cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Models for Excitable Membranes, Synaptic Transmission and Neuromodulation Using a Common Kinetic Formalism

Markov kinetic models were used to synthesize a complete description of synaptic transmission, including opening of voltage-dependent channels in the presynaptic terminal, release of neurotransmitter, gating of postsynaptic receptors, and activation of second-messenger systems. These kinetic schemes provide a more general framework for modeling ion channels than the Hodgkin-Huxley formalism, supporting a continuous spectrum of descriptions ranging from the very simple and computationally efficient to the highly complex and biophysically precise. Examples are given of simple kinetic schemes based on fits to experimental data that capture the essential properties of voltage-gated, synaptic and neuromodulatory currents. The Markov formalism allows the dynamics of ionic currents to be considered naturally in the larger context of biochemical signal transduction. This framework can facilitate the integration of a wide range of experimental data and promote consistent theoretical analysis of neural mechanisms from molecular interactions to network computations.
Does combination of lipid formulation of amphotericin B and echinocandins improve outcome of invasive aspergillosis in hematological malignancy patients

BACKGROUND: In vitro and in vivo studies suggested that combination of lipid formulation of amphotericin B (L-AMB) and echinocandins may have a synergistic or additive effect against Aspergillus. Furthermore, clinical studies suggested that this combination may improve response of invasive aspergillosis (IA). METHODS: Between August 1993 and June 2008, the authors identified a total of 159 patients with hematological malignancies who received salvage therapy for IA, with L-AMB alone, echinocandins alone, or a combination of L-AMB and echinocandins. Clinical characteristics, response to salvage therapy, and death up to 12 weeks after initiation of salvage therapy were retrospectively determined for all patients. RESULTS: Seventy patients received salvage therapy with L-AMB, 18 patients received echinocandins alone (89% of whom received caspofungin), and 71 patients received the combination therapy of amphotericin B and echinocandins (90% of who received caspofungin). The 3 salvage treatment groups were comparable in regard to clinical characteristics; graft versus host disease was more frequently encountered in the echinocandin group, whereas more patients in the L-AMB and combination groups had neutropenia and received immunotherapy. The response to salvage therapy was better in the echinocandin group (9% L-AMB, 28% echinocandins, and 21% for combination therapy). The 3 groups had a comparable rate of Aspergillus-related death (58%-64%) and overall mortality (61%-67%). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of L-AMB and echinocandins offered no advantage in terms of improving response or reducing mortality over either drug alone. Hence, this combination will only add to the cost of therapy without any improvement in outcome in patients with hematological malignancies. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
In defense of the use of lidocaine in rapid sequence intubation.

Opposing authors provide succinct, authoritative discussions of controversial issues in emergency medicine. Authors are provided the opportunity to review and comment on opposing presentations. Each topic is accompanied by an Editor’s Note that summarizes important concepts. Participation as an authoritative discussant is by invitation only, but suggestions for topics and potential authors can be submitted to the section editors.
EVALUATION OF THE ADULT PATIENT WITH DIARRHEA

This article provides the primary care clinician with a general diagnostic and therapeutic approach to the adult patient with diarrhea. Basic pathophysiologic mechanisms are described. Important causes and clinical features of each type of diarrhea are highlighted. A step-by-step diagnostic evaluation is suggested, and an overview of treatment options is presented.
Nitrogen: unraveling the secret to stable carbon-supported Pt-alloy electrocatalysts

Nitrogen functionalities significantly improve performance for metal-based carbon-supported catalysts, yet their specific role is not well understood. In this work, a direct observation of the nanoscale spatial relationship between surface nitrogen and metal catalyst nanoparticles on a carbon support is established through principal component analysis (PCA) of electron energy loss spectral (EELS) imaging datasets acquired on an aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). Improved catalyst–support interactions correlated to high substrate nitrogen content in immediate proximity to stabilized nanoparticles are first demonstrated using model substrates. These insights are applied in direct methanol fuel cell prototypes to achieve substantial improvements in performance and long-term stability using both in-house and commercial catalysts doped with nitrogen. These results have immediate impact in advanced design and optimization of next generation high performance catalyst materials.
TRANSITIONING OUT OF POVERTY

We analyze the role of social environment and human capital formation in persistence of poverty and inequality. We present a Romer type variety model where the presence of economies of agglomeration in social environment may cause two basins of attraction; whereby we may interpret the lower basin as a poverty trap and the upper basin as a take-off region. We then consider the size of income transfer to regions and its effect on inequality and welfare. We provide supporting evidence of existing inequality and poverty trap using educational attainment data for the USA.
Argus and Argyve: Etymology and Characterization in Chaucer's Troilus

