cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A critical evaluation of the application of amino acid racemization to geochronology and geothermometry

In this review we have critically evaluated the application of the diagenetic racemization of amino acids to geochronology and geothermometry. Although there has been enthusiastic support given to this new method, it is our opinion that recent developments suggest a more cautious approach. We have discussed the pitfalls and inhereent complications, while outlining the advances which have been accomplished. We conclude that this is an innovative approach which will add valuable information to the scientific literature. However, since our fundamental understanding of diagnetic racemization is still limited, many of the age and paleotemperature estimates which have been assigned to fossil specimens may be unreliable.
Left atrial volume assessment in atrial fibrillation using multimodality imaging: a comparison of echocardiography, invasive three dimensional CARTO and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging

Left atrial size in atrial fibrillation is a strong predictor of successful ablation and cardiovascular events. Cardiac magnetic resonance multislice method (CMR-MSM) is the current gold standard for left atrial volume (LAV) assessment but is time consuming. We investigated whether LAV with more rapid area-length method by echocardiography (Echo-AL) or cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR-AL) and invasive measurement by 3D-CARTO mapping during ablation correlate with the CMR-MSM. We studied 250 consecutive patients prior to atrial fibrillation ablation. CMR images were acquired on 3T scanner to measure LAV by MSM and biplane area-length method. Standard echocardiography views were used to calculate LAV by biplane area-length method. LAV during ablation was measured by 3D-CARTO mapping. LAV was compared using intra-class correlation (ICC), Pearson’s correlation and Bland–Altman plots. CMR-MSM was used as the reference standard. Mean LAV using CMR-MSM was 112.7 ± 36.7 ml. CMR-AL method overestimated LAV by 13.3 ± 21.8 ml (11.2 %, p < 0.005) whereas 3D-CARTO and Echo-AL underestimated LAV by 8.3 ± 22.6 and 24.0 ± 27.6 ml respectively (8.7 % and 20.0 % respectively, p < 0.005). There was no significant difference between paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation. CMR-AL and 3D-CARTO correlated and agreed well with CMR-MSM (r = 0.87 and 0.74, ICC = 0.80 and 0.77 respectively). However, Echo-AL had poor correlation and agreement with CMR-MSM (r = 0.66 and ICC = 0.48). Bland–Altman plots confirmed these findings. CMR-AL method may be used as an alternative to CMR-MSM, as it is non-invasive, rapid, and correlates well with CMR-MSM. LAV by different modalities should not be used interchangeably.
A COMPARISON OF SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLE EVENT TIMESCALES WITH PROPERTIES OF ASSOCIATED CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS

The dependence of solar energetic proton (SEP) event peak intensities Ip on properties of associated coronal mass ejections (CMEs) has been extensively examined, but the dependence of SEP event timescales is not well known. We define three timescales of 20?MeV SEP events and ask how they are related to speeds v CME or widths W of their associated CMEs observed by LASCO/SOHO. The timescales of the EPACT/Wind 20?MeV events are TO, the onset time from CME launch to SEP onset; TR, the rise time from onset to half the peak intensity (0.5Ip); and TD, the duration of the SEP intensity above 0.5Ip. This is a statistical study based on 217 SEP-CME events observed during 1996-2008. The large number of SEP events allows us to examine the SEP-CME relationship in five solar-source longitude ranges. In general, we statistically find that TO declines slightly with v CME, and TR and TD increase with both v CME and W. TO is inversely correlated with log Ip, as expected from a particle background effect. We discuss the implications of this result and find that a background-independent parameter TO+TR also increases with v CME and W. The correlations generally fall below the 98% significance level, but there is a significant correlation between v CME and W which renders interpretation of the timescale results uncertain. We suggest that faster (and wider) CMEs drive shocks and accelerate SEPs over longer times to produce the longer TR and TD SEP timescales.
The development of the chromatophore response to light in the larvae of the crab,Uca pugilator

This study determines when the color rhythm appears in the developmental stages ofUca pugilator. After hatching, samples of larvae were raised through the five zoeal stages and one megalops to metamorphosis. Using the Hogben and Slome method, melanophore readings were recorded at 4 hr intervals from 0800 to 2000, EDT, for 21.5 consecutive days. These readings were recorded from the postero-lateral and postero-ventral margins of the cephalothorax in the zoeae and megalops, respectively. The experiment indicated no diurnal color rhythm upon hatching or throughout the zoeal stages. The primary and secondary chromatophore response developed at megalops.
The genetic basis for variation in the concentration of phenolic glycosides in Salix sericea: Clonal variation and sex-based differences

Abstract Many members of the Salicaceae produce phenolic glycosides, and the concentrations of these are known to vary among plants. We determined whether the concentration of two phenolic glycosides, salicortin and 2′-cinnamoyl salicortin, varied among clones of Salix sericea and whether this variation was due to the sex of the plant. We tested 16 clones, seven male and nine female, for variation in glycoside concentration and several plant growth rate parameters. The concentrations of salicortin and 2′-cinnamoyl salicortin varied extensively between clones and exhibited broad-sense heritability. Clones also varied in growth rate. Interestingly, none of these clone effects were due to differences between male and female plants. There was no correlation between shoot length and chemistry, although it appears that faster growing clones often produce lower concentrations of the two phenolic glycosides. We discuss these findings in relation to current theory concerning plant allocation to growth and defense.
Comparison of rates and kinetic isotope effects using PEG-modified variants and glycoforms of glucose oxidase: the relationship of modification of the protein envelope to C-H activation and tunneling.

