cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control of vasopressin secretion in the newborn lamb.

Summary: The plasma sodium, osmolality, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) responses to phlebotomy, hypertonic saline, water loading and fluid restriction were studied in 2–49 day old lambs. Phlebotomy of 10 and 20% of the lamb's estimated blood volume produced 37-and 44-fold increments in plasma AVP, without a concomitant change in plasma sodium or osmolality. The infusion of 10 mEq/kg sodium chloride produced a 12% rise in plasma sodium concentration accompanied by a 7-fold rise in plasma AVP. Water loading with 100 ml/kg hypotonic fluid produced a significant fall in plasma sodium concentration (10.7%) and a decrease in plasma AVP. Eighteen hr of water deprivation evoked a 7-fold increase in AVP. These results indicate that the newborn lamb is capable of responding appropriately to known stimuli for AVP secretion. The stimulus response ratio (SRR): of newborn lambs was nearly identical after hypertonic saline and water loading and was also quite similar to that of the adult ewe after a saline challenge. The SRR of water deprived lambs was greater than that after the other stimuli, presumably reflecting combined volume and osmolar stimuli. We conclude that the neurohypophysis and the volume receptor systems of the newborn lamb are capable of appropriate, mature AVP responsiveness during the first days of extrauterine life. Speculation: The present studies indicate that AVP secretion in the newborn sheep is responsive to both volume and osmolar stimuli. Quantitative responses are equivalent to those of mature ewes. If the newborn human is both osmo- and volume sensitive, as seems likely, AVP secretion may be important in fluid and electrolyte homeostasis in the newborn period. Thus, lack of AVP secretion does not explain the limited ability to concentrate urine demonstrated by the newborn infant.
The neuroanatomy of general intelligence: sex matters

We examined the relationship between structural brain variation and general intelligence using voxel-based morphometric analysis of MRI data in men and women with equivalent IQ scores. Compared to men, women show more white matter and fewer gray matter areas related to intelligence. In men IQ/gray matter correlations are strongest in frontal and parietal lobes (BA 8, 9, 39, 40), whereas the strongest correlations in women are in the frontal lobe (BA10) along with Broca's area. Men and women apparently achieve similar IQ results with different brain regions, suggesting that there is no singular underlying neuroanatomical structure to general intelligence and that different types of brain designs may manifest equivalent intellectual performance.
BUSINESS AND SOCIETY: WHAT'S IN A NAME

While there has been an explosion of theoretical work in the field of Business and Society over the past several years, much of this work still reflects a key philosophical assumption about the way business and society should be viewed that has been operative in the field since its beginnings. This assumption undergirds the title for the field and has infused itself into stakeholder theory, normative theory, and social contract theory, which are the main theoretical approaches that have emerged in the field. This basic assumption is critically analyzed and questioned in this article, and another philosophical framework, one based on American Pragmatism and not based on this assumption, is offered as an alternative way to view the corporation and its relationship to society. The implications of this alternative for the Business and Society field are then explored.
N-methylated 5-alkenyloxazolium salt transformations.

In the course of natural product synthetic studies, 5-(4-pentenyl)oxazole and 5-(5-hexenyl)oxazole were N-methylated. The initial N-methylated 5-alkenyloxazolium salt adducts were found to be only intermediates and were ultimately transformed into hydroindole and hydroisoquinoline compounds, respectively.
Ovipositional preferences and progeny development of the egg parasitoid Avetianella longoi: factors mediating replacement of one species by a congener in a shared habitat

Abstract Populations of Phoracantha recurva , a cerambycid beetle that appeared in California around 1995, have increased rapidly while populations of the congener Phoracantha semipunctata , that arrived in California before 1985, have dramatically declined in the southwestern part of the state where the two species occur together. Both species colonize stressed Eucalyptus trees and fallen branches in the shared habitat. The proportion of P. recurva in the mixed population increased rapidly from 0.1% in 1995, the first year this species was detected, to 4.7% the following year, and 74% in 1997. To determine whether differential parasitization of eggs of the two beetle species by an egg parasitoid may be a contributing factor in this apparent ecological replacement of one species with a congener, we evaluated oviposition preference and host suitability of eggs of the two congeneric beetle species using strains of the egg parasitoid Avetianella longoi reared on eggs of either P. semipunctata (S-strain wasps) or P. recurva (R-strain wasps) for multiple generations. In both choice and no-choice bioassays, female parasitoids of both strains preferred to oviposit in P. semipunctata eggs, and survival rates were much higher in P. semipunctata eggs than in P. recurva eggs, for host eggs of two age classes (0.5 and 2.5 days old). Preference and survival of progeny of R-strain or S-strain females on P. semipunctata eggs were not significantly different, indicating that the preference for P. semipunctata eggs as a host resource was innate and had not been affected by >15 generations of selection. A substantial fraction of P. recurva eggs parasitized by wasps of either strain survived parasitization and produced neonate larvae, whereas no P. semipunctata eggs survived parasitization. Furthermore, a significantly larger percentage of parasitized P. recurva eggs produced neither a parasitoid nor a neonate larva than parasitized P. semipunctata eggs. The size and sex ratio of progeny of either parasitoid strain were minimally affected by host egg species. Although P. recurva eggs were smaller in diameter and weight than P. semipunctata eggs, eggs of both species were large enough to support the development of several parasitoids, so it is unlikely that insufficient nutrition was a contributing factor to survival of parasitoids in eggs of either host species. Cumulatively, these results suggest that eggs of both species contain adequate nutrition for developing parasitoids, but that ovipositing A. longoi females and their developing progeny frequently are not able to terminate P. recurva egg development.
Infant temperament, parenting, and externalizing behavior in first grade: a test of the differential susceptibility hypothesis

