cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autoignition and structure of nonpremixed CH4/H2 flames: Detailed and reduced kinetic models

Abstract The ignition dynamics and subsequent flame evolution of hydrogen-enriched methane mixtures are investigated numerically in a reacting vortex ring configuration. The CH 4 /H 2 combustion is studied using a detailed reaction mechanism (GRI-Mech v3.0) and two augmented reduced mechanisms (11-step and 12-step). The main objective of this study is to identify the extent that the current reduced mechanisms can go in replicating the dynamics of the ignition process and flame structure in an unsteady nonpremixed configuration. The parameters of the numerical simulations are adjusted such that flame ignition occurs during either the formation or the postformation of the ring. The quasi-steady state assumption for O in the 12-step reduced kinetic model leads to shorter ignition delay times than those in the other kinetic models. For formation-phase ignition runs, the flame structure near the stoichiometric region is captured well by the 12-step model compared to GRI-Mech 3.0. For postformation ignition runs, the 12-step model predicts larger heat release rates and main species mole fractions compared to GRI-Mech 3.0. The 11-step model predicts well the ignition delay time. At later times the fuel-rich side of the flame predicted by this reduced mechanism exhibits differences from the detailed model. Counterflow diffusion flame results are used to further compare the fuel-rich chemistry for the detailed and augmented reduced kinetic models.
Iterative reconstruction of a moving object from image sequences corrupted by strong structured noise

The reconstruction of a moving object from image sequences corrupted by strong structured noise is one of many signal processing problems that require the estimation of the components of a composite field from its sum. In these problems, the composite field is the superposition of one signal that corresponds to the object of interest, other signals that represent clutter, the effect of the transmission medium on the received signal, and signal noise. The traditional solution to these problems is based on modeling the distortion as either a periodic deterministic signal (such as a sine wave) or a random signal (such as Gaussian noise) and using this model to reconstruct the signal of interest. In this paper, we develop a more general algorithm that can be used to reconstruct the relevant object signal from a sequence of frames, with little restriction on the distortion patterns. We begin by developing an analytical model for the reconstruction of composite signals and show that a direct exact solution for this problem does not exist. Next, we apply an iterative procedure based on Kaczmarz's method of image restoration. We show that when the signal of interest has limited support (i.e., is nonzero over a window that is smaller than the image size), an exact restoration is feasible. For this case, we study the effect of the number of frames and the relaxation coefficient used in the iterative algorithm on its rate of convergence. Finally, we discuss other applications of this technique such as the restoration of composite vector fields.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Arresting intermediate states in a chemical reaction on a femtosecond time scale: proton transfer in model base pairs

Abstract A new concept to study the dynamics of chemical reactions in real time is presented using the phenomenon of Coulomb explosion to arrest and directly interrogate the intermediates in a chemical reaction. This technique is employed to study the tautomerization reaction of the model DNA base pair 7-azaindole, providing direct mass spectral evidence of a stepwise versus a concerted mechanism for the proton transfer upon excitation into the S1 state.
Injuries in the military: a review and commentary focused on prevention.

Abstract Background: In November 1996, the Armed Forces Epidemiological Board (AFEB) Injury Prevention and Control Work Group issued a report that cited injuries as the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among military service members. This article reviews the types and categories of military morbidity and mortality data examined by the AFEB work group and the companion Department of Defense (DoD) Injury Surveillance and Prevention Work Group. This article further uses the injury data reviewed to illustrate the role of surveillance and research in injury prevention. The review provides the context for discussion of the implications of the AFEB work group’s findings for the prevention of injuries in the military. Methods: The AFEB work group consisted of 11 civilian injury epidemiologists, health professionals and scientists from academia, and other non-DoD government agencies, plus six military liaison officers. Injury data from medical databases were provided to the civilian experts on the AFEB work group by the all-military DoD Injury Surveillance and Prevention Work Group. The AFEB work group assessed the value of each database to the process of prevention and made recommendations for improvement and use of each data source. Results: Both work groups found that injuries were the single leading cause of deaths, disabilities, hospitalizations, outpatient visits, and manpower losses among military service members. They also identified numerous data sources useful for determining the causes and risk factors for injuries. Those data sources indicate that training injuries, sports, falls, and motor vehicle crashes are among the most important causes of morbidity for military personnel. Conclusions: While the work group recommends ways to prevent injuries, they felt the top priority for injury prevention must be the formation of a comprehensive medical surveillance system. Data from this surveillance system must be used routinely to prioritize and monitor injury and disease prevention and research programs. The success of injury prevention will depend not just on use of surveillance but also partnerships among the medical, surveillance, and safety agencies of the military services as well as the military commanders, other decision makers, and service members whose direct actions can prevent injuries and disease.
The investigation of the band-filling and pressure effects in the two-band periodic Anderson model

