cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Body Size Estimations, Body Dissatisfaction, and Ideal Size Preferences in Children Six Through Thirteen

Results of the second year of a 3-year longitudinal study on children's body size estimations are reported. Participants were 216 male and female children age 6 through 13. Body size estimations were measured using a TV-video methodology. Three psychophysical procedures measured perceived body size, idealized size, and body dissatisfaction. Self-esteem, body esteem, birth order, number of siblings, and parents' socioeconomic status (SES) were measured.
Mstatecox: A Package for Simulating Transition Probabilities from Semiparametric Multistate Survival Models:

Multistate duration models are a valuable tool used in multiple fields to examine how subjects move through a series of discrete phases and stages. The models themselves may be fit using common sta...
Unconventional ST2- and CD127-negative lung ILC2 populations are induced by the fungal allergen Alternaria alternata.

We demonstrate that unconventional ST2- and CD127-negative ILC2 populations are present in mouse lung and are induced by Alternaria, suggesting commonly used ILC2 identification practices do not accurately enumerate the total burden of type 2 cytokine producing ILC2s.
Student well‐being and the learning environment

BACKGROUND Medical student well-being is a critical issue in medical education and is linked to burnout and resilience. Understanding the impact of the clinical learning environment may be crucial to developing effective curricular interventions. Medical student well-being is a critical issue in medical education OBJECTIVE: To determine factors affecting medical student well-being and perceived stress during clinical clerkships and describe any associations with the learning environment, resilience, and performance. METHODS This was a retrospective study of one cohort of medical students surveyed at the conclusion of third-year clinical clerkships using the Medical School Learning Environment Scale, Brief Resilience Scale, Perceived Stress Scale, and the World Health Organization Well-Being Index. The United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE), Step 1 scores and clerkship performance were also collected. Analysis included Pearson correlations and linear regression. RESULTS Of the 204 students completing the clerkships, 146 students completed the survey (72%). Well-being correlated positively with learning environment (r = 0.43) and resilience (r = 0.35, p < 0.01). Stress was negatively correlated with learning environment (r = -0.34) and resilience (r = -0.53, p < 0.01). Well-being was not significantly correlated with performance measures. However, stress demonstrated a weak positive correlation with clerkship performance (r = 0.17, p < 0.05). The overall regression models for well-being and stress were statistically significant (p < 0.001) and explained 23% and 26% of the variance, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our study found that well-being and stress are associated with students' resilience and perception of the learning environment in the clinical phase of medical school. However, we found no relationship between well-being and performance and a modest positive relationship between stress and performance. This data helps to illustrate the complex relationship between these factors.
Deep Feature Clustering for Remote Sensing Imagery Land Cover Analysis

In this letter, we propose a chip-based technique for large-scale, automatic land cover clustering of high-resolution remote sensing imagery (HR-RSI) using deep visual features from a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) along with the fuzzy c-means algorithm. The proposed method, unlike traditional methods, facilitates utilizing transfer learning techniques for deep neural models that are fined-tuned to satellite imagery for feature extraction. Then, a large conterminous region of imagery is acquired from HR-RSI data providers and scanned to extract visual features utilizing the transfer learned model. Broad-area thematic and contextual understanding of the geographic land cover is efficiently achieved using feature reduction, chip-based clustering analysis, and geospatial rendering of the clusters. We explore a variety of fuzzy clusterings and their resulting utility for spatial analysis. The spatial densities of the clusters, numerical analysis, and geographic aggregations show that our proposed approach is effective in examining the land cover of the earth.
Addie Kinsinger: Memories of Addie

Addie Kinsinger served AECT and all its members for more than seven decades. Her dedication to the teaching/learning profession and her love for the educators that kept that community of educators in the classroom lived in her heart. She was driven to serve. As a library-media specialist, she loved books and film and children and parents and teachers. And she fell in love with instructional television, its power for learning and its appeal for generating the very basic learning needs of all people: curiosity for the world we live in, discovery of new ideas, and the amazement that comes from the learning experience.
The production of valuable biopolymer precursors from fructose

The increasing demand for green chemical products calls for the exploration of sustainable and renewable carbon resources beyond fossil-based materials, whose utilization inevitably results in environmental concerns. As such, biomass valorisation has attracted increasing attention because biomass is the most widely available and sustainable carbon source. Among the available biomass-derived platform chemicals, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) has long been regarded as an attractive candidate for the production of numerous value-added products. Nevertheless, the poor stability, and difficult separation and purification of HMF from fructose dehydration significantly inhibit its large-scale application. Herein, we report a two-step process for the direct production of two biopolymer precursors, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) and 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF), from fructose, bypassing the isolation of HMF. FDCA and BHMF are much easier to separate and purify from the reaction mixture than HMF, and they both can replace petroleum-based counterparts in the syntheses of many industrially important polymers, ranging from polyesters to polyamides. Optimized fructose dehydration under microwave irradiation achieved a high HMF yield (83%) using a biphasic strategy. The subsequent electrocatalytic conversion of the resulting microwave reaction mixture allowed us to carry out either oxidation or reduction via readily tuning the electrochemical parameters to yield FDCA or BHMF, respectively. The integration of microwave irradiation and electrocatalysis in a flow electrolyzer enabled the direct conversion of readily available fructose to highly valuable FDCA and BHMF without the expensive and challenging step of HMF isolation, suggesting an economically attractive approach for upgrading carbohydrates.
Understanding the formation of rubbernecking queues on urban freeways

