cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nanometer-Level Semiconductor Imaging for Micrometer-Level MEMS

Lithography spearheaded the semiconductor industry to nanometer-level feature sizes. The MEMS industry, having started later and being less developed in economy of scale, can take advantage of the experience of semiconductor patterning to make MEMS patterning cheaper and faster. Even though most MEMS devices are still in the micrometer regime, there are still many semiconductor lithography techniques to benefit from. Four types of lithography are used for MEMS fabrication: proximity printing, nanoimprint, projection printing, and maskless direct write. Projection printing stands out as the best candidate for MEMS high volume manufacturing. The MEMS technology places more emphasis on DOF than resolution. It often requires fabrication of obliquely oriented devices. It also needs to test many innovative ideas before committing to mass production. Several semiconductor methods and some MEMS-specific methods to extend the depth of focus are covered. Multiple-e-beam direct-write systems are discussed with a focus on the suitability to high volume manufacturing in cost and lithographic performance for MEMS.
Archaeon and archaeal virus diversity classification via sequence entropy and fractal dimension

Archaea are important potential candidates in astrobiology as their metabolism includes solar, inorganic and organic energy sources. Archaeal viruses would also be expected to be present in a sustainable archaeal exobiological community. Genetic sequence Shannon entropy and fractal dimension can be used to establish a two-dimensional measure for classification and phylogenetic study of these organisms. A sequence fractal dimension can be calculated from a numerical series consisting of the atomic numbers of each nucleotide. Archaeal 16S and 23S ribosomal RNA sequences were studied. Outliers in the 16S rRNA fractal dimension and entropy plot were found to be halophilic archaea. Positive correlation (R-square ~ 0.75, N = 18) was observed between fractal dimension and entropy across the studied species. The 16S ribosomal RNA sequence entropy correlates with the 23S ribosomal RNA sequence entropy across species with R-square 0.93, N = 18. Entropy values correspond positively with branch lengths of a published phylogeny. The studied archaeal virus sequences have high fractal dimensions of 2.02 or more. A comparison of selected extremophile sequences with archaeal sequences from the Humboldt Marine Ecosystem database (Wood-Hull Oceanography Institute, MIT) suggests the presence of continuous sequence expression as inferred from distributions of entropy and fractal dimension, consistent with the diversity expected in an exobiological archaeal community.
The Receipt and Utilization of Effective Clinical Smoking Cessation Services in Subgroups of the Insured and Uninsured Populations in the USA

Subgroups among the uninsured and even the insured may be at increased risk for not receiving and utilizing effective clinical smoking cessation services. Data for this study came from 18 to 64 year old smokers in the 2005 National Health Interview Survey. Long-term uninsured (greater than or equal to one year) smokers were less likely to receive physician advice to quit than those continuously-insured in the past year. Being long-term and short-term uninsured (less than one year) was negatively associated with dependence treatments’ use in quit attempts compared to the continuously-insured, even though the prevalence of quit attempts were similar between these groups. Intermittent-uninsurance (spell of uninsurance in past year) did not influence cessation services delivery or use. Even though Medicaid-insured smokers were more likely to be advised to quit than those privately-insured, they were less likely to use dependence treatments, especially if they had a spell of uninsurance in the past year. Provisions in the Affordable Care Act of 2009 that ensure coverage of effective cessation services for previously-uninsured individuals and Medicaid-insured smokers may increase access and potentially improve population cessation rates.
Do nutrition knowledge and beliefs modify the association of socio-economic factors and diet quality among US adults?

Objectives We examined effects of socio-economic status (SES) factors on diet quality and fruits and vegetables intake among US adults and effect modification by nutrition knowledge and beliefs. Methods We used national cross-sectional data (Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals) on 4356 US adults, aged 20–65 years, collected in 1994–1996. Socio-economic factors considered were education and poverty income ratio. Nutrition knowledge and belief score was measured by principal components analysis of 11 question responses. We considered three binary and two continuous outcomes related to United States Department of Agriculture recommended intake of fruits and vegetables and overall diet quality through Healthy Eating Index and alternate Mediterranean Diet Score. Results Multivariate analyses indicated that better SES independently improved likelihood of adequate fruits and vegetables intake and overall diet quality. In several cases, nutrition knowledge and beliefs acted as an effect modifier. In particular, education showed no association with diet quality among subjects in the lowest nutrition knowledge and belief tertile, while the association was consistently stronger in the highest tertile (Education × Nutrition knowledge and beliefs interaction term P < 0.10 for Healthy Eating Index and both fruits and vegetables guidelines). A similar interaction was noted for poverty income ratio. Conclusion For improvement in overall diet quality, socio-economic interventions must be coupled with health education programs targeting all segments of the US population.
759–5 Use of an Interactive Electronic Whiteboard to Teach Clinical Cardiology Decision Analysis to Medical Students

