cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economic goals and requirements for competitive fusion energy

Future economic competitiveness, coupled to and constrained by environmental and safety characteristics, continues to provide a central strategic motivation and concern for fusion research. Attention must also be paid to the evolving cost projections of future fusion competitors, with appropriate consideration of externalized impacts, insofar as they establish the eventual market-penetration context and also influence the near-term funding climate for fusion R&D. With concept optimization and selection in mind, tradeoffs among system power density, recirculating power, plant availability (reflecting both forced and planned outages), complexity, and structural materials and coolant choices are best monitored and resolved in the context of their impacts on capital and operating costs, which, together with low fuel costs and financial assumptions, determine the projected life-cycle product cost of fusion. Considerations deriving from deregulation and privatization are elucidated, as are possible implications of modern investment-analysis methods.
Shaping the Aspirations of Female Students.

Educators can do much to enhance the level of career aspiration of female students, says this writer, who explains how this can be accomplished.
The compatibility of property dualism and substance materialism

Several philosophers have argued that property dualism and substance materialism are incompatible positions. Recently, Susan Schneider has provided a novel version of such an argument, claiming that the incompatibility will be evident once we examine some underlying metaphysical issues. She purports to show that on any account of substance and property-possession, substance materialism and property dualism turn out incompatible. In this paper, I argue that Schneider’s case for incompatibility between these two positions fails. After briefly laying out her case for incompatibility, I present an account of substance—one that relies on a relational ontology—that makes the combination of substance materialism and property dualism unproblematic. Then I show that even under the theories of substance that Schneider considers—those that rely on a constituent ontology—there still is no incompatibility problem.
Fur-Ag: an alternate carrier for soybean oil-mirex bait for control of the imported fire ant.

Results of studies to develop toxic baits for control of the imported fire ant (IFA), Solenopsis saevissima richteri Forel, have been reported (Bartlett and Lofgren 1961; Lofgren et al. 1961, 1963, 1964; Stringer et al. 1964). It was found that a bait composed of once-refined soybean oil (the food material), mirex (the toxicant), and corncob grits (the carrier) was effective in reducing or eliminating infestations.
Plant-Feeding Nematodes in Deep-Rooting Desert Ecosystems

In the Chihuahuan Desert of southern New Mexico, mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) occurs in a variety of landscape positions where water may accumulate to varying depths. The structure of Chihuahuan Desert landscapes has changed dramatically in the past 100 yr with mesquite expanding from its original distribution (playa, arroyo) into grassland and dune ecosystems. Our objective was to examine spatial and seasonal distribution of plant—feeding nematodes and the potential importance of herbivory in four mesquite communities (playa, arroyo, dunes, grassland) hypothesized to differ in rooting depth and distribution. These sites were compared to a more shallow—rooted creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) community. Intact soil cores were recovered to depths of 13 m beneath the canopies of mesquite or creosote bush using a continuous sampling tube drilling system in the winter, spring, and fall on the Jornada LTER site, Las Cruces, New Mexico. Nematode density and root mass decreased with depth. Nematodes were found to the maximum depth of recovered roots only at the playa (11—12 m) and occurred as deep as 5—6 m at the arroyo, 2—3 m at the dunes, and 1—2 m at the grassland and creosote bush sites. At the playa, 75% of the nematodes and 90% of the roots were below 0.5 m, whereas, in the creosote bush system 79% of the roots and 99.7% of the nematodes were recovered in the upper 0.5 m of soil. Nematode diversity (seven genera) and endoparasite densities were greatest at the playa. Only ectoparasites (three genera) were found at the creosote bush system. Total nematodes across all sites were highly correlated with total soil N, NH4+, and PO4—3, but not NO3—. Nematodes were not positively correlated with soil moisture. Potential herbivory was best described by nematode numbers per gram root or an herbivory index (based on nematode density weighted by an impact factor for each genus), rather than the ratio of endoparasite:ectoparasite numbers. The herbivory index decreased in the order playa > creosote bush > dune > grassland > arroyo. The movement of mesquite into new habitats (grassland, dunes) is associated with shallow rooting, and relative to the playa, a greater allocation of roots to the upper 0.5 m soil layer, a decrease in nematode herbivory and diversity, and, a failure of the nematodes to be distributed throughout the entire rooting zone. The densities of ecto— and endoparasites varied with site, thus, plant—feeding nematodes should not be treated as a single guild since they have different effects on roots. Our study shows that in some ecosystems the majority of herbivory may occur at soil depths rarely studied. Although technically difficult to examine in ecosystems where deep—rooted plants occur, the potential importance of deep soil biota and their effects on plant growth and nutrient cycling should be considered.
Effects of Cholesterol on the Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Passive Transport of Water through Lipid Membranes.

