cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ab initio QM/MM simulations with a molecular orbital‐valence bond (MOVB) method: application to an SN2 reaction in water

A mixed molecular orbital and valence bond (MOVB) method is described in combined ab initio QM/MM simulations of the SN2 reaction of Cl− + CH3Cl → ClCH3 + Cl− in water. The method is based on the construction of individual charge-localized, diabatic states using a block-localized wave function approach, followed by configuration interaction calculations to obtain the adiabatic potential energy surface. To examine the performance of the MOVB method, modern ab initio VB calculations were performed. The MOVB gas phase results are found to be in reasonable agreement in the overall potential energy surface in comparison with Hartree–Fock, MP2, and ab initio VB calculations. The only exception is that the activation energy is predicted to be about 4 kcal/mol higher in MOVB than in other methods. This is attributed to the configuration interaction procedure, which does not further optimize orbital coefficients in MOVB calculations, and it emphasizes the importance of orbital optimization in these calculations. The adiabatic ground-state potential surface can also be approximate by other quantum chemical models in Monte Carlo QM/MM simulations. At the HF/6-31G(d) level, the calculated activation free energy of 26 kcal/mol in water is in good agreement with experiment and with previous computational results. Importantly, the MOVB method allows for the solvent reaction coordinate to be used to define the reaction path in ab initio QM/MM simulations. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 21: 1458–1469, 2000
Ultrafast synthesis of poly(methyl methacrylate)-b-poly(vinyl chloride)-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) block copolymers by the Cu(0)/tris(2-dimethylaminoethyl)amine-catalyzed living radical Block copolymerization of methyl methacrylate initiated with α,ω-di(iodo)poly(vinyl chloride) in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide at 25 °C

α,ω-Di(iodo)poly(vinyl chloride)s [α,ω-di(iodo)PVCs] with number-average molecular weights ranging from 2100 to 20,000 and weight-average molecular weight/number-average molecular weight ratios ranging from 1.72 to 2.16 were synthesized through the single-electron-transfer/degenerative-chain-transfer mediated living radical polymerization of vinyl chloride initiated with iodoform and catalyzed by sodium dithionite in water at 25–35 °C. These α,ω-di(iodo)PVCs were used as macroinitiators for the metal-catalyzed living radical block copolymerization of methyl methacrylate to produce poly(methyl methacrylate)-b-poly(vinyl chloride)-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) block copolymers. By searching various copper derivatives, ligands, and solvents, it has been found that CuCl/tris(2-dimethylaminoethyl)amine in dimethyl sulfoxide at 90 °C provides an accelerated method for the synthesis of block copolymers. Poly(methyl methacrylate)-b-poly(vinyl chloride)-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) block copolymers with number-average molecular weights of 41,000–106,700 were produced by this method in 30–80 min. These reaction times were within the range of induction times exhibited when the same block copolymers were synthesized with CuCl/2,2′-bipyridine in diphenyl ether at 90 °C. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 1649–1659, 2005
Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae infections in children and adolescents.

1. Margaret R. Hammerschlag, MD* 1. *Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Discuss the spectrum and clinical manifestations of diseases caused by Chlamydia trachomatis in different age groups. 2. Delineate the appropriate use of nonculture tests for diagnosis of C trachomatis infection in infants, children, and adolescents and the consequences of inappropriate use of these tests. 3. Characterize the appropriate treatments for C trachomatis infection in infants, children, and adolescents. 4. Describe the epidemiology, spectrum, and clinical manifestations of diseases caused by C pneumoniae . 5. Discuss the limitations of serology in the diagnosis of C pneumoniae infections in children. 6. Describe appropriate treatment of C pneumoniae infections. Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular pathogens that have established a unique niche within the host cell. The order contains one genus, Chlamydia , with four recognized species: C trachomatis, C psittaci, C pneumoniae , and C pecorum. Of these, C trachomatis and C pneumoniae are significant human pathogens. C psittaci is an important cause of zoonosis. However, based on the results of recent taxonomic analysis using the 16S and 23S rRNA genes, this classification is being revised. The new analysis has suggested splitting the genus Chlamydia into two genera, Chlamydia and Chlamydophila . Two new species, Chlamydia muridarum (formerly the agent of mouse pneumonitis) and C suis, would join C trachomatis . Chlamydophila would contain C pecorum, C pneumoniae, and C psittaci as well as three new species split off from C psittaci : C abortus , C caviae (formerly C psittaci guinea pig conjunctivitis strain), and C felis . Controversy continues regarding this reclassification, but for the purposes of this review, we will continue to refer to Chlamydia . Chlamydiae are characterized by a unique developmental cycle that has morphologically distinct infectious and reproductive forms: elementary body (EB) and reticulate body (RB). Chlamydiae also share a group-specific lipopolysaccharide antigen and …
Measurement of young women’s attitudes about communication with providers regarding papanicolaou smears

