cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ribosomal RNA synthesis in the Eastern North-American Newt, Notophthalmus viridescens.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis, the initiation of which is an early major event during the transformation of iris into lens in the newt, was characterized in the TVI cell-line derived from the eastern North-American newt Notophthalmus viridescens. Employing the technique of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, molecular-weight measurements were made on newt rRNAs using Xenopus laevis and E. coli rRNAs as standards. The molecular weights of N. viridescens 28S and 18S rRNA were found to be 1.4 × 106 and 0.7 × 106 respectively. The precursor to these RNAs had a molecular weight of 3.1 × 106. Three probable intermediates in the processing of precursor to mature rRNA were also identified. On the basis of the molecular weights of all species of RNA identified, a processing pathway, similar to that of Xenopus, has been suggested. Some unusual features in the kinetics of precursor rRNA labelling and processing suggest the possibility that newt-cell rRNA synthesis may be controlled by the availability of essential amino acids in a manner similar to that observed in mammalian cells. A possible relationship between the availability of essential amino acids, the initiation of rRNA synthesis in the newt iris, and the control of lens regeneration is discussed.
Control of Fe(III) site occupancy on the rate and extent of microbial reduction of Fe(III) in nontronite

Abstract A quantitative study was performed to understand how Fe(III) site occupancy controls Fe(III) bioreduction in nontronite by Shewanella putrefaciens CN32. NAu-1 and NAu-2 were nontronites and contained Fe(III) in different structural sites with 16 and 23% total iron (w/w), respectively, with almost all iron as Fe(III). Mossbauer spectroscopy showed that Fe(III) was present in the octahedral site in NAu-1 (with a small amount of goethite), but in both the tetrahedral and the octahedral sites in NAu-2. Mossbauer data further showed that the octahedral Fe(III) in NAu-2 existed in at least two environments- trans (M1) and cis (M2) sites. The microbial Fe(III) reduction in NAu-1 and NAu-2 was studied in batch cultures at a nontronite concentration of 5 mg/mL in bicarbonate buffer with lactate as the electron donor. The unreduced and bioreduced nontronites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Mossbauer spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In the presence of an electron shuttle, anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS), the extent of bioreduction was 11%–16% for NAu-1 but 28%–32% for NAu-2. The extent of reduction in the absence of AQDS was only 5%–7% for NAu-1 but 14%–18% for NAu-2. The control experiments with heat killed cells and without cells did not show any appreciable reduction (
Ortho-Metalation Dynamics and Ligand Fluxionality in the Conversion of Os3(CO)10(dppm) to HOs3(CO)8[μ-PhP(C6H4-μ2,η1)CH2PPh2]: Experimental and DFT Evidence for the Participation of Agostic C−H and π-Aryl Intermediates at an Intact Triosmium Cluster

The mechanism for the stepwise conversion of Os3(CO)10(dppm) to HOs3(CO)9[μ-PhP(C6H4)CH2PPh2] and HOs3(CO)8[μ-PhP(C6H4-μ2,η1)CH2PPh2] has been investigated. The octacarbonyl cluster HOs3(CO)8[μ-PhP(C6H4-μ2,η1)CH2PPh2] is in rapid equilibrium with the isomer containing a metalated phenyl ring that is bound to a single osmium, HOs3(CO)8[μ-PhP(C6H4-η1)CH2PPh2], which in turn captures CO to give HOs3(CO)9[μ-PhP(C6H4)CH2PPh2] in a reaction that is first-order in cluster and CO with a rate constant of 23.9(3) × 10−3 M−1 s−1 at 288 K. The kinetics for the transformation of HOs3(CO)9[μ-PhP(C6H4)CH2PPh2] to Os3(CO)10(dppm) have been studied in toluene over the temperature range 317−340 K and found to be first-order in starting cluster and independent of CO. Important insight into the reductive coupling process was obtained from the carbonylation kinetics employing DOs3(CO)9[μ-(Ph-d2)P(C6H3D)CH2PPh2-d4], which was prepared from Os3(CO)10(dppm-d8) and where all of the ortho sites on the aryl groups contained deuteri...
Gender differences of reported safer sex behaviors within a random sample of college students.

This study examined gender differences in sex behavior among a random sample of college students from a university in the northwest United States. The sample included 1200 students. The response rate from the mailed questionnaire was 44%. Only data from students who were sexually active were included in the analysis. 75% of students reporting being sexually active. 51% were women and 49% were men. 81% were White 13% were Asian or Pacific Islander and 1.5% were Black. 17.1% were graduate students and 28.8% were seniors. Findings indicate that only two safer sex behaviors reflected gender differences: women were more selective than men (54.5% vs. 32.5%) and women more often reduced the number of sex partners (50.0% vs. 32.8%). 31.2% of respondents reported having 5 or more sexual partners; 46.3% had 2-4 sexual partners; and 22% had none. Women were just as likely as men to have many sexual partners. 43% reported reducing their number of sexual partners as a safer sex practice. 47% reported that they rarely or never discussed their partners sexual health prior to sexual activity. 75% of students discussed contraception with their partner. Only 24.4% of students indicated that they almost always used condoms or dental dams as a safer sex practice. 55.5% indicated that they rarely or never used condoms or dental dams. It is concluded that many students put themselves at risk of sexually transmitted diseases even though safer sex courses and information had been disseminated on campus. Future studies should focus on behavior modification strategies rather than on traditional knowledge-based programs.
Woodpecker Use of Forested Wetlands in Central Peninsular Florida