Background: This study examines the differential susceptibility hypothesis as it pertains to relations between infant temperament, parenting, and behavior problems in first grade. Method: Data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care were used in a series of hierarchical regression analyses focused on interactions between three aspects of parenting (harshness, sensitivity, productive activity) and temperament as they affect teacher-reported externalizing behavior in first grade. Step #1 included family income-to-needs, maternal education, gender, life events, and amount of child care as control variables, plus infant temperament and the three parenting variables. Step #2 included a single interaction term, the interaction between one of the key parenting variables and child temperament. Results: Results showed stronger relations between maternal sensitivity and behavior problems for children with difficult temperaments. Likewise, relations between opportunities for productivity and behavior problems were stronger for children with difficult temperaments. Trends were in the same direction for harsh parenting but did not quite reach statistical significance. Conclusions: Having access to experiences that promote coping and build self-regulatory capacities seems particularly valuable for children with difficult temperaments.
Targeting cancer information to African Americans: the trouble with talking about disparities.

Cancer messages that are designed for African Americans often include information on Black–White cancer disparities to raise Black adults' perceived cancer risk and increase cancer screening. Whether disparities messages achieve this, and how Blacks feel about hearing that they are worse off than are Whites, largely remain unknown. This study examined Blacks' responses to two mock newspaper articles on colorectal cancer: a disparities article and a nondisparities article. A random sample of 400 Black adults read the articles and answered questions on their reactions to both. Results revealed that readers of the disparities article felt significantly more insulted, discouraged, and angry about it than did readers of the nondisparities article. Article type played no role in desires or intentions to have colon cancer screening among participants of screening age, and no role in perceived cancer risk or intentions to suggest colon cancer screening to family among participants of any age. These findings sugge...
What you believe is what you want: modeling PTSD-related treatment preferences for sertraline or prolonged exposure.

Abstract Despite the known efficacy of various psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), we know little about what factors predict treatment preference. In the present study, we first developed exploratory path models of treatment preference for a psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy ( n = 273) and then conducted confirmatory analyses of these models in a second sample ( n = 324) and in a third generalization sample of trauma-exposed women ( n = 105). We examined demographic and psychopathology factors and treatment-related beliefs (i.e., credibility and personal reactions). Across all samples, treatment-related beliefs were the strongest predictors of treatment preference. Further, severity of depression directly reduced the likelihood of choosing psychotherapy, and severity of PTSD directly increased the likelihood of choosing pharmacotherapy. These results underscore the importance of better understanding individual's beliefs regarding treatments. With a clearer understanding of these factors, we may be able to reduce barriers to treatment and increase access to effective treatments for those with trauma-related symptoms.
Calculation of Resistances for Multiply Connected Domains Using Schwarz-Christoffel Transformations

We use recently developed numerics for the Schwarz-Christoffel transformation for bounded multiply connected domains to compute resistances of polygonal resistors with polygonal holes. Resistances for both exterior and interior contacts are calculated by using maps to appropriate canonical slit domains.
Marking understanding versus receipting information in talk: Achso. and ach in German interaction

This conversation analytic study contrasts the German particles ach and achso. and discusses their form, function and interactional trajectory. It extends Golato and Betz’s (2008) work on ach and a...
Multiple-spike waves in a one-dimensional integrate-and-fire neural network

This paper builds on the past study of single-spike waves in one-dimensional integrate-and-fire networks to provide a framework for the study of waves with arbitrary (finite or countably infinite) collections of spike times. Based on this framework, we prove an existence theorem for single-spike traveling waves, and we combine analysis and numerics to study two-spike traveling waves, periodic traveling waves, and general infinite spike trains. For a fixed wave speed, finite-spike waves, periodic waves, and other infinite-spike waves may all occur, and we discuss the relationships among them. We also relate the waves considered analytically to waves generated in numerical simulations by the transient application of localized excitation.
Construction Simulation and Monitoring Data Analysis on Influence of Tunnel Excavation on the Treatment Structure of Karst Cave

