cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exports and the structure of immigrant-based networks: the role of geographic proximity

This study empirically investigates the structure of immigrant based networks, both internationally and intranationally within the United States and how they affect U.S. export volume. Specifically, we examine the relationship between state populations of immigrant groups and the volume of state exports to the home country of the immigrant group. We compare the estimated effects of local immigrant populations on state exports to the effects of out-of-state populations of the same immigrant group and find the former effect to be greater than the latter. In addition, we find that the network effects are greatest for newer immigrant groups.
Rethinking Corporate Bonds: The Tradeoff between Individual and Collective Rights

This article presents a framework for analyzing the tradeoff between structuring bondholder rights as individual or as collective rights. Individual rights cannot be modified without the consent of each affected holder; and they can be enforced by any holder whose right is violated. By contrast, if a right is collective, it can be modified by a majority of bondholders; and it cannot be enforced without the consent of a majority of bondholders. The framework developed in the article identifies the theoretical problems of vesting rights individually and collectively and examines the institutional setting of the U.S. corporate bond market to assess the practical significance of these problems. While the presently prevailing structure of rights with respect to amendments is consistent with the analysis, a number of defects are identified with respect to the enforcement of rights. Several market imperfections may account for the persistence of these defects. The article concludes with specific recommendations for revisions in the structure of bondholder rights.
A framework in which robots and humans help each other

Within the context of human/multi-robot teams, the “help me help you” paradigm offers different opportunities. A team of robots can help a human operator accomplish a goal, and a human operator can help a team of robots accomplish the same, or a different, goal. Two scenarios are examined here. First, a team of robots helps a human operator search a remote facility by recognizing objects of interest. Second, the human operator helps the robots improve their position (localization) information by providing quality control feedback.
Regulatory Concerns with Gene Therapy and Recombinant Therapeutic Proteins

Knowledge gained from genetic research and the human genome project has created opportunity to understand human disease and to discover new modes of therapy. Gene therapy offers hope for the treatment of conditions such as cancer and AIDS as well as for genetic diseases and defects. In spite of the benefits of gene therapy, concerns exist about the long term implications of treatments that involve the manipulation of the human genome. Ethical questions have been raised about the rights of future generations as well as about the protection of individual rights if genetic information becomes available to health insurers and employers. The US Food and Drug Administration has recently proposed specific guidelines for gene therapy. The European Community has centralised regulatory process for biotechnology products. The three major pharmaceutical markets (the European Community, the US and Japan) are working to standardise pharmaceutical regulatory requirements on a global scale. It is hoped that such cooperation will reduce the barriers to entry into the global market for innovative products such as gene therapy. Regulations affecting the healthcare market are likely to affect research into gene therapy. Escalating healthcare expenditure is a global issue that has resulted in governmental control of pharmaceutical prices. The likely effect of such regulations is to delay innovation. Therefore, pharmaceutical scientists need to include healthcare policy makers in their audience.
Personal Control and Enviromental Stress

Many early human behaviors, such as visual exploration, grasping, crawling, and attention toward novel stimuli, share a common biological basis of competence, striving for effective interaction between the human infant and the environment. Since White’s original arguments on the validity of effectance motivation as a model of human behavior, a large, complex literature has evolved on the importance of personal control in human behavior. The major thrust of this work has argued that human beings have a strong need for self-efficacy (Averill, 1973; Lefcourt, 1973). Furthermore, it is generally more adaptive and healthier to exercise control over the environment when the opportunity to do so is available (Glass & Singer, 1972; Rotter, 1966, 1975). Finally, when confronted with situations that are uncontrollable, people may suffer negative consequences including negative affect and reduced motivation to establish subsequent instrumental behaviors when they have the freedom to do so (Seligman, 1975).
A New Set of Norms for Semantic Relatedness Measures

We have elicited human quantitative judgments of semantic relatedness for 122 pairs of nouns and compiled them into a new set of relatedness norms that we call Rel-122. Judgments from individual subjects in our study exhibit high average correlation to the resulting relatedness means (r = 0.77, = 0.09,N = 73), although not as high as Resnik’s (1995) upper bound for expected average human correlation to similarity means (r = 0.90). This suggests that human perceptions of relatedness are less strictly constrained than perceptions of similarity and establishes a clearer expectation for what constitutes human-like performance by a computational measure of semantic relatedness. We compare the results of several WordNet-based similarity and relatedness measures to our Rel-122 norms and demonstrate the limitations of WordNet for discovering general indications of semantic relatedness. We also offer a critique of the field’s reliance upon similarity norms to evaluate relatedness measures.
Review of Pathophysiology

This chapter assesses the radiation therapy student’s knowledge of pathophysiology. Conditions of all systems of the body are addressed in this chapter. In addition, knowledge of basic cellular function is assessed.
Assessing Clinical Trial-Associated Workload in Community-Based Research Programs Using the ASCO Clinical Trial Workload Assessment Tool

