cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Empirical performance-model driven data layout optimization

Empirical optimizers like ATLAS have been very effective in optimizing computational kernels in libraries. The best choice of parameters such as tile size and degree of loop unrolling is determined by executing different versions of the computation. In contrast, optimizing compilers use a model-driven approach to program transformation. While the model-driven approach of optimizing compilers is generally orders of magnitude faster than ATLAS-like library generators, its effectiveness can be limited by the accuracy of the performance models used. In this paper, we describe an approach where a class of computations is modeled in terms of constituent operations that are empirically measured, thereby allowing modeling of the overall execution time. The performance model with empirically determined cost components is used to perform data layout optimization in the context of the Tensor Contraction Engine, a compiler for a high-level domain-specific language for expressing computational models in quantum chemistry. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated through experimental measurements on some representative computations from quantum chemistry.
Nanostructure‐Initiator Mass Spectrometry (NIMS) for the Analysis of Enzyme Activities

Enzymes are essential to innumerable vital processes in all fields of life. Additionally, enzymatic activities are utilized in a multitude of biological, medical, and technical applications. Using cellulases and other glycoside hydrolases for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into biofuel has become an active area of research for applied enzymology. Development of high-throughput, high-specificity enzyme assays for glycoside hydrolases is critical to identify, characterize, and optimize such activities for efficient biomass degradation. Here, we present a detailed protocol describing our recently reported nanostructure-initiator mass spectrometry (NIMS)-based technique for the rapid analysis of glycoside hydrolase activities. NIMS enzyme activity (Nimzyme) assays can be used to characterize already known, or identify novel glycoside hydrolases. Importantly, several enzymatic activities can be tested in parallel in a multiplexed arrangement and under a broad range of assay conditions. Curr. Protoc. Chem. Biol. 4:123-142 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: nanostructure-initiator mass spectrometry; NIMS; Nimzyme; enzyme assay; glycoside hydrolase; lignocellulosic biofuel
Host‐Plant Choice Behavior at Multiple Life‐Cycle Stages: The Roles of Mobility and Early Growth in Decision‐Making

The choice of food plants often assumes critical importance for a herbivore. Although many studies have investigated host-plant choice behavior, few have examined preferences (vs. growth and survival) at multiple stages of the life cycle, notwithstanding the importance of identifying the critical stage(s) in an animal’s life history. Fern moths Herpetogramma theseusalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) provide an excellent opportunity to test host-plant choice at several stages. Fern moth larvae feed on distantly related ferns, sensitive Onoclea sensibilis and marsh fern Thelypteris palustris, and adults oviposit on both species. We examined newly hatched larvae, overwintered larvae and ovipositing females to test hypotheses predicting when host-plant choice takes place (overwintering and mobility hypotheses: overwintering stage determines choice of substrate vs. most mobile stage chooses) and the basis for choice (optimal oviposition and enemy-free space hypotheses: resource producing highest fecundity vs. lowest losses to enemies). We also evaluated the hypothesis that host-associated fitness trade-offs explain host specialization. Only ovipositing females, the most mobile stage, exhibited a clear preference (for marsh fern), consistent with the mobility hypothesis. However, their preference for marsh fern fits neither the optimal oviposition hypothesis nor the enemy-free space hypothesis; although some larvae initially grew faster on marsh fern, adults reared from the two ferns did not differ significantly in mass and experienced marginally lower parasitism on sensitive fern. Thus, we found no host-associated fitness trade-offs. Overwintering losses in marsh fern plots exceeded those in sensitive fern, and mixed plots supported the most overwintered larvae. Preference for marsh fern suggests that early success drives host-plant choice, an advantage that later disappears. Temporal variability may prevent closer fits to the hypotheses, because both ferns provide the moths with acceptable resources throughout their life cycles.
Abnormal functional connectivity in women with urgency urinary incontinence: Can we predict disease presence and severity in individual women using Rs-fcMRI/.

Aims To identify atypical brain functional connectivity in women with UUI and detrusor overactivity (DO) and to predict the presence/severity of UUI in individual women using connectivity features. Methods This is a cross-sectional study comparing brain functional connectivity in women with and without UUI. Validated symptom/quality of life questionnaires were used for phenotyping. Participants are females between ages 40 and 85 with daily UUI with DO (Cases, N = 16) and without UUI (Controls, N = 24). Functional MRI and Resting state connectivity MRI were obtained at empty/ full bladder. Multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) was used to predict the presence and severity of UUI from connectivity data. Results There are significant differences in brain activation between cases and controls in eighteen brain regions irrespective of empty or full bladder. These include regions involved in attention (inferior partietal), decision making (inferior and superior frontal gyrus), primary motor and sensory (precentral and postcentral gyrus) functions. Women with UUI showed no change in connectivity with bladder filling in regions involved in interoception (insula), integration of afferent function (anterior cingulate), and decision making (middle frontal). MVPA of connectivity data showed robust classification of an individual woman as case or control (89% sensitivity, 83% specificity). Six connectivity features accurately predicted disease severity (R2 = 0.81). Conclusion We identified two mechanisms of abnormal bladder control, one involving atypical activation of brain regions, and another atypical functional integration across sensory, emotional, cognitive and motor regions. Connectivity information is robust enough to classify an individual as having UUI or not and to predict symptom severity. Neurourol. Urodynam. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bring on The Real Computer Revolution

