cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hemispheric-scale comparison and evaluation of passive-microwave snow algorithms

Passive-microwave satellite remote sensing can greatly enhance large-scale snow measurements based on visible satellite data alone because of the ability to acquire data through most clouds or during darkness as well as to provide a measure of snow depth or water equivalent. This study provides preliminary results from the comparison and evaluation of several different passive-microwave algorithms. These algorithms represent examples which include both mid- and high-frequency channels, vertical and horizontal polarizations and polarization-difference approaches. In our comparisons we utilize larger, more comprehensive, validation datasets which can be expected to provide a full range of snow/climate conditions rather than limited data which may only represent a snapshot in time and space. Evaluation of snow extent derived from passive-microwave data is undertaken through comparison with the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Northern Hemisphere snow charts which are based on visible-band satellite data. Results clearly indicate those time periods and geographic regions where the two techniques agree and where they tend to consistently disagree. Validation of snow water equivalent derived from passive-microwave data is undertaken using measurements from snow-course transects in the former Soviet Union. Preliminary results indicate a general tendency for nearly all of the algorithms to underestimate snow water equivalent.
Mixing coroutines and processes in an Ada tasking implementation

Not all tasks in an Ada program make use of the full functionality defined in the language reference manual. Certain idiomatic uses of Ada tasks allow these tasks to be implemented as coroutines. This paper presents a method for mixing coroutines and processes to achieve a full implementation for Ada tasking. This approach allows a variety of trade-offs to be made between the level of concurrency, synchronization expense, and scheduling fairness. This, in turn, allows tuning the runtime support for specific application requirements and hardware capabilities.
Two configurations of series elastic actuators for linearly actuated humanoid robots with large range of motion

We have developed two different configurations of series elastic actuators to be used in the lower body of THOR, a full scale humanoid developed for the DARPA Robotics Challenge. Both designs utilize a ball screw transmission but use different output mechanisms. The THOR-Linear actuator uses a simple lever output while the THOR-Hoekens actuator uses a novel inversion of a Hoekens Linkage. The simpler design of the THOR-Linear actuator makes it well suited for parallel actuation applications while the THOR-Hoekens actuator features a larger range of motion and nearly constant mechanical advantage. In this video, we show early tests of the two actuator designs used in the THOR lower body. The video shows the two actuator designs, their range of motion on THOR, and a series of performance tests.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Laying the groundwork for neutralizing AIDS-linked virus

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Laying the groundwork for neutralizing AIDS-linked virus
Emerging Technologies in the Library: “Toys” or “Potent Tools for Student Engagement? Conference Report

Presenters: Duncan Aldrich, @One Administrator and Tod Colegrove, Head of DeLa Mare Science & Engineering Library, University of Nevada, Reno Libraries Duncan Aldrich, @One Administrator, and Tod C...
Mortality and ecological structure: A canonical approach

Abstract The ability of variables describing ecological structure to predict variation in cause specific mortality is examined using census tract data for Houston, Texas. A canonical regression model, incorporating recent developments in canonical theory, demonstrates that mortality differentials are more strongly associated with indicants of the disadvantaged population than any other component of ecological structure. However, substantial portions of mortality variability remain unexplained by ecological variables. Policy implications of these results are then discussed.
Measurement of Suction in a Marine Clay as an Indicator of Sample Disturbance

This paper describes a test program that investigated the potential of residual porewater pressure, or suction, to be a quick and nondestructive measure of sample disturbance. A portable 35 mm diameter suction probe, consisting of a high air -entry porous ceramic stone and pressure transducer capable of direct suction measurements on soil samples, was developed for this study. The suction probe was used at a test site located in Newbury, Massachusetts where a layer of low to medium plasticity Boston Blue Clay (BBC) exists. Six Sherbrooke block samples and several 76 mm split spoon samples were collected. Conso lidation tests were conducted on all samples to assess sample quality based on volumetric strain methods. The high quality Sherbrooke block samples had much higher suctions than the poor quality split spoon samples. The results suggest that the suction p robe could be a practical tool for making assessments of sample quality in the field immediately after sample collection and during selection for laboratory consolidation and strength testing.
Risk factors for fracture of the shafts of the tibia and fibula in older individuals

