cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electric and Magnetic Fields at the Earth's Surface Due to Auroral Currents

The horizontal components of the electric and magnetic fields due to auroral atmospheric currents are calculated at the surface of the earth. For sinusoidal changes in the earth's magnetic field (Fourier frequency components of actual nonsinusoidal variations), a lower limit of the corresponding earth-surface potential is obtained by considering a line-type auroral current over a nonuniform stratified earth. An upper limit of the earth-surface potential is obtained by considering a current-sheet model of the auroral current, and the same model of the earth. A diagram is constructed that allows calculation of the earth-surface potential for given variations in the earth's magnetic field. Finally, the influence of the earth-surface potential on electric power systems is discussed.
The Mammalian Immediate-early TIS21 Protein and the Leukemia-associated BTG1 Protein Interact with a Protein-arginine N-Methyltransferase

The TIS21 immediate-early gene and leukemia-associated BTG1 gene encode proteins with similar sequences. Two-hybrid analysis identified a protein that interacts with TIS21 and BTG1. Sequence motifs associated with S-adenosyl-L-methionine binding suggested this protein might have methyltransferase activity. A glutathione Stransferase (GST) fusion of the putative methyltransferase modifies arginine residues, in appropriate protein substrates, to form N G -monomethyl and N G ,N G dimethylarginine (asymmetric). We term the proteinarginine N-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.23) gene “PRMT1,” for protein-arginine methyltransferase 1. GST-TIS21 and GST-BTG1 fusion proteins qualitatively and quantitatively modulate endogenous PRMT1 activity, using control and hypomethylated RAT1 cell extracts as methyl-accepting substrates. PRMT1 message appears ubiquitous, and is constitutive in mitogen-stimulated cells. Modulation of PRMT1 activity by transiently expressed regulatory subunits may be an additional mode of signal transduction following ligand stimulation.
Parallel and Explicit Finite-Element Time-Domain Method for Maxwell's Equations

We construct a parallel and explicit finite-element time-domain (FETD) algorithm for Maxwell's equations in simplicial meshes based on a mixed E- B discretization and a sparse approximation for the inverse mass matrix. The sparsity pattern of the approximate inverse is obtained from edge adjacency information, which is naturally encoded by the sparsity pattern of successive powers of the mass matrix. Each column of the approximate inverse is computed independently, allowing for different processors to be used with no communication costs and hence linear (ideal) speedup in parallel processors. The convergence of the approximate inverse matrix to the actual inverse (full) matrix is investigated numerically and shown to exhibit exponential convergence versus the density of the approximate inverse matrix. The resulting FETD time-stepping is explicit is the sense that it does not require a linear solve at every time step, akin to the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method.
Target Detection in Clutter Using Adaptive OFDM Radar

We address the problem of detecting a target moving in clutter environment using an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) radar. The broadband OFDM signal provides frequency diversity to improve the performance of the system. First, we develop a parametric model that accounts for the measurements at multiple frequencies including the Doppler shift. Then, we present a statistical detection test and evaluate its performance characteristics. Based on this, we propose an algorithm to adaptively design the parameters for the next transmitting waveform. Numerical examples illustrate our analytical results, demonstrating the achieved performance improvement due to the OFDM signaling method and adaptive waveform design.
Probing fine magnetic particles with neutron scattering

Because thermal neutrons are scattered both by nuclei and by unpaired electrons, they provide an ideal probe for studying the atomic and magnetic structures of fine-grained magnetic materials, including nanocrystalline solids, thin epitaxial layers, and colloidal suspensions of magnetic particles, known as ferrofluids. Diffraction, surface reflection, and small angle neutron scattering (SANS) are the techniques used. With the exception of surface reflection, these methods are described in this article. The combination of SANS with refractive-index matching and neutron polarisation analysis is particularly powerful because it allows the magnetic and atomic structures to be determined independently. This technique has been used to study both dilute and concentrated ferrofluid suspensions of relatively monodisperse cobalt particles, subjected to a series of applied magnetic fields. The size of the cobalt particle core and the surrounding surfactant layer were determined. The measured interparticle structure factor agrees well with a recent theory that allows correlations in binary mixtures of magnetic particles to be calculated in the case of complete magnetic alignment. When one of the species in such a binary mixture is a nonmagnetic, cyclindrical macromolecule, application of a magnetic field leads to some degree of alignment of the nonmagnetic species. This result has been demonstratedmore » with tobacco mosaic virus suspended in a water-based ferrofluid.« less
OPPORTUNISTIC SCREENING FOR DIABETES AND PREDIABETES USING HEMOGLOBIN A1C IN AN URBAN PRIMARY CARE SETTING.

