cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 17 – The Role of the Immune System in Fracture Healing

While developmental processes usually terminate when animals reach maturity, morphogenetic processes may be reinitiated in specific tissues as a consequence of injury. Fracture healing and bone repair are among the unique processes of postnatal tissue regeneration that are believed to mirror the ontological events that take place during embryological development of the skeleton. Many of the developmental processes and genes that are expressed preferentially in embryonic stem cells during the initiation and activation of the morphogenetic pathways of skeletal development are also expressed in fracture callus tissues. It is generally believed that it is the recapitulation of these ontological processes during fracture healing that allows bone to be repaired without the development of scar tissue, and ultimately leads to the regeneration of damaged tissue to its preinjury structure. This is in contrast to the repair of soft tissue that heals typically with some degree of fibroblastic scar formation. The interplay of a number of different tissues (vascular, hematopoietic, skeletal, and neural) is essential for the unimpeded regeneration of bone. Appropriate passage through this regenerative cascade is dependent on the proper orchestration of paracrine, autocrine, and systemic signaling pathways with the appropriate complement of stem cells needed to regenerate a skeletal organ. In context of the bone repair process both innate and adaptive immune cells and regulatory factors contribute to the initiation of the repair process, recruitment of skeletal stem cells, control of skeletal cell differentiation, and the remodeling of the regenerated tissues to the injured skeletal element’s original form and function.
Health Care Market Competition in Six States: Implications for the Poor

Health care competition has arrived. Market changes affect all consumers of health care, perhaps the low-income population most of all. This paper presents evidence from six states and draws general conclusions about current impacts and emerging policy issues. The stimulus for rapid change in the 1990s has been buyers' demands for lower prices. In insurance markets, this means more managed care. In provider markets, this means less professional control over services and prices. Price pressure in turn stimulates hospital budget cutting -- along with downsizing, consolidation into larger provider entities, conversions of ownership status, and, potentially, less service for non-paying patients. The case studies found that states are generally supportive of price competition. State policy makers credit managed care with reducing inflation, to the benefit of large purchasers. This pleases states as big Medicaid buyers. As general overseers of health markets, however, policy makers are more ambivalent. Concerns are voiced, for example, about market concentration through mergers and the extent of patient rights. Did the poor benefit from market change along with states and other big buyers of coverage? The report offers three conclusions: * Price competition seems to have increased coverage by giving buyers better value for money. Many states have expanded eligibility for Medicaid or other public coverage. * Both good and bad effects on quality of care are reported. Developments are too new to assess in most places. * Hospitals' traditional ability to support charity care is threatened by new competition. Significant cuts in access for the poor are feared, though most states report no major impacts as yet. An emerging issue is whether and how to craft a competition-era safety net for the growing share of poor Americans who lack coverage, despite expansions in public plans. Several state or local mechanisms exist.
Bacillus Sordellii, A Cause of Malignant Edema in Man

The fact that none of the highly putrefactive bacteria is able to cause disease by the penetration of animal tissues suggests that if a putrefactive organism displays pathogenicity it must do so by virtue of a soluble toxin. This is certainly the case with B. botulinus and B. tetani and probably with B. histolyticus. It appears also to be true of the highly pathogenic anaerobe recently discovered in 2 out of 11 cases of acute edematous wound infections in South America by Sordelli1 and described by him under the name "Bacillus oedematis sporogenes."2 This germ combines the pathogenic properties of B. oedematiens (B. novyi) with some of the morphologic and cultural properties of B. sporogenes; it produces the massive edema without hemorrhage, gas, or histolysis, of the former in animals, yet shows the proteolytic tendencies of the latter in culture mediums. In this it resembles the
Wing Dimorphism in Field Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllus)

Adult Gryllus are either short-winged (hind wings [HW] shorter than fore wings [FW]: HW/FW 1). Short-winged individuals are flightless, whereas long-winged individuals generally can fly. Hind wings are not shed after flight. Of five species occurring in peninsular Florida, G. ovisopis Walker is always short-winged (mean value of HW/FW ratio = 0.5), G. fultoni (Alexander) is virtually so (for short-winged morph, mean HW/FW = 0.6), G. assimilis F. is always long-winged (mean = 1.5), and G. firmus Scudder and G. rubens Scudder are dimorphic (mean = 0.8 and 1.6 for short- and long-winged morphs, respectively). In the four Florida species that have short-winged morphs, short-winged males had HW/FW ratios 5–15% less than short-winged females. In long-winged G. firmus and G. rubens , HW/FW ratios differed according to female parentage. In short-winged G. rubens , HW/FW ratios increased with body size (as measured by length of pronotum and hind femur).
Spatial interactions between organizations and the symbolic landscapes created by their public information campaigns

