cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Indole-2-Carboxylic Acid: A Competitive Antagonist of Potentiation by Glycine at the NMDA Receptor

The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) class of excitatory amino acid receptors regulates the strength and stability of excitatory synapses and appears to play a major role in excitotoxic neuronal death associated with stroke and epilepsy. The conductance increase gated by NMDA is potentiated by the amino acid glycine, which acts at an allosteric site tightly coupled to the NMDA receptor. Indole-2-carboxylic acid (I2CA) specifically and competitively inhibits the potentiation by glycine of NMDA-gated current. In solutions containing low levels of glycine, I2CA completely blocks the response to NMDA, suggesting that NMDA alone is not sufficient for channel activation. I2CA will be useful for defining the interaction of glycine with NMDA receptors and for determining the in vivo role of glycine in excitotoxicity and synapse stabilization.
Disability in Local and Global Worlds, by B. Ingstad and S. Reynolds Whyte (Eds.)

Berkeley, University of California Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-520-24617-1 To say that this second anthology of disability-centred research edited by Benedicte Ingstad and Susan Reynolds Whyte, Disabil...
Role Models and Psychosocial Outcomes Among African American Adolescents

The authors examined who 679 African American ninth-graders from urban environments look up to and how their role model choices relate to substance use, delinquency, academic engagement, and psychological well-being. Male adolescents without male role models and females identifying brothers as role models reported the most problem behavior. Adolescents with paternal male role models had the most positive school outcomes, no differences were found in psychological well-being among adolescents in terms of their male role models. The presence of female role models, in contrast, was associated with psychological well-being such that adolescents with maternal role models reported the least distress. Adolescents without female role models had the lowest grades and most negative school attitudes. These findings remained when parental support, family conflict, and father presence in the household were controlled, suggesting role model effects are separate from parenting effects. Our findings support and expand on...
Effect of Cornea Donor Graft Thickness on the Outcome of Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty Surgery

Purpose To determine whether Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) donor cornea graft thickness impacts measurements of best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), refractive error and intraocular pressure (IOP). Design Retrospective chart review in a tertiary care center at Duke University Eye Center. Methods We studied 460 eyes that had undergone DSAEK surgery. They were segregated into three groups based on the thickness of the donor graft: 150 μm (n = 77 eyes). The three graft-thickness groups were assessed at about 6 months postoperatively for measurement of BSCVA, spherical equivalent, and IOP. Results Baseline demographics were similar in the three groups. All groups experienced significant improvement in BSCVA (mean ± SD = −0.34 ± 0.50 logMAR); mild hyperopic shift (mean ± SD = 0.48 ± 1.7 D); and stability in IOP measurements (mean ± SD = 0.19 ± 4.8 mm Hg). There were no significant differences in groups according to donor graft thicknesses with respect to change in BSCVA ( P = 0.8); hyperopic shift ( P = 0.76); or IOP measurement ( P = 0.56). Conclusions DSAEK significantly improves BSCVA. DSAEK graft thickness may not play an important role in the final BSCVA, refractive error, or accuracy of IOP measurement. The ideal DSAEK graft thickness to minimize graft-related complications remains to be determined.
SURVEY INTERVIEWING AMONG MEMBERS OF CONGRESS

Interviewing government officials and other public leaders is a special art. This article reports the experience of a researcher who has learned the art by practicing it. James A. Robinson, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Northwestern University, is engaged in a study of decision making. Some of the findings will appear in a book on the role of Congress in making foreign policy decisions.
Thermally stable nanostructured materials from severe plastic deformation of precipitation-treatable Ni-based alloys

We demonstrate a means of extending the temperature range for structural applications of nanomaterials through introduction of a dispersion of precipitates, whose thermal stability determines the temperature at which strength deteriorates. Precipitate-stabilized nanostructures created via severe plastic deformation of Inconel are shown to be stable even after heat treatment for 240 h at temperatures up to one-half of the melting point. This stability results from retention of both the fine microstructure and precipitate phases at high temperatures.
Seasonal changes in the response of fast and slow mammalian skeletal muscle fibers to zero potassium

While investigating the decline in resting membrane potential (RMP) of rat skeletal muscle fibers in zero potassium solution, we discovered that there is seasonal variation in the response of the extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL). In January, most EDL fibers hyperpolarize in zero K+; in September, most depolarize; the distribution of RMPs recorded in May is bimodal, with some fibers hyperpolarizing and some depolarizing. Fibers from the soleus muscle depolarize in zero K+ irrespective of the season. The ability of EDL fibers to hyperpolarize appears during the 7th and 8th weeks postpartum, and is dependent upon the presence of a functional nerve, since denervation abolished the response. As possible explanations for these findings, inactivation of K(+)-channels and inhibition of the Na-K pump by zero K+ are discussed.
CHROMOSOME NUMBERS AND THEIR SYSTEMATIC IMPLICATIONS IN HAWAIIAN LOBELIOIDEAE (CAMPANULACEAE)

