cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recyclability of a continuous e‐glass fiber reinforced polycarbonate composite

Fiber reinforced plastics are multi-component materials for which physical properties are strongly dependent on fiber and resin structure. Despite the disruptive nature of recycling methods on such structures, these materials nevertheless can be recycled. In this report, the recyclability of a fiber-reinforced cyclic BPA polycarbonate has been studied. It is found that ground up composite is recyclable and possesses properties as good as or better than a comparable commercial composite. The processing techniques investigated herein are injection, extrusion compression, and compression molding. As expected, processing technique and parameters are important in determining the mechanical properties of the molded regrind. Our results show that injection and extrusion compression molding yield recycled composites with good tensile properties, though the impact strengths are relatively low. This is due to high fiber orientation and fiber bundle dispersion. On the other hand, compression molded samples, which show random fiber orientation and low fiber bundles dispersion have relatively low tensile properties, but excellent impact strength. Results are discussed in terms of microstructural details, which include resin molecular weight and fiber length and orientation.
Pathophysiology of complex regional pain syndrome

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) most often follows injury to peripheral nerves or their endings in soft tissue. A combination of prostanoids, kinins and cytokines cause peripheral nociceptive sensitization. In time, the Mg(2+) block of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor is removed, pain transmission neurons (PTN) are altered by an influx of Ca(2+) that activates kinases for excitation and phosphatases for depression, activity-dependent plasticity that alters the firing of PTN. In time, these neurons undergo central sensitization that lead to a major physiological change of the autonomic, pain and motor systems. The role of the immune system and the sickness response is becoming clearer as microglia are activated following injury and can induce central sensitization while astrocytes may maintain the process.
The iron exporter ferroportin 1 is essential for development of the mouse embryo, forebrain patterning and neural tube closure

Neural tube defects (NTDs) are some of the most common birth defects observed in humans. The incidence of NTDs can be reduced by peri-conceptional folic acid supplementation alone and reduced even further by supplementation with folic acid plus a multivitamin. Here, we present evidence that iron maybe an important nutrient necessary for normal development of the neural tube. Following implantation of the mouse embryo, ferroportin 1 (Fpn1) is essential for the transport of iron from the mother to the fetus and is expressed in the visceral endoderm, yolk sac and placenta. The flatiron (ffe) mutant mouse line harbors a hypomorphic mutation in Fpn1 and we have created an allelic series of Fpn1 mutations that result in graded developmental defects. A null mutation in the Fpn1 gene is embryonic lethal before gastrulation, hypomorphic Fpn1ffe/ffe mutants exhibit NTDs consisting of exencephaly, spina bifida and forebrain truncations, while Fpn1ffe/KI mutants exhibit even more severe NTDs. We show that Fpn1 is not required in the embryo proper but rather in the extra-embryonic visceral endoderm. Our data indicate that loss of Fpn1 results in abnormal morphogenesis of the anterior visceral endoderm (AVE). Defects in the development of the forebrain in Fpn1 mutants are compounded by defects in multiple signaling centers required for maintenance of the forebrain, including the anterior definitive endoderm (ADE), anterior mesendoderm (AME) and anterior neural ridge (ANR). Finally, we demonstrate that this loss of forebrain maintenance is due in part to the iron deficiency that results from the absence of fully functional Fpn1.
The Path to Reactivation of Antitumor Immunity and Checkpoint Immunotherapy

Cancer immunology has recently made major therapeutic inroads that represent clinical application of basic insights into mechanisms that govern immunity against tumors. Research into fundamental elements of T-cell and natural killer–cell biology, including the basis of antigen recognition, activation, proliferation, and survival, has informed the design of new therapeutic approaches to augment the body9s natural anticancer immune response. Here, we describe some of the key steps that have provided the foundation for current strategies of immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res; 2(10); 926–36. ©2014 AACR .
A Case Study of Hardware/Software Partitioning of Traffic Simulation on the Cray XD1

Scientific application kernels mapped to reconfigurable hardware have been reported to have 10times to 100times speedup over equivalent software. These promising results suggest that reconfigurable logic might offer significant speedup on applications in science and engineering. To accurately assess the benefit of hardware acceleration on scientific applications, however, it is necessary to consider the entire application including software components as well as the accelerated kernels. Aspects to be considered include alternative methods of hardware/software partitioning, communications costs, and opportunities for concurrent computation between software and hardware. Analysis of these factors is beyond the scope of current automatic parallelizing compilers. In this paper, a case study is presented in which a simulation of metropolitan road traffic networks is mapped onto a reconfigurable supercomputer, the Cray XD1. Five different methods are presented for mapping the application onto the combined hardware/software system. An approach for approximating the performance of each method is derived through analytic equations. Our results, both analytically and empirically, show that key predictors of performance (which are often not considered in reported speedup of kernel operations) are not necessarily maximum parallelism, but must account for the fraction of the problem that runs on the reconfigurable logic and the amount data flow between software and hardware.
Genetic effects on various measures of ethanol dependence in mice: a diallel analysis

