cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Receding liquid level in evaporator wick and capillary limit of loop thermosyphon

Abstract Macro/micro-scale structures of the evaporator wick of two-phase cooling systems have huge impacts on the flow resistance, thermal resistance, and capillary limit of heat transfer of the two-phase systems. In this study, various evaporator designs such as multilayer and monolayer evaporator wick bases, and porous and tubular wick posts were tested for the thermal performance in a loop thermosyphon (LTS) serving as a test platform. The monolayer wick built with mono-size sintered copper particles embedded in a single layer of a wire mesh was used to reduce the evaporator thermal resistance. The tubular wick posts were used to decrease the flow resistance of the liquid supply to the evaporator wick and eventually increase the capillary limit. The thermophysical and hydrodynamic properties (e.g. thermal resistance and permeability) of the monolayer wick were numerically determined for different liquid levels in the wick base, which was related to various boiling conditions (e.g. flooded, thin-film evaporation, and dryout). The measured thermal resistances were used to predict the liquid level in the wick and boiling conditions. The thermal performance and capillary limit of the LTS were predicted using a thermal-hydraulic network model. It was found from the numerical and experimental results that the evaporator with the monolayer wick base and tubular wick posts provides superior thermal performance such as low thermal resistances (0.097 K-cm2/W) and high capillary limit (309.8 W/cm2 for an elevation difference of 47 cm) as compared to the baseline evaporator using the multilayer wick base and porous wick posts.
The journey from customer participation in service failure to co-creation in service recovery

Abstract Customer participation is growing into a widespread phenomenon in the service context. Despite the inherent significance of customer expectations to service failures in the high-participation service context, scant research exists on studying the links among customer participation, customer expectation of service recovery, and service outcomes (e.g., word-of-mouth or WOM). Even more pressing is the lack of research on the type of service recovery that can countervail the inflated customer expectation of service recovery and restore service outcomes. This research demonstrates that high contribution of customers in the beginning of service provision procedure leads to high recovery expectations and low satisfaction. The results also support that co-created service recovery (CCS-R), as contrasted to firm and customer recoveries, has a greater positive effect on satisfaction. Further, the contrasting impacts of each service recovery type on positive and negative WOM are presented. An experiment was conducted using service failure and recovery scenarios. Regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses. The current research has some important implications for scholars and managers who wish to effectively recover failed high-participation service encounters.
Edentulism Is Associated With More Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

Purpose The relationship between edentulism and the severity of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is not well established. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the relationship of edentulism on the severity of OSAS compared with equally at-risk dentate subjects. Patients and Methods We performed a retrospective matched cohort study of edentulous and dentate subjects with OSAS matched by age, gender, and body mass index (BMI). The primary predictor variable was dentate status (dentate vs edentulous) and the primary outcome variable was the OSAS severity measured using apnea hypopnea index (AHI). The secondary outcome variables were the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) score and nadir oxygen level. Inferential, univariate, and multivariate statistical analyses were completed. Results A total of 26 subjects (13 edentulous and 13 dentate) were included in the present study. The edentulous subjects had more severe OSAS compared with the equally at-risk dentate subjects, with statistically significant differences between the 2 groups for AHI (47 ± 25 vs 23 ± 11; P = .0044) and ESS score (16 ± 4.2 vs 11 ± 5.2; P = .0094). A significant multivariate effect for OSAS was only found for the covariates of gender (female vs male; P = .016) and edentulism status (yes vs no; P = .01), with no significant interaction between them (P = .24). Conclusions Within the limits of the present study, edentulous subjects, compared with dentate subjects, and controlling for age, gender, and BMI, had more severe OSAS, as evidenced by the significantly increased AHI and ESS. Male gender and edentulism are significant risk factors for more severe OSAS compared with equally at-risk dentate patients.
A thirst for empire: how tea shaped the modern world

In her deeply researched book A thirst for empire: how tea shaped the modern world, Erica Rappaport investigates how a Chinese drink was reinvented as an iconic British beverage. Transformed into a...
Large Eddy Simulations Using the Subgrid-Scale Estimation Model and Truncated Navier-Stokes Dynamics

We describe a procedure for large eddy simulations of turbulence which uses the subgrid-scale estimation model and truncated Navier–Stokes dynamics. In the procedure the large eddy simulation equations are advanced in time with the subgrid-scale stress tensor calculated from the parallel solution of the truncated Navier–Stokes equations on a mesh two times smaller in each Cartesian direction than the mesh employed for a discretization of the resolved quantities. The truncated Navier–Stokes equations are solved through a sequence of runs, each initialized using the subgrid-scale estimation model. The modeling procedure is evaluated by comparing results of large eddy simulations for isotropic turbulence and turbulent channel flow with the corresponding results of experiments, theory, direct numerical simulations, and other large eddy simulations. Subsequently, simplifications of the general procedure are discussed and evaluated. In particular, it is possible to formulate the procedure entirely in terms of the truncated Navier–Stokes equation and a periodic processing of the small-scale component of its solution.
Adequate Lymphadenectomy as a Quality Measure in Esophageal Cancer: Is there an Association with Treatment Approach?