WHEN Criseyde first contemplates the prospect of separation from Troilus, she curses both her father, Calchas, for arranging her impending removal to the Greek camp, and the day on which her mother, Argyve, gave birth to her (IV, 761-763). Neither Boccaccio's Filostrato nor Benoit's Roman de Troie, Chaucer's major sources for his Troilus and Criseyde, includes the heroine's curse of her birth day, and neither makes mention of her mother. Successive editors of Troilus, Professors Skeat, Root, and Robinson, suggest that Chaucer's "Argyve" is a medievalized form of "Argia," the name of Polynices' wife.' This assumed correspondence is no doubt correct, for in Cassandra's later summary of the events of Statius's Thebaid, "Argyve" appears as the name of Polynices' lamenting wife (V, 1509), while its equivalent in the Latin argument accompanying Cassandra's summary is "Argia."2 But none Qf these editors finds any clear reason for Chaucer's selection of this particular name for Criseyde's mother, and one must wonder why he risked possible confusion on his audience's part between Calchas's wife, Argyve, and Polynices' wife, Argyve. I will suggest below that Chaucer invented a literary mother for his heroine and re-used the name "Argyve" for her because he saw in the medieval etymology of this personal name the opportunity to create in one word a character with some personality or "meaning" of her own, to create a most appropriate mate for the shrewd Calchas, and to create a highly ironic mother for the improvident Criseyde. Furthermore, in this and other uses of etymology in his Troilus, Chaucer shows awareness of and puts to poetic use contemporary linguistic theories of the origin of words and the nature of language itself.3 The pseudo-Fulgentian Super Thebaidem, a brief moral allegory of the
A Game-Model Theory of Interpersonal Strategies

■ Helping professions generally use a psychoanalytic model to interpret behavior. This article describes a game-model theory that provides important additional insight into interpersonal strategies. The work of Szasz and Berne on role-taking, rule-following, and "hidden payoffs" is presented. The games of "court jester" and "incompetence" illustrate applications of the model to strategies of mildly retarded adolescents in individual and group situations. ■
Near-field Raman spectroscopy using a sharp metal tip

Summary form only given. Combined with near-field techniques, Raman spectroscopy is a promising tool for identifying and analyzing the molecular composition of complex materials, providing spatially resolved chemical maps with nanoscale resolution. Basic drawback of Raman methods is the comparatively low scattering cross-section precluding the detection of single scatterers. However, this drawback can be overcome using surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). SERS is shown to provide enormous enhancement allowing for Raman spectroscopy even on the single molecule level.
A critical social reconceptualization of environment in nursing: implications for methodology.

Nursing is being challenged to forge a broader, more comprehensive view of the environment that incorporates social, political, and economic realities. A critical social reconceptualization of the environment offers not only an organizing perspective but an invitation for nursing practice and resear
The Effect of Late Season Infestations of the Strawberry Spider Mite, Tetranychus atlanticus, on Cotton Production

Infestations of the strawberry spider mite, Tetranychus atlanticus McGregor, artificially established in a replicated small-plot field experiment late in the growing season of 1962 reduced total yield of seed cotton 13% to 22%. Boll size was reduced, seed viability lowered, and lint production and fiber maturity were significantly impaired. Introduction of mites at 3 population levels resulted in high and only slightly different population densities 10 days later. Mite feeding produced rapid and pronounced reddening of the leaves and total defoliation within 40 days irrespective of the number of mites used in establishing the infestation. High daily temperatures and limited rainfall appeared to favor mite development.
Identification of small molecule inhibitors of the HIV-1 Nucleocapsid-Stem-Loop 3 RNA Complex

Stem-loop 3 RNA (SL3) in ψ-RNA is a highly conserved motif in different strains of HIV-1 and serves as a principle determinant for viral packaging. Viral encapsulation is critical for viral replication, and disruption of the nucleocapsid−ψ-RNA complex interferes with viral replication. We have used SL3 RNA as a target for identification of small molecule inhibitors of the interactions of nucleocapsid protein (NCp7) and ψ-RNA. We report the use of computational and high-throughput screening approaches to identify 16 compounds that bind SL3 RNA with micromolar affinities. Among the identified ligands, two molecules, compounds 7 and 17, bind with higher affinity to SL3 RNA than to double- and single-stranded RNAs. Four of the 16 SL3 RNA ligands inhibit interactions between SL3 RNA and NCp7 with micromolar inhibition constants. In general, the identified SL3 ligands have simple molecular structures and low molecular weights and are, therefore, possible lead compounds for the development of ligands that target...
Equivariant Hopf Bifurcation in a Time-Delayed Ring of Antigenic Variants

We consider an intrahost malaria model allowing for antigenic variation within a single species. The host’s immune response is compartmentalised into reactions to major and minor epitopes. We investigate the dynamics of the model, paying particular attention to bifurcation and stability of the uniform nonzero endemic equilibrium. We establish conditions for the existence of an equivariant Hopf bifurcation in a ring of antigenic variants, characterised by time delay.
Preparation of TiO_2-Al_2O_3 Support and Simultaneous Hydrodesulfurization and Hydrodenitrogenation over Ni_2P/TiO_2-Al_2O_3 Catalyst

