cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Long and Winding Road: The Struggle for Justice in the Chicago Police Torture Cases

In the early morning hours of May 29, 1973, Anthony Holmes was taken to Area 2 detective headquarters where he was tortured by recently promoted Chicago police detective Jon Burge and several other detectives who worked with Burge on the Area’s midnight shift. The torture included repeated shockings from an electrical device housed in a box, and suffocation with a bag placed over Holmes’ head. 3 Holmes passed out from the pain, felt that he was dying, and, as a result, gave a detailed stationhouse confession to an assistant Cook County state’s attorney implicating himself in a murder that he has later insisted he did not commit. 4
Causalities between social capital and social funds

There is a growing consensus among development practitioners that participatory mechanisms are necessary in securing the success of development projects. Through the lens of social funds this paper looks at the concept of social capital in order to explain why participation is crucial for development outcomes. Two hypotheses are stated regarding the causalities between social capital and project sustainability: a) higher social capital means better chances for project sustainability; and b) sustainability of projects has a positive influence on the level of social capital. Based on a review of the definitions of social capital, different types of operations are examined in order to propose a methodological approach for testing the hypotheses.
Reconsidering intergenerational concerns

This article argues that most government policies towards intergenerational issues are deficient. Government attention has focused largely on environmental and economic considerations, at the expense of other concerns such as social dimensions. Some of these neglected issues, such as social inequality and generational legacies are presently hindering the formation of social capital and social development, as well as preventing individuals from reaching their full potential. These examples highlight that governments should consider a broader range of concerns within the context of reviewing the underlying intergenerational contract in each society as a result of demographic, economic and political changes.
Topological design of clock distribution networks based on non-zero clock skew specifications

A methodology is presented in this paper for designing clock distribution networks based on application dependent clock skew information. Contrary to previous approaches, the clock distribution network is designed such that the clock skew between two sequentially adjacent registers can be non-zero in order to maximize synchronous performance. The clock skew information is used to define the network topology and determine the delay values of the network branches. The design strategy for determining the topology of the clock distribution network considers the hierarchical description of the circuit to define the branching points of the clock tree. Algorithms to determine the optimal clock delay to each register and the network topology, given the non-zero clock skew specifications, are described and clock distribution networks are developed for example circuits. >
PIX Firewall Management

System management is an important part of configuring and maintaining firewall. Without proper management, security policies cannot be enforced or monitored and a device might be compromised. This chapter focuses on managing Cisco PIX firewalls. It discusses how to enable and customize local and remote logging or syslog. Remote administration is another important component of system management. The chapter explains how to configure a variety of in-band management protocols, such as SSH, SNMP, Telnet, and HTTP, to remotely configure and monitor the PIX firewall. The security implications of each protocol and situations in which one protocol might be more appropriate than another are also discussed. Furthermore, the chapter also discusses configuring the system date and time and why it plays a vital role in system management. Along with system date and time, how to use NTP to make easier the job of managing the time and data on the Cisco PIX accurate and consistent across multiple devices is explained. The Cisco PIX firewall has a wealth of system time and date functionality. This functionality goes from the basic time and date stamp to automatically adjusting for daylight savings time. The Cisco PIX clock can be set locally or NTP can be used to set the time from a central timeserver. The PIX uses the UTC time format but can be configured to display the time in a time-zone format such as PST. The PIX can use NTP authentication to keep the link to the timeserver secure from unauthorized adjustment of the system time. This provides a level of security for using digital certificates.
A photonic crystal microspectrometer

We propose a microspectromer consisting of a photonic crystal mating directly to a detector array as shown in Figure 1(a). The photonic crystal in this case is a 3D opal structure that is an inhomogeneous quasi-periodic array of microcavities that cause spectral variation in the near field. Advantages of the photonic crystal filter compared to an array of thin film filters are: insensitivity to angle of incidence, ability to characterize large etendue sources, and spectral diversity as a function of position on a small scale less than 10 microns.
Professor John Henry Comstock

If some of us still cherish the philosophy that a struggle for existence does act as a developmental factor, perhaps we shall be pardoned for believing that the early struggles of Professor John Henry Comstock for an education did develop in him some of those fit qualities that later contributed to his scientific achievements. Notwithstanding, something of his character must certainly be attributed to his parental inheritance. His mother, Susan Allen, was reputed to be of the family of Ethan Allen. Evidently it was she who transmitted to her son the determination and tenacity of purpose which characterized his labors on the problems he undertook to solve.
On a theorem of M. Marcus and H. Mine and a little known expansion formula for permanents

Trying to reveal the actual origin of a theorem on the permanent of the sum of two matrices, we discovered a little known formula concerning the expansion of determinants by determinants of bordered matrices. In this note, we present a concise and self-contained proof of the permanental analogue of this formula. Finally, a connection with the beforementioned theorem is established and applications of either result are referred to.
A note on orbital control of equator-pole heat fluxes

