cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of agitation and added cholesterol esterase on bioaccessibility of phytosterols in a standardized in vitro digestion model

Abstract There is great interest in reaching a consensus method for in vitro digestion of foods. The COST INFOGEST network of researchers has developed a standardized protocol, which is appropriate for basic digestibility studies, but may be insufficient for more complex studies, such as micronutrient bioaccessibility. In the present study, the bioaccessibility of phytosterols (PS) was evaluated using the standardized and modified versions of the in vitro digestion protocol. The INFOGEST protocol was used without modification for 2% solutions of either free phytosterols (FPS) or esterified phytosterols (EPS) in soybean oil. The effect of two variables which have yet to be explored using the INFOGEST protocol was subsequently evaluated. Those variables are: (1) changing the mode of agitation from orbital shaking to head over heels (HOH) rotation and (2) adding pancreatic cholesterol esterase (CE) during the intestinal phase. Bioaccessibility of FPS was greater than that of EPS, and HOH rotation caused a further increase in bioaccessibility of FPS but not EPS. Addition of CE caused a slight, but significant improvement in bioaccessibility of EPS, though hydrolysis was incomplete. Our findings highlight a need for further evaluation of the standardized in vitro digestion protocol, especially for complex studies such as lipid bioaccessibility.
The impact of nurse-led community-based models of care on hospital admission rates in heart failure patients: An integrative review.

Abstract Background Community-based nurse-led interventions have the potential to impact admission rates in Heart Failure (HF) patients. No reviews have focused on identifying the best combination or duration of interventions to reduced hospital admissions. Objective To assess the impact of nurse-led community-based interventions on hospital admission rates in HF patients. Methods This study was conducted following Whittmore and Knafl's Methodology. CINAHL, PubMed, Embase and Web of Science and hand searching were used to identify articles. Selected studies were analyzed using the Matrix Method. Results Telemonitoring, home visits, phone calls, care coordination, and telemedicine were identified as interventions in 10 studies. Telemonitoring with phone calls or care coordination was not impactful. Studies with significant results included those with multiple interventions, APN-led, or conducted over one year. Conclusions The combination of intervention type and length are important factors when designing interventions for HF management. More research is needed on intervention length.
Examining cultural structures and functions in biology.

Scientific culture and structure organize biological sciences in many ways. We make choices concerning the systems and questions we study. Our research then amplifies these choices into factors that influence the directions of future research by shaping our hypotheses, data analyses, interpretation, publication venues, and dissemination via other methods. But our choices are shaped by more than objective curiosity-we are influenced by cultural paradigms reinforced by societal upbringing and scientific indoctrination during training. This extends to the systems and data that we consider to be ethically obtainable or available for study, and who is considered qualified to do research, ask questions, and communicate about research. It is also influenced by the profitability of concepts like open-access-a system designed to improve equity, but which enacts gatekeeping in unintended but foreseeable ways. Creating truly integrative biology programs will require more than intentionally developing departments or institutes that allow overlapping expertise in two or more subfields of biology. Interdisciplinary work requires the expertise of large and diverse teams of scientists working together-this is impossible without an authentic commitment to addressing, not denying, racism when practiced by individuals, institutions, and cultural aspects of academic science. We have identified starting points for remedying how our field has discouraged and caused harm, but we acknowledge there is a long path forward. This path must be paved with field-wide solutions and institutional buy-in: our solutions must match the scale of the problem. Together, we can integrate-not reintegrate-the nuances of biology into our field.
Interactive Graphics for Data Mining

Today information analyses require investigation of very large raw data sets and the study of relationships between numerous and different kinds of variables. Data Mining techniques have been developed for large data sets, but they produce very many results and these can be difficult to interpret. Adding interactive controls to the standard graphics can help a lot to sort through the results and understand them. This paper reviews also some tools which could give new and interesting ideas on how to develop new interactive representations, and investigates how they scale up for large data sets, with particular regard to multivariate continuous data and tools such as Trellis Displays and Parallel Coordinates, especially as presented in Manet and Cassatt interactive software.
Jurisdiction Over Foreign Corporations: Actions Arising Out of Acts Done Within the Forum

International Shoe Co. v. State of Washington is an interesting and important decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in the field of procedure.' One of two main questions before the Court was the much discussed and litigated question of jurisdiction to render a personal judgment against a foreign corporation which has not been granted a license to do business in a state where suit has been instituted.2
Growth, the external terms of trade and endogenous trade liberalization

We study the effects of growth and changes in the external terms of trade on protection. There are two sectors, an urban sector and a rural sector, and trade policy is used to redistribute income between them. We show that growth precedes trade liberalization. In addition, we find that trade reform is triggered by falls in the world prices of primary exports or intermediate imports. These results are shown to hold for tariffs and quotas.
Ks,t Minors in s+t- Chromatic Graphs, II

