cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complete mathematical analysis of predator-prey models with linear prey growth and Beddington-DeAngelis functional response

The dynamics of a predator-prey model with a Beddington-DeAngelis functional response and linear intrinsic growth rate of the prey population is fully analyzed. Conditions on local and global stability of the interior equilibrium are established. The equilibria type are determined. All possible global asymptotic behaviors of the system are considered, including the determination of the extinction conditions and existence of periodic orbits. It is shown that mutual interference between predators can alone stabilize predator-prey interactions even when only a linear intrinsic growth rate of the prey population is considered in the mathematical model. Additional biological implications and a set of numerical simulations supporting the analysis are also presented.
Electronic spin transition of iron in the Earth’s lower mantle

Silicate perovskite and ferropericlase are thought to be the primary constituents of the lower mantle, whereas silicate post-perovskite is more likely found in the lowermost mantle. Because these minerals contain certain amounts of iron, their properties and, consequently, those of the deep mantle, are strongly influenced by iron’s spin and valence states. A high-spin to low-spin crossover in ferropericlase has been observed to occur in the middle part of the lower-mantle conditions. Recent Mossbauer results consistently show that Fe2 + predominantly exhibits extremely high quadrupole splittings in perovskite and post-perovskite, whereas a high-spin to low-spin transition of Fe3 + in the octahedral site occurs at high pressures. These results provide a new venue for discussion of the effects of the spin and valence states of iron on the physical and chemical properties of the lower mantle.
Metamorphosis of spinal-projecting neurons in the brain of the sea lamprey during transformation of the larva to adult: Normal anatomy and response to axotomy

The spinal projecting system of the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) has been used extensively in studies of axonal regeneration in both larvae and adults. However, little is known about the changes that are undergone by this system during metamorphosis. In order to determine the developmental changes in the size of the descending spinal projection and in the morphology of its neurons, larval, transforming, and adult lamprey brains were labeled by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injected into the spinal cord at 25% of body length. Examination of brain wholemount preparations revealed that the total number of labeled neurons doubled during metamorphosis. Most of this increase could be explained by elongation of reticulospinal axons from the rostralmost segments of the spinal cord to locations caudal to the injection site. There were no additions or deletions of either identified reticulospinal neurons or of reticulospinal nuclear groups between the larval and the adult stages. The proportions of Muller and Mauthner cells that were labeled reached a maximum of 93% during the early stages of metamorphosis. Axons of these neurons are known to project almost the entire length of the cord, even in larvae. Therefore, the efficiency of retrograde transport appears to be greater during metamorphosis than during larval or adult stages. While changes in efficiency of retrograde transport could account for some of the apparent increase in reticulospinal neuron numbers between larvae and animals undergoing metamorphosis, this could not contribute to the further increase in the apparent size of the reticulospinal system in the adult, since efficiency of retrograde labeling in these animals was lower than that at earlier stages. With retrograde labeling, a significant increase was seen in the profusion of dendritic arborization of some Muller and Mauthner cells during the early stages of metamorphosis. This correlated with an increase in the incidence of extreme axonal die-back, as indicated by the presence of retraction bulbs within the brainstem. However, intracellular injection of Neurobiotin in untransected animals showed similar degrees of dendritic arborization at all examined stages of development. Therefore, the dendritic profusion did not reflect developmental changes in neuronal morphology but rather reflected an increased sensitivity to axotomy during metamorphosis. We conclude that, during the transformation of the lamprey from the large larval to the adult form, there is little change in either the size or the dendritic morphology of the identified giant reticulospinal neurons. With respect to the smaller reticulospinal neurons, the distance of projection of many of their axons increases during metamorphosis, but there is very little increase in the number of reticulospinal neurons. © 1995 Wiley-Liss Inc.
SU-FF-T-93: A Clinical Comparison of Two IMRT Planning Systems for Small Field Conformal Therapy of Intracranial Lesions

Purpose: To evaluate BrainLab (BL) IMRT dose distributions for small intracranial lesions by comparing target dose coverage, homogeneity and conformity, and critical structures sparing, as well as agreement with measurements to a clinical Eclipse IMRT system. Method and Materials: Three clinical cases with varying volume lesions enclosing portions of organs at risk (OAR) were planned with BL and Eclipse IMRT modules for dynamic 120‐leaf MLC delivery on a Varian 21EX. Anatomical structures were contoured, and transferred to both systems to ensure a common starting point. Optimization was carried out using identical non‐coplanar beam orientations in combination with similarly specified dose goals and constraints. For two of the cases, highest priority was placed on PTV coverage, while the third required OAR sparing at the expense of PTV coverage. Plans were evaluated by dose‐volume histograms (maximum dose, conformity indices), and isodose lines (hot spots, 50% isodose volume irregularity). BL dose distributions were validated with chamber (absolute dose) and film (fluence) measurements, and Eclipse dose calculations for imported BL dynamic MLC files. Results: Ignoring the superior immobilization of the BL system for patient set‐up, BL and Eclipse IMRT modules provided clinically comparable target coverage and dose homogeneity, with differences in target dose conformity, critical structures sparing, and agreement with measurements. BL plans showed better dose homogeneity up to 5% for the smaller tumors, conformity up to 25% for the larger tumors, and consistently better critical structures sparing up to 11%. Absolute dose measurements were in closer agreement for the BL plans, while selected line profiles through the fluences revealed departures from experiment in the low dose penumbra region for BL plans and high dose/high gradient regions for Eclipse plans. Conclusion: BL and Eclipse IMRT modules generate effective treatment plans with differences requiring further investigation, including determination of their clinical significance.
Choroid plexus cysts: Infant and early childhood developmental outcome

