cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring Planck beams with planets

Aims. Accurate measurement of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy requires precise knowledge of the instrument beam. We explore how well the Planck beams will be determined from observations of planets, developing techniques that are also appropriate for other experiments. Methods. We simulate planet observations with a Planck-like scanning strategy, telescope beams, noise, and detector properties. Then we employ both parametric and non-parametric techniques, reconstructing beams directly from the time-ordered data. With a faithful parameterization of the beam shape, we can constrain certain detector properties, such as the time constants of the detectors, to high precision. Alternatively, we decompose the beam using an orthogonal basis. For both techniques, we characterize the errors in the beam reconstruction with Monte Carlo realizations. For a simplified scanning strategy, we study the impact on estimation of the CMB power spectrum. Finally, we explore the consequences for measuring cosmological parameters, focusing on the spectral index of primordial scalar perturbations, n_s. Results. The quality of the power spectrum measurement will be significantly influenced by the optical modeling of the telescope. In our most conservative case, using no information about the optics except the measurement of planets, we find that a single transit of Jupiter across the focal plane will measure the beam window functions to better than 0.3% for the channels at 100–217 GHz that are the most sensitive to the CMB. Constraining the beam with optical modeling can lead to much higher quality reconstruction. Conclusions. Depending on the optical modeling, the beam errors may be a significant contribution to the measurement systematics for n_s.
Integration of visible/NIR spectroscopy and multispectral imaging for poultry carcass inspection

Abstract An integrated system which consisted of a visible/near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic subsystem and an intensified multispectral imaging subsystem was tested for its accuracy in separating abnormal (unwholesome) from normal poultry carcasses. The spectroscopic subsystem measured reflectance spectra of the poultry carcasses at wavelengths from 471 to 965 nm. For the multispectral imaging subsystem, the gray-level intensity of whole carcasses was measured using six different optical filters of 542, 571, 641, 700, 720 and 847 nm wavelengths. The results of the test showed that, with the integrated system, there were no abnormal carcasses being misclassified as normal carcasses. When individual subsystem was used for classification, the error of the spectroscopic subsystem was 2.6% and that of the multispectral imaging subsystem was 3.9%. Thus, the integrated system could be used for separating carcasses into normal and abnormal streams. With perfect selection of normal carcasses in the normal carcass stream, the inspector needs only to inspect the abnormal carcass stream. Thus, the through-put of carcass of the processing line per inspector could be greatly increased.
Stochastic volatility: Option pricing using a multinomial recombining tree

The problem of option pricing is treated using the Stochastic Volatility (SV) model: the volatility of the underlying asset is a function of an exogenous stochastic process, typically assumed to be mean‐reverting. Assuming that only discrete past stock information is available, an interacting particle stochastic filtering algorithm due to Del Moral et al. (Del Moral et al., 2001) is adapted to estimate the SV, and a quadrinomial tree is constructed which samples volatilities from the SV filter's empirical measure approximation at time 0. Proofs of convergence of the tree to continuous‐time SV models are provided. Classical arbitrage‐free option pricing is performed on the tree, and provides answers that are close to market prices of options on the SP500 or on blue‐chip stocks. Results obtained here are compared with those from non‐random volatility models, and from models which continue to estimate volatility after time 0. It is shown precisely how to calibrate the incomplete market, choosing a specific m...
Rewriting as a unified model of concurrency

The lecture given at the workshop was based on recent work published elsewhere [9, 10, 8, 7]. This abstract gives a brief description of the main results and ideas presented in that work, but does not provide any technical details; such details can be found in the papers mentioned above.
A Proportional Chamber System for the SLAC 20 GeV Spectrometer

A 400-wire proportional chamber system has been used in two electron scattering experiments with the SLAC 20 GeV spectrometer. Chamber construction and associated electronics are described in detail, and the resultant performance during data taking (over a three-month period) is discussed.
The (un)reliability of real-time output gap estimates with revised data

Abstract This paper investigates the differences between real-time and ex-post output gap estimates using a newly-constructed international real-time dataset over the period from 1973:Q1 to 2012:Q3. We extend the findings in Orphanides and van Norden (2002) for the United States that the use of ex-post information in calculating potential output, not the data revisions themselves, is the major cause of the difference between real-time and ex-post output gap estimates to nine additional OECD countries. The results are robust to the use of linear, quadratic, Hodrick–Prescott, Baxter–King, and Christiano–Fitzgerald detrending methods. By using quasi real-time methods, reliable real-time output gap estimates can be constructed with revised data.
Piston manometer as an absolute standard for vacuum-gauge calibration.

