cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resource management in particle filtering for multiple object tracking

This paper presents a novel particle allocation approach to particle filtering for multiple object tracking which minimizes the total tracking distortion given a fixed number of particles over a video sequence. Under the framework of distributed multiple object tracking, we propose the dynamic proposal variance and optimal particle number allocation algorithm for multi-object tracking to allocate particles among multiple targets as well as multiple frames . Experimental results show the superior performance of our proposed algorithm to traditional particle allocation methods, i.e. a fixed number of particles for each object in each frame. To the best of our knowledge, our approach is the first to provide an optimal allocation of a fixed number of particles among multiple objects and multiple frames.© (2008) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Optimal Advertising When Envisioning a Product-Harm Crisis

How should forward-looking managers plan advertising if they envision a product-harm crisis in the future? To address this question, we propose a dynamic model of brand advertising in which, at each instant, a nonzero probability exists for the occurrence of a crisis event that damages the brand's baseline sales and may enhance or erode marketing effectiveness when the crisis occurs. Because managers do not know when the crisis will occur, its random time of occurrence induces a stochastic control problem, which we solve analytically in closed form. More importantly, the envisioning of a possible crisis alters managers' rate of time preference: anticipation enhances impatience. That is, forward-looking managers discount the present---even when the crisis has not occurred---more than they would in the absence of crisis. Building on this insight, we then derive the optimal feedback advertising strategies and assess the effects of crisis likelihood and damage rate. We discover the crossover interaction: the optimal precrisis advertising decreases, but the postcrisis advertising increases as the crisis likelihood (or damage rate) increases. In addition, we develop a new continuous-time estimation method to simultaneously estimate sales dynamics and feedback strategies using discrete-time data. Applying the method to market data from the Ford Explorer's rollover recall, we furnish evidence to support the proposed model. We detect compensatory effects in parametric shift: ad effectiveness increases, but carryover effect decreases (or vice versa). We also characterize the crisis occurrence distribution that shows that Ford Explorer should anticipate a crisis in 2.1 years and within 6.3 years at the 95% confidence level. Finally, we find a remarkable correspondence between the observed and optimal advertising decisions.
The RF Pulse Susceptibility of UHF Transistors

The electromagnetic susceptibility of UHF transistors is investigated. The 2N5179 RF amplifier type transistor was selected as a representative UHF transistor because of its chip structure. It is a silicon n-p-n epitaxial planar transistor with an interdigitated baseemitter metallization pattern. Several manufacturer's versions were tested. A single RF pulse at 240 MHz was applied directly to the base terminal with the emitter terminal grounded. The incident RF pulse power required to cause a 50 percent failure rate is in the 35-70 W range for a 3 ?s pulse duration and in the 150-450 W range for a 0.3 , ?s pulse duration. The primary variable is the percentage of the incident power absorbed by the transistor. The absorbed pulse energy required to cause a 50 percent failure rate is in the 20-35 ?Joule range for 0.3-3.0, ?s pulse durations. The gs pulse and CW RF burnout powers for 2N5179 transistors are similar to those for 1N23 mixer diodes. The data suggest that UHF receivers with an RF transistor amplifier front end may be as susceptible to intense EMR at UHF frequencies as are UHF receivers with a mixer diode front end.
Optimality Criteria Solution Strategies in Multiple-Constraint Design Optimization

Procedures and solution strategies are described to solve the conventional structural optimization problem using the Lagrange multiplier technique. The multipliers, obtained through solution of an auxiliary nonlinear optimization problem, lead to optimality criteria to determine the design variables. It is shown that this procedure is essentially equivalent to an alternative formulation using a dual method Lagrangian function objective. Although mathematical formulations are straight-forward, successful applications and computational efficiency depend upon execution procedure strategies. Strategies examined, with application examples, include selection of active constraints, move limits, line search procedures, and side constraint boundaries.
Myocardial Function in Coronary Artery Disease Determined by Atrial Pacing

Right atrial pacing was performed in 21 patients with and 10 patients without coronary artery disease (CAD). The values for the control (C) and maximum paced (P) heart rate were similar in all patients. During pacing cardiac output did not change, and mean arterial pressure remained constant except for a slight increase during pacing-induced angina pectoris in 11 patients with CAD. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) decreased in the normal subjects (C=9 ± 1, P = 3 ± 1 sem mm Hg) and in all 10 patients with CAD who did not develop angina (C=5 ± 3, P = 5 ± 1 mm Hg). In 11 patients with CAD, developing angina, LVEDP did not decrease before pain occurred (C=9 ± 1, P = 9 ± 2 mm Hg) and increased during induced angina (P = 14 ± 3 mm Hg). Pacing ventricular function curves (VFC) relating induced changes in LVEDP and stroke work were abnormal in five of 10 patients with CAD and without induced angina when compared to the normal subjects. In patients developing angina, pacing VFC were normal in five of 10 before pain and then became abnormal in four of these five when angina occurred. Atrial pacing may be used to evaluate ventricular function and may demonstrate abnormalities in patients with CAD even in the absence of pacing-induced angina. Angina pectoris is usually associated with an overall decrease in myocardial function.
Array-based carbon black-polymer composite vapor detectors for detection of DNT in environments containing complex analyte mixtures

