cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trophic effects of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on differentiated oligodendroglia: A mechanism for regeneration of the oligodendroglial lineage

We have investigated the effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on the proliferation and phenotype of differentiated oligodendroglia. Using primary cell cultures enriched in oligodendrocytes but containing few O2A-oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, we demonstrate that bFGF treatment greatly increases the proportion of 02A cells while decreasing the proportion of galactocerebroside +(GalC+), myelin basic protein +(MBP+) oligodendrocytes, and the steady state levels of MPB mRNA. Complement mediated cell lysis experiments using the A2B5 antibody to deplete existing O2A cells or the R-Mab antibody to deplete existing oligodendroglia show that bFGF elicits a rapid increse in the number of O2A cells in cultures previously depleted of O2A cells, but does not cause an early incrase in O2A cells in cultures from which oligodendroglia had been removed, indication that the oligodendrocytes are the source of the newly recruited O2A cells. This bFGF-mediated transition from oligodendrocyte to O2A cells occurs with a time course similar to the bFGF-induced incrase of the proliferation rate of the GalC+ oligo-dendrocvtes. Studies with purified, passaged cells of the oligodendroglial lineage show that bFGF augmenta oligodendroglial dedifferntiation and proliferation in chronologically adult oligodendrocytes and in the virtual absence of other cell types. We have thusdemonstrated that mature oligodendrocytes are induced by bFGF to dedifferentiate and proliferate, suggesting a mechanism for regeneration of the oligodendroglial lineage following demyelinating disease. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Supporting battered women and their children: Perspectives of battered mothers and child welfare professionals

This qualitative study explores the perspectives of child welfare professionals and battered women involved in the public child welfare system about interventions that support battered women and their children. In-depth, semi-structured, individual interviews with 17 mothers and 20 professionals revealed both converging and diverging perspectives on services provided by the public child welfare system. Both mothers and professionals stressed the importance of the provision of materially and emotionally supportive services, especially after women had severed their violent relationships. Mothers' and professionals' beliefs were discrepant in areas of family support; particularly, the appropriateness of focusing primarily on mothers and developing safety plans that separated the couple. Services that assume battered mothers have limited parenting capabilities, such as taking custody of a child and referring mothers to basic parenting classes, were controversial topics receiving some support and some criticism from both mothers and professionals. Findings suggest possible needs of battered women involved in the child welfare system, as well as topics requiring greater communication between mothers and child welfare professionals.
Photoaffinity labeling of a peptide substrate to myosin light chain kinase.

Abstract The substrate binding properties of skeletal muscle myosin light chain kinase were investigated with a synthetic peptide containing the photoreactive amino acid p-benzoylphenylalanine (Bpa) incorporated amino-terminal of the phosphoacceptor serine (BpaKKRAARATSNVFA). When photolyzed at 350 nm, the peptide was cross-linked stoichiometrically to myosin light chain kinase in a Ca/calmodulin-dependent manner. Peptide incorporation into kinase inhibited light chain phosphorylation, and the loss of kinase activity was proportional to the extent of peptide incorporated. After peptide I was incorporated into myosin light chain kinase, it was partially phosphorylated in the absence of Ca/calmodulin. The extent of phosphorylation increased in the presence of Ca/calmodulin. The cross-linked photoadduct was digested, labeled peptides were purified by high performance liquid chromatography, and sites of covalent modification were determined by amino acid sequencing and analysis. The covalent modification in the catalytic core occurred on Ile-373 (66%) and in a peptide containing residues Asn-422 to Met-437 (14%), respectively. Lys-572 in the autoinhibitory region accounted for 20% of the incorporated label. The coincident covalent modification of the autoinhibitory domain suggests that it is located near the catalytic site. Based upon a model of the catalytic core, the substrate peptide is predicted to bind in the cleft between the two lobes of the kinase. The orientation of the substrate peptide on myosin light chain kinase is similar to the orientation of the substrate recognition fragment, but not the high affinity binding fragment, of inhibitor peptide of cAMP-dependent protein kinase in the catalytic subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
Severe Dating Violence and Quality of Life Among South Carolina High School Students

Background: Little research has addressed the impact of dating violence and forced-sex victimization and perpetration on adolescent well-being. In this cross-sectional study, we provide (1) estimates of severe dating violence (SDV) by victimization and perpetration status, (2) estimates of lifetime forced-sex victimization and perpetration, (3) demographic and health behaviors correlated with SDV, and (4) associations between SDV and forced sex and well-being as assessed by (1) health-related quality of life (H-R QOL) and (2) life satisfaction measures. Methods: We used a stratified cluster sample of 5414 public high school students, grades 9 through 12, who responded to the 1997 self-administered South Carolina Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Results: Nearly 12% of adolescents self-reported SDV as a victim (7.6%) or a perpetrator (7.7%), and SDV rates (victimization/perpetration combined) are higher in girls (14.4%) than boys (9.1%). Race, aggressive behaviors, substance use, and sexual risk-taking are correlates of SDV. Among young women, SDV victimization, not perpetration, was associated with recent poor H-R QOL and suicide ideation or attempts, but not lower life-satisfaction scores. Among young men, SDV perpetration, not victimization, was strongly associated with poor H-R QOL and suicide attempts, and lower scores for all domains of life satisfaction. Conclusions: This research provides evidence that SDV and forced sex are associated with poor H-R QOL, low life-satisfaction scores, and adverse health behaviors in adolescent female victims and male perpetrators. Screening for dating violence is needed to identify and intervene early to reduce the impact of dating violence.
Gross and light microscopic features of the pelvic plexus in the rat

