cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Characterization of Network Type Single Ion Conductors

New single ion conductors were synthesized by grafting the allyl group-containing lithium salt, lithium bis(allylmalonato)borate (LiBAMB), onto allyl group-containing comb-branch polyacrylate or polymethacrylate ethers by means of hydrosilylation. The highest ambient temperature conductivity of 3.5 × 10-7 S cm-1 was obtained for a polyacrylate ether-based single ion conductor containing eight EO units in the side chain and five EO units in the cross-linking side chain, to which the anion was fixed with a salt concentration of EO/Li = 20. For polyacrylate ether-based single ion conductors, an increase of chain length in both side chains and cross-linking anion chains favors an increase of ionic conductivity. The addition of 50 wt % EC/DMC (1/1, wt/wt) increased the ionic conductivity by more than 2 orders of magnitude due to both the increase in ionic mobility from the liquid phase and the increase in the concentration of free ions from the high dielectric constant of the solvent. The preliminary Li/Li cyc...
A NUMERICAL LABORATORY FOR GRANULAR SOLIDS

The distinct element method has been used to perform a number of numerical experiments, analogous to physical tests routinely carried out for real geologic materials. The ability to prescribe exactly the material properties and the boundary conditions allows us to study in detail the influence of microscopic structure on macroscopic response. These macroscopic quantities are usually the only data obtained in physical experiments. We are now in a position to formulate a general constitutive model, based on physical mechanisms and appropriate for use in a continuum code.
Cloud distributions over the coastal Arctic Ocean: surface-based and satellite observations

Abstract All-weather Arctic cloud analyses primarily derived from a surface-based hemispheric all-sky imager are compared against ISCCP D-1 cloud amount, type, and phase during the sunlit polar season. Increasing surface temperatures and decreasing ice cover over the past decade have altered heat and moisture fluxes around the Arctic, providing conditions more conducive for cloud generation. Shipboard and ice camp measurements from field experiments conducted over an 8-year period show cloudy skies in 70–95% of the record. Most of these occurrences are stratiform or multi-level, multi-form cloud, increasing in amount with time through the season. Collocated ISCCP retrievals underestimate cloud amount at small solar zenith angles and overestimate at large angles, sometimes by as much as 50%. Satellite assessments of cloud form classify 95% of scenes as having multiple cloud types, the majority of which are mid-level ice cloud and low-level liquid cloud. Despite large discrepancies in diurnal cloud amount, regional averages of ISCCP pixel cloudiness over the length of the experiments agree within ±5% of surface observations.
Keeping family of computing related disciplines together

There are efforts underway to define each of several flavors of computing disciplines, including computer science, computer engineering, information science, information technology, and software engineering. The purpose of this work is to show that we can accomplish more if we avoid some of the effects of fragmentation and bring together all the computing related disciplines as a large community rather than as a set of disjoint small groups. This work is bringing together the combined elements of all the computing disciplines, showing the relationship between individual topic areas, activities, and intended program outcomes. This will make it possible to create the body of knowledge that is a union of the parts and it will pave the way for the creation of a structure useful for curriculum development, curriculum revision and maintenance, and identification of accreditable programs. This will make it possible to identify the areas of the union of disciplines that are not well attended to, open up opportunities for new emerging areas of study, and support development of interdisciplinary programs. An initial prototype of the interactive structure intended to accomplish these goals will be presented. Discussion of potential benefits of the system and innovative ways to use it will be encouraged.
Determination of the proton affinities of bromo- and iodoacetonitrile using the kinetic method with full entropy analysis

The proton affinities bromo- and iodoacetonitrile are determined using a full implementation of the kinetic method, which includes calculation of the entropies. Branching ratios for dissociation of proton-bound dimers are measured for collision energies ranging from ∼2 to 5 eV. Using a rigorously correct statistical approach, the proton affinities of bromo- and iodoacetonitrile are calculated to be 179.8 ± 1.7 and 182.9 ± 1.6 kcal/mol, respectively. It is shown that neglecting the entropy contributions for these systems leads to proton affinities that are too high by ∼0.6 kcal/mol.
UTI: Diagnosis and Evaluation in Symptomatic Pediatric Patients

We retrospectively reviewed data on 260 hospitalized pediatric patients with symptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI). To ascertain the colony-forming units (CFU) /mL compatible with the diagnosis of UTI, a culture from a catheterized urine specimen containing >1,000 CFU/mL was considered diagnostic of UTI and resulted in imaging by renal ultrasound, voiding cystourethrography, and renal nuclear scan with Tc99m dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA). A positive DMSA renal scan is indicative of pyelonephritis. We used logistic regression analysis to determine which patient characteristics were predictive of pyelonephritis. We determined that, in hospitalized pediatric patients, the colony count of the positive urine culture, the type of organism grown in culture, and the voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) result (positive or negative for vesicoureteral reflux) did not predict which patients had pyelonephritis. In females, advancing age of the patient and positive renal ultrasound results were predictive of which p...
An NC algorithm for recognizing tree adjoining languages

