cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Remote characterization of photosynthetic communities in the Fryxell basin of Taylor Valley, Antarctica

We investigate the spatial distribution, spectral properties and temporal variability of primary producers (e.g. communities of microbial mats and mosses) throughout the Fryxell basin of Taylor Valley, Antarctica, using high-resolution multispectral remote-sensing data. Our results suggest that photosynthetic communities can be readily detected throughout the Fryxell basin based on their unique near-infrared spectral signatures. Observed intra- and inter-annual variability in spectral signatures are consistent with short-term variations in mat distribution, hydration and photosynthetic activity. Spectral unmixing is also implemented in order to estimate mat abundance, with the most densely vegetated regions observed from orbit correlating spatially with some of the most productive regions of the Fryxell basin. Our work establishes remote sensing as a valuable tool in the study of these ecological communities in the McMurdo Dry Valleys and demonstrates how future scientific investigations and the management of specially protected areas could benefit from these tools and techniques.
Intervertebral foramen narrowing during vertical dynamic loading.

The goal of the present study was to examine the effect of vertebral body fracture on the InterVertebral Foraminal IVF parameters with an input acceleration to the seat bottom in the inferior-to-su...
Extracting Temporal Event Relation with Syntactic-Guided Temporal Graph Transformer.

Extracting temporal relations (e.g., before, after, concurrent) among events is crucial to natural language understanding. Previous studies mainly rely on neural networks to learn effective features or manual-crafted linguistic features for temporal relation extraction, which usually fail when the context between two events is complex or wide. Inspired by the examination of available temporal relation annotations and human-like cognitive procedures, we propose a new Temporal Graph Transformer network to (1) explicitly find the connection between two events from a syntactic graph constructed from one or two continuous sentences, and (2) automatically locate the most indicative temporal cues from the path of the two event mentions as well as their surrounding concepts in the syntactic graph with a new temporal-oriented attention mechanism. Experiments on MATRES and TB-Dense datasets show that our approach significantly outperforms previous state-of-the-art methods on both end-to-end temporal relation extraction and temporal relation classification.
Investigating well potential parameters on neural spike enhancement in a stochastic-resonance pre-emphasis algorithm

Objective.Background noise experienced during extracellular neural recording limits the number of spikes that can be reliably detected, which ultimately limits the performance of next-generation neuroscientific work. In this study, we aim to utilize stochastic resonance (SR), a technique that can help identify weak signals in noisy environments, to enhance spike detectability.Approach.Previously, an SR-based pre-emphasis algorithm was proposed, where a particle inside a 1D potential well is exerted by a force defined by the extracellular recording, and the output is obtained as the displacement of the particle. In this study, we investigate how the well shape and damping status impact the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). We compare the overdamped and underdamped solutions of shallow- and steep-wall monostable wells and bistable wells in terms of SNR improvement using two synthetic datasets. Then, we assess the spike detection performance when thresholding is applied on the output of the well shape-damping status configuration giving the best SNR enhancement.Main results.The SNR depends on the well-shape and damping-status type as well as the input noise level. The underdamped solution of the shallow-wall monostable well can yield to more than four orders of magnitude greater SNR improvement compared to other configurations for low noise intensities. Using this configuration also results in better spike detection sensitivity and positive predictivity than the state-of-the-art spike detection algorithms for a public synthetic dataset. For larger noise intensities, the overdamped solution of the steep-wall monostable well provides better spike enhancement than the others.Significance.The dependence of SNR improvement on the input signal noise level can be used to design a detector with multiple outputs, each more sensitive to a certain distance from the electrode. Such a detector can potentially enhance the performance of a successive spike sorting stage.
Training Family Medicine Residents to Prevent and Respond to In-flight Emergencies

In-flight emergencies (IFE) reportedly occur globally in about 1 in 604 flights1. During training, family medicine (FM) residents acquire the skills necessary to counsel patients who are at risk, provide comprehensive management, and respond in emergent situations. The purpose of this study was to assess FM resident's knowledge about IFE, counseling, and attitudes towards responding to IFEs. A 15-question survey was sent to FM residents in the Dallas-Fort Worth area. IFE training options were also reviewed. Survey results revealed gaps in knowledge, yet a willingness to assist if necessary. A didactic IFE training format was found to be more achievable.
Impacts of tree and building shades on the urban heat island: Combining remote sensing, 3D digital city and spatial regression approaches

