cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Equatorial plasma bubbles: Variations of occurrence and spatial scale in local time, longitude, season, and solar activity

We examine the location and structure of equatorial topside depletions referred to here as equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs). The Coupled Ion Neutral Dynamics Investigation (CINDI) Ion Velocity Meter (IVM) instrument onboard the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) is used to measure the ion density from August 2008 to December 2014, a time period in which solar activity transitioned from solar minimum conditions to more moderate solar activity conditions. EPB data is divided into four longitude sectors to determine seasonal and solar cycle variability. In the early phase of the mission, during solar minimum, EPBs occur late in local time, primarily after midnight in all longitude sectors. In the later phase of the mission EPB occurrence after midnight diminishes in all seasons and longitude sectors with the exception of the sector extending from −15∘ to 60∘. An examination of the widths of bubbles indicates that all longitudes show similar distributions between 115 km and 460 km with a prominent peak near 200 km. Among these widths is a distinct width that belongs to discrete individual bubbles with no sub-structure. We suggest that many bubbles are actually combinations of these individual bubbles, however in the later phase of the mission there is a population of bubbles that do not conform to this description; perhaps due to the influence of large-scale plasma motions affecting the background density in which they are embedded.
Visualizing Student Navigation of Geologic Block Diagrams

Spatial thinking is defined by Uttal et al. (Psychological Bulletin 139:352–402, 2013) as, “the mental processes of representing, analyzing, and drawing inferences from spatial relations…between objects…or…within objects” (p. 367). There are many spatial skills, and different disciplines and fields have varying names and definitions for them.
Nonunions of the Proximal Femur

Nonunions of the proximal femur may be severely disabling when they occur in active individuals [1, 2], although elderly people may live reasonably normal lives with nonunions of the upper extremity long bones (e.g., clavicle, humerus, and forearm). Femoral nonunions, however, are more frequently painful and may preclude weightbearing on the affected extremity. If, however, pain is minimal or nonexistent and occurring within a nonambulatory individual, nonoperative management is the treatment of choice.
CNN Driven Sparse Multi-level B-Spline Image Registration

Traditional single-grid and pyramidal B-spline parameterizations used in deformable image registration require users to specify control point spacing configurations capable of accurately capturing both global and complex local deformations. In many cases, such grid configurations are non-obvious and largely selected based on user experience. Recent regularization methods imposing sparsity upon the B-spline coefficients throughout simultaneous multi-grid optimization, however, have provided a promising means of determining suitable configurations automatically. Unfortunately, imposing sparsity on over-parameterized B-spline models is computationally expensive and introduces additional difficulties such as undesirable local minima in the B-spline coefficient optimization process. To overcome these difficulties in determining B-spline grid configurations, this paper investigates the use of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to learn and infer expressive sparse multi-grid configurations prior to B-spline coefficient optimization. Experimental results show that multi-grid configurations produced in this fashion using our CNN based approach provide registration quality comparable to L1-norm constrained over-parameterizations in terms of exactness, while exhibiting significantly reduced computational requirements.
Efficacy of FDG PET/CT in patients with recurrent pancreatic cancer

1836 Objectives To assess the efficacy of 18F-FDG PET/CT in patients with history of pancreatic cancer resection with indeterminate findings on follow up CE-CT. Methods A retrospective analysis of all the patients who underwent clinical CE-CT at our institution (2005-2009) as a follow up or with clinical suspicion of recurrent disease. An 18F-FDG PET/CT performed subsequently to further evaluate indeterminate findings on CE-CT. Follow up included tissue sampling, radiological imaging or death within 90 days of the FDG PET/CT. Clinical data including radiological reports were utilized to assess for presence or absence of disease. Results 34 studies (n=31) were performed. 5 studies (n = 5) were excluded due to lack of follow up (n = 3) and IPMN (n= 2). In total, 31 (n =28) FDG PET/CT were performed due to indeterminate findings on CE-CT. Histopathology was adenocarcinoma in all 26 patients. Whipple’s procedure was performed in 22 patients and distal pancreactomy in remaining 6 patients. Average time between surgery and CE-CT was 18 months (range 2-64 months) and 16 days (range 1-49) between CE-CT and follow up FDG PET. 15 FDG PET/CT were positive for local recurrence (n=15). Follow up was positive for local recurrence in 11 patients (1 biopsy, 1 paracentesis, 9 CT). 16 studies for negative for local recurrence and follow up didn’t reveal any local disease. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value for local disease is as follows, 100%, 80%, 73% and 100%. Metastatic disease was seen in 14 studies (n =14), with follow up showing disease presence in 13 patients and in one patient follow up didn’t reveal any disease. Tissue sampling was performed in two patients, while remaining had repeat imaging with CE-CT, MRI and PET/CT. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value for metastatic disease is as follows, 72%, 92%, 93% and 71%. Conclusions 18-FDG PET/CT can contribute significantly to the management of patients with suspicion of recurrent pancreatic cancer
Altered nuclear localization of bax protein in BCNU-resistant glioma cells.