This study investigates public information as a component of the democratic process, advancing previous frameworks by considering information as a spatial product of multiple governmental and civil society organizations. The symbolic weight of information campaigns is a critical component of two democratic processes: awareness of the public9s vulnerability to formal water policy change and the perception within the public that the policy space is open to their participation. This research examines the locations of water-centered public information across 31 organizations in metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona, USA. The patterns of disparities found in the study indicate that the neighborhoods in the eastern portion of the study region receive more information than those in Phoenix or cities to the west. There is also more information in areas with large numbers of rental homes, but less information in regions with larger Latino populations. Results support a need to evaluate new initiatives for public information with respect to the content and distribution of materials originating from multiple sources. Evaluating the patterns created by water information providers could aid more strategic coordination among groups and provide a bellwether of whether public interests are adequately considered in local water decision-making processes and the distribution of outcomes.
The Importance of Steric Factors in Iridium Pincer Complexes

POCOP ligands (POCOP = C6H4-1,3-[OPR2]2) with R= tBu substituents on phosphorus react with Ir(CO)2Cl(p-toluidine) to afford square planar Ir(I) carbonyl complexes. Replacement of tBu groups with iPr groups results in the formation of six-coordinate hydrido-chloride carbonyl complexes of Ir(III). Analogous reactions of POCOP ligands with R groups smaller than iPr require meta-disubstitution in the aromatic ring to prevent precipitation of an insoluble polymer upon metalation with iridium. Structures of five-coordinate cationic hydrido carbonyl species show that a small change in steric demand of the alkyl groups on phosphorus can open the metal coordination sphere, with smaller alkyl groups favoring six-coordinate Ir(III) complexes.
Effect of androgen on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in rat ventral prostate and seminal vesicles.

SummaryThe seminal vesicles and ventral prostate of Fischer rats were found to contain 4 discrete glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) isoenzymes as estimated by separation on disc gel polyacrylamide electrophoresis followed by specific staining and planimetry. The activities (μmole NAD PH/min/100 mg tissue) in intact young adult rats for each G6PD isoenzyme were: seminal vesicles; G6PD-1, 0.009; G6PD-2, 0.011; G6PD-3, 0.057; and G6PD-4, 0.004 (numbering based on order of decreasing mobility); ventral prostate; G6PD-1, 0.088; G6 PD-2, 0.025; G6PD-3, 0.032; and G6PD-4, 0.014. Thus, the predominant isoenzyme in ventral prostate was G6PD-1, while in the seminal vesicles G6PD-3 was the predominant isoenzyme.In rats sacrificed 2 weeks after castration, G6PD-3 was the predominant isoenzyme in both seminal vesicles and ventral prostate. Testosterone propionate, administered subcutaneously at 8, 40, 200, or 1000 μg/day/animal produced a dose-related response in total G6PD activity. In the ventral prostate thi...
Modified zinc analysis method and serum and urinary zinc levels in control subjects.

16 has observed decreased serum zinc levels in persons with hepatic cirrhosis. Vallee and colleagues have postulated that altered zinc metabolism and a conditioned zinc deficiency in cirrhosis are associated with alcoholism on the basis of decreased serum concentration, 13 low zinc content of hepatic tissue, and increased urinary zinc excretion. 14 Daily zinc excretion levels for normal indi­ viduals have been reported for small num­ bers of subjects 12, u and for 125 subjects, 9 the latter including 112 Bantus. Serum zinc concentrations in Bantu and white persons have been shown to differ significantly, 11 al­ though urinary zinc excretion levels are the same in the 2 groups. 9 Mean serum zinc values of 9S to 166 ng. per 100 ml. have been
A Comparative Study of Colon Bacilli Isolated from Horse, Cow, and Man

In the routine analysis of water, to determine its potability, the presence of B. coli in 1 c.c. is taken as an index of pollution. The real danger from a polluted or infected water supply is typhoid fever. The colon bacillus is easily determined if present. The determination of the typhoid bacillus is much more difficult. The typhoid organism is never present in a fecally polluted stream or source of water supply without the colon organism's accompanying it. If the colon bacillus is present, the typhoid bacillus is likely to be present also. It is for this reason that the presence of B. coli is taken as an index of pollution in determining the potability of water. The colon organism occurs in the intestines of all warm-blooded animals, and is always present in their excrement. Up to the present time, the colon bacilli in the different animals have not been shown to exhibit any marked or distinguishing features. If some feature or features peculiar to the colon bacilli of one animal could be discovered, it might be of material value in water analysis, as indicating the source of fecal pollution. Acid-forming streptococci, which are also an index of pollution, have been shown by Winslow and Palmer1 to exhibit marked differences in their ability to ferment carbohydrates. A summary of this work is given in the following table.
Postoperative care of the critically ill child.

