cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Spanish Family of Authoritarians

Spain differed from the countries discussed above, though not from some of the other countries of the center, east, and south of Europe. The whole family of Spanish authoritarians – semi-authoritarians, semi-reactionaries, corporatists, and fascists – stood united against democrats and leftists. But uniquely in Europe the latter did not cave in but stood and fought. Their bloody three-year civil war ended in massive political (rather than ethnic) cleansing by the victors and then in the longest-lived rightist authoritarian regime in Europe, enduring until General Franco died in his bed in 1975. Thus Spain saw a broader-based and longer-lived authoritarianism, coming to power after both authoritarians and democrats had chosen sides, not only in elections, but also on the battlefield. As a result, we perceive certain things more clearly in Spain. From the 1880s until 1923 Spain had been “semi-authoritarian,” as defined in Chapter 2, with both parliamentary and executive autonomous powers coexisting side by side. There were elections under a restricted franchise but the king could remove ministers, initiate legislation, and declare martial law. Despite its multiethnicity, the country was also highly centralized. The system of el turno pacifico (“peaceful change”) gave the monarch distinctive powers to alternate Conservative and Liberal ministries at will. When he decided on a change, the local political bosses (the caciques ) were told that executive patronage would shift to the opposition.
Stopping Sets of Hermitian Codes

Combinatorial structures called stopping sets are useful in analyzing the performance of a linear code when coupled with an iterative decoding algorithm over an erasure channel. In this paper, we consider stopping sets of Hermitian codes.
Contested Anti-Fascisms in Luigi Zampa’s Anni Difficili, 1948–1949

The article explores the contested meanings of Fascism and collective guilt in postwar Italy. A large body of recent scholarship suggests that the myth of the Italiani brava gente served to suspend questions of collective responsibility and to conceal striking continuities between the fascist regime and the postwar republic, creating a kind of national ‘amnesia’ by 1947. Focusing on events of 1948–1949, the article takes issue with this view, citing examples of widespread awareness and fears of a return of Fascism. Luigi Zampa’s film, Anni difficili, created a controversial definition of Fascism — its origins and its consequences — and addressed collective guilt in a manner that made the film a sensation between 1948 and 1949. The public, far from complacent to programmes of national repression of the memory of Fascism, was in fact eager to examine these issues, even to the point of discussing widespread guilt. Making particular use of newspaper reviews, the article examines the public interpretations of ...
Changes in the Value Relevance of R&D Expenses after IFRS Adoption

We investigate whether the nature of differences between national GAAP and IFRS is associated with differential changes in the value relevance of R&D expenses after the adoption of IFRS across countries. Using a difference-in-differences study on a sample of public companies in nine countries that covers pre-IFRS and post-IFRS periods during 1997-2012, we find that the value relevance of R&D expenses declines after IFRS adoption in countries that previously mandated immediate expensing or allowed optional capitalization of R&D costs. On the contrary, there is no change in the value relevance of R&D expenses for countries that switched from the mandatory capitalization rule to IFRS. We also investigate the moderating effects of national institutions on the changes in the value relevance of R&D expenses after IFRS adoption. We find that in countries with stronger investor protection, the changes in the value relevance of R&D expenses are larger. In addition, changes in the value relevance of R&D expenses are smaller for countries whose national culture is characterized by higher uncertainty avoidance. Our findings highlight the importance of both accounting standards and national institutions in explaining the changes in the value relevance of accounting information after IFRS adoption.
Multiple Time Scales in Molecular Dynamics: Applications to Vibrational Relaxation

Many physical systems of interest in chemistry, physics and biology are characterized by multiple time scales. Such systems pose problems for numerical simulations where small integration time steps are required for stable integration of the fast degrees of freedom and a large number of time steps must therefore be used to simulate the relaxation of the slow degrees of freedom. The presence of multiple time scales has thus been a road block to the direct simulation of many physical systems. A simple example is that of a very stiff diatomic molecule dissolved in a monatomic system. Vibrational relaxation in this system is so slow that it has not been possible to determine vibrational energy relaxation times and dephasing times directly by simulation. Instead, approximate theories such as the Kubo relaxation theory[1, 2] are invoked giving the dephasing time T 2 as, (1) where is the fluctuation in the vibrational frequency from its average value caused by the interaction of the oscillator with the solvent atoms. From the interaction potential the instantaneous frequency fluctuation can be expressed as a function of the nuclear positions of the system Molecular dynamics is then used to evaluate the autocorrelation function of the frequency fluctuation in a system in which the bond length of the diatomic molecule is fixed [3, 4]. Thus the fast dynamics is eliminated from the system being simulated at the cost of using an approximate theory.
Pharmacogenomic Study of Carfilzomib in Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma Suggests That Carfilzomib Is a More Potent Proteasome Inhibitor Than Bortezomib

