cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A self-isolation scheme for integrated circuits

A self-isolation scheme is proposed for fabricating transistors in semiconductor integrated circuits. Such integrated circuits with double-diffused transistors require three diffusions and one epitaxial layer in the proposed process. Since no isolation or reach-through diffusions are involved, this technique could reduce the area of a memory or logic cell by 50% or more.
Two-Dimensional echocardiographic determination of left atrial emptying volume: A noninvasive index in quantifying the degree of nonrheumatic mitral regurgitation

Several noninvasive techniques, including radionuclide angiography and Doppler echocardiography, have attempted to measure the regurgitant volume in patients with mitral regurgitation; however, none of these techniques are entirely satisfactory. Utilizing a computerized light pen method for tracing the left atrial endocardial border during systole and diastole in two orthogonal planes (apical four and two chamber views), biplane volume determinations were calculated in 12 normal subjects and 30 patients with nonrheumatic mitral regurgitation. Left atrial emptying volume determinations were performed by subtracting the left atrial end-diastolic volume from the left atrial end-systolic volume. The degree of mitral regurgitation was visually assessed as normal (0, trivial, Group I, 12 patients), mild (1 +, Group II, 4 patients), moderate (2 + , Group III, 8 patients), moderately severe (3 + , Group IV, 12 patients) and severe (4 +, Group V, 6 patients) by contrast left ventricular angiography and also quantitatively by regurgitant fraction at cardiac catheterization. All 18 patients with moderately severe (Group IV) and severe (Group V) mitral regurgitation had a left atrial emptying volume greater than 40 ml compared with none of the normal subjects and patients with mild (Group II) or moderate (Group III) mitral regurgitation. There was good correlation between left atrial emptying volume and mitral regurgitant fraction ( r = 0.85, p
Effect of Ruminal Ammonia-Nitrogen Concentration on Protein Degradation in Situ

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of ruminal ammonianitrogen concentration on rate of ruminal protein degradation. In Experiment 1, four Holstein steers were fed a basal diet of corn grain and corn silage at hourly intervals. Continuous intraruminal infusion of solutions containing sodium bicarbonate and either sodium chloride or ammonium chloride resulted in ruminal ammonia-nitrogen concentrations that averaged 4.8 and 17.3 mg/dl. Ruminal fluid pH, fluid volume, and turnover rate of fluid and molar percentage of acetate, propionate, and butyrate were similar across treatments, reflecting steady state conditions. Rates of nitrogen and dry matter disappearance from polyester bags containing soybean protein supplements with 10.2 or 50.1% soluble nitrogen were not affected by increase of ruminal ammonia-nitrogen concentrations from 4.8 to 17.3 mg/dl. In Experiment 2, Holstein steers were fed twice daily a basal diet of urea-supplemented corn grain and corn silage. Polyester bags containing soybean protein supplements were placed in the rumen at −4, 0, or 4h with reference to feeding and incubated from 1 to 12h. Peak ruminal ammonia-nitrogen concentrations occurred during different periods of incubation for each treatment. Ruminal ammonia-nitrogen concentrations ranged from 3 mg/dl at 6h postfeeding to 46 mg/dl at 1h postfeeding. Nitrogen and dry matter disappearance rates during 0 to 1 and 1 to 12h of incubation did not differ among treatments.
Two-dimensional run-encoding for quadtree representation

Abstract Two-dimensional run-encoding (2DRE) is a new file structuring method for quadtree representation which does not use explicit pointers. The structure is based on the assignment of linear keys to each cell in an image, and uses these keys to encode maximal leaves. It is shown that storage requirements for such a structure can be reduced by run-encoding the leaves on the value information. Values are extended from the binary encoding of most previous quadtree research, to multivalue (multicolored) encoding, offering greater flexibility, particularly in the field of geographic information processing. Methods for encoding, decoding, search, and overlay (union, intersection) are presented, and shown to be similar to those acting on other quadtree structures in terms of time complexity. The space-efficiency of 2DRE files is similar or superior to other forms of quadtrees.
Determination of Asphalt Mixture Creep Compliance at Low Temperatures by Using Thin Beam Specimens

The thermal cracking (TC) module (TCMODEL) of the recently developed Guide for Mechanistic-Empirical Design of New and Rehabilitated Pavement Structures (referred to as MEPDG) is used to predict thermally induced cracking in asphalt pavements over their service lives. The primary input to this model is the asphalt mixture creep compliance. The current standard test for determination of the creep compliance of asphalt mixtures is the indirect tensile test (IDT). This paper investigates the feasibility of using the bending beam rheometer (BBR) device to determine the low-temperature creep compliance of thin asphalt mixture beams (127 x 12.7 x 6.35 mm). The BBR device was used to evaluate 20 different asphalt mixtures, and the results were compared with the standard IDT results. Direct comparison of the BBR and the IDT results indicated that both methods produce slightly different creep compliance curves and that the relative ratio between the BBR and the IDT results varies with time and temperature. A simpl...
Reply to Osterburg et al.: To study human inflammatory diseases in humans

