cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Surprisingly High Levels of Excess Reserves during the Great Recession: An investigation into the determinants of banks’ liquidity hoarding

Excess reserves, the indication of a bank’s opportunity to invest in the economy, have historically been quite predictable and low for many years. From early sixties to August of 2008, the percentage of excess reserves in relation to required reserves has been between 1% to 9%. In September 2008, shortly prior to the tipping point of the 2008 financial crisis, the level of excess reserves began to rise dramatically and has stayed quite high even four years later. The watershed moment of Lehman Brothers and AIG failing precipitated a banking panic that involved drastic policy changes by the Fed and financial firms scrambling to find liquidity in anticipation of a credit crunch and drawdowns of credit lines. In less than six months, excess reserves ballooned to over $900 billion, which accounts to 2,063% of required reserves. Surprisingly, the large amount of excess reserves did not return to the previous levels. Instead, it has increased even more to nearly $2 trillion. This paper thus investigates the determinants for banks to hoard liquidity. The data reveals that high losses in loans and investments have caused banks to prognosticate higher levels of precautionary reserves. Furthermore, the very low federal funds rate and high unemployment rate have given banks limited opportunities to use the reserves in other alternative investment vehicles. Finally, the Federal Reserve’s decision to pay interest on excess reserves provided incentives for banks and made holding reserves above the required amount no longer a cost for the bank.
Development of the Levey-Nowak Embedded Librarian Presence Instrument: A Preliminary Study

A cross-sectional descriptive design was used to examine the initial psychometric properties and feasibility of the newly developed Levey-Nowak Embedded Librarian Presence Instrument. The instrument was structured by a literature review identifying reoccurring concepts of presence, helpfulness, confidence, and collaboration within the embedded librarian pedagogy. Face and content validity were established before the preliminary study. A total of 27 Registered Professional Nurses in a Bachelor of Science in Nursing Completion Program were recruited to participate and resulted in a Cronbach's alpha of.75. The instrument was advanced to the next phase of psychometric assessment using exploratory factor analysis.
Selection of an Operation in the Management of 155 Cases of Urethral Strictures in Male Subjects

A method is described for the selection of an appropriate operation in the repair of 155 male urethral strictures. A brief outline of the important aspects of the operation is presented. The patients have been followed 2 to 4 years postoperatively.
elPBN neurons regulate rVLM activity through elPBN-rVLM projections during activation of cardiac sympathetic afferent nerves

The external lateral parabrachial nucleus (elPBN) within the pons and rostral ventrolateral medulla (rVLM) contributes to central processing of excitatory cardiovascular reflexes during stimulation...
Optic Disk Abnormalities

Ophthalmoscopic abnormalities of the optic disk may signal the presence of acquired intracranial disease; or the disk anomaly may be congenital and only mimic an acquired disk change; or the disk anomaly may be acquired but caused by a purely ocular disease. The abnormal disk may be elevated, excavated, or flat and may be abnormal in color, contour, or size.
Why Study Sub-Saharan African Immigrants in France?

Surprisingly, the French government did not act immediately to change immigrant integration policy in order to address the concerns of protesters. One year later, Sahlins (2006) reported, “No parliamentary commission has been convoked to understand the riots, and no major governmental policies have been proposed in response to the social problems revealed by the riots.” In November 2007, civil unrest erupted again in France north of Paris in Val-d’Oise when two male teenagers of North African descent died during a police chase (Sciolino 2007; CBC News 2007). Similarly to the events initiating the 2005 Clichy-sous-Bois riots, teenagers died and (perhaps heavy-handed) police officers were involved. Once more, the police and families reported opposing views of the events, and civil unrest ensued.
Use of Ion Mobility Spectrometry–Mass Spectrometry to Elucidate Architectural Dispersity within Star Polymers

The power of ion mobility spectrometry–mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) as an analytical technology for differentiating macromolecular architecture is demonstrated. The presence of architectural dispersity within a sample is probed by sequentially measuring both the drift time and the mass-to-charge ratio for every component within a polymer sample. The utility of this technology is demonstrated by investigating three poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) architectures with closely related average molecular weights of about 9000 Da: a linear PEG, an unevenly branched miktoarm star PEG, and evenly branched homoarm star PEGs. The three architectures were readily distinguished when analyzed separately as “pure” architectures or when analyzed as mixtures. IMS-MS results are contrasted with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-MS and viscometry measurements.
Modified resayings of reported speech in Mandarin conversation

This article examines how and why participants in conversation modify the reported speech made by another speaker, and proffer a second saying in subsequent talk. Two types of modified reportings are identified: (1) explicit modifications, and (2) implicit modifications. Both types are shown to treat the first reported speech as inadequate, and lay claim to speaker’s epistemic authority or priority over the reported talk vis-a-vis other interlocutors. Further, explicit modifications of a prior report generally display a stronger epistemic stance than implicit modifications.
A Review of the Clinical Subgroup Analyses From the RE-LY Trial

