cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Raman Chemical Mapping of Magnesium Stearate Delivered by a Punch-Face Lubrication System on the Surface of Placebo and Active Tablets

Raman chemical mapping was used to determine the distribution of magnesium stearate, a lubricant, on the surface of tablets. The lubrication was carried out via a punch-face lubrication system with different spraying rates applied on placebo and active-containing tablets. Principal component analysis was used for decomposing the matrix of Raman mapping spectra. Some of the loadings associated with minuscule variation in the data significantly overlap with the Raman spectrum of magnesium stearate in placebo tablets and allow for imaging the domains of magnesium stearate via corresponding scores. Despite the negligible variation accounted for by respective principal components, the score images seem reliable as demonstrated through thresholding the one-dimensional representation and the spectra of the hot pixels that show a weak but perceivable magnesium stearate band at 1295 cm?1. The same approach was applied on the active formulation, but no magnesium stearate was identified, presumably due to overwhelming concentration and spectral contribution of the active pharmaceutical ingredient.
A Conditional Logit Model of Collegiate Major Selection.

Abstract The choice of a major by a college student is viewed as depending upon the quantity of various outputs (such as income and status) each major provides and the taste structure of the student for these outputs. Tradeoffs in outputs occur so that high status may overcome low-income potential in the occupation into which the major provides entry. Different taste structures among students mean tradeoffs occur at different rates, so that taste structues are best associated with student major selection in a probability sense. Changes in the probability of selecting a collegiate major are associated with changes in student taste structures via a conditional logit model. The taste structure of a student is hypothesized to depend upon the environment in which the student was raised and the environment in which the student now lives. The relationship between environment and taste is also best stated in a probability sense and a second logit model is used to describe this relationship. Estimation of the two logit models, using survey data, attempts to quantify the hypothesized route from environment to taste structure to major selection for entry into an occupation. An example of this route is the finding that women students place more importance on obtaining high income than do men students and the greater the importance of high income, the lower the probability of selecting an education major, the greater the probability of selecting a humanities or social science major. Other results of estimation are presented and discussed.
High-Pressure Gas as a Dielectric

Impulse and 60-cycle breakdown strength of sphere gaps, rod gaps, and of samples built up of solid and fluid dielectrics are reported. The tests were made in nitrogen up to 200 pounds per square inch gauge pressure and in Freon up to 70 pounds per square inch gauge pressure. Dielectric strength values were compared with the breakdown of transformer oil between the same electrodes. Gap conditions were found for which the 60 cycle breakdown was twice its impulse breakdown.
‘With great delight’: The song of Solomon in the pilgrim's progress

(1987). ‘With great delight’: The song of Solomon in the pilgrim's progress. English Studies: Vol. 68, No. 3, pp. 220-227.
Robotically-Assisted Left Atrial Fibrillation Ablation and Mitral Valve Repair Through a Right Mini-Thoracotomy

A combined robotic-assisted left atrial ablation and mitral valve repair was done through a 5-cm right anterior mini-thoracotomy. The patient was a 54-year-old man with severe mitral regurgitation and a 10-month history of persistent atrial fibrillation. The patient underwent off-pump, beating heart epicardial peripulmonary vein microwave ablation using the FLEX 10 catheter (AFx Inc, Fremont, CA), followed by supplemental on-pump endocardial lesions. The procedure was done using the da Vinci surgical robot (Intuitive Surgical Inc, Sunnyvale, CA). The mitral valve repair consisted of a No. 38 Cosgrove annuloplasty band implantation (Edwards Life Sciences, LLC, Irvine, CA). The postoperative recovery was uneventful, and the patient maintained normal sinus rhythm.
Solar energy conversion: The chemical viewpoint

Abstract A short review of the solar energy conversion potential is given. Different means to convert the solar energy into useful forms of energy are discussed. Specific attention is given to such conversion methods which involve materials or methods of interest to chemists. Techno-economical aspects are discussed and probable commercialization schedules are presented for possible large scale deployment. The Solar One conversion system is described in more detail as an example for a distributed solar conversion system of an attractive techno-economical potential.
Modeling the effects of a bidirectional latent predictor from multivariate questionnaire data.