Essential aspects of pediatric postoperative care are summarized in this article. In addition, clinically significant differences between postoperative care of adults and that of children are emphasized. Finally, the author reviews the complications most commonly associated with pediatric cardiovascular, neurosurgical, and abdominal surgery.
Rejuvenation of the Midface

The rejuvenation of the midface continues to fascinate surgeons dedicated to restoring natural and youthful contours be they novices or experts.
Air trapping is associated with exercise capacity in persons without overt obstructive lung disease

Background - Air trapping (AT) is a marker of obstructive lung diseases (OLD). However, its significance in the setting of normal FEV 1 /FVC is unclear. Methods - Lung function results from 646 patients who underwent PFT for OLD assessment between 2013 and 2015 at the San Francisco VA Medical Center were retrospectively examined for association between FEV 1 /FVC and AT (RV/TLC by plethysmography). Separately, we prospectively examined the maximum oxygen uptake (max VO 2 ) of a cohort of 127 subjects with normal FEV 1 /FVC and FEV 1 but varying degrees of AT. Associations between FEV 1 /FVC, RV/TLC, and exercise capacity were then examined. Results - In the retrospective analysis of the patients9 PFT (age=65±11 years; smoking history=83%; FEV 1 =81±26% predicted), RV/TLC was inversely associated with FEV 1 /FVC. The association was moderate when FEV 1 /FVC was abnormal (r=-0.56, p 1 /FVC ( 1 /FVC also had elevated RV/TLC (122±22% predicted). In the prospective study of the cohort (age=55±10 years) with normal spirometry (FEV 1 /FVC=97±5% predicted; FEV 1 =104±14% predicted), max VO 2 was inversely associated with RV/TLC, but not with FEV 1 /FVC, in age and height-adjusted multivariate modeling (r 2 =0.32 [p 2 per 1% increase in RV/TLC [p=0.039]). Conclusions - Many patients with normal FEV 1 /FVC have abnormal AT. In these patients without overt OLD by standard FEV 1 /FVC criterion, AT is associated with reduced exercise capacity.
Molecular Methods for Diagnosis of Genetic Diseases Involving the Immune System

Disorders of the immune system affect a significant number of individuals, with prevalence estimates (per 100,000) determined by registries ranging from 5.6 in Australia (1) to 4.979 in France, 2.6 in The Netherlands, and down to 1.377 in Germany (2). Accurate diagnosis of immune system disorders may allow early intervention prior to extensive illness for severe disease, or more specific treatment in the case of later-diagnosed or milder disease. This chapter explores some of the current molecular methodologies for detecting disorders of the immune system and highlights specific pitfalls that may hinder accurate diagnosis.
ST-Producing E. coli Oppose Carcinogen-Induced Colorectal Tumorigenesis in Mice

There is a geographic inequality in the incidence of colorectal cancer, lowest in developing countries, and greatest in developed countries. This disparity suggests an environmental contribution to cancer resistance in endemic populations. Enterotoxigenic bacteria associated with diarrheal disease are prevalent in developing countries, including enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) producing heat-stable enterotoxins (STs). STs are peptides that are structurally homologous to paracrine hormones that regulate the intestinal guanylyl cyclase C (GUCY2C) receptor. Beyond secretion, GUCY2C is a tumor suppressor universally silenced by loss of expression of its paracrine hormone during carcinogenesis. Thus, the geographic imbalance in colorectal cancer, in part, may reflect chronic exposure to ST-producing organisms that restore GUCY2C signaling silenced by hormone loss during transformation. Here, mice colonized for 18 weeks with control E. coli or those engineered to secrete ST exhibited normal growth, with comparable weight gain and normal stool water content, without evidence of secretory diarrhea. Enterotoxin-producing, but not control, E. coli, generated ST that activated colonic GUCY2C signaling, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) production, and cGMP-dependent protein phosphorylation in colonized mice. Moreover, mice colonized with ST-producing E. coli exhibited a 50% reduction in carcinogen-induced colorectal tumor burden. Thus, chronic colonization with ETEC producing ST could contribute to endemic cancer resistance in developing countries, reinforcing a novel paradigm of colorectal cancer chemoprevention with oral GUCY2C-targeted agents.
Wave-Current Interactions: A Powerful Mechanism for an Alteration of the Waves on the Sea Surface by Subsurface Bathymetry

Abstract Radar observations of the ocean surface can image features of the floor of shelf seas. The radars, however, respond to water waves that never feel the bottom directly, because they are too short to do so. Wave-current interactions are a mechanism that can allow a coupling between the short waves sensed by the radars to a nonuniform current tied to the bathymetry. Wave-blocking, which can occur when a wind-wave field propagates into a spatially increasing current, is especially effective in altering the properties of the wave field. This paper applies a new numerical model of water wave evolution, the unified waves model, to the problem of wave blocking. The model is fully nonlinear. Results show that linear wave theory adequately predicts the value of the current that blocks a wave of given frequency, and the evolution of wavelengths. The model sees no evidence of significant reflected waves nor much disturbance beyond the blocking point. The waves simply pile up and break.
Sensitive Analytical Determinations of Fluorescent and Non-Fluorescent Ions by Laser-Excited Luminescence

The presence of rare earth ions can be determined by co-precipitating in CaF2, recovering the powder, igniting, and exciting luminescence with a tunable dye laser. Narrow bandwidth transitions permit selective excitation and selective monitoring of specific rare earths in specific crystallographic sites. The presence of another impurity ion near a rare earth creates a new site. Thus the impurity ion can be determined by the appearance of new lines in the spectrum characteristic of this impurity ion. Other schemes for the determination of non-fluorescent ions were discussed.
Network Intrusion Detection Based on Bayesian Networks.

