cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Secessionism from the Bottom Up: Democratization, Nationalism, and Local Accountability in the Russian Transition

Do ethnic federations undergoing democratization promote or discourage regional secessionism? This article argues, based on evidence from the Russian Federation, that when democratization produces a transfer of political accountability from center to region, the incentives of regional leaders shift, forcing them to react to local constituencies in order to retain office. If these constituencies desire autonomy, regional leaders must respond, making separatism not merely an opportunistic strategy but a necessary one for their own political survival. Democratization, then, can transform administrative regions into electoral arenas. However, the case of Russia also demonstrates that regional demands for autonomy are not inevitable and may dissipate after they have begun. Popular support for nationalism and separatism varied significantly among Russia's sixteen ethnic republics in the late Soviet and early post-Soviet period. This variation is explained by showing that mass nationalism, contrary to conventional wisdom, is neither a latent attribute of federal regions, nor a simple function of natural resource endowments, nor something summoned into existence by the manipulations of regional leaders. Rather, it is argued that increasing competition for jobs in the Soviet Union's failing economy allowed particular issues articulated by nationalist leaders to resonate with ethnic populations. Through the framing of issues of ethnic economic inequality, nationalist leaders were able to politicize ethnicity by persuading people to view their personal life chances as dependent on the political fate of their ethnic community. Thus, secession in democratizing ethnic federations can be best understood by directing attention toward the origins of popular support for nationalism and the role that support plays in the elite contest for power within subfederal regions.
Third Prize: Is Carbon Dioxide Insufflation Safe for Laparoscopic Surgery? A Model to Assess the Effects of Carbon Dioxide on Transitional-Cell Carcinoma Growth, Apoptosis, and Necrosis

Purpose: To study the effects of carbon dioxide insufflation pressure and concentration on the adhesion, growth, apoptosis, and necrosis of transitional-cell carcinoma (TCC). Materials and Methods:...
Formalism for hypercomplex multidimensional NMR employing partial-component subsampling.

Abstract Multidimensional NMR spectroscopy typically employs phase-sensitive detection, which results in hypercomplex data (and spectra) when utilized in more than one dimension. Nonuniform sampling approaches have become commonplace in multidimensional NMR, enabling dramatic reductions in experiment time, increases in sensitivity and/or increases in resolution. In order to utilize nonuniform sampling optimally, it is necessary to characterize the relationship between the spectrum of a uniformly sampled data set and the spectrum of a subsampled data set. In this work we construct an algebra of hypercomplex numbers suitable for representing multidimensional NMR data along with partial-component nonuniform sampling (i.e. the hypercomplex components of data points are subsampled). This formalism leads to a modified DFT–Convolution relationship involving a partial-component, hypercomplex point-spread function set. The framework presented here is essential for the continued development and appropriate characterization of partial-component nonuniform sampling.
Role of the galactose binding protein in chemotaxis of Escherichia coli toward galactose.

The galactose binding protein is the part of the galactose chemoreceptor which recognizes the attractants galactose, glucose, and a number of structurally related chemicals.
Improved preparations of cyclononen-3-ol, cyclononen-3-one, cyclononanone and cyclononanol

(1970). IMPROVED PREPARATIONS OF CYCLONONEN-3-OL, CYCLONONEN-3-ONE, CYCLONONANONE AND CYCLONONANOL. Organic Preparations and Procedures: Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 245-248.
A model for occupational dynamics

The concern of this paper is a model that can be used to study the effects of birth rates, occupational mobility, educational delays, etc. on the time variation of the number of people in occupational categories. The model is based on known sociological data with a minumum of previously nonvalidated structure. The calibration and exogenous inputs are taken from existing data sources including the U.S. Census.
Preejaculatory stimulation does not induce luteal activity in the mouse mus musculus.

Abstract Diamond (1970) produced pseudopregnancy in female housemice by inserting a vibrating brass rod into the vagina on a schedule similar to the pacing and duration of intromissions performed by male mice during mating. Since his results challenge our previous conclusion that preejaculatory stimulation is unnecessary and insufficient for the induction of luteal activity in this species, we repeated one of our experiments. The results again indicated that stimulation provided by a male mouse prior to ejaculation is ineffective in triggering the luteal response in the female.
Evaluation Vademecum for Visual information System

This paper presents some methodological observations on the measurement of performance in Visual Information Retrieval systems. The paper identifies three different types of measures tow of which can be determined with methods inherited from physical and social sciences respectively. The third model is more typical of the design and construction of complicated systems, since it allows us to measure the performance of individual modules before their insertion in a particular application. This paper present some methodologies for the decontextualized evaluation, anchoring them to a case study of evaluation of several subsystems of an image database.
Species comparison of acute inhalation toxicity of ozone and phosgene