A case-control study to identify risk factors for fracture of the shafts of the tibia and fibula among persons 45 years of age and older was undertaken in five Northern California Kaiser Permanente Medical Centers during 1996-2001. One hundred seventy-nine cases of newly diagnosed fracture of the tibia/fibula shaft and 2,399 controls sampled from the membership lists of the same five medical centers were included. Information on potential risk factors was obtained by a standardized questionnaire administered by trained interviewers. The number of previous fractures was associated with an increased risk [adjusted odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval)=1.49 (1.09-2.03) per previous fracture]. Attributes known or thought to be associated with protection against loss of bone mass, including high body mass index [adjusted OR=0.82 (0.69-0.97) per 5 kg/m2 increase], having ever used thiazide diuretics or water pills for at least 1 year [adjusted OR=0.62 (0.38-1.02)], and current use of menopausal hormone therapy among females [adjusted OR=0.84 (0.53-1.32)] tended to show decreased risks. Factors generally associated with lower bone mass, such as current cigarette smoking [OR=1.55 (1.01-2.39)] and, to some extent, lack of physical activity [OR=1.31 (0.87-1.96) for the lowest quartile compared to the upper three quartiles], tended to demonstrate increased risks. The number of falls in the past year and risk factors for falls were not associated with tibia/fibula shaft fractures, and indicators of health status were weakly and inconsistently associated with risk. Thus, this study suggests that risk factors for low bone mass, but not health status or risk factors for falls, may be important in the etiology of fracture of the shaft of the tibia/fibula in older individuals.
Immune Modulation by Group B Streptococcus Influences Host Susceptibility to Urinary Tract Infection by Uropathogenic Escherichia coli

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is most often caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). UPEC inoculation into the female urinary tract (UT) can occur through physical activities that expose the UT to an inherently polymicrobial periurethral, vaginal, or gastrointestinal flora. We report that a common urogenital inhabitant and opportunistic pathogen, group B Streptococcus (GBS), when present at the time of UPEC exposure, undergoes rapid UPEC-dependent exclusion from the murine urinary tract, yet it influences acute UPEC-host interactions and alters host susceptibility to persistent outcomes of bladder and kidney infection. GBS presence results in increased UPEC titers in the bladder lumen during acute infection and reduced inflammatory responses of murine macrophages to live UPEC or purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS), phenotypes that require GBS mimicry of host sialic acid residues. Taken together, these studies suggest that despite low titers, the presence of GBS at the time of polymicrobial UT exposure may be an overlooked risk factor for chronic pyelonephritis and recurrent UTI in susceptible groups, even if it is outcompeted and thus absent by the time of diagnosis.
A review of structural defect generation mechanisms in EFG ribbons

Abstract Reasons for defect generation in edge-defined film-fed grown (EFG) silicon ribbons are studied. One factor is the erosion of the die capillary surface. On the capillary surface immersed in the liquid silicon, a thin film of silicon carbide is created. Mechanisms for this phenomenon are described for different die materials. SiC particles are eroded from the die by melt convection during growth. SiC particles reaching the ribbon growth interface become sites for defect generation. Microtwins, stacking faults, as well as high-angle grain boundaries are studied with transmission electron microscopy. Twin boundaries generated on the ribbon edge have been studied. Intersections of such a twin boundary with a microtwin or a stacking fault are identified as generation sites of two grain boundaries. Thermoelastic stresses arising during the growth process are also related to defect generation. In a region of significant stresses, many dislocations (dislocation clusters) are visible. Dislocation slip frequently is observed. Twin boundaries are real locks for such a slip.
Development of cold and drought tolerant short-season maize germplasm for fuel and feed utilization

Maize has become a profitable alternative for North Dakota (ND) farmers and ranchers. However, U.S. northern industry hybrids still lack cold and drought stress tolerance as well as adequate grain quality for ethanol and feedstock products. Moreover, there is a need to increase the value of feedstock operations before and after ethanol utilization. The ND maize breeding program initiated the development of hybrids with high quality protein content through the Early Quality Protein Maize for Feedstock (EarlyQPMF) project. The North Dakota State University (NDSU) maize breeding program acts as a genetic provider to foundation seed companies, retailer seed companies, processing industry, and breeders nationally and internationally. In the past 10 years, NDSU was awarded 9 PVP maize certificates and released 38 maize products. Within those, 13 inbred lines were exclusively released to a foundation seed company for commercial purposes. In addition, 2 hybrids were identified for commercial production in central and western ND.
Occupational Differences in Labor Market Integration: The U.S. in 1890

When labor markets are subject to large demand or supply shocks, as was the case in the late nineteenth-century United States, geographic wage differentials may not be an accurate index of market integration. This article uses a conceptually more appealing measure—the elasticity of local labor supply—to compare the integration of urban labor markets for a variety of occupations in 1890. According to this measure, markets, for unskilled labor and skilled metal-working trades appear relatively well integrated in comparison to those for the skilled building trades.
Pompholyx occurring during hospital admission for treatment of atopic dermatitis.

Summary Pompholyx developed in eight out of fifty patients between 4 and 12 days following admission to hospital for treatment of atopic dermatitis. Subjects with pompholyx were significantly older than unaffected patients. Onset of pompholyx did not appear to be related to severity of eczema at the time of admission, nor to subsequent reduction in the potency of topical therapy.
An energy-conserving access protocol for wireless communication

This paper deals with the design of a communications protocol which operates under an energy constraint, in which the fraction of timeslots in which tags need to be in the active (awake) state is minimized, and the access delay meets the applications constraints. We present a new approach to this problem, a pseudo-random protocol, which combines the fairness from random access protocols with the low energy requirements of classical TDMA. Considering an analytical model as well as simulations of the system behavior for the cases of uniformly and non-uniformly distributed traffic destinations, we show that in addition to fairness, and low energy requirements the proposed protocol provides low access delays.
Comprehension-Based Silent Reading Rates: What Do We Know? What Do We Need To Know?

