cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aggression and brain serotonergic responsivity: Response to slides in male macaques ☆

The association between central serotonergic responsivity (measured by prolactin response to acute administration of fenfluramine hydrochloride) and aggressivity was examined in 40 adult male cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Prolactin response to fenfluramine was distributed bi-modally with 24 monkeys displaying a “low” prolactin response and 15 showing a “high” prolactin response to the fenfluramine challenge. Behavioral responsivity was assessed by placing the monkeys individually in an open-field enclosure and presenting a series of photographic slides depicting both threatening and nonthreatening images. Monkeys that were low prolactin responders displayed significantly more aggressive gestures in response to a threatening slide of a human being than did the high responders (p < 0.05). Insofar as fenfluramine-stimulated prolactin release assesses serotonergic responsivity, these data support related findings in people and nonhuman primates linking reduced serotonergic activity and aggression.
A comparative study of adhesion formation and abdominal wall ingrowth after laparoscopic ventral hernia repair in a porcine model using multiple types of mesh.

The ideal mesh for laparoscopic ventral hernia repair is not yet identified. We laparoscopically placed polypropylene (PPM), expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE), and polyester with antiadhesive collagen layer (PCO) in eight pigs using sutures and tacks for fixation. After 28-day survival, we compared adhesion formation, fibrous ingrowth, and shrinkage among the types of mesh. Mean area of adhesions to PCO (8.25%) was less than that to ePTFE (57.14%, p < 0.001) or PPM (79.38%, p < 0.001). Adhesions peel strength was less for PCO (2.3 N) than for PPM (16.1 N, p < 0.001) or ePTFE (8.8 N, p = 0.02). Peel strength of mesh from the abdominal wall was less for ePTFE (1.3 N/cm of mesh width) than for PCO (2.8 N/cm, p = 0.001) or PPM (2.1 N/cm, p = 0.05). ePTFE area (94.4 cm2) was less than that for PCO (118.6 cm2, p < 0.001) or PPM (140.7 cm2, p < 0.02). PCO had fewer and less severe adhesions than ePTFE or PPM while facilitating excellent ingrowth of the adjacent parietal tissue.
Probing the active site of MIO‐dependent aminomutases, key catalysts in the biosynthesis of β‐amino acids incorporated in secondary metabolites

The tyrosine aminomutase SgTAM produces (S)-ss-tyrosine from L-tyrosine in the biosynthesis of the enediyne antitumor antibiotic C-1027. This conversion is promoted by the methylideneimidazole-5-one (MIO) prosthetic group. MIO was first identified in the homologous family of ammonia lyases, which deaminate aromatic amino acids to form alpha,ss-unsaturated carboxylates. Studies of substrate specificity have been described for lyases but there have been limited reports in altering the substrate specificity of aminomutases. Furthermore, it remains unclear as to what structural properties are responsible for catalyzing the presumed readdition of the amino group into the alpha,ss-unsaturated intermediates to form ss-amino acids. Attempts to elucidate specificity and mechanistic determinants of SgTAM have also proved to be difficult as it is recalcitrant to perturbations to the active site via mutagenesis. An X-ray cocrystal structure of the SgTAM mutant of the catalytic base with L-tyrosine verified important substrate binding residues as well as the enzymatic base. Further mutagenesis revealed that removal of these crucial interactions renders the enzyme inactive. Proposed structural determinants for mutase activity probed via mutagenesis, time-point assays and X-ray crystallography revealed a complicated role for these residues in maintaining key quaternary structure properties that aid in catalysis.
[Lys(B28), Pro(B29)]-human insulin: Effect of injection time on postprandial glycemia

Background [Lys(B28), Pro(B29)]-human insulin (lispro) is an insulin analogue with a reduced capacity for self-association and faster absorption from subcutaneous injection sites. We hypothesized that administration of lispro closer to a meal would result in better glucose control than that achieved with regular insulin. Methods This trial used a randomized crossover design that consisted of a period of metabolic stabilization lasting 9 days followed by an evaluation period lasting 5 days. The patients received weight-maintenance diets, and insulin doses were adjusted as needed. Calorie intake, insulin dose, and activities were kept constant once the evaluation period began. During the evaluation period, we varied the time between insulin injection and mealtime and assessed glucose control. Results During the evaluation period, the lowest mean glucose concentrations were 117.9 mg/dl for lispro and 119.8 mg/dl (p = 0.817) for regular insulin. To obtain these, we gave lispro, on average, 22.5 minutes before meals and regular insulin 63.8 minutes before meals (p = 0.006). A similar pattern was evident throughout the glucose control parameters. The exception was mean amplitude of glucose excursion, which was lower after lispro (59 versus 75 mg/dl; p = 0.007) compared with regular insulin. Conclusions We achieved equal or slightly better glucose control, as reflected by mean amplitude of glucose excursion, with insulin lispro given much closer to meal time than that achieved with regular insulin. As a result of these findings, we propose that a rapidly absorbed analogue of insulin is capable of achieving better control of postprandial glucose at a more convenient injection time. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1995) 58, 459–469; doi:
Quantifying Mitral Regurgitation: Added Value of Three-Dimensional Echocardiography