Abstract Purpose: To describe the psychometric properties of a scale created to measure communication with the provider regarding Papanicolaou (Pap) smears. Methods: A scale based on expectancy-value theory was developed and administered to 490 young women aged 12 to 24 years in an urban adolescent clinic. Psychometric properties were assessed using factor analysis to evaluate latent variables, intraclass correlation coefficient to evaluate test-retest reliability, and Cronbach coefficient α to evaluate internal consistency reliability. Content validity was assessed by qualitative interviews, feedback on a pilot survey, and expert review. Construct validity was evaluated by examining whether relevant health care characteristics, knowledge, and attitudes were significantly associated with perceived communication. Results: Mean respondent age was 18.2 ± 2.1 years; 50% were black and 22% Hispanic. The scale items loaded on one factor. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.83 and Cronbach α 0.95. Report of a consistent provider, report that a provider recommended a Pap smear, knowledge of Pap smears and Human Papillomavirus (HPV), intention to return for follow-up Pap smears, and positive attitudes about Pap follow-up were significantly associated with good communication. Conclusions: The scale appears to be reliable and valid as a measure of young women’s communication with providers regarding Pap smears. Future research should focus on whether this newly developed scale is useful in the design and evaluation of cervical cancer prevention programs for young women.
Understanding Store-Brand Purchase Behavior Across Categories

This paper investigates whether the tendency to buy store brand is category specific, or an enduring consumer trait. We develop a multicategory brand-choice model with a factor-analytic structure on the covariance matrix of the coefficients. The methodology allows us to elicit the basic latent tendency for a household to buy store brands, while controlling for other causes such as price sensitivity. The model is applied to a set of ten food and nonfood product categories. We find strong evidence of correlations in household preferences for store brands across categories. Using a two-dimensional factor structure, we find that one of the factors explains a substantial amount of variation in store-brand preference, while the other factor explains price sensitivity---consistently across categories. The presence of these factors in all categories indicates that there are unobservable household-level traits that are non-category specific, i.e., stable across product categories. Using data from five holdout categories, we find that household estimates of these latent factors are very useful in predicting demand for store brands in new categories. Other potential applications for store managers are discussed.
The Psychological Stresses of Intensive Care Unit Nursing

Much has been written about the stressful psychological experience of being a patient in an Intensive Care (ICU) or other special care unit.1-5 Less well recognized, however, are the problems posed for those who work in an ICU that provides the complex nursing care required by critically ill, often dying, patients. Notable exceptions include the contributions of Vreeland and Ellis6 and of Gardam.7
Wireless access test-bed through visible light and dimming compatible OFDM

Visible light communications (VLC) technology has a potential to complement the RF wireless technology for indoor coverage. It promises concurrent illumination control and wireless data transmission capabilities. The potential of advanced multi-carrier modulation techniques, i.e. orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), introduces new challenges in the development of driver circuits. The reverse polarity optical OFDM (RPO-OFDM) is a recent approach to realize compatibility between the analog OFDM signal and the industry well-known pulse-width modulation (PWM) for dimming control. In this paper, we present the implementation of a wireless access test-bed through visible light and dimming compatible RPO-OFDM. A driver topology capable of driving a string of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) using a RPO-OFDM signal is proposed. The driver alleviates the nonlinearity of LEDs by proper biasing and maintaining a quasi-linear range of operation, i.e. minimizes the OFDM signal clipping. Using a software defined radio (SDR) platform for online modulation and demodulation, and a range of un-coded quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellations, the experimentally obtained measurements demonstrate linear wide-range dimming while independently maintaining a bit-error performance below the forward error correction (FEC). Error free bit-error rate (BER) performance without symbol level equalization is obtained for binary phase shift keying (BPSK) and 4-QAM.
Discrimination of wild and domestic origin of sturgeon ova based on lipids and fatty acid analysis

Abstract This study was designed to discriminate different origins of sturgeon eggs (wild or domestic) based on their biochemical composition. Fatty acid profiles of neutral and phospholipid fractions of three populations of white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus (two domestic and one wild) and one population of wild lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens ova lipids were analyzed. Palmitic acid (16:0) was the dominant saturated fatty acid in both neutral and phospholipid fractions of egg lipids regardless of species or population origin. Levels of palmitoleic (16:1 n −7) and docosahexaenoic (22:6 n −3) acids were species specific irrespective of fish origin. Palmitoleic acid was found at a significantly ( P n −3. Other fatty acids, such as stearic (18:0) and oleic (18:1 n −9) acids, were origin specific rather than species specific. Stearic acid was found at significantly lower levels in wild fish egg neutral lipids than in domesticated fish ova, whereas 18:1 n −9 showed the opposite trend. Phospholipid fatty acids were much less variable between species and among populations. We demonstrated that sturgeons' environment, thus their diet along with species specific characteristic life history (i.e., freshwater or marine origin) play an important role and markedly influence fatty acid composition of their eggs. Thus, egg fatty acid profile can be a viable tool in discrimination of different sturgeon populations with respect to caviar source and can ultimately be used to protect endangered wild populations of sturgeon.
Percutaneous Drainage of a Rapidly Enlarging Simple Ovarian Cyst in the Third Trimester.

