cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Controlled release and absorption of cetylpyridinium chloride using polymer hydrogels

Interest in the biocide cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) has resurged based on new studies showing its effectiveness against a wide variety of pathogens. Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)-based hydrogels have been developed for the controlled release of CPC. Initial burst release of the biocide can be controlled and sustained release can be achieved for more than two weeks. The burst and sustained release can be adjusted by varying the amount of anionic monomer (AMPSA), crosslink content (DEGDMA), release media, hydrogel surface area, and CPC loading. After removing the CPC-loaded hydrogel from solution and drying, the release of CPC can also be reactivated. Very interesting swelling behavior was observed for CPC-loaded hydrogels due to the electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions between the polymer hydrogel and CPC. In addition, HEMA-based hydrogels can be used to recover or absorb CPC from aqueous solutions. By increasing the amount of AMPSA in the HEMA-based hydrogel, more CPC can be absorbed from solution. The absorption is also enhanced by agitating the solution. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Parents of children newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes: experiences with social support and family management.

PurposeThe purpose of this mixed-methods descriptive study with parents of children newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes was to explore their experiences with peer social support following the Social Support to Empower Parents (STEP) intervention and the usefulness of the Family Management Measure (FaMM) in this population.MethodsParents who were in the experimental arm of STEP were recruited. Qualitative interviews were conducted (n = 21), and 11 parents completed the FaMM, a quantitative family-functioning measure. Qualitative content data analysis was conducted and compared to the descriptive measure analysis.FindingsThree themes were identified: availability, practical tips, and common ground. Five FaMM subscales were reliable (α > .80) in this small sample.ConclusionsThe findings illustrate that the STEP intervention is helpful, providing the participants with emotional, affirmational, and informational social support. The use of the FaMM is a first step in assessing family management in families wit...
Child care in the United States and industrialized nations.

Although the US does subsidize a portion of child-care services via tax credits for the middle class and subsidized care for low-income families, it has no parental-leave policy, no national system of child-care services, and no national standards of quality. This nonsystem of child care is in great contrast to the situation in most industrialized nations, which do have parental-leave and child-care systems with quality standards acceptable to most American experts. We believe that the greatest obstacle to such a system within the US lies in the premise that children are the responsibility of individual families and that responsible mothers will remain home to care for them. This is ironic in a country that claims to believe in diversity and parental choice. Our nonsystem of child care fails to serve the diverse needs of families and greatly restricts parents9 choices.
Control of MEMS on the edge of instability

This paper investigates a new method for tracking parameters at which dynamic bifurcations occur in MEMS based on state statistics of a resonator. Experimental results show that observed changes in phase and amplitude precede a sub-critical pitchfork bifurcation. Feedback control, based on the statistics of the phase, is then employed to stabilize a device on the edge of instability. Sensitivity to changes in device parameters is explored and initial results show high sensitivity is obtained for low vibration amplitudes. Furthermore, experimental results on the same device using an older method of bifurcation sensing show acquisition rate improvement by over three orders of magnitude with the new method.
The Information in Book-to-Market Profits for Momentum

In this paper I examine the relation between profits from book-to-market strategies and momentum strategies. Specifically, I test two time-series hypotheses which are not mutually exclusive, but do have opposite predictions for subsequent momentum profits. First, if periods of large book-to-market profits are indicative of a large dispersion in expected returns, then subsequent momentum profits are likely to be relatively high. Second, if shifts in book-to-market profits (a period of growth dominating value shifting to a period of value dominating growth, or vice versa) are associated with changes in the market state, then subsequent momentum profits are likely to be relatively low. My results provide no support for the first hypothesis. However, I do find support for the second hypothesis. Specifically, momentum profits are negatively and reliably related to changes in book-to-market profits prior to implementing the momentum strategy. The results are consistent with the propositions that: (1) changes in the state of the market across the ranking and holding periods are associated with lower subsequent momentum profits, and (2) price adjustments to changes in expected returns are important for understanding momentum profits.
Adsorption Kinetics of Low Density Lipoprotein onto a Hydrophobic-Hydrophilic Gradient Surface

A subtle interplay between polar and non-polar interactions governs protein stability in aqueous solutions (Branden and Tooze, 1991). It also plays a decisive role in determining the interfacial property of proteins. For example, many small globular proteins such as a-lactalbumin, lysozyme and others, can not pack all their hydrophobic residues inside the protein core: these residues are often found exposed to the aqueous solution (Haynes and Norde, 1995). This exposure is energetically costly as the water molecules in the vicinity of protein hydrophobic residues lose some of their entropy relative to the bulk water. The free energy of the system will decrease when the exposed hydrophobic residue binds to another hydrophobic entity, or when it makes contact with a hydrophobic surface.
Radiological and clinical features of vein of Galen malformations.