Abstract 5015 BACKGROUND: The introduction of bortezomib (BOZ) – the first FDA-approved proteasome inhibitor (PI) – as a therapeutic option for multiple myeloma (MM) has significantly improved patient outcomes in the last decade. However, relapsing patients often have BOZ-resistant disease. Carfilzomib (CFZ), a next-generation PI, recently received FDA approval for the treatment of patients with relapsed and/or refractory MM with prior history of BOZ treatment. The present study is the first post-CFZ phamacogenomic study in patients with relapsed/refractory MM, and was performed as part of the previously reported UARK Phase II CFZ compassionate use trial (registered with ClinicalTrials. gov as NCT00999414). METHODS: Gene expression profiling (GEP) analyses were performed on samples from 20 patients, all of whom had received prior treatment with BOZ and at least 1 immunomodulatory agent. CD138-purified plasma cells were collected from patients prior to and 24 hours after the second dose of CFZ. Ten patients received 20 mg/m2/day, and 10 patients received 27 mg/m2/day CFZ. Similar GEP analyses were done on pre- and 48-hr post a BOZ test dose (1. 0mg/m2) paired samples available on 25 previously treated patients on Total Therapy 6 (TT6) trial (received >1 cycle of prior treatment, 14 with previous BOZ treatment), and 142 newly diagnosed patients on Total Therapy 3A (TT3A) clinical trial. All samples were hybridized to Affymetrix U133Plus2. 0 arrays according to the manufacturer9s recommendations. RESULTS: Eight patients (40%; 4 patients in each dosing group) achieved responses of PR or better after 1 cycle of CFZ. At the false discovery rate (FDR) of 0. 05 by paired significance analysis of microarrays (SAM), expression levels of 113 probesets (104 genes) significantly changed in response to CFZ treatment, with higher expression values observed post CFZ. Among these 104 genes, 22 (21%) were proteasome-related genes (PSMA1, PSMA4, PSMA5, PSMA7, PSMB2, PSMB3, PSMB4, PSMB5, PSMB6, PSMB7, PSMC1, PSMC3, PSMC4, PSMC5, PSMD1, PSMD2, PSMD3, PSMD4, PSMD6, PSMD11, PSMD13, PSMD14). Additionally, expression-based proliferation indices (Zhan, Blood 2006) were significantly lower (p CONCLUSION: This is the first-in-human pharmacogenomic study comparing CFZ with BOZ and reporting on their differential GEP features. We have compared CFZ GEP effects (all patients with prior BOZ exposure) to BOZ GEP effects on patients with prior BOZ exposure or without prior BOZ exposure. The study results indicate that CFZ leads to a more global effect on the proteasomal degradation pathway compared with BOZ, and likely has more potent proteasome inhibitory activity than BOZ. This effect may in part reflect CFZ9s irreversible inhibitory activity, whereas BOZ is a reversible inhibitor. Disclosures: Barlogie:Onyx: Research Funding. Usmani:Onyx: Consultancy, Research Funding.
Managerial control divergence and analysts’ information precision

Research Question/Issue This study addresses how financial analysts’ information environment varies with the extent to which insiders’ voting rights diverge from their cash flow rights (i.e., control divergence) in the firm. Research Findings/Insights This study finds evidence that both analysts’ public and private information precisions are decreasing with insiders’ control divergence for a sample of US dual class share firms. Dual class share firms feature ownership structures that allow us to measure the control divergence between insiders’ voting rights and their cash flow rights. Furthermore, we document that these effects are more pronounced for firms with lower firm-level uncertainty and for periods prior to the introduction of the SOX Act. Our results are robust to omitted variables, endogenous ownership, and any selection biases associated with dual class equity. Theoretical/Academic Implications Analysts’ skill and ability to formulate accurate forecasts are influenced by the quality of their information environment. We provide insights on how ownership mechanisms such as control divergence impact this ability by affecting their information environment. By using empirical proxies that precisely measure analysts’ information environment, we are able to better capture the adverse impact of control divergence on the public and private information that analysts convey in their forecasts. Practitioner/Policy Implications Policy makers are often concerned about issues that can constrain information processing by intermediaries such as analysts. Control divergence mechanisms can negatively impact analysts’ information processing by affecting their information environment and consequently their ability to effectively forecast earnings and stock prices. These have larger implications for social welfare and optimal capital allocation in the economy. Policy makers may therefore need to evolve better regulatory norms to negate some of the pernicious consequences of such ownership structures on information intermediation.
Beyond-CMOS non-Boolean logic benchmarking: Insights and future directions

Emerging technologies are facing significant challenges to compete with CMOS with respect to Boolean logic. There is an increasing need for using non-traditional circuits to realize the full potential of beyond-CMOS devices. This paper presents a uniform benchmarking methodology for non-Boolean computation based on the cellular neural network (CNN) for a variety of beyond-CMOS device technologies, including charge-based and spintronic devices. Three types of CNN implementations are investigated benchmarked for a given input noise and recall accuracy target using analog, digital, and spintronic circuits. Results demonstrate that spintronic devices are promising candidates to implement CNNs, where up to 3x EDP improvement is predicted in domain wall devices compared to its conventional CMOS counterpart. This shows that alternative non-Boolean computing platforms are crucial for developing future emerging technologies.
Treatment related mortality (TRM) for AML pts managed at a non-transplant, safety net hospital.

