cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Technology Change and Its Impact on Labor Markets: A Historical Perspective

The objective of this paper is to understand the interaction between technology, companies, and employment from a historical perspective to provide some insights as to how technology can affect employment conditions today. Recent economic and technological changes are having a substantial effect on companies. The increasing power of computing, the ubiquity of networks and the associated cost reductions of these systems are opening economic opportunities that were not previously possible. This, however, is not the first time we have seen similar changes. During the early periods of the information revolution, there was displacement and changing work conditions. Given past and current technological changes we aim to answer the following research questions: • How did technology affect companies and employment conditions in the early stages of the digital revolution? • What were the benefits and challenges that companies and workers faced when communications technologies were first being deployed? • What can we learn from these experiences and what are some policy implications of the observed changes? This paper takes advantage of three unique data sets, (1) 20th-century communications advertising from AT& T in the 1920s to PCs in the 1980s, (2) Reports about employment from the Federal Trade Commission, and (3) Supreme Court cases on labor conditions related to technology evolution. Because such changes are slow, we examine a long span of time, about a century. The advertisements help us identify the positive changes that were brought by technologies while the FTC and the Supreme Court cases are used to identify the problems that companies and labor encounter. While technology has had and will continue to have tremendous benefits and potential we, however, should not forget that some advances can be harmful to society and individuals. Through analysis of technology effects, we can begin to understand and prepare for a future that is experiencing similar changes.
COVID-19 and Hematologic Malignancies: Single Institution Analysis

Introduction COVID-19 in patients with hematologic malignancies are poorly characterized. Theoretically, it is believed that patients with malignancies having a significant chance of succumbing to COVID-19 due to the immunosuppression from the disease and myelosuppression from the cancer therapy compared to their counterparts without malignancies. However, there is scant evidence to support this claim. Here we analyze the outcomes of patients with hematologic malignancies and COVID-19. Methods This is a retrospective review of all patients with hematologic malignancies with confirmed COVID-19 admitted to any one of the Beaumont hospitals in Michigan between March 1st,2020 and July 1st ,2020. Data regarding the demographics, cancer diagnosis and management, covid-19 management and outcomes were abstracted. Results A total of 32 patients with hematologic malignancies were identified. Of these 32 patients, five patients also had solid malignancies. Median age was 70.5 years (22-91 years) with patients being predominantly female 18 (56 %) and Caucasians 16 (50%). Median BMI was 26.5 kg/m2 (15-79 kg/m2). The most prevalent hematologic malignancies were Chronic/Small Lymphocytic lymphoma 7(25%) and Multiple Myeloma 6(19%). The median length of stay in the hospital was 9 days (2-61days). Twelve patients were on active therapy prior to COVID-19 diagnosis. Therapies administered include radiation, surgery, anti-CD30 antibody drug conjugate, immunomodulatory agents, proteasome inhibitors, Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors, steroids and chemotherapy. These agents were held at the time of diagnosis of COVID-19 Twenty two patients (69%) patients received a combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin which were standard of care at that time. A total of 31 (97%) patients were on anticoagulation of which 14 (45%) were on therapeutic doses while 17 (55%) were on prophylactic dose. Four (13%) of the patients were admitted in the ICU. A total of 6 deaths were reported and the median age was 83 years (66-91 years). Four deaths were attributed to COVID-19. Two non-COVID-19 deaths were as a result of aspiration pneumonia and hospital acquired pneumonia. Only one patient with COVID-19 received treatment for malignancy (surgical cytoreduction) but succumbed to COVID-19 four days later. All patients who died received a combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin. Conclusion Our study, though limited by sample size, shows that about a third of patients received treatment for their hematologic malignancies around the time of COVID-19 diagnosis and only one death was reported. Patients are currently being advised to participate in clinical trials to better evaluate outcomes while on treatment for hematologic malignancies. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Introduction: Star Wars from Big Screen to Small

Despite the increasing importance of TV to the Star Wars franchise, there is still relatively little scholarship focused on the shows. Previous academic work on Star Wars has focused on the films while charting the Campbellian mythic arcs, political representations, and fan reaction associated with individual texts. The Transmedia Franchise of Star Wars TV takes a transmedial approach to the material, recognizing that the TV projects interact with and relate to other Star Wars texts. While the chapters in this volume take different approaches to the subject matter, they take as a basic premise that the televisual entrants into the Star Wars transmedia storyworld are both important texts in the history of popular culture and also key to understanding how the Star Wars franchise—and, thus, industry-wide transmedia storytelling strategies—developed. The book expands previous work to consider television studies and sharp cultural criticism together in an effort to bring long-running popular series, long-ignored texts, and even toy commercials to bear on the franchise’s complex history.
Using digital imagery to quantify students' added sugar intake at lunch in Title I schools with universal free meals.

