cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coupling of "malic" enzyme and NADPH:NAD transhydrogenase in the energetics of Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda).

1. 1. Acetylpyridine NADP replaced NADP in promoting the Mn2+ ion-requiring mitochondrial “malic” enzyme of Hymenolepis diminuta. 2. 2. Disrupted mitochondria displayed low levels of an apparent oxaloacetate-forming malate dehydrogenase activity when NAD or acetylpyridine NAD served as the coenzyme. 3. 3. Significant malate-dependent reduction of acetylpyridine NAD by H. diminuta mitochondria required Mn2+ ion and NADP, thereby indicating the tandem operation of “malic” enzyme and NADPH:NAD transhydrogenase. 4. 4. Incubation of mitochondrial preparations with oxaloacetate resulted in a non-enzymatic decarboxylation reaction. 5. 5. Coupling of malate oxidation with electron transport via the “malic” enzyme and transhydrogenase was demonstrated by polarographic assessment of mitochondrial reduced pyridine nucleotide oxidase activity.
A spectrophotometric determination of sulfate ion and its application in studies of substrate purity and of aryl sulfatase a kinetics

Abstract A simple, rapid, and sensitive procedure for the study of sulfatase kinetics using nonchromogenic substrates is described. The procedure utilizes the dye potassium rhodizonate which forms a complex with barium ions resulting in a pink color. The extent of reduction of the pink color in the presence of sulfate ions indicates the quantity of sulfate. Some of the factors other than SO42− which can influence the pink color intensity of the rhodizonate-barium complex are described. The optimum conditions for the determination of sulfate are investigated. The assay procedure has good reproducibility and has a lower limit of detection of about 1 nmol of SO42− when low Ba2+ concentrations are used. A comparative study of the rate of hydrolysis of a number of different substrates by aryl sulfatase A using this method as well as an independent, spectrophotometric method is described. The maximum variation between the two procedures is 5% which is within the possible uncertainty in the standard curves and the error in the molar extinctions used for the estimation of products. The method is substantially more accurate and convenient than previously described methods which required chromatographic separations, radioactive substrates, etc.
Inhibitory action of the gonadopeptide inhibin on amphibian (Rana pipiens) steroidogenesis and oocyte maturation.

In view of recent reports on the production of inhibin- and activin-like proteins in lower vertebrates and their important role during development, we have examined the effects of the gonadopeptide inhibin in the process of oocyte maturation using amphibian (Rana pipiens) fully grown preovulatory ovarian follicles cultured in vitro. In the presence of frog pituitary homogenate (FPH), which stimulates progesterone (P4) levels and the subsequent germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD), purified porcine inhibin (35–50 IU) inhibited both of these responses in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibin also blocked GVBD initiated by exogenously added P4 in intact as well as denuded oocytes. Thus, inhibin seems to act at the follicle (granulosa) cells because it blocked steroidogenesis and at the oocyte because it altered the steroid-induced oocyte maturation. The P4-treated follicles were susceptible to the inhibin action during the first 3 hr of steroid stimulation, which indicates that inhibin affects some early events during the process of GVBD. Maximum inhibitory effect was observed when P4 and inhibin were added simultaneously at the beginning of the incubations. Moreover, the inhibitory effect on GVBD caused by the gonadopeptide was dependent on the length of exposure of the follicles to inhibin. The continuous presence of inhibin in the culture was required to block GVBD efficiently. Data also indicate that the inhibitory effect of inhibin was reversible. Taken together, results from this study present evidence that inhibin may be a relevant paracrine/autocrine regulator of ovarian functions. J. Exp. Zool. 284:232–240, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An O(n) algorithm to find a near-optimum partition of a convex polygon☆

Abstract This paper presents a heuristic algorithm to partition an n -sided convex polygon into n − 2 nonintersecting triangles. Based on some theorems in [T. C. Hu and M. T. Shing, to appear], we can give a general formula to find the maximum ratio between the cost of the heuristic partition and the cost of the optimum partition and prove that this ratio never exceeds 1.155. We also given an example to show that the bound is tight.
QTc-Prolongation in Posterior Circulation Stroke

