cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NIFEDIPINE PREVENTS PULMONARY HYPERTENSION BUT DOES NOT PREVENT IMPAIRED ENDOTHELIUM DEPENDENT PULMONARY DILATION IN NEWBORN PIGS EXPOSED TO CHRONIC HYPOXIA. † 1976

Pulmonary hypertension developed and pulmonary dilation to the endothelium dependent agent acetylcholine (Ach) was blunted when newborn pigs were exposed to alveolar hypoxia (J. Appl. Physiol. 77:2853, 1994 and Ped. Res. 30:391A, 1994). To see if treatment with the calcium channel blocker nifedipine would prevent the development of pulmonary hypertension and prevent impaired pulmonary dilatory responses to Ach, we maintained 1-3 day old pigs in a chamber filled with either room air (Control) or 11% O2 (Chronic Hypoxia) for 10 days. Some of the Chronic Hypoxia piglets were given nifedipine, 3-5 mg/kg sublingually tid (Nifedipine). The pigs were anesthetized and catheters placed for in vivo measurement of pulmonary arterial pressure (Ppa), pulmonary wedge pressure (Pw), and determination of cardiac output by the thermodilution technique. Lungs were then excised and perfused with a mixture of blood and 3% albumin-saline. We maintained flow constant at 50 (ml/min)/kg and measured Ppa responses to Ach (10-5 M). PVR was greater in Chronic Hypoxia pigs than in either Control or Nifedipine treated chronic hypoxia pigs. The decrease in Ppa with Ach was less in isolated lungs from both Chronic Hypoxia and Nifedipine treated chronic hypoxia pigs than from Control pigs. Thus, nifedipine treatment prevented the development of pulmonary hypertension during chronic hypoxia in newborn pigs. However, responses to the endothelium dependent vasodilator Ach were blunted in lungs of both chronica hypoxia and nifedipine-treated chronic hypoxia pigs. Nifedipine treatment may prevent pulmonary hypertension but may not prevent all of the functional pulmonary vascular changes that occur with chronic hypoxia in newborns. Supported by Am Heart Assoc.Table
Children Writers: Methodology of the Rights-Based Approach

The paper examines the rights-based approach utilized in research with children. This approach aims to encourage children’s participation in every stage of the research process (planning, monitoring, evaluating, and writing up the results) on issues that impact their lives. The rights-based framework is more inclusive than the traditional approach that limits children’s participation to the data collection segment of the study. The traditional approach of research excludes children’s perspectives in the research agenda and therefore the implementation of the findings in social policy. Alternatively, this paper discusses the Palestinian journaling project as a prototype of transformation utilizing the rights-based approach whereby children create possibility for ownership over the agenda and the process of research. These concepts could transform child research participants from co-researchers to writers, as well as highlight the possibilities of including children at the conceptual stage of the research process.
The association of reproductive and lifestyle factors with a score of multiple endogenous hormones.

Introduction We recently reported that high levels of multiple sex and growth hormones were associated with increased postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Limited research has explored the relationship between reproductive, anthropometric, and lifestyle factors and levels of multiple hormones simultaneously.
Self-measured home blood pressure in predicting ambulatory hypertension

Background Physicians are commonly uncertain whether a person with office blood pressure (BP) around 140/90 mm Hg actually has hypertension. This is primarily because of BP variability. One approach is to perform self-measured home BP and determine if home BP is elevated. There is a general agreement that if home BP is ≥135/85 mm Hg, then antihypertensive therapy may be commenced. However, some persons with home BP below this cut-off will have ambulatory hypertension. We therefore prospectively study the role of home BP in predicting ambulatory hypertension in persons with stage 1 and borderline hypertension. Methods We studied in a cross-sectional way home and ambulatory BP in a group of 48 patients with at least two elevated office BP readings. The group was free of antihypertensive drug therapy for at least 4 weeks and performed 7 days of standardized self-BP measurements at home. We examined the relationships of the three BP methods and also defined a threshold (using receiver operating curves) for home BP that captures 80% of ambulatory hypertensives (awake BP ≥135/85 mm Hg). Results Office systolic BP (145 ± 13 mm Hg) was significantly higher than awake (139 ± 12 mm Hg, P = .013) and home (132 ± 11 mm Hg, P Conclusions Our preliminary data suggest that a lower self-monitored home BP threshold should be used (to exclude ambulatory hypertension) in patients with borderline office hypertension.
Critical splenic mass for survival from experimental pneumococcemia

Survival after intravenous challenge with live Streptococcus pneumoniae (type III) over a wide dose range (102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107) was examined in 686 Sprague-Dawley rats. These included Sprague-Dawley rats with varying splenic mass (25 to 300 mg) after graded partial amputation of the spleen (graded hyposplenia) (425 rats), total splenectomy (asplenia) (145 rats), and sham operation (eusplenia) (116 rats). Large (300 mg) but not small (< 100 mg) splenic remnants showed protection greater than asplenia (P < 0.001) and comparable to eusplenia while remnants of intermediate size (200 mg) showed intermediate protection—that is, greater than asplenia (P < 0.02) but less than eusplenia (P < 0.02). Moreover, the greater the spleen mass, the higher the LD50—thus 2.2 × 103 for no spleen; 3.3 × 103 for 25 mg; 8.1 × 103 for 100 mg; 5.2 × 104 for 200 mg; 1.8 × 105 for 300 mg and 9.9 × 105 for whole spleen. Apparently, a critical mass of spleen (more than one-third) is needed to restore host resistance to fatal blood-borne infection from this encapsulated microorganism.
Incidental Learning of CVC Trigrams as a Function of Polarization and Affectivity