ABSTRACT Objective: In 2010, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) endorsed hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) as 1 of 3 tests for diabetes and prediabetes screening. We describe the use of HbA1c testing for screening during routine visits in primary care clinics of an urban health care system in the U.S. Methods: In 2013 to 2014, retrospective analyses of deidentified electronic health records over a 2-year period, January 2010 to December 2011, for academic private practices (clinic group 1) and federally-qualified Community Health Centers (clinic group 2) identified 11,885 adults without prior diabetes or recent HbA1c testing. We estimated the proportion of patients eligible for screening according to ADA and U.S. Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF) guidelines and calculated the potential yield of previously undiagnosed diabetes or prediabetes among those who received at least 1 HbA1c test. Results: Overall, 3,316 and 5,613 patients of clinic groups 1 and 2 (75.2% of each) were eligible for screening by AD...
Factors Affecting End-User Satisfaction on Facebook

This study predicts end-user satisfaction on Facebook through two constructs: perceived ease-of-use and perceived usefulness. Usefulness was operationalized to reflect the perception that the site is helpful for friendship maintenance and social surveillance. The results show that Facebook users perceive the site to be both easy-to-use and useful. Perceived ease-of-use and perceived usefulness were statistically significant predictors for satisfaction; the perceived usefulness of the site has a greater impact on satisfaction than perceived ease-of-use. Several control variables were included to adjust the results. Satisfaction is statistically significantly higher for users who have more friends and interact with more people compared to those who had fewer friends and fewer interactions. Satisfaction is not statistically different for males and females when accounting for users' perception of usefulness and ease-of-use. This study applies the IS success model developed for more utilitarian systems to a hedonic social network site.
"Everything I Needed from Her Was Everything She Gave Back to Me:" An Evaluation of Preconception Counseling for U.S. HIV-serodiscordant Couples Desiring Pregnancy.

Objectives We sought to evaluate preconception counseling (PCC) through a qualitative examination of the experiences of couples with serodiscordant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status desiring pregnancy. Methods Patients involved in HIV-serodiscordant relationships who received PCC between January 2013 and January 2015 were recruited to participate in 40-minute semistructured telephone interviews. Participants were asked about their experiences with PCC and the impact of counseling on their knowledge of safer conception strategies and reproductive decisions. Two researchers independently coded interview transcripts, and delineated common ideas to generate emerging themes from participants' responses. Results Eleven respondents completed the interviews, including nine women and two men. Six respondents were HIV positive. Our thematic analysis revealed that patients gained knowledge and confidence through PCC that conception was both possible and safe. They had varied reactions to assisted reproductive technologies that correlated with income level, and explored complicated weighing of personal risk of HIV transmission. Patients reported major challenges including poor access to PCC, difficulty identifying peak fertility periods, and lack of long-term conception follow-up. Discussion PCC is a valuable resource for patients involved in HIV-serodiscordant relationships. We recommend the following opportunities for improvement: developing practical safer conception clinical and counseling guidelines for HIV-affected couples, increasing patient access to and awareness of PCC services, distributing more helpful resources to identify peak fertility, and providing long-term support for patients.
Cooperative Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access in Heterogeneous Networks

In order to address the ever increasing high capacity demands, next generation wireless networks are required to revolutionize the infrastructure design and air interface technologies. In this paper, we introduce a cooperative non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technique with successive interference cancellation (SIC) in wireless heterogeneous networks. Aiming to improve the system capacity, the cooperative NOMA scheme exploits both NOMA and dirty paper coding (DPC), based on which a resource scheduling optimization problem is formulated. The optimization problem is a combinatorial mixed-integer non-linear problem. A genetic algorithm is used to solve the problem with a low computational complexity. Simulation results show that the proposed cooperative NOMA scheme can significantly improve the network capacity.
Updating a Student-Generated Ice-Core Data Plot Exercise for Courses Investigating Climate Change Topics

Students prepare Excel graphs using the most recent available ice-core data for estimated temperatures and atmospheric carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide concentrations from the Antarctic for the past 800 000 years. These graphs are used to discuss the meaning and relationships of past data trends and their relevance to the topic of climate change.
Naval Aviation Mishap Investigations Using Engineering Simulations at the Naval Air Systems Command: Past, Present and Future