An earlier investigation of the temperature dependencies of rates and kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) in glucose oxidase (GO) used variants that differed in the extent of glycosylation at the surface of the protein. Kohen et al. [Kohen, A., Jonsson, T., and Klinman, J. P. (1997) Biochemistry 36, 2603−2611] presented evidence that the KIE on the Arrhenius prefactor varied as a function of protein modification, concluding that the degree of hydrogen tunneling at the active site was dependent on changes in mass at the surface. We now examine GO proteins containing polyethylene glycol (PEG) at their surface and a more extensively glycosylated form of GO, to distinguish simple mass effects from other sources of altered catalytic behavior. One PEG variant was created by modifying deglycosylated GO with short PEG chains (average of 350 Da each), while another contained a smaller number of long PEG chains (average of 5000 Da each). The light (146 kDa) and heavy (211 kDa) PEG variants and the hyperglycosylated vari...
Reconciling Intellectual & Personal Property

Copyright law sets up an inevitable tension between the intellectual property of creators and the personal property of consumers — in other words, between copyrights and copies. For the better part of the last century, copyright law successfully mediated this tension through the principle of exhaustion — the notion that once a rights holder transfers a copy of a work to a new owner, its rights against that owner are diminished.Rather than an idiosyncratic carveout or exception, exhaustion is an inherent part of copyright law’s balance between the rights of creators and the rights of the public. Nonetheless, many rights holders and some courts see exhaustion as nothing more than a loophole or market inefficiency that allows consumers to make unauthorized uses of intellectual property rightly controlled by the copyright owner. Two developments threaten to curtail exhaustion and consumer interests. First, content owners have endeavored to eliminate the personal property interests of consumers, redefining the notion of ownership by characterizing their transactions with consumers as licenses. Second, the tangible copy is rapidly disappearing as copyright markets shift from the distribution of physical products to exchanges of networked information.In short, the equilibrium between personal and intellectual property that exhaustion enabled depends on doctrinal assumptions about the copyright marketplace that are quickly becoming outdated. By examining the basic functions of copy ownership, this Article will attempt to construct a notion of consumer property rights in digital media that acknowledges the shift away from tangible artifacts while preserving exhaustion’s central role in the intellectual property system.
Polymer deformation. II. Drawing of polyethylene single crystals

The effect of molecular weight average and distribution, defect type, fold plane type and orientation, and the presence of fold domain boundaries on the deformation characteristics of polyethylene single crystals drawn on a Mylar substrate has been investigated. Defect content is suggested to have a bigger effect than either molecular weight or distribution. Fold plans of the {100} type are shown to deform in a different fashion than those of the {110} type. Boundaries between {100} and {110} fold domains are greatly susceptible to failure whereas those between neighboring {110} fold domains are not. Clear evidence for deformation through {110} twinning and a crystal transformation is shown. Plastic deformation without molecular unfolding or fracture occurs in many polyethylene crystals for elongation up to at least 150%.
Temporal resolution of successive brief stimuli for the tongue and hand

The temporal resolving power of the tactile sensory system was examined by obtaining fusion thresholds for a two-pulse vibratory stimulus. Fusion thresholds were obtained from the tongue and thenar eminence of the hand for 24 adult subjects. The means of the fusion thresholds for the tongue (24.63 msec) for the thenar eminence (24.73 msec) were found to be statistically similar. The similarity in fusion thresholds for the two test sites suggests that for this suprathreshold task the tactile modality responds as a whole, regardless of body location. Results are discussed with respect to cutaneous fusion values already reported in the literature.
Two sesquiterpene lactones of Calea ternifolia var. Calyculata

Abstract Chemical analysis of Calea ternifolia var. calyculata yielded the known sesquiterpene lactone calein A, as well as two new modified heliangolid
Using Multicomponent VSP Data to Constrain S-wave Splitting Observed In Near Surface Seismic Reflection Data From the Savannah River Site.

