cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Secondary vortices in the wake of circular cylinders

Using both the hydrogen-bubble flow-visualization technique and hot-wire-anemometry measurements, secondary vortices have been detected in the near-wake of circular cylinders and their characteristics studied over a Reynolds-number range of 1200–11000. The vortex-shedding characteristics of these secondary vortices clearly indicate that ‘transition waves’, detected in the cylinder near wake by Bloor (1964), and secondary vortices are identical phenomena. It is established that the non-dimensional shedding frequency of the secondary vortices demonstrates a 0.87 power-law relationship relative to Reynolds number, contrary to the 0.5 power-law reported by Bloor. The results suggest that the vortices result from a near-wake, free-shear instability which causes the separated cylinder boundary layer to roll up into the secondary vortices. Visual observations indicate that immediately following their formation the vortices undergo a strong three-dimensional distortion, which may provide the mechanism for the transition from laminar to turbulent Strouhal vortices.
Does the human retinoblastoma gene have a role in colon cancer

Keywords: Rb1; retinoblastoma gene protein; monoclonal antibody; colorectal carcinoma; immunostaining
TORC1 regulators Iml1/GATOR1 and GATOR2 control meiotic entry and oocyte development in Drosophila

In single-cell eukaryotes the pathways that monitor nutrient availability are central to initiating the meiotic program and gametogenesis. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae an essential step in the transition to the meiotic cycle is the down-regulation of the nutrient-sensitive target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) by the increased minichromosome loss 1/ GTPase-activating proteins toward Rags 1 (Iml1/GATOR1) complex in response to amino acid starvation. How metabolic inputs influence early meiotic progression and gametogenesis remains poorly understood in metazoans. Here we define opposing functions for the TORC1 regulatory complexes Iml1/GATOR1 and GATOR2 during Drosophila oogenesis. We demonstrate that, as is observed in yeast, the Iml1/GATOR1 complex inhibits TORC1 activity to slow cellular metabolism and drive the mitotic/meiotic transition in developing ovarian cysts. In iml1 germline depletions, ovarian cysts undergo an extra mitotic division before meiotic entry. The TORC1 inhibitor rapamycin can suppress this extra mitotic division. Thus, high TORC1 activity delays the mitotic/meiotic transition. Conversely, mutations in Tor, which encodes the catalytic subunit of the TORC1 complex, result in premature meiotic entry. Later in oogenesis, the GATOR2 components Mio and Seh1 are required to oppose Iml1/GATOR1 activity to prevent the constitutive inhibition of TORC1 and a block to oocyte growth and development. To our knowledge, these studies represent the first examination of the regulatory relationship between the Iml1/GATOR1 and GATOR2 complexes within the context of a multicellular organism. Our data imply that the central role of the Iml1/GATOR1 complex in the regulation of TORC1 activity in the early meiotic cycle has been conserved from single cell to multicellular organisms.
On the limitations of geomagnetic measures of interplanetary magnetic polarity

The maximum attainable accuracy in inferring the interplanetary magnetic polarity from polar cap magnetograms is about 88%. This is achieved in practice, when high-latitude polar cap stations are used during local summer months, and the signature in the ground records is strong. An attempt by Svalgaard (1972) to use this effect to infer an index of interplanetary magnetic polarity back to 1926 has not been so successful. Furthermore, some of the properties of the index have changed with time. Prior to 1963, the inferred polarities are strongly dependent on geomagnetic activity, while after this time they are not. Thus, this index should not be used to separate solar-magnetic from solar-activity effects prior to 1963.
Local Deep Hypothermia for Combined Valvular and Coronary Heart Disease

Abstract Local deep hypothermia was utilized as the sole method of myocardial protection in 113 consecutive aortic valve replacements. Thirty-six patients had simultaneous revascularization, mitral valve replacement, tricuspid valve replacement, or a combination of these. In follow-up for as long as 36 months there have been 3 hospital deaths (2.6%), all occurring in the group having isolated aortic valve replacement. No hospital deaths occurred among patients undergoing a combined procedure. This experience suggests that local hypothermia provides adequate myocardial protection during periods of obligatory anoxia, even in the presence of associated coronary atherosclerosis, and that combined correction of valvular and coronary disease is feasible and is indicated in properly selected patients.
Permeability of pea chloroplasts to alcohols and aldoses as measured by reflection coefficients

