cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chronic morphine treatment enhances the negative and positive feedback effects of estradiol on gonadotropin secretion in ovariectomized rats.

Studies were undertaken to evaluate the effects of chronic morphine exposure on the negative and positive feedback effects of estradiol (E2) on LH and FSH secretion in ovariectomized rats. Two days of E2 exposure reduced at 1000 h and stimulated at 1600 h the serum LH concentration at each dose tested. Chronic exposure (4 days) to morphine enhanced both the inhibitory effects of E2 on LH secretion at 1000 h and E2 induction of the midafternoon surge in LH. A detailed time course of the afternoon LH response to E2 revealed that chronic morphine exposure advanced its time of onset and increased its magnitude. The response of FSH to E2 and the interaction between E2 and morphine on FSH secretion were similar to those observed for LH, albeit lower in magnitude. With extension of the E2 exposure period from 2 to 4 days, the synergistic interaction between E2 and morphine persisted for the negative, but not the positive, feedback action on LH. Chronic morphine exposure in ovariectomized rats, without E2 replace...
Osseous regeneration in the presence of four common hemostatic agents.

Abstract The iliac crest is a common site for bone procurement in oral and maxillofacial surgery. The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential for bone regeneration in the presence of four common hemostatic agents in a manner that parallels iliac bone procurement in humans. The agents evaluated were 1) Avitene (microfibrillar collagen; Medchem Products, Inc, Woburn, MA); 2) bone wax (beeswax with isopropyl palmitate; Ethicon, Inc, Somerville, NJ); 3) Gelfoam (absorbable gelatin sponge; The Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, MI); and 4) Surgical (oxidized regenerated cellulose; Johnson & Johnson Products, Inc, Patient Care Division, New Brunswick, NJ). Five surgical defects in each of four dogs were created for placement of the four materials; one defect served as an empty control site. The dogs were then allowed to heal over a 2-month period. Radiographic and histologic examination showed new bone formation in the presence of Avitene, Surgicel, and Gelfoam. Residual material incorporated in bone, without foreign-body response, was noted in the Avitene and Gelfoam sites. Bone wax, however, showed an intense foreign-body reaction, characterized by giant cells, plasma cells, fibrous granulation tissue, and lack of bone reformation. On the basis of these initial findings, it was concluded that Surgicel, Avitene, and Gelfoam may be adequate hemostatic agents for use in iliac bone procurement, whereas the use of bone wax appears to be contraindicated.
Theory of T 2 heat capacities of monolayer helium films

Heat capacities of adsorbed monolayers of He3and He4indicate that the dominant thermal excitations at low temperatures are phonons rather than single-particle modes when the films are near maximum density. A recent theoretical study of noninteracting particles adsorbed on a crystalline substrate yielded a two-dimensional band structure, and explored the thermodynamic properties of the single-particle modes. The theory is now extended to include the influence of hard-core interactions between the particles moving in the lowest band. Resembling the high-density approximations for liquid and solid helium, the hard-core interactions are shown to give rise to a collective zero-point kinetic energy from which a two-dimensional pressure and a compressibility are derived. The corresponding velocity of sound and phonon heat capacity are calculated in the weak-binding and tight-binding approximations. Comparison with experiment indicates that the weak-binding approximation is more appropriate and that it yields effective mass ratiosm*/m≅1.7 for the two isotopes at the experimental film densities. A novel feature of the tight-binding calculation that may be applicable to other experimental systems is the prediction of phase condensation for adsorbed gases of relatively small molecular diameter.
Allometries of the durations of torpid and euthermic intervals during mammalian hibernation: a test of the theory of metabolic control of the timing of changes in body temperature.

The durations of the intervals of torpor and euthermia during mammalian hibernation were found to be dependent on body mass. These relationships support the concept that the timing of body temperature changes is controlled by some metabolic process. Data were obtained from species spanning nearly three orders of magnitude in size, that were able to hibernate for over six months without food at 5°C. The timing of body temperature changes was determined from the records of copper-constantan thermocouples placed directly underneath each animal. Because all species underwent seasonal changes in their patterns of hibernation, animals were compared in midwinter when the duration of euthermic intervals was short and relatively constant and when the duration of torpid intervals was at its longest. Large hibernators remained euthermic longer than small hibernators (Fig. 2). This was true among and within species. The duration of euthermic intervals increased with mass at the same rate (mass0.38) that mass-specific rates of euthermic metabolism decrease, suggesting that hibernators remain at high body temperatures until a fixed amount of metabolism has been completed. These data are consistent with the theory that each interval of euthermia is necessary to restore some metabolic imbalance that developed during the previous bout of torpor. In addition, small species remained torpid for longer intervals, than large species (Fig. 3). The absolute differences between different-sized species were large, but, on a proportional basis, they were comparatively slight. Mass-specific rates of metabolism during torpor also appear to be much less dependent on body mass than those during euthermia, but the precision of these metabolic measurements is insufficient for them to provide a conclusive test of the metabolic theory. Finally, small species with high mass-specific rates of euthermic metabolism are under tighter energetic constraints during dormancy than large species. The data presented here show that, in midwinter, small species compensate both by spending less time at high body temperatures following each arousal episode and by arousing less frequently, although the former is far more important energetically than the latter.
The futurists' social responsibility

