cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scatterometry for machine vision

Specifications and instrument limitations both mechanical and optical are examined and certain design choices are explained.The process of calibrating the instrument is considered and methods of noise suppression both electronic and optical arediscussed. Finally, some measured data is presented.Keyword List: Scatterometer, Machine Vision1 INTRODUCTIONThis paper discusses development of a low-cost scatterometer suitable for measuring reflectivity as it relates to imageformation for machine vision. Commercially available scatterometers are typically powerful1 and expensive tools withcapabilities far beyond what is needed in machine vision applications where we are often concerned with a gray-scaled imagecoarsely discretized into 256 gray levels. These scatterometers can measure Rayleigh scattering from particles suspended inthe air and can easily cost upward of $100,000. The vision group at Georgia Tech has successfully built and tested ascatterometer for under $5000 (off-the-shelf materials only) powerful enough for measuring scatter brightness at levels betterthan the capabilities of CCD detectors typically found in digital cameras making the instrument suitable for studying therelationship between optical scattering and digital image formation.The measurement of optical scatter is a tricky task requiring insight in optics and electromagnetic theory. There area considerable number of issues that must be addressed before a scatter measuring instrument is designed and built. In termsof the instrument's intended application, the designer must be able to address questions on calibration, resolution, noise,illumination, photodetection, mechanical tolerancing, spectral responses and coordinate transformation to name a
Effective abandonment: The neoliberal economy of violence in Israel and the Occupied Territories

Towards the end of 2012, a group of Israeli settlers and right-wing activists attacked an Israel Defense Forces (IDF) base on the West Bank. IDF soldiers and members of the Israeli Knesset had prov...
Replication-Competent Herpes Simplex Virus Vector G207 and Cisplatin Combination Therapy for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Replication-competent virus vectors are attractive therapeutic agents for cancer. G207, a second-generation, multimutated herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), is one such vector that is safe in primates and efficacious against human tumors in athymic mice. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most frequently encountered malignancy of the head and neck, and the chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin is a standard treatment for recurrent head and neck cancer. In this study we examine the therapeutic potential of G207, alone and in combination with cisplatin, against squamous cell carcinoma. Human squamous cell carcinoma cell lines are sensitive to G207 replication and cytotoxicity in vitro at a multiplicity of infection of 0.01, including cisplatin sensitive (UMSCC-22A), moderately sensitive (UMSCC-38), and weakly sensitive (SQ20B) cell lines. Cisplatin did not inhibit the cytopathic effect of G207. G207 inhibited the growth of established subcutaneous head and neck tumors in athymic mice. The therapeutic effects of cisplatin and G207 in vivo were independent. However, in cisplatin-sensitive tumors (UMSCC-38), combination therapy resulted in 100% cures in contrast to 42% with G207 or 14% with cisplatin alone. We conclude that G207 should be considered for the treatment of head and neck cancer and that combination with chemotherapeutic agents may improve efficacy.
Improving MRI differentiation of gray and white matter in epileptogenic lesions based on nonlinear feedback

A new method for enhancing MRI contrast between gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) in epilepsy surgery patients with symptomatic lesions is presented. This method uses the radiation damping feedback interaction in high-field MRI to amplify contrast due to small differences in resonance frequency in GM and WM corresponding to variations in tissue susceptibility. High-resolution radiation damping-enhanced (RD) images of in vitro brain tissue from five patients were acquired at 14 T and compared with corresponding conventional T(1)-, T(2) (*)-, and proton density (PD)-weighted images. The RD images yielded a six times better contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR = 44.8) on average than the best optimized T(1)-weighted (CNR = 7.92), T(2) (*)-weighted (CNR = 4.20), and PD-weighted images (CNR = 2.52). Regional analysis of the signal as a function of evolution time and initial pulse flip angle, and comparison with numerical simulations confirmed that radiation damping was responsible for the observed signal growth. The time evolution of the signal in different tissue regions was also used to identify subtle changes in tissue composition that were not revealed in conventional MR images. RD contrast is compared with conventional MR methods for separating different tissue types, and its value and limitations are discussed.
Validation and simulations of a quasi-steady state heat balance model of residential walls

This paper discusses the validation of the model presented in a companion paper [1]. A test house was built, instrumented, and monitored. The results suggested that the model predicted reasonable well with a 9.6% difference when cumulative heat flows were compared. Because of the steady state principles used to construct the model, the measured data and model prediction showed a lag of approximately one hour. In all cases, the model underpredicted the peak heat fluxes by an average of 17%. Simulations were run to estimate total heat transfer in walls as a function of wall orientation and insulation level.
Embedding HMM’s-based models in a Euclidean space: The topological hidden Markov models

