cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perceptions of the incorporation of health literacy in pharmacy training programs.

Abstract Objectives To assess pharmacy residents' perceptions regarding the incorporation of health literacy in pharmacy school and pharmacy residency training and to assess confidence while interacting with patients of limited health literacy. Design Prospective cross-sectional study. Setting United States from March to May 2012. Participants Postgraduate year (PGY)1 and -2 pharmacy residents and pharmacy residency program directors. Intervention Online survey. Main outcome measure PGY1 and -2 resident perceptions of health literacy incorporation into pharmacy school and residency training. Results 939 surveys were completed. Residents agreed that their pharmacy school training encouraged the development of health literacy skills ( P P P Conclusion PGY1 residency programs lag behind the efforts of schools of pharmacy to incorporate the health literacy training essential to encountering patients of limited health literacy. Future studies should assess whether these perceptions reflect true health literacy awareness and management among pharmacy residents.
Default mode network abnormalities in idiopathic generalized epilepsy

Idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) is associated with widespread cortical network abnormalities on electroencephalography. Resting state functional connectivity (RSFC), based on fMRI, can assess the brain's global functional organization and its disruption in clinical conditions. We compared RSFC associated with the 'default mode network' (DMN) between people with IGE and healthy controls. Strength of functional connectivity within the DMN associated with seeds in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and medial prefrontal cortices (MPFC) was compared between people with IGE and healthy controls and was correlated with seizure duration, age of seizure onset and age at scan. Those with IGE showed markedly reduced functional network connectivity between anterior and posterior cortical seed regions. Seizure duration positively correlates with RSFC between parahippocampal gyri and the PCC but negatively correlates with connectivity between the PCC and frontal lobe. The observed pattern of disruption provides evidence for integration- and segregation-type network abnormalities and supports aberrant network organization among people with IGE.
MACHINING OF WC-Co COMPOSITES

ABSTRACT Operating conditions for maximum removal rate were established using a wire electrical discharge machine (EDM) with pulse type power supply. Material removal was primarily by vaporization and melting of cobalt followed by the dislodging of WC grains. The resolidified liquid smears the surface cracks and decreases the surface roughness. In spite of the anisotropic residual stresses created, the hardness changes are insignificant. In view of results obtained using a diamond saw, it is obvious that EDM-ing produces roughness and hardness comparable to a low speed diamond saw but with higher removal rates.
The appropriate (and inappropriate) use of query operators and their effect on web search results

In previous work, we showed that the use of Boolean and other operators in queries to Web search engines has little impact on the quality of the results retrieved. This earlier study used 100 queries containing operators selected from a search engine query log. The operators were removed from the queries, and both query versions (with and without operators) were submitted to three popular search engines. There was no significant difference in number of relevant results retrieved in the top 10 items. In this work, we revisit the queries used in this earlier study to examine the manner in which the operators were used. At that time the reason for the relatively low impact of the query operators was not addressed in detail. For each query, the operator used was classified based upon semantic appropriateness and anticipated impact. Most query operators were used in a semantically appropriate manner. This finding suggests that the reason for the relatively low impact of operators on retrieval results was not inappropriate or incorrect use of the operators.
The interpretation of mean transit time measurements for multiphase tissue systems.

Abstract A model-independent proof of the central-volume principle for multiphase tissue systems is presented. This derivation emphasizes the transport processes which occur within the system, and the physical constraints which the system must satisfy for valid application of the principle. These constraints include: (i) the fluid flowing into the system must be equivalentlylabelled; (ii) the system under study must be part of a larger system which has no diffusive inlets or outlets. The derivation shows that the definition of the volume of distribution and the choice of appropriate partition coefficients for evaluation of this quantity, are independent of any assumption concerning tracer equilibrium between phases as a whole. A less restrictive definition of equivalent labelling also results from the proof. The relationship between the mean transit times measured by global residue detection and by “snapshot” outflow detection is derived. If diffusion of tracer across the boundaries of the monitored system is significant compared to convective transport, then these two transit times will not have identical values. The conditions under which valid measurements of regional, i.e. local, physiological variables can be performed by residue detection are also discussed, and it is shown that regional residue-detection measurements may be used to assess variations in anatomical structure throughout a larger region. However, the use of the height/area method for calculating regional perfusion can lead to error when tracer enters the detector field by diffusion, as opposed to convection, or when a significant amount of diffusion occurs before tracer enters the observed region.
The immunomodulator vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) does not affect experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) in B10.RIII mice.

