cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sex Role Ideology and Delinquency

This article explores the hypothesis that the great difference between rates of delinquency and criminality of males versus females results from differences in sex roles promulgated by the culture. Here, “sex role” is conceptualized as an ideology about the behavior proper for members of a gender category, and is measured by two questionnaire scales: The Villemez-Touhey Index and a new College Sex Role Index. A survey incorporating these scales and a number of self-report delinquency questions was administered to students at the University of Washington, 498 women and 364 men. Results showed no influence of sex role ideology on deviant behavior among men, and only a very fragmentary influence among women. The Villemez-Touhey Index did correlate with use of alcohol and drugs and with sexual behavior. It is suggested that “sex role” refers to a cluster of phenomena, rather than being a unitary concept, and that the influence of social bonds or organizations is required to render any part of it salient for c...
Comment on “Dynamics of Price Elasticity and Brand Life Cycles: An Empirical Study”:

A 1979 study by Simon made several important contributions to the analysis of price elasticity over the brand life cycle. However, the author suggests that the elasticity estimator used in that stu...
Interoperability and objects

The book A Generative Theory of Shape (Michael Leyton, Springer-Verlag, 2001) develops new foundations for geometry specifically designed to give a single mathematical language for the enormous range of information objects involved in the product lifecycle. This is done by giving a mathematical theory of the structure of intelligently-generated objects. It is argued that intelligence is characterised by maximising transfer and recoverability - which are, in fact, the basic properties of interoperability. Thus the book gives a mathematical theory of intelligence, and, in doing so, brings interoperability into the very foundations of geometry.
Analysis on the Abnormity in Measuring of Eddy Current Sensor Caused by Incorrent Installation

Based on two examples which present the problems in the installation of Eddy Current Sensor and the solution for the problems,this paper analyzes the influence of the fixing space and the character of the conductor measured on the measurement. The article also provided the experiment data and analysis of the examples,which made the reference for the eddy-current sensor installation.
A NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF CURRENT DENSITY IN AXIAL SYMMETRY SUPERCONDUCTING LEVITATION SYSTEM BY CURRENT VECTOR POTENTIAL METHOD

Current vector potential method is important in analysis of electromagnetic fields.An Equation was established in YBCO superconductor-NdFeB permanent magnet system based on Kim model.The electromagnetic derivative equation was transformed into linear equation by Galerkin FEM.The distribution of shielding current was solved.These results are potentially useful for the design of superconducting levitation system.
Analyzing Top2 Distribution on Yeast Chromosomes by Chromatin Immunoprecipitation

In vertebrate cells, DNA topoisomerase II (Topo II), named Top2 in yeast, localizes along chromosome axes early in mitosis and concentrates within centromeric chromatin during metaphase. The factors controlling these changes in enzyme distribution are largely unknown. Insight into Topo II dynamics could potentially be derived through genetic approaches in yeast. In practice, however, the small size and limited compaction of yeast chromosomes has precluded a detailed analysis of Top2 localization along mitotic chromosomes. As an alternative approach, we describe a method for examining Top2 distribution using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). By adding a detergent solubilization step, this method allows efficient recovery of DNA sequences associated with Top2 in the insoluble chromosome scaffold fraction.
The results of epididymal ablation by sclerosing agents in the nonhuman primate

The purpose of this 6-month study was to see whether azoospermia could be produced by injection of sclerosing agents into the cauda epididymides. Three groups of monkeys had bilateral cauda epididymides injections with (1) 0.5ml of 4% formalin in glycerol, (2) 0.5ml of methylcyanoacrylate (MCA), or (3) 100mg of quinacrine hydrochloride in 2ml of saline. Failure rates were very high in the formalin and quinacrine groups (60% and 75%, respectively). Three animals given quinacrine died unexpectedly. In the MCA group the failure rate was 40%. Local tissue reaction to the sclerosing agent was minimal with MCA, compared with the other two agents.
Vulnerability of conducted vasomotor response to ischemia

Many vasoactive substances induce two responses, a direct effect at the site of application and a conducted response that spreads along the vessel length. In the microcirculation, we find that these two components of the vasomotor response display quite different sensitivities to occlusion and/or ischemia. Conducted vasomotor responses were induced in arterioles of the hamster cheek pouch by micropipette application of two test agents: phenylephrine (PE), which causes a receptor-mediated vasomotor response, and KCl, which causes an alteration in the membrane potential by a simple change in the K+ gradient. Ischemia was produced either by total occlusion of the vascular supply, which resulted in a complete cessation of flow in all vessels, or by venous occlusion, which was achieved by gradually inflating a pressurized cuff positioned across the pedicle of the pouch until venous return from the pouch was arrested while the feed arterioles remained patent. Both types of occlusion produced ischemia, the former with low intravascular pressure, the latter with high intravascular pressure. During both types of occlusion, arterioles were initially maximally dilated and unresponsive to both agonists, but over a subsequent 3- to 5-min period, resting arteriolar tone and local responses to both agonists returned. With total occlusion, the conducted response to KCl returned in parallel with the local response, whereas the conducted response to PE was diminished or absent. With venous occlusion, the local responses recovered as with total occlusion, but the conducted responses to both PE and KCl recovered as well.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Explaining Choice Shift: A Comparison of Competing Effects-Coded Models