Thin films of carbon black-organic polymer composites have been deposited across two metallic leads, with sorption of vapors producing swelling-induced resistance changes of the detector films. To identify and classify vapors, arrays of such vapor sensing elements have been constructed in which each element of the array contains a different polymer as the insulating phase and a common conductor, carbon black, as the conducting phase. The differing gas-solid partition coefficients for the various polymers of the detector array produce a pattern of differential resistance changes that is used to classify vapors and vapor mixtures. The performance of this detector array system towards 2,4-dinitrotoluene, the predominant signature in the vapor phase above land mines, in the presence high concentrations of water or of acetone has been evaluated.
ABUNDANCE ANOMALIES AND ROTATIONAL EVOLUTION OF LOW-MASS RED GIANTS: A MAXIMAL MIXING APPROACH

Weuseafullyself-consistentevolutionarycodetofollowtherotationalevolutionof low-massredgiants,makinga comprehensive attempt to assess the role of rotationally induced mixing in the development of abundance anomalies ingiantswitharangeofmassesandmetallicitiesinstellarclustersandthefield.Weadoptamaximalmixingapproach withreasonableinitialconditionsofangularmomentumdistributionandmain-sequencerotationratesasafunctionof stellar type. Unlike most previous work, we do not focus on the determination of combinations of mixing rate and depththat reproduce thedata onaparticular stellar type.Instead, we concentrate onthe more fundamental problem of the simultaneous reproduction of the patterns of CNO surface abundances in both Population I and Population II giantsusingthesamephysicsandmodels.Wefollowanddiscusstheessentialphysicsofrotationalmixingintermsof the structural and angular momentum evolution along the red giant branch (RGB). A general result of all our models is that rotational mixing, although present in small amounts, is inefficient on the lower RGB independently of any inhibiting effect of � -barriers. Therefore, the lack of well-mixed stars before the luminosity of the RGB bump in globular clusters and thefield does not constitute unquestionable evidence for the inhibitionofmixingby � -barriers.Instead,wearguethattherapiddisappearanceoftheRGBbumpassoonasmixingis allowed to penetrate � -barriers is what actually constitutes the first solid evidence of such inhibition. Maximalmixingmodelswithdifferentiallyrotatingenvelopesareabletoreproducethe 12 C/ 13 CdataonM67giants with initial rotation rates adequate to their progenitors but fail to do so for open clusters of larger turnoff mass and for metal-poor giants in the field and globular clusters. Possible solutions are discussed. Our favored scenario is one in which the overall strength of canonical extra mixing has been underestimated by existent derivations, but which additionally needs to be coupled with a much lower efficiency for rotational mixing among the rapidly rotating open cluster giants than in the slowly rotating ones in the field and globular clusters. We hypothesize that this last requirement is provided by the interaction between convection and rotation in the envelopes of giants, in the sense that rapidly rotating stars would develop much shallower angular velocity profiles in their envelopes than do slowly rotating stars.
Single crystal semiconductor multilayers for electrically active optical interference filters

Abstract Single crystal semiconductor multilayers can be used for electrically active optical interference filters. In this report, we briefly examine potential materials and structures, review experimental studies, and propose several applications.
Remarks on the Evolution of the Expanding Universe

The relativistic energy equation for an expanding universe of non-interconverting matter and radiation is integrated. The above result, together with a knowledge of the physical conditions that prevailed during the element forming process in the early stages of the expansion, is used to determine the time dependences of proper distance as well as of the densities of matter and radiation. These relationships are employed to determine the mean galactic diameter and mass when formed as 2.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{3}$ light years and 3.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{7}$ sun masses, respectively. Galactic separations are computed to be of the order of ${10}^{6}$ light years at the present time.
Solution thermodynamics of europium-fluoride complexation

Abstract The enthalpy of formation of EuF 2+ in solution has been redetermined by titration calorimetry. Experiments at a constant ionic strength of μ = 1.0 M (NaClO 4 ), but at a variety of fluoride titrant concentrations, gave ΔH 101 =(9.61 ± 0.03) kJ/mol at 25 °C. This value is considerably lower than that previously reported in the literature. The corresponding entropy, however, is now consistent with an electrostatic model which has bcen shown to describe the behavior of a wide variety of metal-fluoride complexes.
Cyclohexyl spiro-fused α-hydroxy tetronic acid derivatives from vitamin C

Abstract The reaction of dienophile 4 , prepared from L-ascorbic acid in 5 steps, with various dienes to prepare cyclohexyl spiro-fused α-hydroxy tetronic acid derivatives is reported.
On-Line Maximum Likelihood Prediction with Respect to General Loss Functions

