cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FACTORS DETERMINING A CLUTCH SIZE REDUCTION IN CALIFORNIA GULLS (LARUS CALIFORNICUS): A MULTI-HYPOTHESIS APPROACH.

In the thirty-five years since David Lack first highlighted the importance of clutch size, a large number of hypotheses have been proposed relating clutch size variation to various environmental and demographic factors. Despite a great deal of both empirical and theoretical work on clutch size, there has been very little effort to test many of the competing hypotheses in explaining a clutch size difference between two populations of the same species. I have taken the latter approach in an effort to explain a clutch size reduction in the California Gull (Larus californicus) population at Mono Lake, California. I compared the breeding biologies of the gulls at Mono Lake and at Great Salt Lake, Utah, collecting data for three breeding seasons at Mono Lake and one breeding season at Great Salt Lake. These data included measurements of the conditions of 60 adults, growth and mortality measurements for approximately 900 chicks, 4450 nest-hours of parental care observations, and the results of egg-removal experiments on 40 females. I tested seven hypotheses to explain the clutch size reduction: age structure, egg predation, bet-hedging, effort reallocation, most productive brood size, parental mortality, and pre-egg food limitation. Each of these hypotheses is described in detail in the introduction. The pre-egg food limitation hypothesis is best able to explain the clutch size reduction at Mono Lake, although the egg-removal experiments show that the resource limitation is relative and not absolute. Clutch size variation at each site need not be viewed as the result of fine-scaled evolutionary adjustment, although the general clutch size decision machinery is presumably molded by selection. Future research must focus on the details of this clutch size decision machinery and its application to the concept of reproductive effort.
Price Policies and Theory

A THOUGH the theory of monopolistic competition is now almost twenty years old it remains virtually unused by marketing students, even those who are attempting to develop theory in marketing. In particular, "marketing price policies" are still treated as though they have no relation to economic theory of any sort. In the leading marketing text books there are sections describing such pricing policies as "odd prices," "customary prices," "price lining," "psychological prices," etc.' These are presented as descriptions of market behavior, presumably discovered by marketing specialists and unknown to economists. Even the
Explaining Durable Business Coalitions in U.S. Politics: Conservatives and Corporate Interests across America's Statehouses

Scholars of business mobilization emphasize that national, cross-sector employer associations are difficult to create and maintain in decentralized pluralist polities like the United States. This article considers an unusual case of a U.S. business group—the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC)—that has succeeded in creating a durable coalition of diverse firms and conservative political activists. This group has emerged since the 1970s as an important infrastructure for facilitating corporate involvement in the policymaking process across states. Assessing variation within this group over time through both its successes and missteps, I show the importance of organizational strategies for cementing political coalitions between otherwise fractious political activists and corporate executives from diverse industries. A shadow comparison between ALEC and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce further serves to reinforce the importance of organizational structure for business association management. My findings engage with literatures in both American business history and comparative political economy, underscoring the difficulties of forming business coalitions in liberal political economies while also showing how savvy political entrepreneurs can still successfully unite otherwise fragmented corporate interests. These conclusions, in turn, have implications for our understanding of business mobilization and corporate influence in politics.
The p53-independent activation of transcription of p21 WAF1/CIP1/SDI1 after acute renal failure

In three different models of acute renal failure (ischemia, ureteral obstruction, and cisplatin administration), the p21WAF1/CIP1/SDI1 gene, the protein product of which is associated with cell-cycle interruption, terminal differentiation, and cellular senescence, was activated in murine kidney cells. This transcription was localized in kidney only to cells of thick ascending limbs and distal convoluted tubules. Although the tumor suppressor protein, p53, can trans-activate the p21 gene in some cells, increased levels of nuclear p53 protein could be demonstrated only in the cisplatin model of acute renal failure. High levels of p21 mRNA were induced in kidney of p53 "null" mice, demonstrating that p21 gene activation was through a p53-independent pathway. We also present evidence that, in the cisplatin model, both p53-independent and p53-dependent induction of p21 mRNA occur simultaneously. We conclude that p21 gene activation is a general response to renal injury and could be a key determinant of cell fate in the cell in which it is expressed.
Analysis of Multiple Bonded Patch Interaction Simple Design Guidelines for Multiple Bonded Repairs in Close Proximity

The use of bonded composite patches to extend the life of aging metal airframes continues to grow as air forces and airline companies operate larger fleets beyond their original design lives. The crack-slowing power of bonded composite patches is well-known; often the process can be accomplished at a few percent of the cost of replacing the damaged component. However, care must be taken in the design of repairs to multiple site fatigue and corrosion damage so the repairs in close proximity do not create additional structural problems by inducing high stresses into the area of the repair.
Supporting New Members as They Transition into Our Science Education Community of Practice

