cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From the begriffsschrift to “uber sinn und bedeutung”: frege as epistemologist and ontologist

ABSTRACT Frege presents the eponymous distinction of "Uber Sinn und Bedeutung" (USB) as a correction to the theory of identity he held in the Begriffsschrift.1 His retrospective assessment has prompted different reactions from commentators. Many have simply taken him at his word.2 Others, who have lingered over the relevant texts, have encountered a difficulty: in the Begriffsschrift Frege appears to raise the same problem with which he begins USB and to respond to it in words that are strikingly similar to those found in the later work.3 Thus, a number of important scholars have been led to argue that Frege misrepresents his earlier view: contrary to what he says in USB, the Begriffsschrift already contains the distinction between Sinn and Bedeutung.4 Despite their obvious differences, the logic of both interpretations requires that the two works be responsive to the same problem. In this paper I challenge that fundamental premise.5 If I might be allowed to express my thesis tersely but suggestively: the problem of the Begriffsschrift is epistemological; that of USB, ontological.6 The two problems and Frege's solutions to them shall be explained in what follows.
The boundary method for semi-discrete optimal transport partitions and Wasserstein distance computation

Abstract We introduce a new technique, which we call the boundary method, for solving semi-discrete optimal transport problems with a wide range of cost functions. The boundary method reduces the effective dimension of the problem, thus improving complexity. For cost functions equal to a p -norm with p ∈ ( 1 , ∞ ) , we provide mathematical justification, convergence analysis, and algorithmic development. Our testing supports the boundary method with these p -norms, as well as other, more general cost functions.
Adult Forearm Fractures

In adult forearm fractures (see Fig. 17.1), it is critical to assess fracture comminution, open vs. closed status, associated injuries, neurovascular compromise, and possible bone loss.
Anti-ZIC4 associated paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration in a patient with both diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and incidental smoldering multiple myeloma.

• Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration is defined by ocular, gait, or limb ataxia due to an autoimmune reaction to an underlying malignancy.
The role of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide as a neurotransmitter in canine penile erection: a combined in vivo and immunohistochemical study

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), a 28-amino-acid polypeptide found in the human gut and genitourinary tract, primarily affects vasodilation and smooth-muscle relaxation. These effects have led to speculation that this neuropeptide may be a neurotransmitter in certain bodily functions, such as penile erection. We therefore designed an in vivo animal model to elucidate the influence of VIP and VIP antibody on the different stages of penile erection. We also performed immunohistochemical studies of the penile tissue to obtain further information about the distribution of VIP in the corpora cavernosa. Intracavernous injection of VIP induced penile erection. Its effect on arterial inflow was minor, but it caused active venous outflow restriction and was important in maintaining erection. VIP antibody blocked venous outflow restriction during neurostimulation-induced erection. VIP was found in the cavernous tissue (in the area between the smooth-muscle cells and the sinusoidal spaces) in close proximity to the arteries. We conclude that VIP is a neurotransmitter in the erectile tissue of the penis, and that its effects are similar to those from electrostimulation of the cavernous nerve. VIP increases arterial flow, decreases venous flow, and induces sinusoidal relaxation.
Vascular Lesions of the Head and Neck in Children

Vascular lesions of the head and neck are common in children. Considerable confusion exists as to the nomenclature, classification, diagnosis and treatment of these lesions. The same term is often used to denote entirely disparate lesions, such as the term hemangioma, which has been generically and indiscriminately applied to a variety of vascular masses including true hemangiomas and venous malformations. The term cavernous hemangioma is confusing and has been used to refer to either a deep hemangioma or a venous malformation. A variety of names have also been used to denote anomalies of the lymphatic system, for example cystic hygroma, lymphangioma and lymphatic malformation. Hybrid terms such as lymphohemangioma or hemangiolymphangioma also promote confusion by suggesting a proliferative lesion when usually denoting a combined vascular malformation. As appropriate treatment depends on an accurate diagnosis, a significant number of patients with vascular anomalies ultimately receive inaccurate or potentially harmful treatment based on misdiagnosis of the lesion.
Elementary School Counselors’ Experiences Counseling Students With Chronic Illness

The diagnosis of a chronic illness for an elementary student can result in myriad school issues. This phenomenological, qualitative study examined 15 elementary school counselors’ perceptions of ex...
Characterization of ocular transporters

Abstract: This chapter describes various techniques for the characterization of ocular transporters. Transporters are membrane-bound proteins that can be broadly classified as efflux and influx transporters. They play a crucial role in determination of drug bioavailability. Discussed in this review are various methods to analyze their structural, functional and kinetic properties. Also included are various in vitro and in vivo models that help us to understand these proteins. The readers are also directed to peruse the references cited to gain better understanding of this exciting field of research.
Respectability’s edge: Transnational sex radical René Guyon:

