cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transparent Cu nanowire mesh electrode on flexible substrates fabricated by transfer printing and its application in organic solar cells

Abstract We report the flexible transparent Cu nanowire mesh electrode fabricated by simple transfer printing from flexible PDMS stamp as a potential replacement for the conventional ITO electrode in organic solar cell applications. Fabricated Cu mesh electrode shows a greater flexibility than conventional ITO electrode deposited on plastic substrates, and exhibits high optical transmittance and electrical conductance. It can be bent to 3 mm radius of curvature with no degradation of the conductance. Large area nanoscale metal electrodes on flexible substrates are demonstrated using a roll-to-roll process. The organic solar cell made with the transparent Cu electrode performs as good as the one with ITO electrode, which indicates that such electrode has the potential to replace conventional ITO electrode for low-cost, large-area flexible organic solar cell applications.
Immune regulation of procalcitonin: a biomarker and mediator of infection

Procalcitonin (PCT) has recently emerged as a powerful biomarker for an early and accurate diagnosis of bacterial infection. Here we summarize our current understanding of the expression pathways of PCT, its potential cellular sources including immune cells, and factors inducing its secretion. Also addressed is the significance of increased blood PCT concentration, which may allow this molecule not only to act as a clinical biomarker but also as an active participant in the development and progression of infectious processes. Experimental approaches to delineate a better understanding of PCT functions, molecular pathways that modulate its expression and therapeutic opportunities to curtail its biological actions are discussed, as well.
A New Scheme for Soft Tissue Artifact Compensation in Human Motion Analysis

Skin marker-based stereophotogrammetry provides a non-invasive and radiation-free approach in human motion analysis. It has been widely used to study the normal function and pathological conditions of human musculoskeletal system. One major limitation of this technique is usually referred to as soft tissue artifact (STA), which is defined as the relative movement between skin markers and the underlying bone. Much effort has been devoted to developing techniques for STA compensation and better motion analysis accuracy. However, the problem has not yet been solved satisfactorily.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Continuous low-level apomorphine administration induces motor abnormalities and hallucinogen-like behaviors.

Continuous low-level (0.825 mg/kg/h for 20 h) administration of AP through SC in-dwelling silicone reservoirs in the rat induced behavioral and biochemical changes that were similar to those induced by low levels (0.1 mg/kg) of acutely administered AP (decreased behavioral activity and decreased dopamine metabolism in the striatum). With longer periods of continuous AP exposure (40 h or more) the activity-depressing effects of low-level AP diminished. Concurrently a novel behavioral syndrome emerged characterized by limb flicks, body shakes, sudden orienting responses, and motor abnormalities, such as tremors of the jaw muscles, chewing movements, prominent tongue extensions, and body ‘tics’. This behavioral syndrome became more apparent following cessation of drug treatment. These novel behavioral changes, which were accompanied by increased behavioral responsiveness to acutely administered AP and amphetamine, were correlated with increased levels of dopamine, homovanillic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in the striatum but not the nucleus accumbens. This novel behavioral syndrome appears to reflect a rebound increase in dopaminergic mechanisms in striatum following their chronic suppression by low levels of AP.
Alternative transportation vehicles for military-base operations

Abstract With an increasing emphasis on improving the defense capabilities of our nation, the demand for petroleum by the military services will remain high. Now is the time to specifically address programs that will reduce the gasoline and diesel requirements for base transportation vehicles; such programs might be integrated from the onset into military construction projects planned for the 1980s. In the context of Fig. 1, the base technology for non-petroleum-based, low-polluting fuels exists today. Relatively low cost entry demonstration programs at the use end could begin immediately without commitment to any particular supply-path option.
Heymann antigen GP330 demonstrates affinity for fibronectin, laminin, and type I collagen and mediates rat proximal tubule epithelial cell adherence to such matrices in vitro.

Abstract We have utilized monoclonal antibodies directed against glycoproteins on the surface of proximal tubule epithelial cells (PTEC) to study their interaction with matrix components. PTEC exposed to monoclonal antibodies directed against a 330-kDa cell surface glycoprotein exhibited a significant epitope-specific inhibition of attachment and proliferation on type I collagen-, fibronectin-, laminin-, and gelatin-coated tissue culture surfaces. This effect was not due to antibody toxicity since such cells did not exhibit metabolic dysfunction in suspension cultures and the inhibition could be reversed upon removal of the antibody from the cell surface. Furthermore, detergent-solubilized gp330 demonstrated specific affinity for fibronectin, laminin, and type I collagen which was not inhibited by ArgGlyAsp-containing peptides. A monoclonal antibody directed against the receptor epitope was capable of promoting PTEC adherence and growth when such an antibody was immobilized on cell culture dishes. Although gp330 acted as a receptor for matrix proteins in primary cultures of freshly isolated PTEC, this effect was not demonstrable in established cultures. These results suggest that freshly isolated PTEC depend on gp330 for their attachment to matrix molecules while in vitro-adapted PTEC rely on other receptors activated by culture conditions. The affinity of gp330 for matrix molecules may be of pathogenic relevance in the persistence of gp330-containing immune complexes formed in the glomerular capillary wall in experimental membranous nephropathy (Heymann nephritis).
Strengths interventions in higher education: The effect of identification versus development approaches on implicit self-theory