One of the major limitations of HMM-based models is the inability to cope with topology: when applied to a visible observation (VO) sequence, HMM-based techniques have difficulty predicting the n-dimensional shape formed by the symbols of the VO sequence. To fulfill this need, we propose a novel paradigm named "topological hidden Markov models" (THMM's) that classifies VO sequences by embedding the nodes of an HMM state transition graph in a Euclidean space. We have applied the concept of THMM's to: (i) predict the ASCII class assigned to a handwritten numeral, and (ii) map a protein primary structure to its 3D fold. The results show that the concept of second level THMM's outperforms the SHMM's and the SVM classifiers.
Ethical sensitivity in viewer evaluations of a TV news investigative report

This exploratory study uses cognitive-mapping techniques to investigate the ethical sensitivity of 99 television news viewers. Transcripts of structured in-depth interviews were analyzed according to four critical content dimensions of ethical sensitivity: story characteristics, ethical issues, consequences, and stakeholders. The study identified the indicators of ethical sensitivity that represent the specific concepts making up each of the content dimensions and found a consistent pattern of heavy reliance on just a few of the available concepts. This study also investigated the differences in ethical sensitivity among viewers and presented preliminary descriptions of some different types of ethical sensitivity. The study concluded that although it may indeed be useful to consider individuals as having low or high ethical sensitivity, it may be more fruitful to consider them as reflecting different types of ethical sensitivity. Strengths and weaknesses of using cognitive mapping are also presented.
Apolipoproteins A-I, A-II and E are independently distributed among intracellular and newly secreted HDL of human hepatoma cells

Whereas hepatocytes secrete the major human plasma high density lipoproteins (HDL)-protein, apo A-I, as lipid-free and lipidated species, the biogenic itineraries of apo A-II and apo E are unknown. Human plasma and HepG2 cell-derived apo A-II and apo E occur as monomers, homodimers and heterodimers. Dimerization of apo A-II, which is more lipophilic than apo A-I, is catalyzed by lipid surfaces. Thus, we hypothesized that lipidation of intracellular and secreted apo A-II exceeds that of apo A-I, and once lipidated, apo A-II dimerizes. Fractionation of HepG2 cell lysate and media by size exclusion chromatography showed that intracellular apo A-II and apo E are fully lipidated and occur on nascent HDL and VLDL respectively, while only 45% of intracellular apo A-I is lipidated. Secreted apo A-II and apo E occur on small HDL and on LDL and large HDL respectively. HDL particles containing both apo A-II and apo A-I form only after secretion from both HepG2 and Huh7 hepatoma cells. Apo A-II dimerizes intracellularly while intracellular apo E is monomeric but after secretion associates with HDL and subsequently dimerizes. Thus, HDL apolipoproteins A-I, A-II and E have distinct intracellular and post-secretory pathways of hepatic lipidation and dimerization in the process of HDL formation. These early forms of HDL are expected to follow different apolipoprotein-specific pathways through plasma remodeling and reverse cholesterol transport.
Hypovitaminosis D and valvular calcification in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy.

Abstract Background In patients with dilated (idiopathic) cardiomyopathy (DCM), little is known about the presence of valvular calcification and its association with hypovitaminosis D, which may predispose affected tissues to calcification. Our objectives were 2-fold: to conduct a retrospective assessment of echocardiographic evidence of valvular calcification in patients with DCM who were known to have hypovitaminosis D (25(OH)D Methods The retrospective study consisted of 48 African American patients (34 men, 14 women; 52.3 ± 1.5 years) having DCM and ejection fraction Results In the retrospective study, hypovitaminosis D was found in 19 patients (31%) with valvular calcification and in whom serum PTH was increased (83 ± 8 pg/mL). In the prospective study, 15 of 20 elderly patients (80%) with known DCM and valvular calcification were found to have hypovitaminosis D (25(OH)D Conclusions In patients with DCM without marked renal dysfunction, valvular calcification was seen more frequently and associated with hypovitaminosis D, whereas in elderly patients with valvular calcification, hypovitaminosis D is common, suggesting that the duration of vitamin D deficiency may determine the extent of valvular calcification. The role of hypovitaminosis D in the appearance of valvular calcification deserves further study.
Purification of 20α-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase from bovine fetal erythrocytes

Abstract NADPH-dependent 20α-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase (20α-HSD; EC 1.1.1.149) from bovine fetal erythrocytes was obtained for the first time free of hemoglobin by a new 2,500-fold purification scheme. This was achieved by a sequence of calcium phosphate gel adsorption, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and affinity chromatography. The present results lead us to believe that the NADPH-dependent 3β-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase activity, which was co-purified with 20α-activity, may originate at the active site of 20α-HSD (2).
Molecular Configuration of Benzil and α-Pyridil

THE molecular configuration of benzil has been the object of considerable interest for some time because of unusual physical characteristics, such as its large optical rotatory power. Caldwell and Le Fevre1 measured its dipole moment in several solvents and compared it with that of phenanthroquinone, which is planar and contains two cis carbonyl groups. From the lower (3.5 D) electric dipole moment of benzil these authors concluded that the molecule must be skew and that the two C6H5—C=O halves must lie in two different planes making an angle of 90°–100° with each other.
Lasers: Amplified by randomness