Let Ks,t* denote the graph obtained from the complete graph Ks+t by deleting the edges of some Kt-subgraph. The author proved earlier that for each fixed s and t>t0s:=max{415s2+s,240slog2s8slog2s+1}, every graph with chromatic number s+t has a Ks,t* minor. This confirmed a partial case of the corresponding conjecture by Woodall and Seymour. In this paper, we show that the statement holds already for much smaller t, namely, for t>Cslogs3.
The Impact of Shareholder Taxation on Mergers and Acquisitions

Mergers are an important part of the US economy. Successful mergers efficiently reallocate capital, capture positive synergies, and exploit economies of scale. However, inefficient mergers dampen innovation and decrease efficiency. We demonstrate, within a neoclassical model, that inefficient acquisitions can become value-maximizing to shareholders when dividend tax rates are higher than capital gains tax rates. This tax wedge allows shareholders to free "trapped" equity, providing a tax discount to acquisitions. We test this mechanism using variation in the dividend tax rate before and after 2003. Our results suggest that acquiring firms performed 14 percent better after the dividend tax rate was reduced in 2003. These results are especially stark given the sheer magnitude of merger and acquisition activity in the US economy, which in 2014 reached $1.6 trillion.
INTERMOLECULAR POTENTIALS FROM SHOCK STRUCTURE EXPERIMENTS

Ground-state intermolecular interaction potentials determined from shock structure experiments with four monatomic gases are reported. These potentials are assessed for self-consistency, using the law of corresponding states, and their suitability for engineering applications in rarefied gas dynamics is discussed.
Bilingualism in the USA: The Case of the Chicano-Latino Community, by Fredric Field

Bilingualism in the USA: The Case of the Chicano-Latino Community seeks to establish a framework for examining the multifaceted characteristics of bilingualism in the United States and how patterns...
Adapting Commit Protocols for Large-Scale and Dynamic Distributed Applications

The continued advances in distributed data intensive applications have formed an increasing demand for distributed commit protocols that are adaptive to large scale and dynamic nature of the applications to guarantee data consistency and integrity. Well known two-phase commit protocol and three-phase commit protocol and their variants do not provide scalability and flexibility desired for a wide range of applications with potentially different requirements on consistency and efficiency. In this paper, we present an adaptation of three-phase commit protocol for dynamic and scalable distributed systems. The protocol is not only resistant to dynamic network and node failures but also provides good scalability. Most importantly, it offers a set of adjustable parameters for a desired level of consistency at lowest cost depending on specific requirements of different applications.
Kenhsuite, gamma -Hg 3 S 2 Cl 2 , a new mineral species from the McDermitt mercury deposit, Humboldt County, Nevada

Kenhsuite, gamma -Hg 3 S 2 Cl 2 , a new mineral species, occurs with cinnabar and mercury sulfo-halide minerals at the McDermitt mercury mine, Humboldt County, Nevada, where it is associated with the alpha form, corderoite, alpha -Hg 3 S 2 Cl 2 . Kenhsuite crystals, 1X10 mu m long, are dispersed along fractures in altered tuffaceous lacustrine rocks. Kenhsuite is orthorhombic, with possible space-groups Ammm, A2mm, Am2m, Amm2, or A222; a 9.332(5), b 16.82(2), c 9.108(5) Aa, V 1429.63 Aa 3 , a:b:c = 0.5548:1.0:0.5415, and Z = 8. The strongest four peaks in the X-ray powder-diffraction pattern [d in Aa(I)(hkl)] are 2.58(100)(242), 3.65(90)(122), 3.11(51)(300), and 2.60(49)(331). Color and streak are canary yellow. The mineral blackens on exposure to sunlight. Kenhsuite is transparent, with a glassy luster; it has a Mohs hardness of 2-3 and a conchoidal and hackly fracture. It fluoresces red and red-orange under 366 nm ultraviolet radiation. The measured density is 6.83 (5) g/cm 3 , and the calculated density, 6.87 g/cm 3 . Kenhsuite is biaxial (+), with 2V z greater than 70 degrees , and index of refraction 2.25+ or -0.01. It has pleochroic colors that are weak pale yellow to greenish yellow. In reflected light, kenhsuite has medium to low reflectance, estimated at about 15%, and is white with abundant bright canary yellow to palest yellow-white internal reflections. Its polishing hardness is about the same as cinnabar (soft, 2-2.5). Kenhsuite formed later than cinnabar and corderoite, and possibly, in part simultaneously with corderoite. The mineral is named after Dr. Kenneth Jinghwa Hsu, Professor Emeritus, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland.
C/EBP Activators Are Required for HIV-1 Replication and Proviral Induction in Monocytic Cell Lines