Abstract A complete 5 × 5 diallel cross was performed using mice from 5 highly inbred strains. Five hundred and fifty-five offspring were fed ethanol in a liquid diet for 9 days, then tested during a withdrawal period using a battery of tests designed to measure physical dependence on ethanol (McClearn et al., Sub. Alcohol Use/Abuse, 3 (1982) 135; Alien et al., Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res., 7 (1983) 443). The analyses were done separately for each sex. The results show significant, but low genetic effects for most of the measures and no maternal effects for any measure. There was also evidence for a sex-by-genotype interaction that was not due to sex-linkage, i.e., the same autosomal genes are acting differently in the two sexes during withdrawal from ethanol. Males tended to exhibit more genetic influence than females for most of the traits measured. The results are discussed in terms of the use of these measures for creating genetically defined models of physical dependence on ethanol.
The Effects of Size and Depth Limits on Tree Based Genetic Programming

Bloat is a common and well studied problem in genetic programming. Size and depth limits are often used to combat bloat, but to date there has been little detailed exploration of the effects and biases of such limits. In this paper we present empirical analysis of the effects of size and depth limits on binary tree genetic programs. We find that size limits control population average size in much the same way as depth limits do. Our data suggests, however that size limits provide finer and more reliable control than depth limits, which has less of an impact upon tree shapes.
Interactions between weeds, arthropod pests, and their natural enemies in managed ecosystems

Interactions between weeds and arthropods occur frequently. This review covers the topic of weed/arthropod interactions, and provides the reader with access to literature in the subject area that is scattered in weed science, entomological, crop production, and ecological journals. We first analyze the current status of weed and arthropod management in the context of multidisciplinary integrated pest management (IPM). The remainder of the review is organized according to the mechanisms driving interactions. The first section deals with interactions driven by trophic relationships, and is subdivided into direct and indirect trophic interactions. Direct trophic interactions occur when pest or beneficial arthropods feed directly on weeds. Indirect trophic interactions occur when arthropod feeding damage to crops impacts weeds through alteration of ecosystem resource availability, or through weeds serving as hosts for alternate prey for beneficial arthropods, or via tritrophic interactions. The second mechanism driving interactions is considered in relation to alteration of the physical habitat by the presence of weeds, such as alteration of temperature within the plant canopy. The third major mechanism driving interactions is based on control tactics for the two types of pests. These are considered from the aspect of direct physical effects, such as tillage, and from the aspect of interactions resulting from the use of pesticides. The latter is divided into direct effects of herbicides and insecticides on non-target pests and beneficials, and on interactions that result from alteration of host plant physiology by pesticides. A conclusion section attempts to place the impact of interactions into an IPM framework, and to indicate where multidisciplinary research involving weed and arthropod management should be focused in the future.
Neonatal Hypertonia: II. Differential Diagnosis and Proposed Neuroprotection

More accurate documentation of a neonate's specific hypertonic state could be helpful as part of serial neurologic examinations. The clinician would then be in a more advantageous position to choose the appropriate neuroprotective drug or the procedure that best fits with the etiology, localization, and timing of injury. Ideally, choices for neuroprotection will integrate history, examination, and diagnostic findings before considering options for prophylaxis, neurorescue, or neurorepair. Measuring the efficacy of a neuroprotection protocol should include a complete list of life-course challenges, including motor, epileptic, cognitive, and behavioral outcomes as expressed at successively older ages.
Trauma: physiology, pathophysiology, and clinical implications

Objective: To review the physiology, pathophysiology, and consequences of trauma. The therapeutic implications of hypovolemia, hypotension, hypothermia, tissue blood flow, oxygen delivery, and pain will be discussed. Data Sources: Human and veterinary clinical and research studies. Human and veterinary data synthesis: Trauma is defined as tissue injury that occurs more or less suddenly as a result of violence or accident and is responsible for initiating hyothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, immunologic and metabolic responses that are designed to restore homeostasis. Tissue injury, hemorrhage, pain, and fear are key components of any traumatic event. Trauma and blood loss result in centrally integrated autonomic-mediated cardiovascular responses that are designed to increase heart rate, systemic vascular resistance, and maintain arterial blood pressure (ABP) to vital organs at the expense of blood flow to the gut and skeletal muscle. Severe trauma elicits exuberant physiologic, immunologic, and metabolic changes predisposing the animal to organ malfunction, a systemic inflammatory response, infection, and multiple organ dysfunctions. The combination of both central and local influences produces regional redistribution of blood flow among and within tissue beds which, when combined with impaired vascular reactivity, leads to maldistribution of blood flow to tissues predisposing to tissue hypoperfusion and impaired oxygen delivery and extraction. Gut blood flow and viability may serve as a sentinel of patient survival. These consequences are magnified in animals suffering from pain or that become hypothermic. Successful treatment of traumatized animals goes beyond the restoration of blood pressure and urine output, is dependent on a fundamental understanding of the pathophysiologic processes responsible for the animals current physical status, and incorporates the reduction of pain, stress, and the systemic inflammatory response and methods that restore microcirculatory blood flow and tissue oxygenation. Conclusions: Severe trauma is a multifaceted event and is exacerbated by hypothermia, pain, and stress. Therapeutic approaches must go beyond the simple restoration of vascular volume and ABP by maintaining tissue blood flow, restoring tissue oxygenation, and preventing systemic inflammation.
Evaluation of the MODIS vegetation index compositing algorithm using SeaWiFS data