Dabigatran was the first direct-acting oral anticoagulant approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in people with atrial fibrillation, based on data from the Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulation Therapy (RE-LY) trial. Over 18,000 patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and a moderate-to-high risk of thromboembolic stroke were randomized to warfarin or dabigatran. With respect to the primary endpoints for efficacy and safety, dabigatran was superior to warfarin in the prevention of stroke and thromboembolism and noninferior with respect to major bleeding. Although unified by a common arrhythmia and a similar thromboembolic stroke risk, this large patient population is also significantly heterogeneous with respect to other demographics and comorbidities that raise important questions about the efficacy and safety of dabigatran in specific patient populations. Furthermore, there were significant differences between the warfarin and dabigatran groups with respect to several important secondary endpoints. Understanding the differences in outcomes between specific patient subgroups from the RE-LY trial can better inform the practicing clinician's ability to offer the best anticoagulation options to individual patients.
Distributed Wireless Antenna Sensors for Boiler Condition Monitoring

References [1] Fang, D.G., “Antenna theory and microstrip antennas”, CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL, 2009. [2] Balanis, C.A., “Antenna theory: analysis and design”, WileyInterscience, Hoboken, N.J., 2005. [3] Pozar, D.M., Schaubert, D., ”Microstrip antennas: the analysis and design of microstrip antennas and arrays”, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New York, 1995. [4] Rogers Corporation. (2011). RO3000® series circuit materials datasheet. [Online]. Available: http://www.rogerscorp.com/documents/722/acm/RO3000Laminate-Data-Sheet-RO3003-RO3006-RO3010.pdf Expected Outcomes • Conduct fundamental and applied research on materials development and fabrication techniques that facilitate convenient and low-cost production of flexible dielectric substrates; • Perform comprehensive parametric studies to understand the effect of design parameters on the sensor performances; • Develop a multi-variant parameter identification algorithm to facilitate extracting multiple measurands from one single antenna measurement; • Characterize wireless interrogation and sensing capability of the antenna sensor array up to 1000 oC. Research Approaches
Systematic review of β blocker, aspirin, and statin in critically ill patients: importance of severity of illness and cardiac troponin

Non-cardiac critically ill patients with type II myocardial infarction (MI) have a high risk of mortality. There are no evidence-based interventions to mitigate this risk. We systematically reviewed the literature regarding the use of medications known to reduce mortality in patients with cardiac troponin (cTn) elevation due to type I MI (β blockers, statin, and aspirin) in studies of critically ill patients without Type I MI. All PubMed publications between 1976-2/19/16 were reviewed. Search terms included: β blocker or aspirin or statin and intensive care unit (ICU) or critically ill or sepsis; 497 primary references were obtained. Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) study population consisted of critically ill patients in the ICU with non-cardiovascular illnesses, (2) mortality end point, (3) severity of illness (or injury) was measured, and (4) the antiplatelet agent was primarily aspirin. Retrospective investigations, prospective observational studies, meta-analysis, systematic review, and randomized controlled trials were included; case reports were excluded. 25 primary references were obtained. The data were extracted and tabulated using data collection headings as follows: article title, first author/year/reference number, study type/design, population studied, outcome and intervention, and study question addressed. Evidence was not graded as the majority of studies were non-randomized (low-to-moderate quality). 11 studies were found through bibliography reviews for a total of 36 references. In conclusion, β blockers, statins, and aspirin may play a role in reducing mortality in non-cardiac critically ill patients. Benefit appears to be related to severity of illness, for which cTn may be a marker.
Assessing the Nomological Validity of the Net Promoter Index Question (NPI)

In his landmark HBR article “The One Number you Need to Grow” and bestselling book “The Ultimate Question”, Reichheld (2003, 2006) proclaims that the Net Promoter Index (NPI) is better than traditional marketing metrics in predicting the performance and growth of a firm. In essence, the NPI measures a customer’s willingness to recommend a firm. Arriving at the NPI involves asking customers about their likelihoods to recommend company x to a friend or colleague. The answers are recorded on a single-item scale from 1 = not at all likely to 10 = extremely likely. Then, the percentage of detractors (respondents giving a score from 0 to 6), are subtracted from the percentage of promoters (respondents giving a score of 9 or 10). The result is the NPI. A number of studies, in part through replication, have challenged the relationship between NPI and growth and its superiority in predicting it (Keiningham, Cooil, Andreaseen, and Aksoy 2007, Keiningham, Aksoy, Cooil, Andreassen, and Williams 2008, Sharp 2008). The present study seeks to further investigate the NPI by beginning to evaluate its performance in a well established nomological network of loyalty related constructs. As such the purpose of this study is to assess the nomological/predictive validity of the NPI question.
The sources of the Middle East's crises and American grand strategy

ABSTRACTThis article argues that there are four major crises convulsing the Middle East. They are the Shia-Sunni conflict, rise of extremist militant fundamentalists, ethno-national demands, and pro-democracy movements. These have given rise to four clusters of actors. The article analyzes the ideological sources of Sunni and Shia fundamentalism, as well as Iran's grand strategy and American strategies and policies since 1979, trying to respond to these crises and challenges. It discusses the reasons for successes and failures of American policies and identifies lessons for future American policies toward the Middle East.
Personality, Well-Being, and Cognitive-Affective Styles: A Cross-Sectional Study of Adult Third Culture Kids:

Third Culture Kids (TCKs) and their adult counterparts (ATCKs) refer to individuals who spent part of their developmental years abroad and are an important demographic to study in this rapidly glob...
Aspect-oriented challenges in system integration with microservices, SOA and IoT

The era of system integration through service-oriented architecture is rapidly becoming a legacy. New systems increasingly rely on the successor microservice architecture. However, distributed appl...
Phishlimiter: A Phishing Detection and Mitigation Approach Using Software-Defined Networking

Phishing is one of the most harmful social engineering techniques to subdue end users where threat actors find a chance to gain access to critical information systems. A common approach in phishing is through the use of e-mail communication with an embedded hyperlink. The detection and mitigation of phishing attacks are a grand challenge due to the complexity of current phishing attacks. Existing techniques are often too time consuming to be used in the real world in terms of detection and mitigation time. Likewise, they employ static detection rules that are not effective in the real world due to the dynamics of phishing attacks. In this paper, we present PhishLimiter, a new detection and mitigation approach, where we first propose a new technique for deep packet inspection (DPI) and then leverage it with software-defined networking (SDN) to identify phishing activities through e-mail and web-based communication. The proposed DPI approach consists of two components: phishing signature classification and real-time DPI. Based on the programmability of SDN, we develop the store and forward mode and the forward and inspect mode to the direct network traffic by using an artificial neural network model to classify phishing attack signatures and design the real-time DPI so that PhishLimiter can flexibly address the dynamics of phishing attacks in the real world. PhishLimiter also provides better network traffic management for containing phishing attacks since it has the global view of a network through SDN. Furthermore, we evaluate PhishLimiter using a real-world testbed environment and data sets consisting of real-world e-mail with embedded links. Our extensive experimental study shows that PhishLimiter provides an effective and efficient solution to deter malicious activities.
Images of Great 2-spheres

The hyper-sphere “\((x - 1/4)^{2} + (y - 1/4)^{2} + (z - 1/4)^{2} + (w - 1/4)^{2} = (.4)^{2}\)” and its four great 2-spheres obtained by respectively setting \(x = 1/4\), \(y = 1/4\), \(z = 1/4\), and \(w = 1/4\) were studied extensively in Chapter 10.
Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and in vitro antibacterial activity of rifampin in the horse.

The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of rifampin were determined after IV (10 mg/kg of body weight) and intragastric (20 mg/kg of body weight) administration to 6 healthy, adult horses. After IV administration, the disposition kinetics of rifampin were best described by a 2-compartment open model. A rapid distribution phase was followed by a slower elimination phase, with a half-life (t1/2[beta]) of 7.27 +/- 1.11 hours. The mean body clearance was 1.49 +/- 0.41 ml/min.kg, and the mean volume of distribution was 932 +/- 292 ml/kg, indicating that rifampin was widely distributed in the body. After intragastric administration of rifampin in aqueous suspension, a brief lag period (0.31 +/- 0.09 hour) was followed by rapid, but incomplete, absorption (t1/2[a] = 0.51 +/- 0.32 hour) and slow elimination (t1/2[d] = 11.50 +/- 1.55 hours). The mean bioavailability (fractional absorption) of the administered dose during the first 24 hours was 53.94 +/- 18.90%, and we estimated that 70.0 +/- 23.6% of the drug would eventually be absorbed. The mean peak plasma rifampin concentration was 13.25 +/- 2.70 micrograms/ml at 2.5 +/- 1.6 hours after dosing. All 6 horses had plasma rifampin concentrations greater than 2 micrograms/ml by 45 minutes after dosing; concentrations greater than 3 micrograms/ml persisted for at least 24 hours. Mean plasma rifampin concentrations at 12 and 24 hours after dosing were 6.86 +/- 1.69 micrograms/ml and 3.83 +/- 0.87 micrograms/ml, respectively. We tested 162 isolates of 16 bacterial species cultured from clinically ill horses for susceptibility to rifampin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Simulating Deep Sub-Micron Technologies: An Industrial Perspective

Meeting the performance goals necessary to be competitive in the semiconductor industry will force novel process and device designs to be evaluated and optimized. Process and device simulators can be a valuable tool in the evaluation and optimization process. As device dimensions approach the 0.10 µm regime, device and process simulators will be pushed to new levels. In device simulations, non-local hot electron effects and mobility modeling are crucial for predictive simulations. The shallow, highly doped junctions required to improve short channel effects forces accurate diffusion models for extremely low energy implants as well as predictive modeling of extended defect interactions. Current areas of application for device and process simulation tools including development, optimization and manufacturing are discussed.
Implications: People and Physical Infrastructure