This editorial argues that the dominant conception of computing ignores most of its transformative potential as a medium to express ideas, especially in the humanities and social sciences. I advocate, in the tradition of Alan Kay and Douglas Engelbart, for a "real computer revolution" where computer technology enables immediate and dynamic exploration of systems. I suggest that the computer medium is best compared to writing in its possible cognitive and social impact. Finally, I reference promising early works, suggest principles which typify the new medium, and propose ways for the interested reader to become involved with this field.
Effect of soil property uncertainties on permafrost thaw projections: A calibration-constrained analysis

Abstract. The effects of soil property uncertainties on permafrost thaw projections are studied using a three-phase subsurface thermal hydrology model and calibration-constrained uncertainty analysis. The null-space Monte Carlo method is used to identify soil hydrothermal parameter combinations that are consistent with borehole temperature measurements at the study site, the Barrow Environmental Observatory. Each parameter combination is then used in a forward projection of permafrost conditions for the 21st century (from calendar year 2006 to 2100) using atmospheric forcings from the Community Earth System Model (CESM) in the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 greenhouse gas concentration trajectory. A 100-year projection allows for the evaluation of predictive uncertainty (due to soil property (parametric) uncertainty) and the inter-annual climate variability due to year to year differences in CESM climate forcings. After calibrating to measured borehole temperature data at this well-characterized site, soil property uncertainties are still significant and result in significant predictive uncertainties in projected active layer thickness and annual thaw depth-duration even with a specified future climate. Inter-annual climate variability in projected soil moisture content and Stefan number are small. A volume- and time-integrated Stefan number decreases significantly, indicating a shift in subsurface energy utilization in the future climate (latent heat of phase change becomes more important than heat conduction). Out of 10 soil parameters, ALT, annual thaw depth-duration, and Stefan number are highly dependent on mineral soil porosity, while annual mean liquid saturation of the active layer is highly dependent on the mineral soil residual saturation and moderately dependent on peat residual saturation. By comparing the ensemble statistics to the spread of projected permafrost metrics using different climate models, we quantify the relative magnitude of soil property uncertainty to another source of permafrost uncertainty, structural climate model uncertainty. We show that the effect of calibration-constrained uncertainty in soil properties, although significant, is less than that produced by structural climate model uncertainty for this location.
Mu xa xtak'av: “He Doesn't Answer”

Society regiments argument: what one fights about, with whom, and the frontiers of possible resolutions. But arguments can catastrophically rearrange social relationships. I consider a Zinacantec theory of the links between mutual talk and sociality, then sequential facts of Zinacantec fighting, and wider sociopolitical constraints on who can fight with whom, as illustrated by an extended family dispute. Whereas orderly disputes may refashion social arrangements but leave them largely intact, a common Zinacantec idiom for winning a verbal battle—reducing one's opponent to silence—suggests how argument can entirely close down a social relationship. [Tzotzil, Mayan, Zinacantan, Chiapas, Mexico, fights, verbal interaction, legal argument, indexicality, ritual language, land tenure]
Globalization and the Ethnic Divide: Recent Longitudinal Evidence*

Objective This article investigates the impact of increasing global integration on economic growth, emphasizing its interaction with the level of ethnic heterogeneity in a society. Methods We perform a feasible generalized least squares estimation of a random effects model on a longitudinal sample of 103 countries taken over the period 1992–2005. Results We find that economic globalization has generally had a beneficial impact on economic growth. We also find that societies marked by greater ethnic heterogeneity have gained more from global integration. Further, while ethnic heterogeneity has been a significant impediment to growth over the sample period, religious and linguistic heterogeneity have not. Finally, we find that democracies have significantly outperformed autocracies over this period. Conclusion Our results suggest that globalization may have a role in redressing the detrimental impact of ethnic cleavages in a society.
A meta-analysis for comparison of the two-layer and university of Wisconsin pancreas preservation methods in islet transplantation.