Abstract The fatalistic view that [the future] is unforeseeable and inevitable is being abandoned. It is being recognized that there are a multitude of possible futures and that appropriate intervention can make a difference in their probabilities. This raises the exploration of the future, and the search for ways to influence its direction, to activities of great social responsibility. This responsibility is not just an academic one, and to discharge it more than perfunctorily we must cease to be mere spectators in our own ongoing history, and participate with determination in molding the future. It will take wisdom, courage, and sensitivity to human values to shape a better world. But the time is short, for events move ever more rapidly. Now is the time to commit ourselves fully to the problems of the future of our society. 1
On the total cosmological information in galaxy clustering: an analytical approach

Beyond the linear regime of structure formation, part of cosmological information encoded in galaxy clustering becomes inaccessible to the usual power spectrum. "Sufficient statistics", A*, were introduced recently to recapture the lost, and ultimately extract all, cosmological information. We present analytical approximations for the A* and traditional power spectra as well as for their covariance matrices in order to calculate analytically their cosmological information content in the context of Fisher information theory. Our approach allows the precise quantitative comparison of the techniques with each other and to the total information in the data, and provides insights into sufficient statistics. In particular, we find that while the A* power spectrum has a similar shape to the usual galaxy power spectrum, its amplitude is strongly modulated by small scale statistics. This effect is mostly responsible for the ability of the A* power spectrum to recapture the information lost for the usual power spectrum. We use our framework to forecast the best achievable cosmological constraints for projected surveys as a function of their galaxy density, and compare the information content of the two power spectra. We find that sufficient statistics extract all cosmological information, resulting in an approximately factor of ~2 gain for dense projected surveys at low redshift. This increase in the effective volume of projected surveys is consistent with previous numerical calculations.
Classifying model-theoretic properties

In 2004 Csima, Hirschfeldt, Knight, and Soare (1) showed that a set AT 0 0 is nonlow2 if and only if A is prime bounding, i.e. for every complete atomic decidable theory T, there is a prime model M computable in A. The authors presented nine seem- ingly unrelated predicates of a set A, and showed that they are equivalent for ¢ 0 2 sets. Some of these predicates, such as prime bounding, and others involving equivalence struc- tures and abelian p-groups come from model theory, while others involving meeting dense sets in trees and escaping a given function come from pure computability theory. As predicates of A, the original nine properties are equivalent for ¢ 0 2 sets; however, they are not equivalent in general. This article examines the (degree-theoretic) relationship between the nine properties. We show that the nine properties fall into three classes, each of which consists of several equivalent properties. We also investigate the relationship between the three classes, by determining whether or not any of the predicates in one class implies a predicate in another class.
Dynamic pressurization induces transition of notochordal cells to a mature phenotype while retaining production of important patterning ligands from development

Introduction: Notochordal cells (NCs) pattern aneural and avascular intervertebral discs (IVDs), and their disappearance, is associated with onset of IVD degeneration. This study induced and characterized the maturation of nucleus pulposus (NP) tissue from a gelatinous NC-rich structure to a matrix-rich structure populated by small NP cells using dynamic pressurization in an ex vivo culture model, and also identified soluble factors from NCs with therapeutic potential. Methods: Porcine NC-rich NP tissue was cultured and loaded with hydrostatic pressure (0.5 to 2 MPa at 0.1 Hz for 2 hours) either Daily, for 1 Dose, or Control (no pressurization) groups for up to eight days. Cell phenotype and tissue maturation was characterized with measurements of cell viability, cytomorphology, nitric oxide, metabolic activity, matrix composition, gene expression, and proteomics. Results: Daily pressurization induced transition of NCs to small NP cells with 73.8%, 44%, and 28% NCs for Control, 1 Dose and Daily groups, respectively (P < 0.0002) and no relevant cell death. Dynamic loading matured NP tissue by significantly increasing metabolic activity and accumulating Safranin-O-stained matrix. Load-induced maturation was also apparent from the significantly decreased glycolytic, cytoskeletal (Vimentin) and stress-inducible (HSP70) proteins assessed with proteomics. Loading increased the production of bioactive proteins Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) and Noggin, and maintained Semaphorin3A (Sema3A). Discussion: NP tissue maturation was induced from dynamic hydrostatic pressurization in a controlled ex vivo environment without influence from systemic effects or surrounding structures. NCs transitioned into small nonvacuolated NP cells probably via differentiation as evidenced by high cell viability, lack of nitric oxide and downregulation of stress-inducible and cytoskeletal proteins. SHH, Sema3A, and Noggin, which have patterning and neurovascular-inhibiting properties, were produced in both notochordal and matured porcine NP. Results therefore provide an important piece of evidence suggesting the transition of NCs to small NP cells is a natural part of aging and not the initiation of degeneration. Bioactive candidates identified from young porcine IVDs may be isolated and harnessed for therapies to target discogenic back pain.
Luteal inhibition in the bovine as a result of oxytocin injections, uterine dilatation, and intrauterine infusions of seminal and preputial fluids.

