cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanical Magnetic Field Generator for Communication in the ULF Range

Electromagnetic (EM) fields at radio frequencies (RF) cannot penetrate deep into media with high conductivity such as sea water, wet soil, etc. However, moving to the ultralow frequency (ULF) range (300 Hz–3 kHz) allows a considerable range of communication due to the decreased medium loss at low frequencies and a possibility to use the penetrating near field. Magnetically coupled coils are commonly used for near-field magneto-inductive (MI) communication. Alternatively, it is possible to create ULF magnetic fields of sufficient amplitude by rotating permanent magnets. In this work, a ULF magnetic field generator has been created using a rotating permanent magnet. It has been shown that the proposed field generator outperforms a conventional coil source (23 dB of field strength for the same volume and dissipated power that is 0.35 W), which can be a considerable advantage for low size, weight, and power applications. A method to produce amplitude shift keying (ASK) modulation signals using a modulation coil was proposed and analyzed. It was demonstrated that the inductance of the modulation coil is not critical for achieving acceptable modulation ratios, which opens a possibility for a compact ASK generator design. A simple circuit model and analytical formula for modulation efficiency of the generator were proposed and validated by measurement.
Responses to terrestrial nest predators by endemic and introduced Hawaiian birds

Birds free from nest predators for long periods may either lose the ability to recognize and respond to predators or retain antipredator responses if they are not too costly. How these alternate scenarios play out has rarely been investigated in an avian community whose members have different evolutionary histories. We presented models of two nest predators (rat and snake) and a negative control (tree branch) to birds on Hawai'i Island. Endemic Hawaiian birds evolved in the absence of terrestrial predators until rats were introduced approximately 1,000 years ago. Introduced birds evolved with diverse predator communities including mammals and snakes, but since their introduction onto the island approximately one century ago have been free from snake predation. We found that (a) endemic and introduced birds had higher agitation scores toward the rat model compared with the branch, and (b) none of the endemic birds reacted to the snake model, while one introduced bird, the Red-billed Leiothrix (Leiothrix lutea), reacted as strongly to the snake as to the rat. Overall, endemic and introduced birds differ in their response to predators, but some endemic birds have the capacity to recognize and respond to introduced rats, and one introduced bird species retained recognition of snake predators from which they had been free for nearly a century, while another apparently lost that ability. Our results indicate that the retention or loss of predator recognition by introduced and endemic island birds is variable, shaped by each species' unique history, ecology, and the potential interplay of genetic drift, and that endemic Hawaiian birds could be especially vulnerable to introduced snake predators.
Early Interventionists’ Appraisals of Intervention Strategies for Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Peers in Inclusive Childcare Classrooms

Mounting evidence supports several naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions (NDBI) for toddlers and preschoolers within inclusive childcare centers and preschools. However, these interventions pose many barriers to community implementation. As part of a larger project to create an adapted NDBI for early educators in childcare centers, we surveyed 101 early interventionists who had worked with a toddler with autism within the last 12 months. Early interventionists rated 22-of-31 NDBI strategies to be significantly more effective for All Toddlers versus Toddlers with Autism. However, when comparing the top 10 rated strategies between groups, there was a large degree of overlap. Moreover, many of these highly rated NDBI strategies are consistent with best practice accreditation and early education standards within the United States.
Chapter 11 – Molecular Spectroscopy

One of the major areas in which quantum mechanics is used is in the interpretation of spectra obtained in several types of spectroscopic studies. In this chapter, electronic transitions are described, and the spacing of peaks in an infrared spectrum of HCl is used to determine the bond length. As a result of chemical bonds absorbing electromagnetic radiation (usually infrared) of different wavelengths, it is possible to identify the types of bonds present in a molecule. The interaction of solvent molecules with bonds can alter the distribution of electron density, causing such absorption bands to be shifted (known as solvatochromism). These aspects of spectroscopy are discussed. Hydrogen bonding occurs between hydrogen atoms held by polar bonds and electron pairs on other atoms. The effects of such interactions on infrared spectra of such molecules are discussed in detail.
A rare case of infective endocarditis in a quadricuspid aortic valve caused by Gemella sanguinis

Infective endocarditis (IE) in patients with a quadricusp aortic valve (QAV) is a rare occurrence that has only been described nine times in English literature. Similar in rarity, IE by Gemella sanguinis has only been described ten times. It has never been described in a patient with QAV. We describe a case of Gemella sanguinis infective endocarditis of a quadricusp aortic valve in a patient in his 4 th decade of life. His QAV was detected on pre-operative transesophageal echocardiogram and confirmed intra-operatively. The patient was managed with bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement and a 6-week course of intravenous antibiotics.
GROWING POLLUTION AND HEALTH CONCERNS IN THE LOWER AMU DAR'YA BASIN, UZBEKISTAN

