cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An experimental–numerical investigation of heat distribution and stress field in single- and multi-track laser cladding by a high-power direct diode laser

Abstract High-power direct diode laser (HPDDL) cladding offers several advantages in the laser surface modification and repair of high-value parts. The wider beam and uniform energy distribution in the direct diode laser provide a smooth heating and cooling cycle during the cladding process. Subsequently, lower dimensional distortion and thermally-induced stress occur during the process. In this paper, temperature evolution and molten pool dimensions as well as stress-and-strain fields were studied by utilizing experimental and numerical methods. A three-dimensional (3D) transient uncoupled thermo-elastic–plastic model was developed to simulate a thermal process during the single- and multi-track laser cladding and the thermally-induced residual stress in the laser cladding. The effect of latent heat and phase transformations are considered in the thermal analysis. The numerical results were validated by experimentally-measured values, and the maximum prediction error was 3.5%. The experimental results were collected by in-situ monitoring techniques (e.g., thermocouples and a high-speed CCD camera). The level of residual stresses at the cladded surfaces were measured by an X-ray diffractometer. In addition, the effect of scanning speed on the thermal and stress evolution was quantitatively discussed.
A Foucauldian Analysis of Environmental Education: Toward the Socioecological Challenge of the Earth Charter

AbstractThis article examines recent trends in environmental education (EE) and argues that its institutionalization within general education works against its own socially and ecologically transformative goals. EE emerged as a cultural response to international awareness that human beings were negatively impacting their environments and causing ecological and social crises. Yet the institutionalization of EE within general education has diluted it of its political purpose of acknowledging and transforming these crises. A Foucauldian lens is employed to explore how EE, seeking legitimacy within general education, constitutes itself as “disciplinary practice.” Disciplinary practices discussed include the EE trends of claiming contentarea integration, supporting academic standards and testing, and developing disciplinary standards specific to EE. As disciplinary practice, EE becomes absorbed by general education; consequently, its value as a political project is undermined. The absorption of EE as disciplin...
A Mechanism of Anomalous Diffusion in Particle Beams

Experimental observation of particle diffusion mechanism in the presence of overlapping parametric resonances generated by a time dependent rf phase modulation is analyzed. We find that the regime of fast emittance growth is associated with the rapid particle motion along the separatrix of a dominant parametric resonance, the slow growth regime is related to particle diffusion in the chaotic sea, and the emittance saturation occurs when beam particles fill the chaotic region bounded by an invariant torus. Experimental data observed at the Indiana University Cyclotron Facility (IUCF) Cooler Ring are shown to agree well with the theoretical analysis. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Mesodermal cell migration during Xenopus gastrulation.

Abstract The adhesive glycoprotein fibronectin (FN), which is a component of the network of extracellular matrix fibrils on the inner surface of the blastocoel roof (BCR), has been proposed to play a major role in directing mesodermal cell migration during amphibian gastrulation. In the first part of this paper, the adhesion of Xenopus mesodermal cells to FN in vitro is examined. Cells from several mesoderm regions, which differ in developmental fate and morphogenetic activity, are able to bind specifically to the RGD cell-binding site of FN. Dorsal mesodermal cell adhesion to FN varies along the anteriorposterior (a-p) axis: adhesion is strongest in the anterior head mesoderm, and gradually decreases posteriorly. This a-p gradient of mesodermal adhesiveness to FN does not change during mesodermal involution, and is reflected in the morphology of mesodermal explants on FN. An a-p strip of mesoderm develops a spreading, leading anterior margin and a compact, retracting posterior end, thus moving slowly and directionally over the FN substrate at about 0.8 μm/min. Although dissociated cells from all levels of the dorsal mesodermal axis adhere to FN, only the anterior, leading prospective head mesoderm cells migrate as single cells on a FN substrate in vitro. Locomotion by means of lamelliform protrusions occurs at an average rate of about 1.5 μm/min. Cells of the more posterior axial mesoderm merely shift position at random without substantial net translocation, and preinvolution mesoderm cells are completely stationary. On the BCR, the in vivo substrate for mesodermal cell migration, dissociated prospective head mesoderm cells spread and migrate as on FN in vitro, at 2.2 μm/min. In the presence of an RGD peptide which inhibits cell-FN interaction, cells remain globular and do not spread. They are still motile, but change direction frequently, which leads to less efficient net translocation. Apparently, interaction with the RGD cell-binding site of FN and concomitant spreading of head mesoderm cells is required for the stabilization of cell locomotion. In contrast to the directional migration of the mesoderm cell population toward the animal pole in the embryo, the pathways of dissociated cells on the BCR are randomly oriented. Coherent explants of migratory mesoderm do not move at all on the BCR, although they translocate on FN in vitro. However, in explants which include as a continuous sheet part of the BCR, the dorsal blastopore lip, and the involuted mesoderm, cells at the anterior margin of the mesoderm begin to migrate in a highly directional manner on the BCR, as in the intact embryo. This directed advance of the mesodermal leading edge occurs also in the presence of an inhibitory RGD peptide, although at a lower rate, due to the decreased persistence of locomotion under these conditions.
Wnt Signaling in Vertebrate Neural Development and Function