Previous work has shown that C/EBP sites and C/EBP transcriptional activators are necessary for HIV-1 LTR activity in monocytes/macrophages. We have investigated the role that C/EBP proteins play in induction and replication of HIV-1. Ectopic expression of the dominant negative C/EBP protein LIP inhibited HIV-1 mRNA and virus production in activated U1 cells, demonstrating that C/EBP proteins are required for provirus induction. U1 lines overexpressing C/EBP activator NF-IL-6 produced more viral mRNA and virus particles following cellular activation than control lines, demonstrating that C/EBP proteins are limiting for virus transcription. HIV-1 harboring mutations within two C/EBP sites were crippled in their ability to replicate in U937 promonocytic cells, indicating that these sites are required for replication. These data identify C/EBP proteins as regulators of HIV-1 expression in monocytes/macrophages.
Dislodgeable residues of chlorobenzilate in Florida citrus: Worker reentry implications

Abstract Chlorobenzilate residues were determined on citrus foliage, fruit, and soil surfaces. Residue half-lives varied from 4 to 21 days depending on extraction method and time of the year. Increasing the application rate resulted in a proportional increase in residues. The standard “dislodgeable” method recovered less surface residues than did a methanol recovery. These data are discussed in relation to protecting harvesters from pesticides.
Problems in the use of naturalistic observation as a means of behavioral assessment.

This paper summarizes some of the methodological problems associated with naturalistic observation of behavior, a system of data collection frequently used in behavior therapy: assets and deficits in arbitrary analysis of continuous behavior, determination of stability of behavior in relation to cessation of data collection, and calculations of reliability of observations. Studies are reviewed which indicate additional problems related to naturalistic observation: the reactive nature of the observation process and potential observer bias. Since it is probable that data presented by researchers using behavioral observations are influenced by these variables, further investigations of these problems are encouraged to ensure generalizability of results from studies utilizing this method of data collection.
The high current arc ignition test

A description is given of the high-current arc test, which has been under study at the NEMA/UC Insulation Laboratory for several years. In a previous paper a number of difficulties in performing the test by Middendorf (see IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul., vol.EI-17, no.5, p.429-33, 1982). One was the difficulty in seeing the candle-like flame of the burning insulation immediately after the white-hot arc disappears. The dark-glass shield supplied with the tester does nothing to resolve the great difference in luminosity of the arc and the insulation flame. In order to eliminate this problem, a liquid-crystal light attenuator was developed. Another major contribution has been the addition of a digital arc energy meter. Consistent results are now obtained. >
A Systematic Review of the Efficacy and Safety of Desmopressin for Nocturia in Adults

Purpose: We systematically reviewed desmopressin as treatment for nocturia in generally healthy adults with a focus on benefits and harms.Materials and Methods: After a literature search we identified 10 articles (2,191 patients) that met our inclusion criteria of parallel group design, randomized, controlled trials with information on at least 1 benefit or harm of desmopressin in patients with nocturia. We evaluated the quality of included trials based on The Cochrane Collaboration criteria, assessed heterogeneity using the I2 statistic and performed random effects meta-analysis.Results: Studies were generally of high quality, although 4 used an active run-in period to titrate the dose and exclude patients with adverse effects or who were nonresponders. Thus, they were at high risk for bias. Desmopressin doses of at least 25 mcg or greater decreased nocturnal voids and increased time to first void. A dose of 100 mcg provided just more than an hour of additional sleep before the first void compared with p...
Hyperfine effect in linear triatomic molecules in 2Π electronic states

Expressions are derived for the hyperfine effect in the rotational energy levels of linear triatomic molecules in 2Π electronic states, taking into account both spin-orbit and Renner interactions. The results derived are compared with the available experimental data.
Activation of the glucocorticoid receptor.

Past and ongoing approaches to the mechanism of activation of the glucocorticoid receptor have been summarized. In vivo labelling of receptors with [3H] triamcinolone acetonide at various times indicates a progression in appearance and disappearance of chromatographically separable activated and unactivated forms of steroid-receptor complexes, suggesting physiological relevance of the activation process. The DNA-binding site, exclusively expressed on activated receptor complexes appears to consist minimally of lys, arg and his residues as determined by chemical probes. The DNA-binding site of the activated receptor complex may contain a divalent metal. Since addition of calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase stimulates the rate of activation of glucocorticoid-receptor complexes at 0°, the activation step, at least in part, may consist of a dephosphorylation event. Two small molecule regulators have been found. One is called “modulator” and inhibits activation. The other is pyridoxal 5′-phosphate which functions in vitro and in vivo and combines with the activated form of the steroid-receptor complex, preventing nuclear binding. The products of activation are receptors called II and IB. They have a different distribution between liver and kidney. How they arise in the cell is not yet clear but both appear to be bona fide cellular products. IB and II both have receptor functions and differ in their binding avidity for single-stranded homodeoxypolymers. The specificity of homodeoxypolymer binding by II resembles DNA polymerase-α. DNA-binding of activated binder II is inhibited by rifamycin AF013, a known inhibitor of DNA-binding by various nucleic acid polymerases. Based on observations on the activation mechanism of glucocorticoid receptors, a speculative model is presented.
Engineering software-multichip routing and placement

