cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effective-medium theories for two-phase dielectric media

Two different effective‐medium theories for two‐phase dielectric composites are considered. They are the effective medium approximation (EMA) and the differential effective medium approximation (DEM). Both theories correspond to realizable microgeometries in which the composite is built up incrementally through a process of homogenization. The grains are assumed to be similar ellipsoids randomly oriented, for which the microgeometry of EMA is symmetric. The microgeometry of DEM is always unsymmetric in that one phase acts as a backbone. It is shown that both EMA and DEM give effective dielectric constants that satisfy the Hashin–Shtrikman bounds. A new realization of the Hashin–Shtrikman bounds is presented in terms of DEM. The general solution to the DEM equation is obtained and the percolation properties of both theories are considered. EMA always has a percolation threshold, unless the grains are needle shaped. In contrast, DEM with the conductor as backbone always percolates. However, the threshold in EMA can be avoided by allowing the grain shape to vary with volume fraction. The grains must become needlelike as the conducting phase vanishes in order to maintain a finite conductivity. Specifically, the grain‐shape history for which EMA reproduces DEM is found. The grain shapes are oblate for low‐volume fractions of insulator. As the volume fraction increases, the shape does not vary much, until at some critical volume fraction there is a discontinuous transition in grain shape from oblate to prolate. In general, it is not always possible to map DEM onto an equivalent EMA, and even when it is, the mapping is not preserved under the interchange of the two phases. This is because DEM is inherently unsymmetric between the two phases.
3 He-CMN boundary resistance

The boundary resistance between liquid and solid3He and CMN is calculated taking the coupling to be due to the nuclear spin-electron spin dipolar interaction. The boundary resistance is calculated using a relationship betweenR K −1 and the longitudinal relaxation timeT 1. We find qualitative agreement with the results of Leggett and Vuorio for the temperature dependence and impurity dependence ofR K −1 . Quantitative agreement with experiment is possible using a number of plausible assumptions. An important insight emerges: the relative rates of motion of the spins in3He and CMN are crucial to their coupling. Solid3He at low pressure is in near synchronism with CNM. As a consequence its boundary resistance should be very low.
Low field magnetoconductivity in thin crystals

Abstract Low field magnetoconductivity measurements have been performed on thin crystals of Bi2(Te1-xSx)3. Δσ(B) > 0 when σ σmin, the minimum metallic conductivity. Δσ(B) vs B/(T-Tc) curves are superimposed for different temperatures; Tc
Optical and mechanical design of a “zipper” photonic crystal optomechanical cavity

Design of a simple doubly clamped cantilever structure capable of localizing mechanical and optical energy at the nanoscale is presented. The optical design is based upon photonic crystal concepts in which simple nanoscale patterning of a sub-micron cross-section cantilever can result in strong optical localization to an effective optical mode volume of 4 cubic wavelengths in the material (4(λ=n)3). By placing two identical cantilevers within the near field of each other, strong optomechanical coupling can be realized for differential motion between the cantilevers. Current designs for thin film silicon nitride cantilevers indicate that such structures can simultaneously realize an optical Q-factor greater than 106, motional mass m x ∼ 5 picograms, mechanical mode frequency Ω M ∼100 MHz, and an optomechanical coupling factor (g OM ≡ dω=dx = ω 0 /L OM ) with effective length L OM ∼ 1 µm.
Criteria for basic tastes and other sensory primaries

Primary, or basic, colors have been discussed for centuries. Over time, three criteria have emerged on their behalf: (a) their physical mixture yielding all other spectral colors, (b) the physiological attunement of receptors or pathways to particular wavelengths, and (c) the etymological history of the color term. These criteria can be applied usefully to taste to clarify issues.
Role of ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of indeterminate and suspicious axillary lymph nodes in the initial staging of breast carcinoma

Background Ultrasound (US) is more sensitive than physical examination alone in determining axillary lymph node involvement during preliminary staging of breast carcinoma. Due to occasional overlap of sonographic features of benign and indeterminate lymph nodes, fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of sonographically indeterminate/suspicious lymph nodes can provide a more definitive diagnosis than US alone. This study was undertaken to determine the diagnostic accuracy of US-guided FNA of indeterminate/suspicious/metastatic-appearing axillary lymph nodes during the initial staging of breast carcinoma. Methods The cytology of 103 cases of US-guided FNA of nonpalpable indeterminate/suspicious/metastatic-appearing lymph nodes was compared with the final histopathologic status of the entire axilla after axillary dissection. The final axillary lymph node status was categorized as either negative when all lymph nodes were negative for metastasis or positive when there was evidence of metastasis in one or more lymph nodes. The sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic accuracy, and false-negative rate of US-guided FNA of nonpalpable axillary lymph nodes in the preliminary staging process were calculated. Results In 51 of 103 cases (49.5%), the US-guided FNA and histopathology were both positive for metastasis. In 24 of 103 cases (23.3%), both were negative. The apparent false-positive FNA in 16 (15.5%) cases was explained by the complete response of the metastatic lymph nodes to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the interval between FNA and axillary dissection. In 12 cases (11.6%), US-guided FNA was negative, but metastasis was seen in histologic sections. All cases with three or more lymph nodes with metastatic disease and 93% of those with metastatic deposit measuring more than 0.5 mm were detected by US-guided FNA. The probability of detecting lymph nodes with smaller metastatic deposit measuring less than 0.5 cm was 44%. The overall sensitivity of US-guided FNA was 86.4%, the specificity was 100%, the diagnostic accuracy was 79.0%, the positive predictive value was 100%, and the negative predictive value was 67%. Conclusions US-guided FNA of nonpalpable indeterminate and suspicious axillary lymph nodes is a simple, minimally invasive, and reliable technique for the initial determination of axillary lymph node status in breast carcinoma. The common causes of discrepancy between the initial and final axillary lymph node status include failure to visualize all lymph nodes during US examination, small-sized metastases, and preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Motion segmentation by velocity clustering with estimation of subspace dimension

