cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Chemistry for New Material: Highly Dense Mesoporous Carbon Electrode for Supercapacitors with High Areal Capacitance

The discovery of new chemical reactions plays an important role in new material synthesis. For electric double-layer capacitors, a high packing density and a large surface area are required, but contradiction for current porous carbon electrodes. This causes a critical trade-off issue among gravimetric, areal, and volumetric capacitances. Herein, a new chemistry was found to synthesize a new type of carbon material, namely, a new reaction between CO and Li directly produces three-dimensional dense mesoporous carbon (DMPC). Its high packing density of 1.94 g/cm3 is much larger than those (0.05–0.7 g/cm3) of other porous carbon materials. Consequently, the aqueous electric double-layer capacitors with DMPC electrodes, which have 11.5 mg/cm2 mass loading, can reach high areal capacitance (2.15 F/cm2 at 1 A/g). It also exhibited large volumetric and gravimetric capacitances (220.5 F/cm3 and 205.2 F/g) without sacrificing areal capacitance. Furthermore, after 5000 charge/discharge cycles, capacitance retention...
Unexceptional Women: Power, Authority, and Queenship in Early Portugal

Historiographic assessments of queens as exceptional have particularly hindered understanding of royal daughters, designated queens, who played a very particular role in the function and legitimacy of the Portuguese monarchy in the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries. The essay explains the adoption of the identity of “queen” by the first ruler of Portugal, Teresa, and then examines the function of the queenship of her female descendants in the courts of Afonso Henriques and Sancho I.
Sense of Smell as the Central Driver of Pavlovian Appetite Behavior in Mammals.

The seminal experiments of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov set the stage for an understanding of the physiological concomitants of appetite and feeding behavior. His findings, from careful and creative experimentation, have been uncontested for over a century. One of Pavlov’s most fundamental observations was that activation of salivary, gastric and pancreatic secretions during feeding and sham-feeding, precede entry of food into the mouth, generating signals to the brain from various sensory pathways. Pavlov referred to this as the “psychic” phase of digestion. However, quite surprisingly, he did not attempt to isolate any single sensory system as the main driver of this phenomenon. Herein we revisit Pavlov’s findings and hypothesise that the evolutionarily-important sense of smell is the pathway most-likely determinant of feeding behavior. Substantial understandings of olfactory receptors and their neural pathways in the central nervous system have emerged over the past decade. Neurogenic signals, working in concert with hormonal inputs are described, illustrating the ways in which smell sense determines food-seeking and food-preference. Additonally, we describe how smell sense affects metabolic pathways relevant to energy metabolism, hunger and satiety as well as a broad range of human behaviors, thereby reinforcing its central biological role in mammals. Intriguing possibilities for future research, based upon this hypothesis, are raised.
Histamine-mediated autocrine signaling in mesenteric perilymphatic mast cells.

Lymphatic vessels play a critical role in mounting a proper immune response by trafficking peripheral immune cells to draining lymph nodes. Mast cells (MCs) are well known for their roles in type I...
Reading the written language environment: Learning orthographic structure from statistical regularities

Abstract Statistical regularities in the environment impact cognition across domains. In semantics, distributional approaches posit that similarity between words can be derived from regularities of the contexts in which they appear. Here, we study how regularities in written text impact readers’ knowledge about orthography: Can similarity between characters be learned from the written environment? Adapting methods from distributional semantics, we model the contextual similarity among alphanumeric characters in a large text corpus. We find modest correlations between model-derived similarities with similarity derived from a behavioral experiment. Beyond this result, model-derived similarity from neural embedding models captures key aspects of orthographic knowledge, like case, letter identity and consonant–vowel status. We conclude that the text environment contains regularities that are relevant to readers and that statistical learning is a promising way for this information to be acquired. More broadly, our results imply that statistical regularities are relevant not only at the level of word semantics but also individual written characters.
The effect of ribosomal protein exchange on the activity of Xenopuslaevis ribosomes

Abstract Exposure of Xenopus unfertilized egg ribosomes to an adult liver 105,000 g supernate leads to an extensive exchange between some ribosomal proteins and similar proteins in the soluble fraction to give a hybrid product which retains the physical characteristics of control ribosomes. Such exchange does not affect the efficiency of poly U-primed peotein synthesis at high Mg2+ concentrations, but stimulates synthesis at least 300% at low Mg2+ levels. The stimulatory effect is not eliminated by washing the ribosomes in 0.5 M NH4Cl. It is suggested that during exchange unfertilized egg ribosomes acquire a protein(s) which facilitates the binding of initiation factors, and that such a protein(s) is absent or present in an inactive form on normal egg ribosomes.
Examining DBT Day Treatment in Treating Mood Dysregulation Expectancy and Anxiety in Women Diagnosed with Eating Disorders