The writings and life of French sex radical, Rene Guyon (1876–1963), offer a fascinating opportunity to examine together western European sexological thought, human rights movements, and imperial p...
On Using Drivers' Eyes to Predict Accident-Causing Drowsiness Levels

We examine the use of video data to determine a driver's drowsiness level. We conduct a user study to collect video of a user reading, watching a driving simulation, and playing a video game that simulates driving. Alongside each video is the user's sleepiness as measured by the Stanford Sleepiness Scale, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and eight questions that have been shown to coincide with unsafe driving. Using this data, we replicate the results of prior art, showing that on average, changes in eye movement do correlate with drowsiness. We find however, that the measurements appear to have no predictive value for the drowsiness metrics that are known to coincide with unsafe driving. We determine that additional research in detecting driver drowsiness is needed. Our user study data is publicly available.
Deconstructing the Rio Scale: problems of subjectivity and generalization

This paper examines and deconstructs the Rio Scale, focusing primarily on the recently published Rio Scale 2.0 concept, from the perspective of a social scientist. I argue that although there is value in developing tools to help astronomers and other scientists communicate their perceptions about the significance of a contact event to the media and the general public, the Rio Scale 2.0 remains problematic conceptually and, thus, does not represent a robust method for assessing or communicating the import of a valid contact. Therefore, it should not be used as a method for informing the media or the general public about scenarios that involve the detection of valid signals suggesting the existence of extraterrestrial intelligence.
Controlling protein conformation with light

Optogenetics, genetically encoded engineering of proteins to respond to light, has enabled precise control of the timing and localization of protein activity in live cells and for specific cell types in animals. Light-sensitive ion channels have become well established tools in neurobiology, and a host of new methods have recently enabled the control of other diverse protein structures as well. This review focuses on approaches to switch proteins between physiologically relevant, naturally occurring conformations using light, accomplished by incorporating light-responsive engineered domains that sterically and allosterically control the active site.
Association between employee department and responsible gambling program perceptions

ABSTRACTAcademic studies of employee perceptions of and engagement with responsible gambling (RG) provide important insight into how employees engage with RG, but typically treat employees as a sin...
Appropriateness of thrombophilia testing in patients in the acute care setting and an evaluation of the associated costs

Thrombophilia testing is rarely recommended in acute care settings due to the high likelihood of false-positive and false-negative results. Inappropriately performing these tests in the acute care setting is associated with inaccurate interpretation and an increased economic burden. In this retrospective analysis, the appropriateness of thrombophilia tests ordered for patients in an acute care setting was evaluated in terms of both clinical utility and economic costs. This analysis included adult inpatients discharged from an academic community medical center from November 1, 2016 to November 1, 2017 who received thrombophilia testing. Patients were stratified into two groups: appropriately tested and inappropriately tested based on data abstracted directly from the electronic health record. The primary outcome, the appropriateness of the tests, was based on published criteria for thrombophilia testing and included concurrent anticoagulation use, patient admitting diagnosis, and/or comorbidities associated with thrombosis risk. The secondary endpoint was the financial burden of inappropriate thrombophilia testing based on assay charges. The analytic sample included 200 patients and 1393 thrombophilia tests. In 179 patients (89.5%), 1168 tests (83.8%) were inappropriately conducted. From 179 patients, tests in 85 were inappropriate due to concurrent anticoagulant use and/or provoked venous thromboembolism (VTE), and tests in 94 were inappropriate due to a lack of 2 or more risk factors for thrombophilia. Only 21 patients (10.5%) had appropriate testing with 225 tests (16.2%). The financial impact of inappropriate testing was estimated as excess charges amounting to $148,151.16/year. Restricting testing to avoid unnecessary risks and costs warrants further analysis.
Complications associated with immunotherapy for brain metastases.

Purpose of reviewMedian survival after the diagnosis of brain metastases has historically been on the order of months. With the recent development of immune checkpoint inhibitors, intracranial activity and durable responses have been observed in brain metastases on multiple phase 2 clinical trials,
Reclaiming “good motherhood”: US mothers’ critical resistance in family homeless shelters:

Unhoused mothers not only contend with housing precarity and economic hardship but also intersecting classist, racist, and sexist stereotypes that position them as unfit mothers. Classed, raced, an...
Signaling pathways controlling skeletal muscle mass

