cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Search for new industrial oils: XVI. Umbelliflorae—seed oils rich in petroselinic acid

Seed oils of the order Umbelliflorae, including those from the families Umbelliferae, Garryaceae, Araliaceae, Cornaceae, Davidiaceae, Nyssaceae and Alangiaceae, were analyzed for fatty acid composition by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) of their methyl esters. The characteristic fatty acid of the order, petroselinic acid, occurred in the Umbelliferae in amounts up to 85%. In the Araliaceae, the content was as high as 83% and in the Garryaceae as high as 81%. The other major acids were palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids, with small amounts of hexadecenoic, stearic, linolenic, and, in some cases, C20 acids. petroselinic acid was determined by microscale ozonolysis of the C18 monoenoic esters and subsequent GLC of the ozonolysis products. The occurrence of high oil contents (up to 46%) combined with exceptionally high (up to 83%) single component purity is notable and emphasizes the potential of the Umbelliflorae as a raw material source for the chemical industry.
Discrimination of a Single Dose of Morphine Followed by Naltrexone: Substitution of Other Agonists for Morphine and Other Antagonists for Naltrexone in a Rat Model of Acute Dependence

Rats were trained to discriminate 4-h pretreatment with 10 mg/kg morphine and 15-min pretreatment with 0.3 mg/kg naltrexone (morphine→naltrexone) from pretreatment with saline and 0.3 mg/kg naltrexone (saline→naltrexone). The discrimination seems to derive from interoceptive stimuli from antagonist-precipitated withdrawal from acute morphine dependence. The purpose of this study was to extend pharmacological characterization of the discrimination by testing opioid agonists other than morphine and antagonists other than naltrexone. Of seven μ-opioid agonists tested in place of morphine, only two (heroin and levorphanol) substituted completely for it; trials completed on the morphine→naltrexone-appropriate lever increased as a function of agonist and naltrexone dose. Agonists with intrinsic efficacy higher (etorphine, fentanyl, and methadone) or lower (buprenorphine and meperidine) than that of morphine substituted only partially. However, when naltrexone was administered during continuous infusion of fentanyl or methadone via s.c. osmotic pump, rats responded as if they had received morphine→naltrexone; discriminative responding correlated with global withdrawal scores. Rats responded primarily on the saline→naltrexone-appropriate lever when naltrexone was administered after pretreatment with dextrorphan, the dextrorotatory isomer of levorphanol, or κ-opioid agonists (5-α,7-α,8-β)-(+)- N -methyl- N -[7-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-oxaspiro(4,5)dec-8-yl]-benzeneacetamide (U69,593) and spiradoline. Antagonists with no intrinsic efficacy at μ-opioid receptors (naloxone and diprenorphine) substituted completely for naltrexone, whereas those with some efficacy (nalorphine and levallorphan) substituted partially. Thus, morphine→naltrexone-like stimulus control of behavior by drugs administered acutely requires pretreatment with certain μ-opioid agonists and a pure antagonist, is independent of agonist efficacy, and is stereoselective. Interoceptive stimuli from naltrexone-precipitated opioid withdrawal are more similar across morphine-like agonists during chronic dependence than they are during acute dependence.
A New Operation for Far-Advanced Cystic Medial Necrosis of the Aortic Root

Abstract Three patients with far-advanced cystic medial necrosis of the aorta, which had produced giant bulbous enlargement of the aortic root and severe aortic regurgitation, were operated on using a procedure not previously described. Measurements of the aortic valve annulus and ascending aorta were made from aortograms. A knitted polyester arterial prosthesis was sewn together to form a circle. This circular prosthesis was sewn to a 31 mm Bjork-Shiley aortic valve prosthesis in the way that a tire is fitted onto a wheel. The resulting composite prosthesis, which had the same diameter as the aortic root, was used to replace the excised valve. In all cases a composite prosthesis measuring greater than 50 mm in diameter was used. In 2 of the 3 patients the ascending aorta was replaced with a tubular graft reshaped as a truncated cone. This reshaping was done by inserting multiple gussets into one end of the aortic prosthesis so that the flanged end fit precisely to the enlarged valve prosthesis and the other end fit precisely to the transverse aortic arch. Two patients are asymptomatic more than two years following operation. The third patient died suddenly of a ventricular arrhythmia on the twenty-third postoperative day.
Passively Q-Switched 2.8- $\mu{\rm m}$ Nanosecond Fiber Laser

A diode-pumped erbium ion-doped single-mode ZBLAN fiber laser passively Q-switched by a Fe2+:ZnSe crystal is reported. Mid-infrared (MIR) pulses at 2.8 μm with a pulse energy of 2.0 μJ and pulse duration of 370 ns, corresponding to a peak power of 5.34 W, are achieved at a repetition rate of 161 kHz. Our experiment demonstrates that Fe2+: ZnSe crystal is a promising Q-switching element for high power pulsed MIR fiber lasers.
C++ software integration for a high-throughput phase imaging platform

