cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reusable Computer Vision Systems

One of the primary motivations for developing computer vision is to provide a practical, application oriented tool vital in the solution of a wide range of important contemporary problems. Although system performance has steadily improved, most of the current systems have a limited range of operating characteristics and cannot be reused for other applications because of their ad hoc organization. This presentation will describe early results on the development of a methodology for constructing vision systems that do not suffer from these problems.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
PS2-19: Developing an Automated Surveillance for Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Using Electronic Medical Records

Background/AimsPrenatal alcohol exposure is the leading preventable cause of birth defects and developmental disabilities. The full diagnosis of Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) requires assessment of:Using integrated information available at one source, we assessed the feasibility of developing an FAS surveillance system using the Kaiser Permanente Georgia (KPGA) Health Plan EMR.MethodsUsing EMRs, we extracted relevant information on the three main areas of FAS case definition (facial features, restricted growth, and CNS abnormalities). This was done among children up to the age of 10 years at the time of the diagnosis (including birth). Due to lack of ICD-9 codes for many of the facial features, we scanned the physician progress notes for relevant terms. These data were synthesized and applied to the FAS case definition algorithm.Results(at the time of the submission ? these results may change with further analyses):Overall, preliminary analyses showed that 23,678 children met either the criteria for growth restriction (n=5,052) or CNS abnormalities (17,296). Of these children, 1,330 met the criteria for both growth restriction and CNS abnormalities. An algorithm is to conduct text string searches for facial dysmorphic features within physician progress notes among these 1,330 children is under development and results will be presented at the HMORN conference. Results on linking these children to mothers, along with alcohol use during pregnancy will also be presented.DiscussionDevelopment of a surveillance system for FAS using EMRs is challenging. Information on two (CNS and growth) of the three main criteria can be extracted to create a pool of potential FAS cases, while information on dysmorphic facial features is more difficult to obtain. Despite these challenges, further development of this algorithm is required and the benefits of applying a well-developed algorithm across the HMORN sites will far outweigh many of the challenges in the long term. NOTE: more detailed methods and results will be available at the time of the conference.
Reaction centers from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides in reconstituted phospholipid vesicles. I. Structural studies.

Reaction centers (RCs) fromRhodopseudomonas sphaeroides were reconstituted into asolectin vesicles by cosonication. Equilibrium centrifugation on sucrose gradients showed that the vesicles were homogeneous in density (i.e., lipid-to-protein ratio) when reconstituted at a molar lipid-to-protein ratio between 500 to 1000. At lower ratios, a considerable fraction of RCs was not incorporated into closed vesicles, while at higher ratios, an increasing population of liposomes was protein-free. The average vesicle size decreased with increasing lipid-to-protein ratio, exhibiting considerable size heterogeneity within a sample. The average diameter of the largest and smallest population of vesicles, reconstituted at a molar lipid-to-protein ratio of 560, was 1200 and 400 nm, respectively. The orientation of reconstituted RCs with respect to the plane of the membrane was determined from the flash-induced rereduction kinetics of the special-pair bacteriochlorophyll dimer in the presence of reduced cytochromec. The predominant orientation of RCs was such that the cytochromec binding sites faced the external medium. The net orientation of RCs in reconstituted vesicles decreased with vesicle size and was strongly influenced by the ionic strength during reconstitution.
IT'S ALL ABOUT THE DATA: CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS IN THE STUDY OF NASCENT ENTREPRENEURS

Entrepreneurship research has been criticized for a lack of methodological rigor, although evidence suggests that from a methodological perspective, it is improving (Davidsson, 2006). In this paper, we systematically review the methods used in the study of nascent entrepreneurs to identify challenges associated with the data used in these studies. We also review the field's achievements — notably, the successful use of representative sampling of populations of nascent entrepreneurs — and we raise concerns about the predominant use of secondary data sets and the use of scales originally developed for large, established firms. Drawing on methodological advancements in other fields, we offer suggestions related to study design, data collection, sampling and measurement. Although some of the challenges we note are inherent to the nature of entrepreneurship, we hope our discussion can help researchers design better studies and better interpret their findings.
A balanced review of Yochelson‐Samenow's theory of “the criminal personality”∗

Even though criminologists continue to ignore Yochelson and Samenow's (1976, 1977, 1986) therapeutic approach in working with juvenile and adult offenders (Walters and White, 1989b), many criminal justice and mental help practitioners, among other allied professionals have adopted and/or adapted it. Their approach has evolved into the most publicized cognitive therapy for treating antisocial behavior (Barley, 1986; Gendreau and Ross, 1987). Previous reviewers have focused on the conceptual, theoretical and methodological weaknesses of Yochelson and Samenow's work without acknowledging other important contributions these investigators have made. A more balanced review of Yochelson and Samenow's influence on mental health, criminal justice, and interdisciplinary practice and research is presented. The author proposes that the academic community reinvigorate their efforts to examine Yochelson and Samenow's work because of its potential to: (1) bridge a gap that exists between sociology, criminology, and psyc...
Mixed-conifer seedling growth varies in response to overstory release

