cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Persistence and Movement of Chlorpyrifos in Sprinkler-Irrigated Soil

The chemical persistence and vertical movement of chloropyrifos 4EC in a loam soil were compared with respect to time of posttreatment sprinkler irrigation. Irrigation intervals of 0, 2, and 6 days posttreatment, together with a nonirrigated control, were assessed. Sprinkler irrigation (2 ha-cm of water) immediately after insecticide treatment reduced the dissipation rate of chlorpyrifos compared with delayed irrigation or no irrigation. Chemical persistence was least in nonirrigated plots. Chlorpyrifos dissipation rates were rapid during the 2 weeks after treatment. Thereafter, chlorpyrifos dissipation proceeded more slowly in all plots but relative rates were greater in nonirrigated plots. Vertical movement of the insecticide in the soil after sprinkler irrigation was minimal; greater than 99% of the total chlorpyrifos residue were found in the top 2.5-cm layer.
Abstract 42: Association of Optimism with Cardiovascular Health: Results From the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study (HCHS/SOL) of Latinos Sociocultural Ancillary Study

Introduction: There is mounting evidence linking positive psychological functioning to restorative health processes and favorable medical outcomes. However, very little is known about the relations...
Problem of grey bilevel multi-objective linear programming and its algorithm

Based on the bilevel multi-objective linear programming and the characteristic of grey system,the general gray bilevel multi-objective linear programming problem with its relevant definition and theorem are given.A globally convergent algorithm is given to solve the drifting grey bilevel multi-objective linear programming problem.Firstly,multi-objective programming is transformed into single programming by using linear plus power ideal point algorithm.Then,the grey bilevel linear programming can be transformed into a grey linear programming problem by its Kuhn-Tucker condition when the feasible domain is nonempty compact aggregate.So these problems can be solved by using the particle swarm optimization algorithm to obtain the solution of the gray bilevel multi-objective linear programming problem.Finally,an example shows the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Mixture-Based Path Clustering for Synthesis of ECMWF Ensemble Forecasts of Tropical Cyclone Evolution

AbstractIn this article, three tropical cyclones and their 120-h, 50-member ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) ensemble track forecasts at 10 initialization times are considered. The IFS forecast tracks are clustered with a regression mixture model, and two traditional diagnostics (the Bayesian information criterion and a measure of strength of cluster assignment) are used to determine the optimal polynomial order and number of clusters to use in the model. In addition, cross-validation versions of the two diagnostics are formulated and computed to further aid in model selection. Both traditional and cross-validation diagnostics suggest that third-order polynomials and five clusters are effective options—although the evidence is less conclusive for the number of clusters than for the polynomial order, and the cross-validation diagnostics favor a smaller number of clusters than the traditional ones.Path clustering of IFS tropical cyclone track forecasts with this third-order polynomial, five-cluster...
15 – The use of cold spray coating for corrosion protection

Publisher Summary Early investigations of the cold-spray process for selective application of corrosion-resisting coatings have shown encouraging results, particularly in the field of sacrificial coatings that extend the capabilities of the zinc or zinc–aluminum coatings currently used. Cold spraying offers both unique opportunities for selective processing and restoration, but also presents challenges of scale-up, cost reduction, powder handling, and safety issues, all of which are well-known to the thermal spray community. Beyond extension of the process to familiar areas such as sacrificial galvanic protection, is the prospect of unique application of unconventional passivations such as deposition of aluminum directly on magnesium alloys. The developing ability to apply stainless steels and certain of the valve metals suggests a growing capability to produce highly corrosion-resistant surfaces on a variety of substrates. High-temperature oxidation- and corrosion-resistant applications, while envisioned and attempted with stainless steels and certain of the MCrAlY family, have not been well-documented.
Still standing out: children's names in the United States during the Great Recession and correlations with economic indicators

Continuing a long-standing trend in the U.S. Social Security Administration database of first names (N = 358 million), American parents were less likely to choose common names for their children between 2004 and 2015, including the years of the Great Recession (2008–2010). These trends were similar in California (severely affected by the recession) and Texas (less affected). Over a longer time period (1901–2015), cyclical economic indicators were either not correlated with common names (e.g., stock market performance) or worse economic times predicted fewer common names. The results are consistent with increasing individualism, with limited support for the idea that economic threat leads people to embrace uniqueness and no real support for the idea that economic deprivation leads to more communal name choices.
Understanding Resonant Light-Triggered DNA Release from Plasmonic Nanoparticles

Nanoparticle-based platforms for gene therapy and drug delivery are gaining popularity for cancer treatment. To improve therapeutic selectivity, one important strategy is to remotely trigger the release of a therapeutic cargo from a specially designed gene- or drug-laden near-infrared (NIR) absorbing gold nanoparticle complex with NIR light. While there have been multiple demonstrations of NIR nanoparticle-based release platforms, our understanding of how light-triggered release works in such complexes is still limited. Here, we investigate the specific mechanisms of DNA release from plasmonic nanoparticle complexes using continuous wave (CW) and femtosecond pulsed lasers. We find that the characteristics of nanoparticle-based DNA release vary profoundly from the same nanoparticle complex, depending on the type of laser excitation. CW laser illumination drives the photothermal release of dehybridized single-stranded DNA, while pulsed-laser excitation results in double-stranded DNA release by cleavage of t...
Military sexual trauma is associated with eating disorders, while combat exposure is not.

