cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inversion of the Direction of Stereoinduction in the Coupling of Chiral γ,δ-Unsaturated Fischer Carbene Complexes with o-Ethynylbenzaldehyde

A variety of γ,δ-unsaturated carbene complexes that feature a stereogenic center at the β-carbon couple with 2-ethynylbenzaldehyde to afford hydrophenanthrene derivatives with a high degree of stereoinduction. The direction of stereoinduction is opposite for examples where the stereogenic center is acyclic vs examples where it is within a ring.
Biophysical Remote Sensing and Climate Data in Famine Early Warning Systems

Famine early warning systems use remote sensing in combination with socioeconomic and household food economy analysis to provide timely and rigorous information on emerging food security crises. The Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET) is the US Agency for International Development's decision support system in 20 African countries, as well as in Guatemala, Haiti and Afghanistan. FEWS NET provides early and actionable policy guidance for the US government and its humanitarian aid partners. As we move into an era of climate change where weather hazards will become more frequent and severe, understanding how to provide quantitative and actionable scientific information for policy-makers using biophysical data is critical for an appropriate and effective response.
Nonsymmetry and Core Size in N-Person Sidepayment Games:

This article presents a procedure for indexing n-person cooperative games in terms of degree of nonsymmetry. This ordinal-level index is limited to sidepayment games, but applies generally to games of three or more players. To validate the index, a laboratory experiment was conducted with four-person games differing in degree of nonsymmetry and in core size. The results show that, while core size had no significant effects, the players' payoffs varied significantly as a function of nonsymmetry. Strong players received increasingly more and weak players received increasingly less as nonsymmetry increased. Tests for goodness of fit of several prominent solution concepts show that, across experimental treatments, the Shapley value predicts better than other solutions. Shapley is followed in order by the disruption nucleolus, the nucleolus, and finally the equality solution. These tests also show that all of the theories decline in predictive accuracy as the degree of nonsymmetry increases. Reasons for this t...
Preliminary results from the Sprites94 Aircraft Campaign: 1. Red sprites

The dual jet aircraft Sprites94 campaign yielded the first color imagery and unambiguously triangulated physical dimensions and heights of upper atmospheric optical emissions associated with thunderstorm systems. Low light level television images, in both color and in black and white (B/W), obtained during the campaign show that there are at least two distinctively different types of optical emissions spanning part or all of the distance between the anvil tops and the ionosphere. The first of these emissions, dubbed 'sprites' after their elusive nature, are luminous structures of brief (less than 16 ms) duration with a red main body that typically spans the latitude range 50-90 km, and possessing lateral dimensions of 5-30 km. Faint bluish tendrils often extend downward from the main body of sprites, occasionally appearing to reach cloud tops near 20 km. In this paper the principal characteristics of red sprites as observed during the Sprites94 campaign are described. The second distinctive type of emissions, 'blue jets,' are described in a companion paper (Wescott et al., this issue).
Comparison of human and hamster mitochondrial transfer RNA Physical properties and methylation status

Abstract We have compared mitochondrial transfer RNA from cultured human (HeLa) and hamster (BHK) cells, giving emphasis to distinctive properties previously noted for the BHK system. Both HeLa and BHK mitochondrial tRNA sedimented slower, and had lower mobilities in “warm” acrylamide gels, than their cytoplasmic counterparts, suggesting that both mitochondrial tRNA populations have unusually loose configurations. HeLa mitochondrial tRNA was found to contain 2.8 methyl groups per 100 nucleotides compared to 8.7 for cytoplasmic, figures similar to previous BHK results. Both mitochondrial tRNA populations were notably deficient in 7-methylguanine, methylribose, and methylated pyrimidines. We propose that mitochondrial tRNA (or perhaps animal mitochondrial tRNA) constitutes a distinct evolutionary class.
A Dominant Negative Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor-γ Knock-in Mouse Exhibits Features of the Metabolic Syndrome

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma), a member of the nuclear hormone receptor family, is a master regulator of adipogenesis. Humans with dominant negative PPARgamma mutations have features of the metabolic syndrome (severe insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension). We created a knock-in mouse model containing a potent dominant negative PPARgamma L466A mutation, shown previously to inhibit wild-type PPARgamma action in vitro. Homozygous PPARgamma L466A knock-in mice die in utero. Heterozygous PPARgamma L466A knock-in (PPARKI) mice exhibit hypoplastic adipocytes, hypoadiponectinemia, increased serum-free fatty acids, and hepatic steatosis. When subjected to high fat diet feeding, PPARKI mice gain significantly less weight than controls. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies in PPARKI mice revealed insulin resistance and reduced glucose uptake into skeletal muscle. Female PPARKI mice exhibit hypertension independent of diet. The PPARKI mouse provides a novel model for studying the relationship between impaired PPARgamma function and the metabolic syndrome.
Two-dimensional Euler computations on a triangular mesh using an upwind, finite-volume scheme