The national comprehensive cancer network defines adequate lymphadenectomy as evaluation of ≥ 15 lymph nodes in esophageal cancer. However, varying thresholds have been suggested following neoadjuvant therapy. Our objectives were to (1) explore trends in adequate lymphadenectomy rates over time; (2) evaluate unadjusted lymphadenectomy yield by treatment characteristics; and (3) identify independent factors associated with adequate lymphadenectomy. The National Cancer Data Base was used to identify patients who underwent esophagectomy for cancer from 2004 to 2015. Adequate lymphadenectomy trends over time were evaluated using the Cochrane–Armitage test, and lymph node yield by treatment approach was compared using the Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tests. Associations with treatment factors were assessed by multivariable logistic regression. Among 24,413 patients, 9919 (40.6%) had adequate lymphadenectomy. Meeting the nodal threshold increased over time (52.6% in 2015 vs. 26.0% in 2004; p < 0.01). Lymph node yield did not differ based on neoadjuvant therapy (median 12 [interquartile range 7–19] with and without neoadjuvant therapy; p = 0.44). Adequate lymphadenectomy was not associated with neoadjuvant therapy (40.5% vs. 40.8%, odds ratio [OR] 0.94, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.82–1.07), but was associated with surgical approach (52.7% of laparoscopic cases, OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.06–1.56; 61.2% of robotic cases, OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.34–2.19, vs. 43.5% of open cases), and increasing annual esophagectomy volume (55.6% in the fourth quartile vs. 32.6% in the first quartile; OR 3.57, 95% CI 2.35–5.43). Despite increases over time, only 50% of patients undergo adequate lymphadenectomy during esophageal cancer resection. Adequate lymphadenectomy was not associated with neoadjuvant therapy. Focusing on surgical approach and esophagectomy volume may further improve adequate lymphadenectomy rates.
Effect of Left and Right Coronary Flow Waveforms on Aortic Sinus Hemodynamics and Leaflet Shear Stress: Correlation with Calcification Locations

Coronary flow induces hemodynamic alterations in the aortic sinus region. The objectives of this study are to: (1) investigate the differences among sinus hemodynamics and leaflet wall shear stresses engendered by the left versus right versus non-coronary flow and (2) correlate respective wall shear stresses with leaflet calcification in patients. A left heart simulator flow loop with a tunable coronary circuit provided physiological coronary flow waveforms corresponding to the left coronary cusp case (LCC), right coronary cusp case (RCC), and non-coronary cusp case (NCC). High spatio-temporal resolution particle image velocimetry was conducted to quantify leaflet wall shear stress and sinus vorticity fields and to measure aortic leaflet tip kinematics. Thirty-one patients with severe calcific aortic valve disease were segmented from CT data for the calcific volumes in their respective left, right, and non-coronary cusps. Leaflet tip position during systole shows the RCC has a wider leaflet opening compared to LCC and NCC. Velocity and vorticity fields combined with leaflet position data show that sinus vorticity is diminished (peak ~ 43 s−1) in the LCC while RCC and NCC maintain high vorticity (~ 1200 and ~ 950 s−1 respectively). WSS magnitudes greater than 0.3 Pa show 20 and 81% greater occurrences in the LCC and RCC respectively compared to NCC. Significant differences [X2 (2, n = 31) = 7.31, p = 0.0258] between the calcification levels in each cusp of the patient population. Coronary flow differences between LCC, RCC, and NCC show significant impact on leaflet kinematics and sinus flow hemodynamics. Clinical data correlations of the coronary flow cases indicate the left coronary cusp has a higher likelihood of calcification compared to the right.
What's The Point?: Tradeoffs Between Effectiveness and Social Perception When Using Mixed Reality to Enhance Gesturally Limited Robots

Mixed Reality visualizations provide a powerful new approach for enabling gestural capabilities on non-humanoid robots. This paper explores two different categories of mixed-reality deictic gestures for armless robots: a virtual arrow positioned over a target referent (a non-ego-sensitive allocentric gesture) and a virtual arm positioned over the gesturing robot (an ego-sensitive allocentric gesture). Specifically, we present the results of a within-subjects Mixed Reality HRI experiment (N=23) exploring the trade-offs between these two types of gestures with respect to both objective performance and subjective social perceptions. Our results show a clear trade-off between performance and social perception, with non-ego-sensitive allocentric gestures enabling faster reaction time and higher accuracy, but ego-sensitive gestures enabling higher perceived social presence, anthropomorphism, and likability.
A New Functional F-Statistic for Gene-Based Inference Involving Multiple Phenotypes

