cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Static Behavior of Accommodation and Vergence: Computer Simulation of an Interactive Dual-Feedback System

The complex static behavior of accommodation (focusing) and vergence (eye-turn) of the human eye was modeled as an interactive dual-feedback system. Accommodative and vergence biases accounted for responses under the no stimulus condition. Analytical expressions were derived for relating the linear parameters in the model such as controller and cross gains to variables whose values could be obtained directly from experimental data. These parameters were incorporated into an interactive computer simulation program of the model. The computer simulation program was also used to obtain by trial and error the nonlinear parameters such as the lens plant saturation, accommodative controller gain for negative accommodative error, and the non-linear portion of vergence controller gain. The model responses show good agreement with critical experimental data.
Isolated Clustered Microcalcifications in the Breast: Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation

Thirty-one consecutive cases of mammographic isolated, clustered microcalcifications which prompted breast biopsy were studied by radiologic and histopathologic methods. Isolated, clustered microcalcifications were sensitive, but nonspecific cancer markers; 35% of the lesions were malignant and half of these were noninvasive. Radiologic and histopathologic similarities, and overlap between benign and malignant disease, prevented accurate differentiation. Breast biopsy is indicated when isolated, clustered microcalcifications are discovered by mammography.
Prognostic value of a negative stress echocardiographic study in diabetic patients

Background Diabetic patients have increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. We compared the long-term prognostic value of a negative, nonischemic stress echocardiogram in patients with and without diabetes. Methods Two hundred thirty-six consecutive subjects who had stress echocardiography and who were negative for inducible ischemia were included in the study. Baseline cardiac risk factors and cardiac events (cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and coronary revascularization) were identified. Results Follow-up was obtained in 233 subjects for a mean duration of 25 months. There were 144 nondiabetic and 89 diabetic patients. At baseline, the diabetic group had a significantly higher incidence of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and history of coronary artery disease but had a lower incidence of smoking (P <.05). Diabetic patients had a significantly higher incidence of cardiac events (19% vs 9.7%, P =.03) and worse event-free survival (P =.03). There were more nonfatal myocardial infarctions in the diabetic group (6.7% vs 1.4%, P <.05) and a trend toward a higher proportion of hard events (myocardial infarction and cardiac death) in diabetic patients (12.4% vs 5.6%, P =.11). The hard event rate per year of follow-up was 2.7% in nondiabetic and 6.0% in diabetic patients. In diabetic patients, a history of coronary artery disease was the only predictor of cardiac events (R = 0.18, P <.05). Conclusion Compared with nondiabetic patients, diabetic patients with negative stress echocardiograms are at greater risk for cardiac events. This appears to be due to a higher prevalence of established coronary disease in diabetic patients. (Am Heart J 2002;143:163-8.)
Dissociating n400 effects of prediction from association in single-word contexts

When a word is preceded by a supportive context such as a semantically associated word or a strongly constraining sentence frame, the N400 component of the ERP is reduced in amplitude. An ongoing debate is the degree to which this reduction reflects a passive spread of activation across long-term semantic memory representations as opposed to specific predictions about upcoming input. We addressed this question by embedding semantically associated prime-target pairs within an experimental context that encouraged prediction to a greater or lesser degree. The proportion of related items was used to manipulate the predictive validity of the prime for the target while holding semantic association constant. A semantic category probe detection task was used to encourage semantic processing and to preclude the need for a motor response on the trials of interest. A larger N400 reduction to associated targets was observed in the high than the low relatedness proportion condition, consistent with the hypothesis that predictions about upcoming stimuli make a substantial contribution to the N400 effect. We also observed an earlier priming effect 205-240 msec in the high-proportion condition, which may reflect facilitation because of form-based prediction. In summary, the results suggest that predictability modulates N400 amplitude to a greater degree than the semantic content of the context.
Aspartate-Derived Amino Acid Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana

The aspartate-derived amino acid pathway in plants leads to the biosynthesis of lysine, methionine, threonine, and isoleucine. These four amino acids are essential in the diets of humans and other animals, but are present in growth-limiting quantities in some of the world's major food crops. Genetic and biochemical approaches have been used for the functional analysis of almost all Arabidopsis thaliana enzymes involved in aspartate-derived amino acid biosynthesis. The branch-point enzymes aspartate kinase, dihydrodipicolinate synthase, homoserine dehydrogenase, cystathionine gamma synthase, threonine synthase, and threonine deaminase contain well-studied sites for allosteric regulation by pathway products and other plant metabolites. In contrast, relatively little is known about the transcriptional regulation of amino acid biosynthesis and the mechanisms that are used to balance aspartate-derived amino acid biosynthesis with other plant metabolic needs. The aspartate-derived amino acid pathway provides excellent examples of basic research conducted with A. thaliana that has been used to improve the nutritional quality of crop plants, in particular to increase the accumulation of lysine in maize and methionine in potatoes.
Modeling the Electrical Response of Hydrogen Sensors Based on AlGaN/GaN High-Electron-Mobility Transistors

