cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Planarization wrinkle in CIS color filter process

The mechanism of planarization wrinkle defect in complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) color filter process is discussed in this paper. The wrinkle phenomena occurred as the planarization resist thickness decreased and became worse after high temperature baking was implemented. In experiment, the effect of factors on the wrinkle with KLA scanning such as resist thickness, soft bake temperature and time after resist coating and development puddle time were analyzed. From the data, the wrinkle is connectable with the developer penetration into and break through the resist film. Some solutions can be applied to solve this problem. Strengthening the resist film by increasing expose energy to get higher degree of polymerization is the best solution. Increasing resist thickness also can inhibit wrinkle but it is limited by the overall stack height for optimizing microlens focal length. Prolonging the soft bake time and reducing the puddle time of development to eliminate the penetration effect of developer are not obvious.
Deviation from high-entropy configurations in the atomic distributions of a multi-principal-element alloy

The alloy-design strategy of combining multiple elements in near-equimolar ratios has shown great potential for producing exceptional engineering materials, often known as 'high-entropy alloys'. Understanding the elemental distribution, and, thus, the evolution of the configurational entropy during solidification, is undertaken in the present study using the Al₁.₃CoCrCuFeNi model alloy. Here we show that, even when the material undergoes elemental segregation, precipitation, chemical ordering and spinodal decomposition, a significant amount of disorder remains, due to the distributions of multiple elements in the major phases. The results suggest that the high-entropy alloy-design strategy may be applied to a wide range of complex materials, and should not be limited to the goal of creating single-phase solid solutions.
Mathematics, social decisions and the Law†

A number of examples are given on the uses and limitations of mathematical techniques in legal decision making. These examples are of interest in themselves, but they can also provide some insights into the proper role of mathematics in connection with other complex social issues. † Supported by the National Science Foundation through Faculty Science Fellowship GZ‐3736.
Comparison of alternating current with direct current electroshock across the closed chest

I T IS BECOMING increasingly recognized that ventricular fibrillation is an important cause of sudden death. The treatment of this arrhythmia is by electrical countershock delivered to the heart either directly or indirectly through the intact chest wall. From the onset of ventricular fibrillation only a few minutes are available for restoring an integrated cardiac mechanism. Until recently the successful use of countershock has been largely limited to the operating room where this brief time could be prolonged by the prompt institution of direct cardiac massage. The demonstration by Kouwenhoven and co-workers1 that in the arrested heart pressure on the lower sternum maintains blood flow to vital organs has greatly extended the time available for effective use of electrical defibrillation. Recently it has been shown2-4 that electrical countershock across the closed chest will abolish cardiac arrhythmias other than ventricular fibrillation. It is therefore pertinent to determine whether alternating current, widely accepted for inducing countershock, is indeed the best available method. The present study compared the action on the heart of alternating current and three types of direct current both during ventricular fibrillation and during normal sinus rhythm.
Nonrenormalization theorem for the Green-Schwarz counterterm and the low-energy effective action

Abstract It is shown that there is no higher genus (⩾2) correction to the Green-Schwarz counterterm in the leading order of α′ in heterotic string amplitudes. In particular it turns out that the higher genus four-dimensional heterotic string amplitude which leads to the Green-Schwarz counterterm identically vanishes.
MESON EXCHANGE HAMILTONIAN FOR N N SCATTERING UP TO 1-GEV AND DELTA NUCLEUS DYNAMICS

A Hamiltonian for $\ensuremath{\pi}$, $N$, and $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ is constructed from meson-exchange mechanisms. The $\mathrm{NN}$ interaction in the model is directly derived from the Paris potential. Good fits to $\mathrm{pp}$ scattering data up to 1 GeV, including the "resonant" $^{1}D_{2}$ and $^{3}F_{3}$ partial waves, have been obtained when a $\ensuremath{\pi}N\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}\ensuremath{\Delta}$ interaction is introduced in a dynamical three-body approach. The model can be used for a many-body study of $\ensuremath{\Delta}$-nucleus dynamics.
CANCER BIOLOGY: The human papillomavirus E6/E7 genes induce discordant changes in the expression of cell growth regulatory proteins

The E6/E7 oncoproteins of human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 are responsible for the efficient immortalization of human genital keratinocytes and we have recently reported that such immortalized cells display alterations in the expression of cyclin A, cyclin B, and cdc-2. To determine whether these alterations were the consequence of E6/E7 protein expression or whether they resulted from the process of cellular immortalization, we multiply-infected primary genital keratinocytes with a retrovirus expressing the HPV-18 E6/E7 genes and examined the cells for acute, pre-immortalization changes in several critical cell growth regulatory proteins including cyclin A, cyclin B, cdc-2, p53 and c-myc. In addition, we simultaneously evaluated the expression of the E6/E7, bcl-2 and involucrin genes to determine whether there were accompanying alterations in the expression of viral genes or in cellular genes related to cell apoptosis and the state of keratinocyte differentiation. The cell cycle regulating proteins (cyclin A, cyclin B, cdc-2 and p53) change significantly within days after retroviral infection. Cyclin B and cdc-2 increase over 4-fold by three passages and remain relatively constant thereafter through passage 21, whereas the levels of p53 protein decrease 25% by passage three. Increases in the expression of cyclin A, cyclin B and cdc-2, and decreases in p53 are therefore among the earliest observable changes in cell regulatory proteins following E6/E7 gene expression and may be important contributors to the development of cell immortalization. The expressions of viral E6/E7 genes, c-myc, bcl-2 and involucrin exhibit progressive changes with increased passage numbers until passage 21, presumably reflecting the selective outgrowth of immortalized cells.
Arthroscopic reduction of a high condylar process fracture: A case report

