cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bypassing Vasopressin Receptor Signaling Pathways in Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

Water reabsorption in the kidney represents a critical physiological event in the maintenance of body water homeostasis. This highly regulated process relies largely on vasopressin (VP) action and on the VP-sensitive water channel (AQP2) that is expressed in principal cells of the kidney collecting duct. Defects in the VP signaling pathway and/or in AQP2 cell surface expression can lead to an inappropriate reduction in renal water reabsorption and the development of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, a disease characterized by polyuria and polydipsia. This review focuses on the major regulatory steps that are involved in AQP2 trafficking and function. Specifically, we begin with a discussion on VP-receptor-independent mechanisms of AQP2 trafficking, with special emphasis on the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate signaling pathway, followed by a review of the mechanisms that govern AQP2 endocytosis and exocytosis. We then discuss emerging data illustrating roles played by the actin cytoskeleton on AQP2 trafficking, and lastly we consider elements that affect AQP2 protein expression in cells. Recent advances in each topic are summarized and are presented in the context of their potential to serve as a basis for the development of novel therapies that may ultimately improve life quality of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus patients.
Solving the Assignment Problem by Relaxation

This paper presents a new algorithm for solving the assignment problem. The algorithm is based on a scheme of relaxing the given problem into a series of simple network flow transportation problems for each of which an optimal solution can be easily obtained. The algorithm is thus seen to be able to take advantage of the nice properties in both the primal and the dual approaches for the assignment problem. The computational bound for the algorithm is shown to be 0n3 and the average computation time is better than most of the specialized assignment algorithms.
DURATION OF DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS AND PULMONARY EMOLISM PROPHYLAXIS AFTER JOINT ARTHROPLASTY

The number of total joint replacement or arthroplasty procedures continues to grow in the United States at a significant pace. With more attention to preventive health care and lifestyle changes, patients are living longer and remaining more active. The development of new prosthetic materials has allowed earlier joint replacement with a greater longevity of the implanted devices. This change has resulted in patients maintaining functional status and greater mobility. One of the most important complications after joint arthroplasty is the development of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Despite effective prophylaxis modalities, studies have shown a significant incidence of thrombotic events after hospital discharge. This article reviews the literature on the incidence of DVT and provides recommendations for managing postoperative joint replacement patients.
Optimal sectionalization of a trellis

While the complexity of trellis decoding for a given block code is essentially a function of the number of states and branches in its trellis, the decoding complexity may be often reduced by means of an appropriate sectionalization of the trellis. Notwithstanding the many examples of such sectionalizations for particular codes that appeared in the literature, no systematic method for finding the best sectionalization of a given trellis is presently known. We present a polynomial-time algorithm which produces the optimal sectionalization of a given trellis T in time O(n/sup 2/), where n is the length of the code generated by T. The algorithm is developed in a general setting of certain operations and functions defined on the set of trellises; it therefore applies to both linear and nonlinear codes, and easily accommodates a broad range of optimality criteria. The particular optimality criterion based on minimizing the total number of additions and comparisons required for maximum-likelihood trellis decoding is investigated in detail: several different methods for decoding a given trellis are discussed and compared in a number of examples. Finally, analysis of the dynamical properties of certain optimal sectionalizations is presented.
An Algorithm Approach to Diagnosing Bilateral Parotid Enlargement

ObjectiveThis contemporary review aims to categorize the disease entities that cause bilateral parotid enlargement and to develop a question-based algorithm to improve diagnosis of bilateral parotid masses.Data SourcesA PubMed search for bilateral and parotid showed 818 results. Of these, 68 relevant studies were reviewed to compile a list of disease processes that can cause bilateral parotid enlargement.Review MethodsA total of 22 diseases entities were reviewed. The disease processes were initially grouped into 6 categories based on etiology: sialadenosis, infection, neoplasm, autoimmune, iatrogenic, and miscellaneous. For each lesion, the incidence, history, and physical examination were compiled in a matrix.ConclusionAfter reviewing the matrix, it was clear that grouping diseases based on specific history and physical findings limits the differential diagnosis. The most important factors included disease incidence, timing of onset, nodular or diffuse, pain, and overlying skin changes. With this algori...
Nebulin-deficient mice exhibit shorter thin filament lengths and reduced contractile function in skeletal muscle.