We used innovative state-of-the-art computer and collaboration technologies to teach first-year medical students an analytic methodology to solve difficult clinical cardiology problems to make informed medical decisions. Clinical examples included the decision to administer thrombolytic therapy considering the risk of hemorrhagic stroke, and activity recommendations for athletes at risk for sudden death. Students received instruction on the decision-analytic approach which integrates pathophysiology, treatment efficacy, diagnostic test interpretation, health outcomes, patient preferences, and cost-effectiveness into a decision-analytic model. The traditional environment of a small group and blackboard was significantly enhanced by using an electronic whiteboard, the Xerox LiveBoard™. The LiveBoard features an 80486-based personal computer, large (3’ × 4’) display, and wireless pens for input. It allowed the integration of decision-analytic software, statistical software, digital slides, and additional media. We developed TIDAL (Team Interactive Decision Analysis in the Large-screen environment), a software package to interactively construct decision trees, calculate expected utilities, and perform one- and two-way sensitivity analyses using pen and gesture inputs. The Live Board also allowed the novel incorporation of Gambler, a utility assessment program obtained from the New England Medical Center. Gambler was used to obtain utilities for outcomes such as non-disabling hemorrhagic stroke. The interactive nature of the LiveBoard allowed real-time decision model development by the class, followed by instantaneous calculation of expected utilities and sensitivity analyses. The multimedia aspect and interactivity were conducive to extensive class participation. Ten out of eleven students wanted decision-analytic software available for use during their clinical years and all students would recommend the course to next year's students. We plan to experiment with the electronic collaboration features of this technology and allow groups separated by time or space to collaborate on decisions and explore the models created.
Electrochemical olefin epoxidation with manganese meso-tetraphenylporphyrin catalyst and hydrogen peroxide generation at polymer-coated electrodes

An electrocatalytic reaction for olefin epoxidation is presented. Hydrogen peroxide is generated electrochemically by reduction of dioxygen in methylene chloride solvent containing benzoic acid as proton source, [Mn(TPP)Cl] as catalyst, 1-methylimidazole as axial base, and olefin as substrate. The glassy-carbon electrode is coated with a film of poly-[Ru(vbpy) 3 ] 2+ , which has high permeability to dioxygen and very low permeability to porphyrin. At high concentrations of olefin and porphyrin, the electrocatalytic reaction runs at nearly 100% current efficiency for production of cyclooctene oxide
Some exact results for dilute mixed-valent and heavy-fermion systems

Abstract Numerous exact results for magnetic impurities in simple metals have been obtained during the last eight years. These systems exhibit a variety of unusual low-temperature properties attributed to highly correlated electronic states, e.g. a mixed valence and large electronic contributions to the specific heat and the magnetic susceptibility. Some of these exact results obtained by means of the generalized Bethe Ansatz are reviewed here. Special emphasis is given to the solution of the degenerate Anderson model, in particular in the presence of mechanisms lifting the degeneracy of the f-level, e.g. crystalline fields, spin-orbit coupling and the magnetic field. This focus makes the present article complementary to the previous ones by Andrei, Furuya and Lowenstein and by Tsvelick and Wiegmann. Comparisons between theory and experiments are also reviewed.
A Th2 type of immune response is associated with increased resistance to Haemonchus contortus in naturally infected Gulf Coast Native lambs

Haemonchus contortus is one of the major nematode parasites causing substantial economic losses in small ruminant farming worldwide. Recently, effectiveness of anthelmintic treatment has decreased due to an increasing problem of nematode populations that have developed resistance to anthelmintics. Efforts to develop effective vaccines have had limited success. There are certain breeds of sheep that are relatively resistant to the parasite including Gulf Coast Native (Native) sheep. Understanding the protective nature of the immune response that helps these breeds of sheep control infection could enable the development of vaccines to enhance control programs. This experiment was designed to compare the immunological responses of resistant Native versus susceptible Suffolk sheep in order to identify the mechanisms responsible for this resistance. Immune responses were evaluated in naturally infected Native and Suffolk lambs that grazed pasture contaminated predominantly with H. contortus. Ten lambs of each breed grazed together for 42 days. Fecal, blood and serum samples were collected on 0, 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days of exposure. Five lambs of each breed were necropsied on day 35 and five on day 42 for nematode recovery and abomasal tissue sample collection. Throughout the course of infection, Native lambs had significantly lower FEC, significantly lower PCV reduction percent, and significantly higher serum IgE after day 14 and increased expression of IL-4 on day 10 post-exposure compared to Suffolk lambs. At both necropsy time points, Native lambs had significantly greater numbers of mucosal mast cells, eosinophils and globule leukocytes in abomasal mucosa than Suffolk lambs. Results indicated that Native lambs had a more pronounced immune response to infection with H. contortus than Suffolk lambs which may be responsible for the observed resistance to infection.
Patency of the internal jugular vein after functional neck dissection

The objective of this study was to determine the immediate patency rate for internal jugular veins preserved in functional neck dissections. Thirteen patients had contrast-enhanced CT scans 2 to 4 weeks postoperatively. Ten veins were patent and had a diameter comparable to that seen on the preoperative scan; one vein was narrowed but patent; two were occluded. Probable factors associated with occlusion include trauma of the vessel and extrinsic compression of the vein by the skin or myocutaneous flaps.
SOLUTION OF FLUID FLOW PROBLEMS WITH THE VORTICITY-STREAMFUNCTION FORMULATION AND THE CONTROL-VOLUME-BASED FINITE-ELEMENT METHOD