Abstract Habitat preferences for many woodpeckers are poorly known in many regions of North America. Seven woodpecker species use forested wetlands in peninsular Florida, yet no study has examined habitat use by woodpeckers in these forests. From September 1991 to August 1992, we used unlimited-distance point counts to sample birds at 32 stations in 2 forested wetland types (spring-fed and blackwater) in central Florida. We documented 1415 visual or aural woodpecker detections. Melanerpes carolinus (Red-bellied Woodpecker), Picoides pubescens (Downy Woodpecker), and Dyrocopus pileatus (Pileated Woodpecker) were common, accounting for 91% of all detections. Overall woodpecker abundance was greater in spring-fed forests than in blackwater forests. The relative abundance of 4 species was greatest during the fall and winter; this trend likely reflected shifts between habitats in response to fruit production as well as an influx of migrant Sphyrapicus varius (Yellow-bellied Sapsuckers). The relative abundance ...
Section One: Conceptual and Theoretical Issues

David Hodge has published extensively in this journal and in others as well on a variety of issues pertaining to religion and spirituality in social work. He continues by expanding this body of wor...
lac Promoter mutations located downstream from the transcription start site.

Abstract lac promoter mutations which help to define the degree of overlap between the promoter and operator have been isolated and characterized. lacP r 115 partially relieves the dependence of lac expression on the catabolite gene activator protein. P r 115 is an A/T → T/A transversion at base-pair +1 (the site of transcription initiation in vitro ) that has no effect on the repressor-operator interaction. S7 is a mutation isolated and sequenced by L. Johnsrud & J. Miller (personal communication) located at base-pair +6. It exhibits a partial catabolite gene activator protein-independent phenotype and an O c phenotype. P r 111 and P r 112 are A/T transversions at base-pair +10. P r 111 and P r 112 also generate a partial catabolite gene activator protein-independent and O c phenotype. Thus, sequences at and downstream from the transcription start site play a role in determining the rate of a functional RNA polymerase-promoter interaction.
Electrostriction in liquid He-4

The two-fluid model of liquid He-4 is extended to include effects of applied electric fields. New terms that account for electrostriction in equations of motion for superfluid and normal fluid are derived with the aid of a variational principle subject to the assumption that the Clausius-Mossotti relation for the dielectric constant is applicable. Corresponding additions to conservation laws for momentum and energy are presented.
An oligomer-based approach to skeletal diversity in small-molecule synthesis.

Access to small molecules of widely varying molecular shapes has been identified as an enabling step in the discovery of biologically active materials. In this communication we introduce an approach to the systematic development of architecturally distinct chemical compounds based upon the assembly of reactive monomers into linear oligomers, each of which encodes a unique molecular framework under a common set of reaction conditions. Certain products of the initial chemical transformation (Ru-catalyzed metathesis reaction) encode additional skeletons upon treatment with a second common set of reagents (Diels−Alder dienophiles). Application of this oligomerization approach has led to the discovery of a previously unreported tandem ene-yne−yne metathesis−6π-electrocyclization−1,5-hydride migration that converts a linear substrate into a complex tricyclic 1,3-diene in a single step. Thus, the reported strategy might serve not only as a generator of skeletally diverse small molecules but also as a discovery p...
Diazepam inhibits calcium, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase in primary astorcyte cultures

Abstract The effect of the anticonvulsants diazepam, phenytoin, and valproic acid on calcium, calmodulin-dependent protein phosphorylation in astrocytes was investigated. We found that diazepam inhibited calcium, calmodulin-stimulated phosphorylation in both supernatant and membrane fractions from primary cultures of rat astrocytes, whereas phenytoin and valproic acid (50–500 μM) had little to no effect. Phosphate incorporation in several protein bands, including the major substrates of 59 and 53 kDa, was inhibited by diazepam. A decrease in phosphate incorporation in these crude preparations was observed at 25 μM diazepam and 50% inhibition was attained at about 100 μM. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP-treated astrocytes were enriched in the 59 kDa phosphoprotein; this band was particularly sensitive to diazepam in these cells. These results indicate that diazepam is capable of inhibiting calcium, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity in astrocytes, thereby suggesting a possible site of diazepam action and a potential mechanism for a role of astrocytes in epileptogenesis.
In vitro characterization of a lifetime-based activatable photoacoustic probe