The multi-shot approach in SLIM requires reliable, synchronous, and parallel operation of three independent hardware devices – not meeting these challenges results in degraded phase and slow acquisition speeds, narrowing applications to holistic statements about complex phenomena. The relative youth of quantitative imaging and the lack of ready-made commercial hardware and tools further compounds the problem as Higher level programming languages result in inflexible, experiment specific instruments limited by ill-fitting computational modules, resulting in a palpable chasm between promised and realized hardware performance. Furthermore, general unfamiliarity with intricacies such as background calibration, objective lens attenuation, along with spatial light modular alignment, makes successful measurements difficult for the inattentive or uninitiated. This poses an immediate challenge for moving our techniques beyond the lab to biologically oriented collaborators and clinical practitioners. To meet these challenges, we present our new Quantitative Phase Imaging pipeline, with improved instrument performance, friendly user interface and robust data processing features, enabling us to acquire and catalog clinical datasets hundreds of gigapixels in size.
Planning, expectation, and image evaluation for PACS at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics

Our strategy in studying PACS is to evaluate its clinical implementation working with equipment supplied by an established manufacturer. Fiscal and personnel resources required to design and integrate the hardware components and operational software to develop a functional PACS precluded a bottom up development approach at our institution. Imaging equipment vendors possess more abundant design development resources for this task and therefore can support a more rapid development of the initial components of PACS. For this reason we have chosen to serve as a beta test site to study the viability of the basic PACS components in a clinical setting. Our efforts primarily focus on: (1) image quality; (2) cost effectiveness; (3) PACS/HIS/RIS integration; (4) equipment and software reliability; and (5) overall system performance. The results of our studies are shared with the vendor for future PACS development and refi nement. To attain our investigational goals we have formed an interdisciplinary team of Radiologists, Perceptual Psychologist, Economist, Electrical and Industrial Engineers, Hospital Information System personnel and key departmental administrative staff. For several reasons Pediatric Radiology was targeted as the initial area for our PACS study: a small area representative of the overall operation,tight operational controls and willingness of physicians. We used a step-wise approach, the first step being the installation of PACS exclusively within the physical confines of Pediatric Radiology.
Growth curves of crossbred cows sired by Hereford, Angus, Belgian Blue, Brahman, Boran, and Tuli bulls, and the fraction of mature body weight and height at puberty.

The objective of this study was to eval- uate the growth curves of females to determine if ma- ture size and relative rates of maturation among breeds differed. Body weight and hip height data were fitted to the nonlinear function BW = f(age) = A − Be k×age , where A is an estimate of mature BW and k determines the rate that BW or height moves from B to A. Cows represented progeny from 28 Hereford, 38 Angus, 25 Belgian Blue, 34 Brahman, 8 Boran, and 9 Tuli sires. Bulls from these breeds were mated by AI to Angus, Hereford, and MARC III composite (1/4 Angus, 1/4 Hereford, 1/4 Red Poll, and 1/4 Pinzgauer) cows to produce calves in 1992, 1993, and 1994. These matings resulted in 516 mature cows whose growth curves were subsequently evaluated. Hereford-sired cows tended to have heavier mature BW, as estimated by parameter A, than Angus- (P = 0.09) and Brahman-sired cows (P = 0.06), and were heavier than the other breeds (P < 0.001). Angus-sired cows were heavier than Bo- ran- (P < 0.001) and Tuli-sired cows (P < 0.001), and tended to be heavier than Belgian Blue-sired cows (P = 0.097). Angus-sired cows did not differ from Brah- man-sired cows (P = 0.94). Brahman-sired cows had a heavier mature BW than Boran- (P < 0.001), Tuli- (P < 0.001), and Belgian Blue-sired cows (P < 0.04). Angus-sired cows matured faster (k) than cows sired by Hereford (P = 0.03), Brahman (P < 0.001), Boran (P = 0.03), and Tuli (P < 0.001) sires, but did not differ from Belgian Blue-sired (P = 0.13) cows. Brahman- sired cows took longer to mature than Boran- (P = 0.03) or Belgian Blue-sired cows (P = 0.003). Belgian Blue-sired cows were faster maturing than Tuli-sired cows (P = 0.02). Brahman-sired cows had reached a greater proportion of their mature BW at puberty than had Hereford- (P < 0.001), Tuli- (P = 0.003), and Bel- gian Blue-sired cows (P = 0.001). Boran-sired cows tended to have reached a greater proportion of their mature BW at puberty than had Angus-sired cows (P = 0.09), and had reached a greater proportion of their mature BW at puberty than had Hereford- (P < 0.001), Tuli- (P < 0.001), and Belgian Blue-sired cows (P < 0.001). Within species of cattle, the relative range in proportion of mature BW at puberty (Bos taurus 0.56 through 0.58, and Bos indicus 0.60) was highly conserved, suggesting that proportion of mature BW is a more robust predictor of age at puberty across breeds than is absolute weight or age.
On melting of the subducted oceanic crust: effects of subduction induced mantle flow