Usually a laser consists of a light-amplifying medium nested between two mirrors. A mirrorless laser that operates by forcing the light to take a long, random path through the gain medium has now been demonstrated.
Towards Improved Paper-Based Election Technology

Resources are presented for fostering paper-based election technology. They comprise a diverse collection of real and simulated ballot and survey images, and software tools for ballot synthesis, registration, segmentation, and ground truthing. The grids underlying the designated location of voter marks are extracted from 13,315 degraded ballot images. The actual skew angles of sample ballots, recorded as part of complete ballot descriptions compiled with the interactive ground-truthing tool, are compared with their automatically extracted parameters. The average error is 0.1 degrees. These results provide a baseline for the application of digital image analysis to the scrutiny of electoral ballots.
Efficient Implementation of Fully Implicit Methods for Atmospheric Chemical Kinetics

Implicit integrators are very useful in efficiently solving stiff systems of ODEs arising from atmospheric chemistry kinetics, provided that they are modified to take full advantage of the structure of the problem. A systematic way of treating sparsity for reducing the linear algebra cost is presented.
Cross-Flow Ultrafiltration Scaling Considerations

One legacy of the nuclear age is radioactive waste and it must be stabilized to be stored in a safe manner. An important part of the stabilization process is the separation of radioactive solids from the liquid wastes by cross-flow ultrafiltration. The performance of this technology with the wastes to be treated was unknown and, therefore, had to be obtained. However, before beginning a filter study the question of experimental scale had to be addressed. Of course, carrying out experiments using full-size equipment is always ideal, but rarely practical when dealing with plant size processes. Flow loops that will handle millions of liters of slurries, which are either highly caustic or acidic, with flow rates of 10,000 lpm make full-scale tests prohibitively expensive. Moreover, when the slurries happen to be radioactive such work is also very dangerous. All of these considerations lend themselves to investigations at smaller scales and in many situations can be treated with computational analyses. Unfortunately, as scale is reduced it becomes harder to provide prototypic results and the two and three phase multi-component mixtures challenge accurate computational results. To obtain accurate and representative filter results two smaller scale filters were chosen: 1. Small-scale – would allow the testing with actual radioactive waste samples and compare results with simulated wastes that were not radioactive. For this scale the feed tank held 6 liters of waste and it had a single cross-flow filter tube 0.61 m long. 2. Pilot-scale – would be restricted to use simulated non-radioactive wastes. At this larger scale the feed tank held 120 liters of waste and the filter unit was prototypic to the planned plant facility in pore size (0.1 micron), length (2.29 m), diameter (0.0127 m inside and 0.0159 m outside diameter), and being multi-tubed. The small-scale apparatus is convenient, easy to use, and can test both radioactive and non-radioactive wastes; therefore, there is a larger database than at the pilot scale. In fact, the small-scale data are very useful to compare actual waste to simulated waste filter performance to validate a simulant, but data availability does not mean they accurately represent full-scale performance. Results indicate that small-scale filter fluxes to be significantly higher that those at the pilot scale. In an attempt to study the difference in filter performance at the two scales an experiment was done that used exactly the same simultant which was created at the same time so that issues of composition and aging would not compromise the results. This paper will discuss those experimental results, as well as those from a computational fluid dynamics model to better understand the small-scale limitations.Copyright © 2006 by WSRC
Protective Effects Against Lethal Streptococcus hemolyticus of Glutamine and Various Sulfonamide Compounds

Conclusions1. The protective action induced in rabbits against the lethal effects of Streptococcus hemolyticus infections depends chiefly on the presence of the SO, NH, group, not so much on the free NH, group. 2. Phenyl-alanine-sulfonamide was found to exert a more complete protective action against ordinarily lethal inoculation in rabbits of Streptococcus hemolyticus suspensions than the better known sulfanilamide.
Analysis of time-dependent cylindrical problems using the exodus method

Monte Carlo method is well known for solving static problems such as Laplace's or Poisson's equation. In this paper, we extend the applicability of the Monte Carlo method to solve time-dependent cylindrical problems. We specifically apply the Exodus method which is not subject to randomness as the classical Monte Carlo methods. We present results in one-dimensional and two-dimensional regions that agree with the exact solutions.
Ultrastructure and biochemistry of myelin after isoniazid-induced nerve degeneration in rats.