Objective There are strong associations among trauma and eating disorders. However, while trauma and eating disorders are more common among veterans than other populations, there is little information on how military-specific stressors affect eating disorder risk. This study's objective was to determine whether military sexual trauma and combat exposure were independent predictors of eating disorders among women veterans, a high-risk group. Method Participants were women age 18-70, using VA medical center services, without psychotic disorders or suicidal ideation (N = 407). We estimated a cross-sectional logistic regression model to predict eating disorders (anorexia, bulimia, binge eating disorder) as a function of military sexual trauma and combat exposure, adjusting for demographic variables. Results Sixty-six percent of participants reported military sexual trauma, 32% reported combat exposure, and 15% met eating disorder criteria. Mean age was 49 years (SD = 13); 40% were veterans of color. Women reporting military sexual trauma had twice the odds of an eating disorder compared to women who did not (odds ratio [OR]: 2.03; 95% CI [1.03-3.98]). Combat exposure was not associated with eating disorders. Asian race (OR: 3.36; 95% CI [1.26-8.97]) and age (OR: 1.03; 95% CI [1.01-1.06]) were associated with eating disorders. Conclusions The high rates of military sexual trauma and eating disorders highlight a need for continued work. Results suggest that it may be useful to focus on women reporting military sexual trauma when implementing eating disorder screening and treatment programs. Given associations among trauma, eating disorders, obesity, and mortality, such efforts could greatly improve veteran health. (PsycINFO Database Record
Surviving The Tempest: Ecologies of Salvage on the Early Modern Stage

The opening catastrophe of Shakespeare’s The Tempest is not simply a providentially ordained storm and shipwreck, but neither is it the singular expression of Prospero’s will. Beginning with a read...
Inhibition of Avoidance Responses by Manipulation of Primary and Secondary Reinforcers

4 groups of 10 rats each were assigned to different inhibition conditions and trained to a criterion of avoidance learning in a shuttle box. Following learning, an attempt was made to influence the rate at which inhibition occurred by manipulating the primary reinforcer (intensity of the shock) and the secondary reinforcer (contingency of the CS termination). A significant decrease in avoidance responding occurred as a function of changing both primary and secondary reinforcers. The greatest decrement occurred when the two were used in combination. The results were directed to clarifying some misconceptions about the inhibition of avoidance responses.
Assembling Literacy as Global: The Danger of a Single Story

This chapter enquires into the dominant conceptualization of literacy in international assessments of adult literacy. Framed by debates about evolving conceptualizations of international commensurative practices on literacy, it explores how a single story of literacy has been chosen, defined, organized, measured, legitimated and interpreted in international large-scale assessments. Taking a New Literacy Studies (NLS) ontological approach to literacy as its point of departure, the analysis draws on the theoretical assumptions of Latourian Actor-Network Theory and Adichie’s experience of ‘The danger of a single story’ to propose a concept of ‘global literacy’, which is described as both assembled and single. The chapter argues that global literacy is not intrinsically bad, but that, in Adichie’s words, it is only one of the many literacy stories. The epistemological pluralisms of literacy include global literacy, but only as one of many literacy stories.
Tyrosine Nitration is Necessary for the Survival of Schwannoma Cells

Production of peroxynitrite and formation of nitrotyrosine, implicated in cell death in neurodegeneration and inflammatory conditions, is also found in multiple tumors. Paradoxically, whether tyrosine nitration plays a role in tumor cell survival is unknown. Neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2) is caused by mutations in the merlin tumor suppressor gene, leading to merlin loss-of-function and schwannoma formation. Here we report that tyrosine nitration regulates energy metabolism and supports NF2-associated schwannoma cell survival. Schwannomas from NF2 patients and human and mouse merlin-deficient Schwann cells (MD-SC) showed increased levels of nitrotyrosine compared with wild type (WT)-SC, together with decreased expression of manganese superoxide dismutase and increased expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. There was a significant decrease in survival of MD-SC but not WT-SC upon: 1) inhibition of nitric oxide production, 2) superoxide and peroxynitrite scavenging, and 3) prevention of tyrosine nitration by urate, suggesting that one or more nitrated proteins are necessary for MD-SC survival. In addition, the levels and activity of mitochondrial complex I to IV were decreased in MD-SC compared with WT-SC, associated with decreased mitochondrial oxygen consumption and membrane potential, without changes in mitochondrial content. Tyrosine nitration prevention in MD-SC increased the levels and activity of the mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes, as well as the mitochondrial function to WT-SC levels. Moreover, nitrated Hsp90, an oxidized protein we showed down-regulates mitochondrial activity, was associated with mitochondria in MD-SC and schwannomas from NF2 patients. This is one of many nitrated proteins present in these cells. The identification of additional nitrated proteins supporting schwannoma cell survival could provide novel targets for the treatment of solid tumors where these nitrated proteins are present.
Forest structure in space and time: Biotic and abiotic determinants of canopy complexity and their effects on net primary productivity

