cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Global Citizenship Themes in the Social Studies Classroom: Teaching Devices and Teachers’ Attitudes

Abstract Globalization significantly influences the very notion of citizenship that is no longer universally seen as only a nation-related concept. Therefore, the discourse of global citizenship is getting more attention in programmatic educational texts and curricula. This study investigates how teachers use the conceptual framework of global citizenship in the social studies classroom, and what curricular devices and pedagogies social studies teachers use to address aspects of global citizenship. The study demonstrated that social studies teachers frequently use information about international issues in their classrooms, and there is a tendency to incorporate global and international perspectives into citizenship education. However, educators need more rigorous assistance to teach emerging types of citizenship. The study demonstrates that despite the fact that participants rarely use the term global citizenship in their instruction, they provide rationales that correspond to the notion of global citizen...
Network effects across the earnings distribution: Payoffs to visible and invisible job finding assistance

This study makes three critical contributions to the "Do Contacts Matter?" debate. First, the widely reported null relationship between informal job searching and wages is shown to be mostly the artifact of a coding error and sample selection restrictions. Second, previous analyses examined only active informal job searching without fully considering the benefits derived from unsolicited network assistance (the "invisible hand of social capital") - thereby underestimating the network effect. Third, wage returns to networks are examined across the earnings distribution. Longitudinal data from the NLSY reveal significant wage returns for network-based job finding over formal job searching, especially for individuals who were informally recruited into their jobs (non-searchers). Fixed effects quantile regression analyses show that contacts generate wage premiums among middle and high wage jobs, but not low wage jobs. These findings challenge conventional wisdom on contact effects and advance understanding of how social networks affect wage attainment and inequality.
Adjoint Sensitivity Analysis of Radiative Transfer Equation: Temperature and Gas Mixing Ratio Weighting Functions for Remote Sensing of Scattering Atmospheres in Thermal IR

Sensitivity analysis based on using of the adjoint equation of radiative transfer is applied to the case of atmospheric remote sensing in the thermal spectral region with non-negligeable atmospheric scattering.
EVALUATION OF CHEST PAIN IN THE EMERGENCY ROOM USING A 2 HOUR SENSITIVE TROPONIN I (CTNI)

Many chest pain patients are admitted to the hospital annually without coronary artery disease. In 1992, we randomized patients to direct admission versus a 4-hour serial cardiac marker protocol that led to the development of the 4-hour rule-out protocol. Our study demonstrated that patients could
Effects of anthropogenic noise on endocrine and reproductive function in White's treefrog, Litoria caerulea

Urbanization is a major driver of ecological change and comes with a suite of habitat modifications, including alterations to the local temperature, precipitation, light and noise regimes. Although many recent studies have investigated the behavioural and ecological ramifications of urbanization, physiological work in this area has lagged. We tested the hypothesis that anthropogenic noise is a stressor for amphibians and that chronic exposure to such noise leads to reproductive suppression. In the laboratory, we exposed male White's treefrogs, Litoria caerulea, to conspecific chorus noise either alone or coupled with pre-recorded traffic noise nightly for 1 week. Frogs presented with anthropogenic noise had significantly higher circulating concentrations of corticosterone and significantly decreased sperm count and sperm viability than did control frogs. These results suggest that in addition to having behavioural and ecological effects, anthropogenic change might alter physiology and Darwinian fitness. Future work should integrate disparate fields such as behaviour, ecology and physiology to elucidate fully organisms' responses to habitat change.
Simple model of the high frequency permeability of narrow thin-film structures with eddy currents, walls, and saturation

The authors report the derivation and experimental verification of a simple model of the high-frequency permeability of narrow soft-magnetic thin-film structures which includes eddy currents and magnetization rotation, wall motion, and saturation. Data are presented for long narrow magnetic rectangles with the idea that common thin-film magnetic structures, such as recording heads, can be modeled as connected stripes of different widths. The easy magnetic axis is aligned perpendicular to the applied field and to the long axis of the stripes. The model has two terms: from the easy-axis aligned domains, the bulk permeability (magnetization rotation) reduced by eddy currents and and constriction due to closure domains, and from the hard axis regions, domain wall motion described by the standard damping limited theory of wall motion solved for an oscillatory field. Saturation is handled by clipping the total moment change of 4 pi M, and replacing the wall phase delay with the transit time for a wall to cross the film. >
Performance evaluation of an image estimation method based on principal component analysis (PCA) developed for quantitative depth-variant fluorescence microscopy imaging

