cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cymatherelactone and cymatherols A−C, polycyclic oxylipins from the marine brown alga Cymathere triplicata

An investigation of the oxylipin chemistry of the temperate brown alga Cymathere triplicata led to the isolation of several secondary metabolites, cymatherelactone (1) and cymatherols A−C (2–4), the latter as their methyl ester derivatives (5–7), which contained cyclopentyl, cyclopropyl, epoxide and lactone rings. Their structures were elucidated using a combination of spectroscopic techniques and synthetic chemistry. Cymatherelactone (1), as well as R- and S-Mosher’s esters of its seco acid, exhibited moderate sodium channel blocking activity.
Simple procedure for including vibrational effects in the calculation of electron-molecule cross sections

The widely used rigid-rotor approximation of low-energy electron-molecule scattering theory neglects completely the vibrational motion of the target. The errors this approximation introduces into calculated elastic and rotational-excitation cross sections are larger than other sources of imprecision in present state-of-the-art electron-molecule collision studies. We have applied an alternative to the rigid-rotor approximation: an extremely simple vibrational averaging of the interaction potential. This procedure reintroduces effects due to the zero-point vibrational motion without incurring in the solution of the Schroedinger equation computational demands beyond those of a rigid-rotor calculation. Tests on {ital e}-H{sub 2} and {ital e}-N{sub 2} scattering demonstrate the improved accuracy and computational efficiency that results from vibrational averaging.
Synthesis of Unsymmetrically Substituted Hexahydroimidazo [4,5-d] Imidazole-2,5-diones and Elucidation of Reaction Pathways

Abstract We have reported the synthesis and structural elucidation of a series of hexahydroimidazo [4,5-d] imidazole-2,5-diones and hydantoins from glyoxal and substituted ureas.1,2 The general equation of this condensation reaction and a few representative compounds: those reported, current and hypothetical, are depicted in Scheme 1.
Origins of species: acquired genomes and individuality

Entire genomes with their accompanying protein synthetic systems are transferred throughout the biosphere primarily as bacteria and protists which become symbionts as they irreversibly integrate into pre-existing organisms to form more complex individuals. Individualization is stabilized by simultaneous transmission of once-separate heterologous genetic systems. The origin of new species is hypothesized to correlate with the acquisition, integration and subsequent inheritance of such acquired microbial genomes. These processes were recognized by Mereschkovsky ("Symbiogenesis" in Russian, 1909) and by Wallin ("Symbionticism", see p. 181, this issue).
Neurospora mutants with mitochondria deficient in dihydroxy acid dehydratase. Properties of dihydroxy acid dehydratase from mutant strain 332.

Abstract Dihydroxy acid dehydratase from iv-1 mutant strain 332 of Neurospora crassa has been found to differ from the wild-type enzyme with respect to heat-inactivation, pH-dependence, and kinetics. These findings suggest that the altered structure of this enzyme is the basic defect hindering its incorportation into mitochondria.
Time-dependent quantum statistical inequalities

The following is established. Any system having a temporal evolution which is determined by its Hamiltonian and which has an initial statistical operator that is a completely monotonic function of a given nonnegative and time-independent observable will evolve in time so that the expectation value of that observable is never less than the initial value. In a suitable time-averaged sense, for systems having time-independent Hamiltonians, the velocity and acceleration of the expectation value are shown to be nonnegative. The results obtained depend in no way on the system being macroscopic. A theorem dealing with the energy of a system and another dealing with the virial of a system are derived to illustrate the use of the time-dependent inequalities.
New Method of Search for Low-Frequency Gravitational Waves

It is proposed to search for low-frequency components of gravitational waves by attempting to detect intensity fluctuations of light that has traveled over transmission paths crossed by gravitational waves.
Endogenous centers: A simple departure from the NUE model

The model departs from the new urban economics (NUE) by allowing a single economic agent (a G-agent, e.g., a corporate headquarters) to contact every location with equal frequency: the G-agent is allowed to travel in every direction. A NUE-like assumption requires all other agents to contact the G-agent, in which case, the G-agent must locate at the center; i.e., the CBD is necessarily endogenous. The evolution of subcenters begins with growth in demand which raises the level of bid rents by enough to outbid agriculture. After one agent moves to the suburbs, interdependency among agents insures that the incipient suburban center becomes more attractive to other agents.
Calling while driving: effects of providing remote traffic context

Cell phone conversations distract drivers. This research explores the possibility of reducing distracting by providing callers with remote information about the driver's traffic. We asked whether providing such contextual information would change the caller's conversation such that drivers would be less distracted. In Experiment 1 we examined this question in a low-fidelity driving simulator; in Experiment 2 we examined this question in a higher fidelity simulator. In both experiments, remote callers and passengers were distracting. Providing traffic information to the remote caller significantly reduced crashes in the low fidelity tests and significantly reduced passing in the high fidelity tests, compared with the control conditions. We consider the implications for development of remote displays or signals to promote driving safety.
Morbidity and Mortality in Late Preterm and Early Term Newborns: A Continuum

