cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Competitive economic systems: Stability, decomposition, and aggregation

The purpose of this work is to formulate, analyze, and resolve stability of competitive equilibrium under structural perturbations in the Hicks-Metzler algebraic setting. Nonstationary models are introduced for multiple markets of commodities or services, to consider a reduction in the number of commodities, nonlinear saturation phenomena, changing of a commodity from a substitute to a complement to another commodity, time-varying shifts in excess demand, etc. By using the modern mathematical methods of the comparison principle and the vector Lyapunov function, a decomposition-aggregation approach is proposed to treat large market systems. A commodity can be split up into a number of subcommodities, or several commodities can be combined into one composite commodity. Then, a low-order linear aggregate market model can be formed which represents the price adjustment mechanism for the composite commodities. Stability of the aggregate model implies stability of the original nonlinear and nonstationary market, and stability is connective. That is, stability of the aggregate model implies stability of each subset of markets for the composite commodities. This is remarkable in that it shows a wide tolerance of stable market models to nonlinear nonstationary phenomena and, therefore, inherent robustness of competitive equilibrium in economic systems.
Generalized Theory of Code Tracking with an Early-Late Discriminator Part I: Lower Bound and Coherent Processing

Code tracking is an important attribute of receivers for Global Positioning System (GPS) and other global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). This paper and its sequel provide analytical expressions for performance of code-tracking loops using early-late discriminators, under small-error conditions. Expressions are provided for output signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratio (SNIR) and code-tracking error for arbitrary signal spectra, and Gaussian noise and interference having arbitrary spectral shapes. This first paper addresses coherent early-late processing (ELP) for given receiver precorrelation bandwidth and given early-late spacing, also providing a tight lower bound on code-tracking error independent of discriminator design. Theoretical expressions are derived, showing that code-tracking accuracy depends on more than merely signal-to-noise ratio and early-late spacing - the shape of signal and interference spectra are important, as is the receiver precorrelation bandwidth.
Role of Changing Biomass Density in Process Disruptions Affecting Biomass Settling at a Full-Scale Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant

Biomass settleability, filament content, density, and factors known to affect density were monitored at a full-scale enhanced biological phosphorus (EBPR) plant to characterize system performance during start-up and several subsequent short-term process disruptions. Settleability fluctuated for two months after initial start-up, which corresponded to changes in both filamentous bacteria content and biomass density. Following start-up, a rain event was associated with greatly increased density (possibly because of washing of inorganic particulates to the system), and decreased filament content, and both of these factors may have contributed to improved settleability. Five months after start-up, a 36-hour repair-related process disruption resulted in decreased biomass density and stored polyphosphate simultaneously with degraded settleability, whereas filament content remained at low levels, and actually decreased after the disruption. During recovery, biomass density increased (simultaneously with increase...
Major-element ratios in synthetic fluid inclusions by synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microprobe☆

Abstract Individual fluid inclusions in quartz were investigated by synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (SXRF) microprobe to develop protocols for major-element microanalysis. Studies were conducted of synthetic fluid inclusions in Brazilian quartz that contain fluids of known NaClCaCl 2 H 2 O and KClH 2 O compositions. Inclusions were irradiated by synchrotron X-rays and the resulting energy-dispersive spectra were corrected for fluorescence yield and absorption effects to obtain Ca/Cl and K/Cl ratios. Results are commonly better than ±30% relative to the nominal ratio. Element ratios obtained by SXRF may be combined with results of heating and freezing studies to characterize non-destructively the bulk major-element composition of individual inclusions. Extension of the analytical protocol to elements of higher atomic number (e.g., trace and transition elements) will result in better precision as absorption effects and peak overlaps become less problematic.
A Morphological Classification of Clusters of Galaxies from Einstein Images

The earliest Uhuru observations showed that cluster X-ray sources were not associated with single individual galaxies but were extended sources (Gursky et al. 1971, Kellogg et al. 1972, and Forman et al. 1972). The detection of iron line emission from X-ray spectroscopic observations (Mitchell et al. 1976 and Seriemitsos et al. 1977) showed both that the dominant X-ray emission process was thermal bremsstrahlung and that the gas had been processed through stellar systems before being injected into the intracluster medium.
Recruiting medical groups for research: relationships, reputation, requirements, rewards, reciprocity, resolution, and respect

In order to conduct good implementation science research, it will be necessary to recruit and obtain good cooperation and comprehensive information from complete medical practice organizations. The goal of this paper is to report an effective example of such a recruitment effort for a study of the organizational aspects of depression care quality. There were 41 medical groups in the Minnesota region that were eligible for participation in the study because they had sufficient numbers of patients with depression. We documented the steps required to both recruit their participation in this study and obtain their completion of two questionnaire surveys and two telephone interviews. All 41 medical groups agreed to participate and consented to our use of confidential data about their care quality. In addition, all 82 medical directors and quality improvement coordinators completed the necessary questionnaires and interviews. The key factors explaining this success can be summarized as the seven R's: Relationships, Reputation, Requirements, Rewards, Reciprocity, Resolution, and Respect. While all studies will not have all of these factors in such good alignment, attention to them may be important to other efforts to add to our knowledge of implementation science.
DO TRADE‐OFFS HAVE EXPLANATORY POWER FOR THE EVOLUTION OF ORGANISMAL INTERACTIONS?

