cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conodont Biostratigraphy of the Lower Triassic Mackenzie Dolomite Lentil, Sulphur Mountain Formation in the Cadomin Area, Alberta

ABSTRACT A Lower Triassic stage boundary (Dienerian-Smithian), defined by conodonts in two adjacent samples, occurs within the Mackenzie Dolomite Lentil of the Sulphur Mountain Formation 5 km south of Cadomin, Alberta. A sparse lower Dienerian (upper Induan) conodont fauna including Neogondolella carinata and Neospathodus kummeli occurs low in the exposed carbonate. An abundant, lower Smithian (lower Olenekian) fauna, 2.1 m higher in the section, consists primarily of Neospathodus pakistanensis and N. waageni. These two species are associated with a major episode of transgression that is recorded worldwide. In North America, both faunas are best represented in the Lower Triassic depocentre of southeast Idaho in the western United States. The apparent absence of upper Dienerian conodonts suggests the Mackenzie Lentil, a complex of offshore shell banks, may contain an interval of slow deposition or an episode of erosion. As a byproduct of this study, a modest revision of stratigraphic nomenclature is proposed. We recommend establishing the lower and upper boundaries of the Mackenzie Dolomite Lentil in its depositional area, respectively, as the upper boundary of the Phroso Siltstone Member and the lower boundary of the Vega Siltstone Member, thus establishing this carbonate lentil as a member of the Sulphur Mountain Formation. RESUME Une limite de stade du Triassique inferieur (Dienerien-Smithien), definit par des Conodontes de deux echantillons adjacents, se produit dans le Mackenzie Dolomite Lentil de la Formation Sulphur Mountain a 5 km de Cadomin, Alberta. Une faune de Conodontes clairsemes dans le Dienerien plus inferieur incluent le Neogondolella carinata et le Neospathodus kummeli se produit bas dans les carbonates decouverts. Une faune abondante du Smithien inferieur qui se situe a 2,1 m plus eleve dans la section, consiste principalement de Neospathodus pakistanensis et de N. waageni. Ces deux especes sont connexes a un episode important de transgression rapporte a l'echelle mondiale. En Amerique du Nord, les deux faunes sont les deux faunes sont les mieux representees dans le point de sedimentation maximum du Triassique inferieur du sud-est de l'Idaho de l'ouest des Etats-Unis. L'absence apparente de Conodontes du Dienerien superieur suggere que le Mackenzie Lentil, des bancs coquilliers complexe au large, peut contenir un intervalle de sedimentation lente ou un episode d'erosion. Comme sous-produit de cette etude, une modeste revision de la nomenclature stratigraphique est proposee. Nous recommendons l'etablissement de limites inferieures et superieures du Mackenzie Dolomite Lentil dans sa region de sedimentation comme etant respectivement, la limite superieure du Membre Phroso Siltstone et la limite inferieure du Membre Vega Siltstone, etablissant ainsi cette lentille carbonate comme membre de la Formation Sulphur Mountain. Traduit par Marie-Louise Tomas
The Study of the Effect of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Engine Wear in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Using Analytical Ferrography

A study was undertaken to investigate the effect of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on engine wear and lubricating oil degradation in a heavy duty diesel engine using a newly developed methodology that uses analytical ferrography in conjunction with short term tests. Laboratory engine testing was carried out on a Cummins NTC-300 Big Cam II diesel engine at rated speed (1800 RPM) and 75% rated load with EGR rates of 0, 5, and 15% using a SAE 15W40 CD/SF/EO-K oil. Dynamometer engine testing involved collecting oil samples from the engine sump at specified time intervals through each engine test. These oil samples were analyzed using a number of different oil analysis techniques that provide information on the metal wear debris and also on the lubricating oil properties. The results from these oil analysis techniques are the basis of determining the effect of EGR on engine wear and lubricating oil degradation, rather than an actual engine tear down between engine tests.
Environmental values and forest patch conservation in a rural Costa Rican community

Although conservation attention has generally focused on large forest tracts, there is increasing evidence that smaller forest patches are important for both conservation and rural development. A study of forest patch conservation in a rural Costa Rican community found that, although forest patch conservation was influenced by landholding size, material factors did not account for all the variation in forest patches conservation behavior or conservation orientations of farmers. A qualitative interpretive approach, using semi-structured interviews, found that environmental values were influenced by at least three factors. First, colonist farmers with direct experience with environmental degradation in other regions of Costa Rica were more likely to be concerned about environmental degradation. Second, childhood exposure to conservation played an important role in influencing conservation orientations. Third, the environment was frequently discussed in relation to the moral and social values present in religious doctrines. The study also found general support for forest conservation laws, and a clear indication that interest in forest conservation has grown in recent years. The study highlights the importance of environmental values, in conjunction with material factors, in influencing forest conservation in rural communities.
LETHALITY OF STREPTOMYCIN FOR ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE CONSTITUTIVE ESCHERICHIA COLI