We present the results of the rotation analysis of the VSP dataset, and use it to interpret splitting observed in shear-wave data from an east-west trending surface seismic line. There is significant scatter of the s-wave rotations observed in reflections from a clay and a calcareous sediment layer at depths of 19.5 and 30.5 m on the surface dataset near the location of the well, but the average angle is consistent with both the regional stress field and the rotation found from the VSP data. The rotation angles calculated from the horizontal components of the VSP have a relatively consistent direction of maximum stress with depth of N76°E + 12°. Our results show that the magnitude of s-wave splitting (SlS2) is approximately constant (2.7± 0.7 msec) in the upper 19.5 m (to the top of the Tan Clay). In the upper 9 to 10 m, this is possibly the result of non-vertical incidence due to source offsets and near-field complexities, since in the absence of effects due to the source and source offset influencing splitting, the value of Sl-S2 at the surface should be zero. Below 19.5 m, the magnitude of the shear-wave splitting increases continuously with depth to a value of 7.5 msec at the bottom of the well, implying between 5% and 6% anisotropy measurable below the Tan Clay.
An experimental test of the fermi-teller «Z-law»

Fermi and Teller predicted, in their classic paper on the slowing-down process of negative mesons, the relative probabilities with which the latter should be captured by the different atoms of a chemical compound. They concluded that theseatomic capture probabilities should be proportional to the nuclear charges,Z,i of the atoms considered. The experiments here described were carried out to check this prediction. They are based on the fact that negative muons reach rapidly theK-orbits around the nuclei of the atoms of the material in which they are slowed down, and disappear from these orbits (either by decay or absorption) at rates which are characteristic for the nuclei in question. Thus the time distribution of decay electrons emerging from a chemical compound in which muons are brought to rest presents in general as many exponential components as there are constituents ; their intercepts at time zero (entry of the muons into the material) are directly proportional ton,ipi where ni=fraction of component of atomic numberZ,i pi=capture probability into the mesicK-shell of atom of same constituent. Neglecting the possibility of transfer of muons between neighbouring atoms, thesepi are equivalent to the capture probabilities predicted by Fermi and Teller. The present experiments show that at least in insulators (A12O3, P2O5, SiO2, CC14, KOH, KHF2, p-dichlorobenzene) the predictions of Fermi and Teller do not hold. No weighting ofni withZi seems to arise, the lighter element being even preferred in some cases. As an explanation, it is pointed out that the energy loss to lattice vibrations, not considered by Fermi and Teller, may be an important mechanism in insulators for negative particles of nearly zero kinetic energy, i.e. at the point of being captured.
Space-based lidar systems

An overview of space-based lidar systems is presented, from the first laser altimeter on APOLLO 15 mission in 1971 to the Mercury Laser Altimeter on MESSENGER mission currently in orbit, and those currently under development.
N2O Emissions from a Nitrogen-Enriched River

Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from the South Platte River in Colorado were measured using closed chambers in the fall, winter, and summer of 1994−1995. The South Platte River was enriched in inorganic N (9−800 μM) derived from municipal wastewater effluent and groundwater return flows from irrigated agricultural fields. River water was as much as 2500% supersaturated with N2O, and median N2O emission rates from the river surface ranged from less than 90 to 32 600 μg-N m-2 d-1. Seventy-nine percent of the variance in N2O emission rates was explained by concentrations of total inorganic N in river water and by water temperature. The estimated total annual N2O emissions from the South Platte River were 2 × 1013−6 × 1013 μg-N yr-1. This amount of annual N2O emissions was similar to the estimated annual N2O emissions from all primary municipal wastewater treatment processes in the United States (1). Results from this study indicate that N-enriched rivers could be important anthropogenic sources of N2O to the a...
Effective in-class activities for middle school outreach programs

In the summer of 2007, we established the Utah State University Computer Science Outreach Laboratory as a partnership with a local K-8 school. One major advantage of this outreach program is that we are able to interact with all students in the target grades, not only those who are already interested in computers, as would happen with a computer club or other extracurricular program. This paper presents a sampling of the periodic in-class activities led by University faculty members and volunteer students. Through these activities participants have the opportunity to learn about a variety of computing topics. The core goal of this program is to increase the interest levels in computing among these young students. While the long-term effects are not immediately apparent, surveys of participating students indicate that activities are making a valuable impact. This is supported through our personal observations of, and interactions with, the student participants.
Mass bounds on additional weak bosons in models with fourth-generation fermions

If there are four generations of fermions, there may exist an additional, light, neutral gauge boson (Z${\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}_{0}$). Constraints on the mass and mixing angle of Z${\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}_{0}$ are obtained from neutral-current data and from high-energy pp\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} collider data. It is found that \ensuremath{\gtrsim}160 GeV.
Interactive performance environments and the visualisation of actor movement

The recent production of Eugene Ionesco’s Macbett at the UCLA Department of Theater was the department’s first performance to incorporate ‘interactive systems’ that allowed lighting and sound to adapt automatically to performer position and movement. Sensing and response technology on the stage is introduced here as a precursor to the smart home and office environments imagined by proponents of ‘ubiquitous computing’. This paper presents early two-dimensional visualisations of the performer tracking data and discusses their influence on systems development. A few possible extensions to the visualisation techniques given here are also discussed.
Electron interferences in the ionization of H2