The electrical response of hydrogen sensors based on Al0.30Ga0.70N/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) with Pt catalytic gate electrodes was measured in a flowing gaseous stream consisting of hydrogen in a pure nitrogen diluent at ambient and elevated temperatures. The sensor response was found to monotonically increase for a wide range of hydrogen concentrations (500 ppb to 5 vol%). Various models based upon Langmuir adsorption were investigated to describe the sensor response in this regime. A simple two-state model involving two distinct hydrogen binding states that have previously been observed in surface studies was found to adequately describe sensor response from 500 ppb to 5 vol% hydrogen in nitrogen. The relevance of other modified Langmuir models to adequately describe the sensor response as a function of hydrogen concentration is also discussed.
Industry clockspeed and dynamics: appropriate pacing of new product development

Summary form only given. Literature defines an industry's clockspeed as a measure of the dynamic nature of the industry. Among other things, the rate of new product development is found to be associated with an industry's clockspeed. We introduce a simple analytic model which explains the relationship between an industry clockspeed and a firm's own new product development activities, First, an optimal industry clockspeed is derived using a simple Bass diffusion model (1969) as the basis for analysis. The optimal industry clockspeed takes into account the following characteristics: (i) average demand forecasts, (ii) dynamic profits earned over time, (iii) cannibalization of older products, and (iv) technology constraints limiting the pace of new product development. Thus, this model offers managerial insights concerning the dynamics of new product development activities on the industry level. Analytic results derived from this model are important because they offer theoretical insights confirming the existence of an appropriate industry level clockspeed associated with maximal profitability. Specifically, we identify the circumstances under which the optimal industry clockspeed lags that of technology availability. In this case, even though the appropriate technology is available, it is more profitable on the industry level to introduce products at a slower rate than the technology availability. Conversely, we also characterize the situation where the industry clockspeed will equal the pace of technology availability.
Growth activity of gammaproteobacterial subgroups in waters off the west Antarctic Peninsula in summer and fall

Summary Characterizing both growth and abundance is important in understanding the role of bacterial communities in biogeochemical cycling of global oceans. However, these two quantities are seldom measured together for specific bacterial clades. Our goal was to examine growth and abundance of three gammaproteobacterial subgroups, including SAR86, at the single-cell level by microautoradiography combined with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in coastal waters of the west Antarctic Peninsula region during two austral summers and one austral fall. We found that the SAR86 clade was less abundant and grew more slowly than two related gammaproteobacterial clades, Ant4D3 and Arctic96B-16. Over 60% of Ant4D3 and Arctic96B-16 cells incorporated leucine, while only 25% of SAR86 cells were active in both summer and fall. We also explored using the size of the FISH image as another measure of single-cell activity. There was a linear relationship between FISH cell size and incorporation of leucine for all bacteria, Ant4D3 and Arctic96B-16, but not for SAR86. FISH sizes of SAR86 cells were at least threefold smaller than cells in the other clades. Our results suggest slow growth of SAR86 in the perennially cold waters of the west Antarctic Peninsula.
Functional Expression of Chemokine Receptor CCR5 on CD4+ T Cells during Virus-Induced Central Nervous System Disease

Intracranial infection of C57BL/6 mice with mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) results in an acute encephalomyelitis followed by a demyelinating disease similar in pathology to the human disease multiple sclerosis (MS). CD4(+) T cells are important in amplifying demyelination by attracting macrophages into the central nervous system (CNS) following viral infection; however, the mechanisms governing the entry of these cells into the CNS are poorly understood. The role of chemokine receptor CCR5 in trafficking of virus-specific CD4(+) T cells into the CNS of MHV-infected mice was investigated. CD4(+) T cells from immunized CCR5(+/+) and CCR5(-/-) mice were expanded in the presence of the immunodominant epitope present in the MHV transmembrane (M) protein encompassing amino acids 133 to 147 (M133-147). Adoptive transfer of CCR5(+/+)-derived CD4(+) T cells to MHV-infected RAG1(-/-) mice resulted in CD4(+)-T-cell entry into the CNS and clearance of virus from the brain. These mice also displayed robust demyelination correlating with macrophage accumulation within the CNS. Conversely, CD4(+) T cells from CCR5(-/-) mice displayed an impaired ability to traffic into the CNS of MHV-infected RAG1(-/-) recipients, which correlated with increased viral titers, diminished macrophage accumulation, and limited demyelination. Analysis of chemokine receptor mRNA expression by M133-147-expanded CCR5(-/-)-derived CD4(+) T cells revealed reduced expression of CCR1, CCR2, and CXCR3, indicating that CCR5 signaling is important in increased expression of these receptors, which aid in trafficking of CD4(+) T cells into the CNS. Collectively these results demonstrate that CCR5 signaling is important to migration of CD4(+) T cells to the CNS following MHV infection.
Integrating Mediation and Moderation to Advance Theory Development and Testing