A comparison of the concentration-response effects of inhaled ozone (O3) and phosgene (COCl2) in different species of laboratory animals was made in order to better understand the influence of the choice of species in inhalation toxicity studies. The effect of 4-h exposures to ozone at concentrations of 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 ppm, and to COCl2 and 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 ppm was determined in rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, hamsters, and mice. Lavage fluid protein (LFP) accumulation 18-20 h after exposure was used as the indicator of O3- and COCl2-induced pulmonary edema. All species had similar basal levels of LFP (250-350 mg/ml) when a volume of saline that approximated the total lung capacity was used to lavage the collapsed lungs. Ozone effects were most marked in guinea pigs, which showed significant effects at 0.2 ppm and above. Mice, hamsters, and rats showed effects at 1.0 ppm O3 and above, while rabbits responded only at 2.0 ppm O3. Phosgene similarly affected mice, hamsters, and rats at 0.2 ppm and above, while guinea pigs and rabbits were affected at 0.5 ppm and above. Percent recovery of lavage fluid varied significantly between species, guinea pigs having lower recovery than other species with both gases. Lavage fluid recovery was lower following exposure to higher levels of O3 but not COCl2. Results of this study indicate that significant species differences are seen in the response to low levels of O3 and COCl2. These differences do not appear to be related in a simple manner to body weight.
Activation energy determination from dielectric thermal analysis

Abstract A new method is presented for calculating the activation energy of relaxation transitions in polymers, such as the glass transition, from isofrequency dielectric measurements. The method incorporates a two-parameter model to describe mathematically the dielectric properties during the transition. An Arrhenius expression was used to describe the temperature dependence of the dielectric relaxation time. The technique was used to determine experimentally the activation energy of the glass transition of an uncured epoxy-amine model resin, tetraglycidyl-4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane with 25 parts per hundred of 4,4'-diaminodiphenylsulfone hardener, for high performance polymeric composites. The results were comparable with those obtained using traditional multifrequency methods.
Demanding utility from health information technology

In this issue, DesRoches and colleagues examined physician use of EHR systems to manage their patient populations and their expectations of the influence of EHRs on health care outcomes and costs. ...
Single step sol-gel made gold on alumina catalyst for selective reduction of NOx under oxidizing conditions: Effect of gold precursor and reaction conditions

Abstract We report the effect of gold precursor and reaction conditions on the catalytic activity of gold-alumina catalysts prepared by the sol–gel process. Gold catalysts prepared by the sol–gel method were found to be the most active catalysts ever reported in the literature. We found out that the final activity of Au on alumina was a strong function of the gold loading, the gold precursor and an activation procedure. The Au on alumina catalyst, prepared with 0.8 wt.% gold loading and gold acetate, showed the highest activity. Increasing the feed oxygen concentration had many beneficial effects on the activity and also resulted in the broadening of the temperature window of activity for the 0.8 wt.% Au(acetate) on alumina catalyst. Interestingly, we found out that N 2 selectivity of the catalyst was a strong function of water in the feed. The 100% N 2 selectivity at peak conversion, obtained under the dry reaction conditions, decreased to ∼58% when there was ∼2% water in the feed.
Determining the source of felsitic lithic material in southeastern New England using neodymium isotope ratios

We introduce the use of Nd isotopes as a high-precision technique that can be used in conjunction with visual, petrographic, and trace element analyses to source indistinct felsitic debitage. This approach allows sourcing of debitage from southeastern New England, including samples that previously could not be constrained to one source. Combined with trace element data, isotopic data also provide the possibility of sourcing debitage to a particular quarry site within a volcanic complex, and even to a particular ash flow within a quarry site. Determining the origin of debitage so precisely is important for understanding acquisition, trade, and exchange networks in southeastern New England, where distances separating quarry sites within an individual volcanic complex (Lynn–Mattapan) are greater than distances between different volcanic complexes (Lynn–Mattapan, Blue Hill, and Wamsutta). The sourcing of debitage to Mattapan quarries suggests that Middle Archaic populations in the northwest part of the Boston Basin obtained nonlocal lithic material primarily from sources south of the basin. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Hyperfine Structure and Isotope Shift in the 7 2 S 1/2 –6 2 P 1/2 Transition of Natural Thallium by Atomic Beam Absorption*

The isotope shift in the 72S12−62P12 transition (3776 A) and the hyperfine-structure separations of Tl203 and Tl205 in the 72S12 state have been determined spectroscopically by atomic beam absorption with the use of a Fabry–Perot interferometer crossed with a 10-in. diffraction grating. Our results are: 0.0554 ± 0.0012 cm−1 for the isotope shift in the 3776 A line; −0.0405 ± 0.0013 cm−1 in the 62P12 level; and Δν(72S12)=0.4078±0.0014cm−1 and 0.4109 ± 0.0012 cm−1 for the hyperfine-structure separation in Tl203 and Tl205, respectively.
Towards ultrasonic through-silicon vias (UTSV)

3D interconnects between stacked silicon chips in 3D integrated circuits (3DICs) have been realized with through-silicon vias (TSVs). These call for special processing microfabriation techniques requiring through wafer etching and metal filling, which add to the cost and can lead to lower chip reliability due to thermal expansion mismatch related strain fields. In this paper, we present a novel interconnect for 3DICs - an ultrasonic TSV implemented with piezoelectric aluminum nitride (AlN) thin film transducers on silicon. Whereas TSVs require a physical via through the entire thickness of a wafer, the ultrasonic TSV works by propagating signals from one aluminum nitride (AlN) transducer to another with bulk acoustic waves through the silicon wafer. This technology has the potential to simplify processing in 3DIC manufacturing and integration and increase TSV density.
An increase in smooth endoplasmic reticulum and a decrease in golgi apparatus occur with ionic conditions that block initiation of fast axonal transport