ABSTRACT Background: Persistent adnexal masses increase the risk of pregnancy complications including cyst rupture, ovarian torsion, and labor obstruction. Treatment options include observation, surgical excision, and early first or second trimester drainage. Our case represents the most advanced gestational age for intervention with percutaneous drainage. Case: A 32-year old G3P1102 at 29.2 weeks gestation presented with left lower quadrant pressure, right abdominal fullness, and left uterine displacement. She had a right, simple-appearing ovarian cyst, which had increased in size from previous ultrasounds to 12.8 × 13.4 × 15.7 cm. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous drainage with pigtail catheter placement removed 1.2 L serous green fluid. Fluid culture was negative and cytology showed no evidence of malignancy. The pigtail catheter was removed at 31.2 weeks because of pain at the surgical site and significant cyst regression. The cyst resolved and she delivered via uncomplicated vaginal delivery at term. Co...
Asymptotic solution of the electroelasticity problem for thickness-polarized piezoceramic shells

Abstract Recurrence formulae for determining the components of the stress tensor, the displacement tensor and the electric potential of a piezoceramic shell are derived by asymptotic integration of the equations of the three-dimensional problem of the theory of electroelasticity in curvilinear coordinates. The shell is assumed in plan to be inhomogeneous (the physical-mechanical coefficients may depend on the tangential coordinates, but are constant across the thickness) and is thickness-polarized. The cases when conditions of the first, second or mixed boundary conditions of the theory of elasticity are specified on the outer and inner surfaces are considered. Dispersion equations of the vibration frequencies are derived for a comparatively general version, the values of the resonance frequencies are calculated, and their dependence on the thickness and the physical-mechanical parameters of the shell is established.
Genders in the Life Course: Demographic Issues.

Life course is a perspective whose time has evidently come. It is utilized in widening numbers of social science studies across a vast range of substantive foci. Demography may be a late but welcome arrival to the life course perspective, although in Canada we, of course, have established a Cluster on Population Change and Life Course, which is integrating the demographic and life course perspectives. This volume, edited by three women demographers and one statistician, all from Italy, is a most welcome contribution to the research literature. The book is comprised of eleven substantive chapters ranging from the macro, such as consideration of gender systems to the micro, i.e., age at first intercourse and ideational factors and choices involved in union formation. These chapters are preceded by an introductory chapter. The research stems from a grant coordinated by Antonella Pinnelli, on gender and demography. As outlined in the opening pages of the volume, Pinnelli, Racioppi, and Rettaroli aim to provide evidence of the relations between demographic behaviours and gender systems from the perspective of life course. In this effort, they join an impressive number of researchers, one of whom is Hannah Bruckner (2004), whose work they do not cite. Acknowledging that gender in demography has, until recently, been largely overlooked except as a categorization scheme, they further argue that gender studies could benefit from the infusion of a demographic perspective, particularly given that many demographic indicators are markers of a gendered system of relations. They refer briefly to four theoretical approaches to gender in demography, the main one being “the new home economics,” and then suggest that for much of demographic behaviour, no theory exists that incorporates gender and gender systems, a conclusion with which this reviewer is inclined to
Ownership of the NYRA Racetrack Properties: 1983 in Review

This paper examines the ownership of the New York thoroughbred racetracks pursuant to legislation passed in 1983.
Deciding Emptiness of the Gomory-Chvátal Closure is NP-Complete, Even for a Rational Polyhedron Containing No Integer Point

Gomory-Chvatal cuts are prominent in integer programming. The Gomory-Chvatal closure of a polyhedron is the intersection of all half spaces defined by its Gomory-Chvatal cuts. In this paper, we show that it is $$\mathcal {NP}$$-complete to decide whether the Gomory-Chvatal closure of a rational polyhedron is empty, even when this polyhedron contains no integer point. This implies that the problem of deciding whether the Gomory-Chvatal closure of a rational polyhedron P is identical to the integer hull of P is $$\mathcal {NP}$$-hard. Similar results are also proved for the $$\{-1,0,1\}$$-cuts and $$\{0,1\}$$-cuts, two special types of Gomory-Chvatal cuts with coefficients restricted in $$\{-1, 0, 1\}$$ and $$\{0, 1\}$$, respectively.
Preclinical evaluation of bacterially produced RSV-G protein vaccine: Strong protection against RSV challenge in cotton rat model

