cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Revolutionizing China's Environmental Protection

China's growth has created severe environmental problems that will require fundamental changes in China's administrative system and its model of economic development.
The Internet as a Threat to Sovereignty? Thoughts on the Internet's Role in Strengthening National and Global Governance

The Internet's potential for becoming the medium of a global marketplace and a forum for a collection of traditional and novel political activities is rapidly becoming reality. The growth in the use of the Internet has been one of the most interesting technological and political developments of the late twentieth century. This tremendous phenomenon has not, of course, escaped the notice of political leaders and commentators who analyze new developments for positive and negative influences. While generalizations are always dangerous, it is fairly safe to assert that most of the literature in which the exploration of cyberspace has been discussed asserts that the Internet threatens traditional political institutions and perhaps even the very concept of sovereignty itself. Walter Wriston, writing recently about the revolution of the Information Age, stated that "[sovereignty, the power of a nation to stop others from interfering in its internal affairs, is rapidly eroding."1 Many forces today, such as trade, global capital flows, and environmental degradation, are thought to undermine sovereignty.2 The developing conventional wisdom seems to be that the Internet is joining the assault on sovereignty and will, perhaps more than any of the
Early Syntactic Development: A Cross-Linguistic Study with Special Reference to Finnish

1. Introduction 2. Data collection 3. The pivot grammar approach 4. Early stage 1 speech 5. Late stage 1 speech 6. problems with the transformational grammar approach 7. The case grammar approach 8. Summary and conclusions Appendices.
Measurement of the Polarization in Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering

We have measured the (illegible) scattering (?-illegible) of electrons (?-illegible) from a polarized proton target. (illegible) between (?-illegible) imaginary part of the two-photon-(illegible) (illegible) photon-exchange amplitude could produce (?-illegible) (illegible) results indicate no asymmetry within (illegible) 1 to 2% at four(?-illegible)-momentum transfer (illegible) (illegible) 0.98 (GeV/c){sup 2}.
C 13 ( He 3 , α ) C 12 Reaction and Elastic Scattering of He 3 from C 13 at 12, 15, and 18 MeV

The ${\mathrm{C}}^{13}({\mathrm{He}}^{3}, \ensuremath{\alpha}){\mathrm{C}}^{12}$ reaction was studied at 12, 15, and 18 MeV. Complete angular distributions of elastically scattered ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ as well as those of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles leading to the ground, 4.433-, 7.656-, 9.64-, 10.84-, 11.83-, and 12.71-MeV states were measured. A set of optical-model parameters that fits the elastic-scattering cross section of ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ at all three energies was found with the hunter program. It shows only a slight negative energy dependence of the real well depth and a positive energy dependence of the imaginary well depth. Distorted-wave Born approximation (julie) analysis shows pickup of $l=1 or 0$ for all excepting the 9.64-MeV state, where $l=2$ is found. Relative spectroscopic factors were extracted.
Models of germ cell development and their application for toxicity studies

Germ cells are unique in their ability to transfer genetic information and traits from generation to generation. As such, the proper development of germ cells and the integrity of their genome are paramount to the health of organisms and the survival of species. Germ cells are also exquisitely sensitive to environmental influences although the testing of germ cell toxicity, especially in females, has proven particularly challenging. In this review, we first describe the remarkable odyssey of germ cells in mammals, with an emphasis on the female germline, from their initial specification early during embryogenesis to the generation of mature gametes in adults. We also describe the current methods used in germ cell toxicity testing and their limitations in examining the complex features of mammalian germ cell development. To bypass these challenges, we propose the use of alternative model systems such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, and in vitro germ cell methods that have distinct advantages over traditional toxicity models. We discuss the benefits and limitations of each approach, their application to germ cell toxicity studies, and the need for computational approaches to maximize the usefulness of these models. Together, the inclusion of these alternative germ cell toxicity models will be invaluable for the examination of stages not easily accessible in mammals as well as the large scale, high-throughput investigation of germ cell toxicity.
Nutritional Programming of Accelerated Puberty in Heifers: Involvement of Pro-Opiomelanocortin Neurones in the Arcuate Nucleus

Abstract The timing of puberty and subsequent fertility in female mammals are dependent on the integration of metabolic signals by the hypothalamus. Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurones in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) comprise a critical metabolic-sensing pathway controlling the reproductive neuroendocrine axis. α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (αMSH), a product of the POMC gene, has excitatory effects on gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurones and fibres containing αMSH project to GnRH and kisspeptin neurones. Because kisspeptin is a potent stimulator of GnRH release, αMSH may also stimulate GnRH secretion indirectly via kisspeptin neurones. In the present work, we report studies conducted in young female cattle (heifers) aiming to determine whether increased nutrient intake during the juvenile period (4-8 months of age), a strategy previously shown to advance puberty, alters POMC and KISS1 mRNA expression, as well as αMSH close contacts on GnRH and kisspeptin neurones. In Experiment 1, POMC mRNA expression, detected by in situ hybridisation, was greater (P < 0.05) in the ARC in heifers that gained 1 kg/day of body weight (high-gain, HG; n = 6) compared to heifers that gained 0.5 kg/day (low-gain, LG; n = 5). The number of KISS1-expressing cells in the middle ARC was reduced (P < 0.05) in HG compared to LG heifers. In Experiment 2, double-immunofluorescence showed limited αMSH-positive close contacts on GnRH neurones, and the magnitude of these inputs was not influenced by nutritional status. Conversely, a large number of kisspeptin-immunoreactive cells in the ARC were observed in close proximity to αMSH-containing varicosities. Furthermore, HG heifers (n = 5) exhibited a greater (P < 0.05) percentage of kisspeptin neurones in direct apposition to αMSH fibres and an increased (P < 0.05) number of αMSH close contacts per kisspeptin cell compared to LG heifers (n = 6). These results indicate that the POMC-kisspeptin pathway may be important in mediating the nutritional acceleration of puberty in heifers.
Tooth development in Latimeria chalumnae (Smith)