Chromosome numbers are reported for 20 collections of Hawaiian Lobelioideae (Campanulaceae), representing six genera, 13 species, and two interspecific hybrids. All are n = 14. Chromosome numbers are reported for the first time for eight species of Clermontia, Cyanea, Delissea, Lobelia, and Trematolobelia; the report for Delissea is the first for that genus. Additional determinations confirmed previously reported numbers in five other species of Brighamia, Clermontia, and Cyanea. Chromosome numbers are now known for all seven genera and 20 of the 1 10 species. All accepted counts are n = 14. It is suggested that all Hawaiian Lobelioideae share this number and are paleotetraploid. There is no evidence that the prolific speciation evident among these plants was accompanied by euploid or aneuploid change in chromosome number. The Hawaiian Lobelioideae, particularly the monophyletic lineage of 91 baccate species, offer further support for the generalization that change in chromosome number is an uncommon mode of speciation in insular floras. CHROMOSOME NUMBER determinations serve as an important source of data for biologists seeking answers to various systematic and evolutionary questions. Carr (1985a) has emphasized the special need for such cytological study in the flora of the Hawaiian Islands. Among the largest families in that flora are the Cam
Digital detection and processing of laser beacon signals for aircraft collision hazard warning

A low-cost collision hazard warning system suitable for implementation in both general and commercial aviation is presented. Laser beacon systems are used as sources of accurate relative position information that are not dependent on communication between aircraft or with the ground. The beacon system consists of a rotating low-power laser beacon, detector arrays with special optics for wide angle acceptance and filtering of solar background light, microprocessors for proximity and relative trajectory computation, and pilot displays of potential hazards. The laser beacon system provides direct measurements of relative aircraft positions; using optimal nonlinear estimation theory, the measurements resulting from the current beacon sweep are combined with previous data to provide the best estimate of aircraft proximity, heading, minimium passing distance, and time to closest approach.
Electron-positron annihilation energy pattern in quantum chromodynamics: Asymptotically free perturbation theory

High-energy cross sections of quantum chromodynamics can be computed entirely in terms of the renormalization-group running coupling constant if these cross sections have no infrared mass singularities. Since the theory is asymptotically free, at high energies the running coupling constant vanishes and such cross sections can be computed perturbatively. Thus the theory of quantum chromodynamics may be rigorously tested. We compute the angular distribution of the hadronic energy produced in high-energy electron-positron annihilation to second order and find no mass singularities. Our result can be interpreted in terms of a jet opening angle which vanishes logarithmically as the energy increases. We compute phenomenologically the corrections to the energy pattern resulting from nonperturbative confinement effects. They become small at the energies of the colliding-beam machines now under construction.
Characterization of covalent binding of [14C]-2-chloro-4-acetotoluidide to microsomes of starling liver and kidney.

In this study, we have characterized the covalent binding of [14C]-2-chloro-4-acetotoluidide (CAT) radioactivity to microsomes of starling liver and kidney. The maximal velocity (Vmax) of covalent binding and apparent Michaelis constant (Km) for both tissues were similar. The Vmax for liver and kidney were 52.8 and 68.9 pmol/min/mg protein, and the apparent Kms were 0.54 and 0.87 mM, respectively. The covalent binding of radioactivity to heat-denatured microsomes of liver and kidney was reduced by 62% and 15%, respectively. Incubation at 0°C reduced the binding by 80% to liver and 70% to kidney microsomes. Absence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) and molecular O2 reduced the binding to liver microsomes by 36 and 53%, as opposed to 28% increase and 26% decrease in binding to kidney microsomes, respectively. Inducers of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450), phenobarbital, and 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC), had opposite effects on the covalent binding of [14C]-CAT radioactivity to hepatic and renal microsomes. Phenobarbital increased the binding to hepatic microsomes by 100% and had no effect on binding to renal microsomes. 3-MC, on the other hand, increased the binding to kidney microsomes by threefold and had no effect on the binding to hepatic microsomes. SKF 525A, an inhibitor of P450, inhibited the binding to hepatic microsomes by 60% at 0.5 mM but failed to have any effect on binding to renal microsomes. α-Naphthoflavone, another inhibitor of P450, had no effect on the covalent binding of [14C]-CAT radioactivity to microsomes of either tissue. Addition of cysteine and glutathione in the incubation mixture inhibited the covalent binding of radioactivity to both liver and kidney microsomes in a concentration-dependent manner. It was concluded that hepatic and renal microsomes of starling behave differently with respect to the effects of P450 inducers and inhibitors, heat denaturation, NADPH dependence, and presence of molecular oxygen on bioactivation of [14C]-CAT and its subsequent covalent binding to microsomal proteins.
Supersymmetry breaking without O'Raifeartaigh potentials

Abstract We show that spontaneous supersymmetry breaking through F-terms can occur in locally supersymmetric theories whose superpotentials are not of the O'Raifeartaigh type. The supersymmetry breaking vacuum states can be fine tuned to have vanishing cosmological constant.
Novel behavior of 3 He- 4 He mixture films on a cesium coated substrate at low temperatures