Late preterm and early term infants are at higher risk for short-term and long-term morbidities and mortality than term infants. Such outcomes are influenced by many factors, the strongest of which is gestational age. Counseling and educating women and families about risks of late preterm and early term births is helpful for timing and route of delivery, managing the pregnancy and infant, and prognosticating outcomes for infants.
α1-Adrenergic and α2-adrenergic balance in the dorsal pons and gross behavioral activity of mice in a novel environment

Central α1- and α2-adrenoceptors in a number of different brain regions are known to have opposing actions on gross behavioral activity, with the former stimulating and the latter inhibiting activity. Therefore, blockade of α1-receptors may induce inactivity by leading to unopposed α2 activity. The aim of this study was to test if central blockade of α2-receptor function restores behavioral activity in α1-receptor-blocked mice. Dose-response studies were undertaken on the effects of α1- and α2-agonists and antagonists microinjected into the dorsal pons on gross behavioral activity in a novel cage test. The behavioral inactivity resulting from blockade of α1-receptors in the pons with the antagonist, terazosin, was reversed by either a low dose of an α2-antagonist, atipamezole, or a low dose of an α2-agonist, dexmedetomidine, but was exacerbated by a high dose of the α2-agonist. The results support the hypothesis that blockade of α1-receptors in the dorsal pons of mice produces inactivity by causing unopposed activity of α2-receptors. This condition may be relevant to inactive states seen after stress or during depressive illness.
Alterations in opiate receptor binding in MPTP-induced hemiparkinsonian monkeys

Quantitative autoradiography was used to study [3H]naloxone binding in the striatum of normal monkeys and monkeys made hemiparkinsonian by the unilateral infusion of the neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). The density of [3H]naloxone binding sites was significantly higher in the caudate and putamen on the MPTP-treated side of hemiparkinsonian monkeys, as compared with binding on the untreated side and in the striatum of normal monkeys. A more extensive patchy distribution of binding sites was evident throughout the striatum on the MPTP-treated side than seen in the striatum of the untreated side or in normal striatum.
Optimum sampling of Fresnel transforms

The opportunity to process signals in domains other than the time or frequency domains arises naturally in coherently illuminated optical systems that produce Fourier transforms. It is well known that N samples are sufficient to represent the information content in the object, image, and Fourier planes. We extend these results to show that we can accurately represent the intensity signal in any Fresnel plane of a coherently illuminated optical system with exactly N samples, provided that we use a specified nonuniform sampling technique.
Campus Foodservice Attributes and their Effects on Customer Satisfaction, Image, and Word-of-mouth

This study examines a research framework incorporating relationships among selected campus foodservice attributes, image, customer satisfaction, and effects of these on word-of-mouth (WOM) communication. Mediating roles of image and customer satisfaction in the relationship between the campus food service attributes and WOM are also investigated. Results confirm that students have high expectation and a variety of needs from campus foodservice that go beyond the mere consumption of food. Among the campus foodservice attributes, food quality, price value, service quality, and menu variety had significant and positive effects on WOM. However, the foodservice attributes appear to have different effects on image, satisfaction, and students' intention to recommend, respectively.
Row Spacing, Hybrid, and Plant Density Effects on Corn Silage Yield and Quality

Considerable interest exists in New York for narrow row corn (Zea mays L.) silage production because farmers, who converted from 30- to 15-in. row spacing, report yield increases of 3 to 4 tons/acre. We evaluated eight hybrids at densities of 18 000, 24 000, 30 000, 36 000, and 42 000 plants/acre in 1994, 1995, and 1996 to compare yield, quality, and economics of corn silage production at 15- and 30-in. row spacings. When averaged across years, hybrids, and densities, corn silage yielded 24.9 tons/acre at 15 in. and 23.9 at 30 in. row spacing. Row spacing × hybrid and row spacing × plant density interactions did not exist. When averaged across years, hybrids, and row spacings, maximum economic yields occurred at about 39 500 plants/acre. In vitro true digestibility (IVTD), however, had a 0.1% decrease and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) had a 0.13% increase per 1000 plant/acre increase. Consequently, estimated maximum economic milk yield occurred at about 35 000 plants/acre. Partial budget analyses indicated that farmers who produce 200 acres of corn silage might expect a slight loss in annual net farm income (-$696) with the conversion from 30- to 15-in. row spacing. Farmers, who produce 400 and 800 acres of silage, might expect modest ($3116) and significant gains ($11 624) in annual net farm income, respectively. We have initiated field-scale trials on a dairy farm to further assess the potential for narrow row corn silage production in New York.
Comparison of culture, cytotoxicity assays, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for toxin A and toxin B in the diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-related enteric disease