The performance of clustering based motion segmentation methods depends on the dimension of the subspace where the point trajectories are projected. This paper presents a strategy for estimating the best subspace dimension using a novel clustering error measure. For each obtained segmentation, the proposed measure estimates the average least square error between the point trajectories and synthetic trajectories generated based on the motion models from the segmentation. The second contribution of this paper is the use of the velocity vector instead of the traditional trajectory vector for segmentation. The evaluation on the Hopkins 155 video benchmark database shows that the proposed method is competitive with current state-of-the-art methods both in terms of overall performance and computational speed.
Recently Duplicated Maize R2R3 Myb Genes Provide Evidence for Distinct Mechanisms of Evolutionary Divergence after Duplication

R2R3 Myb genes are widely distributed in the higher plants and comprise one of the largest known families of regulatory proteins. Here, we provide an evolutionary framework that helps explain the origin of the plant-specific R2R3 Myb genes from widely distributed R1R2R3 Myb genes, through a series of well-established steps. To understand the routes of sequence divergence that followed Myb gene duplication, we supplemented the information available on recently duplicated maize (Zea mays) R2R3 Myb genes (C1/Pl1 and P1/P2) by cloning and characterizing ZmMyb-IF35 and ZmMyb-IF25. These two genes correspond to the recently expanded P-to-A group of maize R2R3 Myb genes. Although the origins of C1/Pl1 and ZmMyb-IF35/ZmMyb-IF25 are associated with the segmental allotetraploid origin of the maize genome, other gene duplication events also shaped the P-to-A clade. Our analyses indicate that some recently duplicated Myb gene pairs display substantial differences in the numbers of synonymous substitutions that have accumulated in the conserved MYB domain and the divergent C-terminal regions. Thus, differences in the accumulation of substitutions during evolution can explain in part the rapid divergence of C-terminal regions for these proteins in some cases. Contrary to previous studies, we show that the divergent C termini of these R2R3 MYB proteins are subject to purifying selection. Our results provide an in-depth analysis of the sequence divergence for some recently duplicated R2R3 Myb genes, yielding important information on general patterns of evolution for this large family of plant regulatory genes.
The Ethiopia-Eritrea conflict and the search for peace in the Horn of Africa

The Ethiopia-Eritrea border dispute is embedded within a set of domestic political conflicts in each state, is linked further through proxy conflicts to instability in Somalia and the Ogaden, and is skewed additionally by the application of Washington's global counter-terrorism policies to the region. Each of these arenas of contention has its own history, issues, actors and dynamic; however, each is also distorted by processes of conflict escalation and de-escalation in the other arenas. The intermeshing of domestic insecurities, interstate antagonisms, and global policies create regional ‘security complexes’ in which the security of each actor is intrinsically linked to the others and cannot realistically be considered apart from one another. Prospects for both the escalation and resolution of the Ethiopia-Eritrea conflict are linked to domestic political processes (such as increasing authoritarianism), regional dynamics (such as local rivalries played out in Somalia) and international policies (such as...
Graphene transparent and conductive electrode for light harvesting solar cells

Transparent and conductive coatings were achieved on glass by dissolving graphene oxide into dionized water followed by spray-coating on preheated substrate, chemical and thermal reduction. SEM shows the spray-coating graphene oxide coatings and the reduced graphene oxide coatings are uniform. No obvious aggregation was observed. UV-vis transmission spectra shows 65% transmittance at 550 nm of the graphene coatings with 15 kΩ/□.
Mexican Americans With Type 2 Diabetes in an Emerging Latino Community: Evaluation of Health Disparity Factors and Interventions

Mexican Americans suffer from disproportionately higher rates of type 2 diabetes and its associated complications than the general population. They also confront significant obstacles to health care access and may not receive the same quality of health care as non-Hispanic Whites. Understanding the factors contributing to their health disparities is critical for nurses and other health care providers working with Latino immigrants, especially those in emerging Latino communities such as North Carolina who may lack the established infrastructure of more traditional Latino communities. The purpose of this article is to explicate these factors and examine culturally competent diabetes interventions being used to assist Mexican Americans increase their knowledge of diabetes and health promoting behaviors in order to achieve better glycemic control and prevent complications.
A SPECIFIC RADIOIMMUNOASSAY FOR ANDROSTENEDIONE WITH REDUCED BRIDGE-BINDING