1. 1. Intact chloroplasts were isolated in 2 min from Pisum sativum and then placed in external solutions varying in composition and in osmotic pressure. The relative osmotic changes in chloroplast volume caused by the impermeable solute sucrose compared with equal concentrations of various alcohols and aldoses were determined. From such osmotic responses the reflection coefficients (σx) of the latter compounds were calculated using a version of the Boyle Van 't Hoff relation derived from irreversible thermodynamics. 2. 2. The reflection coefficients of pea chloroplasts for alcohols became progressively larger as hydroxymethyl groups were added to the molecule, viz. methanol (σx = 0.00), ethylene glycol (0.40), glycerol (0.63), meso-erythritol (0.90), and adonitol (1.00). This increase in σx (decrease in permeability) with increasing molecular size parallels the decreasing lipid-water partition coefficients of the solutes. The reflection coefficient of d-mannitol was 1.01, of d-sorbitol was 1.02, and of meso-inositol was 1.00, suggesting that these six-carbon polyhydroxy alcohols are impermeant and hence would be suitable osmotica in which to suspend chloroplasts. 3. 3. Chloroplasts are more permeable to certain aldopentoses, viz.d-xylose (σx = 0.43), d-lyxose (0.47) and l-arabinose (0.53), than they are to the optical isomers of the same compounds, i.e.l-xylose (0.87), l-lyxose (0.93), and d-arabinose (0.85). Although all of these compounds predominantly occur in a chair form of the pyranose ring, the first three are in the C1 conformation, while the latter three are in the 1C conformation. The greater permeability of the C1 aldopentoses was even more apparent for d-ribose, which had a reflection coefficient of 0.00. 4. 4. Based on osmotic responses from 14 to 50 mM, the aldohexoses tended to have higher reflection coefficients for the limiting membranes of pea chloroplasts than did the aldopentoses: α-d-glucose (σx = 0.98), β-d-glucose (0.99), 2-deoxy-d-glucose (1.00), d-galactose (0.92), 2-deoxy-d-galactose (0.91), 6-deoxy-d-galactose (0.89), d-mannose (0.85), l-mannose (1.00), and 6-deoxy-l-mannose (1.00). 5. 5. Based on the correlation between the reflection coefficient and the particular sugar stereoisomer, it is proposed that carriers in the limiting membranes of pea chloroplasts are specific for aldopentoses in the C1 form of the chair conformation of the pyranose ring and, furthermore, are particularly efficient in shuttling d-ribose into pea chloroplasts. At concentrations above 50 mM, the apparent reflection coefficient of the C1 aldopentoses increased, suggesting that such carriers were becoming saturated. Moreover, the osmotic responses when two sugars were present together indicated that d-xylose, d-lyxose, l-arabinose, and d-ribose all competed for the same carrier.
Comparison of antigenic relationships between Hawaii and Mexican strains of Snow Mountain virus-like human caliciviruses using baculovirus-expressed viral capsid antigens 855

Comparison of antigenic relationships between Hawaii and Mexican strains of Snow Mountain virus-like human caliciviruses using baculovirus-expressed viral capsid antigens 855
A generalized 2D pencil beam scaling algorithm for proton dose calculation in heterogeneous slab geometries

Purpose: Pencil beam algorithms are commonly used for proton therapy dose calculations. Szymanowski and Oelfke [“Two-dimensional pencil beam scaling: An improved proton dose algorithm for heterogeneous media,” Phys. Med. Biol. 47, 3313–3330 (2002) doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/47/18/304.] developed a two-dimensional (2D) scaling algorithm which accurately models the radial pencil beam width as a function of depth in heterogeneous slab geometries using a scaled expression for the radial kernel width in water as a function of depth and kinetic energy. However, an assumption made in the derivation of the technique limits its range of validity to cases where the input expression for the radial kernel width in water is derived from a local scattering power model. The goal of this work is to derive a generalized form of 2D pencil beam scaling that is independent of the scattering power model and appropriate for use with any expression for the radial kernel width in water as a function of depth. Methods: Using Fermi-Eyges transport theory, the authors derive an expression for the radial pencil beam width in heterogeneous slab geometries which is independent of the proton scattering power and related quantities. The authors then perform test calculations in homogeneous and heterogeneous slab phantoms using both the original 2D scaling model and the new model with expressions for the radial kernel width in water computed from both local and nonlocal scattering power models, as well as a nonlocal parameterization of Moliere scattering theory. In addition to kernel width calculations, dose calculations are also performed for a narrow Gaussian proton beam. Results: Pencil beam width calculations indicate that both 2D scaling formalisms perform well when the radial kernel width in water is derived from a local scattering power model. Computing the radial kernel width from a nonlocal scattering model results in the local 2D scaling formula under-predicting the pencil beam width by as much as 1.4 mm (21%) at the depth of the Bragg peak for a 220 MeV proton beam in homogeneous water. This translates into a 32% dose discrepancy for a 5 mm Gaussian proton beam. Similar trends were observed for calculations made in heterogeneous slab phantoms where it was also noted that errors tend to increase with greater beam penetration. The generalized 2D scaling model performs well in all situations, with a maximum dose error of 0.3% at the Bragg peak in a heterogeneous phantom containing 3 cm of hard bone. Conclusions: The authors have derived a generalized form of 2D pencil beam scaling which is independent of the proton scattering power model and robust to the functional form of the radial kernel width in water used for the calculations. Sample calculations made with this model show excellent agreement with expected values in both homogeneous water and heterogeneous phantoms.
Members of the DAN Family Are BMP Antagonists That Form Highly Stable Noncovalent Dimers

