cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Internal rotation and space groups

Abstract Relationships between crystallographic space groups and the symmetry groups of molecular models with multiple internal rotations were explored. With position vectors defined as functions of internal rotation coordinates and after defining unit cells for internal rotation models, it was possible to transform these unit cells into unit cells of two- or three-dimensional space groups. Specific examples are given for models with two or three internal rotations. The vector of the symmetry numbers σ j of the internal rotation model is the equivalent of the wavevector k in crystals.
The electrophysiology of rabbit descending colon. II. Current-voltage relations of the apical membrane, the basolateral membrane, and the parallel pathways.

In this paper we employ the data described in the previous paper (I) to derive the current-voltage (I-V) relations of the basolateral membrane, the amiloride-insensitive “leak” pathway across the apical membrane, and the parallel pathways across rabbit descending colon. The results indicate that:
The footprints of a wandering mind: Further examination of the time course of an attentional lapse

Recently, understanding the sequence of events that precedes an attentional lapse has become an important question in cognitive neuroscience. To examine the processes which lead to such errors, participants performed a simple go/no-go task used for measuring attentional failure. To study the role of internal distraction, the participants' tendency to daydreaming was assessed via a questionnaire. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to decompose the response time (RT) course into the underlying components. Analysis identified three components that made up 54% of the data collected. One factor indicated the overall magnitude of the RT in a given block. This factor showed a significant negative weighting prior to an error. A second factor indicating that RT shifted from slow to fast was also identified. The parity of this factor was predictive of error for individuals high on daydreaming, indicating that errors in individuals with a rich, imaginative mental life showed a shift from slow to fast responding prior to an attentional lapse. This analysis provides further evidence that attentional lapses can result from events that took place many seconds before the mistake and that the elements of the default mode may be involved in these lapses.
Structural phase transformations and superconductivity in La2-xBaxCuO4.

${\mathrm{La}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Ba}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ has been found to undergo the following sequence of transformations upon cooling: tetr.(I4/mmm) \ensuremath{\rightarrow}ortho.(Bmab)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}tetr.(P${4}_{2}$/ncm), over a range of composition 0.05lxl0.20. The newly discovered low-temperature tetragonal phase can be thought of as a coherent superposition of the twin-related Bmab structures. The system can be modeled as an XY-spin system with temperature-dependent quartic anisotopy, v(T). Slight differences between orthorhombic and tetragonal structures appear to have large effects upon the superconductivity.
SPREAD OF SPINAL ANAESTHESIA FOR CAESAREAN SECTION IN SINGLETON AND TWIN PREGNANCIES

We have compared the spread of spinal anaesthesia in parturients with singleton and those with twin pregnancies. Fifty-five unpremedicated patients with uncomplicated pregnancy scheduled for Caesarean section were allocated to two groups: group I = 35 singleton mothers; group II = 20 with twin pregnancy. Both groups received spinal anaesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine 10 mg (2 ml of 0.5%). Mean birthweight was 3290 (SD 452) g and 5008 (495) g in groups I and II (combined birthweights), respectively. We found a statistically significant difference in onset and maximal cephalad spread of spinal anaesthesia (group I median T5, range T8-T4; group II T3, range T6-T2). The mechanisms of higher cephalad spread of spinal anaesthesia in parturients may be a decrease in cerebrospinal fluid volume secondary to shunting of blood from the obstructed inferior vena cava to the extradural venous plexus and increased nerve sensitivity to local anaesthetics because of increased concentrations of progesterone. The twin pregnancy group had heavier, larger uteri and greater daily production of progesterone.
Elastic-plastic asymptotic fields for cracks on bimaterial interfaces

Abstract An exact asymptotic analysis for a crack lying on the interface of an elastic-plastic material and a linear elastic material is presented in this paper. The results obtained are free of oscillatory singularity and have the HRR type singularity in the plastic angular zone. Both the continuity of displacements and the continuity of tractions are satisfied on the interface. The crack faces open smoothly without any interpenetration. The interface behaves like a perfect elastic substrate. The asymptotic solutions of tip fields for cracks perpendicular to the interface are also obtained.
Observations of microstructural coarsening in micro flip-chip solder joints

Coarsening of solder microstructures dramatically affects fatigue lifetimes. This paper presents a study of microstructural evolution due to thermal cycling and aging of small solder joints.
Adolescent non-adherence reveals a genetic cause for diabetes

