cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tetrahydroborate complexes of uranium: Preparation and crystal structure of mixed-valent [Na(THF)6] [(C5Me5)U(BH4)3]2

Abstract Reaction of U(BH4)3·nTHF with Cp*2Th(PPh2)2 in a THF/toluene solution containing NaCl resulted in isolation of the novel tetrahydroborate complex [Na(THF)6][Cp*U(BH4)3]2, Cp*=C5Me5. The complex crystallizes in the space group P 1 with cell parameters of a=11.110(3), b=15.140(3), c= 17.856(3) A, α=88.27(1), β=74.49(2) and γ= 85.42(2)o, Z=2 and Dcalc=1.49 g/cm3. The unit cell contains two crystallographically independent uranium atoms in general positions, each coordinated by three tridentate, hydrogen-bridged BH4− groups and one η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ligand. Two Na(THF)6+ cations, which occupy centers of crystallographic symmetry, complete the structure. Metrical parameters are not significantly different between the two independent uranium centers (av. UB distances 2.61 A) or the two independent sodium containing cations. Crystallographically independent Cp*U(BH4)3 moieties pack to form two separate chains parallel to the crystallographic a axis. The stoichiometry and accompanying black color for the crystal suggest a mixed-valent charge transfer compound for which the average uranium oxidation state is 3.5. An unexpected Cp* transfer from thorium to uranium is also noted in the reaction chemistry.
Asymmetric radical cyclization reactions of axially chiral N -allyl- o -iodoanilides to form enantioenriched N -acyl dihydroindoles

Radical cyclizations of enantiomerically enriched N-allyl-o-iodoanilides provide N-acyl-3-alkyl-2,3-dihydroindoles in good yields and with good to excellent levels of chirality transfer from the N–Ar axis to the new stereocenter. In competitive cyclizations of N-acryloyl-N-allyl-o-iodoanilides, the addition of an o-methyl group reverses the regioselectivity of the radical cyclization from the acryloyl group to the allyl group. Approximate rate constants for representative radical cyclizations have been measured to provide insight into the origin of these observations.
Compression for Quadratic Similarity Queries

The problem of performing similarity queries on compressed data is considered. We focus on the quadratic similarity measure, and study the fundamental tradeoff between compression rate, sequence length, and reliability of queries performed on the compressed data. For a Gaussian source, we show that the queries can be answered reliably if and only if the compression rate exceeds a given threshold—the identification rate —which we explicitly characterize. Moreover, when compression is performed at a rate greater than the identification rate, responses to queries on the compressed data can be made exponentially reliable. We give a complete characterization of this exponent, which is analogous to the error and excess-distortion exponents in channel and source coding, respectively. For a general source, we prove that, as with classical compression, the Gaussian source requires the largest compression rate among sources with a given variance. Moreover, a robust scheme is described that attains this maximal rate for any source distribution.
Test Method for "Actual" True Vapor Pressure of Crude Oils

Currently, the vapor pressure of crude oil is primarily controlled through Reid Vapor Pressure testing (ASTM D-323-90) from both a commercial product and environmental air emissions standpoint. Environmental regulations do require a further estimation of the True crude oil vapor pressure from the Reid test results via a nomograph relationship contained in API 2517. The true vapor pressure of a given oil or fluid is of interest because it defines the point of vapor initiation (i.e., the boiling point or bubble point). The quantity of such oil vapors is of course directly related to product losses and environmental air emissions. However, the MITRE Corporation in support of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve Crude Oil Quality program has found the Reid test even in combination with the API 2517 adjustment for 'True vapor pressure to give 50% to even 300+% errors in the determination of a crude oil's actual true vapor pressure. MITRE therefore developed a test method and calculation algorithm that substantially improves the determination of a crude oil's actual true vapor pressure. The method involves use of a device to 1) analyze the composition of gas separating from a liquid oil stream at a known pressure and temperature, 2) measure the rate of gas and oil flow exiting the same gas/oil separator, and 3) use the described test data in an iterative calculation algorithm with industry-established gas/liquid equilibrium values to estimate the crude oil's vapor pressure within +/- 2% (or 0.3 psia). This test method provides a characterization of the oil's composition which allows prediction of vapor pressure and even air emissions quantification over the full temperature range of interest. In addition air toxics existing in the oil (H 2 S, benzene, etc.) have been quantified to the 10 ppm level in the oil as well as in the evolved gases.
Cosmogenesis backgrounds, experiment depth and the solar neutrino TPC

Abstract A Time Projection Chamber (TPC) is one of the promising candidates to perform unique measurements in solar neutrino physics. Its features will enable it to work at depths of the order of 2000 mwe . This paper describes an estimation of the expected cosmogenic background at different depths including also the background due to fission activation of the TPC material above ground.
Highly diastereoselective reductions of N-diphenylphosphinyl imines. Synthesis of axial primary cyclic amines.