(1986). Explaining Choice Shift: A Comparison of Competing Effects-Coded Models. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 9, Communication Yearbook 9, pp. 297-314.
Missing in Action: The Lost Version of Vanishing Point

Much has been written on Richard C. Sarafian’s existential road movie Vanishing Point (1971), a shambling, glorious wreck of a film that nevertheless manages to achieve a certain sort of ragged splendor in its countercultural tale of loner driver Kowalski (Barry Newman), who takes on a nearly impossible drive from Denver to San Francisco to deliver a Dodge Challenger in less than 24 hours. Based on two true life stories, one of a San Diego police officer who was kicked off the force in disgrace, and another one of a man who died after a high-speed chase which led to his crashing into a police roadblock, Vanishing Point is pure twentieth-century high octane nihilism.
Amino Acid Synthesis Now and Then

This chapter discusses the biosynthesis of amino acids and also considers possible prebiotic pathways to some of the amino acids that may have been important to the origin of life. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. In addition to their major role in protein synthesis, amino acids serve as precursors for many low-molecular-weight compounds, including peptides, nucleotides, porphyrins, lipid head groups, and coenzymes. Amino acids also provide the vehicles for converting nitrogen and sulfur from inorganic to bioorganic forms. Inspection of amino acid biosynthetic pathways shows that most amino acids arise from one of six intermediates in the central metabolic pathways for carbohydrate metabolism. Amino acids derived from a common carbohydrate are said to be in the same family. The pathways to amino acids arise as branch points from a few key intermediates in the central metabolic pathways that include the glycolytic pathway and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The glutamate family of amino acids includes glutamate, glutamine, proline, lysine, and arginine. The synthesis of glutamine is the main route for bringing nitrogen into the biological world. This chapter discusses the serine family, which includes serine, glycine, and cysteine. Serine is made first and serves as a common intermediate for glycine and cysteine. The synthesis of cysteine is the main route for bringing sulfur into the biological world. The aspartate family of amino acids includes aspartate, asparagine, methionine, lysine, threonine, and isoleucine. Aspartate is made first and serves as a common intermediate for the other amino acids.
Alfred Binet and the Children of Paris

Although Alfred Binet’s early research is often portrayed as a series of failures, his early career period included several productive lines of work that eventually had a positive influence on his seminal contributions to the study and assessment of intelligence. He experimented with Galton and Cattell’s psychophysical tests of reaction times and sensory acuity, conducted tests of color perception, and explored language development, memory and suggestibility, and extraordinary abilities and accomplishments. This work led to his specialization in Individual Psychology. By the early part of the twentieth century, French national laws had begun mandating public school education for all children, including children with mental disabilities, who had previously been excluded entirely or permitted to drop out early from schooling. In 1904, officials of the French government asked Binet to join a distinguished commission of experts who could provide insight and leadership regarding the education of these special cases. Binet’s Individual Psychology research, his publication record, and his particular experience collaborating with Theodore Simon in the study of institutionalized children, made him uniquely qualified for this undertaking, and he assumed a leadership role on the project. This work led to the development of the Binet-Simon Scale, arguably the first intelligence test used in educational settings. The impact of this scale was immense, as it became the basis for a great deal of research on intelligence, both in Europe and North America.
Feasibility and benefits of computerized cognitive exercise to adults with chronic moderate-to-severe cognitive impairments following an acquired brain injury: A pilot study

AbstractPrimary objective: The purpose of this pilot study was to explore feasibility and effects of participation in a computerized cognitive fitness exercise program by a group of adults with chronic moderate-to-severe cognitive impairments following an acquired brain injury (ABI).Research design: This study used a mixed methods design with a convenience sample of individuals forming two groups (+/– exercise).Methods and procedures: Following neurocognitive and satisfaction with life pre-testing of 14 participants, seven were enrolled in a 5-month, 5-days a week computerized cognitive exercise program. Post-testing of all participants and semi-structured interviews of exercise group participants were completed.Main outcomes and results: It was feasible for adults with chronic moderate-to-severe cognitive impairments post-ABI to participate in a computerized cognitive exercise program with ongoing external cues to initiate exercise sessions and/or to complete them as needed. Significant exercise group im...
The asymmetric environmental consequences of population change: an exploratory county-level study of land development in the USA, 2001-2011