A parallel algorithm is presented for recognizing the class of languages generated by tree adjoining grammars, a tree rewriting system which has applications in natural language processing. This class of languages is known to properly include all context-free languages; for example, the noncontext-free sets {a n b n c n } and {ww} are in this class. It is shown that the recognition problem for tree adjoining languages can be solved by a concurrent read, concurrent write parallel random-access machine (CRCW PRAM) inO(logn) time using polynomially many processors. Thus, the class of tree adjoining languages is inAC 1 and hence inNC. This extends a previous result for context-free languages.
Antioxidant Activity of Redox Dyes

FURTHER evidence has been obtained to support the hypothesis that certain redox dyes, having partial vitamin E activity, can inhibit the catalytic action of haematin in the oxidation of unsaturated fats1.
SYNTHETIC TRANSMEMBRANE CHANNELS : FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZATION USING SOLUBILITY CALCULATIONS, TRANSPORT STUDIES, AND SUBSTITUENT EFFECTS

Dibenzyldiaza-18-crown-6 (PhCH2〈N18N〉CH2Ph, 1), di(dodecyldiaza-18-crown-6 (C12H25〈N18N〉C12H25, 2), HOOC(CH2)11〈N18N〉(CH2)11COOH (3), 〈18N〉(CH2)12〈N18N〉(CH2)12〈N18〉 (4), 〈N18N〉(CH2)12〈N18N〉(CH2)12〈N18N〉 (5), C12H25〈N18N〉(CH2)12〈N18N〉(CH2)12〈N18N〉C12H25 (6), PhCH2〈N18N〉(CH2)12〈N18N〉(CH2)12〈N18N〉CH2Ph (7), 4-(p-MeOC6H4CH2〈N18N〉C12)2〈N18N〉 (8), (p-NO2C6H4CH2〈N18N〉C12)2〈N18N〉 (9), and [chol-O-(CH2)2〈N18N〉C12]2〈N18N〉 (10) were studied. Octanol−water partition coefficients were determined for 1, 6, 7, 8, 10, and 3-cholestanyl-OCOCH2〈N18N〉(CH2)12〈N18N〉(CH2)12〈N18N〉COCH2O-3-cholestanyl (11). All were found to favor octanol, and by implication the phospholipid bilayer membrane, by at least 104-fold. Transport of Na+ was assessed in both a phospholipid bilayer and in a bulk CHCl3 membrane phase. Addition of ionophores to the latter was found in some cases to strongly enhance CHCl3 phase hydration. An attempt to correlate transport rates determined in the two systems failed, suggesting that the carrier mechanism, re...
Monoclonal antibody-based analysis of the Renibacterium salmoninarum p57 protein in spawning chinook and coho salmon

Abstract Renibacterium salmoninarum, causative agent of bacterial kidney disease of salmonid fish, produces large amounts of soluble proteins during infection and broth culture. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on monoclonal antibodies was developed for the precise quantification of p57, a major component of these proteins. Kidney, spleen, blood, and reproductive fluids of adult Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. were examined by means of the assay. Kidney and spleen harbored the highest concentrations of this antigen. In the populations of returning salmon tested, 5–25% of the fish had p57 concentrations above a baseline level of 3 ng antigenig tissue, and antigen concentrations as high as 200 μg/g tissue were detected in kidneys of individual fish. The ELISA was compared to direct fluorescent antibody analysis, in which rabbit anti-R. salmoninarum antiserum was used to identify infected fish. There was 99% agreement (199 of 201 examined fish) between the two methods. Western blot analysi...
Environmental federalism and environmental liability

Abstract Environmental federalism considers what level of government should optimally regulate pollution. This paper addresses this question for accidental pollution, which government regulates through the ex post liability regimes of either negligence or strict liability. We find that decentralizing the choice between these regimes does not, in general, induce the socially optimal outcome. When firms can pay all damages, all regions may choose negligence and impose an overly strict standard of due care. When firms may be bankrupted by damages, all regions may choose strict liability, which induces too little care. In addition, asymmetric equilibria are possible in which some regions choose negligence, others strict liability. Combining negligence with a Pigovian tax, or strict liability with a bonding requirement can align regional authorities' incentives with those of a central government.
Control of plasma 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D concentrations by calcium and phosphorus in the rat: effects of hypophysectomy.

The mechanism by which dietary phosphate deprivation elevates plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D levels is not known. To evaluate the role of the pituitary in regulating plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D concentrations, the responses of plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D to dietary phosphate deprivation and, separately, to dietary calcium deprivation were evaluated in intact and hypophysectomized male rats. Among intact and hypophysectomized rats eating normal diets, plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D levels averaged 228±76 and 148±62 pmol/1, respectively (P<0.01). During dietary phosphate deprivation, plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D levels rose to 1160±260 in intact rats and fell to 90±26 pmol/l in hypophysectomized rats (P<0.001). By contrast, during dietary calcium deprivation, plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D levels rose in both intact and hypophysectomized animals to 856±107 and 742±279 pmol/l, respectively (NS). In response to dietary phosphate deprivation, serum calcium concentrations rose as 1,25-(OH)2-D concentrations rose in intact rats but remained at control levels in hypophysectomized rats. These results support the hypothesis that a pituitary hormone acting either directly or indirectly on the kidney mediates the increase in plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D during dietary phosphate deprivation. The hypercalcemia that occurs in rats during dietary phosphate deprivation appears to depend on the elevation of plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D.
Decreased protein catabolism after exercise in subjects with IDDM.

