cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unauthorized Horizontal Spread in the Laboratory Environment: The Tactics of Lula, a Temperate Lambdoid Bacteriophage of Escherichia coli

We investigated the characteristics of a lambdoid prophage, nicknamed Lula, contaminating E. coli strains from several sources, that allowed it to spread horizontally in the laboratory environment. We found that new Lula infections are inconspicuous; at the same time, Lula lysogens carry unusually high titers of the phage in their cultures, making them extremely infectious. In addition, Lula prophage interferes with P1 phage development and induces its own lytic development in response to P1 infection, turning P1 transduction into an efficient vehicle of Lula spread. Thus, using Lula prophage as a model, we reveal the following principles of survival and reproduction in the laboratory environment: 1) stealth (via laboratory material commensality), 2) stability (via resistance to specific protocols), 3) infectivity (via covert yet aggressive productivity and laboratory protocol hitchhiking). Lula, which turned out to be identical to bacteriophage phi80, also provides an insight into a surprising persistence of T1-like contamination in BAC libraries.
On the relationship between power mode and pressure amplitude decorrelation.

Estimation of mean transit time, along with tissue blood volume, are important factors in determining soft tissue perfusion. Recently, power mode decorrelation techniques have been successfully used to estimate mean transit time of red blood cells or contrast material through a region-of-interest (ROI) both in laminar flow phantoms and in vivo. The previously described theory for power mode decorrelation derives from a phenomenological stochastic differential equation (Langevin equation) based on conservation of matter, relating the detected signal power to the measured rate of decorrelation. Given the experimental support for power mode decorrelation as a method to estimate mean transit time, it becomes important to determine the relationship between the phenomenological parameters that appear in the corresponding stochastic equation and system parameters, such as the transducer point response function. With this equation as a starting point, and using the fact that the pressure amplitude is a Gaussianly distributed random process, the following stochastic differential equation for the pressure amplitude p(t) is derived, a necessary first step in establishing the relationship between the measured decorrelation rate and system parameters (i.e., point response function): dp(t)/dt = -(v/2+2ik x v)p(t)+f(t), where v/2 represents the rate of decorrelation, 2k x v is the Doppler shift for an insonating wave vector k and particle velocity v.f(t) is a stationary, white noise Gaussian random process.
Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level as a predictor of cardiovascular disease mortality.

Background: Non‐high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non‐HDL-C) contains all known and potential atherogenic lipid particles. Therefore, non‐HDL-C level may be as good a potential predictor of risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Objectives: Todeterminewhethernon‐HDL-Clevelcould be useful in predicting CVD mortality and to compare the predictive value of non‐HDL-C and LDL-C levels. Methods: Data are from the Lipid Research Clinics Program Follow-up Study, a mortality study with baseline data gathered from 1972 through 1976, and mortality ascertained through 1995. A total of 2406 men and 2056 women aged 40 to 64 years at entry were observed for an average of 19 years, with CVD death as the main outcome measure. Results: A total of 234 CVD deaths in men and 113 CVD deaths in women occurred during follow-up. Levels of HDL-C and non‐HDL-C at baseline were significant and strong predictors of CVD death in both sexes. In contrast, LDL-C level was a somewhat weaker predictor of CVD death in both. Differences of 0.78 mmol/L (30 mg/ dL) in non‐HDL-C and LDL-C levels corresponded to increases in CVD risk of 19% and 15%, respectively, in men. In women, differences of 0.78 mmol/L (30 mg/dL) in non‐HDL-C and LDL-C levels corresponded to increases in CVD risk of 11% and 8%, respectively. Conclusions: Non‐HDL-C level is a somewhat better predictor of CVD mortality than LDL-C level. Screening for non‐HDL-C level may be useful for CVD risk assessment.
Higher Education and Work Achievement among Lawyers

(1967). Higher Education and Work Achievement among Lawyers. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 222-232.
Monetary policy and corporate bond yield spreads

Firm characteristics, economic conditions and policy regimes are the key determinants that most researchers have used to explain corporate bond yield spreads. In this article, we examine whether monetary policy shocks are also important determinants given their ability to affect default risk, risk aversion and liquidity premiums. Using a Vector Autoregression (VAR) with long-run monetary neutrality, we find that monetary policy shocks do, in fact, account for a large portion of the variation in corporate bond yield spreads.
Grain growth in synthetic marbles with added mica and water