The concept of a trade-off has long played a prominent role in understanding the evolution of organismal interactions such as mutualism, parasitism, and competition. Given the complexity inherent to interactions between different evolutionary entities, ecological factors may especially limit the power of trade-off models to predict evolutionary change. Here, we use four case studies to examine the importance of ecological context for the study of trade-offs in organismal interactions: (1) resource-based mutualisms, (2) parasite transmission and virulence, (3) plant biological invasions, and (4) host range evolution in parasites and parasitoids. In the first two case studies, mechanistic trade-off models have long provided a strong theoretical framework but face the challenge of testing assumptions under ecologically realistic conditions. Work under the second two case studies often has a strong ecological grounding, but faces challenges in identifying or quantifying the underlying genetic mechanism of the trade-off. Attention is given to recent studies that have bridged the gap between evolutionary mechanism and ecological realism. Finally, we explore the distinction between ecological factors that mask the underlying evolutionary trade-offs, and factors that actually change the trade-off relationship between fitness-related traits important to organismal interactions.
Bimodal Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cryomilled Nanocrystalline Al-7.5Mg

Abstract : The microstructure and mechanical properties consisting of tensile behavior and hardness of bulk nanocrystalline Al-7.5Mg alloy were investigated. Grain refinement was achieved by cryomilling of atomized Al-7.5Mg powders and then nanocrystalline powders blended with 15% and 30% coarse-grained Al-7.5Mg powders were consolidated by hot isostatic pressing (HIP) followed by extrusion to produce bulk nanocrystalline Al-7.5Mg alloys. Bimodal structures which enhance ductility and toughness of nanocrystalline metals were produced that consisted of nanocrystalline grains and elongated coarse-grain bands Examination of indentation revealed unusual deformation mechanisms and interactions between the coarse-grain bands and nanocrystalline regions. The ductile coarse-grain bands underwent extensive plastic deformation near indentation while nanocrystalline regions exhibited limited deformation.
CACMAN: a framework for efficient and highly available CA services in MANETs

MANET applications and services pose many interesting challenges due to their unique features. Specifically, security is getting a lot of attention in every aspect of MANETs due to their inherent vulnerability to attacks. Threats exist in every layer of the MANET stack, and different solutions have been adapted for each security problem. Another problem for MANETs is availability, and adding more resources does not necessarily make the system more available. Certificate authority (CA) is one of the most important entities in public key infrastructure (PKI) and needs to be designed carefully when adapted to MANETs. The main goal of our work is to provide a framework that addresses the issues of performance and security of CA in MANETs. Additionally, we would like to increase the availability of CA services, while lowering packet overhead of the network, without increasing the network vulnerability. In this paper, we present a framework suitable for exchanging PKI certificates in MANETs. By caching and exchanging certificates between clients collaboratively, we show that our system can meet the performance challenges of providing CA service without sacrificing system security. Using NS-2 Simulator, we have demonstrated the feasibility of the framework, quantitatively, compared to other related research that has addressed the same problem in MANETs environments.
Biodiversity of Coleoptera and the Importance of Habitat Structural Features in a Sierra Nevada Mixed-conifer Forest

Beetle biodiversity, particularly of leaf litter fauna, in the Sierran mixed-conifer ecosystem is poorly understood. This is a critical gap in our knowledge of this important group in one of the most heavily managed forest ecosystems in California. We used pitfall trapping to sample the litter beetles in a forest with a history of diverse management. We identified 287 species of beetles from our samples. Rarefaction curves and nonparametric richness extrapolations indicated that, despite intensive sampling, we undersampled total beetle richness by 32–63 species. We calculated alpha and beta diversity at two scales within our study area and found high heterogeneity between beetle assemblages at small spatial scales. A nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination revealed a community that was not predictably structured and that showed only weak correlations with our measured habitat variables. These data show that Sierran mixed conifer forests harbor a diverse litter beetle fauna that is heterogeneous across small spatial scales. Managers should consider the impacts that forestry practices may have on this diverse leaf litter fauna and carefully consider results from experimental studies before applying stand-level treatments.
Hepatoid Carcinoma of the Pancreas: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Abstract Background: Hepatoid carcinoma (HC) is a rare extrahepatic malignancy that shares many morphological and serological features with hepatocellular carcinoma. HC has been reported to arise from several organs that are derived from the foregut endoderm, including the stomach, gallbladder, and pancreas. We present a case of an elderly man with hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head with duodenal invasion, presenting with pancreatitis and a gastrointestinal bleed. With only 23 reported cases at the time of our literature search, we discuss the presentation, histopathology, and management of such a rare disease. Case presentation: A 71-year-old man presented initially with abdominal pain and was treated conservatively for pancreatitis. Four months later, he presented with melena and anemia. His examination was noncontributory. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed a friable ampulla of Vater, and a CT scan of the abdomen showed a 4.5 cm pancreatic head mass. Fine needle aspirate revealed an epithe...
Injury incidence among middle school students aged 13–15 years in 47 low-income and middle-income countries