The Secretary of Defense has recently challenged the Department of Defense to reduce the number of aircraft mishap and accident rates by at least 50%. To meet this goal, hazards identified as root causes in aircraft mishaps and accidents must be completely understood so appropriate mitigation measures can be taken to eliminate or reduce the risk associated with these hazards. High fidelity aircraft flight simulation has an important role to play in meeting this goal. Over the past several decades, significant improvements have been made in the NAVAIR Air Vehicle Engineering Department’s (NAVAIR 4.3) ability to ascertain the root causes of aircraft mishaps. These investigation technique improvements have evolved in parallel with the incorporation of digital computing resources into aircraft platforms. These processing systems can provide engineers with key aircraft data regarding flight conditions, aircraft states (pilot commands, actuator positions, engine settings) and the failure state of the aircraft at the time the mishap occurred. Engineers utilize this and more traditional mishap data (such as the pilot accounts of events, witness accounts, cockpit video/audio, and engineering investigations (EIs) of aircraft components) to generate hypotheses on the root cause of the mishap. However, analyses alone are often insufficient to prove or disprove these hypotheses due to the complexity of modern digital fly-by-wire aircraft. High fidelity aircraft flight simulation is used as an important tool to prove out these hypotheses. In some instances, a severely limited amount of data are available due to mishap circumstances and the role of high fidelity flight simulation is even more crucial to the investigation process. The role of simulation in the mishap evaluation does not usually end with determination of the root cause of the mishap. High fidelity aircraft flight simulation is often used in follow-on efforts to determine how best to mitigate hazards associated with a mishap, form the basis for whether a procedural or design change is required to mitigate the hazards. This paper presents the process used by NAVAIR 4.3 to investigate aircraft mishaps and accidents with an emphasis on the role simulation plays in this process. Specific examples of how various levels of simulation (pilot-in-the-loop, hardware-in-the loop, desktop batch mode simulations) are used in the process. Lessons learned over the past 20 years will be explored in detail, along with a discussion of how these lessons apply to future tactical aircraft systems.
The Calculation of the Complete Elliptic Integral of the Third Kind

(1960). The Calculation of the Complete Elliptic Integral of the Third Kind. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 67, No. 3, pp. 205-213.
Reducing dosing errors and increasing clinical efficiency in Guatemala: first report of a novel mHealth medication dosing app in a developing country

Background Medication errors are known to be a widespread problem affecting patient safety and treatment efficacy. We were approached by a Guatemalan clinic interested in piloting an app to aid their junior clinicians in correctly calculating medication dosages. Methods We programmed a medication-dosing app using CommCare. In a prospective study among junior physicians at a small high-throughput clinic, we primarily assessed the app9s dosing accuracy and efficiency. Secondarily, we measured the app9s usability and effect on patient-centredness. Results Six clinicians aged 21–24 tested the app. Among 366 prescriptions, dosages were 40% more likely to be correct when calculated using the app (relative risk: 1.39; 95% CI 1.16 to 1.68; p=0.0005). Accuracy improved from 64.7% (N=156) to 92.4% (N=210). Using the app in a time-constrained context improved clinician efficiency by over 20% with a decrease in average consultation time of 1.5 min (p Conclusions The app was shown to be safe and efficient. Making this app available to junior physicians may significantly improve patient safety by enhancing dosing accuracy. This study demonstrates that dosing apps can be an efficacious means of decreasing medication errors in developing countries. We found that different strategies to introduce novel apps to providers might improve providers’ trust in the technologies and thereby make apps more efficacious.
NF-kappa B does not modulate sensitivity of renal carcinoma cells to TNF alpha-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL).

BACKGROUND Immune cells express TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and may play an important role in controlling the growth of renal cancer. For this reason we examined the potential cytotoxic and intracellular signaling effects of TRAIL on several renal cancer cell (RCC) lines. METHODS Cytotoxicity was determined using an MTS tetrazolium based assay. Death receptor expression was measured by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Immunoblot analysis was used to measure cFLIP, caspase-8 and phosphorylated JNK and p38. Activation of NF-kappa B was determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. RESULTS Two RCC lines were highly sensitive to TRAIL-induced cell death, two were of intermediate sensitivity, and two were insensitive. Sensitivity to TRAIL-stimulated apoptosis did not correlate with expression of death receptors, decoy receptors, or expression of the caspase-8-inhibitory protein cFLIP. Neither activation or inhibition of the NF-kappa B signal transduction pathway protected sensitive cells from TRAIL-induced cell death. CONCLUSIONS NF-kappa B, although stimulated in these cell lines, does not play a role in the sensitivity of RCC to TRAIL and could play other functions in TRAIL signaling.
Continuous Post-Mining of Association Rules in a Data Stream Management System

The real-time (or just-on-time) requirement associated with online association rule mining implies the need to expedite the analysis and validation of the many candidate rules, which are typically created from the discovered frequent patterns. Moreover, the mining process, from data cleaning to post-mining, can no longer be structured as a sequence of steps performed by the analyst, but must be streamlined into a workflow supported by an efficient system providing quality of service guarantees that are expected from modern Data Stream Management Systems (DSMSs). This paper describes the architecture and techniques used to achieve this advanced functionality in the Stream Mill Miner (SMM) prototype, an SQL-based DSMS designed to support continuous mining queries.
Visuo-computational tools for PET physiological imaging

The authors describe some of the tools incorporated into a highly portable UNIX-based software package that was developed to address the special problems presented in the visualization and analysis of PET (positron emission tomography) images. The salient features of this package include: (1) a complete set of image display and analysis routines, (2) biomathematical modeling tools to transform raw PET data to physiological parameters, (3) realignment of PET images with those of CT (computed tomography) or MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) to correlate the functional, parametric display with the underlying anatomy, (4) regional thresholding techniques to limit the analysis to the physiologically relevant tissue as well as to make the definition of regions of interest less dependent on anatomical boundaries, (5) display of regional covariation patterns, (6) pseudo-3-D surface representations of metabolic values, and (7) stereoscopic and animation techniques for enhanced visual impact. >
Treatment dilemma in the care of older adults with advanced lung cancer.