In current study, we evaluated the safety and protective efficacy of recombinant unglycosylated RSV G protein ectodomain produced in E. coli (in presence and absence of oil-in-water adjuvant) in a preclinical RSV susceptible cotton rat challenge model compared to formaldehyde inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) and live RSV experimental infection. The adjuvanted G protein vaccine induced robust neutralization antibody responses comparable to those generated by live RSV infection. Importantly, adjuvanted G protein significantly reduced viral loads in both the lungs and nose at early time points following viral challenge. Antibody kinetics determined by Surface Plasmon Resonance showed that adjuvanted G generated 10-fold higher G-binding antibodies compared to non-adjvuanted G vaccine and live RSV infection, which correlated strongly with both neutralization titers and viral load titers in the nose and lungs post-viral challenge. Antibody diversity analysis revealed immunodominant antigenic sites in the N- and C-termini of the RSV-G protein, that were boosted >10-fold by adjuvant and inversely correlated with viral load titers. Enhanced lung pathology was observed only in animals vaccinated with FI-RSV, but not in animals vaccinated with unadjuvanted or adjuvanted RSV-G vaccine after viral challenge. The bacterially produced unglycosylated G protein could be developed as a protective vaccine against RSV disease.
Conceptual design of quadriso particles with europium burnable absorber in HTRS.

In High Temperature Reactors, burnable absorbers are utilized to manage the excess reactivity at the early stage of the fuel cycle. In this study QUADRISO particles are proposed to manage the initial xcess reactivity of High Temperature Reactors. The QUADRISO concept synergistically couples the decrease of the burnable poison with the decrease of the fissile materials at the fuel particle level. This echanism is set up by introducing a burnable poison layer around the fuel kernel in ordinary TRISO particles or by mixing the burnable poison with any of the TRISO coated layers. At the beginning of life, the nitial excess reactivity is small because some neutrons are absorbed in the burnable poison and they are prevented from entering the fuel kernel. At the end of life, when the absorber is almost depleted, ore eutrons stream into the fuel kernel of QUADRISO particles causing fission reactions. The mechanism has been applied to a prismatic High Temperature Reactor with europium or erbium burnable absorbers, showing a significant reduction in the initial excess reactivity of the core.
Excipient-Free Pulmonary Delivery and Macrophage Targeting of Clofazimine via Air Jet Micronization

Clofazimine (CFZ) is highly active against mycobacterium, including resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but its therapeutic efficacy via the oral route is limited by severe adverse effects, poor aqueous solubility, and slow onset of action. Pulmonary delivery of CFZ is an attractive alternative to target mycobacterium-harboring alveolar macrophages. This study explores the use of air jet milling to develop a respirable, cost-effective CFZ formulation. Jet milled CFZ was readily dispersed from an off-the-shelf dry powder inhaler without the need for additional excipients or carrier particles. Additionally, milled CFZ was internalized by J774.A1 alveolar macrophages within 8 h, with evidence of intracellular biotransformation of the CFZ crystals and macrophage sequestration by 24 h. Less macrophage toxicity was noted in comparison to solubilized drug. Compared to macrophage uptake rate, dissolution of milled CFZ was limited, thereby potentially reducing systemic absorption and subsequent side effects. The...
ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION OF HEPARIN AS A TOOL FOR STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Heparin fractions obtained originally from a variety of biological sources were degraded by Flavobacterial heparinase, and the products obtained were analyzed for structural details. In addition periodate oxidation and nitrous acid degradation were used on the polysaccharides as well as on their enzymatic breakdown products to gain further information about the distribution of uronic acid units and about sulfate substitution. Based on these data an arrangement of lower sulfated regions in an otherwise higher sulfated polymer has been proposed.
Hand Gesture Recognition Using Input Impedance Variation of Two Antennas with Transfer Learning

This paper investigates the possibility of classifying hand gestures using the impedance variation of two antennas through transfer learning. When a hand gesture is made near an antenna, the impedance of the antenna varies over time due to the near-field perturbation. By recognizing the pattern of impedance variation, the gesture can be identified. We proposed to use two monopole antennas to measure signatures at different locations. A network analyzer measured the input impedance of the two antennas for ten hand gestures. The impedances were collected at 2.4 GHz and then were transformed to spectrograms to capture the time-varying signatures as imagery. The spectrogram images were classified using deep convolutional neural networks. In particular, we employed transfer learning to overcome the issue of the small data set available. Pre-trained networks, such as AlexNet and VGG-16 that were trained for general optical images were able to maximize the classification accuracy of our hand gesture recognition problem.
US Pediatricians' Attitudes, Beliefs, and Perceived Injunctive Norms About Spanking.