Highly mineralized and fertilizer-and pesticide-polluted return water flows from irrigated fields along the upper course of the Amu Dar'ya in Soviet Central Asia may be contributing to serious health problems for downstream users who depend on the waters of the Amu Dar'ya for drinking and other purposes. This paper suggests a relationship between upstream increases in fertilizer and pesticide application as a result of irrigated land expansion and health consequences for downstream users along the lower Amu Dar'ya basin in western Uzbekistan.
2-(1,2,3,4-Tetra­hydro­phenanthren-1-yl­idene)malononitrile

In the title complex, C17H12N2, the non-aromatic six-membered ring adopts an envelope conformation. The dihedral angle between the eight-membered plane containing the malononitrile group and the aromatic system is 25.88 (4)°. The distance from the central C atom of the malononitrile group to the centroid of the n-glide-related distal aromatic ring is 3.66 A, suggesting π–π inter­actions.
Reading Instruction: Perceptions of Elementary School Principals

Abstract A stratified random sample of 1,244 U.S. elementary public school principals was surveyed to determine perceptions of their understanding of current issues in elementary reading instruction and the information sources that they use to learn about current issues in reading. The principals reported four major unresolved reading issues: (a) whole language versus basal approaches; (b) assessment of students' reading progress; (c) the use of tradebooks in place of basals; and (d) ability grouping students for reading instruction. Principals' priority ranking of the four most important unresolved reading issues were (a) whole language versus basal approaches; (b) effective alternative assessment of students' reading progress; (c) alternatives to ability grouping students for reading instruction; and (d) the necessity of phonics instruction as a prerequisite to formal reading instruction. The most frequently consulted reading information sources used by elementary school principals within the past 12 mo...
Thermoelastic Displacement Potentials

As in the two-dimensional case (Chapter 14), three-dimensional problems of thermoelasticity are conveniently treated by finding a particular solution — i.e. a solution which satisfies the field equations without regard to bound ary conditions — and completing the general solution by superposition of an appropriate representation for the general isothermal problem, such as the Papkovich-Neuber solution.
A Parameter Estimator with Convergence to Pre-Specified Intervals for Discrete-Time Systems

In this paper an algorithm is given for estimating parameters belonging to known bounded intervals. The parameter estimation scheme eliminates the need for a persistently exciting input in certain adaptive control algorithms.
Loading protocols for mandibular implant overdentures: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

Background: Mandibular overdentures are a successful treatment option for the edentulous patients with long-term predictable outcomes, using conventional loading protocols. Currently, both early and immediate loading protocols for mandibular implant overdentures are prevalent in the literature. Purpose: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the current published literature on comparative studies using conventional versus either early and/or immediate loading protocols for mandibular implant overdentures. Materials and Methods: The review was carried out in accordance with the QUOROM (Quality of Reporting of Meta-Analyses) guidelines. The PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparisons, Outcomes) format was used in conjunction with predefined inclusion criteria. A literature search of PubMed (1969–October 2008), EMBASE (1998–October 2008), the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and the Cochrane Controlled Trial Register was conducted. In addition, hand searching through refereed dental journals was also performed for the years 2000 to 2008. The meta-analysis was conducted by using the MIX software v.1.7 (Kitasato Clinical Research Center, Kanagawa, Japan). Results: A total of 191 studies were identified through the electronic search. After full-text screening and cross-matching with the predefined inclusion criteria, only 10 studies with a minimum follow-up of 2 years were eligible for inclusion in this review. Of the 10 included studies, seven have compared the outcome of conventional versus early loading of implants supporting mandibular overdentures. The remaining three studies, on the other hand, compared the outcome of conventional versus immediate loading. The meta-analysis revealed no significant difference in the outcome between conventional and either early (p = .72) or immediate (p = .08) loading of implants supporting mandibular implant overdentures. Conclusions: Short-term outcomes of early or immediate loading protocols for mandibular implant overdentures achieved comparable success to conventional loading ones. No evidence was found of long-term studies to support or refute either early or immediate loading protocols for mandibular implant overdentures.
The divergence of SIC industries from antitrust markets: Some evidence from price fixing cases

Abstract Evidence from price fixing cases is used to demonstrate that SIC four-digit industries often are far broader in product and/or geographic scope than antitrust markets and that the divergence between the two is greater than suggested in the literature.
The impact of the national breast and cervical cancer early detection program on breast cancer outcomes for women in Mississippi

Abstract Public Health Law 101-354 was enacted to reduce breast and cervical cancer morbidity and mortality rates via education, screening, and adequate timely follow-up. The program has provided breast and cervical cancer screening for hundreds of thousands of women, followed by the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program Treatment Act, Public Law 106-354, which provided for treatment services for women diagnosed with malignant or pre-malignant conditions of the breast and/or cervix. Data were analyzed to determine whether women in Mississippi who were screened in the Breast and Cervical Cancer Program have been positively impacted by the enactment of this legislation by detecting breast cancer at an early stage, when it is more successfully treated.
Development of a Community Organic Vegetable Garden in Baltimore, Maryland: A Student Service-Learning Approach to Community Engagement