Activatable photoacoustic probes hold great promise for in vivo imaging of enzyme activity as they exhibit high contrast and high selectivity at depths similar to that of ultrasound imaging. Here we report the synthesis and testing of a matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) specific peptide probe capable of changing its transient photoacoustic lifetime from short to long after activation. The intact probe comprises an enzyme-specific cleavable sequence conjugated to a pair of methylene blue (MB) molecules that dimerize due to forced proximity, resulting in static quenching. Upon cleavage, the MB molecules dissociate and recover their intrinsic excited-state lifetime of more than 2 μs. We demonstrated using a pump-probe photoacoustic imaging approach that the cleaved probe exhibits a transient signal with lifetime comparable to that of MB monomers, whereas no lifetime was detected for the intact probe. This could allow for detection of the cleaved probe in the presence of high levels of intact probe as well as short transients due to endogenous tissue absorbers, thereby providing high contrast and low background noise. Finally, we have compared peptide sequences of varying length and structure using absorption spectrometry in order to select the probe best suited for our imaging needs. Our results suggest that both factors could potentially have an impact on dimerization efficiency and the cleavage rate of the peptide. However, all probes provided a high degree of dimerization and efficient separation after cleavage, indicating that a lifetime-based activatable peptide can be constructed for in vivo applications using a two-wavelength imaging approach.
The institutional arrangement of public education: The puzzle of exclusive territories

This paper has demonstrated that publicly provided education has a unique institutional arrangement — the world-wide use of exclusive territories. A possible explanation has been advanced here, dealing with the use of public education in inculcating certain values in children. However, there are two different variations — the public goods variation and the cost of governmental wealth transfers variation — with radically different implications for whether exclusive territories increase or decrease general welfare.
Gap junction uncoupling protects the heart against ischemia

Abstract Background: Many stimuli can successfully protect the heart against ischemia. We investigated whether gap junction uncoupling before ischemia was myoprotective. We also studied the function of the adenosine triphosphate-dependent potassium channel, which has been implicated in the mechanism of pharmacologic preconditioning, with respect to gap junction physiology. Methods: Twenty-eight rabbit hearts were placed on a Langendorff perfusion apparatus. Five were given a 5-minute infusion of 1 mmol/L heptanol (a gap junction uncoupler), 5 were given 10 μmol/L 2,3-butanedione monoxime (an electromechanical uncoupler), and 6 were given no drug. The left anterior descending coronary artery was then occluded for 1 hour and reperfused for 2 hours. Six hearts received 10 μmol/L glybenclamide before heptanol to evaluate the role of the adenosine triphosphate-dependent potassium channel. Six hearts underwent ischemic preconditioning with 2 cycles of 5 minutes of global ischemia and reperfusion. Action-potential duration of the ischemic zone, left ventricular developed pressure, and coronary flow were measured continuously. Infarct size was determined at the end of reperfusion. Results: Heptanol significantly reduced infarct size (from 46% ± 2% to 22% ± 5%, P P = not significant). There were no differences among groups with regard to developed pressure or action-potential duration. Conclusion: Directly blocking gap junctions preconditions the heart. This protection is not a direct result of a decrease in developed pressure before a prolonged ischemic period nor is it achieved through a mechanism involving the adenosine triphosphate-dependent potassium channel. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002;124:371-6
Effect of Forensic Evidence on Criminal Justice Case Processing

This study examined the role and impact of forensic evidence on case-processing outcomes in a sample of 4205 criminal cases drawn from five U.S. jurisdictions. Regression analyses demonstrated that forensic evidence played a consistent and robust role in case-processing decisions. Still, the influence of forensic evidence is time- and examination-dependent: the collection of crime scene evidence was predictive of arrest, and the examination of evidence was predictive of referral for charges, as well as of charges being filed, conviction at trial, and sentence length. The only decision outcome in which forensic evidence did not have a general effect was with regard to guilty plea arrangements. More studies are needed on the filtering of forensic evidence in different crime categories, from the crime scene to its use by investigators, prosecutors, and fact-finders, and to identify factors that shape decisions to collect evidence, submit it to laboratories, and request examinations.
Sex ratios in laboratory and field populations of the old field mouse,Peromyscus polionotus

Males outnumbered females as juveniles but not as adults among mice captured by hand in their burrows. The higher production of male offspring together with their higher mortality rate resulted in a 1∶1 sex ratio for the adult mice. Despite the equal abundance of each sex, more males than females were caught in traps. Males must have a higher chance of encountering a trap and/or of entering a trap after finding it.
Directional diffusivity as a magnetic resonance (MR) biomarker in demyelinating disease

Directional diffusivities derived from diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DTI) measurements describe water movement parallel to (λ || , axial diffusivity) and perpendicular to (λ⊥radial diffusivity) axonal tracts. λ || and λ⊥ have been shown to differentially detect axon and myelin abnormalities in several mouse models of central nervous system white matter pathology in our laboratory. These models include experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), (1) myelin basic protein mutant mice with dysmyelination and intact axons, (2) cuprizone-induced demyelination, and remyelination, with reversible axon injury (2, 3) and a model of retinal ischemia in which retinal ganglion cell death is followed by Wallerian degeneration of optic nerve, with axonal injury preceding demyelination. (4) Decreased λ|| correlates with acute axonal injury and increased λ⊥ indicates myelin damage. (4) More recently, we have translated this approach to human MR, investigating acute and chronic optic neuritis in adults with multiple sclerosis, brain lesions in adults with multiple sclerosis, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) in children. We are also investigating the use of this technique to probe the underlying structural change of the cervical spinal cord in acute and chronic T2- hyperintense lesions in spinal stenosis, trauma, and transverse myelitis. In each of these demyelinating diseases, the discrimination between axonal and myelin injury which we can achieve has important prognostic and therapeutic implications. For those patients with myelin injury but intact axons, early, directed drug therapy has the potential to prevent progression to axonal loss and permanent disability.
Formation and Characterization of Supported Hexadecanethiol/Dimyristoyl Phosphatidylcholine Hybrid Bilayers Containing Gramicidin D