Objective To assess United States pediatricians' attitudes, beliefs, and perceived professional injunctive norms regarding spanking. Method A self-administered questionnaire was mailed to a nationwide random sample of 1500 pediatricians in the US, drawn from a database maintained by IMS Health. Four survey mailings were conducted and cash incentives of up to $20 were provided. The response rate was 53% (N = 787). Results Most respondents were members of the American Academy of Pediatrics (85%), had been practicing physicians for 15 years or more (66%), and were white (69%) and female (59%). All US regions were represented. About 3-quarters of pediatricians did not support the use of spanking, and most perceived that their colleagues did not support its use either. Pediatricians who were male, black, and/or sometimes spanked as children had more positive attitudes toward spanking and expected more positive outcomes from spanking than their counterparts. Nearly 80% of pediatricians never or seldom expected positive outcomes from spanking, and a majority (64%) expected negative outcomes some of the time. Conclusion The majority of pediatricians in the US do not support the use of spanking with children and are aware of the empirical evidence linking spanking with increased risk of poor health outcomes for children. Pediatricians are a key, trusted professional source in advising parents about child discipline. These findings suggest that most pediatricians will discourage the use of spanking with children, which over time could reduce its use and associated harms in the population. This is of clinical relevance because, despite strong and consistent evidence of the harms that spanking raises for children, spanking is still broadly accepted and practiced in the US.
Innovations in the Treatment of Faecal Incontinence

The medical condition of faecal incontinence is characterised by two predominant factors: its surprisingly high prevalence and the reluctance of patients to seek treatment or discuss the condition with their physician despite severe limitations in their lifestyle. Community studies using postal or telephone surveys report prevalence rates of 1.4%–4.4% [1–3]. Even higher rates are associated with factors such as age, parity, chronic medical conditions, anorectal surgical procedures, and acute medical problems. Patients with faecal incontinence are more frequently older and female. A US telephone survey that found an overall prevalence of 2.2% also found that 30% of those who reported symptoms were over 65, and 63% were women. A postal survey focused on older patients (age 65–93) found an overall prevalence of 3.7% [4]. One recent study, which surveyed 10,000 adults over age 40, found a similar prevalence between men and women, but in that same study faecal incontinence was associated with a great impact on the quality of life [2]. The association of faecal incontinence with female gender and, more specifically, with obstetric injuries, has received intense scrutiny since 1993, when Sultan et al. reported a high incidence of sphincter injuries after vaginal delivery [5]. In a subsequent review of 11 studies of obstetric patients, Sultan found that 20%–50% of women with sphincter injuries had symptoms of faecal incontinence within the first year postpartum [6]. Karoui et al. reported that, in a series of 335 incontinent patients, 65% had sphincter defects; this percentage increased to 88% in patients who had a history of childbirth or proctologic surgery. In a series of 115 continent patients, Karoui et al. also found that 43% had sphincter defects, so they caution that sphincter defects alone do not lead to faecal incontinence in all patients [7]. A large number of studies have sought to define delivery risk factors, among them parity, maternal age, birth weight, instrumented delivery, and episiotomy [8–10]. Efforts continue to diminish this significant
Landlords as Cops: Tort, Nuisance & Forfeiture Standards Imposing Liability on Landlords for Crime on the Premises

This article provides an exhaustive review of landlord liability and the trend toward broadening landlord liability for criminal activity on rental property. In particular, it reviews laws penalizing landlords through forfeiture of such property and considers the philosophical shift that has accompanied these legal developments. The article rejects the assumption that increased liability standards provide incentives for increased control by landlords for several reasons. First, from the landlord's perspective, the utility of these standards is doubtful. Practical enforcement methods would encourage landlords to violate other standards designed to protect tenants from discrimination, invasion of privacy and negligent maintenance. Further, the increased costs of heightened regulation is likely to reduce the availability of quality, affordable rental housing.Second, from legal and societal perspectives, the assumption that these increased standards provide effective incentives entails costs in itself. While the new standards may increase the acceptability of hidden, private enforcement costs, little evidence suggests that they will actually decrease crime. Moreover, while these reactive standards create an image of effective crime control, they distract the community from more effective uses of tort, nuisance and criminal laws in the prevention of crime. While these standards seem to enhance important community involvement, the growth of community is an organic process which must be facilitated through nurturing, not intimidation or threats.
Predicting Confidence Interval for the Proportion at the Time of Study Planning in Small Clinical Trials

Confidence intervals are commonly used to assess the precision of parameter estimations. Particularly in small clinical trials, such assessment may be used in place of a power calculation. We discuss `future' confidence interval prediction with binomial outcomes for small clinical trials and sample size calculation, where the term `future' confidence interval emphasizes the confidence interval as a function of a random sample that is not observed at the planning stage of a study. We propose and discuss three probabilistic approaches to future confidence interval prediction when the sample size is small. We demonstrate substantial differences among these approaches in terms of the interval width prediction and sample size calculation. We show that the approach based on the expectation of the boundaries has the most desirable properties and is easy to implement. In this chapter, we primarily discuss prediction of the Clopper-Pearson exact confidence interval, and then extend our discussion to other confidence interval methods. In particular, we discuss the arcsine transformation as a viable alternative to the exact confidence interval.
MAC Reforgeability

