cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“Dancing on Hot Coals”: How Emotion Work Facilitates Collective Sensemaking

While organizations and researchers have traditionally conceptualized customers as consumers of their services and products, there is a growing recognition that organizations need to develop more c...
A Content Analysis of Psychological Resilience Among First Responders and the General Population

The current study examined how first responders and the general population described the concept of resilience. Categories of resilience were coded a priori using Stemler’s content analysis. For th...
Preparing public managers for the digital era: incorporating information management, use, and technology into public affairs graduate curricula

This study examines how current public affairs graduate programmes prepare students for governing in the digital age and offer suggestions for how to better incorporate information management, use,...
Relationships Between (Step)Parents and Adult (Step)Children: Explaining Influences on Life Satisfaction and Marital Quality

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to examine important influences of adult (step)children’s relationships with their biological fathers, biological mothers, and resident stepparents on their life satisfaction and marital quality and the moderating role of stepparent gender. The sample (N = 215) was from Wave 3 of the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH). Results illustrate that (a) biological mothers and stepparents positively influenced life satisfaction among adult (step)children regardless of stepfamily type; and (b) that the influence of parent–child relationship quality on the adult child’s marital quality did vary as a function of stepfamily type. Specifically, there was a positive link between current stepmother–child relationship quality and the focal child’s current marital quality. The opposite link was found for those reared in stepfather households.
A measurement study of congestion in an InfiniBand network

This paper presents a measurement study of congestion on a production, highly utilized, 72K-core InfiniBand cluster called Yellowstone. The measurement study consists of a 23-day data collection phase in which port counters of the Yellowstone switches were read multiple times every hour to check for stalls during which the port is unable to send data due to a lack of flow-control credits. A total of 30M data records were obtained and analyzed. Results showed that a significant number of the 100-ms intervals over which a port counter was observed, there were transmission stalls. For example, out of 6M observations of Top-of-Rack (ToR) switch uplink ports, we found that the port was forced to wait for credits in 60% of these 100-ms intervals. Such transmission stalls could increase application execution time, and also decrease cluster utilization. The latter will occur when Message Passing Interface (MPI) Barrier calls are issued for synchronization and communication delays cause one or more MPI ranks to be slower than others.
Thrombotic microangiopathy associated with monoclonal gammopathy following autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for neuroblastoma in a young child.

Thrombotic microangiopathy associated with monoclonal gammopathy following autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for neuroblastoma in a young child
Enabling Efficient Network Service Function Chain Deployment on Heterogeneous Server Platform

Network Function Virtualization (NFV) aims to run software-implemented network functions on general hardware such as Commodity Off-the-Shelf (COTS) servers to trade the application-specific performance with generality and re-configurability. Nevertheless, with the wide adoption of general accelerators such as GPU, the researchers seek to boost the performance of software-based network functions while trying to maintain the reusability and programmability in the meantime. The Service Function Chain (SFC) is a key enabler of service flexibility of NFV. The network functions stitch into a chain to provide differentiated services to multi-tenants. However, our characterization results show that existing heterogeneous packet processing frameworks do not handle NFV SFC well since two new overheads, the aggregated processing overheads and co-existence interference overheads, are introduced by SFC.,,,, Motivated by our characterization, we propose NFCompass, a runtime framework that employs SFC re-organization technique and graph-partition based task scheduling technique to conquer the two challenges brought by SFC. By re-organizing the SFC components, the length and complexity of processing paths are reduced and the aggregated overheads are mitigated. By applying the graph-partition based task allocation, better load balance is achieved and the data transfer overheads are considerably reduced.
Liturgical Music: 1470–1530

The earliest Spanish book on the date of which incunabulists agree — the Manipulus curatorum printed by Matheus Flandrus — appeared at Saragossa in 1475. Only a decade later the first Spanish imprint containing music appeared in the same city. Since but a single copy of the 1485 Missale Caesaraugustanum printed by Paul Hurus survives, and since the unique exemplar in the Saragossa Cathedral Library was not brought to light until 1917, the existence of such an early Spanish liturgical imprint containing music has not been as widely advertised as it deserves.1
Implosion shape control of high-velocity, large case-to-capsule ratio beryllium ablators at the National Ignition Facility

