cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using Bilingual Chinese-English Word Alignments to Resolve PP-attachment Ambiguity in English.

Errors in English parse trees impact the quality of syntax-based MT systems trained using those parses. Frequent sources of error for English parsers include PP-attachment ambiguity, NP-bracketing ambiguity, and coordination ambiguity. Not all ambiguities are preserved across languages. We examine a common type of ambiguity in English that is not preserved in Chinese: given a sequence “VP NP PP”, should the PP be attached to the main verb, or to the object noun phrase? We present a discriminative method for exploiting bilingual Chinese-English word alignments to resolve this ambiguity in English. On a held-out test set of Chinese-English parallel sentences, our method achieves 86.3% accuracy on this PP-attachment disambiguation task, an improvement of 4% over the accuracy of the baseline Collins parser (82.3%).
Market trends in the projection display industry

The projection display industry represents a multibillion- dollar market that includes four distinct technologies. High-volume consumer products and high-value business products drive the market, with different technologies being used in different application markets. The consumer market is dominated by rear CRT technology, especially in the projection TV segment. Rear LCD (liquid crystal display), MEMS/DLP (or Digital Light Processing TM) and LCOS (Liquid-crystal-on-silicon) TVs are slowly emerging as future competitors to rear CRT projectors. Front CRT projectors are also facing challenges from LCD and DLP technology for the home theater market while the business market is completely dominated by front LCD and DLP technology. Three-chip DLP projectors have replaced liquid crystal light valves in large venue applications where projectors have higher light output requirements. In recent years front LCD and LCOS projectors have been increasingly competing with 3-chip DLP projectors especially at the low end of the large venue application market. Within the next five years the projection market will experience very fast growth. Sales and presentation applications, which are the fastest growing applications in the business market, will continue to be the major driving force for the growth for front projectors, and the shift in the consumer market to digital and HDTV products will drive the rear projection market.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mechanistic Study of Tungsten Bipyridyl Tetracarbonyl Electrocatalysts for CO2 Fixation: Exploring the Roles of Explicit Proton Sources and Substituent Effects

Tungsten bipyridyl tetracarbonyl complexes were shown to reduce CO2 to CO in acetonitrile [Chem. Sci., 2014, 5, 1894–1900]. Here, we employ density functional theory (DFT) calculations to investigate the electronic structure and reactivity of a series of tungsten electrocatalysts, [W(bpy-R)(CO)4] (where R = H, CH3, tBu, OCH3, CF3, and CN), for the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). Our proposed mechanism suggests that initial reduction of the starting material by two electrons is required to access the active catalyst upon CO dissociation, which is slightly endergonic, consistent with the slow product release observed experimentally. The doubly reduced species, which has a closed-shell singlet ground state, can bind CO2 via an η2-CO2 binding mode to yield the metallocarboxylate intermediate. Based on the energy span model, CO2 addition is the TOF-determining transition state (TDTS) in the presence of water as the proton source. Different substituents at the 4,4’-positions of the bipyridine ligand in [W(bpy-R)(CO)4] (R = H, CH3, tBu, OCH3, CF3, and CN) were considered to comprehend the substituent effects for CO2RR. DFT results show that electron-withdrawing substituents, such as CN and CF3, do not yield efficient CO2 reduction catalysts due to the necessity of forming high energy intermediates for the protonation steps, resulting in low TOFs and high overpotentials. Among electron-donating groups, the parent compound and tert-butyl substituted complex are the most active catalysts for CO2RR due to higher TOFs at low overpotentials. Overall, based on the energy span model and theoretical Tafel plots, our computational approach provides quantitative information for designing CO2 reduction electrocatalysts.
Conventional and Secretory Lysosomes

Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles that contain hydrolases capable of degrading proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. They are involved in nutrient sensing and storage and retrieval. Lysosomes are highly dynamic and are capable of fusion and fission events with other organelles and plasma membrane. Higher eukaryotes possess a specialized group of lysosomes termed secretory lysosomes that are involved in pigmentation, coagulation, wound repair, and immunologic functions. Understanding the molecular machinery that regulates lysosome and secretory lysosome homeostasis is underscored by the fact that mutations in the genes that regulate the biogenesis, movement and delivery of lysosome and secretory lysosome contents result in human diseases.
A nucleotide with the properties of adenosine 5' phosphoramidate from Chlorella cells.

Abstract We have extracted and purified a nucleotide from cells of Chlorella , pyrenoidose Chick which shares the following properties with adenosine 5′ phosphoramidate; electrophoretic mobility in sodium bicarbonate and in sodium borate buffer (pH 8.0); retention time on high performance liquid chromatography; ultraviolet absorption spectrum at pH 1–2 and 7–9; a yield of one mole each of adenine, ribose, total phosphate and ammonia released at low pH; and formation of adenosine 5′ monophosphate on acidification or treatment with 3′:5′-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase (EC3.1.4.17). Although formation of APA from its precursor adenosine 5′ phosphosulfate during extraction and purification is not expected this appears to be excluded by the use of low temperature throughout purification and the finding that [ 14 C] APS added before extraction does not significantly label the adenosine 5′ phosphoramidate isolated. Thus adenosine 5′ phosphoramidate appears to be a normal constituent of Chlorella cells like the enzyme which forms it: adenylyl sulfate: ammonia adenylyl transferase.
Low‐Capacity Well Pairs for Treating Contaminated Groundwater in Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Aquifers

