cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On-Farm Crop Species Richness Is Associated with Household Diet Diversity and Quality in Subsistence- and Market-Oriented Farming Households in Malawi.

BACKGROUND On-farm crop species richness (CSR) may be important for maintaining the diversity and quality of diets of smallholder farming households. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to 1) determine the association of CSR with the diversity and quality of household diets in Malawi and 2) assess hypothesized mechanisms for this association via both subsistence- and market-oriented pathways. METHODS Longitudinal data were assessed from nationally representative household surveys in Malawi between 2010 and 2013 (n = 3000 households). A household diet diversity score (DDS) and daily intake per adult equivalent of energy, protein, iron, vitamin A, and zinc were calculated from 7-d household consumption data. CSR was calculated from plot-level data on all crops cultivated during the 2009-2010 and 2012-2013 agricultural seasons in Malawi. Adjusted generalized estimating equations were used to assess the longitudinal relation of CSR with household diet quality and diversity. RESULTS CSR was positively associated with DDS (β: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.12; P < 0.001), as well as daily intake per adult equivalent of energy (kilocalories) (β: 41.6; 95% CI: 20.9, 62.2; P < 0.001), protein (grams) (β: 1.78; 95% CI: 0.80, 2.75; P < 0.001), iron (milligrams) (β: 0.30; 95% CI: 0.16, 0.44; P < 0.001), vitamin A (micrograms of retinol activity equivalent) (β: 25.8; 95% CI: 12.7, 38.9; P < 0.001), and zinc (milligrams) (β: 0.26; 95% CI: 0.13, 0.38; P < 0.001). Neither proportion of harvest sold nor distance to nearest population center modified the relation between CSR and household diet diversity or quality (P ≥ 0.05). Households with greater CSR were more commercially oriented (least-squares mean proportion of harvest sold ± SE, highest tertile of CSR: 17.1 ± 0.52; lowest tertile of CSR: 8.92 ± 1.09) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Promoting on-farm CSR may be a beneficial strategy for simultaneously supporting enhanced diet quality and diversity while also creating opportunities for smallholder farmers to engage with markets in subsistence agricultural contexts.
How should Catalogers Provide Authority Control for Journal Article Authors? Name Identifiers in the Linked Data World

ABSTRACTThis article suggests that catalogers can provide authority control for authors of journal articles by linking to external international authority databases. It explores the representation of article authors from three disciplines in four databases: International Standard Name Identifier (ISNI), Open Researcher and Contributor ID (ORCID), Scopus, and Virtual International Authority File (VIAF). VIAF and Scopus are particularly promising databases for journal author names, but we believe that a combination of several name databases holds more promise than relying on a single database. We provide examples of RDF links between bibliographic description and author identifiers, including a partial BIBFRAME 2.0 description
Correlates of Low-Fat Milk Consumption in a Multi-Ethnic Population

Objective: To assess the correlates of low-fat milk consumption in a multi-ethnic population. Design: Cross-sectional random digit dial telephone survey of adults residing in Hawaii. Setting & Participants: The survey was completed by 600 adults who consumed cow’s milk. Five ethnicities composed over 86% of the sample: Caucasian (36%), Hawaiian (17%), Japanese (18%), Filipino (10%), and Chinese (5%). The average age of participant was 45.6. 84% had completed high school and 35% had completed college. Variables Measured: All variables were self-reported. Type of milk consumed (high-fat vs. low-fat) was the dependent variable. Independent variables included age, gender, ethnicity, body mass, attitude, normative beliefs, and stage of change. Analysis: Chi-squares and logistic regression were used for the analysis (p < .05). Results: Younger and less educated people were less likely to drink low-fat milk, as were Native Hawaiians and Filipinos. In the multivariate analyses only attitudes, normative beliefs, and education were significant predictors. Conclusions and Implications: Attitudes and normative beliefs towards milk consumption explain more of the variance in type of milk consumption than demographic characteristics. This data indicates the feasibility of testing interventions designed to influence attitudes and normative beliefs towards low-fat milk consumption in Asian and Pacific Island communities.
Childhood ITP: A Single Institution Review of Treatment and Outcomes.