While it has long been known that cholesterol reduces the permeability of biological membranes to water, the exact mechanism by which cholesterol influences transmembrane permeation is still unclea...
Science Incubators: Synthesis Centers and Their Role in the Research Ecosystem

The Biological Sciences Directorate is the only directorate at the National Science Foundation that presently funds synthesis centers. As originally conceived, synthesis centers were meant to focus on the re-use of existing data to address “big picture” questions [1]. The National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS) was the first synthesis center to be established in 1995. Since then, three more synthesis centers have been funded: our Center (the National Evolutionary Synthesis Center, or NESCent), the National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis (NIMBioS), and most recently, the Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center (SESYNC). The iPlant Collaborative (iPlant) also shares some aspects of the synthesis center model.
Possible determinants of rhizosphere competence of bacteria

Abstract Because extensive colonization of the rhizosphere is important to obtain the benefits of bacterial inoculation, a study was conducted to determine possible traits that are important for rhizosphere competence of bacteria. The final population sizes of 19 bacteria introduced into the rhizosphere of soybeans grown in nonsterile soil differed markedly. The ability to colonize the rhizosphere was not correlated with the capacity of low or high densities of these bacteria to adhere to the roots. The growth rates of the 19 bacteria in liquid culture or of eight of the bacteria in sterile rhizosphere soil were also not correlated with the extent of growth in the nonsterile rhizosphere. Tests with small inocula of three bacteria with different rates of growth in the sterile rhizosphere showed no relationship between those growth rates and the extent of colonization of the nonsterile rhizosphere by these organisms. The extent of colonization of the nonsterile rhizosphere by test bacteria was not correlated with their densities in the rhizosphere containing large numbers of protozoa. Additions of a readily-available carbon source to soil receiving a small number of Bradyrhizobium japonicum cells provided no evidence that the concentration of available carbon limited the colonizing ability of this bacterium. With five of seven test bacteria, the maximum population density reached in the rhizosphere depended on the size of the initial population in soil. The results suggest that the ability of bacteria to survive in large numbers in soil is a major determinant of their success in subsequent colonization of the rhizosphere.
A Proposal to Improve the Attractiveness of Nephrology as A Subspecialty Choice for Residents in Internal Medicine

PROGRAM DIRECTORS in nephrology have been quietly dismayed by a perceived decline in the quality of many applicants to their training programs over the past few years. Their anecdotal experiences have received substantiation with the publication of the recent report, "National Study of Internal Medicine Manpower: XVI. Subspecialty Fellowship Programs, 1988 Update."! The term "quality" as it is used in this context refers to the background medical education of applicant nephrology fellows with particular reference to the medical schools and residency training programs from which they emanate, rather than to some arbitrary measurement of personal quality. In essence, since 1976-77 the number of nephrology fellows entering training in the United States has decreased from 646 to 587, and the number of training programs from 178 to 147. While a decline in numbers does not necessarily bespeak of impending doom and, in fact, could reflect a healthy tendency to reduce the number of trainees entering an overcrowded subspecialty, the breakdown of the numbers does not support this contention. Those specialties with the strongest recent growth (general internal medicine, infectious diseases, geriatrics) are attracting the lowest number of foreign medical graduates, whereas nephrology has increased its proportion of foreign medical graduates to 38 % of its total fellowship population. While it is always inappropriate to lump foreign medical graduates into a single category or to make value judgments about their innate
Thermophilic subseafloor microorganisms from the 1996 North Gorda Ridge eruption

Abstract High-temperature microbes were present in two hydrothermal event plumes (EP96A and B) resulting from the February–March 1996 eruptions along the North Gorda Ridge. Anaerobic thermophiles were cultured from 17 of 22 plume samples at levels exceeding 200 organisms per liter; no thermophiles were cultured from any of 12 samples of background seawater. As these microorganisms grow at temperatures of 50–90°C, they could not have grown in the event plume and instead most probably derived from a subseafloor environment tapped by the event plume source fluids. Event plumes are thought to derive from a pre-existing subseafloor fluid reservoir, which implies that these thermophiles are members of a native subseafloor community that was present before the eruptive event. Thermophiles also were cultured from continuous chronic-style hydrothermal plumes in April 1996; these plumes may have formed from cooling lava piles. To better understand the nutritional, chemical, and physical constraints of pre-eruptive crustal environments, seven coccoidal isolates from the two event plumes were partially characterized. Results from nutritional and phylogenetic studies indicate that these thermophiles are heterotrophic archaea that represent new species, and probably a new genus, within the Thermococcales.
THE ANTERIOR VENTRAL COCHLEAR NUCLEUS.

