cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neural computations of decision utility

How are decision alternatives represented in the primate brain? A recent study by Sugrue et al. sought to answer this question by integrating behavioral, computational and physiological methods in examining the choice patterns of monkeys placed in a dynamic foraging environment. They observed specific encoding of the relative value of alternatives by neurons in the parietal cortex, providing an important starting point for researchers interested in how value and probability are combined in the brain to arrive at decision outcomes.
Interaction of two phencyclidine opiate-like derivatives with 3H-opioid binding sites.

Abstract Small modifications of the basic structure of phencyclidine have produced compounds with potent opioid analgesic actions. Detailed competition studies show that two of these phencyclidine derivatives, the 3′-hydroxy and the 4-phenyl-4-hydroxy analogs, displace 3 H-opioid binding in a multiphasic manner. Approximately 25% of the total specific binding of all the radiolabeled opioids is displaced by low concentrations of the derivatives while the remainder of the binding is far less sensitive. The inclusion of these derivatives in saturation studies with [ 3 H]dihydromorphine indicate that both compounds interact with highest affinity with μ 1 sites. Furthermore, the prior in vivo administration of naloxonazine 24 h earlier reduces the analgesic potency of the 4-phenyl-4-hydroxy compound by 63% supporting a μ 1 mechanism of action.
A bayesian WLS approach to generalized linear models

We use a Bayesian approach to fitting a linear regression model to transformations of the natural parameter for the exponential class of distributions. The usual Bayesian approach is to assume that a linear model exactly describes the relationship among the natural parameters. We assume only that a linear model is approximately in force. We approximate the theta-links by using a linear model obtained by minimizing the posterior expectation of a loss function.While some posterior results can be obtained analytically considerable generality follows from an exact Monte Carlo method for obtaining random samples of parameter values or functions of parameter values from their respective posterior distributions. The approach that is presented is justified for small samples, requires only one-dimensional numerical integrations, and allows for the use of regression matrices with less than full column rank. Two numerical examples are provided.
Adenocarcinoma of the proximal small intestine. A marker for familial and multicentric cancer

BACKGROUND Adenocarcinoma of the small intestine is uncommon. The Hawaii Tumor Registry (HTR) has identified 49 of these tumors since 1960, and the Japan-Hawaii Cancer Study (JHCS) has identified only four of these tumors among a cohort of 8006 Hawaiian-Japanese men followed up for a period of 22 years. Each of the four men reported by the JHCS had multicentric gastrointestinal cancers. METHODS Newly diagnosed cancers are recorded separately by the HTR and JHCS, and linkage is maintained between the two files. Family histories are available from the JHCS, and these are supplemented by a state population file maintained by the Department of Genetics, University of Hawaii. RESULTS Five men, all Japanese, were found to have carcinoma of the proximal small intestine. Each had multicentric carcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract. Carcinoma of the stomach and colon was found in the primary relatives of each of four men whose families lived in Hawaii. CONCLUSIONS The familial clustering of uncommon neoplasms (small bowel carcinoma and multicentric large bowel carcinoma), and the concurrence of gastric and colonic carcinoma suggests that these subjects have a genetic trait that increases susceptibility to a broad range of carcinogens.
Serious infection associated with induced abortion in the United States.

Though serious infection after induced abortion is rare, infections account for one third of abortion-related deaths in the United States. Most fatal cases of infection after induced medical abortion have involved clostridial species. These reported cases share important clinical features that may g
Theory of the magnetic proximity effect

Abstract A phenomenological theory of the magnetic proximity effect is developed in the context of a Ginzburg-Landau approach. The theory is applied to the case of compositionally modulated structures and to the phenomenon of “exchange anisotropy”. The results for the latter show that the observed linear temperature dependence of the unidirectional anisotropy is a measure of the temperature dependence of the interface order parameter.
Calcium alginate nanocarriers as possible vehicles for oral delivery of insulin

In the present investigation, alginate nanoparticles have been prepared and characterised by various techniques such as FTIR, SEM, particle size analysis and surface charge measurements. It was found from both the SEM and particle size analysis that average size of the particle was about 40 nm. The particles were loaded with insulin and the release kinetics of insulin was studied in PBS medium. The results indicated that when percent loading increases from 11.7 to 38.9, the released amount of insulin increased from 18% to 60% of the loaded drug. The effect of composition of nanoparticles, pH and temperature of the release medium was examined on the amount of released insulin. It was observed when that amount of alginate in the feed mixture was varied from 1.0 to 2.0 g, the prepared nanoparticles showed a decreasing tendency to release insulin. Similarly, upon increasing the concentration of crosslinker in the range 0.5–1.1 mM, the release of insulin constantly decreased. The chemical stability of the load...
Obesity and insulin resistance in humans: A dose-response study☆