Osterburg et al. (1) raise questions from our recent publication (2). First, in our program, a single mouse strain, C57B/6, was selected because it has been the most commonly used in the field for decades. Furthermore, all strains of mice are remarkably resistant to LPS relative to humans. If anything, C57B/6 mice are less resistant and therefore potentially closer to the human response than many other mouse strains (3). Last, figure 4 and table 1 of ref. 2 show that our results are consistent with those of other independent mouse studies and not specific to strain, model, or investigator.
Beta-delayed proton decay of Ge 61

The ${T}_{z}$=-(3/2), A=4n+1 nuclide $^{61}\mathrm{Ge}$ has been produced via the $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$${(}^{24}$Mg,3n) reaction and identified by its beta-delayed proton emission. A single proton group at 3.11\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 MeV with ${t}_{1/2}$=40\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}15 ms has been observed, corresponding to decay of the T=(3/2) isobaric analog state in $^{61}\mathrm{Ga}$ to the ground state of $^{60}\mathrm{Zn}$. Searches for the beta-delayed proton decay of the next member of this series, $^{65}\mathrm{Se}$, to be produced by the $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$${(}^{28}$Si,3n) reaction, have proven unsuccessful.
The effect of commercial trawling on sediment resuspension and transport over the Middle Atlantic Bight continental shelf

Abstract Numerous field observations have revealed that turbulence created in the wake of trawl doors can generate large and highly turbid clouds of suspended sediment. Time-averaged concentrations of sediment resuspended by trawls from various areas of the Middle Atlantic Bight continental shelf have been estimated using a simple mathematical model and National Marine Fisheries Service records of commercial trawling activity. Mean concentrations of sediment put into suspension by currents have also been computed using a modified form of the Glenn and Grant model. The results indicate that sediment resuspension by trawling can be a primary source of suspended sediment over the outer shelf, where storm-related bottom stresses are generally weak. The concentration estimates further suggest that sediment resuspended by trawls makes a sizeable contribution to the total suspended sediment load over the heavily trawled central shelf area of Nantucket Shoals during all times except winter and early spring. The level of trawling activity declines dramatically going seaward across the outer shelf. This decline coupled with cross-shore water motions in the area appears to result in a net offshore transport of sediment across the shelf edge. However, the estimated magnitude of this transport indicates that trawling does not produce significant short-term erosion of outer shelf sediments.
New and unproved medical devices

Enthusiasts need educating about the clinical, ethical, and legal implications of choices supported by limited data
Modified ZSM-5 zeolite film-integrated fiber optic sensors for ammonia detection

ABSTRACT This paper reports the development of surface modified ZSM-5 zeolite thin-film coated long-period fiber grating (LPFG) sensors for in situ detection of ammonia (NH 3 ). The sensor was fabricated by growing MFI-type zeolite thin film (i.e. ZSM-5 with Si/Al ratio of 15) on the optical fiber grating by in situ hydrothermal crystallization. The sensor measures ammonia concentration by monitoring the molecular adsorption-induced shift of LPFG resonant wavelength (O R ) in near infrared (IR) region. Upon loading the analyte (NH 3 ) molecules, the refractive index of the zeolite film changes in the close vicinity of the fiber index where the LPFG has a large response to achieve high sensitivity. High sensitivity of this sensor also comes from the ability of the nanoporous zeolite to effectively concentrate the target molecules by selective adsorption. The sensor was capable of sensitive detection of ammonia at lower ppm level. The zeolites internal surface was modified by ion exchange with NH
Holographic memory in Nabokov and Nestor

Abstract From Vladimir Nabokov's autobiography. Speak, Memory, and from the oral narrative of aged Nestor in Ovid's Metamorphoses, this article argues that traditional research into rote and linear memory shows only the “competence” aspect of memory. It ignores how memory performs in the real world; its science strips memory of context, affect, and significance. It mechanizes and dehumanizes its research subjects. Relying on the work of researchers who have shown the brain and memory to be three-dimensional, not two-dimensional, the author suggests that the inability to ‘locate’ memory is not a failure but a sign that its nature is holographic, as Edward T. Hall understands the idea applied to epistemologies. The result is an increased respect for associative memory, the memory that not only generates literature but that also recognizes the creativity of the aged. This is a call for a less prescriptive memory research, and more descriptive, that is, letting the aged demonstrate their skills after the fashion of oral poets performing before anthropologists with recorders. Here we will team how memory works.
The Effect of Meaningful versus Nonmeaningful Reading Material on Oral Reading Errors in First through Third Grade Children

This experiment was designed to determine whether beginning readers read with fewer oral reading errors if the reading materials have content directly related to the reader's existing cognitive structure (i.e., reading based on recent concrete experiences). Fifty-four children, 18 each at basal reading levels one, two, and three, were given meaningful and nonmeaningful reading materials. Meaningfulness was manipulated by basing the reading materials on an audio-tutorial science program. Results indicated that the beginning readers read with 25 percent fewer oral reading errors (p < .001) when the content was meaningfully related to recent concrete experiences. Such results are taken as support for the hypothesis that beginning readers use semantic information.
Novel Feature Descriptor for Low-Resource Embedded Vision Sensors for Micro Unmanned-Aerial-Vehicle Applications