e18092Background: Induction treatment for AML is associated with severe, life threatening toxicities. An accepted criterion for TRM is the 4 week mortality rate. A recent 18 yr study of AML pts tre...
Pneumonia as a cardiovascular disease

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is an important cause of death around the globe. Up to 30% of patients admitted to hospital for CAP develop cardiovascular complications (i.e. new/worsening heart failure, new/worsening arrhythmias, myocardial infarctions and/or strokes), acutely and up to 10 years thereafter. Cardiac complications result from complex interactions between preexisting conditions, relative ischaemia, upregulation of the sympathetic system, systemic inflammation and direct pathogen-mediated damage to the cardiovascular system. The exact mechanisms underlying the direct host-pathogen interactions are of great interest to identify potential therapeutic and preventative targets for CAP. In this review, we summarize the epidemiological data, risk factors and the pathogen-driven cardiovascular damage affecting patients with CAP.
Treating Behavioral Contributors to the Child’s Pain

Once a detailed analysis of the contingencies maintaining the child’s pain behaviors and the behaviors of the adults in the environment has been conducted, it should be clear where changes are needed. The same principles underlying good behavior management programs also apply to behavioral interventions for pain. For beginning clinicians, books by (Gelfand and Hartman (1984) and (Martin and Pear (1999) provide excellent introductions to the processes of behavioral assessment and behavior modification. The recommendations that follow assume that the clinician has some basic experience with behavior management interventions. Hence, the focus is on the unique challenges faced in designing behavior management interventions for pain problems.
A risk-reduction nutrition course for adults,

This article details the development, delivery, and evaluation of a six-session nutrition course entitled "Eating Today for a Healthier Tomorrow." The course addressed nutrition practices associated with the reduction of risk for coronary heart disease, cancer, osteoporosis, and obesity. Teaching teams, consisting of an extension agent and a registered dietitian, were used in course delivery. A wide variety of printed and audiovisual teaching aids helped participants learn through discussion, goal setting, games, and food tasting. Evaluation components of the course included demographic and pre- and post-course food frequency information as well as an overall evaluation by each participant. Post-course evaluation data were collected at a reunion session held 2 months after course completion. One hundred forty-two of 195 participants (73%) completed the course and the evaluation. Three-fourths of the participants had a family history of at least one of the life-style diseases addressed by the course. The food frequency results indicated that participants made some significant changes in their food practices. They decreased the number of times they selected high-fat cheese, regular red meats, foods from the saturated fatty acid group, desserts, sodium-rich products, and tea/coffee (p less than .05), and they increased selection of low-fat dairy products (p less than .05). Further study is recommended to determine whether individuals maintain the dietary changes and how those changes affect others in the person's immediate environment.
Ethics and Changing Mental Health Care: Concerns and Recommendations for Practice

Recent developments in health care delivery in the United States have left many professionals baffled by the continuing changes in practice sparked by the relatively new managed care environment. Psychologists who practice in medical settings are struggling to balance the seemingly competing needs to deliver quality care to clients and patients, while meeting the demands of third-party payers and trying to remain true to their ethical responsibilities. Critical elements of managed care, which many suggest compromise the ethical provision of quality care, include utilization review, financial incentives, and threats to confidentiality. Recommendations are proposed so that mental health professionals may be proactive in protecting their ethical responsibilities in this changing environment.
An Introduction to JDBC

Mr. Konchady presents some of the benefits of using Java over CGI as well as the basics of managing a departmental database with Java
Policies for Central and Eastern Europe

Even before the collapse of Communism, the EEC had made trade and co-operation agreements with all the countries of Central and Eastern Europe — except for the Soviet Union and Albania. However, even with the Soviets, the Community was negotiating an agreement which was about to be signed and then to be implemented just before the Berlin Wall collapsed.
Assessing the Impact of a Novel Integrated Palliative Care and Medical Oncology Inpatient Service on Health Care Utilization before Hospice Enrollment.

Abstract Background: Evidence increasingly supports the integration of specialist palliative care (PC) into routine cancer care. A novel, fully integrated PC and medical oncology inpatient service ...
Alcohol use disorder and sleep disturbances: a feed-forward allostatic framework.