The doctoral program is the traditional pathway to the science education research community of practice (CoP). In this chapter, we describe a self-study that explored how well the traditional interdependent processes inherent in the science education doctoral program at our university is functioning in terms of bringing newcomers, first-year doctoral students, into the contemporary field of science education. Specifically, we looked across the components of our doctoral program by focusing on how well the structure influences identity formation and legitimate participation in the science teacher education CoP. Our findings challenged and ultimately enhanced our theoretical and practical understandings of (1) the boundaries and peripheries of our CoP, (2) doctoral students’ identity development during the first-year, (3) how to help the students negotiate the path to the CoP, and (4) the distinction between reified standards and competent engagement. These understandings are now taken outside of ourselves and made public, thereby allowing for challenges, transformations, translations, and extensions by others (Loughran JJ. A history and context of self-study of teaching and teacher education practices. In: Loughran JJ, Hamilton ML, Kubler La Boskey V, Russel T (eds) International handbook of self-study of teaching and teacher education practices, vol 1. Kluwer, London, pp 1–39, 2004). Although the research focuses on our understandings and practice, the discussion resides within the larger science teacher education CoP.
The Size of the Risk: Histories of Multiple Use in the Great Basin. By Leisl Carr Childers

The Size of the Risk: Histories of Multiple Use in the Great Basin. By Leisl Carr Childers. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2015. x + 314 pp. Illustrations, maps, notes, bibliography, index. $34.95.) In this timely volume, Leisl Carr Childers traces the development of multiple use as a management philosophy rooted in the “notion that all land must have an identity and a utility” (p. 7). By the early twentieth century, the arid Great Basin had confounded federal laws intended to privatize public lands. With no clear identity as farmland, forest, or park, the region was perceived as a “wasteland.” Multiple use emerged as an expedient way to give the unclaimed public domain a utility. … greg.smoak{at}utah.edu
Asymptotic trends in time-varying oscillatory period for a dual-staged torsional system:

The primary goal of this article is to propose a new analysis tool that estimates the asymptotic trends in the time-varying oscillatory period of a non-linear mechanical system. The scope is limited to the step-response of a torsional oscillator containing a dry friction element and dual-staged spring. Prior work on the stochastic linearization techniques is extended and modified for application in time domain. Subsequently, an instantaneous expected value operator and the concept of instantaneous effective stiffness are proposed. The non-linear system is approximated at some instant during the step-response by a linear time-invariant mechanical system that utilizes the instantaneous effective stiffness concept. The oscillatory period of the non-linear step-response at that instant is then approximated by the natural period of the corresponding linear system. The proposed method is rigorously illustrated via two computational example cases (a near backlash and near pre-load non-linearities), and the neces...
Centering Gender in African Regional Migration

West African women have always been on the move, often crossing national and international barriers for commercial purposes; to pursue economic activities to maximize their earnings and raise their living standards; to educate themselves; and often to reunite with extended family members or spouses living far away from home. The primary motivation for internal migration is economic, or unmet, needs. Decades following the postindependence era, many of the countries in the region have failed to bring about meaningful and sustained economic and political progress. Parts of the continent are mired in perpetual economic stagnation. There are not many areas or regions boasting of robust economic prosperity and stable governance structures and regimes.
DANA’S NEW MINERALOGY (Eighth Edition).: By Richard V. Gaines, H. Catherine W. Skinner, Eugene E. Foord, Brian Mason, and Abraham Rosenzweig. (1997) 1819 p. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. $250.00.

As the collection manager for the U.S. National Collection I have a constant need to refer to the volumes of The System of Mineralogy of J.D. and E.S. Dana. As with almost every major collection, private and public, the National Collection is arranged according to the Dana System. The arrangement of
Event classification in 3D position sensitive pixelated CdZnTe detectors

Pixelated CdZnTe detectors with 3D position sensitivity have undergone significant development in the past decade. A CdZnTe detector with a pixelated anode is expected to provide excellent spectroscopy and to form a Compton image of the gamma-ray source distribution. However, there are additional event classification capabilities that are inherent to this device configuration, many of which are presented in this work. The majority of the classification effort has been directed toward gamma-rays. Seperating Compton escape from photoelectric absorption on an event-by-event basis is difficult to achieve but potentially very rewarding if achieved. This work discusses using interaction locations as well as number of interactions to increase the probability of observing the photoelectric effect relative to Compton scatter. Pair production events can be classified by the capture of 511 keV photons in coincidence with another energy deposition elsewhere in the detector. Also, the geometry of the interactions for one event can be used to identify pair production. Correctly identifying the number of interactions that occur for one event is critical for passing valid information to the Compton image reconstruction algorithm. This work illustrates the challenges involved in determining the number of interactions when there is little spatial separation. If a Compton scatter and a photoelectric event occur in the same pixel or in adjacent pixels then the shape of the waveforms induced on the preamplifier must be examined in order to determine the true number of interactions. This work also outlines several additional event identification capabilities. Muon tracks can be identified because they will induce a large charge on many pixels that reveal a trajectory through the detector. The cadmium content makes CdZnTe an excellent thermal neutron absorber. The prompt gamma-ray emission following neutron capture in cadmium-113 results in a peak 558.6 keV. While this device is not an ideal neutron detector, as the only discrimination against gamma-rays is based on the energy deposited, the presence of a peak at 558.6 keV is a clear indicator of a neutron source. Finally, alpha and beta interactions can be eliminated for the purpose of low background experiments by excluding events that occur near the surface of the device. Experimental evidence of each classification capability is presented along with the limitations of the current state of the art detector systems.
Role of Red Cells in Thrombosis and Hemostasis