Abstract The evolution of density of states and specific heat with band-filing and pressure changes has been investigated for asymmetric two-band periodic Anderson model. The equation of motion method for the irreducible Green functions with the extended Hubbard I approximation contributing to the appearance of “band-shifting” correction to the self-energy has been applied. It is shown that the energy spectrum varies between four- and five-band structures, while specific heat changes from one- to two-peak temperature dependencies, with the variation of parameters of the model. It is also revealed that the application of pressure can lead to the opening of the hybridization gap and subsequent metal–semiconductor–insulator transition.
Transgene Mäuse als Modelle für Hautkrankheiten

Fur die Mehrheit auch der haufigen Dermatosen fehlen geeignete, in der Natur vorkommende Tiermodelle. Die in den 80er Jahren begrundete transgene Technologie schliest diese Lucke. Sie war zunachst Instrument in der Hand reiner Grundlagenwissenschaftler, hat aber in den letzten funf Jahren auch Einzug in die klinisch orientierte spezifisch dermatologische Grundlagenforschung gehalten. Mit ihr wurde es moglich, HIV-assoziierte Erkrankungen wie auch Genodermatosen am murinen Modell zu imitieren und Einblicke in deren Pathogenese zu gewinnen. Durch gezielte epidermal lokalisierte Uberexpression von Wachstumsfaktoren und Zytokinen wies die Haut transgener Mause Ahnlichkeiten mit psoriatischer Epidermis auf. Gleichzeitig konnen solcherart erzeugte Mause zu Untersuchungen des Wundheilungsprozesses herangezogen werden. Die transgene Technologie ermoglicht fernerhin die Induktion kutaner Tumoren. Das Vorliegen von Tiermodellen humaner Dermatosen erlaubt daruber hinaus die gezielte Erforschung experimenteller Therapieformen, wie z.B. der somatischen Gentherapie.
Mill and Sidgwick, Imperialism and Racism

This essay is in effect something of a self-review of my book Henry Sidgwick: Eye of the Universe (2004) and of the volume, co-edited with Georgios Varouxakis, Utilitarianism and Empire (2005). My chief concern here is to go beyond those earlier works in underscoring the arbitrariness of the dominant contextualist and reconstructive historical accounts of J. S. Mill and Henry Sidgwick on the subjects of race and racism. The forms of racism are many, and simple historical accuracy suggests that both Mill and Sidgwick could be described as ‘racist’ on some plausible understandings of that term.
Parametric Event Sequence Analysis: An Application to an Analysis of Gender and Racial/Ethnic Differences in Patterns of Drug-Use Progression

Abstract This article introduces novel statistical models for the sequence analysis of events. The models are formulated to analyze occurrence, association, and sequencing among events as an extension of log-linear models. A set of parameters characterizes marginal odds and odds ratios of frequencies summed across sequence patterns for each combination of the occurrence/nonoccurrence of events. These parameters are used for the analysis of the occurrence and association of events. Another set of parameters characterizes conditional odds and odds ratios among sequence patterns within each combination of the occurrence/nonoccurrence of events. These parameters are used for the analysis of sequencing of events. The models permit a decomposition of the likelihood function into a marginal likelihood component that includes only parameters for occurrence and association among events and a conditional likelihood component that includes only parameters for sequencing among events. The models are then extended fur...
Excited States in a Model Polaron Hamiltonian

The energy-spectrum problem is treated for a bound stationary polaron. The Pekar Hamiltonian is used to describe the polaron and its polar lattice. This model is based on two main assumptions. First, the carrier is assumed to move much faster than the lattice ions. Second, the polaron is assumed to be spread out over a distance that is much larger than the lattice constant. These assumptions restrict us to a strong-coupling regime. A variational principle especially well suited for finding excited states has been used in a search for solutions of the polaron Hamiltonian. Using trial wave functions having $s\ensuremath{-}$, $p\ensuremath{-}$, and $d$-like symmetry, some well-separated approximate eigenstates of this model polaron have been found. The excited states represent internal and self-consistent excited-state solutions of the polaron Hamiltonian. It is found that the energy of each state is proportional to the square of the polaron coupling constant. Also, the qualitative features of the spectrum, i.e., the number of energy levels and their relative positions, are independent of the coupling constant.
The United States Steel Corporation and Price Stabilization

Price policy of the Steel Corporation has been conservative, 2. — The Corporation has no monopoly, 5. — Prices of "finished steel" before and after the organization of the Steel Corporation and before and after the outbreak of the World War, 10. — Extreme fluctuations in the prices of "finished steel" much less during the years 1902 to 1914 than during the periods preceding the formation of the Corporation and after 1915, 14. — Prices of steel billets after the middle eighties show a similar lessening in fluctuations during the years 1902 to 1914, 17. — Prices of steel rails show a pronounced stabilizing influence after the formation of the Steel Corporation, 21. — Influence of pools and associations, and contrast in price movements between billets and rails, 22. — Results of price comparisons show that prior to the World War fluctuations were greatly reduced after the organization of the Steel Corporation, but with the exception of rail quotations, were again increased under the strain of war conditions, 23. — Question of monopoly and price stabilization, 29.
Norepinephrine is not required for reduction of feeding induced by cholecystokinin