Background Vein of Galen malformations (VOGMs) are rare and complex congenital arteriovenous fistulas. The clinical and radiological features of VOGMs and their relation to clinical outcomes are not fully characterized. Objective To examine the clinical and radiological features of VOGMs and the predictors of outcome in patients. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the available imaging and medical records of all patients with VOGMs treated at the University of California, San Francisco between 1986 and 2013. Radiological and clinical features were identified. We applied the modified Rankin Scale to determine functional outcome by chart review. Predictors of outcome were assessed by χ 2 analyses. Results Forty-one cases were confirmed as VOGM. Most patients (78%) had been diagnosed with VOGM in the first year of life. Age at treatment was bimodally distributed, with predominantly urgent embolization at Conclusions VOGMs continue to be challenging to treat and manage. Nonetheless, endovascular approaches to treatment are continuing to be refined and improved, with increasing success. The neurodevelopmental outcomes of affected children whose VOGMs are treated may be good in many cases.
The oral-aboral axis of a sea urchin embryo is specified by first cleavage

Several lines of evidence suggest that the oral-aboral axis in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus embryos is specified at or before the 8-cell stage. Were the oral-aboral axis specified independently of the first cleavage plane, then a random association of this plane with the blastomeres of the four embryo quadrants in the oral-aboral plane (viz. oral, aboral, right and left) would be expected. Lineage tracer dye injection into one blastomere at the 2-cell stage and observation of the resultant labeling patterns demonstrates instead a strongly nonrandom association. In at least ninety percent of cases, the progeny of the aboral blastomeres are associated with those of the left lateral blastomeres and the progeny of the oral blastomeres with the right lateral ones, respectively. Thus, ninety percent of the time the oral pole of the future oral-aboral axis lies 45 degrees clockwise from the first cleavage plane as viewed from the animal pole. The nonrandom association of blastomeres after labeling of the 2-cell stage implies that there is a mechanistic relation between axis specification and the positioning of the first cleavage plane.
Gene expression profiling in engineered skin substitutes subjected to chemical injury: protective effects of keratinocyte growth factor

In this study we aim at understanding the response of epidermis to barrier disruption by chemical injury. In contrast to cells in culture, engineered skin tissues mimic human epidermis in terms of tissue architecture and exhibit significant barrier function. Skin equivalents were cultured for seven days at the air-liquid interface and then exposed to acetone for various times. Long exposure (>5 min) to acetone resulted in loss of metabolic activity over time. Histological staining showed that the tissues were affected in a time and position-dependent fashion. Using the TUNEL assay we found that exposure to acetone increased apoptosis especially in the upper layers of the epidermis. Interestingly, addition of KGF reduced apoptosis significantly. To identify changes of gene expression in response to barrier disruption and KGF treatment, we employed cDNA micro-array technology. We found that acetone treatment increased the levels of several genes, which are involved in apoptosis. Interestingly, KGF downregulated genes that promote apoptosis and upregulated genes that promote cell survival. Our results suggest that KGF may exert its protective effect(s) by preventing apoptosis. Furthermore, we propose that functional genomics may be used in tissue engineering to understand tissue development, wound regeneration and response to environmental stimuli.
A Study of Localization Accuracy Using Multiple Frequencies and Powers

Wireless localization using the received signal strength (RSS) can have tremendous savings over using specialized positioning infrastructures. In this work, we explore improving RSS localization performance in multipath environments by varying the transmitter's signal power and frequency. We first derive and analyze the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) of RSS-based localization based on the frequency dependent path loss propagation model that considers the transmitter's signal power and frequency. The derived CRLB shows the feasibility of improving localization performance by applying frequency and power level selection for RSS-based localization. Using this analysis, we develop two new selection metrics based on the observed standard deviations of RSS as well as residuals. We then show a set of selection methods that attempt to select the combinations of power and frequencies which minimize the localization error in a representative class of localization algorithms. Our simulation results confirm the proposed selection methods can improve the localization accuracy under CRLB. Additionally, using active RFID tags, we experimentally characterize the effect of using multiple signal powers and frequencies on a wide spectrum of RSS-based algorithms. We found that the performance of all the algorithms improves when leveraging on multiple power levels and frequencies, although different algorithms present different sensitivity in terms of localization accuracy under different selection methods.
A Sensitivity Approach to Detection of Local Market Power Potential

Market power gives certain market participants the ability to manipulate the market to their advantage when their product is not substitutable by competitors. Identification of generators which have the potential for market power either individually or within a small group is performed using sensitivity information from the linear programming optimal power flow (LP OPF). The impact of network constraints on admissible price perturbations are used to group generators that have the potential to exhibit local market power. Specific price perturbation vectors are found that highlight a constraint-induced locational advantage for these suppliers. In practice, this is most commonly observed in “load pockets,” for which ISO policies mitigate market power.
Smooth Muscle Energetics