This article uses a review of research to consider a fundamental aspect of reading instruction that has been marginalized in policies and practices over the last decade: the development of silent reading habits that involve strong comprehension and optimal reading rates. The review of research attends to typical development and performances of students at different levels and of varying proficiencies, the relationship between oral reading and silent reading comprehension, and typical instruction. Three studies are also summarized that illustrate growing attention to how comprehension-based silent reading can be supported through instruction. Finally, critical questions are raised that require research evidence if students are to be brought to the optimal comprehension-based silent reading rates needed for the digital–global age.
A self-help behavioral activation treatment for geriatric depressive symptoms

This study investigated behavioral activation (BA) bibliotherapy as a treatment for late-life depressive symptoms. BA bibliotherapy was administered using Addis and Martell's Overcoming depression one step at a time as a stand-alone treatment that was completed by participants (N=26) over a 4-week period [Addis, M.E., & Martell, C.R. (2004). Overcoming depression one step at a time. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications, Inc.]. Results of an immediate intervention group were compared with those of a delayed treatment control group and treatment response for both groups was evaluated at 1-month follow-up. Primary outcome results showed that symptoms on a clinician-rated measure of depressive symptoms, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, were significantly lower at post-treatment for those who received immediate BA bibliotherapy compared with those who were in the delayed treatment control condition. However, self-reported depressive symptoms (a secondary outcome measured via the Geriatric Depression Scale), were not significantly different at this period. Because study control was lost after the delayed treatment group received the intervention, within-subjects analyses examining both treatment groups combined showed that clinician-rated depressive symptoms significantly decreased from pre-treatment to both post-treatment and 1-month follow-up. Self-reported depressive symptoms were significantly lower from pre-treatment to 1-month follow-up. These findings suggest that BA may be useful in treating mild or subthreshold depressive symptoms in an older adult population.
SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS AND NEAR‐INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY OF BROILER BREAST MEAT FROM VARIOUS CHILL‐STORAGE REGIMES

The terms fresh and frozen often refer to the physical state of the product (i.e., soft, hard) as well as quality state (i.e., good, inferior). This study addressed quality issues of breast meat subjected to chill-store regimes that simulate possible scenarios at points between processing, distribution by retailers, and final preparation by consumers. Five temperatures (+4, 0, -3, -12, and -18C) at storage regimes (2 days, 7 days, and 7 days at the five temperatures followed by an additional 7 days at -18C) were evaluated. The statistical differences in descriptive sensory texture and moisture characteristics among cooked samples could not be predominantly attributed to temperature, storage, ortemperature-storage treatments. Visible and near-infrared reflectance spectra of stored raw skinless breasts did not discriminate between individual temperature groups. However, a two-class model (98.5% correct classification) discriminated between unfrozen (+4, 0, and -3C) and frozen (-12 and -18C) samples, partially due to spectra of myoglobin and oxidative states. Cette etude examine la qualite de blanc de poulet soumis a des regimes de conservation a froid qui simulent les scenarios possibles de situations entre la production, la distribution par les detaillants et la preparation finale des consommateurs. Cinq temperatures (+4, 0, -3, -12 et -18°C) et des durees diverses de conservation allant de 2 a 7 jours sont testees. Les spectres de reflexion en proche infrarouge permettent de distinguer les echantillons non congeles (+4, 0 et -3°C) de ceux congeles (-12 et -18°C).
Accurately Estimating Worst-Case Execution Time for Multi-core Processors with Shared Direct-Mapped Instruction Caches

In a multi-core processor, different cores typically share the last-level cache, and threads running on different cores may interfere with each other in accessing the shared cache. Therefore, multi-core WCET (Worst-Case Execution Time) analyzer must be able to safely and accurately estimate the worst-case inter-thread cache interferences, which is not supported by current WCET analysis techniques that mainly focus on analyzing uniprocessors. This paper proposes a novel approach to analyzing the worst-case cache interferences and bounding the WCET for threads running on multi-core processors with shared direct-mapped L2 instruction caches. We propose to use an Extended ILP (Integer Linear Programming) to model all the possible inter-thread cache conflicts, based on which we can accurately calculate the worst-case inter-thread cache interferences and derive the WCET. Compared to a recently proposed multi-core static analysis technique based on control flow information alone, this approach improves the tightness of WCET estimation by 13.7% on average.
Reciprocal osmotic challenges reveal mechanisms of divergence in phenotypic plasticity in the killifish Fundulus heteroclitus