Abstract School meals are a major source of dietary intake for low-income students at high obesity risk. Associations between added sugar and obesity are well known, and the National School Lunch Program prohibits added sugar in fruit and juice; yet, no added sugar limits exist for other meal components. This study measured students’ added sugar selection and consumption in school lunches and compared % of daily calories consumed from added sugar to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) recommendations. In October 2016, this cross-sectional study was conducted in six Virginia Title I elementary schools (>90% racial/ethnic minorities; 100% free meals). Digital imagery plate waste methods assessed lunch consumption in N = 1155, 1st–5th graders. Added sugar (g, %kcal) in foods and beverages selected and consumed were quantified, and kcal of added sugar consumed was compared to DGA recommendations. Students consumed an average 6.6 g of added sugar from foods (grade differences; q = 0.0012), and 3.6 g of added sugar from beverages. Added sugar comprised ~10% of school lunch calories consumed from foods and ~35% of school lunch calories consumed from beverages. Added sugar in the total school lunch meal comprised ~2.5% of student’s recommended daily calorie needs; thus, ~7.5% of daily calories from added sugar remained before students would have exceeded the DGA. Total added sugar consumption was within daily DGA recommendations. Findings contribute to previous reports that school-provided lunches are low in added sugar. Future research should examine added sugar consumed in school breakfast and lunch separately and combined.
Subaortic Stenosis Resection in Children: Emphasis on Recurrence and the Fate of the Aortic Valve.

Background Recurrence after surgical resection of discrete subvalvar aortic stenosis in children often requires repeat operation. Risk factors for recurrence are poorly understood. We sought to determine potential risk factors for recurrence and postoperative comorbidities in the long term. Methods Retrospective chart review was performed on all pediatric patients who underwent surgical resection of discrete subaortic stenosis at our institution. Demographics, perioperative findings, and clinical data were analyzed for predisposing factors. Results From 1991 to 2015, a total of 104 patients underwent primary surgical resection of discrete subaortic stenosis. There were no postoperative deaths. Three (2.9%) patients required pacemaker implantation. Nine (8.4%) patients required repeat resection for recurrence of subaortic membrane over a median follow-up of 8.5 years (interquartile range: 5.9-13.5 years). Actuarial freedom from repeat resection was 100%, 94%, and 82% at one, five, and ten years, respectively. Repeat resection occurred more frequently in patients with genetic disease (37.5% vs 10.7%; P = .033) and preoperative mitral regurgitation (MR; 25% vs 1.2%; P Conclusion The majority of children who undergo surgical resection of subaortic stenosis will not experience recurrence in childhood and those who do require repeat resection may have a higher incidence of genetic disease and preoperative MR. Postoperative AI is associated with repeat resection, older age at the time of surgery, and degree of preoperative AI.
State Security and Elite Capture: The Implementation of Anti-Terrorist Legislation in India

In the wake of the terrorist attacks on Mumbai in November 2008, India enacted new and tougher anti-terrorism laws that took effect in 2009 — the Unlawful Activities (Prevention Amendment Act of 2008 (UAPA)), and the National Investigation Agency Act of 2008 (NIA). This paper examines the current challenges facing the Indian Government in the implementation of these laws, in light of India’s experience with the Prevention of Terrorism Act of 2002 (POTA). We analyze how POTA, a law originally designed to protect the Indian nation as a whole from extraordinary terrorist threats, was instead captured by state-level political elites and wielded as a weapon against rival political groups. We argue that this dynamic can be explained by the broader political transformation in the federalist structure of the Indian polity that occurred in the 1990s: the fragmentation and decline of Congress party control over the Central Government allowed state and regional parties, and state governments, to claim more and more power at the expense of the Center. An examination of case studies in the Indian states of Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, and Gujarat illustrates the dynamics of local capture and the deployment of anti-terrorist legislation by elites against economic challenges. Through an analysis of the implementation of POTA, this paper seeks to contextualize India’s latest round of anti-terrorism laws in light of the structural realities of the Indian polity.
Mental health and suicidal ideation in US military veterans with histories of COVID-19 infection.

INTRODUCTION: There have been reports of increased prevalence in psychiatric conditions in non-veteran survivors of COVID-19. To date, however, no known study has examined the prevalence, risk and protective factors of psychiatric conditions among US military veterans who survived COVID-19. METHODS: Data were analysed from the 2019 to 2020 National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study, which surveyed a nationally representative, prospective cohort of 3078 US veterans. Prepandemic and 1-year peripandemic risk and protective factors associated with positive screens for peripandemic internalising (major depressive, generalised anxiety and/or posttraumatic stress disorders) and externalising psychiatric disorders (alcohol and/or drug use disorders) and suicidal ideation were examined using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: A total of 233 veterans (8.6%) reported having been infected with COVID-19. Relative to veterans who were not infected, veterans who were infected were more likely to screen positive for internalising disorders (20.5% vs 13.9%, p=0.005), externalising disorders (23.2% vs 14.8%, p=0.001) and current suicidal ideation (12.0% vs 7.6%, p=0.015) at peripandemic. Multivariable analyses revealed that greater prepandemic psychiatric symptom severity and COVID-related stressors were the strongest independent predictors of peripandemic internalising disorders, while prepandemic trauma burden was protective. Prepandemic suicidal ideation, greater loneliness and lower household income were the strongest independent predictors of peripandemic suicidal ideation, whereas prepandemic community integration was protective. CONCLUSION: Psychiatric symptoms and suicidal ideation are prevalent in veterans who have survived COVID-19. Veterans with greater prepandemic psychiatric and substance use problems, COVID-related stressors and fewer psychosocial resources may be at increased risk of these outcomes.
Whole genome 6-methyladenosine sequencing (6-mA-Seq) enables bacterial epigenomics studies.