Objective The concepts and associated analyses of mediation and moderation are important to the field of psychology. Although pediatric psychologists frequently incorporate mediation and moderation in their theories and empirical research, on few occasions have we integrated mediation and moderation. In this article, conceptual reasons for integrating mediation and moderation are offered. Method We illustrate a model that integrates mediation and moderation. Results In our illustration, the strength of an indirect or a mediating effect varied as a function of a moderating variable. Conclusions Clinical implications of the integration of mediation and moderation are discussed, as is the potential of integrated models to advance research programs in pediatric psychology.
Two constructions of 16-QAM Golay complementary sequences

One of the major issues in deploying OFDM is the high peak to mean envelope power ratio (PMEPR) of uncoded OFDM signals. An important approach to PMEPR reduction is the use of Golay (1961) complementary sequences for OFDM transmission. Davis and Jedwab (see IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol.45, no.7, p.2397-2417, 1999) developed a powerful theory which yields 2/sup b/-PSK Golay sequences as unions of cosets of the classical Reed-Muller codes and new generalizations of them. Given the practical applications of 2/sup b/ -PSK Golay sequences and that QAM sequences are widely used in OFDM, it is natural to ask of 16-QAM (and higher) Golay complementary sequences. We present two constructions of 16-QAM Golay complementary sequences from 4-QAM complementary sequences. These sequences can be applied as pilot sequences in future OFDM systems.
Incorporating problem-based learning into an obstetrics/gynecology clerkship: impact on student satisfaction and grades

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to describe the effect of the problem-based learning method on student grade and on student and faculty satisfaction. Study design The problem-based learning method was instituted at 2 of 5 obstetrics/gynecology clerkship sites. Students and faculty were surveyed, with the use of a Likert scale, regarding aspects of satisfaction with the clerkship. Responses were compared according to problem-based learning usage. Student performance was also assessed according to problem-based learning usage, with a comparison of several grade components. Statistical analysis involved t-tests and Kendall's tau-C. Results For the year that was assessed, 54 of 156 students used the problem-based learning method. Mean student satisfaction responses were significantly higher for students who used the problem-based learning method. Faculty satisfaction was also significantly higher for the problem-based learning method, compared with other teaching methods. Mean scores on the National Board of Medical Examiners subject examination were higher for problem-based learning but did not reach statistical significance. Grade distribution was not significantly different for the groups. Conclusion The problem-based learning method was associated with improved student and faculty satisfaction and did not affect student grades negatively.
Molecular model for a complete clathrin lattice from electron cryomicroscopy

Clathrin-coated vesicles are important vehicles of membrane traffic in cells. We report the structure of a clathrin lattice at subnanometre resolution, obtained from electron cryomicroscopy of coats assembled in vitro. We trace most of the 1,675-residue clathrin heavy chain by fitting known crystal structures of two segments, and homology models of the rest, into the electron microscopy density map. We also define the position of the central helical segment of the light chain. A helical tripod, the carboxy-terminal parts of three heavy chains, projects inward from the vertex of each three-legged clathrin triskelion, linking that vertex to 'ankles' of triskelions centred two vertices away. Analysis of coats with distinct diameters shows an invariant pattern of contacts in the neighbourhood of each vertex, with more variable interactions along the extended parts of the triskelion 'legs'. These invariant local interactions appear to stabilize the lattice, allowing assembly and uncoating to be controlled by events at a few specific sites.
Single flux quantum circuits using the residue number system

We have designed and developed superconducting single flux quantum (SFQ) digital signal processing circuits using the residue number system (RNS). RNS arithmetic is a complete alternative to binary arithmetic for performing digital computations, which appears to have many advantages for SFQ circuits. We present a scheme for performing all RNS arithmetic functions using Josephson shift registers alone, and suggest that this Is advantageous for high-temperature superconductor computational circuits. We have designed a one-decimal-digit adder, realized with Nb-based superconducting circuitry. Its most complex component, the mod5 adder, has been simulated to show perfect functionality and subcell simulated margins are compared with the experimental results. >
THE ROÔLE OF CARBOHYDRATES IN BIOLOGICAL OXIDATIONS AND REDUCTIONS. EXPERIMENTS WITH PNEUMOCOCCUS

The reducing power of plain broth cultures of Pneumococcus is largely dependent upon the presence in the medium at the time when the reduction test is performed of certain metabolites. The washed cells of Pneumococcus are able to reduce the various indicators of oxidation-reduction potentials in the presence of glucose. The relative velocity of reduction of these indicators is determined by the number of cells used in the test, the concentration of the dyes, and their position in the oxidation reduction scale. Oxidized thiol compounds (glutathione, cystine, oxidized thioglycollic acid) are likewise rapidly reduced by glucose in the presence of washed cells of Pneumococcus. This Pneumococcus-glucose system is able to form peroxide under aerobic conditions. Those substances which form peroxide in the presence of Pneumococcus cells are also the ones which Cole found to be active in changing hemoglobin into methemoglobin under the same conditions. The power of washed cells of Pneumococcus to reduce methylene blue in the presence of glucose is dependent on at least 2 constituents: one which can be readily removed from the cell by washing. Sugar-free meat infusion will function instead of it. The other is inactivated more slowly by the process of washing and is destroyed by 10 minutes heating at 55°C. The interreaction between the glucose and the cell seems to result in a fundamental reaction in which one molecule of glucose becomes able to reduce rapidly one molecule of methylene blue. The existence of side-reactions often obscures this ratio. The significance of these observations is considered in relation to the nature and mechanism of the "activation" of metabolites, the preparation of synthetic media, the phenomena of growth, and the meaning of the expression "reducing power of a bacterial culture."
Entanglement and classical polarization states