We examined whether the increased rates of protein catabolism (proteolysis and leucine oxidation) associated with moderate insulinopenia in subjects with IDDM would be accentuated by prior bicycle exercise (53% VO2max for 82 min). Insulin infusions maintained plasma glucose concentrations on one study day in “tight” control (TC: 6 mmol/l) and on a separate day in “loose” control (LC: 12 mmol/l). Elevations in serum ketone body, plasma NEFA, and whole-blood branched-chain amino acid concentrations on the loose control day during the basal period persisted throughout the post-exercise recovery period. Amino acid kinetics were estimated during a primed, constant infusion of l-[1-13C]leucine from plasma dilution of α-[1-13C]KIC and expired air 13CO2 enrichments. Loose control was associated with increased rates of whole-body leucine oxidation (LC 25±7 vs TC 21±8 μmol · kg−1 · h−1) and protein degradation (LC 127±12 vs TC 118±18 μmol · kg−1 · h−1) (both p<0.05). During the 2-h post exercise recovery period, there were significant decreases in rates of leucine oxidation (LC 21±7, TC 16±7) and protein degradation (LC 112±13, TC 107±11), compared to the basal period (both p<0.05, basal vs recovery). Rates of wholebody protein synthesis were unchanged by prior exercise. In conclusion, moderate insulinopenia is associated with significantly higher rates of protein degradation and leucine oxidation in the basal state. Following exercise, net protein catabolism is diminished due to reduced rates of protein degradation in the presence of maintained rates of protein synthesis. The significantly increased concentrations of fat-derived substrates (ketone bodies, NEFA) may have prevented the predicted increases in protein catabolism which we anticipated would follow acute exercise during periods of relative insulin deficiency.
Segregation kinetics of particulate solids systems IV. Effect of particle shape on energy requirements

The relative energy requirements of the processes of segregation and mixing, which occur in systems of particulate solids, are shown to be a function of the shape and size of the particles. These energy requirements, as reflected by agitation coefficients, have been determined for several idealized systems. Granular solids, as represented by crushed quartz and pyrite, were found to behave in conformity with predictions based on the idealized systems.
Carboxylation, the completion step in prothrombin biosynthesis

Abstract It has been found that [14C]CO2 is incorporated into prothrombin in vivo in two hours. The amount of incorporation is increased 3 to 4 fold by the administration of vitamin K1 to the warfarin-treated vitamin K-deficient rat, over incorporation in the “normal” rat. The radioactivity is found in one acidic peptide following trypsin digestion and following pronase and aminopeptidase digestion is found in one acidic amino acid. The [14C] is lost on heating of this amino acid at pH 2, leaving unlabeled glutamic acid. It appears that the vitamin K-dependent step in the “completion” of prothrombin is carboxylation of a glutamyl residue of the preformed protein molecule.
Isotopic variability of organic carbon in a phytoplankton-based, temperate estuary

An isotopic survey was made of organic carbon in phytoplankton, sediments, Zooplankton, larval fish, and benthic fauna from Narragansett Bay and the Marine Ecosystems Research Laboratory, Rhode Island; the results quantify the extent of variability in a phytoplankton-based ecosystem and elucidate some of its causes. Carbon from primary producers (phytoplankton) varied with taxon and size, ranging from −20.3 ± 0.6%. (mean ± 1 s.d.) for diatoms (primarily Skeletonema costatum) to −22.2 ± 0.6%. for nanoplankton (primarily microflagellates and non-motile ultraplankton). Planktonic isotope ratios varied little with either water temperature (0 to 20°C) or degree of preservation (up to 2-year aerobic diagenesis in sea water). Isotopically, sediments from East and West Passages of the bay were homogeneous with location and depth, with a mean (−21.8 ± 0.6%.) similar to a mixture of carbon from diatoms and nanoplankton. Providence River sediments reflected terrigenous and anthropogenic carbon (sewage) in their isotopic ratios (−24.2 ± 0.7%.). Ratios of macrozooplankton (> 150 μm) were statistically separable from those of concurrently collected phytoplankton, being, on average, 0.5 to 0.6%. more positive. Secondary consumers in the water column (shrimp and larval fish) were 2.4%. heavier than diatoms. Thirty-four taxa of benthic fauna had relatively positive isotope ratios (−18.1 ± 1.5%.) which may indicate preferential use of carbon originally from diatoms rather than nanoplankton. The wide range of benthic ratios (−22.7 to −14.9%.) resulted from both intraspecific variability (mean range = 3%.) and the variety of trophic positions occupied. Some of the intraspecific variability could be related to size. Among species, the isotope ratios increased from meiofauna (−19.5 ± 0.4%.) to macrofaunal non-carnivores (−18.6 ± 1.3%.) and carnivores (−16.6 ± 0.8%.).
Rapid bacterial artificial chromosome modification for large-scale mouse transgenesis