Current three-dimensional (3D) echocardiographic technology, including live 3D transesophageal echocardiography and single-beat 3D color Doppler imaging, are providing valuable new insight into the mechanism and quantification of mitral valve dysfunction. In this review we discuss important applications of 3D volumetric leaflet imaging with emphasis on the distinction between organic and functional mitral regurgitation. We also discuss the added benefit of current and emerging 3D color Doppler methods for the quantification of mitral regurgitation severity. The limitations of the 2D proximal isovelocity surface area method are discussed, along with potential solutions provided by 3D color Doppler imaging methods that do not require assumptions about the converging flow geometry. Methods to directly measure the vena contracta area of a regurgitant jet are presented along with recent validation studies comparing this method to a reference standard of cardiac MRI. In brief, we review the established and emerging applications of 3D color Doppler techniques for the quantification of mitral regurgitation severity.
Communicating 3D Shape Using Lines

Summary form only given. The last few years have brought a more concrete understanding of the mathematical relationship between strokes in drawings, linear features in images, and lines on 3D shapes. However, fundamental questions remain unanswered about how our perceptual system resolves these lines as giving evidence about shape. These questions need to be addressed to assemble mathematically defined lines into clear and compelling drawings. I'll discuss my ongoing research on suggestive contours and highlight lines from this perspective.
Potential scaling effects for asynchronous video in multirobot search

Camera guided teleoperation has long been the preferred mode for controlling remote robots with other modes such as asynchronous control only used when unavoidable. Because controlling multiple robots places additional demands on the operator we hypothesized that removing the forced pace for reviewing camera video might reduce workload and improve performance. In an initial experiment we evaluated the usefulness of asynchronous operation for a four robot search task. Participants operated four robot teams performing a simulated urban search and rescue (USAR) task using conventional streaming video plus a map interface or an experimental interface without streaming video but with the ability to store panoramic images on the map to be viewed at leisure. Search performance was somewhat better using the conventional interface; however, ancillary measures suggest that the asynchronous interface succeeded in reducing temporal demands for switching between robots. Because the advantages hypothesized for the asynchronous interface are due to reduction in time stress and workload, the four robot condition may have simply been too easy to observe this advantage. This view is at least partially supported by the reduced switching found in the panoramic condition. We have recently collected data for the streaming video condition for 4, 8, and 12 robots. In this data we found a marked deterioration in performance for the 12 robot condition, suggesting that at this level of difficulty asynchronous video might have an advantage. In this paper we present data for the four robot case comparison and discuss the implications of the recent data from larger teams.
Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry of Carotenoids Using Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization

Carotenoids contained in plant extracts were analyzed using liquid chromatography/positive-and negative-ion atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (LC/APCI-MS) with a narrow-bore C 30 reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) column and a gradient solvent system containing methanol-methyl tert-butyl ether-ammonium acetate at a flow rate of 300 μl min -1 . In addition to mass spectrometric detection, photodiode-array UV/visible absorbance detection was used between the HPLC column and mass spectrometer for additional carotenoid characterization. Positive-ion APCI produced protonated molecules and molecular ions for both xanthophylls and, unexpectedly, hydrocarbon carotenes ; and during negative-ion APCI, M -. and [M - H] - ions were observed. In order to investigate the origin of the unexpected [M + H] + ions, positive-ion APCI of β-carotene was investigated using deuterochloroform as the only solvent. Because β-carotene formed primarily deuterated ions, [M + D] + , during APCI in deuterochloroform, the mobile phase was determined to be the source of hydrogen for protonation. The hydroxylated xanthophyll lutein fragmented during positive-ion APCI to eliminate water from the protonated molecule and form the base peak of m/z 551. Using collision-induced dissociation in the ion source, additional fragmentation pathways characteristic of tandem mass spectra of carotenoids were observed such as retro-Diels-Alder fragmentation, [M - 56] +. , for α-carotene and loss of toluene from the molecular ion, [M-92] +. for lutein, α-and β-carotene. The limits of detection for protonated molecules of α-carotene and lutein were approximately 3 and 13 pmol, respectively. In negative-ion APCI, the limits of detection were approximately 3 and 1 pmol for M -1 ions of α-carotene and lutein, respectively.
A comparative discrete-dislocation/nonlocal crystal-plasticity analysis of plane-strain mode I fracture

Abstract Crack growth associated with plane-strain mode I loading is studied computationally using both a discrete-dislocation approach and a nonlocal crystal-plasticity formulation. Within the discrete-dislocation approach, the material is modeled as a linear elastic solid which contains discrete dislocations capable of moving and interacting with each other and with other lattice defects either at a distance through their stress fields, or through direct contact. In the case of nonlocal crystal-plasticity, the effect of the plastic strain gradient on the materials’ behavior is incorporated through the contribution that the geometrically necessary dislocations make to the rate of strain hardening. In both formulations, the behavior of the crack is modeled using a cohesive zone approach. The results show that while both approaches yield comparable stress and strain fields around the crack tip, the global (stress intensity versus crack extension) responses as well as the crack tip profiles can be significantly different in the two cases. These differences are related to the ways crystallographic slip is modeled in the two approaches.
POPULATION PRESSURE AND LAND USE CHANGE: FROM TREE CROPS TO SAWAH IN NORTHWESTERN KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA

The author describes the role of population pressure in the current transition from tree crops to wet rice cultivation (sawah) in Northwestern Kalimantan Indonesia. He contends that this change is occurring "because the senescent trees no longer produce enough commodities to exchange for rice to feed an enlarged population." The historical background is described policies of the Indonesian government are discussed and data are presented on the rate of population growth (EXCERPT)
Renal effects of SK&F 82526 in anesthetized rats

Abstract Dopamine affects renal hemodynamics, renal tubular functions, and the secretion of renin. We have studied the renal effects of SK&F 82526 (an agonist which is selective for the DA 1 subclass of dopamine receptors) in anesthetized rats. Infused intravenously at 0.005 μmol/min/kg, this drug increased renal plasma flow and the clearances of PAH and inulin, effects which are consistent with decreased renovascular resistance. Concomitantly, urine flow and K excretion increased, and Na excretion tended to increase. All these effects of SK&F 82526 were antagonized by intravenous metoclopramide (1 μmol/min/kg). Despite its diuretic effect and despite its lack of effect on arterial blood pressure, SK&F 82526 increased arterial plasma renin concentration, suggesting a stimulatory effect on renin secretory rate. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the renal effects of SK&F 82526 mimic those of dopamine.
The human genome sequence: what will it do for us?

Science and Society presents discussions and commentaries on the broader implications of contemporary biological research. In an earlier article, Walter F. Bodmer presented the case for a major commitment on the part of the scientific community to the sequencing of the human genome (Bioessays7, 41–45, July, 1987). In the following article, Robert A. Weinberg takes a critical look at the human genome project.
Calculation of Infarct-Penumbra Mismatch on CT Perfusion Imaging Using the ABC/2 Method (P05.245)

Objective: Determine the reliability of the ABC/2 volumetric measurement on computed tomography (CT) perfusion imaging in calculating the volume of infarct, volume of ischemia, and mismatch percentage in stroke patients. Background Neuro-imaging techniques are important guides to management in stroke. Computed tomography has the advantages over magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of rapid implementation and wide availability in the setting of hyperacute stroke. CT and MRI studies have evaluated methods for quantifying volume of brain injury, including the use of clinical-perfusion mismatch using NIHSS and ASPECTS scores. The ABC/2 technique has been used in the measurement of intracranial hemorrhage volume and recently has been used for measuring infarct and penumbral volume with MRI. The use of this formula as a volumetric tool, which does not require cumbersome algorithmic interpretation, would be of great utility to practitioners in the acute setting if it could be applied to CT perfusion. Design/Methods: 22 patients with anterior circulation strokes who underwent CT perfusion imaging were analyzed retrospectively. Three blinded viewers determined the volume of infarct and ischemia using the ABC/2 method on the cerebral blood volume (CBV) and mean transit time (MTT) on CT perfusion images. Subsequently, applying the volumes (infarct and penumbra) obtained with the ABC/2 calculation, we introduced the formula 1 – CBV/MTT as a quantitative index for communication between practitioners to estimate CT perfusion mismatch. Results: The Pearson correlation coefficient between the three observers averaged 0.894, indicating good inter-rater correlation. Conclusions: he ABC/2 method of volume estimation is reliable between independent observers and is a fast approach to determine infarct and penumbra volumes on CT perfusion. Use of the 1 – CBV/MTT formula gives a quick estimation of mismatch percentage that assists providers in communicating the proportion of salvageable brain and may help guide further therapy. Disclosure: Dr. French has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wold has nothing to disclose. Dr. Martinez has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hoesch has nothing to disclose.
Evidence for chromosome number reduction and chromosomal homosequentiality in the 24-chromosome Korean frog Rana dybowskii and related species.

The karyotype of the Korean frog Rana dybowskii with its pattern of C-band heterochromatin distribution was numerically analyzed. There are 2n=24 chromosomes in the karyotype representing a reduction in number from the typical 2n=26 chromosome karyotype of Rana. The karyotype shows other evidence of reorganization relative to 26-chromosome species. The chromosomes grade smoothly in size from largest to smallest without the two size classes that are characteristic for 26-chromosome species. In contrast to many 26-chromosome species, there are few centromeric C-bands but many interstitial ones. C-bands for each homologous chromosome pair are distinctive. A prominent secondary constriction is located on one of the smallest chromosomes, chromosome 11, in a position similar to that seen in most 26-chromosome species. The karyotype of R. dybowskii is compared to those of other species of Rana known to have 2n=24 chromosomes; it is most similar to that of R. chensinensis, less so that of R. ornativentris and less still to that of R. arvalis in terms of the positions of centromeres and secondary constricitions. C-bands as well as secondary constrictions in the karyotypes of these frogs show evidence of chromosomal homosequentiality. The process and possible consequences of chromosome number reduction from an ancestral 26-chromosome karyotype is also evident in the karyotypes of these closely allied palearctic frogs. Pericentric inversions followed by fusion of two small elements apparently produced a new chromosome, chromosome 6, occurring originally among northeast Asian populations.
Experimental aeroelasticity history, status and future in brief