Methylation sequencing using bisulfite treatment has revolutionized the field of molecular biology for eukaryotic systems, unveiling levels of intricacy in regulation of gene expression in response to different environmental conditions. While bacteria also utilize methylation to regulate gene expression, bisulfite sequencing does not work as well in bacteria as in eukaryotes, because bacteria methylate adenosine instead of cytosine. Therefore, global bacterial methylation patterns cannot be studied using common Illumina sequencers. In this work, we demonstrate 6mA-seq, a method that can be used to identify patterns in bacteria that methylate adenosines at GATC sites. Furthermore, this method was used on Escherichia coli cultured on four different carbon sources to demonstrate different methylation patterns due to carbon utilization. 6mA-seq can increase the speed in which epigenetic research is conducted in bacteria.
Optimal Mechanism Design for Fresh Data Acquisition

In this paper, we study a fresh data acquisition problem to acquire fresh data and optimize the age-related performance when strategic data sources have private market information. We consider an information update system in which a destination acquires, and pays for, fresh data updates from a source. The destination incurs an age-related cost, modeled as a general increasing function of the age-of-information (AoI). The source is strategic and incurs a sampling cost, which is its private information and may not be truthfully reported to the destination. To this end, we design an optimal (economic) mechanism for timely information acquisition by generalizing Myerson's seminal work. The goal is to minimize the sum of the destination's age-related cost and its payment to the source, while ensuring that the source truthfully reports its private information and will voluntarily participate in the mechanism. Our results show that, under some distributions of the source's cost, our proposed optimal mechanism can lead to an unbounded benefit, compared against a benchmark that naively trusts the source's report and thus incentivizes its maximal over-reporting.
Zenker Diverticulum: Does Size Correlate With Preoperative Symptoms?

Introduction Zenker diverticulum (ZD) usually affects adults after the 7th decade of life. Treatment for ZD is indicated for all symptomatic patients, but some patients prefer to defer surgical treatment until symptoms get worse and decrease their quality of life. Objective To evaluate the association of the preoperative symptoms in ZD patients with the size of the ZD. Methods A retrospective study design. Electronic medical records were used to identify patients diagnosed with ZD and treated over 11 years. Data collection included the chief complaints and symptoms, medical history, and findings on radiologic swallow evaluations of the patients. The diverticulum size was stratified into 3 groups: small ( 3 cm). Results A total of 165 patients were enrolled and stratified by diverticulum size (48 small, 67 medium, and 50 large). Dysphagia, cough, and regurgitation were the most prevalent symptoms. Dysphonia was more frequent among patients with a small pouch. Logistic regression analysis showed that dysphagia and choking were associated with large and medium diverticulum size (p Conclusion Upper gastrointestinal symptoms such as dysphagia and choking may be associated with a ZD > 1 cm and should always be evaluated. Additionally, the presence of dysphonia was found to be correlated with a ZD
The dendroclimatological potential of an alpine shrub, cassiope mertensiana, from mount rainier, wa, usa

The application of dendrochronological tech- niques to shrubs found in arctic and alpine plant communities is opening previously untapped regions to the exploration of plant-climate ecological relationships and climate reconstruction. In this pilot study, we present growth (1963-2004), reproduction (1963-2004), and stable carbon isotope ratio (1975-2004) chronologies for Cassiope mertensiana from a subalpine site in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, USA. Based on simple linear correlation analysis, positive correlations characterize plant growth and previous year mean maximum temperature in April and June, suggesting the influence of temperature on snowpack and, in turn, on growing season length, plant and soil insu- lation, and nutrient and moisture availability. Plant growth and reproduction are significantly correlated with current year July mean maximum temperature and total precipita- tion, indicating the importance of a warm and extended growing season for optimal plant development. Using step- wise multiple linear regression analysis, we developed a preliminary calibration model for July mean maximum tem- perature (R = 0.63), extending over the 1974-2004 time period. This archive has the potential to elucidate multi- scale, spatially-explicit, ecological and climatic information for alpine ecosystems situated along a north-south transect from the southern Yukon to the Pacific Northwest of the United States.
From Approximate Value Neutrality to Real Value Relevance: Economics, Political Economy, and the Moral Ecology of the Market Order