Abstract The continued increase in average and extreme temperatures around the globe is expected to strike urban communities more harshly because of the urban heat island (UHI). Devising natural and design-based solutions to stem the rising heat has become an important urban planning issue. Recent studies have examined the impacts of 2D/3D urban land-use structures on land surface temperature (LST), but with little attention to the shades cast by 3D objects, such as buildings and trees. It is, however, known that shades are particularly relevant for controlling summertime temperatures. This study examines the role of urban shades created by trees and buildings, focusing on the effects of shade extent and location on LST mitigation. A realistic 3D digital representation of urban and suburban landscapes, combined with detailed 2D land cover information, is developed. Shadows projected on horizontal and vertical surfaces are obtained through GIS analysis, and then quantified as independent variables explaining LST variations over grids of varying sizes with spatial regression models. The estimation results show that the shades on different 3D surfaces, including building rooftops, sun-facing facades, not-sun-facing facades, and on 2D surfaces including roadways, other paved covers, and grass, have cooling effects of varying impact, showing that shades clearly modify the thermal effects of urban built-up surfaces. Tree canopy volume has distinct effects on LST via evapotranspiration. One of the estimated models is used, after validation, to simulate the LST impacts of neighborhood scenarios involving additional greening. The findings illustrate how urban planners can use the proposed methodology to design 3D land-use solutions for effective heat mitigation.
Redox Switches Controlling Nitric Oxide Signaling in the Resistance Vasculature and Implications for Blood Pressure Regulation: Mid-Career Award for Research Excellence 2020

The arterial resistance vasculature modulates blood pressure and flow to match oxygen delivery to tissue metabolic demand. As such, resistance arteries and arterioles have evolved a series of highly orchestrated cell-cell communication mechanisms between endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells to regulate vascular tone. In response to neurohormonal agonists, release of several intracellular molecules, including nitric oxide, evokes changes in vascular tone. We and others have uncovered novel redox switches in the walls of resistance arteries that govern nitric oxide compartmentalization and diffusion. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of redox switches controlling nitric oxide signaling in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells, focusing on new mechanistic insights, physiological and pathophysiological implications, and advances in therapeutic strategies for hypertension and other diseases.
Maternal diet quality during pregnancy and child cognition and behavior in a US cohort.

Background Maternal intake of several nutrients during pregnancy is linked to offspring cognition. The relationship between maternal dietary patterns and offspring cognition is less established. Objective To examine associations of maternal diet quality during pregnancy with child cognition and behavior. Design Among 1580 mother-child pairs in Project Viva, a prospective pre-birth cohort, we assessed maternal diet during pregnancy using food frequency questionnaires and evaluated diet quality using modified versions of the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS-P) and Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI-P). Child cognitive and behavioral outcomes were assessed using standardized tests and questionnaires at infancy, early and mid-childhood. We conducted multivariable linear regression analyses. Results Mothers were predominantly white, college-educated, and non-smokers. After adjustment for child age and sex and maternal sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics, maternal high (6-9) vs. low (0-3) MDS-P during pregnancy was associated with higher child Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (KBIT-II) nonverbal (mean difference for first trimester = 4.54; 95%CI: 1.53, 7.56) and verbal scores (3.78; 95%CI: 1.37, 6.19), and lower Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) Metacognition Index (-1.76; 95%CI: -3.25, -0.27), indicating better intelligence and fewer metacognition problems in mid-childhood. Maternal Q4 vs. Q1 AHEI-P during pregnancy was associated with higher Wide Range Assessment of Visual Motor Abilities matching scores in early childhood (mean difference for first trimester = 2.79; 95%CI: 0.55, 5.04), higher KBIT-II verbal scores (2.59; 95%CI: 0.13, 5.04) and lower BRIEF Global Executive Composite scores in mid-childhood (-1.61; 95%CI: -3.20, -0.01), indicating better visual spatial skills, verbal intelligence and executive function. Conclusions Maternal intake of a better quality diet during pregnancy was associated with better visual spatial skills in the offspring at early childhood, and better intelligence and executive function in the offspring at mid-childhood.
Early Detection of Vulvovaginal Graft-Versus-Host Disease: An Integrative Review.

Introduction Vulvovaginal graft-vs.-host disease (VVGvHD) is a condition caused by a T-cell mounted immune response after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (alloHSCT), which can lead to sclerotic changes of the external genital organs. A common complication of alloHSCT, VVGvHD is underreported and underdiagnosed in female patients. Without detection and treatment, VVGvHD can progress to complete obliteration of the vaginal canal requiring surgical intervention in severe cases. Design This review summarizes findings to assist providers in detecting and treating VVGvHD. It utilized PubMed, Scopus, and CINAHL databases. Inclusion criteria consisted of female patients, a history of stem cell transplantation, and a history of VVGvHD. Studies not published in English and dated more than 15 years were excluded. After the evaluation of 333 articles, 10 were included based on relevance and applicability. Limitations of this review included small sample sizes, retrospective nature of articles, and lack of randomized control trials. Findings Early identification of VVGvHD requires identifying the rate of occurrence and risk factor profile, recognizing the presenting symptoms, improving VVGvHD assessment techniques, ascertaining when to biopsy, and establishing clinically targeted surveillance programs. Conclusion For female patients who have undergone alloHSCT, targeted surveillance for early identification of VVGvHD results in earlier treatment initiation. Subsequently, this can improve sexual health, partner relationships, and quality of life in patients after stem cell transplant.
Preparing samples for the recording of infrared spectra from synthetic fibers.