Abstract Sciatic nerves of rats show marked morphological and biochemical changes following treatment of the animals with isoniazid for 5 to 14 days. Electron microscopic observations reveal that the morpholgical changes are variable from axon to axon in the same nerve. The severity of the neuropathy also varies among animals. Initially, axoplasmic changes are observed which are soon followed by destruction in the myelin intraperiod band. As this destruction continues, the myelin intraperiod band becomes aggregated and then may either compress or split. When it becomes compressed it takes on the appearance of stacked lipid bilayers. The myelin subsequently loses its structure and forms ovoid globules which then undergo degeneration forming into osmophilic droplets. The Schwann cells apparently undergo further change and appear to transform into macrophages. The principal biochemical change in protein composition when the nerve is solubilized and run on SDS gel electrophoresis is reflected in a loss of the main protein band (P 0 ) of the myelin.
Public incentives to innovate and open innovation strategies

This study explores empirically, for the first time, the relationship between publicly-funded schemes to support innovation and the “openness” of firms’ innovation practices. Using survey data from...
What role does gemtuzumab ozogamicin have in the treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia

Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO) is a novel, targeted chemotherapy designed to treat acute myeloid leukemia (AML). GO consists of an antitumor antibiotic, calicheamicin, linked to a humanized monoclonal antibody against CD33. It has been approved in the United States since 2000 to treat CD33+ AML in first relapse in older adults who are not candidates for cytotoxic therapy. Beyond this indication, the role of GO is evolving. Single-agent GO has a limited role in de novo AML. Incorporation of GO into standard induction treatment in de novo and relapsed AML is feasible. Comparative phase III studies of such an approach are ongoing. GO is associated with serious toxicities, such as infusional reactions, transient liver function test abnormalities, and veno-occlusive disease of the liver, especially in patients who undergo hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Thermodynamic Analysis of a Molecular Chaperone Binding to Unfolded Protein Substrates

Molecular chaperones are a highly diverse group of proteins that recognize and bind unfolded proteins to facilitate protein folding and prevent nonspecific protein aggregation. The mechanisms by which chaperones bind their protein substrates have been studied for decades. However, there are few reports about the affinity of molecular chaperones for their unfolded protein substrates. Thus, little is known about the relative binding affinities of different chaperones and about the relative binding affinities of chaperones for different unfolded protein substrates. Here we describe the application of SUPREX (stability of unpurified proteins from rates of H−D exchange), an H−D exchange and MALDI-based technique, in studying the binding interaction between the molecular chaperone Hsp33 and four different unfolded protein substrates, including citrate synthase, lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, and aldolase. The results of our studies suggest that the cooperativity of the Hsp33 folding−unfolding reac...
Reliability estimation for a test with parts of unknown lengths

The separate questions on an essay test or the individual judges on a rater panel may constitute congeneric parts rather than tau-equivalent parts. Also, it may be necessary to infer the lengths of the congeneric parts from their variances and covariances, rather than from some obvious feature of each part, such as the range of possible scores. Cronbach's alpha coefficient applied to such part-tests data will underestimate total score reliability. Several reliability coefficients are developed for such instruments. They may be regarded as extensions of the coefficient developed by Kristof for a three-part test.
STM studies of methanol oxidation to formate on Cu(110) surfaces: II. codosing experiments

Abstract We have used STM to study Cu(110) surfaces exposed to mixtures of oxygen and methanol (CH3OH, CD3OD, and CD3OH), attempting to follow the methodologies employed by recent XPS and TPD studies of this system. We find that whereas some methoxy and formate can be produced by exposing these surfaces to methanol/oxygen mixtures, prolonged exposure results in primarily oxygen-covered surfaces. We explain this by demonstrating the ability of oxygen to apparently displace methoxy from these surfaces. Subtle differences have been observed, depending on whether CH3OH or CD3OH is used. We demonstrate that attempts to codose oxygen and methanol while simultaneously using the STM to image the surface can affect the local surface topography, resulting in the creation of areas that are unrepresentative of the surface as a whole.
Cost-effectiveness of a modified two-step algorithm using a combined glutamate dehydrogenase/toxin enzyme immunoassay and real-time PCR for the diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection

The analytical performance and cost-effectiveness of the Wampole Toxin A/B EIA, the C. Diff. Quik Chek Complete (CdQCC) (a combined glutamate dehydrogenase antigen/toxin enzyme immunoassay), two RT-PCR assays (Progastro Cd and BD GeneOhm) and a modified two-step algorithm using the CdQCC reflexed to RT-PCR for indeterminate results were compared. The sensitivity of the Wampole Toxin A/B EIA, CdQCC (GDH antigen), BD GeneOhm and Progastro Cd RT-PCR were 85.4%, 95.8%, 100% and 93.8%, respectively. The algorithm provided rapid results for 86% of specimens and the remaining indeterminate results were resolved by RT-PCR, offering the best balance of sensitivity and cost savings per test (algorithm ∼US$13.50/test versus upfront RT-PCR ∼US$26.00/test).
NUMERICAL APPROACH TO MODEL HEAT TRANSFER IN POLYMER MELTS FLOWING IN CONSTRICTED CHANNELS

A numerical approach is developed to study the thermal transport in polymer melts flowing through narrow channels with contraction. Attention is focused on the flow and heat transfer of practical polymer melts used in plastic industries, such as low-density polyethylene (LDPE), which cannot be regarded as Newtonian in their behavior. The rheological model used in this study is based on a power law variation of viscosity with shear rate, along with temperature and pressure dependent viscosity. The flow and heat transfer, which are strongly coupled through the temperature dependence of the viscosity, are solved by using a finite volume method with a nonuniform staggered grid system. The results are presented for axisymmetric tubes, which characterize the nozzle for an injection molding machine or the die in plastic extrusion. The effect of heat generation by viscous dissipation is included. The effects of varying the channel contraction ratio and other dimensions, as well as of the mass flow rate, are explo...
SU‐GG‐J‐08: Physics‐Based Respiration‐Simulating Model Incorporating Pressure‐Volume Parameters for Lung: What Can We Learn from the Biomechanical Modeling Community?