The development of alcohol use disorder (AUD) involves binge or heavy drinking to high levels of intoxication that leads to compulsive intake, the loss of control in limiting intake, and a negative emotional state when alcohol is removed. This cascade of events occurs over an extended period within a three-stage cycle: binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect, and preoccupation/anticipation. These three heuristic stages map onto the dysregulation of functional domains of incentive salience/habits, negative emotional states, and executive function, mediated by the basal ganglia, extended amygdala, and frontal cortex, respectively. Sleep disturbances, alterations of sleep architecture, and the development of insomnia are ubiquitous in AUD and also map onto the three stages of the addiction cycle. During the binge/intoxication stage, alcohol intoxication leads to a faster sleep onset, but sleep quality is poor relative to nights when no alcohol is consumed. The reduction of sleep onset latency and increase in wakefulness later in the night may be related to the acute effects of alcohol on GABAergic systems that are associated with sleep regulation and the effects on brain incentive salience systems, such as dopamine. During the withdrawal/negative affect stage, there is a decrease in slow-wave sleep and some limited recovery in REM sleep when individuals with AUD stop drinking. Limited recovery of sleep disturbances is seen in AUD within the first 30 days of abstinence. The effects of withdrawal on sleep may be related to the loss of alcohol as a positive allosteric modulator of GABAA receptors, a decrease in dopamine function, and the overactivation of stress neuromodulators, including hypocretin/orexin, norepinephrine, corticotropin-releasing factor, and cytokines. During the preoccupation/anticipation stage, individuals with AUD who are abstinent long-term present persistent sleep disturbances, including a longer latency to fall asleep, more time awake during the night, a decrease in slow-wave sleep, decreases in delta electroencephalogram power and evoked delta activity, and an increase in REM sleep. Glutamatergic system dysregulation that is observed in AUD is a likely substrate for some of these persistent sleep disturbances. Sleep pathology contributes to AUD pathology, and vice versa, possibly as a feed-forward drive to an unrecognized allostatic load that drives the addiction process.
More Mathematics in the Bedroom: A Paradoxical Probability.

mattress turning: the four possible orientations for a mattress on a bed frame and the group of operations that move a mattress from one orientation to another. This group, isomorphic to the Klein 4-group, consists of the identity element and three 180? rota tions through the center of the mattress. I call these the flip (about an axis from head to foot), the flop (about an axis from side to side), and the spin (about a vertical axis). Of these, the flop is the most awkward to perform, and is perhaps most easily carried out as the composition of a flip with a spin?in either order, since the Klein 4-group is commutative. One part of the report particularly grabbed my attention:
9.5 – Formation and Geochemistry of Precambrian Cherts

Cherts, specifically Precambrian cherts, are fine-grained rocks consisting dominantly or entirely of SiO2 in the form of microcrystalline quartz, subordinate megaquartz, and (rarely) chalcedonic quartz. Cherts may be chemical precipitates, or they may be replacements of preexisting carbonates, volcanoclastic sediments, or igneous and metamorphic rocks. The silica cycle in the Precambrian was dominated by inorganic processes, because siliceous microorganisms, which control the silica concentration of the modern ocean at values of 1–15 ppm, were not present during much or all of the Precambrian, allowing the silica concentration of the Precambrian ocean to reach values of 60 ppm or more. Thus, it appears probable that many Precambrian cherts precipitated directly from seawater as gels or crystals by mechanisms that are difficult to reconstruct in detail. The texture and mode of formation of Precambrian cherts make them a uniquely suitable medium for preservation of early life forms. One fruitful approach to reconstructing the sedimentary and diagenetic history of Precambrian cherts (and chert-bearing rocks such as iron formation) is to study the isotopic composition of their constituent elements: oxygen, silicon, iron, and hydrogen. Advances in precision and availability of isotopic analyses together with rare earth element chemistry have produced a large and rapidly increasing body of geochemical data that provides constraints on mechanisms of chert formation and inter alia on geochemical processes and environmental conditions on the Precambrian Earth.
Hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde to cinnamyl alcohol with metal phosphides: Catalytic consequences of product and pyridine doping

Abstract Selective hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes is challenging due to the competition between unsaturated functional groups (C C and C O) with the catalyst. This study probes the use of metal phosphides as selective catalysts for cinnamaldehyde hydrogenation. Monometallic phosphides (MP; M = Ni, Co, Ru) showed high affinity to C C hydrogenation, with 98 % selectivity to hydrocinnamaldehyde with both Ni2P and Co2P. Bimetallic RuMoP improved the cinnamyl alcohol (COL) selectivity up to 91 %, while bimetallic NiMoP preferred C C hydrogenation to hydrocinnamaldehyde. Density functional theory (DFT) suggested greater charge transfer between the carbonyl oxygen and Mo sites on the surface leading to a lower activation energy barrier for cinnamaldehyde hydrogenation to COL. Product and pyridine doping studies resulted in an increased selectivity to COL possibly through surface coverage effects. Lastly, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectra and DFT provided insights into the CAL adsorption mode and the reaction mechanism that supported the experimental observation.
Fear of the unknown with healthcare IoT devices: An exploratory study

This exploratory study provides an analysis of four New England healthcare organizations network and information security threats involving IoT devices. This study sought to identify any new patter...
How much and how fast: Alcohol consumption patterns, drinking-episode affect, and next-day consequences in the daily life of underage heavy drinkers