This paper introduces a new family of deterministic and stochastic on-line prediction algorithms which work with respect to general loss functions and analyzes their behavior in terms of expected loss bounds. The algorithms useparametric probabilistic modelsregardless of the kind of loss function used. The key ideas of the algorithms are to iteratively estimate the probabilistic model using the maximum likelihood method and then to construct an optimal prediction function that minimizes the average of the loss taken with respect to the estimated probabilistic model. A future outcome is predicted using this optimal prediction function. We analyze the algorithms in the cases where the target distribution is (1)k-dimensional parametric andkis known, (2)k-dimensional parametric butkis unknown, and (3) nonparametric. For all the cases, we derive upper bounds on the expected instantaneous or cumulative losses for the algorithms with respect to a large family of loss functions satisfying the constraint introduced by Merhav and Feder. These loss bounds show new universal relations among the expected prediction accuracy, the indexes of the loss function, the complexity of the target rule, and the number of training examples.
External field enhanced optical bistability in nematic liquid crystals

The exact solution is obtained for describing the external field effects in the optically induced molecular reorientation and bistability in a homeotropic nematic liquid crystal. With a low external field applied transverse or parallel to the laser propagation direction, optical bistability can always be suppressed or enhanced and hence can be seen in all existing nematics at a low laser power (typically < 1 kW/cm2). The fields corresponding to the tricritical point are obtained.
Do Settlements Matter? An American Perspective

Daniel C. Kurtzer holds the S. Daniel Abraham Chair in Middle East Policy Studies at Princeton University’s Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. During a 29-year career in diplomacy, he served as the United States ambassador to Egypt (19972001) and Israel (2001-05). Ambassador Kurtzer is also the author of Negotiating Arab– Israeli Peace: American Leadership in the Middle East.
Testing the Disk-locking Paradigm: An Association between U – V Excess and Rotation in NGC 2264

We present some results from a UVI photometric study of a field in the young open cluster NGC 2264 that is aimed, in part, at testing whether accretion in pre-main-sequence stars is linked to rotation. We confirm that U - V excess is well correlated with the Hα equivalent width for the stars in our sample. We show that for the more massive stars in the cluster sample (roughly 0.4-1.2 M☉), there is also a significant association between U - V excess and rotation, in the sense that slow rotators are more likely to show excess U-band emission and variability. This constitutes significant new evidence in support of the disk-locking paradigm.
Optimal register assignment to loops for embedded code generation

One of the challenging tasks in code generation for embedded systems is register assignment. When more live variables than registers exist, some variables will necessarily be accessed from data memory. Because loops are typically executed many times and are often time-critical, good register assignment in loops is exceedingly important as accessing data memory can degrade performance. The issue of finding an optimal register assignment to loops has been open for some time. In this article, we present a technique for optimal (i.e., spill minimizing) register assignment to loops. First we present a technique for register assignment to architecture styles that are characterized by a consolidated register file. Then we extend the technique to include architecture styles that are characterized by distributed memories and/or a combination of general- and special-purpose registers. Experimental results demonstrate that although the optimal algorithm may be computationally prohibitive, heuristic versions obtain results with performance better than that of an existing graph coloring approach.
Simple formula for Marcus–Hush–Chidsey kinetics

The Marcus–Hush–Chidsey (MHC) model is well known in electro-analytical chemistry as a successful microscopic theory of outer-sphere electron transfer at metal electrodes, but it is unfamiliar and rarely used in electrochemical engineering. One reason may be the difficulty of evaluating the MHC reaction rate, which is defined as an improper integral of the Marcus rate over the Fermi distribution of electron energies. Here, we report a simple analytical approximation of the MHC integral that interpolates between exact asymptotic limits for large overpotentials, as well as for large or small reorganization energies, and exhibits less than 5% relative error for all reasonable parameter values. This result enables the MHC model to be considered as a practical alternative to the ubiquitous Butler–Volmer equation for improved understanding and engineering of electrochemical systems.
Isolation of Pure Disubstituted E Olefins through Mo-Catalyzed Z-Selective Ethenolysis of Stereoisomeric Mixtures

Monoaryloxide-pyrrolide (MAP) complexes of molybdenum were employed for the selective ethenolysis of 1,2-disubstituted Z olefins in the presence of the corresponding E olefins. Reactions were performed in the presence of 0.02-3.0 mol % catalyst at 22 °C under 20 atm ethylene. We have demonstrated that the Z isomer of an easily accessible E:Z mixture can be destroyed through ethenolysis and the E alkene thereby isolated readily in high yield and exceptional stereoisomeric purity.
Access protocols for optical burst-switched ring networks

In this paper, we consider a WDM metro ring architecture with optical burst switching. Several access protocols are proposed and their performance is analyzed by simulation.
Cerium(IV) tellurite halides [Ce2Te7O17]X2 (X = Cl- or Br-): the first cerium-containing cationic frameworks.