Productive ongoing activity in convergence science and engineering and broad distribution of their economic, societal, and environmental benefits across the nation and the world is not a given. This chapter addresses the need for continuing development and implementation of a new human infrastructure—specifically, affordable IT-based and interactive formal and informal education at all levels and for all individuals, with a strong focus on STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) subjects—and of a new physical infrastructure—specifically, advanced and accessible knowledge and communication networks, measurement capabilities, and laboratory and manufacturing facilities—that will be necessary for continuing progress and real benefit to society. For successful development of both types of infrastructure, it will be necessary for the social sciences to be better integrated into these processes; for them to be more science- and evidence-based; and for them to positively impact formation of broad partnerships and new governance modalities. International formal and informal knowledge sharing and deliberation will be critical as well. The convergence of knowledge and technology that has taken place to date will provide indispensable tools for all of these activities, but society’s commitment also must be engaged.
Current state of apheresis technology and its applications

Apheresis is at the forefront of therapeutic approaches for an increasing number of indications caused by formation of pathologic antibodies treated by therapeutic plasma exchange, or through the use of red cell exchanges to overcome complications secondary to sickle cell crises. Likewise, the number of hematopoietic stem cell transplants has continued to grow annually and this is the direct result of the expansion of apheresis collections. Over the years a number of apheresis platforms have been utilized, but as one of the oldest and most widely used systems, the COBE Spectra, has ceased to be used therapeutically and at blood centers for donations there is an active search to find suitable systems that will replace it and have the versatility to perform as many procedures as possible. Computer innovations have made it possible with current apheresis technology to obtain more real-time information of the procedure which permits the operator to adjust parameters not only to optimize the specific procedure but also to safeguard against potential adverse events. The focus of this review is to go over available clinical data describing the operation, outcomes and applications of apheresis platforms, and discuss those systems that are likely to meet clinical demands and those of blood donation centers.
Robust Detection of Adversarial Attacks by Modeling the Intrinsic Properties of Deep Neural Networks

It has been shown that deep neural network (DNN) based classifiers are vulnerable to human-imperceptive adversarial perturbations which can cause DNN classifiers to output wrong predictions with high confidence. We propose an unsupervised learning approach to detect adversarial inputs without any knowledge of attackers. Our approach tries to capture the intrinsic properties of a DNN classifier and uses them to detect adversarial inputs. The intrinsic properties used in this study are the output distributions of the hidden neurons in a DNN classifier presented with natural images. Our approach can be easily applied to any DNN classifiers or combined with other defense strategy to improve robustness. Experimental results show that our approach demonstrates state-of-the-art robustness in defending black-box and gray-box attacks.
Comparisons of immunization records between a community pharmacy, a regional registry, and a health system.

Abstract Objectives To compare the completeness of immunization records for 6 vaccines between a community pharmacy database, a regional immunization information system (IIS), and a health system’s electronic health record (EHR). Methods In a community pharmacy immunization program, 2 pharmacists and a community pharmacy resident performed a needs assessment for 6 vaccines (tetanus–diphtheria–acellular pertussis vaccine for adults or diphtheria–tetanus–acellular pertussis vaccine for children and adolescents, zoster vaccine live, 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, hepatitis B vaccine series, and human papillomavirus vaccine) for more than 2400 patients from August 2016 to March 2017. This was a retrospective study to review immunization records for 243 patients. Inclusion criteria included patients from the community pharmacy immunization program who also had at least 1 medication prescribed by an academic health system provider. Immunization records for 6 vaccines were collected from the community pharmacy database, the regional IIS, and the EHR. Results A total of 186 of 243 patients (77%) had additional immunization records in the regional IIS or EHR that were not found in the community pharmacy database. Among those 186 patients, 108 (58%) had additional immunization records for 2 or more unique vaccines. In total, 378 additional immunization records were identified for the 6 vaccines. For all 6 vaccines, the regional IIS and EHR possessed more complete immunization records than the community pharmacy database (P Conclusion Our study showed that immunization records were more complete in a regional IIS and health system EHR compared with a community pharmacy database. If all 3 sources were used by the pharmacist during the needs assessment, the community pharmacy team would have made fewer vaccine recommendations, which would have reduced the potential for duplicate or inappropriate vaccines.
Treatment strategies and psychopharmacologyAntipsychotics

Antipsychotics are the mainstay of psychosis treatment. They are also used in the acute and long-term treatment of bipolar disorder, in depression and other conditions. They are classified as first-generation (‘typical’) and second-generation (‘atypical’) antipsychotics based on their ability to cause extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS). Metabolic adverse effects occur mainly with second-generation antipsychotics. Both classes have broadly similar efficacy in controlling the symptoms of psychosis with the exception of clozapine, which is unique in its improved efficacy in treatment-resistant schizophrenia.
Topotactic Synthesis of Phosphabenzene-Functionalized Porous Organic Polymers: Efficient Ligands in CO 2 Conversion.