Purpose: Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) exhibits immunomodulatory activities both in vivo and in vitro, including efficient inhibition of murine experimental arthritis. In this study, we investigated the effects of VIP treatment on the induction of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU). Methods: EAU was induced in B10.RIII mice by immunization with interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) using routine methods, but without treatment with pertussis toxin (PTX). VIP was injected i.p. at different doses into mice on alternate days. Mice were tested by conventional methods for ocular inflammation, antibody levels, lymphocyte proliferation, and cytokine release by cultured lymphocytes. Results: Treatment with VIP, at different doses, had essentially no effect on the development of EAU or antibody production in the B10.RIII mice. The treatment did have variable effects on the low interferon-γ production by lymphocytes of these mice. Conclusion: Unlike its inhibitory effect in the experiment...
Osteosclerotic myeloma associated with polyneuropathy 2 Case Reports

Two cases of osteosclerotic myeloma associated with polyneuropathy in both a fifty-five-year-old man and a forty-one-year-old man are presented. Clinical features and etiology are discussed.
User Acceptance of Business Intelligence (BI) Application: Technology, Individual Difference, Social Influence, and Situational Constraints

Business intelligence (BI) applications have gained significant attention as a viable option to address the challenges of complex business decisions. While several studies examined key determinants of BI adoption at the organizational level, individual-level factors influencing the adoption of BI applications have received less attention. Drawing upon various theories and adoption literature, this research-in progress study attempts to identify factors that affect an individual's decision to adopt BI application. The initial survey was conducted, and we present preliminary data analysis result.
On primitive spinor exceptional representations

We establish a relationship between primitive representations of certain n-ary quadratic form g by a spinor genus of an (n + 2)-ary quadratic form f and primitive representations of some n-ary subform g′ of g by f itself. We discuss this in the general context of an algebraic number field.
A Murine Model of Inflammatory Bladder Disease: Cathelicidin Peptide Induced Bladder Inflammation and Treatment With Sulfated Polysaccharides

Purpose: Studies show that LL-37 is a naturally occurring urinary defensin peptide that is up-regulated during urinary tract infections. Although normal urinary LL-37 levels are antimicrobial, we propose that increased LL-37 may trigger bladder inflammation. We further suggest that anti-inflammatory sulfated polysaccharides known as semi-synthetic glycosaminoglycan ether compounds can treat/prevent LL-37 mediated bladder inflammation.Materials and Methods: C57BL/6 mice were catheterized/instilled with LL-37 (320 μM, 150 μl) for 45 minutes. Animals were sacrificed at 12 and 24 hours, and tissues were examined using hematoxylin and eosin. Separate experiments were performed for myeloperoxidase to quantify inflammation. GM-1111 semi-synthetic glycosaminoglycan ether treatments involved instillation of 10 mg/ml for 45 minutes directly before or after LL-37. Tissues were harvested at 24 hours. To compare semi-synthetic glycosaminoglycan ether efficacy, experiments were performed using 10 mg/ml heparin. Finally...
Dimensions of Thought as a Function of Age, Gender and Task Difficulty:

Forty-two younger adult college students (ages 17–28) and forty-two older adult college alumni and their spouses (ages 60–82) participated in a two-session study. During the questionnaire session, ...
Jeux de Nombres: Automated Rhythm in The Rite of Spring

Abstract The novel rhythms of The Rite of Spring , according to Theodor Adorno, seem to have arisen from “the throw of the dice.” Many scholars have argued otherwise, characterizing Stravinsky9s rhythms as logically patterned and deliberately crafted. This essay, however, suggests that Stravinsky did in fact employ a fundamentally mechanical, “automated” procedure for generating his irregular rhythms and metrical schemes. Specifically, Stravinsky seems to have converted intervallic series, derived from prominent chords or melodies, into durational ones, equating intervals measured in semitones with durations measured in beats—a relationship that is best perceived intellectually, not aurally. This claim is supported by a wealth of evidence drawn from the sketches, autographs, and earliest printed editions of the score, and it applies to the opening of virtually every titled section of The Rite , where much of its best-known music resides. Close analysis of these sources, considered in conjunction with the copious symbolic and numerical notations in the margins of Stravinsky9s sketchbook, Stravinsky9s programmatic commentary on The Rite and his idiosyncratic ideas about intervals, and the critical commentary of Adorno and others, sheds new light on Stravinsky9s conception of The Rite and its symbolic meanings.
Having a Thicker Skin Social Power Buffers the Negative Effects of Social Rejection

Social power elicits an array of psychological tendencies that likely impact processes related to the fundamental need for belonging—including how people respond to social rejection. Across three studies, using multiple methods and instantiations of power and rejection, we hypothesized that power buffers people from the typically adverse emotional and self-esteem consequences of rejection. Supporting this, power buffered participants from increases in negative emotion and/or decreases in self-esteem in response to rejection from a romantic partner (Study 1), an anticipated interaction partner (Study 2), and a hypothetical coworker (Study 3). These findings document a direct link between power and emotional and self-esteem reactions to rejection.
The effects of memory latency and fine-grain parallelism on Astronautics ZS-1 performance

