cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An investigation of the mechanism of splitting which occurs in tensile specimens of high strength low alloy steels

A study has been conducted to investigate the metallurgical cause of splitting that is sometimes observed to accompany regular fracture in tensile and Charpy impact specimens. The susceptibility of a steel to tensile specimen splitting (TSS) has been shown to depend on both the composition as well as the processing of Cb (Nb) and V bearing high-strength, low-alloy steels. This study has revealed that Fe3C, either as grain boundary precipitate or in pearlite of a particular distribution, was the microstructural feature which seemed to be responsible for the TSS in the steels investigated. The compositional and processing factors influenced the susceptibility of specimens to TSS by controlling the Fe3C precipitation. There was no correlation between the susceptibility of a microstructure to TSS and its short transverse ductility. This result indicates that the occurrence of splitting in broken tensile or impact specimens is neither related to nor a good predictor of the probability of occurrence of the lamellar tearing that may occur during welding. A mechanism is presented which establishes the link between composition, processing, microstructure, splitting susceptibility and short transverse ductility.
Behavioural training during acute brain trauma rehabilitation: An empirical case study

Operant conditioning-based behavioural interventions are commonly used for the behavioural problems of individuals with mental retardation. There is also growing evidence of the benefits of these interventions for treating some of the behavioural problems of individuals with acquired cognitive deficits resulting from brain trauma. However, the effects of behavioural interventions on behavioural problems occurring during acute neurorehabilitation, when orientation and memory are most impaired, have not been studied. In this empirical case study, operant conditioning-based procedures were applied with an 8-year-old girl recovering from brain trauma and related neurosurgery. Screaming, non-compliance and aggression, which were disrupting rehabilitation therapies and follow-up neuroimaging, were treated using differential positive reinforcement techniques. Beneficial behavioural intervention effects were demonstrated using single-subject experimental methods. Aberrant behaviour during physical and occupational therapies was reduced, and cooperation with a computerized tomography (CT) scan without sedation was accomplished using operant behavioural intervention. Results support the use of operant interventions early in recovery from brain trauma, and highlight the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration for the implementation and further study of early behavioural interventions.
Electron spin injection at a Schottky contact

We investigate theoretically electrical spin injection at a Schottky contact between a spin-polarized electrode and a non-magnetic semiconductor. Current and electron density spin-polarizations are discussed as functions of barrier energy and semiconductor doping density. The effect of a spin-dependent interface resistance that results from a tunneling region at the contact/semiconductor interface is described. The model can serve as a guide for designing spin-injection experiments with regard to the interface properties and device structure.
Bilateral renal vein thrombosis in a newborn: A case of prenatal renal vein thrombosis

Neonatal renal vein thrombosis (RVT) is a well described entity that typically presents after a variety of neonatal stresses. Prenatal RVT is a less common entity found incidentally on prenatal imaging. We report a case of neonatal RVT and a probable prenatal RVT.
An overactive bladder online self-management program with embedded avatars: a randomized controlled trial of efficacy.

Objective To determine whether an avatar-based, online, self-management program is an effective therapeutic approach for women with overactive bladder (OAB). OAB is a highly prevalent symptom complex that significantly impacts health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Behavioral interventions can produce substantial improvement in symptoms and HRQOL. Online education programs offer patients with OAB an alternative to face-to-face self-management instruction. Evidence suggests that avatars (digital humans) embedded into online programs may help persuade and motivate patients to adopt healthy behaviors. Methods In a 12-week, randomized, controlled trial, women (aged >55 years) with symptoms of OAB for at least 3 months were randomized to 2 versions of a 3-part, online, self-management program. After collecting the baseline metrics, the intervention group viewed a generic avatar coach with a self-avatar peer mentor designed to resemble the participant, and the control group viewed the identical online program with voice only. Participants viewed part 1 at week 1 and parts 2 and 3 at week 6. Participants completed daily bladder diaries throughout the 12-week period and OAB-related outcome measures at weeks 1, 6, and 12. Results Forty-one women completed the study (mean age = 61 years, standard deviation = 6). The analysis of covariance of week-12 outcome measures with the baseline as covariates demonstrated significant improvements in the intervention group in OAB questionnaire HRQOL (P = .02; large effect), 24-hour frequency (P <.001; large effect), night-time urination (P <.001; large effect), urgency (P <.001; large effect), and urge incontinence (P <.001; large effect). Conclusion An avatar-based intervention embedded into an online self-management program improved OAB HRQOL and symptoms in women.
A political linguistics analysis of network television news viewers' discourse

