cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-invasive stroke volume measurement and passive leg raising predict volume responsiveness in medical ICU patients: An observational cohort study

The assessment of volume responsiveness and the decision to administer a fluid bolus is a common dilemma facing physicians caring for critically ill patients. Static markers of cardiac preload are poor predictors of volume responsiveness, and dynamic markers are often limited by the presence of spontaneous respirations or cardiac arrhythmias. Passive leg raising (PLR) represents an endogenous volume challenge that can be used to predict fluid responsiveness. Medical intensive care unit (ICU) patients requiring volume expansion were eligible for enrollment. Non-invasive measurements of stroke volume (SV) were obtained before and during PLR using a transthoracic Doppler ultrasound device prior to volume expansion. Measurements were then repeated following volume challenge to classify patients as either volume responders or non-responders based on their hemodynamic response to volume expansion. The change in SV from baseline during PLR was then compared with the change in SV with volume expansion to determine the ability of PLR in conjunction with SV measurement to predict volume responsiveness. A total of 102 fluid challenges in 89 patients were evaluated. In 47 of the 102 fluid challenges (46.1%), SV increased by ≥15% after volume infusion (responders). A SV increase induced by PLR of ≥15% predicted volume responsiveness with a sensitivity of 81%, specificity of 93%, positive predictive value of 91% and negative predictive value of 85%. Non-invasive SV measurement and PLR can predict fluid responsiveness in a broad population of medical ICU patients. Less than 50% of ICU patients given fluid boluses were volume responsive.
Seaweed diversity enhances nitrogen uptake via complementary use of nitrate and ammonium

The consequences of declining biodiversity remain controversial, in part because many studies focus on a single metric of ecosystem functioning and fail to consider diversity's integrated effects on multiple ecosystem functions. We used tide pool microcosms as a model system to show that different conclusions about the potential effects of producer diversity on ecosystem functioning may result when ecosystem functions are measured separately vs. together. Specifically, we found that in diverse seaweed assemblages, uptake of either nitrate or ammonium alone was equal to the average of the component monocultures. However, when nitrate and ammonium were available simultaneously, uptake by diverse assemblages was 22% greater than the monoculture average because different species were complementary in their use of different nitrogen forms. Our results suggest that when individual species have dominant effects on particular ecosystem processes (i.e., the sampling effect), multivariate complementarity can arise if different species dominate different processes. Further, these results suggest that similar mechanisms (complementary nutrient uptake) may underlie diversity-functioning relationships in both algal and vascular-plant-based systems.
Anti-Atomism about Color Representation

According to anti-atomism, we represent color properties (e.g., red) in virtue of representing color relations (e.g., redder than). I motivate anti-atomism with a puzzle involving a series of pairwise indistinguishable chips. I then develop two versions of anti-atomism.
Implementation of a Cooperative Navigation Algorithm on a Platoon of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles

Time-synchronized acoustic data transmissions can be used to calculate the relative range between underwater vehicles. Relative range, along with other information shared over the communication link, can be used for cooperative navigation. The low bandwidth and latency of the acoustic channel do not allow for a direct implementation of a standard Kalman filter for cooperative navigation. Specifically, there is insufficient bandwidth to share the data needed to accurately propagate the estimation error covariance matrix. Instead, we share only a scalar function of the main diagonal elements of the covariance matrix. We present analysis that suggests this is a reasonable approach and experimental results that demonstrate its efficacy.
Central Arterial Aging and Angiotensin II Signaling

Arterial remodeling over time is a cornerstone of normal systemic aging. The age-associated arterial structural and functional changes in the intima, the media, and the adventitia are closely linked to angiotensin II (Ang II) signaling. A growing line of evidence indicates that essential elements of Ang II signaling, which encompasses milk fat globule epidermal growth factor-8, calpain-1, transforming growth factor-β1, matrix metalloproteinase-2/9, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase, and reactive oxygen species, are upregulated within the central arterial wall in rats, nonhuman primates, and humans during aging. In vitro studies show that the elevation of Ang II signaling induces the accumulation of collagen and advanced glycated end-products, the degradation of elastin, and the increased cell cycle disorder, invasion, and hypertrophy of endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. Further, in vivo studies demonstrate that increased Ang II signaling accelerates arterial aging. Conversely, attenuating Ang II signaling via an inhibition of angiotensin conversing enzyme or a blockade of AT1 activation retards age-associated arterial remodeling. This review attempts to integrate complex facts of Ang II signaling within the aged central arterial wall and may shed light on new therapeutic targets for arterial aging.
A generic framework of user attention model and its application in video summarization

