cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multifunctional water treatment system for oil and gas-produced water

At present, the produced water in the state of Kansas is mostly disposed in designated wells as defined by the state commission to reduce environmental issues and reduce groundwater contamination. However, disposal of produced water into wells has long been reported to cause pollution of aquifers and water tables. In this research, we developed a water treatment system for produced water which focuses on integrating state-of-the-art model and sustainable technologies—named the sedimentation-media, adsorption, ceramic (S-MAC) system. The research goal is to pursue an innovative solution to existing practices by processing and reusing produced water for irrigation and generating new sources of revenue from 15.7 million acres of abandoned Kansas property owned by oil and gas corporations. Produced water samples from Lario Oil and Gas Company (Kansas Mid-Continent Region) were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) to identify the produced water elements. Results show up to 80% water recovery and 95–99% oil removal, and that the standard water parameters of pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), conductivity, hardness, and dissolved oxygen (DO) are within the limits of palatable water requirements for Kansas. The total dissolved solids, turbidity, and pH of the treated water are within the range of 1300–1400 ppm, 10–15 NTU, and 6.5–7.0, respectively, which are acceptable water parameters for crop cultivation in farmlands. Calcium and magnesium ions which are responsible for water hardness were significantly reduced to an acceptable level at 76,351 ppb and 87,362 ppb, respectively.
Photonic Integrated Circuits with Multiplexed Quantum Memories for Quantum Networks

Atom-like quantum emitters in diamond have emerged as leading spin-photon interfaces for quantum networks. This talk discusses the development of chip-based architectures to control large numbers of such artificial atoms for applications in quantum networks and modular quantum computing.
Personalized Medicine with IL-23 Blockers: Myth or Reality?

BACKGROUND AND AIMS The medical management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has become increasingly targeted with the identification of specific immune mediators involved its pathogenesis. IL-23 is an inflammatory cytokine involved in both innate and adaptive immunity that has been identified as a therapeutic target in Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) through its upstream inhibition of the T helper 17 (Th17) pathway. We sought to review available data on the efficacy of IL-23 inhibitors in the treatment of IBD and the potential for clinical and molecular predictors of response to facilitate a personalized medicine approach with these agents. METHODS We reviewed and summarized available clinical trial data on the use of the IL-23 inhibitors risankizumab, brazikumab, mirikizumab and guselkumab in the treatment of IBD, as well as the evidence from studies of these agents in IBD and other immune-mediated conditions that might inform prediction of response to IL-23 inhibition. RESULTS Early clinical trials have demonstrated promising results following both induction and maintenance therapy with IL-23 inhibitors in CD and UC. Pre-and post-treatment levels of IL-22 and post-treatment levels of IL-17 have been identified as potential molecular predictors of response to therapy in several studies. No significant clinical predictors of response have been identified thus far. CONCLUSIONS IL-23 antagonism is a promising therapeutic approach in IBD. Further exploration of molecular and clinical predictors of response may identify patients most likely to benefit from these medications.
Research Methods for Science

A unique introduction to the design, analysis, and presentation of scientific projects, this is an essential textbook for students in science and mathematics. The textbook gives an overview of the main methods used in scientific research, including hypothesis testing, the measurement of functional relationships, and observational research. It describes important features of experimental design, such as the control of errors, instrument calibration, data analysis, laboratory safety, and the treatment of human subjects. Important concepts in statistics are discussed, focusing on standard error, the meaning of p values, and use of elementary statistical tests. The textbook introduces some of the main ideas in mathematical modeling, including order-of-magnitude analysis, function fitting, Fourier transforms, recursion relations, and difference approximations to differential equations. It also provides guidelines on accessing scientific literature, and preparing scientific papers and presentations.
Numerical and physical modeling of geofoam barriers as protection against effects of surface blast on underground tunnels

Abstract An explosion on the ground surface may cause significant damage to an underground structure, such as a tunnel or a pipeline. The extent of damage would depend on the intensity of blast, the material and configuration of the structure, as well as the nature and geometry of the intervening material. An underground structure may be protected by means of a protective barrier, installed directly above the structure. The effectiveness of using a compressible barrier, made of polyurethane geofoam, to mitigate the effects of surface explosion was investigated. The effects of a surface explosion were studied through a combination of physical model tests and numerical modeling. Reduced-scale (1:70 scale) physical model tests were conducted using a geotechnical centrifuge, where the scaling law for explosions was utilized to model the effects of a large explosion using a relatively small mass of explosives under a high gravitational field (70 g, in this case). The results of the physical model tests were used to calibrate a three-dimensional numerical model in which a fully-coupled Euler–Lagrange solver was utilized to model the explosions. Tunnel configurations with and without protective barriers were studied to assess the mitigation provided by protective barriers. Material properties for polyurethane geofoam barriers were evaluated from laboratory tests. The influence of barrier thickness in reducing the strains, stresses, and pressures on the tunnel induced by an explosion was studied. The beneficial effects of a protective geofoam barrier were found to increase with increasing barrier thickness only up to a certain thickness, beyond which, further increase in thickness did not result in additional reductions. The results will help in design optimization, while planning protection systems for new tunnels, as well as for retrofitting existing tunnels.
Association Between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Susceptibility for the Development of Adverse Effects Resulting from Radiation Therapy

