cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new method to extract 232Th, 230Th and 231Pa from seawater using a bulk-extraction technique with Nobias PA-1 chelating resin.

The long-lived radioisotopes of Th and Pa are unique tracers for quantifying rates of biogeochemical processes in the ocean. However, their generally low concentrations (sub-fg/kg for 230Th and 231Pa and pg/kg for 232Th) in seawater make them difficult to measure. Here, we present a new approach to determine 232Th and 230Th using Nobias PA-1 chelating resin following a bulk-extraction technique, and report for the first time the use of this resin to measure 231Pa concentrations. This method has high extraction efficiency (>80%) at pH of 4.4 ± 0.2 and the lowest procedural blanks reported in the literature: 1.0 ± 0.2 pg, 0.10 ± 0.03 fg, and 0.02 ± 0.01 fg for 232Th, 230Th, and 231Pa, respectively, representing 3%, 0.02%, and 0.01% of the total dissolved 232Th, 230Th, and 231Pa found in 5 L of a typical low-concentration surface seawater sample from the subtropical Pacific Ocean. The procedure yields data with high precision for all three isotopes (0.76% for 232Th, 0.89% for 230Th, and 0.96% for 231Pa, 2σ), allowing us to reliably measure Th and Pa in the oceans even at concentrations as low as those found in surface waters of the South Pacific Ocean. The accuracy of this method was confirmed by the analysis of well-characterized standard solutions (SW STD 2010-1 and SW STD 2015-1) and seawater samples collected aboard the FS Sonne (cruise SO245) during the UltraPac cruise in the South Pacific Ocean. Simultaneous and rapid extraction of 232Th, 230Th and 231Pa from seawater, as well as the high precision and accuracy of this method makes it ideal for both spatially and temporally high-resolution studies.
Visuomotor therapy modulates corticospinal excitability in patients following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A randomized crossover trial.

Abstract Background Corticospinal adaptations have been observed following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction around the time of returning to activity. These measures have been related to quadriceps strength deficits. Visuomotor therapy, combining motor control tasks with visual biofeedback, has been shown to increase corticospinal excitability. The purpose of this study was to assess the immediate changes of corticospinal excitability following a single session of visuomotor therapy in patients following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Methods This was a single blinded, sham-controlled crossover study. Ten patients following ACLR (8 Female, 26.1(6.2) years) completed assessments of quadriceps strength at approximately 4- and 6-months following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. At 6-months, quadriceps motor evoked potentials were assessed at 80%, 90%, 100%, 110%, 120%, 130%, 140%, and 150% of the patient's active motor threshold. Patients were randomized to receive a single session of visuomotor therapy(active) or passive motion(sham). Quadriceps motor evoked potentials were reassessed for treatment effect. Following a one-week washout period, all patients received the crossover intervention. Findings Moderate to large increases in motor response following visuomotor therapy 90%(P = .008, r = 0.60), 110%(P = .038, r = 0.46), 120%(P = .021, r = 0.52), 130%(P = .021, r = 0.52), 140%(P = .008, r = 0.60) and 150%(P = .021, r = 0.52) of the active motor threshold were found. Moderate increases in motor response was observed following the passive motion at 80% of the active motor threshold(P = .028, r = 0.49). Interpretation A single session of visuomotor therapy was found to increase quadriceps corticospinal motor response greater than the response to sham therapy. Visuomotor therapy is a potential supplement to quadriceps rehabilitation programs when upregulation of corticospinal excitability is indicated.
Memory-Side Prefetching Scheme Incorporating Dynamic Page Mode in 3D-Stacked DRAM

Modern multiprocessor systems running multiple applications concurrently exhibit irregular memory access pattern during different phases of execution. The principle of locality is hard to exploit in the presence of such irregular memory requests and may result in additional delays due to resource conflicts throughout memory hierarchy. Prefetching is a promising technique to reduce the memory access latency where data is speculatively fetched ahead of time and stored in a faster memory structure like cache or dedicated prefetch buffer. The emergence of 3D-stacked DRAM provides huge internal bandwidth that makes memory-side prefetching an effective approach to improving system performance. Leveraging the unique architecture of 3D-stacked DRAM, we introduce a memory-side prefetching scheme that works in conjunction with dynamic page mode to reduce memory access latency. We introduce a novel prefetch buffer management scheme that makes intelligent replacement decision based on the utilization and recency of the prefetched data, which also serves as a guidance for future prefetching. Simulation results indicate that our approach improves performance by 21.8 percent on average, compared to a baseline scheme that prefetches a whole row on consecutive hits and implements static open page policy. Our scheme also outperforms an existing memory-side prefetching scheme by 13.2 percent on average, which dynamically adjusts the prefetch degree based on the usefulness of prefetched data.
Poafpybitty Site: a Late Nineteenth Century Kiowa Burial from Southwestern Oklahoma

