cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surgery during pregnancy and fetal outcome

As many as 2% of all pregnant women undergo surgery during gestation, but there are few reports of the effects of anesthesia and surgery on fetal outcome. The present paper presents information on 287 women who had surgery during pregnancy. Surgery during early pregnancy was associated with a significant increase in the rate of spontaneous abortion compared to the rate in a control group that did not have surgery. There were no differences in the incidence of congenital abnormalities in the offspring of women who had surgery during early pregnancy. The data suggest that elective surgery be deferred during early pregnancy to minimize potential fetal loss.
Experiences with a Mobile Testbed

This paper presents results from an eight-day network packet-trace of MosquitoNet. MosquitoNet allows users of laptop computers to switch seamlessly between a metropolitan-area wireless network and a wired network (10 Mbit/s Ethernet) available in offices and on-campus residences. Results include the amount of user mobility between the wired and wireless networks, the amount of mobility within the wireless network, an examination of application end-to-end delays, and an examination of overall packet loss and reordering in the wireless network. We find that the average mobile host switches between the wired and wireless networks 14 times during the trace and moves within the wireless network five times. Round trip latencies in the wireless network are very high, with a minimum of 0.2 seconds. Even higher end-to-end delays, of up to hundreds of seconds, are due to packet loss and reordering. These delays cause users to change their usage patterns when connected to the wireless network. We conclude that latency is a critical problem in the wireless network.
Transmission of Correlated Sources Over Multi-user Channels

Source and channel coding over multi-user channels in which receivers have access to correlated source side information, is considered. For several simple multi-user channels necessary and sufficient conditions are characterized for lossless transmission under certain source-channel structures. In particular, the multiple access channels, the compound multiple access channels and the interference channels with correlated sources and correlated receiver side information are considered. In all of the cases for which the optimal source-channel matching conditions have been identified, this optimal performance is shown to be achieved by separately designed source and channel codes.
Will The America Invents Act Post-Grant Review Improve The Quality Of Patents? A Comparison with the European Patent Office Opposition

After years attempting to reform its sixty-year old patent law, in September 2011 the United States enacted The Leahy-Smith America Invents Act. Significant among the changes are a number of new trial like proceedings through which third parties may challenge patentability at the U.S. Patent and Trademark office once the patent has issued. This chapter focuses on post-grant review, the broadest of the proceedings that provide an early opportunity to challenge patents. Post-grant review is meant to provide an efficient and less expensive alternative to litigation and to improve the overall quality of patents issues in the U.S. Post issuance review systems have long been debated in the U.S. in academic, legal and business circles as a way to reduce the incidence of invalid or poor quality patents in a more cost efficient manner. Advocates have looked to the European Patent Office which for almost four decades has decided post grant oppositions under the European Patent Convention. The America Invents Act incorporates features of the European opposition into post-grant review, including a nine month window for instituting and action and broad grounds to request revocation that mirror those used in litigation. This chapter explores some of the substantial differences that will make post-grant review in the U.S. a less effective tool for improving the quality of patent than European opposition.
Outcomes of pharmacist-assisted management of antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV infection: A risk-adjusted analysis

Purpose The impact of pharmacist-assisted management (PAM) of pharmacotherapy for patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was investigated. Methods A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted to evaluate antiretroviral therapy (ART) outcomes in treatment-naive patients initiated on ART at an HIV clinic. Eligible patients enrolled in the clinic during the period 1999–2013 were classified into two groups: those referred to a clinic-based HIV pharmacist for initiation of ART (the PAM group) and those managed by a primary care provider (the control group). The primary study objective was the median time to viral suppression; secondary objectives included the durability of response to the first ART regimen. Relative hazards for the events of interest were estimated using a marginal structural Cox proportional hazards model and Kaplan–Meier curves, with inverse probability weights used to control for selection and confounding bias. Results Patients referred for PAM services ( n = 819) typically had higher baseline viral loads and lower CD4+ cell counts than those in the control group ( n = 436). The likelihood of viral suppression during the first two years after ART initiation was significantly higher in the PAM group versus the control group (hazard ratio, 1.37; 95% confidence interval, 1.18–1.59; p 0.05). Conclusion In treatment-naive patients, suppression of HIV viral load occurred earlier when pharmacists assisted with initiating ART than when ART was initiated without that assistance.
Studies of Compounds for Superconductivity.