Vegetation index data were composited in space and time to monitor vegetation changes in a spatial continuous fashion. Sixteen days of SeaWiFS (Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor) data (surface reflectance data corrected for Rayleigh scattering Ozone and water vapor) were, composited to prototype and test the MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) algorithm for "standardized" MODIS vegetation indices. The SeaWiFS was tilted 20/spl deg/, preventing nadir looks of the Earth's surface. However, the MODIS algorithm applies a pixel-based bidirectional reflectance distribution function model (BRDF; Walthall) to obtain nadir-equivalent reflectance values at the prevalent solar zenith angle. The nadir-equivalent reflectance values were used to compute the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the enhanced vegetation index (EVI). A back-up algorithm (Maximum Value Composite; MVC) was applied if insufficient data were available to invert the BRDF model. The MODIS compositing algorithm was also executed using a standardization of the reflectance values to 20/spl deg/ view zenith angle (SeaWiFS tilt-angle), and compared to the "nadir-equivalent MODIS" algorithm and the MVC algorithm. To apply the MODIS compositing algorithm, a cloud mask was developed for the SeaWiFS data using a reflectance threshold for the visible bands. A land-water mask was used to retain only the land pixels. Anisotropy was found to be affecting the vegetation indices, although the temporal spectral profiles of cloud-free observations were quite variable, which was likely related to the inclusion of sub-pixel clouds in the "cloud-free" observations. The classical MVC method was computed to quantify the difference between the MODIS and MVC algorithms and establish a relationship for continuity purposes that will allow for comparisons of archived historical MVC-NDVI data with NDVI data from the current sensors.
A Fast Direct Solution Method for Nonlinear Equations in an Analytic Element Model

The analytic element method, like the boundary integral equation method, gives rise to a system of equations with a fully populated coefficient matrix. For simple problems, these systems of equations are linear, and a direct solution method, such as Gauss elimination, offers the most efficient solution strategy. However, more realistic models of regional ground water flow involve nonlinear equations, particularly when including surface water and ground water interactions. The problem may still be solved by use of Gauss elimination, but it requires an iterative procedure with a reconstruction and decomposition of the coefficient matrix at every iteration step. The nonlinearities manifest themselves as changes in individual matrix coefficients and the elimination (or reintroduction) of several equations between one iteration and the other. The repeated matrix reconstruction and decomposition is computationally intense and may be avoided by use of the Sherman-Morrison formula, which can be used to modify the original solution in accordance with (small) changes in the coefficient matrix. The computational efficiency of the Sherman-Morrison formula decreases with increasing numbers of equations to be modified. In view of this, the Sherman-Morrison formula is only used to remove equations from the original set of equations, while treating all other nonlinearities by use of an iterative refinement procedure.
4‘-Arylpyrrolomorphinans: Effect of a Pyrrolo-N-benzyl Substituent in Enhancing δ-Opioid Antagonist Activity

A new method for the preparation of N-benzylpyrrolomorphinans has been developed. Thus Michael reaction of the benzylimines of oxycodones and oxymorphones with nitrostyrenes gave a series of 4‘-aryl-N-benzylpyrrolomorphinans. These were selective δ antagonists of much higher in vitro potency (with 5a having Ke δ = <1 nM) than their binding affinities predicted. In mice in vivo assays 5a showed good δ antagonist activity in the antiwrithing analgesic assay and also inhibited δ agonist-induced convulsant activity.
Perceptions about recovery needs and drug-avoidance recovery behaviors among youth in substance abuse treatment.

Abstract Objective: This study used mixed methods to explore youth attitudes about recovery-related needs and important drug-avoidance behaviors after treatment. Method: Focus groups were conducted with 118 substance using youth in treatment (four residential and 10 outpatient settings) throughout Los Angeles County. Results: The average age was 17.4 (SD = 2.9); 78.3% were male, 66.1% Latino; and most were in treatment for primary marijuana (40.9%) or methamphetamine (30.4%) abuse. Quantitatve results from the drug-avoidance activity survey identified the following factors youth rated as important to their recovery after treatment: lifestyle improvement activities (95.7%); changing personal drug behaviors (89.6%); drug environment/culture change activities (82.5%); with the least important being therapeutic activities (78.5%). Qualitative findings from focus groups that asked what youth think are important for recovery programs to address after treatment revealed the following four areas: (1) recovery pro...
Fibronectin-mediated cell adhesion is required for induction of 92-kDa type IV collagenase/gelatinase (MMP-9) gene expression during macrophage differentiation. The signaling role of protein kinase C-beta