We identify classical light fields as physical examples of nonquantum entanglement. A natural measure of degree of polarization emerges from this identification, and we discuss its systematic application to any optical field, whether beamlike or not.
Studying our inclusive practices: course experiences of students with disabilities

Students with disabilities can experience difficulty in receiving an education; inclusive education is an educational practice designed to ameliorate these problems. This paper presents the design for a study of the current inclusivepractices in computer science courses. Challenges in studying the experiences of disabled students are discussed, and a methodology using semi-structured interviews and grounded theory is developed to address these difficulties. A pilot study involving students taking their first computing courses is also described.
Impulsivity, aggression and brain structure in high and low lethality suicide attempters with borderline personality disorder.

Impulsivity and aggressiveness are trait dispositions associated with the vulnerability to suicidal behavior across diagnoses. They are associated with structural and functional abnormalities in brain networks involved in regulation of mood, impulse and behavior. They are also core characteristics of borderline personality disorder (BPD), a disorder defined, in part, by recurrent suicidal behavior. We assessed the relationships between personality traits, brain structure and lethality of suicide attempts in 51 BPD attempters using multiple regression analyses on structural MRI data. BPD was diagnosed by the Diagnostic Interview for Borderline Patients-revised, impulsivity by the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS), aggression by the Brown–Goodwin Lifetime History of Aggression (LHA), and high lethality by a score of 4 or more on the Lethality Rating Scale (LRS). Sixteen High Lethality attempters were compared to 35 Low Lethality attempters, with no significant differences noted in gender, co-morbidity, childhood abuse, BIS or LHA scores. Degree of medical lethality (LRS) was negatively related to gray matter volumes across multiple fronto-temporal–limbic regions. Effects of impulsivity and aggression on gray matter volumes discriminated High from Low Lethality attempters and differed markedly within lethality groups. Lethality of suicide attempts in BPD may be related to the mediation of these personality traits by specific neural networks.
Time-series forecasting with evolvable partially connected artificial neural network

In nonlinear and chaotic time series prediction, constructing the mathematical model of the system dynamics is not an easy task. Partially connected Artificial Neural Network with Evolvable Topology (PANNET) is a new paradigm for prediction of chaotic time series without access to the dynamics and essential memory depth of the system. Evolvable topology of the PANNET provides flexibility in recognition of systems in contrast to fixed layered topology of the traditional ANNs. This evolvable topology guides the relationship between observation nodes and hidden nodes, where hidden nodes are extra nodes that play the role of memory or internal states of the system. In the proposed variable-length Genetic Algorithm (GA), internal neurons can be connected arbitrarily to any type of nodes. Besides, number of neurons, inputs and outputs for each neuron, origin and weight of each connection evolve in order to find the best configuration of the network.
It is time for a new Gies report.

After the Flexner report on medical education was issued in 1910,[1][1] the Carnegie Foundation decided to perform the same service for dental education: survey the field, state the essential facts as they existed, and draw conclusions that might be helpful to those concerned with the profession in
Comparative Analysis of Cell-Associated HIV DNA Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Peripheral Blood by Droplet Digital PCR

Background Measurement of HIV DNA-bearing cells in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is challenging because few cells are present. We present a novel application of the sensitive droplet digital (dd)PCR in this context. Methods We analyzed CSF cell pellets and paired peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 28 subjects, 19 of whom had undetectable HIV RNA (<48 copies/mL) in both compartments. We extracted DNA from PBMC using silica-based columns and used direct lysis on CSF cells. HIV DNA and the host housekeeping gene (RPP30) were measured in CSF and PBMC by (dd)PCR. We compared HIV DNA levels in virally-suppressed and-unsuppressed subgroups and calculated correlations between HIV DNA and RNA levels in both compartments using non-parametric tests. Results HIV DNA was detected in 18/28 (64%) CSF cell pellets, including 10/19 (53%) samples with undetectable HIV RNA. HIV DNA levels in CSF cell pellets were not correlated with RPP30 (p = 0.3), but correlated positively with HIV RNA in CSF (p = 0.04) and HIV DNA in PBMC (p = 0.03). Cellular HIV DNA in CSF was detected in comparable levels in HIV RNA-suppressed and unsuppressed subjects (p = 0.14). In contrast, HIV DNA levels in PBMC were significantly lower in HIV RNA-suppressed than in unsuppressed subjects (p = 0.014). Among subjects with detectable HIV DNA in both compartments, HIV DNA levels in CSF were significantly higher than in PBMC (p<0.001). Conclusions Despite low mononuclear cell numbers in CSF, HIV DNA was detected in most virally suppressed individuals. In contrast to PBMC, suppressive ART was not associated with lower HIV DNA levels in CSF cells, compared to no ART, perhaps due to poorer ART penetration, slower decay of HIV DNA, or enrichment of HIV DNA-bearing mononuclear cells into the CSF, compared to blood. Future studies should determine what fraction of HIV DNA is replication-competent in CSF leukocytes, compared to PBMC.
Reversible Photohydration of Trenbolone Acetate Metabolites: Mechanistic Understanding of Product-to-Parent Reversion through Complementary Experimental and Theoretical Approaches