The skeletal muscle mass accounts for more than 40% of the body weight of healthy adults. The skeletal muscle not only plays an important role in physical activities but also affects the function of other organs as a secretory organ secreting multiple muscle factors. Therefore, it is important to maintain the normal quantity and function of skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle mass is the basis of skeletal muscle function and is often affected by many factors such as exercise and disease. Resistance exercise training induces increased protein synthesis in skeletal muscle cells, while limb disuse, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, cachexia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy and many other pathological conditions lead to decreased protein synthesis or enhanced protein degradation of skeletal muscle cells. The process of skeletal muscle hypertrophy involves changes in multiple signaling pathways, such as IGF-1/PI3K/Akt, myostatin and G protein. On the other hand, activations of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, IGF-1/Akt/FoxO, autophagy-lysosomal pathway, NF-κB, and the glucocorticoid-mediated signaling pathways play important roles in regulating muscle atrophy. These signaling pathways regulate skeletal muscle mass and are modulated by some different conditions. This review briefly summarizes the signaling pathways of skeletal muscle mass control.
Impact of perioperative aspirin continuation on bleeding complications in laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery: a propensity score-matched analysis

In laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer (CRC) for patients who receive antiplatelet therapy (APT), it remains unclear whether APT should be continued or temporarily withdrawn. We investigated the safety of perioperative aspirin continuation, specifically focused on bleeding complications. We performed retrospective analysis utilizing propensity score-matching (PSM). In total, 789 patients satisfied the inclusion criteria, and were divided into two groups. Patients in the continued aspirin monotherapy (cAPT) group continued treatment perioperatively with not more than 2 days of withdrawal (n = 140). Patients with more than 3 days withdrawal of aspirin or who did not receive APT at all were assigned to the non-cAPT group (n = 649). After 1:1 PSM, 105 patients were extracted from each group. Perioperative APT management was determined based on our institutional committee-approved guidelines for antithrombotic management. In PSM cohorts, all patient demographics were comparable between the groups. Regarding intraoperative outcomes, we found no significant difference in operation duration (p = 0.969), blood loss (p = 0.068), and blood transfusion (p = 0.517). Postoperative overall morbidity was 20.0% and 13.3% in the cAPT and non-cAPT groups, respectively (p = 0.195). The incidence of bleeding complications was also comparable between the groups (2.9% vs. 1.0%, p = 0.317). Assessing the 14 cases with bleeding complications overall in the full cohort, all 7 cases in the non-cAPT group had anastomotic bleeding, which was generally observed shortly after surgery [median postoperative day (POD) 1]. All 7 cases in the cAPT group received additional antithrombotics other than aspirin; bleeding occurred at various sites relatively later (median POD 7), mostly after reinstitution of additional antithrombotic agents. For patients receiving APT, perioperative continuation of aspirin monotherapy could be safe in laparoscopic CRC surgery; however, careful consideration is required at reinstitution of additional antithrombotics where multiple antithrombotic agents are used.
Glutathione s-transferase PI-1 knockdown reduces pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma growth by activating oxidative stress response pathways

Glutathione S-transferase pi-1 (GSTP1) plays an important role in regulating oxidative stress by conjugating glutathione to electrophiles. GSTP1 is overexpressed in breast, colon, lung, and prostate tumors, where it contributes to tumor progression and drug resistance; however, the role of GSTP1 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is not well understood. Using shRNA, we knocked down GSTP1 expression in three different PDAC cell lines and determined the effect on cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Our results show GSTP1 knockdown reduces PDAC cell growth, prolongs the G0/G1 phase, and elevates ROS in PDAC cells. Furthermore, GSTP1 knockdown results in the increased phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and c-Jun and the decreased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p65, the reduced expression of specificity protein 1 (Sp1), and the increased expression of apoptosis-promoting genes. The addition of the antioxidant glutathione restored cell viability and returned protein expression levels to those found in control cells. Collectively, these data support the working hypothesis that the loss of GSTP1 elevates oxidative stress, which alters mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases and NF-κB signaling, and induces apoptosis. In support of these in vitro data, nude mice bearing orthotopically implanted GSTP1-knockdown PDAC cells showed an impressive reduction in the size and weight of tumors compared to the controls. Additionally, we observed reduced levels of Ki-67 and increased expression of cleaved caspase-3 in GSTP1-knockdown tumors, suggesting GSTP1 knockdown impedes proliferation and upregulates apoptosis in PDAC cells. Together, these results indicate that GSTP1 plays a significant role in PDAC cell growth and provides support for the pursuit of GSTP1 inhibitors as therapeutic agents for PDAC.
The role of topology on the response of a V-shaped resonator

The objective of this manuscript is to elucidate the role of topology on the nonlinear response of resonators. The resonators are composed of two beams and designed to exhibit two-to-one internal resonances. The manuscript explores the sensitivity to variations in the topological parameters, i.e., the relative orientation, and the ratio of lengths and heights, on the modal frequencies of the structure. The nonlinear governing equations are solved using the method of multiple scales when the system is excited near the first and second resonances. The occurrence of bifurcations and modal interactions has been shown both numerically and experimentally and related to the topological parameters. The effect of the topology on modal saturation has also been studied.
Winner effects and switching assessment strategies facilitate fast and frugal decisions in territorial contests