Induction of the 92-kDa gelatinase (MMP-9) gene expression is associated with macrophage differentiation. In this study, we explored the regulatory mechanisms underlying this differentiation-associated MMP-9 gene expression in human HL-60 myeloid leukemia cells and human peripheral blood monocytes. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) markedly inducedMMP-9 gene expression in HL-60 cells; the induction closely paralleled the timing and extent of PMA-induced cell adhesion and spreading, a hallmark of macrophage differentiation. Similarly, treatment with PMA or macrophage-colony stimulating factor stimulated adherence and spreading of blood monocytes with a concurrent 7- or 5-fold increase in MMP-9 production, respectively. In protein kinase C (PKC)-β-deficient HL-60 variant cells (HL-525), PMA failed to induce cell adhesion and MMP-9 gene expression. Transfecting HL-525 cells with a PKC-β expression plasmid restored PKC-β levels and PMA inducibility of cell adhesion and spreading as well asMMP-9 gene expression. Induction of cell adhesion andMMP-9 gene expression in HL-60 cells and blood monocytes was strongly inhibited by neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to fibronectin (FN) and its receptor α5β1integrin. HL-525 cells, which constitutively display high levels of surface α5β1 integrin, adhered and spread on immobilized FN with concomitant induction of MMP-9 gene expression. Cytochalasins B and D were each a potent inhibitor of MMP-9 production. Our results suggest that α5β1integrin-mediated interaction of immature hematopoietic cells with FN plays a critical role in modulating matrix-degrading activities during macrophage differentiation.
A Point Mutation in the N-Terminal Coiled-Coil Domain Releases c-Fes Tyrosine Kinase Activity and Survival Signaling in Myeloid Leukemia Cells

The c-fes locus encodes a 93-kDa non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase (Fes) that regulates the growth and differentiation of hematopoietic and vascular endothelial cells. Unique to Fes is a long N-terminal sequence with two regions of strong homology to coiled-coil oligomerization domains. We introduced leucine-to-proline substitutions into the coiled coils that were predicted to disrupt the coiled-coil structure. The resulting mutant proteins, together with wild-type Fes, were fused to green fluorescent protein and expressed in Rat-2 fibroblasts. We observed that a point mutation in the first coiled-coil domain (L145P) dramatically increased Fes tyrosine kinase and transforming activities in this cell type. In contrast, a similar point mutation in the second coiled-coil motif (L334P) was without effect. However, combining the L334P and L145P mutations reduced transforming and kinase activities by approximately 50% relative to the levels of activity produced with the L145P mutation alone. To study the effects of the coiled-coil mutations in a biologically relevant context, we expressed the mutant proteins in the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-dependent myeloid leukemia cell line TF-1. In this cellular context, the L145P mutation induced GM-CSF independence, cell attachment, and spreading. These effects correlated with a marked increase in L145P protein autophosphorylation relative to that of wild-type Fes. In contrast, the double coiled-coil mutant protein showed greatly reduced kinase and biological activities in TF-1 cells. These data are consistent with a role for the first coiled coil in the negative regulation of kinase activity and a requirement for the second coiled coil in either oligomerization or recruitment of signaling partners. Gel filtration experiments showed that the unique N-terminal region interconverts between monomeric and oligomeric forms. Single point mutations favored oligomerization, while the double point mutant protein eluted essentially as the monomer. These data provide new evidence for coiled-coil-mediated regulation of c-Fes tyrosine kinase activity and signaling, a mechanism unique among tyrosine kinases.
Genre identification of very brief musical excerpts

The purpose of this study was to examine how well individuals were able to identify different music genres from very brief excerpts and whether musical training, gender and preference played a role in genre identification. Listeners were asked to identify genre from classical, jazz, country, metal, and rap/hip hop excerpts that were 125, 250, 500, or 1000 ms in length. Participants (N = 347), students recruited from three college campuses in the southeast region of the USA, were found to be quite successful in identifying the genre of brief excerpts, even at 125 ms. Length of excerpt significantly affected participants’ ability to identify genre with longer time lengths leading to greater accuracy. Classical, metal, and rap/hip hop excerpts were correctly identified more often than were country or jazz excerpts. Further, there were many distinct interactions across lengths among genres. Musical training did not affect participants’ ability to identify excerpts overall or by length, but training was found to affect genre identification: those with training were better able to identify classical and jazz excerpts while those without training were better able to identify rap/hip hop excerpts. Gender did not affect participants’ ability to identify excerpts overall or by length, but gender was found to affect genre identification: males were better able to identify metal excerpts. Preference did affect participants’ ability to identify excerpts; most favorite genres were identified more accurately than all other genres and least favorite genres were identified less accurately than all other genres. In general, these findings support a primary conclusion that people are adept at identifying particular genres when presented with excerpts that are one second or less.
Turning the tables: language and spatial reasoning.