A small, but signifi cant number of radiotherapy patients develop adverse responses to treatment, manifested as either normal tissue/organ damage or the development of a radiation-induced cancer. The ability to predict which patients are at greatest risk for radiation toxicity would be of great benefi t in optimizing treatment decisions. One promising approach for the development of a predictive assay is through the use of genetic information. The main source of genetic variation among individuals is single nucleotide polymorphisms. Much of the early work to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the development of radiation injury focused on candidate genes. These studies have provided results indicative of a genetic basis for radiosensitivity, but it is clear that this approach is too limited in its scope to identify the SNPs that could serve as the basis for a predictive assay with clinical applicability.
The mechanism of uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation by 2,4-dinitrophenol.

2,4-Dinitrophenol fails to stimulate the breakdown of the soluble high energy intermediate of oxidative phosphorylation isolated from Alcaligenes faecalis extracts. Once the intermediate is broken down, by other reactions, the coupling enzyme is prevented from reassociation with the electron transport particles by 2,4-dinitrophenol. Phosphorylating particles washed with 2,4-dinitrophenol lose coupling enzyme and with it the ability to form the energy-rich intermediate and to couple phosphorylation to electron transport. Phosphorylating particles containing bound coupling enzyme are able to form the high energy intermediate even in the presence of 2,4-dinitrophenol. However, after this first cycle of formation, no more can be formed because 2,4-dinitrophenol prevents the reassociation of coupling enzyme with the electron transport particles. 2,4-Dinitrophenol stimulates respiration in the bacterial phosphorylating particles.
Handover and new call blocking performance with dynamic single-channel assignment in linear cellular arrays

We consider dynamic assignment of a single channel in a linear cellular array, and derive closeddform expressions for the blocking probability of handover calls and new calls in terms of the array size and traffic load assuming a Markov traffic model. Handover and new call blocking performance in the limit of large arrays and extreme traffic loads is also determined.
An analysis of form-regulation in Tubularia

1) In the metamorphosis of the primordium into the hydranth a change in length occurs. In oral hydranths from the extreme distal end of the stem the length is 35% less than that of the primordium. The reduction in length is less in aboral than in oral structures from the same level and decreases in both oral and aboral structures with increasing distance from the distal end, until in aboral structures from the extreme proximal ends of long stems the length of the hydranth may be greater than that of the primordium instead of less. 2) These changes of length between primordium and hydranth show regional and polar differences parallel to the differences in size of the hydranth and are due chiefly to the fact that hydranths of very different size arise from primordia which develop within a cylinder, the perisarc, which differs only slightly in diameter in different regions. 3) The proportions of the hydranths after emergence differ with polar differences in position and probably also to some extent with regional differences in position. These differences in proportion of the hydranths are not parallel to the regional and polar differences in proportions of the primordia but are in part in the reverse direction. 4) The absence of parallelism in the regional and polar differences in proportion of primordia and hydranths is due to the fact that the two are different functional systems and that the factors determining the proportions differ at least quantitatively in the two systems.
Mismatched appositions of presynaptic and postsynaptic components in isolated hippocampal neurons

To determine whether presynaptic input is necessary for postsynaptic differentiation, we isolated hippocampal neurons in microisland culture and thus deprived pyramidal cells of GABA input and GABAergic neurons of glutamate input. We find that glutamate input is necessary for clustering the AMPA-type glutamate receptor but not for clustering the NMDA receptor or the associated PSD-95 family scaffold in GABAergic cells; GABA input is not necessary for clustering the GABA(A) receptor or gephyrin in pyramidal cells. Isolated neurons showed a surprising mismatch of presynaptic and postsynaptic components. For example, in isolated pyramidal neurons, although GABA(A) receptor clusters covered <4% of the dendritic surface and presynaptic boutons covered <12%, a full two-thirds of the GABA(A) receptor clusters were localized inappropriately opposite the non-GABAergic, presumed glutamatergic, terminals. Furthermore, inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic components were segregated into separate clusters in isolated cells and apposed to separate boutons of a single axon. Thus, GABA(A) receptors were clustered opposite some terminals, whereas NMDA receptors were clustered opposite other terminals of a single axon. These results suggest the involvement of a synaptogenic signal common to glutamate and GABA synapses that permits experimentally induced mismatching of presynaptic and postsynaptic components in isolated neurons, as well as a second specificity-conferring signal that mediates appropriate matching in mixed cultures.
Decreased vitamin B-6 status of submariners during prolonged patrol

We investigated the effects of a 3-mo submarine patrol upon several vitamin B-6 indices in 23 male submariners. While on patrol, 12 subjects received a multivitamin-mineral supplement that provided 0.5 mg/d vitamin B-6 and 11 subjects received a placebo. The concentrations of plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, total vitamin B-6, and urine 4-pyridoxic acid were significantly reduced during the patrol in both the placebo and the supplemented groups. The hematocrit of both groups also decreased by approximately 10% during the patrol and was not restored to prepatrol concentrations until several weeks postpatrol. Mood depressions, as measured by the Beck inventory and the depression adjective check list, were most pronounced during the 30 d before and at the beginning of the patrol. These depression measures did not correlate with the vitamin B-6 status indices, indicating that the mood depressions during a patrol do not appear to be related to the vitamin B-6 status of the submariners.
End-of-life care in Medicare beneficiaries dying with pancreatic cancer.