Total pressure in a calibration volume is determined by measuring the force on a thin circular disk, of accurately known area, that is freely suspended in a hole in the container wall, so that the disk is substantially flush with the wall. The disk almost fills the hole, so that there is a narrow annular gap. A continuous flow of calibrating gas, injected into the container in order to maintain a desired pressure, passes through the annular gap to a diffusion pump. The ratio of pressures on the two faces of the disk is of the order of 100:1, so that downstream pressure need be known only nominally in order to deduce the upstream pressure. Force on the disk is measured by a balance that is calibrated in situ with dead weights. In one arrangement, pressures in the range of 10–500 μTorr were measured with an estimated probable error of (1μTorr+1%).
X-Ray Shadowing Experiments Toward Infrared Dark Clouds

We searched for X-ray shadowing toward two infrared dark clouds (IRDCs) using the MOS detectors on XMM-Newton to learn about the Galactic distribution of X-ray emitting plasma. IRDCs make ideal X-ray shadowing targets of 3/4 keY photons due to their high column densities, relatively large angular sizes, and known kinematic distances. Here we focus on two clouds near 30 deg Galactic longitude at distances of 2 and 5 kpc from the Sun. We derive the foreground and background column densities of molecular and atomic gas in the direction of the clouds. We find that the 3/4 ke V emission must be distributed throughout the Galactic disk. It is therefore linked to the structure of the cooler material of the ISM, and to the birth of stars.
Convenience in the mutual fund industry

Abstract I examine the role of convenience in the mutual fund industry. I find that investors pay more for relatively convenient funds, and that the flows to convenient funds are less responsive to performance. These findings suggest that investors do not evaluate mutual funds independently, but rather that investors select a primary fund, likely based on beliefs about managerial ability, and then select funds which are relatively convenient to this primary fund.
On repetitive flutter calculations in structural design

The use of continually updated natural modes, called changing modes, is discussed together with the employment of fixed modes in the design process. 'No-derivatives' methods are considered. The flutter solution process is separated into parts which are mode dependent and parts which are mode independent. On the basis of this separation an attempt is made to identify the type of design problems which are suitable for the use of changing modes, and the type of problems which are more suitable for fixed modes. The use of derivative methods is also examined.
Solar Probe: Mission to the Sun

The Solar Probe mission is an unprecedented exploration of the inner heliosphere, which will achieve unique science by flying over the pole of the Sun and as close to the Sun's surface, through the solar corona, as is technologically feasible today. It will first travel to Jupiter for a gravity assist, leave the ecliptic plane, fly over the Sun's poles to within 8 solar radii, and reach perihelion over the equator at 4 solar radii. A unique aspect of the Solar Probe orbit is that the trajectory is orthogonal to the Sun-Earth line during perihelion passage so that there is continuous radio contact throughout the flyby. Two perihelion passes are planned, the first near the 2014 solar minimum and the second near the 2019 solar maximum. This orbit ensures that the mission will probe both the high speed solar wind streams and the equatorial low-speed streams. Although NASA recinded the 1999 Solar Probe Announcement of Opportunity (AO 99-OSS-04) in early 2001, Solar Probe is still very much alive and community support for the mission is strong. In the fall of 2001, Congress earmarked $3M for Solar Probe and instructed NASA to consolidate the Solar Probe management within the existing SEC/LWS program. The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) is currently reviewing the mission and conducting an Engineering Assessment Study to be released later this year. Both the NRC Decadal Survey Committee and the SEC Roadmap Committee have strongly endorsed Solar Probe and recommended that it be "implemented as soon as possible".
Cation exchange reactions controlling desorption of 90Sr2+ from coarse-grained contaminated sediments at the Hanford site, Washington

Abstract Nuclear waste that bore 90 Sr 2+ was accidentally leaked into the vadose zone at the Hanford site, and was immobilized at relatively shallow depths in sediments containing little apparent clay or silt-sized components. Sr 2+ , 90 Sr 2+ , Mg 2+ , and Ca 2+ was desorbed and total inorganic carbon concentration was monitored during the equilibration of this sediment with varying concentrations of Na + , Ca 2+ . A cation exchange model previously developed for similar sediments was applied to these results as a predictor of final solution compositions. The model included binary exchange reactions for the four operant cations and an equilibrium dissolution/precipitation reaction for calcite. The model successfully predicted the desorption data. The contaminated sediment was also examined using digital autoradiography, a sensitive tool for imaging the distribution of radioactivity. The exchanger phase containing 90 Sr was found to consist of smectite formed from weathering of mesostasis glass in basaltic lithic fragments. These clasts are a significant component of Hanford formation sands. The relatively small but significant cation exchange capacity of these sediments was thus a consequence of reaction with physically sequestered clays in sediment that contained essentially no fine-grained material. The nature of this exchange component explained the relatively slow (scale of days) evolution of desorption solutions. The experimental and model results indicated that there is little risk of migration of 90 Sr 2+ to the water table.
Eric The Past, Present, and Future Federal Role in Education Dissemination

Abstract The federally-sponsored Educational Resources Information Center, or ERIC, has, for over 20 years, been the major repository for research and practice-oriented information about education. Millions of scholars, teachers, and others have utilized the materials in this database, though few of them may have been aware of the various aspects of the entire ERIC system. This article summarizes the development of that system, examines some of the changes that are currently being made in it, and speculates briefly about its future.
Compressionless routing: a framework for adaptive and fault-tolerant routing