The anterior cochlear nucleus was examined with a view to describing its subdivisions. The brains of 29 adult rats were paraffin embedded, sliced at 16 μ and impregnated according to the protargol method of Bodian. From examination of this material the nucleus was divided into three major regions. Region III contained round cells with short dendrites which received as synaptic endings two or three bulbs of Held and many terminal rings. The cells of the region gave rise to small diameter (less than 1 μ) nerve fibers which entered the trapezoid body. This region appeared to be identical with region III of Lorente de No. Region II occupied the ventral one third of the nucleus and contained cells of various types, Synaptic endings in this region consisted principally of terminal rings of various sizes and complexities. Nerve fibers which originated in this region were between 1.0 μ and 2.2 μ in diameter and entered the trapezoid body. The region did not conform to region II of Lorente de No. Region I occupied the dorsal two thirds of the nucleus and contained medium and small cells. Synaptic endings consisted of pale, small bulbs of Held. This region differed from region I of Lorente de No.
Analysis Of Nonlinear Optical Correlation

A nonlinear joint transform image correlator is investigated. The Fourier transform interference intensity is thresholded to provide higher correlation peak intensity and better defined correlation spot. Analytical expressions for the thresholded joint power spectrum is provided. The effects of the nonlinearity at the Fourier plane on the correlation signals at the output plane is investigated. The correlation signals are determined in terms of the nonlinear characteristics of the spatial light modulator (SLM) at the Fourier plane. We show that thresholding the interference intensity results in a sum of infinite harmonic terms. Each harmonic term is envelope modulated due to the nonlinear characteristics of the device, and phase modulated by m times the phase modulation of the nonthresholded joint power spectrum. The correct phase information about the correlation signal is recovered for the first order harmonic of the thresholded interference intensity. We show that various types of correlation signals can be produced simply by varying the severity of the nonlinearity and without the need to synthesize the specific matched filter. For example, a phase-only correlation signal is produced by selecting the appropriate nonlinearity.
Ar(/sup 3/P/sub 2/) -N/sub 2/(C /sup 3/Pi/sub u/) excitation transfer cross section and radiative lifetimes of the nitrogen-molecular-laser transitions

The total deactivation cross section for $\mathrm{Ar}(^{3}P_{2})$ metastables in Ar-${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ collisions was measured to be (9.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1) ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{2}$ at 663\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K in an experiment using pulsed threshold excitation of the $\mathrm{Ar}(^{3}P_{2})$ metastables in an electron gun and monitoring the transient decay of (second positive) bands from the ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}(C^{3}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{u})$ electronic state. It is concluded that the measured total velocity-averaged cross section is associated primarily with excitation transfer to the $C^{3}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{u}$ (${v}^{\ensuremath{'}}=0, 1$) vibrational levels of ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$. Comparison with other measurements implies a substantial increase of the cross section with gas temperature. The following values for radiative lifetimes of molecular nitrogen levels were also determined: (37.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1) nsec for the ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}(C^{3}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{u}, {v}^{\ensuremath{'}}=0)$ level; (40\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1) nsec for the ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}(C^{3}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{u}, {v}^{\ensuremath{'}}=1)$ level, and (37.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.8) nsec for the $B^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{u}^{+}$ (${v}^{\ensuremath{'}}=0$) level of ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}^{+}$.
Case Study: Sleep and Aggressive Behavior in a Blind, Retarded Adolescent. A Concomitant Schedule Disorder?

ABSTRACT Blind people are prone to suffer from sleep-wake schedule disorders. This report describes 2 months of monitoring of sleep patterns and aggressive behaviors In a totally blind, severely retarded adolescent boy, hospitalized in a psychiatric hospital. The documented sleep-wake patterns seem to portray a sleep-wake schedule disorder with a monthly periodicity. Aggressive behaviors seem to echo the same periodicity, suggesting that a common or linked biobehavioral timing mechanism may underlie both sleep and episodic aggressive outbursts. The need to consider sleep schedule disorders as a primary process underlying some psychopathological disorders, and the related risks of misdiagnosis and mistreatment, are highlighted. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatey , 1995, 34, 6:820–824.
Insulin Regulates Glut4 Confinement in Plasma Membrane Clusters in Adipose Cells

Insulin-stimulated delivery of glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) to the plasma membrane (PM) is the hallmark of glucose metabolism. In this study we examined insulin’s effects on GLUT4 organization in PM of adipose cells by direct microscopic observation of single monomers tagged with photoswitchable fluorescent protein. In the basal state, after exocytotic delivery only a fraction of GLUT4 is dispersed into the PM as monomers, while most of the GLUT4 stays at the site of fusion and forms elongated clusters (60–240 nm). GLUT4 monomers outside clusters diffuse freely and do not aggregate with other monomers. In contrast, GLUT4 molecule collision with an existing cluster can lead to immediate confinement and association with that cluster. Insulin has three effects: it shifts the fraction of dispersed GLUT4 upon delivery, it augments the dissociation of GLUT4 monomers from clusters ∼3-fold and it decreases the rate of endocytic uptake. All together these three effects of insulin shift most of the PM GLUT4 from clustered to dispersed states. GLUT4 confinement in clusters represents a novel kinetic mechanism for insulin regulation of glucose homeostasis.
Let Us Build Bridges