Members of the Wnt family of secreted signaling proteins influence many aspects of neural development and function. Wnts are required from neural induction and axis formation to axon guidance and synapse development, and even help modulate synapse activity. Wnt proteins activate a variety of downstream signaling pathways and can induce a similar variety of cellular responses, including gene transcription changes and cytoskeletal rearrangements. This review provides an introduction to Wnt signaling pathways and discusses current research on their roles in vertebrate neural development and function.
Platelet Dynamics in Three-Dimensional Simulation of Whole Blood

A high-fidelity computational model using a 3D immersed boundary method is used to study platelet dynamics in whole blood. We focus on the 3D effects of the platelet-red blood cell (RBC) interaction on platelet margination and near-wall dynamics in a shear flow. We find that the RBC distribution in whole blood becomes naturally anisotropic and creates local clusters and cavities. A platelet can enter a cavity and use it as an express lane for a fast margination toward the wall. Once near the wall, the 3D nature of the platelet-RBC interaction results in a significant platelet movement in the transverse (vorticity) direction and leads to anisotropic platelet diffusion within the RBC-depleted zone or cell-free layer (CFL). We find that the anisotropy in platelet motion further leads to the formation of platelet clusters, even in the absence of any platelet-platelet adhesion. The transverse motion, and the size and number of the platelet clusters are observed to increase with decreasing CFL thickness. The 3D nature of the platelet-RBC collision also induces fluctuations in off-shear plane orientation and, hence, a rotational diffusion of the platelets. Although most marginated platelets are observed to tumble just outside the RBC-rich zone, platelets further inside the CFL are observed to flow with an intermittent dynamics that alters between sliding and tumbling, as a result of the off-shear plane rotational diffusion, bringing them even closer to the wall. To our knowledge, these new findings are based on the fundamentally 3D nature of the platelet-RBC interaction, and they underscore the importance of using cellular-scale 3D models of whole blood to understand platelet margination and near-wall platelet dynamics.
Dual Objective Multifocal Plane Microscopy for Single Particle/Molecule Imaging Applications

In single molecule/particle imaging applications, the number of photons detected from the fluorescent label plays a crucial role in the quantitative analysis of the acquired data. For example, in 2D/3D tracking experiments the localization accuracy of the labeled entity is inversely proportional to the square root of the number of detected photons. Hence achieving high photon collection efficiency is important in such studies. Currently, single molecule/particle imaging experiments are typically carried out on either an inverted or an upright microscope, in which the photons are collected from only one side of the sample (i.e., top side or the bottom side).Here, we report the development of dual objective multifocal plane microscopy (dMUM) for single particle/molecule studies. The dMUM configuration uses two opposing objective lenses, where one of the objectives is in an inverted position and the other objective is in an upright position. We show that dMUM has higher photon collection efficiency than a regular (inverted/upright) microscope for a given illumination condition. Because of the presence of two objective lenses, dMUM supports simultaneous imaging of different focal planes. This has been shown to be beneficial for high accuracy 3D localization and tracking of single molecules/particles and sub-cellular objects over a wide spatial range in live cells [1-3]. We demonstrate that fluorescent labels can be localized in 2D/3D with better accuracy when imaged through dMUM than when imaged through a regular (inverted/upright) microscope configuration. Analytical tools are introduced to estimate the 2D/3D location from dMUM images and to characterize the accuracy with which they can be determined.1. Prabhat, P. et al., IEEE Trans. Nanobiosci., 2004, 3, 237-242.2. Prabhat, P. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 2007, 6443, D1-D7.3. Ram S., et al., Biophys. J., 2008, doi:10.1529/biophysj.108.1403
Molecular biological analysis of paraffin-embedded tissues

Molecular biology techniques have been adapted to the analysis of paraffin-embedded tissues (PETs), expanding their clinical utility. In vitro amplification with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) promises to be the most useful means of retrospective analysis because it can be performed successfully on nucleic acids that have been partially degraded during fixation, paraffin embedding, and the extraction process. Five clinical situations in which DNA analysis of PETs can be helpful are: (1) confirmatory molecular diagnosis of lymphoma in which fresh tissue has not been obtained at the time of surgery, (2) identification of infectious agents, (3) genetic characterization of a putative inherited disease in which the affected individual has died, (4) confirmation of donor cell malignancy in transplant recipients, and (5) specimen identification. The role of the pathologist in molecular diagnosis will grow because of the feasibility of using PETs, a venue unique to our profession.
Morphology and dopant-dependent optical characteristics of novel composite 1D and 3D-based heterostructures of CdSe nanocrystals and LaPO4:Re (Re = Eu, Ce, Tb) metal phosphate nanowires