In 3D wide-field computational microscopy, the image formation process is depth variant due to the refractive index mismatch between the imaging layers. In a previous study, an image estimation method based on a principle component analysis (PCA) model for the representation of the depth varying point spread function (DV-PSF) was presented and demonstrated with noiseless simulations. In this study, the performance of the PCA-based DV expectation maximization algorithm (PCA-DVEM) was further evaluated with noisy simulations. Different levels of Poisson noise were used in simulated forward images of a synthetic object computed using theoretically-determined DV-PSFs approximated by the PCA approach. The noise influence on the reconstructed images obtained with PCA-DVEM was evaluated. We found that without regularization, the algorithm performs well when the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is 14 dB or higher. The relationship of the number of PCA components, B , to the image reconstruction performance was also investigated on both noiseless and noisy simulated data. In both cases, we found that the number of PCA components has limited effect on the image reconstruction performance for B > 1. To reduce computational complexity while maintaining image estimation performance, B = 2 is suggested for processing experimental data.
Secure Application-Aware Service Differentiation in Public Area Wireless Networks

We are witnessing the increasing demand for pervasive Internet access from public area wireless networks (PAWNs). As their popularity grows, the inherent untrusted nature of public places and the diverse service requirements of end users are two key issues that need to be addressed. We have proposed two approaches to address these issues. First, the Home-based Authentication Protocol (HAP) that provides a framework by which to establish trust between a nomadic client and a service provider using a trusted third party (home). Second, we argue that the best-effort-based service model provided by many access points is not enough to satisfy the end user fairness and to maximize the wireless link utilization for a diverse user population. We have proposed an application-aware service differentiation (AASD) mechanism that takes both application semantics and user requirements into consideration. Our analysis of this framework shows several fruitful results. The total authentication latency increases with the number of clients but at a rate that is much less than linear increasing latency. Also, in comparison with two other bandwidth allocation approaches, the best effort and static access control, our proposed application-aware service differentiation method, outperforms them in terms of the client fairness and wireless bandwidth utilization.
Approach for and Assessment of Interactive Communication via Cytokines of Cellular Components of Skin

Structure and function of skin are dependent upon interaction of the cells and matrix components that are unique to skin which, in turn, are dependent upon an interactive message system of cytokines acting over distance. Our laboratory has utilized a system which is sufficiently complex to permit a component of the skin to mature into a functional unit that can be indirectly influenced by cell types inherent to the skin, message over distance. The system, human epidermal cells, maturing into an epidermis on an overlying Millicell-HA membrane in the presence of normal fibroblasts or peripheral blood mononuclear cells in a lower chamber has been used to assess the role of interactive cytokines in skin. Data demonstrate: (a) normal fibroblasts enhance the outgrowth and induce a more organized phenotype in squamous cell carcinoma cells; (b) keratinocytes enhance fibroblast proliferation while squamous cell carcinoma cells suppress fibroblast proliferation, and (c) both activated and nonactivated mononuclear cells affect the outgrowth and organization of the squamous cell carcinoma cell line. It is concluded that cells of the skin, by their mediators, do affect the growth of one another in a highly interactive way.
Some curious thermomagnetic curves and their interpretation

Abstract A study of the thermomagnetic curves of synthetic titanomagnetite powders, heated in air, in non-saturation applied magnetic fields showed that the shape of the curves was related to the magnitude of the applied field, the coercivity of the samples, and the effects of oxidation. The most important result to emerge from this study was the occurrence of reproducible peaks at low temperatures (∼100–200°C). The temperature at which the peaks occur was found to increase with increasing coercive force or decreasing applied field. It is suggested that the peaks are the result of the “unblocking” of the magnetization, and should not be confused with thermomagnetic characteristics used to classify ferrites. The “unblocking” temperature is dependent on both the coercive force and the applied magnetic field, as is predicted by most models of thermo-remanent magnetization.
A proanthocyanidin from avocado seed

Abstract A proanthocyanin has been isolated from avocado seed. The compound resembles those that have been isolated from other sources in its ready hydrolysis into catechin and the products resulting from a polyhydroxyflavan-3,4-diol, but differs from these in the manner in which the two C 15 -units are joined. Other proanthocyanins have been assigned structures in which the two flavan-derived units are joined by ether linkages. The analytical and spectral data presented in this paper lead to the conclusion that the avocado proanthocyanin consists of two flavan-derived units joined by a carbon–carbon linkage.
Sedentary behaviors increase risk of cardiovascular disease mortality in men.

ABSTRACTPurpose:The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between two sedentary behaviors (riding in a car and watching TV) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in men in the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study.Methods:Participants were 7744 men (20-89 yr) initially free of CVD
Cognitive complaints are associated with depression, fatigue, female sex, and pain catastrophizing in patients with chronic pain.