IN THE northern part of the island of Borneo, two months ago, I walked across a bridge. It was a frail suspension bridge, three feet wide and perhaps 50 yards long. It swayed with me as I walked along the split bamboo floor, holding the cables with both hands. I stopped in the middle over the muddy stream, and a woman of the Kadazan tribe passed me, baby on back, and basket of vegetables on her head. As she walked on, the bridge and I undulated like a wave, so that I shared in her motion. A little way downstream, a conventional type of arched cement bridge crossed the stream, but one abutment had been washed away in the rainy season. Still farther downstream, a ford crossed the now sluggish stream which cascaded over the stone slabs of the roadway. A sign warned autos not to cross the ford if the water level stands above a certain mark on a post. Three types of bridge, three levels, for all kinds of conveyances; and when the roaring mountain torrent makes the ford impassable, and the bridge is washed away, communication still continues on foot over the frail suspension bridge. You and I are teachers of foreign languages. We believe that learning a foreign language is not an idle exercise or merely intellectual discipline, but that a foreign language, well learned, is a bridge of communication and contact with another people, another culture, which then becomes less foreign, more human, to the learner. Many kinds of bridges at many different levels are needed in this world, for many different kinds of people and different uses. There are or soon will be three billion people on the earth, speaking thousands of different languages. Let us therefore build bridges. We are living in a strangely paradoxical world. The relative size of our globe is shrinking at a fantastic rate. It is a commonplace to point out that you can fly from here to Singapore, halfway around the earth, in less than twentyfour hours. When the new supersonic transport goes into service in the mid-70s, you will fly from London to New York almost twice as fast as the sun can make the same trip. The result is that this is also a frighteningly expanding world, growing vast, enormous. Far more touches us intimately than ever before. People and sights now crowd into our consciousness which we could easily ignore before. We turn on the television and live through an ugly riot in Detroit, or a similar one except for a few details, in Bombay. American boys are fighting and dying in South Vietnam, a place which few could have located on a map ten years ago; but we watch them now on TV and suffer with them, and with the Vietnamese peasants. We find ourselves in other countries and among strange people before the bridges have been built, before communication has been established. We are sitting down to eat with people to whom this unprepared intimate contact is distasteful.
Analyzing the Cost of Preventing Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer

In this issue, Gordon et al. report a novel study evaluating the cost-effectiveness of promoting sunscreen use to prevent actinic keratoses and nonmelanoma skin cancer. This cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) provides important data for health policy makers facing decisions regarding sunscreen education campaigns and sets the stage for future prevention-targeted CEAs.
Detecting personnel around UGVs using stereo vision

Detecting people around unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) to facilitate safe operation of UGVs is one of the highest priority issues in the development of perception technology for autonomous navigation. Research to date has not achieved the detection ranges or reliability needed in deployed systems to detect upright pedestrians in flat, relatively uncluttered terrain, let alone in more complex environments and with people in postures that are more difficult to detect. Range data is essential to solve this problem. Combining range data with high resolution imagery may enable higher performance than range data alone because image appearance can complement shape information in range data and because cameras may offer higher angular resolution than typical range sensors. This makes stereo vision a promising approach for several reasons: image resolution is high and will continue to increase, the physical size and power dissipation of the cameras and computers will continue to decrease, and stereo cameras provide range data and imagery that are automatically spatially and temporally registered. We describe a stereo vision-based pedestrian detection system, focusing on recent improvements to a shape-based classifier applied to the range data, and present frame-level performance results that show great promise for the overall approach.
A Method for Maximizing Split-Half Reliability Coefficients:

An efficient algorithm (MSPLIT) for maximizing split-half reliability coefficients is described. Coefficients derived by the algorithm were found to be generally larger than odd-even split-half coefficients and KR-20 coefficients and were nearly as large as the largest of the coefficients from among every possible split-half arrangement.
Ladars for construction assessment and update

Work at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) on laser radar imaging of a construction site is described. The objective of the NIST research is to make measurements required in a construction project quicker and cheaper than current practice and to do so without impacting existing operations. This can be done by developing techniques for real-time assessment and documentation in terms of 3-D as-built models of the construction process. Once developed, this technology may be used for other applications such as condition assessment of a hazardous environment where human intervention would be impossible.
Sex differences in recognizing the correct answer to a problem.