The vorticity-streamfunction formulation is implemented on the control-volume-based finite-element method (CVFEM). The key contribution of this work is the formulation of the wall vorticity, which allows successful modeling of fluid flow problems with irregular boundaries. The resulting algorithm exhibits the desirable qualities of consistency, accuracy, and stability.
Algebra of currents based upon theSU W6 group

Some consequences based upon the algebra of currents of theSUw6 group have been investigated by a method originally due to Lee. In this way, we can reproduce almost all of the conventionalSU6 results without explicitly assuming its validity.
INTESTINAL LOCATION OF NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS AMONG INFANTS WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

Infants with congenital heart disease (CHD) are at increased risk for developing necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Pathophysiology of NEC among infants with CHD is largely unknown although an alteration in intestinal blood flow remains a leading theory. Previous reports of NEC in non-CHD patients
A highly disordered cobaltocenium salt

Cobaltocenium tetra­fluoro­borate, [Co(C5H5)2]BF4, crystallizes in space group Cccm and packs in a way that causes the Cp2Co moiety to sit just off of the mirror plane, causing extreme disorder.
Constitutive activated Cdc42-associated kinase (Ack) phosphorylation at arrested endocytic clathrin-coated pits of cells that lack dynamin.

In cells in which clathrin-mediated endocytosis is arrested before fission by depleting dynamin, the major change in tyrosine phosphorylation is the increased phosphorylation/activation of Ack, a t...
Characterizing the surface structure of plastics coatings

Abstract Excellent appearance of the coated exterior car parts is one of the aims at the applications of plastics for automotive painting. The painted plastics parts and the metal car body should have comparable surface structures not depending on the different substrate materials (steel or plastics) used. Against this background parameters influencing the surface of plastics parts are becoming recently more important. To characterize the overall appearance of a coating system mainly two different techniques are used in the automotive and paint industry. The mechanical profilometry yields a detailed information of the topography so that substrate influences and other effects on the final coating appearance can be described. In addition to mechanical methods several optical methods are existing to describe the surface structure. Especially the “wave-scan” (Byk-Gardner) should be named, which was developed to transfer the visual impression into detectable measuring data. The measuring principle is based on the modulation of the light of a small laser diode reflected by the surface structures of the sample. These methods (mechanical profilometry and wave-scan), in the past mainly used for coated steel substrates, are demonstrated showing typical examples with focus on plastics applications.
Developing Clinical Research Projects: Novice to Expert

Nurses today are faced with multiple tasks and institutional demands that require continued change in the clinical environment. Because of concerns raised by national and international studies associated with the cost of health care, patient safety factors, and new regulations associated with reimbursement, nurses at the bedside are being asked to improve patient care outcomes. Therefore, most staff nurses lack the skills associated with evidence-based approaches or data-driven results. In fact, most clinicians must be reeducated about their role within the organization and as an active member in gathering data, participating in clinical research forums, or working with multidisciplinary teams to promote new clinical treatments.
A THREE-STAGE COMPUTATIONAL APPROACH TO NETWORK MATCHING

Network matching is frequently needed for integrating data that come from different sources. Traditional ways of finding correspondences between networks are time-consuming and require considerable manual manipulation. This paper describes a three-stage matching algorithm (node matching, segment matching, and edge matching) that combines bottom-up and top-down procedures to carry out the matching computation. As it uses sensitive matching measures, the proposed algorithm promises good improvement to existing algorithms. An experiment of matching two waterway networks is reported in the paper. The results of this experiment demonstrate that a reasonable matching rate and good computational efficiency can be achieved with this algorithm. The paper also briefly discusses necessary improvements in areas of linear alignment, aspatial matching and higher-level matching.
Magnesium or calcium activated ATPase in mammalian nerve.

Abstract Sciatic nerves from cat contain a relatively high level of Mg 2+ Ca 2+ activated ATPase (MgCa ATPase). The enzyme was found by subcellular fractionation to be present for the most part in the particulate fraction (61.5%) and to a lesser extent in the mitochondrial fraction (21.4%). The high speed supernatant fraction contains the least amount (7.6%). In decreasing order of effectiveness MgCa ATPase hydrolyzes ATP, GTP, UTP, ITP and CTP with ADP, UDP, IDP and CDP hydrolyzed to a small extent and neither AMP or cyclic AMP effective as substrates. The enzyme was activated either by Mg 2+ or Ca 2+ at an optimum concentration of3.0m M . It had a K m of 4.8 × 10 −4 with an optimum pH of 7.4. It was inhibited by mersalyl, PCMP, iodoacetate and dinitrophenol. Oligomycin did not block its action, nor did the mitotic blocking agents colchicine and vinblastine to any great extent. Approximately 54% of the enzyme present in the particulate fraction could be solubilized by Triton X-100, and a molecular weight of 150,000 was tentatively assigned to it on the basis of Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. The enzyme is carried down within nerve fibers by slow axoplasmic transport as shown by its accumulation over a period of 5–30 days above ligations made in cat sciatic nerves.
Infra-red internal reflexion studies of the germanium/electrolyte interface