Eating disorders (EDs), particularly anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN), are characterized by emotional and behavioral disturbances in eating patterns and body image that result in significant distress and functional impairment (as reported by APA, (APA dictionary of psychology, American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, 2015)). Ben-Porath and colleagues (Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy 40:115-123, 2010) have researched the effectiveness of dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) day treatment program in reducing negative mood regulation and anxiety among women diagnosed with AN, BN, and eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS). The current study extended past research on the effectiveness of DBT day treatment by analyzing the improvement in these patients’ scores on the beck anxiety inventory (BAI) and the generalized expectancy for negative mood regulation (NMR) Scale after treatment. We compared pre- and post-treatment scores using paired samples t-tests. We also examined rates of clinically significant change in these areas post-treatment. The results indicated that participants demonstrated a reduction in expectancies for negative mood dysregulation and anxiety after undergoing DBT day treatment for EDs. Limitations and implications of this study are discussed.
Recommendations for Reviewing Meta-Analyses in Organizational Research:

This article encourages transparency in the reporting of meta-analytic procedures. Specifically, we highlight aspects of meta-analytic search, coding, data presentation, and data analysis where pub...
Impact of embedded medication assistance program specialists on medication access in outpatient oncology clinics.

IntroductionMedication prior authorizations (PA) required by insurance payers can be time-consuming to complete and may lead to delays in treatment for cancer patients. The primary objective of thi...
Note on Productive Knowledge

This Note examines the development of the knowledge embodied in ‘artifacts’ – things we use and value that do not exist in nature. It focuses on ‘multi-player’ development -- advances by and for the many – and highlights its technical scaffolding and venturesome spirit. And it suggests ways for using the scaffolding while keeping the sprit.
First record and diet of the tri-colored bat ( Perimyotis subflavus ) from Guadalupe Mountains National Park and Culberson County, Texas

The tri-colored bat (Perimyotis subflavus) occurs throughout the eastern United States, from Canada to south Florida and westward to eastern New Mexico, central Colorado, and western Texas. In this study, we document the first record of P. subflavus for both Guadalupe Mountains National Park and Culberson County, Texas. Our record extends the range of P. subflavus into the Trans-Pecos region of Texas. We also examined the diet of this individual and observed that it consisted of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Hemiptera. Our observations of the diet of P. subflavus correspond with results of previous studies from more eastern portions of the species' range.
Lawrence R. Klein’s Principles in Modeling and Contributions in Nowcasting, Real-Time Forecasting, and Machine Learning

Lawrence R. Klein (September 14, 1920 – October 20, 2013), Nobel Laureate in Economic Sciences in 1980, was one of the leading figures in macro-econometric modeling. Although his contributions to forecasting using simultaneous equations macro models were very well known, his contributions to nowcasting and real-time forecasting, that he worked on in the last 30 years of his life, were generally overlooked by many researchers. The reasons for the miss are related to the ambiguity in terminology, specifically, the terms nowcast or nowcasting, and the empirical, though very significant, nature of his contributions. This paper reviews L. R. Klein’s guiding principles on modeling and his contributions to nowcasting and real-time forecasting, and discusses the connection of these contributions to the present state of fast evolving disciplines, such as economics, econometrics, statistics, data science, and machine learning. In so doing, we argue that L. R. Klein indeed expertly developed pioneering ideas and methodology for nowcasting and real-time forecasting; and the principles and contributions put forward by him are even more relevant now than ever.
The total wrist arthroplasty

Traditional management of wrist arthritis consists of proximal row carpectomy, partial carpal fusions, or, in the event of pancarpal arthritis, total wrist fusion. Although proximal row carpectomy and partial wrist fusions preserve some motion at the wrist while relieving pain symptoms, the quality of results obtained from these procedures is not predictable or optimal in many instances. Total wrist fusions are credited with universal pain relief at the expense of wrist motion. However, critical analysis of the results of total wrist arthrodesis shows that the results are not always consistent with what has been claimed and that pain relief is unpredictable at best. In a recent study, 14 of 22 patients who had undergone wrist arthrodesis had residual pain, and 4 of these patients had severe pain 6 years later. In another study, only 6 of 36 patients remained pain-free 4 years after wrist arthrodesis. Moreover, many patients do not like loss of motion in their wrists. In a study of wrist arthrodesis, only 40% of patients were satisfied at 1 year. In another study, 100% of patients who had wrist arthrodesis indicated that they would have a procedure performed so they could move their wrists again. Management of hip, knee, ankle, and shoulder joints has evolved from arthrodesis to arthroplasty. The wrist joint awaits the same pattern of evolution with the advent of reliable designs. In this presentation, I will first describe the design rationale of the Stryker ReMotion Total Wrist arthroplasty along with historical antecedents. Next, I will outline the technique of implantation with tips and tricks for special situations. Finally, I will discuss 10-year results and comment on future prospects of total wrist arthroplasty.
Having it all: using RapidILL for book chapter interlending

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe how RapidILL expanded its service offerings from expedited requesting and delivery of journal articles to include delivery of book chapters as well. Design/methodology/approach – The author uses a case study approach to provide an overview of the RapidILL service, the service advantages inherent in its system design, and how the system was modified to accommodate requesting and delivery of book chapters. Findings – The challenges that RapidILL member libraries anticipated did not materialize; the system set up required for requesting and supplying book chapters is largely the same as for supplying journal articles. The resulting fill rate and turnaround time for book chapters compares favorably with that of journal articles. Originality/value – The RapidILL book chapter service has been in place for approximately a year at the time of writing. This paper introduces a fairly new service, provides data from a key participating library, and will be of intere...
Folate, DNA methylation, and mouse models of breast tumorigenesis.