BACKGROUND: The authors' goal was to characterize hospice enrollment and aggressiveness of care for pancreatic cancer patients at the end of life. METHODS: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results and linked Medicare claims data (1992-2006) were used to identify patients with pancreatic cancer who had died (n = 22,818). The authors evaluated hospice use, hospice enrollment ≥4 weeks before death, and aggressiveness of care as measured by receipt of chemotherapy, acute care hospitalization, and intensive care unit (ICU) admission in the last month of life. RESULTS: Overall, 56.9% of patients enrolled in hospice, and 35.9% of hospice users enrolled for 4 weeks or more. Hospice use increased from 36.2% in 1992-1994 to 67.2% in 2004-2006 (P < .0001). Admission to the ICU and receipt of chemotherapy in the last month of life increased from 15.5% to 19.6% (P < .0001) and from 8.1% to 16.4% (P < .0001), respectively. Among patients with locoregional disease, those who underwent resection were less likely to enroll in hospice before death and much less likely to enroll early. They were also more likely to receive chemotherapy (14% vs 9%, P < .0001), be admitted to an acute care hospital (61% vs 53%, P < .0001), and be admitted to an ICU (27% vs 15%, P < .0001) in the last month of life. CONCLUSIONS: Although hospice use increased over time, there was a simultaneous decrease in early enrollment and increase in aggressive care at the end of life for patients with pancreatic cancer. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Monotone convergence of finite element approximations of obstacle problems

The purpose of the work is to study the monotone convergence of numerical solutions of obstacle problems under mesh refinement when the obstacle is convex. We prove monotone convergence of piecewise linear finite element approximations for one-dimensional obstacle problems. We demonstrate by giving a example that such monotone convergence will not hold in the two-dimensional case.
Smooth muscle tumors of the gastrointestinal tract: Analysis of prognostic factors

Background. The survival rates and therapeutic approaches to gastrointestinal leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma vary widely. This review analyzes the clinical symptoms and signs, the results of the pathologic examination, and the DNA makeup of these tumors and determines the factors that affect the prognosis of patients who have leiomyosarcoma. Methods. Flow cytometric DNA analysis was performed in 80 patients with gastrointestinal smooth muscle tumors to establish the correlation of DNA ploidy with tumor size and stage and histologic grade. Using univariate and multivariate analyses, we investigated tumor size, histologic grade, association with gastrointestinal bleeding, DNA makeup, operative procedure, age, gender, and tumor necrosis as they affect the long-term survival of 45 patients with leiomyosarcoma. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to determine the survival rates and the log-rank method was used to compare survival rates between the two groups. Results. Between 1986 and 1992, operations were performed on the 80 gastrointestinal smooth muscle tumors—esophageal 1, stomach 32, intestinal 33, colonic 2, and rectal 12. The most common symptoms and signs were gastrointestinal bleeding (43.8%), abdominal mass (37.5%), and abdominal pain (21.3%), and the tumors were classified as leiomyoma 35, low-grade leiomyosarcoma 24, and high-grade leiomyosarcoma 21, according to the cellular atypia and mitotic rate. DNA ploidy correlated with histology grade (r=0.70, p Conclusions. Leiomyosarcomas usually measure more than 10 cm. In univariate analysis the significant factors affecting the survival rate of patients with leiomyosarcoma are maleness, size greater than 5 cm, inadequate resection, and advanced-stage and high-grade disease. In multivariate Cox regression analysis advanced-stage and high-grade leiomyosarcoma are the only independent factors affecting survival. DNA ploidy correlates with the size and the grade of gastrointestinal smooth muscle tumors but not with tumor stage. DNA ploidy does not affect independently the survival of leiomyosarcoma.
Teaching Practices That Can Promote the Authoritative Proof Scheme

This article presents case studies of the classroom teaching practices of two algebra teachers. Our data consist of videotaped classroom observations during a single academic year. We identify and characterize specific teaching practices that establish the norm that the teacher is the sole arbiter of mathematical correctness in the classroom. We suggest that these practices are likely to promote the development of the authoritative proof scheme in students. Our results can provide a basis for future research investigating the prevalence of these teaching practices and their impact on student learning and can be used as parameters to investigate teacher change.
Alternate hosts of the Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera : Aphididae) in Northeastern Colorado

