cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pediatric Equinus Deformity

Equinus deformity is a common condition that plays a significant role in the development of numerous lower extremity pathologies. In the pediatric patient, equinus deformity has historically been associated with neurological conditions. Equinus in the non-neurological patient is prevalent, especially in those patients with lower extremity biomechanically related pathologies. Defining equinus based on the literature is the initial requirement to understand, evaluate, and treat the deformity. Ankle joint dorsiflexion ≤ − 5° with the foot maximally supinated and the knee fully extended is a definition based on evidence-based medicine (Gatt, Foot 30:47–52, 2017). The anatomy of the gastrocsoleus complex, especially that of the gastrocnemius muscle crossing the knee, ankle, and subtalar joints, and its functions during the gait cycle can result in biomechanical abnormalities when abnormally tight. Compensation for an equinus deformity occurs distally with dampening of the peroneus longus tendon function leading to midtarsal hypermobility and plantarflexion of the naviculocuneiform joint. The distal and lateral movement of the center of pressure relative to the subtalar joint axis results in a net increased pronatory moment on the foot. This distal compensation for equinus deformity leads to numerous lower extremity pathologies. Management of any condition with an underlying equinus component must include treatment of the equinus deformity. This treatment may be either nonsurgical or surgical, but it must be part of the global deformity management.
When slowing down processing helps learning: Lexico-semantic structure supports retention, but interferes with disambiguation of novel object-label mappings.

This project explores how children disambiguate and retain novel object-label mappings in the face of semantic similarity. Burgeoning evidence suggests that semantic structure in the developing lexicon promotes word learning in ostensive contexts, whereas other findings indicate that semantic similarity interferes with and temporarily slows familiar word recognition. This project explores how these distinct processes interact when mapping and retaining labels for novel objects (i.e., low-frequency objects that are unfamiliar to toddlers) via disambiguation from a semantically similar familiar referent in 24-month-olds (N = 65). Toddlers' log-adjusted looking to labeled target objects (relative to distractor objects) was measured in three conditions: Familiar trials (familiar label spoken while viewing semantically related familiar and novel objects), Disambiguation trials (unfamiliar label spoken while viewing semantically similar familiar and unfamiliar object), and Retention trials (unfamiliar label spoken while viewing novel object pairs). Toddlers' individual vocabulary structure was then compared to performance on each condition. Vocabulary structure was measured at two levels: category-level structure (semantic density) for experimental items, and lexicon-level structure (global clustering coefficient). The findings suggest, consistent with prior results, that semantic density interfered with known word recognition, and facilitated unfamiliar word retention. Children did not show a significant novel word preference during disambiguation, and disambiguation behavior was not impacted by semantic structure. These findings connect seemingly disparate mechanisms of semantic interference in processing and semantic leveraging in word learning. Semantic interference momentarily slows word recognition and resolution of referential uncertainty for novel label-object mappings. Nevertheless, this slowing might support retention by enabling comparison between related objects.
Factors Associated with Neutropenia Post-Heart Transplantation

Purpose Neutropenia is a serious complication following heart transplantation (OHT) however risk factors for its development and its association with outcomes is not well described. We sought to study the prevalence of neutropenia, risk factors associated with its development and its impact on infection, rejection and survival. Methods A retrospective single center analysis of adult OHT recipients from July 2004 to December 2017 was performed. Demographic, laboratory, medication, infection, rejection and survival data were collected for 1 year post-OHT. Baseline lab measurements were collected within the 24 hours before OHT. Neutropenia was defined as absolute neutrophil count ≤ 1000 mm3. Cox proportional hazards models explored associations with time to first neutropenia. Associations of neutropenia, analyzed as a time-dependent covariate, with secondary outcomes of time to infection, rejection or death were also examined. Results Of 278 OHT recipients, 84 (30%) developed neutropenia within a median of 142 days (81-228 days) after transplant. More than half (56%) of those with neutropenia were treated with GCSF. Most infections were CMV disease whether they occurred before (14/22, 64%) or after (8/9, 89%) neutropenia or in the absence of neutropenia (20/40, 50%). Factors associated with increased risk of neutropenia are in Table 1. Neutropenia was not significantly associated with secondary outcomes of infection (N=9), rejection (N=10) or death (N=4), however numbers were small. Conclusion Neutropenia is a fairly common occurrence after adult OHT. Infection was associated with subsequent neutropenia, however no statistically significant differences in outcomes (infection, rejection, death) were found between neutropenic and non-neutropenic patients in this small study. It remains to be determined if medication changes in response to neutropenia impact patient outcomes. Supported by an unrestricted grant by Merck, NIH CTSA award: UL1TR002544 and Tupper Research Fund at Tufts Medical Center.
An Integrative Review of the Emerging Behavioral Acquisition Literature: Charting the Next Decade of Research