Polarization−modulation Fourier transform infrared reflection spectroscopy (PM−FTIR), ellipsometry, and a comparison of capacitance determinations by cyclic voltammetry and ac impedance have been performed on supported hybrid bilayers. The hybrid bilayers were constructed by fusion of vesicles of dimyristoyl phosphatidyl choline (DMPC), which form the top layer, with ethanol-rinsed, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of hexadecanethiol on gold, which form the bottom layer. A strategy for incorporating Gramicidin D (gD) which is 85% Gramicidin A, an ion channel forming polypeptide, is described. PM−FTIR reproducibly demonstrates that bilayers are, indeed, formed and that gD can be incorporated into the assembly from the phospholipid vesicles. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the bilayers showed evidence of the presence of DMPC and gD, although results were not reproducible, presumably due to sample damage during analysis. The capacitance in KNO3 solution for the gD-containing bilayer is higher than that f...
Optimizing Reaction Parameters for the Enzymatic Synthesis of Epoxidized Oleic Acid with Oat Seed Peroxygenase

Peroxygenase is a plant enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of a double bond to an epoxide in a stereospecific and enantiofacially selective manner. A microsomal fraction containing peroxygenase was prepared from oat (Avena sativa) seeds and the enzyme immobilized onto a hydrophobic membrane. The enzymatic activity of the immobilized preparation was assayed in 1 h by measuring epoxidation of sodium oleate (5 mg) in buffer-surfactant mixtures. The pH optimum of the reaction was 7.5 when t-butyl hydroperoxide was the oxidant and 5.5 when hydrogen peroxide was the oxidant. With t-butyl hydroperoxide as oxidant the immobilized enzyme showed increasing activity to 65°C. The temperature profile with hydrogen peroxide was flatter, although activity was also retained to 65°C. In 1 h reactions at 25°C at their respective optimal pH values, t-butyl hydroperoxide and hydrogen peroxide promoted epoxide formation at the same rate. Larger-scale reactions were conducted using a 20-fold increase in sodium oleate (to 100 mg). Reaction time was lengthened to 24 h. At optimized levels of t-butyl hydroperoxide 80% conversion to epoxide was achieved. With hydrogen peroxide only a 33% yield of epoxide was obtained, which indicates that hydrogen peroxide may deactivate peroxygenase.
That's My Letter!: What Preschoolers' Name Writing Representations Tell Us about Emergent Literacy Knowledge

This study explored the extent to which preschool children's name writing representations reflected their more general emergent literacy knowledge in print and phonological awareness. As part of a ...
Advances in phonetic word spotting

Phonetic speech retrieval is used to augment word based retrieval in spoken document retrieval systems, for in and out of vocabulary words. In this paper, we present a new indexing and ranking scheme using metaphones and a Bayesian phonetic edit distance. We conduct an extensive set of experiments using a hundred hours of HUB4 data with ground truth transcript and twenty-four thousands query words. We show improvement of up to 15% in precision compare to results obtained speech recognition alone, at a processing time of 0.5 Sec per query.
Intracellular Ca2+ can compensate for the lack of NADPH oxidase-derived ROS in endothelial cells

The aim of the present study is to determine the role of intracellular Ca2+ in VEGF signaling. We demonstrate that reduction in Ca2+ by chelating compound BAPTA-AM or by IP3-endoplasmic reticulum blocker 2-APB selectively inhibited VEGF-induced activation of c-Src-PI3K-Akt but not ERK1/2 in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC). We also show that the selective inhibitory effects of NADPH oxidase knockdown on VEGF-mediated activation of c-Src-PI3K-Akt signaling and cell proliferation in HCAEC can be reversed by increase in intracellular Ca2+. These results suggest an essential role for Ca2+ in redox-dependent selective activation of c-Src-PI3K-Akt and endothelial cell proliferation.
Shrunken earnings predictions are better predictions

Analysts’ earnings forecasts are not perfectly correlated with actual earnings. One statistical consequence is that the most optimistic and most pessimistic forecasts are usually too optimistic and too pessimistic. The forecasts’ accuracy can be improved by shrinking them towards the mean. Insufficient appreciation of this statistical principle may partly explain the success of contrarian investment strategies, in particular why stocks with the most optimistic earnings forecasts underperform those with the most pessimistic forecasts.
Immunological properties of murine thymus-dependent lymphocyte surface glycoproteins.