Abstract Five-year height growth of Pinus ponderosa, P. lambertiana, Libocedrus decurrens, Pseudotsuga menziesii , and Abies concolor seedlings was observed beneath a 25-year-old Pi. ponderosa plantation on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, California. The plantation had been thinned to allow 15%, 34% and 58% of full sun ( pfs ) to reach the seedlings. All species except Pi. lambertiana responded in general accordance with accepted shade-tolerance rankings. Pinus lambertiana , like Pi. ponderosa , seemed intolerant of dense shade (15 and 34 pfs ), but growth was similar to that of L. decurrens and Ps. menziesii under the thin canopy (58 pfs ), suggesting a unique ability to respond with rapid growth to gaps in the canopy.
Plant Breeding Graduate Education: Opinions about Critical Knowledge, Experience, and Skill Requirements from Public and Private Stakeholders Worldwide

Plant breeders play a critical role in crop improvement, yet recent studies have shown that there may not be enough skilled breeders to meet current and future demands. A survey of three expert stakeholders groups, public breeders from developed countries (PUB), pri- vate breeders from developed countries (PRI), and breeders from developing countries (DEV), was conducted to determine what knowledge, experiences, and skills plant breeding stu- dents should have at completion of a graduate degree. All groups recognized knowledge of plant breeding, statistics, and genetics, as well as experiences and skills in practical breeding, experimental design, and fi eld work as impor- tant. In addition, DEV and PUB stakeholders rated plant genetic resources and plant diversity, germplasm management, scientifi c communi- cation, and fi eld visits as important, and they emphasized interdisciplinary work, leadership, and teamwork. Each sector also highlighted unique needs. The DEV sector emphasized policy and law and regulatory, and the PUB sec- tor placed importance on extension and skills in lab techniques, assessing genetic diversity, and using genomic information. The PRI sector emphasized knowledge about biotechnology and seed business and experience in experi- mental design, and computer database and program management. Reassessment of plant breeding education programs should incorpo- rate new scientifi c knowledge and emerging technologies while retaining core knowledge and essential practices and skills.
Fiscal Fragmentation and the Distribution of Metropolitan Area Resources: A Case Study

This paper estimates the incidence of local taxes and expenditures and the distribution of income in metropolitan Washington, DC, under our current fragmented system of governing metropolitan areas and under a hypothetical metropolitan-wide regime. The purpose of this exercise is to consider how the distribution of metropolitan resources might differ had society evolved toward a unified form of metropolitan governance. It is found that tax and expenditure incidence and the distribution of income are strikingly similar under both systems. From an equity perspective, neither the current fragmented system nor a unified system emerges as a clearly superior form of metropolitan organisation.
Ossification in adult rat mandibular coyndyle—SEM of chondroclasia

The morphology of the mineralized component at the osteochondral junction was studied in the mandibular condyle of 264-day-old rats. Specimens were rendered anorganic in NaOCl, cut open with a sculpel, and the resulting surfaces examined in a scanning electron microscope. The extent of the mineralized cartilage plate and its relationship to invading vascular channels were visualized. Areas of resorption of calcified cartilage were identified and compared to areas of bone resorption. A likely sequence of events was reconstructed from the exposed internal surfaces: from initial chondroclasia in individual lacunae to extensive resorption of the cartilage plate; and from initial deposition of bone over the resorbed calcified cartilage cores to the organization of osteocyte lacunae and bony trabecule. The mandibular condyle has not been examined in this way previously. Possible cellular mechanisms suggested by other studies to be operating at the osteogenic front are discussed in the light of the results.
Hydrophobic ionic liquids based on the 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium cation for lithium/seawater batteries

Abstract Two hydrophobic ionic liquids (room temperature molten salts) based on 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium cation (BMI + ), BMI + PF 6 − and BMI + Tf 2 N − , were used in developing a highly efficient lithium anode system for lithium/seawater batteries. The lithium anode system was composed of lithium metal/ionic liquid/Celgard membrane. Both BMI + PF 6 − and BMI + Tf 2 N − maintained high apparent anodic efficiency (up to 100%) under potentiostatic polarization (at +0.5 V versus open-circuit potential (OCP)) in a 3% NaCl solution. Eventually, traces of water contaminated the ionic liquid and a bilayer film (LiH and LiOH) on the lithium surface was formed, decreasing the rate of lithium anodic reaction and hence the discharge current density. BMI + Tf 2 N − prevented traces of water from reaching the lithium metal surface longer than BMI + PF 6 − (60 h versus 7 h). However, BMI + PF 6 − was better than BMI + Tf 2 N − in keeping a constant current density (∼0.2 mA cm −2 ) before the traces of water contaminated the lithium surface due to the non-reactivity of BMI + PF 6 − with the lithium metal that kept the bare lithium surface. During the discharge process, BMI + PF 6 − and BMI + Tf 2 N − acted as ion transport media of Li + , Cl − , OH − and H 2 O, but did not react with them because of the excellent chemical stability, high conductivity, and high hydrophobicity of these two ionic liquids. Both BMI + PF 6 − and BMI + Tf 2 N − gels were tentative approaches used to delay the traces of water coming in contact with the lithium surface.
Experimental alteration of the circadian rhythm in plasma cortisol (17-OHCS) concentration in man.