Progress toward the preparation of porous organic polymers (POPs) with task-specific functionalities has been exceedingly slow-especially where polymers containing low-oxidation phosphorus in the structure are concerned. A two-step topotactic pathway for the preparation of phosphabenzene-based POPs (Phos-POPs) under metal-free conditions is reported, without the use of unstable phosphorus-based monomers. The synthetic route allows additional functionalities to be introduced into the porous polymer framework with ease. As an example, partially fluorinated Phos-POPs (F-Phos-POPs) were obtained with a surface area of up to 591 m2 g-1 . After coordination with Ru species, a Ru/F-Phos-POPs catalyst exhibited high catalytic efficiency in the formylation of amines (turnover frequency up to 204 h-1 ) using a CO2 /H2 mixture, in comparison with the non-fluorinated analogue (43 h-1 ) and a Au/TiO2 heterogeneous catalysts reported previously (<44 h-1 ). This work describes a practical method for synthesis of porous organic phosphorus-based polymers with applications in transition-metal-based heterogeneous catalysis.
Operationalizing Risk, Need, and Responsivity Principles in Local Policy: Lessons From Five County Juvenile Probation Departments:

We examined the operationalization of risk, need, and responsivity principles (RNRP) in local policy in five Pennsylvania county juvenile probation departments. “Core” policies focused on officers’...
Prevalence and patterns of opioid use before and after liver transplantation.

Background Opioid use in liver transplantation is poorly understood and has potential associated morbidity. Methods Using a national data set of employer-based insurance claims, we identified 1257 adults who underwent liver transplantation between December 2009 and February 2015. We categorized patients based on their duration of opioid fills over the year before and after transplant admission as opioid-naive/no fills, chronic opioid use (≥120 d supply), and intermittent use (all other use). We calculated risk-adjusted prevalence of peritransplant opioid fills, assessed changes in opioid use after transplant, and identified correlates of persistent or increased opioid use posttransplant. Results Overall, 45% of patients filled ≥1 opioid prescription in the year before transplant (35% intermittent use, 10% chronic). Posttransplant, 61% of patients filled an opioid prescription 0-2 months after discharge, and 21% filled an opioid between 10-12 months after discharge. Among previously opioid-naive patients, 4% developed chronic use posttransplant. Among patients with pretransplant opioid use, 84% remained intermittent or increased to chronic use, and 73% of chronic users remained chronic users after transplant. Pretransplant opioid use (risk factor) and hepatobiliary malignancy (protective) were the only factors independently associated with risk of persistent or increased posttransplant opioid use. Conclusions Prescription opioid use is common before and after liver transplant, with intermittent and chronic use largely persisting, and a small development of new chronic use posttransplant. To minimize the morbidity of long-term opioid use, it is critical to improve pain management and optimize opioid use before and after liver transplant.
An expert opinion survey on post-hazard restoration of roadways and bridges: Data and key insights

This article presents the data collected through an online survey of experts in the field of roadway and bridge inspection and repair, with an aim to understand and characterize post-hazard restora...
Effect of microtubule resonant frequencies on neuronal cells

Recent studies suggest that microtubules (MTs) and tubulin proteins exhibit resonant frequencies in the radiofrequency (RF) range. We hypothesize that exposing neurons to externally applied RF waves tuned to an intrinsic resonant frequency of MTs or tubulin could disrupt the natural signaling occurring in and around them, leading to neurophysiological changes. To test this hypothesis, we assembled custom exposure systems that allow stable RF exposures of cell cultures in a controlled environment (37°C, 5% CO2, 95% humidity). We then exposed differentiated NG108-15 neuronal cells to RF waves tuned to selected resonance peaks for tubulin (91 MHz and 281 MHz) and for MTs (3.0 GHz) for 1 hr at a power density of 0.24 mW/cm2 (SAR = 0.012, 0.087, and 0.53 mW/kg, respectively). We used fluorescence imaging of endogenous MTs and current-clamp electrophysiology to investigate changes following RF exposures compared to sham. The results from the imaging data show a clear difference in the localization of fluorescent MTs between the sham and the RF exposed neuronal cells. The sham cells exhibited more fluorescence in the neurite projections, whereas the RF exposed cells showed a more diffuse pattern, with a stronger fluorescence in the cell body. The electrophysiological results showed that resting membrane potentials of the RF exposed neuronal cells were more depolarized than those of the sham cells. Consequently, we observed spontaneous action potentials in the RF exposed cells, which were not present in the sham cells. Overall, our results suggest that exposing neurons to MTs or tubulin resonant frequencies might affect MTs normal behavior, leading to neurophysiological changes. However, to confirm the specificity of resonant frequency effect and validate this idea, studies investigating exposures to nonresonant frequencies and additional tubulin and MTs resonant frequencies are warranted.
Lived experience perspectives on reducing the duration of untreated psychosis: the impact of stigma on accessing treatment

Introduction: Prolonged duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) has long-term deleterious effects on outcomes. Research has focused on identifying factors contributing to prolonged DUP and initiative...
Addressing Organizational Cultural Conflicts in Engineering with Design Thinking