Clostridium difficile culture, test tube, and microtiter cytotoxicity assays, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for toxin A and toxin B, were simultaneously performed on 113 fresh diarrheal stool specimens randomly selected from those submitted to our clinical laboratory for routine C. difficile testing. The performance of these tests in diagnosing C. difficile-related enteric disease (CDRED) was based on a clinical assessment of the likelihood of CDRED as determined by a systematic review of case histories blinded from the test results. Among 61 antibiotic recipients, both the microtiter cytotoxicity assay and the toxin A ELISA were highly specific for CDRED (95% and 100%, respectively). Specificities for the other procedures were much lower (tube cytotoxicity assay, 79%; culture, 74%; and toxin B ELISA, 56%). The high sensitivities of the culture (89%) and toxin B ELISA (83%) were somewhat negated by their low specificities. The only test that was both specific and had acceptable sensitivity (78%) was the microtiter cytotoxicity assay. This study indicates that ELISAs for detection of C. difficile toxins are not as reliable as the cytotoxicity assay in the laboratory diagnosis of CDRED, and that clinical correlation is essential in the evaluation of any new test for CDRED.
Monte Carlo approach to sequential neutron emission from fission fragments

We have implemented a Monte Carlo simulation of fission fragment statistical decay by sequential neutron emission. Within this approach, we calculate the center-of-mass and laboratory prompt neutron energy spectra as a function of the mass of fission fragments and integrated over the whole mass distribution. We also assess the prompt neutron multiplicity distribution $P(\ensuremath{\nu})$, both the average number of emitted neutrons and the average neutron energy as a function of the mass of the fission fragments [respectively $\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}(A)$ and $\ensuremath{\langle}\ensuremath{\varepsilon}\ensuremath{\rangle}(A)$]. We investigate the average total energy available for prompt \ensuremath{\gamma}-ray emission as a function of the mass of the fission fragments ${\overline{E}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}(A)$. We also calculate neutron-neutron correlations such as the full matrix $\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}(A,\mathrm{TKE})$ as well as correlations between neutron energies. Two assumptions for partitioning the total available excitation energy among the light and heavy fragments are considered. Results are reported for the neutron-induced fission of $^{235}\mathrm{U}$ (at neutron energy of 0.53 MeV) and for the spontaneous fission of $^{252}\mathrm{Cf}$.
Signet ring cells in esophageal adenocarcinoma predict poor response to preoperative chemoradiation.

Background The purpose of this study was to examine the significance of signet ring cell histology to predict response to preoperative chemoradiotherapy in patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma. Methods Two groups of patients with locoregional esophageal adenocarcinoma treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiation and surgery were studied: those with signet ring cell adenocarcinoma (n = 85) and a reference group (n = 638) with usual and other types of adenocarcinoma. Surgical specimens were reviewed for degree of pathologic response and pathologic stage. Cox regression models were used to assess the effects of clinicopathologic variables on survival. Results Tumors from patients in the signet ring cell group had a lower rate of complete pathologic response (9% versus 26%, p p p = 0.003) and disease-free survival (16 versus 35 months, p = 0.007) were shorter in the signet ring cell group than in the reference group. Signet ring cell histology and high pathologic stage were significant predictors of decreased overall survival and disease-free survival. Survival durations for patients whose resected specimens showed downstaging after neoadjuvant chemoradiation did not significantly differ from survival durations of patients whose specimens did not show downstaging in the signet ring cell group, unlike the reference group. Conclusions Signet ring cell histology on pretreatment biopsy predicts a decreased likelihood of complete pathologic response and survival for patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma treated with preoperative chemoradiation and surgery.
Student and Employer Evaluation of Hiring Criteria for Entry-Level Marketing Positions

Marketing education has many facets, including recruiting students as marketing majors, educating students in marketing concepts and applications, and placing marketing graduates in the business wo...
Automatic recognition of Malicious intent indicators

A major goal of next-generation physical protection systems is to extend defenses far beyond the usual outer-perimeter-fence boundaries surrounding protected facilities. Mitigation of nuisance alarms is among the highest priorities. A solution to this problem is to create a robust capability to Automatically Recognize Malicious Indicators of intruders. In extended defense applications, it is not enough to distinguish humans from all other potential alarm sources as human activity can be a common occurrence outside perimeter boundaries. Our approach is unique in that it employs a stimulus to determine a malicious intent indicator for the intruder. The intruder's response to the stimulus can be used in an automatic reasoning system to decide the intruder's intent.
Open string Regge trajectory and its field theory limit