Abstract Antibody used in a steroid radioimmunoassay raised against a steroid hapten-carrier protein conjugate may recognize both the hapten and the chemical bridge to the protein. Use of the same bridge in the radioisotopic label may lead to higher affinity binding to the label than to the native steroid. Inhibition curves under these conditions are shallow and generally not acceptable for radioimmunoassay procedures. We have developed a radioimmunoassay for androstenedione that employs different bridges at the 11β position of the steroid for the protein conjugate and label. The resulting assay has greatly reduced bridge-binding, has an acceptable slope for the standard curve and is very specific as evidenced by low crossreactivies to other steroids.
The Dismal Performance of Non-financial State-owned Corporations in Bangladesh

This essay provides an analysis of the financial performance of non-financial state-owned corporations in Bangladesh which are in financially decrepit conditions. The causes of the poor performance of state-owned corporations are identified. Their financial losses, poor performance, inefficiency and subsidization create pressure on the national exchequer, weaken the country's financial sector and reduce the competitiveness of the country's private sector. Feasible policy options to overcome the dismal performance of state-owned corporations in Bangladesh are discussed.
Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-2 regulates expression of smooth muscle alpha-actin after arterial injury

Objective— This study tests the hypothesis that S1P2R regulates expression of SMC differentiation genes after arterial injury. Methods and Results— Carotid ligation injury was performed in wild-type and S1P2R-null mice. At various time points after injury, expression of multiple SMC differentiation genes, myocardin, and S1P receptors (S1P1R, S1P2R, and S1P3R) was measured by quantitative PCR. These experiments demonstrate that at day 7 after injury, S1P2R specifically regulates expression of smooth muscle α-actin (SMA) and that this is not mediated by changes in expression of myocardin or any of the S1PRs. In vitro studies using carotid SMCs prepared from wild-type and S1P2R-null mice show that S1P stimulates expression of all SMC-differentiation genes tested, but S1P2R significantly regulates expression of SMA and SM22α only. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays suggest that S1P-induced recruitment of serum response factor to the SMA promoter and enhancer largely depends on S1P2R. S1P-stimulated SMA expression requires S1P2R-dependent activation of RhoA and mobilization of calcium from intracellular stores. Chelation of calcium does not affect the activation of RhoA by S1P, whereas blockade of Rho by C3 exotoxin partially inhibits the mobilization of calcium by S1P. Conclusions— The results of this study support the hypothesis that S1P2R regulates expression of SMA after injury. We further conclude that transcriptional regulation of SMA by S1P in vitro requires S1P2R-dependent activation of RhoA and mobilization of calcium from intracellular calcium stores.
Updated Charged-Particle Multiplicity Distribution from 205-GeV/c Proton Proton Interactions

The charged-particle multiplicity distribution in $205\ensuremath{-}\frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{c}$ proton-proton interactions is presented. In addition, the total diffractive contributions to each charged multiplicity are estimated assuming a factorizable Pomeron.
Adenocarcinoma Arising within a Testicular Metastasis

Teratoma with malignant transformation is defined as the emergence of a non-germ cell tumor from a teratoma. Although extremely rare in extraovarian sites, cases have been reported that involve primary extragonadal germ cell tumors with transformation to variants of sarcoma. We report a 54-year-old man who was found to have adenocarcinoma arising within a mature teratomatous retroperitoneal metastasis 15 years after treatment of a nonseminomatous testicular germ cell tumor. The tumor was successfully excised and he remains without evidence of disease.
PALYNOLOGY OF EOCENE STRATA IN THE SAGAVANIRKTOK AND CANNING FORMATIONS ON THE NORTH SLOPE OF ALASKA

This paper describes, illustrates, and interprets Eocene palynomorph assemblages from the North Slope of Alaska, mainly from 31 outcrop samples from seven stratigraphic sections at Franklin Bluffs on the Sagavanirktok River. The top of the Sagwon Member of the Sagavanirktok Formation is shown to be a thin, coaly, apparently nonmarine sequence almost certainly of early Eocene age; the remainder of the member has long been known to be Paleocene in age. The remaining six sections at Franklin Bluffs contain silty, sandy, and clayey strata and are in the Franklin Bluffs Member of the Sagavanirktok Formation in the type area of this member. Dinocyst and pollen data from the Franklin Bluffs Member suggest mainly an early Eocene age, but some strata might be middle Eocene. In all samples from the type Franklin Bluffs Member that contained reasonably well preserved dinocyst assemblages, the environment of deposition was nearshore marine or estuarine. The Franklin Bluffs Member is the temporal equivalent of the marine Mikkelsen Tongue of the Canning Formation, whose type locality is approximately 90 km to the east–northeast. Previous pollen and plant megafossil data from the Arctic showed that the early to middle Eocene climate of the North Slope of Alaska was warm temperate, perhaps nearly subtropical. At least 20 pollen taxa present in the Eocene of the North Slope also occurred as far south in North America as the Gulf Coast and therefore had enormous latitudinal ranges. Several of these taxa appear to have migrated north to the Arctic Coast, probably mainly in the latest Paleocene, at the beginning of the climatic thermal maximum for the Tertiary. However, there is also evidence that plants producing modern-looking grains of Carya, Juglans, and Liquidambar migrated southward from the Arctic to the Gulf Coast after the early Eocene.
Liquid nitrogen for cryotherapy.