The ultrastructure of bullfrog spinal ganglia was analyzed after incubation in media containing concentrations of calcium and cobalt known to inhibit export of proteins from the soma to the axon. Although most somal organelles were morphologically unchanged by the various incubation media, striking changes were seen in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and the Golgi apparatus (GA). In order of effect, calcium-free medium (CFM), normal medium supplemented with cobalt (NM--Co), and CFM supplemented with cobalt (CFM--Co) produced increasing amounts of SER coupled with decreasing densities of GA stacks. In the extreme case, CFM--Co incubation resulted in a nearly 10-fold increase in SER volume as well as in a virtually complete depletion of GA stacks. Axons originating within the ganglion were also examined and showed little change after the various incubations. The rank order of the altered incubation media in producing morphological changes was the same as the relative effectiveness of the media in depressing the fast axonal transport of [3H]protein within the dorsal root ganglion neurons. The morphological and biochemical results are discussed with respect to establishing the localization of the calcium-dependent step(s) that has been proposed to occur in the neuronal soma during the initiation of axonal transport.
The larval-pupal transformation of Manduca sexta: changes in body and tissue weights and amount of hemolymph contaminating the tissues

Changes in total body and tissue weights and the extent to which hemolymph contaminates blotted but unrinsed tissues were determined during development of the tobacco homworm, Manduca sexta L.. The weights of integument (–35%), gut (–50%) and hemolymph volume (–60%) all decline between the feeding fifth larval and newly molted pupal stages in development, in contrast to fat body which increased 33%. However, increases occur in the percentages of the stage specific body weights contributed both by integument (+26%) and fat body (+120%). Homworms experienced a 75% loss in body weight between the larval and adult stages in development, of which 47% occurred during the larval-pupal transformation, but only 6% occurred during pupal-adult development. Hemolymph contaminating the specific tissues declined systematically in fat body (26 to 13%), midgut (10 to 5.5%) and integument (14.5 to 2%) between the feeding larval and newly molted pupal stages in development.
Direct Evidence for Cytokine Involvement in Neointimal Hyperplasia

Background—Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 (IL-1) are proximal inflammatory cytokines that stimulate expression of adhesion molecules and induce synthesis of other proinflammatory cytokines. In addition, TNF-α and IL-1 influence vascular smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation in vitro. In view of the inflammatory nature of neointimal hyperplasia (NIH), we tested the hypothesis that endogenous TNF-α and IL-1 modulate low shear stress–induced NIH. Methods and Results—Mice underwent unilateral common carotid artery (CCA) ligation. Low shear stress in the patent ligated CCA has previously been shown to result in remodeling and NIH. Reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction for TNF-α and IL-1α mRNA demonstrated both TNF-α and IL-1α mRNA in ligated CCAs, whereas normal and sham-operated CCAs had none. Mice lacking functional TNF-α (TNF−/−) developed 14-fold less neointimal area than WT controls (P<0.05). p80 IL-1 type I receptor knockout (IL-1RI−/−) mice tended to develop less (7...
Endoscopic Management of Foreign Bodies in the Gastrointestinal Tract

Abstract The majority of foreign body (FB) ingestions occur in children. In adults, accidental FB ingestion tends to be food (meat) bolus. Non-food FB ingestions occur more in denture users, incarcerated individuals, and patients with psychiatric disorders or alcohol intoxication. The majority of the ingested FBs will pass spontaneously. Once through the esophagus, most FBs including sharp objects pass uneventfully. Sharp or pointed FBs, animal or fish bones, and magnets increase the risk of perforation. Emergent endoscopy is indicated in: (1) esophageal obstruction when the patient is unable to swallow secretions and (2) disk batteries and sharp-pointed FBs in the esophagus. In general, esophageal FBs and food impactions without complete obstruction should be removed within 24 h (urgent endoscopy). This video manuscript describes general principles, devices, and techniques in endoscopic management of ingested FBs. Several clinical scenarios are presented. This article is part of an expert video encyclopedia.
The Nasal Oxygenation and Ventilation of the Airway (NOVA) Technique, a New and Safer Approach to Airway Management in the Critically Ill Patient

Morbidity and mortality continues to be high during rescue intubation on critically ill patients. One of the major causes for this remains severe hypoxemia, with particular risk during the critical apneic period while attempting to place a secure airway. Current practice and standard of care provides few techniques to oxygenate and no attempts to ventilate during this period of laryngoscopy and orotracheal intubation. The Nasal Oxygenation and Ventilation of the Airway (NOVA) Technique demonstrates uninterrupted nasal positive pressure ventilation throughout the intubation process in order to eliminate the apneic period and improve patient outcomes during these high-risk, critical procedures.
Bending the Prescription Opioid Dosing and Mortality Curves: Impact of the Washington State Opioid Dosing Guideline