Evolution of grain size in synthetic marbles was traced from compaction of unconsolidated powder, through primary recrystallization and normal grain growth, to a size stabilized by second phases. To form the marbles, reagent grade CaCO3 was mixed with 0, 1 and 5 volume% mica and heat-treated under pressure with added water. Densification with negligible recrystallization occurred within one hour at 500° C and 500 MPa confining pressure. Primary recrystallization occurred at 500–550° C, causing increases of grain size of factors of 2–5. Resulting samples had uniform grain size, gently curved grain boundaries, and near-equilibrium triple junctions; they were used subsequently for normal grain growth studies. Normal grain growth occurred above 550° C; at 800° C, grain size (D) increased from 7 μm (D 0) to 65 μm in 24 hours. Growth rates fit the equation, D n -D 0 =Kt, where K is a constant and n≃2.6. Minor amounts of pores or mica particles inhibit normal grain growth and lead to a stabilized grain size, D max, which depends on the size of the second phases and the inverse of their volume fraction raised to a power between 0.3 and 1. Once D max is reached, normal growth continues only if second phases are mobile or coarsen, or if new driving forces are introduced that cause unpinning of boundaries. Normal grain growth in Solnhofen limestone was significantly slower than in pure synthetic marble, suggesting that migration is also inhibited by second phases in the limestone.
A Dominant Role for Mast Cell Fc Receptors in the Arthus Reaction

Antibody-antigen complexes are central to the inflammatory response and are implicated in the development of such diverse diseases as systemic lupus erythematosis, rheumatoid arthritis, immune glomerulonephritis, and vasculitis. We recently demonstrated that experimental immune complex-mediated injury in mice, as modeled by the cutaneous Arthus reaction, requires receptors for the Fc portion of the antibody and is unaffected by deficiencies in complement components. However, the responsible cell type(s) and Fc receptor(s) were not known. We now demonstrate by differential reconstitution in vivo that Fc gamma RIII on mast cells is necessary for this inflammatory response. We propose a general model of antibody-mediated diseases as an immunopathologic spectrum whose specific manifestations are determined by the Fc receptor and cell type engaged.
The Future of Ethnic Newspapers in the United States and Canada

In interviews with the editor, James Danky reflects on the role and future of the ethnic press in the United States, and Thomas Saras comments on the importance and future of the ethnic press in contemporary Canadian society.
Managing decentralized inventory and transshipment

Any decentralized retail or wholesale system of competing entities requires a benefit sharing arrangement when competing entities collaborate after their demands are realized. For instance, consider a distribution system similar to the observed behavior of independent car dealerships. If a dealership does not have in stock the car requested by a customer, it might consider acquiring it from a competing dealer. Such behavior raises questions about procurement strategies that achieve system optimal (first-best) outcomes. In this paper, we examine the existence and uniqueness of pure strategy Nash equilibrium (PSNE) for a decentralized system that adopts a transfer payment approach proposed by Anupindi et al. (Manuf. Serv. Oper. Manag. 4(3):349–368, 2001). In particular, we state a set of conditions on cost parameters and distributions that guarantee uniqueness of PSNE and discuss its consequences. We also examine a situation with incomplete information and expand the scope of the earlier models by relaxing the assumption of satisfying local demand first. That is, we allow the retailers to transship their inventory regardless of the local demand status if such transshipment increases retailer’s profit, and observe that this model extension does not affect our results relative to the more restrictive case. In short, our results provide important insights, clarifications, and strategic limitations regarding collaborations in decentralized distribution system.
Nuclear Waste Analytical Round Robins 1-6 Summary Report

The MCC has conducted six round robins for the waste management, research, and development community from 1987 to present. The laboratories participating regularly are Ames, Argonne, Catholic University, Lawrence Livermore, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Savannah River, and West Valley Nuclear. Glass types analyzed in these round robins all have been simulated nuclear waste compositions expected from vitrification of high-level nuclear waste. A wide range of analytical procedures have been used by the participating laboratories including Atomic Absorption spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy, direct current plasma-emission spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy techniques. Consensus average relative error for Round Robins 1 through 6 is 5.4%, with values ranging from 9.4 to 1.1%. Trend on the average improved with each round robin. When the laboratories analyzed samples over longer periods of time, the intralaboratory variability increased. Lab-to-lab variation accounts for most of the total variability found in all the round robins. Participation in the radiochemistry portion has been minimal, and analytical results poor compared to nonradiochemistry portion. Additional radiochemical work is needed in future round robins.
Vocal and visual cue training in behavioral lie detection

The present study tested the effect of training observers to detect deception using different behavioral cues. Participants were trained to detect deception using either:(1) vocal‐only cues, (2) visual‐only cues, or (3) a combination of vocal and visual cues. A fourth group of observers did not receive any training and served as a control. Results indicated that trained observers were more successful than untrained observers in detecting deceptive communication. More specifically, observers trained to use either visual or both visual and vocal cues were more accurate detectors of deception than untrained naive observers. No differences were found between training conditions with respect to determining the veracity of truthful communication.
Interaction between epithelial and mesodermal elements in anthramine-induced tumours of the rat.

IN a group of tumours arising in rat skin painted with 2-anthramine I have observed two examples of a compound tumour different in type from those described in previous similar experiments1–3. Their essential feature is that a sarcoma forms the stroma of an epithelial tumour. The natural history shows that the carcinoma and the sarcoma begin as separate growths and unite by collision. As a result the cytology and pattern of growth of the two elements are altered; the detail of the changes throws light on the relationship between epithelium and connective tissue, as well as on the process of carcinomatous invasion.
Regular repeats in the sequence of tropomyosin.