Infrared spectroscopy is widely used in forensic science laboratories to identify and compare synthetic textile fibers. It is particularly useful for differentiating between various types of acrylic or polyester and polyester/polyether fibers where copolymerization or the introduction of new polymer types has been used to modify physical properties or improve dyeing characteristics.
Growth of juvenile spot,Leiostomus xanthurus Lacépède, in the nursery region of the James River, Virginia

Thein situ growth of juvenile spot,Leiostomus xanthurus Lacepede, was investigated in a nursery area of the James River, Virginia. Juvenile growth was fairly rapid (11.34 mm standard length per month) during their first spring and summer in the nursery grounds, and leveled off in the autumn. The mean size of spot after the first year was calculated to be 148 mm standard length. The weight-length relationship was log10W = −5.018+3.246 (log10L), where W = wet weight in grams and L = standard length in millimeters. The weight-length relationship of juvenile spot of the James River estuary differed statistically from that reported from South Carolina, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. Spot of the James River, Virginia, were found to be heavier per unit length than those of other regions, which suggests that the Chesapeake Bay system provides an optimum environment for growth of 0-year class fish.
Reform Options for the Estate Tax System: Targeting Unearned Income, Testimony Before the U.S. Senate Committee on Finance

This testimony makes three main points. First, inheritances tend to exacerbate existing economic disparities and may be the most important barrier to intergenerational economic mobility. These tendencies are most pronounced at the top of the income distribution. While inherited income is distributed fairly evenly across most of the population, it rises sharply at the very top. Second, the estate tax system is the most important mechanism by which the current fiscal system mitigates the effect of inheritances on economic disparities and intergenerational mobility. The burden of the estate and gift taxes falls largely on heirs, not donors. Moreover, on average, it rises rapidly with the amount the heir inherits and his economic income. Nevertheless, the relationship between the heir’s financial circumstances and his or her estate tax burden is relatively imprecise. Third, upcoming legislative changes create an opportunity to better focus the estate tax system on the unearned income that inheritances represent. We should use that opportunity to reform, not repeal, the estate tax system so that it continues to tax inherited income but in a more equitable manner. Two reform options are discussed. The first would replace the estate tax system with a comprehensive inheritance tax, under which heirs would pay tax on extraordinary amounts of inherited income at roughly the same rate that presently applies to earned income under the income and payroll taxes. The second would retain the estate tax but better focus it on the amount transferred as a proxy for the amount received. It would do so through a package of simplification reforms that would limit the extent to which the tax burdens on heirs depend on their access to sophisticated tax advice.
Los de abajo y sus contemporáneos. Mariano Azuela y los límites del liberalismo

Hacia 1924, Mariano Azuela (1873-1952) habia publicado diez libros, y sin embargo era un desconocido. No es este el unico problema que la literatura de Azuela propone al lector activo. No menos arduo es el que se refiere a la recepcion ideologica y politica. El tercer aspecto de la recepcion critica de Los de abajo , es la oportunidad de observar los modos sociales de negacion y apropiacion de las figuras culturales. En este articulo, el autor revisa dichos aspectos, sin aislarlos artificialmente, al contrario, observandolos en su necesaria relacion.
Optical mapping of atrioventricular node reveals a conduction barrier between atrial and nodal cells

The mechanisms responsible for atrioventricular (AV) delay remain unclear, in part due to the inability to map electrical activity by conventional microelectrode techniques. In this study, voltage-...
The flowers of Italian literature: language, imitation and gender debates in Paolo Giovio's Dialogus de viris et foeminis aetate nostra florentibus

Written in the shadow of the devastating Sack of Rome (1527), Paolo Giovio's dialogue on the Notable Men and Women of our Time seeks to measure whether Italy's military valour, literary prowess, and female excellence have declined over the course of the Italian Wars. In this relatively unexamined work composed at the behest of his patron and protector, Vittoria Colonna, Giovio broadly surveys his male and female contemporaries in order to assess whether his age suffers from an isolated moment of catastrophe or has instead begun to grow martially, culturally, and socially barren. This article examines Giovio's evaluation of Italy's literary landscape and contradictory responses to contemporary debates over the questione della lingua, Ciceronian-Eclectic imitation, and female authorship and readership. It demonstrates that the dialogue articulates a pro-Latin position that reframes the polemics over imitation in terms of vernacular's perceived problematic relationship to exemplars and undiscerning, primarily female, audiences while at the same time heralding a new age of women's cultural involvement. It argues that Giovio attempts to resolve this knot by endowing Colonna herself with the positive qualities he associates with strong Latin writing, her own vernacular activity notwithstanding.
Spatial patterns of genome-wide expression profiles reflect anatomic and fiber connectivity architecture of healthy human brain