Abstract Roth RS, Geisser ME, Theisen-Goodvich M, Dixon PJ. Cognitive complaints are associated with depression, fatigue, female sex, and pain catastrophizing in patients with chronic pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005;86:1147–54. Objective To examine the relation between demographic, pain-related, psychosocial, affective, and treatment factors and complaints of cognitive dysfunction among patients with chronic pain. Design Cross-sectional survey. Setting A university hospital outpatient multidisciplinary chronic pain program. Participants Chronic pain patients (N=222; 135 women, 87 men) completed a battery of psychometric questionnaires as part of an initial evaluation on referral to the program. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Cognitive impairment was assessed with items from the Brief Symptom Inventory; measures of depressive symptoms, pain intensity, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and pain catastrophizing were obtained from the Beck Depression Inventory (negative affect, negative self, somatic/physical function), McGill Pain Questionnaire, Modified Posttraumatic Chronic Pain Test, and Coping Strategies Questionnaire, respectively; and measures of subjective sleep disturbance, fatigue, opiate use, compensation/litigation status, pain location, and relevant demographic data were obtained from an open-ended questionnaire. Results Correlational analysis indicated that female sex, pain intensity, PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, catastrophizing, pain location (neck), and fatigue were all positively related to cognitive complaints. Simultaneous regression analysis showed that all factors combined accounted for 52% of the variance in self-report of cognitive difficulties and that 6 variables had a significant unique contribution to the report of cognitive complaints in the following order of importance: depression-negative affect (β=.28, P P P P =.05), pain catastrophizing (β=.12, P =.08), and female sex (β=.12, P Conclusions Complaints of cognitive impairment among chronic pain patients appear to be associated with multiple factors, with particular attention to depressive symptoms, fatigue, and catastrophizing. Our results also suggest that women with chronic pain are particularly vulnerable to cognitive dysfunction.
Social Dominance Orientation and the Ideological Legitimization of Social Policy1

Much of politics is involved with the distribution of resources and the regulation of intergroup relations. Social dominance theory posits that social ideologies provide social justification for policies that have unequal effects on different social groups. In the present studies, we examine the mediating role that ideologies have in transforming people’s general orientation toward group inequality into policy support. Using data from 5 samples, we offer evidence that social dominance orientation orients people to support discriminatory ideologies, which in turn influence support for policies. Support for the theoretical model was shown in studies of both long-standing social policy attitudes, such as toward social welfare and military programs, and of unfolding political events, including Clarence Thomas’ nomination to the Supreme Court, the Persian Gulf War, and reinstitution of the death penalty in California. Debates over policies often have the form “who deserves what.” For example, during the 1994 United States election campaign, politicians and citizens argued about whether illegal immigrants are entitled to public services, whether single mothers are worthy of public assistance, whether Social Security should be taken away from people who earned it, and whether criminals deserve longer prison terms. To define who is entitled to, or has a right to, positive or negative social goods, categorical distinctions among people are made. To justify why certain policies are right, reasons for discriminating among types of people are provided. In other words, social ideologies both define group membership and imply how different groups of people should be allocated social resources. Social dominance theory therefore postulates that ideologies provide justification for policy support, enabling people to provide reasons for their attitudes toward policies that reflect their values about intergroup relations.
Isotopes of Uranium, Thorium and Lead, and Their Geophysical Significance

In an effort to improve the data required in the calculation of geologic age a determination of the isotopes of the elements involved in the radioactive disintegrations (At. Nos. 81-92) was made by the magneto-optic technique of Allison. There appear to be four radioactive series beginning with eight isotopes of uranium (two to each) and ending with sixteen isotopes of lead (four to each). The relations of the constituent isotopes of uranium to those of lead in a mineral are complex, and vary somewhat from mineral to mineral. Ordinary lead and radioderived lead possess different isotopic compositions though both apparently derive from the same ultimate source. The isotopic composition of lead changes with its age. The most accurate age determination would be obtained by confining the calculation to the ${\mathrm{U}}^{238}$ and ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{206}$ isotopes respectively.
Magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosis of pulmonary vein stenosis after “correction” of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection

Abstract Stenosis of individual pulmonary veins is a rare cause of obstructed pulmonary venous blood flow that may be difficult to diagnose. 1 Recent reports 2,3 have shown that pulmonary artery wedge angiography and pulsed Doppler echocardiography are useful in assessing such stenosis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the potential advantage of the ability to define anatomic and flow characteristics of cardiovascular lesions. This case report describes the use of MRI in demonstrating the anatomy and flow characteristics of pulmonary venous obstruction in an infant after repair of obstructed total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) to the left vertical vein.
In Defense of Gay Children? `Progay' Homophobia and the Production of Homonormativity

This article analyzes putatively homophobic rhetoric and practices and their antihomophobic responses to understand how homophobia and antihomophobia may work together to produce `homonormative' gay subjects. It does so by investigating current debates over the pathologization of homosexuality and gender nonconformity, specifically examining charges that the psychiatric diagnosis Gender Identity Disorder of Childhood (GIDC) is homophobic. The author argues that emerging forms of homophobia, or `progay homophobias', are key to our understandings of anti-queer sentiments in an era of increased tolerance for homosexuality.
Targeted systemic radiotherapy of pheochromocytoma and medullary thyroid cancer.

