how to pose, numerically analyze, and solve EM problems, to give them the ability to expand their problem-solving skills using a variety of methods, and to prepare them for research in electromagnetism. Includes new homework problems in each chapter. Each chapter is updated with the current trends in CEM. Adds a new appendix on CEM codes, which covers commercial and free codes. Provides updated MATLAB code.
Project-Based Learning in Introductory Statistics: Comparing Course Experiences and Predicting Positive Outcomes for Students from Diverse Educational Settings

In order to evaluate the acceptability and potential impact of the Passion-Driven Statistics curriculum, this article describes background characteristics, and course experiences and outcomes of students enrolled in the multidisciplinary, introductory, project-based course in liberal arts colleges, large state universities, regional college/universities, and community colleges. We found that the course could be successfully delivered across these diverse educational settings. After controlling for educational setting and pre-survey responses to individual outcome measures, consistent predictors of positive course outcomes included student’s initial interest in conducting research, their higher likelihood of enrolling in a statistics course if it were not required, finding the project-based course less challenging, and finding the research project more rewarding than other students. Regional college/university, and community college students reported working significantly harder in the course and finding the course more challenging than students taking the course at liberal arts colleges or state universities. Students from liberal arts colleges generally reported more positive course experiences than students from other educational settings. However, when compared to students from both liberal arts colleges and large state universities, those from regional colleges/universities reported being more likely to have learned more in the project-based course than in other college courses they had taken. Taken together, the project-based course was successfully delivered across diverse post-secondary educational settings and provides a promising model for getting students hooked on the power and excitement of applied statistics.
Innovation by Evolution: Bringing New Chemistry to Life (Nobel Lecture)

The directed evolution of enzymes is now routinely used to develop new catalysts with various applications, such as in environmentally friendly production of chemicals and renewable fuels. In her Nobel lecture, F. Arnold describes how lessons from nature inspired the development of methods for directed evolution.
Proximity-induced superconductivity in a topological crystalline insulator

Superconducting topological crystalline insulators (TCIs) are predicted to host new topological phases protected by crystalline symmetries, but available materials are insufficiently suitable for surface studies. To induce superconductivity at the surface of a prototypical TCI SnTe, we use molecular beam epitaxy to grow a heterostructure of SnTe and a high-${T}_{c}$ superconductor Fe(Te,Se), utilizing a ``buffer'' layer to bridge the large lattice mismatch between SnTe and Fe(Te,Se). Using low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy, we measure a prominent spectral gap on the surface of SnTe, and demonstrate its superconducting origin by its dependence on temperature and magnetic field. Our work provides a platform for atomic-scale investigations of emergent topological phenomena in superconducting TCIs.
Leveraging Photonic Flexibility in Multi-Layer Resilient Networks

Planning and operation of large-scale deployments of photonic networks and working with a variety of constraints to offer a resilient photonic layer.
Intraspecific variation in seedling drought tolerance and associated traits in a critically endangered, endemic Hawaiian shrub

Climates are changing at a rate that exceeds the adaptive capacity of species, especially endangered species. Genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity are important for population persistence, y...
Radiology Malpractice: The Demography of Medical Malpractice Regarding Radiology

The specter of malpractice action remains a matter of concern for the specialty of radiology in general and for individual practitioners in particular. Allegations of breast disease misdiagnosis remain the most common cause of claims against all physicians in any specialty, with the radiologist often the only defendant. Other common initiators of malpractice suits include a variety of errors of diagnosis, defects in communication of findings, and procedural complications. The details on the frequency of suits and their distribution by state, gender, and age of radiologist have not been subject to extensive analysis involving a large cohort. Moreover, responses by radiologists often involve retrospective comments which have tended to emphasize the opinions of those who have at least once been sued or have been the subject of a claim that never becomes a formal tort action.
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) status in cow-calf herds and associations with biosecurity and production practices among Montana beef producers

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) manifests in several clinical syndromes. Cattle persistently infected (PI) with BVDV are lifelong shedders and the primary reservoir of the virus in the herd. The Montana BVD-PI Herd Biosecurity Program assists Montana beef producers with BVDV education, detection, and prevention. A survey was conducted to determine associations among specific biosecurity and management practices and herd BVDV status. Of the 585 beef herds enrolled in the program from 2006-2009, 6.5% (n=38) detected greater than or equal to 1 PI animal. Among these positive herds, the within-herd PI prevalence ranged from 0.12% to 20.0%. Among the respondent herds with known BVDV status (n=230), 4.3% (n=10) were previously diagnosed with greater than or equal to 1 PI animal. Herds that annually vaccinated home-grown heifers and bulls prior to introduction to the resident herd displayed a significantly reduced risk of being BVDV positive (P less than 0.10). Producers with high self-perceived BVDV knowledge were more likely (P less than 0.10) to annually vaccinate the resident herd for BVDV, less likely (P less than 0.10) to participate in communal grazing practices from breeding to weaning, but more likely (P less than 0.10) to transport pregnant heifers off-site with subsequent reintroduction to the resident herd. These data suggest that although beef producers in Montana engage in management practices potentially increasing the risk of BVDV introduction, educated producers have taken steps to mitigate that risk.
Landmark Series on Disparities in Surgical Oncology: Melanoma.