Compressionless routing (CR) is an adaptive routing framework which provides a unified framework for efficient deadlock free adaptive routing and fault tolerance. CR exploits the tight coupling between wormhole routers for flow control to detect and recover from potential deadlock situations. Fault tolerant compressionless routing (FCR) extends CR to support end to end fault tolerant delivery. Detailed routing algorithms, implementation complexity, and performance simulation results for CR and FCR are presented. These results show that the hardware for CR and FCR networks is modest. Further, CR and FCR networks can achieve superior performance to alternatives such as dimension order routing. Compressionless routing has several key advantages: deadlock free adaptive routing in toroidal networks with no virtual channels, simple router designs, order preserving message transmission, applicability to a wide variety of network topologies, and elimination of the need for buffer allocation messages. Fault tolerant compressionless routing has several additional advantages: data integrity in the presence of transient faults (nonstop fault tolerance), permanent fault tolerance, and elimination of the need for software buffering and retry for reliability. The advantages of CR and FCR not only simplify hardware support for adaptive routing and fault tolerance, they also can simplify software communication layers.
Effect of La doping on magnetic structure in heavy fermion CeRhIn5

Abstract The magnetic structure of Ce0.9La0.1RhIn5 is measured using neutron diffraction. It is identical to the incommensurate transverse spiral for CeRhIn5, with a magnetic wave vector q M =(1/2,1/2,0.297) , and a staggered moment of 0.38(2)μB at 1.4 K despite a reduced Neel temperature of 2.7 K .
Dirac neutrinos and SN 1987A.

Previous work has shown that the cooling of SN 1987A excludes a Dirac-neutrino mass greater than theta(20 keV) for nu(sub e), nu(sub mu), or nu(sub tau). The emission of wrong-helicity, Dirac neutrinos from SN 1987A, is re-examined. It is concluded that the effect of a Dirac neutrino on the cooling of SN 1987A has been underestimated due to neutrino degeneracy and additional emission processes. The limit that follows from the cooling of SN 1987A is believed to be greater (probably much greater) than 10 keV. This result is significant in light of the recent evidence for a 17 keV mass eigenstate that mixes with the electron neutrino.
Finite Element Structural Analysis of Local Instability

A finite element analysis is presented for predicting local buckling stresses in plates, stiffened panels, and thin-walled columns for which the cross section is made up of thin flat plates. The analysis leads to the formulation of the elastic and geometrical stiffness matrices appearing in an eigenvalue equation used to determine the buckling stress. The stiffness matrices are derived from the exact sinusoidal lengthwise variation of displacements. The resulting sinusoidal stiffness matrices depend on the wavelength of the buckled pattern, but this dependence is of a very simple form, since all stiffness coefficients contain the buckling wavelength as a common factor. Examples are given to illustrate application of the method to several typical aircraft structural components.
High average power harmonic generation

High average power frequency conversion using solid-state nonlinear materials is discussed. Recent laboratory experience and new developments in design concepts show that current technology, a few tens of watts, may be extended by several orders of magnitude. For example, using KD*P, efficient doubling (> 70 percent) of Nd:YAG at average powers approaching 100 KW is possible; for doubling to the blue or UV regions the average power may approach 1 MW. Configurations using segmented apertures permit essentially unlimited scaling of average power. High average power is achieved by configuring the nonlinear material as a set of thin plates with a large ratio of surface area to volume, and cooling the exposed surfaces with a flowing gas. The design and material fabrication of such a harmonic generator is well within current technology.
Autonomous Vibration Suppression Using On-Line Pole-Zero Identification

An on-line identification and control algorithm is developed based on the properties of collocated sensing and actuation. The feedback control law consists of second-order compensators that achieve equivalent damping in both the filter dynamics and resonant structural dynamics, thus maximizing the damping in the structure and controller. Optimal design of the feedback compensator is obtained using a pole placement algorithm applied to a single, undamped resonant mode. Numerical analysis indicates that multiple modes and structural damping do not appreciably change the damping achieved using the optimal parameters. The pole placement analysis demonstrates that only the pole-zero spacing and DC gain of the collocated transfer function are required to choose the optimal parameters. An on-line identification procedure is developed that sequentially determines the DC gain and pole-zero spacing and automatically designs the feedback compensator. This forms the basis for the autonomous control algorithm. Experimental results on a flexible beam demonstrate that the procedure can accurately identify the pole-zero spacing and automatically design the feedback compensator. A fivefold increase in damping is achieved in the first mode and a twofold increase in damping is achieved in the second mode. Discrepancies between predicted and measured damping are attributed to phase lags due to signal conditioning and low-pass filtering of the sensor signal.
Reactivity Control in Membrane Mimetic Systems

Aqueous and reversed micelles, microemulsions, monolayers, bilayers, vesicles, host-guest systems and polyions collectively termed as membrane mimetic systems provide unique environments for reactivity control. Properties of the different membrane mimetic systems, kinetic theories governing reactivities therein, and the application of reactivity control in synthetic chemistry, stereochemistry and isotope enrichment will be discussed.
Gravitational Lensing Statistics in Universes Dominated by Dark Energy