Several years ago I participated in a conference at the National University in Galway, Ireland. During the conference a critique of Ireland’s economic reforms of the 1990s spoke and as he took the stage he told the audience that he refused to study economics and was proud that he never learned the perverted teachings of the discipline. After an hour of ranting he closed his speech. The first question came from a friend of mine, Michael Munger of Duke University. Mike was extremely well-trained as an economist in the public choice tradition at Washington University of St. Louis where he worked with Barry Weingast, Ken Shepsle, and Art Denzau, among others. Weingast and Shepsle have since moved to Stanford and Harvard respectively to become political economists working in political science departments, and Denzau works now at the Claremont Graduate Center where they have a PhD program that specializes in economics and political economy. Mike has in fact followed a similar path and is now one of the leading political scientists in the American academy and is the Chairman of the Department of Political Science at Duke. So when Mike rose to speak he said perhaps the best line I have ever heard at a conference: “I am an economist by training, but a political scientist by vocation. But the one thing that has always amazed me throughout my career is how people are so willing to admit their utter ignorance of economics, yet joyously proceed to waste an hour of everyone’s time proving it to us.” The speaker didn’t know what to say, Mike had cut him to the quick. Was Mike cutting the dialogue short or was he raising a relevant point? I would argue that the correct answer is Mike had responded perfectly appropriately given the context and the nature of the speaker’s argument against the teachings of economics and the market economy in particular. Daniel Finn’s The Moral Ecology of Markets: Assessing Claims about Markets and Justice laments the non-existent debate between critics and advocates of the market economy. His book sets out to develop a common
Synthesis, Tissue Uptake, and Toxicity of a Nickel Tetracarboranylphenylporphyrin

Porphyrins have been used for boron neutron capture therapy [BNCT] and photodynamic therapy [PDT] of experimental rodent tumors. PDT requires much less porphyrin than BNCT, typically 5 μg as compared to > 200 μg per gram body weight [gbw]. Toxicity is a major consideration in the use of boronated drugs for BNCT. At 265 μg/gbw, a boronated porphyrin, VCDP [1] (Figure 1) delivered 40 μg B/g to tumor tissue 4 days after the last of 12 intraperitoneal [ip] injections.1 There was transient hematologic and hepatic toxicity. If the VCDP dose rate was kept low (22 μg/gbw per ip injection; 12 injections over 4 days), lethality was under 10%. A tetraphenylporphyrin [2] containing four meta-nido-carborane cages was synthesized2 and when tested in mice found to be much more toxic than VCDP.
An Efficient Instanton Search Algorithm for LP Decoding of LDPC Codes Over the BSC

We consider linear programming (LP) decoding of a fixed low-density parity-check (LDPC) code over the binary symmetric channel (BSC). The LP decoder fails when it outputs a pseudo-codeword which is not equal to the transmitted codeword. We design an efficient algorithm termed the Instanton Search Algorithm (ISA) which generates an error vector called the BSC-instanton. We prove that: (a) the LP decoder fails for any error pattern with support that is a superset of the support of an instanton; (b) for any input, the ISA outputs an instanton in the number of steps upper-bounded by twice the number of errors in the input error vector. We then find the number of unique instantons of different sizes for a given LDPC code by running the ISA sufficient number of times.
Biophotonics using bioconjugated nanoparticles

We will report our recent progress in creating and application of biphotonic nanoparticles for bioanalysis and biotechnological applications. These silica shelled nanoparticles are highly luminescent, extremely photostable and easily modified with desired biomolecules with unique bioactivity.
The Oklahoma city bombing

This chapter explains the potential impact of disaster response on uniformed first responders, including police officers and firefighters. A minority of responders may continue to experience psychological distress following disaster response, including symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, alcohol use, and other anxiety disorders. Trauma-exposed first responders are also at risk of developing other psychiatric symptoms and conditions such as depression, substance abuse, and other anxiety disorders. Degree and type of interaction with survivors and bereaved family members are linked to the level of distress among rescue workers. Peritraumatic reactions are shown to be strongly associated with PTSD symptoms. The participants receiving the cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) treatment showed a significantly greater decline in PTSD symptoms, with large effect sizes. Promising strategies for immediate management of acute stress disorders include the use of adrenaline-blocking medications and cognitive behaviorally informed antipanic interventions for peritraumatic distress.
Large-Scale Sparse Singular Value Computations