Purpose: A lungtumor moves during radiation therapy as a result of respiratory motion, discrepancies between planned and actually delivered radiationdoses can be significant. It is desirable to accurately model the lung motion and the tumor location so that the radiationdosimetry involving such a moving target can be evaluated. This paper describes, in collaboration with mechanical engineers, the development of a patient‐specific, physiologically relevant respiratory motion model which is capable of predicting lungtumor motion over a complete breathing cycle. Method and Materials: Each patient specific non‐linear finite element(FE)lungmodel was developed under physiologically relevant conditions. The modeling was based on 4D CT data set of four lungcancer patients. Each 4D CT data was categorized according to multiple breathing phases. Non‐Uniform Rational B‐Spline (NURBS)‐based surfaces were reconstructed and converted into suitable FE meshes. A hybrid anatomical modeling method was employed to integrate the deformable lungmodel with other organs adopted from a whole‐body anatomical model consisting of 140 internal organs.Results: The FE simulations took more than 3 hours on an Intel Core2 Quadcore 2.83‐GHz CPU machine with 8‐GB RAM. Expert‐based validation using 48 landmarks of anatomical points in the lungs from the 4D CT data sets was summarized. The mean position errors between the FEmodel and 4D CT data are within 3 mm over the complete respiratory cycle. Conclusion: Working with a team of mechanical engineers, we have developed true physics‐based respiration model of the lung using a non‐linear finite element method. The FEmodel has been validated shows good agreements between simulated motion and measured motion in 4D CT. A 4D respiratory motion simulating phantom has been demonstrated for the future study of complex radiation interactions in tissues and dose distribution patterns for various radiation delivery strategies using advanced Monte Carlo simulations.
Legally speaking Are business methods patentable

How the U.S. Supreme Court's forthcoming decision in the Bilski v. Doll case is expected to affect existing and future software patents.
Hydrodynamic and hydromagnetic stability of black holes with radiative transfer

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (Chandra) was just eight years old when the first astrophysical jet was discovered in M87. Since then, jets have been uncovered with a wide variety of sources including accretion disks orbiting stellar and massive black holes, neutron stars, isolated pulsars, γ-ray bursts, protostars and planetary nebulae. This talk will be primarily concerned with collimated hydromagnetic outflows associated with spinning, massive black holes in active galactic nuclei. Jets exhibit physical processes central to three of the major research themes in Chandrasekhar’s research career – radiative transfer, magnetohydrodynamics and black holes. Relativistic jets can be thought of as ‘exhausts’ from both the hole and its orbiting accretion disk, carrying away the energy liberated by the rotating spacetime and the accreting gas that is not radiated. However, no aspect of jet formation, propagation and radiation can be regarded as understood in detail. The combination of new γ-ray, radio and optical observations together with impressive advances in numerical simulation make this a good time to settle some long-standing debates.
Estradiol-17β and linseed meal interact to alter visceral organ mass and hormone concentrations from ovariectomized ewes

To evaluate the estrogenic potential of secoisolariciresinol diglycoside (SDG) found in linseed meal (LSM) on visceral organ mass, IGF-I, and thyroid hormone (T(3) and T(4)) concentrations, 48 multiparous, ovariectomized ewes (54.6 +/- 1.1 kg) were used in a 3 x 4 factorial arrangement. Main effects were length of LSM feeding (0, 1, 7, or 14 d) and length of exposure to estradiol-17beta (E(2)) implant (0, 6, or 24 h prior to tissue collection). Implanting ewes with E(2) for 24h increased liver mass relative to empty body weight (EBW; g/kg EBW) compared with ewes implanted for 0 or 6 h (P or= 0.12) CYP2C or CYP3A mRNA expression or cellularity of the liver. Exogenous E(2) influenced circulating concentrations of IGF-I, T(3), and T(4). The estrogenic or anti-estrogenic potential of LSM is dependent upon the tissue, exposure to E(2), and the duration of LSM feeding. Feeding LSM during gestation, lactation, or during the grow-finish phase warrants further investigation.
Ferromagnetic transitions in a short range vector field model

Abstract Hartree-Fock calculations of a short range vector field system show that ferromagnetism is always favored at intermediate densities. For relativistic Fermi energy and strong coupling, it is also favored at high densities.
A semantic web based gazetteer model for VGI