Message Authentication Codes (MACs) are core algorithms deployed in virtually every security protocol in common usage. In these protocols, the integrity and authenticity of messages rely entirely on the security of the MAC; we examine cases in which this security is lost. In this paper, we examine the notion of "reforgeability" for MACs, and motivate its utility in the context of {power, bandwidth, CPU}-constrained computing environments. We first give a definition for this new notion, then examine some of the most widely-used and well-known MACs under our definition in a variety of adversarial settings, finding in nearly all cases a failure to meet the new notion. We examine simple counter-measures to increase resistance to reforgeabiliy, using state and truncating the tag length, but find that both are not simultaneously applicable to modern MACs. In response, we give a tight security reduction for a new MAC, WMAC, which we argue is the "best fit" for resource-limited devices.
Investigation of the 1-0 pressure-induced vibrational absorption spectrum of hydrogen at temperatures below ambient

A theoretical fit has been made to laboratory measurements of the 1-0 collisionally induced H2 absorption band over a temperature range of 100-273 K and for densities up to 22 amagats. Both the Birnbaum-Cohen and the MacTaggert-Hunt line shape profiles were used. In addition, an intermolecular potential of either a Lennard-Jones 6-12 or a Morse-spline-van der Waals has been used for each line shape. The best fit resulted in a chi-square of 5%. Line widths have also been derived as a function of temperature. The lifetimes of the states were calculated.
Sex as a biological variable in the pathology and pharmacology of neurodegenerative and neurovascular diseases

The incidence of dementia, most commonly caused by cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, continues to grow as our population ages. Alzheimer disease (AD) and vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) are responsible for more than 80% of all cases of dementia. There are few effective, long-term treatments for AD and VCI-related conditions (e.g., stroke and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA)). This review focuses on AD (as the most common "neurodegenerative" cause of dementia), CAA (as an "emerging" cause of dementia), and stroke (as the most common cause of "vascular" dementia). We will discuss the available literature on the pharmacological therapies that demonstrate sex differences, which refer to any combination of structural, chromosomal, gonadal, or hormonal differences between males and females. We will emphasize the importance of considering sex as a biological variable in the design of preclinical and clinical studies that investigate underlying pathologies or response to pharmacological interventions in dementia. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on The Importance of Sex Differences in Pharmacology Research. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.21/issuetoc.
Family Instability in the Lives of American Children.

Scholars have long looked to family composition to understand child well-being. The study of family instability, or the experience of repeated changes in parents’ union status during childhood, rep...
Supporting breastfeeding for women on opioid maintenance therapy: a systematic review

Despite evidence to support breastfeeding, rates remain low in women on opioid maintenance therapy (OMT). The goal of this review was to synthesize current knowledge regarding interventions to promote breastfeeding in women on OMT. A systematic search of databases including PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane database of systematic reviews was conducted. Key words included breastfeeding, lactation, opioid use disorder, and opioid maintenance therapy. Risk of bias was assessed by two reviewers. Four quasi-experimental studies met inclusion criteria. Improved rates of breastfeeding reached statistical significance in all four. Three studies had moderate to serious risk of bias related to confounding variables. Interventions shared common features, including an integrated approach, a well-prepared multidisciplinary team, nonseparation of mother and newborn, and patient centered care. Further research should explore barriers and facilitators to breastfeeding in this vulnerable population.
Rejuvenating subventricular zone neurogenesis in the aging brain

Neural stem cells exist in specialized regions of the brain and have the capacity to give rise to neurons and glia over the lifespan. The process of giving rise to new neurons, also known as neurogenesis, is thought to be important in cognition and certain types of brain repair. However, during aging, neural stem cell number and function is reduced resulting in fewer new neurons and declines in learning, memory and repair. Recently, research has approached this problem through the lens of rejuvenation that now has produced several strategies, from dietary to pharmacological interventions, to restore functional neurogenesis that resembles the youthful brain. Here, we outline aging in the subventricular zone neurogenic niche, review the multiple modalities of rejuvenation strategies, and propose next steps for future studies to approach translational outcomes.
Migration corridors and threats in the Gulf of Mexico and Florida Straits for loggerhead sea turtles