Muscle energetics now emcompasses several related areas. Historically, the approach of energetics was largely phenomenological and primarily involved quantitation of muscle heat production and mechanical output in order to define performance characteristics. Based heavily on thermodynamics, it was thus independent of any particular model, and importantly set limits to which any theory of muscle contraction must conform. With the development of techniques for the direct assessment of A TP breakdown during contraction, such as rapid freezing and NADH-linked fluorescent techniques, the emphasis has shifted in recent years to what may be termed the kinetics of the actomy­ osin ATPase in situ. The focus is on how mechanical constraints affect this reaction, with the ultimate goal of understanding the mechanochemical transduction events at the crossbridge level. In parallel with these studies, muscle energetics now encompasses metabolism, particularly energy metabo­ lism, which focuses on the mechanisms underlying the coordination of metabolism and contractility. Excellent and comprehensive reviews of muscle energetics detailing these aspects for skeletal muscle are available (47, 97). For smooth muscle, the coupling of energy utilization and supply is of necessity (see below) very close; thus, these two areas are closely intertwined and are the focus for this chapter. The metabolism and energetics of smooth muscle have been comprehensively reviewed in the past several years (8, 68, 75). I will thus only briefly summarize what is widely accepted, emphasizing what is controversial.
Three Dimensions of the Amyloid Hypothesis: Time, Space, and “Wingmen”

The amyloid cascade is perhaps the most dominant hypothesis in the field of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis but it is also one of the most controversial. Here, we present two Perspective articles which argue both for and against the amyloid hypothesis. In this piece, Drs. Musiek and Holtzman argue that, despite sometimes conflicting data, there is ample evidence to suggest that Aβ accumulation is a key initiator of AD-related pathology and may act as a trigger of downstream effects such as tau aggregation.
Review of "Big-Deal Serial Purchasing: Tracking the Damage (Library Technology Reports 50:4)," by Walt Crawford

BIG-DEAL SERIAL PURCHASING: TRACKING THE DAMAGE (LIBRARY TECHNOLOGY REPORTS 50:4). Walt Crawford. Chicago: ALA TechSource, 2014, 50 pp., ISBN: 978-0-8389-5926-8, $43.00.Librarians have been aware o...
An Immersive Training and Mission Integration Tool to Facilitate Long Duration Space Exploration Missions

[Abstract] As space exploration missions increase in duration and distance from the earth, our training methods and support models will need to evolve. This evolution arises from reductions in spacecraft vehicle complexity, increases in crew autonomy, and decreases in mission communications coverage. This paper proposes a training and mi ssion integration tool that partners virtual reality with intelligent agent technology to provide a responsive training environment, and a collaborative Mission Control Center capability. The author makes a recommendation for employing artificial intellige nce technology to provide just in time training as well as seamless on -board flight control expertise, even during communications loss of signal with the Earth. This technology resides within a virtual immersion environment, which links the space vehicle w ith Mission Control during acquisition of signal, but operates in standalone mode during loss of signal. During loss of signal, the onboard system uses intelligent agents to emulate the specialized technical knowledge of Mission Control systems experts. Th e system also has the ability to integrate with on -board systems, such as planning software and other intelligent systems, enhancing crew autonomy and vehicle awareness, and increasing mission success.
Large-Scale Simulations of Acoustic Synthetic Jets

A Large-Scale Simulations (LSS) code is developed herein to model and optimize the performance of a synthetic jet device when the forcing amplitude is an acoustic wave. Applications include, but not limited to, acoustic-controlled flow actuators and micro-propulsion systems. To ensure no spurious modes are generated near the computational boundaries, the characteristic and the asymptotic methods for boundary treatment are employed. Results explain several features observed experimentally and pave the way for optimizing acoustic actuators.
A Frequency Based Mining Method of Complex Concept Relations for Domain Ontology

In domain ontology, concept relation is the key component. Traditional concept relation mining methods usually cannot be used to construct large scale domain ontology because of their dependence on some high cost resources like tagged corpus. In this paper, we propose a simple but effective method to mine some complex concept relations for domain ontologies. Compared with traditional methods, our method has a large scope of applications. Besides, our method can be easily transplanted and implemented. And experimental results show that our method can mine some complex relations among domain concepts with encouraging performance.
The Transition to Modernity

This paper addresses the transformation of criminal justice that took place between about 1750 and 1850. This was the period that witnessed the disappearance of the bloody public sanctions of the pre-modern world and the transition to imprisonment as the ordinary form of punishment; seminal campaigns against torture and excessive use of the death penalty; critical steps in the formation of the common law criminal trial; the move to modern forms of codification and refined dogmatic criminal theory on the Continent; and the flowering of the modern philosophy of criminal law. The paper offers an account of the forces at work in this remarkable period. After discussing the leading interpretations of Michel Foucault and John Langbein, the paper proposes a framework from theirs. The transition to modernity in criminal justice should be seen against the background of a Weberian monopolization of legitimate violence, as Western states claimed the sole authority to inflict punishment, displacing rivals that included nobles, heads of households, and the Church. In the course of this successful monopolization, the paper argues, states underwent a deep, and somewhat paradoxical, transformation. The secular criminal law that emerged by the middle of the nineteenth century had been Christianized, coming to resemble the historic law of the Church. The "modern" criminal law of the nineteenth century was in practice a form of pre-modern Christian law, making use of the historic Church punishment of imprisonment and adopting forms of culpability analysis that had been developed by Church lawyers.
Theoretical Constructs: Anxiety, Self, and Hallucinations