The West Lothian Community Health and Care Partnership along with the local pharmacy department have unilaterally decided that they will no longer supply practices with liquid nitrogen for cryotherapy. The liquid nitrogen had been supplied for over 20 years to our practice. They cite potential health and safety risks in the transport and use of liquid nitrogen. This seems another example of health and safety being used inappropriately. They say ‘there have been a number of recent incidents regarding the spillage and evaporation of liquid nitrogen during the transportation process and local storage at health centres,’ but do …
Identity Adaptiveness: Affect Across Multiple Identities

Most empirical work that examines the effects of stereotypes on targets considers only one of a target's many social identities. This study examined how individuals implicitly affectively orient themselves toward their social identities in situations in which one or another of these identities is relatively adaptive. An adaptive identity is one associated with stereotypes that predict desirable performance in a given context. One hundred and twenty-one Asian American females generated ethnicity- and gender-related memories in contexts in which their gender identity was relatively adaptive, their ethnic identity was relatively adaptive, or neither identity was relatively adaptive. Self-reported affect expressed in these memories was analyzed. In a context in which their ethnic identity was adaptive, participants generated more positive ethnicity-related memories than gender-related memories. In contrast, in a context in which their gender identity was adaptive, participants generated more positive gender-related memories than ethnicity-related memories. When neither identity was adaptive participants expressed similar affect toward both. Similar results were found when blind raters coded memory affect. Findings suggest that stereotypes and different social contexts do not simply result in targets' “identification” or “disidentification” along a single dimension of identity, but rather prompt a reorientation of implicit affect across their multiple identities.
Preferred Stock: Usage And Characteristics

This study was conducted to determine the purposes for which corporations issued preferred stock and the types of characteristics attached to those issues. One hundred sixty-eight currently outstanding industrial preferred stock issues were researched. The most frequently given reasons for issuing preferred stock were to finance acquisitions and mergers, to reduce corporate debt, and for employee stock option plans. The majority of the preferred stocks studied were nonparticipating, cumulative, preferred over common as to assets, callable, convertible, and had voting rights.
Clergy Malpractice in America: Nally v. Grace Community Church of the Valley

Can faith-based counselors be held to the same standard of legal accountability as secular ones? Or does the broad shield of religious freedom protect them absolutely, no matter how incompetent or negligent their actions might be? After Kenneth Nally put a shotgun to his head and pulled the trigger in early 1979, finding the right answers to those questions became both much more urgent and much more difficult. Mark Weitz shows why. Following his suicide, Nally's parents filed a wrongful death suit against their son's fundamentalist church, alleging that its pastoral counselors had failed to steer him toward the professional help they thought he needed and even dissuaded him from seeking secular help. The resulting legal case lasted nearly a decade, alarmed church leaders of every faith, and transformed judicial thought in this highly sensitive area of American life. "Nally v. Grace Community Church of the Valley" was the nation's first case to allege "clergy malpractice," one that challenged the freedom of religious leaders to counsel their parishioners. Initially dismissed on religious freedom grounds, the parents' suit was twice reinstated by an appeals court, only to be overturned by a unanimous vote by the California State Supreme Court in 1988. But that decision was made on very narrow grounds, leaving open the likelihood of future court challenges. As told by Weitz, the Nally case is as much a story of modern America as it is an account of courtroom proceedings. By examining both the rise of the fundamentalist movement in the Los Angeles area in the 1960s and 1970s and the social pressures with which Kenneth Nally struggled, he reveals how a culture based on personal achievement came into direct conflict with one based on the search for salvation. He also shows the difficulty of deciding a case in which the competing claims-religious freedom and professional accountability-both rest on key principles revered in American society. Based on interviews with participants on both sides of this drama, as well as extensive research in public records, Weitz provides a compassionate, fair-minded, and illuminating account of a very difficult case with unpredictable ramifications for the future.
Sustainable Construction in Indian Country: Expanding Affordability with Modular Multifamily Infill Housing

Kah San Chako Haws (East House in Chinook) is the first multistory, multifamily modular building in Portland, OR. The three-building development houses nine low-income families in studio, one- and two-bedroom units. In an increasingly expensive housing market, the Native American Youth and Family Center (NAYA) developed this prototype to demonstrate the cost and time savings that could be achieved in affordable housing while providing a unit superior to and greener than most conventional, affordable housing.
Long-Term Trends of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Use and Soil pH Change in Northern Idaho and Eastern Washington