A numerical procedure was developed for the finite-volume solution of the Euler equations on unstructured triangular meshes based on a flux-difference split upwind method. Techniques for implementing Roe's (1985) approximate Reimann solver together with the preprocessing MUSCL differencing on unstructured grids are presented. Applications and comparisons with structured grid problems are carried out for a supersonic shock reflection problem, the supersonic flow over a blunt body, the transonic flow over NACA 0012 and RAE 2822 airfoils, and the flow about a double element Karman-Trefftz airfoil.
A new safe-point thinning algorithm based on the mid-crack code tracing

A new thinning algorithm for binary images, based on the safe-point testing and mid-crack code tracing, is presented. Thinning is treated as the deletion of nonsafe border pixels from the contour to the center of the object layer-by-layer. The deletion is determined by masking a 3/spl times/3 weighted template and by the use of lookup tables. The resulting skeleton does not require cleaning or pruning. The obtained skeleton possesses single-pixel thickness and preserves the object's connectivity. The algorithm is very simple and efficient since only boundary pixels are processed at each iteration and lookup tables are used. >
Does Multifrequency Bioelectrical Impedance Relate to Body Composition

Background: There is need for a rapid, noninvasive, inexpensive yet accurate bedside technique to measure body composition. Bioelectrical impedance analysis measures the resistance and conductance of a weak electrical current passed through the body. It has been suggested that multifrequency impedance analysis can determine the distribution of fluid between the extracellular and intracellular compartments. Materials and Methods: The correlation between the resistance signals obtained from multifrequency bioelectrical impedance measurements and body composition was determined in normal rats ranging from 150 to -400 g in weight. Total body water, body fat, total body sodium, and total body potassium were measured using the carcass analysis technique, and extracellular water was derived from a dilutional marker using sodium bromide. Fat-free mass was calculated as the difference between body weight and body fat, and intracellular water was derived from total body water and extracellular water. Multifrequency bioelectrical impedance was measured at frequencies ranging from 3 to 300 kHz. Resistance at zero frequency and infinite frequency was calculated using the Cole and Cole equation. Results: Resistance index (i.e., length of the animal2/resistance) was highly correlated with all body compartments (r= 0.879–0.996) at all frequencies. There was also a high correlation among all compartments of the body (r= 0.971–0.999). Because of this high intercorrelation among the body compartments, a specific relationship between the multifrequency bioelectrical impedance signal and a specific compartment was not identified. Conclusions: Resistance index at any frequency will be correlated with any body compartment in a normal population. The utility of this technique should be determined in situations where there is a disturbance in the relationship between various compartments of the body.
Offline enforcement of contracts for high-performance computing

Design by contract is a well-known software design methodology which enhances the quality of software through assertions expressed at the interface level. The overhead averse nature of High-Performance Computing (HPC) applications often precludes the use of design by contract due to its potential overhead, especially when handling the large data sizes common in HPC. Our approach is to reduce the overhead of design by contract, by postponing (or offloading) across time and space the enforcement of contracts. We argue that the semantic implications of this approach are not significant, while leading to a large potential overhead reduction. A reduced overhead strategy to contract implementation may be necessary for a wider acceptance of this useful software engineering primitive. We apply our approach to contracts developed for software components based on the CCA (Common Component Architecture) model, which targets HPC applications. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection spreads by cell-to-cell transfer in cultured MARC-145 cells, is dependent on an intact cytoskeleton, and is suppressed by drug-targeting of cell permissiveness to virus infection.

Background Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is the etiologic agent of PRRS, causing widespread chronic infections which are largely uncontrolled by currently available vaccines or other antiviral measures. Cultured monkey kidney (MARC-145) cells provide an important tool for the study of PRRSV replication. For the present study, flow cytometric and fluorescence antibody (FA) analyses of PRRSV infection of cultured MARC-145 cells were carried out in experiments designed to clarify viral dynamics and the mechanism of viral spread. The roles of viral permissiveness and the cytoskeleton in PRRSV infection and transmission were examined in conjunction with antiviral and cytotoxic drugs.
Dysmenorrhea in Adolescents and Young Adults: Etiology and Management

Dysmenorrhea is the most common gynecologic complaint among adolescent and young adult females. Dysmenorrhea in adolescents and young adults is usually primary (functional), and is associated with normal ovulatory cycles and with no pelvic pathology. In approximately 10% of adolescents and young adults with severe dysmenorrhea symptoms, pelvic abnormalities such as endometriosis or uterine anomalies may be found. Potent prostaglandins and potent leukotrienes play an important role in generating dysmenorrhea symptoms. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are the most common pharmacologic treatment for dysmenorrhea. Adolescents and young adults with symptoms that do not respond to treatment with NSAIDs for 3 menstrual periods should be offered combined estrogen/progestin oral contraceptive pills for 3 menstrual cycles. Adolescents and young adults with dysmenorrhea who do not respond to this treatment should be evaluated for secondary causes of dysmenorrhea. The care provider's role is to explain about pathophysiology of dysmenorrhea to every adolescent and young adult female, address any concern that the patient has about her menstrual period, and review effective treatment options for dysmenorrhea with the patient.
The rate of sperm locomotion in the cockroach as a function of temperature