Objective: To determine the infant and early childhood developmental outcome associated with choroid plexus cysts diagnosed prenatally. Methods: Between January 1990 and August 1995, 8270 women underwent second-trimester ultrasound examinations. All women whose fetuses were diagnosed as having choroid plexus cyst(s) underwent ultrasonographic detailed anatomy survey, were offered fetal karyotyping, and were followed with serial ultrasounds. Fetal karyotype, associated structural anomalies, maternal serum triple analyte screen, neonatal outcomes, and infant and early childhood developmental milestones were recorded. The children were followed subsequently, and developmental assessment was performed with a modified Denver II Developmental Screening Test. Results: A diagnosis of choroid plexus cyst was made in 89 fetuses (1.1%). The mean (± standard deviation [SD]) gestational age at diagnosis was 18.2 ± 1.9 weeks (range 15–22). The cysts varied in size and laterality, with a mean (±SD) size of 5.9 ± 3.3 mm (range 1–23). Three of the 61 women who underwent testing for fetal karyotype (4.9%) had abnormal karyotypes identified. All three karyotypes were trisomy 18, and all three trisomy 18 fetuses had additional sonographic abnormalities. All 28 women who chose not to undergo fetal karyotypic analysis delivered phenotypically normal infants. Infant and childhood developmental follow-up was performed on 76 children with cysts diagnosed prenatally. The mean (±SD) length of childhood follow-up was 35.5 ± 16.2 months (range 12–82). All 76 children were found to be developmentally normal by the Denver II Developmental Screening Test. Conclusion: These observations suggest that the finding of isolated choroid plexus cysts is not associated with delayed infant and early childhood development or an increased risk of abnormal karyotype. The presence of isolated choroid plexus cysts does not warrant intensive infant and early childhood follow-up.
HepG2 cells develop signs of riboflavin deficiency within 4 days of culture in riboflavin-deficient medium

Flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide are essential coenzymes in redox reactions. For example, flavin adenine dinucleotide is a coenzyme for both glutathione reductase and enzymes that mediate the oxidative folding of secretory proteins. Here we investigated short-term effects of moderately riboflavin-deficient culture medium on flavin-related responses in HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells. Cells were cultured in riboflavin-deficient (3.1 nmol/L) medium for up to six days; controls were cultured in riboflavin-sufficient (532 nmol/L) medium. The activity of glutathione reductase decreased by 98% within four days of riboflavin-deficient culture. Transport rates of riboflavin increased in response to riboflavin depletion, whereas expression of enzymes mediating flavocoenzyme synthesis (flavokinase and flavin adenine dinucleotide synthetase) decreased in response to depletion. The oxidative folding and synthesis of plasminogen and apolipoprotein B-100, respectively, was impaired within four days of culture in riboflavin-deficient medium; this is consistent with impaired processing of secretory proteins in riboflavin-deficient cells. Riboflavin depletion was associated with increased DNA-binding activities of transcription factors with affinity for endoplasmic reticulum stress elements and NF-κB consensus elements, suggesting cell stress. Moreover, the abundance of the stress-induced protein GADD153 was greater in riboflavin-deficient cells compared with controls. Riboflavin deficiency was associated with decreased rates of cell proliferation caused by arrest in G1 phase of the cell cycle. These studies are consistent with the hypothesis that HepG2 cells have a great demand for riboflavin, and that cell stress develops rapidly if riboflavin supply is marginally low.
Cytotoxic amphiphiles and phosphoinositides bind to two discrete sites on the Akt1 PH domain

The mechanism of binding of two promising anticancer agents (the cytotoxic alkylphospholipids perifosine and miltefosine) to the Akt PH domain is investigated by high-resolution field-cycling 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy using a spin-labeled recombinant PH domain. These results strongly indicate that there are two discrete amphiphile binding sites on the domain: (i) the cationic site that binds phosphoinositides and some alkylphospholipids and (ii) a second site that is occupied by only the alkylphospholipids. The identification of this second site for amphiphiles on the Akt1 PH domain provides a new target for drug development as well as insights into the regulation of the activity of the intact Akt1 protein. The field-cycling NMR methodology could be used to define discrete phospholipid or amphiphile binding sites on a wide variety of peripheral membrane proteins.
A molecular model for the proteolysis of human fibrinogen by plasmin.

