cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elevated-temperature Deformation Mechanisms in Ta2C: An Experimental Study

Abstract A polycrystalline α-Ta 2 C bar, fabricated by hot isostatic pressing, was tested in four-point bending at approximately 1930 °C. The sample showed significant plastic deformation. Transmission electron microscopy, using two-beam defect analysis, confirmed pyramidal dislocation slip of the type a / 3 〈 1 1 2 ¯ 3 〉 { 1 0 1 ¯ 1 } . Basal and prismatic slip of a / 3 〈 1 1 2 ¯ 0 〉 type could not be determined because of significant contrast interference from stacking faults that formed in the material. The increase in stacking fault density observed after thermomechanical loading is not believed to be caused by deformation but rather is due to growth faults that formed from the slight carburization of Ta 2 C from the graphite heating filaments in the testing apparatus. The significant plasticity accommodation in Ta 2 C is a result of basal and non-basal slip and the wide spacing of the Ta–Ta metallic bonds that form inherent to its crystallography.
Effects of manganese and calcium on conformational stability of concanavalin A: A differential scanning calorimetric study

The effect of degree of saturation of concanavalin A with Mn2+ or Ca2+, or both, on its thermal denaturation was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. Acid-demetallized concanavalin A was partly or fully remetallized in acetate buffer (pH 5.0) containing 0.4 to 0.5 M NaCl. Under these conditions, native dimeric concanavalin A is highly stable, undergoing heat denaturation at 101 degrees C, with an enthalpy of denaturation of 7.4 cal/g. Removal of metal ions lowered stability considerably; concanavalin A with 0.06 Mn2+/monomer and 0.23 Ca2+/monomer (mol/mol) was denatured at 74 degrees C with an enthalpy of denaturation of 3.2 cal/g. Added Mn2+ stabilized demetallized concanavalin A, but added Ca2+ alone (up to 2 mol/mol monomer) did not. The Ca2+/ concanavalin A ratio influenced stabilization by Mn2+. In the presence of 1 to 2 Mn2+/ monomer and 0.5 or less Ca2+/monomer (mol/mol), stabilized concanavalin A was denatured at 85-88 degrees C and at 94-97 degress C, indicating presence of two stabilized metallo-concanavalin A species. At 1.0 or more mole each of Mn2+ and Ca2+ per monomer, one endotherm was observed at or above 98 degrees C and the enthalpy of denaturation was increased to 5.3 cal/g from less than 3.6 cal/g at lower metal ion/protein ratios. Stabilization was greater with Mn2+ plus Ca2+ than with Mn2+ alone, consistent with intrasubunit cooperativity in metal ion-induced stabilization of concanavalin A.
Dependence analysis for safe futures

A future is a well-known programming construct used to introduce concurrency into sequential programs. Computations annotated as futures are executed asynchronously and run concurrently with their continuations. Typically, futures are not transparent annotations: a program with futures need not produce the same result as the sequential program from which it was derived. Safe futures guarantee that a future-annotated program produces the same result as its sequential counterpart. The safety property is trivially satisfied in languages without side-effects or exceptions. In the presence of mutable references and language abstractions, such as exceptions, which permit the expression of non-local control-flow, ensuring safety requires that the future-annotated program adhere to control and data dependences imposed by the program's sequential counterpart. In this paper, we present a formulation of safe futures for a higher-order functional language with first-class references and exceptions. Safety can be guaranteed at runtime by blocking a continuation from performing a potentially unsafe action before its futures have completed. To enable greater concurrency, we develop a static analysis and instrumentation and formalize the runtime behavior for instrumented programs that allows a continuation to proceed before its futures complete, as long as its actions are determined to be safe. A continuation's action is safe if it is not control or data dependent on actions that may subsequently be performed by its futures.
Fast Motion Consistency through Matrix Quantization

Determining the motion consistency between two video clips is a key component for many applications such as video event detection and human pose estimation. Shechtman and Irani recently proposed a method for measuring the motion consistency between two videos by representing the motion about each point with a space-time Harris matrix of spatial and temporal derivatives. A motion-consistency measure can be accurately estimated without explicitly calculating the optical flow from the videos, which could be noisy. However, the motion consistency calculation is computationally expensive and it must be evaluated between all possible pairs of points between the two videos. We propose a novel quantization method for the space-time Harris matrices that reduces the consistency calculation to a fast table lookup for any arbitrary consistency measure. We demonstrate that for the continuous rank drop consistency measure used by Shechtman and Irani, our quantization method is much faster and achieves the same accuracy as the existing approximation.
Morphological and genetic evolution appear decoupled in Pacific skinks (Squamata: Scincidae: Emoia)