We present four numerical methods for computing the singular value decomposition SVD of large sparse matrices on a multiprocessor architecture. We emphasize Lanczos and subspace iteration-based methods for determining several of the largest singular triplets singular values and corresponding left- and right-singular vectors for sparse matrices arising from two practical applications: information retrieval and seismic reflection tomography. The target architectures for our implementations are the CRAY-2S/4-128 and Alliant FX/80. The sparse SVD problem is well motivated by recent information-retrieval techniques in which dominant singular values and their corresponding singular vectors of large sparse term-document matrices are desired, and by nonlinear inverse problems from seismic tomography applications which require approximate pseudo-inverses of large sparse Jacobian matrices. This research may help advance the development of future out-of-core sparse SVD methods, which can be used, for example, to handle extremely large sparse matrices 0 ? 106 rows or columns associated with extremely large databases in query-based information-retrieval applications.
β-Transducin Repeat-containing Protein 1 (β-TrCP1)-mediated Silencing Mediator of Retinoic Acid and Thyroid Hormone Receptor (SMRT) Protein Degradation Promotes Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNFα)-induced Inflammatory Gene Expression

Cytokine modulation of the endothelium is considered an important contributor to the inflammation response. TNFα is an early response gene during the initiation of inflammation. However, the detailed mechanism by which TNFα induces proinflammatory gene expression is not completely understood. In this report, we demonstrate that silencing mediator of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptor (SMRT) represses the expression of a subset of TNFα target genes in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Upon TNFα stimulation, we observed an increase in the E3 ubiquitin ligase β-TrCP1 and a decrease in SMRT protein levels. We show that β-TrCP1 interacts with SMRT in a phosphorylation-independent manner and cooperates with the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2D2 to promote ubiquitination-dependent SMRT degradation. Knockdown of β-TrCP1 increases SMRT protein accumulation, increases SMRT association with its targeted promoters, and decreases SMRT target gene expression. Taken together, our results support a model in which TNFα-induced β-TrCP1 accumulation promotes SMRT degradation and the subsequent induction of proinflammatory gene expression.
Remark on the studies of the muon-induced neutron background in the liquid scintillator detectors

This article gives a point of view on the studies of the muon-induced background for the underground experiments using a liquid scintillator detectors. The results obtained are in good agreement with the experimental data, especially for the muon-induced neutron yield in the liquid scintillator.
Self-alignment structures for heterogeneous 3D integration

A novel self-alignment technology, called positive self-alignment structures (PSAS), for heterogeneous 3D integration is described. Using a set of precisely reflowed photoresist structures in conjunction with the corresponding inverse pyramid pits, we demonstrate that submicron alignment can be achieved without an advanced placement tool. The positive self-alignment structure technology is fabricated on top of electronics or devices, and as a result, it does not take up additional electronic real estate, and it can be fabricated on any surface, including glass. This enables heterogeneous integration that involves non-silicon substrates, and at the same time simplifies the stacking of three or more chips. This paper describes the self-alignment mechanism, the fabrication of positive self-alignment structures (PSAS), and the test structures to measure the accuracy of alignment; the resulting misalignment on various substrates including glass and unpolished silicon surfaces are reported. In addition, the stacking of five chips is demonstrated and the resulting misalignment at each of the chip-to-chip interfaces is measured and reported.
On OL∞ structure of nuclear, quasidiagonal C∗-algebras

We continue the study of OL∞ structure of nuclear C∗-algebras initiated by Junge, Ozawa and Ruan. In particular, we prove if OL∞(A) 1.
Upper and lower bounds from the maximum principle. Intracellular diffusion with michaelis-menten kinetics

Analytical bounding functions for diffusion problems with Michaelis-Menten kinetics were recently presented by Anderson an Arthurs, 1985 (Bull. math. Biol. 47, 145-153). Their method, successful to some extent for a small range of parameters, has the disadvantage of providing a weak upper bound. The optimal approach for the use of one-line bounding kinetics is presented. The use of two-line bounding kinetics is also shown, in order to give sufficient accuracy in those cases where the one-line approach does not provide satisfactory results. The bounding functions provide excellent upper and lower bounds on the true solution for the entire range of kinetic and transport parameters.
BAMS Neuroanatomical Ontology: Design and Implementation

We describe in this paper the structure and main features of a domain specific ontology for neuroscience, the BAMS Neuroanatomical Ontology. The ontology includes a complete set of concepts that describe the parts of the rat nervous system, a growing set of concepts that describe neuron populations identified in different brain regions, and relationships between concepts. The ontology is linked with a complex representation of structural and physiological variables used to classify neurons, which is encoded in BAMS. BAMS Neuroanatomical Ontology is accessible on the web and includes an interface that allows browsing terms, viewing criteria for classification, and accessing associated information.
Visualizing Change: Spreadsheets and Graphical Representation Across Domains in Human Service Practice

ABSTRACT Spreadsheets are underutilized evaluative tools. Spreadsheets are applicable for data collection, statistical analysis, and graphical representation. This paper demonstrates the utilization of spreadsheet-generated data visualization procedures in the graphical representation of change across domains of human services. Also presented are models for graphical representation of change over time. The data visualization procedures discussed include standard deviation enhanced line graphs (SDELG), area graphs, and surface plots. Three domains of human service evaluation well-suited to use of spreadsheet graphical representational tools are practice evaluation, program evaluation, and the policy outcome evaluation.
Identification of peroxisomal targeting signals located at the carboxy terminus of four peroxisomal proteins.