Nebulin is a giant modular sarcomeric protein that has been proposed to play critical roles in myofibrillogenesis, thin filament length regulation, and muscle contraction. To investigate the functional role of nebulin in vivo, we generated nebulin-deficient mice by using a Cre knock-in strategy. Lineage studies utilizing this mouse model demonstrated that nebulin is expressed uniformly in all skeletal muscles. Nebulin-deficient mice die within 8–11 d after birth, with symptoms including decreased milk intake and muscle weakness. Although myofibrillogenesis had occurred, skeletal muscle thin filament lengths were up to 25% shorter compared with wild type, and thin filaments were uniform in length both within and between muscle types. Ultrastructural studies also demonstrated a critical role for nebulin in the maintenance of sarcomeric structure in skeletal muscle. The functional importance of nebulin in skeletal muscle function was revealed by isometric contractility assays, which demonstrated a dramatic reduction in force production in nebulin-deficient skeletal muscle.
Activation of Glutamate Dehydrogenase by Leucine and Its Nonmetabolizable Analogue in Rat Brain Synaptosomes

: Leucine and β-(±)-2-aminobicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH) stimulated, in a dose-dependent manner, reductive amination of 2-oxoglutarate in rat brain synaptosomes treated with Triton X-100. The concentration dependence curves were sigmoid, with 10–15-fold stimulations at 15 mM leucine (or BCH); oxidative deamination of glutamate also was enhanced, albeit less. In intact synaptosomes, leucine and BCH elevated oxygen uptake and increased ammonia formation, consistent with stimulation of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). Enhancement of oxidative deamination was seen with endogenous as well as exogenous glutamate and with glutamate generated inside synaptosomes from added glutamine. With endogenous glutamate, the stimulation of oxidative deamination was accompanied by a decrease in aspartate formation, which suggests a concomitant reduction in flux through aspartate aminotransferase. Activation of reductive amination of 2-oxoglutarate by BCH or leucine could not be demonstrated even in synaptosomes depleted of internal glutamate. It is suggested that GDH in synaptosomes functions in the direction of glutamate oxidation, and that leucine may act as an endogenous activator of GDH in brain in vivo.
Prescription Medication Use Among Self Neglecting Elderly

The elderly use approximately one-third of the prescription medication in the United States, often for problems such as chronic pain, insomnia, and anxiety. This study will describe the use of prescription medication, specifically drugs of abuse such as benzodiazepines and opioid analgesics, in a sample of community dwelling elderly referred to Texas Adult Protective Services for self-neglect. We hypothesize that self-neglecting behavior may result in increased use of prescription drugs with known abuse potential. Self-neglecting elders (n = 100) were matched with community controls and interviewed by geriatric nurse-practitioners in their homes. Benzodiazepine use among self neglecting elderly was four-fold that of matched controls, (OR = 4.2, 95% CI = 0.9–20.4), and the use of opioid analgesics slightly higher among self-neglecting elders, (OR = 1.1, 95% CI = 0.5–2.4). Self-neglecters were significantly less likely to be taking non-opioid pain medications such as acetaminophen (p < .011) and gabapentin ...
Compromised Outer Membrane Integrity in Vibrio cholerae Type II Secretion Mutants

The type II secretion (T2S) system of Vibrio cholerae is a multiprotein complex that spans the cell envelope and secretes proteins important for pathogenesis as well as survival in different environments. Here we report that, in addition to the loss of extracellular secretion, removal or inhibition of expression of the T2S genes, epsC-N, results in growth defects and a broad range of alterations in the outer membrane that interfere with its barrier function. Specifically, the sensitivity to membrane-perturbing agents such as bile salts and the antimicrobial peptide polymyxin B is increased, and periplasmic constituents leak out into the culture medium. As a consequence, the E stress response is induced. Furthermore, due to the defects caused by inactivation of the T2S system, the eps deletion mutant of V. cholerae strain N16961 is incapable of surviving the passage through the infant mouse gastrointestinal tract. The growth defect and leaky outer membrane phenotypes are suppressed when the culture medium is supplemented with 5% glucose or sucrose, although the eps mutants remain sensitive to membrane-damaging agents. This suggests that the sugars do not restore the integrity of the outer membrane in the eps mutant strains per se but may provide osmoprotective functions. Gram-negative bacteria possess highly sophisticated and organized cell envelopes that consist of inner and outer membranes separated by the periplasmic compartment and the peptidoglycan layer. The outer membrane is made up of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-phospholipid asymmetric bilayer and functions as a barrier preventing entry of toxic substances, including antibiotics, dyes, and detergents (60, 72). At the
A Hybrid Approach to Skeleton-based Translation

In this paper we explicitly consider sentence skeleton information for Machine Translation (MT). The basic idea is that we translate the key elements of the input sentence using a skeleton translation model, and then cover the remain segments using a full translation model. We apply our approach to a state-of-the-art phrase-based system and demonstrate very promising BLEU improvements and TER reductions on the NIST Chinese-English MT evaluation data.
Urban biodiversity and the importance of management and conservation

The importance of urban biodiversity is debated by many in the conservation community. Some researchers and managers focus on threats to biodiversity associated with urbanization and land use change. In contrast to this approach, people who live in, study, or care about cities—ecologists, wildlife managers, conservation biologists, planners, and local residents—have debated what biodiversity means in urban settings. Recent literature on biodiversity in cities notes the range of ecological, social, and cultural meanings of urban biodiversity and stresses the importance of defining the setting and scales at which biodiversity is being assessed. This approach to urban biodiversity has documented the importance of conservation of rare species and habitats but also the importance of managing the range of habitats in and around where people live, work, and play.
Spanish-Speaking Students' Use of Cognate Knowledge to Infer the Meaning of English Words.