Abstract Background Understanding how alcohol consumption patterns are associated with negative and positive outcomes can inform efforts to reduce negative consequences through modification of those patterns. This is important in underage drinkers, many of whom drink heavily despite negative consequences. Most work has focused on the amount of alcohol consumed, but amount provides limited information about consumption patterns compared to rate of consumption, or how fast individuals drink. We therefore examined associations of both amount and rate of consumption with negative and positive outcomes (immediate affective states and next-morning consequences) in daily life. Method Ninety-five college students aged 18–20 years completed ecological momentary assessment over 28 days. Participants reported number of standard drinks consumed and positive and negative affect hourly within drinking episodes. Estimated blood alcohol concentration (eBAC) values were used to create amount and rate of consumption indicators. Each morning after drinking, participants reported negative (e.g., blackout, hangover) and positive (e.g., new friend, making others laugh) consequences. Results Within drinking episodes, multilevel models showed faster consumption was associated with reduced negative affect and both larger amount and faster consumption were associated with greater positive affect. Further, amount and rate were both associated with greater likelihood of a negative consequence the next morning. Rate, but not amount, was associated with more positive consequences. Conclusions Not only how much but also how fast individuals drink may be important for the positive and negative outcomes they experience. Interventions to reduce negative alcohol-related outcomes should consider not only amount, but also rate of consumption.
Tracking Two Waves: Transnational Influencers in Africa’s ICT Policy Formulation

Information and communication technology (ICT) policies have been continuously updated depending on the dominant technologies and driving institutions of the time. This chapter provides an essential background analysis of the trajectory of policy formulation and of the forces contributing to the transition from legacy ICTs towards the commercialisation, privatisation and transnational integration of digital services provision in Africa. It demonstrates how after independence many African countries prioritised legacy telecommunication systems using borrowed pathways from developed countries, with limited success. The study argues that imitative and pre-packaged telecommunication policies adopted from global power brokers and transnational agencies serve mainly to undermine domestic social and economic development in Africa. This chapter concludes that, panacea or not, the agency of individuals in ICT policies matters most.
Climate change coverage in the United States media during the 2017 hurricane season: implications for climate change communication

The United States media does not consistently associate natural hazards and the effects of climate change. Media messages about climate change can influence readers’ perceptions of and reactions to climate risk, and analysis of media messages in various news outlets can have important implications for the beliefs readers hold. We investigate how newspaper characteristics (political orientation, elite status, and proximity to a 2017 hurricane) correspond to the presence, accuracy, and content of climate change coverage occurring in the context of natural hazard articles. We performed a content analysis of hurricane coverage in six US newspapers. The 1057 articles identified from nine constructed week samples were coded for references to climate change, climate denial perspectives, and presentations of climate change consensus and for the use of proximity cues indicating the relative nearness or distance of climate impacts to US readers. Whenever reference to climate change occurred (26.7% of all articles analyzed), all newspapers accurately documented changing trends related to climate change. The conservative newspaper near a 2017 hurricane differed significantly from the other conservative newspapers in frequency of articles explicitly referencing climate change, as well as reference to climate change denial, climate change consensus, and use of proximal and distal proximity cues. This suggests that partisan norms around climate change coverage may be influenced by immediate proximity to a climate-related natural hazard.
Cryptococcus neoformans Meningoencephalitis in an Immunocompetent Patient after COVID-19 Infection

Cryptococcus neoformans is a saprophytic fungus that causes fatal disseminated infections in immunocompromised hosts. Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, multiple cases of secondary viral, bacterial, and fungal infections have been reported in patients after SARS-CoV-2 infection. We describe here a case of severe cryptococcal meningitis that developed in a previously healthy patient one week after treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection with dexamethasone. This case adds to the growing knowledge of emerging secondary infectious complications including opportunistic pathogens after SARS-CoV-2 infection. While few reports allude to depressed T-cell function and lymphopenia due to SARS-CoV-2 infection, further studies are needed to evaluate the effects of this infection and its treatment on the immune system and its contribution to the emergence of secondary opportunistic infections.
User-centered design of a scalable, electronic health record-integrated remote symptom monitoring intervention for patients with asthma and providers in primary care.

Objective To determine user and electronic health records (EHR) integration requirements for a scalable remote symptom monitoring intervention for asthma patients and their providers. Methods Guided by the Non-Adoption, Abandonment, Scale-up, Spread, and Sustainability (NASSS) framework, we conducted a user-centered design process involving English- and Spanish-speaking patients and providers affiliated with an academic medical center. We conducted a secondary analysis of interview transcripts from our prior study, new design sessions with patients and primary care providers (PCPs), and a survey of PCPs. We determined EHR integration requirements as part of the asthma app design and development process. Results Analysis of 26 transcripts (21 patients, 5 providers) from the prior study, 21 new design sessions (15 patients, 6 providers), and survey responses from 55 PCPs (71% of 78) identified requirements. Patient-facing requirements included: 1- or 5-item symptom questionnaires each week, depending on asthma control; option to request a callback; ability to enter notes, triggers, and peak flows; and tips pushed via the app prior to a clinic visit. PCP-facing requirements included a clinician-facing dashboard accessible from the EHR and an EHR inbox message preceding the visit. PCP preferences diverged regarding graphical presentations of patient-reported outcomes (PROs). Nurse-facing requirements included callback requests sent as an EHR inbox message. Requirements were consistent for English- and Spanish-speaking patients. EHR integration required use of custom application programming interfaces (APIs). Conclusion Using the NASSS framework to guide our user-centered design process, we identified patient and provider requirements for scaling an EHR-integrated remote symptom monitoring intervention in primary care. These requirements met the needs of patients and providers. Additional standards for PRO displays and EHR inbox APIs are needed to facilitate spread.
David Oliver: Social care plan furthers inequality and unfairness.

