cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of thermomechanical processing on the resulting mechanical properties of 6101 aluminum foam

Porous materials represent a tremendous weight savings for light-weight structural applications. The fabrication path can play a critical role in the resulting properties. High porosity aluminum was fabricated in a number of ways. The starting material was a cast 6101 aluminum that had a relative density of 9.8%. The cast aluminum block was compressed by uniaxial, biaxial, and triaxial densification. Uniaxial compression was done at room temperature and 200 C. Biaxial compression was achieved by unidirectional rolling at room temperature and 200 C. Triaxial compression was done by cold isostatic pressing at 3.4, 6.7, and 34 MPa (0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 ksi). Metallography and mechanical test specimens were machines from the processed bars. The mechanical properties showed that the relative yield strength depended both on relative density and processing temperature.
Testing for randomness against autocorrelation: Alternative tests

The asymptotic efficiencies of the rank serial correlation and turning-points tests with respect to the serial correlation test are evaluated for first-order autocorrelation. Tests based on the periodogram of the data are suggested. A Monte Carlo study is conducted to evaluate the relative performance of likelihood derivative, distribution-free, and periodogram tests for small to moderate sample sizes with normal and nonnormal parent distributions. The serial correlation test and a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test based on the periodogram are generally recommended.
Atrazine in a Stream‐Aquifer System: Estimation of Aquifer Properties from Atrazine Concentration Profiles

Lincolns municipal wellfield consists of 44 wells developed in an alluvial aquifer adjacent to the Platte River near Ashland, Nebraska Induced recharge from the river is the primary source of water for the wellfield. Wafer samples were collected on a periodic basis from the Platte River arid two transects of monitoring wells. These samples were analyzed for the herbicide atrazine, which was used as a tracer of induced recharge in this stream-aquifer system. Atrazine concentrations in the river and aquifer were much less than 1.0 ppb during late fall and winter, but increased to as high as 18.9 ppb during spring and summer, associated with runoff from upgradient agricultural lands. There was approximately a 21-day lag time from the first detection of increasing atrazine concentration in the river to the first detection in monitoring wells immediately adjacent to the river. This lag time was relatively constant throughout the year and from one year to the next, even with major fluctuations of river stage and wellfield production. This consistency of lag time indicated that the travel times from the river to the first set of monitoring wells immediately adjacent to the river were fairly constant. Paths of preferential flow were identified in the aquifer at a depth of 25 to 35 feet below land surface. This aquifer zone appeared to play a significant role in movement of water from beneath the river into the wellfield. Aquifer dispersivity was calculated using a method described by Hoehn and Santschi (1987). Macrodispersivity (AL) was shown to increase linearly over the scale of the wellfield. Calculated values of AL were within limits of other reported values for this type of aquifer material and agreed well with values reported by Hoehn and Santschi (1987); These findings will be extremely beneficial for planning and management of the municipal wellfield.
Disturbances in the field: Exhibiting Aboriginal art in the US:

This article considers the role of varied agents in the circulation of Papunya art across the relations between the Australian and the international art fields. My analysis follows an exhibition th...
Quantum detection and estimation theory

A review. Quantum detection theory is a reformulation, in quantum-mechanical terms, of statistical decision theory as applied to the detection of signals in random noise. Density operators take the place of the probability density functions of conventional statistics. The optimum procedure for choosing between two hypotheses, and an approximate procedure valid at small signal-to-noise ratios and called threshold detection, are presented. Quantum estimation theory seeks best estimators of parameters of a density operator. A quantum counterpart of the Cramer-Rao inequality of conventional statistics sets a lower bound to the mean-square errors of such estimates. Applications at present are primarily to the detection and estimation of signals of optical frequencies in the presence of thermal radiation.
Segmentation of lymph node regions in head-and-neck CT images using a combination of registration and active shape model

Segmenting the lymph node regions in head and neck CT images has been a challenging topic in the area of medical image segmentation. The method proposed herein implements an atlas-based technique constrained by an active shape model (ASM) to segment the level II, III and IV lymph nodes as one structure. A leave-one-out evaluation study performed on 15 data sets shows that the results obtained with this technique are better than those obtained with a pure atlas-based segmentation method, in particular in regions of poor contrast.
Reliability pays off

Abstract This paper presents a results oriented case history of the Reliability Program for the Lead Computing Optical Sight System (LCOSS) for the Northrop F-5E Aircraft. The program was started in 1973 with a development test and evaluation program to demonstrate the reliability of the system. The first production hardware was delivered in 1975. Reliability integrity has been maintained and verified throughout the production hardware cycle over the ensuing years by successful reliability testing of 192 systems. Field availability has been high, and life cycle costs of the F-5 LCOSS have been low due to its excellent performance in the field. The paper describes in detail the system-atically structured three-phased reliability program from the contractor's viewpoint. Emphasis is placed on requirements, methods, results and decisions associated with the F-5 LCOSS Reliability Program from March 1973, through October 15 1979. The three test phases, Reliability Demonstration Test (RDT), Production Reliability Verification Test (PRVT) and Production Reliability Test (PRT), will be discussed in detail. Field results and relative program costs are also presented.
In Xenopus Embryos, BMP Heterodimers Are Not Required for Mesoderm Induction, but BMP Activity Is Necessary for Dorsal/Ventral Patterning