Abstract Oscillatory structures observed in the velocity distributions of the ejected electron spectra from H 2 impacted by fast H + ( v / c ∼ 0.1) and Kr 34+ ( v / c ∼ 0.3) ions are reviewed. In addition to the primary Young-type electron interferences, secondary interferences due to intramolecular scattering, as well as considerably higher-frequency oscillations of as yet unknown origin, are observed. Dependences of the oscillations on the electron observation angle and collision velocity are discussed and compared with theory.
Technology transfer contracts between R&D labs and commercial partners: choose your words wisely

Our study is motivated by the problems encountered by external collaborators, particularly those between research and development laboratories and commercial partners, when writing technology transfer contracts. Kruskal–Wallis one-way nonparametric Analyses of Variance are used to analyze Cooperative Research and Development Agreements (CRADAs) from a national, Department of Defense laboratory in the United States of America. The CRADA information elements serve as the independent variables for the study. Benefits accrued by the laboratory serve as the dependent variable. The results highlight the link between information asymmetry and technology transfer and the connection between benefits obtained and contract specificity. Quantifying royalty streams in the CRADA increases the likelihood of achieving of these royalty payments. Too much contract detail may boomerang: limiting laboratory image enhancement, harming employee morale, and impeding efficient and effective laboratory management. Always, technology transfer involves a bargain: a contract where tacit knowledge must be nurtured and the amount of specificity managed.
Binding of formylmethionyl-tRNA and aminoacyl-tRNA to ribosomes.

Inhibition of aminoacyl-tRNA binding by the purified initiation factors f1 and f2 could be regarded as a mechanism for ensuring that only F-met-tRNA binds initially to the entry site, thereby preventing random or non-specific binding by aminoacyl-tRNA. This inhibition would be relieved by the hydrolysis of the GTP molecule normally involved in the binding of F-met-tRNA.
A nearly unbiased test for individual bioequivalence problems using probability criteria

Abstract Statistical bioequivalence has recently attracted lots of attention. This is perhaps due to the importance of setting a reasonable criterion on the part of a regulatory agency such as the FDA in the US in regulating the manufacturing of drugs (especially generic drugs). Pharmaceutical companies are obviously interested in the criterion since a huge profit is involved. Various criteria and various types of bioequivalence have been proposed. At present, the FDA recommends testing for average bioequivalence. The FDA, however, is considering replacing average bioequivalence by individual bioequivalence. We focus on the criterion of individual bioequivalence proposed earlier by Anderson and Hauck (J. Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics 18 (1990) 259) and Wellek (Medizinische Informatik und Statistik, vol. 71, Springer, Berlin, 1989, pp. 95–99; Biometrical J. 35 (1993) 47). For their criterion, they proposed TIER (test of individual equivalence ratios). Other tests were also proposed by Phillips (J. Biopharmaceutical Statist. 3 (1993) 185), and Liu and Chow (J. Biopharmaceutical Statist. 7 (1997) 49). In this paper, we propose an alternative test, called nearly unbiased test, which is shown numerically to have power substantially larger than existing tests. We also show that our test works for various models including 2×3 and 2×4 crossover designs.
In vivo two-photon imaging of T cell motility in joint-draining lymph nodes in a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis

Recent imaging studies on intact lymph nodes (LNs) of naive T cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic mice have reported that T cells reduce their motility upon contact with relevant antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Using in vivo two-photon imaging of T cells in joint-draining (JD) LNs, we examined whether similar changes in T cell motility are observed in wild type mice. Co-transfer of T cells from naive mice and antigen-experienced T cells from mice with proteoglycan (PG)-induced arthritis into naive or arthritic recipients resulted in prolonged interactions of antigen-experienced T cells with APCs upon intra-articular antigen (PG) injection, indicating that T cells from arthritic wild type mice recapitulate the motile behavior reported in naive TCR-transgenic mice. However, naive T cells also engaged in stable interactions with APCs in the JDLNs of arthritic recipients, suggesting an enhanced ability of APCs in the JDLNs of arthritic hosts to present antigen to either naive or antigen-experienced T cells.
User-configurable automatic shader simplification

Programmable shading is a fundamental technique for specifying appearance in 3d environments. While shading architectures provides fast execution of shaders, shader evaluation is today a major cost in the rendering process. In the same manner in which geometric simplification lets us deal with large models, it would be beneficial to have an automatic technique that trades off shader quality for speed.This paper presents such a technique by introducing a framework for the automatic simplification of complex procedural shaders, where a sequence of increasingly simplified shaders is generated starting from an original shader together with ranges for all of its input parameters. Our approach works by applying simplification rules to the code of a shader to generate a series of candidates, whose differences from the original one are measured and used to select the candidate with the smallest error. This procedure is repeated until the last shader is a constant. While this automatic procedure generates high quality simplified shaders, the artist might want to emphasize particular aspects of a shader during simplification. Our framework supports this desire by allowing the user to specify additional rules to be considered during simplification. The term user-configurable simplification comes from this feature of our system.We implemented our algorithm to support the simplification of fragment shaders running on graphics hardware. Our results show that automatic simplification of complex procedural shaders is possible with high quality.
Effect of pressure on photoluminescence and optical absorption in meh-ppv

