cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The adsorption of short single-stranded DNA oligomers to mineral surfaces

Abstract We studied the adsorption of short single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (ssDNA) oligomers, of approximately 30 nucleotides (nt) in length, of varying sequence, adenine + guanine + cytosine (AGC) content, and propensity to form secondary structure, to equal surface area samples of olivine, pyrite, calcite, hematite, and rutile in 0.1 M NaCl, 0.05 M pH 8.1 KHCO3 buffer. Although the mineral surfaces have widely varying points of zero charge, under these conditions they show remarkably similar adsorption of ssDNA regardless of oligomer characteristics. Mineral surfaces appear to accommodate ssDNA comparably, or ssDNA oligomers of this length are able to find binding sites of comparable strength and density due to their flexibility, despite the disparate surface properties of the different minerals. This may partially be due charge shielding by the ionic strength of the solutions tested, which are typical of many natural environments. These results may have some bearing on the adsorption and accumulation of biologically derived nucleic acids in sediments as well as the abiotic synthesis of nucleic acids before the origin of life.
An opera house for the “Paris of South America”: pathways to the institutionalization of high culture

Who has the power to institutionalize culture? How is it that cultural forms become legitimated and appropriated by certain groups? And what are the organizational forms that guarantee the continuity of the interlocks among classifications, etiquette, and resources in the long run? This article explores these questions by observing the struggle over the institutionalization of opera as high culture during the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century in Buenos Aires, a region of the world understudied by cultural sociologists. It contends that to answer these questions we need to observe the contested dynamics though which the process of institutionalization happens. It also shows how this contestation affects, in the long-term, the processes of evaluation and legitimation of the classification upheld, and the consequences it has in terms of audience stratification. In the Discussion section, I present a novel framework for the study of pathways to high culture institutionalization that highlights how the role of the state and competing stakeholders can introduce variable relationships among the elites, the arts, and social closure.
Perspectives on stress resilience and adolescent neurobehavioral function

Interest in adolescence as a crucial stage of neurobehavioral maturation is growing, as is the concern of how stress may perturb this critical period of development. Though it is well recognized that stress-related vulnerabilities increase during adolescence, not all adolescent individuals are uniformly affected by stress nor do stressful experiences inevitability lead to negative outcomes. Indeed, many adolescents show resilience to stress-induced dysfunctions. However, relatively little is known regarding the mechanisms that may mediate resilience to stress in adolescence. The goal of this brief review is to bring together a few separate, yet related lines of research that highlight specific variables that may influence stress resilience during adolescence, including early life programming of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, stress inoculation, and genetic predisposition. Though we are far from a clear understanding of the factors that mediate resistance to stress-induced dysfunctions, it is imperative that we identify and delineate these aspects of resilience to help adolescents reach their full potential, even in the face of adversity.
Reconceptualizing the Association between Food Insufficiency and Body Weight: Distinguishing Hunger from Economic Hardship

What is the association between food insufficiency and body weight? Although common sense would suggest a negative association, research often finds the opposite. We contrast commodity theories of material privation with stress theories, proposing that the seemingly counterintuitive association results from the confounding influence of economic hardship. Because it is a chronic stressor, economic hardship may contribute to overweight. Data from the WCF project of 2,402 disadvantaged women in Chicago, Boston, and San Antonio show that people who experience economic hardship weigh more; and that the true negative association between body weight and food insufficiency-especially going hungry because one cannot afford food-is revealed only after adjustment for economic hardship.
Hidden and unhidden information in quantum tunneling

We discuss the claim that when the peak of a tunneling wave packet appears on the far side of a barrier sooner than would be allowed by causal propagation of the incident peak, this must be interpreted to mean that the transmitted particles originate toward the leading edge of the incident peak. We examine the status of information about where in a wave packet a particle is, both in terms of Bohm's deterministic picture of quantum mechanics and in terms of a recently proposedGedankenexperiment. We find that while there are very real senses in which this interpretation makes sense, attempts to explicitly bring out this extra information in the form of quantum-mechanical observables necessarily fail. It therefore remains “hidden” information, which we can deduce indirectly from multiple experiments or from the principle of causality, but which we can never observe directly in a single experiment.
General Formulas for Solving Solvable Sextic Equations

Abstract Let G be a transitive, solvable subgroup of S6. We show that there is a common formula for finding the roots of all irreducible sextic polynomials f(x) ∈ Q[x] with Gal(f) = G. Moreover, once the roots ri are calculated, there is an explicit procedure for numbering them so that the Galois group acts via τ(ri) = rτ(i) for τ ∈ G ⊂ S6. We also demonstrate new criteria for determining the Galois group of an irreducible sextic polynomial f(x) ∈ Q[x]. The first two results generalize results of D. S. Dummit (1991, Math. Comp.57, 387–401) for quintic polynomials.
Arterial Queue Spillback Detection and Signal Control Based on Connected Vehicle Technology

