cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Portuguese Naus on Namban Screens: A Study of the First European Ships on Paintings from the Late 16th to Early 17th Centuries in Japan

Namban screens, a well-known Japanese art form, were painted by skillful Japanese artists from the late 16th century to the 17th centuries. Approximately 90 of these screens have been handed down up to the present. Not only they show some important historical scenes of European commercial activities in the Far East for the first time, but they also depict representational pictures of Portuguese ships during the Age of Discovery. Although the ships’ images on the screens are roughly acceptable, the details are often strangely anachronistic. The same images could be found in some Western maps in the 16th century. Judging from the similarity, perhaps, Japanese painters, who had never seen actual ships themselves in ports, did manage to copy the images from ones on those maps, which were brought to Japan by the wellknownTensho embassy. This was the first Japanese embassy that was sent to Europe; the diplomats left Japan in 1582 and arrived at Portugal in 1584. They met with Pope Gregory XIII and his successor, Pope Sixtus V, in Rome, and then returned back to their homeland in 1590. In the following year the embassy members succeeded in seeing HideyoshiToyotomi, who was the leading political ruler in Japan at that time. They gave him some souvenirs from Europe, including the maps. It seems that some official court painters had a chance to see those gifts, from where Japanese artists could have obtained an idea of the ships’ images that appear in the Namban screens.
An Exploratory Study of Violent Media Consumption and Aggression in Black College Students

One-hundred Black college students attending a historically Black college and university (HBCU) on the east coast of the United States participated in a study intended to explore and provide baseli...
Internal resistance and polarization dynamics of lithium-ion batteries upon internal shorting

Abstract Internal resistance and temperature measurements are made for LIR2450 format LiCoO2/graphite 120 mA h coin cells upon abusive discharge conditions. The dynamic contributions of electrical and ionic resistances to joule heat generation are investigated in the earliest stages of battery failure. It is shown that while ohmic, primarily electrical resistances initially dictate the joule heating rates, polarization, primarily ionic resistances become dominant as time progresses. Ionic conductivity and resistance of LiPF6 salt in ethylene carbonate/ethyl methyl carbonate solvent are examined through concurrent concentration, viscosity, and temperature measurements to elucidate the intricacies of electrolyte polarization. Comparative analysis suggests that upon polarization at high discharge rates, resistance is concentrated in the electrolyte within the cathode region due to rapid depletion of lithium-ions available to facilitate charge transfer. Expected consequences are corroborated in external shorting and nail penetration experiments. The findings are used to predict how a cell would respond if electrical or ionic resistances are exacerbated upon shorting, so as to identify effective thermal runaway mitigation strategies.
Engaging STEM Ethics Education

The automation of knowledge via algorithms, code and big data has brought new ethical concerns that computer scientists and engineers are not yet trained to identify or mediate. We present our experience of using original research to develop scenarios to explore how STS scholars can produce materials that facilitate ethics education in computer science, data science, and software engineering. STS scholars are uniquely trained to investigate the societal context of science and technology as well as the meaning STEM researchers attach to their day-to-day work practices. In this project, we use a collaborative, co-constitutive method of doing ethics education that focuses on building an ethical framework based on empirical practices, highlighting two issues in particular: data validity and the relations between data and inequalities. Through data-grounded scenario writing, we demonstrate how STS scholars and other social scientists can apply their expertise to the production of educational materials to spark broad ranging discussions that explore the connections between values, ethics, STEM, politics, and social contexts.
Ethanol's Effects on Transient Receptor Potential Channel Expression in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells.

Ethanol (EtOH), the main ingredient in alcoholic beverages, is well known for its behavioral, physiological, and immunosuppressive effects. There is evidence that EtOH acts through protein targets to exert its physiological effects; however, the mechanisms underlying EtOH’s effects on inflammatory processes, particularly at the blood-brain barrier (BBB), are still poorly understood. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, the vanguards of human sensory systems, are novel molecular receptors significantly affected by EtOH, and are heavily expressed in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs), one of the cellular constituents of the BBB. EtOH’s actions on endothelial TRP channels could affect intracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ dynamics, which mediate leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells and endothelial permeability at the BBB, thus altering immune and inflammatory responses. We examined the basal expression profiles of all 29 known mammalian TRP channels in mouse BMVECs and determined both EtOH concentration- and time-dependent effects on TRP expression using a PCR array. We also generated an in vitro BBB model to examine the involvement of a chosen TRP channel, TRP melastatin 7 (TRPM7), in EtOH-mediated alteration of BBB permeability. With the exception of the akyrin subfamily, members of five TRP subfamilies were expressed in mouse BMVECs, and their expression levels were modulated by EtOH in a concentration-dependent manner. In the in vitro BBB model, TRPM7 antagonists further enhanced EtOH-mediated alteration of BBB permeability. Because of the diversity of TRP channels in BMVECs that regulate cellular processes, EtOH can affect Ca2+/Mg2+ signaling, immune responses, lysosomal functions as well as BBB integrity.
Theory and Application of Hydraulic Fracturing Technology