Rosenkranz, Herbert S. (Columbia University, New York, N.Y.) and Howard S. Carr. Lethality of streptomycin for alkaline phosphatase constitutive Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 85:751–753. 1963.—An alkaline phosphatase constitutive strain of Escherichia coli was more sensitive to streptomycin in a phosphorus-rich medium than was the wild parent strain. In a low-phosphorus medium, the efficiency of killing by streptomycin was nearly the same for both strains. The greater sensitivity displayed by the alkaline phosphatase constitutive strain in the phosphorus-rich medium was ascribed to the absence of internal inorganic phosphates in these bacteria. It has been shown that such anions interfere in the reaction of the antibiotic with deoxyribonucleic acid.
Simulation of Nature By Computer

Computer simulations are having a broader and deeper impact upon the physical sciences, and have become a standard tool of the physicist. The speed and diversity of developments in computer technology and in the use of that technology warrant continuing examination of how we use computers. The physics perspective can be helpful in formulating and in understanding simulations of naturally occurring phenomena. Some examples, taking from the area of astrophysical hydrodynamics, are presented as illustrations.
Indications for surgery in severe acute pancreatitis

The decision to operate on a patient with severe acute pancreatitis is often difficult and requires mature clinical judgment. Those indications that are widely accepted include: 1. For differential diagnosis, when the surgeon is concerned that the symptoms are the result of a disease other than pancreatitis for which operation is mandatory; 2. In persistent and severe biliary pancreatitis, when an obstructing gallstone that cannot be managed endoscopically is lodged at the ampulla of Vater; 3. In the presence of infected pancreatic necrosis; and 4. To drain a pancreatic abscess, if percutaneous drainage does not produce the desired result. Other indications that are less well defined and somewhat controversial are: 1. The presence of sterile pancreatic necrosis involving 50% or more of the pancreas; 2. When the pancreatitis persists in spite of maximal medical therapy; and 3. When the patient's condition deteriorates, often with the failure of one or more organ systems. For these latter three indications, guidelines have been presented that permit a logical approach to management, although uncertainty remains. Surgeons should strive to describe in precise terms the clinical state of their patients at the time that operation is performed, as well as the findings at and technical details of the surgery. This should allow further refinement in the management of this still vexing problem.
Polymer electrolyte batteries

Lithium secondary batteries have been actively investigated during the past ten years and small cells with liquid electrolytes have been commercialized. In view of the concerns about safety, solid state batteries that use solid polymers in place of both the electrolyte and the separator offer a unique design for a high rate battery for implantable medical devices. The solid electrolyte has a low vapor pressure and should be relatively safe with respect to problems that could result from the vaporization of a volatile liquid electrolyte. The solid polymeric electrolyte may be fabricated in the form of a thin film and, in combination with thin electrode structures, can exhibit good high rate performance and improved lithium plating morphology.
A multicentered approach to integrated QM/QM calculations. Applications to multiply hydrogen bonded systems.

A multicentered integrated QM/QM technique has been developed. By separating high-level calculations in distinct regions of molecules, the multicentered approach supplants a single large high-level calculation with several smaller calculations. Due to the steep polynomial scaling of traditional ab initio quantum chemical methods, this separation significantly enhances the computational efficiency of QM/QM methods. The straightforward implementation of this multicentered approach is illustrated with several large poly-alcohols that form hydrogen bonds with water. The largest alcohol-water complex contains 81 atoms. For properly selected model systems, this multicentered approach introduces essentially no error in the dissociation energies of these complexes relative to conventional QM/QM schemes. This multicentered technique should be easily extended to other, more general integrated methods (QM/MM, ONIOM, etc).
Comparison of serum creatine kinase and creatine kinase MB activities post marathon race versus post myocardial infarction

Abstract Serial total creatine kinase (CK) and CK MB activities were determined in the serum of seven runners following a marathon race and compared to enzyme activities in the sera from five patients following acute myocardial infarction (AMI). In the runner's sera, total CK and CK MB activities were significantly elevated at 1, 24, 48 and 72 hours post marathon race when compared to the 1 hour pre-marathon samples (p 1 2 CK, 49 hours; T 1 2 CK MB, 29 hours) as compared to following AMI (T 1 2 CK, 27 hours; T 1 2 CK MB, 12 hours). These results suggest release of CK MB from the skeletal muscle of marathon runners. Therefore, we recommend that elevation of CK MB in the range indicative of myocardial damage be interpreted with caution in long-distance runners.
Intertumoral angiogenic heterogeneity: biologic and therapeutic implications