Summary Four experiments were conducted in which the effects of oxytocin injections, uterine dilatations, and uterine infusions of raw semen and sediment obtained by centrifuging seminal and preputial fluids on luteal development and estrous cycle length were studied. The following conclusions were drawn: 1. Oxytocin injections in heifers during Days 3–6 inclusive of the estrous cycle shorten the cycle length to 8–12 days. 2. Oxytocin injections during the first six days of the estrous cycle similarly shorten the cycle length in mature lactating cows, but much larger doses are required. 3. Milk production declines in mature lactating cows while they are being injected with large amounts of oxytocin, and returns to approximately normal levels when the injections are stopped. 4. Uterine dilatation during the first seven days of the cycle causes a large proportion of cows and heifers so treated to have shortened estrous cycles which are often 8–12 days in length. 5. Infusion of 2–5 ml. of raw semen, or the sediment obtained by centrifuging raw semen and preputial fluids into the uterus of heifers at estrus, causes a large proportion of them to return to estrus between the sixth and thirteenth days of the cycle. 6. All three of these treatments result in marked inhibition of the development of the corpus luteum. In some cases, cystic corpora lutea result; in others, the corpora lutea are simply quite small. Relatively few normal functional luteal cells are present in either case. 7. These results suggest that the uterus plays an important role in regulating estrous cycle length and luteal development in the bovine. This mechanism may be an important factor in determining whether or not an embryo survives during the critical first 30 days of pregnancy.
Process Flexibility in Supply Chains

Process flexibility, whereby a production facility can produce multiple products, is a critical design consideration in multiproduct supply chains facing uncertain demand. The challenge is to determine a cost-effective flexibility configuration that is able to meet the demand with high likelihood. In this paper, we present a framework for analyzing the benefits from flexibility in multistage supply chains. We find two phenomena, stage-spanning bottlenecks and floating bottlenecks, neither of which are present in single-stage supply chains, which reduce the effectiveness of a flexibility configuration. We develop a flexibility measureg and show that increasing this measure results in greater protection from these supply-chain inefficiencies. We also identify flexibility guidelines that perform very well for multistage supply chains. These guidelines employ and adapt the single-stage chaining strategy of Jordan and Graves (1995) to multistage supply chains.
An Unsupervised Vector Approach to Biomedical Term Disambiguation: Integrating UMLS and Medline

This paper introduces an unsupervised vector approach to disambiguate words in biomedical text that can be applied to all-word disambiguation. We explore using contextual information from the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) to describe the possible senses of a word. We experiment with automatically creating individualized stoplists to help reduce the noise in our dataset. We compare our results to SenseClusters and Humphrey et al. (2006) using the NLM-WSD dataset and with SenseClusters using conflated data from the 2005 Medline Baseline.
Order and Disorder in Medicine and Occupational Therapy

Professional practice is based on knowledge of order, disorder, and change. The meaning of these concepts in medicine and in occupational therapy is compared to clarify the differences in orientation between the two disciplines. The negative influence of the biomedical model on occupational therapy theory and practice is illustrated. The development of a taxonomy of levels of performance in occupation to serve as a basis for referral to occupational therapy and for theory building is suggested.
Response Processes During the Description of Others

Each subject described a person he knew well by responding to items adapted from Jackson's Personality Research Form. He then indicated whether, in responding, he had felt uncertain of his response, had found the item ambiguous or difficult to apply, etc. The closeness of each item to each described person was computed in terms of the Rasch model. Correlations between closeness and presence of each inappropriate response component were computed for each subject on each of two scales. Most of the proportions of positive correlations were significant, as in previous studies of closeness and inappropriate response processes in self-descriptions, suggesting that similar processes are involved in describing self and others.
Variation in longitudinal trajectories of regional brain volumes of healthy men and women (ages 10 to 85 years) measured with atlas-based parcellation of MRI