The present study examined how design thinking processes help to facilitate difficult conversations for fostering organizational change toward greater inclusion and equity in undergraduate engineering programs. Regardless of the type of organization or institution, sustainable diversity and inclusion integration requires difficult conversations that can correspond with locale‐specific interventions and deep cultural transformation. We led a series of design sessions with stakeholders from two undergraduate engineering programs at a large, Midwestern, research university aimed at creating prototype solutions to diversity and inclusion problems. Following the sessions, we conducted interviews with 19 stakeholders to understand their perceptions of the design process in facilitating both difficult conversations and in enacting meaningful change. Our study uncovered that organizational cultures impacted participants’ perceptions of change possibilities and their role in change. We conclude with recommendations for adopting design practices and communication‐as‐design processes to create structures and interactive approaches for facilitating conversations toward inclusionary organizational change.
Three Dimensional Stability and Bifurcation of Steady Water Waves

The stability of finite amplitude two-dimensional waves of permanent form on deep water to arbitrary three-dimensional disturbances is considered. The possibility of instability is related to the existence of resonances between linear waves. The regions of instability are calculated. It is shown that spontaneous three-dimensional waves of permanent form can arise, from bifurcation of two-dimensional waves at wave heights and wave lengths for which stationary disturbances exist, and their properties are determined.
Remote Microphone System Use in Preschool Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Language Disorder in the Classroom: A Pilot Efficacy Study

Purpose The present pilot study aimed to provide estimates of the feasibility and efficacy of a remote microphone (RM) system as an augmentative intervention to improve the functional listening performance of preschool children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and language disorder. Method Eight children with ASD and language disorder participated. Efficacy of the RM system was determined by evaluating participants' functional listening performance, as measured by an observational measure in RM-off and RM-on conditions. Responses were evaluated at the individual level using an alternating conditions design. Results Adequate feasibility was demonstrated as all participants were able to complete tasks in the RM-on condition. A subset of participants showed significant improvements in their functional listening performance in the RM-on condition, as demonstrated by visual inspection and effect sizes (nonoverlapping data points and percentage of data points exceeding the mean), indicating that there may be important sources of individual differences in responses to RM use in children with ASD. Conclusion The results of this pilot study provide support for future research on RM systems to target functional listening performance in children with ASD and language disorder.
Multi-label HD Classification in 3D Flash

Many classification problems in practice map each sample to more than one label - this is known as multi-label classification. In this work, we present Multi-label HD, an in 3D storage multi-label classification system that uses Hyperdimensional Computing (HD). Multi-label HD is the first HD system to support multi-label classification. We propose two different mappings of HD to Multi-label HD. The first, Power Set HD, transforms the multi-label problem into single-label classification by creating a new class for each label combination. The second, Multi-Model HD, creates a binary classification model for each possible label. Our evaluation shows that Multi-Model HD achieves, on average, $47.8\times$ higher energy efficiency and $47.1\times$ faster execution time while achieving 5% higher classification accuracy as state-of-the-art light-weight multi-label classifiers. Power Set HD achieves 13% higher accuracy than Multi-Model HD, but is $2\times$ slower. Our 3D-flash acceleration further improves the energy efficiency of Multi-label HD training by $228\times$ and reduces the latency by $610\times$ vs training on a CPU.
Conversion of soluble recalcitrant phosphorus to recoverable orthophosphate form using UV/H2O2.

Abstract Soluble non-reactive phosphorus (sNRP), such as inorganic polyphosphates and organic P, is not effectively removed by conventional physicochemical processes. This can impede water resource reclamation facilities’ ability to meet stringent total P regulations. This study investigated a UV/H2O2 advanced oxidation process (AOP) for converting sNRP to the more readily removable/recoverable soluble reactive P (sRP), or orthophosphate, form. Synthetic water spiked with four sNRP compounds (beta-glycerol phosphate, phytic acid, triphosphate, and hexa-meta phosphate) at varying H2O2 concentration, UV fluence, pH, and temperature was initially tested. These compounds represent simple, complex, organic, and inorganic forms of sNRP potentially found in wastewater. The efficiency of sNRP to sRP conversion depended on whether the sNRP compound was organic or inorganic and the complexity of its chemical structure. Using 1 mM H2O2 and 0.43 J/cm2 (pH 7.5, 22 °C), conversion of the simple organic beta-glycerol phosphate to sRP was 38.1 ± 2.9%, which significantly exceeded the conversion of the other sNRP compounds. Although conversion was achieved, the electrical energy per order (EEO) was very high at 5.2 × 103 ± 5.2 × 102 kWh/m3. Actual municipal wastewater secondary effluent, with sNRP accounting for 15% of total P, was also treated using UV/H2O2. No wastewater sNRP to sRP conversion was observed, ostensibly due to interference from wastewater constituents. Wastewater utilities that have difficulty meeting stringent P levels might be able to target simple organic sNRP compounds, though alternative processes beyond UV/H2O2 need to be explored to overcome interference from wastewater constituents and target more complex organic and inorganic sNRP compounds.
In Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: Comorbidity Determines Complexity