Abstract The reduction of N-diphenylphosphinyl imines of substituted cycloalkanones with lithium tri-sec-butylborohydride provides highly diastereoselective conversions to protected axial primary amines which are demasked via cleavage with acid.
Coded aperture compressive temporal imaging

We use mechanical translation of a coded aperture for code division multiple access compression of video. We discuss the compressed video’s temporal resolution and present experimental results for reconstructions of > 10 frames of temporal data per coded snapshot.
A Disturbance Rejection Based Control System Design for Z-Axis Vibratory Rate Gyroscopes

This paper presents a new control strategy known as active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) for controlling the sense axis of a vibrational MEMS gyroscope and detecting time-varying rotation rates. In the ADRC framework, the generalized disturbance, which is referred to as the combination of the internal dynamics and external disturbances, is estimated and compensated for in real time. It is assumed that the drive axis outputs an ideal sinusoidal signal. A force-to-rebalance mode of operation is applied to the sense axis of the gyroscope. Under this mode, the output of the sense axis is continuously monitored and driven to zero by ADRC and the rotation rate is estimated by employing the demodulation technique. Simulation results and performance analysis demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the ADRC against parameter variations and noises.
Uniqueness and Order in Sequential Effect Algebras

A sequential effect algebra (SEA) is an effect algebra on which a sequential product is defined. We present examples of effect algebras that admit a unique, many and no sequential product. Some general theorems concerning unique sequential products are proved. We discuss sequentially ordered SEAs in which the order is completely determined by the sequential product. It is demonstrated that intervals in a sequential ordered SEA admit a sequential product.
The PL Hierarchy Collapses

It is shown that the PL hierarchy PLH = PL ,\bigcup\limits\, PLPL ,\bigcup\limits\, PLPLPL ,\bigcup\limits\, \cdots$, defined in terms of the Ruzzo--Simon--Tompa relativization, collapses to PL.
Analysis of peripapillary atrophy using spectral domain optical coherence tomography.

Objective To study retinal morphologic changes around the optic disc in patients with peripapillary atrophy (PPA) with high-resolution spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT). Design Cross-sectional, retrospective analysis. Participants A total of 103 eyes of 73 patients with PPA and 21 eyes of 12 normal patients seen at the New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, between January 2007 and August 2009. Methods Spectral domain optical coherence tomography images taken through the region of PPA were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed. Inclusion criteria included eyes with at least 300 μm of temporal PPA as detected on color fundus photographs. The study population was divided into subgroups according to the following clinical diagnoses: glaucoma (n=13), age-related macular degeneration (n=11), high myopia (n=11), glaucoma and high myopia (n=3), and optic neuropathy (n=11). Fifty-four patients were classified with other diagnoses. By using OCT software, retinal thickness and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness were both manually measured perpendicular to the internal limiting membrane and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) 300 μm temporal to the optic disc, within the region of PPA. Qualitative analysis for morphologic changes in the atrophic area was also performed. Main Outcome Measures Qualitative assessment and quantitative measures of retinal and RNFL thickness in PPA. Results The study group was categorized by 6 characteristics demonstrated in the area of PPA by SD OCT: RPE loss with accompanying photoreceptor loss, RPE disruption, RNFL thickening with plaque-like formation, intraretinal cystic changes, inner and outer retinal thinning, and abnormal retinal sloping. Statistical analysis of measurements revealed a statistically significant difference in the total retinal thickness between normal eyes and eyes with PPA ( P =0.0005), with normal eyes 15% thicker than the eyes with PPA; however, the RNFL thickness was not significantly different between the normal eyes and the eyes with PPA ( P =0.05). Conclusions Eyes with PPA manifest characteristic retinal changes that can be described via SD OCT. Financial Disclosure(s) Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
Room temperature intramolecular hydro-O-alkylation of aldehydes: sp3 C-H functionalization via a Lewis acid catalyzed tandem 1,5-hydride transfer/cyclization.

The scope and limitations of intramolecular hydro-O-alkylation of aldehyde substrates leading to spiroketals and bicyclic ketals and aminals is reported. The direct transformation of tertiary and sterically hindered secondary sp3 C−H bonds into C−O bonds under the action of a catalytic amount of a variety of Lewis acids is described. The mechanism of these transformations is proposed to involve a tandem hydride transfer/cyclization sequence.
The Impact of Mobility on Gossip Algorithms

The influence of node mobility on the convergence time of averaging gossip algorithms in networks is studied. It is shown that a small number of fully mobile nodes can yield a significant decrease in convergence time. A method is developed for deriving lower bounds on the convergence time by merging nodes according to their mobility pattern. This method is used to show that if the agents have 1-D mobility in the same direction, the convergence time is improved by at most a constant. Upper bounds on the convergence time are obtained using techniques from the theory of Markov chains and show that simple models of mobility can dramatically accelerate gossip as long as the mobility paths overlap significantly. Simulations verify that different mobility patterns can have significantly different effects on the convergence of distributed algorithms.
Endoscopes integrated into instruments for spinal surgery