The distribution of image separations in multiply imaged gravitational lens systems can simultaneously constrain the core structure of dark matter halos and cosmological parameters. We study lens statistics in flat, low-density universes with different equations of state w = pQ/ρQ for the dark energy component. The fact that dark energy modifies the distance-redshift relation and the mass function of dark matter halos leads to changes in the lensing optical depth as a function of image separation Δθ. Those effects must, however, be distinguished from effects associated with the structure of dark matter halos. Baryonic cooling causes galaxy-mass halos to have different central density profiles than group- and cluster-mass halos, which causes the distribution of normal arcsecond-scale lenses to differ from the distribution of wide-separation (Δθ 4'') lenses. Fortunately, the various parameters related to cosmology and halo structure have very different effects on the overall image separation distribution: (1) the abundance of wide-separation lenses is extremely sensitive (by orders of magnitude) to the distribution of concentration parameters for massive halos modeled with the Navarro-Frenk-White profile, (2) the transition between normal and wide-separation lenses depends mainly on the mass scale where baryonic cooling ceases to be efficient, and (3) dark energy has effects at all image separation scales. While current lens samples cannot usefully constrain all of the parameters, ongoing and future imaging surveys should discover hundreds or thousands of lenses and make it possible to disentangle the various effects and constrain all of the parameters simultaneously. Incidentally, we mention that for the sake of discovering lensed quasars, survey area is more valuable than depth.
Explicit capacity-achieving list-decodable codes

For every 0 0, we present an explicit construction of error-correcting codes of rate R that can be list decoded in polynomial time up to a fraction (1-R-e) of errors. These codes achieve the "capacity" for decoding from adversarial errors, i.e., achieve the optimal trade-off between rate and error-correction radius. At least theoretically, this meets one of the central challenges in coding theory.Prior to this work, explicit codes achieving capacity were not known for any rate R. In fact, our codes are the first to beat the error-correction radius of 1-√R, that was achieved for Reed-Solomon (RS) codes in [9], for all rates R. (For rates R
A microwave technique to improve the measurement of directional ocean wave spectra

Abstract Azimuthally travelling ocean waves are seldom well imaged by microwave real aperture radar (RAR) operating with conventional HH or VV polarizations. Attenuation of image intensity modulation in the azimuthal direction implies that ocean wave spectra derived from such images also will not be accurate. Real aperture radar cross-section modulation by long ocean waves is normally attributed to two principal sources, tilt modulation and hydrodynamic modulation. In ocean radar images both of these modulation sources are significantly attenuated in the azimuthal direction. Therefore, complete two-dimensional k-space wave spectra derived from microwave data often are quite different than physical ocean spectra. This paper uses fully-polarimetric radar measurements of ocean backscatter to identify a new source of backscatter modulation that is strongest in the azimuthal direction. This modulation source has potential for augmenting tilt and hydrodynamic modulation sources in the azimuthal direction where ...
Arbitrary-speed quantum gates within large ion crystals through minimum control of laser beams

We propose a scheme to implement arbitrary-speed quantum entangling gates on two trapped ions immersed in a large linear crystal of ions, with minimal control of laser beams. For gate speeds slower than the oscillation frequencies in the trap, a single appropriately detuned laser pulse is sufficient for high-fidelity gates. For gate speeds comparable to or faster than the local ion oscillation frequency, we discover a five-pulse protocol that exploits only the local phonon modes. This points to a method for efficiently scaling the ion trap quantum computer without shuttling ions.
Coumaryl crown ether based chemosensors: Selective detection of saxitoxin in the presence of sodium and potassium ions

Two novel fluorescent chemosensors in which an aza-crown is linked to 4-coumaryl fluorophores by a methylene spacer have been synthesized for sensing saxitoxin. Fluorescence enhancement was observed upon binding of the dicationic toxin molecule, whereas several metal ions produced no effect.
Google Internet search activity and volatility prediction in the market for foreign currency

Abstract I study whether evolution in the number of Google Internet searches for particular keywords can predict volatility in the market for foreign currency. I find that data on Google searches for the keywords economic crisis + financial crisis and recession has incremental predictive power beyond the GARCH(1,1). These results support the mixture of distributions hypothesis in that volatility is linked to the stochastic rate at which information flows into the marketplace. These results also demonstrate the potential for Google to become a storehouse of information for financial markets.
Public Sector Employee Discipline: Comparing Police to Other Public Sector Employees

This study compares the disciplinary process for police vs. nonpolice public employees. A random sample of 200 cases was drawn from the 806 public sector discipline cases published in volumes 111–118 of Labor Arbitration Reports. Case characteristics, classification of conduct unbecoming, proposed discipline, arbitrator behavior, reasons for reversing management’s penalty other than conduct unbecoming, procedural outcomes and findings were analyzed. The frequency of the finding for the employer was actually higher for police than for the nonpolice cases. Managerial actions that resulted in reversing the disciplinary penalty were not as suggested by the literature. Multivariate analyses of the case characteristics led to the conclusion that police discipline may have been distinctive from nonpolice public employee discipline in the past, but is no longer so distinctive.
Scintillation effects on centroid anisoplanatism