The TiO2-Al2O3 complex support was prepared by the sol-gel method, and the nickel phosphide catalyst, Ni2P/TiO2-Al2O3, was made by impregnation. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption-desorption, infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The catalysts were evaluated on a lab-scale continuous-flow fixed-bed reactor for hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of thiophene and hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) of pyridine. The experiments were conducted to further investigate the influence of the support, i.e. the support preparation method, TiO2 content, and support calcination temperature, on the catalyst activity. The results showed that the Ni2P phase appeared only in the catalysts prepared from precursors with Ni/P atomic ratio of 1/2. The catalyst made from TiO2-Al2O3 complex oxide with 80% TiO2 as support, which was prepared by the sol-gel method and calcined at 550 oC, exhibited the highest activity for thiophene HDS and pyridine HDN. At reaction temperature of 360 oC, pressure of 3.0 MPa, hydrogen/oil volume ratio of 500, and liquid hourly space velocity of 2.0 h-1, the conversion of thiophene HDS and the conversion of pyridine HDN were 61.3% and 64.4%, respectively.
Beyond performance ratings: The long road to effective performance management

Performance evaluation has long been a source of dissatisfaction for practitioners and a focus of research for scholars. The current call for the elimination of performance ratings is not new. This commentary considers the quality perspective as a historical context in which performance ratings were, at best, considered a misguided management tool. Although the current debate doesn't seem to be philosophically based, it may be useful to recognize that serious questions regarding performance ratings have come up before. Potential measurement problems with performance ratings are considered. It is concluded that performance ratings are not the major problem for performance management. Possible sources of problems with performance management are considered. Directions for improvement are discussed.
Visualizing Genetic Programming Ancestries

Previous work has demonstrated the utility of graph databases as a tool for collecting, analyzing, and visualizing ancestry in evolutionary computation runs. That work focused on sections of individual runs, whereas this paper illustrates the application of these ideas on the entirety of large runs (up to three hundred thousand individuals) and combinations of multiple runs. Here we use these tools to generate graphs showing all the ancestors of successful individuals from a variety of stack-based genetic programming runs on software synthesis problems. These graphs highlight important moments in the evolutionary process. They also allow us to compare the dynamics for successful and unsuccessful runs. As well as displaying these full ancestry graphs, we use a variety of standard techniques such as size, color, pattern, labeling, and opacity to visualize other important information such as fitness, which genetic operators were used, and the distance between parent and child genomes. While this generates an extremely rich visualization, the amount of data can also be somewhat overwhelming, so we also explore techniques for filtering these graphs that allow us to better understand the key dynamics.
The Problem of Poverty

One of the key slated goals of the Revolucion Ciudadana is combating poverty in Ecuador, where the Correa administration portrays itself as the vanguard of a twenty-first-century socialism that claims to prioritize people over capital through the expanded accumulation of the latter and its redistribution through public investments. Using a Gramscian perspective that differentiates between “good sense” and “common sense,” we examine how the Correa administration invokes the need for a “moralization” of politics that re-centers the state as an apparatus that serves citizens rather than special interests. The moral solution to poverty necessitates both institutional restructuring—the dismantling of austerity policies, debt restructuring, and rolling back of development policies that reinforce long-existent hierarchies—and a transformation of how people understand citizenship. We discuss two key efforts to alleviate poverty: Ecuador Estrategico and the Ministry of Social and Economic Inclusion’s cash transfer program (bonos). The former is a public firm funded by 12 percent of the profits and surplus of oil and mining companies to promote the “local development and infrastructure” in areas historically abandoned by the state (namely, the Amazon, but also other poor, rural regions in the coast and highlands). Equally salient in the poverty alleviation effort is a communications apparatus conveying to the populace the beneficence of the state, and, in turn, the obligations of its citizens. For Amazonian indigenous people, poverty alleviation under the Revolucion Ciudadana entails subordination to governmental management and control, and one that frames difference-based claims as threatening to social equality.
Chlorhexidine gluconate use to prevent hospital acquired infections-a useful tool, not a panacea.