Abstract The average speed of sperm swimming freely in saline solution ranged from 16 μ/sec at 15–16° to 54 μ/sec at 37–39°C. Extremes of speed of individual sperm ranged from 8·5 μ/sec at 15° to 90–107 μ/sec at 39°. These values are similar to values in the literature for fish sperm. The rate of sperm movement is affected by temperature to an extent similar to the amount of effect of temperature on heartbeat, oxygen consumption, and succinoxidase activity, but cold inactivation of sperm occurs at a higher temperature (10–11°) than inactivation of heart beat or of the whole animal.
TRUTH AND GENRE IN PINDAR

By convention epinician poetry claims to be both obligatory and truthful, yet in the intersection of obligation and truth lies a seeming paradox: the poet presents his poetry as commissioned by a patron but also claims to be unbiased enough to convey the truth. In Slater's interpretation Pindar reconciles this paradox by casting his relationship to the patron as one of guest-friendship: when he declares himself a guest-friend of the victor, he agrees to the obligation ‘a) not to be envious of his xenos and b) to speak well of him. The argumentation is: Xenia excludes envy, I am a xenos, therefore I am not envious and consequently praise honestly’. Slater observes that envy may foster bias against the patron, but the problem of pro-patron bias remains: does the poet's friendship with and obligation to his patron produce praise at the expense of truth?
Why requiring employers to provide health insurance is a bad idea.

There is mounting pressure at the federal (and state) level to require employers to provide health insurance to their employees. However, two quite different groups of workers could be affected by such a mandate. In addition, there are at least five major problems with requiring employers to provide health insurance. Chief among these is the further fracturing of the insurance market, so that the spreading of risk will be reduced, and only the young and healthy will be offered insurance at relatively low premiums. We should be designing a health insurance system that has both universal coverage and a cost-containment structure. Toward this end, we need to tackle issues that transcend alternative methods of financing health care in the U.S.
Germline BRCA1 mutations and loss of the wild-type allele in tumors from families with early onset breast and ovarian cancer

The BRCA1 gene on human chromosome 17q21 is responsible for an autosomal dominant syndrome of inherited early onset breast/ovarian cancer. It is estimated that women harboring a germline BRCA1 mutation incur an 85% lifetime risk of breast cancer and a greatly elevated risk of ovarian cancer. The BRCA1 gene has recently been isolated and mutations have been found in the germline of affected individuals in linked families. Previous studies of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in breast tumors have been carried out on sporadic tumors derived from individuals without known linkage to BRCA1 and on tumors from linked families. Loss of large regions of chromosome 17 has been observed, but these LOH events could not be unequivocally ascribed to BRCA1. We have studied 28 breast and 6 ovarian tumors from families with strong evidence for linkage between breast cancer and genetic markers flanking BRCA1. These tumors were examined for LOH using genetic markers flanking and within BRCA1, including THRA1, D17S856, EDH17B1, EDH17B2, and D17S183. Forty-six percent (16/34) of tumors exhibit LOH which includes BRCA1. In 8 of 16 tumors the parental origin of the deleted allele could be determined by evaluation of haplotypes of associated family members; in 100% of these cases, the wild-type allele was lost. In some of these families germline mutations in BRCA1 have been determined; analyses of tumors with LOH at BRCA1 have revealed that only the disease-related allele of BRCA1 was present. These data strongly support the hypothesis that BRCA1 is a tumor suppressor gene.
Force saturation, system bandwidth, information transfer, and surface quality in haptic interfaces

This paper presents a two-part study of the effects of maximum endpoint force and system bandwidth on haptic perception. First, size identification experiments were performed to determine the effects of system quality, in terms of these two system parameters, on the ability of a human to identify square cross-section ridges by size in a simulated environment. Then, discrimination experiments were performed to determine the relationships between haptic interface machine parameters and simulation quality in terms of perceived surface hardness. Results indicate that haptic interface hardware may be able to convey sufficient perceptual information to the user with relatively low levels of force feedback and system bandwidth, yet subjects can perceive improvements in simulated surface quality as levels are further increased.
Beyond the Highs and Lows: Economics as a “process without a subject”

Postmodern Moments in Modern Economics. By David F. Ruccio and Jack Amariglio. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2003. It is not surprising that the commentators on our book lar...
Comparison of three oral appliances for treatment of severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