It has been largely assumed that tumors within a given histological type induce angiogenesis via the same mechanisms. While such concepts neatly compartmentalize angiogenesis, it is not consistent with other critical tumor phenotypes. The literature contains numerous references describing heterogeneity for tumor phenotypes, including cell proliferation, invasiveness, metastatic potential, and response to therapies. At this time, data regarding angiogenic heterogeneity are limited. In order to investigate this possibility, normal, dysplastic, and malignant oral keratinocytes were harvested using laser capture microdissection (LCM). Total RNA was extracted and subjected to RTQ-PCR analysis. IL-8 and VEGF messages were highly variable within the tumor samples. Validation of the RTQ-PCR data via immunohistochemistry on human tumor samples also found highly variable expression of VEGF and IL-8. Finally, using mouse tumor xenografts, anti-VEGF treatment of HNSCC lines secreting VEGF markedly inhibited the growth of the tumor xenografts. Conversely, anti-VEGF treatment had no effect on the growth of xenografts tumors containing cells that do not produce VEGF. These findings underscore the concept of tumor angiogenic heterogeneity. They imply that there are differences with regard to the specific mechanism by which individual tumors within the same histologic type induce angiogenesis. Moreover, they demonstrate the need for a more in-depth understanding of the variability of the angiogenic phenotype within a given type of neoplasm when designing antiangiogenic therapies.
Enhancing generalisation in biofeedback intervention using the challenge point framework: A case study

Biofeedback intervention can help children achieve correct production of a treatment-resistant error sound, but generalisation is often limited. This case study suggests that generalisation can be enhanced when biofeedback intervention is structured in accordance with a "challenge point" framework for speech-motor learning. The participant was an 11-year-old with residual /r/ misarticulation who had previously attained correct /r/ production through a structured course of ultrasound biofeedback treatment but did not generalise these gains beyond the word level. Treatment difficulty was adjusted in an adaptive manner following predetermined criteria for advancing, maintaining, or moving back a level in a multidimensional hierarchy of functional task complexity. The participant achieved and maintained virtually 100% accuracy in producing /r/ at both word and sentence levels. These preliminary results support the efficacy of a semi-structured implementation of the challenge point framework as a means of achieving generalisation and maintenance of treatment gains.
An estimation of producer returns from Bt cotton with varying refuge sizes

Abstract The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has mandated an Insect Resistance Management (IRM) program that attempts to preserve the benefits of insect protection from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton. According to that mandate, growers planting Bt cotton are required to follow the IRM practices designed to keep some lepidopteran populations from being exposed to the Bt protein. Thus, a refuge of non-Bt cotton must be planted. Currently, producers may select among different sprayed and unsprayed refuge percentages. Recently, EPA has been petitioned to remove all refuge requirements. In order to compare farm-level returns from various refuge requirements, returns for a cotton farm in the Mississippi Delta were calculated from observed and simulated yields. Results indicate higher mean returns above insecticide costs for Bt cotton than for non-Bt (refuge) cotton. For any given non-Bt cotton (refuge) percentage, returns are higher without increased risk when insecticide sprays are applied.
STRONG ANGULAR EFFECTS IN REFLECTION MCD MEASUREMENTS OF M2,3 TRANSITIONS UTILIZING A NEWLY DEVELOPED QUADRUPLE REFLECTION POLARIZER

Abstract We report the first magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) experiments of Fe using a quadruple reflection polarizer. The polarizer operates as a λ 4 phase shifter converting linearly polarized bending magnet radiation into left and right handed circularly polarized light. Strong angular variations of the MCD effect were observed in Fe films at the M 2,3 transition. From the angular MCD measurements we extracted the energy dependence of the off-diagonal elements e xy of the dielectric tensor responsible for the MCD effect.
Multicolor LWIR focal plane array technology for space- and ground-based applications

The traditional approaches using multiple focal plane arrays (FPAs), filters, beam splitters, cooling circuits etc, complicate system design, reliability and create difficulty in spatial alignment and temporal registration of image at the pixel level. Multiple colors on a single full-resolution FPA will greatly improve spectral discrimination capability at longer ranges. The integrated multicolor infrared FPAs in which a single pixel location is sensitive to two (or three) separate IR spectral bands will be the future generation technology for its use in target acquisition and signature recognition in a wide variety of space and ground based applications. This paper reviews key developments and status of this important technology. Projections and challenges for the continued evolution of this technology are also discussed.
Identification in ℋ∞ with nonuniformly spaced frequency response measurements

In this paper, the problem of ‘system identification in ℋ∞’ is investigated in the case when the given frequency response data are not necessarily on a uniformly spaced grid of frequencies. A large class of robustly convergent identification algorithms is derived. A particular algorithm is further examined and explicit worst case error bounds (in the ℋ∞ norm) are derived for both discrete-time and continuous-time systems. An example is provided to illustrate the application of the algorithms.
Latex quantification in homogenate and purified latex samples from various plant species using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy

Abstract Parthenium argentatum (guayule) is under commercial development as a source of hypoallergenic latex, which is suitable for the manufacture of latex medical devices safe for use by people suffering from Type I latex protein allergy. Improving agronomic practices, post-harvest shrub handling, and optimizing latex extraction and purification protocols during bioprocessing are hampered by the relatively cumbersome latex quantification methods currently employed. Current methods require several hours before analytical results can be obtained. The object of our study was to develop and test a near infrared (NIR) spectroscopic method for rapid quantification of latex in both wet and dried P. argentatum homogenate and purified latex samples. The procedure was tested on latex samples from Ficus elastica (Indian rubber tree), Helianthus annuus (sunflower), Hevea brasiliensis (Brazilian or para rubber tree) and Taraxacum kok-saghyz (Russian dandelion). P. argentatum latex could be accurately quantified, over a wide concentration range of 0 to 25 mg/ml. The correlations between the measured rubber content and the rubber content predicted by NIR were 0.96 and 0.91 for dry and wet samples, respectively. The presence of homogenate components unrelated to the latex fraction did not perturb the correlations obtained. Similar predictive models could be used to measure the rubber content in F. elastica , H. annuus , H. brasilensis and T. kok-saghyz .
Prooxidants Open Both the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore and a Low-Conductance Channel in the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

Mitochondria can be induced by a variety of agents/conditions to undergo a permeability transition (MPT), which nonselectively increases the permeability of the inner membrane (i.m.) to small ( 2 microM), whereas diamide was effective in its absence. In the absence of exogenous inorganic phosphate (P(i)), (1) both prooxidants caused a collapse of the membrane potential (DeltaPsi) that preceded the onset of mitochondrial swelling; (2) cyclosporin A eliminated the swelling induced by diamide and dramatically slowed that elicited by t-BuOOH, without altering prooxidant-induced depolarization; (3) collapse of DeltaPsi was associated with Ca(2+) efflux but not with efflux of glutathione; (4) neither Ca(2+) efflux nor DeltaPsi collapse was sensitive to ruthenium red; (5) collapse of DeltaPsi was accompanied by an increase in matrix pH; no stimulation of respiration was observed; (6) Sr(2+) was able to substitute for Ca(2+) in supporting t-BuOOH-induced i.m. depolarization, but not swelling; (7) in addition to being insensitive to CsA, the collapse of DeltaPsi was also resistant to trifluoperazine, spermine, and Mg(2+), all of which block the MPT; and (8) DeltaPsi was restored (and its collapse was inhibited) upon addition of dithiothreitol, ADP, ATP or EGTA. We suggest that these results indicate that prooxidants open two channels in the i.m.: the classic MPT and a low-conductance channel with clearly distinct properties. Opening of the low-conductance channel requires sulfhydryl group oxidation and the presence of a divalent cation; both Ca(2+) and Sr(2+) are effective. The channel permits the passage of cations, including Ca(2+), but not of protons. It is insensitive to inhibitors of the classic MPT.
Raw Materials and Foodstuffs in the War Plans and Operations of the Navy

states are self-sustaining as to food and produce many important materials. Iron ore is largely lacking except in Brazil, and coal is of rare occurrence. In none of them does there exist the conjunction of the two which makes possible that high industrial development which must form the economic foundation of strength in war. I have purposely avoided details and refrained from giving many figures. I have tried to outline, in a very sketchy way, one of the important problems which must be solved by a nation confronted with prospective war. I am not trying to persuade anyone that this is the only problem, nor even that it is the main one. Battles are, after all, not fought by materials, but by men. Things may aid men, or lack of things may hamper them, but the issue of war is primarily determined by the courage, devotion, tenacity and genius of men.
Brain–Behavior Correlation in Children Depends on the Neurocognitive Network

We examined brain–behavior correlations in 12 children (age range 9.3 to 11.7 years) during a selective attention task that required the visual search of a conjunction of features and during a response inhibition task that required the inhibition of a pre-potent response during “no-go” blocks. We found that the association between performance in these tasks and brain activation as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) depended on the neurocognitive network. Specifically, better performance during the no-go task was associated with greater activation in the response inhibition network including the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. In contrast, better performance during the visual search task was associated with less activation in the selective attention network including superior parietal lobule and lateral premotor cortex. These results show that the relation of performance to the magnitude of neural activation is complex and may display differential relationships based on the cognitive domain, anatomical region, and perhaps also developmental stage.
High Temperature Thermoelectric Auxiliary Power Unit for Automotive Applications

While the thermoelectric effects have been known for over 100 years, their traditionally low conversion efficiency for power generation has limited their use to highly specialized applications. With the rapid advancement of thermoelectric materials in recent years, their inherent reliability and power density is being augmented by improvements in efficiency. Recent increases in the figure of merit of materials suitable for operation around 500 °C make them candidates for waste heat recovery, as well as primary power using combustion heaters. The characteristic scalability of thermoelectric generators makes them best suited for low power applications where alternative generators become impractical. However, with the development of thermoelectric device technology in parallel with materials advancements, it may become viable to design thermoelectric generators for auxiliary power in automotive applications. The research presented here represents the initial stages of the development of a thermoelectric power unit (TEPU). While thermoelectric generator technology can be applied to any fuel, this research targets the use of diesel fuel which is readily available for both military and consumer applications and is more easily and safely transported than many alternatives. The use of diesel fuel for a TEPU is enabled by the use of an atomizer technology developed at The Ohio State University Center for Automotive Research. A baseline prototype incorporating this novel diesel fuel atomizer/combustor with conventional thermoelectric materials and heat exchange designs has been constructed and tested. Preliminary data highlights the viability of diesel fuel for thermoelectric power generation as well as the areas which demand further development. This prototype will serve as the baseline for evaluating future designs incorporating advanced materials and novel system designs.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Binding of tolbutamide to glycated human serum albumin