Polarization of CVCs has not been extensively studied (Rychlak, 1966), although the influence of this characteristic on the learning of words has been demonstrated (Winograd, 1966). A related variable, affectivity (as specified by the evaluative dimension on the semantic differential) has also been shown to influence the learning of words (Anisfeld & Lambert, 1966). The present study concerned the effect of semantic differential polarization and affectivity on incidental learning of CVC trigrams. It was hypothesized that more of the trigrams rated high on polarization and affectivity would be incidentally learned than those that were rated low. Forty-one students at the University of Missouri-Columbia were given a booklet containing 33 trigrams of 100% association value (Glaze, 1928). They rated these trigrams on five evaluative semantic differential scales: and were asked to recall them 1 wk. later, though no instruction to learn or remember had been given. The 33 trigrams were ranked on the basis of total polarization and affectivity values and grouped into three categories; high, medium and low. Number of recalls were plotted for each of the three categories, forming two 1 X 3 contingency tables. Significant over-all chi squares were found for each of the independent variables (polarization, X2 = 7.85, df = 2, p < .02; affectivity, X2 = 21.57, df = 2, p < .001). Comparisons of various levels of polarization showed a significant difference between the high-low categories only (x2 = 8.08, df = 1, p < .01). Analysis of the various levels of affectivity revealed significant differences between all levels (high-medium, X2 = 21.45, df = 1, p < .001; medium-low, x2 = 5.89, df = 1, p < .02; high-low, x2 = 5.07, df = 1 , p < .05). These results confirm the hypothesis and support the notion that the emotional qualities of meaningfulness of CVCs affect Ss' ability to learn them incidentally even though association values are held constant.
Flat-Profile Tape–Head Friction and Magnetic Spacing

The friction and magnetic spacing between magnetic tape and a recording head are measured as a function of the wrap angle at several tape speeds and tape tensions for two tape samples with different roughnesses. An increase in friction and a decrease in magnetic spacing are measured for: 1) increasing wrap angle; 2) decreasing tape speed; and 3) increasing tape tension. The relation between the magnetic spacing and friction is fixed when varying the tape tension or wrap angle. For the rougher tape sample, reducing the tape speed (and adjusting the tape tension and wrap angle accordingly) reduces the magnetic spacing without increasing the friction. Although the smoother tape experiences more friction for a fixed wrap angle and tape tension, a smaller magnetic spacing at a specified friction is measured for it than for the rougher tape.
Interest group activity and economic growth: some new evidence from the US states

Empirical studies of the claim that special interest group activity has harmful effects on growth have produced mixed results with limited supportive evidence. This article provides new evidence on the issue in the context of the US states (1975–2004), using the pooled mean group estimator which allows for more flexible assumptions in a dynamic panel data framework. The results reveal an inverted U-shaped relationship in which the activity is, in fact, harmful for long-term state growth but only after a certain threshold level of activity is reached. Also, the short-run growth effects, not considered by previous studies, were found to be significant.
A Monte Carlo study of surface segregation in alloys

Abstract The Monte Carlo method has been applied to the study of surface segregation in a multi-layer, regular solution model of alloy surfaces. Three different alloy configurations have been investigated: semi-infinite slabs, thin films and small particles. The results show that the alloy component with the lowest surface energy tends to segregate to the first three or four surface atom layers and that segregation is greater in clustering alloys than in ordering alloys. Furthermore, segregation is more pronounced in low coordination surfaces, as evidenced by a comparison of {110} and {100}-oriented surfaces of fcc alloys. The degree of surface segregation in thin films and small particles (in the particle size range studied) tends to be smaller than in semi-infinite slabs, because of mass conservation constraints, and decreases with decreasing film thickness and particle size. The results obtained are contrasted with previous calculations and possible avenues for improving surface segregation models are discussed.
Subharmonic Energy Transfer from the Semidiurnal Internal Tide to Near-Diurnal Motions over Kaena Ridge, Hawaii

AbstractNonlinear energy transfers from the semidiurnal internal tide to high-mode, near-diurnal motions are documented near Kaena Ridge, Hawaii, an energetic generation site for the baroclinic tide. Data were collected aboard the Research Floating Instrument Platform (FLIP) over a 35-day period during the fall of 2002, as part of the Hawaii Ocean Mixing Experiment (HOME) Nearfield program.Energy transfer terms for a PSI resonant interaction at midlatitude are identified and compared to those for near-inertial PSI close to the M2 critical latitude. Bispectral techniques are used to demonstrate significant energy transfers in the Nearfield, between the low-mode M2 internal tide and subharmonic waves with frequencies near M2/2 and vertical wavelengths of O(120 m). A novel prefilter is used to test the PSI wavenumber resonance condition, which requires the subharmonic waves to propagate in opposite vertical directions. Depth–time maps of the interactions, formed by directly estimating the energy transfer ter...
Broncholithiasis: rare but still present