Photolysis experiments (in H2O and D2O) and quantum chemical calculations were performed to explore the pH-dependent, reversible photohydration of trenbolone acetate (TBA) metabolites. Photohydration of 17α-trenbolone (17α-TBOH) and 17β-trenbolone (17β-TBOH) occurred readily in simulated sunlight to yield hydrated products with incorporated H+ at C4 and OH– at either C5 (5-OH-TBOH) or C12 (12-OH-TBOH) in the tetracyclic steroid backbone. Although unable to be elucidated analytically, theory suggests preferred orientations of cis-12-OH-TBOH (relative to C13 methyl) and trans-5-OH-TBOH, with the former most thermodynamically stable overall. Both experiment and theory indicate limited stability of trans-5-OH-TBOH at acidic pH where it undergoes concurrent, carbocation-mediated thermal rearrangement to cis-12-OH-TBOH and dehydration to regenerate its parent structure. Experiments revealed cis-12-OH-TBOH to be more stable at acidic pH, which is the only condition where its reversion to parent TBA metabolite oc...
The Role of H in Superconducting HxYBa2Cu3O7

We have examined the role of H on the superconductivity properties, the atomic structure, and the electronic state in the H x YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 . The hydrogen solid solution phase (up to ×≃O.2) exhibits a superconducting transition at 94 K, which was usually slightly higher than the starting oxide (YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 , while the hydride phases (H rich) are not superconducting. Infrared (IR), x-ray diffraction, and x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) measurements indicate that H is located interstitially only near Cu sites.
X-ray Emission Spectroscopy of Mn Coordination Complexes Toward Interpreting the Electronic Structure of the Oxygen-Evolving Complex of Photosystem II

X-ray emission (XES) spectroscopy is an attractive technique for analysis of the electronic structure of molecules, materials, and metalloproteins. However, a better understanding of XES results is required. Using a combination of experiment and ground-state density functional theory analysis, we rationalize differences in the X-ray emission spectra of multinuclear Mn complexes. Model compounds, including dinuclear [Mn2O2L′4](ClO4)3 (L′= 2,2′-bipyridyl, [1]) and two examples from the Mn4O4L6 “cubane” family of model compounds (L = (p-R-C6H4)PO2−, R = OCH3 [2], CH3 [3] ), were compared with the Oxygen Evolving Complex of Photosystem II. Our analysis shows that changes in the structure of the Mn complexes, resulting in changes to the spin polarization, can introduce significant spectral shifts in compounds of the same formal redox state. The implications of changes in spin polarization for understanding photosynthetic water-splitting catalysis is discussed.
Query recommendation as query generation

Researchers have studied query recommendation to address various aspects of the user search experience. Several contributions in this area use search logs to recommend existing queries from the log, using querybased similarity metrics or log-based probabilities. However log-based recommendations are limited to queries issued by users, not necessarily utilising the full potential of a search system. The proposed work here intends to approach query recommendation from a generative perspective. It proposes to generate novel queries by using search logs and web crawls to model a user's knowledge and to recommend queries to satisfy knowledge deficiencies.
Effect of different lathyrogens upon tissue responses in rats.

SummaryAll of the lathyrogens administered produced some degree of osteolathyrism and suppression of growth. Alterations in the skeleton and soft tissues appear to develop independently of each other following ingestion of the lathyrogens fed in this study. Amino-acetonitrile produces the greatest variety of soft tissue changes. Semicarbazide appears to be the most suitable for production of uncomplicated osteolathyrism. B-aminopropio-nitrile was found to be the most effective lathyrogen for production of angiorrhexis.
Anticonvulsant Properties of l-Glutamine and l-Asparagine in Mice and Rats.∗:

SummaryTwo amides, l-glutamine and l-asparagine, were tested for anti-convulsant activity in mice after acute administration by a battery of 6 anticonvulsant assay procedures and after chronic administration by 3 tests. In addition, both agents were tested in mice for ability to prevent methionine sulfoximine-induced seizures and in rats for ability to elevate the minimal electroshock seizure threshold lowered by food restriction. The results indicate that both these agents are virtually devoid of anticonvulsant activity as measured by a number of diverse laboratory screening procedures.
Oviposition rates of instrumentally inseminated and naturally mated queen honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Egg-laying rates of queen honey bees, Apis mellifera L., were measured in colonies containing no brood and ca. 3,000 or 12,000 worker bees. Naturally mated queens were heavier and laid more eggs per day than instrumentally inseminated queens. CO2 narcosis caused weight loss in queens and may account for at least some of the difference. When nitrogen narcosis replaced carbon dioxide during instrumental insemination, queen weights increased, but still did not equal those of naturally mated queens that received no narcosis. The correlation between egg-laying rate and queen weight was r = 0.73 ( n = 112).
National Use of Safety-Net Clinics for Primary Care among Adults with Non-Medicaid Insurance in the United States.