The performance of the Astronautics ZS-1, a decoupled access/execute (DAE) processor, is examined. The CPU is composed of two subsystems: an access processor, which handles address generation and fixed-point operations; and an execute processor, which handles floating-point operations. These two systems communicate through a network of queues and operate in a fairly decoupled manner. This architecture exhibits a form of fine-grain parallelism, called slip, that improves performance. Some performance bounds for the ZS-1 are developed. A simple count of resource usage is sufficient to establish a good upper bound on performance for most vector loops. A dependence graph is used to form another bound that is particularly useful for nonvector loops. This two-bound model accounts for compiler characteristics, such as loop unrolling, and for hardware characteristics, such as memory latency. This model is applied to the first 12 Livermore loops and compared to simulation results for a variety of memory systems. This comparison indicates how well the ZS-1 tolerates increased memory latency as a function of slip and provides insights regarding application codes, architectures, and compiler capabilities. >
CLASP regulates mitochondrial distribution in Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Movement of mitochondria in Schizosaccharomyces pombe depends on their association with the dynamic, or plus ends, of microtubules, yet the molecular basis for this interaction is poorly understood. We identified mmd4 in a screen of temperature-sensitive S. pombe strains for aberrant mitochondrial morphology and distribution. Cells with the mmd4 mutation display mitochondrial aggregation near the cell ends at elevated temperatures, a phenotype similar to mitochondrial defects observed in wild-type cells after microtubule depolymerization. However, microtubule morphology and function appear normal in the mmd4 mutant. The mmd4 lesion maps to peg1+, which encodes a microtubule-associated protein with homology to cytoplasmic linker protein–associated proteins (mammalian microtubule plus end–binding proteins). Peg1p localizes to the plus end of microtubules and to mitochondria and is recovered with mitochondria during subcellular fractionation. This mitochondrial-associated fraction of Peg1p displays properties of a peripherally associated protein. Peg1p is the first identified microtubule plus end–binding protein required for mitochondrial distribution and likely functions as a molecular link between mitochondria and microtubules.
Oxidative stress and its relationship to carcinogen activation

Understanding the mechanism of activation of xenobiotics to biologically reactive derivatives as well as the resultant critical biological modifications provides a basis for both predicting toxicological risk and developing protective strategies. The ability of xenobiotics to undergo metabolic activation to genotoxic derivatives is a fundamental concept in chemical carcinogenesis. There are a number of enzymatic and non-enzymatic processes which can convert chemicals to biologically reactive intermediates. These processes include enzymes, such as cytochrome P-450 and prostaglandin H synthase, lipid peroxidation and the interaction of chemicals with oxidants derived from cells and metals.
Problems in measuring among-family variation in inbreeding depression

Understanding the sources of variation in inbreeding depression within populations is important for understanding the evolution of selfing rates. At the population level, inbreeding depression is due to decreased heterozygosity caused by inbreeding, which decreases overdominance and increases the frequency of expression of recessive deleterious alleles. However, within individual families inbreeding has two distinct consequences: it reduces heterozygosity and it restricts the alleles present in offspring to those present in the parent. Outcrossing both increases heterozygosity and brings new alleles into a family (compared to the alleles present if the plant is self-pollinated). Both consequences of inbreeding affect offspring fitness, but the most common experimental design used to measure among-family variation in inbreeding depression cannot distinguish them. The result is that variance in inbreeding depression among families is confounded by genetic variation in the traits being measured. Also, correlations (among families) between measures of inbreeding depression or between inbreeding depression and mean trait values are confounded by genetic variation in the traits being measured. I conclude that more complex crossing designs that allow estimation of breeding values for individual families are required to accurately detect and measure among-family variation in inbreeding depression.
Optimal synthesis of refrigeration cycles and selection of refrigerants

The optimal synthesis of the refrigeration configuration and the selection of the best refrigerants that satisfy a set of process cooling duties at different temperatures is addressed. This approach simultaneously selects refrigerants and synthesizes refrigeration structures by minimizing a weighted sum of investment and operating costs. A superstructure representation considers the majority of refrigeration cycle features encountered in real complex multistage refrigeration cycles such as economizers, multiple refrigerants, and heat integration. A novel theoretical treatment of modeling representations and algorithmic improvements is introduced. Results, for example, involving multiple refrigerants, cooling loads, and heat sinks are obtained. Complex, nonintuitive topologies typically emerge as the optimal refrigeration configurations that are better than those obtained when refrigeration synthesis is performed after refrigerant selection.
What do we know about the role of gliotoxin in the pathobiology of Aspergillus fumigatus