Abstract The structural dynamics of forest canopies involve complex interactions among the abiotic environment, stand structure, species composition and disturbance regimes. How the re-arrangement of tree canopies in space and time affects forest aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) remains poorly understood, however. In this study, we analyzed a long-term dataset from a temperate deciduous forest in Northern Michigan, USA, to investigate two primary objectives: 1) what abiotic and biotic factors influence canopy complexity and its inter-annual variability, and 2) the direct and indirect effects that abiotic, biotic and canopy complexity variables have on ANPP. We hypothesized that inter-annual variability in canopy complexity would be lower in high complexity canopies and that temporal variability in complexity metrics would be inversely related to ANPP. We found that canopy complexity was highest in more taxonomically diverse stands with high variability in tree diameters and in stands dominated by Populus tremuloides and Populus grandidentata. Canopy complexity was lowest in stands dominated by Quercus rubra and Pinus strobus, which also had lower ANPP. Stands with a high stem density had lower inter-annual variation in canopy complexity, exhibited more height growth and an increase in canopy open space, which in turn enhanced ANPP. Our results provide novel empirical evidence linking temporal stability in canopy complexity to ANPP, and suggest that variability in canopy complexity over time, in addition to the overall mean canopy complexity, may be important when considering drivers of forest carbon uptake.
Sperm quality assays: How good are they? The horse perspective.

Abstract Sperm quality assays have increased in number in the last 10 years. Most of these assays are flow cytometry based in application and are modified from assays that have been developed to measure somatic cell function. The goal of any sperm quality assay should be to advance the clinicians/researchers understanding of sperm cell function and the relationship to fertility. While these assays appear to measure somatic cell-like functions in sperm there tends to be little understanding how the results of these assays relate to fertility.
Self-Aligned SiGe MOS-Gate FET with Modulation-Doped Quantum Wire Channel for Millimeter Wave Application

This paper describes a self-aligned SiGe MOS-gate field-effect transistor (FET) having a modulation-doped (MOD) quantum wire channel. An analytical model based on modified charge control equations accounting for the quantum wire channel, is presented predicting the transport characteristics of the MOS-gate MODFET structure. In particular, transport characteristics of devices having strained SiGe layers, realized on Si or Ge substrates, are computed. The transconductance gm and unity-current gain cutoff frequency (fT) are also computed as a function of the gate voltage VG. The calculated values of fT suggest the operation of one-dimensional SiGe MODFETs to be around 200 GHz range at 77°K, and 120 GHz at 300°K.
Topological Features Of Inviscid Flows

The Euler equations for an incompressible inviscid fluid in dimension three possess a wealth of topological phenomena woven into the dynamical and geometric properties of the fluid. Focusing first on steady Euler fields, we outline known results, giving special attention to the Beltrami fields and the contemporary topological techniques required to elucidate their dynamical features. We also propose a topological perspective for understanding the global dynamics of the Euler equations on the space of velocity fields.
Sintering of Supported Metals

Sintering can alter both the physical nature and the catalytic behavior of supported metals, and such changes have important practical implications. This paper includes a general discussion of experimental techniques, laboratory observations, and mathematical models used in examining catalyst sintering. Examples are taken primarily from literature reports on supported platinum. The performance of sintered catalysts will also be discussed, and recent results from our laboratories will indicate the effect of sintering on automotive catalytic converter performance.
Erinaceus europaeus roumanicus (Eastern European hedgehog)

Two specimens obtained from Austria were studied and donated by Prof. A. Gropp, Pathologisches Institut der Universitat Bonn, Bonn, Germany. These karyotypes differ markedly from those of the Western subspecies displayed in Folio 52. The differences have been described and discussed by Geisler and Gropp. Identification of sex chromosomes is tentative.
Crystal structure and redox potentials of the tppz-bridged {RuCl(bpy)}+ dimer.