Les chercheurs explorent souvent le stress a l'aide de questionnaires portant sur l'occurrence d'evenements potentiellement stressants, ainsi que sur l'intensite de la reaction a ces evenements : chaque individu caracterise sa reaction a chaque evenement comme negative ou positive, et determine l'intensite du stress ressenti. Afin d'etudier les effets du stress sur la sante, il est necessaire de determiner une mesure du stress negatif et une mesure du stress positif, mesures que l'on utilisera comme variables explicatives. Pour notre part, nous proposons d'analyser ce type de donnees a l'aide d'un modele en variables latentes, base sur des scores positifs et negatifs relatifs a chaque evenement. Si, face a un evenement donne, la reaction positive d'un individu domine sa reaction negative, alors la reponse de cet individu a cet evenement sera globalement positive, et l'on determinera une mesure de l'intensite de ce stress positif a l'aide d'un score. Des mesures globales de stress positif et negatif peuvent ensuite etre obtenues en additionnant les scores lies aux differents evenements qui se sont produits pour un individu. En utilisant ces mesures comme variables explicatives dans un modele de regression, et en evaluant conjointement, a l'aide de methodes bayesiennes, des modeles du stress et des variables a expliquer, on peut finalement tirer des inferences sans avoir a ponderer a priori les differents evenements. Nous proposons un algorithme MCMC destine a calculer les estimations a posteriori. Enfin, nous appliquons cette approche dans une etude des effets du stress lie a l'accouchement avant terme.
REDUCTION OF CHROMIUM(VI) TO CHROMIUM(V) BY HUMAN MICROSOMAL ENZYMES: EFFECTS OF IRON AND QUINONES

The NADPH- and NADH-dependent reduction of chromium(VI), a known carcinogen, by human hepatic and lung microsomes likely proceeds through cytochrome b 5 as the common mediator of electron transfer to Cr(VI). Consistent with the ability of cytochrome b 5 to transfer one electron at a time, Cr(V) was generated as a transient intermediate during human microsomal Cr(VI) reduction. The redox cycling of small amounts of iron or quinones significantly accelerated the rate of Cr(VI) reduction, which should accelerate Cr(V) formation. However, Cr(V) did not accumulate under these conditions, suggesting that Fe(II) and semiquinones also reduce Cr(V). This could accelerate the formation of Cr(IV), a highly reactive intermediate. An indirect electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) method suggested that Cr(IV) was produced during microsomal Cr(VI) reduction. Since iron and quinones significantly altered the rates of formation of reactive Cr intermediates, they could potentially influence cytotoxic damage associated with...
Radiation epidemiology: old and new challenges.

Over the last 40 years the amount of knowledge about human radiation effects has increased dramatically. During that interval, radiation epidemiologists have documented a number of additional types...
“You Lie!” Identity, Paper, and the Materiality of Information

This article uses the problems associated with citizenship verification in U.S. government health insurance programs to argue that paper needs to be analyzed as a media technology. To examine paper as a media technology is to ask, “How does paper work?” and “What are the rules and habits that enable paper to be used in paperwork?” To consider paper as a media technology, this article makes 2 arguments. First, it argues that there is a set of skills and knowledge associated with paper documents that need to be recognized as a distinct form of literacy. Second, this article argues that the relation between paper and identity is an argument about the materiality of information. In focusing on how paper facilitates the materialization of information, this case study illustrates how distinct practices of use create specific relationships between technology and information that give information a distinct functional presence.
αIIb’s cytoplasmic domain is not required for ligand-induced clustering of integrin αIIbβ3

Abstract The platelet integrin αIIbβ3 exhibits bidirectional signaling, in that intracellular messengers enable adhesive macromolecules to bind to its ectodomain, while ligation promotes the association of cytoskeletal proteins with its cytoplasmic domains. In order to understand the linkage between these distant regions, we investigated the effects of receptor occupancy on the solution structure of both full-length recombinant αIIbβ3 and αIIbΔ991β3, an integrin truncation mutant which lacks one cytoplasmic domain. Lysates of 35S-labeled human A549 cells expressing either full-length αIIbβ3 or αIIbΔ991β3 were examined by sucrose density gradient sedimentation followed by immunoprecipitation to determine the distributions of integrin protomers and oligomers. Recombinant αIIbβ3 exhibited a weight-average sedimentation coefficient, Sw=11.3±1.4 S with 73% sedimenting as protomers/dimers (9.1±1.0 S) and 27% as oligomers (15.4±0.4 S). Truncation mutant αIIbΔ991β3 exhibited a similar pattern with 65% sedimenting as protomers/dimers. Upon ligation with eptifibatide, both full-length αIIbβ3 and αIIbΔ991β3 sedimented mainly at >14 S, indicating 2–3-fold increased oligomerization. Thus we have demonstrated that αIIb’s cytoplasmic region is not required for integrin clustering, a key event in outside-in signaling.
Surface roughening as a precursor to the polymorphic transition in CBr4

The morphology of CBr4 crystals was microscopically studied at temperatures near the polymorphic transition (Ttr = 47 C) during growth from the vapor. The observations presented here give evidence that surface roughening is occurring with increasing temperature as an apparent precursor of the solid state phase transition.
Magnetic resonance assessment of parenchymal elasticity in normal and edematous, ventilator-injured lung

Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) is a MR imaging method capable of spatially resolving the intrinsic mechanical properties of normal lung parenchyma. We tested the hypothesis that the mechanic...
Gas–liquid nucleation in Lennard‐Jones fluids