Two isotypic cerium tellurite halides with the formulas [Ce2Te7O17]Cl2 and [Ce2Te7O17]Br2 have been synthesized hydrothermally via the reactions of CeCl3 and CeBr3 with TeO2. The structures of these compounds feature a cationic inorganic framework. The CeIV dimers are bound by a novel 3D Te7O176– building unit, forming an unusual hexagonal-bipyramidal environment around CeIV.
Turbulence-driven Coronal Heating and Improvements to Empirical Forecasting of the Solar Wind

Forecasting models of the solar wind often rely on simple parameterizations of the magnetic field that ignore the effects of the full magnetic field geometry. In this paper, we present the results of two solar wind prediction models that consider the full magnetic field profile and include the effects of Alfven waves on coronal heating and wind acceleration. The one-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic code ZEPHYR self-consistently finds solar wind solutions without the need for empirical heating functions. Another one-dimensional code, introduced in this paper (The Efficient Modified-Parker-Equation-Solving Tool, TEMPEST), can act as a smaller, stand-alone code for use in forecasting pipelines. TEMPEST is written in Python and will become a publicly available library of functions that is easy to adapt and expand. We discuss important relations between the magnetic field profile and properties of the solar wind that can be used to independently validate prediction models. ZEPHYR provides the foundation and calibration for TEMPEST, and ultimately we will use these models to predict observations and explain space weather created by the bulk solar wind. We are able to reproduce with both models the general anticorrelation seen in comparisons of observed wind speed at 1 AU and the flux tube expansion factor. There is significantly less spread than comparing the results of the two models than between ZEPHYR and a traditional flux tube expansion relation. We suggest that the new code, TEMPEST, will become a valuable tool in the forecasting of space weather.
Convergent syntheses of luteoreticulin and didemethylluteoreticulin

Convergent syntheses of luteoreticulin (1a) and didemethylluteoreticulin (1c) are described which are ammenable to structural variation in both the pyran and phenyl rings.
Oxidation of small boron cluster ions (B + 1-13 ) by oxygen

Absolute cross sections for all ionic products formed in reactions of B+1–13 with oxygen have been measured under single collision conditions, at collision energies from 0.25 to 10 eV. Three main reaction mechanisms appear to be important: oxidative fragmentation, collision induced dissociation, and boron atom abstraction. The dominant oxidation process are exoergic for all cluster sizes, but appear to have bottlenecks or activation barriers for the larger cluster ions. Clusters smaller than B+6 have similar chemistry, then there is a sharp transition in chemistry for clusters larger than B+6 . Correlations are explored between cluster reactivity and cluster stability, and the oxidation chemistry is compared to the similar results found for aluminum cluster ion oxidation.
Credit constraints and the phenomenon of child labor

Abstract This paper develops an overlapping generations general equilibrium model where inefficient child labor arises due to credit constraints. It derives a positive relationship between inequality in the distribution of income and the incidence of child labor. Looking at policy implications, it shows how trade sanctions against countries using child labor may fail to reduce the incidence of child labor. It discusses some alternative policies to reduce the incidence of child labor.
Two universal extra dimensions and spinless photons at the ILC

We study the ILC phenomenology of Kaluza-Klein (KK) modes along two universal extra dimensions compactified on the chiral square. We compute production cross sections of various (1, 0) particles at the ILC with (s)1/2 = 1 TeV, focusing on decays of KK-leptons and the KK partner of the hypercharge gauge boson down to the ``spinless photon'', which is the lightest KK particle. We contrast this model to one universal extra dimension with KK-photon (spin-1) and supersymmetry with neutralino (spin-1/2) or gravitino (spin-3/2) dark matter. We also investigate the discovery potential for (1, 1) KK bosons as s-channel resonances.
Fluorescent microthermal imaging—theory and methodology for achieving high thermal resolution images

Abstract The fluorescent microthermal imaging technique (FMI) involves coating a sample surface with an inorganic-based thin film that, upon exposure to UV light, emits temperature-dependent fluorescence [1–8]. FMI offers the ability to create thermal maps of integrated circuits with a thermal resolution theoretically limited to 1 m°C and a spatial resolution which is diffraction-limited to 0.3 μm. Even though the fluorescent microthermal imaging (FMI) technique has been around for more than a decade, many factors that can significantly affect the thermal image quality have not been systematically studied and characterized. After a brief review of FMI theory, we will present our recent results demonstrating for the first time three important factors that have a dramatic impact on the thermal quality and sensitivity of FMI. First, the limitations imparted by photon shot noise and improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio realized through signal averaging will be discussed. Second, ultraviolet bleaching, an unavoidable problem with FMI as it currently is performed, will be characterized to identify ways to minimize its effect. Finally, the impact of film dilution on thermal sensitivity will be discussed.
Directed Planar Reachability Is in Unambiguous Log-Space