Numerous cross-sectional MRI studies have characterized age-related differences in regional brain volumes that differ with structure and tissue type. The extent to which cross-sectional assumptions about change are accurate depictions of actual longitudinal measurement remains controversial. Even longitudinal studies can be limited by the age range of participants, sex distribution of the samples, and scan intervals. To address these issues, we calculated trajectories of regional brain volume changes from T1-weighted (SPGR) MRI data, quantified with our automated, unsupervised SRI24 atlas-based registration and parcellation method. Longitudinal MRIs were acquired at 3T in 17 boys and 12 girls, age 10 to 14 years, and 41 men and 41 women, age 20 to 85 years at first scan. Application of a regression-based correction function permitted merging of data acquired at 3T field strength with data acquired at 1.5T from additional subjects, thereby expanding the sample to a total of 55 men and 67 women, age 20 to 85 years at first scan. Adjustment for individual supratentorial volume removed regional volume differences between men and women due to sex-related differences in head size. Individual trajectories were computed from data collected on 2 to 6 MRIs at a single field strength over a ~1 to 8 year interval. Using linear mixed-effects models, the pattern of trajectories over age indicated: rises in ventricular and Sylvian fissure volumes, with older individuals showing faster increases than younger ones; declines in selective cortical volumes with faster tissue shrinkage in older than younger individuals; little effect of aging on volume of the corpus callosum; more rapid expansion of CSF-filled spaces in men than women after age 60 years; and evidence for continued growth in central white matter through early adulthood with accelerated decline in senescence greater in men than women.
Dynamics of dissolution and diffusion-controlled drug release systems.

Analytical expressions were derived to explain the influence of the dissolution/diffusion number (Di) on the time constant and steady-state flux when dispersed drugs are released from a finite matrix. A key novelty of this work is the introduction of a single time-constant that combined the analysis of both dissolution- and diffusion-based systems. Focus is placed on systems with a constant dissolution rate and diffusion coefficient. Solutions, based on the residue theorem, were in agreement with published results describing the transport of estradiol in a polymeric matrix. The experimental cumulative amount of drug released was 0.1 mg/cm2 in 100 hours compared to 0.084 mg/cm2 predicted by the theoretical model. The process time constant, estimated from the first eigenvalue (t0) and a more accurate statistical approach (teff), showed a consistent decrease with increasing Di values. For a dissolution/diffusion number of 0.21, t0 and teff were estimated at 58.44 and 73.02 hrs, respectively. With the presence of a skin layer, teff increased to 575.7 hrs. These results can be used to assess the relative impact of dissolution and diffusion on the time it takes drugs to attain a therapeutic level in the bloodstream.
(n-3) Fatty Acids: Clinical Trials in People with Type 2 Diabetes

Recent human clinical trials of the effects of (n-3) fatty acids on participants with type 2 diabetes (T2D) were reviewed, focusing on 11 clinical trials conducted within the past 4 y, and subsequent to a Cochrane Database meta-analysis of this topic. Doses of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in these studies were mostly in the range of ∼2 g/d provided for 6 wk to 6 mo. Summarizing across these studies, there were no changes in fasting glucose or insulin compared with baseline or placebo. (n-3) Fatty acids generally decreased serum triglycerides but had varying effects on serum cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol. A few studies indicated beneficial effects of (n-3) fatty acids on arterial blood flow. The effects of EPA and/or DHA have not yet been studied in clinical trials in participants at risk for T2D; the prevention or exacerbation of T2D by fish oil or EPA and DHA supplements of amounts >0.5 g/d deserves study. The prevention of adverse vascular effects of T2D by (n-3) fatty acids may be a promising direction for further study.
Counselor-Level Predictors of Sustained Use of an Indicated Preventive Intervention for Aggressive Children

Despite widespread concern about the frequent failure of trained prevention staff to continue to use evidence-based programs following periods of intensive training, little research has addressed the characteristics and experiences of counselors that might predict their sustained use of a program. The current study follows a sample of school counselors who were trained to use an indicated preventive intervention, the Coping Power program, in an earlier dissemination study, and determines their levels of continued use of the program’s child and parent components in the 2 years following the counselors’ intensive training in the program. Counselor characteristics and experiences were also examined as predictors of their sustained use of the program components. The Coping Power program addresses children’s emotional regulation, social cognitive processes, and increases in positive interpersonal behaviors with at-risk children who have been screened to have moderate to high levels of aggressive behavior. The results indicated that counselors’ perceptions of interpersonal support from teachers within their schools, their perceptions of the effectiveness of the program, and their expectations for using the program were all predictive of program use over the following 2 years. In addition, certain counselor personality characteristics (i.e., conscientiousness) and the level of actual teacher-rated behavior change experienced by the children they worked with during training were predictors of counselors’ use of the program during the second year after training. These results indicate the central importance of teacher support and of child progress during training in the prediction of counselors’ sustained use of a prevention program.
Normal numbers of phenotypic helper, suppressor, and total T cell populations in psoriasis vulgaris: Quantitation by monoclonal antibodies