Signaling of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) ligands is antagonized by a number of extracellular proteins, including noggin, follistatin and members of the DAN (differential screening selected gene abberative in neuroblastoma) family. Structural studies on the DAN family member sclerostin (a weak BMP antagonist) have previously revealed that the protein is monomeric and consists of an eight-membered cystine knot motif with a fold similar to transforming growth factor-β ligands. In contrast to sclerostin, certain DAN family antagonists, including protein related to DAN and cerberus (PRDC), have an unpaired cysteine that is thought to function in covalent dimer assembly (analogous to transforming growth factor-β ligands). Through a combination of biophysical and biochemical studies, we determined that PRDC forms biologically active dimers that potently inhibit BMP ligands. Furthermore, we showed that PRDC dimers, surprisingly, are not covalently linked, as mutation of the unpaired cysteine does not inhibit dimer formation or biological activity. We further demonstrated that the noncovalent PRDC dimers are highly stable under both denaturing and reducing conditions. This study was extended to the founding family member DAN, which also forms noncovalent dimers that are highly stable. These results demonstrate that certain DAN family members can form both monomers and noncovalent dimers, implying that biological activity of DAN family members might be linked to their oligomeric state.
Band structure and electronic transport properties of the superconductor NbO

Electrical resistivity and Hall coefficients measured on a single crystal of NbO agree well with a conventional interpretation based on local-density approximation band theory and electron-phonon scattering. The superconducting transition temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$=1.5 K is consistent with the measured magnitude of the linear resistivity at room temperature.
The effects of organic compounds used in the manufacture of plastics on the responsivity of murine and human lymphocytes.

Abstract The effects of acute exposure to a number of industrially important organic compounds on the immunological responses of human and murine lymphocytes were studied. The compounds were benzene, 1,4-dioxane, toluene diisocyanate (TDI), vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, ethylenimine, and epichlorohydrin. Control compounds known to have immunological effects were azothioprine, hydrocortisone acetate, and triethylene melamine (TEM). The uptake of tritiated thymidine ([ 3 H]TdR) of lymphocytes was used to measure their ability to respond to mitogenic agents, allogeneic lymphocytes, or the antigenic nature of the compounds themselves. Most of the compounds were found to be cytotoxic to lymphocytes at high concentrations. Dioxane and TDI showed evidence of specific actions on the immunological system. Dioxane suppressed T-cell responses while augmenting B-cell responses. TDI exhibited stimulatory effects at several concentrations to both human and murine lymphocytes. These findings indicate that of the chemicals studied, both dioxane and TDI have properties which make them capable of affecting lymphocytes in ways other than nonspecific cytoxicity. These properties make TDI and dioxane especially interesting when monitoring immunological systems of industrial workers who have been accidentally exposed to these compounds at high concentrations or who are routinely exposed to minimal levels of these compounds.
An Analytical Description of Slow Hysteresis in Polarized Ferroelectric Ceramic Actuators

Recently, an existing system of electroelastic equations was extended to account for slow hysteretic effects in polarized ferroelectric ceramic plates by employing an internal variable in a thermodynamic state function. All material irreversibility was taken to be a consequence of the ferroelectric polarization-electric field irreversibility. Since only the slowest possible hysteresis is of concern, the evolution equation is ignored and the known irreversible thickness polarization-electric field saturation curve is taken as the starting curve. Since all experimental data available to us are from strain measurements on a thin wide beam forced by voltages applied to very thin polarized ferroelectric ceramic actuators on the surfaces, the linear strain, plane-stress version of the equations is employed in the description of the actuator. The new irreversible material coefficients for the case of plane-stress are obtained from data on one major hysteresis loop along with the coefficients in the saturation polarization-electric field relations. These now known coefficients are then used to calculate other hysteresis loops, which are shown to agree quite well with measurement.
Results from repeated evaluation of an online tutor on introductory Computer Science

We analyzed the data collected over 7 semesters by a single Computer Science software tutor to study the differences between the sexes and races on their prior self-confidence, prior preparedness and their assessment of the tutor. We found that when there was a statistically significant difference in the prior self-confidence of male and female students, female students had lower prior self-confidence than male students, in spite of the fact that there was no significant difference in the prior preparedness of male and female students. The prior self-confidence of female students in Computer Science may be improving with increasing enrollment. Whenever there was a statistically significant difference among racial groups, positively stereotyped racial groups were better prepared and had higher prior self-confidence than the traditionally under-represented racial groups. Whenever there was a statistically significant difference between the sexes in the assessment of the tutor, female students assessed the tutor more favorably than male students. When there was a statistically significant difference between racial groups, under-represented racial groups assessed the tutor more favorably than positively stereotyped racial groups. When there was a statistically significant difference in how developer's students assessed the tutor versus how other adopters' students assessed it, assessment by developer's students was more positive than that by students of other adopters.
Self-Concept, Academic Achievement, and Athletic Participation