Broncholithiasis is a rare but distinct and potentially dangerous pulmonary problem that still needs to be considered in the differential diagnosis of some patients with bronchial obstruction. Broncholiths originate from calcified material in peribronchial lymph nodes eroding into the tracheobronchial tree. The clinical and chest X-ray signs are usually non-specific, but the diagnosis can nowadays be made based on clinical suspicion, CT-scan and fibre-optic bronchoscopy findings, so that a malignant cause of airway obstruction can be ruled out. The removal of broncholiths during fibre-optic bronchoscopy is seldom possible and rather dangerous. They can be removed safely by rigid bronchoscopy with the aid of Nd-YAG laser photocoagulation. Thoracotomy is indicated in complicated cases with fistula formation or severe bleeding.
Pressure fluctuations and choking criterion for vertical pneumatic conveying of fine particles

Abstract Pressure fluctuations and bed voidages are obtained in the dilute phase flow and dense phase flow regimes of vertical pneumatic conveying systems of fine particles. Statistical parameters of the pressure fluctuations are utilized to study the transition from the dilute phase flow to the dense phase flow. Out of the four types of fine particle used in the experiments, three types of fine particle exhibit a choking transition, which is characterized by a sharp change in the bed voidage. At the choking transition, sharp changes in the power spectral density function and standard deviation of the pressure fluctuations are also observed. The fourth type of fine particle does not exhibit any sharp changes in bed voidage, power spectral density function, or standard deviation of the pressure fluctuations over a wide range of air velocities used in the experiments. It is shown that the power spectral density function and the standard deviation of pressure fluctuations can be effectively used to accurately determine the choking transition. The experimentally determined choking velocities and bed voidages in the slugging dense phase flow are compared with available correlations.
Structure of amyloid fibrils after negative staining and high-resolution electron microscopy.

SINCE the original observations of Cohen and Calkins1, recent electron microscopic investigations have clearly confirmed the fact that amyloid of all types so far examined possess a fibrous ultrastructure. However, some differences in measurements of the dimensions of amyloid fibrils in tissue sections (50–300 A) have been reported and no clear delineation of sub-unit structure has been available2–8. This communication deals with the fact that after negative staining the ultrastructure of the amyloid fibril can be resolved to filaments, laterally aggregated in varying numbers, in a manner that would explain the aforementioned differences.
Best Practices in Teacher Preparation for Urban Schools: Lessons from the Multicultural Teacher Education Literature.

Abstract This author presents a review of the teacher education preservice research literature on multicultural education. The purpose of the review was to discover “best practice” for preparing teachers to teach urban students. Forty-four studies were analyzed for their attention to race, class or gender issues. The review includes studies of workshops, courses, programs, practica, and field experiences. Also, included is a discussion of the research literature on cooperating teachers and university supervisor. Accompanying the review of the studies is a multicultural analysis based upon Sleeter and Grant's five approaches to multicultural education. Five “best practices” are identified and discussed.
Long-term outcomes after cardiac transplantation: an experience based on different eras of immunosuppressive therapy

Abstract Background . Constantly changing practices in heart transplantation have improved posttransplant survival in patients with end-stage heart disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate long-term outcomes in different eras of immunosuppressive therapy after cardiac transplantation at a single center during a two-decade period. Methods . A retrospective review of 1,086 consecutive cardiac allograft recipients who underwent transplantation between 1977 to 1999 was performed. Patients were divided into four eras based on type of immunosuppressive therapy: era 1=steroids, azathioprine (n = 26, February 1977 to March 1983), era II=steroids, cyclosporine (n = 43, April 1983 to April 1985), era III=cyclosporine, steroids, azathioprine (n = 752, April 1985 to December 1995), era IV=cyclosporine, steroids, mycophenolate mofetil (n = 315, January 1996 to October 1999). Results . The actuarial survival of the entire cohort of 1,086 patients undergoing cardiac transplantation was 79%, 66%, and 49% at 1, 5, and 10 years, respectively. There were significant trends in recipient age and gender distribution among the four eras with increasing proportion of older age (> 60 years) and female recipients in eras III and IV ( p = 0.001 and 0.02). Early mortality and long-term survival improved significantly over all eras ( p p = 0.02), whereas the contribution of transplant coronary artery disease as a cause of death remained unchanged. Conclusions . Cardiac transplantation provides satisfactory long-term survival for patients with end-stage heart failure. The improving outcomes in survival correlate with improved immunosuppressive therapy in each era. Although the reasons for improvement in survival over time are multifactorial, we believe that changes in immunosuppressive therapy have had a major impact on survival as evidenced by the decreasing number of deaths due to rejection.
Infosys Technologies Limited: Unleashing CIMBA

Infosys Technologies Ltd., one of the worldâ€™s most profitable IT services company, implemented a customer relationship management (CRM) system called CIMBA â€“ Customer Information Management By All. This customer-focused system was conceived and designed to improve communication and collaboration between the company and its customers. By seamlessly integrating the front-end sales system with the back-end delivery system, CIMBA was expected to further enhance the companyâ€™s IT solutions delivery capability. This case provides insights into the factors that triggered the need for developing such an integrated CRM solution and how the company went about developing and launching this system. It also brings to light the various challenges associated with the implementation of this IS solution.
Contribution of skeletal muscle atrophy to exercise intolerance and altered muscle metabolism in heart failure.