Background Opioid use and dosing for patients with chronic non-cancer pain have dramatically increased over the past decade, resulting in a national epidemic of mortality associated with unintentional overdose, and increased risk of disability among injured workers. We assessed changes in opioid dosing patterns and opioid-related mortality in the Washington State (WA) workers’ compensation system following implementation of a specific WA opioid dosing guideline in April, 2007. Methods Using detailed computerized billing data from WA workers’ compensation, we report overall prevalence of opioid prescriptions, average morphine-equivalent dose (MED)/day, and proportion of workers on disability compensation receiving opioids and high-dose (� 120 mg/day MED) opioids over the past decade. We also report the trend of unintentional opioid deaths during the same time period. Results Compared to before 2007, there has been a substantial decline in both the MED/day of long-acting DEA Schedule II opioids (by 27%) and the proportion of workers on doses � 120 md/day MED (by 35%). There was a 50% decrease from 2009 to 2010 in the number of deaths. Conclusions The introduction in WA of an opioid dosing guideline appears to be associated temporally with a decline in the mean dose for long-acting opioids, percent of claimants receiving opioid doses � 120 mg MED per day, and number of opioidrelated deaths among injured workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A transgenic mouse Class‐III β tubulin reporter using yellow fluorescent protein

A yellow fluorescence protein (YFP) reporter construct was cloned downstream of the beta-tubulin III promoter and injected to produce two founder lines of transgenic mice. YFP expression was observed in many regions of the developing peripheral and central nervous system. YFP expression was first observed in the peripheral and central nervous system as early as embryonic day 9.0. There was a dramatic increase in the number of neuronal systems expressing YFP through P0. Then as the animals reached adult age, the expression levels decreased, but many neurons still show YFP expression, notably in regions of the brain undergoing adult neurogenesis, i.e., the rostral migratory stream and subgranular layer of the dentate gyrus. This reporter-based staining was compared with anti-class-III beta-tubulin immunocytochemistry and shown to closely parallel the expression of the endogenous protein. These transgenic lines should provide unique models to study in vivo and in vitro neurodevelopment.
Local normal-mode coupling and energy band splitting in elliptically birefringent one-dimensional magnetophotonic crystals

An analysis is presented of wave-vector dispersion in elliptically birefringent stratified magneto-optic media having one-dimensional periodicity. It is found that local normal-mode polarization-state differences between adjacent layers lead to mode coupling and affect the wave-vector dispersion and the character of the Bloch states of the system. This coupling produces extra terms in the dispersion relation not present in uniform circularly birefringent magneto-optic stratified media. Normal-mode coupling lifts the degeneracy at frequency band crossover points under certain conditions and induces a magnetization-dependent optical bandgap. This study examines the conditions for bandgap formation in the system. It shows that such a frequency split can be characterized by a simple coupling parameter that depends on the relation between polarization states of local normal modes in adjacent layers. The character of the Bloch states and conditions for maximizing the strength of the band splitting in these systems are analyzed. © 2007 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 230.3810, 260.1440, 260.2030.
Prognostic factors in attempted suicide.

The author analyzes clinical and social data collected from 300 patients at the time of a suicide attempt and one year after the attempt. He was able to gather data for 299 patients at one-year follow-up. The results of the follow-up showed prognostic significance for three factors: interpersonal conflict, svmptom distress, and the social setting of the suicide attempt. The significance of these factors in predicting further suicide attempts calls attention to the need for psychiatrists to take cognizance of the social world of the patient following a suicide attempt.
Singlet-Stabilized Minimal Gauge Mediation

We propose Singlet Stabilized Minimal Gauge Mediation as a simple ISS-based model of Direct Gauge Mediation which avoids both light gauginos and Landau poles. The hidden sector is a massive s-conning SQCD that is distinguished by a minimal SU(5) avor group. The uplifted vacuum is stabilized by coupling the meson to an additional singlet sector with its own U(1) gauge symmetry via non-renormalizable interactions suppressed by a higher scale UV in the electric theory. This generates a nonzero VEV for the singlet meson via the inverted hierarchy mechanism, but requires tuning to a precision ( = UV ) 2 , which is 10 4 . In the course of this analysis we also outline some simple model-building rules for stabilizing uplifted ISS models, which lead us to conclude that meson deformations are required (or at least heavily favored) to stabilize the adjoint component of the magnetic meson.
Biomineralization nanolithography: combination of bottom-up and top-down fabrication to grow arrays of monodisperse gold nanoparticles along peptide lines.

Biomineralization Nanolithography: Combination of Bottom-Up and Top-Down Fabrications to Grow Arrays of Monodisperse Au Nanoparticles along Peptide Lines on Substrates Combination of the top-down (peptide nanolithography) and the bottom-up fabrications (biomineralization) yielded arrays of monodisperse Au nanoparticles on the peptide lines on substrates. The number of particle lines was simply determined by the width of peptide pattern.
Studies on coronary arteriopathy in dogs following administration of CI-1020, an endothelin A receptor antagonist.