We study the properties of the leading Regge trajectory in open string theory including the open string planar one-loop corrections. With $SU(N)$ Chan-Paton factors, the sum over planar open string multiloop diagrams describes the 't Hooft limit $N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$ with $N{g}_{s}^{2}$ fixed. Our motivation is to improve the understanding of open string theory at finite ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ as a model of gauge field theories. $SU(N)$ gauge theories in $D$ space-time dimensions are described by requiring open strings to end on a stack of $N$ $\mathrm{D}p$-branes of space-time dimension $D=p+1$. The large $N$ leading trajectory $\ensuremath{\alpha}(t)=1+{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}t+\ensuremath{\Sigma}(t)$ can be extracted, through order ${g}^{2}$, from the $s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\infty}$ limit, at fixed $t$, of the four open string tree and planar loop diagrams. We analyze the $t\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ behavior with the result that $\ensuremath{\Sigma}(t)\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{-}C{g}^{2}(\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}t{)}^{(D\ensuremath{-}4)/2}/(D\ensuremath{-}4)$. This result precisely tracks the 1-loop Reggeized gluon of gauge theory in $Dg4$ space-time dimensions. In particular, for $D\ensuremath{\rightarrow}4$ it reproduces the known infrared divergences of gauge theory in 4 dimensions with a Regge trajectory behaving as $\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{ln}﻿(\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}t)$. We also study $\ensuremath{\Sigma}(t)$ in the limit $t\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\infty}$ and show that, when $Dl8$, it behaves as ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}t/(\mathrm{ln}﻿(\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}t){)}^{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$, where $\ensuremath{\gamma}g0$ depends on $D$ and the number of massless scalars. Thus, as long as $4lDl8$, the 1-loop correction stays small relative to the tree trajectory for $\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}t$ arbitrarily large. Finally we present the results of numerical calculations of $\ensuremath{\Sigma}(t)$ for all negative $t$.
Multigap structure in the cuprates

Abstract Some of the cuprate superconductors, especially Y1Ba2Cu3O7 are characterized by the presence of different overlapping energy bands. The short coherence length requires the introduction of a multigap structure for these materials. General properties of the two-gap model are described and several new results are presented. The model is characterized by several coupling constants and it requires an unconventional analysis particularly if we are concerned with the relation between the values of the gaps and the strength of the coupling. We find generally that one gap must be karger and the other smaller than in the single gap picture. Furthermore, strong coupling effects will decrease the relative difference in the values of the two gaps. We have applied these ideas to explain the NMR data as well as the anomalous critical temperature and magnetic field behavior of PrxY1−xBa2Cu3O7.
Conditional Heteroscedastic Time Series Models

Abstract Under the traditional linear time series or regression setting, the conditional variance of one-step-ahead prediction is time invariant. Experience in conjunction with data analysis, however, suggests that the variability of a process might well depend on the available information. This reality has motivated extensive research to relax the constant variance assumption imposed by the traditional linear time series model, and several classes of generalized parametric models designed specifically for handling nonhomogeneity of a process have been proposed recently. In particular, the random coefficient autoregressive (RCA) models were widely investigated by time series analysts and the autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic (ARCH) models were investigated by econometricians. The interesting fact is that the ARCH processes can be regarded as special cases of the RCA model. In this article, I first give the relationship between these two types of models and show that the special feature of these t...
Mechanism of Lithium Diisopropylamide-Mediated Substitution of 2,6-Difluoropyridine

Treatment of 2,6-difluoropyridine with lithium diisopropylamide in THF solution at -78 degrees C effects ortholithiation quantitatively. Warming the solution to 0 degrees C converts the aryllithium to 2-fluoro-6-(diisopropylamino)pyridine. Rate studies reveal evidence of a reversal of the ortholithiation and a subsequent 1,2-addition via two monomer-based pathways of stoichiometries [ArH*i-Pr(2)NLi(THF)](double dagger) and [ArH*i-Pr(2)NLi(THF)(3)](double dagger). Computational studies fill in the structural details and provide evidence of a direct substitution without the intermediacy of a Meisenheimer complex.
“Who Done It?” Attributions by Entrepreneurs and Experts of the Factors that Cause and Impede Small Business Success

Attribution theory deals with how individuals infer causality between events and has been used to explain various social psychological phenomena such as achievement, sex stereotyping, and the impact of reward on behavior. But the direct application of the theory to entrepreneurship has been made only recently. The present study tests for the existence of a self-serving attribution bias among entrepreneurs when they enumerate the factors that contribute to or impede their business success as well as for the presence of an actor–observer attribution bias. Three samples are compared. Two are samples of entrepreneurs: one of independent pharmacists and the other a broadly based sample of business owners. A third sample is of experts. The presence of a self-serving attribution bias is shown in the two business owners’ samples. In addition, clear differences are shown between the entrepreneurs and the experts, confirming the expectation of an actor–observer attribution bias.
Reviews of Nicholas Thomas’s Cook’s Sites, National Library of Australia, and Cook’s Pacific Encounters, National Museum of Australia

Patty O’Brien of the Center for Australian and New Zealand Studies, Georgetown University, Washington, reviews curator Nicholas Thomas’s Cook’s Sites , National Library of Australia, Canberra, and Cook’s Pacific Encounters , National Museum of Australia, Canberra, which was organised by the Honolulu Academy of Arts in association with the Institute of Cultural and Social Anthropology, University of Gottingen, and Art Exhibitions Australia. Cook’s Sites ran from March to June 2006. Cook’s Pacific Encounters ran from July to August 2006.
18F-FDG PET Scanning in Pulmonary Amyloidosis