Abstract We have studied the photoluminescence (PL) and optical absorption in MEH-PPV as a function of pressure up to 50 kbar. The PL and optical absorption bands redshift with pressure and the PL efficiency decreases dramatically. These features are similar to results reported earlier for pressure effects in unsubstituted PPV. However the initial pressure redshift in MEH-PPV is about twice as large as that in unsubstituted PPV, and the PL decays faster. The vibronic structure in the PL is maintained up to the highest pressures,
High precision determination of titration alkalinity and total carbon dioxide content of sea water by potentiometric titration

Abstract The titration alkalinity At and the total carbon dioxide concentration Σ CO2 of a sea water sample can be determined by direct potentiometric titration. The principles of a method first proposed by Dyrssen (1965) are discussed and a development of it described which allows measurements of At and Σ CO2 to be made at sea with an accuracy of ± 0·17% and ± 0·68% respectively at the 95% confidence limit.
A reduced degree of freedom method for simulating non-isothermal multi-phase flow in a porous medium

Abstract Two solution algorithms, with guaranteed memory savings over fully implicit methods, are presented for solving coupled processes in subsurface hydrology. They are applied to problems of non-isothermal multi-phase flow in porous media using both an equivalent continuum approximation and a dual-permeability approach. One algorithm uses an approximation of the Jacobian matrix during the Newton–Raphson iteration such that the coupled system of equations can be partitioned into a solution of some selected primary variables plus a back substitution procedure for the solution of the other variables. The second algorithm uses a similar procedure, except the operations are performed during the preconditioning phase of the solution of linear equations. Numerical forms were derived and the solution procedures were illustrated to reduce the problem from three unknowns per node to one for the single continuum formulation, and from six unknowns per node to two for the dual-permeability approximation. Simulation examples showed that the proposed method produced nearly identical results compared to the traditional fully implicit method while enjoying large memory savings and competitive CPU times.
Learned dynamics of reaching movements generalize from dominant to nondominant arm

Accurate performance of reaching movements depends on adaptable neural circuitry that learns to predict forces and compensate for limb dynamics. In earlier experiments, we quantified generalization...
Splicing of a yeast intron containing an unusual 5' junction sequence.

Abstract The Saccharomyces cerevisiae COX5b gene contains a small intron that is unique in two respects. First, it interrupts the ATG codon that initiates translation of the COX5b product. Second, it contains a sequence at the 5' splice junction (5'-GCATGT-3') that differs from the highly conserved yeast hexanucleotide (5'-GTAPyGT-3') and from the 5'-GT found at the corresponding position in nearly all introns of eucaryotic protein-coding genes. We have analyzed both the transcripts derived from the COX5b gene and the splicing of its intron. We show here that an unspliced mRNA precursor constituted a minor fraction of the total COX5b message, even when the gene was overexpressed. We also show that both major transcripts derived from COX5b had been spliced. Our results suggest that at least in the case of COX5b, a 5'-GC can function as efficiently as the highly conserved 5'-GT in the splicing reaction.
Influence of biologically enhanced organic production on antioxidant and sensory qualities of (Malus x domestica Borkh. cv Braeburn) apples

(Malus x domestica Borkh. cv Braeburn) apples grown at Royal City, WA, USA under biologically enhanced organic (BEO) methods with nutrient and microbial enhancements were compared with apples produced using conventional methods. Apples from the outer and inner tree canopies were evaluated for antioxidant capacity, soluble solids content (SSC), shelf life, and consumer acceptability by sensory taste panels. Formazan soil tests to estimate microbial activity were correlated with fruit properties. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in 2,2′-azino-bis[3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid]/Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (ABTS/TEAC) or 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH/TEAC) antioxidant capacity between BEO and conventional cv Braeburn apples. However, BEO apples had a higher level (P = 0.003) of total phenolics (TP) assessed by Folin–Ciocalteu reagent than conventional apples, and outer-canopy apples had higher SSC (P = 0.002), as well as higher TP, ABTS, and DPPH antioxidant properties (P < 0.01) compared to inner-canopy apples. BEO apples from both outer and inner canopies also had higher SSC (P < 0.001) than those conventionally grown. There was no difference in shelf life between BEO and conventional apples (P = 0.366), nor between outer-canopy and inner-canopy apples (P = 0.286). The overall acceptability sensory ratings for BEO apples were significantly higher (P < 0.001) than conventional fruits and outside-canopy fruits were rated superior to inner-canopy fruits (P < 0.001).
Agricultural Productivity and Poverty Reduction in Nepal

This paper provides for the first time a clear quantitative link between agricultural productivity and poverty among rural households in Nepal. Using data from a nationwide Nepal Living Standard Survey 2004, we first estimate household-specific productivity per worker under both Cobb–Douglas and translog production functions. Second, the paper identifies the determinants of productivity. Third, we explore a theoretical link between productivity and poverty using Sen's poverty index and find empirically that productivity growth substantially helps poverty reduction. Finally, the integrated effects of changes in productivity determinants are found to be stronger than the outcomes of sectoral policies taken in isolation.
Epigenetic regulation in adult stem cells and cancers