Groundwater remediation alternatives were simulated for homogeneous and heterogeneous aquifers with a numerical mass transport model. Low-energy alternatives involved an injection–extraction well pair positioned along a downgradient linear transect. This transect was located 5 m from the contaminant plume and oriented perpendicular to the regional hydraulic gradient. Through numerous trials, for one homogeneous and three heterogeneous settings, the model identified an optimal spacing and minimum pumping rate for a well pair: (1) centered on the downgradient tip of the plume (best centered), and (2) anywhere along the downgradient transect (best overall). Results suggest that low-energy well pairs are an effective means for containing and removing some contaminant plumes, and best-performing configurations are generally not centered on the downgradient tip of the initial contaminant plume. ©2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ion Exchange Processes for Clean-Up of Dilute Waste Streams by the F/H Effluent Treatment Facility at the Savannah River Plant

The F/H Effluent Treatment Facility will treat dilute waste streams currently diverted to seepage basins at the Savannah River Plant. In November 1988, the seepage basins are scheduled to be retired and the facility will process the streams to remove toxic and radioactive species before they reach the environment. After rigorous filtration and reverse osmosis, cation exchange will be used as a polishing step. Mercury and other non-radioactive heavy metals will be removed on a thiol cation exchange resin that will not be regenerated; radioactive cesium and strontium will be removed using a sulfonic acid resin that will be regenerated. The spent thiol resin will be stored and the solution containing recovered cesium and strontium will be incorporated in concrete for disposal.
BREAKING INTO THE CLOSET: NEGOTIATING THE QUEER BOUNDARIES OF ASIAN AMERICAN MASCULINITY AND DOMESTICITY

This article concerns Asian American queer masculinity and how the “coming out” process for gay Chinese men and their non-White immigrant families does not fit neatly within neat Western gender distinctions of public/private space. Using the film Ethan Mao as a primary text and case study, I argue for an intersectional approach to the coming out process for racialized sexual minorities. Ethan Mao is a film that tells the story of a Chinese American boy expunged from the home upon his family’s discovery of his homosexuality who returns to hold his family members hostage. The fictional story thematizes the indistinct spatial and symbolic boundaries of queer Asian American identity, masculinity, and domesticity. The film observes how gay men of color do not simply come out of the closet but break into it. Through an intersectional queer of color critique, I reconceptualize “the closet” as a synecdoche of the private home space, refiguring it as a contested site of belonging/exclusion to recognize the difficulties of “coming out” for certain queer racial male subjects.
Placental Mesenchymal Dysplasia

This is an updated review of the recently described entity, placental mesenchymal dysplasia, which has been shown to have recognizable antenatal characteristics, distinctive gross and microscopic pathologic findings, associated fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality, and unique pathogenic mechanisms. Recent understanding of the frequently associated genotype, androgenetic biparental mosaicism, is reviewed and the spectrum of changes discussed.
Priority-based lambda scheduler

Optical networks provide a new dimension to meet the demands of exponentially growing traffic. Optical packet switching requires a good switch architecture, which eliminates the O/E/O conversion as much as possible. Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) provides a breakthrough to exploit the huge bandwidth of the optical fiber. Different applications have different requirements, which necessitate employing differentiated services. This paper presents the idea of a priority-based /spl lambda/-scheduler, where the packets are differentiated into different classes and services are provided accordingly. For example, class 0 can correspond to non-real-time applications like email and ftp, while class 1 can correspond to real-time audio and video communications. The architecture is based on that of the /spl lambda/-scheduler and hence it has the added advantage of reduced component cost by using WDM internally.
Predicting perceived vulnerability to tobacco-related health risks and future intentions to use tobacco among pediatric cancer survivors.

Abstract Objective To examine predictors of perceived vulnerability to tobacco-related health risks and future intentions to use tobacco among pre-adolescents and adolescents previously treated for cancer. Methods Written self-report measures of tobacco knowledge, perceived vulnerability, perceived positive value of tobacco use, past and present tobacco use, and intentions to use tobacco were completed by 103 cancer survivors, 10–18 years of age (51.5% males, 78.6% Caucasians). Patient reports of peer and parent tobacco use were also obtained. Results Perceived vulnerability was influenced by demographic variables, knowledge, and gender-related past tobacco use. Fifty-seven percent of non-smoking survivors reported some intention to use tobacco. Survivors who perceived some positive value associated with tobacco use and who used tobacco in the past reported greater intentions for future tobacco use. Conclusion Modifiable cognitive-motivational variables directly associate with smoking-related outcomes among pediatric survivors of childhood cancer. Practice implications Preventive tobacco interventions with this vulnerable cohort are warranted and should inform about tobacco-related health risks and attempt to modify misperceptions of the positive value associated with tobacco use.
Arterial pressure as a determinant of left ventricular filling pressure after acute myocardial infarction.