A number of metal carbides, borides, nitrides, and a hydride, in the form of powders, have been examined for superconductivity down to 1.8\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K using a magnetic method. The substances tested were TiC, VC, ZrC, TaC, WC, Zr${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$, Nb${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$, Ta${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$, WB, MoB, $\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{B}}_{x}$, Th${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$, LaN, CeN, NbN, and La${\mathrm{H}}_{2.45}$. All specimens were characterized by x-ray diffraction methods and, in most instances, by chemical analysis. Of these substances only NbN gave evidence for superconductivity. The results for NbN are in general agreement with the work of others. The results for TiC and VC are in agreement with those found by Meissner et al., using an electrical resistance method, while those for Ta${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$, Nb${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$, WC, and WB are in agreement with observations made by Matthias and Hulm using a magnetic method. On the other hand, ZrC, TaC, WC, and "zirconium boride" had previously been observed to exhibit superconductivity above 1.8\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K by the electrical resistance method. The results for WC and MoB have recently been confirmed by Matthias and Hulm. The substances Th${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$, LaN, CeN, and La${\mathrm{H}}_{2.45}$ had not previously been examined for superconductivity.Particle size measurements were made on the carbide and boride powders. The particles were large enough that magnetic field penetration effects should have caused no difficulty, if a penetration depth of 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ cm, observed for pure metal, is assumed to apply to the present compounds.The failure to observe superconductivity in the substances ZrC, TaC, WC, and MoB in the present study is discussed in terms of a postulated physical distribution of superconducting impurities of undetermined composition which are assumed to account for the superconductivity observed in these compounds by other investigators.
The virtuous drinker: character virtues as correlates and moderators of college student drinking and consequences.

Abstract Objective: The present study examined the relationship between alcohol use and positive psychology's character virtues 1 in a college student sample. Each of the virtues of wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence were examined as protective factors and moderators of drinking consequences. Participants: This sample included 425 undergraduate students at a large Northwest University (69% female; 52% Caucasian, 34% Asian). Methods: Participants completed paper and pencil questionnaires during October and November 2006 in exchange for extra credit in psychology classes. Results: Higher temperance scores were associated with abstinence, lower risk drinking, and fewer consequences among heavy drinkers; both increased justice and transcendence were independently associated with abstinence only; and wisdom, courage, and humanity were not associated with any outcomes. Conclusions: The associations between virtues and college student drinking support a collaboration between addict...
Conditionally sampled flow and thermal behavior of a transitional boundary layer at elevated free-stream turbulence

Abstract In the elevated FSTI condition, the laminar flow is highly disturbed. Linear instability amplification, which would take place under low-disturbance conditions triggered by infinitesimal disturbances, is bypassed, hence the term “bypass transition”. Nonlinear instability, triggered by finite-amplitude disturbance, dominates in bypass transition. Due to the highly disturbed condition, the turbulent and non-turbulent parts of the transitional flow become difficult to separate. Because of this, the conventional conditional techniques for such sampling encounter difficulty and large uncertainty. A modified method was made. This modified method was convenient to apply and was theoretically verified. Use of the turbulence shear stress, uv , as the criterion function was found superior to the use of u ′ for separating the turbulent and non-turbulent signals in elevated FSTI conditions. The conditionally sampled results for FSTI, ranging from 0.5% to 6.4%, indicated that u ′, v ′, t ′, and ut are high in the non-turbulent part of the high FSTI cases contrary to the low FSTI cases, whereas ( uv and vt ) are low in the non-turbulent part, similar to the low FSTI cases. This implies that although the velocity trace of the non-turbulent part was hardly distinguishable from the turbulent part in high FSTI situations, the flow and thermal transport mechanisms of the non-turbulent part were distinctively different from the turbulent part. Evaluation of each part (turbulent and non-turbulent) is presented in detail in this paper.
The computation of disparity and depth in stereograms.

Presentation d'informations sur le calcul de la disparite retinienne et de la profondeur pour un stereogramme, et discussion des implications qui en resultent pour la recherche sur les processus perceptifs
The letters of Alessandro Volta

In accordance with the custom of his era, most of Alessandro Volta's scientific discoveries and activities are described in his letters — to societies, to his friends, and to his fellow scientists. As a contrast to today's impersonal technical articles, however, these letters go beyond the mere presentation of scientific information to give us an insight into the character and personality of the man himself.
Transport properties of the mineral vermiculite

Abstract The ionic conductivity of single crystals of magnesium and calcium ion-exchanged Llano vermiculite have been measured in an attempt to determine the nature of the dominant mobile species. The calcium ions diffuse much more rapidly than magnesium ions in vermiculite and even faster than calcium ions in β-alumina. Analysis of the pre-exponential factor in the temperature dependence of the conductivity suggests a high activation entropy of motion; this may be associated with the loss of more than three waters of hydration from the cation during jumps from site to site.
Volumetry of amygdala and hippocampus and memory performance in Alzheimer's disease

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is showing increased utility in examining medial temporal lobe atrophy and its relationship to memory performance in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We studied 56 AD patients and 42 older healthy subjects with neuropsychological assessment and MRI. Hippocampal and amygdaloid volumes (normalized to intracranial volume) were contrasted between AD patients and healthy controls and correlated with neuropsychological performance. Comparisons between AD patients and healthy controls revealed highly significant differences in the normalized volume of hippocampus and amygdala by analysis of covariance. Group differences tended to be at least as large for amygdaloid as hippocampal volume, including when the subset of AD patients with the mildest symptoms was considered separately. Within the AD group, performance on the Memory-Orientation subscale of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognition (ADAS-Cog) was significantly correlated with normalized amygdaloid volume but not with normalized hippocampal volume. Other ADAS-Cog subscales (Language, Praxis) were uncorrelated with either volume. In the healthy control sample, neither hippocampal nor amygdaloid volumes were significant predictors of any neuropsychological measure. While a substantial literature continues to justify the focus on the hippocampus in MRI studies of AD, these results suggest that the amygdala should receive similar attention, including in studies of the prodromal stages of AD.
Regional Distribution of 5α-Reductase Type 1 and Type 2 mRNA Along the Human Epididymis