Abstract The presence of elevated levels of glucose in blood during diabetes can lead to the non-enzymatic glycation of serum proteins such as human serum albumin (HSA). This study examined the changes that occur in binding of the sulfonylurea drug tolbutamide to HSA as the level of glycation for this protein was increased. High-performance affinity chromatography was used in this work along with columns containing various preparations of in vitro glycated HSA. It was found in frontal analysis experiments that the binding of tolbutamide with all of the tested preparations of glycated HSA could be described by a two-site model involving both strong and weak affinity interactions. The association equilibrium constants (Ka) for tolbutamide at its high affinity sites on glycated HSA were in the range of 0.8–1.2 × 105 M−1 and increased by 1.4-fold in going from normal HSA to mildly glycated HSA. It was found through competition studies that tolbutamide was binding at both Sudlow sites I and II on the glycated HSA, in agreement with previous studies. The Ka for tolbutamide at Sudlow site II increased by 1.1- to 1.4-fold in going from normal HSA to glycated HSA. At Sudlow site I, the Ka for tolbutamide increased by 1.2- to 1.3-fold in going from normal HSA to the glycated HSA samples. This information demonstrates the effects that glycation can have on drug interactions on HSA and should provide a better quantitative understanding of how the protein binding of tolbutamide in serum may be affected for individuals with diabetes.
Single- and two-phase heat transfer in tangential injection-induced swirl flow

Abstract Single- and two-phase heat transfer in a vertical flow with tangential injection was investigated in this work. The tubular test section was electrically heated, and distilled water was used as the working fluid. The test sections had a length of 110.0 cm and a diameter of 1.727 cm. Heat transfer coefficients were measured over a length of up to 46.5 cm. In the experiments, total mass flux was varied from 640 kg/m2·.s to 2500 kg/m2·.s, and water inlet temperature was between 23° and 75°C. The system pressure was 3.07 bar. With tangential injection, up to fourfold increase in average heat transfer coefficient has been observed for single-phase flow in the range of experimental parameters studied. The heat transfer coefficient is found to increase to a very large value just downstream of the injection location, and then it decreases nearly exponentially with distance. Injector angles of 70° and 90° with the tube axis were studied. In the experiments either two or four injectors placed at one location were operational. The heat transfer coefficients are correlated with the ratio of the tangential and axial momentum of the flow. Under subcooled boiling conditions, the heat transfer enhancement due to injection is smaller than that in single-phase flow. It is found that with swirl a larger superheat is required to initiate boiling. Under fully developed boiling conditions, the swirl has little effect on the heat transfer coefficient, but there can be significant enhancement in criticl heat flux (CHF).
Quantitative analysis of spatio-temporal decision fusion based on the majority voting technique

In array signal processing, it is well known that the effective aperture of a physical array can be increased by means of combined spatial and temporal processing of measurements. In the same spirit, the combined decision of an array of experts can be made more accurate by means of spatio-temporal fusion. We propose three approaches to implement spatio-temporal decision fusion based on the majority voting technique, namely overall, space-time and time-space. We compare these three approaches in terms of their implementation costs, and the probability of the fully-combined decision being correct, and conclude that both the overall and the time-space approaches are better choices than the space-time approach.
Cultural pathways toward Antonovsky's sense of coherence

This study empirically validated Antonovsky's suggestion that differing cultural pathways exist in the development of a Sense of Coherence. Differences were found in the ways in which essentially identical levels of a Sense of Coherence were developed in Native Americans and Anglo-Americans. Native Americans' families appear to emphasize moral and religious values while Anglo-American families appear to emphasize achievement and independence.
BB-ATC: Analytical Target Cascading Using Branch and Bound for Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Programming

The analytical target cascading (ATC) methodology for optimizing hierarchical systems has demonstrated convergence properties for continuous, convex formulations. However, many practical problems involve both continuous and discrete design variables, resulting in mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) formulations. While current ATC methods have been used to solve such MINLP formulations in practice, convergence properties have yet to be formally addressed, and optimality is uncertain. This paper describes properties of ATC for working with MINLP formulations and poses a solution method applying branch and bound as an outer loop to the ATC hierarchy in order to generate optimal solutions. The approach is practical for large hierarchically decomposed problems with relatively few discrete variables.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
A simulation model of the composite “pinch resistor” device structure on linear bipolar semicustom integrated circuits