It has been suggested recently that morphological and genetic evolution may be decoupled in skinks, resulting in morphological similarity between species despite extensive genetic divergence. Emoia cyanura and Emoia impar , recognized recently as cryptic species of skinks sympatric throughout much of the Pacific, are here each shown to be composed of several genetically distinct (on the basis of mitochondrial DNA sequences) but morphologically similar lineages. Furthermore, similarly coloured polymorphic individuals are found in both species, and these individuals have the same mtDNA haplotypes as their sympatric conspecifics. Although the morphological similarity of cryptic species is usually attributed to recent speciation, this is ruled out in the case of E. cyanura and E. impar , as both species are more closely related genetically to other currently recognized species than they are to each other. We suggest a genetic review of current Pacific skink systematics, given the possibility that morphologically indistinguishable populations may in fact represent cryptic species.
Nonlinear normal modes for the Toda Chain

Abstract The Toda Chain is a nonlinear mass-spring chain which can in principle be integrated analytically by the action-angle theory of classical mechanics. We show that the transformation from physical variables to action variables can be implemented very simply on a computer. We study the correspondence between action variables and the motions of the chain, and find the role of the action variables to be very similar to the role of normal-mode amplitudes in the harmonic chain. This similarity leads to a partly rigorous, partly heuristic normal-mode analysis for the Toda chain. New results are obtained when this normal-mode analysis is applied to certain perturbations of the Toda chain such as the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam chain or the Toda chain with a mass impurity.
Theoretical dipole moment function of the X1Σ+ state of HI

Abstract Multiconfiguration self-consistent-field calculation has yielded the dipole moment function for the X 1 Σ + state of HI, which qualitatively confirms the experimental finding that the dipole derivative at R e is negative. The calculated dipole moment for the v = 0 vibrational level is 0.665 D for both HI and DI as compared with the experimental values of 0.38 and 0.445 ± 0.02 D, respectively. The calculated potential curve yields values of R e , D 0 , and Δ G v +1/2 , in good agreement with spectroscopic data. A simple valence bond explanation has been provided for the qualitative difference between the dipole moment function of HI and those of the smaller hydrogen halides.
Frequency Shifts of Acoustic Phonons in Heisenberg Paramagnets. III

The propagation of sound waves in ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic insulators is studied within the framework of two models which describe the interaction between the spin system and the lattice. Expressions for the frequency shifts (phonon renormalizations) at high temperatures and near the transition temperatures are obtained in terms of time-dependent correlation functions. The frequency shifts for long-wavelength phonons are found to be negative, to increase rapidly in the vicinity of the transition temperature, and to be less singular than the attenuation coefficients. The ratio of the frequency shift to the unperturbed phonon frequency is shown to be independent of the phonon frequency for long wavelengths. These results agree qualitatively with present experiments.
Do giant claws mean giant bodies? An alternative view on exaggerated scaling relationships.

With fascination we read a recent paper in Biology Letters , in which [Braddy et al . (2008)][1] report the find of a 46 cm long claw (chelicera) of the pterygote eurypterid Jaekelopterus rhenaniae from the Early Devonian Willwerath Lagerstatte of Germany, the largest claw ever found from
Monotone approximation for a nonlinear size and class age structured epidemic model

In this paper, we study a nonautonomous size and class age structured epidemic model with nonlinear and nonlocal boundary conditions. We establish a comparison principle and construct convergent monotone sequences to prove the existence of solutions. Uniqueness of solutions is also established.
Bromelain treatment reduces CD25 expression on activated CD4+ T cells in vitro

Bromelain (Br), an extract from pineapple stem with cysteine protease activity, exerts anti-inflammatory effects in a number of inflammatory models. We have previously shown that Br treatment decreased activated CD4+ T cells and has a therapeutic role in an ovalbumin-induced murine model of allergic airway disease. The current study was designed to determine the effect of Br on CD4+ T cell activation, specifically the expression of CD25 in vitro. CD25 is up regulated upon T cell activation, found as a soluble fraction (sCD25) and is a therapeutic target in inflammation, autoimmunity and allergy. Br treatment of anti-CD3 stimulated CD4+ T cells reduced CD25 expression in a dose and time dependent manner. This reduction of CD25 was dependent on the proteolytic action of Br as the addition of E64 (a cysteine protease inhibitor) abrogated this response. The concentration of sCD25 was increased in supernatants of Br treated activated CD4+ T cells as compared to control cells, suggesting that Br proteolytically cleaved cell-surface CD25. This novel mechanism of action identifies how Br may exert its therapeutic benefits in inflammatory conditions.
A cross-language framework for developing AJAX applications

AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript And XML) applications have received wide-spread attention as a new way to develop highly interactive web applications. Breaking with the complete-page-reload paradigm of traditional web applications, AJAX applications rival desktop applications in their look-and-feel. AJAX places a high burden on a web developer requiring extensive JavaScript knowledge as well as other advanced client-side technologies. In this paper, we introduce a technique that allows a developer to implement an application in Java or any .NET language and then automatically cross-compile it to an AJAX-enabled web application.
Some statistical properties of differencing schemes for baseline correction of sedimentation velocity data.