A selective nonpeptide endothelin A (ETA) receptor antagonist, CI-1020, was administered to beagle dogs intravenously (i.v.) for 4 hours to 4 weeks. One animal/sex received CI-1020 at 1 mg/kg/hr intravenously for 4, 8, or 24 hours to investigate onset of arteriopathy. Control animals (1/sex) received the vehicle only. To determine reversibility of arteriopathy, 8 dogs/sex were given CI-1020 at 1 mg/kg/hr for 4 days. Two dogs/sex were sacrificed 1, 3, 8, and 29 days following cessation of infusion. Lesion development with prolonged exposure was investigated in 1 male dog. It was given CI-1020 by i.v. bolus at 120 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks and Monastral blue dye was administered i.v. to facilitate localization of vascular lesions. Coronary blood flow was determined in 4 dogs infused with CI-1020 at 0.3, 3, and 30 mg/kg for one hour at each dose. Macroscopically, hemorrhage or blue discoloration of Monastral blue was noted in the extramural coronary arteries along the coronary groove and atrium. Histologically, the earliest coronary changes were noted in animals sacrificed after 24 hours of treatment and characterized by medial hemorrhage and necrosis with a few infiltrating neutrophils. In the reversibility study, incidence and severity of arteriopathy was dependent on time of sacrifice following cessation of infusion. Acute necrotizing inflammation of arteries was present in all animals (n = 4) on day 1 postinfusion, whereas on day 8 postinfusion, lesions characterized by medial small pockets of trapped red cells, cell debris, and adventitial thickening were seen in 1 dog/sex. By day 29 postinfusion, coronary arteries were similar to controls. In the dog given daily i.v. bolus injections of CI-1020 for 4 weeks, arterial inflammatory lesions varied from acute to chronic, although most lesions were considered chronic active. Monastral blue pigments were noted in the wall of most arteries with chronic or chronic active lesions. Acute lesions were similar to those noted in day 1 postinfusion of the reversibility study. Medial smooth muscle necrosis and/or fibrosis with mixed inflammatory cell infiltrates characterized chronic or chronic active lesions. Smooth muscle proliferation and migration into the intima were also noted. There were no significant changes in coronary blood flow, coronary vascular resistance, or mean arterial blood pressure following CI-1020 infusion for 3 hours. In the 24-hour infusion study, plasma endothelin 1 (ET-1) levels were mildly elevated (1.5-4 fold) during CI-1020 infusion when compared to either pretest or control values. These results indicate that administration of endothelin antagonist (CI-1020) to dogs was associated with development of coronary arteriopathy, which was completely resolved within 29 days following cessation of treatment. With prolonged (4-week) CI-1020 treatment, arterial lesions at varying stages of development (acute, chronic active, chronic) were seen, suggesting that tolerance to treatment (up to 4 weeks) does not occur.
The Status of the Argonne Heavy Ion Fusion Low-Beta Linac

The primary goal of the experimental program in heavy ion fusion (HIF) at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) during the next few years is to demonstrate many of the requirements of a RF linac driver for inertial fusion power plants. So far, most of the construction effort has been applied to the front end. The ANL program has developed a high intensity xenon source, a 1.5 MV preaccelerator, and the initial cavities of the low-beta linac. The design, initial tests and status of the low-beta linac are described.
Varicella-Zoster Virus Infection in Children with Underlying Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

This article describes a prospective longitudinal study of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infections in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ‐ infected children, designed to determine their natural history of VZV infection and possible effects of VZV on the progression of HIV infection. Varicella was usually not a serious acute problem, and it did not seem to precede clinical deterioration. The rate of zoster was high: 70% in children with low levels of CD4 / lymphocytes at the time of development of varicella. It is predicted that immunization with live attenuated varicella vaccine is unlikely to be deleterious to HIV-infected children. Moreover, if they are immunized when they still have relatively normal levels of CD4 / lymphocytes, they may have a lower rate of reactivation of VZV than if they were allowed to develop natural varicella when their CD4 / cell counts have fallen to low levels as a result of progressive HIV infection.
Structure of poly(γ-benzyl-L-glutamate) monolayers at the gas–water interface: A Brewster angle microscopy and x-ray scattering study