Until recently it has been assumed that red blood cells (RBCs) play mainly a passive role in hemostasis and thrombosis, but now some studies have uncovered several novel roles for them in both of these processes. The best-known effects of RBCs in clotting in vivo are rheological, involving laminar shearing plus aggregation and deformability of RBCs. In addition, RBCs have specific receptors for platelets and fibrin(ogen) that may be involved in thrombosis. Furthermore, in the contraction of blood clots, the trapping of RBCs in the platelet-fibrin network and subsequent physical changes may be important for hemostasis and thrombosis. Contracted blood clots develop a remarkable structure, with a meshwork of fibrin and platelet aggregates on the exterior of the clot and a close-packed, tessellated array of compressed polyhedral RBCs within. The structure and properties of contracted clots vary depending on the relative amounts of platelets, fibrinogen and RBCs and the conditions of clotting. Such close-packed arrays of polyhedral erythrocytes, or polyhedrocytes, have also been observed in human arterial and especially venous thrombi taken from patients. The mechanical nature of this RBC shape change was confirmed by polyhedrocyte formation from the forces of centrifugation of blood without clotting. Many experiments suggest that polyhedrocytes are more prevalent under conditions associated with thrombosis and could be a marker of prothrombotic conditions. Consistent with this hypothesis, RBC membranes have been found to be a major source of exposure of phosphatidylserine, which forms a procoagulant surface to generate thrombin. Platelets (with their cytoskeletal motility proteins) and fibrin(ogen) (as the substrate bridging platelets for contraction) are required to generate the forces necessary to segregate platelets/fibrin from RBCs and to compress these cells into a tightly packed array. Clots formed after puncture of the mouse saphenous vein are composed primarily of polyhedrocytes, suggesting that they may be important in venous hemostasis. Moreover, the permeability of contracted clots is nearly the same as that of the endothelial cell lining, consistent with their functional significance. These results demonstrate how contracted clots form an impermeable barrier important for hemostasis and wound healing and also to restore flow past obstructive thrombi. On the other hand, they also help explain how fibrinolysis is greatly retarded after clots contract, as a result of these striking structural changes. In summary, RBCs may perform a dual role, both helping to stem bleeding but at the same time contributing to thrombosis in a variety of ways, including when the tightly packed array of RBCs in a contracted clot blocks blood flow and resists dissolution. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Initial Management of Suspected Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia: Opportunities for Education

Abstract Abstract 4686 According to the current recommendations for patients being evaluated for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), a pretest assessment for the probability of HIT should be performed to evaluate the need for laboratory testing and the treatment modality that the patient should receive. The 4T score is an accepted clinical tool used for this purpose. For patients with a 4T score In this study, a database of patients being tested for HIT at our institution was compiled and retrospective analysis was performed to determine whether our treatment population was being managed appropriately. The treatment of 159 patients in whom HIT antibody had been sent over a 2- year period, from 5/2008 to 5/2010, was assessed. Of the sample population, 32/159 (20%) had not been exposed to heparin prior to the HIT antibody being sent. Furthermore, the majority of the patients, 104/159 (65%) had a 4T score Most notably, 23/159 (14%) of the patients had a 4T greater than 4. The data for these patients indicates that the majority of them were not treated as per the current guidelines. As noted in the Table , 69% of these patients had either no treatment, meaning that heparin was not discontinued, or simply had heparin stopped with no DTI initiated. Only 5/23 (22%) of the patients in this cohort were placed on a DTI. Of these patients, 2 were also placed on warfarin, as they were noted to have active thromboses. This data suggests that the management of patients suspected of having HIT at our institution is not consistent with the current recommendations with wasteful practices and inappropriate therapy. These results highlight opportunities for further education of clinicians regarding HIT. No treatment Heparin stopped only DTI Warfarin Not exposed to heparin (n=32) 32 4T less than 4 (n=104) 47 57 0 0 4T greater than 4 (n=23) 4 14 5 2 Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Chemical and mechanical changes in asphalt binder due to moisture conditioning

This study evaluates the effects of moisture conditioning on changes in chemical composition and mechanical properties of asphalt binder. Moisture conditioning is conducted using the AASHTO T 283 p...
Cigarettes point of purchase patterns in 19 low-income and middle-income countries: Global Adult Tobacco Survey, 2008–2012