NASA conducts wind tunnel experiments to determine and understand the aeroelastic characteristics of new and advanced flight vehicles, including fixed-wing, rotary-wing and space-launch configurations. Review and assessments are made of the state-of-the-art in experimental aeroelasticity regarding available facilities, measurement techniques, and other means and devices useful in testing. In addition, some past experimental programs are described which assisted in the development of new technology, validated new analysis codes, or provided needed information for clearing flight envelopes of unwanted aeroelastic response. Finally, needs and requirements for advances and improvements in testing capabilities for future experimental research and development programs are described.
IFIT1 Differentially Interferes with Translation and Replication of Alphavirus Genomes and Promotes Induction of Type I Interferon

Alphaviruses are a group of widely distributed human and animal pathogens. It is well established that their replication is sensitive to type I IFN treatment, but the mechanism of IFN inhibitory function remains poorly understood. Using a new experimental system, we demonstrate that in the presence of IFN-β, activation of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) does not interfere with either attachment of alphavirus virions to the cells, or their entry and nucleocapsid disassembly. However, it strongly affects translation of the virion-delivered virus-specific RNAs. One of the ISG products, IFIT1 protein, plays a major role in this translation block, although an IFIT1-independent mechanism is also involved. The 5’UTRs of the alphavirus genomes were found to differ significantly in their ability to drive translation in the presence of increased concentration of IFIT1. Prior studies have shown that adaptation of naturally circulating alphaviruses to replication in tissue culture results in accumulation of mutations in the 5’UTR, which increase the efficiency of the promoter located in the 5’end of the genome. Here, we show that these mutations also decrease resistance of viral RNA to IFIT1-induced translation inhibition. In the presence of higher levels of IFIT1, alphaviruses with wt 5’UTRs became potent inducers of type I IFN, suggesting a new mechanism of type I IFN induction. We applied this knowledge of IFIT1 interaction with alphaviruses to develop new attenuated variants of Venezuelan equine encephalitis and chikungunya viruses that are more sensitive to the antiviral effects of IFIT1, and thus could serve as novel vaccine candidates.
Very short-term visual memory for size and shape.

Very short-term visual memory is often studied using partial report of alphanumeric characters to measure cue-delay effects. Although such cue-delay effects have been extensively studied, few studies have considered noncharacter stimuli, and those few were mixed in their conclusions. Here, three experiments pursued the cue-delay effect for discrimination judgments of noncharacter stimuli, such as the length of a line or the shape of a rectangle. In the line-length experiment, four lines were presented, with an auditory cue indicating one of the lines, and then a single line was presented. The observers discriminated between the length of the cued line in the first display and the length of the single line in the second display. The cues were presented either before or after the four-line stimulus. A cue-delay effect was found for these stimuli. Lengthdifference thresholds nearly doubled for cues presented 500 msec after the first display, compared with cues presented 500 msec before. A further experiment revealed a similar cue-delay effect for shape discrimination of rectangles. One reason this effect may not have been reported reliably is that it is largely evident for precues, and most previous studies used primarily postcues. In summary, the cue-delay effect is general to noncharacter stimuli.
Effects of daily melatonin injections on female reproduction in the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus

Abstract Seventy laboratory-reared (16L:8D at 21°) Peromyscus leucopus were injected daily for 7 weeks with either saline, 0.5, 5.0, or 50 μg of melatonin at either 2 or 12 hr into the photophase. Mice injected with 50 μg at 12 hr exhibited a substantial decrease ( P P
Delaware Health Source: Consumer Health Libraries and Health Literacy Outreach

Consumer health librarians in Delaware offer traditional health information services in public libraries and in nonlibrary settings. A visible and versatile consumer health information service can potentially complement already existing health-related services and programs. By emphasizing outreach to library populations and nonlibrary populations, consumer health librarians and community partners can facilitate the acquisition of health literacy skills.
Identification of Transcription Factor Binding Sites Upstream of Human Genes Regulated by the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase and MEK/ERK Signaling Pathways

