cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Indian Diaspora Gastronomy: On the Changing Use of Herbs and Spices Among Southern California's Indian Immigrant Women

Southern California has witnessed a burgeoning Indian immigrant population in recent decades. And among the cultural features that most distinguishes Indians is their cuisine. Their use of herbs and spices in food and medicine, in particular, is tightly bound to language, religion, gender, and overall cultural identity. Identifying how Indian immigrants’ culinary choices adapt to southern California’s varied and often fast-food based gastronomy is important in terms of understanding the role of cultural retention and assimilation, as well as culturally-defined notions of food in physical and psychological wellbeing. We explored these questions through interviews with 31 Indian immigrant women in southern California. Participants were selected by means of snowball sampling. Our working hypothesis was that problems with sourcing and cultural assimilation pressures would have eroded the use of traditional herbs and spices. Sixty-six herbs and spices were reported. The highest frequency of use was recorded for turmeric (100% of respondents) followed by cilantro, cinnamon, clove, cumin, curry leaves, and ginger (all 97%). The highest Species Medicinal Use Values were recorded, in descending order, for turmeric, ginger, fenugreek seeds, clove, cinnamon, curry leaves, and Tulsi. Contrary to expectations, there was no significant association between years resident in the United States and decreasing use of herbs and spices. Indeed, in some cases the confluence of northern and southern Indian immigrant women with a new identity simply as ‘Indian’ resulted in an increase in the knowledge and use of herbs and spices. Spices are nearly all locally sourced, and those that are not readily accessible are cultivated in homegardens or brought directly from India. Many Indian immigrants are relatively prosperous and able to travel frequently to and from India, thus maintaining close cultural ties with their homeland. Indian immigrant women are aware of the health benefits associated with the use of traditional herbs and spices, and all participants reported that Indian food is a healthier choice than American cuisine. Overall, there is little concern among female Indian immigrants to southern California that knowledge and use of their traditional herbs and spices are in a state of decline.
School Shootings: An Overview

This chapter will define school shootings and provide the rationale for why this topic is one that must be continuously reviewed and presented in scholarly literature. History of school shootings and associated trends and current data will be presented. Personal perspectives from relevant individuals will be shared.
Sex/Gender Differences in Obesity Prevalence, Comorbidities, and Treatment

Purpose of review Obesity is a heterogeneous condition, yet sex/gender is rarely considered in the prevention or clinical care of this disease. This review examined and evaluated recent literature regarding the influence of sex and gender on obesity prevalence, comorbidities, and treatment in adults. Recent findings Obesity is more prevalent in women than men in most countries, but in some countries and population subgroups, this gap is more pronounced. Several obesity-related comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes and hypertension, demonstrate sex-specific pathways. Women, compared to men, are more likely to be diagnosed with obesity and seek and obtain all types of obesity treatment including behavioral, pharmacological, and bariatric surgery. Men tend to have greater absolute weight loss, but this difference is attenuated once accounting for baseline weight. Obesity is a multifactorial condition with complex interactions among sex/gender, sociocultural, environmental, and physiological factors. More sex/gender research is needed to investigate mechanisms underlying sex/gender differences in prevalence, comorbidities, and treatment, identify ways to increase men's interest and participation in obesity treatment, and examine differences in obesity prevalence and treatments for transgender and gender non-conforming individuals.
Structural dynamics and computational design of synthetic enzymes

Natural enzymes can adopt many conformations, widening each state within their rugged energy landscape. This structural flexibility allows for entropic as well as enthalpic reaction rate accelerations. Computational methods, at the forefront of enzyme-related research, are developed to understand enzymatic mechanisms from the ground up. These fundamental principles can then be translated into rational design protocols for synthetic enzymes. Thus far, our design strategies have revolved around the optimization of a single protein conformation. They must be then updated to reflect our current knowledge of a more dynamic picture of enzymatic catalysis.
An Elastic Model for Lagrangian Turbulence and Diffusion