Author(s): Nguyen, Oanh Kieu; Makam, Anil N; Halm, Ethan A | Abstract: ObjectiveTo describe the prevalence, characteristics, and predictors of safety-net use for primary care among non-Medicaid insured adults (i.e., those with private insurance or Medicare).MethodsCross-sectional analysis using the 2006-2010 National Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys, annual probability samples of outpatient visits in the U.S. We estimated national prevalence of safety-net visits using weighted percentages to account for the complex survey design. We conducted bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to examine characteristics associated with safety-net clinic use.ResultsMore than one-third (35.0%) of all primary care safety-net clinic visits were among adults with non-Medicaid primary insurance, representing 6,642,000 annual visits nationally. The strongest predictors of safety-net use among non-Medicaid insured adults were: being from a high-poverty neighborhood (AOR 9.53, 95% CI 4.65-19.53), being dually eligible for Medicare and Medicaid (AOR 2.13, 95% CI 1.38-3.30), and being black (AOR 1.97, 95% CI 1.06-3.66) or Hispanic (AOR 2.28, 95% CI 1.32-3.93). Compared to non-safety-net users, non-Medicaid insured adults who used safety-net clinics had a higher prevalence of diabetes (23.5% vs. 15.0%, pl0.001), hypertension (49.4% vs. 36.0%, pl0.001), multimorbidity (≥2 chronic conditions; 53.5% vs. 40.9%, pl0.001) and polypharmacy (≥4 medications; 48.8% vs. 34.0%, pl0.001). Nearly one-third (28.9%) of Medicare beneficiaries in the safety-net were dual eligibles, compared to only 6.8% of Medicare beneficiaries in non-safety-net clinics (pl0.001).ConclusionsSafety net clinics are important primary care delivery sites for non-Medicaid insured minority and low-income populations with a high burden of chronic illness. The critical role of safety-net clinics in care delivery is likely to persist despite expanded insurance coverage under the Affordable Care Act.
Genre Paintings of Marketplace Subject and Commercialization of Culture and Arts in the Song Dynasty

In a period of Chinese feudal society from the Five Dynasties to the prosperous Southern and Northern Song Dynasties, artists who mainly made creations of Daoshi frescoes and paid more attention to subject of the peerage began consciously to show much concern for the flourishing marketplace in the developing industrial situation. Then their subjects expanded to the marketplace, the boorish areas and a lot of social custom activities. In the times of Emperor Zongren of Northern Song Dynasty, the change from the predecessors’ workshop system into the unification of workshop and market broke the ambit of commercial and artistic activities. The development of commodity economy pushed forward the commercialization of the literature and arts of the citizens. As one of the objective products of commercialization of civil literature and arts, genre paintings of marketplace subject developed greatly in the Two Song Dynasties, and pushed the development of the commercialization of literature and arts. The development of the genre paintings of marketplace subject prevailing in the Song Dynasty surely had many affiliations with the commercialization of literature and arts in the dynasty.
Effects of pituitary and adrenal hormones on the numbers of thoracic duct lymphocytes.

The endocrine influences of hypophysectomy, adrenalectomy, and the administration of pituitary and adrenal hormones on the level of thoracic duct lymphocytes have been studied in test animals under standardized conditions. The following effects have been noted: 1. Numbers of thoracic duct lymphocytes are elevated after either hypophysectomy or adrenalectomy in the rat. 2. After the administration of either ACTH protein or pepsin peptide mixtures to normal or hypophysectomized rats, the number of thoracic duct lymphocytes is significantly reduced. This effect was not noted in adrenalectomized rats. These effects were observed two hours after administration of the ACTH preparations. If a shorter time elapsed, no effect was noted with the ACTH protein, nor was any effect noted with an ACTH acid peptide mixture under the conditions employed. 3. Administration of epinephrine to normal or hypophysectomized rats, singly or in combination with ACTH protein (in which case its effect was potentiated), produced a significant reduction in the number of thoracic duct lymphocytes. This effect was not observed in the adrenalectomized rat, suggesting that epinephrine may act directly in producing this effect. 4. Growth hormone (beef anterior pituitary), Pitressin, Pitocin, Adrenal Cortex Extract, cortisone acetate, and desoxycorticosterone glucoside did not alter the levels of thoracic duct lymphocytes under the conditions of these experiments.
Image Theatre as Reflective Practice in Teacher Education