Feature point matching is an important step for many vision-based unmanned-aerial-vehicle applications. This paper presents the development of a new feature descriptor for feature point matching that is well suited for micro unmanned aerial vehicles equipped with a low-resource, compact, lightweight, low-power embedded vision sensor. The Basis Sparse-Coding Inspired Similarity descriptor uses theory taken from sparse coding to provide an efficient image feature description method for frame-to-frame feature point matching. This descriptor requires simple mathematical operations, uses comparatively small memory storage, and can support color and grayscale feature descriptions. It is an excellent candidate for implementation on low-resource systems that require real-time performance, where complex mathematical operations are prohibitively expensive. To demonstrate its performance, the feature matching result was used to calculate a frame-to-frame homography that is essential to unmanned-aerial-vehicle applic...
Rectal cultures before transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy reduce post-prostatic biopsy infection rates.

Objective To test our hypothesis that a targeted rectal screening protocol before transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided biopsy would potentiate streamlined prophylaxis, thereby reducing postbiopsy infectious rates while minimizing unnecessary broad-spectrum antibiotic use. To this end, we instituted preprocedure rectal cultures in an effort to identify fluoroquinolone (FQ)– resistant flora using selective media to optimally direct targeted prophylactic antibiotic administration. The inexorably increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms, notably extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL)–producing and FQ-resistant Enterobacteriaceae has increased the post-TRUS prostatic biopsy infection rates, including life-threatening sepsis. Methods A total of 235 rectal swabs were obtained and plated directly onto MacConkey agar plates containing 10-μg/mL ciprofloxacin. Following the screening procedure, antimicrobial susceptibility results were used to develop a customized antibiotic prophylaxis regimen to be administered before biopsy. Following the biopsy procedure, the patients were seen in follow-up within 7 days, and information was gathered on potential adverse effects, clinical appointments for infections, and potential antibiotics received. Results Thirty-two-patients (14%) had FQ-resistant isolates (most Escherichia coli), and 3 (1.3%) were ESBL-producing isolates. There were no infectious complications identified in this period, (compared with 3 septic complications among 103 biopsies in the 4 months preceding the study). Conclusion Rectal cultures obtained before TRUS biopsy, using selective media to identify FQ-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, facilitate targeted antibiotic prophylaxis, and appear to be highly efficacious in reducing infectious complications.
A Mixture Model Approach in Gene-Gene and Gene-Environmental Interactions for Binary Phenotypes

In translational research, a genetic association study of a binary outcome has a twofold aim: test whether genetic/environmental variables or their combinations are associated with a clinical phenotype, and determine how those combinations are grouped to predict the phenotype (i.e., which combinations have a similarly distributed phenotype, and which ones have differently distributed phenotypes). The second part of this aim has high clinical appeal, because it can directly facilitate clinical decisions. Although traditional logistic regression can detect gene-gene or gene-environmental interaction effects on binary phenotypes, they cannot decisively determine how genotype combinations are grouped to predict the phenotype. Our proposed mixture model approach is valuable in this context. It concurrently detects main and interaction effects of genetic and environmental variables through a likelihood ratio test (LRT) and conducts phenotype cluster analysis based on genetic and environmental variable combinati...
Germline deletion of FAK-related non-kinase delays post-natal cardiomyocyte mitotic arrest.

The cardiomyocyte phenotypic switch from a proliferative to terminally differentiated state impacts normal heart development and pathologic myocardial remodeling, yet the signaling mechanisms that regulate this vital process are incompletely understood. Studies from our lab and others indicate that focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a critical regulator of cardiac growth and remodeling and we found that expression of the endogenous FAK inhibitor, FAK-related non kinase (FRNK) coincided with postnatal cardiomyocyte arrest. Mis-expression of FRNK in the embryonic heart led to pre-term lethality associated with reduced cardiomyocyte proliferation and led us to speculate that the postnatal FRNK surge might be required to promote quiescence in this growth promoting environment. Herein, we provide strong evidence that endogenous FRNK contributes to post-mitotic arrest. Depletion of FRNK promoted DNA synthesis in post-natal day (P) 10 hearts accompanied by a transient increase in DNA content and multi-nucleation by P14, indicative of DNA replication without cell division. Interestingly, a reduction in tri- and tetra-nucleated cardiomyocytes, concomitant with an increase in bi-nucleated cells by P21, indicated the possibility that FRNK-depleted cardiomyocytes underwent eventual cytokinesis. In support of this conclusion, Aurora B-labeled central spindles (a hallmark of cytokinesis) were observed in tetra-nucleated P20 FRNK−/− but not wt cardiomyocytes, while no evidence of apoptosis was observed. Moreover, hearts from FRNK null mice developed ventricular enlargement that persisted until young adulthood which resulted from myocyte expansion rather than myocyte hypertrophy or interstitial growth. These data indicate that endogenous FRNK serves an important role in limiting DNA synthesis and regulating the un-coupling between DNA synthesis and cytokinesis in the post-natal myocardium.
Nitrification controls on fluxes and isotopic composition of nitrate from Florida Keys sponges