Abstract Objective: To determine the regional distribution and relative expression of 5α-reductase type 1 and type 2 mRNA within the human testis and regions of the epididymis. Design: Prospective observational study. Setting: University academic medical center. Patient(s): Two young adult male organ donors. Intervention(s): None Main Outcome Measure(s): The distribution of 5α-reductase type 1 and type 2 mRNA in the testis and regions of the epididymis was detected by Northern blot analysis. The relative abundance of each 5α-reductase mRNA was evaluated using semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in which cyclophilin mRNA, a housekeeping gene product, was coamplified as the reference standard. Result(s): Northern blot analysis revealed the 5α-reductase type 2 transcript in the midcaput, distal caput, corpus, and proximal cauda of the epididymis, but the transcript was undetectable in the testis, proximal caput, and distal cauda region. No transcript for the type 1 isozyme was detected by Northern blot. The more sensitive RT-PCR showed low levels of type 1 mRNA in the testis and epididymis, with the highest abundance in the proximal caput. Type 2 mRNA of 5α-reductase was most abundant in the midcaput, was decreased in the more distal regions, and was more abundant than type 1 mRNA in all epididymal regions except for the proximal caput. Conclusion(s): Both 5α-reductase type 1 and type 2 mRNAs are present in the human epididymis. The type 2 isozyme mRNA is predominant, being more highly expressed than the low-abundance type 1 mRNA.
Benchmarking of the Los Alamos neutron production rate code SOURCES-3A

Abstract The neutron production rate code SOURCES-3A was benchmarked using various experimental measurements from the literature. These experiments included thick-target yield measurements from Li, Be, B, C, O, F, Mg, Al, Si, UO 2 , and UC. Several integrated experiments (PuBe 13 and UO 2 F 2 homogeneous problems, Po–B 4 C and Po–Be interface problems, and Al 2 O 3 and SiO 2 beam problems) were also modeled, testing all the geometry characteristics of the SOURCES-3A code. The SOURCES-3A calculations were compared with the experimental results and good agreement was found in all cases. These benchmarks have shown that SOURCES-3A spectra and magnitude calculations are accurate to within ±18% for even the most complex problems.
Reinforcement learning based backstepping control of power system oscillations

This paper proposes a reinforcement learning based backstepping control technique for damping oscillations in electric power systems using the generators excitation systems. Decentralized controllers are first designed using the backstepping technique. Then, reinforcement learning is used to tune the gains of these controllers to adapt to various operating conditions. Simulation results for a two area power system show that the proposed control technique provides better damping than (i) conventional power system stabilizers and (ii) backstepping fixed gain controllers.
Multitable Treatments of Anisotropic Scattering in SN Multigroup Transport Calculations

Much theoretical work has been done in the past to represent the angular dependence in the scattering source term of the Boltzmann equation by means of Legendre or other series expansions. However,...
Simulation of Current Filaments in Photoconductive Semiconductor Switches

Photoconductive semiconductor switches (PCSS's), such as optically-triggered GaAs switches, have been developed for a variety of applications. Such switches exhibit unique properties as a consequence of lock-on, a phenomenon associated with the bistable switching of these devices. In this paper, lock-on is explained in terms of collective impact ionization. Furthermore, the effect of defects on the performance of these devices is investigated.
The Columbia Disaster: Culture, Communication & Change

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is a government organization, founded to explore space to better understand our own planet and the universe around us. Over NASAâ€™s history, there have been unprecedented successes: Apollo missions that put people into space and walking on the moon, the remarkable findings of the Hubble space telescope and the Space Shuttle Program, allowing astronauts to perform scientific experiments in orbit from a reusable space vehicle. NASA continues to be a source of national wonder and pride for the United States and the world. However, NASA has failures too. In February of 2002, the Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated as it returned to Earth. This event occurred 16 years after the Space Shuttle Challenger exploded during take-off. As information was collected, investigators found that many of the problems uncovered during the Challenger investigation were also factors for Columbia. Underlying both disasters was the problem of relaying complex engineering information to management, in an environment driven by schedule and budget pressure. Once again, NASA is looking at ways to better manage space programs in an environment of limited resources.
Response of the herbaceous layer of forest ecosystems to excess nitrogen deposition