The demands being placed on CAD systems by current advances in packaging technology, in particular, the need to design interconnecting networks for thin-film multichip modules (MCMs), are discussed. The approaches embodied in several recently developed software packages are described. These include interactive placement and routing, warping, shape-based routing, rubber-band routing, and correct by design. The role of concurrent engineering in the design process is examined. >
ATR infrared spectra of oriented sodium laurate multilayers

There is currently widespread interest in the vibrational spectroscopy of organized assemblies formed by long-chain amphiphiles. Oriented monolayers, bilayers, and multilayers have been studied by external or internal reflection spectroscopy with various experimental setups.
Adolescents and emergency contraception

The United States has a high rate of teen pregnancies. The Food and Drug Administration recently approved hormonal emergency contraception (EC), which can be used after unprotected intercourse to reduce the likelihood that a pregnancy will occur. Several pill regimens that are now available by prescription only are safe and effective if used within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse. However, teens generally have a low level of awareness of EC, and because the pills are available only by prescription, teens must request a prescription from their pediatric nurse practitioner quickly. Therefore, it may be prudent to provide EC to sexually active teens before the need for it arises.
Mismorphism: a semiotic model of computer security circumvention (poster abstract)

In real world domains, from healthcare to power to finance, we deploy computer systems intended to streamline and improve the activities of human agents in the corresponding non-cyber worlds. However, talking to actual users (instead of just computer security experts) reveals endemic circumvention of the computer-embedded rules. Good-intentioned users, trying to get their jobs done, systematically work around security and other controls embedded in their IT systems.This poster reports on our work compiling a large corpus of such incidents and developing a model based on semiotic triads to examine security circumvention. This model suggests that mismorphisms---mappings that fail to preserve structure---lie at the heart of circumvention scenarios; differential perceptions and needs explain users' actions. We support this claim with empirical data from the corpus.
Control of the redox state of the pyridine nucleotides in the rat cerebral cortex. Effect of electroshock-induced seizures.

—The concentrations of most of the intermediates of glycolysis and of the tricarboxylic acid cycle were determined in the cerebral cortex of rats, frozen 10 s after the induction of a generalized seizure by electroshock. The apparent equilibrium constant for the combined glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, 3-phosphoglycerate kinase and lactic dehydrogenase reactions, i.e. Kapp= [Lactate] [3-Phosphoglycerate] [ATP]/[Pyruvate] [Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate] [ADP] [HPO24], was evaluated and found to be similar to the value reported for the in vitro system at pH 7. During an estimated 4–5-fold increase in glycolytic flux imposed by the seizure, this system remained close to equilibrium. In control cortex the components of the aldolase reaction were deviated 80-fold from equilibrium but shifted slightly toward equilibrium during the seizure. The components of the aspartate aminotransferase reaction were maintained in equilibrium in both the control and the seizure states. Of 4 reactions used to assess the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial redox states, only the lactic dehydrogenase reaction was considered reliable in the acutely changing situation of the seizure, and yielded a calculated decrease in the cytoplasmic [NAD+]/[NADH] ratio. This change, coupled with an observed decrease in the [ATP]/[ADP] [HPO24] ratio during the seizure, supports the concept that in brain, as in liver (Krebs & Veech, 1969), the phosphate potential determines the redox state of the tissue.
Coupling between antiferromagnetic and superconducting order in an oxide heterostructure revealed using ultrafast optical spectroscopy

Ultrafast optical pump-probe spectroscopy is used to study a heterostructure consisting of superconducting and antiferromagnetic films. We observed a new slow relaxation process that reveals the interaction between superconducting and antiferromagnetic order at the interface.
The governance of diverse, multi-scale fisheries in which there is a lot to learn

Abstract Recent research indicates that fish populations once considered panmictic are in fact meta populations characterized by spatial complexity and comprised of demographically isolated subpopulations adapted to local environmental conditions. A synthesis of the relevance of population structure for fisheries management is provided, using New England's ground fisheries as an example. Federal fisheries management has been ineffective in conserving or restoring ground fish stocks in the region. Implemented in 1977 and based on the understanding of population structure at the time, management has focused on broad-scale restrictions on fishing that fail to protect subpopulations. But even very rigorous broad-scale management in a system with fine-scale ecological structure does little to protect local populations. As local stocks are fished down, fishermen develop strong incentives to locate and efficiently harvest remaining aggregations of fish, resulting in the serial extirpation of local populations. Because both fishing and monitoring occur at a broad-scale, scientific and management feedback regarding the effect of harvesting on fish stocks is ambiguous. Learning about the multi-scale complexity of the ocean is a substantial problem. The problem is not unique to fisheries. The need for cost effective and appropriately scaled knowledge is a problem faced by all forms of social organization. The principles of cost effective, adaptive solutions, drawn from the literature on collective action, are identified. The restoration of ground fish stocks in New England will require reform of fisheries governance towards a multi-scale governance structure, including fine-scale scientific and management institutions that are able to obtain timely and accurate feedback about the effects of fishing at several ecological scales. The failure to address fine-scale population structure in fisheries governance may result in persistent depletion of New England's groundfish stocks.
Winds subsurface pelagic Sargassum and Langmuir circulations