With minimally invasive approaches the visual path to guide instruments becomes constricted. Often one is unable to visualize adequately interaction of the instrument with tissue. We have incorporated 1.2-mm diameter 10,000 pixel fiberoptic endoscopes into instruments for spinal surgery. With these instruments one has a direct view of the instrument's interaction with the surgical anatomy. We have studied a variety of endoscopic instruments including malleable forceps, retractors and punches in over 40 cases of lateral disc herniations, migrated disc fragments and spinal stenosis. The instruments provided excellent visualization of spinal structures. The size and effect of the pathologic process could be readily evaluated, as could neural decompression. Operative times were not significantly increased and there were no complications attributable to the instruments. This preliminary work documents that 'seeing instruments' can be safely used and add to our appreciation of operative anatomy. It is suggested that these instruments may provide more complete decompression through a more limited, less invasive, access. Further study of these instruments may provide better understanding of their overall utility.
Needs, norms, and food policy in the U.S. House of Representatives

Abstract This article investigates the influence of partisanship, religion, and district need on legislative behavior pertaining to food policy. Historically, policymaking is this area has been decidedly bipartisan, because it provided opportunities for logrolling among legislators. As the parties became more ideologically polarized and as budget pressures mounted, some suggested the food coalition would break down. To test this argument, this article analyzes legislative behavior on food and agriculture measures in the U.S. House of Representatives in 106th Congress. The findings indicate that while party, ideology, religion, and district need all affect legislative behavior, there is still a bipartisan majority coalition of legislators that supports food assistance.
Three-dimensional aromaticity in deltahedral boranes and carboranes

Methods derived from topology and graph theory indicate that the deltahedral boranes B n H n 2− and the corresponding carboranes C2Bn−2H n (6 ≤n ≤ 12) may be regarded as three-dimensional delocalized aromatic systems in which surface bonding and core bonding correspond to σ-bonding and π-bonding, respectively, in planar polygonal two-dimensional hydrocarbons CinnH n (n−6)+ (n=5/7). The two extreme types of topologies which may be used to model core bonding in deltahedral boranes and carboranes are the deltahedral (D n ) topology based on the skeleton of the underlying deltahedron and the complete (K n ) topology based on the corresponding complete graph. Analyses of the Hoffmann-Lipscomb LCAO extended Huckel computations, the Armstrong—Perkins—Stewart self-consistent molecular orbital computations, and SCF MOab initio GAUSSIAN-82 computations on B6H6 2− indicate that the approximation of the atomic orbitals by the sum of the molecular orbitals, as is typical in modernab initio computations, leads to significantly weaker apparent core bonding approximated more closely by deltahedral (D n ) topology than by complete (K n ) topology.
Growth factors and wound healing.

Background: Over the last decade, there has been an exponential increase in our knowledge of the biology of growth factors. The hope has been and remains that these potent biologic agents will effect a fundamental improvement in the way we treat wounds. Objective: We will discuss the biology of growth factors and the dramatic effects these proteins have on cell proliferation, cell chemotaxis, and on the formation of extracellular matrix molecules. Results: Growth factors are extremely potent biologic agents that show promise in accelerating wound repair in both animal and human studies. They improve granulation tissue, enhance tensile strength, and promote reepithelialization. Cosmetic effects are also to be expected by antagonizing and blocking the action of these peptides. Conclusion: Growth factors are likely to become an important therapeutic tool for the dermatologic surgeon.
Singular surfaces, mod 2 homology, and hyperbolic volume, I

If M is a simple, closed, orientable 3-manifold such that π 1 (M) contains a genus-g surface group, and if H 1 (M; ℤ 2 ) has rank at least 4g—1, we show that M contains an embedded closed incompressible surface of genus at most g. As an application we show that if M is a closed orientable hyperbolic 3-manifold of volume at most 3.08, then the rank of H 1 (M; ℤ 2 ) is at most 6.
Approaches to macro decompositions of large Markov decision process planning problems

Mobile robot navigation tasks are subject to motion stochasticity arising from the robot's local controllers, which casts the navigational task into a Markov decision process framework. The MDP may, however, be intractably large; in this work we consider the prioritized package delivery problem which yields an exponentially large state space. We demonstrate that the bulk of this state space is tied to a sub-problem that is an instance of the traveling salesdroid problem and that exponential improvements in solution time for the MDP can be achieved by addressing the TSP sub-problem separately. This process produces a suboptimal solution, but we show that the degree of suboptimality can be controlled by employing more effective TSP approximators. The key contribution is the demonstration that MDP solution techniques can substantially benefit from careful application of well-understood deterministic optimization techniques.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Charged Schrodinger Black Holes

We construct charged and rotating asymptotically Schr\"odinger black hole solutions of type IIB supergravity. We begin by obtaining a closed-form expression for the null Melvin twist of a broad class of type IIB backgrounds, including solutions of minimal five-dimensional gauged supergravity, and identify the resulting five-dimensional effective action. We use these results to demonstrate that the near-horizon physics and thermodynamics of asymptotically Schr\"odinger black holes obtained in this way are essentially inherited from their anti\char21{}de Sitter (AdS) progenitors, and verify that they admit zero-temperature extremal limits with ${\mathrm{AdS}}_{2}$ near-horizon geometries. Notably, the ${\mathrm{AdS}}_{2}$ radius is parametrically larger than that of the asymptotic Schr\"odinger space.
A new approach to I/O performance evaluation: self-scaling I/O benchmarks, predicted I/O performance