We report quartz crystal measurements of the adsorption of3He —4He mixture films to gold and cesium substrates as a function of temperature and concentration. Measurements for higher concentrations than reported earlier show steps in the adsorption at low temperatures. Speculations as to the origin of these steps are presented.
Differences in Color, Texture, and Flavor of Processed Meat from Red Swamp Crawfish (Procambarus clarkii) and White River Crawfish (P. acutus acutus)

Red swamp crawfish (Procambarus clarkii) and white river crawfish (P. acutus acutus) were evaluated for differences in texture, color and flavor of meat and hepatopancreas. A significant difference between species was not detected by sensory evaluation using triangle tests. Analysis of Instron Kramer shear force values showed no significant difference in meat texture. Color analysis of meat and hepatopancreas by Hunterlab colorimeter showed highly significant differences (P < 0.0005) in L-values and a-values between the species.
Effect of recainam on the energy required for ventricular defibrillation in dogs as assessed with implanted electrodes.

Abstract The effect of recainam (WY-42,362), a new class IC antiarrhythmic drug, on ventricular defibrillation was evaluated with use of implanted superior vena cava and left ventricular patch electrodes in 17 normal dogs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. The energy required for a 50% probability of successful defibrillation (E50) was used as the index of ventricular defibrillation threshold. The dogs were classified into three groups: a saline group (n = 6), a low dose recainam group (n = 6) and a high dose recainam group (n = 5). The low dose infusion involved an intravenous loading dose of 3.75 mg/kg body weight over 20 min followed by a maintenance infusion of 0.0375 mg/kg per min. The high dose infusion was double those rates. The low dose recainam infusion produced a plasma recainam concentration of 3.1 ± 0.3 μg/ml and significantly increased QRS duration by 11.3 ± 3% during sinus rhythm. The high dose recainam infusion produced a plasma concentration of 7.7 ± 0.9 μg/ml and significantly increased QRS duration by 27 ± 7% in sinus rhythm. Recainam did not change ventricular effective refractory period or sinus cycle length. The mean change in E50between control and infusion periods was 1 ± 5% in the saline group (8.5 ± 1.4 versus 8.6 ± 1.6 joules); 42 ± 11% in the low dose recainam group (8.1 ± 1.0 versus 11.3 ± 1.3 joules) and 92 ± 17% in the high dose recainam group (11.2 ± 2.1 versus 20.5 ± 2.5 joules). The changes in E50in the two recainam groups were significantly different from those in the saline group and from each other (p
The Parthenon papers

THE TRIAL OF SOCRATES by I. F. Stone Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1988. 282 pp., $18.95 Stone's attempt to “mitigate”; the Athenian verdict against Socrates is disputed. Stone's argument that Socrates was guilty of teaching future tyrants amounts to guilt by association. Stone's claim that Socrates’ philosophy presented a serious threat to Athens is incorrect. Socrates’ view of human society as a herd was harmless, since he considered himself a loyal part of it. His insistence that knowledge lies in definitions is not shown by Stone to be dangerous, because Stone fails to show that it is misguided. And Socrates’ defense of the individual soul as the seat of virtue proves no threat, since his own life demonstrates that it is perfectly compatible with good citizenship.
Some social and cultural factors associated with the occurrence of coronary heart disease.

Abstract Data from a study of coronary heart disease in six counties of northeastern North Dakota were examined to determine how certain socio-cultural variables relate to the incidence of coronary heart disease. Information on all cases occurring in this area in a one-year period in white men age 35 and over was compared to that obtained from a sample of white men age 35 and over who were representative of the population from which the cases emerged. 1. 1. It was found that subjects of urban American background had a ratio of observed to expected number of cases three times that for subjects of rural or urban European background. 2. 2. While white-collar workers in general had a higher ratio than blue-collar or agricultural workers, white-collar workers of rural background had a ratio two to three times higher than agricultural or blue-collar workers of rural background. 3. 3. Data on occupational and geographic mobility were examined to explore the possibility that discontinuities between present social situation and background might be helpful in interpreting these findings. It was found that geographically mobile subjects had a ratio twice that of geographically stable subjects; occupationally mobile men had a ratio three times higher than that of occupationally stable men. 4. 4. These socio-cultural factors were related to coronary heart disease independently of such other factors as diet, relative body weight, blood pressure, cigarette smoking, and parental longevity. 5. 5. The interaction between these socio-cultural and other factors yields greater differences between cases and controls than does any one of them alone.
The use of Visual Analog Scale in urogynecologic research: a psychometric evaluation.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of Visual Analog Scales in urogynecologic research. Study design In phase I, 35 women completed short forms of the urogenital distress inventory, incontinence impact questionnaire, and Beck depression inventory fast screen using the Likert-type scale and Visual Analog Scale formats. Reliability was estimated with Spearman's correlations and Cronbach's alpha; construct validity was assessed with the use of factor analyses. In phase II, 101 women were recruited for the test-retest reliability assessment of the Visual Analog Scale formats of the urogenital distress inventory and incontinence impact questionnaire short forms. Reproducibility was analyzed with intraclass correlations. Results In phase I, correlations between the Likert-type scale and the Visual Analog Scale were good: urogenital distress inventory (0.748), incontinence impact questionnaire (0.787), and Beck depression inventory fast screen (0.852; P P Conclusion The Visual Analog Scale is a simple, reliable, and reproducible method for the assessment of quality of life in urogynecologic research.
Team teaching animation art and technology