Self-concepts and grade point averages of 45 high school senior athletes and 40 nonathletes were compared. The Fitts Tennessee Self-concept Scale was administered along with a questionnaire about the subjects' previous grades. Athletes had significantly higher self-concept scores than nonathletes in six of eight self-concept areas. No significant difference was found between athletes and nonathletes regarding academic achievement.
Political Participation and Civic Engagement in Kathmandu: An Empirical Analysis with Structural Equations

Researchers generally accept the thesis that strong relationships exist between civic engagement and political participation. However, the specific nature and magnitude of the relationships are yet to be ascertained empirically. Operationalizing political participation in terms of electoral and other forms of participation, this article uncovers a large degree of political and civic inequality across different demographic and socioeconomic groups in Kathmandu. Findings suggest that civic engagement encourages participation in other political activities, which in turn contributes to electoral participation. The identification of the specific characteristics of political and civic participants provides important policy implications for maximizing electoral participation.
Identifying the influential bloggers in a community

Blogging becomes a popular way for a Web user to publish information on the Web. Bloggers write blog posts, share their likes and dislikes, voice their opinions, provide suggestions, report news, and form groups in Blogosphere. Bloggers form their virtual communities of similar interests. Activities happened in Blogosphere affect the external world. One way to understand the development on Blogosphere is to find influential blog sites. There are many non-influential blog sites which form the "the long tail". Regardless of a blog site being influential or not, there are influential bloggers. Inspired by the high impact of the influentials in a physical community, we study a novel problem of identifying influential bloggers at a blog site. Active bloggers are not necessarily influential. Influential bloggers can impact fellow bloggers in various ways. In this paper, we discuss the challenges of identifying influential bloggers, investigate what constitutes influential bloggers, present a preliminary model attempting to quantify an influential blogger, and pave the way for building a robust model that allows for finding various types of the influentials. To illustrate these issues, we conduct experiments with data from a real-world blog site, evaluate multi-facets of the problem of identifying influential bloggers, and discuss unique challenges. We conclude with interesting findings and future work
Rapid climate change and Arctic Ocean freshening: COMMENT and REPLY COMMENT

The Research Focus article by [Peltier (2007)][1], which is a distillation of [Peltier et al. (2006)][2], discusses the possible effects of Arctic freshwater forcing on the strength of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), with emphasis on the Younger Dryas cold event (YD). The cause
Investigation of the porosity of electrolytic manganese dioxide and its performance as alkaline cathode material

Abstract The ionic diffusion rate and the electrochemically accessible surface area of the cathode, consisting of electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD), were studied by means of ac impedance techniques. A simplified transmission line model was applied in the numerical fitting. The relationship between the pore size distribution and the ionic diffusion rate was investigated, as well as the pore size distribution and the cathode ‘spring-back’. EMD with a considerable volume of large pores was found to be beneficial not only for the high-rate discharge, but also for the cathode process during cell manufacture.
Is voluntary vitamin and mineral supplementation associated with better outcome in non-small cell lung cancer patients? Results from the Mayo Clinic lung cancer cohort.

Background: Some previous studies report that 80% of cancer patients take multivitamin and/or mineral supplements. To our knowledge, the consequences of such self-directed supplementation have not been examined previously in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. The goal of this study was to determine whether vitamin/mineral supplementation is associated with improved survival and quality of life in a cohort of NSCLC patients. Methods: NSCLC patients or their proxies who responded to a questionnaire on vitamin/mineral use were assessed for survival and quality of life. Results: A total of 1129 patients or their proxies responded to a vitamin/mineral questionnaire. Seven hundred and fourteen were vitamin/mineral users of either multivitamins or other specific vitamin/mineral supplements, and the rest non-users. Median survival was 4.3 years versus 2.0 years for vitamin/mineral users and non-users, respectively. A Cox proportional hazards model showed a relative risk of death of 0.74 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.44, 0.65) (p < 0.01) in favor of vitamin/mineral use after adjustment for multiple prognostic factors, including tumor stage. The Lung Cancer Symptom Scale (LCSS) showed better quality of life among vitamin/mineral users (mean difference in score of 3 (95% CI: 0.8, 5.1) (p < 0.01); and after adjusting for related variables, there remained a trend in favor of vitamin/mineral use mean difference 1.8 (95% CI: 0.2, 3.9) (p = 0.08). Conclusions: Vitamin/mineral supplementation is associated with better survival and quality of life in this cohort of NSCLC patients. Future prospective clinical trials should focus on the role of such supplements in patients with NSCLC.
Observer-based online compensation of inner filter effect in monitoring fluorescence of GFP-expressing plant cell cultures.