The treatment of high condylar process fractures is difficult. There are certain absolute indications1,2 as well as contraindications for open reduction. However, no uniform treatment protocol is being followed, and a wide range of surgical and nonsurgical procedures are used, with variable results. Closed manipulation followed by maxillomandibular fixation is the procedure most commonly performed, even though predictable reduction is not always possible. Conversely, the current techniques of open reduction carry risks of neurovascular damage (ie, facial nerve), scar formation, and aseptic necrosis of the condylar segment secondary to loss of the periosteal blood supply during dissection for exposure. Arthroscopic techniques for intervention in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) are well established for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Excellent visualization of the joint is obtained, and numerous procedures can be performed through the arthroscopy ports, such as debridement, lavage, and various disc manipulations. This suggests that arthroscopic techniques also could be useful to treat displaced condylar process fractures. The following report describes a case of a displaced, high condylar process fracture treated by an arthroscopic technique. Although there has been a report of the extra-articular use of an endoscope for this purpose,3 we believe this is the first case reported on the intra-articular arthroscopic reduction of a condylar process fracture. Report of Case
A Hexagonal Bar Positron Camera: Problems and Solutions

As the ability of positron imaging devices to obtain many transverse sections simultaneously with improved spatial resolution has increased, so has the number of scintillation crystals and photomultipliers required. While the PETT III built around 1975 used only 48 crystals and photomultipliers, current state of the art systems under development use 280 or 512 crystals per ring and may have several thousand crystal/photomultiplier assemblies in a complete system. The cost of these complex systems precludes their use in routine diagnostic medicine, restricting their availability to a few research centers. A continuous position-sensitive detector provides a method of avoiding the costly one-resolution element-per-detector design. The authors have investigated position-sensitive one-dimensional scintillation detectors for positron imaging to assess the problems encountered in their use and potential solutions. Special emphasis was placed on avoiding solutions which increased the complexity of the device.
Characterization of the arom gene in Rhizoctonia solani, and transcription patterns under stable and induced hypovirulence conditions

The quinate pathway is induced by quinate in the wild-type virulent Rhizoctonia solani isolate Rhs 1AP but is constitutive in the hypovirulent, M2 dsRNA-containing isolate Rhs 1A1. Constitutive expression of the quinate pathway results in downregulation of the shikimate pathway, which includes the pentafunctional arom gene in Rhs 1A1. The arom gene has 5,323 bp including five introns as opposed to a single intron found in arom in ascomycetes. A 199-bp upstream sequence has a GC box, no TATAA box, but two GTATTAGA repeats. The largest arom transcript is 5,108 nucleotides long, excluding the poly(A) tail. It contains an open reading frame of 4,857 bases, coding for a putative 1,618-residue pentafunctional AROM protein. A Kozak sequence (GCGCCATGG) is present between +127 and +135. The 5′-end of the arom mRNA includes two nucleotides (UA) that are not found in the genomic sequence, and are probably added post-transcriptionally. Size and sequence heterogeneity were observed at both 5′- and 3′-end of the mRNA. Northern blot and suppression subtractive hybridization analyses showed that presence of a low amount of quinate, inducer of the quinate pathway, resulted in increased levels of arom mRNA, consistent with the compensation effect observed in ascomycetes.
On becoming Mexican in Napa: Mexican immigrant girls negotiating challenges to transnational identities

This article examines the ethnic identity formation of high school aged Mexican immigrant adolescent girls. The ethnic identity is new to them and acts as a coping mechanism that allows them to confront the racial order and gender monitoring they experience at home and at their high school. Being Mexican allows them to make meaning of their immigrant experience. The author contends that these girls rather than disconnecting from their national ethnic identity are developing a stronger sense of being Mexican than if they had never left Mexico. However, developing a strong sense of being Mexican comes with challenges. This article is based on 20 unstructured interviews conducted at a local high school in Napa, California. The interviews trace the identity transitions and challenges each girl experienced both before migration and after they arrived in the US. The author finds that they develop an ethnic identity based on their memories of Mexico that they share amongst each other where they long to continue ...
RADIATION HARDENING IN NIOBIUM: DEPENDENCE OF THE YIELD STRESS ON NEUTRON DOSE.