This report concerns the excavation of two Plains Indian burials in southwestern Oklahoma, six miles north of Fort Sill. The landowner, herself a Comanche, had been told by her father that the buri...
Embedded software integration for coarse-grain reconfigurable systems

Summary form only given. Coarse-grain reconfigurable systems offer high performance and energy-efficiency, provided an efficient run-time reconfiguration mechanism is available. Using an embedded software vantage point, we define three levels of reconfigurability for such systems, each with a different degree of coupling between embedded software and reconfigurable hardware. We classify reconfigurable systems starting with tightly-coupled coprocessors and evolving to processor networks. This results in a gradual increase of energy-efficiency when compared to software-only systems, at the cost of increasing programming complexity. Using several sample applications including signal-, crypto-, and network-processing acceleration units, we demonstrate energy-efficiency improvements of 12 times over software for tightly-coupled systems up to 84 times for network-on-chip systems.
Small Business and the False Dichotomies of Contract Law

The article explores the classic consumer-merchant dichotomy from the vantage of small businesses. Using empirical data and the psychology, economics, and management literature, it shows that small businesses, treated like large businesses throughout most of contract and commercial law, in fact behave more like consumers. Small businesses lack the financial strength of large businesses. They generally lack the information gathering ability of large businesses. Finally, they generally are more prey to cognitive errors than are large businesses. As a result, small businesses lose in two ways. When they deal with consumers, they are presumed to have the power, information, and cognitive capacity of large firms. The law thus obliges them to grant protections based on asymmetries that may not exist. When they deal with large businesses, the law treats them as essentially equal, even though small businesses may suffer from the same disadvantages that require legal intervention for consumers. The article considers the ways in which the law can deal with this false dichotomy and suggests some solutions, particularly in the way the law treats risk allocation.
STRESS ULCERS OF THE STOMACH FOLLOWING OBSTETRIC AND GYNECOLOGIC SURGERY.

Abstract Attention is called to the occurrence of stress ulcers of the stomach as a severe and sometimes fatal complication of gynecological and obstetrical surgery. Three illustrative cases are reported.
What is the legal 'standard of medical care' when there is no standard medical care? A survey of the use of home apnea monitoring by neonatology fellowship training programs in the United States.

In treating a patient, a doctor is obliged to use the skill and care that is ordinarily used by reasonably well-qualified doctors in similar cases. In addition, the only way in which a juror may decide whether the defendant used the skill and care which the law required of him or her is from evidence presented by doctors called as expert witnesses (cf Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions). However, what should be done if expert opinions differ concerning the care that is "ordinarily used"? Home apnea monitoring (HAM) is prescribed at times for graduates of neonatal intensive care units despite the fact that indications for its use are not well established and efficacy is completely unknown. The authors attempted to determine standards for HAM as it is currently practiced in neonatology training programs. The primary teaching hospital for each of the 99 neonatology training programs in the United States was identified. Both the medical director (MD) and a neonatal intensive care unit nurse manager (RN) were asked about the use of HAM in their own nursery for four clinical vignettes. Each vignette depicted a 1000-g birth weight infant, currently 7 weeks old and ready for discharge. In three vignettes, the infant had demonstrated no apnea, mild apnea (resolved by 2 weeks of age), or moderate apnea (requiring theophylline therapy at discharge) during the hospital course. In the fourth vignette, the infant had no apnea but was to be discharged home with supplemental oxygen. For 67 of 99 training programs, paired responses of RN managers and MD directors were obtained. For infants with no apnea or mild apnea, approximately 85% of RN/MD pairs agreed that HAM would not be used at their institution, 2% would use HAM, and 12% responded that they might use HAM depending on individual circumstances. In contrast, for the premature infant with moderate apnea, there was much less agreement. Sixteen percent of RN/MD pairs responded that HAM would not be used, 39% would use HAM, and 19% might. Remarkably, for this vignette 25% of the RN/MD responses disagreed on the practice of HAM at their own center. Similarly, for the infant with home oxygen, 15% of RN/MD responses agreed that HAM would not be used, 49% answered that HAM would be used, 10% were uncertain, and 25% disagreed on the use of HAM at their own center. It is concluded that (1) for premature infants with no or mild apnea, HAM is currently prescribed by a minority of fellowship-associated neonatology programs, and (2) no obvious consensus exists for HAM in the context of moderate apnea or home oxygen therapy. For many infants, there is no "standard care" for HAM in the neonatology community at this time. "Expert" opinions of the legal "standard of care" for HAM should reflect this fact.
ZYGOSPORE GERMINATION IN CHLAMYDOMONAS MONOICA (CHLOROPHYTA): TIMING AND PATTERN OF SECONDARY ZYGOSPORE WALL DEGRADATION IN RELATION TO CYTOPLASMIC EVENTS