To investigate the role of apoptosis suppression in glioma chemotherapy resistance, protein levels and subcellular localization of bcl-2 family members were investigated in 2 pairs of sensitive cell lines and their in vitro generated resistant derivatives. The alkylating agent, 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU), induced apoptosis in both sensitive cell strains and apoptosis was suppressed in both resistant derivatives. Both resistant cell lines contained altered regulation of a bcl-2 related protein consistent with the suppression of apoptosis. Independent of which bcl-2 family member was dysregulated, resistance was associated with altered regulation in the subcellular localization of bax protein. Following BCNU treatment, bax accumulated in nucleoli and a nuclei containing fraction of sensitive cells but not their resistant derivatives. Nuclear accumulation was an early event in apotosis induction. These data indicates altered subcellular localization of bax may play a role in resistance. In addition, the association between an early, nucleolar localization of bax and the induction of apoptosis suggests that localization of bax to nucleoli may play a role in apoptosis-induction of glioma cells.
Inhibition of Postinfarction Ventricular Remodeling by High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Glycol

Abstract Background Myocardial infarction (MI) is a major etiology for the development of heart failure. We have previously shown that high molecular weight polyethylene glycol (PEG) can protect cardiac myocytes from hypoxia-reoxygenation injury in vitro. In this study, we investigated the potential protective effects of 15-20 kD PEG postinfarction without reperfusion. Methods One milliliter of PEG 15-20 was delivered intravenously following permanent left anterior descending ligation in adult male rats with phosphate buffer saline (PBS) as control (n = 9 in each group). Echocardiography was performed at baseline and at 8 wk post-MI. Left ventricles (LVs) were harvested to quantify fibrosis, apoptosis, cell survival signaling, regulation of β-adrenergic signaling, and caveolin (Cav) expression. Results The PEG group had significant recovery of LV function at 8 wk compared with the PBS group. There was less LV fibrosis in both the infarct and remote territory. Cell survival signaling was upregulated in the PEG group with increased Akt and ERK phosphorylation. PEG inhibited apoptosis as measured by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase [TdT]-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling positive nuclei and caspase-3 activity. There was maintenance of Cav-1, Cav-2, and Cav-3 expression following PEG treatment versus a decline in the PBS group. Negative regulators of β-adrenergic signaling, G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2, and β-arrestin 1 and 2 were all upregulated in PBS-treated samples compared to normal control; however, PEG treatment led to decreased expression. Conclusions These data suggest that PEG 15-20 may have significant protective effects post-MI even in the setting of no acute reperfusion. Upregulation of Cav expression appears to be a key mechanism for the beneficial effects of PEG on ventricular remodeling and function.
Microwave plasma enhancement of multiphase flames: On-demand control of solid propellant burning rate

Abstract This effort explores the microwave-supported plasma enhancement of an aluminized, ammonium perchlorate composite solid propellant flame. The technique is enabled through novel alkali metal doping, which provides increased levels of ionization and allows efficient microwave energy deposition to the flame structure and subsequent perturbation of the steady-state propellant burning rate. Three potential modes of energy deposition are identified in composite propellants: (1) plasma-enhancement promoted by the presence of sodium, (2) strong absorption by high temperature metallic oxide products, and (3) direct absorption of energy by the propellant burning surface condensed phase. Equilibrium calculations are used to identify propellant compositions with high free-electron populations, and solution of the Boltzmann equation using the BOLSIG + code is used to show the significant effects of sodium doping on microwave absorption of the flame. Experimental emission spectroscopy and imaging of the microwave-enhanced propellant flame structure show evidence of these mechanisms. Propellant burning rates can be increased by up to 60% through the application of 1 kW, continuous 2.46 GHz microwave radiation. Propellant doping with 3.5% by weight of sodium nitrate shows significant improvement in the effectiveness of microwave application in modifying the propellant burning rate. This technique provides high levels of dynamic propellant combustion control from a solid-state system. The on-demand control of energetic material burning rates through low level doping and microwave irradiation is a promising technique which could lead to the development of a new class of ‘smart’ dynamically controllable energetic materials.
Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of ALD Grown TiO2 Films by Thermally Managed Z-scan Method

Thermally managed Z-scan performed on ALD grown TiO2 films demonstrated n2 values of 1.7×10−11 and 1.94 × 10−10cm2/W for films grown at 100°C and 250°C, respectively – greater than 1000X that of other growth methods.
Standing-wave and traveling-wave thermoacoustics in solid media

