cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional water entry of a solid body: A particle image velocimetry study

Abstract Understanding and predicting the hydrodynamic loading experienced by a solid body during water impact is critical for researchers and practitioners in naval engineering. While two-dimensional (2D) water entry problems have been extensively investigated, experimental data on 3D fluid–structure interactions during water impact are rather limited. Here, particle image velocimetry (PIV) is utilized to study the free fall vertical impact of a solid body, modeling a ship hull, on an otherwise quiescent fluid. Planar PIV is used to measure the velocity field on multiple cross-sections along the length and width of the model. These data are combined to infer the 3D velocity field in the entire fluid. The 3D velocity field is then utilized to reconstruct the pressure field by integrating the incompressible 3D Navier–Stokes equations in a time-varying domain, where both the free surface and the fluid–solid interface evolve in time. By evaluating the pressure field on the wetted surface of the model, we estimate the hydrodynamic loading during water entry. Experimental results demonstrate the central role of 3D effects on both the flow physics and the hydrodynamic loading. As the cross-sectional velocity decreases away from the mid-span, we observe a robust increase in the axial velocity component. This translates into a complex spatio-temporal dependence of the hydrodynamic loading, which is initially maximized in the vicinity of the pile-up and later increases toward the keel. Due to the deceleration of the model during the impact and the increase in the wetted surface, the hydrodynamic loading close to the mid-span in the early stage of the impact is considerably larger than the ends. The 3D flow physics is used to study the energy imparted to the fluid during the impact, which we find to be mostly transferred to the risen water, consisting of the pile-up region and the spray jet. Our methodology can be implemented for the analysis of other solid bodies with multiple geometric curvatures, and our experimental results can be utilized for the validation of 3D mathematical models of water entry.
Specifying medical software

The authors have successfully applied formal specification techniques to the construction of medical products. The approach is characterized by concentrating on the use of HP-SL to construct clear and precise specifications of behavior. In a number of collaborative product developments, the effectiveness of the software development process has been improved significantly without getting involved in the 'difficult' formal methods areas of refinement and program proof. >
Characterization and expression of a NADP-malic enzyme cDNA induced by salt stress from the facultative crassulacean acid metabolism plant, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum.

The facultative halophyte and crassulacean acid-metabolism plant, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum shifts from C3 photosynthesis to crassulacean acid metabolism when exposed to high-salt or drought conditions. To study the molecular basis of this metabolic transition, the expression of NADP+-dependent malic enzyme (NADP-ME), which catalyzes the decarboxylation of malate to release pyruvate and CO2, has been investigated. The complete nucleotide sequence of a full-length cDNA clone was determined and found to contain a single open reading frame encoding a 585-amino-acid polypeptide of 64284 Da. The ice plant (M. crystallinum) NADP-ME shares amino acid identities in the range 72.5–79.0% when compared to other higher-plant enzymes and is more closely related to C3 rather than C4 forms of the enzyme. Genomic Southern-blot analysis of ice-plant DNA indicates that NADP-ME is encoded by a small gene family. Steady-state transcript levels increase 8–10-fold in response to salt stress in the leaves. Transcript levels in roots are extremely low and are unaffected by salt-stress treatment. Nuclear run-on experiments, using isolated nuclei from leaf tissue, confirm that the accumulation of NADP-ME transcripts is, in part, the result of increased transcription of this gene during salt stress.
Patterns of Conflict Experience That Emerge in Peer Reports and Personal Narratives During Middle Childhood

The present study used a person-centered approach to examine patterns of conflict experience among 198 3rd–6th grade children. Peer reports of aggressive behavior, sociability, victimization, and an assessment of psychological mindedness in narrative accounts of conflict experiences were used. Three patterns were identified using mixture modeling: Managers, Avoiders, and Sustainers. Patterns differed with respect to narrative skills and social adjustment. Findings demonstrate the benefit of examining children's ability to tell their own stories in combination with peer perceptions of children's behavior. Discussion focuses on how children may rely on behavioral and narrative skills to develop different ways of responding to peer conflict in context, as well as on the application of findings in school settings.
Reporting on Interventions: Issues and Guidelines for Rehabilitation Researchers

Observers commonly note the poor reporting of research, including rehabilitation research. The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) checklist (supplemented by the CONSORT extension for nonpharmacologic interventions) has been published for improving the reporting of intervention research. However, the items on these checklists are considered to be inadequate to guide authors as to which information to include when reporting on the intervention(s) studied, and the Template for Intervention Description and Replication, Journal Article Reporting Standards, and the checklist of the Western Journal of Nursing Research are recommended to rehabilitation researchers. The Rehabilitation Treatment Taxonomy framework is recommended as a conceptual scheme to assist authors in thinking through the linkages between intervention ingredients, targets of treatment, and the mechanisms of action linking these 2 areas. Recommendations are made for prospective authors and journal editors who desire to see improved reporting of rehabilitation interventions.
Picoliter (1)H NMR spectroscopy.