We report the structural and electrochemical characterization of the binuclear complex [μ-(C24H16N6){RuCl(C10H8N2)}2](PF6)2, which contains the bis-tridentate bridging ligand 2,3,5,6-tetra­kis­(pyridin-2-yl)pyrazine (tppz), the monodentate ligand Cl−, and the bidentate ligand 2,2′-bi­pyridine (bpy) {systematic name: μ-2,3,5,6-tetra­kis­(pyridin-2-yl)pyrazine-bis­[(2,2′-bi­pyridine)­chlorido­ru­thenium(II)] bis­(hexa­fluorido­phosphate)}. The complete [(bpy)(Cl)Ru(tppz)Ru(Cl)(bpy)]2+ dication is generated by crystallographic twofold symmetry; the tppz bridging ligand has a significantly twisted conformation, with an average angle of 42.4° between the mean planes of adjacent pyridyl rings. The metal-coordinated chloride ligands are in a trans configuration relative to each other across the {Ru(tppz)Ru} unit. The RuII ion exhibits a distorted octa­hedral geometry due to the restricted bite angle [160.6 (3)°] of the tppz ligand. For bpy, the bond lengths of the Ru—N bonds are 2.053 (8) and 2.090 (8) A, with the shorter bond being opposite to Ru—Cl. For the tridentate tppz, the Ru—N distances involving the outer N atoms trans to each other are 2.069 (8) and 2.072 (9) A, whereas the Ru—N bond involving the central N atom has the much shorter length of 1.939 (7) A as a result of the geometric constraints and stronger π-acceptor ability of the pyrazine-centered bridge. The Ru—Cl distance is 2.407 (3) A and the intra­molecular distance between Ru centers is 6.579 (4) A. In the crystal, weak C—H⋯Cl and C—H⋯F inter­actions consolidate the packing.
Nonconventional morphology in plasma cell leukemia

Plasma cell leukemia is a rare malignancy with a poor outcome. Nonconventional morphology of circulating plasma cells is rare, but few case reports do exist. We present such a case that emphasizes the importance of integrating flow cytometric immunophenotyping to confirm the diagnosis.
Mechanistic Study and Development of Catalytic Reactions of Sm(II)

Samarium diiodide (SmI2) is one of the most widely used single-electron reductants available to organic chemists because it is effective in reducing and coupling a wide range of functional groups. Despite the broad utility and application of SmI2 in synthesis, the reagent is used in stoichiometric amounts and has a high molecular weight, resulting in a large amount of material being used for reactions requiring one or more equivalents of electrons. Although few approaches to develop catalytic reactions have been designed, they are not widely used or require specialized conditions. As a consequence, general solutions to develop catalytic reactions of Sm(II) remain elusive. Herein, we report mechanistic studies on catalytic reactions of Sm(II) employing a terminal magnesium reductant and trimethylsilyl chloride in concert with a noncoordinating proton donor source. Reactions using this approach permitted reductions with as little as 1 mol % Sm. Mechanistic studies provide strong evidence that during the reaction, SmI2 transforms into SmCl2, therefore broadening the scope of accessible reactions. Furthermore, this mechanistic approach enabled catalysis employing HMPA as a ligand, facilitating the development of catalytic Sm(II) 5- exo- trig ketyl olefin cyclization reactions. The initial work described herein will enable further development of both useful and user-friendly catalytic reactions, a long-standing, but elusive goal in Sm(II) chemistry.
Current Concepts in the Management of the Difficult Pediatric Airway

The goal of this paper is to review key concepts in the management of the pediatric difficult airway. Early recognition of risk factors and thorough preparation may be helpful in reducing the risk of complications during airway management. Management of difficult pediatric airway management may be associated with a high rate of complications. It is important that clinicians understand the patient profiles associated with difficult airway management and the equipment and techniques available to effectively manage these children. Airway ultrasonography and apneic oxygenation are novel techniques that have been increasingly utilized for their potential to improve safety during difficult airway management and will be briefly discussed in this review. This review will highlight key current concepts in the management of the difficult pediatric airway.
Timing optimization of low-dose first-pass analysis dynamic CT myocardial perfusion measurement: validation in a swine model

Myocardial perfusion measurement with a low-dose first-pass analysis (FPA) dynamic computed tomography (CT) perfusion technique depends upon acquisition of two whole-heart volume scans at the base and peak of the aortic enhancement. Hence, the objective of this study was to validate an optimal timing protocol for volume scan acquisition at the base and peak of the aortic enhancement. Contrast-enhanced CT of 28 Yorkshire swine (weight, 55 ± 24 kg, mean ± standard deviation) was performed under rest and stress conditions over 20–30 s to capture the aortic enhancement curves. From these curves, an optimal timing protocol was simulated, where one volume scan was acquired at the base of the aortic enhancement while a second volume scan was acquired at the peak of the aortic enhancement. Low-dose FPA perfusion measurements (PFPA) were then derived and quantitatively compared to the previously validated retrospective FPA perfusion measurements as a reference standard (PREF). The 32-cm diameter volume CT dose index, $$ {\mathrm{CTDI}}_{\mathrm{vol}}^{32} $$ and size-specific dose estimate (SSDE) of the low-dose FPA perfusion protocol were also determined. PFPA were related to the reference standard by PFPA = 0.95 · PREF + 0.07 (r = 0.94, root-mean-square error = 0.27 mL/min/g, root-mean-square deviation = 0.04 mL/min/g). The $$ {\mathrm{CTDI}}_{\mathrm{vol}}^{32} $$ and SSDE of the low-dose FPA perfusion protocol were 9.2 mGy and 14.6 mGy, respectively. An optimal timing protocol for volume scan acquisition at the base and peak of the aortic enhancement was retrospectively validated and has the potential to be used to implement an accurate, low-dose, FPA perfusion technique.
Reverse Genetics of IRT1, or How to Catch an Iron Transporter and Pin It Down.