Insulin-mediated glucose metabolism (euglycemic insulin clamp at plasma insulin concentration of 100 microU/mL) and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (hyperglycemic clamp) were examined in 42 obese subjects (ideal body weight [IBW], 158 +/- 4%) with normal glucose tolerance and in 36 normal weight (IBW, 102% +/- 1%) age-matched controls. In 10 obese and eight control subjects, insulin was infused at six rates to increase plasma insulin concentration by approximately 10, 20, 40, 80, 2,000, and 20,000 microU/mL. Throughout the physiologic range of plasma insulin concentrations, both the increase in total body glucose uptake and the suppression of hepatic glucose production (HGP) were significantly impaired in the obese group (P less than .001 to .01). At the two highest plasma insulin concentrations, inhibition of HGP and the stimulation of glucose disposal were similar in both the obese and control groups. Insulin secretion during the hyperglycemic (+/- 125 mg/dL) clamp was twofold greater in obese subjects than in controls (P less than .01) and was inversely related to the rate of glucose uptake during the insulin clamp (r = -.438, P less than .05), but was still unable to normalize glucose disposal (P less than .05). In conclusion, our results indicate that insulin resistance is a common accompaniment of obesity and can be overcome at supraphysiological insulin concentrations. Both in the basal state and following a hyperglycemic stimulus obese people display hyperinsulinemia, which correlates with the degree of insulin resistance. However, endogenous hyperinsulinemia fails to fully compensate for the insulin resistance.
Statistical Transformation and the Interpretation of Inpatient Glucose Control Data From the Intensive Care Unit

Glucose control can be problematic in critically ill patients. We evaluated the impact of statistical transformation on interpretation of intensive care unit inpatient glucose control data. Point-of-care blood glucose (POC-BG) data derived from patients in the intensive care unit for 2011 was obtained. Box–Cox transformation of POC-BG measurements was performed, and distribution of data was determined before and after transformation. Different data subsets were used to establish statistical upper and lower control limits. Exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control charts constructed from April, October, and November data determined whether out-of-control events could be identified differently in transformed versus nontransformed data. A total of 8679 POC-BG values were analyzed. POC-BG distributions in nontransformed data were skewed but approached normality after transformation. EWMA control charts revealed differences in projected detection of out-of-control events. In April, an out-of-control process resulting in the lower control limit being exceeded was identified at sample 116 in nontransformed data but not in transformed data. October transformed data detected an out-of-control process exceeding the upper control limit at sample 27 that was not detected in nontransformed data. Nontransformed November results remained in control, but transformation identified an out-of-control event less than 10 samples into the observation period. Using statistical methods to assess population-based glucose control in the intensive care unit could alter conclusions about the effectiveness of care processes for managing hyperglycemia. Further study is required to determine whether transformed versus nontransformed data change clinical decisions about the interpretation of care or intervention results.
Characterizing performance of tire pressure monitoring systems using experimental measurements and system simulations

In this paper, we focus on the design and development of a system simulator that can assess the performance of a direct measurement TPMS in various operational scenarios. Our end goal is to use this TPMS simulator as a virtual test environment for a number of different experimental scenarios and possibly reduce the number of actual physical tests that may be required otherwise.
Health monitoring laboratories by interfacing physiological sensors to mobile android devices

The recent sensing capabilities of mobile devices along with their interactivity and popularity in the student community can be used to create a unique learning environment in engineering education. Android Java-DSP (AJDSP) is a mobile educational application that interfaces with sensors and enables simulation and visualization of signal processing concepts. In this paper, we present the work done towards building non-invasive physiological signal monitoring tools in AJDSP through hardware interfaces to both external sensors and on-board device sensors. Examples of laboratory exercises that can be introduced in classes are presented. The proposed software tools can be used to provide intuitive understanding in wireless sensing and feature extraction to demonstrate the application of DSP to health monitoring systems. The effectiveness of the software modules in enhancing student understanding is demonstrated with the help of preliminary assessments.
Design topology aware physical metrics for placement analysis

Traditionally placement evaluation metrics have been based on wirelength and congestion measures and are independent of the logic network topology. However, the actual timing measure, which is used in a design closure loop, is path-based and dependent on the network topology. In this paper, we propose a design-topology aware metric that encapsulates the structural property of the circuit and physical goodness of the given placement. We present such a metric which is based on path monotonicity and an efficient method to compute this measure for a given placement. This method involves abstract path generation, clustering based region refinement and physical monotonicity analysis. Experimental results on real industry designs, using a commercial strength design closure flow, establish the usefulness of this metric in predicting the quality of a given placement with respect to design timing closure.
Potentiated Hsp104 variants suppress toxicity of diverse neurodegenerative disease- linked proteins