Left ventricular filling pressure has been used as a clinical guide to left ventricular function in patients with acute myocardial infarction. However, the contribution of spontaneous or induced changes in arterial pressure to left ventricular filling pressure has not been emphasized. In 26 patients left ventricular filling pressure and arterial pressure were monitored simultaneously for 1 to 5 days after acute myocardial infarction. Ventricular filling pressure averaged 20.7 mm Hg on day 1 and decreased to 12.7 by day 5. Systolic arterial pressure decreased from 146.6 to 107.4 mm Hg during this same period. These changes were significant for treated (P < 0.001) as well as untreated patients (P < 0.01). Fluctuations in arterial pressure occurring spontaneously or induced by isometric exercise, sublingual administration of nitroglycerin or infusion of nitroprusside were accompanied by similar changes in left ventricular filling pressure. These data indicate that a change in arterial pressure may be the most important determinant of a change in left ventricular filling pressure during the first few days after acute myocardial infarction.
The effect of methanol, formaldehyde and formic acid on tissue respiration.

Abstract 1. 1. The effect of methanol, formaldehyde, and formic acid on the following enzyme systems has been determined: ( a ) the oxidation and fermentation of glucose by yeast, ( b ) the oxidation of glucose by rat liver slices, and ( c ) the oxidation of ascorbate and succinate by rat liver homogenates. 2. 2. The order of inhibition was formaldehyde formic acid methanol. Formaldehyde was a very potent inhibitor, whereas the other compounds were comparatively weak enzymatic inhibitors. 3. 3. The possible relationship of these enzymatic inhibitors to methanol poisoning is discussed.
Theoretical efficiency of a shifted-barrier-function algorithm for linear programming

Abstract This paper examines the theoretical efficiency of solving a standard-form linear program by solving a sequence of shifted-barrier problems of the form minimize x c t x−e ∑ j=1 n ln (x j +eh j s.t. A x=b, x+eh > 0 , for a given and fixed shift vector h > 0, and for a sequence of values of ϵ > 0 that converges to zero. The resulting sequence of solutions to the shifted-barrier problems will converge to a solution to the standard-form linear program. The advantage of using the shifted-barrier approach is that a starting feasible solution is unnecessary, and there is no need for a phase-I-phase-II approach to solving the linear program, either directly or through the addition of an artificial variable. Furthermore, the algorithm can be initiated with a “warm start,” i.e., an initial guess of a primal solution x that need not be feasible. The number of iterations needed to solve the linear program to a desired level of accuracy will depend on a measure of how close the initial solution x is to being feasible and optimal. The number of iterations will also depend on the judicious choice of the shift vector h. If an approximate center of the dual feasible region is known in advance, then h can be chosen so that the guaranteed fractional decrease in ϵ at each iteration is 1 − 1⧸(6 n ) , which contributes afactor of 6√n to the number of iterations needed to solve the problem.
Expression of Cpgp40/15 in Toxoplasma gondii: a surrogate system for the study of Cryptosporidium glycoprotein antigens.

Cryptosporidium parvum is a waterborne enteric coccidian that causes diarrheal disease in a wide range of hosts. Development of successful therapies is hampered by the inability to culture the parasite and the lack of a transfection system for genetic manipulation. The glycoprotein products of the Cpgp40/15 gene, gp40 and gp15, are involved in C. parvum sporozoite attachment to and invasion of host cells and, as such, may be good targets for anticryptosporidial therapies. However, the function of these antigens appears to be dependent on the presence of multiple O-linked α-N-acetylgalactosamine (α-GalNAc) determinants. A eukaryotic expression system that would produce proteins bearing glycosylation patterns similar to those found on the native C. parvum glycoproteins would greatly facilitate the molecular and functional characterization of these antigens. As a unique approach to this problem, the Cpgp40/15 gene was transiently expressed in Toxoplasma gondii, and the expressed recombinant glycoproteins were characterized. Antisera to gp40 and gp15 reacted with the surface membranes of tachyzoites expressing the Cpgp40/15 construct, and this reactivity colocalized with that of antiserum to the T. gondii surface protein SAG1. Surface membrane localization was dependent on the presence of the glycophosphatidylinositol anchor attachment site present in the gp15 coding sequence. The presence of terminal O-linked α-GalNAc determinants on the T. gondii recombinant gp40 was confirmed by reactivity with Helix pomatia lectin and the monoclonal antibody 4E9, which recognizes α-GalNAc residues, and digestion with α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase. In addition to appropriate localization and glycosylation, T. gondii apparently processes the gp40/15 precursor into the gp40 and gp15 component glycopolypeptides, albeit inefficiently. These results suggest that a surrogate system using T. gondii for the study of Cryptosporidium biology may be useful.
Not all drift feeders are trout: a short review of fitness-based habitat selection models for fishes