Gliotoxin is a member of the epipolythiodioxopiperazine class of toxins and is both the major and the most potent toxin produced by Aspergillus fumigatus. Since the discovery of the putative gliotoxin biosynthetic 12-gene cluster in the genome of A. fumigatus, five different laboratories have attempted to determine the role of this toxin in the virulence of A. fumigatus. The genes in the cluster that have been disrupted to study the pathobiological importance of gliotoxin include gliZ that encodes a transcription factor and gliP that encodes a nonribosomal peptide synthase. Two of the five laboratories have reported gliotoxin to be an important virulence determinant of A. fumigatus, while the other three laboratories have shown it to be unimportant. Comparisons of the data generated among the five laboratories revealed that the immunosuppressive regimen used for mice was the key factor that contributed to the observed disparity. Regardless of either the mouse strains used or the route of infection, immunosuppression with a combination of cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids (neutropenic mice) showed gliotoxin to be unimportant. The mice immunosuppressed with corticosteroids alone, however, revealed that gliotoxin is an important virulence determinant of A. fumigatus. These studies indicate that the neutropenic mice model is inadequate to reveal the pathobiological importance of fungal secondary metabolites in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.
A Single Chromosome Unexpectedly Links Highly Divergent Isolates of Toxoplasma gondii

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that can cause disease in all warm-blooded animals studied to date, including humans. Over a billion people have been infected with this parasite worldwide. In Europe and North America, Toxoplasma has a clonal population structure, where only three lineages are highly dominant (strain types I, II, and III). Khan et al. [mBio 2(6): e00228-11, 2011] have carried out phylogenetic analyses on a large number of diverse strains from outside of these lineages and found evidence for a significant split between the clonal North American/European lineages and those in South America. In contrast to most of the genome, nearly all North American/European strains sampled, and the majority of South American strains sampled, harbored at least portions of a monomorphic chromosome Ia (Ia*). In contrast to previous models, these data suggest that the monomorphic haplotype originated in South America and migrated to the North. These authors propose that South American haplotype 12 was a precursor to modern-day type II, while South American haplotypes 6 and 9 crossed with haplotype 12 to give rise to the type I and III lineages, respectively. However, the findings reported by Khan et al. complicate the origin of chromosome Ia, since there are members of haplotypes 9 and 12 with nearly complete versions of Ia* and members of haplotypes 6 and 12 with over 50% of Ia*. This unexpected finding raises exciting new questions about how an entire common chromosome can be found within strains that are highly divergent at most other genomic loci.
Work in progress - quantifying intrinsic Cognitive Load in DC circuit problems

Over the past two decades, cognitive and educational psychologists have studied the means by which students acquire new knowledge and skills. As part of this work, Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) has been developed to provide guidance in optimizing instruction which prepares students to excel at problem solving. The focus of this work-in-progress work is to quantify the difficulty of DC electric circuit problems. The linear regression model created uses feedback from circuit instructors at U.S. universities, colleges, and community colleges. The initial model along with preliminary data will be presented.
Novel device structures by selective epitaxial growth (SEG)

In the last few years, great interest has been generated in the selective growth of single crystal silicon in seed windows of an SiO 2 mask in order to fabricate novel device structures for VLSI/ULSI device technology. This increased interest in selective epitaxial growth (SEG) and its derivitives, simultaneous single/poly deposition (SSPD) and epitaxial lateral overgrowth (ELO) have led to several key processing breakthroughs that are currently changing the future direction and usage of silicon epitaxy. This paper will describe: 1) the key SEG processing breakthroughs that have occurred over the last 25 years, 2) some of the current limitations still observed with SEG processing and, 3) some of the novel device structures that are possible through the use of SEG techniques.
THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOUR: REACTIONS AND REFLECTIONS

The seven articles in this issue, and the accompanying meta-analysis in Health Psychology Review [McEachan, R.R.C., Conner, M., Taylor, N., & Lawton, R.J. (2011). Prospective prediction of health-related behaviors with the theory of planned behavior: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology Review, 5, 97–144], illustrate the wide application of the theory of planned behaviour [Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179–211] in the health domain. In this editorial, Ajzen reflects on some of the issues raised by the different authors. Among the topics addressed are the nature of intentions and the limits of predictive validity; rationality, affect and emotions; past behaviour and habit; the prototype/willingness model; and the role of such background factors as the big five personality traits and social comparison tendency.
Achieving scalability and expressiveness in an Internet-scale event notification service

This paper describes the design of SIENA, an Internet-scale event notification middleware service for distributed event-based applications deployed over wide-area networks. SIENA is responsible for selecting the notifications that are of interest to clients (as expressed in client subscriptions) and then delivering those notifications to the clients via access points. The key design challenge for SIENA is maximizing expressiveness in the selection mechanism without sacrificing scalability of the delivery mechanism. This paper focuses on those aspects of the design of SIENA that fundamentally impact scalability and expressiveness. In particular, we describe SIENA's data model for notifications, the covering relations that formally define the semantics of the data model, the distributed architectures we have studied for SIENA's implementation, and the processing strategies we developed to exploit the covering relations for optimizing the routing of notifications.
Liposomal Nanocapsules in Food Science and Agriculture