Background Glucokinase related maturity-onset diabetes of the young (GCK-MODY) is a form of monogenic diabetes characterized by mildly elevated fasting blood sugars and HbA1c typically ranging from 38 to 60 mmol/mol (5.6–7.6%). It is frequently unrecognized or misdiagnosed as Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes, resulting in unnecessary pharmacologic therapy. Case report Two brothers were initially diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. The brothers were maintained on a total daily insulin dose of 0.3–0.5 units/kg/day and had HbA1c values of 40–51 mmol/mol (5.8–6.8%) throughout childhood. After over 10 years of insulin treatment, the younger brother chose to discontinue his insulin therapy without informing his family or his clinician. Following cessation of insulin treatment, he did not experience any change in overall glycaemic control. Subsequent research-based genetic testing revealed a deleterious mutation in GCK in both brothers (p.Val182Met). The older brother subsequently discontinued insulin therapy and both have remained off all pharmacological therapy with good glycaemic control (HbA1c < 53 mmol/mol, < 7%) and no adverse complications. The family was advised to seek confirmatory genetic testing in the father and other relatives with hyperglycaemia. Conclusion The family described above exemplifies the rationale behind considering a genetic cause when evaluating every person with new-onset hyperglycaemia or those with atypical diabetes. The cost of genetic testing for the most common MODY causing genes may be offset by savings made in therapeutic costs. It is important that all clinicians supervising diabetes care recognize the cardinal features that distinguish GCK–MODY from other forms of diabetes.
Approximating state estimation in multiagent settings using particle filters

State estimation consists of updating an agent's belief given executed actions and observed evidence to date. In single agent environments, the state estimation can be formalized using the Bayes filter. Exact estimation can be performed in simple cases, but approximate techniques, like particle filtering, have been used in more realistic cases. This paper extends the particle filter to multiagent settings resulting in the interactive particle filter. The main difficulty we tackle is that to fully represent an agent's beliefs in such environments, one has to specify probability distributions over the physical state and over the beliefs of other agents. This leads to interactive hierarchical belief systems first developed in game theory. Since the update of such beliefs proceeds recursively, the interactive particle filter samples and propagates on all levels of the belief hierarchy. We present algorithms, discuss some of their properties, and illustrate the performance of our implementation using simple examples.
The INGRES protection system

This paper presents the design of a protection system being implemented for the INGRES relational data base management system. A brief description of the INGRES system and its operational environment is first presented to provide the setting for the protection scheme. Mechanisms for protecting physical data files and enforcing sophisticated access control rules for shared relations are then presented. Lastly, the important design decisions concerning protection are discussed.
Wheat leaf and stem rust in the United States

Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina, is a common and widespread disease of wheat in the US. On an annual basis, over 50 races of the leaf rust fungus are detected. There are at least 5 major groups of genetically distinct P. triticina isolates in the US based on allelic variation at microsatellite loci. Distinct regional race populations of P. triticina are found in the US, due to the widespread use of race-specific leaf rust resistance (Lr) genes in different market classes of wheat. In the south-eastern States where soft red winter wheats are grown, races with virulence to Lr9, Lr11, and Lr18 are predominant. In the southern Great Plains region where hard red winter wheats are grown, races with virulence to genes Lr9, Lr17, Lr24, and Lr26 are common. In the northern Great Plains region where hard red spring wheats are grown, races with virulence to Lr2a and Lr16 are common. Due to the wide dispersal of P. triticina, some races are found in all regions of the US. Highly effective durable resistance to leaf rust has been difficult to achieve due to the high degree of virulence variation in the P. triticina population and the rapid selection of races with virulence to effective Lr genes in wheat cultivars. Hard red spring wheat cultivars with genes Lr16, Lr23, and Lr34 have been highly resistant for more than 10 years in Minnesota and the Dakotas. Stem rust, caused by P. graminis f. sp. tritici, has not been a common disease of wheat in the US since the last major epidemics in the 1950s. The low levels of stem rust infections in the US can be attributed to the increasing use of highly resistant winter and spring wheat cultivars, which has greatly reduced the overall level of stem rust urediniospores. Eradication of the alternate host, Berberis vulgaris, has reduced the number of races and slowed the emergence of new races. Resistance genes Sr2, Sr6, Sr17, Sr24, Sr31, Sr36, and SrTmp are common in the winter wheats. Genes Sr6, Sr9b, Sr11, and Sr17 are common in the spring wheats. Spring wheat cultivars may also have adult plant stem rust resistance derived from cv. Thatcher. Many of the winter and spring wheats are susceptible to the new stem rust race from East Africa; however, cultivars with resistance to this race can be found in each of the major wheat classes.
Influence of Calcium on the True Acrosome Reaction and Capacity of Bull Spermatozoa to Penetrate Oocytes In Vitro

A series of experiments were conducted to determine the role of Ca in several physiological functions of bovine spermatozoa. For spermatozoa incubated in the absence of Ca for up to 24 h, motility was not different from those incubated with Ca. For spermatozoa incubated in the continuous presence of Ca, true acrosome reaction values were 0% at 0 h, 1.5% at 6 h, and 6.0% at 12 h. Spermatozoa incubated in vitro for up to 12 h in the absence of Ca did not undergo a true acrosome reaction; however, when Ca was added during incubation, a synchronous true acrosome reaction was induced within 10 min (0% at 0 h, 8.5% at 6 h, and 8.5% at 12 h). When spermatozoa were preincubated in the presence or absence of Ca for 6 h, then added to zona-intact dead bovine oocytes and incubation continued with and without Ca for 18 h, the number of spermatozoa binding to and penetrating each oocyte was greater when Ca was present. Also, the percentage of oocytes being penetrated was greater when Ca was present. These results indicate that: 1) Ca is not necessary for maintenance of spermatozoan motility; 2) Ca is required for the induction of a true acrosome reaction among a population of spermatozoa; 3) Ca is able to induce the synchronous true acrosome reaction in a low percentage of spermatozoa; and 4) Ca is important in spermatozoan binding and initiation of penetration of oocytes.
Protein synthesis during insect development