Currently, there are few mechanistic fitness-based habitat selection models for stream fishes and most models used by management agencies focus on physical habitat alone. In this review, I describe the historical development and the status of mechanistic, fitness-based, habitat selection models for both water column (i.e., drift-feeding) and benthic stream fishes focusing on North America. Although the majority of drift feeders are not salmonids, most mechanistic habitat selection models have been developed and tested only in this group of fishes, likely due to their substantial economic importance. I review the fitness-based microhabitat selection model of Grossman et al. (Ecol Fresh Fish 11:2–10, 2002), which has been tested in both a salmonid and multiple cyprinid species. The model predicts optimal focal point velocities for drift feeders based on prey capture success–velocity relationships and does not include physiological costs, which are logistically difficult to quantify. In addition, I discuss mechanistic, fitness-based models used to predict microhabitat (i.e., patch) selection in benthic fishes. For both basic scientific and management/conservation perspectives, it is important to quantify habitat choice in fishes using mechanistic, fitness-based criteria.
Phase Transformations in Carbon Fullerenes at High Shock Pressures

C(60) powders were shock-compressed quasi-isentropically and quenched from pressures in the range 10 to 110 GPa (0.1 to 1.1 Mbar). Recovered specimens were analyzed by Raman spectroscopy and optical microscopy. C(60) fullerenes are stable into the 13- to 17-GPa pressure range. The onset of a fast ( approximately 0.5 micros) reconstructive transformation to graphite occurs near 17 GPa. The graphite recovered from 27 GPa and about 600 degrees C is relatively well ordered with crystal planar domain size of about 100 A. Above 50 GPa a continuous transformation to an amorphous state is observed in recovered specimens. The fast transformation to graphite is proposed to occur by pi-electron rehybridization which initiates breakup of the ball structure and formation of the graphite structure at high density.
Geologic context of in situ rocky exposures in Mare Serpentis, Mars: Implications for crust and regolith evolution in the cratered highlands

Abstract Global acquisition of infrared spectra and high-resolution visible and infrared imagery has enabled the placement of compositional information within stratigraphic and geologic context. Mare Serpentis, a low albedo region located northwest of Hellas Basin, is rich in spectral and thermophysical diversity and host to numerous isolated exposures of in situ rocky material. Most martian surfaces are dominated by fine-grained particulate materials that bear an uncertain compositional and spatial relationship to their source. Thus location and characterization of in situ rock exposures is important for understanding the origin of highland materials and the processes which have modified those materials. Using spectral, thermophysical and morphologic information, we assess the local and regional stratigraphy of the Mare Serpentis surface in an effort to reconstruct the geologic history of the region. The martian highlands in Mare Serpentis are dominated by two interspersed surface units, which have distinct compositional and thermophysical properties: (1) rock-dominated surfaces relatively enriched in olivine and pyroxene, and depleted in high-silica phases, and (2) sediment or indurated material depleted in olivine and pyroxene, with relatively higher abundance of high-silica phases. This is a major, previously unrecognized trend which appears to be pervasive in the Mare Serpentis region and possibly in other highland areas. The detailed observations have led us to form two hypotheses for the relationship between these two units: either (1) they are related through a widespread mechanical and/or chemical alteration process, where less-mafic plains materials are derived from the mafic bedrock, but have been compositionally altered in the process of regolith formation, or (2) they are stratigraphically distinct units representing separate episodes of upper crust formation. Existing observations suggest that the second scenario is more likely. In this scenario, plains materials represent older, degraded, and possibly altered, “basement” rock, whereas the rocky exposures represent later additions to the crust and are probably volcanic in origin. These hypotheses should be further testable with decimeter-resolution imagery and meter-resolution short wavelength infrared spectra.
Shock-potentiated tonic immobility in chickens as a function of posthatch age

Abstract Socially reared chickens (1, 3, 6, 9, or 12 days posthatch) received 3·0 mA, sham, or no shock immediately before restraint-induced tonic immobility. Immobility durations of unshocked groups were relatively brief and did not change significantly at 1, 3 and 6 days posthatch; increased significantly at 9 days; and did not change from 9 to 12 days posthatch. Shock significantly increased immobility duration at each posthatch age. Immobility durations for shock groups did not differ significantly from each other at 1, 3, or 6 days posthatch; increased significantly at 9 days; and declined significantly from 9 to 12 days posthatch. A second experiment replicated the shock-related increase, peak, and decline in immobility duration using lower shock intensities.
Temperature responses of antennal receptors of the mosquito,Aedes aegypti

1. A pair of thermoreceptor units was identified in the sensilla coeloconica at the tip of the antennae on the mosquito,Aedes aegypti. 2. One thermoreceptor was warm-sensitive and responded with a phasic-tonic increase in spike frequency to sudden increases in temperature. The second thermoreceptor was coldsensitive, responding with a phasic-tonic increase in spike activity to sudden decreases in temperature. 3. The mean tonic spike activity of both the cold and warm receptors increased with increasing temperature to a peak of 30 imp/sec at 26‡ C for the cold receptor and 35 imp/sec at 28.5‡ C for the warm receptor. The tonic activity declined as the temperature was increased further. The maximum phasic sensitivity was observed with small temperature changes (δ T = ± 0.2‡C). This was 136 imp/sec/‡C temperature drop in the cold receptor and 130 imp/ sec/‡ C rise in the warm receptor. 4. The importance of temperature in the host-seeking and “attack” behavior of the mosquito is discussed.
Infrared Spectra of CF2═CHD and CF2═CD2: Scaled Quantum-Chemical Force Fields and an Equilibrium Structure for 1,1-Difluoroethylene