Abstract In this study, a 267-μm-diameter solenoid transceiver is used to acquire localized 1H NMR spectra and the measured signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at 500 MHz is shown to be within 20–30% of theoretical limits formulated by considering only its resistive losses. This is illustrated using a 100-μm-diameter globule of triacylglycerols (∼900 mM) that may be an oocyte precursor in young Xenopus laevis frogs and a water sample containing choline at a concentration often found in live mammalian cells (∼33 mM). In chemical shift imaging (CSI) experiments performed using a few thousand total scans, the choline methyl line is shown to have an acceptable SNR in resolved volume elements containing only 50 pL of sample, and localized spectra are resolved from just 5 pL in the Xenopus globule. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of performing 1H NMR on picoliter-scale sample volumes in biological cells and tissues and illustrate how the achieved SNR in spectroscopic images can be predicted with reasonable accuracy at microscopic spatial resolutions.
The case for capital account management in emerging market economies: The experiences of the BRICs

Currency market intervention cum reserve accumulation has emerged as the favored Â»self-insuranceÂ« strategy in recipient countries of excessive private capital inflows. This paper argues that capital account management represents a less costly alternative line of defense deserving renewed consideration; especially in the absence of fundamental reform of the global monetary and financial order. Mainstream arguments in favor of financial globalization are found unconvincing. It is argued that any indirect benefits allegedly obtainable through hot money inflows are equally obtainable without actually tolerating such inflows. The paper investigates the experiences of Brazil, Russia, India and China (the BRICs) in the global crisis and subsequent recovery, focusing on their respective policies regarding capital flows.
Vibration-Rotation Spectroscopy of the Hydrated Hydronium Ions H5O+2 and H9O+4

Abstract High-resolution vibration-rotation spectra in the OH antisymmetric stretching region near 3700 cm−1 are reported for H5O+2 and H9O+4. The clusters are produced in a corona discharge ion source, cooled by supersonic expansion, mass-selected, and trapped in an RF octopole ion trap. Spectroscopic interrogation using a two-color laser scheme leads to rovibrational excitation of the trapped ions followed by preferential multiphoton dissociation of the vibrationally excited ions and detection of the resultant fragment ions. Many more lines appear in the partially resolved vibration-rotation spectrum of H5O+2 than can be explained if the molecule is rigid, and we have assumed that these additional lines arise from tunneling splittings caused by large-amplitude internal motions in this ion. Despite the low signal-to-noise ratio, all the observed spectral features can be grouped into roughly 12 R branches with a line spacing only 14% less than the B + C value calculated from the ab initio structure. Theoretically expected splitting patterns were calculated using a formalism developed earlier for tunneling motions in hydrazine, since H2N-NH2 and H2O-H+-OH2 are group-theoretically similar if the central proton of the ion is located symmetrically between the two water molecules. We tentatively conclude that the 12 branches represent the overlapping of six tunneling-split components for the in-phase and six for the out of-phase OH antisymmetric stretching vibrations expected in this region, but the low signal-to-noise ratio in the present measurements prevented unambiguous comparison of theory and experiment.
In vitro sensitization using thymocyte conditioned medium prepared from fetal calf, horse and rabbit sera

Thymocyte conditioned medium (TCM) was prepared using 2 lots of fetal calf, and 1 lot each of horse and rabbit sera. The 4 TCM and the respective sera alone were compared in their ability to support primary in vitro sensitization to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) as assayed by direct plaque formation. As would be expected, only the fetal calf sera (FCS) supported the primary in vitro sensitization to SRBC, while the use of the TCM prepared from the FCS resulted in a doubling of direct plaque formation. TCM prepared from either the rabbit or horse sera did not provide adequate support for this primary antibody response to SRBC. These data indicate that only sera able to support primary in vitro sensitization is useful for the preparation of active TCM ultimately used in B cell sensitization for hybridoma formation.
Mine waste contamination limits soil respiration rates: a case study using quantile regression

We present an application of a statistical approach, quantile regression (QR), which identifies trends in soil processes otherwise masked by spatial and temporal variability. QR identifies limits on processes and changes in the variance of a response along an environmental gradient. We quantified in situ soil respiration, pH, and heavy metal concentrations across a mine waste contamination gradient that spanned greater than an order of magnitude of metal concentrations. Respiration values were monitored at study sites over 2 years. We used QR to show that soil respiration was limited with respect to both heavy metals and pH, and that both increased metals and increased acidity constrained variation in soil respiration values. Maximum respiration values declined by 48% over the Metals Contamination Index (MCI) range and by 72% over the pH range. The use of QR avoided the necessity of discriminating between multiple sources of variation in a spatially and temporally variable system. It is often unrealistic or too time consuming and expensive to attempt to measure all of the relevant predictor variables in the field. The simpler approach offered by QR is to explore factors that limit a process, recognizing that not all of the factors contributing to a soil function will be measured. An application of this approach to the evaluation of a mine waste remediation procedure is discussed.
Ultrafast dynamics in reverse micelles, microemulsions, and vesicles