Reflective practice is central to teaching, and to teacher education. Teachers have to commit to a lifetime of honest critical reflection about their own practice, assumptions, and biases. Teachers have to be able to analyse and critique their own behaviour and understand how it affects those with whom they work, and how it does and does not reflect theories of best practice. This is how we make adjustments in our practice, and how we learn and grow.
Psychiatric, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Health in the Nurses’ Health Study Cohorts

Objectives. To review the contribution of the Nurses’ Health Studies (NHS) on factors that influence mental and physical health.Methods. Narrative review of all published articles using data from the NHS, the NHS II, and the Growing Up Today Study focusing on mental health conditions (e.g., depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety) and psychosocial resources and stressors (e.g., job strain, interpersonal violence, social relationships, sexual orientation) between 1990 and 2016.Results. Studies have considered a broad array of determinants (e.g., genes, biomarkers, air pollution) and consequent behavioral and disease-related outcomes (e.g., body weight, smoking, cardiometabolic diseases, cancer, autism). Findings suggest anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, childhood violence, caregiver burden, and job insecurity may increase the risk of coronary heart disease and diabetes, whereas findings with cancer are mixed. This work directly affects public health actions, as demonstrated by recent inclu...
InGaP/GaAs light amplifying optical switch

The light amplifying optical switch (LAOS) consists of a he tero junction phototransistor (HIT) vertically integrated with a light-emitting diode (LED). The device exhibits s-shaped, negative differential resistance which creates bistable, or switching, characteristics. It has proven to be a very versatile device, as it is cascad able, produces optical gain, and can be used to perform a variety of logic functions.1
Bayesian Analysis of General Asymmetric Multivariate GARCH Models and News Impact Curves

The BEKKmodel is one of the popular multivariate GARCH processes. The paper develops a new general asymmetric BEKK structure, which is based on recent empirical findings by semiparametric news impact curves. For estimating the new model, a Markov chain Monte Carlo technique is used. Empirical results for triviarte asset returns from firms in the US indicate that the deviance information criterion favors the new model with multivariate t distribution, and that there exist co-leverage effects among the three assets.
Kc167, a widely used Drosophila cell line, contains an active primary piRNA pathway

PIWI family proteins bind to small RNAs known as PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) and play essential roles in the germline by silencing transposons and by promoting germ cell specification and function. Here we report that the widely used Kc167 cell line, derived from Drosophila melanogaster embryos, expresses piRNAs that are loaded to Aub and Piwi. Kc167 piRNAs are produced by a canonical, primary piRNA biogenesis pathway, from phased processing of precursor transcripts by the Zuc endonuclease, Armi helicase, and dGasz mitochondrial scaffold protein. Kc167 piRNAs derive from cytoplasmic transcripts, notably tRNAs and mRNAs, and their abundance correlates with that of parent transcripts. The expression of Aub is robust in Kc167, that of Piwi is modest, while Ago3 is undetectable, explaining the lack of transposon-related piRNA amplification by the Aub-Ago3, ping-pong mechanism. We propose that the default state of the primary piRNA biogenesis machinery is random transcript sampling to allow generation of piRNAs from any transcript, including newly acquired retrotransposons. This state is unmasked in Kc167, likely because they do not express piRNA cluster transcripts in sufficient amounts and do not amplify transposon piRNAs. We use Kc167 to characterize an inactive isoform of Aub protein. Since most Kc167 piRNAs are genic, they can be mapped uniquely to the genome, facilitating computational analyses. Furthermore, because Kc167 is a widely used and well-characterized cell line that is easily amenable to experimental manipulations, we expect that it will serve as an excellent system to study piRNA biogenesis and piRNA-related factors.
Pancreatic Inflammation Redirects Acinar to β Cell Reprogramming

Summary Using a transgenic mouse model to express MafA , Pdx1, and Neurog3 (3TF) in a pancreatic acinar cell- and doxycycline-dependent manner, we discovered that the outcome of transcription factor-mediated acinar to β-like cellular reprogramming is dependent on both the magnitude of 3TF expression and on reprogramming-induced inflammation. Overly robust 3TF expression causes acinar cell necrosis, resulting in marked inflammation and acinar-to-ductal metaplasia. Generation of new β-like cells requires limiting reprogramming-induced inflammation, either by reducing 3TF expression or by eliminating macrophages. The new β-like cells were able to reverse streptozotocin-induced diabetes 6 days after inducing 3TF expression but failed to sustain their function after removal of the reprogramming factors.
Connecting Bone and Fat: the Potential Role for Sclerostin

Sclerostin (SOST), a protein secreted from mature osteocytes in response to mechanical unloading and other stimuli, inhibits the osteogenic Wnt/β-catenin pathway in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) impeding their ability to differentiate into mineralizing osteoblasts. This review summarizes the crosstalk between adipose tissue and the bone. It also reviews the origin, regulation, and role of SOST in osteogenesis and brings attention to an emerging role of this protein in the regulation of adipogenesis. Bone-derived molecules that drive MSC adipogenesis have not previously been identified, but recent findings suggest that SOST signaling may induce adipogenesis. In vivo SOST acts locally to induce changes in the bone and, in vitro, increases adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. SOST is able to induce adipogenesis in certain preadipocytes, however, bone-specific studies are needed to determine the effect of local SOST concentrations in healthy and disease models on bone marrow adipose tissue.
Self vs. Altercentric Selection into Structural Holes and the Psychological States of Brokers