In this paper, three key constructs—anxiety, self, and hallucinations—are explored within the theoretical framework of interpersonal relations (Peplau, 1987). Connections among these concepts are shown. Applications to clinical practice of nurses in psychiatric hospitals are described. These concepts pertain to phenomena commonly observed by nurses during their relationships with psychiatric patients. The nursing practices that psychiatric nurses provide are more likely to be remedial in intent and outcome when guided by theory.
An argument from acquisition: Comparing English metrical stress representations by how learnable they are from child-directed speech

ABSTRACTIt has long been recognized that there is a natural dependence between theories of knowledge representation and theories of knowledge acquisition, with the idea that the right knowledge representation enables acquisition to happen as reliably as it does. Given this, a reasonable criterion for a theory of knowledge representation is that it be useful for acquisition, particularly in nontrivial learning situations. We propose quantitative learnability metrics meant to capture how useful a representation is for acquisition. We then apply these metrics to the case study of English metrical stress, a language that is notorious for having nonproductive aspects in its grammar and so being nontrivial to learn a productive grammar for. We examine three theories of metrical stress representation, assessing their learnability via these metrics from English child-directed speech at different stages of linguistic development. We find that while all three theories are only somewhat useful at the initial stages ...
Biomechanical comparison of methods used to treat Kienböck's disease

The surgical approach to Kienbock's disease is largely dependent on the stage of the disease and the ulnar variance pattern. Many of the surgical treatments are designed to unload the lunate, halt disease progression, and allow for possible revascularization. This article reviews a collection of studies investigating the biomechanical effects of load-altering procedures. Knowledge of the biomechanical impact of the various operative interventions is clinically useful in creating a treatment algorithm.
A Genomic Resource for the Development, Improvement, and Exploitation of Sorghum for Bioenergy

With high productivity and stress tolerance, numerous grass genera of the Andropogoneae have emerged as candidates for bioenergy production. To optimize these candidates, research examining the genetic architecture of yield, carbon partitioning, and composition is required to advance breeding objectives. Significant progress has been made developing genetic and genomic resources for Andropogoneae, and advances in comparative and computational genomics have enabled research examining the genetic basis of photosynthesis, carbon partitioning, composition, and sink strength. To provide a pivotal resource aimed at developing a comparative understanding of key bioenergy traits in the Andropogoneae, we have established and characterized an association panel of 390 racially, geographically, and phenotypically diverse Sorghum bicolor accessions with 232,303 genetic markers. Sorghum bicolor was selected because of its genomic simplicity, phenotypic diversity, significant genomic tools, and its agricultural productivity and resilience. We have demonstrated the value of sorghum as a functional model for candidate gene discovery for bioenergy Andropogoneae by performing genome-wide association analysis for two contrasting phenotypes representing key components of structural and non-structural carbohydrates. We identified potential genes, including a cellulase enzyme and a vacuolar transporter, associated with increased non-structural carbohydrates that could lead to bioenergy sorghum improvement. Although our analysis identified genes with potentially clear functions, other candidates did not have assigned functions, suggesting novel molecular mechanisms for carbon partitioning traits. These results, combined with our characterization of phenotypic and genetic diversity and the public accessibility of each accession and genomic data, demonstrate the value of this resource and provide a foundation for future improvement of sorghum and related grasses for bioenergy production.
Legal pluralism, religion and multiculturalism

Introduction: in principle and in practice Islamic holy law (the Shari'a ), along with the veil, has become one of the most contested issues in Western liberal societies. The possible introduction of the Shari'a raises significant problems for multicultural policies as a specific example of legal pluralism. In this chapter I briefly outline four positions one might take towards the recognition of Shari'a law in any secular state with a diverse multicultural society. The first option would be to take up some normative in-principle position either to accept or to reject the Shari'a . This would involve public debate about religious law in a secular state along the lines suggested in Jurgen Habermas's recent comments on a post-secular society (Habermas, 2002; Habermas and Ratzinger, 2006). The second option would be to follow a pragmatist strategy either for or against. This approach might equally accept or reject Shari'a , but in this case the reasons are practical and not normative. A government might decide to accept or reject the introduction of religious courts depending on the possibility of their integrative or disruptive social consequences. The pragmatist approach suggests that a government might just see what happens (partly from historical experience and partly from contemporary observation) when there is some piecemeal recognition or introduction of legal pluralism. If this piecemeal departure from legal uniformity does not cause too much public uproar, a government might feel comfortable with some slow evolutionary departure from state sovereignty, legal uniformity and secularism.
Impact of Telehealth Training on Health Care Providers’ Knowledge in HIV/AIDS Care: A Mixed Methods Evaluation.