Recently techniques of solvation dynamics have been applied to reverse micelles, microemulsions and vesicular systems. The dynamical data obtained provides a complement to steady-state experiments and builds an understanding of the details of these systems. Recent molecular dynamics simulations show the power of combined experiments and simulations.
Prodrugs of anticancer agents

Abstract Anticancer drugs are primarily cytotoxic agents, and exert their antitumor activity by interfering with some aspects of DNA replication, repair, translation, or cell division. Hence, cancer chemotherapy is typically associated with severe side effects. An important approach to alleviate toxicity of the anticancer agents is to prepare covalent derivatives i.e., prodrugs, which lack the cytotoxic activity, but which can be converted enzymatically or non-enzymatically to the cytotoxic agents upon administration to patients. Prodrugs have been used to improve the solubility, transport properties, and pharmacokinetic properties of anticancer agents. More importantly, several prodrug strategies have been developed that enable selective delivery of the cytotoxic agents to the tumor tissue, thereby significantly reducing the toxic side effects of the anticancer agents. These strategies include design of prodrugs based on elevated enzymes in tumor tissues, hypoxic environment inside the core of solid tumors, and tumor-specific antigens expressed on the surface of tumor cells. The utility of various prodrug strategies in improving the therapeutic index of anticancer agents as well as the limitations of these prodrug strategies are reviewed in this chapter.
Daily consumption of wild fish and game: Exposures of high end recreationists

There has been widespread interest in the exposure of indigenous and subsistence populations to a variety of contaminants through the consumption of wild fish and game, yet there is little information on recreationists. Information on wild fish and game consumption in South Carolina are presented here, data on other sources of animal protein are presented elsewhere. Data are presented for use in probabilistic risk assessment. Fish and deer were the most commonly eaten wild-caught foods. High-end consumers were eating at nearly 10 2 the median consumption rate for most wild-caught foods. There were significant differences in consumption as a function of age and ethnicity that should be taken into account when conducting risk assessments for the consumption of wild-caught meat and fish. Men consumed more of these foods, while white sportsmen consumed more deer and black sportsmen consumed more fish. Similar data are not generally available, either for the U.S. as a whole, or for specific geographical locati...
Confirmation of the discrepancy between theory and experiment for the B̃1A″ state of HCN

Abstract Ab initio calculations have been carried out on the first and second 1 A″ states of HCN using relatively large and flexible basis sets. The predicted geometries have been compared with the experimental results of Herzberg and Innes and with earlier calculations on HCN. These calculations concur with earlier theoretical results and the Walsh diagram prediction that Herzberg and Innes' assignment of the B 1 A″ state with bond angle 114.5° is incorrect.
Is this what educators really want? Transforming the discourse on Black fathers and their participation in schools

Parent involvement within schools has garnered attention since the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 mandated that parent participation be a condition for federal funding. This particular caveat has been significant because issues of race and class come to the forefront when examining schools that receive federal funding. A close examination of parent involvement becomes increasingly salient, in particular for students of color who are more likely than their White peers to attend schools receiving federal funding. In this qualitative study of 16 participants, we seek to narrow the focus of parents, and pay particular attention to Black fathers. The role of Black fathers has been largely absent from the educational discourse on parent involvement at both the local and federal levels, and within the literature, the roles, practices, and strategies of involvement for Black fathers has been scant compared to their White peers. This absence from the literature is noteworthy given the important role that involve...
A retrospective evaluation of International Review of Economics and Finance (1992–2001)

Abstract International Review of Economics and Finance ( IREF ) was founded in 1992 and it has been well received by authors in the US and around the world. Over the 10 years of 1992–2001, the journal has published 281 articles by 418 authors from 265 different institutions in 26 countries. Articles are indexed by Finance Literature Index and are abstracted in EconLit and ABI/INFORM. The distribution of economics/finance articles, theory/empirical articles, geographic characteristics, and authorship characteristics are also presented.
Excluding Archival Silences: Oral History and Historical Absence

Despite our society’s increasing reliance on electronic documentation, to-date archives remain, largely, material repositories of cultural memory. It is an accepted historical problematic, however, that culture is often resistant to material preservation. There exists an undeniable and profound tension between scholarly efforts to reconstruct history and interpret cultural traditions and the fragmentary, and often limited, material record. That is to say, scholarship is shaped by a sinuous negotiation around the historical silences that encompass all of material culture. Historical silences, however, can at times be marginalized (or at best excluded) by a sensitive configuration of material evidence with oral history. Excluding Archival Silences: Oral History and Historical Absence uses a historically and geographically specific example of oral history to engage in a more generalist discussion of how oral reflection, especially when shaped by material evidences, can be an especially effective tool for preserving the dynamics of culture that often remain undocumented.
The aerodynamic behaviour of respiratory aerosols