This research examines the processes which native Spanish-speaking learners of English and English-only students engage in when inferring meaning for unknown English words that have Spanish cognates. Conducted within the context of a large-scale vocabulary intervention that taught word inferencing strategies, including a cognate strategy, this qualitative study describes cognate strategy use among a small sample of participants. The data suggest that explicit instruction, students' metalinguistic and metacognitive skills, and the structural characteristics of cognate pairs are associated with cognate recognition.
Osteoporosis: Are we measuring what we intend to measure? In search of the ideal bone strength study

In 1991 the World Health Organization (WHO) defined osteoporosis as a "loss of bone mass and micro architectural deterioration of the skeleton leading to increased risk of fracture." 1,2 Since microarchitecture can not be measured directly, a panel of the WHO recommended that the diagnosis be made according to a quantifiable surrogate marker, calcium mineral, in bone. Subsequently in 1994, the definition focused on the actual bone "density," giving densitometric technology a central place in establishing the diagnosis of osteoporosis. 3,4 But soon it became obvious that there was only limited correlation between bone mineral density (BMD) and actual occurrence of fractures and that decreases in bone mass account for only about 50% of the deterioration of bone strength with aging. In other words only about 60% of bone strength is related to BMD. 5 Recent developments in bone research have shown that bone mineral density in itself is not sufficient to accurately predict fracture risk. Bone is composed of inorganic calcium apatite crystals that mineralize an organic type I collagen matrix. The degree of mineralization, the properties of the collagen matrix, crystal size, trabecular orientation, special distribution of the different components and many more factors are all impacting bone strength. 6-14 Human cadaver studies have confirmed the correlation between bone density and bone. 26 strength. 5,15-20 Changes in cancellous bone morphology appear to lead to a disproportionate decrease in bone strength. 21-26 When postmenopausal women are stratified by age, obvious differences between BMD and actual fracture risk are observed. 24 Felsenberg eloquently summarizes what he calls the "Bone Quality Framework." In great detail he talks about the geometry and micro- architecture of bone and how the different components are related to functional stability. 27 Are our current testing modalities appropriately addressing these structural factors? Are we keeping in mind that in screening for osteoporosis the key variable is fragility, not bone density itself? All currently FDA approved and commercially available equipments for the evaluation of bone status claim that they - at least indirectly - assess the biological fracture risk. This review summarizes an extensive current literature research covering FDA approved as well as experimental devices for the evaluation of bone. The pros and cons of the different techniques are discussed in the context of diagnostic accuracies and practical implications.
Field Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Fungi and Nematodes Targeting Caged Last-Instar Plum Curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Michigan Cherry and Apple Orchards

The plum curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar Herbst) is a key pest of pome and stone fruit in eastern North America. We tested the efficacy of five pathogens over the course of three seasons in 10 Michigan apple and cherry orchards, with introductions of larvae to caged pots containing pathogen-treated soil. The nematode Steinernema riobrave was the most effective pathogen in the 2 yr it was tested, but only in soils with the highest sand content (81-88%) and when it was applied 1 h or 5 d after last instars of plum curculio. S. carpocapsae in an organic formulation was less effective, but significantly reduced plum curculio emergence in 1 yr of the study when applied 3 d before C. nenuphar larvae were introduced. Beauveria bassiana was effective in only 1 of the 3 yr it was tested, only in soils with lower sand content, and only when it was introduced within 1 h of plum curculio larvae. Metarhizium anisopliae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora were ineffective. Michigan orchards may require sprinkler irrigation coupled with precise timing recommendations and oviposition monitoring to enhance entomopathogen application efficacy against soil-dwelling last instars.
Quantitative measures of change based on feature organization: eigenvalues and eigenvectors

We propose four measures of image organizational change which can be used to monitor construction activity. The measures are based on the thesis that the progress of construction will see a change in the individual image feature attributes as well as an evolution in the relationships among these features. This change in the relationship is captured by the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the relation graph embodying the organization among the image features. We demonstrate the ability of the measures to differentiate between no development, the onset of construction, and full development, on the available real test image set.
Combinatorial motif analysis and hypothesis generation on a genomic scale.