CCK octapeptide (CCK-8) is released by the gut in response to a meal and acts via CCKA receptors on vagal afferents to induce satiety. However, the central neural pathways by which peripheral CCK-8...
Role of Factor V Leiden Mutation in Patients with Angiographically Demonstrated Coronary Artery Disease

Abstract The study sought to determine whether coagulation factor V Leiden (FV Leiden) plays a role in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and/or myocardial infarction. Association of FV Leiden with venous thromboembolism is well established in the literature, but the role of the mutation in arterial thrombotic events is controversial. Some studies have documented an association between the mutation and myocardial infarction and stroke in juveniles. Few studies have explored its possible contribution to coronary atherosclerosis. We screened FV genotype in 850 predominantly white coronary angiography patients. Coronary artery disease risk factors and history of myocardial infarction were then analyzed by genotype. The FV Leiden mutation occurred in 54 (6.4%) patients. There was one homozygote; a 37-year-old, white male smoker with a history of myocardial infarction. Gene frequencies for white males and females were similar: 0.965 for the normal allele and 0.035 for FV Leiden. Gene frequencies for both genders were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. FV Leiden was not a useful predictor ( p =0.23) of the presence of clinically defined atherosclerosis (⩾50% stenosis) in a logistic regression model adjusting for age, lipoprotein (a), total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and fibrinogen. In addition, there was no difference in frequency of FV Leiden among those with and without medical histories of myocardial infarction ( p =0.51). Allelic frequencies of FV Leiden in this patient group do not differ significantly from those reported for white populations. The FV Leiden mutation in its heterozygous state is not independently associated with coronary artery disease or myocardial infarction.
In Vitro Male Meiosis in the Domestic Cricket (Acheta domesticus)

1. A relatively simple and reproducible technique is described for the time lapse cinemicrographic recording of the biographies of male germ cells in Acheta domesticus, utilising testicular fluids as a maintenance medium.2. Several types of biographies were recorded, depending upon whether or not cytokinesis had occurred. Although all the spermatogonia observed underwent cytokinesis, spermatocytes varied in their ability to do so. More primary spermatocytes displayed cytokinesis than secondary spermatocytes. When cytoplasmic division failed to occur, reformed nuclei either remained discrete or fused. Fusion of secondary spermatocytes was also observed. This consistently occurred in the prometaphase and fused cells always exhibited cytokinesis.3. The behavior of highly refractile small granular aggregates was also described. These were very mobile yet occupied predictable positions during prophase and metaphase, and had consistent configurations in late anaphase. The masses were frequently distributed assymetrically across the cytokinetic furrow.
Profile-assisted instruction scheduling

Instruction schedulers for superscalar and VLIW processors must expose sufficient instruction-level parallelism to the hardware in order to achieve high performance. Traditional compiler instruction scheduling techniques typically take into account the constraints imposed by all execution scenarios in the program. However, there are additional opportunities to increase instruction-level parallelism for the frequent execution scenarios at the expense of the less freuent ones. Profile information identifies these important execution scenarios in a program. In this paper, two major categories of profile information are studied: control-flow and memory-dependence. Profile-assisted code scheduling techniques have been incorporated into the IMPACT-I compiler. These techniques are acyclic global scheduling and software pipelining. This paper describes the scheduling algorithms, highlights the modifications required to use profile information, and explains the hardware and compiler support for dealing with hazards that arise from aggressive use of profile information. The effectiveness of these profile-based scheduling techniques is evaluated for a range of superscalar and VLIW processors.
Classic neuroimaging findings of nonketotic hyperglycemia on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging with absence of typical movement disorder symptoms (hemichorea-hemiballism).

While there are broad differential diagnoses for either the clinical finding of hemichorea-hemiballism or the imaging finding of lateralizing/asymmetric basal ganglia lesions (hyperdense on computed tomography, hyperintense on T1 magnetic resonance imaging), the presence of both findings is highly suggestive of nonketotic hyperglycemia. We present an unusual case of a patient with vague stroke-like complaints and imaging findings notable for lateralizing basal ganglia lesions. Laboratory analysis revealed nonketotic hyperglycemia and neurologic exam failed to elicit any findings of movement disorder. As far as we know, this is the first published case of a patient with typical neuroimaging manifestations of nonketotic hyperglycemia without associated hemichorea-hemiballism (a disorder of abnormal movements comprised of more proximal, higher amplitude movements-ballismus and lower amplitude, more distal movements- chorea). This finding suggests that radiologists should be alert to the possibility of nonketotic hyperglycemia in patients with asymmetric/lateralizing basal ganglia lesions even in the absence of a movement disorder.
Mechanics of the pleural space: Fundamental concepts

