cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exponentially Harmonic Maps, Gauss Maps and Gauss Sections

We investigate the relationship of Ricci form, exponential tension field and tension field of the Gauss map of an immersion from a Riemannian manifold into a Riemannian space form. We also study exponentially harmonic Gauss sections which are the critical points of the vertical exponential energy through arbitrary vertical variations. We calculate the first variation of vertical exponential energy functional and discuss some related material.
Aorto-femoral Graft: A 30-Year Follow-Up

A 40-year-old male underwent aorto-bifemoral graft reconstruction in 1989 followed by three revisions during a 30-year follow up. The prognosis of aortoiliac atherosclerosis in young adults is discussed.
A comprehensive conductivity model for drift and micro-tearing modes

The parallel electrical conductivity is a crucial parameter in the study of the linear stability of drift-modes like the micro-tearing mode (MTM). The conductivity enters by closing the electromagnetic tearing layer equations. Recent progress in the understanding of the pedestal suggests that the MTM could play an important role in its structure and evolution. For this reason, we revisit and improve previous model conductivities. This parameter is generally derived from the linearized drift kinetic equation. In the past literature, it has been computed using either simplified collision operators or neglecting the spatial dependence away from the rational surface. A fully consistent expression for the conductivity that would accurately model the pedestal has not been available. By applying a novel variational procedure and with the full Fokker Plank collision operator, including electron–electron collisions, we compute a closed expression for the parallel electrical conductivity in the form of a rational function.
Learning from Our Stories: Incorporating Free Spaces as a Necessity in Antiracist Social Studies Teacher Education

This instrumental case study illustrates the necessity of free spaces within antiracist teacher education. The author uses antiracism and free spaces as a theoretical lens to examine the experience...
Adjustable graded augmentation of superior rectus transposition for treatment of abducens nerve palsy and Duane syndrome.

Purpose To report the results of adjustable graded augmentation of superior rectus transposition, a novel modification of superior rectus transposition (SRT) designed to reduce postoperative vertical or torsional diplopia. Methods The medical records of patients who underwent adjustable graded augmentation of SRT with or without adjustable medial rectus recession (MRc) from February 2017 to December 2019 were reviewed retrospectively. A Mendez ring was used to monitor torsional change after transposition of the superior rectus muscle to the lateral rectus muscle and after sequential placement of 2 or 3 augmentation sutures by superior rectus–lateral rectus loop myopexy. If excessive mechanical intorsion was induced, the responsible augmentation suture was severed intraoperatively. If torsional or vertical diplopia was noted after recovery, the distal-most augmentation suture was cut. Exotropia was managed by severing the distal-most augmentation suture or by medial rectus adjustment. Results A total of 8 patients who underwent adjustable graded augmentation of SRT were included (6 using the 3-suture technique): 3 for esotropic Duane syndrome, 2 for abducens nerve palsy, 1 for Moebius syndrome, and 2 for combined trochlear and abducens nerve palsies. Of the 8 patients, 4 had prior strabismus surgery, and 1 patient had previously undergone treatment with botulinum toxin. Severing one augmentation suture in 3 cases resolved vertical (n = 2) or torsional (n = 1) diplopia and consecutive exotropia (n = 2), resulting in excellent alignment and reduction of torticollis to ≤4° in 7 cases. The technique proved insufficient in 1 patient, who had undergone 3 prior strabismus procedures. Conclusions In this study cohort, adjustable graded augmentation of SRT effectively managed the risk of postoperative vertical or torsional diplopia.
Why Is the Universe Comprehensible

Why is the universe comprehensible? How is it that we can come to know its regularities well enough to exploit them for our own gain? In this essay I argue that the nature of our comprehension lies in the mutually agreed upon methodology we use to attain that comprehension and on the basic stability of the universe. But I also argue that the very act of comprehension itself places constraints on what we can comprehend by forcing us to establish a context for our knowledge. In this way the universe has managed to conspire to make itself objectively comprehensible to subjective observers.
Oxytocin receptors in the nucleus accumbens shell are necessary for the onset of maternal behavior in post-parturient mice