Background Although the lifetime risk of melanoma is disproportionately higher in whites, blacks have a poorer overall survival with an absolute survival difference of 25%. Significant progress has been made in melanoma treatment in the past decade; however, these successes may not be available or accessible to all segments of the population. Methods In this review, we highlight important studies in melanoma as well as informative retrospective studies from databases and nonmelanoma cancers where appropriate. Results There are no level I evidence-based studies on disparities in melanoma, and most likely there will never be, but the studies presented herein and clinical experience demonstrate that disparities in clinical outcomes from melanoma exists. Conclusions By becoming aware of the disparities, we can help mitigate them by engagement, education, and corrective and empowering actions through awareness campaigns, appropriate clinical trial design, encouraging participation in clinical trials, increasing the diversity of providers, and advocacy.
Application of Expectancy Violations Theory to Communication with and Judgments About Embodied Agents During a Decision-Making Task

Because users treat embodied agents (EAs) as social actors, users hold expectations about human-to-EA communication (HtEAC) similar to those in human-to-human communication. This study extends Expectancy Violations Theory (EVT) to examine how different forms of interfaces that confirm or violate user expectations affect the communication process, social judgments, ability to influence, and accuracy of recall associated with HtEAC. Positive violations of expectancy are acts or characteristics of the EA that are unexpected but evaluated favorably by the human partner. Results suggest that when the EA deviates from expectations, effects on the HtEAC process and related outcomes can be more pronounced. EAs evaluated as positive violations had more favorable effects on task attractiveness than other human or EA interaction partners. As predicted by EVT, EA interactions that were positively evaluated elicited more perceived connectedness, feelings of being understood/receptivity, and dependability than those EA interactions evaluated negatively. However, negative violations did not produce worse outcomes than negative confirmations. EVT offers a useful lens for examining the communication effects of HtEAC and points to benefits of creating EAs that evoke positive violations of expectancy.
Errors in Texas Forensics That Result in Wrongful Convictions

One would think that due to the millions of dollars appropriated to the criminal justice system and law enforcement that our state and local governments would take the necessary precautions to properly train the officers, forensic scientists and other personnel who are vital to the criminal investigation and prosecution process. Since the 1980s there have been numerous individuals who have been wrongfully convicted due to the lack of training and use of resources to prevent this from happening. From negligence to certain investigators not being certified to do their tasks, the forensics heavily used in Texas in order to convict criminals has turned around and convicted innocent people.
Management of Atherosclerotic Carotid Artery Disease. A Brief Overview and Update.

Extracranial carotid atherosclerotic disease has been associated with approximately 15%-20% of ischemic stroke cases, and is a leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide. Medical, surgical, and endovascular therapies for the prevention of stroke from carotid disease have advanced considerably over the past quarter century. The objective of this review is to outline the clinical presentation of symptomatic carotid artery stenosis and the risk factors associated with development of carotid artery stenosis, and then summarize the current evidence-based medical treatment modalities, along with available surgical and endovascular therapies.
Validation of the tobacco, alcohol, prescription medication, and other substance use (TAPS) tool with the WHO alcohol, smoking, and substance Involvement screening test (ASSIST)

Abstract Introduction Community pharmacies are emerging as a valuable setting to identify patients with substance use. Few tools have been specially validated to screen patients in these settings, particularly among those prescribed opioid medications. The goal of this study was to validate the performance of the Tobacco, Alcohol, Prescription medication, and other Substance use (TAPS) tool in community pharmacy settings compared to a reference-standard substance use assessment. Methods Participants were recruited while receiving opioid medications (not solely buprenorphine) from 19 pharmacies from a large national chain in Ohio and Indiana. Adults who were not involved in the criminal justice system or receiving cancer treatment were invited to participate in a one-time, cross-sectional, self-administered, health survey which included the TAPS tool. Substance use risks calculated from the TAPS tool were compared with the reference standard, World Health Organization Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) using confusion matrices. We calculated Areas Under the Curve (AUC) of Receiver Operating Characteristics Curves (ROC) to evaluate the TAPS tool’s validity. Results The TAPS tool showed fair or better discrimination between moderate-risk use and high-risk use for tobacco, alcohol, and prescription opioids (AUCs: 0.75-0.97 and fair or better discrimination between low-risk and moderate-risk use in five of eight subscales, including tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, stimulants, and heroin (AUCs: 0.70-0.92). Conclusion The TAPS tool detected clinically relevant problem substance use in several drug classes and likely would be a valuable assessment for screening illicit drug use among community pharmacy patients prescribed opioid medications.
Two additional examples of viremia in asymptomatic poliomyelitis infection