Due to the information redundancy of video, automatically extracting essential video content is one of key techniques for accessing and managing large video library. In this paper, we present a generic framework of a user attention model, which estimates the attentions viewers may pay to video contents. As human attention is an effective and efficient mechanism for information prioritizing and filtering, user attention model provides an effective approach to video indexing based on importance ranking. In particular, we define viewer attention through multiple sensory perceptions, i.e. visual and aural stimulus as well as partly semantic understanding. Also, a set of modeling methods for visual and aural attentions are proposed. As one of important applications of user attention model, a feasible solution of video summarization, without fully semantic understanding of video content as well as complex heuristic rules, is implemented to demonstrate the effectiveness, robustness, and generality of the user attention model. The promising results from the user study on video summarization indicate that the user attention model is an alternative way to video understanding.
Tuning mechanical properties of nanocomposites with bimodal polymer bound layers

We show that a bound layer composed of short and long chains can be exploited to regulate the elastic moduli of bulk polymer nanocomposites at same particle loadings and dispersion states. The bound layer thickness on particles with high coverage of long chains is reduced with oscillatory deformation in a model attractive nanocomposite system. Reversibility of the bound layer is, thus, possible for the short chains in the interphase. Compositional dynamic heterogeneity in the interphase has subsequent effects on the fragility of composites. With increasing amount of adsorbed long chains, the fragility index systematically improves from moderate to high values. Our results suggest that the interphase layer between adsorbed chains and free matrix directly governs the reinforcement in poly(methyl methacrylate)–silica nanocomposites and can be dynamically altered under large shear.
Instruction for Web Searching: An Empirical Study

Users searching the Web have difficulty using search engines and developing queries. Searches tend to be simple, and Boolean operators are used infrequently and incorrectly. Users also are unaware that search engines operate differently from other information retrieval systems. Yet, there is little research on effective instructional methods for teaching users how to search the Web. Research has looked at instructional methods for other types of information retrieval, but these systems differ a great deal from the Web. The purpose of this study was to determine what undergraduate students know about search engines and to examine instructional treatments to aid searchers in using a search engine.
Crystallization-induced reactions of copolymers. IV. Ester-interchange reorganization of poly(ethylene terephthalate-co-2-methylsuccinate)

The application of ester-interchange reactions to the crystallization-induced reorganization of random to block copolymers, which was demonstrated in the previous paper of this series, was followed quantitatively in this investigation. Structural changes based upon dyad compositions in copolyesters of terephthalic acid and 2-methylsuccinic acid with ethylene glycol were determined by high-resolution NMR. Sequence length distributions so calculated were related to the effects of copolymer composition, catalyst concentration, and reaction temperature on the rate of the ordering process and to the effect of structure on crystalline properties.
The behaviour of mosquitoes in relation to humans under holed bednets: the evidence from experimental huts

The physical integrity of bednets is a concern of national malaria control programs, as it is a key factor in determining the rate of replacement of bednets. It is largely assumed that increased numbers of holes will result in a loss of protection of sleepers from potentially infective bites. Experimental hut studies are valuable in understanding mosquito behaviour indoors, particularly as it relates to blood feeding and mortality. This review summarises findings from experimental hut studies, focusing on two issues: (i) the effect of different numbers or sizes of holes in bednets and (ii) feeding behaviour and mortality with holed nets as compared with unholed nets. As might be expected, increasing numbers and area of holes resulted in increased blood feeding by mosquitoes on sleepers. However, the presence of holes did not generally have a large effect on the mortality of mosquitoes. Successfully entering a holed mosquito net does not necessarily mean that mosquitoes spend less time in contact with the net, which could explain the lack in differences in mortality. Further behavioural studies are necessary to understand mosquito behaviour around nets and the importance of holed nets on malaria transmission.
Effective X-ray elastic constant measurement for in situ stress measurement of biaxially strained AA5754-O

Abstract Accurate measurement of stresses by X-ray diffraction requires accurate X-ray elastic constants. Calibration experiments are one method to determine these for a specific material in a specific condition. In this paper, uniaxial tension experiments are used to investigate the variation of these constants after uniaxial and equal-biaxial plastic deformation for an aluminum alloy (AA5754-O) of interest to the automotive industry. These data are critical for accurate measurement of the biaxial mechanical properties of the material using a recent experimental method combining specialized sheet metal forming equipment with portable X-ray diffraction equipment. The measured effective X-ray elastic constants show some minor variation with increased plastic deformation, and this behavior was found to be consistent for both uniaxially and equal-biaxially strained samples. The use of two average values for effective X-ray elastic constants, one in the rolling direction and one transverse to the rolling direction of the sheet material, is shown to be of sufficient accuracy for the combined tests of interest. Comparison of uniaxial data measured using X-ray diffraction and standard methods show good agreement, and biaxial stress–strain results show good repeatability. Additionally, the calibration data show some non-linear behavior, which is analyzed in regards to crystallographic texture and intergranular stress effects. The non-linear behavior is found to be the result of intergranular stresses based on comparison with additional measurements using other X-ray diffraction equipment and neutron diffraction.
A GENERALIZATION OF SUPERSOLVABILITY