There are persistent knowledge gaps in the management of older patients with advanced lung cancer. Despite significant advances in the treatment over the past decade, mortality from lung cancer continues to increase in patients over age 70 years (1). Thus, advances in the treatment of lung cancer have minimally impacted this large subgroup of population. While patients 70 years or older account for almost half the patients with lung cancer, they are typically under-represented on clinical trials (1).
Revision Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasties After Solid Organ Transplant

Abstract Background As solid organ transplant (SOT) patients' survival improves, the number undergoing total hip (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is increasing. Accordingly, the number of revision procedures in this higher-risk group is also increasing. The goals of this study were to identify the most common failure mechanisms, associated complications, clinical outcomes, and patient survivorship of SOT patients after revision THA or TKA. Methods A retrospective review identified 39 revision procedures (30 revision THAs and 9 revision TKAs) completed in 37 SOT patients between 2000 and 2013. The mean age at revision surgery was 62 years with a mean follow-up of 6 years. Results The most common failure mode for revision THA was aseptic loosening (10/30, 33%), followed by periprosthetic joint infection (PJI; 7/30, 23%). The most common failure mode for revision TKA was PJI (5/9, 56%). There were 6 re-revision THAs for PJI (3/30; 10%) and instability (3/30; 10%). There were 2 reoperations after revision TKA, both for acute PJI (2/9; 22%). Final Harris Hip Scores significantly ( P = .03) improved as did Knee Society Scores ( P = .01). Estimated survivorship free from mortality at 5 and 10 years was 71% and 60% after revision THA and 65% and 21% after revision TKA, respectively. Conclusion Revision THA and TKA after solid organ transplantation carry considerable risk for re-revision, particularly for PJI. Although SOT recipients demonstrate improved clinical function after revision procedures, patient survivorship at mid- to long-term follow-up is low.
Adolescent physical activity and smoking: A moderated-mediation analysis of gender differences via sport competence beliefs and depressive symptoms

A35 Research supports an inverse relationship between physical activity and smoking in adolescents. It is unclear though, why physical activity affects adolescent smoking, and whether there are gender differences in the effects. We sought to answer these questions in a two wave study with a two group structural equation model (SEM) proposing the effects of physical activity (PA) and team sport participation (being on an official high school team roster) on adolescent smoking are indirect via the effects of PA and team sport on sport competence beliefs (SCB), SCB on depression symptoms, and depression symptoms on smoking. We also proposed the effects would be stronger for males than females. >Participants were 384 adolescents (55% male, 96% Caucasian) aged 15-18 at baseline, from a suburban South Eastern Pennsylvania high school, taking part in a two year cohort study (N=406) of the relationship between health habits and smoking. The analysis in this study included data from both waves. >The two group SEM fit the data well, Chi square (df=27, N male =212,N female =172) = 28.53, p =.38, CFI=1.00, RMSEA=.02, WRMR=.76. There were no significant direct effects for PA or team sport on smoking. However, results supported a significant indirect effect; team roster membership had a significant negative indirect effect on smoking via sport competence beliefs and depression symptoms, but only for boys (β indirect = -.05, z = -2.12, p = .03, 95% CI = -.104, -.004). >Consistent with previous research, the findings of this study suggest that team sport participation may provide the greatest protection against adolescent smoking. However, the effects may depend upon gender, team sport participation being most beneficial for males. Also consistent with past research, these results suggest the importance of the subjective interpretation of team sport participation, and depression symptoms, in the relationship between adolescent activity involvement and smoking. They also suggest the need for research on what features of the team sport environment protect against smoking in adolescence. >This study was supported by a grant from the Cancer Research and Prevention Foundation CRPF (DR)
Bivariate Genomic Footprinting Detects Changes in Transcription Factor Activity

In response to activating signals, transcription factors (TFs) bind DNA and regulate gene expression. TF binding can be measured by protection of the bound sequence from DNase digestion (i.e., footprint). Here, we report that 80% of TF binding motifs do not show a measurable footprint, partly because of a variable cleavage pattern within the motif sequence. To more faithfully portray the effect of TFs on chromatin, we developed an algorithm that captures two TF-dependent effects on chromatin accessibility: footprinting and motif-flanking accessibility. The algorithm, termed bivariate genomic footprinting (BaGFoot), efficiently detects TF activity. BaGFoot is robust to different accessibility assays (DNase-seq, ATAC-seq), all examined peak-calling programs, and a variety of cut bias correction approaches. BaGFoot reliably predicts TF binding and provides valuable information regarding the TFs affecting chromatin accessibility in various biological systems and following various biological events, including in cases where an absolute footprint cannot be determined.
Colonialist Pasts and Afrosurrealist Futures: Decolonizing Race and Doctorhood in Doctor Who.