Two contacts of patients with poliomyelitis were shown to have viremia. In both instances type 1 virus was found in the stool and in the blood. Neither of these contacts showed detectable neutralizing antibodies to the virus at the time the serum specimens were collected. It was because they were excreting virus and were without detectable antibodies that they (as well as six other similar persons) were studied for the possible presence of viremia.
Radio Emission from Interstellar Hydrogen Cyanide and X-Ogen

Radio emission spectra from the J = 1–0 transition of H12C14N and H13C14N, two molecular isotopes of hydrogen cyanide, have been detected at 88.6 and 86.3 GHz, respectively. In addition, an emission signal from a new and unidentified interstellar molecule was detected at 89.2 GHz. The new molecule temporarily has been named ‘X-ogen’ until its chemical identity can be determined. X-ogen has been detected in several regions and may be as common as hydrogen cyanide in the Galaxy.
Effect of Instructional Television on Personality Perception.

Marshall McLuhan (1967) suggests that form creates change independent of content. If true, then the same talking personality (content) presented in two different ways (form)face-to-face, then televised-will generate differences in viewer perception. Perception is sensation plus meaning. Changing the sense ratios causes different sensations and, finally, different perceptions. To McLuhan, TV is cool, mosaic, and involving, not hot or forceful. TV causes viewers to fill in the missing parts which draws involvement from the viewer, but drains excitement from that which is viewed. Results of the study reported here suggest that this trade-off occurs to accommodate the new sense ratios. Because TV cools the excitement of face-toface contact with the teacher, McLuhan's ideas are supported. If a teacher's perceived personality powerfully influences students, it becomes imperative to know whether his personality is perceived differently when filtered through a TV system. This study was designed to reveal whether TV changes the teacher's image. It asked whether TV teacher personality traits are strengthened or weakened, magnified or diminished in the viewers' eyes. Electronic media have been studied as magnifiers of personality (Holmes, 1959; Barrow & Wesley, 1958; Lynch & Sassenrath, 1965; Siegel & Siegel, 1966). There are numerous
A soft-switched three-port single-stage inverter for photovoltaic-battery systems

This paper proposes a soft-switched three-port single-stage inverter (TPSI) for a photovoltaic (PV)-battery system. Compared to the existing soft-switched TPSIs, the proposed TPSI has the advantages of using the least number of switches and that all of the switches are capable of being turned on under the zero voltage switching (ZVS) condition. A prototype of the TPSI without using electrolytic capacitors is built to verify the proposed topology. Experimental results show that the proposed TPSI is effective in managing the power flows among the three ports while maintaining the desired sinusoidal voltage at the load port.
Energy metabolism of eucalyptus-boring beetles at rest and during locomotion: gender makes a difference.

We studied metabolic rates during rest, maximal running exercise and tethered flight in the long-horned eucalyptus-boring beetles Phoracantha recurva and P. semipunctata. Simultaneous measurement of rates of O(2) consumption (vdot (O2)) and CO(2) production (vdot (CO2)) indicated that vdot (CO2) closely approximated vdot (O2) and hence was a good index of aerobic metabolic rate. The resting metabolic rate (RMR), peak vdot (CO2) during running-wheel locomotion (MR(run)) and factorial scope during running (MR(run)/RMR) are similar to published values for several other insect taxa. MR(run) was repeatable for most test groups over intervals of 48–96 h. Studies of P. semipunctata show that MR(run) is relatively insensitive to changes in ambient temperature (T(a)) between 20 and 30 degrees C, whereas resting metabolic rate increases with T(a) with a normal Q(10) (2.4). Consequently, factorial scope declines at the higher T(a): mean factorial scopes for male and female P. semipunctata are 17.7 and 13.6 at 20 degrees C versus 8.9 and 5.5 at 30 degrees C, respectively. Flight activity requires a considerably greater metabolic rate than terrestrial activity: at T(a) values of 20–30 degrees C, the mean factorial scope for flight activity of male P. semipunctata is 72 (range 36–110). Nevertheless, our measurements of flight metabolic rate in Phoracantha spp. are considerably lower than predicted from allometric equations for other insects. Our most interesting finding was that males of both species had a substantially and significantly higher MR(run) and aerobic scope than females. The gender differences in MR(run) are consistent with differences in activity levels of males and females during mate-seeking behavior.
Chronic fetal hypoxia affects axonal maturation in guinea pigs during development: A longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging and T2 mapping study.