The transmission of forces from the respiratory muscles to the lung across the extremely thin pleural space has been poorly understood because of the difficulty of accurately measuring pleural liquid and pleural surface pressure (lung static recoil or transpulmonary pressure). Recent results using relatively noninvasive techniques have indicated that the vertical gradient in pleural liquid pressure is not hydrostatic, that pleural liquid pressure is closely related to lung recoil, and that there exists a very thin but continuous pleural liquid layer. These findings contradict concepts based on hydrostatic equilibrium and on the distinction between pleural liquid and pleural surface pressure due to pleural contact. Pleural liquid pressure is not in hydrostatic equilibrium because the difference between the vertical gradient in pleural liquid pressure and the effect of gravity is always balanced by a pressure loss due to a viscous flow within the pleural space. Fluid lubrication of the pleural surfaces is the primary function of the pleural space. The mechanical interaction between the lung and the chest wall is coupled to the dynamics of liquid within the pleural space, which is viewed as a flow-through system. Homeostasis is achieved in such a system by the adjustment of the viscous flow within the pleural space and the outflow absorption rate by lymphatics to the microvascular filtration rate across pleural capillaries.
Dancing the Distance: iDance Arizona Videoconferencing Reaches Rural Communities.

Regardless of geographical limitations, community partnerships can flourish through videoconference technology. This article presents iDance Arizona (iDA) research as a tool for supporting the teaching and learning of dance in rural settings. This research focuses on university/K–12 collaborations and examines the pedagogy of videoconferencing in dance and in the design and implementation of a standards‐based dance curriculum with elementary and middle school students in Eloy, Arizona. The accessibility of videoconferencing makes it possible to educate students in a broad spectrum of dance contexts: composition, performance, technique and analysis. Videoconferencing presents unique opportunities for teaching students in rural settings. This article considers the benefits, challenges and discoveries of using videoconferencing. The discussion section addresses the need for additional research in this area and determines the application of videoconferencing dance instruction as the technology becomes more av...
Glycine transport by human diploid fibroblasts--absence of a defect in cells from patients with nonketotic hyperglycinemia.

Summary: Glycine transport in human diploid fibroblasts was shown to be by a single sodium-dependent system. Glycine transport does not appear to exhibit transstimulation or transinhibition. Transport appears to be similar to the A transport system of other mammalian cell lines, as defined by competition patterns. Normal and nonketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH) fibroblasts could not be distinguished on the basis of accumulation or initial rates. A distribution ratio of 15 to 30 was reached by both types of cells. The normal lines have slightly lower apparent Kms (1.1–1.3 mM) than the NKH lines (1.8 to 2.4 mM). The values for the Vmax of the normal cells (11.4–12.9 nmole/mg/min) and the NKH cells (7.0–16.7 nmole/mg/min) overlapped. There were no measurable differences in either the long-term incorporation into protein of leucine and glycine or the oxidation of glycine in normal and NKH fibroblasts. Speculation: In the cell lines used in this study, it does not appear that nonketotic hyperglycinemic fibroblasts contain a glycine transport defect. NKH cells could not be reliably distinguished from normals using transport, incorporation into proteins, or oxidation of glycine.
Bacterial Chemotaxis Enhances Naphthalene Degradation in a Heterogeneous Aqueous System

Chemotaxis has the potential to enhance the bacterial degradation of organic pollutants in systems in which the pollutants are distributed heterogeneously. However, experimental evidence to confirm this potential has not been documented. In the present study, we evaluated the role of chemotaxis in naphthalene degradation by Pseudomonas putida G7 (PpG7) in aqueous systems that supplied naphthalene from a glass capillary tube. Wild-type PpG7 degraded naphthalene more rapidly than two mutant strains, one deficient in chemotaxis to naphthalene and the other deficient in motility. This result was not due to differences in inherent naphthalene degradation kinetics, as all three strains degraded naphthalene at similar rates in a well-mixed system. In the heterogeneous system, a 90% reduction in the amount of naphthalene initially present took 6 h with the wild-type PpG7 at an initial concentration of 4 × 106 cfu/mL, while a similar reduction with either mutant strain at the same concentration took approximately ...
Resistance to fluid flow in veins.

We evaluated the resistance to fluid infusion in the veins of 118 adult patients after intravenous catheter insertion prior to elective surgery. Hydraulic resistance in veins was defined as the slope of the pressure-flow relationship obtained by measuring venons pressure at several fluid flow rates. A resistance unit (RU) was defined as 1 mmHg/L/hr. Resistance in veins ranged from −12.1 to 732 RU, with 50th and 95th percentiles being 22 and 198 RU, respectively. Venons resistance was not significantly affected by site of catheter insertion, tissue characteristics at the insertion site, age, sex, patient anxiety, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status, or catheter size. This report provides a distribution of resistance to fluid infusion in arm veins of adult patients.
Tin Sensitization for Electroless Plating Review