Our review of acquisition research from the 2008 to 2018 period shows that a large and quickly growing portion of this work has focused on the behavioral aspects of acquisitions. Although this cont...
Assessing the effectiveness of laser fistulectomy for anal fistula: a retrospective cohort study

Laser fistulectomy is a minimally invasive, sphincter-sparing procedure for treatment of anal fistula. In several studies, this method has been shown to be safe and effective, with reported success rates ranging from 40 to 88%. We hypothesized that with longer follow-up, these rates would decrease. A retrospective case analysis assessing the effectiveness of laser fistulectomy in curing fistula-in-ano tracts within a cohort of patients at a single academic institution was conducted. All patients having laser ablation between March 2016 and July 2018 were analyzed. Cure of the fistula was determined by history and postoperative physical exam, and was defined as complete closure of fistula tract with resolution of symptoms. Secondary symptoms of fecal incontinence, infection, and pain were evaluated. Eighteen patients (10 males, mean age 41 ± 13 years) were analyzed. Transphincteric fistula was the most common type (67%, N = 12). The mean number of previous fistula procedures was 1.33 ± 1.64. There was a 22% (N = 4) success rate at an average postoperative follow-up period of 29 ± 8 months (range 18–46 months). Of those who failed, 64% (N = 9) had a subsequent fistula procedure. There were no cases of fecal incontinence, but 3 cases (17%) of postoperative infection were reported and 8 patients (44%) had a subjective increase in pain at first follow-up appointment. Our data showed a much higher failure rate of laser fistulectomy compared to those reported in the literature. However, the small sample size, a large amount of heterogeneity in our patient population with a mixture of fistula types present, and various laser techniques applied decreased the power of this study.
Dual ARID1A/ARID1B loss leads to rapid carcinogenesis and disruptive redistribution of BAF complexes

SWI/SNF chromatin remodelers play critical roles in development and cancer. The causal links between SWI/SNF complex disassembly and carcinogenesis are obscured by redundancy between paralogous components. Canonical cBAF-specific paralogs ARID1A and ARID1B are synthetic lethal in some contexts, but simultaneous mutations in both ARID1s are prevalent in cancer. To understand if and how cBAF abrogation causes cancer, we examined the physiologic and biochemical consequences of ARID1A/ARID1B loss. In double knockout liver and skin, aggressive carcinogenesis followed de-differentiation and hyperproliferation. In double mutant endometrial cancer, add-back of either induced senescence. Biochemically, residual cBAF subcomplexes resulting from loss of ARID1 scaffolding were unexpectedly found to disrupt polybromo containing pBAF function. 37 of 69 mutations in the conserved scaffolding domains of ARID1 proteins observed in human cancer caused complex disassembly, partially explaining their mutation spectra. ARID1-less, cBAF-less states promote carcinogenesis across tissues, and suggest caution against paralog-directed therapies for ARID1-mutant cancer.
The Incidence of Spearing during a High School's 1975 and 1990 Football Seasons.

Reports a study that examined the incidence of spearing between two high school football seasons, one before and one after a rule change banning spearing. Reviews of 18 game films of a New Jersey team from 1975 and 1990 indicated that, overall, the rule change did not have a favorable impact on the incidence of spearing. Language: en
Estimating older adult mortality from COVID-19.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to employ simulations to model the probability of mortality from COVID-19 (i.e., coronavirus) for older adults in the United States given at best and at worst cases. METHODS This study first examined current epidemiological reports to better understand the risk of mortality from COVID-19. Past epidemiological studies from severe acute respiratory syndrome were also examined given similar virology. Next, at best and at worst mortality cases were considered with the goal of estimating the probability of mortality. To accomplish this for the general population, microdata from the National Health Interview Survey pooled sample (2016, 2017, and 2018 public-use NHIS with a sample of 34,881 adults at least 60 years of age) were utilized. Primary measures included age and health status (diabetes, body mass index, and hypertension). A logit regression with 100,000 simulations was employed to derive the estimates and probabilities. RESULTS Age exhibited a positive association for the probability of death with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.22 (p < .05, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05-1.42). A positive association was also found for body mass index (BMI) (OR 1.03, p < .01, 95% CI: 1.02-1.04) and hypertension (OR 1.36, p < .01, 95% CI: 1.09-1.66) for the at best case. Diabetes was significant but only for the at best case. DISCUSSION This study found mortality increased with age and was notable for the 74-79 age group for the at best case and the 70-79 age group of the at worst case. Obesity was also important and suggested a higher risk for mortality. Hypertension also exhibited greater risk but the increase was minimal. Given the volume of information and misinformation, these findings can be applied by health professionals, gerontologists, social workers, and local policymakers to better inform older adults about mortality risks and, in the process, reestablish public trust.
Play During Growth: the Effect of Sports on Bone Adaptation