Abstract Based on petrological and geochemical arguments, it is possible that arc magma is derived from subducted oceanic crust. In this paper, regional thermal models have been constructed to study the feasibility of melting cold subducted oceanic crusts at shallow depth (i.e. at depths of about 100 km) by a dynamic mantle. Calculated results suggest that plate subduction will generate an induced flow in the wedge above the subducting slab. This current continuously feeds hot mantle material into the corner and onto the slab surface. A high temperature thermal environment can be maintained in the vicinity of the wedge corner, immediately beneath the over-riding plate. Our regional models further demonstrate quantitatively that production of local melting is possible just about 30 km down dip from the asthenosphere wedge corner. Additional geological processes such as reasonable amounts of shear heating and minor dehydration (which will lower the local melting temperature) will further increase the probability of melting a cold subducted oceanic crust at shallow depth.
A three-dimensional, iterative mapping procedure for the implementation of an ionosphere-magnetosphere anisotropic Ohm’s law boundary condition in global magnetohydrodynamic simulations

Abstract. The mathematical formulation of an iterative procedure for the numerical implementation of an ionosphere-magnetosphere (IM) anisotropic Ohm's law boundary condition is presented. The procedure may be used in global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of the magnetosphere. The basic form of the boundary condition is well known, but a well-defined, simple, explicit method for implementing it in an MHD code has not been presented previously. The boundary condition relates the ionospheric electric field to the magnetic field-aligned current density driven through the ionosphere by the magnetospheric convection electric field, which is orthogonal to the magnetic field B, and maps down into the ionosphere along equipotential magnetic field lines. The source of this electric field is the flow of the solar wind orthogonal to B. The electric field and current density in the ionosphere are connected through an anisotropic conductivity tensor which involves the Hall, Pedersen, and parallel conductivities. Only the height-integrated Hall and Pedersen conductivities (conductances) appear in the final form of the boundary condition, and are assumed to be known functions of position on the spherical surface R=R1 representing the boundary between the ionosphere and magnetosphere. The implementation presented consists of an iterative mapping of the electrostatic potential ψ the gradient of which gives the electric field, and the field-aligned current density between the IM boundary at R=R1 and the inner boundary of an MHD code which is taken to be at R2>R1. Given the field-aligned current density on R=R2, as computed by the MHD simulation, it is mapped down to R=R1 where it is used to compute ψ by solving the equation that is the IM Ohm's law boundary condition. Then ψ is mapped out to R=R2, where it is used to update the electric field and the component of velocity perpendicular to B. The updated electric field and perpendicular velocity serve as new boundary conditions for the MHD simulation which is then used to compute a new field-aligned current density. This process is iterated at each time step. The required Hall and Pedersen conductances may be determined by any method of choice, and may be specified anew at each time step. In this sense the coupling between the ionosphere and magnetosphere may be taken into account in a self-consistent manner.
How a row change in a stochastic matrix affects the corresponding stochastic eigenvector

Let S be a stochastic matrix having 1 as an eigenvalue of multiplicity one. Without loss of generality, suppose that the stochastic eigenvector belonging to 1 is y with y 1 # 0. This paper then describes the set of all stochastic eigenvectors, belonging to 1, of stochastic matrices differing from S in only the first row. This result is used to identify the long run behaviour of the Markov chains belonging to these stochastic matrices.
Dissolution of Interlayers from Intergradient Soil Clays after Preheating at 400°C

Dehydroxylated interlayers have been removed from chlorite-vermiculite-montmorillonite intergrades by boiling the preheated sample in 0.5N NaOH for 2.5 minutes. Elements extracted can be conveniently analyzed spectrophotometrically. A convenient method of estimating the amount of elements present in interlayer positions and preparing the sample for analysis for expanding and nonexpanding mineral components is thus provided.
A note on testing regime switching assumption based on recurrence times

By perceiving a regime switching model as an example of a nonlinear dynamical system, we employ recurrence time distribution of a chosen event to derive a test statistic for testing the null hypothesis of one regime versus the alternative of having two or more regimes involved in a time series. This simple chi-square type of statistic is compared with existing likelihood ratio based ones that are all, in general, very complex in construction. The power of our proposed test is rather satisfactory and the computing load required is significantly more economical.
Increasing the Coherence Time in a Magnetically Sensitive Stimulated Raman Transition in Rb85

we experimentally study the Ramsey, spin echo and CPMG pulse sequences of a magnetically sensitive transition of a cold Rb85 gas. We can increase the coherence time by up to a factor of 10 by using CPMG pulse sequences as compared to Ramsey or spin echo.
Community Coalitions and Grassroots Policies of Empowerment

Foundations and government agencies use community coalitions increasingly as instruments of social policy and program implementation. The rationales and hopes for community coalitions abound with t...
Extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C among United States male veterans