Unraveling the relationship between molecular signatures in the brain and their functional, architectonic, and anatomic correlates is an important neuroscientific goal. It is still not well understood whether the diversity demonstrated by histological studies in the human brain is reflected in the spatial patterning of whole brain transcriptional profiles. Using genome-wide maps of transcriptional distribution of the human brain by the Allen Brain Institute, we test the hypothesis that gene expression profiles are specific to anatomically described brain regions. In this work, we demonstrate that this is indeed the case by showing that gene similarity clusters appear to respect conventional basal-cortical and caudal-rostral gradients. To fully investigate the causes of this observed spatial clustering, we test a connectionist hypothesis that states that the spatial patterning of gene expression in the brain is simply reflective of the fiber tract connectivity between brain regions. We find that although gene expression and structural connectivity are not determined by each other, they do influence each other with a high statistical significance. This implies that spatial diversity of gene expressions is a result of mainly location-specific features but is influenced by neuronal connectivity, such that like cellular species preferentially connects with like cells.
Managing the research university: Clark Kerr and the University of California

In the 1950s and 1960s, Clark Kerr led the University of California's Berkeley campus, and then the University of California as a whole. Throughout these years, he developed a system of managerial strategies. This paper shows how Kerr's administrative views drew upon his background in industrial relations, his liberal theories of pluralistic industrial change, and contemporary understandings of American business organization.
Familial aggregation of eating disorders: Results from a controlled family study of bulimia nervosa

Objective While familial aggregation of bulimia nervosa (BN) is known to occur, the extent to which aggregation of a broader spectrum of eating disorders (ED) occurs in the families of individuals with BN is less certain. Method Direct interviews and blind best-estimate diagnostic procedures were used to assess lifetime histories of EDs among first-degree relatives (n = 177) of probands with BN (n = 47) and first-degree relatives (n = 190) of non-ED control probands (n = 44). Results Forty-three percent of sisters and 26% of mothers of BN probands had a lifetime ED diagnosis, with eating disorder not otherwise specified (ED-NOS) diagnoses being most common. These rates were significantly higher than among sisters (5%) and mothers (5%) of controls. Few male relatives of either cohort had an ED. Conclusions Diagnostic assessment using contemporary family-epidemiology methodology revealed very strong familial aggregation of a broad spectrum of EDs among female relatives of women with BN. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 26: 211–215, 1999.
Extension of square-root filtering to include process noise

Two different square-root filters, one obtained by Potter and the other employing Householder transformations, are extended to include process noise. The relative numerical accuracy of various sequential filters is explored with several examples.
Determining the Pollen Parent of Field‐Grown Backcross Progenies of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) × Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica Host) Hybrids Using Genomic In Situ Hybridization (GISH)

Jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrice Host) with CCDD genomes is a noxious weed of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Wheat (BBAADD) and jointed goatgrass (JGG) can hybridize under natural conditions, leading to a possibility of gene flow between these two species. For a gene to move from herbicide-resistant wheat to JGG, JGG must be the recurrent parent in a series (two) of backcrosses. One way of determining the pollen parent in the first backcross is to visualize C-genome chromosomes using genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). By using GISH it was determined that 7 of 88 (8%) BC 1 plants had more than seven C-genome chromosomes, indicating that JGG was the pollen parent. By using wheat-specific chloroplast simple sequence repeat marker (WCt-3) analysis, 13.6% of the hybrids had wheat as the female parent, while the remaining plants had JGG as the female parent. This study presents a reliable way of determining the pollen parent of BC 1 progeny and the hybridization dynamics between wheat and jointed goatgrass under natural field conditions. This information can be used to more accurately predict the risk for gene migration between wheat and jointed goatgrass.
Current topic: The regulation of placental eicosanoid biosynthesis

Products of arachidonic acid metabolism (eicosanoids, e.g. some prostaglandins and leukotrienes) have important roles in the maintenance of pregnancy, the mechanism(s) of parturition and various diseases of pregnancy such as pregnancy-induced hypertension. The wealth of literature describing these relationships dictates that the present review be focused rather than global in nature. Only studies of human tissues will be discussed despite the limitations in experimental design that are imposed on such studies. Emphasis will be placed on studies of the cyclooxygenase and to a lesser extent lipoxygenase pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism mentioning only briefly the epoxygenase pathway and catabolic pathways. It should also be noted that many eicosanoids are not derived from arachidonic acid and will not be discussed here. The review of literature will not be comprehensive but rather selective in order to focus on specific issues of importance or controversy. In order to develop concepts of regulation I have focused a section on amnion since this tissue has received most attention for such studies. The significance of the products of the pathways described in the physiologic and pathophysiologic events of pregnancy will be described primarily in a section in which I have attempted to delineate those regulatory mechanisms that are considered most significant in, or specific to pregnancy and parturition. Finally, the reader is dirccted to several excellent reviews that concentrate on areas not emphasized in this review (Keirse, 1979; Challis and Patrick, 1980; Mitchell, 1982; Hammarstrom, 1983; Samuelsson and Funk,1989; Smith, 1989; Myatt, 1990).
Human Dickkopf-1 (huDKK1) protein: characterization of glycosylation and determination of disulfide linkages in the two cysteine-rich domains.