To evaluate the relationship between infarct location and QTc-prolongation in patients with posterior circulation strokes. Admission electrocardiograms (ECG) of 131 patients among a prospective sample of 407 consecutive adult patients in the New England Medical Center Posterior Circulation Registry were retrospectively analyzed. The QT interval (ms) was measured and corrected using Bazett’s formula (QTcBazett) as well as linear regression functions (QTcLinear). QTcBazett > 440 ms and QTcLinear ≥ 450 ms for men (≥460 ms for women) were considered prolonged. Multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses were used to identify independent predictors of the QTc. Overall, 34 % of patients had a prolonged QTcBazett and 7 % had a prolonged QTcLinear noted on the admission ECG. There was a significant association between temporal lobe infarction and QTcBazett and QTcLinear (p < 0.001 for both) in multivariable linear regression analyses adjusting for demographics, ECG parameters, and preadmission medication use. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, temporal lobe infarction emerged as an independent predictor of prolonged QTcBazett (p = 0.009) and QTcLinear (p = 0.008), respectively. Sensitivity analyses excluding patients with transient ischemic attack yielded similar results. Exploratory analyses indicated that patients with temporal lobe infarction had worse functional 30-day outcomes in multivariable logistic regression (p = 0.022). However, there was no significant association between QTc and 30-day functional outcome. QTc-prolongation is common after posterior circulation stroke and associated with temporal lobe infarction. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these preliminary findings and to examine potential long-term consequences.
The cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase activities of platelet-depteted human monocytes

Abstract The significant numbers of platelet contaminants round to the surface of freshly isolated human monocytes can be removed during incubations in fresh human serum. We used cells purified by these means to examine the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid synthesized in response to various stimuli. Thromboxane is the single major product synthesized by human monocytes in response to inflammatory particles (opsonized zymosan or immunoglobulin G complex-coated beads). The molar amounts produced were equivalent to those by platelets stimulated with thrombin. In contrast, exposure to calcium ionophore A23187 led to greatly enhanced lipoxygenase metabolite synthesis. Under these conditions, levels of leukotriene B 4 (30 to 70 pmol/10 6 cells) and leukotriene C 4 (up to 20 pmol/10 6 cells) production were five- to tenfold higher than those observed with paniculate stimuli. The circulating human monocyte is a source of a variety of vasoactive mediators derived from arachidonic acid.
Effects of strain rate, temperature and thermomechanical coupling on the finite strain deformation of glassy polymers

Abstract The effects of strain rate and temperature on the inelastic response of a glassy polymer have been studied. Deformation tests in uniaxial compression to strains of −1.0 were conducted on polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) over a range of temperatures at a strain rate of −0.001/s providing nearly isothermal test conditions and thus documenting the temperature dependence of yield, strain softening, and strain hardening. The specimen surface temperatures were monitored using an infrared detector. Room temperature environment tests were then conducted over a range in strain rates and revealed a significant temperature rise at the strain rates of −0.01/s and −0.1/s. The increase in temperature has a dramatic effect on the stress-strain behavior producing a thermal softening of the material. The moderate rate tests thus underline the importance of understanding the effects of thermo-mechanical coupling during polymer deformations as occurs during impact loading condiyions and deformation processing. The experimental results have been simulated using a fully three-dimensional constitutive model of the large strain inelastic response of glassy polymers in conjunction with a thermo-mechanically coupled finite element analysis. The strain rate and temperature dependence of initial yield is included in the material model as well as temperature dependence of evolving anisotropy and its associated strain hardening. The material model considers that part of the work of inelastic deformation responsible for strain hardening to be stored as an internal back stress and therefore is not dissipative. the remaining dissipative plastic work acts as a heat source in the test simulations where conduction between the specimen and steel platens is modelled as well as convection with the surroundings. Excellent agreement between simulation and experiment is found where the stress-strain curves and temperature-strain curves are well predicted over a range in strain rate and temperature.
Collision induced intramolecular vibrational energy transfer in 1B3u pyrazine

Collision induced intramolecular vibrational energy exchange in 1B3u(n,π*) pyrazine was investigated by analyzing the pressure dependence of the emission from 10 prepared single vibronic levels. Energy transfer rates are, in general, lower than those previously observed in electronic excited states. Though the magnitude of the energy defect for a process strongly influences the transfer rate, other propensity rules are important. Among the single quantum changes possible, those involving mode 16b predominate. The vibronic coupling to the upper 1B2u (π,π*) state increases the observed rates dramatically.
Measurement and representation of grain-boundary texture

The measurement and representation of grain-boundary texture in single-phase polycrystals are examined in this article. Grain-boundary texture is assumed to be fully defined by the lattice orientation of two grains which come together to form the boundary and by the orientation of the boundary relative to the two lattices. Representations which incorporate more limited def- initions of local grain-boundary structure are easily considered in natural subspaces of the more complete representation. The two major stereologies which have been developed for measuring grain-boundary texture from random sectioning are compared in detail. It is demonstrated that the stereological method of Hilliard, [3] which obtains the distribution of boundary normals from intersections of the boundaries with random test lines placed on random sections, cannot dis- tinguish “sided” grain-boundary textures. The stereological method of Adams, [5] which obtains the boundary normal distribution from the angular distribution of boundary intersections in ran- dom sections, is shown to be more general, since it is not limited to “nonsided” grain-boundary textures. It is also shown that the latter stereology obtains a more accurate representation of the boundary-normal distribution, as compared with the former, for an equivalent number of section planes.
Left ventricular regional wall motion and haemodynamic changes following bolus administration of pipecuronium or pancuronium to adult patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting

The objective of this study was to compare the haemodynamic and myocardial effects of pipecuronium and pancuronium in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) during benzodiazepine/sufentanil anaesthesia. Twenty-seven ASA III-IV patients received lorazepam (1-3 mg) po and midazolam ( < 0.1 mg.kg-1) i.v. before induction of anaesthesia with sufentanil (3-8 micrograms.kg-1) was administered to facilitate tracheal intubation. According to random allocation, each patient received either pipecuronium (150 micrograms.kg-1) or pancuronium (120 micrograms.kg-1) after sternotomy but before heparinization. Mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure (CVP), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), ST segment position and ECG (leads III, V5, AVF) were monitored continuously throughout the procedure. Thermodilution determinations of CO in triplicate were made immediately before, and at two and five minutes after muscle relaxant administration. Multiplane transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE, midpapillary short axis views of the left ventricle) images were continuously recorded from ten minutes before until ten minutes after muscle relaxant administration and graded by two experienced echocardiographic readers. Heart rate, MAP and CO increased after administration of pancuronium (by 13.6 beats.min-1, 10.8 mmHg and 1.0 L.min-1 respectively) but not after pipecuronium (P < 0.05). Evidence of myocardial ischaemia was not detected in any patients using ECG ST segment analysis or TEE assessment of left ventricular wall motion. We conclude that pancuronium caused increases in HR, MAP and CO but that neither pancuronium nor pipecuronium caused myocardial ischaemia.
Viability of cryopreserved red blood cells studied over 96 hr post-thaw.

Abstract The use of cryopreserved blood is of major importance in the transfusion of patients who are potential candidates for or who have already received a renal allograft. However, the use of this blood is limited because its present shelf life is only 24 hr. Should this shelf life be extended, which is very likely within the next 5 years, it would be essential to know the biologic viability of this blood beyond the 24-hr storage time. In this study, we have investigated the parameters of frozen-deglycerolized human blood that are indicative of red blood cell viability and rate of cell lysis up to 96 hr post-thaw. Our studies support the concept that frozen-thawed blood can be transfused safely after storage for 96 hr.
The Life and Legacies of a Polymath

Slack explores the many facets of the life and science of G. Evelyn Hutchinson and his fundamental contributions to modern ecology.
On Science as a Free Market

The question of whether science may usefully be viewed as a market process has recently been addressed by Maki (1999), who concludes that “either free-market economics is self-defeating, or else there must be two different concepts of free market, one for the ordinary economy, the other for science.” Here I argue that such pessimism is unwarranted. Maki proposes (see also Wible 1998) that the conduct of economic research itself be taken, self-reflexively, as a test case for any suggested economics of science. While agreeing that we may expect economics to apply to the conduct of economic research itself, I demonstrate that there is a lack of cogency, both in Maki's argument for his proposal and in his attempt to implement a reflexivity test. Maki asks what would be exchanged in the scientific “market for ideas” (see also Sent 1997). The answer is that recognition is exchanged for the opportunity to use another's research results. The identification of an organized and pervasive system of exchange establis...
Female hip fracture patients had poorer performance-based functioning than community-dwelling peers over 2-year follow-up period.

Abstract Background and Objectives Compare performance-based functioning over 2 years among elderly women hip fracture patients vs. community-dwelling older women. Methods and Setting 268 hip fracture patients from eight hospitals in Baltimore, MD, in 1990–1991, and 486 respondents from the Women's Health and Aging Study I (WHAS I) were assessed prospectively at 6-month intervals for 2 years. Usual and rapid walking speeds, and chair rise time, were calculated and standardized to the baseline distribution of the WHAS subsample. Results At baseline, all respondents were aged 65+ years, White, cognitively intact, and could walk across a room independently. Hip fracture patients had significantly poorer functioning than WHAS respondents at each follow-up interview through 24 months postfracture. The difference was greatest at 6 months: mean walking speed for hip fracture patients was approximately one standard deviation lower than for WHAS respondents for usual pace (adjusted difference = −1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) = −1.22, −0.89) and rapid pace (adjusted difference = −0.95, 95% CI = −1.13, −0.79). These differences were most pronounced among respondents who were aged 80+ years or had comorbid conditions. Conclusion Elderly women had poorer performance-based functioning over 2 years following hip fracture than would be expected by normal aging in same-aged women.
Using cultural-historical activity theory to study clinical reasoning in context

The aim of this paper is to describe sources of conflict and congruence in critical areas of practice with caregivers of persons with dementia, using cultural-historical activity theory as an analytic framework. Findings are drawn from an ethnographic study that described the context of occupational therapists' (OTs') clinical reasoning in a funded, home-based environmental skill-building program designed to help caregivers manage the daily care of a family member with dementia. Data were gathered through observation of intervention sessions, debriefing sessions, semi-structured interviews with therapists, and review of intervention documentation. Primary sources of conflict and congruence within the identified practice context included conflicts between therapists and caregivers concerning which environmental strategies were best for addressing problems in caregiving and expectations regarding OT and caregiver roles. Areas of congruence included the fit between intervention protocols used to guide treatment and the approaches therapists developed to help caregivers modify care receivers' living environments. The study revealed the complexity of OT practice and demonstrated that practice contexts can be systematically analyzed using cultural-historical activity theory to determine key factors influencing clinical reasoning. The approach also presents an alternative perspective on clinical reasoning that more directly integrates clients/caregivers and therapists as co-constructors of OT intervention.
The effect of erythrosin B on infective larvae of bovine gastrointestinal nematodes.