We make progress in understanding the complexity of the graph reachability problem in the context of unambiguous logarithmic space computation; a restricted form of nondeterminism. As our main result, we show a new upper bound on the directed planar reachability problem by showing that it can be decided in the class unambiguous logarithmic space (UL). We explore the possibility of showing the same upper bound for the general graph reachability problem. We give a simple reduction showing that the reachability problem for directed graphs with thickness two is complete for the class nondeterministic logarithmic space (NL). Hence an extension of our results to directed graphs with thickness two will unconditionally collapse NL to UL.
Nanometer-scale solute clustering in aluminum-nickel-ytterbium metallic glasses

Abstract The transformation sequence of melt-spun Al–5.2at.% Ni–6.8at.% Yb is characterized by X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and atom-probe field-ion microscopy. An isochronal DSC thermogram detects three major exothermic transformation steps, with onset temperatures of 180, 292, and 327 °C, respectively. Atom-probe analyses reveal the evolution of compositional inhomogeneities on an atomic scale. In addition to Ni–clusters present in the as-quenched alloy, Ni–Yb co-clusters form during isochronal heating to 188 °C. Al–rich precipitates are detected after heating to 250 °C, with the Ni and Ni–Yb clusters still present, constituting possible precursors of intermetallic phases formed during advanced transformation stages.
[4 + 1] Cycloaddition of Bis(alkylthio)carbenes with Vinyl Isocyanates. Total Synthesis of (±)-Mesembrine

[reaction: see text] The Sceletium alkaloid mesembrine has been synthesized in 13% overall yield by a sequence featuring a [4 + 1] cycloaddition of a bis(alkylthio)carbene with a functionalized vinyl isocyanate.
The Synthesis and Chemoselective Reactivity of 3-Aminocyclopentadienones

Iron and cobalt complexes of 3-aminocyclopentadienones have been synthesized from the [2 + 2 + 1] cycloadditions of nitrogen acetylenes and pendant alkynes. Following decomplexation, the resulting 3-aminocyclopentadienones have been subjected to chemo- and regioselective cycloadditions with dienophiles and heterodienes.
Magnetic‐Field Effect in Aromatic Dediazoniation

Homolytic dediazoniation of tribromo- and trichloro-benzenediazonium tetrafluoroborates in highly ionizing, low-nucleophilicity solvents (trifluoroethanol and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfOH) exhibits a strong magnetic-field dependency of dediazoniation products; a more facile singlet-to-triplet intersystem crossing results in increased radical-escape products a higher magnetic fields
Lattice Fields and Extra Dimensions

Lattice gauge theory is now well into its third decade as a major subfield of theoretical particle physics. I open these lattice sessions with a brief review of the motivations for this formulation of quantum field theory. I then comment on the recent drive of lattice theorists to include a fictitious “fifth” dimension to treat issues of chiral symmetry and anomalies.
DOMINATION IN FUNCTIGRAPHS

Let G1 and G2 be disjoint copies of a graph G, and let f : V (G1) → V (G2) be a function. Then a functigraph C(G,f) = (V,E) has the vertex set V = V (G1) ∪ V (G2) and the edge set E = E(G1) ∪ E(G2) ∪ {uv | u ∈ V (G1),v ∈ V (G2),v = f(u)}. A functigraph is a generalization of a permutation graph (also known as a generalized prism) in the sense of Chartrand and Harary. In this paper, we study domination in functigraphs. Let γ(G) denote the domination number of G. It is readily seen that γ(G) ≤ γ(C(G,f)) ≤ 2γ(G). We investigate for graphs generally, and for cycles in great detail, the functions which achieve the upper and lower bounds, as well as the realization of the intermediate values.
A Computational Study of the Relative Bond Strengths and Stabilities of Some Isomeric Nitroazatriprismanes and Related Molecules

An ab initio SCF-MO approach has been used to compute the structures, bond orders, and relative and isodesmic reaction energies of two isomeric nitroazatriprismanes and a series of related smaller molecules, with the aim of investigating the conformational preferences and bond strength effects of the NO2 in these systems. In fused or caged systems containing both three- and four-membered rings, the nitro prefers to orient itself perpendicular to the three-membered ring. In contrast to earlier results for highly strained caged hydrocarbons, no significant conformation-dependent bond weakening is found to be associated with the NO2 in single-ring (and fused) systems. The presence of an aza nitrogen adjacent to the site of NO2 substitution in the triprismane framework essentially eliminates the bond weakening observed in the parent nitrated hydrocarbon. Calculated isodesmic reaction energies reinforce our earlier finding that mononitration of secondary and tertiary carbons in strained hydrocarbons and then monoaza analogues is in general slightly stabilizing.
On the Possibility of Quantum Informational Structural Realism

In The Philosophy of Information, Luciano Floridi presents an ontological theory of Being qua Being, which he calls "Informational Structural Realism", a theory which applies, he says, to every possible world. He identifies primordial information ("dedomena") as the foundation of any structure in any possible world. The present essay examines Floridi's defense of that theory, as well as his refutation of "Digital Ontology" (which some people might confuse with his own). Then, using Floridi's ontology as a starting point, the present essay adds quantum features to dedomena, yielding an ontological theory for our own universe, Quantum Informational Structural Realism, which provides a metaphysical interpretation of key quantum phenomena, and diminishes the "weirdness" or "spookiness" of quantum mechanics.
Micellar catalysis and inhibition