Experiments at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) show that the implosion shape of inertial confinement fusion ablators is a key factor limiting performance. To achieve more predictable, shape tunable implosions, we have designed and fielded a large 4.2 case-to-capsule ratio target at the NIF using 6.72 mm diameter Au hohlraums and 1.6 mm diameter Cu-doped Be capsules. Simulations show that at these dimensions during a 10 ns 3-shock laser pulse reaching 275 eV hohlraum temperatures, the plasma flow from the hohlraum wall and ablator is not significant enough to impede beam propagation. Experiments measuring the shock symmetry and in-flight shell symmetry closely matched the simulations. Most notably, in two experiments, we demonstrated symmetry control from negative to positive Legendre P2 space by varying the inner to total laser power cone fraction by 5% below and above the predicted symmetric value. Some discrepancies found in 1st shock arrival times that could affect agreement in late time implosion symmetry suggest hohlraum and capsule modeling uncertainties do remain, but this target design reduces sensitivities to them.Experiments at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) show that the implosion shape of inertial confinement fusion ablators is a key factor limiting performance. To achieve more predictable, shape tunable implosions, we have designed and fielded a large 4.2 case-to-capsule ratio target at the NIF using 6.72 mm diameter Au hohlraums and 1.6 mm diameter Cu-doped Be capsules. Simulations show that at these dimensions during a 10 ns 3-shock laser pulse reaching 275 eV hohlraum temperatures, the plasma flow from the hohlraum wall and ablator is not significant enough to impede beam propagation. Experiments measuring the shock symmetry and in-flight shell symmetry closely matched the simulations. Most notably, in two experiments, we demonstrated symmetry control from negative to positive Legendre P2 space by varying the inner to total laser power cone fraction by 5% below and above the predicted symmetric value. Some discrepancies found in 1st shock arrival times that could affect agreement in late time implosion...
Abstract 4314: Exclusive delivery ofmazFin cancer cells byListeria monocytogenes

Programmed cell death (PCD), an active process that leads to cell suicide, is a critical mechanism in every organism. MazF, a bacterial ribonuclease protein, can trigger PCD in bacterial cells and also induce Bak-dependent apoptosis in mammalian cells. This bacterial ribonuclease cleaves mRNAs at ACA sequences leading to inhibition of protein synthesis in cells. Hence, we hypothesized that the overexpression of MazF proteins in cancer cells could result in the induction of apoptosis. In the present study, the ACA-less mazF gene was inserted downstream of the Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES) and under the control of T7 promoter. The plasmid was electroporated into Listeria monocytogenes harboring pCSA1 that encodes T7 RNA polymerase under the control of the listeria actA promoter. Subsequently, the bacteria were functionalized with Trastuzumab (Herceptin®) to deliver the mazF mRNA into HER2/neu breast cancer cells. The results showed that MazF protein has an ability to induce apoptosis in HER2/neu breast cancer cells. This finding is the first report of the application and delivery of MazF as an anti-cancer agent for the induction of apoptosis in HER2/neu breast cancer cell line. This research suggests cancer therapy that targets only cancer cells but not healthy cells and offers more advantages, e.g., inexpensiveness, target tissue specificity, easy and safe delivery, in comparison to other gene therapy vectors or direct protein administration. Citation Format: Maryam Saffarian, Jeremy Tzeng. Exclusive delivery of mazF in cancer cells by Listeria monocytogenes [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4314. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-4314
Projection-Resolved Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography of the Peripapillary Retina in Glaucoma.

Purpose To detect plexus-specific peripapillary retinal perfusion defects in glaucoma, using projection-resolved optical coherence tomography angiography (PR-OCTA). Design Prospective cross-sectional study. Methods One eye each of 45 perimetric glaucoma participants and 37 age-matched normal participants were scanned using 4.5-mm OCTA scans centered on the disc. The PR-OCTA algorithm removed flow projection artifacts in OCT angiograms. Five en face OCTA slabs were analyzed: nerve fiber layer plexus (NFLP), ganglion cell layer plexus (GCLP), superficial vascular complex (SVC [NFLP + GCLP]), deep vascular complex (DVC), and all plexi combined. Peripapillary retinal capillary density (CD) and vessel density (VD) were calculated using a reflectance-compensated algorithm. Results Focal capillary dropout could be visualized more clearly in the NFLP than in the other slabs. The NFLP, SVC, and all-plexus CD in the glaucoma group were significantly lower (P Conclusions In this glaucoma group, reduction in perfusion was more pronounced in superficial layers of the peripapillary retina (NFLP and SVC) than in the deeper layers. Reflectance-compensated CD and VD parameters for both NFLP and SVC could be useful in the clinical management of glaucoma.
In-depth structural understanding of zinc oxide addition to alkaline electrolytes to protect aluminum against corrosion and gassing

Several approaches have been tried to reduce Al corrosion in primary and secondary alkaline batteries. The most successful to date has been the addition of ZnO to the electrolyte, which results in the spontaneous deposition of a protective metallic Zn film on the Al surface. However, there is a limited understanding in the literature of the structure of this Zn film and how that structure (i) influences the protection of Al, and (ii) is influenced by the electrolyte composition. This work aims to develop a fundamental understanding of the protection mechanism against Al corrosion when zincate is added to KOH electrolytes. This was accomplished through morphological studies of the resulting Zn film using SEM, XRD, N2 adsorption, and measurements of H2 gas evolution as well as electrochemical characterization during discharge. It was found that adding saturated ZnO to KOH electrolytes provides the most protective Zn film with good adherence and high density, which can lower the Al corrosion rate by 2 orders of magnitude. Moreover, configurations with a capacity near the Al theoretical capacity were achieved.
Section 1983 Civil Liability Against Prison Officials and Dentists for Delaying Dental Care