Urban community gardens are growing in many U.S. cities. More than 100 universities have established campus–community gardens; however. limited published data exist on the development of a university student-led, community-engaged garden in an urban setting. This article describes the principles and practices used in developing the Morgan State University Nutritional Sciences Program’s Community Organic Vegetable Garden. This urban community garden was initiated to promote healthy eating, service learning, community engagement, and student involvement. As a result, garden participation increased 4-fold, various crops were grown, and agriculture knowledge increased. In addition to the enhancement of landscaping and social interactions, a survey was developed. The garden positively influenced fruit and vegetable consumption, physical activity, and environmental awareness. This was a successful campus–community project that strengthened service learning and community engagement for improved health, nutrition...
Doppler velocimetry of the fetal middle cerebral artery in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes.

A prospective cohort study was conducted to determine whether preterm labor is associated with changes in the impedance to blood flow of the fetal middle cerebral artery. Doppler velocimetry studies were performed in 194 consecutive patients with preterm labor and intact membranes. Pulsatility indices of the middle cerebral artery and umbilical artery were determined on admission. Results were expressed as ratio of the observed pulsatility index to mean value for gestational age expressed as delta MCA PI and delta UA PI, respectively. The prevalence of preterm delivery ( or = 37 weeks and > or = 4 weeks after the examination (P < 0.01). Fetuses with a delta MCA PI at or below 0.88 had a relative risk of 2 (95% confidence interval, 1.32 to 2.9) who were delivered within 24 hours compared to controls (sensitivity 76.7%, specificity 62.8%, positive predictive value 26.7%, negative predictive value 93.5%). Stepwise logistic regression analysis indicated that the relationship between delta MCA PI and examination-to-delivery interval remained statistically significant after correcting for cervical dilatation (P < 0.001). Our data indicate that preterm parturition is associated with a decrease in the impedance to flow in the fetal cerebral circulation.
Trinity and Apologetics In the Theology of St. Augustine

This article examines Trinitarian themes in St. Augustine's City of God and in his On the Trinity. It argues that the scope and intention of the latter work can be clarified to some extent by noticing the apologetic commitments entailed in the exposition of the doctrine of the Trinity in the former. It argues against the tendency of some recent scholarship to restrict the intelligibility of the On the Trinity to converted Christians, even as it also defends the irreducibility of the doctrine of the Trinity, in Augustine's thinking, to any doctrine of pagan learning. Without prejudice to recent scholarly clarifications of the polemical origins of some of the arguments in the On the Trinity, the article argues (in effect) that the work is more than the sum of its polemical parts, and is intentionally addressed by Augustine to a wide readership, deliberately unspecified in identity except insofar as they are united as “human beings who are seeking God.” Just as ancient apologetics, including Augustine's, was addressed to a variety of people, pagan and Christian, in various states of conviction and conversion, so the On the Trinity is meant to address many types of readers, at various levels of conversion and understanding, hoping to bring all of them closer to—or to confirm and deepen their participation in—the true worship of the one true God, without which, Augustine believes, no one can ultimately find the God they seek.
Calculating bed load transport in steep boulder bed channels

[1] Steep, rough channels occupy a large fraction of the total channel length in mountainous regions. Most sediment mobilized on hillslopes must pass through these streams before reaching lower-gradient channels. Steep channels have wide grain size distributions that are composed of finer, more mobile sediment and large, rarely mobile grains. The large grains can bear a significant portion of the total shear stress and thereby reduce the stress available to move the finer sediment. Conventional bed load transport equations often overpredict the sediment flux in steep channels by several orders of magnitude. We hypothesize that sediment transport equations overpredict the sediment flux because they do not (1) account for the stress borne by rarely mobile grains, (2) differentiate between highly and rarely mobile sediment, and (3) account for the limited availability of mobile sediment. Here we modify a conventional bed load transport equation to include these three effects. We use measurements of the flow, bed properties, and sediment flux in a small, steep flume to test this equation. We supply gravel at a constant rate through fields of regularly spaced immobile spheres and measure the bed coverage by gravel and sphere protrusion (the percent of the sphere that protrudes above the gravel deposit). For a given sphere spacing, the proportion of the bed covered by gravel increases and the sphere protrusion decreases with greater sediment supply. Thus bed coverage and immobile grain protrusion may serve as proxies for sediment availability in steep, rough streams. Unlike most transport equations that we tested, our modified bed load equation predicts sediment fluxes to within an order of magnitude of the measured values. Our results demonstrate that accurately predicting bed load transport in steep, rough streams may require accounting for the effects of local sediment availability (coverage by mobile sediment) and drag due to rarely mobile particles.
In vitro interactions between virus and enhancer.