Baixugong tunnel is a big karst tunnel in Qing-Lian highway, and the construction environment is complexity. The structure of pile-pile cap-supporting wall-connection beam is used to treat the karst cave tunnel. Using simulation results and monitoring data to reveal the influence of tunnel excavation to treatment structure. The treatment structure in the karst tunnel is safe and reliable. The supporting wall stress and pile strain all increase accelerating during the advance of excavation face, then stabilize gradually. The construction simulation results are similar with the monitoring data, which demonstrates the important role of treatment structure in the karst tunnel.
Immortalized human urothelial cells as a model of arsenic-induced bladder cancer☆

Arsenical-induced carcinogenesis in human bladder has been established through epidemiological evidence, and UROtsa cells, a normal, immortalized cell culture model of human urothelium, have proven to be a good model for the bladder epithelium. This cell line does not form tumors when injected into immuno-compromised mice nor does it have anchorage-independent growth. UROtsa can be easily manipulated for acute studies related to arsenical exposure. They have been shown to be sensitive to all arsenicals, in particular, the trivalent species, arsenite and monomethylarsonous acid. UROtsa cells have also opened the area of cellular signaling alterations following subcytotoxic exposure to arsenicals in both the acute and long-term time points. In addition, UROtsa cells were shown to be malignantly transformed following low-level exposure to both As(III) and MMA(III) providing additional models for studying arsenical-induced carcinogenesis of the bladder. These transformed cell lines allow researchers the ability to investigate the process of urothelial tumorigenesis at multiple time points of arsenical exposure. Overall, UROtsa cells are an effective model for cellular insult following arsenical exposure.
Why Some States Grow Faster than Others: New Growth Models for State Economic Policy

Recent studies have identified factors statistically related to differences in state economic growth. These findings relate to regional policy because they appear to identify political options that could then be justified as improving growth. This paper evaluates the reliability of these studies as policy guides. It finds that most statistical conclusions are fragile and are ttherefore risky policy guides Economic base theory performs well, and provides the most reliable state level policy options. These policies, however, have to be crafted carefully to avoid pitfalls associated with traditional (and perhaps unpopular) basic industries.
Binary isosteric heats of adsorption in carbon predicted from density functional theory

The nonlocal density functional theory of Kierlik and Rosinberg was used to predict isosteric heats of adsorption (qi) of three binary gas mixtures: (1) CO2−C2H4, (2) CH4−C2H6, and (3) CH4−C3H8 in homogeneous and heterogeneous carbons at 350 K and 1 bar. The qi's of the components in the mixture were different from their pure state qi°'s and showed complex behavior for the nonideal systems (2 and 3). Adsorbent heterogeneity also played an important role in determining the behavior of the qi's compared with the qi°'s. The differences were attributed to effects caused by the loading of the opposing component and by differences in the intermolecular forces between the adsorbate molecules.
Vapor adsorption on microporous adsorbents

Abstract A new equation describing the adsorption of vapors on microporous adsorbents is presented. This equation is based on the Ono–Kondo model for adsorption in slit-like pores. Results are compared with experimental data for nitrogen on activated carbon over the range of pressures from 0.3 Pa to 0.133 MPa. It is shown that this new equation has several advantages over the widely used Dubinin–Radushkevich (DR) isotherm. In particular, this new equation gives the correct limit of Henry’s law at low concentrations and is more general than the DR equation because it is applicable to gases at supercritical conditions.
Miracles of Modern Medicine/Casualties of Modern Medicine

The author uses an autoethnographic account of a close friend’s emergency cardiac surgery, and its disastrous outcome, to explore and critique the contemporary search for medical “miracles” and the patchwork and inequitable system of medical reimbursement in the United States.
Twice the Amount of α-Carotene Isolated from Carrots Is as Effective as β-Carotene in Maintaining the Vitamin A Status of Mongolian Gerbils

The vitamin A (VA) value of carotenoids from fruits and vegetables is affected by many factors. This study determined the VA value of alpha-carotene isolated from carrots compared with beta-carotene and retinyl acetate supplements fed to Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). Gerbils (n = 38) were fed a VA-free diet for 4 wk. At baseline, 6 gerbils were killed to determine liver VA. Gerbils were divided into 3 treatment groups (n = 9/group) and given 35, 35, or 17.5 nmol retinyl acetate, alpha-carotene or beta-carotene, respectively, in 2 divided doses 5 h apart each day. The remaining 5 gerbils received oil vehicle. Gerbils were killed after 3 wk of supplementation. Serum samples and livers were collected and analyzed for VA. Liver extracts were subsequently saponified to quantify alpha-retinol. Serum retinol concentrations did not differ among the groups. Liver retinyl palmitate concentrations were significantly higher in the retinyl acetate treatment group (0.198 +/- 0.051 micromol/g; P < 0.05) than in all other groups. The alpha- and beta-carotene treatments resulted in similar retinyl palmitate concentrations, i.e., 0.110 +/- 0.026 and 0.109 +/- 0.051 micromol/g, respectively, which did not differ from the concentrations in gerbils killed at baseline (0.123 +/- 0.024 micromol/g). The oil group had significantly less retinyl palmitate (0.061 +/- 0.029 micromol/g; P < 0.05) than all other groups. alpha-Retinol was detected in livers of the alpha-carotene group (0.062 +/- 0.013 micromol/g). Thus, twice the amount of purified alpha-carotene maintained VA status as well as beta-carotene in VA-depleted gerbils. Conversion factors were approximately 5.5 microg alpha-carotene or approximately 2.8 mug beta-carotene to 1 microg retinol.
Reduced activity of TonB-dependent functions in strains of Escherichia coli