Queue spillbacks are a major problem in urban signalized arterials because such spillbacks can lead to gridlock and excessive delays. Several methods based on fixed-location detector data have been proposed to identify the occurrence of queue spillbacks and implement signal control strategies to mitigate their impacts. This paper presents two queue spillback detection methods based on connected vehicle (CV) or probe data. The first method requires only the use of CV data and is based on the notion that nonequipped vehicles in queue that arrive after the last CV-equipped vehicle can be modeled by using a geometric distribution. The second spillback detection method combines CV data with information about the signal settings at the upstream intersection and is based on a kinematic wave theory of traffic. The authors also developed a signal control strategy to mitigate queue spillbacks once they were detected. The proposed queue spillback detection methods and alternative signal control strategy were tested ...
A Reassessment of Implementation Process Models

Process models traditionally characterize implementation in terms of generic phases that have to be managed sequentially in order for the system to be eventually successful. Given contemporary information system environments, such a perspective on implementation detracts from our ability to understand and design better systems. The advent of powerful, new technologies coupled with an array of diverse user types has resulted in system usage patterns that the process models are unable to capture. An alternative perspective focuses on the user and user roles, the mechanisms that exist for the facilitation and support of users, and the nature of learning that has occurred in the system environments of organizations.
The derepression of Δ-aminolevulinate synthetase in yeast

Abstract A simple and reproducible paradigm for the study of derepression of respiratory enzymes in yeast in the absence of growth is described. With it we have shown that δ-aminolevulinate synthetase undergoes an unusual cyclical pattern centering at t = 5 h after transfer to a derepression medium and extending for ∼2.5 h in both directions. It can be explained by the induction, followed by the decay, of a novel activity, probably synthesized in the cytosol but also requiring the participation of (a) mitochondrially synthesized component(s).
Is Special Treatment Needed For Elderly Offenders

The recent interest in elderly offenders has spawned issues concerning their treatment. Elderly criminals, who contribute only about 4 percent of the total arrest in the United States, have heretofore been subject to the legal procedures applied to all adult offenders, perhaps tempered locally and informally by a certain amount of leniency on the part of police or judges. With the new focus on elderly offenders, has the time come for a general policy on treatment of these offenders, different from that meted out to adult offenders of all ages?
Large-scale assessment of symbiotic dinitrogen fixation by crops: soybean and alfalfa in the Mississippi River Basin

Human activities have increased the amount of earth's reactive N, resulting in significant improvements in crop yield and animal production but also in environmental degradation and ecosystem disruption in some areas. For example, agriculture has been cited as a major source of N that contributes to hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. Although other sources of N have been well characterized in large ecosystem studies, the contribution of legume crops to the N cycle has not. Furthermore, the role legumes play in reducing excess N is not widely recognized. Symbiotic N 2 fixation is a facultative process that is reduced by plant N uptake from other sources. Using reported and estimated crop yield and protein concentration with published estimates of soil N mineralization and atmospheric N deposition, we estimated spatial patterns of symbiotic N 2 fixation for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) across the Mississippi River Basin, the largest in North America. We estimate that alfalfa haylage adds about 20% to total production of dry alfalfa hay and increases total land area in alfalfa by about 11% over that reported in the Census of Agriculture. Our analysis shows wide ranges in N 2 fixation (0 to 185 kg N ha -1 for soybean and 45 to 470 kg N ha ' for alfalfa), reasonable mean rates (84 kg N ha -1 for soybean and 152 kg N ha -1 for alfalfa), and suggests that about 2.9 million Mg of fixed N is harvested annually in these two cultivated legumes.
Client-server assignment in massively multiplayer online games

Massively multiplayer online games (MMOGs) may use peer-to-peer, client-server, or mirrored-server environments. Since there exist multiple server options in mirrored server environments, a problem arises when deciding to which server each player should connect. We propose three distinct heuristics that assign players within Quality of Service (QoS) as each player joins and leaves, taking into consideration whether a player already in QoS can be moved to place a newly joining player in QoS without sacrificing QoS for the moved player. Our results show that for certain numbers of servers and values of QoS, our heuristics increase the total number of players in QoS over an assignment method that does not move players when others join and leave. Our heuristics bear adapting to a wider variety of environments.
Drafting New York Civil-Litigation Documents: Part XXXIII — Contempt Motions Continued

This article, the 33rd in a continuing series on how to draft New York civil-litigation papers, covers criminal contempt under the Judiciary Law.
Crystal growth and crystal chemistry of NiAs-type compounds: MnSb, CoSb, and NiSb