We note that orbital (Milankovitch) variations, in particular the precession of the equinoxes, can lead to profound variations in the flux of heat from the tropics to higher latitudes. The mechanism involves changing the intensity of the Hadley circulation by varying the maximum displacement from the equator of the zonally averaged surface temperature maximum in summer. The precession of the equinoxes causes this quantity to vary by more than a factor of 2. The intensity of the Hadley circulation has a major influence on the heat fluxes in the winter hemisphere. Summer heat fluxes are generally small. Although the precession cycle is characterized by periods in the neighborhood of 20000 years, the variations are modulated by the eccentricity whose variation is dominated by periods in the neighborhood of 100000 years and 400000 years. We show how the fact that both small and large heat fluxes lead to low snowfall (and, hence, small glacial accumulation) causes the demodulation of the heat flux leading to dominant eccentricity periods in the resulting glaciation.
Longwave-IR Optical Parametric Oscillator in Orientation-Patterned GaAs

OPO performance was measured between three different grating periods in five samples and two separate cavity configurations while being pumped by a Q-switched 2micron Tm,Ho:YLF laser. Similar results were obtained between the two cavity configurations while experimental spectra data is confirmed with calculations.
Sliding mode control of vibration in a flexible structure via estimated states and H/sub /spl infin////spl mu/ techniques

This paper presents a new approach for the robust control of vibration in a flexible structure in the presence of uncertain parameters and the effect of observation spill over. The algorithm is based on the sliding mode control and H/sub /spl infin////spl mu/ techniques. A set of sliding hyperplanes is designed in estimated state space via the linear fractional transformation and the H/sub /spl infin// control methods. Using a flexible tetrahedral truss structure, numerical examples are presented to verify the theoretical analysis. Results from H/sub /spl infin// control with estimated states, sliding mode/H/sub /spl infin// control using the estimated states and standard output-feedback H/sub /spl infin// control are presented and compared.
Interactions of the horizontal and vertical human oculomotor systems: The vertical smooth pursuit and horizontal saccadic systems

Abstract The human oculomotor system has been studied by numerous people for well over half a century. Since the visual system is our primary sensory input channel, it is important for us to know how information is processed by the system. Most of the previous work on eye movements has been on modeling the horizontal eye movement control system. In the present series of experiments, human subjects were given the task of tracking a spot of light which moved both horizontally and vertically. The temporal relationship of the horizontal and vertical eye movements was recorded using a light reflection technique. The results of this experiment indicate that the horizontal saccadic and vertical smooth pursuit systems are parallel information processors and are not interdependent.
Applications of Current Commutation Relations to Muon Capture and Neutrino (Antineutrino) Reactions in Nuclei

Relations among total muon-capture rates in nuclei and the equal-time commutators of the space and time components of the strangeness-conserving weak hadron current are derived. Using the quark field algebra and the closure approximation, this relation yields a total muon-capture rate in ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ of $\ensuremath{\Gamma}({\mathrm{He}}^{3})\ensuremath{\approx}2.36\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, in very good agreement with experiment. We demonstrate that application of the gauge field algebra to our relations does not yield a result that can be compared with experiment, since we cannot justify the use of the closure approximation in the context of this algebra. Using the quark field algebra and the closure approximation, similar relations are also derived for the total "elastic" differential cross section for forward scattering of neutrinos off nuclei.
Anyons in the XY model induced by charged holes

We show that the inclusion of holes in a XY two-dimensional spin antiferromagnet gives rise to electrically charged particles which carry a flux. As a result two particles with the same electric charge can bind due to their opposite vorticity.
Generalized synthetic discriminant functions

A generalization of the conventional synthetic discriminant function (SDF) solution in both spatial and frequency domains is provided. It is based on the concept of the generalized inverse. The results of this generalization are shown to specialize to previous work (namely, the minimum-output-variance SDF). A link is established between the quantities characterizing the spatial-domain SDF solutions and the frequency-domain ones through the pseudo-discrete Fourier-transform operation. Several properties of the various relevant matrices are presented to provide a general framework for characterizing SDF solutions. To help to illustrate the advantages of the generalized SDF solution method, two examples of SDF’s (a phase-only and a two-level SDF) are investigated.
Shyness, Egocentricity, and Psychopathology: Their Relationships among Nonhospitalized Individuals and Mental Hospital Patients