Respirable aerosols 0.5µm to <1.0µm were found to exhibit distinctly different aerodynamic behaviours when compared to aerosols 1.0µm -10.0µm. Specifically, aerosols <1.0µm appeared to disperse randomly and uniformly throughout the test space with significantly less regard to mechanical airflow, pressure relationships, door position, and personnel movement when compared to aerosols 1.0µm -10.0µm. Conclusion Since expiratory droplets <1.0µm are believed to be both capable of carrying virus and penetrating into the alveolar region of the lung, these particles may present unique challenges for ventilation systems designed to protect the healthcare population from airborne viral transmission.
Low-temperature microwave characteristics of pseudomorphic In/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As/In/sub 0.52/Al/sub 0.48/As modulation-doped field-effect transistors

Low-temperature microwave measurements of both lattice-matched and pseudomorphic In/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As/In/sub 0.48/As (x=0.53, 0.60, and 0.70) channel MODFETs on InP substrates were carried out in a cryogenic measurement system. The measurements were done in the temperature range of 77 to 300 K and in the frequency range of 0.5 to 11.0 GHz at different bias conditions. The cutoff frequency (f/sub T/) for the In/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As/In/sub 0.52/Al/sub 0.48/As MODFETs improved from 22 to 29 GHz, 29 to 38 GHz, and 39 to 51 GHz, for x=0.53, 0.60, and 0.70, respectively, as the temperature was lowered from 300 to 77 K, which is approximately a 31% increase at each composition. No degradations were observed in device performance. These results indicate an excellent potential of the pseudomorphic devices at low temperatures. >
Excursion properties of tendon graft sources: interaction between tendon and A2 pulley.

We measured excursion resistance of 4 different tendons (flexor digitorum superficialis, the portion of the extensor indicis proprius tendon beneath the extensor retinaculum, the portion of the extensor indicis proprius tendon distal to the extensor retinaculum, and palmaris longus) beneath the A2 pulley. Intrasynovial tendons (i.e., flexor digitorum superficialis and the portion of the extensor indicis proprius beneath the extensor retinaculum) produced less excursion resistance than extrasynovial tendons (i.e., the portion of the extensor indicis proprius distal to the extensor retinaculum and palmaris longus). The excursion resistance of the intrasynovial portion of the extensor indicis proprius tendon was significantly lower than that of the extrasynovial portion of the same tendon. Intrasynovial tendons may be preferred to extrasynovial tendons when choosing a tendon graft source and graft gliding under a pulley is a consideration.
Spectral and Kinetic Characterization of the Michaelis Charge Transfer Complex in Monomeric Sarcosine Oxidase

Monomeric sarcosine oxidase is a flavoenzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of the methyl group in sarcosine (N-methylglycine). Rapid reaction kinetic studies under anaerobic conditions at pH 8.0 show that the enzyme forms a charge transfer Michaelis complex with sarcosine (E-FADox·sarcosine) that exhibits an intense long wavelength absorption band (λmax = 516 nm, e516 =4800 M−1 cm−1). Since charge transfer interaction with sarcosine as donor is possible only with the anionic form of the amino acid, the results indicate that the pKa of enzyme-bound sarcosine must be considerably lower than the free amino acid (pKa = 10.0). No redox intermediate is detectable during sarcosine oxidation, as judged by the isosbestic spectral course observed for conversion of E-FADox·sarcosine to reduced enzyme at 25 or 5 °C. The limiting rate of the reductive half-reaction at 25 °C (140 ± 3 s−1) is slightly faster than turnover (117 ± 3 s−1). The kinetics of formation of the Michaelis charge transfer complex can be directly monitored at 5 °C where the reduction rate is 4.5-fold slower and complex stability is increased 2-fold. The observed rate of complex formation exhibits a hyperbolic dependence on sarcosine concentration with a finite y-intercept, consistent with a mechanism involving formation of an initial complex followed by isomerization to yield a more stable complex. Similar results are obtained for charge transfer complex formation with methylthioacetate. The observed kinetics are consistent with structural studies which show that a conformational change occurs upon binding of methylthioacetate and other competitive inhibitors.
Anticoagulated Patients Undergoing Tooth Extraction can be Managed Safely without Altering their Anticoagulation Treatment by Using Local Hemostatic Measures

Article Title & Bibliographic Information Hemostatic management of tooth extractions in patients on oral antithrombotic therapy. Morimoto Y, Niwa H, Minematsu K. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008;66(1):51-7. Level of Evidence Level 2 (Limited-quality, patient-oriented evidence) Strength of Recommendation Grade Grade B (Consistent, limited-quality patient-oriented evidence) Purpose/Question Among anticoagulated patients undergoing tooth extraction, what factors are associated with an increased risk for postoperative bleeding? Source of Funding Information not available Type of Study/Design Retrospective Cohort Study
Teachers' Perceived Values on the Effect of Literacy Strategy Professional Development.