Background There is little information on cigarette-purchasing behaviour among smokers globally. Understanding cigarette purchase and point-of-sale patterns can help guide the development and implementation of tobacco-control strategies in retail environments. Objective The purpose of this study was to identify where adults in 19 countries last purchased cigarettes. Methods Data were from 19 low-income and middle-income countries that conducted the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) during 2008–2012. GATS is a nationally representative household survey of adults aged 15 years or older using a standardised protocol to measure tobacco-related behaviours. Data were weighted to yield nationally representative estimates within each country and summarised by using descriptive statistics. Results Overall prevalence of current cigarette smoking ranged from 3.7% in Nigeria to 38.5% in the Russian Federation. Among current cigarette smokers, locations of last purchase were as follows: stores, from 14.6% in Argentina to 98.7% in Bangladesh (median=66.8%); street vendors, from 0% in Thailand to 35.7% in Vietnam (median=3.0%); kiosks, from 0.1% in Thailand to 77.3% in Argentina (median=16.1%); other locations, from 0.3% in China and Egypt to 57.5% in Brazil (median=2.6%). Conclusion Cigarettes are purchased at various retail locations globally. However, stores and kiosks were the main cigarette purchase locations in 18 of the 19 countries assessed. Knowledge of where cigarette purchases occur could help guide interventions to reduce cigarette accessibility and use.
The pharmacokinetic advantage of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate for minimization of the risk for birth defects

Despite efforts to increase folic acid (FA) intake, even within countries mandating FA fortification, there remain pregnant women with folate levels inadequate to minimize congenital disorders (e.g., of the neural tube, heart, and lip/palate). The pharmacokinetics of FA and [6S]-5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) were examined to find a reliable and minimal dose for rapidly rescuing folate status prior to critical periods of embryonic development. Serum total folate increased much more rapidly over the first four days in insufficient women given 7.5 mg doses of 5-MTHF than the same regimen of FA (P for trend <0.0001). Nearly all women given 7.5 mg 5-MTHF (every 12 hours, five doses total) almost immediately reached 50 nM serum total folate. Moreover, this level could be maintained by subsequent administration of 0.4 mg/d of folic acid. Thus, 5-MTHF enables repletion of folate stores more quickly and uniformly than FA and without exposure to unmetabolized FA.
Predictors of Graduate Student Satisfaction in Public Administration Programs

Existing public administration master’s degree programs face challenges of reduced federal funding, increasing competition among programs, and high student expectations of tangible career benefits....
Evolution of Bariatric Minimally Invasive Surgery

The present state of minimally invasive bariatric surgery is the result of separate but parallel progress in the fields of bariatric surgery and minimally invasive surgery, with the ultimate combination of the two. Thus, minimally invasive surgery evolved from its early beginnings to the performance of advanced laparoscopic procedures, prior to the establishment and acceptance of the techniques for minimally invasive bariatric surgery. Similarly, bariatric surgery evolved substantially such that the establishment of bariatric surgical procedures using minimally invasive techniques was initially a matter of adapting accepted bariatric surgical procedures to the minimally invasive methodology.
Terms and Concepts of Science

Epidemiological research, and clinical research just the same, is science in the original and still principal meaning of the word, namely that for which the term used to be ‘natural philosophy’ or ‘natural history’ (Gr. historia, ‘inquiry’). Now the term generally is natural science – or, simply, science. This is the meaning of ‘science’ here. (‘Science’ entered the English language in the 19th century.)
Aeration and plant coverage influence floating treatment wetland remediation efficacy

Abstract Nutrient contamination of waterways is a growing concern, instigating the emergence of floating treatment wetland systems (FTWs) to remove nutrients from water. To determine if aeration of water systems enhances nutrient removal efficacy or nutrient fixation within plant tissues, aeration in combination with FTW installation techniques were investigated. During two separate trials with Juncus effusus and Canna flaccida, treatments consisted of either aerated or non-aerated mesocosms, with varying coverage and planting density combinations. Aeration increased the dissolved oxygen levels within each mesocosm, but reduced the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from the water column in comparison to non-aerated systems. Plant samples collected from 100% planting density treatments that were aerated had a greater nitrogen uptake than non-aerated by as much as 55% or 13.5 g/m2 at harvest. Some discrepancies between plant uptake and water column nutrient levels can be attributed to microbially-mediated nitrogen losses (e.g., denitrification).
“I play to win!”: Geguri as a (post)feminist icon in esports