A total of 95 811 students aged 13-15 years participated in nationally representative Global School-based Student Health Surveys (GSHS) in 47 low-income and middle-income countries conducted between 2003 and 2012. On average, about 40% of the participants in each country reported at least one injury in the past year that was serious enough to cause the student to miss at least one full day of usual activities (such as school, sports and a job) or to require treatment by a healthcare professional. In 40 of the 47 countries, boys reported a significantly higher injury rate than girls. Based on these numbers, injuries likely cause approximately four million days of school absence by lower secondary school students annually. Most of these injuries are preventable.
Big Data

This introduction to the special issue on big data discusses the significant scientific opportunities offered by massive amounts of data, along with some directions for future research.
Calcified aneurysm of the left ventricular apex associated with intraventricular block of the left bundle branch type.

Abstract 1. 1. Data are presented on a patient who had a calcified aneurysm of the left ventricle and who had survived for 17 years after the episode of acute myocardial infarction which eventuated in the aneurysm. 2. 2. Electrocardiographic changes were those of intraventricular block of the left bundle branch type combined with anteroseptal myocardial infarction. 3. 3. Correlation between predicted location of the scar as derived electrocardiographically and the site of the lesion as delineated by calcific deposition in the aneurysmal wall was acceptably precise.
Inhibition of Altered Acetylcholinesterases from Insecticide-Resistant Colorado Potato Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Insecticide-resistant and susceptible strains of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), were assayed to confirm the occurrence and define the specificities of altered acetylcholinesterases. Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides caused widely varying degrees of inhibition, with no clear pattern of cross-resistance. In all strains, oxime carbamates were 5- to 10-fold less potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors compared with arylcarbamates. One strain was relatively insensitive to inhibition by eserine (4-fold). Acetylcholinesterases exhibited the highest insensitivity to the insecticides used to select for resistance in each strain. Acetylcholinesterase from one strain was insensitive to carbamates, and that from the other strain was insensitive to organophosphates. Inhibition curves were typically nonlinear, indicating the presence of multiple acetylcholinesterase activities. Penetration studies showed no differences between strains in uptake of carbofuran.
Rule-based and information-integration perceptual category learning in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

OBJECTIVE Suboptimal functioning of the basal ganglia is implicated in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). These structures are important to the acquisition of associative knowledge, leading some to theorize that associative learning deficits might be expected, despite the fact that most extant research in ADHD has focused on effortful control. We present 2 studies that examined the acquisition of explicit rule-based (RB) and associative information integration (II) category learning among school-age children with ADHD. METHOD AND RESULTS In Study 1, we found deficits in both RB and II category learning tasks among children with ADHD (n = 81) versus controls (n = 42). Children with ADHD tended to sort by the more salient but irrelevant dimension (in the RB paradigm) and were unable to acquire a consistent sorting strategy (in the II paradigm). To disentangle whether the deficit was localized to II category learning versus a generalized inability to consider more than 1 stimulus dimension, in Study 2 children completed a conjunctive RB paradigm that required consideration of 2 stimulus dimensions. Children with ADHD (n = 50) continued to underperform controls (n = 33). CONCLUSIONS Results provide partial support for neurocognitive developmental theories of ADHD that suggest that associative learning deficits should be found, and highlight the importance of using analytic approaches that go beyond asking whether an ADHD-related deficit exists to why such deficits exist.
The Impact of Security Cues on User Perceived Security in e-Commerce

Users are expected to assess the level of security of e-commerce websites before conducting online transactions. In this research, we examine user assessment of security of e-commerce web pages based on cues presented on the web pages. A pilot study was conducted in which each subject assessed six e-commerce web pages with varying cues (i.e., HTTP vs. HTTPS, fraudulent vs. authentic URL, padlocks beside fields), and the findings are reported.
Antibiotic Misuse in Hospital, Outpatient, and Long-Term Care Settings

Antibiotic misuse is common in the United States, but the causes of antibiotic misuse may differ from one health care setting to another. In this commentary, we describe the factors associated with inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions in hospital, outpatient, and long-term care settings, along with specific measures that can help prevent antibiotic misuse.
Western North Pacific monsoon depressions: Transitions to pre-tropical cyclone seedlings