Abstract We performed a combination of field and laboratory experiments designed to investigate sponge-hosted microbial nitrification processes, plus a survey of the prevalence of nitrification among sponge species at patch and outer reefs, Florida Keys, USA. Results from dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) measurements, chemical inhibition, and 15 N isotope tracer experiments with Caribbean sponges show that 9 of 12 species tested hosted nitrification. Of the species in our study that are reported to host internal microbial populations, all but one has been found to host this process. Nitrification occurred with an apparent N isotopic fractionation factor of 11 ± 2.6‰ (standard error) and was inhibited by nitrapyrin. Both of these characteristics are consistent with bacterially mediated ammonium oxidation; however, ammonium oxidation by crenarchaeota is also possible. The isotopic composition of nitrate expelled from sponges in situ had lower δ 15 N values than nitrate from the ambient water column, suggesting active utilization of the nitrate product after it is released. The frequency of the association between nitrifying microbial communities and sponges that harbor large microbial communities suggests that nitrification is an integral part of the metabolic function of many sponge species. Given the abundance of these species on Conch Reef and the magnitude of their nitrification rates, the majority of benthic nitrification on the Florida Keys outer reef tract probably occurs in sponges. Sponge population size and composition could therefore strongly influence the concentration and speciation of DIN in the reef water column, and possibly other ecosystems where sponges are abundant.
The bedside manner of homo economicus: How and why priming an economic schema reduces compassion

Abstract We investigate how, why and when activating economic schemas reduces the compassion that individuals extend to others in need when delivering bad news. Across three experiments, we show that unobtrusively priming economic schemas decreases the compassion that individuals express to others in need, that this effect is mediated by dampened feelings of empathy and heightened perceptions of unprofessionalism, and that it is circumscribed to bad news that has economic implications. We discuss implications for theory and research on schemas, procedural justice, emotion expression, and prosocial behavior.
Relative cues and absolute distance perception.

It is possible, in theory, for the simultaneous occurrence of several different relative cues of distances to increase the veridicality of the perception of absolute distance. To test whether this actually occurs, a three-dimensional display was viewed monocularly while moving the head laterally, under conditions in which some error in perceived absolute distance was expected. The perceived absolute distance of the display was measured with the number of relative cues of distance within the display varied. No systematic reduction was found in the error in perceived absolute distance as a consequence of the variation in the number of relative cues. The study provides no evidence that the potential source of absolute distance information provided by relative cues is utilized by the visual system.
Beta and Neutrino Spectra in the Decay of $^{8}$B

We have measured the upper range of the positron momentum spectrum from the decay of /sup 8/B. This spectrum is compared to that predicted on the basis of various available measured alpha spectra from the breakup of the daughter /sup 8/Be nucleus. Recoil order corrections are included in the comparison. After choosing the most consistent alpha spectrum we infer the /sup 8/B neutrino spectrum which we integrate over the /sup 37/Cl(..nu../sub e/,e/sup -/) /sup 37/Ar cross section. We obtain (1.07 +- 0.02) x 10/sup -42/ cm/sup 2/ for this average cross section where the error is an estimate of the rms (i.e., 1sigma) statistical uncertainty from our positron spectrum measurement. This value is appropriate for predicting the solar neutrino capture rate in /sup 37/Cl detectors. Systematic errors in the determination of the integrated cross section are discussed.
A theoretical study on diffusion in pulsating flow

A theoretical study has been made on the effect of pulsations in the flow field on interphase mass transfer. The phenomenon is of interest in studies of the cardiovascular system as well as in traditional engineering applications. The physical situation studied corresponds to fully developed flow in a long conduit with a periodic pressure gradient. The mass transfer problem was solved analytically for low amplitude pulsations for the two limiting cases of very small and very large frequencies. In addition, several numerical solutions were developed in the intermediate region where the asymptotic solutions are least accurate. The solutions taken together give a good quantitative overall view of the phenomenon. One of the most interesting and unexpected results is that at very low frequencies it is possible for a pulsatile flow to yield a lower interphase mass flux than a steady Poiseuille flow with the same velocity.
Changes in Titin and Nebulin in Postmortem Bovine Muscle Revealed by Gel Electrophoresis, Western Blotting and Immunofluorescence Microscopy

Postmortem storage of bovine psoas major muscle resulted in almost complete degradation of nebulin by 48 hr; however, some intact titin was still observed after 2 wk storage at 4 degrees C. The percentage of myofibrils having four anti-titin bands per sarcomere (immunofluorescence microscopy) was less than 1% at 45 min but increased to 65% at 48 hr after death and remained stable thereafter. A similar four band pattern was seen in frozen sections of whole muscle at 48 hr or more postmortem. The time course of nebulin degradation appeared to correlate with the titin two to four band transition.
A Multiperiod Model and Experimental Evidence of Independence and “Lowballing”*