Many prisoners enter correctional facilities in the United States with little history of good dental hygiene and even less history of access to dentists. Thus, the incarceration experience presents...
HDG Methods for Evolutionary Equations

In this section, we explore a simple form of writing the HDG and HDG+ equations in “primal” form, with \(u_h\) as the only unknown. This will shed some light on relations of these methods with similar schemes and will be useful for some arguments on the HDG discretization of evolutionary equations.
Mitigating biotin interference in two Roche immunoassays by premixing biotinylated capturing molecules with streptavidin coated beads.

Abstract Background Biotin is an interference in many streptavidin-biotin based immunoassays, causing falsely decreased results with sandwich immunoassays and falsely increased results with competitive immunoassays. It has been discussed that premixing streptavidin coated beads and biotinylated capturing molecules may prevent biotin interference. This study was designed to test whether such modification could mitigate biotin interference in two originally susceptible sandwich immunoassays. Methods Roche C-peptide and human growth hormone (hGH) immunoassays utilize three reagent containers for streptavidin coated beads (M), biotinylated capturing antibody (R1) and ruthenylated antibody (R2). The reagents were modified by premixing reagent M and R1. Following incubation, the beads were placed back in the M-container and R1-supernatant back to R1-container. Patient specimens were selected, spiked with biotin to 1055 ng/mL, and measured by both the original, unmodified reagent and modified reagent on Roche cobas e411 analyzer. The biotin interference dose response curves were also compared using pooled patient specimen spiked with different concentrations of biotin. Results For the original reagent, 1055 ng/mL of biotin decreased C- peptide results by 88% and hGH results by 97%. After reagent modification, this interference effect was nearly eliminated for C- peptide but remained about 20% decreased for hGH. Conclusion Premixing streptavidin beads and biotinylated capturing molecules is an effective approach to mitigate biotin interference for certain immunoassays.
Effect of Trace Addition of In on Sn-Cu Solder Joint Microstructure Under Electromigration

Recently In has been considered as an additional alloying element in Sn-rich solders primarily due to its abilities to decrease the solder melting temperature and to modify mechanical properties and microstructure. While In is an attractive candidate for addition to solder, its effect on solder microstructure is not well understood. In order to study the effect of minor In additions on Sn-rich solder alloys, solder joints were prepared using Sn-0.7 wt.% Cu and Sn-0.7 wt.% Cu- < 1 wt.% In alloys. Thermal aging and electromigration testing were done, followed by post-mortem microstructure characterization including composition, morphology, and grain structure. The addition of In did not appear to affect the microstructure under thermal aging conditions, but slowed interfacial intermetallic growth under electromigration, particularly of the compound Cu6Sn5. Transmission electron microscope analysis revealed the formation of Cu7In3 IMC nanoparticles, which were semicoherent with the surrounding Sn matrix.
Optical approaches for passive thermal management in c-Si photovoltaic modules

Summary Elevated operating temperatures of solar cells encapsulated in modules lead to reduced efficiency and module lifetime. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the challenges and opportunities for passive optical thermal management of PV modules based on the rejection of sub-band-gap light by idealized reflectors and scatterers applied at different interfaces within crystalline Si modules and discuss the limitations to performance at each interface. We find that the annual power-weighted average operating temperature is most readily reduced via sub-band-gap reflection from the module glass, by 3.3 K for Al-BSF modules and 2.9 K for PERC modules with 100% sub-band-gap reflection. Sub-band-gap reflection at the cell interface offers up to 2.2 K (1.8 K) temperature reduction for Al-BSF (PERC) modules, increased cell rear reflection offers up to 1.2 K temperature reduction, and directional scattering offers up to 1.5 K reduction.
Hierarchical Structures

This paper compares the two known logical forms of hierarchy, both of which have been used in models of natural phenomena, including the biological. I contrast their general properties, internal formal relations, modes of growth (emergence) in applications to the natural world, criteria for applying them, the complexities that they embody, their dynamical relations in applied models, and their informational relations and semiotic aspects.
Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Residual Solvents in Illicit Cocaine HCl and Heroin HCl

Methodology has been developed which utilizes static headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SHS-GC-MS) to identify and quantitate residual solvents occluded in illicit cocaine HCl and heroin HCl. The liberation of the occluded solvents was ensured by complete solubilization of the crystal matrices in aqueous 22% sodium sulfate. Ion trap mass spectrometry is used for both identification and quantitation; five deuterated, structurally related internal standards are utilized for more accurate quantitation. Overall method precision for 25 commonly encountered solvents averaged 6.7% RSD. Minimum detection limits ranged from 3 to 87 ppm for a 15 mg equivalent cocaine sample weight, and from 2 to 43 ppm for a 30 mg equivalent heroin sample weight. Qualitative and quantitative data for the 25 most commonly encountered occluded solvents in cocaine HCl and heroin HCl exhibits are presented.
Learning More About and With the Face–Name Mnemonic Strategy