Infrared (IR) spectra in the gas phase are reported for CF2═CHD and CF2═CD2 in the region 350−4000 cm−1. Ab initio calculations of an harmonic force-field and anharmonicity constants have been made with an MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ model. These enable a number of Fermi resonances in each species to be analyzed and a complete set of “observed” harmonic frequencies to be derived. The latter are combined with similar data for CF2═CH2 in a scaling of the model harmonic force field to both anharmonic and harmonic frequencies. Inspection of the scale factors reveals minor defects of the model, evident in the out-of-plane wagging modes and in the CF stretch/CF stretch interaction force constant. Fermi resonance treatments involved in all isotopomers studied are compatible with the overall force-field refinement results. The treatment leaves a small anomaly in the 13C shift on ν1. Improved microwave spectra are reported for five isotopic species, and a semiexperimental equilibrium structure for F2C═CH2 is determined and co...
Kids, cholesterol, carotids, and coronaries.

To the Editor. —The commentary by Resnicow et al 1 is confusing and misdirected. Scientific knowledge is currently inadequate in predicting that children with elevated cholesterol levels will become symptomatic adults. To focus only on cholesterol metabolism as the sole biologic marker for adult atherosclerosis appears unjustified. Atherosclerosis begins in childhood, yet the events that promote it are not completely understood. Previous knowledge relied upon autopsy data demonstrating fatty streaks and fibrous plaques in the aorta and coronary vessels. 2 It would be misleading to conclude that the actual presence of plaque would correlate with future cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease since the ischemic manifestations of elevated cholesterol and the presence of plaque are unpredictable and are not linearly related to stroke or heart disease. Thus, the search for alternative biological markers is reasonable and necessary. Current technology can now accurately measure coronary and carotid diameters, plaque, and blood flow. In
Identifying patients at risk for loss to follow-up after pain center treatment.

Objective. This study was designed to identify, at admission to a pain treatment facility, characteristics of patients who will be lost to follow-up after treatment completion. Method. Patients were divided into 3 groups depending on how they responded to the 12-month follow-up. The analysis was a between-subjects design using prospective data collected at a comprehensive pain treatment facility. Low back pain patients (n = 168) received 4 weeks of multidisciplinary pain treatment. The main outcome measure was response/nonresponse to follow-up questionnaires. Results. showed that patients who were later lost to follow-up, or who were reluctant to answer follow-ups, could be predicted at treatment admission by measures of pain and functioning. The prediction equation was validated by a second group of patients, treatment noncompleters (n = 55). Conclusion. Chronic pain patients who are more likely to be lost to follow-up can be identified upon admission to a pain facility. Procedures that should decrease follow-up attrition could be implemented at program admission.
Studies of virtually insoluble systems with large interfacial area: CdTe-ZnO

Abstract Exchange of matter at CdTe/ZnO heterojunctions was studied in (a) polycrystalline CdTe with dispersed ZnO and (b) single crystals of CdTe in contact with compressed ZnO powders. Scanning electron microscopy with electron microprobe analysis, differential thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction were the experimental techniques utilized to investigate CdTe–ZnO. Samples (a) were heated to 950°C or 1110°C and (b) to 950°C, for 60 min. Zn x Cd (1− x ) Te formed at CdTe/ZnO interfaces by thermal treatment. The magnitude of the diffusion of Zn in CdTe was estimated and found in agreement with earlier studies. A superlattice, attributable to ordering of zinc in CdTe, was suggested by preliminary single crystal XRD data from Zn x Cd (1− x ) Te microcrystals. Diffusion of zinc was faster in single crystals than in polycrystals. The study of CdTe with dispersed ZnO complements a series of studies on dispersed second phase materials. The work was carried out over the last 30 years at Professor J.B. Wagner's research laboratories, with the following outcome: Transport depended on surface area of the dispersed phase and of the matrix. Changes in electrical and mass transport, and in phase transformation temperatures, due to the presence of dispersoids, were consistent with an interpretation by the space charge model. The present results on the chemistry and microstructure CdTe with dispersed ZnO, in conjunction with the knowledge accrued on transport in dispersed second phase systems, indicate a potential application of this material in photovoltaic devices.
Control-relevant dynamic data reconciliation and parameter estimation

Abstract Chemical process plants typically have a large number of measured variables that contain some degree of error. Accurate knowledge of the process states and parameters can be obtained through the use of data reconciliation techniques. The objective of this paper is to show the importance of dynamic data reconciliation for better closed-loop performance. We propose a successively linearized horizon-based estimation strategy for the estimation of the states and parameters. In addition, we also propose a two-level strategy for the estimation of process inputs and outputs that are corrupted by measurement errors. The estimation of process inputs is decoupled from the estimation of process outputs and parameters in the two-level strategy, resulting in a significant reduction in the computation time. Open-loop and closed-loop simulation studies are performed on a continuous stirred tank reactor to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed horizon-based estimation strategy. Satisfactory results are obtained using this strategy for state and parameter estimates at open-loop stable and unstable operating points, and in a region exhibiting limit cycle behavior. We demonstrate the performance of a nonlinear predictive controller using the estimates obtained by the successively linearized horizon approach. The control system performance using this approach is virtually identical to a nonlinear programming-based approach that uses the full nonlinear model.
Endothelin-1 response to glucose and insulin among African Americans.

