cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PEPTIDE HYDROLYSIS IN LENS : ROLE OF LEUCINE AMINOPEPTIDASE, AMINOPEPTIDASE III, PROLYLOLIGOPEPTIDASE AND ACYLPEPTIDEHYDROLASE

The distribution of leucine aminopeptidase, aminopeptidase III, prolyloligopeptidase and acylpeptidehydrolase activities in different regions of a bovine lens was determined and correlated with the distribution of crystallin fragments (measured as < 18 kDa protein) and water-insoluble proteins in the same lens. A gradient of activity was observed for all the peptidases tested, with the highest specific activity present in the cortical fibers which decreased to one half or below in the inner cortical fibers and nucleus. An inverse correlation between peptidase activities and the amount of crystallin fragments was observed in different regions of the lens. However, a direct correlation between the water-insoluble protein content and the crystallin fragments was observed in all fibers of the same lens. The amount of crystallin fragments and the amount of water-insoluble proteins increased from 2.7% and 8% in the outer cortical fibers to 13% and 68% in the nucleus of the same lens. The water-insoluble fraction from both cortical and nuclear fibers however displayed 4-5 fold more crystallin fragments compared to that present in the water-soluble fraction of the same preparation. When the bovine lens cortical and nuclear extracts were tested for their ability to hydrolyze the peptide substrate, Ile-Ser-bradykinin, the cortical extract was found to be at least ten times superior to the nuclear extract. Prior inactivation of prolyloligopeptidase and other serine proteases by diisopropylfluorophosphate however diminished the ability of the cortical extract to hydrolyze peptide substrates. Bovine lens cortical extract was able to completely hydrolyze alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone as well as N-Acetyl-Met-Asp-Arg-Val-Leu-Ser-Arg-Tyr showing the presence of active acylpeptidehydrolase facilitating the complete hydrolysis of N-terminally blocked peptides. The human lens extract was found to contain both diisopropylfluorophosphate sensitive and resistant enzymes capable of hydrolyzing peptide substrates.
DRUG UTILIZATION DURING THE PERINATAL PERIOD

In a progressive study, 231 gravid females and their progeny were monitored to assess drug utilization during the perinatal period. The patients came from a middle to high socioeconomic population and delivered in a university hospital. Gravid patients were found to take a mean (M) of 9.6 drug preparations (DP) during the prenatal course with a range of 1-37; 6.4 DP (R=0-28) were prescription drugs; 3.2 DP (R=0-12) were over the counter drugs; and .03 drugs (R=0-3) were not identified. Twenty-five percent of patients received a drug chronically throughout pregnancy. Ninety percent were prescribed. The mother received a M = 6.0 (R=0-14) drugs during labor and delivery. Single drugs were administered during L&D, whereas DP containing multiple agents were ingested during the prenatal course. During the post partum course the mother received a M = 8.7 drug preparations (R=1-25). Thirty-nine percent of the mothers were discharged home on medications. Fifty-nine percent of the mothers who were breast feeding were sent home on medications. During the nursery stay the progeny received a M = 3.1 drugs (R=1-15) with 23% of the infants receiving 4-15. In infants who received >6 drugs, 40% were treated because of a direct or indirect effect of maternal drugs. Within the first natal days the average newborn infant had been exposed to a M = 18.7 drugs by intrauterine or extrauterine exposure. Breast fed infants may be exposed to an additional 7.7 (R=2-15) drugs.
The Constructivist Researcher as Teacher and Model Builder

The constructivist teaching experiment is used in formulating explanations of children’s mathematical behavior. Essentially, a teaching experiment consists of a series of teaching episodes and individual interviews that covers an extended period of time—anywhere from 6 weeks to 2 years. The explanations we formulate consist of models—constellations of theoretical constructs—that represent our understanding of children’s mathematical realities. However, the models must be distinguished from what might go on in children’s heads. They are formulated in the context of intensive interactions with children. Our emphasis on the researcher as teacher stems from our view that children’s construction of mathematical knowledge is greatly influenced by the experience they gain through interaction with their teacher. Although some of the researchers might not teach, all must act as model builders to ensure that the models reflect the teacher’s understanding of the children.
Neonatal Alcohol Exposure Produces Hyperactivity in High-Alcohol-Sensitive But Not in Low-Alcohol-Sensitive Rats