Protein misfolding is implicated in numerous lethal neurodegenerative disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Parkinson disease (PD). There are no therapies that reverse these protein-misfolding events. We aim to apply Hsp104, a hexameric AAA+ protein from yeast, to target misfolded conformers for reactivation. Hsp104 solubilizes disordered aggregates and amyloid, but has limited activity against human neurodegenerative disease proteins. Thus, we have previously engineered potentiated Hsp104 variants that suppress aggregation, proteotoxicity and restore proper protein localization of ALS and PD proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and mitigate neurodegeneration in an animal PD model. Here, we establish that potentiated Hsp104 variants possess broad substrate specificity and, in yeast, suppress toxicity and aggregation induced by wild-type TDP-43, FUS and α-synuclein, as well as missense mutant versions of these proteins that cause neurodegenerative disease. Potentiated Hsp104 variants also rescue toxicity and aggregation of TAF15 but not EWSR1, two RNA-binding proteins with a prion-like domain that are connected with the development of ALS and frontotemporal dementia. Thus, potentiated Hsp104 variants are not entirely non-specific. Indeed, they do not unfold just any natively folded protein. Rather, potentiated Hsp104 variants are finely tuned to unfold proteins bearing short unstructured tracts that are not recognized by wild-type Hsp104. Our studies establish the broad utility of potentiated Hsp104 variants.
Using Protective Factors in Practice Lessons Learned about Resilience from a Study of Children Aged Five to Thirteen

There are many advantages of using resilience as a framework to guide the screening, assessment, and promotion of social-emotional health in children. This article reviews which individual attributes are most important for the resilience of elementary school-age children, as primarily determined by the positive attribute's ability to discriminate between typically developing children and those with disciplinary, mental health, and/or special education referrals or services. This research lends itself to a practical framework to scientifically measure and utilize individual social-emotional strengths for the purposes of fostering resilience in all children.
Analysis of the Accidental Explosion at PEPCON, Henderson, Nevada, on May 4, 1988

Several hours of fire and numerous explosions destroyed the Pacific Engineering Company plant in Henderson, Nevada, that manufactured ammonium perchlorate (AP) for rocket fuel. This incident began about 1130 PDT on May 4, 1988, with a fire in their Batch House that grew out of control and caused a first large explosion at about 1153 PDT. The final and largest explosion occurred about 1157 PDT. Damages to the surrounding community were surveyed and interpreted as airblast overpressures versus distances, which allowed an estimate of 1-kiloton nuclear free-air-burst for the equivalent explosion yield. This could be reproduced by 250-tons TNT burst on the ground surface. Weather reports were obtained from the National Weather Services which indicated somewhat enhanced airblast propagation downwind toward northerly directions and attenuated airblast propagations upwind in southerly directions. It was impossible, for lack of winds aloft information below about 500 m above ground, to determine whether there was any atmospheric acoustic airblast focusing. Several seismic recordings in Las Vegas showed the greatest ground motion resulted from the airblast wave passage, traveling at near acoustic speed. Ground wave arrival times were not sufficiently precise to allow seismic speed interpretations. Of the 4000 tons of AP apparently stored inmore » and around the plant, it appears that about 1500 tons detonated in the largest explosion. This leads to a conclusion that the TNT airblast equivalence factor for AP is near 1/6. An independent estimate, based on analysis of more ideal close-in structural deformations, suggested an equivalence factor of 1/3. 25 refs., 12 figs., 14 tabs.« less
Hierarchical modeling of heterogeneous solids

In this paper, a methodology is introduced for the development of adaptive methods for hierarchical modeling of elastic heterogeneous bodies. The approach is based on the idea of computing an estimate of the modeling error introduced by replacing the actual fine-scale material tensor with that of a homogenized material, and to adaptively refine the material description until a prespecified error tolerance is met. This process generates a family of coarse-scale solutions in which the solution corresponding to the fine-scale model of the body, which embodies the exact microstructure, loading and boundary conditions, represents the highest level of sophistication in a family of continuum models. The adaptive strategy developed can lead to a new non-uniform description of material properties which reflects the loading and boundary conditions. A post-processing technique is also introduced which endows the coarse-scale solutions with fine-scale information, through a local solution process. Convergence of the adaptive algorithm is proven and modeling error estimates as a function of scale of material description are presented. Preliminary results of several numerical experiments are given to confirm estimates and to illustrate the promise of the approach in practical applications.
A study of kinematic models for forward calibration of manipulators

The objective of robot calibration is to identify all parameters in a robot model so that the model represents the true robot. Each model has its own set of parameters. The authors prove that regardless of the kinematic model chosen, there are a maximum number of parameters that must be determined, implying that model accuracy cannot be improved by adding parameters. In addition, the authors demonstrate how to model any manipulator so that a minimum size Jacobian is used, thus reducing the computation required for calibration. >
PET imaging of human gliomas with ligands for the peripheral benzodiazepine binding site.