Conflicting results have been reported on the effectiveness of the two-layer method (TLM) compared with the University of Wisconsin (UW) method for preserving pancreata. The objective of this study...
Measurements in Vertical Plane Turbulent Plumes

Mean-flow and turbulence measurements have been obtained in two-dimensional vertical turbulent plumes in a nominally still ambient. The plumes were generated by injecting hot water vertically upwards from the bottom of a reservior containing cold water. A two-component Laser Doppler Anemometer (LDA) and a “cold-film” resistance thermometer were used to obtain instantaneous velocity and temperature measurements in the plume. The present mean-flow measurements have confirmed many of the earlier measurements on plane plumes, but have also indicated some important differences. The use of the two-component LDA made it possible to obtain data on turbulent intensities, turbulent fluxes and other details of the structure of turbulence in plane plumes. The turbulence measurements have shown that the eddy viscosity and turbulence are significantly higher in the plume compared to an isothermal jet. Detailed measurements of energy balance suggest that buoyant production contributes substantially to this increase.
Design, Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Properties of a Large-Pore Metal-Organic Framework Possessing Single-Site Vanadyl(monocatecholate) Moieties

Through a combination of protecting groups, postsynthesis deprotection, and postsynthesis metallation, a homogeneously inaccessible, single-site vanadyl(monocatecholate) moiety can be incorporated into the dipyridyl struts of a Zn-based, pillared paddlewheel MOF. The resulting MOF, which has large pores, exhibits catalytic activity in the benzylic oxidation of tetralin in the presence of tert-butylhydroperoxide.
Atomic charge transfer in the presence of a laser field

Atomic charge-transfer cross sections in the presence of a laser field are calculated using proton--hydrogen-atom scattering as an example. Both strong and weak laser limits are obtained. An experiment is suggested to observe directly the modification of the differential cross section by the laser. (AIP)
Preparative gas chromatographic separation of the enantiomers of methyl 2-chloropropionate using a cyclodextrin-based stationary phase

Abstract The enantiomers of methyl 2-chloropropionate, a volatile synthetic precursor, have been separated by preparative-scale gas chromatography using a 1 m × 22.5 mm I.D. column, packed with 20% (w/w) trichloroacetyl s-cyclodextrin-coated 60–80-mesh Chromosorb A. The preparative column was installed in a custom-designed preparative gas chromatograph and operated in the isothermal mode. An effluent-sampling interface valve, located between the exit of the preparative column and the fraction collector took 10-μl samples of the effluent gas every 20 s and sent the samples onto a short, efficient analytical capillary column to provide on-line enantiomeric analysis of the eluting bands. This near-real-time knowledge of the enantiomer composition of the effluent gas leads to aggressive, yet safe, fraction pooling schemes and permits the precise calculation of product purity, recovery and production rate. Results for the preparative separation of racemic as well as enantiomerically enriched (95% enantiomeric excess) feedstock are presented in this paper.
Presence of cellular retinol and retinoic acid binding proteins in experimental tumors

Summary Cellular retinol and retinoic acid binding proteins were detected in mouse skin papillomas, human adenocarcinoma HAD-1, Dunning Leukemia, Walker 256 carcinosarcoma and mammary adenocarcinoma MAC-1. A chondrosarcoma and Sarcoma 180 apparently contain only the cellular retinoic acid binding protein. Neither protein could be detected in Ehrlich carcinoma and L1210 leukemia. The presence of these proteins might be necessary for sensitivity to retinoid ** therapy.
CHAPTER 7: Arts-Based Education and Creativity

ABSTRACT This chapter explores theories of learning and creativity that fit well with the rationale for an arts-based integrated curriculum in schools. The author seeks to show how one elementary school, the site of an ongoing research project, nurtures the creative process, develops creative productivity, and provides an environment conducive to the creative press. The purpose of this work is to offer a real-world exemplar of an alternative, arts-based approach to schooling.
Consistency of the normal equations via linear duality

By appealing only to well-known results in linear programming, this note will prove that the normal equations are always consistent.
Localized amyloidosis of the vulva with and without vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia: report of a series

Localized primary cutaneous amyloidosis is uncommon in Europe and North America and is infrequently reported in the English literature. The constituents of such deposits have not been previously examined; this series characterizes amyloid deposits in localized vulvar amyloidosis and their association with vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia. All biopsies and excisions of vulva over 18 months were reviewed. Cases with suspected amyloidosis were retrieved after institutional review board approval. Twenty cases mimicking amyloidosis were selected as controls. All study and control cases were stained with Congo red. Four Congo red-positive study cases were studied by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Of 27 Congo red-positive study cases, 25 were then examined by immunohistochemical stains with antibodies to cytokeratin 5 (CK5) and cytokeratin 14 (CK14). Of 149 cases reviewed, 26 localized and 1 systemic vulvar amyloidosis were identified. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of the deposits revealed unique peptide profile consistent with CK5 and CK14. Immunohistochemical staining with antibodies to CK5 and CK14 also detected these components in the deposits. The vulvar deposit of systemic amyloidosis consisted of amyloid light chain (λ)-type amyloid deposit. All control cases were negative for Congo red. Keratin-associated amyloid materials (CK5 and CK14) were found to be unique in localized vulvar amyloidosis. Leakage of keratins from the basal layer of the epithelium into the superficial dermis may have been the possible source of the deposits. It appears to be associated with both high-grade and low-grade vulvar intraepithelial neoplasias and, rarely, lichen sclerosus, seborrheic keratosis, and benign vulvar skin.
Dose equivalent conversion factors for human organs and tissues from external radiation.