Nerves and major accessory ganglia of the pelvic plexus are described from 12 rats perfused with methylene blue. Nerves to ventral and dorsal aspects of the urinary bladder, and three groups of nerves to the penis (clitoris) are reported in detail. Myelinated nerve fiber diameters ranged from 1–10 μ in the pelvic nerve and 1–6 μ in the hypogastric nerve. When the pelvic nerve was deafferentated, by spinal ganglionectomy 28 days previously, 80% of myelinated fibers degenerated, and the remaining fiber-size spectrum resembled that of the hypogastric nerve. Myelinated fibers ranged from 1–7 μ in nerves to bladder and 1–3 μ in the lateral nerve to the penis. Myelinated fibers were afferent in these nerves, since spinal ganglionectomy eliminated all of them. In the main nerve to the penis, myelinated fibers ranged from 1–8 μ in diameter. A few fibers remained after deafferentation by spinal ganglionectomy. Since these were preganglionic efferent fibers, they indicate that terminal ganglia were present in the penis. All myelinated fibers degenerated with transection of pelvic and hypogastric nerves. The mode diameter of myelinated fibers was 2 μ in all pelvic plexus nerves.
Evidence for the involvement of nigral GABAB receptors in seizures of rat pups.

Several studies have implicated the substantia nigra GABAergic system in the mediation of seizures in adult rats. The present study examines whether the different GABA receptors (GABAA and GABAB), are preferentially involved in this GABAergic seizure suppression mechanism. Adult rats were intranigrally infused with muscimol (GABAA receptor agonist), bicuculline (GABAA receptor antagonist) or baclofen (GABA1 receptor agonist) and were exposed to flurothyl seizures Results indicated that while infusions of muscimol had an anticonvulsant effect, infusions of bicuculline had a proconvulsant effect. Baclofen infusions were found to have no effect on seizures. These findings suggest an involvement of the nigral GABAA receptors in the mediation of seizures in adult rats.
Pro: Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting Will Be the First-Line Interventional Therapy for Stroke Prevention in Patients With Extracranial Carotid Occlusive Disease

V C H AROTID ENDARTERECTOMY (CEA) is the most thoroughly studied of all vascular surgical procedures. There s level I evidence from 4 randomized studies in a total of 2,000 patients that shows that in properly selected patients EA can reduce the relative risk of stroke by approximately 0% in both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients when ompared with medical management.1-4 In a pooled analysis of ,092 symptomatic patients from the NASCET, ECST, and VA tudies, patients with symptomatic 50% to 69% stenosis had a .6% absolute risk reduction in stroke over 5 years and patients ith stenosis of 70% to 99% had a reduction of 16% when ompared with medical management.2,3,5 In 4,072 asymptomtic patients from the ACAS and ACST trials, patients with a tenosis of 60% had an absolute stroke risk reduction of 5.5% hen compared with medically treated patients.1,6 It is clear hat CEA works when performed by well-trained surgeons in roperly selected patients. On the other hand, the data available o define the benefits of carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) n the treatment of patients with extracranial carotid occlusive isease in no way compare to that available for CEA. The data hat are available at best suggest that CAS may be comparable o CEA in high-risk patients and more often than not have hown that CAS is inferior to CEA, even in the high-risk atient population. Despite the present lack of data, the author elieves that within the next 5 years CAS will become the efault first-line therapy for the treatment of patients with xtracranial carotid occlusive disease. The explanations for this rojected shift in treatment paradigms include patient and reerring physician desire, the increasing interest of cardiologists n treating cerebrovascular disease, and continued refinements n CAS-related technology. The initial series of CAS showed a high stroke rate compared ith previously reported series of CEA. This came as no urprise to most vascular surgeons, who are all too familiar ith the friable, soft, and frequently hemorrhagic nature of any atherosclerotic carotid plaques. Roubin and coworkers7 nitially reported a stroke and death rate of 7.4% after CAS. his would be considered high compared with most surgical eries of CEA. Subsequent reports were frequently enriched ith large numbers of patients who were treated using CAS for arly restenosis after CEA. The risk of embolization from brous restenotic lesions after CAS is very low, and, as a result, t
Where do all the supercurvature modes go