We have applied a nonclassical density functional theory of nucleation to the gas–liquid and liquid–gas transitions of a Lennard‐Jones fluid. For the liquid‐to‐gas transition (cavitation) deviations from classical theory are extremely large: 15 orders of magnitude in rates. For the gas‐to‐liquid transition (condensation) the deviations are smaller in magnitude but still systematic. Our nonclassical theory agrees with classical theory in its prediction of the dependence of nucleation rates on supersaturation, but it differs in its prediction of temperature dependence. Good agreement is found between our theory and experiments on condensation nucleation of nonane.
The ARC Programming Model -- Language Constructs for Coordination

The ARC (Actor, Role, Coordinator) model addresses the coordination requirements of open, distributed applications deployed in dynamic environments. This paper introduces the ARC programming model and the ARC-PL programming language, including the syntax and informal semantics of new language constructs designed to enable modular coordination in the ARC model. Several well-known problems are solved to illustrate the expressiveness and modularity of the ARC programming model.
Modeling HER2 Effects on Cell Behavior from Mass Spectrometry Phosphotyrosine Data

Cellular behavior in response to stimulatory cues is governed by information encoded within a complex intracellular signaling network. An understanding of how phenotype is determined requires the distributed characterization of signaling processes (e.g., phosphorylation states and kinase activities) in parallel with measures of resulting cell function. We previously applied quantitative mass spectrometry methods to characterize the dynamics of tyrosine phosphorylation in human mammary epithelial cells with varying human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression levels after treatment with epidermal growth factor (EGF) or heregulin (HRG). We sought to identify potential mechanisms by which changes in tyrosine phosphorylation govern changes in cell migration or proliferation, two behaviors that we measured in the same cell system. Here, we describe the use of a computational linear mapping technique, partial least squares regression (PLSR), to detail and characterize signaling mechanisms responsible for HER2-mediated effects on migration and proliferation. PLSR model analysis via principal component inner products identified phosphotyrosine signals most strongly associated with control of migration and proliferation, as HER2 expression or ligand treatment were individually varied. Inspection of these signals revealed both previously identified and novel pathways that correlate with cell behavior. Furthermore, we isolated elements of the signaling network that differentially give rise to migration and proliferation. Finally, model analysis identified nine especially informative phosphorylation sites on six proteins that recapitulated the predictive capability of the full model. A model based on these nine sites and trained solely on data from a low HER2-expressing cell line a priori predicted migration and proliferation in a HER2-overexpressing cell line. We identify the nine signals as a “network gauge,” meaning that when interrogated together and integrated according to the quantitative rules of the model, these signals capture information content in the network sufficiently to predict cell migration and proliferation under diverse ligand treatments and receptor expression levels. Examination of the network gauge in the context of previous literature indicates that endocytosis and activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-mediated pathways together represent particularly strong loci for the integration of the multiple pathways mediating HER2′s control of mammary epithelial cell proliferation and migration. Thus, a PLSR modeling approach reveals critical signaling processes regulating HER2-mediated cell behavior.
Assessing Mental Health Program Effectiveness A Comparison of Three Client Follow-Up Methods

In order to assess the advantages and disadvantages of face-to-face interviews, telephone interviews, and mailed questionnaires, 1100 clients were randomly assigned to one of these follow-up methods. All participating clients were contacted approximately 180 days after intake using a well-documented treatment outcome measure. Response rates for the telephone interview and mailed questionnaire were approximately one-half as high as the face-to-face interview, yet for each method very few client background variables were related to whether or not clients responded. The mailed questionnaire was least affected by socially desirable responses, and also cost less to administer than either of the interview methods.
Application of predictive QSAR models to database mining: identification and experimental validation of novel anticonvulsant compounds.

We have developed a drug discovery strategy that employs variable selection quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models for chemical database mining. The approach starts with the development of rigorously validated QSAR models obtained with the variable selection k nearest neighbor (kNN) method (or, in principle, with any other robust model-building technique). Model validation is based on several statistical criteria, including the randomization of the target property (Y-randomization), independent assessment of the training set model's predictive power using external test sets, and the establishment of the model's applicability domain. All successful models are employed in database mining concurrently; in each case, only variables selected as a result of model building (termed descriptor pharmacophore) are used in chemical similarity searches comparing active compounds of the training set (queries) with those in chemical databases. Specific biological activity (characteristic of the train...
Mapping metabolism onto the prebiotic organic chemistry of hydrothermal vents

Deep-sea hydrothermal vents provide a chemical interface between Earth's reducing core and its oxidizing oceans. Today these environments support diverse chemosynthetic ecosystems (1), and after being discovered, they were soon proposed as the original site for the emergence of life (2). These hypotheses have considerable appeal but have not been universally accepted, partly because many aspects of the proposed scenarios remain experimentally unconstrained. In particular, much remains unknown about what forms of prebiotic organic chemistry could have been possible at vents, and whether they could have produced abundant biological precursors. Addressing these questions is thus a critical challenge for research on the origin of life. In PNAS, Novikov and Copley (3) take a major next step in addressing this challenge, developing a unique experimental instrument to systematically explore simulated hydrothermal vent chemistry. The authors focus on the chemistry of pyruvate, which has both a central role in modern metabolism and was plausibly formed prebiotically at hydrothermal vents (4).
Pubovaginal sling procedure for stress incontinence