To better understand how to promote optimal human functioning in ways that are grounded in research and theory, this study empirically explores a hypothesized link between prevalent strengths intervention practices in postsecondary educational settings and existing literature on implicit self-theories of ability. The article provides a differential description of two types of strengths interventions, referred to throughout as talent identification and strengths development. A pretest–posttest waiting list control group design with random assignment assessed whether these intervention types differed in their effect on implicit self-theory in a sample of 388 undergraduates. Results indicate a shift toward entity self-theory for the talent identification group, with no significant changes in self-theory for the other conditions. Implications for future research and strengths intervention practice are discussed.
Effect of Chemical Modification on Macroscopic Phase Separation in Styrene-Isoprene Block Copolymer Driven by Thermooxidative Reactions

Macroscopic phase separation induced by thermooxidative reaction has been observed in a commercial styrene-block-isoprene-block-styrene (SIS) copolymer, Kraton 1107, upon exposure to atmospheric oxygen at elevated temperatures. Unlike styrene-block-butadiene-block-styrene (SBS) copolymers, there is essentially no gel formation (i.e., no cross-linking reaction) in the thermal oxidation of SIS copolymer. In the first phase separation, oxidative reaction causes the breakup of the SIS triblock chains into the SI blocks (containing polystyrene blocks and short isoprene segments) and low molar mass neat polyisoprene, forming an immiscible region with macrophase-separated domains. The continued decline of the molecular weight of polyisoprene and further detachment of isoprene fragments from the SI diblocks suppress the immiscibility region to a lower temperature, causing phase dissolution to occur at the reaction temperature. With progressive oxidation, the chain scission continues to occur while heavily oxidize...
Where Are Cache Memories Going

In the span of only five years cache memories, once an arcane method of eking the last ounce of processing power from large mainframe computers, have become a household word. Caches are now offered in most high-end personal computers, as well as in all workstations. Caches offer a means of putting today's CPU architectures to their highest capability, without requiring massive changes in the direction of processing. This does not imply that we have reached a steady state, where the only developments to be expected will be improvements in CPU speed and cache size. The cache will be found to facilitate radical changes in computer architecture without requiring equivalent changes in CPU design. Caches are already being used to allow the implementation of tightly-coupled multiprocessor systems, some of whose throughputs are more than proportional to the number of processors used in the system.
Understanding the Breast Cancer Experience of Survivors: a Qualitative Study of African American Women in Rural Eastern North Carolina

The purpose of this study is to gain an in-depth understanding of African American breast cancer survivors’ experiences, barriers and facilitators in accessing breast cancer treatment, and challenges in adherence to follow-up care. We conducted seven focus groups with 32 African American women with breast cancer in three rural counties in eastern North Carolina during August–November 2013. Surveys were also utilized to gather basic demographic and breast health history information. Thematic analysis was performed using the immersion crystallization approach. Several common areas of life affected by breast cancer included faith and support networks, psychosocial well-being, and quality of care issues. Faith in God was an important coping mechanism essential to all women in the study and a critical facilitator in survivorship. Support networks consisted of family, church-family, friends, and co-workers. The concept of fear included the discovery of breast cancer and fear of death, negative side effects of treatment, and social stigma of having breast cancer. Factors that influenced provider-patient relationship were age of provider, perceived lack of empathy, and providers leaving during treatment. Participants also expressed their lack of knowledge regarding a number of the side effects they were experiencing during and after their treatment. Results of this study contribute to the assessment of potential coping mechanisms used by African American breast cancer survivors (i.e., spirituality, positive attitudes, and support networks) that can potentially be effective and have a positive impact on the adjustment of life for survivors.
Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of silicon nitride from 1,1,3,3,5,5-hexamethylcyclotrisilazane and ammonia

Abstract Silicon nitride films are deposited by plasma polymerization of 1,1,3,3,5,5 hexamethylcyclotrisilazane and NH3. The use of low monomer flow rates results in a significant reduction in film carbon content. Chemical and electrical properties are studied as a function of plasma parameters. Dielectric properties of films produced at moderate temperatures and r.f. power levels are similar to those of silicon nitride deposited from SiH4 and NH3. Films produced under plasma conditions that lead to carbon incorporation oxidize extensively in air and show poor dielectric performance.
NSFD scheme for acoustic propagation with the linearized Euler equations

Our goal is to construct a nonstandard finite difference (NSFD) scheme for the linearized Euler partial differential equations (PDE's) modeling acoustic propagation in one space dimension. Unlike other works on this discretization problem, we formulate it in terms of a single, second-order PDE rather than as two separate first-order equations. The important mathematical features of this scheme are discussed.
Glucose metabolism and chick neurogenesis. II. 6-Phosphofructokinase and aldolase activity in the embryonic brachial spinal cord.