In the forensic context, fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) affects one of every six people. Seldom is FASD diagnosed correctly, which can have serious consequences for people in forensic systems whose impairments are unrecognized. Impairments in FASD increase risk of exploitation and manipulation while in police custody (e.g., rights waivers and false/exaggerated confessions) and risk of making uninformed and impulsive decisions prior to trial (e.g., plea bargaining) and at sentencing (e.g., allocutions). Forensic systems should improve screening for FASD, and defense attorneys and prosecutors need increased awareness of FASD. Due to multiple cognitive and adaptive impairments and high rates of comorbid mental health and neurodevelopmental disorders, the negative impact of this disorder on capacity to assist at trial, understand plea options, and exercise appropriate caution at all phases of the legal system is substantial. Judges need to exercise judicial leadership in improving recognition of FASD and its effects across the legal system. This is especially important with respect to closely related (comorbid) issues of gullibility, confabulation, impaired comprehension, and attention deficits.
Associations among negative life events, changes in cortico-limbic connectivity, and psychopathology in the ABCD Study.

Abstract Adversity exposure is a risk factor for psychopathology, which most frequently onsets during adolescence, and prior research has demonstrated that alterations in cortico-limbic connectivity may account in part for this association. In a sample of youth from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (N = 4006), we tested a longitudinal structural equation model to examine the indirect effect of adversity exposure (negative life events) on later psychopathology via changes in cortico-limbic resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC). We also examined the potential protective effects of parental acceptance. Generally, cortico-limbic connectivity became more strongly negative between baseline and year 2 follow-up, suggesting that stronger negative correlations within these cortico-limbic networks may reflect a more mature phenotype. Exposure to a greater number of negative life events was associated with stronger negative cortico-limbic rsFC which, in turn, was associated with lower internalizing (but not externalizing) symptoms. The indirect effect of negative life events on internalizing symptoms via cortico-limbic rsFC was significant. Parental acceptance did not moderate the association between negative life events and rsFC. Our findings highlight how stressful childhood experiences may accelerate neurobiological maturation in specific cortico-limbic connections, potentially reflecting an adaptive process that protects against internalizing problems in the context of adversity.
Field Test Results of a Road Departure Crash Warning System: Driver Acceptance, Perceived Utility and Willingness to Purchase

The road departure crash warning system field operational test (RDCW FOT) was conducted to assess the safety impacts, driver acceptance levels, and the maturity of road departure crash warning systems as installed on a light vehicle platform. This paper presents the results on driver acceptance and perceived utility of a road departure crash warning system.
Images of Anarchy: The Rhetoric and Science in Hobbes's State of Nature

Hobbes's concept of the natural condition of mankind became an inescapable point of reference for subsequent political thought, shaping the theories of emulators and critics alike, and has had a profound impact on our understanding of human nature, anarchy, and international relations. Yet, despite Hobbes's insistence on precision, the state of nature is an elusive concept. Has it ever existed and, if so, for whom? Hobbes offered several answers to these questions, which taken together reveal a consistent strategy aimed at providing his readers with a possible, probable, and memorable account of the consequences of disobedience. This book examines the development of this powerful image throughout Hobbes's works, and traces its origins in his sources of inspiration. The resulting trajectory of the state of nature illuminates the ways in which Hobbes employed a rhetoric of science and a science of rhetoric in his relentless pursuit of peace.
Solid-solid interactions—II: Uranyl nitrate-urea complexes

Abstract The usefulness of solid-solid interactions as a technique for the formation of complexes was demonstrated by the isolation of isomers of dinitratobis(urea)dioxouranium (VI) (designated as the α- and β-forms), nitratotris(urea)dioxouranium (VI) nitrate and pentakis(urea)dioxouranium (VI) nitrate. Based on the above results, various solutions were examined for the presence of these complexes, from which they were ultimately isolated. The evidence suggests that α-isomer is a monomer, whereas the β-modification may be a dimer although polymorphism cannot be excluded. The complexes [UO 2 (NO 3 )(urea) 3 ]NO 3 and [UO 2 (urea) 5 ](NO 3 ) 2 appear to be polymeric in nature also. Although [UO 2 (NO 3 )(H 2 O)(urea) 4 ]NO 3 is a discreet polymeric compound, heating it at 110°C does not yield the anhydrous complex; instead, a mixture of the tris(urea) and pentakis(urea) complexes are formed. The infra-red spectra indicated in all cases that the ligand, urea, is bound to the metal via the carbonyl group. Nitrato co-ordination was evident, but the tendency for this group to co-ordinate decreased until only nitrate groups were present in the pentakis-complex. Finally, the deleterious effects of the KBr matrix upon the infra-red spectra are discussed.
Spektrophotometrische Untersuchung von Vanadatgleichgewichten in verdünnten wäßrigen Lösungen