In recent years, increased awareness of the morbidity and potential mortality of hospital acquired infections (HAIs) has led to concerted prevention efforts. In addition to wanting to avert these complications for our patient’s benefit, many countries—the United States included—have taken a very rigid stance that HAIs should be, essentially, “never events”. In pursuit of this ideal, we have made tremendous progress in HAI prevention, using evidence-based “bundles” consisting of education related to insertion and removal of devices, checklists, empowerment of nursing and other care team members, protocolized use of sedatives and, as described in the article under discussion, use of chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) baths (1).
Forming a Program: Technical and Logistical Issues

The previous chapter discussed the management and funding of small spacecraft development programs. This chapter, now, considers how (presuming that these higher level challenges are met) one actually goes about starting a small spacecraft program. First, background details on reasons for forming a program are discussed. Next, focus turns to mission planning and goal selection. Following this, the key consideration of matching the program’s goals and available funding is discussed. Then, technical and logistical decision-making strategies are discussed, with a focus on goal-based and requirement/constraint-aware decision making. Following this, the prospective technical models that could be used for small spacecraft programs are considered with a focus on design paradigm selection and a discussion of the appropriate level of design approach rigidity. Finally, a discussion of planning for program longevity is presented, before concluding.
Long-term N fertilization and conservation tillage practices conserve surface but not profile SOC stocks under semi-arid irrigated corn

Abstract No tillage (NT) and N fertilization can increase surface soil organic C (SOC) stocks, but these gains are frequently not observed through the soil profile and could be subject to loss through subsequent tillage events. We evaluated a long-term irrigated continuous corn no-tillage (NT) and N rate study near Fort Collins, CO that was split into continuous NT or strip till (ST) treatments after five years. We measured grain and residue yields yearly, and SOC and particulate organic matter C (POM-C) at baseline, 5 yrs and 11 yrs later. Continuous NT depressed grain yields (10%) but not stover yields compared to ST. Continuous NT and increasing N fertilization rate increased surface (0–7.5 cm) SOC stocks 10 and 13%, respectively, compared to baseline. Seven years of ST completely negated initial surface (0–7.5 cm) SOC gain under NT and was only partially explained by POM-C loss (8–25%). All treatments lost between 14 and 19 Mg C ha −1 in the soil profile (0–120 cm) compared to baseline with no N or tillage effects. Soil C cycling appears to be rapid in this irrigated system, requiring greater C inputs to maintain SOC stocks. Effective conservation practices will need to balance crop yield, surface erosion protection, and profile-wide SOC stock losses.
A simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection assay for the quantitative determination of monoamines and respective metabolites in six discrete brain regions of mice

A rapid, sensitive, and reproducible assay is described for the quantitative determination of the monoamine neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, their metabolites, and the internal standard 3,4- dihydroxybenzlyamine hydro-bromide (DHBA) in mouse brain homogenate using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The method was validated in the following brain areas: frontal cortex, striatum, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, substantia nigra pars compacta, and ventral tegmental area. Biogenic amines and relevant metabolites were extracted from discrete brain regions using a simple protein precipitation procedure, and the chromatography was achieved using a C18 column. The method was accurate over the linear range of 0.300 – 30 ng/mL (r = 0.999) for dopamine and 0.300 – 15 ng/mL (r = 0.999) for norepinephrine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acid, and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid, with detection limits of approximately 0.125 ng/mL (5 pg on column) for each of these analytes. Accuracy and linearity for serotonin was observed throughout the concentration range of 0.625 – 30 ng/mL (r = 0.998) with an analytical detection limit of approximately 0.300 ng/mL (12 pg on column). Relative recoveries for all analytes were approximately ≥ 90% and the analytical run time was less than 10 min. The described method utilized minimal sample preparation procedures and was optimized to provide the sensitivity limits required for simultaneous monoamine and metabolite analysis in small, discrete brain tissue samples.
Stereoselective Synthesis of the Equatorial Glycosides of Legionaminic Acid

The synthesis of a legionaminic acid donor from N-acetylneuraminic acid in 15 steps and 17% overall yield is described. Activation of the adamantanyl thioglycoside in the donor with N-iodosuccinimide and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid in dichloromethane and acetonitrile at −78 °C in the presence of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols affords the corresponding glycosides in excellent yield and good to excellent equatorial selectivity. In particular, coupling to the 4-OH of a suitably protected neuraminic acid derivative affords a disaccharide that closely resembles the glycosidic linkage in the polylegionaminic acid from the lipopolysaccharide of the Legionella pneumophila virulence factor. A straightforward deprotection sequence enables conversion of the protected glycosides to the free N,N-diacetyllegionaminic acid glycosides.
Dimensions based data clustering and zone maps

In recent years, the data warehouse industry has witnessed decreased use of indexing but increased use of compression and clustering of data facilitating efficient data access and data pruning in the query processing area. A classic example of data pruning is the partition pruning, which is used when table data is range or list partitioned. But lately, techniques have been developed to prune data at a lower granularity than a table partition or sub-partition. A good example is the use of data pruning structure called zone map. A zone map prunes zones of data from a table on which it is defined. Data pruning via zone map is very effective when the table data is clustered by the filtering columns.The database industry has offered support to cluster data in tables by its local columns, and to define zone maps on clustering columns of such tables. This has helped improve the performance of queries that contain filter predicates on local columns. However, queries in data warehouses are typically based on star/snowflake schema with filter predicates usually on columns of the dimension tables joined to a fact table. Given this, the performance of data warehouse queries can be significantly improved if the fact table data is clustered by columns of dimension tables together with zone maps that maintain min/max value ranges of these clustering columns over zones of fact table data. In recognition of this opportunity of significantly improving the performance of data warehouse queries, Oracle 12c release 1 has introduced the support for dimension based clustering of fact tables together with data pruning of the fact tables via dimension based zone maps.
Exposure of rabbit lens to hyperbaric oxygen in vitro: regional effects on GSH level.