This paper investigates possible influences of the lexical resources of individual languages on the spatial organization and reasoning styles of their users. That there are such powerful and pervasive influences of language on thought is the thesis of the Whorf‐Sapir linguistic relativity hypothesis which, after a lengthy period in intellectual limbo, has recently returned to prominence in the anthropological, linguistic, and psycholinguistic literatures. Our point of departure is an influential group of cross-linguistic studies that appear to show that spatial reasoning is strongly affected by the spatial lexicon in everyday use in a community (e.g. Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1993). Linguistic and nonlinguistic coding of spatial arrays: explorations in Mayan cognition (Working Paper No. 24). Nijmegen: Cognitive Anthropology Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics; Cognitive Linguistics 6 (1995) 33). Specifically, certain groups customarily use an externally referenced spatial-coordinate system to refer to nearby directions and positions (“to the north”) whereas English speakers usually employ a viewer-perspective system (“to the left”). Prior findings and interpretations have been to the effect that users of these two types of spatial system solve rotation problems in different ways, reasoning strategies imposed by habitual use of the languageparticular lexicons themselves. The present studies reproduce these different problem-solving strategies in speakers of a single language (English) by manipulating landmark cues, suggesting that language itself may not be the key causal factor in choice of spatial perspective. Prior evidence on rotation problem solution from infants (e.g. Acredolo, L.P. (1979). Laboratory versus home: the effect of environment on the 9-month-old infant’s choice of spatial reference system. Developmental Psychology, 15 (6), 666‐667) and from laboratory animals (e.g. Restle, F. (1975). Discrimination of cues in mazes: a resolution of the place-vs.-response question. Psychological Review, 64, 217‐228) suggests a unified interpretation of the findings: creatures approach spatial problems differently depending on the availability and suitability of local landmark cues. The results are discussed in terms of the current debate on the relation of language to thought, with particular emphasis on the question of why different cultural communities favor different perspectives in talking about space. q 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
Estimating predicted probabilities from logistic regression: different methods correspond to different target populations

Background: We review three common methods to estimate predicted probabilities following confounder-adjusted logistic regression: marginal standardization (predicted probabilities summed to a weighted average reflecting the confounder distribution in the target population); prediction at the modes (conditional predicted probabilities calculated by setting each confounder to its modal value); and prediction at the means (predicted probabilities calculated by setting each confounder to its mean value). That each method corresponds to a different target population is underappreciated in practice. Specifically, prediction at the means is often incorrectly interpreted as estimating average probabilities for the overall study population, and furthermore yields nonsensical estimates in the presence of dichotomous confounders. Default commands in popular statistical software packages often lead to inadvertent misapplication of prediction at the means. Methods: Using an applied example, we demonstrate discrepancies in predicted probabilities across these methods, discuss implications for interpretation and provide syntax for SAS and Stata. Results: Marginal standardization allows inference to the total population from which data are drawn. Prediction at the modes or means allows inference only to the relevant stratum of observations. With dichotomous confounders, prediction at the means corresponds to a stratum that does not include any real-life observations. Conclusions: Marginal standardization is the appropriate method when making inference to the overall population. Other methods should be used with caution, and prediction at the means should not be used with binary confounders. Stata, but not SAS, incorporates simple methods for marginal standardization.
Bind-n-Seq: high-throughput analysis of in vitro protein–DNA interactions using massively parallel sequencing

Transcription factor-DNA interactions are some of the most important processes in biology because they directly control hereditary information. The targets of most transcription factor are unknown. In this report, we introduce Bind-n-Seq, a new high-throughput method for analyzing protein-DNA interactions in vitro, with several advantages over current methods. The procedure has three steps (i) binding proteins to randomized oligonucleotide DNA targets, (ii) sequencing the bound oligonucleotide with massively parallel technology and (iii) finding motifs among the sequences. De novo binding motifs determined by this method for the DNA-binding domains of two well-characterized zinc-finger proteins were similar to those described previously. Furthermore, calculations of the relative affinity of the proteins for specific DNA sequences correlated significantly with previous studies (R(2 )= 0.9). These results present Bind-n-Seq as a highly rapid and parallel method for determining in vitro binding sites and relative affinities.
Optical Detection Of Pulsed Surface Particle Displacements

The detection of acoustic surface wave pulses by a wideband differential interferometric laser technique which is insensitive to low frequency noise is described. System bandwidth is determined by the relationship between acoustic wavelength and the variable spacing between two laser probe beams focused on the solid surface which supports the waves. Response to an ideal step function displacement is analyzed and experimental measurements of gated 2.5 MHz pulses generated on an aluminized pyrex plate are discussed.
A murine model of deep vein thrombosis Characterization and validation in transgenic mice

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) occurs with high prevalence in association with a number of risk factors, including major surgery, trauma, obesity, bed rest (>5 days), cancer, a previous history of DVT,and several predisposing prothrombotic mutations.A novel murine model of DVT was developed for applications to preclinical studies of transgenically constructed prothrombotic lines and evaluation of new antithrombotic therapies.A transient direct-current electrical injury was induced in the common femoral vein of adult C57Bl/6 mice. A non-occlusive thrombus grew, peaking in size at 30 min, and regressing by 60 min, as revealed by histomorphometric volume reconstruction of the clot. Pre-heparinization greatly reduced clot formation at 10, 30, and 60 min (p
Semantics and Language Acquisition: Some Theoretical Considerations