The present study examines changes in specific proteins during insect development. The investigation explores the careers of individual proteins, their specific activities, rates of synthesis, and when and where they are made and transported. Quantitative disk electropherograms of protein patterns in blood, fat body, wings, antennae, epidermis, gut, ovaries and egg, Malpighian tubules, and silk glands of the Hyalophora cecropia silkworm are examined for the late fifth-instar larva, two stages when the animal spins the cocoon, diapausing pupa, pharate adult, and the emerged adult. The separation of proteins with acrylamide gel electrophoresis, densitometric evaluation of stained bands, and the incorporation of radioactive precursors into the specific bands furnish excellent tools for examining and evaluating the macromolecules, and immunodiffusion detects the complexities of electrophoretic protein bands. The total soluble protein per unit weight is highest in blood, followed in decreasing amounts in fat body, wing, and epidermis. However, the capacity to synthesize proteins is found to be highest in the epidermis, followed by wing, antennae, midgut, ovaries and eggs, and fat body, respectively. All the larval and adult tissues show lower concentrations of proteins than the pharate adult. The peak protein concentration in each tissue is attained at a different physiological and chronological stage of development, and is often followed by marked morphological changes. The number of electrophoretically separable bands varies extensively in each tissue and stage of development, e.g., blood contains 8–16, fat body 2–16, epidermis 4→20, wings 5–20, antennae 3–12, gut has as many as 40, ovaries and eggs 8–12, Malpighian tubules 3–7, and silk glands 2–10. Qualitatively, some proteins from one tissue differ from others. The blood serves as a fluid transport medium for proteins released into it and removed from it, e.g., larval blood proteins, sequestered by pupal fat body, and a wing protein are released into it, whereas one is taken up by ovaries in the pharate adult. According to the dye-binding capacity, the protein bands are arbitrarily assigned to two groups, major and minor protein bands. Four major bands, RF's 20, 25, 32, and 40, are separated using a 5 per cent gel concentration. The pattern of quantitative changes in each of the major bands is presented for the entire period of development in different tissues. Of numerous minor bands, few are typical of a tissue and specific stage of development. Their role and relationship to physiological events are discussed. On the basis of whether a protein band incorporates isotope precursor or not, synthetically active and inactive proteins are separated. Employing computations of specific activity, the rates of synthesis, degradation, transport, etc., are determined for a specific protein. The limitations of different techniques are discussed with possible solutions.
Differential effect of sleep-wake states on lingual and dorsal neck muscle activity in rats

Postural tone is reduced during slow-wave sleep (SWS) and absent during rapid eye movement sleep (REMS). In obstructive sleep apnea subjects, upper airway dilating muscles, including those of the tongue, show a similar pattern; this contributes to sleep-related airway obstructions. However, in healthy subjects, state-dependent changes in the activity of pharyngeal muscles are variable. In seven chronically instrumented Sprague-Dawley rats, an animal model used to study sleep and sleep-disordered breathing, we quantified lingual and postural muscle activity across the sleep-wake states by measuring the root mean square levels of the electromyograms (EMG) in successive 10s intervals collected during 2h of recording at a constant circadian time (1-3p.m.). The nuchal EMG was low and steady during SWS and further reduced with occasional twitches during REMS. In contrast, the mean lingual EMG during SWS was only 5.9+/-1.6% (S.E.) of its mean in wakefulness, and during REMS, it increased to 46+/-15% (S.E.) (p<0.03) due to the appearance of phasic bursts, the intensity of which progressively increased. The lingual and nuchal activities also had different time courses during state transitions. In obstructive sleep apnea subjects, the sleep-wake changes in the activity of pharyngeal muscles may become similar to those in postural muscles as a result of pharyngeal tone adaptations to the disorder.
Interactions between Geometry and Mechanical Properties on the Optic Nerve Head