Abstract The proteolysis of purified human fibrinogen by purified human plasmin was studied using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Five major classes of high molecular weight breakdown products were resolved, with Products II-V resembling the previously described Fragments X, Y, D and E, respectively. Each class of products was heterogeneous. Six components of Product IV were resolved with conversion from higher to lower molecular weight as proteolysis proceeded. The sixth component was further degraded, especially in the presence of urea. The data were consistent with the following model. The mass of Product II (mol. wt 255 000) consisted of two molecules of Product IV (mol. wt 99 000) and one of Product V (mol. wt 56 000), while Product III (mol. wt 155 000) was composed of one molecule each of Product IV and V. The constituent polypeptide chains of Product IV were derived from C-terminal portions of β(B) and γ chains and an interior portion of the α(A) chain, one molecule of Product IV from each half-molecule of fibrinogen. Product V was constituted of fragments derived from N-terminal regions of all six chains of fibrinogen. The initially formed Product V contained both fibrinopeptide A moieties of fibrinogen but these were lost with further plasmin digestion.
RDA and the Copy Cataloger

Catalogers in academic libraries are facing a fundamental change in our guidelines and instructions on formulating descriptions for our library resources. A new cataloging standard, Resource Description and Access (RDA), has been developed as a replacement for the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules. This new standard is based on the conceptual models of FRBR (Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Data) and FRAD (Functional Requirements for Authority Data). The new standard and its online toolkit were tested over a 9-month period ( July 1–December 31, 2010) by the Library of Congress and 26 additional partners. The Library of Congress, National Library of Medicine, and National Agricultural library announced in June 2011 that they have decided that RDA should be implemented no sooner than January 2013. However, that does not mean there are not already RDA bibliographic records in our cataloging utilities with plans in the offing to add more. This paper gives a review of RDA development along with a description of how the University of Kansas prepared and trained copy catalogers to handle RDA bibliographic and authority records during the RDA test period (October 1, 2010–January 1, 2011) and our plans for ongoing training during this interim period prior to full implementation.
Separating the effects of level of immersion and 3D interaction techniques

Empirical evidence of the benefits of immersion is an important goal for the virtual environment (VE) community. Direct comparison of immersive systems and non-immersive systems is insufficient because differences between such systems may be due not only to the level of immersion, but also to other factors, such as the input devices and interaction techniques used. In this paper, a study is presented that separates the effects of level of immersion and 3D interaction technique for a six-degree-of-freedom manipulation task. In the study, two components of immersion -- stereoscopy and field of regard -- were varied and three 3D interaction techniques -- HOMER, Go-Go, and DO-IT (a new keyboard- and mouse-based technique) -- were tested. The results of the experiment show that the interaction technique had a significant effect on object manipulation time, while the two components of immersion did not. The implications of these results are discussed for VE application developers.
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Regulation of Rectal Motility in Rats

Introduction The colon and rectum are regulated by the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Abnormalities of the ANS are associated with diseases of the colon and rectum while its modulation is a putative mechanism for sacral nerve stimulation. The purpose of this study is to establish a rat model elucidating the role of the efferent ANS on rectal motility.
Future Trends In Projection Radiography

The revolutionary impact of computerized tomography has caused radiologists and imaging scientists to re-examine the utility of conventional projection radiography. in addition, the improved x-ray technology which has accompanied computerized tomography shows great promise in being applied to new versions of projection radiography with dramatic improvements in performance. Projection radiography has a distinct advantage in that an entire volume of interest is presented in a single image. In CT this same volume requires an array of cross-sectional images. Certain structures, such as blood vessels, are much more readily visualized in the projection mode. It would be very cumbersome to study the stenosis of a vessel by viewing successive crosssectional images. It would indeed be fortuitous if the vessel remained in a single CT section for any considerable extent. Projection radiography, however, measures the line integral of the attenuation coefficient rather than the attenuation coefficient itself as is done in CT. This property of CT has enabled the use of the very powerful display technique of windowing where a particular small range of attenuation coefficients are observed. in this presentation, a subtle change can be studied where the visualization is limited solely by the counting statistics and dose. In general, this windowing property has not been available in projection radiography so that radiographic images have tended to be limited by contrast, rather than signal-to-noise ratio. This is an undesirable situation which must be remedied if projection radiography is to significantly improve. Two important factors are required for improved projection radiography, improved detection and image processing. The existing detection systems have relatively low quantum efficiency, significant scatter and poor dynamic range. Recently, projection systems have been used with CT detection systems, such as the GE Scout View system. These essentially provide all of the desired properties with somewhat reduced resolution. In addition, a variety of digital image processing activities have been initiated including various subtraction modes and spatial filtering which provide visualization of structures which were otherwise contrast limited.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Io's 4-μm band and the role of adsorbed SO2