We report here a high-throughput method for the modification of bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) that uses a novel two-plasmid approach. In this protocol, a vector modified in our laboratory to hold an R6Kγ origin of replication and a marker recombination cassette is inserted into a BAC in a single recombination step. Temporal control of recombination is achieved through the use of a second plasmid, pSV1.RecA, which possesses a recombinase gene and a temperature-sensitive origin of replication. This highly efficient protocol has allowed us to successfully modify more than 2,000 BACs, from which over 1,000 BAC transgenic mice have been generated. A complete cycle from BAC choice to embryo implantation takes about 5 weeks. Marker genes introduced into the mice include EGFP and EGFP-L10a. All vectors used in this project can be obtained from us by request, and the EGFP reporter mice are available through the Mutant Mouse Regional Resource Center (NINDS/GENSAT collection). CNS anatomical expression maps of the mice are available to the public at http://www.gensat.org/.
Deuteration with Lindlar's catalyst: Effects of various poisons on isotopic purity

The Lindlar-catalysed deuteration of methyl stearolate was studied to determine the effect of various poisons on the rate of reaction and on the isotopic purity of the methyl oleate-9, 10-d2 produced. Poisons containing both exchangable and nonexchangable α protons on the heterocyclic ring [quinoline, quinaldine, γ-collidine, acridine, and pyridine] were used. All poisons yielded methyl oleate-9, 10-d2 having 94–97% isotopic purity. Very little over-reduction of oleate to stearate occurred. Lindlar-catalysed H-D exchange involving the poisons was not significant.
Nariva virus: further studies, with particular reference to its hemadsorption and hemagglutinating properties.

SummaryNariva virus induced syncytium formation in BHK-21 and Vero cultures. Such infected cultures showed positive hemadsorption for guinea pig red blood cells (RBC). A hemagglutinin for guinea pi...
Race and News: Critical Perspectives

Campbell, C. P., LeDuff, K. M., Jenkins, C., & Brown, R. A. (2012). Race and News: Critical Perspectives. New York, NY: Routledge. 270 pages.The election of Barack Obama created the sense of a “pos...
In Silico Prediction of the 3D Structure of Trimeric Asialoglycoprotein Receptor Bound to Triantennary Oligosaccharide

In this study, we present a general-purpose methodology for deriving the three-dimensional (3D) arrangement of multivalent transmembrane complexes in the presence of their ligands. Specifically, we predict the most likely families of structures of the experimentally intractable trimeric asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R), which consists of human hepatic subunits (two subunits of H1 and one subunit of H2), bound to a triantennary oligosaccharide (TA). Because of the complex nature of this multivalent type-II transmembrane hetero-oligomeric receptor, structural studies have to date been unable to provide the 3D arrangement of these subunits. Our approach is based on using the three-pronged ligand of ASGP-R as a computational probe to derive the 3D conformation of the complex and then using this information to predict the relative arrangement of the protein subunits on the cell surface. Because of interprotein subunit clashes, only a few families of TA conformers are compatible with the trimeric structure of ASGP-R. We find that TA displays significant flexibility, matching that detected previously in FRET experiments, and that the predicted complexes derived from the viable TA structures are asymmetric. Significant variation exists with respect to TA presentation to the receptor complex. In summary, this study provides detailed information about TA-ASGP-R interactions and the symmetry of the complex.
Scattering by a dipolar system: Divergence of cross sections at the critical moment for a point dipole rotor

It is shown that the quantum-mechanical problem of charged-particle scattering by a point-dipole rotor has pathological behavior at and above the critical dipole moment wherein all partial-wave components of the solution become undefined. The total elastic and momentum-transfer cross sections diverge at the critical moment, and, at energies above thresholds, scattering in inelastic channels behaves similarly. Clarifications are made of some existing contradictions in the literature on the quantum mechanics of continuum states for dipolar systems.
An estimate for meromorphic functions with finite spherical surface area satisfying a minimum modulus condition

K. Doppel's estimate on $$\mathop \smallint \limits_r^1 |f(\varrho e^{i\theta _1 } ) - 1---f(\varrho e^{i\theta _2 } ) - 1|d\varrho $$ for normalized univalent analytic functions in the disc is extended to meromorphic functions with finite spherical surface area satisfying a certain minimum modulus condition.
Trapping of DNA in Nonuniform Oscillating Electric Fields

DNA molecules can be manipulated in aqueous solution in a manner analogous to optical trapping. Due to the induction of an electric dipole, DNA molecules are pulled by a gradient force to regions of high electric field strength. Molecules can be locally trapped in an oscillating field using strips of very thin gold film to generate strong electric fields with steep gradients. Spatial control over the trapped molecules is achieved because they are confined to a width of approximately 5 microm along the edges of the gold-film strips. By mixing static and oscillating electric fields, trapped molecules can be moved from one edge to another or made to follow precise trajectories along the edges. This phenomenon should be useful in microdevices for manipulation of small quantities or single molecules of DNA.
Microbial and quality characteristics of pork cuts from carcasses treated with sanitizing sprays

Pork carcasses were sprayed with 1.5% acetic, citric, or lactic acid. Loins were vacuum packed and stored at 0-2 degrees C, chops were cut periodically from loins and stored at 2-4 degrees C. Acetic and citric acids decreased (P < 0.05) aerobic plate counts (APC) and total coliforms in loins for 14 days. Species of Salmonella, Yersinia, and Campylobacter were found on 0, 6, and 5% samples. Listeria spp were detected on 69% of loins and on 33% of chops. The samitizing treatments were of relatively limited effectiveness for long term storage. No pH, TBA or sensory quality differences were observed.
Pharmacokinetics, bioefficacy, and safety of sublingual testosterone cyclodextrin in hypogonadal men: comparison to testosterone enanthate--a clinical research center study.