The tonB gene product is necessary for the energy-dependent transport of ferric chelates and vitamin B12 across the Escherichia coli outer membrane. When carried on multicopy plasmids, the cloned tonB gene complemented tonB hosts, restoring transport of ferri-siderophone complexes and vitamin B12, and susceptibility to the group B colicins and phage ф80. The levels of these activities were all markedly lower than when the tonB+ gene was present in single copy. This depression of TonB function occurred even when the chromosome carried the normal tonB+ allele, but plasmids carrying only a portion of the tonB gene, including the 5′-regulatory region, were not inhibitory.
Burkholderia Diffusible Signal Factor Signals to Francisella novicida To Disperse Biofilm and Increase Siderophore Production

In many bacteria, the ability to modulate biofilm production relies on specific signaling molecules that are either self-produced or made by neighboring microbes within the ecological niche. We analyzed the potential interspecies signaling effect of the Burkholderia diffusible signal factor (BDSF) on Francisella novicida, a model organism for Francisella tularensis, and demonstrated that BDSF both inhibits the formation and causes the dispersion of Francisella biofilm. Specificity was demonstrated for the cis versus the trans form of BDSF. Using transcriptome sequencing, quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, and activity assays, we found that BDSF altered the expression of many F. novicida genes, including genes involved in biofilm formation, such as chitinases. Using a chitinase inhibitor, the antibiofilm activity of BDSF was also shown to be chitinase dependent. In addition, BDSF caused an increase in RelA expression and increased levels of (p)ppGpp, leading to decreased biofilm production. These results support our observation that exposure of F. novicida to BDSF causes biofilm dispersal. Furthermore, BDSF upregulated the genes involved in iron acquisition (figABCD), increasing siderophore production. Thus, this study provides evidence for a potential role and mechanism of diffusible signal factor (DSF) signaling in the genus Francisella and suggests the possibility of interspecies signaling between Francisella and other bacteria. Overall, this study suggests that in response to the interspecies DSF signal, F. novicida can alter its gene expression and regulate its biofilm formation.
Protocol Analysis: A Methodology for Exploring the Information Processing of Gifted Students

Paper-and-pencil tests yield little information relative to thinking strategies used by gifted students to solve problems. Protocal analysis, argues the author, provides a "window" into the mental operations used by gifted learners. The method is described, and results of recent work highlighted. Implications for additional research are discussed.
A Comparative Analysis of RFID Adoption in Retail and Manufacturing Sectors

Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology mandates by large retailers and various government agencies has driven compliance requirements for many organizations to implement the technology. In this paper, we use content analysis methodology and examine open literature, news releases, industry white papers, and published journal and conference articles to identify and compare current implementation status, adoption drivers, potential benefits, supply chain activities, applicable tasks, and challenges of implementing RFID in the retail and manufacturing sectors. Our analysis concluded that whereas RFDD applicable tasks for retail and manufacturing sectors are significantly different, the adoption drivers, benefits, supply chain activities, and challenges are similar.
Block Copolymer Orientation Control Using a Top-Coat Surface Treatment

Directed self-assembly of Si containing block copolymers (BCP) is a candidate for next generation patterning technology because it enables both high resolution and high etch contrast. Achieving high resolution requires a high χ parameter. However, it is often difficult to achieve perpendicular patterns by t hermal annealing of BCPs with a lower surface energy block, which tends to align with the air interface. New top surface treatment materials that provide a surface energy between those of the blocks have been developed that enable perpendicular pattern alignment with block copolymers that have a low surface energy block. Keyword: Top-coat, directed self assembly, Si-containing block copolymer
Left Clouds Over Climate Change Policy

Will there be an international climate treaty to follow Kyoto when it expires in 2012, and if so what will it look like? Many climate justice and anti-capitalist spokespersons denounce the Kyoto Protocol as a "pretend solution" and reject international carbon trading altogether. This article argues that, on the contrary, an international cap and trade treaty is the only way to avert climate change fairly before it is too late, and that the Kyoto Protocol is a framework that progressives should defend and fix rather than condemn and nix. After explaining why many climate justice and anti-capitalist criticisms of carbon trading are without merit and fail to appreciate how in- ternational carbon trading can favor lesser developed countries (LDCs), five changes to make a post-Kyoto cap and trade treaty more effective and fair are proposed, and common arguments against carbon trading are rebutted. JEL codes: Q54, Q56, Q58
Disordered Eating Behavior as a Predictor of Treatment Response in Obese Adolescents Seeking Weight Management