18F-FDG PET plays an important role in the evaluation of patients with lung malignancies but can lead to false-positive and false-negative results. Very little is known about 18F-FDG PET scanning in amyloidosis. Methods: A computer-assisted search of medical records was conducted to identify subjects with pulmonary amyloidosis (confirmed by biopsy) who were seen at the Mayo Clinic during a 15-y period between January 1, 1997, and December 31, 2011, and had a PET scan available for current review. Results: Eighteen patients were diagnosed to have amyloidosis by lung biopsy (15 surgical, 2 transthoracic needle, and 1 bronchoscopic). The mean age of the patients was 64.8 y (range, 32–80 y). Seventeen patients had primary amyloidosis, including 5 with Sjogren syndrome, 1 with rheumatoid arthritis, and 1 with multiple myeloma. The most common abnormal findings on the chest CT scan were pulmonary nodules (n = 14), followed by cysts (n = 6) and reticular opacities (n = 4). Eight patients had positive 18F-FDG PET results (intrathoracic 18F-FDG uptake), including 4 patients with coexisting mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (maximal standardized uptake value [SUVmax] range, 3.1–6.7) and 1 patient with a pleural plasmacytoma (SUVmax, 7.2); the remaining 3 patients had amyloid only (SUVmax range, 2.1–3.2). Ten patients with negative PET results included 3 additional patients with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Conclusion: Positive 18F-FDG PET results, especially with an SUVmax of more than 3, in patients with pulmonary amyloidosis should raise suspicion about associated lymphoma or plasmacytoma, but negative PET results do not exclude the presence of such neoplasms.
Liapunov-Razumikhin pairs and the location of positive limit sets for precompact functional differential equations with infinite delay

IN A RECENT paper [l], Haddock and Terjeki addressed the problem of locating positive limit sets for autonomous functional differential equations with infinite delay. The authors obtained invariance principles and other results concerning asymptotic behavior of solutions by employing Liapunov-Razumikhin techniques. The autonomous nature of the equations they considered was central to their work. The purpose of this paper is to extend their results to a class of nonautonomous equations. Such a task was undertaken for finite delay equations in [2]. Here, as in [2], the assumption of autonomy is replaced by a continuity condition, and our invariance principles involve limiting equations of our original equation. We feel that the setting for our theory is quite natural, and that our methods illustrate the role of limiting equations in extending results from the autonomous theory to a significantly larger class of equations. Several examples are given to illustrate our techniques.
Fictions of Loss in the Victorian Fin De Siecle: Strange cases, common fates: degeneration and fiction in the Victorian fin de siècle

HOOLIGANS AND FLESHLY POETS To begin, consider two essays written by the Scottish literary journalist Robert Buchanan. Both invoke degeneration in order to condemn a popular author, though the authors condemned could hardly be less alike. In December 1899 Buchanan attacked Rudyard Kipling in “The Voice of the Hooligan,” inaugurating a by now familiar line of Kipling criticism. “The Voice of the Hooligan” linked Kipling's literary ascendancy with the rise of militant jingoism and lamented the barbarizing effects of both on British culture. Kipling's “exaltation to a position of almost unexampled popularity,” Buchanan argued, could be accounted for only by the fact that “in his single person [he] adumbrates…all that is most deplorable, all that is most retrograde and savage, in the restless and uninstructed Hooliganism of the time.” Late-Victorian fears of the “hooligan” drew heavily on middle-class portrayals of the urban poor as a degenerate race whose physical and psychological health had been irreparably damaged by modern city life. Buchanan extends this category to include those portions of the bourgeoisie whose appetites had likewise been brutalized by contemporary conditions. For Buchanan, the hooligan was the type of the modern degenerate, Kipling its most dangerous spokesman. His fiction pandered to “whatever is basest and most brutal” in modern man, quickening the decline of a once-great English people. Buchanan, when he is remembered, is sometimes remembered for this essay, though his name is more often linked with a piece published twentyeight years previous to it.
Spectroscopic signatures of halogens in clathrate hydrate cages. 1. Bromine.

We report the first UV−vis spectroscopic study of bromine molecules confined in clathrate hydrate cages. Bromine in its natural hydrate occupies 51262 and 51263 lattice cavities. Bromine also can be encapsulated into the larger 51264 cages of a type II hydrate formed mainly from tetrahydrofuran or dichloromethane and water. The visible spectra of the enclathrated halogen molecule retain the spectral envelope of the gas-phase spectra while shifting to the blue. In contrast, spectra of bromine in liquid water or amorphous ice are broadened and significantly more blue-shifted. The absorption bands shift by about 360 cm-1 for bromine in large 51264 cages of type II clathrate, by about 900 cm-1 for bromine in a combination of 51262 and 51263 cages of pure bromine hydrate, and by more than 1700 cm-1 for bromine in liquid water or amorphous ice. The dramatic shift and broadening in water and ice is due to the strong interaction of the water lone-pair orbitals with the halogen σ* orbital. In the clathrate hydrate...
Microarray Analysis of the Osmotic Stress Response in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Transcriptional profiling of Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown under steady-state hyperosmotic stress conditions showed an up-regulation of genes associated with osmoprotectant synthesis, putative hydrophilins, and the type III secretion system with associated cytotoxins. A large number of regulatory genes, including several two-component systems not previously known to be influenced by osmolarity, were differentially expressed by P. aeruginosa in immediate response to hyperosmotic shock.
Does Race Influence Police Disciplinary Processes