Abstract Rubbernecking on freeways is a common problem that arises when queuing traffic develops in the opposite direction of a freeway incident. The goals of this study are to evaluate the effects of rubbernecking on traffic, investigate incident and freeway characteristics associated with it, evaluate rubbernecking models, and analyze drivers’ behavior in relationship to rubbernecking. To this end, traffic data around a major incident were analyzed. Results revealed that rubbernecking can instigate significant queue lengths, congestion durations, and traffic delays. In addition, analysis of 637 incidents revealed that 12% of incidents instigated rubbernecking queues. A logistic regression model was also fitted to the data. Results from the model suggest that on-ramps, high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes, and percent of trucks are factors associated with rubbernecking. In addition, validation analyses of rubbernecking models pointed to limitations of estimated statistical models in effectively predicting rubbernecking events. Furthermore, results from a drivers’ behavior self-reporting survey suggest that a majority of drivers tend to decrease their speed around an incident in the opposite direction of traffic. It was also observed that respondents attributed these actions to habits and behavior more frequently than incident and freeway characteristics. Findings from this work can be used to help develop targeted rubbernecking traffic control measures, enhance rubbernecking data collection methods and modeling, and advance behavioral interventions to reduce the onset of rubbernecking queues on freeways.
Automated Ligand Purification Platform Accelerates Immunopeptidome Analysis by Mass Spectrometry.

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-presented peptides (pMHC) give insight into T cell immune responses, a critical step toward developing a new generation of targeted immunotherapies. Recent instrumentation advances have propelled mass spectrometry to being arguably the most robust technology for discovering and quantifying naturally presented pMHC from cells and tissues. However, sample preparation has remained a major limitation due to time-consuming and labor-intensive workflows. We developed a high-throughput and automated platform with enhanced speed, sensitivity, and reproducibility relative to prior studies. This pipeline is capable of processing up to 96 samples in 6 h or less yielding high-quality pMHC mixtures ready for mass spectrometry. Here, we describe our efforts to optimize purification and mass spectrometer parameters, ultimately allowing us to identify as many as almost 5000 pMHC I and 7400 pMHC II from as little as 2.5 × 107 Raji cells each. We believe that this platform will facilitate and accelerate immunopeptidome profiling and benefit clinical research for immunotherapies.
Computational scanning tunneling microscope image database.

We introduce the systematic database of scanning tunneling microscope (STM) images obtained using density functional theory (DFT) for two-dimensional (2D) materials, calculated using the Tersoff-Hamann method. It currently contains data for 716 exfoliable 2D materials. Examples of the five possible Bravais lattice types for 2D materials and their Fourier-transforms are discussed. All the computational STM images generated in this work are made available on the JARVIS-STM website ( https://jarvis.nist.gov/jarvisstm ). We find excellent qualitative agreement between the computational and experimental STM images for selected materials. As a first example application of this database, we train a convolution neural network model to identify the Bravais lattice from the STM images. We believe the model can aid high-throughput experimental data analysis. These computational STM images can directly aid the identification of phases, analyzing defects and lattice-distortions in experimental STM images, as well as be incorporated in the autonomous experiment workflows. Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.13573820
Insurance Coverage for Non-standard Workers: Experiences of Temporary Workers, Freelancers, and Part-time Workers in the USA, 2010–2017

To estimate insurance disparities across non-standard employment categories and to determine how coverage disparities shifted following health reform in 2014. We analyzed nationally representative data on working-age adults from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) (2010–2012 and 2015–2017, N=79,182) to estimate insurance rates across three groups of non-standard workers (full-time temporary workers, freelancers, and part-time workers) compared to standard workers. Uninsurance decreased after health reform for all groups of non-standard workers, ranging from a 10.0- to 14.3-percentage point decline (p<0.001). Yet, uninsurance rates remained high for freelancers (30.8%), full-time temporary workers (25.1%), and part-time workers (17.9%) relative to standard workers (11.9%) in 2015–2017 (p<0.001). Residence in a Medicaid expansion state was associated with lower uninsurance rates for all categories of workers. Workers in non-standard jobs continue to face challenges obtaining health insurance coverage. Our findings highlight the continued high risk of uninsurance for full-time temporary workers and freelancers.
Creating an annual evaluation framework for library faculty