We studied and compared the pharmacokinetics and bioefficacy of two doses of sublingual testosterone cyclodextrin (SLT; 2.5 and 5.0 mg, administered three times per day) with testosterone enanthate (TE; 200 mg) given once every 20 days by im injections over a 60-day study period in 63 hypogonadal men. After SLT administration, serum testosterone (T) levels peaked at 20 min and then fell, reaching baseline levels by 360 min. The calculated half-lives were 60.3 +/- 7.5 and 68.8 +/- 5.0 min after a single dose of 2.5 and 5.0 mg SLT, respectively. The mean area under curve (AUC) of serum T was computed over 20-day periods for the 3 treatment groups. The mean net AUC of serum T after TE administration was about 4- and 2-fold higher than that in the 2.5 and 5 mg groups over the last 20 days. Serum estradiol and dihydrotestosterone followed the same pattern as serum T. Serum estradiol to T ratios decreased after T replacement in all 3 groups, whereas serum dihydrotestosterone to T ratios were not significantly c...
India: opportunities and challenges for multinational enterprises

There has been a surge of executive interest in India. Companies are using it as a location for outsourcing value-added services as well as for manufacturing to serve the local market or to export. Foreign direct investment is growing exponentially, though from a low level. This paper provides executives with a comprehensive brief on India's social, political and economic environment, its spectacular recent economic performance, and how the economy is opening up to multinationals. It lays out the challenges of doing business in India as well the opportunities presented by high-potential sectors. The paper concludes with discussion of managerial implications.
The effect of carbon and reactive element dopants on oxidation lifetime of FeAl

Abstract Wrought Fe–40 at.%Al has an unexpectedly short time to breakaway oxidation at 1200 °C compared to Fe3Al. Optimizing the reactive element to C ratio by either removing the C addition or by replacing Zr with Hf, increased the oxidation lifetime by a factor of two or six, respectively.
Hormonal Control of Insulin-like Growth Factor I Gene Transcription in Human Osteoblasts DUAL ACTIONS OF cAMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE ON CCAAT/ENHANCER-BINDING PROTEIN δ

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is essential for somatic growth and promotes bone cell replication and differentiation. IGF-I production by rat osteoblasts is stimulated by activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). In this report, we define two interacting PKA-regulated pathways that control IGF-I gene transcription in cultured human osteoblasts. Stimulation of cAMP led to a 12-fold increase in IGF-I mRNA and enhanced IGF-I promoter activity through a DNA response element termed HS3D and the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein δ (C/EBPδ). Under basal conditions, C/EBPδ was found in osteoblast nuclei but was transcriptionally silent. Treatment with the PKA inhibitor H-89 caused redistribution of C/EBPδ to the cytoplasm. After hormone treatment, the catalytic subunit of PKA accumulated in osteoblast nuclei. Inhibition of active PKA with targeted nuclear expression of PKA inhibitor had no effect on the subcellular location of C/EBPδ but prevented hormone-induced IGF-I gene activation, while cytoplasmic PKA inhibitor additionally caused the removal of C/EBPδ from the nucleus. These results show that IGF-I gene expression is controlled in human osteoblasts by two PKA-dependent pathways. Cytoplasmic PKA mediates nuclear localization of C/EBPδ under basal conditions, and nuclear PKA stimulates its transcriptional activity upon hormone treatment. Both mechanisms are indirect, since PKA failed to phosphorylate human C/EBPδ in vitro.
Extended donor use for heart transplantation

A cardiac donor who had undergone a previous open heart operation and who was hepatitis C positive is described. The continuing need to expand the donor pool is emphasized.
Arterial Po2, Pco2, and pH versus transcutaneous Po2 and Pco2 and tissue pH in the fetal dog

In the fetal dog, simultaneous recording by transcutaneous PO2 and PCO2 and tissue pH electrodes were compared to corresponding arterial values during hypoxic episodes produced by occlusion of the maternal abdominal aorta. Before occlusion, the differences between the paired values were minimal. Under anoxic conditions, expected changes in the peripheral circulation were observed. However, the transcutaneous PO2 was lower, the transcutaneous PCO2 much higher, and the tissue pH much lower than in blood. Continuous electrodes demonstrate changes resulting from gas and hydrogen ion coming from cells more readily than blood because they are closer to the former. Additionally, carbon dioxide and hydrogen ion are buffered to a greater degree in blood than in cells. Consequently, under conditions of stress and active metabolism, PCO2 is higher while PO2 and pH are lower in cells than in blood. When compared with monitoring of gases and acid-base balance through blood sampling, continuous transcutaneous and intracutaneous monitoring would seem to be more representative of the environment at the cellular level.
Phylogenetic relationships of Gomphillaceae and Asterothyriaceae: evidence from a combined Bayesian analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial sequences