The development of exercise interventions for bone health requires an understanding of normative growth trends. Here, we summarize changes in bone during growth and the effect of participating in sports on structural and compositional measures in different bones in males and females. Growing females and males have similar normalized density and bone area fraction until age 16, after which males continue increasing at a faster rate than females. All metrics for both sexes tend to plateau or decline in the early 20s. Areal BMD measures indicate significant heterogeneity in adaptation to sport between regions of the body. High-resolution CT data indicate changes in structure are more readily apparent than changes in density. While adaptation to sport is spatially heterogeneous, participation in weight-bearing activities that involve dynamic muscle contractions tends to result in increased bone adaptation.
Parabolic Presentations of the Super Yangian {Y(mathfrak{gl}_{M|N})}

Associated to a composition of M and a composition of N, a new presentation of the super Yangian of the general linear Lie superalgebra \({Y(\mathfrak{gl}_{M|N})}\) is obtained.
Treatment approach, hospital practice patterns, and receipt of multimodality therapy as measures of quality for locally advanced gastric cancer

Background Adequate lymphadenectomy (AL) during surgical resection and delivery of multimodality therapy (MMT) are considered important for optimizing oncologic outcomes in patients with locally advanced gastric cancer. Both neoadjuvant and adjuvant approaches to MMT delivery are considered acceptable treatment strategies. Our goal was to evaluate the association between MMT treatment approach, hospital practice patterns, and survival and to explore whether AL and MMT might represent measures of quality for locally advanced gastric cancer. Methods A national cohort study of 5433 patients with locally advanced gastric cancer (≥cT2 and/or cN+) treated at 987 hospitals within the National Cancer Database (2006-2015). Patients were categorized as receiving a neoadjuvant therapy (NT) or adjuvant therapy (AT) approach. Patients were also categorized based on receipt of AL (≥15 nodes) and MMT (surgery with any preoperative, perioperative, or postoperative AT). Hospitals were stratified based on the predominant treatment approach and the proportion of patients that achieved performance benchmarks (AL ≥ 80%; MMT ≥ 75%). Multivariable Cox shared frailty modeling was used to evaluate the association with the overall risk of death. Results Overall, 54.5% of patients were treated with an AT and 45.6% with an NT approach. Relative to surgery alone, receipt of MMT by either approach was associated with decreased risk of death (NT-hazard ratio [HR]: 0.75, 95% confidence interval: [0.65-0.86]; AT-HR: 0.80 [0.71-0.90]). Relative to care at mixed pattern hospitals, care at predominantly AT hospitals was associated with an increased risk of death (HR: 1.28 [1.12-1.47]). Relative to patients whose care achieved no quality measures, AL (HR: 0.75, [0.67-0.82]) and MMT (HR: 0.68 [0.60-0.76]) were each associated with a reduced risk of death. Receipt of both measures was associated with an even greater reduction (HR: 0.47 [0.40-0.56]). Hospital performance on AL, MMT, or both measures was not associated with the risk of death. Conclusion Because over half of patients are treated with surgery first (many having surgery alone) and care at hospitals favoring a surgery first approach is associated with worse outcomes, quality improvement (QI) efforts should focus on increasing the use of NT strategies. Furthermore, delivery of AL and MMT together may represent an actionable, generalizable target for gastric cancer QI efforts because it improves survival and is unrelated to the context in which care is provided.
Development of CMV-specific cytotoxic T cells (CMV-Tc) in pediatric renal transplant recipients with CMV viremia.

Background Viral infections are controlled primarily by viral-specific T cells, raising concern for adequate T-cell response to clear CMV infection in transplant recipients receiving lymphocyte-depleting agents (LDA). We examined the rates of CMV viremia and clearance, seroconversion, and CMV-specific CD8+ T cell (CMV-Tc) activity with class of induction agent received. Methods Retrospective review of 45 pediatric renal transplant recipients who received induction with LDA (n = 31) or non-LDA (NLDA; n = 14) received valganciclovir prophylaxis for 6 months post-transplant and CMV-PCR monitoring. CMV-Tc was measured by intracellular IFNγ flow cytometry, when possible, at baseline, 1 month after CMV viremia (>5 copies/PCR) and serially until CMV-Tc was positive (≥0.2%). Results Viremia rates at 1, 2, and 4 years post-transplant were higher in LDA vs. NLDA (46.3% vs. 7.2%, 64.2% vs. 7.2%, and 64.2% vs. 7.2%, respectively; p = .002). Viremia rates at these time points in seronegative LDA (50.3%, 71.6%, 71.6%) were significantly or near significantly higher than seronegative NLDA (9.1%, 9.1%, 9.1%; p = .004), seropositive-LDA (22.3%, 22.3%, 22.3%; p = .07), or seropositive NLDA (0%, 0%, 0%; p = .07). Eleven of 17 (64.7%) viremic subjects required valganciclovir dose reduction during the prophylaxis period for leukopenia. All viremic LDA patients developed CMV-Tc. One viremic NLDA patient did not develop CMV-Tc. No patients developed CMV disease. Conclusion CMV seronegative pediatric renal transplant patients receiving LDA are more likely to have valganciclovir prophylaxis dose reduction and develop subclinical CMV viremia; however, all developed CMV-Tc. Larger prospective studies are needed to further understand the effects of induction agents on CMV-Tc and CMV-Tc's role post-transplant.
Genomic data measures and methods: a primer for social scientists