The Chlamydomonas monoica Strehlow zygospore is a dormant heavily walled spore adapted to survive extreme environmental conditions. The zygospore wall is multilayered and includes an acetolysis-resistant component related to the general class of compounds referred to as sporopollenin. Germination of the zygospore requires induction and completion of nuclear meiotic divisions, cytokineses to produce the four vegetative progeny cells, and breakdown of the zygospore wall to allow progeny release. Analysis of zygospore wall breakdown by transmission electron microscopy of synchronously germinating zygospores revealed differences in the timing and nature of disintegration of the various wall layers. Breakdown of the outer trilamellar sheath occurred within 6 h after light induction, concomitant with the onset of prophase I. At the same time, stored lipid bodies were consumed and replaced by large cytoplasmic vacuoles. Degradation of the inner more massive wall layer was initiated several hours later at about the time of the second meiotic division. In areas beneath breaks in the trilamellar sheath, a fibrous electron opaque bridge of wall material was retained whereas degradation of the remainder of the inner layer progressed. Finally, disintegration of this bridge material, after the completion of the meiotic divisions and synthesis of progeny cell walls, resulted in the opening of large slits in the trilamellar sheath, allowing escape of the flagellated vegetative progeny. The chloroform resistance typical of mature zygospores was lost at approximately the same time that the initial breaks in the trilamellar sheath were detected but before disintegration of the inner wall layer(s).
A Delaunay Refinement Algorithm for Quality 2-Dimensional Mesh Generation

We present a simple new algorithm for triangulating polygons and planar straightline graphs, It provides "shape" and "size" guarantees: ?All triangles have a bounded aspect ratio.?The number of triangles is within a constant factor of optimal. Such "quality" triangulations are desirable as meshes for the finite element method, in which the running time generally increases with the number of triangles, and where the convergence and stability may be hurt by very skinny triangles. The technique we use-successive refinement of a Delaunay triangulation-extends a mesh generation technique of Chew by allowing triangles of varying sizes. Compared with previous quadtree-based algorithms for quality mesh generation, the Delaunay refinement approach is much simpler and generally produces meshes with fewer triangles. We also discuss an implementation of the algorithm and evaluate its performance on a variety of inputs.
Interstitial pneumonia induced by a plaque-type variant of mouse adenovirus.

AbstractA plaque-type variant of mouse adenovirus, strain FL was isolated using L-cell monolayer cultures for the plaque assay. Intraperitoneal inoculation of this variant strain was observed to cause death accompanied by hemorrhagic lungs and interstitial pneumonia in adult C3H/HeN mice. Suckling mice developed patchy interstitial pneumonia after intranasal inoculation. Lethal disease was associated with infectivity (LD50 = 5.0 × 106 PFU) and the virus was detected in the lungs by electron microscopy. This plaque-type variant may provide a useful model that heretofore was unavailable for the study of adenovirus pathogenesis in pulmonary disease.
Mechanical stabilization of frequency combs from laser machined microrod-resonators

We introduce piezo-electric mechanical control and stabilization of frequency combs produced in novel, laser-machined microresonators. The residual and absolute 1-second-stabilities of the 33 GHz comb spacing are 5×10−14 and ≤1.4×10−12, respectively.
Radioautographic study of the effect of estradiol-17β, estrone, estriol, progesterone, testosterone and corticosterone on the in vitro uptake of 2,4,6,7-3H estradiol-17β by uterine eosinophils of the rat*

The in vitro uptake of 2467-tritiated estradiol-17beta in uterine eosinophils of the rat was inhibited by the presence of nonradioactive estradiol-17beta estrone and estriol but not by progesterone testosterone or corticosterone. This action is attributed to competition between tritiated estradiol and the various estrogenic compounds for the same binding site. Compounds without any estrogenic activity do not compete. The proposal is made that the eosinophil binding system and the 8S-5S binding system are involved in different mechanisms of estrogen action. The parallelism between the doses of estradiol and estriol needed to promote certain estrogenic early effects in the uterus and the affinity of these steroids for the eosinophil uptake sites suggests that uterine eosinophils might be responsible for some of these early effects such as water imbibition histamine releasing activity and estrogen priming effect.(AUTHORS MODIFIED)
Zebrafish lead the way in control of vascular permeability.

In this issue of Blood , Hoeppner et al create an extremely valuable model of vascular permeability that is amenable to high throughput chemical screening as well as genetic analysis.[1][1] Vascular permeability is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in human disease. The edema of glioblastoma
An Experiment to Evaluate the Efficacy of Cognitive Tutor Geometry

Abstract This randomized, controlled field trial estimated the causal impact of a technology-based geometry curriculum on students’ geometry achievement, as well as their attitudes toward mathematics and technology. The curriculum combines learner-centered classroom pedagogy with individualized, computer-based student instruction. Conducted over a 3-year period in eight high schools within an urban fringe district, the study found that students assigned to the treatment curriculum scored 19% of a standard deviation lower on the geometry posttest than their counterparts assigned to the district's standard curriculum, but found no statistically significant impact on students’ attitudes toward mathematics and technology. Researchers also collected observation and interview data on teachers’ instructional practices. These data suggest that many teachers had difficulty implementing the treatment curriculum's learner-centered pedagogy. In fact, observed levels of learner-centered practices were only modestly hi...
Cue Taking and the Distribution of Japanese ODA Among African Countries