Thermoacoustics is a multi-physics process in which heat and mechanical power (associated with waves) can be converted into one other. This process has been exploited to design different types of modern-day energy conversion devices, such as thermoacoustic engines (TAE) and refrigerators (Swift, 1988), since the first experimental assessment of the phenomenon by Soundhauss (1850) in the glass blowing process. To date, all the thermoacoustic devices are fluid-based, using mostly air or Helium as the working medium. Our study explores for the first time the possibility of achieving thermoacoustic energy conversion in solid media, by laying out the fundamental theory and showing numerical evidence of the existence of both standing and traveling thermoacoustic waves in solids. Consistent with established results for fluid-based TAEs, the growth-rate-to-frequency ratio of traveling waves in solids is found to be significantly higher than that of standing waves. While sold-state thermoacoustics (SSTA) share some commonalities with their fluid counterpart, some important and noteworthy distinctions are present. For example, solids have the potential to be highly engineered (e.g., metamaterials), with their properties tuned to enhance thermoacoustic energy conversions. The theoretical investigation of this mechanism may motivate novel ideas designing a new generations of ultra-compact, highly efficient thermoacoustic devices.
Generation of liposomes using a supercritical carbon dioxide eductor vacuum system: Optimization of process variables

Abstract Supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) was used to produce liposomes without the aid of any organic solvent. The rapid expansion of supercritical solvent (RESS) strategy and Bernoulli’s principle was utilized to introduce cargo solution into a eductor nozzle system to generate liposomes. The pressure of SC-CO2 and cargo flow rate in the ranges of 12.4 MPa (1800 psig)-17.2 MPa (2500 psig) and 2.2 mL/s-5 mL/s, respectively, were used and the nozzle was positioned at three different levels in the eductor, to investigate their effects on the characteristics of liposomes. The liposomes’ sizes became uniform when the pressure was increased from 12.4 MPa to 17.2 MPa. The maximum encapsulation efficiency (EE) was 44% when the nozzle was positioned at the vena contracta right before the beginning of cargo introduction point in the eductor, with cargo solution flow rate of 2.2 mL/s, and the pressure and temperature of 17.2 MPa and 60 °C, respectively. Mixing of the two fluid streams in the eductor nozzle was simulated using Finite Volume Method (FVM). It was found that the mixing was most efficient when the nozzle was positioned right before the beginning of cargo introduction point. The developed system offers an attractive alternative for green generation and use of liposomes in food and biomedical applications.
Modern Hospitals, Airports, Surgeons, and Pilots: What Do They Have in Common?

Performing complex surgery or being a successful and safe clinician is much like flying a plane. Both take an enormous amount of training, which at times can be grueling. Surgery itself can be dangerous and time-pressured, and while much of it depends on surgical decision-making and the technical skills of the surgeon, other factors and nontechnical elements contribute to the success of an operation. While surgeons and pilots also undergo extensive training, they are required to use a skill that is difficult to quantify, that of situational awareness. Because of the critical nature of these two positions, they are very similar in many ways. The institutions within which they operate are also similarly complex; however, they differ greatly in their effectiveness of communication and efficiency. This chapter explores how hospitals can learn from airports.
Going beyond polaronic theories in describing charge transport in rubrene single crystals

We show that the charge transport properties of single crystals of rubrene can be well described without using polaron theories along the two high-mobility axes. The charge carriers can be considered as holes with coupling to the lattice but not to the degree, which requires the use of polaron theories. It is possible to use the Boltzmann Transport Equation (BTE) in the relaxation time approximation (RTA) to evaluate mobilities due to various scattering mechanisms after introducing a transport reduction factor ( P TRF). P TRF takes into account the fraction of charge carriers, which have path lengths that are larger than the lattice constant, and permits the use of the BTE in the RTA even when the magnitude of the overall mobility is lower than the value typically required for the use of the BTE. We are then able to calculate mobilities due to various scattering mechanisms. We calculate the effective electron–phonon coupling constant from the published values for various phonon modes. The values of the effective mass from calculations and measurements reported in the literature vary slightly; we assume an intermediate value for the effective mass. With no fitting parameters needed for calculating temperature-dependent mobilities for trap-free crystals, we are able to get excellent agreement with the measured values along the two high-mobility crystallographic directions. In samples, with some trapping, a small density of exponentially distributed trap states is assumed and gives a very good fit to the measured data. Our work provides strong evidence that it is not necessary to invoke polaronic effects to understand charge transport in rubrene crystals.
3D Travel Comparison Study between Multi-Touch and GamePad

This study explored interactions between users and a 3D virtual world using a multi-touch display and sought to identify the advantages of this form of interaction. An experiment was conducted with...
ICT Self-Efficacy: Gender and Socioeconomic Influences Among First-Year Students

Colleges and universities in the US have integrated Information and Communication Technology (ICT) into almost all disciplines, curricula, and activities, hoping both to prepare students for future careers and to engage so-called “digital natives”. Despite the ubiquity of ICT and higher education’s integration of these technologies, studies show incoming students often fall short in their ICT skills. The purpose of this study is to extend prior research to explore the ICT exposure, use, and access factors that influence students’ ICT self-efficacy, and to identify any gender- or income-based group differences. Using a two-year sample of incoming first-year students at a public research university in the United States, the study shows significant relationships between ICT access, prior academic exposure, and Internet use on perceptions of ICT skills. The study also finds students are confident in many ICT skills, though student self-efficacy in their content creation skills was limited. While parental income was not found to be a significant factor, some gender differences in ICT self-efficacy continue to exist. The findings, along with movement in higher education towards distributed and electronic learning, suggest that it is important for universities to emphasize and integrate digital content creation into courses and curricula.
Ethical Issues in Providing End-of-Life Cancer Care for Transitional-Aged Youth