Summary 1 This review brings into focus what is known about the response of the herbaceous layer of forest ecosystems to increasing nitrogen deposition. The emphasis on forests in general is important for two reasons. First, forests often occupy areas receiving high rates of atmospheric deposition of N. Second, compared with herb-dominated communities, about which much is known regarding response to excess N, forests generally display greater biological and structural complexity. The more specific focus on the herbaceous layer ‐ here defined as all vascular (herbaceous and woody) plants ≤ 1 m in height ‐ is warranted because most of the species diversity of forests occurs in the herb layer. 2 Most responses of forest ecosystems to N saturation, defined here as ecosystem supply of N exceeding ecosystem demand for N, can be characterized by two complementary hypotheses, each emphasizing different facets of ecosystem structure and function. One focuses on ecosystem processes, such as net primary productivity, whereas the other addresses seasonal patterns of concentrations of in stream water. Although neither hypothesis considers the effects of chronically elevated N deposition on forest herbs, both share a prediction ‐ a dramatic increase in availability of ‐ that is relevant to forest herb response. Such a shift towards dominance has important implications for changes in herbaceous layer dynamics. For example, increases in soil pools can increase invasibility by exotic species. Also, because preferential use of vs. can be highly species-specific among forest herbs, predominance of availability can bring about further changes in herb layer species composition. Also important to forest herbs is the tendency for enhanced mobility of to increase mobility and decrease availability of essential cations, such as Ca 2+ . 3 The response of plant species of the herbaceous layer of forest ecosystems to excess N availability can arise from N-mediated changes in several processes. Here I identify six ‐ competition, herbivory, mycorrhizal infection, disease, species invasions and exotic earthworm activity ‐ and discuss how they respond to excess N and how this response affects the herb layer of forests. With the exception of the activity of exotic earthworms (which is correlated with, but not necessarily caused by, high N deposition), there is compelling evidence that all processes respond sensitively to N deposition and that this response generally leads to drastic shifts in species composition and decreases in biodiversity of forest herb communities. 4 A hypothesis is suggested ‐ the nitrogen homogeneity hypothesis ‐ that predicts loss of biodiversity in forest ecosystems experiencing chronically elevated N deposition. This hypothesis is based on the decrease in spatial heterogeneity of N availability that is typically high in forest soils under N-limited conditions.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Dynamics as Influenced by Corn Residue Removal in Continuous Corn System

The removal of corn residue for bioethanol may require changes in current tillage and fertilization practices to minimize potential alterations to the soil environment that may lead to increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. The objectives of this study were to examine how tillage, N fertilization rates, residue removal, and their interactions affect CO₂, and N₂O soil surface emissions. Greater CO₂ emission coincided with higher soil temperatures typically observed with conventional tillage (CT) compared with no-tillage (NT), resulting in greater annual cumulative CO₂ emission in CT (18.1 CO₂ Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) compared with NT (16.2 CO₂ Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) in 2009 and 2010 across sites. However, drier soil conditions during the growing season in 2011 lead to higher soil temperatures compared with 2009 and 2010. Consequently, annual cumulative CO₂ emission from NT with 50 and 100% residue removal was (19.5 CO₂ Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) greater than that from CT (17.8 CO₂ Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) across all residue removal rates and from NT (17.5 CO₂ Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) with no residue removal, respectively across all N rates in the Ames central site (AC) in 2011. In the Armstrong southwest site (ASW) site, there were no significant differences between tillage or residue removal rates for annual cumulative CO₂ emission (19.9 CO₂ Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) in 2011. Although N₂O emission was considerably lower than CO₂ emission, differences in N fertilization rates did have a significant impact on global warming potential once these gases were converted on the basis of their radiative forcing of the atmosphere.
Analysing Student Evaluations of Teaching: comparing means and proportions

Abstract Student Evaluations of Teaching (SETs) play a central role in modern academia. They are used for tenure, promotion, teaching improvement and other important decisions. One would think that the data collected from a SET would be analysed correctly, but such is typically not the case, as can be seen in this study later. Therefore we propose a correct method for analysing SET data. The present paper compares the two methods on a large data-set of actual SETs. We show that the traditional method can misrepresent a teacher's performance, and that the traditional method can be extremely sensitive to outliers; neither of these characteristics is desirable. In contrast, the proposed method appears to suffer from neither of these defects.
Some comments on herpetic infection in children with special emphasis on unusual clinical manifestations

Summary A review of the epidemiology ofherpetic infection has illustrated areas in which further information is still needed. The clinical presentations were made with the objective of drawing the attention of clinicians to some of the more unusual manifestations of this infection so that it may be considered more regularly in mucous membrane and skin lesions and encephalitis in children. The relation of maternal immunity to fatal herpetic infection of the newborn infant is a further area for investigation.
Temperature variations in the surface layers of an agricultural soil