Since the late 1990s, the food supply of the United States, Canada, and other countries has been fortified with folic acid to lower the incidence of neural tube defects (e.g., spina bifida, anencephaly). This fortification program has been highly successful in reducing both the prevalence of folate deficiency in the general population1,2 and the incidence of neural tube defects.3 The success of the fortification program, however, has created a situation of excess folic acid consumption by a significant percentage of the general population, the negative ramifications of which, if any, are as yet undetermined. Geometric mean serum folate levels have more than doubled in the US population (from ∼12 to ∼30 nmol/L)4 and the prevalence of folic acid supplement users with intakes above the upper tolerable intake level (>1 mg folic acid/day) has increased from ∼1% to ∼11%.5 Because folate deficiency and anti-folate drugs are known to retard or prevent the proliferation of tumors, some have raised the question of whether excess folic acid in the food supply may promote malignant progression.6 Indeed, a recent analysis of data from the U.S. and Canada suggests that folic acid fortification may have increased the incidence of colorectal cancer by as much as 10%.7 Most cancers develop through a series of stages or transformations from normal to neoplasia in situ, invasive carcinoma, and ultimately metastasis. Folate is potentially an important mediator of progressive changes in tumor cell biology, based on its central role in one-carbon metabolism (Figure 1). Folate, in the form of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate, has three major biochemical fates. First, it serves as the one-carbon donor in the conversion of deoxyuridine to thymidylate, which in turn is incorporated into DNA. Folate deficiency causes inhibition of this reaction, which can result in uracil misincorporation into DNA.8 DNA …
Global Scale Atmospheric Mixing

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on global scale dispersion, which is poorly known—whether predicted in advance or based on average climatology. There are many manmade and natural substances in the atmosphere that might be lent to regional and global scale dispersion studies, but, unfortunately, most of these are subject to significant removal processes. Model simulations of global scale dispersion fall into two categories depending on the degree of parameterization of turbulent transport. The first model parameterizes all turbulent motions allowing for tracer transport in the usual sense only by organized circulations. The second employs three-dimensional winds at a series of grid points over the globe to transport tracer substances on a synoptic and global scale. Because the verification of any dispersion model lies at the heart of its validity, the data on tracer substances are reviewed in the chapter and a semiempirical model is suggested. The model is then compared with the limited amount of verifying data on tracer substances. Viewed as an engineering approach to the prediction of inert tracers injected on a global scale, the coarse features of the distribution are reasonably well approximated in the troposphere by a flux-gradient model and a prescribed set of diffusion coefficients.
Sr 2 Fe 1.5 Mo 0.5 O 6-δ as a Regenerative Anode for solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Abstract Sr 2 Fe 1.5 Mo 0.5 O 6− δ (SFM) was prepared using a microwave-assisted combustion synthesis method. Rietveld refinement of powder X-ray diffraction data reveals that SFM crystallizes in the simple cubic perovskite structure with iron and molybdenum disordered on the B-site. No structure transition was observed by variable temperature powder X-ray diffraction measurements in the temperature range of 25–800 °C. XPS results show that the iron and molybdenum valences change with an increase in temperature, where the mixed oxidation states of both iron and molybdenum are believed to be responsible for the increase in the electrical conductivity with increasing temperature. SFM exhibits excellent redox stability and has been used as both anode and cathode for solid oxide fuel cells. Presence of sulfur species in the fuel or direct utilization of hydrocarbon fuel can result in loss of activity, however, as shown in this paper, the anode performance can be regenerated from sulfur poisoning or coking by treating the anode in an oxidizing atmosphere. Thus, SFM can be used as a regenerating anode for direct oxidation of sulfur-containing hydrocarbon fuels.
Consecutive Identical Returns and the Stanford Group Scandal

As one piece of evidence in the prosecution of fraud and Ponzi scheme charges against R. Allen Stanford, James M. Davis, and Laura Pendergest-Holt of the Stanford International Bank, Ltd., the Stanford Group Company, and Stanford Capital Management, LLC, the Securities and Exchange Commission noted that the firm had reported consecutive identical four-digit returns of 15.71% in 1995 and 1996. An unidentified expert and Ms. Pendergest-Holt asserted that this result was unlikely, and the SEC has viewed it as evidence of long-term fraudulent activity. This paper examines the likelihood of consecutive identical four digit returns using simulation over a variety of market parameters with both equity and interest rate volatility and several general types of investment strategies. Given our results on the frequency of this event and the fact that there are about 300,000 investment managers in the United States, it is quite possible that many investment managers experience consecutive identical four-digit returns over a two-year period. In low risk environments and following low risk strategies, there could easily be more than 100. The combination of consecutive identical four-digit returns with evidence of fraud may be inculpatory evidence but the former, by itself, should not be considered unusual for the totality of investment managers in the market.
Adenosine Triphosphate-Linked Control of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase

Extracts of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 7700) cells grown on glucose, gluconate, or glycerol had enzyme activities related to the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. These activities were present in no more than trace amounts when the bacteria were grown on succinate. Fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase could not be detected in extracts of the bacteria grown on any of the above carbon sources. Therefore, it appears that P. aeruginosa degrades glucose via an inducible Entner-Doudoroff pathway. The apparent absence of fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase in cells growing on succinate suggests that the bacteria can form hexose and pentose phosphates from succinate by an alternate route. d-Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, a branch-point enzyme of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway, was purified 50-fold from glucose-grown cells. Its molecular weight, estimated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, was found to be approximately 190,000. The enzyme was strongly inhibited by adenosine triphosphate, guanosine triphosphate, and deoxyguanosine triphosphate, which decreased the apparent binding of glucose-6-phosphate to the enzyme. It is suggested that adenine nucleotide-linked control of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase may regulate the overall catabolism of hexose phosphates and prevent their wasteful degradation under certain conditions requiring gluconeogenesis.
Review of George D. Shollenberger's Book: The First Scientific Proof of God: Reveals God's Intelligent Design and a Modern Creation Theory

This is a philosophic proof, but is it a scientific proof? Science has drifted into philosophy, and it finds itself unable to stay as a pure activity as Popper demanded. And so Shollenberger`s proof can be seen as scientific in that all evidence must make sense within the unifying presence, and because science necessarily drifts into philosophy for big questions about what is beyond caricature (infinite). When science is limited to empiricism and existentialism, science can only test theories that permit predictions (that necessarily make a caricature of their subject). The caricature-giver is beyond Popper`s science. You can find this book at Amazon: The First Scientific Proof of God: Reveals God's Intelligent Design and a Modern Creation Theory .
Urban Ecology: Spatial patterns and mosaics

Towns don’t want to be suburbs, suburbs don’t want to be cities, and cities don’t want to be wastelands. Michael Dukakis, quoted in Conservation and Values , 1978 If you know one of their cities, you know them all, for they’re exactly alike … Amaurot lies up against a gently sloping hill; the town is almost square in shape. From a little below the crest of the hill, it runs down about two miles to the river. … the water runs clean and sweet all the way to the sea … another stream, not particularly large, but very gentle and pleasant, which rises out of the hill, flows down through the center of town … The town is surrounded by a thick, high wall … The streets are conveniently laid out for use by vehicles and for protection from the wind. Their buildings are by no means paltry; the unbroken rows of houses facing each other across the streets through the different wards make a fine sight. The streets are twenty feet wide. Behind each row of houses at the center of every block and extending the full length of the street, there are large gardens. Every house has a door to the street and another to the garden … They raise vines, fruits, herbs, and flowers, so thrifty and flourishing that I have never seen any gardens more productive or elegant than theirs. … the founder of the city paid particular attention to the siting of these gardens. Thomas Moore, Utopia , 1516 Between bedrock and stratosphere, a city lies uneasily on a sheet of wet soil and is covered by a sheet of air. Industrious lilliputians in the city keep creating pattern, upward, downward, inward, and especially outward.
Translocation of Certain Indigenous Bacteria from the Gastrointestinal Tract to the Mesenteric Lymph Nodes and Other Organs in a Gnotobiotic Mouse Model

Viable bacteria were not cultured from the mesenteric lymph nodes, spleens, or livers of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) mice. Viable enteric bacteria, primarily indigenous Escherichia coli and lactobacilli, were present in the mesenteric lymph nodes of gnotobiotic mice inoculated intragastrically with the whole cecal microflora from SPF mice but not in the nodes of control SPF mice similarly inoculated. These indigenous E. coli also were cultured from the mesenteric lymph nodes of 96% of gnotobiotic mice monoassociated with E. coli but from none of the mesenteric lymph nodes of SPF mice inoculated with the E. coli. Furthermore, viable E. coli were detected in the mesenteric lymph nodes of these monoassociated gnotobiotes for as long as 112 days after inoculation. Indigenous Lactobacillus acidophilus also translocated to the mesenteric lymph nodes of gnotobiotic mice monoassociated with L. acidophilus. Apparently, there are mechanisms active in SPF mice inhibiting translocation of indigenous bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to the mesenteric lymph nodes, spleens, and livers, whereas these mechanisms are either absent or reduced in gnotobiotic mice. Indigenous E. coli maintained higher population levels in the gastrointestinal tracts of the gnotobiotes compared with their population levels in SPF mice, suggesting that high bacterial population levels might promote translocation of certain bacteria from the gastrointestinal lumen to the mesenteric lymph nodes. Gnotobiotic and SPF mice, therefore, provide experimental models for determining the nature of the mechanisms operating to confine indigenous bacteria to the gastrointestinal tract in normal, healthy animals.
Loss of the Reelin-signaling pathway differentially disrupts heat, mechanical and chemical nociceptive processing