Human Dickkopf-1 (huDKK1), an inhibitor of the canonical Wnt-signaling pathway that has been implicated in bone metabolism and other diseases, was expressed in engineered Chinese hamster ovary cells and purified. HuDKK1 is biologically active in a TCF/lef-luciferase reporter gene assay and is able to bind LRP6 coreceptor. In SDS-PAGE, huDKK1 exhibits molecular weights of 27–28 K and 30 K at ∼ 1:9 ratio. By MALDI-MS analysis, the observed molecular weights of 27.4K and 29.5K indicate that the low molecular weight form may contain O-linked glycans while the high molecular weight form contains both N- and O-linked glycans. LC-MS/MS peptide mapping indicates that ∼ 92% of huDKK1 is glycosylated at Asn225 with three N-linked glycans composed of two biantennary forms with 1 and 2 sialic acid (23% and 60%, respectively), and one triantennary structure with 2 sialic acids (9%). HuDKK1 contains two O-linked glycans, GalNAc (sialic acid)-Gal-sialic acid (65%) and GalNAc-Gal[sialic acid] (30%), attached at Ser30 as confirmed by β-elimination and targeted LC-MS/MS. The 10 intramolecular disulfide bonds at the N- and C-terminal cysteine-rich domains were elucidated by analyses including multiple proteolytic digestions, isolation and characterization of disulfide-containing peptides, and secondary digestion and characterization of selected disulfide-containing peptides. The five disulfide bonds within the huDKK1 N-terminal domain are unique to the DKK family proteins; there are no exact matches in disulfide positioning when compared to other known disulfide clusters. The five disulfide bonds assigned in the C-terminal domain show the expected homology with those found in colipase and other reported disulfide clusters.
A note on quadratic friction in the presence of tides

Abstract The form of the time averaged quadratic friction term, in the presence of strong tidal currents, is derived for the two dimensional case.
Oxygen-vacancy phase equilibria in YBa2Cu3Oz calculated by the cluster variation method.

Ordering in the Cu-O basal plane of ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{x}}$ is investigated as a function of oxygen content, chemical potential, and temperature. Two-phase diagrams are calculated by means of the cluster variation method applied to asymmetric two-dimensional Ising models with one nearest-neighbor and two second-nearest-neighbor interactions. The interaction parameters selected ensure the stability of the orthorhombic structures near z=7 and for one of the cases also includes a cell-doubling phase at z=6.5. Oxygen pair and point probabilities are studied as a function of temperature under conditions of constant oxygen partial pressure. Comparison of site occupancy and orthorhombic-to-tetragonal second-order transition temperatures with recent experimental data are in excellent agreement.
219 The risk of adverse reactions (AR) from percutaneous prick-puncture allergen skin testing (ST), venipuncture (VP), and body measurements (BM): Data from the second national health and nutrition examination survey, 1976–1980 (NHANES II)

Abstract A sample (N = 16,204) of the U.S. population, 6 to 74 years of age, was examined in NHANES II with a variety of routine medical procedures, including prick-puncture allergen skin testing (AST), venipuncture, and body measurements. Eight unstandardized extracts licensed by the Food and Drug Administration, a positive and negative control, were used. AST was performed to screen the population for immediate hypersensitivity responses to common aeroallergens. No anaphylactic reactions after AST were observed. One asthmatic reaction occurred during venipuncture. Other adverse reactions (ARs) were limited to syncope, near syncope, and malaise. The rates for any AR were venipuncture, 0.49% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.38% to 0.60%); AST, 0.04% (95% CI, 0.01%–0.08%); body measures, 0.006% (95% CI, 0 to 0.018%). Sex or fasting status had little effect on the occurrence of AR. The age group 20 to 49 years had the highest occurrence of any AR to venipuncture (0.87%; 95% CI, 0.633% to 1.107%). The risk of prick-puncture AST with eight extracts licensed by the Food and Drug Administration is low and similar to other routine medical procedures.
Evaluation of a rapid HIV testing initiative in an urban, hospital-based dental clinic.