Abstract The effect of erythrosin B and visible light on 3rd stage larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes of naturally-infected cattle was studied. Cattle were treated orally with erythrosin B at dosages of 30 and 40 mg kg −1 day −1 for as many as 17 days. Feces from treated and untreated animals were collected and prepared for culture. Third stage larvae were then collected by Baermannization and exposed to light. Both sunlight and artificial fluorescent light were shown to be toxic to 3rd-stage-larvae after treatment with erythrosin B. This toxic reaction was significant after only 2 consecutive daily treatments.
Hemangiomatous anomaly of bone in Crouzon's syndrome: case report.

A striking and diffuse hemangiomatous architecture was identified by microscopic examination of bone specimens obtained at cranial synostectomy and from the craniofacial area of a young boy with Kleeblattschadel deformity and Crouzon's syndrome. A retrospective review of the histopathological appearance of bone specimens from other patients with Crouzon's syndrome treated on our service and a review of the literature on craniosynostosis suggest that the hemangiomatous pattern seen in this patient is rare if not unique. The unusual pathological findings provide evidence that the underlying pathophysiology of this disorder may be heterogeneous.
An optical character recognition approach to qualifying thresholding algorithms

Pre-processing for raster image based document segmentation begins with image thresholding, which is a binarization process separating foreground from background. In this paper, we compare an existing (Otsu), modified existing (Kittler-Illingworth) and simple peak-based thresholding approach on a set of 982 documents for which existing ground truth (full text) is available. We use the output of an open source OCR engine which incorporates an adaptive/dynamic thresholder that can be bypassed by one of the three global thresholds we tested. This allowed comparison of these three approaches in the aggregate. We then used an independently-generated dictionary as a means of characterizing thresholder efficacy. Such an approach, if successful, will provide the means for selecting an optimal thresholder in the absence of a large set of ground truthed documents. Our preliminary findings here indicate that this approach may provide a reliable means for thresholder comparison and eventually preclude the need for time-intensive human ground truthing.
A partially male-sterile mutant line of soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merr.: characterization of the msp phenotype variation.

Investigations of variable expression of msp partial male sterility in soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) showed that higher temperatures promote male fertility in msp homozygotes and showed that infectious agents are not intrinsic to the sterility system. Exchange grafts failed to modify fertility levels of msp msp rootstocks, Msp Msp scions, and their self-progeny. Tests for soybean mosaic virus and tobacco ringspot virus were negative in partially male-sterile plants, in control fertile plants, and in self-progeny of grafted plants. Growth-chamber experiments and field observations manifested that male fertility of msp msp plants is higher in hot environments than in cooler ones. The unexpected aberrant ratios of fertile to partially male-sterile plants observed in 1977 (Stelly & Palmer, 1980) are explainable on the basis of msp temperature sensitivity.
A comparison of the alkali methoxides in the high-frequency titration of acids in dimethylformamide

Abstract The five alkali-methoxides were prepared and standardized in 9 : 1 benzene-methanol solution. The strengths of these bases were compared by means of HF response and conductance curves and by means of the titration of a selected series of acids dissolved in dimethylformamide. The caesium and rubidium methoxides were the strongest bases. However the difference in basicity of these two methoxides as compared to potassium and sodium methoxide does not warrant their preferred use. Lithium methoxide acted as a very weak base in the 9 : 1 benzene-methanol solvent but became more dissociated as the concentration of the methanoi was increased. There was a small but definite drift of the Oscillometer as the concentration of the methoxide ion was increased. This was shown to be due to the slight reaction of the methoxide ion with the dimethylformamide. Traces of acidic impurities in the dimethylformamide caused salicylic acid to behave as a weak acid while in very pure dimethylformamide it acted as a medium strong acid.
A wide-latitude CO survey of molecular clouds in the northern Milky Way