Human gliomas were imaged in vivo using ligands for the peripheral-type benzodiazepine binding site (or w3 binding site) and positron emission tomography (PET). Although gliomas have a high density of the peripheral-type benzodiazepine binding site, PET scans with a selective ligand for this site, ["C)Ro5-4864, failed to demonstrate higher radioactivity levels in human gliomas than in brain. In vitro studies of surgically removed specimens of human glioma demonstrated little binding of Ro5-4864 but high levels of binding of another selective ligand, PK 11 195. Scans with ["C'JPK 11195 demonstrated increased radioactivity in glioma compared to brain in 8 of 10 patients. Radioactivity in tumor and the ratios of radioactivity in tumor to that in remote gray and in white matter correlated significantly with the specific activity of ["C)PK 11 105, suggesting that accumulation represents saturable high-affinity binding. We conclude that the PK 11 195 manifests greater binding than Ro54864 to the peripheral-type benzodiazepine binding site on human gliomas and that human gliomas can be successfully imaged using ["C'JPK 11195 and PET.
WNTs in the Ovine Uterus: Potential Regulation of Periimplantation Ovine Conceptus Development

WNTs (Wingless-type MMTV integration site family member) are involved in critical developmental and growth processes in animals. These studies investigated WNT pathways in the ovine uterus and conceptus during the periimplantation periodofpregnancy.WNT2andWNT2BmRNAsweredetectedin endometrial stroma. WNT5A and WNT5B mRNAs were most abundant in the stroma and less so in the luminal epithelium, whereas WNT11 mRNA was detected primarily in the glands. WNT7A mRNA was present in the luminal epithelium on d 10, absent on d 12 and 14, and increased between d 16 and 20. Only WNT2, WNT2B, and WNT4 were detected in conceptus trophectoderm. FZD6/8 (frizzled receptor) and GSK3B (glycogen synthase kinase 3) mRNAs were detected primarily in endometrial epithelia and conceptus trophectoderm, whereas the LRP5/6 (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related proteins 5 and 6) coreceptor was present in all endometrial cells and the trophectoderm. DKK1 (Dickkopf), a WNT signaling inhibitor, increasedintheendometriumfromd16–20.CTNNB1[catenin (cadherin associated protein) 1] and CDH1 (E-cadherin) mRNAs were most abundant in the endometrial epithelia and trophectoderm. LEF1 (lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1) mRNA was expressed primarily in uterine epithelia, whereas TCF7L2 [(transcription factor 7-like 2 (T-cell specific, HMGbox)] was primarily in the conceptus. CTNNB1 and TCF7L2 proteins were both abundant in the nuclei of trophoblast giant binucleate cells. WNT7A stimulated a TCF/LEF-luciferase reporter activity in ovine trophectoderm cells that was inhibited by dominant-negative TCF and Sfrp2 (secreted FZD-related protein 2). WNT7A increased trophectoderm cell proliferation as well as MSX2 (msh homeobox 2) and MYC (myelocytomatosis oncogene) mRNA levels. Wnt5a increased trophectoderm cell migration in a Rho kinase-dependent manner. These results support the hypotheses that canonical and noncanonical WNT signaling pathways are conserved regulators of conceptus-endometrial interactions in mammals and regulate periimplantation ovine conceptus development. (Endocrinology 148: 3496–3506, 2007)
Pain Assessment in Persons with Dementia: Relationship Between Self‐Report and Behavioral Observation

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between self-report and behavioral indicators of pain in cognitively impaired and intact older adults. DESIGN: Quasi-experimental, correlational study of older adults. SETTING: Data were collected from residents of nursing homes, assisted living, and retirement apartments in north-central Florida. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred twenty-six adults, mean age 83; 64 cognitively intact, 62 cognitively impaired. MEASUREMENTS: Pain interviews (pain presence, intensity, locations, duration), pain behavior measure, Mini-Mental State Examination, analgesic medications, and demographic characteristics. Participants completed an activity-based protocol to induce pain. RESULTS: Eighty-six percent self-reported regular pain. Controlling for analgesics, cognitively impaired participants reported less pain than cognitively intact participants after movement but not at rest. Behavioral pain indicators did not differ between cognitively intact and impaired participants. Total number of pain behaviors was significantly related to self-reported pain intensity (β=0.40, P=.000) in cognitively intact elderly people. CONCLUSION: Cognitively impaired elderly people self-report less pain than cognitively intact elderly people, independent of analgesics, but only when assessed after movement. Behavioral pain indicators do not differ between the groups. The relationship between self-report and pain behaviors supports the validity of behavioral assessments in this population. These findings support the use of multidimensional pain assessment in persons with dementia.
Signal integrity analysis and optimization for 3D ICs

This paper studies the TSV-to-TSV coupling issues in 3D ICs and introduces a methodology for performing signal integrity (SI) analysis considering TSV-to-TSV coupling for 3D ICs. 3D SI analysis results show that TSV coupling has big impact on the SI in 3D ICs. A TSV-KOZ sizing methodology and a force-directed placement-refinement approach are proposed to alleviate the 3D SI problem. Experimental results show that using different larger KOZ sizes can achieve a 22%-55% total coupling-noise reduction and a 12%-39% critical path delay reduction. By using placement refinement approach, the total coupling-noise is reduced by 32% and the critical path delay is reduced by 10% while maintaining the same chip area. Therefore these two approaches are both effective in alleviating the TSV-caused SI problems in 3D ICs.
Application of split spectrum signal processing to space and frequency diversity in ultrasonic signal detection