Abstract NiSb and CoSb single crystals with different transition-metal-to-antimony ratios were grown by pulling with a seed from a nonstoichiometric molten solution using a liquid B 2 O 3 encapsulation. Based on the crystal growth, metallographic examination, and differential thermal analysis, the partial phase diagrams in the vicinity of stoichiometric NiSb and CoSb have been reestablished. The lattice parameters of the two compounds as a function of the composition have been measured. These results, together with data obtained previously from MnSb, have been correlated with the crystal chemistry of the formation of the compounds.
On case and the passive morpheme

Some recent analyses of the passive, such as Baker (1988) and Baker, Johnson, and Roberts (1989), claim that the passive morpheme is an argument and that the twin properties of ϑ-role absorption and Case absorption may be attributed to its argument status. Through an examination of passive constructions in several languages, we find that such analyses are unable to account for the ways in which Case absorption sometimes fails to apply. More generally, the facts examined provide important counterexamples to Burzio's generalization and show that there is greater diversity in the Case properties of passive morphemes than was previously thought.
A Continuous-Outcome Expected Utility Theory of War:

A continuous-outcome expected utility model is presented that generalizes the expected utility theory of Bueno de Mesquita. An examination of the more general model uncovers several unstated assumptions within and produces new conclusions from, while supporting the basic logic of, the expected utility theory. Among the new conclusions is the finding that nations shifting their level of acceptable outcomes to a conflict upward or downward after fighting starts is perfectly consistent with a rational model. The derivations demonstrate the value of theoretical articulation, a task too often neglected in quantitative international relations, and provide a sound logical basis for the construction of systemic theories based upon the expected utility theory.
Electrophoretic studies of several hydrolytic enzymes in relation to the cold tolerance of alfalfa.

Abstract Two cultivars of alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.), cold-tolerant Vernal and cold-sensitive Sonora, were grown under summer, winter, and dehardening environments to determine the characteristics and relationships of several hydrolytic enzymes to cold tolerance. Soluble enzymatic proteins, extracted from lyophilized crown and root tissues with three different solvents, were separated by polyacrylamide disc-gel electrophoresis and evaluated on the basis of equal dry weights of tissue and equal quantities of protein. Gels assayed for amylases, acid phosphatases, esterases, leucine aminopeptidases, and adenosine triphosphatases exhibited mainly quantitative differences in isoenzymes depending upon extractant, cultivar, and environmental differences. The qualitative differences detected were generally due to differential solubilities of isoenzymes in the three extractants and, to a lesser extent, were related to environmental, cultivar, or stability differences. While activities of esterases, acid phosphatases, and leucine aminopeptidases increased in winter samples, as soluble protein increased, only slight decreases in these enzymes occurred during dehardening. Conversely, activities of amylases were slightly lower in winter samples than in the other samples, and adenosine triphosphatase activity decreased in the most coldtolerant sample. The measured levels of total nonstructural carbohydrate, total soluble sugar, and starch indicated differences between cultivars in starch-sugar conversion. Further, the differential heat stabilities of the isoamylases also provided some information as to the nature of “protected activity” of diastatic enzymes. Differential cryostabilities of peptidases and adenosine triphosphatases detected between cultivars and environments also demonstrated the influence of the extraction medium in maintaining enzyme activity, and these observations may be important to an understanding of cold tolerance in alfalfa. The obvious speculations regarding enzyme stability and the factors involved as related to the cold tolerance of alfalfa require further examination.
Hepatic Resection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients With Cirrhosis: Model of End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) Score Predicts Perioperative Mortality

Hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with cirrhosis is generally recommended for patients with Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) Class A liver disease and early tumor stage. The Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) has been shown to accurately predict survival in patients with cirrhosis, but whether MELD is useful for selection of patients with cirrhosis for hepatic resection is unknown. We examined whether MELD was predictive of perioperative mortality and correlated MELD with other potential clinicopathologic factors to overall survival in patients with cirrhosis undergoing hepatic resection for HCC. A retrospective chart review was undertaken of patients with HCC and cirrhosis undergoing hepatic resection between 1993 and 2003. Eighty-two patients (62 men, 20 women; mean age, 62 years) were identified. Forty-five patients had MELD score > or =9 (range, 9-15) and CTP score ranged from 5 to 9 points. Fifty-nine patients underwent minor ( or =9, n = 30) and 23 underwent major (> or =3 segments) hepatic resections (MELD or =9, n = 15). Perioperative mortality rate was 16%. MELD score or =9 (P or =9 (P or =9 (P 5 cm (P or =9, other treatment modalities should be considered.
Developmental and Behavioral Performance of Internationally Adopted Preschoolers: A Pilot Study