The Reelin-signaling pathway regulates neuronal positioning during embryonic development. Reelin, the extracellular matrix protein missing in reeler mutants, is secreted by neurons in laminae I, II and V, binds to Vldl and Apoer2 receptors on nearby neurons, and tyrosine phosphorylates the adaptor protein Disabled-1 (Dab1), which activates downstream signaling. We previously reported that reeler and dab1 mutants had significantly reduced mechanical and increased heat nociception. Here we extend our analysis to chemical, visceral, and cold pain and importantly, used Fos expression to relate positioning errors in mutant mouse dorsal horn to changes in neuronal activity. We found that noxious mechanical stimulation-induced Fos expression is reduced in reeler and dab1 laminae I-II, compared to wild-type mice. Additionally, mutants had fewer Fos-immunoreactive neurons in the lateral-reticulated area of the deep dorsal horn than wild-type mice, a finding that correlates with a 50% reduction and subsequent mispositioning of the large Dab1-positive cells in the mutant lateral-reticulated area. Furthermore, several of these Dab1 cells expressed Fos in wild-type mice but rarely in reeler mutants. By contrast, paralleling the behavioral observations, noxious heat stimulation evoked significantly greater Fos expression in laminae I-II of reeler and dab1 mutants. We then used the formalin test to show that chemical nociception is reduced in reeler and dab1 mutants and that there is a corresponding decrease in formalin-induced Fos expression. Finally, neither visceral pain nor cold-pain sensitivity differed between wild-type and mutant mice. As differences in the nociceptor distribution within reeler and dab1 mutant dorsal horn were not detected, these differential effects observed on distinct pain modalities suggest that dorsal horn circuits are organized along modality-specific lines.
Wilbur's Ballade for the Duke of Orléans

(2003). Wilbur's Ballade for the Duke of Orleans. The Explicator: Vol. 62, No. 1, pp. 50-52.
Balancing development and environment: The third world in global environmental politics

Abstract Developing countries’ resource choices are constrained by their role in the international economy. Growing awareness of the environment as a global commons is likely to farther constrain their development options. The impact of the internationalization of the economy on their resource choices is demonstrated by examining three uses of near‐shore marine resources: dumping, fishing, and tourism and recreation. In each case, resource choices are driven by the developing countries’ place in the international economy. As the international community attempts to steer development along an environmentally responsible path, developing countries need to present their own vision of an acceptable future.
Aircraft cargo compartment fire detection and smoke transport modeling

The US Federal Aviation Administration, along with other regulatory agencies, requires that cargo compartments on passenger carrying aircraft be equipped with fire detection and suppression systems. Current regulations require that the detection system alarms within 1 min of the start of a fire and flight tests are required to demonstrate compliance with these regulations. Due to the high costs of flight tests, extensive ground certification tests are typically conducted to ensure that the detection system will meet the time to alarm requirements during the flight tests. For the purpose of improving the detection system design and certification process, a transient computational fluid dynamics computer code for the prediction of smoke, heat, and gas species transport in cargo compartments has been developed. This simulation tool couples heat, mass, and momentum transfer in a body-fitted coordinate system in order to handle a variety of cargo bay shapes and sizes. Ideally, such a physics-based simulation tool can be used during the certification process to identify worst case locations for fires, optimum placement of detector sensors within the cargo compartment, and sensor alarm levels and algorithms needed to achieve detection within the required time. Validation of the model was completed, and comparison of the predicted results with the results obtained from full-scale fire tests in a variety of actual aircraft cargo compartments provides insight into the model capabilities.
The effect on stream flow of the killing of spruce and pine by the Engelmann spruce beetle

An outbreak of the Engelmann spruce beetle on the White River Plateau of western Colorado killed the Engelmann spruce and lodgepole pine on a considerable portion of the 762-sq mi drainage basin of White River above the town of Meeker, Colorado. Statistical analyses were made to compare stream flow and water content of snow for White River with similar measurements made for the 206-sq mi drainage basin of Elk River above Clark, Colorado. The analyses show that the flow of White River increased after the beetle outbreak, and this increase is attributed to reduced interception of snow and to reduced transpiration by the beetle-killed trees. Total annual stream flow of White River was compared for three periods: (1) the 1937–1940 water years before the killing of the spruce and pine: (2) the 1941–1946 water years during which the beetle outbreak was most active; and (3) the 1947–1951 water years after the killing of the mature and over mature spruce and pine had been completed. The average annual stream flow increased by 1.22 inches during 1941–1946 and by 2.28 inches during 1947–1951 as compared to the period 1937–1940 after adjustment was made for climatic fluctuations.
Proton aurora observed from the ground