ABSTRACT In an attempt to ascertain whether the pituitary-adrenal cycle of normal man necessarily has a 24-hr period or whether it has such a period merely because it is linked to a habitual sleep-wake cycle of 24-hr duration, normal subjects underwent experimental alteration of their sleep-wake schedules. Several days were allowed for the subjects to become adapted to a given sleep-wake schedule prior to sampling of blood for 17-hydroxycorticosteroid (17-OHCS) determinations. Blood specimens were obtained hourly through indwelling venous catheters in such a manner as not to disturb sleep. Alteration of the sleep-wake schedule for a single day did not alter the plasma 17-OHCS cycle. In contrast, consistent alteration of the sleep-wake schedule for at least 1 week, using sleep-wake cycles of 12, 19 or 33 hr, did result in alteration of the period of the plasma 17-OHCS cycle. On each of these schedules the visual 24-hr period for 17-OHCS was obscured and in its place a new rhythm, synchronized with the new ...
Reconstitution of glucose transport activity from erythrocyte membranes without detergent and its use in studying effects of ATP depletion.

The direct reconstitution of unsolubilized membrane proteins by the freeze-thaw procedure avoids possible changes in properties produced by detergent solubilization and fractionation. Glucose transport activity was reconstituted using human erythrocyte membranes, with about 23 of the glucose uptake being stereospecific. The highest specific activity occurred at low ratios of protein to lipid in the reconstitution, where most transport was due to liposomes containing single transporter molecules. Transporters were reconstituted with a scrambling of orientations, indicated by a 50% inactivation by added trypsin. Separation of unreconstituted protein doubled the specific activity. Similar results were obtained using the purified transporter (Wheeler, T.J. and Hinkle, P.C. (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 8907–8914). The same ratio of net uptake to equilibrium exchange was observed for the two preparations. Their relative reconstituted transport activities and cytochalasin B binding activities were equal, indicating that the two were reconstituted with similar efficiencies. The decrease in glucose transport in erythrocytes produced by ATP depletion and the stimulation produced by resealing with ATP (Jacquez, J.A. (1983) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 727, 367–378) were confirmed. However, no difference was observed in reconstituted transport activity using ghosts resealed with or without ATP, indicating that ATP produces indirect effects rather than modifications of the transporter.
Geldanamycin Provides Posttreatment Protection Against Glutamate‐Induced Oxidative Toxicity in a Mouse Hippocampal Cell Line

The benzoquinoid ansamycin geldanamycin interferes with many cell signaling pathways and is currently being evaluated as an anticancer agent. The main intracellular target of geldanamycin is the 90-kDa heat shock protein, hsp90. In this report we demonstrate that geldanamycin is effective at preventing glutamate-induced oxidative toxicity in the HT22 mouse hippocampal cell line, even if given 4 h after glutamate treatment. Geldanamycin prevents glutamate-induced internucleosomal DNA cleavage in the HT22 cells but does not reverse the depletion of glutathione levels brought about by glutamate treatment. Both anabolic and catabolic effects are generated by geldanamycin treatment of HT22 cells, as evidenced by the induction of hsp70 expression and degradation of c-Raf-1 protein, respectively. Thus, geldanamycin may provide an effective strategy for manipulating signaling pathways in neuronal cells that use hsp90 as they proceed through a programmed cell death pathway in response to oxidative stress.
Diagnoses and Mechanisms of Musculoskeletal Injuries in an Infantry Brigade Combat Team Deployed to Afghanistan Evaluated by the Brigade Physical Therapist

ABSTRACTMusculoskeletal injuries are the most common cause for disability in deployed environments. Current research is limited to body region affected by the injury. Objective: To determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal diagnoses and mechanisms of injury (MOI) as well as associations to specific Military Occupational Specialties (MOS) in a deployed Brigade Combat Team (BCT). Methods: Data collected on 3,066 patient encounters by the Brigade Combat Team physical therapist over 15 months were analyzed using descriptive statistics and χ2 tests. Results: Mechanical low back pain was the most common diagnosis (19%), whereas overuse was the most prevalent MOI (22%). The Infantry MOS was significantly associated with meniscal tears and pre-existing injuries, the Maintenance MOS with contusions, Signal and Transportation MOSs with weight lifting injuries, and the Administrative MOS with running injuries. Conclusion: Different MOSs are preferentially susceptible to different diagnoses and MOIs. Therefore, dif...
Gross Morphological Head and Throat Abnormalities of the Tufted Araucana Embryo