In this paper we report on an interdisciplinary course, "Animation Art and Technology," which we have taught for the past two years at Carnegie Mellon University. Faculty and teaching assistants from computer science and art teach the class as a team and the students are an interdisciplinary mix. This class is a project-based course in which teams of students produce 4-5 animations. Most of the animations have a substantive technical component and the students are challenged to consider innovation with content to be equal with the technical. In this paper, we describe the structure of the class and assess the elements that have worked well and those that require improvement.
EMS: a homegrown identity management system

In 2005 Salem State College upgraded a nine year old email system to Novell's GroupWise. In addition, the College had recently implemented a One Card, web portal, and student administration systems.As we moved forward with these initiatives, we hoped to establish formal user management policies. An IT audit identified a number of problems which needed to be addressed. In the past each IT system was isolated, so users could have different usernames in each system and there were no policies for adding or removing users from these systems. We found: End users with different usernames in each system Users who were deceased or no longer employed Users added or removed from systems without authorization from Human Resources (HR) Users who were not authenticated before they were given College credentials (email address, ID card, etc.) We suspect these challenges/opportunities might exist at other institutions of higher education.With very little time and no budget, we developed EMS, the Employee Management System, a homegrown system designed to authenticate new users, issue usernames, communicate status changes with trusted systems, and continually audit the list of users.Cooperation within IT, and with HR, has helped to make EMS the central point of contact for all IT resources. This system is a work in progress and we are now looking at how this system might be used in other areas.This presentation will include a demonstration of EMS, discussions on where we are, where we are going, and lessons learned along the way.
Decreased food intake rather than zinc deficiency is associated with changes in plasma leptin, metabolic rate, and activity levels in zinc deficient rats

This study investigated the hypothesis that the reduced food intake and poor weight gain in zinc deficient rats is due to: increased plasma leptin concentration, increased physical activity and/or increased metabolic rate. Weanling rats were assigned to three groups: controls fed ad libitum (C), zinc deficient (ZD), and pair-fed controls (PF), and tested in a metabolic chamber and activity monitor at baseline and weekly for four weeks. At the end of the study, all groups were compared for differences in plasma leptin concentrations. ZD and PF animals had markedly reduced food intake and weight gain. ZD had reduced stereotypic and locomotor activity compared to PF animals and both groups demonstrated an abolished peri-nocturnal activity spike and were much less active than controls. This was associated with a reduced total metabolic rate by day 30: ZD (0.73 ± 0.07 kcal/hr, p = 0.0001) and PF (0.83 ± 0.06 kcal/hr, p = 0.0001) groups vs. controls (1.82 ± 0.09 kcal/hr). Plasma leptin concentrations in ZD (1.55 ± 0.06 μg/L) were lower than controls (2.01 ± 0.18 μg/L, p < 0.03), but neither ZD nor controls were statistically different from PF (1.68 ± 0.05 μg/L). Both low leptin concentrations and low metabolic rates in the ZD and PF rats were associated with decreased food intake rather than zinc deficiency. The reduced food intake and poor weight gain observed in zinc deficient rats could not be explained by elevated leptin concentrations, hypermetabolism, or increased activity. Low serum leptin concentrations, hypometabolism, and decreased activity are more likely the result of the anorexia of zinc deficiency.
Preparation and Characteristics of Calcium Oxide Pellets for UT-3 Thermochemical Cycle

UT-3 thermochemical cycle for hydrogen production involves four gas-solid reactions. In order to make the cycle feasible, the solid reactant must be chemically reactive and physically stable in cyclic operation. Calcium oxide pellets, with CaO dispersed in the CaTiO3 inert matrix, were prepared and stearic acid, graphite, and corn starch were added as pore forming agents during the process. Experimental studies to improve and evaluate the Ca-pellets through the investigation into thermal decomposition of additives, X-ray diffraction, pore size distribution, conversion and reaction rate were conducted. The pore size distributions of the pellets were found to be strongly influenced by the type of pore forming agents used, and the volume of pores greater than 5μm markedly promoted hydrolysis rate.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Fate and transport of selected estrogen compounds in Hawaii soils: Effect of soil type and macropores