The objective of this study is to describe how a monsoon depression in the western North Pacific, which typically has a diameter of 1000 km, may be transitioned into a tropical cyclone with an inner core of strong winds and deep convection on the order of 100 km. Our previous case study of the pre-Typhoon Man-Yi monsoon depression formation is extended to show that the same cross-equatorial airstream continued and led to enhanced equatorial westerlies on the equatorward side of the pre-Man-Yi circulation, and a surge in the trade easterlies was also present on the poleward side. As these surges in the near-equatorial flow are inertially unstable, inward-directed wave-activity fluxes then led to flux convergence over the eastern vorticity maximum of the monsoon depression, which resulted in a scale contraction to that of a pretropical cyclone seedling. Eight case studies of the transitions of monsoon depressions during 2009 are presented that document persistent inward-directed wave-activity fluxes over a vorticity maximum within the monsoon depression is a key feature of each transition. In some transitions, the same cross-equatorial airstream as led to the monsoon depression formation continues as the primary airstream, and in other transitions another airstream to the west or enhanced tropical easterlies become the primary airstream. Analysis of 10 non-transitioning monsoon depressions during 2009 indicated the airstream wave-activity flux did not persist after the formation of the monsoon depression. In another 11 non-transitioning monsoon depressions, the inward-directed wave-activity flux was small and no region of wave-activity flux convergence was associated with the vorticity maximum in the monsoon depression.
Adoption Context, Parental Investment, and Children’s Educational Outcomes

Adoptive parents invest more resources into their children than comparable nonadoptive and biological parents, a pattern strongly linked to parental socioeconomic status. But important differences among families related to adoption context (international, private, foster) could affect parental investment and its impact on educational outcomes. Using the National Survey of Children’s Health, our findings indicate that parental investment strategies are contingent on adoption context and partially mitigate the negative direct association between adoption and educational outcomes. Internationally adoptive parents invest significantly more than do other adoptive and nonadoptive families. Without these parental investments, however, internationally adoptive children tend to experience the poorest educational outcomes. Even though parental investments can help mitigate internationally adoptive children’s negative educational outcomes, private domestic adoptive families seem to be more successful at mitigation. ...
It’s not just who you know: System-level variation in the availability of process information

‘Informational lobbying’ is the provision of information to policymakers with the intent of influencing debate and policy. However, influence is more likely when groups make strategic choices about what (relevant and timely) information to provide, when, and to whom. To do this, groups need ‘process information,’ or knowledge about current policymaking. In contrast to extant theories of informational lobbying, I argue that we cannot assume process information is automatically available to groups, nor that access to it is solely dependent on group-level characteristics like resource endowments. Instead, each policymaking system releases process information differently. Using interviews with forestry-related groups in France and Sweden, I show that policymaking systems matter more than group type for these groups’ perceptions of process information. Acknowledging process information as a systemic variable in its own right opens up new avenues of inquiry about lobbying and group behavior.
ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY USING LOCAL ALKALINE

Improvement in productivity is one of the Oil and Gas industry’s biggest challenges. About 60% of crude Oil still lay trapped in the reservoir even after primary and secondary recovery process have been completed, hence the need for a method that further improves recovery. In this study, flooding experiment was conducted at laboratory condition to investigate the use of locally sourced alkaline in improving recovery on sand samples. The efficiency of the local alkaline (palm bunch ash) was compared with other conventional alkaline (NaOH, KOH, and Na 2 CO 3 ). Eight cores (A1 – A$ and C1 – C4) were prepared, saturated with formation brine of 30, 000ppm salinity; crude (light and medium) were then flowed through sand samples. The samples were individually flooded with brine for secondary recovery process where an average of 55% of initial Oil in place was recovered. Each sample was flooded with different alkaline (local and conventional) for the tertiary recovery stage. The result obtained during flooding on samples saturated with light crude showed that KOH recovered 74%, NaOH recovered 66%, and palm bunch ash recovered an average of 64% while Na 2 CO 3 recovered 59%. It is recommended that the further studies to investigate the impact of the palm bunch ash should be carried out using heavy crude under reservoir conditions. These studies if successful will help and increase the use of local content which is relatively cheaper and this will in turn increase the local content drive of the Nigerian government in the oil and gas industry. KEYWORDS : Secondary reservoirs, Flooding, Alkaline, Saturated, Samples, Brine, Local content, Enhanced recovery, Trapped.
Discrete Sequential Prediction of Continuous Actions for Deep RL

It has long been assumed that high dimensional continuous control problems cannot be solved effectively by discretizing individual dimensions of the action space due to the exponentially large number of bins over which policies would have to be learned. In this paper, we draw inspiration from the recent success of sequence-to-sequence models for structured prediction problems to develop policies over discretized spaces. Central to this method is the realization that complex functions over high dimensional spaces can be modeled by neural networks that predict one dimension at a time. Specifically, we show how Q-values and policies over continuous spaces can be modeled using a next step prediction model over discretized dimensions. With this parameterization, it is possible to both leverage the compositional structure of action spaces during learning, as well as compute maxima over action spaces (approximately). On a simple example task we demonstrate empirically that our method can perform global search, which effectively gets around the local optimization issues that plague DDPG. We apply the technique to off-policy (Q-learning) methods and show that our method can achieve the state-of-the-art for off-policy methods on several continuous control tasks.
Tailoring knowledge and knowledge management systems: Interesting research problems?