Healthcare providers (HCPs) serving HIV-infected patients in rural and underserved areas have limited access to continuing education. A telehealth training programme, Project Extension for Community Healthcare OUtcomes (ECHO), was implemented to enhance knowledge and skills of these HCPs in HIV care. A mixed methods approach including quantitative (multilevel modelling and meta-analysis) and qualitative (thematic analysis) components was used to evaluate the impact of ECHO on HCPs' knowledge. Over three years, 98 training sessions were conducted and 654 HCPs attended. ECHO was associated with an increase in knowledge. Change in HCP knowledge differed within the ECHO sessions, not across sessions. Four HCP-level factors (achievement of self-stated objective for attending the session, amount of time for the session, intention to make practice changes,and number of sessions attended) and one session-level factor (language used in the session) were associated with the change in knowledge. While increasing knowledge, skills and learning were frequently and intensely cited as objectives for attending ECHO, provider-based communication emerged as the key to converting the acquired knowledge into practice. Besides communication, most HCPs expressed intention to improve patient clinical management including linking, engaging, and retaining patients in care. Lack of time to focus on HIV/AIDS care, inadequate skills to convey medical information to patients, and patients' lack of insurance to pay for recommended care emerged as barriers to implementincontent learned. Implications for research are discussed.
Genes, brain, behavior, and context: The developmental matrix of addictive behavior

Addiction science largely has individual behavior as its focus, albeit at increasingly differentiated levels of analysis, ranging from behavior to brain to genes. Context is rarely brought into the causal matrix, although without the addictive object, addiction could not occur. Moreover, although the emergence of addiction is a developmental process, developmental changes in these relationships are rarely examined. Findings that address these issues are reported from a 28-year-long prospective high risk for alcoholism family study, the Michigan Longitudinal Study, which was designed to evaluate these cross-development linkages from early childhood to early adulthood, across multiple levels of analysis involving genes, neural circuitry, behavior, and social context. Analyses focus on the network of GABA2 relationships with externalizing behavior and with nucleus accumbens responsivity, as they relate to problems of alcohol use over the course of adolescence. They illustrate the moderating effect of social relationships—but only in specific portions of adolescence.
Distributed real-time sound speed profiling in underwater environments

Acoustic Underwater Networks (AUNs) operate in a dynamic and inhomogeneous medium where acoustic signals tend to refract causing difficulty in sustaining connectivity and locating lost nodes. Such inhomogeneity is usually apprehended by observing sound speed variations in aquatic mediums, which is obtained by taking measurements at discrete depths, using historical samples, or by applying ocean acoustic tomography. However, these techniques do not capture the medium dynamicity or pose constraints that are often difficult to achieve in such a habitat. To overcome these shortcomings, we proposes a Distributed Real-time Oceanic Profiling approach (DROP) that relies on few randomly-deployed unsynchronized nodes to estimate underwater sound speed profile (SSP). We first present a method to map the 3D environment into an equivalent 2D one. Using the 2D map, DROP uses a second order degree polynomial to estimate the trajectory of a transmitted signal and exploits the slope gradient of the polynomial in generating a layered medium. DROP then combines the measured local sound speed values and the signal refraction to predict sound speed in distinct layers and obtains an SSP. We validate DROP through simulation and show that its performance is consistent with actual measured data.
Fault Ride-Through Enhancement for Grid-Tied PV Systems With Robust Control

In this paper, a new control structure is proposed for grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) systems where the dc bus voltage is regulated by the dc/dc converter controller, whereas the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) function and the power flow control are embedded into the dc/ac converter controller. A PV voltage-regulation is designed to build the linkage between MPPT function and power flow control. In this way, the dc/dc converter controller and the dc/ac converter controller are decoupled, which naturally provides the dc bus voltage protection. In particular, an uncertainty and disturbance estimator (UDE)-based current-mode controller (CMC) is proposed for accurate voltage regulation of the dc/dc converter. And a bounded-voltage power flow control strategy is proposed for the dc/ac converter to improve the existing UDE-based robust power flow control for ac voltage protection. The effectiveness of the proposed method is experimentally validated in a lab-environment grid-tied PV system platform with the fault ride-through capabilities. In addition, simulation studies are also provided to demonstrate the need of the PV voltage-regulation between MPPT and power flow control, and the advantages of the bounded-voltage design in the power flow control.
Expanding the spectrum of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy.

Of the nonischemic (familial) cardiomyopathies, only arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) specifies a particular cardiac chamber in its name. This is not surprising in view of the striking right ventricular (RV) involvement in the classical form of the disease, which is defined by
The hepatic microsomal Ca2+ sequestering system.