Tooth development in Latimeria was studied with the use of light microscopy, polarized light microscopy and microradiography. Teeth develop from cells derived directly from the basal layer of the oral epithelium in areas where teeth have been shed or are being resorbed. The teeth are composed of true enamel, orthodentine and pulp tissues. Attachment is accom-plished by bony attachment ankylosing the teeth to the basal bone of dental plates. The histologic picture of Latimeria teeth resembles more closely the teeth of tetrapods than those of most bony fish.
A Sub-1-V Low-Noise Bandgap Voltage Reference

A new sub-1-V bandgap voltage reference is presented in this paper, which has advantages over the prior arts in terms of output noise and compatibility with several fabrication processes. The topology allows the reference to operate with a supply voltage as low as 1 V by employing the reverse bandgap voltage principle (RBVP). It also has an attractive low-noise output without the use of a large external filtering capacitor. The design was fabricated with a 0.5-mum BiCMOS process, but it is compatible with most CMOS and BiCMOS fabrication processes. The entire die area is approximately 0.4 mm2, including all test pads and dummy devices. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the output noise spectral density is 40 nV/radicHz with a bias current of 20 muA. Moreover, the peak-to-peak output noise in the 0.1-10 Hz band is only 4 muV. The untrimmed reference has a mean output voltage of 190.9 mV at room temperature, and it has a temperature coefficient in the -40degC to +125degC range of 11 ppm/degC (mean) with a standard deviation of 5 ppm/degC.
Advanced tools for simulation and design of oscillators/PLLs

We present a robust, automated oscillator macromodeling technique for extracting comprehensive phase and amplitude macromodels from oscillators' SPICE circuit descriptions. The macromodels are able to correctly predict oscillator response in the presence of interference at far lower computational cost than that of full SPICE-level simulation, while retaining the simulation accuracy. We find many applications for the proposed macromodeling technique, which include injection locking prediction, fast simulation of coupled oscillating systems, and fast PLL transient simulation and jitter analysis. We demonstrate the applications on some oscillator-based systems, and compare results against full SPICE-level simulation. Experimental results show that the macromodels capture the behavior of the oscillator systems accurately, and provide speedups of over three orders of magnitude.
A proposed model of fat packaging by exchangeable lipid droplet proteins

Humans have evolved mechanisms of efficient fat storage to survive famine, but these mechanisms contribute to obesity in our current environment of plentiful food and reduced activity. Little is known about how animals package fat within cells. Five related structural proteins serve roles in packaging fat into lipid droplets. The proteins TIP47, S3-12, and OXPAT/MLDP/PAT-1 move from the cytosol to coat nascent lipid droplets during rapid fat storage. In contrast, perilipin and adipophilin constitutively associate with lipid droplets and play roles in sustained fat storage and regulation of lipolysis. Different tissues express different complements of these lipid droplet proteins. Thus, the tissue-specific complement of these proteins determines how tissues manage lipid stores.
Antibacterial Fluoromicas: A Novel Delivery Medium

Abstract Antibacterial fluoromicas were prepared by ion-exchanging fluoromicas with different antibacterial agents including various quaternary ammonium compounds, AgNO 3 , and norfloxacin. Antibacterial activities of the ion-exchanged fluoromicas were determined against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli . Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and zone of inhibition (ZOI) tests were performed to determine both antibacterial effectiveness and mode of action associated with the fluoromicas. All treated fluoromicas showed excellent antibacterial activities against both types of bacteria. The antibacterial activities of treated fluoromicas were found to be either better than or the same as those of neat antibacterial agents. The repeated antibacterial activity tests demonstrated the extended activity of these systems.
Echocardiographic and clinical correlations in systemic hyper‐tension

Echocardiographic measurements in 47 asymptomatic hypertensive patients were correlated with duration and severity of blood pressure elevation and with optic fundoscopic findings. These observations were also compared with electrocardiographic and chest roentgenographic measurements. Echo left ventricular wall thickness (LVWT) correlated best with duration of known hypertension. For 22 recent hypertensive patients the LVWT mean was .9 +/- .3 cm whereas mean LVWT for 25 patients hypertensive for five or more years was 1.3 +/- .2, (p less than or equal to .01). More severe initial diastolic pressure and the presence of hypertensive fundi also correlated with increased wall thickness. Increased left atrial diameter (greater than or equal to 2 cm m2) was observed primarily in the presence of longstanding disease. ECG and cardiothoracic ratio by xray did not correlate highly with the echo abnormalities. These observations suggest that echocardiography may be a sensitive and early means of recognizing cardiac changes in hypertensive patients.
Thyroid hormone activates Akt and prevents serum starvation-induced cell death in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes

Thyroid hormone is known to cause hypertrophy, tachycardia, vasorelaxation, and enhanced contractile function. The exact mechanisms responsible for these effects are unknown but classical regulation of gene expression through binding to nuclear receptors has been widely implicated. Data have also accumulated suggesting that TH can exert effects through non-classical mechanisms involving activation of signal transduction pathways. Whether thyroid hormone can activate signal transduction pathways in the heart is unknown. In this study, we treated neonatal rat cardiomyocytes with T3 and determined the expression and phosphorylation of signaling molecules. T3 caused specific activation of Akt/PKB signaling after 24 h of treatment. Since Akt is known to protect against cell death, cells were serum-starved in the presence or absence of T3 to determine whether T3 could protect against serum starvation-induced cell death. Indeed, myocytes treated with T3 displayed enhanced sarcomeric structure after 4 days of serum starvation. T3 increased cell viability as measured by MTT assays, prevented DNA laddering, and reduced TUNEL positive cells, which was associated with increased phosphorylated Akt and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK-3beta). The protective effect of T3 on cell viability, DNA laddering and TUNEL positive cells were blocked by LY294002, a phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitor that blocks Akt signaling. Overall these data suggest that T3 can activate Akt in cardiomyocytes which protects myocytes against cell death.
The Microstructural Evolution of Inconel Alloy 740 During Solution Treatment, Aging, and Exposure at 760 C

In this study, the microstructural evolution of Inconel alloy 740 during solution treatment and aging was characterized using optical and scanning electron microscopy. During double solution heat treatment, carbon is liberated from the dissolution of MC carbides during the first solution treatment at 1150 °C, and fine MC carbides are precipitated on gamma grain boundaries during the second solution treatment at 1120 °C. Due to the concurrent decrease in carbon solubility and the increase in the contribution of grain boundary diffusion at lower temperatures, the MC carbides on the gamma grain boundaries provide a localized carbon reservoir that aids in M23C6 carbide precipitation on gamma grain boundaries during exposure at 760 °C. The γ′ phase, which is the key strengthening phase in alloy 740, is incorporated into the alloy microstructure during aging at 850 °C. The main source of microstructural instability observed during exposure at 760 °C was the coarsening of the γ′ phase.
MAD phasing grows up

Multiwavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD) phasing, which relies on synchrotron radiation, has grown from a novelty technique to a mainstream method that has been used to determine macromolecule structures of up to 200,000 Mr.
Theoretical hartree‐fock multiplet strength for transitions between excited quartet states of Ne+ isoelectronic sequence

Absolute multiplet strengths for dipole allowed transitions between some excited quartet states of Ne+ isoelectronic sequence have been calculated in the Hartree-Fock approximation and Russel-Saunder's coupling scheme with the help of interchange theorem within the context of z expansion method and perturbation theory. Comparison of radial transition integrals of the present calculation with those computed numerically for the case of Ne+ shows that the difference is only 14 percent. As the accuracy of the method increases with increasing z, the results are likely to be more reliable for higher members of the isoelectronic sequence.
MOMBE GaAs and AlGaAs for microelectronic devices

Abstract This paper reviews the state of the art of GaAs and AlGaAs materials and microelectronic devices grown by MOMBE (metalorganic molecular beam epitaxy) and related techniques. FET, HEMT and HBT devices have been grown using MOMBE and in the case of FETs and HBTs excellent device and MMIC power performance has been obtained. For example, MOMBE HBTs show current gains in excess of 100 and MMIC power HBT circuits are delivering 2 W of power at 8.5 GHz. We will examine device behavior and relate this to properties of the GaAs and AlGaAs materials.
Methylmercury egg injections: part 1--Tissue distribution of mercury in the avian embryo and hatchling.

Abstract Methylmercury (MeHg) is transferred by female birds into their eggs thus leaving developing embryos exposed to MeHg from the time of fertilization through hatching. Although Hg is a developmental toxicant, little is known about how it distributes among embryonic tissues and subsequently affects neurodevelopment in birds. The main objective of the present study (Part 1 of 2) was to evaluate the distribution of Hg in tissues during different developmental stages in order to better understand potential targets of Hg in the embryo and hatchling. Eight independent, yet related, egg injection studies were conducted. In five studies, white leghorn chicken embryos were air cell injected with methylmercury chloride (MeHgCl; range injected: 0.17–6.4 μg/g egg) and Hg concentrations were assessed in seven tissues. We found that soft tissue distribution in embryos and hatchlings was similar to that seen in older birds, with higher total Hg concentrations in liver and kidney than in heart, muscle, and brain (e.g., 5.1, 3.8, 1.9, 2.3, and 1.9 μg/g wet weight, respectively, in day 19 embryos after injection with 6.4 μg/g MeHgCl). Concentrations were highest in feathers and unabsorbed yolk (e.g., 24.1 and 13.0 μg/g in day 19 embryos after injection with 6.4 μg/g MeHgCl). Tissue concentrations rose through embryonic days 11, 14, 16, and 19 but generally leveled off at days 1 and 7 post-hatch. We also report on pilot studies that demonstrated that tissue Hg accumulation after MeHgCl injection is similar in chicken and Japanese quail embryos, and that tissue Hg accumulation in chicken embryos after methylmercury cysteine, but not mercury (2) chloride, injection is similar to accumulation after MeHgCl injection. These findings suggest that embryos may accumulate kidney and brain Hg concentrations known to cause renal and neurotoxicity seen in older birds, but that sequestration of Hg into liver and excretion into rapidly growing feathers may offer some protection. This work also demonstrates that air cell injection studies are potentially a useful tool for studies of Hg toxicity in the laboratory.
The effects of maternal malaria and HIV-1 infection on the effort to eliminate neonatal tetanus.