Targeted systemic radiotherapy constitutes the systemic administration of a radioactive agent that targets a molecule expressed preferentially on cancer cells. The archetypal such therapy is 131-iodine ( 131 I) therapy for differentiated thyroid cancers. Radiotherapy typically delivers a calculated radiation-absorbed dose to tumor that takes into account (contiguous) normal tissue. Systemic radiotherapy development currently uses schema more analogous to chemotherapy—a radioactivity estimate that does not cause any irreversible toxicity. Historically, arbitrary amounts of radioactivity shown to be effective, on the basis of retrospective review, were used for thyroid cancer therapy with 131 I as well as for neuroendocrine tumor therapy with 131 I-labeled meta-iodo-benzylguanidine (MIBG). Their established safety record has led to adaptations that include repeat therapies with nontoxic amounts of radioactivity. There remains, however, a lack of clear understanding of the safety limits of systemic targeted radiotherapy. This is probably most true in systemic therapy with MIBG in adult neuroendocrine tumors. Bone marrow is the primary critical organ for most targeted systemic radiotherapy; second organ involvement may be renal, as with MIBG and targeted radiopeptide therapy, or pulmonary, as with radioimmunotherapy. Most therapies have tended toward multiple administrations of subtoxic amounts of radioactivity. Therapy with MIBG in pheochromococytoma as well as targeted radiopeptide therapy in medullary thyroid cancer has followed this model. Radioimmunotherapy appears very promising; a definitive Phase 2 study needs completion. All therapy has shown promise in extending disease survival (as compared with historical controls), with few major structural (or biochemical) responses. This review will attempt to compliment the excellent existing literature by providing an overall systemic therapeutic approach to this promising endeavor.
Controlled release by using poly(methacrylic acid-g-ethylene glycol) hydrogels

Abstract Graft copolymers of poly (ethylene glycol) with poly(methacrylic acid) were prepared by reaction of poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate macromonomer with methacrylic acid in the presence of tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate as a crosslinking agent. The materials were swollen in aqueous solutions with the pH ranging from 1.5 to 12.0. Dynamic swelling studies were performed. The swelling rates were lowest in copolymer networks with 1:1 ratios of ethylene oxide to methacrylic acid. These results were attributed to the combined effects of diffusion and complex dissociation during swelling. Solute release studies were carried out to investigate the effect of pH and swelling on the release behavior. Lowest solute release rates were observed in complex-forming networks, verifying the relationship between complexation, swelling and solute permeability.
The Global Situation

Imagine an internet system, linking up computer users. Or a rush of immigrants across national borders. Or capital investments shuttled to varied offshore locations. These world-making "flows," too, are not just interconnections but also the recarving of channels and the remapping of the possibilities of geography. Imagine the landscape nourished by the creek. Yet even beyond the creek's "flows," there are no stable landscape elements: Trees sprout up, transforming meadows into forests; cattle browse on saplings, spreading meadows past forest edges. Nor are forests and meadows the only way to divide up the landscape. Consider the perspective of the earthworm, looking for rich soils, or the weed, able to flourish in both meadow and forest, though only when each meets certain conditions. To tell the story of this landscape requires an appreciation not only of changing landscape elements but also of the partial, tentative, and shifting ability of the storyteller to identify elements at all. Imagine ethnic groups, corporations, refugees, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), nation-states, consumers, social movements, media moguls, trade organizations, social scientists, international lawyers, and bankers, all swarming alongside creeks and earthworms to compose the landscape, to define its elements, carve its channels of flow, and establish its units of historical agency. We live in a time of self-consciousness about units and scales: Where shall we draw the boundaries of regions? How are local communities composed? And, most important for this essay, what is this thing we call the globe? If social scientists have had a lot to say about these questions of late, so have other people. Contestants form themselves in shifting alliances, mobilized for reasons of power, passion, discipline, or dis-ease and mounting campaigns for particular configurations of scale. Some of the most excited campaigning in the last 25 years has concerned the globe, that planet-wide space for all humanity and its encompassing habitat. Moreover, in the last ten years, talk about the globe has heated up to the point that many commentators imagine a global era,
A cryptography course for non-mathematicians

Traditionally, courses in cryptography have been heavily mathematical in nature. Yet, there is a large population of Information Systems practitioners who are not mathematicians, but who need to implement cryptography as a part of an overall system that they are developing. These people need a thorough understanding of the characteristics of good cryptographic communication protocols. Without this level of understanding, numerous cryptosystems have been deployed that use proper encryption algorithms (e.g. DES, RC4), yet had significant flaws. This paper describes an attempt to structure a cryptography course for IS practitioners.
Integrating Business Ethics into An Undergraduate Curriculum