The killifish Fundulus heteroclitus is an estuarine species with broad physiological plasticity, enabling acclimation to diverse stressors. Previous work suggests that freshwater populations expanded their physiology to accommodate low salinity environments; however, it is unknown whether this compromises their tolerance to high salinity. We used a comparative approach to investigate the mechanisms of a derived freshwater phenotype and the fate of an ancestral euryhaline phenotype after invasion of a freshwater environment. We compared physiological and transcriptomic responses to high- and low-salinity stress in fresh and brackish water populations and found an enhanced plasticity to low salinity in the freshwater population coupled with a reduced ability to acclimate to high salinity. Transcriptomic data identified genes with a conserved common response, a conserved salinity-dependent response and responses associated with population divergence. Conserved common acclimation responses revealed stress responses and alterations in cell-cycle regulation as important mechanisms in the general osmotic response. Salinity-specific responses included the regulation of genes involved in ion transport, intracellular calcium, energetic processes and cellular remodeling. Genes diverged between populations were primarily those showing salinity-specific expression and included those regulating polyamine homeostasis and the cell cycle. Additionally, when populations were matched with their native salinity, expression patterns were consistent with the concept of 'transcriptomic resilience', suggesting local adaptation. These findings provide insight into the fate of a plastic phenotype after a shift in environmental salinity and help to reveal mechanisms allowing for euryhalinity.
Bandwidth allocation in wireless ad-hoc networks with minimum-energy consumption

Energy conservation is a critical issue in wireless multi-hop networks since the nodes are powered by batteries only. In the previous work in minimum-energy routing, the optimal routing of data flows is formulated essentially as a shortest directed path problem based on various power cost function. In this paper, we study the minimum-energy QoS routing problem using a capacitated multi-commodity flow model for the data flows in the network. Experiment results show that when the network bandwidth is very limited, it can offer a higher success rate to find a satisfactory QoS route than those protocols that only try to find a unipath.
Exploring smartphone-based web user interfaces for appliances

We describe the SAWUI architecture by which smartphones can easily show user interfaces for nearby appliances, with no modification or pre-installation of software on the phone, no reliance on cloud services or networking infrastructure, and modest additional hardware in the appliance. In contrast to appliances? physical user interfaces, which are often as simple as buttons, icons and LEDs, SAWUIs leverage smartphones? powerful UI hardware to provide personalized, self-explanatory, adaptive, and localized UIs.To explore the opportunities created by SAWUIs, we conducted a study asking designers to redesign two appliances to include SAWUIs. Task characteristics including frequency, proximity, and complexity were used in deciding whether to place functionality on the physical UI, the SAWUI, or both. Furthermore, results illustrate how, in addition to support for accomplishing tasks, SAWUIs have the potential to enrich human experiences around appliances by increasing user autonomy and supporting better integration of appliances into users' social and personal lives.
Necessary versus Probable Cause

One finds in the systems of natural languages some explicit means of elaborating not only upon the directness of the causal relationship believed to exist between two events X and Y (i.e. some means of specifying just how inevitably event X gives or gave rise to event Y), but also some manner of indicating just who or what is understood to be the primary instigator of the caused event. The goal of the present paper is to explore these notions in detail and arrive at a formal, logic-based means of capturing them.
Cranial Neural-Crest Migration and Chondrogenic Fate in the Oriental Fire-Bellied Toad Bombina orientalis: Defining the Ancestral Pattern of Head Development in Anuran Amphibians

We assess cranial neural-crest cell migration and contributions to the larval chondrocranium in the phylogenetically basal and morphologically generalized anuran Bombina orientalis (Bombinatoridae). Methods used include microdissection, scanning electron microscopy, and vital dye labeling, in conjunction with confocal and fluorescence microscopy. Cranial neural-crest cells begin migrating before neural-fold closure and soon form three primary streams. These streams contribute to all cranial cartilages except two medial components of the hyobranchial skeleton (basihyal and basibranchial cartilages), the posterior portion of the trabecular plate, and the otic capsule, the embryonic origin of which is unknown. Chondrogenic fate is regionalized within the cranial neural folds, with the anterior regions contributing to anterior cartilages and the posterior regions to posterior cartilages. A neural-crest contribution also was consistently observed in several cranial nerves and the connective tissue component of many cranial muscles. Notwithstanding minor differences among species in the initial configuration of migratory streams, cranial neural-crest migration and chondrogenic potential in metamorphosing anurans seem to be highly stereotyped and evolutionarily conservative. This includes a primary role for the neural crest in the evolutionary origin of the paired suprarostral and infrarostral cartilages, two prominent caenogenetic features of the rostral skull unique to anuran larvae. Our results provide a model of the ancestral pattern of embryonic head development in anuran amphibians. This model can serve as a basis for examining the ontogenetic mechanisms that underlie the diversity of cranial morphology and development displayed by living frogs, as well as the evolutionary consequences of this diversity. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Recruiting egg donors online: an analysis of in vitro fertilization clinic and agency websites' adherence to American Society for Reproductive Medicine guidelines.