Summary. Continuous measurements of soil temperatures were made at 1·3, 2·5, 5·1, 10·2, 15·2 and 20·3 cm below the barren surface of a Drummer silty clay loam during 1969. Annual average temperature at all these soil levels was higher than the air temperature 122 cm above the soil surface. The daily fluctuations in soil temperatures were greater in summer than in winter and were greater down to depths of 5·1 cm than the fluctuations in air temperature. The maximum and minimum temperatures for the year, of the air, 1·3-cm and 20·3-cm depths were 34 and - 19,46 and - 18, and 33 and - 8°C, respectively. On near cloudless days, the soil temperatures showed a pattern of amplitude reduction and phase retardation with depth, as the soil layers warmed and cooled. Variations de la temperature dans les couches super ficielles d'un sol agricole Resume. Des mesures continues des temperatures du sol ont ete faites en 1969 a 1.3–2.5–3.1–10.2–15.2 et 20.3 cm en dessous de la surface d'un sol argilo-limoneux de Drummer, ne portant pas de recolte. La temperature annuelle moyenne pour tous ces niveaux du sol fut plus elevee que la temperature de I'air mesuree a 122 cm au-dessus de la surface du sol. Les fluctuations quotidiennes des tempteratures du sol furent plus importantes en ele qu'en hiver et furent plus grandes jusqu'aux profondeurs de 5,1 cm que les fluctuations de la temperature de l'air. Les temperatures maximales et minimales pour I'annee furent: pour I'air 34° et - 19°, a la profondeur de 1,3 cm 46° et - 18° et a la profondeur de 20,3 cm 33° et -8°C. Durant les jours sans nuages, les temperatures du sol manifesterent une tendance a la reduction de I'amplitude et au retardement des phases en fonction de la profondeur, lorsque les couches du sol se rechauffaient ou se refroidissaient. Temperaturschwankungen in den oberen Schichten eines landwirtschaftlich genutzten Bodens Zusammenfassung. Wahrend des Jahres 1969 wurden in einem Drummer schluffigen Ton-Lehm laufend Temperaturmessungen 1.3–2.5–5.1–10.2–15.2 und 20.3 cm unlerhall der unbewachsenen Bodenoberflache durchgefuhrt. Die Jahresdurchschnittstemperatur war in allen Bodenzonen hoher als die Lufttemperatur 122 cm uber der Bodenoberflache. Die taglichen Schwankungen der Bodentemperaturen waren im Sommer groser als im Winter. Die Schwankungen bis zu einer Bodentiefe von 5,1 cm waren groser als die der Lufttemperatur. Die Maximum- und Minimumtemperaturen in diesem Jahr fur Luft, 1,3 cm und 20,3 cm Bodentiefe waren 34 und −19, 46 und −18 bzw. 33 und −8°C. An nahezu wolkenlosen Tagen zeigten die Bodenschichten beim Erwarmen und Abkuhlen mit zunchmender Tiefe cine Reaktion in der Amplitude und cine Phasenverschiebung.
Ba2+ release from soda glass modifies single maxi K+ channel activity in patch clamp experiments.

Glasses used to fabricate patch pipettes may release components which affect ion channels (Cota, G., and C.M. Armstrong. 1988. Biophys. J. 53:107–109; Furman, R.E., and J.C. Tanaka. 1988. Biophys. J. 53:287–292; Rojas, L., and C. Zuazaga. 1988. Neurosci. Lett. 88:39–44). The gating properties of maxi K+ channels from Necturus gallbladder epithelium depend on whether borosilicate glass (BG) or blue tip hematocrit glass (SG) is used to construct the patch pipettes. The data are consistent with solubilization from SG of a component which exerts voltage-dependent, cytosolic-side specific block, closely resembling "slow block" by Ba2+ ions. Ringer's solution preincubated with SG, but not with BG, blocked inside-out maxi K+ channels when used as bathing solution. Mass spectrometry revealed that Ba2+ is released by the glass from fast and slow-release compartments (SG contains 3% wt/wt BaO), and is the only ion found in the solution at concentrations consistent with the observed channel block. Additionally, SG released O2-, Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+, all to micromolar concentrations. These elements do not interfere with maxi K+ channels but they could in principle alter the properties of other ion channels. Thus, screening for channel-modifying substances released by the glass may be necessary for the adequate interpretation of patch-clamp results.
Hind Limbs of Eocene Basilosaurus: Evidence of Feet in Whales

New specimens of middle Eocene Basilosaurus isis from Egypt include the first functional pelvic limb and foot bones known in Cetacea. These are important in corroborating the intermediate evolutionary position of archaeocetes between generalized Paleocene land mammals that used hind limbs in locomotion and Oligocene-to- Recent whales that lack functional pelvic limbs. The foot is paraxonic, consistent with derivation from mesonychid Condylarthra. Hind limbs of Basilosaurus are interpreted as copulatory guides.
The Management of Cancer Metastatic to Bone

SELECTED CASE A 61-year-old woman with a 4-year history of breast cancer and known metastatic bone disease presented with bilateral hip pain for 3 months. Roentgenograms of the left hip revealed a destructive lesion involving the inter-trochanteric region of the left proximal femur. The left femoral lesion measured approximately 2 by 3 cm and involved 60% of the cortex. Right hip roentgenograms demonstrated an acetabular lesion of unknown extent. Bone scan revealed no other lesions. The patient subsequently underwent irradiation of both hips with excellent pain relief on the left but continued symptoms on the right. Orthopedic consultation was requested to evaluate the patient's risk for pathological fracture on the left. Computed tomography (CT) of the pelvis demonstrated a pathological fracture of the right acetabulum. Since the patient was free of pain on the left hip, a cemented total-hip arthroplasty was performed on the right hip. The patient did well
Capital fundamentalism, economic development, and economic growth☆