The paper describes the approach by which ethics are integrated into the undergraduate curriculum at Northern Illinois University's College of Business. Literature is reviewed to identify conceptual frameworks for, and issues associated with, the teaching of business ethics. From the review, a set of guidelines for teaching ethics is developed and proposed. The objectives and strategies implemented for teaching ethics is discussed. Foundation and follow-up coursework, measurement issues and ancillary programs are also discussed.
The nature of the american diet

Summary Statistics concerning average food consumption and surveys of eating habits establish that the American diet is decidedly below the standard of optimum adequacy. Even among those who can afford the best, many individuals receive poor diets. In the poorer groups, the incidence of poor nutritional habits is vast. Such a situation inevitably lowers the level of health of the population. Certain measures would aid in the correction of these conditions. Educational measures should be directed toward familiarity with relative food values. This should lead to the increased use of milk and its products, vegetables, and fruits. In rural areas the encouragement of home production of valuable foods and their preservation for use throughout the year would be most important. In urban areas it is necessary to familiarize members of households with proper distribution of expenditure for food so that less may be spent for foods of low biologic worth, and more for those which are more essential. In many areas, the readjustment of food habits would be relatively minor, whereas in others it will be necessary to bring about marked reorganization of the dietary regimen if outstanding malnutrition is to be corrected.
Quantifying the Strength of Bacterial Adhesive Interactions with Salivary Glycoproteins

We adapted an assay that has been used to estimate the strength of eukaryotic cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix adhesive interactions (McClay et al., 1981) to quantify the strength of bacterial (streptococci, fusobacteria, actinomyces) interactions with salivary receptors. Bacteria are centrifuged onto human submandibular/sublingual or parotid-saliva-coated microtiter wells. Plates are sealed with pressure-sensitive, double-sided tape which allows them to be inverted and centrifuged again. The force required to remove the bacteria from the coated wells is a direct measure of the adhesive strength of the interaction(s) being disrupted. The bacteria-saliva adhesive forces we detected ranged from 1.6 x 10-8 dynes (Streptococcus sanguis 72-40) to > 1.1 x 10-7 dynes (Actinomyces viscosus T14 V). These forces were in the range to withstand the shear stress produced by salivary flow, which we calculated as approximately 6.1 x 10-7 dynes.
The EVT Tube and Bifurcated Endograft Systems: Technical Considerations and Clinical Summary

Endovascular exclusion of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) is an investigational technique under scrutiny around the world. The tube and bifurcated versions of the Endovascular Grafting System (EGS) developed by Endovascular Technologies are the subjects of FDA-approved multicenter trials in the United States (US). Similar studies are under way in Europe, Australia, and the United Kingdom. This review details the implantation techniques for the EGS device and summarizes the important clinical findings published through 1996.Although the EGS was voluntarily removed from the US trial when fractures were discovered in the graft attachment system, subsequent experience with the re-engineered EGS has been positive. Successfully implanted EGS tube grafts have been associated with aneurysm shrinkage after 1 year in AAAs initially excluded or with sealed endoleaks. Aneurysm enlargement has been seen in EGS tube grafts with persistent endoleak.
SU-C-BRF-07: A Pattern Fusion Algorithm for Multi-Step Ahead Prediction of Surrogate Motion

Purpose: To assure that tumor motion is within the radiation field during high-dose and high-precision radiosurgery, real-time imaging and surrogate monitoring are employed. These methods are useful in providing real-time tumor/surrogate motion but no future information is available. In order to anticipate future tumor/surrogate motion and track target location precisely, an algorithm is developed and investigated for estimating surrogate motion multiple-steps ahead. Methods: The study utilized a one-dimensional surrogate motion signal divided into three components: (a) training component containing the primary data including the first frame to the beginning of the input subsequence; (b) input subsequence component of the surrogate signal used as input to the prediction algorithm: (c) output subsequence component is the remaining signal used as the known output of the prediction algorithm for validation. The prediction algorithm consists of three major steps: (1) extracting subsequences from training component which best-match the input subsequence according to given criterion; (2) calculating weighting factors from these best-matched subsequence; (3) collecting the proceeding parts of the subsequences and combining them together with assigned weighting factors to form output. The prediction algorithm was examined for several patients, and its performance is assessed based on the correlation between prediction and known output. Results:more » Respiratory motion data was collected for 20 patients using the RPM system. The output subsequence is the last 50 samples (∼2 seconds) of a surrogate signal, and the input subsequence was 100 (∼3 seconds) frames prior to the output subsequence. Based on the analysis of correlation coefficient between predicted and known output subsequence, the average correlation is 0.9644±0.0394 and 0.9789±0.0239 for equal-weighting and relative-weighting strategies, respectively. Conclusion: Preliminary results indicate that the prediction algorithm is effective in estimating surrogate motion multiple-steps in advance. Relative-weighting method shows better prediction accuracy than equal-weighting method. More parameters of this algorithm are under investigation.« less
Behavior problems, foster home integration, and evidence-based behavioral interventions: What predicts adoption of foster children?