Purpose:Clinical research program managers are regularly faced with the quandary of determining how much of a workload research staff members can manage while they balance clinical practice and still achieve clinical trial accrual goals, maintain data quality and protocol compliance, and stay within budget. A tool was developed to measure clinical trial–associated workload, to apply objective metrics toward documentation of work, and to provide clearer insight to better meet clinical research program challenges and aid in balancing staff workloads. A project was conducted to assess the feasibility and utility of using this tool in diverse research settings.Methods:Community-based research programs were recruited to collect and enter clinical trial–associated monthly workload data into a web-based tool for 6 consecutive months. Descriptive statistics were computed for self-reported program characteristics and workload data, including staff acuity scores and number of patient encounters.Results:Fifty-one re...
Reducing wait time in a hospital pharmacy to promote customer service.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 2 different interventions on wait times at a hospital outpatient pharmacy: (1) giving feedback to employees about customer satisfaction with wait times and (2) giving a combined intervention package that included giving more specific feedback about actual wait times and goal setting for wait time reduction in addition to the customer satisfaction feedback. The relationship between customer satisfaction ratings and wait times was examined to determine whether wait times affected customer service satisfaction. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Participants were 10 employees (4 pharmacists and 6 technicians) of an outpatient pharmacy. Wait times and customer satisfaction ratings were collected for "waiting customers." An ABCBA' within-subjects design was used to assess the effects of the interventions on both wait time and customer satisfaction, where A was the baseline (no feedback and no goal setting); B was the customer satisfaction feedback; C was the customer satisfaction feedback, the wait time feedback, and the goal setting for wait time reduction; and A' was a follow-up condition that was similar to the original baseline condition. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Wait times were reduced by approximately 20%, and there was concomitant increased shift in levels of customer satisfaction, as indicated by the correlation between these variables (r = -0.57 and P < .05). Given the current prescription-filling process, we do not expect that major, additional reductions in wait times could be produced. Many variables may account for the variability in any individual customer's wait time. Data from this study may provide useful preliminary benchmarking data for standard pharmacy wait times.
Accelerating Development of Advanced Inverters.

Increasing the penetration of distributed renewable sources, including photovoltaic (PV) generators, poses technical challenges for grid management. The grid has been optimized over decades to rely on large centralized power plants with well-established feedback controls. Conventional generators provide relatively constant dispatchable power and help to regulate both voltage and frequency. In contrast, photovoltaic (PV) power is variable, is only as predictable as the weather, and provides no control action. Thus, as conventional generation is displaced by PV power, utility operation stake holders are concerned about managing fluctuations in grid voltage and frequency. Furthermore, since the operation of these distributed resources are bound by certain rules that require they stop delivering power when measured voltage or frequency deviate from the nominal operating point, there are also concerns that a single grid event may cause a large fraction of generation to turn off, triggering a black out or break-up of an electric power system.
Remedying Systemic Sex Discrimination with Gender Quotas: 'Just Because'

When newly-elected Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau was asked by surprised reporters why he appointed women as fifty percent of his new cabinet, he responded simply, “Because it’s 2015.” Just because. Because it’s time. In fact, he suggested, it is long past time for having to justify including women as one-half of the power structure when women constitute one-half of the population. And it’s time for meaningful change in shared governance by something as pragmatically simple as selecting fifteen women and fifteen men for appointments. Similarly, it is long past time for justifying the need to reform American institutions that exclude women from the power structure. Rather than stumbling along the path of continued sex discrimination by the ineffective application of judicial band-aids to systemic problems, it is time for alteration of the power structure itself. It’s time for the law to endorse the equal representation of women in all power venues in order to remedy — permanently — longstanding and resistant, systemic sex discrimination. And the way to get there might be quotas.“Quota” is a dirty word. In U.S law and society, we are “quota-phobic,” vehemently resisting an idea alleged to be based on political correctness in place of merit. Quotas, however, offer a powerful systemic remedy that can reach entrenched bias and provide meaningful and tangible change - virtually overnight as Trudeau's cabinet decision shows. This article first demonstrates the longstanding ineffectiveness of other remedies for systemic sex discrimination and the power quotas potentially offer. It then discusses the use of gender quotas for European corporate boards, academic advisory boards, and political representations to show the viability of gender quotas as a legal solution. Finally, it concludes that gender quotas as a judicially-imposed remedy would survive constitutional scrutiny under the Supreme Court's existing intermediate scrutiny standard.
Phenytoin (II): The Wrong Drug for the Schizophrenic