Originally premiering in 1963, the BBC television series Doctor Who has long been criticized for essentializing colonial scenarios and failing to address issues of race and post-colonial realities. As a white male with the privilege to explore time and space, the titular Doctor stands in contrast to his human companion Martha Jones, a Black woman who represents the first and only main character in the show to be a medical professional of color. The relationship between the Doctor and Martha inherently demands an exploration of the meaning of doctorhood. In studying the ways in which these characters embody the idea of “doctor,” we examine how race structures their approach to medicine, heroism, and colonialism. Whereas the Doctor personifies the figure of colonizer and post-colonial white savior, Martha emerges as a radical figure whose doctorhood potentially challenges and dismantles the colonial history of medicine. Through Afrofuturist and Afrosurrealist lenses, Martha represents a potentially subversive figure who offers a visionary medicine rooted in social justice.
How Mental Stimulation Exercises Can Nudge Healthier Food Choices for Children: An Abstract

Childhood obesity is a serious public health concern in the USA and around the world. While the obesity rate has stabilized in the recent past in the USA, the overall rate continues to be high with no trend for decline. Further, childhood obesity is known to have negative long-term effects. For example, children who are obese are at a higher long-term risk for adult diabetes than healthy-weight children (Liang et al., 2015).
PLACENTAL THYROID STIMULATORS AND THYROID FUNCTION IN PREGNANCY

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses placental thyroid stimulators and thyroid function in pregnancy. Pregnancy influences maternal thyroid function in a complex manner. Fetal thyroid function is independent of the maternal thyroid. In addition, the placenta plays an important role in the control of thyroid function in pregnancy. This chapter addresses three questions. First, what effect does the placenta have on thyroid function in mother and fetus? Second, what are the landmarks in the development of fetal thyroid hormone secretion and its control? Third, how does thyroid function in pregnant women differ from that in the nonpregnant state? The placenta forms a barrier to the transport of many substances between mother and fetus. As iodide is the limiting substrate for the synthesis of thyroid hormone, its transport across the placenta is essential for the production of thyroid hormone by the fetus. The placenta is permeable to iodide but not permeable to the iodothyronines, even though they are relatively small molecules. The development of fetal thyroid function in humans proceeds through three stages—early organ development, the maturation of hypothalamic function, and the maturation of thyroid hormone production and its control.
Theme-Park Psychology: A Case Study Regarding Human Intelligence and Its Implications for Education

We introduce in this article the construct of theme-park psychology which we define as psychological theory and research drawn only from limited and unrepresentative samples of participants, tasks and situational contexts within the context of worldwide populations. Results obtained from limited populations, tasks, and situational contexts often are inappropriately generalized and then used as a basis for educational policy. In theme-park psychology, easy-to-study populations, tasks, and situational contexts repeatedly may show the same patterns in data, leading to tantalizing generalizations that are nevertheless wrong. We describe studies by ourselves and by others with respect to human intelligence that illustrate our views and that cast doubt on traditional notions.
Seed regeneration mechanisms over fine spatial scales on recovering Coffee plantation and pasture in Puerto Rico

Researchers have long been interested in the scale-dependence of ecological processes and, more recently, in the precise scale at which a process operates. Plant regeneration studies have also been interested in scale questions, but have not studied either several regeneration mechanisms at once or the exact scales they work at. To address these issues, I set out 256 seeds for each of four species in each of two 16 × 16 cell plastic grids placed on a 1 year old Coffee plantation and on a 4 year old pasture, both in Puerto Rico. I found that seed predation was the dominant mechanism (50%–75% losses among species) of seed mortality compared to seed disease (20%–45% losses); while germination accounted for 15%–35% of the seed. In general, species responded individualistically with no clear trends within coffee or pasture. I next used Ripleys K-function to investigate spatial-dependency over spatial scales ranging from 2 cm to 20 cm for each seed mechanism, each species and within each field type. Again the most recurrent patterns came from taking the seed mechanisms separately, compared to species or field type trends. I found that (1) seed predation clumped at scales of 2 cm to 11 cm, (2) clumping for seed disease was rare and scattered among scales, and (3) seeds germinated in a clumped pattern at scales of 11 cm to 23 cm. These results reflect the behavior of seed predators, and may also mimic the size of sun flecks, in disturbed areas of Puerto Rico. Finally, I discuss their implications for old-field microsite preferences, safe sites and patch dynamics.
Does resilience moderate the associations between parental problem drinking and adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing behaviors?: A study of Korean adolescents