Current I/O benchmarks suffer from several chronic problems: they quickly become obsolete; they do not stress the I/O system; and they do not help much in understanding I/O system performance. We propose a new approach to I/O performance analysis. First, we propose a self-scaling benchmark that dynamically adjusts aspects of its workload according to the performance characteristic of the system being measured. By doing so, the benchmark automatically scales across current and future systems. The evaluation aids in understanding system performance by reporting how performance varies according to each of five workload parameters. Second, we propose predicted performance, a technique for using the results from the self-scaling evaluation to estimate quickly the performance for workloads that have not been measured. We show that this technique yields reasonably accurate performance estimates and argue that this method gives a far more accurate comparative performance evaluation than traditional single-point benchmarks. We apply our new evaluation technique by measuring a SPARCstation 1+ with one SCSI disk, an HP 730 with one SCSI-II disk, a DECstation 5000/200 running the Sprite LFS operating system with a three-disk disk array, a Convex C240 minisupercomputer with a four-disk disk array, and a Solbourne 5E/905 fileserver with a two-disk disk array.
Toroidal compactification of heterotic 6D non-critical strings down to four dimensions

Abstract The low-energy limit of the 6D non-critical string theory with N = 1 SUSY and E 8 chiral current algebra compactified on T 2 is generically an N = 2 U (1) vector multiplet. We study the analog of the Seiberg-Witten solution for the low-energy effective action as a function of E 8 Wilson lines on the compactified torus and the complex modulus of that torus. The moduli space includes regions where the Seiberg-Witten curves for SU (2) QCD are recovered as well as regions where the newly discovered 4D theories with enhanced E 6, 7, 8 global symmetries appear.
Evaluating local community methods in networks

We present a new benchmarking procedure that is unambiguous and specific to local community finding methods, allowing one to compare the accuracy of various methods. We apply this to new and existing algorithms. A simple class of synthetic benchmark networks is also developed, capable of testing properties specific to these local methods.
The maximum mass of a neutron star

Observational identification of black holes as members of binary systems requires the knowledge of the upper limit on the gravitational mass of a neutron star. We use modern equations of state for neutron star matter, fitted to experimental nucleon-nucleon scattering data and the properties of light nuclei, to calculate, within the framework of Rhoades & Ruffini (1974), the minimum upper limit on a neutron star mass. Regarding the equation of state as valid up to twice nuclear matter saturation density, ρnm, we obtain a secure upper bound on the neutron star mass equal to 2.9 M☉. We also find that in order to reach the lowest possible upper bound of 2.2 M☉, we need to understand the physical properties of neutron matter up to a density of ~4ρnm.
Regulation of hepatic acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation.

Abstract Acetyl CoA carboxylase, in a partially purified preparation, was inactivated by ATP in a time- and temperature-dependent reaction. Adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate did not affect the inactivation. Further purification separated the carboxylase from a protein fraction which could greatly enhance the inactivation of the enzyme. Inactivation of the enzyme with [γ- 32 P]ATP resulted in the incorporation of 32 P which copurified with the enzyme. No label was incorporated when [U- 14 C]ATP was used. When carboxylase inactivated by exposure to [γ- 32 P]ATP was precipitated with antibody, isotope incorporation into the precipitate paralleled enzyme inactivation. The phosphate was bound to serine and threonine residues by an ester linkage. Sodium fluoride completely inhibited the activation of partially purified enzyme by magnesium ions. Activation by magnesium, accompanied by the release of protein-bound 32 P, was antagonistic to inactivation of the enzyme by ATP. The data presented in this communication are consistent with a mechanism for controlling acetyl CoA carboxylase activity by interconversion between phosphorylated and dephosphorylated forms. Phosphorylation of the enzyme by a portein kinase decreases enzyme activity, whereas dephosphorylation by a protein phosphatase reactivates the enzyme.
Long-Term Profile Variability of Double-peaked Emission Lines in Active Galactic Nuclei

We present up to two decades of spectroscopic monitoring of the double-peaked broad Hα emission lines of seven broad-line radio galaxies. These extremely broad, double-peaked lines are successfully modeled by emission from gas in the outer accretion disk, and their profiles vary on timescales of months to years. This variability is a valuable probe for understanding the structure and dynamics of the accretion disk. We characterize the long-term broad-line profile variability in detail and compare the evolution of the line profiles with predictions from a few simple physical models for dynamical processes in the accretion disk. We find no evidence for persistent, periodic variability that would be indicative of a precessing elliptical disk, or a circular disk with a long-lived, single-armed spiral or warp. We do find transient, periodic variability on the orbital timescale, possibly resulting from shocks induced by tidal perturbations, and variability in the wings of the profile, which suggests changes in the emissivity of the inner accretion flow. Dramatic but localized profile changes are observed during flares and high states of broad-line flux. In 3C 332, these changes can be explained by a slow, smooth, secular change in disk illumination. In Arp 102B and 3C 390.3, however, a simple disk model cannot explain the asymmetric profile changes, suggesting a need for more sophisticated models. We also observe sharp, transient features that appear in the blue peak of the objects, which require a well-organized velocity field.
DOES VOTING TECHNOLOGY AFFECT ELECTION OUTCOMES? TOUCH- SCREEN VOTING AND THE 2004 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION

Abstract Critics argue that electronic voting is vulnerable to fraud. We test whether voting technology affected electoral outcomes in the 2000 and 2004 presidential elections. We find a positive correlation between use of electronic voting and George Bush vote share. The effect could have been large enough to influence the final results in some swing states. While this pattern would appear to be consistent with allegations of voting irregularities, a closer examination suggests this interpretation is unlikely. We find no evidence that electronic voting had a larger effect in swing states, or in states with a Republican secretary of state. We also find that electronic voting has a negative effect on turnout rates of Hispanics (who tend to favor Democrats). Electronic voting was more likely to be used in counties with a higher fraction of Hispanics; especially in swing states.
Bayesian Conditional Tensor Factorizations for High-Dimensional Classification

ABSTRACTIn many application areas, data are collected on a categorical response and high-dimensional categorical predictors, with the goals being to build a parsimonious model for classification while doing inferences on the important predictors. In settings such as genomics, there can be complex interactions among the predictors. By using a carefully structured Tucker factorization, we define a model that can characterize any conditional probability, while facilitating variable selection and modeling of higher-order interactions. Following a Bayesian approach, we propose a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm for posterior computation accommodating uncertainty in the predictors to be included. Under near low-rank assumptions, the posterior distribution for the conditional probability is shown to achieve close to the parametric rate of contraction even in ultra high-dimensional settings. The methods are illustrated using simulation examples and biomedical applications. Supplementary materials for this artic...
Reattachment of Three-Dimensional Flow Adjacent to Backward-Facing Step

Numerical simulations for incompressible three-dimensional laminar forced convection flow adjacent to backward-facing step in rectangular duct are performed to examine the reattachment region of the separated flow on the stepped wall. The feasibility of utilizing the two-dimensional flow definition and the limiting streamline definition for identifying the reattachment line/region was examined. The downwash and the jet-like flow that develops near the sidewall creates significant spanwise flow adjacent to the stepped wall, making it difficult to identify a reattachment line/region both numerically and experimentally. The use of the line/region that identifies the location on a plane adjacent to the stepped wall where the gradient of the mean streamwise velocity component is zero (∂u/∂y| y=0 =0) is recommended for code and apparatus validation of three-dimensional separated flow
Information Systems in Treaty Regimes

One of the most influential arguments in international relations is that international institutions influence states' behavior by monitoring their compliance with treaties, which in turn facilitates reciprocity. Empirically, however, many treaty organizations are not mandated to monitor compliance. The article develops a parsimonious theoretical framework to address the empirical diversity of monitoring arrangements. By mapping strategic environments onto monitoring arrangements, it accounts for who detects noncompliance and who brings it to light. In particular, two factors—the interest alignment between noncompliance victims and their states and the availability of noncompliance victims as low-cost monitors—largely shape the organizational forms of information systems. This simple theory sheds light on a wide range of substantiveh/important treaty regimes.
Evaluation of Load-Life Relation With Ball Bearings at 500 Deg F

A survey of the literature suggests that a stress-life exponent of approximately 12 is typical of vacuum-processed steels for ball bearings rather than the exponent of 9 which has been generally accepted by the bearing industry and bearing users. Tests run with vacuum-degassed AISI 52100 balls in the five-ball fatigue tester at four maximum Hertz stress levels in the range from 650,000 to 875,000 psi showed good agreement with the literature. However, tests run with consumable-electrode vacuum melted AISI M-50 steel angular-contact ball bearings at 500 F at three thrust loads did not show significant deviation from the accepted ninth power stress-life relation.
The Complex Structure of the Multi-Phase Galactic Wind in a Starburst Merger

Neutral outflows have been detected in many ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs) via the Na I D λλ5890, 5896 absorption-line doublet. For the first time, we have mapped and analyzed the two-dimensional kinematics of a cool neutral outflow in a ULIRG, F10565+2448, using the integral field unit on Gemini North to observe the Na I D feature. At the same time, we have mapped the ionized outflow with the [N II] and Hα emission lines. We find a systemic rotation curve that is consistent with the rotation of the molecular disk determined from previous CO observations. The absorption lines show evidence of a nuclear outflow with a radial extent of at least 3 kpc, consistent with previous observations. The strength of the Na I D lines have a strong, spatially resolved correlation with reddening, suggesting that dust is present in the outflow. Surprisingly, the outflow velocities of the neutral gas show a strong asymmetry in the form of a major-axis gradient that is opposite in sign to disk rotation. This is inconsistent with entrained material rotating along with the galaxy or with a tilted minor-axis outflow. We hypothesize that this unusual behavior is due to an asymmetry in the distribution of the ambient gas. We also see evidence of asymmetric ionized outflow in the emission-line velocity map, which appears to be decoupled from the neutral outflow. Our results strengthen the hypothesis that ULIRG outflows differ in morphology from those in more quiescent disk galaxies.
The virtuous tax: Lifesaving and crime-prevention effects of the 1991 federal alcohol-tax increase