This study observes the linguistic processes of network television news viewers. It seeks to identify news viewers’ ability to resist news ideology. Fourteen viewers accompanied by a spouse, friend, or relative were surveyed about their news viewing habits. These twenty‐eight viewers were then shown television news segments in pairs and then in groups of six to eight, during which the viewers participated in dyadic and group conversations about the news and current political events. The findings indicate that news audiences often challenge newscasts on a surface level and, less often, on a deeper level regarding bias, news producer intentions, and truth claims. However, there is little evidence to suggest that these viewers resisted the ideological codes of the news. This does not mean that they did not have the ability to resist news ideology. Instead, it seems to be unusual for viewers to do so. A major obstacle to news viewer resistance seems to be lack of alternative significations from which to draw ...
Aggressive osteoblastoma of the mandible

We report a case of aggressive osteoblastoma of the mandible, an extremely rare primary bone tumor of the maxillofacial skeleton. Although osteoblastomas are benign tumors requiring only curettage for cure, there is a small subset of tumors that exhibit locally aggressive behavior and have atypical histopathologic features. Differentiation from low-grade osteosarcoma is often difficult. There is some disagreement as to the proper classification of these tumors. The correct diagnosis must be based on clinical, radiographic and pathologic features. Surgical resection and reconstruction is the recommended treatment for these invasive lesions.
Instrumental aversive conditioning in newly hatched domestic chicks

The performance of forty chicks in a straight runway to heat reinforcement was measured under four drive conditions across 20 trials in a 2 by 2 by 20 factorial design. The two main treatment conditions were level of ambient temperature and length of time in the cold start box before a trial began. Heat was a potent reinforcement for newly hatched chicks as demonstrated by significant increases in starting, alley, and total speed scores across trials. Manipulations in drive level also significantly affected both the rate of acquisition and the asymptotic level of performance.
On the normality of probability distributions of inflation and GNP forecasts

Abstract This study analyzes mean probability distributions reported by ASA-NBER forecasters on two macroeconomic variables, GNP and the GNP implicit price deflator. In the derivation of expectations, a critical assertion has been that the aggregate average expectation can be regarded as coming from a normal distribution. We find that, in fact, this assumption should be rejected in favor of distributions which are more peaked and skewed. For IPD, they are mostly positively skewed, and for nominal GNP the reverse is true. We then show that a non-central scaled t-distribution fit the empirical distributions remarkably well. The practice of using the degree of consensus across a group of predictions as a measure of a typical forecasters' uncertainty about the prediction is called to question.
The role of soil water availability in potential rainfed rice productivity in Bangladesh: applications of the CERES-Rice model

Soil water stress and its impact on the monsoon season potential rainfed rice productivity in Bangladesh is investigated. A crop growth simulation model, CERES-Rice, is applied to 16 locations representative of the major rice growing regions of Bangladesh to determine the impact of soil water stress on the regional scale potential yield for four transplanting dates: 1 June, 1 July, 15 July, and 15 August. A quantified estimate of potential yield loss for four regions and for Bangladesh as a whole is calculated for water stress during flowering and maturing stages. For example, in Bangladesh, average potential yield for 1 June transplanting date, under low water stress during both flowering and maturing stages, is 7218 kg ha � 1 . On the other hand, high water stress during maturing, flowering, and both flowering and maturing stages, results in yield reduction of 37%, 46%, and 73%, respectively. Model applications show that for a 15 July transplanting date, average potential yield under low water stress during both flowering and maturing stages is 6077 kg ha � 1 . However, the loss of potential yields are 39%, 57%, and 70% for this transplanting date, due to high water stress during maturing, flowering, and both flowering and maturing stages, respectively. For a 15 August transplanting, average potential yield is 4217 kg ha � 1 and loss is 32%, 38%, and 38% for high water stress during maturing, flowering, and both flowering and maturing stages, respectively. The results of this study can be further utilized for future agricultural planning in Bangladesh and other parts of monsoonal Asia. # 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Wilderness emergency medical services

Emergency medical service providers are increasingly being asked to respond to unfamiliar environments. The challenges encountered have spurred the development of courses designed to enhance the rescuer's knowledge about wilderness medical topics and how to work and travel safely in a hitherto unfamiliar environment. This article describes the evolution of these courses, discusses the challenges of curriculum development, and lists some of what is available.
Interaction between 6-hydroxydopamine and rhodopsin in vivo in the rat retina.

Nous avons observe que l'injection de la 6-hydroxydopamine dans l'humeur vitree des rats adaptes a la lumiere bloquait le retablissement de la sensibilite retinale pendant l'adaptation a l'obscurite subsequente au traitement. Il est possible que cette observation soit une consequence de la reaction du produit de l'oxydation de la 6-hydroxydopamine avec les groupes nucleophiliques de la rhodopsine.
Microstructural evolution during strain localization in dolomite aggregates