The phylogeny and systematic position of Gomphillaceae was reconstructed using a combined Bayesian analysis of nuclear LSU rDNA and mito- chondrial SSU rDNA sequences. Twenty-four partial sequences of 12 taxa (11 Gomphillaceae and one As- terothyriaceae) plus two new sequences of Stictis ra- diata (Ostropales outgroup) were generated and aligned with the corresponding sequences retrieved from GenBank, resulting in an alignment of 82 taxa that was analyzed using a Bayesian approach with Markov chain Monte Carlo (B/MCMC) methods. Our results confirm Gomphillaceae sensu Vezda and Poelt plus Asterothyriaceae to be a monophyletic group, with an unresolved relationship between the two families. Placement of Gomphillaceae and Aster- othyriaceae within Ostropales sensu Kauff and Lut- zoni, as sister of Thelotremataceae, also is strongly supported. Alternative hypotheses placing Gomphil- laceae in Lecanorales (Cladoniaceae), Agyriales (Baeomycetaceae) or within bitunicate Ascomycota (Arthoniomycetes, Chaetothyriomycetes, Dothideo- mycetes) were rejected with our dataset. After recent synonymization of Dimerella with Coenogonium (Os- tropales: Coenogoniaceae), we propose the new com- bination Coenogonium pineti (one of our Ostropales outgroup taxa in this analysis).
Some Problems in the Theory of Guided Microsonic Waves

The wave equation for elastic waves in an isotropic solid is solved generally in Cartesian and in circular cylindrical coordinates. The solutions are applied in the study of a variety of guiding structures of circular and rectangular symmetry. In general, the wave functions do not satisfy the boundary conditions, but in special cases they do. From a study of these special cases it is possible to arrive at some useful results and to general principles which give some insight into the behavior of waveguides in general. The results and observations obtained are compared and where appropriate, with corresponding results for electromagnetic waveguides.
The functional duality of iron regulatory protein 1

Iron homeostasis in animal cells is controlled post-transcriptionally by the iron regulatory proteins IRP1 and IRP2. IRP1 can assume two different functions in the cell, depending on conditions. During iron scarcity or oxidative stress, IRP1 binds to mRNA stem-loop structures called iron responsive elements (IREs) to modulate the translation of iron metabolism genes. In iron-rich conditions, IRP1 binds an iron-sulfur cluster to function as a cytosolic aconitase. This functional duality of IRP1 connects the translational control of iron metabolizing proteins to cellular iron levels. The recently determined structures of IRP1 in both functional states reveal the large-scale conformational changes required for these mutually exclusive roles, providing new insights into the mechanisms of IRP1 interconversion and ligand binding.
Ribonucleic acid binding protein-mediated regulation of luteinizing hormone receptor expression in granulosa cells: relationship to sterol metabolism.

Posttranscriptional mechanism plays a crucial role in regulating LH receptor (LHR) expression in the ovary. We have identified a novel trans-factor, LHR mRNA binding protein (LRBP), which binds to a polypyrimidine-rich bipartite sequence of the coding region of LHR mRNA, and its identity was established as mevalonate kinase (Mvk). Although an inverse relation between LHR mRNA expression and RNA binding activity of LRBP has been established, its intermediary role in LHR mRNA expression has not been demonstrated. The present study examined the direct role of Mvk in regulating LHR expression by using primary cultures of human granulosa cells as a model system. A marked decrease in LHR mRNA stability and an increase in Mvk expression were seen when cultured granulosa cells were treated with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in vitro. This treatment also resulted in an increase in LHR mRNA binding activity in the cytosolic fractions prepared from hCGtreated cells compared with the control. Because Mvk expression is regulated by sterol response element-binding protein-1, which is sensitive to the cellular concentration of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OHC), cultured granulosa cells were treated with this oxysterol, and the expression of Mvk gene was examined. As expected, treatment with 25OHC inhibited the Mvk (LRBP) expression, as well as the LHR mRNA binding activity of LRBP. To determine the role of Mvk in ligand-mediated down-regulation of LHR mRNA, cells were additionally treated with 25-OHC when treated with hCG. The results showed that the decrease in Mvk expression by oxysterol treatment abrogated ligand-induced down-regulation of LHR mRNA. These results therefore establish a direct participation of Mvk in regulating LHR expression and suggest a novel relationship between cholesterol metabolism and LHR expression in the ovary. (Molecular Endocrinology 21: 2233–2241, 2007)
The perceived consequences of safer injection: An exploration of qualitative findings and gender differences