Along migration corridors, animals can face natural and anthropogenic threats that differ from those in breeding and non-breeding residence areas. Satellite telemetry can aid in describing the timing and location of these migrations. We use this tool with switching state-space modeling and line kernel density estimates to identify migration corridors of post-nesting adult female loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta, n = 89 tracks) that nested at five beaches in the Gulf of Mexico. Turtles migrated in both neritic and oceanic areas of the Gulf of Mexico with some exiting the Gulf. High-use migration corridors were found in neritic areas to the west of Florida and also in the Florida Straits. Repeat tracking of post-nesting migrations for eight turtles showed variability in track overlap, ranging from ~13-82% of tracks within 10 km of each other. Migration primarily occurred in July and August. We document the longest known post-nesting migration to-date of a wild adult female loggerhead of > 4300 km, along with an apparent stopover of about one month. Migration corridors overlaid on three spatially explicit anthropogenic threats (shipping density, commercial line fishing, and shrimp trawling) showed hotspots in the Florida Straits, off the northwest Florida coast and off the coast of Tampa Bay. Identifying where and at what intensity multiple human activities and natural processes most likely occur is a key goal of Cumulative Effects Assessments. Our results provide the scientific information needed for designing management strategies for this threatened species. Information about this loggerhead migration corridor can also be used to inform adaptive management as threats shift over time.
Shape memory materials for electrically-powered soft machines

Soft robots represent an emerging class of biologically-inspired machines that are primarily composed of elastomers, fluids, and other forms of soft matter. Current examples include crawling and swimming robots that exhibit the mobility, mechanical compliance, and deformability of various classes of soft biological organisms, ranging from cephalopods and larvae to marine fish and reptiles. Rather than using electrical motors, soft robots are powered with “artificial muscle” actuators that change shape and stiffness in response to controlled stimulation. In recent years, conductive shape memory materials have become especially popular for soft robot actuation due to the ability to stimulate these materials with on-board microelectronics and miniature batteries. Here, we review recent progress in the development of artificial muscle using shape memory materials that can be stimulated through electrical activation. This includes the use of shape memory alloy (SMA) to create fully untethered soft robots capable of biologically-relevant locomotion speeds as well as recent progress in engineering liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) composites that are capable of robust electrically-powered actuation.
Epistaxis With Warfarin Coagulopathy: An Adult Simulation Case for Residents.

Introduction Epistaxis is a common presenting complaint in the emergency department. Proper technique to control the bleeding is essential. Active bleeding on an anticoagulant requires special cons...
Supporting teacher candidates’ use of early childhood formative assessment to promote positive outcomes for young children

A large body of research literature suggests that quality formative assessment has the potential to promote positive outcomes for young children. This paper posits that early childhood educators le...
The Case of the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP)

The populist radical right (PRR) United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP), despite having limited representation in government, has nevertheless had an enormous and disruptive impact on the politics and policy agenda in the United Kingdom in recent years. Although established as a single-issue anti-EU party, over time UKIP has embraced a wider PRR platform that connects its Euroscepticism to anti-immigration and health policies. UKIP has employed welfare chauvinist narratives to elevate anxieties over ‘health tourism’ and abuses of the national healthcare system by ‘outsiders’. This has placed pressure on mainstream parties to adopt aspects of its platform reflected, for example, in the adoption of Immigration Health Surcharges by the Conservative government. By co-opting UKIP positions, the Conservatives have enabled PRR ideas to influence health policy in the United Kingdom. The ascent of Boris Johnson as Conservative Party leader signals the continued sway of the PRR on British Health policy. The early response by Johnson’s government to the COVID-19 crisis, for instance, has raised concerns about the dangers that populism poses during a public health crisis. Ultimately, the PRR has reshaped British politics and has had a profound impact on UK health policy.
Commentary on NextGen and Aviation Human Factors

Publisher Summary The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) poses unprecedented changes in the roles and responsibilities traditionally held by pilots and air traffic controllers dating back to the late 1920s when Archie League served as one of the first flagmen at the St. Louis, Missouri, airfield. These changes are being enabled by implementation of new technologies, concepts, and procedures. The goals driving these changes are to improve capacity of the National Airspace System (NAS) and reduce flight delays while maintaining the strong safety record of civil aviation. Human factors has a great opportunity to contribute to and fashion these changes to ensure that pilots and controllers can perform their tasks within the envelope of effective and efficient human performance in a manner conducive to accruing these benefits intended with NextGen. One of several important human factors challenges is that as a system becomes more tightly coupled to ensure efficiencies, the less time there is available to respond to non-normal situations. NextGen will provide operational improvements changing the jobs of pilots and air traffic controllers. Concepts for the mid- and far-term will introduce changes to the roles and responsibilities between pilots and controllers such as in relation to delegation of separation responsibility as pilots use satellite-based surveillance information shown on a cockpit display of traffic information (CDTI). New technologies will enable changes in the allocation of functions between humans and automation so that controllers can shift toward more strategic handling additional aircraft while pilots are delegated certain tactical responsibilities.
Secretin, Gastrin and Pancreatic Bicarbonate Responses to Meals Varying in pH Levels

Release of endogenous secretin by duodenal acidification has been shown to occur in man and other species. Ingestion of food has, however, resulted in no consistently detectable increase in plasma secretin levels measured by radioimmunoassay. This study was designed to test the effect of the acidification of a meal on secretin and gastrin levels and on pancreatic bicarbonate and gastric acid secretion.
The role of heme in the synthesis and assembly of hemoglobin.