The aim of the study is to examine the salient ethical factors that arise in caring for transitional-aged cancer patients at the end of life (EOL). This article reviews significant clinical, ethical, and legal considerations relevant to psychologists working in oncology. Transitional-aged youth (TAY, ages 16–24) with cancer face a number of challenges when navigating treatment options at the EOL. Changes in treatment roadmaps, lapses in effective provider–patient communication, disagreements with parents, and developmental and disease-based changes in capacity all become salient in palliative care. Psychologists should be aware that both physician and patient factors influence the types of treatments proposed as well as the extent of EOL discussions. Psychologists are urged to bear in mind the ethical principles of respect for people’s rights and dignity and nonmaleficence to best aid families and multidisciplinary teams navigate this difficult time and promote quality of life and the patient’s wishes.
Use of the Physical Abilities and Mobility Scale (PAMS) in Children Receiving Inpatient Rehabilitation for Spinal Cord Related Paralysis.

Objectives: To investigate the performance of the Physical Abilities and Mobility Scale (PAMS) in children receiving inpatient rehabilitation for paralysis related to spinal cord disease and injury...
Association between circulating Galectin-3 and arterial stiffness in older adults.

Summary: Background: Galectin-3 (gal-3) is a β-galactoside-binding lectin associated tissue fibrosis and inflammation. There is limited understanding of the relationship between gal-3 and vascular ...
Disseminated Histoplasmosis and Secondary Hemophagocytic Syndrome in a Non-HIV Patient

Histoplasma duboisii, a variant of Histoplasma capsulatum that causes “African histoplasmosis,” can be resistant to itraconazole, requiring intravenous amphotericin B treatment. Rarely, these patients do not respond to intravenous antifungal therapy, and in such cases, patients may progress to develop secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). We present a case of a 34-year-old male patient with sickle cell disease who presented with a 5-month history of an enlarging painless axillary mass, persistent low grade fevers, night sweats, weight loss, and anorexia. An excisional biopsy of the right axillary lymph node revealed yeast and granulomas consistent with histoplasma infection. He was started on oral itraconazole. After 4 weeks of therapy, laboratory evaluation revealed worsening anemia, thrombocytopenia, and transaminitis. Due to failure of oral therapy, he was admitted for intravenous amphotericin B treatment. During his hospital course anemia, thrombocytopenia, and transaminitis all worsened. A bone marrow biopsy was done that was consistent with HLH. His clinical status continued to deteriorate, developing multiorgan failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation. He unfortunately had a cardiorespiratory arrest after eight days of admission and passed away.
Phosphorylation of an Endogenous Membrane Protein by an Endogenous, Membrane-associated Cyclic Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate-dependent Protein Kinase in Human Erythrocyte Ghosts

Abstract An endogenous adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase that catalyzes the phosphorylation of an endogenous protein in extensively washed human erythrocyte ghosts has been studied. This system is unique in that it has been possible to determine many of the properties of this membrane-associated enzyme using its endogenous protein substrate instead of an added exogenous phosphate acceptor such as histone. In the presence of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and [γ-32P]ATP maximum incorporation of 32P]phosphate was observed at pH 6.5. The concentration of cyclic AMP that gave one-half maximal stimulation was 0.23 µm. Other cyclic nucleotides would maximally stimulate [32P]phosphate incorporation but at much higher concentrations. The nucleoside triphosphates, GTP, UTP, and CTP, reduced the amount of [32P]phosphate incorporated from [γ-32P]ATP in the presence of cyclic AMP and in its absence. The divalent cation, Mg2+, was required for activity, and in the presence of Ca2+ the enzyme was strongly inhibited. A cyclic AMP-binding protein also was present in extensively washed human erythrocyte ghosts. In the presence of Mg2+ the apparent dissociation constant for cyclic AMP was 3.3 nm. Fractionation of 32P-labeled human erythrocyte ghosts revealed that cyclic AMP stimulated incorporation into the protein fraction. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of solubilized 32P-labeled human erythrocyte ghosts showed that the phosphorylation of one or two classes of proteins was specifically increased in the presence of cyclic AMP.
The Molecular Biology of Brain Metastasis