Abstract Immune thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) is diagnosed in approximately 50 per 1 million children per year. Although thrombocytopenia can be associated with serious, life-threatening bleeding, the outcome for most patients with ITP is excellent. Approximately 80% of children with ITP will recover by 6 – 12 months from diagnosis. Large randomized, controlled trials have not been done to demonstrate the optimal management strategy, either for safety or efficacy. Some patients are managed with observation, given the benign ultimate outcome of most cases, but, because of existing or potential bleeding, the majority of patients with severe thrombocytopenia receive treatment with glucocorticoids, IVIG, or anti-D globulin. At our institution, we do not have a standardized strategy for management of patients with childhood ITP. We performed a 10-year retrospective review of our institutional experience with childhood ITP. The approximately 400 eligible patients were aged 0.5 to 18 years, and were managed between January 1996 and January 2006 at St. Louis Children's Hospital or Washington University Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Clinic. Data from the medical records of these patients was collected and will be analyzed to determine the following primary endpoints: Time to reach target platelet count, stratified by initial therapy type; Rate of re-treatment and/or addition of second therapy over the first 28 days, stratified by initial therapy type and dosage; Incidence of treatment-related toxicities, Incidence of hemorrhage, anemia and/or transfusion, stratified by therapy choice, Rates and duration of hospitalization, Time to resolution of normal platelet count, stratified by initial therapy. The management and outcome of patients without platelet recovery by 6 and 12 months (i.e. chronic ITP) and will be detailed. Results from this study will be used as a framework for developing institutional guidelines for management of childhood ITP.
How Acceptable is Wife Beating? An Empirical Study of 60 Countries

Wife beating, spousal abuse, domestic violence, or whatever else you want to call it, has been around for centuries, probably since the beginning of human existence. There are several reasons why this kind of behavior exists, but the present paper will not get into those reasons. For more on this aspect of the topic, see the items listed in the reference section of this paper. The goal of the present paper is more modest, to merely measure the extent of support for wife beating, and rank the countries based on the acceptance of their people for this practice. The present paper is part of a series on wife beating. Studies in this series examine male and female views on wife beating to determine if women think differently about this issue than men; a longitudinal study to determine whether wife beating has become more or less popular over time; two studies that examine the relationship between religion and wife beating; a study that ranks the acceptability of wife beating in 60 countries; and a study of attitudes toward wife beating in the United States. Links to these studies are provided in the reference section of this paper.
IMPACT OF BIPOLAR DISORDER ON READMISSION RATES AND COSTS AFTER CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFTING

Bipolar disorder is associated with comorbid cardiac risk factors. The current study aimed to determine whether patients with bipolar disorder who undergo coronary artery bypass grafting(CABG) are at increased risk for readmission and the related cost. The National Readmission Database which
A novel neuregulin – jagged1 paracrine loop in breast cancer transendothelial migration

The interaction of breast cancer cells with other cells in the tumor microenvironment plays an important role in metastasis. Invasion and intravasation, two critical steps in the metastatic process, are influenced by these interactions. Macrophages are of particular interest when it comes to studying tumor cell invasiveness. Previous studies have shown that there is paracrine loop signaling between breast cancer cells and macrophages involving colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) produced by tumor cells and epidermal growth factor (EGF) production by macrophages. In this paper, we identify a novel paracrine loop between tumor cells and macrophages involving neuregulin (NRG1) and notch signaling. The aim of this study was to determine the role of NRG1, a ligand of the ErbB3 receptor, in macrophage stimulation of tumor cell transendothelial migration and intravasation. We used fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and western blot to determine ErbB3 and NRG1 expression, respectively. An in vitro transendothelial migration (iTEM) assay was used to examine the effects of short hairpin (sh)RNA targeting NRG1 in tumor cells and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) knockout of jagged 1 (JAG1) in macrophages. Orthotopic xenograft injections in mice were used to confirm results in vivo. In our system, macrophages were the primary cells showing expression of ErbB3, and a blocking antibody against ErbB3 resulted in a significant decrease in macrophage-induced transendothelial migration of breast cancer cells. Stimulation of macrophages with NRG1 upregulated mRNA and protein expression of JAG1, a ligand of the Notch receptor, and JAG1 production by macrophages was important for transendothelial migration of tumor cells. This study demonstrates that stimulation of macrophages by tumor cell NRG1 can enhance transendothelial migration and intravasation. We also demonstrate that this effect is due to induction of macrophage JAG1, an important ligand of the Notch signaling pathway.
Peircean Semiotic Indeterminacy and Its Relevance for Biosemiotics

This chapter presents a detailed explanation of Peirce’s early and late views on semiotic indeterminacy and then considers how those views might be applied within biosemiotics. Peirce distinguished two different forms of semiotic indeterminacy: generality and vagueness. He defined each in terms of the “right” that indeterminate signs extend, either to their interpreters in the case of generality or to their utterers in the case of vagueness, to further determine their meaning. On Peirce’s view, no sign is absolutely determinate, i.e., every sign is indeterminate to at least some degree and so exhibits some degree of generality or vagueness. If Peirce was right about this, then no instance of biosemiosis is completely determinate—every biosign must be general or vague to some degree. I show that on Peirce’s view, whether a sign is general or vague depends on its immediate object, “the idea which the sign is built upon,” and I explain how Peirce would go about identifying the immediate object of a sign lacking both a minded utterer and a minded interpreter—an identification that must be possible if any biosign is indeterminate.
Confronting Prior Conceptions in Paleontology Courses

People hold a variety of prior conceptions that impact their learning. Prior conceptions that include erroneous or incomplete understandings represent a significant barrier to durable learning, as they are often difficult to change. While researchers have documented students' prior conceptions in many areas of geoscience, little is known about prior conceptions involving paleontology. In this Element, data on student prior conceptions from two introductory undergraduate paleontology courses are presented. In addition to more general misunderstandings about the nature of science, many students hold incorrect ideas about methods of historical geology, Earth history, ancient life, and evolution. Of special note are student perceptions of the limits of paleontology as scientific inquiry. By intentionally eliciting students' prior conceptions and implementing the pedagogical strategies described in other Elements in this series, lecturers can shape instruction to challenge this negative view of paleontology and improve student learning.
Functional anatomy of extraocular muscles during human vergence compensation of horizontal heterophoria.