The activity of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) heterodimers has been shown to be more potent than that of homodimers in a number of contexts, including mesoderm induction. Although BMP-2/7 and -4/7 heterodimers are potent inducers of ventral mesoderm in ectodermal explants, we show that they are not a necessary component of the primary mesoderm-inducing signal in intact Xenopus embryos. The secreted BMP antagonists noggin and gremlin both efficiently block mesoderm induction by BMP homo- and heterodimers in animal caps. When these antagonists are ectopically expressed in the ventral marginal zone of early embryos the initial formation of mesoderm as indicated by panmesodermal markers remains unaffected. Only the subsequent dorsal/ventral patterning of this mesoderm appears to be altered, with expression of a number of organizer-specific transcripts observed in the marginal zone where BMP signaling has been abolished. Thus, we conclude that BMPs do not contribute an essential signal to mesodermal induction or patterning until gastrulation. The activities of noggin and gremlin are strikingly different from that of the multifunctional antagonist cerberus, which completely abolishes mesoderm induction when misexpressed during early development.
A framework for social security analysis

Abstract The public provision of pensions in the U.S. by means of the Social Security systems is examined relative to conventional arguments for public intervention. The system is analysed in terms of income redistribution, the provision of insurance where private markets are not efficient, and the compelling of saving by individuals.
Automation Dependency and Performance Gains under Time Pressure

Objective: An experiment tested a technique for encouraging appropriate human-automation interaction. Background: Operators often fail to make optimal use of automated aids, particularly when the a...
Photoelectrocatalytic degradation of diazo dyes on nanostructured WO3 electrodes

Abstract Photoelectrocatalytic degradation of Remazol Black B (RBB) dye in aqueous solutions was investigated. The degradation was carried out on a highly efficient n -WO 3 photoelectrode, which was synthesized by electrochemical processing. Effects of various synthesis and post-treatment conditions were investigated using electrochemical techniques and AFM imaging. Photocurrent measurements have shown that Butler–Gartner equation is fulfilled for n -WO 3 films, which allowed us to determine the flat-band potential ( E fb = 0.35 V versus Ag/AgCl, for pH = 0). The WO 3 film electrode was found to be a better photelectrocatalyst than TiO 2 with similar AFM surface roughness. Kinetic measurements of photoelectrocatalytic RBB degradation have shown that a generalized Langmuir–Hinshelwood model applies to the system, leading to the overall rate constant k ′ = 1.1 × 10 −9 mol cm −2 s −1 , with RBB adsorption equilibrium constant K = 3.35 × 10 4 mol −1 L and Gibbs free energy of adsorption Δ G ° = −6.16 kcal/mol (−25.8 kJ/mol). In mechanistic considerations of possible lines of oxidative attack on RBB, we looked at electrolyte composition and properties of electronic structure of RBB, by utilizing quantum mechanical calculations of molecular orbitals. The ab initio SCF Hartree–Fock calculations of molecular orbitals were carried out to evaluate most vulnerable areas of RBB molecule for electrophilic and nucleophilic attacks, as well as for a direct charge transfer oxidation process. Several electronic properties were mapped onto the total electron density surface and analyzed to reveal initial reaction pathways for oxidative degradation of RBB.
HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF THE HALLUCINOGENS D-LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE TARTRATE (LSD-25) AND D-2-BROMO-LYSERGIC ACID TARTRATE (BOL-148) IN RAT BRAIN.

The normal localization of specific and non-specific cholinesterases was studied in rat brains by Gerebtzoff's modification of Koelle's method (1959) and by theCoupland andHolmes method (1957); and monoamine oxidase by the technique ofGlenner et al. (1957).
Gender differences in blood thrombogenicity in hyperlipidemic patients and response to pravastatin