The recent and expanding phenomena of volunteered geographic information (VGI) have potential for building locally rich geographic knowledgebases. Volunteer contributions include a broad range of geographically associated content that has the potential to contribute to collective digital place knowledge, but contributions are scattered over the web with little to no common structure or formal metadata. This paper explores some organizing principles and a potential structure for integrating VGI. Characteristics of VGI suggest organization around features rather than layers, support for multiple representations that capture different contributor perspectives, and integration around the concept of place. A semantic web based gazetteer model that manages features, multiple representations of features, and varying levels of association of features to places is suggested as an integration framework. Semantics of the gazetteer and inference on these semantics provide support for integrating diverse VGI content around hierarchies of officially named places as starting points. Preliminary work illustrates the approach with samples of VGI data from Maine.
Making Trust or Breaking Trust: Cooperation and Conflict Between Organizations—The Case of the Active Services and National Guard

Cooperation between organizations creates a dilemma—should an organization cooperate risking exploitation or should an organization refuse to cooperate and perhaps keep itself from successfully performing a task? The answer to this dilemma is trust. If an organization can trust another then it need not fear cooperating with it. How does trust develop? This question is answered using a comparison of the air force and army with their respective National Guards. It is shown that air force procedures facilitated the development of trust while army procedures hindered it. Air force policies also incrementally increased the number of interactions between it and the guard allowing trust to develop. Army policies did not.
Guided Wave Interaction with Defects in Isotropic and Composite Plates

This paper considers the effects of various damage features on guided wave (GW) propagation in isotropic and composite plates using both the local interaction simulation approach (LISA) and experimental methods. First, through-thickness holes in isotropic plates and graphite-epoxy laminates are simulated to establish LISA's ability to capture the GW scattering effects of various hole sizes and positions. GW generation from piezo-ceramic wafers is modeled using the recently developed LISA hybrid approach. The LISA results for the cross-ply case are compared with experimental measurements to evaluate the quality of the simulation. Next, low-velocity impact damage in composite plates is simulated and experimentally characterized. Barely-visible impact damage from a drop-weight fixture is analyzed using laser vibrometry and surface-mounted sensors to quantify its effect on GW fields. Three different methods of simulating the resulting impact are demonstrated using LISA, and the results are compared with the experiment to evaluate the damage modeling techniques. Results from the through­ thickness hole study show the effect of sensor position on the strength of damage signals. Impact damage is successfully modeled in LISA using an inverted V-shaped profile with reductions in shear and elastic moduli.
Idiopathic pontine Streptococcus salivarius abscess in an immunocompetent patient: management lessons through case illustration and literature review.

AbstractA 55-y-old woman with no previous medical history presented with a 3-day history of progressive headache, nausea, emesis, right-sided facial numbness, and right-sided extremity weakness. Serial magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated rapid enlargement of a left-sided ring-enhancing dorsal pontine lesion with an exophytic portion, raising concern for an abscess. A stereotactically guided left-sided retrosigmoid craniotomy for abscess incision and decompression was performed given the rapid progression of her neurological deficits. Streptococcus salivarius was isolated from the intra-operative samples. After an extensive evaluation, no source for the S. salivarius was identified. Solitary brainstem abscesses are uncommon intracranial infections with high morbidity and mortality. Patients can present with non-specific symptoms and often have no previous medical history. Since 1974, 40 patients with solitary brainstem abscess have survived to hospital discharge. We outline management strategies for so...
Preferential Utilization of Methionine in Chicks

Abstract METHIONINE is known to possess a dual metabolic function for protein synthesis and as a labile methyl group for one-carbon metabolism. McKittrick (1947) stated that choline and methionine could replace each other in a diet but only to the level of their essential increments. Quillin et al. (1961) revealed improved growth from choline additions on the lower methionine supplementation and likewise methionine supplementation resulted in improved growth with low choline rations; however, these rations were limiting in total methyl donors. Cardin (1967) attempted to determine if a preferential utilization of methionine for protein synthesis or transmethylation existed at various dietary levels of methionine using methyl-C-14-methionine and methionine-2-C-l4. He found transmethylation was occurring rapidly at all supplemental levels of methionine. Due to the widespread distribution of labeled methionine in the tissues, he could not postulate a true preference of methionine for protein synthesis or transmethylation. Methionine has been shown to be…
Perceptual ability with real-world nighttime scenes: image-intensified, infrared, and fused-color imagery.

This study investigated human perceptual performance allowed by relatively impoverished information conveyed in nighttime natural scenes. Researchers used images of nighttime outdoor scenes rendered in image-intensified low-light visible (i-squared) sensors, thermal infrared (ir) sensors, and an i-squared/ir fusion technique with information added. They found that nighttime imagery provides adequate low-level image information for effective perceptual organization on a classification task, but that performance for exemplars within a given object category is dependent on the image type. Overall performance was best with the false-color fused images. This is consistent with the suggestion in the literature that color plays a predominate role in perceptual grouping and segmenting of objects in a scene and supports the suggestion that the addition of color in complex achromatic scenes aids the perceptual organization required for visual search. The study addresses the issue of assessment of perceptual performance with alternative night-vision sensors and fusion methods and begins to characterize perceptual organization abilities permitted by the information in relatively impoverished images of complex scenes. Applications of this research include improving night vision, medical, and other devices that use alternative sensors or degraded imagery.
Mammalian Translation Initiation Factor eIF1 Functions with eIF1A and eIF3 in the Formation of a Stable 40 S Preinitiation Complex