Recent interest in tin sensitization is growing due to its economic and tunable capacity for precise, controllable nanoscale metallization of surfaces on various substrates used in microcircuits, electronics, solar cells, and catalysts. Zabetakis and Dressick recently discussed selective electroless metallization of patterned polymer films for fabrication of electrical interconnects, plasma-etch-resistant masks, and diffusion barriers in electronics. 1 Refining the tin sensitization solutions allowed fabrication of ∼50 nm width features in metal for industrial use and enabled fabrication of sub 10 nm metal features. John et al. used stannous chloride (SnCl2) as both reducing and stabilizingagenttosynthesizeplatinum(Pt)catalyticclusterswithlessthan 20 atoms. 2 Tin/silver (Sn/Ag) catalyst has been used as an economic replacementfortin/palladium(Sn/Pd)catalystinelectrolessplatingof silver and copper on epoxy-based polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) films. 3 Sensitization using SnCl2-HCl and activation with Pt colloid solution have been employed to coat tunable shell thickness (35‐198 nm) of Ag film on polystyrene (PS) microspheres. 4 Sensors to measure solution dielectric constant were made via tin sensitization with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), ammoniacal silver nitrate activation, and galvanic gold (Au) replacement on sodium. 5 Notwithstandingthisgrowinginterestintinsensitizationinelectrolessplating, its mechanism and relevant methodological characteristics have not been systemically reviewed. This work reviews development of the electroless plating approachesandexaminescriticalfeaturesofcommonmethods.Physicochemical characteristics of tin sensitized substrates, optimal treatment of surfaces prior to electroless plating, and proposed mechanisms of electroless plating are evaluated. Conventional two-step sensitization is compared with a single-step catalyzing system. The review concludes with an overview of optimized methods, their current application, and future prospects in the field.
Structured adaptive grid generation

Abstract A general purpose, structured adaptive grid system based on the equidistribution law and an algebraic scheme is presented. A weight function, utilizing a properly weighted Boolean sum of various flow field characteristics, is developed. The surface geometry is represented using the Nonuniform Rational B-Spline (NURBS) during surface grid redistribution.
Electronic structure of ternary cubic uranium compounds

Abstract Synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy in the photon energy range hv =22–130 eV has been used to investigate the valence band structure of the intermetallic compounds of UNiSn, URhSb and UPtSn. The technique of resonant photoemission has been applied to locate the U5f states. In all compounds the 5f states are close to the Fermi energy with a width ranging from ≈1.1 eV for UNiSn to ≈1.6 eV for UPtSn. In the compounds the maximum of the d-like valence band density of states has been shifted from E F towards higher binding energies.
Educating Engineering Psychologists: Are we “Going around in Academic Circles”?*:

In 1972 Hunt, Howell, and Roscoe examined and compared the goals of various educational programs for engineering psychologists. Two years later Martin considered “What is wrong with human factors students?” The present treatise is an attempt to discover whether we are operating in a closed universe and have in fact come round to our starting point or have progressed in our attempts to equip students for gainful employment. Comparisons are drawn between the state of the educational process then and its present condition, including data on basic skills (NAEP, Spring 1989) and higher-level thinking abilities (anecdotal and empirical) or lack thereof. Contemporary problems are outlined and sources of these difficulties are identified where possible. Problem areas include deficiencies in student preparation, academic and industrial short-term corporate memory, supply-demand communication, economic forces, and the issue of certification (individuals and programs). The authors conclude by examining where current...
Extension of branching processes from hybrids of brain and Chinese hamster ovary cells.

Abstract Stable hybrids formed by fusion of auxotrophic mutants of the transformed CHO-Kl cells with cells isolated from biopsies of Chinese hamster and human brains respectively have been established and characterized. All hybrids exhibited an altered response to cyclic AMP derivatives as compared to the previously described Reverse Transformation reaction exhibited by the parental CHO-Kl cell. Most of such cloned hybrids exhibited little response to cAMP derivatives. Occasional clones extended thin branched processes forming a network-like arrangement. Testololactone synergizes the extension of these processes, Colcemid inhibits it, and cycloheximide does not affect the reaction, in parallel with their respective effects on Reverse Transformation. However, cytochalasin B which inhibits Reverse Transformation and butyrate which affects it in a complex fashion have little or no effect on this process extension. Human chromosomal constitutions of positively and negatively reacting hybrids with human brain cells have been partially characterized.
The Design and Fabrication of an Alternative Drive System to Reduce Heliostat Manufacturing and Installation Costs

The limited supply and environmental impact of fossil fuels has become an urgent problem. To aid in overcoming this problem a team from New Mexico Tech (NMT) is improving existing heliostat technology to create a more cost-effective and mobile heliostat design. The team has devised an innovative patent pending liquid-ballast heliostat drive system which reduces the cost of heliostat drive mechanics, utilizes a cost-effective mirror design, and eliminates an unnecessary support pedestal. By implementing this new design the team will help to create a more economically viable, clean energy source that will benefit all energy consumers as well as the environment. The team’s goal is to create a heliostat that reduces the cost of production and operation by thirty percent. In doing so, the team must also meet strict accuracy and lifetime specifications created by Sandia National Labs (SNL) and NMT. In pursuit of meeting these specifications the team is currently completing fabrication of a prototype. Using this prototype the team will evaluate drive system performance through semi-automated testing. After testing, the team will continue the design process with the ultimate goal of creating multiple improved prototypes.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Cryogenic power transmission

Abstract During the past year, the Research and Development Center of the General Electric Company has undertaken a study of cryogenic underground power transmission systems, under the sponsorship of the Edison Electric Institute and the Tennessee Valley Authority, as part of the Electric Research Council's Underground Transmission Research and Development Programme. This paper is based on the work carried out in this programme.
Nanosecond dynamics of the single tryptophan reveals multi-state equilibrium unfolding of protein GB1.