Abstract The role of adsorbed SO 2 on Io's surface particles in producing the observed spectral absorption band near 4 μm in Io's reflectance spectrum is explored. Calculations show that a modest 50% monolayer coating of adsorbed SO 2 molecules on submicron grains of sulfur of alkali sulfide, assumed to make up Io's uppermost optical surface (“radialith”), will result in a ν 1 + ν 3 absorption band near 4 μm with depth ∼30% below the adjacent continuum, consistent with the observed strength of the Io band. The precise wavelength position of the ν 1 + ν 3 band of SO 2 in different phase states such as frost, ice, adsorbate, and gas are summarized from the experimental literature and compared with the available telescopic measurements of the Io band position. The results suggest that the 4-μm band in Io's full disk spectrum can best be explained by the presence on Io's surface of widespread SO 2 in the form of adsorbate rather than ice or frost.
Invasion of joints by primary bone sarcomas in adults

In a retrospective macroscopic and microscopic study of celloidin-embedded macrosections from 45 adults with primary metaphyseal intraosseous sarcomas, we ascertained the incidence, extent, and mode of tumor extension into, across, or around articular cartilage into a joint. Invasion of articular cartilage by tumor occurred in more thane one-third of the macrosections examined. In more than one-half of the cases, the sarcoma extended under the capsule insertion to involve the margin of the articular cartilage, thus leaving only a pseudocapsule between tumor and joint. Tumors frequently extended across or around the osseous-tendinous junction of the cruciate ligaments into the knee joint. Our findings have important implications for the surgical management of appendicular metaphyseal intraosseous sarcomas. For primary bone sarcomas, extraarticular resections should be considered seriously when limb salvage is contemplated, especially in the knee region.
Effects of Ethanol Intake on Lipoproteins

These review discusses the effects of ethanol on lipoprotein levels and function as related to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD), with special emphasis on recent publications. Ethanol's effects on high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), and other CVD risk factors recently have been explored. Other new data address genetic and demographic predictors and mechanisms of these responses. Not surprisingly, the results of some recent studies corroborate, whereas others differ from, earlier seemingly well-established findings. Prior and recent evidence shows favorable changes in HDL, other CVD risk factors, and CVD event rates with moderate, regular ethanol intake, and recent publications have explored the mechanisms of this relationship. Application of these findings in clinical practice remains problematic, however, due to the lack of randomized, controlled clinical trials of ethanol and due to the potential hazards of ethanol consumption.
Automatic detection of small lung nodules on CT utilizing a local density maximum algorithm

Increasingly, computed tomography (CT) offers higher resolution and faster acquisition times. This has resulted in the opportunity to detect small lung nodules, which may represent lung cancers at earlier and potentially more curable stages. However, in the current clinical practice, hundreds of such thin-sectional CT images are generated for each patient and are evaluated by a radiologist in the traditional sense of looking at each image in the axial mode. This results in the potential to miss small nodules and thus potentially miss a cancer. In this paper, we present a computerized method for automated identification of small lung nodules on multislice CT (MSCT) images. The method consists of three steps: (i) separation of the lungs from the other anatomic structures, (ii) detection of nodule candidates in the extracted lungs, and (iii) reduction of false-positives among the detected nodule candidates. A three-dimensional lung mask can be extracted by analyzing density histogram of volumetric chest images followed by a morphological operation. Higher density structures including nodules scattered throughout the lungs can be identified by using a local density maximum algorithm. Information about nodules such as size and compact shape are then incorporated into the algorithm to reduce the detected nodule candidates which are not likely to be nodules. The method was applied to the detection of computer simulated small lung nodules (2 to 7 mm in diameter) and achieved a sensitivity of 84.2 with, on average, five false-positive results per scan. The preliminary results demonstrate the potential of this technique for assisting the detection of small nodules from chest MSCT images. 2003 American College of Medical Physics.
Intestinal absorption of micellar lipid in normal and bile deficient rats.

SummaryThe small intestines of control and bile fistula rats were perfused for 4 hr with a micellar solution of bile salt, glyceryl monooleate, and 14C-labeled oleic acid followed by rapid washout and steady perfusion with saline for an additional 4 hr. Measurements on hourly lymph collections from the thoracic duct for 8 hr, pooled ileal effluents and intestinal wall showed that (i) in both groups endogenous lymph lipid increased in proportion to the total lipid, (ii) in the control group lymph lipid increased after 3–6 hr to peak concentrations of from 15.1 to 38.8 mg/ml or 2.7-7.0 times that of the micellar solution, (iii) in both groups similar amounts of the micellar lipid were absorbed but the bile fistula group retained a significantly higher proportion in the wall after 8 hr and transported a significantly lower proportion in the lymph. The results support the micellar concept of lipid absorption by showing the production of chylomicrons from micelles in control animals but indicate that chylomicr...
Proton elastic form factor: The JLab data

The ratio of the electric and magnetic proton form factors, G Ep /G Mp , has been obtained in two Hall A experiments, from measurements of the longitudinal and transverse polarization of the recoil proton, PL and PT, respectively, in the elastic scattering of polarized electrons, $\vec{e}p\rightarrow e\vec{p}$ . Together these experiments cover the Q2 range 0.5 to 5.6 GeV2. A new experiment is currently being prepared, to extend the Q2 range to 9 GeV2 in Hall C.
6Li foil scintillation sandwich thermal neutron detector