Abstract Children of women who consume high amounts of alcohol during their pregnancies vary greatly in physical and behavioral outcomes. Although many factors, such as dose and timing of exposure, undoubtedly contribute to this variation, one important determinant may be genetic differences in the response to alcohol. The present study examined activity levels in high alcohol sensitivity (HAS) and low alcohol sensitivity (LAS) rats following neonatal alcohol exposure. These lines were selectively bred for extremes in ethanol-induced “sleep times.” The HAS and LAS offspring were exposed to alcohol via an artificial rearing procedure using the “pup-in-the-cup” technique. Rat pups were exposed to ethanol (6 g/kg/day) from postnatal day (PD) 4 through 7 and faded to a dose of 3 g/kg/day on PD 8 and 9. An artificially reared gastrostomy control group (GC) and a normally reared suckle control group (SC) were also included. Activity level was measured on PD 18 through PD 21 for 30 min daily in automated activity monitors. Neonatal ethanol exposure produced overactivity in HAS rats, relative to their controls, but the same ethanol treatment had no effect on the LAS rats. Importantly, there were no differences in blood alcohol concentrations (around 420 mg/dl) between the two lines during the treatment period. These data suggest that genetic differences in response to alcohol may be a predictor for some of the behavioral teratogenic effects of alcohol.
Absorption and Deposition of Choline in Laying Hens

Abstract INTRODUCTION ONLY in recent years have we begun to realize the importance of choline as an essential factor in the normal growth and development of animals as well as in man. This is particularly evident in young animals and birds. Choline is a B-complex vitamin belonging to the lipotropic factor group in biological systems although some authors do not regard it as a vitamin (Ewing, 1963). Its involvement in methylation and demethylation reactions are becoming more evident as research of this metabolite progresses. Injections of methyl-14 C labeled methionine produced an activity for choline in rats of approximately 38% indicating that one probable acceptor of the methyl group of methionine for choline synthesis is ethanolamine or its dimethyl derivatives (Sterkol et al., 1953). Lust and Daniel (1964) while studying the biosynthesis of methyl groups of choline in vitamin B12 deficient Ochromonas malhemensis found that formate-14 C and formaldehyde-14 C incorporation into phospholipid choline…
Pain in Aging Community-Dwelling Adults in the United States: Non-Hispanic Whites, Non-Hispanic Blacks, and Hispanics

Abstract Racial and ethnic disparities in healthcare persist in the U.S. Although pain is one of the most prevalent and disabling symptoms of disease, only a few studies have assessed disparities in pain in large racially and ethnically diverse, middle- to late aged community samples, thus limiting the generalizability of study findings in broader populations. With data from the 2000 Health and Retirement Study, we assessed the prevalence and impact of pain in a community sample of aging (≥51 years old) non-Hispanic whites (n = 11,021), non-Hispanic blacks (n = 1,804), and Hispanics (n = 952) in the U.S. Pain, pain severity, activity limitation as a result of pain, comorbid conditions, and sociodemographic variables were assessed. Results showed that pain prevalence was 28%, and 17% of the sample reported activity limitation as a result of pain. Non-Hispanic blacks (odds ratio [OR], 1.78; 99% confidence interval [CI], 1.33-2.37) and Hispanics (OR, 1.80; 99% CI, 1.26-2.56) had higher risk for severe pain compared with non-Hispanic whites. Analyses of respondents with pain (n = 3,811) showed that having chronic diseases (2 comorbid conditions, OR, 1.5; 99% CI, 1.09-2.17), psychological distress (OR, 1.99; 99% CI, 1.54-2.43), being a Medicaid recipient (OR, 1.63; 99% CI, 1.17-2.25), and lower educational level (OR, 1.45; 99% CI, 1.14-1.85) were significant predictors for severe pain and helped to explain racial/ethnic differences in pain severity. Perspective This study, which used a large racially and ethnically diverse community sample, provided empirical evidence that racial/ethnic difference in pain severity in aging community adults in the U.S. can be accounted for by differential vulnerability in terms of chronic disease, socioeconomic conditions, and access to care.
Early postoperative computed tomography after surgical treatment of calcaneal fractures: a brief report

Summary Computed tomography (CT) was performed to evaluate fracture reduction and hardware position within 2 days after surgical treatment of a comminuted, intra-articular fracture of the calcaneus in five patients, and calcaneus and talus in another. In two of these patients, the postoperative CT scan revealed the presence of screw threads in the subtalar joint in both cases, that had not been identified visually or fluoroscopically at surgery. The screws were removed after sufficient healing had occurred, prior to resumption of weight bearing. Therefore, the early postoperative CT scan provided information not clearly evident from intraoperative evaluation or postoperative radiography, and resulted in important changes in patient management which might otherwise not have been considered.
Calculation of the one-photon decay rate of the polyelectron P++-

We calculate the one-photon decay rate of the polyelectron P/sup + + -/ in the ground state to be 8.8 x 10/sup -2/ sec/sup -1/. Implications for possible explanations of the anomalous peaks observed in heavy-ion collisions are briefly discussed.
A method to prepare soluble polyaniline salt solutions — in situ doping of PANI base with organic dopants in polar solvents

Abstract Soluble PANI salt solutions can be prepared by mixing PANI base solutions with organic doping solutions in select polar solvents such as NMP and DMSO. Dopants containing carboxylate or amino groups, such as sulfosalicylic and m -sulfanic acids, yield soluble salt solutions. Free-standing films prepared from these solutions have a conductivity close to the value obtained in a pressed pellet doped with the identical dopant. UV-Vis spectra demonstrate the co-existence of highly doped and undoped phases in the partially doped solutions indicating that the doping process may not be a homogeneous one.
Vibrational assignment of the Raman active modes of 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione using DFT calculations.