The literature contains a number of tabulations of conversion factors that permit the direct computation of dose equivalent to organs and tissues of the human body for exposure from external radiation sources. Notable among these are conversion factors normalized to external field quantities for full body exposure to monoenergetic photons, full body exposure to photons and electrons from specific radionuclides, partial body exposure to X-ray photons and X-ray spectra used in diagnostic medical radiation, and full body exposure to neutrons. This article surveys the current literature and advices the reader on the scope and sources of more extensive data tabulations.
Action research: professional development to help support and retain early career teachers

This article analyzes how participation in teacher-led, semester-long, action research projects influences early career teacher (fewer than three years of teaching experience) perceptions of support and learning. All teachers at an urban, newly developed, small high school participated in action research projects as a result of the administrations’ attempts to modify the school’s approach to professional development to better meet the teachers’ needs. Two cycles of action research projects were implemented and teachers provided feedback through an end-of-project evaluation. Data were also collected through participant observation and informal interviews. Results show that teacher-led action research projects as a professional development structure contribute to the development of a supportive professional culture, feelings of context-specific support, and feelings of empowerment and being overwhelmed in an urban school staffed primarily with early career teachers.
Optimizing industrial enzymes by directed evolution.

Enzymes can be tailored for optimal performance in industrial applications by directing their evolution in vitro. This approach is particularly attractive for engineering industrial enzymes. We have created an efficient para-nitrobenzyl esterase over six generations of random point mutagenesis and recombination couled with screening for improved variants. The best clones identified after four generations of sequential random mutagenesis and two generations of random recombination display more than 150 times the p-nitrobenzyl esterase activity of wild type towards loracarbef-p-nitrobenzyl ester in 15% dimethylformamide. Although the contributions of individual effective amino acid substitutions to enhanced activity are small (<2-fold increases), the accumulation of multiple mutations by directed evolution allows significant improvement of the biocatalyst for reactions on substrates and under conditions not already optimized in nature. The positions of the effective amino acid substitutions have been identified in a pNB esterase structural model. None appear to interact directly with the antibiotic substrate, further underscoring the difficulty of predicting their effects in a ‘rational’ design effort.
Zinc Smelting with Coal as the Principal Heat Source and Reducing Agent

Recent progress in fluidized bed coal combustion and gasification suggests possibilities for the substitution of coal for coke in metallurgical smelting processes. One such possibility was ex-plored in a laboratory study of zinc smelting with coal. A two-stage reactor was constructed, which gasified coal in the lower stage to produce a reducing gas mixture. In the upper stage, the reducing gas was passed through a fixed bed containing a mixture of ZnO and either coal or coke. The extent of reduction of the ZnO was measured as a function of reaction time, temperature, and gas composition. Temperature was found to be the most important variable. At temperatures of 1000 °C or higher in the fixed bed, more than 97 pct of the ZnO was reduced in a few hours. No difference was found between the uses of coal and coke in the fixed bed. An important remaining step in proving process feasibility is condensation of metallic Zn from the product gas.
P31Structural reorganization of the brain after perinatal damage – US/MRI review

Background The aim of this study was to estimate structural reorganization of the brain after perinatal brain damage, diagnosed by ultrasonography (US) in the neonatal period, using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods A follow up study was carried out on a cohort of 28 perinatal risk children who were ultrasonographicaly followed during the first 2 years of life. 22 children, who had intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH I and II), were in the investigation group and the other 6, who had continuous normal us findings, were in the control group. Follow up included high resolution 2T magnetic resonance imaging of the brain at 13–16 years.1 Table 1. Results MRI normal PV1 CA2 ML3 1 PV = periventricular tracks of haemorrhage; 2 CA = cortical atrophy; 3 ML = multiple lesions cases (n = 22) US IVH I (n = 12) 9 0 2 1 IVH II (n = 10) 4 3 1 2 controls (n = 6) 4 2 0 0 Conclusion Abnormal MRI scans are more frequently in the cases with IVH II, than in the cases with IVH I. We can conclude that structural reorganization of the brain can repair majority of mild perinatal intraventricular haemorrhage.
OVERVIEW OF THE STRUCTURE OF A SCIENTIFIC WORLDVIEW

Understanding the structure of a scientific worldview is important for the dialogue between science and religion. In this essay, I define comprehensive worldview and distinguish it from the more focused noncomprehensive worldview. I explain that scientists and the public at large agree that modern research works in a scien- tific as opposed to nonscientific worldview. I give some of the essen- tial elements of any scientific worldview that differentiate it from nonscientific ones. These elements are the general presuppositions of science, the methods of science, and the articles of justification for the conclusions science puts forward. I question whether a scientific worldview can allow philosophical and theological tenets, which might appear to stand opposed to scientific paradigms, and conclude that the answer lies in the scope of its comprehensiveness.
The effects of a plastic-film covering on vibrotactile pattern perception with the Optacon