Genetic pleiotropy is the phenomenon where a single gene or genetic variant influences multiple traits. Numerous statistical methods exist for testing for genetic pleiotropy at the variant level, but fewer methods are available for testing genetic pleiotropy at the gene-level. In the current study, we derive an exact alternative to the Shen and Faraway functional F-statistic for functional-on-scalar regression models. Through extensive simulation studies, we show that this exact alternative performs similarly to the Shen and Faraway F-statistic in gene-based, multi-phenotype analyses and both F-statistics perform better than existing methods in small sample, modest effect size situations. We then apply all methods to real-world, neurodegenerative disease data and identify novel associations.
The Evolution of Sustainability-as-Usual

The chapter explores how sustainability has evolved in business over the last 50 years, reviewing developments in the understanding of the responsibilities and role of companies in society. During this period frameworks such as corporate social responsibility (CSR), stakeholder theory, and creating shared value (CSV) have been developed and implemented, reflecting the changes in companies’ approach toward social and environmental issues. At the same time, while companies have made progress on these issues, they have continued to adhere to the idea that their primary role is to make money for their shareholders. As a result, this chapter suggests, corporate sustainability efforts fail to generate meaningful results. The effort to move companies away from an unsustainable “business-as-usual” mode, by promoting the premise of stakeholder capitalism as a framework that will replace shareholder capitalism, resulted in a new mode I call “sustainability-as-usual,” which is dominated by a “shareholder capitalism 2.0” mental model. The chapter compares business-as-usual and sustainability-as-usual, acknowledging the shortcomings of the latter, including its inability to address climate change effectively.
Decreased frequency of transplantation and lower post-transplant survival free of re-transplantation in LVAD patients with the new heart transplant allocation system.

PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of the new heart transplant (HT) allocation system in left ventricular assist device (LVAD) supported patients listed as bridge to transplantation (BTT). METHODS Adult patients who were listed for HT between October 18, 2016 and October 17, 2019, and were supported with an LVAD, enrolled in the UNOS database were included in this study. Patients were classified in the old or new system if they were listed or transplanted before or after October 18, 2018, respectively. RESULTS A total of 3261 LVAD patients were listed for transplant. Of these, 2257 were classified in the old and 1004 in the new system. The cumulative incidence of death or removal from the transplant list due to worsening clinical status at 360-days after listing was lower in the new system (4% vs. 7%, P = .011). LVAD Patients listed in the new system had a lower frequency of transplantation within 360-days of listing (52% vs. 61%, P < .001). A total of 1843 LVAD patients were transplanted, 1004 patients in the old system and 839 patients in the new system. The post-transplant survival at 360 days was similar between old and new systems (92.3% vs. 90%, P = .08). However, LVAD patients transplanted in the new system had lower frequency of the combined endpoint, freedom of death or re-transplantation at 360 days (92.2% vs. 89.6%, P = .046). CONCLUSION The new HT allocation system has affected the LVAD-BTT population significantly. On the waitlist, LVAD patients have a decreased cumulative frequency of transplantation and a concomitant decrease in death or delisting due to worsening status. In the new system, LVAD patients have a decreased survival free of re-transplantation at 360 days post-transplant.
Combinatorial fabrication & studies of small molecular organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) and structurally integrated OLED-based chemical and biological sensors

UV-violet OLEDs based on ITO/[copper phthalocyanine]/[4,4-bis(9carbazolyl)biphenyl]/[bathocuproine]/CsF/Al, with a peak emission at ~380 nm, were fabricated and optimized using a single-batch combinatorial fabrication. The optimal device had a peak radiance of 20 W/m at 500 mA/cm with CBP and BCP thicknesses of 500 and 250 , respectively. The maximum luminance was 142.9 Cd/m o A o A 2 at 11.74 V. Adding a thin layer (1.5 nm) of NPB as hole transport layer was sufficient to degrade the UV emission. This UV performance deterioration is due to energy transfer from the wide band-gap CBP to NPB; it limits the choice of HTL materials that are usable for enhancing such UV-OLEDs. 2.
Perceptions of Students with Disabilities regarding the Value of Technology-Based Support Activities on Postsecondary Education and Employment:

Transitioning from high school to employment or postsecondary education is a critical juncture in any person's life. For students with disabilities, the complexities associated with such pivotal decisions are compounded, increasing the need for transition preparation and ongoing support to develop self-determination, social, academic, and career skills. Although many programs have offered services to students during transition periods, there is little empirical research on the long-term impact of specific support activities, including those that employ computers and the Internet. This article reports the results of a retrospective survey of participants in a technology-based exemplary transition program for college-bound youth. It reports how participants perceive the impact of key components, including technology-enriched summer study and year-round computer and Internet activities, on their self-determination, social, college, and career skills. Recommendations for applications to transition programs as...
Early Exercise Options: Upper Bounds