The green fluorescent protein (GFP) isolated from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria is a very useful reporter for real-time bioprocess sensing. GFP culture fluorescence is a composite signal that can be influenced by factors such as culture autofluorescence, inner filter effect (IFE), and photobleaching. These factors complicate accurate estimation of GFP concentrations from the culture fluorescence. IFE is especially problematic when using GFP in monitoring transgenic plant cell suspension cultures, due to the aggregated nature of the cells and the high biomass concentration in these culture systems. Reported approaches for online compensation of IFE in monitoring culture NADH fluorescence or bioluminescence require online measurement of biomass density or culture turbidity/optical density, in addition to fluorescence/bioluminescence measurement. In this study, culture GFP fluorescence was used successfully to estimate GFP concentration and other important states in bioreactor culture of transgenic tobacco cells, while the influences of IFE and culture autofluorescence were rectified without the need for an additional biomass sensor. This was achieved by setting up a novel model-based state observer. First, we developed an improved model for a backscatter fluorescence probe that takes into account the influence of IFE and autofluorescence on reporting culture GFP concentration from online fluorescence. The state observer was then established using the extended Kalman filter (EKF), based on the fluorescence probe model, a dynamic state model of the plant cell bioreactor, and online GFP fluorescence measurement. Several versions of the observer were introduced to address practical requirements associated with monitoring GFP fluorescence of plant cell cultures. The proposed approach offers an effective means for online compensation of IFE to enable quantitative interpretation of the culture fluorescence signals for accurate reporting of GFP or GFP-fusion protein expression. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bio‐Enabled Gold Superstructures with Built‐In and Accessible Electromagnetic Hotspots

The bio-enabled synthesis of a novel class of surface enhanced Raman scattering probes is presented for functional imaging with built-in and accessible electromagnetic hotspots formed between densely packed satellites grown on a plasmonic core. The superstructures serve as nanoscale sensors to spatiotemporally map intravesicular pH changes along endocytic pathways inside live cells.
Photodissociation of benzaldehyde in the 280–308 nm region

Abstract The UV photodissociation of benzaldehyde has been investigated at several wavelengths in the 280–308 nm region by employing excimer or dye laser photolysis in combination with cavity ring-down spectroscopy. Absorption cross-sections of benzaldehyde were obtained. The HCO radical was a photofragmentation product with yields of 0.32±0.05, 0.45±0.05, and 0.29±0.05 at 280, 285, and 308 nm, respectively, where uncertainty reflects experimental scatter. Photolysis rates of benzaldehyde to form HCO for noontime on January 1 and July 1 under clear sky conditions at sea level and 40°N latitude were estimated to be 1.5×10−6 and 1.5×10−5 s−1, respectively.
Improved Frequency Response of On-Chip Inductors With Patterned Magnetic Dots

Single-turn spiral inductors with magnetic material to enhance inductance are fabricated. Using double-layered Permalloy dots above and below the inductor metal, inductance improves and remains constant beyond 10 GHz with a Q factor around 11 and a peak frequency around 9 GHz. By employing single-turn small-sized inductors, the self-resonance frequency of the inductors is shifted to very high frequencies. It is illustrated that the superior frequency response is mainly attributed to the significant reduction in mutual inductive coupling between a magnetic layer and inductor metal wires.
Phase Behavior and Mechanical Properties of TripaImitin/Butterfat Mixtures

The functionality of butterfat can be improved by fractionation, a process that can be considered as enrichment of butterfat with long-chain saturated fatty acids. Model hard fractions were produced by adding tripalmitin to butterfat, in ratios from 0.9:0.1 through 0.1:0.9. The model system had very similar thermal behavior and mechanical properties to true fractions. The phase behavior of tripalmitin/butterfat mixtures was determined. Such butterfat fractions have potential as a moisture barrier in edible films and coatings. Tripalmitin-enriched butterfat is an alternative to hard butterfat fractions in some applications.
Severe human parechovirus sepsis beyond the neonatal period.

Abstract Here we describe a case of viral sepsis beyond the neonatal period caused by human parechovirus subtype 3 (HPeV-3), which manifested as cardio-respiratory failure, hepatitis, and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). HPeV-1 and 2 were originally classified as enteroviruses but the advent of sequence analysis led to them being recognized as a new genus in the picornavirus family. Subsequently, nine additional HPeV strains have been reported including HPeV-3 in 1999. 1 The spectrum of disease that these viruses may cause is still unknown, and they are rarely screened for in clinical practice.
Are cognitive g and academic achievement g one and the same g? An exploration on the Woodcock–Johnson and Kaufman tests