Animals compete in contests over limited resources, and contestants with greater fighting ability, or resource-holding potential (RHP), typically win contests. Contest strategies have evolved to balance contest costs with the benefit of winning resources. Sometimes, contestants decide to leave by estimating their opponent's relative RHP. This strategy (mutual assessment) is cost-effective because it allows weaker opponents to leave contests against formidable opponents before accruing higher costs. However, acquiring reliable information can be costly. Here, we showed that in snapping shrimp (Alpheus angulosus) contests, contestants assessed relative RHP quickly and cost-effectively by assessing their opponent's recent contest success. By staging 26 contests between randomly matched individuals and 24 contests between RHP-matched individuals, we determined that snapping shrimp assessed their opponent's RHP during initial contest phases but no longer assessed relative RHP during escalated phases. Then, after staging 24 contests between individuals with contest experience the day prior, we found that snapping shrimp integrated RHP and recent contest success to make contest decisions. This strategy facilitated fast and accurate judgments when the recent winner was also larger but often resulted in the larger individual retreating when facing a small recent winner. Notably, these systematic biases were corrected when RHP differences were stark. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that by assessing recent contest success early in a contest, snapping shrimp can avoid risky contests. Furthermore, by integrating recent contest success with direct observations of RHP, contestants avoid losing contests prematurely. Similar assessment strategies may be widespread, because they circumvent risky contests while minimizing premature defeats from weaker recent winners.
Social Determinants of Health and Structural Inequities-Root Causes of Diabetes Disparities

Diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death in the U.S. and remains a significant cause of disability and decreased quality of life (1,2). In 2018, over 34 million people in the U.S. had diabetes (1). Historically marginalized groups such as racial and ethnic minorities, as well as those with lower socioeconomic status, bear a disproportionate burden of diabetes and its associated complications: blindness, neuropathy, limb amputations, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, and death (1,3). Additionally, the economic burden of diabetes amounts to approximately $237 billion in direct medical costs and $90 billion in lost productivity (4). Diabetes is a public health crisis that must be addressed by acknowledging and intervening on contextual factors outside of traditional medical care if we are to truly make an impact on improving outcomes, particularly for our most marginalized communities. While contributors to diabetes outcomes are unequivocally multifactorial, cumulative evidence suggests that certain factors play a larger role than others (5). For example, medical care plays a relatively small part (approximately 10–15%) in shaping individual and population-level health outcomes (5,6). In contrast, social and environmental factors, collectively known as the social determinants of health (SDOH), combined account for 50% to 60% of health outcomes and are a key contributor to health and health care disparities (5,6). The World Health Organization’s definition of SDOH also notes that these social and environmental factors are “shaped by the distribution of money, power and resources at global, national and local levels” and are largely responsible for inequities in health outcomes (7). To achieve health equity, we must address SDOH, and do so at …
Aggressive Differentiated Thyroid Cancer due to EML4e13-ALKe20 Fusion: A Case Presentation and Review of the Literature.

Background Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is an indolent malignancy. It rarely presents with aggressive local invasion and/or distant metastatic disease. Patient findings. We describe a case of a 30-year-old man with a locally aggressive form of papillary thyroid cancer with EML4e13-ALKe20 fusion (EML4: echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4; ALK: anaplastic lymphoma kinase). He presented with right-side cervical lymphadenopathy with a highly suspicious right-side thyroid nodule. Total thyroidectomy and level IV lymph node resection showed extensive bilateral disease, with extrathyroidal and extranodal extension. FDG-PET CT scan following surgery confirmed the presence of significant residual disease in the neck area. He underwent bilateral lateral lymph node dissection followed by radioactive iodine treatment. Somatic mutation testing showed EML4e13-ALKe20 fusion. Summary. This case represents an aggressive form of DTC with EML4e13-ALKe20 fusion. The rapid progression of clinical signs and symptoms and the local extension beyond the thyroid and lymph nodes with the persistence of high-volume local disease after thyroidectomy highlight the aggressive nature of this mutation and the importance of performing genetic analysis to guide future treatments and determine prognosis. Conclusion This case highlights the importance of using molecular diagnostics in patient care, especially if the presentation is unusual for DTC. A thorough evaluation of the tumor pathology and the somatic mutational profile analysis are important for obtaining vital therapeutic and prognostic guidance.
Recovery does not always signal the end of the battle: A Case of Post SARS-CoV-2 Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in an Adult.