Abstract Infra-red internal reflexion spectroscopy has been applied to the study of the germanium/electrolyte interface. A square-wave modulation technique has been used to obtain spectroscopic evidence for changes in the concentration of n -carries within the space charge region of n -type germanium electrodes. The wavelength dependence of the absorption of the carriers deviates appreciably from that predicted by classical dispersion theory under the conditions involved in the present study, probably because of surface degeneracy.
The organizational routines factor market paradox

The resource-based view (RBV) of strategy holds that superior organizational routines can be a source of value if and only if there is an isolating mechanism preventing their diffusion throughout industry. Generally this isolating mechanism is taken to be the tacitness of the routines. However, the existence of franchises, a market for organizational routines, poses a challenge to this RBV—if the routine is to be conveyed across a market, it can't be tacit. This paper examines the necessary and sufficient conditions of the RBV to find the weak link leading to the paradox of explicit, yet valuable franchise routines. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal performance of the distributed flow, subatmospheric pressure, flat plate solar collector

Abstract Experimental thermal efficiencies for the distributed flow, subatmospheric pressure, flat plate solar collector are reported for a wide range of environmental and operational conditions, and for corrugated Filon and glass covers. Efficiencies for near normal solar incidence are correlated with a parameter formed from the difference between inlet fluid and air temperatures divided by incident solar energy. A mathematical model based on heat transfer concepts applicable to the collector yielded efficiencies which are in close agreement with the corresponding experimental efficiencies when the experimental measurements are inserted into the model.
P.A.M. Dirac and the Development of Modern General Relativity

I provide a very brief sketch of Dirac's Hamiltonian formulation of Einstein's theory, in its relation both to his own earlier work and to contemporary developments.
Quantitative mapping of the elastic modulus of soft materials with HarmoniX and PeakForce QNM AFM modes.

The modulus of elasticity of soft materials on the nanoscale is of interest when studying thin films, nanocomposites, and biomaterials. Two novel modes of atomic force microscopy (AFM) have been introduced recently: HarmoniX and PeakForce QNM. Both modes produce distribution maps of the elastic modulus over the sample surface. Here we investigate the question of how quantitative these maps are when studying soft materials. Three different polymers with a macroscopic Young’s modulus of 0.6–0.7 GPa (polyurethanes) and 2.7 GPa (polystyrene) are analyzed using these new modes. The moduli obtained are compared to the data measured with the other commonly used techniques, dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA), regular AFM, and nanoindenter. We show that the elastic modulus is overestimated in both the HarmoniX and PeakForce QNM modes when using regular sharp probes because of excessively overstressed material in the samples. We further demonstrate that both AFM modes can work in the linear stress–strain regime when...
Effects of feeding and predator exposure on photoresponses during diel vertical migration of brine shrimp larvae

Effects of f&ding-starvation and exposure to a planktivorous fish (Atlantic menhaden larvae) on photoresponses involved in nocturnal diel vertical migration (DVM) of brine shrimp (Artemia) naupliar larvae were measured in a laboratory system that mimics the distribution of underwater angular light. Exposure to predators activated photoresponses involved in the descent response to an increase in light intensity (as at sunrise) within 1 d. Activation was quickly reversed by exposure to clean water and was not affected by feeding or starvation. Thus, brine shrimp nauplii have a phenotypic response to a zooplankton predator. Starvation for 1 d activated photoresponses involved in the ascent response to a decrease in light intensity (as at sunset). Feeding on phytoplankton quickly reversed activation, which was not affected by exposure to predators. Both photoresponses were controlled by levels of light adaptation and initiated by rates of change in intensity such as occur at twilight. Light serves as a directional cue for the ascent response (positive phototaxis). These results provide behavioral evidence to support the hypotheses that descent at sunrise during DVM functions for predator avoidance and ascent at sunset functions for feeding.
Thermodynamic aspects of hydrogen motions in dilute metallic solutions

Abstract Mainly using available precise thermodynamic data for dilute solutions of hydrogen and deuterium in palladium and in the Pd0.9Ag0.1 alloy, we show that the description of the hydrogen atoms as simple harmonic oscillators represents a very crude first approximation only. Similarly, the other simple models which have been advanced are not consistent with all the available thermodynamic data. We propose to consider hydrogen dissolved in metals at high temperature as a very dense liquid rather than as a gas (as is usually done). We have also been led to conclude that the force constant for hydrogen in fcc metals should be slightly larger than for deuterium.
CARDIOVASCULAR STATUS AND SIGNAL AVERAGED ECG IN CHELATED PATIENTS WITH THALASSEMIA MAJOR. 950