Split-spectrum signal processing has been shown to be effective for the case in which the signal and noise are highly correlated, a situation that is common in nondestructive testing. This paper combines frequency diversity with space diversity through a two dimensional realization of split spectrum processing. Split-spectrum design procedures, software and test results are provided.
Motion estimation from tagged MR image sequences

A method for reconstructing motion from sequences of tagged magnetic resonance (MR) images is presented. MR tagging is used to create a spatial pattern of varying magnetization so that objects which may otherwise have constant intensity are textured, which reduces the motion ambiguity associated with the aperture problem in computer vision. To compensate for the decay of the tag pattern, a new optical flow algorithm is developed and implemented. The resulting estimated velocity field is then used to recursively update the implied motion reference map over time, thereby tracking the motion of individual particles. If a segmentation of the object is known at the time the tag pattern is created, then an object may be selectively tracked, using the estimated reference map to update the object's position as time progresses. Results are shown for both simulated and actual MR phantom data. >
Immunizations in Children with Special Health Care Needs in a Medical Home Model of Care

Objective To assess whether a model of care with augmented services within an existing medical home could improve immunization rates for Children with Special Health Care Needs (CSHCN) and to evaluate the influence of family and practice characteristics on these children’s immunization rates.
Progress in Political Research

It is now over twenty-one years since a group of scholastic adventurers meeting in New Orleans established the American Political Science Association, and started the organization upon its uncertain course. Looking back over the days that intervene between our infancy and this, the attainment of our twenty-first meeting, one may trace the lines of advance in our undertaking. As one of the charter members I may be permitted the liberty of reviewing briefly some of the more significant fields in this development. One of the most striking advances in research during the last twenty-one years has been that centering around the problem of the modern city. Research centers, some of them within and some of them without university walls, have sprung up all over the country, and municipal research workers have contributed materially to the intelligent analysis of urban phenomena and to the direction of the growth of our municipalities. In no field has there been more scientific and practical political research than here. Goodnow was most conspicuous in this field in the earlier days and Munro in the later. The study of political parties has been rescued from neglect and has been made an integral part of instruction and the object of many specific studies, notably those of Holcombe, Rice, and Gosnell. Along with parties, public opinion has been made an object of more intensive inquiry, as in the suggestive studies of Lippman and Allport.
Calculation of the temperature dependence of the multiphoton absorption spectrum of SF 6

The temperature dependence of the theoretical multiphoton absorption spectrum of SF6 gas is obtained by forming a superposition of ν3-ladder spectra properly shifted and weighted by the vibrational Boltzmann factor for temperatures of 150 and 300 K. First-order rotational effects are included, and all levels up to three-photon absorption are contained in the model. Over 70 hotbands (95% of total population) are included at 300 K. The calculations show general broadening and a red shift to the absorption spectrum at room temperature, which is not, however, great enough to account for the experimentally observed dissociation-rate spectrum. We conclude that resonant absorption in the quasi-continuum occurs at or below 940 cm−1.
Diplomats, Banana Cowboys, and Archaeologists in Western Honduras: A History of the Trade in Pre-Columbian Materials

This paper explores access to the Honduran past with a focus on northwestern Honduras, particularly the Ulua Valley. The foundations of national patrimony legislation and the practice of collecting antiquities are used to explore whether the disassociation of the archaeological community from the collecting sphere over the last several decades has better protected the archaeological record. I argue that early field expeditions led by U.S. archaeologists, the shipment of their finds to U.S. institutions, and subsequent massive looting galvanized Honduran efforts aimed at national patrimony legislation. The roles of the U.S. government and U.S.-based businesses as negotiating bodies in the early days of Honduran expeditions from 1890 to 1940 are explored in detail, particularly in the sphere of opening up the region to collectors and the role of the U.S. antiquities market. We can understand the early days of collecting in Honduras precisely because of the close relationships once forged between collectors, museums, and archaeologists, networks that have now disappeared because of current conceptions of archaeological ethics. The changing definition of a collector represents a key point throughout this analysis; at one time archaeologists, museums, and businesses were the primary collectors. The shift from the label collector to archaeologist is explored through the lens of the development of archaeology as a discipline, with a particular emphasis on context, and the contemporary legislative efforts aimed at cultural heritage projection. The essay concludes with a look at recent archaeological work in the region and the increasingly strict cultural patrimony legislation, specifically the 2004 U.S.–Honduran Memorandum of Understanding.
Defining the Role of Counsel in the Sentencing Phase of a Juvenile Delinquency Case