The fate and transport of estrogen compounds in the environment is of increasing concern due to their potential impact on freshwater organisms, ecosystems and human health. The behavior of these compounds in batch experiments suggests low mobility, while field studies indicate the persistence of estrogen compounds in the soil with the possibility of migration to surface water as well as groundwater. To better understand the movement of these chemicals through soils, we examined their transport in three different Hawaiian soils and two aqueous matrices. The three different soils used were an Oxisol, a Mollisol and a cinder, characterized by different mineralogical properties and collected at depths of 60-90 cm and 210-240 cm. Two liquid matrices were used; deionized (DI) water containing calcium chloride (CaCl2), and recycled water collected from a wastewater treatment facility. The experiments were conducted in packed and structured columns. Non-equilibrium conditions were observed during the study, especially in the structured soil. This is believed to be primarily related to the presence of macropores in the soil. The presence of macropores resulted in reduced contact time between soil and estrogens, which facilitated their transport. We found that the organic carbon content and mineralogical composition of the soils had a profound effect on the transport of the estrogens. The mobility of estrone (E1) and 17β-estradiol (E2) was greater in cinder than in the other soils. In column experiments with recycled water, earlier breakthrough peaks and longer tails of estrogens were produced compared to those observed using DI water. The use of recycled water for agricultural purposes and the siting of septic tanks and cesspools should be critically reviewed in light of these findings, especially in areas where groundwater is the primary source of potable water, such as Hawaii.
Liquid helium at negative pressure

We consider the properties of liquid helium at pressures less than the saturated vapor pressure, discuss estimates of the location of the liquid-gas spinodal in the phase diagram, and review a number of experimental studies of the nucleation of bubbles.
Cross-reactivity between raw mushroom and molds in a patient with oral allergy syndrome.

Background Oral allergy syndrome, resulting from a cross-reactivity between raw fruits and vegetables and a number of pollens, is well described. However, it has never been associated with mold spore sensitivity and mushrooms. We evaluated a patient with oral allergy symptoms to raw, but not cooked, mushrooms, who also had positive skin testing to molds. Objective To identify and characterize antigenic cross-reactivity between mushroom and mold spores. Methods The patient underwent skin prick testing to molds and mushroom. Proteins from raw and cooked mushrooms were extracted and immunoblot/inhibition assays were performed to evaluate for cross-reacting immunoglobulin E antibodies between mushroom and mold extracts to which the patient was sensitive. Results The patient had a positive skin prick test result to raw mushroom and four types of molds. The immunoblot assay revealed immunoglobulin E antibodies directed against similar molecular weight proteins in the raw mushroom and 3 of the 4 molds: Alternaria tenuis , Fusarium vasinfectum , and Hormodendrum cladosporioides . These protein bands on protein electrophoresis were absent in the cooked mushrooms. Inhibition immunoblot of the raw mushroom with the three molds indicated total inhibition of the 43- and 67-kD protein bands. Conclusions We report the first case of cross-reactivity between mushroom and molds in a patient with oral allergy syndrome to raw mushroom and allergic rhinitis secondary to molds.
E2f3a and E2f3b make overlapping but different contributions to total E2f3 activity

The E2f transcription factors are key downstream targets of the retinoblastoma protein tumor suppressor that control cell proliferation. E2F3 has garnered particular attention because it is amplified in various human tumors. E2f3 mutant mice typically die around birth and E2f3-deficient cells have a proliferation defect that correlates with impaired E2f target gene activation and also induction of p19(Arf) and p53. The E2f3 locus encodes two isoforms, E2f3a and E2f3b, which differ in their N-termini. However, it is unclear how E2f3a versus E2f3b contributes to E2f3's requirement in either proliferation or development. To address this, we use E2f3a- and E2f3b-specific knockouts. We show that inactivation of E2f3a results in a low penetrance proliferation defect in vitro whereas loss of E2f3b has no effect. This proliferation defect appears insufficient to disrupt normal development as E2f3a and E2f3b mutant mice are both fully viable and have no detectable defects. However, when combined with E2f1 mutation, inactivation of E2f3a, but not E2f3b, causes significant proliferation defects in vitro, neonatal lethality and also a striking cartilage defect. Thus, we conclude that E2f3a and E2f3b have largely overlapping functions in vivo and that E2f3a can fully substitute for E2f1 and E2f3 in most murine tissues.
Mercury pool boiling under the influence of a horizontal magnetic field

Abstract Experimental results for the pool boiling of pure mercury and mercury plus wetting agents in the presence of a magnetic field are presented. The results indicate that a significant reduction in the heat-transfer coefficient occurs as the magnetic field is increased, the incipient boiling heat flux is lowered, and the transition to film boiling is encouraged. Data are presented for magnetic fields of 0.4, 0.8 and 1.26 T at the saturated pressures of 0.0066, 0.026 and 0.1 MPa.
Suppressor cell regulation of encephalitogenic T cell lines: Generation of suppressor macrophages with cyclosporin A and myelin basic protein☆

