cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparison of gold and molybdenum nanoparticles on TiO2(1 1 0) 1 2 reconstructed single crystal surfaces

Abstract The formation and growth of gold and molybdenum nanoparticles were studied by scanning tunneling microscopy on TiO 2 (1 1 0) surfaces. One to three nm diameter particles of both gold and molybdenum were formed by physical vapor deposition at room temperature. Gold nanoparticles were not stable to even short annealing at 700 K, resulting in significant growth of the particles and reduction in their number. Molybdenum nanoparticles showed remarkable resistance to sintering during short durations of annealing at 700 K. Longer annealing times resulted in significant growth of the molybdenum particles. At intermediate annealing times, nanoscale, anisotropic molybdenum particles were observed. In these cases, the particles formed along the [0 0 1] direction of the surface and were primarily centered on the Ti rows. The differences are attributed to a stronger particle–surface interaction for molybdenum than for gold, due to partial oxidation of molybdenum at the interface. This interfacial reaction is responsible for the slower growth kinetics and anisotropic morphology of the molybdenum particles.
Monitoring cytosolic calcium in parathyroid hormone target cells: Osteoblasts and renal epithelia

We describe methods for measuring cytosolic-free calcium concentrations [Ca2+]i in cell monolayers, using the calcium-sensitive fluorescent probe fura-2. The system is based on a commercially available microspectrofluorometer, to which some additional hardware has been added to improve memory capability and time-resolution. Cells grown on glass cover slips can be observed and studied through an inverted microscope, coupled to the fluorometer. [Ca2+]i can be monitored in real-time by either photon counting or video image analysis. These two techniques can be used selectively to take full advantage of their respective potentials: photon counting provides high sensitivity and time-resolution for experiments on single cells, whereas video imaging offers a spatial resolution of the calcium signal among the cell population and within single cells. The method can be applied to both primary cultures of dispersed proximal tubular cells as well as to immortalized or transformed cell lines.
Reliability of 4H-SiC DMOSFETs Evaluated by Bias Stressing

In this work, the threshold voltage (VTH) of n-channel 4H-SiC double-implanted metal-oxide- semiconductor field effect transistors (DMOSFETs) was measured after different gate-bias-stress durations to determine if the bias-stress induces a shift in the VTH.
Resonances in an Evolving Hole in the Swash Zone

Water oscillations observed in a 10-m-diameter, 2-m-deep hole excavated on the foreshore just above the low-tide line on an ocean beach were consistent with theory. When swashes first filled the initially circular hole on the rising tide, the dominant mode observed in the cross-shore velocity was consistent with a zero-order Bessel function solution (sloshing back and forth). As the tide rose and swash trans- ported sediment, the hole's diameter decreased, the water depth inside the hole remained approximately constant, and the frequency of the sloshing mode increased according to theory. About 1 h after the swashes first reached the hole it had evolved from a closed circle to a semicircle, open to the ocean. When the hole was nearly semicircular, the observed cross-shore velocity had two spectral peaks, one associated with the sloshing of a closed circle, the other associated with a quarter-wavelength mode in an open semicircle, both consistent with theory. As the hole evolved further toward a fully semicircular shape, the circular sloshing mode decreased, while the quarter-wavelength mode became dominant. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000136. © 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers. CE Database subject headings: Nearshore; Resonance; Standing waves; Water waves; Sediment transport; Wave runup. Author keywords: Nearshore; Resonances; Standing waves; Water waves; Sediment transport.
Opinion dynamics in social networks with stubborn agents

The process by which new ideas, innovations, and behaviors spread through a large social network can be thought of as a networked interaction game: Each agent obtains information from certain number of agents in his friendship neighborhood, and adapts his idea or behavior to increase his benefit. In this paper, we are interested in how opinions, about a certain topic, form in social networks. We model opinions as continuous scalars ranging from 0 to 1 with 1 ( 0 ) representing extremely positive (negative) opinion. Each agent has an initial opinion and incurs some cost depending on the opinions of his neighbors, his initial opinion, and his stubbornness about his initial opinion. Agents iteratively update their opinions based on their own initial opinions and observing the opinions of their neighbors. The iterative update of an agent can be viewed as a myopic cost-minimization response (i.e., the so-called best response) to the others' actions. We study whether an equilibrium can emerge as a result of such local interactions and how such equilibrium possibly depends on the network structure, initial opinions of the agents, and the location of stubborn agents and the extent of their stubbornness. We also study the convergence speed to such equilibrium and characterize the convergence time as a function of aforementioned factors. We also discuss the implications of such results in a few well-known graphs such as Erdos-Renyi random graphs and small-world graphs.
10.1 nm range continuous wavelength-tunable vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