Women still struggle for visibility in the competitive arenas of esports because of connections to masculine-gaming culture and its meritocratic ideology (T. L. Taylor 2012; Christopher A. Paul 201...
Acute kidney injury in neonatal encephalopathy: an evaluation of the AWAKEN database.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in neonatal encephalopathy (NE) and is associated with worse outcomes. Our objectives were to determine the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of AKI in infants with NE. We performed a retrospective analysis of infants ≥ 34 weeks’ gestational age with a diagnosis of NE from the Analysis of Worldwide Acute Kidney injury Epidemiology in Neonates (AWAKEN) database. AKI was defined using the modified Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criteria. Perinatal and postnatal factors were evaluated. Multivariate logistic and linear regressions were performed. One hundred and thirteen patients with NE were included. 41.6% (47) developed AKI. Being born outside the admitting institution (OR 4.3; 95% CI 1.2–14.8; p = 0.02), intrauterine growth restriction (OR 10.3, 95% CI 1.1–100.5; p = 0.04), and meconium at delivery (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.04–7.7; p = 0.04) conferred increased odds of AKI. After controlling for confounders, infants with AKI stayed in the hospital an average of 8.5 days longer than infants without AKI (95% CI 0.79–16.2 days; p = 0.03). In this multi-national analysis, several important perinatal factors were associated with AKI and infants with both NE and AKI had longer length of stay than NE alone. Future research aimed at early AKI detection, renoprotective management strategies, and understanding the long-term renal consequences is warranted in this high-risk group of patients.
Exact statistical moments of multi-mode stochastic hybrid systems with renewal transitions

In this paper, a class of stochastic hybrid systems comprising of multiple operation modes is studied. In each mode, the state evolves according to a linear stochastic differential equation. We allow for stochastic switching between operational modes with switching times controlled by an underlying renewal process such that the time spent in each mode is a random variable with an arbitrary given probability distribution. We present a novel method to derive exact analytical solutions for the statistical moments, and illustrate the applicability of the method on an example drawn from systems biology. More specifically, we study how random switching of a gene between transcriptionally active and inactive states drives stochastic variation in the level of the expressed protein. Our results show that while randomness in gene switching times has no effect on the mean protein level, it critically impacts the magnitude of fluctuations in the protein level. This effect is further amplified for proteins with high decay rate. We finally discuss how noise in protein levels can be used to infer the underlying gene expression mechanisms.
Nanoconfining Optoelectronic Materials for Enhanced Performance and Stability

The solution processing of optoelectronic active layers promises to usher in a new era of technologies, from rollable displays to smart textiles, but critical challenges remain in the processing of these materials. While solution-based deposition of these compounds, including organic small-molecules and polymers and metal–halide perovskites, is key to driving down manufacturing costs, the rapid, uncontrolled nature of solution processing invariably results in the formation of kinetically trapped films, with heterogeneities and defects spanning multiple length scales that degrade device performance. Given such finite time, usually on the order of seconds, for molecules to organize as solvent evaporates from the active layers, the use of nanoporous scaffolds to select for desired crystallization outcomes is a promising approach to addressing this critical issue. As the size of crystals decreases, their surface free energy plays an increasingly important role in dictating their morphology and structure. By c...
Early risk factors for violence among Hispanic youth: Evidence from a systematic review

Abstract Purpose To comprehensively review the literature on the early life-course risk factors for violence among Hispanic youth. Materials and methods A systematic search of several academic (e.g. Web of Knowledge, EBSCO Host, JSTOR, Google Scholar) and agency publication databases (e.g. Campbell Collaboration) was conducted. Results Nineteen studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria from 1990 to 2018. The results from these studies suggested that life-course risk factors have a salient effect on violence among Hispanics, and these risk factors largely can be categorized into various domains of risk (i.e., individual, peer, family/environmental, neighborhood, and cultural). Conclusions Implications for theory and practice, as well as suggestions for future research are discussed.
Local and global degree profiles of randomly grown self-similar hooking networks under uniform and preferential attachment

Abstract We investigate node degrees in a network grown from a seed by hooking self-similar components under two models of randomness: a uniform attachment model and a model based on preferential attachment. We study two degree profiles: a local profile tracking the evolution of the degree of a particular node over time, and a global profile concerned about counts of the number of nodes of a particular degree. For the local profile, under uniform attachment growth, we have the exact mean, variance and probability distribution in terms of standard combinatorial numbers like generalized harmonic numbers and Stirling numbers of the first kind. Asymptotically, we observe phases: The early nodes have an asymptotically normal distribution, intermediate nodes have a Poisson distribution and the late nodes have a degenerate distribution. In contrast, under preferential attachment, the moments of the degree of a node contain Stirling numbers of the second kind and (under appropriate scaling) the profile has a gamma-type limit law. As for the global profile, we use Polya urns to derive strong laws. Four regimes arise according to the structure of the seed. Within these regimes, we identify a few degenerate cases. Barring these degenerate cases, we uncover an asymptotically normal joint multivariate distribution for nodes of very small degrees.
Multiscale Characterization to Examine the Effects of Aggregate Properties on Aggregate-Paste Interphase in Cement Concrete Mixtures

AbstractThis study aims to test the effects of aggregate properties on the features of aggregate-paste interphase in portland cement concrete mixtures. The microstructural, chemical, and nanomechan...
Hypoperfusion Intensity Ratio Predicts Malignant Edema and Functional Outcome in Large-Vessel Occlusive Stroke with Poor Revascularization