It is now well established that molecular clouds are an important part of the interstellar medium, containing much or most of the dense, cold component of the gas, and producing the massive stars and supernovae responsible for the diffuse, hot component. It would therefore appear essential in formulating a complete picture of the local interstellar medium to have some knowledge of the distribution and properties of nearly molecular clouds. The Goddard-Columbia 1.2 meter telescope was used to carry out a wide latitude, low angular resolution survey of CO along most of the first galactic quadrant and a small part of the second. A plane-of-the-sky map, which resulted from numerically integrating the survey over radial velocity, is presented. The Great Rift and the Aquila Rift molecular clouds of the Milky Way are discussed.
A monitor for continuous measurement of temperature, pH, and conductance of wet precipitation: Preliminary results from the adirondack mountains, New York

Abstract This report describes a continuous wet-only precipitation monitor designed by the U.S. Geological Survey to record variations in rainfall temperature, pH, and specific conductance at 1-min intervals over the course of storms. Initial sampling in the Adirondack Mouintains showed that rainfall acidity varied over the course of summer storms, with low initial pH values increasing as storm intensity increased.
Treatment of uterine papillary serous carcinoma

Introduction: This review focuses on both current and forthcoming therapeutics in the management of uterine serous carcinoma (USC). Areas covered: A search for all research articles published in the English language from 1 January 1996 to 30 June 2013 was made in MEDLINE using the terms ‘endometrial cancer', ‘uterine cancer', ‘uterine papillary serous carcinoma' and ‘uterine serous carcinoma'. USC is a disease characterized by high recurrence rates and poor prognosis. Both radiation therapy and chemotherapy have been added postoperatively in an effort to improve outcomes. Platinum/taxane-based chemotherapy appears to improve survival outcomes for women with early or advanced stage disease. In the past decade, identification of several genes involved in USC pathogenesis, including human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, have led to targeted drug development against this tumor. Moreover, the advent of whole-genome sequencing has heralded a new frontier in understanding the molecular and genetic drivers of...
Liposomes of enviroxime and phosphatidylcholine: Definition of the drug-phospholipid interactions

Interaction of the antiviral compound, enviroxime (E), with natural and synthetic phosphatidylcholines in organic and aqueous media was studied. Although insoluble in chloroform, E dissolved in chloroform solutions containing phosphatidylcholines. Solvation was directly related to the length of the fatty acid chains of the phospholipid. Proton spin resonance studies suggested an interaction of the fatty acid chains with the aromatic rings of E. Suspension of E-phosphatidylcholine mixtures of molar ratios up to 0.7:1.0 in aqueous media resulted in the formation of multilamellar liposomes. Liposomes containing E were more stable permeability barriers than those prepared with phospholipid alone, a property previously observed with cholesterol. Competition experiments suggested that E bound to the same sites in lipid bilayers as does cholesterol. These data indicate that E is incorporated into lipid bilayers of liposomes and that it alters the physical properties of the liposomes in a manner similar to that of cholesterol.
Variable Fidelity Conceptual Design Environment for Revolutionary Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

This paper describes the development of an unmanned aerial vehicle's conceptual design environment.A review of current unmanned aerial vehicle design challenges is conducted, which leads to the description of the desired capabilities for the environment. The key characteristics of the design environment include the capability of integrating variable fidelity, modular, and flexible disciplinary analysis tools. The environment is tested against available data from the AeroVironment Pathfinder Plus vehicle. In addition to the Pathfinder Plus mission analysis, aerodynamics, propulsion, and structures performance results are discussed and then applied to a hurricane-tracker mission. This case study demonstrates the environment's capability to perform and explore new types of missions. A further exploration of the Pathfinder Plus design space is conducted using response surface methodology. This investigation provides valuable information regarding design tradeoffs, which are essential for the selection of a final vehicle architecture.
Summation-over-paths degree of freedom and the loop lattice

Previously we found different kinds of lattice solutions in the no-integrability aesthetic field theory when we specify an integration path. When we combine the lattice origin-point data and aesthetic field equations with the summation-over-paths degree of freedom, the lattice solution is altered in a dramatic way. In this paper we study particular how a loop lattice system is affected by the summation over paths. We find likely evidence for two loop particles. The other potential particle systems could be closed strings (loops), but increased computer capability would be necessary to confirm this.
Status of x-ray mask development at the IBM Advanced Mask Facility

IBM's Advanced Mask Facility in Essex Junction, Vermont, is responsible for the company's x-ray mask technology development and manufacturing. During the first half of 1997, this facility replaced the gold x-ray absorber with a refractory material in order to provide a greater compatibility between proximity x-ray masks and semiconductor manufacturing lines. Significant progress has been made to position x-ray masks are currently being delivered for advanced logic and memory applications. This paper discusses key process improvements such as the implementation of new deposition, annealing, etching and measurement equipment. Performance of critical parameters is presented, including the quality of substrates and absorber film stacks, image size and placement control, and defect density. The technology challenges and IBM's roadmap for application masks below 130nm are also provided.
Carbon-14 tracer study of the fate of tetralin under simulated SRC-1 coal liquefaction conditions☆