Previous studies of E rosette-forming cells in the blood of patients with psoriasis vulgaris have demonstrated conflicting results. Availability of a battery of monoclonal antibodies permitted quantitation of individual T cell populations in patients with psoriasis. Peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes from twelve patients with extensive, active psoriasis and from fifteen normal controls were studied by indirect immunofluorescence. No statistically significant differences from control values were identified (p values were all ≥0.4). These monoclonal antibodies provide highly specific reagents, previously not available, for identifying different lymphocyte phenotypes. Analysis of the data indicates that shifts in major T lymphocyte subpopulations are not present in patients with active psoriasis.
Hydrocarbon potential of Somaliland

type of prospects in the drilled basins. In addition, modern seismic reflection surveying has had very limited application in Somaliland. Therefore, many prospective petroleum systems in the onshore and offshore regions of the country remain relatively unexplored. In this paper, seismic, well, and outcrop data have been used to determine the petroleum systems of Somaliland. These data demonstrate that the country has favourable stratigraphy, structure, oil shows, and hydrocarbon source rocks. In addition, the results show that the Upper Jurassic and Cretaceous units, and possibly Oligocene-Miocene units, show potential for hydrocarbon generation. Traps are provided by rollover anticlines associated with listric growth faults and rotated basement faults which are controlled by Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous tensional stresses.
SELF, SPENCER AND SWARAJ : NATIONALIST THOUGHT AND CRITIQUES OF LIBERALISM, 1890–1920

In giving a historically specific account of the self in early twentieth-century India, this article poses questions about the historiography of nationalist thought within which the concept of the self has generally been embedded. It focuses on the ethical questions that moored nationalist thought and practice, and were premised on particular understandings of the self. The reappraisal of religion and the self in relation to contemporary evolutionary sociology is examined through the writings of a diverse set of radical nationalist intellectuals, notably Shyamji Krishnavarma, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Har Dayal, and this discussion contextualizes Mohandas Gandhi. Over three related sites of public propaganda, philosophical reinterpretation and individual self-reinvention, the essay charts a concern with the ethical as a form of critique of liberalism and liberal nationalism. While evolutionism and liberalism often had a mutually reinforcing relationship, the Indian critique of liberalism was concerned with the formation of a new moral language for a politics of the self.
Minireview: The PGC-1 Coactivator Networks: Chromatin-Remodeling and Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism

Transcriptional coactivators and corepressors are emerging as important regulators of energy metabolism and other biological processes. These factors exert their effects on the transcription of target genes through interaction with selective transcription factors and the recruitment of chromatin-remodeling complexes. Recent genetic and biochemical analyses of the peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1 networks provide novel mechanistic insights regarding their role in the control of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. These coactivators integrate tissue metabolic functions in response to nutritional signals as well as circadian timing cues. In contrast to coactivators, transcriptional corepressors have been demonstrated to play an opposite role in the control of mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration. The balance of these coactivator and corepressor proteins and, more importantly, their access to specific transcriptional partners are predicted to dictate the epigenetic states of target genes as well as the metabolic phenotype of the cells. This review highlights the biological role and mechanistic basis of the peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1 networks in the regulation of chromatin-remodeling and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism.
Dynamic modeling and control of the OMEGA-3 parallel manipulator

Parallel manipulators are widely used in industrial applications due to their rigid structures and ability to perform automated tasks at high speeds. However, because the links on a parallel manipulator are mechanically coupled, solving its kinematics and dynamics equations can be more difficult than for its serial counterpart. Nevertheless, the inverse kinematics and inverse dynamics models are a critical component of a manipulator's controller. Specifically, a more computationally simple formulation of the inverse kinematics and dynamics is necessary to achieve efficient and fast manipulator control. In this paper, both the inverse kinematics and dynamics equations for the Omega-3, a three degree-of-freedom (3-DOF) parallel manipulator, are developed. For the inverse kinematics problem, the concept of loop closure equations is used to simplify the analysis. The virtual work principle is used to create a numerically simple inverse dynamics model. Using the inverse kinematics and dynamics model, a trajectory tracking controller is implemented on the manipulator and the resulting experiments reveal good tracking behavior.
When Multiple Identities Interfere: The Role of Identity Centrality

The current study extends research in the area of identity conflict or interference by focusing on a new identity combination, the woman and scientist identities. In addition, it examines the influence of identity centrality, or importance, as a predictor of interference and moderator of the relation between interference and well-being and science performance. Supporting hypotheses, greater identity interference was related to lower levels of performance and well-being. Furthermore, woman centrality was unrelated to interference for those with a central scientist identity, but for those without a central scientist identity, they were positively related. Although central identities were related to positive outcomes in the absence of interference, the outcomes of all women suffered when interference was high, contrary to the hypothesis. The implications of identity centrality for understanding the negotiation of potentially conflicting identities, and for the retention of women in the sciences, are discussed.
Equational classes of f-rings with unit: disconnected classes