Abstract Chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (CR-EAE) can be adoptively transferred using myelin basic protein (BP)-specific helper T cell lines, and suppressor cells may be important in recovery from EAE. In order to generate suppressor cells, spleen cells obtained from BP-complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) inoculated SJL/J mice and from normal mice were cultured for 7 days with medium, with cyclosporin A (CsA), or with CsA and antigen (BP or purified protein derivative of mycobacterium (PPD)). Cultured spleen cells were assayed for suppressor activity in vitro by coculture with BP-specific and PPD-specific helper T cell lines derived from SJL/J mice. Immunized donor spleen cells cultured with cyclosporin A (CsA) and BP were potent inhibitors of T cell line proliferation, and suppressor activity was increased 17-fold compared with control splenocytes. The number of suppressor cells required to suppress PPD-specific line proliferation by 50% ( I 50 ) was significantly higher than the number required to suppress BP-specific line proliferation, suggesting an antigen-specific component to the suppression. The major effector cell required for suppression was a large granular Mac-1 + cell with the functional characteristics of a macrophage. Suppressor activity persisted after depletion of Thy 1.2+ cells, but suppression was no longer antigen-specific, suggesting that culture of spleen cells with CsA and BP may generate suppressor macrophages which are antigen-nonspecific and Thy 1.2+ suppressor cells which are antigen-specific. These suppressor cells may be important in the regulation of CR-EAE and the techniques described for their generation may prove useful for treatment and prevention of disease.
Evidence-based youth psychotherapies versus usual clinical care: A meta-analysis of direct comparisons.

In the debate over evidence-based treatments (EBTs) for youth, one question is central: Do EBTs produce better outcomes than the usual interventions employed in clinical care? The authors addressed this question through a meta-analysis of 32 randomized trials that directly compared EBTs with usual care. EBTs outperformed usual care. Effects fell within the small to medium range at posttreatment, increasing somewhat at follow-up. EBT superiority was not reduced by high levels of youth severity or by inclusion of minority youths. The findings underscore a need for improved study designs and detailed treatment descriptions. In the future, the EBT versus usual care genre can inform the search for the most effective interventions and guide treatment selection in clinical care.
Aortobronchial fistula after expandable metal stent insertion for pediatric bronchomalacia

Indications for using expandable metal stents (EMS) for airway disease have expanded considerably during the past decade. Complications have been infrequent but can be potentially life threatening. There are four reported instances of vascular bronchial fistula after Gianturco EMS insertion for managing airway disease in adults. The authors report a case of an aortobronchial fistula in a pediatric patient after Palmaz EMS insertion for treatment of bronchomalacia. A 14-year-old boy with severe scoliosis underwent left mainstem bronchus insertion of two Palmaz stents in tandem for correction of complete bronchial obstruction caused by vascular compression. Three weeks later fatal hemoptysis from an aortobronchial fistula developed. Elective EMS insertion for treatment of airway obstruction secondary to compression by vascular structures should be approached with caution. EMS placement should be reserved for situations in which there is no other reasonable surgical alternative.
An improvement of a monte carlo technique using asymptotic moments with an application to the likelihood ratio statistic

The use of asymptotic moments to increase the precision of the control variate technique for Monte Carlo estimation is dis­cussed. An application is made to the estimation of the mean and variance of the likelihood ratio goodness–of–fit statistic with the Pearson statistic used as a control variate. Estimates of the variance reductions are given.
On Preserving Knowledge

Abstract New knowledge in science is built on previous knowledge. Thus, the primary purpose of preserving scientific knowledge is that future scientists will be able collate said knowledge years from now to answer questions not yet asked. Secondarily, if preserved, datasets associated with published research papers could be compared to or combined with datasets collected by future scientists. This will lessen the need to repeat research and will allow examination of what and how environments, and communities and populations of living organisms have changed over time. My concerns regarding the preservation of scientific knowledge—particularly published papers—for use by future researchers are not just that such knowledge continues to exist for a few generations of scientists, but that it survives in perpetuity in accessible formats. Loss of publications containing interpretations based on data and previous knowledge is as critical if not more so than just the loss of data to the continuity of scientific kn...
A new multi-view approach to characterize 3D chip morphology and properties in end milling titanium Ti-6Al-4V

Abstract End milling Ti–6Al–4V using a solid mill cutter has being widely used in aerospace, automotive, biomedical, and chemical industries. However, a comprehensive characterization of chip morphology and microstructural and mechanical behavior of machined chips is significantly lacking. A series of end milling experiments were conducted with flood coolant for this purpose. This research provides a new multi-view approach to fully characterize chip morphology including top surface, free surface, back surface, and cross-section surface. Each view of the 3-dimensional (3D) chip has shown different characteristics. The variation of chip dimensions with cutting parameters was also determined. The key findings of this study are: (a) the microstructural analysis shows that β phase experiences severe deformation and transformation to α phase in the second shear zone; (b) the phase transformation further leads to microhardness variations characterized by higher hardness at the surface and the lower hardness in the immediate subsurface; and (c) the shear band as well as the corner section of the chip shows increased hardness.
Stacked plating for metadiaphyseal fractures of the distal radius: A technique report

Combined injuries of the distal radius and shaft are rare, are usually caused by high energy, and pose a surgical dilemma. Surgical tactics and implants that are routinely used either for isolated fractures of the distal radius or for fractures of the radial shaft are often not applicable for this combined injury. We describe a technique of dual-stacked plating for these metadiaphyseal fractures and its use in two patients.
Social constraint as a determinant of attitudes to freedom