Abstract We examined the degree to which the conventional notion of g associated with IQ tests and general cognitive ability tests (COG-g) relate to the general ability that underlies tests of reading, math, and writing achievement (ACH-g). Two large, nationally representative data sets and two independent individually-administered set of test batteries were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis procedures: (a) the Kaufman-II sample (N = 2520), organized into six age groups between 4–5 and 16–19 years, tested on both the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children-2nd ed. (KABC-II) and the Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement-2nd ed. (KTEA-II) Comprehensive Form; and (b) the WJ III sample (N = 4969), organized into four age groups between 5–6 and 14–19 years, tested on both the Cognitive and Achievement batteries of the Woodcock–Johnson-3rd ed. (WJ III). Second-order latent factor models were used to model the test scores. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis was used to investigate factor loading invariance across the age groups. In general, invariance was tenable, which allowed for valid comparisons of second-order COG-g and ACH-g factor variance/covariances and correlations across age. Although COG-g and ACH-g were not isomorphic, they correlated substantially, with an overall mean correlation coefficient of .83, and with the correlations generally increasing with age (ranging from .77 to .94). The nature of the relation between COG-g and ACH-g was explored and the best measures of COG-g were examined.
Observation of Relativistic Cross-Phase Modulation in High Intensity Laser-Plasma Interactions

We report a novel nonlinear optical phenomena, relativistic cross-phase modulation between Raman light and a high intensity laser pulse in an underdense plasma. The experimental spectra compared well with calculations from a proposed theoretical model
Constitutive Expression of Outer Surface Protein C Diminishes the Ability of Borrelia burgdorferi To Evade Specific Humoral Immunity

The Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi reduces the expression of outer surface protein C (OspC) in response to the development of an anti-OspC humoral response, leading to the hypothesis that the ability to repress OspC expression is critical for the pathogen to proceed to chronic infection. B. burgdorferi was genetically modified to constitutively express OspC by introducing an extra ospC copy fused with the borrelial flagellar gene (flaB) promoter. Such a genetic modification did not reduce infectivity or pathogenicity in severe combined immunodeficiency mice but resulted in clearance of infection by passively transferred OspC antibody. Spirochetes with constitutive ospC expression were unable to establish chronic infections in immunocompetent mice unless they had undergone very destructive mutations in the introduced ospC copy. Two escape mutants were identified; one had all 7 bp deleted between the putative ribosome-binding site and the start codon, ATG, causing a failure in translational initiation, and the other mutant had an insertion of 2 bp between nucleotides 315 and 316, resulting in a nonsense mutation at codon 108. Thus, the ability of B. burgdorferi to repress ospC expression during mammalian infection allows the pathogen to avoid clearance and to preserve the integrity of the important gene for subsequent utilization during its enzootic life cycle.
Relationship Between Perception of Joint Position Sense and Limb Synergies in Patients with Hemiplegia

The purpose of this study was to determine if patients with hemispheric brain lesions and subsequent paresis demonstrated a correlation between the perception of joint position sense and the ability to combine component parts of the limb synergies. Twenty-one adult patients with 6-week to 87-month histories of unilateral, hemispheric, paralytic brain lesions were evaluated by each of two tests. The first test evaluated the subject's ability to combine components of the limb synergies. A pilot investigation was performed which established the reliability of the testing instruments. The correlation between the perception of joint position sense and synergy test results, .83, was significant at p less than .01. Implications for therapeutic management of the patient with hemiplegia are discussed.
Institution specific risk factors for 30 day readmission at a community hospital: a retrospective observational study.

As of October 1, 2012, hospitals in the United States with excess readmissions based on the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) risk-adjusted ratio began being penalized. Given the impact of high readmission rates to hospitals nationally, it is important for individual hospitals to identify which patients may be at highest risk of readmission. The objective of this study was to assess the association of institution specific factors with 30-day readmission. The study is a retrospective observational study using administrative data from January 1, 2009 through December 31, 2010 conducted at a 257 bed community hospital in Massachusetts. The patients included inpatient medical discharges from the hospitalist service with the primary diagnoses of congestive heart failure, pneumonia or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The outcome was 30-day readmission rates. After adjusting for known factors that impact readmission, provider associated factors (i.e. hours worked and census on the day of discharge) and hospital associated factors (i.e. floor of discharge, season) were compared. Over the study time period, there were 3774 discharges by hospitalists, with 637 30-day readmissions (17% readmission rate). By condition, readmission rates were 19.6% (448/2284) for congestive heart failure, 13.0% (141/1083) for pneumonia, and 14.7% (200/1358) for chronic obstructive lung disease. After adjusting for known risk factors (gender, age, length of stay, Elixhauser sum score, admission in the previous year, insurance, disposition, primary diagnosis), we found that patients discharged in the winter remained significantly more likely to be readmitted compared to the summer (OR 1.54, p = 0.0008). Patients discharged from the cardiac floor had a trend toward decreased readmission compared a medical/oncology floor (OR 0.85, p = 0.08). Hospitalist work flow factors (census and hours on the day of discharge) were not associated with readmission. We found that 30 day hospital readmissions may be associated with institution specific risk factors, even after adjustment for patient factors. These institution specific risk factors may be targets for interventions to prevent readmissions.
Structure and medium effects on hydraphile synthetic ion channel toxicity to the bacterium E. coli