Previous studies have indicated that in vivo exposure to hyperbaric O2 may be associated with the development of nuclear cataract. In the present work, in vitro effects of hyperbaric O2 on rabbit lenses were investigated following culture of the lenses in an atmosphere of 99% O2 at pressures ranging between 1 and 100 atm. Treatment with O2 resulted in a significant decrease in the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) in the lenses even at the lower pressures studied (<8 atm). At 100 atm O2 the loss of GSH was 85% after a 3 hr exposure. At 8 atm O2 a significant drop in GSH concentration was shown to occur in the lens nucleus prior to loss of the tripeptide in the superficial cortex. O2-treated lenses became hazy in appearance, especially at the higher pressures, but did not become densely opaque. Pressures of N2 up to 100 atm had no effect on either lens transparency or on the concentration of GSH. Although oxidized glutathione (GSSG) was detected in the whole lens at pressures of O2 as low as 4 atm, no change in GSH level or evidence for GSSG accumulation was observed in the capsule-epithelium of the lens at pressures as high as 50 atm O2. Ninety percent of the GSSG present in lenses after exposure to 100 atm O2 could be reconverted to GSH by subsequent culture of the lenses under normal conditions. Exposure of lenses to 50 atm O2 produced a three-fold stimulation of hexose monophosphate shunt activity, equal to that which has been reported for treatment of lenses with 0.06 mM H2O2. O2-treatment of a solution of GSH having a level of tripeptide comparable to that present in the lens produced a concentration of H2O2 of nearly 0.6 mM, suggesting that H2O2 may also be formed in O2-treated lenses. The results indicate that O2 is able to diffuse into the nuclear region of the lens and that the nucleus is less capable than the rest of the lens of maintaining a reduced environment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 29:1312-1319,1988
Magnetoencephalographic Spike Analysis in Patients With Focal Cortical Dysplasia: What Defines a "Dipole Cluster"?

Abstract Background The purpose of this study is to clarify the source distribution patterns of magnetoencephalographic spikes correlated with postsurgical seizure-free outcome in pediatric patients with focal cortical dysplasia. Patients and methods Thirty-two patients with pathologically confirmed focal cortical dysplasia were divided into seizure-free and seizure-persistent groups according to their surgical outcomes based on Engel classification. In each patient, presurgical magnetoencephalography was reviewed. Dipole sources of magnetoencephalographic spikes were calculated according to a single dipole model. We obtained the following quantitative indices for evaluating dipole distribution: maximum distance over all pairs of dipoles, standard deviation of the distances between each dipole and the mean coordinate of all dipoles, average nearest neighbor distance, the rate of dipoles located within 10, 20, and 30 mm from the mean coordinate, and the rate of dipoles included in the resection. These indices were compared between the two patient groups. Results Average nearest neighbor distance was significantly smaller in the seizure-free group than in the seizure-persistent group (P = 0.008). The rates of dipoles located within 10, 20, and 30 mm from the mean coordinate were significantly higher in the seizure-free group (P = 0.001, 0.001, 0.005, respectively). The maximum distance, standard deviation, and resection rate of dipoles did not show a significant difference between the two groups. Conclusions A spatially restricted dipole distribution of magnetoencephalographic spikes is correlated with postsurgical seizure-free outcomes in patients with focal cortical dysplasia. The distribution can be assessed by quantitative indices that are clinically useful in the presurgical evaluation of these patients.
Variation in Seroprevalence of Antibodies against Mycoplasma Gallisepticum and Avipoxvirus in Nine Species of Birds with Differential Access to Feeders

Congregation of individuals at high densities is known to increase disease transmission and bird-feeding activities are specifically aimed at attracting many birds to a single location. We surveyed...
Why Monogamy? A Review of Potential Ultimate Drivers

The existence of monogamy in animals is perplexing from an evolutionary perspective. If individuals: 1) have the opportunity to mate with more than one individual and 2) doing so provides fitness benefits (e.g., indirect benefits, increased mating success or fecundity), why does monogamy ever occur in animals? To address this question, we must examine how the potential benefits and costs of monogamy differ between the sexes and how such costs and benefits interact with factors including resource availability, offspring need, parental care, and mating dynamics (i.e., the costs and benefits associated with acquiring mates and mate availability). In this review, I examine the interplay between parental and offspring dynamics, resource availability and mate distribution, and mating dynamics. In doing so, I highlight the life history and ecological conditions under which monogamy is expected versus not. I then discuss areas of research that are needed to enhance our evolutionary understanding of monogamy. In particular, enhanced understanding of monogamy will come from: 1) more explicit consideration that the factors that lead to the origin of monogamy versus the maintenance of monogamy might differ and 2) identifying how potential interactions among factors influence the origin and/or maintenance of monogamy.
Quantitative modeling of complex molecular response in coherent cavity-enhanced dual-comb spectroscopy