The sequence of tropomyosin contains 13 out of the 14 residues necessary to form a set of seven pairs of charged groups repeating at intervals of 57 a. These pairs could be involved in the interaction of tropomyosin with actin.
Breaking Down Translation Barriers: Investigator’s Perspective

From our perspective as biomedical scientists, we analyze new initiatives from U.S. federal regulatory and funding agencies aimed at accelerating the process of clinical translation.
Regulation and action of insulin-like growth factors at the cellular level.

Present understanding of IGF-1 as a growth factor mediating integration of nutritional-hormonal interactions indicates that IGF-1 acts in both an endocrine mode on distant targets and an autocrine-paracrine mode on local targets. In the liver, the combined presence of GH, insulin, and critical metabolic fuels such as essential amino acids results in increased levels of IGF-1 messenger RNA, increased production of a high-MW IGF-1 precursor, and increased release of IGF-1 into the circulation, permitting action on distant target tissues bearing specific receptors for IGF-1. The net effect is distant amplification of anabolic hormone action via IGF-1 acting in an endocrine mode. In extrahepatic tissues, both 'general' anabolic hormones (insulin and GH) as well as 'specific' hormones (e.g. gonadotropins) acting on a wide variety of targets (including fibroblasts and chondrocytes as well as granulosa and Leydig cells) promote both local secretion of IGF-1 and an increase in IGF-1 receptors. Local actions of IGF-1 then result in a secondary increase in both hormone receptors and hormone responses. The net effect is local amplification of hormone action via IGF-1 acting as a growth factor in an autocrine-paracrine mode.
Gender, negative affectivity, and observed social support behavior in marital interaction

Most prior research on social support in close relationships examines perceptions of support, failing to capture fully the helping behaviors that partners exchange while interacting. We observed 60 newly married couples each engage in two 10-minute interactions. with one spouse (the helper) responding while the partner (the helper) discussed a personal characteristic or problem that he or she wanted to change. Helper and helper behaviors were coded and examined in relation to gender and negative affectivity, which have been linked in prior research to perceptions of support. Husbands and wives did not differ in helper behaviors, but wives displayed more negative helper behavior than did husbands. Helper and helper behavior covaried with negative affectivity in expected directions, and helper behavior covaried with the partner's negative affectivity. Finally, analysis of negative reciprocity sequences showed that, as helpers, husbands were more likely to reciprocate negative behavior, and to have their negative behavior reciprocated, to the extent that they were high in negative affectivity. We emphasize the value of observational data in understanding social support in marriage, we discuss the implications of the findings in terms of prevailing beliefs about gender and social support, and we outline the specific links between negative affectivity and observed support behavior in marriage.
Preserved function in brain invaded by tumor.

OBJECTIVE : Intrinsic brain tumors can arise within regions of the cortex that are essential to language, motor, and somatosensory functions. Although it is commonly thought that such tumors can be safely resected, as long as the resection is limited to grossly abnormal cortex, functional mapping of the cerebral cortex during tumor resection does not support this contention. METHODS : We report our experience with 14 patients (9 men, 5 women ; median age, 43 yr) with intrinsic brain tumors of varying degrees of malignancy (four glioblastomas multiforme, four anaplastic astrocytomas, two anaplastic oligodendrogliomas, one anaplastic mixed glioma, three gangliogliomas). Cortical mapping was performed either intraoperatively (n = 11) or extraoperatively via intracranial electrodes (n = 3). RESULTS : Tumors were found to grossly invade functioning cortices (frontal lobe language cortex, four tumors ; temporal lobe language cortex, five tumors ; motor cortex, four tumors ; somatosensory cortex, one tumor). The gross invasion of functional cortex by tumor limited safe resection in all patients. Three patients experienced transient postoperative deficits caused by the proximity of the resection to functional cortex. One patient suffered a delayed postoperative hemorrhage, with resultant persistent motor aphasia. CONCLUSION : Intrinsic brain tumors grow by infiltration of normal brain. Consequently, brain that appears to be abnormal may remain functional, thus precluding safe tumor resection. (
Comparing incoherent ray performance of TRaX vs. Manta

TRaX (Threaded Ray eXecution) is a highly parallel multi-threaded, multi-core processor architecture designed for real-time ray tracing. One motivation behind TRaX is to accelerate single-ray performance instead of relying on ray-packets in SIMD mode to boost throughput, which can fail as packets become incoherent. To evaluate the effectiveness of this approach we implement a path tracer on the TRaX simulator and measure performance as the secondary rays become less coherent. We are able to show that TRaX exhibits only minor slowdown on highly incoherent rays compared to a well-optimized SIMD-packet based path tracer which suffers significant slowdown as rays become incoherent.
A Framework for Developing and Testing Financial Capability Education Programs Targeted to Elementary Schools.