The immunological properties of two murine thymus-dependent (T) lymphocyte surface glycoproteins, T200 and T25, were investigated. T200 is a lymphocyte-specific antigen with a high degree of species specificity. It shares antigenic determinants with molecules present on thymus-independent (B) lymphocytes. T25 has antigenic determinants which cross-react with antigens on mouse brain, rat thymocytes and rat brain. An antiserum against a purified rat brain glycoprotein which carries Thy-1.1 reacts with T25. Absorption of this antiserum with BALB/c thymocytes or brain homogenate produces a Thy-1.1 -specific serum which reacts with T25 from AKR/J thymocytes but not with T25 from AKR/Cum thymocytes. These results confirm that T25 is the molecule on the surface of mouse T cells which carries the Thy-1 antigen. T25 also carries antigenic determinants, recognized by anti-thymocyte serum (ATS), which were found on secondary mouse embryo fibroblasts and untransformed fibroblast cell lines but which were not detected on fibroblast cell lines transformed with murine sarcoma virus (MSV) or with Simian virus 40 (SV40). A third T lymphocyte-specific antigen with an apparent mol. wt. of 35 000 Daltons, that is recognized by ATS and is expressed on thymocytes and spleen cells, was detected. In contrast to T25 this molecule is not present on brain nor on BW5147, a T cell lymphoma.
Conservation of caspase substrates across metazoans suggests hierarchical importance of signaling pathways over specific targets and cleavage site motifs in apoptosis

Caspases, cysteine proteases with aspartate specificity, are key players in programmed cell death across the metazoan lineage. Hundreds of apoptotic caspase substrates have been identified in human cells. Some have been extensively characterized, revealing key functional nodes for apoptosis signaling and important drug targets in cancer. But the functional significance of most cuts remains mysterious. We set out to better understand the importance of caspase cleavage specificity in apoptosis by asking which cleavage events are conserved across metazoan model species. Using N-terminal labeling followed by mass spectrometry, we identified 257 caspase cleavage sites in mouse, 130 in Drosophila, and 50 in Caenorhabditis elegans. The large majority of the caspase cut sites identified in mouse proteins were found conserved in human orthologs. However, while many of the same proteins targeted in the more distantly related species were cleaved in human orthologs, the exact sites were often different. Furthermore, similar functional pathways are targeted by caspases in all four species. Our data suggest a model for the evolution of apoptotic caspase specificity that highlights the hierarchical importance of functional pathways over specific proteins, and proteins over their specific cleavage site motifs.
Emulsion Polymerization and Related Processes

Shortly after joining the Lehigh University Chemical Engineering Department in 1965, I began the normal ritual of trying to secure external research funding, an activity that was less important in ...
Catecholamine stimulated myocardial adenylate cyclase: Effects of nucleotides

Abstract The effects of several nucleotides on canine myocardial adenylate cyclase have been investigated. Basal, fluoride and isoproterenol stimulated enzyme activities were studied. With adenosine 5′ triphosphate at − 1.5 m m guanosine 5′-triphosphate increased basal and isoproterenol stimulated cyclase activity severalfold. Flouride stimulated activity was inhibited. Significant stimulation occurred at 10 n m guanosine 5′-triphosphate and effects were maximal by 1 μ m . In order of decreasing potency the nucleoside 5′-triphosphates were guanosine > deoxyguanosine > uridine > thymidine > cytidine. Insosine 5′-triphosphate and xanthosine 5′-triphosphate were inactive. Although guanosine 5′-triphosphate was most potent, all other guanyl nucleotides tested, including guanosine 5′-diphosphate, guanosine 5′-monophosphate and cyclic guanosine, 3′,5′-monophosphate shared this effect. Guanosine was inert. The stimulatory action of guanosine 5′-triphosphate was exhibited after a lag period of several minutes. When substrate (adenosine 5′-triphosphate) concentrations were lowered to 0.05 m m , stimulation by isoproterenol was virtually dependent on the presence of guanosine 5′-triphosphate. Nucleotides did not affect the apparent K m for enzyme stimulation by isoproterenol which was 1–2 × 10 −6 m with or without guanosine 5′-triphosphate. Propranolol effectively blocked the augmented stimulation by isoproterenol observed in the presence of guanosine 5′-triphosphate. The data indicate that guanyl nucleotides are capable of markedly altering the sensitivity of myocardial adenylate cyclase to catecholamine stimulation.
The insulation sequence of a graph

In a graph G, a k-insulated set S is a subset of the vertices of G such that every vertex in S is adjacent to at most k vertices in S, and every vertex outside S is adjacent to at least k + 1 vertices in S. The insulation sequence i0, i1, i2,... of a graph G is defined by setting ik equal to the maximum cardinality of a k-insulated set in G. We determine the insulation sequence for paths, cycles, fans, and wheels. We also study the effect of graph operations, such as the disjoint union, the join, the cross product, and graph composition, upon k-insulated sets. Finally, we completely characterize all possible orderings of the insulation sequence, and prove that the insulation sequence is increasing in trees.
Serine Dehydratase from Bacteria

. One hundred and seventeen strains of baeteria were assayed for L-serine dehydratase activity. Proteus vulgaris NRRL B-123 yielded c. 200 international units of dehydratase/g dry wt.
Does inadequate diet during childhood explain the higher high fracture rates in the Southern United States

Summary Southern states have the highest age-adjusted hip fracture rates among older adults in the United States. Regional hip fracture rates in the United States in 1986–1993 correlate with death rates from rickets in the 1940s. Historical patterns of bone nutrition early in life might explain contemporary geographic patterns in bone fragility.
Agronomic Response of Winter Rapeseed to Rate and Date of Seeding