Thrombotic risk in hyperlipidemic women and its response to lipid therapy is unknown. We prospectively studied 28 men and 29 women with high low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol during 6 months of therapy with pravastatin. Women had significantly higher high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (54.2 ± 1.7 vs 39.5 ± 2.2 mg/dl, p <0.01), lower prevalence of coronary artery disease (41% vs 67%, p = 0.04), and otherwise similar baseline characteristics compared with men. Both genders achieved a 33% reduction in LDL at 6 weeks (188 ± 6 to 133 ± 5 mg/dl) and maintained similar LDL levels throughout the study. Systemic hemostatic markers and thrombus formation under dynamic flow conditions were evaluated at baseline, and at 3 and 6 months of follow-up. Prothrombin fragment F1.2, a marker of thrombin generation, was higher in women versus men at baseline (2.4 ± 0.2 vs 1.4 ± 0.3 nmol/L, p = 0.02). The levels decreased in women to 2.0 ± 0.3 nmol/L at 3 months and to 1.6 ± 0.2 nmol/L at 6 months (p <0.045, analysis of variance), whereas it remained unchanged in men. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-I significantly decreased at 3 and 6 months of follow-up: by 12.6% and 18.7%, respectively, in women, and by 18.8% and 23.5%, respectively, in men. Similarly, tissue plasminogen activator decreased significantly by 7.4% in women and 11.8% in men at 6 months compared with baseline. Fibrinogen showed an increase in both genders at follow-up. Thrombus formation was similar at baseline between the 2 genders, and decreased at 3 and 6 months compared with baseline by 12.5% and 29.5% in women, and by 18.6% and 19.4% in men (p <0.04 at 6 months vs baseline in both men and women). Other markers, including C-reactive protein, fibrinopeptide A, d-dimer, and factor VIIa, did not differ between genders and did not change with therapy. Thus, despite higher HDL, and lower incidence of coronary disease, women with high LDL had a comparable thrombotic and/or fibrinolytic profile to men and even evidence of increased thrombin generation at baseline. Blood thrombogenicity was reduced with pravastatin in both genders; in addition, thrombin generation was gradually reduced in women to a level similar to that of men by 6 months of follow-up.
Listening to the Land: Revisiting The Western Range Revisited

Listening to the Land: Revisiting The Western Range Revisited DOI:10.2458/azu_rangelands_v31i3_box
Two-stage and fully sequential determination of estimator as well as sample size

Abstract A two-stage procedure for determining estimator as well as sample size is proposed for certain interval estimation problems. It is shown that the two-stage procedure has the same first order asymptotic properties as a previously introduced fully sequential procedure that requires much more computation. Monte Carlo results are given on the performance of both the two-stage and fully sequential procedures. A brief summary of results for a related point estimation problem is also given.
Biphasic effect of polyamines on chromatin-bound histone deacetylase.

Abstract Calf thymus chromatin preparations contain a bound histone deacetylase. The activity of the deacetylase is increased by addition to the reaction mixture of 0.1 to 1 m m polyamine. Further increase in polyamine levels cause a progressive inhibition of enzyme activity. This biphasic action was shown to result from two opposite activities. First, low levels of polyamines are able to release several-fold greater amounts of enzyme from the bound state to free solution. Second, the free enzyme activity is progressively inhibited by polyamines from 0.1 to 20 m m . The combination of the two activities accounts for a peak of activity at around 1 m m polyamine.
An Evaluation of a Cancer Control Outreach Program in Radiation Therapy

Using the methodology of retrospective chart review, this study in radiation therapy compared workup and treatment scores for two groups of community hospitals. The group that participated in clinical trials with a radiation therapy cooperative consortium was superior in several respects to a matched comparison set of hospitals. However, the superiority appears to have been in evidence before the program began. There are presumed to be selection mechanisms that operate to bring certain facilities into the clinical research effort, while excluding others.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Hydrogen Absorbed into Palladium Wires

Nuclear magnetic resonance signals have been observed for hydrogen which had been absorbed into palladium wires. Steady-state absorption and pulsed "echo" experiments were performed. The wires were connected as circuit elements and the resonance signals observed were caused by protons contained in the skin layer of the wires. Samples were loaded by means of a glow discharge to concentrations from 0.2 to 0.8 (expressed as atom ratios H/Pd). Measurements were made, as a function of temperature and hydrogen concentration, of line width, ${T}_{1}$, ${T}_{2}$, and resonance shifts. The results are interpreted to give information on the diffusion of the protons among the interstices of the palladium lattice and on the interaction of the protons with the conduction electrons. The observation of an asymmetric line shape for the absorption signal has led to a theory of a "lossy" resonance to be expected in metal wires.
Hypoglycemia and Hodgkin's disease with hyperinsulinemia.

A case report is presented here in which Hodgkin's disease with persistent hypoglycemia and hyperinsulinemia was present requiring constant 10% glucose infusions to prevent symptoms. Subtotal pancreatectomy with excision of adjacent Hodgkin's disease has relieved hypoglycemia and hyperinsulinemia.
Mechanisms of focal calcification in rabbit aortas: role of calcifying vesicles.

Background We previously demonstrated that calcification in rabbit thoracic aortas is initiated in the lower zone of the extensively thickened plaques (LZP) adjacent to the media. Whether osteogenesis or a local increase in calcifying vesicles underlies the focal calcification remains to be established. Methods To determine that focal calcification is related to osteogenesis, an obligatory osteogenic biomarker, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, was evaluated in the unfixed thoracic aorta sections of rabbits fed a supplemental cholesterol diet and of humans with advanced atherosclerosis. To determine whether blood shortage to the smooth muscle cells (SMCs) imposed by intima thickening may increase calcifying vesicles, the effect of serum deprivation on the biogenesis of calcifying vesicles in cultured SMCs was investigated. Results (1) In contrast to positive rabbit kidney cross sections and consistent with the activity in various isolated subcellular fractions of aortas, ALP activity was absent in the media, adventitia, lesions, and LZP of rabbit aortas or in the fibrointima of human aortas. (2) Histologic assessments of the lesions indicate the absence of bone cells or osteoid. (3) Depletion of the serum from culture media caused a twofold increase in the levels of ALP-deficient and adenosine triphosphatase-rich calcifying vesicles, which were released from the cells by treatment with 0.05% trypsin-0.02% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid for 15 minutes. Conclusions (1) Focal calcification in rabbit aortas and diffuse mineralization in human fibrointima are not associated with osteogenesis, and (2) blockade of the blood supply to SMCs may trigger the cells to produce more calcifying vesicles, thereby leading to site-specific calcification in rabbit aortas.
Gluconeogenesis in rat liver cytosol. I. Computer analysis of experimental data.