The effect of scintillation on turbulence-induced centroid anisoplanatism is discussed, and it is shown that this effect has negligible effect on the resulting Strehl ratio for D/r0 ≥ 100, where D is the optics aperture diameter and r0 is the turbulence-induced lateral coherence length.
Bose-Einstein Condensation on Product Manifolds

We investigate the phenomenon of Bose–Einstein condensation on manifolds constructed as a product of a three-dimensional Euclidian space and a general smooth, compact d-dimensional manifold possibly with boundary. By using spectral ζ-function methods, we are able to explicitly provide thermodynamical quantities like the critical temperature and the specific heat when the gas of bosons is confined, in the three-dimensional manifold, by the experimentally relevant anisotropic harmonic oscillator potential.
Nickel-Catalyzed C−O Activation of Phenol Derivatives with Potassium Heteroaryltrifluoroborates

A general method based on nickel-catalyzed C−O activation of various phenol derivatives with potassium (hetero)aryltrifluoroborates has been developed. A large number of heterobiaryls can be easily obtained with yields up to 99% using methanesulfonate cross-coupling partners.
Using the High-Resolution X-Ray Spectrum of PSR B0656+14 to Constrain the Chemical Composition of the Neutron Star Atmosphere

Observations of PSR B0656+14 using the Chandra Low Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer are presented. The zeroth-order events are pulsed at an amplitude of 10% ± 2%, and the image may be slightly extended. The extended emission is modeled as a Gaussian with a FWHM of about 075, for a linear size (at a distance of 760 pc) of 8.5 × 1015 cm. In the absence of systematic errors in the detector point-spread function, the extended emission comprises 50% of the observed flux in the 0.2-2.0 keV band, for a luminosity of 3 × 1032 ergs s-1. The spectrum is well modeled by a dominant blackbody with T = 8.0 ± 0.3 × 105 K and a size of 22.5 ± 2.1 km in addition to a harder component that is modeled as a hotter and much smaller blackbody. No significant absorption features are found in the spectrum that might be expected from ionization edges of H or He or bound-bound transitions of Fe in magnetized atmospheres. Such features are expected to be deep but could vary in position or strength with rotation phase. There are no strong absorption features in the pulse-phased spectra, however, so we conclude that the atmosphere is not dominated by Fe or other heavy elements that would be partially ionized at a temperature of 106 K.
Conformational stability, far-infrared spectra, barriers to internal rotation, vibrational assignment and RHF/STO - 3G* calculations of 1 -bromo- 2 -fluoroethane

Abstract The far-IR spectrum (350-35 cm −1 ) of gaseous 1 -bromo-2-fluoroethane, BrCH 2 CH 2 F, has been recorded at a resolution of 0.10 cm − 1. The fundamental asymmetric torsional frequencies of the more stable trans (two halogen atoms oriented trans) and high energy gauche conformers have been observed at 125.3 cm −1 and 111.3 cm −1 , respectively, and the asymmetric torsional potential function governing internal rotation about the CC bond has been determined. This potential function gives values for the torsional potential coefficients of V 1 =584±6, V 2 =-147±4, V 3 =1217±11, V 4 =138±2, and V 4 = −21+4 cm −1 , and a dihedral angle (∠FCCBr) of 67°0 for the gauche conformer. The trans to gauche, gauche to gauche, and gauche to trans barriers have been determined to be 1356 cm −1 , 1418 cm −1 and 973 cm −1 , respectively, with an energy difference between the conformations of 383±21 cm −1 (1.09±10.06 kcal mol −1 ). From studies of the Raman spectra at variable temperatures the conformational energy difference has been determined to be 350 ± 87 cm −1 (1.00±0.25 kcal mol −1 ) with the trans more stable and 300±46cm −1 (0.86±0.13 kcal mol −1 ) with the gauche more stable for the gas and liquid, respectively. A complete assignment of the vibrational spectra including the IR (3500-400 cm') spectra of the gas and solid and the Raman (3200-10 cm −1 ) spectra of the gas, liquid and solid is proposed. The structural parameters, conformational stabilities, barriers to internal rotation and fundamental vibrational frequencies which have been determined from experiment, are compared to those obtained from ab initio Hartree-Fock gradient calculations and to the corresponding quantities obtained for some similar molecules.
Unsteady Pressure Measurements on a Biconvex Airfoil in a Transonic Oscillating Cascade

Flush-mounted dynamic pressure transducers were installed on the center airfoil of a transonic oscillating cascade to measure the unsteady aerodynamic response as nine airfols were simultaneously driven to provide 1.2 deg of pitching motion about the midchord. Initial tests were performed at an incidence and angle of 0 deg and A Mach number of 0.65 in order to obtain results in a shock-free compressible flowfield. Subsequent tests were performed at an incidence angle of 7 deg and Mach number of 0.8 in order to observe the surface pressures with an oscillating shock near the leading edge of the airfoil. Results are presented for interblade phase angles of 90 and -90 deg and at blade oscillatory frequencies of 200 and 500 Hz (semi-chord reduced frequencies up to about 0.5 at a Mach number of 0.8). Results from the zero-incidence cascade are compared with a clasical usnteady flat-plate analysis. Flow visualization results depicting the shock motion on the airfoils in the high-incidence cascade are discussed. The airfoil pressure data are tabulated.
BENZOCAINE INDUCED METHEMOGLOBINEMIA