: In the absence of important security interests or large trade volumes, are Japan's distributions of ODA in Africa motivated by the desire to increase its international prestige or to facilitate future trade ties? Data analysis indicates that the ODA distributions of other donor states and not volume trade with Japan determine Japan's ODA distribution across African states. Moreover, whether Great Britain or the United States is the leading donor state serves as the information and decision cue for Japanese development assistance decision making. Resume: Hormis les interets majeurs de securite ou la realisation de gros volumes d'echanges, la repartition de l'aide publique au developpement en faveur de l'Afrique est-elle motivee par le desir de rehausser le prestige international du Japon ou de promouvoir de futurs liens commerciaux? L'analyse des donnees montrent que c'est la repartition de l'APD des autres pays donateurs et non le volume d'echanges avec le Japon qui influence la repartition de son aide entre les pays africains. En outre, le fait que l'aide de la Grande Bretagne ou des Etats-Unis soit preponderante dans un pays conditionne tres largement la decision du Japon en la matiere.
Endogenous inhibitors of dopamine-β-hydroxylase in rat organs

Abstract Endogenous inhibitors of dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) are present in organ homogenates from several mammalian species. An assay for these inhibitors which utilizes DBH partially purified from the bovine adrenal medulla has been developed. A rat spleen homogenate, diluted 1:8000 in Tris buffer, inhibited bovine DBH activity by more than 50 per cent. Similar amounts of inhibitory activity were present in other organs. The inhibitory activity in homogenates of rat heart was reduced by treatment at 95° while most of that in the spleen was resistant to heat denaturation. Mixing experiments showed that there were constituents in heart homogenates which could cause the inhibitory activity in spleen to become heat labile. Divalent cations and the heme containing protein cytochrome c also conferred heat lability on the inhibitory activity in rat spleen homogenates. N-Ethylmaleimide had no effect on the inhibitory activity in rat heart, spleen or adrenal gland but Cu2+ and p-chloromercuribenzoate completely reversed the effects of the endogenous inhibitors in these organs. Sulfhydryl reagents can inhibit DBH but there was no correlation between inhibitory activity and either total tissue sulfhydryl concentration or TCA soluble sulfhydryl concentration.
Natural convection in a side-facing open cavity

Abstract A combined experimental and numerical study of buoyancy-driven flow in a side-facing open cavity was conducted. Such flows occur in household refrigerators and ovens under open-door conditions and also in the cavities of solar central receivers. In this study, a two-dimensional numerical simulation was employed to predict the flow pattern in the cavity and both local and average Nusselt numbers for the surfaces of the cavity. The experiments provided an assessment of the accuracy of the predicted average Nusselt numbers in the Rayleigh number range in which the numerical and experimental studies overlapped. Visual observation of the flow in the experimental apparatus indicated qualitative agreement with the predicted flow pattern, although the three-dimensionality of the flow could not be predicted by the simulation. Correlating equations were developed for the surface-average and cavity-average Nusselt numbers based on the experimental and numerical results.
Strategic Planning: Renewal and Redesign during Turbulent Times.

This chapter describes the strategic thinking, process, and development of Tulane University's Renewal Plan, which was created in response to Hurricane Katrina.
Effect of hippocampal sympathetic ingrowth and cholinergic denervation on hippocampal phospholipase C activity and G-protein function

Following cholinergic denervation of the hippocampal formation, via medial septal lesions, peripheral noradrenergic fibers, originating from the superior cervical ganglion, grow into the hippocampus. In previous studies, we have found that hippocampal sympathetic ingrowth and cholinergic denervation alone (animals with concurrent medial septal lesions and superior cervical ganglionectomy) alter phosphoinositide turnover and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in such a way as to suggest an alteration in coupling between the muscarinic cholinergic receptors and phosphoinositol turnover. To test this hypothesis we examined the effect of hippocampal sympathetic ingrowth and cholinergic denervation on phospholipase C activity, G-protein function and the whole receptor complex by measuring the amount of phosphoinositide hydrolysed in hippocampal membranes of the rat. Neither hippocampal sympathetic ingrowth nor cholinergic denervation was found to alter phospholipase C activity when activated by increasing concentrations of Ca2+. In dorsal hippocampus, cholinergic denervation, when compared to hippocampal sympathetic ingrowth and controls, was found to decrease the amount of phosphoinositol hydrolysed when stimulated with the GTP analog, guanosine-5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate). When guanosine-5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) plus carbachol (1 mM) was utilized to stimulate the entire receptor complex, phosphoinositol hydrolysis was found to be decreased in the cholinergic denervation group as compared to both hippocampal sympathetic ingrowth and control groups. This effect was maximum at 3 microM guanosine-5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate). These results suggest that both hippocampal sympathetic ingrowth and cholinergic denervation affect the efficiency of coupling between the muscarinic cholinergic receptors and phosphoinositol turnover, with cholinergic denervation decreasing and hippocampal sympathetic ingrowth "normalizing" efficiency. Further, they suggest that the G-protein is the site at which hippocampal sympathetic ingrowth and cholinergic denervation mediate their effects. The results of these experiments are also discussed within the context of recent findings demonstrating G-protein abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease.
Carbonation of geothermal grouts — Part 3: CO2 attack on grouts containing bentonite