Objective: To compare three different oral appliances: a mandibular advancement device (Snoreguard), a tongue retaining device, and a soft palate lift, for treatment of severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS).Background: Oral appliances are therapeutic options for patients with OSAS.Methods: Eight patients with a mean apnea hypopnea index (AHI) of 72.1 (SD+/-39.9) were studied. Polysomnographic measures during each of the treatment nights were compared to baseline.Results: Eight out of 8 patients completed the mandibular advancement device (MAD) night; 5/8 tolerated the tongue retaining device (TRD); only 2/8 could sleep with the soft palate lift (SPL) in place. Improvement using the MAD reached significance: overall AHI (mean+/-SD) decreased from 72.1+/-39.9 at baseline to 35.5+/-39.4 with the appliance in place (P 40. With the TRD, AHI decreased from 50.3+/-18.9 at baseline to 43.5+/-32.5 (ns). The SPL was not effective with an AHI at baseline of 52.4+/-8.0, and 47.3+/-31.0 with the device in place (ns), and not well tolerated.Conclusions: A mandibular advancement device is an effective treatment alternative in some patients with severe OSAS. In comparison, the tongue retaining device and the soft palate lift do not achieve satisfactory results.
Relationships between parenting styles and risk behaviors in adolescent health: an integrative literature review

Research over the past 20 years suggests that the quality of the parent-adolescent relationship significantly affects the development of risk behaviors in adolescent health. The purpose of this paper is to present a review of studies published between 1996-2007 that address specific relationships between parenting styles and six priority adolescent risk behaviors. The review supports the substantial influence of parenting style on adolescent development. Adolescents raised in authoritative households consistently demonstrate higher protective and fewer risk behaviors than adolescents from non-authoritative families. There is also considerable evidence to show that parenting styles and behaviors related to warmth, communication and disciplinary practices predict important mediators, including academic achievement and psychosocial adjustment. Careful examination of parenting style patterns in diverse populations, particularly with respect to physical activity and unintentional injury, will be a critical next step in the development of efficacious, culturally tailored adolescent health promotion interventions.
Muscle Architecture Predicts Maximum Strength and Is Related to Activity Levels in Cerebral Palsy

Background. Muscle architecture is known to be predictive of muscle function. However, it is unknown whether this relationship is similar in children and adolescents with and without cerebral palsy (CP). Objective. The objective of this study was to determine whether the architecture of the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles was predictive of maximum voluntary knee extensor torque in children and adolescents with and without CP and whether these measures were related to activity and participation levels. Design. A case-control design was used. Methods. Eighteen participants with CP (mean age12.0 years, SD3.2) at Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels I through IV and 12 agematched peers with typical development (mean age12.3 years, SD3.9) were evaluated. Muscle thickness, fascicle length, and fascicle angle of the RF and VL muscles were measured with 2-dimensional, B-mode ultrasound imaging. The activity and participation measures used for participants with CP were the Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument (PODCI) and the Activities Scale for Kids, Performance Version (ASKp). Results. When age and GMFCS level were controlled for, VL muscle thickness was the best predictor of knee extensor isometric torque in the group with CP (R 2 .85). This prediction was similar to the prediction from VL muscle thickness and age in participants with typical development (R 2 .91). Rectus femoris muscle fascicle length was significantly correlated with the Sports and Physical Functioning Scale of the PODCI (.49), and VL muscle fascicle angle was correlated with the Transfers and Basic Mobility Scale of the PODCI (r.47) and with ASKp Locomotion subdomain (r.50). Limitations. A limitation of this study was the small sample size. Conclusions. Ultrasound measures of VL muscle thickness, adjusted for age and GMFCS level, were highly predictive of maximum torque and have the potential to serve as surrogate measures of voluntary strength (force-generating capacity) in children and adolescents with and without CP.
Clinical-scale production of granulocyte progenitor and post-progenitor cells using daniplestim, leridistim, Progenipoietin, Promegapoietin and autologous plasma.

Background Supplementation of PBPC autografts with ex vivo expanded PBMC may significantly reduce or eliminate the period of neutropenia associated with high-dose chemotherapy. Methods: Unmanipulated growth-factor mobilized PBMC were expanded in media containing daniplestim, leridistim, Promegapoietin, and Progenipoietin (DLPP) and 2% autologous plasma at 4 &#50 105 PBMC/mL, first in 25 cm2 T-flasks, with sampling on Days 7, 10, 13 and 15, and then in 1264 cm2 Nunclon Cell Factories, with sampling on Days 7 and 13. Results: In T25-flasks, maximal CFU-GM expansion ([38.2 &#45 9.5]-fold) occurred on Day 10, whereas maximal total cell expansion ([6.7 &#45 1.1]-fold) occurred on Day 15. Production of CD15+CD11b- and CD15+CD11b+ granulocytic post-progenitors (3.0 &#45 0.4 &#50 106 and 3.7 &#45 0.9 &#50 106, respectively) was also maximal at Day 15. Compared with the previously studied combination of Flt3L, PIXY321, G-CSF, GM-CSF and Epo, the DLPP cocktail performed similarly, with the exception of yielding lar...
Multiple sclerosis and virus induced immune responses: Autoimmunity can be primed by molecular mimicry and augmented by bystander activation