PURPOSE. To determine the relative strength, independently and in interaction, of the influence of factors representing the geometry and mechanical properties on the IOP-induced stresses and strains within the optic nerve head (ONH). METHODS. A computational model of the eye was developed such that 21 factors could be varied independently or simultaneously. A fractional factorial screening analysis was used to identify the factors and interactions with the largest influences on the lamina cribrosa (LC) and prelaminar neural tissue (PLNT). RESULTS. Nine factors and their interactions accounted for the majority of the variance in the responses (between 95% and 99.8%). These factors were: the properties of the sclera (modulus, eye radius, and shell thickness), LC (modulus and radius), PLNT (modulus and compressibility), and optic nerve (modulus), and IOP. The interactions were stronger on the PLNT than on the LC (up to 16.4% and 9.0% of the response variances, respectively). No factor was the most influential on all the responses or sufficient to ensure high or low levels of strain or stress. Although the modulus of the sclera was among the most influential factors, its effects could be outweighed by other factors. CONCLUSIONS. There were strong interactions between and within the geometry and mechanical properties of the tissues of the ONH. This suggests that to ascertain individual susceptibility to IOP it may be necessary to determine several properties of the eye, as well as their interactions. The influential factors and their covariances should be better characterized.
Political influence on civil war mortality rates: The electoral college as a battlefield

This paper employs public choice analysis to explain certain kinds of military decision‐making during the Civil War. Specifically, the political costs and benefits which may have influenced policy with respect to casualty rates in the Union army are considered. A primary empirical finding is that electoral votes per capita are a strong explainer of casualties across Union states, all else equal.
An integrated approach to the retrofitting of mass exchange networks

The synthesis of optimal mass exchange networks (MENs) deals with the identification of a cost-effective network of mass exchangers that preferentially transfer certain species from rich streams to lean streams. To date, MEN synthesis has dealt with grass-root design where the emphasis is on the maximization of process lean streams usage and the minimization of operating cost. Another important class of problems is the retrofit of MENs in which mass-exchange units already exist in the plant and the focus is to maximize the usage of the process units so as to minimize capital cost of newly added units and trade it off with operating cost. In this paper, we develop a systematic procedure for the retrofitting of MENs. First, we identify alternative structural configurations of interest through heuristics. Series and parallel structures are addressed. Next, we focus on two primary retrofitting strategies: those restricted by no capital constraints and those involving capital expenditure. The no-capital alternatives include enhancing performance of a current system as well as solvent substitution. The capital-based alternatives include the addition of new equipment. A new type of mass-pinch analysis is developed to maximize the utilization of existing capital while reconciling added capital with operating cost. The main concept in this novel pinch diagram is identifying maximum performance as dictated not only by thermodynamic limitations but also by physical size limitations. Different process alternatives are considered and screened to attain the optimum design. A case study is presented to demonstrate the broad applicability and potential benefits of the novel approach.
Micropipette tips – the unsung heroes of mass spectrometry

Micropipette tip (tip) pipetting accuracy and precision are functions of tip manufacture consistency, morphological variation, and retained inner tip wall particulate matter. Irregular tip inner wall surfaces and retained particulate matter cause pipetting inaccuracy. Washed and unwashed tips from seven manufacturers were compared using weight by difference (six), microscopic Luxol Fast Blue staining (seven), and matrix-assisted laser desorption/onization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (six). Photomicrographs revealed tip irregularity and inner wall retained particulate matter. Computer model analysis was used to identify tip irregularity and retained matter. These tests established the utility of a pipette solvent wash to increase the performance and the accuracy of tips and, thus, improve the MALDI mass spectra obtained.
The lack of intramolecular carbonyl ligand rearrangement in the stereospecifically 13co labelled (diamine)molybdenum tetracarbonyl derivatives

The preparation and spectral characterization of stereospecifically, axially labelled Mo(CO)3(13CO)(diamine) complexes (diamine  N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine and N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-1,3-diaminopropane) and the rigidity (or lack of fluxionality) of the carbonyl ligands during subsequent thermal reactions of these derivatives are reported.
Dynamics of a Managed Oak Woodland in Northeastern Illinois

Abstract We examined the current composition and structure of a woodland in northeastern Illinois and evaluated the early effect of two prescribed burns. In an effort to increase white oak (Quercus alba L.) regeneration, managers are reintroducing fire into the woodland understory. We assessed canopy species and compared understory vegetation and light, along with soil nutrient characteristics, between a burned and an unburned area. In addition, we monitored transplanted white oak seedlings to better understand their growth and survivorship in the woodland. The canopy was dominated by white oak, but non-oak species, particularly slippery elm (Ulmus rubra Muhl.), ash (Fraxinus spp. L), and black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), dominated the smaller size classes. There were no differences in woody and herbaceous vegetation, soil, and light characteristics between the burned and unburned area. White oak regeneration was poor which appeared to be due to low understory light levels associated with high density...
Interaction between Rtg2p and Mks1p in the regulation of the RTG pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract Retrograde signaling mediates nuclear gene expression in response to changes in the functional state of mitochondria. In budding yeast, retrograde signaling, also termed the RTG pathway, relies on the heterodimeric, basic helix–loop–helix zipper transcription factors, Rtg1p and Rtg3p, for the activation of target gene expression. Activation of the RTG pathway leads to partial dephosphorylation of Rtg3p and its translocation, together with Rtg1p, from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. These processes depend on a positive regulatory factor, Rtg2p, a novel protein with a ATP binding domain similar to that of the Hsp70/actin/sugar kinase superfamily. Four negative regulatory factors, Lst8p, Mks1p, and two redundant 14–3–3 proteins, Bmh1/2p, function between Rtg2p and Rtg1/3p. Alternative interaction between Mks1p and Rtg2p or Bmh1/2p provides a means for regulation of the RTG pathway. When the RTG pathway is on, Mks1p is inactivated by its association with Rtg2p; and when the RTG pathway is off, Mks1p dissociates from Rtg2p and forms a complex with Bmh1/2p, which is the negative regulatory form of Mks1p. Here we show that Rtg2p and Mks1p can interact in the absence of other factors, and is thereby the minimal binary switch for regulation of the RTG pathway. Gel filtration experiments indicate that both Rtg2p and Mks1p exist in high molecular weight complexes. In response to changes in the activity of the RTG pathway, both Rtg2p and Mks1p shift to different sized high molecular weight complexes. Together, our data suggest that dynamic association between Mks1p and Rtg2p in high molecular weight complexes provides a means to regulate the RTG pathway.
Diets high in total antioxidant capacity improve risk biomarkers of cardiovascular disease: a 9-month observational study among overweight/obese postmenopausal women.