Disjunctive eye movements normally permit binocular fixation in near visual space but also compensate for mechanical imbalances in binocular alignment developing over the life span. Magnetic resona...
The Teacher-Learner Relationship: Considerations for Social Work in the Digital Age.

In light of a rapidly changing educational landscape, this paper will discuss the implications of online education for the teacher–learner relationship, which is a critical aspect of academic and p...
A novel investigation on horizontal and 3D elliptical ultrasonic vibrations in rotary ultrasonic surface machining of carbon fiber reinforced plastic composites

Abstract Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites were attractive in lots of applications, in which surface machining processes were always needed after molding fabrication processes to achieve the final functional surface geometry with desired accuracy. To improve the effectiveness and efficiency, rotary ultrasonic surface machining (RUSM) had been applied in processing CFRP composites. With the assistance of vertical ultrasonic vibration in RUSM, cutting forces were significantly reduced, but the surface roughness was increased. To improve the surface conditions and additionally reduce the cutting force for RUSM, the applied ultrasonic vibration should be aligned with surface generation direction (namely horizontal feeding direction). Up till now, there were no reported investigations on RUSM with horizontal vibration and 3D elliptical ultrasonic vibration, formed from the combination of horizontal and vertical ultrasonic vibrations. In this investigation, the horizontal and 3D elliptical ultrasonic vibrations were applied in RUSM. The comparisons among RUSM with 3D elliptical ultrasonic vibration, RUSM with horizontal ultrasonic vibration, and the surface machining without ultrasonic vibration on machining performance and surface quality were conducted. Experimental results showed that RUSM with horizontal ultrasonic vibration reduced both cutting force and surface roughness. With the application of 3D elliptical ultrasonic vibration, both cutting force and surface roughness can be further decreased. The critical horizontal ultrasonic frequency for the overlapping of abrasive grains’ trajectories was analyzed. The mechanisms of RUSM with both horizontal and 3D elliptical ultrasonic vibrations and the reasons for both cutting force decreasing and surface roughness decreasing were also investigated.
Oral isotretinoin. How can we treat difficult acne patients

Isotretinoin (Roaccutane/Accutane) therapy (120 mg/kg) normally results in complete clearing of nodulocystic acne followed by prolonged remission, and many patients remain free of disease. Four groups of patients respond poorly or have a high rate of relapse. Preteens and young teenagers show a high rate of relapse and several courses of treatment are usually needed; 14 of 20 under the age of 12 years, 21 of 47 aged 12-14 and 23 of 66 aged 14-16 relapsed within 1 year. Individuals with linear lesions consisting of undermining tracks of follicular epithelium often show only a partial response. These individuals typically have a history of other 'sinus track' disease such as pilonidial sinus and hidradenitis, either themselves or other family members. Hemorrhagic or crusted lesions can be exacerbated by full doses of isotretinoin and patients develop pyrogenic-granuloma-type lesions and even acne-fulminans-like eruptions. Women with adrenal or ovarian syndrome associated with elevated androgens commonly relapse with 6-12 months after isotretinoin therapy.
Remote sensing: generation of long-term kelp bed data sets for evaluation of impacts of climatic variation

A critical tool in assessing ecosystem change is the analysis of long-term data sets, yet such information is generally sparse and often unavailable for many habitats. Kelp forests are an example of rapidly changing ecosystems that are in most cases data poor. Because kelp forests are highly dynamic and have high intrinsic interannual variability, understanding how regional-scale drivers are driving kelp populations-and particularly how kelp populations are responding to climate change-requires long-term data sets. However, much of the work on kelp responses to climate change has focused on just a few, relatively long-lived, perennial, canopy-forming species. To understand how kelp populations with different life history traits are responding to climate-related variability, we leverage 35 yr of Landsat satellite imagery to track the population size of an annual, ruderal kelp, Nereocystis luetkeana, across Oregon. We found high levels of interannual variability in Nereocystis canopy area and varying population trajectories over the last 35 yr. Surprisingly, Oregon Nereocystis population sizes were unresponsive to a 2014 marine heat wave accompanied by increases in urchin densities that decimated northern California Nereocystis populations. Some Oregon Nereocystis populations have even increased in area relative to pre-2014 levels. Analysis of environmental drivers found that Nereocystis population size was negatively correlated with estimated nitrate levels and positively correlated with winter wave height. This pattern is the inverse of the predicted relationship based on extensive prior work on the perennial kelp Macrocystis pyrifera and may be related to the annual life cycle of Nereocystis. This article demonstrates (1) the value of novel remote sensing tools to create long-term data sets that may challenge our understanding of nearshore marine species and (2) the need to incorporate life history traits into our theory of how climate change will shape the ocean of the future.
Clause-final negation and the Jespersen cycle in Logoori