Motivation: Computer-assisted methods are essential for the analysis of biosequences. Gene activity is regulated in part by the binding of regulatory molecules (transcription factors) to combinations of short motifs. The goal of our analysis is the development of algorithms to identify regulatory motifs and to predict the activity of combinations of those motifs. Approach: Our research begins with a new motif-finding method, using multiple objective functions and an improved stochastic iterative sampling strategy. Combinatorial motif analysis is accomplished by constructive induction that analyzes potential motif combinations. The hypothesis is generated by applying standard inductive learning algorithms. Results: Tests using 10 previously identified regulons from budding yeast and 14 artificial families of sequences demonstrated the effectiveness of the new motif-finding method. Motif combination and classification approaches were used in the analysis of a sample DNA array data set derived from genome-wide gene expression analysis. Availability: Programs will be available as executable files upon request.
Conservation of a Masked Nuclear Export Activity of La Proteins and Its Effects on tRNA Maturation

La is an RNA-processing-associated phosphoprotein so highly conserved that the human La protein (hLa) can replace the tRNA-processing function of the fission yeast La protein (Sla1p) in vivo. La proteins contain multiple trafficking elements that support interactions with RNAs in different subcellular locations. Prior data indicate that deletion of a nuclear retention element (NRE) causes nuclear export of La and dysfunctional processing of associated pre-tRNAs that are spliced but 5′ and 3′ unprocessed, with an accompanying decrease in tRNA-mediated suppression, in fission yeast. To further pursue these observations, we first identified conserved residues in the NREs of hLa and Sla1p that when substituted mimic the NRE deletion phenotype. NRE-defective La proteins then deleted of other motifs indicated that RNA recognition motif 1 (RRM1) is required for nuclear export. Mutations of conserved RRM1 residues restored nuclear accumulation of NRE-defective La proteins. Some RRM1 mutations restored nuclear accumulation, prevented disordered pre-tRNA processing, and restored suppression, indicating that the tRNA-related activity of RRM1 and its nuclear export activity could be functionally separated. When mapped onto an hLa structure, the export-sensitive residues comprised surfaces distinct from the RNA-binding surface of RRM1. The data indicate that the NRE has been conserved to mask or functionally override an equally conserved nuclear export activity of RRM1. The data suggest that conserved elements mediate nuclear retention, nuclear export, and RNA-binding activities of the multifunctional La protein and that their interrelationship contributes to the ability of La to engage its different classes of RNA ligands in different cellular locations.
In Vitro and Ex Vivo Activities of Minocycline and EDTA against Microorganisms Embedded in Biofilm on Catheter Surfaces

Minocycline-EDTA (M-EDTA) flush solution has been shown to prevent catheter-related infection and colonization in a rabbit model and in hemodialysis patients. We undertook this study in order to determine the activities of M-EDTA against organisms embedded in fresh biofilm (in vitro) and mature biofilm (ex vivo). For the experiment with the in vitro model, a modified Robbin's device (MRD) was used whereby 25 catheter segments were flushed for 18 h with 10(6) CFU of biofilm-producing Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans per ml. Subsequently, each of the catheter segments was incubated in one of the following solutions: (i) streptokinase, (ii) heparin, (iii) broth alone, (iv) vancomycin, (v) vancomycin-heparin, (vi) EDTA, (vii) minocycline (high-dose alternating with low-dose), or (viii) M-EDTA (low-dose minocycline alternating with high-dose minocycline were used to study the additive and synergistic activities of M-EDTA). All segments were cultured quantitatively by scrape sonication. For the experiment with the ex vivo model, 54 catheter tip segments removed from patients and colonized with bacterial organisms by roll plate were longitudinally cut into two equal segments and exposed to either saline, heparin, EDTA, or M-EDTA (with high-dose minocycline). Subsequently, all segments were examined by confocal laser electron microscopy. In the in vitro MRD model, M-EDTA (with a low concentration of minocycline) was significantly more effective than any other agent in reducing colonization of S. epidermidis, S. aureus, and C. albicans (P < 0.01). M-EDTA (with a high concentration of minocycline) eradicated all staphylococcal and C. albicans organisms embedded in the biofilm. In the ex vivo model, M-EDTA (with a high concentration of minocycline) reduced bacterial colonization more frequently than EDTA or heparin (P < 0.01). We concluded that M-EDTA is highly active in eradicating microorganisms embedded in fresh and mature biofilm adhering to catheter surfaces.
Visibility and Rhetoric: Epiphanies and Transformations in the Life Photographs of the Selma Marches of 1965

In this article, we contribute to scholarship on visibility and rhetoric by examining the way in which photographs published in march 1965 issues of life magazine functioned rhetorically to (1) evoke common humanity by capturing moments of embodiment and enactment that challenged the established images of blacks in the minds of whites and held up for scrutiny assumptions and power relationships that had long been taken for granted; (2) evoke common humanity by creating recognition of others through particularity; and (3) challenge taken–for-granted ideas of democracy, reminding viewers that a large gap existed between abstract political concepts like democracy and what was actually occurring in american streets. We conclude by considering the transformative capacity of photojournalism as it mediates between the universal and the particular, and enables viewers to experience epiphanic moments when issues, ideas, habits, and yearnings are crystallized into a single recognizable image.
Attentional–Associative Interactions in Creativity