The last time that federal excise taxes on alcoholic beverages were increased was 1991. The changes were larger than the typical state-level changes that have been used to study price effects, but the consequences have not been assessed due to the lack of a control group. Here we develop and implement a novel method for utilizing interstate heterogeneity to estimate the aggregate effects of a federal tax increase on rates of injury fatality and crime. We provide evidence that the relative importance of alcohol in violence and injury rates is directly related to per capita consumption, and build on that finding to generate estimates. A conservative estimate is that the federal tax (which increased alcohol prices by 6% initially) reduced injury deaths by 4.5% (6480 deaths), in 1991, and had a still larger effect on violent crime.
How to write for scientific and technical journals

The four reasons for writing for publication are to advance professionally, to gain prestige, to obtain financial payment, and to receive psychological compensation. Editors reject manuscripts because they have printed similar articles, because the content of the rejected article has recently been published, or because the content of the article will not hold the reader's interest. To write a publishable article, the writer must consider the timeliness of the subject, his interest in the manuscript, the wide interests of the readers, and the objectivity, the usefulness, and the relevancy of the subject. Before sending a manuscript to a journal, one must consider the journal's editorial and review policy and its style sheet.
Quantifying Information Leakage in Finite Order Deterministic Programs

Information flow analysis is a powerful technique for reasoning about the sensitive information exposed by a program during its execution. While past work has proposed information theoretic metrics (e.g., Shannon entropy, min-entropy, guessing entropy, etc.) to quantify such information leakage, we argue that some of these measures not only result in counter-intuitive measures of leakage, but also are inherently prone to conflicts when comparing two programs P1 and P2 -- say Shannon entropy predicts higher leakage for program P1, while guessing entropy predicts higher leakage for program P2. This paper presents the first attempt towards addressing such conflicts and derives solutions for conflict-free comparison of finite order deterministic programs.
The Chemical Evolution of DNA−DNA Interstrand Cross-Linkers That Recognize Defined Mixed AT and GC Sequences

The monoalkylation and cross-linking reactivities of a group of four structurally related DNA−DNA interstrand cross-linkers have been determined on restriction enzyme fragments and select oligomers. These highly potent cytotoxic DNA−DNA cross-linkers consist of two cyclopropa[c]pyrrolo[3,4-3]indol-4(5H)-ones indoles [(+)-CPI-I] joined by a urea (Bizelesin) or a bisamido furan, bisamido pyrrole, or bisamido N-methylpyrrole linker. Using a thermal cleavage assay in combination with radio-labeled restriction enzyme fragments, we have shown that these compounds cross-link duplex DNA six or seven base pairs apart on opposite strands, but they differ among themselves for both alkylation reactivity and DNA sequence selectivity. Bizelesin and the [(+)-CPI-I]2 bisamido furan and [(+)-CPI-I]2 bisamido N-methyl pyrrole compounds prefer purely AT-rich sequences (e.g., 5‘-T(A/T)4 or 5A*-3‘, where T represents the cross-strand adenine alkylation and A* represents an adenine alkylation), while the [(+)-CPI-I]2 bisamido ...
The Allocation of Status Within Occupations: The Case of the Legal Profession

This paper analyzes correlates of status in the legal profession, arguing that the study of intraoccupational status attainment not only is important in its own right but can also illuminate the processes of interoccupational status attainment. Data on a national sample of lawyers indicate that while entry into the profession is strongly correlated with characteristics of family of origin, within the profession these characteristics do not have substantial direct or indirect effects on attainment. Longitudinal comparisons indicate that these relationships have been fairly constant over the past fifteen years, and cross-city comparisons reveal unsystematic variation among cities in the correlates of status attainment. The concluding section of the paper considers the implications of these findings for the legal profession and for the study of status attainment at the interoccupational level.
Controller Gain Selection for an Electromagnetic Suspension Under Random Excitation

This paper considers the modeling and control of R single axis electromagnetic suspension for vibration isolation. Here, the nonlinear dynamic equations for the suspension are derived using a lumped-parameter model of the system that includes factors for flux leakage, fringing and finite permeability of the materials. To study the vibration isolation characteristics a set of linearized dynamic equations are used. The feedback signals considered are the air gap size, the absolute velocity of the isolated load and the current in the coil
The new new financial thing: The origins of financial innovations

Abstract The origins of financial innovations have attracted little empirical scrutiny. Using Wall Street Journal articles as an indicator, this paper examines which institutions were the key financial innovators between 1990 and 2002. The evidence suggests that smaller firms account for a disproportionate share of the innovations. Less profitable firms innovate more, though in the years subsequent to the introduction of the innovation, the profitability of the innovators increases significantly. Finally, older, less leveraged firms located in regions with more financial innovations innovate more. While several of the determinants of patenting are similar, small and unprofitable firms do not patent disproportionately.
Emerging Massive Star Clusters Revealed: High Resolution Imaging of NGC 4449 from the Radio to the Ultraviolet