Summary With the face–name mnemonic strategy, choosing and using ‘prominent’ facial features in interactive images can be difficult. The temptation is to stray from less-than-distinctive facial features and instead to associate an individual's name clue with an additional concrete detail (e.g., a headband). To examine this issue, undergraduates viewed face photographs with or without additional details under one of three conditions: own best method, fully imposed mnemonic, and partially imposed mnemonic. Experiment 2 examined a somewhat parallel situation that occurs when applying the strategy to abstract artwork (paintings with less familiar, less concrete elements) versus applying it to representational artwork (paintings with more familiar concrete elements). Our findings suggest that some pictorial stimuli (e.g., facial photos with details; representational paintings) are easier to work with mnemonically than are others (e.g., facial photos by themselves; abstract art). Moreover, in both experiments, mnemonic students displayed performance advantages on both immediate and delayed tests. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TEMPERATURE-GRADIENT INCUBATOR FOR DETERMINING THE TEMPERATURE RANGE OF GROWTH OF MICROORGANISMS

Elliott, R. Paul (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, Calif.). Temperature-gradient incubator for determining the temperature range of growth of microorganisms. J. Bacteriol. 85:889-894. 1963.-The temperature-gradient incubator consists of an aluminum bar with troughs for media, with controlled temperatures at each end, and with insulation to prevent heat transfer. The resulting linear temperature gradient provides a means for determining minimal or maximal growth temperatures of microorganisms in any desired range and at any desired gradient. The operation of the incubator is unaffected by line-voltage variations or by ambient temperature. Media do not dehydrate seriously even during prolonged periods of operation. The incubator can be used to determine water activity of media by an adjustment to permit partial freezing. Either thermocouples or thermistors may be used to measure temperatures.
Who is Selling the Ivory Tower

The 1990s witnessed a dramatic increase in thelicensing activity of U.S. research universities.The sources of thisincrease, as well as the possibility that such an increase signals a change inthe nature of university research, warrant investigation.Thisinvestigation requires a model of technology transfer as a three-stageproduction process involving multiple inputs in each stage.The threestages follow the sequence of steps typically involved in licensing universityinventions. Two types of evidence on the sources of growth are provided.The firstis a productivity analysis that incorporates Association of UniversityTechnology Managers survey data for 65 U.S. universities between 1994 and1997.The data shed light on the extent to which growth in each stage is adirect result of increases in inputs devoted to technology transfer.Thesecond is a survey of businesses who licensed university inventions between1993 and 1997.These data clarify the extent to which licensing has grownbecause of changes in the tendency of faculty and administrators to engage incommercial activity.Taken together, the data reveal that the primaryreason for the increase in licensing activity may indeed be an increasedwillingness offaculty to license rather than a change in faculty researchfocus.Universities are also more receptive to industry contracts.(SAA)
Preliminaries — Groups and Rings

In this chapter we present the background required in the study of the Galois correspondence. We give the basic definitions and theorems of the elementary theory of groups and rings, concentrating on examples that will be used in later chapters. Although some of the more straightforward proofs are left as exercises, the majority of the proofs in the first two sections are presented fully as we guide the student through the process of studying groups via their normal subgroups and quotient groups.
Receptor model and emissions inventory source apportionments of nonmethane organic gases in California's San Joaquin valley and San Francisco bay area

Abstract The chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor model was applied to the nonmethane organic gas (NMOG) database acquired during the San Joaquin Valley Air Quality Study (SJVAQS)/Atmospheric Utility Signatures—Predictions and Experiment (AUSPEX) Regional Model Adaptation Project (SARMAP). During SARMAP, the major contributors to NMOG were vehicle exhaust, liquid gasoline, gasoline vapor, oil production, acetone and unidentified organic compounds. Oil production was the major contributor to NMOG in the southern SJV during the morning hours, ranging from about one-third to one-half of the total NMOG. Contributions of oil production were lower during the afternoon due to increased ventilation, and larger contributions from secondary organic compounds. In the afternoon, the combined fraction of acetone and unidentified or unexplained (difference between calculated and measured mass) NMOG, which is mostly of secondary origin, accounted for about half of the total NMOG at receptor sites. Only the Yosemite and Giant Forest sites showed significant contributions from biogenic emissions. The fact that CMB did not detect significant contributions from biogenic sources in samples collected from sites in the SJV where estimated biogenic emission rates exceed those of either Yosemite or Giant Forest, suggests that biogenic emissions are overestimated in the SARMAP inventory. Source contribution estimates for total motor vehicle emissions averaged 75 and 70% of the total measured NMOG in urban areas during the 0800–1000 and 1200–1400 sampling periods, respectively, compared to the average daily emission inventory contribution of 44%. These results support recent studies which indicate that motor vehicle emissions have been seriously underestimated.
Coordinated look-ahead scheduling for real-time traffic signal control