Background Previous studies have shown that total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of typical diets is associated with higher plasma TAC and antioxidant enzyme activities. At present, however, little is known for the association between dietary TAC and inflammatory biomarkers.
Resistance and partial resistance to Phytophthora sojae in early maturity group soybean plant introductions

Phytophthora sojae, an important yield limiting pathogen of soybean, causes seed, seedling, root, and stem rots. Losses caused by P. sojae can be controlled by both major gene and partial resistance. Early maturity group (MG) soybeans are an increasingly important crop in northwestern Minnesota and eastern North Dakota. Early MG plant introductions (PIs) from the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection and early MG public and private cultivars were evaluated for resistance and partial resistance to P. sojae. Of the 113 PIs, PI438445, and PI438454 exhibited resistance to P. sojae races 4, 7, 17, and 28 indicating they may possess either Rps1c, Rps1k, previously unidentified or multiple resistance gene to Phytophthora sojae (Rps) genes. Because they exhibited partial resistance equal to or greater than the standard check cultivar Conrad, three early MG soybean cultivars (MN0902, MN0302, and 91B53) were selected as standard checks to evaluate early MG PIs for partial resistance. Sixty-nine PIs were evaluated for partial resistance to P. sojae races 7 and 25 using the inoculum layer method. Of this group of PIs, 22 had the same level of partial resistance as Conrad to P. sojae race 7 while 19 had the same degree of partial resistance to race 25. Twelve PIs had same level of partial resistance as Conrad to both P. sojae races 7 and 25. The PIs and cultivars identified in this study will be of great value in developing early MG soybean cultivars suitable for planting in Canada and the northern United States.
Spiral microfluidic nanoparticle separators

Nanoparticles have potential applications in many areas such as consumer products, health care, electronics, energy and other industries. As the use of nanoparticles in manufacturing increases, we anticipate a growing need to detect and measure particles of nanometer scale dimensions in fluids to control emissions of possible toxic nanoparticles. At present most particle separation techniques are based on membrane assisted filtering schemes. Unfortunately their efficiency is limited by the membrane pore size, making them inefficient for separating a wide range of sizes. In this paper, we propose a passive spiral microfluidic geometry for momentum-based particle separations. The proposed design is versatile and is capable of separating particulate mixtures over a wide dynamic range and we expect it will enable a variety of environmental, medical, or manufacturing applications that involve rapid separation of nanoparticles in real-world samples with a wide range of particle components.
A Pipeline for High Throughput Post-Processing of Joint and Tissue Simulations for Estimation of Cell Level Deformations

In biomechanics, the search for a better understanding of multiscale spatial interactions has become an increasingly desirable objective, in order to establish the causal mechanical relationships between the loading of joints, tissues, and cells. Experimental acquisition of mechanical data, while attainable [1], becomes more difficult to obtain as the spatial scale decreases. If one attempts to gather data at different spatial scales simultaneously, also under lifelike loading scenarios, the present technology is limited. Computational modeling, particularly when conducted in a multiscale fashion, may provide solutions and has often been employed to span spatial scales.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Strategy and organizational evolution

A business firm's ‘niche’ or comparative advantage typically has a half-life of years rather than decades. Strategic planning must assure a stream of new ideas that allow the firm to find new sources of comparative advantage. Strategic planning must focus attention on the initial stages of the decision-making processes—opportunities and occasions for choice, and the design of new action strategies for products, marketing, and financing. Product identification and alternative generation are crucial components of strategy. Strategic thinking must permeate the entire organization. Effective identification of employees with the organization's strategy requires their exposure to the basic postulates that underlie strategic plans.
A simple remark on the second optimality theorem of welfare economics