We rely on plants as our main dietary source for the essential micronutrient iron. The Earth’s crust is itself very rich in iron (the fourth most common element by weight), but much of this iron is not readily bioavailable, and it can severely limit plant growth and crops yield. Our knowledge of
Healthcare and associated costs related to type 2 diabetes in youth and adolescence: the TODAY clinical trial experience

The economic issues related to medical treatments in youth with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are rarely reported and thus not fully understood. The Treatment Options for type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth clinical trial of youth recently diagnosed with T2D collected healthcare and related cost information from the largest cohort studied to date. Costs related to medical treatments and expenses faced by caregivers were identified over a 2-year period from 496 participants. Data were collected by surveys and diaries to document frequency of use of diabetes care (excluding study laboratory tests), non-diabetes care services and treatments, caregiver time, and expenses related to exercise and dietary activities recommended for patients. Economic costs were derived by applying national cost values to the reported utilization frequency data. Annual medical costs in the first year varied by the treatment group, averaging $1798 in those assigned to metformin alone (M), $2971 to combination drug therapy with metformin + rosiglitazone (M + R), and $2092 to metformin + an intensive lifestyle and behavior change program (M + L). Differences were primarily due to costs related to combination drug therapy. Adult caregiver support costs were higher for participants in the lifestyle program, which was delivered in weekly sessions in the first 6 months. Expenses for purchases to enhance diet and exercise change did not vary by treatment assignment. In year 2, medication costs increased in M and M + L due to the initiation of insulin in subjects who failed to maintain glycemic control on the assigned treatment. Data are reported for use by researchers and those providing healthcare to this vulnerable patient population.
Ethics consultations in patients with neuro-oncologic diseases.

e13519Background: In patients with cancer, ethical issues regarding patient autonomy, surrogate decision making, and end-of-life care often arise. Ethics consultation can help clarify perspectives ...
An in Vitro Approach to the Study of Inflammatory Reactions in Atherosclerosis

Mild oxidation of LDL by prolonged storage or by mild tratment with iron produced a modified form of LDL that was still recognized by the LDL receptor. This mildly modified LDL (MM-LDL) contained oxidized lipid(s) that caused artery wall cells to express genes whose protein products could account for the cellular events seen in the developing fatty streak, namely: monocyte adherence (Berliner et al., 1990), monocyte migration by monocyte chemotactic protein MCP-1 (Cushing et al., 1990), and monocyte differentiation by macrophage-colony stimulating factor M-CSF (Andalibi et al. Molecular Biology of Atherosclerosis, 1990). We have used a multilayer coculture of human aortic wall endothelial and smooth muscle cells and studied the modification of LDL in this system and the resulting effects on the artery wall cells.
Anarchism in the Web of Transnational Social Movements

Anarchists have played a visible and significant role in global civil society since the 19th century and in the New Global Left since it emerged in the 1990s. Horizontalism and social libertarianism have been central components of the contemporary World Revolution and were also important in the world revolutions of 1968 and 1989. Anarchists have participated in the Social Forum process at the global, national and local levels and, in various ways, have influenced the contemporary world revolution far beyond their numbers. We use surveys from Social Forums to examine how self-identified actively involved anarchists are similar or different from other attendees. We also conduct a formal network analysis to examine the links that the anarchists have with other social movement themes. Despite the small number of self-identified anarchists, our findings suggest that anarchist organizational approaches and political values are widely shared among the activists who have been involved in the Social Forum process.
Demonstration of Dynamical Refraction of Space-Time Wave Packets

We show that endowing a wave-packet with judicious spatio-temporal correlations unveils remarkable dynamical refractive phenomena, such as group-velocity invariance with respect to the refractive index, group-delay cancellation, and anomalous group-velocity increase in higher-index materials.
Nanoscale Colocalization of Fluorogenic Probes Reveals the Role of Oxygen Vacancies in the Photocatalytic Activity of Tungsten Oxide Nanowires

Defect engineering is a strategy that has been widely used to design active semiconductor photocatalysts. However, understanding the role of defects, such as oxygen vacancies, in controlling photoc...
“I Like That It’s My Choice a Couple Different Times”: Gender, Affordances, and User Experience on Bumble Dating

The dating app Bumble has been lauded as the “feminist Tinder” largely because of its defining feature: Only women can initiate the conversation after a match. Using in-depth interviews with 14 users, this research explores cisgender women’s experience of Bumble, through an affordances framework. The findings show that women strategically use the various affordances of the app to not only look for matches but also to actively avoid harassment and danger. The implications of this “negotiated use” as invisible gendered digital labor, as well as the overall limitations of Bumble as a “feminist” app focused on choice, are discussed.
Chapter 5 – Gang Delinquency