ABSTRACTExtension educates growers about using best management practices (BMPs) for nutrient management. However, it is important to understand grower management trends to prepare the best possible educational programs for growers. Three mail-based grower surveys conducted in 1981, 1996, and 2011 were used to document changing nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer use and soil pH trends in the >450-mm precipitation zone of northern Idaho and eastern Washington, USA. The information collected in this paper spans a 40-year period. Nitrogen application rates have slightly increased, while P application rates on cereal crops have remained constant over the past 40 years. Average soil pH values have declined significantly over this time period; however, only about half of the surveyed growers were aware of this. This study is valuable because it (1) contains important information provided by growers on fertilization trends for the past 40 years (1971 to 2011), (2) quantifies the awareness of growers about...
Regulators of Chromatosome Dynamics

H1 linker histones are highly abundant proteins that bind nucleosomes to form chromatosomes and compact chromatin to control DNA accessibility and regulate transcription. However, the mechanisms by which H1 regulates DNA accessibility at specific regions of eukaryotic genomes are not known. I will present fluorescence measurements of human H1.0, H1.2 and H1.x regulation of chromatosome dynamics and transcription factor (TF) binding within the chromatosome. We find that H1 does not directly block TF binding, but instead suppresses DNA unwrapping to reduce DNA accessibility within chromatosomes. We then investigated the influence of two histone post translational modifications (PTMs) that occur within actively transcribed genes: acetylation of H3K56 and H3K122. We find that only H3K56 acetylation, which increases nucleosome unwrapping, abolishes the H1.0 reduction of TF binding without altering H1.0 binding. Our findings show that chromatosomes are dynamic and that H1 dissociation is not required for TF binding within the nucleosome. Furthermore, our observation that H3K56ac abolishes H1.0 suppression of DNA accessibility suggests that a single histone PTM can define regions of the genome that are not regulated by H1.
Abstract 3021: An in vitro investigation of metabolically sensitive epigenetic biomarkers in breast cancer progression

Cancer cells, including breast cancer cells, display unique alterations in major cellular metabolic pathways; therefore, it is widely believed that a better understanding of molecular cancer cell metabolism may reveal new approaches to aid in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of breast cancer. Results from recent in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated substantial metabolic differences between non-invasive and invasive breast cancers. Epigenetic marks, including histone post-translational modifications and DNA methylation, are emerging as biomarkers for most of the major human cancers. Additionally, the histone modifying enzymes (HME) (i.e., histone acetyltransferases, deacetylases, methyltransferases, and demethylases) that regulate these epigenetic changes are metabolically sensitive. In light of these considerations, the goal of the current study was to determine if any metabolic differences between non-invasive epithelial and invasive mesenchymal breast cancer cells are associated with the differences in histone modifications identified previously as being biomarkers of breast cancer progression. By comparing gene expression profiles from non-invasive breast cancer cells with an epithelial phenotype (i.e., MCF-7, MDA-MB-361, and T-47D cells) to invasive cells with an aggressive mesenchymal phenotype (i.e., Hs-578T, BT-549, and especially MDA-MB-231 cells), we determined that many metabolically regulated HMEs are differentially expressed in these cancer cells. We further demonstrated reduced acetylation of histone H3 lysine 9/18, reduced acetylation of histone H4 lysine 16/20, and reduced tri-methylation of histone H4 lysine 20 in breast cancer cells with a mesenchymal phenotype as compared to cells with an epithelial phenotype. Interestingly, the observed histone modification profile of invasive breast cancer cell lines is similar to what is found in individuals who exhibit disease recurrence and have a poor prognosis. These results suggest that metabolically sensitive histone modifications and their corresponding HMEs may be used as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. This makes them attractive targets for chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic strategies in breast cancer management. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3021. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3021
Band Gap Engineering of Oxide Photoelectrodes: Characterization of ZnO1–xSex

No single material or materials system today is a clear choice for photoelectrochemical electrode applications. Generally, materials with narrow, well-aligned band gaps are unstable in solution and stable materials have band gaps that are too wide to efficiently absorb sunlight. Here, we demonstrate the narrowing of the ZnO band gap and combine a variety of electrical, spectroscopic, and photoelectrochemical methods to explore the opportunities for this so-called highly mismatched alloy in photoelectrochemical water splitting applications. We find that the conduction band edge of ZnO1–xSex is located at 4.95 eV below the vacuum level (0.5 V below the hydrogen evolution potential). Soft X-ray emission and absorption spectroscopies confirm that the previously observed ∼1 eV reduction in the ZnO band gap with the addition of selenium result from the formation of a narrow Se-derived band. We observe that this narrow band contributes to photocurrent production using applied bias incident photon to current effi...
Apple rootstock resistance to drought