Abstract Auroral keV proton precipitation is a significant-energy particle input upon the high-latitude ionosphere, often dominating in the polar cusp and the dusk sector of the equatorward auroral oval. A unique signature of proton precipitation is the Doppler-shifted H Balmer lines (Hα, Hβ) observable from the ground. These lines are emitted by energetic H atoms produced within the proton beam through charge-exchange processes. Their observations allow one to assess the location, dynamic evolution especially during magnetospheric substorms, and spectral characteristics of the source regions of the energetic protons projected to the high-latitude ionosphere. They also allow to identify the associated magnetospheric processes and to evaluate ionospheric perturbations induced by the energetic protons. The source regions include the cusp, the low-latitude boundary layer, the mantle, and the plasma sheet, including its dayside extension. If qualitative studies of proton aurora morphology and time variability are possible with photometric observations of hydrogen lines, quantitative assessment of H-emission brightness, and incident proton mean energy and flux, requires spectroscopic measurements of the H-emission profile. In this review paper, we report on the tremendous progress made in the past 20 years in the observational capability applied to proton aurora and in the modeling of energetic proton transport in the upper atmosphere, which is needed for quantitative analysis of the spectroscopic measurements of H emission. The current issues in the field are also discussed and suggestions for future directions are proposed. They include the deployment of chains of instruments dedicated to proton aurora studies along magnetic local time and geomagnetic latitude, such as high-spectral-resolution-imaging spectrographs and spectral imagers. Such campaigns would improve our understanding of the topology and dynamics of the magnetosphere, and provide, at dayside, the azimuthal extent of the reconnection region. Magnetically conjugate experiments and optical instruments dedicated to proton aurora observations in Antarctica are greatly encouraged. The contribution of atmospheric scattering to the H-spectral profiles needs to be further assessed and additional laboratory measurements of differential cross sections are required for a comprehensive understanding of the physics of proton aurora.
Hydroxy Propylated Lignin-Isocyanate Combinations as Bonding Agents for Wood and Cellulosic Fibers

Abstract Lignin and hydroxy propylated lignin derivatives were reacted with diisocyanates in the presence of cellulose fibers and wood particles. The attachment of lignin and lignin derivates to hydroxyl-rich surfaces of lignocellulosic materials proved to be a convenient way for increasing strength properties of reconstituted fiber and particle materials. Results indicate that hydroxypropylated lignin derivatives are capable of contributing equal or even greater strength increases to relignified fiber composites than do monomeric or polymeric diisocyanates alone. With reinforced fiber mats, it was found that strength properties were virtually unaffected up to a level of approximately 50% replacement of diisocyanates by lignin-based materials. This beneficial contribution by lignin to bonding properties could not be verified for reconstituted wood products, the strength and swelling properties of which suffered in relation to lignin content. Thftse differences are explained with differences in method of a...
Institutional Experience With Daptomycin Treatment in Patients With Gram-Positive Infections

Purpose: Daptomycin was originally approved for the treatment of complicated skin and skin-structure infections caused by gram-positive bacteria, and recently, its indications were expanded to include bacteremia and right-sided infective endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. This retrospective chart review examines outcomes and costs for individuals treated with daptomycin at a tertiary care medical center.Methods: During an 11-month period, records of patients treated with daptomycin at the institution were reviewed. Cases for which complete cost data were available were included in the analysis. Outcomes were assigned to 4 categories: cured, improved, failed, or unevaluable. Hospital stay details were recorded, and antibiotic and total hospital treatment costs were calculated.Results: Thirty-five patients representing 37 cases were included in the review. Of those cases, 89% (33 of 37) involved documented infections with gram-positive bacteria, 22% involved confirmed methicillin-resistant S. aur...
Growth and microstructure of superconducting YBa2Cu3Ox single crystals

We have developed a technique for growing free-standing, well-formed YBa2Cu3Ox single crystals from melts in the YBa2Cu3Ox-BaCuO2-CuO pseudoternary system. The crystals are rectangular prisms with the samllest dimension parallel to the c-axis of the unit cell. Fine-scale transformation twins are formed during cooling through the tetragonal-to-orthorhombic phase transition. Superconducting transitions of crystals annealed in oxygen (1 atm) at 420°C typically occur at 92 K with a width of 0.2 K.
Human erythrocyte phosphoglycerate kinase: purification, properties, and interaction with its antibody.

Abstract Crystalline human erythrocyte phosphoglycerate kinase (ATP: 3-phospho- d -glycerate i -phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.2.3) was prepared by the modification of the previously described methods, and its purity was ascertained by several means. Some chemical, physical, and kinetic properties of this preparation were compared with those of other highly purified phosphoglycerate kinase preparations from erythrocytes and other tissues. Precipitating antibodies to the crystalline erythrocyte enzyme and the purified yeast phosphoglycerate kinase were prepared. Specific reaction of each antibody with its respective enzyme was demonstrated by double-diffusion tests. The activity of each purified enzyme was completely inhibited by its antibody. Varying concentrations of the antibody to the erythorycte enzyme were added to erythrocyte hemolyzates; and phosphoglycerate kinase activity and lactate production, from fructose 1,6-diphosphate, were measured. Under these conditions, complete inhibition of phosphoglycerate kinase activity by the antibody was not obtained. Lactate production was not affected until 30% of the phosphoglycerate kinase activity was neutralized. Thereafter, the rate of lactate formation decreased with increasing inhibition of the enzyme activity.
Inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase augments trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid colitis in mice.