Abstract Performing rapid HIV testing in nontraditional clinical settings such as dental clinics is a potential method for targeting high-risk individuals who may not otherwise access health care s...
Similarities of cutaneous and breats pathology in Cowden's Syndrome

Cowden's Syndrome (CS), or multiple hamartoma syndrome, is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by mucocutaneous lesions, multiple benign tumors of internal organs and an increased risk of breast cancer. Here, we describe and illustrate in detail the benign breast pathology of 59 breast cases from 19 women with CS. Fibrosis is a significant characteristic of the breasts of patients with CS. Fibroadenomas appear to hyalinize at an early age and are frequently complex. The specimens demonstrate a spectrum of dense hyalinization of both the lobule and the stroma, and hyaline nodules appear to be the most characteristic lesion. This hyalinization process shares striking similarities with keloids, as well as the sclerotic nodules seen in the skin of CS individuals. Ductal carcinoma in CS was common, and it appeared to be associated with stromal hyalinization. Other frequently found benign features are adenosis and cysts. Of interest, the features of the benign breast disease in CS show certain similarities with senescent lobules, fibrous mastopathy of diabetes mellitus, and mammary hamartomas. These observations provide a framework for pathologists to identify this underrecognized syndrome.
The Power of Collaboration: Engaging All Parties in Renewable Energy Infrastructure Development

To make our energy systems more sustainable and address climate change, society must transition its electricity infrastructure toward zero emission sources over the coming century. Many governments have already accepted this fact, passing ambitious policies to bring renewable energy up to 20% or more of the electricity mix within the next decade. Wind, solar, biomass, wave energy, and hydropower are all likely to grow rapidly as fossil fuels are replaced. This shift will require significant investments in infrastructure for electricity generation, transmission, and distribution.
Chloride Secretion of Murine Tracheocyte Monolayers Is Stimulated by Reactive Nitrogen and Oxygen Species

Chloride Secretion of Murine Tracheocyte Monolayers Is Stimulated by Reactive Nitrogen and Oxygen Species
Radiation pneumonitis: a new approach to the derivation of time-dose factors.

A series of 51 patients treated with 92 separate lung fields for metastatic pulmonary disease between 1958 and 1971 is reviewed. The treatment data are converted into nominal single doses (NSD) and a newly derived formula for estimated single doses (ED). The 5% incidence level of pneumonitis without dactinomycin is 770 rets (NSD) and 510 rets (ED) and with dactinomycin, 520 rets (NSD) and 450 rets (ED). A safe treatment regimen for avoiding radiation pneumonitis is 1500 rads in 10 fractions with dactinomycin and 2500 rads in 20 fractions without dactinomycin.
Delayed-onset primary cytomegalovirus disease after liver transplantation

Clinical practice guidelines recommend antiviral prophylaxis to cytomegalovirus (CMV) donor-positive/recipient-negative (D+/R-) liver transplant recipients. We assessed the outcome of this strategy by determining the incidence, clinical features, and risk factors of CMV disease among CMV D+/R- liver transplant recipients who received antiviral prophylaxis. Sixty-seven CMV D+/R- liver transplant recipients (mean age+/-standard deviation: 49.5+/-11.4 years; 75% male) received oral ganciclovir [n=9 (13%)] or valganciclovir [n=58 (87%)] prophylaxis for a median duration of 92 days (interquartile range: 91-100). No breakthrough CMV disease was observed during antiviral prophylaxis. However, primary CMV disease was observed in 2%, 25%, 27%, 27%, and 29% of patients at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively, after antiviral prophylaxis was stopped. The incidence of delayed-onset primary CMV disease was similar between those who received oral ganciclovir and valganciclovir. Nine (47%) patients had CMV syndrome, 8 (42%) had gastrointestinal CMV disease, and 2 (11%) had CMV hepatitis. Female patients (P=0.01) and younger age at transplant (P=0.03) were associated with an increased risk, whereas diabetes mellitus (P<0.001) was significantly associated with a lower risk of delayed-onset primary CMV disease. Allograft loss or mortality occurred in 8 (12%) patients during the median follow-up period of 3.31 (range: 0.8-5.9) years. No significant association was observed between CMV disease and patient and allograft survival. In conclusion, CMV disease remains a common complication in CMV D+/R- liver transplant patients during the contemporary era of antiviral prophylaxis. Female patients and younger patients are at increased risk of delayed-onset primary CMV disease.
Tyrosinase Inhibitors from Anise Oil

Anisaldehyde characterized in the seeds of Pimpinella anisum L. (Umbelliferae), also known as aniseed, was found to inhibit the oxidation of l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) by mushroom tyrosinase (EC 1.14.18.1) with an ID50 of 43 μg/mL (0.32 mM). The inhibition kinetics analyzed by a Lineweaver−Burk plot established anisaldehyde to be a noncompetitive inhibitor for this oxidation. On the basis of this finding, various related analogues were also tested in order to gain new insights into their structural functions. Keywords: Anisaldehyde; aniseed; tyrosinase inhibitor; l-DOPA; noncompetitive inhibition; Schiff base formation
Zero-Hopf bifurcation for van der Pol's oscillator with delayed feedback

In this paper, we study the dynamical behaviors of the following van der Pol oscillator with delay x@?+@e(x^2-1)x@?+x=@eg(x(t-@t)). In the case that its associated characteristic equation has a simple zero root and a pair of purely imaginary roots (zero-Hopf singularity), the normal form is obtained by performing a center manifold reduction and by using the normal form theory developed by Faria and Magalhaes. A critical value @e"0 of @e in (0,2) is obtained to predict the bifurcation diagrams from which saddle-node bifurcation, pitchfork bifurcation, Hopf bifurcation (the existence and stability of the periodic solutions), and heteroclinic bifurcation are determined. Some examples are given to confirm the theoretical results.
Frequency of left ventricular dysfunction and other echocardiographic abnormalities in human immunodeficiency virus seronegative intravenous drug users.