Objective To examine compliance with ethical guidelines of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) regarding trait-based payment variation, presentation of risks, and minimum recruitment age. Design In June 2010, we systematically examined 207 websites, of which 102 were egg donor agency or IVF clinic websites that both recruited online and displayed compensation amounts. Setting The Internet. Patient(s) None. Intervention(s) Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure(s) Mention of increased payment for particular donor traits, recruitment age less than 21 years, noting risks to donors. Result(s) Of the 102 sites, considerable numbers were noncompliant with ASRM's guidelines that prohibit varying compensation based on a donor's traits (34%), and recommend an age of 21 years or older (41%), and presentation of risks alongside compensation (56%). Trait-based payment variation was associated with being an agency rather than a clinic, location in the West, not being endorsed by ASRM or Society of Assisted Reproductive Technology (SART), and referring to ASRM's guidelines about compensation. Of sites mentioning traits, prior donation success was the most commonly paid for trait (64%). Conclusion(s) Our data, the first to systematically analyze agency and clinic websites reveal that many do not follow ASRM's guidelines. These data have critical implications for policy, practice, and research, suggesting needs for consideration of possible changes in guidelines, and/or improvements in compliance and monitoring by ASRM or others.
Negative allosteric modulation of GABAA receptors inhibits facilitation of brain stimulation reward by drugs of abuse in C57BL6/J mice

There is an emerging body of evidence that implicates a crucial role of γ-aminobutyric acid subtype A (GABAA) receptors in modulating the rewarding effects of a number of abused drugs. Modulation of GABAA receptors may therefore represent a novel drug-class independent mechanism for the development of abuse treatment pharmacotherapeutics. We tested the hypothesis that the GABAA receptor benzodiazepine-site (BDZ) negative modulator Ro15-4513 would reduce the reward-related effects of three pharmacologically dissimilar drugs; toluene vapor, d-methamphetamine, and diazepam using intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) in mice. We also examined whether Ro15-4513 attenuated dopamine release produced by d-methamphetamine in an in vivo microdialysis procedure. Ro15-4513 abolished ICSS reward facilitation produced by all three abused drugs at Ro15-4513 doses which had no effect on ICSS when administered alone. In contrast, the BDZ antagonist flumazenil only attenuated the ICSS-facilitating effects of diazepam. Administration of the same dose of Ro15-4513 which abolished drug-facilitated ICSS produced a 58 % decrease in d-methamphetamine-stimulated dopamine in the nucleus accumbens of mice relative to d-methamphetamine alone. These results demonstrate that negative modulation of GABAA receptors can produce profound reductions in reward-related effects of a diverse group of drugs that activate the mesolimbic reward pathway through different mechanisms. These data suggest that pharmacological modulation of GABAA receptors may represent a viable pathway for the development of drug abuse pharmacotherapies.
Iron-dependent gene expression in Actinomyces oris

Background : Actinomyces oris is a Gram-positive bacterium that has been associated with healthy and diseased sites in the human oral cavity. Most pathogenic bacteria require iron to survive, and in order to acquire iron in the relatively iron-scarce oral cavity A. oris has been shown to produce iron-binding molecules known as siderophores. The genes encoding these siderophores and transporters are thought to be regulated by the amount of iron in the growth medium and by the metal-dependent repressor, AmdR, which we showed previously binds to the promoter of proposed iron-regulated genes. Objective : The purpose of this study was to characterize siderophore and associated iron transport systems in A. oris. Design : We examined gene expression of the putative iron transport genes fetA and sidD in response to low- and high-iron environments. One of these genes, sidD , encoding a putative Fe ABC transporter protein, was insertionally inactivated and was examined for causing growth defects. To gain a further understanding of the role of iron metabolism in oral diseases, clinical isolates of Actinomyces spp. were examined for the presence of the gene encoding AmdR, a proposed global regulator of iron-dependent gene expression in A. oris. Results : When A. oris was grown under iron-limiting conditions, the genes encoding iron/siderophore transporters fetA and sidD showed increased expression. One of these genes ( sidD ) was mutated, and the sidD ::Km strain exhibited a 50% reduction in growth in late log and stationary phase cells in media that contained iron. This growth defect was restored when the sidD gene was provided in a complemented strain. We were able to isolate the AmdR-encoding gene in seven clinical isolates of Actinomyces. When these protein sequences were aligned to the laboratory strain, there was a high degree of sequence similarity. Conclusions : The growth of the sidD ::Km mutant in iron-replete medium mirrored the growth of the wild-type strain grown in iron-limiting medium, suggesting that the sidD ::Km mutant was compromised in iron uptake. The known iron regulator AmdR is well conserved in clinical isolates of A. oris . This work provides additional insight into iron metabolism in this important oral microbe. Keywords: siderophore; oral; transport (Published: 16 December 2015) Citation: Journal of Oral Microbiology 2015, 7: 29800 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jom.v7.29800
Update on childhood immunization