A record wide continuous wavelength tuning range of 10.1 mu m is demonstrated in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) with monolithically integrated thin-film metal heaters. Single longitudinal mode and single transverse mode are maintained throughout the tuning range. The thin-film heater can stand higher temperatures over a wider tuning range. It is also separated and electrically isolated from the laser, and can be applied to most existing VCSEL structures. >
Physical and chemical properties of bimetallic surfaces

Recent studies dealing with the structural, electronic, chemical and catalytic properties of well-defined bimetallic surfaces are reviewed. LEED and STM show that two metals interacting on a surface can form compounds with structures not seen in bulk alloys. Many novel phenomena related to the kinetics of growth of metals on metals have been discovered. The knowledge gathered in this area provides a solid basis for the synthesis of new materials with applications in areas of catalysis, electro-chemistry and microelectronics. In many cases, the formation of a surface bimetallic bond induces large changes in the band structure of the metals. For surfaces that contain transition or s,p metals, the strongest metal-metal interactions occur in systems that combine a metal with a valence band almost fully occupied and a metal in which the valence band is almost empty. A very good correlation is found between the electronic perturbations in a bimetallic system and its cohesive energy. Bimetallic bonds that display a large stability usually involve a significant redistribution of charge around the metal centers. The electronic perturbations affect the reactivity of the bonded metals toward small molecules (CO, NO, H2, O2, S2, C2H4, CH3OH, etc.). For supported monolayers of Ni, Pd, Pt and Cu a correlation is observed between the shifts in surface core-level binding energies and changes in the desorption temperature of CO from the metal adlayers. Examples are provided which demonstrate the utility of single-crystal studies for understanding the role of “ensemble” and “ligand” effects in bimetallic catalysts.
Response programming vs. alternative interpretations of the “dit-dah” reaction time effect

In a three-choice reaction time paradigm, subjects made buttonpress responses of short, medium, or long duration. Reaction time increased monotonically with the three levels of required response duration for each subject. This result is difficult to accommodate with a hypothesis involving anticipation of stimulus events, and is consistent with the previous view that the difference in reaction time reflects differences in the times required to program the subsequent responses. Within each condition of required press duration, the within-subject correlation of reaction time and actual response duration was essentially zero. This result is consistent with the programming interpretation of the above between-conditions effect rather than an alternative interpretation of a general slowing of the time frame of the reaction time/ response duration sequence.
AN AVIAN TARSOMETATARSUS FROM NEAR THE K-T BOUNDARY OF NEW ZEALAND

Early stages of avian evolution in the Southern Hemisphere remain largely unsampled. Here, we describe an avian fossil from near the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary representing one of the oldest records of birds on New Zealand. The specimen comprises a tarsometatarsus diagnosable to the level of Or nithurae by two derived features: presence of a globose inter cotylar eminence and presence of two proximal vascular fo ramina. The fossil was collected from a section cut by the Wai makariri River near Otarama Railway Station on the South Island of New Zealand (Figure 1). Morphological similarities shared with waterbirds such as Procellariiformes, Gaviiformes, and Rallidae suggest an aquatic ecology for the Waimakariri bird, but do not provide evidence for placement in any extant clade. Although fragmentary, this fossil demonstrates that birds other than penguins reached New Zealand by at latest the ear liest Paleocene. New Zealand is well known for a rich subfossil avifauna in cluding the recently extinct moa (Dinornithiformes), flightless songbirds (acanthisittid wrens: e.g., Pachyplichas yaldwyni, Dendroscansor decurvirostris), and the giant raptor Harpagornis
Universal partial indestructibility and strong compactness

For any ordinal δ, let λδ be the least inaccessible cardinal above δ. We force and construct a model in which the least supercompact cardinal κ is indestructible under κ-directed closed forcing and in which every measurable cardinal δ < κ is < λδ strongly compact and has its < λδ strong compactness indestructible under δ-directed closed forcing of rank less than λδ. In this model, κ is also the least strongly compact cardinal. We also establish versions of this result in which κ is the least strongly compact cardinal but is not supercompact. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Evaluation of 3 analyte-specific reagents for detection of Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis in clinical specimens

The performance of 3 analyte-specific reagents (ASRs), Elitech Biosciences, EraGen Biosciences, and Focus Diagnostic, was evaluated for detection of Bordetella pertussis (BP) and Bordetella parapertussis (BPP) in nasopharyngeal swab specimens. A total of 104 frozen, leftover clinical specimens obtained from pediatric patients during 2011-2012 were included in this study. Performance was compared to the Bordetella real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) laboratory-developed test (LDT). The positive percent agreement for detection of BP by Elitech was 96% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 85.14-99.30); EraGen and Focus was 98% (95% CI: 87.99-99.89) in comparison to LDT PCR assay. The negative percent agreement of Elitech, EraGen, and Focus in comparison to LDT was 96% (95% CI: 85.14-99.30), 92% (95% CI: 79.89-97.41), and 96% (95% CI: 85.14-99.30), respectively. Limit of detection (LOD) for BP was 0.1 CFU/reaction by both Focus and EraGen and 1.0 CFU/reaction by Elitech. However, LOD for BPP was lower by EraGen (0.1 CFU/reaction) compared to Focus (1.0 CFU/reaction) and Elitech (1.0 CFU/reaction). These results demonstrate that all 3 ASRs tested are comparable and reliable for routine clinical diagnosis of pertussis and parapertussis.
$N=1$ Supergravity and Monojets