This paper looks at Jespersen-cycle effects in Logoori (Bantu, western Kenya), where a clause-final adverb daave (neg2) reinforces or replaces the older negative prefixes si- and ta- (neg1). In main-clause indicatives, neg1 is nearly obsolete (( ? si ) -a-sooma daav e ‘s/he’s not reading’), while in subjunctives neg1 remains obligatory ( u-*(ta)-sooma daave ‘don’t read’). Recognizing that this pattern cannot be fully attributed to the phonological weakness of neg1 (cf. Jespersen 1917:4ff), I provide a supplementary grammar-competition analysis, in which the availability of a high-attaching, semantically negative daave in main clauses leads to the rapid erosion of neg1 si -.
Structural integrity of additively manufactured stainless steel with cold sprayed barrier coating under combined cyclic loading

Abstract Integration of metal additive manufacturing (AM) and cold spray (CS) technologies provide an unprecedented opportunity to manufacture coated material systems with complex geometrical features. The application of these material systems in functionally critical components requires adequate structural integrity, particularly in the presence of cyclic loading. This work researches the multiaxial fatigue (axial-torsional cyclic loading) behavior of a coated material system consisting of 15Cr-5Ni precipitation-hardening stainless steel (15-5 PH SS) substrate additively manufactured by direct metal laser sintering with a layer of chromium carbide nickel (CrC-Ni) barrier coating deposited by CS. The influence of AM and CS-induced residual stresses on fatigue performance of test specimens was thoroughly studied. Additionally, the effect of surface roughness and processes induced defects were considered to explain the crack growth mechanism. Stresses assessed by synchrotron X-ray diffraction indicated a substantial accumulation of residual stresses, particularly in the outer surface of the as-fabricated 15-5 PH SS specimens. The state of residual stress was changed notably following the deposition of CrC-Ni coating in the axial, hoop, and radial directions of the fatigue test specimen. Also, CS deposition of CrC-Ni coating caused significant improvement in the surface quality of the additively manufactured components. Fatigue test results indicated, CS deposition of CrC-Ni substantially enhances the fatigue life of the AM-produced 15-5 PH SS substrate in all loading conditions, particularly in the high cycle fatigue regime. The improvement in the fatigue life of the specimens with coating was associated with a reduction in equivalent residual stress at the substrate surface and improvement in the specimens' surface condition (i.e., reduced surface roughness). The fractographic analysis of the specimen indicated the cracks tend to initiate in the surface of both as-fabricated and cold-sprayed specimens. However, the mechanism of crack growth changed notably following the deposition of CrC-Ni coating. The cracks tended to propagate in the planes parallel or with a small deviation from the build layers of the AM-produced specimens. On the other hand, deposition of CrC-Ni coating increased the deviation of crack growth plane from the build layers of the substrate.
Pain and reward circuits antagonistically modulate alcohol expectancy to regulate drinking.

Expectancy of physical and social pleasure (PSP) promotes excessive drinking despite the potential aversive effects of misuse, suggesting an imbalance in the response to reward and pain in alcohol seeking. Here, we investigated the competing roles of the reward and pain circuits in PSP expectancy and problem drinking in humans. Using fMRI data during resting (n = 180) and during alcohol cue exposure (n = 71), we examined the antagonistic effects of the reward-related medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC) and pain-related periaqueductal gray (PAG) connectivities on PSP expectancy and drinking severity. The two regions’ connectivity maps and strengths were characterized to assess their shared substrates and net relationship with PSP expectancy. We evaluated mediation and path models to further delineate how mOFC and PAG connectivities interacted through the shared substrates to differentially impact expectancy and alcohol use. During resting, whole-brain regressions showed mOFC connectivity in positive and PAG connectivity in negative association with PSP scores, with convergence in the precentral gyrus (PrCG). Notably, greater PAG-PrCG relative to mOFC-PrCG connectivity strength predicted lower PSP expectancy. During the alcohol cue exposure task, the net strength of the PAG vs. mOFC cue-elicited connectivity with the occipital cortex again negatively predicted PSP expectancy. Finally, mediation and path models revealed that the PAG and mOFC connectivities indirectly and antagonistically modulated problem drinking via their opposing influences on expectancy and craving. Thus, the pain and reward circuits exhibit functional antagonism such that the mOFC connectivity increases expectancy of drinking pleasure whereas the PAG serves to counter that effect.
Computational Conformal Mapping in Education and Engineering Practice