Abstract This paper critically evaluates the roles of investment and physical capital accumulation in economic growth and development. Should a modern version of capital fundamentalism — where capital and investment are viewed as the primary determinants of economic development and long-run growth - guide our research and policy advice? Our analysis suggests that the answer is “no.” Capital accumulation seems to be part of the process of economic development and growth, not the igniting source.
An algebraic targeting approach for effective utilization of biomass in combined heat and power systems through process integration

Green house gases (GHGs) pose some of the most profound impact on the environment. One viable alternative for reducing GHGs is the utilization of biomass to generate heat and power for processing facilities. The purpose of this paper is to address the utilization of biowaste or biomass source in a processing facility for combined heat and power (CHP). In particular, the paper addresses the following questions: How to incorporate biomass utilization in cofiring and energy production within an existing process? How to reconcile thermal demands with opportunities for power cogeneration through a process-integration framework? What are the economic factors that will insure the feasibility of biomass utilization and power cogeneration? What is the impact on GHG emissions and what are the necessary GHG emission pricing options? A systematic algebraic procedure for targeting cogeneration potential ahead of detailed power generation network design is presented. The approach presented here effectively utilizes biomass and biowaste sources as external fuel, and matches them with the use and dispatch of fuel sources within the process, heating and non-heating steam demands, and power generation. The concept of extractable power introduced by Harell and El-Halwagi AIChE Spring Meeting, New Orleans, March (2003) has been used as a basis of constructing this algebraic cogeneration targeting approach. Steam surpluses and deficits are identified by header balance. Flow balance is performed by cascade diagram techniques and extractable power is computed from net flows to target the cogeneration potential. Next, the paper discusses important economic factors (e.g., GHG pricing options) required for the cost-effective utilization of sole biomass feed or a co-fed mixture of biomass and fossil fuels for CHP. Two case studies are discussed to illustrate the presented approach. The first case study illustrates the developed targeting approach when no external fuel is required and all the higher pressure surplus streams are able to satisfy the lower pressure deficit headers. The second case shows the application of algebraic targeting to obtain the external fuel requirement when surplus headers are not able to meet the deficit demands. Further, this case shows the use of biomass for meeting the demands and the subsequent effects on economics and GHG emissions for the process.
The effect of price on return intentions: Do satisfaction and reward programme membership matter?

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of price on customers' return intentions. Specifically, we looked at the moderating influence of satisfaction and reward programme membership on the relationship between price and return intent. Hierarchical multiple regression, using data drawn from the survey database of a major hotel chain, was employed to test hypotheses. Results for the leisure customer segment indicate that, regardless of customers' satisfaction levels with a given service experience, the price paid for that experience has a direct, negative effect on return intent. Furthermore, reward programme membership does not negate the negative effect of price on customers' intent to repatronise a service provider.
Attention points to the future.

Our perception of the visual world is stable despite saccade-caused retinal input shifts. A new behavioral study shows that this stability may be achieved by predictively remapping attention before eye movements begin.
The role of reaction conditions and ligand flexibility in metal-organic hybrid materials––examples from metal diglycolates and iminodiacetates

Abstract Several new forms of transition metal diglycolates (C4H4O5) and iminodiacetates (C4H5O4N) have been synthesized hydrothermally, and their structures solved using single crystal XRD. Isostructural diglycolates of the formula M(H2O)(dga) · H2O (M=Co, Mn) contain 1D cavities occupied by water (Co: [1] P212121, a=6.8220(11) A, b=9.9700(17) A, c=10.9102(18) A, R1=0.0206, Mn: [1] P212121, a=6.8796(18) A, b=9.856(3) A, c=11.067 A, R1=0.0287). In the case the cobalt phase [1], a color change and significant structural changes accompany dehydration at 200 °C, yielding a new phase with reversible water absorption/desorption. A dense, anhydrous phase forms at higher temperatures, Co(dga) [2] (P212121, a=5.8462(12) A, b=8.1152(17) A, c=11.223(2) A, R1=0.0311). Two layered iminodiacetates are also described: Ni(H2O)2(ida) [3] (Pca21, a=13.921(7) A, b=5.131(3) A, c=9.595(5) A, R1=0.0315) and Co(H2O)(ida) [4] (P21/c, a=7.925(3) A, b=10.628(4) A, c=7.358(3) A, β=109.598(7)°, R1=0.0250). These materials further illustrate both the role of higher reaction temperatures in reducing the framework water content and the importance of ligand flexibility in determining the metal–oxygen–metal dimensionality in hybrid systems.
Spatially adaptive filtering for registration artifact removal in HDR video

One method to extend the dynamic range of video captured with inexpensive cameras is to alternate the exposure time between frames and combine the information in adjacent frames using post-processing. This method requires no hardware modification, yet traditionally there is a quality tradeoff. Dynamic range expansion corresponds to an increased number of saturated pixels in individual frames, which along with occlusions contributes to registration artifacts. Therefore, we describe a “High Dynamic Range (HDR) Filter” that can mitigate these artifacts to produce a pleasing HDR video without exact frame registration. This filter builds upon the bilateral filter to smooth frames while maintaining important edges. Additionally, the filter strength locally adapts to corresponding motion vectors. Since regions with poor registration generally correspond to higher motion, smoothing here can reduce artifacts without degrading perceptual quality. Results show a significant improvement for HDR videos with fast local motion within saturated regions.
Computer display tools for lasers and optics