Abstract This article describes the faculty-lead process and outcomes of a collaborative annual library faculty evaluation project. The authors share the process used at Boise State University's Albertsons Library, including the drivers, team member roles, communication strategies, challenges, discoveries, revision process, evaluation criteria, and the implemented framework. One key discovery is that while library faculty seek the clarity and transparency that a framework can provide in the evaluation process, they often favor differing evaluation criteria, thereby necessitating a structured yet flexible framework. The personal nature of assessing one's work made it an emotional process requiring sensitivity; and while evaluations can never be fully objective, faculty highly value consistent implementation. These findings add complexity to the process of creating a faculty evaluation framework suitable for everyone's needs. There is little scientific research in library sciences on this topic, and much of it is not current. As a result, the library faculty intend to continue to evaluate this process over time.
Designing plasmonic nanoparticle lattices for directional, in-plane lasing

Band structures engineering of periodic optical structures enables the control of light propagation and localization. Although photons trapped inside 2D lattices can be described within the first Brillouin zone in reciprocal space, the wavevectors of scattered photons outside the lattice are limited by the 3D light cone, which depicts the free-photon dispersion in the surroundings. Because plasmonic nanoparticle lattices show unique dual properties of light trapping and strong scattering, this material platform is promising for investigations of radiative losses. This talk describes how light-cone surface lattice resonance (SLRs) from plasmonic nanoparticle lattices allow the observation of radiated electromagnetic fields. We theoretically predicted the angular distributions of the radiated fields, and experimentally probed the light-cone SLR modes by in-plane lasing emission. These results provide a nanolaser design strategy to achieve tunable lasing colors by lattice rotation.
Reconstruction Attack on Instance Encoding for Language Understanding

A private learning scheme TextHide was recently proposed to protect the private text data during the training phase via so-called instance encoding. We propose a novel reconstruction attack to break TextHide by recovering the private training data, and thus unveil the privacy risks of instance encoding. We have experimentally validated the effectiveness of the reconstruction attack with two commonly-used datasets for sentence classification. Our attack would advance the development of privacy preserving machine learning in the context of natural language processing.
Darwin, Charles Robert (1809–82)

Charles Darwin (1809–82) became an evolutionist on the basis of biogeographical evidence. His theory of natural selection, based upon individualistic reproductive competition, explained evolution without recourse to teleology or the supernatural. He presented the basic arguments for evolution and natural selection in his book On the Origin of Species , published in 1859. He elaborated upon his ideas in a series of books that dealt with a remarkably wide range of evolutionary topics. Darwin was largely responsible for establishing the modern evolutionary point of view and initiating many lines of investigation that continue to the present day.
A novel approach to optimal packing using composite object geometry

Efficient packing in a limited space has been a topic of interest in several disciplines such as engineering, management, computer science, and operations research. In these areas, engineers and scientists have been working with various algorithms to reduce the computational complexity, develop complex part overlap detection, and reduce overall computational time over the last 40 years. How to optimally place patterns over a given space is a complex task because the problem is highly non-linear. Current research addresses both of these to some extent. A simple approach on modeling complex 2 dimensional objects as composites combining regular geometries is given. This greatly simplifies the overlap detection for the packing of these objects within a minimum area. Furthermore, since no overlap needs to be calculated between the shapes within a composite area, overall number of overlap detection is also reduced. Several 2 dimensional example problems are used to demonstrate the approach.
Faulting patterns near 19°30′S on the East Pacific Rise: Fault formation and growth at a superfast spreading center

[1] Structural mapping from high-resolution sonar and bathymetric data collected near 19°30′S on the southern East Pacific Rise (EPR) reveals multiple packets of small, closely spaced outward-dipping faults that form antithetic to larger inward-dipping faults. The mean spacing and height of inward-dipping scarps are ∼1.6 and ∼1.9 times greater than those of outward-dipping faults, and the median spacing and height of inward-dipping scarps are ∼2.0 and ∼1.7 times greater, respectively. Accordingly, inward-dipping faults are less abundant (35–45%) but accommodate more (50–55%) of the roughly ∼4.0% strain. Although previous studies have shown that EPR fault populations exhibit exponential size-frequency distributions, one-dimensional throw and spacing data from the 19°30′S region are not described well by this model. The first major (>40 m scarp height) fault is observed within 1–4 km of the ridge crest and invariably dips inward. Further off-axis, a transition from greater inward-dipping to greater outward-dipping fault abundance constrains the minimum half width of the active plate boundary zone to be ∼5–15 km. Inspection of additional data sets from 16° and 18°30′S indicates a pattern of large inward-dipping faults with associated hanging wall deformation similar to that observed in the 19°30′S region. This pattern is distinct from the horst and graben morphology observed along the fast spreading northern EPR. The pervasive hanging wall deformation observed on the flanks of the southern EPR suggests master fault geometries that are more sharply curved or kinked at depth, relative to their abyssal hill equivalents on the northern EPR. Boundary element modeling indicates the pattern and geometry of faulting observed along the southern EPR is consistent with fault nucleation above a shallow, sill-like magma chamber with internal overpressure. Since the influence of the sill on fault growth is strongly dependent on the depth of the sill, the different patterns of faulting observed along the northern and southern EPR may reflect the small difference in axial magma chamber depth between these two regions, with a slightly shallower chamber beneath the southern EPR.
Random Processes and Stochastic Systems