In contrast to the evolution of the velocity field of a fluid which is governed by Navier-Stokes partial differential equation, the trajectory of a fluid particle is governed by an ordinary differential equation. Consequently in a Lagrangian description of a fluid, the results of dynamical system theory of autonomous O.D.E. may be used directly. This way the observed randomness of a Lagrangian turbulence might be interpreted as deterministic chaos [1]. In the present work we give simple arguments 'based upon a classical elastic model to confirm the existence of chaotic diffusion-like particle paths in the presence of deterministic wave-like fluctuation. There are numerous analogies between elastomechanical and hydrodynamical problems such as that holding between the shape of a free fluid surface under surface tension and the bending of an elastic wire. In what follows, we use another analogy relating to the Euler elastica [2-6] and the lateral displacement of a fluid particle due to the motion of a circular cylindrical solid body in a two-dimensional flow [7, 8]. , Subsequently we modify our elastica model in such a way that allows us to mimic to some reasonable extent the well-known Karman vortices street created
ADVANCES IN ALKYD RESINS

In the paint and varnish industry, which would consume the bulk of the future alkyd resin production, products were made from the oxidatively polymerizable linseed oil blended with hard natural resins, turpentine, and/or or inorganic pigments such as white lead carbonate. These modifications gave opacity and/or film hardness. While slow drying, coatings of this type have been successfully used for hundreds of years. They were generally hand prepared and dispersed by the painter on location due to poor pigment wetting and the hard settling tendencies upon storage of these paints. This chapter covers recent advances in alkyd resins. In spite of the shift toward Volatile Organic Component (VOC)-compliant alkyds occurring, it seems clear that substantial growth in the overall alkyd business is unlikely to occur in nations whose manufacturing specializes in high value-added goods. However, alkyd use in nations with developing manufacturing economies is likely to grow considerably due to the alkyd's low-cost and bio-renewable raw materials. However, the growing economies of these developing nations may come to consume large amounts of the lower cost alkyds where air pollution regulation is not applied. Light industry may take advantage of the auto-oxidation cure mechanism to avoid energy intensity high temperature curing ovens. The additional factor of the hydrophobic alkyd films offering protection (particularly with zinc oxide pigment biocides) to the biorenewable wood dwellings in humid tropical environments could be a strong factor in their growth.
Transnational Working-Class Women’s Activism in New York’s Confederated Hispanic Societies (1939–1977)

The demands of exile and the culture of labor radicalism and antifascism in mid-century New York transformed exile Spanish Civil War women’s inherited gendered relationship with the state. Initially, the traditional framework of womanhood drew women together to help Civil War refugees. In the course of their involvement, women actively participated in the organization of fund-raising events for republican Spain. They developed their talents as organizers, amateur actresses, singers and dancers. In contrast with their literary representations in Espana Libre (New York, 1939–1977), the Confederated Hispanic Societies’ newspaper, which often reduced Spanish women to a national symbol, confederated women were crucial political actors of exile in the United States, and their voluntary relief work increased their profile in exile communities.
Ion movements and thiamine: II. The release of the vitamin from membrane fragments

Rats were injected with [35S]thiamine and subsequently brain spinal cord and sciatic nerves were removed and homogenized. When particulate fractions of these tissues which contained radioactive thiamine were incubated with a variety of neuroactive drugs, thiamine was released into the medium. After separation of the particulate preparation into membrane, synaptosomes and mitochondria it was found that thiamine was released essentially only from the membrane fragments.
Licensing Requirements, Enforcement Effort and Complaints Against Real Estate Agents

This study is the first to relate complaints against real estate licensees to compliance and enforcement efforts by regulators and prelkensing education requirements. Results suggest that minimal prelkensing education requirements may reduce complaints but more stringent requirements do not appear to lead to further reductions. The most effective way to reduce complaints is found to be through vigorous efforts at compliance and enforcement. The policy implication of this finding is that states would need to shift resources to the compliance and enforcement areas to achieve significant reductions in complaints.
Medial Axis and Optimal Locations for Min-Max Sphere Packing