Polymicrobial infections have been associated with plausible immune mediated diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Virus infection can prime autoimmune T cells specific for central nervous system (CNS) antigens, if virus has molecular mimicry with CNS proteins. On the other hand, infection of irrelevant viruses will induce two types of cytokine responses. Infection with a virus such as lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), can induce interferon (IFN)-alpha/beta production and suppress autoimmunity, while infection with a virus, such as murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV), can activate natural killer (NK), NKT and dendritic cells, resulting in interleukin (IL)-12 and IFN-gamma production. These cytokines can cause bystander activation of autoreactive T cells. We established an animal model, where mice infected with vaccinia virus encoding myelin protein can mount autoimmune responses. However, the mice develop clinical disease only after irrelevant immune activation either with complete Freund's adjuvant or MCMV infection. In this review, we propose that a combination of two mechanisms, molecular mimicry and bystander activation, induced by virus infection, can lead to CNS demyelinating diseases, including MS. Viral proteins having molecular mimicry with self-proteins in the CNS can prime genetically susceptible individuals. Once this priming has occurred, an immunologic challenge could result in disease through bystander activation by cytokines.
Newborn screening for metabolic disorders

Metabolic disorders affect the transformation of nutrients in energy or in other compounds necessary for growth. They are due to deficiencies in enzymes or transporters involved in the metabolism of sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, and macromolecules. There is a wide spectrum of clinical presentation with onset of symptoms ranging from the newborn period to adult life. The consequences of untreated metabolic disorders can be extremely severe and devastating, independently from the age of onset. Early identification and treatment of these conditions before symptoms appear and irreversible damage has occurred can improve overall outcome and quality of life, with reduction of morbidity, mortality, and disabilities.
Tests of random density models of terrestrial planets

Random density models are analyzed to determine the low degree harmonics of the gravity field of a planet, and therefrom two properties: an axiality P_l , the percent of the degree variance in the zonal term referred to an axis through the maximum for degree l; and an angularity E_(ln) , the angle between the maxima for two degrees l, n. The random density distributions give solutions reasonably consistent with the axialities and angularities for the low degrees, l < 5, of Earth, Venus, and Moon, but not for Mars, which has improbably large axialities and small angularities. Hence the random density model is an unreliable predictor for the non‐hydrostatic second‐degree gravity of Mars, and thus for the moment‐of‐inertia, which is more plausibly close to 0.365MR^2.
THINKING ABOUT ROBERT PUTNAM'S ANALYSIS OF DIVERSITY

The article evaluates Robert Putnam's discussion of two differing concepts of the role of the diversity perspective toward inter-ethnic/inter-racial relationships in American society since the 1960s—namely, the “contact theory” and the “conflict theory.” The former was initially formulated by Harvard social psychologist Gordon Allport in The Nature of Prejudice (1954). Putnam's analysis—published in the comparative politics journal Scandinavian Political Studies (Vol. 30, No. 2, 2007)—favors the “conflict theory,” which holds that diversity sharpens “us-against-them” inter-ethnic/inter-racial interactions. Putnam's view opposes diversity-influenced public policies. By contrast, “contact theory” holds that diversity erodes “us-against-them” interactions and thus eventually democratizes such interactions, and thereby American society generally. “Contact theory” influenced the NAACP-led civil-rights movement's quest for desegregation public policies during the 1950s, 1960s, and onward.
The physics of neutron stars

Neutron stars are some of the densest manifestations of massive objects in the universe. They are ideal astrophysical laboratories for testing theories of dense matter physics and provide connections among nuclear physics, particle physics, and astrophysics. Neutron stars may exhibit conditions and phenomena not observed elsewhere, such as hyperon-dominated matter, deconfined quark matter, superfluidity and superconductivity with critical temperatures near 10 10 kelvin, opaqueness to neutrinos, and magnetic fields in excess of 10 13 Gauss. Here, we describe the formation, structure, internal composition, and evolution of neutron stars. Observations that include studies of pulsars in binary systems, thermal emission from isolated neutron stars, glitches from pulsars, and quasi-periodic oscillations from accreting neutron stars provide information about neutron star masses, radii, temperatures, ages, and internal compositions.
Mind, Mood, and Aesthetics