This case discusses the pharmacokinetic interaction between quetiapine and phenytoin, resulting in acute psychosis in a postoperative patient. Quetiapine is a cytochrome P40 3A4 substrate and phenytoin is a 3A4 inducer.
Mutations In the Tet Oncogene Family Member 2 (TET2) Gene Refine the New European LeukemiaNet Risk Classification of Primary, Cytogenetically Normal Acute Myeloid Leukemia (CN-AML) In Adults: A Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) Study

Abstract 98 Mutations in the TET2 gene were recently identified in a variety of myeloid neoplasms including AML. However, the frequency and clinical relevance of TET2 mutations in CN-AML, the largest cytogenetic subgroup of adult AML, have not been well defined. We report here the frequency and spectrum of TET2 mutations, and their associations with clinical and molecular characteristics, treatment outcomes and genome-wide gene- and microRNA (miR)-expression signatures in a relatively large cohort of 427 patients (pts) with primary CN-AML. The pts, aged 18–83 years, were intensively treated on CALGB frontline protocols, and were analyzed centrally for TET2 mutations by PCR and direct sequencing, and for other prognostic gene mutations (FLT3 internal tandem duplications [ITD] and tyrosine kinase domain mutations, MLL partial tandem duplications, and mutations in NPM1, CEBPA, WT1 and IDH1&IDH2). If available, buccal swabs or remission marrow samples were used to determine TET2 germline status. Gene- and miR-expression profiles were derived using microarrays (Affymetrix HG-U133 plus 2.0 and OSUCCC custom miR array v4.0). At least 1 sequence variation in TET2 was found in 104 pts. Frameshift (n=59) and nonsense (n=34) variations were distributed throughout all coding exons, while missense changes (n=37) clustered mainly (28/37) in 2 evolutionarily conserved domains of TET2. The remaining missense variations in 9 pts were located outside the conserved domains, and analysis of available buccal swabs or remission samples showed that these sequence changes were present in the germline. Since it is unclear whether they represent innocent polymorphisms or disease-relevant mutations, these 9 pts were excluded from further analyses. TET2-mutated (TET2-mut) pts were older (P Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Coherent photon scattering background in sub-GeV /c 2 direct dark matter searches

Proposed dark matter detectors with eV-scale sensitivities will detect a large background of atomic (nuclear) recoils from coherent photon scattering of MeV-scale photons. This background climbs steeply below $\ensuremath{\sim}10\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$, far exceeding the declining rate of low-energy Compton recoils. The upcoming generation of dark matter detectors will not be limited by this background, but further development of eV-scale and sub-eV detectors will require strategies, including the use of low nuclear mass target materials, to maximize dark matter sensitivity while minimizing the coherent photon scattering background.
3D-kCov-ComFor: An Energy-Efficient Framework for Composite Forwarding in Three-Dimensional Duty-Cycled k-Covered Wireless Sensor Networks

Most existing work on coverage, connectivity, and geographic forwarding considers a two-dimensional (2D) space, where the sensors are deployed in a 2D field. However, there are several cases where the 2D assumption is not valid for the design of those types of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), such as underwater sensor deployment and sensors deployed on the trees of different heights in a forest. In this article, we investigate the problem of k-coverage in three-dimensional (3D) WSNs, where each point in a 3D field is covered by at least k sensors simultaneously. Moreover, it is commonly assumed in most of the work on the problem of geographic forwarding in WSNs that all the sensors are always on (or active) during the network operational lifetime, and, particularly, during data forwarding. However, this type of design is neither practical nor efficient for the sensors whose energy is crucial and limited. Therefore, we consider geographic forwarding in 3D duty-cycled k-covered WSNs, where the sensors can switch between on and off states (i.e., duty-cycled sensors) to save energy. First, we provide a rigorous analysis of the k-coverage problem in 3D WSNs using Helly's Theorem and the Reuleaux tetrahedron model, and compute the sensor spatial density to k-cover a 3D field. Second, based on this analysis, we compute a lower bound and an upper bound on the number of overlapping Reuleaux tetrahedra that are necessary to fill a 3D convex shape, such as the sensing sphere of a sensor. Third, using these results, we present a localized (i.e., based on local information of one-hop neighbors), pseudo-distributed (i.e., not fully distributed) protocol to achieve k-coverage of a 3D field with a reduced number of active sensors, while ensuring connectivity between them. Fourth, we discuss our composite geographic forwarding protocol for 3D duty-cycled k-covered WSNs using a combination of deterministic and opportunistic schemes to forward sensed data towards the sink. We will study the problem of 3D space filling (or space covering) in the context of the above-mentioned problems in 3D WSNs. Fifth, we relax two widely used assumptions, namely sensor homogeneity and sensing range convexity, to generalize our k-coverage protocol in 3D space. Last, we show several simulation results of our framework for joint k-coverage and composite geographic forwarding in 3D duty-cycled WSNs, called 3D-kCov-ComFor. We found a close-to-perfect match between our theoretical and simulation results.
Neutron-proton pairing