Most international adoptees (IA) have rapid catch-up of the delays common at arrival. However, it is not known whether development at arrival predicts later abilities or school readiness. Therefore, we comprehensively evaluated language, fine motor, visual reception (VR), executive function (EF), attention (ATT), and sensory skills (SS) in IA preschoolers. We hypothesized that pre-adoptive risk factors, development at arrival, and the post-adoptive environment (time in day care) would predict developmental and behavioral outcomes and school readiness. 37 IA (12M:25F), currently age 4–5 years and previously seen in our clinic (mean arrival age 12 months), were evaluated with standardized tests of development, language, EF, ATT, and SS, along with demographic information, parent interview, and review of arrival clinic records. Fine motor and VR skills at arrival ranged from average to very below average. At followup, most IA were average or above average in fine motor, VR, and language skills, but many had concerning scores for ATT (42%), EF (11%) and SS (48%). Arrival expressive language T scores (Mullen) predicted follow-up scores for expressive language (PLS-4, r = .44, p = .005). Arrival fine motor scores (Mullen) correlated with follow-up auditory comprehension scores (PLS-4, r = .47, p = .002) and inversely with inattention scores (Conners’, r = −.48, p = .003). Arrival visual reception scores correlated inversely with global measures of attention (Conners’ opposition r = −.45, p = .005, ADHD scores r = −.49, p = .002, and to a lesser extent hyperactivity r = −.35, p = .03). Age at arrival was a very strong predictor of many of the outcome measures tested, including language performance, attention regulation, executive function, and sensory processing. Children who spent more time in daycare had significantly more difficulty with emotional control (p = .005). Although IA have good catch-up in specific areas of development, difficulties with ATT regulation, EF, and sensory processing may increase the risk of later school problems.
Teaching the Person Students Become: New Challenges in Continuing Adult and Professional Education

Abstract Many continuing adult and professional education programs have heeded the call of what Packer and Greco-Brooks (1998) refer to as the “ontological work of school,” or helping “change the kinds of person their students become” (p. 134). This new “ontological” work attempts to incorporate critical pedagogy to stimulate critical self-reflection and more mindful interaction. Many adult and continuing education classrooms have significantly increased their use of experiential learning methods to accomplish these goals. The underlying assumption is that if students are encouraged to experience and reflect upon problematic events, they will use these “mindful moments” to incorporate other perspectives and, in turn, become more accepting of, comfortable with, and socially effective in diverse contexts. Experience alone, however, does not necessarily encourage one to be self critical. This article joins the dialogue about how we teach students to be critically self-reflective and embrace the complexities ...
Bapineuzumab and solanezumab for Alzheimer's disease: is the ‘amyloid cascade hypothesis' still alive?

Introduction: The ‘amyloid cascade hypothesis' remains the leading hypothesis to explain the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Immunotherapeutic agents have been developed to remove the neurotoxic amyloid β42 protein and prevent the hypothesized amyloid β42-induced neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration. The most notable of these immunotherapies are bapineuzumab and solanezumab. Areas covered: This article briefly reviews the experimental agents in development for treatment of AD and then discusses the results of bapineuzumab and solanezumab in AD patients, as reported in preclinical studies, clinical trials and press releases. Expert opinion: Phase III trials showed that bapineuzumab failed to improve cognitive and functional performances in AD patients, and was associated with a high incidence of amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA). Solanezumab's two Phase III trials in AD patients failed to meet endpoints when analyzed independently. However, analysis of pooled data from both trials sh...
Metric rationalisation of social choice functions according to principles of social choice

Abstract Two concepts of rationalisation of a social choice function are developed. A necessary independence condition and a characterisation is obtained in each case. The results generalise and unify earlier results on completing the Pareto quasi-order and resolving the problem of cyclical majorities.
Evolution of nonlocal observables in an expanding boost-invariant plasma

Using the $\mathrm{AdS}/\mathrm{CFT}$ correspondence, we compute analytically the late-time behavior of two-point functions, Wilson loops and entanglement entropy in a strongly coupled $\mathcal{N}=4$ super-Yang-Mills plasma undergoing a boost-invariant expansion. We take into account the effects of first order dissipative hydrodynamics and investigate the effects of the (time-dependent) shear viscosity on the various observables. The two-point functions decay exponentially at late times and are unaffected by the viscosity if the points are separated along the transverse directions. For longitudinal separation we find a much richer structure. In this case the exponential is modulated by a nonmonotonic function of the rapidities and a dimensionless combination of the shear viscosity and proper time. We show that this peculiar behavior constrains the regime of validity of the hydrodynamical expansion. In addition, similar results are found for certain Wilson loops and entanglement entropies.
Vulnerable windows define susceptibility to alternans and spatial discordance

