cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of FRP composites in a sustainable world

Use of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for construction of new structures and rehabilitation of existing structures has increased significantly over past decades. FRP composites are lightweight, noncorrosive, exhibit high specific strength, and specific stiffness, are easily constructed, and can be tailored to satisfy performance requirements. For structural applications, FRP composites are typically fabricated using a polymer matrix, such as epoxy, vinylester, or polyester, and reinforced with various grades of carbon, glass, and/or aramid fibers. Due to its advantageous characteristics, FRP composites have been included in new construction and rehabilitation of structures through its use as reinforcement in concrete, bridge decks, modular structures, formwork, and external reinforcement for strengthening and seismic upgrade. While the mechanical advantages of using FRP composites are widely reported in literature, questions remain in regards to the feasibility of FRP composites within the framework of a sustainable environment. The fabrication of constituent materials for FRP composites, namely matrix and fiber, are areas of concern especially when considering that the primary resources from which polymers (excluding biopolymers) are produced are crude oil, natural gas, chlorine, and nitrogen (Gerdeen et al. 2006). The most commonly used fiber reinforcements in structural applications, glass and carbon fibers, require high temperatures (1,400 C for glass; 1,200–2,400 C for carbon) during production and in some cases require petroleum by-products as precursors. When considering only energy and material resources it appears, on the surface, the argument for FRP composites in a sustainable, built environment is questionable. However, such a conclusion needs to be evaluated in terms of potential advantages present in use of FRP composites related to considerations such as:
A centralized algorithm for prolonging the lifetime of wireless sensor networks using Particle Swarm Optimization

Energy availability is always a constraint of wireless sensor networks. This paper introduces a centralized relocating algorithm for mobile sensor network aiming to save energy and prolong the lifetime of sensor networks. The proposed algorithm uses Particle Swarm Optimization. Both of the sensing radius and travelled distance are optimized to save the energy in both long- and short-term. Also, Voronoi diagrams are used to ensure sensors cover the entire sensing field. Simulation results show the balance between the long-and short-term energy usage. Our results also illustrate that our algorithm can reduce the energy consumption for sensing and moving between 28% to 47% when sensors are randomly deployed in the entire sensing field.
INTERNALISTIC FOUNDATIONALISM AND THE JUSTIFICATION OF MEMORY BELIEF

In this paper I argue that internalistic foundationalist theories of the justification of memory belief are inadequate. Taking a discussion of John Pollock as a starting point, I argue against any theory that requires a memory belief to be based on a phenomenal state in order to be justified. I then consider another version of internalistic foundationalism and claim that it, too, is open to important objections. Finally, I note that both varieties of foundationalism fail to account for the epistemic status of our justified nonoccurrent beliefs, and hence are drastically incomplete.
Effects of job complexity on the reactions of part-time employees☆

Abstract This study examined several situational moderators of the relationship between job scope and responses among part-time organizational members. Measures of job scope, job attitudes, withdrawal intentions, and reenlistment decisions were collected from 395 National Guardsmen. The moderator effects by job contextual factors on the relationships between job complexity and dependent measures were investigated. Complexity of the job was positively and strongly related to all dependent variables, and little evidence for moderators was found using subgroup analysis and moderated regression. Implications for these results are discussed in terms of recent research on moderator effects.
Sexual harassment of university faculty by colleagues and students.

The focus of this research was on faculty members as victims of sexual harassment by colleagues (peer harassment) and students (contrapower harassment). A self-administered, mailed questionnaire was sent to a probability sample of faculty at a large, public Midwestern university and to the whole population of faculty at a small, public institution in the Western Mountain region. Several hypotheses were made based on conflict theory, role theory, and previous research. Results indicated that women faculty generally have more negative attitudes toward and broader definitions of sexual harassment than do male faculty. Moderate levels of sexual harassment of faculty by both colleagues and students were reported; minor and anonymous (course evaluations and obscene phone calls) forms were the most common. Female faculty were more likely to report harassment by colleagues; male faculty were more likely to report some potentially harassing behaviors by students. Incidents of sexual harassment were usually not reported to formal agents of social control.
The Expanded Skills Confidence Inventory: Measuring basic dimensions of vocational activity

Abstract This series of studies describes the development and psychometric evaluation of 17 scales measuring confidence or self-efficacy with respect to basic domains of vocational activity. The confidence scales assessed previously measured interest dimensions such as Writing, Mechanical Activities, and Public Speaking, but also included dimensions reflective of recent changes in the nature of work or the culture of the workplace, for example, Using Technology, Creative Production, and Cultural Sensitivity. The scales were internally consistent, showed predictable patterns of gender differences and similarities, and were in generally most highly related to the predicted Holland confidence theme. Discriminant analyses of scores across the eight largest occupational groups represented indicated large improvements over chance, or a priori probabilities, in the prediction of occupational group membership. Further research on and use of these 17 new scales in joint interpretations of parallel measures of interest and confidence are discussed.
A comparison of setup strategies for printed circuit board assembly