The two topics discussed here are the treatment of neutron-proton pairing and the problem of phase transitions in systems of neutrons and protons. The conclusions are based on exact calculations, possible in simplified situations, and the exact results are compared with the BCS treatment. QRPA, and many of its modifications, which are the most popular approaches to double beta decay, involve the quasiparticle transformation as a decisive first step. It is therefore imperative to understand its strengths and limitations.
Culture Changes How We Think About Thinking: From “Human Inference” to “Geography of Thought”:

Cultural comparison has challenged people’s assumptions of universality in psychology. It has also revealed that many questions and approaches in psychology are not culture-free, but reflect a dist...
Characterizing workforces exposed to current and emerging non-carbonaceous nanomaterials in the U.S.

ABSTRACTObjective: Toxicology studies suggest that exposure to certain types of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) may cause adverse health effects, but little is known about the workforce in the United States that produces or uses these materials. In addition, occupational exposure control strategies in this industry are not well characterized. This study identified U.S. ENM manufacturers and users (other than carbon nanotubes and nanofibers, which have been characterized elsewhere), determined workforce size, characterized types and quantities of materials used, occupational exposure control strategies, and the feasibility of occupational ENM exposure studies.Methods: Eligible companies were identified and information was collected through phone surveys on nanomaterials produced or used, workforce size, location, work practices, and exposure control strategies. The companies were classified into groups for additional examinations.Results: Forty-nine companies producing or using ENMs in the U.S. were identi...
Abstract 18845: Induced Cardiac Progenitor Cells Differentiate Into Cardiac Lineage Cells in vivo and Improve Survival in Mice post Myocardial Infarction

Several studies have reported reprogramming of fibroblasts (Fibs) to induced cardiomyocytes, and we have recently reprogrammed mouse Fibs to induced cardiac progenitor cells (iCPCs), which may be more favorable for cardiac repair because of their expandability and multipotency. Adult cardiac (AC), lung and tail-tip Fibs from an Nkx2.5-EYFP reporter mouse were reprogrammed using a combination of five defined factors into iCPCs. Transcriptome and immunocytochemistry analysis revealed that iCPCs were cardiac mesoderm-restricted progenitors that expressed CPC markers including Nkx2.5, Gata4, Irx4, Tbx5, Cxcr4, Flk1 etc. iCPCs could be extensively expanded (over 30 passages) while maintaining multipotency to differentiate in vitro into cardiac lineage cells including cardiomyocytes (CMs), smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. iCPC derived CMs upon co-culture with mESC-derived CMs formed intercellular gap junctions, exhibited calcium transients, and contractions. The purpose of this study was to determine the in vivo potency of iCPCs. Given that the Nkx2.5-EYFP reporter identifies embryonic CPCs, we first tested the embryonic potency of iCPCs using an ex vivo whole embryo culture model injecting cells into the cardiac crescent (CC) of E8.5 mouse embryos and culturing for 24 to 48 hours. GFP labeled AC Fibs were first tested and live imaging revealed that after 24 hours these cells were rejected from the embryo proper and localized to the ecto-placental cone. In contrast, iCPCs reprogrammed from AC Fibs when injected into the CC localized to the developing heart tube and differentiated into MLC2v, αMHC and cardiac actin expressing CMs. Further we injected iCPCs into infarcted adult mouse hearts and determined their regenerative potential after 1-4 wks. The iCPCs significantly improved survival (p
Usefulness of Preoperative Ultrasound for the Evaluation of Testicular Rupture in the Setting of Scrotal Gunshot Wounds

Purpose: A scrotal gunshot wound may result in testicular injury, necessitating urgent scrotal exploration and attempted testicular salvage. Scrotal ultrasound is highly sensitive and specific for testicular rupture in the setting of blunt scrotal trauma but it has been poorly studied in the setting of scrotal gunshot wounds. Our objective was to determine the accuracy of scrotal ultrasound to identify testicular rupture following a scrotal gunshot wound.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients with a scrotal gunshot wound from 2003 to 2014 in whom preoperative ultrasound was done prior to scrotal exploration. A heterogeneous echo pattern of testicular parenchyma with contour loss was considered a positive examination for testicular rupture. Patients underwent scrotal exploration within 24 hours of presentation. The sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound were estimated and compared to operative findings. ROC curve analysis was done.Results: Of 75 patients who sustained...
Remote and dynamic assessment of reliability in electromechanical actuator systems

This paper describes a method for assessing dynamic reliability of electromechanical actuator systems using limited external sensor measurements, with the overall goal of providing optimized maintenance scheduling for a fleet of deployed systems. To account for special cause failures in the actuators, nominal reliability is adjusted using an accumulated special hazard function. The paper illustrates a method for obtaining statistical control thresholds using Monte Carlo analysis coupled with a detailed electromechanical model describing the actuator system. Numerical simulation studies demonstrate the approach.
Assessing the Usability of Video Browsing and Summarization Techniques