We study the following min-max sphere packing problem originated from radiosurgical treatment planning using gamma knife (Bourland and Wu, 1996; Wu, 1996). Given an input (R, V), where R is a 3-dimensional (3D) bounded region and V a positive integer, find a packing of R using the minimum number of spheres (spheres may not be identical) such that the covered volume is at least V, and the number of points on the boundary of R touched by spheres is maximized. Bourland and Wu (1996) and Wu (1996), devised a greedy algorithm to solve the problem based on medial axis analysis. In particular, the algorithm places the center of each sphere on the medial axis of each subsequent region starting from R. While this approach has met with certain success, we show that medial axis does not always provide optimal locations for min-max sphere packing.
Increased synthesis of high-molecular-weight cPLA2 mediates early UV-induced PGE2 in human skin

Ultraviolet light (UV) B-induced inflammation is characterized by dramatic increases in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis due to enhanced arachidonate deacylation from the membrane. Therefore, the effect of UV on sythesis, mass, and distribution of the high-molecular-weight phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) in cultured human keratinocytes and human skin was studied. The 105-kDa cPLA2 was demonstrated to be the critical enzyme in UV-induced PGE2 synthesis and erythema in the first 6 h postirradiation. Immunoprecipitation of 35S-labeled protein showed cPLA2 synthesis increased three- to fourfold 6 h after irradiation. Immunoprecipitated 32P-labeled cPLA2 demonstrated phosphorylation of cPLA2 was concurrently induced, suggesting that UV also activates cPLA2. This increase in cPLA2 synthesis and activation also closely correlated with increased PGE2 synthesis and [3H]arachidonic acid release and was effectively blocked by both an S-oligonucleotide antisense to cPLA2 and methyl arachidonate fluorophosphate, a specific inhibitor of cPLA2. Biopsy and histochemical examination of erythematous sites expressed increased amounts of cPLA2 whereas nonerythematous irradiated sites did not. In contrast, cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in cultures and skin explants were unaffected 6 h post-UV, and no change in cyclooxygenase activity was observed at this time. These results suggest that increased cPLA2 synthesis occurs only when skin is exposed to UV doses that are sufficient to cause erythema and indicate expression of cPLA2 participates in acute UV inflammation.
Genotype and growing season influence blueberry antioxidant capacity and other quality attributes

Summary Forty-two blueberry cultivars (thirty-six Vaccinium ashei, three V. ashei derivative hybrids and three northern highbush standards) were evaluated for their antioxidant capacities and other fruit quality attributes over two growing seasons. Total anthocyanins, phenolic content and antioxidant capacities varied substantially among species and cultivars. ‘Early May’ (V. ashei) had the highest amounts of anthocyanins, phenolics and antioxidant capacity. Cultivars from V. ashei hybrid derivatives had lower mean antioxidant components than those from northern highbush standards or V. ashei. The antioxidant capacity, as well as total anthocyanins and phenolics, had significant cultivar × year interactions. Correlation coefficient between years for total anthocyanins, total phenolics and oxygen radical absorbance capacity were high with values of 0.86, 0.81 and 0.93, respectively. Similar interactions were observed for soluble solids content (SSC), sugar, titratable acid and organic acids among cultivars both within and across the growing seasons. Correlation coefficients between years for SSC, fructose, glucose and sucrose were 0.78, 0.71, 0.83 and 0.96, respectively. Fructose and glucose were detected as two major sugars with sucrose as a minor constituent. ‘Clara’ contained the highest amounts of SSC and sugars, while ‘Satilla’ had the lowest. In general, V. ashei cultivars had a higher mean SSC and sugar contents than did the hybrid derivatives or the northern highbush standards. Cultivars of V. ashei contained higher malic acid than citric acid, whereas in hybrid derivatives and northern highbush cultivars, citric acid was the predominant organic acid. The diversity in the amount of these fruit quality attributes and antioxidant capacities presents a great opportunity for genetic improvement of blueberries through breeding programmes. The objective of the study was to identify blueberry cultivars with high antioxidant activity and good fruit quality, so they can be used as parents for future blueberry breeding programmes to develop new cultivars with higher antioxidant activity.
The visible and near-infrared domain