In this article, we discuss how to generate upper bounds for American or Bermudan securities by Monte Carlo methods. These techniques provide a useful supplement to strategies that provide lower bound estimates, allowing one both to generate valid confidence intervals for the true option price and to test the accuracy to any proposed approximation to the optimal exercise strategy. Keywords: American option; Bermudan option; Monte Carlo; Doob–Meyer decomposition; duality formulation; upper bound; confidence intervals
Quasi-arbitrage and Price Manipulation

In an environment where trading volume affects security prices and where prices are uncertain when trades are submitted, quasi-arbitrage is the availability of a series of trades which generate infinite expected profits with an infinite Sharpe ratio. We show that when the price impact of trades is time stationary, only linear price-impact functions rule out quasi-arbitrage and thus support viable market prices. This holds whether a single asset or a portfolio of assets is traded. When the temporary and permanent effects of trades on prices are independent, only the permanent price impact must be linear while the temporary one can be of a more general form. We also extend the analysis to a nonstationary framework.
Critique of Session II

I understand my assignment to be one of trying to recap some of the themes in this afternoon’s session and perhaps to critique some of the ideas that were discussed.
Directions in Functional Programming for Real(-Time) Applications

We review the basics of functional programming, and give a brief introduction to emerging techniques and approaches relevant to buildingreal-time software. In doingso we attempt to explain the relevance of functional programming concepts to the real-time applications domain. In particular, we address the use of types to classify properties of real-time computations.
Nonlinear control and reduction of underactuated systems with symmetry.III. Input coupling case

In this paper, we address nonlinear control and reduction of high-order underactuated mechanical systems with kinetic symmetry and input coupling. In some aerospace vehicles, the effects of the control of the attitude dynamics appears in the translational dynamics. We present a general framework for decoupling of these effects. The decoupling is done by applying a change of coordinates in explicit form that transforms the original system into a cascade nonlinear system. We obtain three types of cascade normal forms, namely, nonlinear systems in strict feedback form, strict feedforward form, and nontriangular quadratic form. For a class of underactuated systems that are differentially flat, we obtain the flat outputs automatically as a by-product of the decoupling change of coordinates.
The Unobservability Problem in Clouds

The cloud is not transparent. Users of cloud computing cannot control or monitor important information about their VMs or services, such as placement, true resource allocation, virtualization overhead, etc. Likewise, cloud providers cannot obtain important information about their users' deployment such as the application model, the role of each VM, etc. While such information is not required to be revealed, we claim that this lack of information prevents users from fully understanding their resource availability, and limits the feasibility of various performance management solutions. We refer to this lack of information as the "Unobservability" problem. In this paper, we describe the unobservability problem and present various use cases from our experience managing a medium-scale cloud deployment with several hundred VMs and experiments on EC2 that highlight the severe impact of unobservability on performance, and the limitations it imposes on users and cloud providers. We show that, interestingly, unobservability often diminishes the potential benefits of cloud computing. To address unobservability, we present and evaluate a practical solution to the unobservability problem that reveals important unobservable information without requiring any instrumentation or changes to the cloud.
Impact of Gender Role Conflict, Traditional Masculinity Ideology, Alexithymia, and Age on Men's Attitudes Toward Psychological Help Seeking.

Adult male volunteers (N = 155) completed the Gender Role Conflict Scale-I, Male Role Norms Inventory—Revised, Bermond-Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire, and Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale. Data were analyzed using regression analysis. Results indicate that men who scor
Viewer preferences for classes of noise removal algorithms for high definition content

Perceived video quality studies were performed on a number of key classes of noise removal algorithms to determine viewer preference. The noise removal algorithm classes represent increase in complexity from linear filter to nonlinear filter to adaptive filter to spatio-temporal filter. The subjective results quantify the perceived quality improvements that can be obtained with increasing complexity. The specific algorithm classes tested include: linear spatial one channel filter, nonlinear spatial two-channel filter, adaptive nonlinear spatial filter, multi-frame spatio-temporal adaptive filter. All algorithms were applied on full HD (1080P) content. Our subjective results show that spatio-temporal (multi-frame) noise removal algorithm performs best amongst the various algorithm classes. The spatio-temporal algorithm improvement compared to original video sequences is statistically significant. On the average, noise-removed video sequences are preferred over original (noisy) video sequences. The Adaptive bilateral and non-adaptive bilateral two channel noise removal algorithms perform similarly on the average thus suggesting that a non-adaptive parameter tuned algorithm may be adequate.
Gardens and the Picturesque: Studies in the History of Landscape Architecture