This article examines racial parity in the formal disciplinary system of the Philadelphia Police Department (PPD). Data drawn from a random sample of 499 Philadelphia police officers are linked to ...
Pathways leading to cell death in T cells

Abstract Antigen-induced apoptosis of T cells is a highly regulated process which plays a key role in the elimination of self-reactive cells and, thus, in the prevention of autoimmunity. It has recently become apparent that members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and TNF receptor (TNFR) superfamily regulate antigen-induced T-cell death. Studies characterizing genes which control TNF/TNFR superfamily expression and how TNF/TNFR signal transducers activate cell death machinery, such as caspases, have begun to reveal the molecular control of antigen-induced T-cell death.
Diversity in Combinations of Heterogeneous Classifiers

In this paper, we introduce the use of combinations of heterogeneous classifiers to achieve better diversity. Conducting theoretical and empirical analyses of the diversity of combinations of heterogeneous classifiers, we study the relationship between heterogeneity and diversity. On the one hand, the theoretical analysis serves as a foundation for employing heterogeneous classifiers in Multi-Classifier Systems or ensembles. On the other hand, experimental results provide empirical evidence. We consider synthetic as well as real data sets, utilize classification algorithms that are essentially different, and employ various popular diversity measures for evaluation. Two interesting observations will contribute to the future design of Multi-Classifier Systems and ensemble techniques. First, the diversity among heterogeneous classifiers is higher than that among homogeneous ones, and hence using heterogeneous classifiers to construct classifier combinations would increase the diversity. Second, the heterogeneity primarily results from different classification algorithms rather than the same algorithm with different parameters.
Invariance in decoupling of linear multivariable systems

Conditions for a decoupled system to remain decoupled for variations in the input and output matrices are discussed.
Philip of Harvengt and Anselm of Havelberg: The Premonstratensian Vision of Time

During the past two decades, a spate of interpretive studies has addressed the spirituality of regular canons in the twelfth century. Caroline Bynum's Docere Verbo et Exemplo, most notably, has established that there was a distinctive canonical perspective on medieval religious reform. In Bynum's work in particular, the works of two Augustinian canons of the Order of Premontre, Anselm of Havelberg (d. 1158) and Philip of Harvengt (d. 1183), figure importantly. Both Anselm and Philip—the one a bishop on the Slavic frontier and the other abbot of a double community in Brabant—were prominent apologists for their order's place among a proliferation of new religious groups. But recent scholarship has so far suggested no particular community of ideas between these two eminent twelfth-century Premonstratensians. Nor, more generally, has the ideology and spirituality of canons of their order, founded in 1121 by the Belgian nobleman Norbert of Xanten, been set clearly apart in more than name from the thought and practice of other groups of contemporary Augustinians.
Oxygen‐17 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of organosulfur compounds. Part III. 17O NMR lanthanide‐induced shifts (LIS) of diastereotopic oxygen atoms in trans‐2‐ [alkyl(aryl)sulfonyl]cyclohexanols

The 17O NMR diastereotopicity or chemical shift differences of diastereotopic sulfonyl oxygens in a series of trans-2-[alkyl(aryl)sulfonyl]cyclohexanols have been determined. From a comparison of their sulfonyl oxygen 17O NMR lanthanide-induced shifts, equilibrium distributions between diastereomeric sulfonyl oxygen-Eu(fod)3 complexes were determined and found to be sensitive to both the steric size of the –SO2R substituent as well as the proximity of the C1 hydroxyl group.
Diet and exercise performance in the horse.

The rate of energy expenditure in maximal physical activity is fifty times that occurring at rest. Thus, a consideration of the manipulation of diet to influence physical performance should enquire into dietary energy and its metabolism. It is self-evident that a failure to meet the horse’s energy requirements, as estimated by INRA (1990) and National Research Council (1989), will result in a chronic loss of body mass, debility and a decline in physical ability. In a survey of racing Standardbreds (STB) (Gallagher
Multimodality imaging of pulmonary function in the rodent

The high spatial and temporal resolution demands for imaging physiological function in the rodent call for the use of novel ways to combine information from different imaging modalities. This work describes ventilation imaging using hyperpolarized (HP) /sup 3/He magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and perfusion imaging using X-ray digital subtraction angiography (DSA). We illustrate the key steps needed to combine the complementary data from the two modalities to provide qualitative and quantitative information on gas exchange in the lungs. The results indicate that multimodality imaging of pulmonary function in small animals can provide functional information at higher spatial and temporal resolution compared to many traditional imaging techniques.
MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE TEST SCORES AS RELATED TO COURSES TAKEN IN HIGH SCHOOL AND OTHER FACTORS