Abstract Structural abnormalities of the head and throat of ear-tufted embryos of the Araucana fowl are described. These abnormalities involved the opening to the external auditory meatus and such bones as the mandible, quadrate, columella auris, squamosal, and hyoid apparatus. Structural irregularities are believed to be due to the presence of the Et gene and its influence on the early embryonic closure of the hyomandibular cleft. The diversity of phenotypic expression probably is due to the varied closure of the cleft.
Anisotropic magnetic properties of single crystals of SmRh 4 B 4

The magnetic susceptibility of single crystals of SmRh/sub 4/B/sub 4/ has been measured for two orientations of the crystals with respect to the applied field H. At low temperatures, the easy direction of magnetization is perpendicular to the tetragonal c axis, while for temperatures higher than 73 K, the easy axis of magnetization is parallel to the c axis. The data have been analyzed by including intermediate coupling of the lowest three J manifolds of the Sm/sup 3+/ ion, crystal-field interactions, and conduction-electron polarization effects. The anisotropy crossover is shown to result primarily from a competition between the anisotropy of the crystal-field energy levels in the ground (J = (5/2) manifold and the anisotropy of Van Vleck terms due to mixing of the J = (5/2 and J = 7) / 2 manifolds.
Sequestration of CO2 in Mixtures of Bauxite Residue and Saline Wastewater

Experiments were conducted to explore the concept of beneficially utilizing mixtures of caustic bauxite residue slurry (pH 13) and produced oil-field brine to sequester carbon dioxide from flue gas generated from industrial point sources. Data presented herein provide a preliminary assessment of the overall feasibility of this treatment concept. The Carbonation capacity of bauxite residue/brine mixtures was considered over the full range of reactant mixture combinations in 10% increments by volume. A bauxite residue/brine mixture of 90/10 by volume exhibited a CO2 sequestration capacity of greater than 9.5 g/L when exposed to pure CO2 at 20 °C and 0.689 MPa (100 psig). Dawsonite and calcite formation were predicted to be the dominant products of bauxite/brine mixture carbonation. It is demonstrated that CO2 sequestration is augmented by adding bauxite residue as a caustic agent to acidic brine solutions and that trapping is accomplished through both mineralization and solubilization. The product mixture s...
From isolation to connection: Understanding a support group for hispanic women living with gender-based violence in Houston, Texas

Little is known about the benefits of support groups to prevent gender-based violence in Hispanics. The article describes a Houston area community-based organization that assists immigrant Hispanic women exposed to gender-based violence and/or abuse. Internal documents, participant observation, and in-depth interviews were used to examine the support group. Thirty interviews were conducted with support group participants. Interviews were analyzed to identify common themes relating to the women’s experiences. Overall, the women enjoyed the benefits of the support group and its offerings. Women were taught to manage situations and emotions, as well as to become less dependent on the abuser. The women also became aware of their selfworth and value, and most are making progress toward achieving self-sufficiency. Given the positive response from the women, this and other programs should continue to reach out into the community and offer a safe haven for immigrant Hispanic women living with gender-based violence and/or abuse.
Six Sigma failures: An escalation model

Despite the pervasiveness of Six Sigma programs, there is rising concern regarding the failure of many Six Sigma programs. One explanation for many Six Sigma failures could be escalation of commitment. Escalation of commitment refers to the propensity of decision-makers to continue investing in a failing course of action. Many researchers have applied escalation of commitment to explain the behavior of individuals, groups, companies, and nations. Using the escalation of commitment model (Staw and Ross 1987a; Ross and Staw Acad. Manag. J. 36:701–732 1993) as a basis, this research describes a Six Sigma failure in an electrical components company. In documenting this failure, this research contributes in two ways, both in the practice and in the theory of Six Sigma. First, while examining the Six Sigma failure, this research uncovers important factors for successful implementation, which should improve the practice of Six Sigma. Second, academic research (e.g., Schroeder et al. J. Oper. Manag, 26:536–554 2008; Zu et al. J. Oper. Manag, 26:630–650 2008) is engaged in uncovering the definition of Six Sigma, and its differences from other improvement programs. This research provides a new direction to academic research and has the potential to impact the theory of Six Sigma.
Challenging Problems in Industrial Formal Verification