Concerns about consumers’ ability to manage their finances have triggered a range of proposals, including interventions aimed at elementary school students. The goal of these approaches is to improve lifelong economic decision making, but the evidence supporting their efficacy is thin. In this article, the authors discuss the trend toward elementary financial education and propose a framework for developing evidence-based programs. They emphasize the need for understanding the underlying mechanisms that facilitate the translation of student knowledge into the ability to make sound economic decisions over the life course. The framework illustrates the importance of articulating the intended mechanisms and effects of education programs. This focus on mechanisms will not only facilitate the evaluation of individual programs, but also the synthesis of evidence across interventions.
Probabilistic sensory recoding

A hallmark of higher brain functions is the ability to contemplate the world rather than to respond reflexively to it. To do so, the nervous system makes use of a modular architecture in which sensory representations are dissociated from areas that control actions. This flexibility however necessitates a recoding scheme that would put sensory information to use in the control of behavior. Sensory recoding faces two important challenges. First, recoding must take into account the inherent variability of sensory responses. Second, it must be flexible enough to satisfy the requirements of different perceptual goals. Recent progress in theory, psychophysics, and neurophysiology indicate that cortical circuitry might meet these challenges by evaluating sensory signals probabilistically.
Restricted random labeling: testing for between-group interaction after controlling for joint population and within-group spatial structure

Statistical measures of spatial interaction between multiple types of entities are commonly assessed against a null model of either toroidal shift (TS), which controls for spatial structure of individual subpopulations, or random labeling (RL), which controls for spatial structure of the joint population. Neither null model controls for both types of spatial structure simultaneously, although this may sometimes be desirable when more than two subpopulations are present. To address this, we propose a flexible framework for specifying null models that we refer to as restricted random labeling (rRL). Under rRL, a specified subset of individuals is restricted and other individuals are randomly relabeled. Within this framework, two specific null models are proposed for pairwise analysis within populations consisting of three or more subpopulations, to simultaneously control for spatial structure in the joint population and one or the other of the two subpopulations being analyzed. Formulas are presented for calculating expected nearest neighbor counts and co-location quotients within the proposed framework. Differences between TS, RL and rRL are illustrated by application to six types of generating processes in a simulation study, and to empirical datasets of tree species in a forest and crime locations in an urban setting. These examples show that rRL null models are typically stricter than either TS or RL, which often detect “interactions” that are an expected consequence either of the joint population pattern or of individual subpopulation patterns.
Correcting the concentration index: A comment

Abstract In a recent article in this journal, Erreygers [Erreygers, G., 2008. Correcting the concentration index. Journal of Health Economics] has proposed a new measure of income-related health inequality to overcome three shortcomings of the concentration index (CI). I think Erreygers is absolutely right to probe on these issues, and I welcome his generalization of my normalization which was specific to the case of a binary health indicator. However, I have misgivings about his paper. His goal of correcting the CI so as to make it usable with interval-scale variables seems misguided. The CI reflects a commitment on the part of the analyst to measuring relative inequality. Armed only with an interval-scale variable, one simply has to accept that one can meaningfully measure only differences and therefore settle for measuring absolute inequality. Erreygers, index inevitably ends up as a measure of absolute inequality. His objection to my approach to getting round the bounds problem is that my normalization of the CI does not produce a measure of absolute inequality. But that was never my intention! In this comment I also show that – somewhat paradoxically at first glance – my index is also not a pure index of relative inequality. This seems to be an inevitable consequence of tackling the bounds issue.
The controlled rectifier: Key to the continuing control renaissance

The semiconductor art is expanding at an exceedingly fast rate. New devices are being developed continually so that the use of even the famous transistor is beginning to decrease in some areas of application. The controlled rectifier is one of the most exciting of these new devices. This device was commercially introduced by the General Electric Company early in 1958 and has been in production ever since. Since the controlled rectifier is capable of performing many of the functions of magnetic amplifiers and thyratrons, it represents another tool with which the engineer should be acquainted. The degree to which this is accomplished will determine the new horizons which are possible in the application area.
Hydroformylation Catalyst Recycle with Gas-Expanded Liquids

Tunable solvents such as gas-expanded liquids offer unique opportunities as benign and economic reaction media. We have improved the turnover frequency of a water-soluble catalyst system by a factor of 85 for the hydroformylation of 1-octene by using a tunable solvent system, which also increases substrate solubility. In our approach, the reaction is run homogeneously in a miscible water−organic solution, and after reaction, CO2 is used as a “miscibility switch” for efficient product and catalyst recovery. Two water-soluble ligands, TPPTS (tris(3-sulfophenyl)phosphine) and TPPMS ((3-sulfophenyl)diphenylphosphine), were compared to triphenylphosphine for hydroformylation activity of their rhodium complexes. The catalyst was recycled three times with no loss of activity.
Strategies for Mars remote Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy analysis of sulfur in geological samples