We describe a case of SARS-CoV-2 post-infectious inflammatory syndrome in an adult who presented with multiorgan failure two months following his initial diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This case highlights clinician's early recognition of this devastating sequela and challenges in appropriate management of this patient.
Linearity-Enhanced and Highly Efficient Doherty Power Amplifier: 16th High Efficiency Power Amplifier Student Design Competition

The 16th High Efficiency Power Amplifier (HEPA) Student Design Competition (SDC), organized by the IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society, was held virtually in collaboration with Keysight Microwave Laboratory for the live measurement. This contest focuses on the PAs that have both high efficiency and high linearity over a relatively broad bandwidth. The participants are required to design and fabricate a highly efficient, linear power amplifier (PA) at a frequency of their choice between 1 and 10 GHz. The winning team is determined by the designed PA's highest linear power added efficiency (PAE) at the lowest output power level while maintaining a carrier-to-intermodulation (C/I) ratio of greater than 30 dB through a two-tone input signal measurement. To have a competitive entry in the contest, it is necessary to start with the statement of the competition's rules.
Oncofertility: a Review

The purpose of this review is to describe the latest methods of fertility preservation for female cancer patients, as well as the associated psychological benefits, pregnancy outcomes, and oncological outcomes of these techniques. Using random-start controlled ovarian stimulation for embryo and oocyte cryopreservation provides adequate oocyte yield and minimizes delay to starting cancer treatment. Protocols including estrogen-lowering medications should be used in women with hormone-sensitive cancers. Newer methods including ovarian tissue cryopreservation and ovarian transposition have promising pregnancy outcomes. Ovarian suppression helps prevent premature ovarian failure in young women with breast cancer and women who require rapid start systemic cancer treatment. Fertility-sparing surgery is safe in women with early-stage cervical and ovarian cancer. Providing counseling regarding fertility preservation yields significant psychological benefits for patients. Improved cancer survival and delayed childbearing have resulted in a greater need for fertility preservation for female cancer patients. The most commonly used fertility preservation strategy is controlled ovarian stimulation (COS). A number of new studies provide data on ways to maximize COS such as through use of random-start protocols and the addition of medications that lower estrogen levels. Recent research also suggests that newer methods including ovarian tissue cryopreservation and ovarian transposition may provide valuable alternatives to COS. However, many topics remain controversial, including where to re-transplant cryopreserved ovaries, the best surgical approach to ovarian transposition, short- versus long-term benefits of ovarian transposition, and the role of ovarian suppression for fertility preservation.
Measuring G Protein Activation with Spectrally Resolved Fluorescence Fluctuation Spectroscopy

G protein-coupled receptor signaling has been posited to occur through either collision coupling or pre-assembled complexes with G protein transducers. To investigate the dynamics of G protein signaling, we introduce fluorescence covariance matrix analysis (FCMA), a novel implementation of fluorescence cumulant analysis applied to spectrally resolved fluorescence images. We labeled the GPCR, Gα, and Gβγ units with distinct fluorescent protein labels and we applied FCMA to measure directly the complex formation during stimulation of dopamine and adrenergic receptors. To determine the prevalence of hetero-oligomers, we compared the GPCR data to those from control samples expressing three fluorescent protein labels with known stoichiometries. Interactions between Gα and Gβγ subunits determined by FCMA were sensitive to stimulation with GPCR ligands. However, GPCR/G protein interactions were too weak to be distinguished from background. These findings support a collision coupling mechanism rather than pre-assembled complexes for the two GPCRs studied.
Plasticity in the spinal cord: the dorsal root connection.

There is considerable evidence supporting a naturally occuring increase in the density of projections by intact systems induced by partial denervation of targets within the spinal cord. The phenomenon of sprouting in the spinal cord appears to be quite similar to the denervation evoked sprouting shown elsewhere in the CNS. Sprouting appears to be regulated rather than random since not all systems projecting to a denervated region may show demonstrable sprouting. In adults, the extent of sprouting is usually limited to the normal target zone of the intact systems and thus reasonably rigorous quantitative methods may be required to provide a clear demonstration of the increased projection. Greater plasticity, including regenerative like changes can be elicited in the undamaged processes of DRGs within the CNS by lesion to the peripheral process. Expansion of terminal fields into novel territories in adults has been demonstrated most convincingly in cases where additional manipulations are made, e.g. addition of peripheral nerve injury to the lesion paradigm. This suggests that the limitation on sprouting in adults can be overridden by increasing the metabolic drive of the sprouting neurons. In contrast there appear to be fewer limitations on sprouting in the neonate, since extensive sprouting into aberrant targets occurs if denervation occurs before development has ceased. Changing patterns of synaptic activity can also evoke quite dramatic modifications of the synthetic activity of neurons. Some of these changes appear to be long lasting and may lead to modifications in the activity of spinal neurons. Naturally occurring plasticity thus represents a major compensatory response to CNS lesions which needs to be taken into account in considering the consequences of CNS lesions, the extent of recovery of function and ways of improving the extent of recovery of function.
Internet-based interventions for cancer-related distress: exploring the experiences of those whose needs are not met.