. Auditors, regulators, and academics are interested in the pricing practice of “lowballing” and its relationship to auditor independence. Several analytical models have examined these issues. However, these theories have gone untested primarily due to a lack of field data concerning important environmental variables. In this study, a multiperiod model of lowballing and independence is developed and tested in laboratory markets via the experimental economics methodology. The study contributes to the literature in two respects. First, it represents one of the first studies providing empirical evidence and theory testing of the relationship between lowballing and independence. Second, the model presents a new rationale for low-ball pricing and its relationship to auditor independence. Lowballing and impairment of independence, occurring without exogenous transaction costs, are caused by positing cross-sectional variation in audit cost and quality and an informational advantage that accrues to an incumbent auditor-client pair regarding future variation in these audit dimensions. The model is operationalized in a multiperiod laboratory market consisting of multiple sellers and buyers. Sixteen markets are conducted to test price and reporting predictions of the model. The markets strongly exhibit lowballing behavior, but the exact price predictions are generally not supported. The markets also support reporting predictions, with sellers deviating from truthful reporting (impairing their independence) only when additional future profits are greater than the additional cost of misreporting. Data availability. The laboratory market data used in this paper are available from the authors upon request.
Networks and small business growth: An explanatory model

To date, there has been limited empirical research related to network theory. With this article, we have tried to fill this gap by testing an explanatory model of the impact of networks on small business growth. To analyze this causal relationship, the log-linear technique was used. The results suggest that networks have an influence on the growth of a small business, especially through contacts with national and international entrepreneurs.
Role of Nitric Oxide in the Pathogenesis of Encephalomyocarditis Virus-Induced Diabetes in Mice

The D variant of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMC-D virus) causes diabetes in mice by destroying pancreatic beta cells. In mice infected with a low dose of EMC-D virus, macrophages play an important role in beta-cell destruction by producing soluble mediators such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and nitric oxide (NO). To investigate the role of NO and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in the development of diabetes in EMC-D virus-infected mice, we infected iNOS-deficient DBA/2 mice with EMC-D virus (2 x 10(2) PFU/mouse). Mean blood glucose levels in EMC-D virus-infected iNOS-deficient mice and wild-type mice were 205.5 and 466.7 mg/dl, respectively. Insulitis and macrophage infiltration were reduced in islets of iNOS-deficient mice compared with wild-type mice at 3 days after EMC-D virus infection. Apoptosis of beta cells was decreased in iNOS-deficient mice, as evidenced by reduced numbers of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling-positive cells. There were no differences in mRNA expression of antiapoptotic molecules Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Bcl-w, Mcl-1, cIAP-1, and cIAP-2 between wild-type and iNOS-deficient mice, whereas expression of proapoptotic Bax and Bak mRNAs was significantly decreased in iNOS-deficient mice. Expression of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha mRNAs was significantly decreased in both islets and macrophages of iNOS-deficient mice compared with wild-type mice after EMC-D virus infection. Nuclear factor kappaB was less activated in macrophages of iNOS-deficient mice after virus infection. We conclude that NO plays an important role in the activation of macrophages and apoptosis of pancreatic beta cells in EMC-D virus-infected mice and that deficient iNOS gene expression inhibits macrophage activation and beta-cell apoptosis, contributing to prevention of EMC-D virus-induced diabetes.
Painfully Aware: The Effects of Dissonance on Attitudes toward Factory Farming

ABSTRACTWe examine the moderating effects of cognitive dissonance on the persuasiveness of a message designed to influence attitudes and behaviors supportive of intensive-production animal agriculture, or “factory farming.” Existing research on human attitudes toward nonhuman animals indicates that generic disapproval of their suffering gratuitously at human hands is a social norm. However, studies also reveal an absence of related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors seemingly implied by this stance. Such apparent inconsistencies may persist due to lack of awareness about and/or engagement with the issue of farm animal welfare. We used a two-group, between-subjects experimental design, and the subject pool consisted of 62 non-vegetarian university students. Following random assignment to either the commitment condition or a non-commitment control group, all participants received an informational booklet arguing for the prevalence of neglect and abuse in industrial animal agriculture. Commitment participan...
New progenitors NESTIN(g) in the EGL.

The cerebellum, with its stereotypic anatomy, has served as an engine of discovery for developmental neurobiologists and cancer biologists alike. However, new findings reported in this issue of Nature Neuroscience suggest that its anatomy and cellular specification, and by extension, its tumor biology, may be less simple than previously believed.
The influence of the adrenal cortex on aerobic glycolysis by normal and malignant rat lymphoid tissue.

THE regulatory influence of the adrenal cortical secretions on the structure and function of normal lymphoid tissue has been demonstrated by White and Dougherty (cf., White, 1947–48). In addition, a number of studies have indicated that the growth of lymphoid tumors may also be under the control of the adrenal cortex (Heilman and Kendall, 1944; Murphy and Sturm, 1944; Sturm and Murphy, 1944; Law and Speirs, 1947; Diller, Beck, and Blauch, 1948; Pearson, Eliel, and Rawson, 1950; Ingle and Nezamis, 1951; Emerson, 1951). These observations suggested that the metabolic behavior of normal and malignant lymphoid tissue might be influenced by variations in pituitary-adrenal cortical activity. Accordingly, investigations were undertaken of the influence of the adrenal cortex on the respiratory and aerobic glycolytic activity of normal and malignant rat lymphoid tissue, in vitro. These metabolic processes in normal lymphoid tissue were unaffected by the adrenal cortical secretions. However
Effects of Blade Tenderization, Vacuum Mixing, Salt Addition and Mixing Time on Binding of Meat Pieces into Sectioned and Formed Beef Steaks