In this exploratory study, we decompose population growth and decline into their constituent elements to examine how demographic change drives environmental change. Using the example of land development, the analysis integrates county-level measures of births, deaths, in-migration, and out-migration with data on built-up land area from the National Land Cover Database for the years 2001–2006 and then 2006–2011. Drawing from human ecology and environmental demography, we hypothesize that the components of population change will have asymmetric impacts on the construction of the built environment as a form of land development. Results from spatial error models, with a contemporaneous and a temporarily lagged dependent variable, show conditional support for these hypotheses. While each component of demographic change has a unique effect on the dependent variable, the rate at which births increase built-up land area is significantly greater than the rate at which deaths slow this process down.
Combined Radar–Radiometer Surface Soil Moisture and Roughness Estimation

A robust physics-based combined active–passive (C-AP), or active–passive, surface soil moisture and roughness estimation methodology is presented. Soil moisture and roughness retrieval is performed via optimization, i.e., minimization, of a joint objective function, which constrains similar resolution radar and radiometer observations simultaneously. A data-driven and noise-dependent regularization term has also been developed to automatically regularize and balance corresponding radar and radiometer contributions to achieve optimal soil moisture retrievals. It is shown that in order to compensate for measurement and observation noise, as well as forward model inaccuracies, in C-AP estimation, surface roughness can be considered a free parameter. Extensive Monte Carlo numerical simulations and assessment using field data have been performed both to evaluate the algorithm’s performance and to demonstrate soil moisture estimation. Unbiased root mean squared errors range from 0.18 to 0.03 cm3/cm3 for two different land-cover types of corn and soybean. In summary, in the context of soil moisture retrieval, the importance of consistent forward emission and scattering development is discussed and presented.
Relative, Asset-Oriented, and Real Option Valuation Basics

Abstract This chapter addresses relative valuation (i.e., market-based) methods, asset-oriented methods, real options analysis (i.e., contingent claims), and replacement cost, often used as alternatives to discounted cash flow valuation. Relative valuation methods include comparable company, comparable transactions, comparable industry techniques, and value driver-based valuation. Asset-oriented methods include tangible book value and liquidation- or breakup valuation techniques. This chapter also discusses in detail how to look at M&A valuation in the context of real options and concludes with a summary of the strengths and weaknesses of the alternative valuation methods (including discounted cash flow) and when it is appropriate to apply each methodology.
Emission properties and temperature quenching mechanisms of rare-earth elements doped in garnet hosts

Abstract Thermographic phosphors continue to be investigated for gas thermometry in combustion applications due to their relative non-intrusiveness and ability to survive harsh environments. To further develop this technology, the mechanisms leading to their temperature-sensitive emission must be understood in greater detail. As a result, this work focuses on the quenching mechanisms of four different thermographic phosphors: Pr:YAG, Pr:LuAG, Ce:YAG, and Ce:LuAG. Spectrally- and temporally-resolved emission measurements were performed in a tube furnace, providing data on the emission properties of the phosphors at elevated temperatures. A quantum mechanical single configurational coordinate (QMSCC) model is used to understand the temperature sensitivity of the emission spectrum and of the nonradiative intersystem crossing. Energy diagrams for each phosphor are constructed to understand the likelihood of nonradiative ionization to the conduction band as a thermal-quenching mechanism. Configurational coordinate diagrams for each phosphor are constructed and used to interpret the mechanism responsible for thermal quenching. It is found that intersystem crossing is responsible for thermal quenching of Pr:YAG and Pr:LuAG, whereas ionization to the conduction band is the likely mechanism for Ce:YAG and Ce:LuAG. The ability to understand and model the mechanisms associated with the temperature-sensitive emission properties will be a valuable tool towards choosing appropriate thermographic phosphors for specific gas thermometry applications.
Networks and Professional Deviance in the Prescription Drug Abuse Epidemic

We extend the literature on social networks and wrongdoing, which has largely focused on deviance perpetrated with cognizance and intentionality, by considering deviance by omission. We propose tha...
Regulation and Net Neutrality

This paper seeks to inform the network neutrality debate by looking at the role existing government regulation has played in shaping the market for broadband access. Prior research has concluded that network externalities that exist in the market for broadband services justify government intervention (Economides and Tag, 2012). This literature takes limited competition among broadband providers as given rather than questioning why competition is limited in the first place. I argue here that limited competition among broadband providers is not the result of a market failure but rather stems from barriers to entry erected by government regulation, notably municipal “rights-of-way.” The key to improving consumer welfare is therefore not to impose additional regulations on broadband providers, but to clear the way for capital investments in the expansion of new infrastructure and the improvement of existing infrastructure by removing existing regulatory barriers to entry. I conclude that deregulation rather than more regulation would improve Internet access and result in a more level playing field for all content providers.
Body composition of infants: human cadaver studies.