Publisher Summary For many individuals, agencies, and communities, the problem of youthful misbehavior is most notably gang delinquency. This is true in large cities where gangs are responsible for 25 percent or more of all homi­cides. Gangs and gang members are heavily involved in drug sales, assaultive behav­ior, robberies, and burglaries. Gangs take on different characteristics based on the desires of the members and the under­lying goal of the group. Some gangs are highly structured with many members, clear leadership, and set agendas. Other gangs are loose con­federations of a few individuals who interact on a sporadic basis. Names, colors, territory, leadership, and other components of gangs are in themselves only potential indicators of ganging. The behavioral tendencies of these groups also vary. Interest in gang activity has a long history in juvenile justice and has engendered renewed interest in the last few years. The research efforts to date provide striking similarities to one another. The form and explanations for ganging have changed little since Thrasher's work. The clear­est difference in recent work has been the finding of more serious violence directed against a wider range of victims.
Effects of cation stoichiometry on surface morphology and crystallinity of ZnGeN2 films grown on GaN by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

ZnGeN2 films were grown on GaN-on-sapphire templates via metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy was used to estimate the Zn/(Zn + Ge) composition ratio in the films. This ratio decreased with an increase in growth temperature but increased with an increase in total reactor pressure or the Zn/Ge precursor flow rate ratio. Systematic mapping of these key growth parameters has allowed us to identify the growth window to achieve ZnGeN2 with stoichiometric cation composition. Compositional and statistical analyses performed on data acquired from atom probe tomography provided insight into the local compositional homogeneity. The cations Zn and Ge did not demonstrate segregation or clustering at the sub-nanometer level. Based on x-ray diffraction 2θ–ω scan profiles and transmission electron microscope nano-diffraction patterns, the films with near-stoichiometric cation ratios were single crystalline with planar surfaces, whereas zinc-rich or zinc-poor films were polycrystalline with nonplanar surfaces. The growth direction of the single crystalline ZnGeN2 films on GaN templates was along the c-axis. Room temperature Raman spectra showed features associated with the phonon density of states, indicating the presence of cation disorder in the lattice. A cathodoluminescence peak associated with transitions involving deep level defects was observed around 640 nm. The intensity of this peak increased by almost 2.5 times as the temperature was reduced to 77 K from room temperature. A similar peak was observed in the photoluminescence spectra collected at 80 K.
Optimal Dynamic Mechanism Design with Stochastic Supply and Flexible Consumers

We consider the problem of designing an expected-revenue maximizing mechanism for allocating multiple non-perishable goods of $k$ varieties to flexible consumers over $T$ time steps. In our model, a random number of goods of each variety may become available to the seller at each time and a random number of consumers may enter the market at each time. Each consumer is present in the market for one time step and wants to consume one good of one of its desired varieties. Each consumer is associated with a flexibility level that indicates the varieties of the goods it is equally interested in. A consumer's flexibility level and the utility it gets from consuming a good of its desired varieties are its private information. We characterize the allocation rule for a Bayesian incentive compatible, individually rational and expected revenue maximizing mechanism in terms of the solution to a dynamic program. The corresponding payment function is also specified in terms of the optimal allocation function. We leverage the structure of the consumers' flexibility model to simplify the dynamic program and provide an alternative description of the optimal mechanism in terms of thresholds computed by the dynamic program.
Glaucoma-associated pain results in mechanical sensitivity changes in dogs: A pilot study.

Purpose To explore the effects of chronic, uncontrolled glaucoma on pressure sensitivity in dogs before and after enucleation of the painful globe. Methods Client-owned dogs undergoing enucleation for chronic glaucoma with no other sources of pain were enrolled. Normal dogs of similar breeds and skull morphology were enrolled as controls. Craniofacial ratio (CFR) and relative palpebral fissure width (RPFW) were assessed in all patients. Serial mechanical quantitative sensory testing (QST) was performed the day before surgery, and 14, 30, 60, and 120 days after surgery. QST consisted of electronic Von Frey (eVF), and blunt algometry (BA) performed above and below the nonglaucomatous eye, the metacarpus, and metatarsus. Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometry (CB) was also performed on the remaining eye. Results Twelve dogs (6 per group) were included. Compared to baseline values, sensitivity tended to decrease over time (increased thresholds) in treatment dogs while it stayed constant or increased slightly in control dogs. The difference in change from baseline sensitivity between control and treatment groups was significant at day 120 using BA at supraorbital (P = .0153), infraorbital (P = .0209), and metacarpal sites (P = .007) and overall (P = .0470). This divergence was also significant using CB (P = .0470) on the opposite cornea. As patient CFR and RPFWV increased, both eVF (P = .005-.023) and BA (P = .004-.041) increased. Conclusions Sensitivity to mechanical stimuli decreased both locally and at remote sites in dogs following enucleation for painful chronic glaucoma. Cranial conformation is associated with differences in sensitivity.
Airways therapy of obstructive sleep apnea dramatically improves aberrant levels of soluble cytokines involved in autoimmune disease.