Abstract The incorporation of labeled amino acids into the α and β chains of hemoglobin has been studied in rabbit reticulocytes. Relative rates of synthesis were assessed by measurement of the specific activities of globin and of constituent α and β chains prepared from unpurified, ribosomefree hemolysates. The α:β specific activity ratio of approximately 1.0 indicated that labeled α and β chains were produced in nearly equal numbers. However, in hemoglobin which was purified from these hemolysates two features were noted that indirectly suggested the presence of a pool of α chains and a smaller pool of β chains: (a) the α:β specific activity ratio was less than 1.0, and (b) a loss of α chain radioactivity and a smaller loss of β chain radioactivity were observed following purification of the hemoglobin. More direct evidence for these previously formed pools has been found in (a) the radioactivity elution pattern observed on gel filtration of unpurified hemolysate, which revealed a radioactive protein "minor peak" of high specific activity, and (b) further analysis of this minor peak by ion exchange chromatography, peptide mapping, and spectrophotometry. Incubation with added hemin (1 x 10-4 m) was associated with (a) an increase in the specific activities of globin and of α and β chains, (b) the disappearance of the pool of β chains, which probably existed as αβ dimers, (c) persistence of a pool of α chains during the periods of incubation used, and (d) an increase in the α:β specific activity ratio in purified hemoglobin. A model of hemoglobin biosynthesis is suggested which could account for the observed effects of added hemin in terms of (a) stimulation of the synthesis of α and β chains, (b) combination of hemin with αβ dimers (globin) to form hemoglobin, and (c) promotion of the assembly of newly synthesized α and β chains, thus largely bypassing the pool of α chains. In this manner, heme may be said to coordinate as well as stimulate the synthesis of hemoglobin.
Potent Pseudosubstrate-based Peptide Inhibitors for p60c-src Protein Tyrosine Kinase

Abstract We recently reported the identification of GIYWHHY as an efficient and specific substrate for p60c-src protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) by screening a secondary random peptide library (Q. Lou et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem., 4: 677–682, 1996). Based on the primary structure of GIYWHHY, we designed and synthesized several pseudosubstrate-based peptide inhibitors. Some of these peptide inhibitors are highly potent and specific with IC50 in the low micromolar range. Because both YIYGSFK and GIYWHHY are efficient and specific substrates for p60c-arc PTK, chimeric branched peptides based on these two sequences were synthesized. These branched peptides inhibit p60c-src PTK with high potency, indicating that the enzyme-active site of p60c-arc PTK can accommodate more than a linear motif. This may explain why seemingly several peptides with very different linear structures can all be phosphorylated by this enzyme.
Some Problems and Results Relevant to the Foundations of Set Theory

Publisher Summary This chapter reports on some meta-mathematical results obtained by William P. Hanf (as a solution of a problem suggested by the author) and some mathematical problems involving inaccessible cardinals for which a partial solution are found recently. As a theoretical basis for the discussion, the chapter selects one of the well known axiomatic systems of set theory, the Zermelo-Fraenkel system (with the regularity axiom) or the Bernays system. Numerous problems in set theory and related domains are well known. Each of the problems consists in determining all the (infinite) cardinals that have a given property P. It is known that the smallest infinite cardinal, ω, does not have this property. It has also been known that all the accessible cardinals—for example, all those that are not inaccessible have the property P. It seems that the solution of the problem for inaccessible cardinals may require an introduction of some new set-theoretical axioms that could differ in their character not only from the usual axioms of set theory but also from the generalized continuum hypothesis or various existential hypotheses that assure the existence of inaccessible cardinals. The significance of many problems that are included in the chapter is enhanced by the simplicity of their formulation and the clarity of their mathematical content.
Gastric Adenocarcinoma Complicating Gardner's Syndrome in a North American Woman

Gastric carcinoma has not been recognized as a complication of Gardner's syndrome in the Western world. We report a 37-yr-old white woman with Gardner's syndrome who had gastric adenocarcinoma in association with diffuse gastric polyps. At the time of laparotomy, the disease was metastatic to regional lymph nodes. In addition, the patient had mesenteric and retroperitoneal fibromatosis, thyroid adenomas, a chest wall hemangioma, and fibrocystic disease of the breast. This is the first reported case of gastric adenocarcinoma complicating Gardner's syndrome in North America.