Intrusion detection has drawn much attention in the past two decades. Signature analysis and statistical anomaly detection are two typical methods to identify network security breaches. Signature analysis requires access to a large database of known intrusion signatures and a way to match current behavior against the signatures to detect intrusions in progress. The limitation of this approach lies in its dependence on frequent updates of the signature database and its inability to generalize and detect novel intrusions. Anomaly detection methods can detect attacks based on statistical probability, which allows for generalization and helps in detection of novel attacks. However, statistical anomaly detection is not based on an adaptive intelligent model and cannot learn from normal and malicious traffic patterns. We propose an adaptive network intrusion detection using a Bayesian network, trained with a mixed dataset containing real-world and DARPA dataset traffic. Our Intrusion Detection System (IDS) model is designed to detect novel attacks. We use features of network connections to parameterize the system. The DARPA dataset and realworld traffic are used to measure the feasibility and effectiveness of our system. The network connections that are confirmed to be novel intrusions are added to the training dataset to re-train our IDS, thus enhancing our system’s ability to detect future intrusions.
How to distinguish between innocent and pathologic murmurs in childhood

While the distinction between innocent and pathologic murmurs may be readily made in most cases, the ability to clearly define and categorize the innocent murmur by precise criteria is most helpful in identifying those patients who may have more subtle or early manifestations of a pathologic condition. To this end, the author discusses the definition and classification of murmurs, how to evaluate a murmur, classification and features of innocent murmurs, differential diagnosis of the innocent murmur, features of pathologic murmurs, use of noninvasive laboratory studies in diagnosis, and management of the child.
Autopsy findings in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the modern era: a focus on lung pathology and acute respiratory failure

We aimed to report autopsy findings in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in the modern era, and also to focus on lung pathology in the subgroup of patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF) of unknown etiology, which is associated with especially high mortality rates. Charts and autopsy reports of 107 patients (59 AML and 48 NHL) autopsied between 2003 and 2018 were reviewed. More than 50% of patients had missed major diagnoses found at autopsy with 95% of lungs displaying abnormal findings. Malignant infiltration in at least one organ was observed in about 70% of patients with either no complete remission or relapse at the time of death (n = 92) versus 20% in patients without signs of active malignancy (n = 15) (p = 0.001). In patients with ARF of unknown etiology (n = 59), the proportion of malignant lung infiltration was 27% and equilibrated with bacterial pneumonias (29%), fungal pneumonias represented 8%, and isolated alveolar damage or pulmonary edema were the only findings in 32% of patients. Overall, 85% of patients with ARF of unknown etiology had either relapsed or not achieved remission at time of death and 80% of patients with malignant lung infiltration had ARF of unknown etiology. Ninety percent of malignant infiltration and fungal infections were observed in patients with no complete remission or relapse. Autopsy remains valuable in AML and NHL patients; besides infections, malignant infiltration is a significant contributor to ARF of unknown etiology and is rarely diagnosed ante mortem.
Interpersonal trauma and aging-related genitourinary dysfunction in a national sample of older women

Background Among reproductive-aged women, exposure to interpersonal trauma is associated with genitourinary symptoms. Little is known about the relationship between these exposures and the genitourinary health of older women, who tend to experience different and more prevalent genitourinary symptoms because of menopause and aging. Objectives In this study, we examined relationships between common types of interpersonal trauma and aging-related genitourinary dysfunction among older women. Study Design We analyzed data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project, a national area probability sample of older community-dwelling adults born between 1920 and 1947. We used cross-sectional data from home-based study visits conducted in 2005–2006 to examine interpersonal violence exposures (any lifetime sexual assault, past-year emotional and physical abuse), and past-year genitourinary symptoms (urinary incontinence, other urinary problems, and vaginal pain/lubrication problems with sexual intercourse) among women participants. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to relate interpersonal violence and genitourinary symptoms, adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, body mass index, education, marital status, parity, hormone therapy, depressive and anxiety symptoms, and self-reported health. In exploratory models, we further adjusted for vaginal maturation, a tissue-specific marker of aging-related urogenital atrophy obtained from vaginal self-swabs. Results In this national sample of 1551 older women (mean age 69 ± 2 years), 9% reported sexual assault, 23% reported emotional abuse, and Conclusion Sexual assault and emotional abuse may play a role in the development or experience of aging-related genitourinary dysfunction in older women. Clinicians caring for older women should recognize the prevalence and importance of traumatic exposures in health related to menopause and aging.
Using the Principles of Classical and Statistical Thermodynamics To Calculate the Melting and Boiling Points, Enthalpies and Entropies of Fusion and Vaporization of Water, and the Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation of Ideal and Nonideal Aqueous Solutions