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been associated with several extrahepatic conditions. To date, most studies assessing these associations involved small numbers of patients and lacked a control group. Using the computerized databases of the Department of Veterans Affairs, we carried out a hospital-based case-control study that examined all cases of HCV-infected patients hospitalized during 1992 to 1999 (n = 34,204) and randomly chosen control subjects without HCV (n = 136,816) matched with cases on the year of admission. The inpatient and outpatient files were searched for several disorders involving the skin (porphyria cutanea tarda [PCT], vitiligo, and lichen planus); renal (membranous glomerulonephritis [GN] and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis); hematologic (cryoglobulin, Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma [NHL]); endocrine (diabetes, thyroiditis); and rheumatologic (Sjogren's syndrome). The association between HCV and these disorders was examined in multivariate analyses that controlled for age, gender, ethnicity, and period of military service. Patients in the case group were younger in age (45 vs. 57 years), were more frequently nonwhite (39.6% vs. 26.3%), and were more frequently male (98.1% vs. 97.0%). A significantly greater proportion of HCV-infected patients had PCT, vitiligo, lichen planus, and cryoglobulinemia. There was a greater prevalence of membranoproliferative GN among patients with HCV but not membranous GN. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of thyroiditis, Sjogren's syndrome, or Hodgkin's or NHL. However, NHL became significant after age adjustment. Diabetes was more prevalent in controls than cases, but no statistically significant association was found after adjustment for age. In conclusion, we found a significant association between HCV infection and PCT, lichen planus, vitiligo, cryoglobulinemia, membranoproliferative GN, and NHL. Patients presenting with these disorders should be tested for HCV infection.
Explanations of Mathematical Concepts in Japanese, Chinese, and U.S. First-and Fifth-Grade Classrooms

In this research, I examine some of the classroom processes that may be responsible for the stellar mathematical performance among Asian children compared to U.S. children. The study documents diff...
Promoting i-Safety: Effects of Privacy Warnings and Privacy Seals on Risk Assessment and Online Privacy Behavior

Using social cognitive theory, this study experimentally examines the effects of explicit privacy warnings, a clear, conspicuous, and concise presentation of the benefits and risks associated with database information practices stated in a Web site’s privacy policy. Warnings increased perceptions of the risks associated with information practices and decreased disclosures, but not in the presence of a privacy seal. The effects were also moderated by consumer privacy self-efficacy and involvement with privacy. The results support the development of privacy warnings as a part of consumer privacy self-regulatory efforts and the use of a social cognitive paradigm for understanding consumer privacy behaviors.
An investigation into current measures of linguistic accuracy in second language writing research

Abstract This study begins by describing measures of linguistic accuracy in second language writing research. We first report on measures that have been used in the last ten years including holistic measures, error-free units, number of errors, number of specific error types, and measures that take error severity into account. We discuss differences in the measures used now vs. those reported on in Polio (1997) and conclude that interrater reliability and detailed coding guidelines are still underreported, making replication of studies very difficult. We then apply ten of these measures to the MSU data set to determine which are the most reliable and which best show change over time. The measures comprise holistic and error-free units as well as counts of specific error types. With the exception of counts of certain error types, we were able to obtain over .80 reliability on the measures though some of the measures were much easier to use than others. In addition, we attempted to determine whether or not these measures were measuring the same or different constructs by looking at correlations and change over time. Among the correlations, some were expected and some not. One conclusion was that weighted error-free units did not seem to differ from standard error-free units. Only the holistic measures and the number of preposition errors showed any change over time.
Historical, Socio-Cultural, and Conceptual Issues to Consider When Researching Mexican American Children and Families, and other Latino Subgroups

Para que el campo de la Psicologia en los Estados Unidos siga manteniendo su relevancia y validez, debe incluir en mayor medida, tanto en su teoria como en la investigacion practica, a las poblaciones hispanas, grupo que en la actualidad compone la "minoria" mas numerosa de la nacion. En concreto, debido a la inmigracion y las tasas de natalidad, los mexicano-estadounidenses son el segmento mas amplio y de mayor crecimiento dentro de la poblacion hispana. El presente articulo aborda algunos de los factores historicos y socio-culturales mas significativos en la naturaleza y bienestar psicologico de los mexicanoestadounidenses. Estos factores deben ser comprendidos y utilizados como guia en la investigacion y el desarrollo teorico para que la disciplina de psicologia incluya a la poblacion mexicano-estadounidense. Se emplea el concepto de mestizaje para explicar la mezcolanza biologica y cultural que da pie a la diversidad de origenes de la poblacion mejicana. Se describe la inmigracion a los EEUU en base a variables socioculturales selectivas que conforman una cultura mexicano-estadounidense diversa que se resiste a una total asimilacion. Dentro del contexto norteamericano, los constructos de estatus generacional, aculturacion y bi-culturalismo son utilizados para explicar la adaptacion socio-cultural de los mexicano-estadounidenses. Tambien se aborda el papel especial que desempenan los ninos de familias inmigrantes en cuanto al idioma y la cultura y su importancia en el proceso de adaptacion de las familias mexicano-estadounidenses.
Effects of Halides on Binding of Trace Concentrations of Mercury to Human Erythrocytes