Abstract We present a complex-valued electric field model for experimentally observed cavity transmission in coherent cavity-enhanced (CE) multiplexed spectroscopy (i.e., dual-comb spectroscopy, DCS). The transmission model for CE-DCS differs from that previously derived for Fourier-transform CE direct frequency comb spectroscopy [Foltynowicz et al., Appl. Phys. B 110, 163–175 (2013)] by the treatment of the local oscillator which, in the case of CE-DCS, does not interact with the enhancement cavity. Validation is performed by measurements of complex-valued near-infrared spectra of CO and CO2 by an electro-optic frequency comb coherently coupled to an enhancement cavity of finesse F = 19600. Following validation, we measure the 30012 ← 00001 12C16O2 vibrational band origin with a combined standard uncertainty of 770 kHz (fractional uncertainty of 4 × 10−9).
Drug Exchanges between the Blood and Vitreous

The vitreous body, corresponding in function to the space between the lens and the film of a camera, is very properly ignored by most sensible people. However, as a large unstirred fluid space contiguous with the retina it provides unusual opportunities for characterizing solute exchanges with the central nervous tissue and its vasculature and has attracted some attention from a limited number of investigators (1–10). Unfortunately, it is the nature of such a stagnant pool to provide excellent conditions for the growth of microorganisms whether introduced by trauma or the surgeon’s knife. These infections are particularly resistant to chemotherapy, and so the question of drug exchanges between the blood and the vitreous body is of considerable clinical importance.
Solutions of a class of semilinear differential equations: trace and singularities on the boundary

This a survey of our recent work on positive solutions of partial differential equations involving a nonlinear operator L u — ψ(u) where L is a second order elliptic differential operator and ψ belongs to a wide class Ψ of monotone increasing convex functions. The class Ψ contains, in particular, ψ(x, u) = k(x)u α with α > 1 and k > 0. First, such equations appeared in meteorology (Emden, 1897), theory of atomic spectra (Thomas-Fermi, 1920s) and astrophysics (Chandrasekhar, 1937) (see the bibliography in [Ver96]). Since the 1960s, geometers are interested in these equations in connection with the Yamabe problem: which two functions represent scalar curvature of two Riemannian metrics related by a conformai mapping.
'So manie gallant gentlemen': Imperial humanists and Tudor imperial identity

So Manie Gallant Gentlemen': Imperial Humanists and Tudor Imperial Identity by Karin Alana Amundsen Dr. Michelle Tusan, Examination Committee Chair Associate Professor of History University of Nevada, Las Vegas This thesis examines the intersection of imperialism, humanism and gender to argue that the Elizabethan period enabled imperial humanists to develop an identity for England as an empire of liberation rather than conquest. A subset of the imperial faction at Court, imperial humanists sought to reconcile activist and pragmatist agendas by marrying civic humanism with chivalry. Imperial humanists deployed this humanist chivalry—with an emphasis on temperance, wisdom, and justice—to elaborate a national mythos of pious restraint that denied avarice and oppression were inherent to extending English dominion overseas and envisioned empire as a virtuous pursuit for gentlemen. With increasing unemployment, land scarcity, and social unrest, imperial humanists feared the beginnings of a cultural devolution into barbarism that would make their island nation subject to domination by Spain. The solution imperial humanists advocated was a curriculum of humanist education among the gentry, a commitment to state service through the vita activa, a civilizing mission, and new overseas outlets for commodities, excess population, and military outposts.
Coupling of Coastal Zone Color Scanner data to a physical-biological model of the southeastern U.S. continental shelf ecosystem. I - CZCS data description and Lagrangian particle tracing experiments. II - An Eulerian model. III - Nutrient and phytoplankton fluxes and CZCS data assimilation

Surface phytoplankton biomass of the southeastern U.S. continental shelf area is discussed based on coastal zone color scanner (CZCS) images obtained in April 1980. Data of chlorophyll distributions are analyzed in conjunction with concurrent flow and temperature fields. Lagrangian particle tracing experiments show that the particles move consistently with the evolution of the chlorophyll patterns. A four-component physical-biological model for a horizontal plane at a nominal depth of 17 m is presented. Model simulations using various physical-biological dynamics and boundary conditions show that the variability of chlorophyll distributions is controlled by horizontal advection. Phytoplankton and nutrient fluxes, calculated using the model, show considerable variability with time. The chlorophyll distributions obtained from the CZCS images are assimilated into the model to improve the phytoplankton flux estimates.
Medical Cannabis Use among Adults in the Southeastern United States.