A healthy 14 month infant developed severe cyanosis 20-30 minutes after topical application of a benzocaine containing gel administered for relief of teething discomfort. Venous blood was of brown hue; methemoglobin content was 33%. Arterial blood oxygen saturation was 64%. In the ICU, the patient made a complete recovery within 24 hours. Blood samples from the patient were subjected to extensive quantitative spectrophotometric analysis. The initial and derived spectra were characteristic of hemoglobin A. Hemoglobin M or other abnormal hemoglobins were excluded. A metabolic defect in methemoglobin reduction was excluded by measuring rates of reduction of nitrite induced methemoglobin. With these studies the patient proved to have no abnormal susceptibility for methemoglobin formation. Her acute episode occurred because the amount of methemoglobin formed exceeded her normal methemoglobin reducing capacity. Single oral doses of benzocaine administered to rats produced severe methemoglobinemia within 30 minutes. This toxicity is not direct but involves metabolic conversion of benzocaine by microsomal enzymes. There have been few prior reports of benzocaine induced methemoglobinemia. Without supporting data, it has been assumed that the hazard may be limited to infants because of their physiologic deficiency of diaphorase. This previously untested hypothesis has been excluded by our metabolic studies. PDR listings of benzocaine preparations contain no mention of this hazard. It is a hazard that deserves wider recognition.
Third-order Energy Stable WENO scheme

A new third-order Energy Stable Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory (ESWENO) finite difference scheme for scalar and vector hyperbolic equations with piecewise continuous initial conditions is developed. The new scheme is proven to be linearly stable in the energy norm for both continuous and discontinuous solutions. In contrast to the existing high-resolution shock-capturing schemes, no assumption that the reconstruction should be total variation bounded (TVB) is explicitly required to prove stability of the new scheme. We also present new weight functions which drastically improve the accuracy of the third-order ESWENO scheme. Based on a truncation error analysis, we show that the ESWENO scheme is design-order accurate for smooth solutions with any number of vanishing derivatives, if its tuning parameters satisfy certain constraints. Numerical results show that the new ESWENO scheme is stable and significantly outperforms the conventional third-order WENO scheme of Jiang and Shu in terms of accuracy, while providing essentially non-oscillatory solutions near strong discontinuities.
Three-Dimensional Laser Machining of Composite Materials

This paper presents a concept for performing three-dimensional laser machining on composite magterials, using two intersecting laser beams to create grooves on a workpiece. An analysis of the grooving process was conducted for carbon/teflon and glass/polyester materials. A model was developed to determine groove depth from process parameters and material properties. Groove width and damage width results were compared with surface quality standards for laser cutting of composites
On maximal curves which are not Galois subcovers of the Hermitian curve

We show that the generalized Giulietti-Korchmaros curve defined over $$\mathbb{F}_{q^{2n} }$$ , for n ≥ 3 odd and q ≥ 3, is not a Galois subcover of the Hermitian curve over $$\mathbb{F}_{q^{2n} }$$ . This answers a question raised by Garcia, Guneri and Stichtenoth.
Hydrolysis products of humulene diepoxide A

Abstract Humulene diepoxide A, a flavoring compound found in hops, undergoes hydrolysis reactions upon boiling at pH 4. More than ten hydrolysis products were produced, of which five, 1 – 5 have been isolated and their structures determined. Two of these compounds, 1 and 2 , are diastereomeric humuladiene triols, one is an exo-methylene diol 3 , another is a saturated tricyclic triol 4 , and the last is a bicyclic triol with an exo-methylene group 5 . Aroma/flavor profiles of compounds 1 and 2 indicate that 2 would be more desirable than 1 in brewing.
Very Low Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs in Taurus-Auriga