Purpose: Disordered eating is prevalent among obese adolescents. Little is known about how disordered eating behavior impacts the clinical course of obese adolescents undergoing treatment. We sought to determine if disordered eating behaviors at baseline predicted treatment response among adolescents seeking weight management.
Complexation of Fatty Acids and Fatty Acid‐CoAs with Synthetic O‐Methylated Polysaccharides

An experimentally simple, but highly reproducible and reliable method has been developed to follow the complexation event of fatty acid (FA) and FA-CoA with polysaccharides. This method was based on the recent discovery of the unique blue-shifted UV absorption associated with the aggregation of tetraenoic fatty acids (TE-FAs) in aqueous solution. Complexation was monitored by recording the intensity of UV absorption at 250 nm ([free TE-FA]) and 303 nm ([complexed TE-FA]), and the K aggregate of C(20) t,t,t,t-TE-FA exhibited the ideal property for this purpose. Synthetic 3-O-methyl-D-mannose- and 6-O-methyl-D-glucose-containing lipopolysaccharides were found to exhibit a broad range of the binding affinities with C(20) t,t,t,t-TE-FAs as well as saturated FAs/FA-CoAs.
Theoretical Results on Sparse Representations of Multiple-Measurement Vectors

The sparse representation of a multiple-measurement vector (MMV) is a relatively new problem in sparse representation. Efficient methods have been proposed. Although many theoretical results that are available in a simple case-single-measurement vector (SMV)-the theoretical analysis regarding MMV is lacking. In this paper, some known results of SMV are generalized to MMV. Some of these new results take advantages of additional information in the formulation of MMV. We consider the uniqueness under both an lscr0-norm-like criterion and an lscr1-norm-like criterion. The consequent equivalence between the lscr0-norm approach and the lscr1-norm approach indicates a computationally efficient way of finding the sparsest representation in a redundant dictionary. For greedy algorithms, it is proven that under certain conditions, orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) can find the sparsest representation of an MMV with computational efficiency, just like in SMV. Simulations show that the predictions made by the proved theorems tend to be very conservative; this is consistent with some recent advances in probabilistic analysis based on random matrix theory. The connections will be discussed
Ecology and Epidemiology of Lyme Borreliosis

Lyme borreliosis is a zoonotic, tick-borne disease that infects humans worldwide. The disease is currently recognized as the most common vector-borne disease in Europe and North America. Disease is caused by several genospecies of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex. Humans are at high risk of infection in regions where highly competent reservoirs are the primary hosts for the subadult stages of the tick, in contrast to regions where less competent or refractory animals feed ticks. Human infections are also most frequently associated with spring and summer months when the nymph stage of the tick is active.
Infectious disease prevention and control functions of the medical institutions

Infectious disease is a major global public issue and social medical problem to human health. Our country implements a policy of putting the emphasis on prevention, combining prevention with treatment to infectious disease. Medical institutions is the main source of information on infectious diseases. The medical institutions monitor the epidemic situation of infectious disease for early detection and timely accurate report of infectious disease, which provides an important scientific basis for the prevention and control of infectious disease. Medical treatment for infectious disease is carried in medical institutions, and patients with infectious diseases were isolated to prevent and control the propagation of infectious diseases. An in-depth study of epidemic area and accurate diagnosis and treatment provide scientific basis for the prevention of infectious diseases. Medical institution is an effective way for health education of infectious diseases prevention. We should strengthen the legal responsibility for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases in medical institutions, establish and improve the mechanism of prevention and control of infectious diseases, give full play to the functions of medical institutions, due to medical staff’s less awareness of infectious diseases prevention.
Abstract 45: Carotid Intima-Media Thickness is Associated with White Matter Hyperintensity Volume: The Northern Manhattan Study

Background: White matter hyperintensities (WMH) have been associated with increased risk of stroke, cognitive impairment and dementia. WMH may be a manifestation of small vessel disease although their pathophysiology remains unknown. We sought to evaluate the relationship between carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), a subclinical ultrasound imaging marker of vascular disease, and WMH measured from brain MRI in a multi-ethnic, stroke-free community-based cohort. Methods: As a part of population based Northern Manhattan Study, we evaluated a group of stroke and myocardial infarction - free individuals who had brain MRI and high-resolution carotid ultrasound performed. We used linear and logistic regression to examine the effect of continuous measures of cIMT on quantitatively derived WMH volume (WMHV) while adjusting for age, sex, race-ethnicity, hypertension or diastolic blood pressure, diabetes, body-mass index, plasma total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and a history of smoking. Results: Among 1140 participan...
DSMR: a shared and distributed memory algorithm for single-source shortest path problem