As part of an effort to understand how proteins are imported into the peroxisome, we have sought to identify the peroxisomal targeting signals in four unrelated peroxisomal proteins: human catalase, rat hydratase:dehydrogenase, pig D-amino acid oxidase, and rat acyl-CoA oxidase. Using gene fusion experiments, we have identified a region of each protein that can direct heterologous proteins to peroxisomes. In each case, the peroxisomal targeting signal is contained at or near the carboxy terminus of the protein. For catalase, the peroxisomal targeting signal is located within the COOH-terminal 27 amino acids of the protein. For hydratase:dehydrogenase, D-amino acid oxidase, and acyl-CoA oxidase, the targeting signals are located within the carboxy-terminal 15, 14, and 15 amino acids, respectively. A tripeptide of the sequence Ser-Lys/His-Leu is present in each of these targeting signals as well as in the peroxisomal targeting signal identified in firefly luciferase (Gould, S.J., G.-A. Keller, and S. Subramani. 1987. J. Cell Biol. 105:2923-2931). When the peroxisomal targeting signal of the hydratase:dehydrogenase is mutated so that the Ser-Lys-Leu tripeptide is converted to Ser-Asn-Leu, it can no longer direct proteins to peroxisomes. We suggest that this tripeptide is an essential element of at least one class of peroxisomal targeting signals.
Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans 6715 glucosyltransferases by sucrose analogs modified at positions 6 and 6

Sucrose derivatives modified at position 6 (6-deoxysucrose, 6-thiosucrose, 6,6'-dithiodisucrose, and 6,6'-dideoxy-6,6'-difluorosucrose) were tested as inhibitors of the two Streptococcus mutans 6715 glucosyltransferases. 6-Deoxysucrose was the best inhibitor studied, competitively inhibiting the soluble-D-glucan forming enzyme (GTF-S) and the insoluble-D-glucan forming enzyme (GTF-I) with Ki values one order of magnitude lower than the sucrose Km values. 6-Thiosucrose was also a competitive inhibitor for both enzymes. 6,6'-Dithiodisucrose and 6,6'-dideoxy-6,6'-difluorosucrose only inhibited GTF-I; 6,6'-dithiodisucrose gave mixed inhibition and 6,6'-dideoxy-6,6'-difluorosucrose gave uncompetitive inhibition. 6-Thiosucrose was a substrate for both enzymes to produce acceptor products when acceptors were present. GTF-I synthesized de novo a water-insoluble, (1----3)-6-thio-alpha-D-glucan from 6-thiosucrose.
Incentives for science

It is with a deep feeling of appreciation for the honor conferred on me by the Institution of Electrical Engineers of Great Britain that I accept this Faraday Medal. Especially at this time, when America and England are co-operating so closely, I would like to dwell on the significance of this award.
Still further studies on absorption of rainfall in its relations to surficial runoff and erosion

The studies begun in China by the senior author in 1924 and reported in other papers (1926, 1929, 1930) have been continued in California. Conclusions from these studies have indicated that forest-covered soils are more absorptive of rain than soils bared of all vegetation and, further, that the layer of forest-litter is the most important part of a mantle of vegetation in maintaining a soil-profile at its maximum rate of percolation. The principal function of forest-litter was found not to be its capacity for absorption of water, the oft-cited “sponge effect”, but its role in keeping surficial water clear and the prevention of sealing the soil-surface, a condition which maintains soil-profiles at maximum capacities for absorption. Baring of the soil by clearing and cultivation was found in China to be responsible for important increases in rates of surficial runoff and erosion as compared with those from undisturbed surfaces of natural mantles of vegetation. Temple forests which have been preserved since time immemorial made possible remarkable and significant comparisons of the effects of cultivation for agricultural crops with natural undisturbed conditions on surficial runoff and soil-erosion.
Theoretical prediction of charged droplet evaporation and fission in electrospray ionization

Abstract A theoretical analysis was performed on the droplet asymmetric fission in electrospray ionization process. The formulated model is able to predict the diameter, charge and the percentage of charge at the Rayleigh charge limit for both progeny droplets and residue parent droplet during each fission process based upon possible different numbers of progeny droplets generated by the fission event. The evaporation time required for both the progeny droplets and the residue parent droplet to become unstable after each fission process was also calculated and compared. The results of these calculations showed that the evaporation time for the progeny droplets is more than an order of magnitude less than that of the residue parent droplet, indicating that the progeny droplets are the primary ion source for conventional electrospray ionization sources.
The battered woman

Abstract There are battered women in every obstetrician-gynecologist's practice. A role for the physician is to be an agent of change for that patient. This is accomplished by integrating questions related to woman battering in all primary care, obstetric, and gynecologic evaluations and by becoming informed about and referring to the resources for battered women in the community. An activist role in the community that encourages and supports zero tolerance for domestic violence will help stop this epidemic and crime.
Application of ternary phase diagrams to the development of MoSi2-based materials