Oxytocin (Oxt) signaling via its receptor, the Oxt receptor (Oxtr), is important to the onset of mammalian maternal care. Specifically, evidence suggests that Oxt signaling around the time of parturition underlies the critical shift in how pups are perceived, i.e. from aversive stimuli to rewarding stimuli. Previous work from our lab has found that both Oxtr knockout (-/-) mice and forebrain-specific Oxtr knockout (FB/FB) are more likely than controls to abandon their first litters. Based on these data, we hypothesized that this observed pup abandonment phenotype was due to a failure of the brain to switch to a more maternal state. In order to identify where in the brain Oxt signaling contributes to the onset of maternal care we performed three experiments. In Experiment 1, virgin Oxtr FB/FB females were assessed for genotypic differences in maternal behavior and c-Fos expression following maternal sensitization was quantified. In Experiment 2, c-Fos expression was quantified in Oxtr -/- and Oxtr FB/FB females following parturition. In Experiment 3, based on our findings from Experiment 2, the Oxtr in the nucleus accumbens shell (NAcc) was genetically deleted in female Oxtr floxed mice (Oxtr Flox/Flox) mice using a Cre recombinase expressing adeno-associated virus. In Experiment 1, sensitized virgin Oxtr FB/FB females had significantly lower retrieval latencies on the first day of testing and reduced c-Fos expression in the dorsal lateral septum compared to controls. In Experiment 2, increased c-Fos expression was observed in the NAcc shell of both Oxtr -/- and Oxtr FB/FB dams as compared to controls. In Experiment 3, virally mediated knockout of the Oxtr in the NAcc shell completely disrupted the onset of maternal care. Thus, by genetically deleting Oxtr expression in the NAcc the pup abandonment phenotype previously observed in Oxtr -/- mice and Oxtr FB/FB dams was recreated. Taken together, these data suggest that in post-parturient mice, Oxtr expression in the NAcc shell is critical to the onset of maternal behavior.
Metabolic power and efficiency for an amputee cyclist: implications for cycling technique

This study offers unique insight into pedaling technique and provides the “final nail in the coffin” to the notion that pulling-up improves cycling efficiency. When the requirement for pulling-up w...
ANALYTIC APERTURE CALCULATION AND SCALING LAWS FOR RADIO DETECTION OF LUNAR-TARGET ULTRA-HIGH-ENERGY NEUTRINOS

We derive analytic expressions and approximate them in closed form, for the effective detection aperture for Cerenkov radio emission from ultra-high-energy neutrinos striking the Moon. The resulting apertures are in good agreement with recent Monte Carlo simulations and support the conclusion of James and Protheroe that neutrino flux upper limits derived from the GLUE search were too low by an order of magnitude. We also use our analytic expressions to derive scaling laws for the aperture as a function of observational and lunar parameters. We find that at low frequencies downward-directed neutrinos always dominate, but at higher frequencies, the contribution from upward-directed neutrinos becomes increasingly important, especially at lower neutrino energies. Detecting neutrinos from Earth near the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuz'min regime will likely require radio telescope arrays with extremely large collecting area (A{sub e} approx 10{sup 6} m{sup 2}) and hundreds of hours exposure time. Higher-energy neutrinos are most easily detected using lower frequencies. Lunar surface roughness is a decisive factor for obtaining detections at higher frequencies (nuapprox> 300 MHz) and higher energies (E approx> 10{sup 21} eV).
Influence of urban greenspace on the early-life gut microbiome

Background. Emerging evidence suggests that early life exposure to trees and other vegetation (i.e., ‘greenspace’) may prevent development of allergies. A proposed biologic mechanism posits that hu...
Longitudinal predictors of suicidal ideation: Emerging to early adulthood.

Abstract Few studies have examined the longitudinal trajectory of suicidal ideation (SI) in community samples, particularly during emerging adulthood. Additionally, there is scant data on predictors of longer-term course of SI across this period. We examined multiple domains of adolescent psychosocial and clinical functioning as predictors of SI trajectory and explored whether biological sex moderates those associations. The data came from the Oregon Adolescent Depression Project. Participants completed self-reports of psychosocial and clinical functioning and interviews assessing psychopathology in mid-late adolescence. SI was assessed using up to seven annual mailer assessments spanning ages 19–31. Multilevel growth models found that SI declined across emerging adulthood. Multiple indices of adolescent functioning were associated with higher levels of SI three years later. Few adolescent functioning constructs predicted faster reductions in SI, and no constructs predicted slower longitudinal reductions (or increases) in SI. Similar associations were found when controlling for adolescent SI. Lastly, we found little evidence for sex differences in these associations. This work shows that adolescent functioning is largely associated with initial and enduring levels of SI. Moreover, associations were similar between sexes. Given the modest associations found across long periods of time, future research should focus on proximal risk factors for SI.
Locus Coeruleus Integrity in Older Adults with and without Chronic Pain

The locus coeruleus (LC) is a brainstem region involved in regulating pain. Chronic pain is common in older adulthood, but no studies have examined its association with the LC in humans. We used neuromelanin-sensitive imaging to study differences in LC integrity in older adults with and without chronic pain. Chronic pain was assessed in community-dwelling men from the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging (VETSA) in 3 study waves covering an average of 12 years. Pain was self-reported on the SF-36 Bodily Pain Scale. Chronic pain was defined as moderate to severe pain severity at the current and at least one prior wave; 17% had chronic pain (n=80). At the third wave, 481 participants (mean age=67.57) underwent neuromelanin-sensitive MRI scans from which we calculated an LC contrast-to-noise ratio (LCCNR) - an index of LC integrity. We examined associations between chronic pain and LCCNR (in the rostral LC and caudal regions) with generalized estimating equations after adjusting for age, race, education, depressive symptoms, medical comorbidities, and opioid medication use. Individuals with chronic pain had .35 standard deviation lower rostral LCCNR (95% CI: -.62 to -.05) compared to those without chronic pain. No differences in the caudal LCCNR were detected. Chronic pain was associated with decreased rostral LC integrity in older adults. Differences in the rostral LC, rather than caudal LC, suggest the association between lower LC integrity and chronic pain may be related to pain processing in cortical regions where rostral LC projections typically connect.
Characteristics of Materials Used by English-Speaking Linguists in their Publications: A Citation Study of Literature Requirements , Citing Functions, and Citing Trends