Abstract Recent advances in the field of genetics have produced a multitude of genomic data, which researchers are integrating increasingly into social science research. In this chapter, we discuss types of genomic data arising from the technological advances in the field of genetics including genome-wide variant data, DNA methylation, and telomere length. We outline several statistical genetics methodologies used to assess relationships between genomics and specific outcome such as genome-wide association studies, gene-region based tests, epigenetic aging clocks, and pathway enrichment tests. We highlight important social, epidemiological, and statistical considerations for incorporating genomics in the field of aging. Finally, we discuss what is on the horizon for aging, social science, and genomics.
Brennpunkte der Ellipse

Auf der grosen Achse jeder Ellipse gibt es zwei Punkte mit merkwurdigen Eigenschaften. Wir ziehen (Abb. 86) eine horizontale Tangente an den kleinen Scheitelkreis und projizieren die Schnittpunkte dieser Tangente mit dem grosen Scheitelkreis auf die grose Achse der Ellipse. So erhalten wir zwei Punkte F 1 und F 2, sie heisen „Brennpunkte“. Wir nennen OF 1 = OF 2 = c; dann ist offenbar $${a^2} - {b^2} = {c^2}$$ (1)
The Relational/S Analysis

One potential objection to the NP/S Analysis, perhaps more likely to be made by philosophers than linguists, is that it requires an ontological conunitment to the existence of groups. For example, (the non-contradictory reading of) John and Mary are a couple is analyzed as involving reference to the “group” of John and Mary. This group is an entity distinct from John and distinct from Mary, which the NP/S Analysis claims can have its own properties, independent of the properties of its members.
Membranes in Cancer

The term cancer is used to describe many diseases that display aberrant regulation of cell growth. Historically, cancer research has been largely descriptive in nature. That is, investigators cataloged the differences between normal cells and their oncogenic counterparts. For many years the effects were much clearer than the causes. Recent molecular studies on a few types of cancer have begun to explain the origins of tumor cells, how they evade chemotherapy, how they metastasize, and how they can be destroyed by immune cells.
Interrelationships of High Fat Diets, Obesity, Hormones, and Cancer

Obesity is defined as excess body fat and results from an imbalance of energy intake and expenditure (1). This simple definition and the application of thermodynamic principles of energy balance do not adequately express the fact that much remains unknown about this complex disorder (2). In common with other chronic diseases including cancer, it is rare for obesity to be the expression of a pure genetic or medical disorder. In the majority of cases, obesity results from a combination of physiological, psychological and environmental factors (3). A genetic predisposition to obesity mediated by a large number of genes is likely to interact with a permissive high fat diet in the presence of reduced physical activity to result in obesity(4). Obesity is the most prevalent disorder in the United States affecting up to one-third of the population. The endocrine system which is critically involved in many common forms of cancer has also been shown to translate environmental influences into excess adiposity (5). Many hormones involved in obesity also play a role in the initiation and promotion of cancer both at a cellular, paracrine, and systemic level (6). For example, reproductive hormones are critically involved in both obesity and cancer. In patients with primary anorexia nervosa and malnutrition, reproductive hormone secretion is reduced and can result in infertility. Conversely, with obesity excess secretion of reproductive hormones (e.g. estrogens) has been observed and implicated in the etiology of breast cancer (7). This chapter will examine the potential role of hormones in the etiology of obesity in the hopes of stimulating additional research on the role of obesity in modulating the risk of developing several common forms of cancer.
Studies in organic sulphur compounds. XVI. Synthesis and reactions of steroid episulphides.

Abstract Herein are described two general syntheses of episulphides as applied to steroids and involving α-hydroxy-xanthates and α-hydroxy-thiocyanates. The more precise stereochemistry in the synthetic sequences in steroids as compared to the hitherto investigated low mol. wt compounds serves to substantiate earlier proposed mechanisms of episulphide and trithiocarbonate formation. The stereochemical consequences of nucleophilic attack of episulphides are discussed in detail.
Studies of a Flavoprotein, Salicylate Hydroxylase II. ENZYME MECHANISM