Abstract A 28.4 wt% slurry of Illinois No. 6 coal in Wilsonville recycle solvent containing 0.83% of 1-14C-tetralin as a tracer for hydroaromatic solvent components has been hydroliquefied in a bench-scale, continuous-flow system under simulated SRC-I conditions (454 °C dissolver outlet; 13.9 MPa H2). A combination of solvent fractionation, distillation, g.l.p.c. separation, and radio-assay procedures allow determination of the chemical fate of the labelled tetralin. Of the tetralin which is consumed (47 wt% of the feed), only 85% is converted to the ‘ideal’ dehydrogenation product, naphthalene. The remaining 15% is divided in a 1:2 ratio between conversion to structurally altered C9–C11 hydrocarbons (l-methylindane, indane, methylnaphthalene) and bonding to much heavier coal- and solvent-derived products. These side reactions would be expected to decrease both the solvent donor quality and the inventory. Although the mechanisms for grafting of tetralin-derived fragments to heavy materials cannot yet be described in detail, the chemical processes responsible must be quite indiscriminant towards functional groups because the specific radioactivities of the oils, the asphaltenes, the preasphaltenes, and even the insoluble organic matter are very similar.
The Enduring Importance of Public-Sector Compensation Special Issue Introduction:

The increasing amount of new research on government compensation highlights the topic's importance in the public sector. The articles presented here range from an innovative assessment of how state...
Simulator mounted Moiré topography camera for constructing compensating filters

A technique has been developed and implemented by which individualized Ellis compensating filters can be rapidly and accurately produced from Moire topographic photographs. A novel Moirecamera has been designed such that it has been possible to mount it on a radiotherapy simulator. The camera does not interfere with normal use of the simulator but can be deployed as needed. Depth of missing tissue contours are produced by the camera over the treatment field, accurately registered to the patient’s simulated treatment position. An optical enlargement technique is used to transfer the depth of missing tissue contours in the photograph to a lead sheet compensating filter.
Cooperative and competitive behaviors during the process of creative destruction

Abstract This paper examines cooperative and competitive behaviors between interdependent firms during the commercial development of new technologies. Two frameworks on cooperative and competitive behaviors are developed by examining contrasting forces required to drive Schumpeter's process of creative destruction. This paper argues that the stage of technology development must dictate which framework is applied to develop policy initiatives that guide the development of technologies.
Stability Comparison of Two Betacyanine Pigments — Amaranthine and Betanine

The stability of amaranthine in solution was compared to the stability of betanine in solution. Amaranthine was extracted from fresh leaves (Amaranfhus tricolor). HPLC was used for the quantification of amaranthine, betanine and their degradation products. The degradation reaction of amaranthine, as with betanine, is a partially reversible reaction. The equilibrium constant at 90°C for amaranthine degradation was determined to be 0.125 mM compared to 0.071 mM for betanine. Amaranthine is less stable than betanine in the absence of oxygen, while in the presence of an excess of oxygen, the stability of the two pigments is essentially equal.
Magnetic Field Modeling with a Set of Individual Localized Coils

A set of generic, circular individual coils is shown to be capable of generating highly complex magnetic field distributions in a flexible fashion. Arbitrarily oriented linear field gradients can be generated in three-dimensional as well as sliced volumes at amplitudes that allow imaging applications. The multi-coil approach permits the simultaneous generation of linear MRI encoding fields and complex shim fields by the same setup, thereby reducing system complexity. The choice of the sensitive volume over which the magnetic fields are optimized remains temporally and spatially variable at all times. The restriction of the field synthesis to experimentally relevant, smaller volumes such as single slices directly translates into improved efficiency, i.e. higher magnetic field amplitudes and/or reduced coil currents. For applications like arterial spin labeling, signal spoiling and diffusion weighting, perfect linearity of the gradient fields is not required and reduced demands on accuracy can also be readily translated into improved efficiency. The first experimental realization was achieved for mouse head MRI with 24 coils that were mounted on the surface of a cylindrical former. Oblique linear field gradients of 20 kHz/cm (47 mT/m) were generated with a maximum current of 1.4A which allowed radial imaging of a mouse head. The potential of the new approach for generating arbitrary magnetic field shapes is demonstrated by synthesizing the more complex, higher order spherical harmonic magnetic field distributions X2-Y2, Z2 and Z2X. The new multi-coil approach provides the framework for the integration of conventional imaging and shim coils into a single multi-coil system in which shape, strength, accuracy and spatial coverage of the magnetic field can be specifically optimized for the application at hand.
The effect of other activities on INAA limits of detection

The instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) Advance Prediction Computer Program (APCP) is described, as well as its areas of usefulness. Particular attention is devoted to its ability to predict μg and ppm INAA lower limits of detection (LOD's) of any particular elements of interest in any sample matrix type of even very approximately known average or typical elemental composition. In general, INAA μg LOD's are found to be 10 to 100 times higher than the corresponding “interference-free” values, and INAA ppm LOD's are found to be 100 to even 100 000 times higher than the corresponding “interference-free” values calculated for a one-gram sample.
Hydration Pressure Increases in Heat-Damaged Skin:osmotic-Stress and High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Data Implicate Local Supramolecular Mechanisms