AbstractUrinary stress incontinence associated with poor urethral sphincter function and indicated by a urethral pressure of less than 10 cm. water was treated in 52 cases with a pubovaginal autogenous fascial sling. No urethral sphincter function could be measured in 7 patients. Of these 52 patients 42 had undergone a previous operation for stress incontinence.The uninhibited detrusor dysfunction that accompanied the stress incontinence in 29 cases ceased after operation in 20 but persisted in 9. Postoperative urethral pressure measurements indicated that while the sling increased urethral pressure it did not cause an obstruction during voiding, since there was a measurable decrease in urethral pressure during a detrusor contraction.Urodynamic determinations were useful in patient selection, in the adjustment of sling tension at operation and in the assessment of reasons for failure. A satisfactory result with good urinary control was obtained in 50 cases and the procedure was a failure in 2.
Effects of traffic-generated turbulence on near-field dispersion

Abstract Data from the General Motors dispersion experiment are used to assess the characteristics of the traffic-generated turbulence and its effects on the dispersion process near roadways. The evaluation of the bulk statistics and spectra allowed the magnitude and extent of wake turbulence in the horizontal and vertical directions to be identified. Differences are noted in the dependence of the traffic influence on the wind speed for cases of parallel and perpendicular orientations to the roadway. The increase of spectral energy in the high frequency range due to the presence of traffic-generated eddies is used to determine the length scales of the eddies. These, in turn, are used to estimate the-traffic components of the eddy diffusivities and dispersion parameters which can be incorporated into the diffusion models.
Teacher–child relationship quality and academic achievement in elementary school: Does gender matter?

Using data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (N = 1,364) and 2-level hierarchical linear models with site fixed effects, we examined between- and within-child associations between teacher–child relationship closeness and conflict and standardized measures of children’s math and reading achievement from 1st through 5th grades. In addition, we tested whether longitudinal effects varied by gender. Results revealed a between-child effect of conflict and a within-child effect of closeness on reading achievement for the full sample. In addition, there were moderated between- and within-child effects of conflict on math achievement: Girls with more conflictual relationships showed lower overall levels of math achievement and less growth in math achievement than did boys with similar levels of conflict. Implications are discussed.
A note on polynomial matrix functions over a finite field

Abstract Let F n denote the ring of n × n matrices over the finite field F =GF( q ) and let A ( x )= A N x N + ⋯+ A 1 x + A 0 ϵF n [ x ]. A function ƒ:F n →F n is called a right polynomial function iff there exists an A ( x ) ϵF n [ x ] such that ƒ(B)=A N B N +⋯+A 1 B+ A 0 for every BϵF n . This paper obtains unique representations for and determines the number of right polynomial functions.
Comparing Lexicalized Treebank Grammars Extracted from Chinese, Korean, and English Corpora

In this paper, we present a method for comparing Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammars extracted from annotated corpora for three languages: English, Chinese and Korean. This method makes it possible to do a quantitative comparison between the syntactic structures of each language, thereby providing a way of testing the Universal Grammar Hypothesis, the foundation of modern linguistic theories.
Intraperitoneal drug delivery of antineoplastics.

The administration of antineoplastic agents directly into the peritoneal cavity as treatment of localised cancer is based on sound pharmacokinetic principles. This unique technique has to the potential to optimise outcome in settings where preclinical and clinical data suggest that cytotoxicity of a specific drug against a particular tumour type is enhanced by either increasing the drug concentration or duration of exposure. Phase I trials have confirmed the safety and pharmacokinetic advantage for a number of agents delivered by the intraperitoneal relative to the systemic route, including cisplatin (10- to 20-fold advantage for regional delivery), carboplatin (10- to 20-fold advantage), and paclitaxel (1000-fold advantage). In phase II rials, performed mostly in patients with ovarian cancer, this approach has achieved objective responses in settings where intravenous drug delivery has not achieved the desired effect (e.g. surgically documented complete response using intraperitoneal cisplatin as second-line therapy of ovarian cancer). Phase III trials employing intraperitoneal cisplatin as initial treatment of small volume advanced ovarian cancer have demonstrated that regional therapy results in a modest, but statistically significant, improvement in both progression-free and overall survival compared to intravenous cisplatin. Further exploration of this novel method of treatment, including the conduct of definitive randomised phase III clinical trials, is indicated in ovarian cancer and in other tumour types where clinical manifestations are principally localised to the peritoneal cavity.
Immigration Phobia and the Security Dilemma: Russia, Europe, and the United States and National Security and Immigration: Policy Development in the United States and Western Europe Since 1945