Abstract Niobium samples were neutron-irradiated at reactor ambient temperatures (approximately 50 °C for polycrystals and 90°C for single crystals) to doses from 4 × 1015 to 8 × 1018 neutrons/cm2 (E> 1 MeV). The density and size distribution of radiation-produced defect clusters, observed by transmission electron microscopy, were measured in polycrystalline niobium over a range of doses from 2 × 1017 to 4.4 × 10l8 neutrons/cm2. The TEM results were correlated with yield stress measurements as a function of dose. The radiation hardening was analyzed on the basis of a planar dispersed barrier model. It was found that the observed increases in yield stress at low doses were consistent with the measured density and size distribution of the defect clusters, with a cluster strength of (0.5–0.8) Gb2 (G, shear modulus; b, Burgers vector). This corresponds to strong barrier hardening. At doses above about 1018 neutrons/cm2, the hardening rate decreased sharply; this apparent saturation is discussed in terms of th...
Barriers to non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) self-care practices among older women.

Objectives: Noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) constitutes a significant threat to the health and well-being of older women. Appropriate self-care, the cornerstone of glycemic control, is reported to be modest. We aimed to investigate barriers to recommended self-care for NIDDM. Methods:A total of 51 African American and Whitewomen age 65 and older, completed the Diabetes Self-Care Barriers Assessment Scale for Older Adults, ethnomedical protocol, and other instruments during in-depth interviews. Results:African American women were more likely than their White counterparts to indicate financial, pain, and visual barriers to self-care. Both African American and White women expressed a reluctance to check blood sugar and to exercise; however, most indicated that they regularly followed medication recommendations and visited their physician. Discussion:This study extends our knowledge of the existence of self-care barriers by providing a qualitative, in-depth perspective detailing how these barri...
Conservative Management of Breast Cancer: Research at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy, Harvard Medical School

: The use of conservative surgery and radiation therapy for the management of early stage breast cancer is now well established, but significant questions remain. This paper summarizes recent studies of the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy, a Harvard Medical School study in the treatment of ductal cancer in situ, the sequencing of chemotherapy and radiation, the issue of margin status, and the use of excision alone.
Raman LIDAR Detection of Cloud Base

Advantages introduced by Raman lidar systems for cloud base determination during precipitating periods are explored using two case studies of light rain and virga conditions. A combination of the Raman lidar derived profiles of water vapor mixing ratio and aerosol scattering ratio, together with the Raman scattered signals from liquid drops, can minimize or even eliminate some of the problems associated with cloud boundary detection using elastic backscatter lidars.
Lack of depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition (DSI) in layer 2/3 interneurons that receive cannabinoid-sensitive inhibitory inputs

In layer 2/3 of neocortex, brief trains of action potentials in pyramidal neurons (PNs) induce the mobilization of endogenous cannabinoids (eCBs), resulting in a depression of GABA release from the terminals of inhibitory interneurons (INs). This depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition (DSI) is mediated by activation of the type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) on presynaptic terminals of a subset of INs. However, it is not clear whether CB1 receptors are also expressed at synapses between INs, and whether INs can release eCBs in response to depolarization. In the present studies, brain slices containing somatosensory cortex were prepared from 14- to 21-day-old CD-1 mice. Whole cell recordings were obtained from layer 2/3 PNs and from INs classified as regular spiking nonpyramidal, irregular spiking, or fast spiking. For all three classes of INs, the cannabinoid agonist WIN55,212-2 suppressed inhibitory synaptic activity, similar to the effect seen in PNs. In addition, trains of action potentials in PNs resulted in significant DSI. In INs, however, DSI was not seen in any cell type, even with prolonged high-frequency spike trains that produced calcium increases comparable to that seen with DSI induction in PNs. In addition, blocking eCB reuptake with AM404, which enhanced DSI in PNs, failed to unmask any DSI in INs. Thus the lack of DSI in INs does not appear to be due to an insufficient increase in intracellular calcium or enhanced reuptake. These results suggest that layer 2/3 INs receive CB1-expressing inhibitory inputs, but that eCBs are not released by these INs.
Treatment of stress variables in advanced multilayered plate elements based upon Reissner’s mixed variational theorem

Abstract The subject of the present work consists of multilayered finite elements that are able to furnish an accurate description of strain/stress fields in multilayer flat structure analysis. The formulation of the finite elements is based upon Reissner’s mixed variational theorem, which allows one to assume two independent fields for displacements and transverse stress variables. The resulting advanced finite element can describe, a priori, the interlaminar continuous transverse shear and normal stress fields, and the so called C z 0 - requirements can be satisfied. This paper is mainly concerned about the treatment of stress variables in the mixed formulation. In particular, two layer-wise finite elements are compared. The first finite element examined, called LMN, uses a layer-wise mixed formulation and the displacements and transverse stresses are expanded along the thickness of a generic layer using a Legendre polynomial of N degree. In the assembling process, the transverse stress variables are eliminated at element level (static-condensation technique) after the generation of the element multilayered matrices. In the second finite element, called LMNF, the approach taken in the first finite element (LMN) is used, except that the static-condensation technique is not applied, and both displacement and stress variables appear as problem unknown. This last approach guarantees that the transverse stresses between two adjacent elements are continuous functions (this does not happen if the static-condensation method is used). Therefore, it can be concluded that LMNF is a powerful two-dimensional tool to analyze very thick multilayered plates.
Functional replacement of the HIV-1 rev protein by the HTLV-1 rex protein.