To investigate the relationship between shyness and egocentricity in both psychiatric (hospitalized) and nonhospitalized groups, 162 adult men and women diagnosed as paranoid or undifferentiated schizophrenic, and a control group of 162 nonhospitalized individuals matched for age and gender were studied. Shyness was assessed on the Social Reticence Scale and egocentricity by the Self-focus Sentence Completion. Analysis indicated that the patients were more shy than nonhospitalized individuals. Paranoid schizophrenics were not different from undifferentiated schizophrenics on egocentricity and the Self-focus Sentence Completion subscales. Nonhospitalized individuals and the mental hospital patients were egocentric on the Self-focus Sentence Completion. For this reason, relationships among shyness, egocentricity, and psychopathology could not be demonstrated.
Aberrant Synthesis, Metabolism, and Plasma Accumulation of Circulating Estrogens and Estrogen Metabolites in Preeclampsia: Implications for Vascular Dysfunction

Estrogens and estrogen metabolites have important functions in cardiovascular and other physiology, yet the patterns of estrogen synthesis, metabolism, and the individual plasma profile of estrogens and estrogen metabolites during human pregnancy as well as in preeclampsia remain undetermined. We performed liquid chromatography mass spectrometry on plasma samples from normotensive pregnant women (normP; n=8), women with mild (mPE; n=8), and severe (sPE; n = 8) preeclampsia at labor. Compared with normP, estrone was lower in sPE, whereas plasma level of estradiol-17β was significantly lower in women with mPE and sPE. Estriol was lower in sPE, but not in mPE. Although 2-hydroxyestrone was lower in mPE and sPE, 4-hydroxyestrone was high in sPE. 16-α-hydroxyestrone was higher in mPE, but not in sPE. 2-hydroxyestradiol in women with mPE and sPE were lower compared with normP. Compared with 2-methoxyestrone in normP, levels were lower in sPE. 3-methoxyestrone and 4-methoxyestrone were unchanged. 2-methoxyestradiol was lower in mPE and sPE; however, 4-methoxyestradiol was low only in sPE. Compared with normP, 16-keto-estradiol-17β levels were significantly higher in sPE, whereas 16-epi-estriol and 17-epi-estriol were lower in women with sPE. Our findings show that preeclampsia is characterized by aberrant synthesis, metabolism, and accumulation of estrogens and estrogen metabolites that are likely to be associated with alterations in vascular function. These results underscore the need to investigate the functional vascular and other physiology of estrogens and estrogen metabolites in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia.
Growth mechanism of silicon carbide films on silicon substrates using C60 carbonization

Abstract Silicon carbide films were grown on silicon substrates using C 60 molecules as a carbon source. The grown films were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and infrared spectroscopy (IRS). Also, using SiO 2 as a mask on the Si substrate, a patterned SiC film was grown. Growth and defect mechanisms are discussed and compared with conventional CVD carbidizing methods.
Ion specificity and stoichiometry of the cardiac inositol transporter

Cardiac myocytes have a high affinity, Mg2+-dependent, electrogenic, Na-inositol co-transporter on the plasma or sarcolemma (SL) membrane (Rubin and Hale, 1993). The ion specificity and stoichiometry of this transport process is unknown. Using bovine cardiac SL vescies, we have determined that transmembrane movement of myo-[3H]inositol requires Na+ and is not supported by K+ or Li+. Furthermore, replacing Cl− with a non-permeant anion has no effect on inositol transport. Carrier-mediated inositol efflux indicated that efflux was Na+-dependent and electrogenic but independent of extravesicular Mg2+ in the efflux media. The transport stoichiometry of 1 Na+ for one inositol was derived by determining the null point of myo-[3H]inositol flux under conditions where the inside and outside concentration (ratio) of myo-inositol and Na+ were controlled. The results suggest that Na+, inositol, and Mg2+ bind to the same side of the membrane for transport to occur and that the stoichiometry of Na+ and inositol transport is 1:1.
A model to evaluate the subsidization of governmental animal disease control programs

Abstract Subsidization of disease control programs can be justified as economically efficient if the social costs of early detection and control of diseases are considered as well as the private costs to the individual. A method of analyzing the two sources of costs and the optimal investment in disease detection and control is developed. The application of the method is illustrated with data from brucellosis in the California cattle industry. Subsidization of a diagnostic laboratory system can be shown to be efficient under this set of parameters. The distribution of the benefits from the increased surveillance level in the long and short run is shown to benefit both the producer and consumer.
Symptoms of depression among female nursing students

This study examines the extent to which depressive symptoms in female nursing students are affected by specific stressors and coping styles. Three hypotheses were examined for differences in symptoms of depression scores and a model was tested for predicting depression in female nursing students. Responses were gathered from three questionnaires (Hassles and Uplifts Scales, Symptoms of Stress Inventory, and Coping Styles) from 408 female baccalaureate, master's and doctoral students from a major Midwest research university. Symptoms of depression were not significantly different among the students and were as high as a comparative group of stress management clients. Path analysis was used to examine the patterns of stressors (hassles, uplifts, personal and student-related stress), coping (coping styles, habits, quitting school, and drug use), and a biological factor (depression around the menstrual cycle) that predicted symptoms of depression. All hypothesized variables had direct paths to symptoms of depression; the path model explained 58% of the variance. Results from this study support the biological and psychological theories of depression in women and raise important questions of particular relevance to women, nursing students and educators.
Deprivation changes initial affective value of sodium saccharin