In this paper we consider a generalization of supersolvability called groups of polycyclic breadth n for n ≥ 1, we see that a number of well known results for supersolvable groups generalize to groups of polycyclic breadth n. This generalization of supersolvability is especially strong for the groups of polycyclic breadth 2.
Expecting Too Much and Too Little of Lawyers

The regulation of lawyers’ behavior remains a controversial topic. Over the past hundred years, the organized bar has engaged in a number of efforts to generate rules governing lawyers’ conduct. Still, prominent lawyers and jurists, the public media, and legal scholars perceive an ongoing decline in the profession’s ethics.
A MODIFIED GROWTH CURVE MODEL AND ITS APPLICATION TO CLINICAL STUDIES

Summary This paper considers a technique for applying growth curve analysis to data which are correlated across different groups. The method is illustrated using a study comparing three methods of suctioning an endotracheal tube.
Mutual information based registration of multimodal stereo videos for person tracking

Research presented in this paper deals with the systematic examination, development, and evaluation of a novel multimodal registration approach that can perform accurately and robustly for relatively close range surveillance applications. An analysis of multimodal image registration gives insight into the limitations of assumptions made in current approaches and motivates the methodology of the developed algorithm. Using calibrated stereo imagery, we employ maximization of mutual information in sliding correspondence windows that inform a disparity voting algorithm to demonstrate successful registration of objects in color and thermal imagery. Extensive evaluation of scenes with multiple objects at different depths and levels of occlusion shows high rates of successful registration. Ground truth experiments demonstrate the utility of the disparity voting techniques for multimodal registration by yielding qualitative and quantitative results that outperform approaches that do not consider occlusions. A basic framework for multimodal stereo tracking is investigated and promising experimental studies show the viability of using registration disparity estimates as a tracking feature.
Is a Refrigerator Good or Evil? The Moral Evaluation of Everyday Objects

Certain objects such as family heirlooms are often treated as if they have intrinsic moral qualities, including sacredness and infinite value. Other objects such as instruments of torture are often seen as inherently repellent. Do people also evaluate more mundane objects such as refrigerators as morally good or bad? Here we explore the nature and scope of moral object evaluation through two experiments that asked participants to rate how morally good or bad a large set of familiar objects were. We find that (a) everyday objects tend to be seen as morally positive and (b) unlike mere liking, the moral evaluation of objects is positively linked to the age and political conservatism of the participants. These findings are discussed in relation to research on automatic evaluation, mere exposure effects, and the relationship between affective states and moral judgments.
Efficient Perovskite Hybrid Photovoltaics via Alcohol-Vapor Annealing Treatment

In this work, alcohol-vapor solvent annealing treatment on CH3NH3PbI3 thin films is reported, aiming to improve the crystal growth and increase the grain size of the CH3NH3PbI3 crystal, thus boosting the performance of perovskite photovoltaics. By selectively controlling the CH3NH3I precursor, larger-grain size, higher crystallinity, and pinhole-free CH3NH3PbI3 thin films are realized, which result in enhanced charge carrier diffusion length, decreased charge carrier recombination, and suppressed dark currents. As a result, over 43% enhanced efficiency along with high reproducibility and eliminated photocurrent hysteresis behavior are observed from perovskite hybrid solar cells (pero-HSCs) where the CH3NH3PbI3 thin films are treated by methanol vapor as compared with that of pristine pero-HSCs where the CH3NH3PbI3 thin films are without any alcohol vapor treatment. In addition, the dramatically restrained dark currents and raised photocurrents give rise to over ten times enhanced detectivities for perovskite hybrid photodetectors, reaching over 1013 cm Hz1/2 W−1 (Jones) from 375 to 800 nm. These results demonstrate that the method provides a simple and facile way to boost the device performance of perovskite photovoltaics.
An Open Heart, an Open Mind: An Interview With Dr. Cheri Smith

Dr. Cheri Smith has been a distinguished and contributing member of the Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counseling (ASERVIC) for over 20 years. Dr. Smith's commitment as well as advocacy for ASERVIC and the counseling profession is remarkable. The purpose of this article is to highlight Dr. Smith's contributions to ASERVIC through an interview that focuses on her inspirations and influences; involvement in various leadership roles; and views on ASERVIC's past, present, and future.
The effect of alphanapthylthiourea (ANTU)-induced acute injury on lung binding of antibody to angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE).