The study described in this paper used citation analysis as a research method to examine the significant characteristics of the literature cited by linguists and the changes in their patterns of bibliographic citations from 1969 to 1989. A total of 17,657 citations were analyzed. The investigated variables included form, time span, language distribution, subject dispersion. . .
Sensor control and scheduling strategies for sensor networks

We investigate sensor control and scheduling strategies to most effectively use the limited resources of an ad hoc network or closed-loop sensor network. In this context, we examine the following three problems. Where to focus sensing? Certain types of sensors, such as cameras or radars, are unable to simultaneously collect high fidelity data from all environmental locations, and thus require some sort of sensing strategy. Considering a meteorological radar network, we show that the main benefits of optimizing sensing over expected future states of the environment are when there are multiple small phenomena in the environment. Considering multiple users, we show that the problem of call admission control (i.e., deciding which sensing requests to satisfy) in the context of a virtualized private sensor network can be solved in polynomial time when sensor requests are divisible or fixed in time. When sensor requests are indivisible but may be shifted in time, we show that the call admission control problem is NP-complete. How to make sensing robust to delayed and dropped packets? In a closed-loop sensor network, data collected by the sensors determines each sensor's future data collection strategy. Network delays, however, constrain the quantity of data received by the time a control decision must be made, and consequently affect the quality of the computed sensor control. We investigate the value of separate handling of sensor control and data traffic, during times of congestion, in a closed-loop sensor network. Grounding our analysis in a meteorological radar network, we show that prioritizing sensor control traffic decreases the round-trip control-loop delay, and thus increases the quantity and quality of the collected data and improves application performance. How to make routing robust to network changes? In wireless sensor and mobile ad-hoc networks, variable link characteristics and node mobility give rise to changing network conditions. We propose a routing algorithm that selects a type of routing subgraph (a braid) that is robust to changes in the network topology. We analytically characterize the reliability of a class of braids and their optimality properties, and give counter-examples to other conjectured optimality properties in a well-structured (grid) network. Comparing with dynamic source routing, we show that braid routing can significantly decrease control overhead while only minimally degrading the number of packets delivered, with gains dependent on node density.
Biosynthetic Polydeoxynucleotides as Direct Templates for Polypeptide Synthesis

Abstract Homopolydeoxynucleotides containing pyrimidine bases, and random copolydeoxynucleotides of purines and pyrimidines or pyrimidines only, have been found to stimulate directly the incorporation of amino acids into acid-insoluble material in a neomycin-modified, cell-free system from Escherichia coli. In contrast, homopolydeoxynucleotides and random copolydeoxynucleotides containing only purine bases show no messenger activity in this system. Purine-containing triplets are read when the copolymer has a purine to pyrimidine ratio of 1:1, but not when this ratio is 2:1. The extent of amino acid incorporation with the active polydeoxynucleotide messengers is similar to that obtained with the ribose analogues, and the amino acids incorporated under the direction of the polyribo- and polydeoxyribonucleotide analogues are identical. No misreading of polydeoxynucleotide templates has been observed.
A Framework for Task Scheduling and Memory Partitioning for Multi-Processor System-on-Chip

The growing trend in current complex embedded systems is the use of multiprocessor system-on-chip (MPSoC). An MPSoC consists of multiple heterogeneous processing elements, a memory hierarchy, and input/output components which are linked together by an on-chip interconnect structure. Using such an architecture provides the flexibility to meet the performance requirements of multimedia applications while respecting the constraints on memory, cost, size, time and power. Such embedded systems employ software-managed memories known as scratch-pad memories (SPM). Scratchpad memories, unlike caches, are software-controlled and hence the execution time of applications on such systems can be accurately predicted and controlled. Scheduling the tasks of an application on the processors as well as partitioning the available SPM budget among those processors are two critical issues in reducing the overall computation time as well as the communication overhead. Traditionally, the step of task scheduling is applied separately from the memory partitioning step. Such a decoupled approach may miss better quality schedules. In this paper, we present an effective heuristic that integrates task allocation and SPM partitioning to further reduce the execution time of embedded applications. Results on several real life benchmarks show the significant improvement of our proposed technique compared to decoupled techniques as well as to an integer-linear programming approach.
Insights in Public Health: Perspectives on Pain in the Low Back and Neck: Global Burden, Epidemiology, and Management