Changes made in 1997 and 1998 in the U.S. childhood immunization schedule are discussed, with a focus on the use of poliovirus, pertussis, and combination vaccines. Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), the vaccine of choice for all four doses in the polio immunization series since 1962, can cause vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP). The inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) has not been associated with VAPP but must be administered by injection and provides inferior intestinal immunity. With the reduced threat of poliovirus importation into the United States, the risk of VAPP, although low, has become less acceptable. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention accordingly recommended a shift from OPV to IPV in the childhood immunization schedule for the United States, effective January 1997. A sequential OPV and IPV series is recommended, but the schedule includes an OPV-only option, which may be preferred in order to avoid the required injections, and an IPV-only option, which is recommended for immunocompromised persons and their contacts. Concern over local and systemic reactions associated with whole-cell pertussis vaccines, in addition to controversy over a possible relationship between the whole-cell vaccine and neurologic damage, has led to the development of new diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine products for use in the diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis immunization series. Several combination products were licensed in 1997, and more are on the way. This will mean fewer inoculations for children. Increased use of IPV and acellular pertussis products could reduce the frequency of VAPP due to OPV and the local and systemic reactions associated with whole-cell pertussis vaccine.
Analysis of optimal delayed scanning times with Florbetapir F-18 (Amyvid) in patients with cognitive impairment

2638 Objectives When imaging targeted tracers it may be beneficial to perform delayed imaging to allow for clearance of nonspecific binding. Using the newly approved Amyvid, we imaged patients at different time-points to assess scan quality in patients with suspected Alzheimer9s (AD) using both qualitative and quantitative analysis. Quantitatively, they were analyzed by comparing frontal, temporal, and posterior gray-to-white (GTW) matter ratio near the centrum semiovale. Methods We analyzed a limited number of patients (n=5, average age 59 yrs) at approximately 30, 60, and 90 minutes post injection of 10 mCi Amyvid. All images were acquired on a GE Discovery VCT PET-CT scanner using a dynamic brain acquisition protocol. Images were acquired dynamically, 4 frames for 5 minutes each. Studies were then summed and transferred to a work station for qualitative and quantitative analysis using MIMneuro™ software. Results Qualitatively, images were excellent (4) at 30 minutes after tracer injection. When compared to this score, images at 60 minutes were slightly less than excellent (3.5) and at 90 minutes were judged as good (3). The early images demonstrated the best GTW distinction relative to adjacent cortical regions. Quantitatively, there was no appreciable change in the GTW matter ratio over time, and in patients suspected of having AD the ratio of average GTW uptake at 90 minutes compared to the average uptake at 30 minutes was 1.05. In subjects with low suspicion of AD the ratio of average GTW uptake at 90 minutes compared to the average GTW uptake at 30 minutes was 0.99 and not significantly changed compared to patients with suspected AD. Conclusions There is no advantage to Amyvid delayed imaging. Since, there is an overall decrease in brain counts due to tracer decay, there is image reconstruction resolution loss, accounting for the reduced distinction of gray-to-white matter uptake in cortical mantle, the area most often used to assess for abnormal uptake.
Ovulation inhibition with a long-acting injectable

Abstract One hundred and fifty milligrams of a synthetic injectable progestational compound, dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide, combined with 10 mg. of estradiol enanthate (Deladroxate 150-10), injected intramuscularly to normal females on the seventh to ninth days of the cycle gave the most satisfactory cyclic uterine bleeding as compared to a number of other combinations of the progestagen and estrogen. The mean cycle length from this combination after the first cycle varied between 26.3 and 28.3 days. Only 16 per cent of the cycles deviated from the pretreatment mean of the individual patients' cycles by more than ± 2 days. When the medication was discontinued after four consecutive cycles ovulatory cycles returned within 5 to 13 weeks. There was a minimum of side effects and patient acceptance was excellent.
Pseudococcus citriculus Green and Its Parasites

The citrus-infesting mealybug Pseudococcus citriculus Green has frequently been misidentified as P. conistocki (Kuw.), a species not known to reproduce on citrus. P. citriculus is widely distributed in East Asia and appears in certain regions to be held at low densities by entomophagous insects. Early importations into California of the parasites of this mealybug were released for the control of Planococcus citri (Risso). The life history of Coccophagus pseudococci Comp., like that of C. gurneyi Comp. parasitic in Pseudococcus gahani Green, is peculiar in that the unfertilized egg hatches only when the body fluids of the parasitized mealybug are consumed by a companion parasite. Pseudococcus citriculus parasitized by Coccophagus pseudococci has been obtained from citrus and Pandanus but only in the vicinity of Taipo Market in South China. The continuing successful control of P. citriculus on citrus in Palestine by Clauscnia purpurea Ishii may be dependent on the absence of the hyperparasite Lygocerus sp.
Was Jerusalem Part of Palestine? The Forgotten City of Ramla, 900–1900