This study examined 299 Louisiana teachers from three school districts regarding their perceptions of the value provided by specific types of professional development (PD) including professional learning communities (PLC), demonstration lessons, and in-service as well as graduate hours in reading/literacy on implementation (frequency of use), familiarity, usefulness, and recommendation of content literacy strategies. Data analyses included the Kruskal–Wallis test, the Friedman test, and correlation matrices. Results indicate that type of in-service had a significant effect on teacher perceived values of PD with demonstration lessons (DL) having the highest and in-service the least value. The largest number of significant correlations were found among graduate hours in reading/literacy and the variables of familiarity with strategies, usefulness of strategies, and frequency of use of strategies. Significant correlations were also found among DL hours and both recommendation of strategies and frequency of u...
A Comparative Study of Family Characteristics of Anglo American and Asian American High Achievers

The purpose of this study is to examine the similarities and differences in family characteristics of Asian American and Anglo American high achievers. Sixty matched parents were interviewed concerning 4 areas. The findings suggest that the family life of Anglo American students tend to be less structured and provide less formal educational experience for children after school and on weekends. Similarities between these 2 groups include high parental expectation, concerned parents, stable family environment, and close-knit family relationships.
Monitoring and management of antipsychotic-related metabolic and endocrine adverse events in pediatric patients

Efficacy differences among antipsychotics are relatively small and difficult to predict, however, differences are generally larger and more predictable regarding adverse effects. Antipsychotic related metabolic and endocrine abnormalities are most worrisome, as they are risk factors for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Importantly, children and adolescents may be more sensitive to antipsychotic related adverse events than adults, including developmentally inappropriate weight gain and glucose, lipid and prolactin abnormalities, which can be associated with adverse physical outcomes during childhood. Careful selection of an antipsychotic, as well as proactive monitoring and management of side effects should be part of routine clinical practice. Because children and adolescents undergo expected physical changes, it is important to use developmentally appropriate thresholds for weight and metabolic measures. Research is required to elucidate risk factors, mechanisms and best interventions for antipsyc...
Antimalarial peroxides in the qinghaosu (artemisinin) and yingzhaosu families

Recent scientific and patent literature on therapeutically promising antimalarial peroxides is reviewed through to mid-1998. Several of these new chemical entities are efficacious and apparently safe antimalarials. Major industrial support is now needed for development of one or more of these drug candidates.
Sweet successes in diabetes genetics

Variant of transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene confers risk of type 2 diabetes Grant et al. (2006) Nature Genetics 38: 320–323 Combining information from common type 2 diabetes risk polymorphisms improves disease prediction Weedon et al. (2006) PLoS Medicine 3: e374 A genome-wide association study identifies novel risk loci for type 2 diabetes Sladek et al. (2007) Nature 445: 881–885
Parallel assertions for debugging parallel programs

A parallel program must execute correctly even in the presence of unpredictable thread interleavings. This interleaving makes it hard to write correct parallel programs, and also makes it hard to find bugs in incorrect parallel programs. A range of tools have been developed to help debug parallel programs, ranging from atomicity-violation and data-race detectors to model-checkers and theorem provers. One technique that has been successful for debugging sequential programs, but less effective for parallel programs, is running the program using assertion predicates provided by the developer. These assertions allow programmers to specify and check their assumptions. In a multi-threaded program, the programmer's assumptions include both the current state, and any actions (e.g. access to shared memory) that other, parallel executing threads might take. We introduce parallel assertions which allow programmers to express these assumptions for parallel programs using simple and intuitive syntax and semantics. We present a proof-of-concept implementation, and demonstrate its value by testing a number of benchmark programs using parallel assertions.
Arsenic reduced scale-insect infestation on arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L.

Abstract Arsenic hyperaccumulation by Pteris vittata L. (Chinese brake fern) may serve as a defense mechanism against herbivore attack. This study examined the effects of arsenic exposure (0, 5, 15 and 30 mg kg −1 ) on scale insect ( Saissetia neglecta ) infestation of P. vittata . Scale insects were counted as a percentage fallen from the plant to the total number of insects after 1 week of As-treatment. The arsenic concentrations in the fronds ranged from 5.40 to 812 mg kg −1 . Greater arsenic concentrations resulted in higher percentage of fallen-scale insects (17.2–55.0%). Lower arsenic concentrations (≤5 mg kg −1 ) showed significantly lower effect on the population compared to 15–30 mg kg −1 ( p −1 , which indicated that arsenic has been ingested by the scale insects via plant sap. This study is consistent with the hypothesis that arsenic may help P. vittata defend against herbivore's attack.
Nutrient Uptake in a Large Urban River