The effects of ANTU-induced acute pulmonary capillary injury on lung and serum ACE functional activity and the specific accumulation of radio- labelled anti-ACE in lung were explored. Rats were injected either with ANTU or the solvent and sacrificed at various intervals up to one week after injection. All ANTU-injected animals developed pulmonary edema and bilateral pleural effusions which resolved by the one week time point. At no time was there any significant change in serum ACE levels. The specific activity of total lung ACE however rose from 11.0±.95 (mean±SEM) to 18.4±1.1 by two hours after ANTU; by 24 hours, however, solubilized lung ACE had fallen significantly to 6.9±.79 (p<.01). Total lung ACE had returned to control values by one week. In parallel groups of animals the accumulation of 125I- labelled anti-ACE (AA) or normal sheep immunoglobulin (NSG) was compared in control and ANTU-treated rats. The ratio of the radioactivity in the lungs of AA - injected animals to that in NSG - injected animals fell significantly after ANTU administration (5.0±.88 to 1.2±.28 at 2 hours) suggesting that immunoreactive ACE had fallen despite an increase in ACE functional activity. The decreased binding of AA at the early time points perhaps reflects internalization of endothelial cell ACE in response to injury and an inability of the antibody to interact with the enzyme. The reduction in binding at 24 hours (1.38±.47) correlates with a reduction in total lung ACE. ANTI-ACE may be a useful reagent for quantitating endothelial cell damage following lung injury.
Differences in Initial Hemodialysis Vascular Access Use Among Glomerulonephritis Subtypes in the United States.

Background The type of vascular access used for hemodialysis affects patient morbidity and mortality. Whether vascular access types differ by glomerulonephritis (GN) subtype in the US hemodialysis population has not been investigated. Study Design Cross-sectional observational study. Setting & Participants We identified all adult (aged ≥ 18 years) patients within the US Renal Data System who initiated hemodialysis therapy from July 2005 through December 2011 with a diagnosis of end-stage renal disease attributed to any of 4 primary (focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, immunoglobulin A nephropathy [reference group], membranous nephropathy, and membranoproliferative GN) or 2 secondary (lupus nephritis and vasculitis) GN subtypes. Predictor GN subtype. Outcomes ORs with 95% CIs for arteriovenous fistula versus central venous catheter (CVC) use and for arteriovenous graft versus CVC use were computed using multinomial logistic regression, with adjustment for demographic, socioeconomic, comorbidity, and duration of nephrology care covariates. Results Among 29,015 patients, CVC use at initiation of hemodialysis therapy was substantially higher in patients with lupus nephritis (89.2%) or vasculitis (91.2%) compared with patients with primary GN subtypes (72.7%-79.8%). After adjustment and compared with patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy, patients with lupus nephritis or vasculitis were as likely to have used an arteriovenous graft (ORs of 0.94 [95% CI, 0.70-1.27] and 0.80 [95% CI, 0.56-1.13], respectively) but significantly less likely to have used an arteriovenous fistula (ORs of 0.66 [95% CI, 0.57-0.76] and 0.54 [95% CI, 0.45-0.63], respectively), whereas patients with any comparator primary GN subtype were at least as likely to have used either of these 2 access types. Limitations Potential misclassification of exposure; residual confounding by unmeasured covariates; inability to determine causes of observed associations; lacking longitudinal data for vascular access use. Conclusions Significant differences in vascular access distributions at initiation of hemodialysis therapy are apparent among GN subtypes. The unacceptably high use of CVCs in patients with lupus nephritis and vasculitis is particularly concerning. Further studies are needed to identify any potentially modifiable factors underlying these findings.
Vanadium(V) Complexes of 2,2‘-Thiobis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol) (H2mbp2S) and 2,2‘-Sulfinylbis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol) (H2mbp2SO)

The sulfide-containing ligand 2,2‘-thiobis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol), H2mbp2S, coordinates facially to vanadium forming six-coordinate alkoxide- (1) or hydroxide-bridged (2) dimers that have been structurally characterized. 51V NMR indicates that structural isomers are present. Electrochemical studies indicate that the metal centers in 1 are strongly coupled (Kcom ≈ 105). The corresponding sulfoxide, H2mbp2SO, coordinates to vanadium(V) to form a six-coordinate complex with a 2:1 L:M stoichiometry. Under the conditions of this study, direct oxygenation of the coordinated sulfide in 1 and 2 has not been observed. Crystal data for 1 (C55H74O8S2V2): space group R-3, a = 35.6184(2) A, b = 35.6184(2) A, c = 13.52170(10) A, α, β = 90°, γ = 120°, Z = 18. Crystal data for 2 (C26H35N2O4SV): space group P2(1)/n, a = 13.2894(2) A, b = 12.9652(2) A, c = 16.3639(2) A, α,γ = 90°, β = 102.43°, Z = 4. Crystal data for 3 (C50H70O7S2V): space group P-1, a = 9.1567(5) A, b = 13.9314(8) A, c = 19.7196(11) A, α = 79.146...
A Longitudinal Examination of Work-Life Balance in the Collegiate Setting