CARDIOVASCULAR STATUS AND SIGNAL AVERAGED ECG IN CHELATED PATIENTS WITH THALASSEMIA MAJOR. 950
Rotational skin flaps to cover wound defect in groin

A technique of a lower relaxing incision and use of a rotational skin flap from the anterolateral thigh to close an extensive defect in the inguinal area is described. Its use is especially applicable for palliation in patients with large fungating metastases in the inguinal region.
Mechanical strength and tribological behavior of ion-beam deposited boron nitride films on non-metallic substrates

An investigation was conducted to examine the mechanical strength and tribological properties of boron nitride (BN) films ion-beam deposited on silicon (Si), fused silica (SiO2), gallium arsenide (GaAs), and indium phosphide (InP) substrates in sliding contact with a diamond pin under a load. The results of the investigation indicate that BN films on nonmetallic substrates, like metal films on metallic substrates, deform elastically and plastically in the interfacial region when in contact with a diamond pin. However, unlike metal films and substrates, BN films on nonmetallic substrates can fracture when they are critically loaded. Not only does the yield pressure (hardness) of Si and SiO2 substrates increase by a factor of 2 in the presence of a BN film, but the critical load needed to fracture increases as well. The presence of films on the brittle substrates can arrest crack formation. The BN film reduces adhesion and friction in the sliding contact. BN adheres to Si and SiO2 and forms a good quality film, while it adheres poorly to GaAs and InP. The interfacial adhesive strengths were 1 GPa for a BN film on Si and appreciably higher than 1 GPa for a BN film on SiO2.
Cooperation, conflict, or disengagement? Coparenting styles and father involvement in fragile families.

This paper draws on information from the Fragile Families Study (N = 2,695) to examine how different coparenting styles emerge and are related to fathers' involvement with young children in a representative sample of unmarried parents. The results show that the quantity and quality of paternal involvement is significantly higher when unmarried parents establish a cooperative as opposed to a disengaged or conflicted coparenting style. Cooperative coparenting is less likely, however, when unmarried parents have separated after the birth or were never together as a couple, when fathers are unemployed or have other risk factors, when the child has a more difficult temperament, and when parents have fewer children together. This analysis also helps clarify previously equivocal findings concerning the relationship between coparenting conflict and paternal involvement. Regression results show that paternal involvement is not significantly different among parents with cooperative and mixed coparenting styles, indicating that when unmarried parents can work together and support each other's parenting efforts, even if they argue frequently while doing so, fathers remain more involved. At the same time, conflicted coparenting leads to a larger decrease in father involvement than disengaged coparenting. In the context of poorer-quality coparenting relationships, it was conflict that mattered for fathering, not just parents' inability to cooperate. Implications of these findings for parenting education programs are discussed.
Scientific and Hydrographic use of the Bathymetric SWATH Survey System

The Bathymetric Swath Survey System (BSSS), in use on the NOAA Ship DAVIDSON, is an important mapping tool for both the scientific and hydrographic user. The 36 kHz system covers the sea floor in a swath of 21 beams, each 5 degrees wide, for a total swath width of 105 degrees. That is equivalent to 2 1/2 times the water depth being surveyed. It is designed for use in water depths up to 600 meters. By overlapping adjacent swaths, one can obtain complete survey coverage of key areas such as navigational corridors. An example is shown of BSSS data from a recent survey of the San Andreas Fault. The BSSS data from that survey were complemented by the simultaneous operation of a 3.5 kHz sub-bottom profiler and the ship's 100 kHz narrow beam echo sounder.
Cardiac rhythm disturbances among children with idiopathic congenital central hypoventilation syndrome.

The objective of this study was to determine whether subjects with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) had an increased frequency of cardiac arrhythmias and decreased heart rate variability when compared to subjects without a known deficit in control of breathing, and that these abnormalities would be exaggerated by anesthesia. Continuous ambulatory Holter recordings were obtained in patients with CCHS and compared to two otherwise healthy control groups without a deficit in control of breathing: one with an intact airway (n = 11) and a second group with a tracheostomy (n = 6). Holter recordings were obtained before, during (under general anesthesia), and after bronchoscopy. Fourteen children with CCHS (age: 9.3 +/- 4.4 years mean +/- S.D.) were studied, and 7 underwent bronchoscopy. Seventeen control children were studied (age 6.6 +/- 3.6 years): 11 without a tracheostomy, and 6 with a tracheostomy who also underwent bronchoscopy. Maximum heart rate during baseline recording was significantly lower in the CCHS subjects as compared to controls (P = 0.0001). At baseline the difference in the number of arrhythmias/24 hr/subject in all CCHS vs. all control subjects was significant (P = 0.0002); for the subjects who had bronchoscopy, CCHS vs. control, the difference was also significant (P = 0.03). In addition, there was a significant decrease in the number of events/24 hr/subject among the CCHS subjects between baseline and post-bronchoscopy (P = 0.0288). The predominant arrhythmias were sinus bradycardia and transient asystole. The longest asystole in a CCHS subject was 6.50 sec, and in a control subject, 1.42 sec (at baseline the means of the longest asystole were 2.69 +/- 1.4 vs. 1.24 +/- 0.13; P = 0.003 in the CCHS vs. control groups). Other indices of heart rate variability were significantly reduced in the CCHS subjects (P < 0.05). These results substantiate our hypothesis that subjects with CCHS have more arrhythmias than controls, an increased frequency of bradyarrhythmias, and decreased cyclical sinus arrhythmia.
The reversible control of animal cell differentiation by the thymidine analog, 5-bromodeoxyuridine☆