This paper introduces several families of equational classes of unital f-rings that are defined by equations that impose conditions on the elements between 0 and 1. We investigate the portion of the lattice of equational classes of f-rings that involves these classes.
Managing Classroom Innovation: A Primer for Substantive and Lasting Curriculum Change

Across the globe, business educators are confronted with calls to innovatively revise curriculum to better prepare college and university students for today’s dynamic global marketplace. A “perfect storm” of educational market dynamics that includes increased competition, new technologies, reduced faculty supply, and decreased funding, all create pressures to reevaluate and reengineer the educational value chain. While the need for change may seem clear, its nature is less so, and likely to vary considerably across institutions. This chapter combines our framed experiences, contextual observations, and pedagogical insights to create a framework that will benefit business school administrators and faculty considering curriculum change. It discusses key planning and implementation issues, and explores the decision to “make or buy” innovation-related materials which affects resource allocations made in the reengineering process. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the role of assessment and outcome analysis in managing curriculum change over time. It alerts faculty to the numerous issues that challenge the change process, and highlights the importance of careful planning to successful and lasting curriculum change.
Cost effectiveness of whole breast IMRT for reduction of moist desquamation

17004 Background: Cost minimization studies have compared conventional whole breast radiation therapy (C-WBRT) to whole breast intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Consistently, IMRT has proved to be far more expensive. The weakness of cost minimization studies is that they assume the outcomes and toxicities of the treatment modalities in question are identical. Data from a case- control trial and a recent randomized controlled trial show that IMRT reduces the incidence of moist desquamation. We performed an analysis to estimate the cost effectiveness of breast IMRT to prevent moist desquamation. Methods: The direct medical costs of C-WBRT and IMRT were estimated using the 2006 Medicare Fee Schedule. We assumed rates of moist desquamation of 48 to 31% in accordance with Pignol, et al., ASTRO 2006. The cost effectiveness ratio (additional dollars spent per case of desquamation avoided) was calculated under two circumstances: 1) every patient received IMRT, or 2) only those patients destined to des...
Test Coil for the Development of a Compact 3 T ${\rm MgB}_{2}$ Magnet

An test coil was manufactured and tested as the first step in the development of a 3 T MgB2 magnet system. Due to the fact that MgB2 has a higher critical temperature, replacing conventional NbTi superconductor with MgB2, higher temperature operation will be possible. It will make the cryogenic design much simpler and less expensive. Furthermore, operating the magnet at higher temperature results in larger heat capacity of the materials and surrounding structures. Higher heat capacity, therefore, results in increased thermal stability of the magnet against quench initiation. The 3 T magnet design consists of several coils. One of the center coils was manufactured for testing the performance at higher temperatures. The test coil was conduction cooled and the quench performance of the coil was good, which means there were no critical issues during the coil manufacturing process. However, AC loss heating, as well as a small resistance of the coil was found, both of which might result from wire design, manufacture, and quality.
Managing Brands In a Prickly Digital World

As a young boy, I remember ordering a stamp collection that looked wonderful in a full-page advertisement in what we now would call a “graphic novel,” but back then we called it a comic book. With considerable anticipation, I waited for the package to arrive only to find that the “stamp
The Impact of Advertising on the Price of Consumer Products

This article examines one of the most controversial issues in marketing, “Does advertising increase prices?” It reviews arguments and empirical research published on both sides and concludes that a...
Vibrational Overtone Spectra in Polymeric Thin Films

With the enhanced sensitivity of Photothermal Deflection Spectroscopy (PDS), vibrational overtone spectra have been obtained in organic thin films for the first time, covering the range from the near IR to the visible (0.4 - 2 eV). The absorption spectra of polycarbonate, for instance, exhibits C-I1 stretch modes for Δn> I where n is the vibrational quantum level. Previous measurements were constrained to either long fibers, which pose the problem of various scattering losses not related to absorption, or to a restricted wavelength region in the visible accessible by dye laser sources. The unparalleled sensitivity of PDS allows precise determination of frequency, lineshape and intensity of the various modes, even for films ≈10µm thick over a broad energy range. The overtone spectra can be used as a probe of various basic molecular properties. In a manner similar to NMR spectroscopy, it is possible to study specific atomic bonds.
Bioderived “Green” Composite from Soy Protein and Eggshell Nanopowder