The hepatic microsomal Ca2+ sequestering system is analogous to that of sarcoplasmic reticulum and fulfills a similar role to it; namely, regulation of cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration. It does so by taking up Ca2+ in an ATP dependent manner and releases it by either the reversal of the uptake process and/or by a different, unknown mechanism.
An Illustrated Guide to Poster Design.

To the Editor: In a recent Viewpoint,[1][1] Adam Persky provided some excellent guidance for those designing posters to present their research, noting that “the most common mistake of posters is over-communication; posters are intended to convey the main message, not be a manuscript.” In this
Effect of hetastarch bolus in trauma patients requiring emergency surgery

UNLABELLED If blood products are not available, current military guidelines recommend a hetastarch bolus (HEX, Hextend 6% hetastarch in lactated electrolyte buffer, www. hospira.com) for initial treatment of hypovolemic shock in the field. We previously reported that a HEX bolus plus standard of care (SOC = crystalloid plus blood products) was safe during initial resuscitation in 1714 trauma patients. This study tests the hypothesis that HEX+SOC is more effective than SOC alone for volume expansion in trauma patients requiring urgent operation. METHODS From July 2009 to August 2010, the records from all adults who required emergency surgery within 4 hours of admission were screened for a retrospective cohort observational study. Burns, and those with primary neurosurgical or orthopedic indications, were excluded. The study population was comprised of 281 patients with blunt (n = 72) or penetrating (n = 209) trauma; 141 received SOC and 140 received SOC+HEX in the emergency room only (ER, n = 81) or the ER and operating room (OR, n = 59). Each case was reviewed with waiver of consent. RESULTS After penetrating injury, with SOC, the injury severity score was 17 and mortality was 12%; the corresponding values in the HEX(ER) and HEX(OR) groups were 19?21 and 8%, but these apparent differences did not reach significance. However, in patients receiving HEX, initial heart rate was higher, base deficit was lower, and hematocrit was lower (consistent with relative hypovolemia), even though blood product requirements were reduced, and urine output was greater (all p < 0.05). These effects were absent in patients with blunt trauma. Platelet consumption was higher with HEX after either penetrating (p = 0.004) or blunt trauma (p = 0.045), but coagulation tests were unchanged. CONCLUSION HEX is safe for initial resuscitation in young patients who required urgent operation after penetrating trauma, but there was no apparent effect after blunt trauma. A bolus of HEX reduced transfusion requirements without inducing coagulopathy or causing renal dysfunction, but a randomized controlled trial is necessary to eliminate the possibility of selection bias.
Abstract P348: Immunosuppression with Cyclophosphamide Attenuates Renal Injury but Not Hypertension in an Experimental Model of Autoimmune Disease

Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of mortality among patients with the autoimmune disorder systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Our laboratory previously showed that immunosuppression with mycophenolate mofetil, a common therapy in patients with SLE, attenuates the development of hypertension in an experimental model of SLE. Cyclophosphamide is another common therapy for patients with SLE that has contributed to improved disease management; however, its impact on the development of hypertension associated with SLE is not clear. We tested whether treatment with cyclophosphamide (25 mg/kg, once/week, IP injection) for four weeks attenuates hypertension in an established female mouse model of SLE with hypertension (30 week old NZBWF1 females). Plasma anti-dsDNA IgG levels, pathogenic for the disease, were lower in cyclophosphamide-treated SLE mice compared to vehicle-treated SLE mice (161 ± 43, n=19 vs 501 ± 114, n=21, p + B cells (15.87 ± 8.49%, n=10 vs 26.96 ± 4.72%, n=8). Paradoxically, circulating CD11b + Ly6G + neutrophils were increased in cyclophosphamide treated SLE mice compared to vehicle treated (39.26 ± 4.92%, n=10 vs 20.58 ± 6.01%, n=8, p=0.06). These data suggest that cyclophosphamide treatment attenuates autoantibody production and renal disease during SLE, but that the potential to impact MAP may be blunted by the increase in circulating neutrophils.
On the Accuracy of the Taylor Assumption in Polycrystalline Plasticity

The accuracy of a Taylor-type polycrystal constitutive model, in which compatibility is satisfied but equilibrium between grains is violated, is evaluated by comparing the predictions from this model for the overall stress-strain response and crystallographic texture evolution during simple shear of fcc metals against predictions from a full finite element model in which both compatibility and equilibrium in the polycrystalline aggregate are satisfied. Our calculations show that the Taylor-type model is in reasonable first-order agreement with the results of the finite element calculations and also with the results from corresponding physical experiments on single-phase copper.
The Structure of Fields

In this chapter we shall analyze arbitrary extension fields of a given field. Since algebraic extensions were studied in some detail in Chapter V, the emphasis here will be on transcendental extensions. As the first step in this analysis, we shall show that every field extension K ⊂ F is in fact a two-step extension K ⊂ E ⊂ F, with F algebraic over E and E purely transcendental over K (Section 1). The basic concept used here is that of a transcendence base, whose cardinality (called the transcendence degree) turns out to be an invariant of the extension of K by F (Section 1). The notion of separability is extended to (possibly) nonalgebraic extensions in Section 2 and separable extensions are characterized in several ways.
Fast and Improved SLEX Analysis of High-Dimensional Time Series