Conformal mapping techniques can help engineers with their tasks of analysis and design applied to a wide range of applications, including structural members, electric and magnetic fields, microcircuits, heat flow, and fluid flow. Conformal mapping of potential fields associated with a wide range of configurations provides not only numerical results but also yields answers in analytical form that provide insight and the opportunity to make intelligent decisions regarding suitable modification of field boundaries in their ultimate physical manifestations. Conformal mapping provides answers that are not only of value to practicing engineers but also to students who will benefit from a more thorough understanding of potential field concepts in a wide range of engineering disciplines. First part of this paper describes the use of the Schwarz-Christoffel transformation which can be applied successfully to a wide range of polygonal configurations of arbitrary shapes. A simple numerical algorithm is described to compute the shape-specific constants of the mapping function. Second part of the paper describes some common mapping functions that can be used to demonstrate concepts of field theory and conformal mapping to undergraduate students of science and engineering.
Constructing Explanatory Models from Text-Based Information: Why Instructional Tools Help

Abstract Scientists frequently construct explanatory models based on information they read about scientific phenomena. Modeling is a complex task involving reasoning about what information from multiple texts, including verbal and visual representations, is task-relevant and how it relates to the model. In this study, ninth graders were randomly assigned to a text-based modeling task with or without an instructional tool designed to support selection and elaborative processing of relevant information. Participants completed prompted self-explanation protocols during the modeling task and a learning task afterward. Participants with the instructional tool demonstrated better model construction and learning. Self-explanation analyses indicated more elaborative processing of relevant information for those with the tool. Elaboration of relevant information significantly mediated the instructional tool effect, indicating that it is not the tool, but the forms of processing that it encouraged, that underlies better model construction and learning. Implications for science literacy instruction are discussed.
Morbidity Associated With Structural Graft Use in Paramedian Forehead Flap.

INTRODUCTION Paramedian forehead flap for nasal reconstruction may involve the use of a structural graft. The authors hypothesized that the use of structural grafts with paramedian forehead flap is associated with an increased risk of 30-day complications. METHODS This is a retrospective study of the American College of Surgeon (ACS) National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP). We identified all patients undergoing paramedian forehead flap reconstruction from 2007 through 2018 using Current Procedural Terminology code 15731. Patients who had structural graft harvested at the time of paramedian forehead flap were identified using Current Procedural Terminology codes. Groups were defined based on the use of structural grafts. Propensity score matching was performed using preoperative and intraoperative characteristics to produce matched cohorts. The authors further stratified individual graft types to identify differential risks associated with each. Logistic regression was then used to determine whether the use of structural grafts was associated with increased risk for 30-day complications. RESULTS The authors identified 1198 patients with paramedian forehead flap reconstruction, of whom 325 (27.1%) required structural grafts. Propensity score matching 1:1 yielded 247 patients in each of the matched cohorts. Overall 30-day complications (4.5% versus 5.3%), wound related complications (3.2% versus 4.1%), systemic complications (1.2% versus 2%), unplanned reoperation (6.5% versus 3.2%), and unplanned readmission (6.6% versus 10.2%) were similar between the 2 groups (P > 0.05). Subgroup analysis of different graft types showed that costochondral graft was associated with increased wound related complications (0.9% versus 8.3%, P = 0.03). The odds of having wound related complications with the use of costochondral graft was OR = 5.3, CI = 1.5-18.8, P = 0.02. CONCLUSIONS Although the use of structural grafts does not increase risk of overall 30-day complications, there is an increased risk of wound related complications associated with the use of costochondral and rib grafts.
Symptoms of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder and their relationship to health-related behaviors in over 12,000 US military personnel: Bi-directional associations.

Abstract Background Military personnel are at greater risk of psychological disorders and related symptoms than civilians. Limited participation in health-promoting behaviors may increase presence of these disorders. Alternatively, these symptoms may limit engagement in health-promoting behaviors. Methods Self-reported data from the 2015 Department of Defense Health Related Behaviors Survey were used to assess bi-directional relationships between health-related behaviors (obesity, physical activity [PA], alcohol, smoking, sleep) and self-reported psychological disorders (generalized anxiety disorder [GAD], depression, post-traumatic disorder [PTSD]) in U.S. military personnel. Outcomes Among 12 708 respondents (14.7% female; 28.2% 17−24 y; 13.7% obese), self-reported depression was reported by 9.2%, GAD by 13.9%, and PTSD by 8.2%. Obesity and short sleep were associated with self-reported depression, GAD, and PTSD; current smoking was associated with higher odds of GAD; higher levels of vigorous PA were associated with lower odds of GAD; higher levels of moderate PA associated with lower odds of PTSD; and higher alcohol intake associated with higher odds of depression and PTSD. Self-reported depression, GAD, and PTSD were associated with higher odds of short sleep, obesity, and low levels of PA. Interpretation Obesity, short sleep, and limited engagement in health-promoting behaviors are associated with higher likelihood of self-reported psychological disorders, and vice-versa. Encouraging and improving health-promoting behaviors may contribute to positive mental health in military personnel.
Intracranial Hemorrhage and 2-Year Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Infants Born Extremely Preterm.