In my last column I discussed the lack of detail or meaningful change in the government’s Build Back Better plan for health and social care in England.12 I did not, however, touch on the inherent inequality of the changes, between rich and poor, young and old. The “health and social care levy” is a planned 1.25 percentage point rise in national insurance contributions from April 2022. But this applies only to people in employment and younger than the state retirement age. From 2023 people still working beyond retirement age will also have to pay the levy. The number of people older than 65 in work has increased sharply in recent years and is now estimated at around 900 000 in England.3 But because around half of …
From Court to Couch: Exercise and Quality of Life after Acute Type A Aortic Dissection.

Background Acute Type A aortic dissection can be physically and mentally stressful with little known about survivors' postrepair activity levels, exercise habits, and quality of life (QOL). This study was aimed to describe pre- and postdissection changes regarding exercise, understand physician recommendations, quantify use of cardiac rehabilitation, and assess QOL in dissection survivors. Methods A total of 295 acute Type A aortic dissection survivors were surveyed about exercise, cardiac rehabilitation, QOL, sexual activity, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with 137 (46%) respondents. Results Respondents were less likely to participate in competitive athletics after than before dissection (1/131 [0.76%] vs. 26/131 [20%], p [McNemar test] Conclusion Physicians should prescribe cardiac rehabilitation, encourage appropriate exercise, promote resumption of sexual activity, and identify and treat PTSD after surgery for acute Type A aortic dissection.
Meniscal Posterior Root Tear

Meniscal posterior root tears, formerly considered “irreparable” and merely part of the arthritic cascade, indeed have healing potential. In the presence of mild to moderate degenerative changes of the knee, repair of reasonable quality tissue may afford pain relief and perhaps chondral protection. Imaging usually portrays meniscal extrusion, by virtue of the attenuation of posterior horn fixation. If a remaining tissue remnant is present, a meniscal fixator may effect repair. More commonly, direct suture repair to bone is necessary. Arthroscopic techniques have evolved which present only modest morbidity to the patient.
Charge Detection Mass Spectrometry Identifies Preferred Non-Icosahedral Polymorphs in the Self-Assembly of Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus Capsids

Abstract Woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) is prone to aberrant assembly in vitro and can form a broad distribution of oversized particles. Characterizing aberrant assembly products is challenging because they are both large and heterogeneous. In this work, charge detection mass spectrometry (CDMS) is used to measure the distribution of WHV assembly products. CDMS is a single-particle technique where the masses of individual ions are determined from simultaneous measurement of each ion's charge and m / z ( m ass-to- c harge) ratio. Under relatively aggressive, assembly promoting conditions, roughly half of the WHV assembly products are T = 4 capsids composed of exactly 120 dimers while the other half are a broad distribution of larger species that extends to beyond 210 dimers. There are prominent peaks at around 132 dimers and at 150 dimers. In part, the 150 dimer complex can be attributed to elongating a T = 4 capsid along its 5-fold axis by adding a ring of hexamers. However, most of the other features cannot be explained by existing models for hexameric defects. Cryo-electron microscopy provides evidence of elongated capsids. However, image analysis reveals that many of them are not closed but have “spiral-like” morphologies. The CDMS data indicate that oversized capsids have a preference for growth by addition of 3 or 4 dimers, probably by completion of hexameric vertices.
The aging suppressor klotho interacts with the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor, inhibits it activation and reduces growth of breast cancer cells.