Microquantitative procedures were employed for the assay of 6-phosphofructokinase (6-PFK) and aldolase activity in the brachial spinal cord of chick embryos from four and one-half to 21 days' incubation. Activity of 6-phosphofructokinase increased 9.2-fold from stage 25 to stage 46. The ontogenetic pattern was characterized by two periods of rapid increase in enzymatic activity, from stage 25 (4 1/2 days) to stage 29 (6 days) and from stage 36 (10 days) to stage 42 (16 days). Aldolase activity increased 1.7-fold from stage 25 to stage 46. The ontogenetic pattern showed a 50% increase in enzymatic activity during the 48-hour period from stage 36 to stage 38. Several transient changes in level of activity for both 6-phosphofructokinase and aldolase are described. The temporal patterns of both enzymes are discussed in relation to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, glucose metabolism and functional differentiation. The results of the present study suggest that glycolysis is relatively low during the early phases of neurogenesis, increasing just prior to a rapid decline in pentose cycle activity, and that glycolytic metabolism then increaases during the period of functional maturation.
An hp mesh refinement method for optimal control using discontinuity detection and mesh size reduction

A variable-order adaptive mesh refinement method for solving optimal control problems is described. The method employs orthogonal collocation at Legendre-Gauss-Radau points. The mesh refinement method uses a previously derived convergence rate in order to modify the mesh. First, in regions where the solution is not sufficiently smooth, the method employs mesh interval refinement to place mesh points near discontinuities in the solution. Next, in regions where the solution is smooth the method increases the degree of the approximating polynomial. Furthermore, the method can decrease the size of the mesh in one of two ways. First, by representing the state using a power series approximation it is possible to decrease the required polynomial degree when it is determined that the coefficients of the highest powers of the power series are insignificant in comparison to the mesh refinement accuracy tolerance. Second, mesh intervals can be combined if it is determined that the power series representations are the same in two or more adjacent mesh intervals. Finally, the method is described in detail and is applied successfully to an example from the open literature.
Butylated hydroxytoluene chemoprevention of aflatoxicosis – Effects on aflatoxin B1 bioavailability, hepatic DNA adduct formation, and biliary excretion

Abstract The extreme sensitivity of turkeys to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is associated with efficient hepatic cytochrome P-450 (P450)-mediated bioactivation, and deficient glutathione S-transferase (GST) mediated detoxification. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) protects against AFB1 toxicity in turkeys through mechanisms that include competitive inhibition of P450-mediated AFB1 bioactivation. To test whether dietary BHT alters hepatic AFB1–DNA adduct formation, excretion, and bioavailability of AFB1 in vivo, turkeys were given diets with BHT (4000 ppm) for 10 days, given a single oral dose of [3H]-AFB1 (0.05 μg/g; 0.02 μCi/g), then sampled at intervals up to 24 h. Radiolabel in serum, red blood cells, liver, and breast meat was frequently lower in BHT-treated compared to control. Hepatic AFB1–DNA adducts in BHT-treated turkeys were significantly lower at 12 and 24 h. BHT-fed birds had significant higher bile efflux, though biliary radiolabel excretion was not different from control. The amount of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) excreted in the bile was lower than in control, but BHT had no effect on the biliary excretion of AFB1, aflatoxin Q1 or glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. Thus, the chemopreventive properties of BHT may also occur through a reduction in AFB1 bioavailability in addition to inhibition of bioactivation.
In vitro assessment of neurotrophic activity from the striatum of aging rats.

Abstract Neurotrophic factors are produced in the striatum following trauma and have a demonstrable effect on in vitro bioassays and on in vivo graft survival. We have previously measured the in vitro effect of these factors following trauma to the striatum of young rats. However, the effect of age on this neurotrophic response has not been evaluated. In this study we report on the in vitro effects of extracts (obtained from gelfoam) removed from striatal cavities 7 days following trauma. Gelfoam extract from aged rats (18–24 months) had a reduced neurite-promoting response in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and SH-SY5Y (a dopamine-producing neuroblastoma cell line) assays, compared to gelfoam from young rats (2–3 months). In contrast, extracts from both young and old rats showed significant neuroprotection of SH-SY5Y cells from the dopaminergic neurotoxins N -methy-4phenylpyridinium ion (MPP + ) and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). The results suggest that the striatum of aged individuals may have (1) a diminished capacity for neurite promotion and/ or (2) that neurite outgrowth and neuroprotection may be influenced by different factors or different levels of the same factors. The direct implication is that aged animals would be the most appropriate models to study experimental therapies for Parkinson's disease.
Diet digestibility and growth of holstein calves fed acidified milk replacers containing soy protein concentrate

Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of acidification of milk replacers containing soy protein concentrate on diet digestibility and growth of Holstein bull calves. In Experiment 1, six calves (6 wk old) were fed at 10% of BW/d either acidified milk replacer containing soy protein concentrate or untreated milk replacer containing soy protein concentrate. Replacers were reconstituted to 12.5% DM for 10-d adjustment and 4-d collection periods to determine digestibility and N balance. Digestibilities of DM, ether extract, and N were similar between treatments. Nitrogen retention and N retention as a percentage of that absorbed were higher for calves fed the acidified diet. In Experiment 2, 20 calves (1 wk old) were fed diets identical to those diets fed in Experiment 1 at 20% of BW/d for 4 wk. Calves were allowed to adjust to the diet for 5 d. Growth parameters were measured and amount of feed offered was adjusted weekly. Calves fed the untreated diet had higher daily weight gains, girth gains, height gains, and better feed utilization. In Experiment 3, 21 calves were fed either the aforementioned diets or a replacer based on milk proteins at 10% of BW/d (12.5% DM) for 4 wk. Growth parameters were measured and DM intakes were adjusted weekly. Growth and feed conversion were similar across diets. Replacers containing soy protein concentrate or large amounts of whey may need to be supplemented with additional methionine to maximize rate of gain.
Recognition of Kin and Avoidance of Inbreeding in the Montane Vole, Microtus montanus

Young females of Microtus montanas were housed with an adult male for 9 days postweaning and their sexual maturation noted. Males caused sexual maturation (seen from increased uterine weight) in strange females, but not in daughters. When litters were cross-fostered at birth, males caused sexual maturation in biological daughters that were separated from them at birth, but not in foster daughters. This shows that this species has a mechanism for avoiding inbreeding, with recognition of kin based on familiarity.
Cigarette smoking cessation and alcohol treatment

Cigarette smoking is common among problem drinkers and recovering alcoholics but most cessation research has not addressed this special population of smokers. Confidential survey data were collected from over 700 alcoholism counselors and medical personnel in residential and outpatient chemical dependency units (CDUs) in Nebraska to identify the quit smoking method these experts recommend and to assess their personal experiences with smoking cessation. A total of 334 respondents (45% of the group) self-identified as a recovering alcoholic, 51 (7%) as a problem drinker, and 350 (48%) as having no history of alcohol problems. Over 63% of all respondents were former or current smokers. The most frequently recommended quitting methods for people still in treatment for alcohol problems were relying on a support group (69%), adhering to Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) principles (64%), and quitting "cold turkey" (45%). In an adjusted logistic regression model, quitting "cold turkey" and relying on the principles of AA significantly increased a respondent's odds of personally becoming a successful tobacco quitter. We conclude that many recovering alcoholics and problem drinkers can successfully quit smoking and should be encouraged to use abstinence coping skills learned in alcohol treatment.
Origin of temperature dependence of microbending attenuation in fiber optic cables

Abstract Temperature-induced changes in the attenuation of multimode optical fiber cables are shown to be caused by mismatch between the thermal expansion coefficients of the fiber and the cabling materials. A quantitative theoretical model of low temperature loss, based on the formation of fiber microbends by microvariations in the jacket concentricity, is described. This model applies to tightly jacketed, soft buffered cable designs. An equation relating the low temperature optical attenuation to cable parameters is derived using this model. Good agreement is obtained between this theoretical prediction and experimental results. The theoretical model is used to compare the effectiveness of different cable designs on reducing excess loss at low temperature.
Electrocoalescer Comparison Performance Tests

Validation tests were carried out based upon tests specified in Military Specification MIL-F-8901. The Electrocoalescer has demonstrated excellent performance, has passed the validation test, and showed an improved performance over that of the Military Standard Filter Separator. When tested with diesel fuel, the improvement was on the order of a factor of 10 or more. Moreover, it demonstrated a lower overall pressure drop. Use of the Electrocoalescer in fuels decontamination service is expected to result in cleaner fuels and longer filter life.Copyright © 1979 by ASME
Regional pain is usually hysterical.

For every ill beneath the sun There is some remedy or none If there be one, resolve to find it; If not, submit, and never mind it. Anonymous Differentiating organic disease from hysterical conversion reactions (HCRs) is one of the most common and challenging problems facing the neurologist. Historically, the spectrum of involvement has ranged from blindness, paralysis, and convulsions, to the most common of all somatic symptoms, pain. 1 Since pain is subjective and a personal experience (often hard to describe), the clinician is at a distinct disadvantage in assessing the severity and symbolism. This is a critical issue since aspects of diagnostic testing, therapy, and compensability loom in the background. Many myths and confusion surround the entity of HCR and each physician seems to have his or her own definition. Since regional pain is usually hysterical in nature, precise definition and terminology is required if we are
Management of Steroid-Resistant Asthma

Glucocorticoids are used in the treatment of inflammatory diseases, including asthma. Their efficacy and incumbent profile of adverse effects are well established. On occasion, practitioners encounter asthmatic patients who are difficult to control despite standard glucocorticoid therapy. These individuals may present with persistent nocturnal symptoms, exercise intolerance, peak flow variability and spirometric evidence of poor control. Many of these patients demonstrate an apparent resistance to standard and even aggressive glucocorticoid interventions. Consequently, these patients continue to experience severe airway disease and, often, also experience concurrent adverse effects of therapy.
Muscle-Derived Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases 1 and 2 Are Required for the Maintenance of Adult Myofibers and Their Neuromuscular Junctions