Objectives To assess the self-reported reasons for medical cannabis use within the southeastern United States and compare recreational and medical cannabis users. Methods This study was a cross-sectional survey administered in 2017 through Amazon's Mechanical Turk and enrolled 432 adult, regular cannabis users. Measures included demographics, cannabis use characteristics, and medical reasons for cannabis use. Results Under half (47%) of respondents endorsed using cannabis for both medical and recreational reasons and 12% reported medical use only. The most commonly cited reasons for medical cannabis use were psychiatric and 60 unique medical conditions were listed. Recreational and medical users were similar on several measures of current use, but did vary in their use history, methods of use, and product knowledge. Conclusions Despite state laws and conclusive scientific evidence to support medical cannabis use for certain conditions, cannabis is still used frequently for a range of medical issues. Policy Implications These data may assist healthcare providers in better understanding medical cannabis use in states with tightened restrictions and tailoring information to medical cannabis users about their specific conditions and prioritizing therapeutic options.
Computer-Enhanced Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry: A New Window on Coal Structure and Reactivity

Coals may be regarded as highly complex, fossilized assemblages of more or less strongly decomposed plant matter, microorganisms, and humic substances in addition to a range of possible mineral constituents. Specific coal seams may represent peat-forming palaeoenvironments as diverse as river delta swamps, salt water marshes, or rain forest bogs,(1) thus explaining the intrinsic heterogeneity of coal at the macroscopic as well as microscopic levels. Macroscopically, coal heterogeneity is often readily visible in the form of discrete bands representing successions of different depositional environments or, perhaps, catastrophic events such as floods and forest fires. At the microscopic level most coals display an even broader scale of diversity and heterogeneity in the form of microscopically distinct coal components generally referred to as “macerais.”(2) A strongly simplified representation of the major coal macerai types is shown in Fig. 12–1.
Development of Multidisciplinary Anticoagulation Management Guidelines for Patients Receiving Durable Mechanical Circulatory Support

Patients receiving durable mechanical circulatory support (MCS) require life-long anticoagulation with a vitamin K antagonist (VKA). Due to alternations in hemostasis, concomitant therapy with antiplatelet agents and critical illness, they are at increased risk of thromboembolic and bleeding complications compared with the general population managed on VKAs. To prevent thrombotic events, current guidelines recommend that patients with MCS receive long-term anticoagulation with a VKA to maintain a target international normalized ratio (INR) as specified by device manufacturers, but limited data exist regarding specific routine management of anticoagulation therapy and its potential complications. To optimize anticoagulation management and minimize risk in these patients, we have centralized anticoagulation management in a collaborative approach between the inpatient hemostatic and antithrombotic (HAT) stewardship service and between ambulatory anticoagulation management service (AMS) and the advanced heart disease team. Patients are followed by these three services beginning when the device is implanted and extending the duration that patients have the device. The teams include multiple clinicians from cardiac surgery, cardiology, hematology, pharmacy, nursing, case management, nutrition, and psychiatry, therefore, in order to standardize practice among clinicians without compromising patient centered decision making, we assembled an interdisciplinary team to create multiple treatment guidelines. In addition to a centralized and collaborative approach, our guidelines ensure seamless transitions of care between the inpatient and outpatient settings. We believe our approach has demontrated a positive improvement in the care of these challenging patients. In this article, we present our comprehensive centralized anticoagulation management approach for patients with left ventricular assist systems (LVAS).
One-step fabrication of 2D circuits

Electronic components and interconnects can be simultaneously synthesized and integrated through the phase-patterned growth of two-dimensional molybdenum ditelluride.
Predictors of Empathic Compassion: Do Spirituality, Religion, and Calling Matter?

Objective To determine whether physician spirituality, religion, and sense of calling toward medicine are predictors of self-reported empathic compassion. Methods We sampled 2000 practicing US physicians from all specialties and used self-reported measures of general and clinical empathic compassion taken from previous studies. Independent variables were single-item measures of calling, spirituality, and religiosity (importance of religion). Results The survey response rate was 64.5% (1289/2000). Physicians with a strong sense of calling were more likely to report higher general empathic compassion (odds ratio [OR] 2.00, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.26-3.15) and higher clinical empathic compassion (OR 3.33, 95% CI 2.07-5.36). Similarly, physicians who considered themselves spiritual were more likely to report higher general empathic compassion (OR 2.76, 95% CI 1.69-4.50) and higher clinical empathic compassion (OR 2.32, 95% CI 1.38-3.90). We did not find an association between religiosity and measures of physicians' empathic compassion. Conclusions This national study of practicing US physicians from various specialties found that spirituality (not religiousness) and the identification of medicine as a calling are associated with physicians' empathic compassion. Further study is needed to understand how spirituality and calling are linked to prosocial behaviors among physicians that may be enhancing their clinical empathy and promoting compassionate patient care.
Back to the Future: Rethinking and Retooling IL2 in the Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Era

IL2 is a type I cytokine that is associated, when given at high doses intravenously, with durable regressionin a subset of patients with metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma, yet high toxicity limits its use. NKTR-214 is a novel pegylated IL2 with minor clinical activity as a single agent, but a favorable toxicity profile and compelling pharmacodynamic effects that predict utility in combination with immune checkpoint inhibition.See related article by Bentebibel et al., p. 711.
Comparing the effects of physiologically-based metal oxide nanoparticles on ribonucleic acid and RAS/RBD-targeted triplex and aptamer interactions.