We have taken an integrated approach in which expression profiling has been combined with the use of small molecule inhibitors and computational analysis of transcription factor binding sites to characterize regulatory sequences of genes that are targets of specific signaling pathways in growth factor-stimulated human cells. T98G cells were stimulated with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and analyzed by DNA microarrays, which identified 74 immediate-early gene transcripts. Cells were then treated with inhibitors to identify subsets of genes that are targets of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and MEK/ERK signaling pathways. Four groups of PDGF-induced genes were defined: independent of PI3K and MEK/ERK signaling, dependent on PI3K signaling, dependent on MEK/ERK signaling, and dependent on both pathways. The upstream regions of all genes in the four groups were scanned using TRANSFAC for putative cis-elements as compared with a background set of non-induced genes. Binding sites for 18 computationally predicted transcription factors were over-represented in the four groups of co-expressed genes compared with the background sequences (p
Phonetic Perspectives on West Germanic Consonant Gemination

The distribution of geminates resulting from North and West Germanic consonant gemination suggests that velar obstruents were the segments most favored by the change, while r was least favored and blocked the operation altogether. In an attempt to account for this behavior, the phonetic characteristics of these sounds are examined in the context of the geminating environments. It is demonstrated that these preferences can be accounted for through coarticulatory and acoustic effects of the trigger on the preceding consonant and vice versa. Although many previous analyses have glossed over the details of consonant gemination in West Germanic, it is argued here that in order to understand sound change, coarticulation, perception, and allophonic variation must be taken into account.
Reduction in numbers of large ganglion cells in cat retina following intravitreous injection of antibodies

Antibodies were prepared against large ganglion cells isolated from bovine retina and injected into the vitreous chamber of 1 eye in 6 adult cats. The other eye of each cat received either a control pre-immune gamma-globulin injection or was untreated. After a survival time of 9-86 days, ganglion cell density was assessed from Nissl-stained retinal whole-mounts. In each cat, there were fewer large ganglion cells (alpha-cells) in the immunoglobulin-injected retina than in the control retina. The reduction in large ganglion cells occurred in patches adjacent to areas of approximately normal large ganglion cell density. Counts of the number of large ganglion cells in both eyes of the 6 cats indicated that the immunoglobulin injected eyes had from 8% to 61% (mean 32%) fewer large ganglion cells than the paired control eyes. This was significantly greater than the difference in the number of large ganglion cells between pairs of normal or control-injected eyes. The magnitude of the effect was not related to the survival time following the immunoglobulin injection. Cell size measures of all ganglion cells in selected areas of retina indicated that the small ganglion cells were unaffected by the antibodies. However, there was a suggestion that the largest of the medium size ganglion cells were affected in addition to the large ganglion cells. Counts of total ganglion cells per unit area in affected regions of retina revealed a reduced overall density, suggesting that the ganglion cells were lost rather than decreased in size. These results indicate that antibodies to the large ganglion cells can be used to reduce the number of large ganglion cells (alpha-cells) in the cat retina. Since these cells correspond to the Y-cell functional class of ganglion cells in the cat retina, the antibodies may provide a useful tool for studying Y-cell function in the visual pathways.
Perceptions of cancer-related information among cancer survivors: a report from the American Cancer Society's Studies of Cancer Survivors.

BACKGROUND. Sources of cancer-related information are rapidly increasing, but little is known about whether the health information available to cancer survivors meets their needs. METHODS. The authors surveyed 778 Massachusetts cancer survivors 3, 6, or 11 years after their diagnosis for 6 common cancers. They analyzed their views about 5 types of cancer-related information, the quality of that information, barriers to getting it, their experiences with physicians providing cancer care, and the quality of their cancer care. RESULTS. Among 462 (61%) respondents who reported needing cancer information, many gave unfavorable ratings (fair or poor) of the quality of cancer information regarding cancer support groups (38%), long-term side effects (36%), experiences of other cancer patients (26%), and cancer physicians (26%). About 20% of respondents reported sometimes experiencing barriers to obtaining cancer information, although fewer than 10% usually or always experienced barriers. For both men and women, worse physical and mental functioning was associated with greater need for information, worse ratings of information quality, and more barriers to obtaining information (all P<.01). Cancer survivors who were black or had lower incomes reported more problems obtaining needed information, and younger women had greater information needs than older women (all P <.01). CONCLUSIONS. Opportunities exist to improve the quality, content and delivery of cancer-related information to survivors, especially for those who are racial/ethnic minorities, have low incomes, or are in worse physical or mental health. Providing information more effectively to cancer survivors may improve their care and health outcomes. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) and metabolites quantification in human and rat plasma by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry

A B S T R A C T Synthetic cathinones are recreational drugs that mimic the effects of illicit stimulants like cocaine, amphetamine or Ecstasy. Among the available synthetic cathinones in the United States, 3,4methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) is commonly abused and associated with dangerous side effects. MDPV is a dopamine transporter blocker 10-fold more potent than cocaine as a locomotor stimulant in rats. Previous in vitro and in vivo studies examining MDPV metabolism reported 3,4-dihydroxypyrovalerone (3,4-catechol-PV) and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxypyrovalerone (4-OH-3-MeO-PV) as the two primary metabolites. We developed and validated a liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry method to quantify MDPV and its primary metabolites in 100 mL human and rat plasma. Plasma hydrolysis was followed by protein precipitation before analysis. Limits of detection were 0.1 mg L � 1 , with linear ranges from 0.25 to 1000 mg L � 1 . Process efficiency, matrix effect, total imprecision (%CV) and accuracy (%target) were 36–93%, from � 8 to 12%, 2.1 to 7.3% and 86 to 109%, respectively. MDPV
Weighing the Benefits of New Alzheimer's Treatments