Abstract A review of the literature reveals ternary phase diagram data for a number of systems involving MoSi2. Although incomplete, this literature provides the initial basis for a rational approach to alloy design. For example, one can assess the high temperature stability of various artificially introduced reinforcements, such as niobium or SiC in an MoSi2 matrix and the possibilities for the development of stable two-phase microstructures in quasibinary alloys in the MoSi2TiSi2 and MoSi2TaSi2 systems. Revised phase diagrams for these latter systems are presented that indicate the absence of the C11b-to-C40 high temperature polymorphic transformation in pure MoSi2.
Cytokines as targets of immunotherapy in bacterial pneumonia

The generation of a vigorous inflammatory response is essential for the rapid clearance of microbes from the alveolar space. The magnitude of the inflammatory response is tightly controlled by host-derived cytokines, which mediate lung inflammation by serving as leukocyte chemoattractants, leukocyte activating factors, or afferent signals in the induction or regulation of other effector molecules. In this article the role of specific cytokines in lung innate immunity will be reviewed. Future directions regarding the use of specific forms of immunotherapy, including compartmentalized cytokine delivery with gene therapy as adjuvant therapy in the treatment of pneumonia, will be explored.
Hydrogen Production and Carbon Formation during the Steam Reformer of Heptane in a Novel Circulating Fluidized Bed Membrane Reformer

Hydrogen production and carbon formation during the steam reforming of heptane over nickel-based catalyst are investigated in a circulating fluidized bed membrane reformer (CFBMR) at 723−823 K and 101.3−2026 kPa. A random carbon deposition and catalyst deactivation model is developed to account for the effect of carbon deposition on the overall reforming kinetics. The results show that the deposited carbon can be efficiently gasified by steam, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, or oxygen in this novel CFBMR, making carbon-free operation practically possible, especially when steam to carbon feed ratio is higher than 2.5 mol/mol. The use of hydrogen permselective membranes breaks the equilibrium barriers associated with the reversible re-forming reactions and increases the hydrogen yield significantly. The introduction of oxygen into the adiabatic reformer can efficiently supply the heat necessary for the endothermic steam reforming through the exothermic oxidation, making an autothermal condition possible for the e...
Obesity Prevention for Children with Developmental Disabilities

The prevention of obesity in children with DD is a pressing public health issue, with implications for health status, independent living, and quality of life. Substantial evidence suggests that children with developmental disabilities (DD), including those with intellectual disabilities (ID) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), have a prevalence of obesity at least as high if not higher than their typically developing peers. The paper reviews what is known about the classic and unique risk factors for childhood obesity in these groups of children, including dietary, physical activity, sedentary behavior, and family factors, as well as medication use. We use evidence from the literature to make the case that primary prevention at the individual/family, school and community levels will require tailoring of strategies and adapting existing intervention approaches.
Education at a Crossroads: Intrinsic Motivation or Extrinsic Rewards

Frequently I am asked what types of manuscripts are suitable for publication in the journal of Innovative Higher Education. I usually begin my response with the following statement, “the editorial board is looking for sound research on educational innovations.” I then continue by talking about what is innovative (e.g., new ideas or practices in educational settings or standard practices with new populations) and what is not innovative (e.g., replication studies or rehashing of well-known concepts and activities). With those very general explanations in mind, I am constantly on the alert for educational innovations. This past week, I was not only surprised, but actually rather stunned by the latest reported innovation in education. Well, “it” was innovative—new, different, novel. Do I think “it” is both innovative and a good idea? I want you to be the judge. I came across these innovations in news reports in the Atlanta Journal Constitution (E. Haines, January 23, 2008) and in the Baltimore Sun Online (S. Neufeld, January 23, 2008). Many other newspapers carried these stories, so you may have seen them, too. In three states (and reportedly several more)—Maryland, Georgia, and New York—middle and high school students are being paid (yes, U.S. dollars) for after-school programs and/or improved grades and test scores. In Georgia, the “Learn and Earn” initiative will pay $8 per hour to high school students who are struggling in math and science to attend study hall for 4 hours each week. This 15week, $60,000 pilot project in Fulton County is funded by the Learning Makes a Difference Foundation, an Atlanta-based nonprofit organization. Students may also receive bonuses ranging from $75 to $125 for improved grades and test scores. In Maryland, 34 Baltimore schools will use over $900,000 to pay underperforming high school students who improve scores on one of four high school graduation assessment exams. Students may receive up to $110 each. These direct student incentives are noted as a first in Baltimore and are part of a $6.3 million settlement. Overall, the majority of the funds will assist needy students with traditional educational services, including after school classes, one-on-one tutoring, and summer training workshops for teachers. Innov High Educ (2008) 33:1–3 DOI 10.1007/s10755-008-9070-3
Relapse prevention: From radical idea to common practice