Abstract A set of enzyme rate equations have been developed which relate the rates of gluconeogenic enzymes of rat liver cytosol to the concentrations of their substrates, products, and effectors. The gluconeogenic intermediates between phosphoenol pyruvate and glucose-6-phosphate have extremely high turnover rates but the levels do not change markedly when the rate of gluconeogenesis does. In order to reasonably match 14 sets of metabolite data using constant kinetic properties for the enzymes, it was necessary to postulate control of some of the enzymes by molecules other than their substrates, or to slightly correct the apparent substrate concentrations by assuming either random experimental error or compartmentation. Several reversible enzymes appear to maintain their substrate/product ratios very near equilibrium, while others show greater departures from equilibrium because their substrate concentrations are considerably below their respective K m values. Simple expressions to describe these situations were developed. The reported fructose-1,6-diphosphate levels appear to poise the product/substrate ratio for aldolase at a value which would produce glycolysis rather than gluconeogenesis, and drive the fructose-1,6-diphosphatase reaction at rates exceeding the observed net glucose production rates. After a number of approaches to these problems had been explored, the most reasonable hypothesis appeared to be that about 90% of the reported fructose-1,6-disphosphate is bound, compartmented, or otherwise unavailable, and that the phosphofructokinase velocity is roughly inversely related to the glucose production rate and is controlled primarily by the cytosolic citrate concentration. The reported glucose-6-phosphate levels yield the proper rates of glucose production only if it is assumed that a significant portion of the glucose produced by glucose-6-phosphatase is rephosphorylated by hexokinases. It is concluded that the rate of gluconeogenesis is controlled primarily by the net rate of supply of phosphoenolpyruvate, and secondarily by differences in the rates of fructose-1,6-diphosphatase versus phosphofructokinase and glucose-6-phosphatase versus the hexokinases.
They Think They're Normal: Enduring Questions and New Research on North Korea—A Review Essay

A wave of recent scholarship, built on rich empirical research, provides new perspectives on enduring questions about North Korea. Three books, in particular—Patrick McEachern's Inside the Red Box, Stephan Haggard and Marcus Noland's Famine in North Korea, and Suk-Young Kim's Illusive Utopia—present a comprehensive and panoramic vision of North Korea today. This essay reviews these books and makes two overarching arguments. First, North Korea is more “normal” than is often thought, and its domestic politics, economy, and society function in ways familiar to other countries around the world. When viewed from the inside out, North Korea's institutions, economic life, and its people act in ways that are not only similar to those of others around the world, but that differ only in their level of intensity. Second, North Korea's continuing nuclear and military challenge is only one aspect of its overall relations with the world, and policies designed to minimize its threatening military behavior may work at cr...
Effect of salt depletion on hydromineral balance in larval Ambystoma gracile. II. Kinetics of ion exchange.

Abstract 1. 1. Salt depletion reduces the renal and extra-renal efflux of Na, K and Cl from larval Ambystoma gracile . The decrease in Na and Cl efflux is interpreted in terms of an increased capacity for active transport of each ion. The minimum equilibrium concentration for Na is less than 0·01 m-equiv./l. 2. 2. Transferred to dilute solutions of NaCl, salt-depleted larvae (SDL) experience a net uptake of Na and Cl. This reflects an increase in the active influx of each ion. Michaelis-type kinetic analyses suggest that salt depletion increases V max . 3. 3. Na and Cl transport are not dependent. It is suggested that each system operates by exchanging for an endogenous ion of like charge, possibly Na/NH 4 and Cl/HCO 3 . 4. 4. Ionic homeostasis is discussed in terms of the regulation of specific transport systems located in various epithelia.
Patterns of residence in poona, India, by caste and religion: 1822-1965

An analysis of the residential distribution of caste and religious groups in Poona (India) over the past century and a half shows distinctive patterns of segregation and centralization that have largely remained unchanged despite the city's growth and development. The upper castes are residentially centralized and the lower castes are decentralized in Poona. Such a centralization of the elite has been observed in most other past and present cities of the world, although the pattern is less common in the contemporary United States. The Jews and Parsees, and the Christians, tend to be highly segregated and decentralized in Poona. However, Negroes in large American cities are generally more highly segregated residentially than the Jews, Parsees, Christians, and even the depressed and untouchable castes in Poona. The American cities show an average degree of segregation of the foreign-born white ethnic groups, and of the native whites of foreign or mixed parentage, from the native whites that is as great, if not greater, than the mean extent of segregation of caste groups in this Indian city.
Application of fluid mechanic principles to the study of geodynamic processes at trench-arc-back arc systems