1. As is well known, the assumptions required to establish the Second Optimality Theorem are much stronger than those required for the First.’ Aside from the non-externality assumptions common to both, the only assumption required to establish that a competitive equilibrium is a Pareto optimum is that the given competitive equilibrium is a point of local nonsatiation for each consumer. But to establish that a given Pareto optimum is a competitive equilibrium, convexity assumptions are needed to assure that the aggregate supply set and the aggregate “no-worsethan” set can be separated by a hyperplane. The present note generalizes the Second Optimality Theorem in a very simple way. The assumptions of the revised Second Theorem are satisfied in cases where consumption externalities make the First Theorem inapplicable. 2. Notation here follows for the most part that of Debreu [2], whose statement of the Second Theorem will now be generalized. Briefly, there are
Reeb graph path dissimilarity for 3D object matching and retrieval

We introduce a skeletal graph for topological 3D shape representation using Morse theory. The proposed skeletonization algorithm encodes a 3D shape into a topological Reeb graph using a normalized mixture distance function. We also propose a novel graph matching algorithm by comparing the relative shortest paths between the skeleton endpoints. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed topological Reeb graph as a shape signature for 3D object matching and retrieval.
Total Synthesis of (±)-Cis-Trikentrin B via Intermolecular 6,7-Indole Aryne Cycloaddition and Stille Cross-Coupling

From PMC: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Information of partitions with applications to random access communications

The minimum amount of information and the asymptotic minimum amount of entropy of a random partition which separates the points of a Poisson point process are found. Related information theoretic bounds are applied to yield an upper bound to the throughput of a random access broadcast channel. It is shown that more information is needed to separate points by partitions consisting of intervals than by general partitions. This suggests that single-interval conflict resolution algorithms may not achieve maximum efficiency.
Studies on Contact Inhibition of Growth in the Mouse Fibroblast, 3T3: I. Changes in Cell Size and Composition During "Unrestricted" Growth

SUMMARY Growth of the contact-inhibited 3T3 and its SV40-transformed derivative, 3T3T is unbalanced. Despite obvious exponential increase in cell number, cell volume, RNA and protein show a marked decrease with increasing population density in both cell types, greater in 3T3 than 3T3T. Daily medium change does not correct this growth pattern but merely seems to equalize initial growth rates of the 2 cell types and prolong the period during which the cell number continues to increase. The evidence suggests that the lag period that ensues following plating of the cells is a period of intense metabolic activity during which a large proportion of cellular protein and RNA is synthesized in preparation for exponential growth.
A Three-Dimensional 64-Site Folded Electrode Array Using Planar Fabrication

Neuroscience and neuroprosthetic devices are increasingly in need of more compact less invasive 3-D electrode arrays for interfacing with neural tissue. To meet these needs, a folding 64-site 3-D array architecture has been developed. The microstructure, in which four probes and two platforms are fabricated as a single planar unit, results in a low-profile (<; 350-μm) narrow-platform (0.604-mm2 silicon footprint) implant for cortical use. Signals are routed from 177-μm2 iridium sites through polysilicon lines to the probe back end and then across 4-μm-thick parylene-encased electroplated-gold folding lead transfers to the associated platform. Three levels of interconnect with a 10-μm minimum pitch are utilized for the 32 leads that traverse the platforms. After rapid microassembly, micromachined latches are used to fasten the folded device. Two flexible parylene cables with gold leads at a 20- μm pitch are monolithically integrated with the probes to minimize tethering and avoid any need for lead bonding within the array, and these cables carry the neural signals to a remote circuit module or percutaneous connector. With thin (~15-μm) boron-doped shanks at a ~ 200-μm pitch, the array displaces only 1.7% of the 0.64-mm2 instrumented tissue area, assuming a 100-μm recording range. Neural signals were recorded in vivo from the guinea pig auditory cortex.
Experiments with a robotic computer: body, affect and cognition interactions

We present RoCo, the first robotic computer designed with the ability to move its monitor in subtly expressive ways that respond to and encourage its user's own postural movement. We use RoCo in a novel user study to explore whether a computer's "posture" can in fluence its use''s subsequent posture, and if the interaction of the user's body state with their affective state during a task leads to improved task measures such as persistence in problem solving. We believe this is possible in light of new theories that link physical posture and its in uence on affect and cognition. Initial results with 71 subjects support the hypothesis that RoCo's posture not only manipulates the user's posture, but also is associated with hypothesized posture-affect interactions. Specifically, we found effects on increased persistence on a subsequent cognitive task, and effects on perceived level of comfort.
Electrophysiological Properties of Neurons in the Basal Ganglia of the Domestic Chick: Conservation and Divergence in the Evolution of the Avian Basal Ganglia