Two evolutionarily distinct families of human retroviruses, the human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) and the human T-cell leukaemia viruses (HTLV), have been defined (reviewed in ref. 1). Although these virus groups share tropism for human CD4+ T cells, they differ markedly in primary sequence, genetic organization and disease association (AIDS versus adult T-cell leukaemia), but show similar general strategies for the regulation of viral gene expression. Each encodes a protein able to trans-activate transcription from the homologous viral long terminal repeat (tat in HIV2,3, tax in HTLV4–7), although these proteins act by different mechanisms and do not appear to be interchangeable8–11. Each virus also produces a second trans-acting protein that induces the expression of the unspliced messenger RNAs encoding the viral structural proteins (rev in HIV12,13 and rex in HTLV14). Here we show that the rex protein of HTLV-I can functionally replace the rev protein of HIV-1 in transient expression assays. This genetic complementation by rex is adequate for the rescue of a replication-defective rev mutant of HIV-1. This unexpected shared function between the structurally distinct rex and rev proteins emphasizes the importance of this highly conserved pathway for the regulation of human retrovirus gene expression.
Genetic variation among Colletotrichum graminicola isolates from four hosts using isozyme analysis

Anthracnose basal rot (ABR) is a serious disease of turfgrasses that is caused by the pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola. The relationships of isolates causing ABR on turfgrasses to those causing disease on important crop hosts (maize, sorghum) remain unresolved. Genetic variation among isolates from annual bluegrass, creeping bentgrass, maize, and sorghum was evaluated based on host origin and geographic origin. Isozymes were used to estimate the genetic variation of the isolates. Five enzyme systems comprising 16 alleles from 5 loci were used. Allele frequencies, genetic distance, and linkage disequilibrium values were calculated for isolates based on both host and geographic origin. Isolates from creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass were the most closely related based on Nei's genetic distance, while isolates from maize and sorghum were the most distantly related, consistent with their known species-level relationship. Isolates from annual bluegrass and creeping bentgrass had different genetic distances to isolates from both maize and sorghum. Annual bluegrass isolates from different geographic regions had the smallest genetic distance values observed in this study, indicating a very close relationship regardless of geographic origin. Based on these data, it appears that host origin, not geographic origin, plays a more important role in the genetic diversity of these fungi.
The Gender-Ethnicity Construct in Public Relations Organizations: Using Feminist Standpoint Theory to Discover Latinas' Realities

This study examines intersections among dimensions of gender and ethnicity in public relations organizations and recommends further adaptation of the workplace as a site for embracing culture and promoting gender equity. A feminist standpoint methodology facilitated collection of perceptions about gender and ethnicity among Latinas who work in public relations during focus group meetings in Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, and New York. Results suggest that Latinas encounter 3 major forces: (a) low status, no power; (b) navigating identity crisis; and (c) dealing with self-contained opposites. Implications of a gender-ethnicity construct in public relations organizations are discussed.
D0 Results and Combined Tevatron Results on Standard Model Higgs

Abstract Results from the D0 experiment on the search for the Higgs boson of the Standard Model (SM) are presented with particular emphasis on testing the compatibility with recent LHC results on the observation of a Higgs-like particle. The D0 SM Higgs results, their combination and the Tevatron combination of CDF and D0 SM Higgs results are summarized. The article also puts recent developments in a historical context. The combined results from the Tevatron experiments give a local p-value of 0.4% for the background-only hypothesis at a mass of 125 GeV indicating that the combined Tevatron data strongly prefer the presence of a new particle with Standard Model Higgs-like properties in this mass region.
Custom-designed plaque radiotherapy for nonresectable iris melanoma in 38 patients: tumor control and ocular complications

Abstract Purpose To evaluate plaque radiotherapy for iris melanoma. Design Prospective noncomparative interventional case series. Methods For 38 patients, custom-designed plaque radiotherapy using iodine 125 isotope was applied overlying the cornea with a tumor apex dose of 80 Gy. The main outcome measures were tumor control and ocular complications using Kaplan-Meier estimates and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Results In all cases, the melanoma was nonresectable owing to large or discohesive tumor. The tumor configuration was nodular in 24 cases (63%) and flat (diffuse) in 14 (37%). The mean tumor basal diameter was 9 mm (range 4 to 13 mm). Solid tumor extended into the anterior chamber angle in 36 eyes (95%). Tumor seeds were noted on the iris stroma for a mean of 7 clock hours and in the anterior chamber angle for a mean of 4 clock hours. Five-year follow up revealed tumor metastasis in 0% and tumor recurrence in 8% of patients. Visual acuity of 20/200 or worse was found in 16% at 5 years. Radiation-related complications at 5 years included corneal epitheliopathy (9%), cataract (70%), and neovascular glaucoma (8%). No patients developed corneal necrosis, scleral necrosis, retinopathy, or papillopathy. After treatment, the combined incidence of tumor-related and radiation-related elevated intraocular pressure at 5 years was 33%. Enucleation was necessary in 13% at 5 years, for tumor recurrence (n = 3) and patient preference (n = 1). Conclusions Plaque radiotherapy is a useful alternative to enucleation for eyes with nonresectable iris melanoma. Tumor control is 92% at 5 years, but related complications, especially cataract and elevated intraocular pressure, should be anticipated.
Cognitive moderators of negative reactions to verbal aggression