Meat pieces (2–3 cm cubes) from A maturity, Standard grade beef rounds were processed into sectioned and formed steaks. Processing treatments were blade tenderization and no blade tenderization, vacuum and no vacuum mixing, 0.5% salt and no salt addition, and 0, 8, 16, and 24 mm mixing times. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) was used to indicate rancidity, Instron adhesion to evaluate bind between meat pieces, Instron-Kramer shear to evaluate steak tenderness, and a trained sensory panel to evaluate initial and overall tenderness, connective tissue residue, juiciness and flavor. The TBA values were higher in steaks with 0.5% salt after 90 days of storage while no differences were shown between mixing times. Cooking losses were lower after 24 min mixing. Mixing for 16 min increased binding and improved tenderness. Juiciness and flavor were not influenced by mixing time. Meat pieces mixed for 16 min with 0.5% salt produced the best sectioned and formed steaks.
Making mathematical reasoning fun: tool-assisted, collaborative techniques (abstract only)

Is it possible to excite students about learning the mathematical principles that underlie high-quality software? Can we teach them to apply these principles using modern software tools? Can this be accomplished without displacing existing content? In each case, the answer is a resounding yes - but it takes the right set of pedagogical principles, teaching tools, and classroom exercises. This hands-on laboratory will introduce a set of principles, tools, and exercises that have proven to work. By adopting one content module at a time, educators will better prepare students to reason rigorously about the software they develop and maintain.The workshop will introduce a series of independent content modules that can be introduced in any course where mathematical reasoning might be taught - from introductory programming and software engineering to data structures and algorithms. They are designed to supplement, rather than replace, existing course materials.Fees for this workshop will be covered for a limited number of attendees through an NSF award; limited travel support is also available. A laptop is required to participate.
Transportability of data between electronic noses: mathematical methods

Abstract Accumulation of databases containing volatile attributes of foods measured by electronic noses requires transportability of data between machines. Due to differences in each machine, or sensor drift, the same sample may result in slightly different readings. Three functions (coefficient, F1; coefficient with intercept, F2; matrix, F3) and two neural network configurations (NN1, NN2) were tried to assess their suitability for acceptable transformation. Two EEV electronic noses with identical sensors were used to read milk samples stored for up to 12 days. Six replicate readings were separated to ‘calibration’ (four replicates) and ‘unknown’ (two replicates) sets. Discriminant function analysis was applied to evaluate ‘unknowns’ in ‘calibration’ sets. When ‘old unknowns’ were converted and classified in ‘new calibrations’, correct classification rates (CCR) were 2/12, 3/12 and 7/12 for F1, F2 and F3, respectively. Also, neural networks were used to either transform one ‘calibration’ set to another (CCR=8/12 and 9/12), or to evaluate the ‘unknown’ sets in the ‘calibration’ sets (CCR=7/12). More research is needed in this area.
NEW TOOLS IN WIND ENGINEERING

Recent developments in techniques and approaches, loosely denoted as tools, emerging in wind engineering are reviewed. Included are: physical modeling, numerical analysis, field studies, methods of analysis, and collaborative activities. Experimental techniques for modeling of wind environment, wind-induced loading and response, and response control are discussed in detail. An increasing role of computational wind engineering as well as hybrid analysis, where experimental results are combined with numerical/analytical models, is noted. Discussion of novel methods of analysis is focused on proper orthogonal decomposition and local filtering using wavelets. Finally, a brief overview of collaborative activities and initiatives in wind engineering is provided. It is suggested that computer-aided infrastructure and analysis are expected to play an ever increasing role in wind engineering. The most efficient utilization of new tools will be through collaborative activities by cross-disciplinary teams and international collaboration.
Structure and magnetic properties of a copper malonate/dipyridylamine layered coordination polymer with both syn–anti and anti–anti copper carboxylate chains

Abstract The novel 2-D copper metal–organic layered coordination polymer {[Cu2(malonate)2(dpa)(H2O)2] · H2O} (1, dpa = 4,4′-dipyridylamine) has been prepared and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, IR and thermogravimetric analysis. The structure of compound 1 consists of alternating syn–anti and anti–anti copper malonate 1-D chains linked into a (6,3) herringbone layer motif through tethering dpa ligands. Variable temperature magnetic studies indicate weak ferromagnetic coupling through the 1-D copper malonate chains with J = 0.64(1) cm−1 and g = 2.033(4).
Coordination in shared facilities: A new methodology

Shared facilities are a good example of the difficulties inherent in coordination problems and the benefits to be derived from creative solutions. Traditional methods employed by engineers and others, because they ignore an important aspect of the problem, can yield solutions that appear successful but which significantly underutilize these facilities. This article is intended to be an introduction to the types of problems that can arise and to a new method for systematically studying these problems. The method is illustrated with the results of a study done for NASA, on the coordination of the use of a Space Station, which produced a new computer‐assisted institution that outperforms existing institutions.
Sinus of Valsalva aneurysms and application of surgical science to their repair

Abstract Congenital aneurysms located in the sinuses of Valsalva typically expand and may eventually rapture into the right atrium or ventricle. In 1957, Dr Lillehei and colleagues reported 3 patients who underwent successful repair of raptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysms at the University of Minnesota. This achievement required an accurate understanding of the pathology and anatomy of sinus of Valsalva aneurysms, as well as the successful application of surgical science to solve the problems posed by the repair of these aneurysms. Doctor Lillehei's article is a classic in the field of cardiothoracic surgery and is now reviewed 36 years after its publication.
N-Caffeoyltyramine arrests growth of U937 and Jurkat cells by inhibiting protein tyrosine phosphorylation and inducing caspase-3.