Production of monojets at the SppS for various models of N=1 supergravity is examined. In the tree breaking models of SU(2)×U(1) monojets arise from supersymmetric decays of the W and Z bosons. The theoretical predictions in this model are consistent with preliminary UA1 data for Wino mass approximately 35–45 GeV, and gluinos and squarks heavier than about 70 GeV. The number of light neutrinos is also consistent with UA1 data on W and Z production.
The Structure of Plasma-Deposited and Annealed Pseudo-Binary ZrO2-SiO2 Alloys

The internal structures of various (ZrO2)x(SiO2)1-x alloys (x ≤ 0.5) were investigated. A remote plasma enhanced-metal organic chemical vapor deposition (RPEMOCVD) process was used to deposit films with varying alloy composition on Si(100) substrates. This study indicates that for the glassy silicate phase, g-ZrSiO4, a glass transition temperature, Tg, exists between 800°C and 900°C at which phase separation into the end-member components, SiO2 and ZrO2, occurs.
Hippo promotes proliferation arrest and apoptosis in the Salvador/Warts pathway

Proliferation and apoptosis must be precisely regulated to form organs with appropriate cell numbers and to avoid tumour growth. Here we show that Hippo (Hpo), the Drosophila homologue of the mammalian Ste20-like kinases, MST1/2, promotes proper termination of cell proliferation and stimulates apoptosis during development. hpo mutant tissues are larger than normal because mutant cells continue to proliferate beyond normal tissue size and are resistant to apoptotic stimuli that usually eliminate extra cells. Hpo negatively regulates expression of Cyclin E to restrict cell proliferation, downregulates the Drosophila inhibitor of apoptosis protein DIAP1, and induces the proapoptotic gene head involution defective (hid) to promote apoptosis. The mutant phenotypes of hpo are similar to those of warts (wts), which encodes a serine/threonine kinase of the myotonic dystrophy protein kinase family, and salvador (sav), which encodes a WW domain protein that binds to Wts. We find that Sav binds to a regulatory domain of Hpo that is essential for its function, indicating that Hpo acts together with Sav and Wts in a signalling module that coordinately regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis.
Origin of cosmic magnetic fields

Reasons for describing cosmic hydromagnetic phenomena by introducing electric currents are summarized demonstrating that change from the traditional magnetic field description to a current description provides new aspects of cosmic electrodynamics. It is shown that the kink-instability of electric currents is the basic physical phenomenon responsible for magnetic flux generation in cosmic physics. A model which starts with a poloidal magnetic field is discussed; differential motions change the field configuration so that kinetic energy is transferred into magnetic energy of induced toroidal fields; the currents associated with these become unstable when the toroidal energy exceeds the poloidal energy resulting in an amplification of the original poloidal field.
Coupled resonator gyroscopes: what works and what does not

This paper reviews a number of optical gyroscope architectures utilizing either slow or fast light that have been recently proposed in the literature to enhance rotation sensitivity, with a view to separate the schemes that offer a genuine enhancement from the ones that do not. The overall conclusion is that although slow-light coupled-resonator systems have interesting applications in other fields, for example for filtering or switching, none of the schemes proposed to date enable any enhancement in rotation sensitivity. Simple guidelines are outlined in an attempt to help clear misconceptions and hopefully reduce the number of erroneous publications on this subject in the future. On the other hand, fast light in a ring laser gyro can potentially enhance rotation sensitivity by up to six orders of magnitude. Future research directions likely to be fruitful are also outlined.
Why the little things matter: Exploring situational influences on customers' self-service technology decisions

Abstract The bulk of self-service research has focused on customers' static attitudes toward the technology while failing to note that situational influences can often have just as much, if not more, influence on a customer's decision to approach or avoid a self-service technology (SST). Exploring the importance of these situational influences, the authors conceptualize and empirically test a model of situational influences on customers' perceived time pressure, shopping effectiveness, and attitude toward using an SST. The results of a national panel database study found that during the SST transaction, four situational variables—order size, wait-time tolerance, location convenience, and employee presence—all had a strong influence in customers' SST decisions. Managerial implications are provided about the importance of accounting for situational influences in the adoption and implementation of SSTs going forward.
On Privations and Their Perception