Purpose To investigate the impact of chronic hypoxia on neonatal brains, and follow developmental alterations and adaptations noninvasively in a guinea pig model. Chronic hypoxemia is the prime cause of fetal brain injury and long-term sequelae such as neurodevelopmental compromise, seizures, and cerebral palsy. Materials and Methods Thirty guinea pigs underwent either normoxic and hypoxemic conditions during the critical stage of brain development (0.7 gestation) and studied prenatally (n = 16) or perinatally (n = 14). Fourteen newborns (7 hypoxia and 7 normoxia group) were scanned longitudinally to characterize physiological and morphological alterations, and axonal myelination and injury using in vivo diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), T2 mapping, and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Sixteen fetuses (8 hypoxia and 8 normoxia) were studied ex vivo to assess hypoxia-induced neuronal injury/loss using Nissl staining and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction methods. Results Developmental brains in the hypoxia group showed lower fractional anisotropy in the corpus callosum (−12%, P = 0.02) and lower T2 values in the hippocampus (−16%, P = 0.003) compared with the normoxia group with no differences in the cortex (P > 0.07), indicating vulnerability of the hippocampus and cerebral white matter during early development. Fetal guinea pig brains with chronic hypoxia demonstrated an over 10-fold increase in expression levels of hypoxia index genes such as erythropoietin and HIF-1α, and an over 40% reduction in neuronal density, confirming prenatal brain damage. Conclusion In vivo MRI measurement, such as DTI and T2 mapping, provides quantitative parameters to characterize neurodevelopmental abnormalities and to monitor the impact of prenatal insult on the postnatal brain maturation of guinea pigs. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;42:658–665.
M current mystery messenger revealed

The identity of signaling elements that couple muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) activation to M current (KCNQ K(+) channels) modulation has remained unknown despite decades of study. Suh and Hille (in this issue of Neuron) demonstrate that activation of phospholipase C (PLC) initiates M current modulation and that recovery requires ATP and phosphoinositide 4-kinase (PI 4-K). These data suggest that breakdown of phosphotidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2)) is a crucial determinant of M channel modulation.
Real-Life Test Experience: Recommendations for Revisions to the Standards of Care of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health

The real-life test (RLT) or real-life experience (RTE) has been a fixture in the management of gender identity disorder for four decades. By providing patients with a gamut of experiences previously only imagined, the RLE enables individuals to rethink their lives. The scientific foundation of the RLE is at the level of expert opinion. The specific issues of purpose, duration, assessment, and relationship to future happiness are surprisingly unclarified, however.
The Arousal of Emotion in Plato's Dialogues

In Aeschines' dialogue Alcibiades , Socrates sees his brilliant young partner's haughty attitude towards the great Themistocles. Thereupon he gives an encomium of Themistocles, a man whose wisdom and arete, great as they were, could not save him from ostracism by his own people. This encomium has an extraordinary effect on Alcibiades: he cries and in his despair places his head upon Socrates' knee, realizing that he is nowhere near as good a man as Themistocles (Aesch., Ale. fr. 9 Dittm. = Ael. Aristid. 286.2). Aeschines later has Socrates say that he would have been foolish to think he could have helped Alcibiades by virtue of any art or knowledge, but nonetheless by some divine dispensation he has, in virtue of the eros he felt for the youth, been allowed to make him better (fr. lla, c Dittm. = Ael. Aristid., Rhet. 17).
Static and flyover noise measurements of an inverted profile exhaust jet

Tests using a TF30 mixed flow afterburning turbofan engine in an F-111 airplane were conducted to study the noise characteristics of an inverted velocity profile jet. Full-authority digital engine control allowed the inverted profile jet to be compared to a uniform jet of equal thrust statically and in flight. An exhaust velocity survey showed that the ratio of the outer to inner stream velocities was 1.37; therefore, only small noise reductions were expected. At static conditions, the inverted profile jet was approximately 3 decibels quieter than the uniform jet at peak noise angles. During a flyover it was approximately 1 decibel quieter.
An optically tunable terahertz perfect absorber

We experimentally demonstrate a micro-fabricated optically tunable terahertz (THz) perfect absorber utilizing sub-wavelength split ring resonator arrays with photo-conductive silicon islands in the capacitive gaps (Fig. 1). We achieved approximately 90% normalized absorption and 44% absorption intensity modulation at the resonance frequency 0.7 THz.
The role of B cells in immunity against larval Strongyloides stercoralis in mice.

Summary The objective of this study was to examine the role of B cells in primary and challenge infections of larval Strongyloides stercoralis in mice. Two strains of B-cell deficient mice were used in these studies, µMT mice that lack all B cells and Xid mice that lack B-1 cells. Primary immune responses in µMT mice were sufficient to eliminate all parasites within 1 week after infection. Immunized µMT and Xid mice, however, were unable to kill challenge parasites at 24 h post infection, the time that they were eliminated in immunized wild-type mice. This was despite having a significant increase in interleukin-5 secreting cells and high numbers of eosinophils in the microenvironment of the challenge larvae. In addition, immunized Xid mice did not generate parasite-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)M but did develop a weak IgG response compared to wild-type mice. These results demonstrate a dichotomy in the requirement of B cells in immunity to S. stercoralis. B cells are not required in the primary response, yet they are required in the secondary immune response. B-1 cells are required for the secondary immune response and their role appears to be the production of IgM and not as a source of immunoregulatory molecules.
Hepatocyte Growth Factor mRNA in Human Liver Cirrhosis as Evidenced by in situ Hybridization