Cell-free supernatant fluids of permissive host cells contained an enhancer for the m+ variant of echovirus 6. The enhancer activity remained in supernatant fractions after centrifugation at 110,000 × g for 4 hr. Under in vitro conditions, a complex between enhancer and virus formed rapidly. The complex was not dissociated by dilution and was sedimented by centrifugation. The effect of enhancer on the distribution of virus in CsCl density gradients was determined. In the absence of enhancer, virus was recovered in one peak at 1.33 g/ml. Incubation of enhancer with virus before centrifugation resulted in the formation of two peaks of infectivity at 1.33 g/ml and 1.24 g/ml. The heavier virus peak represented 43% of the recovered infectivity and could be enhanced. The light virus peak contained 26% of the infectivity and could not be enhanced. The density of enhancer was 1.20 g/ml and approximated the density of the light virus population.
Truth's Other: Ethics, the History of the Holocaust, and Historiographical Theory after the Linguistic Turn†

This paper calls for an ethical turn in historiographical theorizing, for reconfiguring history as a discipline of the good as well as the true. It bases this call on the juxtaposition of two recent strands of historiographical discourse hitherto entirely separate: the invocation of the Holocaust, the most morally charged of all past events, as the limit case of historiographical theory in the polemics of Joyce Appleby, Lynn Hunt, and Margaret Jacob, Richard Evans, Gertrude Himmelfarb, and Omer Bartov against post-linguistic-turn historiographical thinking; and the profound unease about the adequacy-indeed the very possibility-of reconstructing Auschwitz accurately in the theoretical reflections to which the practice of Holocaust history has led Raul Hilberg, Saul Friedlander, and Dominick LaCapra. The embrace of right and wrong as the other of history's true and false will both enable a more robust condemnation of the Holocaust negationists and nurture a genre of historical representation that will speak more meaningfully to a manifestly history-hungry public than the historical writing of professional historians has done.
Verbal fluency and positron emission tomographic mapping of regional cerebral glucose metabolism.

Impairment in verbal fluency (VF) has been a consistently reported clinical feature of focal cerebral deficits in frontal and temporal regions. More recent behavioral activation studies with healthy control subjects using positron emission tomography (PET), however, have noted a negative correlation between performance on verbal fluency tasks and regional cortical activity. To see if this negative relationship extends to steady-state non-activation PET measures, thirty-three healthy adults were given a VF task within a day of their 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose PET scan. VF was found to correlate positively with left temporal cortical region metabolic activity but to correlate negatively with right and left frontal activity. VF was not correlated significantly with right temporal cortical metabolic activity. Some previous studies with normals using behavioral activation paradigms and PET have reported negative correlations between metabolic activity and cognitive performance similar to that reported here. An explanation for the disparate relationships that were observed between frontal and temporal brain areas and VF might be found in the mediation of different task demands by these separate locations, i.e., task planning and/or initiation by frontal regions and verbal memory by the left temporal area.
Matrix, Mesenchyme, and Mechanotransduction

The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the lung serves as both a scaffold for resident cells and a mechanical support for respiratory function. The ECM is deposited during development and undergoes continuous turnover and maintenance during organ growth and homeostasis. Cells of the mesenchyme, including the tissue resident fibroblast, take a leading role in depositing and organizing the matrix and do so in an anatomically distinct fashion, with differing composition, organization, and mechanical properties within the airways, vessels, and alveoli of the lung. Recent technological advancements have allowed the lung's ECM biochemical composition and mechanical properties to be studied with improved resolution, thereby identifying novel disease-related changes in ECM characteristics. In parallel, efforts to study cells seeded on normal and disease-derived matrices have illustrated the powerful role the ECM can play in altering key functions of lung resident cells. The mechanical properties of the matrix have been identified as an important modifier of cell-matrix adhesions, with matrices of pathologic stiffness promoting profibrotic signaling and cell function. Ongoing work is identifying both mechanically activated pathways in mesenchymal cells and disease-related ECM molecules that biochemically regulate cell function. Uncovering the control systems by which cells respond to and regulate the matrix, and the failures in these systems that underlie aberrant repair, remains a major challenge. Progress in this area will be an essential element in efforts to engineer functional lung tissue for regenerative approaches and will be key to identifying new therapeutic strategies for lung diseases characterized by disturbed matrix architecture.
Three-dimensional gas concentration and gradient measurements in a photoacoustically perturbed jet

The 3-D measurement of the gas concentration in a photoacoustically forced gas jet is described. A pulsed laser focused onto a laminar gas flow was used to trigger a localized disturbance which evolved with time. After a fixed time delay, the gas concentration in a 2-D cross section of the jet was measured by recording Rayleigh scattering from a second laser used to illuminate a thin sheet intersecting the flow. A series of these 2-D measurements made at the same time delay resulted in a full 3-D mapping of structures within the flow. Computer graphics enabled the subsequent reconstruction and visualization of the 3-D surfaces of constant concentration as well as the magnitude of the concentration gradient on such surfaces.
Usability Hypotheses in the Design of Plaid