Abstract Discussions were carried out with students on the changes that had occurred in Western society in this century. It emerged that they believed that there had been an increase in bureaucratization with a resulting feeling of restriction; at the same time that there had been a growth in the value in which individual freedom was generally held. This suggested the hypothesis that, as people come to feel restricted in an organizational setting, their desire for freedom in quite other areas of living increases. This hypothesis is discussed in the context of Brehm's (1966) notion of psychological reactance. An experiment is reported in which subjects were given communications suggesting that their university was either a restrictive or a liberating place and that change was either likely or unlikely in this respect. Subsequent scores on a measure of the value of individual freedom were higher for those subjects who had been told that the university was restrictive.
What Should We Think about Wilber's Method?

Ken Wilber's book Sex, Ecology, Spirituality is a work of enormous scope, which seriously attempts to integrate the major fields of human knowledge. This article focuses on Wilber's methodology, which consists of (a) a phenomenology of all human knowledge conducted at the level of orienting generalizations, (b) selection of the coherent system that incorporates the greatest number of orienting generalizations, and (c) critique of less encompassing systems.
Nonlinear electrostatic drift waves: Higher-order structures

Abstract In this paper we will show that the Hasegawa-Mima equation (which governs the electrostatic drift waves in an inhomogeneous plasma) can possess generalized solitary-wave type solutions even when both the quadratic and cubic nonlinearities are included. Further, the Hasegawa-Mima equation is also shown to possess a double-layer type solution when both the quadratic and cubic nonlinearities are included provided a certain condition is satisfied.
The molecular refractive function of lens γ-crystallins

γ-Crystallins constitute the major protein component in the nucleus of the vertebrate eye lens. Present at very high concentrations, they exhibit extreme solubility and thermodynamic stability to prevent scattering of light and formation of cataracts. However, functions beyond this structural role have remained mostly unclear. Here, we calculate molecular refractive index increments of crystallins. We show that all lens γ-crystallins have evolved a significantly elevated molecular refractive index increment, which is far above those of most proteins, including nonlens members of the βγ-crystallin family from different species. The same trait has evolved in parallel in crystallins of different phyla, including S-crystallins of cephalopods. A high refractive index increment can lower the crystallin concentration required to achieve a suitable refractive power of the lens and thereby reduce their propensity to aggregate and form cataracts. To produce a significant increase in the refractive index increment, a substantial global shift in amino acid composition is required, which can naturally explain the highly unusual amino acid composition of γ-crystallins and their functional homologues. This function provides a new perspective for interpreting their molecular structure.
Merger decisions and executive stock ownership in acquiring firms

Abstract This study supports the proposition that managerial welfare affects merger decisions. The abnormal stock returns experienced by bidder firms, from the time of the announcement of a merger bid through the stockholder approval date, are positively related to the percentage of own-company stock held by the senior management of the bidder. The results suggest that substantial amounts of own-company share ownership help align the interests of stockholders and management.
Gastrointestinal Disease in Guinea Pigs and Rabbits

This article reviews diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal diseases in guinea pigs and rabbits. The review includes established causes of gastrointestinal disease in these species. The authors highlight syndromes that may be considered emerging or less-recognized causes of gastrointestinal stasis, including gastric dilation and volvulus in guinea pigs and lead toxicity, colonic entrapment, and liver torsion in rabbits. Practitioners should recommend initial diagnostics, including radiographs and blood work on guinea pigs and rabbits presenting with nonspecific signs of gastrointestinal stasis, to better determine possible cause and make the best treatment recommendations.
The benefit—cost analysis of alternative strategies for the control of bovine trypanosomiasis in Ethiopia

Abstract A benefit—cost analysis of trypanosomiasis control programs for an area of 1500 km2 in southwest Ethiopia, for a project span of 15 years at a discount rate of 10%, was conducted to determine cost effective and benefit maximizing alternatives. The trypanosomiasis control scenarios considered were: (a) reduction of tsetse flies by use of insecticides sprayed from knapsacks, (b) game reduction, (c) no control program. Information on costs was obtained from existing data. A Leslie type model was utilized to simulate the cattle population dynamics in southwest Ethiopia for trypanosomiasis controlled versus uncontrolled situations. From these results costs and benefits of control were quantified. The benefit—cost analysis using net present values (NPV) and benefit/cost (B/C) ratio as decision criteria of project feasibility and efficiency, indicated that insecticide application was preferable to game reduction. Estimates of present value costs were E$ 630.17 per km2 per year while the present value benefits were E$ 720.24 per km2 per year. The B/C ratio was 1.14 and net present value of the project was E$ 2.03 million. Sensitivity analysis and implications of the results are discussed.
Supplementary systems paradigms for different stages of societal evolution with special reference to war and peace