5171 Activation of the IGF pathway plays an important role in breast cancer pathogenesis. Recent data indicate the aging suppressor klotho as a potent inhibitor of IGF-1 receptor (IGFR) activation. Klotho is a transmembrane protein, which is expressed in the brain and kidney, and also in various endocrine-related tissues. We have shown previously high klotho expression in normal breast, but low expression in breast cancer and noted an association between low klotho expression and adverse tumor characteristics. Moreover, klotho overexpression inhibited growth of breast cancer cells. We aimed to analyze mechanisms associated with klotho-induced growth inhibition and modulation of the IGF pathway. Also, as klotho extracellular domain can be shed and serve as a circulating hormone, we aimed to elucidate its activities in breast cancer. Klotho effects on proliferation were assessed using MTT and colony assays in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and in the non-tumorous HEK293 cells. While klotho overexpression reduced breast cancer cells proliferation, it had no effect on HEK293 cells. Moreover, klotho silencing in MCF-7 cells, which express detectable klotho levels, enhanced their proliferation. Klotho effects on the IGF pathway were analyzed in MCF-7 cells. We conducted immunoprecipitation assays and identified, for the first time, direct interaction between klotho and the IGFR. Moreover, localization studies, using GFP-tagged klotho, revealed translocation of klotho from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane following IGF stimulation. Klotho overexpression in breast cancer cells inhibited IGF-induced phosphorylation of the IGFR and its downstream targets, but activated GSK3beta, a negative regulator of the IGF pathway, and increased expression of p53 and of the tumor suppressor gene C/EBPbeta. Klotho silencing using siRNA in MCF-7 cells induced opposite effects. Importantly, klotho overexpression did not inhibit IGF pathway activation in HEK293 cells, thus suggesting cell-type dependent activity. In order to assess the activity of klotho extracellular soluble form, breast cancer cells were treated with either recombinant soluble klotho or with a conditioned media taken from klotho overexpressing cells. Complete inhibition of IGFR activation was observed following either treatment, and soluble klotho at a concentration of 1 nM was sufficient to induce maximal effect. These data indicate, for the first time, cell-type specific growth suppression and IGF pathway inhibition by klotho. Two novel aspects of klotho activity were identified: interaction with the IGFR and changes in subcellular localization. Importantly, our data may indicate soluble klotho as a potent inhibitor of the IGF pathway in breast cancer. As soluble klotho is an endogenous hormone, its use as a novel therapeutic model may be feasible and should be further explored.
A vector contribution to the decay Σ− → Λ+e−+\(\bar \nu \)ee

Recent experimental data indicate that the vector contribution to the decay Σ− → Λ+e−+\(\bar \nu \)e is not zero. This can be readily explained within the framework of the conserved vector-current hypothesis if isospin mixing between the Σ0 and Λ occurs in an amount corresponding to a mixing angleϑ=(0.14±0.07) radians.
Binary single-sideband phase-modulated communication systems.

Single-sideband phase modulation (SSBPM), in which a signal is simultaneously phase- and amplitude-modulated by a signal and its Hilbert transform, is shown to be suboptimum for binary signaling in white Gaussian noise. An alternative single-sideband technique based on the properties of binary suppressed-carrier phase modulation is proposed and shown to give performance equivalent to the double-sideband version.
"The Misery of Our Poor": Recent Studies in Development Literature

CORES AND PERIPHERIES, metropoles and hinterlands, development and underdevelopment, and dependency are related themes which have become increasingly prominent in the socio-economic literature of the last decade or so. These concepts arise out of a variety of disciplines, ideologies, and schools and amount at present to an inchoate collection of disparate ideas which cries out for overview, some way of welding a potentially valuable series of approaches into a cohesive and forceful whole. Certainly the social sciences urgently require a way of directing thought so that the world as it exists today becomes more comprehensible. A framework is needed within which multidisciplinary studies of the current social and economic order can work with, rather than against, one another. An enormous body of literature has been devoted to core-periphery, to the
Coking of solid acid catalysts and strategies for enhancing their activity

The development of practically viable solid acid catalysts as environmentally safer alternatives to liquid superacids continues to be a challenge. The major barrier in this regard is the rapid deactivation of the catalyst due to fouling by hydrocarbonaceous compounds, or coke. This paper reviews coke formation pathways on solid acid catalysts for low temperature (<110°C) processes such as gasoline alkylate production from isobutane and C3/C4 olefins, and skeletal isomerization of n-butane. The formation of coke precursors from feed impurities is also included. The use of near-critical reaction media to effectively balance the coke precursor formation rate with coke precursor removal rate (thereby enhancing catalyst activity) is discussed. Our results suggest that near-critical operation in conjunction with rational catalyst design (manipulating parameters such as pore structure and acidity) and proper choice of reactor configuration (stirred reactor minimizing olefin concentration) have excellent potential for enhancing catalyst activity and product selectivity.
Effects of a diet low in copper on copper-status indicators in postmenopausal women

To study the effects of low copper intake in older individuals, 12 postmenopausal women, aged 63.1 +/- 8.8 y, were fed a diet containing 9 micromol (0.57 mg) Cu/d for 105 d, followed by a copper-repletion period of 35 d during which the diet was supplemented with 31.5 micromol (2.0 mg) Cu/d. Plasma copper and ceruloplasmin did not change significantly during copper depletion but ceruloplasmin decreased during copper repletion. Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity dropped significantly during low copper intake from 3450 to 2600 U/g hemoglobin, but did not increase during copper repletion. Platelet cytochrome c oxidase activity changed significantly (P<0.0001) from 1740 to 810 U/g protein during copper depletion, then increased to 1000 U/g protein during copper repletion. Erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity responded similarly. Clotting factor VIII activity increased significantly during copper depletion, then dropped during copper repletion. Low copper intakes did not induce the changes in serum cholesterol and hematology generally found in copper-deficient animal models. These results indicate that a paradigm shift may be needed in evaluating copper status in adult humans. Sensitive indicators of copper include functional activities of platelet cytochrome c oxidase, platelet copper, glutathione peroxidase, and clotting factor VIII. Plasma copper, ceruloplasmin, and cholesterol are relatively insensitive indicators. Also, the recovery from mild copper depletion may require more aggressive intervention tha 2 mg Cu/d for 35 d.
HostCast: a new overlay multicasting protocol