Malignant cerebral edema (MCE) is a well-known complication in patients with acute ischemic stroke with core infarcts ≥ 80 mL caused by large-vessel occlusions. MCE can also develop in patients with smaller infarcts with moderate -to-large volume of tissue at risk who do not achieve successful revascularization with endovascular thrombectomy (ET). Features that predict the development of MCE in this population are not well-described. We aim to identify predictors of MCE and 90-day functional outcome in stroke patients with an anterior circulation large vessel occlusion (LVO) and a 6 s volume ≥ 80 mL, and a mismatch ratio ≥ 1.8. MCE was defined as ≥ 5 mm of midline shift on follow-up imaging, obtained 6–48 h after the pre-ET perfusion scan. Thirty-six patients met inclusion criteria. Unadjusted analysis demonstrated that younger age, higher systolic blood pressure, larger core volume, and higher hypoperfusion intensity ratio (HIR) were associated with MCE (all p < 0.02). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, age, HIR, and core infarct volume were independent predictors of MCE. The optimal HIR threshold to predict MCE was ≥ 0.54 (OR 14.7, 95% CI 2.4–78.0, p = 0.003). HIR was also associated with 3-month mRS (HIR ≥ 0.54 for mRS of 3–6: OR 10.8, 95% CI 1.9–44.0, p = 0.02). Younger age, larger core infarct volume, and higher HIR are predictive of MCE in patients with anterior circulation LVO, moderate-to-large tissue at risk, and suboptimal revascularization. HIR is correlated with three-month functional outcomes.
Microglial NF-κB drives tau spreading and toxicity in a mouse model of tauopathy

Activation of microglia, the innate immune cells in brain, is a prominent pathological feature in tauopathies, including Alzheimers disease. How microglia activation contributes to tau toxicity remains largely unknown. Here we show that nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-{kappa}B) signaling, activated by tau, drives microglial-mediated tau propagation and toxicity. Constitutive activation of microglial NF-{kappa}B exacerbated, while inactivation diminished, tau seeding and spreading in PS19 mice, consistent with the observation that NF-{kappa}B activation accelerates processing of internalized tau fibrils in primary microglia. Remarkably, inhibition of microglial NF-{kappa}B specifically also rescued tau-mediated learning and memory deficits, and restored overall transcriptomic changes while increasing tau inclusions. On a single cell level, we discovered that tau-associated disease states in microglia were diminished by NF-{kappa}B inactivation and further transformed by constitutive NF-{kappa}B activation. Our study establishes a central role for microglial NF-{kappa}B signaling in mediating tau toxicity in tauopathy.
The Disparate Treatment of Clinical Law Faculty

Data from the Center for the Study of Applied Legal Education’s (CSALE) 2019-20 Survey of Applied Legal Education show widespread disparate treatment of clinical instructors (i.e., law clinic and externship instructors) and a lack of progress in providing parity between those who teach in law clinics and externships and those teaching doctrinal courses. The percentage of clinical faculty in tenure/tenure track positions, even when including lesser status clinical/programmatic tenure positions, has declined from 46% in 1998 to just 29% in 2019. Though there have been notable exceptions at a few schools, law clinic and externship hiring has disproportionately been for contract positions since the 2010 downturn in law school applications and accompanying financial challenges. Forty-six percent of clinical faculty teaching more than 12 years are in traditional or clinical/programmatic tenure or tenure-track positions. In contrast, only 23% of those hired within the last four-six years and just 16% of those hired in the last three years are in tenure/tenure-track positions. Non-tenure status has consequences for clinical faculty, beyond the limited participation in faculty governance and lower prestige that generally come with appointments other than traditional tenure. Law clinic and externship faculty not tenured/tenure track are paid, on average, $30,000 per year less than their doctrinal colleagues at similar points in their careers. Even when salaries of clinical faculty with traditional or clinical tenure/tenure track are included in the calculations, clinical faculty on average make over $20,000 less than their doctrinal colleagues. Some law school clinical education programs even treat types of clinical instructors differently, providing less security of position and salary to those who teach in externships. The latest CSALE survey shows that the legal academy remains highly caste-like in its disparate treatment of clinical faculty. Indeed, if anything, progress toward parity appears to be slipping as an increasing percentage of new teaching positions in law clinics and externships are without the security of position and salary of doctrinal faculty.
Fourteen-Day Gemcitabine-Docetaxel Chemotherapy Is Effective and Safer Compared to 21-Day Regimen in Patients with Advanced Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma

Gemcitabine-docetaxel (G-D) combination is an effective chemotherapy for patients with advanced soft tissue and bone sarcoma, first developed with G administered on days 1 and 8, and D on day 8 every 21 days and later modified to be administered every 14 days in 2012. The 14-day regimen has become increasingly adopted. However, its efficacy and toxicities have not been compared. We identified 161 patients with metastatic or locally advanced soft tissue and bone sarcoma treated with either a 14-day or 21-day regimen within Northern California Kaiser Permanente from 1 January 2017 to 30 July 2020 and compared the outcomes and toxicity profiles of patients treated with the either regimen. Seventy-nine (49%) and 82 (51%) patients received the 14-day and the 21-day regimen, respectively, with similar response rate (22.8% and 15.8%, p = 0.26), median progression-free survival (PFS, 4.0 and 3.2 months, p = 0.15), and median overall survival (OS, 12.6 and 14.7 months, p = 0.55). Subset analysis of the untreated patients (approximately 60% of the entire cohort) as well as the patients with leiomyosarcoma only (approximately 50% of the entire cohort) showed that OS was not significantly different between the two regimens. Febrile neutropenia requiring hospitalization occurred in 10 and one patients (p = 0.006) and intolerance leading to discontinuation of chemotherapy occurred in 12 and two patients (p = 0.006) treated with the 21-day and the 14-day regimens, respectively. CDKN2A deletion/mutation or CDK4 amplification was associated with worse median OS (p = 0.06), while a RB1 deletion/mutation was associated with better median PFS (p = 0.05), and these two genomic alterations were mutually exclusive. Our data demonstrate that, compared to the traditional 21-day G-D regimen, the 14-day G-D regimen is equally effective but safer. In addition, CDKN2A and RB1 pathways play significant role on the outcomes of the patients.
Why Hamilton Couldn’t Multiply Triples

The history of the discovery of the 4-dimensional algebra of quaternions by William Rowan Hamilton is very well known, but one aspect of the story has received far less attention. This is the quest...
Facilitating Data Discovery for Large-scale Science Facilities using Knowledge Networks

Large-scale multiuser scientific facilities, such as geographically distributed observatories, remote instruments, and experimental platforms, represent some of the largest national investments and can enable dramatic advances across many areas of science. Recent examples of such advances include the detection of gravitational waves and the imaging of a black hole’s event horizon. However, as the number of such facilities and their users grow, along with the complexity, diversity, and volumes of their data products, finding and accessing relevant data is becoming increasingly challenging, limiting the potential impact of facilities. These challenges are further amplified as scientists and application workflows increasingly try to integrate facilities’ data from diverse domains. In this paper, we leverage concepts underlying recommender systems, which are extremely effective in e-commerce, to address these data-discovery and data-access challenges for large-scale distributed scientific facilities. We first analyze data from facilities and identify and model user-query patterns in terms of facility location and spatial localities, domain-specific data models, and user associations. We then use this analysis to generate a knowledge graph and develop the collaborative knowledge-aware graph attention network (CKAT) recommendation model, which leverages graph neural networks (GNNs) to explicitly encode the collaborative signals through propagation and combine them with knowledge associations. Moreover, we integrate a knowledge-aware neural attention mechanism to enable the CKAT to pay more attention to key information while reducing irrelevant noise, thereby increasing the accuracy of the recommendations. We apply the proposed model on two real-world facility datasets and empirically demonstrate that the CKAT can effectively facilitate data discovery, significantly outperforming several compelling state-of-the-art baseline models.
Case Studies in Neuroscience: Neuropathology and diaphragm dysfunction in ventilatory failure from late-onset Pompe disease.

This case study offered a unique opportunity to investigate longitudinal changes in phrenic neurophysiology in an individual with severe, ventilator-dependent, late-onset Pompe disease. Additional ...
Generation of 70-nJ and 40-fs Pulses by a Ring Mamyshev Oscillator with a Single Gain Segment

We present a ring-type Mamyshev oscillator with only one amplification stage. The design allows self-starting via modulation of the pump power, high pulse performance, and is suitable for all-fiber integration.
An International Treaty for Animal Welfare

Currently there is no international agreement that ensures the welfare and protection of animals. Nor is there any international standard that regulates and defines the acceptable treatment of animals. This lack of international consensus leads to the current disparate treatment of animals around the world, echoing the need for an international framework addressing the issue. This Article discusses a proposed umbrella treaty, the International Convention for the Protection of Animals (ICPA). This umbrella treaty would enable animal welfare issues to gain international recognition and protection by setting the general guidelines and polices regarding the treatment and use of animals. This Article argues that this is the best way to successfully pursue international protection by reconciling the conflicting goals of making a treaty enticing to as many countries as possible, without eliminating enforcement mechanisms. This Article also suggests four companion protocols that would further delineate specific animal welfare standards and requirements. With the present economic climate, it may be difficult to convince countries to pass such a treaty. However, the ICPA could make it possible to begin the process of enacting groundbreaking international animal protection.
An Analysis of the Matching Hypothesis in Networks