Small streams have been shown to be efficient in retaining nutrients and regulating downstream nutrient fluxes, but less is known about nutrient retention in larger rivers. We quantified nutrient uptake length and uptake velocity in a regulated urban river to determine the river's ability to retain nutrients associated with wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent. We measured net uptake of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), dissolved organic phosphorus, ammonium (NH 4 ), nitrate, and dissolved organic nitrogen in the Chattahoochee River, Atlanta, GA by following the downstream decline of nutrients and fluoride from WWTP effluent on 10 dates under low flow conditions. Uptake of all nutrients was sporadic. On many dates, there was no evidence of measurable nutrient uptake lengths within the reach; indeed, on several dates release of inorganic N and P within the sample reach led to increased nutrient export downstream. When uptake occurred, SRP uptake length was negatively correlated with total suspended solids and temperature. Uptake velocities of SRP and NH 4 in the Chattahoochee River were lower than velocities in less-modified systems, but they were similar to those measured in other WWTP impacted systems. Lower uptake velocities indicate a diminished capacity for nutrient uptake.
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficients and Water Solubilities of Phthalate Esters†

Measurements of the octanol/water partition coefficients (Kow) and water solubilities of di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP) and di-n-decyl phthalate (DnDP) by the slow-stirring method are reported. The water solubility was also measured for di-n-hexyl phthalate (DnHP). The log Kow values of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), di-n-pentyl phthalate (DnPP), and DnHP, determined in a previous study, and the log Kow values of DnOP determined again in this study were correlated against the number of carbons in the phthalate side chain. The straight line regression equation (log Kow = 0.979 + 0.615, r2 = 0.993) was used to extend the estimate for a carbon number 10; that is, log Kow = 10. 41 for DnDP. The slow-stirring log Kow = 8.83 ± 0.05 reported here for DnDP suggests that the decrease in solubility of the phthalate in the water layer is nonlinear when the side chain carbon length increases beyond eight carbons. Similarly, the straight line regression equation derived fr...
Chess Metaphors in American English and Hungarian

This study investigates the range and importance of source domains that are drawn on in the metaphorical expressions used to describe a chess game or a chess event in two languages, American English and Hungarian. Results show that about half of the source domains overlap in the two languages and that both languages use domains that are employed for other games and sports as well. At the same time, less explored source domains also emerge. Motivation for the findings is discussed in terms of the possible effects of culture, subculture, embodiment, and language. The theoretical implications of the study include an argument for the benefits of a data-based source domain analysis at the expense of focusing on conceptual metaphors. Moreover, the data suggest that an empirical investigation of metaphorical expressions may challenge the notion of universal conceptual metaphors that build on the narrow, bodily experience sense of embodiment.
Controlling programmed cell death with a cyclophilincyclosporin-based chemical inducer of dimerization

Abstract Background : Cell death can occur either from physical damage (necrosis) or cellular suicide (apoptosis). Apoptosis is essential for the development of multicellular organisms and disregulated apoptosis underlies many human diseases. The Fas receptor (Fas) is a membrane signaling protein that mediates a death signal following its aggregation by the Fas ligand. We have described methods to induce the association of proteins using cell-permeable molecules called chemical inducers of dimerization (CIDs). Here we describe the synthesis of a novel CID, (CsA) 2 , that has two identical protein-binding surfaces derived from the immunosuppressant cyclosporin A (CsA). We use this CID to deliver a death signal to cells expressing a fusion protein containing cyclophilin (CyP, the protein receptor for cyclosporin) and the cytoplasmic signaling domain of Fas. Results : (CsA) 2 was synthesized in six synthetic steps and 30 % overall yield from cyclosporin. It binds to two CyP proteins simultaneously, but does not inhibit T -cell signaling, presumably because the (CsA) 2 -CyP complex does not bind to calcineurin. Jurkat cells stably transfected with constructs encoding myristoylated CyP-Fas fusion proteins undergo apoptosis in response to nanomolar quantities of (CsA) 2 . Constructs containing a mutation in the myristoylation signal are defective for signaling. Conclusions : The Fas signaling pathway can be activated with a cell-permeable CID derived from CsA in cells expressing an appropriately engineered Fas construct, which must be localized at the membrane. This new class of homodimerizing CIDs will be useful for in-depth analysis of protein association events in complex systems, including transgenic animals. Now that several CIDs with distinct dimerization characteristics are available, it should be possible to induce the activation of multiple pathways with complete specificity.
Pushing Image Recognition in the Real World: Towards Recognizing Millions of Entities