A bioderived and ecofriendly hybrid nanocomposite was developed from soy protein and eggshell nanopowder (ESNP). ESNP was synthesized via size reduction of chicken eggshells using ball milling followed by a sonochemical process. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies revealed calcite particles in ESNP with sizes ranging between 20 and 40 nm. A trace of protein with the as-synthesized ESNP was detected through X-ray photon spectroscopy (XPS) observation. Dispersion of ESNP in water was achieved by using a polyanionic dispersant via an adsorption mechanism. Green nanocomposites were developed from soy protein isolate (SPI) and dispersed ESNP using glycerol, a natural plasticizer, by a solution casting process. Significant improvements in Young’s modulus, tensile strength, and thermal stability of SPI nanocomposite sheets were achieved as a result of incorporation of well-dispersed ESNP. The developed ESNP-incorporated SPI nanocomposite would be inexpensive and useful to fabrica...
Effects of Radiofrequency Electrical Treatment on Fecundity of Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

When larvae and adults of Tenebrio molitor L. were exposed at sublethal levels to 39-MHz radiofrequency (RF) electric fields, the RF treatment of last-stage larvae and adults reduced female fecundity. The reduction fecundity was more pronounced with longer periods of exposure and higher electrode voltages. The effect of RF energy on fecundity was more dependent upon treatment of males than upon treatment of females. Exposure of larval stages to RF energy resulted in a reduction in both the size of the ovaries and the number of eggs which developed in females that emerged from treated larvae.
The effects of white matter disease on the accuracy of automated segmentation

Automated segmentation of the brain is challenging in the presence of brain pathologies such as white matter hyperintensities (WMH). A late-life depression population was used to demonstrate the effect of WMH on brain segmentation and normalization. We used an automated algorithm to detect WMH, and either filled them with normal-appearing white-matter (NAWM) intensities or performed a multi-spectral segmentation, and finally compared the standard approach to the WMH filling or multi-spectral segmentation approach using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC). The presence of WMH affected segmentations for both approaches suggesting that studies investigating structural differences in populations with high WMH should account for WMH. We also investigated how functional data contrasts are affected using normalization between the standard compared to fill and multi-spectral approach. We found that the functional data was not affected. While replication with a larger sample is needed, this study shows that WMH can significantly affect the results of segmentation and these areas are not limited to those affected by WMH. It is clear that to study gray matter differences that some correction should be made to account for WMH. Future studies should investigate which methods for accounting for WMH are most effective.
Integration of Retroviral DNA

Integration of a DNA copy of the viral genome into host cellular DNA is an essential step in the life cycle of most, if not all, retroviruses (Donehower and Varmus 1984; Schwartzberg et al. 1984a; Panganiban and Temin 1984b; Colicelli and Goff 1985; Harris et al. 1984). Since retroviral DNA molecules are not ordinarily able to replicate autonomously as episomes, they depend upon integration for stable maintenance in dividing cells. Once integrated, the viral genome, or provirus, is transmitted as an integral element of the host genome. Integration appears moreover to be important, though perhaps not essential, for the transcription of viral DNA into new copies of the viral genome and messenger RNAs that encode viral proteins. Thus, integration of a provirus defines the critical switch in the viral life cycle from mere subsistence to multiplication.
Brake and gas pedals in motor cortex

A new study finds that a major population of output cells in primary motor cortex suppresses movement and behavioral engagement.
Combustion Chamber Fluid Dynamics and Hypergolic Gel Propellant Chemistry Simulations for Selectable Thrust Rocket Engines

Challenge Project C2N is dedicated to developing and applying high performance computing capabilities to accelerate the development of hypergolic and hybrid rocket engine concepts. Computational fluid dynamics is employed to model chemically reacting flows within engine combustion chambers and computational chemistry is employed to characterize propellant physical and reactive properties. Accomplishments are presented and discussed.
Report of the HPC Correctness Summit, January 25-26, 2017, Washington, DC

Maintaining leadership in HPC requires the ability to support simulations at large scales and fidelity. In this study, we detail one of the most significant productivity challenges in achieving this goal, namely the increasing proclivity to bugs, especially in the face of growing hardware and software heterogeneity and sheer system scale. We identify key areas where timely new research must be proactively begun to address these challenges, and create new correctness tools that must ideally play a significant role even while ramping up toward exacale. We close with the proposal for a two-day workshop in which the problems identified in this report can be more broadly discussed, and specific plans to launch these new research thrusts identified.
The Community Software Repository from XSEDE: A Resource for the National Research Community

The Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE) connects cyberinfrastructure (CI) resources, software, and services. One of XSEDE's primary goals in supporting US research generally is to "advance the ecosystem" - making use of XSEDE's leadership position to create software, tools, and services that lead to an effective and efficient national cyberinfrastructure. Software enables this endeavor in two very distinct ways: enabling the operation of XSEDE as a distributed yet integrated cyberinfrastructure resource; and by providing access to a wide variety of software of value to end user researchers and students, operators of campus cyberinfrastructure resources, and to those considering to propose new cyberinfrastructure resources to the National Science Foundation (NSF). The Community Software Repository (CSR) provides transparency about how XSEDE operates and provides access to software of use and value to the US research community generally. The CSR provides access to use cases that describe needs expressed by the research community, capability delivery plans that describe how XSEDE meets those needs, and the actual software that meets those needs. Software is delivered in a variety of forms and formats. The CSR also includes mechanisms for interaction between XSEDE staff, software developers, and the end user community to accelerate meeting of community needs and aid software developers in finding audiences for their software. XCI's long term goal is that the XSEDE Community Software Repository will be widely used and valuable to the national research community.
Structural relaxation kinetics defines embrittlement in metallic glasses