Despite its admirable bottom-up methodology, Roy Sorensen's Seeing Dark Things (OUP, 2008) raises difficult theoretical questions concerning the metaphysics and perception of absences. Metaphysical difficulties include how to individuate, count, locate, and classify absences, and what determines their features. Perceptual difficulties include how to distinguish experiences of absences and presences, especially when nonveridical, and what subjects contribute to perceptual experience according to Sorensen's causal theory. In addition to articulating these difficulties, this paper also presents and explores, on Sorensen's terms, an alternative account of silence.
Unidirectional transfer in vivo of high-density lipoprotein cholesteryl esters to lower-density lipoproteins in the pig, an animal species without plasma cholesteryl ester transfer activity

Abstract The metabolism of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesteryl esters (CE) was studied in the pig, an animal species without plasma cholesteryl ester transfer activity (CETA). In the first series of experiments, LDL and HDL from normocholesterolemic pigs were radiolabeled with cholesteryl (1-14C)oleate and intravenously administered to two groups of four normocholesterolemic pigs. Radioactive tracer in LDL remained associated with the LDL fraction, and there was no transfer of LDL-CE to HDL. The transport rate (which represents the production and disposal rate) of LDL-CE in normocholesterolemic pigs was 39 μmol CE/h/L. However, radiolabeled HDL-CE were transferred to LDL (25%), and 36% of the LDL-CE mass was derived from the HDL. The transport rate of HDL-CE was 54 μmol CE/h/L, and the flux of HDL-CE to LDL was 14 μmol CE/h/L. There was no accumulation of radiolabeled HDL-CE in very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), which suggests that there was no transfer to VLDL. However, this does not rule out the possibility that either the very low levels of VLDL-CE (
Osteoimmunology: prevalence of hypovitaminosis D and relationship to fracture.

As of May 1, 2009, PubMed listed approximately 30,000 citations on the topic of vitamin D in humans, highlighting the medical community's avid interest in this field. Two articles published in the Archives of Internal Medicine diverge with previous reports on the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D and the capability of vitamin D to reduce fractures.
Nanogeochemistry: Geochemical reactions and mass transfers in nanopores

Nanopores are ubiquitous in porous geologic media and may account for >90% of total mineral surface areas. Surface chemistry, ion sorption, and the related geochemical reactions within nanopores can be significantly modified by a nanometer-scale space confinement. As the pore size is reduced to a few nanometers, the difference between surface acidity constants (ΔpK = pK2 − pK1) decreases, giving rise to a higher surface charge density on a nanopore surface than that on an unconfined mineral-water interface. The change in surface acidity constants results in a shift of ion sorption edges and enhances ion sorption on nanopore surfaces. Also, the water activity in a nanopore is greatly reduced, thus increasing the tendency for inner sphere complexation and mineral precipitation. All these effects combine to preferentially enrich trace elements in nanopores, as observed in both field and laboratory studies. The work reported here sheds new light on such fundamental geochemical issues as the irreversibility of ion sorption and desorption, the bioavailability of subsurface contaminants, and the enrichment of trace metals in ore deposits, as well as the kinetics of mineral dissolution and/or precipitation.
Preferred Chromaticity of Color-Tunable LED Lighting

AbstractPrevious research has demonstrated that individual personal control over light level benefits individuals and organizations. As a first step toward testing whether light source spectrum choices—which are possible with light emitting diode (LED) systems—offer similar benefits, we examined preferences for various spectra in a scale model of an office. Participants judged the model’s brightness, colorfulness, and pleasantness when lit with five preset spectra with measured correlated color temperatures (CCTs) of 2855, 3728, 4751, 5769, and 6507 K created with five LED channels and one fluorescent spectrum (3750 K measured), all at approximately 500 lx. Then they chose their preferred light spectrum using the five LED channels, once as a free choice and once with an illuminance limit. Judgments of the fluorescent spectrum and the LED spectrum with the closest (matched) CCT did not differ. The preset judgments followed a quadratic pattern, with the lowest and highest CCT conditions having lower ratings...
Circulating antibodies in vitamin efficiency states; pantothenic acid deficiency.

Summary(1) Hemagglutinin production in response to inoculation with human erythrocytes has been investigated in rats fed a pantothenic acid-deficient diet for 3, 5, and 7 weeks. “Paired-weighed” animals served as inanition controls.(2) Marked impairment of antibody response was observed in all pantothenic acid-deficient groups.
Effects of Feeding Practices on Cs137 Levels of Milk

Abstract The levels of fallout Cs 137 have been determined in samples of forages and a grain mix fed to the University herd during 1962 to 1964. The highest levels were found in pasture forage over short periods of time following contamination by rains of high activity. Maximum pasture activity was found in June, with rather consistent declines until the end of the pasture season. Maxima were in 1962, 5,200; 1963, 6,800; and 1964, 4,100 pc/kg of dry matter. Nearly as much activity was found in first-cutting hay with a fourfold decrease in third-cutting hay. Corn silage had Cs 137 activities which were slightly higher than third-cutting hay, whereas grain mixes were considerably lower than third-cutting hay. Milk from cows fed solely on pasture is a reliable indicator of variations in the fallout rate of Cs 137 . However, under the more common dairy feeding practices, where cows are not entirely on pastures, milk levels are not closely related to fallout rates, even in the summer months.
Recognition of ancient tidal inlet sequences : an example from the Upper Silurian Keyser Limestone in Virginia