In this report, we synthesize and structurally characterize novel semiconducting nanoscale composite heterostructures composed of zero-dimensional (0D) CdSe nanocrystals coupled with both one- and three-dimensional (1D and 3D) rare earth metal-doped LaPO4 metal phosphate materials. Subsequent optical characterization has demonstrated a clear dependence of the intrinsic charge and energy transfer processes in these systems on both (i) morphology and (ii) the presence of dopants. Specifically, ∼4.5 nm CdSe quantum dots (QDs) have been successfully anchored onto (a) high-aspect ratio rare-earth activated LaPO4 nanowires, measuring ∼7 nm in diameter and ∼1.3 μm in length, prepared by a modified hydrothermal protocol, and (b) well-dispersed urchin-like 3D architectures of LaPO4:Re (Re = Ce, Tb, Eu) (diameter ∼500 nm), fabricated using a large-scale, solution-precipitation approach in the presence of 6-mercaptohexanoic acid, used as a self-assembly facilitating agent. We have proposed a growth mechanism of our 3D sub-micron LaPO4-based architectures, based on a detailed time-dependent scanning electron microscopy visualization study. In terms of properties, our results show that our 1D and 3D heterostructures evince both PL quenching and a shorter average lifetime of CdSe QDs as compared with unbound CdSe QDs. We suggest that a photo-induced charge transfer process occurs from CdSe QDs to LaPO4:Eu through the mediation of water molecules in the intrinsic LaPO4 structure. Conversely, analogous CdSe QD–3D LaPO4:Eu heterostructures exhibit noticeably less PL quenching and longer lifetimes as compared with 1D composites since it appears that not only charge transfer from CdSe QDs to LaPO4:Eu but also energy transfer from LaPO4:Eu to CdSe QDs are substantially more efficient processes with 3D as compared with 1D heterostructures, possibly due to the nearly 3 times higher coverage density of QDs on the surfaces of the underlying 3D LaPO4 motif, thereby contributing to its more effective absorption capability of LaPO4:Eu emission. Moreover, the magnitude of the PL signal and the corresponding lifetimes in the CdSe QD (0D)–LaPO4 (3D) heterostructures are dependent upon the rare-earth dopant tested itself. Data are additionally explained in the context of the inherent energy level alignments of both CdSe QDs and LaPO4:Re (Re = Ce, Tb, and Eu) systems.
The characterization of a sodium-dependent high affinity choline uptake system unassociated with acetylcholine biosynthesis.

Abstract 1. 1. The cardiac ganglion of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus , was incubated in Chao's solution containing 0.01 μM [ 3 H]choline at room temperature (25 ± 2°C) and the ganglion readily accumulated the radiolabel. 2. 2. The ganglion uptake of [ 3 H]choline was linear over 60 min. 3. 3. Kinetic analysis revealed dual choline uptake systems within the cardiac ganglion, a high affinity uptake system ( K m = 2.2 μ M, V max = 0.16pmoles/mg/min) and a low affinity system ( K m = 92.3 μ M, V max = 3.08 prnoles/mg/min). 4. 4. The high affinity uptake system was sodium-dependent and inhibited by micromolar concentrations of hemicholinium-3. 5. 5. A 15 min pre-exposure of the ganglion to Chao's solution containing 90 mM potassium stimulated a significant increase in choline uptake. 6. 6. There was no detectable synthesis of [ 3 H]acetylcholine from the [ 3 H]choline taken up by the cardiac ganglion. The major portion of the extraetable label appeared in a fraction which co-electrophoresed with phosphorylcholine. 7. 7. These results suggest that the sodium-dependent high affinity [ 3 H]choline uptake system of the cardiac ganglion subserves a specific requirement for choline which is unrelated to a cholinergic function.
SOME NEW EVIDENCE ON THE SERIOUSNESS OF CRIME

Previous studies of the seriousness of crime have attempted to elicit information from public surveys. This paper reports on an alternative method of ranking the severity of crime. Actual victim injury rates are combined with jury awards in personal injury accident cases to estimate pain, suffering, and fear. Crime-related death rates are combined with estimates of the value of life to arrive at monetary values for the risk of death. These estimates are combined with out-of-pocket costs (such as medical costs and lost wages) to arrive at total dollar estimates of the cost of individual crimes to victims. These dollar estimates are then used to rank the seriousness of crimes. Although these two approaches yield surprisingly similar rankings, the monetary estimates indicate that violent crimes are relatively more costly to victims than survey results might imply.
Design of gratings and frequency-selective surfaces using ARTMAP neural networks

This paper presents a study of the Fuzzy ARTMAP neural network in designing cascaded gratings and Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSS) in general. Conventionally, trial-and-error procedures are used until an FSS matches the design criteria. One way of avoiding this laborious and manual process is to use neural networks. A neural network can be trained to predict the dimensions of the metallic patches (or apertures), their distance of separation, their shape, and the number of layers required in a multilayer structure which gives the desired frequency response. In the past, to achieve this goal, the backpropagation (backprop) learning algorithm was used in conjunction with an inversion algorithm. Unfortunately, the backprop algorithm sometimes has problems with convergence. In this work the Fuzzy ARTMAP neural networks is utilized. The Fuzzy ARTMAP is faster to train than the backprop and it does not require an inversion algorithm to solve the FSS problem. Most importantly, its convergence is guaranteed. Several results (frequency responses) from cascaded gratings for various angles of wave incidence, layer separation, width strips, and interstrip separation are presented and discussed.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
W-Mo carbides for hard-facing applications☆