Objectives To determine the incidence, timing, progression, and risk factors for intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in infants 240/7 to 276/7 weeks of gestational age and to characterize the association between ICH and death or neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) at 2 years of corrected age. Study design Infants enrolled in the Preterm Erythropoietin Neuroprotection Trial had serial cranial ultrasound scans performed on day 1, day 7-9, and 36 weeks of postmenstrual age to evaluate ICH. Potential risk factors for development of ICH were examined. Outcomes included death or severe NDI as well as Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd Edition, at 2 years of corrected age. Results ICH was identified in 38% (n = 339) of 883 enrolled infants. Multiple gestation and cesarean delivery reduced the risk of any ICH on day 1. Risk factors for development of bilateral Grade 2, Grade 3, or Grade 4 ICH at day 7-9 included any ICH at day 1; 2 or more doses of prenatal steroids decreased risk. Bilateral Grade 2, Grade 3, or Grade 4 ICH at 36 weeks were associated with previous ICH at day 7-9. Bilateral Grade 2, any Grade 3, and any Grade 4 ICH at 7-9 days or 36 weeks of postmenstrual age were associated with increased risk of death or severe NDI and lower Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd Edition, scores. Conclusions Risk factors for ICH varied by timing of bleed. Bilateral and increasing grade of ICH were associated with death or NDI in infants born extremely preterm.
Advanced Surface Analysis to Identify Media-Workpiece Contact Modes in a Vibratory Finishing Processes

Abstract This paper outlines a robust data processing approach capable of isolating individual process related features such as grinding marks, pits, and scratches from an areal surface measurement of a ground sample that underwent a modified vibratory finishing processing step. The approach combines conventional surface segmentation and feature isolation approaches, with polar plots developed by this research group. Motivation for the work assumes that the mode of media-workpiece interaction occurring during the process, i.e., impact or sliding, can be inferred from the topological features present on the workpiece surface post finishing. Sliding contact is expected to induce scratches, while impact will create local pits. To evaluate the proposed surface analysis approach, two aluminium 6061 samples that were used in previous vibratory finishing tests were re-analysed. In additional to the coherent scanning interferometric areal surface measurements, high speed imaging, particle imaging velocimetry, and computational fluid dynamics models of the media flow around the workpiece is available to verify the media-workpiece interaction modes suggested by the surface analysis approach. By verifying the effectiveness of the approach via the previous imaging and modelling efforts, it becomes possible to understand the nature of the workpiece media-interaction in regions of the vibratory finishing bowl that are not accessible by imaging techniques, i.e., near the bottom of the bowl. The approach can successfully isolate media related pit marks and scratches while also providing information regarding the direction of media motion across the workpiece surface and insights on the nature of the local media pressure fields conditions.
When Altruism is Worse than Anarchy in Nonatomic Congestion Games

We seek to understand the fundamental mathematics governing infrastructure-scale interactions between humans and machines, particularly when the machines' intended purpose is to influence and optimize the behavior of the humans. To that end, this paper investigates the worst-case congestion that can arise in nonatomic network congestion games when a fraction of the traffic is completely altruistic (e.g., benevolent self-driving cars) and the remainder is completely selfish (e.g., human commuters). We study the worst-case harm of altruism in such scenarios in terms of the perversity index, or the worst-case equilibrium congestion cost resulting from the presence of altruistic traffic, relative to the congestion cost which would result if all traffic were selfish. We derive a tight bound on the perversity index for series-parallel network congestion games with convex latency functions, and show three facts: First, the harm of altruism is maximized when exactly half of the traffic is altruistic, but it gracefully vanishes when the fraction of altruistic traffic approaches either 0 or 1. Second, we show that the harm of altruism is linearly increasing in a natural measure of the “steepness” of network latency functions. Finally, we show that for any nontrivial fraction of altruistic traffic, the harm of altruism exceeds the price of anarchy associated with all-selfish traffic: in a sense, partial altruism is worse than complete selfishness.
The Beginning of History and the University

The word “truth” features prominently in the mission statements of the International Association of Universities, the United Nations, and other post-World War II organizations. “Truth” also appears in the official mottoes of many universities: Harvard’s simple Veritus (“Truth”), National University of the South’s elegant Ardua Veritatem (“Through the difficulties to the truth”), Pontificia Universidade Catolica de Campinas’ celebratory Fide Splendet et Scientia (“May it shine with truth and knowledge”), Tianjin University’s practical (“seeking truth from facts”). Yet, “truth” is an elusive concept. This essay argues that a new history of the university and truth is required. A new history of truth will explore the idea from pluralistic perspectives, not the monolithic and all-powerful “Truth” of the twentieth century and those centuries before it.
Learning Structure from Visual Semantic Features and Radiology Ontology for Lymph Node Classification on MRI.