John Dixon Hunt is widely considered one of the foremost of today's writers on the history and theory of gardens and landscape architecture. Gardens and the Picturesque collects 11 of Hunt's essays - several of them never before published - that deal with the ways in which men and women have given meaning to gardens and landscapes, especially with the ways in which gardens have represented the world of nature "picturesquely."Ranging over subjects from the cult of the picturesque to verbal-visual parallels within gardens, from allegorical imagery to landscape painting, these essays brilliantly invoke Hunt's fascination with the idea of the garden both as a milieu - by which gardens become the most eloquent expressions of complex cultural ideas - and as a site of cultural translation, whereby one period shapes for its own purposes the ideas and forms inherited from its predecessors.From Castle Howard in Yorkshire to French impressionist gardens the essays deal with several crucial aspects of the picturesque controversy, how practical applications of the Picturesque taste affected people's treaty with and experience of landscape gardens and even the larger landscape - this last is tracked through the work of the great painter J. M. W. Turner and his talented commentator, John Ruskin, as well as through the garden designs of Humphry Repton and the lingering debts to the picturesque movement that haunt modernist theory. The book concludes with a consideration of the utopian aspirations and views of the garden in different societies.John Dixon Hunt is currently academic advisor to the Oak Spring Garden Library, Upperville, Virginia. The founding editor of both The Journal of Garden History and Word & Image, he has been a Senior Fellow and from 1988 to 1991 Director of Studies in Landscape Architecture at Harvard University's Dumbarton Oaks.
A perturbative approach to fuzzifying field theories

Abstract We propose a procedure for computing noncommutative corrections to the metric tensor, and apply it to scalar field theory written on coordinate patches of smooth manifolds. The procedure involves finding maps to the noncommutative plane where differentiation and integration are easily defined, and introducing a star product. There are star product independent, as well as dependent, corrections. Applying the procedure for two different star products, we find the lowest order fuzzy corrections to scalar field theory on a sphere which is stereographically projected to the plane.
468 SUGAR HYDROLASES OF THE INFANT RAT INTESTINE AND THEIR ARRANGEMENT ON THE BRUSH BORDER MEMBRANE

The brush border membrane of the immature rat intestine contains lactase and maltase as the predominant sugar hydrolases, through the suckling period of the animal. These enzymes were isolated in high purity (lactase S.A. 23, maltase S.A. 58) from infant rat intestine and monospecific antisera (rabbit) were prepared to each. Brush border membranes from 15-day old rats were isolated in excess of 25-fold purification (using lactase as a membrane marker enzyme) by procedures yielding membranes at 2 to 3-fold greater purity from infant rat intestine than reported previously (Galand and Forstner, Biochem.J.(1974)144:293). Incubation of brush border membranes with anti-maltase and anti-lactase resulted in binding of each antibody in stoichiometric equivalence to that obtained with the respective pure enzyme. Thus, it could be concluded that each of the sugar hydrolases exist on the membrane fully exposed and equally available to antibody as is the free enzyme in solution. Furthermore, the binding of antibody to one did not affect the immuno-titration curve of the other nor its extractability by papain or Triton X-100. Each of the sugar hydrolases, therefore, is a brush border membrane surface component, which is independently placed in relation to the other and arranged so that its unique antigenic determinants are fully available for immunoreactivity. (Supported by N.I.H. grants HD-49, HD-02147, HD-00391, CA-14917.)
Making the World Safe for Partial Democracy? Questioning the Premises of Democracy Promotion

Democracy promotion is a favored strategy to advance the cause of world peace, especially in the Greater Middle East, but undifferentiated democracy promotion has two faulty premises. First, all progress toward the establishment of democratic regimes does not necessarily make the global community safer. Second, regime change is not something external actors have the capacity to direct along desired pathways. The first assumption fails to consider the well-documented security problems caused by partial democracies. The second assumption overstates the ability of powerful outsiders to induce transitions to full democracy. These research findings are grounds for cautious and selective democracy promotion, not a blanket approach that is indifferent to the composition of the regimes designated to be reformed and democratized.
Effect of randomization on the oxidation of corn oil

Randomized corn oil and corn oil methyl esters both oxidized three to four times faster than natural corn oil. The difference in rate could not be attributed to pro- or antioxidants. Thin layer chromatography of the oxidized oils and methyl esters after reduction with hydrogen iodide revealed two bands moving slower than the original esters. One was shown to be a mixture of scission products; the other was monohydroxy-triglyceride. There was three times more scission products from randomized than natural corn oil. Glyceride structure seems not to affect the rate of oxidation of triglycerides by altering substrate availability. The difference in yield of scission products suggests that glyceride structure may affect the rate of initiation.
Flat Flame Ultrafine Aerosol Generator

An ultrafine aerosol generator (UFAG) has been developed for generating aerosols under 200 A in diameter. The UFAG is built around a premixed propane-air flat flame burner. Although the unseeded flat flame did not generate detectable aerosols, it produced aerosols when seeded with about 10-8 gm/cm-3 of a seed material. During this study, when sodium chloride was the seed material, the UFAG produced particle concentrations of 109/cm3 with a mean diameter between 25 and 100 A and a geometric standard deviation between 1.4 and 1.7. The aerosol size distribution parameters can be controlled by changing the experimental parameters.
Helix packing in the lactose permease of Escherichia coli: distances between site-directed nitroxides and a lanthanide.