This chapter contains sections titled: Chapter Focus Probability and Random Variables (RVs) Statistical Properties of RVs Statistical Properties of Random Processes (RPs) Linear RP Models Shaping Filters and State Augmentation Mean and Covariance Propagation Relationships Between Model Parameters Orthogonality Principle Summary Problems
Between Baseball and Bullfighting: The Quest for Nationality in Cuba, 1868–1898

It is certain that the game does not belong to us. It has come to us from the North: more than sufficient guarantee that baseball will find a secure place among us, for we recognize that from the North American people there can come nothing that does not teach, that does not moralize, that does not fortify-in a word, that does not serve to fulfill some of the initiatives of the great law of progress that our neighbors have adopted: "Go ahead.!" The American sport does not attract a multitude desirous of seeing blood; it attracts a public wishing to pay homage to reason and justice, which serves to teach and moralize. -El Sport (Havana), July 1, 1886
Empyema in children

Summary One hundred and thirty-three consecutive cases of acute empyema in children under 14 years of age are presented. They occurred over a twenty-five-year period at the Henrietta Egleston Hospital for Children in Atlanta. Incidence and mortality by age, sex, year, season, and causal organism are discussed. Incidence and mortality are highest for the youngest children and incidence is constantly higher in boys than in girls. Mortality rate bears little relation to incidence except with respect to age. Chemotherapy has reduced incidence to almost the vanishing point since 1947 but has had no effect upon mortality and morbidity once empyema has developed. Relative mortality from staphylococcus and pneumococcus varies so greatly from year to year that little predictive reliance can be placed upon it. Adequate drainage including aspiration and open resection has not been replaced as the treatment of choice. Alert observation, special care, and constant attention are necessary in children under 2 years of age.
Structure and expression of the woodchuck herpesvirus genome

This report describes the genome structure and location from which immediate-early transcription originates in the recently characterized woodchuck herpesvirus (herpesvirus marmota: HVM). Cross-hybridization of restriction fragments indicates that the HVM genome contains a tandem array of 1.5-kb repeat units. Additionally, terminal labeling and exonuclease experiments demonstrate that the repeated sequences lie at the termini of the genome. Hybridization of probes representing immediate-early transcription indicates that only a single predominant species of immediate-early RNA originates from a region near one end of unique sequences in the HVM genome. These results show remarkable similarity with group 2 of the gammaherpesvirinae. However, no homology was detected by conventional Southern blot hybridization between HVM and the gamma-2 prototype, herpesvirus saimiri. Therefore, we propose HVM to be a new member of the gammaherpesvirinae subfamily of herpesviruses.
An object-based cost of visual filtering.

Although evidence for object-based attention has been reported in a variety of paradigms, few studies have examined directly the relationship between efficiency in the processing of targets and the number of intervening distractors. In five experiments, observers judged whether the vertices of two relevant shapes were of the same height. Experiments 1 and 2 manipulated observers’ perceptual set so that identical stimulus displays were perceived as containing either intervening or flanking distractors. The observers were faster when the distractors were flanking rather than intervening between the targets. Experiments 3–5 varied the number of intervening distractors directly. The observers’ response latencies correlated positively with the distractor set-size. Because the distractors were highly discriminable from the targets and the spatial separation between the targets and their interactions with the adjacent distractors were held constant, it was unlikely that the differential reaction times across the conditions were caused by lateral inhibition or response competitions from the distractors. The results suggest the existence of an object-based filtering cost. The implications of the present data for attentional selection over noncontiguous regions are also discussed.
The electrical substrate of vagal atrial fibrillation as assessed by the signal-averaged electrocardiogram of the P wave.

Background: The autonomic nervous system is thought to be involved in the initiation of atrial fibrillation (AF). However, there is a distinct entity of vagal AF characterized by episodes occurring at rest, postprandially, or during sleep. The purpose of this study was to compare intraatrial conduction in patients with vagally mediated AF to those with nonvagal AF, using the signal-averaged electrocardiogram (SAECG) of P wave. Methods: SAECG of P wave was performed in 58 patients with AF using the Marquette Medical System, and the mean filtered P-wave duration (SAPW) was measured. Nine patients were categorized as having pure vagal AF (Group I), and 42 patients as having nonvagal AF (Group II); the remaining seven patients were excluded from analysis because of incomplete data. Results: The patients in Group I were significantly younger and more likely to have paroxysmal lone AF, as compared to those in Group II. There was no significant difference in left atrial size and left ventricular function in the two groups. The mean SAPW was significantly shorter in Group I when compared to Group II (118 ± 5 ms vs 149 ± 39 ms, P < 0.001). Whereas all patients in Group I had a normal SAPW, 79% of patients in Group II had an abnormal SAPW (P < 0.001). A normal SAPW was significantly predictive of vagal AF independent of other co-variables. Conclusions: (1) Patients with vagal AF are younger, and invariably have paroxysmal lone AF. (2) SAPW is normal and significantly shorter in vagal AF when compared to patients with nonvagal AF. (3) This suggests that those in the vagal AF population have normal intraatrial conduction, which has implications for AF ablation in these patients.
Quantitative comparison between experimental measurements and CP-FEM predictions of plastic deformation in a tantalum oligocrystal