Three experiments were conducted to determine whether the perception of vibrotactile patterns presented to the fingertip on the Optacon (a reading machine for blind persons) would be affected by covering the array with a plastic membrane. Occasionally in psychophysical and physiological studies that involve the Optacon, the array is covered with a plastic film to minimize electrical transients during electrophysiological recording and to maintain cleanliness. In the three studies described here, observers performed a spatial acuity task, identified patterns of a previously learned set, and judged the loudness of vibrotactile noise patterns by means of absolute magnitude estimation, on both the covered and the uncovered-array. Performance in the spatial acuity and pattern identification tasks was not affected by the presence of the protective film. The rate of growth of perceived intensity was also the same with and without the plastic film, although there was a slight increase in vibrotactile detection threshold with the film.
KDM5 Interacts with Foxo to Modulate Cellular Levels of Oxidative Stress

Increased cellular levels of oxidative stress are implicated in a large number of human diseases. Here we describe the transcription co-factor KDM5 (also known as Lid) as a new critical regulator of cellular redox state. Moreover, this occurs through a novel KDM5 activity whereby it alters the ability of the transcription factor Foxo to bind to DNA. Our microarray analyses of kdm5 mutants revealed a striking enrichment for genes required to regulate cellular levels of oxidative stress. Consistent with this, loss of kdm5 results in increased sensitivity to treatment with oxidizers, elevated levels of oxidized proteins, and increased mutation load. KDM5 activates oxidative stress resistance genes by interacting with Foxo to facilitate its recruitment to KDM5-Foxo co-regulated genes. Significantly, this occurs independently of KDM5's well-characterized demethylase activity. Instead, KDM5 interacts with the lysine deacetylase HDAC4 to promote Foxo deacetylation, which affects Foxo DNA binding.
IMing, Text Messaging, and Adolescent Social Networks

Building on previous research in computer-mediated communication, social and communication networks, and adolescent development, this article raises three issues regarding adolescent use of socially interactive technologies (SITs) and their relationship to offline social networks: 1) whether adolescents are creating more, but weaker ties using SITs, 2) to what extent adolescent SIT-facilitated networks overlap with friendship networks, and 3) whether SIT relationships are important for adolescents who have fewer offline peer ties. In order to investigate these questions, network data collection and analysis were integrated with more traditional questionnaire methodology and statistical analysis. The results show that the adolescents in the study were not creating more ties using SITs, nor were they necessarily creating weaker SIT-based ties; that there was little overlap between SIT-facilitated and offline social networks; and that socially isolated adolescents were less likely than other adolescents to use SITs.
Cross sections of some reactions of hafnium isotopes with 14·5-MeV neutrons

Abstract Hafnium oxide was irradiated with 14·5-MeV neutrons and the resulting activities were identified by γ-ray spectrometry. The cross sections for the 180 Hf (n, n′) 180m Hf , 176 Hf (n, 2n) 175 Hf , 174 Hf (n, 2n) 173 Hf , and 180Hf(n, α)177Yb, were determined to be 12·4±0·5 mb, 2000±100 mb, 860±60 mb, and 2·2±0·2 mb respectively.
Antiviral treatment among pregnant women with chronic hepatitis B.

Objective. To describe the antiviral treatment patterns for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) among pregnant and nonpregnant women. Methods. Using 2011 MarketScan claims, we calculated the rates of antiviral treatment among women (aged 10–50 years) with CHB. We described the pattern of antiviral treatment during pregnancy and ≥1 month after delivery. Results. We identified 6274 women with CHB during 2011. Among these, 64 of 507 (12.6%) pregnant women and 1151 of 5767 (20.0%) nonpregnant women received antiviral treatment (P < 0.01). Pregnant women were most commonly prescribed tenofovir (73.4%) and lamivudine (21.9%); nonpregnant women were most commonly prescribed tenofovir (50.2%) and entecavir (41.3%) (P < 0.01). Among 48 treated pregnant women with an identifiable delivery date, 16 (33.3%) were prescribed an antiviral before pregnancy and continued treatment for at least one month after delivery; 14 (29.2%) started treatment during the third trimester and continued at least one month after delivery. Conclusion. Among this insured population, pregnant women with CHB received an antiviral significantly less often than nonpregnant women. The most common antiviral prescribed for pregnant women was tenofovir. These data provide a baseline for assessing changes in treatment patterns with anticipated increased use of antivirals to prevent breakthrough perinatal hepatitis B virus infection.
Efficient transfer and sustained high expression of the human glucocerebrosidase gene in mice and their functional macrophages following transplantation of bone marrow transduced by a retroviral vector.