What is the role of counsel in a juvenile delinquency case? This question has vexed and divided scholars and practitioners in the forty-plus years since the Supreme Court first granted the right to counsel to juveniles. The early scholarly view in favor of best-interest representation has now been supplanted by one that supports expressed-interest lawyering. The scholarly near-consensus has not always reached juvenile defenders on the ground, however. While commentators have previously explored the reasons for the gulf between theory and practice in juvenile court with respect to role of counsel, this article is the first to focus on the sentencing phase. Because juvenile sentences have grown more punitive over time, such a focus is necessary and timely. Youth should be able to fully confide in their lawyers and know what to expect from them in return. At the same time, lawyers need clear and consistent guidance on this important ethical issue. After providing a brief introduction to the features and changed purposes of juvenile sentencing, the Article provides relevant rules, standards, statutes, and appellate cases on the role of counsel, nearly all of which support expressed-interest lawyering at sentencing. After providing a descriptive account of the ways in which lawyers in fact practice at sentencing, the Article argues that lawyers must allow their clients to direct representation throughout the case. The Article concludes with recommendations for policy changes that will enhance the likelihood that attorneys will fulfill the role here described.
The Rebuild IRS Initiative: With a Bipartisan Approach to Rebalancing Management Stovepipes and Fixing 'Grass Roots' Field Operations

This White Paper offers an achievable "breakthrough opportunity" and framework for restoring trust to the Internal Revenue Service. It identifies the ill-conceived massive 1998 structural reorganization and division (like salami-slicing) of field operations as a major cause of the IRS’s current "downward slide." With that recognition, change-makers can travel a 2015 bipartisan pathway to addressing a wrong-headed 1998 "solution" to a 1998 non-existent structural problem by introducing a 2015 proposal for a National Office consolidation (slimming down) coupled with a field operations decentralization (closer to customers and ending the practice of absentee senior-management without local accountability). The 1998 restructuring was, at best, a bad idea masterfully executed. At worst, it was a bad idea oversold, overrated and hierarchical making IRS an overly-centralized Washington agency. The 1998 reorganization architects had scrapped a perfectly good structure by eliminating locally-accountable "District Offices" and replacing them with a headquarters-heavy (and field-light) bureaucracy of unjustifiably divisive stovepipes. To recover from that, presently, IRS can feasibly deliver a range of better practices, especially through refreshingly new, "Field Executive Offices (FEOs)" (See page 16, infra) run by senior-executive "Field Directors," to restore "grass roots" accountability and a geographic footprint. In sum, that 1998 ill-conceived restructuring can more accurately be seen for what it always was, "reversible error" and a "treatable self-inflicted wound." As prophesized by Brookings and countless "independent" minded Service insiders, things actually did get "worse"! So, what now!
Enhancement of DL-Ethionine-Induced Liver Carcinogenesis in Rats Fed a Choline-Devoid Diet

The effects of a choline-devoid (CD) or a choline-supplemented (CS) diet on the induction of liver tumors in rats by DL-ethionine were investigated. Groups of male outbred Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a plain CD or a plain CS diet, or the same diets containing 0.05% DL-ethionine. Hepatocellular carcinomas developed in 50% of the rats fed the CD+ethionine diet for 14 weeks and in about 80% of the rats fed the same diet for 22-30 weeks. No hepatocellular carcinomas developed in rats fed the CS+ethionine diet, the plain CD diet, or the plain CS diet up to 30 weeks. The findings suggest that a CD diet alters the response of rat liver to DL-ethionine and leads to an early and enhanced induction of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Making a Difference in a Deterministic World

Determinism precludes moral responsibility, some think, because causally determined agents cannot make a difference in the world. Let’s say that I raise my arm at a certain time. If determinism is true, there is nothing I could have done that would have resulted in a different state of affairs, that is, in my not raising my arm at that time. For my raising my arm was bound to happen, given the remote past and the laws of nature. In addition, there is nothing I could have done to make it the case that the remote past or the laws were different. Hence, there is nothing I could have done to make it the case that I didn’t raise my arm at the time. It follows that all of our choices and acts are unavoidable, and so is everything that happens in the world (see van Inwagen 1983, chap. 3; and Ginet 1990, chap. 5). In response, some philosophers have conceded that causally determined agents cannot make a difference in the world, but they have argued that it doesn’t follow from this that determinism is incompatible with moral responsibility, for causally determined agents can be respon-
A Comparison of the Curves of Lipolytic Activity and Proteolysis of Certain Acid-Fast Bacilli in Nutrient Broths. Studies in Acid-Fast Bacteria. X