Space observations at visible and near-infrared wavelengths are free from the absorption, high foreground radiation and wavefront distortion caused by the Earth’s atmosphere. The absence of these effects in space permits observations of higher sensitivity and stability with better angular resolution and with a larger dynamic range than their counterparts from the ground. Observations from the Hubble Space Telescope, the ISO and Spitzer satellites and survey satellites such as IRAS are still unsurpassed by ground-based telescopes for their sensitivity, radiometric stability, angular resolution over large fields of view, dynamic range and complete spectral coverage. This chapter discusses the inherent limitations of ground-based astronomy that are overcome by space observations and lists some of the spacecraft that have demonstrated these advantages for scientific study.
Simulation-based teaching and learning for electrophysiology by iCell

An interactive cell modeling web site, iCell (http://ssdl.bme.memphis.edu/icell/), that integrates research and education, was developed as a simulation-based teaching and learning tool for electrophysiology. The site consists of JAVA applets representing models of various cardiac cells and neurons, and provides simulation data of their bioelectric activities at cellular level. Each JAVA-based model allows the user to go through menu options to change model parameters, ran and view simulation results. The site also has a glossary section for the scientific terms. iCell has been used as a teaching and learning tool for four graduate courses at the Joint Biomedical Engineering Program of University of Memphis and University of Tennessee. This modeling tool was also used as a collaboration site among our colleagues interested in simulations of cell membrane activities. Scientists from the fields of biosciences, engineering, life sciences and medical sciences in USA, Canada, China, Brazil, England, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Spain and Turkey have tested and utilized iCell as a simulation-based teaching, learning and collaboration environment. The platform-independent software, iCell, provides us with an interactive and user-friendly teaching and learning tool, and also a collaboration environment for electrophysiology to be shared over the Internet.
Classical electrodynamics as properties of momentum space

Abstract Using a momentum space de Sitter line element, we construct current densities and field tensors from the generators and eigenfunctions of the group Casimir invariants. The geometric relations between these quantities satisfy all properties of Maxwell's equations and CPT invariance.
Privatization of Social Security in the United Kingdom warning or exemplar

Abstract This study draws lessons for the debate about the proposed partial privatization of Social Security in the United States based on evidence from the United Kingdom. The British case suggests that privatization may lead to a reduction in the pension burden on the national budget if combined with substantial cuts in benefits. Such reforms may have positive effects on the economy, but any such benefits would come at a price that would include much higher administrative costs, exposure to stock market fluctuations, increased inequality, and potentially lower pension benefits for many low-wage workers, particularly women.
PHOTODENSITOMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF DYE CONCENTRATION IN THE OCEAN1

Diffusion in the ocean can be studied by aerial photography of dye patches. The dye concentration can be quantitatively determined from the photographic negative with a photodensitometcr. Two experiments in Long Island Sound showed that the dye concentrations detcrmincd by this method agreed with those measured by a shipborne fluorometer.
Thirty-day and one-year predictors of death in noncardiac major surgical procedures.

Abstract Background We evaluated the predictive value of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) cardiac risk classification, as well as other potential risk factors (procedure risk, smoking, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and renal insufficiency), on all-cause mortality at 30 days and at 1 year postoperatively. Methods In the year 2000, 1238 consecutive patients undergoing general anesthesia for various noncardiac surgical procedures at the Houston Veterans Affairs Medical Center were screened preoperatively and classified according to the ACC/AHA guidelines. Patients' charts were reviewed for the above-mentioned risk factors. Results A logistic regression analysis demonstrated that older age and higher procedure risk were associated with higher 30-day mortalities ( P = 0.0012 and 0.0441, respectively). The ACC/AHA classification was positively correlated with mortality at 1 year ( P = 0.0071). Conclusions The ACC/AHA classification predicts mortality at 1 year but not at 30 days for major noncardiac surgeries; procedure-related risk is a better predictor of 30-day postoperative mortality in our patient population.
Transfer reactions at high energy and ambiguities in heavy-ion potentials