Abstract Dilated cardiomyopathy has been recognized as a complication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and may occur in approximately 10 to 20% of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). 1,2 . At our institution over a 3-year period of time, we have identified 60 HIV seropositive patients with global left ventricular (LV) hypokinesia on 2-dimensional echocardiography; 28 (41%) were intravenous drug users. Cardiomyopathy has been associated with illicit drug use in several case reports or series, 3–5 and in 1 retrospective review of coronary angiograms in cocaine users, depression of LV ejection fraction was observed in the presence of normal coronary arteries. 6 Although intravenous cocaine has been shown to directly depress myocardial function in dogs, 7 the precise role of illicit drug use, particularly that of cocaine, in the development of cardiomyopathy remains unclear. 8–10 The extent to which cardiomyopathy among intravenous drug users is related to HIV infection, to the cardiotoxic effects of illicit drug use, or to other factors has not been adequately studied. This study examines the prevalence of LV dysfunction and characterizes the echocardiographic findings among a group of HIV seronegative intravenous drug users.
Anger and testosterone: Evidence that situationally-induced anger relates to situationally-induced testosterone.

Testosterone has been shown to relate to power, dominance, social status, and aggression. However, no research has related situationally induced changes in testosterone to subjective emotional experience. Based on the fact that anger relates to power, dominance, social status, and aggression, we predicted that testosterone would be uniquely related to the subjective experience of anger. In this study, salivary testosterone and cortisol were measured both prior to and following an anger-inducing event. In line with predictions, anger was associated with increased testosterone but not cortisol. These results provide the first evidence of a subjective emotional experience linked with changes in testosterone.
Association of human T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus with the Tac antigen marker for the human T-cell growth factor receptor.

Certain adult T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders are associated with human T-cell leukaemia virus (HTLV), a unique human type C retrovirus1,2. (The strains of HTLV used in these studies belong to the subgroup HTLV-I.) HTLV is not an endogenous agent in man, but rather is an acquired virus with T-cell tropism3,4. Neoplastic cells from patients infected with HTLV generally express receptors for T-cell growth factor (TCGF) (interleukin-2)5,6, and do not require prior activation with antigens or lectins to undergo TCGF-induced proliferation. Furthermore, neoplastic T-cell lines originating from such patients may constitutively produce TCGF, TCGF receptors and HTLV virions3. HTLV is transmissible from cell to cell, and the infection of human T cells in vitro is associated with the expression of TCGF receptors6, which can be identified by the monoclonal antibody termed anti-Tac7–9. In our experience to date, T-cell populations that produce HTLV without exception also express epitopes found on TCGF receptors. Recognition of an association between HTLV virions and the Tac antigen would have clinical and theoretical implications. We now present evidence that during the replication or release of HTLV, the virion becomes preferentially associated with the Tac antigen.
The relationship between HIV infection and atopic dermatitis.

Patients with HIV infection exhibit a wide range of skin pathology, including bacterial, fungal, and viral infections, skin tumors, inflammatory and eczematous eruptions, and drug rashes. HIV-infected adults commonly develop a condition that strongly resembles atopic dermatitis and is sometimes called “atopic-like dermatitis”; moreover, atopic dermatitis and other atopic disorders have been described as common manifestations of pediatric HIV infection. Conditions such as sinusitis, asthma, and hyper-IgE syndrome, and laboratory abnormalities, eg, elevated IgE levels, eosinophilia, and possible Th1-Th2 imbalances, suggest a predilection for atopic disorders in these patients. It is of interest to examine the immune perturbations intrinsic to HIV infection, and their possible role in triggering atopic dermatitis, and to consider whether other abnormalities, such as xerosis, bacterial or viral superantigens, or epidermal barrier disruption with altered presentation of cutaneous aeroallergens, might play a significant role.
Liposuction and diabetes type 2 development risk reduction in the obese patient