Abstract The effects of molybdenum on the structure and hardness of tungsten carbides was experimentally assessed. Crushed and sized molybdenummodified tungsten carbide was used as filler for steel tube rods and was evaluated in hard-facing deposits made by oxyacetylene techniques. It was determined that up to 30 wt.% molybdenum substituted for tungsten yielded structures and hardnesses equivalent to those of the tungsten carbide. The microstructures and abrasive wear resistance of deposits produced from the experimental molybdenum-modified hard-facing rods were similar to comparable deposits of unmodified cast tungsten carbide. The relative effects of carbide composition, carbide volume fraction and matrix hardening due to partial carbide dissolution on abrasive wear resistance are discussed.
Petrogenia as a synonym of Bonamia (Convolvulaceae), with comments on allied species

A species formerly thought to be in a monotypic genus,Petrogenia repens I. M. Johnston, is found to be congeneric withBonamia. The new combinationBonamia repens (I. M. Johnston) Austin a Staples is made. This species, with two others, we interpret as being an endemic triad in the Chihuahuan Desert Region. Possible relationships, ecology, palynology, cotyledon structure, and morphology are discussed.
3-D Hyperintegration and Packaging Technologies for Micro-Nano Systems

Three-dimensional (3-D) hyperintegration is an emerging technology, which vertically stacks and interconnects multiple materials, technologies, and functional components to form highly integrated micro-nano systems. This 3-D hyperintegration is expected to lead to an industry paradigm shift due to its tremendous benefits. Worldwide academic and industrial research activities currently focus on technology innovations, simulation and design, and product prototypes. Anticipated applications start with memory, handheld devices, and high-performance computers and extend to high-density multifunctional heterogeneous integration of InfoTech-NanoTech-BioTech systems. This paper overviews the 3-D hyperintegration and packaging technologies, including motivations, key technology platforms, status, and perspectives towards commercialization. The challenges associated with the 3-D technologies are addressed, including integration architectures and design tools, yield and cost, thermal and mechanical constraints, and manufacturing infrastructure.
Serum Therapy for Cryptococcal Meningitis

Three patients were treated with combined amphotericin B and rabbit anticryptococcal antibody in the 1960s. Rabbit antibody was administered intravenously and was well tolerated. For each patient, administration of rabbit antibody resulted in the appearance of serum Cryptococcus neoformans agglutinins. For two patients the administration of rabbit antibody resulted in negative serum latex tests for cryptococcal antigen. This limited experience with adjunctive antibody therapy provides valuable precedents if antibody therapy is used again for treatment of human cryptococcosis.
Creating Peer Sexual Harassment: Mobilizing Schools to Throw the Book at Themselves

This paper describes how peer-to-peer sexual harassment rapidly was transformed from an unremarkable reality of secondary school life into a serious social and legal problem. First, it shows how organizations and professionals served as an entry point for social change and legal mobilization. I argue that schools were quick to address peer sexual harassment because activists framed it as a moral and pedagogical issue that resonated with educators' deeply held professional values. Second, the paper shows how law and organizations developed endogenously. Without any legal mandate, schools created and institutionalized harassment policies. Courts then looked to these organizational practices to determine the content and scope of Title IX. In this way, schools literally "enacted" the law through their practices. This finding goes beyond previous work on endogeneity in that school policies influenced law at the level of doctrine, not simply at the level of meaning, enforcement, or application.
Comparing Mean High Water and High Water Line Shorelines: Should Proxy-Datum Offsets be Incorporated into Shoreline Change Analysis?

Abstract More than one type of shoreline indicator can be used in shoreline change analyses, and quantifying the effects of this practice on the resulting shoreline change rates is important. Comparison of three high water line (proxy-based) shorelines and a mean high water intercept (datum-based) shoreline collected from simultaneous aerial photographic and lidar surveys of a relatively steep reflective beach (tan β = 0.07), which experiences a moderately energetic wave climate (annual average Hs = 1.2 m), reveals an average horizontal offset of 18.8 m between the two types of shoreline indicators. Vertical offsets are also substantial and are correlated with foreshore beach slope and corresponding variations in wave runup. Incorporating the average horizontal offset into both a short-term, endpoint shoreline change analysis and a long-term, linear regression analysis causes rates to be shifted an average of −0.5 m/y and −0.1 m/y, respectively. The rate shift increases with increasing horizontal offset a...
A derivative-free output feedback adaptive control architecture for minimum phase dynamical systems with unmatched uncertainties

In this paper, we extend the model reference adaptive control architecture for minimum phase dynamical systems developed in [1] by constructing derivative-free adaptive update laws predicated on current information of the system states and system errors as well as delayed information of the update gains. The advantage of the proposed derivative-free adaptive control law architecture over adaptive update laws predicated on differentiation requiring an intermediate discretization step for implementation is that the former architecture can account for abrupt changes in system dynamics due to system faults or major variation in system parameters. In addition, the derivative-free architecture subverts high-gain feedback which can excite unmodeled system dynamics. Two illustrative numerical examples are given to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach.
Intrathecal magnetic drug targeting using gold-coated magnetite nanoparticles in a human spine model.