The electronic design industry has emerged in the recent years to adopt the system-on-chip (SoC) design methodology, where systems become a smart and complex integration of many configurable and reusable intellectual properties (IP) designs such as CPU, GPU, DSP, etc. SoC design methodologies have become common to a wide range of systems, starting from high-end servers, down to tablets, smartphones, Internet-of-things and wearable devices. The aggressive time-to-market and the hard competition add a major challenge to the electronic design companies to deliver high volume, and high quality products. Integration and validation of such designs has become the major challenge. The EDA industry and the academia has continued the innovation pipeline trying to cope with the complexity of such systems however major challenges are still ahead. Formal verification has emerged in the recent years to become a mainstream technology in SoC/IP design and verification methodologies. In the past, the usage of formal verification was limited to a small range of applications and it was mainly for verifying complex protocols, or some tricky logic functionality by formal experts. However in the recent years, we see a rapid adoption of formal, and we see a widespread of formal verification applications for low power design, security, SoC connectivity, configuration status register, and many more. In this talk, we provide an overview of the challenges that we see in designing SoC systems and configurable IPs, and provide some ideas to stimulate the academic research, aiming at increasing the research and innovation in such areas for keeping bridging the emerging gap that the electronic design industry is facing now and will face in the future.
EPA scientific integrity policy draft

[1] The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued its draft scientific integrity policy on 5 August. The draft policy addresses scientific ethical standards, communications with the public, the use of advisory committees and peer review, and professional development. The draft policy was developed by an ad hoc group of EPA senior staff and scientists in response to a December 2010 memorandum on scientific integrity from the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. The agency is accepting public comments on the draft through 6 September; comments should be sent to osa.staff@epa.gov. For more information, see http://www.epa.gov/stpc/pdfs/draft-scientific-integrity-policy-aug2011.pdf.
How Nonlinear Parametric Wiener System Identification is Under Gaussian Inputs

A number of methods exist for identifying nonlinear Wiener systems. However, there is no attempt to address the fundamental question of how nonlinear these identification problems really are? In this technical note, we try to address this question by investigating the average squared error cost function used in identification. By a proper normalization and a clever characterization of the cost function in terms of the angle between the true but unknown parameter vector and its estimate, it is shown in the technical note that under iid Gaussian inputs for parametric Wiener systems with polynomial nonlinear parts and FIR linear parts, the cost function is globally monotonic and has one and only one (local and global) minimum. The implication is that identification of such systems is nonlinear but very close to linear. Further, any local search based identification algorithms would converge globally for such systems.
Anachronistic economics: grain storage in medieval England

Argues that the examination in the secular change in nominal interest rates is not sufficient to understand the complexities of grain-storage dynamics in Medieval Europe. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
Educational simulation of the oxygen delivery to the fetus

Introduction Maternal hypotension or cardiac arrest, maternal hypoxia associated to ventilatory complications, and fetal asphyxia caused by compression of the umbilical cord are examples of critical situations in obstetrics and in anaesthesia of the pregnant woman. These incidents are rare and associated with a high risk to the woman and fetus. Therefore, simulation is a valuable tool in teaching the diagnostic and therapeutic skills in this context. The target audience of such simulations consists of residents in obstetrics and anaesthesia, midwives and nurse anaesthetists in training. We described a component of a simulator for fetal distress, namely a mathematical model for the educational simulation of the oxygen delivery to the fetus [1]. This abstract outlines this model and the main simulation results. Methods The underlying physiology is represented using a multiple modeling approach ( Fig. 1). The haemodynamic model simulates the uterine, placental and umbilical blood flow rates as a function of maternal and fetal blood pressures. The model parameter: resistance to umbilical cord blood flow rate permits simulation of occlusion. The flow rates of the haemodynamic model are inputs to the oxygen uptake and distribution model. This model simulates the O2 supply to the placenta, the exchange of O2 across the placental barrier, the O2 transport in the umbilical cord, and the fetal O2 consumption. The differences in O2 dissociation between maternal and fetal blood are taken into account. Model parameters for the human placenta and fetus were found in the literature [2]. To validate the model response to simulated critical situations we used fetal lamb data, as no data on humans were available. Figure 1. Model block diagram. Download figure to PowerPoint ResultsFigure 2 shows the model output: O2 partial pressure in the fetal arterial blood, following simulated maternal hypotension [1] and partial occlusion of the umbilical cord [2]. The reduction in partial pressure for these two situations compares favourably with data from the literature [3,4]. Figure 2. Simulation results. Download figure to PowerPoint
Effects of gentamicin on healing of transdifferentiating conjunctival epithelium in rabbit eyes.

We examined the effects of commercially prepared gentamicin, a wide-spectrum topical antibiotic, on the healing of epithelial defects of the rabbit cornea. Abrasions were created by: (1) removing the corneal epithelium and 3 mm of the conjunctival epithelium (Group 1); and (2) producing the same initial trauma and subsequently removing the central 8 mm of epithelium 28 days after initial healing (Group 2). The complete healing of the large corneal and conjunctival epithelial defects was not delayed when gentamicin solution was used four times a day (Group 1). When the healed epithelium was reinjured while transdifferentiating from conjunctival to corneal epithelium (day 28, Group 2), treatment with the gentamicin solution and its vehicle, both containing benzalkonium chloride, delayed epithelial healing significantly compared with treatment with saline (P
Space-charge modification of the ionic currents for oxide growth