Summary. Trace concentrations of mercury (in the range of 10--6 M) in the presence of 0.144 M-NaCl or NaBr bind to erythrocytes to a limited degree, whereas mercury in the presence of 0.144 M-NaI under similar conditions is completely bound by erythrocytes. The limited binding of mercury to erythrocytes in the presence of bromide and chloride is due to the presence of substances in the incubation fluid that bind mercury. Little of the mercury in iodide solution is bound by these extracellular substances, whereas most of the mercury in bromide and chloride solution is bound to these substances. The erythrocyte membrane appears to function like a dialysis membrane by permitting the unbound fraction (small mercury-halide complexes) to enter erythrocytes for intracellular binding while excluding the bound fraction of mercury (large molecules). The high concentration of binding substances in the erythrocytes results in binding of mercury that would not bind to dilute extracellular substances. Cellulose dialysis tubing mimics many of the properties of the erythrocyte system because of the presence of binding sites for mercury on the tubing. The data are best explained by the increasing affinity of chloride, bromide and iodide ions for mercury and the reciprocally related ease with which halides can be displaced from mercury-halide complexes to form ‘active’ positively charged mercury ions for binding to receptor sites. The factors demonstrated in this system may be relevant to the accumulation of other metals within cells.
Tyrosinase Activity (TH, DO, PAGE‐Defined Isozymes) and Melanin Production in Regenerating Hairbulb Melanocytes of Lethal Yellow (Ay/a), Black (a/a), Agouti (AwJ/AwJ) and Albino (a/a/c2J/c2J) Mice (C57BL/6J)

We compared tyrosinase activity (TH, DO, and native PAGE-defined isozymes) and melanin production in participate and soluble fractions of hairbulb melanocytes of lethal yellow (Ay/a C/C), nonagouti black (a/a C/C), and albino (a/a c2J/c2J) of 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-day regenerating hairbulbs. With respect to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopa oxidase (DO) activities, Ay/a melanocytes possessed only 25-35% of the activity of a/a; there were no genotype differences in either the subcellular distribution of activity in soluble and particulate fractions or in the relative increases of activity over the 12-day developmental period. TH data on wild-type agouti (AwJ/AwJ) mice over the 3-11 day regeneration interval showed an activity intermediate between that of a/a and Ay/a; the rate of TH increase reflected black and yellow phases of the agouti hair cycle. Analyses of the number and densities of dopa-sensitive bands following native PAGE of 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-day hairbulb fractions of a/a and Ay/a mice suggested stage-dependent patterns. A comparison of rates and amounts of melanin production in 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-day fractions showed consistent melanin production in Ay/a to be 10-20% that of a/a; however, fold increases in melanin production over the four stages were similar between genotypes. Overall, tyrosinase activity data support the notion that agouti locus modification of tyrosinase activity is a graded or quantitative rather than a qualitative phenomenon.
Finite size effects on aluminum/Teflon reaction channels under combustive environment: A Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus and transition state theory study of fluorination

The effect of particle size on combustion efficiency is an important factor in combustion research. Gas-phase aluminum clusters in oxidizing environment constitute a relatively simple and extensively studied system. In an attempt to underscore the correlation between electronic structure, finite size effect, and reactivity in small aluminum clusters, reactions between aluminum, [Al13]− cluster, and Teflon decomposition fragments were studied using theoretical calculations at the density functional theoretical level. The unimolecular rate constants calculated using transition state and Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus theory show that reactions with COF and CF2 species with aluminum are faster than those involving CF3 and COF2. The results show that the kinetic barriers along different exothermic reaction channels correlate with the trends in HOMO(R)−HOMO(TS) (HOMO denotes highest occupied molecular orbital) energy gap and related shifts of the HOMO levels of reactants. Overall reactions involving carbonyl fl...
Bilateral adrenalectomy induces early onset of summer fur growth in mink (Mustela vison)

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of bilateral adrenalectomy on the time at which growth of the summer pelage begins in mink. Bilateral adrenalectomy of adult female mink between 2 and 11 March 1991, supplemented with deoxycorticosterone (DOC) as a mineralocorticoid, resulted in the onset of the summer fur growth approximately 5 weeks earlier than the controls (P < 0.01). Mink with their adrenal glands intact and treated with DOC, exhibited summer fur growth 2 weeks earlier than the controls (P < 0.01). The duration of time between the first observed hair growth and attainment of maximal guard hair length, was approximately 10 days longer in mink with their adrenal glands intact and supplemented with DOC than the controls (P < 0.05). Adrenalectomized mink treated with DOC exhibited guard hair growth for approximately 13 days longer than controls (P < 0.05). Although exogenous DOC initiated hair growth, the rate of growth appeared to be reduced. These data suggest that adrenal hormones, of undetermined identity, exert a tonic inhibitory effect on the initiation of summer fur growth in mink and may be part of the mechanism through which changes in photoperiod regulate the onset of hair growth cycles.
Field ionization of excited states of potassium

We have studied the electric field ionization of excited states of K and have found that it is similar in its gross features to the field ionization of Na. However, there are clear differences which are particularly important for applications. We attribute the differences to the coupling of states of different $|{m}_{l}|$ in high electric fields by the spin-orbit interaction of the K $p$ states.
Thermodynamics of the randomly diluted Ising model on the honeycomb lattice

The thermodynamics of the site randomly diluted Ising model calculated in the quenched limit are studied. It is shown that in general the partition function of the quenched site randomly diluted Ising model can be obtained by a simple transformation from the partition function of the quenched site randomly diluted Ising model defined with decorated bonds between its random sites. This transformation is very useful as the decorated random systems yield easily and quite successfully to approximate methods. An approximation for the energy and specific heat of the quenched diluted Ising model on the honeycomb lattice is obtained by using this transformation in conjunction with an approximation for the partition function of the quenched decorated random system.
Muscle Chemistry and Force