Liposomes, spherical bilayer vesicles from dispersion of polar lipids in aqueous solvents, have been widely studied for their ability to act as drug delivery vehicles by shielding reactive or sensitive compounds prior to release. Liposome entrapment has been shown to stabilize encapsulated, bioactive materials against a range of environmental and chemical changes, including enzymatic and chemical modification, as well as buffering against extreme pH, temperature, and ionic strength changes. Liposomes have been especially useful to researchers in studies of various physiological processes as models of biological membranes in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Industrial applications include encapsulation of pharmaceuticals and therapeutics, cosmetics, anti-cancer and gene therapy drugs. In the food industry, liposomes have been used to deliver food flavors and nutrients and more recently have been investigated for their ability to incorporate food antimicrobials that could aid in the protection of food products against growth of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. In this review we briefly introduce key physicochemical properties of liposomes and review competing methods for liposome production. A survey of non-agricultural and food applications of liposomes are given. Finally, a detailed up-to-date summary of the emerging usage of liposomes in the food industry as delivery vehicles of nutrients, nutraceuticals, food additives, and food antimicrobials is provided.
The Axios River Delta – Mediterranean Wetland Under Siege

This chapter takes a look at wetland conservation in the Mediterranean and more specifically at a Ramsar wetland site in Greece – the Axios River Delta complex. The delta complex actually includes three rivers, the Axios, Loudias, and Aliakmon rivers, but for the purposes of this chapter is referred to as the “Axios Delta”. The questions here to be examined is what has been the recent impact of European wetland conservation policy expressed by the Grado declaration, MedWet, and Greece's wetland policy on a specific wetland area? The other issue is what specific roles did the WWF Greece-sponsored project (the NGO in this case) play in wetland management policy affecting the Axios River Delta area?
A heated process ion chamber for DTO in nitrogen

A tritium monitoring system for measuring tritium in low humidity (DTO) nitrogen gas has been developed. Heated ion chambers (at 393 K) measure the amount of tritium that is deposited directly from the waste processing system onto process disposable molecular sieve bed (DMSB) shipping containers at TFTR. For process flow rates up to 1415 L min/sup -1/(50 SCFM) and water vapor compositions up to 5000 ppm/sub v/, tritium activity up to 27 Ci/m/sup 3/ has been measured. Preliminary data from over 20 batch processes are presented.
Isolation and identification of eburicoic acid from Fomes pinicola

The petroleum ether extract of Fomes pinicola, upon chromatography on an alumina column, yielded ergosterol and a crystalline compound which was identified as eburicoic acid by means of IR and NMR spectroscopy. Ultraviolet spectrum analysis indicated that eburicoic acid was contaminated with trace impurities of dehydroeburicoic acid.
A Moment Ratio RFI Detection Algorithm That Can Detect Pulsed Sinusoids of Any Duty Cycle

The kurtosis statistic is an effective detector of pulsed sinusoidal radio frequency interference (RFI) in a microwave radiometer, but it fails to detect RFI when the pulsed sinusoid is present for exactly half of the integration period. That is, the kurtosis is blind at an RFI duty cycle of 50%. In this letter, we explore the possibilities of using a higher order statistic to eliminate this detection blind spot in the kurtosis statistic and to improve RFI detection performance. The sixth-order statistic does have sensitivity at an RFI duty cycle of 50%, but sensitivity is relatively low. In addition, it has a sensitivity comparable with the kurtosis for short duty cycle RFI, under certain circumstances.
Sources of science self‐efficacy beliefs of middle school students

The purpose of this study was to investigate the degree to which A. Bandura's (1997) hypothesized sources of self-efficacy predict the science self-efficacy beliefs of middle school students (N ¼ 319), to replicate previous findings that science self-efficacy predicts science achievement, and to explore how science self-efficacy and its antecedents differ by gender. Significant correlations were found between mastery experiences, vicarious experiences, social persuasions, physiological arousal, and self- efficacy. Only mastery experiences significantly predicted science self-efficacy. Girls reported stronger science self-efficacy than did boys. Findings support and extend the theoretical tenets of Bandura's social cognitive theory. 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 43: 485-499, 2006 The purpose of this study was to investigate the degree to which Bandura's (1997) hypothesized sources of self-efficacy predict the science self-efficacy beliefs of middle school students. Self-efficacy has been found to be a strong predictor of academic achievement, course selection, and career decisions across domains and age levels. Information about the antecedents of self-efficacy may help science educators facilitate student progress in science during the middle school years and into high school. Although virtually all students take at least 1 year of science in high school, the number who take additional science courses is considerably lower. Only 60% of students take 2 years of high school science and the percentage drops to 25% who take 3 years of science (National Center for Educational Statistics (NCES), 2002). Even fewer students take advanced science courses: 16% take Advanced Placement (AP) biology, 6% AP chemistry, and 4% AP physics. Seeking to increase science course-taking and achievement, science educators have examined a wide range of factors that influence academic choices and performance. One potentially powerful influence is the confidence with which students approach science (Andre,
Functional analysis of ARHGAP6, a novel GTPase-activating protein for RhoA