We take an agent-based approach to real-time traffic signal control based on coordinated look-ahead scheduling. At each decision point, each agent constructs a schedule that optimizes movement of the currently approaching traffic through its intersection. For strengthening its local view, each agent queries the scheduled outflows from its direct upstream neighbors to obtain an optimistic observation, which is capable of incorporating non-local impacts from indirect neighbors. We summarize results on a road network of tightly-coupled intersections that demonstrate the ability of our approach.
Transformation of Mg2Si during TEM foil preparation

Abstract Decomposition of Mg 2 Si particles was observed as foils of aluminum alloys were jet polished for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Mg 2 Si in contact with a HNO 3 -methanol solution is converted to an amorphous SiO(H) phase. The amorphous phase remains as an artifact in the foil because the volume change associated with the transformation is small. Primary silicon particles were not altered during jet thinning.
Dynamic Poisson's ratio: A novel technique to study interfacial adhesion

A novel technique utilizing the dynamic Poisson's ratio to measure the strength of adhesion in fiber-filled polymeric composites is described. This technique is based on the observation that glass-filled composites exhibit a large drop in Poisson's ratio as a function of prestrain at very low prestrains. This drop, which indicates additional volume dilation, is interpreted as due to debonding or void formation at the filler-matrix interface. This interpretation is consistent with the results obtained by using three very different glass surface treatments, with a description of the debonding process using two simplified models and with mechanical properties data. The dynamic Poisson's ratio technique is insensitive to filler orientation and has high resolution, since very small volume changes are reflected as large drops in Poisson's ratio.
Finite element models and feedback control of flexible aerospace structures

Large flexible aerospace structures, such as the solar power satellite, are distributed parameter systems with very complex continuum descriptions. This paper investigates the use of finite element methods to produce reduced-order models and finite dimensional feedback controllers for these structures. The main results give conditions under which stable control of the finite element model will produce stable control of the actual structure.
PCR primers for human chromosomes: reagents for the rapid analysis of somatic cell hybrids.

Abstract Rapid analysis of somatic cell hybrids can be facilitated by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to assay for genes assigned to specific human chromosomes. We describe PCR primer pairs for genes on the short and long arms of the 22 autosomes and the X chromosome. Some of the primers were designed from the 3′ untranslated region of cDNA sequences, whereas others were derived from genomic sequence. Each primer set was tested for its specificity and mapped to a chromosome by screening a somatic cell hybrid panel. Two of the primer pairs (APOC2 and G6PD) detect CA dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms.
Prognostic value of risk factors and exercise testing in men with atypical chest pain.

Abstract Of 551 men with atypical chest pain enrolled in the Seattle Heart Watch Study, annual follow-up over a 5- to 10-year period identified 36 persons who experienced a primary coronary heart disease event. Only three events were fatal, and they were in men over the age of 50. Cox's regression model confirmed a significant association of the conventional risk factors of smoking ( P = 0.03), elevated resting systolic blood pressure ( P = 0.02) and hypercholesterolemia ( P = 0.03) with primary coronary heart disease events. A count of these three variables was highly predictive ( P = 0.002). A positive family history was not predictive. Functional aerobic impairment ( P = 0.002) and ST depression ( P = 0.0003) were the most useful exercise predictors. In men who had neither risk factors nor abnormal exercise predictors, the percentage free of coronary events at 9 years was 96% compared to 76% in men with one or more of the abnormal exercise findings ( P This study demonstrates that the evaluation of both risk factors and exercise responses enhances the prognostic evaluation of men with atypical chest pain. The classification of men into low-, medium- and high-risk groups can be easily accomplished in office practice.
Fracture characteristics of acrylic bone cements. II. Fatigue

The vital first phase of the overall materials study to protract the life of total joint replacements is the identification of the fracture toughness and fatigue properties of bone cements. Information gained from fatigue testing, performed in a manner which simulates in vivo conditions, and fracture toughness, which is a measure of the propensity of a crack to propagate, is the first step towards the prediction of the life of the total joint replacement. Part I of this study identified the fracture toughness characteristics of two acrylic bone cements, while the present work has been concerned with determining the fatigue behavior by means of tests conducted in a rotating bending fatigue apparatus. Fatigue specimens were fabricated under conditions which approximated clinical procedures and then tested while immersed in bovine serum at 37°C in order to simulate in vivo conditions. In addition, a similar study was completed on specimens tested in air at ambient temperature for purposes of comparison. Testing was conducted in both of these environments on specimens containing zero and 10.0 wt % BaSO4. Cyclic loading frequency was maintained between 1200 and 1400 cycles/min in order to insure that crack propagation was the sole mechanism of failure, i.e., failure via cyclic thermal softening was obviated. Results of this phase of the study, when analyzed by a Student t-test at the 90% confidence level with four degrees of freedom, indicate that the fatigue life of specimens tested in bovine serum at 37°C is superior to that of specimens tested in air at ambient temperature. The addition of BaSO4 to Simplex-P cement, while not significant at the 90% confidence level, was significant in increasing the fatigue life in air at the 80% confidence level; however, this effect was not noticeable when testing in bovine serum at 37°C. Examination of the fracture surfaces enabled calculation of the critical stress intensity factor which when compared with values from an earlier work showed good agreement.
Regulation of nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in Southern Appalachian ecosystems: Separating the relative importance of biotic vs. abiotic controls