Abstract In addition to suppressing reversibly the differentiation of chicken embryo skeletal muscle cells in culture, BUdR also reversibly suppresses the resumption of specialized synthesis by sternal cartilage and pigmented retina cells in culture. This effect is demonstrated best at concentrations of the drug which do not interfere with cell proliferation. Only mitotically active cells are sensitive, and treatment for less than one generation time is sufficient, at least for chondrocytes. Inhibition of DNA synthesis during exposure to BUdR prevents the suppression, as does competition by equimolar concentrations of TdR. Suppressed cells exhibit an indistinctive morphology, produce little or no myosin, acid muco-polysaccharide or melanin, but retain their commitment to differentiate into the specific cell type for which they were previously determined. The findings are discussed with respect to their implications for the mechanisms controlling cellular differentiation.
Comparison of gas chromatography detection limits and relative responses of common alternative fluorocarbons using electron capture, atomic emission, and mass spectrometry detection

Abstract Detection limits for several common alternative fluorocarbons (AFCs) using electron capture detector (ECD), mass spectrometry (MS) and atomic emission detector (AED) gas chromatography (GC) are determined and compared. Mass detection limits for chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) CFC-12, and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) HCFC-22, HCFC-123 and HCFC-124 are found to be in the picogram range. Those of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) HFC-125, HFC-134a and HFC-152a are found to be in nanograms using ECD and in the picogram range for the MS and AED. HFC-152a was not detected by the ECD. Relative ECD responses for all AFCs are at least one order of magnitude lower than that for CFC-12. The relative MS responses are found to be in the same order of magnitude of that for CFC-12. For the AED, all AFCs had somewhat higher responses than CFC-12 with the exception of HFC-152a, which showed the same response than CFC-12. The mass detection limits for 1 L sample with a signal-to-noise of 3σ is in the low ppt (v/v) for AED and MS. ECD has a limit of detection of about one order of magnitude higher than other detectors for the HCFCs, and a limit of detection in the nanogram range for the HFCs. MS has slightly higher sensitivity than the AED, and both detector proved to be far better for the detection of the AFCs than the ECD. Preconcentration of whole-air sample is required for all tested methods to make measurements at predicted levels. An amount of 1–10 L samples are needed for AED and MS while ECD requires 10–100 L samples for HCFCs and over 100 L for the HFCs. A more sensitive detector is still needed to perform in situ analysis without preconcentration for the current atmospheric concentrations.
Ductal Carcinoma In Situ with Microinvasion: Prognostic Implications, Long-term Outcomes, and Role of Axillary Evaluation

Purpose To compare the clinical-pathologic features and long-term outcomes for women with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) vs. DCIS with microinvasion (DCISM) treated with breast conservation therapy (BCT), to assess the impact of microinvasion. Patients and Methods A total of 393 patients with DCIS/DCISM from our database were analyzed to assess differences in clinical-pathologic features and outcomes for the two cohorts. Results The median follow-up was 8.94 years, and the mean age was 55.8 years for the entire group. The DCISM cohort was comprised of 72 of 393 patients (18.3%). Surgical evaluation of the axilla was performed in 58.3% ( n = 42) of DCISM vs. 18.1% ( n = 58) of DCIS, with only 1 of 42 DCISM (2.3%) vs. 0 of 58 DCIS with axillary metastasis. Surgical axillary evaluation was not an independent predictor of local-regional relapse (LRR), distant relapse-free survival (DRFS), or overall survival (OS) in Cox proportional hazards analysis ( p > 0.05). For the DCIS vs. DCISM groups, respectively, the 10-year breast relapse-free survival was 89.0% vs. 90.7% ( p = 0.36), DRFS was 98.5% vs. 97.9% ( p = 0.78), and OS was 93.2% vs. 95.7% ( p = 0.95). The presence of microinvasion did not correlate with LRR, age, presentation, race, family history, margin status, and use of adjuvant hormonal therapy (all p > 0.05). In univariate analysis, pathology (DCIS vs. DCISM) was not an independent predictor of LRR (hazard ratio [HR], 1.58; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.58–4.30; p = 0.36), DRFS (HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.07–6.95; p = 0.77), or OS (HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.28–3.82; p = 0.95). Conclusions Our data imply that the natural history of DCISM closely resembles that of DCIS, with a low incidence of local-regional and distant failures. On the basis of our large dataset, the incidence of axillary metastasis in DCISM appears to be small and not appear to correlate to outcomes, and thus, microinvasion alone should not be the sole criterion for more aggressive treatment.
The effects of cocaine free extracts of the coca leaf on food consumption and locomotor activity