A two-phase procedure for configuring a cellular manufacturing system is proposed. In Phase I, a new similarity coefficient which considers the number of alternative routes when available during machine failure is proposed. The objective of Phase I is to identify part families based on the proposed new similarity coefficient. In Phase II, a new methodology which simultaneously considers scheduling and operational aspects in the cell design during machine failure for a manufacturing environment is proposed. Phase II shows how the scheduling and operational aspects influence the resource utilization during machine failure. The objective of the proposed methodology is to minimize the total sum of inventory holding cost, early/late finish penalty cost for each part in a given period, operating cost and machine investment cost by grouping machines into cells.
Non-aqueous dispersion properties of pure barium titanate for tape casting

Abstract The dispersion properties of concentrated (25.0 and 50.0 vol.%) dispersions of high purity barium titanate powder dispersed in a methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) -ethanol solvent of moderate dielectric constant were studied in an effort to improve the uniformity of tape cast and sintered bodies. An amphoteric phosphate ester surfactant was found to be an effective dispersant. The dispersion properties of the phosphate ester were subsequently investigated by rheological, adsorption, conductivity, and electrophoretic mobility methods in order to evaluate a dispersion mechanism. Optimum dispersion occurred at an azeotrope solution of MEK and ethanol. The barium titanate particles dispersed in dry solvents exhibited a greater degree of dispersion than particles dispersed in hydrated solvents. The adsorption isotherm for the adsorption of the phosphate ester onto barium titanate particle surfaces using dry solvents exhibited a well-defined plateau corresponding to monolayer surface coverage. The plateau was less well defined for particles dispersed in hydrated solvents. Polymer coverage remained essentially constant with varying solvent composition. Optimum dispersion and maximum zeta potential occurred at a concentration of phosphate ester which corresponded to initial monolayer coverage. A maximum in the zeta potential also occurred at the azeotrope solution of MEK-ethanol and again coincided with optimum dispersion. Conductivity data indicate a dynamic adsorption-desorption dissociation mechanism for the ionic phosphate ester at the solid/liquid interface. The adsorption and conductivity data indicate the mechanism of dispersion stability is a combination of electrostatic and steric phenomena.
Complete nonsurgical resolution of a spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma

Spontaneous spinal epidural hematomas (SSEH) are heralded by spinal pain and progressive cord compression syndromes which may lead to permanent neurological disability or death if emergent neurosurgical intervention is delayed. It therefore must be considered early in the differential diagnosis of acute spinal cord compression syndrome. A case of spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma presenting as an acute myelopathy in a clarinet player who chronically used a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication is presented. The case was remarkable for the rare complete spontaneous resolution of neurological function. Approximately 250 cases of SSEH have been reported in the medical literature, although only a handful of these patients have recovered spontaneously. This is the sixth report of such an event. The etiologies, contributing factors, disease progression, and treatment recommendations are discussed.
Effects of dexamethasone on meconium aspiration syndrome in newborn piglets.

We examined the effects of dexamethasone on lung function in a piglet model of meconium aspiration syndrome. We induced lung injury in 10 newborn piglets (age 5 ± 0.2 d) with 4 mL/kg body weight of 20% sterile human meconium in normal saline given via tracheostomy. Ventilator management was aimed at maintaining comparable values of end tidal carbon dioxide, Hb saturation, and arterial blood gases. Lung function was assessed using a BICORE CP100 neonatal monitor. Five piglets received 0.5 mg/kg of dexamethasone 2 and 8 h after meconium administration, whereas control piglets received normal saline at similar times. Ventilator settings, oxygen requirements, and lung compliance were similar between groups at the start of the study. Two hours after the instillation of meconium, there was marked lung dysfunction in both groups as evidenced by increased oxygen requirements [fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) 0.98 ± 0.01 versus FiO2 0.21 ± 0, p < 0.0001] and reduced lung compliance (0.35 ± 0.03 versus 0.8 ± 0.03 mL · kg-1 · cm-1 H2O, p < 0.0001). Administration of dexamethasone resulted in lower oxygen requirements (FiO2 0.27 ± 0.01 versus FiO2 1.0 ± 0.0, p < 0.00001), lower oxygenation index (2.17 ± 0.17 versus 22.64 ± 3.39, p < 0.0001), ventilatory efficiency index (0.30 ± 0.01 versus 0.07 ± 0.01, p < 0.0001), and improved lung compliance (0.68 ± 0.04 versus 0.34 ± 0.05 mL · kg-1 · cm-1 H2O, p < 0.001) compared with the control group. In summary, a two-dose course of 0.5 mg/kg of dexamethasone improved blood gases and lung function in a piglet model of meconium aspiration syndrome.
Effects of salts and pH on heating-related softening of snap beans