Synthetic hydraphile channels were systematically varied at the side arm position and tested under neutral and acidic conditions against the Gram-negative bacterium E. coli. Side arm structure is a critical determinant of channel activity within the bilayer and greatly influences toxicity. The biological activity data correlate remarkably well with the results of Na+ transport studies conducted using synthetic liposome systems. Experiments to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were conducted under both neutral and acidic conditions. Hydraphile toxicity was diminished at pH = 5.5, compared to that at pH = ∼7, providing an example of a pH-dependent, synthetic, non-peptide ion channel.
Assessing security risk in global supply chains

Supply chain security has become a primary concern for supply chain practitioners, and especially so for global supply chains where security related risk is a particular concern. The challenges of security-related risk may be viewed through the lens of the risk management process, which involves identifying, assessing, mitigating and controlling the vulnerabilities that are faced by supply chain managers in practice. The main purpose of this paper is to develop a methodology for the second step of the process, assessing security risk in global supply chains. The two-part assessment methodology reported here includes a scoring system for evaluating each of the participants in the supply chain in turn, and an aggregation mechanism based on graphic modeling that results in a single supply chain risk index value for a specific supply chain of interest. The main premise of this paper is that pairing these mechanisms provides a useful framework for measuring the potential threat resulting from a combination of individual risk and element interactions. We demonstrate the usefulness of this approach with an example involving two risk intensive stages of supply chains - loading port and ocean carrier.
Sarcoïdose médiastinale dans un contexte oncologique : apport de la ponction aspiration guidée par échoendoscopie

Resume Introduction La sarcoidose et les reactions sarcoidosiques ont deja ete decrites en association aux cancers. La ponction aspiration guidee par l’echoendoscopie (EUS-FNA) est une methode peu invasive d’exploration des adenopathies mediastinales Patients et methodes Nous rapportons une serie retrospective de 54 patients explores par EUS-FNA dans le cadre d’adenopathies mediastinales suspectes de metastases et mises en evidence par un scanner ou une tomographie a emission de positons dans un centre de lutte contre le cancer. Les patients porteurs de granulomes sans necrose caseeuse identifies par l’EUS-FNA ont ete inclus Resultats L’EUS-FNA a permis d’identifier des granulomes sans necrose caseeuse chez sept patients sur les 54. La tomographie a emission de positons etait positive chez les cinq patients chez qui elle avait ete realisee sur les sept. Une patiente avait des antecedents de sarcoidose avant le diagnostic du cancer. Un patient etait porteur de micrometastases ganglionnaires associees a une reaction sarcoidosique. Aucune complication de la ponction n’etait observee Conclusions La granulomatose sarcoidosique ganglionnaire mediastinale doit etre evoquee dans un contexte carcinologique chez des patients presentant des adenopathies mediastinales. L’EUS-FNA est une methode peu invasive et sure pour obtenir une documentation histologique
Myelofibrosis in chronic granulocytic leukemia.

In 181 patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) 39 patients demonstrated myelofibrosis (MF) during the course of their disease. These groups can be divided into two groups: one group initially presenting with the clinical and laboratory findings of CGL but with concomitant MF and a second group in whom MF developed late in the course of CGL. The occurrence of MF with CGL was associated with three findings: (1) elevation of the leukocyte alkaline phosphatase, (2) a very poor prognosis and (3) the frequent association of MF and blastic transformation of CGL. MF should be considered an integral part of CGL and when present should be considered part of the terminal phase of CGL and treated accordingly.
Are the Truly Disadvantaged Truly Demobilized? Neighborhood Disadvantage and Protest in Chicago, 1970–1990:

This article examines how neighborhood disadvantage affects neighborhood collective action. Neither the urban poverty literature nor the collective action literature has adequately examined how poverty would affect neighborhood level collective action on their own. I seek to bridge these two literatures to examine how collective action operates in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Though the existing literature would argue that increased social disorganization due to depopulation, social isolation, and hyper-segregation would result in decreased collective action, I argue that other neighborhood characteristics may offset the lack of ‘resources’ and ‘organization’ available to disadvantaged communities. I use the Chicago Tribune from 1970 to 1990 to create a data set of neighborhood-level protest events. Using random effects negative binomial regression, I show that while disadvantage does indeed negatively impact mobilization, factors such as the racial composition of the neighborhood, organizational density,...
Taking money seriously David Laidler Cambridge: The MIT press, 1990, xiv, 226 pp.

In Taking Money Seriously and Other Essays, Davis Laidler argues that Walrasian models and new-classical business cycle theories, where transactions occur at equilibrium prices, cannot describe real world economies, where uncertain traders hold "buffer-stocks" of precautionary money balances. Imperfect information leads traders to set prices endogenously and to acquire market information from inflows and outflows of money. Traders adjust prices when cash balances persistently differ from targeted precautionary balances. Unlike standard monetarist and Keynesian models, the buffer-stock theory implies that in the short run actual money holdings frequently differ from desired holdings (unlike the contrary assumption of many money demand studies), that, even when money is endogenous, real balance effects occur, and that the loanable funds theory is the best explanation of interest rates.
Plain Chest Radiography of Rheumatic Heart Disease