genic strains of Clostridium tetani and has been estimated to have caused 213,000 deaths globally in 2002 [1]. An estimated 180,000 of these deaths occurred in neonates, and an additional 15,000-30,000 deaths occurred in women during the early postpartum period. C. tetani is a spore-forming, anaerobic bacillus capable of producing several toxins, including tetanospasmin, which blocks inhibitory neurotransmitters in the central nervous
Potentiometric determination of autoprotolysis constants of solvents

Abstract A new method is proposed for determination of autoprotolysis constants by titration of a weak acid with strong base or strong acid with weak base, and applied to water and ethylene glycol (EG). The constants found were p K w = 13·90–13·97, and p K EG = 15·4 ± 0·2.
The Relationship of Smoking Status to Alcohol Use, Problems, and Health Behaviors in College Freshmen.

Differences in drinking, consequences, and perceptions were examined between alcohol-using college students by smoking status (current, past, and lifetime nonsmoker). Entering freshmen (N = 558: 45% male, 72% Caucasian, age M = 18) completed a questionnaire assessing smoking, drinking and current health perceptions. Results indicated current smokers drank more frequently, were more likely to drink to intoxication, and had more physiological consequences (e.g., blackouts, coordination problems) than past or lifetime nonsmokers, but past smokers also reported riskier drinking than lifetime nonsmokers. Despite a higher prevalence of alcohol-related health problems in both current and past smokers, no current health differences were found. Results replicate findings that current smokers are at increased risk for problematic drinking and identify past smokers as another risk group.
Performance analysis in the real world

What issues are on the minds of industrial performance analysts? Four representatives of world-class product organizations will describe their work at the front lines of measurement, modeling, and performance tuning. Topics will include performance engineering of middleware at IBM, tools for detecting false sharing in large-scale multiprocessors at Hewlett-Packard, kernel thread-scheduling performance in multiprocessors at Microsoft, and low-overhead instrumentation for profiling large-scale services at Google. Plenty of time will be available to ask questions about how to direct our research to have the greatest impact on industrial practice.
Direct identification of residues of the epidermal growth factor receptor in close proximity to the amino terminus of bound epidermal growth factor.

Abstract We have recently developed a kinetically controlled, step-wise affinity cross-linking technique for specific, high-yield, covalent linkage of murine epidermal growth factor (mEGF) via its N terminus to the EGF receptor. EGF receptor from A431 cells was cross-linked to radiolabeled mEGF (125I-mEGF) by this technique and the 125I-mEGF-receptor complex was purified and denatured. Tryptic digestion of this preparation gave rise to a unique radiolabeled peptide that did not comigrate with trypsin-treated 125I-mEGF in SDS/Tricine gels but that could be immunoprecipitated with antibodies to mEGF. The immunoprecipitated peptide was isolated by electrophoresis in SDS/Tricine gels, eluted, and sequenced. The sequence was found to correspond to that of a tryptic peptide of the EGF receptor beginning with Gly-85, which is in domain I, a region N terminal to the first cysteine-rich region of the receptor. Selective loss of signal in the 17th sequencing cycle suggests that the point of attachment of N-terminally modified 125I-mEGF to the receptor is Tyr-101. The data presented here provide identification by direct protein microsequencing of a site of interaction of EGF and the EGF receptor.
Projection and iteration in adaptive finite element refinement

A local elliptic projection is introduced to provide improved local approximations to the finite element solution of boundary-value problems. The approach yields a composite global approximation that is more accurate and provides a good starting value for iterative solution methods. The procedure is particularly effective when used in conjunction with adaptive mesh refinement, as illustrated in numerical studies involving two-point problems of boundary-layer and interior-layer type.
In vitro metabolism of imipramine by brain microsomes: effects of inhibitors and exogenous cytochrome P450 reductase

Abstract The metabolism of imipramine in the brains of rats was analyzed to study the activity of cytochrome P450 in brain microsomes. Brain microsomes were capable of metabolizing imipramine to both hydroxylated and N-demethylated products. The use of selective inhibitors of different cytochromes P450 effected varying changes in the metabolic profiles of formed metabolites consistent with the involvement of several P450 forms in imipramine metabolism. Quinidine inhibited the hydroxylation of imipramine competitively by 60% and 98% at concentrations of 10 μM and 100 μM, respectively. Ketoconazole and 7,8-benzoflavone at a concentration of 100 μM inhibited N-demethylation of imipramine by 75% and 30%, respectively, with a lower effect on imipramine hydroxylation. Results from studies on the incorporation of cytochrome P450 reductase into the brain microsomal system reveal a reductase concentration-dependent increase in imipramine metabolism and suggest that the reductase level in brain is an important factor for the study of catalytic activities in brain microsomal systems.
Radiation-sensitivity of bacteriophage containing 5-bromodeoxyuridine☆☆☆