(1) Departments of Physics and Astronomy, University of IllinoisUrbana-Champaign, IL 61801jdc@uiuc.edu(2) Department of Physics, Harvard UniversityCambridge, MA 02138dkaiser@fas.harvard.edu(March 1998)In the hyperbolic slicing of de Sitter space appropriate for open universe models, a curvaturescale is present and supercurvature ﬂuctuations are possible. In some cases, the expansion of a scalarﬁeld in the Bunch-Davies vacuum includes supercurvature modes, as shown by Sasaki, Tanaka andYamamoto. We express the normalizable vacuum supercurvature modes for a massless scalar ﬁeldin terms of the basis modes for the spatially-ﬂat slicing of de Sitter space.Preprint UIUC-98/2; HUTP-98/A010; gr-qc/9803073I. INTRODUCTION
Tentoxin stops the processing of polyphenol oxidase into an active protein

Previous studies in our laboratory have indicated that polyphenol oxidase (PPO), as measured by its activity, is not present in tentoxin-treated plants. In the present study, immunochemical techniques were used as a sensitive probe of tentoxin effects on PPO. Immunocytochemistry of PPO with peroxidase-antiperoxidase labelling techniques, revealed that in control Vicia faba L. chloroplasts, PPO was associated mainly with the thylakoids. Cytochemical staining of PPO activity using DL-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) as substrate was also localized only on the thylakoids in the control chloroplasts. In tentoxin-treated plants all of the immunologically-recognizable PPO accumulated at the plastid envelope although no PPO was detected by cytochemical methods. SDS polyacrylamide gels of extracts from control and tentoxin-treated Vicia leaves were blotted onto nitrocellulose and reacted with rabbit anti-PPO. Secondary labelling of the blots with goat-antirabbit IgG labelled with peroxidase revealed a 40 kdalton protein in both extracts. However, only the PPO from the control extract had DOPA oxidase activity. These data suggest that PPO accumulates in the plastid envelope membranes in tentoxin-affected cells and that PPO in these treated plants is not processed to an active protein.
Delayed Postglacial Uplift and Synglacial Sea Levels in Coastal Central New England

The postglacial uplift pattern indicated by elevations of ice-marginal glaciomarine deltas in coastal New England, deposited between approximately 15,000 and 14,000 yr B.P. during ice retreat from northeastern Massachusetts into southwestern Maine, is very similar to that previously recorded for glaciolacustrine deltas of similar age from inland areas of New England. Multiple regression analyses of elevations from both sets of deltas show an extremely close fit to tilted flat surfaces that rise 0.852 m/km to the N 28.5°W along the coast and 0.889 m/km to the N 20.5°W in western New England. The close similarity of uplift pattern in areas where elevation data are from different base-level media, along with additional shore-line evidence, indicates (1) that both areas are part of the same crustal postglacial uplift block, (2) that postglacial uplift was delayed until after 14,000 yr B.P., and (3) that little or no eustatic sea-level change occurred between 15,000 and 14,000 yr B.P., during which time the margin of the late Wisconsinan Laurentide ice sheet retreated about 100 km from Boston, Massachusetts, into southwestern Maine. Elevation data from even younger glaciomarine deltas in the coastal area indicate that soon after the ice margin reached southwestern Maine and adjacent New Hampshire (ca, 14,000 yr B.P.), eustatic sea level rose rapidly 7-10 m during the time that the ice margin retreated 5-10 km, which may have occurred during an interval of only 50-100 yr, Our new data not only confirm the delayed postglacial uplift model previously described for western New England, but also indicate that little or no eustatic sea-level change occurred during a substantial period of early deglaciation. However, at about 14,000 yr B.P., sea level rose rapidly. Postglacial uplift in the region apparently began between 14,000 and 13,300 yr B.P., before the retreating ice margin reached eastern Maine.
Comparison of the murine humoral immune response to recombinant simian virus 40 large tumor antigen: Epitope specificity and idiotype expression

Baculovirus-derived recombinant simian virus 40 (SV40) large tumor antigen (SV40 T-Ag) was used to immunize inbred strains of mice to compare the humoral immune responses. Specifically we examined the epitope specificities and idiotype (Id) expression on anti-(SV40 T-Ag) responses induced in BALB/c and C57BL/6 inbred strains of mice. The predominant SV40 T-Ag epitopes recognized by the anti-(SV40 T-Ag) responses appeared to differ between these two inbred strains, this being based on the ability of sera to inhibit the binding of several murine monoclonal antibodies specific for SV40 T-Ag. In addition, anti-(SV40 T-Ag) responses produced in C57BL/6 mice failed to express a previously described cross-reactive Id expressed in the anti-(SV40 T-Ag) response in BALB/c mice. This cross-reactive Id is detected by a mouse monoclonal anti-Id, designated 58D, which has been shown to represent a potential focal point for manipulating the humoral immune response to SV40-induced tumors in BALB/c mice. Together, these data indicate that the functional duality of the humoral immune response, as assessed by epitope recognition and Id expression, differs between these two inbred strains of mice when immunized with a recombinant SV40 T-Ag.
Some endocrine correlates of renesting after loss of clutch or brood in the white-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii

Abstract Through the course of incubation of eggs and feeding of young there is a decline in the plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, and estrogens to almost basal values by the time of fledging the young. If eggs or young are lost before the pair has become photorefractory, there is a resurgence in the plasma levels of these hormones that culminates in the laying of the replacement clutch. The plasma levels of corticosterone remains elevated in renesting birds of both sexes until just prior to the onset of the postnuptial molt when it declines precipitously. The rapid postbreeding regression of the gonads and the onset of the postnuptial molt are delayed in renesting birds, but the duration of the molt is decreased so that it is completed at the same time as that of non-renesting birds. It appears that the loss of clutch or nestlings somehow suppresses or removes an inhibitory function that normally decreases secretion of LH and sex hormones at this time. Since day length is still sufficiently long, the levels of these hormones are presumably increased through photoperiodically induced secretion and renesting ensues. The mechanisms that delay the onset of molt and decrease its duration are not known.
Simplified surveillance for nosocomial bloodstream infections.

Objective: To compare a surveillance definition of nosocomial bloodstream infections requiring only microbiology data to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) current definition. Setting: Six teaching hospitals. Methods: We classified a representative sample of 73 positive blood cultures from six hospitals growing common skin contaminant isolates using a definition for bacteremia requiring only microbiology data and the CDC definition for primary bloodstream infection (National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance [NNIS] System review method). The classifications assigned during routine prospective surveillance also were noted, and the time required to classify isolates by the two methods was compared. Results: Among 65 blood cultures growing common skin contaminant isolates obtained from adults, the agreement rate between the microbiology data method and the NNIS review method was 91%. Agreement was significantly poorer for the eight blood cultures growing common skin contaminant isolates obtained from pediatric patients. The microbiology data method requires approximately 20 minutes less time per isolate than does routine surveillance. Conclusions: A definition based on microbiology data alone yields the same result as the CDC's definition in the large majority of instances. It is more resource-efficient than the CDC's current definition
Making a difference in prime time: Women on screen and behind the scenes in the 1995–96 television season

Considering the top 65 prime‐time series in the first 14 weeks of the 1995–96 television season, this study examined the relationship between women working behind the scenes and use of powerful language by female characters. Powerful language attributes included how often female characters spoke, had the first and/or last substantive word, interrupted, and advised others. The study found somewhat inconsistent relationships between women working behind the scenes and the use of powerful televisual language patterns by female characters. Female executive producers and producers appear to be more influential in the use of powerful language than female writers or directors.
Analysis of surface tension driven flow in floating zone melting

Surface tension driven flow in a cylindrical melt suspended between two rods was investigated by numerical solution of the steady state differential equations for heat and momentum transfer. Radiation heating and electron beam heating were considered approximately. For small values of the driving force, one rotating ring was formed in the top half of the zone, and its mirror image in the bottom half. At larger driving forces, secondary cells form which probably would undergo oscillatory motion. The influence of Prandtl number, zone movement, and buoyancy on the convection was also studied. The primary resistance to mass transfer in the laminar regime was in the center of the zone rather than at the solid-liquid interfaces.
An in vitro comparison of Profile GT and GTX nickel-titanium rotary instruments in apical transportation and length control in mandibular molar.

Abstract Introduction Profile GT files have been redesigned and are now marketed as GTX nickel-titanium rotary files. Methods A double-digital radiographic technique was used to compare apical transportation (AT) and change in working length (CWL) between Profile GT and GTX rotary files. Mesiobuccal canals of 40 extracted mandibular molars were instrumented by either rotary system. The central axes of preoperative (15 K) and master apical rotary file (30/.04) were digitally superimposed. AutoCAD was used to measure AT at 0, 1, and 3 mm from WL. The distance from the file tip to the set WL indicated any CWL. Analysis of variance test showed no significant differences between groups in AT. Results CWL in GTX (−0.25 ± 0.42) group was significantly greater than in Profile GT group (0.17 ± 0.30). Conclusions The AT results indicate that the newly designed GTX rotary instruments are as effective as the older Profile GT instruments.
THERMAL AND ELECTROMAGNETIC BEHAVIOR OF DOPED POLY(3,4-ETHYLENEDIOXYTHIOPHENE) FILMS

Structure and electrophysical properties of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films electrochemically doped with PF6-, BF4-, and CF3SO3- have been studied. According to SEM and XRD studies, doped PEDOT films have amorphous fibrillar structure. Thermal studies show that continuous degradation occurs above 150 °C and complete decomposition above 390 °C. Temperature dependence of the dc conductivity of best doped PEDOT samples was very weak and characteristic resistivity ratio ρr = ρ(1.4 K)/ρ(291 K) was less than 2. For these most conducting PEDOT samples the temperature coefficient of resistivity (TCR = Δρ/ρΔΤ) changes sign below 10 K from negative to positive which is characteristic for normal metals. SQUID data are in good agreement with the conductivity results.
The Utility of the Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score