Abstract Addition of several percent bentonite to geothermal grout formulations allows high W/S ratios to be used providing slurries with low densities and high fluidity. The hardened grouts barely meet the API requirements for permeability and require high silica additions to do this. Release of aluminum ions from the clay/Ca(OH) 2 interaction produces Al-substituted tobermorite which persists to 250°C. This phase does provide a strong impermeable binder when the grouts are water cured, but it is rapidly carbonated. All grouts which contained tobermorite showed large increases in permeability when carbonated and low durability in the presence of carbonated fluids.
Seismic Evaluation of Low-Rise Reinforced Masonry Buildings with Flexible Diaphragms

This paper provides an integrated approach to the seismic evaluation of low-rise reinforced masonry buildings with flexible roof diaphragms. The paper is divided into four phases. In Phase 1 (Behavior), results from shaking-table testing, quasi-static testing, and analytical predictions are integrated to provide a coherent description of the seismic response of low-rise reinforced masonry buildings with flexible roof diaphragms. Two half-scale, low-rise reinforced masonry buildings with flexible roof diaphragms are subjected to earthquake ground motions on the Tri-axial Earthquake and Shock Simulator at the United States Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, Engineer Research and Development Center. Following the shaking-table tests, diaphragms and top four courses of attached masonry walls are salvaged from the half-scale structures and tested quasi-statically in their own plane. A new index, the diaphragm drift ratio, is introduced to describe the potential for diaphragm damage. In Phase 2 (Analysis), coordinated analytical modeling is developed and implemented to corroborate and extend the results of that experimental work, and to examine the efficacy and accuracy of different analytical modeling approaches. Linear elastic finite-element models, simplified two-degree-of-freedom models, and nonlinear lumped-parameter models are developed; all agree well with measured responses. In Phase 3 (Seismic Evaluation), the first two phases are used to develop and verify a simple extension to FEMA 310, the predominant seismic evaluation methodology for low-rise reinforced masonry building with flexible diaphragms. In Phase 4 (Application and Verification), the proposed extension, applied to four existing buildings, is shown to be simple, useful, and necessary.
Steroids. XIX. 3-phenyl - and 3-ethyl-4-azacholestanes†‡

The hydrogenation of 4-methyl-4-aza-5-cholesten-3-one (III) to yield the 5α- and 5β-isomers under acid conditions is described. The reaction of III and 4-methyl-4-aza-5α-cholestan-3 - one with phenylmagnesium bromide, ethylmagnesium iodide, phenyllithium and ethyllithium to yield 3-substitutcd steroids is reported. Hydrogenation of these 3-substituted steroids yielded 4-methyl-3ξ-phenyl-4-aza-5α-cholestane and 3ξ-ethyl-4-methyl-4-aza-5α-cholestane (XIII). XIII inhibits the biosynthesis of cholesterol.
Kinetics: a tool to study molecular motors.

Molecular motors are enzymes that couple the energy from nucleoside triphosphate hydrolysis to movement along a filament lattice. The three cytoskeletal motor superfamilies include myosin, dynein, and kinesin. However, in the last decade it has become apparent that the nucleic acid-based enzymes (DNA and RNA polymerases as well as the DNA helicases) share a number of mechanistic features in common with the microtubule and actin motors despite the fact that their cellular functions are so different. This review addresses the mechanistic approaches that have been used to study molecular motors. We discuss the basic biochemical techniques used to characterize a protein preparation, including active site determination and steady-state kinetics. In addition, we present the transient-state kinetic approaches used to define a mechanochemical cycle. We attempt to integrate the information obtained from kinetic studies within the context of motility results to provide a better understanding of the contribution of each approach for dissecting unidirectional force generation.
The Pantothenic Acid Content of Feedstuffs as Determined by Microbiological Assay

Abstract SNELL, Strong, and Peterson (1938SNELL, Strong, and Peterson (1939) reported pantothenic acid to be an essential growth factor for Lactobacillus casei. They pointed out, in making these reports, that an assay had been developed which appeared to be a specific and quantitative method for determining pantothenic acid and which might prove useful in view of the growing biological importance of this substance. Except for certain essential changes, this method is similar to the Snell and Strong (1939) microbiological method for determining riboflavin. In view of the success of Snell, Strong, and Peterson (1939) in using Lactobacillus casei as a means of determining the pantothenic acid content of concentrates of this vitamin, it was decided to adapt the procedure used by them to a study of the pantothenic acid content of feedstuffs, as there was a need for this information in developing diets adequate in this vitamin. While this study was in progress, a . . .
Alar rim deformities.