Abstract Bacteriophage containing 5-bromodeoxyuridine have increased sensitivity to X-rays, ultraviolet light (2537 A), and light of longer wavelengths emanating from commercial fluorescent fixtures. The increase in sensitivity for the last case amounts to a factor of 75 for phage T2 u when fully substituted. A proffered hypothesis to account for the increased sensitivity is based on a comparative study of UV-resistant and UV-sensitive strains of T2.
Antialiasing scan-line data

The output of a scan-line visible-surface algorithm is a collection of scan-line segments with associated simple shading functions, which together define the shading as a function of a continuous variable along each scan line. A hybrid antialiasing method that uses this information fully is presented. The method extends to the case where an image transform maps the scan lines into slanted lines in the output raster coordinates. Edge-slope information can be used to infer data along extra scan lines to improve antialiasing. Results obtained with the method are given. >
The response of heat-shield materials to intense laser radiation

Experimental results for the response of ATJ graphite, Carbitex 100, and carbon phenolic to intense continuous-wave laser radiation are presented. Both penetration and mass-loss test techniques are used and compared. The results are also compared with a simple ablation theory applicable to laser irradiation. Reasons for the disparity between experiment and theory, and applicability of the results to other heating situations, such as planetary entry, are discussed.
HandTalk: Assistive Technology for the Deaf

One of the many areas in which embedded systems show great promise is assistive technologies, which address the special needs of those with impairments. This article presents HandTalk, a "smart glove" that can recognize basic hand gestures and convert them into speech using low-cost, commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components. A low-cost, portable gesture-to-speech glove prototype demonstrates that embedded systems don't have to be expensive to be effective.
Treatment of ovarian dysfunction with small doses of cortisone or hydrocortisone.

ABSTRACT Because mild hirsutism or a high level of urinary 17-ketosteroid excretion is often observed in women with functional irregularities of menstruation, the possibility exists that there may be an associated mild disorder of adrenocortical function. If such were the case, treatment with suitable doses of cortisone or hydrocortisone might be beneficial. Encouraging results were obtained withoral administration of either of these steroids in doses of 2.5 to 5.0 mg. at intervals of eight hours or less to women with hirsutism and infertility. This led to an extension of the trials to include any patients with irregularity or absenceof the menses on a functional basis. Among 52 such women, therapy resulted in resumption or increased regularity of ovulation in 46 (89 per cent). Of 38 patients in the series who had associated infertility, 21. (55 per cent) had one or more pregnancies while receiving this type of treatment. No untoward effects were observed. In some instances, hirsutism, acne, or chronic cy...
Voltage-gated calcium channels are not affected by the novel anti-epileptic drug lacosamide

The novel anti-epileptic drug lacosamide targets two proteins - voltage-gated sodium channels and collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP-2) - suggesting dual modes of action for lacosamide. We recently identified the neurite outgrowth and axonal guidance protein CRMP-2 as a novel partner and regulator of the presynaptic N-type voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel (CaV2.2) [Brittain et al., J. Biol. Chem. 284: 31375-31390 (2009)]. Here we examined the effects of lacosamide on voltage-gated Ba(2+) channels. Lacosamide did not affect Ba(2+) currents via N- and P/Q- channels in rat hippocampal neurons or L-type Ca(2+) channels in a mouse CNS neuronal cell line, respectively. N-type Ba(2+) currents, augmented by CRMP-2 expression, were also unaffected by acute or chronic lacosamide exposure. These results establish that the anti-epileptic mode of action of lacosamide does not involve these voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels.
The hegemony of money: commercialism and professionalism in American medicine.

Money plays a powerful role in modern medicine, both in terms of how health services are organized and delivered and increasingly in how physicians understand themselves and their work. The phrase “the hegemony of money” is intended to capture that power.
Tissue dynamics of steady state growth in Hydra littoralis. II. Patterns of tissue movement.

In the column of hydra, tissues continually move away from a region located just underthe whorl of tentacles. Above this subtentacular region, tissues proceed into the hypostome and tentacles; below it tissues pass into the buds or continue down the stalk. These movements represent a steady state pattern of tissue renewal in which column growth is balanced by tissue loss at the body extremities. But the existence of a subtentacular zone in which tissue appears stationary does not necessarily indicate that growth is restrictedto this region, as is commonly stated. The body column of hydra can be viewed as an expanding cylinder whose elongation is balanced by tissue loss at the two ends. In such a body there must be one region from whichtissue appears to emanate, regardless of how growth is distributed along the cylinder. Only the rates at which tissues move will be characteristic of the underlying growthpattern. In Hydra littoralis, the measured rates of tissue movement down the gastric column are consistent with the distributions of mitotic figures, which indicate that growth is spread out along the column.
Comparing methods of measurement for detecting drug-induced changes in the QT interval: implications for thoroughly conducted ECG studies.