In northern Idaho, winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) usually is seeded on summer fallow in early to mid-August at 4.5 to 13.5 kg seed ha -1 . A 2-yr study was conducted at Moscow, ID, to quantify crop performance as influenced by date of seeding and seeding rate. In the 1991-1992 and 1992-1993 growing seasons, high-erucic-add winter rapeseed cultivars,'Dwarf Essex' and 'Bridger', were seeded on four dates at 2-wk intervals from early August to add-Septentber at four seeding rates from 0.9 to 2.7 x 10 6 seeds ha -1 . Greatest yield for the four dates ranged from 1974 to 2675 kg ha -1 . Optilttum spring plant stands for attaining those yields were between 61 and 112 plants m -2 , obtained at different seeding rates, depending on the date of seeding. The lowest seeding rates (0.9 and 1.5 x 10 6 seeds ha -1 ) produced optimum spring plant stands for the mid-August and early September seeding. Higher seeding rates in early August and midSeptember were necessary to achieve optimum spring plant stands.
Plasmasphere thermal structure as measured by ISEE-1 and DE-1

Characteristics of plasmaspheric ion thermal structure are presented from a statistical survey of low-energy of ion measurements made by the retarding ion mass spectrometer (RIMS) on the DE-1 satellite. Morning and evening results are compared to illustrate diurnal trends. Typical day side temperature range from about 4000 K in the inner plasmasphere to over 10,000 K in the outer plasmasphere, while corresponding evening side temperatures range from near 2000 K to over 10,000 K. Magnetic activity is found to affect the morning and evening sides somewhat differently. Temperatures are found to remain constant or increase with altitude along magnetic field lines, depending on local time and L shell. Thermal equilibrium between H(+) and He(+) prevails to a high degree throughout the plasmasphere. Ion temperatures from the Plasma Composition Experiment (PCE) on ISEE-1 are generally consistent with those from DE-1/RIMS, but are lower and tend to indicate more large scale structure on the day side.
Modification of the anterior mandibular osteotomy for genioglossus advancement with hyoid suspension for obstructive sleep apnea.

F m he staged approach for the surgical treatment of bstructive sleep apnea was first put forth by Riley nd Powell in 1993. Many changes have been ocurring in the ensuing years in terms of both the pplications of the original staged surgical philosophy nd modifications of the technique. In this article, e present a modification of the phase I technique ncompassing genioglossus advancement and hyoid uspension. This procedure is used in our institution or patients with mild to moderate obstructive sleep pnea. The modifidied mandibular anterior window steotomy provides greater bone preservation, gives ncreased mandibular strength by design, and uses utologous bone for grafting.
Automatic Smoothing of the Log Periodogram

Abstract We develop an objective optimum smoothing procedure for an estimate of the log spectral density, based on smoothing the log periodogram with a smoothing spline. We call the result the optimally smoothed spline (OSS) estimate. We show that an unbiased estimate [Rcirc](λ) of the expected integrated mean square error can be obtained as a function of the smoothing, or “bandwidth” parameter λ. The smoothing parameter then is chosen as that λ that minimizes [Rcirc](λ). The degree of the smoothing spline (equivalently, the “shape” parameter of the window) also can be chosen this way. Results of some Monte Carlo experiments demonstrating the effectiveness of the method on selected examples are given.
Numerical Studies of Mixing in an Electroosmotically Stirred Continuous Micro Mixer

A continuous microfluidic mixer concept is developed by superposition of time-periodic electroosmotic flow on zeta potential patterned surfaces and pressure driven flow. Finite time Lyapunov exponents and filament stretching are utilized to quantify the chaotic strength, and to identify the chaotic and regular zones in the mixer at various operation conditions. Numerical solutions of the species transport equation are performed as a function of the Peclet number (Pe) at fixed kinematic conditions. Mixing efficiency is quantified using mixing index that is based on standard deviation of the scalar species distribution. The mixing length (lm ) is characterized as a function of the Peclet number, and lm ∝ ln (Pe) scaling is observed under locally-optimum stirring conditions.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
The Megagauss Institute Award

In 2006, the Board of Directors of the Megagauss Institute established the Megagauss Institute Award for outstanding, career-long contributions to the field of science, technology, and applications of ultra-high magnetic fields. The first award recipient was Professor Fritz Herlach, in 2006. We are pleased to announce that this year's Megagauss Institute Award recipient is Dr. Peter J. Turchi.
Is Sipping Sin Breaking Fast? The Catholic Chocolate Controversy and the Changing World of Early Modern Spain

Over the course of the 16th and 17th Centuries, a heated public debate arose among Catholic theologians focusing on the question of whether consuming the New World foodstuff of chocolate, “taking chocolate” as the Spanish referred to it, constituted breaking the ecclesiastical fast. If classified as a drink, then chocolate would be permissible for consumption during fast times; if classified as a food, however, it would not have been permissible under church law. Chocolate consumption and its controversy extended beyond a strictly theological debate, however, and can be seen as a microcosm of the tensions present between the Old World and the New, illustrating a process of negotiation and assimilation in the evolution of the Medieval mentalite into the Early Modern worldview. Analyzing the discourse that arose in this particular debate can assist historians in better understanding the tensions underlying the processes of transformation and cooptation in the Europe of the 16th Century, including not only n...
Photoelectron spectroscopic investigations of the surface reactivity of crystalline and amorphous TiCu alloys