Abstract The long survival of the free-floating plant Sargassum in the wind-mixed surface waters of the oceans is poorly understood. Evidence is presented here that the amounts of Sargassum collected by net tows at the sea surface decrease with increased wind speed. From this new finding and additional evidence in the marine literature, it is hypothesized that the plant is adapted to a cyclic submergence in the wind-induced vortical currents of these waters, returning to the surface only when the currents are less than the plant's rise rate. Such adaptation, readily testable, indicates the plant's capacity to maintain its density and rise rate independent of depth, thus adding to our understanding of its survival at sea.
Rab GTPase localization and Rab cascades in Golgi transport

Rab GTPases are master regulators of membrane traffic. By binding to distinct sets of effector proteins, Rabs catalyse the formation of function-specifying membrane microdomains. They are delivered to membranes by a protein named GDI (guanine-nucleotide-dissociation inhibitor) and are stabilized there after nucleotide exchange by effector binding. In the present mini-review, I discuss what we know about how Rab GTPases are delivered to the correct membrane-bound compartments and how Rab GTPase cascades order Rabs within the secretory and endocytic pathways. Finally, I describe how Rab cascades may establish the distinct compartments of the Golgi complex to permit ordered processing, sorting and secretion of secretory cargoes.
Desensitization of Aspirin-Sensitive Asthmatics: A Therapeutic Alternative?

To identify and characterize aspirin sensitivity, over 500 oral aspirin challenges have been performed in patients since 1970. Protocols were developed, and an aspirin desensitization process was created as an extension of the challenge protocol. Without exception, desensitization has been achieved in 66 of 66 consecutive aspirin-sensitive asthmatics. There is also cross-desensi-tization with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the limited number of patients studied. After desensitization with either aspirin or NSAIDs, an interruption of continuous therapy is followed by a reappearance of sensitivity. Patients must be cautioned about this and the possibility of a severe reaction should aspirin be reintroduced after aspirin avoidance for 2-5 days.
Epizootic characteristics of hepatic and renal lesions in English sole, Parophrys vetulus, from Puget Sound

English sole, Parophrys vetulus, from eight locations within Puget Sound, U.S.A. were examined for histological abnormalities of the liver and kidney. A total of 1083 fish were collected between February 1979 and June 1984 in nine separate sampling periods. Idiopathic lesions, i.e. lesions of unknown cause, were classified into eight hepatic and four renal lesion categories. The significance of certain potential risk factors associated with lesion prevalences, including age, gender, site of capture, season of capture and year of capture, were assessed by logistic regression. The odds ratios for the significant risk factors were also calculated. Site of capture and age of the examined fish were found to be the most important factors for most of the observed lesion types, e.g., hepatic neoplasms and foci of cellular alteration, whereas year and season of capture were significant influences for only a few lesion types, e.g., specific and nonspecific degenerative/necrotic lesions of the liver. Gender of examined fish was not found to be a significant factor for any of the lesion types. These results emphasize the importance of including certain potential influences, such as age and season of capture, in the analysis of field-collected organ pathology data.
LXXVI. Energy relations involved in the formation of complex atoms

(1915). LXXVI. Energy relations involved in the formation of complex atoms. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 30, No. 179, pp. 723-734.
Ideology Construction, Grassroots Mobilization, and Party Strategy in South Africa and the United States, 1934–1948

According to recent scholarship, parties in a variety of electoral systems can significantly increase their share of the vote with “flanking moves” designed to siphon off opponents’ supporters with appeals to neglected policy concerns. These models do not specify the conditions that enable parties to carry out such maneuvers, however. We maintain that to take advantage of flanking opportunities, parties must undertake two tasks—ideology construction and grassroots mobilization—prior to the emergence of those opportunities. We illustrate our argument with a comparative-historical analysis of the National Party in South Africa and the Republican Party in the United States. Facing similar strategic contexts after the Great Depression, the two parties responded very differently to opportunities to attract voters through conservative racial appeals during the 1940s.
Nonlinear model reduction and control for high-purity distillation columns