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension. In vitro studies demonstrate that ET-1 is upregulated by insulin and glucose. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of insulin and glucose on ET-1 levels in young adult African Americans, a population with a high burden of hypertension and diabetes. Plasma and urine ET-1 levels were measured before and after an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and insulin clamp procedure in 288 participants. Subjects were classified according to glucose tolerance and blood pressure (BP) status. Plasma and urine ET-1 were not significantly different among the glucose tolerance groups. There was a trend toward increased plasma ET-1 among those with diabetes compared with impaired glucose tolerance and normal glucose tolerance; however, this was not statistically significant (P = .085). According to BP status, plasma ET-1 was highest among the high BP group compared with the normal BP group (P = .01). After glucose challenge, plasma ET-1 levels decreased and urine ET-1 increased in all three BP groups (P = .037). Our data show that plasma ET-1 is higher among young adult African Americans with hypertension compared with normotension. Urine ET-1 levels increased in response to glucose challenge, possibly indicating early renal injury.
Variation in endogenous substrates and pyruvate metabolism in isolated heart mitochondria of several species

Abstract 1. The endogenous substrates of pigeon-, rat-, and rabbit-heart mitochondria isolated in the presence of [3- 14 C]pyruvate have been compared. Freshly isolated rabbit-heart mitochondria contained citrate, glutamate, and alanine as the major endogenous substrates, while rat-heart mitochondria contained small amounts of glutamate and malate. Radioactive lactate was also present but probably does not constitute an endogenous substrate. Pigeon-heart mitochondria contained little radioactivity other than that present in aspartate. 2. Magnesium ions increased the State 3 rates and respiratory control ratios of rabbit-heart mitochondria, increased the State 4 rates and decreased the respiratory control ratios of pigeon-heart mitochondria, but had little effect on the respiratory rates or respiratory control ratios of rat-heart mitochondria. 3. The products of [3- 14 C]pyruvate oxidation by pigeon-, rat-, and rabbit-heart mitochondria have been compared. α-Ketoglutarate accumulated in the case of pigeon- and rat-heart mitochondria. Addition of magnesium ions or of bovine serum albumin reduced the amount of α-ketoglutarate and increased the amounts of malate and succinate which accumulated. 4. The significance of these differences in heart mitochondria isolated from various species with respect to studies on mitochondrial metabolism is discussed.
Co-Occurring Depressive Symptoms in the Older Patient with Schizophrenia

Clinicians treating older patients with schizophrenia are often challenged by patients presenting with both depressive and psychotic features. The presence of co-morbid depression impacts negatively on quality of life, functioning, overall psychopathology and the severity of co-morbid medical conditions. Depressive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia include major depressive episodes (MDEs) that do not meet criteria for schizoaffective disorder, MDEs that occur in the context of schizoaffective disorder and subthreshold depressive symptoms that do not meet criteria for MDE. Pharmacological treatment of patients with schizophrenia and depression involves augmenting antipsychotic medications with antidepressants. Recent surveys suggest that clinicians prescribe antidepressants to 30% of inpatients and 43% of outpatients with schizophrenia and depression at all ages. Recent trials addressing the efficacy of this practice have evaluated selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as fluoxetine, sertraline, fluvoxamine and citalopram. These trials have included only a small number of subjects and few older subjects participated; furthermore, the efficacy results have been mixed. Although no published controlled psychotherapeutic studies have specifically targeted major depression or depressive symptoms in older patients with schizophrenia, psychosocial interventions likely play a role in any comprehensive management plan in this population of patients.
Acute metabolic responses of lotic epilithic communities to total residual chlorine.

Numerous workers have examined the effects of chlorine on individual e p i l i t h i c community components (e.g. , CAIRNS & PLAFKIN 1975; BROOKS & LIPTAK 1979), but l i t t l e attent ion has been given to the effects of residual chlorine on the whole l o t i c e p i l i t h i c community. Ep i l i t h i c organisms are those microf loral and fauna assemblages l i v ing on the surface of rocks; the primary cons t i t uents include bacteria, algae, fungi, and protozoans. Ep i l i t h i c communities are an important functional component of aquatic ecosystems. Thus, deter iorat ion of the community due to the introduction of a stress agent could dras t ica l l y impair the functional capabi l i t ie~ of the ent i re system. As the respirat ion rates of biological systems are re f lec t ive of energy flow through the system, and primary product iv i ty is a measure of carbon f ixat i o n c a p a b i l i t i e s , the purpose of th is invest igat ion was to determine the acute metabolic responses of l o t i c e p i l i t h i c communities to various concentrations of total residual chlorine (TRC).
RFID and Consumer Privacy

ABSTRACT The increasing use of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology applications brings potential to create profound implications for customer relationships, namely consumer privacy. RFID provides many benefits to both consumers and businesses engaged in traditional and Internet commerce, however, there exist privacy concerns generated by the current and potential use of the technology. This article discusses such concerns, as well as potential misuse of RFID and ways in which proposed and pending legislation could address consumer privacy issues.
Role of Trace Amine in the Metathesis of Imines by CpTa(NR)Cl2