Abstract Water for irrigation will likely be less available in apple-growing regions due to climate change and competition with human needs other than agriculture. Apple cultivars and rootstocks may differ in water use necessary for acceptable cropping. In two greenhouse experiments in 2014 and 2015 rootstocks (M.9 and MM.111) and scions (‘Gala’ and ‘Fuji’) with known differences in size control and potential resistance to drought were compared under conditions of reduced water availability. After 1 week without irrigation in 2014 the potting soil moisture and leaf water potential (ΨL) were reduced more in trees on MM.111 than M.9 rootstocks and by ‘Gala’ than ‘Fuji’ scions. Abscisic acid (ABA) and associated metabolites dihydrophaseic acid, abscisic acid glucose ester, and phaseic acid generally were greater for both scions on M.9 than MM.111. Concentrations of ABA metabolites were greater in ‘Gala’ than ‘Fuji’ suggesting significant metabolic rates in leaves. As noon ΨL decreased between −1.5 and −2.0 MPa leaf ABA levels increased exponentially to concentrations above 500 ng/g dw and stomatal conductance (gs) decreased to less than 50 mmole H2O m−2 s−1. At reduced gs carbon assimilation (A) was low but greater in trees on M.9 than on MM.111. Trees grown on M.9 partitioned less dry weight (dw) to roots than MM.111. However the% dw partitioned to fine roots was greater in M.9 than MM.111 which may have helped trees grow in a small environment such as a pot. In 2015 trees were grown in 45- and 75-L pots and irrigated over 3 weeks to maintain a steady ΨL between −1.5 and −2.5 MPa. This longer-term water stress in 2015 resulted in greater gs and A in trees on MM.111 and in larger pots but WUE was still greater in trees grafted to M.9 in 3 of the 5 drought dates measured. Both rootstocks provided drought resistance, but by mechanisms which appear to differ and which may provide benefits to apple trees grown with reduced irrigation or with water stress. The dwarfing rootstock M.9 produces higher levels of ABA that may regulate stomatal opening and improve short-term drought resistance. The more invigorating rootstock MM.111 may be drought hardy in the longer-term due to development of a more extensive root system.
Analysis of a hybrid nanofluid exposed to radiation

ABSTRACTResearchers are looking to utilize nanofluids as a way to increase the efficiency in solar energy applications. Metallic particles are becoming popular because of the plasmonic characteristics allowing for more absorption. Only homogenous nanofluids for solar applications have been considered. This article proposes the use of a hybrid nanofluid containing multiple types of nanoparticles with water as the base fluid exposed to radiation. This hybrid mixture can utilize a broader wavelength spectrum and absorb more heat. Recipes for combining gold, copper, aluminum, graphite, and silicon dioxide gold nanoparticles into water are given graphically and numerically for different concentrations, diameters, and container heights.
Validation of Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Short Forms for Use in Childhood-Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

Objective To validate the pediatric Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System short forms (PROMIS-SFs) in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in a clinical setting. Methods At 3 study visits, childhood-onset SLE patients completed the PROMIS-SFs (anger, anxiety, depressive symptoms, fatigue, physical function-mobility, physical function-upper extremity, pain interference, and peer relationships) using the PROMIS assessment center, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) legacy measures (Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire, Simple Measure of Impact of Lupus Erythematosus in Youngsters [SMILEY], and visual analog scales [VAS] of pain and well-being). Physicians rated childhood-onset SLE activity on a VAS and completed the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000. Using a global rating scale of change (GRC) between study visits, physicians rated change of childhood-onset SLE activity (GRC-MD1: better/same/worse) and change of patient overall health (GRC-MD2: better/same/worse). Questionnaire scores were compared in support of validity and responsiveness to change (external standards: GRC-MD1, GRC-MD2). Results In this population-based cohort (n = 100) with a mean age of 15.8 years (range 10–20 years), the PROMIS-SFs were completed in less than 5 minutes in a clinical setting. The PROMIS-SF scores correlated at least moderately (Pearson's r ≥ 0.5) with those of legacy HRQoL measures, except for the SMILEY. Measures of childhood-onset SLE activity did not correlate with the PROMIS-SFs. Responsiveness to change of the PROMIS-SFs was supported by path, mixed-model, and correlation analyses. Conclusion To assess HRQoL in childhood-onset SLE, the PROMIS-SFs demonstrated feasibility, internal consistency, construct validity, and responsiveness to change in a clinical setting.
Preparation of Fe_3O_4-carboxymethyl cellulose-polyethyleneimine microspheres and their adsorption property for Cd(II)ion

The Fe3O4-carboxymethyl cellulose-polyethyleneimine(Fe3O4-CMC-PEI)microspheres were prepared by electrostatic self assembly and cross-linking in this work.First,the Fe3O4-CMC particles were prepared through assembling CMC to the surface of Fe3O4by electrostatic interaction.Second,Fe3O4-CMC and PEI were cross-linked by glutaraldehyde to obtain the Fe3O4-CMC-PEI microspheres.The obtained microspheres were characterized by transmission electron microscope,(TEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)and vibrating sample magnetometer(VSM).The ability of Cd(Ⅱ)ion adsorption of the Fe3O4-CMC-PEI microspheres for removal from aqueous solutions was measured with atomic absorption spectrophotometer.It was found that CMC were successfully assembled on the surface of Fe3O4particles and Fe3O4-CMC and PEI were cross-linked by glutaraldehyde.The size of the Fe3O4-CMC-PEI microspheres ranged from 10to 30nm and the saturation magnetization was 55.20A·m2/kg.The Fe3O4particles in the microspheres still maintained an inverse spinel structure.The Fe3O4-CMC-PEI microspheres showed their potential for the separation of Cd(Ⅱ)ion.The adsorption data obeyed the Langmuir equation with a maximum adsorption capacity of 69.44mg/g and the adsorption kinetics followed the mechanism of the pseudo-second-order equation.
Therapeutic outcome of elderly and nonelderly patients receiving home intravenous antimicrobial therapy