The Single-Source Shortest Path (SSSP) problem is to find the shortest paths from a source vertex to all other vertices in a graph. In this paper, we introduce the Dijkstra Strip-Mined Relaxation (DSMR) algorithm, an efficient parallel SSSP algorithm for shared and distributed memory systems. Our results show that, DSMR is faster than parallel Δ-Stepping by a factor of up-to 1.66.
Why are They not Responding to our Alarms? Another Analysis of Problems with Alarms

Large healthcare organizations are complex socio-technical systems in many senses. Understanding how such complex systems adapt to their internal and external environment may help us devise effective strategies in building robust, high reliability organizations. In this paper we report findings of an in-depth study of auditory alarms in acute care settings as an attempt to study complex organizations. Investigations into incidents with adverse outcomes often lead to blames of not responding to auditory alarms which in most cases sound at audible levels. We interviewed a number of clinicians and stakeholders to understand the reasons why in some circumstances alarms are not responded to. The findings illustrate a spectrum of reasons that predispose care providers in certain responding patterns, such as large numbers of alarms, confusion of alarms, temporary episodes of high workload, external economic pressures, and proactive interventions at unit and organizational levels at improving quality of care.
Pedagogy of Poverty: School Choice and Inequalities in Post-Apartheid South Africa

This paper examines the experiences of Black children in schools with inadequate resources in post-apartheid South Africa. It draws on the perspectives of the parents whose children attend schools that have inadequate resources in poor neighborhoods, known as the townships. I argue that the resource situation in these schools directly contributes to poverty in these childrenΓCOs lives. Further, I posit that the challenges of resources in these Black and segregated schools are inextricably connected to the larger neoliberal agenda of privatization and markets that has since influenced the social policy in post-apartheid South Africa. The influence of neoliberal policies in education has encouraged school choice as a way to desegregate schools and reform education. I conclude that the school choice policies have marginalized Black children in poor township schools and this has an adverse impact on the future of these children in terms of their educational opportunities and their rights to quality education.
Preferred provider organizations. A review and update. Part II.

This is the first of two articles on preferred provider organizations (PPOs). Part I focuses on how PPOs operate, their rapid growth in the private sector, and the Health Care Financing Administration's (HCFA's) involvement with PPOs for Medicare beneficiaries. Part II, which will appear in next month's issue of the Bulletin, will report on recent research concerning PPOs' cost-effectiveness, states' legislative activities affecting PPOs, and potential liability issues created by PPOs, as well as the College's views on these types of health care delivery systems.
Effect of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist on luteinizing hormone and testosterone secretion and testicular histology in male rhesus monkeys *

Three adult male rhesus monkeys were treated for 20weeks with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist (Ag; Wy-40972; Wyeth Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA) using osmotic minipumps. Ag administration resulted in a transient increase and then a precipitous decrease in the concentration of luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone (T). After 5weeks, serum levels of LH were undetectable ( μ g/ml), while serum T was always detectable, but continued to fall throughout the period of Ag administration. The serum LH and T response to 50 μ g of GnRH was abolished by 4weeks of Ag treatment, and this effect persisted through the treatment period. Testicular histology at 20weeks of Ag treatment exhibited diffuse atrophy of seminiferous tubules, suppressed germinal cell division, and the absence of spermatids or spermatozoa. There was no evidence of testicular necrosis or calcification of the seminiferous tubules. Following the termination of Ag infusion, serum LH and T concentrations rebounded to levels that exceeded pretreatment values for a 5-week period before falling back to baseline levels. A complete restoration of spermatogenesis and testicular volume occurred by 12weeks after treatment. These data suggest that continuous Ag administration is an effective method of reversibly disrupting spermatogenesis in the male rhesus monkey.
Virus-cell interactions in a natural killer-like cell line from a patient with lymphoblastic lymphoma

Lymphoproliferative disorders involving Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infected natural killer (NK) cells are reported with increasing frequency, but the nature and role of EBV infection in these cells remains undefined. In this study, we have investigated virus-cell interactions in the EBV-positive YTN10 cell line, an NK-like cell line established from a patient with lymphoblastic lymphoma. Low level expression of the EBV receptor CD21 molecule was detected by FACS and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. Immunoblotting and RT-PCR analysis identified a latency II pattern of EBV gene expression, consisting of EBNA-1 transcription from the Qp promoter, in the absence of other EBNA gene expression, and accompanied by LMP-1 and LMP-2A expression. The EBV genome was present in episomal form and there was evidence for lytic viral replication. This latency pattern is typical of EBV gene expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Hodgkin's disease, and differs from the full spectrum of EBV latent gene expression in most posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders and from the restricted EBNA-1 expression in Burkitt's lymphoma tissues. The interaction between EBV and NK cells described here has important implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of EBV-infected NK malignancies.
Novel to Film, Frame to Window: Lolita as Text and Image

AbstractImage Presentation Theory, which classifies and analyzes visual images based on their relations to various theoretical understandings of “window” and “frame” terminology, can be applied not only to how visuals, such as commercial films, function and differ but also can bring new metaphorical understandings to tactics and responses in other media, such as the novel. In applying this concept to Nabokov’s book of Lolita (1955), we can gain new insights on his process and impact through application of Special Case Frame considerations normally applied to visual images, while films adapted from the novel by Kubrick (1962) and Lyne (1997) utilize variations on the Classic Window approach, Message/Story, and Theatrical Realism respectively.
Relation Between Estimated Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Atrial Fibrillation (from the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke Study).