By exploiting substrate protection of Cys148 in lactose permease, a methanethiosulfonate nitroxide spin-label was directed specifically to one of two Cys residues in a double-Cys mutant, followed by labeling of Cys148 with a thiol-reactive chelator that binds Gd(III) quantitatively. Distances between bound Gd(III) and the nitroxide spin-label were then studied by electron paramagnetic resonance. The results demonstrate that the Gd(III)-induced relaxation effects on nitroxides at positions 228, 226 (helix VII), and 275 (helix VIII) agree qualitatively with results obtained by studying spin-spin interactions [Wu, J., Voss, J., et al. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93, 10123-10127]. Thus, a nitroxide attached to position 228 (helix VII) is closest to the lanthanide at position 148 (helix V), a nitroxide at position 275 (helix VIII) is further away, and the distance between positions 226 (helix VII) and 148 is too long to measure. However, the Gd(III)-spin-label distances are significantly longer than those estimated from nitroxide-nitroxide interactions between the same pairs due to the nature of the chelator. Although the results provide strong confirmation for the contention that helix V lies close to both helices VII and VIII in the tertiary structure of lactose permease, other methods for binding rare earth metals are discussed which do not involve the use of bulky chelators with long linkers.
Dividend Announcements and Changes in Beta

This study examines changes in beta risk around dividend announcement dates. The evidence shows that beta changes are strongly influenced by the changing behavior of large and small betas. This implies that researchers who attribute risk changes to specific announcements may need to control their research design for regression order bias. Further research may also be needed to ascertain whether or not this regression order bias plays a significant role in the estimation of abnormal returns in event studies.
So much to learn, so little time to learn it: North American archival education programs in the information age and the role for certificate programs

Archivists in North America have described, discussed, and debated the necessary and optimal content, configuration, and venue for archival education for close to a century but have given little consideration to integrating technology within archival curricula. Increasingly, archivists are faced with a high tech world in which they must understand issues including information systems, the nature of electronic records and databases, record migration, digitization, and web design and creation for provision of access. This paper explores the nature and extent of information technology and information science coursework and knowledge discussed in the Society of American Archivists’ Guidelines for a Graduate Program in Archival Studies and that students have available to them while in archival programs. It concludes with a proposal for Library and Information Science education programs that prepare archivists to explore developing Certificate of Advanced Studies programs in archival management on top of master’s degrees to allow for additional information science coursework.
An Internal Domain of Beta Tropomyosin Increases Myofilament Calcium Sensitivity

Table of ContentsTropomyosin (TM) is involved in calcium mediated muscle contraction and relaxation in the heart. Striated muscle alpha TM is the major isoform expressed in the heart. Expression of striated muscle beta TM in murine myocardium results in a decreased rate of relaxation and increased myofilament calcium sensitivity. Replacing the carboxyl terminus (amino acids 258-284) of alpha TM for beta TM (a troponin-T [TnT] binding region) results in decreased rates of contraction and relaxation in the heart and decreased myofilament calcium sensitivity. We hypothesized that the putative internal TnT binding domain (amino acids 175-190) of beta TM may be responsible for the increased myofilament calcium sensitivity observed when the entire beta TM is expressed in the heart. To test this hypothesis, we generated transgenic mice that express a chimeric TM containing beta TM amino acids 175-190 in the backbone of alpha TM (amino acids 1-174 and 191-284). These mice express 16% - 57% chimeric TM, and they do not develop cardiac hypertrophy or any other morphological changes. Physiological analysis shows these hearts exhibit systolic and diastolic dysfunction and a positive response to isoproterenol. Skinned fiber bundle analyses show a significant increase in myofilament calcium sensitivity. Biophysical studies demonstrate that the exchanged amino acids do not influence the flexibility of TM. This is the first study to demonstrate that a specific domain within TM can increase calcium sensitivity of the thin filament. Further, these results enhance the understanding of why TM mutations associated with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy also demonstrate increased myofilament sensitivity to calcium.
Arachidonic acid in cellular activation.

The paper by Huang et al in this issue of Kidney International addresses the interesting and still unsettled question as to whether arachidonic acid (AA), in and of itself, is a specific pathophysiologic "mediator" of injury, independently of its further transformation into oxygenated derivatives1. The question is of importance in view of the established multiple roles for AA-derived autacoids (collectively termed eicosanoids) in numerous homeostatic and pathologic states [reviewed in 2].
The methoxychlor metabolite, HPTE, directly inhibits the catalytic activity of cholesterol side-chain cleavage (P450scc) in cultured rat ovarian cells.