Abstract Quantitative comparisons of experimental measurements and model predictions are crucial to validate and improve material models as well as to understand underlying physical phenomena. In this work, we used a recently developed in situ technique combining high resolution digital image correlation (HR-DIC) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) to obtain intergranular surface strain fields and crystal rotations. These measurements were compared to predictions from a crystal plasticity-finite element method (CP-FEM) simulation. To accurately reproduce the initial grain morphology in the CP-FEM simulation without assumptions regarding the sub-surface microstructure, a coarse columnar-grained tantalum specimen was used. Experimental data was projected onto the finite element mesh to compare measured and simulated data on a point-wise basis. It is shown that model predictions of both surface strain fields and crystal rotations agree reasonably well with HR-DIC and EBSD measurements at various applied strains. This procedure provides an objective and quantitative methodology to evaluate the model-experiment agreement and allows for testing of various model parameters to improve the model.
Tunable-Volume Handheld Pipette Utilizing a Pneumatic De-Amplification Mechanism

We present the design, analysis, and validation of a tunable-volume handheld pipette that enables precise drawing and dispensing of ml and μl liquid volumes. The design builds upon the standard mechanism of a handheld micropipette by incorporating an elastic diaphragm that de-amplifies the volume displacement of the internal piston via compression of an entrapped air volume. The degree of de-amplification is determined by the stiffness of the elastic diaphragm and the amount of entrapped air. An analytical model of the diaphragm mechanism is derived, which guides how to achieve linear de-amplification over an extended range where leading-order nonlinear contributions are significant. In particular, nonlinearities inherent in the mechanical behavior of the diaphragm and entrapped air volume may exactly cancel one another by careful design of the pipette’s parameter constants. This linearity is a key attribute for enabling the pipette’s tunable volumetric range, as this allows diaphragms with different stiffnesses to be selectively used with a conventional linear-stepping piston mechanism. Design considerations regarding the range, accuracy, and precision of the proposed pipette are detailed based on the model. Additionally, we have constructed a handheld prototype that uses a planar latex sheet as the diaphragm. Our pipetting experiments validate the derived model and exhibit linearity between the piston stroke and drawn liquid volume. We propose that this design enables a single handheld mechanical pipette to achieve drawing and dispensing of liquids over a 1μl-10ml range (i.e., the range of the entire micropipette suite), with volumetric resolution and precision comparable to commercially available counterparts.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Bogoliubov inequalities for infinite systems

The Bogoliubov inequalities are derived for the infinite volume states describing the thermodynamic limits of physical systems. The only property of the states required is that they satisfy the Kubo-Martin-Schwinger boundary condition.
Determination of DNA concentration by electron microscopy.

Abstract It is possible to determine accurately the concentration of an unknown sample of DNA by electron microscopy if it is mounted with an internal standard of well-known concentration; this is not dependent on the relative molecular weights of the sample DNA and standard DNA molecules. The probability of finding a given species has little or no size dependence between 0.67 and 20.7 kb, and the concentration of a species in a sample is linearly related to its population on the electron microscope grid between .05 and 1 μg/ml spreading concentration.
Purification of a low-molecular-weight excitatory substance from the inner ears of goldfish

The neurotransmitter released by the hair cell has not been identified; little is known about other neuroactive substances that may be important in hair-cell organ function. To identify neuroactive substances in hair cell tissue, we have examined substances in extracts of the inner ears of goldfish that can excite afferent fibers innervating hair cells. The extracts contain an unidentified low-molecular-weight (LMW) excitatory substance that is a candidate to be the hair-cell neurotransmitter. The LMW excitatory substance has been highly purified by a sequential combination of (1) treatment with cation-exchange resin; (2) gel-permeation chromatography; (3) gradient-elution cation-exchange chromatography; (4) isocratic-elution cation-exchange chromatography; and (5) high-performance anion-exchange chromatography. Based upon its separation behavior in these purification steps, the LMW excitatory substance may be a small, zwitterionic compound with titratable anionic and cationic groups.
Entropy-driven segregation of nanoparticles to cracks in multilayered composite polymer structures

Entropy-driven segregation of nanoparticles to cracks in multilayered composite polymer structures
Review: Interorgan Ammonia Metabolism in Health and Disease: A Surgeon's View

Ammonia is a toxic molecule that is the principal by-product of amino acid metabolism. Although the transport of ammonia in a nontoxic form protects the brain against high circulating levels, the interorgan transport of this molecule and the orchestration between tissues that has evolved is related primarily to the fact that the nitrogen molecule is an essential molecule for the maintenance of the body's nutrition economy and overall metabolic homeostasis. Efficient handling and disposal of ammonia requires a cooperative effort between tissues in order to maintain nitrogen homeostasis. The liver is the central organ of ammonia metabolism, but other organs also play a key role in the interorgan exchange of this molecule. Alterations in ammonia metabolism occur during critical illness. These changes are adaptive and are designed to maintain metabolic homeostasis. Interorgan cooperation in ammonia metabolism is necessary to insure the proper integration of the metabolic processes which contribute to and are ...
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and hypertension.