Building a system that can recognize "what," "who," and "where" from arbitrary images has motivated researchers in computer vision, multimedia and machine learning areas for decades. Significant progresses have been made in recently years based on distributed computation and/or deep neural networks techniques. However, it is still very challenging to realize a general purpose real world image recognition engine that has reasonable recognition accuracy, semantic coverage, and recognition speed.In this talk, firstly we will review the current status of this area, analyze the difficulties, and discuss the potential solutions. Then two promising schemes to attack this challenge will be introduced, including (1) learning millions of concepts from search engine click logs, and (2) recognizing whatever you want without data labeling. The first work tries to build large-scale recognition models by mining search engine click logs. Challenges in training data selection and model selection will be discussed, and efficient and scalable approaches for model training and prediction will be introduced. The second work aims at building image recognition engines for any set of entities without using any human labeled training data, which helps generalize image recognition to a wide range of semantic concepts. Automatic training data generation steps will be presented, and techniques for improving recognition accuracy, which effectively leveraging massive amount of Internet data will be discussed. Different parallelization strategies for different computation tasks will be introduced, which guarantee the efficiency and scalability of the entire system. And last, we will discuss possible directions in pushing image recognition in the real world.
Fracture-Dislocations You Can't Afford to Miss.

Occult dislocations can accompany extremity fractures and may lead to serious complications if undetected and untreated. Physicians, therefore, need to watch for uncommon trauma like distal radius fractures with radioulnar joint disruption (Galeazzi fractures), proximal ulna fractures with radial head dislocation (Mon-teggia fractures), and midfoot dislocations with or without fracture (Lisfranc injuries). Injury recognition involves comparing important historical features like a fall onto an outstretched hand, physical exam findings such as the nature of the pain, and sometimes-subtle radiographic clues. Treatment is usually surgical.
Hamilton’s Mixed and Angle Characteristic Functions and Diffraction Aberration Theory

The use of Hamilton’s mixed and angle characteristic functions in wave and diffraction aberration calculations is theoretically examined. The relation of Hamilton’s mixed and angle characteristic functions to a new wave-aberration function is shown. This aberration function is to be used in the Luneburg–Debye diffraction integrals. The mixed and angle characteristic functions as utilized in diffraction theory via the Luneburg–Debye integrals are examined. The mathematical and physical approximations are discussed. The use of the Luneburg–Debye diffraction integrals for image evaluation is examined and some difficulties are pointed out. It is concluded that the above methods should not be used for microwave and radio-frequency imaging systems; they are of limited validity for optical imaging systems.
EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS ON COMPONENTS OF REPRODUCTION IN CLARKIA UNGUICULATA

The effects of stress on reproduction in Clarkia unguiculata were investigated by monitoring flower number, seed number and seed wt after subjecting plants to drought and heavy fruit loads, and by monitoring seed number after pollinating overage flowers. Fewer main-stem flowers were produced in drought stressed plants than in non-stressed plants. Drought stress did not affect overall seed numbers and seed wt in 1981, but did significantly affect seed number and wt in different flower age classes. Overall seed numbers were not affected by drought stress in 1982, but seed wt was significantly lower in plants with stressed ovules. Fewer flowers but more seeds per pollination were produced by plants in which all or 1/2 the flowers were pollinated than by plants in which 1/4 or '/6 of the flowers were pollinated. Seed wts were lowest in plants with a full fruit load and in fruits produced late in the growth cycle. Seed number was variable but high following pollination of flowers with 1-7 day old stigmas, and much lower in flowers
The broader reach of racial disparities.

Racial and ethnic minorities constitute 28% of the population in the United States, a percentage that is projected to double by 2050. The growing proportion of racial and ethnic minorities in the United States increases the need to understand the determinants of racial-ethnic disparities in health care, so as to be able to reduce them.1 Although the goals of the Centers for Disease Control plan Healthy People 2010 was to eliminate racial disparities in health care, disparities continue to exist in cardiovascular disease and stroke with a greater burden of these conditions, their risk factors, and mortality among African Americans, Hispanics, American Indians/Alaskan Natives, and Asians. Yet …
Novel probe‐feeding architectures for stacked microstrip patch antennas

Dual-band stacked microstrip patch antennas are a popular choice for wireless and other vehicular communication applications. They are also being considered for use in feed arrays for reflector antennas. In this paper, novel center-feeding schemes to achieve the desired dual-band response will be presented. Also, novel side-feeding schemes for a potential application in arrays have been investigated. L-band frequencies were chosen to test the concept. For the stacked patch configuration, the primary objective was to get the antenna to resonate at two frequencies—1.575 GHz for the upper patch and 1.228 GHz for the lower patch—with a shared aperture and two independent excitations. Return-loss, isolation, and pattern measurements for several antenna prototypes are presented. The measured results are compared with the simulation results from an FDTD code developed at UCLA. Extension of the concept for dual-polarization and array configurations has been explored. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 38: 467–475, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11092
Preconditioning Helmholtz linear systems