A spreadsheet-based project is presented that is designed to enhance and expand student understanding of phase transition properties of pure water and ideal and nonideal (electrolyte) aqueous solutions. Using fundamental principles of classical and statistical thermodynamics, students calculate the melting and boiling points, the enthalpies and entropies of fusion and vaporization of pure water, and the freezing point depression and boiling point elevation of ideal and nonideal aqueous solutions. The results of the calculations are in good agreement with literature values. Complete details are provided in the Supporting Information.
Study on the Culicidae geographic distribution of Inner Mongolia

Objective To research the kinds of culicidae insect and the geographic distribution in Inner Mongolia.Methods Choosing the representative places in different sights and belts,then gathering them into mosquito,larva and pupa.Results There were 5 genera 42 species of the Culicidae insects.They were consisted of 28 species of Aedes,6 species of Culex,4 species of Culiseta,3 species of Anopheles,1 species of Coquillettidia. Conclusion Grasping primarily of the species and the geographic distribution of the Culicidae of Inner Mongolia could provide scientific evidence for control.
Embodied Experiences of Abstinence-Only Education: A Case Study of Women in Uganda.

There is a growing body of research, primarily from the U.S. context, indicating that abstinence-only education (AOE) is largely ineffective (Kohler, P. K., L. E. Manhart, and W. E. Lafferty. 2008....
Geographic distribution of risk (“Hotspots”) for HIV, HCV, and drug overdose among persons who use drugs in New York City: the importance of local history

To identify geographic “hotspots” for potential transmission of HIV and HCV and for drug overdose among persons who use heroin and cocaine in New York City and to examine historical continuities in problem drug use hotspots in the city. A total of 2714 study participants were recruited among persons entering Beth Israel substance use treatment programs. A structured questionnaire was administered and blood samples for HIV and HCV testing were collected. Hotspots for potential virus transmission were defined as ZIP codes with 10+ participants, 2+ persons infected with the virus and engaging in transmission behavior, and 2+ persons not infected and engaging in acquisition behavior. ZIP codes with 3+ persons with previous overdoses were considered potential hotspots for future overdoses. Participants resided in 166/178 (93%) of the ZIP codes in New York City. Injecting drug use was reported in 150/178 (84%) of the ZIP codes. No zip codes were identified for injecting-related HIV transmission, 5 zip codes were identified for sexual HIV transmission, 3 for HCV transmission, and 8 for drug overdose. Many of the ZIP code potential hotspots were in neighborhoods long associated with drug use: Lower Eastside and Harlem in Manhattan, the South Bronx, and Central Brooklyn. Heroin and cocaine use requiring treatment were reported from almost all ZIP codes in New York City, indicating needs for widely dispersed harm reduction services. Identified hotspots should be targeted for reducing sexual transmission of HIV, transmission of HCV, and drug overdoses. Some of the hotspots have persisted as problem drug use areas for 40 to over 100 years. Monitoring of drug use patterns in historical hotspot neighborhoods may permit early identification of and response to emerging drug use-related health problems. Persistent historical hotspots for problem drug use present a complex problem for implementing harm reduction services that deserve additional research.
IMPROVING ACCURACY OF SLEEP SELF- REPORTS THROUGH CORRESPONDENCE TRAINING

Sleep insufficiency is a major public health concern, yet the accuracy of selfreported sleep measures is often poor. Self-report may be useful when direct measurement of nonverbal behavior is impossible, infeasible, or undesirable, as it may be with sleep measurement. We used feedback and positive reinforcement within a small-n multiple-baseline design to improve the accuracy with which young adults reported the amount of time they spent awake during sleep hours. Feedback and contingent money resulted in improved accuracy of self-reports but no change in overall time spent awake.
Homogeneous and Functional Group Tolerant Ring-Closing Metathesis for DNA-Encoded Chemical Libraries.

Reaction heterogeneity, poor pH control, and catalyst decomposition in the ring-closing metathesis (RCM) of DNA–chemical conjugates lead to poor yields of the cyclized products. Herein we address t...
The Effects of Level Uncertainty on the Detection of a Tone Added to Narrow Bands of Noise

In an effort to determine whether non-energy-based cues contribute to the detection of a tone added to a narrow band of noise, thresholds were measured using narrow bands of noise that had either equal-energy across intervals, or levels that varied randomly over a 30-dB range. The stimulus duration was 200 ms, and the noise bandwidths ranged from 5 to 320 Hz. Two frequency regions, 2000 and 5000 Hz, were examined. For the equal-energy condition, the energy model predicts performance levels that are independent of bandwidth. That result was not obtained. Plotting detection thresholds as a function of masker bandwidth yielded a curve that was initially flat, and then grew as the masker bandwidth exceeded 80 Hz. In the presence of level variation, detection thresholds were typically superior to the predictions of the energy model, and on average 4 dB poorer than those obtained in the absence of level variation. The effect of center frequency was subject dependent, but where differences were obtained, the effect was reduced sensitivity in the 5000 Hz condition, suggesting that fine-structure cues may contribute to detection when lower-frequency regions are tested. As detection thresholds for the random-level, high-frequency stimuli were superior to the predictions of the energy model, we examined the possibility that envelope-based cues contribute to detection. Several models of detection based on the envelopes of the noise-alone and tone-plus-noise waveforms were tested. Of the decision statistics reported, only the average slope of the envelope was sufficiently sensitive to capture the psychophysical data.
Building a Management Information System with Inter-Agency Data Sharing to Improve Data-Based Decision Making Across Systems: Experiences From Wisconsin PROMISE:

Inter-agency data systems can improve data-based decision making across service systems. The Promoting the Readiness of Minors in Supplemental Security Income (PROMISE) federal research demonstrati...
Mortality Prediction by Quantitative PET Perfusion Expressed as Coronary Flow Capacity With and Without Revascularization.