For the 1980 sophomore cohort from High School and Beyond (National Opinion Research Center, 1983a, 1983b), a strong relation was found between senior-year mathematics achievement test score and the number of high school mathematics courses taken at the level of Algebra I and above. Unexpectedly, the relation was slightly stronger for courses the students reported taking than for courses as recorded on the student's high school transcript. The strength of relation was reduced but remained substantial after a covariance adjustment for student socioeconomic status (SES), sophomore-year verbal achievement test score, and sophomore-year mathematics test score. In contrast, the relation between senior-year science test score and the number of high school science courses taken was far weaker than for mathematics, both before and after covariance adjustment.
Web-enabled configuration and control of legacy codes: An application to ocean modeling

Abstract For modern interdisciplinary ocean prediction and assimilation systems, a significant part of the complexity facing users is the very large number of possible setups and parameters, both at build-time and at run-time, especially for the core physical, biological and acoustical ocean predictive models. The configuration of these modeling systems for both local as well as remote execution can be a daunting and error-prone task in the absence of a graphical user interface (GUI) and of software that automatically controls the adequacy and compatibility of options and parameters. We propose to encapsulate the configurability and requirements of ocean prediction codes using an eXtensible Markup Language (XML) based description, thereby creating new computer-readable manuals for the executable binaries. These manuals allow us to generate a GUI, check for correctness of compilation and input parameters, and finally drive execution of the prediction system components, all in an automated and transparent manner. This web-enabled configuration and automated control software has been developed (it is currently in “beta” form) and exemplified for components of the interdisciplinary Harvard ocean prediction system (HOPS) and for the uncertainty prediction components of the error subspace statistical estimation (ESSE) system. Importantly, the approach is general and applies to other existing ocean modeling applications and to other “legacy” codes.
Ontogeny of hyperphagia in the Zucker ( fa/fa) rat

The ontogeny of hyperphagic behavior in the Zucker fatty (fa/fa) rat was examined. Wild-type, +/fa, and fa/fa pups aged postnatal day 5 (P5), P9, P12, P15, and P18 were evaluated using a test that measured ingestive behavior independent of the dam. The independent ingestive test consisted of giving pups access to a test solution [half-and-half (cream and milk)] on a tissue on the floor of a test chamber for 20 min. The latency to ingest and the intake (weight gain and percent weight gain) were measured and normalized to +/fa littermates. Pups were tested once to eliminate any effects of test experience. fa/fa Pups ingested significantly more than lean pups (+/+ and +/fa) on P12, P15, and P18, but not on P5 or P9. The latencies of fa/fa pups did not differ significantly from the latencies of +/+ pups except on P18, when the latencies of fa/fa pups were significantly shorter. The latencies of +/fa pups were significantly longer than the latencies of fa/fa or +/+ pups on P5 and P12. These results demonstrate that hyperphagia in fa/fa rats emerges between P9 and P12 under the test conditions used.
Chapter 14 - Mean-Force Scoring Functions for Protein–Ligand Binding

Abstract The scoring function is one of the key issues in protein–ligand docking for structure-based drug design. Despite considerable success in the past decades, the scoring problem remains unsolved. Among various types of scoring functions that have been developed, mean-force scoring functions have received considerable attention and significant development due to their good balance between accuracy, universality, and computational speed. In this chapter, we have reviewed the recent advances in mean-force scoring functions for protein–ligand docking. We have also discussed challenges and possible future directions for improving mean-force scoring functions.
The World of Physical Therapy

Good evening, colleagues from around the world, invited guests, family, and friends. It is indeed my pleasure to welcome you to this World Confederation for Physical Therapy (WCPT) Congress. What a wonderful occasion it is for us to gather here for this 1995 Congress and for the United States to have the honor of serving as your host country. I, like so many of my American colleagues, have family roots in far-off shores, and we share much of the ancestral heritage that so many of you bring from your countries to this Congress. The WCPT—like all associations, confederations, or leagues before it—arose as a result of a vision and as a result of a need.…
A Spatial Majority Voting Technique to Reduce Error Rate of Physically Unclonable Functions

The Physically Unclonable Function (PUF) is a promising hardware security primitive with a wide range of applications, such as secure key generation, device authentication, IP protection, and hardware entangled cryptography. Due to their physical construction, PUF responses are inherently noisy. Error correction codes can be used to turn noisy PUF responses into keys or static values for these applications. However, a general construction of error correction is expensive and could introduce high entropy loss for PUFs with high error rates. Some PUF pre-processing techniques have been proposed, such as temporal majority voting and dark bit schemes, applied before error correction. In this paper, we introduce a simple and yet effective method to reduce PUF error rate called Spatial Majority Voting (SMV). The idea is to group PUF bits together to produce a single, more stable bit from the group. Experimental data show that SMV works very well, reducing the mean error rate from 6.5% to 0.3% with a group size of 9 on SRAM PUFs implemented in 65 nm CMOS. We also show that SMV can be combined with the dark bits method to further reduce the error rate to less than 0.01%, thus avoiding the need for expensive error correction schemes.
The GAAIN Entity Mapper: Towards Practical Medical Informatics Application