What comes first: the expression or the emotion? If you smile do you become happy, or are you happy so you then smile? Since Charles Darwin first observed “that even the simulation of an emotion tends to arouse it in our mind,”1 a large body of evidence has supported the facial-feedback hypothesis, which suggests that the emotion follows the expression.2,3 Volunteers forced to smile by placing a pencil in their mouths found cartoons funnier, and those forced to frown rated unpleasant photographs more negatively.4,5 But recently, thanks to more advanced neuroimaging capabilities, we are beginning to better understand the mechanism at work. Since Paul Ekman illuminated the impact of facial expressions, we have gained a detailed understanding of how facial muscle movements linked through primitive coupled neural pathways within the amygdala trigger mood and autonomic nervous system manifestations.6-8 Those who are sad tend to frown, and those who frown are more likely to be sad. The facial feedback hypothesis today is providing a framework for reevaluating and treating one of the leading causes of disability in the United States (US). Mood disorders, and depression in particular, are highly prevalent in Western society. The National Institute of Mental Health estimates 9.5% of Americans suffer from mood disorders, and in 2012 an estimated 16 million adults aged 18 or older in the US had at least one major depressive episode. This represented 6.9% of all US adults.9 The lifetime prevalence of depression is 16.2%,10 and depressive symptoms can be found in 44% of elderly people. Since 1987 there has been a … Corresponding Author: Dr Steven H. Dayan, 845 N. Michigan Ave, Suite 923, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA. E-mail: sdayan{at}drdayan.com
Photooxidation Mechanism of Methanol on Rutile TiO2 Nanoparticles

The use of nanoparticulate TiO2 as a photocatalyst for the conversion of organic molecules has grown tremendously in recent years; however, the roles of excited electrons, holes, and surface adsorbates in titania photochemistry remain poorly understood. In this work, detailed infrared measurements, which are sensitive to both vibrational and electronic transitions within the material, are used to uncover the mechanism of methanol oxidation on 4 nm rutile nanoparticles in both anaerobic and aerobic conditions. These experiments are performed in an ultrahigh vacuum cell where the coverage of methanol and exposure to oxygen are precisely controlled. Our measurements reveal that the primary pathway for initial methanol adsorption on TiO2 is dissociative, leading to the production of adsorbed methoxy groups. Upon exposure of the sample to ultraviolet photons, the results show that the electron–hole pairs (e––h+) generated within TiO2 have significant lifetimes because the holes are efficiently trapped by the s...
Drug Information Resources Used by Chain Community Pharmacists in Tennessee

Background: Community pharmacists are a highly utilized drug information resource for patients and health care providers. Good retrieval skills and the availability of credible references are key t...
Starting from Square One: Library Communications from the Ground Up

The UO Libraries Communications and Marketing Department was officially founded in 2014, centralizing the library’s personnel and resources in the areas of graphic design, copywriting and editing, website content management, social media outreach, exhibit services, and strategic communications. The department was set up with 3.75 FTE. Our permanent staff includes the director, a writer/editor, a graphic designer/photographer, and an exhibits designer. In addition, all our efforts are supported by the work of our amazing student employees. The establishment of our department has enriched and expanded the library’s communication efforts. We advance the educational mission of UO Libraries and its relationship with the academic community through the development of original editorial and marketing collateral, exhibits, special events, audio-video content, and social media outreach. Additionally, we ensure that library communications follow UO brand standards and align with campus-level communications efforts.
8. Art Historical Issues Arising From the M5 Burial at Anyang

This paper takes the position that the “late Wu Ting” or “Period II” dating for M5, now accepted by many scholars, cannot be reconciled with the advanced typological and stylistic qualities exhibited by so many of its bronze vessels, and that therefore the reading of the M5 bronze inscriptions as “Fu Hao” and the viewing of this as the name of a single individual woman, the consort of Wu Ting, constitute a methodology which must be rejected. Instead, the inscriptions could be read as “Fu Tzu,” with Tzu ( ) recognized as the feminization of the Shang surname Tzu ( ). Since this name would have been inherited by all daughters of the Tzu clan, there would have been at any one time a sizable number of royal women of various ages appropriately titled “Fu Tzu” ; and the necessity of identifying the Fu Tzu of the M5 inscriptions only with a woman named in the Wu Ting oracle bones can be eliminated. It is, moreover, likely that even in the Wu Ting oracle-bone inscriptions the references to “Fu Tzu” actually concerned several different ladies of the royal clan—daughters or aunts of the king, as well as consorts (the royal clan being endogamous).
Abstract 371: High On-Treatment Residual Platelet Reactivity Post--Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients Loaded with High-Dose Clopidogrel: Impact of Diabetes, Age, African-American Race and Presentation Acuity on Antiplatelet Hyporesponse

Background: High residual platelet reactivity (HRPR) on clopidogrel is variably defined and linked with factors such as age, race, genetics and diabetes (DM). We investigated the prevalence of HRPR and validated its link to reported risk factors in a high-risk PCI population using published definitions. Methods: 127 PCI pts had prospective platelet inhibition testing via the Accumetrics VerifyNow P2Y12 platform, 24 hrs post-600 mg clopidogrel po. Inhibition of platelet aggregation (IPA) and residual platelet reactivity (P2Y12-reactivity units, PRU) were analyzed on continuous and dichotomous scales with varying data-supported cutoff values: PRU Results: In 127 pts (age 64 ± 11, DM 50.4%, male 63.7%) mean PRU was 198.0 ± 107 (39.3% ± 30.2% IPA). Using cutoffs of PRU > 230, PRU > 208 and IPA 65 yrs (177+ 107 vs 219 + 106, P=0.028) were predictive of high residual platelet reactivity (HRPR) and increasing age was continuously correlated with HRPR (r=0.184, p=0.038). 70.1% of pts were African American (AA) and 34.6% presented with STEMI/ACS but neither factor correlated with HRPR. Conclusions: HRPR on clopidogrel was highly prevalent post-PCI but with great variability based on definition. DM and older age were linked with HRPR but several other risk factors. These data suggest limited predictability of HRPR based on published metrics of risk.
Experience on SX/EW pilot plant automation