Abstract Increasing needs for neutron detection and limited supply of 3He have led to the need for replacement neutron detection technology. This paper presents the design and initial results for a neutron detector (6Li foil scintillator sandwich) that uses lithium metal foil to detect thermal neutrons. The reaction products, primarily triton, deposit most of their energy in thin scintillator films and create light pulses. Gamma rays can deposit only a small amount of energy in the thin films and so produce only very small light pulses. Lithium is preferable to boron in this application because triton escapes from lithium more easily than does the alpha particle from boron, allowing the use of thicker films and hence greater efficiency. In addition, triton has a higher light output in the scintillator than the boron alpha particle. Lithium metal is preferable to a lithium compound, such as lithium fluoride, because the number of tritons that escape from the metal is greater for the same amount of lithium. Monte Carlo simulations show that good efficiency values can be achieved with reasonably sized detectors, values that are greater than that of comparable 3He systems for portal monitors. In addition, simulations of a neutron coincidence counting concept show high counting efficiency and short die-away time (16 μs), which imply better performance than that of the high-level neutron coincidence counter (HLNCC)-II. Initial experimental measurements on a prototype detector using alpha particles (having similar light output to the expected tritons) show good light collection and transport properties.
Analytical derivation of a conformal perfectly matched absorber for electromagnetic waves

We present an analytical derivation of a 3-D conformal perfectly matched layer (PML) for mesh termination in general orthogonal curvilinear coordinates. The derivation is based on the analytic continuation to complex space of the normal coordinate to the mesh termination. The resultant fields in the complex space do not obey Maxwell's equations. However, it is demonstrated that, through simple field transformations, a new set of fields can be introduced so that they obey Maxwell's equations for an anisotropic medium with properly chosen constitutive parameters depending on the local radii of curvature. The formulation presented here recovers, as particular cases, the previously proposed Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical PMLs. A previously employed anisotropic (quasi-) PML for conformal terminations is shown to be the large radius of curvature approximation of the anisotropic conformal PML derived herein. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 17: 231–236, 1998.
Aging within the Stem Cell Niche

Decreased adult stem cell function is thought to play a primary role in organismal aging. Two recent papers in Cell Stem Cell demonstrate the importance of signaling from the stem cell niche in the aging of Drosophila germline stem cells.
Studies of aging using genetically defined rodents: a bibliography.

(1988). Studies of aging using genetically defined rodents: A bibliography. Experimental Aging Research: Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 59-81.
Toxicity of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons to the polychaete Neanthes arenaceodentata

Abstract The toxicity of ten polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PNAs) to Neanthes arenaceodentata was studied in replicate 96 h bioassays with specific hydrocarbons in solution. Relative solubilities for each PNA were derived in short-term equilibration experiments. Disappearance of representative di-, tri, tetra- and pentacyclic-aromatic hydrocarbons from test solutions was also characterized by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. PNA toxicity and residence time in test solutions were directly related to molecular weight (MW), while relative solubility is inversely related to MW. 96 h TLm values for the diaromatic PNAs naphthalene, 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene, and 2,3,6-trimethylnaphthalene were 3.8, 2.6 and 2.0 ppm, respectively. Phenanthrene, fluorene and 1-methylphenanthrene (triaromatics) exhibited 96 h TLm values of 0.6, 1.0 and 0.3 ppm, respectively. None of the tetra- and pentacyclic-aromatics (chrysene, 3,4-benzo(a)pyrene, 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene) were toxic up to the highest concentration tested (1 ppm), excepting fluoranthene, with a 96 h TLm of 0.5 ppm. PNA toxicity appears to be related to both solubility and residence time in test solutions.
Clinical Observations with an Orthogonal Lead System

Orthogonal electrocardiographic leads of 85 normal and 104 abnormal subjects obtained with a new lead system were examined for the counterparts of clinically significant findings in conventional 12-lead electrocardiograms. Most of the findings judged significant in conventional leads had easily recognizable counterparts in orthogonal leads. Excluding findings suggestive of ventricular enlargement, the conventional tracings of 40 subjects showed QRS abnormalities, and counterparts of these were identified in the orthogonal leads of all but one subject. Counterparts of findings suggesting ventricular enlargement could not be evaluated, since the range of normal variation of orthogonal leads obtained with the system used has not been established in quantitative terms. Conventional records of 99 subjects showed abnormalities of the S-T segments or T waves or both, and recognizable abnormalities of these portions of the curves were present in the orthogonal leads of 97 of the subjects.
Leader 1-2-3 Training Influences Instructional Leadership Behaviors.