In a recent article (Baker et al., 1999), we reported that the distribution of myosin orientational and biochemical states is independent of Pi-induced changes in the force of fully activated isometric muscle, despite observations that this distribution does vary with calcium-induced changes in the force of partially activated isometric muscle (Ostap et al., 1995; Baker et al., 1998; Brust-Mascher et al., 1999). We then showed that a simple chemical thermodynamic analysis directly explains these data and challenges the independent force generator model of muscle contraction.
Prototyping a 100G Monitoring System

The finalization of the 100 Gbps Ethernet Specification has been a tremendous increase in these rates arriving into data centers creating the need to perform security monitoring at 100 Gbps no longer simply an academic exercise. We show that by leveraging the 'heavy tail flow effect' on the IDS infrastructure, it is possible to perform security analysis at such speeds within the HPC environment. Additionally, we examine the nature of current traffic characteristics, how to scale an IDS infrastructure to 100Gbps.
Efficacy of immune sera from human immunoglobulin transgenic mice immunized with a peptide mimotope of Cryptococcus neoformans glucuronoxylomannan.

Abstract The efficacy of antibody mediated immunity against Cryptococcus neoformans has not been established experimentally for human antibodies. Our group has previously shown that immunization with a conjugate consisting of a peptide mimotope of the C. neoformans capsular polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan (GXM), P13, and diphtheria toxoid (P13-DT) prolonged survival of transgenic mice with human immunoglobulin loci, XenoMouse ® mice, which were challenged with a lethal dose of C. neoformans . In the study reported herein, we determined the efficacy of human antibodies in the sera of immunized XenoMouse ® mice against C. neoformans in passive transfer experiments in naive BALB/c mice. Survival studies were performed with sera from XenoMouse ® mice expressing human IgG2/kappa (G2/k mice) or IgG4/kappa (G4/k mice) that had been immunized with P13-tetanus toxoid (TT)/Alhydrogel with or without CpG, and G2/k mice that had been immunized with P13-DT/Alhydrogel/CpG or Alhydrogel/CpG, obtained on day 7 (early sera) and days 30 or 35–59 (late sera) after primary immunization. Compared to mice receiving sera from G2/k-PBS-treated mice, the survival of naive mice was prolonged by both early and late sera from G2/k-P13-DT/Alhydrogel/CpG-immunized mice, but only late sera from G2/k-P13-TT/Alhydrogel/CpG-immunized mice. Late, but not early sera from G2/k-Alhydrogel/CpG-immunized mice also prolonged survival. For all sera, prolongation of survival was associated with GXM-specific serum IgM. Sera from G2/k mice that received P13-TT without CpG, and all groups of G4/k mice had low to undetectable levels of antibody to GXM and were not protective. Our findings suggest that GXM-specific human IgM may be a functional mediator of protection against C. neoformans .
Quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence by substituted anthraquinones

Abstract We have used conventional and modified Stern-Volmer analysis to quantitate the chlorophyll fluorescence quenching abilities of substituted anthraquinones in barley chloroplasts. Anthraquinone molecules quench the singlet photoexcited state of light-harvesting chlorophyll (Chl ∗), and the reduction in the populations of Chl ∗ lowers the observed chlorophyll fluorescence intensity. As in earlier studies, two parameters characterize the quenching activity of a quinone: the fraction of chlorophyll fluorescence accessible to quinone, fa, and the Stern-Volmer quenching constant, KSV. The fluorescence data suggest that the hydrophilicity of anthraquinone substituents controls the fraction of chlorophyll fluorescence accessible to quinone. The dependence of fa on substituent hydrophilicity is quantified to determine the optimal degree of hydrophobic character for maximum affinity between quinone and thylakoid membrane. The magnitudes of the Stern-Volmer quenching constants are found to reflect the electronic characteristics of the anthraquinone substituents.
Fermentation of Corn Gluten Meal with Aspergillus oryzae and Rhizopus oligosporus

PER values determined for corn gluten meal (CGM) and CGM fermented with Aspergillus oryzae NRRL 1988 were not significantly different (P > 0.05) and both diets failed to meet maintenance requirements of rats. In order to characterize some of the changes that occur during fungal fermentation, CGM was also fermented for 4 days at 28°C with A. oryzae NRRL 1988 and NRRL 506 and Rhizopus oligosporus NRRL 2710 and NRRL 2549, respectively. Proteolytic activity, pH, and nitrogen content increased rapidly between 20 and 70 hr for all the fungi. Decreases in some amino acids were observed, possibly due to their catabolism by the molds. Lysine as a proportion of total essential amino acids released by pepsin and pancreatin in vitro was increased as a result of these fungal fermentations.
Minimum-time control of systems with Coulomb friction: near global optima via mixed integer linear programming