Context: The literature regarding work-life balance (WLB) is plentiful, particularly in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I collegiate setting due to its demanding nature as def...
Extracurricular Design-Based Learning: Preparing Students for Careers in Innovation*

Government and industry depend on educational institutions to play a pivotal role in preparing the future workforce for careers ininnovation. Yet students learn how to innovate through practice, and opportunities for practice are limited in higher education.This paper addresses this challenge by presenting a new student-led approach to innovation education called ExtracurricularDesign-Based Learning. This model allows students to practice innovating solutions to authentic, pro-social, and local challenges inan extracurricular setting. This paper provides an overview of the model and its implementation in Design for America atNorthwestern University. Findings from surveys, daily diaries, interviews, and observations suggest that students build innovationself-efficacy through successful task completion, social persuasion, and vicarious learning in communities of practice with clients,peers, industry professionals, and faculty. Further, students report achievement in learning outcomes outlined by the AccreditationBoard for Engineering and Technology.
Low Temperature Hydrothermal Synthesis of Nanophase BaTiO3 and BaFe12O19 Powders

Nanocrystalline powders with an average particle size of 50 nm has been synthesized in two materials systems under hydrothermal conditions below 100°C. Processing variables, such as temperature, concentration and molar ratio of reactants and reaction time were optimized to obtain particles of reduced size and stoichiometric compositions. Hydrothermal reaction takes place between Ba(OH) 2 solution and titanium/iron precursors in sealed polyethylene bottles in the BaTiO 3 and BaFe 12 O 19 systems, respectively. While crystalline BaTiO 3 forms relatively fast within a few hours, formation of fully crystalline and stoichiometric BaFei20i9 require considerably longer reaction times up to several weeks and strongly dependent on the Ba:Fe ratio of the precursors. The structural and compositional evaluation of the nanophase powders were studied by XRD and TEM techniques.
Efficacy of lumacaftor-ivacaftor for the treatment of cystic fibrosis patients homozygous for the F508del-CFTR mutation.

ABSTRACTCystic fibrosis (CF) results from mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, which codes for the CFTR channel protein. The most common mutation in CF is F508del, which produces a misfolded protein with diminished channel activity. The development of small-molecule CFTR-modulator compounds offers an exciting and novel approach for pharmacological treatment of CF. The corrector lumacaftor helps rescue F508del-CFTR to the cell surface, and potentiator ivacaftor increases F508del-CFTR channel activity. The combination of lumacaftor-ivacaftor (Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated) represents the first FDA-approved therapy for CF patients with two copies of the F508del mutation. Although this combination therapy is the first treatment to directly target the F508del-CFTR mutation, patients taking this drug displayed only modest improvements in lung function. This article summarizes recent data from clinical trials and research discoveries relating to the lumacaftor-ivacaftor trea...
Information Technology Systems

At its core, clinical informatics applies information technology (IT) to health care delivery. Moreover, clinical IT systems can often become the external ‘face’ of informatics as well as informaticians. Therefore clinical informaticians need to understand IT fundamentals so they can establish strategies for designing, developing and implementing IT systems into clinical settings. This chapter walks readers through IT fundamentals, including: representing data, software development, and conceptualizing networks. The chapter reviews the fundamentals, highlights current methods as well as tools available as both purchased and open-source software, and provides informaticians with guidance on strategies for choosing the right combination of these artifacts.
The WTO ruling on the United States’ flavoured cigarettes ban

The ‘legalisation’ of international affairs has attracted significant scholarly attention over the last several decades. This chapter highlights a ‘counter-legalisation’ problem: some legalised regimes couple high levels of delegated authority with high treaty imprecision. This empowers international regimes to fill in textual gaps in ways that states did not intend and do not control. Over time, these regimes increasingly refer to their own case law and logic, but as a consequence may create resistance to compliance. But this does not make ‘legalised’ entities irrelevant. Their formal determinations continue to exist, serving as a justificatory resource for domestic groups interested in aligning local policy with global determinations. The result is a potential ‘legalisation pendulum’. This chapter argues that public interest advocacy (such as efforts to regulate tobacco) is particularly susceptible to being curtailed by these pendulum effects. It explores a case study of this effect. In 2011 and 2012, a WTO Panel and the Appellate Body (‘AB’) ruled against aspects of the US Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act (‘FSPTCA’). Indonesia successfully argued before the WTO that the US policy of banning clove (mostly imported from Indonesia) as a characterising cigarette flavour — while allowing (mostly US-produced) menthol flavourings — constituted discrimination under Article 2.1 of the WTO’s Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (‘TBT’). Commentators have noted that two compliance options would be either to weaken the FSPTCA by allowing cloves or to eliminate differential treatment by banning menthols. Many observers and US policymakers — who appeared to engage in a prolonged balancing act of competing interests to pass and implement the legislation — have responded by criticising the WTO decisions for being out of step with health and regulatory prerogatives. As a consequence, the prospect for near-term US compliance to Indonesia’s satisfaction appears to be remote. I argue that these outcomes should not be surprising. The lack of strong principal-agent controls by states on WTO adjudicators leads to overreaching decisions. As a result, powerful states simply cannot comply when they lose to weaker states and do not wish to change challenged policies. However, tobacco regulations — public interest regulations with a weak and dispersed base of domestic support — are the type of policy that we might expect to be vulnerable to legalised regimes like the WTO over the longer term.
Active versus passive learning: perceptions of undergraduate nursing students