Abstract The effects of two cocaine free fractions of an ethanol extract of the coca leaf (E. coca) were compared using actometric and limited access food comsumption paradigms in rats. Several intraperitoneal doses of two different fractions were tested in both procedures. Neither of the fractions produced any alteration in locomotor activity. Both fractions did, however, produce reductions in food consumption at two or more of the doses tested. The results clearly demonstrate that the coca leaf contains constituents other than cocaine that are biologically active.
Pathways to Adulthood in Changing Societies: Variability and Mechanisms in Life Course Perspective

The transition to adulthood has become a thriving area of research in life course studies. This review is organized around two of the field's emerging themes. The first theme is the increasing variability in pathways to adult roles through historical time. The second theme is a heightened sensitivity to transition behaviors as developmental processes. Accounts of such processes typically examine the active efforts of young people to shape their biographies or the socially structured opportunities and limitations that define pathways into adulthood. By joining these concepts, I suggest new lines of inquiry that focus on the interplay between agency and social structures in the shaping of lives.
Aspirin and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Objective Recent evidence has suggested a potential beneficial effect of aspirin on the risk of aneurysm rupture. This benefit must be weighed against its potential adverse effects as an antiplatelet agent in the setting of acute aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Methods A total of 747 consecutive patients with cerebral aneurysms were reviewed, comparing demographics, aneurysm features, presenting clinical and radiographic grades, vasospasm, and outcome at 1 year between patients with aneurysmal SAH taking aspirin on presentation and those who were not. Results The rate of hemorrhagic presentation was significantly greater in patients not taking aspirin (40% vs. 28%; P = 0.016). Among 274 patients presenting with aneurysmal SAH, there was no significant difference in presenting clinical (Hunt and Hess) and radiographic (Fisher) grade between patients taking aspirin and those who were not. There was also no significant difference in the rate of subsequent angiographic and delayed cerebral ischemia. Multivariate analysis of outcome at 1 year found only increasing age (odds ratio [OR] 1.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04–1.12), Hunt and Hess grade (OR 3.01, 95% CI 1.81–5.03), and associated hypertension (OR 3.30, 95% CI 1.39–7.81) to be statistically significant risk factors for poor outcome (death or dependence), whereas aspirin use was not associated with poor outcome (OR 1.19, 95% CI 0.35–4.09; P = 0.78). Conclusions In the present study, patients taking aspirin had a lower rate of hemorrhagic presentation. In addition, taking aspirin did not adversely impact presenting clinical grade or radiographic grade, vasospasm, and outcome in the setting of aneurysmal SAH.
Note on a Test of Monotone Association Insensitive to Outliers

Abstract A measure of monotone association for a bivariate sample is the difference between the largest number of points that lie on a non-decreasing path through the sample and the largest number of points that lie on a nonincreasing path through the sample. If the sample is from two independent continuous random variables, exact distributions of this quantity are computed for sample sizes up to 9, and some empirical results are given for large sample sizes. A test based on this measure is shown to be more powerful in the presence of outliers than the rank correlation test. The statistic is easy to compute for moderate sample sizes, and the critical values are seen to change slowly with increasing sample size.
MUSE: a multilevel symbolic encoding algorithm for state assignment

A state assignment algorithm called multiple symbolic encoding (MUSE) is presented for the encoding of finite state machines targeted for multilevel implementation. The computation of weights of state pairs is based on a multilevel representation of the 1-hot encoded state machine. Three types of state pairs-OR, COMPLEX, and MORE-COMPLEX-are defined in the context of multilevel representations of finite state machines. Thus, both Boolean and algebraic operations are used to calculate the weights of state pairs. Methods for computing present-state and next-state weight matrices are presented. The three pair weights are used to compute the present state terms, and MIS-like common cube extraction techniques are used to estimate the encoding affinity between each next-state pair. >
Localization of Motor Cortex with Median Nerve Somatosensory Evoked Potentials

Motor cortex localization can be helpful during a craniotomy. Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) can help with this task. The primary cortical SSEP from median nerve stimulation is generally easily and quickly defined on the exposed cerebral cortex. Several types of recording electrodes can be used. Interpretation is usually based upon several features, including the maximum N20 amplitude, phase reversal of N20-P20 across the central fissure, and the presence of small step-like negative potentials leading up to the N20 over the primary sensory cortex. Localization of the motor cortex is most often applied in situations in which the surgeon can use some discretion in defining the limits of a resection or the location of a biopsy.
Are the Spatio-Temporal Firings of Pyramidal Cells and Interneurons Markers of Impending Seizures?