The results of a clinical trial of the drug memantine raise ethical and policy issues unmentioned in “Drug shows promise for advanced disease” (News of the Week, 21 Jul., p. [375][1]). Decline in cognitive and behavioral functioning was slower in trial participants with moderately severe
Abstract 2966: Targeting defective DNA repair as a novel chemoprevention strategy for BRCA1-mutated breast cancer

Carriers of germline mutations in the Breast Cancer Susceptibility Gene 1 (BRCA1) have an increased risk for developing breast cancer. Unfortunately, BRCA1-mutated cancers are not amenable to current chemoprevention options, often associate with an aggressive clinical course, and thus, are in need of an effective prevention strategy. We previously found that BRCA1 plays a role in DNA base-excision repair (BER) of oxidative DNA damage, and that BRCA1-mutated breast cancers exhibit a compromised ability for BER of oxidative DNA damage. Given that excessive oxidative DNA damage leads to tumorigenesis, we hypothesized that small molecules may be used to enhance the repair of oxidative DNA damage, and in turn, prevent tumorigenesis of BRCA1-mutated breast cancer cells. First, a high-throughput chemical screen identified small molecules that enhance BER of oxidative DNA damage in the presence of mutant BRCA1. These molecules have been termed DNA repair-activating agents. At least two DNA repair-activating agents significantly enhanced BER in mutant BRCA1 but not wild-type BRCA1 cell lines. These molecules also decreased basal levels of oxidative DNA damage as determined by flow cytometry using a FITC-conjugated 8oxoG-binding protein and decreased H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative DNA damage as determined by the alkaline comet assay modified for detection of oxidized lesions. Both DNA repair-activating agents directly activated BER, rather than indirectly as a result of induction of DNA damage, as evidenced by the alkaline comet assay for DNA strand breaks. Both agents also showed no cytotoxicity at concentrations that enhanced BER of oxidative DNA damage, which is ideal for chemoprevention. Finally, at least one of the DNA repair-activating agents decreased BRCA1-associated tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo. The DNA repair-activating agent decreased anchorage-independent growth of BRCA1-mutant/deficient cells without a significant effect on cell viability, as well as delayed tumor formation and decreased tumor burden in a dose-response manner in a xenograft mouse model. Taken together, these data suggest that enhancing DNA base-excision repair of oxidative DNA damage may be a novel strategy for the targeted chemoprevention of BRCA1-associated breast cancers. Citation Format: Elizabeth Alli, David Solow-Cordero, Stephanie C. Casey, James M. Ford. Targeting defective DNA repair as a novel chemoprevention strategy for BRCA1-mutated breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2966. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2966
2D WAXS/SAXS study on isotactic propylene-1-butylene random copolymer subjected to uniaxial stretching: The influence of temperature

Abstract The influence of temperature on the crystallization process of isotactic propylene-1-butylene (P–B) random copolymer with low comonomer concentration subjected to uniaxial tensile force was studied in-situ by using synchrotron-based wide- and small-angle X-ray scattering techniques (WAXS/SAXS). Data analysis was performed on the whole-pattern base. P–B copolymer was stretched at three temperatures, i.e., 100 °C, 60 °C and 25 °C. Before stretching, the static sample contained both γ- and α-phase of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) homopolymer, with the γ-phase being the dominant crystal modification. When subjected to uniaxial stretching, γ-phase adopted a tilted cross-β configuration, with the c -axis forming a tilting angle with respect to the fiber axis at all temperatures. At 100 °C and 60 °C, γ-phase was transformed to α-phase with parallel orientation of polymer chains. Daughter lamellae of the α-phase were observed at 100 °C but not at 60 °C. At room temperature, large lamellar crystals could not be formed due to strong tensile force applied to the polymer network. Low temperature stretching was featured with the formation of mesomorphic phase which was composed of tiny β-form crystals and of about 50% of oriented amorphous phase. The c -axis of the β-form crystal was in parallel to the fiber axis. The crystals were so small that no ordered texture was observed at the length scale of nanometers.
Use of anaerobic soil slurry reactors for the removal of petroleum hydrocarbons in soil

The biodegradation of No. 2 diesel fuel under anaerobic conditions was investigated using anaerobic soil slurry reactors. Soil samples were collected from a diesel spill site, where the diesel spill has migrated to vadose zone. The purpose of this study was to find out which of the various groups of anaerobic bacteria present in the study site will degrade the petroleum hydrocarbons in the soil. The various anaerobic groups included sulfate-, nitrate-reducing, methanogenic, and mixed electron acceptor conditions. The results indicated enhanced biodegradation of diesel fuel under all conditions compared to no electron-supplemented reactor (passive bioremediation). However, the rate of diesel degradation was the highest under mixed electron acceptor conditions followed in order by sulfate-, nitrate-reducing, and methanogenic conditions. Under mixed electron acceptor condition, 80.5% removal of diesel fuel was achieved within 290 days. While under sulfate-reducing condition 55% degradation of diesel fuel was observed for the same period. This study showed that the mixed heterogeneous microbial population of the contaminated site has the metabolic capability to degrade diesel fuel.
Alfalfa Development after Simulated Alfalfa Weevil Injury