Linear systems which originate from the simulation of wave propagation phenomena can be very difficult to solve by iterative methods. These systems are typically complex valued and they tend to be highly indefinite, which renders the standard ILU-based preconditioners ineffective. This paper presents a study of ways to enhance standard preconditioners by altering the diagonal by imaginary shifts. Prior work indicates that modifying the diagonal entries during the incomplete factorization process, by adding to it purely imaginary values can improve the quality of the preconditioner in a substantial way. Here we propose simple algebraic heuristics to perform the shifting and test these techniques with the ARMS and ILUT preconditioners. Comparisons are made with applications stemming from the diffraction of an acoustic wave incident on a bounded obstacle (governed by the Helmholtz Wave Equation).
E. W. Pitcher on Periodicals

(1999). E. W. Pitcher on Periodicals. ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews: Vol. 12, E. W. Pitcher on Periodicals, pp. 2-5.
Electrohydrodynamic ionization mass spectrometry of biochemical materials

Electrohydrodynamic ionization mass spectrometry has been applied to a range of biochemical materials dissolved in glycerol with NaI as electrolyte. Sugars (glucose, sucrose, raffinose), nucleosides (adenosine, thymidine, uridine), a tripeptide (glutathione) and an aminocyclitol antibiotic (neomycin) have been analyzed. Unambiguous analysis of a multicomponent solution has been demonstrated. All samples yielded several quasimolecular ions involving either proton or cation attachment to clusters of sample and/or solvent molecules. Unlike other techniques such as field desorption, electrohydrodynamic ionization is not observed to cause fragmentation of sample molecules. The mass spectrometer was operated so as to analyze only those ion clusters which had not undergone decomposition processes; under these conditions, most materials are ionized with similar efficiencies if the total abundance of all characteristic quasimolecular ions is considered. Information regarding the amino acid sequence of glutathione was obtained by thermal pretreatment of the glycerol solution before mass analysis. Positive and negative ion spectra give complementary information which can resolve potential ambiguities regarding the exact composition of quasimolecular ions. Electrohydrodynamic ionization mass spectrometry should be applicable to materials which cannot be ionized by other methods.
Hypertension during Pregnancy is Associated with Coronary Artery Calcium Independent of Renal Function

Abstract Background: Hypertension during pregnancy (HDP) increases the risk of future coronary heart disease (CHD), but it is unknown whether this association is mediated by renal injury. Reduced r...
Development of a 0.5 PW high contrast Ti:Sapphire laser system at OSU to achieve peak focal intensities exceeding 1022 W/cm2

A 0.5 PW 15 J/pulse, 30 fs, 1 shot/min, Ti:Sapphire based high pulse contrast laser system is being constructed at OSU. The laser peak intensity will be measured with a proton acceleration based technic.
Existence of solutions to some singular initial value problems

On etudie l'existence des solutions et leurs domaines de definition pour des problemes aux valeurs initiales pour des equations differentielles d'ordre 1 et 2 qui sont singulieres soit dans les variables dependantes soit dans les variables independantes
Knowledge of spatial relations: a preliminary investigation.

The mechanism underlying our knowledge of spatial relationships was investigated. In the first experiment subjects were asked to examine an array of circles, located in different positions on a background; after removal of the array, they answered questions about the spatial relations between the circles. The array was constructed so that the number of circles and the number of relations between circles could be independently varied. The results showed that the number of correct answers decreased as the number of circles increased, but was unaffected by the number of relations between circles. This suggests that subjects learn the positions of the circles, from which relations between circles can be computed, rather than learning the relations directly. Evidence from the second experiment, using a similar experimental paradigm, suggests that the positions of the circles are learned by organizing them into higher-order units or groups.
Palatine torus in the pre-conquest inhabitants of the Canary Islands.

Abstract An unusually high frequency of palatine torus in prehistoric Canary Islands skeletal remains is investigated in terms of population origins, evolutionary forces (gene flow and genetic drift) and environmental effects. Palatine torus frequencies (percent presence) are compared between the Canary Islands sample and skeletal samples from proposed ancestral regions, including northwest Africa, northeast Africa, sub-Saharan Africa, southern Europe, northern Europe and western Asia. The frequency of palatine torus is much higher in the Canary Islands sample (23.8%) than in samples from Northern and sub-Saharan Africa (1.8–6.1%), southern Europe (7.5%) and western Asia (2.1%), but is much lower than in the sample from northern Europe (57.4%). Because biological and archaeological evidence provide strong support for a northwest African origin for indigenous Canary Islands populations, the relatively high occurrence of palatine torus in the Canary Islands populace cannot be explained by an alternative ancestry; rather, it may be best explained by either evolutionary forces such as genetic drift or gene flow, or by environmental forces, such as hard chewing or a heavy dependence on marine foods. Genetic drift and gene flow seem less likely, since frequencies of other dental traits known to be under strong genetic control do not differ greatly between the prehistoric Canary Islands and northwest African samples. Environmental factors such as diet seem the most likely explanation and may include heavy consumption of marine foods, which has been implicated in torus formation.