Abstract The key to understanding the sulfur history on Mars is to identify and determine sulfate and sulfide compositions and then to draw from them geologic clues about their environments of formation. To lay a foundation for use of remote LIBS to sulfur analysis in planetary exploration, we have undertaken a focused study of sulfur LIBS in geological samples in a simulated Mars atmosphere, with experimental parameters replicating the ChemCam LIBS instrument. A suite of twelve samples was selected, including rocks rich in minerals representative of sulfates and sulfides that might be encountered on Mars. Univariate analysis of sulfur emission lines did not provide quantitative information. Partial least squares (PLS) analysis was successful at modeling sulfur concentrations for a subset of samples with similar matrices. Sulfide minerals were identified on the basis of other siderophile or chalcophile peaks, such as those arising from Zn and Cu. Because the S lines are very weak compared to those of other elements, optimal PLS results were obtained by restricting the wavelength range to channels close to the most intense sulfur lines ~ 540–570 nm. Principal components analysis was attempted on the dataset, but did not differentiate the samples into meaningful groups because the sulfur lines are not strong enough. However, areas of the relatively weak S, H, and O peaks may be used to correctly classify all samples. Based on these outcomes, a flowchart that outlines a possible decision tree for identification and quantification of sulfur in remote LIBS analysis was constructed. Results suggest that LIBS data acquired under Mars conditions can meet the science requirements for the ChemCam instrument.
Physics-Based Character Skinning Using Multidomain Subspace Deformations

In this extended version of our Symposium on Computer Animation paper, we describe a domain-decomposition method to simulate articulated deformable characters entirely within a subspace framework. We have added a parallelization and eigendecomposition performance analysis, and several additional examples to the original symposium version. The method supports quasistatic and dynamic deformations, nonlinear kinematics and materials, and can achieve interactive time-stepping rates. To avoid artificial rigidity, or "locking,” associated with coupling low-rank domain models together with hard constraints, we employ penalty-based coupling forces. The multidomain subspace integrator can simulate deformations efficiently, and exploits efficient subspace-only evaluation of constraint forces between rotated domains using a novel Fast Sandwich Transform (FST). Examples are presented for articulated characters with quasistatic and dynamic deformations, and interactive performance with hundreds of fully coupled modes. Using our method, we have observed speedups of between 3 and 4 orders of magnitude over full-rank, unreduced simulations.
Ultrasound guidance for intra-articular injections of the foot and ankle.

Background:Ultrasound has been increasingly utilized in procedures involving intra-articular injections. This study's purpose was to compare the accuracy of intra-articular injections of the foot and ankle using palpation versus dynamic ultrasound in a cadaver model.Materials and Methods:Fourteen lightly embalmed cadaver specimens without notable osteoarthritis were used. A 0.22-gauge needle was placed by a foot and ankle orthopaedic surgeon into the first and second tarsometatarsal joints, subtalar joint, and ankle joint. The needle was initially placed using palpation, evaluated with ultrasound by an experienced rheumatologist, and re-inserted if necessary. Needle placement was confirmed with injection of an Omnipaque™/methylene blue solution and examined under fluoroscopy, followed by dissection.Results:Palpation and ultrasound were 100% accurate in subtalar and ankle joint injections. Using palpation, the needle was correctly placed into the first TMT joint in three of 14 cadavers, and in four of 14 c...
Predicting the stability of freeze-dried Fusobacterium mortiferum proficiency testing samples by accelerated storage tests.

Abstract Short-term, thermal degradation tests were performed at elevated temperatures of 55, 42, and 35 °C with freeze-dried proficiency testing samples of F. mortiferum . The loss of viable numbers of organisms was predicted for the samples at lower storage temperatures of 27.5 and 4 °C by applying calculated K values for the three elevated temperatures to the Arrhenius relationship. The predicted K values were within 1 SE of the K values obtained by least-squares analysis of the experimental data for the two lower storage temperatures. Application of accelerated storage tests for predicting stability at storage temperatures offers a number of benefits, including cost benefits, in assessing the stability of freeze-dried bacterial preparations used in proficiency testing programs.
Evolution of hepatitis delta virus RNA during chronic infection.

Abstract The complete RNA sequences of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) isolated at three different time points from a chronic delta hepatitis patient were determined. These time points represented three different periods of clinical flare-ups. The sequence analysis showed that these three different HDV isolates evolved at a rate ranging from 3.0 × 10−2 to 3.0 × 10−3 substitutions/nucleotide/year, depending on the period of infection. The evolution rates appeared to correlate with the changes of clinical pictures of hepatitis, i.e., the more drastic the change in the symptom of hepatitis was, the more nucleotide changes were detected. Except during the transition from the acute phase to chronic phase of delta hepatitis, when there was a much larger number of changes in HDV RNA sequence, the overall evolution rate of HDV RNA in the chronic phase appeared to be similar to those of other RNA viruses. Sequence relationship of these HDV RNAs suggested that acute exacerbations in chronic delta hepatitis were associated with the evolution of the persistently infected HDV, rather than resulting from new viral infections. However, some of the mutations were not cumulative, suggesting that HDV isolated at a later time was not directly evolved from the immediately previous one. Thus, HDV at any time point was a mixture of viruses with slight sequence variations, and a specific HDV RNA species was selected from this virus population under different environments. These findings indicate that HDV RNA is heterogeneous and evolves at a fast rate. The evolution rates in different parts of HDV RNA also varied. The evolution rate of HDV RNA determined here was higher than the ones determined previously from partial RNA sequences of two Japanese HDV isolates.
Human capital, time use, and other family behavior