Although the basal ganglia of birds and mammals share an enormous number of anatomical, histochemical, and electrophysiological characteristics, studies in songbirds have revealed some important differences. Specifically, a specialized region of songbird striatum (the input structure of the basal ganglia) has an anatomical projection and a physiologically defined cell type that are characteristic of the globus pallidus. At present, it is not clear if these differences result from adaptations specific to songbirds and perhaps a few other avian taxa or are common to all birds. We shed some light on this issue by characterizing the morphology and electrophysiological properties of basal ganglia neurons in an avian species that is only distantly related to songbirds: the domestic chick. We recorded neurons in chick basal ganglia in a brain slice preparation, using the whole cell technique. We found that chick striatum, like songbird striatum, contains a pallidum-like cell type never reported in mammalian striatum, supporting the hypothesis that this feature is common to all birds. We also discovered that spiny neurons, the most common cell type in the striatum of all amniotes, possess a diverse set of physiological properties in chicks that distinguish them from both mammals and songbirds. This study revealed an unexpectedly complex pattern of conservation and divergence in the properties of neurons recorded in avian striatum.
Information hiding in parallel programs: model and experimental evaluation on the Connection Machine

An approach for incorporating information hiding within parallel software components is developed. The loss of performance is overcome by having intracomponent encapsulation layers, massive state transition operations, multiple-entry data structures, and program transformation. The approach was experimentally evaluated for three types of objects and application programs on a Connection Machine (CM-2). The results indicate that the approach can reduce the loss of performance due to information hiding. The results indicate that there is some loss of performance for the sorted-array implementation of the set object. Also, the performance of the hash data structure was much worse than expected. Hardware message queues would greatly improve the performance. >
Analysis of Proprotor Whirl Flutter: Review and Update

Whirl flutter instabilities have been a matter of concern for propeller-driven aircraft, aircraft having tilting proprotors, and helicopters ever since two Lockheed Electras crashed more than 40 years ago. A significant body of literature exists, which details the analyses used to predict whirl flutter and the experiments that have validated the analyses. The factors that contribute to whirl flutter are reviewed, and with use of simple analysis methods, their effect on stability are demonstrated. Whereas previous efforts in the literature have tended to concentrate exclusively on propellers, proprotors, or helicopter rotors, a unified treatment of all three configurations is presented.
Efficacy and Safety of a High Protein, Low Carbohydrate Diet for Weight Loss in Severely Obese Adolescents

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a carbohydrate restricted versus a low fat diet on weight loss, metabolic markers, body composition, and cardiac function tests in severely obese adolescents.
Radiation Therapy After Mastectomy Between 1991 and 1999 in Elderly Women: Response to Clinical Trial Information

Purpose No systematic study has analyzed the changing patterns of use of postmastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) during the period of information dissemination regarding the benefit of radiation therapy in this setting. We sought to study the receipt of PMRT in elderly women in this period, using a population-based cohort of women with breast cancer. Patients and Methods Using data from the linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results–Medicare database, we analyzed the use of radiation therapy between 1991 and 1999 in 19,699 women with stage I to III breast cancer who received mastectomy as definitive surgery. Multivariable logistic regression was used to investigate the association of diagnosis year and the use of PMRT, after controlling for clinical and sociodemographic factors. Results During the entire period studied, 2,160 (11.0%) patients treated with mastectomy received PMRT. The use of PMRT significantly increased in women diagnosed in 1996 (odds ratio [OR], 1.26; P = .04), 1997 (OR, 1.70; P...
Behavioral Approaches to the Treatment of Aggressive Disorders

Behavioral approaches to the treatment of aggression and hostility in children, adolescents, and adults are reviewed. The major theoretical approaches and definitions are presented, and a number -of classification variables that may facilitate the research in the area are recommended. It is suggested that the three major theoretical approaches emphasize reinforcement processes, social learning, or cognitive-emotional factors, and that each theory has different implications for assessment and treatment. Studies relevant to each paradigm are reviewed. The need for theory-based assessment and treatment strategies as a guide in future research is emphasized.
A 34Gb/s 2:1 MUX/CMU based on a distributed amplifier using 0.18/spl mu/m CMOS

A 34Gb/s 2:1 serializer consisting of a MUX and CMU using 0.18/spl mu/m CMOS is presented. The serializer is based on distributed amplifier topology realized using spiral inductors. The circuit also includes an on-chip 2-channel 2/sup 7/ -1 PRBS generator. The 34Gb/s serial output has single-ended voltage swing of 225mV with rise/fall time of 13ps, and measured ISI is less than 5ps p-p (with 2/sup 7/ - 1 PRBS data).
Utilization and cost effectiveness of standardized testing for screening and confirmation of drugs of abuse in urine.