Cognitive predispositions in information processing (self‐discrepancies, sensitivity to feedback, and dysfunctional attitudes) were predicted to moderate reactions to verbally aggressive messages. In Study One, 247 participants received an aggressive or nonaggressive message imbedded in a TV commercial. In Study Two, 285 friend dyads completed surveys on verbal aggressiveness, cognitive predispositions, and psychological and relational well‐being. Study Three was a replication with 153 roommate dyads. Results suggest that self‐discrepancies and sensitivity to feedback interacted with receiving verbal aggression to predict psychological well‐being in receivers, and that verbal aggressiveness was related to lower relational quality and satisfaction.
Harvesting in discrete-time predator-prey systems

Fisheries for assemblages of interacting species with seasonal recruitment occur throughout temperate and boreal regions of the world ocean. Such systems are conveniently modeled within a difference-equation framework. Here, we examine the dynamic behavior of discrete-time models for an exploited predator-prey system. We contrast the dynamic properties of an aggregate production model and an age-structured model in which recruitment and mortality are explicitly considered. The joint effects of harvesting and interspecific interactions on the stability of the system are defined and contrasted with results for single species systems. We demonstrate that harvesting is a potentially stabilizing factor in the production model and in an age-structured model in which juveniles are harvested and that the relative magnitude of the interaction between predator and prey strongly affects the exploitation levels at which stabilization occurs. In contrast, harvesting is potentially destabilizing (i.e., results in complex dynamics) in an age-structured model with harvesting of adults only; again, the magnitude of the interaction determines the stability boundaries, with stronger interactions leading to a broader range of stable parameter space. In both the aggregate production model and the age-structured model with harvesting of juvenile predator and prey, exploitation effectively reduces the intrinsic rate of increase of the populations; for prey, this effect is amplified by high predation mortality rates. Sustainable levels of exploitation for both predators and prey are lower for the case where juveniles are harvested. Predators and resource harvesters can be viewed as competitors for the prey, and sustainable harvest levels are directly affected by the magnitude of predation mortality. These considerations expand the scope of issues to be resolved in fishery management to include factors such as trade-offs between mean yield and the potential for intrinsic variability and the role of predator-prey interactions in shaping the dynamics of exploited systems.
Spatial and temporal variability in phytoplankton carbon, chlorophyll, and nitrogen in the North Pacific

[1] Carbon, nitrogen, and chlorophyll are three commonly used variables to quantify phytoplankton productivity. However, owing to the complex effect of light, temperature, and nutrient, these three variables are usually decoupled from each other. By implementing a biogeochemical model that treats phytoplankton carbon, nitrogen, and chlorophyll separately in a Pacific basin-scale circulation model, we have investigated the physical and biogeochemical controls on phytoplankton C:Chl and C:N ratios at different scales. The model reproduces the general features of phytoplankton dynamics in the Pacific basin. Model results indicate a region dependent pattern of driving mechanisms for C:Chl ratio, where C:Chl is largely controlled by light condition in high latitude, by light and nutrient levels in midlatitude, and by nutrient and temperature in the equatorial Pacific, while C:N ratio seems to be region independent and is mostly determined by nutrient and temperature. Pacific basin-scale empirical orthogonal functions (EOF) decompositions suggest both C:Chl and C:N are regulated by the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events to the first-order variability. Owing to the variation of C:Chl, the decoupling between phytoplankton carbon and chlorophyll exists, especially at seasonal and long-term temporal scales. Climate change can affect phytoplankton pigment, biomass, and physiological state. As a consequence, using chlorophyll as a proxy for phytoplankton biomass to interpret decadal variation or long-term trend might be with bias.
Sialylation of lacto-N-neohexaosylceramide by sialyltransferase from embryonic chicken muscle.