A circuit simulation model of the composite “pinch resistor” device structure on linear bipolar semicustom integrated circuits is presented. This model represents the operation of a pair of pinch resistors, and of their parasitic devices in their isolated epi region. Parasitics included in the model are the JFETs, and the vertical and lateral pnp transistors associated with the pinch resistors. Good agreement between simulated and experimental results has been found in DC, AC, and transient circuit examples. With this new model, the behaviour of this useful composite set of devices may be more completely depicted in circuit simulations.
Biosimilar Medicines—New Challenges for a New Class of Medicine

Biosimilars are a new class of medicine. The European Medicines Agency has pioneered the legal, regulatory, and scientific framework for approval of these products. One of the foundational principles of the European framework is that biosimilars are expected to be similar, not identical, to the innovator biologics they seek to copy. This contrasts with the legal, regulatory, and scientific framework for copies of chemical medicines, generics, which are based on the expectation that the innovator and generic drug substance are identical. This article reviews the European biosimilar regulatory pathway and reviews some of the clinical data being made public following the approval, rejection, and withdrawal of biosimilar marketing applications.
Infrared induced electron detachment from negatively charged helium nanodroplets

A beam of helium nanodroplets, produced by fragmentation in a low entropy supersonic expansion, is negatively charged by low energy electron impact. After a flight time of several milliseconds, it passes through a weak transverse field above an electron multiplier. A spontaneous electron detachment signal from the nanodroplets is observed, which can be increased by infrared light. Possible mechanisms for these processes will be discussed in terms of droplet structural models.
Dynamic spatial simulation modeling of coastal wetland habitat succession

Abstract To adequately model many ecological systems and management problems, spatial dynamics need to be treated explicitly. A dynamic spatial simulation model composed of interacting cells was designed to project habitat changes as a function of marsh type, hydrology, subsidence, and sediment transport for a generalized coastal wetland area. The model with nine interacting cells was developed to test mathematical formulations and computer algorithms, and to help explain model structure and behavior. Each cell in the model is classified and assigned a habitat parameter ‘signature’ corresponding to a multidimensional niche space. Large-scale habitat changes (‘succession’) occur in the model when water and material fluxes between cells produce storages corresponding to the signature of a new habitat. After some time lag to reflect successional changes, the cell parameters are changed to reflect the new habitat signature. In this manner the model can be used to project the impact of natural and man-made changes (i.e., levees, canals) to the system on the spatial distribution and productivity of the various habitats.
State of the Art Survey of Reference Materials in Physics and Astronomy

As was true the previous year, there was no major new standard reference work published for the area of physics; it is notable that most of the reviews which follow are of astronomy reference books. The most important developments in physics reference work continue to concern computerized searching of bibliographic data bases. In the Lockheed Corporation's DIALOG system all three retrospective parts of the INSPEC file, consisting of Physics Abstracts, Electrical and Electronics Abstracts, and Computer and Control Abstracts, have been merged as DIALOG file 12. File 12 holds the data through 1977 for the three abstracting journals, and file 13 is now being used to store the data from 1978 onwards. This rearrangement is convenient for searches that cut across disciplinary lines within physics and engineering, but on the other hand it requires a repeat of each search in order to get the most recent material in file 13.
Systems-level adaptations explain chronic tolerance development to nitrous oxide hypothermia in young and mature rats

Rationale Nitrous oxide (N2O) can initially lower core temperature (Tcore), but hypothermic tolerance develops with chronic administration. Therefore, one or both of Tcore’s controlling determinants, heat production (HP) and heat loss (HL), must adapt across repeated N2O administrations. Simultaneous measurements of HP, HL, and Tcore during chronic N2O administrations will elucidate this adaptive process and constitute a rigorous model for studying the systems-level dynamics of tolerance in both mature and young animals. This approach is justified by the need to better understand the increased vulnerability to addiction associated with adolescent drug use.
Managing for sustainable site productivity: Weyerhaeuser's forestry perspective

Abstract Weyerhaeuser Company is committed to being a responsible steward of the environmental quality and economic value of the forests we manage. Weyerhaeuser's regional Forest Councils have developed specific resource strategies for forest products, water quality, wildlife habitat, soil productivity and aesthetics. The sustainable site productivity or soil productivity strategy is as follows: “We protect soil stability and ensure long-term soil productivity by: (1) using equipment and practices appropriate to the soil, topography and weather to minimize erosion and harmful soil disturbance, and (2) using forestry practices and technology to retain organic matter and soil nutrients.” The elements of the Weyerhaeuser reliable processes used to achieve this strategy in the Northwest, U.S.A. include (1) a research database; (2) common goals and standards leading to management guidelines; (3) education, training and teaming across the organization; (4) implementation of Best Management Practices (BMPs); (5) monitoring of performance and (6) adaptive experimentation. This is not a static process—continuous improvement is a design element in the process. Guidelines and BMPs have been developed to minimize detrimental soil disturbance. This was accomplished by having (1) a strategic database on soil disturbance impacts; (2) a classification system that describes soil disturbance classes; (3) a soil operability risk rating system that rates soils on their susceptibility to compaction and puddling; and (4) a close working relationship between R and D and operations to develop BMPs. Steps are being taken to develop organic matter management guides for various soil groups and a soil nutrient risk-rating system. These combined with fertilizer guides will lead to practices that conserve and strive to maintain organic matter and soil nutrients. Education and training of employees is an important step in implementing the guides and BMPs. Operational practices are monitored to assess performance against specified standards. Identification of knowledge gaps lead to additional research and operational adaptive trials. Based on new research information, operational experiences and monitoring feedback. BMPs will be continuously improved to meet Weyerhaeuser's sustainable site productivity strategy.
Error estimates of Hermite interpolation