Plaid is a research programming language with a focus on typestate, permissions, and concurrency. Typestate describes ordering constraints on method calls to an object; Plaid incorporates typestate into both its object model and its type system. Permissions, incorporated into Plaid's type system and runtime, describe whether a reference can be aliased and whether aliases can change that reference. Permissions support static typestate checking, but they also allow Plaid's compiler to automatically parallelize Plaid code.In this paper, we describe the usability-related hypotheses that drove the design of Plaid. We describe the evidence, both informal and scientific, that inspired and (in some cases) validated these hypotheses, and reflect on our experience designing and validating the language.
Genetic variation in irradiated and control populations of Cnemidophorus tigris (sauria, teiidae) from Mercury, Nevada with a discussion of genetic variability in lizards

Whiptail lizards (Cnemidophoms tigris) were collected from fenced irradiated, fenced control, and unfenced areas near Mercury Nevada. No changes in allele frequencies at 26 allozyme loci could be ascribed to irradiation or fencing. This species is the most polymorphic and heterozygous lizard so far examined. — Heterozygosity estimates derived from electrophoretic studies on 20 additional species of lizards are compared with Cnemidophorus. A general trend seems to emerge. Fossorial lizards have uniformly low levels of heterozygosity (ca. 1 %). Territorial “sit and wait” predators are intermediate (ca. 5%). Highly vagile apparently nonterritorial lizards are the most heterozygous (ca. 10%). Assuming that this trend does not reflect some of sampling error, two current, non-mutually exclusive hypotheses explain the observed situation: (1) the niche width variation hypothesis predicts, higher variability in populations where individuals are exposed to largescale environmental heterogeneity; and (2) the population size hypothesis predicts that, all other things being equal, vagility would tend to increase the effective population size by reducing inbreeding, which would promote higher levels of genetic variation.
A GENERALIZATION OF SAUER''S LEMMA

We generalize Sauer''s lemma to multivalued functions. In addition, we give an application of this result, bounding the uniform rate of convergence of empirical estimates of the expectations of a set of random variables to their true expectations.
EUS-guided FNA vs. CT-guided FNA for diagnosis of suspected pancreatic neoplasia

Purpose: To compare diagnostic accuracy of CT-guided and EUS-guided FNA for suspected pancreatic neoplasm.
Author response to “Kyphoplasty is not a nonpharmacologic management option for the minimization of fracture risk in osteoporosis”

Author response to “Kyphoplasty is not a nonpharmacologic management option for the minimization of fracture risk in osteoporosis”
New Feigenbaum constants for four-dimensional volume-preserving symmetric maps.

We study period doubling in a symmetric four-dimensional volume-preserving quadratic map, i.e., two symmetrically coupled two-dimensional area-preserving H\'enon maps. We must vary two parameters and thus obtain two Feigenbaum constants, ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{1}$ and ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{2}$. It is a very important point that for each region of stability (belonging to some period-q orbit) in this parameter plane we find two regions of stability for the period-2q orbit, four regions for the period-4q orbit, and so on. Hence we have an infinite number of stability regions and infinities of bifurcation ``paths'' through these regions. Almost all self-similar bifurcation paths fall into one of three possible ``universality classes,'' i.e., each class is characterized by its own two Feigenbaum constants, ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{1}$ and ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{2}$. We find ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{2}$=+4.000. . .,-2.000. . .,-4.404. . ., respectively, for the three classes. These ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{2}$ values are also recovered here from some approximate (numerical) renormalization scheme. The ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{1}$ is, in all cases, the same as in two-dimensional area-preserving maps, ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{1}$=8.721. . . . The ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{2}$=-15.1. . ., reported in an earlier paper [J. M. Mao, I. Satija, and B. Hu, Phys. Rev. A 32, 1927 (1985)], applies to only two exceptional paths.
Taking single virus detection and sizing to the limit with molecular sensitivity: the birth of nanoplasmonic-microcavity hybrid sensors

The BioPhotonics community is buzzing at the prospect that ulta-small bio-nanoparticles such as Polio virus and protein can be detected label-free in their native state and sized one at a time. As the awareness that the claim of label-free single protein sensing through the frequency shift of a bare microcavity by A.M. Armani et al in Science in 2007 fades from lack of independent experimental confirmation or a viable physical mechanism to account for the magnitude of the reported wavelength shifts, a new approach has captured the community’s interest. It is a product of a marriage between nano-optics and micro-photonics, and is poised to take label-free sensing to the limit.
Eye movements in reading versus nonreading tasks: Using E-Z Reader to understand the role of word/stimulus familiarity