A complete assignment of the Raman active modes of 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione in the 100−4000 cm-1 spectral region is reported. Intense well resolved spectra of solid phendione with high S/N are reported. Assignment of the normal modes with appropriate symmetry representation symbols was achieved by employing density functional theory calculations. Our calculations were modeled on results previously reported for phenanthroline. Results of the B3LYP calculations were consistent and established that phendione possess sixty fundamentals.
Beta carotene decreases total fluorescence from human arteries

The influence of β-carotene content on laser-induced total fluorescence is evaluated in vitro, using human arteries at 488-nm excitation. The investigation demonstrates that the β-carotene content in normal arteries increases with a longer period of incubation in β-carotene solution. This is associated with a decrease in the total fluorescence emission at 488-nm excitation. A decrease of 52% in the total fluorescence emitted from the arterial tissue is noted with the increased β-carotene deposition after incubation. The experimental data are highly correlated with theoretical analyses, derived by using the Kubelka-Munk and Lambert-Beer models, which incorporate parameters of β-carotene content in arterial tissue (r = 0.94 and r = 0.91 , respectively). Total fluorescence from 138 samples of various types of atherosclerotic plaques is compared with that from normal arteries used as controls. Total fluorescence gradually decreases with longer incubation periods in β-carotene solution. For all atherosclerotic plaques, the normalized fluorescence of 0.30 ± 0.16 at initial incubation decreases to 0.23 ± 0.12 after 6 d of incubation (p < 0.005). The value then decreases to 0.19 ± 0.10 after 12 d of incubation (p < 0.005 compared to the initial and 6 d of incubation). Seventy-nine plaques with surface fissures exhibited an accelerated reduction in total fluorescence when compared to nonfissured plaque.
Travel time and transportation policy

Abstract This paper examines the relationship between traffic congestion and travel time. A model is developed where both travel time and the number of peak-hour trips are simultaneously determined. The model is estimated by two-stage least squares using traffic data from the Boston metropolitan area. The estimates are used to generate implications for transportation policy. The paper suggests that commuters are substantially more responsive to changes in travel time than to changes in price.
Asymmetrical distribution of the potential difference in the toad lens.

THE electrical p.d. across the plasma membrane of cells may be either uniformly distributed around its surface or, as in composite epithelial membranes such as the amphibian skin and urinary bladder, asymmetrically distributed. In the former type of cell, ion transport takes place from the inside to the outside of the cell. In the latter, ions move between the bathing solutions across the entire cell.
Positive Psychological Attributes and Cardiac Outcomes: Associations, Mechanisms, and Interventions

Background: Intervention research at the intersection of psychiatry and cardiology has primarily focused on the relationship between negative psychological syndromes (e.g., depression) and cardiac outcomes, with less emphasis on positive psychological attributes, such as optimism, gratitude, and well-being, as they relate to cardiac disease. Methods: Literature is reviewed in three specific areas regarding positive attributes and cardiac disease: (1) associations between positive attributes and cardiac outcomes, (2) potential mechanisms— both behavioral and physiologic—by which positive psychological states may impact cardiovascular health, and (3) interventions aimed at cultivating positive psychological attributes in healthy and medically ill persons. Results: There is significant evidence that positive psychological attributes—especially optimism—may be independently associated with superior cardiac outcomes. Positive attributes appear to be associated with increased participation in cardiac health behaviors (e.g., healthy eating, physical activity) linked to beneficial outcomes; data linking positive psychological states and biomarkers of cardiac health (e.g., inflammatory markers) is mixed but suggests a potential association. Positive psychological interventions have consistently been associated with improved well-being and reduced depressive symptoms, though there have been few such studies in the medically ill. Conclusions: These findings regarding the relationship between positive psychological attributes and cardiac health are promising and suggest that positive psychology interventions may be worth study in this population. However, questions remain about the strength and specificity of these relationships, the most salient positive psychological attributes, and the impact of positive psychological interventions on health outcomes in cardiac patients. (Psychosomatics 2012; 53:303–318)
The (un)importance of geographical mobility in the Great Recession

Abstract Unemployment during and after the Great Recession has been persistently high. One concern is that the housing bust reduced geographical mobility and prevented workers from moving for jobs. We characterize flows out of unemployment that are related to geographical mobility to construct an upper bound on the effect of mobility on unemployment between 2007 and 2012. The effect of geographical mobility is always small: Using pre-recession mobility rates, decreased mobility can account for only an 11 basis points increase in the unemployment rate over the period. Using dynamics of renter geographical mobility in this period to calculate homeowner counterfactual mobility, delivers similar results. Using the highest mobility rate observed in the data, reduced mobility accounts for only a 33 basis points increase in the unemployment rate.
Sick kids look sick.