Microphthalmia with linear skin defects (MLS) is an X-linked dominant, male-lethal syndrome characterized by microphthalmia, aplastic skin and agenesis of the corpus callosum, and is caused by the deletion of a 500 kb critical region in Xp22.3. Our laboratory isolated a novel rho GTPase-activating protein (rhoGAP) gene named ARHGAP6 from the MLS region. ARHGAP6 contains 14 exons encoding a 974 amino acid protein with three putative SH3-binding domains. Because exons 2-14 are deleted in all MLS patients, we hypothesized that ARHGAP6 may be responsible for some of the phenotypic features of MLS. We pursued two approaches to study the function of ARHGAP6 and its role in the pathogenesis of MLS: gene targeting of the rhoGAP domain in mouse embryonic stem cells and in vitro expression studies. Surprisingly, loss of the rhoGAP function of Arhgap6 does not cause any detectable phenotypic or behavioral abnormalities in the mutant mice. Transfected mammalian cells expressing ARHGAP6 lose their actin stress fibers, retract from the growth surface and extend thin, branching processes resembling filopodia. The ARHGAP6 protein co-localizes with actin filaments through an N-terminal domain and recruits F-actin into the growing processes. Mutation of a conserved arginine residue in the rhoGAP domain prevents the loss of stress fibers but has little effect on process outgrowth. These results suggest that ARHGAP6 has two independent functions: one as a GAP with specificity for RhoA and the other as a cytoskeletal protein that promotes actin remodeling.
Level of dietary protein intake affects glucose turnover in endurance-trained men

Background To examine the effects of higher-protein diets on endogenous glucose metabolism in healthy, physically active adults, glucose turnover was assessed in five endurance-trained men (age 21.3 ± 0.3 y, VO2peak 70.6 ± 0.1 mL kg-1 min-1) who consumed dietary protein intakes spanning the current dietary reference intakes.
Additional Conjugation Methods and Immunogenicity of Bacillus anthracis Poly-γ-d-Glutamic Acid-Protein Conjugates

The capsule of Bacillus anthracis, composed of poly-γ-d-glutamic acid (γDPGA), is an essential virulence factor of B. anthracis. The capsule inhibits innate host defense through its antiphagocytic action. γDPGA is a poor immunogen, but when covalently bound to a carrier protein, it elicits serum antibodies. To identify the optimal construct for clinical use, synthetic γDPGAs of different lengths were bound to carrier proteins at different densities. The advantages of the synthetic over the natural polypeptide are the homogeneous chain length and end groups, allowing conjugates to be accurately characterized and standardized and their chemical compositions to be related to their immunogenicities. In the present study, we evaluated, in addition to methods reported by us, hydrazone, oxime, and thioether linkages between γDPGA and several proteins, including bovine serum albumin, recombinant Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A, recombinant B. anthracis protective antigen (rPA), and tetanus toxoid (TT). The effects of the dosage and formulation on the immunogenicities of the conjugates were evaluated in mice. All conjugates were immunogenic. The optimal γDPGA chain length of 10 to 15 amino acids and the density, an average of 15 mol γDPGA per mol of protein, were confirmed. The thioether bond was the optimal linkage type, and TT and rPA were the best carriers. The optimal dosage was 1.2 to 2.5 μg of γDPGA per mouse, and adsorption of the conjugates onto aluminum hydroxide significantly increased the antibody response to the protein with a lesser effect on anti-γDPGA levels.
Blind source separation and beamforming: algebraic technique analysis

Blind source separation (BSS) and blind beamforming schemes attempt to separate additive source signals, collected at a sensor array, and their direction-of-arrival (DOA). To this extent, many different and powerful algorithms have been produced to accomplish these tasks. However, unlike an optimal or adaptive method, an algebraic method for BSS and blind beamforming has the relative advantage of simplicity. This paper investigates such a technique that provides closed-form, algebraic expressions for BSS and beamforming in terms of performance and reliability. We provide these results, as well as a summary of the properties, and possible uses for this technique, in contrast to more optimal, adaptive techniques.
By the Numbers: Bibliometrics and Altmetrics as Measures of Faculty Impact in the Field of Religion

Citation analysis is a staple in the sciences for measuring the impact of faculty members' output, but heavy reliance on monographs as a vehicle of scholarly communication diminished the value of bibliometrics in theological disciplines. The digital revolution, however, created a seismic shift for citation analysis and has given rise to altmetrics. Overviews of altmetrics and bibliometrics are provided and a series of questions posed to encourage ongoing discussions about the value of these tools in theological contexts.
Resolution of smooth muscle and endothelial pathways for conduction along hamster cheek pouch arterioles