Immigration Phobia and the Security Dilemma: Russia, Europe, and the United States. By Mikhail A. Alexseev. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. 294p. $70.00. National Security and Immigration: Policy Development in the United States and Western Europe Since 1945. By Christopher Rudolph. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006. 288p. $55.00. Analyses of immigration from the perspective of national security are often greeted with skepticism. In the early nineties I mentioned the work of Myron Weiner, a pioneer in thinking about the security implications of migration, to a scholar who later held a high immigration policy position in Washington, D.C. “A waste of time,” came the reply, “worse than that, positively damaging, because immigration has no important security implications and such talk only provides ammunition to anti-immigration activists.” In the wake of 9/11, that complacency has been shaken amid a groundswell of interest in security and migration, but there is in some quarters more resistance than ever to linking the two concepts. The recent literature is sharply divided over the legitimacy and necessity of policies that “securitize” migration policy and over the appropriateness of academic analysis set within a security framework. A major theme in the literature is the claim that the securitization of immigration policy is a repressive state strategy designed to capitalize on public fears in the post–Cold War era and to give security forces something to do now that keeping track of communist subversives is no longer on the table.
An economical synthesis of the major sex attractant of the oak leaf roller—cis-10-tetradecenyl acetate

The major sex attractant of the oak leaf roller (Archips semiferanus Walker),cis-10-tetradecenyl acetate (I), was synthesized in 55–62% overall yield by a highly economical route from inexpensive azelaic acid (II).
Suspended sediment concentration distribution using Tsallis entropy

Abstract Assuming sediment movement in channel flow as steady, Tsallis entropy is employed for deriving the distribution of sediment concentration. This distribution is found to be analogous to the distribution obtained from a random walk model. The sediment concentration distribution parameters are obtained from physical considerations. With these parameters, the distribution is tested using experimental observations and its sensitivity is evaluated. The agreement between entropy-based distribution and laboratory observations is found to be close.
Effects of thermal impact on a thin spherical cap

Because of the importance of thin shells as structural elements in all aircraft and missile vehicles, the response of the shell to transient thermal loads is of extreme interest. At very high heating rates, as can be produced by the absorption of intense radiation energy, dynamic mechanical response of the structure may be produced. This paper describes a brief exploratory investigation of the effects of short-duration, high-intensity thermal radiation exposure of a thin-shell structure. Exposure of a spherical cap in a arc-image furnance failed to produce buckling under the test conditions. Rapid thermal rupture, however, did result in interesting failure surfaces.
Collective prefetching for parallel I/O systems

Data prefetching can be beneficial for improving parallel I/O system performance, but the amount of benefit depends on how efficiently and swiftly prefetches can be done. In this study, we propose a new prefetching strategy, called collective prefetching. The idea is to exploit the correlation among I/O accesses of multiple processes of a parallel application and carry out prefetches collectively, instead of the traditional strategy of carrying out prefetches by each process individually. The rationale behind this new collective prefetching strategy is that the concurrent processes of the same parallel application have strong correlation with respect to their I/O requests. We present the idea, initial design and implementation of the new collective prefetching strategy in this study. The preliminary experimental results show that this new collective prefetching strategy holds promise for improving parallel I/O performance.
Media exposure and influence of female athlete body images

The job of any form of media is to convey a message. These messages can range from a benign sales ad to deeper subliminal message of acceptable behavior. Historically, media has taught us that men are supposed to compete in physical activities such as sport and any women who choose to do so are type casted as being lesbian or tomboys. To combat this, females often go to great lengths, including portraying themselves as sexual objects, to prove their femininity and thus lose their credibility as athletes. The other issue that can arise from this include other female athletes concentrating more on the physique of their bodies and less on performing their athletic talents.
Super-Higgs mechanism in string theory

We exhibit the super-Higgs effect in heterotic string theory by turning on a background antisymmetric tensor B field and deforming the Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin operator consistent with superconformal invariance. The B field spontaneously breaks spacetime supersymmetry. We show how the gravitini and the physical dilatini gain mass by eating the would-be Goldstone fermions.
Infants of Diabetic Mothers: Neonatal Problems and Their Management

A study of neonatal problems of 329 liveborn infants of diabetic mothers indicates that prematurity is the single most significant factor influencing outcome. The direct relationship of prematurity to increased incidence of respiratory distress syndrome, hyperbilirubinemia, and neonatal mortality is demonstrated. Severity of maternal diabetes, while extremely important in relation to stillbirth, does not seem to be as significant a factor in liveborn infants. The present plan of care designed to deal with these problems in liveborn infants at the Boston Lying-in Hospital has been presented.
Characteristics of tropical thin cirrus clouds deduced from joint CloudSat and CALIPSO observations