Abstract Background This study examined the main and interactive effects of parental problem drinking and resilience on problem (externalizing and internalizing) behaviors among Korean adolescents. Methods Data were collected from 482 adolescents (mean age = 14.4 years, 57% girls) from four middle schools in two urban areas in Korea. A revised version of Kim's measure (2003) and Hyun's Problems Behaviors Profiles (2000) were employed to measure resilience and internalizing and externalizing behaviors, respectively. Results Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that parental problem drinking was directly associated with externalizing and internalizing behaviors. Further, the effects of parental problem drinking on both outcomes were moderated by resilience, such that the negative effects of parental problem drinking decreased in magnitude as resilience increased. Simple slope analyses showed that (1) the effects of parental problem drinking on externalizing behaviors were significant only at low levels of resilience and (2) the effects of parental problem drinking on internalizing behaviors were significant at low and average levels of resilience. Conclusions Resilience may confer some protection against the adverse effects of parental problem drinking among Korean adolescents, but these protective effects are small in magnitude. Results highlight the importance of further research on culture-specific dimensions of resilience among Korean Children of Alcoholics (COAs).
Carboxypeptidase A: a protein and an enzyme.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the relationship of the three-dimensional structures of bovine carboxypeptidase A (CPA), and of its complexes with substrates and inhibitors, to the functional behavior of this enzyme. In particular, it discusses the basis for substrate specificity, modes of binding, and possible mechanisms of hydrolytic cleavage of substrates for this enzyme. CPA is a zinc-containing proteolytic enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of carboxy-terminal peptide bonds in protein and peptide substrates. Removal of Zn2+, either by lowering the pH below 5.5 or by the use of a variety of chelating agents at neutral pH, yields an inactive enzyme, apocarboxypeptidase A. Peptidase activity is known for Co2+, Ni2+, Mn2+ and Fe2+ in place of Zn2+, but substitution of Cu2+ for Zn2+ yields an enzyme that is inactive toward all substrates. Esters are also cleaved by CPA and the substitution of Hg2+, Cd2+, or Pb2+ retains esterase activity, although these heavy metal derivatives are not peptidases in solution. However, the crystals of the mercury derivative have shown some peptidase activity.
Mitral valve prolapse syndrome. Nonpharmacologic management.

Mitral valve prolapse syndrome is the most common valvular disorder and occurs more often in women than in men. This syndrome is often associated with symptoms of anxiety, fatigue, palpitations, headaches, and chest pain. Few nurses, however, are familiar with this syndrome and the treatment options available for it. This article reviews the pathophysiology, diagnostic techniques, and treatment options for mitral valve prolapse syndrome with a focus on the use on nonpharmacologic therapies for successful treatment.
The socialization of attitudes about sex and their role in adolescent pornography use.

Abstract Introduction This study examines the socialization of conservative attitudes about sex and pornography use in later adolescence. We tested a socialization model whereby we anticipated that parent conservative sex attitudes would more strongly predict teen conservative sex attitudes when more frequent and higher quality parent-teen communication was present. We further hypothesized that teen conservative sex attitudes would mediate relations between parent conservative sex attitudes and teen pornography use over time. Methods The data come from three waves of the National Survey of Youth and Religion (N = 3290; ages 13 through 18; M age = 15.5). Results Path analyses found that teen sex attitudes mediated the negative link between parent sex attitudes and subsequent teen pornography use, but frequency and quality of parent-teen communication extensiveness (operationalized as frequency) and quality (operationalized as comfort) did not moderate the association between parent and teen sex attitudes. However, communication extensiveness did moderate relations between parent sex attitudes and later teen pornography use. The model was largely consistent across teen gender. Conclusions In short, parent and teen conservative sex attitudes are developmentally linked and predictive of later teen pornography use, but the role of parent-teen communication and teen gender are complex and in need of further research.
Designing advanced mathematics courses to influence secondary teaching: fostering mathematics teachers’ “attention to scope”

Most prospective secondary mathematics teachers complete a course in real analysis, yet view the content as unrelated to their future teaching. We leveraged a theoretically motivated instructional model to design modules for a real analysis course that could inform secondary teachers’ pedagogy, focusing on how this model was implemented in a single module about “attending to scope.” The central aim is to document how teachers’ experience in this real analysis course influenced their subsequent teaching. In the majority of lessons we observed from six participating teachers, the following occurred: (i) the teacher explicitly attended to the scope of statements discussed in class; and (ii) in post-class interviews, the teacher highlighted their deliberate attention to scope and attributed this behavior to their experience in the experimental real analysis course. We discuss the design approach, its relation to teachers’ actions in the classroom, and potential implications for teacher education in advanced content courses.
Studies on Erythropoiesis. XI. Reticulocyte Response of Transfusion-Induced Polycythemic Mice to Anemic Plasma from Nephrectomized Mice and to Plasma from Nephrectomized Rats Exposed to Low Oxygen