Aim: We aimed to magnetically guide and locally confine nanoparticles in desired locations within the spinal canal to achieve effective drug administration for improved treatment of chronic pain, cancers, anesthesia and spasticity. Materials & methods: We developed a physiologically and anatomically consistent in vitro human spine model to test the feasibility of intrathecal magnetic drug targeting. Gold-coated magnetite nanoparticles were infused into the model and targeted to specific regions using external magnetic fields. Experiments and simulations aiming to determine the effect of key parameters, such as magnet strength, duration of magnetic field exposure, magnet location and ferrous implants, on the collection efficiency of superparamagnetic nanoparticles in targeted regions were performed. Results: An 891% increase in nanoparticle collection efficiency within the target region was achieved using intrathecal magnetic drug targeting when compared with the control. Nanoparticle collection efficiency...
The Odyssey of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade: Americans in the Spanish Civil War

Prologue Part I. Causes: 1. The origins of a crusade 2. A radical tradition 3. Awakening in hard times 4. Forging the popular front 5. The tomb of fascism 6. The politicization of culture Part II. Spain: 7. Into the valley 8. The discipline of command 10. The fires of Brunete 11. A disciplined army 12. The great retreats 13. 'You are legend' Part III. Veterans: 14. Coming home 15. Between the wars 16. The war of words 17. Premature anti-fascists 18. Red scares and blacklists 20. The trials 21. The politics of culture 22. Alienated artists 23. Bridging old left and new 24. The death watch Epilogue A note on sources Notes Index.
The Role of Dimensions in the Syntax of Noun Phrases

An extended noun phrase may contain an expression that describes some dimension. Weight is described by each of the prenominal expressions in heavy rock, too much ballast, 2 pound rock, 2 pounds of rocks. The central claim of this paper is that the position of these types of expressions within the noun phrase limits the kinds of dimensions they may describe. The limitations have to do with whether or not the dimension tracks relevant part-whole relations. An analogy is made between these constraints and the well-known constraints on thematic relations that are incurred by the position of a noun phrase in a clause. A proposal is made about the meanings of expressions like too much and 2 pounds which explains their common cross-categorial distribution and this informs the analysis of their use in noun phrases. A position is taken on the meaning of the count mass distinction which, in conjunction with the hypothesis about dimensions, explains asymmetries in the distribution of prenominal adjectives with count and mass nouns.
Kinetics of anionic polymerization of styrene

The kinetics of the polymerization of styrene initiated by n-butyl lithium (BuLi) in benzene and in benzene plus small amounts of tetrahydrofuran (THF) have been investigated. It was found that the rate of polymerization is independent of BuLi concentration over a 100-fold range in pure benzene. In benzene with added THF, the rate is inversely proportional to the BuLi concentration. A reaction scheme is suggested to expalin these unusual kinetics.
Sex Chromosome Meiotic Drive

▪ Abstract Sex chromosome drive refers to the unequal transmission of X and Y chromosomes from individuals of the heterogametic sex, resulting in biased sex ratios among progeny and within populations. The presence of driving sex chromosomes can reduce mean fitness within a population, bring about intragenomic conflict between the X chromosome, the Y, and the autosomes, and alter the intensity or mode of sexual selection within species. Sex chromosome drive, or its genetic equivalent, is known in plants, mammals, and flies. Many species harboring driving X chromosomes have evolved Y-linked and autosomal suppressors of drive. If a drive polymorphism is not stable, then driving chromosomes may spread to fixation and cause the extinction of a species. Certain characteristics of species, such as population density and female mating rate, may affect the probability of fixation of driving chromosomes. Thus, sex chromosome drive could be an agent of species-level selection.
Observations of a new SAGE II aerosol extinction mode following the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo

In the aftermath of the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, multiwavelength stratospheric aerosol extinction measurements by the satellite-borne Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE II) revealed the presence of a previously unobserved mode of aerosol that exhibited high extinction but a small inferred particle size. This mode may represent a transitional phase between the very small aerosol created by gas-to-particle conversion and a quasi-steady state, post-volcanic aerosol that exhibits both large extinction and large particle size. The presence of a transitional small aerosol mode may have a significant impact on chemical and radiative processes in the stratosphere.
Paternal influences on adolescent sexual risk behaviors: a structured literature review.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To date, most parent-based research has neglected the role of fathers in shaping adolescent sexual behavior and has focused on mothers. The objective of this study was to conduct a structured review to assess the role of paternal influence on adolescent sexual behavior and to assess the methodological quality of the paternal influence literature related to adolescent sexual behavior. METHODS: We searched electronic databases: PubMed, PsychINFO, Social Services Abstracts, Family Studies Abstracts, Sociological Abstracts, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature. Studies published between 1980 and 2011 that targeted adolescents 11 to 18 years and focused on paternal parenting processes were included. Methodological quality was assessed by using an 11-item scoring system. RESULTS: Thirteen articles were identified and reviewed. Findings suggest paternal factors are independently associated with adolescent sexual behavior relative to maternal factors. The most commonly studied paternal influence was emotional qualities of the father-adolescent relationship. Paternal communication about sex was most consistently associated with adolescent sexual behavior, whereas paternal attitudes about sex was least associated. Methodological limitations include a tendency to rely on cross-sectional design, nonprobability sampling methods, and focus on sexual debut versus broader sexual behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Existing research preliminarily suggests fathers influence the sexual behavior of their adolescent children; however, more rigorous research examining diverse facets of paternal influence on adolescent sexual behavior is needed. We provide recommendations for primary care providers and public health practitioners to better incorporate fathers into interventions designed to reduce adolescent sexual risk behavior.
Blind MMSE multipath combining for long-code CDMA systems

A blind MMSE multipath combining method for a RAKE receiver is proposed. The method make use of the data before and after the onset of the desired user's transmission. By performing generalized eigendecomposition of the autocorrelation matrices of the post-RAKE signals in the two interval, an MMSE combiner for the desired user signal can be obtained without the need of the channel state information. The method does not require a precise model nor assume whiteness of the interference. An adaptive algorithm is also developed.
Reliable and self-repairing SRAM in nano-scale technologies using leakage and delay monitoring

The inter-die and intra-die variations in process parameters result in large number of failures in an SRAM array degrading the design yield. In this paper, we propose an adaptive repairing technique for SRAM based on leakage and delay monitoring. Leakage and delay monitoring is used to effectively separate dies with different inter-die Vts from each other. Using the leakage (or delay) monitoring and adaptive body bias, we propose a reliable and self-repairing SRAM which has reduced number of parametric failures under high inter-die and intra-die Vt variations. The proposed self-repairing SRAM improves the design yield by 5%-40% in predictive 70nm technology from BPTM
Inactive p53 Mutants May Enhance the Transcriptional Activity of Wild-Type p53

The p53 mutants 248Trp, 175His, and 281Gly fail to activate transcription mediated by p53CON element (GGACATGCCCGGGCATGTCC) or the ribosomal gene cluster element (ACGTTTGCCTTGCCTGGACTTGCCTGGCCTTGCCTT). We studied the effect of these inactive p53 mutants on the transcriptional activity of wild-type p53 by cotransfection of both wild-type and mutant p53 expression vectors into p53-null K562 chronic myelogenous leukemia cells. The p53 mutants enhanced the p53CON-mediated gene expression of wild-type p53 but decreased the wild-type p53-activated transcription mediated by ribosomal gene cluster. Thus, p53CON and ribosomal gene cluster represent distinct p53-binding elements. Furthermore, p53 mutants may affect the transcriptional activity of wild-type p53 in either a dominant positive or a dominant negative manner, depending on the binding element present.
Structure and mechanism of the UvrA–UvrB DNA damage sensor

Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is used by all organisms to eliminate DNA lesions. We determined the structure of the Geobacillus stearothermophilus UvrA-UvrB complex, the damage-sensor in bacterial NER and a new structure of UvrA. We observe that the DNA binding surface of UvrA, previously found in an open shape that binds damaged DNA, also exists in a closed groove shape compatible with native DNA only. The sensor contains two UvrB molecules that flank the UvrA dimer along the predicted path for DNA, ~80 A from the lesion. We show that the conserved signature domain II of UvrA mediates a nexus of contacts among UvrA, UvrB and DNA. Further, in our new structure of UvrA, this domain adopts an altered conformation while an adjacent nucleotide binding site is vacant. Our findings raise unanticipated questions about NER and also suggest a revised picture of its early stages.
Habitat-mediated size selection in endangered Atlantic salmon fry: selectional restoration assessment

Preservation of adaptive variation is a top priority of many species restoration programs, but most restoration activities are conducted without direct knowledge of selection that might foster or impair adaptation and restoration goals. In this study, we quantified geographic variation in selection on fry size of endangered Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) during the 6-week period immediately following stocking in the wild. We also used a model selection approach to assess whether habitat variables influence patterns of such selection. We found evidence for significant size-selection in five out of six selection trials. Interestingly, the strength and pattern of selection varied extensively among sites, and model selection suggested that this variation in phenotypic selection was related to geographic variation in the presence of large woody debris and the slope of the stream gradient. The strong selection differentials we observed should be a concern for endangered salmon restoration, whether they reflect natural processes and an opportunity to maintain adaptation, or an indicator of the potentially deleterious phenotypic consequences of hatchery practices.
National Tourism Policy and Spatial Patterns of Domestic Tourism in South Korea