Abstract Objectives This study sought to determine the relationship between the severity of reduced quantitative perfusion parameters and mortality with and without revascularization. Background The physiological mechanisms for differential mortality risk of coronary flow reserve (CFR) and coronary flow capacity (CFC) before and after revascularization are unknown. Methods Global and regional rest-stress (ml/min/g), CFR, their regional per-pixel combination as CFC, and relative stress in ml/min/g were measured as percent of LV in all serial routine 5,274 diagnostic PET scans with systematic follow-up over 10 years (mean 4.2 ± 2.5 years) for all-cause mortality with and without revascularization. Results Severely reduced CFR of 1.0 to 1.5 and stress perfusion ≤1.0 cc/min/g incurred increasing size-dependent risks that were additive because regional severely reduced CFC (CFCsevere) was associated with the highest major adverse cardiac event rate of 80% (p Conclusions CFC is associated with the size-dependent highest mortality risk resulting from the additive risk of CFR and stress (ml/min/g) that is significantly reduced after revascularization, a finding not seen for global CFR. Small regions of CFCsevere ≤0.5% of LV also carry a high risk because of the surrounding border zones at risk defined by relative stress perfusion and a reduced relative subendocardial-to-subepicardial ratio.
Remission in Gout: The Key to Patient Satisfaction?

Thomas Sydenham (1624–1689) described gout flare pain as a feeling of “dislocated bones,” sometimes akin to the “gnawing of a dog, and sometimes a weight”1. These strong words are not unusual: The majority of gout patients rate their flare pain as severe or very severe, with gout ranking among the top 2 health conditions for its negative effect on patients’ quality of life2. Despite the excruciating pain that patients with gout intermittently suffer, physicians continue to do a poor job of preventing gout flares. Even among patients with severe or very severe symptoms, only 57% of patients with gout are prescribed urate-lowering therapy (ULT)3. Among those who have been prescribed a urate-lowering drug, noncompliance may be as high as 61%4. Multiple factors contribute to these unfortunate statistics. The burden of gout care falls most heavily upon overworked primary care physicians (PCP), who, within an average visit of 15 or 20 minutes, must prioritize the many comorbid conditions common to gout patients, including high … Address correspondence to Dr. M.H. Pillinger, NYU Langone Orthopedic Hospital, 301 E 17th Street, New York, NY 10003, USA. Email: michael.pillinger{at}nyulangone.org.
SAFER Care: Improving Caregiver Comprehension of Discharge Instructions

BACKGROUND: One in five pediatric patients suffers from adverse events related to hospital discharge. Current literature lacks evidence on effective interventions to improve caregiver comprehension (CC) of discharge instructions. We examined if a standardized framework for written and verbal discharge counseling was associated with increased CC of key discharge instructions after discharge from a general pediatric inpatient unit. METHODS: An interprofessional team created the SAFER Care framework to encourage standard, comprehensive discharge counseling. Plan-do-study-act cycles included electronic health record smartphrases, educational initiatives, data feedback, visual aids, and family outreach. Caregivers were surveyed by phone within 4 days of discharge. Our primary outcome was the proportion of caregivers correctly responding to all questions related to discharge care, comparing pre- and postintervention periods. Data were plotted on a statistical process control chart to assess the effectiveness of interventions. RESULTS: A total of 171 surveys were analyzed in the preintervention period, and 262 surveys were analyzed in the postintervention period. A total of 37% of caregivers correctly responded to all questions in the preintervention period, compared with 62% of caregivers in the postintervention period, meeting rules for special cause variation. CONCLUSIONS: Development of the SAFER Care framework and its use in written and verbal discharge counseling was associated with significantly improved CC of discharge instructions in a general pediatric inpatient unit. Further studies should be focused on expanding this to other populations, particularly limited–English-proficiency families.
Measuring Research Mentors’ Cultural Diversity Awareness for Race/Ethnicity in STEM: Validity Evidence for a New Scale

There is a lack of measures to assess cultural diversity awareness (CDA) in research mentoring relationships. The development of and validity evidence for a new measure to assess CDA from the persp...
Pandemic design: Protective mask utilizing non-endagered components