Abstract The surface reactivity of in-situ co-condensed crystalline and amorphousTiCu 2 alloys has been compared in the present study; the extent of reactivity of the samples was examined by X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS) after annealing at high vacuum and reacting the surface with 0.67 Pa (5 × 10 −3 Torr) of oxygen at pre-selected temperatures. The amorphous TiCu alloy exhibited higher initial surface reactivity by forming oxidized titanium more readily. At intermediate temperatures (300–400 °C), continued oxidation of both alloys led to the formation of titanium oxide overlayers such that there was a minimal amount of surface copper. Annealing in high vacuum to 600 °C led to the decomposition of Ti 2 O 3 and TiO 2 on both alloys; however, the small amount of copper detectable by XPS remained metallic. At higher oxygen pressures, the complete oxidation of surface titanium to TiO 2 occurred at 400 °C for the amorphous alloy, and at 500 °C for the crystalline state. It was after this point that the underlying metallic copper underwent oxidation to Cu 1+ and diffused to the surface region through the titanium oxide overlayer. These findings are discussed in terms of observed differences between the surface oxidation behavior of crystalline and amorphous Ti alloys.
Public employee unions: A study in the economics of power

This paper examines how public employee unions influence the allocation of public sector jobs. The empirical results indicate that vote maximizing public officials’ employment decisions are influenced by the political clout of highly-unionized employees. The political clout of public-sector unions influences the functional distribution of public-sector jobs by increasing demand for the relatively more organized functions. These results suggest that consideration should be given to the growth of public sector collective bargaining in the allocation of public sector resources.
A 32nm SoC platform technology with 2 nd generation high-k/metal gate transistors optimized for ultra low power, high performance, and high density product applications

A leading edge 32nm high-k/metal gate transistor technology has been optimized for SoC platform applications that span a wide range of power, performance, and feature space. This technology has been developed to be modular, offering mix-and-match transistors, interconnects, RF/analog passive elements, embedded memory, and noise mitigation options. The low gate leakage of the high-k gate dielectric enables the triple transistor architecture to support ultra low power, high performance, and high voltage tolerant I/O devices concurrently. Embedded memories include high density (0.148 um2) and low voltage (0.171 um2) SRAMs as well as secure OTP fuses. Analog/RF SoC features include high precision, high quality passives (resistors, capacitors and inductors) and deep-nwell noise isolation.
The impact of organic material on cloud and fog processes

Airborne surface-active organic substances can form adsorbed films at air-water and air-solid interfaces in the atmosphere. On the basis of considerable laboratory research, it has been suggested that these films can modify the microphysical processes of clouds and fog. The possible alterations of physical processes include retardation of the rate of growth and evaporation of water drops, passivation of cloud condensation nuclei, modification of drop coalescence efficiency, and the promotion of drop instability. The chemical structure of the film-forming compounds and the physical properties of the adsorbed films determine the degree to which the physical processes are modified. Upon consideration of the actual organic composition of the atmosphere, it was concluded that natural surface films will not greatly influence drop growth and evaporation. In addition, there is no definitive evidence from field experiments that other processes are influenced by natural organic films. The potential for useful weather modification through the intentional introduction of film-forming organic substances into the atmosphere was critically evaluated. Although numerous approaches have been suggested by laboratory studies, only the stabilization of airborne drops against evaporation has been unequivocally demonstrated in field experiments.
Single-particle potential for photoexcited electron orbitals of open-shell atoms

A single-particle potential for the calculation of photoexcited electron orbitals is introduced. This potential is defined to include exactly all of the first-order electron correlations that appear in the diagrammatic perturbation series of the dipole polarizability and that contain potential corrections in the intermediate state. The angular coefficients that are associated with this potential can be written in the form of an average term plus a correction to the average. It is demonstrated that the correction to the average contribution is dependent only upon the initial-state coupling of the atom. Additionally, a trivial relationship exists between the correction to the average contributions for conjugate initial-state configurations. The angular coefficients are tabulated for all of the ${\mathit{s}}^{\mathit{n}}$, ${\mathit{p}}^{\mathit{n}}$, and ${\mathit{d}}^{\mathit{n}}$ initial-state LS couplings that are possible. Supplementary analytic relationships are also presented.
Using microfabricated devices to determine the fracture strength of materials

Measuring the fracture strength of brittle materials is often difficult, because alignment of the load with the test specimen is critical. Any off-axis misalignment of the load will produce fracture in an undesired mode. This report describes several micrometer-scale devices, in which the "load cell" is fabricated simultaneously with the fracture mechanics specimen, so that precise alignment is assured. The devices utilize the residual stresses contained within the materials, which are deposited onto Si substrates, to create the loading forces and determine the fracture strength. The devices are passive, meaning that the fracture results are obtained immediately upon fabrication, and no external loading is required. Stress concentrations are generated at notches, and the fracture strength is determined by the critical stress required for failure. A variety of devices have been fabricated from materials of interest for microelectromechanical systems devices, including polysilicon, silicon nitride, and aluminum, with both tensile and compressive residual stresses.
Simultaneous somatosensory evoked potential and electromyographic recordings during lumbosacral decompression and instrumentation.