Adult stem cells maintain tissue homeostasis by their ability to both self-renew and differentiate to distinct cell types. Multiple signaling pathways have been shown to play essential roles as extrinsic cues in maintaining adult stem cell identity and activity. Recent studies also show dynamic regulation by epigenetic mechanisms as intrinsic factors in multiple adult stem cell lineages. Emerging evidence demonstrates intimate crosstalk between these two mechanisms. Misregulation of adult stem cell activity could lead to tumorigenesis, and it has been proposed that cancer stem cells may be responsible for tumor growth and metastasis. However, it is unclear whether cancer stem cells share commonalities with normal adult stem cells. In this review, we will focus on recent discoveries of epigenetic regulation in multiple adult stem cell lineages. We will also discuss how epigenetic mechanisms regulate cancer stem cell activity and probe the common and different features between cancer stem cells and normal adult stem cells.
Clinical significance of troponin elevations in acute decompensated diabetes without clinical acute coronary syndrome

Background Elevation of cardiac troponin has been documented in multiple settings without acute coronary syndrome. However, its impact on long-term cardiac outcomes in the context of acute decompensated diabetes remains to be explored.
The association of suicide attempts and comorbid depression and substance abuse in psychiatric consultation patients.

Substance abuse has been associated with attempted suicide and suicide. Few studies have examined the prevalence and associations of combined depression and substance abuse in suicide attempters. A chart review study of 1136 adult general hospital patients referred for psychiatric consultation between 1995 and 1998 was conducted to assess this further. Among 371 cases with self-harm, 311 (84%) attempted suicide. Suicide attempters were younger and diagnosed more often with comorbid substance abuse than patients without self-harm. Depressive disorders were found in 59% and substance abuse disorders in 46%. Comorbid depression and substance abuse was the most frequent category in suicide attempters, i.e., in 37%. Self-reported suicide intent was associated with increasing age, male gender, and comorbid depression and substance abuse. The suicide rate in suicide attempters was 322 per 100,000 patient-years, and 131 per 100,000 in consultation patients without self-harm. It is concluded that comorbid depression and substance abuse is associated with attempted suicide in psychiatric consultation patients. Suicide attempters should be thoroughly assessed for substance abuse. The increased suicide rate in psychiatric consultation patients with and without suicide attempts warrants further research.
A comparative structural study of ternary graphite intercalation compounds containing alkali metals and linear or branched amines

Abstract New donor-type ternary graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) containing alkali metals and branched amines are prepared by direct reaction of graphite with the alkali metal and amine. The new GICs include M(iC3)0.4C15–18 (M = Li, Na; iC3 = iso-propylamine; di = 0.76 nm) with a monolayer intercalate arrangement; and Na(sC4)1.6C18 (sC4 = sec-butylamine; di = 1.34 nm) and Na(iC4)2.0C28 (iC4 = iso-butylamine; di = 1.28 nm) with bilayer arrangements. Li-sC4-GIC and K-iC3-GIC are not formed using this reaction chemistry. M-iC3-GICs show galleries expanded by 0.06 nm more than that for M(nC3)0.7–0.8C16 (M = Li, Na; nC3 = n-propylamine). Unlike the case of rigid-sheet hosts where branched amines intercalate at a lower rate and with lower amine content, M-sC4-GICs and M-iC4-GICs readily form intercalate bilayers.
Variables during swing associated with decreased impact peak and loading rate in running

When the foot impacts the ground in running, large forces and loading rates can arise that may contribute to the development of overuse injuries. Investigating which biomechanical factors contribute to these impact loads and loading rates in running could assist clinicians in developing strategies to reduce these loads. Therefore, the goals of our work were to determine variables that predict the magnitude of the impact peak and loading rate during running, as well as to investigate how modulation of knee and hip muscle activity affects these variables. Instrumented gait analysis was conducted on 48 healthy subjects running at 3.3m/s on a treadmill. The top four predictors of loading rate and impact peak were determined using a stepwise multiple linear regression model. Forward dynamics was performed using a whole body musculoskeletal model to determine how increased muscle activity of the knee flexors, knee extensors, hip flexors, and hip extensors during swing altered the predictors of loading rate and impact peak. A smaller impact peak was associated with a larger downward acceleration of the foot, a higher positioned foot, and a decreased downward velocity of the shank at mid-swing while a lower loading rate was associated with a higher positioned thigh at mid-swing. Our results suggest that an alternative to forefoot striking may be increased hip flexor activity during swing to alter these mid-swing kinematics and ultimately decrease the leg's velocity at landing. The decreased velocity would decrease the downward momentum of the leg and hence require a smaller force at impact.
Relationship of multispectral satellite data to land surface evaporation from the Australian continent