Local forces driving interstitial-fluid transfer affect burns; heat-ablation and remodeling therapies; hemodynamics; and wound healing. We examined hydration/dehydration mechanisms after heating skin ex vivo at 40, 50, and 60°C to induce “denaturing” transitions in three main structures of the interstitial matrix: hyaluronic acid, cells, and collagen.Hydration pressure (HP), swelling rates, water activity, acid-binding capacity (at pH∼7.4) and transverse nuclear-relaxation rate of solvent-water protons (1/T2) were compared using osmotic-stress, gravidometric, saturation vapor-pressure, potentiometric, and magnetic resonance imaging (μMRI, 40μm /pixel resolution) analyses, respectively. Mean HP values were 89, 100, 79, 108 at 4°C and 50, 62, 91, 162 mmHg at 37°C in nonheated control, 40, 50, and 60°C samples, respectively. Swelling kinetic energy increased 1.1, 4.5, and 6.9-fold relative to controls. Acid-binding and water activity increased by 0.3 and 0.4 pH units and 0.020 and 0.033 (at 75% hydration) in 50 and 60°C samples, while in 40°C samples, values remained close to controls'. μMRI changes were obvious only in 60°C samples with 1/T2 gradients (from T2-map contrast), and average 1/T2 in the central dermis decreased 0.1 intensity units/ μm and 66%, respectively.HP and acid-binding data indicate increases in the total solvent-exposed area and, with mutually consistent 1/T2 decreases and water-activity increases, demonstrate qualitative changes in its average hydration properties. Quantitative differences among control and preheated samples and between hydration parameters obtained at 4 versus 37°C confirm temperature-dependent supramolecular reorganization following damage. Together, results provide strong evidence that multiscale interactions among matrix components, independent of vascular, hormonal and neural controls, change key interstitium fluid-transfer properties with heat-damage.
Functional MR Imaging of the Abdomen

In this article, functional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques in the abdomen are discussed. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) increases the confidence in detecting and characterizing focal hepatic lesions. The potential uses of DWI in kidneys, adrenal glands, bowel, and pancreas are outlined. Studies have shown potential use of quantitative dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging parameters, such as K(trans), in predicting outcomes in cancer therapy. MR elastography is considered to be a useful tool in staging liver fibrosis. A major issue with all functional MR imaging techniques is the lack of standardization of the protocol.
Stark quantization in superlattices

The similarity and differences between real solids and superlattices for the localization induced by an electric field is discussed. In response to recent experimental results regarding the onset of negative differenial conductivity, the regimes of applicability of the Esaki-Tsu and Tsu-D\"ohler conditions are given.
Wavy Taylor-vortex flows via multigrid-continuation methods

Abstract We present a multigrid-continuation method for computing the transition from two-dimensional Taylor-vortex to three-dimensional wavy-vortex flow in the Taylor experiment. The method is also used to continue the path of travelling wave solutions as the Reynolds number is varied. The steady Navier-Stokes equations in a rotating frame of reference and an integral constraint are approximated by second-order accurate finite differences. For the convective terms in the conservation equations an upwind discretization controlled by the eigenvalues of their Jacobians is used. An iterative method for finding the speed of the travelling wave involves switching between the unsteady equations and the steady equations in a rotating frame. This is used only once to get the first wavy-vortex solution. A comparison of the results with experimental and numerical data shows good accuracy for the method and the validity of the travelling-wave formulation.
84-Year-Old Woman With Chest Pain

An 84-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with an 8-hour history of persistent substernal chest pain. The pain intensity was rated a 6 on a scale of 1 to 10, radiated to the shoulder blades, and was worse with deep breathing and lying flat. She denied dyspnea, orthopnea, palpitations, or lower-extremity edema. She had no history of cardiac disease. Her medical history was notable for well-controlled rheumatoid arthritis and hypertension. Her medications included triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide (37.5 and 25 mg/d) for hypertension and methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis (15 mg/wk), which she had stopped taking 8 weeks earlier after recent hip surgery.
Attenuation of long interfacial waves over a randomly rough seabed

The effects of randomly irregular bathymetry on the propagation of interfacial gravity waves are studied. Modelling sea water by a two-layer fluid of different densities, weakly nonlinear waves much longer than the sea depth but comparable to the horizontal scale of bathymetry are treated by Boussinesq approximation and multiplescale analysis. For transient wave pulses, the governing equation for the pulse profile is shown to be an integro-differential equation combining KdV and Burgers terms. Quantitative and qualitative effect of disorder on the attenuation of wave amplitude, reduction of wave speed and change of wave profile are examined numerically and analytically based on the asymptotic approximation. For time-harmonic waves, modecoupling equations are derived and examined for the competition between diffusion by random scattering, steepening by nonlinearity and frequency dispersion for a broad range of depth ratios.
Distribution of activity in the cerebellar cortex resulting from passive limb movement