The demonstration of an active lipase in solution in broth cultures of certain rapidly growing human tubercle bacilli, the curve of lipolytic activity of which, measured in terms of liberation of acid from ethylbutyrate, follows rather closely their curve of protein metabolism,' suggests that this lipase may play a part in the preparation of certain nutritional substances for assimilation by these bacteria. There is a certain amount of presumptive evidence in favor of this view, for the lipase appears to be active even after the organisms are removed from the media in which it is developed, and it is most abundant or most active when bacterial development is intense. Furthermore, this lipase acts on a variety of esters and glycerids,2 which fact, altho not proving its exogenous functions, suggests that it is sufficiently versatile in its attack to split those substances of a fatty nature it might be confronted with. If this lipase is indeed a true exoferment, it might be justifiable to assume that other bacteria of the same type as the tubercle bacillus (other acid bacteria) would also elaborate such a ferment. The observations recorded here indicate that filtrates of broth cultures of certain acid-fast bacilli, other than the human tubercle bacillus, do exhibit such lipolytic activity. The organisms studied in this connection were the so-called leprosy bacillus (Duval), the grass bacillus, and the smegma bacillus. The first organism is of unknown history; the last two were received from Professor Winslow of the American Museum of Natural History. The technical details of measuring the lipolytic activity of such cultures has been described in detail previously,3 and will not be repeated here.
Effects of salinomycin on sow weight change during lactation and on sow reproductive performance.

Forty-five gravid cross-bred sows (mean parity 3.3 +/- .3) were randomly allotted to two dietary treatments: corn-soybean mean (CS) or CS plus 60 mg salinomycin per kilogram of diet (CSS). Sows were fed their respective diets through two successive parities with dietary treatment initiated at 100 d postcoitum and continued until weaning of the second successive litter. Therefore, sows fed CSS received salinomycin for 14 d before the first parturition and for approximately 153 d before the second parturition. Daily feed intake was restricted to 2 kg.hd-1.d-1 during gestation and to 3 kg.hd-1.d-1 from weaning to breeding. All sows. had ad libitum access to feed during lactation. Sows were weighed 7 d prior to parturition, at weaning and at breeding. Weaning-to-estrus interval and farrowing interval were recorded for all sows. Litters were weighed at birth and weaning. There were no differences (P greater than .05) between dietary treatments in sow weights before parturition, at weaning or at breeding for either first or second farrowing. The CSS-fed sows lost more weight from weaning to breeding after the first (P less than .03) and second (P less than .05) lactation periods than CS-fed sows. The CSS-fed sows tended to gain more (P = .06) weight during lactation than CS-fed sows. There were no differences (P greater than .05) between treatments in lactation feed intake, weaning-to-estrus interval, farrowing interval, litter size born or weaned, litter weights at birth or at weaning, or in sow culling rate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Rotation of Vibrio fischeri Flagella Produces Outer Membrane Vesicles That Induce Host Development.

ABSTRACT Using the squid-vibrio association, we aimed to characterize the mechanism through which Vibrio fischeri cells signal morphogenesis of the symbiotic light-emitting organ. The symbiont releases two cell envelope molecules, peptidoglycan (PG) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that, within 12 h of light organ colonization, act in synergy to trigger normal tissue development. Recent work has shown that outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) produced by V. fischeri are sufficient to induce PG-dependent morphogenesis; however, the mechanism(s) of OMV release by these bacteria has not been described. Like several genera of both beneficial and pathogenic bacteria, V. fischeri cells elaborate polar flagella that are enclosed by an extension of the outer membrane, whose function remains unclear. Here, we present evidence that along with the well-recognized phenomenon of blebbing from the cell9s surface, rotation of this sheathed flagellum also results in the release of OMVs. In addition, we demonstrate that most of the development-inducing LPS is associated with these OMVs and that the presence of the outer membrane protein OmpU but not the LPS O antigen on these OMVs is important in triggering normal host development. These results also present insights into a possible new mechanism of LPS release by pathogens with sheathed flagella. IMPORTANCE Determining the function(s) of sheathed flagella in bacteria has been challenging, because no known mutation results only in the loss of this outer membrane-derived casing. Nevertheless, the presence of a sheathed flagellum in such host-associated genera as Vibrio, Helicobacter, and Brucella has led to several proposed functions, including physical protection of the flagella and masking of their immunogenic flagellins. Using the squid-vibrio light organ symbiosis, we demonstrate another role, that of V. fischeri cells require rotating flagella to induce apoptotic cell death within surface epithelium, which is a normal step in the organ9s development. Further, we present evidence that this rotation releases apoptosis-triggering lipopolysaccharide in the form of outer membrane vesicles. Such release may also occur by pathogens but with different outcomes for the host.
Taking the “Red Hat” off Chinese Private Entrepreneurs: Institutional Dependents, Innovative Collaborators, and Political Opponents

China9s new capitalists, who have arisen from the booming private sector in the postcommunist era, are widely regarded as supporters of China9s authoritarian political regime—the oft-cited “red capitalists.” Challenging the common view on the close connections between private entrepreneurs and political elites, this study applies an agency-centered perspective to examine how private entrepreneurs9 organizational strategies in coping with formidable institutional environments created by the government have shaped their political values. From statistical analysis of a firm-level nationally representative data set, I find little evidence in the existing literature for the often depicted “redness” of Chinese private entrepreneurs. Although political connections that entrepreneurs seek to build with the government help mitigate the effects of institutional obstacles on their political opinions, such entrepreneur-state connections alone lead to entrepreneurs9 unfavorable views on the polity. Private entrepreneurs9 organizational innovations and particularly collaborative innovations beyond the firm level are found to significantly shape their political values, contributing to their potential role as political opponents in the future.
When Spark Meets FPGAs: A Case Study for Next-Generation DNA Sequencing Acceleration