BACKGROUNDThe purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of skeletal muscle atrophy and its relation to exercise intolerance and abnormal muscle metabolism in patients with heart failure (HF).METHODS AND RESULTSPeak VO2, percent ideal body weight (% IBW), 24-hour urine creatinine (Cr), and anthropometrics were measured in 62 ambulatory patients with HF. 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and imaging (MRI) of the calf were performed in 15 patients with HF and 10 control subjects. Inorganic phosphorus (Pi), phosphocreatine (PCr), and intracellular pH were measured at rest and during exercise. Calf muscle volume was determined from the sum of the integrated area of muscle in 1-cm-thick contiguous axial images from the patella to the calcaneus. A reduced skeletal muscle mass was noted in 68% of patients, as evidenced by a decrease in Cr-to-height ratio of less than 7.4 mg/cm and/or upper arm circumference of less than 5% of normal. Calf muscle volume (MRI) was also reduced in the patients ...
Non-Arrhenius conductivity in glass: Mobility and conductivity saturation effects.

Extreme non-Arrhenius dependence of the ionic conductivity in optimized fast ion conducting glasses has been observed. When all the chemical factors controlling the ionic conductivity in glass have been optimized, the conductivity fails to reach the values expected, $g0.1$ $(\ensuremath{\Omega}\mathrm{cm}{)}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at 298 K. A new series of glasses $z\mathrm{AgI}+(1\ensuremath{-}z)$ $[0.525{\mathrm{Ag}}_{2}\mathrm{S}+0.475{\mathrm{B}}_{2}{\mathrm{S}}_{3}:{\mathrm{SiS}}_{2}]$ have been measured for the first time and are found to exhibit a non-Arrhenius conductivity, the extent of which increases the greater the AgI content. Such behavior is believed to be a new feature of optimized fast ion conducting glasses and will be a critical obstacle to overcome if the conductivity of such systems is to ever reach the values needed for optimum device performance.
Interorganizational collaboration : A cautionary note for tribal health nurses

As the Indian Health Service restructures and more Indian tribes assume control for their health care services, more collaborative initiatives between Indian tribal health and other organizations may be anticipated. This paper addresses the topic of interorganizational collaboration and tribal health care. There are unique issues related to Indian tribal healthcare, and this paper provides a cautionary note to public health nurses who work with and for Indian tribes. Interorganizational collaboration and tribal health care will of be interest not only to the public health nurses working for a tribe, but also to the county and state public health nurses who may be entering into a collaborative effort with a tribal health care agency.
Mechanism for deactivation of Rubisco under moderate heat stress

Photosynthesis is particularly sensitive to direct inhibitionby heat stress. This inhibition is closely associated with theinactivation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygen-ase (Rubisco). To develop a more complete understandingof the mechanism of inactivation of Rubisco under moderateheat stress, various aspects of the process were examinedboth in vivo and in vitro. Experiments with isolated Rubiscorevealed that the rate of synthesis of the catalytic misfireproduct,xylulose-1,5-bisphosphate,increasedwithtemperature.Activated Rubisco, produced by reaction with activase at acontrol temperature of 25 C or by incubation with high CO
Emergency medicine's role in the education of medical students: Directions for change

Emergency medicine, as a young field emphasizing basic clinical skills, should be in the forefront of the changes in undergraduate medical education. Change needs to occur in our own courses and in our role in the general education of medical students. By graduation, students completing our courses should be able to provide immediate aid, create a problem list, discuss a differential diagnosis for key problems, present a treatment plan for key diagnoses, understand issues pertaining to societal interface with emergency care, and perform essential motor skills. The general goals of medical education that pertain to strengths of emergency physicians are the ability to use the essential tools of clinical medicine, use data base resources, select the appropriate specialties for consultation, work as a member of a health care team, and use time- and cost-efficient diagnostic adjuncts. Methods for achieving these goals are suggested.
Fanconi syndrome following bowel surgery and hepatitis reversed by 25-hydroxycholecalciferol.