Abstract For the detailed analysis of sedimentation velocity data, the consideration of radial-dependent baseline offsets is indispensable. Two main approaches are data differencing (“delta-c” approach) and explicit inclusion of baseline parameters in the model (“direct boundary model” of the raw data). The current work aims to clarify the relationships between the two approaches. To this end, a simple model problem is examined. We show that the explicit consideration of the baseline in the model is equivalent to a differencing scheme where the average value is subtracted from all data points. Pairwise differencing in the delta-c approach always results in higher parameter uncertainty. For equidistant time points, the increase is smallest when the reference points are taken at intervals of 1/3 or 2/3 of the total number of time points. If the difference data are misinterpreted to be statistically independent samples, errors in the calculation of the parameter uncertainties can occur. Contrary to claims in the literature, we observe that there is no distinction in the approaches regarding their “model dependence”; both approaches arise from the integral or differential form of the same model, and both approaches can and should provide explicit estimates of the baseline values in the original data space for optimal discrimination between macromolecular sedimentation models.
A surface wear model for hypoid gear pairs

In this paper, a methodology was proposed for simulation of surface wear of face-milled or face-hobbed hypoid gear pairs. The methodology combines Archard's wear model with a finite-element based hypoid gear contact model. The wear model requires the sliding distances and contact pressures to be computed along the contact zones at each rotational gear position. Formulations were proposed for computation of sliding distance along the tooth contact zones based on hypoid gear kinematics and geometry of the tooth surfaces, and the contact model was used to predict the normal contact pressure distributions. An example hypoid gear pair was analyzed for its wear behavior. Influences of gear position errors on wear patterns were demonstrated. An approximate method that is computationally more efficient was also proposed at the end.
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies of Metal/Metal Epitaxial Growth.

The morphologies of submonolayer films of Ni, Fe, Au, and Ag deposited on Au(111) at room temperature are studied using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The structures of steps and islands on length scales up to:_3000A are examined to determine processes of atomic motion and island nucleation. In all cases the deposited atoms move rapidly at room temperature and their aggregation is affected by the Au(111) s'herringbones' reconstruction. Ni and Fe aggregate to form island arrays with regular spacing, which are nucleated at s'elbows' sites of the herringbone pattern. Au forms fewer islands, showing these atoms are less likely to stick at these elbow sites. Ag forms a complex structure of monolayer-high fingers which reflect the interaction of diffusion-controlled aggregation with energetic differences defined by the reconstruction. These studies make it clear that the final structure of an ultrathin metal film can depend sensitively on fine details of atomic structure in the substrate.
Changes in the Fatty Acid Composition of the Marine Ciliated Protozoan Parauronema acutum with Increasing Culture Age and Adaptation to Changing Sodium Chloride Concentrations

Changes in the fatty acid composition of the membrane lipids of the marine ciliate, Parauronema acutum were studied in ciliates harvested from early logarithmic, decelerating logarithmic and stationary phase culture. The relative amounts of 18:1 (9) and 18:2 (9, 12) decreases in both the phospholipid and the neutral sphingolipid fractions with increasing culture age. The content of 18:4 (6, 9, 12, 15), 20:5 (5, 8, 11, 14, 17) and 22:6 (4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19) in these same lipids increases with culture age. While P. acutum was isolated as a marine ciliate and is usually grown in a medium containing 2.8% NaCI concentration, it actually grows well over NaCI concentration of 1% to 3% and will grow suboptimally without added NaCI. NaCI concentrations above 3% are inhibitory, although suboptimal growth occurs at 5% NaCI concentration. Lipids obtained from ciliates grown at either 1.5% or 2.8% NaCI have essentially identical FAME profiles. Lipids obtained from ciliates grown at either higher or lower concentrations of NaCI show marked changes in FAME profile. In both cases 18:2 (9, 12) content greatly increases while the content of 18 and 20 carbon highly unsaturated fatty acids, particularly 22:6 (4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19), decreases.
Implementing a living lab approach to foster innovation in an advanced software engineering course (abstract only)

The living lab concept promotes innovation by solving problems in an open, user-centric environment. A living lab approach was implemented in an undergraduate, advanced software engineering course to develop applications for the Leap Motion. The Leap Motion is a novel device that provides touch-less interaction with computer systems. Sixteen students worked toward the common goal of developing applications for the Leap Motion. All aspects of the project were supported in the student-led, open environment, from initial research to implementation. Because the Leap Motion device was not available until shortly before the semester, students had no prior experience in application development for the technology, adding to the difficulty and uniqueness of the task. This poster provides the details of the living lab implementation as the project progressed through the semester.
Unsteady viscous calculations of supersonic flows past deep and shallow three-dimensional cavities

Computational simulations were performed for supersonic, turbulent flows over deep and shallow three-dimensional cavities. The width and the depth of these cavities were fixed at 2.5 in. and 0.5 in., respectively. Length-to-depth ratio of the deep cavity was 6 and that of the shallow cavity was 16. Freestream values of Mach number and Reynolds number were 1.50 and 2.0 x 10 to the 6th/ft., respectively, at a total temperature of 585 R. The thickness of the turbulent boundary layer at the front lip of the cavity was 0.2 in. Simulations of these oscillatory flows were generated through time-accurate solutions of Reynolds-averaged full Navier-Stokes equations using the explicit MacCormack scheme. The solutions are validated through comparisons with experimental data. The features of open and closed cavity flows and effects of the third dimension are illustrated through computational graphics.
The relation between reproductive and reconstructive processing of memory content

Quantitative losses of memory content imply replicative processing; correspondence losses imply reconstructive processing. Research should focus on the relationship between these processes by obtaining accuracy- and quantity-based indicators of memory within the same framework. This approach will also yield information about the effects of task and individual-difference variables on loss and distortion, as well as the time course of each process.
Premature ventricular depolarization.