In the cheek pouch of anesthetized male hamsters, microiontophoresis of Ach (endothelium-dependent vasodilator) or phenylephrine (PE; smooth muscle-specific vasoconstrictor) onto an arteriole (rest...
Some Relationships between Different Uses of the Electrostatic Potential

The electrostatic potential at a point \(\vec r\) in the vicinity of an atom or molecule is (in a.u.): $$v^{ES} \left( {\vec r} \right) = \sum\limits_A {\frac{{Z_A }} {{\left| {\vec r - \vec R_A } \right|}}} - \int {\frac{{\rho \left( {\vec r} \right)}} {{\left| {\vec r - \vec r'} \right|}}} d\vec r'$$ (1) where ZA is the charge on nucleus A, located at \({\vec R_A}\) A, and ρ(\(\overrightarrow {r'}\) ) is the electronic charge density. As is clear from equation (1), the electrostatic potential represents the net electric potential field at point \(\vec r\) caused by the unperturbed, i.e., static, charge distribution of an atom or molecule. As such the electrostatic potential determines the classical coulombic component of the interaction energy of a static target with anything. In this chapter a few relationships and differences between various kinds of uses of the electrostatic potential are discussed.
Synthesis and Catalytic Reactivity of a Dicopper(II) μ-η2:η2-Peroxo Species Supported by 1,4,7-Tri-tert-butyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane

O2-derived CunO2 adducts are attractive targets for aerobic oxidation catalysis because of their remarkable reactivity, but oxidation of the supporting ligand limits catalytic turnover. We report that tBu3tacn (1,4,7-tri-tert-butyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane) supports a dicopper(II) μ-η2:η2-peroxo species with the highest solution stability outside of an enzyme. Decomposition of this species proceeds without oxidation of the tBu3tacn ligand. Additive-free catalytic aerobic oxidation reactions at or above room temperature are described, highlighting the potential of oxidatively robust ligands in aerobic copper catalysis.
Novel model of direct and indirect cost-benefit analysis of mechanical embolectomy over IV tPA for large vessel occlusions: a real-world dollar analysis based on improvements in mRS.

Background Ischemic strokes result in significant healthcare expenditures (direct costs) and loss of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) (indirect costs). Interventional therapy has demonstrated improved functional outcomes in patients with large vessel occlusions (LVOs), which are likely to reduce the economic burden of strokes. Objective To develop a novel real-world dollar model to assess the direct and indirect cost–benefit of mechanical embolectomy compared with medical treatment with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV tPA) based on shifts in modified Rankin scores (mRS). Method A cost model was developed including multiple parameters to account for both direct and indirect stroke costs. These were adjusted based upon functional outcome (mRS). The model compared IV tPA with mechanical embolectomy to assess the costs and benefits of both therapies. Direct stroke-related costs included hospitalization, inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation, home care, skilled nursing facilities, and long-term care facility costs. Indirect costs included years of life expectancy lost and lost QALYs. Values for the model cost parameters were derived from numerous resources and functional outcomes were derived from the MR CLEAN study as a reflective sample of LVOs. Direct and indirect costs and benefits for the two treatments were assessed using Microsoft Excel 2013. Results This cost–benefit model found a cost–benefit of mechanical embolectomy over IV tPA of $163 624.27 per patient and the cost benefit for 50 000 patients on an annual basis is $8 181 213 653.77. Conclusions If applied widely within the USA, mechanical embolectomy will significantly reduce the direct and indirect financial burden of stroke ($8 billion/50 000 patients).
Adaptive Kupffer cell alterations after femur fracture trauma in rats

Because Kupffer cells constitute the largest fixed macrophage population and reside at a strategic position in hepatic sinusoids, interacting with hepatocytes, circulating cells, and mediators from the gut, they may be important in the inflammatory response after injury. This study examined the effect of remote tissue injury on Kupffer cell function. Femurs of Sprague-Dawley rats were fractured under anesthesia. Subsequently, their livers were perfused for measurement of oxygen consumption and the isolation and culture of Kupffer cells. At 2 and 48 h after femur fracture, hepatic oxygen consumption increased 17 and 19%, respectively. Gadolinium chloride pretreatment to ablate Kupffer cells blocked this increase of hepatic oxygen consumption after femur fracture but had no effect in sham-operated animals. In Kupffer cells isolated and cultured 2 h after femur fracture, superoxide formation stimulated by phorbol ester increased eightfold, phagocytosis increased fourfold, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated prostaglandin E2 increased sixfold in comparison to sham-operated controls. In contrast, LPS-stimulated tumor necrosis factor-alpha and nitric oxide production decreased 50 and 60%, respectively. These data show that peripheral trauma rapidly induces changes in hepatic macrophages characterized by adaptation to a more antimicrobial and less proinflammatory phenotype.
Transgenerational Learning within Families