The relationship between degree of water deprivation and affective value of a.2% sodium saccharin solution was determined for 15 female albino rats in a one-bottle test situation. Initially, ad lib animals greatly preferred saccharin, whereas rats deprived for 231/2 h decreased their fluid intake and the 47-h deprived showed no initial change. Subsequently, these effects did not appear when a 1% sodium chloride solution was presented to assess effects of stimulus change. Thus, the effect observed with saccharin may not be simply due to novelty of the new solution.
Potential Corridors for the Rusty Crayfish, Orconectes Rusticus , in Northern Wisconsin (USA) Lakes: Lessons for Exotic Invasions

We sampled 35 lakes in northern Wisconsin to determine the presence of Orconectes rusticus, the rusty crayfish, and related this pattern to several parameters pertaining to potential invasion routes that could influence the distribution of these crayfish in the lakes. The presence of rusty crayfish in lakes was positively related to an index of human use and negatively related to the length of stream connections to other lakes containing the crayfish. Humans appear to act as vectors allowing crayfish to travel along discontinuous routes that otherwise would be inaccessible to them, and thus, provide crayfish with spatially discontinuous corridors that increase the probability of movement by channelizing the space between lakes. In contrast, streams correspond closely to the traditional definition of terrestrial corridors, in that they are spatially continuous. This distribution pattern suggests colonization operating via two corridors with two spatial scales, making management of the invasion of rusty crayfish complex.
The Influence of IPPB, CPAP, and IPPB with CPAP during Cardiopulmonary Bypass on Postbypass and Postoperative Pulmonary Function

Abstract Pulmonary compliance and shunt ( S / T ) were employed to determine the optimal method for maintaining the lungs during cardiopulmonary bypass in 100 calves. The calves were divided into four groups with respect to pulmonary maintenance during bypass: nonventilation with the lungs collapsed (Group 1); nonventilation with the lungs exposed to 5 cm H 2 O of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) (Group 2); intermittent positive-pressure breathing (IPPB) without CPAP (Group 3); and IPPB with 5 cm H 2 O of CPAP (Group 4). All groups had similar compliance preoperatively and sustained significant decreases 30 minutes after bypass. Lung compliance returned to preoperative levels two hours postoperatively in Groups 1 and 2 but was still reduced in Groups 3 and 4. The S / T was markedly higher postoperatively in Groups 3 and 4 than in Groups 1 and 2. These data demonstrate that ventilation during bypass reduces early postoperative lung compliance and increases S / T and they suggest that static pulmonary inflation during bypass offers no advantages over allowing the lungs to remain collapsed.
Resolving conflict: Theory and practice.

(2002). Resolving Conflict: Theory and Practice. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology: Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 157-160.
Effects of hexose infusion with insulin and of additional epinephrine injection on the levels of serum potassium and blood glucose in dogs

The hypokalemic response was roughly proportional to the dose of insulin. The hypokalemia due to adding insulin to galactose or fructose loading was slightly greater than that with insulin and glucose or mannose loading, suggesting a hexose stereospecificity of the response. When epinephrine (13.6 nmol/kg, i.v.) was given after one of the hexoses plus insulin, the hyperkalemia with glucose and galactose was 2.5-3 mEq/l, about twice that due to fructose or mannose. The hyperglycemia was about 2 mmol/l for glucose, 1 mmol/l for galactose, mannose, fructose, and ouabain with glucose, and 0.25 mmol/l for phloridzin with glucose. Addition of epinephrine, isoproterenol, and cAMP caused a significant depression of Na+,K+-ATPase activity in rat liver (P < 0.01) but the addition of insulin did not. These results show that there was a relation between the levels of blood glucose and serum potassium after an insulin-containing hexose infusion and that membrane permeability was stereospecific.
The thermonuclear fusion rate coefficient for p-11B reactions

Analytic approximations to the p-11B fusion rate coefficient suitable for use at both low (1 keV ≤ T ≤ 70 keV) and high (50 keV ≤ T ≤ 500 keV) temperatures are developed. Comparisons between these analytic approximations and calculations of the p-11B fusion rate coefficient based on numerical integration indicate that the overall error in these approximations is dominated by errors in the experimental measurement of the underlying p-11B fusion cross-sections.
School Influences on the Physical Activity of African American, Latino, and White Girls.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this research was to examine the impact of school-related variables on the physical activity (PA) levels of early adolescent African American, Latino, and White girls. METHODS: Data were collected from 353 African American (N = 123), Latino (N = 118), and White (N = 112) girls. Physical activity levels included a PA latent factor and minutes per day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). School variables included hours of physical education (PE), PE enjoyment, school physical environment, recess activity, and active transport to/from school. Multiple-group structural equation modeling examined relations between school variables and PA across ethnic groups. RESULTS: Hours of PE were positively related to higher PA factor scores. Active transport was related to higher PA factor scores for White girls only, and to greater MVPA for African American girls only. Hours of PE were related to PE enjoyment and the school physical environment for some ethnic groups. Physical education enjoyment was related to more recess activity among African American and Latino girls, and PE enjoyment was associated with more active transport to school for all girls. CONCLUSIONS: Physical education participation and active transport significantly contribute to girls' levels of PA, with differences across ethnic groups. Language: en
Estimating extreme values of air quality data using different fitted distributions