This article considers high-purity distillation columns with large recycle (and thus internal) flow rates. A singular perturbation analysis is employed to document a well-known observation for such columns, namely, the existence of fast and slow dynamics associated with internal and external flows, respectively. A nonlinear low-order model of the slow column dynamics, suitable for analysis and nonlinear feedback controller synthesis, is also derived. A two-tiered controller design procedure, which incorporates such a nonlinear controller, is finally proposed, and its performance and robustness characteristics are evaluated through simulations.
Applications of photoacoustic step‐scan FT‐IR spectroscopy to polymeric materials

Thin coatings technology demands that characterization tools are readily available to distinguish between the composition and physical state of the coated layers versus the substrate. In principle, infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) possesses all the appropriate features to become a mainstream technique for these types of characterizations. These features include the ability to characterize coatings of a variety of thickness (monolayers to tens of microns) and the fact that the technique requires virtually no sample preparation. One category of such samples involves systems having few micron thin layered structures coated on relatively thick polyester substrates. The phase delay of the photoacoustic signal can be used in conjunction with the knowledge of the thermal properties of the coated fluids in the calculation of the relative as well as the absolute depths of these multi-layered coatings. The phase delay is calculated at wavelengths that are characteristic of the various components of the different layers in the system. The technique is applied to the characterization of a coated system having a sub-micron layer as the top layer. Step-scan FT-IR photoacoustic data are presented that prove the ability of the technique to successfully isolate the infrared signature of the top layer from the infrared spectrum of the bulk material, proving the sub-micron resolution capability of the method. In addition, results will be shown that underline the fact that the most serious problem in PAS is saturation at high absorptivities.
Predetection filtering effect on the probability of error of GMSK with discriminator detection in mobile radio channels

Simple closed-form expressions for the probability of error of Gaussian filtered minimum-shift keying (GMSK) with discriminator detection in a fast-Rayleigh-fading channel were previously derived by the author (see ibid., vol.VT-35, p.71-6, May 1986) by assuming that the intermediate frequency filter does not distort the received signal. The effect of this filter on the probability of error is now investigated. The optimum bandwidth of the filter is calculated for cases of practical interest. The equations used for the computation of the probability of error are derived and the results are discussed. >
Linkage Disequilibrium Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci under Truncation Selection

As a dense map of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers are available, population-based linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping or association study is becoming one of the major tools for identifyi
Collaboration Through Role Play Among Graduate Students in Educational Leadership in Distance Learning

This project addresses the challenge of preparing educational leaders for future roles in administration in K–12 schools. Through a project-based learning scenario set in a 3-D virtual world, graduate students in school administration and instructional technology worked together in simulated school teams to develop proposals for integrating technology into a fictitious school. The scenario provided parameters within which each team developed a proposal to a superintendent for the use of iPads, which included developing plans for professional development, collaboration among faculty and staff, infrastructure to support the technology, alignment with curriculum, and budgets. Teams worked independently of classes to develop proposals that were then posted in the virtual world for review by instructors and other students. The simulation offered opportunities to develop shared leadership and skills in collaboration outside the usual comfort zone of graduate school classes. Student perception of the value of pa...
Does second language writing research impact U.S. university foreign language instruction

Abstract Most university FL courses currently include some form of writing as part of their curricula. However, FL instructors do not seem to agree with respect to how writing should be utilized in the classroom. Some attempt to integrate insights from the broader field of second language (L2) writing research, teaching their students to use rhetorical and organizational devices and strategies in addition to the more traditional focus on grammatical and vocabulary. However, most university FL instructors appear to use writing only as means of introducing and/or reinforcing other aspects of language learning. Unfortunately, the reasons behind this disparity are not well understood. In an attempt to describe the extent to which L2 writing research is currently informing university FL instruction, a survey was administered to 153 FL instructors working at universities within the United States. Survey respondents described their level of knowledge concerning six important theories informing L2 writing research, as well as indicated the extent to which these theories inform their FL teaching. Survey results reveal low levels of both knowledge and implementation of the six theories among these FL instructors. Outreach by L2 writing researchers is recommended.
Congenital hypothyroidism presenting as apparent spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia

An 11-year-old boy with short stature, dysplastic epiphyses, and vertebral abnormalities was thought to have spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia. He was subsequently found to have epiphyseal dysplasia secondary to congenital hypothyroidism. The radiographic findings in longstanding congenital hypothyroidism and spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia are compared and a possible mechanism for the dysplasia of hypothyroidism is discussed. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mechanical behavior of nanocrystalline aluminum-zirconium

An investigation of the room-temperature mechanical properties and deformation behavior of nanocrystalline aluminum-zirconium has been conducted via microhardness, nanoindentation and novel tensile experiments. Nanocrystalline specimens were produced by the inert-gas condensation process with electron beam evaporation. The modulus of elasticity of nanocrystalline Al-Zr was determined to be similar to that of coarse-grained aluminum. The hardness, strength and ductility of the samples, however, were found to be strongly impacted by grain size, which is reduced at higher zirconium levels. Extremely high hardnesses were obtained for the materials (up to ~ 3 GPa), while the tensile strengths were less impressive. Some ductility in tension was exhibited by specimens with relatively large grain sizes (≥ 100 nm), although the elongation to failure dropped to less than 1% when the grains were stabilized to ~ 10 nm by zirconium additions. This behavior appears to be linked to the increasingly high stresses required to generate dislocations to prevent crack propagation and cause yielding as the grain size is reduced into the nanometer regime. At room temperature and at the strain rate employed in this study (10−4 s−1), no evidence was found to suggest that an alternative, diffusional-based deformation mechanism takes over at the smallest grain sizes.
Generation of hard X-rays using an ultrafast fiber laser system.