Low back pain (LBP) is a major public health problem worldwide. All age groups are affected, including children and adolescents,1 with 1%–2% of adults in the United States being disabled as a result.2 Back and neck pain (NP) are two of the most common reasons for visits to primary care physicians and chiropractors in the United States and cause considerable disability and financial burden.3 Although people don't die from low back or neck pain, the morbidity toll is enormous from both personal and societal perspectives. Both are reported by more patients and have a higher impact in the workforce, as well as financially, than any other musculoskeletal disorder and most other clinical conditions. 4 In 2005 only heart disease and stroke had substantially higher medical expenditures than spine disorders in the United States.5 The large and rising spine-related health-care expenditures over the last decade do not seem to be associated with improved self-assessed health status, or improvement in functional ability, work limitations or social functioning.5 In this article, we take a step back to look at this toll, and look ahead to see where we, as individuals and as a society, should go in order to reduce the burden of back and neck pain.
Recycling of Synaptic Vesicles

Publisher Summary A widely accepted model describes the synaptic vesicle cycle as a modification of the receptor-mediated recycling pathway present in all cells. This pathway, by which cell surface receptors, like transferrin or low-density lipoprotein receptors, are internalized and recycled back to the surface, involves two distinct vesicular transport steps: clathrin-mediated budding from the plasma membrane and fusion with early endosomes and budding from endosomes of vesicles destined to the plasma membrane. The membrane composition of synaptic vesicles and of clathrin-coated vesicles purified from synaptosomes is very similar. The clathrin adaptor complex AP2, a component of the plasma membrane-derived clathrin coat, binds to synaptotagmin. The paralytic shibire Drosophilu mutants , whose nerve terminals are depleted of synaptic vesicles at the restrictive temperature due to selective impairment of synaptic vesicle endocytosis, harbor mutations in dynamin, a guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) implicated in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Fission of clathrin-coated pits to form free vesicles requires dynamin. Dynamin was originally described as a microtubule-binding protein, but its function in synaptic vesicle recycling was revealed when the similarity to the protein encoded by the Drosophilu gene shibire was discovered. Until recently, most studies on synaptic vesicle recycling have focused on the role of proteins. There is increasing evidence, however, for a role of lipids and of phosphoinositides in particular, in synaptic vesicle endocytosis.
Velocity Distributions of Ion Beams in the Plasma Sheet Boundary Layer

The value of measured ion-beam velocity distributions as diagnostic tools to characterize the propagation and acceleration of particle beams in the plasma-sheet boundary layer is assessed. Models based on adiabatic deformation of a flowing Maxwellian, acceleration by field-aligned potentials, and current-sheet acceleration are fitted to observational data, and the results are presented in extensive diagrams and graphs. The data are found to be consistent with models involving field-aligned or cross-tail potential drops, but not with models based solely on the adiabatic deformation of initially isotropic distributions.
Fabrication of fiber reinforced ceramic composites by chemical vapor infiltration

Ceramic fiber-ceramic matrix composites were prepared using the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. Our major goal of significantly reducing the infiltration times was accomplished. We have conceived a process, fabricated hardware, and demonstrated on a laboratory scale a process which permits CVD infiltration of an SiC fibrous preform with either an Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ or SiC matrix in 2 to 12 h. The process should be applicable to infiltration of fibrous preforms prepared by slurry molding, stacking of layers of cloth, or filament winding. Two types of composites (SiC-Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ and SiC-SiC) have been produced at densities of about 2.0 Mg/m/sup 3/ which was near the desired range. A scheme has also been conceived whereby the new infiltration process could be used for fabrication of tubes or hollow cylinders. This is an important advance since the ability to fabricate tubes or hollow cylinders would offer the hope that the process could be used for fabrication of toughened, high-strength heat exchanger tubes, heat engine cylinder liners and valve guides. 19 references, 7 figures, 1 table.
Ocular Disturbances in Diabetes

Excerpt Definite changes are found in the eyes of a large number of patients in whom there is an increased blood-sugar content. One of these changes is functional, the rest are pathological. It is ...
Reinventing the Wheel: British Adaptation to the U-Boat Menace of World War I and the Eventual Adoption of Convoys, 1914-18

Conventional wisdom states that innovation is a necessary process in most competitive ventures. Firms must innovate to get ahead of their competitors and adapt to the market. Government agencies must innovate to meet the challenges of domestic politics. Military organizations must innovate in order to be victorious. This project seeks to test this proposition in the realm of military innovation and adaptation. How far does military innovation get a combatant state in wartime? In other words, are there “first-mover” advantages to innovation? Does it bring success in wartime, and under what circumstances are the adapters to innovation successful against the innovators?
Effects of intraduodenal amino acids, fatty acids, and sugars on secretin concentrations.