A critical component of a successful N95 respirator alternative product in the United States is the ability to circumvent traditional avenues of sourcing and manufacturing. The purpose of this research was to develop and test an alternative facemask design to combat shortages of N95 facemasks by creating a design that can be produced locally with low specialization of materials and process. Through an interdisciplinary network of experts, a new mask design was developed and tested that uses repurposed air filtration media and commercially available components. Manufacturing viability was tested using a small unskilled workforce (n=10-20) to create 6000 masks over 10 days. The ability to quickly produce masks at scale using an unskilled workforce demonstrates the feasibility of the mask design and manufacturing approach to address shortages of critical healthcare equipment, mitigate risk for healthcare and essential workers, and minimize the transmission and spread of disease. © 2021 by ASME.
Navigating Uncertainty with Certain Systems: Longitudinal Analysis of HPWS and New Firm Performance

Although a few published firm-level empirical studies have linked HR systems, or a set of systematic HR practices, such as high-performance work systems (HPWS), to the superior organizational perfo...
Representing Low-Intensity Fire Sensible Heat Output in a Mesoscale Atmospheric Model with a Canopy Submodel: A Case Study with ARPS-CANOPY (version 5.2.12)

Abstract. Mesoscale models are a class of atmospheric numerical model designed to simulate atmospheric phenomena with horizontal scales of about 2–200 km, although they are also applied to microscale phenomena, with horizontal scales less than about 2 km. Mesoscale models are capable of simulating wildland fire impacts on atmospheric flows if combustion by-products (e.g., heat, smoke) are properly represented in the model. One of the primary challenges encountered in applying a mesoscale model to studies of fire-perturbed flows is the representation of the fire sensible heat source in the model. Two primary methods have been implemented previously: turbulent sensible heat flux, either in the form of an exponentially-decaying vertical heat flux profile or surface heat flux; and soil temperature perturbation. In this study, the ARPS-CANOPY model, a version of the Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) model with a canopy submodel, is utilized to simulate the turbulent atmosphere during a low-intensity operational prescribed fire in the New Jersey Pine Barrens. The study takes place in two phases: model assessment and model sensitivity. In the model assessment phase, analysis is limited to a single control simulation in which the fire sensible heat source is represented as an exponentially-decaying vertical profile of turbulent sensible heat flux. In the model sensitivity phase, a series of simulations are conducted to explore the sensitivity of model-observation agreement to (i) the method used to represent the fire sensible heat source in the model and (ii) parameters controlling the magnitude and vertical distribution of the sensible heat source. In both phases, momentum and scalar fields are compared between the model simulations and data obtained from six flux towers located within and adjacent to the burn unit. The multi-dimensional model assessment confirms that the model reproduces the background and fire-perturbed atmosphere as depicted by the tower observations, although the model underestimates the turbulent kinetic energy at the top of the canopy at several towers. The model sensitivity tests reveal that the best agreement with observations occurs when the fire sensible heat source is represented as a turbulent sensible heat flux profile, with surface heat flux magnitude corresponding to the peak 1-min mean observed heat flux averaged across the flux towers, and an e-folding extinction depth corresponding to the average canopy height in the burn unit. The study findings provide useful guidance for improving the representation of the sensible heat released from low-intensity prescribed fires in mesoscale models.
Code-switching in the Classroom: Teaching the Neutral American Dialect to the 21st Century Student

iv Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Language Acquisition and Code-switching: How Do We Learn to Communicate? ......... 8 The Foundations of Language 9 Code-Switching is Verbal Adaptation 21 Chapter 2: Standardization of Sound: How the Sound of the American Stage Developed 27 The Evolution of the American Stage’s Sound 27 Dialectical Identity 39 Why train actors to sound a certain “way” 46 Chapter 3: Training the 21st Century Actor: An Approach to Teaching Phonetics and the Neutral American Dialect 49 Conclusion 64 Appendix A 65 Appendix B 66 Appendix C 67 Appendix D 69 Works Cited 71 Vita 77
The photon spectrum in Υ decays

We present a theoretical prediction for the photon spectrum in radiative $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}$ decay. Parts of the spectrum have already been understood, but an understanding of the end point region has remained elusive. In this paper we provide the missing piece, and resolve a controversy in the literature. We treat the end point region of $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\Upsilon}}X\ensuremath{\gamma}$ decay within the framework of the soft-collinear effective theory (SCET). Within this approach the $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}$ structure function arises naturally, and kinematic logarithms are summed by running operators using renormalization group equations. In a previous paper we studied the color-octet contribution to the decay. Here we treat the color-singlet contribution. We combine our result with previous results to obtain the $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\Upsilon}}X\ensuremath{\gamma}$ spectrum. We find that resumming the color-singlet contribution in the end point gives a result that is in much better agreement with the data than the leading order prediction.
The dilution of the trust

Trust-like arrangements are appearing in civil law jurisdictions at an increasing rate. Two or three decades ago, such a development would have been unthinkable. But few, if any, of the new arrangements are true trusts, that is, trusts as the common lawyer would recognize them. These civilian arrangements are diluting the trust. For example, the Draft EU Directive on Protected Funds, which appeared in 2009, does not authorize the trust but rather what we might the “trust-lite.” This paper considers some reasons for the spread of these trust-like devices and discusses possible implications for common-law trusts.
An Interview with APPLE Lecture Speaker Professor Alister Cumming