Alar disharmony is one of the most common abnormalities observed after a rhinoplasty. This article describes three classes in addition to Gunter's classifications of alar/ columella deformities, which include concave ala, convex ala caused by convex lateral crus, and convex ala caused by thick alar
Expression of CD45 isoforms by Epstein-Barr virus-transformed human B lymphocytes.

Abstract CD45 is the most common protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) in the membrane of white blood cells, serving as a potent regulator of lymphocyte activation and signal transduction. While the amino acid sequence of the intracellular domain of the molecule is conserved, that of the extracellular domain occurs in multiple isoforms, each the result of alternative mRNA splicing. In T lymphocytes, the lowest relative molecular mass (Mr) form, CD45RO, is associated with acquisition of memory function, whereas the highest Mr isoform, CD45RA, occurs in “naive” T cells. Recently, B cells were also found to express CD45RO following in vitro activation. In order to more fully characterize the expression of CD45 on activated B cells, we have studied its appearance on Epstein-Barr virus-transformed (EBV-t) cells and have found heterogeneous expression of CD45RO and CD45RA. CD45RO expression was unstable with eventual loss by some EBV-t lines, and loss followed by reappearance in others. CD45RA and CD45RO varied independently whereas CD45 remained stable and high, suggesting a fluctuation in other CD45 isoforms. Immunostaining for CD45RB indicates that a probable 190-kDa isoform may be responsible for this observation. A similar bidirectional reversible shifting between CD45RA and CD45RO on T-cell lines has also been reported by Rothstein et al. In contrast to some reports on normal B cells, neither CD45RA nor CD45RO expression was associated with PCA-1 expression. Further evidence that these EBV-t lines may not correspond to a well-defined stage of B-cell differentiation is provided by the observation that a disproportionate loss of CD20 compared to CD19 was noted for several lines. The basis for the CD45 isoform switching, or any functional difference(s) in the expressed isoforms, is not yet known for human B cells.
Customer branding of commodity products: The customer-developed brand

The purpose of this paper is to provide insight into the process and implications of customer branding of commodity products. Customer branding is defined by the authors as a process in which a customer or customers define, label and seek to purchase an otherwise undifferentiated or unbranded product. The customer(s) can be anywhere along the value chain and may be intermediate, industrial or end-user customers. There are many historical examples of customer branding (which sometimes turned into strong corporate brands), and customer branding may be much more common today than marketers realise. As the authors show, it still exists in modern commodity markets. Marketing theory has lost the understanding of this concept. By considering the product chain and the process of branding when customers rather than marketers enact it, the paper provides a new insight into the process of branding in general, and proposes that the evolution of brands can move from a customer-branded product to strong corporate brands. The authors contend that customer branding exists and by understanding the phenomena, value chain participants can increase revenue and improve product movement.
Relational entropy-based saliency detection in images and videos

Salient regions in an image facilitate the non-uniform allocation of computational resources to just the interesting parts of an image. In this paper, we present a saliency detection mechanism using relational distributions that capture geometric statistics based on distance and gradient direction relationships between pixels. The entropy of these normalized distributions is related to saliency. We employ an efficient technique for calculating the Renyi entropy of the probabilistic relational distributions using Parzen window weighted samples, thus eliminating the need for constructing intermediate histogram representations. We quantitatively demonstrate the biological plausibility of our method by showing how the saliency maps produced strongly correlate to human fixations in still images and to dominant objects in video. We find that our approach is better than six other saliency models.
Calorimetric Analysis of Commercial and Dental Waxes

Calorimetric analysis was used to determine heats of transition and fusion of waxes between 0 and 100 C. In general, hydrocarbon waxes had higher total heats of transition than did ester waxes. Calorimetric measurements on binary mixtures showed that carnauba and beeswax interacted with paraffin, the former having the greater effect.
Failure of laboratory evaluation of CAI to generalize to classroom settings: TheSuperShrink interview simulation

Laboratory settings are often used to evaluate instructional innovations. This paper reports a comparison of laboratory and course evaluation ofSuperShrink, an educational computer simulation of two comprehensive clinical interviews designed to teach undergraduates personality and diagnostic formulation. Previous experimental comparison of the computer simulation with a booklet version ofSuperShrink in a laboratory setting, carried out with volunteers from the departmental subject pool, indicated that students found the computer version more involving, enjoyable, and realistic. The present experiment involved the comparison of computer and booklet versions of two complete cases in four courses in abnormal psychology. The results opposed those from the laboratory setting. The students strongly preferred the booklet version and cited its greater convenience as one reason for their preference. Our findings suggest that care must be taken to ensure that laboratory evaluations of CAI are ecologically valid and are replicated in classroom settings.
Quantitative measurement of residual biaxial stress by Raman spectroscopy in diamond grown on a Ti alloy by chemical vapor deposition