This work presents a method of finding near global optima to minimum-time trajectory generation problem for systems that would be linear if it were not for the presence of Coloumb friction. The required final state of the system is assumed to be maintainable by the system, and the input bounds are assumed to be large enough so that they can overcome the maximum static Coloumb friction force. Other than the previous work for generating minimum-time trajectories for non redundant robotic manipulators for which the path in joint space is already specified, this work represents, to the best of the authors' knowledge, the first approach for generating near global optima for minimum-time problems involving a nonlinear class of dynamic systems. The reason the optima generated are near global optima instead of exactly global optima is due to a discrete-time approximation of the system (which is usually used anyway to simulate such a system numerically). The method closely resembles previous methods for generating minimum-time trajectories for linear systems, where the core operation is the solution of a Phase I linear programming problem. For the nonlinear systems considered herein, the core operation is instead the solution of a mixed integer linear programming problem.
God and Man in the Law: The Foundations of Anglo-American Constitutionalism

In a wide-ranging study based on legal history, political theory, and philosophical ideas going all the way back to Plato and Roman law, Robert Clinton challenges current faith in an activist judiciary. Claiming that a human-centered Constitution leads to government by reductive moral theory and illegitimate judicial review, he advocates a return to traditional jurisprudence and a God-centered Constitution grounded in English common law and its precedents.
Annealing of ion-implanted silicon-on-insulator films using a scanned graphite strip heater

Abstract Solid phase and liquid phase incoherent radiation annealing of boron- or phosphorus-implanted silicon-on-oxide films using a scanning graphite strip heater has been examined. Excellent electrical activation with little dopant redistribution is observed for solid phase transient annealing. The silicon films are uniformly doped on liquid phase annealing. An absence of zone-refining effects during liquid phase annealing is observed and is attributable to the high scan velocities employed during the annealing process.
A comparison of zero-order, first-order, and monod biotransformation models

Under some conditions, a first-order kinetic model is a poor representation of biodegradation in contaminated aquifers. Although it is well known that the assumption of first-order kinetics is valid only when substrate concentration, S, is much less than the half-saturation constant, K{sub S}, this assumption is often made without verification of this condition. The authors present a formal error analysis showing that the relative error in the first-order approximation is S/K{sub S} and in the zero-order approximation the error is K{sub S}/S. They then examine the problems that arise when the first-order approximation is used outside the range for which it is valid. A series of numerical simulations comparing results of first- and zero-order rate approximations to Monod kinetics for a real data set illustrates that if concentrations observed in the field are higher than K{sub S}, it may be better to model degradation using a zero-order rate expression. Compared with Monod kinetics, extrapolation of a first-order rate to lower concentrations under-predicts the biotransformation potential, while extrapolation to higher concentrations may grossly over-predict the transformation rate. A summary of solubilities and Monod parameters for aerobic benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) degradation shows that the a priori assumption of first-order degradationmore » kinetics at sites contaminated with these compounds is not valid. In particular, out of six published values of K{sub S} for toluene, only one is greater than 2 mg/L, indicating that when toluene is present in concentrations greater than about a part per million, the assumption of first-order kinetics may be invalid. Finally, the authors apply an existing analytical solution for steady-state one-dimensional advective transport with Monod degradation kinetics to a field data set.« less
Advances in the understanding of the Fanconi anemia tumor suppressor pathway

Extremely high cancer incidence in Fanconi anemia (FA) patients has long suggested that the FA signaling pathway is a tumor suppressor pathway. Indeed, our recent findings, for the first time, indicate that the FA pathway plays a significant role in suppressing the development of non-FA human cancer. Also our studies on FA group D2 protein (FANCD2) have, among the first, documented the crosstalks between the FA and Rad6/Rad18 (HHR6) pathways upon DNA damage. In this review, we will discuss how our studies enhance the understanding of the FA tumor suppressor pathway.
Changing attitudes and patterns of behavior among emerging physicians.

In an attempt to identify emergent trends in the value systems of graduating medical students, questionnaires investigating sexual, religious, and political attitudes and behavior as well as students' drug use, prejudices, attitudes toward the American Medical Association, and several social issues were sent to the graduating classes of Columbia (1968) and Yale (1970). Although physicians are frequently seen as the repositories of the morals of the nation, these graduating physicians had views quite distinct from the more traditionalistic views generally ascribed to physicians.
Quenching of thymidylate synthetase fluorescence by substrate analogs.

Abstract Quenching of fluorescence occurs when Lactobacillus casei thymidylate synthetase is titrated with fluorodeoxyuridylate in the presence of 1-L-methylenetetrahydrofolate to form a ternary complex. Neither fluorodeoxyuridylate nor 1-L-methylenetetrahydrofolate added singly has any effect on enzyme fluorescence but d-L-methylenetetrahydrofolate alone causes quenching. Thus ternary complex formation and interaction with d-L-methylenetetrahydrofolate alter the environment of tryptophan residues in thymidylate synthetase in a similar manner.
Flavokawain B, a Kava Chalcone, Induces Apoptosis in Synovial Sarcoma Cell Lines