A 2-yr survey of 25 grass species in northeastern Colorado showed that crested wheatgrass, Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn., and Canada wildrye, Elymus canadensis (L.), were dominant hosts of the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko). These two grasses served as hosts between the time winter wheat was harvested and planted. Russian wheat aphids showed greater life stage diversity when collected from Canada wildrye compared with any other grass species. Several additional perennial and annual grasses were able to support Russian wheat aphids but less consistently and in lower numbers. Russian wheat aphids were found on a wide range of grass species early in the summer. Thereafter, numbers of Russian wheat aphid hosts decreased as the summer progressed. Total numbers of Russian wheat aphids collected from all grass hosts for 1989 were seven times greater than for 1988. The 1989 survey indicated a more suitable year for Russian wheat aphid migratory flight, host seeking, and survival. Russian wheat aphid suction trap captures corresponded with grass survey data and further verified the differences between the two survey years.
Nerve-muscle interactions regulate motor terminal growth and myoblast distribution during muscle development.

Abstract Interactions between motoneurons and muscles influence many aspects of neuromuscular development in all animals. These interactions can be readily investigated during adult muscle development in holometabolous insects. In this study, the development of the dorsolongitudinal flight muscle (DLM) and its innervation is investigated in the moth, Manduca sexta, to address the specificity of neuromuscular interactions. The DLM develops from an anlage containing both regressed larval template fibers and imaginal myoblasts. In the adult, each fiber bundle (DLM1–5) is innervated by a single motoneuron (MN1–MN5), with the dorsal-most fiber bundle (DLM5) innervated by a mesothoracic motoneuron (MN5). The DLM failed to develop following complete denervation because myoblasts failed to accumulate in the DLM anlage. After lesioning MN1–4, MN5 retained its specificity for the DLM5 region of the anlage and failed to rescue DLM1–4. Thus specific innervation of the DLM fiber bundles does not depend on interactions among motoneurons. Myoblast accumulation, but not myonuclear proliferation, increased around the MN5 terminals, producing a hypertrophied adult DLM5. Therefore, motoneurons compete for uncommitted myoblasts. MN5 terminals subsequently grew more rapidly over the hypertrophied DLM5 anlage, indicating that motoneuron terminal expansion is regulated by the size of the target muscle anlage.
Higher-order distributed objects

We describe a distributed implementation of Scheme that permits efficient transmission of higher-order objects such as closures and continuations. The integration of distributed communication facilities within a higher-order programming language engenders a number of new abstractions and paradigms for distributed computing. Among these are user-specified load-balancing and migration policies for threads, incrementally linked distributed computations, and parameterized client-server applications. To our knowledge, this is the first distributed dialect of Scheme (or a related language) that addresses lightweight communication abstractions for higher-order objects.
Tetrahydrobiopterin deficiencies without hyperphenylalaninemia: diagnosis and genetics of dopa-responsive dystonia and sepiapterin reductase deficiency.

DOPA responsive dystonia (DRD) and sepiapterin reductase (SR) deficiency are inherited disorders of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) metabolism characterized by the signs and symptoms related to monoamine neurotransmitter deficiency. In contrast to classical forms of BH4 deficiency DRD and SR deficiency present without hyperphenylalaninemia and thus cannot be detected by the neonatal screening for phenylketonuria (PKU). While DRD is mostly caused by autosomal dominant mutations in the GTP cyclohydrolase I gene (GCH1), SR deficiency is an autosomal recessive disease. The most important biochemical investigations for the diagnosis of these neurological diseases includes CSF investigations for neurotransmitter metabolites and pterins as well as neopterin and biopterin production in cytokine-stimulated fibroblasts. Discovery of SR deficiency opened new insights into alternative pathways of the cofactor BH4 via carbonyl, aldose, and dihydrofolate reductases. As a consequence of the low dihydrofolate reductase activity in the brain, dihydrobiopterin intermediate accumulates and inhibits tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylases and uncouples nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), leading to neurotransmitter deficiency and possibly also to neuronal cell death.
Zero tolerance for zero tolerance?: Analyzing how zero tolerance discourse mediates police accountability activism

Abstract While several scholars critically analyze the effects that the New York Police Department's zero tolerance policy has on poor minority communities, few have adequately explored contestations to the policy. This article draws on interview data from the Communities united for Police Reform campaign in New York City to investigate how zero tolerance discourse is inflected in the claims, demands, and strategies of police reform activists. I chronicle how several core principles underlying the NYPD's zero tolerance policy resonate in activists' grievances and demands for reform, culminating in pursuit of what I term accountable zero tolerance . These data, I posit, provide insight into the resilience and depth to which zero tolerance discourses influence shared understandings of criminality, crime, and law enforcement.
α-Dedekind complete archimedean vector lattices versus α-quasi-F spaces