A premature male infant required intravenous alimentation for six weeks following extensive surgeryfor ileal and cecal necrosis. At 3 months he developed evidence of hepatitis. Subsequently osteoporosis and the Fanconi syndrome appeared. Urine phosphate clearance was 83% of creatinine clearance at a serum phosphate concentration of 1.6 mg/dl. Concentration of plasma immunoreactive parathyroid hormone was elevated at 550 pg/ml. 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol was given at 240 μg/day. Aminoaciduria disappeared and bone healing occurred. Serum phosphate rose to 6.5 mg/dl and phosphate clearance fell to 2% of creatinine clearance. Upon cessation of 25-OHCC therapy, the Fanconi syndrome recurred despite administration of vitamin D 2 . 25-OHCC was then administered at 40 μg/day, and the urine abnormalities were reversed. The patient probably developed hyperparathyroidism, secondary malabsorption, and hepatitis. The Fanconi syndrome was the consequence of the hyperparathyroidism. 25-OHCC therapy was more effective than vitamin D in reversing the disordered state, possibly because of impaired hepatic metabolism of vitamin D 2 .
Error-Tolerant Processors: Formal Specification and Verification

There has been significant recent research in reliable architectures. This is in response to the perceived hardware failure threats faced by late- and post-CMOS devices, e.g., energized particle hits, increasing variability of device parameters and aging-related failures. This body of research proposes specific micro-architecture mechanisms to defend against these threats. Each proposed mechanism makes some assumptions about the underlying fault model and addresses some set of errors. Of particular interest are error-tolerant processors which do not guarantee that the processor will execute each instruction strictly as per the ISA, but rather provide a best-effort response to these faults. These processors are suited for application classes which are error-tolerant, e.g. media processing, and thus provide useful output even without strictly implementing their ISA. What is left unsaid is the minimum guarantees that they must provide to result in useful computation. This paper addresses this question. It makes the following contributions (i) It provides a minimum set of properties that such processors must satisfy, e.g., progress and non-accumulating errors, and states these formally using temporal logic for a model of the processor. This model captures not just the error-free function, but also the faults and the error response mechanisms. (ii) We have developed such full-system models for two case studies of recently proposed fault-tolerant processors, YMM [16] and ERSA [5]. (iii) Further, we present the result of model checking these properties for both case-studies and show that they do not fully satisfy these properties.
Extending the Gain Bandwidth of Combined Raman-Parametric Fiber Amplifiers Using Highly Nonlinear Fiber

The authors demonstrate extended flat gain bandwidth by combining Raman and parametric processes. The increase in bandwidth is accomplished by extending the Raman gain region to the longer wavelength side of the Raman gain by using parametric gain. Two different configurations of the amplifier are investigated. The associated gain and bit error performance is characterized. A gain of about 15 dB, with gain flatness of 5 dB is measured.
Distinct transcription profiles of primary and secondary glioblastoma subgroups

Glioblastomas are invasive and aggressive tumors of the brain, generally considered to arise from glial cells. A subset of these cancers develops from lower-grade gliomas and can thus be clinically classified as "secondary," whereas some glioblastomas occur with no prior evidence of a lower-grade tumor and can be clinically classified as "primary." Substantial genetic differences between these groups of glioblastomas have been identified previously. We used large-scale expression analyses to identify glioblastoma-associated genes (GAG) that are associated with a more malignant phenotype via comparison with lower-grade astrocytomas. We have further defined gene expression differences that distinguish primary and secondary glioblastomas. GAGs distinct to primary or secondary tumors provided information on the heterogeneous properties and apparently distinct oncogenic mechanisms of these tumors. Secondary GAGs primarily include mitotic cell cycle components, suggesting the loss of function in prominent cell cycle regulators, whereas primary GAGs highlight genes typical of a stromal response, suggesting the importance of extracellular signaling. Immunohistochemical staining of glioblastoma tissue arrays confirmed expression differences. These data highlight that the development of gene pathway-targeted therapies may need to be specifically tailored to each subtype of glioblastoma.
An intronic microRNA silences genes that are functionally antagonistic to its host gene.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNAs that down-regulate gene expression by silencing specific target mRNAs. While many miRNAs are transcribed from their own genes, nearly half map within introns of ‘host’ genes, the significance of which remains unclear. We report that transcriptional activation of apoptosis-associated tyrosine kinase (AATK), essential for neuronal differentiation, also generates miR-338 from an AATK gene intron that silences a family of mRNAs whose protein products are negative regulators of neuronal differentiation. We conclude that an intronic miRNA, transcribed together with the host gene mRNA, may serve the interest of its host gene by silencing a cohort of genes that are functionally antagonistic to the host gene itself.
The Frequency Increment Sensitivity Test

Eleven normal-hearing subjects and 11 subjects with cochlear hearing loss were tested with a Frequency Increment Sensitivity Test (FIST). The FIST is an audiometric test using incremental frequency variations in a presentation and scoring method analogous to the SISI. A range of frequency increment sizes and a range of sensation levels were employed. The mean score differences between the two groups were highly significant (P < 0.001) at 20 dB sensation level with an increment size of 1.5% for 500 Hz and with an increment size of 1.0% for 1 000, 2 000, and 4 000 Hz. The FIST appears to differentiate between normal-hearing subjects and those with cochlear hearing loss.
Failure Analysis of a Heat Exchanger Shell