Background: Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a strong mitogen of hepatocytes, and HGF-producing cells have been reported to be Ito cells or endothelial cells in the sinusoid of the liver. No reports have been published about the localization of HGF mRNA in human liver cirrhosis. Methods: In situ hybridization (ISH) for HGF mRNA was performed in 5 normal liver and 16 human liver cirrhosis specimens, using 1 RNA probe and 3 oligonucleotide probes labeled with 35S. Results: A positive signal was obtained in 15 of these cases. In five normal liver specimens, signals of HGF mRNA were not obtainable. In 13 of the 15 cases of liver cirrhosis, HGF mRNA was present in the periphery of the regenerative nodules. This peripheral pattern was seen in regenerative nodules with irregular nodule to septal interfaces. Combined immunohistochemistry and ISH showed that vimentin and CD 68-positive cells consistent with macrophages expressed HGF mRNA in such cases. In three specimens with diffuse signal for HGF mRNA in the he...
Annual Variation in the Slope of the 14°C Isotherm along the Equator in the Pacific Ocean

Abstract The annual variation in the depth of the 14°C isotherm is described on the basis of the mechanical and expendable bathythermographic data in the archives of the National Oceanographic Data Center. The variations are representative of variations in the depth of the main thermocline. The 14°C isotherm slopes downward toward the west between 100°W and the dateline throughout the year. The slope is small during May and June, and large during October and November. However, variations in isothermal depth with a smaller spatial scale lead to considerable changes in phase of the slope at different longitudes. The easterly wind stress along the equator is weak during March, April and May, while the Intertropical Convergence Zone is located close to the equator. The westward slope of 14°C relaxes during this period, leading to the minimum slope in June. The easterly wind stress is strong during the winter of each hemisphere with maxima in July and December. Strong winds precede and follow the maximum slope...
Variations in Social Support Associated with Gender, Ethnicity, and Age

Much of the research conducted on social support over the last decade has focused on specific population groups. Until recently, very little work compared social support across groups. The importance of this type of research is discussed, including the potential role of social support in explaining subpopulation differences in psychological distress. Studies are reviewed that compare support and support effects across sex, ethnic, and age groups. In general, the findings suggest that levels of some aspects of support and the effectiveness of support components vary across these subgroups. Even the stress-buffering versus direct-effect functions of social support may vary across subgroups, as illustrated by one study focusing on social class. The implications of these studies and directions for future research are discussed.
Asymptotic expansion of the Witten deformation of the analytic torsion

Given a compact Riemannian manifold (Md, g), a finite dimensional representationρ: π1(M)→GL(V) of the fundamental groupπ1(M) on a vector spaceVof dimensionland a Hermitian structureμon the flat vector bundle[formula]associated toρ, Ray–Singer [RS] have introduced the analytic torsionT=T(M, ρ, g, μ)>0. Witten's deformationdq(t) of the exterior derivativedq,dq(t)=e−htdqeht, withh: M→Ra smooth Morse function, can be used to define a deformationT(h, t)>0 of the analytic torsionTwithT(h, 0)=T. The main results of this paper are to provide, assuming that grad ghis Morse Smale, an asymptotic expansion for log T(h, t) fort→∞ of the form[formula]and to present two different formulae fora0. As an application we obtain a shorter derivation of results due to Ray–Singer [RS], Cheeger [Ch], Muller [Mu1, 2] which, in increasing generality, concern the equality for odd dimensional manifolds of the analytic torsion with the average of the Reidemeister torsion corresponding to the triangulation T=(h, g) and the dual triangulation TD=(d−h, g).
Lidar observations of mesospheric Fe and sporadic Fe layers at Urbana, Illinois

Lidar measurements of mesospheric Fe at Urbana, Illinois were conducted during 4 nights in October, 1989. The average Fe abundances were in the range (1.0-2.0) X 10 to the 10/sq cm. The layer centroid heights range between 89.0 and 90.5 km and the rms widths vary between 3.2 and 4.1 km. Considerable gravity wave and tidal activity are observed in the Fe profiles. The observations are compared with previous measurements of mesospheric Fe and with observations of sporadic Na (Na/S/) layers.
Robot self-location using visual reasoning relative to a single target object

Abstract This paper presents a computationally straightforward method for determining the location of a camera that is mounted on a robot. The procedure consists of observing a sphere upon which two great circles have been circumscribed and computing the location and orientation of the camera based upon projections of the primary features in the image plane. Distance from the standard mark is based on the size of the projected sphere, whereas location of the camera is based on the displacements of the great circles relative to the center of the projected sphere. The procedure for determining the location of the camera involves solving only linear equations and is computationally simple. Results demonstrating the utility of the method with both simulated data and actual images are presented.
Lymphoma in inflammatory bowel disease and treatment decisions.