Abstract Numerically-evaluated space-charge effects on the ionic current determining oxide growth rate show modification factors which can change markedly with oxide thickness. The electric-field modification factors can typically change the rate of oxidation by an order-of-magnitude. In addition to affecting rate, the thickness-dependence of the modification factors has an important bearing on the growth law. The results of new numerical calculations are compared to, and found to be in reasonable accord with, published analytical developments for the thin-film and the thick-film limits. The voltages across the growing oxide are likewise evaluated, and compared to voltages predicted analytically for these limits.
Police chiefs’ and students’ attitudes about the Miranda warnings

Abstract Several studies had concluded that the police subculture holds values and attitudes that are distinct from the rest of the population. Among these values is a focus on law and order. While researchers agree that police tend to hold different values, they disagree on the source of the attitudes. Some had argued that the attitudes reflected differences regarding who was recruited for law enforcement careers while others said that the differences reflected changes that occurred to individuals after becoming officers. This study examined whether police officers and students enrolled in criminal justice/sociology classes held similar or different attitudes towards the Miranda warnings. The findings suggested that in some ways, the two groups perceived the warnings in dramatically different ways, while in other ways their differences were simply a matter of degree. Implications are provided.
Neural mechanisms of vocal production in songbirds

Recent reports have described peripheral and central mechanisms of vocal production in songbirds. Respiratory patterning, individual syringeal muscles and the two syringeal halves have been shown to make specific contributions to learned vocalizations. New information on the function and organization of central pathways suggests how these production mechanisms may be controlled. The results are opening new avenues for further work on how acquired motor patterns are represented in this system.
INTERMEDIATE BOSON. III. VIRTUAL-BOSON EFFECTS IN NEUTRINO TRIDENT PRODUCTION.

The production of lepton tridents by neutrinos in a Coulomb field is a sensitive test of the diagonal terms in weak-interaction theory. If a charged vector boson exists then it can participate in such reactions as a virtual particle or a real one if the incident beam energy is sufficiently high. A neutral vector boson with no magnetic moment cannot interact with the electromagnetic field; so it participates only as a virtual particle. We examine in this paper two different effects due to these bosons. First that they have different effective couplings which modify the $V\ensuremath{-}A$ interaction to a more general combination of vector and axial-vector currents. At this level changes in the over-all coupling strength are more important than retaining effects due to the virtual-boson propagators. The recent model of Weinberg belongs to this classification. Second, we investigate the propagator effect of a charged vector boson mediating the usual $V\ensuremath{-}A$ theory.
Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate induces a PDGFR‐dependent cell detachment via inhibiting β1 integrin in HEK293 cells

Several different types of interactions between sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) have been revealed recently. In this work, we used HEK293 cells to further investigate the potential crosstalk. Interestingly, we observed that S1P specifically induced a PDGFR-dependent cell detachment in HEK293 cells, which could be inhibited by AG1296, a specific inhibitor for PDGFR. EGFR on the other hand, did not have any effect on cell detachment. The detachment was extracellular matrix (ECM) protein specific, suggesting the involvement of specific integrin molecules. When β1 integrin was engaged into an active state, S1P-induced cell detachment was blocked, suggesting that S1P induced an inside-out inhibitory effect on β1 integrin. Gi protein and ERK activation were required for the cell detachment induced by S1P, suggesting an endogenous receptor for S1P is likely to be involved.
Modelling of crosstalk among the GaAs-based VLSI interconnections

We have developed a computer-efficient model and carried out computer simulations of the crosstalk effects in the single-, bi- and trilevel high-density interconnections on the GaAs-based VHSIC. The self and coupling interconnection capacitances used in the model have been determined by a network analogue method developed for the finite-length interconnections, open substrates and finite dimensions of the bottom ground plane, as well as by the method of moments in conjunction with a Green's function appropriate for the geometry of the interconnections. The Green's function was obtained by using the method of multiple images. The results include the fringing fields, as well as the shielding by the neighbouring interconnections. Related software modules have been developed and run successfully on the mainframe computers. For a given set of the interconnection dimensions and other parameters, the algorithm takes less than 5 minutes of the computer processing time on a mainframe computer. The modules have been used to study the dependences of the crosstalk voltage on the interconnection dimensions such as their lengths, widths, separations and the interlevel distances. Dependence of the crosstalk signal on other parameters such as the driving transistor resistance and the load capacitance has also been investigated. The results can be utilised to obtain optimum values for the various interconnection parameters for minimum crosstalk.
β-Carboline Alkaloids and Essential Tremor: Exploring the Environmental Determinants of One of the Most Prevalent Neurological Diseases