Medical image classification (for example, lesions on MRI scans) is a very challenging task due to the complicated relationships between different lesion sub-types and expensive cost to collect high quality labelled training datasets. Graph model has been used to model the complicated relationship for medical imaging classification successfully in many previous work. However, most existing graph based models assumed the structure is known or pre-defined, and the classification performance severely depends on the pre-defined structure. To address all the problems of current graph learning models, we proposed to jointly learn the graph structure and use it for classification task in one framework. Besides imaging features, we also use the disease semantic features (learned from clinical reports), and predefined lymph node ontology graph to construct the graph structure. We evaluated our model on a T2 MRI image dataset with 821 samples and 14 types of lymph nodes. Although this dataset is very unbalanced on different types of lymph nodes, our model shows promising classification results on this challenging datasets compared to several state of art methods.
Quantification of RuBisCO Expression and Photosynthetic Oxygen Evolution in Cyanobacteria

Phototrophic microorganisms are frequently engineered to regulate the expression and the activity of targeted enzymes of interest for specific biotechnological and agricultural applications. This protocol describes a method to evaluate the expression of RuBisCO (ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) in the model cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, at both the transcript and protein levels by quantitative PCR and Western blot, respectively. We further describe an experimental method to determine photosynthetic activity using an oxygen electrode that measures the rate of molecular oxygen production by cyanobacterial cultures. Our protocol can be utilized to assess the effects of RuBisCO engineering at the metabolic and physiological levels.
La analogía negativa en la morfología del participio de pasado: el caso excepcional de roto

This paper analyzes the unexpected change in the form of the past participle of the verb romper in the history of Spanish. We examine the factors that contributed to the triumph of roto, to the detriment of rompido, the form accepted in the standard register until the 18th century. We propose the concept of negative analogy to account for the social devaluation of the form rompido as a result of its association with other historically stigmatized analogical participles. To support our proposal, we also consider the case of proveer, whose historical development demonstrates the vicissitudes of the standardization process
Rater Reliability of the Functional Movement Screen: An Evidence-to-Practice Review

The purpose of this evidence-to-practice review is to summarize a systematic review on the inter- and intrarater reliability of the Functional Movement Screen (FMS). Reliability is crucial to the FMS, as clinicians may retest to view a patient’s changes and improvements in movement patterns. This review and analysis looked at 7 studies which showed that both inter- and intrarater reliability were good. Studies were only included if the primary focus was on inter- and intrarater reliability. Clinicians had varying levels of familiarity with the FMS process. Athletic training students with less than one year to no experience were found to have poor reliability. The findings also supported that clinicians who treated the same patient would have similar results about 80% of the time. The same clinician completing several screenings with the different patient would have reliable results about 85% of the time. Interrater reliability is an important aspect to a clinician’s ability to monitor progress or modifications that a patient may exhibit. Overall, the FMS has good inter- and intrarater reliability and can be a predictor of injury risk and mobility. For both inter- and intrarater reliability to improve, it is beneficial for clinicians to have clinical experience and practice using the test to aid in accurate scoring. Certification in FMS is a way to develop repetition training from a reliable source, but it is unclear from these studies if certification changes reliability. The FMS screening serves as a useful tool because it allows for unlimited testing, video recordings for patient education or additional clinician evaluation, and is reliable among clinicians. We suggest that components of the FMS be used clinically for injury prevention, such as pre-participation exams and return-to-play criteria for injuries if scored by a formally trained clinician with experience assessing patient functional movement.
Introduction to Two-Particle Interferometry

Ordinary interferometry employs beams of particles -- photons, electrons, neutrons, and possible other particles — but the phenomena which it studies arise when two amplitudes associated with a single particle combine at a locus. When the single particle is characterized by a quantum state, the two amplitudes have a definite phase relation. The variation of the relative phase as one or more parameters vary gives rise to the familiar inter-ferometric “fringe” pattern, which characteristically is sinusoidal.
Mappings and Linear Stability

Certain topological considerations can facilitate our visualization and consequent understanding of multiply periodic motion. They lead naturally to a set of difference equations, i.e., a mapping of the dynamical trajectory onto a subspace of the system phase space. These mappings allow easy numerical visualization of the motion for problems of two degrees of freedom. Moreover, mathematical proofs concerned with the existence of various types of orbits and theoretical and numerical calculations of stochastic behavior can usually be approached most conveniently from the equations of a mapping. One the other hand, as we have seen in Chapter 2, regular motion is often conveniently described in terms of differential equations. Conversion of (Hamilton’s) differential equations into mappings, and vice versa, are common devices for calculating the motion of most nonlinear dynamical systems.
Competition for 800 service: An economic evaluation