Obesity is a disabling disease which has gained greater attention worldwide and particularly in the United States. It significantly increases the risk for other diseases such as insulin independent diabetes mellitus also known as diabetes type 2. The most common surgical procedure for obesity is liposuction. It is traditionally performed either as small-volume liposuction or large-volume liposuction, the majority being small-volume liposuction procedures. Large-volume and small-volume liposuction have been clinically shown to improve insulin sensitivity in obese patients thus reducing their risk of developing type 2 diabetes. In this paper, evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that liposuction disrupts the pathway that brings about insulin insensitivity in the obese patient. It is proposed that using liposuction in the overall treatment of obesity could lead to an improvement in insulin sensitivity and thus greatly improve the quality of life of the obese patient.
The prediction of pregnancy outcome: Maternal preparation, anxiety and attitudinal sets

Abstract Anxiety, participation in preparatory classes and maternal attitudinal sets were examined in a population of women attending a University Hospital outpatient obstetrical clinic. Using a multiple regression model of statistical analysis, class participation and maternal attitudes were found to be significantly predictive of pain ratings during labor. State anxiety on admission to the labor room was predictive of labor length; social class and maternal attitudes were predictive of patient manageability during labor. None of these variables were found to be associated with the incidence of complications, fetal apgar scores, or the use of analgesia and anesthesia. The implications of these findings are discussed from the perspective of research on developing screening instruments for identifying pregnancy complications and from the standpoint of designing new and potentially more effective preparatory treatment methods.
Bright e-Paper by transport of ink through a white electrofluidic imaging film

Many of the highest performance approaches for electronic paper use voltage to reveal or hide dark pigments or dyes over a white pixel surface, and the reflectance of white pixels is lower than in real paper because the dark pigments or dyes can never be fully removed from the visible pixel area. Here, we introduce a re-designed approach for electronic paper that transposes coloured ink in front of or behind a white microfluidic film. Pixels can provide >90% reflective area and have demonstrated <15 ms switching for 150 pixels-per-inch resolution. This new approach is also the first of its kind for electrowetting-style displays by allowing non-aligned lamination fabrication, and is the first ever colourant-transposing pixel that eliminates the need for ink microencapsulation or pixel borders.
Addressing multi-use issues in sustainable forest management with signal-transfer modeling

Management decisions concerning impacts of projected changes in environmental and social conditions on multi-use forest products and services, such as productivity, water supply or carbon sequestration, may be facilitated with signal-transfer modeling. This simulation method utilizes a hierarchy of simulators in which the integrated responses (signals) from smaller-scale process models are transferred and incorporated into the algorithms of larger spatial- and temporal-scale models of ecological and economic phenomena. Several innovative procedures germane to multi-issue sustainable forest management have been initiated in our signal-transfer modeling development for forests of the southeastern United States. These developments include response surface interpolation for multi-factor signal-transfer, use of loblolly pine modeling to infer the growth of other southern pines, determination of soil nutrient limitations to productivity, multivariate clustering as a spatial basis for defining land units relevant to forest management, and variance propagation through the modeling hierarchy. Algorithms for larger scale phenomena are shown to constrain the variance introduced from a smaller-scale in a simulation of ambient ozone exposure effects on loblolly pine timber yield. Outputs of forest variables are frequency distributions that may be statistically compared for alternative environmental or management scenarios.
Hibernaculum choice in Culex pipiens.

A population of hibernating Culex pipietis was studied during the winters of 1969–1970 and 1970–1971 in an abandoned mine in Illinois. Initial choice of hibernaculum is governed to the extent of 22.7% by light. Distance from the entrance appears unimportant. Texture and dampness of the wall also appear unimportant. Mosquitoes leave hibernacula exposed to frost and then tend to concentrate in the side passages. Movement may be in response to air currents. Although some mosquitoes remain in the same hibernaculum for months, there is extensive movement by most of the population even during midwinter. Most deaths appear to take place at the beginning of hibernation or near the end. Time of the first frost may be important in initiating hibernation. The possible role of hibernating C. pipiens as a vector is discussed.
Coastal Zone Management Act at 30 years: the ideal, the practical, and the practice in the United States, Canada, and Oceania

In 1972, the Congress of the United States produced a statute entitled the Coastal Zone Management Act. This act was an output of the most prolific period of federal environmental lawmaking in the history of the United States. Like other environmental laws of the time, it was driven by the social and political pressures arising from reaction to the degradation of the natural environment. The legal, institutional, and operational contexts of this law made it unique among these statutes in a number of key ways. Of all the federal environmental laws in the United States, it is the one that is most reliant upon the will of individual states to accomplish its primary goals: the protection of fragile coastal environments from the ravages of modern civilization while still allowing for use and enjoyment of these same resources. Today, more than 98% of the Coastal Zone of the United States is under some level of management under this Act. During this same period of 40 years, the number of people living in the Coastal Zone has greatly expanded to the point where over 52% of the total population of the country now lives in this 10% of the total land area. This paper will examine the history of the CZMA, its successes, failures, and ongoing challenges and the expansion of the concepts embodied in the act to several other countries, including Australia, New Zealand, and Canada.