The most common infectious complication in critically ill patients is ventilator-associated pneumonia. Ventilator-associated pneumonia has significant morbidity and mortality, prolongs mechanical ventilation, and extends length of hospitalization. Despite its prevalence and impact, uniform diagnostic standards are lacking. The Centers for Disease Control, American Thoracic Society, and Infectious Diseases Society of America have recommended focus on improving preventive measures, establishing widely available and accurate diagnostic tools, and improving ventilator-associated pneumonia management with length of therapy guidelines. The purpose of this article is to review the evidence supporting the clinical pulmonary infection score as an adjunct to distinguish and detect clinically relevant ventilator-associated pneumonia and its use to guide length of therapy. This score combines clinical diagnostic criteria (tracheal secretion quantification and body temperature) with routinely obtained laboratory data (white blood cell count and oxygenation parameters), radiographic data, and bacteriological culture results. Limitations of clinical pulmonary infection score will be discussed.
Pressure–Slope Momentum Transfer in Ocean Surface Boundary Layers Coupled with Gravity Waves

AbstractThe paper focuses on the consequences of including surface and subsurface, wind-forced pressure–slope momentum transfer into the oceanic water column, a transfer process that competes with now-conventional turbulence transfer based on mixing coefficients. Horizontal homogeneity is stipulated as is customary when introducing a new surface boundary layer model or significantly new vertical momentum transfer physics to an existing model. An introduction to pressure–slope momentum transfer is first provided by a phase-resolved, vertically dependent analytical model that excludes turbulence transfer. There follows a discussion of phase averaging; an appendix is an important adjunct to the discussion. Finally, a coupled wave–circulation model, which includes pressure–slope and turbulence momentum transfer, is presented and numerically executed. The calculated temperatures compare well with measurements from ocean weather station Papa.
Partially coherent and holographic contrast transfer theory

Abstract A more complete form of contrast transfer theory is derived using a partial coherency approach for both electron holography and conventional high resolution electron microscopy.
Do protein molecules unfold in a simple shear flow

Protein molecules typically unfold (denature) when subjected to extremes of heat, cold, pH, solvent composition, or mechanical stress. One might expect that shearing forces induced by a nonuniform fluid flow would also destabilize proteins, as when a protein solution flows rapidly through a narrow channel. However, although the protein literature contains many references to shear denaturation, we find little quantitative evidence for the phenomenon. We have investigated whether a high shear can destabilize a small globular protein to any measurable extent. We study a protein (horse cytochrome c, 104 amino acids) whose fluorescence increases sharply upon unfolding. By forcing the sample through a silica capillary (inner diameter 150-180 microm) at speeds approaching 10 m/s, we subject the protein to shear rates dv(z)/dr as large as approximately 2 x 10(5) s(-1) while illuminating it with an ultraviolet laser. We can readily detect fluorescence changes of <1%, corresponding to shifts of < approximately 0.01 kJ/mol in the stability of the folded state. We find no evidence that even our highest shear rates significantly destabilize the folded protein. A simple model suggests that extraordinary shear rates, approximately 10(7) s(-1), would be required to denature typical small, globular proteins in water.
Gas transport properties of MgO filled poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne) nanocomposites

Magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles were dispersed via solution processing in poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne) (PTMSP) to form polymer nanocomposites. Transmission electron microscopy was used to determine the extent of particle aggregation in the composites. Both nanocomposite density and CO2, CH4, N2, and H2 permeability were influenced by nanoparticle loading. Nanocomposite densities were markedly lower than predicted by a two phase additive model. For example, in films containing 75 nominal volume percent MgO, the polymer–particle composite density was 68 percent lower than expected based on an additive model. At this loading, gas permeability coefficients were, depending on the gas, 17–50 times higher than in unfilled PTMSP at similar conditions. The changes in permeability with particle content were interpreted in terms of measured changes in gas solubility with particle content and diffusion coefficients calculated from the permeability and solubility data.
The framenet model and its applications

The FrameNet database comprises an English lexicon, organized in terms of semantic frames. Frames describe situations or entities, along with their participants and props, termed frame elements. The frames are organized in an ontology-like network. For the lexical units, corpus annotations illustrate which frame elements are typically realized, and how they behave syntactically. Texts where all content words are annotated with FrameNet information offer a detailed, structured semantic representation with a variety of uses in Natural Language Processing applications, in particular in retrieving and meaningfully organizing texts written by humans, or in making human–computer interaction more natural. Also, the FrameNet English lexicon can be replaced by lexical data from other languages, while maintaining frame information, so the model is attractive for cross-lingual resources and applications. Manual annotation produced by FrameNet and similar projects for other languages is used to train automatic frame semantic annotation systems, which add rich semantic information to any type of text, and are important components for more sophisticated semantic processing applications.
Assessment of the dye-sensitized solar cell

The field of solar electricity, or photovoltaics (PV), is rich in that there are many materials and concepts for converting sunlight into electricity. The technologies accepted as conventional are those well along in the process of commercialization. The dye-sensitized solar cell, developed in the 1990s, is a nonconventional solar electric technology that has attracted much attention, perhaps a result of its record cell efficiency above 10%. This paper reviews the technology, discusses new research results and approaches presented at a recent symposium of many of the world's important dye solar cell researchers, and presents an assessment of the dye-sensitized solar cell in a comparison with current conventional solar electric technologies. It concludes the dye solar cell has potential for becoming a cost-effective means for producing electricity, capable of competing with available solar electric technologies and, eventually, with today's conventional power technologies. But it is a relatively new technology and faces many hurdles on the path to commercialization. Because of its potential, this assessment recommends further funding for research and development (R&D) of the dye-sensitized solar cell technology on the basis of the promising technical characteristics of the technology, a strong US and worldwide research base, positive industry interest, and today's relatively small funding allocation for its R&D.
A method for confirmation of organophosphorus compounds at the residue level.