From a cross-sectional view of social network structure, bridging positions are seen to be an asset due to the ability to receive information more quickly and arbitrage it across groups. However, w...
A unified optimal control approach for production-depletion trade-off and flight management systems

This paper presents a unified control methodology that can be used to formulate, solve, interpret geometrically, and compare the solutions of optimal flight management systems and optimal production planning trade-off problems. The paper focuses on the problem of production of one good at the cost of the depletion of one resource. By production planning it is meant more than just an industrial plant or process. The concept can be extended for example to the management of natural resources when natural forest must be consumed at the expense of agricultural production. The main contribution of this paper is to prove that under strict convexity assumptions such problems have a common and unique feedback solution that depeds on a trade-off parameter called cost index. Furthermore, the solution can be interpreted geometrically using the concept of convex conjugate function and Legendre transformation. The feedback solution yields an analytic expression for the case of zero cost index. When the cost index is positive but small a Taylor series approximation is proposed as a suboptimal analytical solution. It is shown that as the cost index increases the optimal input also increases. This is due to the fact that the tangency point of the supporting line of the rate of depletion that passes through the origin shifts in the positive direction of the input axis. Several examples show the successful application of the theory yielding analytical feedback solutions for flight management systems that can reproduce the maximum range formulas when the cost index is zero.
Intrafamilial Child Maltreatment

Unlike the other disorders in this volume that are ostensibly nested within individual children, intrafamilial child maltreatment is considered a disorder nested in a relationship. To understand its impact, one must, therefore, examine it using a broader lens than is typical within other childhood disorders. It needs to be considered as occurring in the context of a more general breakdown in caregiver behavior that negatively influences both children’s self system and the ecological context in which they develop. Developmental research has told us that children’s outcomes evolve out of the multiple transactions between their characteristics and both caregiver adequacy and environmental factors that occur over time (Sameroff & Chandler, 1975). Child psychopathology as a result of maltreatment is more likely to occur when some continuous factor or set of factors is present that results in children “organizing” their world in a manner that is maladaptive. Thus, child abuse and neglect can be viewed as heterogeneous events (e.g., in content, severity, chronicity, psychological meaning) whose impact encompass a continuum of responses. This fact makes both assessment and intervention more complex. Cognitive, behavioral, developmental, and family systems perspectives will be used to frame our discussion.
Description and Demographics

Over the past 15 years, I have had the privilege of working with thousands of African American adolescent girls who have participated in our prevention interventions and who have been involved as participants in research studies we have conducted. Additionally, colleagues and I have had both formal and informal discussions and interviews with many African American girls. Sometimes, I have simply observed them in their daily activities while they were in school, attending after school programming, and in community and religious activities. My learning has also come from personal interactions and experiences. I have 1 daughter, 12 nieces, and 2 goddaughters whose lives I have been a part of. This book is about these girls, who they are, their achievements, their dreams, their hopes, and to some degree their failures.
Imitation learning with demonstrations and shaping rewards

Imitation Learning (IL) is a popular approach for teaching behavior policies to agents by demonstrating the desired target policy. While the approach has lead to many successes, IL often requires a large set of demonstrations to achieve robust learning, which can be expensive for the teacher. In this paper, we consider a novel approach to improve the learning efficiency of IL by providing a shaping reward function in addition to the usual demonstrations. Shaping rewards are numeric functions of states (and possibly actions) that are generally easily specified, and capture general principles of desired behavior, without necessarily completely specifying the behavior. Shaping rewards have been used extensively in reinforcement learning, but have been seldom considered for IL, though they are often easy to specify. Our main contribution is to propose an IL approach that learns from both shaping rewards and demonstrations. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach across several IL problems, even when the shaping reward is not fully consistent with the demonstrations.
A new database on investment and capital for agriculture and manufacturing

In this paper, the authors document a new database on sectoral investment and capital, providing details about sources of investment data and the method used to convert those data series into capital stock series. They also provide a copy of the computer program used to implement the method. The data set is available for electronic distribution and will soon be posted on the World Wide Web. They broadly define agricultural capital and calculate series for fixed capital as well as capital embodied in livestock and treestock.
The Statistical Mechanics of Vibration-Rotation Spectra in Dense Phases

The time-dependent classical statistical mechanics of systems of simple molecules is reviewed. The Liouville equation is derived; the relationship between the generalized susceptibility and time-correlation function of molecular variables is obtained; and a derivation of the generalized Langevin equation from the Liouville equation is given. The G.L.E. is then simplified and/or approximated by introducing physical assumptions that are appropriate to the problem of rotational motion in a dense fluid. Finally, the well-known expressions for spectral intensity of infrared and Raman vibration-rotation bands are reformulated in terms of time correlation functions. As an illustration, a brief discussion of the application of these results to the analysis of spectral data for liquid benzene is presented.