Unfolding of the immunoglobulin binding domain B1 of streptococcal protein G (GB1) was induced by guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl) and studied by circular dichroism, steady-state, and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. The fluorescence methods employed the single tryptophan residue of GB1 as an intrinsic reporter. While the transitions monitored by circular dichroism and steady-state fluorescence coincided with each other, the transitions followed by dynamic fluorescence were markedly different. Specifically, fluorescence anisotropy data showed that a relaxation spectrum of tryptophan contained a slow motion with relaxation times of 9 ns in the native state and 4 ns in the unfolded state in 6 M GdnHCl. At intermediate GdnHCl concentrations of 3.8−4.2 M, however, the slow relaxation time increased to 18 ns. The fast nanosecond motion had an average time of 0.8 ns and showed no dependence on the formation of native structure. Overall, dynamic fluorescence revealed two preliminary stages in GB1 folding...
Focal length and target range estimation for focused, apertured Gaussian laser beams

In some laser transmitting applications where system performance requires maximum intensity at the receiver plane, it is necessary to expand and focus the laser wavefront. Maximum intensity occurs when the wavefront focal length and the range to the receiver plane are the same. This paper considers the use of an extended Kalman filter and an iterated extended Kalman filter to estimate the range to the receiver plane, the focal length of the laser system, and the scale factor uncertainty in target reflectivity characteristics. The information can be then used to set the focal length of the laser to obtain maximum intensity. The laser is a truncated Gaussian, focused and apertured beam.
DirichletRank: Solving the zero-one gap problem of PageRank

Link-based ranking algorithms are among the most important techniques to improve web search. In particular, the PageRank algorithm has been successfully used in the Google search engine and has been attracting much attention recently. However, we find that PageRank has a “zero-one gap” problem which, to the best of our knowledge, has not been addressed in any previous work. This problem can be potentially exploited to spam PageRank results and make the state-of-the-art link-based antispamming techniques ineffective. The zero-one gap problem arises as a result of the current ad hoc way of computing transition probabilities in the random surfing model. We therefore propose a novel DirichletRank algorithm which calculates these probabilities using Bayesian estimation with a Dirichlet prior. DirichletRank is a variant of PageRank, but does not have the problem of zero-one gap and can be analytically shown substantially more resistant to some link spams than PageRank. Experiment results on TREC data show that DirichletRank can achieve better retrieval accuracy than PageRank due to its more reasonable allocation of transition probabilities. More importantly, experiments on the TREC dataset and another real web dataset from the Webgraph project show that, compared with the original PageRank, DirichletRank is more stable under link perturbation and is significantly more robust against both manually identified web spams and several simulated link spams. DirichletRank can be computed as efficiently as PageRank, and thus is scalable to large-scale web applications.
Responses of two ladybeetles to eight fungicides used in Florida citrus: Implications for biological control

Two ladybeetles, Cycloneda sanguinea and Harmonia axyridis, were exposed in the laboratory to eight fungicide formulations commonly used in citrus production in Florida. Both benomyl and the combination of copper and petroleum oil proved toxic to larvae of C. sanguinea that were exposed to concentrations corresponding to recommended field rates, either as leaf residues or in topical spray applications. Larvae of C. sanguinea also suffered significant mortality when exposed to neem oil as a leaf residue, but not after topical application. Larvae of H. axyridis exposed to these compounds completed development with the same success as control larvae in all trials. However, H. axyridis larvae exhibited slower development following exposure to leaf residues of ferbam applied at twice the recommended rate. Exposure to azoxystrobin as a leaf residue at twice the recommended concentration resulted in accelerated larval development in both species. No compounds appeared repellent to adult beetles of either species. Adult beetles of both species were observed resting on portions of filter paper treated with fosetyl-Al more often than on untreated, control portions. Azoxystrobin, ferbam and mefenoxam similarly arrested the movement of adult C. sanguinea, whereas benomyl and the copper and petroleum oil combination arrested the movement of adult H. axyridis. The differential sensitivity of the two coccinellid species is discussed in the context of the potential displacement of the indigenous C. sanguinea by the invasive H. axyridis.
Symmetric Tensor Approximation Hierarchies for the Completely Positive Cone

In this paper we construct two approximation hierarchies for the completely positive cone based on symmetric tensors. We show that one hierarchy corresponds to dual cones of a known polyhedral approximation hierarchy for the copositive cone, and the other hierarchy corresponds to dual cones of a known semidefinite approximation hierarchy for the copositive cone. As an application, we consider a class of bounds on the stability number of a graph obtained from the polyhedral approximation hierarchy, and we construct a primal optimal solution with its tensor lifting for each of such linear programs.
The significance of the nongenomic pathway in mediating inflammatory signaling of the dioxin-activated Ah receptor to cause toxic effects.