Background: The aim of this study was to compare the reproducibility and sensitivity of four commonly used methods for QT interval assessment when applied to ECG data obtained after infusion of ibutilide. Methods: Four methods were compared: (1) 12-lead simultaneous ECG (12-SIM), (2) lead II ECG (LEAD II), both measured on a digitizing board, (3) 3-LEAD ECG using a manual tangential method, and (4) a computer-based, proprietary algorithm, 12SL™ ECG Analysis software (AUT). QT intervals were measured in 10 healthy volunteers at multiple time points during 24 hours at baseline and after single intravenous doses of ibutilide 0.25 and 0.5 mg. Changes in QT interval from baseline were calculated and compared across ECG methods, using Bland–Altman plots. Variability was studied using a mixed linear model. Results: Baseline QT values differed between methods (range 376–395 ms), mainly based on the number of leads incorporated into the measurement, with LEAD II and 3-LEAD providing the shortest intervals. The 3-LEAD generated the largest QT change from baseline, whereas LEAD II and 12-SIM generated essentially identical result within narrow limits of agreement (0.4 ms mean difference, 95% confidence interval ± 20.5 ms). Variability with AUT (standard deviation 15.8 ms for within-subject values) was clearly larger than with 3-LEAD, LEAD II, and 12-SIM (9.6, 10.0, and 11.3 ms). Conclusion: This study demonstrated significant differences among four commonly used methods for QT interval measurement after pharmacological prolongation of cardiac repolarization. Observed large differences in variability of measurements will have a substantial impact on the sample size required to detect QT prolongation in the range that is currently advised in regulatory guidance.
Is chemistry 'The Central Science'? How are different sciences related? Co-citations, reductionism, emergence, and posets

According to a widely used introductory chemistry text by T. E. Brown et al.,1 chemistry is 'The Central Science'. But scientometric co-citation analyses indicate that biochemistry seems presently to be more interconnected to other sciences. On the other hand, mathematics is considered by many to permeate all sciences and hence might compete as the choice for centrality. A critical commentary and argument leads to a proposal for an alternative partially ordered hierarchical “framework” map of sciences. This argument is supplemented by a scientometric approach based on university course requirements for different curricula, so as to support our partially ordered map. This alternative “framework” mapping then is seen to indicate a special position for chemistry, as where significant branching begins.
Cyclic voltammetry and Langmuir film isotherms of mixed monolayers of N-docosyl-N′-methyl viologen with arachidic acid

Abstract Surface pressure-molecular area isotherms of mixed Langmuir monolayer films of N-docosyl-N′-methyl viologen (C 22 MV 2+ ) with arachidic acid were measured at the air/water interface and the electrochemical behavior of the films were investigated after transfer to an indium tin oxide electrode in aqueous sodium perchlorate solution. The average molecular area in the mixed monolayer films negatively deviates from ideal additivity. Double voltammetric peaks for the first reduction wave of pure C 22 MV 2+ converge with addition of arachidic acid and show a single peak at the mole ratio of viologen : arachidic acid = 1:3.
Discs-Large and Strabismus are functionally linked to plasma membrane formation

During early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster, extensive vesicle transport occurs to build cell boundaries for 6,000 nuclei. Here we show that this important process depends on a functional complex formed between the tumour suppressor and adaptor protein Discs-Large (Dlg)1 and the integral membrane protein Strabismus (Stbm)/Van Gogh (Vang)2,3. In support of this idea, embryos with mutations in either dlg or stbm displayed severe defects in plasma membrane formation. Conversely, overexpression of Dlg and Stbm synergistically induced excessive plasma membrane formation. In addition, ectopic co-expression of Stbm (which associated with post-Golgi vesicles) and the mammalian Dlg homologue SAP97/hDlg4,5 promoted translocation of SAP97 from the cytoplasm to both post-Golgi vesicles and the plasma membrane. This effect was dependent on the interaction between Stbm and SAP97. These findings suggest that the Dlg–Stbm complex recruits membrane-associated proteins and lipids from internal membranes to sites of new plasma membrane formation.
Heme/Copper Assembly Mediated Nitrite and Nitric Oxide Interconversion

The hemea3/CuB active site of cytochrome c oxidase is responsible for cellular nitrite reduction to nitric oxide; the same center can return NO to the nitrite pool via oxidative chemistry. Here, we...
Development and further characterization of a small subclass of rat olfactory receptor neurons that shows immunoreactivity for the HSP70 heat shock protein