Though the merits of IP-based multicast are undeniable, the deployment of IP multicast has met many difficulties. In the past several years, lots of research works have been done on overlay multicast. In this paper, we propose a new overlay multicast protocol: HostCast. Besides constructing a data delivery tree, HostCast uses a simple and efficient approach to form an overlay mesh for control and maintenance. The mesh can effectively facilitate the overlay multicasting. HostCast improves the reliability of overlay multicast tree and decreases the convergence time as demonstrated by the results obtained via simulation.
Diagnosability analysis for distributed systems

We present a distributed diagnostics and control architecture for embedded distributed diagnostics. Using this architecture, we (1) propose a distributed diagnostics framework for discrete-event systems based on causal networks; (2) show system diagnosability results based on component diagnosability: and (3) discuss how system partitioning approaches entail tradeoffs involving the resultant system diagnosability and communication requirements.
The Gene for 16S rRNA Methyltransferase (ksgA) Functions as a Multicopy Suppressor for a Cold-Sensitive Mutant of Era, an Essential RAS-Like GTP-Binding Protein in Escherichia coli

Era, a Ras-like GTP-binding protein in Escherichia coli, has been shown to be essential for growth. However, its cellular functions still remain elusive. In this study, a genetic screening of an E. coli genomic library was performed to identify those genes which can restore the growth ability of a cold-sensitive mutant, Era(Cs) (E200K), at a restrictive temperature when expressed in a multicopy plasmid. Among eight suppressors isolated, six were located at 1 min of the E. coli genomic map, and the gene responsible for the suppression of Era(Cs) (E200K) was identified as the ksgA gene for 16S rRNA transmethylase, whose mutation causes a phenotype of resistance to kasugamycin, a translation initiation inhibitor. This is the first demonstration of suppression of impaired function of Era by overproduction of a functional enzyme. A possible mechanism of the suppression of the Era cold-sensitive phenotype by KsgA overproduction is discussed.
The Physician as a Patient

One of the most pervasive medical myths involves doctors as patients. Traditionally there have been aphorisms and injunctions from biblical times until the present: “Physician heal thyself!” “The doctor who treats himself has a fool for a patient!” The standard hospital stock statement is that doctors and nurses make the worst patients, possibly because there are no surprises left for them in hospitals.
Intramolecular electron transfer across amino acid spacers in the picosecond time regime. Charge-transfer interaction through peptide bonds

For a series of alanine-based peptides having 1−3 amino acid residues as spacers, the chromophore, pyrenesulfonyl (Pyr), has been attached at the N-terminus and an electron donor, dimethyl-1,4-benzenediamine (DMPD), covalently bound at the C-terminus. Evidence for an intramolecular charge-transfer interaction involving the electron donor and acceptor groups has been obtained from absorption spectra. Intramolecular electron transfer involving the end groups, Pyr (electron acceptor) and DMPD (electron donor) has been confirmed by ultrafast pump−probe methods. The radical-ion pair states that are generated on Ti/sapphire laser excitation at 400 nm decay in the picosecond to nanosecond time domain and generally show multiexponential decay kinetics. These rates of charge recombination are among the fastest yet observed involving electron transfer between terminal groups for peptide oligomers. The falloff of rate constants for ion pair recombination is irregular in terms of the through-bond distance that separa...
Rheology of Organoclay Nanocomposites: Effects of Polymer Matrix/Organoclay Compatibility and the Gallery Distance of Organoclay

The linear dynamic viscoelasticity, and transient and intermittent shear flows of organoclay nanocomposites, which were prepared with poly(ethylene-ran-vinyl acetate) (EVA), poly(ethylene-ran-vinyl alcohol) having 53 mol % vinyl alcohol (EVOH-53), or poly(ethylene-ran-vinyl acetate-ran-vinyl alcohol) having 5 mol % vinyl alcohol (EVAOH-5) were investigated. For the study, two organoclays (Southern Clay Products) were employed: (i) Cloisite 30B (having the gallery distance of 1.85 nm) treated with a surfactant (MT2EtOH) containing tallow, quaternary ammonium chloride, and hydroxyl groups and (ii) Cloisite 15A (having the gallery distance of 3.15 nm) treated with a surfactant (2M2HT) containing hydrogenated tallow, quaternary ammonium chloride but no hydroxyl group. Thus, a total of six nanocomposites were prepared by melt blending using a Brabender mixer. Before taking rheological measurements, the nanocomposites were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). ...