Surface "fusion beats", beats with initial and terminal QRS abnormalities, and accompanying secondary ST-T-wave changes appear following intracavitary evidence of premature depolarization. In instances of premature activation of a portion of myocardium, the intracavitary deflection of premature ventricular depolarization may not be apparent in surface leads and, if present, may be reflected in surface leads only by subtle changes in wave configuration that include (1) shortening of the P-R interval, (2) prolongation or amplitude changes or both in the QRS, (3) changes in contour of initial and terminal portion of the QRS, sometimes resembling those of infarction, and (4) secondary ST-T-wave changes. Evidence of electrical asynchronism in a single ventricle and between ventricles is presented.
Visual selective attention and mental retardation

Abstract Two experiments are reported that examined differences in the control of visual attention exhibited by two groups of subjects with mental retardation (Down syndrome versus non-Down subjects) and subjects without mental retardation. Subjects took part in a response competition task to examine their ability to restrict attentional focus to a narrow range of the visual field and to see if this ability is sensitive to top-down operations associated with category variables (letter versus number). Subjects saw targets flanked by distractors. The distractors could be identical to targets (2 2 2 or K K K), from the same category as targets (3 2 3 or L K L), or from a different category to targets (L 2 L or 3 K 3). We also manipulated the separation between target and flankers from 0.06 to 2.5 degrees of visual angle. In Experiment 1, subjects responded to either the number 2 or the letter K. Results indicated that both groups of subjects with mental retardation exhibited greater interference at wider sep...
Effect of defects on elastic–plastic behavior of cellular materials

Abstract Cellular solids such as foams are widely used in engineering applications. In these applications, it is important to know their mechanical properties and the variation of these properties with the presence of defects. Several models have been proposed to obtain the mechanical properties of cellular materials. However, these models are usually based on idealized unit cell structures, and are not suitable for finding the mechanical properties of cellular materials with defects. The objective of this work is to understand the effect of missing walls and filled cells on elastic–plastic behavior of both regular hexagonal and non-periodic Voronoi structures using finite element analysis. The results show that the missing walls have a significant effect on overall elastic properties of the cellular structure. For both regular hexagonal and Voronoi materials, the yield strength of the cellular structure decreases by more than 60% by introducing 10% missing walls. In contrast, the results indicate that filled cells have much less effect on the mechanical properties of both regular hexagonal and Voronoi materials. The effects of material strain hardening on the yield strength of cellular materials are also investigated.
Metabolic and ultrastructural abnormalities during ischemia in canine myocardium: noninvasive assessment by positron emission tomography.

Positron emission tomography allows the noninvasive assessment of regional myocardial blood flow and metabolism. The purpose of this study was to correlate N-13 ammonia uptake as a measure of regional blood flow and C-11 palmitate kinetics as a marker for fatty acid metabolism in ischemic canine myocardium using positron emission tomography. Furthermore, the metabolic results were compared with ultrastructural findings obtained in the same animal model. Regional ischemia was induced by balloon occlusion of the left anterior descending artery in a closed chest dog model. The three myocardial sites studied were the center and “border” of the ischemic segment as well as the control myocardium. C-11 palmitate uptake closely correlated with blood flow (r=0.88). In the center of ischemia uptake of C-11 palmite was decreased and clearance of C-11 activity significantly prolonged. In the “border” of the ischemic segment with only mild reduction of flow and C-11 palmitate uptake (∼20%) clearance halftime and residual activity were significantly different from control. The residual activity normalized for initial uptake of C-11 palmitate was highest in the “border” regions consistent with increased deposition of C-11 palmitate in lipid pools. The electron microscopic studies showed in 8 of 11 dogs lipid droplets as the only abnormality in corresponding segments with only mild reduction in microsphere blood flow. Thus, these data indicate the potential of metabolic imaging to characterize ischemia on a cellular level. Positron emission tomography provides a sensitive means to detect mild ischemia and to define extent and severity. Metabolic imaging may prove clinically useful to identify not only necrosis, but also myocardium at risk.
Stabilization, Sectoral Adjustment, and Enterprise Reform in the Agricultural Sector of Russia

Russia has a very rich natural agricultural endowment and a large internal market. The benefits that could be derived from a well managed threeto five-year program of agricultural adjustment are substantial. The needed adjustment is very large, however, because a legacy of inefficient enterprises, distorted prices, and inappropriate technology stands between the sector now and its natural potential. Successful agricultural adjustment will require continued simultaneous momentum in three areas:
Late Quaternary depositional history of the deep western Gulf of Mexico: geochemical and sedimentologic evidence