Abstract Background & Aims: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an interferon γ-induced intracellular enzyme, inhibits lymphocyte proliferation through tryptophan degradation. IDO is highly expressed in the mammalian intestine. We sought to determine whether IDO played a regulatory role in the T-cell helper 1 (Th1)-mediated trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) model of colitis. Methods: Intrarectal TNBS was given to SJL/J mice along with either placebo or a specific IDO inhibitor. IDO protein and mRNA expression were assessed by Western blotting and real-time PCR. Colonic lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMNCs) were isolated, fractionated, and cultured, in the presence and absence of IFN-γ, to determine the cell type(s) expressing IDO.Results: IDO is expressed by professional antigen-presenting cells in the lamina propria. Induction of TNBS colitis resulted in a significant increase in IDO mRNA ( P = 0.005) and protein expression. IDO inhibition during TNBS colitis resulted in an 80% mortality compared with 10% for placebo-treated animals ( P = 0.0089). IDO inhibition resulted in a more severe colitis both histologically and morphologically ( P
The sources of supraspinal afferents to the spinal cord in a variety of limbed reptiles. I. Reticulospinal systems

Horseradish peroxidase was injected into various levels of the spinal cord of turtles (Pseudemys and Chrysemys), lizards (Tupinambis, Iquana, Gekko, Sauromelus, and Gerrhonotus), and a crocodilian (Caiman). The results suggest that brainstem reticulospinal projections in limbed reptiles rival mammalian reticulospinal systems in complexity. The reptilian mye-lencephalic reticular formation can be divided into four distinct reticulospinal nuclei. Reticularis inferior pars dorsalis (RID) contains multipolar neurons which project bilaterally to the spinal cord. Reticularis inferior pars ventralis (RIV), which is only found in lizards and crocodilians, contains fusiform neurons with horizontally running dendrites and it projects ipsi-laterally to the spinal cord. Reticularis ventrolateralis (RVL), which is found only in teiid lizards, contains triangular neurons whose dendrites parallel the ventrolateral edge of the brainstem and it projects ipsilaterally to the spinal cord. The myelencephalic raphe (Ral) varies considerably. Ral of turtles contains large reticulospinal neurons which form a continuous population with more laterally situated RID cells. Ral of lizards contains a few small reticulospinal neurons. Ral of the crocodilian Caiman contains giant reticulospinal neurons with laterally directed dendrites. The caudal metencephalic reticular formation of reptiles can be divided into two distinct reticulospinal nuclei. Reticularis medius (RM) contains large neurons with long, ventrally directed dendrites; it projects ipsilaterally to the spinal cord. Reticularis medius pars lateralis (RML) contains small neurons with laterally directed dendrites; it projects contralaterally to the spinal cord. The rostral metencephalic and caudal mesencephalic reticular formation of reptiles can be divided into three distinct reticulospinal nuclei. Reticularis superior pars medialis (RSM) consists mostly of small, spindle-shaped neurons which project bilaterally to the spinal cord. In the lizard Tupinambis, however, large multipolar, ipsilaterally projecting neurons are occasionally seen in RSM. Reticularis superior pars lateralis (RSL) contains large, bilaterally projecting neurons with long, ventrolaterally directed dendrites. RSL in lizards can be divided into a dorsomedial portion, which projects ipsilaterally to the spinal cord, and a ventrolateral portion which projects contralaterally. The locus ceruleus-subceruleus field (LC-SC) contains small spindle-shaped neurons which project bilaterally to the spinal cord. Labeled reticulospinal neurons were also observed in the rostral metencephalic raphe (RaS) of the turtle brainstem. These cells are small, spindle-shaped neurons which resemble the small cells of the adjacent RSM field.
In a milieu of scarcity: Sartre and the limits of political imagination

As the maladies of material scarcity fade into cultural memory throughout much of the post-industrial world, there is something of a tendency to orient ethical and political reflection away from any driving concern for limitation, whether material or intellectual. In this article, I revisit Sartre's underappreciated meditations on scarcity and dialectical reason in an effort to vivify a sense of reflective sobriety. I argue that dialectical language emerges in Sartre's later work, at least partly, as a rhetorical tool, a means of directing attention toward persistent conflicts over limited resources. On Sartre's account, we tend to ‘internalize’ conflicts in such a way that we come to exhibit an almost Hobbesian political sensibility or ethos. By underscoring the psychic significance of our situation in what he calls a ‘milieu of scarcity,’ Sartre's dialectical perspective encourages a sharper attentiveness to some of the material and intellectual constraints that may prevent the normative possibilities late-modern theorists imagine and defend.
A gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist model demonstrates that nocturnal hot flashes interrupt objective sleep.