Abstract α denotes an uncountable cardinal number, and W (α) denotes the category of archimedean vector lattices with distinguished waek unit and unit preserving vector lattice homomorphisms. In this paper we show that in W (α), the full subcategory of α-Dedekind complete objects is epireflective. We explain how the Yosida functor connects the algebraic notions of α-Dedekind complete, α-dense, and α-jam-dense with the topological notions of α-quasi-F, α-irreducible, and α-SpFi morphism. We then go on to show that the α-quasi-F cover of a compact space X, denoted (QFαX,qα) is the Yosida space of the α-Dedekind complete epireflection of C(X) in W (α). Finally we show that in the topological category α-SpFi, the full subcategory of α-quasi-F spaces is monocoreflective, and for each compact space X,(QFαX,qα) is the α-quasi-F monocoreflection of X.
Modeling the effects of mass and age variation in wolves to explore the effects of heterogeneity in robot team composition

No two wolves are the same. Some of the variations between individuals such as variation in mass and age have major implications on their hunting abilities. The predatory success of a wolf pack has been found to depend on its composition of individuals along these dimensions. Building from a system for simulating wolf hunting behavior in earlier work [1], this paper explores the effects of heterogeneity among individuals in a team and the utility of these variations for the team as a whole. The implications for robot team control and organization are presented.
Spatial and temporal variability of SST and ocean color in the Gulf of Maine based on cloud-free SST and chlorophyll reconstructions in 2003–2012

Abstract The spatial and temporal variability of sea surface temperature (SST) and Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) in the Gulf of Maine (GOM) is examined using daily, cloud-free Data INterpolating Empirical Orthogonal Function (DINEOF) reconstructions during 2003–2012. The utility of the DINEOF SST and Chl-a is demonstrated through direct comparisons with buoy- and ship-based observations. EOF analyses of cloud-free products are further used to quantify the SST and Chl-a variability on seasonal to inter-annual timescales. The first mode of SST is dominated by an annual cycle in response to net surface heat flux, with SST lagging surface flux by ~ 57 days. The second mode of SST underscores interactions between GOM, the Scotian Shelf, and the slope sea in response to the basin scale atmospheric forcing represented by the North Atlantic Oscillation. The third mode correlates well with the evolution of Scotian Shelf-slope frontal displacement. The first EOF mode of Chl-a is dominated by a winter–spring bloom and a fall bloom, with a spatial distribution modified by the tidal mixing that facilitates nutrient delivery from the deep ocean. The second EOF mode is likely associated with a winter bloom in the warm slope sea, where the low-frequency variations of second modes of SST and Chl-a are in phase, suggesting a possible coupling between physical and biological responses to atmospheric forcing. The third mode of the Chl-a is likely associated with freshening events associated with advection of the Scotian Shelf Water, which enhance stratifications in the eastern GOM.
Arrest and recovery of frictional creep on the southern Hayward fault triggered by the 1989 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake and implications for future earthquakes

[1] Theodolite measurements across the right-lateral Hayward fault, San Francisco Bay, California, show a dramatic reduction in surface creep rate from 5 to 10 mm/yr before the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake to nearly zero creep rate after the earthquake. A ∼6 year period of nearly zero surface creep was followed by sudden fault creep that accumulated about 20–25 mm of right-lateral displacement followed by an eventual return to a steady creep by year ∼2000. This creep behavior can be explained as a result of a sudden shear stress reduction on the fault and is consistent with model predictions for a fault imbedded in an elastic medium with slip governed by laboratory-derived friction laws. We infer friction parameters on the fault using a spring-slider model and a boundary element model with the rate- and state-dependent friction laws. The state (healing) term in the friction law is critical for reproducing the observed evolution of surface creep; a popular simplified rate-dependent friction law is insufficient. Results suggest that the creep event extended to a depth of ∼4–7.5 km. The inferred critical slip distance, dc, is 1–2 orders of magnitude larger than lab values, and inferred aσ values imply low effective fault-normal stresses of 5–30 MPa. This range of effective normal stress and inversion results for (a − b)σ imply very small values for a − b of 10−5 to 10−3, suggesting the fault has nearly velocity-neutral frictional properties. Earthquake simulations with such small a − b values show that creeping areas on the Hayward fault may be capable of rupturing during earthquakes.
Chemisorption and Dehydration of Ethanol on Silica: Effect of Temperature on Selectivity

Dissociative chemisorption of ethanol on partially dehydroxylated silica is investigated by (i) exposing silica to gas-phase ethanol at various temperatures (ranging between 373 and 773 K) and (ii) analyzing the material using temperature-programmed desorption and in situ infrared spectroscopy. This chemisorption leads to formation of isolated surface ethoxide species via dehydration of ethanol at reaction temperatures above 573 K, and, at lower temperatures, it favors the synthesis of silanol–ethoxide functionality via a pathway involving opening of siloxane Si–O–Si bridges. The activation barrier for ethene desorption from the isolated surface ethoxide species is considerably higher relative to that for ethanol desorption from the hydrogen-bound silanol–ethoxide pairs. These single-turnover experiments allow predicting the product distribution of ethanol chemisorption on silica depending on the treatment conditions, e.g. temperature of interaction between ethanol and silica, and suggest why, in general, dehydration catalysis on silica requires high temperatures, in order to avoid non-productive chemisorption via opening of siloxane bridges.
The effects of task order on children's identification of facial expressions