Exposure to the pesticide methoxychlor in rodents is linked to impaired steroid production, ovarian atrophy and reduced fertility. Following in vivo administration, it is rapidly converted by the liver to 2,2-bis-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (HPTE), the reported active metabolite. Both methoxychlor and HPTE have weak estrogenic and antiandrogenic activities, and these effects are thought to be mediated through the estrogen and androgen receptors, respectively. Previous in vivo studies on methoxychlor exposure to female animals have demonstrated decreased progesterone production but no change in serum estrogen levels. We recently showed that HPTE specifically inhibits the P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage (P450scc, CYP11A1) step resulting in decreased androgen production by cultured rat testicular Leydig cells. The current studies examined the mechanism of action of HPTE on progesterone production by cultured ovarian cells (granulosa and theca-interstitial) from pregnant mare serum gonadotropin-primed immature rats. In addition, we evaluated whether the effects of HPTE on rat ovarian cell progesterone biosynthesis were mediated through the estrogen or androgen receptors. Exposure to HPTE (0, 10, 50 or 100 nM) alone progressively inhibited progesterone formation in cultured theca-interstitial and granulosa cells and the P450scc catalytic activity in theca-interstitial cells in a dose-dependent manner with significant declines starting at 50 nM. However, HPTE did not change mRNA levels of the P450scc system (P450scc, adrenodoxin reductase and adrenodoxin) as well as P450scc protein levels. Of interest, estradiol, xenoestrogens (bisphenol-A or 4-tert-octylphenol), a pure antiestrogen (ICI 182,780), or antiandrogens (4-hydroxyflutamide or the vinclozolin metabolite M-2), had no effect on progesterone production even at 1000 nM. Co-treatment of HPTE with ICI 182,780 did not block the effect of HPTE on progesterone formation. These studies suggest that the decline in progesterone formation following exposure to HPTE in cultured ovarian cells is associated with the inhibition of catalytic activity of P450scc at least in theca-interstitial cells. This action does not appear to be mediated through the estrogen or androgen receptor signaling pathways, and other chemicals exhibiting estrogenic, antiestrogenic or antiandrogenic properties do not mimic its effect on ovarian steroid production.
Commentary and perspectives on R.M. Allen's "The test performance of the brain injured".

Significant advances have occurred in the study of the neuropsychology of head injury since R.M. Allen's (1947) paper. These include better conceptualization of brain-behavior relationships, advances in neuropsychological instruments, normative data and assessment paradigms, structural and functional brain imaging techniques, greater understanding of the mechanisms of brain injury, and the classification and quantification of brain injury. However, because of conceptual and methodological problems there has been a relative lack of progress in understanding the etiology of symptoms in mild head injury. To date, studies of mild head injury have produced widely mixed findings. Further, orthopedic injury, chronic pain, litigation, and other conditions may also produce cognitive and behavioral changes similar to those seen in mild head injury. The authors outline a study design with two control groups (other injury and noninjury) contrasted with mild closed head injury to resolve the issue of whether functional changes following an injury are due to a specific head injury effect or to more general injury factor(s). Results of extant studies using this design are discussed, along with future directions for neuropsychological assessment.
A fully-integrated self-healing power amplifier

A fully-integrated self-healing mm-wave power amplifier heals process variation, load mismatch, and transistor failure with on-chip sensors, actuators and an integrated digital algorithm ASIC without external calibration. Measurements of 20 chips showed increased RF power up to 3dB, or reduced DC power by 50% in backoff at 28 GHz. Healing 4-1 VSWR load mismatch for RF and DC power improvement was verified, and healing after laser induced transistor failure increased RF power up to 4.8dB.
Acetylcholine metabolism in the rat hippocampus and striatum following one-trial passive training

The steady state levels of acetylcholine and choline and the synthesis of acetylcholine in the hippocampus and striatum of rat brain have been determined after one-trial passive avoidance training. Steady state levels of acetylcholine and choline were not altered, but the rate of acetylcholine synthesis was significantly elevated in the striatum but not significantly elevated in the hippocampus at one hour after training.
Pavlovian conditioning to contexts that precede the place where shock occurs as measured by freezing and activity suppression in mice

Three experiments were conducted to demonstrate that the place where an organism has been, before the organism is moved to a place with aversive consequences, can also become aversive through classical conditioning. In Experiment 1, two groups of 8 mice were exposed to three different contexts in succession, with a single shock occurring in the third context. The distal context was a putative 3-min conditioned stimulus (CS) for freezing; the second context was a delay manipulation; and the unconditioned stimulus (US) occurred in the proximal context. The group delayed for 15 sec showed significantly more freezing to the distal CS context than did the group delayed for 3 h. In a second experiment, conditioning to the distal context was demonstrated with a discrimination procedure for 8 more mice by using two different distal contexts as CS+ and CS− for the proximal context with shock. On CS+ days, 3 min of exposure to the distal context was followed within 5 sec by placement in the proximal box where shock occurred, whereas on CS− days, exposure to a second distal context was followed immediately by return to the home cage. Very strong differences in freezing between the CS+ and CS− distal contexts were found in all 8 mice after 14 days of conditioning. In a third experiment, the discriminative procedure was repeated for 9 more mice, with two changes. More objective stabilometertype activity measures were substituted for observed freezing, and, in addition to the CS+ and CS− distal context trials, each mouse was also exposed to a third discriminative distal context, which was followed by 15 min in a delay chamber followed by shock in the proximal context. This discrimination procedure with the activity suppression measure again resulted in significant differences between the contexts. The CS+ context and the context followed by a 15-min delay did not differ, but both of them differed from the CS− context.
Quantitative Determination in Human Sera of Vaccine-Induced Antibody to Type-Specific Polysaccharides of Group B Streptococci Using an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