Since 1994, the Informedia group at Carnegie Mellon University has been developing and evaluating surrogates, summary interfaces, and visualizations for accessing digital video collections containing thousands of documents, millions of shots, and terabytes of data. This chapter samples Informedia user studies that have taken place through the years, reporting on how these studies provide a user pull complementing the technology push as automated video processing advances. Specifically, this chapter examines indicative video summaries— i.e., the assessment of video surrogates meant to help users better judge the relevance of the source program for their task at hand. The merits of discount usability techniques for iterative improvement and evaluation are presented, as well as the structure of formal empirical investigations with end users that have ecological validity while addressing the human computer interaction metrics of efficiency, effectiveness, and satisfaction. Lessons learned from such studies are reported with respect to video summarization and browsing, ranging from the simplest portrayal of a single thumbnail to represent video stories, to collections of thumbnails in storyboards, to playable video skims, and to video collages with multiple synchronized information perspectives. Advances in interactive video retrieval are charted through the annual National Institiute for Standards Technology (NIST) TRECVID evaluation forum, concluding with discussion on difficulties in evaluating video summarization and browsing interfaces.
A semantic web approach to service description for matchmaking of services

Matchmaking is an important aspect of e-commerce interactions. Advanced matchmaking services require rich and flexible metadata that are not supported by currently available industry standard frameworks for e-commerce such as UDDI and ebXML. The semantic web initiative at W3C is gaining momentum and generating technologies and tools that might help bridge the gap between the current standard solutions and the requirement for advanced matchmaking services. In this paper we examine the problem of matchmaking, highlighting the features that a matchmaking service should exhibit and deriving requirements on metadata for description of services from a matchmaking point of view. We then assess a couple of standard frameworks for e-commerce against these requirements. Finally, we report on our experience of developing a semantic web based matchmaking prototype. In particular, we present our views on usefulness, adequacy, maturity and tool support of semantic web related technologies such as RDF and DAML.
Symmorphosis or Dysmorphosis

The concept of symmorphosis as applied to oxygen utilization in mammals has received much attention recently. It is based upon the hypothesis that the amount of (mitochondrial) structure required to support a given metabolic rate is well-tuned to the oxygen utilization requirements. In other words, structure and function are well-matched. Drs. Weibel, Taylor and co-workers have extensively examined this hypothesis principally by observations across a scale of size encompassing several orders of magnitude. However, within a single species, there appear to be several lines of evidence that suggest symmorphosis is not obeyed. In fact, structure and function appear to be seriously mismatched, giving rise to a concept of dysmorphosis. The best example appears to be the average but well-trained equine. Dysmorphosis would appear to be evident at least two levels (i e., in the lungs and in the skeletal muscles).
Single Cell Molecular Analysis Procedures

Tissues in the nervous system are composed of heterogeneous populations of cells. Within a tissue, each cell population expresses a specialized set of mRNAs that ultimately determine the functional characteristics of each specific cell type. Techniques that analyze mRNA expression patterns at the whole tissue level, such as Northern blotting or RNAase protection assays, lack the ability to discriminate the individual cellular contributions to mRNA levels. This limitation makes whole tissue analysis procedures disadvantageous to analyze gene expression in neuronal tissues. The most desirable way to analyze mRNAs in neuronal tissues is at the single cell and subcellular levels. Compared to other techniques in neuroscience, single cell analysis is a relatively new technology. Currently, there are only three main procedures to study mRNAs at the cellular level: in situ hybridization, RNA amplification, and single cell reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. This article reviews these experimental procedures and highlights some studies that have successfully applied these methods to analyze gene expression at cellular levels in neuronal tissues.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF MULTIPLE MOLECULAR FORMS OF ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE IN THE SENSITIVITY OF HOUSEFLIES TO ORGANOPHOSPHORUS POISONING

ABSTRACT. Multiple forms of acetylcholinesterase from various strains of houseflies, Musca domestica (L.) were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis combined with specific substrate staining and gel scanning procedures. The head enzyme was studied most extensively and four isozymes were noted in fresh tissue. The isozymes differed in their kinetic properties: Michaelis constants (K m ) for acetylthiocholine varied over a 5-fold range and bimolecular rate constants (k i ) for various inhibitors varied over a 2-fold range. The isozymes also differed in the degree of inhibition by various organophosphates in vivo. Thoracic isozymes were found to be more sensitive to inhibition than head isozymes at the LD 50 dose of several organophosphates. The soluble isozyme mixture from a resistant strain of housefly exhibited a decrease in sensitivity towards all five organophosphates examined and this decrease in sensitivity was attributable to differences in their affinity for the enzyme, as measured by the dissociation constant K d . Evidence was provided that the isozymal variations were epigenetic rather than genetic.
Great Plains Climates and Biota: Past, Present, and Future