Annals of Emergency Medicine - In Press.Proof corrected by the author Available online since dimanche 21 decembre 2014
Energy-efficient extraction of fuel and chemical feedstocks from algae

Microscopic algae occupies every photic niche on Earth and provides an efficient and inherently scalable sunlight energy capture and chemical storage mechanism. However, fuel production from algae remains outside economic viability due to limitations in biomass cultivation and feedstock extraction. In particular, extraction strategies require prohibitive energy inputs to breach the cell wall and separate lipids, while underutilizing polysaccharide- and protein-rich leftovers. Also due to focus on lipids, cultivars become either unstable or unproductive. Meanwhile, recent advances have demonstrated the synthesis of a variety of fuels and other chemicals from sugars and proteins. Here, the energy-efficient deconstruction of algae cell walls, resulting in release of cell contents, is reported. This occurs by dissolution and hydrolysis of wet algae biomass in ionic liquids without acids, bases or other catalysts. Deconstruction reached completion in <50 min regardless of algae species, at 100 to 140 °C and atmospheric pressure. Based on this finding, a simple process that converts wet algae biomass into constituent fractions is proposed and modeled. These results show it is possible to eliminate intensive energy demand currently hindering the economic viability of algae while co-producing sugar and protein feedstocks that tie into emerging fuel and chemical conversion paths.
Melting of an infinite solid with a spherical cavity

Abstract The embedding technique is employed to obtain the short time exact analytical solution for the melting or solidification of an infinite body with a spherical cavity, with melting or solidification starting from the interior surface of the cavity. General cases of zero and infinite rates of ablation are considered, with particular emphasis on the Neumann problem and the case corresponding to a sudden rise of temperature. Numerical results are presented, and the validity and accuracy of the solutions are briefly discussed.
Constraints on Light Majorana dark Matter from Colliders

Abstract We explore model-independent collider constraints on light Majorana dark matter particles. We find that colliders provide a complementary probe of WIMPs to direct detection, and give the strongest current constraints on light DM particles. Collider experiments can access interactions not probed by direct detection searches, and outperform direct detection experiments by about an order of magnitude for certain operators in a large part of parameter space. For operators which are suppressed at low momentum transfer, collider searches have already placed constraints on such operators limiting their use as an explanation for DAMA.
Glycitein activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase via vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling in nontumorigenic (RWPE-1) prostate epithelial cells

Abstract Increased consumption of soy is associated with a decreased risk for prostate cancer; however, the specific cellular mechanisms responsible for this anticancer activity are unknown. Dietary modulation of signaling cascades controlling cellular growth, proliferation and differentiation has emerged as a potential chemopreventive mechanism. The present study examined the effects of four soy isoflavones (genistein, daidzein, glycitein and equol) on extracellularsignal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) activity in a nontumorigenic prostate epithelial cell line (RWPE-1). All four isoflavones (10 μmol/L) significantly increased ERK1/2 activity in RWPE-1 cells, as determined by immunoblotting. Isoflavone-induced ERK1/2 activation was rapid and sustained for approximately 2 h posttreatment. Glycitein, the most potent activator of ERK1/2, decreased RWPE-1 cell proliferation by 40% (P
Development of SIS mixers for 1 THz

SIS heterodyne mixer technology based on niobium tunnel junctions has now been pushed to frequencies over 1 THz, clearly demonstrating that the SIS junctions are capable of mixing at frequencies up to twice the energy gap frequency (4 Delta/h). However, the performance degrades rapidly above the gap frequency of niobium (2 Delta/h approx. 700 GHz) due to substantial ohmic losses in the on-chip tuning circuit. To solve this problem, the tuning circuit should be fabricated using a superconducting film with a larger energy gap, such as NbN; unfortunately, NbN films often have a substantial excess surface resistance in the submillimeter band. In contrast, the SIS mixer measurements we present in this paper indicate that the losses for NbTiN thin films can be quite low.
EVALUATION OF PLANT PROTEINS TO SOLVE NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS OF THE THIRD WORLD

In most countries of the third world, foods of plant origin are the primary sources of dietary protein; in many of these countries, dietary protein often is supplied solely from plant sources. Under these conditions, the nutritive value of the protein in the diets may be low due to amino acid deficiencies or imbalances. Alternately if the protein level is low in the plant sources, then the total amount of dietary protein may be inadequate. Various approaches have been used to increase the amount of utilizable protein. Those discussed include amino acid fortification, uses of protein mixtures (protein supplementation and complementation), and genetic alterations of food crops. The need for nutritional improvement of plant proteins is considered in relation to the current questions about protein requirements and the adequacy of plant foods in meeting protein requirements. The dependence for success of any protein-improvement upon non-nutritional, socio-economic factors is noted.
Effects of lithium chloride on cardiovascular responses induced by cholinergic and adrenergic stimulations.