We report the first hard X-ray source driven by a femtosecond fiber laser. The high energy fiber CPA system incorporated a 65μm LMA fiber amplifying stage which provided 300-fs recompressed pulses and diffraction limited beam quality with M2 < 1.07. A deformable mirror was used to optimize the wavefront and the spot size was focused down to 2.3 μm with an f/1.2 paraboloidal mirror. 50μJ was deposited on the nickel target with 2×1015-W/cm2 focal intensity and a distinctive Ni Kα-line (7.48 keV) emission was measured with 5×10-8 energy conversion efficiency.
Utilization of extended donor criteria liver allografts maximizes donor use and patient access to liver transplantation.

Objective:The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of systematic utilization of extended donor criteria liver allografts (EDC), including living donor allografts (LDLT), on patient access to liver transplantation (LTX).Summary Background Data:Utilization of liver allografts that do not
Geology as an Historical Tool: ABSTRACT

Geology is at best a synthetic science; the general geologist must have a working knowledge of chemistry, physics, biology, mathematics, and many other sciences. This training in a spectrum of skills makes the geologist peculiarly fitted to deal with multiple-variable problems, especially those which can be reduced only to qualitative solutions. Such problems are numerous in historical criticism; history, like geology, is a reconstructive art involving the interplay of large numbers of variables. Many otherwise incomprehensible events, particularly in military history, become logical and understandable when methods of inquiry based on geological information and techniques are applied. Such examples from the Civil War in the Vicksburg area include the location of the ironc ad gunboat Cairo, the non-intervention of the Confederate trans-Mississippi armies in Grant's march through Louisiana, Grant's decision to march far inland in Mississippi after the battle of Fort Gibson, and several others. Based on such examples, it seems obvious that geologists are not exploiting their peculiar skills to a maximum. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1601------------
Framing the Ephemeral

Allyson Purpura The articles assembled here and in a forthcoming issue of African Arts (vol. 43, no. 1, Spring 2010) explore the theme of ephemeral art, and are based on two panels co-organized by Christine Mullen Kreamer and myself for the Triennial meeting of the Arts Council of the African Studies Association in March 2007. Applying equally to studio and tradition-based practices, ephemeral art refers to works whose materials are chosen by the artist or maker for their inherently unstable characteristics, or which are created with the intention of having a finite “life.” As such, they cannot be collected as objects per se, and their configurations may change or degrade while on view—or in view, as the case may be. Indeed, their impermanence is a constitutive part of their aesthetic, and of the ways in which they come to act on the world. Ephemerality defies conventional expectations around the preservation, display, and commodification of art and confounds the museum’s mission to preserve works in perpetuity. Even the language conservators use to describe unstable materials—“inherent vice”— imputes a kind of immoral agency to ephemeral things. Our fascination with the topic was initially inspired by South African artist Willem Boshoff at the National Museum of African Art in 2005, while assisting him with his installation Writing in the Sand.1 Made entirely of fine, dry, black and white sand, the work comprised words stenciled directly onto the gallery floor (Fig. 1). The inherent instability of the sand—and of the installation itself—was a constitutive part of the work’s commentary on the vulnerability and disenfranchisement of “unscripted” languages in southern Africa. However, the installation was scheduled to be on view for eight months; while its gradual degradation was, for the artist, unproblematic, even desirable, museum staff was challenged with preserving the piece’s visual integrity for the duration of the exhibition (see Hornbeck this issue). In the end, the installation’s life history raised a whole range of provocative issues that concerned not only the museological challenges of exhibiting and preserving such work, but, more broadly, the idea of the ephemeral as paradigm and praxis.2 Amply evident in the pages that follow, the authors who responded to our call for papers engage the ephemeral to explore vastly different circumstances, featuring objects, artists, and artworks that resist easy categorization. Slippage between the everyday and the esoteric, portraiture and performance, and between 1 Detail, William Boshoff, Writing in the Sand (2005). Installation photograph, National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Wavelet analysis of the surface temperature field at an air–water interface subject to moderate wind stress