We previously described a rat olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) subpopulation [the 2A4(+) ORNs] that shows uniquely strong reactivity with antibodies to the 70-kD heat shock protein (HSP70) family of molecular chaperones (Carr et al. [1994] J. Comp. Neurol. 348:150–160). The 2A4(+)ORNs are dispersed through zones II–IV of the olfactory epithelium (OE), and their axons project to only two or three glomeruli that are located consistently in each olfactory bulb (OB). To date, the 2A4(+)ORN subpopulation is the only cell population to show such distinct HSP70 immunoreactivity as well as the most discrete ORN subpopulation to be so labeled. The present report shows that 2A4(+)ORN neurons first appear between postnatal days 7 (P7) and P10. Initially, low cell numbers rise to a density of 0.1 2A4(+)ORNs/mm OE length by P14, plateau at 0.9 2A4(+)ORNs/mm by P49, then fall to adult values of 0.4 cells/mm. Autoradiographic birthdating indicates that almost all of these early appearing 2A4(+)ORNs are generated postnatally, in contrast to the prenatal generation of all ORN subpopulations characterized to date by their expression of olfactory receptor protein mRNAs. A developmentally related increase in the mean depth of 2A4(+)ORNs within the OE also occurs. In the OB, initial 2A4(+)axonal projections are to only two or three glomeruli, as in adults. Slight but significant rostral shifts in (+)glomerular location occur with development. The 2A4(+)ORN immunoreactivity was found to be due to expression of HSP70, the dominant stress-inducible member of the HSP70 family, rather than constitutively expressed HSC70. In addition, despite their presence in rat OE, no 2A4(+)ORNs were found in mice, gerbils, guinea pigs, or hamsters. J. Comp. Neurol. 404:375–386, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and characterization of N-bromoacetyl-3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine.

N-Bromoacetyl-3,3′,5-triiodo-l-thyronine and carrier-free [3′-125I]-N-bromoacetyl-3,3′,5-triiodo-l-thyronine, to be used for affinity labeling of thyroid hormone receptors, were synthesized using a one-step procedure: a solution of the thyroid hormone 3,3′5-triiodo-l-thyronine and bromoacetyl bromide in ethyl acetate was refluxed for an optimal period of time which depends on the amount of hormone processed. The bromoacetylated hormone thus obtained was then fractionated by high-speed counter-current chromatography which yielded N-bromoacetyl-3,3′5-triiodo-l-thyronine that was pure by the criteria of high-performance liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography with different solvent systems. The pure product was well separated from all contaminants including one which in high-performance liquid chromatography was not easily separated from N-bromoacetyl-3,3′,5-triiodo-l-thyronine. The latter was characterized by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, plasma desorption mass spectrometry, thin-layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, UV spectrophotometry, and melting point. Amounts of 3,3′5-triiodo-l-thyronine ranging from picograms, including carrier-free 125I-labeled triio-dothyronine, to 200 to 300 mg can be processed with the equipment used in the present investigation.
Nucleus raphe dorsalis in Alzheimer's disease: neurofibrillary tangles and loss of large neurons

Diffuse serotonergic fibers are presumed to project to the telencephalon from the nucleus raphe dorsalis (NRD) of the midbrain, in a manner similar to the cholinergic projections from the nucleus basalis of Meynert (nbM) to the cerebral cortex. Neuropathological changes in both of these nuclei have been reported in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although many morphometric studies of the nbM in AD have been documented, only one such study of the NRD has been conducted so far; it demonstrated a sixfold increase in neurofibrillary tangles in AD but no statistically significant difference in the number of neurons in patients with AD and age-matched controls. A study of the NRD utilizing different stains and wider anatomical boundaries is detailed in this report of 5 patients with AD and 7 age-matched controls. In AD the NRD showed 39 times more neurofibrillary tangles and the number and cell density of large neurons were reduced to 23% and 28%, respectively, of those in the controls. A small number of senile plaques were found in the NRD in all patients with AD but none were found in the controls.
The effect of CO2 on the biosynthesis of carotenoids in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides

Abstract In anaerobic photosynthetic cultures of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides , the light-induced induced synthesis of carotenoid pigments is greatly affected by the presence or absence of CO 2 . Cultures gassed with N 2 alone synthesize predominantly the yellow carotenoid(s). Gassing with a mixture of N 2 CO 2 results in the preferential synthesis of red carotenoids. CO 2 exerts similar effects in cultures maintained at consultant light intensity. The pigments formed in the presence of CO 2 are similar in their spectra to those normally found in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides . The addition of chloramphenicol to growing cultures prevents the CO 2 -induced preferential synthesis of red carotenoid, as well as general pigment formation. The results indicate that the effect of CO 2 is not mediated through a conversion of preformed yellow carotenoid to red carotenoid.
Demographic Change and the Demand for Food: Discussion

The papers by Sexauer and Salathe are to be commended for emphasizing the important but frequently overlooked problem of the effects of changing demographic composition of the population. In some instances, these changes have been so slow that they could be overlooked in any time-series analysis, as confirmed by some of Salathe's results. In a study that I did several years ago (Price), it made little difference in a time-series context whether total food expenditures or expenditures for major food groups were placed on a per capita or on a per adult equivalent basis. That is, the age-sex composition of the population did not change fast enough to be an important factor. The results of Sexauer show that for food eaten away from home, demographic changes are important. The question and challenge that Sexauer and Salathe lay down is, for which commodities and for which demo-
Presence of AMP-rich RNA in counter-current distribution and column chromatography fractions of pea root nucleic acids.