Essential tremor (ET) is among the most prevalent neurological diseases, yet its etiology is not well understood. Susceptibility genotypes undoubtedly underlie many ET cases, although no genes have been identified thus far. Environmental factors are also likely to contribute to the etiology of ET. Harmane (1-methyl-9H-pyrido[3,4β]indole) is a potent, tremor-producing β-carboline alkaloid, and emerging literature has provided initial links between this neurotoxin and ET. In this report, we review this literature. Two studies, both in New York, have demonstrated higher blood harmane levels in ET cases than controls and, in one study, especially high levels in familial ET cases. Replication studies of populations outside of New York and studies of brain harmane levels in ET have yet to be undertaken. A small number of studies have explored several of the biological correlates of exposure to harmane in ET patients. Studies of the mechanisms of this putative elevation of harmane in ET have explored the role of increased dietary consumption, finding weak evidence of increased exogenous intake in male ET cases, and other studies have found initial evidence that the elevated harmane in ET might be due to a hereditarily reduced capacity to metabolize harmane to harmine (7-methoxy-1-methyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-β]-indole). Studies of harmane and its possible association with ET have been intriguing. Additional studies are needed to establish more definitively whether these toxic exposures are associated with ET and are of etiological importance.
The RecA protein as a recombinational repair system

The Escherichia coli RecA protein plays a central role in homologous genetic recombination, recombinational repair, and several other processes in bacteria. In vitro, an extended filament involving thousands of RecA monomers promotes a reaction in which individual DNA strands switch pairing partners (DNA strand exchange). This reaction has been extensively studied as a paradigm for the central steps in recombination. Because the strand-exchange reaction is relatively simple and isoenergetic, the complexity of the RecA system that carries it out has led to controversy about the functional significance of many fundamental properties of RecA. Filamentous protein structures involving thousands of RecA monomers, which hydrolyse 100 ATPs per base pair of heteroduplex DNA formed, are hard to rationalize in the context of recombination between two homologous DNAs. The thermodynamic barriers to strand exchange are much too small. These molecular features of the system can be easily rationalized, however, by shifting the focus to DNA repair.
COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF PREDNISONE AND OF CORTISONE IN SUPPRESSING THE RESPONSE OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX TO EXOGENOUS ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN

Administration of adrenocortical steroids in a great variety of disease states is now so widespread that it has become essential for the clinician to have a detailed understanding of the physiologic and chemical changes brought about by these potent agents. One of the more important steroid effects—suppression of endogenous pituitary-adrenal function—has been recognized since Ingle's demonstration that long-term administration of adrenocortical extract results in atrophy of the adrenal cortex in animals (1). Sayers and Sayers (2) and others later showed that several of the adrenocortical steroids can inhibit the release ofcorticotropin in response to stressful stimuli, such as heat, cold and histamine. Adrenal extract does not interfere with the tropic action of administered corticotropin on the adrenal cortices of hypophysectomized animals (1, 3). Therefore, it has been assumed that the adrenocortical hormones cause adrenal atrophy in the intact animal by preventing the release of corticotropin from the ...
Identification with Class and Political Perspective

A LTHOUGH CLASS, AS OLIVER GARCEAU has remarked, "has been a central and perhaps the most persistent conceptual schema in piolitical theory,"' the relationship between people's class position and their political behavior has remained a neglected area of empirical analysis. To be sure, relevant sample survey studies have been undertaken in recent years, but they have been framed largely within conceptual schemata little affected by systematic political theory.2 An initial difficulty in the study of class and political behavior is the bewildering and disconcerting amount of disagreement concerning definitions of class. As one sociologist has pointed out, "there is no general agreement among sociologists at the present time as to what factor or combination of factors delineates a social class. All concur that the concept of class deals with the horizontal stratification of a population, but whether it is based on economic power, occupation, status feelings, cultural differences, or their combination, and to what extent separate group life is indicated by the term, are questions on which there is no substantial agreement."3 Most regrettable in contemporary class discussion is the failure to relate the class variable to some theory of social conduct without which the concept of class must necessarily remain meaningless, as well as to specify the purpose to which any particular concept of class is to be put. As a sophisticated political scientist has pointed
Architecture and synthesis for multi-cycle on-chip communication

There are two important infection points in the development of deep submicron (DSM) process technologies. The first point is when the average interconnect delay exceeds the gate delay, which happened during mid 1990s and led to the so-called timing closure problem. The second point is when single-cycle full chip synchronization is no longer possible, which is about to happen soon. It can be shown that, even with the aggressive interconnect optimization techniques (e.g., buffer insertion and wire-sizing), 5 clock cycles are still needed to go from corner-to-corner for the die of 28.3 mm /spl times/ 28.3 mm in the 0.07 /spl mu/m technology generation, assuming a 5.63 GHz clock by 2006 predicted in ITRS'01 (2001). This clearly suggests that multi-cycle on-chip communication is a necessity in multi-gigahertz synchronous designs. However, it is not supported in the current design tools and methodologies, as most of these implicitly assume that full chip synchronization in a single clock cycle is feasible. Our contributions are as follows: (i) we propose a regular distributed register (RDR) microarchitecture which offers high regularity and direct support of multi-cycle communication; (ii) we develop a set of novel architectural synthesis algorithms to efficiently synthesize behavior-level designs onto the RDR architecture.
Perception of intrinsic and extrinsic respiratory loads in children with life-threatening asthma.