Abstract Right vagus nerve of pentobarbital-anesthetized rabbits was stimulated at different voltages after infusion of normal saline and of lithium chloride solution in distilled water. Lithium chloride infusion at a rate of 0.25 mEq/0.25 ml/min for 30 min decreased the effects of vagal stimulation on blood pressure and heart rate significantly when compared to those following saline infusion. Lithium chloride also decreased the effects of exogenous acetylchlonie. However, lithium failed to modify the effects of either cardiac accelerator nerve stimulation or of injection of norepinephrine.
Characteristics of Rejection Letters and Their Effects on Job Applicants.

This study attempted to describe the structural and content characteristics of actual employment rejection letters (following job screening interviews). Their impact on applicants' feelings about themselves (self-concept and self-satisfaction) and about letters (perceptions of letter clarity, “personalness” and appreciative tone) are assessed. Results provide a profile of the “typical” rejection letter and indicate that while few of the letter characteristics affected applicants' feelings about themselves, a number of these attributes were related to applicants' perceptions of the letters.
Managing patients with alcoholic cirrhosis.

This article focuses on the etiology, complications, and treatment of alcoholic cirrhosis. Nursing care of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis is based on an understanding of normal hepatic functions, the systemic effects of cirrhosis and related complications, and the treatment options. [Dimens Crit Care Nurs 2000:19(2):23-30]
Can consumption of convenience products reveal the opportunity cost of time

Abstract I examine how people’s consumption of time-saving products can be used to estimate the shadow value of time. I use a household production model to motivate an empirical approach that can be implemented using survey data.
Nucleation of One Polymorph by Another

Nucleation of one polymorph by another has been observed directly in the melt crystallization of d-mannitol and d-sorbitol. The new polymorph nucleated on an existing one and grew to dominate the end product. This effect is relevant to controlling polymorphism in the manufacture of specialty chemicals and to developing theories of polymorphic nucleation and concomitant polymorphs, for which current efforts emphasize homogeneous nucleation of alternative polymorphs.
How to consolidate Trevor’s experience and knowledge? Impossibilities, reflections on possibilities, and call to action

Abstract Looking back, significant progress in process safety and the knowledge to achieve a safe level has been made. Professor Kletz with his wise and concise maxims has shown us in many respects the way to go, yet more direction is needed for transfer of this knowledge to new generations. After a brief problem analysis, a sketch is given of various developments in the field of process safety, such as our knowledge on hazardous properties, hazard and risk analysis tools, human aspects, trends and developments in industry, and future perspectives. Subsequently, an analysis is made of the knowledge infrastructure required to maintain and to improve a knowledge base. In particular, scenario identification and modeling is mentioned. To that end the ‘lessons learned’ in the past should be better used. This has proven not to be easy. A way to go is indicated that in the longer term may reap success. However, in the present climate, funds for research are scarce and that for safety research are scant. Research is not only to develop new knowledge but is also of crucial importance to maintain quality academic education and the formation of ‘teacher of teachers’. A recent initiative is reported to bring this problem to the attention of policy makers worldwide.
Case study in infant stimulation: Lessons from newborn and parent

(1988). Case study in infant stimulation: Lessons from newborn and parent. Early Child Development and Care: Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 1-24.
Preparation of protein gradients through the controlled deposition of protein-nanoparticle conjugates onto functionalized surfaces

This paper describes a simple method for the preparation and characterization of protein density gradients on solid supports. The method employs colloidal metal nanoparticles as protein carriers and optical tags and is capable of forming linear, exponential, 1D, 2D, and multiprotein gradients of varying slope without expensive or sophisticated surface patterning techniques. Surfaces patterned with proteins using the procedures described within are shown to support cell growth and are thus suitable for studies of protein−cell interactions.
Gluconeogenesis from alanine in endotoxin-treated dogs.

Abstract Gluconeogenesis from alanine was studied in fasted, anesthetized, E. coli endotoxin-treated dogs by continous infusion of l -[ U - 14 C]alanine. A marked increase in plasma alanine occurred following endotoxin. Alanine turnover remained unchanged. The fraction of glucose carbon derived from alanine was 9% at 4 hr after endotoxin, a threefold increase over control dog values. Incorporation of carbon-14 label into plasma protein was depressed in experimental animals over 40% at the same time period. The data suggest that, in early endotoxemia, gluconeogenesis from alanine may actually increase.
Metastatic Adenocarcinoma of the Mammary Gland in a Père David's Deer