N-Cinnamoyltyramine, N-caffeoyltyramine, N-feruloyltyramine, and N-sinapoyltyramine were synthesized and investigated to identify the most potent compound with anti-proliferation effect on HL-60, U937 and Jurkat cells. N-Caffeoyltyramine was the most potent with GI50 ¼ 10 mM. The treatment of the cells with N-caffeoyltyramine activated caspase-3 activity, and inhibited the growth of cells via decreasing in protein tyrosine kinase activity including epidermal growth factor receptor. These data indicate that N-caffeoyltyramine is most potent compound, inducing cell death of the cancer cells by inhibiting protein tyrosine kinases and activating caspase-3 activity. q 2003 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Dynamic Turnover of FtsZ-Ring in Live Cell

In bacterial, cell division is initiated at the midcell by the formation of a ring-like structure called Z-ring. The Z-ring is assembled by the polymerization of a tubulin homolog, FtsZ, and serves as a scaffold to recruit more than twenty other division proteins. Like tubulin, FtsZ is a GTPase. Thus, a model has been proposed wherein nucleotide-dependent changes in the conformation of membrane-associated FtsZ polymers generate a mechanical force for membrane constriction. However, some FtsZ GTPase mutants are viable at permissive temperatures, raising the question of what the role of FtsZ's GTPase activity is in cell division. Previously, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments showed the Z-ring is highly dynamic, and it constantly turns over with cytoplasm FtsZ pool1. In this work we used total internal reflection fluorescence microscope (TIRFM) to monitor the dynamics of FtsZ-GFP labelled Z-ring in live E coli cells. We observed that matured Z-rings exhibit highly dynamic oscillatory behaviours in live wild type background cells. These dynamic oscillations are larger in magnitude than the constant individual subunit turnover reported by FRAP. It is also distinct from the previously reported FtsZ oscillation along the cell length of newborn cells before Z-ring's assembly. We further investigated cellular factors and FtsZ properties that could influence this dynamic behaviour.Reference1. Stricker, Jesse, et al. PNAS, 2002, 99, 3171-3175.
On positivity-preserving high order discontinuous Galerkin schemes for compressible Euler equations on rectangular meshes

We construct uniformly high order accurate discontinuous Galerkin (DG) schemes which preserve positivity of density and pressure for Euler equations of compressible gas dynamics. The same framework also applies to high order accurate finite volume (e.g. essentially non-oscillatory (ENO) or weighted ENO (WENO)) schemes. Motivated by Perthame and Shu (1996) [20] and Zhang and Shu (2010) [26], a general framework, for arbitrary order of accuracy, is established to construct a positivity preserving limiter for the finite volume and DG methods with first order Euler forward time discretization solving one-dimensional compressible Euler equations. The limiter can be proven to maintain high order accuracy and is easy to implement. Strong stability preserving (SSP) high order time discretizations will keep the positivity property. Following the idea in Zhang and Shu (2010) [26], we extend this framework to higher dimensions on rectangular meshes in a straightforward way. Numerical tests for the third order DG method are reported to demonstrate the effectiveness of the methods.
Evidence from opiate binding studies that heroin acts through its metabolites

Abstract The relative affinity to opiate receptors of heroin, 6-acetylmorphine and morphine was estimated by determining their ability to displace specifically bound 3 H-naltrexone from rat brain opiate binding sites. In vitro hydrolysis of heroin to 6-acetylmorphine was monitored in the binding assay filtrate by use of a quantitative HPLC procedure. The rate of heroin hydrolysis was significantly slower at 0°C than at 37°C. The displacement of 1 nM 3 H-naltrexone by unlabeled ligand at concentrations ranging from 7 to 500 nM was measured at 0°C for 120 minutes, yielding IC 50 values of heroin = 483 nM, 6-acetylmorphine = 73 nM and morphine = 53 nM. When the binding data for heroin were recalculated to include the displacement that could be attributed to the 6-acetylmorphine derived from heroin degradation during the incubation, all of the apparent heroin binding was accounted for by the 6-acetylmorphine. These results are consistent with previous reports of the low binding affinity of morphine congeners (e.g., codeine) that lack a free phenolic 3-hydroxyl group and support the view that heroin is a prodrug which serves to determine the distribution of its intrinsically active metabolites, 6-acetylmorphine and morphine.
SunaPlayer: high-accuracy emulation of solar cells