This paper presents a procedure for obtaining error estimates for Hermite interpolation at the Chebyshev nodes {cos ((2j+1)π/2n)} =0−1 −1≦x≦1, for functionsf(x) of various orders of continuity. The procedure is applicable in many cases when the usual Lagrangian error bound is not, and is a better bound, in general, when both are applicable.
Characterization of etch pit formation via the Everson-etching method on CdZnTe crystal surfaces from the bulk to the nanoscale

Abstract A combination of atomic force microscopy, optical microscopy, and mass spectrometry was employed to study CdZnTe crystal surface and used etchant solution following exposure of the CdZnTe crystal to the Everson etch solution. We discuss the results of these studies in relationship to the initial surface preparation methods, the performance of the crystals as radiation spectrometers, the observed etch pit densities, and the chemical mechanism of surface etching. Our results show that the surface features that are exposed to etchants result from interactions with the chemical components of the etchants as well as pre-existing mechanical polishing.
Preventing febrile seizures in children with oral diazepam: Can a controlled trial truly be “double-blind?” ☆

Abstract Objective: To determine in a randomized, double-blind, clinical drug trial in children whether parental “blindness” is maintained. Study design: Oral diazepam or placebo was given for fevers to 406 children with at least one previous febrile seizure. Later, 192 of these families (102 diazepam, 90 placebo) were contacted and asked: (1) Did you give your child the study medicine for fevers? (2) Do you think you knew your child’s treatment group (diazepam or placebo)? (3) If you think you knew, why? Results: In the group of children randomly assigned to receive diazepam, 69% of their parents guessed correctly. In the group assigned to receive placebo, only 19% of parents guessed correctly. Parental opinion was influenced mostly by the presence or absence of side effects, and treatment efficacy or failure was the next most important factor. Conclusion: Because in a double-blind clinical trial, many parents can correctly guess that their child is receiving active drug, this may influence compliance with the protocol. Thus safeguards are needed to reduce parental bias that can invalidate the results of double-blind clinical trials. (J Pediatr 2001;138:548-52)
Analysis of post-tuned cavity-backed circular microstrip patch antennas

The paper presents a theoretical investigation of post-loading techniques as applied to cavity-backed circular microstrip patch antennas. The effects of the number and location of shorting posts on the polarisation and operating frequency of the antenna are analysed. A number of practical designs using shorting-post loading are also presented.
Toxic effects of spore/crystal ratios of Bacillus thuringiensis on European corn borer larvae☆☆☆

Abstract Bioassays to determine LC 50 values of spores and crystals of four varieties of Bacillus thuringiensis grown on nutrient agar plates were carried out against neonate and 6-day-old European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis , larvae. The four bacterial varieties were equally toxic against the neonates, but only B. thuringiensis var. kenyae , var. galleriae , and var. kurstaki were toxic to 6-day-old larvae. B. thuringiensis var. tolworthi was inactive against 6-day-old larvae. Different ratios of pure spores and crystals of the bacteria also were tested against neonate and 6-day-old larvae. Pure spores are not pathogenic to neonates or 6-day-old larvae. Pure crystals were toxic to both ages of the larvae, but a combination of spores and crystals was necessary for maximum larval mortality.
Application of robust optimization in matrix-based LCI for decision making under uncertainty

Purpose When product systems are optimized to minimize environmental impacts, uncertainty in the process data may impact optimal decisions. The purpose of this article is to propose a mathematical method for life cycle assessment (LCA) optimization that protects decisions against uncertainty at the life cycle inventory (LCI) stage.
Cytokine Receptors of the Lung

There has been a dramatic increase in studies on the potential role of cytokines in controlling the processes of inflammation, injury, and repair in the lung. A vast array or network has emerged including all of the cells that produce the various cytokines that have been identified and the target cells that respond to these mediators. The network continues to expand as new cytokines and cytokine receptors are identified. It is generally accepted that responses to cytokines are mediated through cell surface transmembrane receptors, so that key to unraveling this complex system is an understanding of what mechanisms control signal transduction via these receptors and how cytokine interaction with specific receptors results in cell- and cytokine-specific target cell responses. This review presents a detailed examination of individual receptor structures and how these data can lead to information about signaling mechanisms; the exciting new findings of naturally occurring receptor inhibitors; and how regulati...
Fabrication of Oriented SiC‐Whisker‐Reinforced Mullite Matrix Composites by Tape Casting