Now that developmental psycholinguists have been gradually easing themselves out of the syntactic fixation with which they have been afflicted for some time, they have come face to face with the problem of semantics which is, of course, the heart of any account of language and language acquisition. My plan today is to begin by presenting some reasons for rejecting one theory of semantic development -namely, the Semantic Feature Hypothesis which has stimulated a great deal of research on semantic development including some of my own. Second, I will sketch an alternative theoretical model which may be more satisfactory. The latter theory draws from aspects of my own research, the developmental work of Donaldson and Wales (e.g., 1970) Macnamara (1972), Rosch (e.g., 1973) and Nelson (e.g. 1974), and research reported by Bransford, Franks, Posner and others (e.g. Bransford and McCarrell, 1975; Franks and Bransford, 1971; Posner and Keele, 1968).
Factors affecting the extent of electronic cooperation between firms: economic and sociological perspectives

Two prominent trends—more cooperative business partner relationships coupled with rapid advances in computer and communications technology—have given rise to new forms of electronic cooperation through interorganizational systems (IOS). In spite of this emerging electronic cooperation, existing literature is limited in its ability to pinpoint the core set of factors that determine the extent of the electronic cooperation between trading partners. By investigating the use of electronic data interchange (EDI) as the specific form of IOS that enables electronic cooperation, this paper identifies factors influencing the extent of EDI use in a dyadic retailer-supplier relationship. Drawing particularly on transaction cost theory and social exchange theory, we identify five variables (asset specificity, uncertainty, reciprocal investments, trust, and power) that are likely to be important in explaining the level of EDI use between a retailer and its suppliers. These variables are hypothesized to be associated with the extent of EDI use, in terms of volume and diversity, between the trading partners. We will empirically test the research propositions using multiple regression analysis with the data that will be collected from a mail survey of a nationally known retailer’s suppliers.
Recent Literature on Lichens—193*

ALEXANDER, V. & M. M. BILLINGTON. 1986. Nitrogen fixation in the Alaskan taiga, pp. 112–120. 2 fig. 1 tab. In K. Van Cleve, F. S. Chapin III, P. W. Flanagan, L. A. Viereck & C. T. Dyrness (eds.), Forest Ecosystems in the Alaskan Taiga. Springer-Verlag, New York. [Includes data on nitrogen fixation in Nephroma and Peltigera.] ANON. 2003. William Louis Culberson. 5 April 1919–8 February 2003. 7 (unpaginated) pages. [Brochure prepared for a reception honoring the life and career of one of his generations most prominent and original lichenologists.] ANTHONY, P. A., J. A. M. HOLTUM & B. R. JACKES. 2002. Shade acclimation of rainforest leaves to colonization by lichens. Functional Ecology 16: 808–816. 6 fig. 7 tab. [‘‘Despite such shading, our observations indicated that leaves photo-acclimate to the cover of lichens. The rate of photosynthesis of leaf patches covered by lichens was saturated at lower irradiances, and these patches had higher chlorophyll concentrations than uncolonized leaf areas. Monte Carlo estimates of total daily carbon gain, based on assimilation-irradiance curves and continuous light records, indicated that leaf areas covered by lichens compensated fully for the shading by lichens.’’] APTROOT, A., L. I. FERRARO, M.-J. LAI, H. J. M. SIPMAN & L. B. SPARRIUS. 2003. Foliicolous lichens and their lichenicolous ascomycetes from Yunnan and Taiwan. Mycotaxon 88: 41–47. 3 tab. [New to Taiwan: Actinoplaca strigulacea, Asterothyrium microsporum, Aulaxina quadrangula, Bacidina pallidocarnea, Calenia depressa, C. monospora, Echinoplaca epiphylla, E. hispida, Fellhanera semecarpi, Gyalectidium catenulatum, G. caucasicum, G. filicinum, Gyalideopsis rubescens, Lyromma nectandrae, Porina nitidula, P. pallescens, P. rufula, Sporopodium flavescens, S. leprieurii, Tricharia armata, T. carnea, T. kashiwadanii. New to China: Actinoplaca strigulacea, Asterothyrium microsporum, Aulaxina quadrangula, Bacidia olivaceorufa, Bacidina mirabilis, B. scutellifera, Bullatina aspidota, Byssolecania variabilis, Byssoloma leucoblepharum, Calenia depressa, C. monospora, C. thelotremella, Coenogonium zonatum, Echinoplaca leucothrichoides, Fellhanera fuscatula, Gyalectidium australe, G. caucasicum, Lyromma nectandrae, Opegrapha ectolechiacearum, Porina conica, P. cupreola, P. ephylloides, P. imitatrix, P. karnatakensis, P. lucida, P. mirabilis, P. rufula, P. trichothelioides, P. virescens, Sporopodium phyllocharis, S. xantholeucum, Stigmidium calopadiae, S. epiphyllum, S. trichotheliorum, Strigula concreta, S.
The Communication Conundrum Exercise: Pedagogy for Project-Based Learning