The Upper Silurian Keyser Limestone is a relatively thin (< 85 m) unit of lagoonal, barrier, and shallow offshore sediments that crops out in the central Appalachians. Lithologies include massive micritic limestones to calcarenites, calcisiltites, and calcareous quartz arenites. The barrier lithofacies is preserved predominantly as tidal inlet channel-fill. Its presence is supported by two lines of evidence: (1) the sequence of sedimentary textures and structures resembles that observed in modern inlets, and (2) the sequence occupies a position immediately above a disconformity, and is accompanied by an abrupt vertical change in faunal diversity, which is interpreted as representing the transgression of open marine over back-barrier environments The inlet channel sequence comprises fine- to medium-grained, well-sorted quartz arenites that disconformably overlie sediments deposited on carbonate tidal flats (laminated, mudcracked pelmicrites). The sandstone displays a fining-upward texture, and contains a broken and abraded mixed fauna. Cross-bedding is bipolar, with major modes oriented obliquely to depositional strike. Decimetre-scale sets of planar and trough cross-beds grade upward to centimetre-scale sets of ripple cross-lamination, washed-out ripples, and plane beds. This sequence represents the change from deep to shallow channel environments, and is attributed to lateral inlet migration. The inlet sequence was preferentially preserved during marine transgression because of its relative thickness and lower stratigraphic position with respect to overlying and adjacent barrier-beach sediments. The vertical relationships of this inlet-lagoon complex emphasize that care must be taken in interpreting shallow-water transgressive sequences. Vertical ‘jumps’ in faunal diversity accompanied by scour surfaces could be misconstrued as major unconformities. Instead, such sequences may represent the shoreface erosion normally associated with the transgressive migration of barrier islands. Whether or not the faunal jump is accompanied by a barrier lithosome is greatly dependent on the geometry, frequency, and migration rate of tidal inlets.
Thermal and rheological properties and the effects of temperature on the viscosity and oxidation rate of unpurified salmon oil

Abstract The effects of temperature on the magnitude of viscosity and lipid oxidation rates of unpurified salmon oil were measured and modeled using the Arrhenius equation. The melting point of salmon oil ranged from −61.3 to 31.2 oC. The flow behavior index of the oil samples was less than one, which indicated that the salmon oil exhibited non-Newtonian fluid behavior. The apparent viscosity at 5 oC was significantly higher (P
Apraxia and Agraphia in a Right-Hander

Summary This paper presents a case of a right-handed man who developed a right hemiplegia, without aphasia, and also demonstrated an agraphia and an apraxia. Analysis of this case suggests that although in this man the right hemisphere was dominant for language, the left hemisphere was dominant for handedness. The lesion in the left hemisphere destroyed the engrams for complex motor activity and was responsible for this patient's apraxia and agraphia.
Fluid/Structure Interaction Computational Investigation of Blast-Wave Mitigation Efficacy of the Advanced Combat Helmet

To combat the problem of traumatic brain injury (TBI), a signature injury of the current military conflicts, there is an urgent need to design head protection systems with superior blast/ballistic impact mitigation capabilities. Toward that end, the blast impact mitigation performance of an advanced combat helmet (ACH) head protection system equipped with polyurea suspension pads and subjected to two different blast peak pressure loadings has been investigated computationally. A fairly detailed (Lagrangian) finite-element model of a helmet/skull/brain assembly is first constructed and placed into an Eulerian air domain through which a single planar blast wave propagates. A combined Eulerian/Lagrangian transient nonlinear dynamics computational fluid/solid interaction analysis is next conducted in order to assess the extent of reduction in intra-cranial shock-wave ingress (responsible for TBI). This was done by comparing temporal evolutions of intra-cranial normal and shear stresses for the cases of an unprotected head and the helmet-protected head and by correlating these quantities with the three most common types of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), i.e., axonal damage, contusion, and subdural hemorrhage. The results obtained show that the ACH provides some level of protection against all investigated types of mTBI and that the level of protection increases somewhat with an increase in blast peak pressure. In order to rationalize the aforementioned findings, a shockwave propagation/reflection analysis is carried out for the unprotected head and helmet-protected head cases. The analysis qualitatively corroborated the results pertaining to the blast-mitigation efficacy of an ACH, but also suggested that there are additional shockwave energy dissipation phenomena which play an important role in the mechanical response of the unprotected/protected head to blast impact.
A temperature compensation word-line voltage generator for multi-level cell NAND Flash memories

A word-line voltage generator is proposed to compensate temperature variations in the threshold voltages of flash memory cells by mixing a first current with a negative temperature coefficient with a second current with zero temperature dependency whose current is adjustable per level per operation. The measured results showed that 1) the output voltage could be adjusted from 0.15V to 2.5V with a resolution of 10mV at 90C, and 2) the temperature coefficient could be adjusted from 0 to −5mV/K with a resolution of −0.04mV/K. Thus, a temperature variation in V t of the memory cells can be reduced to ±10% with the generator circuit. The generator consumed 500μA and occupied 0.24mm2.
Effects of success and failure with institutionalized mentally retarded adults.