We have examined the role of the mammalian initiation factor eIF1 in the formation of the 40 S preinitiation complex using in vitro binding of initiator Met-tRNA (as Met-tRNAi·eIF2·GTP ternary complex) to 40 S ribosomal subunits in the absence of mRNA. We observed that, although both eIF1A and eIF3 are essential to generate a stable 40 S preinitiation complex, quantitative binding of the ternary complex to 40 S subunits also required eIF1. The 40 S preinitiation complex contained, in addition to eIF3, both eIF1 and eIF1A in a 1:1 stoichiometry with respect to the bound Met-tRNAi. These three initiation factors also bind to free 40 S subunits, and the resulting complex can act as an acceptor of the ternary complex to form the 40 S preinitiation complex (40 S·eIF3·eIF1·eIF1A·Met-tRNAi·eIF2·GTP). The stable association of eIF1 with 40 S subunits required the presence of eIF3. In contrast, the binding of eIF1A to free 40 S ribosomes as well as to the 40 S preinitiation complex was stabilized by the presence of both eIF1 and eIF3. These studies suggest that it is possible for eIF1 and eIF1A to bind the 40 S preinitiation complex prior to mRNA binding.
Direct extraction of a 12C− beam from a diode ion source

Abstract The successful direct extraction of a C − beam from a High Voltage Engineering Corporation diode ion source is described.
Effect of clustered peptide binding on DNA condensation

DNA condensation in-vitro has been studied as a model system to reveal common principles underlying gene packaging in biology, and as the critical first step towards the development of non-viral gene delivery vectors. In this study, we use a bio-inspired approach, where small DNA-binding peptides are controllably clustered by an amphiphilic block copolymer scaffold, to reveal the effect of clustered peptide binding on the energetics, size, shape and physical properties of DNA condensation in-vitro. This provides insights into the general architectural effect of gene-binding proteins on DNA condensation process. Moreover, the versatility afforded by regulating the clustering density and composition of peptides may provide a novel design platform for gene delivery applications in the future.
Ontology-free modal semantics

The problem with model-theoretic modal semantics is that it provides only the formal beginnings of an account of the semantics of modal languages. In the case of non-modal language, we bridge the gap between semantics and mere model theory, by claiming that a sentence is true just in case it is true in an intended model. Truth in a model is given by the model theory, and an intended model is a model which has as domain the actual objects of discourse, and which relates these objects in an appropriate manner. However, the same strategy applied to the modal case seems to require an intended modal model whose domain includes mere possibilia.
Obstipation as a paraneoplastic presentation of small cell lung cancer: case report and literature review

Paraneoplastic symptoms caused by abnormal gastrointestinal motility may be the initial manifestation of small cell lung cancer (SCLC). We report a case of a 63-year-old woman who presented with progressive constipation culminating in obstipation, and associated symptoms of more widespread dysmotility. A paraneoplastic syndrome was suspected. The only abnormality on chest computed tomography was a minimally enlarged paratracheal lymph node. Positron emission tomography demonstrated increased activity in the lymph node. The antinuclear neuronal antibody titer was elevated. Bronchoscopy with transtracheal biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of SCLC. One year after diagnosis, the patient had progressive symptoms of intestinal obstruction, and ultimately feculent vomiting. On abdominal radiography, colonic sitz markers ingested a year earlier were in virtually the same positions as after ingestion. Palliative colectomy with ileostomy was performed. The myenteric plexus in the terminal ileum and colon showed infiltration by a mixture of B-cell and T-cell lymphocytes and plasma cells, and no gross neuronal abnormalities. We review the clinical and pathologic features, clinical course, and management of paraneoplastic pseudoobstruction.
Lrrc10 is required for early heart development and function in zebrafish

Leucine-rich Repeat Containing protein 10 (LRRC10) has recently been identified as a cardiac-specific factor in mice. However, the function of this factor remains to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the developmental roles of Lrrc10 using zebrafish as an animal model. Knockdown of Lrrc10 in zebrafish embryos (morphants) using morpholinos caused severe cardiac morphogenic defects including a cardiac looping failure accompanied by a large pericardial edema, and embryonic lethality between day 6 and 7 post fertilization. The Lrrc10 morphants exhibited cardiac functional defects as evidenced by a decrease in ejection fraction and cardiac output. Further investigations into the underlying mechanisms of the cardiac defects revealed that the number of cardiomyocyte was reduced in the morphants. Expression of two cardiac genes was deregulated in the morphants including an increase in atrial natriuretic factor, a hallmark for cardiac hypertrophy and failure, and a decrease in cardiac myosin light chain 2, an essential protein for cardiac contractility in zebrafish. Moreover, a reduced fluorescence intensity from NADH in the morphant heart was observed in live zebrafish embryos as compared to control. Taken together, the present study demonstrates that Lrrc10 is necessary for normal cardiac development and cardiac function in zebrafish embryos, which will enhance our understanding of congenital heart defects and heart disease.
Utilization of coronary computed tomography angiography for exclusion of coronary artery disease in ED patients with low- to intermediate-risk chest pain: a 1-year experience