In our industry-sponsored project (M.I.T. UFRAC), we are conducting a combined comprehensive theoretical and laboratory investigation of fracturing schemes which hold promise for providing or improving access to underground reserves of energy and other natural resources. The main focus has been on quasi-static methods, particularly on ramifications of the hydraulic fracturing technique and enhancing complements such as thermal cracking or induction of high pore pressures (e.g., due to expansion tendencies of highly energetic trapped second phases). However, consideration is also being given to various controlled explosive methodologies (e.g., as preparation for hydrafrac) and to possibilities for constructively dispersing electrical or chemical energy (e.g., with pumped fluids). The project has proceeded on four fronts: 1. Identification of mechanisms (e.g., mechanical, thermal, chemical) which have potential for creating suitable fracture patterns in underground reservoirs or other target rock. 2. Detailed analytical and numerical modelling of fracture evolution, aimed at incorporating within efficient computer programs each potentially important field phenomenon, at least phenomenologically. 3. Experimental verification of analytical predictions at all levels of sophistication, from pocket calculator to mainframe programs, using both laboratory and field data. 4. Provision of insight and readily intelligible formulae (plus computer routines) for immediate application toward improvement of current operations in the field and development of new technology.
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PHENOTYPIC REVERTANTS FROM MOLONEY MURINE SARCOMA VIRUS-TRANSFORMED CELLS

ABSTRACT Several characteristics of NRK cells transformed with Moloney murine sarcoma virus have been studied and compared to those of independent clonal isolates which have reverted to a normal phenotype. Molecular level analysis of cell DNA by means of endonuclease restriction, electrophoresis, blotting, and hybridization to radioactive DNA containing sequences specific for the transforming gene of MSV, revealed that revertants maintain a complete copy of the viral genome. Similar studies of isolated cytoplasmic poly (A)-containing RNA indicate that revertants do not contain detectable quantities of mRNA that can hybridize with the src -specific DNA. Revertants, when stained with an antiserum cross-reacting with MSV-specific proteins, stain as does the non-transformed control. These studies support the conclusion that reversion is related to a block in viral gene transcription. The relevance of this defect along with others for non-transformed revertants is discussed in terms of cellular and viral factors contributing to the neoplastic state.
Evaluating ICU Clinical Severity Scoring Systems and Machine Learning Applications: APACHE IV/IVa Case Study

Clinical scoring systems have been developed for many specific applications, yet they remain underutilized for common reasons such as model inaccuracy and difficulty of use. For intensive care units specifically, the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) score is used as a decision-making tool and hospital efficacy measure. In an attempt to alleviate the general underlying limitations of scoring instruments and demonstrate the utility of readily available medical databases, machine learning techniques were used to evaluate APACHE IV and IVa prediction measures in an open-source, teleICU research database. The teleICU database allowed for large-scale evaluation of APACHE IV and IVa predictions by comparing predicted values to the actual, recorded patient outcomes along with preliminary exploration of new predictive models for patient mortality and length of stay in both the hospital and the ICU. An increase in performance was observed in the newly developed models trained on the APACHE input variables highlighting avenues of future research and illustrating the utility of teleICU databases for model development and evaluation.
The Role of Parents’ Ethnic-Racial Socialization Practices in the Discrimination–Depression Link among Mexican-Origin Adolescents

The present study investigated the moderating role of parents' ethnic-racial socialization practices (T1) in the link between adolescents' discrimination experiences (T1-T3) and adolescent anxiety and depression, respectively (T1-T3). Using a 3-wave longitudinal design with multiple informants (adolescent, mother, father) reporting on parents' ethnic-racial socialization practices, the data analytic sample comprised a total of 251 (T1) Mexican-origin families from the midwestern United States. Mother and father reports of their own ethnic-racial socialization practices (i.e., cultural socialization, preparation for bias, promotion of mistrust) were entered simultaneously into multilevel moderation models. Results from these multilevel moderation analyses indicated that fathers' promotion of mistrust was a significant moderator in the adolescent discrimination-depression link over time. Specifically, fathers' promotion of mistrust exacerbated the youth discrimination-depression association. Moreover, the difference between the moderating effects of fathers' versus mothers' promotion of mistrust on the youth discrimination-depression association was significant. Cultural socialization and preparation for bias did not significantly moderate the adolescent association between discrimination and mental health, regardless of parent gender (fathers or mothers) or mental health outcome (anxiety or depression). The results are discussed in light of a socioecological framework, with special emphasis on the importance of including (and differentiating between) both fathers and mothers in the investigation of ethnic-racial socialization and implications for future theory building, research, and clinical practice.
CARDIAC AND CEREBROVASCULAR MANIFESTATIONS OF EOSINOPHILIC GRANULOMATOSIS WITH POLYANGIITIS

Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (EGPA) is a rare systemic disease characterized by asthma, peripheral and tissue eosinophilia & systemic vasculitis. Cardiovascular manifestations have been reported in past smaller studies, but the prevalence and spectrum of cardiac disease in EGPA is
Indomethacin dosing strategy and neonatal patent ductus arteriosus closure