Geological processes at trench-arc-back arc systems are some of the most complex tectonic processes in need of study. A large amount of data based on geological and geophysical observations has been accumulated. To synthesize these data, mathematical models have proven to be very useful. Because geological processes are directly related to the dynamical behavior of the solid earth, many of them can be investigated in terms of fluid flow models. Some applications of fluid flow principles in studying tectonic processes at convergent plate boundaries are discussed in this paper. When mantle processes are modeled as convective systems, they are found to have direct implications for the determination of slab dip angles. Additionally, they can also account for the high heat flows in the back arc basins, provide a mechanism for back arc opening, and resolve the question whether subducted oceanic crust can reach melting at shallow depth for island arc magma generation. Besides mantle processes, flow models can also be used to study surface processes. A simple one-parameter plane flow theory is used to model the evolution of trench geometries. This model is able to fit simulataneously the trench curvature and the differential paleomagnetic rotation between volcanic islands for the Mariana. Despite the simplicity of many of these models, their ability to synthesize geological and geophysical data at convergent plate boundaries is quite remarkable.
Assessing link quality in IEEE 802.11 Wireless Networks: Which is the right metric?

The accurate determination of the link quality is critical for ensuring that functionalities such as intelligent routing, load-balancing, power control and frequency selection operate efficiently. There are 4 primary metrics for capturing the quality of a wireless link: RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indication), SINR (Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio), PDR (Packet-Delivery Ratio), and BER (Bit-Error Rate). In this paper, we perform a measurement-based study in order to answer the question: which is the appropriate metric to use, and under what conditions? We evaluate the relative accuracy of each metric by conducting experiments with multiple transmission rates and varying levels of interference on a large set of links. We observe that each metric has advantages and projects one or more limitations. Our study suggests that a careful consideration of these limitations is essential, and provides guidelines on the applicability of each metric.
Occurrence, liquid water content, and fraction of supercooled water clouds from combined CALIOP/IIR/MODIS measurements

[1] The CALIOP depolarization measurements, combined with backscatter intensity measurements, are effective in discriminating between water clouds and ice clouds. The same depolarization measurements can also be used for estimating liquid water content information. Using cloud temperature information from the collocated infrared imaging radiometer measurements and cloud water paths from collocated MODIS measurements, this study compiles global statistics of the occurrence frequency, liquid water content, liquid water path, and their temperature dependence. For clouds with temperatures between −40°C and 0°C, the liquid phase fractions and liquid water paths are significantly higher than the ones from previous studies using passive remote sensing measurements. At midlatitudes, the occurrence of liquid phase clouds at temperatures between −40°C and 0°C depends jointly on both cloud height and cloud temperature. At high latitudes, more than 95% of low-level clouds with temperatures between −40°C and 0°C are water clouds. Supercooled water clouds are mostly observed over ocean near the storm-track regions and high-latitude regions. Supercooled water clouds over land are observed in the Northern Hemisphere over Europe, East Asia, and North America, and these are the supercooled water clouds with highest liquid water contents. The liquid water content of all supercooled water clouds is characterized by a Gamma (Γ) distribution. The mode values of liquid water content are around 0.06 g/m3 and are independent of cloud temperature. For temperatures warmer than −15°C, mean value of the liquid water content is around 0.14 g/m3. As the temperature decreases, the mean cloud liquid water content also decreases. These results will benefit cloud models and cloud parameterizations used in climate models in improving their ice-phase microphysics parameterizations and the aviation hazard forecast.
Measure for Measure: Concept Operationalization and the Trade Interdependence-Conflict Debate:

the debate suggest several causes, but we show that alternative variable constructions are sufficient to account for the discrepant findings. A simple formal equivalence unites respective operationalizations of dyadic interdependence used by Oneal & Russett (trade dependence, tradeij/GDPi) and Barbieri (trade share, tradei/trade/) with the consensus construction of monadic trade openness (tradei/GDPi). We also show that Barbieri's trade share is negatively correlated with openness. Arguments in the article are verified through large-sample quantitative regression analyses of the two competing dyadic variable constructions and trade openness on MID onset. The results of these dyadic regression analyses show that trade share increases the probability of MID onset, trade dependence decreases the probability of MID onset and, correspondingly, that trade openness is negatively correlated with MID onset.
Reexamining the Growth of the Institutional Presidency, 1940–2000