This paper presents a failure analysis performed to investigate cracking observed in a weld joint in the shell of a reheater. Thorough investigation using visual inspection, chemical analyses, metallographic examinations, hardness testing, and creep analysis showed that the weld joint failed by creep. The shell was fabricated from the heat-resistant alloy, Incoloy 800H, and had been in service for 16 years. The shell was exposed to superheated steam at 720 °C. Corrective actions were proposed to repair the shell and prevent recurrence of cracking.
Design and development of a robust ATP subsystem for the Altair UAV-to-ground lasercomm 2.5-Gbps demonstration

A robust acquisition, tracking and pointing (ATP) subsystem is being developed for the 2.5 Gigabit per second (Gbps) Unmanned-Aerial-Vehicle (UAV) to ground free-space optical communications link project. The demonstration will gather HDTV images of regions of geological interest (e.g. volcanic) and then downlink those images to ground receivers at a range of 50 km while the UAV is at an altitude of 18 km. With a 200 mW downlink laser at 1550 nm for a BER of 1E-9, the pointing requirements on the flight terminal are a jitter error of 19.5 urad and a bias error of 14.5 urad with a probability of pointing induced fades of 0.1 %. In order to mitigate the effect of atmospheric fades and deal with UAV flight and vibration uncertainties (relatively new craft) the ATP subsystem requirements have been set to a stringent level in order to assure success of the communication link. The design, analysis and development of this robust ATP subsystem will be described in this paper. The key innovations that have been developed to make the ATP subsystem robust are i) the application of inertial sensors to make the acquisition and tracking functions tolerant to atmospheric fades, ii) the usage of active exposure control to provide a 16 dB dynamic range on the Focal Plane Array (FPA) tracking window, and iii) the introduction of a second ultra wide field of view camera to assure acquisition of the ground beacon.
Reflections on reading: words and pictures and law

The practice of law today is awash with pictures of all kinds – from those that begin conceptually like graphs, diagrams or flow charts to those that originate in perception, like photographs, or those that emerge from the actions of technology, like animations and fMRI. Pictures are used as evidence, demonstratives, and for argument. The legal academy has yet seriously to come to grips with the changes that this infusion of the visual means for legal thinking and rhetoric. This article explores the intellectual implications of picturing in a discipline that has thought of itself as preeminently about the use of words and their linear logics. To do this, the author has sought out eye movement research, asking the question: Do we read pictures differently from words? If so, what are the implications of this as understood both in cognitive terms and in cultural terms? That is, can the differences in perceptual behaviour be seen as offering clues to differences in cognitive behaviour? Existing knowledge seems to answer these questions in the affirmative, which means that the deeply held cultural bias that maintains that only words containing thought needs revision. This article concludes with reflections on some benefits that adjustments to our understanding might give to legal thinkers.
Charting Grades Over 26 Years to Evaluate a Career Course

Grades in a standardized career course offered at a large southeastern university over a 26-year period were analyzed to measure the impact on student learning. The results revealed that 74% of the 6,176 students completing the course met the learning objectives of the course with a grade of B+ or higher. Grades did not differ across quarter and semester systems or following the introduction of a plus—minus grading scheme. However, grades were lower toward the end of the 26-year period following the introduction of a career theory to the course and coinciding with the increasing use of the Internet in occupational research. Grades varied by semester, and they were lower in the most recent period than in any other. Implications for career course design and management based on these longitudinal results are explained.
Spatial quality control bypasses cell-based limitations on proteostasis to promote prion curing

The proteostasis network has evolved to support protein folding under normal conditions and to expand this capacity in response to proteotoxic stresses. Nevertheless, many pathogenic states are associated with protein misfolding, revealing in vivo limitations on quality control mechanisms. One contributor to these limitations is the physical characteristics of misfolded proteins, as exemplified by amyloids, which are largely resistant to clearance. However, other limitations imposed by the cellular environment are poorly understood. To identify cell-based restrictions on proteostasis capacity, we determined the mechanism by which thermal stress cures the [PSI(+)]/Sup35 prion. Remarkably, Sup35 amyloid is disassembled at elevated temperatures by the molecular chaperone Hsp104. This process requires Hsp104 engagement with heat-induced non-prion aggregates in late cell-cycle stage cells, which promotes its asymmetric retention and thereby effective activity. Thus, cell division imposes a potent limitation on proteostasis capacity that can be bypassed by the spatial engagement of a quality control factor.
A TRANS-ACTIVATION DOMAIN IN YEAST HEAT SHOCK TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR IS ESSENTIAL FOR CELL CYCLE PROGRESSION DURING STRESS