In this article, we extend our previous work (Reichle, Pollatsek, & Rayner, 2012) using the principles of the E-Z Reader model to examine the factors that determine when and where the eyes move in both reading and non-reading tasks, and in particular the role that word/stimulus familiarity plays in determining when the eyes move from one word/stimulus to the next. In doing this, we first provide a brief overview of E-Z Reader, including its assumption that word familiarity is the "engine" driving eye movements during reading. We then review the theoretical considerations that motivated this assumption, as well as recent empirical evidence supporting its validity. We also report the results of three new simulations that were intended to demonstrate the utility of the familiarity check in three tasks: (1) reading; (2) searching for a target word in embedded in text; and (3) searching for the letter O in linear arrays of Landolt Cs. The results of these simulations suggest that the familiarity check always improves task efficiency by speeding its rate of performance. We provide several arguments as to why this conclusion is not likely to be true for the two non-reading tasks, and in the final section of the paper, we provide a fourth simulation to test the hypothesis that problems associated with the mis-identification of words may also curtail the too liberal use of word familiarity.
Nucleation of defects in KCl:Sm2+☆

Abstract The site selective laser spectroscopy of KCl:Sm 2+ has been studied. A total of nine sites have been identified. Our results indicate that only the C 2ν (110) (Sm K ·V K ) x single pair site contributes appreciably to the spectrum. The minor sites are attributed to clustering of other (Sm K ·V K ) x pairs.
Remotely Operated Vehicles as Underwater Inspection and Maintenance Tools: An Operator's Viewpoint

Utilisation of remotely operated vehicles in the Northern North Sea is tending towards a science. Various vehicles compete in a razor-sharp market for jacket and pipeline inspections, drilling support and diver assist roles. This paper discusses Conoco's Northern Operations viewpoint and their vehicle utilisation experience.
Metal microfibers entrapped catalysts as effective ambient temperature CO oxidation catalysts

Abstract CO oxidation reaction on a highly active Pt–CeO2/SiO2 catalyst was found to be diffusion controlled at ambient conditions (T
Duality for heavy-quark systems. II. Coupled channels

We derive the duality relation $〈\ensuremath{\sigma}〉\ensuremath{\simeq}〈{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{bound}}〉$ which relates a suitable energy average of the physical coupled-channel cross section $\ensuremath{\sigma}=\ensuremath{\sigma}({e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{hadrons})$ to the same average of the cross section ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{bound}}$ for the production of bound $q\overline{q}$ states in a single-channel confining potential. The average $〈{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{bound}}〉$ is equated by our previous work to the average cross section $〈{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{free}}〉$ for production of a $q\overline{q}$ pair moving freely in the nonconfining color Coulomb potential. Thus, $〈\ensuremath{\sigma}〉\ensuremath{\simeq}〈{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{free}}〉$. The corrections to these duality relations are calculable. We give an exactly solvable coupled-two-channel model and use it to verify duality for both weak and strong coupling.
Severe Lactic Acidosis in an Amnesic Child

An 8-year-old boy presented to the emergency department after he was found unconscious outside his church on a rainy day. He had been seen by hismother 1 hour earlier and was previously fit and well and up to date with immunizations. An ambulancewas called and paramedics noted a reducedGlasgowComa Scale score of 3, trismuswithnormal respiratory effort, and a scalp hematomaon the left forehead.On arrival in theemergencydepartmenthewas afebrile, normotensivewith aheart rateof 120 beats/min, andhada respiratory rateof 20breaths/min.HisGlasgowComaScale scorehad improved to 14,buthehadno recollectionofevents.His left legwas flexed, andhe criedwhenever this limbwas examined.On closer inspection, his left footwaswarm, with generalizedmild erythema and swelling. Therewere bullae on the dorsumof the first and second toes and a cluster of painless, dry, black punctate lesions laterally (Figure, left). Similar, paler lesions were clustered symmetrically on the left (Figure, right) and right forearms. Venous blood gas analysis revealed severe lactic acidosis (pH, 6.9; PCO2, 4.9 kPa; PO2, 11.8 kPa; bicarbonate, 7.1 mEq/L; base excess, −26 mEq/L; and lactate, 171.17 mg/dL [19 mmol/L]). Values for serum glucose and ketones were 342.3 mg/dL (19 mmol/L) and 0 mmol/L, respectively. Other laboratory investigations were unremarkable apart from a creatinine kinase level of 3000 U/L (50.1 μkat/L) and a white blood cell count of 20 × 109 cells/L with lymphocytosis. Quiz at jama.com Figure.
RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN PREVALENCE OF CAROTID ATHEROSCLEROSIS: RESULTS FROM THE PLAQUE BIOIMAGE STUDY

Stroke risk is significantly higher among African-Americans (AA) compared to Caucasians (C). Whether this reflects racial differences in carotid atherosclerosis is unknown. In the BioImage study, 5,276 asymptomatic adults underwent multimodality noninvasive imaging for subclinical atherosclerosis
Stability of near stereoacuity in childhood intermittent exotropia.