The need for different but supplementary paradigms, one applicable to ‘normal’ conditions and one applicable to conditions yielding structural change, is emphasized. The two paradigms are briefly contrasted and mathematical examples given. Three principles, dealing with systems that have evolved or have been driven far from equilibrium, are then presented. These principles concern themselves with the role of internal fluctuations, the role of external perturbations and fluctuations (noise), and the emergence of new structure at a more microscopic level even though the system appears to be ‘normal’ at a macroscopic level. Examples and discussion about meaning are provided for each principle. An extended example on nuclear weaponry, national security, and international stability follows. Structure and texture of societal fields are then contrasted. Next, the two paradigms are discussed in terms of theory and modeling as applicable to societal management, and differential applicability of the paradigms at different evolutionary or historical times is stressed. Criteria for paradigm choice are offered.
Reevaluation of Diagnostic Histoplasma Serologies

There are few quantitative guidelines for the interpretation of serologic tests for histoplasmosis. Furthermore, guidelines that have been proposed are not accepted generally. This report reviews experiences with complement fixation and latex agglutination tests performed in a large acute-care hospital in an endemic area, and depicts the relationship between the proportion of false-positive reactions and the titer at which the serologic tests were reactive. We noted a considerable number of false-positive reactions for these widely-used tests. Use of a battery of standard tests for histoplasmosis resulted in a 90% decrease in false-positive reactions. Reliance upon multiple positive results in such a battery of tests would result in failure to detect 50% of cases of disseminated histoplasmosis, but would eliminate most false positives.
Physical device simulation in a shrinking world

The effect of shrinking device dimensions from micrometers to nanometers on the validity of device simulators is examined. It is shown that the assumptions underlying the drift-diffusion equation weaken when applied to small devices. Using the Monte Carlo method to simulate the microscopic motion of several thousand carriers as they travel through a device, an alternative approach that is beginning to find wide application in device engineering is discussed. Because the Monte Carlo method directly mimics carrier motion at a microscopic level, it provides highly accurate, detailed, realistic simulations of carrier transport in devices. However, it imposes a heavy computational burden, and the noise associated with the use of a relatively small sample-a few thousand electrons-sometimes limits its application. Nevertheless, its advantages continue to grow as device dimensions shrink. As the devices shrink to dimensions below 100 nm, the wave nature of electrons will play an increasingly important role, and even semiclassical Monte Carlo techniques are inadequate. Quantum approaches for use in that regime are considered. >
Magneto-optical and magnetoelectric effects of topological insulators in quantizing magnetic fields

We develop a theory of the magneto-optical and magnetoelectric properties of a topological insulator thin film in the presence of a quantizing external magnetic field. We find that low-frequency magneto-optical properties depend only on the sum of top and bottom surface Dirac-cone filling factors ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\text{T}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\text{B}}$ whereas the low-frequency magnetoelectric response depends only on the difference. The Faraday rotation is quantized in integer multiples of the fine structure constant and the Kerr effect exhibits a $\ensuremath{\pi}/2$ rotation. Strongly enhanced cyclotron-resonance features appear at higher frequencies that are sensitive to the filling factors of both surfaces. When the product of the bulk conductivity and the film thickness in ${e}^{2}/h$ units is small compared to $\ensuremath{\alpha}$, magneto-optical properties are only weakly dependent on accidental doping in the interior of the film.
Purification and partial characterization of a single-chain high-molecular-weight form of urokinase from human urine.

Affinity chromatography on fibrin/celite, a previously described technique for isolating plasminogen activators with a high fibrin affinity (S. Husain, B. Lipinski, and V. Gurewich, 1981, Proc Nat. Acad. Sci. USA78, 4265–4269), was performed on freshly voided urine. About 10–25% of the plasminogen activator activity present was adsorbed whereas less than 1% was adsorbed when urine was stored at room temperature for 12–24 h. The adsorbed activator was isolated by elution with arginine (0.1 m) and further purified by gel filtration. This plasminogen activator was similar in molecular weight (56,000) to the known high-molecular-weight form of urokinase but differed from it by its binding affinity for fibrin/celite, single-chain subunit structure, lower specific activity (approximately 20,000 IU/mg), and slower reaction with diisopropylfluorophosphate. The enzymatic activity of the purified activator was quenched by anti-urokinase antibody and therefore established it to be a new form of urokinase. The relationship of this high affinity, single-chain urokinase to the previously described forms of urokinase is unclear.
Mean-field theory of intermediate valence/heavy fermion systems

Abstract In recent years the class of materials known as intermediate valent, Kondolattice or heavy-fermion systems has aroused much interest. The unusual properties of these materials arise from the behaviour of their 4f-(or 5f-)electrons. The strong electron-electron interactions within the 4f shell cause the f-bands of these rare earth or actinide metal containing species to show very high masses. Thus the densities of states are very high, leading to correspondingly high specific heats and magnetic susceptibilities. A mean field theory is described, based on the Anderson lattice model, in which these properties are straightforwardly explained. Its relationship to the 1/N expansion, and the corrections to mean field, are outlined.