We present a multi-wavelength study of embedded massive clusters in the nearby (3.9 Mpc) starburst galaxy NGC 4449 in an effort to uncover the earliest phases of massive cluster evolution. By combining high-resolution imaging from the radio to the ultraviolet, we reveal these clusters to be in the process of emerging from their gaseous and dusty birth cocoons. We use Very Large Array (VLA) observations at centimeter wavelengths to identify young clusters surrounded by ultra-dense H II regions, detectable via their production of thermal free-free radio continuum. Ultraviolet, optical and infrared observations are obtained from the Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescope archives for comparison. We detect 39 compact radio sources toward NGC 4449 at 3.6 cm using the highest resolution (13) and sensitivity (~12 ?Jy) VLA image of the galaxy to date. We reliably identify 13 thermal radio sources and derive their physical properties using both nebular emission from the H II regions and spectral energy distribution fitting to the stellar continuum. These radio-detected clusters have ages 5 Myr and stellar masses of order 104 M ?. The measured extinctions are quite low: 12 of the 13 thermal radio sources have A V 1.5, while the most obscured source has A V 4.3. By combining results from the nebular and stellar emission, we find an I-band excess that is anti-correlated with cluster age and an apparent mass-age correlation. Additionally, we find evidence that local processes such as supernovae and stellar winds likely play an important role in triggering the current bursts of star formation within NGC 4449.
Stereoselective synthesis of hydroxy-substituted tetrahydrofurans

Abstract Iodocyclizations of 4-alkene-1,3-diol derivatives proceed with high stereocontrol to provide cis 2-iodomethyl-3-hydroxy(alkoxy)tetrahydrofurans. The effect of alkoxy substituents on the diastereoselectivity has also been assessed.
Investigation and Prediction of Steam-Induced Stall-Margin Reduction in Two Transonic Rotor Fans

An investigation into the behavior of two transonic compressor rotors operating at near-stall conditions while ingesting hot-steam was undertaken. This type of inlet flow was similar to that experienced by naval aircraft during steam catapult launches and has had the potential to adversely affect engine performance. The research was divided into three broad areas: experimental, theoretical and numerical. The first area, experimental, used the Naval Postgraduate School's transonic compressor rig. The rig was modified to introduce hot steam into the inlet flow during testing. Two rotor-only tests were completed; one with an unswept rotor and the other with a forward swept rotor. The experimental program yielded two sets of results. The first recorded data on the operational behavior of a transonic compressor ingesting a super-heated steam and air mixture, notably the quantification of the stall margin (SM) reduction. The second data set captured transient measurements of the inlet flow gas properties. The transient inlet data were then used in the second research area; a theoretical analysis based on a thermodynamic model of the inlet flow. Prior to this investigation, little information was available for higher temperature steam–air mixtures of this type. The analysis used certain simplifying assumptions to perform a fundamental of the inflow which yielded the inlet flow transient changes of specific heat capacities, gas constants, and, therefore, sonic velocities. Using these transient inlet properties, the third area of the investigation was performed, developing a numerical model. A fully transient simulation over the time period of an ingestion event would not be practical due to the large computational requirements needed. A quasi-transient method with large intermediate time steps was developed. The method is presented and was found to be reasonable at predicting the stall-margin reduction when compared to the available experimental results. These results would have potential use in design applications and for evaluating existing compressor steam ingestion tolerance.
The short-run impact of gas prices fluctuations on toll road use

Abstract The price of gas has fluctuated dramatically since 2008 and travelers’ response to this has been generally as expected. Relatively little change in behavior to begin, but as prices continued to rise we have seen a shift to vehicles with higher fuel efficiencies and a shift to alternative modes (transit and bike/pedestrian). One thing that has not been examined is potential route shifts, to or from toll facilities. Many toll facilities offer an uncongested and more direct route to a traveler's destination. In theory, as gas prices increase the use of toll facilities would also increase. However, some toll facilities experienced the opposite effect. The cost of gas increased to a point where some travelers refuse to pay any more for their trip, including paying a toll, despite the fact the toll route may offer significant gas savings. This research examined the impact of changing gas prices on travelers’ choice of routes, focusing on toll route usage. Travel demand elasticity estimates for toll routes with respect to gas price were inelastic and mostly negative. Additionally, the average elasticity (−0.06) was smaller than those found in the literature for non-toll facilities (average approximately −0.25). This would indicate that either (a) toll facility users were less impacted by changes in gas price, or more likely, (b) some travelers were switching to toll facilities as gas prices rise. Thus, toll facilities were more insulated from downturns in traffic volumes resulting from increases in gas price.
ENANTIOSELECTIVE TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF ALTOHYRTIN C (SPONGISTATIN 2)