We discuss our work in progress towards the practical application of a system we have developed for automated schema mapping of medical datasets. While starting with a purely knowledge-driven approach to the schema mapping problem, based on information in data dictionaries, we are now incorporating machine-learning classification for determining mappings. We are further integrating the mapping system into a production medical informatics environment. We discuss our ongoing approach and progress in these areas, as well as current challenges.
Obducted nappe sequence in the San Juan Islands – northwest Cascades thrust system, Washington and British Columbia

The San Juan Islands – northwest Cascades thrust system in Washington and British Columbia is composed of previously accreted terranes now assembled as four broadly defined composite nappes stacked on a continental footwall of Wrangellia and the Coast Plutonic Complex. Emplacement ages of the nappe sequence are interpreted from zircon ages, field relations, and lithlogies, to young upward. The basal nappe was emplaced prior to early Turonian time (∼93 Ma), indicated by the occurrence of age-distinctive zircons from this nappe in the Sidney Island Formation of the Nanaimo Group. The emplacement age of the highest nappe in the thrust system postdates 87 Ma detrital zircons within the nappe. The nappes bear high-pressure – low-temperature (HP–LT) mineral assemblages indicative of deep burial in a thrust wedge; however, several features indicate that metamorphism occurred prior to nappe assembly: metamorphic discontinuities at nappe boundaries, absence of HP–LT assemblages in the footwall to the nappe pile, and absence of significant unroofing detritus in the Nanaimo Group. A synorogenic relationship of the thrust system to the Nanaimo Group is evident from mutually overlapping ages and by conglomerates of Nanaimo affinity that lie within the nappe pile. From the foregoing relations, and broader Cordilleran geology, the tectonic history of the nappe terranes is interpreted to involve initial accretion and subduction-zone metamorphism south of the present locality, uplift and exhumation, orogen-parallel northward transport of the nappes as part of a forearc sliver, and finally obduction at the present site over the truncated south end of Wrangellia and the Coast Plutonic Complex.
Influence of LaNiO3 as an Electrode on the Properties of Ferroelectric Oxides

An electrode plays an important role in realising a ferroelectric thin film as a potential memory device. We have investigated LaNiO3 (LNO) as a potential electrode material and evaluated the ferroelectric properties of oxide materials like strontium bismuth tantalate (SBT) and barium titanate(BT). We have successfully deposited epitaxial films of LNO on Pt coated Si(100) and LaAlO3 (LAO) substrates using the pulsed excimer laser deposition technique. We are able to grow high quality SBT and BT films on top of this LNO layer. The X-ray diffraction revealed the epitaxy of the LNO, SBT and BT films. The ferroelectric properties of SBTand BT were investigated using the RT66A ferroelectric tester.
From Nothing to Something: The Nuts and Bolts of Building a Mentoring Program in a Health Sciences College

In this paper, I report the development of a mentoring program in a College of Health Sciences comprised of schools of nursing, pharmacy, and health professions (which include physical therapy, speech pathology and audiology, applied psychology, and physician assistant programs) at a large private university. Although university-wide mentoring programs were in existence, no college-specific mentoring program was in place to address the professional development needs of the diverse tenure-track and non-tenure-track clinical faculty. In this manuscript, I highlight the importance of mentoring, identify issues specific to institutions with both tenure-track and non-tenure track faculty, and describe the building blocks of a mentoring program four years in the making. Year-by-year program components and evaluation data are included. The importance of faculty mentoring for professional development and academic success is emphasized.
Scaling of On-Demand Broadcast Scheduling in Stressed Networks

The United States is deploying the broadband wireless network for public safety and emergency response. While this will provide a foundational network when disasters or other emergencies appear, the network capacity could still be insufficient when large scale emergency events, such as earthquakes or flooding, happen. On-demand broadcast is a possible solution to address this situation, but its effectiveness remains unknown. In this paper, we aim to uncover the effectiveness of on-demand broadcast at different situations. Specifically, we study the scaling of average response time on the information requests with regard to the indicators of the content diversity–the number of distinct content files and the content popularity distribution. To achieve this goal, we first derive the lower bound of the average response time. We further investigate broadcast for streaming videos and uncover that parallel broadcast could have the same lower bound as the sequential broadcast under certain conditions. Based on the lower bound we derived, we evaluate the scaling of response time with regard to the number of files under different distributions. We further provide numerical results to demonstrate the accuracy of the approximation and the value of the lower bound on evaluating the optimality of a basic heuristic on-demand broadcast scheme.
Low Fuel Convergence Path to Direct-Drive Fusion Ignition.

A new class of inertial fusion capsules is presented that combines multishell targets with laser direct drive at low intensity ($2.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{14}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$) to achieve robust ignition. The targets consist of three concentric, heavy, metal shells, enclosing a volume of tens of $\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{g}$ of liquid deuterium-tritium fuel. Ignition is designed to occur well ``upstream'' from stagnation, with minimal pusher deceleration to mitigate interface Rayleigh-Taylor growth. Laser intensities below thresholds for laser plasma instability and cross beam energy transfer facilitate high hydrodynamic efficiency ($\ensuremath{\sim}10%$).