The effects of salts and pH on softening during cooking were tested by modifying solutions in which pods were heated. Ca displacement was minimized by soaking heated pods in 0.2M CaCl2 before measuring firmness. Softening was increased independently by the presence of salts and when pH was raised from 5.2 to 6.2. Cations decreased firmness in the order Li > Na = K > NH4 and Ca > Mg. Anions decreased the firmness in the order SO4 > acetate > CI > NO3. Firmness differences persisted at long heating times. The results support the hypothesis that pectin β-elimination was the principal softening reaction.
The preparation of mesoporphyrin IX and etioporphyrin III

Abstract Under mild alkaline conditions hemin can be catalytically hydrogenated to the iron complex of mesoporphyrin IX. Subsequent demetallation yields mesoporphyrin IX. In this way pure mesoporphyrin IX becomes readily accessible. In contrast, the mesoporphyrin produced from hemin by formic acid reduction has been shown by partition chromatography to be a mixture rather than a pure compound. Mesoporphyrin IX can be converted to pure etioporphyrin III in 20% yield by a seven-step reaction series including the Curtius rearrangement, Hofmann degradation, and catalytic hydrogenation.
The dimensionality and measurement properties of alcohol outcome expectancies across Hispanic national groups

This study examines the psychometric properties of alcohol expectancies among Hispanic subgroups. Face-to-face interviews were conducted as part of the 2006 Hispanic Americans Baseline Alcohol Survey (HABLAS), which employed a multistage cluster sample design. A total of 5224 individuals (18+ years of age) representing four Hispanic national groups (Puerto Ricans, Cuban Americans, Mexican Americans, and South/Central Americans) were selected at random from the household population in five metropolitan areas (Miami, New York, Philadelphia, Houston, and Los Angeles). Alcohol expectancies included 18 items covering positive (e.g., laugh more, become more talkative) and negative dimensions (e.g., become aggressive, lose control) when alcohol is consumed. Confirmatory factor models replicated a previously proposed three-factor dimensional structure with a substantial majority of items exhibiting measurement invariance across Hispanic national group and gender. Items covering social extroversion were an exception, showing a lack of invariance for female Cuban and South/Central Americans. Latent mean differences across groups were detected for expectancies concerning emotional fluidity, and the pattern of differences largely mirrored known differences in alcohol consumption patterns. Results suggest that caution should be exercised in interpreting differences in expectancies concerning social extroversion across Hispanic groups, and additional work is needed to identify indices of this construct with invariant measurement properties. However, measures of emotional/behavioral impairment and emotional fluidity expectancies can be validly compared across gender and Hispanic national groups.
The Past and Future of Technology in Interpersonal Communication Theory and Research

Without question, many people live relentlessly multimodal lives. To maintain our interpersonal relationships, we juggle Facebook, Twitter, calling, texting, e-mailing, and, of course, meeting face...
Blood pressure dipping and sleep disturbance in African-American and Caucasian men and women.

Normal blood pressure (BP) varies across 24 h, with daytime pressures being higher than night time pressures.1 By convention, individuals who fail to show lower night time BP of at least 10% relative to daytime BP are termed nondippers. Evidence suggests that persons with a nondipping pattern are at higher risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality than those with a dipping pattern.2-6 Furthermore, comparisons of the predictive values of night time with daytime pressure show that night time BP, relative to daytime BP, is a better predictor of cardiovascular events in both hypertensive and normotensive individuals, although some comparisons show no difference.1 Elevated night time/daytime BP may be a consequence of inadequate sleep. Consistent with this explanation are several studies of normotensive and hypertensive men and women. Nondippers had more night time (and less daytime) movement as measured by actigraphy than did dippers.7,8 Furthermore, nondippers had less stage 4 (deep) sleep, more stage 1 (light) sleep, and a greater percentage of being awake after initial sleep onset during one night of in-home polysomnography (PSG) assessment, relative to dippers.9 To the extent the elevated night time/daytime BP is associated with more movement during sleep, and lighter and less deep sleep, it is important to understand potential factors accounting for the results. Sleep apnea can disturb sleep, and elevated night time BP may be secondary to apnea.10,11 Similarly, sympathetic activation may result in disturbed sleep. Sherwood et al. showed that relative to dippers, nondippers had a smaller fall in urinary norepinephrine and epinephrine excretion while asleep relative to being awake, and had heightened α-adrenergic responsivity, but not β-adrenergic responsivity.12 They suggested that nondippers have elevated BP at night that is secondary to persistent night time vasoconstriction. Conditions such as diabetes, medications for a variety of conditions, shift work, and psychological stress can also disturb sleep and are associated with altered night/day BP.13-15 This study tested the hypothesis that elevated sleep/awake BP was associated with sleep continuity, architecture, and movement during sleep in African-American and Caucasian men and women. We evaluated possible factors that inform the associations between sleep/awake BP and sleep characteristics.
Radionuclide angiography in the evaluation of ductal shunts in preterm infants