The smaller impact parameters that contribute to transfer reactions between heavy ions at high energies make them more sensitive to different types of optical potentials than is the case at lower energies. This may allow one to distinguish between potentials that otherwise generate similar elastic scattering cross sections within the limited angular region over which typical elastic data are available. We cite as evidence results for nucleon transfers induced by18O +28Si at 352 MeV which rule out surface transparent potentials.
Separation of Closely Boiling Isomers and Identically Boiling Isotopomers via Electron-Transfer-Assisted Extraction

Mixtures of isotopomers with identical molecular weights (ethyl-d5-benzene + ethylbenzene-d5 and tert-butyl-d9-biphenyl + tert-butylbiphenyl-d9) have been partially resolved by making use of their differing solution electron affinities. EPR analysis of the anion radicals resulting from the partial potassium reduction of mixtures of the isotopomers (*R and R, respectively) in tetrahydrofuran show that the equilibrium constant for the reaction R•-,M+ + *R = R + *R•-,M+ deviates from unity. These EPR results predict that a separation of anion radical from neutral molecule would effect a separation of the isotopomers. Removal of the solvent leaves a solid mixture of neutral and potassium anion radical salt forms of the isotopomers. Subsequent dissolution of the neutral materials from the anion radical salts yields a mixture that is enriched in the ring-deuterated isotopomer, and reoxidation of the anion radical with iodine yields a mixture that is enriched in the ring-protiated isotopomer. Analogous experimen...
Eigenfunction expansion solutions for three-dimensional rigid planar inclusion problems

An eigenfunction expansion method is presented to obtain three-dimensional asymptotic stress fields in the vicinity of the front of a semi-infinite infinitely rigid inclusion, subjected to the far-field antiplane shear and extension/bending loadings. Four different rigid inclusion side-surface boundary conditions are considered: (i) anticrack or perfectly bonded rigid inclusion, (ii) transversely rigid inclusion (longitudinal slip permitted), (iii) rigid inclusion in part perfectly bonded, the remainder with slip, (iv) rigid inclusion located alongside a crack. The computed stress singularity for an anticrack is the same as its plane strain counterpart, while the expression for the stress intensity factor varies in the thickness direction.
Dry‐Grind Process for Fuel Ethanol by Continuous Fermentation and Stripping

Conversion of a high-solids saccharified corn mash to ethanol by continuous fermentation and stripping was successfully demonstrated in a pilot plant consuming 25 kg of corn per day. A mathematical model based on previous pilot plant results accurately predicts the specific growth rate obtained from these latest results. This model was incorporated into a simulation of a complete dry-grind corn-to-ethanol plant, and the cost of ethanol production was compared with that of a conventional process. The results indicate a savings of $0.03 per gallon of ethanol produced by the stripping process. The savings with stripping result from the capacity to ferment a more concentrated corn mash so there is less water to remove downstream.
Stud Identity Among Female-Born Youth of Color: Joint Conceptualizations of Gender Variance and Same-Sex Sexuality

Little is known about the experiences of individuals who may fall under the umbrella of “transgender” but do not transition medically and/or socially. The impact of the increasingly widespread use ...
Adhesion of human erythrocytes to glass: The nature of the interaction and the effect of serum and plasma†

Studies of normal human erythrocyte adhesiveness to glass have demonstrated quantitative and qualitative differences between cell-glass and cell-cell contact interaction. Identifiable charged groups on the red cell surface were of minor importance in the adhesive process and it is postulated that direct cell-glass contact attraction involves nonpolar regions of the red cell surface. However, erythrocyte adhesion to glass in the presence of serum and plasma is affected by electrostatic forces. At least two critical factors are present in serum and plasma: a heat-stable factor(s) diminishing adhesion and a heat-labile factor(s) promoting cell-glass interaction. A postulate is presented concerning the role of soluble fibrin monomer complexes in promoting cell adhesion to glass.
Characters Useful in Determining the Position of Individual Teeth in the Permanent Cheektooth Series of Merychippine Horses