Summary Long-term measurements of soil nitrogen (N) transformations along an environmental gradient within the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory basin in western North Carolina showed a strong seasonal pattern and suggested that vegetation community type—through its influence on soil properties—was an important regulating factor. Our objective was to determine the relative effects of biotic vs. abiotic factors on soil N transformations. During the 1999 and 2000 growing seasons we transplanted soil cores from each of the five gradient plots to all other gradient plots for their 28-day in situ incubation. N mineralization and nitrification rates in soils from the northern hardwood (NH) site were significantly increased when soils were transplanted to warmer sites. N mineralization rates also increased in transplanted soil from the dry mixed-oak/pine site to a wetter site. Multiple regression analysis of N mineralization from all five sites found that biotic (total soil N and C:N ratios) and climatic factors (moisture and temperature) regulate N mineralization. Regression analyses of individual sites showed that N mineralization rates responded to variation in temperature and moisture at only the high elevation northern hardwood site and moisture alone on the dry warm mixed-oak/pine site. N mineralization was unrelated to temperature or moisture at any of the other sites. Results indicate that soil properties plus climatic conditions affect soil N transformations along the environmental gradient at Coweeta. Environmental controls were significant only at the extreme sites; i.e., at the wettest and warmest sites and soils with highest and lowest C and N contents. The high degree of temperature sensitivity for the northern hardwood soils indicates potentially large responses to climatic change at these sites.
Use of financial statements to legitimize a new non-profit organization during the US Civil War: The case of the Northwestern Sanitary Commission:

Research has shown that organizations historically have used accounting and financial reporting to gain needed legitimacy for their actions and existence. In the case of non-profit organizations, this legitimacy is critical for they often depend upon external contributions to survive. This article explores how the newly-formed Chicago-based philanthropic Northwestern Sanitary Commission used its financial reports to legitimize its operations as well as to respond to rumors concerning its stewardship of donated funds and supplies from 1861 to 1865 during the US Civil War. This exploration contributes to our understanding of the historical development of non-profit accounting.
Online Searching Skills: Development of an Inventory to Assess Self-Efficacy

An instrument measuring online searching self-efficacy beliefs was developed. Several hypotheses related to self-efficacy and performance on assignments were tested. Students' efficacy beliefs rose significantly after an online course, and were related to good performance on assignments. The instrument may be used to measure changes in student attitudes after instruction.
Effects of Drug Metabolism, Metabolites, and Stereoselectivity on Antiarrhythmic Drug Action

Metabolism, Stereoselectivity, and Antiarrhythmic Drug Action. The notion that variability in response to a desired antarrhythmic drug therapy can he reduced by adjusting doses to produce a desired plasma concentration is well established. However, unexplained toxicity or efficacy at low plasma concentrations, or suhstantial variahility in concentration-effect relations can still occur. This review addresses two major potential sources of such responses: stereoselective drug action and the formation of active drug metaholites. Intensive study of the role of these phar-macokinetic factors can not only improve patient care hut also can provide major clues to the fundamental determinents of drug-macromolecule interactions which mediate drug effects in man. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 1, pp. 238–260, June 1990)
Intrinsic alignments of group and cluster galaxies in photometric surveys

Intrinsic alignments of galaxies have been shown to contaminate weak gravitational lensing observables on linear scales, $r>$ 10 $h^{-1}$Mpc, but studies of alignments in the non-linear regime have thus far been inconclusive. We present an estimator for extracting the intrinsic alignment signal of galaxies around stacked clusters of galaxies from multiband imaging data. Our estimator removes the contamination caused by galaxies that are gravitationally lensed by the clusters and scattered in redshift space due to photometric redshift uncertainties. It uses posterior probability distributions for the redshifts of the galaxies in the sample and it is easily extended to obtain the weak gravitational lensing signal while removing the intrinsic alignment contamination. We apply this algorithm to groups and clusters of galaxies identified in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey `Stripe 82' coadded imaging data over $\sim 150$ deg$^2$. We find that the intrinsic alignment signal around stacked clusters in the redshift range $0.1<z<0.4$ is consistent with zero. In terms of the tidal alignment model of Catelan et al. (2001), we set joint constraints on the strength of the alignment and the bias of the lensing groups and clusters on scales between 0.1 and $10\,h^{-1}$ Mpc, $b_LC_1\rho_{\rm crit} = -2_{-14}^{+14} \times 10^{-4}$. This constrains the contamination fraction of alignment to lensing signal to the range between $[-18,23]$ per cent below scales of 1 $h^{-1}$ Mpc at 95 per cent confidence level, and this result depends on our photometric redshift quality and selection criteria used to identify background galaxies. Our results are robust to the choice of photometric band in which the shapes are measured ($i$ and $r$) and to centring on the Brightest Cluster Galaxy or on the geometrical centre of the clusters.
An Algorithm for Deriving All Pairs of Compatible States by Closure Classes