Micelles of non-functional surfactants (detergents) can catalyze bimolecular reactions by bringing reactants together in an environment conducive to reaction and they inhibit reactions by keeping reactants apart but they affect rates of unimolecular reactions by providing a submicroscopic medium. The relation between rate and surfactant concentration can be explained in terms of the distribution of reactants between the aqueous and micellar pseudophases which can also be perturbed by added solutes. Catalysis depends upon the charge type of the reaction and reactant hydrophobicity. Functional micelles are often highly effective as nucleophilic or general base catalysts and can give chiral recognition. Substrate micellization can control reaction stereochemistry.
Eulerian spatial moments for solute transport in three-dimensional heterogeneous, dual-permeability media

A Eulerian analytical method is developed for nonreactive solute transport in heterogeneous, dual-permeability media where the hydraulic conductivities in fracture and matrix domains are both assumed to be stochastic processes. The analytical solution for the mean concentration is given explicitly in Fourier and Laplace transforms. Instead of using the fast fourier transform method to numerically invert the solution to real space (Hu et al., 2002), we apply the general relationship between spatial moments and concentration (Naff, 1990; Hu et al., 1997) to obtain the analytical solutions for the spatial moments up to the second for a pulse input of the solute. Owing to its accuracy and efficiency, the analytical method can be used to check the semi-analytical and Monte Carlo numerical methods before they are applied to more complicated studies. The analytical method can be also used during screening studies to identify the most significant transport parameters for further analysis. In this study, the analytical results have been compared with those obtained from the semi-analytical method (Hu et al., 2002) and the comparison shows that the semi-analytical method is robust. It is clearly shown from the analytical solution that the three factors, local dispersion, conductivity variation in each domain and velocity convection flow difference in the two domains, play different roles on the solute plume spreading in longitudinal and transverse directions. The calculation results also indicate that when the log-conductivity variance in matrix is 10 times less than its counterpart in fractures, it will hardly influence the solute transport, whether the conductivity field is matrix is treated as a homogeneous or random field.
Methodology to Determine Cost and Performance Goals for Active Solar Cooling Systems

The attainment of reasonable market penetration of active solar cooling systems, beginning with introduction of commercial units in the late 1980's and continuing through the 1990's, can be related to meeting certain cost goals for these systems. The cost goals for systems to be installed between 1986 and 2000 are determined using economic and thermal performance analyses of typical residential and commercial active solar cooling systems. These goals are comprised of the payback period, the return on investment, the incremental solar system cost, and the cost-effectiveness. Using the results of systems analyses of representative 3-ton residential absorption cooling/heating systems, the incremental solar system cost goals are calculated for four cities (Fort Worth, Phoenix, Miami, and Washington, D.C.) for different years of purchase. For 25-ton commercial solar Rankine and absorption cooling systems, the incremental cost goals are calculated for three cities (Fort Worth, Phoenix, and Miami). Methods for achieving these cost goals are discussed.
Do Stock Market Liberalizations Cause Investment Booms

Abstract Stock market liberalizations lead private investment booms. In a sample of 11 developing countries that liberalized their stock markets, 9 experience growth rates of private investment above their non-liberalization median in the first year after liberalizing. In the second and third years after liberalization, this number is 10 of 11 and 8 of 11, respectively. The mean growth rate of private investment in the three years immediately following stock market liberalization exceeds the sample mean by 22 percentage points. The evidence stands in sharp contrast to recent work that suggests capital account liberalization has no effect on investment.
Topological triviality of smoothly knotted surfaces in 4-manifolds

Some generalizations of the Fintushel-Stern rim surgery are known to produce smoothly knotted surfaces. We show that if the fundamental groups of their complements are standard, then these surfaces are topologically unknotted.
Durable engraftment of purified allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells following non-myeloablative conditioning