FPGA-enabled datacenters have shown great potential for providing performance and energy efficiency improvement, and captured a great amount of attention from both academia and industry. In this paper we aim to answer one key question: how can we efficiently integrate FPGAs into state-of-the-art big-data computing frameworks? Although very important, this problem has not been well studied, especially for the integration of fine-grained FPGA accelerators that have short execution time but will be invoked many times. To provide a generalized methodology and insight for efficient integration, we conduct an in-depth analysis of challenges and corresponding solutions of integration at single-thread, single-node multi-thread, and multi-node levels. With a step-by-step case study for the next-generation DNA sequencing application, we demonstrate how a straightforward integration with 1000x slowdown can be tuned into an efficient integration with 2.6x overall system speedup and 2.4x energy efficiency improvement.
The Clock Is Ticking: Countdown to Metastases.

Metastases cause more than 90% of the morbidity and mortality associated with human cancers. Gene expression signatures associated with cancer progression and metastasis serve as unique tools to assist in patient diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Various types of signatures have been identified, ranging from those that are tumor-intrinsic or specific to a particular cancer subtype [1] to genes associated with a specific clinical outcome (e.g., “poor prognosis gene signature”) [2], as well as to genes associated with the development of metastatic lesions [3]. Of those genes that drive cancer processes, some may function by acting on the primary tumor—causing rise of metastatic lesions—or at the metastatic site to promote colonization, survival, and incorporation of surrounding stroma. Identification of metastasis susceptibility genes is thus key for prediction of cancer risk and metastatic relapse.
TERT Promoter Mutations Enhance Telomerase Activation by Long-Range Chromatin Interactions

Although single-nucleotide somatic mutations in the proximal promoter of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene create novel consensus sequences for transcription factors that enhance TERT expression, the precise mechanism of how telomerase is reactivated in cancer cells remains poorly understood. In this issue, Akincilar and colleagues identify a potential mechanism of TERT reactivation that is mediated by a novel long-range chromatin interaction between the TERT promoter on chromosome 5p and a 300-kb upstream region. This permits recruitment of the transcription factor GABPA in mutant TERT promoters but not in wild-type promoters. Cancer Discov; 6(11); 1212-4. ©2016 AACRSee related article by Akincilar and colleagues, p. 1276.
Atomistic Mechanisms Underlying Selectivities in C1 and C2 Products from Electrochemical Reduction of CO on Cu(111)

Practical environmental and energy applications of the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to chemicals and fuels require far more efficient and selective electrocatalysts beyond the only working material Cu, but the wealth of experimental data on Cu can serve to validate any proposed mechanisms. To provide design guidelines, we use quantum mechanics to predict the detailed atomistic mechanisms responsible for C1 and C2 products on Cu. Thus, we report the pH dependent routes to the major products, methane and ethylene, and identify the key intermediates where branches to methanol, ketene, ethanol, acetylene, and ethane are kinetically blocked. We discovered that surface water on Cu plays a key role in the selectivity for hydrocarbon products over the oxygen-containing alcohol products by serving as a strong proton donor for electrochemical dehydration reductions. We suggest new experiments to validate our predicted mechanisms.
Tattooing Commitment, Quality, and Football in Southeastern North America

Tattooing appears to be a cultural and psychological pattern of behavior rooted in Darwinian processes. It is the result of an evolved tendency to manipulate human bodies in meaningful ways with distinctive benefits. Tattooing can signal group affiliation or commitment through using the body as a human canvas. Tattooing also provides cues about biological quality because it is an injury to the body, and the healing process on the surface of the skin is visible to everyone and impossible to fake. These factors make tattoos costly honest signals, consistent with evolutionary models in multiple species, including humans. In this chapter, we review the functions of tattooing from an evolutionary perspective, outline historic and prehistoric evidence from the North American Southeast, analyze biological implications, and discuss contemporary functions of tattooing among college football fans as a signal of commitment and quality.
SINGLE-ENTRY ACCOUNTING IN EARLY AMERICA: THE ACCOUNTS OF THE HASBROUCK FAMILY

The accounts of the Hasbrouck family help document how five generations adapted to economic and social change in New York's mid-Hudson River valley from the time of settlement in the New World thro...
Salamon, Gayle. Assuming a Body: Transgender and Rhetorics of Materiality.: New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2010. 217 pp. $26.00 (paperback). 978-0-231-14959-4.

Assuming a Body: Transgender and Rhetorics of Materiality is a landmark text in the theorization of transgender embodiment that engages phenomenology, psychoanalytic theory, and queer and feminist ...