Although the alfalfa weevil [Hypera postica (Gyllenhal)] is an important insect pest of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), relatively little is known about how larval defoliation affects growth processes at specific developmental stages. This study was conducted to characterize the developmental responses of alfalfa to simulated alfalfa weevil injury when injury was initiated at the early-bud stage of the first growth cycle. The study was conducted on a Sharpsburg silty clay loam (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic, Typic Argiudolls) in a 3.6 ha Haymaker' alfalfa field near Walton, NE. A total of 16 1-by 1-m plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four treatments in each of four replicates. Treatments consisted of an undefoliated check and three levels of simulated alfalfa weevil defoliation []
Further characterization of the supine empty stress test for predicting low valsalva leak point pressures.

The aim of this study is to determine if the diagnostic accuracy of the supine empty stress test (SEST) differs depending on the volume of residual urine. We performed a review of all patients who were diagnosed with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) via multi-channel urodynamics including valsalva leak point determinations (VLPP). A SEST was performed and the residual urine recorded via catheterization. The test-specific indices of the SEST for the prediction of low VLPP (defined as <60 cm H20) were determined for varying residual volumes. Ninety-nine patients were included. Regardless of residual volume, low sensitivities, specificities and positive predictive values were demonstrated. Sensitivity and positive predictive values were further reduced and negative predictive values were improved slightly with higher residual volume. The highest negative predictive value was 89% at a residual volume of greater than 10 mL. Residual urine volume has minimal impact on the utility of the SEST.
A New SVPWM Technique for DC Negative Rail Current Sensing at Low Speeds

Negative rail current sensing with the conventional space vector pulsewidth modulation (SVPWM) scheme imposes several challenges, particularly at low speeds and sector boundaries, where the pulsewidths of active vectors become narrow while the dc negative rail current becomes zero in null vectors (111) or (000). This paper presents a new SVPWM scheme by replacing null vectors with complementary active vectors such that the added vectors effectively cancel out each other, and the applied resultant voltage remains the same as in the conventional SVPWM. Hence, the pulsewidths of active vectors can be increased at low speeds without introducing additional switching losses, adding switching complexity, or introducing low frequency noise to the waveforms. Moreover, the proposed scheme reduces the system error caused by the deadtime of the switches with enlarged pulsewidths, enabling low-speed drive. The proposed technique is experimentally verified using a TMS320F28035 (Piccolo) microcontroller.
Maximally robust state-feedback controllers for stabilization of plants with normalized right coprime factor uncertainty

It is shown that a maximally robust state-feedback controller for a plant with normalized right coprime factor uncertainty is given by the solution to a standard linear quad- ratic regulator problem.
The expression of Fos-labeled spinal neurons in response to colorectal distension is enhanced after chronic spinal cord transection in the rat

Abstract The present study used Fos-like immunoreactivity to examine neuronal activation in response to colorectal distension in rats at 1 day or 30 days following spinal cord transection or sham transection. Fifty-five Wistar rats were anesthetized and an incision was made to expose the T 5 spinal segment. The dura was reflected away in all rats and a complete transection at the rostral end of the T 5 segment was given to the lesioned group. At 1 day (acute) or 30 days (chronic) post-surgery, conscious rats were subjected to a 2 h period of intermittent colorectal distension. Rats were perfused and spinal segments L 5 –S 2 were removed and processed for Fos-like immunoreactivity. Spinal cord transection alone had no effect on Fos-labeling in either acute or chronic rats. In acute rats, colorectal distension produced significant increases in Fos-labeling in the superficial and deep dorsal horn regions. In chronic rats, colorectal distension produced a three-fold increase in Fos-labeled neurons that was manifest throughout all laminar regions. These results indicate that the number of neurons expressing Fos in response to colorectal distension is much greater after a chronic spinal cord transection than after an acute transection. Since Fos is an indicator of neuronal activation, the results show that many more neurons become active in response to colorectal distension following a chronic spinal injury. This suggests that a functional reorganization of spinal circuits occurs following chronic spinal cord transection. This may ultimately result in altered visceral and somatic functions associated with spinal cord injury in humans.
Why Do We Have Urban Density Controls

Almost all urban land use controls reduce permitted densities. This article analyzes restrictions on residential densities in a conventional model of density–distance functions. Density controls force development to extend farther than in competitive equilibrium, thus increasing commuting distances and dwelling costs. Residents benefit if, as is likely, they prefer lower densities than in competitive equilibrium. But there is a limit to the extra commuting and housing costs that nevertheless make residents better off. Theoretical and numerical analyses are presented to show that likely parameter values almost certainly result in reductions in residents' welfare.
Characterization of a phosphodiesterase capable of hydrolyzing EA 2192, the most toxic degradation product of the nerve agent VX