IT HAS long been recognized that the kidney is intimately involved in the regulation of systemic arterial pressure. The capacity of the kidney to excrete sodium is possibly the most important determinant of arterial pressure (1). In 1898, Tigerstedt and Bergman identified a renal pressor substance subsequently named renin (2), and with the recent availability of assays for the measurement of renin, this substance has been widely studied in hypertensive diseases. Additionally, the kidney may produce a number of other vasopressor and vasodepressor substances. These substances have not been studied as extensively as renin, and their role in the pathogenesis of hypertension has not been clearly defined. The purpose of this paper is to describe the renin-angiotensinaldosterone axis and to review evidence for its contribution to the regulation of both normal arterial pressure and elevated arterial pressure in selected hypertensive diseases. Renin is produced within the portion of the renal afferent arteriole th...
THE CULTURE OF BRINE SHRIMP (Artemia Salina) UNDER SEMI‐CONTROLLED CONDITIONS1

During the summer of 1975 the authors cultured Artemia salina on the campus of Oregon State University in outdoor ponds. This prepilot production scheme was part of an attempt to analyze the economic feasibility of producing Artemia eggs under semi-controlled conditions. Among the findings were the following: (1) Fertilizer may have an inhibitory effect on the excystment of Artemia eggs; (2) Algae, through absorption of metallic ions, may remove this inhibitory effect; (3) Metallic ions in the fertilizers may have no effect on Artemia after excystment; (4) The addition of NaCl to sea water is important in the culture of brine shrimp; (5) Artemia, in shallow ponds, can overwinter as adults and juveniles, surviving belowfreezing air temperatures. These findings are important in understanding the cost/volume relationships associated with brine shrimp aquaculture.
Cooperative programming in crystallography

Abstract Under the auspices of the National Resource for Computation in chemistry a group of 14 X-ray crystallographers convened in a series of workshops to exp
Woven worlds: Material things, bureaucratization, and dilemmas of caregiving in Lutheran humanitarianism

In this article, I examine the transition from charitable assistance to a professional model of humanitarianism in one American Lutheran agency that emerged from colonial missions to Madagascar. The agency, “International Health Mission” (IHM), primarily supplies medical technologies to Lutheran clinics in Madagascar, Tanzania, and Cameroon. I argue that popular material devices of relief provision, such as handmade bandages, tie the Christian humanitarian project to older notions of Lutheran faith as caregiving and pose special challenges to the bureaucratic model of aid delivery espoused by IHM. Casting renewed scholarly attention on materiality sheds light on the unique dilemmas facing faith-based aid agencies that strategically merge political discourses of humanitarianism with religious motivations for their work. [humanitarianism, caregiving, materiality, Christianity]
Abnormal Eustachian Valve

Three cases of congenital cardiac anomalies involving the Eustachian valve are presented. The first is a case of a 12-year-old boy with findings of severe chronic myocarditis combined with an anomalous Eustachian valve which divided the right atrium and caused moderate constriction of the inferior veana cava orifice, resulting in marked congestion of the intraabdominal viscera. The second case, a 30-day-old male infant, exhibited an area of aneurysmal dilatation in the midportion of the Eustachian valve associated with interventricular septal defect and right aortic arch. The third case, a 9-month-old male child with interventricular septal defect, transposition of the great vessels, bicuspid pulmonic valve and anomalous origin of the left subclavian artery, had an abnomrally enlarged, membranous Eustachian valve. A review of similar anomalies reported in the literature and of the classification of minor variations and major anomalies is presented.
Preparing the Workforce: Early Childhood Teacher Preparation at 2- and 4-year Institutions of Higher Education.

Abstract While the importance of quality education for individuals working with young children (ages 0–4) is widely accepted in the field of Early Childhood Education, little is known about the context, content, and needs of the programs that are providing this education. This paper presents data from a nationally representative survey (n = 438) of chairs/directors of early childhood teacher preparation programs at 2- and 4-year Institutions of Higher Education (IHEs). Findings presented include faculty characteristics, course and practica requirements, comparisons between early childhood programs and the institutions as wholes, and challenges facing programs. Where appropriate, comparisons are made between 2- and 4-year schools. Results are discussed in terms of policy implications.
Atypical attachment in infancy and early childhood among children at developmental risk. I. Atypical patterns of early attachment: theory, research, and current directions.