Once an organization implements a knowledge management system (KMS) and users start to engage it, two outcomes are almost certain. First, users will soon discover that the knowledge housed in the system does not meet all of their expected needs. Second, users -will also realize that they must modify or customize the KMS to meet their needs. Studying these two outcomes can be quite fruitful. In particular, from an end-user perspective, we should be concerned about how users interact both with the knowledge and the KMSs. In this editorial piece, I discuss the concept of tailoring in the context of knowledge management systems and its implications for research.
Enhancing structure prediction and design of soluble and membrane proteins with explicit solvent-protein interactions

Solvent molecules interact intimately with proteins and can profoundly regulate their structure and function. However, accurately and efficiently modeling protein solvation effects at the molecular level has been challenging. Here, we present a method that improves the atomic-level modeling of soluble and membrane protein structures and binding by efficiently predicting de novo protein-solvent molecule interactions. The method predicted with unprecedented accuracy buried water molecule positions, solvated protein conformations, and challenging mutational effects on protein binding. When applied to homology modeling, solvent-bound membrane protein structures, pockets, and cavities were recapitulated with near-atomic precision even from distant homologs. Blindly refined atomic-level structures of evolutionary distant G protein-coupled receptors imply strikingly different functional roles of buried solvent between receptor classes. The method should prove useful for refining low-resolution protein structures, accurately modeling drug-binding sites in structurally uncharacterized receptors, and designing solvent-mediated protein catalysis, recognition, ligand binding, and membrane protein signaling.
Selective versus routine patch metal allergy testing to select bar material for the Nuss procedure in 932 patients over 10 years

Abstract Aim of the study The aim of the study was to determine the role of patch metal allergy testing to select bar material for the Nuss procedure. Methods An IRB-approved (11–04-WC-0098) single institution retrospective, cohort study comparing selective versus routine patch metal allergy testing to select stainless steel or titanium bars for Nuss repair was performed. In Cohort A (9/2004–1/2011), selective patch testing was performed based on clinical risk factors. In Cohort B (2/2011–9/2014), all patients were patch tested. The cohorts were compared for incidence of bar allergy and resultant premature bar loss. Risk factors for stainless steel allergy or positive patch test were evaluated. Main results Cohort A had 628 patients with 63 (10.0%) selected for patch testing, while all 304 patients in Cohort B were tested. Over 10 years, 15 (1.8%) of the 842 stainless steel Nuss repairs resulted in a bar allergy, and 5 had a negative preoperative patch test. The incidence of stainless steel bar allergy (1.8% vs 1.7%, p = 0.57) and resultant bar loss (0.5% vs 1.3%, p = 0.23) was not statistically different between cohorts. An allergic reaction to a stainless steel bar or a positive patch test was more common in females (OR = 2.3, p Conclusion Stainless steel bar allergies occur at a low incidence with either routine or selective patch metal allergy testing. If selective testing is performed, it is advisable in females and patients with a personal or family history of metal sensitivity. A negative preoperative patch metal allergy test does not preclude the possibility of a postoperative stainless steel bar allergy. Level of evidence Level III Treatment Study and Study of Diagnostic Test.
MULTIPLE OPIATE BINDING SITES IN RAT BRAIN: DIFFERENTIAL DISPLACEMENT OF 3H-NALOXONE BINDING BY DIFFERENT OPIATE LIGANDS

The ability of ethylketocyclazocine methane sulfonate (EKC) and SKF 10,047 (SKF) to displace 3H-naloxone binding was examined in a washed membrane preparation of rat brain. Scatchard analysis of 3H-naloxone binding yields a curvilinear plot which can be resolved into high and low affinity components. Both EKC and SKF displace high affinity naloxone binding but at concentrations up to 10 μM are unble to displace low affinity binding. The low affinity binding is displacable by morphine and naltrexone.
Understanding psychotropic medications as literary symbols.

Training in the humanities helps to provide psychiatrists with an insight into the human condition, as represented in literature, film, and other media forms. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Mapping rates of inpatient hospitalizations related to mental disorders in the state of Missouri: A conditional autoregressive model with zip code-level data.