Gene expression in response to heat shock is mediated by the heat shock transcription factor (HSF), which in yeast harbors both amino- and carboxyl-terminal transcriptional activation domains. Yeast cells bearing a truncated form of HSF in which the carboxyl-terminal transcriptional activation domain has been deleted [HSF(1-583)] are temperature sensitive for growth at 37 degreesC, demonstrating a requirement for this domain for sustained viability during thermal stress. Here we demonstrate that HSF(1-583) cells undergo reversible cell cycle arrest at 37 degreesC in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle and exhibit marked reduction in levels of the molecular chaperone Hsp90. As in higher eukaryotes, yeast possesses two nearly identical isoforms of Hsp90: one constitutively expressed and one highly heat inducible. When expressed at physiological levels in HSF(1-583) cells, the inducible Hsp90 isoform encoded by HSP82 more efficiently suppressed the temperature sensitivity of this strain than the constitutively expressed gene HSC82, suggesting that different functional roles may exist for these chaperones. Consistent with a defect in Hsp90 production, HSF(1-583) cells also exhibited hypersensitivity to the Hsp90-binding ansamycin antibiotic geldanamycin. Depletion of Hsp90 from yeast cells wild type for HSF results in cell cycle arrest in both G1/S and G2/M phases, suggesting a complex requirement for chaperone function in mitotic division during stress.
Structural basis for promutagenicity of 8-halogenated guanine

8-Halogenated guanine (haloG), a major DNA adduct formed by reactive halogen species during inflammation, is a promutagenic lesion that promotes misincorporation of G opposite the lesion by various DNA polymerases. Currently, the structural basis for such misincorporation is unknown. To gain insights into the mechanism of misincorporation across haloG by polymerase, we determined seven x-ray structures of human DNA polymerase β (polβ) bound to DNA bearing 8-bromoguanine (BrG). We determined two pre-catalytic ternary complex structures of polβ with an incoming nonhydrolyzable dGTP or dCTP analog paired with templating BrG. We also determined five binary complex structures of polβ in complex with DNA containing BrG·C/T at post-insertion and post-extension sites. In the BrG·dGTP ternary structure, BrG adopts syn conformation and forms Hoogsteen base pairing with the incoming dGTP analog. In the BrG·dCTP ternary structure, BrG adopts anti conformation and forms Watson-Crick base pairing with the incoming dCTP analog. In addition, our polβ binary post-extension structures show Hoogsteen BrG·G base pair and Watson-Crick BrG·C base pair. Taken together, the first structures of haloG-containing DNA bound to a protein indicate that both BrG·G and BrG·C base pairs are accommodated in the active site of polβ. Our structures suggest that Hoogsteen-type base pairing between G and C8-modified G could be accommodated in the active site of a DNA polymerase, promoting G to C mutation.
Sex Difference and Testosterone Modulation of Pheromone-Induced NeuronalFos in the Ferret's Main Olfactory Bulb and Hypothalamus

A carnivore, the ferret possesses a vomeronasal organ--accessory olfactory bulb (VNO-AOB) projection to the hypothalamus; however, little is known about its function. Pheromones in soiled bedding from estrous female ferrets or an artificial peppermint odor significantly augmented nuclear Fos protein immunoreactivity (Fos-IR), a marker of neural activation, in several main olfactory bulb (MOB) sites but not in the AOB of gonadectomized male and females. Testosterone propionate (TP) significantly augmented the MOB's neuronal Fos responses to estrous females' pheromones, but not to peppermint. Estrous odors, but not peppermint, also augmented neuronal Fos-IR in the medial preoptic area (mPOA) of female, but not male, subjects. Pheromones in soiled bedding from breeding male ferrets significantly augmented neuronal Fos-IR in the MOB and in the medial amygdala of gonadectomized, TP-treated male and female subjects. Again, male pheromones failed to influence neuronal Fos-IR in the AOB of either sex, and only females showed significant increases in neuronal Fos-IR in the lateral aspect of the ventromedial nucleus and mPOA. These results point to an essential role among higher mammals of the main olfactory epithelium-MOB projection to the hypothalamus in detecting and processing pheromones. Gonadectomized ferrets showed significant increases in sniffing behavior when placed on either female or male bedding. This occurred regardless of whether they had received TP or oil vehicle, suggesting that testosterone's facilitation of neuronal Fos responses to estrous females' odors in the MOB of both sexes cannot be attributed to increased scent gathering. Androgen receptor-IR was present in the MOB granule cell layer of male and female ferrets, raising the possibility that testosterone acts directly on these cells to augment their responsiveness to pheromones.
Grain Sorghum as a Trap Crop for Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Cotton

This 2-yr on-farm study was designed to evaluate the ability of grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, to serve as a trap crop for the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), by attracting corn earworm females into the sorghum as they emerged from cornfields. Three plots of sorghum trap crops and three equally sized plots of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., trap crops were planted in a strip between a commercial cornfield and a commercial cotton field. The cotton field adjacent to the trap crop plots was divided into field cotton plots associated with the sorghum trap crop plots and field cotton plots associated with the cotton trap crop plots. Three commercial cotton fields adjacent to corn, but without trap crops, also were sampled. The number of corn earworm eggs per plant and the percentage of plants with corn earworm eggs was higher in the sorghum trap crop plots than in the cotton trap crop plots for both years, demonstrating that corn earworm females preferred to oviposit in the grain sorghum over cotton. A higher percentage of plants with corn earworm eggs was found in cotton in control fields compared with fields with trap crops, indicating that the grain sorghum trap crop was not the source of corn earworm. An economic threshold of 5% corn earworm young (first and second instars) was exceeded more times for cotton in control fields compared with cotton in fields with trap crops. Thus, for two seasons the grain sorghum trap crops helped reduce the need for insecticide applications for this pest. Percentage of parasitization by the egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum Riley and the number per plant of the predator Orius insidiosus (Say) were higher in the sorghum trap crop plots than the cotton plots. However, the grain sorghum trap crop plots were not sinks for these natural enemies. We conclude that grain sorghum could serve as an effective trap crop for corn earworm in cotton.
On energy-minimizing paths on terrains for a mobile robot