Abstract Objective We describe our preliminary experience with coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) in emergency department (ED) patients with low- to intermediate-risk chest pain. Methods A convenience cohort of patients with low- to intermediate-risk acute chest pain presenting to a suburban ED in 2009 were prospectively enrolled if the attending physician ordered a CCTA for possible coronary artery disease. Demographic and clinician data were entered into structured data collection sheets required before any imaging. The results of CCTA were classified as normal, nonobstructive (1%-50% stenosis), and obstructive (>50% stenosis). Outcomes included hospital admission and death within a 6-month follow-up period. Results In 2009, 507 patients with ED chest pain had a CCTA while in the ED. The median (interquartile range) age was 54 (47-62) years; 51.5% were female. Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction risk scores were 0 (42.6%), 1 (42.2%), 2 (11.8%), 3 (2.4%), and 4 (1.0%). The results of CCTA were normal (n = 363), nonobstructive (n = 123), and obstructive (n = 21). Admission rates by CCTA results were obstructive (90.5%), nonobstructive (4.9%), and normal (3.0%). None of the patients with normal or nonobstructive CCTA died within the 6-month follow-up period (0%; 95% confidence interval, 0-0.9%). Conclusions Many ED patients with low- to intermediate-risk chest pain have a normal or nonobstructive CCTA and may be safely discharged from the ED without any associated mortality within the following 6 months.
The Madhyamaka critique of epistemology II

The Madhyamaka assertion that all existents (bhava) are empty (&nya) has about it an air of paradoxicality which seems to afford grounds for a quick and easy refutation of the position. l Thus the assertion is often challenged on the grounds that it commits the fallacy of absolute relativism. A similar sort of objection was offered by adherents of the two epistemological schools of Indian philosophy, the Nyiya and the YogWira-Sautr%ntika (the school of Dignaga). This objection is of the form of a dilemma: Is your assertion grounded in some valid means of knowledge (pramana) or not? If not, then there is no reason to believe it, and you should refrain from asserting it. If, instead, you make this assertion only after having ascertained its truth through some pram&a, then this assertion is itself false, since if there are pram@as, then it is not the case that all things are empty. For even if it is not allowed that pramwas are themselves real existents, a cognizable entity (prameva) must be an independently existing entity, and there can be pram@as only if there are real prameyas. Objections of this sort are to be found in Gautama’s Nylrya Stitra (NS) and Vatsyayana’s Bh&ya thereon (NSB). Nagarjuna’s reply to Gautama is to be found in VigrahzvytTvartan7 (VV). It is clear from Candrakirti that the followers of Dignsiga also criticized the Madhyamaka position along these lines. Candrakirti’s response to this criticism is found in Prasannapudd Ch. 1. I should like here to examine the nature of the Madhyamaka response to the arguments of the Naiyayikas and the Yogac?ira-Sautrantikas. Such an examination should be of more than merely historical interest, for this response takes the form of a critique of the epistemological enterprise itself. Thus the issues which arise in this debate will have a distinct bearing on some of the thornier issues of meta-philosophy. In Part I of the present paper I shall take up Nag&rjuna’s arguments against the Nyaya position, while in Part II I shall seek to assess Vatsyriyana’s defense of Gautama’s position.2
Some sequential structures in direction-giving

By examining the activity of direction-giving and asking we can discover some of the sequential and other structures which characterize the activity. The insertion sequence, as a sequential structure, can be found to be used by interactants in more than one way to accomplish different results. We can therefore consider the insertion sequence as a sequential structure and, by attending to the activity in which the interactants are engaged, discover the relation between sequential and activity system structures. In this way we can relate what persons are doing and how they are doing it (i.e. the activity being accomplished in and through their talk) to some of the basic structures of conversational interaction (e.g. insertion sequences).
The Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center's computer graphics environment

Abstract The Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center is one of four facilities funded by the United States' National Science Foundation to provide supercomputing facilities to academic researchers. The Center's user community is extremely diverse, performing research in a wide range of fields and having access to a wide variety of local computing environments. All users access the Center remotely; only a small fraction have ever been to our site. This creates a need for a visualization environment in which graphical information can be stored and exchanged remotely, and in which images and models can be viewed on a range of platforms from PCs to high-end solid modeling workstations. Supercomputing produces huge volumes of data, which are best presented as images or as easy-to-produce animations. These animation facilities must also be provided to users with low-end local platforms. The Center has developed an environment based on standard metafile formats (in particular CGM) to serve these needs. The evolution and trade-offs of this approach, the role of visualization tools like AVS and apE, and our expectations for future development will be discussed.