A 4-year-old female Pere David’s deer (Elaphurus davidianus) was found in lateral recumbency and submitted to the College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University. The animal, 1 of 40 in a privately owned herd, had been inactive and had continually licked its inguinal area for the previous 3 weeks. The deer remained sternally recumbent during the physical examination and was depressed, moderately dehydrated, and very thin (118 kg) and had a temperature of 39.5 C. The teats were recognizable, but the mammary tissue was replaced by multiple firm nodules that extended cranially along the lymphatics of the ventral midline and caudally into the inguinal area. A necrotic area in the cranial mammary gland was infested with fly larvae. The owner did not know if the animal had ever lactated. Differential diagnoses included trauma, foreign body with secondary infection, and neoplasia. The prognosis was guarded. Serum chemistries and hematology showed anemia, with leukocytosis (13.5 x 10, n = 5.1 ± 3.1), hyperphosphatemia (13.1 mg/dl, n = 6.3 ± 1.3), hypocalcemia (8.0 mg/ dl, n = 9.6 ± 0.8), and elevated aspartate aminotransferase (268 U/liter, n = 95 ± 80). Radiographic evaluation of the area revealed a large wound on the caudoventral abdomen with multiple fistulas. Cytologic examination of the nodules was conducted. Cellularity was low to moderate and consisted of irregularly shaped individual cells or cells in clusters. Nuclei were round to oval, located centrally or slightly eccentrically, and had coarse reticular chromatin and prominent nucleoli. Anisokaryosis was slight to moderate, but an occasional large nucleus was seen, and multinucleated cells had > 4 nuclei. Findings were suggestive of a carcinoma rather than a granulomatous response. The animals condition deteriorated, and it died. On necropsy, the entire mammary gland was enlarged, firm, and nodular and had an open necrotic area 14 cm wide and 4 cm deep. From the umbilicus caudal to the mammary gland, the subcutaneous tissue contained multiple nodules. The largest one was 6-8 cm, with a necrotic center containing brownish opaque fluid. Subcutaneous tissue along both sides of the body was firm and whitish. The medial side of the right hind leg had 8x 10-cm streaks of flat, firm, whitebrown tissue within the muscle radiating downward from the inguinal area. A smaller 2x 3-cm area was present on the left hind leg. Both prefemoral lymph nodes of both legs were 8 cm with caseous centers. Popliteal lymph nodes were 3 cm, white, and firm. Reddish, opaque, watery fluid was present in the thoracic cavity. The lungs had multiple, 1-4-cm, slightly raised, white nodules with occasionally necrotic centers. Reddish, raised
Regulation of the water channel aquaporin-1: isolation and reconstitution of the regulatory complex

Aquaporins (AQP) are involved in rapid and active gating of water across biological membranes. The molecular regulation of AQP is unknown. Here we report the isolation, identification and reconstitution of the regulatory complex of AQP-1. AQP-1 and Galphai3 have been implicated in GTP-induced gating of water in zymogen granules (ZG), the secretory vesicles in exocrine pancreas. In the present study, detergent-solubilized ZGs immunoprecipitated with monoclonal AQP-1 antibody, co-isolates AQP-1, PLA2, Galphai3, potassium channel IRK-8, and the chloride channel ClC-2. Exposure of ZGs to either the potassium channel blocker glyburide, or the PLA2 inhibitor ONO-RS-082, blocked GTP-induced ZG swelling. RBC known to possess AQP-1 at the plasma membrane, swell on exposure to the Galphai-agonist mastoparan, and respond similarly to ONO-RS-082 and glyburide, as ZGs. Liposomes reconstituted with the AQP-1 immunoisolated complex from solubilized ZG, also swell in response to GTP. Glyburide or ONO-RS-082 abolished the GTP effect. Immunoisolate-reconstituted planar lipid bilayers demonstrate conductance, which is sensitive to glyburide and an AQP-1 specific antibody. Our results demonstrate a Galphai3-PLA2 mediated pathway and potassium channel involvement in AQP-1 regulation.
Linkage of the alcohol dehydrogenase structural genes in pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides)

Pearl millet produces three ADH isozymes, Sets I, II, and III. Naturally occurring ADH electrophoretic variants affecting Sets I and II isozymes but not III have been previously described. Analysis of such variants led to the identification of the Adh1 structural gene. The existence of a second Adh structural gene was inferred from dissociation-reassociation studies of Set II. In the present report, a naturally occurring variant affecting the electrophoretic mobility of Sets III and II but not Set I is described. Analysis of this variant confirms the existence of a second structural gene, Adh2. Crosses utilizing this Adh2 marker reveal a dissimilarity with maize and other plants such as sunflower and narrow-leafed lupins. Adh1 and Adh2 of pearl millet do not segregate independently; indeed, no recombinants have been observed. This is the first major difference encountered in an otherwise remarkably similar genetic and environmental control of the ADH isozymes in maize and millet. The organization of the Adh genes of pearl millet may reflect a more primitive arrangement than that of maize.
Ultrasonic resonance of metallic spheres at elevated temperatures

A unique ultrasonic system has been constructed for measuring resonant frequencies and damping of metallic spheres at elevated temperatures. This system employs electromagneticacoustic transduction, with a solenoid coil surrounding the sphere in a uniform magnetic field. Temperature is measured with an optical pyrometer. Since the acoustic and temperature measurements are noncontacting, the uncertainties associated with external damping are relatively small. The resonant frequency and Q of the sample are determined by digital analysis of the ring-down following a single driving tone-burst. High-temperature measurements on pure polycrystalline aluminum are presented.
Service and cost benefits through clicks-and-mortar integration : Implications for the centralization/decentralization debate