An understanding of the molecular biology of brain metastasis development is critical to the development of new preventatives and therapeutics. Our current understanding is largely based on functional validation studies of candidate genes in animal models. These candidates were either identified by genomic profiling of clinical specimens or brain-tropic cell lines, or were suspected factors in key steps of the brain metastatic process. This chapter provides a summary of current in vivo brain metastasis models, explores the key steps of brain metastasis development and discusses the experimental evidence that links various genes functionally to brain metastatic progression. Animal models have been developed for lung and breast carcinoma, and melanoma metastasis to the brain. Most commonly these models involve hematogenous metastasis from carotid artery or left cardiac ventricle injection, but implantation and spontaneous animal models have also been reported. The steps involved in brain metastatic spread include extravasation from the brain vasculature, tumor cell dormancy, and outgrowth in the brain microenvironment. The brain parenchyma is altered by a potent neuroinflammatory response, involving activated microglia and astrocytes that accompanies brain metastasis development both clinically and in animal models. Alterations in the expression levels of individual genes have demonstrated functional roles in brain metastasis development in animal models. This includes genes driving metastatic spread in general, for which functions in brain metastatic spread have been demonstrated, as well as those who appear to have brain metastasis specific roles. Genes involved in cell signaling, angiogenesis, microenvironment modulation, cell adhesion and invasion as well as multiple transcription factors are discussed.
Natural Resources in Latin America: Neither Curse Nor Blessing

We review the methodological innovations and findings from an ongoing research program that reevaluates the resource curse hypothesis on a global scale using a time-series and counterfactually-driven approach to the data (Haber and Menaldo 2010). While we do not find any evidence that increases in natural resource reliance undermine democracy or prevent democratization, some of our results suggest a resource blessing. We also explore why our findings diverge from conventional wisdom, offering both methodological and theoretical reasons why the resource curse theory and its supporting evidence is flawed. Finally, we also undertake a reevaluation of the evidence for a resource blessing in Latin America along the lines pursued in our general research program. Contradicting extant work on this topic, our findings suggest that natural resources are neither a curse nor blessing in Latin America.
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE, OBESITY AND GROWTH IN MICE

The hypothesis developed from single-gene mutant obese rodents that brown adipose tissue (BAT), through its thermogenic ability, is an important factor in the development of obesity, was tested in a randombred population of mice in which degree of adiposity is polygenically determined. Additive direct genetic parameters for measures of body size, lean, fatness and BAT at 6 wk of age were estimated under control and high-fat postweaning dietary regimens. Heritabilities were generally similar for the two diets. However, the lipid-free dry (LFD) component of BAT had a heritability estimate of 0.70 ± 0.26 on the control diet, but only 0.09 ± 0.20 on the high-fat diet. For all traits, genotype by diet interactions indicated that additive direct genetic rankings were not significantly different for the two diets. Based on estimates of genetic parameters in the control diet, selection for 6-wk body weight or 3- to 6-wk gain is expected to increase body size and adiposity. Selection for BAT weight is predicted to result in large, lean individuals. However, selection for the LFD content of BAT, generally believed to be a better indicator of thermogenic ability, is predicted to increase fatness as well as body size. Selection for LFD as a proportion of 6-wk body weight reduced the expected correlated response in fatness. It was concluded that BAT does not play a major role in determining the correlated response in obesity that is often found in populations selected for large body size.
China's Century: Fast Forward with Historical Baggage

Private Life under Socialism: Love, Intimacy, and Family Change in. Chinese Village 1949–1999. Yan Yunxiang. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003. 289 pp. Only Hope: Coming of Age under China's One-Child Policy. Vanessa Fong. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004. 242 pp. On the Move: Women in Rural-to-Urban Migration in Contemporary China. Arianne M. Gaetano and Tamara Jacka, eds. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004. 355 pp.
From Taylor state to model-Z

Abstract A geodynamo model is studied of so-called “intermediate type”, in which the dynamical effects of the Lorentz force in generating meridional circulation, magnetic wind, and geostrophic flow are included, but in which the α-effect and the thermal wind are regarded as given. The core is supposed to be coupled weakly to the mantle through viscosity. The resulting nonlinear αω-dynamo was integrated for a range of different α-strengths, with a fixed thermal wind and for two different strengths of core-mantle coupling. Three regimes of behavior were isolated. For large α-effect, the geostrophic motion dominates the core flow, leading to solutions of model-Z form (Braginsky, 1975), For small α, the thermal wind is large compared with the magnetic wind and the geostrophic flow; the meridional motions are small. The dynamo here conforms more to Taylor's (1963) concept, according to which core-mantle coupling is unimportant; the solution for the two strengths of viscous coupling are almost the same. In this...
The Cataloging of E-Book Readers: A Service Model-Oriented Approach

ABSTRACT The popularity of e-book readers has exploded over the past several years, and many libraries have begun purchasing and providing access to these devices for their patrons. A large body of academic literature addresses the popularity of e-book readers and the issues involved with purchasing them and licensing material for them, but there is a relatively slim body of literature regarding the cataloging of e-book readers. At present, there is no uniform approach to cataloging e-book readers and libraries are currently employing a number of different methods. This article will describe the approach to cataloging e-book readers adopted at the Z. Smith Reynolds Library of Wake Forest University, which is based on the local service model for e-readers that takes into account how patrons are expected to use the devices as well as licensing concerns about the use of titles on e-readers. In order to make the devices discoverable for patrons with a minimum of confusion, certain unusual cataloging practices are employed (such as coding e-readers as “realia” but giving them a general material designation (GMD) of “electronic resource”). This article argues that the RDA code should accommodate e-book readers by creating carrier types that accurately describe these devices in a way that patrons can understand.
MRI findings of primary small-cell carcinoma of kidney