Abstract A recombinant retroviral vector (MFG-GC) was used to study the efficiency of transduction of the human gene encoding glucocerebrosidase (GC; D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.45), in mouse hematopoietic stem cells and expression in their progeny. Transfer of the GC gene to CFU-S (spleen cell colony-forming units) in primary and secondary recipients was virtually 100%. In mice 4-7 months after transplantation, highly efficient transfer of the human gene to bone marrow cells capable of long-term reconstitution was confirmed by detection of one or two copies per mouse genome in hematopoietic tissues and in cultures of pure macrophages. Expression of the human gene exceeded endogenous activity by several fold in primary and secondary CFU-S, tissues from long-term reconstituted mice, and explanted macrophages cultures. These studies are evidence of the feasibility of efficient transfer of the GC gene to hematopoietic stem cells and expression in their progeny for many months after reconstitution. The results of this study strengthen the rationale for gene therapy as a treatment for Gaucher disease.
The burning rate of premixed flames in moderate and intense turbulence

Abstract Burning rate measurements have been performed in lean (φ = 0.7) premixed methane/air flames stabilized on a low-swirl burner in moderate and intense turbulence, (Ret = 460–1400). The purpose of this paper is to reconcile the burning rate determined by two widely used experimental methods: flow-velocity measurements and scalar measurements of the flame-surface density, Σ. The two sets of measurements, of conditional mass fluxes by Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) and flame-surface density, were determined from the instantaneous flame-front positions obtained from OH Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (OH-PLIF) images. It is important when making these comparisons to distinguish two measures of the turbulent burning velocity: the displacement, SD, and consumption speed, SC. Measurement of the consumption speed by the conditional flux method using laser Doppler velocimetry can account for the multidimensional affects of burner/flow geometry. In this burner geometry SC was found to be 30% of the cold-boundary flow velocity, SD. Both the turbulent displacement and consumption velocities were found to have linear dependencies on u′/SL for values up to u′/SL ∼7.3. The consumption speed is the more fundamental measure of the burning rate and is directly comparable to that derived from integration of flame-surface-density measurements. The similarity of the scalar and mass flux burning rates indicates that measurements of Σ, which are usually much simpler to perform than the flux measurements, can be used to test theoretical models and investigate the affect of upstream turbulence parameters on global flame-burning characteristics. Furthermore, comparison of the flux and scalar measurements has shown that even at flow/flame conditions above the Klimov-Williams criterion the affect of the turbulence on the local laminar burning rate, as expected from the Markstein number for this mixture, is small in the mean. Preliminary comparisons with models have been performed.
The Sutureless Electrode: Comparison with Transvenous and Sutured Epicardial Electrode Placement for Permanent Pacing

Consecutive series of 50 transvenous and 50 sutureless pacemaker insertions were reviewed and compared with a nonsimultaneous series of 50 patients who received sutured epicardial pacemakers. It is concluded that: (1) the sutureless electrode has a lower initial stimulation threshold than the transvenous type; (2) complications from sutureless electrodes are greater than with transvenous electrodes and similar to the incidence with sutured epicardial pacemakers; (3) initial pacing is more satisfactory with the sutureless electrode compared with the transvenous model; and (4) late electrode failure due to threshold rise is greater with the sutureless electrode than with the transvenous or sutured epicardial type.
Attentional enhancement of spatial resolution: linking behavioural and neurophysiological evidence

Attention allows us to select relevant sensory information for preferential processing. Behaviourally, it improves performance in various visual tasks. One prominent effect of attention is the modulation of performance in tasks that involve the visual system's spatial resolution. Physiologically, attention modulates neuronal responses and alters the profile and position of receptive fields near the attended location. Here, we develop a hypothesis linking the behavioural and electrophysiological evidence. The proposed framework seeks to explain how these receptive field changes enhance the visual system's effective spatial resolution and how the same mechanisms may also underlie attentional effects on the representation of spatial information.
On the choice of risk optimal data embedding strategy, safe embedding rate, and passive steganalysis

Suppose Alice the information hider wants to send a stego message to Bob in the presence of Wendy the (passive) warden. Wendy employs one of n different passive steganalysis detectors to decide if the data from Alice contains any hidden message before passing it on to Bob. Suppose Alice can choose from a set of information hiding schemes and possesses only an incomplete information about the steganalysis strategy choice of Wendy. That is, suppose Alice only knows an ordering of the probabilities (and not the values themselves), say, p 1 ≥ p 2 ≥... ≥ p n where p j is the probability of Wendy using jth detector. Under this scenario we investigate answers to the following two questions by generalizing a previous result by the author and deriving new ones: (a) how must Alice choose the optimal data hiding strategy subject to risk constraints and (b) what is the maximum safe embedding rate, i.e., maximum message rate that can be embedded without being detected by Wendy? Detailed analysis and numerical results are presented to answer these questions.
Comparisons of test statistics arising from marginal analyses of multivariate survival data.