An existing attentional–associative model of classical conditioning is applied to the description of the mechanisms participating of creative processes. Under the premise that attention to novel st...
A new numerical model of the middle atmosphere. 2: Ozone and related species

A new two-dimensional model with detailed photochemistry is presented. The model includes descriptions of planetary wave and gravity wave propagation and dissipation to characterize the wave forcing and associated mixing in the stratosphere and mesosphere. Such a representation allows for explicit calculation of the regions of strong mixing in the middle atmosphere required for accurate simulation of trace gas transport. The new model also includes a detailed description of photochemical processes in the stratosphere and mesosphere. The downward transport of H2, H2O, and NO(y) from the mesosphere to the stratosphere is examined, and it is shown that mesospheric processes can influence the distributions of these chemical species in polar regions. For HNO3 we also find that small concentrations of liquid aerosols above 30 km could play a major role in determining the abundance in polar winter at high latitudes. The model is also used to examine the chemical budget of ozone in the midlatitude stratosphere and to set constraints on the effectiveness of bromine relative to chlorine for ozone loss and the role of the HO2 + BrO reaction. Recent laboratory data used in this modeling study suggest that this process greatly enhances the effectiveness of bromine for ozone destruction, making bromine-catalyzed chemistry second only to HO(x)-catalyzed ozone destruction in the contemporary stratosphere at midlatitudes below about 18 km. The calculated vertical distribution of ozone in the lower stratosphere agrees well with observations, as does the total column ozone during most seasons and latitudes, with the important exception of southern hemisphere winter and spring.
The role of auditory feedback in speech and song.

When singing a melody or producing sentences, we take for granted the fact that the sounds we create (auditory feedback) match the intended consequences of our actions. The importance of these perception/ action matches to production is illustrated by the detrimental effects of altered auditory feedback (AAF). Previous research in the domain of music has shown that when AAF leads to asynchronies between perception and action, timing of production is disrupted but accuracy of sequencing is not. On the other hand, AAF manipulations of pitch disrupt sequencing but not timing. Such dissociative effects, as well as other findings, suggest that sensitivity to AAF may be based on hierarchical organization of sequences. In the current research we examined whether similar effects are found for the production of speech, for which syllables rather than pitches may constitute content units. In the first experiment, participants either sang melodies or spoke sequences of nonsense syllables. In the second experiment, the tasks were combined such that participants sang syllable sequences. Production in both experiments was accompanied by either normal, asynchronous, or content altered auditory feedback. Across experiments, effects of AAF on the accuracy of sequencing were similar in speaking and singing tasks, and in all cases reflected the dissociative effects described earlier. For timing of production, however, previous results were only found when participants sang sequences that did not have varying syllabic content. These results suggest that sensitivity to timing exists at multiple hierarchical levels, particularly at the syllable and phonetic levels.
Minimizing neonatal adverse events associated with the management of red cell alloimunization: A decision analysis

OF RED CELL ALLOIMUNIZATION: A DECISION ANALYSIS ANGELA SILBER, SERDAR URAL, University of Pennsylvania, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania OBJECTIVE: Compare strategies for managing patients with red cell alloimunization and identify the path that maximizes perinatal survival and outcome. STUDY DESIGN: Using decision analysis, we compared 3 screening strategies: Doppler ultrasound measurements of middle cerebral artery (MCA) peak velocity followed by cordocentesis, serial amniocentesis with determination of amniotic fluid delta-OD450 and no testing. Outcomes included perinatal death and prematurity sequelae, including grade III-IV intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). Baseline assumptions included procedure-specific and gestational agespecific estimates of perinatal morbidity and mortality. The high pay calculation path was chosen, for survival intact pay off defined as 1, survival with sequelae given pay off 0.5 and for death, 0. RESULTS: The optimal strategy with the highest pay off is MCA Doppler screening. The pay off for MCA Doppler screening reached 0.91; with the amniocentesis protocol the pay off reached 0.71 and for no testing, 0.22. CONCLUSION: The MCA Doppler strategy is the one with the highest pay off, suggesting higher overall and intact neonatal survival when compared to the amniocentesis and no testing strategies. In the absence of randomized controlled trials, this analysis suggests that MCA Doppler strategy is the optimal scheme for managing red cell alloimmunization.
Elevated parathyroid hormone after parathyroidectomy delays symptom improvement