The risk of lymphoma, particularly non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, is an important concern associated with therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Lymphoma risks have been described for nearly all immunomodulatory therapies for IBD, and it is therefore important to have discussions with patients before initiating therapy. However, it is also important to put risks into contexts that IBD patients can appropriately appreciate. Relative risks can appear large for these medications, while, by contrast, the absolute risk may be quite low. Additionally, understanding the risks of foregoing immunomodulatory therapy—specifically, continued active disease and/or continued corticosteroid use—can frame an appropriate risk–benefit discussion for both patients and physicians.
Theory of anisotropic thin-walled closed-section beams with hygrothermal effects

A variationally consistent theory is developed in order to derive the governing equations of anisotropic thin-walled beams with closed sections subjected to axial load, torsion, bending and hygrothermal loads. The theory is based on an asymptotical analysis of two-dimensional shell theory. Closed-form expressions for the beam stiffness coefficients, equivalent hygrothermal loads, stress and displacement fields are provided. The influence of material anisotropy and hygrothermal coefficients on the displacement field is identified. The analysis is applied to predict the response of composite beams under thermomechanical loading.
Bisphosphonate Treatment of Lytic Bone Metastases

Tumour-induced osteolysis or lytic bone disease is mediated by osteoclast activation. Osteoclasts can be activated directly by tumour products or indirectly through an influence on other cells. By reducing osteoclastic activity, bisphosphonates inhibit bone resorption. Pamidronate is a second-generation amino-bisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of osteoclastic activity. In multiple myeloma, a phase III study has shown that the proportion of patients at the end of 21 months who had any skeletal event was significantly lower in the pamidronate group (38%) than in the placebo group (58%). The therapeutic benefit was independent of the type of antimyeloma chemotherapy. Patients who received pamidronate had significant decrease in bone pain and delayed deterioration in performance status and quality of life. Overall there was no survival advantage in patients who received pamidronate. In similar fashion, in 2 phase III breast cancer trials, patients who received pamidronate had fewer skeletal events, decrease in bone pain and analgesic use, and slower deterioration of performance status that in those patients receiving placebo. Again, there was no survival advantage in these patients. Recent studies suggest that the bisphosphonates clodronate can prevent the development of bone metastases in patients with breast cancer.
The role of pathos in the decision‐making process: A study in the rhetoric of science policy

Over the course of this century, science and technology policy issues such as the management of hazardous wastes and the protection of endangered species have become increasingly common and important. To respond constructively to such issues, either by petitioning policy makers or by shaping policy themselves, nonscientists must be prepared to interpret, criticize, and synthesize complex scientific and ethical arguments. The experience of the Cambridge Experimentation Review Board suggests that in spite of some cultural bias against pathos, emotional appeals play a vital role in the shaping of science policy decisions. This paper argues that the character of the audience is a key factor in determining whether a given emotional appeal will be considered appropriate; it further argues that a renewed emphasis on rhetorical studies will help to prepare the public for a constructive role in the shaping of science policy.
Micromorphological and SEM analysis of cretaceous-paleogene petrosols from Eastern Montana and western North Dakota

Abstract Microscopy is used to distinguish pedogenic features from those associated with primary sedimentary fabric and non-pedogenic diagenesis in a suite of 65 million year old sediments. Sand-to-clay-sized material was deposited in meandering river systems over a broad coastal alluvial plain, and pedogenesis occurred in all lithologies. A variety of petrosol (lithified soil) horizons which exhibit both syndepositional bedding and pedogenic and non-pedogenic diagenetic features remains today. Features attributable to the in-situ interaction between root and soil provide the most convincing evidence of pedogenesis. In addition, features such as illuvial clay and iron-oxide accumulations around voids, which are commonly but not exclusively associated with soil environments provide accessory evidence of pedogenesis. Stress-related void and ground-mass birefringence fabrics are evident in the petrosols and some purely sedimentary deposits, and thus cannot be used as diagnostic indicators of pedogenesis. In this fluvial setting, erosion and transport of soil material occurred, which is indicated by the presence of pedorelicts in petrosol horizons and purely sedimentary deposits. Detailed study both by petrographic and by scanning electron microscope elucidates pedogenic indicators not visible in hand samples. Such tools are useful in resolving ambiguities between pedogenesis and non-pedogenic diagenesis.
Vertebral artery tortuosity in Turner syndrome: is tortuosity a component of the aortopathy phenotype?