[1] The joint detection characteristics of both the CloudSat radar and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) lidar are used to study tropical thin cirrus observed between 20°N and 20°S. The thin ice cloud category (TIC-1) of cirrus consists of those clouds detected by the lidar but not the radar whereas the TIC-2 cirrus category consists of clouds detected by both sensors. Tropical TIC-1 cirrus clouds between 20°N and 20°S are high, are optically thin, and have an approximate cloud cover in the defined region of 30%. Almost a third of this occurrence is in the form of single layers of cloudiness without any clouds below. These TIC-1 clouds also exhibit a marked seasonal variation, especially away from the equator, consistent with the shifts in annual cycle of convection with latitude. Lidar-based estimates of optical depth, uncorrected for multiple scattering, suggest that the TIC-1 optical depths range between 0.02 and 0.3. The ice water path of TIC-1 clouds is also estimated to be between 0.5 and 4 g m−2. The radiative properties of the TIC-1 clouds are also deduced from CloudSat flux data products at the top, at the bottom, and within the atmosphere. The influence of these clouds on the instantaneous reflected solar fluxes is determined to be less than 2 W m−2. The effects of TIC-1 clouds on the instantaneous outgoing longwave fluxes are estimated to be ∼20 W m−2, and the impact of these TIC-1 clouds on the tropics-wide average of the infrared heating is ∼4 W m−2.
Photoelectron-Photofragment Angular Correlation and Energy Partitioning in Dissociative Photodetachment.

Measurements of photoelectron-photofragment angular correlation and energy partitioning in the dissociative photodetachment of O{sub 4}{sup {minus}} (O{sub 4}{sup {minus}}+{ital h}{nu}{r_arrow}O{sub 2}+O{sub 2}+{ital e}{sup {minus}}) at 532nm are reported. Using photofragment translational energy and photoelectron spectroscopy in coincidence, vibrationally resolved product translational energy distributions and a pronounced angular correlation between the photoelectron and photofragment recoil directions are observed. These results provide insights into the molecule-fixed photoelectron angular distribution of a negative ion and structural information on O{sub 4}{sup {minus}} in the gas phase. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Metamaterial-enhanced nonlinear responses in semiconductors as a THz detection platform

We present recent work utilizing terahertz field enhancement in metamaterial structures to drive carrier generation in semiconductors. We implement this as a novel platform to detect terahertz radiation.
Multiscale finite element methods for stochastic porous media flow equations and application to uncertainty quantification

In this paper, we study multiscale finite element methods for stochastic porous media flow equations as well as applications to uncertainty quantification. We assume that the permeability field (the diffusion coefficient) is stochastic and can be described in a finite dimensional stochastic space. This is common in applications where the coefficients are expanded using chaos approximations. The proposed multiscale method constructs multiscale basis functions corresponding to sparse realizations, and these basis functions are used to approximate the solution on the coarse-grid for any realization. Furthermore, we apply our coarse-scale model to uncertainty quantification problem where the goal is to sample the porous media properties given an integrated response such as production data. Our algorithm employs pre-computed posterior response surface obtained via the proposed coarse-scale model. Using fast analytical computations of the gradients of this posterior, we propose approximate Langevin samples. These samples are further screened through the coarse-scale simulation and, finally, used as a proposal in Metropolis–Hasting Markov chain Monte Carlo method. Numerical results are presented which demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed approach.
Spatial planning for robotics operations

The rich variety of unmanned robotics at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory sets the bar for innovations in activity planning. The Operations Planning Team at JPL, co-winner of the NASA Software of the Year award in 2004, is continuously working to enhance the capabilities and user experience for long term and real-time planning operations. Spatial Querying improves the efficiency of planetary surface operations. It can empower scientists by giving them the ability to search for all imagery containing a particular point of interest. Furthermore, these queries can help maximizing the amount of science by reducing the amount of redundant imagery: before planning to acquire new images of a location, planners can check if they already have sufficient data for it. In this paper, we describe our use of R-Trees, along with novel 3D to 2D projections, to delivery spatial querying capabilities to the operators and scientists of MER and MSL mission. Aside from covering the implementation details, we discuss a key aspect of our software: the user interface. To make the interface effective, we stressed low latency and fast computations on the server side to emphasize instant gratification from the user's perspective. Furthermore, we leveraged the interfaces that our customers are already familiar with to make the capability intuitive to utilize.
Symposium on Marshall's Tendencies : 5 Sutton's critique of econometrics

Through most of the history of economics, the most influential commentators on methodology were also eminent practitioners of economics. And even not so long ago, it was so. Milton Friedman, Paul Samuelson, Trygve Haavelmo, and Tjalling Koopmans were awarded Nobel prizes for their substantive contributions to economics, and were each important contributors to methodological thought. But the fashion has changed. Specialization has increased. Not only has methodology become its own field, but many practitioners have come to agree with Frank Hahn's (1992) view that methodology is a distraction to the practitioner, best left to the professional methodologists and philosophers, and of little practical import even when delivered from their pens. John Sutton's lectures, Marshall's Tendencies: What Economists Can Know, is a welcome return to the older fashion, for Sutton is an eminent practitioner of game theory and industrial organization. One of the main themes of these rich and nuanced lectures â€“ and the one on which I shall focus â€“ is the relationship of economic theory to econometric evidence. Sutton's reflections on econometrics appear to arise from the darker recesses of his practitioner's soul. While he affects a sunny disposition and ends on a hopeful note, his analysis articulates the lurking fear that econometrics is a hopeless project and that economics has little to learn from the interaction of theory and econometrics. Sutton's book is like a play in which virtue triumphs, but the villain gets all the good lines.
Highly specific, bisubstrate-competitive Src inhibitors from DNA-templated macrocycles