Abstract Background Curative parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) resolves various nonspecific symptoms related to the disease. Between 8% and 40% of patients with normocalcemia after parathyroidectomy have persistently elevated parathyroid hormone (ePTH) levels at follow-up. We investigated whether ePTH in the early postoperative period was associated with the timing of symptom improvement. Materials and methods This prospective study included adult patients with PHPT who underwent curative parathyroidectomy from November 2011 to September 2012. Biochemical testing at 2 wk postoperatively identified ePTH (defined as PTH > 72 pg/mL) versus normal PTH (nPTH). A questionnaire administered pre- and post-operatively at 6 wk and 6 mo asked patients to rate the frequency of 18 symptoms of PHPT on a five-point Likert scale. Student t -tests were used to compare pre- with postoperative changes in scores for individual symptoms. Results Of 194 patients who underwent parathyroidectomy, 129 (66%) participated in the study. Preoperatively, all patients were symptomatic, with a mean of 13 ± 4 symptoms. Two weeks postoperatively, 20 patients (16%) had ePTH. The percentage of patients with postoperative improvement for individual symptoms was compared between groups. At the early time point (6 wk), the ePTH group showed less improvement in 14 of 18 symptoms. This difference reached statistical significance for four symptoms: anxiety, constipation, thirst, and polyuria. By the 6-mo time point, these differences had resolved, and symptom improvement was similar between groups. Conclusions ePTH after curative parathyroidectomy may result in a delay in symptom improvement 6 wk postoperatively; however, this difference resolves in 6 mo.
¿Cómo heredar la militancia política del 60 y 70? Reflexiones en torno a tres cuentos sobre/de la generación de posdictadura en el Río de la Plata

This essay explores how Rio de la Plata writers, from the postdictatorship generation (i.e., those born in the 70s and 80s), relate with the political context of revolution and repression in which they grew up, and how such relationship affects their political perspectives as young adults. Throughout the reflection I interweave the perspective of sociologist Emilio De Ipola in his article “Un legado trunco” and the analysis of three short stories written by, and about, postdictatorship generation’s members: Florencia Abbate’s “El grito” (2004), Gabriel Sosa’s “Que dificil es ser de izquierda en estos dias” (2004) and “Los cuatro fantasticos” (2005) by Fabian Casas. These stories address the experience of sons and daughters of political activists who were exiled, imprisoned, or disappeared during the last dictatorship, from the context of the new millennium.
Fully invariant quaternion based filter for target recognition

An enhanced approach for colour target recognition for still imagery and video is demonstrated in this paper. The proposed model successfully deals with object detection in clutter and distorted environment by using combination of three different techniques — Quaternion correlation, Logarithm mapping and EMACH. Quaternion correlation technique is used to measure colour similarity. Logarithm mapping efficiently provides the constant response in reaction to scale and rotation changes. A quaternion based method needs to be devised to integrate intensity information of three channels by EMACH. By virtue of combining these three novel techniques we can define fully invariant filter. The experimental results, reported herein, show its resilience for practical utilization in the real world scenarios involving distorted environments.
Adrenergic regulation of cellular plasticity in brown, beige/brite and white adipose tissues

The discovery of brown adipose tissue in adult humans along with the recognition of adipocyte heterogeneity and plasticity of white fat depots has renewed the interest in targeting adipose tissue for therapeutic benefit. Adrenergic activation is a well-established means of recruiting catabolic adipocyte phenotypes in brown and white adipose tissues. In this article, we review mechanisms of brown adipocyte recruitment by the sympathetic nervous system and by direct β-adrenergic receptor activation. We highlight the distinct modes of brown adipocyte recruitment in brown, beige/brite, and white adipose tissues, UCP1-independent thermogenesis, and potential non-thermogenic, metabolically beneficial effects of brown adipocytes.
Encouraging Microbiology Students To Think Like Scientists: Instead of urging students to memorize new materials, teach them to understand concepts fully and then put them to use

Like many instructors, I went to a university where lectures were the norm. Because that strategy seemed to work so well, I emulated that approach when I began teaching microbiology to college students.
Stability and Isotopy in Discrete Dynamical Systems

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses that every diffeomorphism of a compact manifold is differentiably isotopic to one that is Ω-stable as a discrete dynamical system. It discusses a theorem that every diffeomorphism of a compact manifold is differentiably isotopic to one satisfying Axiom A and the no-cycle condition and corollary that every diffeomorphism is differentiably isotopic to an instable one. The theorem is reminiscent of the theorem that every manifold supports a structurally stable vector field, that is, continuous dynamical system. In the case discussed in the chapter, however, the dynamical system obtained must be more complicated, as the Lefschetz trace formula implies, even for many isotopy classes on 2-manifolds, that there are an infinite number of periodic orbits.
Metabolic recovery from drowning by insect pupae