Abstract Structural relaxation during isothermal annealing, quantified by enthalpy recovery of Zr 44 Ti 11 Cu 10 Ni 10 Be 25 towards its metastable equilibrium and correlation to embrittlement, quantified through fracture toughness, K Q , is studied. Enthalpy relaxation over time obeys the Kohlrausch-William-Watts (KWW) stretch exponent with β = 0.74 and τ = 11,000 s. Such β and τ are used to fit experimental K Q ( t ) with KWW, resulting in R 2 = 0.79. This finding combined with a controlled characterization of the glasses' K Q versus temperature, fictive temperature, and their combination, revealed that embrittlement in metallic glasses is predominantly controlled by structural rearrangements, whereas volume changes from thermal expansion have negligible influence.
Book lung development in juveniles and adults of the cobweb spider, Parasteatoda tepidariorum C. L. Koch, 1841 (Araneomorphae, Theridiidae)

Light and transmission electron microscopy were used to study the development of new book lung lamellae in juvenile and adult spiders (Parasteatoda tepidariorum). As hypothesized earlier in a study of embryos, mesenchyme cells dispersed throughout the opisthosoma (EMT) are a likely source of precursor epithelial cells (MET) for the new lamellae. The precursor cells in juveniles and adults continue many of the complex activities observed in embryos, e.g., migration, alignment, lumen formation, thinning, elongation, and secretion of the cuticle of air channel walls and trabeculae. The apicobasal polarity of precursor cells for new channels is apparently induced by the polarity pattern of precursor cells of channels produced earlier. Thus, new air and hemolymph channels extend and continue the alternating pattern of older channels. At sites more distant from the spiracle and atrium, new channels are usually produced by the mode II process (intracellular alignment and merging of vesicles). These air channels have bridging trabeculae and are quite stable in size throughout their length. At sites closer to the spiracle and atrium, new channels may be produced by mode I (coalescence of merocrine vesicle secretion). This raises the hypothesis that structural and functional differences in mode I and II channels and differing oxygen and fluid conditions with distance from the spiracle and atrium determine the mode of formation of new channels. Observations herein support an earlier hypothesis that there is some intercellular apical/apical and basal/basal affinity among the opposed surfaces of aligned precursor cells. This results in the alternating pattern of air channels at the apical and hemolymph channels at the basal cell surfaces.
Sustainability Definitions, Historical Context, and Frameworks

Different experts and organizations define sustainability in different ways. This introductory chapter discusses these definitions and reviews the development of the field of sustainability since it emerged from the United Nations in the 1980s. Additionally, the chapter highlights how sustainability brings together important themes of environment, economics, and social equity to try to limit the impact of human activity on the planet. We highlight how sustainability is assessed and measured by summarizing a number of local, national, and international assessment schemes used in a variety of contexts. We also consider how the three pillars of sustainability (environmental protection, economic development, and social equity) are key to each of the case studies presented in this book. As we consider how the world is changing, society will look more and more to sustainability experts to try to find solutions to our emerging problems. The case studies presented in the book are an important contribution that provides examples on best practices on sustainability and highlights lessons learned and continued barriers and challenges related to sustainability.
The Mullins Effect in a Pure Shear

The Mullins effect in a rubberlike material subjected to a pure shear deformation is studied in the context of a recent theory of stress-softening for incompressible materials proposed by Beatty and Krishnaswamy. Some general technical results characterizing the mechanical response are presented. These show that the theory delivers results consistent with the overall behavior expected of a Mullins material, but usually exhibited in uniaxial extension or equibiaxial stretch experiments. The extent of stress-softening in a pure shear is shown to be much less than that due to an equibiaxial deformation, and only slightly greater than the degree of stress-softening induced by an uniaxial deformation, all to the same stretch. The Mullins effect in an equivalent simple shear deformation, even one having a rather large angle of shear, is small. The simple shear is the least damaging deformation among all of those mentioned here. Some graphical results, based on a special class of stress-softening materials applied to two parent material models — the familiar Mooney-Rivlin and a certain biotype material model, illustrate the general conclusions obtained for arbitrary Mullins materials. The inflation of a biomaterial membrane preconditioned in a pure shear deformation demonstrates the familiar stress-softening phenomenon observed in the inflation of a balloon.