Human capital theory is recommended as a fertile theory to explain many aspects of family time use behavior. Some examples are given of the potential usefulness of the concepts of general and specific human capital. Investment of parental time in children is urged as a fruitful area of time use research.
Arachidonic acid metabolism is altered in sarcoid alveolar macrophages

Abstract Macrophages produce various arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites which may either enhance or suppress inflammatory processes. We investigated AA metabolite production by alveolar macrophages (AMs) from 11 patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis and 9 normal volunteers. We assessed the production of both cyclooxygenase products (prostaglandin (PG) E2, thromboxane B2 (TXB2), PGF2α, and 6-keto-PGF1α) and lipoxygenase products (leukotrienes (LT) and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs)) in AM cultures. We found that sarcoid AMs produced less PGE2, TXB2, 6-keto-PGF1α, and HETEs in both the unstimulated and the calcium ionophore-stimulated states compared with normal AMs. Sarcoid AMs also produced less PGF2α and LTs in the unstimulated state after 1 hr of incubation, but following calcium ionophore stimulation, these differences did not achieve statistical significance. We conclude that sarcoid AMs have a reduced capacity to produce AA metabolites compared with that of normal AMs.
Possible association between the climatic effects of stratospheric aerosols and sea surface temperatures in the Eastern tropical Pacific Ocean

Recent model calculations have suggested that the occurrence of ENSO (El Nino/Southern Oscillation) events may be related to the appearance of a stratospheric aerosol generated by volcanic eruptions. The association of sea surface temperature anomalies in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean with the occurrence of major eruptions in investigated over the period 1866–1982. It is found that after the eruption of low latitude volcanoes ( 95 per cent confidence level). These results are consistent with the statistical dynamical model calculations of MacCracken and Luther (1984) for the El Chichon aerosol. A second unexpected result was that the sea surfaces temperatures are significantly cooler than normal nine to fifteen months after the eruption of a high latitude volcano (>20°). Additional data such as in situ measurements in the stratosphere and acid concentrations in the Greenland ice core are discussed to support the observed association.
Modulation of Fat-Soluble Vitamin Concentrations and Blood Mononuclear Leukocyte Populations in Milk Replacer-Fed Calves by Dietary Vitamin A and β-Carotene

Dairy calves (n = 18), separated from dams at birth, were fed 1 L of pooled-colostrum. For the remaining 7 wk of the study, they were fed one of three diets consisting of either a custom-formulated milk replacer without vitamin A (controls), or supplemented with retinyl palmitate (equivalent to 32,000 IU of vitamin A/d) or with beta-carotene (equivalent to 20,000 IU of vitamin A/d). Plasma retinol, beta-carotene, and RRR-alpha-tocopherol concentrations were lowest at birth, and increased substantially from birth to 1 wk postpartum in all groups, a probable consequence of ingestion of colostrum. From 1 to 7 wk of age, retinol concentrations were greatest in retinyl palmitate-supplemented calves, intermediate in beta-carotene-supplemented calves and lowest in control calves. At 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7 wk, RRR-alpha-tocopherol concentrations were lower in retinyl palmitate-supplemented calves than in control calves. A negative correlation between plasma retinol and vitamin E concentrations existed from wk 2 to 7, suggesting vitamin A influences the absorption and distribution of RRR-alpha-tocopherol. Supplemental retinyl palmitate, but not beta-carotene, was associated with a reduction in the percentage of blood mononuclear leukocytes expressing CD2, CD4, and CD8-T cell antigens and interleukin-2 receptors. By wk 7, leukocyte populations from retinyl palmitate-supplemented calves were more similar to those from adult cattle than those from control calves, suggesting that supplemental vitamin A, as retinyl palmitate, affects the maturation of the neonatal immune system. Differences in the composition of blood mononuclear leukocyte populations may represent changes in immune competency.
Case study of virtual private network

A prototype of a Virtual Private Network (VPN) is designed and developed. The goal of this VPN is to connect Medical Doctors' offices from different locations in New York Area. The company has two billing systems, one in the main office and the other one located at a remote site. We maintain the data coherence of the billing systems for this distributed environment by a point-to-point connection using a T1 line with a backup DSL line for fault tolerance purpose. Each site has a router that authenticates and routes information to each location. The other remote office accesses the billing system in main office through the Internet by a DSL line to see any receivables and any transactions or patients' updates through the Internet. This remote office will communicate through the Internet with an encrypted tunnel carrying an IP address using VPN technique. In this study, business benefits for this VPN and protocols, techniques, equipments used in this VPN are reported. In addition, our design experience for fault tolerance, security and network management and administration on this VPN are showed. Finally, the issues for future planning of this VPN is addressed.
Bathymetry of the mid-atlantic ridge, 24°-31°N: A map series