Organisms living in and around the Great Plains have evolved through long periods of changing climates. Their very existence attests to the fact that they have genetic adaptations enabling them to survive change. However, in the next century, these organisms, domesticated and wild, may be exposed to rates of change more rapid than they have experienced during their evolutionary history. This is a cause for concern because some organisms may not have the physiological, dispersal, dormancy, or behavioral adaptations needed to survive. An increase in the frequency and duration of severe droughts would be especially worrisome.
Architectural and compiler support for strongly atomic transactional memory

Transactions are gaining ground as a programmer-friendly means of expressing concurrency, as microarchitecture trends make it clear that parallel systems are in our future. This thesis presents the design and implementation of four efficient and powerful transaction systems: APEX, an object-oriented software-only system; UTM and LTM, two scalable systems using custom processor extensions; and HYAPEX, a hybrid of the software and hardware systems, obtaining the benefits of both. The software transaction system implements strong atomicity, which ensures that transactions are protected from the influence of nontransactional code. Previous software systems use weaker atomicity guarantees because strong atomicity is presumed to be too expensive. In this thesis strong atomicity is obtained with minimal slowdown for nontransactional code. Compiler analyses can further improve the efficiency of the mechanism, which has been formally verified with the SPIN model-checker. The low overhead of APEX allows it to be profitably combined with a hardware transaction system to provide fast execution of short and small transactions, while allowing fallback to software for large or complicated transactions. I present UTM, a hardware transactional memory system allowing unbounded virtualizable transactions, and show how a hybrid system can be obtained. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Cerebrospinal Fluid in Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome: Implications of Elevated Protein and Pleocytosis.

Background and Purpose:Patients with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) sometimes undergo analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to exclude alternative diagnoses. This study’s objec...
Quantitative analysis of probe data characteristics: Coverage, speed bias and congestion detection precision

In recent years, there has been a growing desire for the use of probe vehicle technology for congestion detection and general infrastructure performance assessment. Unlike costly traditional data c...
Photonic Phased Array Design by Synthesis

We present a scalable photonic phased array design methodology based on synthesis of the array from a single element, decoupling simulation accuracy and time tradeoffs and enabling robust modeling of arbitrary array geometries and sizes.
Noise-robust bioimpedance approach for cardiac output measurement

Objective Congestive heart failure is a problem affecting millions of Americans. A continuous, non-invasive, telemonitoring device that can accurately monitor cardiac metrics could greatly help this population, reducing unnecessary hospitalizations and cost. Approach Machine learning (ML) algorithms trained on electrical-impedance tomography (EIT) data are presented for portable cardiac monitoring. The approach was validated on a simulated thorax and a measured tank experiment. A highly detailed 4D chest model (finite element method mesh and conductivity profiles) was developed utilizing the 4D XCAT phantom to provide realistic data. The ML algorithms were trained using databases that assumed the presence of poorly contacting electrodes without any assumptions of knowing which electrodes would be bad in the experiment. The trained ML algorithms were compared to EIT evaluated with and without removing bad electrodes. Main results A regression support vector machine and a deep neural network (DNN) were found to be the most accurate and robust to poorly contacting electrodes while not needing to know which electrodes were in poor contact in the simulated and measured experiments, respectively. Significance Although the ML algorithms are not always better than EIT (with bad electrodes removed), the comparable results without needing a priori knowledge of which electrodes are bad is seen as a very promising feature. An evaluation of computational costs showed that the DNN required comparable computational power to the other methods while requiring less memory, which could make the DNNs an attractive algorithm for a low-power, portable system. This work represents an important validation of the method using measured data, and model development, which is needed to apply this method on real clinical data. Additionally, the developed 4D simulated thorax model could be an important tool within the EIT community.
Ethics, The Law and Taxes: The Ethical and Legal Implications of a Tax Shelter

It is accepted practice for business students to take ethics courses. These courses typically focus on case studies to illustrate ethical dilemmas that the students analyze during the course. These case studies take different forms, so any type of case involving an ethical dilemma could be presented. Tax cases are not typically used as case studies in these courses although tax case studies can effectively be used in ethics courses. This paper thus presents a tax case study that can be used by instructors.
Templating conformations with cucurbiturils

The trans- and cis conformations of 5,5'-substituted 2,2'-dithiophenes can be stabilized when those are secured with two Cucurbit[8]uril macrocycles (CB[8]) on top of rigid 2,6- and 2,7-substituted naphthalenes, which respectively mimic the trans and cis conformations of the dithiophene. The substituents are Pt(ii) terpyridyl groups bearing CB[8]-binding sites at their 4'-position, as those form dimers in the presence of the macrocycle through Pt-Pt and dispersive interactions between the terpyridyl ligands.
3D Virtual Reality in K-12 Education: A Thematic Systematic Review