Background: Knowledge of student learning style preference offers a format for nurse educators to effectively provide classroom instruction. Student learning style was identified based on self-disclosed responses on the VARK 7.8 to include visual, kinesthetic, read-write, or auditory. Method: Undergraduate nursing students, enrolled in the didactic portion of a required maternal / child course, completed a self-report tool that determined their learning style preference. Data, which allowed each student participant to describe their satisfaction with course presentation, were collected immediately after a class was conducted using (1) passive and (2) active teaching strategies. Results: The majority of study participants were visual in their learning style. Each type of learner reported a preference for active teaching strategies, yet this preference dissipated among kinesthetic learners. Conclusion: Learning style has an effect on course presentation preference. Inclusion of student learning preference may influence the development of critical thinking skills.
The Research and Improvement of IDS Snort

With the development of computer network,netwnork secrity is more and more important,the thesis research the IDS: snort,then testify the efficiency and usability
PRINS for the Detection of Unique Sequences

Primed in situ labeling (PRINS) can be used to localize single-copy genes and unique sequences. Using a modified PRINS method that incorporates multiple primers for the same sequence, single-step annealing and extension, anti-Taq DNA polymerase antibody, and stringent washing, we localized the human SRY gene to Yp11.31-p11.32 in chromosome preparations in situ. Locus-specific oligonucleotide probes (i.e., PRINS primers) were annealed to chromosomal DNA fixed on glass slides and extended in the presence of the four trinucleotide precursors, biotin-16-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate, Tris-HCl, KCl, MgCl2, bovine serum albumin, and Taq DNA polymerase. After reaction with avidin-conjugated fluorophores, the resulting signals could be visualized by fluorescence microscopy in metaphase spreads and in interphase nuclei. This method could prove useful for unique sequences in general.
Functional Human and Murine Tissue-Engineered Liver Is Generated From Adult Stem/Progenitor Cells

Liver disease affects large numbers of patients, yet there are limited treatments available to replace absent or ineffective cellular function of this crucial organ. Donor scarcity and the necessity for immunosuppression limit one effective therapy, orthotopic liver transplantation. But in some conditions such as inborn errors of metabolism or transient states of liver insufficiency, patients may be salvaged by providing partial quantities of functional liver tissue. After transplanting multicellular liver organoid units composed of a heterogeneous cellular population that includes adult stem and progenitor cells, both mouse and human tissue-engineered liver (TELi) form in vivo. TELi contains normal liver components such as hepatocytes with albumin expression, CK19-expressing bile ducts and vascular structures with α-smooth muscle actin expression, desmin-expressing stellate cells, and CD31-expressing endothelial cells. At 4 weeks, TELi contains proliferating albumin-expressing cells and identification of β2-microglobulin-expressing cells demonstrates that the majority of human TELi is composed of transplanted human cells. Human albumin is detected in the host mouse serum, indicating in vivo secretory function. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric analysis of mouse serum after debrisoquine administration is followed by a significant increase in the level of the human metabolite, 4-OH-debrisoquine, which supports the metabolic and xenobiotic capability of human TELi in vivo. Implanted TELi grew in a mouse model of inducible liver failure. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2017;6:238-248.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Oxidation of Aluminum Nanoparticles using the ReaxFF Reactive Force Field

We performed ReaxFF-molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the oxidation of aluminum nanoparticles (ANPs) at three different temperatures (300, 500, and 900 K) and two different initial oxygen densities (0.13 and 0.26 g/cm3) to elucidate the mechanism of oxidation kinetics of the ANPs and to study the oxidation states in the oxide layer. Our result shows that the mechanism of the oxidation of the ANPs is as follows: hot-spots and high-temperature areas are created by adsorption and dissociation of oxygen molecules on the surface of the ANPs; void spaces are generated because of hot-spots and high-temperature areas; the void spaces significantly lower a reaction barrier for oxygen diffusion (by up to 92%) and make this process exothermic. Subsequently, an oxide layer is developed by this accelerated oxygen diffusion. Our results also indicate that the oxidation of the ANPs depends on combined effects of the temperature and the oxygen gas pressure because such conditions have effects on not only the oxide l...
Postencephalitic Tourette Syndrome