Institutionalized mentally retarded adolescents and young adults (N = 80) performed on a card-sorting task immediately preceding and following a series of neutral, success, total failure or partial failure experiences. As predicted, the success group demonstrated an increment in performance, the total failure group showed no change in performance, and the partial failure group showed a decrement in performance.
Determination of pharmaceutical compounds in surface- and ground-water samples by solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Commonly used prescription and over-the-counter pharmaceuticals are possibly present in surface- and ground-water samples at ambient concentrations less than 1 microg/L. In this report, the performance characteristics of a combined solid-phase extraction isolation and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) analytical procedure for routine determination of the presence and concentration of human-health pharmaceuticals are described. This method was developed and used in a recent national reconnaissance of pharmaceuticals in USA surface waters. The selection of pharmaceuticals evaluated for this method was based on usage estimates, resulting in a method that contains compounds from diverse chemical classes, which presents challenges and compromises when applied as a single routine analysis. The method performed well for the majority of the 22 pharmaceuticals evaluated, with recoveries greater than 60% for 12 pharmaceuticals. The recoveries of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, a histamine (H2) receptor antagonist, and antihypoglycemic compound classes were less than 50%, but were retained in the method to provide information describing the potential presence of these compounds in environmental samples and to indicate evidence of possible matrix enhancing effects. Long-term recoveries, evaluated from reagent-water fortifications processed over 2 years, were similar to initial method performance. Method detection limits averaged 0.022 microg/L, sufficient for expected ambient concentrations. Compound-dependent matrix effects on HPLC/ESI-MS analysis, including enhancement and suppression of ionization, were observed as a 20-30% increase in measured concentrations for three compounds and greater than 50% increase for two compounds. Changing internal standard and more frequent ESI source maintenance minimized matrix effects. Application of the method in the national survey demonstrates that several pharmaceuticals are routinely detected at 0.010-0.100 microg/L concentrations.
Association of Teacher Educators Distinguished Program in Teacher Education Award 2001: Preparing Scholar-Practitioners in the 21st Century.

Abstract The University of Arkansas' Master of Arts in Teaching (MAT) Program is a dynamic research based program developed through the cooperation of university faculty and representative public school teachers and administrators. The MAT is a comprehensive, collaborative teacher education program based on a Scholar-Practitioner Model that involves extensive field experiences connected to all education courses and an intensive yearlong internship during the students' fifth year. The new teacher education program partners university faculty with public school educators to enhance the knowledge and skills of the prospective teachers and the continued professional development of the university and public school faculty. While our focus primarily has been on the preparation of public school teachers, we do so with the clear view in mind of enhancing the learning of the children they will serve.
A technique of digital image compression and representation applied to the computer analysis of scintigraphic images

This paper is concerned with a technique of image compression through linear transformation which reduces the image information while generating a set of features for optimal image discrimination. This method consists of partitioning the original image into non-overlapping sub-images and applying the transgeneration technique to the subimages. The objective of this transgeneration technique is image data compression and feature generation that is optimal for image classification rather than for image representation. The technique is applied to transgenerate features fYom scintigraphic images for the detection of brain tumors. Some performance results for the classification of normal/abnormal classes of brain scans are presented. Some possible extensions and modifications of this work are briefly described.
A New Trabecular Region of Interest for Femoral Dual X‐Ray Absorptiometry: Short‐Term Precision, Age‐Related Bone Loss, and Fracture Discrimination Compared with Current Femoral Regions of Interest

We defined a new region of interest (ROI) for femoral Ward's triangle, centered on the femoral neck axis including comparatively trabecular-rich bone. Forty-seven premenopausal, 39 healthy postmenopausal, and 35 osteoporotic postmenopausal women with vertebral fractures were evaluated comparing the new with the standard femoral ROIs, using a Hologic QDR-2000. Additionally, spinal dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was performed. The short-term precision error of the new ROI expressed as the root mean square of the coefficient of variations was 1.34% for premenopausal women, 1.69% for healthy postmenopausal women, and 2.46% for osteoporotic postmenopausal women. Bone mineral density (BMD) values of the new ROI correlated highly with those of the standard femoral ROIs (r = 0.91 - 0.96) and the spinal BMD (r = 0.74). Age-related bone loss of the new ROI was 0.75% per year (r = 0.66) in healthy women, which was approximately 1.5 times higher than the bone loss of the standard femoral ROIs, except for Ward's triangle. Regarding the intergroup discrimination, the t-value of the new ROI was similar to the t-value of Ward's triangle, and the intergroup percent decrements in BMD of the new ROI approximated those of Ward's triangle. For discriminating women with vertebral fractures, the new ROI demonstrated odds ratios of 1.6 similar to most ROIs but lower than that of the trochanteric region. The new, substantially trabecular ROI appears to be an alternative to the Ward's ROI traditionally used in femoral DXA having improved short-term precision and comparable sensitivity.
Improvement of oral bioavailability of carbamazepine by inclusion in 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin

Abstract The purpose of this study was to enhance the solubility and bioavailability of carbamazepine (CBZ) through complexation with 2-hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD). CBZ is a poorly water soluble antiepileptic drug. Reportedly, it has slow, erratic, and complete absorption after oral administration. This present report describes the study of the phase solubility diagram, preparation of the inclusion complex, characterization of the physico-chemical properties of the complex, and determination of the bioavailability of the complex after oral administration in rats. An A l -type phase solubility diagram indicated a 1:1 complex of CBZ-HPβCD with the constant of complex formation of 665 M−1 at 37°C. The complex formation was confirmed by DSC, IR, and X-ray diffraction. The extent of absorption of the complex was determined in rats and was compared with that of pure drug. The peak plasma concentration of 21.4 ± 4.9 μg/ml of CBZ (Cmax) appeared at 1.55 ± 0.19 h, whereas with pure drug the value was 10.7 ± 0.21 μg/ml at 3.98 ± 0.29 h. The AUC120 of the complex was 2.09 times as much as that of the pure drug. There was no change in the elimination rate constant (0.44 ± 0.049 h−1). Thus, the extent of oral absorption is improved significantly from the inclusion complex.
Aphthae and herpetic gingivostomatitis

Abstract It is thus apparent from the results of various studies that the conditions called aphthous ulcer (canker sore), herpes labialis, aphthous stomatitis, herpetic stomatitis, or acute infections gingivostomatitis are infections caused by the herpes virus, since: 1. 1. The virus present in aphthous lesions, when inoculated on the scarified cornea of rabbits, produces lesions identical with those caused by the herpes simplex virus. 2. 2. Encephalitis is induced in a definite number of animals subsequent to inoculation with the virus from either herpes or aphthous lesions. 3. 3. Lipschutz intranuclear acidophilic inclusion bodies have been demonstrated in the cells of the injected cornea and the brains of animals inoculated with the virus of herpes or the virus present in aphthous stomatitis. 4. 4. Rabbits inoculated with the virus present in aphthous stomatitis are rendered immune toward the herpes virus. 5. 5. The herpetic antibody develops in the patient's serum during convalescence from either herpes lesions or aphthous stomatitis. The infection by the virus usually takes place in early childhood, and the patient harbors it for the rest of his life. The virus remains dormant until some contributory factor lowers the local tissue immunity. Then the herpetic lesion occurs. In contradistinction to other virus diseases there is no permanent immunity after an initial herpes simplex virus infection. Recurrence is the rule in infections by the herpes simplex virus. The disease is self-limiting, and treatment is aimed at palliation.
Determining the robot-to-robot 3D relative pose using combinations of range and bearing measurements: 14 minimal problems and closed-form solutions to three of them

In this paper, we address the problem of motioninduced 3D extrinsic calibration based on different combinations of inter-robot measurements (i.e., distance and/or bearing observations from either or both of the two robots, recorded across multiple time steps) and ego-motion estimates. In particular, we focus on solving minimal problems where the unknown 6-degree-of-freedom transformation between the two robots is determined based on the minimum number of measurements necessary for finding a discrete set of, in general, multiple solutions. In order to address the very large number of possible combinations of inter-robot observations, we identify symmetries in these problems and use them to prove that any of the possible extrinsic robot-to-robot calibration problems can be solved based on the solution of only 14 (base) minimal problems. Finally, we derive analytical solutions to three of these base problems, and evaluate their performance through extensive simulations.
More mathematics: Bodily-kinaesthetic intelligence

Although the idea that cognitive structure changes as we learn is welcome, a variety of mathematical structures are needed to model the neural and cognitive processes involved. A specific example of bodily-kinaesthetic intelligence is given, building on a formalism given elsewhere. As the structure of cognition changes, previous learning can become tacit, adding to the complexity of cognition and its modeling.
Generalized median filtering and related nonlinear filtering techniques

We consider some generalizations of median filters which combine properties of both the linear and median filters. In particular, L filters and M filters are considered, motivated by robust estimators which are generalizations of the median as a location estimator. A related filter, which we call the modified trimmed mean (MTM) filter, is also described. The filters are evaluated for their performance on noisy signals containing sharp discontinuities or edges. It is shown that M filters can offer a more favorable combination of the running mean and median filters than can L filters, while MTM filters generally have better characteristics than M filters. We also show that an MTM filter is a data-dependent modification of L filters. The concept of double-window filtering is introduced as a refinement of MTM filtering. One representative set of filtered sequences of a test input using these filters are presented to illustrate the performance characterisics of these filters.
Control of dual loop EGR air-path systems for advanced combustion diesel engines by a singular perturbation methodology