This paper reports Brewster angle microscopy (BAM), x-ray specular reflectivity (XR), grazing incidence diffraction(GID) and off-specular diffuse scattering (XOSDS) measurements of Langmuir monolayers formed on water by both mono- and polydisperse samples of α-helical poly(γ-benzyl L-glutamate) (PBLG) as a function of area/monomer A. The microscopic behavior does not exhibit any discernible effects due to differing dispersity. At low surface densities (A>∼21A^2/monomer,surface pressure Π=0), BAM images reveal partial surface coverage by solidlike monolayer islands. GID measurements show an interhelix peak corresponding to a local parallel alignment of rodlike PBLG molecules, indicating their tendency to aggregate laterally without external pressure. Compression to A<21A^2/monomer first leads to full and uniform surface coverage by the monolayer, followed by a steep rise in Π that is accompanied by a decrease in the interhelix distance. Further compression results in a plateau of constant Π in the Π-A isotherm (∼11.5<A<∼18.5A^2/monomer, Π∼9dyn/cm), which has previously been attributed to a first-order monolayer–bilayer transition. The interfacial electron density profiles determined by the XR measurements on both sides of the coexistence plateau provide direct evidence for this transition. On the basis of x-ray scattering results, the film on the high-density side of the plateau is shown to consist of a newly formed incomplete and incommensurate second layer that sits on top of and has lower average density than a homogeneous first layer. GID measurements indicate that the second layer can be characterized by larger interhelix d-spacing than the first layer, while XOSDS measurements on the bilayer suggest that the second layer is microscopically inhomogeneous. For both mono- and bilayers, the analysis of observed GID peak widths indicates that the extent of lateral positional correlations between parallel PBLG rods ranges from a few to no more than ∼15 interhelix distances, implying short-range order.
On the Optimal Design, Performance, and Reliability of Future Carbon Nanotube-Based Interconnect Solutions

In this paper, we develop comprehensive modeling and design techniques for carbon nanotube (CNT)-based interconnects, which we utilize to examine the performance, reliability, and fabrication requirements for future nanotube-based interconnect solutions. We create a generalized model for CNT-based interconnect systems that achieves a high degree of accuracy compared to experimental CNT measurements. Leveraging the model, we develop the first closed-form formulation for the optimal nanotube diameter and bundle height for multi-walled CNT (MWCNT) and single-walled CNT (SWCNT) bundle interconnects for a general set of geometric and process parameters. The results indicate that the proposed design method decreases delay by 21% and 29% on average compared to nonoptimized MWCNT and SWCNT bundles. We also find that future CNT bundle fabrication processes must achieve a nanotube area coverage of at least 30% for optimized CNT bundles and 40% for nonoptimized CNT bundles to obtain competitive performance results compared to copper interconnects. In terms of reliability, we find that large diameter MWCNT bundles are significantly more susceptible to process variations than SWCNT bundles, which will have important implications for their utilization in future nanoscale integrated circuits.
Evolutionary dynamics of a system with periodic coefficients

We investigate a problem in evolutionary game theory based on replicator equations with periodic coefficients. This approach to evolution combines classical game theory with differential equations. The RPS (Rock-Paper-Scissors) system studied has application to the population biology of lizards and to bacterial dynamics. The presence of periodic coefficients models variations in the environment due to seasonal effects and results in parametric excitation which is studied through the use of perturbation series and numerical integration. 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Hematologic aspects of sprue.

T HE FREQUENCY of anemnia in the sprue syndronie has stimulated clinical investigation in the evaluation of hematinics for its therapy. In some respects, sprue has been considered a hematologic disorder. The resultant immediate treatment of the anemia has in many instances allowed the patient to resume activity and employment. In the Caribbean area, the presence of macrocytic anemia with megaloblastic bone marrow has been necessary to authenticate a diagnosis of ru’ Such criteria, however, have caused confusion in the comparison of problems of malabsorption in various other areas of the world. British workers in India, dealing primarily with military personnel, have not observed a large incidence of megaloblastic anemia.2 This difference has resulted in speculation that the sprue syndrome observed in the Caribbean area is actually an advanced form of nutritional anemia. Although two types of sprue may be inferred from the presence or type of anemia, in reality such differences reflect: (1) the duration of the disorder, and (2) the predisposition for onset of anemia because of previous nutritional deficiencies. The proposed classification of Stefanini3 can be used with profit to separate the hematologic complications (Table I).
Surface modification of cellulose with plant triglycerides for hydrophobicity

Hydrophobic cotton was achieved by surface modification of the cellulose with triglycerides from several plant oils including soybean, rapeseed, olive and coconut oils. These oils were delivered to the cellulose substrates in homogeneous solutions of ethanol or acetone as well as aqueous emulsions. Surface modification was facilitated by solvent evaporation followed by heating between 110 and 120 °C for 60 min. All oils, except for coconut, produced hydrophobic and less water-absorbing cotton, supporting the desirable role of higher unsaturation in the fatty acids to achieve crosslinked network. The most hydrophobic surfaces were obtained by the reaction with 1% soybean oil in acetone. On both bleached and scoured cotton, a water contact angle of 80° and water absorption value of 0.82 μL/mg were achieved. The acquired hydrophobicity was not only retained after water washing but also improved with subsequent exposures to elevated temperatures. The surface tension of scoured cotton cellulose was lowered from 63.81 mJ/m2 to 25.74 mJ/m2 when modified by soybean oil delivered in acetone, which is lower than that of poly(ethylene terephthalate). An aqueous emulsion of soybean oil also rendered the scoured cotton hydrophobic, which shows promise for a green chemistry and bio-based approach to achieve water repellency on cellulosic materials.
Experimental observation and characterization of chaos in a driven TWT oscillator with delayed feedback