The term “relapse prevention” drew great criticism and was not generally accepted when it was initially introduced in the early 1980s. The idea of talking with clients about the possibility of relapse was an incredibly radical idea until the pioneering work on relapse prevention by Alan Marlatt and his colleagues challenged the prevailing disease conceptualization of addictions and provided a revolutionary perspective that focused on understanding the factors contributing to and maintaining addiction. Today, relapse prevention is both a manualized treatment and a general treatment strategy that has been implemented in addiction treatment centers around the world. The theory and practice of relapse prevention has emerged as one of the most prominent and pervasive approaches in the treatment of addictive behaviors and stands as one of Alan Marlatt's most notable and longest-lasting contributions to the field. This article provides a review of the development, adaptation, and dissemination of relapse prevent...
The four faces of Eve: hypothesis compatibility and human origins

Several di!erent sources of evidence have been used to support a recent African origin for our species. It is commonly assumed that these sources of evidence support the same recent African origin. However, a close examination of the evidence available from four sources, including paleontology, archaeology, the level of human genetic variation, and the geographic structure of human genetic variation, shows that this is not the case. Each of these in e!ect supports a di!erent recent African origin, and no hypothesis of a recent origin is compatible with more than two of them at a time. In contrast, all of these sources of evidence may be consistent with a multiregional model for our recent evolution. ( 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Making Total Quality Initiatives Successful in Thailand–The Motivation Theory Effect

ABSTRACT In the 1990s, Thailand's economy grew at a nearly double-digit rate until the economic crisis of 1997. This economic growth accompanied foreign capital inflow, increased global trade, strong manufacturing base, burgeoning middle class, and a consumer economy. The informed consumers' demand for quality goods and services, and multinationals' demand for high quality product (ISO 9000) started driving Thai organizations to start a variety of quality initiatives in many sectors of the economy. The success of quality initiatives, according to quality scholars, is dependent on a variety of factors. The quality gurus have indicated that primarily the employees build quality into an organization's goods and services. Many scholars have argued that the motivational theories that are based on intrinsic motivation, rather than extrinsic motivation, that make quality initiatives successful. Authors developed a questionnaire to examine the motivational underpinnings of field applications of TQI and comparativ...
The Effect of Turbulator Lean on Heat Transfer and Friction in a Square Channel

An experimental study has been performed to investigate the convective heat transfer coefficients and friction factors present in square cooling passages with non-normal, or leaned turbulators. The standard form of turbulated channels used in virtually all turbine vanes and blades is that of nearly square turbulators, or rib rougheners, cast in an orthogonal orientation to the channel surface. While turbulators may be oriented at an angle to the bulk flow direction, the projection of the turbulator is still normal to the cast surface. Non-orthogonal lean angle presents an additional variable which may be used to improve or optimize performance, a factor hitherto not investigated. The present study has performed a series of experiments measuring both detailed heat transfer coefficient distributions and friction factors within a square channel with flow Reynolds numbers up to 400,000. Turbulator lean angles of 45, 22.5, 0, −22.5, and −45-degrees to the surface normal have been tested with a turbulator configuration of 45-degree orientation to the bulk flow, pitch-to-height ratio of 10, and height-to-hydraulic diameter ratio of 0.1. Results show up to a 20% reduction in heat transfer capability, and as much as 30% increase in friction factor. The local distributions of heat transfer are also more variable with lean angle. The conclusion is made that normal turbulators provide the best overall performance.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Fragrance material review on 1-(3,3-dimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl)ethane-1-one.

Abstract A toxicologic and dermatologic review of 1-(3,3-dimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl)ethane-1-one when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented. 1-(3,3-Dimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl)ethane-1-one is a member of the fragrance structural group Alkyl Cyclic Ketones. These fragrances can be described as being composed of an alkyl, R1, and various substituted and bicyclic saturated or unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons, R2, in which one of the rings may include up to 12 carbons. Alternatively, R2 may be a carbon bridge of C2–C4 carbon chain length between the ketone and cyclic hydrocarbon. This review contains a detailed summary of all available toxicology and dermatology papers that are related to this individual fragrance ingredient and is not intended as a stand-alone document. Available data for 1-(3,3-dimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl)ethane-1-one were evaluated then summarized and includes physical properties, skin irritation, mucous membrane (eye) irritation, and skin sensitization data. A safety assessment of the entire Alkyl Cyclic Ketones will be published simultaneously with this document; please refer to Belsito et al. (Belsito, D., Bickers, D., Bruze, M., Calow, P., Dagli, M., Fryer, A.D., Greim, H., Miyachi, Y., Saurat, J.H., Sipes, I.G., 2013. A Toxicologic and Dermatologic Assessment of Alkyl Cyclic Ketones When Used as Fragrance Ingredients (submitted for publication) for an overall assessment of the safe use of this material and all Alkyl Cyclic Ketones in fragrances.