Injection drug users (IDUs) are at a risk for HIV and other bloodborne pathogens via syringe and paraphernalia sharing, with females being at elevated risk. Consequences of injection risk behavior such as the risk of becoming infected with HIV have been relatively well studied, though less is known about the consequences of refusing to share injection equipment. We conducted indepth qualitative interviews with 26 IDUs recruited from a syringe exchange program in Los Angeles, California, USA, to understand the consequences of refusing to share injection equipment and to determine whether these perceived consequences differ by gender. Perceived consequences were organized into four domains using a social ecological framework: microsystem (perceived risk for HIV, drug withdrawal or forgoing drug use), exosystem (trust and social norms), mesosystem (precarious housing and shelter policies), and macrosystem (syringe access/inconvenience, economic and legal consequences). Gender differences were identified in some, but not in all areas. Effective public health interventions among IDUs will benefit from a holistic perspective that considers the environmental and social rationality (Kowalewski, M., Henson, K.D., & Longshore, D. (1997). Rethinking perceived risk and health behavior: A critical review of HIV prevention research. Health Education and Behavior, 24(3), 313-325) of decisions regarding injection risk behavior and assists individuals in addressing the consequences that they perceive to be the most salient.
Using open government data to predict war: A case study of data and systems challenges

Abstract The ability to predict future military engagements would be a boon to combatants, contracting companies, investors, and other stakeholders. While governments may seek to conceal plans for impending conflict, they must spend large sums of money mobilizing and equipping soldiers in preparation for deployment. Thus, examining government spending patterns might yield insight into future military conflict. This article reports on an attempt to explore the possibility of using open U.S. Department of Defense (D.O.D.) contracting data to identify patterns of spending activity that can predict future military engagement. The research in this article followed a two-stage method. The first stage involved the exploration of the research question in the context of a specific case, the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003. The second stage assessed the open government contracting data used in the research and classified data and systems problems that were encountered according to an established analytical framework for open data barriers. The analysis demonstrated that the use of U.S. D.O.D. contracting data to predict future war has promise; however, a number of problems with the data and online portal prevented the derivation of conclusive, generalizable results. These problems were related to the open data barriers of task complexity and information quality. A detailed description of how these barriers manifested and directions for overcoming them are presented.
Emotional complications of adolescent grand mal epilepsy

Adolescents who have grand mal epilepsy and their parents were interviewed, and the adolescents were evaluated neurologically. Better seizure control and less neurologic disability were unexpectedly associated with less open communication between the adolescents and their families and friends, and with a poorer self-image and poorer expectations for the future. These findings were unrelated to IQ or school performance. This outcome is consistent with other studies of invisible defects and stigmatization, and suggests that youngsters who have relatively mild defects involving social disability may be more troubled than those with more apparent defects, for which denial may be operative. An incidental finding in the study was that a question more predictive of overall family, social, and academic function than the neurologic findings was simply whether or not the youngster was attending the appropriate grade in school for his or her age.
Particle swarm-based optimal partitioning algorithm for combinational CMOS circuits

This paper presents a swarm intelligence based approach to optimally partition combinational CMOS circuits for pseudoexhaustive testing. The partitioning algorithm ensures reduction in the number of test vectors required to detect faults in VLSI circuits. The algorithm is based on the circuit's maximum primary input cone size (N) and minimum fanout (F) values to decide the location and number of partitions. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is used to determine the optimal values of N and F to minimize the number of test vectors, the number of partitions, and the increase in critical path delay due to the added partitions. The proposed algorithm has been applied to the ISCAS'85 benchmark circuits and the results are compared to other partitioning approaches, showing that the PSO partitioning algorithm produces similar results, approximately one-order of magnitude faster.
Environment–richness relationships for mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians at global and regional scales

Climate has been routinely indicated as a major determinant of broad-scale species richness patterns for a variety of taxa, but studies vary widely in attributing richness variation to the broad-scale distribution of energy, water, ecosystem productivity, habitat heterogeneity, or some combination thereof. Here, I report global and regional environment–richness relationships for the four classes of terrestrial vertebrates (mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians) using identical sample units and the same set of climate (temperature, precipitation, annual actual evapotranspiration), productivity (normalized difference vegetation index), and topographic (elevation range) variables. My results strongly support concomitant availability of energy and water as the principal constraint on global richness for all vertebrate groups except reptiles, which are largely constrained by temperature. However, environment–richness models for all taxonomic groups varied widely when applied to single (continental-scale) biogeographic realms. In particular, I found strong support for the ‘water–energy dynamics hypothesis’ that models richness as a function of ambient energy (temperature) in high latitudes and water availability (precipitation) at low latitudes, partially independent of productivity. Ectotherm groups were more constrained by temperature than endotherms, and amphibians were more constrained by water availability than other groups. Although habitat heterogeneity, measured as elevation range, was a consistent contributor to global and regional richness models for all groups, its contribution was always minor compared to other variables. I conclude that temperature and water availability are key variables for modeling broad-scale vertebrate richness, but there remains significant room for taxon-specific modeling approaches and for the inclusion of non-climate factors related to evolutionary history and faunal assembly in different regions.
Steady-State Equivalent Circuits of Synchronous and Induction Machines

Equivalent circuits are developed for the various types of salient-pole synchronous and asymmetrical induction machines, expressed along the physical direct and quadrature axes (cross-field theory). The torques again are found by a direct measurement of power. The networks of all types of machines are found as special cases of that of the ``primitive'' machine. All equivalent circuits along the physical axes are derivable from those along the hypothetical symmetrical component axes (revolving-field theory) by a real transformation. Although the latter types of networks have already been published previously, they are reproduced here for comparison with the new networks and for a unified tensorial treatment of rotating machines and their equivalent circuits.
Medicines and "Drugs": What Do Children Think?