Abstract Salicylate hydroxylase has been shown to react with certain substrate analogues, effecting an "uncoupling" of oxygen reduction from hydroxylation (White-Stevens, R. H., and Kamin, H. (1972) J. Biol. Chem. 247, 2358–2370; (1970) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 38, 882). The mechnism of action of this enzyme has now been examined by spectrophotometric and stopped flow techniques. Compounds which facilitate DPNH binding and oxidation perturb the absorption spectrum of the enzyme. From this perturbation, an apparent Ks commensurate with catalytic Km values for benzoate and salicylate can be obtained. With salicylate, one salicylate is bound per flavin. Anaerobic reduction with limiting DPNH yields only fully reduced and fully oxidized flavin; semiquinone is formed only with photoreduction in the presence of EDTA. The two flavins act independently. As observed in the stopped flow, formation of enzyme-substrate complex is very rapid; the presence of salicylate facilitates DPNH binding and determines the rate of enzyme reduction to E-FADH2. The catalytic Vmax for DPNH oxidation with several organic compounds appears to be reflected specifically in the rate constants for enzyme reduction. The reoxidation of reduced enzyme by O2 is independent of the nature or even the presence of aromatic compound and is strictly proportional to O2 tension over a wide [O2] range. Depending upon the aromatic molecule, either the rate of reduction of enzyme, the rate of oxidation, or a combination of both can be rate-limiting for catalysis. The hydroxylating species, designated "E-FAD-H2O2," must be short lived and can either (a) stoichiometrically hydroxylate a suitable substrate such as salicylate, (b) decompose rapidly and quantitatively to H2O2 if the substrate is totally unsuitable (i.e. benzoate), or (c) hydroxylate with erratic formation of H2O2, for substrates which act in a manner intermediate between the "substrate" (salicylate) or "pseudosubstrate" (benzoate) modes.
Stimulus-Timing Dependent Multisensory Plasticity in the Guinea Pig Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus

Multisensory neurons in the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) show long-lasting enhancement or suppression of sound-evoked responses when stimulated with combined somatosensory-auditory stimulation. By varying the intervals between sound and somatosensory stimuli we show for the first time in vivo that DCN bimodal responses are influenced by stimulus-timing dependent plasticity. The timing rules and time courses of the observed stimulus-timing dependent plasticity closely mimic those of spike-timing dependent plasticity that have been demonstrated in vitro at parallel-fiber synapses onto DCN principal cells. Furthermore, the degree of inhibition in a neuron influences whether that neuron has Hebbian or anti-Hebbian timing rules. As demonstrated in other cerebellar-like circuits, anti-Hebbian timing rules reflect adaptive filtering, which in the DCN would result in suppression of sound-evoked responses that are predicted by activation of somatosensory inputs, leading to the suppression of body-generated signals such as self-vocalization.
Overloaded gradient elution chromatography on heterogeneous adsorbents in reversed-phase liquid chromatography

Overloaded band profiles of phenol were measured on a C18-Kromasil column in gradient elution conditions. The mobile phase used was a mixture of methanol and water. The volume fraction of methanol was allowed to vary between 0 and 0.5. A general adsorption model, which expresses the amount of phenol adsorbed q* as a function of both its concentration C and the composition phi of the organic modifier (methanol) in the mobile phase, was empirically derived from previous independent adsorption experiments based on frontal analysis (FA) and frontal analysis by the characteristic point (FACP). Accordingly, the general model was an extension of the simplest heterogeneous model, the Bilangmuir model, to non-isocratic conditions. The low-energy sites followed the classical linear solvent strength model (LSSM), but not the high-energy sites whose saturation capacity linearly decreased with phi. The general model was validated by comparing the experimental and simulated band profiles in gradient elution conditions, in linear and non-linear conditions, as well. The band profiles were calculated by means of the equilibrium-dispersive model of chromatography with a finite difference algorithm. A very good agreement was observed using steps gradient (delta phi) from 0 to 50% methanol and gradient times t(g) of 20, 25, 30, 40, 60, 80 and 100 min. The agreement was still excellent for steps gradient from 5 to 45% (t(g) = 25 min), 5 to 35% (t(g) = 50 min), 5 to 25% (t(g) = 50 min) and 5 to 15% (t(g) = 50 min). Significative differences appeared between experience and simulation when the slope of the gradient (delta phi/t(g)) became too strong beyond 3.3% methanol per minute. This threshold value probably mirrored the kinetic of arrangement of the G18-bonded chains when the methanol content increased in the mobile phase. It suggested that the chromatographic system was not in a full thermodynamic equilibrium state when very steep mobile phase gradients were applied.
Vulnerability to predation and physiological stress responses of experimentally descaled juvenile chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

Juvenile salmonids,Oncorhynchus spp., commonly encounter conditions (e.g., during hatchery release and dam passage) that result in damage to the skin, scale, and slime complex. We conducted laboratory experiments to determine if descaling of juvenile chinook salmon,O. tshawytscha, increased their vulnerability to predation, and to assess the physiological stress responses elicited by descaling. Salmon were experimentally descaled on either 10% or 20% of their total body area. When offered equal numbers of control and descaled juvenile chinook salmon, northern squawfish,Ptychocheilus oregonensis, did not consume significantly more of either prey type (48–60% of consumed prey were descaled). Juvenile chinook salmon descaled on 10% of their body area did show significant physiological stress responses, however. Mean concentrations of plasma cortisol peaked 1 h after descaling, and returned to control levels by 12 h. Plasma glucose peaked 3 h post-treatment and remained elevated for 24 h. Plasma lactate increased immediately following treatment and returned to undisturbed control levels by 3 h. The osmoregulatory response of plasma potassium was highly variable, but plasma sodium decreased immediately and remained low for 24 h. The observed physiological responses suggest that descaling of juvenile chinook salmon could result in decreased resistance to disease and other stressors encountered in the field, possibly leading to reduced performance capacity and lowered survival.
Relative efficiencies of three trammel net striking methods