Abstract Nearly one in five American adults suffers from mental illness in a given year. Mental health conditions are known to be spatially clustered, but no prior work has examined the clustering of mental health related hospitalizations. This analysis uses Bayesian hierarchical models to predict rates of inpatient hospitalizations attributed to mental disorders within zip codes in Missouri, USA. Eight separate models were run, and all models yielded similar estimates for the average rate of mental health related hospitalizations (around 13 per 1000 population). The percent of families receiving food stamps and percent of vacant housing were found to be significantly associated with hospitalization rates, after controlling for age, gender, and race. These rates were also significantly spatially clustered (Moran's I > 0.3 and p
"Now hospital leaders are paying attention": A qualitative study of internal and external factors influencing addiction consult services.

Abstract Background Hospitalizations related to opioid use disorder (OUD) are increasing, necessitating an increase in the delivery of opioid agonist therapy (OAT) among hospitalized adults. The addiction consult service (ACS) is a promising organizational intervention to address this growing clinical need. Little is known about the barriers and facilitators of ACS development and operations. Methods We completed 17 semi-structured telephone interviews with board-certified or board-eligible addiction physicians across 16 U.S. acute care hospitals. Interviews explored contextual facilitators and barriers for ACS development and operations. We transcribed, coded, analyzed interviews, and derived final themes using a directed content analysis. Results We identified six themes that promoted or inhibited ACS development and operations: 1) stigma and discrimination; 2) internal (e.g., hospital administrators) and external stakeholders (e.g., State Medicaid programs); 3) addiction-informed institutions with addiction-related resources; 4) access to community-based treatment programs (e.g., local opioid treatment programs); 5) restrictive and misinterpreted OAT policies; and 6) service financing. The first theme, stigma and discrimination, is presented as a stand-alone-theme but permeates the five other themes as a broader meta-theme. Conclusions As OUD-related hospitalizations increase, and the opioid-related overdose crisis continues, understanding the constraints related to the development and operations of ACSs are important preliminary steps for improving the care of patients hospitalized with OUD. Clinical champions, hospital leaders, and hospital societies could act, through practice and policy initiatives, to support ACS development and increase the delivery of evidence-based services (e.g., OAT) to patients hospitalized with OUD.
Prevalence of delay to seeking medical attention in patients with synovial sarcoma and association with inferior outcomes.

e23556Background: Synovial sarcoma is an aggressive soft tissue sarcoma that predominantly affects young patients with high rate of relapse and mortality. Systemic study of patients’ presenting sym...
Do You See the Warning?: Cybersecurity Warnings via Nonconscious Processing

Computer warnings are often ignored or dismissed because they interrupt people's current workflow. We test a different perception channel, via nonconscious processing, to display warning and thus do not interrupt users' workflow. Specifically, we used subliminal messages displayed for 50 milliseconds. Our previous studies show that they significantly reduce people's disclosure of personal information. Compared to typical cognitive science studies, this display duration is long. An essential question is whether our warning messages are really delivered via nonconscious processing because different design elements may affect users' perception. In this project, we tested users' reactions to three warning message. We evaluated three important components: background and foreground colors, warning words, and text format inside the message box. Results show that 50 milliseconds are at the threshold of nonconscious processing, but the visibilities are different for different designs.
Aortic obstructions in infants and children: Balloon dilatation for aortic coarctation

Abstract This review describes the history, technique, and results of balloon angioplasty in the treatment of native and recurrent aortic coarctation in infants and children. The results of angioplasty are compared to those obtained with several surgical techniques. In 24 children treated for recoarctation, the mean peak systolic pressure difference across the obstruction was reduced from 40.3 ± 17.4 mm Hg before angioplasty to 8.5 ± 8.3 mm Hg immediately afterward and 7.5 ± 7.5 mm Hg at an average 54-month follow-up review. In children and older infants, the procedure is successful as demonstrated in several series by acceptable relief of obstruction (residual pressure difference Complications of the procedure include aortic aneurysm, dissection and rupture, cerebrovoscular accident, femoral arterial injury, paradoxical hypertension, and death. The early results of balloon angioplasty for aortic coarctation indicate that the procedure is as safe and effective as surgery for the treatment of recoarctation in children. In children and older infants with native coarctation, the procedure is a less invasive and less costly alternative to surgery. In neonates, angioplasty is much less effective and should be considered as a palliative alternative to surgery.
SB-Fetch: synchronization aware hardware prefetching for chip multiprocessors