Based on NOAA-9 AVHRR and Nimbus-7 SMMR satellite data, satellite indices of vegetation from the Australian continent are calculated for the period of May 1986 to April 1987. Visible (VIS) and near infrared (NIR) reflectances and the normalized difference (ND) vegetation index are calculated from the AVHRR sensor. The microwave polarization difference (PD) is also calculated as the difference between the vertically and horizontally polarized brightness temperatures at 37 GHz. ND, PD, VIS, and NIR indices were plotted against rainfall and water balance estimates of evaporation. It is concluded that direct satellite monitoring of annual evaporation across the Australian continent using PD or VIS satellite indices of vegetation biomass appears possible for areas with evaporation less than 600 mm/y and that use of the ND relationship at continental scale may underpredict monthly evaporation of forests relative to agriculture.
Semantics in Cognitive Radio

This paper characterizes key semantics issues in shaping cognitive radio behavior to realize social contracts and business logic via cognitive radio behavioral semantics, with an immediate need for IEEE P1900.5 policy languages. The paper shows the current lack of consensus on the scope and needs of policy languages, tracing roots to differences among regulatory, financial, business, and technical domains. Cognitive linguistics, an emerging theory of human language acquisition and use shows why this is the case and may assist in formulating a semantic signal processing language (SSPL) that addresses the diverse needs of the regulators, network operators, and software developers for cognitive radio. This investigation underscores shortfalls of ontology alone in expressing behavioral semantics needed for cognitive radio to evolve from dynamic spectrum to self-aware, user-aware policy-astute distributed agent behaviors.
Simulation and control of a motor drive system

A microcomputer is used to simulate and control a motor drive system. The overall computer-controlled motor drive system is modeled and simulated using the graphical language SIMULINK. The control algorithm is implemented in real-time using the C programming language. Results obtained from computer simulations are compared with laboratory findings.
Studying home health care nurses and aides: research design and challenges:

Home health care (HHC) is growing rapidly and yet health and safety conditions of HHC clinicians are poorly understood. Study of this workforce presents unique challenges because it is decentralised, often part-time and mobile. As part of a larger project on sharps injuries and blood exposures in HHC, this paper addresses the challenges of recruiting a large cohort of HHC nurses and aides and describes novel cross-sectional survey methodology. Recruitment was conducted with cooperation from eight HHC agencies and two labour unions. Intensive personal contacts and a financial incentive ($25) were employed. Some groups of HHC clinicians could be contacted only by mail, while others were contacted during a promotional “mini-fair” at their agency. A total of 1772, 18-page health and safety surveys were distributed and 1225 usable surveys were collected. This 69% overall response rate is better than that in many recent health surveys. Survey returns were highest (67—91%) where promotional events were held. The...
Vibration and impulsivity analysis of hand held olive beaters.

To provide more effective evaluations of hand arm vibration syndromes caused by hand held olive beaters, this study focused on two aspects: the acceleration measured at the tool pole and the analysis of the impulsivity, using the crest factor. The signals were frequency weighted using the weighting curve Wh as described in the ISO 5349-1 standard. The same source signals were also filtered by the Wh-bl filter (ISO/TS 15694), because the weighting filter Wh (unlike the Wh-bl filter) could underestimate the effect of high frequency vibration on vibration-induced finger disorders. Ten (experienced) male operators used three beater models (battery powered) in the real olive harvesting condition. High vibration total values were obtained with values never lower than 20 m(-2). Concerning the crest factor, the values ranged from 5 to more than 22. This work demonstrated that the hand held olive beaters produced high impulsive loads comparable to the industry hand held tools.
Introduction: The Development of Technology in Eastern and Western Europe

In 1989 the Communist regimes in Eastern Europe collapsed suddenly and totally.1 One cannot but admire the courage of the people who in the name of freedom stood up to their totalitarian governments and forced them to resign. Their actions marked glorious moments in the tradition of modern liberation. Adam Michnik put it his way.
Urban stream deserts: Mapping a legacy of urbanization in the United States

Abstract Protecting, as well as restoring, natural resources within the urban landscape has environmental and economic importance, especially as the global population continues to shift towards urban areas. One extreme legacy of rapid development and urbanization is stream burial. Here, riverless urban areas are mapped in 11 Megaregions within the United States, with additional focus on the Great Lakes, using a semi-automated, geoprocessing workflow completed within ArcMap10.2. Combining U.S. Census Bureau Urban Areas (UAs), Impervious Surface Coverage (ISC) from the 2011 National Land Cover Dataset (NLCD), and National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) flowlines, allowed the delineation of urban stream deserts (UrbSDs), or watershed areas where stream channels have likely been buried or removed. Approximately 6.2% of the area of UAs (or 11,490 km2) within the 11 Megaregions are UrbSD, and they are most prevalent in major cities in the North California and Great Lakes Megaregions. More specifically, 537 UrbSD exist within the Great Lakes Megaregion, with Detroit (MI) and Chicago (IL) comprising some of the largest UrbSDs in the United States. Regardless of Megaregion, UrbSDs represent the most intensely urbanized components of the urban environment, as UrbSDs have higher population densities, impervious surface coverage and developed land uses than adjacent urban areas. UrbSD are unique, but poorly understood, components of the urban ecosystem that highlights the consequences of sacrificing long-term environmental sustainability (e.g., ecosystem services) for short-term economic growth (rapid development).
I'd Love To Live In Loveland With A Girl Like You