A six year old girl who developed a Tourette-like syndrome following herpes encephalitis is reported from the Division of Child Neurology, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC and Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
Major accident modelling using spare data

In the field of risk and reliability analysis, the information available to acquire probabilities is usually insufficient (i.e. scarce, little). Utilizing a variety of information sources introduces many uncertainties associated with risk estimation. This is an obstacle in the prediction of major accidents which have significant consequences for human life and the environment, in addition to incurring financial losses. In order to get reasonable results and to support decision making in a cost effective manner, there is a need to aggregate the relevant data from different regions, operational conditions and different sectors (e.g. chemical, nuclear or mining). In this paper, a methodology is developed considering Hierarchical Bayesian Analysis (HBA) as a robust technique for event frequency estimation. Here, HBA is able to treat source-to-source uncertainty among the aggregated data for each event and provide a precise value for the parameter of interest (e.g. failure rate, probability or time to failure). The estimated event’s parameter is reintegrated via probabilistic modelling techniques such as Bowtie analysis to estimate the probability of major accidents. The application of the proposed methodology to risk analysis is illustrated using a case study of an offshore major accident and its effectiveness is demonstrated over the traditional statistical estimators. The results illustrate that the developed methodology assists in making better estimates of the probabilities when dealing with sparse data. The ability to update the primary event and safety barrier probabilities as new data becomes available further enhances its usefulness.
Electrical tuning of single-mode terahertz quantum-cascade lasers operating at high temperatures

An electrical tuning method for terahertz quantum-cascade lasers (QCLs) is developed based on detuned intersubband absorption in coupled metallic microcavities, which works even at high operating temperatures. Continuous 4 GHz tuning for a single-mode narrow-beam 3.57 THz QCL operating at ∼ 50 K in a Stirling cryocooler is demonstrated.
Monoubiquitinated FANCD2 Is Both Necessary and Sufficient for Mitomycin C Resistance in the Absence of a Functional Fanconi Anemia Core Complex.

Monoubiquitination of the Fanconi anemia (FA) protein, FANCD2, is necessary for resistance to MMC/DEB-induced chromosomal breakage, which is the diagnostic feature of Fanconi anemia. The upstream Fanconi proteins FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL are necessary for FANCD2 monoubiquitination and Fanconi pathway function. We posed the question whether FANCD2 monoubiquitination is sufficient to restore the Fanconi pathway function in the absence of the upstream FA proteins. We constructed a chimeric monoubiquitinated FANCD2 protein by fusing the FANCD2 cDNA sequence contiguously (in-frame) with a ubiquitin coding sequence. This FANCD2-ubiquition fusion protein (D2-ubi) was stably expressed in FANCD2 − / −, FANCA − / −, FANCC − / −, and FANCG − / − human patient-derived cell lines. D2-ubi expression corrected the MMC hypersensitivity of these FA cell lines in the absence of a functional upstream FA core complex. By western blot analysis, the D2-ubi protein migrated at a slower rate than the endogenous monoubiquitinated FANCD2 protein, consistent with its higher molecular mass. An even slower migrating D2-ubi form (D2-ubi-L) was detectable in cells harboring an intact Fanconi core protein complex (i.e., FA-D2 cells) but was absent in cells lacking functional Fanconi proteins FANCA, FANCC, or FANCG. These results indicate the D2-ubi can be further monoubiquitinated on lysine 561, but only in the presence of an intact FA complex. Furthermore, D2-ubi-L was upregulated in response to DNA damage in transfected FA-D2 and wild type cells. Like endogenous FANCD2, D2-ubi formed nuclear foci in the presence of the upstream Fanconi core complex. In the absence of the FA core complex, D2-ubi was localized diffusely throughout the nucleus, but unlike endogenous FANCD2, D2-ubi was retained within the nucleus following detergent permeabilization of FA-A, FA-C, and FA-G cells. These results further support the epistatic relationship of the FA genes in a linear pathway. In summary, these data indicate that a constitutively monoubiquitinated FANCD2 polypeptide is able to bypass defects in the upstream FA core complex to restore Fanconi pathway function. These studies identify FANCD2 ubiquitination as a potential therapeutic target for patients lacking the upstream FA core complex.
IP6K1 Reduces Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell Fitness and Potentiates High Fat Diet‐Induced Skeletal Involution