Shared-memory, multi-threaded applications often require programmers to insert thread synchronization primitives (i.e. locks, barriers, and condition variables) in critical sections to synchronize data access between processes. Scaling performance requires balanced per-thread workloads with little time spent in critical sections. In practice, however, threads often waste time waiting to acquire locks/barriers, leading to thread imbalance and poor performance scaling. Moreover, critical sections often stall data prefetchers that mitigate the effects of waiting by ensuring data is preloaded in core caches when the critical section is done. This paper introduces a pure hardware technique to enable safe data prefetching beyond synchronization points in chip multiprocessors (CMPs). We show that successful prefetching beyond synchronization points requires overcoming two significant challenges in existing techniques. First, typical prefetchers are designed to trigger prefetches based on current misses. Unlike cores in single-threaded applications, a multi-threaded core stall on a synchronization point does not produce new references to trigger a prefetcher. Second, even if a prefetch were correctly directed to read beyond a synchronization point, it will likely prefetch shared data from another core before this data has been written. This prefetch would be considered "accurate" but highly undesirable because it would lead to three extra "ping-pong" movements due to coherence, costing more latency and energy than without prefetching. We develop a new data prefetcher, Synchronization-aware B-Fetch (SB-Fetch), built as an extension to a previous single-threaded data prefetcher. SB-Fetch addresses both issues for shared memory multi-threaded workloads. The novelty in SB-Fetch is that it explicitly issues prefetches for data beyond synchronization points and it distinguishes between data likely and unlikely to incur cache coherence overhead. These two features are directly synergistic since blindly prefetching beyond synchronization is likely to incur coherence penalties. No prior work includes both features. SB-Fetch is evaluated using a representative set of benchmarks from Parsec [4], Rodinia [7], and Parboil [39]. SB-Fetch improves execution time by 12.3% over baseline and 4% over best of class prefetching.
Phosphate recycled as struvite immobilizes bioaccessible soil lead while minimizing environmental risk

Abstract Phosphorus (P) usage and water quality concerns are associated with using phosphate-based amendments to remediate lead (Pb) contaminated soils in urban areas. Struvite has gained increasing attention in the last decade to recover P from point sources while being used as a novel P fertilizer with reduced P loss risk, but its potential for serving as a P amendment for Pb immobilization has not yet been evaluated. This study evaluated the potential of using struvite to maximize Pb immobilization in alkaline urban soils while minimizing P loss risk by comparing the influences of three P amendments (triple superphosphate [TSP], struvite, phosphate rock [PR]) and two particle sizes (0.5 vs 2–4 mm) on Pb immobilization efficacy (relative change in Pb concentrations of in vitro physiologically based extraction test [PBET] test, PbPBET), P loss risk (water extractable P, Pw) and the translocation of Pb from soil to plant. The P amendments were added to two Pb-contaminated soils under urban agricultural use with contrasting clay contents (280 mg kg−1 with 4% clay versus 727 mg kg−1 with 14% clay) at a rate commonly used for Pb immobilization based on the soil elemental molar ratio of 4:1 (P/[Cd + Zn + Pb]). Greater immobilization efficacy of Pb (up to 19%) occured for granular (2-4 mm diameter) than ground ( TSP, but the order reversed for P loss risk, with up to 177-fold greater Pw for TSP than PR and struvite. Greater immobilization for granular PR and struvite could be caused by lower dissolution rates which may better synchronize P dissolution and desorption of Pb. In addition to avoiding secondary contamination compared to conventional P amendments (e.g., Cd content), granular struvite can optimize trade-offs among soil Pb immobilization, crop Pb health risk, and P loss risk.
Burying Earth's Primitive Mantle in the Slab Graveyard

The evolution of mantle composition can be viewed as process of destruction whereby the initial chemical state is overprinted and reworked with time. Analyses of ocean island basalts reveals that s...
It takes all kinds (of information) to learn a language: Investigating the language comprehension of typical children and children with autism.

What factors influence children’s understanding of language in both typical and atypical development? In this article, I summarize findings from the Longitudinal Study of Early Language (LSEL), whi...
Factors associated with injuries in first-time marathon runners from the New York City marathon.

Objectives: To determine how baseline characteristics of first-time marathon runners and training patterns are associated with risk of injuries during training and the race.Methods: First-time adul...
Disparities in SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination-to-Infection Risk, Massachusetts 2020-2021

BackgroundEffective vaccine-based containment strategies for SARS-CoV-2 require equitable coverage of communities at greatest risk of infection. We sought to examine the alignment of vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 risk in Massachusetts to inform public health response. MethodsWe aggregated cumulative SARS-CoV-2 testing and vaccination data from the Massachusetts Department of Public Health and the Boston Public Health Commission from January 29, 2020 to April 9, 2021. We used two approaches to assess vaccination equity: vaccination-to-infection risk (VIR) ratio and Lorenz curves. The VIR ratio was calculated for each community as the quotient of the number of fully vaccinated individuals divided by the cumulative number of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections. Lorenz curves were used to describe vaccination relative to COVID-19 burden. A multivariable Poisson model was used to assess predictors of VIR ratio. ResultsA total of 607,120 (8.9%) SARS-CoV-2 infections were confirmed in Massachusetts residents and 1,485,266 (21.8%) residents were fully vaccinated. Communities with increased socioeconomic vulnerability had lower VIR ratios indicating less equitable vaccination relative to infection risk. In multivariable analysis, decreased vaccination relative to infection risk was independently associated with increasing socioeconomic vulnerability (aRR 0.82 per quartile increase, 95% CI 0.77 to 0.87) and with greater than 20% of the community identified as Black and/or Latinx (aRR 0.67, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.81). Improved community vaccine delivery was associated with higher community proportion of residents aged 65 or older (aRR 1.23 per 5% increase in proportion, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.31). Lorenz curves indicated considerable inequity (Gini 0.46 between communities). An estimated 330,000 full vaccination courses would need to be diverted to under-vaccinated communities to achieve equity. ConclusionIn conclusion, disparities in vaccine delivery highlight ongoing inequities in our approach to COVID-19 and imperil efforts to control the pandemic.
The Virtual Urology Residency Match Process: Moving Beyond the Pandemic.