Many professionals spend a significant amount of their time managing and supporting project teams. To help students learn how to work in this environment, we present the Communication Conundrum Exercise (CCE). The CCE challenges students to solve a symbol-identification problem with tension from hierarchical controls and narrowly defined rules for communication. Students assume roles that correspond to the major roles found on real-life hybrid project teams, and work with the triple constraint triangle common in project management. We provide the rationale for the CCE and the method and results of our analyses from 126 management students in 26 groups, and provide the details of exercise setup, execution, and debrief. The CCE delivers a high-energy, high-impact experience for students on the nature of hybrid project teams and their communication challenges.
What's in a Name? Rebranding Librarianship for Professional Students

J. P. Huffman is the editor of JBFL's Information Literacy column. Currently an Information Sciences & Business Liaison Librarian at Penn State University, she received her MLIS from the University...
Glycosidases in canine pancreatic secretion.

SummarySeveral glycosidases present in extracts of pancreatic tissue have been found in pancreatic juice. The corresponding enzyme systems in pancreatic juice and pancreatic tissue extract have identical pH optima and similar curves of pH activity. Velocity-substrate relationships of β-glucosaminidase, β-galactosaminidase, α-D-mannosidase, and α-L-fucosidase in pancreatic juice have been estimated.
Decline in wintertime air-mass transition frequencies in the USA

Air-mass transitions are an important component of atmospheric circulation, but are dif- ficult to objectively identify and analyze in the context of decadal-scale climate change. Spatial syn- optic classification (SSC) uses surface weather observations of daily dew point temperature range, sea-level pressure range, and wind shift to identify days with a distinct change from one air mass to another ('transition days'). Thus, the SSC offers a unique opportunity to examine the climatology of synoptic-scale transition events. The frequency of the transition type has significantly declined across United States over the second half of the twentieth century, potentially revealing a climatic shift toward fewer abrupt air-mass changes, but the underlying causes have not been well-documented to date. We link the decline in winter transition frequency to decreasing intra-daily moisture and pres- sure variability by examining the largest within-day dew point temperature and sea-level pressure changes. Fewer transitions are being observed in the continental United States because of increasing daily minimum dew point temperatures in the upper Midwest and smaller pressure changes over 24 h periods in the western states. The frequency and intensity of air-mass transitions are closely tied to other components of the climate system; therefore, examination of transition trends serves as a novel framework for exploring climatic change.
A learner-centered computational experience in nanotechnology for undergraduate STEM students

According to recent studies, the current state of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education in the U.S. has not been impressive. In this paper, we introduce an interdisciplinary learnercentered computational experience in nanotechnology for undergraduate STEM students. Three important tasks associated with this work are applying power-aware data-regrouping based parallel computation to analyze nanoscale materials; updating and/or developing “handson computational experience in nanotechnology” courses; and assessing students' learning experience and interest in high performance computing (HPC) simulation for nanotechnology. The proposed activities have potential to improve motivation, engagement, and learning of STEM students, enhancing the Engaged Student Learning environment. The tasks described in this work incorporate many-core computing, nanomanufacturing, and energy savings, and are aimed at advancing HPC with fundamental understanding of nanostructured fiber behavior, which in turn will allow the use of effective materials for renewable energy conversion. Activities to address industry-oriented realworld problems will attract new students to the STEM education, as the job market in related fields is growing.
Words that Matter for Asset Pricing: The Case of IPOs

We examine how useful the popular Loughran and McDonald (2011, LM) tonal word lists are for extracting information in IPO prospectuses about first-day returns. We find that there is much more information in word use than captured by the LM tonal lists. We show that the connection between LM lists and returns is nuanced and inconsistent; it belies simple tonal narratives. Specifically, we assess frequency of use, predictive content, comprehensiveness, and consistency of predictive impact for the LM lists. Words in the negative, positive, uncertainty, and weak-modal lists occur in IPO prospectuses more frequently than random, but only the negative and uncertainty words collectively predict first-day returns. We develop a new method based on the False Discovery Rate (FDR) to identify words that affect IPO tail returns. We measure the amount of information in the LM lists compared to these FDR words and find that the LM lists are not comprehensive because they capture only a small fraction of the information in words associated with returns. We also find that the impact of LM words on first-day returns is a fraction of the impact of FDR words. We show that the LM word lists send inconsistent signals on pricing to investors: some LM words on the same lists are positively correlated with first-day IPO returns, whereas others are negatively correlated.
Metabolic Markers to Predict Incident Diabetes Mellitus in Statin-Treated Patients (from the Treating to New Targets and the Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels Trials)