This article proposes a data-driven transgenerational learning model to reconceptualize the study of literacy learning within families. Based on an empirical study composed of case studies of six families, the data and findings of the larger study foregrounded the “messiness” of learning within families. Studying learning within families requires a fundamental shift in viewing how learning is socially and culturally organized and how families engage their children in learning experiences. Problematizing the notion of the intergenerational transmission of knowledge and beliefs from parents to children, the article highlights how a transgenerational lens provides an alternative way of viewing how and why parents and children engage in learning experiences around reading in the home and school. Implications for viewing families as complex units whose knowledge and belief systems cross generations through the process of reciprocal socialization are discussed.
The Cruel Dilemmas of Development: Twentieth-Century Brazil

(1982). The Cruel Dilemmas of Development: Twentieth-Century Brazil. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 337-339.
Consciousness and Self-Consciousness

What is the relation between consciousness and self-consciousness? In recent philosophy of mind, we are accustomed to underlining their independence. It is often emphasized that a person can be conscious of a host of objects, features, and states of affairs unrelated to her. When a person is conscious of the sky, or consciously experiences the blueness of the sky, she is not attending to herself in the least. That is, she is not self-conscious. Yet she is very clearly conscious. Therefore, consciousness can occur in the absence of self-consciousness. I think there is something amiss in this picture. I will argue that consciousness essentially involves self-consciousness, in the sense that the former cannot occur in the absence of the latter. The argument will proceed as follows. In §1, I will discuss a familiar distinction between transitive consciousness and intransitive consciousness, and argue that the former depends upon the latter. In §2, I will introduce a parallel distinction between two modes of self-consciousness, which I will call transitive selfconsciousness and intransitive self-consciousness. In §3, I will argue that the common reasons for claiming that consciousness is independent of self-consciousness apply only to transitive self-consciousness. And in §4, I will argue that when it comes to intransitive self-consciousness, it appears that no consciousness can occur in its absence. In that sense, consciousness is dependent upon intransitive selfconsciousness.
Notes on Sugar Feeding and Selected Wild Mammalian Hosts of Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Newfoundland

This study, done on the Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland, identified selected wild mammalian hosts and quantified the incidence of sugar feeding for several species (species complexes) of black flies. Female flies were taken from fox, snowshoe hare, lynx, caribou, and human baits. Simulium truncatum/venustum complex females took blood from fox, lynx, rabbit, and caribou and were frequently taken in sweep net collections around humans. Blood-fed females of the Simulium rostratum/verecundum complex were collected only from caribou, were rarely attracted to the other mammalian baits, and were not attracted to humans. Although most females had sugar-fed before seeking a host, significant interspecific differences in the incidence of fructose-positive females were found among the four species (species complexes) examined ( Prosimulium mixtum , 92.9%; S. truncatum/venustum complex, 87.4%; Stegopterna mutata (triploid cytospecies), 83.3%; Simulium vittatum complex, 67.4%). No significant differences were found in the proportion of sugar-fed flies among three habitats examined (forest, scrubland, and pasture) for either P. mixtum or the S. truncatum/venustum complex. However, the percentage of sugar-fed S. truncatum/venustum complex females was significantly higher in the evening than in the morning. Time of day did not influence the incidence of sugar-fed P. mixtum .
Solvent influence on the thermodynamics for hydride transfer from bis(diphosphine) complexes of nickel

The thermodynamic hydricity of a metal hydride can vary considerably between solvents. This parameter can be used to determine the favourability of a hydride-transfer reaction, such as the reaction between a metal hydride and CO2 to produce formate. Because the hydricities of these species do not vary consistently between solvents, reactions that are thermodynamically unfavourable in one solvent can be favourable in others. The hydricity of a water-soluble, bis-phosphine nickel hydride complex was compared to the hydricity of formate in water and in acetonitrile. Formate is a better hydride donor than [HNi(dmpe)2]+ by 7 kcal mol−1 in acetonitrile, and no hydride transfer from [HNi(dmpe)2]+ to CO2 occurs in this solvent. The hydricity of [HNi(dmpe)2]+ is greatly improved in water relative to acetonitrile, in that reduction of CO2 to formate by [HNi(dmpe)2]+ was found to be thermodynamically downhill by 8 kcal mol−1. Catalysis for the hydrogenation of CO2 was pursued, but the regeneration of [HNi(dmpe)2] under catalytic conditions was unfavourable. However, the present results demonstrate that the solvent dependence of thermodynamic parameters such as hydricity and acidity can be exploited in order to produce systems with balanced or favourable overall thermodynamics. This approach should be advantageous for the design of future water-soluble catalysts.