Purpose To investigate the course of near stereoacuity in a cohort of children with untreated intermittent exotropia. Methods A total of 95 children ages 2-16 years with untreated intermittent exotropia were identified who had measurements of near stereoacuity using the Preschool Randot (PSR) test on at least 2 successive examinations, with no intervening treatment. Deterioration was defined as a drop of at least 3 octaves, as determined by test–retest data. Alternative secondary analyses were performed defining deterioration as a drop of at least 2 octaves or as a transition from normal to subnormal. The main outcome measure was the deterioration rate calculated at 1 and 2 years using a Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Results For near stereoacuity, the rate of decreasing 3 or more octaves was 2% (95% CI, 0%-6%) at 1 year and 7% (95% CI, 0%-16%) at 2 years. The alternative secondary analyses revealed similar low deterioration rates. In most cases of apparent deterioration, near stereoacuity returned to baseline levels without treatment. Conclusions For children with untreated intermittent exotropia, deterioration in near stereoacuity at 1 and 2 years is infrequent. Therefore, performing surgery for intermittent exotropia to proactively prevent deterioration of near stereoacuity cannot be justified. Retesting stereoacuity is critical to determine whether any measured decrease in stereoacuity is real.
Solar and Heliospheric Observatory Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer and Yohkoh Soft X-Ray Telescope Observations of the High-Temperature Corona above an Active Region Complex

We present the results of Solar and Heliospheric Observatory Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer (SOHO/UVCS) and Yohkoh Soft X-Ray Telescope (SXT) observations above an active region complex (AR 8194, 8195, and 8198) at the southeast limb on 1998 April 6-7. This active region complex appears to be the base of a small streamer seen by the Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph Experiment (LASCO/C2) at the southeast limb. The UVCS was offset-pointed to observe low in the corona from 1.22 up to 1.6 R☉ with normal pointing. High-temperature lines such as [Fe XVIII] λ974 and Ne IX λ1248 were present in this region, implying that the electron temperature is higher than that in the quiet-Sun corona. This region of the corona is also seen as particularly bright in the Yohkoh/SXT, SOHO EUV Imaging Telescope high-temperature filter (Fe XV λ284) and SOHO/LASCO C1. The electron temperature analysis indicates a two-temperature structure, one of ~1.5 × 106 K, which is similar to that observed in quiet-Sun streamers, and the other at a high temperature of ~3.0 × 106 K. This two-temperature region likely corresponds to two distinct coronal regions overlapping in the line of sight. We compare the electron temperature and emission measure results from the SOHO/UVCS data with those from the Yohkoh/SXT data. The absolute elemental abundances show a general first ionization potential effect and decrease with height for all the elements. This is consistent with the effect of gravitational settling, which, however, cannot totally account for the observed elemental abundances. Other mechanisms that are likely to affect the coronal elemental abundance are discussed.
Recent applications of scintillation and semiconductor sensors to the detection of contraband and explosives

IN the past few years, there has been an increasing need for new methods to detect and identify suspect materials in packages and containers used for transport and shipment of goods. Nuclear techniques are playing an important role in the design of such instruments and in this paper we discuss several new applications. While the methods for detecting nuclear radiation have become quite well established over the past few decades, it is interesting to see how some of the properties of these classical sensor are being improved and modified with new technology. In this short review, we review several novel applications for nuclear sensors and measurement techniques that are used in new security instrumentation designs.
Mutation of active site residues of the puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase: conversion of the enzyme into a catalytically inactive binding protein

Abstract The active site glutamate, Glu 309, of the puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase was mutated to glutamine, alanine, and valine. These mutants were characterized with amino acid β-naphthylamides as substrates and dynorphin A(1-9) as an alternate substrate inhibitor. Conversion of glutamate 309 to glutamine resulted in a 5000- to 15,000-fold reduction in catalytic activity. Conversion of this residue to alanine caused a 25,000- to 100,000-fold decrease in activity, while the glutamate to valine mutation was the most dramatic, reducing catalytic activity 300,000- to 500,000-fold. In contrast to the dramatic effect on catalysis, all three mutations produced relatively small (1.5- to 4-fold) effects on substrate binding affinity. Mutation of a conserved tyrosine, Y394, to phenylalanine resulted in a 1000-fold decrease in kcat, with little effect on binding. Direct binding of a physiological peptide, dynorphin A(1-9), to the E309V mutant was demonstrated by gel filtration chromatography. Taken together, these data provide a quantitative assessment of the effect of mutating the catalytic glutamate, show that mutation of this residue converts the enzyme into an inactive binding protein, and constitute evidence that this residue acts a general acid/base catalyst. The effect of mutating tyrosine 394 is consistent with involvement of this residue in transition state stabilization.
Belief salience and interpersonal impression formation: An extension of the constructivist position