Background Few studies exist that have evaluated the effects of indomethacin dosing frequency as a factor associated with successful patent ductus arteriosus closure in very low birth weight neonates. The objective of this study is to determine if indomethacin dosing strategy is associated with efficacy for initial patent ductus arteriosus management in very low birth weight neonates. Methods This retrospective review compared every 12 hour and every 24 hour indomethacin regimens primarily for efficacy in initial patent ductus arteriosus management, defined as an absence of repeat medical and/or surgical treatment, and secondarily for safety in both univariate and multivariate models. Results One hundred three very low birth weight neonates were included: 56 (54%) received every 12 hour and 47 (46%) underwent every 24 hour indomethacin dosing. Repeat medical and/or surgical patent ductus arteriosus treatment rates were similar between groups. Less ligation of the patent ductus arteriosus occurred with every 12 hour versus every 24 hour dosing (11% vs. 26%, p = 0.05), though this effect was mitigated controlling for birth weight and gestational age. Renal function, respiratory outcomes, feeding outcomes, length of stay, and mortality were similar between groups. Conclusions Neither the every 12 hour nor the every 24 hour indomethacin regimen demonstrated inferior efficacy or safety for initial management of patent ductus arteriosus. Further prospective analysis of indomethacin dosing strategy is warranted.
System of equations and staggered solution algorithm for immiscible two-phase flow coupled with linear poromechanics

This document is a presentation of the equations of simultaneous water and oil flow in deformable porous medium and linear poromechanics as well as the staggered solution algorithm to solve the coupled system of equations.
Bioadsorption and enzymatic biodecolorization of effluents from ethanol production plants

Abstract Distillery effluent must be handled in compliance with the demands and obligations of Environmental Quality Standards (EQS). As Iranian bioethanol plants often face the problem of high color content, therefore, an efficient decolorization process is required to determine the quality of effluent so as to meet demanded standards. The existing color in effluent is identified as Melanoidins, which is adsorbed by fungal mycelia or biodegraded. In this work, the biodecolorization mechanism was studied using Aspergillus fumigatus UB260. A color removal rate of 47% was obtained at an incubation time of 96 h at 30 °C. FTIR spectrum proved the presence of Melanoidins. SEM micrographs showed the accumulation of specified pigments in the mycelia. The release of color from fungal mycelia to 0.5 N NaOH proved the color adsorption on the surface of mycelia. Poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis (SDS/PAGE) proved that the presence of protein molecules in bio-decolorization culture. There was no existence of a trace amount of protein in the raw distillery wastewater. The decolorization was perceived as of dual mechanism.
Quantitative assessment of intestinal fibrosis in vivo with spectroscopic and strain by endoscopic photoacoustic imaging

This study investigates on the molecular and mechanical markers of intestinal fibrosis in Crohn’s Disease using endoscopic photoacoustic imaging. The quantitative imaging results in vivo are validated by histology and microelastometry.
The lesson in the object: reconstructing early visual media in paper

This short article argues for the potential of paper media to ‘tell’ early media histories through critical praxis. I will use examples of my own artwork, which include an artists’ book of feminist...
Bone marrow adipose tissue function - is space a constraint?

Bone marrow adipose tissue secretes adipokines and is involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. The confined bone marrow cavity could partially explain the resistance of bone marrow adipose tissue to insulin-mediated glucose uptake and its role in systemic energy regulation.
Enhanced emission from ultra-thin long wavelength infrared superlattices on epitaxial plasmonic metamaterials

We analyze the mid-infrared emission resulting from the interplay between a type-II superlattice (T2SL) material and semiconductor-based plasmonic “designer metals”. We demonstrate an order of magnitude emission enhancement, accompanied by spectral reshaping, relative to all-dielectric T2SL counterparts and provide a theoretical description of the underlying physics. The all-semiconductor LWIR emitters with integrated plasmonic components, developed in this work, represent novel approach to broadband room-temperature mid-IR sources.
Alterations in heart rate following radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of reentrant supraventricular arrhythmias: relation to alterations in autonomic tone