We investigate the properties of several statistical tests for comparing treatment groups with respect to multivariate survival data, based on the marginal analysis approach introduced by Wei, Lin and Weissfeld [WLW89]. We consider two types of directional tests, based on a constrained maximization and on linear combinations of the unconstrained maximizer of the working likelihood function, and the omnibus test arising from the same working likelihood. The directional tests are members of a larger class of tests, from which an asymptotically optimal test can be found. We compare the asymptotic powers of the tests under general contiguous alternatives for a variety of settings, and also consider the choice of the number of survival times to include in the multivariate outcome. We illustrate the results with two simulations and with the results from a clinical trial examining recurring opportunistic infections in persons with HIV.
Mutagenicity of N-OH-MOCA (4-amino-4'-hydroxylamino-bis-3,3'-dichlorodiphenylmethane) and PBQ (2-phenyl-1,4-benzoquinone) in human lymphoblastoid cells.

Abstract The genotoxic potential of two occupationally significant chemicals, 4,4′-methylene-bis-2-chloroaniline (MOCA) and 2-phenyl-1,4-benzoquinone (PBQ), was explored by monitoring the induction of mutations at the HPRT locus of AHH-1 human lymphoblastoid cells. Exposure of AHH-1 cells to the putative carcinogenic metabolite of MOCA, N-OH-MOCA, induced a 6-fold increase in mutant frequency and resulted in base pair substitutions primarily at A:T base pairs. In contrast, exposure to PBQ did not result in an increased mutant frequency although this compound was significantly more cytotoxic than N-OH-MOCA at equimolar doses. The induction of mutations at A:T sites by N-OH-MOCA is consistent with the type of DNA damage known to be produced by MOCA and provides a specific marker of genotoxic damage for exposed populations.
Development of methods for the charge-derivatization of peptides in polyacrylamide gels and membranes for their direct analysis using matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry

Abstract Approaches are being developed for the interfacing of matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, in which laser-irradiated samples desorb directly from a gel, or from a membrane on which gel-separated polypeptides have been transferred. Whether one- or two-dimensional electrophoretic separations have been performed, preparations for the MALDI experiment which follow must optimize detection of the analytes present and the generation of structural information. Procedures have been developed for forming charged derivatives of peptides in solution. When subjected to MALDI analysis, these charged derivatives produce ions in some cases where the underivatized peptide would not yield a response. The ions fragment following acceleration and yield informative and simple post-source decay (PSD) spectra. The development of approaches to interfacing this chemistry with MALDI directly from gels and membranes is presented here.
Grain size dependence of tensile behavior in nanocrystalline Ni–Fe alloys

The tensile behaviors of FCC Ni–Fe alloys were investigated within three grain size regimes: >100 nm, 15–100 nm, and <15 nm. The results show that the nanocrystalline metals demonstrated large strain hardening rates, which increase with decreasing the grain size. With the similar grain size, lowing the stacking-fault energy (SFE) by addition of alloying element increases the yield strength and strain hardening ability. The “low” tensile elongation of nanocrystalline metals is due to the basic tradeoff between the strength and tensile elongation, i.e. nanostructured metals are not inherently brittle. Both the tensile results and fracture surface observations suggest that the tensile ductility increases with increasing the grain size. Furthermore, within the large grain size regime, the fracture surface exhibited the real void structure; while the fracture surface showed the concave and convex features when the grain size is less than the critical value.
N,N-Bis(α-iodoacetyl)-2,2′-dithiobis(ethylamine), a reversible crosslinking reagent for protein sulfhydryl groups

Abstract This paper describes the synthesis and analysis of N,N′-bis(α-iodoacetyl)-2-2′-dithiobis(ethylamine) (BIDBE), a bifunctional reagent with the structure ICH2CONH-(CH2)2SS(CH2)2NHCOCH2I. BIDBE is shown to react with the sulfhydryl groups of tubulin and to generate a cleavable crosslink between aldolase subunits. BIDBE may be the only reagent hitherto described which can generate a cleavable crosslink between nonadjacent sulfhydryl groups in proteins.
“Who the boss?” dynamic tensions in oral storybook reading

Relations among literary discourse constructed during oral storybook reading, current theories of reader response to literature, and research in classroom storybook reading are explored in this paper. Pursuing a Bakhtinian analysis of five readings of one picture storybook, the meaning‐making strategies used by kindergarten students and their teacher to appropriate literary discourse and, thereby, to define the situation in these storybook events is discussed. The paper is framed by a symbolic interactionist approach to the social negatiation of meaning, especially as meaning is negotiated in context through language.
Geotechnical characterization of calcareous sediments from the Dry Tortugas Keys and Marquesas Keys CBBL SRP study sites, Lower Florida Keys