This paper presents a series of eleven maps of the bathymetry of a 900 km long section of the crestal region of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Along with a twelfth key map, this series defines the morphology of fifteen discrete spreading segments and shows convincingly that no transform faults exist between the Kane and Atlantis fracture zones. The publication of these multi beam bathymetry data with a contour interval of 50 m and at a scale of 30 inches per degree of longitude is intended to allow easy access by a broad community of marine earth scientists to this unique and powerful data set.
On the secretion of progesterone and Δ4-androstene-3,17-dione by the canine ovary in animals stimulated with human chorionic gonadotropin☆

Abstract In the ovarian vein blood of normal female dogs treated with large doses of human chorionic gonadotropin for 10 consecutive days, progesterone, Δ 4 -androstene-3,17-dione and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone were isolated and identified. The amount of human chorionic gonadotropin given to the animals before ovarian cannulation could not have been maximal since the acute administration of human chorionic goadotropin, follicle-stimulating hormone containing luteinizing hormone, and luteinizing hormone resulted in an augmentation of ovarian vein-blood progesterone and Δ 4 -androstene-3,17-dione. We have, however, been unable to show consistently that [1- 14 C]acetate administered by the ovarian artery will be incorporated into 14 C-containing steroids of the ovarian vein blood.
Vortex Pinning in Thin Superfluid Films

In a thin superfluid film, a region of reduced superfluid density will attract a vortex. Consider a closed region of size ~ b over which the superfluid density vanishes locally and consider a random distribution of such sites with density Np << b-2. When the surrounding superfluid is set into motion, such sites will create and annihilate free vortices1. Because circulation is conserved, the annihilation of a vortex by a neutral site will cause that site to become “charged” i. e., to take on the circulation of the vortex and similarly for vortex creation. Hence, both charged and neutral sites must be treated simultaneously in the dynamics. This is the phenomenon of ‘vortex pinning’ in the two dimensional limit.
Environmental Dissemination of Foodborne Salmonella in Preharvest Poultry Production: Reservoirs, Critical Factors, and Research Strategies

The impact of potential pathogenic foodborne Salmonella spp. in poultry production environments is of paramount importance, considering its implications for human health. Most of what is known about this organism under these environmental conditions is based on indirect evidence. The overall focus of this review is on the biology of potentially pathogenic foodborne Salmonella spp. in poultry environments. This is not just because of the implications regarding pathogenic Salmonella spp. for poultry production and food safety but because Salmonella spp. behavior may serve as a model for understanding general bacterial pathogen persistence in animal agricultural environments. This will help meet a long-term need to develop a comprehensive ecological picture of the contamination potential, growth, survival, and genetic stability of pathogens in poultry and other animal production environments. This will in turn lead to a better understanding of the environmental and health impacts of foodborne Salmonella spp....
Engineering Crystalline Architecture with Diketopiperazines: An Investigation of the Strength of Hydrogen-Bonded Tapes Based on the Cyclic Dipeptide of (S)-Aspartic Acid

A molecular building block, (S,S)-3,6-dicarboxymethyl-2,5-diketopiperazine (ASPDKP), was designed to assemble into hydrogen-bonded tapes, a one-dimensional motif in the solid state. Tapes made with ASPDKP possess pendant carboxylic acid groups that can be used to position guest molecules at well-defined intervals along the backbone of the tapes. Guest molecules can be used to control the spacing between adjacent tapes and the topology of layers composed of tapes. Several derivatives of pyridine were cocrystallized with ASPDKP, and the resulting molecular solids were characterized. Eight crystalline solids are described. These structures reveal both the strengths and limitations of hydrogen-bonded tapes to function as scaffolds with which to engineer crystalline architecture. The strengths of tapes to function as scaffolds are made evident by the six solids in which tapes are present. First, hydrogen-bonded tapes are tolerant to the presence of other functional groups capable of forming hydrogen bonds such...
Abstract A67: IL-16 variants associated with prostate cancer risk in African Americans