The Ras–extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) pathway appears to be important for the development, maintenance, aging, and pathology of mammalian skeletal muscle. Yet no gene targeting of Erk1/2 in muscle fibers in vivo has been reported to date. We combined a germ line Erk1 mutation with Cre-loxP Erk2 inactivation in skeletal muscle to produce, for the first time, mice lacking ERK1/2 selectively in skeletal myofibers. Animals lacking muscle ERK1/2 displayed stunted postnatal growth, muscle weakness, and a shorter life span. Their muscles examined in this study, sternomastoid and tibialis anterior, displayed fragmented neuromuscular synapses and a mixture of modest fiber atrophy and loss but failed to show major changes in fiber type composition or absence of cell surface dystrophin. Whereas the lack of only ERK1 had no effects on the phenotypes studied, the lack of myofiber ERK2 explained synaptic fragmentation in the sternomastoid but not the tibialis anterior and a decrease in the expression of the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) epsilon subunit gene mRNA in both muscles. A reduction in AChR protein was documented in line with the above mRNA results. Evidence of partial denervation was found in the sternomastoid but not the tibialis anterior. Thus, myofiber ERK1/2 are differentially required for the maintenance of myofibers and neuromuscular synapses in adult mice.
Dynamic Bauschinger effect

Abstract An experimental investigation of the “Bauschinger effect” in materials under dynamic loading conditions is presented. In this study, a tension split Hopkinson bar with a momentum trap is used to subject a tensile specimen to a single high strain-rate tension pulse of known magnitude and duration. The uniformly deformed gauge length of the tension specimen is then sectioned and loaded in a compression split Hopkinson bar with a momentum trap, at essentially the same strain rate as that of the initial tension test. Comparison is made between these high strain rate Bauschinger experiments and similar tests carried out under quasi-static conditions. Two different material microstructures were examined: solid-solution strengthened and precipitation-strengthened alloys. The Bauschinger effect is found to be a function of the initial material microstructure as well as strain rate.
Antarctic Bottom Water temperature changes in the western South Atlantic from 1989 to 2014

Warming of abyssal waters in recent decades contributes to global heat uptake and sea level rise. Repeat oceanographic section data in the western South Atlantic taken mostly in 1989 (1995 across the Scotia Sea), 2005, and 2014 are used to quantify warming in abyssal waters that spread northward through the region from their Antarctic origins in the Weddell Sea. While much of the Scotia Sea warmed between 1995 and 2005, only the southernmost portion, on the north side of the Weddell Gyre, continued to warm between 2005 and 2014. The abyssal Argentine Basin also warmed between 1989 and 2005, but again only the southernmost portion continued to warm between 2005 and 2014, suggesting a slowdown in the inflow of the coldest, densest Antarctic Bottom Waters into the western South Atlantic between 1989 and 2014. In contrast, the abyssal waters of the Brazil Basin warmed both between 1989 and 2005 and between 2005 and 2014, at a rate of about 2 m°C yr−1. This warming is also assessed in terms of the rates of change of heights above the bottom for deep isotherms in each deep basin studied. These results, together with findings from previous studies, suggest the deep warming signal observed in the Weddell Sea after the mid-1970s Weddell Polynya was followed by abyssal warming in the Argentine Basin from the late 1970s through about 2005, then warming in the deep Vema Channel from about 1992 through at least 2010, and warming in the Brazil Basin from 1989 to 2014.
Organization of the mouse acid β-galactosidase gene

Overlapping murine genomic DNA fragments containing the entire cDNA sequence were isolated from a cosmid library prepared from the DBA/2J strain of mice. The gene is more than 80-kb long, consisting of 16 exons. All of the exon-intron boundaries have been defined. The organization of the gene is highly conserved between the murine and human genes at least for the several exons and introns for which information for the human gene is available [Morreau et al., J. Biol. Chem. 264:20655, 1989]. Primer extension and RNase protection experiments indicated the presence of three potential transcription initiation sites, which are preceded by GC-rich SP1 binding sites but without typical TATA or CAT boxes, as is often the case for genes coding for housekeeping proteins. Compared to the cDNA sequence from C57BL/6J mouse, there were five nucleotide polymorphisms in the protein-coding region, two of which resulted in altered amino acids.
The impact of JavaScript on archivability