Additional information concerning the identity of organophosphorus insecticides may be obtained using the hydrolysis procedures described in this paper. A variety of conditions were used to produce the most favorable hydrolysis. Limitations encountered in other methods have been largely eliminated through improved conditions of hydrolysis and the use of a more efficient gas chromatographic system for resolving trialkyl phosphates.
On braid groups and right-angled Artin groups

In this article we prove a special case of a conjecture of A. Abrams and R. Ghrist about fundamental groups of certain aspherical spaces. Specifically, we show that the $$n$$ -point braid group of a linear tree is a right-angled Artin group for each $$n$$ .
The hydrolysis of the rare-earth carbides

Abstract The hydrolysis products of some rare-earth sesquicarbides, dicarbides, solid solutions of carbon in rare-earth metals and rare-earth metal alloys of varying compositions have been studied. The principal gaseous products are hydrogen, ethyne and methane although all hydrocarbon species containing up to four carbon atoms and some containing five and six carbon atoms have been observed. Other hydrocarbons in the form of oils and soft greases have also been found. Unexpected large amounts of propyne were found in the products of thulium and lutetium sesquicarbides and dicarbides.
Bacterial topoisomerase I and topoisomerase III relax supercoiled DNA via distinct pathways

Escherichia coli topoisomerases I and III (Topo I and Topo III) relax negatively supercoiled DNA and also catenate/decatenate DNA molecules containing single-stranded DNA regions. Although these enzymes share the same mechanism of action and have similar structures, they participate in different cellular processes. In bulk experiments Topo I is more efficient at DNA relaxation, whereas Topo III is more efficient at catenation/decatenation, probably reflecting their differing cellular roles. To examine the differences in the mechanism of these two related type IA topoisomerases, single-molecule relaxation studies were conducted on several DNA substrates: negatively supercoiled DNA, positively supercoiled DNA with a mismatch and positively supercoiled DNA with a bulge. The experiments show differences in the way the two proteins work at the single-molecule level, while also recovering observations from the bulk experiments. Overall, Topo III relaxes DNA efficiently in fast processive runs, but with long pauses before relaxation runs, whereas Topo I relaxes DNA in slow processive runs but with short pauses before runs. The combination of these properties results in Topo I having an overall faster total relaxation rate, even though the relaxation rate during a run for Topo III is much faster.
Subliminal Stimulation of Symbiotic Fantasies as an Aid in the Treatment of Drug Abusers

Forty-seven heroin addicts being treated at the New York VA Methadone Clinic were divided into an experimental and a control group. In addition to the regular methadone treatment program, both groups received subliminal exposures to a verbal message for 24 sessions (4 times a week for 6 weeks). The messages were MOMMY AND I ARE ONE (experimental) and PEOPLE ARE WALKING (control), administered under double-blind conditions. In keeping with the main hypothesis, the experimental subjects, when compared with controls, showed a greater decrease in their use of heroin and other illicit drugs during the postintervention period. Additionally, on a follow-up questionnaire, the experimental subjects reported being more in control of their drug habits and more effective in their work than did those in the control group. Also, analysis of the patients' reported dreams revealed that the experimental group had more dreams containing positive interactions with a significant woman or son than did the control group.
PROTECTION OF MAHOGANY: A CATALYTIC SPECIES IN THE DESTRUCTION OF RAIN FORESTS IN THE AMERICAN TROPICS

Mahogany as a catalytic species. Logging of American (bigleaf ) mahogany (Swietenia spp.) initiates a series of events that leads to degradation and later destruction of tropical forests in the New World. It also is a spear-point for penetration of indigenous areas by loggers, who inflict both social and environmental impacts on the tribes. Mahogany populations are declining and are not being replenished by natural regener-ation; the situation of the species continues to worsen in the field.
Genesis of Brønsted Acid Sites during Dehydration of 2-Butanol on Tungsten Oxide Catalysts