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are the predominant source of bone and adipose tissue in adult bone marrow and play a critical role in skeletal homeostasis. Age-induced changes in bone marrow favor adipogenesis over osteogenesis leading to skeletal involution and increased marrow adiposity so pathways that prevent MSC aging are potential therapeutic targets for treating age-related bone diseases. Here, we show that inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1 (Ip6k1) deletion in mice increases MSC yields from marrow and enhances cell growth and survival ex vivo. In response to the appropriate stimuli, Ip6k1-/- versus Ip6k1+/+ MSCs also exhibit enhanced osteogenesis and hematopoiesis-supporting activity and reduced adipogenic differentiation. Mechanistic-based studies revealed that Ip6k1-/- MSCs express higher MDM2 and lower p53 protein levels resulting in lower intrinsic mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels as compared to Ip6k1+/+ MSCs, but both populations upregulate mitochondrial ROS to similar extents in response to oxygen-induced stress. Finally, we show that mice fed a high fat diet exhibit reduced trabecular bone volume, and that pharmacological inhibition of IP6K1 using a pan-IP6K inhibitor largely reversed this phenotype while increasing MSC yields from bone marrow. Together, these findings reveal an important role for IP6K1 in regulating MSC fitness and differentiation fate. Unlike therapeutic interventions that target peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and leptin receptor activity, which yield detrimental side effects including increased fracture risk and altered feeding behavior, respectively, inhibition of IP6K1 maintains insulin sensitivity and prevents obesity while preserving bone integrity. Therefore, IP6K1 inhibitors may represent more effective insulin sensitizers due to their bone sparing properties. Stem Cells 2017;35:1973-1983.
Multidimensional stability analysis of the phase-field method for fracture with a general degradation function and energy split.

A local physical stability criterion for multidimensional fracture problems modeled by the phase field method is developed and studied. Stability analysis provides a rigorous mathematical way to determine the onset of an unstable damage growth and fracture of the structure. In this work, stability is determined by examining the roots of a characteristic equation that arise when a linear perturbation technique is applied to the instantaneous partial differential equation system in a general viscoplastic material. It is shown that such analysis is not limited to a particular degradation function or energy split and could therefore be applied to a wide range of cases. Numerical results are presented to verify the theoretical predictions assuming quadratic and cubic degradation functions. Additionally we show that this stability criterion can be directly expanded to 2D with robust mesh-insensitive predictive capabilities with respect to crack nucleation and path. Several numerical examples are presented to verify these results.
Theory of quantum error-correcting codes

Quantum error correction will be necessary for preserving coherent states against noise and other unwanted interactions in quantum computation and communication. We develop a general theory of quantum error correction based on encoding states into larger Hilbert spaces subject to known interactions. We obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for the perfect recovery of an encoded state after its degradation by an interaction. The conditions depend only on the behavior of the logical states. We use them to give a recovery-operator-independent definition of error-correcting codes. We relate this definition to four others: the existence of a left inverse of the interaction, an explicit representation of the error syndrome using tensor products, perfect recovery of the completely entangled state, and an information theoretic identity. Two notions of fidelity and error for imperfect recovery are introduced, one for pure and the other for entangled states. The latter is more appropriate when using codes in a quantum memory or in applications of quantum teleportation to communication. We show that the error for entangled states is bounded linearly by the error for pure states. A formal definition of independent interactions for qubits is given. This leads to lower bounds on the number of qubits required to correct e errors and a formal proof that the classical bounds on the probability of error of e-error-correcting codes applies to e-error-correcting quantum codes, provided that the interaction is dominated by an identity component.
Temporal Effects of Message Congruency on Attention to and Recall of Pictorial Health Warning Labels on Cigarette Packages.

Objectives Recent research has shown that message congruency is beneficial to recall of pictorial health warning label (PWL) content after initial exposure. Despite less attention to the text warning, smokers exposed to congruent PWLs were more likely to recall the text and the message. This study aimed to replicate these findings and to examine whether congruency also affects recall after multiple exposures over time. Methods A total of 320 daily smokers (39.7% female; cigarettes/day: M = 15.31, SD = 7.15) were randomized to one congruent or incongruent PWL and attended 4 laboratory sessions over 10 days. During each session, eye movements were recorded while viewing the PWL and open-ended recall of label content was assessed after exposure. Results Smokers who were exposed to a congruent PWL were more likely to recall the text (p = .01) and the message (p = .02) and less likely to recall the image (p = .003) of the PWL after initial exposure. By day 4, incongruent PWLs were recalled equally well as congruent PWLs. Independent of condition, image recall was initially high and remained high whereas text and message recall was relatively low initially but increased over time. It was not until day 7 that about 80% of text and message recall was observed. Conclusions Even when exposed to the same PWL over time, smokers require multiple exposures to recall the text and the message of a PWL. More research on the effects of congruency in the natural environment, where smokers are exposed to multiple PWLs, is needed. Implications The findings of this study, and of previous work showing that message congruency in PWLs is beneficial to initial recall of PWL content, could potentially help to address legal challenges regarding the implementation of PWLs in the United States. Factually correct text warnings have been uncontested on US cigarettes packages since 1966. Congruent PWLs simply provide a means to visually support the same information as the existing text using a medium that better garners attention to the health information. Investigating and understanding longer-term effects of congruency are important and can empirically inform future warning label development, both in the United States via the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, and via other governing bodies.