To determine the relation between the creation of endocardiallesions and alterations in autonomic tone, we analyzed heart ratevariability in patients undergoing radiofrequency catheter ablation forsymptomatic supraventricular tachycardia. Elevated heart rates are frequently noted after radiofrequency catheterablation for supraventricular arrhythmias. It has been postulated that thiselevation may be secondary to alterations in cardiac autonomic tone. Sinceheart rate variability is a measure of autonomic nervous system activity, weused this technique to examine the heart rate elevation and to characterizepostablation autonomic changes. Thirty-eight patients undergoing 44 radiofrequency catheter ablationprocedures were included in the study. Total arrhythmic substrates treatedincluded 34 accessory pathways and 13 AV nodes with dual physiology.Twenty-four-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic recordings were obtained ina drug-free state prior to, ablation early postablation, and latepostablation. Spectral and nonspectral analyses of heart rate variabilitywere performed. Subgroup analyses were also done on specific cohorts.Subgroups included patients undergoing accessory pathway ablations, AV nodemodifications, and ablation of septal and nonseptal targets. To determinewhether the amount of tissue damage was related to changes in heart ratevariability, we analyzed the relation between the total energy delivered tothe endocardium and the peak change in creatine kinase and heart ratevariability. In this population, a significant transient increase in heart rate wasnoted following radiofrequency ablation. All time and frequency domainparameters of heart rate variability showed significant reversibledecreases. These changes were independent of target site and arrhythmiasubstrate. There was no correlation noted between the changes in heart ratevariability and either the total amount of energy applied to the endocardiumor the change in creatine kinase. Increased heart rates and decreased heart rate variability occurfollowing radiofrequency catheter ablation for supraventricular tachycardia. Clinically, the predominant effect is that of decreased parasympathetic tone. Since these transient changes are independent ofarrhythmic substrate or ablation site in the atria, a rich parasympathetic innervation of the heart is proposed.
A clinician survey of use assessment, documentation, and education about cannabis in persons with cystic fibrosis.

Introduction To help open the clinician dialogue regarding cannabis use in persons with CF in the U.S., we aimed to describe current practices of use assessment and documentation processes related to cannabis. Methods A cross sectional, anonymous survey study was distributed via email to CF directors and coordinators and to the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (CFF) listservs of nurse, pharmacist, dietitian, social worker and psychology care team members. The survey tool included multiple choice, scaled and open ended items, which assessed participants' awareness of current cannabis laws in their state, prescribing practices for medical marijuana, screening and documentation practices, knowledge of and what indications participants believe cannabis and cannabidiol (CBD) could be beneficial. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results There were 282 survey participants, with majority as providers (28%) and social workers (29%), representing all U.S. regions. Participants varied in terms of frequency of evaluating cannabis use, with 15.4% "always," 48.4% "sometimes," and 41% "rarely" or "never" asking about it. Regarding recreational versus medical cannabis use, 55.4% and 62.5% reported documentation of each type in the medical record, respectively. Participants reported appetite, pain, and nausea as the top three advocated indications for use. About 35% and 72% of participants felt "slightly" or "not at all" prepared to answer patient/family questions about cannabis and CBD, respectively. Conclusions The approach to cannabis use assessment, documentation, and education across CF care centers is variable. There is a need for care team and patient/caregiver education materials about cannabis/CBD and CF. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Flexible protocols and paused audio recorders: The limitations and possibilities for technologies of care in two global mental health interventions

Abstract Lay-counselors have become a key human resource in the field of global mental health, aiming to address the estimated one-million-person shortage of mental healthcare providers. However, the role of lay-counselors is ambiguous and in tension: their role is quasi-professional, with specific training and skills that set them apart within communities, yet their role is also defined in contrast to professional mental healthcare providers. We explore how these tensions manifest through the material technologies for protocolizing and evaluating lay-counselor roles. We draw on our ethnographic fieldwork within two global mental health interventions that represent different ends of the spectrum of lay-counselor involvement, in order to explore the possibilities and limitations of such material technologies. Thinking Healthy Program-Peer delivered is a cognitive behavioral therapy-based intervention for women with perinatal depression delivered in Goa, India, and Tuko Pamoja (Swahili: “We are Together”) is a family therapy intervention to improve mental health and family functioning in Eldoret, Kenya. First, we explore how intervention manuals – the step-by-step protocols that guide therapy delivery – can both constrain counselors to a script and enable their novel contributions to therapeutic encounters. Then, we examine assessment tools used to evaluate interventions writ large and lay-counselors specifically. We describe how, even where lay-counselors are encouraged to bring their own expertise into therapy delivery, this expertise is not often reflected in evaluation tools. Instead, the focus tends toward fidelity checklists, which require adherence to the manualized intervention and can penalize counselors for “going off book.” Even though lay-counselors are often recruited specifically because of their existing roles and “local expertise,” we argue that the material technologies of interventions can at times limit how their expertise is enabled and valued. We offer recommendations for global mental health programs to facilitate greater recognition and valuing of lay-counselor expertise.
Importance of Pulsed Doppler and Color Flow Mapping in Diabetic Pregnancies

Perinatal mortality and morbidity has improved in offspring of diabetic pregnancies. Incidence of congenital malformations has not changed in the last few decades even with improved peripartum management.
Cross Track Error and Proportional Turning Rate Guidance of Marine Vehicles