Abstract Evidence has been accumulating to indicate that the current classical model of dioxin's action based on the ligand-activated aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and AHR nuclear translocator (ARNT) dimer directly activating its target genes is not robust enough to explain many of the major toxic effects of this compound. In this review, efforts have been made to analyze the results of recent investigations in our laboratory in comparison to already existing evidence on the patterns of toxic actions of dioxin (=TCDD) from other laboratories from a specific viewpoint of elicitation of cellular inflammatory signaling by the ligand-activated AHR. The most salient features of the inflammatory action of TCDD are that its triggering events, such as the rapid increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration, enzymatic activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and that of Cox-2 are taking place through the nongenomic action of the ligand-activated AHR. This nongenomic pathway does not require ARNT. Therefore, this inflammation pathway is clearly discernable from the classical, genomic action pathway. The effect of such a nongenomic signaling persists for long time periods as shown by recent findings that artificial suppression of the early triggering events of this pathway, such as via suppression of cPLA2, Cox-2, or Src kinase indeed causes significant reduction of manifestations of hallmark toxicities of TCDD such as wasting syndrome and hydronephrosis. Together, the evidence strongly support the notion that the inflammatory action of the ligand-activated AHR that is mediated by the nongenomic pathway plays the major role in the inflammation inducing actions of dioxin-like chemicals.
The Divorce Tracts of John Milton: Texts and Contexts

This volume publishes together all five of the divorce tracts John Milton published between August 1643 and March 1645: The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce (1643; hereafter called DDD), the much...
The Taos Indians and the Battle for Blue Lake

Foreword by Frank Waters Chronology of the Fight for Justice Taos Pueblo Area Maps Polarities: The Cacique and the Forester John Collier to the Rescue The La Farge Era The Tribe Assumes Control The First Hearing Things Turn Sour The Tide Begins to Turn Year of Decision The Moment of Truth Epilogue Obituary Notes Resources and Bibliography Index.
A comparison of values for the entropy and the entropy of formation of selected organic substances of biological importance in the solid state, as determined experimentally or calculated empirically

The entropy of organic substances can be determined experimentally, using low-temperature calorimetry and the Third Law, by means of the equation S exp 0 = ∫ T-0 C p dT/T, where the subscript 'exp' indicates that the determination is experimental. The entropy of formation of such substances can be determined by means of the equation ΔS exp 0 =S exp 0 - Σ S atoms 0 , where Σ S atoms 0 represents the sum of the standard entropies of the individual atoms in a substance multiplied by their respective coefficients. However, experimental entropy determinations require very special equipment and are difficult to perform, so that at least for purposes of an initial estimate an empirical method for calculating values of entropy and entropy of formation has some advantages. Equations S calc 0 = 0.187 Σ S atoms 0 and Δ f S calc 0 = 0.813 Σ S atoms 0 can be used for this purpose, where the subscript 'calc' indicates that the values have been calculated empirically rather than determined experimentally. Using these latter values as the standards of comparison, it is shown that, for small molecular weight substances, the average value of S calc 0 is 2.03% greater than the average value of S exp 0 , although the range is from 28.20 to -28.88%. For the same substances, the average value of Δ f S calc 0 is 0.09% less than the average value of Δ f S exp 0 , with a range of 10.30 to -5.41%. For substances weighing >300 Da, and for cells, the average value of S calc 0 is 0.04% less than the average value of S exp 0 , with a range of 2.87 to -2.64%. The average value of Δ f S calc 0 for these substances is 0.05% less than the average value of Δ f S exp 0 with a range of 0.61 to -0.63%. For substances with molecular weights <300 Da, the contributions of individual chemical groups on organic molecules can have a significant entropy effect. For substances with molecular weights greater than this, the entropy contributions of individual chemical groups on molecules appear to average out.
The use of acetazolamide in idiopathic intracranial hypertension during pregnancy.

Purpose To describe the pregnancy outcomes after the use of acetazolamide in pregnant patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). Design Observational case series. Methods setting: Two tertiary care academic neuro-ophthalmology units. patient population: Patients with IIH treated with acetazolamide. observation procedure: Documentation of pregnancy outcome. main outcome measures: Normal pregnancy, fetal loss, or congenital malformation. Results Twelve patients were treated with acetazolamide for IIH during pregnancy, and there were no adverse pregnancy outcomes. A critical review of the English language literature on the subject failed to demonstrate any convincing evidence for any adverse effect on pregnancy for acetazolamide. Conclusions Acetazolamide at high doses may produce birth defects in animals, but there is little clinical or experimental evidence to support any adverse effect of the drug on pregnancy outcomes in humans. If the clinical situation warrants the use of acetazolamide in IIH, then the drug probably can be offered after appropriate informed consent.
Clinical Strategies to Reduce Utilization of Chest Physiotherapy Without Compromising Patient Care