Cheek-teeth of fossil horses display structural characters which have long been recognized as of considerable value in establishing the relationships of these forms and in furnishing suggestions as to the age of the deposits in which the fossils occur. In later Cenozoic formations of western North America where complete skulls and skeletal materials are not always available, identification of members of the Equidae is often based on single teeth. In the study of an individual hypsodont equine tooth difficulty is frequently encountered in determining with certainty its position in the cheek-tooth series. Variation in the enamel pattern as exhibited by the molars and premolars makes it particularly desirable to know where an individual tooth belongs in the series. The problem of identifying teeth when detached from jaws arose in the study of a large number of merychippine teeth secured by the California Institute in the Merychippus Zone of the north Coalinga region, California. The collections from this Miocene horizon include approximately two thousand separate horse teeth, representing principally the species Merychippus californicus Merriam. While characters which assist in determining the position of a tooth apply particularly to this species, the criteria on which identification is made are applicable to individual teeth in a number of generic types of horses from the later Cenozoic. The problem was suggested by Dr. Chester Stock under whose supervision it was investigated. The writer wishes to express his thanks to Dr. Stock for his kindly guidance during the course of the study. The illustrations have been prepared by Mr. John L. Ridgway.
Quantitative Analysis of 2-Oxoglutarate in Biological Samples Using Liquid Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection

Abstract This paper describes a technique for quantitative analysis of 2-oxoglutarate (α-ketoglutarate) in biological samples using liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (LC-EC). This method utilizes a simplified, efficient sample preparation designed to select for 2-oxoglutarate and similar compounds by derivatization with phenylhydrazine. The response was linear over the range from 62.5 to 1000 ng/ml. The least quantifiable concentration was 62.5 ng/ml and the least detectable concentration was 25 ng/ml. To test the ability of the assay to measure 2-oxoglutarate in biological samples, this method was used to quantitate the 2-oxoglutarate content in chick osteoblast cultures and to determine the ability of the assay to accurately measure a standard addition of 500 ng/ml 2-oxoglutarate when added to a sample of the forementioned groups. The 2-oxoglutarate content of these cells was 6.67 ± 1.20 ng/μg DNA or 105 ± 18 ng/cell layer (mean ± 95% confidence interval) and the assay accurately measured the standard addition. This method was also used to quantitate 2-oxoglutarate content in whole embryonic chick calvariae containing 6.40 ± 0.95 ng/mg dry bone weight or 37.5 ± 5.5 ng/bone. This assay provides significantly lower detection limits than the currently available procedures and is suitable for determination of 2-oxoglutarate in biological samples where very low amounts of 2-oxoglutarate are found. This method is the first application of LC-EC for quantitating 2-oxoglutarate.
Precision CMB Measurements from Long Duration Stratospheric Balloons: Towards B-modes and Inflation

Observations of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) have played a leading role in establishing an understanding of the structure and evolution of the Universe on the largest scales. This achievement has been enabled by a series of extremely successful experiments, coupled with the simplicity of the relationship between the cosmological theory and data. Antarctic experiments, including both balloon-borne telescopes and instruments at the South Pole, have played a key role in realizing the scientific potential of the CMB, from the characterization of the temperature anisotropies to the detection and study of the polarized component. Current and planned Antarctic long duration balloon experiments will extend this heritage of discovery to test theories of cosmic genesis through sensitive polarized surveys of the millimeter-wavelength sky. In this paper we will review the pivotal role that Antarctic balloon borne experiments have played in transforming our understanding of the Universe, and describe the scientific goals and technical approach of current and future missions.
Splicing mediates the activity of four putative cellular internal ribosome entry sites

A growing number of cellular mRNAs are thought to possess internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs), sequences that permit translation of a transcript independent of its 5′ end and cap structure. Although dicistronic assays are the canonical method of testing sequences for IRES activity, they may produce false-positive results if unanticipated monocistronic RNAs arise from the dicistronic construct used. Using a dicistronic reporter system and a green fluorescent protein-tagged retrovirus to evaluate six previously reported cellular IRESs, we found that four contain 3′ splice sites whose activity was required for apparent IRES function and which resulted in formation of monocistronic transcripts by splicing. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the 3′ splice sites identified in three of these putative IRESs are used in their native mRNAs and that the fourth is likely an artifactual sequence created during cDNA cloning. Our findings demonstrate a need for reexamination of other reported cellular IRESs by using careful RNA structural analysis to rule out splicing as the source of perceived IRES activity.
Out-of-hospital characteristics and care of patients with severe sepsis: a cohort study.