As I began preparing the talk on which this article is based its subject matter began to evolve, moving from the original topic of computer display tools for optics education toward the more general topic of personal computers in higher education, especially in science and engineering; and so this article will be directed more broadly to that topic. The starting point for this discussion is that modern personal computers or desktop computers have unparalleled capacities for:
Modification of near-wall coherent structures by inertial particles

Direct numerical simulations are combined with two-way coupled Lagrangian point particles to study the effect of Reynolds number on particle-turbulence interaction. Turbulent planar Couette flow is simulated at a constant dispersed phase mass loading of ϕ m = 0.25 for particle Stokes numbers of St K = [O(1), O(10), O(100)] (based on the Stokes time scale of the particle and the Kolmogorov time scale of the flow) and bulk Reynolds numbers of Re b = [8100, 24000, 72000] (based on the plate velocity difference and separation distance). Statistics of swirling strength |λ ci | are used to evaluate the impact of particles on near-wall motions which are responsible for turbulent, wall-normal momentum transport. Instantaneously, the number of high-strength swirling motions near the wall decreases significantly in the presence of particles, and this trend is enhanced with increasing Re b . Conditional averages are computed using linear stochastic estimation, providing the average structures responsible for ejection events near the wall. These conditional eddies are weakened substantially by the presence of the dispersed phase, and this effect is again enhanced with increasing Re b . We propose a mechanism where particles, by interfering with the hairpin regeneration process near the wall, can influence turbulent fluxes in a way that increases with Re b despite only having direct interaction with scales on the same order as their small physical size. At the same time, turbulent momentum flux concentrated at higher wavenumbers with increasing Re b allows small particles to be effective agents for altering turbulent transport.
Geometry-Dependent Si(2p) Surface Core-Level Excitations for Si(111) and Si(100) Surfaces

Structure-dependent $\mathrm{Si}(2p)$ surface core-level shifts and $2p$ photothreshold spectra which yield new surface geometry information are reported. For Si(100)-(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1), \ensuremath{\sim}0.5 monolayer of surface atoms are found shifted to smaller binding energy (-0.5 eV) relative to the bulk; this rules out symmetric pairing models. Si(111)-(7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7) and Si(111)-(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) show different surface $2p$ core-level spectra (e.g., $\frac{1}{6}$ layer shifted -0.7 eV versus \textonehalf{} layer shifted - 0.4 eV), suggesting different geometries. Si(111)-(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)H exhibits first-layer (+ 0.26 eV) and second-layer (+ 0.15 eV) shifts.
Critical analysis of the Colle-Salvetti wave-function functional of the density

An analysis of the Colle-Salvetti (CS) wave-function functional of the density as applied to the He atom shows: (i) it is not normalized; (ii) the corresponding Coulomb hole structure is inaccurate; (iii) the Coulomb hole sum rule is violated; (iv) the Coulomb component of the Kohn-Sham (KS) correlation potential is inaccurate; (v) the KS correlation potential is erroneous; (vi) the Coulomb correlation and correlation--kinetic-energy components of the KS correlation energy are in error. Thus, the description by this wave function of the physics of electron correlation is inaccurate. As such the results obtained via the CS wave function and those based on it are not well founded.
Atomistic simulations of hydrated nafion and temperature effects on hydronium ion mobility

The effects of hydration level and temperature on the nanostructure of an atomistic model of a Nafion (DuPont) membrane and the vehicular transport of hydronium ions and water molecules were examined using classical molecular dynamics simulations. Through the determination and analysis of structural and dynamical parameters such as density, radial distribution functions, coordination numbers, mean square deviations, and diffusion coefficients, we identify that hydronium ions play an important role in modifying the hydration structure near the sulfonate groups. In the regime of low level of hydration, short hydrogen bonded linkages made of water molecules and sometimes hydronium ions alone give a more constrained structure among the sulfonate side chains. The diffusion coefficient for water was found to be in good accord with experimental data. The diffusion coefficient for the hydronium ions was determined to be much smaller (6-10 times) than that for water. Temperature was found to have a significant effect on the absolute value of the diffusion coefficients for both water and hydronium ions.
Intraventricular Hemorrhage (IVH) in the 90's: Prevalence, Risk Factors and Neurodevelopmental Outcome

Intraventricular Hemorrhage (IVH) in the 90's: Prevalence, Risk Factors and Neurodevelopmental Outcome
Renewable energy as income generation for women

Presentation d'experience reussie, en Inde, d'implementation de foyers ameliores et d'installations fonctionnant au biogaz, grâce au role d'organisations non-gouvernementales telle que la All India Women's Conference (AIWC).
Power scaling of diffraction limited, single frequency lasers for LIGO