Objective Low levels of engagement in Internet-based interventions are common. Understanding users' experiences with these interventions is key to improving efficacy. Although qualitative methods are well-suited for this purpose, few qualitative studies have been conducted in this area. In the present study, we assessed experiences with an Internet-based intervention among cancer survivors who made minimal use of the intervention.
Performance of Five Models to Predict the Naturalization of Non-Native Woody Plants in Iowa

Use of risk-assessment models that can predict the naturalization and invasion of non-native woody plants is a potentially beneficial approach for protecting human and natural environments. This study validates the power and accuracy of four risk-assessment models previously tested in Iowa, and examines the performance of a new random forest modeling approach. The random forest model was fitted with the same data used to develop the four earlier risk-assessment models. The validation of all five models was based on a new set of 11 naturalizing and 18 non-naturalizing species in Iowa. The fitted random forest model had a high classification rate (92.0%), no biologically significant errors (accepting a plant that has a high risk of naturalizing), and few horticulturally limiting errors (rejecting a plant that has a low risk of naturalizing) (8.7%). Classification rates for validation of all five models ranged from 62.1 to 93.1%. Horticulturally limiting errors for the four models previously developed for Io...
Picoplankton Do Some Heavy Lifting

Tiny unicellular plants called picoplankton play an unexpectedly large role in the transport of organic matter to the deep ocean.
Over two decades of pattern formation, a personal perspective

Patterns are ubiquitous in the world that surrounds us. They can form via bifurcations, for instance from the spatially uniform state, as a control parameter is varied. Their nature generally is determined by nonlinear terms in the relevant equations of motion, and thus their elucidation is a non-trivial goal in nonlinear physics. In the early 1970's, there was a revival of interest in the condensed-matter physics community in chaos and pattern formation in nonlinear dissipative systems. Experimentalists and theorists brought the tools of their field to bear on these challenging problems. Mostly in terms of his own experiences, the author of this paper reviews some of the issues that have been addressed, some of the techniques that have been applied, and some of the progress that has been made by experimentalists during the two-and-a-half decades since then, and the relationship which these results have to our present-day understanding of nonlinear systems.
Digital_Humanities, by Anne Burdick, Johanna Drucker, Peter Lunenfeld, Todd Presner, and Jeffrey Schnapp

(2014). Digital_Humanities, by Anne Burdick, Johanna Drucker, Peter Lunenfeld, Todd Presner, and Jeffrey Schnapp. Design and Culture: Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 431-433.
A Metadata Model for Electronic Images

Finding images over the internet can be trying at best. Many industries such as advertising, marketing, image consultants, print media, and medical imaging deal with electronic images on a daily basis. Images are often stored by some non-descriptive ordering system and come in a variety of formats. Using image metadata, information such as the physical, technical and content related characteristics can be captured. Prior research has primarily addressed specific types of images and addressed the storage of metadata in a database format. This paper presents a Resource Description Framework Schema for the generic categorization of electronic image characteristics and traits. This schema is useful for image management and can be widely utilized in document management systems which traditionally use film and optical technology to store images. An image editor is prototyped with the capability of annotating the metadata into the image or exporting image metadata into other business oriented systems.
Nested PCR Assays for Detection of Monilinia fructicola in Stone Fruit Orchards and Botryosphaeria dothidea from Pistachios in California

Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were developed based on microsatellite regions for detection of Monilinia fructicola, the causal agent of brown rot of stone fruits, and Botryosphaeria dothidea, the causal agent of panicle and shoot blight of pistachio. The nested PCR primers specific to M. fructicola were developed based upon the sequence of a species-specific DNA fragment amplified by microsatellite primer M13. The external and internal primer pairs EMfF + EMfR and IMfF + IMfR amplified a 571- and a 468bp fragment, respectively, from M. fructicola, but not from any other fungal species present in stone fruit orchards. The nested PCR primer pairs specific to B. dothidea were developed based upon the sequence of a species-specific 1330-bp DNA fragment amplified by microsatellite primer T3B. The external and internal primer pairs EBdF + EBdR and IBdF + IBdR amplified a 701- and a 627-bp fragment, respectively, from B. dothidea, but not from any other fungal species associated with pistachio. The nested PCR assays were sensitive enough to detect the specific fragments in 1 fg of M. fructicola or B. dothidea DNA or in the DNA from only two conidia of M. fructicola or B. dothidea. The nested PCR assays could detect small numbers of M. fructicola conidia caught on spore-trap tapes and detect visible infections of B. dothidea in pistachio tissues. Microsatellite regions with high numbers of copies are widely dispersed in eukaryotic genomes. The results of this study indicate that microsatellite regions could be useful in developing highly sensitive PCR detection systems for phytopathogenic fungi.
Heterosynaptic Regulation of External Globus Pallidus Inputs to the Subthalamic Nucleus by the Motor Cortex