Abstract Variations were observed in the geochemistry and sedimentology of Late Quaternary sediments from the deep basin of the Gulf of Mexico. Recent sediments differ from those deposited during the Y-zone (late Wisconsin glacial stage) by (1) higher CaCO3 content; (2) increased grain size; (3) approximately 50% less organic carbon; (4) heavier δ13Corganic carbon (3–4‰); and (5) lower C N ratios indicating an apparent preferential loss of sedimentary N. The observed sedimentologic and geochemical patterns can be related to sea-level fluctuations. During the Y-zone, sea level was lower, allowing a greater influx of fine, carbonate-poor sediments of terrestrial origin. Decreased surface-water productivity and increased dissolution of CaCO3 during the Y-zone may also have contributed to a greater amount of fine, carbonate-poor sediments.
Ruling: Guardians and Philosopher-Kings

According to some accounts, Plato views ruling as a philosophical activity; according to others, he understands it to be a craft. Given the apparent discrepancy between philosophical and technical endeavor, it seems that the two interpretations cannot both be correct. The issue is explored in light of the relationship between guardians and philosopher-kings as it manifests itself in the basic structure of the Republic and also with respect to questions of education, character, and deceit.
The alar contour graft: Correction and prevention of alar rim deformities in rhinoplasty

One of the most common problems affecting both the primary and secondary rhinoplasty patient is deformity of the alar rim. Typically, this deformity is caused by congenital malpositioning, hypoplasia, or surgical weakening of the lateral crura, with the potential for both functional and aesthetic ra
Effect of mixing RE elements (Nd, Sm, Gd, Eu, Y, Yb) on the RE2BaCuO5/Nd4-2xBa2+2xCu2-xO10-2x phases in RE cuprate high-Tc superconductors

The RE2BaCuO5/RE4Ba2Cu2O10 phases (where RE is a mixture of Nd, Sm, Gd, Eu, Y and Yb) have been synthesized in an oxygen atmosphere and subsequently characterized. The mixing of RE elements which inherently form the RE2BaCuO5 phase through the peritectic decomposition of REBa2Cu3O7-x (RE123) (i.e. Sm, Gd, Eu, Y, Yb), was observed to give homogeneous mixing of the elements in the 211 phase. In contrast it was found that on mixing Nd with other RE elements a mixture of the Nd4-2xBa2+2xCu2-xO10-2x (Nd422) and RE2BaCuO5 (RE211) phases resulted. It was also observed that on mixing Nd with other REs a finite amount of the RE is substituted into the Nd422 phase and Nd into the RE211.
The social stratification of English in New York City

Part I. Problems and Methods of Analysis: 1. The study of language in its social context 2. First approach to the structure of New York City English 3. The social stratification of English in New York City department stores 4. The isolation of contextual style 5. The linguistic interview 6. The survey of the lower east side Part II. Social Differentiation: 7. Class differentiation of the variables 8. Further analysis of the variables 9. Distribution of the variables in apparent time 10. Other linguistic variables Part III. Social Evaluation: 11. Subjective evaluation of the variables 12. Self-evaluation and linguistic security 13. General attitudes towards the speech of New York City Part IV. Synthesis: 14. The structure of the New York City vowel system.
Short-run employment functions for public utilities in the United States

Abstract The well-known short-run employment function model is found to perform well for the U.S. Telephone and Telegraph and Electric utilities, but to be inapplicable to the Gas industry.
Experimental evidence for the third level (А+) of Hg vacancy in Hg1−xCdxTe

Abstract Mercury vacancy in Hg 1- x Cd x Te is not a two-level (as it was supposed until now), but a three-level acceptor. A third, most shallow (1–1.5 meV) level ( А + state) appears due to a capture of a third hole by a neutral acceptor, after the two deeper vacancy levels ( A − and А 0 states) are already occupied by holes. Due to a capture of nonequilibrium holes by neutral mercury vacancies (under radiation) a positive space charge region arises near an irradiated surface. This causes the anomalies of photoelectromagnetic effect, observed in р -Hg 1− x Cd x Te at T
Improved quantitation of DNA curvature using ligation ladders

It is often desirable to estimate accurately the local shape of DNA molecules. Such measurements are useful in understanding the intrinsic contribution of DNA sequence to curvature, as well as in assessing the effects of chemical modifications. We have been investigating the effects of asymmetric phosphate neutralization on DNA shape using the well-characterized ligation ladder approach developed by Crothers and co-workers [D.M.Crothers and J.Drak (1992) Meth. Enzymol.,212, 46-71]. This technique is remarkably sensitive to differences in DNA shape. We now report a general quantitative assay of DNA curvature that we have validated using a set of phased A(5)tract standards. This approach allows simultaneous estimation of helix axis deflection magnitude and direction when a test sequence is monitored in at least three phasings relative to a reference A(5-6)tract in short DNA duplexes. Analysis using this improved approach confirms our published data on DNA curvature due to electrostatic effects.
A Templating Approach for Monodisperse Self-Assembled Organic Nanostructures