Summary.-Previous research has shown the superiority of performance of males over that of females in solving Maier's horse trading problem. This investigation represented an attempt to reduce this sex difference by requiring Ss only to recognize the correct answer and its underlying reason. Consistent with earlier findings, 67.4% of the males and 34.2% of the females correctly solved the problem (p < .01). Comparison with results of Hoffman and Maier (1961) suggests that the modified version of the problem had little effect on the percentage of males and females correctly solving the problem. With few exceptions, problem-solving research has consistently shown performance of men to be superior to that of women. Berry (1958) and Sweeney (1953) found this to be true even when certain correlated aptitude variables were controlled. A number of investigators (Berry, 1958; Carey, 1958; Milton, 1957, 1959; Sweeney, 1953) have suggested that women's poor performance is due in part to a negative attitude toward problem solving associated with their sex-role identification. Carey (1958) attempted to improve these attitudes by having her female Ss discuss them in groups, and this led to an increase in the women's problem-solving achievement. Milton ( 1959) attempted to increase women's motivation to solve problems by phrasing them in "feminine content form." His results showed that when the characteristics of the problems were altered so as to make them less appropriate to the masculine sex-role, sex differences in problem solving were reduced. Although other investigators have reported large sex differences in favor of males when Ss are required to build solutions to conscruction problems (e.g., Maier, 1945), Raaheim (1963) found that female Ss did as well as males on practical conscruction problems presented in writing. Taken together, this research suggests that it is possible to reduce sex differences in problem-solving achievement through increasing the motivation of females or altering the form of the problem. Hoffman and Maier ( 1961 ) reported that significantly more males than females correctly solved Maier's horse trading problem (Maier & Solem, 1952) when they were asked to choose one of 5 alternative answers. In this procedure Ss must create rational foundations for one or more of the 5 answers and then select the one answer they believe is correct. The present study used the horse
The Medical Dialogue: Disentangling Differences between Hispanic and non-Hispanic Whites

BACKGROUND Patients’ race and ethnicity play an important role in quality of and access to healthcare in the United States.
RIA fragmentation line beam dump

The Rare Isotope Accelerator project involves generating heavy element ion beams for use in a fragmentation target line to produce selected ion beams for physics research experiments. The main beam and fission fragments, after passing through the target, are collected and passed along by a series of collecting magnets and a dipole magnet. In the first dipole magnet, the main beam impacts onto a beam dump located on each side of the magnet vacuum chamber. A dump design that involves rotating cylinders and internal water cooling passages has been designed to absorb the glancing impact of the main beam. The beam power designed for is 100 kW and water cooling is by turbulent sub-cooled forced convection.
Antonymy and Evaluativity

The goal of this paper is to characterize and account for the systematic distribution of a semantic property, “evaluativity”. A construction is evaluative if it makes reference to a degree that exceeds a contextually specified standard. The term comes from Neeleman et al. (2004); Seuren (1978) alternatively refers to this property as ‘orientedness’ and Bierwisch (1989) as ‘norm-relatedness’. The distribution of evaluativity seems to vary with the predicate and quantifier of a degree construction. I attempt to explain this distribution in terms of semantic properties of predicates and degree quantifiers. Evaluativity is typically associated with positive constructions as in (1):
Can the bispectral index monitor the sedation adequacy of intubated ED adults

Abstract The Bispectral Index Monitor (BIS) is validated as a measure of sedation depth during general anesthesia, but its value otherwise remains unclear. We hypothesized that BIS scores would correlate with standard subjective measures of assessing sedation in intubated adult ED patients and that BIS would predict inadequate sedation. Sedation was assessed by recording clinical features and by having treating physicians complete a visual analog scale (VAS; rated "not sedated" to "completely sedated") at 10, 30, and 60 minutes after intubation. Measurements of BIS were later paired with sedation assessments. Despite being statistically significant ( p = .002), the correlation between BIS and VAS in our 147 paired readings was fair (Pearson's rho=−0.37) and displayed wide variability. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of BIS demonstrated no discriminatory power in predicting sedation adequacy (area under curve 0.53). BIS is not associated with and did not predict standard measures of sedation adequacy in intubated adults.
SafeGuard: safe forwarding during route changes

This paper presents the design and evaluation of SafeGuard, an intra-domain routing system that can safely forward packets to their destinations even when routes are changing. SafeGuard is based on the simple idea that packets carry a destination address plus a local estimate of the remaining path cost. We show that this simple design enables routers to detect path inconsistencies during route changes and resolve on a working path for anticipated failure and restoration scenarios. This in turn means that route changes do not disrupt connectivity although routing tables are inconsistent over the network. We evaluate the router performance of SafeGuard using a prototype based on NetFPGA and Quagga. We show that SafeGuard is amenable to high-speed hardware implementation with low overhead. We evaluate the network performance of SafeGuard via simulation. The results show that SafeGuard converges faster than a state-of-the-art IP fast restoration mechanism and reduces periods of disruption to a minimal duration, i.e., the failure detection time.
Tribology in Slow Rolling Bearings

Wear has been found in the Hertz tracks of fluid lubricated, high quality angular contact ball bearings which spin too slowly to generate an elastohydrodynamic lubricating film. Often a taper section or profile of the track shows a “W” or a “U” shaped groove. A mechanism is proposed to account for these shapes. This wear has been detected by destructive long term life tests in expensive bearings. A bench test is described which gives accelerated results on easily rejuvenated plates. Connections between the ball on plate tester and any angular contact bearing are outlined. Ball on plate tests using two perfluorinated and one synthetic hydrocarbon lubricant are interpreted in terms of a slow buildup of an electrically insulating, chemically derived film on the Hertz track. Details of the film buildup and its wear protection ability are specific to each lubricant.
Complex Haar transform