Abstract Dolomite aggregates deformed by dislocation creep over a wide range of conditions (T = 700–1000 °C, effective pressure of 900 MPa, strain rates of 10−7 – 10−4/s) strain weaken by up to 75% of the peak differential stress. Microstructural study of samples shortened to different finite strains beyond the peak differential stress shows that strain becomes highly localized within shear zones by high-temperature creep processes, with no contribution of brittle cracking. At low strains (8%), dolomite deforms homogeneously by recrystallization-accommodated dislocation creep. At progressively higher sample strains, deformation is localized into narrow shear zones made up of very fine (∼3 μm) recrystallized grains and relict porphyroclasts (20–100 μm). Finely-recrystallized dolomite grains in the shear zones are largely dislocation free and localized shear is facilitated by diffusion creep. In contrast, original dolomite grains and porphyroclasts in shear zones have high dislocation densities and do not deform after shear zone formation. Calculated strain rates in the shear zones are two to three orders of magnitude faster than the imposed bulk strain rate of the samples and these strain rates are consistent with predictions of the diffusion creep flow law for fine-grained dolomite.
Release of adenosine by activation of NMDA receptors in the hippocampus

Adenosine is present in the mammalian brain in large amounts and has potent effects on neuronal activity, but its role in neural signaling is poorly understood. The glutamate receptor agonist N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) caused a presynaptic depression of excitatory synaptic transmission in the CA1 region of guinea pig hippocampal slices. This depression was blocked by an adenosine A1 receptor antagonist, which suggests that activation of the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptor raises the concentration of extracellular adenosine, which acts on presynaptic inhibitory A1 receptors. Strong tetanic stimulation caused a heterosynaptic inhibition that was blocked by both NMDA and A1 receptor antagonists. Enkephalin, which selectively inhibits interneurons, antagonized the heterosynaptic inhibition. These findings suggest that synaptically released glutamate activates NMDA receptors, which in turn releases adenosine, at least in part from interneurons, that acts at a distance to inhibit presynaptically the release of glutamate from excitatory synapses. Thus, interneurons may mediate a widespread purinergic presynaptic inhibition.
Functional Effects of the Mouse weaver Mutation on G Protein–Gated Inwardly Rectifying K+ Channels

The weaver mutation corresponds to a substitution of glycine to serine in the H5 region of a G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K+ channel gene (GIRK2). By studying mutant GIRK2 weaver homomultimeric channels and heteromultimeric channels comprised of GIRK2 weaver and GIRK1 in Xenopus oocytes, we found that GIRK2 weaver homomultimeric channels lose their selectivity for K+ ions, giving rise to inappropriate receptor-activated and basally active Na+ currents, whereas heteromultimers of GIRK2 weaver and GIRK1 appeared to have reduced current. Immunohistochemical localization indicates that GIRK2 and GIRK1 proteins are expressed in the cerebellar neurons of mice at postnatal day 4, at a time when these neurons normally undergo differentiation. Thus, the aberrant behavior of mutant GIRK2 weaver channels could affect the development of weaver mice in at least two distinct ways.
Subspace based blind CFO estimation for OFDM by exploiting used carriers

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a promising technique to handle impairments of multipath channel. Alternatively, one of its major drawbacks is the drift in reference carrier, which is known as Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO). Hence, the CFO should be estimated and compensated with a sufficient accuracy. In this paper, a new algorithm for blind CFO-OFDM estimation is obtained by introducing the Propagator Method (PM) in conjunction with the well-known MUSIC based high resolution searching algorithm. Furthermore, the PM does not require the Eigenvalue Decomposition (EVD) or Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) of the covariance matrix of the received signals; Simulations are also included to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in comparison with other conventional methods.
Characterization of impact-induced violent reaction behavior in solid rocket motors using a planar motor test model

Abstract A planar model of a solid rocket motor with a central bore has been developed that allows visual observation of impact-induced violent reaction processes (e.g., nondetonative explosions and delayed detonations). Studies have been conducted, using this model, to characterize the response of full-scale motors to projectile impact. A comparison of explosive burn reaction data from planar model and full-scale tests shows a number of similarities. In particular, displays of burning, fragmented propellant ejects are qualitatively the same. In planar motor tests, these displays result from two reactions, a brief, intense one within the bore and a longer duration, less intense one within the web. These tests also show an apparent inverse relation between the two reactions, for some propellants, arising as a result of bore width changes or mechanical property differences. This paper summarizes the results of a number of studies conducted to characterize the two types of reactions and define the relationship between them. These studies show that the two are independent events and that the inverse relation, when it involves bore width changes, is most likely the result of depressurizationrelated phenomena whereas, when it involves mechanical property differences, may be the result of penetration heating differences.
The Role of Neuroendovascular Therapy for the Treatment of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations

Neuroendovascular embolization represents a critical component of the multidisciplinary management of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Safe and effective embolization may be performed only in the context of a well-designed, rational treatment plan that is fundamentally based on a clear understanding of the natural history of the lesion, as well as the cumulative risks of multimodality treatment. This article outlines the role of neuroendovascular embolization in arteriovenous malformation therapy with a specific emphasis on decision making in the context of formulating a treatment plan. The authors also provide a summary of the available embolic agents and their technical application, potential intraprocedural and periprocedural complications, and postprocedural management.
Work experience on employers' premises