John Bowlby developed attachment theory, in part, to help explain the mechanisms whereby social experiences beginning in early infancy influence the development of healthy and problematic variants of human personality development. Beginning in the 1940s, attachment theory was applied to understanding toddlers' immediate and long-term responses to extended (e.g., 10to 30-day) separations from caregivers and to anomalous conditions such as abandonment and being raised in institutional settings (Bowlby, 1988). From a functional perspective, attachment theory guided changes in policies for minimizing the stresses of young children's separations from parents during necessary hospital stays, and helped establish guidelines for designing alternate care arrangements for young children who experienced loss of their primary caregiver (Bowlby, 1988). Bowlby (1969/1982, 1973, 1980) anchored attachment theory in diverse perspectives from psychology, including psychoanalysis and ethology, as well as cognitive and developmental science. Attachment theory is rich in descriptions and explanations of human behavior and mental processes, both normative and pathological. Mary Ainsworth expanded the principles and perspectives of attachment theory and contributed a procedure and theory for describing and explaining individual differences in infant attachments to caregivers (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978). From Ainsworth's perspective, individual differences are categorical-differences in kind rather than amount. Ainsworth and her associates (1978) identified three patterns or styles believed to reflect infants'
Group-as-a-whole concepts and the therapeutic milieu on the inpatient psychiatric unit

This paper focuses on large group process on the inpatient psychiatric unit. General systems theory and group-as-a-whole concepts are used to understand the dynamics of the therapeutic milieu. Using this information as a tool, the therapist can make various interventions on an individual and group level that will help patients understand and deal with their own psychopathology. Another benefit of this process is that it will develop a community on the psychiatric unit where patients help each other to get well. Three clinical examples are used to illustrate the relevance of this concept. With the advent of short-term psychiatric hospitalization, the therapeutic milieu has shown a drastic decline. Emphasis has been placed on the individual as opposed to the group and a valuable therapeutic tool has been lost. Using a group-as-a-whole concept can help reverse this trend and make the milieu on the inpatient psychiatric unit instrumental in the recovery of the patient.
Vibrations of Moderately Thick Shallow Spherical Shells at Large Amplitudes

Abstract A shallow shell theory is presented for the geometrically non-linear analysis of moderately thick isotropic spherical shells. Effects of transverse shear deformation and rotatory inertia are included in the governing equations of motion by means of tracing constants. When these effects are ignored, the governing equations readily reduce to those applicable for thin shallow spherical shells. Solutions to the system of thick shell equations are obtained by means of Galerkin's method and the numerical Runge-Kutta procedure. Numerical results are presented for certain cases of shallow spherical shells considering different geometric shell parameters. Transverse shear and rotatory inertia effects are found to be important in linear as well as non-linear responses of shallow spherical shells. The non-linear frequency-amplitude behavior is of the softening type for shallow spherical shells and of the hardening type for circular plates. Frequency ratios are lower at any given amplitude when the effects of transverse shear and rotatory inertia are included in the analysis.
Demand substitution across US cities: Observable similarity and home price correlation

Abstract This paper studies demand substitution in the context of US cities. Demand substitution occurs when individuals on the margin between certain city pairs affect demand patterns in the aggregate, causing certain cities to be better substitutes than others. Using a discrete model of city choice, I derive two predictions for migration flows and test them empirically using city-to-city migration data from the US Census. I show that cities which are similar on a variety of observable measures have higher levels of gross migration flows in the steady state and higher net migration flows in response to labor demand shocks. Finally, I propose pairwise correlation in metropolitan home prices as a price-based measure of substitutability and show that it contains substantial predictive power for migration flows relative to observable similarity.
INFLUENCE OF THE NURSING STIMULUS UPON THYROID HORMONE SECRETION IN THE LACTATING RAT.

The influence of the nursing stimulus upon thyroid gland secretion was tested in the lactating rat during mid-lactation. Milk removal from the 6 pectoral mammary glands was prevented in all rats by galactophore ligation on postpartum day 2. Injection of 1.5 μg/100 g/day L-thyroxin was less effective in blocking thyroidal 131I release in lactating rats than in nonlactating rats. The effectiveness of the injected thyroxin in the lactating rat increased within 24 hr after the young were removed. In another experiment, a significant increase in plasma PB131I resulted from 6 hr of normal nursing of the pelvic mammary glands. No increase in plasma PB131I occurred following 6 hr of nursing of pelvic mammary glands from which milk removal was prevented by ligation of the galactophores. When the pelvic mammary glands were deprived of somatic sensory innervation by spinal cord transection and the contained milk was removed by nursing young with the aid of oxytocin injections to the mothers, the PB13lI level after 6...
New Metallacarborane Chemistry: Molybdenum and Tungsten Carbonyl Multidecker Sandwiches. Cluster Dimers Linked via Metal-Metal Bonds(1).