DNA-templated macrocycles bind the ATP binding pocket of Src kinase, locking it into an inactive conformation. These small-molecule inhibitors compete with both ATP and substrate for binding and inhibit the T338I gatekeeper mutant version of Src.
Emergence of ratio-dependent and predator-dependent functional responses for pollination mutualism and seed parasitism

Abstract Prey ( N ) dependence [ g ( N )], predator ( P ) dependence [ g ( P ) or g ( N , P )], and ratio dependence [ f ( P / N )] are often seen as contrasting forms of the predator's functional response describing predator consumption rates on prey resources in predator–prey and parasitoid–host interactions. Analogously, prey-, predator-, and ratio-dependent functional responses are apparently alternative functional responses for other types of consumer–resource interactions. These include, for example, the fraction of flowers pollinated or seeds parasitized in pollination (pre-dispersal) seed-parasitism mutualisms, such as those between fig wasps and fig trees or yucca moths and yucca plants. Here we examine the appropriate functional responses for how the fraction of flowers pollinated and seeds parasitized vary with the density of pollinators (predator dependence) or the ratio of pollinator and flower densities (ratio dependence). We show that both types of functional responses can emerge from minor, but biologically important variations on a single model. An individual-based model was first used to describe plant–pollinator interactions. Conditional upon on whether the number of flowers visited by the pollinator was limited by factors other than search time (e.g., by the number of eggs it had to lay, if it was also a seed parasite), and on whether the pollinator could directly find flowers on a plant, or had to search, the simulation results lead to either a predator-dependent or a ratio-dependent functional response. An analytic model was then used to show mathematically how these two cases can arise.
Muscarinic receptor subtypes in the lateral geniculate nucleus: A light and electron microscopic analysis

Neural activity in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus (DLG) is modulated by an ascending cholinergic projection from the brainstem. The purpose of this study was to identify and localize specific muscarinic receptors for acetylcholine in the DLG. Receptors were identified in rat and cat tissue by means of antibodies to muscarinic receptor subtypes, ml-m4. Brain sections were processed immunohistochemically and examined with light and electron microscopy. Rat DLG stained positively with antibodies to the m1, m2,and m3 receptor subtypes but not with antibodies to the m4 receptor subtype. The m1 and m3 antibodies appeared to label somata and dendrites of thalamocortical cells. The m1 immunostaining was pale, whereas m3-positive neurons exhibited denser labeling with focal concentrations of staining. Strong immunoreactivity to the m2 antibody was widespread in dendrites and somata of cells resembling geniculate interneurons. Most m2-positive synaptic contacts were classified as F2-type terminals, which are the presynaptic dendrites of interneurons. The thalamic reticular nucleus also exhibited robust m2 immunostaining. Cat DLG exhibited immunoreactivity to the m2 and m3 antibodies. The entire DLG stained darkly for the m2 receptor subtype, except for patchy label in the medial interlaminar nucleus and the ventralmost C laminae. The staining for m3 was lighter and was distributed more homogeneously across the DLG. The perigeniculate nucleus also was immunoreactive to the m2 and m3 subtype-specific antibodies. Immunoreactivity in cat to the m1 or m4 receptor antibodies was undetectable. These data provide anatomical evidence for specific muscarinic-mediated actions of acetylcholine on DLG thalamocortical cells and thalamic interneurons.
EFFECT OF EQUINE GONADOTROPIN ON TESTES OF HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED MONKEYS1

EQUINE GONADOTROPIN (pregnanMnare-serum gonadotropin) is undoubtably the most potent gonad-Stimulating substance which at present is available in 4 quantities sufficient for extensive animal or clinical experimental work. When injected into females, it causes follicular growth and luteinisation in hypophysectc raised rodents (i, 5, 6, 8), and produces follicular growth in normal monkeys (1,10). In hypophysectomised male rats and guinea pigs it maintains or restores spermatO-genesis and stimulates the interstititial tissue and accessory reproductive organs (2,7, 9). These gonadotropic effects can be maintained for long periods with continued treatment. Effects of this gonadotropin on either normal or hypophysectomized male monkeys have not been reported. They would seem to be of interest, for the type of involution of the seminiferous tubules in monkeys is similar to that in the human male and differs from that occurring in rats—the form on which previous experimental work on the maintenance or restoration...
Religiosity, Anxiety, and Discussions About Organ Donation: Understanding a Complex Systemof Associations