Objectives Sleep interruption is often reported by women with hot flashes and night sweats (or vasomotor symptoms, VMS). Although women report that VMS awaken them, polysomnography (PSG) studies have not consistently supported this contention. Design We mimicked menopause using a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) to investigate whether VMS increase awakenings and wake after sleep onset (WASO). VMS, serum estradiol, and at-home PSGs (two pretreatment, two posttreatment) were measured before and after 4 weeks on GnRHa. Regression models were used to determine the effect of increasing VMS frequency on awakenings and WASO, as measured objectively and subjectively. Participants Twenty-nine healthy women (mean 27.3 y). Setting Academic medical center. Interventions Depot GnRHa (leuprolide 3.75-mg). Results Serum estradiol was rapidly and uniformly suppressed on GnRHa. Persistent VMS were reported by 69% of women. The number of nighttime VMS correlated directly with the degree of sleep disturbance. Each additional reported nighttime VMS was associated with a 62% increase from baseline in PSG-measured WASO (P = 0.007), a 3% increase in awakenings (P = 0.05), and 6% increase in %N1 sleep (P = 0.02). Nighttime VMS were also associated with increased perceived WASO (312%; P = 0.02), awakenings (16%; P = 0.007), Insomnia Severity Index (P = 0.03), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (P = 0.03) scores, and decreased perceived sleep efficiency (P = 0.01). Objectively recorded nighttime VMS correlated with PSG-measured WASO (rs = 0.45, P = 0.02). Conclusions This menopause model demonstrates that nighttime vasomotor symptoms correlate with increased sleep fragmentation. These findings are consistent with a specific contribution of vasomotor symptoms to polysomnography-measured sleep interruption suggesting that nighttime vasomotor symptoms interrupt sleep in the setting of menopause.
Cellular and chemical neuroscience of mammalian sleep

Extraordinary strides have been made toward understanding the complexities and regulatory mechanisms of sleep over the past two decades thanks to the help of rapidly evolving technologies. At its most basic level, mammalian sleep is a restorative process of the brain and body. Beyond its primary restorative purpose, sleep is essential for a number of vital functions. Our primary research interest is to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of sleep and its cognitive functions. Here I will reflect on our own research contributions to 50 years of extraordinary advances in the neurobiology of slow-wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep regulation. I conclude this review by suggesting some potential future directions to further our understanding of the neurobiology of sleep.
An objective test of AIDS risk behavior knowledge: Scale development, validation, and norms

Efforts to curtail the spread of AIDS emphasize changing risk practices. An objective measure of practical knowledge about AIDS risk behaviors can permit the more accurate assessment of the impact of such prevention programs. This paper describes the construction of a standardized 40-item test of AIDS risk behavior knowledge and presents data on the validity, reliability, and psychometric characteristics of the measure in addition to norms for several populations. Knowledge scores of risk behavior may serve as a useful dependent measure when evaluating the impact of applied or experimental AIDS prevention programs, especially with groups at potential risk for the syndrome.
Independence results in computer science

In this note we show that instances of problems which appear naturally in computer science cannot be answered in formalized set theory. We show, for example, that some relativized versions of the famous P = NP problem cannot be answered in formalized set theory, that explicit algorithms can be given whose running time is independent of the axioms of set theory, and that one can exhibit a specific context-free grammar G for which it cannot be proven in set theory that L(G) = Σ* or L(G) ≠ Σ*.
Alteration of corpus luteum function in the pregnant rat by antiluteinizing serum.

The effect of antibovine luteinizing hormone (LH) serum on the Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (Δ5-3β-OHSDH) and the 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20α-OHSDH) activity in the ovaries of pregnant rats was studied and correlated with changes in the state of pregnancy. The apparent neutralization of LH during days 7–11 of pregnancy resulted in termination of the pregnancy by fetal reabsorption and the reappearance of strong 20a-OHSDH activity in the corpora lutea. Such an enzymatic reaction is not normally demonstrable at this time. Concomitantly, the Δ6-3β-OHSDH activity decreased below the normal expected values. Concurrent administration of progesterone prevented the effects of the anti-LH treatment. Neutralization of LH from the 12th to the 16th day of pregnancy led to similar results if the antiserum treatment was initiated on the morning of the 12th day of pregnancy. Later treatment, particularly from days 14–18, failed to affect either the normal development of the pregnancy or the normal patter...
An Ultrastructural Study of Sperm in Sterile Hybrids from Crosses of Heliothis virescens and Heliothis subflexa

Hybrid males from interspecific crosses of Heliothis virescens (F.) and Heliothis subflexa (Guennee) are sterile. The eupyrene sperm in bundles from testes, seminal vesicles, and the duplex region of the hybrids have abnormal axial filaments, satellite rods, mitochondrial derivatives, and sperm sheaths. Generally, 2 sperm tails are attached to a single sperm head. Counts of eupyrene sperm within sperm bundles show a decrease in the number of sperm per bundle. These morphogenetic abnormalities probably account for the inability to transfer eupyrene sperm to the spermathecae.