The effects of amino acids, fatty acids, iso- and hypertonic solutions of sugars on serum concentrations of immunoreactive secretin (IRS) were investigated in anesthetized dogs. The test substances, an 8.5% amino acid mixture, a 50 mm sodium oleate solution, an oleic acid bile mixture, 5% fructose, 40% sucrose, and 9% sodium chloride solutions were infused intraduodenally at constant rates. HCl (160 mm) was infused at the end of most experiments to demonstrate responsiveness of the animals. Infusion of amino acids, sodium oleate, the oleic acid bile mixture, and 5% fructose all failed to significantly change portal or femoral venous IRS concentrations. Sodium chloride (9%) caused a slight depression, whereas 40% sucrose resulted in a slight increase in IRS concentrations; however, both changes were not statistically significant. In contrast, HCl invariably increased portal and femoral venous IRS concentration several-fold. HCl was also the only substance that resulted in increased pancreatic flow and bicarbonate excretion. These findings suggest that oleic acid, amino acids, fructose, and hyperosmolar solutions at the concentrations tested have no major effect on IRS release. Therefore, at this time, HCl remains the only known physiological substance which has been shown by direct measurement to reproducibly promote secretin secretion.
On the timoshenko buckling load of thin walled cylindrical shells

A technique is presented for simulating simply supported boundary conditions in axial cylinder buckling experiments. An internal mandrel is employed. The geometric and material constants of the mandrel can be carefully selected allowing it to expand, through a Poisson effect, at the same rate as the shell. The mandrel provides an expansion mechanism for the edges of the shell which allows the shell's generators to remain straight until buckling occurs. In addition, the mandrel can also be used to limit buckle deformations to the elastic region.
Surface instability and mass transfer during the bonding of ice spheres

The morphological changes occurring in a vertically aligned, one-dimensional ice sphere array under quasi-isothermal conditions were investigated as a geometrically simplified model of snow aggregates, in order to understand the mechanisms operating during the bonding of ice crystals. Time-lapse three-dimensional images of the specimen were obtained using computed X-ray micro-tomography, in order to characterize the time-dependent structural evolution of the specimen. Fine-scale structural features were examined immediately after the time-lapse observations using a scanning electron microscope equipped with a cryo-system. Porous necks between adjacent ice spheres were observed to develop via the growth of small protrusions on the surface of the ice spheres. The instability of the specimen surface, i.e. the initially smooth surface breaking down into small protrusions, was analysed using the model proposed by Mullins and Sekerka. The analysis indicates the strong influence of the wavelength of the protrusi...
Effects of sodium and zinc neutralization on large deformation hysteresis of an ethylene methacrylic acid butyl acrylate copolymer

The mechanical hysteresis and recovery behaviors of an elastomeric ethylene methacrylic acid butyl acrylate (EMAABA) copolymer, its sodium-neutralized (EMAABANa) and zinc-neutralized (EMAABAZn) counterparts are evaluated and compared under large strain loading conditions. Experiments at different rates, under cyclic loading conditions and in relaxation indicate two major hysteresis mechanisms: a characteristic viscoelastic mechanism operative at all strains and a microstructural evolution/breakdown mechanism incurred during large strains. Loading-unloading cycles show large rate-dependent hysteresis loops with significant recovery of strain upon unloading, revealing a highly dissipative yet resilient behavior. The microstructure breakdown mechanism occurs during the initial strain excursion as revealed by subsequent loading cycles showing a significantly more compliant behavior and dramatically reduced hysteresis loops. The neutralized materials are found to be significantly stiffer, stronger and more dissipative compared to the neat material while still retaining the same level of recovery. Therefore the neutralization of this material provides an excellent means to tune stiffness and dissipation while retaining resilience, providing mechanical performance properties attractive for abrasion, impact and puncture resistant applications.
Is Brain Gym® an Effective Educational Intervention?

Brain Gym® (BG; BGI, 2008) is a popular commercial program sold by Brain Gym® International (BGI). Making extravagant claims for improved intellectual and physical development, it is used in more than 80 countries. While BGI's claims are persuasive, to date there is little empirical evidence validating the approach. We examine some theoretical assumptions from which BGI was developed, review the efficacy literature, and provide suggestions for making informed decisions about the judiciousness of investing time and resources in this program.
Immortalization of human oral keratinocytes is associated with elevation of telomerase activity and shortening of telomere length.

Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex that synthesizes TTAGGG repeat sequences at the ends of mammalian chromosomes. Its activity is found in most cancer cells and few rare normal somatic cells. To investigate whether telomerase activity and telomere length of normal human oral keratinocytes (NHOK) are altered by human papillomaviruses (HPV), we transfected primary NHOK with type 16 HPV (HPV-16) genome and determined the activity of telomerase. HPV transfection extended the life span of NHOK and eventually induced immortalization of cells. Moderate telomerase activity was consistently observed in rapidly proliferating NHOK, and activity was not changed in HPV-16 transfected cells with extended life span. However, the activity was sharply increased when cells passed the crisis stage. Telomere length, which remained constant at approximately 6.8 kb during serial passages of NHOK, progressively shortened in HPV DNA transfected cells during the period of extended life span and continued until crisis, after which it stabilized at approximately 5 kb. These results demonstrate that immortalization of NHOK with HPV-16 DNA is associated with the activation of telomerase.
Short communication: effect of oilseed supplementation of an herbage diet on ruminal fermentation in continuous culture.