Scholars differ regarding the reason for the institutionalization of a large, functionally specialized White House-centered presidential staff system during the last six decades. Among the factors cited is a general growth in government size and complexity, increases in the presidential workload, and the institutional rivalry between the president and Congress. However, using new advances in time-series analysis based on fractional integration, we show that these models of staff growth are plagued by conceptual and methodological shortcomings that render their substantive conclusions unreliable. In response, we develop and test a comprehensive explanatory model that combines elements of previous research but uses fractional integration to account more accurately for whether newly created staff positions are institutionalized. We find that presidential staff growth is driven primarily by changes in presidents' bargaining relations with Congress, the media, and the public, and only secondarily by a general ...
Isolation in Blood and Marrow Transplantation

This phenomenological study explored the perceptions of 20 patients who had undergone an autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT). Transcripts from interviews were analyzed for themes. Three themes emerged related to the experience of isolation during and after ABMT: physical isolation (protecting self and others), emotional isolation (protecting self and others), and physical and emotional isolation (supporting self and others). During physical isolation, participants were protected from infection and tried to protect family and friends from emotional burden. However, physical isolation often led to emotional isolation, which the physical presence of others ameliorated, particularly when an emotional presence was coexistent. Emotional presence was a main source of social support. Participants felt family and friends needed more guidance on ways to provide effective support. An important implication for health care professionals is that emotional support in the form of positive presencing should acco...
Policies that make a difference: bridging the gender equity and work-family gap in academia

Purpose – This paper aims to highlight interventions that promote female (and male) faculty’s ability to balance work-family issues at a specific academic institution, in response to a demand in the literature that examines the intersection between research and implementation of organizational policies within a university setting. Design/methodology/approach – Using a case study framework, the researchers present qualitative experiences and quantitative data to evaluate the successful application of a work-family balance and organizational climate improvement initiative within an academic setting. Findings – By highlighting specific examples of work-family and climate initiatives at the individual, organization, and community levels, this case study presents several ways in which academic institutions specifically, and organizations generally, can implement policies that make a difference. Practical implications – Successful implementation of work-family balance and family-friendly organizational policies...
Using prediction to promote mathematical understanding and reasoning

Research has shown that prediction has the potential to promote the teaching and learning of mathematics because it can be used to enhance students' thinking and reasoning at all grade levels in various topics. This article addresses the effectiveness of using prediction on students' understanding and reasoning of mathematical concepts in a middle school algebra context. In the treatment classroom, prediction questions were utilized at the launch of each algebra lesson, and in the control classroom such questions were not used. Both classrooms were taught by the same teacher and used the same curriculum. After completing each of the linear and exponential units, the two classrooms were compared in terms of their mathematical understanding and reasoning through unit assessments. Overall, the treatment classroom outperformed the control classroom on the unit assessments. This result supports that prediction is a valid construct with respect to enhanced conceptual understanding and mathematical reasoning.
Building Strategically Aligned Individualized Education Programs for Transition

The Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) for students 16 years of age or above must address specific transition components. Studies to date have focused on the presence and quality of these transition components, yet the alignment of these components and their role in leading the development of the IEP is just as critical. This qualitative study examines the change in teachers’ understanding of and alignment between IEP components (i.e., present levels, annual goals, postsecondary goals, course of study) after participation in professional development. The results indicate that after the targeted intervention, teachers are more fluent in describing the components of the IEP, as well as in their awareness of alignment and ability to describe the relationship between these components.
Thrombogenic Effects of Antiphospholipid Antibodies Are Mediated by Intercellular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1, Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1, and P-Selectin

Recent studies have shown that antiphospholipid (aPL) enhances expression of intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and E-selectin on endothelial cells (ECs) and that these effects are correlated with increased adhesion of leukocytes to endothelium in cremaster muscle in vivo and with thrombosis in a mouse model. Activation of ECs by aPL may create a hypercoagulable state that precedes and contributes to thrombosis in patients with aPL syndrome (APS). This study proposed to examine whether this in vivo activation of ECs and enhanced thrombosis by aPL are mediated by ICAM-1, P-selectin, or VCAM-1. The dynamics of thrombus formation and the number of adhering leukocytes were studied in ICAM-1-deficient (ICAM-1(-/-)) mice or ICAM-1-/P-selectin-deficient (ICAM-1(-/-)/P-selectin(-/-)) mice treated with affinity-purified aPL antibodies (ap IgG-APS) or with control IgG and compared with wild-type mice treated in a similar fashion. In another set of experiments, the adhesion of leukocytes to cremaster muscle and the dynamics of thrombus formation were studied in CD1 mice treated with aPL or control IgG before and 30 minutes after intravenous infusion with 100 microg monoclonal antibody anti-VCAM-1. The results indicate that the enhanced adhesion of leukocytes to endothelium in wild-type mice was significantly reduced in ICAM-1(-/-) and completely abrogated in ICAM-1(-/-)/P-selectin(-/-) mice treated with ap IgG-APS compared with wild-type mice treated with ap IgG-APS (6.9+/-2.3, 0.4+/-0.4 versus 35+/-12, respectively). More importantly, this correlated with a significant reduction in thrombus size compared with wild-type mice treated with ap IgG-APS (895+/-259 microm(2), 859+/-243 microm(2) versus 3816+/-672 microm(2), respectively). Infusion of the mice with anti-VCAM-1 antibodies significantly reversed the enhanced adhesion of leukocytes (14.9+/-3 to 11.3+/-2.1) and thrombus size 3830+/-1008 microm(2) versus 876+/-548 microm(2)) in mice treated with ap IgG-APS. The data indicate that ICAM-1, P-selectin, and VCAM-1 expression are important in thrombotic complications by aPL antibodies and may provide novel targets for therapy in patients with APS.
The Role of Causal Processes in the Neutral and Nearly Neutral Theories