AbstractWhen the Muslims conquered the Levant in the seventh century they at times changed the meaning of ‘Palestine’. They preserved its erstwhile sense as a region but also came to see Palestine as synonymous with the city of Ramla. From the tenth to the early twentieth century, dozens of Muslim exegetes, travellers and chroniclers explained that Ramla and Palestine were the same place. Others thought Palestine was a small region based around Ramla, one that did not include Jerusalem, or that Palestine had much more to do with Ramla than it did Jerusalem. The association had much to do with the cultural tendency in the Arab Middle East to conflate cities and regions as well as the critical role Ramla played in Palestine for much of its history: it served as the capital of the District of Palestine for more than three centuries, its economic hub for many more and its imagined geographical centre up until the early nineteenth century.
Design and Fabrication of a 9.5-inch Mach-6 Quiet-Flow Ludwieg Tube

A high Reynolds-number Mach-6 quiet-flow Ludwieg tube is being developed at Purdue University, based on the existing Mach-4 Ludwieg tube. The design is almost complete and fabrication is about half complete. The 9.5-inch nozzle was designed with e**N methods in order to maintain a laminar nozzle-wall boundary layer, as described earlier. The mechanical design of the nozzle is sketched. In addition, boundary-layer separation should be eliminated in the contraction and driver tube, in order to reduce residual noise that will propagate into the test section via acoustic or convective means. The contraction and bleed-lip design was carried out using the Rott-Crabtree method and an axisymmetric panel-method code. Matched cubics were used for the contraction shape, as suggested by Morel (1975). The detailed design of the driver tube, contraction, and nozzle is described.
The West Wind Blows: The Autobiography of Edward Everett Dale

Autobiography of Edward Everett Dale covering his life from his birth in 1879 until his death in 1972; the book includes stories dealing with Indian affairs, schooling, and his becoming a professor at the University of Oklahoma. Index begins on page 411.
Electronic structure of the Na 16 Rb 8 Si 136 and K 16 Rb 8 Si 136 clathrates

We have calculated the electronic structure and the equations of state of the ${\mathrm{Na}}_{16}{\mathrm{Rb}}_{8}{\mathrm{Si}}_{136}$ and ${\mathrm{K}}_{16}{\mathrm{Rb}}_{8}{\mathrm{Si}}_{136}$ clathrates. These compounds are based on the type II silicon clathrate structure. The smaller Na (or K) atoms occupy the 20-atom cages, while the Rb atoms occupy the 28-atom cages. Equation of state, electronic band structure, and density of states calculations were performed using density functional theory in the local density approximation (LDA). The ``guest'' impurity atoms inside the cages modify the material electronic structure. Guest atom electrons occupy the ${\mathrm{Si}}_{136}$ conduction band states, resulting in a Fermi level shift into the conduction band of the ``parent'' ${\mathrm{Si}}_{136}$ framework. In qualitative agreement with the rigid-band model, the band structures display no major modifications due to the inclusion of the alkali metal guests. However, the electronic densities of states of the filled clathrates show two sharp peaks and a dip near the Fermi level. This feature may help to qualitatively explain the temperature-dependent Knight shift observed for the NMR-active nuclei in ${\mathrm{Na}}_{16}{\mathrm{Rb}}_{8}{\mathrm{Si}}_{136}$. We compare our calculations with experimental results for ${\mathrm{Na}}_{16}{\mathrm{Rb}}_{8}{\mathrm{Si}}_{136}$.
The Wide C-Post and the Fashion Process

Fashions are self-fulfilling prophecies, and arise through a process of agreement among fashion-makers responding to common situational cues. Consumer behavior is only one of these cues.This view o...
Analysis of degradation products in potassium dehydroandrogapholide succinate injection by HPLC-ESI/TOF-MS

Objective:To establish a high performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization and quadrupole-time of flight tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC-ESI/TOF-MS) method for the analysis of unknown degradation products in potassium dehydroandrographolide succinate injection.Method:Degradation products were isolated on Inertsil ODS-3 columns with mobile phase of methanol-0.2% formic acid and detected at 251 nm.Electrospray ionization(ESI) source was used at both positive and negative models.Results:Two compounds,14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandro grapholide-3-succinate monoester and 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide-19-succinate monoester,were respectively identified on the basis of quasi-molecular ion peaks by HPLC-ESI/TOF-MS,along with spectroscopic methods.Conclusion:This method can be used to determine the two major degradation products in potassium dehydroandrogapholide succinate injection.
Psychopharmacology in childhood disorders.

Compared with a relatively slow and unsystematic development from the 1930s through the 1960s, the field of childhood psychopharmacology has changed rather dramatically during the last decade. This change is reflected in the number and quality of scientifically credible published studies and in a cumulative sense of the depth and organization of the field. This article will briefly review the historical development and present the current state of knowledge and clinical usage of each of the major categories of medication used to treat childhood disorders including antidepressants, antipsychotics, stimulants, and lithium.
Style-shifting in student–professor conversations