Current pharmacological, electrophysiological, and surgical treatments are not always effective for all epileptic syndromes. In analyzing the clinical utility, traditional EEG analysis provides a coarse representation of the neuronal activity and we hypothesize that for chronic, in vivo epilepsy research more specific electrophysiological techniques are necessary. In order to increase our understanding of single unit behavior in an epileptic network, this study recorded pre-seizure single unit firing rates from pyramidal cells and interneurons in an epileptic rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy. The information gained from this study seeks to aid in the development of new seizure warning and control methods.
Study on flow fields in high specific speed centrifugal compressor with unpinched vaneless diffuser

Performance of centrifugal compressors strongly depends on their internal flow fields. CFD has become indispensable tool for getting the information about flow fields in centrifugal compressors. CFD codes are usually validated by some representative data or compared with calculated results by other CFD codes, in order to ensure their accuracies. However, learning their accuracies for all types of centrifugal compressor’s specifications requires continuous works that compare experimental data obtained in developmental processes of various types of centrifugal compressors with CFD results. A prediction of a performance and a flow field of a centrifugal compressor by CFD is relatively accurate when the impact of separation and secondary flow on that flow field is weak, i.e. near design condition. Centrifugal compressors are deemed to have a wide operating range alongside high efficiencies at design points. Hence the prediction accuracy of CFD at off design conditions, where the impacts of separation and secondary flow on the flow field are strong, is critical for the design of the centrifugal compressors. This study therefore investigated the prediction accuracy of CFD using a centrifugal compressor whose geometry was intentionally changed to have a distorted flow field over a whole operating range, i.e. from choke to surge.
Exploring the Neural Correlates of Visual Creativity

Although creativity has been called the most important of all human resources, its neural basis is still unclear. In the current study, we used fMRI to measure neural activity in participants solving a visuospatial creativity problem that involves divergent thinking and has been considered a canonical right hemisphere task. As hypothesized, both the visual creativity task and the control task as compared to rest activated a variety of areas including the posterior parietal cortex bilaterally and motor regions, which are known to be involved in visuospatial rotation of objects. However, directly comparing the two tasks indicated that the creative task more strongly activated left hemisphere regions including the posterior parietal cortex, the premotor cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the medial PFC. These results demonstrate that even in a task that is specialized to the right hemisphere, robust parallel activity in the left hemisphere supports creative processing. Furthermore, the results support the notion that higher motor planning may be a general component of creative improvisation and that such goal-directed planning of novel solutions may be organized top-down by the left DLPFC and by working memory processing in the medial prefrontal cortex.
Semi-supervised Learning with Penalized Probabilistic Clustering

While clustering is usually an unsupervised operation, there are circumstances in which we believe (with varying degrees of certainty) that items A and B should be assigned to the same cluster, while items A and C should not. We would like such pairwise relations to influence cluster assignments of out-of-sample data in a manner consistent with the prior knowledge expressed in the training set. Our starting point is probabilistic clustering based on Gaussian mixture models (GMM) of the data distribution. We express clustering preferences in the prior distribution over assignments of data points to clusters. This prior penalizes cluster assignments according to the degree with which they violate the preferences. We fit the model parameters with EM. Experiments on a variety of data sets show that PPC can consistently improve clustering results.
Cylindrospermopsis in Lake Erie: Testing its Association with Other Cyanobacterial Genera and Major Limnological Parameters

ABSTRACT We report the first documented observation of the potentially toxic cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis in Lake Erie and Sandusky Bay in 2005 (0.043–1.326 mg L−1 wet weight, 16–1,942 trichomes mL−1) and quantify the physical and chemical parameters and the cyanobacterial community composition contemporaneous to its occurrence. We hypothesize that the high temperature, low light intensity, and high nutrient content of Sandusky Bay, a shallow, drowned river mouth along the southwestern shore of Lake Erie, provides an ideal habitat for Cylindrospermopsis. This is consistent with published laboratory and field studies that show these physical and chemical conditions facilitate Cylindrospermopsis growth. Using multivariate statistics, we found that Cylindrospermopsis biomass correlated with high temperatures and shallow depths, conditions often found in Sandusky Bay. Light climate and nutrient concentrations were not associated with Cylindrospermopsis biomass, most likely because the light climate did n...
Molecular dynamics study of crystal plasticity during nanoindentation in Ni nanowires

Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to gain fundamental insight into crystal plasticity, and its size effects in nanowires deformed by spherical indentation. This work focused on -oriented single-crystal, defect-free Ni nanowires of cylindrical shape with diameters of 12 and 30 nm. The indentation of thin films was also comparatively studied to characterize the influence of free surfaces in the emission and absorption of lattice dislocations in single-crystal Ni. All of the simulations were conducted at 300 K by using a virtual spherical indenter of 18 nm in diameter with a displacement rate of 1 m·s−1. No significant effect of sample size was observed on the elastic response and mean contact pressure at yield point in both thin films and nanowires. In the plastic regime, a constant hardness of 21 GPa was found in thin films for penetration depths larger than 0.8 nm, irrespective of variations in film thickness. The major finding of this work is that the hardness of the nanowires decreases as the sample diameter decreases, causing important softening effects in the smaller nanowire during indentation. The interactions of prismatic loops and dislocations, which are emitted beneath the contact tip, with free boundaries are shown to be the main factor for the size dependence of hardness in single-crystal Ni nanowires during indentation.