Geotechnical characteristics of carbonate sediments from two test sites (Dry Tortugas Keys and Marquesas Keys) in the Lower Florida Keys were investigated as part of the Coastal Benthic Boundary Layer Special Research Program, through an extensive field coring and laboratory testing program conducted by the Marine Geomechanics Laboratory of the University of Rhode Island. Based on results from physical measurements, water content and wet bulk density values for both sites generally showed large variations in the upper 25 cm and little variation below this depth. Sediment samples exhibited low plasticity or nonplastic characteristics. Constant-rate-of-deformation consolidation test results showed strong apparent overconsolidation (stress state ratio >7.5) in the surface sediments (upper 50 cm) at the Dry Tortugas Keys, and light overconsolidation (stress state ratio <1.5) below 50-cm depth at the Marquesas Keys site. In-situ permeability values were between 10–4 and 10–7 cm/s at both sites and showed no strong depth dependence in the upper 2 m. Undrained shear strength profiles for Dry Tortugas Keys sediments indicated a marked stiffening with depth, whereas the Marquesas Keys sediments showed a gradual increase with depth. Consolidated isotropically undrained triaxial shear strength test results indicate that the undisturbed sediments had an average effective angle of internal friction of 38°, which is not fully realized until large axial strains on the order of 11% have accumulated. Evidence of cementation was not found in triaxial compression or consolidation test results. The general behavior and characteristics of these sediments are similar to those of granular materials, which is primarily due to their high calcium carbonate contents and lack of cementation.
Correlation effects on core level spectra of adsorbates

Abstract The spectrum of core levels in adsorbates is calculated for a model which allows the transfer of screening charge to the adsorbate. Spin degeneracy and the Coulomb interaction of the valence electrons is included. The core level spectrum is calculated within a time dependent Hartree-Fock scheme for broad resonances and from a perturbation expansion for the core hole self-energy in the case of a very narrow valence resonance.
Adiabatic excitation of multilevel systems

We derive and discuss the behavior of several multilevel models relevant to the problem of molecular multiphoton excitation under the action of a quasimonochromatic laser field, the amplitude of which rises slowly and falls rapidly on a certain internal time scale. Our method is suitable for the numerical solution of problems involving the adiabatic excitation of large multilevel systems. We find adiabatic inversion to be a general characteristic of the models considered. The fact that adiabatic inversion is accompanied by marked qualitative and quantitative changes in the expectation value of the dipole operator makes our results useful for understanding the propagation of laser pulses. An explicit expression that is especially convenient for numerical evaluation is presented for determining the limiting internal time scale, which is determined by the energy levels and transition moments of the system and the laser frequency. We illustrate the criterion for adiabatic inversion by applying it to a particular multilevel model. From a density-matrix treatment we conclude that collisional damping destroys the coherence required for adiabatic inversion. On the basis of our results we believe that the adiabatic approximation may be appropriate for some experiments of current interest.
Exact dynamic analysis of two- and multi-wave mixing in photorefractive barium titanate

Rigorous coupled-wave diffraction theory is used to analyze two and multi-wave mixing in diffusion-controlled photorefractive barium titanate which is modeled by the Kukhtarev equations. The transmitted and reflected optical fields, the dielectric modulation, the electrostatic electric field, and the electron density are studied for the cases when the interfering, incident optical fields have equal and unequal amplitudes, for different values of the linear refractive index mismatch and for different values of photorefractive crystal length. Our computations are extended to include longitudinal variations of the electrostatic field. Temporal instabilities and higher order generation are examined.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Detection of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus in transplantable mouse tumors by biological assay and RT-PCR assays and its removal from the tumor cell

It is known that lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) of mice is a common contaminant of transplantable tumors of both murine and human origin. It is imperative that tumors that are maintained by transplantation in mice are examined for LDV and freed of the virus, when present, before use in experimental studies, because an LDV infection of mice exerts considerable effects on lymphoid cell populations and cytokine production and other effects. Methods for LDV detection are described using a biological assay and reverse transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology and their application is illustrated. A differential RT-PCR method that distinguishes between three quasispecies of LDV is also described and applied to an examination of LDVs isolated from a number of different tumors. Each of the LDV isolates was found to contain at least two different quasispecies, generally in different concentrations.
On the varying degrees of cancerogenicity of modified gastroentero-anastomoses

Summary In our serial investigations we checked the incidence of carcinomas in different cases of anastomoses and resections on the rat stomach. Moreover we supervised the regenerative behaviour of the gastric mucosa by means of in vivo autoradiography using 3 H-thymidine. The experimental animals were divided into 5 treatment groups. We carried out gastroenterostomy on 9 animals (group I), Billroth's second operation on 7 animals (group II), a duodenal ligature, pyloroplasty and gastro-enterostomy with Braun's anastomosis on 10 animals (group III), a pylorectomy as well as Roux's gastro-enterostomy on 10 animals (group IV) and a laparotomy on 11 control animals (group V). The greatest tumour onset rates with 4 adenocarcinomas each were observed in the groups I and III, and with 5 carcinomas in group II 7 months after the operations. The labelling indices obtained autoradiographically are such that glandular hyperplasias with indices of over 13.3 p.c. and carcinomas with values of about 24.7 p.c. enable an unambiguous distinction from the values of the sound glandular gastric mucosa. Entero-gastric reflux is discussed in this paper as the most important cause of carcinogenesis.