Electrophysiological alternans is a beat-to-beat alternation of the action potential duration and/or Ca2+ transient amplitude and is linked to ventricular arrhythmias. We investigated the significance of various rate parameters under different experimental conditions with respect to alternans incidence and the propensity for spiral wave formation. Voltage and Ca2+ were optically mapped in monolayers of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. Alternans did not occur at physiological temperature, but its incidence increased significantly at lowered temperatures. Pacing cycle length for spatially concordant alternans onset (PCLC), PCL for spatially discordant alternans onset (PCLD), and minimum cycle length for loss of 1:1 or 2:2 capture (MCL) also significantly increased with lower temperature but in a way such that the differences between PCLC and MCL and between PCLD and MCL widened. These results provided the rationale to identify the former difference as the alternans vulnerable window (AVW; in ms) and the latter difference as the discordant alternans vulnerable window (AVWD; in ms). Computational simulations showed that interventions that widen AVW, including altered Ca2+ cycling and enhanced K+ currents, also promote alternans, regardless of whether PCLC or MCL increased or decreased. The simulation results were confirmed experimentally by addition of the ATP-sensitive K+ channel agonist pinacidil. Mathematical analysis provided a theoretical basis linking the size of AVW to the incidence of alternans. Finally, experiments showed that the size of AVWD is related to the incidence of spatially discordant alternans and, additionally, to the incidence of spiral wave formation. In conclusion, vulnerable windows can be defined that are strongly correlated with alternans incidence, spatial discordance, and spiral wave formation.
Visual learning, adaptive expectations, and behavioral conditioning of the mobile robot MAVIN

Abstract We have developed a control system for mobile robots which utilizes dynamical neural networks for learning and performance at all stages, from visual object learning and recognition to behavioral conditioning, and have implemented it on a mobile robot, the Mobile Adaptive VIsual Navigator (MAVIN). The system includes networks for early visual perception, eye motion control, pattern learning and object recognition, object associations and delayed expectation learning, emotional states, behavioral actions, and associative switching. The system takes as visual input various patterns of light (i.e., 3D objects), and learns these objects invariant to location, size, orientation, angle of gaze (foreshortening effects), and aspect on the visual field. The system associates reflex motor behaviors with certain learned visual objects. A robot eye motion system that can detect and adaptively track moving objects is also incorporated in MAVIN. These sensory-motor reflex associations and learned expectations are finally used to demonstrate various classical conditioning paradigms on MAVIN, in which a new visual stimulus is associated with the behavior triggered by either the on-set (conditioned excitor) or off-set (conditioned inhibitor) of some other stimulus. Extinction of a conditioned excitor, and the nonextinction of a conditioned inhibitor are also demonstrated. Behavioral conditioning phenomena are emergent consequences of the overall system neurodynamics.
Current Management of Esophageal Impactions

We analyzed our experience at a university medical center from 1977 to 1990 to assess our success in using esophagoscopy and related treatments for removing esophageal impactions. There were 157 episodes of impaction in 150 patients, consisting of 39 pediatric and 111 adult patients. In the pediatric cases, foreign bodies were most often the cause of impaction, while adult cases were usually caused by food or bones. Esophagoscopy was performed successfully in 32 of 34 pediatric patients in which it was attempted; there was only one complication. Other forms of therapy that were infrequently tried met with variable results. Esophagoscopy was successful in removing the impaction in 104 of 109 attempts in adults. Two perforations occurred, with one resulting in death. Various other methods achieved success in the remaining patients. The data suggest that esophageal impaction can be treated successfully by endoscopy with very low morbidity and mortality.
Solving the nonlinear equations of physics

Abstract Application of the decomposition method and of the asymptotic decomposition method are considered for solution of nonlinear and/or stochastic partial differential equations in space and time Examples are given to show the potential for solving systems of equations even with strongly coupled boundary conditions.
An inverse scattering method for a 1-D dissipative Helmholtz equation

In this numerical method for simultaneous reconstruction of permittivity and conductivity in the one-dimensional inverse problem for the Helmholtz equation, a system of Riccati equations with trace formulae is derived, then used to propagate reflection and transmission data into the interior of an interval to obtain inhomogeneous material profiles. Numerical results are examined.
Leukemia inhibitory factor regulates glucocorticoid receptor expression in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a pleiotropic cytokine belonging to the gp130 family. LIF is induced peripherally and within the brain during inflammatory or chronic autoimmune diseases and is ...
Parathyroid hormone-related peptide expression in the epiphyseal growth plate of the juvenile chicken: evidence for the origin of the parathyroid hormone-related peptide found in the epiphyseal growth plate.

Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) has been shown to be essential for normal endochondral bone formation. Along with Indian hedgehog (Ihh), it forms a paracrine regulatory loop that governs the pace of chondrocyte differentiation. However, the source of PTHrP for this regulatory loop is not clear. While one hypothesis has suggested the periarticular perichondrium as the source of PTHrP for growth plate regulation, other data utilizing immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization would indicate that growth plate chondrocytes themselves are the source of this peptide. The data described in this report supports the view that postnatal growth plate chondrocytes have the ability to synthesize this important regulatory peptide. Immunohistochemistry of tissue sections showed that PTHrP protein was evident throughout the chick epiphysis. PTHrP was seen in chondrocytes in the periarticular perichondrium, the perichondrium adjacent to the growth plate, the prehypertrophic zone of the growth plate, and the hypertrophic zone of the growth plate. However, cells in the proliferative zone, as well as some chondrocytes in the deeper layers of articular cartilage were predominantly negative for PTHrP. PTHrP was detected by Western blotting as a band of 16,400 Da in extracts from hypertrophic chondrocytes, but not from proliferative cells. RT-PCR detected PTHrP mRNA in both proliferative and hypertrophic growth plate chondrocytes, as well as in articular chondrocytes. PTH/PTHrP receptor mRNA was detected by Northern blotting in growth plate, but not articular chondrocytes. Thus, we conclude that most of the PTHrP present in the epiphyseal growth plate of the juvenile chick originates in the growth plate itself. Furthermore, the presence of large amounts of PTHrP protein in the hypertrophic zone supports the concept that PTHrP has other functions in addition to regulating chondrocyte differentiation. J. Cell. Biochem. 80:504–511, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Integration of semicircular canal and otolith information for multisensory orientation stimuli

This paper presents a model for the perception of dynamic orientation resulting from stimuli which involve both the otoliths and the semicircular canals. The model was applied to several multisensory stimuli and its predictions evaluated. In all cases, the model predictions were in substantial agreement with the known illusions or with the relevant experimental data.
Comparison of Hydrogels in the In Vivo Formation of Tissue-Engineered Bone Using Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate

Availability of grafts and morbidity at the donor site limit autologous transplantation in patients requiring bone reconstruction. A tissue-engineering approach can overcome these limitations by producing bone-like tissue of custom shape and size from isolated cells. Several hydrogels facilitate osteogenesis on porous scaffolds; however, the relative suitability of various hydrogels has not been rigorously assessed. Fibrin glue, alginate, and collagen I hydrogels were mixed with swine bone marrow-derived differentiated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), applied to 3-dimensionally printed porous beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP) scaffolds and implanted subcutaneously in nude mice. Although noninvasive assessment of osteogenesis in 3 dimensions is desirable for monitoring new bone formation in vivo, correlations with traditional histological and mechanical testing need to be established. High-resolution volumetric computed tomography (VCT) scanning, histological examination, biomechanical compression testing, and osteonectin (ON) expression were performed on excised scaffolds after 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks of subcutaneous implantation in mice. Statistical correlation analyses were performed between radiological density, stiffness, and ON expression. Use of collagen I as a hydrogel carrier produced superior bone formation at 6 weeks, as demonstrated using VCT scanning with densities similar to native bone and the highest compression values. Continued contribution of the seeded MSCs was demonstrated using swine-specific messenger ribonucleic acid probes. Radiological density values correlated closely with the results of histological and biomechanical testing and ON expression. High-resolution VCT is a promising method for monitoring osteogenesis.
Authenticity as a form of worth

Scholarly engagement with authenticity has been revitalized by recent efforts to theorize the value-ladenness of authenticity claims. Yet, these approaches are restricted by the lack of available conceptual tools necessary to explain variations in the meaning of authenticity between different cultural forms and social groups. In this paper, I draw from Boltanski and Thevenot’s pragmatic hermeneutics to develop an approach to authenticity in popular culture that conceptualizes it as a form of worth. I apply this new model to an analysis of the meanings of authenticity found in the discourse of fans of indie music and country music. I find that in the indie genre, authenticity involves an inspirational form of worth; in the country genre, it involves a domestic form of worth. I trace these differences back to the matched relationship between the primary groups of fans of each genre and the genres themselves that led both sides to find an interest in these types of authenticity. I conclude by sketching the r...
Be Interested and Beware: Joining Economic Valuation and Heritage Conservation

Economic thinking can provide great insight into heritage conservation. The cause of integrating heritage conservation into broader social agendas could be well served by engaging with economic discourse. Written from the perspective of the conservation field, this essay draws out distinctions between economic and conservation discourses, examines why and how economic arguments are made about conservation, and advocates serious engagement of cultural economics by the heritage conservation field. Strategic and epistemological barriers to the inclusion of economic discourse in conservation are surveyed, and several arguments for including economic discourse as a more integral part of conservation practice are weighed. The essay concludes that thoughtful, critical engagement with economics discourse will lead to a dynamic new research agenda and strengthen the conservation field’s hand in policy discussions and decisions.
TSUNAMI: Simultaneous Understanding, Answering, and Memory Interaction for Questions