The relative capture efficiencies for fish in 732-m trammel nets using three striking methods were compared using nets set in open-water and along the shoreline in Texas bays in fall and spring. When compared to noise, sublethal concentrations of rotenone and KMnO4 did not increase the catches of 9 of the 12 species tested at either shoreline or open-water stations in either the fall or spring. Some effect of strike type was noted for hardhead catfish (Arius felis), gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum), and striped mullet (Mugil cephalus) at stations struck with noise or rotenone, but catches were not consistently greater for either striking method. The catches of some species were different between station types and seasons. However, the total catch at shoreline stations was the same as at open-water stations in both the fall and spring.
Editorial: Comments About the 2012 International Microwave Symposium Special Issue and Conference Papers Versus Journal Papers

The 38 papers in this special issue are expanded versions of papers presented at the 2012 International Microwave Symposium. held on June 17-22, 2012, in Montreal, QC, Canada.
Pragmatic and prescriptive aspects of children's categorization.

Categorization judgments may be right or wrong and more or less useful. When a child calls a whale “a fish,” is she making an error, or just describing an interesting similarity? This chapter explores the challenges children face in learning to conform to conventions governing categorization.
Line mixing sum rules for the analysis of multiplet spectra.

Abstract In the impact approximation, the spectrum of transitions overlapped by collisional broadening is given by a sum over Lorentzian absorption and dispersion profiles about each transition. The dispersion components arise from the interference among lines coupled by the collisions, and their magnitudes and signs are given by the line mixing parameters. The line mixing parameters, as well as the transition intensities, widths and shifts, are obtained from inversion of the relaxation matrix and may be highly non-linear in pressure when the coupled lines are strongly overlapped. For any overlap, however, the line mixing parameters summed over all coupled lines is zero and the total integrated intensities, widths and shifts are conserved. These sum rules may be used as constraints in least-squares fitting of multiplet spectra to reduce the number of free parameters and their correlation. Also for the fitting of spectra at atmospheric pressures, a prescription is given for incorporating Doppler broadening and Dicke narrowing.
White matter abnormalities of microstructure and physiological noise in schizophrenia

White matter abnormalities in schizophrenia have been revealed by many imaging techniques and analysis methods. One of the findings by diffusion tensor imaging is a decrease in fractional anisotropy (FA), which is an indicator of white matter integrity. On the other hand, elevation of metabolic rate in white matter was observed from positron emission tomography (PET) studies. In this report, we aim to compare the two structural and functional effects on the same subjects. Our comparison is based on the hypothesis that signal fluctuation in white matter is associated with white matter functional activity. We examined the variance of the signal in resting state fMRI and found significant differences between individuals with schizophrenia and non-psychiatric controls specifically in white matter tissue. Controls showed higher temporal signal-to-noise ratios clustered in regions including temporal, frontal, and parietal lobes, cerebellum, corpus callosum, superior longitudinal fasciculus, and other major white matter tracts. These regions with higher temporal signal-to-noise ratio agree well with those showing higher metabolic activity reported by studies using PET. The results suggest that individuals with schizophrenia tend to have higher functional activity in white matter in certain brain regions relative to healthy controls. Despite some overlaps, the distinct regions for physiological noise are different from those for FA derived from diffusion tensor imaging, and therefore provide a unique angle to explore potential mechanisms to white matter abnormality.
Ultrasonic detection of the conceptus and characterization of intrauterine fluid on Days 10 to 22 in heifers