Abstract Purpose Early recognition and treatment in severe sepsis improve outcomes. However, out-of-hospital patient characteristics and emergency medical services (EMS) care in severe sepsis is understudied. Our goals were to describe out-of-hospital characteristics and EMS care in patients with severe sepsis and to evaluate associations between out-of-hospital characteristics and severity of organ dysfunction in the emergency department (ED). Materials and Methods We performed a secondary data analysis of existing data from patients with severe sepsis transported by EMS to an academic medical center. We constructed multivariable linear regression models to determine if out-of-hospital factors are associated with serum lactate and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) in the ED. Results Two hundred sixteen patients with severe sepsis arrived by EMS. Median serum lactate in the ED was 3.0 mmol/L (interquartile range, 2.0-5.0) and median SOFA score was 4 (interquartile range, 2-6). Sixty-three percent (135) of patients were transported by advanced life support providers and 30% (62) received intravenous fluid. Lower out-of-hospital Glasgow Coma Scale score was independently associated with elevated serum lactate (P Conclusions Out-of-hospital fluid resuscitation occurred in less than one third of patients with severe sepsis, and routinely measured out-of-hospital variables were associated with greater serum lactate and SOFA in the ED.
Clinical Observations in Cyclodeviations

Cyclodeviations differ from other strabismus forms in several aspects. Adaptive mechanisms other than suppression cause the patient to remain asymptomatic in spite of ophthalmoscopically demonstrable torsion of the globe around the sagittal axis. These mechanisms include cyclofusion and a monocular sensory adaptation causing the images seen by the paretic eye to appear vertically and horizontally aligned even though they do not fall on the vertical and horizontal anatomic-geometric retinal meridians. Pure excyclotropias, ie, those not associated with vertical deviations, respond well to anterior and lateral displacement of the anterior portion of the superior oblique tendon. The operation elminated the cyclodeviation in four eyes (three patients); however, a partial recurrence was observed in one case.
A random coefficient model for chlorophyll-nutrient relationships in lakes

Statistical models of nutrient-phytoplankton relationships in lakes are usually fitted on cross-sectional data sets and thus describe multi-lake behavior using a single set of global model parameters. As a result, prediction of individual lake response reflects behavior among lakes, increasing prediction error by the among-lake variance. Alternatively, a random coefficient model may be applied to the same cross-sectional data set to yield lake-specific parameters as opposed to a single set of global parameters. The random coefficients are based on classical estimators that reflect both global behavior and lake-specific response. Under normality, known variance, and a noninformative prior, the mean of the posterior Bayesian distribution on the lake-specific parameters is equivalent to the estimated random coefficients. In this study, the random coefficient model was applied to a cross-sectional data set on chlorophyll a, nitrogen, and phosphorus in North Carolina lakes. Both global and lake-specific parameters were estimated for these data. A second data set representing different years of observations for the same lakes was used to compare the two modeling approaches on the basis of prediction variance; the result was a 12.7% reduction in mean squared prediction error for the random coefficient model. Other applications of the random coefficient model in empirical and mechanistic modeling are suggested in a concluding discussion.
Stress buffering effects of daily spousal support on women's daily emotional and physical experiences in the context of breast cancer concerns.