This paper investigates the salience of constructs in impression formation. High complexity subjects showed a tendency to elicit more important constructs earJy. This effect did not obtain among low complexity subjects. The theoretical rationale for the study argues for the interpenetration of nomic and practical force in contrast to the recently advanced position of Cushman and Pearce.
Construction and characterization of bacterial artificial chromosome library of Sorghum bicolor

The construction of representative large insert DNA libraries is critical for the analysis of complex genomes. The predominant vector system for such work is the yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) system. Despite the success of YACs, many problems have been described including: chimerism, tedious steps in library construction and low yields of YAC insert DNA. Recently a new E.coli based system has been developed, the bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) system, which offers many potential advantages over YACs. We tested the BAC system in plants by constructing an ordered 13,440 clone sorghum BAC library. The library has a combined average insert size, from single and double size selections, of 157 kb. Sorghum inserts of up to 315 kb were isolated and shown to be stable when grown for over 100 generations in liquid media. No chimeric clones were detected as determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization of ten BAC clones to metaphase and interphase S.bicolor nuclei. The library was screened with six sorghum probes and three maize probes and all but one sorghum probe hybridized to at least one BAC clone in the library. To facilitate chromosome walking with the BAC system, methods were developed to isolate the proximal ends of restriction fragments inserted into the BAC vector and used to isolate both the left and right ends of six randomly selected BAC clones. These results demonstrate that the S. bicolor BAC library will be useful for several physical mapping and map-based cloning applications not only in sorghum but other related cereal genomes, such as maize. Furthermore, we conclude that the BAC system is suitable for most large genome applications, is more 'user friendly' than the YAC system, and will likely lead to rapid progress in cloning biologically significant genes from plants.
Lattice Calculation of Electroweak Amplitude

Over the last two decades an extremely successful model of the fundamental interactions between elemen tary particles, the so-called Standard Model of particle physics, has emerged. Some of its predictions can be extracted via analytical calculations, but many of its most interesting aspects cannot be explored with pencil and paper alone. A prime example is the accurate cal culation of various properties of elementary particles called kaons, which would help determine the unknown parameters of the Standard Model. The most promising method of attack is large-scale computer simulation of the underlying quantum field theory. These simulations are among the most demanding computer calculations being attempted in any field. The U.S. Department of Energy's "Grand Challenge" allocation of 8,000 hours of CRAY-2 time in fiscal year 1989 to study kaon decays, together with improved numerical techniques, made it possible to determine some quantities for the first time, and to raise the quality of others. The results give useful information about the Standard Model, placing con straints on the top quark mass and making predictions for experiments currently under way.
An Investigation on Sensitivity of Ignition Delay and Activation Energy in Diesel Combustion

The auto-ignition process plays a major role in the combustion, performance, fuel economy and emission in diesel engines. The auto-ignition quality of different fuels has been rated by its cetane number (CN) determined in the CFR engine, according to ASTM D613. More recently, the Ignition Quality Tester (IQT), a constant volume vessel, has been used to determine the derived cetane number (DCN) to avoid the elaborate, time consuming and costly engine tests, according to ASTM D6890. The ignition delay period in these two standard tests and many investigations has been considered to be the time period between start of injection (SOI) and start of combustion (SOC). The ignition delay (ID) values determined in different investigations can vary due to differences in instrumentation and definitions. This paper examines the different definitions and the parameters that effect ID period. In addition the activation energy dependence on the ID definition is investigated. Furthermore, results of an experimental investigation in a single-cylinder research diesel engine will be presented while the charge density is kept constant during the ID period. The global activation energy is determined and its sensitivity to the charge temperature is examined.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Microstructural modeling of recrystallization in deformed iron single crystals

Recrystallization kinetics in a (111)[1\(\bar 1\)0] iron single crystal deformed 70 pet by rolling were characterized experimentally at temperatures between 500°C and 600°C by means of quantitative metallography. A Laplace transform method was applied to the time-dependent global microstructural properties, volume fraction, interface area per unit volume, and the largest intercept-free length (recrystallized grain) to separate nucleation and interface migration effects from the overall recrystallization kinetics. A comprehensive nucleation and growth model was derived from analysis of the microstructural data. The model consisted of the following salient features: (a) nucleation was random and approximately site-saturated with zero incubation time at all temperatures; (b) the recrystallized grains grew three-dimensionally in the shape of prolate spheroids; and (c) interface migration rates were highly anisotropic, the grains growing at an approximately constant rate in one dimension and at a strongly decreasing rate in the other two dimensions. The present findings were compared to a similar earlier study of a deformed iron (111)[\(\bar 1\)\(\bar 1\)2] single crystal. The time dependencies of the interface migration rates were rationalized in terms of a deformation-induced, nonuniform distribution of stored energy and an orientation-dependent grain boundary mobility.