Radionuclide angiograms were compared with radiographic and physical findings and with echocardiographic left atrial to aortic ratios in 30 neonates clinically suspected of having a persistent ductus arteriosus. In three infants without clinical signs and with normal LA/Ao ratios (10%), radionuclide angiograms provided evidence of a large left-to-right shunt, which was confirmed by the finding of a large ductus arteriosus at surgery. Whereas routine physical, radiographic, and echocardiographic criteria fail to identify some neonates with large PDA's, the present study suggests that radionuclide angiography can be performed in a neonatal intensive care unit setting and may be a valuable addition to currently emploed diagnostic techniques.
Herpes zoster and radiation therapy: What radiation oncologists need to know about diagnosing, preventing, and treating herpes zoster

Herpes zoster, a viral disease that is characterized by a painful and blistering eruption in the skin, represents reactivation of latent varicella zoster (chickenpox) virus infection. In high-risk groups such as elderly or immunocompromised patients, the incidence of zoster can be as high as 50%. Radiation oncologists are likely to see zoster because cancer, and cancer therapy, can adversely affect immune function. A few reports suggest that radiation therapy is a risk factor for zoster, and that the skin eruption is often in or near the radiation treatment field. The diagnosis is typically made through clinical history and exam, but several tests are available to confirm the diagnosis and differentiate it from other infections or dermatitis. Effective management consists of prompt antiviral medication, acute pain control, appropriate precautions to limit transmission, and referral to specialists in certain cases. Despite appropriate therapy, up to 18% of patients can develop persistent postherpetic neuralgia, defined as pain more than 4 months after resolution of the rash. Several classes of pain medication are available to treat acute or long-term pain. Vaccination against zoster is recommended for patients aged 60 years or older, as it can reduce the incidence and severity of zoster.
Learning grasping force from demonstration

This paper presents a novel force learning framework to learn fingertip force for a grasping and manipulation process from a human teacher with a force imaging approach. A demonstration station is designed to measure fingertip force without attaching force sensor on fingertips or objects so that this approach can be used with daily living objects. A Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) based machine learning approach is applied on the fingertip force and position to obtain the motion and force model. Then a force and motion trajectory is generated with Gaussian Mixture Regression (GMR) from the learning result. The force and motion trajectory is applied to a robotic arm and hand to carry out a grasping and manipulation task. An experiment was designed and carried out to verify the learning framework by teaching a Fanuc robotic arm and a BarrettHand a pick-and-place task with demonstration. Experimental results show that the robot applied proper motions and forces in the pick-and-place task from the learned model.
Dna synthesis of human, mouse, and rat mammary carcinomas in vitro. Influence of insulin and prolactin

Carcinomatous mammary tissues, derived from six spontaneously arising mouse mammary tumors, six DMBA-induced rat mammary tumors, and 26 biopsy specimens of human breast tumors, were processed into slices and each tumor was inidvidually cultured for two days in Medium 199. The influence of bovine insulin (5.0 mug/ml) and ovine prolactin (10.0 mug/ml) on H3-thymidine incorporation into DNA was determined on the cultured tumor slices. Insulin consistenly (p less than 0.05-0.01) increased the incorporation of H3-thymidine into DNA of the organ cultures of mouse, rat, and human mammary carcinoma slices. The stimulatory effect of insulin was quantitatively more prominent in the mouse tumor slices than in the rat or human slices. The addition of prolaction to the insulin-containing culture medium further increased significantly (p less than 0.001) the incorporation of H3-thymidine into DNA of rat mammary carcinoma slices but had no significant effect on cultures of either mouse or human mammary carcinomas. The addition of prolactin to insulin and hydrocortisone-enriched medium containing slices of 20 individually cultured human breast carcinomas did not significantly influence the mean incorporation of H3-thymidine into DNA. However, a very small fraction (approximately equal to 15%) of these human breast carcinomas responded to prolactin by increasing the incorporation of H3-thymidine into DNA to a degree quantitatively comparable to the prolactin-sensitive, DMBA-induced rat mammary carcinoma. These results suggest that a very small fraction of human breast malignancies may respond to the growth-stimulatory effects of prolactin, but that the vast majority mimic more closely the prolactin-independent mouse mammary carcinoma.
Thermal regime of particles in gunite jet

A method has been devised for heating particles in a gunite jet. It is found that the temperature of the fine fractions is closely equal to that of the gas. Gunite particles over 0.04 mm in diameter can be 200°K or more hotter than the gas at the end of their flights when there is a temperature drop at the end of the flame. It is possible to regulate the degree of heating of the gunite particles according to their thermophysical characteristics and the fineness of milling, together with the thermal stress and geometry of the jet and the velocity of the particles through its temperature field.
Chemomechanics and homeostasis in active strain stabilized hyperelastic fibrous microstructures

Abstract A constitutive theory is presented for composite materials with a time dependent fiber morphology that is due to mechanical–chemical interaction. The central modeling concept is that the density of fibers at the current time t associated with a particular direction is the result of a process of creation and dissolution of fibers at all previous times. The theory is applied to the specific example of strain dependent enzyme degradation of collagen fiber reinforced materials that has been reported in a recent experimental study. A specific set of modeling assumptions is introduced and an expression is developed for the time dependent distribution density. A special result is developed that relates it to a homeostatic fiber density that occurs when the creation and dissolution processes are in balance for a finite strain that does not vary with time.
Shock Tube Study of Methylcyclohexane Ignition over a Wide Range of Pressure and Temperature