Our basic knowledge of the early growth of the human body has been based, in part, on information obtained 50–100 years ago. Examination of the body composition of the whole fetus provided insights to the chemical changes of growth in relation to the timing of different stages of development1–3 These data remain the basis for estimates of human growth and were used more recently to develop a model of fetal growth, a.k.a, the Reference Fetus.4 The paucity of new information during the last 50 years is due undoubtedly in part to the difficulty of performing analyses that require complete destruction of the whole body. Although some investigators have reported the composition of various tissues taken from the body, rarely has the whole body been analyzed. Therefore, we considered it valuable to re-examine the whole body composition of the human, especially that of the preterm infant.
On the photo-thermal effect of intra-body nano-optical communications on red blood cells

In the near future, it is envisioned that intra-body nanosensing systems will provide fast and accurate disease diagnosis and treatment. Recent work on intra-body communications has focused on understanding the propagation of electromagnetic (EM) signals in biological media; however, the photo-thermal effects of the EM waves on biological tissues are not as well understood, despite the risk of damaging the tissues. In this paper, we consider an intra-body nanosensing system where active nanoparticles (NPs) are injected into blood vessels. Using stochastic geometry, we analytically model the photo-thermal effect on red blood cells (RBCs) induced by EM waves of NP transmissions. Numerical results validate the proposed analytical model and provide insights into the safety of such systems.
Towards a Layered and Secure Internet-of-Things Testbed via Hybrid Mesh

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging technology that aims to connect our environment to the internet in the same way that personal computers connected people. As this technology progresses, the IoT paradigm becomes more prevalent in our everyday lives. The nature of IoT applications necessitates devices that are low-cost, power-sensitive, integrated, unobtrusive, and interoperable with existing cloud platforms and services, for example, Amazon AWS IoT, IBM Watson IoT. As a result, these devices are often small in size, with just enough computing power needed for their specific tasks. These resource-constrained devices are often unable to implement traditional network security measures and represent a vulnerability to network attackers as a result. Few frameworks are positioned to handle the influx of this new technology and the security concerns associated with it. Current solutions fail to provide a comprehensive and multi-layer solution to these inherent IoT security vulnerabilities. This paper presents a layered approach to IoT testbed that aims to bridge multiple connection standards and cloud platforms. To solve challenges surrounding this multi-layer IoT testbed, we propose a mesh inside a mesh IoT network architecture. Our designed "edge router" incorporates two mesh networks together and performs seamlessly transmission of multi-standard packets. The proposed IoT testbed interoperates with existing multi-standards (Wi-Fi, 6LoWPAN) and segments of networks, and provides both Internet and resilient sensor coverage to the cloud platform. To ensure confidentiality and authentication of IoT devices when interoperating with multiple service platforms, we propose optimized cryptographic techniques and software frameworks for IoT devices. We propose to extend and modify the existing open-source IDS platforms such as Snort to support IoT platforms and environments. We validate the efficacy of the proposed system by evaluating its performance and effect on key system resources. The work within this testbed design and implementation provides a solid foundation for further IoT system development.
Predicting near-term changes in ocean carbon uptake

Abstract. Annual to decadal variations in air–sea fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) impact the global carbon cycle and climate system, and previous studies suggest that these variations may be predictable in the near-term. Here, we quantify and understand the sources of near-term (annual to decadal) predictability and predictive skill in air–sea CO 2 flux on global and regional scales by analyzing output from a novel set of retrospective decadal forecasts of the Earth system. These initialized forecasts exhibit the potential to predict year-to-year variations in the globally-integrated air–sea CO 2 flux up to ~ 7 years in advance. This initialized predictability exceeds the predictability obtained solely from foreknowledge of variations in external forcing or a simple persistence forecast. The near-term CO 2 flux predictability is largely driven by predictability in the surface ocean partial pressure of CO 2 , which itself is a function of predictability in surface ocean dissolved inorganic carbon and alkalinity. Comparison with an observationally-based product suggests that the initialized forecasts exhibit moderate predictive skill in the tropics and subtropics, but low skill elsewhere. In the subantarctic Southern Ocean and northern North Atlantic, we find long-lasting initialized predictability that beats that derived from uninitialized and persistence forecasts. Our results suggest that year-to-year variations in ocean carbon uptake may be predictable well in advance, and establish a precedent for forecasting air–sea CO 2 flux in the near future.
Mapping prospects and challenges of managing sludge from effluent treatment in Bangladesh