Summary form only given, as follows. In this paper we report investigations of driven TWT oscillators with delayed feedback as potential sources of wideband, high power, chaotic radiation. We present observations and characterization of chaos when the TWT oscillator is made to operate in a highly nonlinear regime at overdriven feedback. Experimental results on time series as a function of feedback attenuation, phase plots, FFT spectra and Poincare maps, will be presented. The TWT oscillations change when the drive frequency coincides with one of the main frequencies in the chaotic spectra. Varying the drive power changes the chaotic spectral content and oscillation amplitudes. Preliminary investigations and analysis indicate a quasi-periodic route to chaos.
Stochastic reconstructibility and estimability

The connections between the linear systems concepts of deterministic reconstructibility, stochastic reconstructibility, and estimability are described. Deterministic reconstructibility is shown to be a special case of stochastic reconstructibility, linking the notion of uncertainty reduction in terms of covariances to the deterministic definition. Examples are given to demonstrate properties of each definition and to compare them. Finally, a nonlinear extension of stochastic reconstructibility and a summary of its analysis is given to show the adaptability of our definition to more general cases. This work contributes to the larger study on concepts and applications of stochastic observability.
Relative Antiviral Resistance Induced in Homologous and Heterologous Cells by Cross-Reacting Interferons

Human cells incubated with human interferon become more resistant to vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) than to Semliki Forest virus (SFV); monkey cells treated with monkey interferon become more resistant to SFV than to VSV. However, monkey cells incubated with human interferon developed relative antiviral activity identical to that induced by homologous interferon, and human cells developed characteristic human interferon-induced relative antiviral activity when exposed to monkey interferon. Therefore, cross-reacting interferons induce the relative antiviral activity characteristic of the interferon-treated cell rather than the cell of the interferon's origin. This relationship supports the hypothesis that interferon is not itself antiviral but rather induces cells to develop their own antiviral activity.
Physiological basis of feeding behavior in Tritonia diomedea. III. Role of depolarizing afterpotentials

The nature and role of the depolarizing afterpotentials (DAPs) of buccal motoneurons of Tritonia diomedea were examined. Neuron B5 exhibits a DAP whose ionic dependence and modifiability by TEA and 4-AP suggest a similarity to the DAP previously described in pleural pacemaker neurons. Reduction of the DAP severely reduces the ability of these neurons to generate bursts of action potentials. Certain other motoneurons (B1 and b6) are reexcited by a slow DAP (SDAP) which appears to be of synaptic origin. It is concluded that DAPs, which are dependent upon motoneuron activity, contribute to the synthesis of motor output by the buccal ganglion.
Spatial relation between xylem and phloem in the stem of Hibiscus cannabinus L. (Malvaceae)

The distribution of the phloem in relation to the xylem was examined in the stem of Hibiscus cannabinus L. with reference to a report in the literature that this species has internal (intraxylary) phloem, a feature not previously observed in the Malvaceae. In the present study, the stem was found to have phloem only outside the xylem (external or extraxylary phloem). In the protophloem, the sieve tubes are obliterated while the internode elongates and the associated cells become fibres with thick secondary walls. Fibres occur in the secondary phloem also. As seen in transections of stems, the secondary xylem forms a continuous ring. The primary xylem extends in the form of arcs into the pith. The tracheary cells of the protoxylem become crushed or completely obliterated in elongating internodes. The associated parenchyma cells either retain thin walls or develop secondary thickenings.
Beyond H&E Integration of Nucleic Acid–Based Analyses Into Diagnostic Pathology

Veterinary pathology of infectious, particularly viral, and neoplastic diseases has advanced significantly with the advent of newer molecular methodologies that can detect nucleic acid of infectious agents within microscopic lesions, differentiate neoplastic from nonneoplastic cells, or determine the suitability of a targeted therapy by detecting specific mutations in certain cancers. Polymerase chain reaction-based amplification of DNA or RNA and in situ hybridization are currently the most commonly used methods for nucleic acid detection. In contrast, the main methodology used for protein detection within microscopic lesions is immunohistochemistry. Other methods that allow for analysis of nucleic acids within a particular cell type or individual cells, such as laser capture microdissection, are also available in some laboratories. This review gives an overview of the factors that influence the accurate analysis of nucleic acids in formalin-fixed tissues, as well as of different approaches to detect such targets.
Ana Manuku : a prehistoric ritualistic site on Mangaia, Cook Islands

A deposit of dismembered and cooked human remains from Ana Manuku in the Cook Islands, Polynesia, provides evidence for ritual practices c. AD 1390–1470.
Melting and Thermal Characteristics of Small Granular Particles

We present results of theoretical calculations on the thermal characteristics of small granular particles. By using the selfconsistent Einstein model with a Morse interaction potential, it is shown that Debye temperature drops significantly for particle sizes below 50A, a phenomenon observed experimentally. Melting temperature of small particles is calculated using a generalized Lennard-Jones-Devonshire theory. Depression of the melting point by as much as 60% is obtained from particles <10A in size. Consideration of the constraining effect of the elastic matrix show that under the condition of tight coupling with the matrix the melting point of small particles may be significantly enhanced.
Leveraging XML technologies in developing program analysis tools

XML technologies are quickly becoming ubiquitous within all aspects of computer and information sciences. Both industry and academics have accepted the XML standards and the large number of tools that support manipulation, transformation, querying, and storage of XML objects. Thus, tools and representations based on XML are very attractive with respect to adoption. This paper describes the experiences of the authors in the development and application of srcML, a XML application to support explicit markup of syntactic information within source code. Additionally, XML technologies are leveraged along with srcML to support various program analysis, fact extraction, and reverse engineering tasks. A short description of these tools is given along with the motivation behind using an adoption centric XML approach.
QUANTUM AND CONTINUOUS EVOLUTION OF DNA BASE COMPOSITION IN THE YEAST GENUS PICHIA.