The precise structural control is known for self-assembly into closed spherical structures (e.g., micelles), but similar control of open structures is much more challenging. Inspired by natural tobacco mosaic virus, we present the use of a rigid-rod template to control the size of a one-dimensional self-assembly. We believe that this strategy is novel for organic self-assembly and should provide a general approach to controlling size and dimension.
Analysis of the rotational structure in the high-resolution infrared spectra of cis,cis- and trans,trans-1,4-difluorobutadiene-1-d1 and trans,trans-1,4-difluorobutadiene-1,4-d2

Abstract Samples of cis , cis - and trans , trans -1,4-difluorobutadiene-1- d 1 and of trans , trans -1,4-difluorobutadiene-1,4- d 2 have been synthesized, and high-resolution (⩽0.0018 cm −1 ) infrared spectra of these substances have been recorded in the gas phase. Analysis of the rotational structure, mostly in C-type bands, has yielded ground state rotational constants. For the two 1-d 1 species more than one band has been analyzed. For the 1,4-d 2 species only one band was available for analysis. However, good agreement between the experimental centrifugal distortion constants and those predicted with a B3LYP/cc-pVTZ model give strong support to the analysis of the very dense spectrum. The ground state rotational constants are a contribution to finding semiexperimental equilibrium structures of the two nonpolar isomers of 1,4-difluorobutadiene.
Succinic acid. Heat capacities and thermodynamic properties from 5 to 328 K. An efficient drying procedure

Abstract Heat capacities of succinic acid from 5 to 328 K were determined by adiabatic calorimetry. At 298.15 K, values of C p , S o , (H o −H 0 o ) T and (G o −H 0 o ) T are 36.55, 39.99, 20.23, and −19.76 cal K −1 mol −1 . No thermal anomalies were detected except that from a trace of occluded water at 272 K, found to be (0.0030 ± 0.0005) per cent by analysis of the excess enthalpy absorption. Equilibration of pressed pellets for two days in a desiccator over Drierite proved to be an effective final drying technique.
Endocrine complications in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Endocrine complications of therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are common and are potentially debilitating both during and after therapy. Growth velocity slows during therapy for ALL, especially during the first year; however, children who do not receive cranial irradiation usually reach normal adult height. While growth hormone deficiency generally occurs in patients who have received 24 Gy of cranial irradiation, it may also develop in those treated with lower doses (18 Gy) of cranial radiation or with only high-dose methotrexate. Obesity commonly occurs during therapy and persists after completion of therapy. Osteopenia can occur early during therapy for ALL and can persist for many years. Adrenal insufficiency should be suspected in any child who has recently received glucocorticoid therapy, and stress doses of steroid should be administered in the event of metabolic stress. Screening of urine is useful for early detection of hyperglycemia during therapy with glucocorticoids and L-asparaginase. The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of anti-diuretic hormone is usually associated with vincristine therapy and may be aggravated by concurrent use of azole antifungals. Finally, patients who have received 18 or 24 Gy of cranial irradiation may have clinical or subclinical deficiencies of thyroid hormones. � c 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Is gestation in Prader-Willi syndrome affected by the genetic subtype?

Background Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a complex genetic disorder with errors in genomic imprinting, generally due to a paternal deletion of chromosome 15q11-q13 region. Maternal disomy 15 (both 15s from the mother) is the second most common form of PWS resulting from a trisomic zygote followed by trisomy rescue in early pregnancy and loss of the paternal chromosome 15. However, trisomy 15 or mosaicism for trisomy 15 may be present in the placenta possibly leading to placental abnormalities affecting gestational age and delivery.
The conductance of the muscle nicotinic receptor channel changes rapidly upon gating

We have recorded single-channel currents through fetal-type muscle nicotinic receptor channels at recording bandwidths of approximately 50 and 75 kHz. The time course of the rising phase of aligned and averaged openings can be entirely accounted for if it is assumed that the conductance of the single channel changes instantaneously, and that alignment and averaging introduce a dispersion of 2–3 microseconds. We conclude that we find no evidence for a gradual change in conductance as a channel opens or closes. The shapes of averaged power spectra are consistent with this conclusion, insofar as they exclude an exponential relaxation in the transition with a time constant of 10 microseconds or more.
Real‐time testing of the on‐site warning algorithm in southern California and its performance during the July 29 2008 Mw5.4 Chino Hills earthquake

The real-time performance of the τ_c -P_d on-site early warning algorithm currently is being tested within the California Integrated Seismic Network (CISN). Since January 2007, the algorithm has detected 58 local earthquakes in southern California and Baja with moment magnitudes of 3.0 ≤ M_w ≤ 5.4. Combined with newly derived station corrections the algorithm allowed for rapid determination of moment magnitudes and Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) with uncertainties of ±0.5 and ±0.7 units, respectively. The majority of reporting delays ranged from 9 to 16 s. The largest event, the July 29 2008 M_w5.4 Chino Hills earthquake, triggered a total of 60 CISN stations in epicentral distances of up to 250 km. Magnitude predictions at these stations ranged from M_w4.4 to M_w6.5 with a median of M_w5.6. The closest station would have provided up to 6 s warning at Los Angeles City Hall, located 50 km to the west-northwest of Chino Hills.
Design and development of the CO 2 enriched Seawater Distribution System