In situ measurements of Bronsted acid sites (by titration with 2,6-di-tert-butyl-pyridine) and reduced centers (by UV–vis spectroscopy) were carried out on WOx–ZrO2 with catalysts at 2.9–32.3 W/nm2 in order to probe how these species form and act as active sites during 2-butanol dehydration. The rate of 2-butanol dehydration (per W-atom) on WOx–ZrO2 reached maximum values at intermediate WOx surface densities, as was also found previously for o-xylene and n-pentane isomerization. Polytungstate domains prevalent at these surface densities balance the accessibility of W6+ centers with their ability to reduce to form Bronsted acid sites via reduction with 2-butanol. In situ UV–vis spectra showed that 2-butanol reduces WOx species and that the highest density of the Bronsted acid sites formed is obtained at WOx surface densities similar to those required for maximum dehydration rates. Bronsted acid site densities were measured during 2-butanol reaction using sterically hindered 2,6-di-tert-butyl-pyridine, which titrates only Bronsted acid sites. 2-Butanol dehydration requires Bronsted acid sites that form during reaction at low concentrations (0.040 sites/W-atom) and reach their highest concentration at intermediate WOx surface densities (6.8–14.8 W/nm2). Pre-edge features in UV–vis spectra are weak for monotungstate species (<4 W/nm2) and their intensity increase is parallel to that observed in 2-butanol dehydration rates, confirming the requirement for active Hδ+ (WO3)nδ− species, formed during reaction and stabilized by polytungstate domains. Turnover rates (per Bronsted acid site) are much higher on WOx–ZrO2 than on Lewis acid sites active for 2-butanol dehydration on γ-Al2O3. 2-Butanol dehydration turnover rates (per Bronsted acid site) on SiO2-supported tungstophosphoric acid (HPW), however, are higher than those on WOx–ZrO2. The mechanism-based rate equation developed for 2-butanol dehydration and the faster secondary butene isomerization found on HPW suggest that acid sites are weaker on HPW than on WOx–ZrO2. A weaker acidity is indeed expected from the stronger conjugate base provided by the smaller WOx domains and the larger H+/W ratio in HPW clusters. Weaker acid sites allow faster product desorption and higher turnover rates from saturated surfaces during 2-butanol dehydration.
Very Low-Frequency Radiation from Lightning Strokes

A theory of the generation of low-frequency electromagnetic radiation by cloud-ground lightning strokes is presented. Only the effect of the return stroke is considered. The predicted form of the radiated pulse from the return stroke is a single cycle with a field variation which varies linearly with time. The spectral distribution of the radiated energy is found to be centered at about 11 kc, with a total width at half-maximum of 12 kc. The total energy radiated in one leader and return stroke is estimated at 220,000 joules. Some qualitative considerations on the emission of radiation at extremely low frequencies are given.
ENTROPY-ENTHALPY COMPENSATION BEHAVIOR REVISITED

The origin of genuine (not statistically spurious) entropy-enthalpy compensation is investigated within standard liquid state statistical mechanics formalism. We treat two extreme cases of solvent-solute interaction: (1) those in which the changes "internal" to the solute dominate, and (2) those in which the solvent effect is dominant. They are evaluated in different ways, and lead to different predictions for compensation behavior. The first involves a conventional "thermodynamic perturbation" formalism.1,2 The second case leads to an Ornstein–Zernicke-like relationship that predicts predominantly entropically driven changes in free energy of reaction.
Low-Profile Multifrequency HF Antenna Design for Coastal Radar Applications

A novel design for an electrically small high-frequency (HF) antenna suitable for coastal radar applications is presented. The principle design objectives were to develop an HF antenna resonant at multiple frequencies that is also compact and easily transportable for deployment to coastal sites and on floating platforms. The compact antenna achieves practical performance values for radiation resistance, bandwidth, and gain while maintaining small values of ka. The design presented in this letter consists of a meandering line antenna composed of helical elements and switchable folded arms. The value of ka ranges down to 0.16 at 5.7 MHz. The antenna is self-resonant at multiple frequencies including 5.7, 16.1, 20.6, and 28.1 MHz for open-circuit mode and 15.1, 18.5, and 26.1 for the short-circuit mode. In all cases, input impedances were easily matched to 50-Ω coaxial feed lines, and the achieved bandwidths ranged from 1% to 12% within the HF band (3-30 MHz). The antenna is 90 cm high with a small ground disk of 60 cm diameter. Simulation results and prototype experimental measurements are presented.
3D Print as Corporeal Design Medium

Because it produces representational models, not full-scale architecture, 3D printing often supports the study of form, not architectural materials, structure and tectonics. This research asks how 3D printing can support material study and contribute to a process of design by making, similar to that achieved with mock-ups and other full-scale constructions. It clarifies the nature of design by making through an elaboration of key activities, and then shows how 3D printing can support each activity. The research includes a design experiment in which students used unique 3D printing techniques to enhance the experience of design by making. These techniques include 1) confronting a material foil, 2) embedding material placeholders in parametric models, 3) oscillating between representational and literal interpretations, and 4) using 3D prints as a corporeal medium. With these techniques, 3D printing offered a unique flavor of design by making, which can complement full-scale computer-aided manufacturing tech...
Serial list combination by monkeys (Macaca mulatta): test cues and linking