The neutral and nearly neutral theories of molecular evolution are sometimes characterized as theories about drift alone, where drift is described solely as an outcome, rather than a process. We argue, however, that both selection and drift, as causal processes, are integral parts of both theories. However, the nearly neutral theory explicitly recognizes alleles and/or molecular substitutions that, while engaging in weakly selected causal processes, exhibit outcomes thought to be characteristic of random drift. A narrow focus on outcomes obscures the significant role of weakly selected causal processes in the nearly neutral theory.
TWO CASES OF OBSTETRICAL SEPARATION (EPIPHYSIOLYSIS) OF THE UPPER FEMORAL EPIPHYSIS

1. Two new cases of obstetrical separation of the upper femoral epiphysis are described. 2. Diagnosis in the first instance must be largely clinical, because radiological confirmation of the injury may be delayed. 3. The simple method of longitudinal traction is the treatment recommended. 4. It is notable that in our first case the ossification centre of the femoral head appeared at the exceptionally early age of fifteen days.
Impact of Treatment and Insurance on Socioeconomic Disparities in Survival after Adolescent and Young Adult Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Population-Based Study

Background: Previous studies documented racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in survival after Hodgkin lymphoma among adolescents and young adults (AYA), but did not consider the influence of combined-modality treatment and health insurance. Methods: Data for 9,353 AYA patients ages 15 to 39 years when diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma during 1988 to 2011 were obtained from the California Cancer Registry. Using multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression, we examined the impact of sociodemographic characteristics [race/ethnicity, neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES), and health insurance], initial combined-modality treatment, and subsequent cancers on survival. Results: Over the 24-year study period, we observed improvements in Hodgkin lymphoma–specific survival by diagnostic period and differences in survival by race/ethnicity, neighborhood SES, and health insurance for a subset of more recently diagnosed patients (2001–2011). In multivariable analyses, Hodgkin lymphoma–specific survival was worse for Blacks than Whites with early-stage [HR: 1.68; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.14–2.49] and late-stage disease (HR: 1.68; 95% CI, 1.17–2.41) and for Hispanics than Whites with late-stage disease (HR: 1.58; 95% CI, 1.22–2.04). AYAs diagnosed with early-stage disease experienced worse survival if they also resided in lower SES neighborhoods (HR: 2.06; 95% CI, 1.59–2.68). Furthermore, more recently diagnosed AYAs with public health insurance or who were uninsured experienced worse Hodgkin lymphoma–specific survival (HR: 2.08; 95% CI, 1.52–2.84). Conclusion: Our findings identify several subgroups of Hodgkin lymphoma patients at higher risk for Hodgkin lymphoma mortality. Impact: Identifying and reducing barriers to recommended treatment and surveillance in these AYAs at much higher risk of mortality is essential to ameliorating these survival disparities. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(2); 264–73. ©2016 AACR .
Southwestern Internal Medicine Conference: Unstable Angina Pectoris: The First Half Century: Natural History Pathophysiology, and Treatment

ABSTRACT Unstable angina pectoris as a distinct syndrome intermediate between chronic stable angina and acute myocardial infarction was first described about a half century ago. The incidence of death or myocardial infarction rises in the first few months after destabilization of angina. Hemodynamic, scintigraphic, and arteriographic studies in the last 15 years have shown that unstable angina is chiefly due to “dynamic” coronary stenoses, transient reversible limitations in coronary blood flow caused by a complex interaction between coronary vasoconstriction, transient platelet plugging, and transient thrombosis. The trigger for the onset of dynamic coronary stenoses is probably acute changes in coronary arterial morphology in or near atherosclerotic plaques making those areas more thrombogenic. A large fraction of patients with unstable angina restabilize initially with medical management. The role of beta blockers is unclear, but they may protect against development of coronary events for patients with unstable angina similar to that reported for patients with myocardial infarction. Nitrates and calcium blockers are probably superior to beta blockers in restabilization of angina, but protection against coronary events has not yet been demonstrated clearly. Further investigation is needed to distinguish the relative benefits of a two-drug (heart rate-limiting calcium blocker plus nitrates) regimen vs. a three-drug regimen including beta blocker. There is no basis for emergency coronary bypass surgery to prevent myocardial infarction or death. Urgent surgery should be limited to patients who do not stabilize readily with medical therapy. One third or more of the patients who initially restabilize with medical therapy will require coronary revascularization in the year after unstable angina because of severe angina. An antithrombotic regimen of aspirin (or possibly heparin) reduces the incidence of progression to death or myocardial infarction. Two important future directions for research should be promising: (1) development of better antithrombotic regimens other than aspirin alone for protection against coronary events; and (2) improved ability to distinguish the patients who initially respond to medical therapy who are at low risk for later severe angina from those at higher risk
Origin of the crossover between a freezing and a structural transition at low concentration in the relaxor ferroelectric K 1 -x Li x TaO 3