Evaluating and debugging solar panel-driven systems is a cumbersome process. The system must be deployed in the wild, software and hardware bugs identified remotely, and the development cycle must be repeated to build a robust system. Emulation platforms for solar panels offer a plausible remedy, however, existing systems have narrow operating range and are not portable. To address these shortcomings, we design, implement, and evaluate the SunaPlayer, a solar panel emulation platform that supports a wide operating current range (430 micro-amps to 1.89 amps) and voltage range (0.02 V to 9.8 V), and can be powered using batteries. SunaPlayer uses a high gain analog device, a PNP darlington transistor, a multi-scale driving and measurement circuit, and a novel state machine based proportional-integral-differential controller to build an accurate non-linear model of the solar panel. We have implemented a fully functional SunaPlayer prototype, and demonstrate that it can emulate a wide range of solar panels with high accuracy, low latency, high sensitivity, and low power consumption. The design methodology for the SunaPlayer can be used to build systems that model hard to emulate non-linear devices.
Regulating Treg cells at sites of inflammation.

Regulatory T (Treg) cells are emerging as common components in the development of immunity to both self and foreign antigen. With their ubiquitous participation comes the need to regulate the regulators to ensure protective immunity proceeds. Previous studies suggest that the very cofactors that boost an immune response to infection, such as Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands and inflammatory cytokines (Pasare and Medzhitov, 2003), also downmodulate Treg cell function. Therefore, defining the key molecular players in the reciprocal regulation of effector and Treg cell function at sites of inflammation becomes critical to understanding autoimmune and infectious pathologies.
BORON TOLERANCE AND POTENTIAL BORON REMOVAL BY BOTTOMLAND TREE SEEDLINGS

Boron is present in many household, industrial, and municipal products and by-products. Uncontrolled release of boron-containing materials into wetland environments could cause toxicity in bottomland and swamp tree species. To test this hypothesis, boron was added to 10-liter pots containing seedlings ofBetula nigra, Nyssa sylvatica var. biflora, Nyssa aquatica, Platanus occidentalis, Taxodium distichum, Quercus alba, Q. falcata var. pagodaefolia, Q. nigra, Q. michauxii, and Q. phellos at rates of 0, 2, 4, 8, and 16 mg/L, and the seedlings grown for four months. Elemental leaf concentrations, growth, and biomass were determined. Boron concentration in leaves was linearly related to boron addition. The highest boron treatment significantly decreased growth forB. nigra, N. aquatica, P. occidentalis, andT. distichum. Platanus occidentalis had the highest boron recovery (23% at 4 mg/L), whileT. distichum had the most consistent recovery (11–13%) over all treatments. Although leaf damage was severe in the oaks, there were no significant differences in growth parameters between the control and boron treatments. This is attributed to the determinate growth of the oaks and possibly the short duration of the study.
Architecture and the organic metaphor

This collection of articles grew out of a conference session Diana Periton and I organised for the United States Society of Architectural Historians' 59th Annual Meeting, held in Savannah in April,...
JAMM: a metalloprotease-like zinc site in the proteasome and signalosome.

The JAMM (JAB1/MPN/Mov34 metalloenzyme) motif in Rpn11 and Csn5 underlies isopeptidase activities intrinsic to the proteasome and signalosome, respectively. We show here that the archaebacterial protein AfJAMM possesses the key features of a zinc metalloprotease, yet with a distinct fold. The histidine and aspartic acid of the conserved EXnHS/THX7SXXD motif coordinate a zinc, whereas the glutamic acid hydrogen-bonds an aqua ligand. By analogy to the active site of thermolysin, we predict that the glutamic acid serves as an acid-base catalyst and the second serine stabilizes a tetrahedral intermediate. Mutagenesis of Csn5 confirms these residues are required for Nedd8 isopeptidase activity. The active site-like architecture specified by the JAMM motif motivates structure-based approaches to the study of JAMM domain proteins and the development of therapeutic proteasome and signalosome inhibitors.
Angiotensin III-induced modulation of neurogenic responses in the rabbit vas deferens and portal vein

The effects of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors on the presynaptic actions of angiotensin (ang) II and III were examined in isolated rabbit vasa deferentia and portal veins. Ang II caused dose-dependent potentiation of low frequency, nerve stimulation in vasa deferentia and portal vein. Indomethacin (26 μM) enhanced the electrically-induced contractions in the vasa deferentia only but did not alter the potency of ang II in either preparation. In contrast, ang II decreased contractions in vasa deferentia induced by nerve stimulation by up to 36% (10−6 M) and potentiated these contractions at concentrations higher than 10−6 M. The inhibitory action of ang III on vasa deferentia was converted to potentiation by pretreatment with indomethacin or mepacrine. Exogenous PGE2 blocked low frequency nerve stimulation and not responses to norepinephrine. This prostaglandin appeared to mimic ang III in the vas deferens. No effects of ang III were observed if the contractions were induced by exogenous alpha adrenergic agonists. [Sar1, Ala8] and II antagonized all responses to the angiotensins, whereas [Sar1, Cys-CH3 8] ang II selectively antagonized the angiotensin-induced potentiation. Responses in field-stimulated portal veins were potentiated by ang III and this response was unaffected by indomethacin. This investigation strongly suggests the existence of at least two ang receptors in the vas deferens and demonstrates for the first time selective responses to the octa- and heptapeptides in the same effector organ.