Mice with transfusion-induced polycythemia have been used to assay erythropoietic activity in plasma derived from mice and rats subjected to various stimuli and experimental procedures. 1. Anemic, anoxic, or cobalt mouse plasma increased erythropoiesis from the zero baseline to about the normal range after four 0.5 cc. injections. No significant effect is observed from the same number of injections of normal rat or mouse plasma or normal saline. Similarly, plasma from rats starved for 4 days had no erythropoietic activity, but erythropoietic activity was present in the plasma of pregnant mice during the last trimester of pregnancy. 2. Plasma from mice made anemic by phenylhydrazine and then subjected to bilateral nephrectomy contained slight erythropoietic activity (less than 0.2 per cent reticulocytes). The plasma of sham-operated anemic animals had considerably more erythropoietic activity (2.0 per cent). The plasma was collected for assay 10 hours after the operative procedures. 3. Plasma from nephrectomized rats exposed to hypoxic anoxia for 8, 16, or 24 hours, had slight erythropoietic activity when measured by the peripheral reticulocyte response of the recipients (0.18, 0.11, and 0.00 per cent reticulocutes, respectively). The same plasma had no erythropoietic activity when judged by the Fe59 red cell incorporation response in starved rats. Plasma from rats subjected to bilateral ureter ligation and similarly exposed had an erythropoietic activity (0.7, 1.38, and 1.26 per cent reticulocytes, respectively), comparable with that of the plasma from normal rats exposed to hypoxic anoxia (0.9, 1.71, and 1.78 per cent, respectively). The low and inconstant erythropoietic activity in the plasma of nephrectomized mice and rats subjected to anemic or hypoxic anoxia is more or less comparable with the response occasionally produced by normal plasma. We are, therefore, disinclined to consider the data as evidence against the renal origin of erythropoietins, but the alternative possibilities are discussed.
European Counterpoint to Chapter 15

Ventriculoperitoneal shunts have revolutionized the outcome of hydrocephalus at all ages and have improved quality of life. Before shunts were widely available, hydrocephalus carried an overall 5-year survival rate of 20% and a very poor intellectual outcome for those who survived (1,2). Wide introduction of shunts after the 1950s improved the 5-year survival rate to 80% (1,3–7). The intellectual outcome among survivors improved dramatically as well; more than 70% of treated hydrocephalic children now complete school training (3,5,7,8). But, at the same time, introduction of shunts created new socioeconomic circumstances as they are prone to a significant number of complications with substantial impact on individuals and health systems alike.
Developmental Programming of Body Composition: Update on Evidence and Mechanisms

A growing body of epidemiological and experimental data indicate that nutritional or environmental stressors during early development can induce long-term adaptations that increase risk of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other chronic conditions—a phenomenon termed “developmental programming.” A common phenotype in humans and animal models is altered body composition, with reduced muscle and bone mass, and increased fat mass. In this review, we summarize the recent literature linking prenatal factors to future body composition and explore contributing mechanisms. Many prenatal exposures, including intrauterine growth restriction, extremes of birth weight, maternal obesity, and maternal diabetes, are associated with increased fat mass, reduced muscle mass, and decreased bone density, with effects reported throughout infancy and childhood, and persisting into middle age. Mechanisms and mediators include maternal diet, breastmilk composition, metabolites, appetite regulation, genetic and epigenetic influences, stem cell commitment and function, and mitochondrial metabolism. Differences in body composition are a common phenotype following disruptions to the prenatal environment, and may contribute to developmental programming of obesity and diabetes risk.
Apple Trees for Firewood: James Buchanan’s Case for a Balanced Budget Amendment in the Context of U.S. Fiscal Policy

Throughout his academic career James Buchanan was deeply concerned about the proclivity of constitutional democracies to go into debt. He feared that the process of accumulating public debt would increase the tax burden on individuals to an extent that would eventually be fiscally unsustainable and subversive for liberty. This paper uses the example of the U.S. to illustrate, in concrete terms rather than abstract modeling, that Buchanan seems vindicated by the facts. To sideline him as a doomsayer and dismiss his balanced budget policy proposal out of hand would be inappropriate.
Comprehensive modeling of the lithographic errors in laser direct write