Abstract A sialyltransferase which catalyzes the in vitro biosynthesis of N-acetylneuraminosyllacto-N-neohexaosylceramide from lacto-N-neohexaosylceramide and CMP-NeuAc has been examined in embryonic chicken breast muscle. The maximum enzyme activity was observed in 11–12-day-old embryos. The enzyme has optimum activity at pH 6.8 in the presence of Triton CF-54 and Mg2+. The apparent Km values for lacto-N-neohexaosylceramide and CMP-NeuAc were 0.9 and 0.67 mM, respectively. The enzymic product was characterized by TLC, neuraminidase hydrolysis and permethylation analysis. The structure was identical to authentic N-acetylneuraminosyllacto-N-neohexaosylceramide from chicken muscle. In addition, a disialo derivative has been detected that constitutes 15% of the total radioactivity incorporated. The two sialic acids connected by sialosyl-sialosyi linkage were attached to the terminal galactose residue. To our knowledge, this is the first report of biosynthesis of this disialo compound.
Determining optimal reorder intervals in capacitated production-distribution systems

The problem of determining consistent and realistic reorder intervals in complex production-distribution environments was formulated as a large scale, nonlinear, integer programming problem by Maxwell and Muckstadt (Maxwell, W. L., J. A. Muckstadt. 1985. Establishing consistent and realistic reorder intervals in production-distribution systems. Oper. Res. 33(6, November–December) 1316–1341.). They show how the special structure of the problem permits its solution by a standard network flow algorithm. In this paper, we review the Maxwell-Muckstadt model, provide necessary and sufficient conditions that characterize the solution, and show that the optimal partition of nodes in the production-distribution network is invariant to an arbitrary scaling of the set-up and holding cost parameters. We consider two capacitated versions of the model: one with a single constrained work center, and the other with multiple constrained work centers. For single constraint problems, the invariance corollary provides a simp...
Computer studies of a von Neumann type fluid

A particle fluid model, first recommended by von Neumann for the study of shock waves, is reformulated and implemented. A particular fluid is constructed by the computer and is shown to have such basic physical properties as buoyancy and expansion due to heating. Examples of convective motion, free surface flow, and wave generation are given.
Effects of meridional winds on the interpretation of satellite inclination data

DURING the past decade, the analysis of long term changes in inclination of Earth-orbiting satellites has been used to determine characteristics of the zonal wind field in the Earth's upper atmosphere. As reviewed by King-Hele1, results of analyses of this type indicate that, on average, the atmosphere between 200 and 350 km rotates faster than the Earth. Average eastward wind speeds of the order of 100 m s−1 with respect to the Earth's surface are indicated in the altitude region around 300 km.
Numerical simulations of the three-dimensional distribution of meteoric dust in the mesosphere and upper stratosphere

[1] Micrometeorites that ablate in the lower thermosphere and upper mesosphere are thought to recondense into nanometer-sized smoke particles and then coagulate into larger dust particles. Previous studies with one-dimensional models have determined that the meteoric dust size distribution is sensitive to the background vertical velocity and have speculated on the importance of the mesospheric meridional circulation to the dust spatial distribution. We conduct the first three-dimensional simulations of meteoric dust using a general circulation model with sectional microphysics to study the distribution and characteristics of meteoric dust in the mesosphere and upper stratosphere. We find that the mesospheric meridional circulation causes a strong seasonal pattern in meteoric dust concentration in which the summer pole is depleted and the winter pole is enhanced. This summer pole depletion of dust particles results in fewer dust condensation nuclei (CN) than has traditionally been assumed in numerical simulations of polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs). However, the total number of dust particles present is still sufficient to account for PMCs if smaller particles can nucleate to form ice than is conventionally assumed. During winter, dust is quickly transported down to the stratosphere in the polar vortex where it may participate in the nucleation of sulfate aerosols, the formation of the polar CN layer, and the formation of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). These predictions of the seasonal variation and resulting large gradients in dust concentration should assist the planning of future campaigns to measure meteoric dust.
Tuning Method for a New Electrically Small Antenna With Low $Q$

We theoretically describe and experimentally demonstrate a new class of electrically small spherical antennas with near-minimum radiation Q. The antenna operates by supporting the TM10 spherical mode and minimizing excitation of higher order modes. The antenna compares favorably to existing electrically small antennas and can be easily designed for any frequency or with any electrical size. The antenna can be matched without an external network using methods described in this work. Measurements of two antennas of different electrical sizes are presented to demonstrate the tunability of the structure.
Succession: The Next Ones at Bat

Throughout North America, more than 83,866 librarians will soon reach the age of 65 and will be taking, or plan to take, retirement. The exodus of practicing librarians will result in a severe shortage. With the departure of the older baby boomers, a serious collective loss is imminent in terms of experience and expertise because there are few experienced, trained, middle-level managers, supervisors, and administrators within the “middle” age group of librarians who could ensure appropriate succession in the libraries following such a massive retirement exodus.
The Left–Right Polarity Puzzle: Determining Embryonic Handedness

Whenever symmetry is broken in nature to yield only one of two equally probable outcomes, whether in physics, chemistry, or biology, there is an intriguing problem to be solved. Physicists from M. and P. Curie to T.-S. Lee and C.-D. Yang puzzled over such phenomena at the atomic level. Organic chemists puzzled over the handedness of molecules for many years after Pasteur showed that grape juice contained only one of the possible right- and left-handed mirror-image forms (enantiomers) of tartaric acid (Figure 1; see Glossary [Box 1]). And biologists continue to puzzle over the handedness of organisms.
Verbal self-regulation in a children's game: Impulsive errors on "Simon says."