The origin of the relaxor behavior in ${\mathrm{K}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Li}}_{x}{\mathrm{TaO}}_{3}\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}(\mathrm{KLT})$ and other disordered perovskites is now recognized to be due to the reorientation of the polar nanodomains formed by the correlated dipoles of off-center ions. The collective dynamics of these systems evolve through several temperature stages. On decreasing temperature below the so-called Burns temperature ${T}_{B}$, individual dipoles become correlated within nanosized regions. On further cooling, the slow dynamics of these polar regions allows local lattice distortions to take place and the formation of polar nanodomains at ${T}^{*}l{T}_{B}$. At still lower temperature, some relaxors undergo a phase transition while others do not. In KLT, there is a critical Li concentration ${x}_{c}=0.022$ above which the system undergoes a structural transition at ${T}_{c}$, and below which it freezes in a dipole glass state at ${T}_{f}$. To better understand the nature of this critical concentration, the changes that occur upon crossing it and the nature of the dipole glass state, the collective dynamics of KLT have been studied by dielectric spectroscopy and neutron diffraction for two Li concentrations $(x=0.026$ and $0.018)$, close to but straddling the critical concentration ${x}_{c}$. Two very different transitional behaviors are observed. Just below this critical concentration, KLT displays critical slowing down and the onset of freezing as seen in hydrogen-bonded molecular ferroelectrics, while just above this concentration, KLT undergoes a first-order structural transition.
Against the moral Turing test: accountable design and the moral reasoning of autonomous systems

This paper argues against the moral Turing test (MTT) as a framework for evaluating the moral performance of autonomous systems. Though the term has been carefully introduced, considered, and cautioned about in previous discussions (Allen et al. in J Exp Theor Artif Intell 12(3):251---261, 2000; Allen and Wallach 2009), it has lingered on as a touchstone for developing computational approaches to moral reasoning (Gerdes and OhrstrOm in J Inf Commun Ethics Soc 13(2):98---109, 2015). While these efforts have not led to the detailed development of an MTT, they nonetheless retain the idea to discuss what kinds of action and reasoning should be demanded of autonomous systems. We explore the flawed basis of an MTT in imitation, even one based on scenarios of morally accountable actions. MTT-based evaluations are vulnerable to deception, inadequate reasoning, and inferior moral performance vis a vis a system's capabilities. We propose verification--which demands the design of transparent, accountable processes of reasoning that reliably prefigure the performance of autonomous systems--serves as a superior framework for both designer and system alike. As autonomous social robots in particular take on an increasing range of critical roles within society, we conclude that verification offers an essential, albeit challenging, moral measure of their design and performance.
Structure-Based Sequence Alignment of the Transmembrane Domains of All Human GPCRs: Phylogenetic, Structural and Functional Implications

The understanding of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) is undergoing a revolution due to increased information about their signaling and the experimental determination of structures for more than 25 receptors. The availability of at least one receptor structure for each of the GPCR classes, well separated in sequence space, enables an integrated superfamily-wide analysis to identify signatures involving the role of conserved residues, conserved contacts, and downstream signaling in the context of receptor structures. In this study, we align the transmembrane (TM) domains of all experimental GPCR structures to maximize the conserved inter-helical contacts. The resulting superfamily-wide GpcR Sequence-Structure (GRoSS) alignment of the TM domains for all human GPCR sequences is sufficient to generate a phylogenetic tree that correctly distinguishes all different GPCR classes, suggesting that the class-level differences in the GPCR superfamily are encoded at least partly in the TM domains. The inter-helical contacts conserved across all GPCR classes describe the evolutionarily conserved GPCR structural fold. The corresponding structural alignment of the inactive and active conformations, available for a few GPCRs, identifies activation hot-spot residues in the TM domains that get rewired upon activation. Many GPCR mutations, known to alter receptor signaling and cause disease, are located at these conserved contact and activation hot-spot residue positions. The GRoSS alignment places the chemosensory receptor subfamilies for bitter taste (TAS2R) and pheromones (Vomeronasal, VN1R) in the rhodopsin family, known to contain the chemosensory olfactory receptor subfamily. The GRoSS alignment also enables the quantification of the structural variability in the TM regions of experimental structures, useful for homology modeling and structure prediction of receptors. Furthermore, this alignment identifies structurally and functionally important residues in all human GPCRs. These residues can be used to make testable hypotheses about the structural basis of receptor function and about the molecular basis of disease-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms.
Extra Dividends from a Calculus Problem

(1968). Extra Dividends from a Calculus Problem. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 41, No. 5, pp. 280-281.