In addition to addressing leadership skill areas needing improvement, Leader 1-2-3 participants can reaffirm and validate instructional lead ership practices with which they are already familiar an...
THE VORTICES OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL TURBULENCE

A solution of decaying two-dimensional turbulence at large Reynolds number is analysed by means of an automated vortex census. The census identifies the flow structures which approximately conform to the idealized shape of an isolated, coherent vortex. It also determines vortex characteristics, such as amplitude, size, radial profile, and deformation from the ideal axisymmetric shape. The distributions of these characteristics within the vortex population are examined, as are their time evolutions. Interpretation of these distributions is made with reference to both the random initial conditions for the solution and the dynamical processes of vortex emergence, survival, and interaction.
Simulation extrapolation deconvolution of finite population cumulative distribution function estimators

SUMMARY We study estimation of a finite population cumulative distribution function when sample units are measured with error. We propose a simple, bias-adjusted estimator that eliminates much of the bias induced by measurement error. A variance estimator for the proposed cumulative distribution function estimator is also obtained.
An investigation of the v3 vibrational exciton band of solid CO2 by means of dilute impurity modes

Abstract Several possible densities of states for the v 3 vibrational exciton band of solid CO 2 have been tested by comparing the observed energy levels of dilute impurities with the results of calculations. Through this comparison we estimate that the total spread of the band is about 52 cm −1 and that its second moment is about 115 (cm −1 ) 2 .
Temperature-induced phase shift of daily rhythm of serum prolactin in gulf killifish.

DAILY variations in circulating levels of the pituitary hormone prolactin have been reported in several vertebrates, including fishes1–4. In some animals, the 24-h rhythm changes seasonally with respect to the time of day that maximum and minimum prolactin levels occur4,5. It has been hypothesised that this seasonal change in phase of prolactin rhythm is an important component of the mechanism controlling seasonality in vertebrates6. Because water temperature is generally considered the principal environmental regulator of seasonal changes in reproduction and metabolism in many fishes, including the gulf killifish Fundulus grandis7, we determined the daily rhythm of serum prolactin concentrations in fish held at temperatures that are stimulatory (20 °C) or inhibitory (28 °C) for reproductive development. We found that an increase in water temperature from 20° to 28 °C phase shifts the daily variation of serum prolactin with respect to the daily photoperiod in F. grandis.
Toll-like receptor-induced inflammatory cytokines are suppressed by gain of function or overexpression of Gα(i2) protein.

Previous studies have implicated a role of Gαi proteins as co-regulators of Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. These studies largely derived from examining the effect of Gαi protein inhibitors or genetic deletion of Gαi proteins. However, the effect of increased Gαi protein function or Gαi protein expression on TLR activation has not been investigated. We hypothesized that gain of function or increased expression of Gαi proteins suppresses TLR2- and TLR4-induced inflammatory cytokines. Novel transgenic mice with genomic “knock-in” of a regulator of G protein signaling (RGS)-insensitive Gnai2 allele (Gα i2 G184S/G184S ; GS/GS) were employed. These mice express essentially normal levels of Gαi2 protein; however, the Gαi2 is insensitive to its negative regulator RGS thus rendering more sustained Gαi2 protein activation following ligand/receptor binding. In subsequent studies, we generated Raw 264.7 cells that stably overexpress Gαi2 protein (Raw Gαi2). Peritoneal macrophages, splenocytes, and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) were isolated from WT and GS/GS mice and were stimulated with LPS, Pam3CSK4, or Poly (I:C). We also subjected WT and GS/GS mice to endotoxic shock (LPS, 25 mg/kg i.p.) and plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 production were determined. We found that in vitro LPS and Pam3CSK4-induced TNF-α, and IL-6 production are decreased in macrophages from GS/GS mice compared with WT mice (p < 0.05). In vitro, LPS and Pam3CSK4 induced IL-6 production in splenocytes, and in vivo, LPS-induced IL-6 were suppressed in GS/GS mice. Poly (I:C)-induced TNF-α, and IL-6 in vitro demonstrated no difference between GS/GS mice and WT mice. LPS-induced IL-6 production was inhibited in MEFs from GS/GS mice similarly to macrophage and splenocytes. In parallel studies, Raw Gαi2 cells also exhibit decreased TNF-α and IL-6 production in response to LPS and Pam3CSK4. These studies support our hypothesis that Gαi2 proteins are novel negative regulators of TLR activation.
Nonlinear liquid-crystal fiber structures for passive optical limiting of short laser pulses.

Optical limiting of nanosecond and picosecond laser pulses through millimeter-length isotropic liquid-crystal-cored fiber structures is reported. Low limiting threshold and clamped transmitted outputs are observed. The underlying nonlinear mechanisms are nonlinear photoabsorptions and scattering and lossy waveguiding caused by laser-induced thermal-density index fluctuations.
Endotoxin affinity for orthodontic brackets.