The Education (Work Experience) Act 1973 made it possible for pupils in their last year of statutory schooling to sample a job environment. In this school since that date there have been several hundred placements in work as diverse as banking and bricklaying on the one hand, and medicine and mechanics on the other. Pupils participating have been drawn from all levels of ability, covering work of a very routine and perhaps mundane kind to that necessitating considerable knowledge of intricate scientific processes.
Reconciling End-to-End Confidentiality and Data Reduction In Cloud Storage

An increasingly common practice for users of storage systems is to perform end-to-end encryption to ensure the confidentiality of data stored on external storage systems or in the cloud. This practice, however, inhibits the benefits of deduplication and compression performed downstream from where data is encrypted; as a consequence, the required storage capacity increases, and so does the overall cost of the service. In this paper, we address this problem by proposing a framework that reconciles end-to-end encryption with downstream compression and deduplication. The proposed framework guarantees the confidentiality of data in transit and at rest, even after clients cancel a cloud storage subscription, without affecting the ability of storage systems to perform data reduction functions. The framework requires only minor modifications in storage applications that encrypt data, and no changes in a client's business applications. Additionally, we propose several secure data reduction algorithms to compress and deduplicate data without compromising its confidentiality, even if the data is originally encrypted with different keys. We present a comprehensive security analysis that shows that the framework is secure against malicious cloud administrators, other tenants and law enforcement agencies. Our prototype shows that, for a reasonable extra overhead in the time required to store data, the framework enables a considerable amount of storage capacity savings.
VHF Pulse Techniques and Logical Circuitry

Techniques and components for use in systems handling pulses of 10-millimicrosecond width have been investigated. Bandwidth requirements have led to the use of secondary emission pentodes in amplifier service. The limitations of time delay in feedback type circuitry have made necessary the use of special logical reshaping circuits. A test program on commercially available semiconductor diodes resulted in the selection of high-conductance, goldbonded junction diodes for use in switching circuits. Multivibrator circuits have been designed for gating and delay functions. Electromagnetic delay lines of both the coaxial and helical-wound types have been used for delay and for pulse generation. These components have been applied to the design of an arithmetic unit which performs binary addition, multiplication, and dynamic storage at a pulse repetition rate of 50 megacycles per second.
Fat cow syndrome.

The objective of this paper is to characterize the fat cow syndrome. This condition refers to a combination of metabolic, digestive, infectious, and reproductive conditions which affects the obese periparturient cow. The condition develops primarily due to faulty feed management which permits excessive consumption of unbalanced diets. The syndrome is frequently a herd problem characterized by a high morbidity and mortality due to an increase in disease in periparturient cows. Clinical signs include depression, anorexia, ketonuria, marked decrease in production, progressive debilitation, weakness, nervous signs, and an elevation in temperature due to infectious disease. The obesity is generalized throughout the body with extensive fatty metamorphosis in the liver. Histological changes are primarily in the liver and kidney. Treatment of the condition consists of feeding a balanced diet, symptomatic treatment, and good supportive care. The condition can be prevented by feeding a balanced diet according to nutrient requirements of the National Research Council.
Selection of Glasses for Three-Color Achromats

If two thin lens elements of two different glasses are combined into a thin two-element system, then the chromatic properties of the system may be described by the effective values of V [V=(N−1)/(NF−NC)], and P [P=(ΔN/NF−NC)]. The effective value, P¯, is a linear function of V¯. On a graph of P versus V, the straight line drawn through the points for two glasses is the locus of all possible effective values of V and P for combinations of these two glasses. By means of such a graph the effective value P¯ for a combination of two glasses may be matched to P of a third glass whose V differs from V¯ by a useful amount. An achromatic lens system of the three glasses may then be computed, which will have a common focal length for three wavelengths.
A mass-selective variable-temperature drift tube ion mobility-mass spectrometer for temperature dependent ion mobility studies.

A hybrid ion mobility-mass spectrometer (IM-MS) incorporating a variable-temperature (80–400 K) drift tube is presented. The instrument utilizes an electron ionization (EI) source for fundamental small molecule studies. Ions are transferred to the IM-MS analyzer stages through a quadrupole, which can operate in either broad transmission or mass-selective mode. Ion beam modulation for the ion mobility experiment is accomplished by an electronic shutter gate. The variable-temperature ion mobility spectrometer consists of a 30.2 cm uniform field drift tube enclosed within a thermal envelope. Subambient temperatures down to 80 K are achievable through cryogenic cooling with liquid nitrogen, while elevated temperatures can be accessed through resistive heating of the envelope. Mobility separated ions are mass analyzed by an orthogonal time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer. This report describes the technological considerations for operating the instrument at variable temperature, and preliminary results are presented for IM-MS analysis of several small mass ions. Specifically, mobility separations of benzene fragment ions generated by EI are used to illustrate significantly improved (greater than 50%) ion mobility resolution at low temperatures resulting from decreased diffusional broadening. Preliminary results on the separation of long-lived electronic states of Ti+ formed by EI of TiCl4 and hydration reactions of Ti+ with residual water are presented.
Synthesis and characterization of (Tl0.5Pb0.5)Sr3−xNdxCu2O7 (0.5≤x≤0.9)