The implementation of national tourism policy is manifested in the development of destinations and in patterns of tourism activity. Based on Brenner’s notions of spatial rescaling and spatial selectivity, this study assesses the changing distribution of domestic tourism in South Korea between 1989 and 2011, and relates these changes to the national tourism policies put in place during those years. Spatial statistical techniques including Moran’s global I statistic and local indicators of spatial association are employed. Findings suggest that while domestic tourism activity became less concentrated at the macro level during the study period, at a finer scale it is clear that this deconcentration is nevertheless occurring in a clustered manner. Thus, while the traditional emphasis on Seoul and the southeast appears to have declined, the distribution of tourism’s benefits is still uneven. Observations with regards to future tourism policy and concomitant spatial patterns of development and activity are prov...
Tearing mode stability with equilibrium flows in the reversed-field pinch

The influence of certain equilibrium flows on the stability of tearing modes in the reversed-field pinch is investigated. By solving the linearized magnetohydrodynamic equations in cylindrical geometry, the tearing mode stability factor Δ' is calculated for a variety of axial flow profiles which have nonzero shear away from the rational surface, including flows localized entirely in the external, ideal region of the tearing mode. It is found that both m = 1 and m = 0 modes are destabilized by an axial flow localized near the edge of the plasma. This is the kind of flow that might be generated by any physical process creating an edge-localized radial electric field. A global flow profile with shear over the middle region of the plasma, simulating the differential rotation of core and edge modes observed in some reversed-field pinch discharges, is found to have a destabilizing effect on the m = 1 mode, while leaving the stability parameter of the m = 0 mode practically unchanged. The possible connection of these results with features of the spontaneous enhanced confinement regime in the Madison Symmetric Torus is discussed.
Effects Caused by Varying the Strength of the Capping Inversion Based on a Large Eddy Simulation Model of the Shear-Free Convective Boundary Layer

Abstract Effects caused by variation of the potential temperature lapse rate Γ in the free atmosphere are examined based on a “large eddy simulation” model of the shear-free convective atmospheric boundary layer. The obtained results show that only near the top of the boundary layer are the statistical moments involving temperature strongly sensitive to changes of the parameter Γ. Furthermore, the moments involving only the vertical velocity are practically independent of Γ. The ratio R of the heat fluxes at the top and the bottom of the mixed layer increases when Γ increases. For the values of Γ from 1 to 10 K/km, typically observed in the atmosphere, the heat flux ratio R varies in the range −0.2 to −0.3. When Γ increases by an order of magnitude to 100 K/km, R increases only slightly to about −0.4. When Γ decreases to zero, the heat flux Hi, at the top of the mixed layer also decreases to zero. In this case, the thermal structure of the atmospheric boundary layer is found to be similar to nonpenetrativ...
The Utility of Increased Constraint in Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty for Obese Patients

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for obese patient entails more preoperative comorbidities and complications, and shorter longevity. This article is a retrospective review comparing longevity of the constrained implant with a standard prosthesis. Patient-specific data, Knee Society Scores, complications, and revisions were recorded and compared. No statistical differences were found. The constrained condylar knee for obese patients improves the intramedullary alignment of the prosthesis and supports the surrounding soft tissues. The clinical results are similar to a standard implant in the nonobese with similar longevity at midterm follow-up.
Analytical Land–Atmosphere Radiometer Model

Abstract Conversion of radiometric land surface temperature (θr) to an equivalent isothermal (aerodynamic) surface temperature (θi) is important in balancing the land surface energy budget with satellite-based θr measurements. An analytical land–atmosphere radiometer model (ALARM) has been developed to convert θr taken at any zenith view angle to θi at a specified scalar roughness length z0h,i. Field data from 1987 and 1989 at the First International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP) Field Experiment (FIFE) were used to evaluate the performance of ALARM. It was possible to find an optimal foliage temperature profile such that ALARM is consistent with these radiometric and atmospheric field data. The errors were significantly less when radiometer zenith angles were less than 40°. The foliage temperature at the canopy top θfh and the foliage temperature profile curvature parameter b were parameterized as functions of air temperature and leaf area index, respectively. Using these parameteri...
The Historical Development of Ideas on Applications of Photosensitized Reactions in the Health Sciences

Photomedicine, in its broadest sense, involves the use of “light” (visible and ultraviolet = UV electromagnetic radiation = non-ionizing) in medically related activities including the prevention of disease, the preparation of pharmaceuticals, the diagnosis and treatment of disease, and the elucidation of the etiology of disease1. Both the scope and the levels of activity in basic research on, and the clinical applications of, photomedicine have grown phenomenally during the past several years. This results in part from the stimulation provided by the successful application of a few types of photomedical approaches in clinical practice (in particular, PUVA therapy of psoriasis and photodynamic therapy of tumors, as will be discussed later). Certainly the closer cooperative interaction between basic photobiologists and clinicians that has developed recently in many institutions is also an important factor. Another reason may be the development of a widespread feeling in the world that the practice of science should be used more and more for the benefit of humanity, rather than just as an end in itself.
Response to: Low-carbon cities, GHGs and 'footprints'

We thank Wright and colleagues for their letter in response to our recent paper in Carbon Management[1].Wright et al. suggest that both their paper defining carbon footprints in general [2] (cited ...
Characterization and genomic sequence of the murine 60 kD Ro gene.