This investigation assessed prospective bases of non-human primate cognitive operations that support serial list memory. Four macaques learned 3-, 5-item ordered lists of objects (as two-choice problems) and then either did or did not (in a within-subject design) receive training on pairs that linked the three original lists into a 15-item serial order. Next, subjects experienced selective exposure trials on object pairs that either maintained or contrasted to the serial position relationships seen during original learning. Subsequent comprehensive tests assessed the interactive effects of linking and exposure conditions on choosing in accord with a combined 15-item serial order. Linking readily induced monkeys to merge lists into a 15-item order, but restricting early exposure to pairs with the same positional relationships as original training slowed, but did not prevent, list combination. Exposure to positional relationships congruent with the combined (15-item) list and different from those of original 5-item training aided both expression of the linking effect and acquisition after no link training. Thus, list linking facilitated serial reorganization by inducing release from error derived from memory for prior learned positional relationships. The task was recommended as a prospective evaluator of continuity of cognitive processes among species.
Inhibition of Several Enzymes by Gold Compounds II. β-Glucuronidase, Acid Phosphatase and L-Malate Dehydrogenase by Sodium Thiomalatoraurate (I), Sodium Thiosulfatoaurate (I) and Thioglucosoaurate (I)

AbstractBovine liver β-D-glucuronide glucuronohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.32), wheat germ acid phosphatase (orthopho-sphoric monoesterphosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.2) and bovine liver L-malate dehydrogenase (L-malate: NAD oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.37) were inhibited by a series of gold (I) complexes that have been used as anti-inflammatory drugs. Both sodium thiosulfatoaurate (I) (Na AuTs) and sodium thiomalatoraurate (NaAuTM) effectively inhibited all three enzymes, while thioglucosoaurate (I) (AuTG) only inhibited L-malate dehydrogenase. The equilibrium constants (K1) ranged from nearly 4000 μM for the NaAuTM-β-glucuronidase interaction to 24 μM for the NaAuTS - β-glucuronidase interaction. The rate of covalent bond formation (kp) ranged from 0.00032min-1 for NaAuTM - β-glucuronidase formation to 1.7 min-1 for AuTG-L-malate dehydrogenase formation. The equilibrium data shows that the gold (I) drugs bind by several orders lower than the gold (III) compounds, suggesting a significantly stronger interaction between th...
Exploiting spatial and temporal flexibility for plan execution of hybrid, under-actuated systems

Robotic devices, such as rovers and autonomous spacecraft, have been successfully controlled by plan execution systems that use plans with temporal flexibility to dynamically adapt to temporal disturbances. To date these execution systems apply to discrete systems that abstract away the detailed dynamic constraints of the controlled device. To control dynamic, under-actuated devices, such as agile bipedal walking machines, we extend this execution paradigm to incorporate detailed dynamic constraints. Building upon prior work on dispatchable plan execution, we introduce a novel approach to flexible plan execution of hybrid under-actuated systems that achieves robustness by exploiting spatial as well as temporal plan flexibility. To accomplish this, we first transform the high-dimensional system into a set of low dimensional, weakly coupled systems. Second, to coordinate these systems such that they achieve the plan in real-time, we compile a plan into a concurrent timed flow tube description. This description represents all feasible control trajectories and their temporal coordination constraints, such that each trajectory satisfies all plan and dynamic constraints. Finally, the problem of runtime plan dispatching is reduced to maintaining state trajectories in their associated flow tubes, while satisfying the coordination constraints. This is accomplished through an efficient local search algorithm that adjusts a small number of control parameters in real-time. The first step has been published previously; this paper focuses on the last two steps. The approach is validated on the execution of a set of bipedal walking plans, using a high fidelity simulation of a biped.
Sleep Enhances Learning of a Functional Motor Task in Young Adults

Background Sleep has been demonstrated to enhance simple motor skill learning “offline” in young adults. “Offline learning” refers to either the stabilization or the enhancement of a memory through the passage of time without additional practice. It remains unclear whether a functional motor task will benefit from sleep to produce offline motor skill enhancement. Physical therapists often teach clients functional motor skills; therefore, it is important to understand how sleep affects learning of these skills. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine whether sleep enhances the learning of a functional motor task. Design A prospective, cross-sectional, repeated-measures design was used. Methods Young participants who were healthy (N=24) were randomly assigned to either a sleep group or a no-sleep group. The sleep group practiced a novel walking task in the evening and underwent retention testing the following morning, and the no-sleep group practiced the task in the morning and underwent retention testing in the evening. Outcome measures included time around the walking path and spatiotemporal gait parameters. Results Only participants who slept after practicing the novel walking task demonstrated a significant offline improvement in performance. Compared with the no-sleep group, participants in the sleep group demonstrated a significant decrease in the time around the walking path, an increase in tandem velocity, an increase in tandem step length, and a decline in tandem step time. Limitations Time-of-day effect and inability to ensure a certain amount of sleep quantity and quality of participants were limitations of the study. Conclusions This study is the first to provide evidence that sleep facilitates learning clinically relevant functional motor tasks. Sleep is an important factor that physical therapists should consider when teaching clients motor skills.