Abstract The number of effluent treatment plants in Bangladesh have grown steadily in the last two decades in accordance with national environmental laws. Although such laws have been in existence since 1997, there were gaps in it especially when it came to how sludge generated from effluent treatment will be managed. This gap was addressed in 2015 through publication of national standards and guidelines for sludge management detailing some management options. These options have not yet reached the level necessary to address the scale of the problem, about which relevant data & information from all industries are unavailable. This study attempts to address the data gap by mapping the sources of sludge generation and available management options using geographic information system. Although these maps are not comprehensive in coverage of all sources and options, it offers basic assessment for developing a supply chain to route sludge from treatment plants to existing options offering productive uses. Several studies have investigated productive uses of sludge in the context of Bangladesh, but a macro perspective of developing an industrial symbiosis remain unexplored. This paper recommends use of sludge as partial substitute of clay for brick making in the short run mainly because of existing spatial distribution of kilns near generating sources. In the long run, investments are needed to develop infrastructure and supply chain to avail other management options including transportation for dealing with this resource. The need for additional studies is highlighted to understand capacities and costs involved in developing this system while also considering resource conservation and environmental sustainability.
Design and performance of a low-cost, automated, large-scale photobioreactor for microalgae production

Abstract Microalgae feed production is a major cost in bivalve aquaculture. Its efficiency is increased by scaling it up under automated control of environmental conditions. The initial cost of commercially available systems can be prohibitive. Therefore, a large volume full-scale photobioreactor built of low-cost, readily available materials was developed and tested. A cone-bottom, polyethylene tank was internally illuminated with submersible fluorescent lamps and equipped with a monitoring and control system that measured temperature, pH and optical density of the microalgal culture. Injection of CO2 was automated to maintain pH within a target range. System performance was evaluated by growing four batch cultures of Tetraselmis chuii. Temperature inside the photobioreactor was 29.5 ± 2.38 °C (mean ± SD, range 21−35 °C) and pH was 7.56 ± 0.87 (mean ± SD, range 5.29–8.97). Optimal harvest time was after 300 h (12.5 days) of growth, yielding 1700 L of microalgae at a density of 2500 cells/ μl (1200 cells/ μl/ m2 illuminated surface area). With 24 h illumination, the fluorescent lights, air pump and monitoring/ control device consumed 14.9, 1.9 and 0.1kwh/ day, respectively. Assuming the microalgae are harvested at their optimal density after 12.5 days, each batch would consume 211kwh or 0.124kwh/ liter. The photobioreactor described provides an economical option for growing large amounts of microalgae for aquaculture feed and other purposes.
An HIT Ecosystem Capability Maturity Model for System-Wide Implementation, Management, and Governance

Background An effective health system is dependent on the people, processes, and technology required to support its successful use. Technology, including essential health information technology (HIT) components, is not enough to successfully support quality patient care delivery. Without a strong support structure, HIT tools and data alone will fail to meet the desired goal of quality patient care that achieves health equity. Multiple factors, including governance processes, policies, and standards, are critical for the development, implementation, and consistent and effective use of clinical HIT systems and the resulting data. A comprehensive model that provided support for a holistic assessment of the HIT ecosystem could not be identified. The Facility HIT Ecosystem Capability Maturity Model (ECMM) was designed in response to this need. Objectives This project was designed to create and propose a comprehensive framework for self-assessment and support of a maturation pathway for a facility's comprehensive HIT ecosystem, including governance processes, policies, and standards. Methods Iterative methods based on agile and human-centered design practices were used to create and validate the framework and its contents. Results The ECMM and toolkit support a health care facility's clinical or technical leadership, including chief medical officers, chief information officers, and chief medical/health/nursing informatics officers, in identifying and assessing policies, processes, and capabilities surrounding HIT. This framework supports iterative evaluation and step-ladder style progression and goal setting to achieve desired capabilities, both at the local level and at the level of supporting organizations. Reviewer feedback was used to provide iterative tool improvement and refinement. Conclusion The proposed HIT maturity model toolkit showed potential as a tool to help empower health care facilities and their leadership to advance their HIT ecosystem.
Waveguide-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Detection of Vapor Phase Threat Chemicals with Compact Raman Spectrometers

We have demonstrated waveguide-enhanced Raman spectroscopy using compact Raman spectrometers for handheld detectors of vapor phase threat materials. Polymer sorbents are used to concentrate the vapors in the evanescent field of the waveguide.
Identification of a novel tedizolid resistance mutation in rpoB of MRSA after in vitro serial passage.