Ignition delay times were measured for gas-phase methylcyclohexane (MCH)/O2/argon and MCH/air mixtures behind reflected shock waves. Initial postshock conditions covered temperatures of 795−1560 K, pressures of 1−50 atm, fuel concentrations of 0.25−2%, and equivalence ratios (ϕ) of 0.5−2.0. Ignition delay times were measured using side-wall pressure and CH* and OH* emission measurements. Current measurements complement past high-pressure rapid compression machine results, are in good agreement with past low-pressure shock tube data, and significantly extend the pressure range of available shock tube ignition time data. Detailed comparisons of experimental data with predictions of available MCH mechanisms are presented, and comparisons of shock tube MCH ignition delay times to those of other important jet fuel surrogates and cyclo-alkanes are discussed.
What Does South Africa's Pattern of Trade Say About its Labor Market?

This paper examines the factor intensity of South Africa's trade. The conclusion is that South Africa is revealed though its trade pattern to be capital abundant (relative to labor). Surprisingly, this result holds especially for South Africa's trade with its high income partners, which should presumably have been more capital-rich than South Africa. Moreover, this revealed capital intensity of South African production was not reversed during the 1990s after the dismantling of apartheid. This favoring of capital use, against the background of high and rising under-utilization of the country's labor resources, raises questions about the functioning of South Africa's labor market institutions.
The microwave absorption of SO2 in the Venus atmosphere

Sulfur dioxide has a strong and complex rotational spectrum in the microwave and far infrared regions. The microwave absorption due to SO2 in a CO2 mixture is calculated for conditions applicable to the Venus atmosphere. It is shown that at the concentrations detected by Pioneer-Venus in situ measurements, SO2 may be expected to contribute significantly to the microwave opacity of the Venus atmosphere. In particular, SO2 might provide the major source of opacity in the atmospheric region immediately below the main sulfuric acid cloud deck. The spectrum is largely nonresonant at the pressures where SO2 is expected to occur, however.
Intracerebral Hemorrhage Remote from a Radiosurgically Obliterated Arteriovenous Malformation

Follow-up angiography that no longer shows a cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) after radio surgery is thought to indicate obliteration and protection from risk of hemorrhage. However, angiographically oc cult vascular malformations can bleed, so one might ques tion the degree of protection provided by radiosurgery. The patient reported here was anticoagulated for deep vein thrombosis after a cerebellar AVM had been "oblit erated" by treatment with a gamma knife. He subse quently suffered a fatal supratentorial hemorrhage. At au topsy, no bleeding was seen in the region of the throm bosed AVM. This case is presented as further evidence of the efficacy of radiosurgery in the treatment of cerebral AVMs.
MO‐D‐I‐611‐03: A New Fan‐Beam Data Consistency Condition to Estimate Erroneous Or Missing Projection Data

Purpose: During diagnostic x-ray CT imaging procedures or image guided radiotherapy, some projection data may be missing due to malfunctioning detectors or limited field of view (LFOV) which is not big enough to cover the entire object. We present and validate a novel fan-beam data consistency condition (FDCC) to estimate missed or erroneous data due to the conditions given above. Method and Materials: A local Fourier transform of fan-beam projection data is introduced and the relationship with the Fourier transform of image function is established. Using the property of causality, a new FDCC is derived. The new FDCC provides an explicit estimation of any given missing projection data by filtering all other available fan-beam projections. This algorithm can be used to reduce the severity of artifacts when there are erroneous projection values present in the measured sinogram. The reconstructed image quality is significantly improved after correction compared to the image quality achieved by directly reconstructing with corrupted projection data. Results: Numerical simulations have been conducted using this FDCC in the case that some detectors are out of order and constantly report a zero value. Two images of Shepp-Logan phantom are reconstructed using the standard filtered backprojection (FBP) reconstruction algorithm. One image is reconstructed with the original corrupted projection data and the other one is reconstructed with the projection data corrected by FDCC. Details in the phantom not visible in the original reconstruction are recovered and ring artifacts are significantly reduced using this algorithm. Conclusion: This new FDCC was validated and has been proven to be a very powerful tool in correcting ring artifacts caused by corrupted projection data. Although the simulation was conducted for the malfunctioning detector case, this algorithm can be similarly applied to the LFOV case.
Q&A: Genetic analysis of quantitative traits

What are quantitative traits? Quantitative, or complex, traits are traits for which phenotypic variation is continuously distributed in natural populations, with population variation often approximating a statistical normal distribution on an appropriate scale. Quantitative traits include aspects of morphology (height, weight); physiology (blood pressure); behavior (aggression); as well as molecular phenotypes (gene expression levels, highand lowdensity cholesterol levels).
Change and Consistency in the Relation of Marital Status to Personal Happiness