We present high-resolution optical spectra obtained with the HIRES spectrograph on the W. M. Keck I Telescope of seven low-mass T Tauri stars (LMTTs) and brown dwarfs in Taurus-Auriga. The observed Li I 6708 A absorption, low surface gravity signatures, and radial velocities confirm that all are members of the Taurus star-forming region; no new spectroscopic binaries are identified. Four of the seven targets observed appear to be T Tauri brown dwarfs. Of particular interest is the previously classified "continuum T Tauri star" GM Tau, which has a spectral type of M6.5 and possibly a substellar mass. These spectra, in combination with previous high-resolution spectra of LMTTs, are used to understand the formation and early evolution of objects in Taurus-Auriga with masses near and below the stellar/substellar boundary. None of the LMTTs in Taurus are rapidly rotating (v sin i 270 km s-1 are classical T Tauri stars (i.e., accreting), independent of stellar spectral type. Although LMTTs can have accretion rates comparable to that of more typical, higher mass T Tauri stars (e.g., K7-M0 spectral types), the average mass accretion rate appears to decrease with decreasing mass. A functional form of ∝ M is consistent with the available data, but the dependence is difficult to establish because of both selection biases in observed samples and the decreasing frequency of active accretion disks at low masses (M < 0.2 M☉). The diminished frequency of accretion disks for LMTTs, in conjunction with their lower, on average, mass accretion rates, implies that they are formed with less massive disks than higher mass T Tauri stars. The radial velocities, circumstellar properties, and known binaries do not support the suggestion that many of the lowest mass members of Taurus have been ejected from higher stellar density regions within the cloud. Instead, LMTTs appear to have formed and are evolving in the same way as higher mass T Tauri stars, but with smaller disks and shorter disk lifetimes.
Controlling chaos in a high dimensional system with periodic parametric perturbations

The effect of applying a periodic perturbation to an accessible parameter of a high-dimensional (coupled-Lorenz) chaotic system is examined. Numerical results indicate that perturbation frequencies near the natural frequencies of the unstable periodic orbits of the chaotic system can result in limit cycles or significantly reduced dimension for relatively small perturbations.
Electronic States of KxC60: Insulating, Metallic, and Superconducting Character.

The recent report of electrical conductivity in the alkali metal fullerides and the discovery of superconductivity at 18 K for K x C 60 has raised fundamental questions about the electronic states on either side of the Fermi level, their occupancy with K intercalation, and the mechanism of superconductivity. Direct photoemission evidence is presented of filling of bands derived from the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital as a function of K incorporation for the metallic and insulating phases. This filling is not rigid band-like, and it reflects disorder in the K sites. Theoretical analysis indicates that K x C 60 is a strong coupling superconductor, and we suggest that the enhanced electron-phonon interaction is related to the unique hybridization of the C sp -derived states.
High-value alcohols and higher-oxidation-state compounds by catalytic Z -selective cross-metathesis

A ruthenium–disulfide catalyst is presented that is effective in generating compounds of medical and industrial utility (alcohols that contain a phenol, an aldehyde, or a carboxylic acid) by room-temperature, inexpensive, high-yielding cross-metathesis. Catalytic olefin metathesis is one of the most widely used reactions in synthetic organic chemistry, but its utility has been limited by the dearth of chemical transformations that directly generate acyclic Z allylic alcohols. In this manuscript, the authors present an electronically modified ruthenium-disulphide catalyst that is uniquely effective in generating compounds of medical and industrial utility (alcohols containing a phenol, an aldehyde or a carboxylic acid) by room-temperature, inexpensive, high-yielding cross-metathesis. The efficiency of the catalyst is demonstrated in the synthesis of naturally occurring antitumour agent neopeltolide and a single-step stereoselective gram-scale conversion of a renewable feedstock to an antifungal agent. Olefin metathesis catalysts provide access to molecules that are indispensable to physicians and researchers in the life sciences1,2. A persisting problem, however, is the dearth of chemical transformations that directly generate acyclic Z allylic alcohols, including products that contain a hindered neighbouring substituent or reactive functional units such as a phenol, an aldehyde, or a carboxylic acid. Here we present an electronically modified ruthenium–disulfide catalyst that is effective in generating such high-value compounds by cross-metathesis. The ruthenium complex is prepared from a commercially available precursor and an easily generated air-stable zinc catechothiolate. Transformations typically proceed with 5.0 mole per cent of the complex and an inexpensive reaction partner in 4–8 hours under ambient conditions; products are obtained in up to 80 per cent yield and 98:2 Z:E diastereoselectivity. The use of this catalyst is demonstrated in the synthesis of the naturally occurring anti-tumour agent neopeltolide and in a single-step stereoselective gram-scale conversion of a renewable feedstock (oleic acid) to an anti-fungal agent. In this conversion, the new catalyst promotes cross-metathesis more efficiently than the commonly used dichloro–ruthenium complexes, indicating that its utility may extend beyond Z-selective processes.
Robot vision: An evaluation of imaging sensors

Robot vision, robotics vision, and computer vision are terms that have evolved over the past few years to include two separate but related functions that provide visual sensing for computerdriven robots. These two functions are “electro-optical imaging” and “image processing.” The purpose of electro-optical imaging is to convert optical radiation to an appropriate electronic signal for input to the robot's computer; whereas, the purpose of image processing is to extract useful information from the electronic image provided by the sensor. This article deals with the electro-optical sensing part of robot vision. It describes the operation and properties of electro-optical imaging sensors. The fundamental concepts of optical radiation, optical radiation quantities and units, and photon energies are defined. The fundamental principles for detecting optical radiation and definitions for the primary performance measures for optical detectors are given. A relatively comprehensive overview of the parameters used to describe imaging sensors is presented. Factors affecting these parameters and obtainable sensor performance are compared. Example design analyses are presented to show the interaction of various performance measures.
Large active retrodirective arrays for space applications