Varying publisher's advertisements on front inside cover, back inside cover, and back cover. [note]
Surgical techniques to avoid lateral dog ear of the mastectomy scar: A systematic review

Abstract Introduction Mastectomy is commonly performed for breast cancer. However, a dog ear may arise at the lateral aspect of the mastectomy scar. This dog ear is not only unsightly but can also be a source of discomfort. While various surgical techniques have been reported to tackle this lateral dog ear, there is no standardized technique. We hence conduct the first systematic review of these surgical techniques with the aim of comparing the merits and limitations of each technique. Methods A systematic literature search using the search terms "mastectomy scar", "mastectomy dog ear", "mastectomy lateral fold" and "mastectomy cosmesis" was performed. All relevant articles written in English and involving human subjects were included. Results There were 2503 potentially relevant articles but only 12 articles met the inclusion criteria. The ‘fish-shaped' incision or Y closure and its variations were the most commonly described techniques. Other techniques include the ‘tear-drop' incision, ‘L' scar technique etc. ‘Fish-shaped' incision or Y closure is safe and provides good exposure to the axilla but its limitations are that of an additional scar and risk of skin necrosis at the apex of the Y incision. The other techniques attempt to eliminate the lateral dog ear while avoiding the complications associated with the ‘fish-shaped' incision or Y closure. Conclusion Various surgical techniques to tackle lateral dog ear of the mastectomy scar have been described, each with its own merits and limitations. ‘Fish-shaped' incision or Y closure is the most commonly described technique that has been prospectively assessed and was concluded to be safe.
Effects of aldicarb applied side-dress to cotton on some arthropods in the Monroe County, Mississippi, boll weevil diapause-control area in 1969.

The effects of aldicarb on boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis Boheman; Heliothis larvae; and beneficial predators was investigated in large fields of cotton with and without boll weevil sex-attractant traps. Three of the fields in the Monroe County, Miss., boll weevil diapausecontrol area had boll weevil sex-attractant traps, and with 2 lb (0.9 kg) active ingredient of aldicarb applied as a side-dress application to cotton in the pin-head square stage, season-long boll weevil control was obtained. Three aldicarb-treated fields without boll weevil sex-attractant traps had 39 days of boll weevil control. Heliothis larvae became an economic problem earlier in the aldicarb-treated fields than in the control fields. Predator reduction was drastic in the aldicarb-treated fields after the first rain. The predator population generally increased in the control fields until they were treated for control of Heliothis larvae or boll weevils later in the season.
Hemophilic pseudotumor of the mandible

Hemophilic pseudotumor of bone is a rarely encountered lesion associated with hemophilia. To date, only eight cases in the mandible have been reported in the literature. A rare case occurring in the mandible of a 2 1/2-year-old child required the fabrication of a customized wound obturator for postoperative wound care after surgical curettage. The literature is reviewed and the obturator described.
Ultrasonic movement of corticosteroids into pig tissues.

Summary1. Pig muscle contained an average of 0.31 γ of cortisol per 10 g when analyzed by McLaughlin's modification of Sweat's fluorescence method. 2. After inunction of an ointment containing cortisol followed by exposure to ultrasonic energy an average of 0.82 γ per 10 g of muscle was found.
Administration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in vivo depresses endothelium-dependent relaxation.

Although depressed endothelium-dependent relaxation occurs during early sepsis, the precise mechanism responsible for this remains unknown. Because the elevated levels of plasma tumor necrosis fact...
The Ethics of Reading: The Case for Pluralistic and Transactional Reading

My project is to define a humanistic poetics as an ideological and theoretical alternative to deconstruction even while calling into question the hierarchical role that ideology and theory have been playing in literary discussion. This project began with my book The Humanistic Heritage: Critical Theories of the English Novel from James to Hillis Miller (1986), in which I sought to define the theoretical underpinnings of Anglo-American criticism, and continues in my Reading Joyce’s ‘Ulysses’ (1987) and The Transformation of the English Novel, 1890–1930 (1989). Within my larger project of defining a theoretical base for humanistic formalism, I shall in this chapter focus on the reader.
Research on the Construction of Electric Power Group Supervision Center

The construction of supervision center can stimulate Electric Power Group to make rapid and correct decisions on business management and operation to its subsidiaries.With direct,graphical,pictorial method,the supervision center can acquire decision-making information by calculating,clustering and analyzing various data from business management and operation.The supervision center also offers information display,query and promulgation.This paper takes the attempts and thoughts of China Huaneng group supervision center construction as an example,analyses the basic functions of this application,and also introduces the experiences,problems needed to pay attention to,and achievements of the construction process.