Objective Both motor and sensory neurological deficits have been reported after decompression and instrumentation of the lumbosacral spine. In this report, we describe a simple and effective method by which sensory and motor functions can be monitored simultaneously, using somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP), spontaneous electromyographic (EMG) activity, and compound muscle action potential monitoring. The concomitant use of these monitoring techniques allows ongoing functional evaluation of the cauda equina and spinal cord during patient positioning, surgery, wound closure, and anesthetic emergence. Methods SSEPs were recorded continuously in response to peroneal or tibial nerve stimulation. EMG activity (both spontaneous and evoked) was recorded bilaterally from appropriate lower extremity muscle groups. All recordings (SSEP and EMG activity recordings) were obtained, stored, and reviewed simultaneously. Results SSEPs and EMG activity were simultaneously recorded for 44 patients. All patients in the study underwent surgical procedures to decompress and stabilize the lumbosacral spine, using pedicle screw instrumentation. In two cases, changes in SSEPs and spontaneous EMG activity were noted and were correlated with postoperative patient complaints. Conclusion This report describes the concomitant use of powerful and simple tools that provide immediate, "early-warning" feedback to the surgical team concerning the sensory and motor functioning of the spinal cord and cauda equina. In addition, compound muscle action potential recording provides a tool for the identification of both levels and structures in the lumbosacral spine.
Antibody to gastrone--endogenous inhibitor of gastric secretion.

Antigastrone antibody was raised in rabbits by repeated injections of gastrone B obtained by Sephadex G-100 fractionation of pooled anacid human gastric juice and emulsified in Freund's adjuvant. The antigastrone antibody was an IgG by immunoelectrophoresis and formed a single precipitin arc against the material injected. Fractions obtained by Sephadex fractionation, containing the bulk of biologically active gastrone B material, gave single precipitin arcs at concentrations of 0.25 to 0.5 mg/ml by double immunodiffusion against the rabbit antigastrone sera. Fractions containing gastrone A, but devoid of gastrone B, did not react with the antibody. A single precipitin arc was also formed when pooled unfractionated anacid human gastric juices were tested against four rabbit antigastrone sera, while no precipitin lines were obtained with three normal acid human gastric juices. A total of 80 biologic assays on rats with chronic gastric fistula demonstrated the complete removal of the inhibitory activity of gastrone B solutions on gastric secretion by immune precipitation with gastrone B antibody. No effect of normal rabbit serum on the biologic activity of gastrone B was observed under similar conditions. The development of the antibody to gastrone B with no demonstrable cross-reactivity to other nondialyzable materials in human gastric juice speaks for the homogeneity of the gastrone preparation used and introduces the possibility that this antibody can be used for further study of gastrone's role in gastrointestinal physiology and pathology.
Improvement in exercise performance with nisoldipine, a new second-generation calcium blocker, in stable angina patients

Abstract Safety and efficacy of a new dihydropyridine calcium antagonist, nisoldipine, were studied in 15 patients with proved coronary artery disease and positive exercise treadmill tests. After withdrawal of current therapy and a 2-week placebo phase, patients were given nisoldipine 10, 20, and 40 mg daily (divided into two daily doses), each dose for a 2-week period. Exercise treadmill testing was performed twice during the placebo and once at the end of each nisoldipine phase. Maximal duration of exercise increased with all doses of nisoldipine. Time to 1 mm ST segment depression also increased with all doses of nisoldipine. Peak time to angina was similarly prolonged. Peak exercise double product (heart rate × systolic blood pressure) was unaffected by all doses of nisoldipine. Angina frequency and nitroglycerin consumption decreased during nisoldipine therapy in all patients. Side effects from therapy were only minor. Twice daily therapy compared to three to four times daily therapy with other calcium blockers is an advantage of nisoldipine.
Deep-burial diagenesis: Its implications for vertical movements of the crust, uplift of the lithosphere and isostatic unroofing—A review

Abstract Various techniques of study of strata exposed at the surface in undeformed areas of the Appalachian Basin and Ozark Done, imply that these strata have been heated to temperatures that suggest a former great depth of burial. The data reveal that the strata have been much more deeply buried than previously thought. If such former deep burial has taken place, then subsequent uplift and erosion must also have taken place to bring these formerly deeply buried strata to the present land surface. Unexpectedly large amounts of uplift and erosion, ranging from 4.3 to 7 km, have re-exposed these formerly deeply buried rocks. This leads to the surprising conclusion that isostatic unroofing has stripped off thick sections of strata whose presence was previously unsuspected. Therefore, the lithosphere, in its isostatic unroofing of thick sequences of sedimentary strata, has undergone much larger vertical motions than many geologists had previously estimated. Case histories in this review include strata of the Silurian of the Northern Appalachian Basin and of the Ordovician of the Ozark Dome, which reached interpreted maximum burial depths of 5 and 4.3 km, respectively; Devonian strata in the Catskill Mountains of New York imply a former depth of burial of ∼ 6.5 km. Lower Ordovician carbonate sequences of the Northern Appalachian Basin imply a depth of burial in excess of 7 km; Middle Ordovician strata from the same basin signify a depth of burial of approximately 5 km; and Devonian strata, a paleodepth of 4.5–5 km. Such former great depths of burial of undeformed strata, which are now exposed at the surface, reflect large-scale vertical movements of the crust and uplift of the lithosphere. These drastic changes represent isostatic unroofing with widespread implications for paleogeography of a kind unrecognized at present.