An active retrodirective array (ARA) electronically points a microwave beam back at the apparent source of an incident pilot signal. Retrodirectivity is the result of the phase conjugation of the pilot signal received by each element of the array. The problem of supplying the correct phase reference to the phase conjugation circuit (PCC) associated with each element of the array is solved by "central phasing." By eliminating the need for structural rigidity central phasing confers a decisive advantage on ARA's as large spaceborne antennas. A new form of central phasing suitable for very large arrays is described. ARA's may easily be modified to serve both as transmitting and receiving arrays simultaneously. ARA's are particularly suitable as solar power satellite antennas because they are inherently failsafe. Communication satellites and deep space probes are other suggested applications. A new kind of exact frequency-translating PCC is described. Such PCC's provide the ARA with input-output isolation and freedom from squint. The pointing errors caused by the radial and transverse components of the ARA's velocity, by the propagation medium, and by multipath are discussed. As part of a NASA funded program a two-element ARA breadboard has been built and tested at the Jet Propulsion Lab. Its performance is limited primarily by multipath-induced errors.
Methodology for standard cell compliance and detailed placement for triple patterning lithography

As the feature size of semiconductor process further scales to sub-16nm technology node, triple patterning lithography (TPL) has been regarded one of the most promising lithography candidates. M1 and contact layers, which are usually deployed within standard cells, are most critical and complex parts for modern digital designs. Traditional design flow that ignores TPL in early stages may limit the potential to resolve all the TPL conflicts. In this paper, we propose a coherent framework, including standard cell compliance and detailed placement to enable TPL friendly design. Considering TPL constraints during early design stages, such as standard cell compliance, improves the layout decomposability. With the pre-coloring solutions of standard cells, we present a TPL aware detailed placement, where the layout decomposition and placement can be resolved simultaneously. Our experimental results show that, with negligible impact on critical path delay, our framework can resolve the conflicts much more easily, compared with the traditional physical design flow and followed layout decomposition.
A Classroom Experiment about Tradable Permits

This article describes an experimental market designed for undergraduate classes in agricultural economics, environmental economics, public finance, or rural development. The experiment is a series of double-oral auctions that demonstrate private and social costs, externalities and market failures, and the efficiency of tradable permits relative to Pigouvian taxes. The novel feature is the non-pecuniary way that the negative production externality is mimicked in the classroom experiment. Details, instructions, and suggestions for how to tailor the experiment for different classes or purposes are included.
New results on the innovations problem for non-linear filtering

Consider an observed stochastic process consisting of a signal with additive noise. Assume that the signal has finite energy and that the signal and noise are independent. In this paper we show tha...
A very high spectral resolution study of ground-state oh masers in W3(OH)

We present VLBA observations of the ground-state hydroxyl masers in W3(OH) at 0.02 km s-1 spectral resolution. Over 250 masers are detected, including 56 Zeeman pairs. Line shapes are predominantly Gaussian or combinations of several Gaussians, with normalized deviations typically of the same magnitude as in masers in other species. Typical FWHM maser line widths are 0.15-0.38 km s-1 and are larger in the 1665 MHz transition than in the other three ground-state transitions. The satellite-line 1612 and 1720 MHz masers show no evidence of σ±2,3 components. The spatial positions of most masers are seen to vary across the line profile, with many spots showing clear, organized positional gradients. Equivalent line-of-sight velocity gradients in the plane of the sky typically range from 0.01 to 1 km s-1 AU-1 (i.e., positional gradients of 1-100 AU [km s-1]-1). Small velocity gradients in the 1667 MHz transition support theoretical predictions that 1667 MHz masers appear in regions with small velocity shifts along the amplification length. Deconvolved maser spot sizes appear to be larger in the line wings but do not support a spherical maser geometry.
SAKHAROV'S INDUCED GRAVITY: A MODERN PERSPECTIVE

Sakharov's 1967 notion of "induced gravity" is currently enjoying a significant resurgence. The basic idea, originally presented in a very brief 3-page paper with a total of four formulas, is that gravity is not "fundamental" in the sense of particle physics. Instead it was argued that gravity (general relativity) emerges from quantum field theory in roughly the same sense that hydrodynamics or continuum elasticity theory emerges from molecular physics. In this article we will translate the key ideas into modern language, and explain the various versions of Sakharov's idea currently on the market.
Monotone tail and moment ratio properties of Student’s family of distributions

Let Gp denote the tail function of Student’s distribution with p degrees of freedom. It is shown that the ratio Gq(x)/Gp(x) is decreasing in x > 0 for any p and q such that 0 0. Corollaries on the monotonicity of (generalized) moments and ratios thereof are also given.
Simulation of Compressor Performance Deterioration Due to Erosion

Experimental results obtained from cascades and one stage compressor performance tests before and after erosion were used to test a fault model to represent erosion. This model was implemented on a stage stacking program developed to demonstrate the effect of erosion in a multistage compressor. The effect of the individual stage erosion on the overall compressor performance is also demonstrated.Copyright © 1989 by ASME