There is a subpopulation of asthmatic patients with a history of life-threatening asthma (LTA) who have a reduced perception of respiratory loads. The aim of this study was to determine if these patients have a reduced perception of both intrinsic and extrinsic loads. Children with asthma were classified into life-threatening asthma and control asthmatic groups. Perception of extrinsic loads was assessed by magnitude estimation of inspiratory resistive loads. Magnitude estimation was measured with handgrip estimation of resistive load magnitude. Perception of intrinsic loads was by methacholine bronchoprovocation in doses sufficient to a drop to 40% below baseline of forced expired volume in 1 sec (FEV1). Chest tightness, breathlessness, and air hunger, as estimated by a Borg scale were, used to rate methacholine perception. Life-threatening asthma subjects had a lower slope than nonlife-threatening asthma subjects for magnitude estimation of resistive loads. Life-threatening asthma patients also had a lower maximum Borg score for all three symptoms. There was no significant difference in magnitude estimation of symptom type. These results suggest that life-threatening asthma subjects have poor perception of extrinsic and intrinsic loads. This suggests that there is a similarity between the sensations elicited by intrinsic and extrinsic loads, allowing for the identification of poor-perceiving patients with either method of assessment and who suffer from life-threatening asthma. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 34:425–433. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Detection of macrophages in atherosclerotic tissue using magnetic nanoparticles and differential phase optical coherence tomography.

We demonstrate the detection of iron oxide nanoparticles taken up by macrophages in atherosclerotic plaque with differential phase optical coherence tomogra- phy DP-OCT. Magneto mechanical detection of nano- particles is demonstrated in hyperlipidemic Watanabe and balloon-injured fat-fed New Zealand white rabbits in- jected with monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticles MI- ONs of 40 nm diam. MIONs taken up by macrophages was excited by an oscillating magnetic flux density and resulting nanometer tissue surface displacement was de- tected by DP-OCT. Frequency response of tissue surface displacement in response to an externally applied mag- netic flux density was twice the stimulus frequency as ex- pected from the equations of motion for the nanoparticle cluster. © 2008 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
Some aspects of the inverted pendulum problem for modeling of locomotion systems

The inverted pendulum can be used as one of the simplest models of a biped locomotion system. Problems of stability, periodic motion, and locomotion of the inverted pendulum are considered in this paper. The development algorithms of this paper hopefully can be used for study, simulation, and analysis of more realistic models of biped locomotion systems.
TNF-α Controls Intrahepatic T Cell Apoptosis and Peripheral T Cell Numbers

At the end of an immune response, activated lymphocyte populations contract, leaving only a small memory population. The deletion of CD8(+) T cells from the periphery is associated with an accumulation of CD8(+) T cells in the liver, resulting in both CD8(+) T cell apoptosis and liver damage. After adoptive transfer and in vivo activation of TCR transgenic CD8(+) T cells, an increased number of activated CD8(+) T cells was observed in the lymph nodes, spleen, and liver of mice treated with anti-TNF-alpha. However, caspase activity was decreased only in CD8(+) T cells in the liver, not in those in the lymphoid organs. These results indicate that TNF-alpha is responsible for inducing apoptosis in the liver and suggest that CD8(+) T cells escaping this mechanism of deletion can recirculate into the periphery.
Vascular endothelial growth factor inhibition in uveitis: a systematic review

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of uveitic complications such as cystoid macular oedema (CMO), choroidal neovasularisation (CNV) and retinal neovascularisation (RNV). The use of intravitreal anti-VEGF therapies, namely bevacizumab and ranibizumab, has recently been described in the treatment of these complications. Evidence describing the use of intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy for these complications consists of case reports and case series, most of which are retrospective and have limitations in design and analysis. As such, the current level of evidence supporting the use of intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy for these complications of uveitis would be rated as very low. Furthermore, blockage of VEGF has not been shown to have an anti-inflammatory effect. Thus, treatment of the underlying inflammatory disease should play a central role in the management of uveitic CMO, CNV and RNV. A two-pronged treatment regimen that focuses on achieving disease quiescence through the use of corticosteroids and/or immunosuppressive agents, while treating complications that arise despite adequate disease quiescence with intravitreal anti-VEGF agents, may be useful. However, further data from prospective controlled trials are needed before the therapeutic role of anti-VEGF therapy in the uveitis treatment regimen can be fully determined.
Public Health Asks of Systems Science: To Advance Our Evidence-Based Practice, Can You Help Us Get More Practice-Based Evidence?

Public health asks of systems science, as it did of sociology 40 years ago, that it help us unravel the complexity of causal forces in our varied populations and the ecologically layered community and societal circumstances of public health practice. We seek a more evidence-based public health practice, but too much of our evidence comes from artificially controlled research that does not fit the realities of practice. What can we learn from our experience with sociology in the past that might guide us in drawing effectively on systems science?