Abstract The existing U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards for ozone and carbon monoxide deal with the very extremes of air quality. These extreme values are frequently determined using a statistical distribution fitted to the air quality data. However, the estimated extreme values depend critically on the fitted distribution and the selection of an appropriate distribution is often ambiguous. By means of examples, we show that goodness-of-fit tests will not provide a clear decision as to the ‘best-fit’ distribution, that outliers on both upper and lower end of the air quality data can have a severe influence on the distributions, that the very extreme values have large uncertainties and are very sensitive to the choice of the distribution, and that less-extreme values are less dependent on the choice of the distribution and have smaller uncertainties. As shown elsewhere, the less-extreme values are also less sensitive to the effect of autocorrelation. These desirable attributes of a less-extreme values should make it a more logical choice for air quality standards.
Temperature effects on laboratory mating behavior of the alfalfa weevil.

At temperatures from 5 to 45°C the percentage of time spent in mating behavior (mounted) by nondiapausing (labmatory-reared) and postdiapausing (field-collected) Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) was maximal at 10°C. At higher temperatures there was a significant decrease. Duration per mounting was also maximal at 10°C and decreased as temperature increased. Prolonged mounting at lower temperatures may have been the result of lower activity rate and mating inefficiency. Mounting frequency generally increased significantly with increased temperatures up to 35°C for nondiapausing and 40°C for postdiapausing pairs. Nondiapausing males mounted fewer times for greater durations than postdiapausing males. One of 20 nondiapausing males mounted at 0°C. Initiation of mating behavior was reduced at 5°C but not at 10°C, although movement was slower than at higher temperatures.
Let them all eat cake: Providing VIP services without the cost of exclusion for non-VIP customers

Abstract Using quasi-field and lab experiments, this research examines the underlying social comparison process involved when consumers evaluate their satisfaction with both VIP group membership and non-VIP group membership during VIP service experiences. Results show that perceptions of face mediate the relationship between group membership and satisfaction. VIPs report higher satisfaction due to feelings of enhanced face, and non-VIPs report lower satisfaction due to feelings of decreased face. For VIPs, service experiences are heightened by situations that allow visible downward social comparison. Further, VIPs' level of previous experience with VIP group membership moderates this effect. Finally, non-VIPs, which comprise the majority, are more satisfied when upward social comparison is not possible. This research is the first to offer service managers insight into the strategic design of offerings that maximize both VIP and non-VIP groups' satisfaction during status-oriented consumption experiences.
Role of Fundamental Frequency Differences in the Perceptual Separation of Competing Vowel Sounds by Listeners With Normal Hearing and Listeners With Hearing Loss

This study compared the ability of listeners with normal hearing and listeners with moderate to moderately-severe sensorineural hearing loss to use fundamental frequency differences (ΔF0) in the id...
Neutralino Oscillations at the LHC

We study a supersymmetric phenomenon that can give spectacular signals at the LHC: oscillations of neutralinos. Such oscillations can be naturally realised in Rsymmetric models, where additional elds are introduced as Dirac mass partners of gauginos and Higgsinos. Majorana masses for gauginos, necessarily generated from anomaly mediation, can create tiny mass splittings between degenerate mass eigenstates, causing states produced at the LHC to oscillate between neutralinos and their Dirac partner elds. Scenarios where such states decay with displaced vertices can lead to striking signatures at the LHC, where the oscillation can be visible directly in the distribution of displaced vertex lengths. We elaborate on the theory and LHC phenomenology of this feature within a specic scenario of a Higgsino decaying with a displaced vertex into a gravitino and a Z boson.
Preventing Progression to Chronicity in First Onset, Subacute Low Back Pain: An Exploratory Study