Question processing involves parsing, memory retrieval, question categorization, initiation of appropriate answer-retrieval heuristics, answer formulation, and output. Computational and psychological models have traditionally treated these processes as separate, sequential, independent, and in pursuit of a single answer type at a time. Here this view is challenged and the implications of a theory in which question processes operate simultaneously on multiple question interpretations are explored. A highly interactive model is described in which an expectation-driven parser generates multiple question candidates, including partially-specified candidates. Question candidates act as constraints for a matcher which activates memory items. An answer retrieval process examines question candidates and the active portions of memory in an attempt to generate answer candidates. Answer candidates are examined by an output process that derives the final answer. These processes run simultaneously and interact. Three experiments on human question answering are also described which provide evidence that working memory load during question reading is affected by processes related to answer retrieval.
The Syme amputation: Success in elderly diabetic patients with palpable ankle pulses

Abstract The Syme amputation is an old operation that has been used during this century primarily as a means of treating traumatic injuries to the forefoot in military patients. In 1984 we made a deliberate attempt to perform the operation in a highly selective group of dysvascular patients with forefoot necrosis who happened to have a palpable posterior tibial pulse. We reviewed the charts of 26 patients who underwent a one-stage (3 patients) or two-stage (23 patients) Syme amputation. The mean age was 60 years, (range 32 to 74 years). There were 17 insulin-dependent diabetic patients, and 3 diet-controlled diabetic patients. Twenty-two patients (85%) had a palpable posterior tibial pulse before surgery. Fourteen patients (54%) underwent a preliminary Ray (4) or transmetatarsal (10) amputation to rid the forefoot of an active infection. Overall, 20 patients (77%) had successful Syme amputations. Nineteen of 22 patients (85%) with a palpable posterior tibial pulse had a successful amputation in contrast to one out of four patients (25%) who did not have a palpable pulse before surgery ( p = 0.04). The mean follow-up of all patients was 23 months. The durability of the operation was demonstrated in finding that only one patient in 20 initially successful Syme amputations required revision to the below-knee level. The two-stage Syme amputation can be a very gratifying operation with success rates aproaching 85%, even if offered to elderly diabetic patients. The single most important feature for success is to limit the operation to those patients with a palpable posterior tibial pulse before operation. (J VASC SURG 1990;12:237-40.)
Alpha Excitation Functions of Silver and Copper

The excitation functions for the production of some of the nuclei formed by alpha-particle bombardment of copper and silver have been measured for alpha energies up to 40 Mev. Comparison of these data with theoretical predictions based on (a) the assumption of relatively large radius constants (${r}_{0}=1.5$ for Zn, ${r}_{0}=1.65$ for Cd) and (b) an energy-dependent odd-odd to even-even level density ratio allows two conclusions: (1) ($\ensuremath{\alpha}, \mathrm{pn}$) cross sections are in good agreement with predictions based on the statistical theory. This lends some support to the proposal that the large ($p, p$), ($p, \mathrm{pn}$), ($n, p$) etc., cross sections recently reported are primarily due to direct interactions. (2) With an energy level density $\ensuremath{\omega}=C\mathrm{exp}2{(\mathrm{aE})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$, calculations based on the values of $a$ deduced from inelastic scattering experiments do not fit the experimental curves; $a$ derived from measured level spacing agrees with the copper, but not with the silver data. The best fit for the silver gives $a\ensuremath{\sim}2$. This result, similar to that obtained by the analysis of other experimental data, suggests that there is a considerable excess of high-energy evaporated particles.
In vivo magnetic resonance imaging of immune cells in the central nervous system with superparamagnetic antibodies

We developed a novel MRI technique to image immune cell location and homing in vivo to the central nervous system (CNS). Superparamagnetic antibodies specific for cell surface markers allowed imaging of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and Mac1+ cells in the CNS of mice infected with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) and in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Superparamagnetic antibodies have excellent T2, T2*, and good T1 relaxation properties, which makes them ideal MRI contrast materials. Immunohistochemistry of corresponding sections confirmed the specificity of the technique to detect immune cell types in the CNS. This powerful technique has potential to image any cell with unique surface antigens. Because superparamagnetic antibodies similar to those used in the study are approved for human use, the in vivo MRI technique we have described could be developed for human use.
Gamma-aminobutyric acid pathways in the cerebellum studied by retrograde and anterograde transport of glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody after in vivo injections