Abstract A 4-unit continuous culture fermentor system was used to evaluate the effects of oilseed supplementation of an herbage-based diet on nutrient digestibility, fermentation profile, and bacterial nitrogen (N) synthesis. Treatments were randomly assigned to fermentors in a 4×4 Latin square design with 7d for diet adaptation and 3d for data and sample collection. Dietary treatments were an herbage-only diet (HERB), or the following ground oilseeds supplemented to an herbage-based diet at 10% of total dry matter (DM) fed: flaxseed (FLAX), canola (CAN), or sunflower (SUN). Apparent DM, organic matter, and neutral detergent fiber digestibility were not affected by diet, averaging 62, 68, and 78%, respectively. True DM and organic matter digestibility were not affected by diet, averaging 78 and 82%, respectively. Fermentor pH and total volatile fatty acids were not affected by diet. Branched-chain volatile fatty acids tended to be lower for HERB compared with the 3 oilseed diets. Ammonia N concentrations were lowest for the HERB diet. Crude protein digestibility was not affected by diet. Flow of NH 3 -N was lowest for the HERB diet reflecting the lowest culture concentration of NH 3 -N. Bacterial N flows were lowest for HERB and SUN diets, intermediate for FLAX, and greatest for CAN. Flows of total N, non-NH 3 -N, and dietary N were not affected by diet. Likewise, efficiency of bacterial N synthesis was not affected by diet. Supplementation with FLAX, CAN, or SUN at 10% of total DM fed did not affect nutrient digestibility or ruminal fermentation compared with an all-herbage diet. The oilseeds tested herein may be considered as alternative energy supplements for grazing dairy cows, particularly during times of low availability of corn. However, in vivo studies are needed to further evaluate the effects of oilseeds supplementation of an herbage-based diet on milk production and composition (specifically human-beneficial fatty acids).
Out of class communication between faculty and students: A faculty perspective

While many scholars recognize that the process of education extends beyond the formal classroom, relatively little research has focused on the role of communication in this area. This article focuses on out of class (OOC) communication between faculty and students. First, the benefits of OOC contact for students, faculty, and educational institutions; the frequency of such contact; and what is known about the roles of student and instructor sex in such contexts are explored. Then, the results of a study exploring the roles of faculty perceptions of instructor empathy, relational topoi, and instructor sex are reported. The findings indicate that these variables all relate to the amount and kinds of OOC communication that occur.
Variable temperature 1H NMR studies of [M(COD)(μ-L)]2 (M=Rh, Ir; L=substituted hydroxypyridinate). Facile intramolecular bridging ligand exchange and metal-metal bond cleavage

Abstract The variable temperature 1 H NMR spectra of [M(COD)(μ-L)] 2 (M  Rh, Ir: L = 2-hydroxypyridinate (μ-hp), 6-methyl-2-hydroxypyridinate (mhp)) in toluene- d 8 solutions are described. Our analysis of the 1 H NMR spectra indicates that the binuclear hydroxypyridinate complexes undergo fluxional processes significantly different than previously studied mononuclear analogues. Two distinct exchange processes interconvert nonequivalent COD protons in [Rh(COD)(μ-hp)], but only the lower energy process is observed in [Ir(COD)(μ-hp)] 2 . The resonances of the bridging ligands are essentially unaffected by temperature changes. The low energy process (process 1) interconverts COD hydrogens trans to N with those trans to O, but does not interconvert “inside” with “outside”ogens. The second process (process 2), observed for [Rh(COD)(μ-hp)] 2 , interconverts inside with outside protons. Line shape analyses of the variable temperature spectra of the hp complexes yielded the rates and activation parameters of processes 1 and 2. Analogous behavior was observed for [Ir(COD)(μ-mhp)] 2 and [Rh(COD)(μ-mhp)] 2 . No exchange behaviour was observed in the spectrum of the related complex, [Ir(COD)(μ-pz)] 2 . The effects of concentration, added COD, and added nucleophile (acetonitrile) on the rates of exchange are discussed. “Cross-over” experiments, in which two different [M(COD)(μ-L)] 2 species were mixed together, demonstrate that process 1 is strictly intramolecular. The rotation and/or dissociation of COD ligands, the complete dissociation of the bridging ligands and the rupture of the M-M interaction are not involved with process 1. Process 1 must involve only motion of the bridging ligands, and does not involve the formation of mononuclear intermediates. For process 2, dissociation of COD was ruled out, but the rotation of the coordinated diene or the inversion of the 8-membered metallocyclic ring are viable mechanisms. Cross-over experiments show that at temperatures where the rate of process 2 is appreciable, metal-metal and bridging ligand exchange occurs. These results, and the large positive entropy of activation of process 2 in [Rh(COD)(μ-hp)] 2 imply a dissociative mechanism. Process 2 has a substantially higher activation barrier in [Ir(COD)(μ-hp)] 2 than in [Rh(COD)(μ-hp)] 2 , consistent with the stronger M-M interaction expected for the Ir 2 complex. Both proposed pathways for process 2 involve substantial weakening of the M-M interaction.
Re-Conceiving Quality: Political Economy and the Rise of Hedonic Price Indexes