Abstract Rare earth substituted thallium cuprates of the type Tl 0.5 Pb 0.5 Sr 3−x Nd x Cu 2 O 7 have been synthesized having 1212 structure. A single phase region exists for x = 0.5 to 0.9. X-ray diffraction data suggest that the rare earth substitution occurs mainly at the Sr site rather than at the Tl site. No Superconductivity is observed for all the compounds down .to 4.2 K. The compounds are semiconducting and this suggests that the Tl 6s/Pb 6s bands do not overlap with Cu 3d bands at the Fermi level in agreement with band structure calculations for one TlO layer cuprates.
Resistance to Socialization into Organizational Corruption: A Model of Deontic Justice

The purpose of this article is to develop a deontic model of corruption in organizations. This model intends to explain newcomers’ resistance to socialization into corrupt practices. This article uses deontic justice as a conceptual framework to indicate whether adherence to deontic principles could help reduce the tendency to be engaged in corrupt practices in the workplace. The fundamental premise of the deontic model of organizational corruption is that newcomers with strong deontic principles would be more likely to resist socialization into corruption and take actions to reduce the corrupt nature of their organization than those with weak deontic principles. The model also suggests that newcomers with strong deontic principles would be more likely to leave corrupt organizations than those with weak deontic principles. To assess the impact of deontic principles on resistance to socialization into corruption, organizational scholars could develop a scale measuring people’s adherence to deontic principles—a deonance scale. The deontic model of organizational corruption could be used to train employees in considering fairness as a moral obligation. To the extent that employees consider fairness as a moral duty, they would be less likely to engage in corrupt practices. This article is the first to the best of my knowledge to blend together the literature on the theory of deontic justice and the literature on corruption in organizations. In this regard, the article breaks new grounds that could help organizational scholars study corruption through the lens of fairness and justice.
Effects of photoperiod and mating on sex pheromone production and release by oviparae of the aphid Schizaphis graminum

. By extraction and bioassay procedures, it is shown that the sex pheromone released by oviparae of the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), during the daylight hours of a light: dark regime, is present in the tibia of the metathoracic legs only during daily photophases. Shortly after mating, pheromone-emitting oviparae cease to produce as well as to release the pheromone. This mating-induced response requires that copulation be completed, and suggests the involvement of sperm or seminal substances transferred by the males to the oviparae during copulation. Although multiple matings increase the number of eggs deposited by an ovipara, the mating-induced termination of pheromone production/ release would enhance the chances for mating of neighbouring oviparae. This would result in a further increase in egg production as well as in the number of genetically similar offspring, because neighbouring oviparae are most probably sisters. The phenomenon is discussed in terms of kin selection.
Quantitative Nasal Cultures from Carriers of Staphylococcus aureus: Effects of Oral Therapy with Erythromycin, Rosamicin, and Placebo

Serial quantitative nasal cultures were performed on 87 healthy nasal carriers of Staphylococcus aureus, who were randomly assigned to 7 days of oral therapy with erythromycin, rosamicin (an investigational macrolide antibiotic), or placebo. Staphylococcal carrier rates decreased during therapy with both antibiotics; however, erythromycin was significantly more effective in lowering carrier rates than was rosamicin. The anti-staphylococcal effects of both antibiotics were similar when the mean numbers of S. aureus isolated from positive cultures during therapy were compared. Side effects to each regimen were minimal.
Smoke-free policies among Asian-American women: comparisons by education status.

Background California has significantly decreased racial/ethnic and educational disparities in smoke-free home and indoor work policies. California's ethnic-specific surveys present an opportunity to disaggregate data and examine the impact of California's smoke-free social norm campaign for Asian-American women. Methods The California Tobacco Use Surveys for Chinese Americans and Korean Americans were conducted in 2003 and analyzed in 2008 to compare women with lower (≤ high school graduate) or higher education status for smoke-free policy adoption and enforcement. Results Lower-educated and higher-educated women had similar proportions of smoke-free policies at home (58%) or indoor work (90%). However, lower-educated women were more likely than higher-educated women to report anyone ever smoking at home (OR=1.62, 95% CI=1.06, 2.48, p =0.03) and exposure during the past 2 weeks at an indoor workplace (OR=2.43, 95% CI=1.30, 4.55, p =0.005), even after controlling for ethnicity, smoke-free policy, knowledge about the health consequences of secondhand smoke exposure, and acculturation. There was no interaction between education and knowledge about secondhand smoke health harms. Conclusions The intended consequences of California's tobacco-control efforts have resulted in similar rates of smoke-free policies at home and in indoor work environments among Asian-American women across educational levels. However, an unintended consequence of this success is a disparity in enforcement by educational status, with lower-educated Asian-American women reporting greater smoke exposure despite similar rates of knowledge about the health consequences of secondhand smoke exposure. Besides establishing policies, lower-educated Asian-American women may need to be empowered to assert and enforce their right to smoke-free environments.
Intergenerational Issues Regarding Nuclear Power, Nuclear Waste, and Nuclear Weapons