In this paper we discuss the problem of computing optimal paths on terrains for a mobile robot. The cost of a path is defined to be the energy expended due to both friction and gravity. The model allows for ranges of impermissible traversal directions caused by overturn danger or power limitations. This model is interesting and challenging as it incorporates constraints found in realistic situations and these constraints affect the computation of optimal paths. We give some upper and lower bound results on the combinatorial size of energy-minimizing paths on terrains. We also present an efficient approximation algorithm that computes for two given points a path whose cost is within a user-defined relative error ratio. Compared to previous results with the same approach, this algorithm improves the time complexity by using: (1) a discretization with reduced size, and (2) an improved discrete algorithm for finding optimal paths in the discretization. We present some preliminary experimental results to demonstrate the efficiency of our algorithm. We also provide a similar discretization for the same model but under less restricted assumptions.
Heater Control for Nonisothermal Temperature Studies

A simply constructed device for the control of water baths used for nonisothermal studies may be constructed of materials common to most laboratories. The temperature programs are prepared from graph paper and sheet metal; they can be made in 10–30 min. to produce any desired temperature program within the span available to a water bath. The device was tested on three simple temperature functions.
Readmissions to drug abuse treatment and HIV risk behavior.

The objectives of the study were (a) to investigate the characteristics of drug abuse treatment clients who return to treatment and (b) among those with readmissions, to describe changes over time in risk behavior for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and to identify factors associated with behavior change. Data were derived from a multisite HIV surveillance program in a single community; the program used a unique identifier to link HIV test results and behavioral information from multiple contacts. During a 30-month period, 1994 clients were admitted to three satellite facilities of a single treatment agency: detoxification, long-term residential, and outpatient. of these clients, 574 (29%) had one or more readmissions to the same or a different facility during the 24 months following the index admission. Drug injectors, those tested for HIV, and those living in the community were more likely to be readmitted to treatment. There was little overall change in HIV risk behavior between the index ...
Media homes Then and now

This article synthesizes Spigel’s research on the introduction of television and new technologies into the home. It looks at changing conceptions of ‘media households’ over the course of the last 50 years. The ‘home theater’ represents the media house of the 1950s; the ‘mobile home’ corresponds to the introduction of portable television in the 1960s; and the ‘smart home’ is the contemporary model of digital domesticity. The article considers how these changing models of home incorporate reigning middle class ideologies about family life for their respective times.
Alienation: Psychosociological Tradition

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by M. Seeman, volume 1, pp 385–388, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
Emergence of Life and Biological Selection from the Perspective of Complex Systems Dynamics

All cultures, including the scientific, have creation stories. These reflect the knowledge and values of the tellers of such narratives. Until relatively recently, most such scenarios posited a divine creator or engineer-like god responsible for the creation of the cosmos and the origin of life.
Epoxidation of alkenes catalyzed by some molybdenum(0) and molybdenum(IV) complexes

Abstract Catalytic epoxidations of styrene, cyclohexene, 1-octene, and 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene have been explored utilizing a variety of molybdenum(0) and molybdenum(IV) complexes as precatalysts and tert -butylhydroperoxide (TBHP) as oxidant. The catalytic activities of the complexes MoCl 4 (CH 3 CN) 2 , Mo(CO) 3 (PTA) 3 (PTA = 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane), Mo(CO) 3 (Mes), and a molybdenum(IV) calix[4]arene salt, [Et 3 NH][Mo{ t BuC4}Cl(CH 3 CN)] have been investigated. The progress of reactions was monitored with reference to an internal standard by means of 1 H NMR spectroscopy. Most of the complexes were found to be effective precatalysts with low catalyst loadings, giving rise to good to excellent conversion of alkenes and yield of the epoxides with the formation of minimal amount of corresponding diol and other side products. The catalytic reactions were found to be most efficient between 100 and 110 °C in minimal solvent or without added solvent.
Emerging Technology Use in Very Small Island States: A Tenuous Relationship between Average Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Usage and Per Capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Growth

Very small island states face unique challenges, such as volatile economies increasingly vulnerable to climate change. They are used in this analysis because their populations rely on emerging technologies for their livelihoods, especially growing mobile phone usage. This paper investigates how growth in ICT usage may enable growth in per capita GDP in very small island states by analyzing the effects of average ICT usage on GDP growth based on the most recent data. Following an analysis of data over four years, of 32 very small island states, this paper identifies an ICT multiplier effect that can explain and predict the relationship between average ICT usage and GDP growth. By showing how the ICT multiplier effect may be connected to GDP growth, this paper adds to what we know about the relationship between these two indicators. This has implications for how government interventions can enable ICT capacity to bring about GDP growth.