Abstract Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) damages the health of 35% of adult Americans. Disordered sleep results in increased risk of several autoimmune disorders, but the molecular links to autoimmunity are poorly understood. Herein, we identified four cytokines associated with autoimmune disease, whose median serum levels were significantly different for OSA patients receiving airways therapy, from the levels in untreated OSA patients, APRIL (5.2-fold lower, p = 3.5 × 10−11), CD30 (1.6-fold higher, p = 7.7 × 10−5), IFN-Alpha-2 (2.9-fold higher, p = 9.6 × 10−14) and IL-2 (1.9-fold higher, p = 0.0003). Cytokine levels in airways treated patients were similar to the levels in control subjects. t-SNE and UMAP analysis of these high dimensional patient cytokine data identified only two groups, suggesting a similar global response for all four cytokines to airways therapy. Our findings suggest the levels of these four cytokines may be altered by disordered sleep and perhaps by chronic hypoxia. Therapeutic options are discussed.
The Gap-Filling Role of Private Environmental Governance

Private environmental governance provides new tools that can fill gaps in government regulatory regimes. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is a valuable case study for testing the efficacy of private environmental governance because it is one of the largest utility carbon emitters and is largely insulated from near-term federal and state government pressure to reduce emissions. TVA is not on a trajectory to achieve the decarbonization targets necessary to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement, but private governance initiatives can motivate TVA to accelerate its decarbonization process. TVA’s securities filings acknowledge that it faces material threats on the energy supply side from distributed generation and customer preferences for renewable energy, and on the energy demand side from efficiency and conservation. Private governance initiatives could address the supply side by inducing large corporate and institutional customers, bondholders, and households to press for decarbonization of TVA’s generation assets. On the demand side, private initiatives could motivate action by offering TVA accelerated electrification of motor vehicle fleets and buildings in return for accelerated decarbonization of TVA’s generation assets. The Article concludes that these private governance options are not a panacea, but they have the potential to fill an important gap in public climate governance and pose little risk of displacing more effective government action. The TVA example also demonstrates the wide range of private governance options that are available to motivate emissions reductions by other difficult-to-regulate emissions sources.
Deep Transfer Cooperative Sensing in Cognitive Radio

In this letter, we propose a deep transfer cooperative sensing (DTCS) approach in cognitive radio networks, where multiple secondary users (SUs) cooperate to detect the presence of signals from a primary user (PU) in a shared frequency band. DTCS is a cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) framework based on unsupervised deep transfer learning. It operates on energy vectors, whose each element is a sensing result by an energy detector from individual SU. It learns the knowledge by combining the sensing results from all SUs in one radio frequency environment and transfers it to another one. This approach is applicable for detecting the presence of arbitrary unknown signals, which enhances the generalization ability and robustness of the framework. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of DTCS.
Clinical Medical Students’ Preferred Teaching Methods: A Study at the National Defense University of Malaysia

Background: Providing appropriate teachings in the curriculum have a great impact on learning by the students. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the clinical undergraduate medical students’ preferred teaching methods provided by the medical educators. Material and Methods: This study was conducted on 89 medical students in the 4th and 5th year of the Faculty of Medicine and Defense Health, National Defense University of Malaysia, from 1st November 2019 to 31st July 2020. Each of the students was approached with a structured questionnaire for their responses to determine their preferred teaching methods. Results: Out of 89 students, 46 were male (51.7%); the mean age of the study students was 23.5 years. Among the various teaching methods, bedside teaching was the most preferred (76.4%) one followed by lectures (14.6%), tutorials (7.9%) and seminars (1.1%). 66.3% of students would use e-learnings’ uploaded teaching materials, whereas the remainder would not. Bedside demonstrations of clinical skills by the tutors were preferred by 77.5% of students. Practicing clinical skills by the students on a real patient rather than on a mannequin or a simulated patient was preferred by 94.4% of students. Regarding case discussions, problem-based learnings (PBL) were preferred by 80% of students. Conclusions: Bedside teachings, demonstrations of clinical skill by a teacher, practicing skills by the students on a real patient rather than on a simulated patient or a mannequin, and PBLs are highly preferred by the students. Adequate teaching materials uploaded in the e-learning management system provide a good source for the teachings and learnings.
Recent insights into the role of glia and oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease gained from Drosophila.