Raman spectroscopy is used to study residual stress in diamond grown on Ti--6Al--4V by chemical vapor deposition. A general model is developed to use Raman spectroscopy to measure biaxial stress in polycrystalline, diamond-structure films. The as-grown film has 7.1 GPa of residual compressive stress, consistent with the difference in thermal-expansion coefficients between the diamond film and the substrate. Examination of the Raman spectra of the film in the vicinity of Brale indentations reveals that residual stresses in the film of up to approximately 17 GPa can be accommodated in the film before delamination occurs.
“Hitting is not Manly” Domestic Violence Court and the Re-Imagination of the Patriarchal State

In this study, the author investigates how the battered women’s movement has transformed the treatment of domestic violence in Salt Lake City’s specialized domestic violence court. Using Lisa Brush’s account of how the state promotes the dominance of men and the disadvantage of women, the author shows that Salt Lake City’s domestic violence court transforms both its governance of gender and its gender of governance, lending support to optimistic theories of the state. The author argues that this court is an example of a state institution that has been transformed into a feminist regime committed to individual and social change. The author encourages feminist theorists to engage with the work of Jurgen Habermas to better conceptualize the potentially positive relations among the state, social movements, and social change.
Clinical application of Pavlov conditioning reflexes in treatment of urinary incontinence.

Abstract A new method of treatment of urinary incontinence is described. A tape recorder with two outlets generates musical stimuli. One outlet brings direct unconverted musical stimuli to the patient's ear, the other outlet conveys the musical stimuli to a converter where the musical pulses are converted into electrical stimuli which are then applied to the patient's anus. At first simultaneous application of stimuli into the ear and anus is performed and anal pressure response recorded. After conditioning takes place, music is applied to the patient's ear, stimulation to the anus is disconnected, and only anal pressure response is recorded. The patients are conditioned enough to generate good anal response to aural stimulation only.
A Novel Multiple Hypothesis Based Particle Tracking Method for Clathrin Mediated Endocytosis Analysis Using Fluorescence Microscopy

In order to quantitatively analyze biological images and study underlying mechanisms of the cellular and subcellular processes, it is often required to track a large number of particles involved in these processes. Manual tracking can be performed by the biologists, but the workload is very heavy. In this paper, we present an automatic particle tracking method for analyzing an essential subcellular process, namely clathrin mediated endocytosis. The framework of the tracking method is an extension of the classical multiple hypothesis tracking (MHT), and it is designed to manage trajectories, solve data association problems, and handle pseudo-splitting/merging events. In the extended MHT framework, particle tracking becomes evaluating two types of hypotheses. The first one is the trajectory-related hypothesis, to test whether a recovered trajectory is correct, and the second one is the observation-related hypothesis, to test whether an observation from an image belongs to a real particle. Here, an observation refers to a detected particle and its feature vector. To detect the particles in 2D fluorescence images taken using total internal reflection microscopy, the images are segmented into regions, and the features of the particles are obtained by fitting Gaussian mixture models into each of the image regions. Specific models are developed according to the properties of the particles. The proposed tracking method is demonstrated on synthetic data under different scenarios and applied to real data.
Predicting photosynthesis and transpiration responses to ozone: decoupling modeled photosynthesis and stomatal conductance

Abstract. Plants exchange greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and water with the atmosphere through the processes of photosynthesis and transpiration, making them essential in climate regulation. Carbon dioxide and water exchange are typically coupled through the control of stomatal conductance, and the parameterization in many models often predict conductance based on photosynthesis values. Some environmental conditions, like exposure to high ozone (O3) concentrations, alter photosynthesis independent of stomatal conductance, so models that couple these processes cannot accurately predict both. The goals of this study were to test direct and indirect photosynthesis and stomatal conductance modifications based on O3 damage to tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) in a coupled Farquhar/Ball-Berry model. The same modifications were then tested in the Community Land Model (CLM) to determine the impacts on gross primary productivity (GPP) and transpiration at a constant O3 concentration of 100 parts per billion (ppb). Modifying the Vcmax parameter and directly modifying stomatal conductance best predicts photosynthesis and stomatal conductance responses to chronic O3 over a range of environmental conditions. On a global scale, directly modifying conductance reduces the effect of O3 on both transpiration and GPP compared to indirectly modifying conductance, particularly in the tropics. The results of this study suggest that independently modifying stomatal conductance can improve the ability of models to predict hydrologic cycling, and therefore improve future climate predictions.
Protein adsorption characteristics of plasma treated polyurethane surfaces