Estimated cardiorespiratory fitness (e-CRF) based on readily available clinical and self-reported data is a promising alternative to the costly traditional assessment of CRF using exercise equipment, but its role as a predictor for incident atrial fibrillation (AF) is unclear. This study included 10,126 participants (54.5% women, 35% African-American, mean age 63.2 years) from the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke study who were free of AF at baseline. Baseline (2003 to 2007) e-CRF was determined using a previously validated nonexercise algorithm. Incident AF cases were identified at a follow-up examination by electrocardiogram and self-reported medical history of previous physician diagnosis. After a median follow-up of 9.4 years, 906 participants (8.9%) developed AF. In a multivariable logistic regression model adjusted for sociodemographics and baseline cardiovascular disease risk factors as well as incident coronary heart disease, heart failure, and stroke, each 1-metabolic equivalent of task increase in e-CRF was associated with a 5% lower risk of AF development (odds ratio [95% CI] 0.95 [0.92 to 0.99]; p = 0.0129). This association was stronger in women (OR [95% CI] 0.85 (0.79, 0.92) than in men (OR (95% CI) 0.88 (0.84, 0.93), interaction p value = 0.05. No significant interactions by age, race, history of cardiovascular disease, or physical limitations were observed. In conclusion, e-CRF using a nonexercise algorithm is a useful predictor of incident AF, which is consistent with previous reports using traditional CRF. This suggests that e-CRF using nonexercise algorithms may serve as a useful alternative to CRF measured by costly and time-consuming exercise testing.
An analysis of target-specific patient resource utilization in NSCLC clinical trials.

e18112 Background: A plethora of targeted agents are currently being evaluated in patients with NSCLC. The number of targeted agents exceeds the number of targets leading to many targeted agents being evaluated against similar targets. The identification of new targets are likely to increase exponentially in the near future given the numerous currently ongoing molecular profiling efforts. The objective of this analysis is to estimate the target-specific patient resource utilization and its impact on routine clinical care. Methods: A comprehensive search for molecularly targeted agents in clinical testing that have accrued or are accruing NSCLC patients were performed by using publically available search engines and databases. Agents were grouped according to the primary target and the phase of development. We computed the number of patients allocated to completed and ongoing phase III NSCLC trials for advanced NSCLC alone. Results: There are more than 30 categories of molecular targets accruing NSCLC pati...
Obstacles to Takeup: Ecuador's Conditional Cash Transfer Program, The Bono de Desarrollo Humano

Summary Social assistance programs cannot help the poor if the poor do not enroll in them. Obstacles to the takeup of social assistance in industrialized countries include information costs, compliance costs, and psychological costs. Using qualitative field research and quantitative analysis of data from a nationwide survey in 2013–14, we explore the impact of these costs on the takeup of the Bono de Desarrollo Humano (BDH), a US $50 monthly cash transfer in Ecuador. Drawing on interviews with Ecuadorians whose households are eligible for the BDH, as well as on findings about social assistance takeup in industrialized countries, we hypothesize that particular information costs, compliance costs, and psychological costs, along with program design and household poverty, will influence the probability of BDH takeup. We then use probit regression to estimate the statistical effect of these factors on the probability of takeup, using data on 11,449 BDH-eligible households sampled by Ecuador's 2013–14 Encuesta Condiciones de Vida (Living Standards Measurement Survey). Controlling for program design and household poverty, we find that compliance costs and psychological costs each have a significant deterrent effect on BDH takeup. The purpose of social assistance is to help the poor, but if social assistance is to achieve this goal, the poor must actually receive it. This study helps to identify the forces and circumstances that influence the takeup of an important social assistance program in a middle-income Latin American country.
The Bereavement Exclusion Debate in the DSM-5: A History

Beginning with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed.; DSM-III), depressive episodes following the loss of a loved one were considered to represent normal grief if they ...
Diseases of Periodontal Tissues in the Elderly Description, Epidemiology, Aetiology and Drug Therapy

Periodontal diseases are among the most prevalent conditions in adults, and afflict many individuals of all ages. They refer to a cluster of inflammatory conditions of the periodontium, the tissues that surround the teeth. Ultimately, periodontal diseases cause the loss of alveolar bone support and may lead to tooth loss. The clinical presentation of periodontal diseases is primarily independent of the age of a person, and successful diagnosis and treatment can be achieved in both young and old individuals. These diseases primarily include gingivitis, periodontitis and oral vesiculobullous diseases of the gingival tissues. Multiple oral, systemic and behavioural factors contribute to the occurrence and progression of these conditions. Appropriate treatment requires accurate diagnosis and the use of oral nonsurgical and surgical techniques, topical and systemic medications and an emphasis on self-applied oral hygiene practices.
The Sexual Health of Adolescents: When, Where, and Why Adolescents Use Contraceptives