The notion that cerebellar cortex geometry may play a unique role in its function is explored by Braitenberg et al. in the form of a new theory about the distribution of cortical activity. The theory makes specific predictions which are not verified by an experimental study of hindlimb movement in the cat.
Hepatomegaly in Transgenic Mice Expressing the Homeobox Gene Cux-1

Cux-1 is a member of a family of homeobox genes structurally related to Drosophila Cut. Mammalian Cut proteins function as transcriptional repressors of genes specifying terminal differentiation in multiple cell lineages. In addition, mammalian Cut proteins serve as cell-cycle-dependent transcriptional factors in proliferating cells, where they function to repress expression of the cyclin kinase inhibitors p21 and p27. Previously we showed that transgenic mice expressing Cux-1 under control of the CMV immediate early gene promoter develop multiorgan hyperplasia. Here we show that mice constitutively expressing Cux-1 exhibit hepatomegaly correlating with an increase in cell proliferation. In addition, the increase in Cux-1 expression in transgenic livers was associated with a decrease in p21, but not p27, expression. Within transgenic livers, Cux-1 was ectopically expressed in a population of small cells, but not in mature hepatocytes, and many of these small cells expressed markers of proliferation. Transgenic livers showed an increase in α-smooth muscle actin, indicating activation of hepatic stellate cells, and an increase in cells expressing chromogranin-A, a marker for hepatocyte precursor cells. Morphological analysis of transgenic livers revealed inflammation, hepatocyte swelling, mixed cell foci, and biliary cell hyperplasia. These results suggest that increased expression of Cux-1 may play a role in the activation of hepatic stem cells, possibly through the repression of the cyclin kinase inhibitor p21.
Hexagonal Domain-Like Charge Density Wave Phase of TaS2 Determined by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

The structure of the room-temperature charge density wave (CDW) phase in octahedrally coordinated tantalum disulfide, 1T-TaS2, has been a controversial issue for over 15 years. Large-scale scanning tunneling microscope images of the intralayer structure of this phase exhibit a domain-like pattern defined by a variation in the maximum CDW amplitude. The circular domains, consisting of high-amplitude CDWs, are arranged in a regular hexagonal lattice (period 73+/-3 angstroms) that is rotated relative to the CDWs. In addition, from the analysis of atomic resolution images it was determined that there is a well-defined phase shift between the CDWs in adjacent domains, and that within a domain the CDW superlattice is commensurate with the atomic lattice. These results provide evidence for the hexagonal discommensurate CDW phase in 1T-TaS2 and also suggest an explanation for the long-standing controversy concerning the structure of this phase.
Reprint of: Effects of growth hormone transgene expression and triploidy on acute stress indicators in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Abstract Transgenic Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) expressing an opAFP-csGH transgene exhibit 3–6-fold growth rate acceleration in the first years of life. Transgenics intended for production likely will be triploids for purposes of reproductive confinement. Growth hormone (GH) transgene expression and triploidy may affect physiological traits with bearing on fitness, animal welfare, and aquaculture production. The goal of our study was to determine the responses of juvenile GH-transgenic and triploid Atlantic salmon to stress. Groups of one-year old conventionally bred (termed wild-type), GH-transgenic, and triploid Atlantic salmon were subjected to no stress (control), one-week of fasting, or low dissolved oxygen (1.5–2.0 ppm) in triplicated tanks. Blood samples were taken from anesthetized fish, and nine markers of primary and secondary stress response were quantified. In addition, these stress-response markers were monitored over a time-course of 0, 1, 3, 6, and 24 h after handling and air exposure stress. For fish subject to no stress, parameters measured did not differ among genotypes, except that blood pH was higher and p O 2 and potassium levels lower in wild-type than in triploid or transgenic salmon. Immediately after one week of fasting, transgenic fish exhibited higher levels of sodium and chloride than other genotypes, suggesting osmoregulatory difficulty. Immediately after anoxic challenge, transgenic fish exhibited higher hematocrit, p CO 2 , glucose and sodium levels than other genotypes. In the time-course study, levels of stress-response indicators tended to peak at higher levels in GH-transgenic than in triploid than in wild-type salmon, and to not return to baseline levels through 24 h. Results of the experiments collectively demonstrated that wild-type fish maintained homeostasis more effectively than transgenic or triploid fish, exhibiting smaller changes in all measured stress-response parameters. Poor stress response may affect aquaculture performance of transgenic or triploid Atlantic salmon and hence the aquaculture practices needed for their production and maintenance of welfare, and also may reduce their fitness in the wild.