Nuclear power, nuclear waste, and nuclear weapons raise substantial public concern in many countries. While new support for nuclear power can be found in arguments concerning greenhouse gases and global warming, the long-term existence of radioactive waste has led to requirements for 10,000-year isolation. Some of the support for such requirements is based on intergenerational equity arguments. This, however, places a very high value on lives far in the future. An alternative is to use discounting, as is applied to other resource applications. Nuclear weapons, even though being dismantled by the major nations, are growing in number due to the increase in the number of countries possessing these weapons of mass destruction. This is an unfortunate legacy for future generations.
Deficiencies in a Sesame Meal Type Ration for Chicks

Abstract The primary amino acid deficiency of sesame protein is lysine, Almquist and Grau (1944). Casein, gelatin and zein were tested for lysine content by feeding as supplements to a sesame meal ration by Grau and Almquist (1944). Good growth was obtained by feeding casein or gelatin while zein, a protein deficient in lysine, gave only a small response. The feeding of 0.5 percent lysine gave a rate of gain per day which was similar to the gain made by the casein supplemented group. The White Leghorn chicks used during the experiments conducted by Almquist and Grau (1944) and Grau and Almquist (1944) were fed a practical ration during the first 10 days of their life after which they were fed the lysine deficient sesame meal ration. The possibility of this 10 day conditioning period on the practical ration in supplying certain growth promoting factor (s) in amounts which could have …
Evidence-Based Practice by Pharmacists: Utilization and Barriers

BACKGROUNDEvidence-based medicine (EBM) is the use of the current best evidence from research to make practice and policy decisions. Little is known regarding the attitudes of pharmacists toward EBM.OBJECTIVETo determine the attitudes of pharmacists toward EBM, the extent that pharmacists use evidence to make decisions, and identify barriers to the use of evidence.METHODSA self-administered questionnaire was mailed to 2000 randomly selected Illinois licensed pharmacists. The questionnaire assessed the pharmacists' attitudes toward EBM, the extent to which recommendations are based on primary and tertiary literature, and perceived barriers to the use of EBM.RESULTSCompleted responses were received from 323 pharmacists (17.2% response rate). Overall, respondents had positive attitudes toward EBM (58% positive, 32% somewhat positive). Respondents thought research findings were useful (42%) or very useful (42%) to daily practice. Nearly one-half (49.8%) of respondents had conducted a primary literature search...
Using Phylogenetic Analysis to Detect Market Substitution of Atlantic Salmon for Pacific Salmon: An Introductory Biology Laboratory Experiment

We describe a laboratory exercise developed for the cell and molecular biology quarter of a year-long majors’ undergraduate introductory biology sequence. In an analysis of salmon samples collected by students in their local stores and restaurants, DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were used to detect market substitution of Atlantic salmon for Pacific salmon. This allowed students to apply molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing to a socially relevant issue.
Bioavailability Enhancement of Poorly Water Soluble and Weakly Acidic New Chemical Entity with 2-Hydroxy Propyl-β-Cyclodextrin: Selection of Meglumine, a Polyhydroxy Base, as a Novel Ternary Component

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the influence of a polyhydroxy base, N-acetyl glucamine (also know as Meglumine), as a ternary component on the complexation of DRF-4367, a poorly water-soluble and weakly acidic anti-inflammatory molecule, with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD). The molecular inclusion of DRF-4367 with HPβCD alone and in combination with ternary component was aimed at improvement in solubility and, subsequently, dissolution rate-limited oral bioavailability. The solid complexes of DRF-4367 and HPβCD with or without meglumine (binary and ternary systems, respectively) were prepared as coevaporated product in different stoichiometric ratios and compared against physical mixture. The formation of inclusion complexes was confirmed by using classical instrumental techniques. Phase solubility studies suggested that meglumine was responsible for solubility improvement via multiple factors rather than just providing a favorable pH. Mechanisms and factors governing solubili...
AUTOMATED TEXT SUMMARIZATION AND THE SUMMARIST SYSTEM

This paper consists of three parts: a preliminary typology of summaries in general; a description of the current and planned modules and performance of the SUMMARIST automated multilingual text summarization system being built sat ISI, and a discussion of three methods to evaluate summaries.
CHILDBEARING AND THE TRAINING OF TRADITIONAL BIRTH ATTENDANTS IN RURAL HAITI