The matching hypothesis in social psychology claims that people are more likely to form a committed relationship with someone equally attractive. Previous works on stochastic models of human mate choice process indicate that patterns supporting the matching hypothesis could occur even when similarity is not the primary consideration in seeking partners. Yet, most if not all of these works concentrate on fully-connected systems. Here we extend the analysis to networks. Our results indicate that the correlation of the couple’s attractiveness grows monotonically with the increased average degree and decreased degree diversity of the network. This correlation is lower in sparse networks than in fully-connected systems, because in the former less attractive individuals who find partners are likely to be coupled with ones who are more attractive than them. The chance of failing to be matched decreases exponentially with both the attractiveness and the degree. The matching hypothesis may not hold when the degree-attractiveness correlation is present, which can give rise to negative attractiveness correlation. Finally, we find that the ratio between the number of matched couples and the size of the maximum matching varies non-monotonically with the average degree of the network. Our results reveal the role of network topology in the process of human mate choice and bring insights into future investigations of different matching processes in networks.
Fresnel integral equations

A new representation is developed for the fields excited on a planar dielectric interface by an arbitrarily incident electromagnetic field. The new formulation is obtained by analytically inverting the spatial-domain boundary integral equation (BIE) formulation of the half-space scattering problem. Unlike spectral solution methods, the spatial-domain solution leads to stable BIE formulations of electromagnetic scattering from non-planar dielectric configurations. The resulting equations reduce to stable formulations in the perfectly conducting limit. The forcing terms in the new equations are the tangent plane solutions in the high frequency limit. For these reasons. the new integral formulations are referred to as Fresnel integral equations.
Local supersonic region on a body moving at subsonic speeds

A simple graphical proof is presented which gives a clear physical explanation of why a local supersonic region enclosed by a sonic line and a convex profile must always have an inflection point on any characteristic Mach line at the point where the local velocity corresponds to \(M* = \sqrt 2\). This inflection point is shown to be directly related to the fact that the velocity ellipse is tangent to the characteristic epicycloid in the hodograph plane at \(M* = \sqrt 2\)
The Electrolytic Production of Aluminum

The sections in this article are The Economic Significance of Aluminum The Production of Aluminum The Hall–Heroult Cell The Electrochemistry of the Hall–Heroult Cell The Electrolyte The Thermodynamics and Electrode Kinetics of Hall–Heroult Cells Anode Effects and Gas Emissions Gas Bubbles in Hall–Heroult Cells Mathematical and Physical Modeling of Hall–Heroult Cells Steady-state Models for Fields, Flows, and the Interface Models for Cell Instability Other Computational Models Physical Models Novel Electrodes for Hall–Heroult Cells Concluding Remarks Acknowledgment
Fusion of mitochondrial inner membranes by electric fields produces inside-out vesicles: visualization by freeze-fracture electron microscopy

The fusion of vesicular-shaped mitochondrial inner membranes was observed by a new approach which combines freeze-fracture electron microscopy and electric field-induced fusion. Results show that membrane events caused by the exposure to the electric field can be time-coordinated with sample freezing for subsequent analysis by freeze-fracture electron microscopy.
How IT organizations handle rapid IT change: five coping mechanisms

Information technology (IT) has become a strategic resource in many organizations. As a result, the management of IT has dramatically increased in importance. However, IT is changing at a rapid rate. This change is increasing the complexity of the challenges facing IT managers. In fact, previous research has hypothesized that IT managers deliberately use specific coping mechanisms to deal with these challenges. The results from that research were used to construct a survey sent to a nationwide sample of 1,000 IT organizations. Two hundred forty-six respondents provided data to confirm the existence of and refine the definitions for coping mechanisms that IT managers apply to handle changing IT. The research contributes knowledge about how IT organizations cope with rapid IT change and about the relationship of various coping mechanisms to the reduction of the problems of rapidly changing IT. Five categories of coping mechanism – Education and Training, Vendor Support, Endurance, Internal Procedures, and Consultant Support – emerged. An overall model proposing that the use of those categories predicts the reduction in problems from new IT was significant. Moreover, Education and Training and Internal Procedures presaged problem reduction, whereas Endurance and Consultant Support presaged increased problems.
Nanoshells for Drug Delivery

The sections in this article are Introduction Metallic Nanoshells Synthesis of the Nanoshells Application in Nanomedicine Nanoshells Formed by Polyion E-LbL Self-assembly Preparation of E-LbL Nanoshells Proving the Nanoshells Influence of the Core on Nanoshell Properties Barrier Properties of E-LbL Assembled Nanoshells Controlled Release of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Encapsulated by E-LbL Assembled Nanoshells Nanoshell Permeability for Low-molecular-weight Compounds Nanoshell Permeability for High-molecular-weight Compounds E-LbL Assembled Nanoshells as Protective and Functional Barriers Magnetic Nanoshells Nano-organized Shells with Functions other than a Adjustable Diffusion Barrier Colloidal Stabilization Interpolyelectrolyte Complex Formation Biomimetic Approach Conclusion