Abstract Traditional “Brick-and-Mortar” operations face the challenge of adapting to a new set of competitive rules made necessary by consumers who want the option of ordering electronically via the Internet. To satisfy these customers, firms must develop strategies that integrate their standard retail in-store channel with this relatively new on-line channel. Therefore, this research is designed to provide insights into supply chain inventory management strategies relevant to “Clicks-and-Mortar” firms trying to satisfy both on-line and in-store sales. Specifically, this work considers the total cost implications of various inventory allocation strategies while maintaining target customer service levels. Analysis focuses on the development of models capable of handling new operating strategies made possible by electronic commerce. The implications of inventory risk pooling are considered in depth, revealing the existence of characteristics that determine whether completely centralized or decentralized policies are preferable.
The time course of chromatic adaptation

Adaptation to light begins almost immediately, but requires more than 1 min to reach a steady state. In this study, the change in color appearance with chromatic adaptation is followed for 5 min after the onset of adapting light. Several different adapting fields are used: (1) a full background with a superimposed test vs. a surround outside a contiguous test; (2) a uniform adapting field composed of only long-wavelength light vs. the same long-wavelength field with added “context” composed of other chromaticities. The measurements show that adaptation after 10 s is not nearly complete; instead, color appearance continues to change for more than 2 min. Further, adding chromatic context has a greater effect on color appearance after several minutes of adaptation, compared to 10 s of adaptation, due to a smaller overall change of appearance in the steady state when context is present. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, S170–S173, 2001
Electronic and geometric structure calculations of adsorption of small ( Zn O ) i clusters ( i = 1 – 4 ) on graphite

The energetics and configurations of stoichiometric ${(\mathrm{Zn}\mathrm{O})}_{i}$ clusters on graphite surfaces were investigated using a density functional approach with atomic-type orbitals and relativistic core pseudopotentials. The monomers and dimers were found to take on a vertical arrangement with the zinc atom pointed toward the surface. A cross section of the potential energy surface (PES) was calculated by translation of the cluster across the graphite surface. According to this PES, ZnO and ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ clusters should be free to move about only above a graphitic surface bond at $25\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$. Trimers maintained ring geometries in a parallel orientation to the surface, and the PES suggested that these clusters would most likely be localized with a zinc atom directly above a carbon atom. The tetramers were found to be nearly square and preferentially parallel to the surface. ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{4}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$, at $25\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$, preferred an orientation with two of the zinc atoms directly above the centers of carbon-carbon bonds. Details of the cluster-graphite bonding interactions were studied using the periodic density functional theory electronic charge densities, analyzed with Bader's atoms in molecules scheme.
The density of alkali silicate glasses over wide compositional ranges

The densities of alkali silicate glasses are reported. The composition was varied over an exceptionally wide range of values from J=0.0–2.2 (0–69 mol.% alkali oxide), where J is the molar ratio of alkali oxide to silica. These new results, along with previously reported literature data are used in a unified density model based on the short range order determined from nuclear magnetic resonance and Raman spectroscopies. Volumes and packing fractions of the structural units were obtained.
INTERACTIONS AMONG TRANSPORTATION FUEL SUBSTITUTION, VEHICLE QUANTITY GROWTH, AND NATIONAL ECONOMIC GROWTH

Abstract Hypotheses concerning the micro- and macroeconomic effects of historically important fuel switches in the vehicles operating on the dominant U.S. transportation modes are statistically tested using nineteenth and twentieth century data. Estimates of annual rates of change of fuel switching are constructed using logistic curve models fitted to often sparse data on fuel use. The estimated annual rate of loss of market share of an old fuel is then shown to be positively and consistently correlated with five-year averages of declines in the rate of growth of the fleets of vehicles affected by ongoing fuel switch. Other statistical tests show that five-year average changes in the rate of growth of the quantity of vehicles positively correlate with five-year average changes in the rate of growth of macro-economic activity when the affected vehicles are directly (through production and sales) responsible for a large share of macroeconomic activity (real GNP). The vehicle types shown to have this effect are locomotives from 1885–1915 and automobiles thereafter. The third set of tests supports an interpretation that the indirect effects of fuels switches, acting through their effects on the costs of transporting factors of production (both labor and physical inputs), have a significant and consistent GNP effect throughout the 1880–1980 period, even during the WWII-influenced period when the test for direct effects of automobiles fails. In case study discussion of each fuel switch it is shown that a pronounced drop in GNP growth occurs at the time when the important fuel switches are most rapidly being accomplished. Results of the statistical and case study analyses are compared to the author's prior research on vehicle engine innovation. The timing of peak rates of fuel switching and vehicle engine innovation are graphically shown to coincide for locomotives and automobiles from the 1880s to the 1980s. Further, the peak rates of fuel switching are graphically shown to occur when current real GNP relative to trend real GNP is declining and/or below the trend.
Solifuges (Arachnida: Solifugae) as predators and prey