The two principal movement-suppressing pathways of the basal ganglia, the so-called hyperdirect and indirect pathways, interact within the subthalamic nucleus (STN). An appropriate level and pattern of hyperdirect pathway cortical excitation and indirect pathway external globus pallidus (GPe) inhibition of the STN are critical for normal movement and are greatly perturbed in Parkinson's disease. Here we demonstrate that motor cortical inputs to the STN heterosynaptically regulate, through activation of postsynaptic NMDA receptors, the number of functional GABAA receptor-mediated GPe-STN inputs. Therefore, a homeostatic mechanism, intrinsic to the STN, balances cortical excitation by adjusting the strength of GPe inhibition. However, following the loss of dopamine, excessive cortical activation of STN NMDA receptors triggers GPe-STN inputs to strengthen abnormally, contributing to the emergence of pathological, correlated activity.
Multivariate Regression Modeling

An empirical or regression modeling approach is simple to develop and easy to use compared to detailed hourly simulations of energy use in commercial buildings. Therefore, regression models developed from measured energy data are becoming an increasingly popular method for determining retrofit savings or identifying operational and maintenance (O and M) problems. Because energy consumption in large commercial buildings is a complex function of climatic conditions, building characteristics, building usage, system characteristics and type of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment used, a multiple linear regression (MLR) model provides better accuracy than a single-variable model for modeling energy consumption. Also, when hourly monitored data are available, an issue which arises is what time resolution to adopt for regression models to be most accurate. This paper addresses both these topics. This paper reviews the literature on MLR models of building energy use, describes the methodology to develop MLR models, and highlights the usefulness of MLR models as baseline models and in detecting deviations in energy consumption resulting from major operational changes. The paper first develops the functional basis of cooling energy use of two commonly used HVAC systems: dual-duct constant volume (DDCV) nd dual-duct variable air volume (DDVAV). Using thesemore » functional forms, the cooling energy consumption in five large commercial buildings located in central Texas were modeled at monthly, daily, hourly, and hour-of-day (HOD) time scales. Compared to the single-variable model (two-parameter model with outdoor dry-bulk as the only variable). MLR models showed a decrease in coefficient of variation (CV) between 10% to 60%, with an average decrease of about 33%, thus clearly indicating the superiority of MLR models. Although the models at the monthly time scale had higher coefficient of determination (R{sup 2}) and lower CV than daily, hourly, and HOD models, the daily and HOD models proved more accurate at predicting cooling energy use.« less
Initial United States clinical trial of robotically assisted endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting.

Abstract Objectives: With traditional instruments, endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting has not been possible. This study was designed to determine the clinical feasibility of using a robotically assisted microsurgical system to create endoscopic coronary anastomoses. Methods And Results: Ten patients underwent endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting of the left internal thoracic artery to the left anterior descending artery. Subxiphoid endoscopic ports (2 for instruments, 1 for a camera) were placed, and a robotic system was used to perform the left internal thoracic artery–left anterior descending artery bypass graft. Conventional techniques were used to perform the other grafts. Blood flow through the left internal thoracic artery graft was measured in the operating room and was adequate in 8 of 10 patients. The 2 inadequate grafts were revised successfully by hand. Six weeks after the operation, selective coronary angiography demonstrated a graft patency of 100% (8/8). There were no technical failures of the robotic system. The only postoperative complication was mediastinal hemorrhage in 1 patient. Conclusions: This pilot study demonstrates the feasibility of robotically assisted endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;119:77-82)
Computational studies of the O2-evolving complex of photosystem II and biomimetic oxomanganese complexes

In recent years, there has been considerable interest in studies of catalytic metal clusters in metalloproteins based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) hybrid methods. These methods explicitly include the perturbational influence of the surrounding protein environment on the structural/functional properties of the catalytic centers. In conjunction with recent breakthroughs in X-ray crystallography and advances in spectroscopic and biophysical studies, computational chemists are trying to understand the structural and mechanistic properties of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) embedded in photosystem II (PSII). Recent studies include the development of DFT-QM/MM computational models of the Mn(4)Ca cluster, responsible for photosynthetic water oxidation, and comparative quantum mechanical studies of biomimetic oxomanganese complexes. A number of computational models, varying in oxidation and protonation states and ligation of the catalytic center by amino acid residues, water, hydroxide and chloride have been characterized along the PSII catalytic cycle of water splitting. The resulting QM/MM models are consistent with available mechanistic data, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction data and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements. Here, we review these computational efforts focused towards understanding the catalytic mechanism of water oxidation at the detailed molecular level.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE FLAGELLA OF THE COLORLESS PHAGOTROPH PERANEMA TRICHOPHORUM (EUGLENOPHYCEAE). I. FLAGELLAR MASTIGONEMES1