This well-illustrated article considers the role of plain film examination of the adult patient with valvular heart disease caused by rheumatic heart disease. As stressed in Dr. Elliott’s article in this symposium, the importance of interpreting anatomic information within the physiologic framework provided by assessing the pulmonary vasculature cannot be overemphasized.
Anderson in America: Transatlantic Satire in the 1960s

When he returned to his New York hotel from a screening of Woody Allen’s Hannah and Her Sisters in 1986, Lindsay Anderson wrote in his journal, ‘After ten minutes (at the most), I found myself groaning—‘What on earth is all this about?
The Bubble Bursts

The parties to these kinds of contract are largely sophisticated financial institutions that would appear to be eminently capable of protecting themselves from fraud and counterparty insolvencies. – Lawrence Summers, Congressional testimony, July 30, 1998 With respect to their safety, derivatives, for the most part, are traded among very sophisticated financial institutions and individuals who have considerable incentive to understand them and to use them properly. The Federal Reserve’s responsibility is to make sure that the institutions it regulates have good systems and good procedures for ensuring that their derivatives portfolios are well managed and do not create excessive risk in their institutions. – Ben Bernanke, Senate confirmation hearings, November 15, 2005 We were on the March 22 call with Fitch regarding the subprime securitization market’s difficulties. My associate asked several questions. “What are the key drivers of your rating model?” They responded, FICO scores and home price appreciation (HPA) of low single digit (LSD) or mid single digit (MSD), as HPA has been for the past fifty years. My associate then asked, “What if HPA was flat for an extended period of time?” They responded that their model would start to break down. He then asked, “What if HPA were to decline 1 percent to 2 percent for an extended period of time?” He then asked, “With 2 percent depreciation, how far up the rating’s scale would it harm?” They responded that it might go as high as the AA or AAA tranches. – Robert Rodriguez, June 28, 2007 Every time there’s been a fire, these guys [derivatives traders] have been around it. – Nicholas Brady (Lowenstein, 2000, p. 105) The collapse of the housing finance market is in many ways the most fascinating – and certainly the most painful – part of the story of the bubble’s unraveling. In previous chapters, we present a brief primer on the private mortgage market as it developed following the popular initiatives of the Clinton and Bush administrations to expand homeownership and eliminate the capital gains tax (capped at $500,000 for each sale) on homes, the policy actions of government sponsored enterprises (GSE), the continuing large inflows of foreign capital, and the unprecedented (at the time) monetary ease of 2002–2004. The focus now turns to the private housing-mortgage market institutions that served to amplify the housing price run-up, particularly in the period after 2001.
Comparison of Workflow Efficiency and Technologist Radiation Exposure when using TheraSphere and SIR-Sphere Y90 microspheres for liver cancer therapy.

2717 Objectives Treatment of inoperative liver cancer and liver metastases using Yttrium-90 (Y90) microspheres is of growing interest in nuclear medicine with different options available for therapy. A glass microsphere, known as TheraSphere, or a resin bead known as SIR-Sphere are currently available as therapy options. Although both are used for the same type of treatment, the setup, delivery, and radiation exposure for the technologist involved are different. This study is a comparison of the workflow efficiency and the radiation dose exposure for the technologist between TheraSphere and SIR-Sphere. Methods Multiple TheraSphere and SIR-Sphere cases were observed and three specific events were timed and recorded. These specific events included: technologist time in the hot lab preparing the dose and paperwork for delivery to IR, delivery of the Y90 microspheres to the patient by the doctor, and technologist time in IR surveying staff in and out of room while delivery of dose and the survey of the room after the patient is complete. The times of each event were averaged and compared to evaluate workflow efficiencies. To evaluate radiation exposure for the technologist, a standard Radex radiation dosimeter (typically included with SIR-Spheres or TheraSpheres kits) and a nanoDOT thermoluminescent dosimeter was worn for each case individually. Values were recorded, normalized to patient dose, and compared for each therapy option. Results The time for each specific event was less for the TheraSphere’s workflow than for SIR-Spheres. The average times for each recorded event for SIR-Sphere preparation was 25.5 minutes. The average times for the TheraSpheres workflow was 18.7 minutes. Both dosimeters showed no additional radiation above control values for TheraSphere cases while SIR-Sphere cases were measurably higher on both dosimeters. Use of TheraSpheres was observed to result in an approximate 6% reduction in technologist dose compared to similar cases using SIR-spheres. Conclusions When comparing the two types of microspheres used for treatment, this study has shown that TheraSphere offers improved workflow efficiency and the lowest radiation dose for a technologist. The treatment doses delivered to the patients during both types of therapies were similar in activity, so the increase in the radiation dose when using SIR-Spheres is more than likely due to having to draw the patient dose from an initial bulk dose of 100 mCi. Because of this bulk dose, however, SIR-Spheres did show an advantage for physicians to be able to change or split the dose the same day as treatment where with TheraSphere that is not an option as the dose is already preformulated and ready for delivery.