A new discrete orthogonal transform called complex Haar transform (CHT) is defined and developed. Several of its properties, such as linearity, uniqueness, dyadic autocorrelation, and dyadic shift-invariant spectrum, are outlined. Efficient algorithms for fast computation of CHT and its inverse are developed. The effectiveness of CHT in signal and image processing applications is investigated.
Helping Women Understand Their Risk in Situations of Intimate Partner Violence

Only approximately one-half of the 456 women who were killed or almost killed by a husband, boyfriend, or ex-husband or ex-boyfriend in a recent national study of homicide of women accurately perceived their risk of being killed by their abusive partner. Women are unlikely to overestimate their risk; however, many will underestimate the severity of the situation. From the same study, it was found that relatively few of the victims of actual or attempted intimate partner femicide were seen by domestic violence advocates during the year before they were killed; they were far more likely to be seen in the health care system. Implications are drawn as to innovative ways that women who are abused can be identified and with skilled assessment of the danger in their relationship helped make more informed plans for their safety.
Comparing syndromic surveillance detection methods: EARS' versus a CUSUM-based methodology.

SUMMARY This paper compares the performance of three detection methods, entitled C1, C2, and C3, that are implemented in the early aberration reporting system (EARS) and other syndromic surveillance systems versus the CUSUM applied to model-based prediction errors. The cumulative sum (CUSUM) performed significantly better than the EARS’ methods across all of the scenarios we evaluated. These scenarios consisted of various combinations of large and small background disease incidence rates, seasonal cycles from large to small (as well as no cycle), daily effects, and various types and levels of random daily variation. This leads us to recommend replacing the C1, C2, and C3 methods in existing syndromic surveillance systems with an appropriately implemented CUSUM method. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
BRICK: a novel exact active statistics counter architecture

In this paper, we present an exact active statistics counter architecture called Bucketized Rank Indexed Counters (BRICK) that can efficiently store per-flow variable-width statistics counters entirely in SRAM while supporting both fast updates and lookups (e.g., 40-Gb/s line rates). BRICK exploits statistical multiplexing by randomly bundling counters into small fixed-size buckets and supports dynamic sizing of counters by employing an innovative indexing scheme called rank indexing. Experiments with Internet traces show that our solution can indeed maintain large arrays of exact active statistics counters with moderate amounts of SRAM.
Sigma-1 receptor chaperones in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders

Introduction: Sigma-1 receptors (Sig-1Rs) are molecular chaperones that reside mainly in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) but exist also in the proximity of the plasma membrane. Sig-1Rs are highly expressed in the CNS and are involved in many cellular processes including cell differentiation, neuritogenesis, microglia activation, protein quality control, calcium-mediated ER stress and ion channel modulation. Disturbance in any of the above cellular processes can accelerate the progression of many neurological disorders; therefore, the Sig-1R has been implicated in several neurological diseases.Areas covered: This review broadly covers the functions of Sig-1Rs including several neurodegenerative disorders in humans and drug addiction-associated neurological disturbance in the case of HIV infection. We discuss how several Sig-1R ligands could be utilized in therapeutic approaches to treat those disorders.Expert opinion: Emerging understanding of the cellular functions of this unique transmembrane chaperone ma...
A novel voltage stability assessment tool to incorporate wind variability

This paper introduces a novel voltage stability assessment tool that incorporates wind variability. With increasing penetration of wind generation in power systems it becomes imperative to include the impact of wind power fluctuations on power transfer margin in a system. The tool is utilized to obtain a three dimensional voltage secure region of operation (VSROp). The voltage security assessment also includes remedial actions necessary to attain a desired power transfer margin over the entire range of wind variability. The developed tool is utilized to compare the effect of utilizing the DFIG capability curve over the FERC mandated ± 0.95 power factor requirement. The results demonstrate that restricted power factor operation could lead to an overly conservative estimate of the power transfer capability of the system while use of capability curve causes a substantial increase in the power transfer capability of the system at no extra cost.
Waveform Window #30: A Case of Nocturnal Episodes

An 89-year-old, right-handed male with hypertension and Alzheimer’s dementia presented with a 6-month history of episodes that disturbed him from sleep. The patient did not remember the episodes. H...
High-frequency observations of early-stage larval abundance: do storms trigger synchronous larval release in Semibalanus balanoides?