The therapeutic outcomes of elderly patients receiving home i.v. antimicrobial therapy were compared with those of younger patients receiving the same therapy. Using predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria, 150 consecutively referred patients were accepted into the study. These patients were receiving home i.v. antimicrobial therapy from three home-health-care pharmacies (HHCPs). Referred patients were classified as elderly (greater than or equal to 62 years old) or nonelderly. Data for these patients were compiled retrospectively using interviews and chart reviews. Outcome of the i.v. antimicrobial therapy was rated as either adequate or inadequate based on predetermined criteria. Outcomes were analyzed for each HHCP and for the pooled data. The mean age of the pooled nonelderly group was 38 +/- 14 years, and the mean age of the pooled elderly group was 71 +/- 6 years. Adequate outcomes were noted in 70% of the pooled samples of elderly patients and 76% of the pooled samples of nonelderly patients. The difference between the outcomes of patients in the two age groups was not significant. In this carefully selected population, elderly and nonelderly patients receiving home i.v. antimicrobial therapy had similar therapeutic outcomes.
Zur Geschichte des Cortisons

Wahrend die meisten endokrinen Organe schon in der Antike entdeckt worden sind, waren die Nebennieren noch Andreas Vesalius (1515–1564), dem Begrunder der modernen Anatomie, nicht bekannt. Erst 1564 beschrieb Bartholomaeus Eustachius Sanctoseverinatus (1520–1574), allen Arzten als Erstbeschreiber der Tuba auditiva bekannt, die glandulae quae renibus incumbunt.
CHINAMPA AGRICULTURE, SURPLUS PRODUCTION, AND POLITICAL CHANGE AT XALTOCAN, MEXICO

This article examines the productivity of agriculture at the Postclassic polity of Xaltocan, Mexico. Employing multiple lines of data (remote sensing, artifactual, ecofactual, chronological, demographic, historic, ethnographic, and environmental), it reconstructs the potential productivity of an integrated raised field, chinampa system that surrounded the polity. This exercise reveals that the system was capable of producing a sizeable caloric surplus above the needs of the kingdom's estimated total population and the number of laborers necessary to maintain full production. To situate the processes related to agricultural production, the paper considers how farmers’ strategies were articulated with multiple institutions. Increased integration between political, social, and household institutions possibly fostered residents’ incorporation into the body politic and provided mechanisms to finance the political economy. Such integration and dependency fractured, however, when Xaltocan was conquered.
Seasonal Effects on Body Composition, Muscle Characteristics, and Performance of Collegiate Swimmers and Divers.

Context: Previous researchers have indicated the importance of body composition and muscle quality in athletic performance. However, body composition and muscle-quality measures in swimmers and divers over a training season have yet to be evaluated. Objective: To identify changes in body composition and muscle characteristics over a competitive season and identify relationships between these variables and performance in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I swimmers and divers. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: University laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 17 collegiate swimmers and divers (age = 18.6 ± 0.7 years, height = 175.8 ± 4.0 cm, body mass = 69.7 ± 7.0 kg). Main Outcome Measure(s): At preseason and postseason, body composition in each participant was assessed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Echo intensity and muscle cross-sectional area were determined from an ultrasound panoramic scan of the vastus lateralis muscle. Race times were obtained from th...
A generalization of Simpson's Rule

Let\(TA(f) = \int\limits_a^b {\frac{1}{2}(P_a^n (x) + P_b^n (x))dx} \) and let\(TA(f) = \int\limits_a^b {P_{(a + b)/2}^{n + 1} (x)dx} \), where Pcn denoles the Taylor polynomial to f at c of order n, where n is even. TA and TM are reach generalizations of the Trapezoidal rule and the midpoint rule, respectively, and are each exact for all polynomials of degree ≤n+1. We let L(f)=αTM(f)+(1−α)TA(f), where\(\alpha = \frac{{2^{n + 1} (n + 1)}}{{2^{n + 1} (n + 1) + 1}}\), to obtain a numerical integration rule L which is exact for all polynomials of degree≤n+3 (see Theorem 1). The case n=0 is just the classical Simpson's rule. We analyze in some detail the case n=2, where our formulae appear to be new. By replacing P(a+b)2/n+1(x) by the Hermite cubic interpolant at a and b, we obtain some known formulae by a different approach (see [1] and [2]). Finally we discuss some nonlinear numerical integration rules obtained by taking piecewise polynomials of odd degree, each piece being the Taylor polynomial of f at a and b, respectively. Of course all of our formulae can be compounded over subintervals of [a,b].
Beyond the Binary: Exploring the Role of Ambiguity in Biphobia and Transphobia

A sample of 273 college students who were heterosexual completed measures of religious fundamentalism and three aspects of social cognition to test the proposition that there are key differences be...
Prevalence and Types of Genital Lesions in Organ Transplant Recipients.