The kinetics of the reaction that occurs when CO 2 and seawater are in contact is a complex function of temperature, alkalinity, final pH and TCO 2 which taken together determine the time required for complete equilibrium. This reaction is extremely important to the study of Ocean Acidification (OA) and is the critical technical driver in the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute's (MBARI) Free Ocean CO 2 Enrichment (FOCE) experiments. The deep water FOCE science experiments are conducted at depths beyond scuba diver reach and demand that a valid perturbation experiment operate at a stable yet naturally fluctuating lower pH condition and avoid large or rapid pH variation as well as incomplete reactions, when we expose an experimental region or sample. Therefore, the technical requirement is to create a CO 2 source in situ that is stable and well controlled. After extensive research and experimentation MBARI has developed the ability to create an in situ source of CO 2 enriched seawater (ESW) for distribution and subsequent use in an ocean acidification experiment. The system mates with FOCE, but can be used in conjunction with other CO 2 experimental applications in deep water. The ESW system is completely standalone from FOCE.
Activity of 5-chloro-pyrazinamide in mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Mycobacterium bovis

Background & objectives: Pyrazinamide is an essential component of first line anti-tuberculosis regimen as well as most of the second line regimens. This drug has a unique sterilizing activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Its unique role in tuberculosis treatment has lead to the search and development of its structural analogues. One such analogue is 5-chloro-pyrazinamide (5-Cl-PZA) that has been tested under in vitro conditions against M. tuberculosis. The present study was designed with an aim to assess the activity of 5-Cl-PZA, alone and in combination with first-line drugs, against murine tuberculosis. Methods: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 5-Cl-PZA in Middlebrook 7H9 broth (neutral pH) and the inhibitory titre of serum from mice that received a 300 mg/kg oral dose of 5-Cl-PZA 30 min before cardiac puncture were determined. To test the tolerability of orally administered 5-Cl-PZA, uninfected mice received doses up to 300 mg/kg for 2 wk. Four weeks after low-dose aerosol infection either with M. tuberculosis or M. bovis, mice were treated 5 days/wk with 5-Cl-PZA, at doses ranging from 37.5 to 150 mg/kg, either alone or in combination with isoniazid and rifampicin. Antimicrobial activity was assessed by colony-forming unit counts in lungs after 4 and 8 wk of treatment. Results: The MIC of 5-Cl-PZA against M. tuberculosis was between 12.5 and 25 μg/ml and the serum inhibitory titre was 1:4. Under the same experimental conditions, the MIC of pyrazinamide was >100 μg/ml and mouse serum had no inhibitory activity after a 300 mg/kg dose; 5-Cl-PZA was well tolerated in uninfected and infected mice up to 300 and 150 mg/kg, respectively. While PZA alone and in combination exhibited its usual antimicrobial activity in mice infected with M. tuberculosis and no activity in mice infected with M. bovis, 5-Cl-PZA exhibited antimicrobial activity neither in mice infected with M. tuberculosis nor in mice infected with M. bovis. Interpretation & conclusion: Our findings showed that 5-Cl-PZA at doses up to 150 mg/kg was not active in chronic murine TB model. Further studies need to be done to understand the mechanism and mode of inactivation in murine model of tuberculosis.
Defect-Aware Synthesis of Droplet-Based Microfluidic Biochips

Recent advances in microfluidics technology have led to the emergence of miniaturized biochip devices for biochemical analysis. A promising category of microfluidic biochips relies on the principle of electrowetting-on-dielectric, whereby discrete droplets ofnanoliter volumes can be manipulated using an array of electrodes. As chemists adapt more bioassays for concurrent execution on such "digital" droplet-based microfluidic platforms, system integration, design complexity, and the need for defect tolerance are expected to increase rapidly. Automated design tools for defect-tolerant and multifunctional biochips are important for the emerging marketplace, especially for low-cost, portable, and disposable devices for clinical diagnostics. We propose a unified synthesis method that combines defect-tolerant architectural synthesis with defect-aware physical design. The proposed approach allows architectural-level design choices and defect- tolerant physical design decisions to be made simultaneously. We use a large-scale protein assay and the polymerase chain reaction procedure as case studies to evaluate the proposed synthesis method. We also carry out simulations based on defect injection to evaluate the robustness of the synthesized biochip design.
Passenger Car Fuel Economy Influence Coefficients

This paper presents two analytical procedures for estimating passenger car fuel economy over the Federal Urban, Highway, and Combined driving cycles as functions of basic vehicle and engine characteristics. The first procedure is based on algorithms developed by regressing fuel economy test results from 1059 Model Year 1984/1985 certification vehicles. The second procedure is based on a detailed computer simulation of vehicle and engine operation over these driving cycles. In this manner, changes in specific parameters of spark ignition and diesel-engined vehicles are related directly to changes in fuel economy. From the computed data, an equation is generated by regressing the fuel economy results.
Low power and area efficient semi-digital PLL for low bandwidth applications