Dense SiC-whisker-reinforced mullite composites with up to 50 vol% whiskers can be obtained by tape casting and hot pressing. The tape casting process results in high degrees of SiC whisker orientation as determined visually and by X-ray diffraction. The ability to achieve dense composites with as much as 50 vol % whiskers is attributed to the higher percolation threshold of aligned whiskers. The factors affecting the degree of whisker orientation during tape casting are described using a fluid dynamics model derived from Jeffery's equations and show that the orientation of anisometric particles is enhanced primarily by the casting rate and particle aspect ratio.
Monolithic passively Q-switched Cr:Nd:GSGG microlaser

Optical firing sets need miniature, robust, reliable pulsed laser sources for a variety of triggering functions. In many cases, these lasers must withstand high transient radiation environments. In this paper we describe a monolithic passively Q-switched microlaser constructed using Cr:Nd:GSGG as the gain material and Cr 4+ :YAG as the saturable absorber, both of which are radiation hard crystals. This laser consists of a 1-mm-long piece of undoped YAG, a 7-mm-long piece of Cr:Nd:GSGG, and a 1.5-mm-long piece of Cr 4+ :YAG diffusion bonded together. The ends of the assembly are polished flat and parallel and dielectric mirrors are coated directly on the ends to form a compact, rugged, monolithic laser. When end pumped with a diode laser emitting at ~807.6 nm, this passively Q-switched laser produces ~1.5-ns-wide pulses. While the unpumped flat-flat cavity is geometrically unstable, thermal lensing and gain guiding produce a stable cavity with a TEM 00 gaussian output beam over a wide range of operating parameters. The output energy of the laser is scalable and dependent on the cross sectional area of the pump beam. This laser has produced Q-switched output energies from several μJ per pulse to several 100 μJ per pulse with excellent beam quality. Its short pulse length and good beam quality result in high peak power density required for many applications such as optically triggering sprytrons. In this paper we discuss the design, construction, and characterization of this monolithic laser as well as energy scaling of the laser up to several 100 μJ per pulse.
Notes on the structure of elongating Pine roots.

SCHNARF, K. 1929. Embryologie der Angiospermen. Handbuch der Pflanzenanatomie, Abt. II. Teil 2. Berlin. . 1931. Vergleichende Embryologie der Angiospermen. Berlin. SOUEGES, R. 1922. Embryogenie des Caryophyllacees. Les primier stades du developpement de l'embryon chez le Sagina procumbens. Les dernier stades dui de'veloppement chez le Sagina procumbens. Compt. Rend. l'Acad. Sci., Paris 175:709-711, 894-896. 1924. Developpement de l'embryon chez le Sagina procumbens L. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 71: 590-614. 1945. Embryogenie des Caryophyllacees. Developpement de l'embryon chez 1'A renaria serpyllifolia L. Compt. Rend. l'Acad. Sci., Paris 221:320322. STRASBURGER, E. 1910. Uber geschlectbestimmende Ursachen. Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. 48:427-520. TULASNE, L. R. 1855. Nouvelles etudes d'embryogenie vegetale. Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. 4. 4:65-74. WooDcocK, E. P. 1926. Morphological studies of the seed of Alsine media. Papers Michigan Acad. Sci. Arts and Let. 6:397-403. . 1928. Observations on the morphology of the seed of Cerasti'am vulgatum. Papers Michigan Acad. Sci. Arts and Let. 8: 233-238.
Analysis of gas foil bearings integrating FE top foil models

Gas foil bearings (GFBs) find widespread usage in oil-free turbo expanders, APUs, and micro gas turbines for distributed power due to their low drag friction and ability to tolerate high-level vibrations. The performance of GFBs depends largely on the support elastic structure, i.e. a smooth foil on top of bump strips. Conventional models include only the bumps as equivalent stiffnesses uniformly distributed around the bearing circumference. More complex finite element (FE) models couple the elastic deformations of the 2D shell or 1D beam-like top foil to the bump deflections as well as to the gas film hydrodynamics. Predictions of journal attitude angle and minimum film thickness for increasing static loads and two journal speeds are obtained for a GFB tested decades ago. For the GFB studied, 2D FE model predictions overestimate the minimum film thickness at the bearing centerline, while underestimating it at the bearing edges. Predictions from the 1D FE model compare best to the limited tests data, reproducing closely the experimental circumferential wavy-like film thickness profile. Predicted stiffness and damping coefficients versus excitation frequency show that the two FE models result in slightly lower direct stiffness and damping coefficients than those from the simple elastic foundation model.
The disposal of moisture from the aerated portion of soils

The disposal of water applied to the soil may be accounted for in a number of ways which may be listed as follows: (1) Losses by runoff (2) Evaporation from the free water-surfaces while the water is being applied (3) Deep percolation below the reach of roots of plants (4) Seepage losses along impervious strata below the surface (5) Evaporation directly from the surface of the soil (6) Water used by plants (7)Water remaining in the soil