Patterns written by laser direct write have a critical dimension (CD) bias dependence on the dose similar to other direct write methods, such as electron beam lithography, which can be explained by the exposure intensity distribution (EID) of the laser beam. In this study, a comprehensive model based on the EID is proposed to understand the pattern CD bias dependence on the dose, which is known as the exposure latitude. This model was supported by the results of the exposure tests on MicroChem S1800 resist on an Si wafer using the Heidelberg DWL66+ laser writer. The exposure latitudes of the patterns at both micrometer and submicrometer scale were measured. At the micrometer scale, the exposure latitudes were found to have no measurable dependence on the pattern size and the local pattern density. This conclusion does not hold at the submicrometer scale where the length scale is comparable to the width of the laser beam. This study proposes a way to convert the experimental exposure latitude data into the EID functions and fit these functions by assuming a Gaussian laser beam intensity distribution. All empirical observations are found to agree with the predictions made by the EID model. The authors also show that this model can help achieve dimensional accuracy, especially when there is a change in the exposure process. Moreover, it can be used to analyze and minimize the CD inconsistency between different runs found in the experiments. To reduce such inconsistency, overexposing combined with a negative bias applied to the pattern is suggested.Patterns written by laser direct write have a critical dimension (CD) bias dependence on the dose similar to other direct write methods, such as electron beam lithography, which can be explained by the exposure intensity distribution (EID) of the laser beam. In this study, a comprehensive model based on the EID is proposed to understand the pattern CD bias dependence on the dose, which is known as the exposure latitude. This model was supported by the results of the exposure tests on MicroChem S1800 resist on an Si wafer using the Heidelberg DWL66+ laser writer. The exposure latitudes of the patterns at both micrometer and submicrometer scale were measured. At the micrometer scale, the exposure latitudes were found to have no measurable dependence on the pattern size and the local pattern density. This conclusion does not hold at the submicrometer scale where the length scale is comparable to the width of the laser beam. This study proposes a way to convert the experimental exposure latitude data into the...
Tracking surface photovoltage dipole geometry in Bi2Se3 with time-resolved photoemission

Author(s): Ciocys, S; Morimoto, T; Moore, JE; Lanzara, A | Abstract: Topological insulators have been shown to exhibit strong and long-lived surface photovoltages when excited by an infrared pump. The ability to generate long-lived potentials on these surfaces provides opportunities to manipulate the spin-momentum locked topological surface states. Moreover, the photo-induced nature of this effect allows for localized excitation of arbitrary geometries. Knowing precisely how these potentials form and evolve is critical in understanding how to manage the effect in applications. The uniqueness of the photoemission experimental geometry, in which the photoelectron must traverse the induced surface field in vacuum, provides an interesting probe of the electric dipole shape generated by the surface photovoltage. In this study, we are able to match the observed decay of the geometric effect on the photoelectron to an essential electrodynamics model of the light-induced dipole thereby tracking the fluence-dependent evolution of the dipole geometry. By utilizing a standard time-resolved angle-resolved photoemission experiment, we are able to determine real-space information of the dipole while simultaneously recovering time-resolved band structure.
Aliphatic Amines are Viable Pro-drug Moieties in Phosphonoamidate Drugs

Phosphate and phosphonates containing a single P-N bond are frequently used pro-drug motifs to improve cell permeability of these otherwise anionic moieties. Upon entry into the cell, the P-N bond is cleaved by phosphoramidases to release the active agent. Here, we apply a novel mono-amidation strategy to our phosphonate-containing glycolysis inhibitor and show that a diverse panel of phosphonoamidates may be rapidly generated for in vitro screening. We show that, in contrast to the canonical L-alanine or benzylamine moieties which have previously been reported as efficacious pro-drug moieties, small aliphatic amines demonstrate greater drug release efficacy for our phosphonate inhibitor. These results expand the scope of possible amine pro-drugs that can be used as second pro-drug leave groups for phosphate or phosphonate-containing drugs.
Budget Impact Analysis of a Computer-Delivered Brief Alcohol Intervention in Veterans Affairs (VA) Liver Clinics: A Randomized Controlled Trial

A recent clinical trial found that a computer-delivered BAI (cBAI) was effective in reducing alcohol use among patients, in the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), with liver disease. This is enco...
Is the local Lorentz invariance of general relativity implemented by gauge bosons that have their own Yang-Mills-like action?

General relativity with fermions has two independent symmetries: general coordinate invariance and local Lorentz invariance. General coordinate invariance is implemented by the Levi-Civita connection and by Cartan's tetrads both of which have as their action the Einstein-Hilbert action. It is suggested here that local Lorentz invariance is implemented not by a combination of the Levi-Civita connection and Cartan's tetrads known as the spin connection, but by independent Lorentz bosons ${{L}^{ab}}_{i}$ that gauge the Lorentz group, that couple to fermions like Yang-Mills fields, and that have their own Yang-Mills-like action. Because the Lorentz bosons couple to fermion number and not to mass, they generate a static potential that violates the weak equivalence principle. If a Higgs mechanism makes them massive, then the static potential also violates the inverse-square law. Experiments put upper bounds on the strength of such a potential for masses ${m}_{L}l20\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$. These upper limits imply that Lorentz bosons, if they exist, are nearly stable and contribute to dark matter.