Abstract Several studies conducted in the late 1980s suggested that the effect of marital status on personal happiness was declining, meaning that the “happiness gap” between married and never-married persons was diminishing. Speculations about the causes of this diminishing positive effect of marriage ranged from changing values to the increasing role overload of married women. But there was some evidence that the decline in the “happiness gap” had reversed by the end of the 1980s. This paper uses General Social Survey data from 1972 through 2002 to show that this decline did indeed reverse, such that in recent years the difference in the happiness of married and never-married persons is as great as it has been since the inception of the GSS. Although women who are employed and/or have children in the home are slightly less happy than others, the positive effect of marriage on the happiness of these women is as strong as it has ever been.
An investigation of antibody immobilization methods employing organosilanes on planar ZnO surfaces for biosensor applications

One critical aspect for the development of label-free immunosensors is the employment of highly uniform and repeatable antibody immobilization techniques. In this study, we investigated the use of two different silane molecules (3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GPS), and (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (MTS) for the immobilization of fluorescently labeled IgG antibodies on planar ZnO surfaces. The chemical modification of the surfaces was investigated using water contact angle measurements, AFM, and fluorescence microscopy. The results of the water contact angle measurements indicate increased surface hydrophobicity after treatment with GPS and MTS as compared to the control. Surface modification was further verified through AFM measurements which demonstrate an increased surface roughness and particle height after treatment with antibodies. The results of the fluorescence studies indicate that the immobilization protocol employing MTS produced 21% higher fluorescence on average with greater uniformity than the GPS-based protocol, which indicates a higher overall density in antibody coverage on the surface of the ZnO. Acoustic sensor tests were employed to confirm the functionality of sensors treated with the MTS protocol. The results indicate that the immobilization protocol imparts sensitivity and specificity to the ZnO-based devices.
Novel structural and thermotropic behavior of poly(diphenylphosphazene)

Poly(diphenylphosphazene) (PDPhP) was synthesized by a reaction of 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl diphenylphosphinite with trimethylsilyl azide. Characteristics of the polymer exhibit a marked molecular weight dependency. DSC measurements showed that the PDPhP undergoes a mesophase T(1) type transition in the range 180 ∼ 190°C and another at 240 ∼ 255°C depending upon the molecular weights of the polymers. Upon heating and cooling through T(1) the higher molecular weight PDPhP transforms to a 3D orthorhombic (γ-form) with a = 1,99 nm, b = 1,05 nm and c = 0,995 nm from its original form (α-form) in which a = 1,01 nm, b = 1,01 nm and γ = 101° after passing through the disordered mesophase (δ-form). Another 3D form (β-form) with c = 1,25 nm is formed from the lower molecular weight PDPhP after heat treatment of the 2D phase (δ-form) that is obtained by quenching the specimens into ice-water (4°C) from above T(1). The conditions for the formation of the β-form depend strongly on the polymer molecular weight and its history. Lath-shaped crystals were grown from dilute dichlorobenzene solution by adding p-xylene (a non-solvent). Electron diffraction patterns of solution grown PDPhP specimens exhibit unusual hexatic triple reflections associated with the mesophase. (100) twinning due to the thermal history of the specimens has been established. A complex (multistep) heat treatment process was required to elucidate the transformation behavior in PDPhP.
HPLC Separation of Cis-Trans Carotene Isomers in Fresh and Processed Fruits and Vegetables

Resolution of cis-trans alpha- and beta-carotene isomers was achieved using a rapid (30 min) high-performance liquid chromatography method employing a slurry-packed calcium hydroxide column. The isomers found in fruit and vegetable products were identical to those formed through iodine catalyzed isomerization of carotene solutions. A survey of fresh and commercially processed fruit and vegetable products indicated that the greatest percentage of isomers was found in processed foods (20.1–54.0%). Of the fresh products surveyed, cis-isomers were found in plums, nectarines and peaches, and no cis-isomers were detected in sweet potatoes, carrots and tomatoes; however, all fresh green vegetables contained from 19.6–28.3% monocis-isomers.
HCI journals: valuable reading or wasted paper?

Because it is the leading conference in the field of human-computer interaction, researchers and practitioners devote considerable attention to presenting their work at the ACM SIGCHI Conference. However, CHI papers are not the only forum for disseminating interesting work related to the broad field of human-computer interaction. While conference papers are intended to be brief and timely, journals can provide for more in depth consideration of theory and practice. However, this model of synergy between conference proceedings and journal articles seems far from accurate in describing the world of HCI publications. Academic work and concerns (e.g., tenure) dominate journal content, and practitioners have little incentive to develop ideas beyond conference proceedings page limits.This SIG will bring together representatives of the editorial boards of the leading human-computer interaction journals for an overview of each journals view of its role in the community and their acquisition and review policies. The session will provide a forum for discussion of the roles of various kinds of publications in the dissemination of information in the diverse HCI community.
Laser Direct-Part Marking of Data Matrix Symbols on Carbon Steel Substrates