Abstract Here, we discuss findings made using Drosophila on Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk and progression. Recent studies have investigated the mechanisms underlying glia-mediated neuroprotection in AD. First, we discuss a novel mechanism of glial lipid droplet formation that occurs in response to elevated reactive oxygen species in neurons. The data suggest that disruptions to this process contribute to AD risk. We further discuss novel mechanistic insights into glia-mediated Aβ42-clearance made using the fly. Finally, we highlight work that provides evidence that the aberrant accumulation of reactive oxygen species in AD may not just be a consequence of disease but contribute to disease progression as well. Cumulatively, the discussed studies highlight recent, relevant discoveries in AD made using Drosophila.
Speaking Regional Truth to Washington Power Over Federal Public Lands

On the twenty-fifth anniversary of the creation of the Environmental Law Center at Vermont Law School, Professor (and former ELC Director) Richard Brooks delivered the Norman Williams Distinguished Lecture in Land Use Planning and the Law, entitled Speaking (Vermont) Truth to (Washington) Power. Like many of Professor Brooks’ works, this lecture explored common scholarly themes of federalism, sustainability, land use, and environmental activism, as well as topics unique to his work, including legal value assessments, environmental justice, social justice, and the nature of legal and institutional change. After exploring several examples of the inclusive, progressive nature of Vermont’s laws, Professor Brooks concluded that Vermont’s power to effect change on a national scale was somewhat disproportionate to its size (both geographically and based on population) and arose out of Vermont’s community-focused, inclusive, and progressive legal and social values. Brooks’ Williams Lecture relates in several ways to my own scholarship addressing the national crisis unfolding on federal public lands, driven by the current Administration’s zeal for energy development, mining, and unraveling the protections set in place by previous administrations. From the opening of coastal zones throughout the nation to offshore drilling to the President’s reduction of the Bears Ears and Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monuments, the Trump Administration has charted a course nearly reminiscent of the disposal era of the late nineteenth century, stopping just short of outright transfers of public lands into private and state hands. This is a crisis not only because of the unprecedented speed and breadth of the Department of Interior’s efforts to erode environmental and natural resources protection measures implemented by previous administrations, but because of the permanence of some of these actions, inflicted on landscapes and ecosystems that might not ever be able to recover. Brooks’ Williams Lecture reflects similar themes in mid-nineteenth century Vermont, when industry ravaged the state’s natural resources (and particularly, its forests), leaving a denuded shell of the state’s pre-colonial natural glory, and contains an obvious parallel between that period of Vermont’s history and the present circumstances facing western public lands. This article explores Brooks' theme of speaking local truth to national power west of the 100th meridian, in the public lands states. I have organized this tribute in two parts: (1) an explanation of the Brooks principle of speaking local environmental truth to national power and (2) an application of this principle to the western public lands states.
Effects of PCBs and PBDEs on thyroid hormone, lymphocyte proliferation, hematology and kidney injury markers in residents of an e-waste dismantling area in Zhejiang, China.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are two typical categories of contaminants released from e-waste dismantling environments. In China, the body burdens of PCBs and PBDEs are associated with abnormal thyroid hormones in populations from e-waste dismantling sites, but the results are limited and contradictory. In this study, we measured the serum levels of PCBs and PBDEs and the thyroid hormone free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in 40 residents in an e-waste dismantling area and in 15 residents in a control area. Additionally, we also measured some lymphocyte proliferation indexes, hematologic parameters and kidney injury markers, including white blood cells, neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, hemoglobin, platelets, serum creatinine and beta 2-microglobulin (β2-MG). The results indicated that the mean level of ΣPCBs in the exposure group was significantly higher than that in the control group (964.39 and 67.98 ng g(-1), p 0.05). We determined that serum levels of FT3, FT4, monocytes and lymphocytes were significantly lower, whereas the levels of neutrophils, hemoglobin, platelets and serum creatinine were significantly higher in the exposed group (p<0.05). The mean level of ΣPCBs was negatively correlated with levels of FT3, FT4, monocytes and lymphocytes (p<0.05) and positively correlated with levels of neutrophils, hemoglobin, serum creatinine and β2-MG (p<0.05). Additionally, the mean level of ΣPBDEs was positively correlated with levels of white blood cells, hemoglobin and platelets (p<0.05). Our data suggest that exposure to an e-waste dismantling environment may increase the body burdens of PCBs and the specific PBDEs congeners in native residents and that the contaminants released from e-waste may contribute to abnormal changes in body levels of thyroid hormone, hematology and kidney injury markers.
NF-κB, a pivotal transcription factor in silica-induced diseases

Inhalation of silica in a number of occupational settings can result in debilitating and costly lung disease. It is thought that the pathological replacement of functional lung tissue with fibrotic lesions in silica-induced lung disease is the result of chronic inflammation mediated by products of the silica-exposed alveolar macrophage. In particular, inflammatory cytokines, growth factors and reactive oxygen species have been implicated in many acute and chronic inflammatory lung diseases. Pharmacological intervention to modify the production of these mediators has been shown to ameliorate several of these disease processes. Recent studies have demonstrated that the production of these inflammatory mediators is altered as a result of the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). NF-κB is a pivotal transcription factor activated by silica in macrophages and other types of lung cells. The understanding of how silica induces NF-κB activation and what signaling pathways are involved in this silica-induced NF-κB activation is important and should provide valuable new information related to both the etiology and potential treatment of silica-related lung diseases. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms involved in silica-induced NF-κB activation and discusses the importance of NF-κB as a critical transcription factor in mediating silica-induced lung diseases.