Screening and confirmation testing for drugs of abuse in urine (DAU) represent areas for potential reduction of laboratory workload and attendant cost savings. Following a careful review of the clinical needs of the underlying veteran patient population served by 7 medical facilities in the Boston area, DAU test ordering frequencies, positive rates for several screening panels and the associated confirmation tests, DAU panel standardization, and confirmation testing only by request were introduced. These changes were all reviewed and approved by the clinician users of DAU testing at each institution before the changes were implemented. Before standardization of DAU screening panels, 59,835 DAU screening requests were done at a cost of $216,005; following standardization, there was 47% decrease in DAU screening utilization (27,876) and costs ($100,633). Before implementation of a DAU confirmation by request only policy, 5,331 confirmation tests were done at a cost of $111,502; after institution of the confirmation policy, there was 95% decrease in confirmation tests (5,080) and costs ($105,826). DAU panel standardization and DAU confirmation by request only have resulted in substantial reductions of laboratory workload and costs in a veterans population and may serve as a model for other patient populations with perhaps similar outcomes. (received 9 March 2002; accepted 20 May 2002)
Women With AIDS: Will It Change aids Service Organizations?

In the early 1980s, gay men formed AIDS service organizations (ASOs) in areas hardest hit by the disease, such as San Francisco and New York City, to provide assistance to infected members of their own communities. The Ryan White CARE Act of 1990 made funds available for community-based groups, such as ASOs, to provide support services to all people with HIV/AIDS. The epidemiology of AIDS has changed greatly in recent years, and increasing numbers of poor, minority women with children now contract HIV/AIDS. To determine if ASOs are in compliance with the CARE Act, this study surveyed 20 ASOs across the country and a number of their female clients to see if ASOs, some of which were started by gay men, have tailored their services for a growing minority, heterosexual population. The results indicate that a number of ASOs have been slow in responding to the diverse needs of women. Recommendations are offered to make the organizations more responsive.
The Effect of Loss and Trauma on Substance Use Behavior in Individuals Seeking Support Services After the 1995 Oklahoma City Bombing

In this study, we examined the effect of trauma exposure on substance use behaviors, specifically tobacco and alcohol use, in a group of 84 individuals who sought supportive services after the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing. A self-report instrument was used to assess demographics, sensory exposure, injury, interpersonal exposure through relationship with victims, peritraumatic reaction, grief, posttraumatic stress, worry about safety, functional impairment, and changes in smoking and drinking. Those who reported increased smoking had higher scores on peritraumatic reaction, grief, posttraumatic stress, worry about safety, and trouble functioning. Those who reported increased alcohol intake had higher scores on injury, peritraumatic reaction, grief, posttraumatic stress, worry about safety, and trouble functioning. Sensory exposure and interpersonal exposure were not significantly different between those with and without increased smoking or drinking. Although no causal relationship can be assumed, our findings indicate an association of grief and posttraumatic stress with increased substance use behaviors in disaster victims.
Field oriented control of an induction machine in a high frequency link power system

A field-oriented controlled induction machine drive operating with a high-frequency single-phase sinusoidal voltage link is presented. System performance is investigated by computer simulation and is verified by test on an actual prototype system. A control loop is proposed for minimizing the link-voltage fluctuation. The capability of rapid demagnetization of the induction machine by current regulation is investigated. A new current modulation technique called switch mode selection is proposed and its performance is compared with the conventional delta modulation technique. >
Electrical resistivity of dilute binary chromium alloys with nickel and manganese

Electrical resistivity, ϱ, of binary chromium alloys containing 0.4, 0.8, 1.7, 2.6, 4.4 at% nickel and 2.1, 4.0 at% manganese has been measured as a function of temperature, T, between 4 and 320 °K. Shallow anomalies in the ϱ vs. T curves appear at the Neel temperature in the chromium–nickel samples. No anomalies are observed in the electrical resistivity of chromium–manganese alloys since manganese increases the Neel temperature of chromium. The results of this study are compared with all the known previous investigations. Der spezifische elektrische Widerstand ϱ von binaren Chromlegierungen mit 0,4; 0,8; 1,7; 2,6; 4,4 At% Nickel und 2,1; 4,0 At% Mangan wurde in Abhangigkeit von der Temperatur T zwischen 4 und 320 °K gemessen. Flache Anomalien treten in der (ϱ uber T)-Kurve bei der Neel-Temperatur in den Chrom–Nickel-Proben auf. Im Verlauf des spezifischen elektrischen Widerstands von Chrom–Mangan-Legierungen wurden keine Anomalien beobachtet, weil Mangan die Neel-Temperatur von Chrom erhoht. Die Ergebnisse der Arbeit werden mit allen bekannten fruheren Untersuchungen verglichen.
Dynamics of Nonlinear Cross-Equatorial Flow. Part II: The Tropically Enhanced Instability of the Western Boundary Current

Abstract A linear stability analysis of the shallow-water system in the tropical ocean examines the stability of the western boundary current and its latitudinal dependence. Despite a highly idealized formulation that assumes a purely meridional basic state and makes a local f-plane approximation, the stability analysis successfully predicts a length scale of the disturbance, a latitude for its origin, and a critical Reynolds number that agree well with accompanying numerical results. Realistic western boundary current profiles undergo a horizontal shear instability that is partially stabilized by viscosity. Calculations of the growth rate at several latitudes indicate that the instability is enhanced in the Tropics where the internal deformation radius is a maximum.