This paper investigates the noncontinuous nature and evolution of the base composition of nuclear DNA (expressed as mol% guanine + cytosine) in species of the yeast genus Pichia (sensu Kurtzman, 1984b). The pattern of change in the G + C contents in species of this genus, which range from about 27 to 52 mol%, was evaluated. When specifically those species of Pichia were analyzed that have evolved in necroses of cactus species and associated Drosophila, a periodic change in the G + C contents of approximately 3.0-3.2 mol% was detected by a "bootstrapping" method, Fourier analysis, and a nonlinear trigonometric model. Pichia species occurring in exudates of broad-leaved deciduous trees or associated Drosophila and substrates such as soil and water ("other") showed a periodicity of 2.5-2.6 mol%, whereas species associated with conifers and associated bark beetles showed no significant periodicity. Periodicity in the most recent association (cactus and resident Drosophila) as compared to the lack of periodicity in the oldest association (conifer-beetle) may indicate mixed evolutionary processes. Low mol% G + C values appear more frequently in the relatively recent cactus and Drosophila-associated yeast species. In addition, low mol% G + C species do not display the ancestral bud-meiosis mode of sexual reproduction which occurs frequently in medium to high mol% G + C yeasts. It was found that the mol% G + C content of the Drosophila- and cactus-associated Pichia species is positively correlated with the number of compounds fermented or respired by these yeast species. Possible reasons for the periodic changes in mol% G + C content accompanying speciation include aneuploidy, allopolyploidy, the presence of nuclear plasmids, and regular differences in moderately repetitive portions of DNA. Since significant DNA complementarity is virtually limited to species within a relatively narrow G + C group, this suggests that there are at least two processes which alter the G + C content between species, one saltational and one continuous.
Functional studies of hairy cell leukemia (leukemic reticuloendotheliosis).

Reports proposing that the cell of origin of “hairy cell” leukemia (leukemic reticuloendotheliosis) is a B lymphocyte have been based primarily on the presence of surface immunoglobulin markers, frequently in “cap” form. Most of the immunoglobulin markers in this series of patients with hairy cell leukemia were multiclass, but were present in cap form under conditions not usually inducing cap formation in normal or leukemic human lymphocytes. In five cases the authors were able to remove these surface immunoglobulins by trypsinization or overnight incubation in serum-free tissue-culture medium. There was no evidence of synthesis of surface immunoglobulins in these cases following incubation in serum-free tissue-culture medium; however, surface immunoglobulins could again be detected after subsequent reintroduction of these hairy cells into the patients’ own sera. The peculiar cap formation could not be prevented with sodium azide, a standard inhibitor of cap formation. Phagocytized latex particles and neutral red dye produced similar caplike structures. These findings suggest that hairy cells readily adsorb and pinocytose circulating immunoglobulins, but do not synthesize them.
Fields in Matter

Up to this point in our development we have considered matter only in the form of point particles in a predominately empty space. This treatment is appropriate to gases and to plasmas, but is not appropriate to solid or liquid matter. In this chapter we will discuss the effect that polarizable and magnetizable matter have on electromagnetic fields.
How Gissing Read Dickens

This may sound like Bleak House or A Christmas Carol, but in fact I have strung together here passages from Gissing’s Thyrza (1887) and The Nether World (1889). Gissing’s accounts of the metropolis, especially the impenetrability of the atmosphere and its blearing effects on those it touches, often owe something to Dickens; indeed, in Thyrza there is in the midst of the slum a very Dickensian place indeed called “The Little Shop with the Large Heart.”
Adenylate cyclase: actions and interactions of regulatory ligands

The discovery of adenylate cyclase systems has provided a means for study of hormone action in vitro under controlled conditions. By 1960 it had been established by Sutherland and his associates (Sutherland and Rall, 1960) that the only ingredients necessary to elicit a hormonal effect on the enzyme were magnesium ion, ATP, hormone and membranes bearing the enzyme. This seemingly simple system, in which hormone was shown to increase the Vmax of adenylate cyclase, soon became considerably more complex when it was shown that several of the basic assay components exerted multiple effects on the enzyme. While such effects have contributed to a confusing body of literature on adenylate cyclase, they have led also to the elucidation of certain regulatory features of the enzyme system. In this report we shall present a brief review of the current ideas and controversies regarding the interaction of several regulatory ligands with adenylate cyclase, followed by some more recent data which may help to resolve at least one of these controversies.