We address the problem of segmenting a multi-dimensional time series into stationary blocks by improving AutoSLEX [1], which has been successfully used for this purpose. AutoSLEX finds the best basis in a library of smoothed localized exponentials (SLEX) basis functions that are orthogonal and localized in both time and frequency. We introduce DynamicSLEX, a variant of AutoSLEX that relaxes the dyadic intervals constraint of AutoSLEX, allowing for more flexible segmentation while maintaining tractability. Then, we introduce RandSLEX, which uses random projections to scale-up SLEX-based segmentation to high dimensional inputs and to establish a notion of strength of splitting points in the segmentation. We demonstrate the utility of the proposed improvements on synthetic and real data.
Inhaltsanalyse und nichtreaktive Forschungsmethoden

Die Analyse der psychologischen Bedeutung und der thematischen Inhalte von Dokumenten, Akten oder ahnlich komplexem Material nennt man „Inhaltsanalyse“. Im Mittelpunkt des Untersuchungsinteresses steht also die Auswertung qualitativer Variablen. Jedoch werden haufig zusatzlich zur qualitativen Auswertung auch Haufigkeiten oder andere quantitative Daten, wie z. B. Korrelationsund Prozentangaben, in die Inhaltsanalyse einbezogen. Sie enthalt also sowohl qualitative als auch quantitative Aspekte.
Faith-Based Mental Health Treatment of Minors

Historically, a close connection has existed between religion, religious beliefs, and conceptualizations of both the cause and the cure of mental illness. Mental illness was once believed to result...
Language Mapping of Hindi and English in a Bilingual Patient During Resection of a Right Frontal Glioma.

Background Recent advancements in understanding the molecular basis of gliomas and new concepts of neuronal plasticity have shown the importance of maximal resection in gliomas to improve progression-free overall survival. Awake craniotomies with intraoperative cortical and subcortical mapping have helped to achieve this aim while allowing us to preserve executive function including language. Language mapping becomes a daunting task in individuals who are bilingual because of the complexity of varied cortical representation of different languages. Case Description We present a case of a bilingual patient who underwent re-resection of right frontal astrocytoma using principles of awake surgery and language mapping. Our patient was fluent in English and Hindi. She underwent a complete neurophysiologic cognitive assessment in both languages preoperatively. She was tested for speech arrest, nominal aphasia, and semantic paraphasia intraoperatively for both English and Hindi. She underwent a gross total resection with postoperative preservation of both English and Hindi. Intraoperative language mapping revealed that while certain cortical areas overlapped between 2 languages, other aspects were represented by distinct areas. Postoperative assessment at 2 months revealed most major aspects of language remained preserved or had improved relative to the preoperative baseline. Conclusions Advancements in anesthesia and neuromonitoring have further allowed for long awake periods, permitting complex language tasks to be tested intraoperatively. The results obtained from this case study have allowed us to further plan for awake surgeries for patients with bilingualism. With understanding bilingual representation of languages, we hope to achieve maximal resection with minimal postoperative deficits.
Standard enthalpies of formation of some 5d transition metal silicides by high temperature direct synthesis calorimetry

Abstract The standard enthalpies of formation for some 5d transition metal silicides have been measured by high temperature direct synthesis calorimetry at 1473±2 K. The following results in kJ/mole of atoms are reported: HfSi (−70.9±2.0); Ta5Si3 (−38.1±1.7); TaSi2 (−46.0±2.5); WSi2 (−27.3±2.0); Re2Si (−12.7±2.5); Os2Si3 (−30.5±2.1); IrSi (−64.4±2.6); PtSi (−59.6±2.1); Pt2Si (−63.3±2.3). In addition to the values for the 5d silicides we are also reporting results for three additional compounds. These are: LaGe1.6 (−75.4±2.2); Re3Ge7 (2.1±2.7); OsAl2 (−44.9±2.2). The results are compared with some earlier values obtained by calorimetry or derived from EMF or vapor pressure measurements. They are also compared with predicted values from the semiempirical model of Miedema and coworkers and with available enthalpies of formation for 3d and 4d transition metal silicides and with values for 5d germanides and aluminides.
Paclitaxel-loaded expansile nanoparticles improve survival following cytoreductive surgery in pleural mesothelioma xenografts.