The goal of this analysis was to evaluate the ability of insulin resistance, identified by the presence of prediabetes mellitus (PreDM) combined with either an elevated triglyceride (TG >1.7 mmol/l) or body mass index (BMI ≥27.0 kg/m2), to identify increased risk of statin-associated type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Consequently, a retrospective analysis of data from subjects without diabetes in the Treating to New Targets and the Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels randomized controlled trials was performed, subdividing participants into 4 experimental groups: (1) normal fasting glucose (NFG) and TG ≤1.7 mmol/l (42%); (2) NFG and TG >1.7 mmol/l (22%); (3) PreDM and TG ≤1.7 mmol/l (20%); and (4) PreDM and TG >1.7 mmol/l (15%). Comparable groupings were created substituting BMI values (kg/m2 1.7 mmol/l) with intermediate values for only an elevated TG >1.7 mmol/l (5.2%/4.3%) or only PreDM (12.8%/7.6%). Comparable differences were observed when BMI values were substituted for TG concentrations. In conclusion, these data suggest that (1) the diabetogenic impact of statin treatment is relatively modest in general; (2) the diabetogenic impact is accentuated relatively dramatically as FPG and TG concentrations and BMI increase; and (3) PreDM, TG concentrations, and BMI identify people at highest risk of statin-associated T2DM.
Report of the ALCTS CMS Collection Development Issues for the Practitioner Interest Group Meeting. American Library Association Midwinter Meeting. Boston, January 2016

The ALCTS CMS Collection Development Issues for the Practitioner Interest Group discussed three topics based on suggestions collected in advance of the meeting. Volunteers led discussions about man...
A truncated development: the underspanned suspension bridge

One of the experimental variants abandoned in the course of the early development, was the underspanned suspension bridge. Similar in appearance to the underspanned beam, the lower tension member is anchored in a separate abutment rather than self-anchored to the deck stringer. The suspension bridge supported by cables or chains under the deck was abandoned around mid-nineteenth century because the closely related underspanned beam did not need expensive anchorages. However, it would still be viable for long span bridges over deep gorges. The type intrigued Dufour, and he designed four such bridges, two of which were built. The Bergues Bridge of 1834 over the Rhone in Geneva and the Coulouvreniere Bridge over the city ramparts of 1837 were the two that were built, while daring proposals for the La Caille bridge in 1823 and the Fribourg Bridge in 1825 remained projects.
Recent Advances in Self Doped Conducting Polymers and Arylenevinylenes

The theme of this Symposium is “Functional Polymers”. Conducting polymers (reviewed more generally by Professor Wnek in this Symposium) can be viewed as functional polymers; the whole backbone is essentially the polymer’s functional group because it is a delocalized Π system which undergoes REDOX reactions, also known as doping reactions. In the doping process, when the backbone is partially oxidized, the resulting delocalized positive charges need to be balanced by introduction of an unreactive anion from the polymer’s exterior; when the polymer is partially reduced, the resulting delocalized negative charges are balanced by insertion of a cation into the polymer’s bulk. Concomitant with the REDOX changes are changes in the absorption spectrum of the polymer. The pristine polymers have a bandgap that ranges from 1 – 2.5 eV corresponding to λmax of ~800 nm - ~400 nm; as the polymer is either oxidized or reduced, the oscillator strength of the pristine band diminishes and a new band (or bands) at lower energies (longer wavelengths) appear(s). Since REDOX of the backbone can be performed electrochemically, the spectroscopic changes described above are those of an electrochromic material. The speed of reversible electrochromic color switching from, e.g., red to blue and back to red (polythiophene oxidation) is dependent on the rate at which ions can be transported through the bulk of the polymer (see Professor C. R. Martin’s contribution in this volume with respect to polypyrrole).
Some challenging issues in characteristic mode analysis of real world problems and suggested solutions

The paper discusses the application of the Characteristic Mode Analysis (CMA) to a number of problems arising in practical antenna applications, and identifies some challenging issues that have been encountered by in the process of applying the CMA to some real-world problems. These include, among others, excitation of the Characteristic modes on complex platforms; antenna placement on these platforms to achieve a desired radiation pattern, specified over a limited angular range; determining excitation coefficients of antennas to achieve interference suppression of unwanted signals. It then goes on to present some systematic approaches to addressing these problems by modifying the conventional Characteristic mode analysis in a suitable manner.
Initial Observations of Lingual Movement Characteristics of Children With Cerebral Palsy.

Purpose This preliminary study compared the speech motor control of the tongue and jaw between children with cerebral palsy (CP) and their typically developing (TD) peers. Method Tongue tip and jaw...
Comment le numérique fait évoluer les opérations de maintenance

Le contexte economique actuel impose de revoir des pratiques qui ont fait leurs preuves depuis plusieurs decennies. Cet imperatif de reinvention coincide avec l’arrivee de solutions numeriques mâtures pouvant s’integrer au monde industriel. Dans le nucleaire, le numerique trouve de plus en plus sa place dans les operations de maintenance des reacteurs. Le programme Grand Carenage est a ce titre une formidable opportunite pour deployer a grande echelle des solutions innovantes qui, a terme, modifieront en profondeur les metiers de la maintenance et renforceront la performance des reacteurs.