In Haiti in 1981 80% of deliveries took place at home or outdoors. The mother is squatting or semiseated with arms held by husband or relative. The traditional birth attendant (TBA) does not examine the mother but gives massage. No hygienic practices were used in cutting the cord until recently; a clean unused razor blade is preferred. An airless room is preferred to avoid catching cold. In 1976 the Haitian Division of Family Hygiene began a 12 hour training program of TBAs. The TBAs enthusiastically accepted the training program. Of Haitis 11000 TBAs over 2/3 took the course. Trained TBAs assisted at 32% of births in 1980. They referred the women for prenatal visits to a health facility especially to get a tetanus shot. In 1981 over 50% of mothers had an average of 2 prenatal visits up from 2% in 1974. Neonatal tetanus is now declining. 75% of the TBAs (matrones) do only 1 delivery per month. A current problem is the lack of supervisors since the medical school has discontinued its nurse-midwife program. Also even in medical facilities maternal mortality is high. In 1981 it was 10 times the rate in developed countries because of the lack of supplies and staffing. Appropriate health interventions can be easily accepted by rural populations and can be done with limited resources. Such low cost and simple changes can have important effects on increases in life expectancy and declines in mortality and morbidity.
Design and analysis of joint data detection and frequency/phase estimation algorithms

The problem of joint data detection and frequency/phase estimation is considered in this paper. The traditional belief regarding exact generalized-likelihood-based joint detection and estimation is that its complexity is exponential in the sequence length N. This belief is justified due to the memory imposed on the transmitted sequence by the lack of knowledge of the auxiliary channel parameters. In this paper, we show that the exact solution can be performed with O(N/sup 4/) worst case complexity regardless of the operating signal-to-noise ratio. The concepts used in the proof of the polynomial complexity result are also utilized to evaluate tight performance bounds on the exact and a family of approximate algorithms.
Do we have a new standard in suboptimal debulked disease

Treatment options for patients with high-risk advanced-stage ovarian cancer continue to evolve, including consideration of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT), timing of cytoreductive surgery, utilization of intraperitoneal (IP) chemotherapy, adoption of dose-dense weekly paclitaxel (Taxol), addition of maintenance chemotherapy, and incorporation of bevacizumab. Overall, the proportion of patients with suboptimal residual disease has declined, partly as a result of more aggressive primary surgery, and partly through selection of patients for delayed surgery following NACT. However, the risk of recurrence in this population remains high, and treatment decisions need to be individualized, with consideration of clinical goals, avoidance of treatment-related toxicity, control of disease-related symptoms, and minimization of any negative impact on the quality of life. Innovative trials are needed to evaluate early predictors of primary platinum resistance and facilitate the development of non-platinum alternative treatment regimens.
Systematic Review of the Effects of Ginseng on Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Objective:To examine the evidence for the efficacy of ginseng (Panax spp.) on cardiovascular risk factors, including blood pressure, lipid profiles, and blood glucose, and to summarize reported cardiovascular adverse events.Data Sources:We searched MEDLINE, AMED, BIOSIS, CAB, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials databases through July 2005 and performed hand searches of bibliographies.Study Selection and Data Extraction:Short- or long-term, randomized, controlled trials and nonrandomized studies published in English were included. Data were extracted in a standardized manner, and 2 independent investigators assessed methodologic quality of the studies. Thirty-four studies were identified with results for blood pressure, lipids, and/or blood glucose. Due to heterogeneity of the studies, we were unable to perform a meta-analysis. Data on cardiovascular adverse events were extracted from events reported in identified studies and from case reports.Data Synthesis:The majority of studies were short term. ...
XIOSim: power-performance modeling of mobile x86 cores

Simulation is one of the main vehicles of computer architecture research. In this paper, we present XIOSim - a highly detailed microarchitectural simulator targeted at mobile x86 microprocessors. The simulator execution model that we propose is a blend between traditional user-level simulation and full-system simulation. Our current implementation features detailed power and performance core models which allow microarchitectural exploration. Using a novel validation methodology, we show that XIOSim's performance models manage to stay well within 10% of real hardware for the whole SPEC CPU2006 suite. Furthermore, we validate power models against measured data to show a deviation of less than 5% in terms of average power consumption.
EngageME: a tool to simplify the conveyance of complicated data

EngageMe is a visualization tool geared towards supporting teachers in understanding how they are connecting with their students and how their pedagogical strategies can be modified to meet the individual needs of a diverse student population. The goal of this application is two-fold: 1) To support instructors in their efforts to create the best possible learning environment for each student, and 2) To provide a tool with which to experiment with different pedagogical strategies. In this abstract, I describe the collaborative and iterative process of developing the graphical interface for this tool with middle school educators before detailing my plans for moving this research forward.
ATM-mediated serine 72 phosphorylation stabilizes ribonucleotide reductase small subunit p53R2 protein against MDM2 to DNA damage