Abstract The experience of instrumenting and developing the control and information systems in a pilot SX/EW plant is presented. The plant is located at the Process Control Laboratory, Santa Maria University, in Chile,. The control system is organized at three levels in an architecture including field controllers, PLC and PC networks. The main objectives are to develop and test intelligent tecniques in an hybrid system, and to study measurement and supervisory control problems. It is expected to produce reliable results that will contribute to improve the efficiency of this emerging and important process.
Epic Immune Battles of History: Neutrophils vs. Staphylococcus aureus

Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in human blood and the first line of defense after bacteria have breached the epithelial barriers. After migration to a site of infection, neutrophils engage and expose invading microorganisms to antimicrobial peptides and proteins, as well as reactive oxygen species, as part of their bactericidal arsenal. Ideally, neutrophils ingest bacteria to prevent damage to surrounding cells and tissues, kill invading microorganisms with antimicrobial mechanisms, undergo programmed cell death to minimize inflammation, and are cleared away by macrophages. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a prevalent Gram-positive bacterium that is a common commensal and causes a wide range of diseases from skin infections to endocarditis. Since its discovery, S. aureus has been a formidable neutrophil foe that has challenged the efficacy of this professional assassin. Indeed, proper clearance of S. aureus by neutrophils is essential to positive infection outcome, and S. aureus has developed mechanisms to evade neutrophil killing. Herein, we will review mechanisms used by S. aureus to modulate and evade neutrophil bactericidal mechanisms including priming, activation, chemotaxis, production of reactive oxygen species, and resolution of infection. We will also highlight how S. aureus uses sensory/regulatory systems to tailor production of virulence factors specifically to the triggering signal, e.g., neutrophils and defensins. To conclude, we will provide an overview of therapeutic approaches that may potentially enhance neutrophil antimicrobial functions.
Centering embodiment in disability research through performance ethnography

In this article, I bring disability studies and critical qualitative pedagogies to bear upon methodological concerns of social work to think through questions of disability embodiment, positionalit...
Effects of hetastarch 130/0.4 on plasma osmolality, colloid osmotic pressure and total protein in horses anaesthetised for elective surgical procedures

Effects of lactated Ringer’s solution (LRS) and hetastarch 130/0.4 (HES) on colloid osmotic pressure (COP), plasma osmolality (OSM) and total protein (TP) were investigated in 18 inhalational-anaesthetised healthy horses. Horses received 4–6 ml/kg LRS (LRS; n=9) or HES (HES; n=9) from anaesthesia induction through 60 min, after which all were administered LRS. COP, TP and OSM were measured before premedication (baseline), postinduction and 30 (n=18), 60 (n=18), 90 (n=18) and 120 (n=12) minutes. Baseline COP, OSM and TP were not different between groups. TP decreased in both groups at all time points after induction. OSM increased from baseline in HES at 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes. COP decreased at 30–120 minutes in LRS, and at 90 and 120 minutes in HES. Mean COP was higher in HES than LRS at 30 (18.8±0.5 vs 16.3±0.4 mmHg (P=0.001)), 60 (19.1±0.5 vs 15.9±0.4 mmHg (P
Microaggressions and Ethnic Identity in the Career Development of Latina College Students

Counseling psychologists have noted the importance of examining the intersection of sociocultural identity and vocational psychology. In our study, we considered this intersection in a sample of 20...
Outcomes of an Academic Scholarship Program at the City University of New York – New York City College of Technology

We are on a threshold of a revolution in technology education where human knowledge is increasing at an extremely rapid rate. In the wake of these technological advancements, the required workforce skills and competencies are constantly changing. This combination of human knowledge and technological advancements is placing a demand on educators to prepare students with a strong integrated technical skills in his selected educational discipline, as well as professional skills such as critical thinking and problem solving. The purpose of the Academic Scholarship Program at the College was to develop a comprehensive experience to prepare students for such demands of the workforce. The program consisted of extra-curricular activities and educational programing to enhance the classroom experiences of the scholars. The academic, professional development, and internship activities were tracked in order to determine and enumerate and the impact of the scholarship program. The impact of this program is reported through the attainment summary of the program’s educational objectives, institutional academic support, professional development, student retention rates, and a review of work place initiatives of the Academic Scholars Program. Keywords: NSF S-STEM Program; Engineering the Future; Assessment and Evaluation; financially disadvantaged students
Hattori, Shiro (1908–1995)