OBJECTIVES: To define applicant response to the 2021 Urology Residency Match Process in the COVID-19 Pandemic and to extrapolate lessons to optimize the urology resident selection process after the pandemic. METHODS: We emailed an anonymous, de-identified 22-question, multiple choice survey to all applicants to our institution for the 2021 Urology Residency Match, including a summary of the study with a survey link (RedCap). RESULTS: Of the 398 survey recipients, 144 responded (36%). Even if the match process were not limited by COVID-19, 39% of applicants thought interviews should remain in virtual format, 23% said "no," and 30% said "not sure." Nearly all applicants (97%) thought all interview offers should be released on the same day. Regarding the early match, 84% thought this should remain. When asked what factors had the most impact on rank lists, faculty and resident interviews were overwhelmingly favored. Open houses and resident "happy hours" were less important. Most applicants agreed that the faculty and resident interviews and informational talks were adequately replicated on the virtual platform. A majority of applicants (65%) spent under $2000 for the application cycle. CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic dramatically changed the urology match process. The faculty and resident interviews remained the most important factors in program ranking, and most applicants agreed those were adequately replicated in the virtual format. A plurality of applicants felt that the interview process should remain virtual in a post-COVID-19 environment. The virtual application cycle reduced the cost of applying to residency.
Geography in the Making of Culture and Corporate Strategy: A Longitudinal Study of M&As

I argue that a region’s geographical characteristics shape the level of independence vis-a-vis interdependence of its culture, which in turn affects M&As of firms therein. Specifically, terrain rug...
Harvest Wobblies: The Industrial Workers of the World and Agricultural Laborers in the American West, 1905-1930

Members of the agricultural wing of the radical IWW worked in most western states, from the wheat fields of the Great Plains to the fruit orchards of California and Washington. This lively history traces the rise and fall of the Harvest Wobblies and describes their struggle to organize a racially diverse union of migrant and seasonal laborers.
The role of social capital in selecting interpersonal information sources

Although the information-seeking literature has tended to focus upon the selection and use of inanimate objects as information sources, this research follows the more recent trend of investigating how individuals evaluate and use interpersonal information sources. By drawing from the structural, relational, and cognitive elements of social capital theory to inform antecedents to information quality and source accessibility, a research model is developed and tested. For interpersonal information sources, information quality is the key determinant of source use. Perceptions of information quality and accessibility of an interpersonal source are shown to be influenced by boundary spanning, transactive memory, and content type. Implications and prescriptions for future research are discussed.
TILE at Iowa: Adoption and Adaptation

This chapter introduces a University of Iowa effort to enhance and support active learning pedagogies in technology-enhanced (TILE) classrooms and three elements that proved essential to the campus-wide adoption of those pedagogies. It then describes the impact of those professional development efforts on the curricula and cultures of three departments in the College of Liberal Arts & Sciences.
A New Calculus for the Treatment of Optical SystemsIII. The Sohncke Theory of Optical Activity

Reusch and Sohncke have examined the properties of a system containing a large number n of identical retardation plates, each of which is rotated with respect to the one preceding it through the angle ω. The product of n and ω must be equal to μπ, where μ is an integer. Under certain conditions this system is optically equivalent to a simple rotator. This system, which would be very difficult to examine by ordinary methods, is given a treatment which is completely rigorous and which is more general than any given heretofore.
Cryptococcal virulence: beyond the usual suspects

In this issue of the JCI, the observation of the altered pathogenicity of a Cryptococcus neoformans glucosylceramide (GlcCer) mutant shines new light on the initiation of cryptococcal infection. Rittershaus and colleagues demonstrate that the cell surface glycosphingolipid GlcCer is essential for the fungus to grow in the extracellular environments of the host bloodstream and alveolar spaces of the lung, which, in contrast to the acidic intracellular environment of macrophages, are characterized by a neutral pH (see the related article beginning on page 1651). Their findings establish an unexpected connection between this glycosphingolipid and the fungal responses to physiological CO2 and pH. They also focus new attention on the therapeutic potential of anti-GlcCer antibodies found in convalescent sera.