Prior to the 1960s most American economists rejected hedonic techniques as a solution to the problem of quality change in price indexes. I argue that behind that judgment lay a deeper conceptual divide over how best to define and assess product quality: through expert testing or through market price differentials. Most American economists working on price indexes at the time had ties to the U.S. consumer movement, which emphasized consumer ignorance and promoted expert analysis as the only reliable guide to product quality. During the postwar era, these ties began to dissolve, and as younger economists more readily accepted the market as an arbiter of quality, they likewise saw the econometric analysis of prices and product characteristics as a logical and unproblematic tool for handling quality change in price indexes.
Genitourinary spheroidal membrane (GSM) for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence

Fourteen female patients with stress urinary incontinence were implanted with the genitourinary spheroidal membrane (GSM) device (Bard), a percutaneous implantable spheroidal membrane for the treatment of urinary incontinence through localized tissue expansion. Most patients had undergone previous pelvic surgery and suffered from significant medical problems. The placement of the GSM was performed under local anesthesia, with the help of fluoroscopy, cystoscopy and digital examination. The GSM was inserted and inflated close to the posterior urethra, causing its coaptation. Mean patient follow-up is 33 months. Eight patients are now completely dry (57.1%) and 2 are significantly improved (14.3%), with a success rate of (71.4%). The remaining 4 patients (27.6%) are considered failures. Migration of the GSM into the bladder was noticed on three occasions. Two extrusions into the vaginal wall were encountered. GSM replacements were performed without ill effects. Preliminary findings suggest that the GSM prosthesis may be a simple and safe alternative for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence. The device is still in the experimental stage and further studies in Europe have been started.
Distinct roles for hepcidin and interleukin-6 in the recovery from anemia in mice injected with heat-killed Brucella abortus

Anemia of inflammation (AI) is commonly observed in chronic inflammatory states and may hinder patient recovery and survival. Induction of hepcidin, mediated by interleukin 6, leads to iron-restricted erythropoiesis and anemia. Several translational studies have been directed at neutralizing hepcidin overexpression as a therapeutic strategy against AI. However, additional hepcidin-independent mechanisms contribute to AI, which are likely mediated by a direct effect of inflammatory cytokines on erythropoiesis. In this study, we used wild-type, hepcidin knockout (Hamp-KO) and interleukin 6 knockout (IL-6-KO) mice as models of AI. AI was induced with heat-killed Brucella abortus (BA). The distinct roles of iron metabolism and inflammation triggered by interleukin 6 and hepcidin were investigated. BA-treated wild-type mice showed increased expression of hepcidin and inflammatory cytokines, as well as transitory suppression of erythropoiesis and shortened red blood cell lifespan, all of which contributed to the severe anemia of these mice. In contrast, BA-treated Hamp-KO or IL-6-KO mice showed milder anemia and faster recovery compared with normal mice. Moreover, they exhibited different patterns in the development and resolution of anemia, supporting the notion that interleukin 6 and hepcidin play distinct roles in modulating erythropoiesis in AI.
Prevention of neural tube defects by nucleotide precursors in the curly tail mouse

Evaluation of: Leung KY, De Castro SC, Savery D et al. Nucleotide precursors prevent folic acid-resistant neural tube defects in the mouse. Brain 136(Pt 9), 2836–2841 (2013). In this study, the authors examined the effects of treating curly tail mutant mice, a folate-resistant mouse model, with specific combinations of pyrimidine and purine nucleotide precursors in an effort to prevent neural tube defects. These investigators found that the prevalence of neural tube defects in the group treated with combinations of thymidine and purine nucleotide precursors was significantly lower than that observed in the control groups. Before combination of nucleotide precursors can be used as a new neural tube defect intervention strategy, the beneficial effects, the side effects, as well as other physiological consequences have to be carefully evaluated and compared with other folate-resistant mice and, ultimately, investigated in human cohorts.
Smartphone Use to Answer Clinical Questions: A Descriptive Study of APNs

This study examines the use of smartphones by Alabama Advanced Practice Nurses to find information to address clinical questions and seeks to describe the types of questions answered using smartphones; barriers to information seeking; apps and online resources perceived as most helpful; and training/resource needs. Information collected in this study can be used by libraries that serve nursing students to develop training and resources to assist both nursing students and practicing nurses to become more efficient and effective information seekers.
Functional and neurochemical correlates of potentiation of striatal asymmetry by callosal section

AFTER lesions have been made in one side of the nigro-striatal system, rats have been found to rotate when administered drugs which release dopamine (such as amphetamines) or activate dopamine receptors (such as apomorphine) in the corpus striatum (see for example refs 1 and 2). Because this circling effect is specific to the nigro-striatal system3 and because it has been established that rats consistently rotate contralateral to the more active striatum (for example ref. 4), the lesion–rotation paradigm is now commonly used as a model for the study of nigro-striatal function. Studies5,6 in our laboratory have shown that rats without lesions also rotate when administered doses of the same drugs larger than those administered to lesioned rats. As in lesioned rats, the directoin of rotation is consistent for normal rats; when tested on several different occasions with the same dose of the same drug, some rats consistently rotate to the right and others rotate to the left. This suggested that normal rats have an intrinsic asymmetry between left and right sides of the nigro-striatal system which is accentuated by drugs. This functional asymmetry corresponds to a chemical asymmetry7: the dopamine contents of normal left and right striata were found to differ by 10–15%. After administration of (+)-amphetamine, the dopamine contents of left and right striata were found to differ by 25%. Moreover, in response to (+)-amphetamine, rats consistently rotated contralateral to the side containing the most dopamine. This normal asymmetry suggests an inter-hemispheric mechanism that maintains or regulates the asymmetry. Mensah and Deadwyler8 demonstrated in rats a pathway between left and right caudate nuclei coursing through the ventral corpus callosum. It seemed plausible that this pathway may be part of the mechanism maintaining striatal asymmetry. We have now found that the striatal asymmetry is potentiated, both functionally and chemically, by callosal section.
A Simple Method to Estimate Volume for Fetal Intravascular Transfusions