Abstract Transplantation of purified allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) has the potential to be a curative treatment for autoimmune diseases. Before it becomes a viable therapy, however, the treatment-related mortality and difficulty of achieving engraftment must be addressed. Our research has focused on developing non-myeloablative regimens that lead to donor-derived engraftment of purified HSC in a murine model. Total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) consists of low-dose fractionated irradiation targeted to the thymus, abdomen, and peripheral nodes, while the skull, lungs, and long bones remain shielded. The non-myeloablative conditioning regimen of TLI and anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) was followed by HSC transplantation. HSCs were isolated by the composite phenotype of Thy1.1+, c-kit+, Sca-1+, and lineage- (KTLS) or, in strains lacking the Thy1.1 marker, c-kit+, Sca-1+, and lineage- (KSL). We tested HSC transplantations across three major histocompatiblity complex (MHC)-matched strain combinations known through previous studies in our group to have significantly different barriers to engraftment. In all three strain combinations we observed stable mixed chimerism (approximately 50% donor-derived cells) when high doses of HSC (10,000/mouse) were administered. Chimerism was measured at thirty-day intervals, and initially sharply increased and then stabilized around day ninety post-transplantation. In prior studies from our laboratory in a spontaneously arising autoimmune diabetes model, we demonstrated that mixed allogeneic chimerism alone following low dose total body irradiation (TBI) and HSC transplantation was sufficient to block the autoimmune pathogenesis. In order to establish a second clinically relevant conditioning regimen, we attempted here to lower the dose of TBI by using cyclophosphamide and ATG in addition to low dose TBI. However, less robust engraftment was observed as compared to the TLI/ATG approach. To study how TLI/ATG allows engraftment, we have examined the marrow of TLI/ATG conditioned, untransplanted animals. Though TUNEL and Caspase-3 assays did not show a significant increase in apoptosis compared to controls, a 71% decrease in the quantitative number of HSCs isolated from these animals was observed. This depletion of HSCs in the marrow could provide a niche for donor HSCs to inhabit. Further histologic studies on lymphoid organs exposed to radiation through TLI, including the thymus and spleen, are ongoing and may further elucidate the mechanisms by which TLI reconditions the host immune system. The durable mixed chimerism observed following TLI/ATG conditioning and HCT will be applied to mice affected with the rodent form of multiple sclerosis (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis) and to tolerance induction of solid-organ grafts. SUMMARY: The combination of TLI/ATG non-myeloablative conditioning and transplantation of allogeneic HSC leads to a durable mixed chimeric state between donor and host and will next be applied to the induction of tolerance to autoantigens and alloantigens.
Us Retirement Income System

In the United States, retirement income is supplied through the combination of a relatively modest, contributory social insurance programme; employer-provided (increasingly defined contribution savings) programmes; and individual retirement savings. The public programme supplies the vast majority of the income of the poorer half of the aged population; only the richest 20 per cent receive more from employer plans than from the public programme. Projections show that the public programme will have financial problems in the 2030s. Thereafter, revenues would have to be increased by a third or benefits cut by a quarter to restore financial balance. Despite widespread angst about the impact of longer lifespans and the retirement of the baby-boom generation, however, there is little serious discussion about how either the public- or private-sector programmes should be adjusted. In 2005, President Bush failed to generate significant public support for a plan partially to privatize the public-sector programme. Copyright 2006, Oxford University Press.
Measurement of emittance and absorptance of selected materials between 280 deg and 600 deg K.

Thermal radiation parameter measurements of coating materials, using steady state heat balance method
Phase-locking transition of coupled low-dimensional superfluids

We study the phase-locking transition of two coupled low-dimensional superfluids, either two-dimensional superfluids at finite temperature, or one-dimensional superfluids at zero temperature. We find that the superfluids have a strong tendency to phase-lock. The phase-locking is accompanied by a sizeable increase of the transition temperature Tc (in 2D systems) of the resulting double-layer superfluid to thermal Bose gas transition, compared to the Kosterlitz-Thouless temperature TKT of the uncoupled 2D systems, which suggests a plausible way of observing the Kibble-Zurek mechanism in two-dimensional cold atom systems by rapidly varying the tunneling rate between the superfluids. If there is also interaction between atoms in different layers present we find additional phases, while no sliding phase, characterized by order or quasi–long-range order (QLRO) either in the symmetric or the antisymmetric sector of the system.
Communication in Coordination Games

We present experimental evidence on nonbinding, preplay communication in bilateral coordination games. To evaluate the effect of "cheap talk," we consider two communication structures (one-way and two-way communication) and two types of coordination games (one with a cooperative strategy and a second in which one strategy is less "risky"). In games with a cooperative strategy, one-way communication increases play of the Pareto-dominant equilibrium relative to the no communication baseline; two-way communication does not always decrease the frequency of coordination failures. In the second type of game, two-way communication always leads to the Pareto-dominant Nash equilibrium, while one-way communication does not.
Cyanide-Limited Complexation of Molybdenum(III): Synthesis of Octahedral [Mo(CN)6]3- and Cyano-Bridged [Mo2(CN)11]5-

Octahedral coordination of molybdenum(III) is achieved by limiting the amount of cyanide available upon complex formation. Reaction of Mo(CF3SO3)3 with LiCN in DMF affords Li3[Mo(CN)6]·6DMF (1), featuring the previously unknown octahedral complex [Mo(CN)6]3-. The complex exhibits a room-temperature moment of μeff = 3.80 μB, and assignment of its absorption bands leads to the ligand field parameters Δo = 24 800 cm-1 and B = 247 cm-1. Further restricting the available cyanide in a reaction between Mo(CF3SO3)3 and (Et4N)CN in DMF, followed by recrystallization from DMF/MeOH, yields (Et4N)5[Mo2(CN)11]·2DMF·2MeOH (2). The dinuclear [Mo2(CN)11]5- complex featured therein contains two octahedrally coordinated MoIII centers spanned by a bridging cyanide ligand. A fit to the magnetic susceptibility data for 2, gives J = −113 cm-1 and g = 2.33, representing the strongest antiferromagnetic coupling yet observed through a cyanide bridge. Efforts to incorporate these new complexes in magnetic Prussian blue-type solids...
Well-posedness of Compressible Euler Equations in a Physical Vacuum