Glycerophosphodiesterase (GpdQ) from Enterobacter aerogenes is a nonspecific diesterase that enables Escherichia coli to utilize alkyl phosphodiesters, such as diethyl phosphate, as the sole phosphorus source. The catalytic properties of GpdQ were determined, and the best substrate found was bis(p-nitrophenyl) phosphate with a kcat/Km value of 6.7 x 10(3) M-1 s-1. In addition, the E. aerogenes diesterase was tested as a catalyst for the hydrolysis of a series of phosphonate monoesters which are the hydrolysis products of the highly toxic organophosphonate nerve agents sarin, soman, GF, VX, and rVX. Among the phosphonate monoesters tested, the hydrolysis product of rVX, isobutyl methyl phosphonate, was the best substrate with a kcat/Km value of 33 M-1 s-1. The ability of GpdQ to hydrolyze the phosphonate monoesters provides an alternative selection strategy in the search of enhanced variants of the bacterial phosphotriesterase (PTE) for the hydrolysis of organophosphonate nerve agents. This investigation demonstrated that the previously reported activity of GpdQ toward the hydrolysis of methyl demeton-S is due to the presence of a diester contaminant in the commercial material. Furthermore, it was shown that GpdQ is capable of hydrolyzing a close analogue of EA 2192, the most toxic and persistent degradation product of the nerve agent VX.
New frontiers of application design

The goal of the merger of ubiquitous and wearable computing should be to provide “the right information to the right person at the right place at the right time.” In order for ubiquitous computing to reach its potential, the average person should be able to take advantage of the information on or off the job. Even while at work, many people do not have desks and/or spend a large portion of their time away from a desk. Thus, mobile access is the gateway technology required to make information available at any place and at any time. In addition, the computing system should be aware of the user’s context not only to be able to respond in an appropriate manner with respect to the user’s cognitive and social state but also to anticipate needs of the user.
A Window of Opportunity: Designing Carbon Nanomaterials for Environmental Safety and Health

Carbon nanomaterials are among the best known and most promising products of the nanotechnology movement. Some early studies suggest that fullerenes and nanotubes may pose significant health risks, and this has given rise to an emerging literature on carbon nanotoxicology. This young field has now begun to yield insight into toxicity mechanisms and the specific material features involved in those mechanisms. This paper explores the potential to alter those material features through post-processing or reformulation with the goal of reducing or eliminating carbon nanomaterial health risks. The paper emphasizes the important roles of metal content and bioavailability, carbon surface chemistry, and nanomaterial aggregation state. The nanotechnology movement has been given a unique "window of opportunity" to systematically investigate the toxicity of nanotechnology products and to develop ways to manage health risks before large scale manufacturing becomes widespread.
Analysis of Data Quality for Ambient Vibration Testing of the Henry Hudson Bridge

The quality of test data is an important consideration in conducting field experiments on civil infrastructure. In addition to possible errors due to the experimental setup, the uncertainties due to incomplete knowledge of a structure's behavior and its interactions with the natural environment greatly affect the reliability of the final results. This study discusses the uncertainty related to ambient vibration testing of a long-span steel arch bridge. The consistency of the identified parameters is examined through statistical analyses, and the effects of bandwidth and stationarity on the identified parameters are discussed.
After 75 Years of Magic: Disney Answers Its Critics, Rewrites African American History, and Cashes In on Its Racist Past

This paper explores representations of the historical intersection of race and gender in Disney’s The Princess and the Frog and black women in animated film in the USA. It examines how Disney and Pixar studio executives and animators attempted to use The Princess and the Frog to respond to its critics’ claims about the perpetuation of sexism and racism in its animated features. It has three major sections which explore how: (1) Disney attempted to answer criticism about the absence of African Americans and mothers in its films, the presence of physically over-sexualized and emotionally prince-dependent maidens in distress; (2) representations of animated black women in the history of film and Disney’s rewriting or sanitizing of African American history and denial of its and our nation’s racist past; and (3) Disney’s attempt to cash in on this denial of its racist past and its use of The Princess and the Frog as reconciliation.
FuzzyShrinking: improving shrinking-based data mining algorithms using fuzzy concept for multi-dimensional data

In this paper, we present continuous research on data analysis based on our previous work on the shrinking approach. Shrinking[19] is a novel data preprocessing technique which optimizes the inner structure of data inspired by the Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation[16]in the real world. It can be applied in many data mining fields. In this approach data are moved along the direction of the density gradient, thus making the inner structure of data more prominent. It is conducted on a sequence of grids with different cell sizes. In this paper, we applied the Fuzzy concept to improve the performance of the shrinking approach, targeting the better decision making for the movement for individual data points in each iteration. This approach can assist to improve the performance of existing data analysis approaches.