Sexuality is essential to adolescent development. It is often expressed through thoughts, feelings, and desires and experienced through sexual behaviors and interpersonal relationships. Sexual health involves positive sexual expression, coupled with the possibility of satisfying and safe sexual experiences. To achieve reproductive and sexual health and prevent sexual ill-health, adolescents’ emerging sexuality must be recognized as a normative aspect of adolescent development. In this chapter, we provide an overview of adolescent sexual behavior and address the importance of providing adolescents’ access to health care services and effective contraceptives, consequences of unprotected sexual behavior, and predictors of contraceptive use and non-use. Behavioral interventions to promote condom use among adolescents are also reviewed. Finally, we offer suggestions for improving adolescents’ sexual health.
Cancers of the Skin

Melanoma causes more than 75% of all skin cancer deaths with an estimated 44,000 new cases of melanoma in the United States in the year 2000. Melanoma exhibits the highest FDG uptake of all malignancies. FDG-PET is therefore used to stage and restage the disease. Treatment options are limited in melanoma. However, the molecular information provided by PET is of particular importance if experimental treatments are contemplated or if surgery for removing “isolated” metastases is considered.
Hemifield Slip Phenomenon after Traumatic Chiasmopathy (P02.262)

OBJECTIVE: Bitemporal hemianopia localizes a lesion to the optic chiasm. Post-traumatic optic chiasmopathies have been rarely reported. We here describe a patient with post-traumatic optic chiasmopathy who also presented with diplopia from the hemifield slip phenomenon. BACKGROUND: Hemifield slip phenomenon is a rare occurrence where fusion of overlapping visual fields is lost, resulting in diplopia and 9slipping9 of images. Diplopia following trauma affecting the middle cranial fossa can due to contusion of cranial nerves, increased intracranial pressure, or dural fistulas. Hemifield slip phenomenon has not previously been reported as a cause of diplopia in post-traumatic chiasmopathy. DESIGN/METHODS: This is a case report. RESULTS: A 56 year old man with no prior medical problems suffered a closed head injury after a motor exploded and knocked him unconscious. He suffered facial and skull fractures, including dehiscence of bone at the planum sphenoidale and tuberculum sellae, complicated by a cerebrospinal fluid leak. After awakening from the injury, he reported blurry vision and diplopia. Examination revealed 20/200 vision in the right eye and 20/25 vision in the left eye. He had a bitemporal hemianopia on Goldmann kinetic visual field testing, an afferent pupillary defect in the right eye, and bilateral optic atrophy. Eye movement testing revealed no ophthalmoplegia. He was able to read, but only for a few words because the letters 9become jumbled together9, or slid past each other. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first case of a patient with hemifield slip associated with post-traumatic chiasmopathy. Patients with hemifield slip phenomenon can learn coping maneuvers to improve their visual quality of life, such as prisms or placeholding tools for reading. Our case highlights the need for a complete neuro-ophthalmologic evaluation in patients with a post-traumatic visual disturbance, as they may harbor multiple problems with distinct treatments. Disclosure: Dr. Fischer has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kattah has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen as a consultant. Dr. Kattah has receied personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Bayere. Dr. Pula has received personal compensation for activities with Bayer, Lundbeck, and Biogen.
Hepatitis B Virus: Replication, Mutation, and Evolution

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is a DNA virus that utilizes a complex life cycle to replicate via an RNA intermediate transcript with the help of reverse transcriptase enzyme. Many steps in the life cycle of HBV have not been clearly understood mainly because of the lack of availability of culture systems that are permissive to full-length HBV genome replication. Chronic HBV infection can lead to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Effective treatments are available for chronic HBV that has been shown to significantly lower morbidity and mortality. However, the effectiveness of antiviral therapy is hampered by the development of mutations in the reverse transcriptase resulting in progressive liver disease. Mutagenesis also happens in the presence of host immune response and has resulted in the evolution of HBV across various species (avian, primate, and human) and geographical regions. This review focuses on a concise summary of HBV replication cycle, mutagenesis, and evolution.
Laparoscopic Retroperitoneal Renal Cystectomy

AbstractLaparoscopic manipulation of retroperitoneal organs is usually performed by the transperitoneal approach primarily because of the ease of access by way of the pneumoperitoneum. However, difficulty in adequately accessing structures that are surrounded by bowel, liver, spleen or postoperative adhesions makes this approach suboptimal in certain cases. We describe the use of the retroperitoneal laparoscopic approach to the upper pole of a kidney for marsupialization of a symptomatic, recurrent, complex renal cyst. An algorithm for current management of symptomatic renal cysts is discussed.