Die UV-Absorptionsspektren von Vanadatlosungen mit verschiedenem pH und verschiedenen Konzentrationen werden gemessen. Aus der Abhangigkeit des Extinktions-koeffizienten bei 270 mμ und 250 mμ von der Konzentration von Vanadatlosungen mit dem pH 7,2 wird berechnet, das sich in Metavanadatlosungen trimere Ionen im Gleichgewicht mit monomeren Ionen befinden. Die Gleichgewichtskonstante hat einen Wert von Das Dekavanadat befindet sich ebenfalls mit den monomeren Ionen der Vanadinsaure im Gleichgewicht und ist bei pH 4,1 am stabilsten. Die zweite Dissoziationkonstante der Vanadinsaure hat den Wert . Fur die Konstanten ist vorerst nur eine grobe Abschatzung moglich. K0 liegt etwa zwischen 10−3,5 und 10−4,0; K1 zwischen 10−4,3 und 10−4,8. Die Widerspruche in den Literaturangaben uber die Ionengrose des Metavanadats werden aufgeklart. Die Reaktionsenthalpie der Reaktion betragt 92 kcal/Mol V10. Es wird ein Vorschlag fur ein Zustandsdiagramm der Vanadationen in wasriger Losung gemacht. UV-absorption spectra of vanadate solutions of different pH and different concentrations have been measured. In metavanadate solutions, trimeric ions are in equilibrium with monomeric ones; this has been calculated from the dependence of the extinction coefficient at 270 mμ and 250 mμ on the concentration of vanadate solutions of pH 7,2. The equilibrium constant has the value Decavandate, too, is in equilibrium with the monomeric ions of vanadic acid and is most stable at pH 4,1. The second dissociation constant of vanadic acid has the value The constants can only be estimated approximately. K0 may be between 10−3,5 and 10−4,0; K1 between 10−4,3 and 10−4,8. The contradictions in the literature about the ion size of metavanadate have been explained. The enthalpy of the reaction is 92 kcal/mol V10. A diagram is suggested which indicates the conditions of pH and concentration, respectively, for the different forms of condensed vanadate ions in aqueous solution.
DDEC II-advanced electronic diesel control

Presentation de la commande electronique de moteur diesel DDEC II (Detroit diesel electronic control)
The Effects of an Aggressive Environment on the Subcritical Crack Growth of a Continuous‐Fiber Ceramic Composite

Time-dependent crack growth measurements of ceramic composites in aggressive environments are being conducted on materials consisting of CVI SiC reinforced with Nicalon fibers (SiC/SiC[sub f]) having C and BN fiber-matrix interfaces. Crack velocities are determined as a function of applied stress intensity. Results have been obtained for crack velocity-stress intensity relationships in pure Ar and in Ar plus 2000 ppM O[sub 2] atmospheres at 1100[degrees]C. A 2D micromechanics model is used to represent the time-dependence of observed crack bridging events and is able to rationalize the observed phenomena.
The Effect of Croton lechleri on Prostate Cancer Progression

Prostate cancer (CaP) continues to be the second leading cause of cancer deaths in men in the US (Siegel 2014). Many of the cancer drugs currently on the market are from or are structurally similar to compounds found in natural plant products. We investigated the effect of a tree bark native to the Peruvian Amazon, Croton lechleri on the proliferation and invasion of two prostate cancer cell lines, DU-145 and PC-3. C. lechleri is commonly used by Peruvian healers to treat prostate conditions and is one of the most popular treatments purchased from herbal markets (Bussmann 2007). C. lechleri has antioxidant capabilities as a free radical scavenger (DeMarino 2008) and species in the same genus as C. lechleri decrease cell adhesion and induce apoptosis in stomach and colon cancer cell lines (Sandoval 2002). We used C. lechleri latex extracts, the form used by Peruvian Shaman for therapeutic use, to treat PC-3 and DU-145 CaP cell lines and evaluate their ability to proliferate using CellTiter 96® and invade u...
The Effects of Fasting, Refeeding, and Time of Day on the Levels of Enzymes Effecting the Conversion of β-Hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A to Squalene

Abstract The levels of activity of β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (1.1.1.34), mevalonate kinase (2.7.1.36), phosphomevalonate kinase (2.7.4.2), pyrophosphomevalonate decarboxylase (4.1.1.33), isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase (5.3.3.2), dimethylallyltransferase (2.5.1.1), and squalene synthetase, and the rates of conversion of [2-14C]-acetate and [2-14C]mevalonate to nonsaponifiable compounds and digitonin-precipitable sterols have been measured in subcellular fractions of livers of rats that were either fasted or fasted and refed a fat-free diet. These activities were also measured in subcellular fractions of livers of rats at varying times of day. Only β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and the activity for the conversion of acetate to cholesterol showed a significant diurnal variation. In contrast, all the enzyme activities tested except mevalonate kinase and phosphomevalonate kinase declined rapidly on fasting and then returned to normal or above-normal levels during refeeding. The variation in the level of β-hydroxy-β-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase activity under these conditions is sufficient to account for the variation observed in the conversion of acetate to cholesterol by liver homogenates. However, the changes in the rate of conversion of mevalonate to cholesterol and the behavior of the intermediate enzymes indicate that there are at least two secondary regulatory processes active in controlling the flux of material through this pathway. Rate constants were estimated for the formation and break-down of each of the enzymes except the kinases during the fasting state and for squalene synthetase during the refeeding state. The enzymes of the segment of the pathway of cholesterol synthesis studied are not coordinately controlled.