Nonbred and pregnant heifers were examined ultrasonically on alternate days from Days 10 to 22 in three experiments. The goal was to define criteria that could be used for identification of the early conceptus. The location and size of circular and elongated nonechongenic structure (apparently free intrauterine luminal fluid) were recorded (Experiment 1). On Day 12, there was a significantly greater number of circular nonechogenic structures in the ovarian half of the uterine horn ipsilateral to the corpus luteum in pregnant heifers than in nonbred heifers (means, 5.1 vs 3.5). Therefore, the embryonic vesicle was apparently detected on Day 12, but was not distinguished from circular nonechogenic structures representing free luminal fluid. The number of circular nonechogenic structures decreased after Day 14, with a corresponding increase in elongate nonechogenic structures associated with luteal regression (nonbred heifers) or elongation of the blastocyst (pregnant heifers). On Day 16, there were more elongated than circular nonechogenic structures in pregnant heifers than in nonbred heifers. In nonbred heifers, there was no evidence of a local utero-ovarian relationship between the amount of intrauterine luminal fluid and the location of either the corpus luteum or the next ovulatory follicle. Uterine luminal fluid in each horn increased several fold between Days 16 and 18 in nonbred heifers; there was significantly more lumina fluid in nonbred than in pregnant heifers on Days 18 and 20. In pregnant heifers, intrauterine luminal fluid area increased first in the ovarian end of the uterine horn ipsilateral to the corpus luteum; this was apparently due to detection of the elongating blastocyst. The length of the longest specular reflector on the endometrial surface of the uterine lumen increased over Days 10 to 22 in nonbred and pregnant heifers, but was not a useful criterion for detection of the conceptus (Experiment 2). The accuracy of a 7.5 MHz transducer for pregnancy diagnosis was not greater than a guess (50%) before Day 16 (Experiment 3). Results indicated that early pregnancy diagnosis in heifers was confounded by the presence of intrauterine fluid.
Femtomolar Concentration Detection Limit and Zeptomole Mass Detection Limit for Protein Separation by Capillary Isoelectric Focusing and Laser-induced Fluorescence Detection

Fluorescence tends to produce the lowest detection limits for most forms of capillary electrophoresis. Two issues have discouraged its use in capillary isoelectric focusing. The first issue is fluorescent labeling of proteins. Most labeling reagents react with lysine residues and convert the cationic residue to a neutral or anionic product. At best, these reagents perturb the isoelectric point of the protein. At worse, they convert each protein into hundreds of different fluorescent products that confound analysis. The second issue is the large background signal generated by impurities within commercial ampholytes. This background signal is particularly strong when excited in the blue portion of the spectrum, which is required by many common fluorescent labeling reagents. This paper addresses these issues. For labeling, we employ Chromeo P540, which is a fluorogenic reagent that converts cationic lysine residues to cationic fluorescent products. The reaction products are excited in the green, which reduce...
Serum Survival of Vibrio vulnificus: Role of Genotype, Capsule, Complement, Clinical Origin, and in Situ Incubation

Virulence of the human pathogen, V. vulnificus, is associated with encapsulation, serum complement resistance, and genotype. The C-genotype of this bacterium is correlated (>90%) with virulence and with isolation source (clinical settings). E-genotype strains are highly correlated with environmental isolation (93%) but appear less virulent. In this study, we characterized the importance of genotype, encapsulation, serum complement, and in situ exposure to estuarine water on the survival of the two genotypes in human serum. Results confirmed the superior ability of C-genotype strains to survive exposure to human serum, as well as the significance of complement, and revealed that lack of capsule allowed serum killing of both C- and E-genotypes. Cells incubated in situ responded similarly to cells incubated in vitro with the exception of E-environmental strains. Interestingly, our studies found that those cells of the E-genotype, typically considered non-pathogenic, which were isolated from wound infections demonstrated serum survival similar to that of virulent, C-genotype, strains.
Pharmacological strategies to selectively label and localize muscarinic receptor subtypes

Equilibrium binding assays support four (M1–M4) and molecular cloning studies have identified five (m1–m5) muscarinic receptor subtypes in the brain and peripheral tissues. However, the overlapping affinities of virtually all of the available muscarinic antagonists have permitted the unambiguous direct labeling of only two of the subclasses of muscarinic receptors, the M1 and M2 subtypes. Thus, the major obstacle to providing a detailed map of the distribution of muscarinic receptor subtypes in the brain, a tissue that expresses all five receptor proteins, has been the lack of muscarinic receptor subtype-specific ligands. Recent studies have exploited the distinct kinetic binding properties of muscarinic receptor subtypes and have demonstrated that a combination of both kinetic and equilibrium labeling approaches affords selective labeling of the five muscarinic receptors. Application of these novel labeling strategies has permitted for the first time a comparison of the distinct autoradiographic localization patterns of the M1–M5 receptor subtypes in the brain. These new labeling techniques compare well with previous pharmacological, immunological, and molecular methods for localizing and quantifying muscarinic receptor subtypes, and provide further evidence that the pharmacologically defined M1–M5 receptors correspond to the molecularly defined m1–m5 proteins. While unequivocal distribution profiles of each of the five muscarinic receptors awaits the development of more subtype-selective ligands, the labeling strategies described here provide an alternative, versatile approach for studying muscarinic receptor subtype distribution in the brain. Drug Dev. Res. 40:104–116, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Design of Three-Pad Hybrid Air Foil Bearing and Experimental Investigation on Static Performance at Zero Running Speed