The humoral immune response of human volunteers vaccinated with highly purified type II-or type III-specific polysaccharide of group B streptococci was evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay standardized with quantitative precipitin analysis, a method which permits calculation of the micrograms of specific antibody protein per milliliter of serum, rather than expression of the data as titers. By inhibition studies, the assays were shown to be specific for antibody to the undegraded type II or III polysaccharide antigen. Purity of the antigens and the specificity of the immune response to them were evidenced by an increase in level of antibody only to the type-specific antigen used for immunization. The isotype of the antibody raised in the sera of immunized volunteers was primarily IgG, thus confirming the potential utility of vaccination against group B streptococci using polysaccharide vaccines to induce antibodies which will cross the human placenta.
Synthesis and characterization of highly ordered mesoporous thin films with -COOH terminated pore surfaces.

Highly ordered mesoporous inorganic–organic hybrid thin films with covalently bonded carboxylic acid (–COOH) terminal groups on the pore surfaces were synthesized by evaporation induced self-assembly of tetraethoxysilane, organosilanes, and a nonionic surfactant followed by acid hydrolysis and characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, surface acoustic wave (SAW) based N2 sorption, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques.
Micronutrient testing of plant growth media: Extractant identification and evaluation

Abstract Using saturation extract procedures, fifteen extractants were evaluated for their ability to remove B, Fe, Mn, and Zn from a peat and vermiculite (50:50% by volume) medium amended with three levels of micronutrients. A modified saturated media extract test procedure was developed in which 30 ml of .005M DTPA was added per 100 cc of sample to be extracted. The use of this method enhanced resolution of micronutrient cation test levels in 3 media while producing only minor changes in macronutrient, pH, or soluble salt test results when compared to DI water extractions.
21.5-to-33.4 GHz Voltage-Controlled Oscillator Using NMOS Switched Inductors in CMOS

To demonstrate the applicability of NMOS switched variable inductors in the millimeter wave frequencies, a 21.5 to 33.4 GHz wide tuning range LC voltage-controlled oscillator (LC-VCO) with frequency tunable output buffers that uses variable inductors is reported. The measured phase noise at 10 MHz offset of VCO fabricated in a 65 nm bulk CMOS process varies from ${-}117$ to ${-}109$ dBc/Hz. The oscillator core consumes 4 or 6 mA from a 1.2 V power supply. These correspond to a record 43.3% tuning range. ${\rm FOM}_{\rm T}$ ranges from ${-}191.7$ to ${-}181.9$ dBc/Hz. With tunable output buffers, the measured signal output power is above ${-}15$ dBm across the entire frequencies.
Omeprazole does not reduce gastroesophageal reflux: new insights using multichannel intraluminal impedance technology

Proton pump inhibitors are the mainstay of medical management in gastroesophageal reflux disease. Although they provide relief from most symptoms, reflux may persist. We hypothesize that omeprazole does not reduce the total amount of gastroesophageal reflux but simply alters its pH characteristics. Six asymptomatic volunteers had combined 24-hour impedance pH monitoring before and after 7 days of omeprazole (20 mg BID). Multichannel intraluminal impedance was used to identify reflux episodes, which were classified as acid (pH 4 but decrease > 1 pH unit) and nonacid (pH > 4 and decrease < 1 pH unit) by pH measurements 5 cm above the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). A gastric pH sensor located 10 cm below the LES was used to verify the action of omeprazole. Impedance detected a total of 116 reflux episodes before and 96 episodes after omeprazole treatment. The median number of reflux episodes (18 versus 16, P = 0.4), median duration of reflux episodes (4.7 versus 3.6 minutes, P = 0.5), and total duration of reflux episodes (27.2 versus 42.4 minutes, P = 0.5) per subject were similar before and after omeprazole. Acid reflux episodes were reduced from 63% before to 2.1% after omeprazole (P < 0.0001), whereas nonacid reflux episodes increased (15% to 76%, P < 0.0001). Weak acid reflux episodes did not change (22.4% to 21.8%, P = 1.0). The proportion of reflux episodes greater than pH 4 increased from 37% to 98% (P < 0.0001). In normal subjects, omeprazole treatment does not affect the number of reflux episodes or their duration; rather it converts acid reflux to less acid reflux, thus exposing esophagus to altered gastric juice. These observations may explain the persistence of symptoms and emergence of mucosal injury white on proton pump inhibitor therapy.