Abstract Nucleic acids differentially extracted from pea roots with 4-aminosalicylate were subjected to counter-current distribution. The RNA traveling farthest in the mobile, organic phase contained 49 % AMP. When nucleic acids in this fraction were subjected to column chromatography on methylated albumin-kieselguhr, much of the RNA was tenaciously bound to the column. If column chromatography preceded counter-current distribution, only part of the tenaciously bound RNA was rich in AMP and moved with the organic phase. The base composition of the AMP-rich fraction was about the same whether all the differentially extracted nucleic acids or only the tenaciously bound nucleic acids were taken for counter-current distribution.
Sequence and Timing of Three Community Interventions to Domestic Violence

Community responses to domestic violence typically involve the introduction of multiple interventions. Yet very little is known about the impact of the timing and sequencing of these interventions on community outcomes. A reason for this is the inherent limitations of traditional methods in social science. New methods are needed to understand the effect of varying the sequence and timing of interventions. This study responds to the issue by introducing system dynamics as a method for modeling community interventions. The paper presents a model of domestic violence cases moving through a criminal justice response, and uses the simulation model to evaluate the impact of implementing three interventions—mandatory arrest, victim advocacy, and changes in level of cooperation—on two system-level outcomes: improving offender accountability and increasing victim safety. Results illustrate the complex nature of these relationships. Implications for community practice and future research are also discussed.
Synthesis of 1H‐naphth[2,3‐d]imidazole‐4,9‐diones by acid catalyzed cyclization of 2‐Acylamino‐3‐amino‐1,4‐naphthoquinones

The conversion of 2-acylamino-3-amino-1,4-naphthoquinones (II) to the corresponding 2-substituted 1H-naphth[2,3-d]imidazole-4,9-diones (I) under both alkaline and acid catalyzed conditions has been effected and the results compared. Treatment of 3-(4′-chlorobutanonyl-amino)-3-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone (He) with aqueous ethanolic sodium hydroxide solution gives 1,2-butanonaphth[2,3-d]imidazole-4,9-dione (V); whereas, treatment of lie with refluxing formic acid gave 2-(4′-chlorobutyl)-1H-naphth[2,3-d]imidazole-4,9-dione. Treatment of 2-substi-tuted 1H-naphth[2,3-d]imidazole-4,5-diones in DMF with alkyl halides in the presence of potassium carbonate affords the expected 1,2-disubstituted naphth[2,3-d]imidazole-4,9-diones (VI). The spectral properties of I, II, V and VI as well as those of some 2-acylamino-3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinones IV are discussed.
Secondary production of benthic molluscs from the delaware bay and coastal area

Secondary production of benthic molluscs was estimated for one Delaware Bay site and two coastal Delaware sites for 1980 and 1981. Direct measurements of production (P = mg AFDW m−2 year−1), mean biomass (B = mg AFDW m−2) and turnover ratios (P:B) for six select species ranked as follows: Ensis directus (P = 6·1–8674·0, B = 1·2–1230·4, P:B = 5·0–14·1); Mytilus edulis (P = 0·2–13384·2, B = 0·2–2169·5, P:B = 1·0–6·2); Nucula annulata (P = 16·7–844·0, B = 10·3–604·8, P:B = 0·4–6·2; Nucula proxima (P = 1·7-1·9, B = 0·3-0·4, P:B = 1·8-5·7); Spisula solidissima (P = 0·6–873·9, B = 0·4–194·4, P:B = 1·5-5·7); and Tellina agilis (P = 136·1–7648·0, B = 19·4–2782·4, P:B = 2·1–7·0). Indirect measurements of remaining mollusc species accounted for a range of 26·2–59·0% of total mollusc production. Total mollusc production was highest at the Delaware Bay station (21775·0 mg AFDW m−2 year−1), slightly lower at the coastal station nearest the Bay mouth (19206·3 mg AFDW m−2 year−1) and markedly lower at the coastal station furthest from the Bay mouth (1571·0 mg AFDW m−2 year−1). This pattern also reflected an association with sediment type as production was higher in fine sand than in coarse sand. Peak production varied seasonally and there was considerable annual variability at two stations. It was concluded that estimates of secondary production and turnover ratios of dominant Delaware Bay area molluscs were similar to estimates for the same species or related species from other similar habitats.
Mitochondrial disease in superoxide dismutase 2 mutant mice

Oxidative stress has been implicated in many diseases. The chief source of reactive oxygen species within the cell is the mitochondrion. We have characterized a variety of the biochemical and metabolic effects of inactivation of the mouse gene for the mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (CD1-Sod2tm1Cje). The Sod2 mutant mice exhibit a tissue-specific inhibition of the respiratory chain enzymes NADH-dehydrogenase (complex I) and succinate dehydrogenase (complex II), inactivation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme aconitase, development of a urine organic aciduria in conjunction with a partial defect in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase, and accumulation of oxidative DNA damage. These results indicate that the increase in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species can result in biochemical aberrations with features reminiscent of mitochondrial myopathy, Friedreich ataxia, and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency.
A Divergence-measure Based Classification Method for Detecting Anomalies in Network Traffic

We present 'D-CAD,' a novel divergence-measure based classification method for anomaly detection in network traffic. The D-CAD method identifies anomalies by performing classification on features drawn from software sensors that monitor network traffic. We compare the performance of the D-CAD method with two classifier based anomaly detection methods implemented using supervised Bayesian estimation and supervised maximum-likelihood estimation. Results show that the area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of the D-CAD method is as high as 0.9524, compared to an AUC value of 0.9102 of the supervised maximum-likelihood estimation based anomaly detection method and to an AUC value of 0.8887 of the supervised Bayesian estimation based anomaly detection method.