Children 3, 6, 9, and 12 years of age were assessed on their ability to recognize and identify facial expressions of emotion. In an emotion recognition (ER) task, children were presented with three facial photographs and were asked to select the photo representing a particular emotion (e.g., happiness, disgust, sadness). Another task, emotion labeling (EL), required that the child name the emotional state expressed in a facial photograph. An age trend was found for both tasks: Accuracy in judging emotional states increased with age. Results showed that scores on the ER task were significantly better than scores on the EL task, suggesting that recognition of an emotional state was less difficult than verbally identifying an emotional state. The order in which the two tasks were given significantly affected results on the EL task: When the ER task preceded the EL task, scores on EL were higher than when EL was given first. Accuracy in judging the individual emotion categories also varied with the order of tasks.
Characterizing Soldering Fluxes

For a number of years electronic manufacturers of printed circuit assemblies have used rosin-based soldering fluxes. Post-solder cleaning was accomplished with chlorinated or chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) solvents. With the elimination of these solvent options due to their destructive effect on the stratospheric ozone layer, manufacturers are looking to alternative cleaners for rosin flux or to new flux choices which can be cleaned with water, or left uncleaned. Many of the flux formulations are new and their long-term effect on the performance of product manufactured with them is unknown. Although ionic contamination testers can alert one to the ionic levels remaining on an assembly, the corrosivity of the residues is not directly related to the total ionic level, but only to certain ionic species. Surface insulation resistance testing is used by many in the industry, but the results are complex and often misunderstood. All of these factors have been the driving force to develop a quantitative screening test for soldering flux residues. This test, originally conceived by Dr. David Bono, has been modified and developed at Georgia Tech to provide a quantitative evaluation of flux residue corrosivity. This work, in collaboration with the work being performed by the French standards group, will result in a new international industry standard. This paper reports the latest data on this important test development.
LCL filter utilized in battery charging applications to achieve compact size and low ripple charging

In this paper, an LCL filter is proposed to replace L-type filter in a dc/dc converter for battery charging applications. The merits of using an LCL filter are compact size, and extremely low ripple of charging current. The ripple free charging can reduce the heat generated by the ripple of the charging current and improve the battery lifetime. Filter based controller is proposed to solve the control loop instability issue caused by LCL filter. Low-pass filter and notch filter based controllers are designed and compared. The controller robustness to the variation of the filter parameters is investigated. The proposed system and control methods are verified by simulation and experiment.
Vitamin D receptor deficiency affects dentin maturation in mice

Mutation of vitamin D receptors (vdr) results in resistance to the vitamin's normal effects which may compromise dentin formation. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of vdr deficiency on post-natal dentin maturation in mice. The dentin in mandibular incisors of 70.5-day-old vdr wild-type and vdr knockout mice was compared at different levels along the long axis. Expression of biglycan and decorin was detected by immunolocalisation. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the ultrastructure of the dentin, and micro-computerised tomography was used to determine the degree of dentin mineralisation density. In the vdr knockout mice, the pulp chamber was larger and the dentin wall was thinner compared with the wild-type mice. In addition, the pre-dentin layer was thickened with an irregular front line and diffuse expression of biglycan and decorin. Fewer tubules, lower mineralisation density and pore-like defects were observed in the dentin at the eruptive region and level with the first molar. In conclusion, vdr deficiency compromises dentin maturation.
The infrared spectrum of methyl-d3-isocyanide

Abstract The infrared spectrum of methyl- d 3 -isooyanide has been examined from 2 to 15 μ and all observed bands have been assigned. Three of the perpendicular fundamentals have been resolved and the zetas determined from the line spacing and the microwave values for A ″ and B ″. A re-examination of the spectrum of methyl isocyanide and the comparison of it with that of the deuterated molecule yielded some minor corrections in the assignment of observed overtones.
A high resolution investigation of the (p, n) reaction through isobaric analogue resonances

Abstract The 54 Cr(p, n) 54 Mn and 64 Ni(p, n) 64 Cu total neutron yields and the 54 Cr(p, p) 54 Cr and 64 Ni differential cross sections were measured in the vicinity of the analogues of the third excited state of 55 Cr and the first excited state of 65 Ni. The total energy spread for these measurements is approximately 300–400 eV. The data are examined for an enhancement of the neutron widths of the fine-structure resonances associated with these analogue states. No enhancement of the neutron widths is observed.
Ecology ofParatrichodorus allius and its relationship to the corky ring-spot disease of potato in the Pacific Northwest