Abstract Slater MA, Weickgenant AL, Greenberg MA, Wahlgren DR, Williams RA, Carter C, Patterson TL, Grant I, Garfin SR, Webster JS, Atkinson JH. Preventing progression to chronicity in first onset, subacute low back pain: an exploratory study. Objectives To evaluate the effects of a behavioral medicine intervention, relative to an attention control, in preventing chronic pain and disability in patients with first-onset, subacute low back pain (LBP) with limitations in work-role function. Design A 2-group, experimental design with randomization to behavioral medicine or attention control groups. Setting Orthopedic clinic at a Naval Medical Center. Participants Sixty-seven participants with first-onset LBP of 6 to 10 weeks of duration and impairment in work function, of whom 50 completed all 4 therapy sessions and follow-up 6 months after pain onset. Intervention Four 1-hour individual treatment sessions of either behavioral medicine, focused on back function and pain education, self-management training, graded activity increases, fear reduction, and pain belief change; or attention control condition, focused on empathy, support, and reassurance. Main Outcome Measures The primary outcome was proportion of participants classified as recovered, according to pre-established clinical cutoffs on standardized measures, signifying absence of chronic pain and disability at 6 months after pain onset. Secondary analyses were conducted on pain, disability, health status, and functional work category. Intervention credibility and pain belief manipulation checks were also evaluated. Results Chi square analyses comparing proportions recovered at 6 months after pain onset for behavioral medicine and attention control participants found relative rates of 52% versus 31% in the modified intent-to-treat sample ( P =.09) and 54% versus 23% for those completing all 4 sessions and 6-month follow-up ( P =.02). At 12 months, 79% of recovered and 68% of chronic pain participants still met criteria for their respective groups ( P P =.03). Conclusions Early intervention using a behavioral medicine rehabilitation approach may enhance recovery and reduce chronic pain and disability in patients with first-onset, subacute LBP. Effects are stronger for participants attending all 4 sessions and the follow-up assessment.
Effects of dexamethasone on acute virus-induced airway dysfunction in adult rats

Respiratory viral infections have been associated with airway obstruction and hyperresponsiveness, and exacerbations of asthma. Although virus-induced asthma is thought to be precipitated by airway inflammation, the clinical efficacy and rationale for using antiinflammatory treatment during such exacerbations remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to use a well characterized animal model of respiratory viral illness to test the hypothesis that the inflammatory response to viral infection is responsible for the development of airway dysfunction. Adult rats were inoculated with either Sendai virus or sterile vehicle and treated with daily injections of dexamethasone or saline. At postinoculation d 4, 5, or 6, rats were evaluated for airway obstruction, hyperresponsivenes, inflammation, and lung viral titers. Saline-treated infected rats had significant airway obstruction (increased resistance, decreased dynamic compliance), hyperresponsiveness (i.v. methacholine), and inflammation (increased bronchoalveolar lavage leukocytes) compared with noninfected controls. In contrast, dexamethasone-treated infected rats had no increase in bronchoalveolar lavage leukocytes and significantly smaller changes in airway physiology, but had increased lung viral titers compared with saline-treated infected rats. We conclude that glucocorticoid suppression of the inflammatory response to respiratory viral infection largely prevents virus-associated airway dysfunction.
Comparison of measured and predicted flight effects on high-bypass coaxial jet exhaust noise

A semi-empirical model for predicting the noise generated by conventional-velocity profile coaxial jets is compared with full scale flight data and model scale simulated flight data for high bypass nozzles. The prediction model was shown to agree with small scale static data for primary jet velocities from 215 to 795 m/s for a wide range of area, temperature, and velocity ratios between streams. However, there were insufficient model nozzle, simulated flight data available at that time to permit validation of the flight effects prediction. The comparisons presented demonstrate that the prediction method is also valid in flight.
Reactivity of Lignin Diphenylmethane Model Dimers Under Alkaline Pulping Conditions

Abstract The reactivity of a series of phenolic lignin diphenylmethane (DPM) model dimers has been examined in soda and kraft cooks, in an attempt to understand the role of lignin condensation in the alkaline delignification process. These condensed dimers were shown to be rather stable in alkali in the absence of O2 even at elevated temperatures. In contrast, they were sensitive to traces of O2 present in air, and the degradation mechanism involved was shown to be different from that occurring under mild alkali-O2 conditions.
A methodology for measuring and modeling crystallographic texture gradients in processed alloys

Abstract The explicit representation of internal material structure in alloy processing and in-service performance simulations is becoming increasingly prevalent. This paper presents a methodology for characterizing and representing a spatially-varying orientation distribution function (ODF) that can be used in processing and performance simulations for alloys containing texture gradients. We use thick AA 7050 aluminum plate, which is known to contain texture gradients, as a case study to demonstrate the methodology, which employs a finite element representation of the ODF initialized using individual lattice orientation measurements taken using the electron backscatter pattern (EBSP) technique. As expected, we find that the texture varies significantly through the plate thickness. We use the ODF to examine the effect of the varying texture on the resulting yield strength distribution as embodied by the average Taylor factor. We find that the predicted yield strength anisotropy is different at different locations through the thickness of the plate. We examine the optimal number of orientation measurements necessary for determining the ODF in the presence of this texture gradient. We find that as we increase the number of orientations, the ODF quickly becomes stable but eventually starts to change under the influence of the texture gradient. We also investigate spatial interpolation of the ODF using the finite element representation. We find that, as with finite element representations of other fields, interpolation accuracy depends on the variation of the field variable and the discretization of the domain. In this case, gradients in both physical space and orientation space affect the accuracy of the interpolation. Finally, the effects of the texture gradient on the mechanical response of the material is demonstrated by employing the ODFs taken from various locations through the thickness of the plate in polycrystal plasticity simulations of uniaxial tension and plane strain compression.
Amyloid β-peptide induces apoptosis-related events in synapses and dendrites