Conventional low bandwidth Phase lock loop uses an external Capacitor together with a big on chip ripple capacitor. A new architecture of a Phase lock loop is proposed which eliminates the need for an external capacitor. Also the value of the on chip capacitor is reduced drastically, reducing the chip size. The PLL architecture proposed uses very low power.
Computational Elements of the Adaptive Controller of the Human Arm

We consider the problem of how the CNS learns to control dynamics of a mechanical system. By using a paradigm where a subject's hand interacts with a virtual mechanical environment, we show that learning control is via composition of a model of the imposed dynamics. Some properties of the computational elements with which the CNS composes this model are inferred through the generalization capabilities of the subject outside the training data.
High-power uncooled 975-nm Bragg grating stabilized thick-quantum-well lasers

Coherence-collapse operation of a Bragg grating stabilized thick-quantum-well laser diode yields 975-nm wavelength emission with >40 dB side-mode-suppression ratio, 1% power variation, and fiber-output power as high as 293 mW at 15/spl deg/C and 167 mW at 115/spl deg/C.
Design and evaluation of a switch cache architecture for CC-NUMA multiprocessors

Cache coherent nonuniform memory access (CC-NUMA) multiprocessors provide a scalable design for shared memory. But, they continue to suffer from large remote memory access latencies due to comparatively slow memory technology and large data transfer latencies in the interconnection network. In this paper, we propose a novel hardware caching technique, called switch cache, to improve the remote memory access performance of CC-NUMA multiprocessors. The main idea is to implement small fast caches in crossbar switches of the interconnect medium to capture and store shared data as they flow from the memory module to the requesting processor. This stored data acts as a cache for subsequent requests, thus reducing the need for remote memory accesses tremendously. The implementation of a cache in a crossbar switch needs to be efficient and robust, yet flexible for changes in the caching protocol. The design and implementation details of a CAche Embedded Switch ARchitecture, CAESAR, using wormhole routing with virtual channels is presented. We explore the design space of switch caches by modeling CAESAR in a detailed execution driven simulator and analyze the performance benefits. Our results show that the CAESAR switch cache is capable of improving the performance of CC-NUMA multiprocessors by up to 45 percent reduction in remote memory accesses for some applications. By serving remote read requests at various stages in the interconnect, we observe improvements in execution time as high as 20 percent for these applications. We conclude that switch caches provide a cost-effective solution for designing high performance CC-NUMA multiprocessors.
Ultrastructure of the body cavity lining in a secondary acoelomate, Microphthalmus cf. Listensis westheide (Polychaeta: Hesionidae).

The organization of the body cavity lining in selected regions of the juvenile and adult of the interstitial hesionid polychaete Microphthalmus cf. listensis is described. Tissues comprising the body cavity lining in the juvenile consist of somatic and splanchnic circular and longitudinal muscles and undifferentiated cells. Somatic and splanchnic cell layers exhibit epithelial ( = eucoelomate) organization in the pharyngeal region. In the midbody, some undifferentiated cells exhibiting mesenchymal organization persist among the epithelially organized somatic and splanchnic cells, forming a gradation between eucoelomate and acoelomate tissue organizations. A coelomic cavity is absent. Tissues comprising the body cavity lining of the adult consist of somatic and splanchnic circular and longitudinal myocytes and coelenchymal cells. Coelenchymal cells are shown from serial section analysis to be mesenchymal in organization and derived from the somatic peritoneum. A 30-65-nm coelomic cavity lies between the apices of somatic and splanchnic cell layers in the pharyngeal region. In the anterior setigerous segments, the coelom is reduced to a narrow cavity surrounded by coelenchymal cells lying midventrally between the paired ejaculatory ducts. There is a regional obliteration of the splanchnic musculature in the posterior segments so that apices of the coelenchymal cells lie in direct apposition to the basal extracellular matrix of the gut. The coeom is only present middorsally as a 0.7-μm-wide cavity. Although the coelomic cavity is highly reduced in the adult, the body cavity lining still reveals its origin from the epithelial ( = eucoelomate) organization. The findings of this study illustrate possible organizational intermediates in the evolution of the acoelomate from the eucoelomate condition in annelids.
Using the Risk Ratio to Assess Racial/Ethnic Disproportionality in Special Education at the School-District Level

The issue of the disproportionate identification and placement of racial/ethnic minorities in special education has been investigated extensively. One of the most useful tools in this research is the risk ratio, which compares one racial/ethnic group’s risk of receiving special education and related services to that of all other students. The risk ratio can be used to calculate disproportionality at both the state and school-district levels. However, analysts often encounter difficulties in applying the risk ratio to districtlevel data due to variable demographic distributions and small numbers of students in either the racial/ ethnic group or the comparison group. We propose two modifications to the risk ratio for dealing with these problems.