OBJECTIVES Tedizolid is an oxazolidinone antimicrobial with activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including MRSA. Tedizolid resistance is uncommon and tedizolid's capacity to select for cross-resistance to other antimicrobials is incompletely understood. The objective of this study was to further explore the phenotypic and genetic basis of tedizolid resistance in MRSA. METHODS We selected for tedizolid resistance in an MRSA laboratory strain, N315, by serial passage until an isolate with an MIC ≥1 log2 dilution above the breakpoint for resistance (≥2 mg/L) was recovered. This isolate was subjected to WGS and susceptibility to a panel of related and unrelated antimicrobials was tested in order to determine cross-resistance. Homology modelling was performed to evaluate the potential impact of the mutation on target protein function. RESULTS After 10 days of serial passage we recovered a phenotypically stable mutant with a tedizolid MIC of 4 mg/L. WGS revealed only one single nucleotide variant (A1345G) in rpoB, corresponding to amino acid substitution D449N. MICs of linezolid, chloramphenicol, retapamulin and quinupristin/dalfopristin increased by ≥2 log2 dilutions, suggesting the emergence of the so-called 'PhLOPSa' resistance phenotype. Susceptibility to other drugs, including rifampicin, was largely unchanged. Homology models revealed that the mutated residue of RNA polymerase would be unlikely to directly affect oxazolidinone action. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that an rpoB mutation has been implicated in resistance to PhLOPSa antimicrobials. The mechanism of resistance remains unclear, but is likely indirect, involving σ-factor binding or other alterations in transcriptional regulation.
Monkeying around with MAIT Cells: Studying the Role of MAIT Cells in SIV and Mtb Co-Infection.

There were an estimated 10 million new cases of tuberculosis (TB) disease in 2019. While over 90% of individuals successfully control Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, which causes TB disease, HIV co-infection often leads to active TB disease. Despite the co-endemic nature of HIV and TB, knowledge of the immune mechanisms contributing to the loss of control of Mtb replication during HIV infection is lacking. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells that target and destroy bacterially-infected cells and may contribute to the control of Mtb infection. Studies examining MAIT cells in human Mtb infection are commonly performed using peripheral blood samples. However, because Mtb infection occurs primarily in lung tissue and lung-associated lymph nodes, these studies may not be fully translatable to the tissues. Additionally, studies longitudinally examining MAIT cell dynamics during HIV/Mtb co-infection are rare, and lung and lymph node tissue samples from HIV+ patients are typically unavailable. Nonhuman primates (NHP) provide a model system to characterize MAIT cell activity during Mtb infection, both in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV)-infected and SIV-naive animals. Using NHPs allows for a more comprehensive understanding of tissue-based MAIT cell dynamics during infection with both pathogens. NHP SIV and Mtb infection is similar to human HIV and Mtb infection, and MAIT cells are phenotypically similar in humans and NHPs. Here, we discuss current knowledge surrounding MAIT cells in SIV and Mtb infection, how SIV infection impairs MAIT cell function during Mtb co-infection, and knowledge gaps to address.
Inexpensive Alkaline Fuel Cell for Introductory Chemistry Classes

Chemical energy storage and use is a critical part of a sustainable world. In this laboratory experiment, students construct and use an inexpensive hydrogen fuel cell to power a calculator or a clock. The reusable cells are prepared from plastic syringes and a nickel mesh that is coated with a palladium metal catalyst by electroless deposition. One syringe is filled with hydrogen gas and the other with air. A sodium hydroxide solution is the bridge between the cells. Students measure the produced voltage and combine two fuel cells to power electronics requiring 1.5 V. The goal is for students to make the connection between theory and practice for symbolic representations of redox reactions and their macroscopic and atomic/molecular interpretations.
ELECTRONIC TRAVERSE VERSUS TRIANGULATION

The USC & GS in its concern over the costs of long-range, highly accurate geodetic surveys, conducted extensive tests comparing electronic traverses, using Tellurometers with triangulation. A test area in the southeast corner of Kansas was selected as being most representative of the type of terrain normally encountered in primary surveying. After completion of the survey by electronic traverse and triangulation, seven adjustments of both networks were completed. Triangulation proved to be more accurate, although both methods were within the required precision. However, the cost of traverse, originally thought to be slightly less, proved to be more than the cost of triangulation, on an over-all basis.
Conventional Hydrocarbons in the United States Arctic: An Industry Appraisal

Arctic crude oil production has greatly improved the overall energy security of the United States. For example, crude oil from the onshore Prudhoe Bay field on the Alaskan North Slope already is the largest single source of domestically produced supply in the United States. Discovered in 1968 at the edge of the Beaufort Sea and first brought into production in 1977 upon completion of the 800-mile-long Trans-Alaska Pipeline System between Prudhoe Bay and the ice-free port of Valdez, this field currently yields over 1.5 million barrels of crude oil per day of the total United States crude oil production of 8.6 million barrels per day.
Bypass and Vascular Reconstruction for Anterior Circulation Aneurysms