The acorn barnacle, Semibalanus balanoides, is thought to release larvae in response to phytoplankton blooms, but there is evidence that another, unidentified cue for release may exist. We conducted high-frequency sampling in Little Harbor, Massachusetts, USA, to determine whether early-stage larval abundance was related to several environmental variables, and to characterize vertical distributions of the larvae. Larval concentrations peaked at 2.52 and 1.02 individuals l−1 during two storms. Larvae were more abundant near the surface than near the bottom. We suggest the hypothesis that turbid conditions and upward-swimming behavior may protect newly-released larvae from predation and cannibalism. Future studies should test this hypothesis with barnacles and other invertebrates.
Ending Illegitimate Advocacy: Reinvigorating Rule 11 Through Enhancement of the Ethical Duty to Report

This article seeks to draw attention to certain ethical misconduct of litigators that is routinely accepted, tolerated or ignored by the legal profession. Though there are other examples, I focus on conduct prohibited by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11. In particular, I concentrate on that rule's so-called "safe harbor" provision, which I argue serves to insulate, and possibly encourage, illegitimate advocacy in the form of the assertion and maintenance of frivolous claims, defenses or other contentions - ironically, the very conduct that the rule was ostensibly intended to deter. Regardless of the frequency of this sort of misbehavior, the offending attorney can, as a practical matter, escape both court sanctions and professional discipline. In an effort to end the toleration of those who habitually engage in such an illegitimate fashion, I propose an enhancement of the ethical duty to report through the creation and maintenance of "litigation misconduct databases" that will monitor this and other unethical litigation behavior, which presently is de facto unregulated.
Localization and activity of myosin light chain kinase isoforms during the cell cycle.

Phosphorylation on Ser 19 of the myosin II regulatory light chain by myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) regulates actomyosin contractility in smooth muscle and vertebrate nonmuscle cells. The smooth/nonmuscle MLCK gene locus produces two kinases, a high molecular weight isoform (long MLCK) and a low molecular weight isoform (short MLCK), that are differentially expressed in smooth and nonmuscle tissues. To study the relative localization of the MLCK isoforms in cultured nonmuscle cells and to determine the spatial and temporal dynamics of MLCK localization during mitosis, we constructed green fluorescent protein fusions of the long and short MLCKs. In interphase cells, localization of the long MLCK to stress fibers is mediated by five DXRXXL motifs, which span the junction of the NH2-terminal extension and the short MLCK. In contrast, localization of the long MLCK to the cleavage furrow in dividing cells requires the five DXRXXL motifs as well as additional amino acid sequences present in the NH2-terminal extension. Thus, it appears that nonmuscle cells utilize different mechanisms for targeting the long MLCK to actomyosin structures during interphase and mitosis. Further studies have shown that the long MLCK has twofold lower kinase activity in early mitosis than in interphase or in the early stages of postmitotic spreading. These findings suggest a model in which MLCK and the myosin II phosphatase (Totsukawa, G., Y. Yamakita, S. Yamashiro, H. Hosoya, D.J. Hartshorne, and F. Matsumura. 1999. J. Cell Biol. 144:735–744) act cooperatively to regulate the level of Ser 19–phosphorylated myosin II during mitosis and initiate cytokinesis through the activation of myosin II motor activity.
Single-Dose Lopinavir-Ritonavir Acutely Inhibits Insulin-Mediated Glucose Disposal in Healthy Volunteers

Previously, we found that 4 weeks of treatment with lopinavir-ritonavir did not decrease insulin sensitivity but did increase adiponectin levels. In the present study, a single dose of lopinavir-ritonavir decreases insulin sensitivity but does not alter adiponectin levels. Insulin resistance from protease inhibitors may decrease with prolonged use; an increase in adiponectin levels may mediate this effect.
Aspen regeneration in the Colorado Front Range: differences at local and landscape scales

Elk (Cervus elaphus) populations in Rocky Mountain National Park are higher than at any time in the past century, and heavy browsing by elk may interfere with aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) regneration. We used aerial photographs to identify all aspen stands within Rocky Mountain National Park, and all aspen stands within the elk winter range range (defined as 2400 to 2800 m elevation) in three portions of the adjacent Roosevelt National Forest. From this population of aspen stands, we randomly selected 57 stands for evaluation of aspen regeneration. Stands that contained stems younger than 30 years and taller than 2.5 m tall were classified as regenerating suc- cessfully. Only 20% of the aspen stands in Estes Valley contained a cohort of regenerating aspen stems, whereas 45-to- 75% of aspen stands across the larger landscape of the Front Range had regenerating cohorts of aspen. Within the elk winter range of the Roosevelt National Forest, 13 of 17 aspen stands were regenerating. In the elk winter range on the east side of the Park but outside of Estes Valley, 11 of 15 aspen stands were regenerating successfully. Only a few aspen stands exist in the elk winter range on the western side of the Park, and none of the five aspen stands sampled in Kawuneeche Valley had a regenerating cohort. The lack of regeneration in Kawuneeche Valley may result from locally heavy elk use in both winter and summer. In the summer elk range at higher elevations in the Park (2800 to 3200 m), 16 of 23 stands had regenerated. At landscape scales, all locations outside of the heavily impacted Estes Valley averaged about two cohorts/stand that regenerated after the mid-1960s. All stands that lacked a regenerating cohort showed evidence of moderate-to-severe damage from elk browsing of stems. No regenerating stands showed evidence of severe browsing. We conclude that at landscape scales, regeneration within aspen stands is very common across the Front Range, except in local areas of the highest elk use where little regeneration has occurred in the past 30 years. , i i Introduction
A Systematic Review of Meta-analyses Published in Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery

Purpose To determine whether the number of meta-analyses published by Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery has increased from the inception of the Journal through 2014. Methods A literature search of the Journal's Web site and Medline was carried out. All studies described as a "meta-analysis" as well as systematic reviews that pooled data were included. The number of published meta-analyses was calculated and summarized by year of publication, region, topic, and level of evidence. Results The Journal's Web site search resulted in 517 citations for review, and the Medline search resulted in 400. After the results of each search were combined and duplicates were removed, a total of 60 studies were included in this review. The first published meta-analysis appeared in 2001. Of the 60 meta-analyses, 36 (60%) were published between 2013 and 2014. In light of the increase in the number of publications, a review of the design and conduct of a meta-analysis is presented in a straightforward question-and-answer format. Conclusions The number of meta-analyses appearing in Arthroscopy has increased over the past 2 decades. This increase highlights the importance of developing an understanding of the premise and components of a meta-analysis to allow the reader to critically appraise these studies. Level of Evidence Level IV, systematic review of Level I through IV meta-analyses.
Increased rates of sister chromatid exchanges induced by the herbicide 2,4-D

The potential for genetic damage from widely used hormonic herbicides, such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), continues to be of serious concern. The mutagenic effect as reflected by the rates of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) was determined in cultured human lymphocytes. Data were based on the analysis of 50 cells for the control and each of the three treatments. A 50 micrograms/ml dosage caused a highly significant increase in SCE. Dosages of 100 and 250 micrograms/ml elevated the rate of SCE, but not significantly. Since 2,4-D biodegrades rapidly in soil and water, its continued use is not in serious question until safer compounds are available. However, the results of this study suggest that the danger of genetic damage from direct exposure to commercial samples of 2,4-D should not be ignored.
Maple Brook Country Club: Pat Locke

Used in conjunction with "Maple Brook Country Club: Josh Smith" (UVA-QA-0629), this case concerns a recent memo from a country club's board of directors regarding restrictions on lifeguard activities and new policies at the pool. The lifeguards were abusing their privileges to the extent that it was affecting the pool's finances.
Evaluation of various media for growth of selected pathogenic fungi and Nocardia asteroides.

Growth of five strains of mycelial and yeast phases of Sporothrix schenckii and Blastomyces dermatitidis , five strains of mycelial and three strains of yeast phases of Histoplasma capsulatum , five strains of mycelial phase of Coccidioides immitis , and five strains each of Nocardia asteroides and Cryptococcus neoformans was evaluated on brain heart infusion (BHI), heart infusion (HIA), and trypticase soy (TSA) agars containing human and sheep blood at concentrations of 5 and 10%. BHI and HIA were equally efficient in supporting growth of the organisms tested. Varying the amount of blood did not have an appreciable effect on growth. For the conversion or maintenance of the yeast phases of the dimorphic fungi, human blood was more efficient than sheep blood; however, in all other aspects studied they appeared to be comparable. TSA with sheep or human blood was clearly inferior to the other media studied.
Temperature dependence of isomer shift of Sn 119 in Mg 2 Sn and β − Sn

Measurements of the isomer shift of $^{119}\mathrm{Sn}$ in ${\mathrm{Mg}}_{2}$Sn and $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Sn}$ between 300 and 500 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K show there is no explicit temperature dependence of ${\ensuremath{\psi}}^{2}(0)$ in ${\mathrm{Mg}}_{2}$Sn, unlike the case of $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Sn}$. Pseudopotential calculations with temperature-dependent structure factors are in fair agreement with ${\mathrm{Mg}}_{2}$Sn and in disagreement with $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Sn}$ data. The necessary Debye-Waller factors of Mg and Sn for these calculations were found from x-ray scattering measurements.
Electronic and Vibrational Structure of Complexes of Tetracyanoquinodimethane with Cadmium Chalcogenide Quantum Dots

This paper describes the use of visible, near-infrared, and mid-infrared steady-state optical spectroscopy to study the geometries in which tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) adsorbs to the surfaces of highly cadmium enriched and near-stoichiometric CdSe quantum dots (QDs) in the formation of QD-TCNQ charge transfer (CT) complexes. Several TCNQ molecules are spontaneously reduced by chalcogenides on the surface of each CdSe QD. The degree of CT depends on the geometry with which the TCNQ adsorbs and the degree of distortion of TCNQ’s geometry upon adsorption. Comparison of the electronic and vibrational spectra of CdSe QD-TCNQ complexes with those of CT complexes of TCNQ with molecular reductants (including molecular chalcogenides) and computer simulations of the geometries and vibrational spectra of the TCNQ-chalcogenide CT complexes show that (i) the Cd-enriched CdSe QDs reduce a factor of 7.4 more TCNQ molecules per QD than nearly stoichiometric CdSe QDs because surface selenides are more accessible in th...