Hattori Shirō (1908–1995), Professor of Linguistics at Tokyo University, specialized in Northeast Asian comparative and historical linguistics, investigating affinities among Japanese, Ainu, Korean, Manchu, and Mongolian. An authority on East Asian linguistic geography, he also published definitive studies of modern Japanese phonology and syntax. His work gained him international recognition, and set the standard for Japanese linguistics in the latter half of the twentieth century.
Sleep in Pregnancy and the Postpartum

Pregnancy and the postpartum are two gender-specific periods during which sleep is often reported as disturbed, unrefreshing, and insufficient. Each life event is associated with specific sleep disturbances and disorders. The understanding of what women can or should expect with regard to the degree, severity, and frequency of pregnancy and postpartum sleep disturbances is still being explored. A comprehensive understanding of sleep during these periods may have significant consequences for maternal physical and mental health, infant outcomes, and maternal–infant relationships. Continued evaluations of biological pathways that may link poor sleep with adverse outcomes as well as behavioral interventions are critically needed.
Sources of State Practice in International Law: India

This essay discusses issues related to India's practice in international law, with an emphasis on treaty succession, implementation and ratification. Treaty succession is discussed in light of the complexities stemming from India's independence from Great Britain, as well as the creation of two new states out of the territory known as British India - the dominions of India and Pakistan. Also included is a section on the diplomatic avenues for concluding treaties.
How Do We Solve Our Problems

More often than not, science fiction movies involve crisis management. A serious problem arises—alien invaders, natural disasters, or unforeseen consequences of some new technology, to name just a few—and a solution must be found urgently. The solution requires the best scientific minds and the latest technology, often preceded or followed up by military intervention. Indeed, much of real science is devoted to problem-solving. Natural curiosity, in response to puzzling observations, leads to all sorts of interesting questions about how the world works. The goal of basic research is to answer these fundamental questions, while applied research is aimed at solving specific, practical problems. But there are problems of a different sort, not all of which are solvable by science or technology.
The Pineal and the Harderian Glands: Evidence for Mutual Interactions

The pineal gland and the Harderian glands have a number of biochemical and physiological features which are similar. Both organs contain melatonin and associated enzymes required for its synthesis (Cardinali and Wurtman 1972; Bubenik et al. 1978; Balemans et al. 1980; Reiter et al. 1981). Additionally, both the Harderian glands (Guerrero et al. 1987) and the pineal gland (Guerrero et al. 1988) contain the 5′-deiodinase enzyme which converts the relatively inactive thyroid hormone, thyroxine, to its active form, triiodothyronine (T3). In both the Harderian and the pineal glands, melatonin and T3 synthesis are rhythmic. Finally, both organs also exhibit day/night rhythms in vasopressin and oxytocin (Gauquelin et al. 1988). Why these organs have these similarities is unknown and, indeed, astonishing considering their widely different embryological derivations, etc. Recently, it has become apparent that there may be a bidirectional physiologic interaction between these organs. The purpose of this chapter is to summarize the presumptive interrelationships.
Tactics for Connecting Entrepreneurship and Technical Communication through Community Engagement: Experience Report

In this paper, I argue that technical communication programs can connect with entrepreneurship education to build institutional sustainability and respond to the evolving needs of technical communicators. I offer tactics for implementing entrepreneurship-themed technical communication courses by utilizing community engagement pedagogies and design thinking process scaffolding, which are already shared between technical communication and entrepreneurship methods. I demonstrate this approach using an example engagement project with a fledgling campus rape crisis center.
A Review of the Evidence Surrounding the Effects of Breakfast Consumption on Mechanisms of Weight Management

The recommendation to eat breakfast has received scrutiny due to insufficient causal evidence for improvements in weight management. Despite the limited number of randomized controlled trials examining the effects of breakfast consumption compared with skipping breakfast on weight loss, an increasing number of studies target the hormonal and behavioral mechanisms underlying weight management. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the intervention-based clinical trials that test whether breakfast consumption improves appetite control and satiety as well as energy expenditure compared with skipping breakfast. Several factors were considered when interpreting the body of evidence. These include, but were not limited to, the following: the composition of breakfast, with a specific focus on dietary protein; meal size and form; and habitual breakfast behaviors. The evidence within this review shows positive to neutral support for the inclusion of breakfast for improvements in appetite control, satiety, and postprandial energy expenditure. The protein content, energy content, and form of the meal (i.e., beverages compared with foods) are key modulating factors for ingestive behavior and energy expenditure mechanisms. Specifically, breakfast meals containing a larger amount of protein (≥30 g protein/meal) and energy (≥350 kcal/meal) and provided as solid foods increased the magnitude of the appetite and satiety response compared with breakfast skipping. Longer-term randomized controlled trials including the measurement of ingestive behavior and weight management are needed to identify the role of breakfast for health promotion.