Background There is widespread interest in the evaluation of clinical strategies that safely reduce health-care costs. Elimination of inappropriate chest physiotherapy may represent one of those strategies. Setting An academic community hospital. Methods One-hundred one patients receiving chest physiotherapy were prospectively randomized to continue their chest physiotherapy or to inform their physicians that the order for the chest physiotherapy may have been inappropriate. Results Patients who were randomized to have their chest physiotherapy discontinued received 45% fewer chest physiotherapy treatments than control patients (p Conclusion Chest physiotherapy is frequently provided to patients for inappropriate indications. Reducing chest physiotherapy for these patients may significantly reduce respiratory therapy costs without increasing length of stay or mortality rates.
Structure and thermal stability of ceria films supported on YSZ(100) and α-Al2O3(0001)

Abstract The morphology and reducibility of vapor-deposited ceria films supported on yttria-stabilized zirconia (1 0 0) (YSZ(1 0 0)) and α-Al 2 O 3 (0 0 0 1) single crystals were studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results of this study show that the gas environment has a significant effect on the structure of the ceria films on both substrates. CeO 2 films on α-Al 2 O 3 (0 0 0 1) were found to be stable in a reducing environment at temperatures up to 1000 K, but underwent agglomeration and reaction with the support to form CeAlO 3 upon annealing at 1273 K in air. Heating CeO 2 /YSZ(1 0 0) in air at 1273 K caused the ceria thin film to agglomerate into bar-shaped features which were re-dispersed by subsequent annealing in vacuum. Interactions at the CeO 2 –YSZ interface were also found to dramatically enhance the reducibility of ceria films supported on YSZ(1 0 0).
In vitro effects of soy phytoestrogens on rat L6 skeletal muscle cells.

Soy isoflavones display estrogenic activity in humans and animals, and thus are referred to as phytoestrogens. This study was performed to observe the effects of the soy isoflavones genistein, daidzein, and glycitein on cell cultures of rat skeletal muscles. [3H]Thymidine incorporation was used to determine cell proliferation, while protein synthesis and degradation were determined by tracking radiolabeled leucine. For the proliferation studies, insulin, estradiol, genistein, daidzein, or glycitein was supplemented at 0, 0.04, 0.08, 0.16, 0.31, 0.63, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 microM, respectively, or in combinations with final concentrations of 0, 0.1, 1, or 10 microM. Genistein reacted most similarly to estradiol, inhibiting proliferation at > or = 1 microM (P .05). A one-tailed univariate analysis of variance revealed a trend (P < or = .1) in protein stimulation with genistein and glycitein treatments. These results suggest that the tyrosine kinase inhibiting activity of genistein may be affecting phosphorylation of the mitosis-promoting factor, preventing the advancement of the mitotic cell cycle. In addition, at higher total combined concentrations, daidzein and glycitein may be able to outcompete genistein for receptor sites. These results suggest that soy isoflavones in the diet may potentially modulate normal growth and development in humans and animals that ingest soy-based products.
The effect of in vivo dexamethasone on lymphocyte subpopulations: Differential response of EAhu rosette-forming cells

The purpose of this study was to compare the differential effect of dexamethasone on “third population” lymphocytes with its effect on B and T lymphocytes. Five human volunteers were given a single oral dose of dexamethasone (6–8 mg). Samples were evaluated prior to the drug, 5 hr after drug ingestion and 24 hr following the poststeroid sample. Surface marker studies included SIg, EAC rosettes, mouse rosettes, EAhu (Ripley) rosettes, total E-rosette-forming lymphocytes, Tμ lymphocytes, and Tγ lymphocytes. Functional studies included mitogen stimulation with phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and pokeweed and antigen stimulation with herpes simplex virus and Candida albicans. At the nadir of the steroid-induced lymphopenia absolute counts for all B-cell markers were decreased. No differential effects were noted in SIg using polyvalent, IgM, IgG, κ, or λ antisera. Total T lymphocytes decreased 55% (P < 0.05). There was a differential effect on Tμ and Tγ subsets and the former were significantly decreased. Unlike other lymphocyte subpopulations, cells with high avidity Fc receptors for IgG molecules, i.e., EAhu (Ripley)-rosette-forming and Tγ lymphocytes, were unresponsive to steroid treatment. EAhu (Ripley)-rosette-forming lymphocytes increased from a baseline value of 15 to 28% after dexamethasone ingestion but absolute cell counts remained essentially unchanged with a mean baseline value of 287/μl compared with a poststeroid count of 250/μl. A rebound phenomenon was noted for B, T, Tμ, and Tγ lymphocytes (P < 0.05). Functional studies of the peripheral blood mixture of lymphocytes at the nadir of the lymphopenia showed significantly suppressed responses to both mitogens and antigens.