Paratrichodorus allius, a vector of the tobacco rattle virus which causes the corky ringspot disease (CRS) in potato, was identified in soil samples from Oregon and Washington. Two populations from potato fields in Pasco, WA and Umatilla, OR reproduced successfully on alfalfa, wheat, and corn which are commonly rotated with potato, and most weeds associated with this crop in the Pacific Northwest. Greenhouse studies showed thatP. allius was sensitive to low soil moisture, and increased 10 and 100 fold on Samsun NN tobacco in soil above field capacity compared to 1/2 and 1/3 field capacity, respectively. Population dynamic studies for 1996 and 1997 on a potato-wheat cropping sequence showed thatP. allius declined after the winter wheat cover crop was disked in the spring of 1996, and remained low on potato at the 0–90 cm soil profile, with no evidence of downward migration. In 1997,P. allius declined early in the season on wheat, and remained low until June–July when it peaked before declining again. In soil columns,P. allius placed 30 cm below a confined tobacco root system was able to reach and transmit tobacco rattle virus. The nematodes below 30 cm transmitted the virus only when plant roots were allowed to grow to that depth.
Further notes on the shape of metal grains: Space-filling polyhedra with unlimited sharing of corners and faces

Abstract A statement in an earlier paper that there is a topological limit to the sharing of corners in a network of three-dimensional cells analogous to metal grains is shown to be wrong. New space-filling irregular polyhedra sharing faces with as many as 20 neighbors are sketched. No plane-faced space-filling polyhedron can exist that meets the requirements of surface-tension equilibrium at interfaces and junctions. A relation is derived for the sum of angles at each vertex in a three-dimensional space-filling array of plane-faced polyhedra.
Chronic oxidative stress as a mechanism for radiation nephropathy.

Abstract Lenarczyk, M., Cohen, E. P., Fish, B. L., Irving, A. A., Sharma, M., Driscoll, C. D. and Moulder, J. E. Chronic Oxidative Stress as a Mechanism for Radiation Nephropathy. Radiat. Res. 171, 164–172 (2009). Suppression of the renin-angiotensin system has proven efficacy for mitigation and treatment of radiation nephropathy, and it has been hypothesized that this efficacy is due to suppression of radiation-induced chronic oxidative stress. It is known that radiation exposure leads to acute oxidative stress, but direct evidence for radiation-induced chronic renal oxidative stress is sparse. We looked for evidence of oxidative stress after total-body irradiation in a rat model, focusing on the period before there is physiologically significant renal damage. No statistically significant increase in urinary 8-isoprostane (a marker of lipid peroxidation) or carbonylated proteins (a marker of protein oxidation) was found over the first 42 days after irradiation, while a small but statistically significant...
Coupled IMPACT aerosol and NCAR CAM3 model: Evaluation of predicted aerosol number and size distribution

Received 20 May 2008; revised 4 September 2008; accepted 9 January 2009; published 21 March 2009. [1] Simulated aerosol fields from a coupled aerosol/atmospheric circulation model that includes prediction of both sulfate aerosol size and number are evaluated. Sensitivity tests are used to evaluate uncertainties due to the inclusion of primary emitted particulate sulfate as a means of representing nucleation of particles in subgrid-scale plumes, the use of two boundary layer aerosol nucleation mechanisms, and a three-mode sulfate aerosol representation. Simulated annual and global aerosol budgets are comparable to other model studies with the exception of carbonaceous aerosols and fine mode dust, where smaller mass concentrations are simulated. The model underestimates the accumulation mode aerosol number in the marine boundary layer over middle and low latitudes, which is consistent with an underestimate of fine mode sea salt mass in these locations. Primary emitted particulate sulfate contributes significantly to aerosol number at sites located in the boundary layer over Europe, but the absence of constraints on the number of such particles from either observations or fine-resolution models makes this treatment undesirable. Boundary layer nucleation mechanisms improve the comparison of simulated aerosol number concentrations with observations in the marine boundary layer, suggesting that a treatment of boundary layer nucleation is needed in global aerosol models, although more studies are needed to quantify how different nucleation mechanisms and condensable gases other than sulfuric acid affect aerosol number. The three-mode representation of sulfate aerosol simulates the observed increase in accumulation mode number concentration with altitude in the upper troposphere and improves the simulated Aitken mode aerosol number concentration there. This indicates the importance of a separate representation of freshly nucleated particles when nucleation is an important source of particle number concentrations.
Double hit lymphoma: the MD Anderson Cancer Center clinical experience.