Many terrestrial insects live in environments that flood intermittently, and some life stages may spend days underwater without access to oxygen. We tested the hypothesis that terrestrial insects with underground pupae show respiratory adaptations for surviving anoxia and subsequently reestablishing normal patterns of respiration. Pupae of Manduca sexta were experimentally immersed in water for between 0 and 13 days. All pupae survived up to 5 days of immersion regardless of whether the water was aerated or anoxic. By contrast, fifth-instar larvae survived a maximum of 4 h of immersion. There were no effects of immersion during the pupal period on adult size and morphology. After immersion, pupae initially emitted large pulses of CO2. After a subsequent trough in CO2 emission, spiracular activity resumed and average levels of CO2 emission were then elevated for approximately 1 day in the group immersed for 1 day and for at least 2 days in the 3- and 5-day immersion treatments. Although patterns of CO2 emission were diverse, most pupae went through a period during which they emitted CO2 in a cyclic pattern with periods of 0.78–2.2 min. These high-frequency cycles are not predicted by the recent models of [Forster and Hetz (2010)][1] and [Grieshaber and Terblanche (2015)][2], and we suggest several potential ways to reconcile the models with our observations. During immersion, pupae accumulated lactate, which then declined to low levels over 12–48 h. Pupae in the 3- and 5-day immersion groups still had elevated rates of CO2 emission after 48 h, suggesting that they continued to spend energy on reestablishing homeostasis even after lactate had returned to low levels. Despite their status as terrestrial insects, pupae of M. sexta can withstand long periods of immersion and anoxia and can reestablish homeostasis subsequently. [1]: #ref-21 [2]: #ref-24
Defects in MoS 2 and other TMDs: Impact on device performance and variability

Understandingandcontrollingpointdefectsandimpimtiesisvitalfortherealizationofnanoelectronic devices based on transition metal dichalcogenides. We find that intrinsic defects in MoS 2 dominate the metal/MoS 2 contact resistance and provide a low Schottky barrier in dependent of metal contact work function. Furthermore, we showthatMoS 2 can exhibit both n-type and p-type conduction at different points on a same sample. We identify these regions independently by complementary characterization techniques and show how the Fermi level can shift by 1 eV over tens of nanometers in spatial resolution. We find that these variations in doping are defect chemistry related. We will discuss how to passivate these defects and show our promising recent results of epitaxially grown TMDs for large area device applications.
Historical perspective on the importance of the Milan criteria.

Twenty years ago, the most important article regarding hepatocellular carcinoma and liver transplantation was published.
Inference of a Dyadic Measure and its Simplicial Geometry from Binary Feature Data and Application to Data Quality

We propose a new method for representing data sets with an ordered set of binary features which summarizes both measure-theoretic and topological properties. The method does not require any assumption of metric space properties for the data. A data set with an ordered set of binary features is viewed as a dyadic set with a dyadic measure. We prove that dyadic sets with dyadic measures have a canonical set of binary features and determine canonical nerve simplicial complexes. The method computes the two related representations: multiscale parameters for the dyadic measure and the Betti numbers of the simplicial complex. The dyadic product formula representation formulated in previous work is exploited. The parameters characterize the relative skewness of the measure at dyadic scales and localities. The more abstract Betti number statistics summarize the simplicial geometry of the support of the measure. We prove that they provide a simple privacy property. Our methods are compared with other results for measures on sets with tree structures, recent multi-resolution theory, and computational topology. We illustrate the method on a data quality data set and propose future research directions.
Membership recruitment and training in health care ethics committees: Results from a national pilot survey.

This pilot study reports on a survey regarding recruitment, appointment, and training of members for health care ethics committees (HCECs).Background: Past studies have examined HCECs, but have foc...
Monitoring riverine thermal regimes on stream networks: Insights into spatial sampling designs from the Snoqualmie River, WA

Abstract Understanding, predicting, and managing the spatiotemporal complexity of stream thermal regimes requires monitoring strategies designed specifically to make inference about spatiotemporal variability on the whole stream network. Moreover, monitoring can be tailored to capture particular facets of this complex thermal landscape that may be important indicators for species and life stages of management concern. We applied spatial stream network models (SSNMs) to an empirical dataset of water temperature from the Snoqualmie River watershed, WA, and use results to provide guidance with respect to necessary sample size, location of new sites, and selection of a modeling approach. As expected, increasing the number of monitoring stations improved both predictive precision and the ability to estimate covariates of stream temperature; however, even relatively small numbers of monitoring stations, n = 20, did an adequate job when well-distributed and when used to build models with only a few covariates. In general, winter data were easier to model and, across seasons, mean temperatures were easier to model than summer maximums, winter minimums, or variance. Adding new sites was advantageous but we did not observe major differences in model performance for particular new site locations. Adding sites from parts of the river network with thermal regimes which differed from the rest of the network, and which were therefore highly influential, improved nearby predictions but reduced model-estimated precision of predictions in the rest of the network. Lastly, using models which accounted for the network-based spatial correlation between observations made it much more likely that estimated prediction confidence intervals covered the true parameter; the exact form of the spatial correlation made little difference. By incorporating spatial structure between observations, SSNMs are particularly valuable for accurate estimation of prediction uncertainty at unmeasured locations. Based on our results, we make the following suggestions for designing water temperature monitoring arrays: (1) make use of pilot data when possible; (2) maintain a distribution of monitors across the stream network (i.e., over space and across the full range of covariates); (3) maintain multiple spatial clusters for more accurately estimating correlation of nearby sites; (4) if sites are to be added, prioritize capturing a range of covariates over adding new tributaries; (5) maintain a sensor array in winter; and (6) expect reduced accuracy and precision when predicting metrics other than means.
Household Food Security Discordance Among Latino Adolescents and Parents.