An increasingly large research base on religiosity has shown it to have a buffering effect on anxiety. In a separate vein, scholars interested in organ donation have suggested that both religiosity and anxiety play roles in individuals' willingness to seek information concerning their decisions about organ donations with their family—an event that greatly increases donation rates. This investigation presents 2 studies that examine the associations between religiosity and anxiety (variously measured), on the one hand, and anxiety and individual's information seeking behaviors with family members about organ donation on the other. The first study offers national samples and relies on self-reports, whereas the second study is one of the few organ donation studies to provide observer ratings of interaction between family members on the issue. Results suggest a more complicated role of religiosity with regard to anxiety than previously believed and show a consistent and robust association between anxiety and c...
Genes2WordCloud: a quick way to identify biological themes from gene lists and free text

Background Word-clouds recently emerged on the web as a solution for quickly summarizing text by maximizing the display of most relevant terms about a specific topic in the minimum amount of space. As biologists are faced with the daunting amount of new research data commonly presented in textual formats, word-clouds can be used to summarize and represent biological and/or biomedical content for various applications.
Consumer Choice and Empowerment in Supported Employment Services: Issues and Strategies:

This article examines consumer empowerment issues in supported employment services. First, it describes in general terms how service consumers can be given more control over supported employment services and, by extension, their work experiences. Then, consumer empowerment issues are examined from various aspects of service delivery (e.g., choice of occupation, preferences for training methods) and various types of problems that consumers typically encounter. Illustrative case examples are provided that show the effects of choice on individuals' satisfaction with employment and general well-being.
Micromanipulation of Chromosomes in Mitotic Vertebrate Tissue Cells: Tension Controls the State of Kinetochore Movement

In mitotic vertebrate tissue cells, chromosome congression to the spindle equator in prometaphase and segregation to the poles in anaphase depend on the movements ofkinetochores at their kinetochore microtubule attachment sites. To test if kinetochores sense tension to control their states of movement poleward (P) and away from the pole (AP), we applied an external force to the spindle in preanaphase newt epithelial cells by stretching chromosome arms with microneedles. For monooriented chromosomes (only one kinetochore fiber), an abrupt stretch of an arm away from the attached pole induced the single attached kinetochore to persist in AP movement at about 2 microm/min velocity, resulting in chromosome movement away from the pole. When the stretch was reduced or the needle removed, the kinetochore switched to P movement at about 2 microm/min and pulled the chromosome back to near the premanipulation position within the spindle. For bioriented chromosomes (sister kinetochores attached to opposite poles) near the spindle equator, stretching one arm toward a pole placed the kinetochore facing away from the direction of stretch under tension and the sister facing toward the stretch under reduced tension or compression. Kinetochores under increased tension exhibited prolonged AP movement while kinetochores under reduced tension or compression exhibited prolonged P movement, moving the centromeres at about 2 microm/min velocities off the metaphase plate in the direction of stretch. Removing the needle resulted in centromere movement back to near the spindle equator at similar velocities. These results show that tension controls the direction of kinetochore movement and associated kinetochore microtubule assembly/disassembly to position centromeres within the spindle of vertebrate tissue cells. High tension induces persistent AP movement while low tension induces persistent P movement. The velocity of P and AP movement appears to be load independent and governed by the molecular mechanisms which attach kinetochores to the dynamic ends of kinetochore microtubules.
Competition between decavanadate and fluorescein isothiocyanate on the Ca2+-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum

The binding of vanadate and fluorescein isothiocyanate to the Ca2+-transport ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum (EC 3.6.1.3) was analyzed. Monovanadate binds to the Ca2+-transport ATPase at a single high affinity site (site 1), that is presumably related to the binding site for inorganic orthophosphate, and to one of the two sites for decavanadate. Binding of vanadate to this site stabilizes the enzyme in the E2 conformation, with inhibition of ATPase activity and the formation of crystalline arrays of Ca2+-ATPase. Decavanadate also binds with high affinity to a second site on the Ca2+-ATPase (site 2), that is blocked by fluorescein isothiocyanate and may be part of the binding site for ATP. Crystallization of Ca2+-ATPase in sarcoplasmic reticulum, labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate, by either monovanadate or decavanadate implies that occupation of site 1, but not of site 2, by vanadate is required for the conformational change of Ca2+-ATPase leading to the formation of crystalline arrays.
Spectral transmission and scattering properties of red blood cells.

Spectral curves of direct transmittance, diffuse transmittance, and scattering by partial layers of oriented red blood cells were measured. Also determined were the average optical parameters of a single cell and the cell concentration in the partial layers. The experiments are an extension and refinement of those of Lothian and Lewis on red blood cells and of Latimer on the green alga Chlorella. By assuming large-particle optics, equations were derived to predict the spectral curves in terms of cell and layer parameters. Experimental and theoretical curves are in reasonable agreement.