We report the MRI findings of primary small-cell carcinoma of the kidney (PSCCK) in a 59-year-old female. This tumor appeared as a 16-cm mass that arose from the right kidney. This lesion had diminished signal on T1-weighted images and heterogeneous mixed signal on T2-weighted images. The tumor primarily involved the renal medulla with persistent thin renal cortex. Despite the tumors' large size, no substantial central necrosis was present. The predominant medullary location and the lack of central necrosis in this large tumor were features unusual for renal cell carcinoma and should raise the suspicion of another malignancy, the differential diagnosis of which should contain extrapulmonary small-cell carcinoma of the kidney.
Rapid climatic change and the deep ocean

A simple transient two-dimensional (latitude-depth) upwelling-diffusion ocean model coupled with an energy balance climate model is used to determine the surface temperature response to changes in the deep water formation rate. The changes in surface temperature are large and rapid with a large magnification at high latitudes, suggesting that rapid climate changes during the Glacial-Holocene transition could have been the result of variations in the rate of deep water formation. If this is true, the mechanism is essentially transient in nature and cannot be predicted using steady state models.
Observation of a new nonfluorescent malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde-protein adduct by 13C NMR spectroscopy.

It has been shown that malondialdehyde (MDA) and acetaldehyde react with proteins via the e-amino group of a lysine residue to yield hybrid MDA−acetaldehyde (MAA)−protein adducts. The structure of one MAA adduct has been confirmed to be 4-methyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarbaldehyde (3). In this study, 13C NMR spectroscopy was used to identify the structure of a second MAA adduct as 2-formyl-3-(alkylamino)butanal (4). Isotopically labeled [1-13C]acetaldehyde was reacted with MDA and the protein, bovine serum albumin, under a variety of conditions, and the reactions were monitored at various time intervals by 13C NMR. In each experiment, new signals grew in at 50 and 22 ppm. By comparison to model compounds, the signals at 50 ppm correspond to a 2-formyl-3-(alkylamino)butanal adduct and the signals at 22 ppm correspond to the known 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarbaldehyde adduct. Similar results were found when the BSA was replaced with polylysine. Overall, it appears that MAA−protein adducts are composed o...
Prefabricated Steel Stair Performance under Combined Seismic and Gravity Loads

Tests were performed on full-size prefabricated steel stair assemblies to assess seismic interstory drift response combined with factored gravity loads. The stair assemblies were production-run units of a standard system and were designed for a typical steel frame building. Two different stair assembly units were tested: one with checker plate and one with concrete-filled pans. A loading system and testing protocol were developed to evaluate the seismic performance using seismic and gravity load combinations. Lateral drifts were imposed in both orthogonal stair directions followed by factored live and dead gravity loads. Imposed lateral drift placed high deformation demands on the stair-to-landing connections and overall performance is dependent on the deformability and endurance of these connections. Careful detailing, fabrication, and inspection of the stair-to-landing connections are required to ensure desired system performance.
Responding to Critical Moments with Humor, Recognition, and Hope

Having “a sense of humor” when negotiations get tough has very little to do with being funny. Enacting rather than claiming, performing rather than arguing, mediators’ humor reveals multiple meanings and uncertainties, multiple perspectives and their limits, and parties’ needs while generating opportunities to learn. Humor can go wrong, and mediators stress a sine qua non: it must be respectful, never used at the expense of a negotiating party. At critical moments in negotiations, humor can be an important tool, if improvised with regard to tone, timing, affect, and respect. Mediators use humor to deconstruct and reconstruct parties’ presumptions of mediators’ authority; to recognize vulnerability, create moments of intimacy, and suggest possible community; to acknowledge painful histories and enable difficult conversations; to provide safety, release, and new collaborative openings. Mediators’ use of humor can signal possibility and hope and, not least of all, level power to encourage autonomy and build capacity — thus creating deliberative space and encouraging deliberative practice as well.
Dynamics of commensurate chromium alloys

The dynamics of commensurate chromium alloys are produced by the fluctuations of a spin-density wave consisting of bound electron-hole pairs. For a commensurate alloy at any temperature, we find a transverse spin-wave (SW) mode with frequency \ensuremath{\omega}=cq and a longitudinal amplitude mode with dispersion \ensuremath{\omega}=2\ensuremath{\surd}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}^{2}$+(cq${)}^{2}$/4, where c=${\mathit{v}}_{\mathit{F}}$/\ensuremath{\surd}3 is the SW mode velocity and 2\ensuremath{\Delta} is the energy required to break apart an electron-hole pair. Unlike in an itinerant ferromagnet, the SW and amplitude modes never intersect. Other fluctuations below the SW mode and above the amplitude mode are intrinsically damped in an itinerant antiferromagnet.
ALTERATIONS IN HUMAN HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS, WITH OR WITHOUT INCREASED PLASMA-CHOLESTEROL, INDUCED BY DIETS HIGH IN CHOLESTEROL