Abstract Objectives Adoption is particularly important for foster children with special mental health needs who are unable to return home, as adoption increases parental support often critically needed by youth with mental health issues. Unfortunately, significant behavior problems frequently inhibit foster parents from adopting, and little is known about factors that predict adoption when a child has behavior problems. Previous research suggests that foster parent behavioral training could potentially increase rates of successful adoptions for pre-school-aged foster children with behavior problems (Fisher, Kim, & Pears, 2009), but this has not been previously tested in older samples. In older children, effective treatment of behavior problems might also increase adoption by reducing the interference of behavior problems and strengthening the child's foster home integration. This pilot study focused on this question by testing associations between behavior problems, foster home integration, an evidence-based foster parent intervention, and adoption likelihood. Methods This study used an intent-to-treat design to compare foster home integration and adoption likelihood for 31 foster children with histories of abuse and neglect whose foster parents received a behavioral parenting intervention (see Chamberlain, 2003 ) or usual services. Random effect regression analyses were used to estimate outcomes across four time points. Results As expected, externalizing behavior problems had a negative effect on both integration and adoption, and foster home integration had an independent positive effect on adoption. Internalizing behavior problems (e.g., depression/anxiety) were not related to adoption or integration. However, the intervention did not have a direct effect on either foster home integration or adoption despite its positive effect on behavior problems. Conclusions Results from this preliminary study provide further evidence of the negative effect of externalizing behavior problems on adoption. Its findings also suggest that foster home integration is an important dimension of foster home adaptation that appears particularly relevant to chances for adoption. While behavior problems appear to weaken foster home integration, integration is also an independent predictor of adoption likelihood. If these results are replicated in a larger study, consideration of foster home integration in case planning and future intervention studies focused on increasing permanency could potentially improve outcomes for foster children with behavior problems.
HAWAII-2RG: a 2k x 2k CMOS multiplexer for low and high background astronomy applications

The HAWAII-2RG is a major upgrade of our prior 2048 x 2048 CMOS readout for astronomy (HAWAII-2) to support the requirements of the Next Generation Space Telescope and enable breakthrough capability for ground-based astronomy. By migrating to 0.25μm CMOS, for the first time guide mode readout is simultaneously supported in combination with various programmable science modes on a frame-by-frame basis. Consequently, the readout simultaneously supports programmable guide mode window and full-field science using the rest of the 4.2 million pixels at read noise 60 Hz. As with the HAWAII-2, the readout can be mated to our infrared and visible detector arrays including low dark current MBE HgCdTe at cutoff wavelengths from 1.5μm to 14μm, 2.5μm PACE HgCdTe, and silicon p-i-n detectors with superior quantum efficiency to backside-illuminated CCDs.
Adenylate Cyclase 7 Is Implicated in the Biology of Depression and Modulation of Affective Neural Circuitry

Background Evolutionarily conserved genes and their associated molecular pathways can serve as a translational bridge between human and mouse research, extending our understanding of biological pathways mediating individual differences in behavior and risk for psychopathology. Methods Comparative gene array analysis in the amygdala and cingulate cortex between the serotonin transporter knockout mouse, a genetic animal model replicating features of human depression, and existing brain transcriptome data from postmortem tissue derived from clinically depressed humans was conducted to identify genes with similar changes across species (i.e., conserved) that may help explain risk of depressive-like phenotypes. Human neuroimaging analysis was then used to investigate the impact of a common single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs1064448) in a gene with identified conserved human-mouse changes, adenylate cyclase 7 ( ADCY7 ), on threat-associated amygdala reactivity in two large independent samples. Results Comparative analysis identified genes with conserved transcript changes in amygdala ( n = 29) and cingulate cortex ( n = 19), both critically involved in the generation and regulation of emotion. Selected results were confirmed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, including upregulation in the amygdala of transcripts for ADCY7 , a gene previously implicated in human depression and associated with altered emotional responsiveness in mouse models. Translating these results back to living healthy human subjects, we show that genetic variation (rs1064448) in ADCY7 biases threat-related amygdala reactivity. Conclusions This converging cross-species evidence implicates ADCY7 in the modulation of mood regulatory neural mechanisms and, possibly, risk for and pathophysiology of depression, together supporting a continuous dimensional approach to major depressive disorder and other affective disorders.
Determination of Arene Oxides by a Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry System: Thermal Reactions of 9, 10-Epoxy-9, 10-Dihydrophenanthrene