Abstract This article generically identifies the economic criteria that determine market power and applies them to the provision of 800 service. Despite the comparatively late growth of competition, this market segment is currently capable of supporting effective competition. There is vigorous and socially healthy rivalry among new and incumbent 800 service providers. Hence the merits of current regulatory policies towards 800 service are in considerable doubt and need to be re-evaluate.
Documents Versus Econometrics in Staples

In this paper, we discuss the econometric models put forward by both sides in the FTC v. Staples case and explore why those models canceled each other out, leaving the documents to play a central role in the court's decision.
The Social Stigma of Menstruation: Fact or Fiction?:

In a study examining the effects of a social stigma on impression management concerns, 28 menstruating and 30 nonmenstruating women were interviewed by a male confederate who either was or was not aware of their menstrual condition. Relative to menstruating women who thought the interviewer was unaware of their menstrual condition, menstruating women who believed that the interviewer knew they were menstruating perceived that the interviewer liked them less, yet were less motivated to make an impression on him. Nonmenstruating women reported more self-presentational motivation and perceived that the interviewer viewed them more positively than he did the menstruating women. These results suggest that the interviewer's knowledge of their menstrual condition inhibited menstruating women's self-presentational motivation. Implications of this social stigma for interpersonal relationships are discussed.
Fast Time Response Electromagnetic Disruption Mitigation Concept

An important and urgent issue for ITER is predicting and controlling disruptions. Tokamaks and spherical tokamaks have the potential to disrupt. Methods to rapidly quench the discharge after an imp...
Homogeneous Amplification and Variant Detection by Fluorescent Hybridization Probes

Over the past 5 years, there has been substantial progress in sequencing the human genome and identifying clinically significant genes (1). Genes that are clinically significant are diagnostic or prognostic for disease and/or helpful in guiding treatment. Unknown gene mutations, resulting from germline or somatic DNA alterations, are initially defined by direct sequencing. Other methods that detect specific mutations can then be used for higher throughput. Recently developed instrumentation and techniques for genotyping combine PCR and fluorescent hybridization probes for homogeneous amplification and product analysis within 1 h (2)(3)(4)(5). The target is amplified from genomic DNA by rapid-cycle PCR (6) with all the reagents needed for genotyping present from the beginning of the reaction. After 15–20 min, PCR is completed and the instrument automatically begins a melting curve protocol. Fluorescence is acquired continuously as the reaction is slowly heated and genotypes are identified by their characteristic melting curves. Because amplification and genotyping occur in the same instrument in a closed tube format, there is no concern of contamination by previously amplified product. Hybridization probes are oligonucleotides that are singly labeled with a donor or acceptor fluorophore. During probe/target hybridization, these fluorophores are brought into close proximity and fluorescence resonance energy transfer occurs. Two hybridization probe schemes for fluorescent resonance energy transfer have been developed (3)(5). One method uses a 3′-labeled hybridization probe designed to anneal to a PCR strand …
Interspecies modeling of inhaled particle deposition patterns

Abstract To evaluate the potential toxic effects of ambient contaminants or therapeutic effects of airborne drugs, inhalation exposure experiments can be performed with surrogate laboratory animals. Herein, an interspecies particle deposition theory is presented for physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. It is derived to improve animal testing protocols. The computer code describes the behavior and fate of particles in the lungs of human subjects and a selected surrogate, the laboratory rat. In the simulations CO 2 is integrated with exposure chamber atmospheres, and its concentrations regulated to produce rat breathing profiles corresponding to selected levels of human physical activity. The dosimetric model is used to calculate total, compartmental (i.e. tracheobronchial and pulmonary), and localized distribution patterns of inhaled particles in rats and humans for comparable ventilatory conditions. Perhaps most importantly regarding dose delivery, the computer program is used to determine distributions on an airway-by-airway basis throughout human and rat lungs. In this format, calculated particle deposition patterns are related to focal lesions observed experimentally. Likewise, topical fluid dynamics profiles (e.g. the laryngeal jet) are correlated with deposition hot spots and clinically observed sites of lung carcinomas. Implementation of the model will permit toxicologic and pharmacologic exposure tests to be conducted in a manner conducive for the accurate extrapolation of animal data to man. The model, therefore, is complementary to surrogate testing. Computational details are presented which stress the applications of the interspecies deposition model. Results indicate that physiologically comparable ventilatory levels do not necessarily yield similar dose distributions. For example, inhalation exposures with the resting rat may not simulate the resting human, depending upon specific particle sizes examined and the resolution of deposition patterns demanded by the investigator (i.e. whether total, compartmental or localized distributions are of most importance). However, it is demonstrated that the model can be used to predetermine the exposure conditions necessary to produce particle deposition efficiency patterns in rats that are equivalent to those in humans at prescribed physical activities.