With progressive twenty-first-century 3D virtual technologies, the ability to blur the lines between material reality and digital worlds is proliferating in K-12 classrooms across the globe. A thematic systematic review was used to examine three-dimensional (3D) virtual reality (VR) in K-12 education from 2010 to 2019. Findings revealed specific features and capabilities of contemporary 3D VR technologies, how 3D VR technologies are being used in K-12 education, and how 3D VR supports learning experiences. In 3D virtual worlds, students are able to view peripherally through a virtual presence, experience weather, time, and different environments, and virtually touch and examine objects. The current research showed that 3D VR is commonly applied in middle and high school science classrooms and facilitates the pedagogic approach of inquiry-based learning (IBL), a branch of constructivism. The reviewed studies indicated that integrating 3D VR technologies leads to enhanced learning experiences, leading to increased achievement and motivation.
Job Decision Latitude Lowers Worker Stress, but for Whom? Results from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health

Prior research shows job decision latitude is associated with stress. Few studies of this association address omitted-variable bias or how employee gender and educational attainment modify this relationship. This study refines estimates of this association in a panel study of young adults entering mid-adulthood, and tests whether this relationship varies by worker gender and education. The sample consisted of 1937 working women and men in Wave 4 and Sample 1 of Wave 5 in the US National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health). Fixed effects regression was used to assess changes in job decision latitude and stress controlling for time-varying controls and omitted time-invariant factors. Fixed effects estimates revealed an inverse association between increasing job decision latitude and stress (b = − .19; 95% CI − .33, − .05). Gender did not modify this association nor did worker education. Increasing job decision latitude is associated with lower stress over time for working women and men. Results suggest that enhancing job decision latitude can benefit a variety of women and men entering their prime working years.
Role of Hepatopancreas Trehalose-6-Phosphate Synthase in Carbohydrate Levels of the Blue Crab Callinectes sapidus in Feeding and Emersion

Physiological and environmental conditions affect carbohydrate, specifically glucose levels in the crustacean hemolymph. Trehalose, naturally occurring nonreducing disaccharide (a1–1a of two glucose), shows a protective role in the organisms experiencing stressful conditions such as cold, salinity, and anhydrobiosis. As the predominant sugar in the blue crab hemolymph Callinectes sapidus, the trehalose synthesis gene (trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, TPS) is expressed in most internal tissues, including the hepatopancreas. The present study shows the function of TPS in carbohydrate metabolism in decapod crustaceans. The blue crabs show ontogeny variations in carbohydrate metabolism, especially hemolymph glucose and trehalose. Trehalose increases with the animals becoming large, whereas glucose is higher in adult animals than juveniles. Food intake elevates glucose and trehalose both in the hemolymph and hepatopancreas. The significance of hepatopancreas TPS is defined using a double-strand RNA of TPS injection study of the animals after feeding and emersion. The dsRNA-TPS injection results in 60%–70% of reduced TPS transcripts and its enzyme activity in the hepatopancreas. In the animals that received dsRNA-TPS, feeding has significantly reduced levels of changes in glucose and trehalose in the hemolymph and hepatopancreas, compared with the control animals (saline and double-stranded green fluorescent protein injection groups). In response to emersion, the animals injected with dsRNA-TPS show the glucose increases in the hemolymph the same as in controls but with trehalose and lactate significantly lower than the controls. The hepatopancreas of dsRNA-TPS–injected animals contains significantly reduced trehalose and glycogen, compared with control animals. Carbohydrate metabolism in crustaceans appears to be rather complicated with trehalose and glycogen; both can serve the glucose source for hyperglycemia and need further investigations.
NiFe2O4/SiO2 nanostructures as a potential electrode material for high rated supercapacitors

Abstract Engineered materials are crucial for the higher efficiency of supercapacitors. Current work presents roughly shaped spherical NiFe2O4 nanoparticles dispersed in the SiO2 matrix NiFe2O4/SiO2 as a newfangled electrode material for supercapacitors with remarkable performance. Designing the NiFe2O4/SiO2 nanostructure with a sol-gel method followed by the Stober method to grow silica has instigated NiFe2O4/SiO2 as dynamic material with higher electrochemical activity. Physicochemical aspects of NiFe2O4/SiO2 nanostructures are evaluated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy analysis. The electrochemical activity is evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) representing the comparable efficiency and reversibility of the electrode materials. The prepared electrode shows a capacitance of 925 F/g (154.1 mAh/g or 555 C/g) at 1 A/g, with 95.5% capacitance retention after 5000 cycles at 20 mA/cm2. The improved electrochemical performance of the NiFe2O4/SiO2 electrode can be subjected to prompt diffusion process provided by NiFe2O4/SiO2 and enhanced redox reactions owing to the high surface area. The mentioned features decrease the total impedance of the electrodes as suggested by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).
Perampanel, a potent AMPA receptor antagonist, protects against tetramethylenedisulfotetramine-induced seizures and lethality in mice: comparison with diazepam.

Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (TETS), a noncompetitive GABAA receptor antagonist, is a potent, highly lethal convulsant that is considered to be a chemical threat agent. Here, we assessed the ability of the AMPA receptor antagonist perampanel to protect against TETS-induced seizures and lethality in mice when administered before or after treatment with the toxicant. For comparison, we conducted parallel testing with diazepam, which is a first-line treatment for chemically induced seizures in humans. Pre-treatment of mice with either perampanel (1-4 mg/kg, i.p.) or diazepam (1-5 mg/kg, i.p.) conferred protection in a dose-dependent fashion against tonic seizures and lethality following a dose of TETS (0.2 mg/kg, i.p.) that rapidly induces seizures and death. The ED50 values for protection against mortality were 1.6 mg/kg for perampanel and 2.1 mg/kg for diazepam. Clonic seizures were unaffected by perampanel and only prevented in a minority of animals by high-dose diazepam. Neither treatment prevented myoclonic body twitches. Perampanel and diazepam also conferred protection against tonic seizures and lethality when administered 15 min following a 0.14 mg/kg, i.p., dose of TETS and 5 min following a 0.2 mg/kg, i.p., dose of TETS. Both posttreatments were highly potent at reducing tonic seizures and lethality in animals exposed to the lower dose of TETS whereas greater doses of both treatments were required in animals exposed to the larger dose of TETS. Neither treatment was as effective suppressing clonic seizures. In an experiment where 0.4 mg/kg TETS was administered by oral gavage and the treatment drugs were administered 5 min later, perampanel only partially protected against lethality whereas diazepam produced nearly complete protection. We conclude that perampanel and diazepam protect against TETS-induced tonic seizures and lethality but have less impact on clonic seizures. Both drugs could have utility in the treatment of TETS intoxication but neither eliminates all seizure activity.
Quantitative proteomics reveals the selectivity of ubiquitin-binding autophagy receptors in the turnover of damaged lysosomes by lysophagy

ABSTRACT Removal of damaged organelles via the process of selective autophagy constitutes a major form of cellular quality control. Damaged organelles are recognized by a dedicated surveillance machinery, leading to the assembly of an autophagosome around the damaged organelle, prior to fusion with the degradative lysosomal compartment. Lysosomes themselves are also prone to damage and are degraded through the process of lysophagy. While early steps involve recognition of ruptured lysosomal membranes by glycan-binding Galectins and ubiquitylation of transmembrane lysosomal proteins, many steps in the process, and their inter-relationships, remain poorly understood, including the role and identity of cargo receptors required for completion of lysophagy. Here, we employ quantitative organelle capture and proximity biotinylation proteomics of autophagy adaptors, cargo receptors, and Galectins in response to acute lysosomal damage, thereby revealing the landscape of lysosomal proteome remodeling during lysophagy. Among proteins dynamically recruited to damaged lysosomes were ubiquitin-binding autophagic cargo receptors. Using newly developed lysophagic flux reporters including Lyso-Keima, we demonstrate that TAX1BP1, together with its associated kinase TBK1, are both necessary and sufficient to promote lysophagic flux in both Hela cells and induced neurons (iNeurons). While the related receptor OPTN can drive damage-dependent lysophagy when overexpressed, cells lacking either OPTN or CALCOCO2 still maintain significant lysophagic flux in HeLa cells. Mechanistically, TAX1BP1-driven lysophagy requires its N-terminal SKICH domain, which binds both TBK1 and the autophagy regulatory factor RB1CC1, and requires upstream ubiquitylation events for efficient recruitment and lysophagic flux. These results identify TAX1BP1 as a central component in the lysophagy pathway and provide a proteomic resource for future studies of the lysophagy process.
Adolescence as a pivotal period for emotion regulation development for consideration at current opinion in psychology.

Abstract Adolescence is a dynamic period for the development of emotion regulation. For many individuals, emotion regulation skills improve dramatically during adolescence; however, for some youth, adolescence marks the beginning or worsening of psychopathology characterized by difficulties with emotion regulation. In the present review, I describe evidence that caregiving experiences play an outsized role in shaping interindividual variability in emotion regulation during adolescence. After describing work demonstrating links between caregiving – with an emphasis on parental socialization practices – and emotion regulation outcomes, I characterize our current understanding of how behavioral and neurobiological indices of emotion regulation develop normatively across adolescence. Using cognitive reappraisal as an exemplar emotion regulation strategy, I outline ways that caregiving might impact interindividual variability in emotion regulation neurodevelopment. I conclude by identifying two key future directions for adolescent emotion regulation research.