Abstract This case study investigates style-shifting in female professor–student conversations for identity and stance from the perspective of constructivist discourse theory ( Ochs, 1993 , Ochs, 1996 ). Three sets of conversations in informal settings were examined. The findings demonstrate that the female students and professors did not reciprocally exchange the desu/masu (formal) form. While they maintain the hierarchical relationship with appropriate choice of style, they achieve multiple stances such as affective and personal stance, self-presentational stance, professional stance as well as story-telling persona. While three students predominantly used the desu/masu form, there were variabilities in professors’ choice of style-shifting. The professors often switched the style to the plain form when making a compliment, and switched to the desu/masu form when making a request, seeking information, or changing the topic of conversation. These findings underscore Cook, 2006 , Cook, 2008a , Cook, 2008b claim that style-shifting is indeed one of the important linguistic resources to construct participants’ multiple social personae or, using Bakhtin's (1981) term, “heteroglossia” in daily conversation. This study also suggests that students and professors exhibit different style-shifting patterns depending on types of settings.
Munchausen by Internet: detecting factitious illness and crisis on the Internet.

ABSTRACT:Within the past few years, the Internet has exploded into a medium of choice for those interested in health and medicine. Along with the promise of immediate access to authoritative resources via websites, the Internet offers “virtual support groups” through formats such as chat rooms and n
An advanced evaluation of spouted beds scale-up for coating TRISO nuclear fuel particles using Radioactive Particle Tracking (RPT)

Abstract A set of dimensionless groups has been proposed in the literature by He et al. (1997) to scale-up gas-solid spouted beds while maintaining their hydrodynamics similarity. The literature reported studies do not provide conclusive assessments about this methodology. Therefore, in this work, we have applied an advanced non-invasive Radioactive Particle Tracking (RPT) technique for the first time to evaluate such scale-up methodology by measuring the local solids velocity, normal and shear stresses and the turbulent kinetic energy. The axial and azimuthal averaged radial profiles of solids velocity, normal stresses, shear stresses, and turbulent kinetic energy illustrate that the similarity of the hydrodynamics has not been attained when the proposed set of dimensionless groups has been matched using two sizes of spouted beds of 0.076 m and 0.152 m and sets of operating conditions. The conclusion is consistent with the recent reported findings by measuring cross sectional distribution and radial profiles of solids and gas holdups along the bed height using gamma-ray computed tomography and by the limited point measurements of solids velocity and holdup using optical fiber probe. It is clear that local measurements of hydrodynamic parameters are essential for detailed assessment of scale-up methodologies. The presented results of our work in terms of the components profiles of the particles radial velocities and turbulent parameters are also valuable for benchmarking computational fluid dynamics codes and models.
Adaptation and Human Behavior

This chapter discusses adaptation and human behavior. Human ecology is co-terminous with cultural (or social) ecology, which means that the study of major ecological problems ultimately becomes an inquiry into human affairs; humans treat nature the way they treat themselves. The potential for destroying the physical environment is evenly balanced by the potential for destroying society. The basic anthropology of behavior is human capacities for symbolization and time-binding that has accounted for an overall exponential increase in the use of physical substances (natural resources) as, at least, the appearance of the species Homo sapiens in substantial numbers. These capacities were responsible for what the historians of culture and anthropologists formerly viewed as the triumph of human endeavor, or progress. To socialize human ecology, one must adopt a conceptual scheme adequate to the task. The concept of behavioral adaptation provides such a framework: it is focused on action and it is neutral on the definition of environment. It refers to the coping mechanisms that humans display in obtaining their wants or adjusting their lives to the surrounding milieu, or the milieu to their lives and purposes.
Ancient Puebloan Southwest

1. The ancient Puebloan southwest: an introduction 2. 'The daylight world': the paleoenvironmental context for Puebloan history 3. Return to Anosin Tehuli? The origins of Puebloan culture 4. The wrong middle places? Chaco canyon and the Mimbres mogollon 5. The migrations continue the end of Chaco and Mimbres 6. The AD 1200s: the great Pueblo period 7. The great abandonment 8. Finding Posi: the protohistoric Puebloan world.
Hypoxia and Anoxia Tolerance in the Annual Killifish Austrofundulus Limnaeus

Embryos of the annual killifish Austrofundulus limnaeus are routinely exposed to oxygen limitation during development and are extremely tolerant of anoxia. Importantly, tolerance of anoxia is not strictly associated with entrance into metabolic dormancy associated with diapause II, but rather any embryo will respond to anoxia by entering into a state of anoxia-induced quiescence. Hypoxia causes a reduction in the rate of development, reduced heart rates, and reduced capacities for metabolic enzyme activity in both aerobic and anaerobic pathways. Embryos of A. limnaeus begin life as oxyconformers, and transition into oxyregulators near the completion of embryonic development. As this transition occurs, extreme anoxia tolerance is lost. The rate of early development is independent of oxygen partial pressure, despite the fact that the embryos are oxyconformers. This suggests a contribution from anaerobic pathways to support early development. However, the specific pathways supporting this metabolism are unknown. The response of A. limnaeus embryos to hypoxia and anoxia is unique compared to other fishes and most other vertebrates, and thus future studies on this species may lend insight into novel mechanisms that support survival during prolonged oxygen limitation.