As web technologies evolve, web archivists work to adapt so that digital history is preserved. Recent advances in web technologies have introduced client-side executed scripts (Ajax) that, for example, load data without a change in top level Universal Resource Identifier (URI) or require user interaction (e.g., content loading via Ajax when the page has scrolled). These advances have made automating methods for capturing web pages more difficult. In an effort to understand why mementos (archived versions of live resources) in today's archives vary in completeness and sometimes pull content from the live web, we present a study of web resources and archival tools. We used a collection of URIs shared over Twitter and a collection of URIs curated by Archive-It in our investigation. We created local archived versions of the URIs from the Twitter and Archive-It sets using WebCite, wget, and the Heritrix crawler. We found that only 4.2 % of the Twitter collection is perfectly archived by all of these tools, while 34.2 % of the Archive-It collection is perfectly archived. After studying the quality of these mementos, we identified the practice of loading resources via JavaScript (Ajax) as the source of archival difficulty. Further, we show that resources are increasing their use of JavaScript to load embedded resources. By 2012, over half (54.5 %) of pages use JavaScript to load embedded resources. The number of embedded resources loaded via JavaScript has increased by 12.0 % from 2005 to 2012. We also show that JavaScript is responsible for 33.2 % more missing resources in 2012 than in 2005. This shows that JavaScript is responsible for an increasing proportion of the embedded resources unsuccessfully loaded by mementos. JavaScript is also responsible for 52.7 % of all missing embedded resources in our study.
Surface chemistry, etch pits and mineral-water reactions

Abstract The role of surface chemistry and defects in the formation of etch pits in minerals is analyzed. Elastic properties, surface free energies, and dislocation characteristics are incorporated into a theory which predicts the outcome of dislocation-controlled dissolution for a variety of free energies of reaction with aqueous solutions. The influence of the core regions of dislocations on the etch pit formation is also developed. The predictions of the analytic theory are compared with the situations to be expected in natural solutions. Finally, the powerful Monte Carlo method is introduced as a means to study mineral dissolution. The method enables a close scrutiny of the simplified analytic theory and significantly extends it.
C-MEMS/NEMS: A Novel Technology for Nanoscale Material Formation From Graphite Fiber to Ni and Si Nanowires

Carbon microelectromechanical systems (C-MEMS) and carbon nanoelectromechanical system (C-NEMS) have received much attention because of the many potential applications. Some important applications include: DNA arrays, glucose sensors, microbatteries and biofuel cells. Microfabrication of carbon structures using current processing technology, including focused ion beam (FIB)1 and reactive ion etching (RIE)2 , is time consuming and expensive. Low feature resolution, and poor repeatability of the carbon composition as well as widely varying properties of the resulting devices limits the use of screen printing of commercial carbon inks for C-MEMS. Our newly developed C-MEMS microfabrication technique is based on the pyrolysis of photo patterned resists34 . Figure 1(a) shows a typical SEM image of C-MEMS/NEMS features with carbon posts connected by carbon fibers. Figure 1(b) shows a typical carbon post with carbon nanofibers on its side surfaces.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Preliminary Evaluation of the API 20NE and RapID NF Plus Systems for Rapid Identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. mallei

We evaluated the API 20NE and the RapID NF Plus systems with 58 Burkholderia pseudomallei and 23 B. mallei strains for identification of these agents, but neither was reliable for confirmatory identification, with only 0 to 60% strains identified accurately. A greater diversity of strains in the system databases would be beneficial.
Abusive Early Child Rearing and Early Childhood Aggression

Childhood aggression is significant for children, their families, and the society because aggressive children often become violent adolescents. This article examines the relationship between maltreatment and early childhood aggression. Data are from a longitudinal study of maltreated and nonmaltreated children assessed as preschoolers and again at school age. The dependent variable is the child's teacher's rating of aggression at school age. The independent variables are from preschool and school age observations of the mother-child interaction and the mother's report of physical discipline practices. Using structural equation modeling, harshness of interaction at preschool age but not school age and severity of physical discipline at school age but not preschool age, relate to aggression at school age. Results suggest a difference in the developmental stage at which different features of harsh child rearing exert their influence. Strategies for intervening to prevent the development of childhood aggression are suggested.
Pituitary adrenocortical unresponsiveness in lactate-induced panic

The hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis responds to a variety of physical and emotional stimuli with increased output of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol, yet there is little known about the activity of this system during episodes of severe anxiety in patients with DSM-III-defined anxiety disorders. To explore further whether alterations of the HPA axis occur during various anxiety states, we measured ACTH and cortisol during lactate infusion in patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia. In eight patients who panicked during lactate infusion, there were no elevations in either ACTH or cortisol. Further, the patterns of hormone secretion did not differ among patients who panicked, nonpanicking patients, or controls. This negative result suggests that the neurobiological mechanisms that mediate panic differ from those responsible for other fear responses.
Excitonic Diamagnetic Shifts and Magnetic Field Dependent Linewidths in AlxGa1-xAs Alloys

Abstract : We report measurements of both the diamagnetic shifts and the linewidths of excitonic transitions in Al(x)Ga(1-x)As alloys as a function of Al concentration and magnetic field at 1.4 K using photoluminescence spectroscopy. The magnetic field was varied from 0 to 13 tesla and Al composition in our samples ranged from 0 to 30%. The samples were grown on GaAs substrates oriented along 001 direction using molecular beam epitaxy at 590 deg C. We find that for a given value of alloy composition, both the diamagnetic shift and excitonic linewidth increase as a function of magnetic field. To explain our experimental data we propose that the excitons are localized in a very specific manner. To simulate this localization, we assume that the exciton reduced mass is effectively increased and is obtained by using the alloy dependent heavy-hole mass along (001) direction treated isotropically. The calculated values of the variations of the diamagnetic shift and excitonic linewidth as a function of magnetic field obtained using this model agree very well with those reported here.
An analysis of the porphyrins of normal and cirrhotic human liver and normal bile.