Abstract Synapse loss in cerebral cortex and hippocampus is a prominent feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that is correlated with cognitive impairment. Postsynaptic regions of dendrites are subjected to particularly high levels of calcium influx and oxidative stress as a result of local activation of glutamate receptors, and are therefore likely to be sites at which neurodegenerative processes are initiated in AD. Data suggest that neurons may die in AD by a process called apoptosis which involves a stereotyped series of biochemical changes that culminate in nuclear fragmentation, and that amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) may play a role in such apoptosis. We now report that Aβ induces apoptosis-related biochemical changes in cortical synaptosomes, and in dendrites of cultured hippocampal neurons. Exposure of synaptosomes to Aβ resulted in loss of membrane phospholipid asymmetry, caspase activation, and mitochondrial membrane depolarization. Cytosolic extracts from synaptosomes exposed to Aβ induced chromatin condensation and fragmentation in isolated nuclei indicating that signals capable of inducing nuclear apoptosis can be generated locally in synapses. Exposure of cultured hippocampal neurons to Aβ resulted in caspase activation and mitochondrial membrane depolarization in dendrites and cell bodies. A caspase inhibitor prevented Aβ-induced mitochondrial membrane depolarization in synaptosomes, and mitochondrial membrane depolarization and nuclear apoptosis in cultured hippocampal neurons. Collectively, the data demonstrate that apoptotic biochemical cascades can be activated in synapses and dendrites by Aβ, and suggest that such `synaptic apoptosis' may contribute to synaptic dysfunction and degeneration in AD.
Culture, Institutions, and Urban Officials' Responses to Morality Issues:

This article focuses on city officials' actions when morality issues (gay rights, pornography regulations, etc.) are at stake. Cases drawn from a systematic sample of cities reveal a continuum of l...
In vivo and in vitro Study of 90Sr in Developing Rat Molar Enamel

The uptake patterns of 90Sr in developing rat molar enamel were studied in vivo and in vitro. Autoradiographic methods were used that preclude loss or translocation of tracers associated with water-soluble compounds in the sections. In eight-day-old rats injected with the tracer, 90Sr uptake in the enamel was significantly less than for dentin and bone, particularly at early sacrifice times. The uptake pattern of 90Sr was somewhat different from that previously observed for 45Ca. The in vitro experiments indicated that the viable intact enamel organ limits uptake of 90Sr by enamel in both the secretory and maturation phases of enamel formation.
Tubeless Microfluidic Angiogenesis Assay With Three-Dimensional Endothelial-lined Microvessels

The study of angiogenesis is important to understanding a variety of human pathologies including cancer, cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases. In vivo angiogenesis assays can be costly and time-consuming, limiting their application in high-throughput studies. While traditional in vitro assays may overcome these limitations, they lack the ability to accurately recapitulate the main elements of the tissue microenvironment found in vivo, thereby limiting our ability to draw physiologically relevant biological conclusions. To bridge the gap between in vivo and in vitro angiogenesis assays, several microfluidic methods have been developed to generate in vitro assays that incorporate blood vessel models with physiologically relevant three-dimensional (3D) lumen structures. However, these models have not seen widespread adoption, which can be partially attributed to the difficulty in fabricating these structures. Here, we present a simple, accessible method that takes advantage of basic fluidic principles to create 3D lumens with circular cross-sectional geometries through ECM hydrogels that are lined with endothelial monolayers to mimic the structure of blood vessels in vitro. This technique can be used to pattern endothelial cell-lined lumens in different microchannel geometries, enabling increased flexibility for a variety of studies. We demonstrate the implementation and application of this technique to the study of angiogenesis in a physiologically relevant in vitro setting.
Approximation concepts for optimum structural design — a review

This paper reviews the basic approximation concepts used in structural optimization. It also discusses some of the most recent developments in that area since the introduction of approximation concepts in the mid-seventies. The paper distinguishes between local, medium-range and global approximations; it covers function approximations and problem approximations. It shows that, although the lack of comparative data established on reference test cases prevents an accurate assessment, there have been significant improvements. The largest number of developments have been in the areas of local function approximations and use of intermediate variable and response quantities. It appears also that some new methodologies emerge which could greatly benefit from the introduction of new computer architectures.
Homework practices and academic achievement: The mediating role of self-efficacy and perceived responsibility beliefs