An important problem in gas and fluid dynamics is to understand the behavior of vacuum states, namely the behavior of the system in the presence of a vacuum. In particular, physical vacuum, in which the boundary moves with a nontrivial finite normal acceleration, naturally arises in the study of the motion of gaseous stars or shallow water. Despite its importance, there are only a few mathematical results available near a vacuum. The main difficulty lies in the fact that the physical systems become degenerate along the vacuum boundary. In this paper, we establish the local-in-time well-posedness of three-dimensional compressible Euler equations for polytropic gases with a physical vacuum by considering the problem as a free boundary problem. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimal Algorithms for Near-Hitless Network Restoration via Diversity Coding

Coding-based restoration techniques have proactive restoration which results in time savings over other state-of-the-art restoration techniques. Diversity coding is a coding-based recovery technique which offers near-hitless restoration with a competitive spare capacity requirement with respect to other techniques. In this paper, we show that diversity coding can achieve sub-ms restoration time. In addition, we develop two optimal algorithms for pre-provisioning of the static traffic and one for the dynamic provisioning of the traffic on-demand. There is one algorithm for systematic and one for non-systematic diversity coding in pre-provisioning. An MIP formulation and an ILP formulation are developed for systematic and non-systematic cases, respectively. The MIP formulation of the systematic diversity coding requires much fewer integer variables and constraints than similar optimal coding-based formulations. In dynamic provisioning, an ILP-based algorithm covers both of the systematic and non-systematic diversity coding. In all scenarios, diversity coding results in smaller restoration time, higher transmission integrity, and much reduced signaling complexity than the existing techniques in the literature. Simulation results indicate that diversity coding has significantly higher restoration speed than Shared Path Protection (SPP) and p-cycle techniques from the literature as well as Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) rings, which are commonly deployed by service providers today. In terms of capacity efficiency, it outperforms SONET rings and 1+1 APS, whereas it may require more extra capacity than the p-cycle technique and SPP. Diversity coding offers a preferable tradeoff which offers two orders of magnitude increase in restoration speed at the expense of less than 26% extra spare capacity.
The Time Cone Method for Nucleation and Growth Kinetics on a Finite Domain

The Kolmogorov-Johnson-Mehl-Avrami theory is an exact statistical solution for the expected fraction transformed in a nucleation and growth reaction in an infinite specimen, when nucleation is random in the untransformed volume and the radial growth rate after nucleation is constant until impingement. Many of these restrictive assumptions are introduced to facilitate the use of statistics. The introduction of “phantom nuclei” and “extended volumes” are constructs that permit exact estimates of the fraction transformed. An alternative, the time cone method, is presented that does not make use of either of these constructs. The method permits obtaining exact closed form solutions for any specimen that is convex in time and space, and for nucleation rates and growth rates that are both time and position dependent. Certain types of growth anisotropies can be included. The expected fraction transformed is position and time dependent. Expressions for transformation kinetics in simple specimen geometries such as plates and growing films are given, and are shown to reduce to expected formulas in certain limits.
Physical activity and multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis

Using meta-analytic procedures, this study involved a quantitative synthesis of the difference in physical activity among individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) compared with nondiseased and diseased populations and then examined factors (i.e., moderators) that explain variation in the overall difference in physical activity. We searched MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Current Contents Plus using the key words physical activity, exercise and physical fitness in conjunction with multiple sclerosis; conducted a manual search of bibliographies of the retrieved papers; and contacted study authors about additional studies. Overall, 53 effects were retrieved from 13 studies with 2360 MS participants and yielded a weighted mean effect size (ES) of -0.60 (95% CI = -0.44, -0.77). The weighted mean ES was heterogenous, Q = 1164.11, df = 52, P < 0.0001. There were larger effects with objective versus self-report measures of physical activity, nondiseased versus diseased populations and primary progressive versus relapsing remitting MS. The cumulative evidence suggests that individuals with MS are less physically active than nondiseased, but not diseased, populations.
Polyphase alloys as rechargeable electrodes in advanced battery systems

Abstract The rechargeability of electrochemical cells is often limited by negative electrode problems. These may include loss of capacity, increased impedance ( In principle, these problems can be reduced or eliminated by the use of alloys that undergo either displacement or insertion reactions at reactant spec The fundamental reasons for some of these problems with elemental electrodes, as well as the basic principles involved in the different behavior of all A considerable amount of information is now available concerning the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of a number of alloys of potential interest f In addition, recent results have extended these results down to ambient temperatures, indicating that some such materials may be of interest for use wi The all-solid, mixed-conductor matrix concept will also be reviewed briefly. In this approach, the thermodynamic behaviors of two different binary allo