Background: Prostate cancer (Pca) is the most common type of cancer among men in the United States, and its disproportionate incidence and mortality rates among ethnic groups are likely due to a combination of genes and environmental factors. While genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of European descents have identified candidate loci associated with Pca risk, including rs4072111 located in IL-16, the replication studies in African Americans (AAs) have been inconsistent, and GWASs have not yet produced many findings to resolve Pca health disparities. IL-16 is over-expressed in tumor cells possibly mediating expression of other cytokines that promote tumor growth. Here we explore SNP variation in IL-16 in AAs and test for association with Pca in AAs. Method: Two hundred and seventy-seven (277) tagging SNPs spanning IL-16 (79.20Mb to 79.45Mb on chromosome 15) were genotyped in 496 AA Pca cases and 501 controls from Washington, DC. In order to replicate our findings, 11 of the SNPs were also typed in additional 400 AA Pca cases and controls from Chicago, IL. One hundred (100) unlinked ancestry informative markers were also typed for each sample. West African genetic ancestry estimates were obtained using STRUCTURE. We tested for allelic association and calculated odds ratios using logistic regression, adjusting for West African ancestry and age. Empiric p-values were obtained by adaptive permutation. Results: Our first stage analyses revealed that a cluster of 20 IL-16 SNPs were significantly associated with Pca risk. The strongest association was found at rs7175701 (P=1.2 × 10−8), which lies within intron 26 of IL-16. In the replication population, two SNPs, slightly linked to rs7175701, but within the 3′UTR region were also strongly associated with Pca risk (P Our study provides evidence that IL-16 polymorphisms likely play a role to Pca susceptibility in AAs. Many of the significantly associated SNPs are linked to rs11325 which is a candidate SNP for a miRNA target region in IL-16. Although the exact mechanism is unclear, additional functional studies are warranted. Impact: Our findings are significant given that there has been limited focus on the role of IL-16 genetic polymorphisms on Pca risk in AAs. Understanding the role of cytokines such as IL-16 in tumor growth in diverse populations is important, and could likely lead to the development of useful biomarkers for cancer screening and/or potential therapeutics. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(10 Suppl):A67.
Reduced water induced skin wrinkling in congestive heart failure.

Water immersion skin wrinkling (WISW) of the fingertips may reflect central autonomic function. We found lower WISW in 60 heart failure patients versus controls (1.6 ± 0.67 vs. 2.5 ± 1.1, p < 0.001), linking a cardiovascular disorder to reduced WISW.
Using Nash bargaining to design project management contracts under cost uncertainty

Abstract In the design of procurement contracts, cost sharing, wherein the contractor receives a fixed fee plus a fraction of his cost, is common when the cost for completing the project is uncertain. We determine the best cost-sharing contract between a risk-neutral project manager and a risk-averse contractor when negotiation proceeds in accord with Nash bargaining. We examine the characteristics of the contract when the contractor can invest to reduce the mean and/or the uncertainty of the project cost. We show that cost-plus contracts dominate fixed-price contracts as well as all other cost-sharing contracts. In order to extend our analysis to the case when the value of the project itself is uncertain, we employ the recent method of embedded Nash bargaining. Finally, we generalize our main result by allowing an asymmetric Nash bargaining solution.
Technology Forecast: Commercial Applications Of Holography

Technology Forecast: Commercial Applications of HolographyJack Y. EdelsteinSpecial Projects Division, Institute of Science and TechnologyThe University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109AbstractThis paper attempts to point toward future technological developments that mightaccelerate the commercial applications of holography. Conference attendees are asked toparticipate in an "Expert Survey ", the purpose of which is to predict what technologicaladvances are expected to bring about new applications of holography, or to significantlyimprove current applications. In addition, the survey assesses the time frame within whichthese advances are expected to occur, and describes how these technologies interact witheach other. Part One of the paper explains the rationsl for this survey, and solicits theparticipation of the SPIE conference attendees in structuring the survey format. PartTwo -- to be published in the near future -- will present and analysis of the surveyresults.IntroductionThe Call For Papers for this conference requested researchers to present the resultsof their work that will shed light on "developments that promise to create new applications
Validity and reliability of the red-green AO H-R-R pseudoisochromatic plates with mentally retarded children.

Summary.--69 institutionalized mentally retarded children were examined to determine the reliability and validity of the 14 .red-green plates of the H-R-R pseudoisochromatic plates. The stability of the raw score and diagnosis, and the internal consistency were evaluated in addition to the validity of the diagnosis and the validity of the individual plates. The results indicated high internal consistency but low stability and validity. Use of the H-R-R plates with menrally retarded children is not recommended. It is generally agreed that pseudoisochromatic color blindness tests are adequate screening devices when used under proper lighting conditions. Since the extension of pass-fail screening with this type of test from normal individuals to mentally retarded individuals seemed logical, the practice was adopted and has now become commonplace. Yet, the empirical validity of such an extension has proven dubious. Salvia (5) conducted a study to evaluate the validity of four tests of color vision-the H-R-R, the Farnsworth, and the two sections of the Dvorine. Each child in a sample of 100 children was tested under standard lighting conditions with each of the instruments. Prevalence rates (based on the pass-fail diagnosis) for each test were disparate; only 51% passed all fo~lr tests and only 12% failed all four tests. Moreover, the inter-test correlations (phi) differed significantly, indicating that the four tests could not be considered to be measuring the same trait to the same extent. Yet, there was no indication of the extent to which each test (or all tests) lacked validity. The primary objective of this study was to ascertain the reliability and validity of the 14 red-green plates of the H-R-R pseudoisochromatic plates with mentally retarded males. Consequently, the stability of the total raw score and of the diagnosis, the internal consistency, and the validity of the diagnosis were examined. Furthermore, since the individual items are important indices of the degree of defect, they were examined for stability and validity. METHOD