Peranema trichophorum (Ehrenberg) Stein, a colorless phagotrophic euglenoid flagellate, has a typically euglenoid microtubular root complement. Striated root components, relatively uncommon in euglenoids, are connected to the basal bodies and to a microtubular root. The flagellar system of Peranema consists of three unequal microtubular roots which extend anteriorly beneath the reservoir membrane, and narrow-band striated roots (periodicity = 29–33 nm) which connect one of the four basal bodies to the movable rodorgan of the feeding apparatus. An inter basal body striated fiber forms a three-way connection between one particular microtubular root, a flagellar basal body, and the striated roots. A striated fibril (periodicity = 18–25 nm), which may be an extension of the striated root system, extends beneath the reservoir membrane. Associated with the striated fibril and the striated roots are cisternae of smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Upright face-preferential high-gamma responses in lower-order visual areas: evidence from intracranial recordings in children

Behavioral studies demonstrate that a face presented in the upright orientation attracts attention more rapidly than an inverted face. Saccades toward an upright face take place in 100-140 ms following presentation. The present study using electrocorticography determined whether upright face-preferential neural activation, as reflected by augmentation of high-gamma activity at 80-150 Hz, involved the lower-order visual cortex within the first 100 ms post-stimulus presentation. Sampled lower-order visual areas were verified by the induction of phosphenes upon electrical stimulation. These areas resided in the lateral-occipital, lingual, and cuneus gyri along the calcarine sulcus, roughly corresponding to V1 and V2. Measurement of high-gamma augmentation during central (circular) and peripheral (annular) checkerboard reversal pattern stimulation indicated that central-field stimuli were processed by the more polar surface whereas peripheral-field stimuli by the more anterior medial surface. Upright face stimuli, compared to inverted ones, elicited up to 23% larger augmentation of high-gamma activity in the lower-order visual regions at 40-90 ms. Upright face-preferential high-gamma augmentation was more highly correlated with high-gamma augmentation for central than peripheral stimuli. Our observations are consistent with the hypothesis that lower-order visual regions, especially those for the central field, are involved in visual cues for rapid detection of upright face stimuli.
Perceptions of Resistance to Unwanted Sexual Advances

Abstract In this study we investigated which response strategies used by females against unwanted sexual advances were more likely to be interpreted as token resistance. Male and female participants were given one of seven brief scenarios which varied the type of response to an unwanted sexual advance. The participants were asked to indicate the extent to which they thought the female wanted the male to stop his advances. Also, they were asked to attribute positive and negative feelings to the female. Finally, the participants were given the Rape Myth Acceptance Scale. As predicted, the results indicated that for both males and females, the more salient and direct responses were less likely to be interpreted as token resistance. These responses also resulted in less positive feelings and more negative feelings being attributed to the female in that situation. Also, male participants whose scores on the Rape Myth Acceptance Scale indicated beliefs consistent with rape myths were more likely to interpret a ...
An actinomycin-sensitive endonuclease associated with DNA synthesis in Tradescantia nuclei.

Abstract A DNA synthetic system containing isolated Tradescantia pollen grain nuclei as a source of enzymes and endogenous DNA was used to study the effects of actinomycin-D (AM) with poly d(A-T) as exogenous primer. Poly d(A-T) causes a 10- to 50-fold increase in TMP incorporation which is depressed by 45 to 70% when 40 μM AM is present. The inhibition cannot be ascribed to interference with template function since poly d(A-T) does not bind AM. Inhibition of the synthesis of enzymes required for DNA replication is also not a possibility. In addition, AM has no direct effect on DNA polymerase. Exonuclease activity is inhibited from 0–30%, indicating that poly d(A-T) does not become the preferred substrate when the endogenous DNA is protected by AM. With paper and column chromatography, an endonuclease activity was demonstrated that is apparently responsible for the production of a range of oligonucleotides from poly d(A-T) of initial molecular weight ⩾5 × 10 6 . These oligomers have a maximum molecular weight of ~2 × 10 4 , and can serve as primers for DNA polymerase with the same efficiency as the higher molecular weight poly d(A-T). The endonuclease activity is inhibited 40 to 60% by AM. Many parallels are observed between the kinetics of DNA polymerase and those of the endonuclease in the presence and absence of AM. Both activities show the same degree of AM inhibition and both respond similarly to a change in pH. Furthermore, as saturating concentrations of poly d(A-T) are approached, the AM inhibition of TMP incorporation approaches zero. This AM effect is therefore considered to be a result of the reduction in number of available 3′-OH primer ends for DNA polymerase.
Effects of acute exercise on plasma erythropoietin levels in trained runners.

ABSTRACTEffects of acute exercise on plasma erythropoietin levels in trained runners. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 543-546, 1999.Purpose:The purpose of this study was to investigate further the influence of exercise on erythropoietin.Methods:We observed the effects of high intensity