Abstract An analytical technique involving the use of a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer-computer system, has been developed to detect arene oxides using 9, 10-epoxy-9, 10-dihydro-phenanthrene as a model substrate. The gas chromatograph was equipped with a hydrogen flame ionization detector and a high-resolution glass capillary column coated with SE-52 (methyl phenyl silicone). Two simultaneous thermal reactions (deoxygenation and rearrangement) of 9, 10-epoxy-9, 10-dihydrophenanthrene in the gas chromatograph were observed. The method developed was compared with a conventional method utilizing a packed glass column. Under the latter conditions neither thermal reactions nor 9, 10-epoxy-9, 10-dihydrophenanthrene were detected. The identification of the reactant and products was achieved by comparison of retention times and mass spectral fragmentation patterns obtained from authentic samples.
Bilateral Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Associated with Unilateral Duplication of the Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Muscle: A Case Report

Summary A middle aged patient with adult onset of bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome was found to have a unilateral duplication of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle. The role of this rare accessory muscle in causing the syndrome is questioned.
Emittance of a finite scattering medium with refractive index greater than unity

Refractive index and scattering can significantly influence the transfer of radiation in a semitransparent medium such as water, glass, plastics, or ceramics. In a recent article (1979), the author presented exact numerical results for the emittance of a semiinfinite scattering medium with a refractive index greater than unity. The present investigation extends the analysis to a finite medium. The physical situation consists of a finite planar layer. The isothermal layer emits, absorbs, and isotropically scatters thermal radiation. It is characterized by single scattering albedo, optical thickness, refractive index, and temperature. A formula for the directional emittance is derived, the directional emittance being the emittance of the medium multiplied by the interface transmittance. The ratio of hemispherical to normal emittance is tabulated and discussed.
Quantitative characterization of silicon solar cells in the electro-analytical approach: Combined measurements of temperature and voltage dependent electrical parameters

Electrochemical and photo-electrochemical systems, often involving solid-liquid interfaces, have traditionally dominated the field of material/device characterization using electro-analytical tools such as linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and impedance spectroscopy (IS). Recent developments in these measurement techniques have broadened their applications to various studies of non-electrochemical solid state systems. The present work provides further experimental illustration of these latter utilities of LSV and IS through a detailed study of the temperature and voltage sensitive features of the minority carrier lifetime, series resistance and back surface field (BSF) parameters of a mono-crystalline Si solar cell. Apart from displaying their characteristic temperature dependencies, the measured parameters respond to variations in the cell voltage, and exhibit certain mutually interacting features of the observed effects. The results also demonstrate how the characteristic features of charge recombination in the quasi-neutral and space charge regions of the solar cell can be resolved with D.C. voltage dependent A.C. impedance measurements.
At the Frontier of Vision Research—The National Eye Institute Celebrates 40 Years

This year marks the 40th anniversary of the National Eye Institute (NEI), during which we celebrate four decades of leadership in basic and clinical science of the eye and vision. The NEI emerged from the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness (NINDB) in 1968 as the first government organization solely dedicated to research on human visual diseases and disorders—the establishment owed both to a Congressional interest and from a push by prominent ophthalmologists.1 Dr. Jules Stein was one of these ophthalmologists. He founded Research to Prevent Blindness, Inc., (RPB) in 1960, and soon after he championed the cause for creating a National Eye Institute. A Gallup poll at the time demonstrated a perceived need for such an organization, revealing that blindness was second only to cancer as the most feared ailment among Americans. In a separate campaign, Dr. Alfred Edward Maumenee, Jr., chairman of the Ophthalmology Department at Johns Hopkins University, enlisted help from his colleagues to form the Association of University Professors of Ophthalmology in 1966. One of their first acts was to advocate for the creation of a government eye institute. When the bill to establish an eye institute was introduced in Congress in 1967, Lions Club member Dr. Ralph W. Ryan, former head of the NINDB section on clinical ophthalmology, organized the Lions who sent over 100,000 telegrams and letters to urge bringing the legislation to the floor of the House for a vote.2 President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the law to found the NEI on August 16, 1968. He emphasized his commitment to improving the vision of Americans in his signing statement: “Nearly every family in America has at least one member suffering some form of vision problem or eye disease… These tragedies need not occur… There is much that remains to be learned.”3
Association of reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediate and complement levels with apoptosis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in lupus patients.