Abstract Endotoxin, cell envelope lipopolysaccharide produced by gram-negative bacteria can activate an immune response through a variety of pathways. In addition, it can stimulate bone resorption and reduce the periodontal tissue’s healing capacity. Previous studies have documented the affinity of lipopolysaccharide for restorative materials. This study evaluated the affinity of lipopolysaccharide for commercially available orthodontic brackets. Stainless steel, ceramic, plastic, and “gold” brackets were exposed to 10 EU/mm 2 radiolabeled Porphyromonas gingivalis or Escherichia coli lipolpoysaccharide in water and incubated for 24 hours at 37°C. Brackets were then transferred to fresh lipopolysaccharide-free water and incubated for 24 hours at 37°C to evaluate elution. This elution transfer was continued up to 96 hours total incubation. Lipopolysaccharide adherence and elution levels were calculated after treatment, and elution solutions were evaluated through liquid scintillation spectrometry. Mean initial lipopolysaccharide adherence ranged from 2.42 ± 0.26 EU/mm 2 ( E. coli , plastic) to 6.75 ± 0.34 EU/mm 2 ( P. gingivalis , stainless steel). P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide adherence was significantly greater than E. coli lipopolysaccharide adherence for all bracket types. Moreover, for each lipopolysaccharide type, stainless steel brackets exhibited significantly greater lipopolysaccharide adherence. Regarding elution, only the P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide-exposed ceramic and plastic brackets at 24 hours and the stainless steel and ceramic brackets at 48 hours eluted measurable lipopolysaccharide. Results from this study demonstrate that P. gingivalis and E. coli LPS exhibit a high affinity for orthodontic brackets. In vivo, this affinity could affect the concentration of LPS in the gingival sulcus, thereby contributing to inflammation in tissues adjacent to the brackets. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1999;115:634-9)
Options pricing: using simulation for option pricing

Monte Carlo simulation is a popular method for pricing financial options and other derivative securities because of the availability of powerful workstations and recent advances in applying the tool. The existence of easy-to-use software makes simulation accessible to many users who would otherwise avoid programming the algorithms necessary to value derivative securities. This paper presents examples of option pricing and variance reduction, and demonstrates their implementation with Crystal Ball 2000, a spreadsheet simulation add-in program.
A Methodology to Determine Work Material Flow Stress and Tool-Chip Interfacial Friction Properties by Using Analysis of Machining

In this paper, we develop a methodology to determine flow stress at the machining regimes and friction characteristics at the tool-chip interface from the results of orthogonal cutting tests. We utilize metal cutting analysis originally developed by late Oxley and present some improvements. We also evaluate several temperature models in calculating the average temperatures at primary and secondary deformation zones and present comparisons with the experimental data obtained for AISI 1045 steel through assessment of machining models (AMM) activity. The proposed methodology utilizes measured forces and chip thickness obtained through a basic orthogonal cutting test. We conveniently determine work material flow stress at the primary deformation zone and the interfacial friction characteristics along tool rake face. Calculated friction characteristics include parameters of the normal and frictional stress distributions on the rake face. Determined flow stress data from orthogonal cutting tests is combined with the flow stress measured through split-hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) tests and the Johnson-Cook work material model is obtained. Therefore, with this methodology, we extend the applicability of Johnson-Cook work material model to machining regimes.© 2004 ASME
Capital Accumulation and Women′s Labour in Asian Economies

* Contents * Foreword by Gerrit Huizer * 1. Feminism and the conceptualization of women's labour in Asian economies. * PART I: The Discourse on Women's Labour in Historical Perspective * 2. The patriarchal bias of working class theoreticians: Marx and Proudhon. 3. The proletarian women's movement in Germany and women's labour. 4. The legacy of the second feminist wave: the debate on household labour revisited. * PART II: The Industrial Work of Women in India and Bangladesh * 5. Home-based women labourers in the garment industry in West Bengal. 6. Wage slavery among women garment workers in the factory system in Bangladesh. 7. The German feminist school and the thesis of housewifization. * PART III: Women's Role as Agricultural Producers * 8. Developmental feminism and peasant women's labour in Bangladesh. 9. The ecofeminist discourse in India. 10. The German feminist school and the thesis of subsistence labour. * PART IV: Japanization and Women's Labour * 11. The Japanese style of management and Fordism compared. 12. Japanese women as a vast reserve army of Labour. 13. Conclusion: capital accumulation in contemporary Asia
Intestinal nutrients elicit satiation through concomitant activation of CCK1 and 5-HT3 receptors