The problem of turning rate guidance and control of marine vehicles is considered. Feedback with feed- forward rudder control is used to deliver a specified turning rate for the vehicle, while a guidance law is employed to create the necessary sequence of turning rate commands which would allow conver- gence to a desired geographical path. Two different guidance schemes are presented and analyzed, namely, cross track error and proportional turning rate guidance. Stability conditions are computed ex- plicitly, while nonlinear analysis techniques illustrate the significance of design parameters on the final system response that cannot be inferred from linearized stability results. naval and commercial operations have unique mission re- quirements and dynamic response characteristics. In partic- ular, they are required to be highly maneuverable and very responsive as they operate in obstacle-avoi dance and object- recognition scenarios. The need, therefore, arises to main- tain accurate path-keeping in confined spaces and shallow waters under the influence of steady- and time-varying ex- ternal forces. The primary vehicle guidance system is based on heading or turning rate commands that are generated based on a specified geographical sequence of desired way points. Speed commands can be generated by incorporating temporal attributes to the way points. These guidance com- mands are then passed to the vehicle controller which at- tempts to deliver the commanded heading and/or heading rate of change by an appropriate use of the vehicle control surfaces (Healey et al 1990). Unlike open sea operations, for vehicle missions in coastal areas and confined waters, the way point sequence must be very dense so that satisfactory path accuracy is maintained. One efficient way of maneu- vering through a given way point sequence is by using a line-of-sight guidance law which commands a heading angle that is directly related to the line-of-sight angle between the vehicle position and a desired destination point. The vehicle controller is then an orientation control law which delivers the commanded heading. Previous studies (Papoulias 1991, 1992), have demonstrated that this scheme is guaranteed stable only if the way point separation is above some critical value. This conclusion is true regardless of the particular form of the line-of-sight guidance or the heading control law used. Similar results hold for vertical plane guidance (Pa-
Automatic lung lobe segmentation using particles, thin plate splines, and maximum a posteriori estimation

We present a fully automatic lung lobe segmentation algorithm that is effective in high resolution computed tomography (CT) datasets in the presence of confounding factors such as incomplete fissures (anatomical structures indicating lobe boundaries), advanced disease states, high body mass index (BMI), and low-dose scanning protocols. In contrast to other algorithms that leverage segmentations of auxiliary structures (esp. vessels and airways), we rely only upon image features indicating fissure locations. We employ a particle system that samples the image domain and provides a set of candidate fissure locations. We follow this stage with maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation to eliminate poor candidates and then perform a post-processing operation to remove remaining noise particles. We then fit a thin plate spline (TPS) interpolating surface to the fissure particles to form the final lung lobe segmentation. Results indicate that our algorithm performs comparably to pulmonologist-generated lung lobe segmentations on a set of challenging cases.
NATURE OF THE CYTOPATHIC AREA SURROUNDING VIRULENT CELLS OF BACILLUS ANTHRACIS IN MOUSE SPLEEN

Abstract Roth, Ivan L. (Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.), and Robert P. Williams. Nature of the cytopathic area surrounding virulent cells of Bacillus anthracis in mouse spleen. J. Bacteriol. 88:523–530. 1964.—Virulent anthrax bacilli in splenic tissue of mice were seen by electron microscopy to be surrounded by a clear zone that was designated the cytopathic area. Previous experiments did not establish the nature of the area. In the present experiments, virulent anthrax bacilli were grown in a system enriched with CO2. The bacilli were capsulated and retained the capsule after they were killed by autoclaving. When grown without CO2, these virulent bacilli were not capsulated. Also used was an avirulent strain of Bacillus anthracis that did not form capsules in either the presence or absence of CO2. Mice were inoculated intravenously with suspensions containing 5 × 108 per 0.5 ml of (i) living or (ii) killed, capsulated virulent bacilli; (iii) killed, noncapsulated virulent bacilli; and (iv) living, avirulent bacilli. Bacteria were found in the spleen 1 hr after injection. Electron microscopy revealed that both living and dead, capsulated virulent bacilli were surrounded by a clear area. No clear area was found around killed, noncapsulated virulent bacilli. Clear areas were never seen around avirulent bacilli. Light microscopy of smears prepared from splenic tissue and stained for the presence of bacterial capsules corroborated the electron microscopic findings. These results established that the cytopathic area surrounding virulent bacilli was capsule.
In Vitro Generation of Adult Rat Olfactory Sensory Neurons and Regulation of Maturation by Coculture with CNS Tissues

Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are continually generated throughout life. Although previous studies have examined neurogenesis in olfactory cell cultures derived from embryonic or newborn rodents, we demonstrate neurogenesis in cell cultures derived from adult rat tissues. Dissociated cells taken from adult rat nasal mucosal tissues (ANM cells) were plated onto a feeder layer of newborn rat cortical glia (astrocytes) in serum-free conditions. Immature OSNs (stained for neuron-specific tubulin, NST) increased in number between 1 and 5 d in vitro (DIV) and in mass thereafter. Mature OSN (stained for olfactory marker protein, OMP) numbers decreased between 1 and 5 DIV, then increased over 5 DIV values by 12 and 15 DIV. Pulse labeling with [3H]thymidine confirmed in vitro neurogenesis. To determine whether the target cells for OSNs, olfactory bulb (OB) neurons, provide trophic support, dissociated newborn rat OB cells were cocultured with ANM cells on glia. This resulted in greater numbers of OMP-positive (OMP+) neurons after 9 DIV than ANM-alone cultures. This neurotrophic effect was not OB specific. Addition of newborn rat cerebellar and embryonic rat ventral mesencephalic cells to ANM cells also increased OMP+ neurons, whereas addition of newborn rat cortical cells or controls (purified glia or fibroblasts) did not. Changes in numbers of dopaminergic neurons (stained for tyrosine hydroxylase), present in OB and VM cultures, did not correlate with OMP+ neuronal increases. Thus, cultures of adult rat OSNs demonstrate neurogenesis, and trophic/maturation support is variably provided by CNS neurons (and not glia).
On a shear-deformable theory of anisotropic thin-walled beams: further contribution and validations