Objective—Both increased production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates (RONI) and reduced levels of complement may play a role in the increased apoptosis and reduced clearance of apoptotic cells in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The objective of this study was to evaluate both processes in a parallel, prospective, longitudinal manner. Methods—Sixty-seven SLE patients were evaluated during multiple visits, and 31 healthy control subjects were evaluated once or twice. Clinical and laboratory features of SLE disease activity were determined, and blood was collected for measurement of serum nitrate plus nitrite (NOx) levels and for isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). PBMCs were cultured with a nitric oxide (NO) donor and SLE or control plasma, with or without heat inactivation, cobra venom factor (CVF), or lipopolysaccharide plus interferon-γ treatment. Cells were analyzed for apoptotic index (AI), cellular subsets, and RONI production. Results—The PBMC AI was associated with SLE and was inversely associated with complement levels over time. Changes in the AI with addition of a NO donor was longitudinally associated with serum NOx levels, and stimulation of SLE PBMCs led to parallel increases in RONI production and apoptosis. Addition of SLE plasma resulted in a greater PBMC AI, an effect that was increased with heat inactivation and was corrected with CVF treatment. Conclusion—These data suggest that the greater AI observed in SLE PBMCs relates to increased PBMC RONI production and reduced complement levels. The longitudinal nature of these parallel associations within individuals suggests that these processes are dynamic and additive. Increasing attention is being focused on the role of apoptosis or reduced clearance of apoptotic/ necrotic bodies in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (1-3). Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death that maintains immune tolerance and homeostasis of
Efficacy and Safety of Two-Year Therapy with Transdermal Clonidine for Essential Hypertension

We evaluated the safety and efficacy of transdermal clonidine (TC) in 23 patients with essential hypertension over a two-year period. Fourteen patients achieved control of blood pressure using TC alone. Six patients achieved control with a combination of TC and the diuretic chlorthalidone (CH). Three patients had control with CH alone or did not achieve control with either TC alone or TC plus CH and were dropped from the study. Of the 20 patients remaining in the study, six patients remained on TC or TC plus CH for the two-year study. Ten of the 20 patients quit the study because of skin reactions and four because of other side effects. No clinically significant changes were noted in serum or urinary laboratory parameters. Finally, TC was effective as long-term monotherapy for essential hypertension in only four of our patients. The major limitation is skin-related side effects.
Effect of exciton-carrier thermodynamics on the GaAs quantum well photoluminescence.

In order to explain the power-dependent temporal behavior of the photoluminescence from free excitons in a GaAs quantum well following a short optical pulse, we consider the excitons and free carriers to be a nearly ideal gas in thermodynamic equilibrium. The temperature of the gas, which decreases in time after the pulse due to cooling by phonon emission, can be measured experimentally from the free-carrier recombination luminescence. Because only excitons with near-zero kinetic energy can luminesce, the photoluminescence intensity depends on the excitonic-gas temperature. Due to the law of mass action between excitons and free carriers, the photoluminescence intensity of excitons also depends on the density of the gas, which decays in time. Using the known binding energy of excitons, we find that the density-dependent temporal behavior of the photoluminescence is consistent with a simple thermodynamic equilibrium between excitons and free carriers. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Technological applications in the treatment of acquired neurogenic communication and swallowing disorders in adults.

The role of technology is expanding rapidly in many aspects of the diagnostic process with patients who have neurogenic communication and swallowing disorders. In this article we discuss a broad selection of technological tools that enhance a wide range of diagnostic tasks, such as taking case histories, administering and scoring tests, performing acoustic, physiologic, cognitive, and linguistic analyses, making normative comparisons, profiling diagnostic results, and making diagnostic decisions. Clinicians are encouraged to scrutinize the relative value of all diagnostic tools to maintaining the quality of service. An appendix includes information for contacting vendors and manufacturers of the products discussed.
Characterization of a Novel Gut-specific Chitinase Gene from the Human Malaria Vector Anopheles gambiae *

Chitinases that function in the molting of the larval exoskeleton have been characterized previously. However, chitinase expression in an adult insect gut has not been described. Here we report on the initial characterization and cloning of a novel chitinase gene that is expressed specifically in the midgut of adultAnopheles gambiae females. Upon feeding, chitinase is secreted into the gut lumen as an inactive pro-enzyme that is later activated by trypsin. Thus, temporal regulation of chitinase activity is tightly coupled to the temporal pattern of trypsin secretion. The enzyme may play a role in structuring the chitin-containing extracellular peritrophic matrix, whose formation is also induced by feeding. A chitinase cDNA was cloned from a library enriched for gut-specific sequences. The open reading frame encodes a 525-amino acid protein comprised of a putative catalytic domain at the N terminus, a putative chitin-binding domain at the C terminus, and a threonine/serine/proline-rich amino acid stretch in between them. Northern analysis indicates that this chitinase is expressed exclusively in the guts of adult females and not in adult carcasses or in any larval or pupal tissues. The present findings suggest the possibility of using this chitinase as an antigen for a malaria transmission-blocking vaccine.