This correspondence proposes a new algorithm for deriving all pairs of compatible and incompatible states of any incompletely or completely specified sequential machine. The method needs a single step in checking the contents of the closure classes with respect to each pair of distinct states. A working example is given for illustrating the method by hand computation. The algorithm is implemented by a PL/I program and executed by using the incomplete machine of the example as input data on an IBM system 370/Model 158. These demonstrations assure that the algorithm is feasible and efficient for both hand computation and computer execution.
Elastic constants of vanadium--iron alloys

Abstract Polycrystalline alloys of iron in vanadium up to 15.32 at. % were prepared principally by arc melting. Longitudinal and shear ultrasonic measurements in the 10–30 MHz range were made at room temperature. The resulting longitudinal modulus increased with alloying whereas the shear modulus remained roughly constant although the data are somewhat scattered. These data are interpreted to show that the shear constants vary through alloying in a manner consistent with the results of other experiments and that the results are consistent with a s1dn+1 electronic configuration in the transition metals. The existence of an isotropic alloy is indicated for alloys with electron to atom ratios lower than vanadium rather than for the alloys measured.
On neutral spin-0 particles with imaginary parity

Abstract Some consequences of the existence of a neutral spin-0 particle with imaginary parity are examined. The particle is subsequently identified with K0 and it is shown that associated production is a consequence of a superselection law for parity. The parity of the K0 is fixed by its electromagnetic interaction, which leads to certain results that differ from those predicted by strangeness. The theory accounts directly for the nonconservation of parity in non-neutrino decays of Λ, Σ's and K's.
A Field Study Investigating the Effect of Waiting Time on Customer Satisfaction

Abstract A field study was conducted in two different supermarkets during busy and slow hours of operation and with slow and fast checkers to determine the effects of objective waiting time, perceived waiting time, and serve time on customer satisfaction with the server and the store. Although the results of the study support previous laboratory findings that customer satisfaction with the server increases with decreasing waiting times, there were also store-specific findings. For example, in one of the supermarkets, customers reported higher satisfaction with slower checkers than faster checkers, suggesting that longer waiting times sometimes result in more satisfied customers than shorter waiting times.
Use of a Pfannenstiel incision in minimally invasive colorectal cancer surgery is associated with a lower risk of wound complications.

Background The Pfannenstiel incision, widely used in gynecological surgery, has been reported to be associated with lower rates of wound complications than midline incisions in open surgery. However, its effect on wound complications in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) is not well understood. We hypothesize that use of a Pfannenstiel incision in MIS colorectal cancer resections would be associated with fewer short-term wound complication rates.
A Nationwide Survey of Nonspeech Oral Motor Exercise Use: Implications for Evidence-Based Practice

Purpose A nationwide survey was conducted to determine if speech-language pathologists (SLPs) use nonspeech oral motor exercises (NSOMEs) to address children’s speech sound problems. For those SLPs...
Synchronization of cardiac autonomic neural discharge with epileptogenic activity: the lockstep phenomenon.

Autonomic dysfunction has been implicated in the sudden, unexplained deaths which account for 5-17% of mortality in persons with epilepsy. This study was designed to determine if epileptogenic activity is associated with changes in the pattern of autonomic cardiac neural discharge and the development of arrhythmias. Nine cats, anesthetized with alpha-chloralose, received pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 2000 mg/kg, i.v. at 10 min intervals. Cardiac postganglionic sympathetic and vagal nerve discharges were correlated with the interictal spikes, brief ictal discharges (bilateral polyspikes less than 10 sec duration), and prolonged ictal discharges (polyspikes lasting greater than 10 sec). Cardiac sympathetic and vagal neural discharges were intermittently synchronized 1:1 with all 3 types of epileptogenic discharge, i.e., the lockstep phenomenon (LSP); at other times the relationship was almost 1:1 LSP was not present during control and did not always persist for the entire interval after each PTZ dose. Five of 8 cats showed LSP in the cardiac sympathetic neural discharge associated with interictal spikes induced by 10 mg/kg PTZ; 3 others exhibited LSP with interictal spikes seen subsequent to ictal discharges. The incidence of LSP was less often associated with cardiac vagal neural discharge (2 of 7 cats). Premature ventricular contractions were sometimes associated with LSP. Abnormal cardiac sympathetic and vagal neural discharge and cardiac arrhythmias were thus associated with subconvulsant (interictal) activity. Therefore, the LSP may be a factor in the mechanism of unexplained death in persons with epilepsy who exhibited no overt seizure activity at the time of demise.
Greeting: Displaying Stance Through Prosodic Recipient Design