Within the framework of an existing anisotropic thin-walled beam model, a number of non-classical effects are further incorporated and the model thereby developed is validated. Three types of lay-ups, namely, the cross-ply, circumferentially uniform stiffness, and circumferentially asymmetric stiffness are investigated. The solution methodology is based on the Extended Galerkin's Method and the non-classical effects on the static responses and natural frequencies are investigated. Comparisons of the predictions by the present model with experimental data and other analytical as well as numerical results are conducted and pertinent conclusions are drawn. This work is the first attempt to validate a class of refined thin-walled beam model that has been extensively used towards the study, among others, of dynamic response, static aeroelasticity and structural/aeroelastic feedback control.
The political evolution of the Mexican people

* Publisher's Note * Introduction by Edmundo O'Gorman * Foreword by Edmundo O'Gorman (1948 Edition) * Prologue by Alfonso Reyes (1940 Edition) * Book One: Aboriginal Civilizations and the Conquest * Chapter 1: Aboriginal Civilizations, I * Chapter 2: Aboriginal Civilizations, II * Chapter 3: The Conquest * Book Two: The Colonial Period and Independence * Chapter 1: Founders and Settlers * Chapter 2: The Peacemakers * Chapter 3: Social Organization * Chapter 4: Political Organization * Chapter 5: Social Growth (Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries) * Chapter 6: Social Growth (Eighteenth Century) * Chapter 7: Independence, I * Chapter 8: Independence, II * Book Three: The Republic * Part I: Anarchy * Chapter 1: The Empire (1821-1823) * Chapter 2: Federation and Militarism (1823-1835). * Chapter 3: Centralism and Conflict with the United States (1835-1848) * Part II: The Reform * Chapter 1: Reorganisation and Reaction (1848-1857) * Chapter 2: The Three-Years War (1858-1860) * Chapter 3: The French Intervention (1861-1867) * Part III: The Present Era * Index
Sizing of individual optically levitated evaporating droplets by measurement of resonances in the polarization ratio

Resonances observed in the polarization ratio of light scattered at 90 degrees from single optically levitated evaporating droplets are shown to provide a means for continuous high-resolution monitoring of droplet size. Due to the distinctive character of the individual features in the polarization ratio, each experimentally measured feature could be clearly identified with a specific calculated one. For evaporating droplets of glycerol from 6.6 to 11.5 microm in diameter, the sharp features which appeared in the calculations at ~0.03-microm intervals allowed measurement of droplet diameter to a resolution of 0.003 microm.
DFT-Level Calculations of IR, VCD and Raman Spectra for 13C-Labeled Beta Sheets

With the aid of theoretical models, optical spectroscopy has proven valuable for elucidating secondary structural features in protein systems including β-sheets, which form a large portion of protein assemblies in amyloid systems. For such large systems, computational methods must be both efficient and robust in order to achieve accurate predictions in a timely manner. Quantum chemical methods are in principle the most robust methods available, but suffer from high computational cost that usually makes them impractical for large bimolecular assemblies. In this study optical spectra for β-sheets composed of five strands, ten-amides each, 5x10, were obtained by transferring parameters calculated using DFT for smaller 3x3 sheet segments. Sensitivity of spectra to variations in conformations was examined for parallel, anti-parallel, twisted and flat sheets. Some effects of having strands shifted out of register were also explored. Predicted amide I IR spectra show classic features for parallel and anti-parallel sheets and some new possibilities for discerning between the two are observed, primarily in IR and VCD spectra, while Raman amide I spectra was predicted to be less useful for structural discrimination. Predictions for particular isotopic labeling schemes show clear IR patterns that might be used in elucidating shifts in register for anti-parallel sheets.
Studies on the goitrogenic mechanism of action of N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylthiourea

N,N,N',N'-Tetramethylthiourea (TMTU) is a rat goitrogen inducing thyroid hyperplasia, hypertrophy, and tumor formation. Little is known about the exact underlying mechanism of action. As thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and type I iodothyronine deiodinase (ID-I) have been established as targets of goitrogenic thiourea derivatives, we investigated interactions of TMTU with target enzymes using a partially purified fraction from hog thyroids or solubilized hog thyroid microsomes and 10,000g supernatant from rat liver homogenate, respectively, as enzyme sources. For comparison, comprehensively characterized goitrogenic thiourea derivatives were studied as well. In contrast to propylthiouracil (PTU), and like ethylenethiourea (ETU), TMTU only marginally affected TPO-catalyzed oxidation of guaiacol. TMTU, like ETU, concentration-dependently suppressed TPO-catalyzed iodine formation with concomitant oxidative metabolism. Suppression ceased upon consumption of thiourea derivatives, the rate of the reappearing iodine formation was similar to that of controls. TMTU, like ETU, also suppressed non-enzymatic and TPO-catalyzed monoiodination of l-tyrosine with a stoichiometry of 2:1, i.e., one molecule of thiourea derivative suppressed two times monoiodination. TMTU and ETU were unable to irreversibly inhibit TPO. In contrast to PTU, TMTU did not inhibit ID-I. These findings provide evidence that TMTU interferes with thyroid hormone synthesis at the level of iodination and demonstrate a metabolic route for the oxidative detoxification of TMTU in the thyroid suggesting that low-level or intermittent exposure to TMTU would have only minimal effects on thyroid hormone synthesis. Finally, it can be concluded that meaningful toxicological studies on TPO inhibition can be performed without a need for highly purified TPO.
High-resolution spectroscopy of matrix-isolated ReO 4 − molecules

The temperature-dependent linewidth of the saturable infrared active ν3 vibrational mode (10.8 μm) of ReO4− molecules in pure-KI host crystals has been measured between 2 and 600 K. Below 20 K the absorption line is inhomogeneously broadened and has a 0.016-cm−1 width (FWHM). Above 30 K the transition is homogeneously broadened by elastic acoustic phonon-scattering processes. The low-temperature inhomogeneous width of ReO4− molecules in KI:RbI alloys is 2 orders of magnitude larger than for the pure KI crystal, and the absorption is coincident with the 10.8-μm P(42) CO2 laser line at all temperatures.
Potential Impact of the Massachusetts Maritime Academy Wind Turbine on Common (Sterna hirundo) and Roseate (S. dougallii) Terns

Massachusetts Maritime Academy (MMA) conducted a study to evaluate the potential impact of the MMA wind turbine (Vestas V47-660 kW) on birds, including common terns (Sterna hirundo), which are protected at the state level, and roseate (S. dougalii) terns, which are protected at the federal level. We found that common terns were relatively abundant on the water adjacent to the wind turbine, especially during the post-breeding period (7 Aug-30 Sep). Roseate terns, however, were much less abundant than common terns, and their presence at the study site was nearly limited to the chick-rearing period (19 Jun-6 Aug). Both species were least abundant during the nesting period (24 Apr-18 Jun). During the study, we observed 253 terns passing through wind turbine airspace (i.e., within 50 m of the wind turbine). Most (n = 226) were common terns, 1 was a roseate tern, and 16 were unidentified to the species level. Terns (all categories) were most abundant in wind airspace during the chick-rearing period, especially during morning hours (0530-1100). However, their abundance was dependent upon the operational status of the wind turbine rotor. Terns were less abundant in wind turbine airspace when the rotor velocity was >1 rpm than when the rotor velocity was <1 rpm. The few terns that did enter wind turbine airspace when the rotor was operating usually avoided altitudes equal to the rotor-swept region. We found one bird carcass (a laughing gull, Larus atricilla) suspected of colliding with the wind turbine rotor. After correcting for scavenging activity and searcher efficiency, we estimated that the wind turbine probably contributes to 2.15 avian fatalities per year. This rate is approximately average relative to wind turbines elsewhere.
Explaining underrepresentation of black officers in city police agencies

Abstract This study assessed empirically several common explanations offered for why blacks are underrepresented in public police agencies in the United States. The findings suggest a pervasive, rather than agency-specific explanation. Furthermore, after eliminating several competing explanations, the explanation that blacks choose not to pursue a plice career remains the most plausible.
Seed viability and aflatoxin production in individual cottonseed naturally contaminated withAspergillus flavus

Individual cottonseed naturally contaminated withAspergillus flavus Link were tested for viability and assayed for aflatoxin B1. Of the 55 infected seeds tested, less than half (21) germinated normally, a rate much lower than expected for uninfected cottonseed. Aflatoxin levels in the seeds varied from below 300 ng/g to over 100,000 ng/g of seed. Statistical analyses indicate that the presence of aflatoxin is correlated with poor germination in cottonseed naturally contaminated withA. flavus.
Mood changes and “on-off” phenomena in Parkinson's disease

Ten patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease and motor fluctuations were rated for mood changes during discrete “off,” “on,” and “on with dyskinesia” periods. The Profile of Mood States and visual analogue scales were used. Significant changes in mood and anxiety were found to parallel changes in motor fluctuations. One patient rated his moods as consistently improving from the “off” state to the “on” state and finally to the “on with dyskinesia” state, a finding that is consistent with concomitant central dopaminergic changes. All other patients showed moods that improved significantly from the “off” state to the “on” state but then worsened significantly in the “on with dyskinesia” state, a finding that is consistent with the fact that patients feel worse when impaired by dyskinesias. It is suggested that these results argue for multiple etiologies of depression in Parkinson's disease. The literature on dopamine and depression in Parkinson's disease is briefly reviewed and the opportunity provided by “on-off” phenomena to study the effect of dopamine on mood changes is discussed.
Gene therapy in transplantation