Air foil bearings (AFBs) have been explored for various micro- to midsized turbomachinery for decades, and many successful applications of the AFBs to small turbomachinery were also reported. As machine size increases, however, one of the critical technical challenges of AFBs is a wear on the top foil and rotor during starts/stops due to relatively heavy rotor weight compared with the size of the bearing. The wear on the foil increases with greater loading during starts/stops as a function of the coating performance. The hybrid air foil bearing (HAFB), which combines hydrodynamic pressure with hydrostatic lift, can help to minimize/eliminate the wear problem during the start/stops. This paper reports design and preliminary test results of hydrodynamically preloaded three-pad HAFB aimed for midsized airborne turbomachinery applications. Designed HAFB was manufactured and comprehensive parametric design simulations were performed using time-domain orbit simulations and frequency-domain linear perturbation analyses to predict performances of manufactured bearing. Static stiffness was measured at zero running speed to investigate the load capacity of hydrostatic operation when rotor is at stationary. The measured static stiffness showed good agreement with predictions.
The relationship between surface rainrate and water paths and its implications to satellite rainrate retrieval

[1] Since brightness temperature measured by a passive microwave radiometer reflects the integrated effects of water paths, not surface rainrate, the accuracy of surface rainrate retrieval based on brightness temperatures relies heavily on the natural correlation between surface rainrate and water paths. In this study, we investigate how the water paths are related to surface rainrates using satellite data. It is found that corresponding to a similar surface rainrate ice water path is larger over land than over ocean. In addition, on average, the correlation (R2) between surface rainrate and ice water path over land (0.36) is also larger than over ocean (0.25). Over ocean, the correlation between surface rainrate and ice water path is greatly reduced where shallow convections exist. The results also show that given a similar surface rainrate, greater values of total water path occur over arid regions than over other land areas while the correlation between surface rainrate and total water path over such regions is smaller. Furthermore, given a similar surface rainrate, over ocean, larger values of liquid water path are observed over the intertropical convergence zone and maritime regions while smaller values appear over regions dominated by shallow convections. The explanation of the above differences in correlations is attempted using the seasonal variability of water paths and the rainfall systems' vertical structures. It is expected that the low correlation between surface rainrate and water paths will be a major obstacle for surface rainrate retrieval using microwave observations. In addition, surface rainrate always possesses a better relationship to liquid water path over ocean (or total water path over land) than to ice water path. Therefore, for surface rainrate retrievals, channels or channel combinations that can capture liquid water signal over ocean (or total water signal over land) are preferable to those solely containing ice water information.
Influence of thermo-elastic stress on fracture initiation during CO2 injection and storage

Abstract During large-scale storage, the temperature of CO 2 entering a storage formation may be significantly lower than the formation temperature. This difference in temperature introduces a thermo-elastic stress that reduces the critical pressure required for initiation of fractures. The initiation and propagation of fractures from injection wells are primary considerations during project risk assessment. The nominal fracture gradient does not account for thermo-elastic effects. Consequently, nominally safe injection rates could nevertheless create fractures. This work describes a model with which operators and regulators can estimate the safe injection pressure range to avoid fracture initiation at an injection well. We design a simple model for heat transfer in the wellbore and use it to predict the range of bottom hole fluid temperature, and hence the range of thermo-elastic stress, for different storage strategies. We use the model to evaluate the sensitivity of thermo-elastic stress to thermal and operating parameters, then relate the thermo-elastic stress to the critical pressure for fracture initiation. A dimensionless group is introduced to describe the influence of injection rate and heat transfer between wellbore fluid and surrounding formation. Commercial software (PROSPER) is used to verify the simple heat transfer model in different injection strategies. The model offers several insights into risk mitigation. The range of wellbore heat transfer coefficients for which thermo-elastic effects are small provides a performance target for wellbore construction and completion materials, should an operator wish to reduce fracturing risk in this manner. Thermo-elastic stress in shale is typically larger than in sandstone. Thus injection into a storage formation near its overlying seal could lead to fracturing the seal even when the storage formation remains intact. The thermoelastic effect is more significant in shallow formations because the difference between formation and bottomhole temperature changes slowly at greater depths. Thus achieving commercial storage rates without inducing fractures will be easier in deeper formations. The safe injection rate does not increase in proportion to an increase in formation permeability because the influence of thermo-elastic stress is greater in high permeability formation. These observations suggest that further work should be undertaken to determine the extent to which fractures propagate, once initiated.
Wheel wear mechanisms for silicon grinding: a literature review

Grinding is an important flattening process for manufacturing of silicon wafers. The wear of grinding wheels has significant impacts on the manufacturing cost of silicon wafers and the quality of ground wafers. However, a thorough literature search has not resulted in any studies on wheel wear mechanisms in silicon grinding. The lack of understanding and knowledge about wheel wear mechanisms in silicon grinding has become a major barrier to the development of better wheels for the silicon wafer industry. This paper reviews the literature on the wear mechanisms for conventional wheels when grinding metals and for diamond wheels when grinding ceramics, aiming to provide a springboard for research on wheel wear mechanisms when grinding silicon wafers. It covers the types of wheel wear mechanisms, measurement methods for the wheel wear mechanisms, models constructed to study the wear mechanisms and feasibility of applying/extending them to silicon grinding. It concludes with a discussion on the challenges of conducting the research on wheel wear mechanisms in silicon grinding.