OBJECTIVES We determined the degree of parent-adolescent concordance in reported household food security, and delineated variation in concordance as a function of selected household and parent-adolescent relationship characteristics. METHODS Cross-tabulations and Cohen's Kappa determined concordance. Multinomial logistic regressions delineated variation in concordance as a function of selected household and parent-adolescent relationship characteristics for Latino parent and adolescent dyads (N = 70). RESULTS Nearly half the households had concordant reports of household food security, but 34% were "discordant" such that parents reported food insecurity but adolescents did not, and 17% were "discordant" wherein adolescents reported food insecurity but parents did not. Elevated parent-adolescent conflict was associated with greater odds of discordance wherein adolescent reported food insecurity but parent did not. Households with female adolescents and income ≥ $30,000/year were associated with lower odds of discordance wherein parent reported food insecurity but adolescent did not. CONCLUSIONS Discordant reports of Latino household food security suggest the burden of unequal access to sufficient foods may be underestimated. Discordant reports may follow from cultural values that may encourage adolescents to keep hunger from their parents.
Can stroboscopic training improve time-to-collision judgments of approaching objects?

Prior studies have shown that training with stroboscopic viewing improved performance on visual tasks, such as motion coherence thresholds, and performance on coincident anticipation tasks (Appelba...
Premarital Relationship Adjustment and its Relation to Religiosity and Sexual Involvement

The relations among relationship adjustment, sexual involvement, and religiosity were investigated among 249 college students involved in heterosexual dating relationships. Scores from the Gladding...
Damage Control in Pediatric Patients

The concepts of damage control surgery and resuscitation have been known for many years, as have data affirming the advantages for adult patients. There has been no doubt that the application of these damage control resuscitation principles have led to improved success of non-operative management of solid organ injury, decreased multi-system organ failure, and improved mortality [1]. As of this writing, there has been no prospective randomized trial proving the benefit of damage control resuscitation in the pediatric patient. There are several challenges with such trials; primarily, the most common injuries are traumatic brain injury, and overall mortality is low. Death from hemorrhage is rare and precludes effective trials without broad multicenter participation over an extended time frame. It should be said, however, that when a therapy or intervention is proven to have benefit in adult patients, it should be considered applicable to the pediatric population unless there is compelling reason to believe that there are differences in the pediatric anatomy or physiology that would change the efficacy of the therapy or intervention. Such is the case with damage control surgery and resuscitation. The concept of limited crystalloid resuscitation; early, balanced blood component replacement; rapid correction of physiological derangements, including coagulopathy and inflammation; and source control surgery for bleeding and contamination should all be applicable in the pediatric patient based on the developing biology of the child.
Vincent van Gogh and Starry Skies Over France

Vincent van Gogh, in the last 2 years of his life, created some of the most spectacular and well-known paintings of twilights and night skies.
Evaluation of Small-Vessel Arteriopathy in Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension

The principal treatment for chronic thrombo­embolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) remains surgery. Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE), also referred to as pulmonary endarterectomy, offers the possibility of cure for many patients with symptomatic CTEPH who would otherwise succumb to progressive right-sided heart failure. Two subgroups of patients with CTEPH, however, will not fully benefit from PTE: those not offered surgery owing to concern of the disease being too distal, and those with persistent symptomatic pulmonary hypertension identified only after PTE – the group also at the highest risk for postoperative death. This latter group represents patients with significant small-vessel disease. For the former group, determination of inoperability remains often subjective and open to interpretation. To use an analogy from surgical oncology, the field of CTEPH is in need of a better preoperative “clinical staging.” This chapter will discuss the importance of small-vessel disease in CTEPH and the current limitations and opportunities in improving the preoperative evaluations.
Structural Analysis of the History of Experimental Psychology

Although one could extensively debate the origin of modern psychology, we will settle this question quickly by deciding that psychology began with G. T. Fechner (1801–1887). Undoubtedly, due recognition has to be given to J. F. Herbart (1776–1841) and his quixotic attempt to refute Kant’s dim views about psychology by proposing a “Psychology as Science, Newly Founded on Experience, Metaphysics and Mathematics.” What is so attractive about Fechner is his deeply felt striving for a synthesis between a naturalistic—physicalistic approach to psychology and his engagement in mentalistic—spiritualistic explorations.