Abstract Normal liver contains about 108 ± 35 μ g/100 g protoporphyrin and 23 ± 11.5 μg/100 g of coproporphyrin, compared to corresponding values of 114 ± 45.5 μ g and 26.5 ± 15 μ g, in cirrhotic liver. The isomer analysis of the coproporphyrin of the liver in both normal and cirrhotic groups revealed similar preponderance of type III isomer. Thus, no significant difference in porphyrin content is evident in normal and cirrhotic livers. Most of the normal porphyrin of the bile is coproporphyrin I and the ratio of total coproporphyrin to protoporphyrin, which is regularly present in small amount, is approximately 10:1. Uroporphyrin was not demonstrable in the bile.
Nest and Egg Recognition by Salamanders in the Genus Desmognathus: A Comprehensive Re‐Examination

We conducted a comparative investigation of nest relocation and egg recognition by four species of streamside salamanders indigenous to eastern North America: Seepage Salamander (Desmognathus aeneus), Santeetlah Salamander (Desmognathus santeetlah), Ocoee Salamander (Desmognathus ocoee), and Northern Dusky Salamander (Desmognathus fuscus). Females of all four species were able to relocate their nest sites following displacement of 1 m. Upon return to a nest site following natural displacement, females must be able to recognize their eggs and, in some instances, choose between their own clutch and the unattended clutch of a conspecific. In two-choice behavioral tests, female salamanders of all four species moved randomly within the test chamber in the absence of eggs, but preferred their own eggs to a filter paper blank. One species, D. fuscus, exhibited a similar attraction to conspecific eggs suggesting that the presence of eggs, regardless of their origin, may stimulate maternal care in physiologically primed females. We found that egg discrimination is not as infallible as previously reported. All four species spent more time with their own eggs than they did with the eggs of a conspecific female; however, this trend was significant for D. ocoee only. Interspecific variation in egg discrimination is attributed to differential selection associated with the life history of individual species.
Relationship between membrane ATPase and shape changes in the dog erythrocyte.

Abstract The effects of heating blood to 57° C on intraerythrocytic calcium, membrane ATPase activity and cell shape have been studied in canine blood. Intraerythrocytic calcium was determined by use of arsenazo III, membrane ATPase activity was determined by inorganic phosphorous formation and erythrocyte shape was determined by scanning electron microscopy. The results of this study showed that this degree of thermal trauma would cause a 27% increase in intraerythrocytic calcium and a 38% decrease in ATPase activity. During these changes in calcium and ATPase activity the erythrocyte changed form from biconcave to spherical. Addition of catalase (3,200 U/ml) to the blood prior to heating prevented the changes observed in intraerythrocytic calcium, membrane ATPase activity and shape. The addition of the free-radical generating combination of hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase to blood produced a 20% decrease in membrane ATPase activity and a change in erythrocyte shape, but did not alter intraerythrocytic calcium. These results suggest that free-radicals are responsible for the changes in membrane ATPase activity. The observation that shape change occurs when ATPase activity has been decreased, but calcium has not been increased, suggests that membrane ATPase activity levels are more important in producing changes in erythrocyte shape than are intraerythrocytic calcium levels.
Blended elemental powder densification of Ti-6Al-4V by hot pressing

The densification kinetics of a blend of unalloyed Ti and Al-40V master alloy powders are measured during uniaxial hot pressing under 3–10 MPa pressure for thermal cycling (860–1020 °C) or isothermal (1020 °C) conditions. Subsequent heat treatment for 4–16 h at 1020 °C results in a homogeneous Ti-6Al-4V microstructure. This process provides a low-cost alternative to hot isostatic pressing of prealloyed Ti-6Al-4V powders.
Evidence for a Dual Triple-Pomeron Coupling from Inclusive Intersecting-Storage-Rings Data

The proton inclusive spectrum in the diffractive region is described by a triple-Pomeron term with no free parameters. Our input is the cross sections for the production of ${N}^{*}' \mathrm{s}$ at CERN accelerator energies, which, according to duality rules for Pomeron-particle reactions, are related to the triple-Pomeron coupling via finite-mass sum rules. The extrapolated value of this coupling to $t=0$ induces rather weak constraints on the parameters of the Pomeron, and no sharp turnover of the proton spectrum near $t=0$ is expected.
Plaque Assay of the Effects of Cytosine Arabinoside and 5-lodo-2′-deoxyuridine on the Synthesis of H-1 Virus Particles