Certain applications have recently appeared in industry where a traditional bar code printed on a label will not survive because the item to be tracked has to be exposed to harsh environments. Laser direct-part marking is a manufacturing process used to create permanent marks on a substrate that could help to alleviate this problem. In this research, a 532 nm Nd:YAG laser was utilized to produce Data Matrix symbols onto carbon steel substrates. The quality of the laser marked Data Matrix symbol was then evaluated according to the ISO/IEC 16022 bar code technology specification for Data Matrix. Several experiments were conducted to explore the effects that different parameters have on the quality of the laser direct-part marked symbols. Parameters such as type of carbon steel, percent of laser tool path overlap, profile speed, average power, and frequency were found to have significant effects on the quality of the Data Matrix symbols produced with the laser. The analysis of the results indicated that contrast and print growth were the critical ISO/IEC 16022 standard performance measures that limited the laser marked Data Matrix symbols from achieving a higher final grade.
Synthesis of 1,5-diazacyclooctanes from 2,4,6,8-tetraketo-1,5-diazabicyclo[3,3,0]octanes

Durch Kondensation zwischen Malonestern (I) und Hydrazin (II) entstehen die Pyrazolindione (III), die mit den Malonylchloriden (IV) zu (V) kondensieren.
LET DOCUMENTS TALK TO EACH OTHER: A COMPUTER MODEL FOR CONNECTION OF SHORT DOCUMENTS

In a discussion concerning the future of the library, Minsky and Feigenbaum endorsed the idea for books to ‘talk to each other’. Creating knowledge or doing inference by connecting related documents is an important aspect of undiscovered public knowledge, an important concept initiated by Swanson. However, so far few computer models exist in this regard. In this paper, we describe such a model which connects documents. We first explain the meaning of integration of scientific texts by connecting documents. Our fundamental idea is then illustrated by an example and further described by a model. Some features of this model are discussed. A brief comparison with some other computer models is also provided.
Diffusion-Assisted Coextrusion Process for the Fabrication of Graded-Index Plastic Optical Fibers

The diffusion-assisted coextrusion process is introduced as a method to fabricate graded-index plastic optical fibers (GI-POFs). In this process, two or more polymeric materials containing additives for refractive index modification are fed separately into a coextrusion die where a concentric multilayer structure is formed. Subsequently, the diffusion of additives takes place in a diffusion zone, creating a nonequilibrium concentration profile, and hence the refractive index profile. A theoretical analysis for the prediction of the refractive index profile obtainable by this process indicates that it is difficult to obtain a near-parabolic refractive index profile unless a very large residence time in the diffusion zone is provided. However, significant changes in the refractive index profile can be induced by adopting a multilayer approach. Furthermore, the bandwidth estimated by the ray analysis indicates that a small variation of the refractive index profile created by the additive diffusion can result...
Evaluation of cooking time and quality of seven diverse cowpea vigna unguiculata l. walp. varieties

Summary Seven cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) varieties, which were part of a larger collection evaluated in agronomic field trials in Botswana, were selected for characterization of cooking time and quality. Newly harvested seed was kept in the open air for 2 weeks, then stored at 4°C and 40% relative humidity for 3 months. Duplicate samples were tested for cooking time with and without 12-h prior soaking. Varieties showed differences (P < 0.01) in cooking time and response to soaking, although the overall effect of soaking was insignificant. Cooking times ranged from 29 to 64 min without soaking and 36 to 56 min after soaking, with small-seeded varieties having the longer cooking times. The seed coat of some varieties readily became soft, but others remained tough or split before finally softening.
Individual differences in physical activity are closely associated with changes in body weight in adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

The increased prevalence of overweight adults has serious health consequences. Epidemiological studies suggest an association between low activity and being overweight; however, few studies have ob...
Dissemination of 3D Visualizations of Complex Function Data for the NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is developing a digital library to replace the widely used National Bureau of Standards Handbook of Mathematical Functions published in 1964. The NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions (DLMF) will include formulas, methods of computation, references, and links to software for over forty functions. It will be published both in hardcopy format and as a website featuring interactive navigation, a mathematical equation search, 2D graphics, and dynamic interactive 3D visualizations. This paper focuses on the development and accessibility of the 3D visualizations for the digital library. We examine the techniques needed to produce accurate computations of function data, and through a careful evaluation of several prototypes, we address the advantages and disadvantages of using various technologies, including the Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML), interactive embedded graphics, and video capture to render and disseminate the visualizations in an environment accessible to users on various platforms.
Finite Volume Effects on the Extraction of Form Factors at Zero Momentum

Hadronic matrix elements that depend on momentum are required for numerous phenomenological applications. Probing the low-momentum regime is often problematic for lattice QCD computations on account of the restriction to periodic momentum modes. Recently a novel method has been proposed to compute matrix elements at zero momentum, for which straightforward evaluation of the matrix elements would otherwise yield a vanishing result. We clarify an assumption underlying this method, and thereby establish the theoretical framework required to address the associated finite volume effects. Using the pion electromagnetic form factor as an example, we show how the charge radius and two higher moments can be calculated at zero-momentum transfer and determine the corresponding finite volume effects. These computations are performed using chiral perturbation theory to account for modified infrared physics and can be generalized to ascertain finite volume effects for other hadronic matrix elements extracted at zero momentum.
A queueing analysis of slotted ALOHA systems