STROMMEN, ELLEN A. Verbal Self-Regulation in a Children's Game: Impulsive Errors on "Simon Says." CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1973, 44, 849-853. The game of "Simon Says" was played individually with children in preschool, kindergarten, first grade, and third grade. Errors decreased significantly with grade. First graders (average age 7) made substantial numbers of errors, indicating that "Simon Says" is more difficult than other tasks used to study children's impulsive errors and that estimates of ages at which children are able to inhibit impulsive responding depend on the demands of the task or situation. Third graders, first graders, and kindergarten girls improved with practice; kindergarten boys and preschoolers did not.
Comparison of two immunomagnetic separation technologies to deplete T cells from human blood samples

The objective of this study was to compare the performance of two immunomagnetic separation technologies to deplete T cells from buffy coats of human blood. Specifically, two versions of the commercial MACS® Technology: MiniMACS and SuperMACS, and a prototype, flow-through system, the QMS, were evaluated. Peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (PBL) were isolated from buffy coats and an immunomagnetic separation of CD3+ cells was conducted using company and optimized labeling protocols. To mimic peripheral blood containing bone marrow purged hematopoietic stem cells, HSC, CD34 expressing-cells (KG1a) were spiked into PBL prior to T-cell depletion once optimized depletion conditions were determined. Once the labeling protocol was optimized, the MiniMACS system performed well by producing a highly enriched CD3+ fraction, and a respectable level of depletion of T cells and recovery of KG1a cells in the depleted fraction; an average log10 depletion of T cells of 2.88 ± 0.17 and an average recovery of the KG1a cells of 60.8 ± 5.94% (n = 14). The performance of the SuperMACS system was very similar with an average log10 depletion of T cells of 2.89 ± 0.22 and an average recovery of KG1a of 63.1 ± 8.55% (n = 10). In contrast, the QMS system produced an average log10 depletion of T cells of 3.98 ± 0.33 (n = 16) with a corresponding average recovery of 57.9 ± 16.6% of the spiked CD34+ cells. The aforementioned QMS performance values were obtained using sorting speeds ranging from 2.5 × 104 to 1.7 × 105 cells per second. It is suggested that the lack of a 100% recovery of the unlabeled KG1a cells is the result of a previously reported “drafting” phenomena which pulls unlabeled cells in the direction of the magnetically labeled cells thereby resulting in loss of the unlabeled cells. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the mechanism for the nonadiabatic reactive quenching of OH(A2Σ+) by H2(1Σg+): The role of the 22A state

A scheme for reactive electronic quenching of OH(A2Σ+) through collisions with H2 is proposed, supported by electronic structure data obtained from multireference configuration interaction wave functions. The scheme represents an insertion pathway that leads from the initial 32A state in the reactant channel, into a valence region, where a nonadiabatic transition to the 22A state, enabled by a 22A–32A conical intersection seam occurs. Once on the 22A state, insertion of HO into H2 provides access to a linking region and, after surmounting a small barrier, to a region where the low-lying electronic states are Rydberg in character, corresponding to the 3s, 3px, 3py, and 3pz states of OH3+. In the Rydberg region, a deep well on the 22A potential energy surface exists. Direct passage from the 22A state to ground state products, H2O(X1A1) + H, is precluded by an energy barrier so that an intermediate complex can be formed on the 22A potential energy surface. As the insertion is facilitated by rehybridization o...
Oligodendrocyte-encoded HIF function couples postnatal myelination and white matter angiogenesis

Myelin sheaths provide critical functional and trophic support for axons in white matter tracts of the brain. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) have extraordinary metabolic requirements during development as they differentiate to produce multiple myelin segments, implying that they must first secure adequate access to blood supply. However, mechanisms that coordinate myelination and angiogenesis are unclear. Here, we show that oxygen tension, mediated by OPC-encoded hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) function, is an essential regulator of postnatal myelination. Constitutive HIF1/2α stabilization resulted in OPC maturation arrest through autocrine activation of canonical Wnt7a/7b. Surprisingly, such OPCs also show paracrine activity that induces excessive postnatal white matter angiogenesis in vivo and directly stimulates endothelial cell proliferation in vitro. Conversely, OPC-specific HIF1/2α loss of function leads to insufficient angiogenesis in corpus callosum and catastrophic axon loss. These findings indicate that OPC-intrinsic HIF signaling couples postnatal white matter angiogenesis, axon integrity, and the onset of myelination in mammalian forebrain.
The undeterministic manipulation of solid models for robot program synthesis