Tantalum imido compound CpTa(=NBu t )Cl 2 (1) reacts with imines to give NR exchange (metathesis) products. Addition of <5 mol % of compound 1 to a 1:1 mixture of two different imines resulted in catalytic cross metathesisof the two imines to give an equilibrium mixture of imines. Kinetic studies of the reaction of 1 with excess imine (Bu t )HC=N(p-tolyl) (2a) gave an average k o b s of 1.29 × 10 min 1 (σ 0.28). Pseudo-first-order behavior was observed for 1. The dependence of k o b s on the concentration of 2a was found to be nonlinear and dependent on catalytic amounts of contaminant amine p-tolylamine (9). Reaction of 1 with tert-butylamine (6) results in the formation of the imide/amide CpTa(=NBu t )(NHBu t )Cl (7) and HCl. Compound 7 did not react with imines to give exchange products, so it is proposed that the reaction of 1 with imines is significantly accelerated by the presence of HCl.
Technical services on the net: where are we now? A comparative study of sixty web sites of academic libraries

This study examines sixty academic libraries' Web sites and finds that 80 percent of them do not have a technical services' homepage. Data reveal that institution's status might be a factor in whether a library has such a page. Further content analysis suggests there is an appropriate and useful public service role that technical services departments can play by means of such a Web presence.
Stereotactic needle breast biopsy: a review of current status and practice

Abstract The early detection of breast cancer is a concern to women and their physicians. Although screening mammography can identify early breast lesions, many are small and non-palpable. In the past, open excisional biopsy often was required to establish the diagnosis. Recently, stereotactic breast biopsy, a minimally invasive technique, has permitted tissue diagnosis of small lesions without open surgery, with results comparable to those obtainable with excisional biopsy. We reviewed this technique, its application in identifying small breast lesions, and in diagnosing breast cancer in its early stages.
On ideals of free associative algebras generated by a single element

In the 1930’s, Wilhelm Magnus [.5], [6] proved some deep theorems about groups presented on a single relation, perhaps the most famous of which are the Freiheitssatz and the solvability of the word problem. With the proper definitions, the statements of Magnus’ theorems translate immediately into conjectures about associative linear algebras. The main object of the present investigation is to show that the Freiheitssatz is indeed true in one-relator algebras of a special type. Specifically, let
ARTERIAL DEVELOPMENT IN PULMONARY HYPOPLASIA

Morphometric studies of the lungs were performed at autopsy in 17 infants with pulmonary hypoplasia (PH). The pulmonary arteries were injected with a Barium gelatin suspension and the tracheo-bronchial tree was perfused with formaldehyde. 14 infants had other anomalies in addition to PH. Radial alveolar counts were reduced in all patients. Arterial changes varied from mild to moderate and included peripheral extension of muscles and normal or increased wall thickness. (Table) Alveolar-arterial ratios were within normal limits. Pulmonary arterial development is abnormal in PH. Clinical outcome may be dependent on the severity of arterial changes.
Nucleotide-stimulated proteolysis of histone H1

Abstract We have identified a proteolytic system that selectively degrades histone H1 in normal human lymphocytes. Treatment of permeabilized human lymphocytes with a series of nucleotides produced a marked decrease in their histone H1 content compared to untreated cells. The nucleotide-stimulated process was selective for histone H1 because gel electrophoresis showed that almost all other lymphocyte protein bands remained constant while histone H1 disappeared. The elimination of histone H1 appears to be the result of proteolysis by a trypsin-like enzyme because it was inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, antipain, soybean trypsin inhibitor, and diisopropyl fluorophosphate. Proteolysis was stimulated by P1,P4-di(adenosine-5') tetraphosphate, P1,P3-di(adenosine-5') triphosphate, P1,P5-di(adenosine-5') pentaphosphate, adenosine 5'-tetraphosphate, ATP, adenosine 5'-[alpha, beta-methylene]triphosphate, adenosine 5'-[beta, gamma-methylene]triphosphate, ADP, CTP, GTP, UTP, dATP, or pyrophosphate, whereas AMP, adenosine, adenosine diphosphoribose, NAD+, cAMP, or sodium phosphate did not show this stimulation of proteolysis. ATP, [alpha, beta-methylene]ATP, [beta, gamma-methylene]ATP, and pyrophosphate all stimulated proteolysis, suggesting that a pyrophosphate linkage was necessary for this process. Thus, resting human lymphocytes contain a trypsin-like protease that is stimulated by nucleotides or pyrophosphate to selectively degrade histone H1.
LARGE E× B CONVECTION NEAR THE DIVERTOR X-POINT

Electric potential, electron temperature, and electron density were measured in two dimensions (R,Z) throughout the divertor and X-point in DIII-D tokamak plasmas. An electric potential hill (∼100 eV) and an associated electron pressure hill were discovered at the divertor X-point in L-mode plasmas. The potential hill extends previously reported divertor E x B circulation, convecting particles, energy and toroidal momentum into and out of closed magnetic surfaces, and contributes significantly to transport across the boundary. The potential is explained by classical parallel (to B) plasma physics, when the X-point T i is clamped lower than upstream T i . The low X-point T i state might be self-sustaining at low heating power due to the same E x B circulation. We speculate that if the circulation transport is incompatible with H-mode, then the spontaneous L-H transition might require as a precondition that the X-point T i become equalized on the near-separatrix magnetic surfaces.
OBSERVATIONS ON CHROMOSOME DUPLICATION IN CULTURED HUMAN LEUCOCYTES.