High-density lipoproteins (d=1.095--1.21) (H.D.L.( were isolated from six healthy men and women who added 4 to 6 eggs per day to their diet for 4 weeks and from five individuals who gradually increased their egg consumption to 3 per day over an 18-week period. Pre-diet and post-diet H.D.L.-binding activities for the cell-surface receptors of fibroblasts were compared by determining the quantity of 125I-labelled low-density lipoprotein which was competitively displaced by H.D.L. in binding, internalisation, and degradation assays. Irrespective of whether plasmacholesterol changed during the course of the diet, the binding activity of the post-diet H.D.L. was enhanced 2.6-fold to 4-fold compared with pre-diet activity. Furthermore, the increased binding activity in the H.D.L. could be accounted for by a minor, but potent, H.D.L. subfraction precipitated by heparin/manganese. Both binding activity and heparin precipitability appeared to correlate with an increase in arginine-rich apoprotein (apo-E) in the active H.D.L. subfraction. These data show that consumption of large numbers of eggs, whether or not it leads to an increase in plasma-cholesterol, does alter the properties of human H.D.L.
Species‐specific factors affecting predator‐prey interactions of the copepod Acanthocyclops vernalis with its natural prey

Abstruct Experiments of prey selection by Acanthocyclops vernalis demonstrate that many factors govern this process. Evidence from search and handling times required for complete consumption, behavioral observations, and carapace wound examinations indicated that body shape, carapace integrity, and mode of swimming were major influences on the selective process. Soft-bodied species were quickly and completely consumed; others were more difficult to handle and some of these were rejected. Escape strategies were different for each prey species, and the success of escape depended in part upon swimming direction relative to the mode of horizontal attack by Acanthocyclops. Size affects all of thcsc characteristics allometry, carapace integrity, and swimming because of correlative relationships to body speed.
Duripans of Idaho, U.S.A.: In situ alteration of eolian dust (loess) to an opal-A/X-ray amorphous phase

Abstract Micromorphological techniques were used to study the silicification process in a wide range of duripans from Idaho, U.S.A. Investigations indicated that, once loess was incorporated into a carbonaterich pan, it was altered, in situ to an opal-A/X-ray amorphous phase. Loess became incorporated by at least two pathways, each of which had a distinctive micromorphic signature. The first pathway began immediately above the duripan as calcite encapsulated eolian materials to create sand-sized loess agglomerates, Incorporation was completed either as the upward-developing duripan enveloped the agglomerates or as they filled fractures in the duripans and were subsequently cemented by calcite. After encasement of the loess agglomerates within the duripan, aluminosilicate minerals were embayed by reaction with the calcareous soil solution. The most altered loess agglomerates consisted of opal-A, X-ray amorphous material, and calcite. The second pathway was initiated when fractures in the duripan were filled by eolian dust to create pedotubules. The tops of pedotubules had a fabric similar to unaltered loess (silasepic plasmic); however, the bottoms of pedotubules were invariably altered to a microgranular array of opal-A and calcite. Impetus for alteration appears to have been high pH, created by closed-system conditions, combined with increased surface free energy of minerals caused by elevated grain-to-grain pressures, which led to enhanced solubility of aluminosilicate minerals. The incorporation of loess and its subsequent alteration may be an important process in the silicification of calcareous pans.
Secondary action in robot motion

Secondary action, a concept borrowed from character animation, improves the animation realism by augmenting natural, passive motion to primary action. We use dynamic simulation to induce three techniques of secondary motion for robot hardware, which exploit actuation passivity to overcome hardware constraints and change the dynamic perception of the robot and its motion characteristics. Results of secondary motion due to internal and external forces are presented including discussion on how to choose the appropriate technique for a particular application.
Anatomically Anchored Template-Based Level Set Segmentation: Application to Quadriceps Muscles in MR Images from the Osteoarthritis Initiative

In this paper, we present a semi-automated segmentation method for magnetic resonance images of the quadriceps muscles. Our method uses an anatomically anchored, template-based initialization of the level set-based segmentation approach. The method only requires the input of a single point from the user inside the rectus femoris. The templates are quantitatively selected from a set of images based on modes in the patient population, namely, sex and body type. For a given image to be segmented, a template is selected based on the smallest Kullback–Leibler divergence between the histograms of that image and the set of templates. The chosen template is then employed as an initialization for a level set segmentation, which captures individual anatomical variations in the image to be segmented. Images from 103 subjects were analyzed using the developed method. The algorithm was trained on a randomly selected subset of 50 subjects (25 men and 25 women) and tested on the remaining 53 subjects. The performance of the algorithm on the test set was compared against the ground truth using the Zijdenbos similarity index (ZSI). The average ZSI means and standard deviations against two different manual readers were as follows: rectus femoris, 0.78 ± 0.12; vastus intermedius, 0.79 ± 0.10; vastus lateralis, 0.82 ± 0.08; and vastus medialis, 0.69 ± 0.16.
INFLUENCE OF RAW INGREDIENTS, NITRITE LEVELS, AND COOKING TEMPERATURES ON THE MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF BRAUNSCHWEIGER