Autoantibodies binding 60 kD Ro (or SS-A) are commonly found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjogren's syndrome. While many studies have examined the autoimmune response directed against this RNA-protein, its function is still uncertain. As part of a broad effort to better understand animal models of anti-Ro autoimmunity we have characterized the murine 60 kD Ro gene. Southern blot analysis of mouse genomic DNA suggests that the 60 kD Ro gene is a single copy gene. The complete sequence of the gene was determined from three overlapping genomic lambda phage clones (GenBank accession number AF065398). The murine 60 kD Ro gene spans approximately 23 kb and consists of 8 or 9 exons. DNA sequence analysis revealed the presence of multiple B1 repetitive units. It maps in synteny with the human 60 kD Ro gene. Therefore, the isolation and characterization of the 60 kD Ro gene will be instrumental for future studies on protein function and the role this protein plays in the development of autoimmune responses.
Narrow Linewidth Potassium Imaging Filter for Near Infrared Detection of Missile Plumes

Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 A high efficiency, wide field of view imaging system which has ultra narrow linewidth for near infrared detection of missile plumes is presented in this paper. By taking advantage of the optical trapping feature of potassium vapor at its resonant wavelength, it is shown that a potassium vapor cell can be used as an imaging, narrow line width passband filter with a 2 theoretical acceptance solid angle. The passband of the filter can be a narrow as 1 GHz, and the maximum resolution is 33 lines per mm. The quantum efficiency of the refluorescence cell is measured to be >60% .
Controlled Release of Trimedlure from a Three-Layer Laminated Plastic Dispenser

A 3-layer laminated plastic dispenser containing trimedlure (used in plastic traps) performed as well as or better than the standard, a cotton wick dispenser containing trimedlure, and it remained effective for 12 wk. A laminated plastic dispenser containing both trimedlure and naled performed less well than a cotton dispenser and a laminated plastic dispenser containing only trimedlure.
miR-182, of the miR-183 cluster family, is packaged in exosomes and is detected in human exosomes from serum, breast cells and prostate cells.

Members of the microRNA (miR)-183 family are expressed at high levels in the majority of cancer types, including breast and prostate, and are considered 'oncomiRs'. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of exosomes in cell-to-cell transfer of the miR-183 family, which includes miRs-96, -182 and -183. Despite highly detectable levels of these three miRs within prostate and breast cells in vitro, only miR-182 was detectable in exosomes isolated from cell culture supernatant. Similar to the in vitro results, miR-182 was the only miR detected in exosomes isolated from fresh human serum. The packaging of miR-182 into exosomes was examined in MDA-MB-231 (MDA-182) breast cancer cells with miR-182 overexpression. Levels of mature miR-182 increased in exosomes in a dose-dependent manner compared to intracellular expression. Furthermore, co-culture of MDA-182 cells with naive MDA-MB-231 cells resulted in an increase in mature miR-182 in the naive cells, which was blocked by a chemical inhibitor of microvesicle formation. In summary, the present study demonstrates that of the miR-183 family members, miR-182 is preferentially packaged in exosomes, detectable in exosomes from human sera and may be transferred between cells via a microvesicle-dependent mechanism.
Chronicles from the Environmental Justice Frontline: Roots of Environmental Injustice in Louisiana

RACE AND DEVELOPMENT IN LOUISIANA In Louisiana, race and economics have always been intricately intertwined. Struggling to occupy and profit from its vast territory along the Mississippi, the French Crown in 1717 granted a monopoly called the Company of the West to a Scot named John Law. His company parceled out land along the river and financial support to those who would develop tobacco and rice farms there. Two years later the first major shipment of enslaved Africans arrived, and over the next decade their population grew sevenfold, going from half the population of white Europeans to over twice their numbers. Where slaves outnumbered owners by a large margin, repression was intense. Slaves were brutally treated upon their capture, in transit, and upon their arrival in Louisiana, many dying each year from maltreatment and disease. Slave ship captains sailed with orders to bring rice from Africa and slaves with experience in growing it and the dye plant indigo. For these reasons slaves from the Senegambia region of West Africa were prized in Louisiana. After France ceded control of Louisiana to Spain in 1763, the Spaniards poured energy and resources into its new colony. In the next quarter century, the numbers of slaves grew fourfold. This was the period in which the Acadians (later dubbed the derogatory “Cajun”), French speakers who had been exiled from Canada, began to arrive. During this time, Spain and France went to war, and revolution swept over the British colonies nearby and, more importantly for Louisiana, over France.