We derived a constant termed the transfusion coefficient to simplify the estimation of the fetal intravascular transfusion volume. The product of the estimated fetal weight (g) and 0.02 (transfusion coefficient), estimates the transfusion volume (ml) required to increase the fetal hematocrit by approximately 10 percentage points. Our estimation was comparable to Mandelbrot's technique and better than Plecas' method for estimating fetal transfusion volumes. Utilizing the transfusion coefficient to estimate the intravascular transfusion volume for an anemic fetus is simple, rapid and accurate.
Physiologic and cellular insulin action in a glucose-intolerant model of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes in rats.

A B-cell-deficient model for Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus has been investigated with regard to insulin action at the cellular level. Two-day-old male Sprague Dawley rats were injected with streptozotocin (90 mg/kg) or citrate buffer. At 6 weeks streptozotocin-treated animals were hyperglycaemic and exhibited glucose intolerance, e.g. at 45 min post-glucose (1.5 g/kg) the change in serum glucose level from baseline was 6±7 mg% in control rats vs. 212±18 mg% for the streptozotocin-treated rats. Basal activity and insulin action in isolated adipocytes, as estimated by 2-deoxyglucose uptake and glucose metabolism, were not influenced by streptozotocin treatment. For example, uptake of 0.1 mmol/l 2-deoxyglucose at 1000 μU insulin/ml was 58±8 pmol/105 cells min−1 vs 54±6 pmol for adipocytes isolated from experimental vs. control animals. Although serum insulin levels in streptozotocin-treated rats were significantly decreased (p<0.05), there was no difference in insulin receptor number or affinity. Glucose intolerance present in this model is similar to that in Type 2 diabetes. However, concomitant insulin intolerance was not observed. Taken together with our findings of unaltered insulin action at the cellular level, this suggests that the pathogenesis of insulin resistance is not dependent on glucose intolerance. Moreover, this hyperglycaemic model is responsive to oral hypoglycaemic agents and can be used to establish their direct effects on physiologic and cellular insulin action.
VIBRATIONAL ANALYSIS OF PALYGORSKITE AND SEPIOLITE

Lattice dynamic calculations for the sepiolite and palygorskite structures using polarized Raman and FTIR spectra provide a fundamental basis for interpreting spectral features by assigning vibrational modes. The Si–O stretch and O–Si–O bond bending force constants determined for palygorskite are similar to equivalent values calculated previously for other phyllosilicates. The Mg–O bond stretch values, on the other hand, are about half of those determined for the equivalent Al–O and Mg–O bond stretch environments in other phyllosilicates, suggesting that the bonding within the octahedral ribbons in palygorskite and sepiolite is weaker than that in the continuous octahedral sheets in micas. The weaker bonding allows more flexible octahedral environments in palygorskite and sepiolite, giving rise to higher probabilities for cation substitutions and vacancies relative to the micas. Above ~700 cm −1 in the IR and 750 cm −1 in the Raman spectra, the eigenmodes are dominated by atomic displacements within the silicate sheets. Below 700 cm −1 the eigenmodes become mixed with motions among the Mg octahedra and the silicate sheets; the eigenmodes assigned to the most prominent peaks in the Raman spectra (near 700 cm −1 ) belong to this group. As mode frequencies decrease, the corresponding eigenmodes evolve from more localized Mg-O stretch, O-Mg-O bend and O-Si-O bend motions to longer-range motions such as silicate sheet deformations caused by silicate tetrahedra rotation and silicate sheet shearing around the Mg-octahedral sheets.
Tacit knowledge in an age of reform

This article traces the periods of centralized management training in the Cyprus civil service, from Independence in 1960 to the mid 1990s. For each period, an original analysis of the purpose for, the approach to and the focus of the training is given. These three perspectives correspond, respectively, to why training is provided, how it is designed and what it covers. It is then asked whether tacit assumptions about management training accruing from these historical periods might not affect civil servants' current attitudes toward training for reform. To answer this question, a case study is presented of recent department-specific management development, against which - in reverse order - each of the three questions above is examined. Evidence is presented that suggests participants undergoing the training experienced an interplay in the formation of their knowledge between tacit and explicit knowing. This finding is in turn held up against recent research from Japan, where conversions in knowledge-crea...