Abstract The first total synthesis of a spongipyran macrolide, altohyrtin C, is described. The convergent synthesis strategy relies on a regioselective macrolactonization, a stereoselective Wittig coupling of the two major synthetic fragments, a complex anti aldol reaction to join the C1–C15 and C16–C28 spiroketal regions, and an anomeric sulfone acylation to join the C29–C37 and C38–C43 pyran regions. The incorporation of the C44–C51 sidechain in the final stages of the synthesis establishes a viable route for the construction of variants in this pharmacologically important region. Methodological developments en route to the total synthesis include a 1,5 anti-selective methyl ketone aldol reaction and a diastereoselective approach to Lewis acid mediated β-C-glycosidation. Completion of the synthesis has confirmed the stereochemical assignments proposed in the altohyrtin series and has established the identity of the altohyrtin and spongistatin marine macrolides.
Do credit default swaps predict currency values

Using daily data of four currencies (Japanese Yen (JPY), Euro (EUR), British Pound (GBP) and Australian Dollar (AUD)) in terms of the US Dollar (USD), and JPY, USD, GBP and AUD in terms of the EUR from January 2004 to February 2008, we examine the lead–lag relationship between the Credit Default Swap (CDS) market and the currency market. Results indicate significant Granger-causality effects flowing from changes in both the North American investment-grade (IG) and high-yield (HY) CDS indices to changes in the JPY, EUR and AUD exchange rates in terms of the USD for the whole period and during the credit crisis of 2007 to 2008. However, for the four currencies in terms of the EUR, significant Granger-causality of the credit risk is found only in the AUD. Our results indicate that changes in CDS index spreads signal important carry-trade information for some currencies, but not others.
A Synthetic Spectrum and Light-Curve Analysis of the Cataclysmic Variable IX Velorum*

Spectrum synthesis analysis of FUSE and STIS spectra for the cataclysmic variable IX Vel shows that it is possible to achieve a close synthetic spectrum fit with a mass transfer rate of = 5 × 10-9 M☉ yr-1 and a modified standard model temperature profile. The innermost four annuli of the accretion disk model, extending to r/rWD ≈ 4, are isothermal; beyond that limit the temperatures follow the standard model. A light synthesis fit to K-band photometry requires shallow eclipses of the accretion disk rim and secondary star limb. The geometry constrains the orbital inclination to i = 57° ± 2°. The synthetic light curve requires a vertically extended accretion disk rim, beyond that predicted by gravitational equilibrium, to shadow the secondary star. The enhanced vertical extension is consistent with recent MHD predictions for CV accretion disks. Matching differing observed heights of alternate K-band light-curve maxima requires a warm rim region downstream of the intersection point of the mass transfer stream with the accretion disk rim. The temperature of the warm region is inconsistent with expectation for a bright spot associated with a rim shock.
Syntheses, structures, and spectroscopic properties of plutonium and americium phosphites and the redetermination of the ionic radii of Pu(III) and Am(III).

A series of isotypic rare earth phosphites (RE = Ce(III), Pr(III), Nd(III), Pu(III), or Am(III)) with the general formulas RE2(HPO3)3(H2O) along with a Pu(IV) phosphite, Pu[(HPO3)2(H2O)2], have been prepared hydrothermally via reactions of RECl3 with phosphorous acid. The structure of RE2(HPO3)3(H2O) features a face-sharing interaction of eight- and nine-coordinate rare earth polyhedra. By use of the crystallographic data from the isotypic series along with data from previously reported isotypic series, the ionic radii for higher coordinate Pu(III) and Am(III) were calculated. The VIIIPu(III) radius was calculated as 1.112 ± 0.004 A, and the IXPu(III) radius was calculated to be 1.165 ± 0.002 A. The VIIIAm(III) radius was calculated as 1.108 ± 0.004 A, and the IXAm(III) radius was calculated as 1.162 ± 0.002 A.
Synthesis of ring-halogenated histidines and histamines

Abstract Series of ring-halogenated histidines and histamines have been synthesized from the suitably protected parent bioimidazoles. The 5-X and 2,5-X2-derivatives are obtained by direct electrophilic halogenation while 2-X derivatives (X= Br and I) are prepared by regiospecific electrophilic dehalogenation at C-5.
CURRENT AND POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA (ICP)-ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY (AES) IN THE EXPLORATION, MINING, AND PROCESSING OF MATERIALS

Abstract The first papers describing the potential advantages of using inductively coupled plasmas as vaporization-atomization-excitation sources for the atomic emission determination of the elements appeared in the literature approximately ten years ago. During the elapsed decade, continuing studies in a relatively small number of laboratories have led to striking advances in the scope of application of this analytical concept. With state of the art systems, it is now possible to determine all of the metals, metalloids, noble gases, and hydrogen at the major, minor, trace, and ultratrace level in a viable practical manner. In principle, all of these elements can be detected and determined simultaneously or sequentially under a single set of operating conditions. In this review the formation and the properties of these plasmas will be summarized and the present capabilities of ICP-AES with reference to such figures of merit as powers of detection, simultaneous multielement capability, applicability to the analysis of microliter or microgram samples, interelement effects, applicability to the direct excitation of liquids, solids, and gases, cost, accuracy, precision and dynamic range will be reviewed.