Summary We report our experience with 129 cases of double hit lymphoma (DHL), defined as B-cell lymphoma with translocations and/or extra signals involving MYC plus BCL2 and/or BCL6. All cases were reviewed for histopathological classification. Median age was 62 years (range, 18–85), 84% of patients had advanced-stage disease, and 87% had an International Prognostic Index score ≥2. Fourteen patients (11%) had a history of low-grade follicular lymphoma. MYC translocation was present in 81%, and extra signals of MYC in 25% of patients. IGH-BCL2 translocation was present in 84% and extra signals of BCL2 in 12% of patients. Two-year event-free survival (EFS) rates in all patients and patients who received R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone), R-EPOCH (rituximab, etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin), and R-HyperCVAD/MA (rituximab, hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, dexamethasone, alternating with cytarabine plus methotrexate) were 33%, 25%, 67% and 32%, respectively. In patients achieving complete response with initial therapy (n = 71), 2-year EFS rates in patients who did (n = 23) or did not (n = 48) receive frontline stem cell transplantation were 68% and 53%, respectively (P = 0·155). The cumulative incidence of central nervous system involvement was 13% at 3 years. Multivariate analysis identified performance status ≥2 and bone marrow involvement as independent adverse prognostic factors for EFS and OS. Further research is needed to identify predictive and/or targetable biological markers and novel therapeutic approaches for DHL patients.
The Patient Technology Acceptance Model (PTAM) for homecare patients with chronic illness

Health information technologies are increasingly being used to support patient self-management during the home recovery process for chronically ill homecare patients. While in theory these technolo...
Structural models for intermediate-sized Si clusters

We have investigated two generic structural models for Si clusters in the size range 20–33 atoms. The first model consists of stacks of puckered six-fold rings, with capping atoms on the two ends. The second model comprises compact structures with as many bulk-like four-fold coordinated atoms as possible. We have found the cohesive energy of the ring structures to be nearly constant as a function of cluster size, while that of the compact structures decreases dramatically with increasing size as more four-fold coordinated atoms are incorporated into the structures. We compare our results with recent experiments which suggest a crossover in stability between two cluster types in the size range studied here.
Uses and Gratifications: A Classic Methodology Revisited.

This paper describes the results of a uses and gratifications survey, based on the methodology of Katz, Gurevitch, and Haas (1973), that examined the extent to which different media fulfill a variety of human needs. The authors suggest that the Katz et al. (1973) method should be revisited when investigating uses and gratifications across several media. The paper outlines the uses and gratifications approach, describes the adapted survey and presents the results of data collected over four years from 241 respondents at a large urban American university.
Microprocessor Architecture and Systems [Workshop meeing]

A Workshop on Microprocessor Architecture and Systems was held on May 6-7, 1976, at Northwestern University under the sponsorship of the Technical Committee on Computer Architecture and the Technical Committee on Minis and Micros of the IEEE Computer Society. No formal theme was established, and no summary positions were presented by the attendees, but the following conclusions appeared to emerge:
Parallel-optical interconnect development at HP Laboratories

New components, applications, and standards are driving parallel-optical interconnect development at HP Laboratories. Advances in the optoelectronics improve dynamic range and reduce power consumption. New electronics and packaging allow greater functional flexibility and compatibility with emerging standards.
The role of calcium‐binding proteins in selective motoneuron vulnerability in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

The factors contributing to selective motoneuron loss in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) remain undefined. To investigate whether calcium-binding proteins contribute to selective motoneuron vulnerability in ALS, we compared calbindin-D28K and parvalbumin immunoreactivity in motoneuron populations in human ALS, and in a ventral spinal cord hybrid cell line selectively vulnerable to the cytotoxic effects of ALS IgG. In human autopsy specimens, immunoreactive calbindin-D28k and parvalbumin were absent in motoneuron populations lost early in ALS (i.e., cortical and spinal motoneurons, lower cranial nerve motoneurons), while motoneurons damaged late or infrequently in the disease (i.e., Onuf's nucleus motoneurons, oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerve neurons) expressed markedly higher levels of immunoreactive calbindin-D28K and/or parvalbumin. Motoneuron-neuroblastoma VSC 4.1 hybrid cells lost immunoreactive calbindin-D28k and parvalbumin following dibutyryl-cyclic AMP-induced differentiation and were killed by IgG from ALS patients. Undifferentiated calbindin/parvalbumin-reactive VSC 4.1 cells were not killed, nor were other cell lines expressing high levels of calbindin-D28K and parvalbumin immunoreactivity (substantia nigra-neuroblastoma hybrid cells and N18TG2 neuroblastoma parent cells). These studies suggest that decreased calbindin-D28K and parvalbumin immunoreactivity may help explain the selective vulnerability of motoneurons in ALS.
UV radiation, vitamin D and epidermal carcinogenesis

The skin is the major source of vitamin D in the body, being the site where the precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol is converted to vitamin D under the influence of UVB radiation (UVR). Unfortunately, UVR is also the major cause of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Substantial evidence from epidemiologic and animal studies demonstrates an important protective effect of vitamin D for a number of cancers, but the evidence is weaker for NMSC. However, recent studies indicate that animals lacking the vitamin D receptor are predisposed to developing NMSC following UVR or chemical carcinogens, suggesting that vitamin D and its active metabolite 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 may also be protective of NMSC. The mechanisms underlying this protective mechanism include regulation of the hedgehog and β-catenin pathways and stimulation of the DNA damage response. This article will examine the evidence supporting this potential protective action of vitamin D with respect to NMSC development.