The Master Oscillator Power Amplifier (MOPA) approach allows the scaling of lasers to high powers while preserving the spatial and temporal coherence of the master oscillator. We demonstrate the scaling of a 20W Nd:YAG MOPA to the 100W level using end pumped and edge pumped slabs.
Fe3O4 nanoparticles-enhanced SPR sensing for ultrasensitive sandwich bio-assay

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been receiving increasing attention because of its great potentials in bioseparation. However, the separation products are difficult to be detected by general method due to their extremely small size. Here, we demonstrate that MNPs can greatly enhance the signal of surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPR). Features of MNPs-aptamer conjugates as a powerful amplification reagent for ultrasensitive immunoassay are reported in this work for the first time. In order to evaluate the sensing ability of MNPs-aptamer conjugates as an amplification reagent, a sandwich SPR sensor is constructed by using thrombin as model analyte. Thrombin, captured by immobilized anti-thrombin aptamer on SPR gold film, is sensitively detected by SPR spectroscopy with a lowest detection limit of 0.017 nM after MNPs-aptamer conjugates is used as amplification reagent. At the same time, the excellent selectivity of the present biosensor is also confirmed by using three kinds of proteins (BSA, human IgM and human IgE) as controls. These results confirm that MNPs is a powerful sandwich element and an excellent amplification reagent for SPR based sandwich immunoassay and SPR has a great potential for the detection of MNPs-based bioseparation products.
In vivo cytometry: A spectrum of possibilities

Background We investigate whether optical imaging can reliably detect abnormalities in tissue, in a range of specimens (live cells in vitro; fixed, fresh ex-vivo and in vivo tissue), without the use of added contrast agents, and review our promising spectral methods for achieving quantitative, real-time, high resolution intrasurgical optical diagnostics. Methods We use reflectance, fluorescence, two-photon, and Mie scattering imaging, performed with instrumentation we developed or modified, to detect intrinsic tissue signatures. Emphasis is on spectral/hyperspectral imaging approaches allowing the equivalent of in vivo pathology. Results With experimental focus on unstained specimens, we demonstrate the ability to segment tissue images for cancer detection. Spectral reflectance imaging, coupled with advanced analysis, typically yields 90% specificity and sensitivity. Autofluorescence is also shown to be diagnostically useful, with lymph nodes results highlighted here. Elastic scattering hyperspectral imaging endoscopy, using a new instrument we designed and built, shows promise in bronchoscopic detection of dysplasia and early cancer in patients. Conclusions The results demonstrate that advanced optical imaging can detect and localize cellular signatures of cancer in real-time, in vivo, without the use of contrast agents, in animals and humans. This is an important step towards tight spatio-temporal coupling between such detection and clinical intervention. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Confidence‐building measures and naval arms control

(1979). Confidence‐building measures and naval arms control. The Adelphi Papers: Vol. 19, The Future of Arms Control. Part III: Confidence-Building Measures, pp. 23-29.
An improved method of making tissue carriers for TEM and SEM fixation.

Hazards in fixing small pieces of tissue for electron microscopy include damage, drying, or loss. Over the years, microstrainer tissue carriers have been developed to minimize these problems. Construction materials have included glass tubing, copper grids for electron microscopy, stainless steel screen, and bolting silk (Padawer 1951, Friend 1963, Bronskill 1970). Carriers made from plastic embedding molds (e.g., BEEM capsules) with either TEM grids attached to the conical tip (Buchanan 1965) or Nitex screen cloth held to one end by a retaining ring have proven to be inexpensive and popular, though the former has a very small filtration area and in the latter small tissues may be lost or crushed between the screen cloth and the bottom rim of the carrier. This note describes a carrier in which Nitex is permanently sealed to the bottom edee of a BEEM capsule cylinder.
Four isomeric ethyl 1-thioglycosides from 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-arabinose.

Abstract Ethyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-1-thio-α- and -β- D -arabinopyranoside ( 2 and 4 ) were obtained by direct ethanethiolation of 2-amino-2-deoxy- D -arabinose ( 1 ), and their structures were determined by mass and p.m.r. spectrometry. Ethyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-1-thio-α- and -β- D -arabinofuranoside ( 11 and 13 ) were prepared by partial demercaptalation of 2-amino-2-deoxy- D -arabinose diethyl dithioacetal ( 6 ) with mercuric chloride (or, preferably, with bromine), with or without protection of the 5-hydroxyl group. Demercaptalation with mercuric chloride gave the β- D anomer almost exclusively, and treatment with bromine gave a mixture of the α and β anomers in the ratio of ~ 1:1. Alternatively, direct ethanethiolation of 1 in trifluoroacetic acid yielded the α- D anomer. The structures of 11 and 13 were determined by mass spectrometry, by direct comparison of their N -acetyl derivatives with an authentic enantiomorph ( 15b ), and by p.m.r. spectroscopy. The physicochemical properties of the four 1-thioglycosides ( 2 , 4 , 11 , and 13 ) were compared with those of the O -glycosides of D -arabinose.
1-bridge braids in solid tori

Abstract 1-bridge braids in D2×S1 are classified. Knots with Dehn surgery yielding a D2×S1 are studied.