H-1 VIRUS, one of a new group of small agents that produce a specific deformity when injected into newborn hamsters1–4, is presumed to contain DNA5, It has been suggested recently, on the basis of its staining reaction with acridine orange, that the nucleic acid of X14 (ref, 4), another member of the H-viruses, is single-stranded DNA (ref, 6). No other animal virus is known to contain DNA of this kind, with the possible exception of the defective adenosatellite viruses7, and the H-viruses would appear to merit particular attention. Until now, biochemical experiments on any of the H-viruses have been hampered by the lack of a plaque assay system. This communication reports the development of a plaque assay for H-1 and the results of an investigation of the effects of the DNA antagonists 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine (IUDR) and cytosine arabinoside (1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine) (ara C) on the synthesis of H-1. In the presence of ara C, infected cells failed to produce either viral haemagglutination activity (HA) or infectivity, while IUDR did not prevent HA but markedly reduced infective virus formation.
693 A DESIGN-EVALUATION MODEL FOR DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES

Diagnostic studies may suffer design deficiencies which obfuscate conclusions. A design-evaluation model was developed and validated to identify common errors. Thirty-five original research publications focusing on diagnostic testing were characterized for ultimate validity by independent editorial assessment. Each publication was evaluated for 31 elements of basic design, test technology, data analysis, and clinical application. Six biometricians ranked model items, of which 6 were considered critically important and the remainder conditionally important. Raw publication scores significantly (p<0.001) correlated with subsequent evidence substantiating or refuting study conclusions. In 25 correct publications, the overall model score mean was 0.79 (SD 0.08), as compared to 0.37 (SD 0.04) in 10 with incorrect conclusions. Fourteen individual model items present in the manuscripts were significantly associated with conclusion validity (p<0.01). The independent editorial assessment emphasized 12 of these individual items. This design-evaluation model can supplement expert assistance or personal experience in planning, conducting, or evaluating diagnostic studies. Journals which establish minimum design criteria might avoid publication of articles with potentially invalid conclusions.
A new class of macrocyclic receptors from iota-peptides.

This paper presents a new class of macrocycles and demonstrates the potential of these macrocycles to bind guests and to display different substituents in sequence. The macrocyclic iota-peptides (ι-peptides) 1 are based on the ι-amino acid aminodiphenylmethanecarboxylic acid (Adc). Adc can be thought of as an analogue of the α-amino acid glycine that has been enlarged fourfold, to 1.0 nm in length, by insertion of two benzene rings into the main-chain bonds. The Fmoc-protected Adc variants 2 are readily prepared in good yields on a multigram scale, and can be used to prepare macrocyclic ι-peptides 1 by solid-phase synthesis of protected linear Adc tetramers on 2-chlorotrityl resin, followed by macrocylization, deprotection, and RP-HPLC purification. The 1H NMR spectrum of cyclo(AdcK)4 (1b) in DMSO-d6 solution shows only one set of resonances, which arise from a “square” conformer with fourfold symmetry and all trans-amide linkages; the spectrum in D2O shows resonances associated with both the “square” con...
Rare coding variants in ALPL are associated with low serum alkaline phosphatase and low bone mineral density.

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) plays an essential role in the regulation of tissue mineralization, and its activity is highly heritable. Guided by genetic associations discovered in a murine model, we hypothesized a role for rare coding variants in determining serum ALP level and bone mineral density (BMD) in humans. We sequenced the coding regions of the ALP gene (ALPL) in men with low and normal serum ALP activity levels. Single-nucleotide ALPL variants, including 19 rare nonsynonymous variants (minor allele frequency <1%), were much more frequent among the low ALP group (33.8%) than the normal group (1.4%, p = 1 × 10−11). Within the low ALP group, men with a rare, nonsynonymous variant had 11.2% lower mean serum ALP (p = 3.9 × 10−4), 6.7% lower BMD (p = 0.03), and 11.1% higher serum phosphate (p = 0.002) than those without. In contrast, common nonsynonymous variants had no association with serum ALP, phosphate, or BMD. Multiple rare ALPL coding variants are present in the general population, and nonsynonymous coding variants may be responsible for heritable differences in mineralization and thus BMD. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Addiction as a Disease: The Call for Perspectives From Addicted Individuals’ Family Members and Treatment Providers

In “Addiction: Current Criticism of the Brain Disease Paradigm,” Hammer and colleagues (2013) tackle an important issue by attempting to determine whether or not addiction should be thought of as a...
THEORY AND METHOD IN STATUS ATTAINMENT RESEARCH

This paper analyzes a contradiction between theory and method in status attainment research. The authors argue that the Meadian social psychology adopted by the status attainment researchers is incompatible with causal modeling which they use as their principal analytic tool, because Mead's ideas are inconsistent with any method which assumes unidirectional causality. A symbolic interactionist interpretation of the process of status attainment is offered in place of the causal interpretation. The symbolic interactionist interpretation removes the contradiction between theory and method and is, in addition, shown to be compatible with current sociological knowledge of the process of education. Finally, it is argued that the symbolic interactionist interpretation is also compatible with American political language, while the causal interpretation is not, and that therefore the adoption of the symbolic interactionist interpretation would permit the findings of status attainment research to speak to the question of the degree of equality of opportunity in American society as that question is asked in American politics.