Injections of characterized antibody against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), were made into the cerebellum. Small cortical injections of anti-GAD antibody produced labeled stellate, basket, Purkinje, and Golgi cells and their processes at the injection site. Anterograde transport of GAD antigen-antibody complexes in Purkinje cell axons caused intense labeling of terminals in deep cerebellar and several vestibular nuclei. Small groups of mossy fiber rosettes labeled and produced retrograde labeling and GAD immunoreactivity in a small number of pleomorphic neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei. Injections into the dentate nucleus produced retrograde labeling in Purkinje cell bodies and anterograde label in a small number of mossy fiber rosettes. All projections conformed to previously reported topographic distributions of corticonuclear and nucleocortical cerebellar pathways. These findings confirm the GABA content of most Purkinje cell-deep nuclei connections and provide new evidence for a GABA component in part of the nucleocortical pathway in the cerebellum. Immunocytochemical controls for specificity were conducted by injections of preimmune rabbit serum as a substitute for GAD antibody. Only nonspecific labeling was obtained in these cases. Colchicine caused a cumulative enhancement of GAD immunoreactivity in all cases. The present studies indicate that the method of in vivo antibody injections can be utilized to study chemically specific connections in nervous tissue.
Incidental prostatic carcinoma: tumor extent versus histologic grade.

Abstract One hundred forty-three incidental carcinomas from 500 step-sectioned prostates were classified independently by two pathologists according to the Gleason system. The area involved by each tumor was measured by photographic techniques. Observer agreement was 94 per cent when tumors were divided into groups with “pattern scores” 4 or less (⩽ 4) and greater than 4 (> 4). About 25 per cent of tumors in both races had pattern scores 4 or less (⩽ 4). Tumors with pattern scores greater than 4 (> 4) were, on the average, significantly larger than those with pattern scores 4 or less (⩽ 4) (p
Secretion profile of human bone marrow stromal cells: Donor variability and response to inflammatory stimuli

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) derived from bone marrow are ideal transplants for a variety of CNS disorders and appear to support recovery after injury by secreting therapeutic factors. There is considerable variability in the secretion profile of MSC derived from different donors and it is known that MSC secretion changes in response to inflammatory stimuli, but no comprehensive analysis has been performed to address these issues. Here we show that MSC from seven donors secrete chemokines and cytokines in variable ranges, with some factors showing high variability. Treatment of cultured MSC with pro-inflammatory cytokines or tissue extracts from injured spinal cord resulted in up-regulation of selected cytokines, whereas treatment with an anti-inflammatory cytokine had little effect, indicating that the secretion profile is tightly regulated by environmental challenges. Patterns of up-regulated cytokines were similar in MSC from different donors suggesting a comparable response to inflammatory stimuli.
Lessons learned from the Oklahoma thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome registry.

The Oklahoma TTP-HUS Registry provides a complete community perspective of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). This is possible because plasma exchange is the essential treatment for TTP and the Oklahoma Blood Institute provides all plasma exchange procedures for a region encompassing most of the State, including 58 of Oklahoma's 77 counties. The Registry is an inception cohort of consecutive patients for whom plasma exchange treatment was requested for a diagnosis of either TTP or hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). All 382 patients identified from January 1, 1989 to December 31, 2007 have consented to be enrolled. Complete follow-up is available for 380 of 382 patients. Patients are described both by clinical categories, related to their associated conditions and clinically apparent etiologies, and by the presence of severe ADAMTS13 deficiency. ADAMTS13 activity has been measured on 235 (93%) of 254 patients since 1995. Registry data have provided new perspectives on the definition and diagnoses of these syndromes as well as their outcomes. Long-term follow-up has documented that relapse is common among patients with ADAMTS13 deficiency but rarely occurs in patients without ADAMTS13 deficiency. Long-term follow-up has also documented persistent abnormalities of health-related quality-of-life and cognitive function. In addition to providing new perspectives on the natural history of these syndromes, The Oklahoma TTP-HUS Registry provides a support group for our patients, information about evaluation and management for community physicians, and a resource for research and educational programs. J. Clin. Apheresis, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Increased niche differentiation between two Conochilus species over 33 years of climate change and food web alteration

Long-term data from Lake Washington are used to ask whether zooplankton population dynamics can be predicted on the basis of abiotic gradients and potential food resources. I used Dynamic Linear Models to examine effects of fluctuations in temperature and five algal groups on population dynamics of two rotifer species over a 33-yr period in which climate has warmed, anthropogenic nutrient loading has changed dramatically, and Daphnia has become established. Dynamics of the colonial rotifers Conochilus hippocrepisand Conochilus unicorniswere both best predicted by temperature and the density of single-celled bacterio- and phytoplankton smaller than 10 mm, but their seasonal peaks have become dramatically offset toward fall and spring, respectively, in recent years. Both species have been extirpated from the summer months in which they once flourished, seemingly because of midsummer declines in their food resources, which have been depressed by Daphnia since its establishment. However, climate warming has increased the length of the plankton growing season in Lake Washington, such that spring and fall offer greater abundance of food resources for Conochilus, offsetting modern exclusion of Conochilus from midsummer months. Additionally, greater distinction in temporal niches presumably has reduced possibilities for intrageneric competition, and both Conochilus species have achieved higher mean annual abundances in recent years.