Abstract In automatic robot program synthesis the number of variables that should be taken into consideration become prohibitively numerous. Due to the ambiguity and sheer size of items to be considered conventional computation methods cannot satisfactorily solve the problem. A Neural Network model that acquires data from a Solid Modeling data base, combines the completeness of information provided by solid modeling with the uncertainty encountered in the grouping process to perform geometrical classification of objects. The capabilities of Neural Networks to learn non-geometrical patterns in the grasping process, are yet to be achieved. Much progress needs to be made in both the neural model complexity and the computing machinery power before real intelligent program synthesis can be achieved.
Inhalation studies of the genotoxicity of trichloroethylene to rodents

Trichloroethylene (TCE) (CAS No. 79-01-6) is an industrial solvent used in degreasing, dry cleaning, and numerous other medical and industrial processes. Controlled inhalation studies were performed using male C57BL/6 mice and CD rats to determine if TCE can induce cytogenetic damage in vivo. Animals were exposed in groups of five to target concentrations of either 0, 5, 500, or 5000 ppm TCE for 6 h. Tissue samples were taken between 18 and 19 h post exposure. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) in rats and splenocytes in mice were cultured and analyzed for the induction of sister-chromatid exchanges, chromosome aberrations, and micronuclei (MN) in cytochalasin B-blocked binucleated cells. Bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) were analyzed for MN. The only positive response observed was for MN in rat bone marrow PCEs. TCE caused a statistically significant increase in MN at all concentrations, inducing an approximate fourfold increase over control levels at 5000 ppm. TCE was also cytotoxic in rats, causing a significant concentration-related decrease in the ratio of PCEs/normochromatic erythrocytes. This study indicates that there may be species-specific cytogenetic effects attributed to TCE inhalation exposure. In follow-up studies, CD rats were exposed for 6 h/day over 4 consecutive days to either 0, 5, 50 or 500 ppm TCE. No statistically significant concentration-related increases in cytogenetic damage were observed. While the MN frequencies in the 4-day study were comparable to those at the equivalent concentrations in the 1-day study, they were not significantly elevated due to an unusually high MN frequency in the controls. A subsequent replication of the 1-day 5000 ppm TCE exposure with rats again showed a highly significant increase in MN frequencies compared to concurrent controls.
High strain rate metalworking with vaporizing foil actuator: Control of flyer velocity by varying input energy and foil thickness

Electrically driven rapid vaporization of thin metallic foils can generate a high pressure which can be used to launch flyers at high velocities. Recently, vaporizing foil actuators have been applied toward a variety of impulse-based metal working operations. In order to exercise control over this useful tool, it is imperative that an understanding of the effect of characteristics of the foil actuator on its ability for mechanical impulse generation is developed. Here, foil actuators made out of 0.0508 mm, 0.0762 mm, and 0.127 mm thick AA1145 were used for launching AA2024-T3 sheets of thickness 0.508 mm toward a photonic Doppler velocimeter probe. Launch velocities ranging between 300 m/s and 1100 m/s were observed. In situ measurement of velocity, current, and voltage assisted in understanding the effect of burst current density and deposited electrical energy on average pressure and velocity with foil actuators of various thicknesses. For the pulse generator, geometry, and flyer used here, the 0.0762 mm thick foil was found to be optimal for launching flyers to high velocities over short distances. Experimenting with annealed foil actuators resulted in no change in the temporal evolution of flyer velocity as compared to foil actuators of full hard temper. A physics-based analytical model was developed and found to have reasonable agreement with experiment.
VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (VEGF) PROTEIN AND mRNA IN HUMAN FETAL LUNG IN VITRO . • 319

VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (VEGF) PROTEIN AND mRNA IN HUMAN FETAL LUNG IN VITRO . • 319
Experimental evaluation of teaching recursion in a video game

We present EleMental: The Recurrence, a novel game that provides computer science students the opportunity to write code and perform interactive visualizations to learn about recursion through depth-first search of a binary tree. We designed the game to facilitate maximum transfer of learning to writing real programs, while also providing for interactive visualizations. We conducted a study with computer science majors to measure the impact of the game on learning and on attitudes toward educational games. Our results demonstrate the enthusiasm students have for learning games and provide insight into how such games should be constructed.
Correlation between the entropy of the envelope fluctuations of a UHF radio signal and the corresponding thermodynamic stability of the tropospheric common volume

This correlation as derived by experiment is discussed. The considered system is not in general thermodynamically closed and the parameters involved do not necessarily satisfy the required conditions of stationarity and ergodicity. Consequently, the correlation is moderate as compared to that which one obtains by using a more stationary radio parameter, i.e., the hourly medians of the received field. The nature of the used radio path, however, allows no definite conclusions to be drawn.
The Stability of Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Occupational Prestige Rankings.

Abstract The stability of occupational prestige rankings over time and among cross-sectional subgroups was demonstrated. Undergraduates from different regions, hometown sizes, and political orientations ranked occupations similarly in terms of relative prestige. Compared with other studies, the rank-order correlations of prestige were .88 with a 1925 study, .93 with a 1947 study, and .95 with a 1968 study. Changes in rankings over time were examined against functionalist and conflict theories of social stratification. Both theories were necessary to explain shifts in relative rankings since 1925, but the functionalist approach appears to more adequately define why shifts begin to occur.