Background Turner syndrome is associated with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV), coarctation of the aorta, aortic dilation, and aortic dissection. Vertebral artery tortuosity, as demonstrated by magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), is increased in other disorders associated with thoracic aortic dilation and dissection, including Marfan syndrome and Loeys-Dietz syndrome, and increased tortuosity is associated with earlier adverse cardiovascular outcomes in those groups. We investigated the association between vertebral artery tortuosity and aortic pathology in patients with Turner syndrome.
Distinct brain networks for adaptive and stable task control in humans

Control regions in the brain are thought to provide signals that configure the brain's moment-to-moment information processing. Previously, we identified regions that carried signals related to task-control initiation, maintenance, and adjustment. Here we characterize the interactions of these regions by applying graph theory to resting state functional connectivity MRI data. In contrast to previous, more unitary models of control, this approach suggests the presence of two distinct task-control networks. A frontoparietal network included the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and intraparietal sulcus. This network emphasized start-cue and error-related activity and may initiate and adapt control on a trial-by-trial basis. The second network included dorsal anterior cingulate/medial superior frontal cortex, anterior insula/frontal operculum, and anterior prefrontal cortex. Among other signals, these regions showed activity sustained across the entire task epoch, suggesting that this network may control goal-directed behavior through the stable maintenance of task sets. These two independent networks appear to operate on different time scales and affect downstream processing via dissociable mechanisms.
Highly concentrated ceramic binder suspensions. Colloidal component and binding (bonding) properties

We carried out depletion and enrichment (concentration) of the original suspension of quartz sand and obtained suspensions and castings based on them by varying C cc nd in the 0.01–2.22% range with respect to the total weight of the solid phase.
Effects of Temperature on the Uptake and Depuration of 2‐Methylisoborneol (MIB) in Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus

The microbial metabolite 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) imparts a muddy off-flavor to channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Uptake and depuration of MIB from fish are important considerations in the design and implementation of systems to remove off-flavors from fish prior to processing. The kinetics of MIB uptake by channel catfish were determined by placing fish in 6.5, 14.0, 25.0, and 34.0 C water containing approximately 1.0 μg/L chemically-synthesized MIB. Fish were sacrificed following 0, 2, 4, 8, and 24 h exposure to MIB. Fillet tissue samples were subjected to gas chromatographic and fat content analysis. The model for MIB uptake was: MIB in fillet tissue (μg/kg) =−0.61 ± 4.2 [log(h± 1)] ± 0.0076(T) (h) ± 0.089(T), where h is the duration of exposure to MIB in hours and T is the water temperature in degrees C. The model accounted for 74% of the total variation observed in the tissue MIB concentrations and indicated that the fillet fat content was not strongly correlated with MIB uptake. To investigate the depuration of off-flavors, exposure to MIB was halted. Tissue samples were obtained 4, 8, 24, 48, and 72 h from fish held at 6.5, 14.0, 25.0, and 34.0 C. These data yielded the model: MIB in fillet tissue (μg/kg) = 3.6 ± 0.176(T) – 2.06 [log(h± 1)] – 0.00296(T) (h) ± 0.197 (% fat), where h is the duration of exposure to MIB in hours, T is the water temperature in degrees C, and % fat is the % fat in the fillet tissue. The model accounted for 67% of the total observed variation in tissue MIB concentrations. Reducing the fat content of fish and optimizing water temperatures may augment MIB removal from fish tissues prior to processing.
The interpretation of cross-section regression tests of the heckscher-ohlin theorem with many goods and factors

Abstract Numerous authors have used cross-section regression methods to explain interindustry variations in net exports by means of factor-use ratios as one of the tests of the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem. This paper shows, via an algebraic proof, that the regression procedures used by these authors may be inappropriate tests of the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem. Specifically, the paper shows that in a framework of many goods and factors, inferences about the relative abundance of a particular factor cannot be made by looking at the signs of the regression coefficients unless very stringent requirements are met.
DNA sequence and transcriptional analyses of the region of the equine herpesvirus type 1 Kentucky A strain genome encoding glycoprotein C.