This article reports the synthesis, characterization, and chemistry of the first molybdenum and tungsten complexes bearing small carborane ligands, including novel M-M-linked dicluster species. The reaction of the nido-2,3-Et(2)C(2)B(4)H(4)(2)(-) dianion with (RCN)(3)M(CO)(3) reagents (M = Mo, W; R = Me, Et) gave the (Et(2)C(2)B(4)H(4))M(CO)(3)(2)(-) anions, which were isolated as lithium (12-crown-4) salts 1b (M = Mo) and 2b (M = W). Treatment of 1b and 2b with Ph(4)PX (X = Cl, Br, I) followed by triflic acid afforded the dimeric products [(Et(2)C(2)B(4)H(4))Mo(CO)(2)](2)(m-X)(2) (X = Cl (3a), Br (3b), I (3c)) and the corresponding tungsten dimers 4a-c, all of which are red or orange air-stable crystalline solids. X-ray crystallography on 3b revealed a geometry without precedent in small metallacarborane dimers, in which two MC(2)B(4) pentagonal pyramidal clusters are linked via an intercluster metal-metal bond. From NMR and other spectroscopic evidence, the remaining dimeric products 3a, 3c, and 4a-c are proposed to have structures similar to 3b. Decapitation of 3b with HCl/EtOAc in THF gave red solid [(Et(2)C(2)B(3)H(5))Mo(CO)(2)](2)(m-Br)(2) (5), which is proposed to have two open planar C(2)B(3) end rings and, hence, is a potential building block for linear polymers via deprotonation and metal-ion-stacking reactions. Compound 3b was also generated in a different reaction, involving the nido-Et(2)C(2)B(4)H(5)(-) anion and [Mo(CO)(4)Br](2)[m-Br](2) which also produced the bis(carboranyl)molybdenum complex (Et(2)C(2)B(4)H(4))(2)Mo(CO)(2) (6), a nearly colorless solid for which a bent sandwich structure is postulated. The reaction of the nido-cobaltacarborane anion CpCo(Et(2)C(2)B(3)H(4))(-) with [Mo(CO)(4)Cl](2)[m-Cl](2) in toluene gave two isolable products, red CpCo(Et(2)C(2)B(3)H(3))Mo(CO)(4) (7) and dark red [CpCo(Et(2)C(2)B(3)H(3))](2)Mo(CO)(2) (8), which have, respectively, triple-decker and bent-tetradecker sandwich structures based on X-ray crystallographic structure determinations. The reaction of CpCo(Et(2)C(2)B(3)H(4))(-) with [Mo(CO)(4)Br](2)[m-Br](2) in toluene gave 8 and a known fused-cluster complex Cp(2)Co(2)(Et(4)C(4)B(6)H(6)) (9). Treatment of the CpCo(Et(2)C(2)B(3)H(4))(-) anion with [W(CO)(4)Br](2)[m-Br](2) afforded red crystalline CpCo(Et(2)C(2)B(3)H(3))W(CO)(4) (10), which on reaction with PhLi followed by Me(3)OBF(4) gave 11, a B(5)-benzyl derivative of 10. X-ray diffraction analyses established triple-decker sandwich structures for both compounds. The new products were characterized by multinuclear NMR, IR, UV-vis, and mass spectroscopy, and elemental analysis, supplemented by electrochemical data on 3b, 8, and 11.
Solar elastotic bands of the forearm: An unusual clinical presentation of actinic elastosis

Actinic damage of dermal tissues produces several distinct clinical patterns. Three patients are described as having discrete, soft, cordlike bands on the forearms that extend from dorsal areas of actinic damage and senile purpura to greatest prominence in flexural regions with less solar damage. Histochemical analyses and light and electron microscopy studies of the plaques showed changes consistent with solar elastosis. The clinical variants of actinic elastosis and the possible origins of the abnormal elastic fibrils found in the dermis of chronically sun-damaged skin are discussed. Solar elastotic bands are an unusual form of actinic degeneration.
The incorporation of choline into isolated synaptosomal and synaptic vesicle fractions in the presence of quaternary ammonium compounds.

Abstract The incorporation of choline by isolated synaptosomes and synaptic vesicles from guinea pig cortices was inhibited by a variety of quaternary ammonium compounds. Two preparations of synaptosomes (P2 and B) and one of synaptic vesicles (D) were used and in most instances little quantitative difference was found in the inhibition of choline uptake between the fractions. Hemicholinium (HC-3) and triethylcholine (TEC) inhibited choline uptake at high concentrations, whereas at 10−5 M, both TEC and HC-3 potentiated the uptake of choline into synaptosomal fractions. A number of drugs which influence cholinergic transmission inhibited choline uptake by a competitive mechanism. Decamethonium (C10) was found to inhibit choline uptake more than hexamethonium (C6). Tetramethylammonium and tetraethylammonium affected choline uptake to a similar extent. d-Tubocurarine was an inhibitor of choline uptake, and physostigmine, a tertiary compound, also inhibited choline uptake. Atropine, methacholine and acetylcholine inhibited choline uptake but carbachol had almost no effect. A number of drugs which influence brain acetylcholine levels—picrotoxin, leptazol, d-amphetamine, pentobarbitone, and morphine—had no effect on choline uptake at concentrations of 2× 10−1 M. A hydroxyethyl group did not increase inhibitory activity, because the decamethylene bis(hydroxyethyl)dimethylammonium (C10-dicholine) salt was as active as C10. The hexamethylene compound (C6-dicholine) was less active than C10-dicholine but was as active as C6. From C3- to C5-dicholine, a shortening of the interquaternary nitrogen distance increased the inhibitory activity of the compounds for choline uptake.