Complex aneurysms are defined as those with a dome to neck ratio of 1.5:1, those larger than 2 cm without a defined neck, those that have a major artery originating from the neck or sac, those that have considerable atherosclerotic changes in the neck, those with a significant thrombus in the lumen, fusiform aneurysms, and blister aneurysms (Table 1). Such aneurysms cannot be occluded by simple microsurgical clipping or standard endovascular coiling techniques without occluding the parent vessel or its major branches. Available strategies for preserving or reconstructing the parent vessel or major branches are: microsurgical (clip reconstruction or bypass) or endovascular (balloon-assisted coiling or stent-assisted coiling, endovascular parent vessel occlusion). The strategy of choice for a particular case has to be individualized and depends on multiple patient and aneurysm characteristics. A simplified protocol we use in making treatment decision is shown in Fig. 1.
Air Force Research Laboratory Cryocooler Technology Development

This paper presents an overview of the cryogenic refrigerator and cryogenic integration programs in development and characterization under the Cryogenic Technology Group, Space Vehicles Directorate of the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL). The vision statement for the group is to support the space community as the center of excellence for developing and transitioning space cryogenic thermal management technologies. The primary customers for the AFRL cryogenic technology development programs are Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (BMDO), the Air Force Space Based Infrared System (SBIRS) Low program office, and other DoD space surveillance programs.
'Even' and Biased Questions: The Case of Spanish 'Siquiera'

This paper examines the behavior of Spanish siquiera, a scalar particle that always associates with minimal semantic values. As we will see in sections 2 and 3, siquiera is licensed in a number of downward entailing environments, in modal contexts, and in questions, where it triggers a negative bias, just like English even does when it associates with a minimal value. Section 1 surveys some relevant background on even and the bias that it triggers in questions. Guerzoni (2004) shows that the negative bias triggered by even can be captured by assuming that even is a low likelihood particle (Karttunen and Peters 1979). We will see in section 3 that the bias triggered by siquiera does not seem amenable to the same type of analysis. Section 4 concludes by sketching an analysis of siquiera inspired by the ‘domain widening’ theory of even presented in van Rooij 2003.
Quantitative damage evolution in incipiently failed 10100 Cu

Two different plates of 10100 Cu (> 99.99 % Cu) were incipiently failed using flyer plate impact in a gas gun equipped with soft recovery. The cleanliness of the plates was assessed using the cold crucible melt technique. One of the plates was also tested using a momentum trapped tensile Hopkinson split pressure bar (THSPB). The recovered specimens were metallographically sectioned, polished, and etched. The resulting damage was also quantified using image analysis and optical profilometry. Micro computed tomography was also performed on two flyer plate specimens and these three dimensional measurements are compared to the sectional measurements. The quantified damage is statistically analyzed for porosity, spatially resolved volumetric void number densities and size distributions, near-neighbor distances, and clustering. A comparison is made in the THSPB tests between the relative contributions of the texture development and damage accumulation towards the overall mechanical behavior of the material.
Maternal psychological distress, prenatal cortisol, and fetal weight.

Objective The objective of this study was to examine the effects of maternal psychological distress on estimated fetal weight during midgestation and explore the maternal hypothalamic-pituitary axis and sympathoadrenal dysregulation as potential risk factors for these effects. Methods Fetal ultrasound biometry measurements and maternal sociodemographic characteristics, emotional distress symptoms, and first morning urine samples were collected during a clinical ultrasound examination for a cross-sectional sample of 98 women who were between 16 and 29 weeks pregnant. Fetal weight was estimated from ultrasound biometry measurements; maternal emotional distress was assessed using the daily hassles (stress), Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (depression), and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (anxiety) scales; and urine samples were assayed for cortisol and norepinephrine levels. Results Correlation analyses revealed that both maternal psychological (daily hassles, depression, and anxiety) and biochemical (cortisol and norepinephrine) variables were negatively related to fetal biometry measurements and estimated fetal weight. A structural equation model further revealed that when the independent variance of maternal sociodemographic, psychological distress, and biochemistry measures were accounted for, prenatal cortisol was the only significant predictor of fetal weight. Conclusions Women exhibiting psychological distress during pregnancy exhibit elevated cortisol levels during midgestation that are in turn related to lower fetal weight.
Design of an in-vivo microscope to characterize cataracts in human eyes