Ribonucleotide reductase small subunit p53R2 was identified as a p53 target gene that provides dNTP for DNA damage repair. However, the slow transcriptional induction of p53R2 in RNA may not be rapid enough for prompt DNA damage repair, which has to occur within a few hours of damage. Here, we demonstrate that p53R2 becomes rapidly phosphorylated at Ser72 by ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) within 30 min after genotoxic stress. p53R2, as well as its heterodimeric partner RRM1, are associated with ATM in vivo. Mutational studies further indicate that ATM-mediated Ser72 phosphorylation is essential for maintaining p53R2 protein stability and conferring resistance to DNA damage. The mutation of Ser72 on p53R2 to alanine results in the hyperubiquitination of p53R2 and reduces p53R2 stability. MDM2, a ubiquitin ligase for p53, interacts and facilitates ubiquitination of the S72A-p53R2 mutant more efficiently than WT-p53R2 after DNA damage in vivo. Our results strongly suggest a novel mechanism for the regulation of p53R2 activity via ATM-mediated phosphorylation at Ser72 and MDM2-dependent turnover of p53R2 dephosphorylated at the same residue.
Introducing Technology in the Classroom: PowerPoint as a First Step

DESPITE THE PUSH for more technology, the majority of professors have not introduced technology into the classroom. For some, reluctance reflects the lack of recognition for the time spent developing technology-intensive courses and the pressing need to publish. Desktop Presentation Programs (DPPs), such as PowerPoint, offer an introductory first step. With minimal financial and economic costs, DPPs have the advantage of including visual appeal, organized notes, animated graphics, more class time for interactive activities, up-to-date information through links to the World-Wide Web (Web), and the ability to address various learning styles. Based on a comparison of classes taught with and without DPP materials, this paper addresses the benefits and costs, student achievement, and student reaction to multimedia presentations. The results showed no significant change in student performance with DPP materials, however, learning styles do affect student performance. Student reaction to DPP materials was overwhelmingly positive.
Deep reflection-mode photoacoustic imaging of biological tissue

A reflection-mode photoacoustic PA imaging system was designed and built to image deep structures in biological tissues. We chose near-infrared laser pulses of 804-nm wavelength for PA excitation to achieve deep penetration. To minimize unwanted surface signals, we adopted dark-field ring-shaped illumination. This imaging system employing a 5-MHz spherically focused ultrasonic transducer provides penetration up to 38 mm in chicken breast tissue. At the 19-mm depth, the axial resolution is 144 m and the transverse resolution is 560 m. Internal organs of small animals were imaged clearly. © 2007 Society
SP-D-deficient mice are resistant to hyperoxia

Surfactant protein D (SP-D), a member of the collectin superfamily, modulates pulmonary inflammatory responses and innate immunity. Disruption of the SP-D gene in mice induces peribronchiolar infla...
Magnetic compass orientation by larval Drosophila melanogaster.

We report evidence for magnetic compass orientation by larval Drosophila melanogaster. Groups of larvae were exposed from the time of hatching to directional ultraviolet (365 nm) light emanating from one of four magnetic directions. Larvae were then tested individually on a circular agar plate under diffuse light in one of four magnetic field alignments. The larvae exhibited magnetic compass orientation in a direction opposite that of the light source in training. Evidence for a well-developed magnetic compass in a larval insect that moves over distances of at most a few tens of centimeters has important implications for understanding the adaptive significance of orientation mechanisms like the magnetic compass. Moreover, the development of an assay for studying magnetic compass orientation in larval D. melanogaster will make it possible to use a wide range of molecular genetic techniques to investigate the neurophysiological, biophysical, and molecular mechanisms underlying the magnetic compass.
A 3-D Cache With Ultra-Wide Data Bus for 3-D Processor-Memory Integration

Slow cache memory systems and low memory bandwidth present a major bottleneck in performance of modern microprocessors. 3-D integration of processor and memory subsystems provides a means to realize a wide data bus that could provide a high bandwidth and low latency on-chip cache. This paper presents a three-tier, 3-D 192-kB cache for a 3-D processor-memory stack. The chip is designed and fabricated in a 0.18 m fully depleted SOI CMOS process. An ultra wide data bus for connecting the 3-D cache with the microprocessor is implemented using dense vertical vias between the stacked wafers. The fabricated cache operates at 500 MHz and achieves up to 96 GB/s aggregate bandwidth at the output.
Stimulus alternation and continuous short-term memory in young children

The effect of the number of interpolated trials on the stimulus alternation behavior of kindergarten children was investigated in a free-choice task. Three sets of stimuli were used for both interpolation and test trials. Stimulus alternation decreased markedly from 0 to 1 interpolated trial and then remained relatively constant, but significantly above chance, over 1, 2, and 3 interpolated trials. The relevance of the findings to stimulus alternation theory and the study of continuous short-term memory in young children was discussed.