Chromosome duplication (DNA synthesis) in man was studied by means of autoradiography. Metaphase figures from cultured human leucocytes that terminated DNA synthesis in the presence of 3H-thymidine and colchicine were examined. Homologous and non-homologous chromosomes duplicated asynchronously. Comparable regions of the homologues of chromosome 1 duplicated in different morphological sequences. A chromosome in group 16–18, presumably a chromosome 17, and a chromosome in group 19–20 were the first chromosomes in the complement to complete DNA synthesis. Some large chromosomes completed DNA synthesis when small chromosomes were still duplicating, indicating that conditions other than size determined the order in which chromosomes terminated DNA synthesis. These conditions appear to be the time each chromosome began duplication and/or the rate of DNA synthesis in each chromosome. Consistency was observed in the labeling patterns of individual chromosomes and in the order in which individual chromosomes terminated duplication, suggesting that characteristic labeling patterns may be utilized to distinguish between morphologically similar chromosomes.
Cooperative Catalysis in the Hydrolytic Kinetic Resolution of Epoxides by Chiral [(salen)Co(III)] Complexes Immobilized on Gold Colloids

Chiral salen ligands were incorporated into self-assembled thiolate monolayers (SAMs) on gold colloids. Treatment of the immobilized ligand with Co(OAc) 2 ·4H 2 O yielded the corresponding [(salen)Co(II)] complex, and aerobic oxidation in the presence of triflic acid afforded the catalytically active [(salen)Co(III)] complex. Functionalized gold colloids with a diameter of 3.4 nm, coated with a mixed monolayer of n-octanethiolates and thiolates with chiral [(salen)Co(III)] end groups were studied as catalysts in the hydrolytic kinetic resolution (HKR) of hexene-1-oxide. Extremely high selectivitiy and significant rate acceleration relative to homogeneous monomeric catalysts were observed. Recovery of the immobilized catalyst was accomplished by simple filtration, and catalyst reoxidation and repeated recycling (seven times) was possible with no loss of reactivity or enantioselectivity.
Single‐isomer sulfated α‐cyclodextrins for capillary electrophoresis: Hexakis(2,3‐di‐O‐methyl‐6‐O‐sulfo)‐α‐cyclodextrin, synthesis, analytical characterization, and initial screening tests

The second member of the family of single-isomer sulfated α-cyclodextrins, the sodium salt of hexakis(6-O-sulfo)-α-cyclodextrin (HxS), has been synthesized, analytically characterized, and used as the resolving agent for the capillary electrophoretic separation of the enantiomers of nonionic, weak-acid and weak-base analytes present in our initial screening kit. HxS interacted less strongly with many of the analytes tested than the larger-ring analogs, heptakis(6-O-sulfo)-β-cyclodextrin (HS) and octakis(6-O-sulfo)-γ-cyclodextrin (OS). For some of the analytes, the separation selectivities obtained with HxS were complementary to those observed with hexakis(2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-O-sulfo)-α-cyclodextrin (HxDAS), HS, and OS. For all analytes, the effective mobilities and separation selectivities as a function of the background electrolyte concentration of HxS followed the trends that were found for HxDAS, HS, and OS.
CONTROLLING SYNCHRONIZATION IN A NEURON-LEVEL POPULATION MODEL

We have studied coupled neural populations in an effort to understand basic mechanisms that maintain their normal synchronization level despite changes in the inter-population coupling levels. Towards this goal, we have incorporated coupling and internal feedback structures in a neuron-level population model from the literature. We study two forms of internal feedback — regulation of excitation, and compensation of excessive excitation with inhibition. We show that normal feedback actions quickly regulate/compensate an abnormally high coupling between the neural populations, whereas a pathology in these feedback actions can lead to abnormal synchronization and "seizure"-like high amplitude oscillations. We then develop an external control paradigm, termed feedback decoupling, as a robust synchronization control strategy. The external feedback decoupling controller acts to achieve the operational objective of maintaining normal-level synchronous behavior irrespective of the pathology in the internal feedba...
Field decomposition in compressible magnetoplasmas by a perturbation technique

The paper presents a method for the determination of the electromagnetic and pressure fields produced by a given distribution of source currents in a lossy, anisotropic, compressible plasma. With appropriate series expansions of the permittivity and compressivity tensors, a perturbation approach is used to decompose the coupled fields into partial fields which satisfy a family of recursive equations containing no tensor operators. The recursive equations are uncoupled, nonhomogeneous Helmholtz equations, similar to those governing an isotropic and compressible medium. The effective source-current density for the nth-order partial fields depends upon the interaction of the n − 1 lower-order partial fields with the externally applied magnetic field.