Abstract Objective Malignant pleural mesothelioma is a lethal malignancy with poor survival and high local recurrence rates despite multimodal therapy with cytoreduction and chemoradiation. We evaluated the antitumor efficacy of a paclitaxel-loaded pH-responsive expansile nanoparticle (PTX-eNP) in 2 clinically relevant murine xenograft models of malignant pleural mesothelioma. Methods Luciferase-transfected MSTO-211H human mesothelioma cells were injected into the thoracic cavity of immunodeficient Nu/J mice. Tumor burden was monitored by bioluminescent imaging. Animals were randomized into 2 models of disease treatment chemotherapy with PTX-eNPs alone delivered locally for early limited disease or cytoreductive surgery plus local PTX-eNP chemotherapy for advanced disease. Within each disease model, anti-tumor efficacy of PTX-eNP was compared against standard formulation paclitaxel and drug-empty nanoparticles. Influence on survival was calculated. Fluorescently labeled PTX-eNPs and immunohistochemistry evaluated in vivo drug localization to tumor. Results Intrathoracic injection of MSTO-211H resulted in large tumor deposits distributed within the pleural space of the murine thoracic cavity. Local multidose treatment with PTX-eNPs alone in limited stage disease more than doubled survival compared with drug-empty nanoparticles (P ≤ .0001) and standard formulation paclitaxel (P = .0004). In the model of advanced disease, local multidose treatment with PTX-eNPs following cytoreductive surgery also prolonged survival by 126% and 69.4% compared with drug-empty nanoparticles (P = .0018) and standard formulation paclitaxel (P = .03457), respectively. Immunohistology demonstrated PTX-eNP accumulation within tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions Local delivery of paclitaxel via eNPs confers prolonged survival in a murine model of malignant pleural mesothelioma as single modality treatment for limited disease and in combination with cytoreductive surgery for advanced disease.
An Application Exploiting Aurophilic Bonding and iClick to Produce White Light Emitting Materials.

The paper focuses on exploiting aurophilic bonding to produce white light emitting materials. Inorganic Click (iClick) is employed to link two or four Au(I) metal ions through a triazolate bridge. ...
Analysis of degradation in residential battery energy storage systems for rate-based use-cases

Abstract This article examines the impact of residential battery energy storage (BES) systems’ operational modes on the life (i.e. usable energy capacity) of the battery under several climatic conditions and battery chemistries. The sharp increase in residential BES installations has been a result of decreasing costs of batteries, increase in rate structures motivated applications such as solar self-consumption and time-of-use energy management, and customers purchasing these systems for backup power. While these different modes of operations provide a combination of increased bill savings, reliability of supply, and energy sustainability to the customer, their operational characteristics vary significantly between use-cases. Functional life of BES systems is known to be strongly dependent on their operating conditions. In this article, we analyze the operation of residential BES systems under different rate-based use-cases, for different battery chemistries and cell designs, and under different environmental conditions. This is conducted by simulating the control of BES operations using rate-based cycling algorithms and analyzing the prognosis of multiple battery lifetime models that consider complex nonlinear dependencies of operational stress factors such as state-of-charge, depth-of-discharge, and temperature on degradation. Significant variations in battery life are observed owing to the differences in characteristics of the uses-cases coupled with environmental conditions and battery chemistries. Such differences lead to the conclusion that choice of residential BES technologies and chemistries should account for their intended use-cases.
A CRISPR-Cas-Inspired Mechanism for Detecting Hardware Trojans in FPGA Devices.

Hardware security has risen in prominence in recent years with concerns stemming from a globalizing semiconductor supply chain and increased third-party IP (intellectual property) usage. Trojan detection is of paramount importance for ensuring systems with confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Existing methods for hardware Trojan detection in FPGA (field programmable gate array) devices include test-time methods, pre-implementation methods, and run-time methods. The first two methods provide effective ways of detecting some Trojans; however, Trojans may be specifically designed to avoid detection at test-time or before implementation making run-time detection a more attractive option. Run-time detection and removal of Trojans is highly desirable due to the wide range of critical systems which are deployed on FPGAs and may be difficult or costly to remove from operation. Many parallels can be drawn between hardware and natural systems, and one example creates an analogy between hardware attacks and biological attacks. We propose a CRISPR-Cas-inspired (clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats) method for detecting hardware Trojans in FPGAs. The fundamental concepts of the Type 1-E CRISPR-Cas mechanism are discussed and simulated to predict the flow of genetic information through this biological system. The basic structure of this system is utilized to propose a novel run-time Trojan detection method titled CADEFT (CRISPR-Cas-based Algorithm for DEtection of FPGA Trojans). Different levels of FPGA application design flow are explored, and CADEFT is proposed for realization at the bitstream level to monitor the configuration bitstream and the run-time properties of the FPGA. The flexibility of CADEFT originates in the CRISPR-Cas mechanism's ability to recognize similar albeit previously unseen patterns which may pose a threat to the system.
Protein Vibrations Can Markedly Affect Reaction Kinetics: Interpretation of Myoglobin-CO Recombination

Chemical kinetics are governed by the flow of energy from electronic states through molecular vibrations to the solvent. Small changes in vibrational frequencies may have large effects on reaction rates. These effects are illustrated in an analysis of the non-exponential low-temperature kinetics of ligand binding in myoglobin.