Abstract Gene transfer and gene therapy represent a relatively new field that has grown and expanded enormously in the last 5–10 years. The application of gene transfer and gene medicines to transplantation is currently in its infancy. Consideration for gene medicines in transplantation requires delivery of vectors, either to the graft or to the immune system. Delivery of vectors to the graft provides a choice of potential immunologic targets including: costimulatory signals; inhibitory cytokines; adhesion molecules; and molecules relating to apoptosis. In addition, non-immunologic targets, that increase graft protective mechanisms by reducing ischemic and immunologic damage, represent significant targets for gene transfer. Delivery of vectors to the immune system includes potential targets to modify the immune system, and results in tolerance. Other considerations for gene therapy include the development of additional technologies, such as gene conversion or transgenesis coupled with xenotransplantation, which may provide genetically modified organs. Another important aspect of gene transfer relates to regulation of the transgene expression. A variety of issues concerning innate immunity, adaptive immunity, response to vector components, response to transgene products, and entry of vectors into the antigen presentation and processing pathway require further investigation and refinement of approaches. Lastly, regulatable promoters and the understanding of their interaction with individual cells, tissues and organs, and their interaction with innate and adaptive immunity, are of paramount importance to improving the efficacy and utility of gene transfer. There is no doubt that there is much exciting basic and translational science to be accomplished in the next decade in order to solve these potential barriers and advance gene medicines into the clinical realm in transplantation.
Pubertal development of the first cohort of young adults conceived by in vitro fertilization in the United States.

Objective To characterize pubertal development of the first generation of young adults born as a result of in vitro fertilization (IVF). Demographic, clinical, and body size characteristics were examined regarding developmental milestones. Design Cross-sectional. Setting Academic center. Patient(s) Young adults (18–26 years) conceived by IVF (no gamete/embryo manipulation) 1981–1990. Intervention(s) Self-administered questionnaire. Main Outcome Measure(s) Age at puberty onset, body size. Result(s) Of 560 eligible young adults, 173 completed the survey (response rate 30.9%). We analyzed data on 166 respondents (71 male and 95 female). No cases of delayed or precocious puberty were observed in the study sample. As expected, age at puberty onset was significantly higher among male subjects (12.3 years) compared with female subjects (11.5 years). A few developmental milestones were predicted by maternal age and infertility diagnoses. For both genders, a direct association was noted between age at puberty onset and height achieved in young adulthood. Structural equation models suggested an inverse relationship of female gender with age at puberty onset and body mass index. Conclusion(s) In vitro fertilization–conceived young adults did not exhibit pubertal abnormalities. Female gender and age at puberty onset independently predicted body mass index of IVF offspring in young adulthood.
Satellite monitoring of blue-ice extent near Byrd Glacier, Antarctica

We use satellite images to track seasonal and interannual variations in blue-ice extent over the past 30 years near Byrd Glacier on the East Antarctic plateau. The study areas have low slope and few nearby nunataks, which may increase their climate sensitivity. A threshold-based algorithm sensitive to snow grain-size is used to analyze 56 Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) images over three recent summer seasons. Seasonal blue-ice exposure grows rapidly in late spring, and peaks by late December. Exposure is relatively constant between late December and mid-January, then declines in February. We interpret this cycle as due to removal and re-accumulation of patchy snow. Interannual changes in blue-ice area may be estimated by tracking the near-constant summer maximum extent period. Fifteen mid-summer Landsat images, spanning 1974–2002, were analyzed to determine long-term variations. Interannual area changes are 10–30%; however, the MODIS data revealed that the exposed blue-ice area can be sharply reduced for up to 2 weeks after a snowfall event; and in the 2001/02 season, patchy snow cover persisted for the entire summer. The combination of MODIS seasonal and Landsat interannual data indicates that blue-ice areas can be climate-sensitive. The strong feedback between snow cover and surface energy balance implies that blue-ice areas could rapidly decrease due to climate-related increases in snowfall or reduced ablation.
Parallel processing of auditory and phonetic information in speech discrimination

Recent experiments using a variety of techniques have suggested that speech perception involves separate auditory and phonetic levels of processing. Two models of auditory and phonetic processing appear to be consistent with existing data: (a) a strictserial model in which auditory information would be processed at one level, followed by the processing of phonetic information at a subsequent level; and (b) aparallel model in which auditory and phonetic processing could proceed simultaneously. The present experiment attempted to distinguish empirically between these two models. Ss identified either an auditory dimension (fundamental frequency) or a phonetic dimension (place of articulation of the consonant) of synthetic consonant-vowel syllables. When the two dimensions varied in a completely correlated manner, reaction times were significantly shorter than when either dimension varied alone. This “redundancy gain” could not be attributed to speed-accuracy trades, selective serial processing, or differential transfer between conditions. These results allow rejection of a completely serial model, suggesting instead that at least some portion of auditory and phonetic processing can occur in parallel.