Of the main ingredients (pork liver, pork-trim, and salt-spice mixture) used for manufacturing braunschweiger, pork liver had the most influence on the microbial numbers in the raw emulsion. The microflora of the raw sausage emulsion consisted mainly of entero-cocci, bacilli, lactobacilli, and pediococci. At 5°C, the raw emulsion underwent souring within 4 wk. Freshly cooked liver sausage usually contained 103 organism/g; the most frequently recovered bacteria, in this instance, were bacilli, enterococci, and pediococci. Nitrite was effective in inhibiting growth of enterococci capable of producing a perfumy odor in liver sausage. Sausage made from raw emulsion of good bacterial quality and stored at 5°C had a shelf life exceeding 16 wk.
Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Isotope Fractionation of Zinc between Aqua, Chloro, and Macrocyclic Complexes

This work reports on the chemical isotope fractionation of Zn(II) by a solvent extraction method with the crown ether dicyclohexano-18-crown-6. The mZn/64Zn ratios (m = 66, 67, and 68) were analyzed by multiple-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The relative deviations of the 66Zn/64Zn ratios relative to the unprocessed material (δ66Zn) was determined to be −0.51 to −0.32 in the acidity region 1.0−6.0 mol dm−3 (M) HCl. The acidity dependence of δmZn was explained by the isotope exchange reactions between Zn(II) species (Zn2+, ZnCl+, ZnCl2, ZnCl3−, and ZnCl42−) and the mole fractions of them. The magnitude of δmZn due to the related Zn(II) species estimated by quantum chemical calculations was in agreement with δmZn experimentally obtained. Contribution of nuclear field shift to the isotope fractionation was estimated to be less than 10% of δmZn by quantum chemical calculations.
Surgical treatment of degenerative mitral regurgitation

Abstract Between October 1965 and April 1975, mitral valve replacement was performed In 66 patients with myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve (“floppy valve syndrome”). Operative mortality was 6 percent (four patients). Current evaluation was obtained for all patients; the average postoperative follow-up interval for surviving patients was 3.5 years (range 1 month to 9.9 years); the total duration of postoperative follow-up for all patients was 180 patient-years. Overall survival rates, calculated by the actuarial method, were 81, 68 and 50 percent, respectively, 1, 2 and 5 years after mitral valve replacement. Preoperative variables with a significantly adverse effect on patient survival included patient age greater than 50 years, New York Heart Association functional class IV, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure greater than 12 mm Hg and mean pulmonary arterial wedge pressure greater than 16 mm Hg. Support is advanced for the concept that mitral valve dysfunction associated with myxomatous degeneration constitutes a broad spectrum of clinicopathologic involvement. Acute clinical and hemodynamic deterioration may often occur in the setting of chronic mitral valve dysfunction. Postoperative mortality is directly related to preoperative functional disability and hemodynamic evidence of impaired left ventricular function. Consideration should be given to earlier operative intervention in patients with myxomatous mitral degeneration and mitral insufficiency before severe and probably irreversible impairment of ventricular function occurs.
CO2 Sequestration Potential of Unmineable Coal—State of Knowledge☆

Abstract Currently the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) national assessment of geological carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) storage resource considers porous sandstones, limestones, and dolomites as potential storage formations. Assessment of an additional potential geologic storage resource within unmineable coal seams was deferred because no consensus exists on what constitutes unmineable coal. Because unmineable coal seams may be considered potential storage resources in future assessments, however, the USGS is researching factors affecting CO 2 storage potential in coal.
Type material of the type species of the classic theropod footprint genera Eubrontes, Anchisauripus, and Grallator (Early Jurassic, Hartford and Deerfield basins, Connecticut and Massachusetts, U.S.A.)

ABSTRACT The classic Early Jurassic age theropod footprints Eubrontes giganteus, Anchisauripus sillimani, and Grallator parallelus were established by Edward Hitchcock in 1836–1847 and are the type ichnospecies of their respective ichnogenera. We identify, describe, and figure the type specimens in detail for the first time since they were named. We also figure and describe the other elements of the type series as well as specimens mistakenly thought to be the types. All of the tracks come from cyclical lacustrine and marginal lacustrine to fluvial strata from an interval spanning about one million years in the Early Jurassic age Meriden and Agawam groups of the Hartford and Deerfield basins of Connecticut and Massachusetts. Based on osteometric comparisons with skeletal material, these three ichnospecies were most likely made by theropod dinosaurs, as usually assumed. Although treated here as distinct ichnogenera, it is possible that their major proportional differences derive from allometric growth with...