On April 11, 2014, the TESOL/AL Web Journal (represented by Rongchan Lin, Yuna Seong, and Catherine Box) had the opportunity to sit down with Professor Alister Cumming, guest speaker for the 2014 Applied Linguistics & Language Education (APPLE) Lecture Series, hosted annually by the TESOL/Applied Linguistics Programs at Teachers College, Columbia University. Professor Cumming was kind enough to take the time, during a very busy day, to speak about his research, his work on assessing writing, his thoughts on dynamic assessment, and his advice for new scholars working in the TESOL/AL fields.
Remembering places in space: a human analog study of the Morris water maze

We conducted a human analog study of the Morris Water Maze, with individuals indicating a remembered location in a 3 m diameter arena over different intervals of time and with different memory loads. The primary focus of the study was to test a theory of how varying cue location and number of cues affects memory for spatial location. As expected, memory performance, as measured by proximity to the actual location, was negatively affected by increasing memory load, increasing delay interval, and decreasing the number of cues. As memory performance decremented, bias effects increased and were in accordance with the cue-based memory model described by Fitting, Wedell and Allen (2005). Specifically, remembered locations were biased toward the nearest cue and error decreased with more cues. These results demonstrate that localization processes that apply to small two-dimensional task fields may generalize to a larger traversable task field.
Human-aware computer system design

In this paper, we argue that human-factors studies are critical in building a wide range of dependable systems. In particular, only with a deep understanding of the causes, types, and likelihoods of human mistakes can we build systems that prevent, hide, or at least tolerate human mistakes by design. We propose several research directions for studying how humans impact availability in the context of Internet services. In addition, we describe validation as one strategy for hiding human mistakes in these systems. Finally, we propose the use of operator, performance, and availability models to guide human actions. We conclude with a call for the systems community to make the human an integral, first-class concern in computer system design.
Repair of Deoxyribonucleic Acid in Haemophilus influenzae I. X-Ray Sensitivity of Ultraviolet-sensitive Mutants and Their Behavior as Hosts to Ultraviolet-irradiated Bacteriophage and Transforming Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Seven mutants of Haemophilus influenzae were isolated by the criterion of sensitivity to ultraviolet (UV) inactivation of colony formation. These mutants and the wild type were characterized with regard to X-ray inactivation of colony formation, UV induction of division inhibition, the ability of the eight strains to act as recipients to UV-irradiated H. influenzae phage and transforming deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and the influence of acriflavine on the survival of UV-irradiated transforming DNA with these strains as recipients. The photoreactivable sector of transforming DNA with yeast photoreactivating enzyme was measured for the most UV-sensitive mutant and was found to be greater than that of wild type. Judged by the above criteria, the order of the strains' sensitivities shows some, but by no means complete, correlation from one type of sensitivity characterization to another, indicating that a minimum of two variables is needed to explain the differences in the strains. Acriflavine increases the UV sensitivity of transforming DNA except in the most sensitive mutant. This effect is usually, but not always, more pronounced in the case of the more UV-resistant marker. The acriflavine effect is postulated to be the result of at least two factors: (i) interference with repair of transforming DNA in the host cell, and (ii) interference with the probability of recombination between transforming DNA and host DNA.
Pseudogap Behavior in Underdoped Cuprates

I review some of the experimental evidence and theoretical arguments that suggest that pseudogap matter is a new form of matter that coexists with coherent electron matter in the normal state and with superconducting matter below the superconducting transition temperature. I describe work in progress on a phenomenological two-fluid description of the evolution of pseudogap behavior that offers an explanation for the unexpectedly simple scaling behavior for the uniform magnetic susceptibility found in the underdoped cuprates and use this to propose a physical picture of the underdoped cuprates and to estimate the fraction of quasiparticles that become superconducting in underdoped superconductors.
Washing platelets in neutral, calcium-free, Ringer's acetate.

BACKGROUND: Washed platelets (PLTs) are occasionally requested for patients with histories of allergic or anaphylactic reactions. Washing methods and conditions result in the loss of PLT number and function. Short postwash storage times occasionally conflict with other patient activities and result in the wastage of washed products. Better washing procedures are a start to longer postwash hold times. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Twenty-six units of just-outdated 6- or 7-day-old apheresis PLT concentrates were sampled; washed in neutral, calcium-free, Ringer's acetate (NRA); allowed to recover for 0.5 hour; and resampled. PLTs were counted, subjected to transmission electron microscopy, diluted with either equal-volume NRA (prewash) or autologous plasma (postwash), and subjected to thromboelastography. Pre- and postwash products were compared. RESULTS: PLT recovery was 71%. Plasma removal was 96%. Electron microscopy PLT morphology was unchanged by washing. Thromboelastography showed a mild decrease in final clot strength after washing that was not related to PLT concentration. CONCLUSIONS: PLT washing in NRA allows good recovery of PLT numbers and good preservation of function in vitro as assessed by thromboelastography. If performed in a closed-system cell washer, extension of the current 4-hour storage time for washed PLTs should be possible.