Abstract A new analysis methodology based on the wavelet transform is used to estimate the cross-wind scale statistics of high surface temperature events from two-dimensional infrared imagery. The method is applied to laboratory data obtained from an experiment conducted in 2001 at the University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science Air–sea Interaction Saltwater Tank (ASIST). For the case of positive heat flux, in which heat is transported from water to air and for all wind forcing conditions, results from the analysis of infrared images show that the number of high temperature events, when scanned in the cross-wind direction, occupies a wide range of scales. For all wind cases, at a low temperature fluctuation threshold, the number of high temperature events increases with increasing wavenumber (decreasing scale). As the temperature fluctuation threshold is increased, this distribution collapses around a characteristic scale. In addition, as the wind speed increases this scale decreases. The statistical scale results are shown to be consistent with estimates of streak spacing based on a standard parameterization of the turbulent dynamics as well as with the results from numerical experiments. Our results suggest that further statistical analysis may possibly allow for the estimation of wind stress from infrared imagery.
High-risk drugs in the elderly population.

Summary Drug therapy in elderly patients is affected by agerelated changes in distribution and elimination and is further complicated by the increased sensitivity aged persons have to many of the effects of medications. Medications are often necessary in the elderly population, but care should be made to properly monitor these patients, especially those taking multiple drugs. Nurses, who are at the front lines of health care in all areas of practice, should be aware of drugs that may be high risk for use in the elderly and monitor these patients carefully for signs and symptoms of toxicity.
Dipole and quadrupole moment functions of the hydrogen halides HF, HCl, HBr, and HI: A Hirshfeld interpretation

The dipole and quadrupole moment functions of the hydrogen halides are calculated using a large polarized basis and correlated wavefunctions and compared to experiment and previous calculations. These functions are analyzed in terms of local moments constructed using the Hirshfeld method. The dipole moment is the sum of the functions q H R + μ H and μ X with q H being the charge on the hydrogen atom, R the internuclear separation, μ H and μ X the atomic dipoles on the hydrogen and halogen atoms. We find that q H R + μ H is always positive and has a maximum at bond lengths larger than the equilibrium. In HF, μ F is slightly positive at the maximum in q H R + μ H and has little effect on the resultant maximum in the dipole moment function (DMF). μ Cl , μ Br , and μ I , on the other hand, are increasingly more negative at the maximum of q H R + μ H and have a profound effect on the width of the maximum of the resulting DMF, successively broadening it and completely eliminating it at HI. The quadrupole moment function (QMF) (with the halogen as origin) is given by Θ ( HX ) = Θ HX proto + δ Θ X + δ Θ H + 2 μ H R + q H R 2 , where Θ HX proto is the quadrupole moment of the separated atoms (the halogen in this instance) and δ Θ X + δ Θ H the change in the in situquadrupole moments of the halogen and hydrogen atoms. The maximum in the QMF and its slope at equilibrium are determined essentially by 2 μ H R + q H R 2 , which is known once the DMF is known. δ Θ X + δ Θ H is always negative while Θ HX proto is positive, so one can approximate the molecular quadrupole moment to within 10% as Θ ( HX ) > Θ HX proto + 2 μ H R + q H R 2 .
Covariance matrix estimation errors and diagonal loading in adaptive arrays

Simulations were used to investigate the effect of covariance matrix sample size on the system performance of adaptive arrays using the sample matrix inversion (SMI) algorithm. Inadequate estimation of the covariance matrix results in adapted antenna patterns with high sidelobes and distorted mainbeams. A technique to reduce these effects by modifying the covariance matrix estimate is described from the point of view of eigenvector decomposition. This diagonal loading technique reduces the system nulling capability against low-level interference, but parametric studies show that it is an effective approach in many situations. >
Revascularization for Left Main and Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease in the Drug-Eluting Stent Era: Integration of Recent Drug-Eluting Stent Trials

As older patients comprise a greater proportion of the population, the incidence of multivessel and left main coronary artery disease is increasing. Given the improvements in percutaneous coronary intervention, more patients are suitable for this revascularization strategy. However, the optimal revascularization strategy remains a moving target. Numerous trials, extending from the bypass surgery versus medical therapy era to the most current drug-eluting stent versus bypass surgery era, provide information to select the most appropriate revascularization strategy. The objective of this review is to summarize these data.
Creating Discursive Space through a Rhetoric of Difference: Chicana Feminists Craft a Homeland.

When Chicana feminists refuse to accept mainstream definitions of themselves and insist that they establish and affirm their own identity, they build a space through discourse. For Chicana feminists, this process is accomplished in three stages. They begin by merely carving out a space within which they can find their own voice. After establishing this space, they begin to turn it into a home where connections to those within their families are made strong. Finally, recognizing their still existing connections to various other groups, Chicana feminists construct bridges or pathways connecting them with others. Such a process allows for the construction of boundaries that establish the Chicana feminist homeland as distinct but are flexible enough to allow for interaction with other homelands.