This paper presents a method to control dual loop EGR air-path systems for Diesel engines running advanced combustion modes. Considering the different time scales (fast and slow) dynamics of high pressure loop EGR (HPL-EGR) and low pressure loop EGR (LPL-EGR), a decomposition control method for a singularly perturbed system was utilized to achieve systematic air-path control, including the control of temperature, pressure, and oxygen fraction in intake manifold. Variable geometry turbocharger (VGT) was used to control the pressure before a high-pressure throttle (HP-Throttle) valve to accommodate the constraints of other actuators, such as dual-loop EGR and HP-Throttle. Effectiveness of such a control methodology was shown by simulation results based on a high-fidelity GT-Power Diesel engine model.
The Effect of Occupational Status Cues on Memory for Male and Female Targets

In an experiment examining the influence of status cues on memory, participants read trait descriptions and formed impressions of either four male or four female targets: two labeled as professors ...
The safety of nurse-administered procedural sedation compared to anesthesia care in a historical cohort of advanced endoscopy patients.

Background In April 2010, in response to a change in Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services regulation placing deep sedation under hospital anesthesia services, our institution began providing anesthesia care for all advanced endoscopic procedures. Because it remains unknown whether anesthesia care reduces sedation-related complications or improves quality of care versus nurse-administered sedation for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic ultrasound patients, we retrospectively compared complications in a 5-year historical cohort before and after the policy change. Methods We reviewed a historical cohort of 9598 consecutive endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic ultrasound examinations for adult patients at a single institution during a 5-year period (October 2007-October 2012). We compared procedures performed before and after the policy change for the incidence of sedation, endoscopic, and total complications, and for major morbidity and mortality. Results The incidence of reported sedation-related complications was 0.38% (17 of 4514) before the policy change and 0.08% (4 of 5084) after the policy change, which was statistically significant (P = 0.002, diff = 0.3, 95% confidence interval, 0.11%-0.53%). Endoscopic complications were not significantly different before versus after: 0.66% vs 0.87% (P = 0.293, diff = 0.2, 95% confidence interval, -0.16% to 0.56%). Total complications (1.11% vs 1.00%, P = 0.618) and major morbidity and mortality (0.27% vs 0.33%, P = 0.581) did not differ between the 2 time periods. Conclusions Anesthesia care for advanced endoscopy in a high-risk population significantly reduced sedation complications compared with nurse-administered sedation. Endoscopic complications were unchanged. The sedation risk reduction did not reduce major morbidity, mortality, or total complications.
Royal Proclamation of 1763

This encyclopedia entry describes King George III's 1763 proclamation regarding American Indian affairs and rights, and his American colonists and colonial governments.
Economic “Short-Termism”: The Debate, The Unresolved Issues, and The Implications for Management Practice and Research

In many crucial decisions, the course of action that is moat desirable over the long run is not the best course of action in the short term. This is the dilemma addressed by the ongoing debate over economic “short-termism,” sparked by contentions that U.S. firms are losing to overseas competitors because U.S. management is unwilling or unable to invest in the long run, I argue that the debate has suffered from a limited focus: to address this problem, I present a framework that addresses organizational and individual as well as economic perspectives. I offer a review of concepts, analysis, and evidence, and I suggest a cross-discipline, multilevel research agenda for advancing understanding of this vital topic.
Modeling Design Concepts under Risk and Uncertainty using Parameterized Efficient Sets

Decisions made during conceptual design can have a major impact on the success of a design project. However, the inherently imprecise nature of design is a major source of uncertainty and risk in conceptual design decisions. A single concept relates to a large set of specific design implementations, each of which has a different level of desirability based on the tradeoffs designers are willing to make. It therefore is beneficial for designers to have an understanding of the various tradeoffs they can achieve by implementing a concept. In this paper, we describe an approach to modeling design concepts under uncertainty based on a tradeoff space representation. We use the principles of decision making to develop a useful interpretation of a tradeoff space for decisions under uncertainty and to identify criteria useful for eliminating undesirable tradeoffs from consideration. We illustrate our approach to modeling and decision making on an example for the conceptual design of a gearbox.
Calculated pressure effects on spectral lines for long-range interatomic potentials: Rb and Cs with heavy rare gases

Abstract We have calculated the impact broadening and shift of the first and second doublets of Rb and Cs. The interaction potential of the collision pair is assumed to be a long-range van der Waals potential. The van der Waals constants involved are provided by recent theoretical calculations. We obtain good agreement between the calculated and experimental values for both the P 1 2 and P 3 2 component. Comparison of our calculated values is also made with those of Granier, Granier and Schuller.