Synovial sarcomas (SS) are soft tissue sarcomas with poor prognosis, displaying a lack of response to conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy. Although SS cell lines have moderate chemosensitivity to isofamide and doxorubicin therapy, the clinical prognosis is still poor. In this article, we showed that flavokawain B (FKB), a novel chalcone from kava extract, potently inhibits the growth of SS cell lines SYO-I and HS-SY-II through induction of apoptosis. Treatment with FKB increased caspase 8, 9, and 3/7 activity compared to vehicle-treated controls, indicating that both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways were activated. Furthermore, FKB treatment of both cell lines resulted in increased mRNA and protein expression of death receptor-5 and the mitochondrial pro-apoptotic proteins Bim and Puma, while down-regulating the expression of an inhibitor of apoptosis, survivin in a dose-dependent manner. Our results suggest the natural compound FKB has a pro-apoptotic effect on SS cell lines. FKB may be a new chemotherapeutic strategy for patients with SS and deserves further investigation as a potential agent in the treatment of this malignancy.
The musculoskeletal loading profile of the thumb during pipetting based on tendon displacement

Strong evidence indicates that highly repetitive manual work is associated with the development of upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). One of the occupational activities that involves highly repetitive and forceful hand work is manual pipetting in chemical or biological laboratories. In the current study, we quantified tendon displacement as a parameter to assess the cumulative loading exposure of the musculoskeletal system in the thumb during pipetting. The maximal tendon displacement was found in the flexor pollicis longus (FPL) tendon. Assuming that subjects' pipetting rates were maintained constant during a period of 1 h, the average accumulated tendon displacement in the FPL reached 29 m, which is in the lower range of those observed in other occupational activities, such as typing and nail gun operations. Our results showed that tendon displacement data contain relatively small standard deviations, despite high variances in thumb kinematics, suggesting that the tendon displacements may be useful in evaluating the musculoskeletal loading profile.
Collagen breakdown in relation to tooth eruption and resorption in the dog.

Abstract Evidence for collagen breakdown was sought in the dental sac and gubernaculum of the second, third and fourth permanent premolars and in the roots and pulp of the second deciduous premolar of 18 to 21-week-old beagle puppies. At this time, processes of tooth shedding and eruption are most rapid. All structures contained enzyme activity which digested collagen in the presence of calcium ions. This activity is believed to be due to collagenase. The activity was negligible in pulp, high in resorbing roots, moderate in all regions of the dental sac and gubernaculum at 20 weeks, and high in these latter structures at 21 weeks. A second proteolytic activity released collagen breakdown products in the absence of calcium ions; this is thought to be a nonspecific action on denatured or partly-degraded collagen. The dental sac and gubernaculum contained large amounts (25 per cent) of collagen susceptible to trypsin. This is believed to represent collagen which has been partly degraded but not yet released from the collagen fibres. These same structures contained 6–9 per cent of salt-soluble collagen and the resorbing roots contained 25 per cent soluble collagen. These soluble forms are believed to reflect extensive and rapid breakdown of collagen.
Managing Case Discussions in Introductory Business Statistics Classes: Practical Approaches for Instructors

Case discussions have become an integral component of our business statistics courses. We have discovered that case discussion adds enormous benefits to the classroom and learning experience of our students even in a quantitatively based course like statistics. As we read about discussion-based methods, we discovered that the literature is mostly silent about the specific challenges of case teaching in statistics courses. This article is an attempt to fill that void. It provides a “how-to” starter’s guide for those interested in incorporating case discussions in statistics courses. It includes resources for background reading, tips on setting up a statistics case discussion course, and examples of four specific case discussions involving statistics topics. An illustrative case and instructor’s notes that can be used on the first day of class are provided as well. Because we have had mixed reactions to conducting case discussions online, we believe that the use of case discussion in distance education stat...
How trust and credibility affect technology-based development projects

Information and communication technology for development (ICTD) involves using information and communication technologies (ICTs) to improve the well-being of people in resource-constrained environments. Because ICTD projects involve crafting technical information and the ICTs that convey it, ICTD involves challenges familiar to technical communicators, such as balancing stakeholder interests and building credibility necessary to influence stakeholders. This article presents how trust and credibility affect ICTD projects, describing implications for development contexts and for distributed work environments.
A Validation Study of the Dimensions of Perceived Quality of Training in Instructor-Led Training Venues

ABSTRACT To assess the validity of a study that identified six dimensions of perceived training quality in instructor-led training settings, 207 restaurant trainees from two food and beverage classes completed the survey instrument developed in the original research. Factor analysis of the new data also produced six training quality determinants; five were in common with the research being evaluated. The six factors revealed in the current study were credibility, organization, courtesy, relevance, interactivity, and climate.
The effects of gender, ability, and grade on analogy performance☆

Abstract We investigated the effects of domain-specific and strategic knowledge on analogy performance for 128 gifted and nongifted sixth grade and high-school students. A cognitive battery consisted of a figural analogy measure, a human biology multiple-choice test, and a human biology analogy task. On the basis of these tasks, we determined that males and females were comparable on all dependent measures, except on A:B::C:? analogy problems in which all terms were drawn from human biology. Further, gifted students consistently outperformed their nongifted peers on all cognitive tasks. There were also significant main effects for grade on all criterion measures with the exception of the addition/deletion items on the strategic knowledge test. Implications of these findings for assessment and instruction of strategic and domain-specific knowledge are offered.