Importance Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common skin cancer diagnosed in solid organ transplant recipients (OTRs) and confers significant mortality. The development of SCC in the genital region is elevated in nonwhite OTRs. Viral induction, specifically human papillomavirus (HPV), is hypothesized to play a role in the pathophysiology of these lesions. Objective To assess the prevalence and types of genital lesions observed in OTRs. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective review included 496 OTRs who underwent full skin examination from November 1, 2011, to April 28, 2017, at an academic referral center. The review was divided into 2 distinct periods before a change in clinical management that took effect on February 1, 2016 (era 1) and after that change (era 2). Patient awareness of genital lesions was assessed. All lesions clinically suggestive of malignant tumors were biopsied and underwent HPV polymerase chain reaction typing. Main Outcomes and Measures Number and types of genital lesions, proportion of malignant tumors positive for HPV, and patients cognizant of genital lesions. Results Of the total 496 OTRs, 376 OTRs were evaluated during era 1 (mean [SD] age, 60 years; age range, 32-94 years; 45 [65.2%] male; 164 [43.6%] white) and 120 OTRs were evaluated during era 2 of the study (mean age, 56 years; age range, 22-79 years; 76 [63.3%] male; 30 [25.0%] white). Overall, 111 of the 120 OTRs (92.5%) denied the presence of genital lesions during the history-taking portion of the medical examination. Genital lesions were found in 53 OTRs (44.2%), cutaneous malignant tumors (basal cell carcinoma and SCC in situ) in 6 (5.0%), genital SCC in situ in 3 (4.2%), and condyloma in 29 (24.2%). Eight of the 12 SCC in situ lesions (66.7%) were positive for high-risk HPV. Seven tested positive for HPV-16 and HPV-18, and 1 tested positive for high-risk HPV DNA but could not be further specified. Conclusions and Relevance Genital lesions in OTRs are common, but awareness is low. All OTRs should undergo thorough inspection of genital skin as a part of routine posttransplant skin examinations. Patients with darker skin types are disproportionately affected by cutaneous genital malignant tumors and should undergo a targeted program of early detection, prevention, and awareness focused on the risk of genital skin cancer after transplant. High-risk HPV subtypes are associated with genital SCC in OTRs. Additional studies are warranted to identify significant risk factors for HPV infection and to assess the utility of pretransplant HPV vaccination in the prevention of cutaneous genital malignant tumors.
Outgoing parametrices and global Strichartz estimates for Schrödinger equations with variable coefficients

In these notes we discuss recent results concerning the long time evolution for variable coefficient time dependent Schrodinger evolutions in ℝn. Precisely, we use phase space methods to construct global in time outgoing parametrices and to prove Strichartz type estimates. This is done in the context of C 2 metrics which satisfy a weak asymptotic flatness condition at infinity.
Prevention and Treatment of Right Ventricular Failure During Left Ventricular Assist Device Therapy

Left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) are increasingly used for the treatment of end-stage heart failure. Right ventricular (RV) failure after LVAD implantation is an increasingly common clinical problem, occurring in patients early after continuous flow LVAD implant. RV failure is associated with a substantial increase in post-LVAD morbidity and mortality. RV failure can be predicted using preoperative hemodynamic, clinical, and echocardiographic variables and a variety of risk prediction algorithms. However, RV failure may also develop due to unanticipated intraoperative or perioperative factors. Early recognition and treatment are critical in terms of mitigating the impact of RV failure on post-LVAD outcomes.
Identity and Social Innovation

Foundational to this discussion are two papers on identity by George A. Akerlof and Rachel Kranton [2000, 2005]. We contribute to their development of this issue with additional factors that are arguably essential to the analysis of identity formation. While they indicate the importance of norms as the bases of identity, we suggest additionally the relevance of independence, individual creativity and the exploration of behaviors beyond norms. A violation of normative expectations has the potential of entering and affecting the social terrain interactively with positive feedbacks, generating non-linear processes of innovation and social change. Our most important finding is that when individuals promote innovation in the performance of a social role, the innovation is unlikely to be mimicked by other role incumbents unless the formal rewards to those innovators are perceived to be more than proportional to the significance of the innovation. If those formal rewards are less than proportional to the significance of the innovation, a general disapprobation of the innovators may arise that potentially vitiates the benefits to innovators, retards the diffusion of the innovation and frustrates further innovation. Contrary to Fordist notions of cost-minimization, our model suggests the development of challenging career paths where all workers of a given category are rewarded for innovation, rather than restricting rewards to specific innovators, in order to create dynamic innovative environments. Our results echo the achievements of Apple and Google, who have created heterogeneous teams of employees, rewarding all members of such teams for advancing innovation.