Sixty-four urban children grades K-6 were interviewed in an exploratory study in 1980 to provide information about children's knowledge and orientations toward medicines and abusable substances. Responses indicated children believe themselves to have considerable autonomy in medicine use — 72% said they ask for medicines, 67% get medicines for themselves and others, and 19% (more often older and less economically advantaged) buy medicines by themselves. For six of eight common health problems, e.g. colds, headaches, children said they were more likely than their mothers to take something special; for nervousness and trouble sleeping, mothers were perceived as more likely. Most children distinguished among health problems when indicating probabilities, and many distinguished between themselves and their mothers when naming specific medicines. Children exhibited considerable misinformation and confusion about medicines and "drugs," e.g. one-third of the children said medicines and drugs were the same thing,...
Development of a system for simultaneous MRI and Near-infrared diffuse tomography to diagnose breast cancer

A multi-spectral, frequency-domain near infrared tomography system has been constructed and evaluated. Measurements of light transmission through female breast can be acquired simultaneously with MRI scans.
The Importance of Finance and Accounting Competencies: The Gaming Industry's Perspective

The literature acknowledges that finance and accounting competencies are critical for hospitality professionals. To date, however, no research on finance and accounting competencies has been conducted in the gaming industry, nor has any study been conducted in any hospitality subsector after the Great Recession of 2007–2009. The current study identifies the importance of finance and accounting abilities and examines whether there are significant differences in the perceived importance among different gaming industry professionals. The findings reveal that preparing operating budgets is the most important of all skills and that years of experience and department function do not generate a significant difference in the level of importance of any skills.
Parenting Stress Among Low-Income and Working-Class Fathers: The Role of Employment

Contemporary norms of fatherhood emphasize the dual demands of breadwinning and daily involvement in childcare. Recent qualitative research suggests that working-class fathers find it difficult to meet these demands due to job instability and workplace inflexibility. Yet, little quantitative research has examined how employment characteristics are related to fathers' parenting stress, in comparison with mothers'. Analyses using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 3,165) show that unemployment and workplace inflexibility, but not overwork, multiple jobs, odd-jobs, and nonstandard hours, are related to more parenting stress for fathers. Although these two factors are also related to more parenting stress for mothers, nuanced gender differences emerged: these are better predictors than other parental or child characteristics for fathers only, and the effect size of workplace inflexibility is greater for fathers than mothers. In sum, securing a job with flexible schedule is central to reducing fathers' parenting stress.
Polar Wander on Triton and Pluto Due to Volatile Migration

Polar wander may occur on Triton and Pluto because of volatile migration. Triton, with its low obliquity, can theoretically sublimate volatiles (mostly nitrogen) at the rate of approximately 10(exp 14) kilograms per year from the equatorial regions and deposit them at the poles. Assuming Triton to be rigid on the sublimation timescale, after approximately 10(exp 5) years the polar caps would become large enough to cancel the rotational flattening, with a total mass equivalent to a global layer approximately 120-250 m in depth. At this point the pole wanders about the tidal bulge axis, which is the line joining Triton and Neptune. Rotation about the bulge axis might be expected to disturb the leading side/trailing side cratering statistics. Because no such disturbance is observed, it may be that Triton's mantle viscosity is too high but its surface volatile inventory is too low to permit wander. On the other hand, its mantle viscosity might be low, so that any uncompensated cap load might be expected to wander toward the tidal bulge axis. In this case, the axis of wander passes through the equator from the leading side to the trailing side; rotation about this wander axis would not disturb the cratering statistics. Low-viscosity polar wander may explain the bright southern hemisphere: this is the pole which is wandering toward the equator. In any case the permanent polar caps may be geologically very young. Polar wander may possibly take place on Pluto, due to its obliquity oscillations and perihelion-pole geometry. However, Pluto is probably not experiencing any wander at present. The Sun has been shining strongly on the poles over the last half of the obliquity cycle, so that volatiles should migrate to the equator, stabilizing the planet against wander. Spacecraft missions to Triton and Pluto which measure the dynamical flattening could give information about the accumulation of volatiles at the poles. Such information is best obtained by measuring gravity and topography from orbiters, as was done for Mars with the highly successful Mars Global Surveyor.
Inequality in the Imposition of a Criminal Label

Florida law allows a judge the option of withholding adjudication of guilt from defendants who are being placed on probation. For persons accused of a felony, this step affords an opportunity to avoid the stigma associated with the status of “convicted felon.” Social and legal characteristics of 2,419 consecutive felony probation cases are examined to determine what kinds of persons are more likely to receive the privileged disposition of “adjudication withheld.” Inconsistencies in the imposition of the “convict” label were found, suggesting that defendants who are older, black, poorly educated, have a prior record, and are defended by a court-appointed attorney, are among the most likely to be so labelled. Lemert has argued that inconsistent application of penalties or stigma increases the likelihood of commitment to a deviant identity or career on the part of the accused. While these data cannot confirm Lemert's hypothesis, they do suggest that criminal labels are dispensed in such a manner that persons who are expected to be the most criminal (i.e., poorly educated, indigents, blacks) are given the greatest opportunity to develop a criminal identity or career.