The design of a compact contact microscope, which can be used in-vivo to study the cataracts in human eyes is presented. This microscope has the capability to evaluate the changes in the optical density within the eye lens itself, and thus enabling an examiner to ascertain the progression of a cataractous change or at least the optical changes associated with cataractous development. The microscope has a variable focal length so it can be focused at any depth through the entire thickness of the eye lens. A separate small objective lens is spring loaded against the cornea (like a tonometer tip) so that the natural eye movements can occur safely during the examination. The distance between the objective lens and rest of the optics is variable to accommodate the movements of the eye due to pulse or breathing without affecting the image quality of the instrument. The layer by layer images can be captured on a CCD camera and stored in the computer. The reconstruction software can quantitatively display the characteristics of the cataracts, such as the location, size, and density. The optical design and performance results for the microscope are presented. The optomechanical design features of the microscope are also discussed.
The Civil Rights Movement as Theological Drama—Interpretation and Application

In this essay, Charles Marsh sketches a theological interpretation of the American civil rights movement. Marsh argues that interpretation must begin by reconsidering the theological legacy of Martin Luther King, Jr., taking into account his deep, though largely overlooked, confessional convictions as well as his sympathy with the theology of Karl Barth, whose influence on King has been ignored. Marsh further argues that a theological interpretation of the civil rights movement should not be a matter of writing religious genealogies of moral actions, of civic piety or of representations of human goodness, but of understanding the detail of theological convictions in their lives particularity. Marsh thinks it is altogether appropriate for theologians to retell the story of the American civil rights movement as the story of the church.
MR Urography: Technique and Results for the Evaluation of Urinary Obstruction in the Pediatric Population

MR urography has the potential to revolutionize imaging of the urinary tract in both adults and children, because of its ability to provide an unprecedented level of anatomic information and quantitative functional evaluation of each kidney. MR urography can now provide useful assessment of obstructive uropathy and may provide predictive information about which children will benefit from surgery. It has the potential to identify parameters that indicate a significant obstruction as opposed to self-limited hydronephrosis. Further technical developments in the field will produce greater insights into the pathophysiology of not only urologic disorders but also disorders of the kidney itself.
Diagnostic methodologies: serology, endoscopy, and radiology.

The two major inflammatory bowel diseases, Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), represent clinicopathologic entities that traditionally have been diagnosed on the basis of a combination of clinical, radiologic, endoscopic, and histologic features. Serum perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (pANCA) and anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) have recently been added to our diagnostic armamentarium. Several studies have demonstrated that UC-associated pANCAs recognize nuclear antigens. Additional studies have demonstrated that the pANCA human monoclonal antibody (mAb) Fab 5–3 reacts with histone H1 and with bacterial and mycobacterial antigens. Several reports have suggested that, in CD, pANCA and ASCA are correlated with colonic and small bowel disease respectively. One study found that higher ASCA levels were correlated with more aggressive CD. Serology may prove to be useful in predicting the evolution of indeterminate colitis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and leukocyte scintigraphy hold promise in identifying inflammatory CD. MRI enteroclysis is useful in identifying both luminal small bowel disease and extraluminal complications. A recent study of surveillance colonoscopy in extensive Crohn’s colitis showed a high risk of dysplasia and cancer.
Complete duplication of the colon in association with urethral duplication

A case is presented in which complete colonic duplication is associated with genitourinary and bone abnormalities including a complete duplication of the urethra. The etiology, appearance, clinical course, and classification of various large bowel duplications are discussed.
Assessing physical fitness of women with rheumatic disease

The feasibility, safety, and reliability of selected physical fitness tests were examined in a sample of 70 women between the ages of 20 and 59 with either rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), or fibrositis (FS). Three components of physical fitness were tested: flexibility of the lower back, muscle strength of the arms and legs, and cardiovascular endurance. A group of 40 women without rheumatic or other chronic disease was also tested using the same tests in order to control for modifications in the testing methods. Results showed that the women with rheumatic disease could complete the tests without adverse reactions. Overall, most of them had low to fair cardiovascular endurance and flexibility when compared to either the controls or known norms for women their age. The study concludes that women with three forms of rheumatic disease can safely complete a series of simple, clinically oriented physical fitness tests that are sensitive enough to distinguish several levels of physical fitness.
Some Trends in the Prestige of U.S. Ph.D. Programs in Sociology, 1976–2011

The prestige ranks of 110 U.S. Ph.D. programs in Sociology are examined at seven times between 1976 and 2011. Linear latent growth curve models are fitted to test differences between public and private institutions, institutions located in the four major census regions, and between three historically strong communities (the Ivy League, Big-10, and Pac-10) and others. The relative prestige ranks display considerable stability, totaling 90 % of the variance between, and 10 % of the variance within programs. Differences between the three historically high-prestige communities and others are more important than geographic or public/private distinctions. The Big-10 institutions have declined markedly in relative prestige, as has the mean prestige rank of institutions in the Midwest generally. Ivy and other Eastern schools have gained modestly; Western, but not Pac-10, schools have also gained, while schools in the South are little changed. Overall, public institutions have shown gains relative to private during the period.