We present field observations on foraging by solifuge arachnids (Namib Desert), laboratory studies on feeding trials using millipedes and butterfly pupae as potentially toxic prey (Kenya) and data on solifuges as prey, primarily of birds (Namib Desert and southwestern United States). These data are compared to previously published information on predator–prey relationships in Solifugae.
Testing for the teratogenicity of pulsed ultrasound in mice

Our replicate of a study by Takabayashi et al. (1981) Effects of pulse-wave ultrasonic irradiation on mouse embryo. Cho-Onpa Igaku (Supersonic Medicine) 8, 286-288 failed to show any effects of exposure in utero of mice to spatial average, temporal maximum intensities of 60 W/cm2. Fetuses were exposed at 8 days post fertilization and assessed at 18 days for fetal weight, resorptions, premature deaths, and malformations. Carrier frequency in the pulse was 2 MHz. Pulse lengths of 10 microseconds and pulse repetition frequencies of 1000 and 200 Hz yielded spatial average, temporal average intensities of 0.6 and 0.1 W/cm2. Total exposure time was 5 min. Our results provide no basis to conclude that conditions relevant to human fetal monitoring will cause developmental, externally visible anomalies in mice exposed as 8-day fetuses.
Defective Viral Particles and Viral Disease Processes

Preparations of many different types of viruses contain defective particles which consist of viral structural proteins and a part of the viral genome. Such particles are capable of specifically interfering with the growth of homologous, standard virus and may play a major part in the evolution of viral diseases.
TUMOR CAPACITANCE: ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS OF RENAL NEOPLASIA

ABSTRACT Purpose: Studies have demonstrated that biological tissues possess unique electrical properties. We evaluate the electrical properties of renal tumors using a specialized probe with the capability of measuring intra-tissue capacitance in an ex vivo model of fresh surgically excised tissue. Materials and Methods: An electrical monitoring device was used to measure tissue capacitance at a frequency of 1 MHz on 34 ex vivo kidney specimens freshly obtained after surgical excision. Tissue capacitance was promptly measured in the excised tumor as well as surrounding normal parenchyma and fat. Dielectric permittivity in each tissue was calculated using the measured capacitance data. These data were compared and correlated to pathological findings. Results: The final pathology on the 34 specimens revealed 28 renal cell carcinomas (RCC), 3 oncocytomas and 3 angiomyolipomas. In patients with RCC dielectric permittivity of tumor tissue was 1.43 ± 0.39 times greater than that of surrounding normal parenchyma (p Conclusions: Tissue capacitance measurements may be used to differentiate renal tumor from surrounding normal tissue. In vivo studies will ultimately determine the clinical use of this technology in localizing renal neoplasms and differentiating between malignant and benign tissues.
The relation between Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aerosol optical depth and PM2.5 over the United States: a geographical comparison by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regions.

Abstract Aerosol optical depth (AOD) acquired from satellite measurements demonstrates good correlation with particulate matter with diameters less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) in some regions of the United States and has been used for monitoring and nowcasting air quality over the United States. This work investigates the relation between Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) AOD and PM2.5 over the 10 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-defined geographic regions in the United States on the basis of a 2-yr (2005–2006) match-up dataset of MODIS AOD and hourly PM2.5 measurements. The AOD retrievals demonstrate a geographical and seasonal variation in their relation with PM2.5. Good correlations are mostly observed over the eastern United States in summer and fall. The southeastern United States has the highest correlation coefficients at more than 0.6. The southwestern United States has the lowest correlation coefficient of approximately 0.2. The seasonal regression relations derived for each...
The impact of contextual and process factors on the evaluation of activity-based costing systems

Abstract This paper investigates associations between evaluations of activity based costing (ABC) systems, contextual factors, and factors related to the ABC implementation process using interview and survey data from 21 field research sites of two firms. Structural equation modeling is used to investigate the fit of a model of organizational change with the data. The results support the proposed model; however, the significance of specific factors is sensitive to the evaluation criterion. The model is stable across firms and respondents, but is sensitive to the maturity of the ABC system.
From 3D Imaging of Atoms to Macroscopic Device Properties

The aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope provides a new level of sensitivity for analyzing semiconductor device structures. Its sub-Angstrom probe provides not only improved resolution [1], but equally important, greatly increased sensitivity to individual atoms [2,3]. Single Hf atoms are visible within the nanometer thick SiO2 interlayer between a HfO2 high-K dielectric and the Si substrate [4]. Furthermore, the depth of field of the aberration-corrected STEM is just a few nanometers, and Hf atoms can be located in depth to better than 1 nm precision from a through focal series of images (see Fig. 1). Just as with confocal optical microscopy, the series of images can be used to reconstruct the 3D distribution of atoms as shown in Fig. 2. In addition the interface roughness is visible.