This article examines the social action of greeting in naturally occurring face-to-face interaction, paying special attention to how people prosodically produce their very first vocalized utterances. Close analysis of a corpus of 337 video recorded openings shows that participants recipient design greetings on the level of prosody, tailoring them to each addressee and thus hearably displaying a stance toward the current state and character of their social relationship. Documenting the discovery of a prosodic continuum along which parties fine-tune their greetings, this article elucidates two distinct clusters of prosodic features with which participants recurrently design their greetings. Analysis demonstrates that parties use each prosodic cluster to display a different stance toward encountering the addressed recipient, with prosodically “large” greetings displaying a positive stance of approval and prosodically “small” greetings displaying (no more than) a neutral stance.
Intestinal tuberculosis: return of an old disease.

Objective: Tuberculosis (TB) can no longer be considered a rare disease in the United States due, in part, to the AIDS epidemic. Because the signs and symptoms of intestinal TB are nonspecific, a high index of suspicion must be maintained to ensure a timely diagnosis. The aim of this article is to review the history, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of TB. Methods: This review is based on an examination of the world literature. Results: In only 20% of TB patients is there associated active pulmonary TB. Areas most commonly affected are the jejunoileum and ileocecum, which comprise >75% of gastrointestinal TB sites. Diagnosis requires colonoscopy with multiple biopsies at the ulcer margins and tissue sent for routine histology, smear, and culture. If intestinal TB is suspected, empiric treatment is warranted despite negative histology, smear, and culture results. Treatment is medical, and all patients should receive a full course of antituberculous chemotherapy. Exploratory laparotomy is necessary if the diagnosis is in doubt, in cases in which there is concern about a neoplasm, or for complications that include perforation, obstruction, hemorrhage, or fistulization. Conclusions: This review draws attention to the resurgence of tuberculosis in the United States. An increased awareness of intestinal tuberculosis, coupled with knowledge of the pathophysiology, diagnostic methods, and treatment should increase the number of cases diagnosed, thus improving the outcome for patients with this disease.
Doug Yarrington, A Coffee Frontier: Land, Society, and Politics in Duaca, Venezuela, 1830–1936. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1997. ix + 267 pp. $19.95 paper.

Doug Yarrington's A Coffee Frontier , a new study of class formation and agrarian change in Venezuela, forms part of a small but important body of research on peasant producers of export crops in Latin America in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Most work on the history of commercial agriculture in Latin America has addressed issues related to the plantation and its expansion at the expense of peasant communities. But a growing number of scholars, Yarrington among them, are looking at the experiences of small cultivators who grew crops such as coffee, tobacco, or cacao for export—frequently in frontier areas. This important research adds nuance to our understanding of commercial agriculture, class structure in the countryside, and the behavior of social groups known as small farmers by some and precipitate peasantries by others.
Numerical Evaluation of Mode I Stress Intensity Factor as a Function of Material Orientation for BX-265 Foam Insulation Material

Foam; a cellular material, is found all around us. Bone and cork are examples of biological cell materials. Many forms of man-made foam have found practical applications as insulating materials. NASA uses the BX-265 foam insulation material on the external tank (ET) for the Space Shuttle. This is a type of Spray-on Foam Insulation (SOFI), similar to the material used to insulate attics in residential construction. This foam material is a good insulator and is very lightweight, making it suitable for space applications. Breakup of segments of this foam insulation on the shuttle ET impacting the shuttle thermal protection tiles during liftoff is believed to have caused the space shuttle Columbia failure during re-entry. NASA engineers are very interested in understanding the processes that govern the breakup/fracture of this complex material from the shuttle ET. The foam is anisotropic in nature and the required stress and fracture mechanics analysis must include the effects of the direction dependence on material properties. Material testing at NASA MSFC has indicated that the foam can be modeled as a transversely isotropic material. As a first step toward understanding the fracture mechanics of this material, we present a general theoretical and numerical framework for computing stress intensity factors (SIFs), under mixed-mode loading conditions, taking into account the material anisotropy. We present mode I SIFs for middle tension - M(T) - test specimens, using 3D finite element stress analysis (ANSYS) and FRANC3D fracture analysis software, developed by the Cornel1 Fracture Group. Mode I SIF values are presented for a range of foam material orientations. Also, NASA has recorded the failure load for various M(T) specimens. For a linear analysis, the mode I SIF will scale with the far-field load. This allows us to numerically estimate the mode I fracture toughness for this material. The results represent a quantitative basis for evaluating the strength and fracture properties of anisotropic foam insulation material.