The effect of various plasma surface treatments on the protein adsorption characteristics of two polyurethane elastomers (Acushnet E417-0 [ACx] and Texin 480 AR [TN]) were studied. Both substrates are based upon diphenylmethane 4,4′-diisocyanate (MDI) hard segments and polyester soft segments. Adsorption characteristics of the untreated samples were initially established, followed by plasma treated surfaces. Contact angle and 2 h albumin adsorption were determined. (1) Results of this study indicate that the protein adsorption characteristics of crosslinked substrate ACx is more linear than that of non-crosslinked substrate TN. Further, substrate TN adsorbs seven-fold greater protein at a rate four times higher on its surface than ACx.N,N-Ethylene bis (stearamide), a processing aid used in substrate TN, may encourage greater protein adsorption on substrate TN and variation in the soft segment mobility between the substrates also may affect their adsorption characteristics. (2) Plasma treatments using CH4 and/or CxFy chemistries increased the contact angle for both substrates while those with O2 and O2/CF4 decreased the contact angle for the substrates considered. In general, the contact angle of the substrates exhibiting greater protein adsorption was smaller.
Direct measurement of triaxial strain fields around ferroelectric domains using X-ray microdiffraction.

Ferroelectric materials, such as BaTiO_3, have piezoelectric properties that make them attractive for microelectronic and sensing applications. It is well known that the application of mechanical stress or electric field can alter the domain structure in ferroelectrics. Indeed, the constitutive behaviour of a ferroelectric is largely governed by the formation, movement and interaction of its domains. Therefore, it is crucial that the micromechanics of domains and their effect on internal stresses in ferroelectrics be understood. Here we show that the emerging technique of scanning X-ray microdiffraction can be used to measure directly, for the first time, the local triaxial strain fields around 90° domains in single-crystal BaTiO_3. Specifically, residual strain maps in a region surrounding an isolated, approximately 40 µm wide, 90° domain were obtained with 3 µm resolution, revealing significant residual strains. This information is critical for accurate micromechanical modelling of domain behaviour in ferroelectrics.
Damage Mechanisms in Polymer Matrix Composites in Extreme Environments

In this work, potential problems with the application of polymer matrix composites (PMC) in extreme environments [1] is discussed. Then, two specific examples of the applications of PMCs in high voltage [2-7] and high temperature [8-15] situations are evaluated. The first example deals with damage evolution in high voltage composite insulators [2-7] with PMC rods subjected to a combined action of extreme mechanical, electrical and environmental stresses. These insulators are widely used in transmission line and substation applications around the world. Subsequently, advanced high temperature graphite/polyimide composites [8-15] are evaluated for aerospace applications. The composite investigated in this project were used to manufacture and successfully test a Rocket Based Combined Cycle (RBCC) third-generation, reusable liquid propellant rocket engine, which is one possible engine for a future single-stage-to-orbit vehicle [8].
The Telephone as Physical Object.

The telephone's physical components are seen in terms of their “status implications and the cultural conflicts which they manifest technologically.”
Sleep duration does not mediate or modify association of common genetic variants with type 2 diabetes.

Aims/hypothesis Short and long sleep duration are associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes. We aimed to investigate whether genetic variants for fasting glucose or type 2 diabetes associate with short or long sleep duration and whether sleep duration modifies the association of genetic variants with these traits.
Carbohydrate and amino acid requirements and ammonia production of rabbit follicular oocytes matured in vitro.

Abstract Rabbit follicular oocytes were cultured at 37 °C for 18–24 h in a basic salt medium containing 0.4% bovine serum albumin (BSA), carbohydrates and amino acids in various combinations. Osmolarity of the medium was maintained at 308 mOsm. The carbohydrates, pyruvate, lactate and glucose were all about equally beneficial, but not essential for rabbit oocyte maturation. Glutamine and proline, but not methionine or phenylalanine stimulated oocyte development. Glutamine stimulated more follicular oocytes to develop to prophase and metaphase II than did any of the three carbohydrates tested alone or in combination. Ammonia production after 24 h of culture was highest in media containing glutamine (15.2 μg/ml) but this was not inhibitory to maturation. Negligible amounts of ammonia were found with the other amino acids added. With 0, 0.08, 0.4, 2, 10 and 50 mM of glutamine in the basic salt medium, plus 0.4 % BSA, but without carbohydrates, 30, 73, 70, 71, 59 and 45 % of the follicular oocytes developed to the prophase or metaphase II stage. It is concluded that the optimum level of glutamine ranged from 0.08 to 2 mM and that no carbohydrate need be added to the medium for culturing oocytes when glutamine is included.
A user interactive heuristic procedure for solving the multiple product cycling problem

In this paper we consider a lot-sizing model for the manufacture and storage of several products that require processing on a machine with limited production capacity. In addition, the machine can only be dedicated to producing one of these products in a time period and a fixed changeover cost is incurred whenever the machine changes from the production of one product to the production of a different product. A procedure is presented which uses a modified run-out time method to select which product to process next and a single product heuristic algorithm as the lot-sizing module for the selected product. The user is actively involved in resolving infeasibilities and in generating alternate feasible solutions. The procedure was tested on a set of 48 test problems. Each problem was 15 periods in length and consisted of either 2, 3, or 5 products. The best feasible solutions averaged 8.5% above the optimum with a mean CPU solution time of 3.29 s.