Abstract Previous studies demonstrate that cholecystokinin type-1 (CCK1) and serotonin type-3 (5-HT3) dependent pathways are independently involved in intestinal nutrient-induced meal termination. In the current study, we employed selective antagonists to investigate the relative contribution of CCK1 and 5-HT3 receptors in mediating the anorexia produced by duodenal infusion of Polycose or Intralipid in rats. Combined administration of 1 mg/kg ondansetron (Ond) and 1 mg/kg devazepide (Dev) reversed 132 mM Polycose-induced suppression to the level of control intake and significantly attenuated 263 mM Polycose-induced suppression greater than either antagonist alone. Similar results were observed when subthreshold doses of Ond (500 μg/kg) and Dev (5 μg/kg) were co-administered prior to 263 mM Polycose infusion. Suppression of intake resulting from 130 mM Intralipid was reversed to the level of control when Ond and Dev were co-administered at both independent effective doses (1 mg/kg each) and subthreshold doses (500 μg/kg and 5 μg/kg, respectively). Finally, combined administration of the antagonists increased sucrose intakes beyond intakes following control or treatment with either antagonist alone when rats were infused with saline. These data demonstrate that intestinal carbohydrates and lipids inhibit food intake through simultaneous CCK1 and 5-HT3 receptor activation and that these receptors appear to completely mediate the Intralipid-induced suppression of intake.
Weimarer Republik. Manifeste und Dokumente zur deutschen Literatur, 1918–1933

(1986). Weimarer Republik. Manifeste und Dokumente zur deutschen Literatur, 1918–1933. History of European Ideas: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 117-118.
Theoretical distribution of two-dimensional projections in electron-microscopic sections.

In a previous article' some of the features of ribosome strands were discussed. In the present paper we shall present the methodology and results of a study of the distribution of ribosome strand lengths. It is not clear a priori whether the strands observed in the electron-microscopic sections are slices of a single, long, and convoluted strand, whether they are samples from an inherent distribution of strand lengths, or whether they are slices of strands originally of uniform length. We may shed some light on this problem by examining statistics of the observed distribution of strand lengths and by testing the hypothesis that this distribution is consistent with the strands having a single standard length. Although the strands may be of the same length in vivo, a variation of lengths will always be observed, due in part to the different inclinations of the strands with respect to the plane of sectioning, and in part to the fact that a section may contain only a terminal part of a strand, the rest having been cut off in the sectioning process. Recently,2 the same problem has been treated from a different point of view by Perl, who tried to find the distribution of the number of ribosomes in a strand from the numbers appearing in electron-microscopic sections. Both methods of inferring underlying distributions are necessarily approximate. In our approach, since the ribosomes are electron-opaque and the core column of the strands is electron-transparent, we are able to include in the measurement only that part of each strand outlined by ribosomes. Thus, if any core strand extended from a terminal ribosome to the plane of transection, this would introduce an error into the determination of the actual length of the transected strand. In addition, we have neglected any curvature effects that may occur perpendicular to the plane of sectioning. Perl, on the other hand, has adopted an arbitrary convention regarding when to count one ribosome as two in those cases where one of the ribosomes may be partially hidden by the other. Hence the two approaches can be regarded as complementary. In this paper we present theoretical histograms for the observed length distribution when the strands are of constant length. The various parameters used in our models are shown in Figure 1. Three assumptions will be made: (1) That the section has a constant thickness t.
Single-Molecule Investigation of Intraflagellar Transport Dynamics at the Flagellar Tip

In the past decade, cilia/flagella have come to be known as essential sensory organelles for cells. They perform their sensory duties via signaling pathways comprised of transmembrane signaling proteins (TSP) and intraflagellar transport (IFT) machineries that are responsible for translocating TSPs within the flagellum. While IFT average speed, IFT train frequency, and IFT train size have already been studied, little is known about IFT dynamics at the flagellar tip region where anterograde IFT trains deposit their cargo and rearrange for retrograde transport to the cell body. To address this issue, we use single-molecule fluorescence imaging methods to study the motion of GFP-tagged BBS4, an IFT-associated protein that is part of the BBSome complex, at the flagellar tip in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. These investigations have yielded the following results: (i) In the tip region, BBSomes remain attached to their cargo TSPs and diffuse along the flagellar membrane with a diffusion coefficient of 1130 nm2/s. This result contrasts with the current understanding that the BBSome either remains bound to IFT train on the microtubule or diffuses in the flagellar lumen. (ii) On average, BBSomes remain at the flagellar tip for 2.6 seconds before undergoing retrograde IFT. (iii) Our BBS4-GFP image-size investigation has helped further uncover the nature of the BBSome's oligomerization on IFT trains both during active transport along the flagellum and during the turn-around period at the flagellar tip.
Alliterative logic: A theory for postnormal times

Abstract This commentary responds to some of the issues raised in Zia Sardar's paper “Welcome to Postnormal Times” noting and attempting to explain points of difference and similarity. From Sardar's invocation of the 3C's of complexity, chaos and contradiction emerges the idea that our postnormal times might be likened to the strange times following the Great Plague that gave rise to the Alliterative Revival. Speculating further, it is questioned whether, in such strange times, utopian futures studies substitute for prayer.
The muscarinic receptor antagonist tropicamide suppresses tremulous jaw movements in a rodent model of parkinsonian tremor: possible role of M4 receptors

Rationale Nonselective muscarinic acetylcholine antagonists have been used for several years as antiparkinsonian drugs. However, there are at least five subtypes of muscarinic receptor (M1–5). Neostriatal M4 receptors have been implicated in aspects of motor function, and it has been suggested that M4 antagonists could be used as treatments for parkinsonism.