Studies the queueing performance of a slotted ALOHA system consisting of M stations, each of which with an infinite buffer. Unlike the traditional approach of directly studying the queueing dependency among the stations, the authors model each station as an independent M/G/1 queue in which the first packet of a busy period receives an exceptional service. Interaction with other queues in the system is captured and accounted for in the packet service times. The Laplace Stieljes transform of the response time is obtained from which delay throughput performance can be evaluated. Simulations on various systems are run to test the assumptions and approximations. >
SOBRE A NOÇÃO DE "NOVO VERBAL" EM PORTUGUÊS

Demonstra se neste trabalho que o "modo indicativo" consiste em formas verbais que contem um de dois elementos morfologicos: "passado" ou "nao passado", e que podem ser relacionadas, adicionalmente, a valores temporais secundarios ("anteriodidade" e "subsequencia"). O "modo subjuntivo", por outro lado, consiste em formas verbais que nao contem nenhum dos dois elementos morfologicos que caracterizam o "modo indicativo"; suas duas manifestacoes (p. e. fale, falasse) sao determinadas pelo valor temporal veiculado no verbo principal da oracao. O "infinito", mas uma variante do "modo subjuntivo" que surge no lugar deste em determinadas circunstâncias.
Ginseng and Aspirin: Health Care Alternatives for Aging Chinese in New York; The Culture of Health: Asian Communities in the United States; Health and Medicine under Capitalism: Korean Immigrants in Australia

Ginseng and Aspirin: Health Care Alternatives for Aging Chinese in New York. Zibin Guo. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2000. xii. 173 pp. The Culture of Health: Asian Communities in the United States. Grace Xueqin Ma. Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey, 1999. + 165 pp. Health and Medicine under Capitalism: Korean Immigrants in Australia. Gil Soo Han. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2000.292 pp.
Time use choices and healthy body weight: A multivariate analysis of data from the American Time use Survey

Background We examine the relationship between time use choices and healthy body weight as measured by survey respondents' body mass index (BMI). Using data from the 2006 and 2007 American Time Use Surveys, we expand upon earlier research by including more detailed measures of time spent eating as well as measures of physical activity time and sedentary time. We also estimate three alternative models that relate time use to BMI.
Polysilsesquioxane Nanoparticles for Triggered Release of Cisplatin and Effective Cancer Chemoradiotherapy

Abstract Chemoradiotherapy is a well-established treatment paradigm in oncology. There has been strong interest in identifying strategies to further improve its therapeutic index. An innovative strategy is to utilize nanoparticle (NP) chemotherapeutics in chemoradiation. Since the most commonly utilized chemotherapeutic with radiotherapy is cisplatin, the development of an NP cisplatin for chemoradiotherapy has the highest potential impact on this treatment. Here, we report the development of an NP comprised of polysilsesquioxane (PSQ) polymer crosslinked by a cisplatin prodrug (Cisplatin-PSQ) and its utilization in chemoradiotherapy using non-small cell lung cancer as a disease model. Cisplatin-PSQ NP has an exceptionally high loading of cisplatin. Cisplatin-PSQ NPs were evaluated in chemoradiotherapy in vitro and in vivo. They demonstrated significantly higher therapeutic efficacy when compared to cisplatin. These results suggest that the Cisplatin-PSQ NP holds potential for clinical translation in chemoradiotherapy. From the Clinical Editor These authors present an innovative strategy utilizing the presence of platinum in nanoparticle chemotherapeutics for chemoradiation, demonstrating its efficacy in a non-small cell lung cancer model.
An investigation of bisphosphonate inhibition of a vacuolar proton-pumping pyrophosphatase.

Abstract We report the results of a three-dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationship (3D-QSAR)/comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) of the activity of 18 bisphosphonates and imidodiphosphate in the inhibition of a mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) vacuolar proton pumping pyrophosphatase (V/H+-PPase; EC 3.6.1.1). We find an experimental versus QSAR predicted pKappi R2 value of 0.89, a cross-validated R2 = 0.77, and a bootstrapped R2 = 0.89 for 18 bisphosphonates plus imidodiphosphate over the 1.3 μM to 425 μM range of Kappi values. We also demonstrate that this approach has predictive utility (a 0.26 pKappi rms error for three test sets of 3 activity predictions each), corresponding to about a factor of two error in Kappi prediction. The 3D-QSAR/CoMFA approach provides a quantitative method for predicting the activity of V/H+-PPase inhibitors and is likely to be of use in the design of novel pharmacological agents since all of the major human disease-causing parasitic protozoa contain large levels of pyrophosphate, together with V-type proton-pumping pyrophosphatases located in plant-like vacuoles (acidocalcisomes), which are absent in their mammalian hosts.