Abstract Physiological metals such as zinc, magnesium, and nickel facilitate nucleic acid and protein interactions and stability. In the nanoscale, the impact these have on nucleic acid structure-function is very poorly understood and was investigated here. Nanoparticles’ (NP) RNA precipitation efficiency was in the order; NiO > MgO > ZnO > CaO > CaCO3>Cu. Gel mobility shift was observed for MgO and especially ZnO NP. Loss of staining intensity was shown for Cu suggesting this NP may denature RNA supported by the UV- and CD-spectroscopy patterns, change in area-under-the-curve (AUC) and abs260 nm measurements. Aptamer and triplex-forming oligomer (TFO) sequences were designed targeting RAS/Ras binding domain (RBD) and the impact of the NP on target interaction investigated. MgO NP promotes aptamer:RBD interaction and preserves triplex formation whereas NiO NP effects duplex migration and intensifies staining of the triplex suggesting a novel mechanism of interaction and conformation. These data strongly support the role of MgO, ZnO and NiO NP for nucleic acid nanobio interaction and suggest potential biomedical application for such novel interfaces.
Incidence of severe nephrotoxicity with cisplatin vs. non-cisplatin regimens: A meta-analysis with sub-group analyses based on renal eligibility criteria.

e15549 Background: Serum Creatinine (SCr) is commonly used to screen patients for eligibility in trials of the nephrotoxic drug cisplatin despite the fact that glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is k...
Guns for Christmas: Advertising in Boys’ Life Magazine, 1911-2012:

Giving guns as Christmas presents has been one of the ways in which boys and young men have traditionally been recruited into American gun culture. This paper explores how advertising in Boys’ Life...
Glioblastoma multiforme: novel therapeutic targets.

Introduction: The increasingly detailed genetic characterization of glioblastoma (GBM) has failed to translate into meaningful breakthroughs in treatment. This is likely to be attributed to molecul...
A pilot elective course to enhance geriatric medical education using cognitive stimulation therapy

This study designed a pilot elective course to augment geriatric education in undergraduate and medical students, and secondarily to investigate an alternative individual cognitive stimulation ther...
Dynkin Diagram Classification of λ-Minuscule Bruhat Latticesand of d-Complete Posets

d-Complete posets are defined to be posets which satisfy certain local structural conditions. These posets play or conjecturally play several roles in algebraic combinatorics related to the notions of shapes, shifted shapes, plane partitions, and hook length posets. They also play several roles in Lie theory and algebraic geometry related to λ-minuscule elements and Bruhat distributive lattices for simply laced general Weyl or Coxeter groups, and to λ-minuscule Schubert varieties. This paper presents a classification of d-complete posets which is indexed by Dynkin diagrams.
'Art in Advertising' in the Encyclopedia of Creativity

The first edition of the successful Encyclopedia of Creativity served to establish the study of creativity is a field in itself. Now completely updated and revised in its second edition, coverage encompasses the definition of creativity, the development and expression of creativity across the lifespan, the environmental conditions that encourage or discourage creativity, creativity within specific disciplines like music, dance, film, art, literature, etc., the relationship of creativity and mental health, intelligence, and learning styles, and the process of being creative. This reference also appeals to a lay audience with articles specifically on the application of creativity to business settings.
An Approximate and Iterative Posit Multiplier Architecture for FPGAs

Recently, many applications have demanded cheaper and faster arithmetic while providing a wider dynamic range than the popular IEEE 754 floating-point (FP) arithmetic. As a result, a new number format called posit was proposed. As in a variety of number systems, multiplication in posit arithmetic is one of the most frequently used but expensive operations. To reduce the number of hardware resources in a posit multiplier, this paper applies an iterative approach to posit multiplication. To exploit the features of the posit format, the number of truncated bits in the fraction component is dynamically changed depending on the number of regime bits. In addition, architectures for fast parser and packer are proposed. Thanks to the posit format, the proposed design supports about 60 decades wider dynamic range than a single-precision FP multiplier design. Using the iterative approach, the proposed design also reduces the number of lookup tables used in a previous exact posit multiplier design by 44% while achieving a 51% higher maximum frequency, and the appropriate balance between latency and accuracy can be finely determined at runtime. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this paper is the first work that proposes a hardware architecture of an approximate and iterative posit multiplier.