Abstract DNA sequence and transcriptional analyses were performed on the region of the equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) genome (KyA strain) (map units 0.129 to 0.152) encoding open reading frames (ORFs) 15 and 16. ORF 16 encodes a homolog of glycoprotein C of HSV-1 (herpes simplex virus type 1), while ORF 15 corresponds in position to HSV-1 UL45 but exhibits no significant homology at the amine acid level. Sequence analyses revealed that the EHV-1 gC ORF of 468 amino acids and ORF-15 of 227 amino acids mapped at nucleotides (nt) 716 to 2119 and 2397 to 3077, respectively (relative to the 5′ end of the Bam HI recognition site at map unit 0.152). ORF 15 exhibited significant homology (69% identity) at the amino acid level to the EHV-4 gone located 3′ of the EHV-4 gC homolog. Sequence analyses identified potential CAAT and TATA boxes for the EHV- 1 gC ORF and a TATA box for ORF 15. While no consensus polyadenylation signal was detected between ORFs 15 and 16, two polyadenylation signals were detected 3′ of ORF 15. Northern blot and S1 nuclease analyses were used to map and characterize the gC and ORF 15 mRNAs, and metabolic inhibitors were used to identify the kinetic class of these two genes. The results revealed that gC is a γ-1 gene which encodes a 2.8-kb mRNA, while ORF 15 is γ-2 gene encoding a 0.9-kb mRNA which is 3′ coterminal with the gC transcript. The gC and ORF 15 mRNAs were shown by S1 nuclease analyses to initiate approximately 34 and 26 nucleotides downstream of their respective TATA boxes and to have a common termination site 18 to 20 nucleotides downstream of a consensus polyadenylation signal. Comparative sequence analysis revealed that the KyA strain gC protein differs in only three amino acid residues from the gC protein of the EHV-1 Ab4 and T431 strains, and one of the three amino acid differences occurred within a segment of six contiguous amino acids showing high degree of hydrophilicity in the gC molecule. Further comparative sequence analysis revealed that KyA strain genome has a major deletion in the region of ORF I7 which lies 5′ of gC in the Ab4 strain. This finding that 1038 base pairs (bp) of the 1203-bp ORF 17 is deleted indicates that ORF 17 is nonessential for EHV-1 replication in cell culture. To examine the regulation of the EHV-1 gC gene, transient transfection assays using CAT (chloramphenicol acetyltransferase) reporter gene constructs of gC were performed. The results showed that expression from the EHV-1 gC promoter required the presence of both the EHV-1 IE protein and the EHV-1 UL3 protein (an ICP27 homolog) for significant activation as has been shown with other EHV-1 late gene promoters.
Lessons from the Street: An Introduction to Drug Education.

Abstract The instructional approach used in this teaching idea involves high-level cognitive and affective learning rather than passive learning through lecture, which often is the traditional, and ineffective, approach for students being educated about drugs. Objectives: At the conclusion of this drug education teaching strategy, students will be able to: (1) form opinions based on fact, (2) draw logical conclusions regarding legal and illegal drugs of abuse, (3) categorize drug samples into pharmacological groups, and (4) discuss the laws, availability and abuse of licit and illicit drugs. Target Audience: Middle school and high school students.
Activation of Phospholipase C-β by Gβγ Involves Interactions with the PH-EF Hand Domain Interface

PLC-βs signal downstream of Gq- and Gi-coupled GPCRs to synthesize two second messengers, IP3 and DAG, from PIP2. Gi regulates PLC-βs through its Gβγ subunit. The N-terminal PH domain of PLC-β appears to be the primary Gβγ sensor because its deletion abolishes stimulation by Gβγ and because replacement of the PLC-δ PH domain by the PLC-β PH domain confers Gβγ sensitivity. We find that the isolated PLC-β PH domain inhibits PLC-β activation by Gβγ, suggesting that the PH domain binds Gβγ directly. PLC-β2 is also stimulated by Rac1, and the Rac1 binding site is on an exposed surface of the PH domain. Simultaneous stimulation of PLC-β2 by Gβγ and Rac1 indicates that they bind non-competitively, thus excluding a large swathe of PH domain surface as a potential Gβγ binding site. Although several PH domains bind Gβγ, the PH domain of GRK2 is the only one whose Gβγ-binding surface is known. In PLC-βs, this surface does not overlap the Rac-binding surface, but it is buried against the adjacent EF hand domain, suggesting that Gβγ binding to PLC-β requires significant domain motion. We show that crosslinking the PH domain to the EF hand domain inhibits PLC-β activation by Gβγ but not Gαq, supporting the hypothesis that Gβγ binds to an occluded site on the PH domain to directly regulate enzyme activity. PLC-βs accelerate hydrolysis of GTP bound to Gαq, and this GAP activity is inhibited by Gβγ. PH-EF hand crosslinking does not alter GAP inhibition by Gβγ. This is consistent with our suggestion that Gβγ inhibits the GAP activity of PLC-β and other GAPs by binding Gαq-GTP, competitively, inhibiting GAP interaction with its G protein substrate. Thus, Gβγ employs distinct mechanisms to regulate different PLC-β activities.
Compiler-directed run-time monitoring of program data access

Accurate run-time analysis has been expensive for complex programs, in part because most methods perform on all a data. Some applications require only partial reorganization. An example of this is off-loading infrequently used data from a mobile device. Complete monitoring is not necessary because not all accesses can reach the displaced data. To support partial monitoring, this paper presents a framework that includes a source-to-source C compiler and a run-time monitor. The compiler inserts run-time calls, which invoke the monitor during execution. To be selective, the compiler needs to identify relevant data and their access. It needs to analyze both the content and the location of monitored data. To reduce run-time overhead, the system uses a source-level interface, where the compiler transfers additional program information to reduce the workload of the monitor. The paper describes an implementation for general C programs. It evaluates different levels of data monitoring and their application on an SGI workstation and an Intel PC.