Abstract The present study investigated the role of students’ homework practices in their self-efficacy beliefs regarding their use of specific learning processes (e.g., organizing, memorizing, concentrating, monitoring, etc.), perceptions of academic responsibility, and academic achievement. One hundred and seventy-nine girls from multi-ethnic, mixed socioeconomic status families residing in a major metropolitan area of the United States were studied in a parochial school that emphasized homework in the curriculum with more than 3 h of work assigned daily. Path analyses showed significant paths (a) from homework experiences to the girls’ self-efficacy for learning beliefs and their perception of student responsibility for academic outcomes, and (b) from these two academic beliefs to the girls’ academic grade point average at the end of the school term. The implications of these findings for future research and school policy will be discussed.
Dietary Patterns Are Associated with Levels of Global Genomic DNA Methylation in a Cancer-Free Population

Animal studies have provided direct evidence that dietary factors induce changes in DNA methylation patterns. In humans, studies on diet and DNA methylation have yielded inconsistent findings. Because humans tend to consume foods and nutrients that are highly interrelated, study of dietary patterns may have improved the power of detecting the effect of diet on DNA methylation. Using data collected from 149 participants aged 45–75 y in the North Texas Healthy Heart Study, we examined the relationship between dietary patterns and levels of genomic DNA methylation in peripheral blood leukocytes. Dietary data were collected from study participants using the Block FFQ. Genomic DNA methylation was measured using bisulfite conversion of DNA and real-time PCR (MethyLight) for LINE-1. Two dietary patterns were identified using factor analysis: a “prudent” dietary pattern characterized by a high intake of vegetables and fruits, and a “Western” dietary pattern characterized by a high intake of meats, grains, dairy, oils, and potatoes. The prudent dietary pattern was associated with a lower prevalence of DNA hypomethylation (Q4 vs. Q1; OR = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.12–0.92) and the association was dose dependent (P-trend = 0.04). There was no apparent association between the Western dietary pattern and global leukocyte DNA methylation (Q4 vs. Q1; OR = 1.28, 95% CI: 0.47–3.47; P-trend = 0.55). Thus, a dietary pattern characterized by a high intake of vegetables and fruits may protect against global DNA hypomethylation. Future studies with a larger sample size need to confirm that this association holds longitudinally.
Distributional Ratings of Performance Levels and Variability An Examination of Rating Validity in a Field Setting

The performance distribution assessment (PDA) method was purported to be a breakthrough in performance appraisal methodology; however, little research has been conducted to determine the usefulness of this method. This article describes some of the critical features of the PDA method and presents evidence supporting the validity of the PDA in an organizational setting. The performance and ability data of 397 sewing machine operators were analyzed to determine the validity of multiple performance measures derived from the PDA, the relative accuracy of the PDA compared with an evaluative rating method, and differential criterion-related validities for the multiple PDA performance measures. Results revealed significant correlations between the PDA-derived performance measures and objective measures of job performance, differential correlations between ability and the multiple PDA-derived performance measures, and equivalent levels of rating accuracy for the PDA and the evaluative measure of typical performan...
Surface diffusion and clustering of nickel atoms on the (110) plane of tungsten

The surface diffusion and clustering of Ni atoms on the W(110) plane has been studied by field ion microscopy. Individual Ni atoms, deposited at 77 K, were found to become mobile at temperatures above 178 K and diffused with an activation energy of 0.49±0.02 eV. Atoms deposited at temperatures above 200 K formed into clusters. At 200 K the clusters were linear chains following along the direction of the close-packed channels of the substrate. Two-dimensional clusters eere formed at 230 K and above. These clusters were found to migrate as a unit and coalesce into larger clusters at temperatures in the range of 300–375 K. Heating the surface above 375 K caused the clusters to disappear indicating dissociation of the cluster followed by migration of the atoms off the plane. No three-dimensional island growth was observed at any temperature, even on larger planes formed by thermal annealing. Tungsten defects (small clusters of W atoms left by field evaporation) were found to serve as nucleation sites for cluster growth. Ni atoms would stick to the top of these clusters, but only on top of the W “defect” atoms.
Peaceful Change and the Rise of Sudan's Democracy Movement

Negotiations to end Sudan's devastating civil war have repeatedly faltered, but among other developments, the re-emergence of civil society in both the north and south provides greater impetus for peace, as well as greater prospects for democracy and respect for human rights. Particularly important, but thus far relatively unnoticed, is the rise of a southern-led civil society movement in the north. Although Sudan's complex history and demographics provide an explanation for much of the conflict, in fact the conflict is essentially political, while it is this very complexity that could provide a basis for the resolution of the conflict. Some intriguing parallels with South Africa's recent experience underscore the role of civil society, and point to some options for the future.