Objective: This study examined whether the relationship between daily spousal support and dailypsychological and physical outcomes varied as a function of level of breast cancer related concern (stressbuffering model). Design: Ninety-five women with early stage breast cancer completed daily reports ofemotional and physical experiences and satisfaction with spousal support for 30 days. Women also ratedproblems dealing with three types of cancer specific concerns: emotional, physical, and social. Mainoutcome measures: Womens positive and negative affect and cancer related pain and fatigue. Results:Multilevel analyses supported a stress buffering effect for social concerns and a reverse stress bufferingeffectforemotionalandphysicalconcerns. Conclusion: Dailyspousalsupportappearstobeanimportantcontributor to the daily emotional and physical wellbeing of women with breast cancer. Contrary to thetenets of the stress buffering model, these data suggest that the buffering effect of spousal support isattenuated when breast cancer related emotional and physical concerns reach high levels.Keywords: spousal support, early stage breast cancer, couples, oncology, reverse stress buffering
Folate Status of Childbearing Aged Women Among Multivitamin Supplement Users and Non-users in the U.S.: NHANES III

Abstract Inadequate folate status has been implicated as a risk factor for neural tube defect and cardiovascular disease via hyperhomocysteinemia. Childbearing aged women (15–39y, n=3,211) in NHANES III who had complete records of 24h dietary recall, serum and RBC folate were studied. Multivitamin use was self-reported by 26%, 59% and 54% of non-pregnant (n=2,878), pregnant (n=261) and lactating women (n=72), respectively; and by 40%, 26%, 23%, and 25% of White (n=938), Black (n=l,106), Mexican-American (n=1,035) and Other (n=132) subgroups, respectively. Daily folate intake of non-pregnant (221±174μg/day, mean±S.D.; 178μg/day, median) was lower than those of pregnant and lactating women (283±212, and 285±191 μg/day, respectively, p
Compliance: A Concept Analysis

Compliance has a myriad of definitions. Understanding it as a phenomenon is complicated by the different perspectives of different disciplines. Nurses need to define compliance in a manner that best fits the philosophy of the nursing discipline. This article makes a distinction between the ordinary use and the scientific use of the term compliance. Nurses are challenged to embrace an interactive, transactional process in order to form a partnership with clients, which allows for client choice and control in decision making about carrying out the prescribed behavior.
Effect of previous growth conditions on starvation survival and endogenous metabolism rate of Arthrobacter fluorescens

The starvation survival and the endogenous metabolism rate were studied in cultures of Arthrobacter fluorescens grown at various dilution rates under ammonium-limited conditions. In addition, the ammonium-limited cultures grown at dilution rates of 0.03 and 0.20 h−1 were made oxygen-limited and these cultures were also studied. Suspensions of washed cells from all the steady state cultures were incubated under total nutrient deprivation at 30°C for 20 days. The effects of starvation on cell counts, protein and carbohydrate contents and endogenous respiration rates were determined. Viable cell count of suspensions grown under ammonium-limited conditions declined faster for the cells grown at faster dilution rates. On the contrary starved slow growing oxygen-limited cells showed a more rapid decrease in viability than the fast growing ones. Cell dry weights, carbohydrates and proteins declined exponentially during starvation and their rates of change were generally greater with cells grown at higher dilution rates, irrespective of nutrient limitation. Starved oxygen-limited cultures exhibited a higher death rate and a greater reserve material mobilization than ammonium-limited cultures grown at the same dilution rate.
Regulation of Prolyl Hydroxylase Activity in L-929 Cells by Mechanisms Unrelated to Glycolytic Metabolism

Abstract Previous studies showing that prolyl hydroxylase is activated by addition of lactate to logarithmic cultures of L-929 and 3T6 mouse cell lines and that the enzyme normally increases in dense cultures which accumulate lactic acid, have led to the hypothesis that regulation is mediated through glycolytic metabolism. We present evidence that the extent of lactate production plays a minor role in controlling the density-dependent activation of prolyl hydroxylase in L-929 cells. The initial rate of glycolysis in stationary phase cells was lower than that in the logarithmic phase so that intracellular levels of glycolytic intermediates would not be related to activation of the enzyme. Nevertheless, because of increased numbers of cells in stationary phase, higher concentrations of lactate occur in the culture medium. Eliminating accumulation of lactate during the growth of L-929 cells by reducing the normal glucose concentration (5.5 mM) to lowglucose (0.5 mM) did not significantly affect the growth rate and still allowed a 10-fold activation of prolyl hydroxylase when cells reached stationary phase. Growth in normal glucose resulted in only an additional 2-fold increase in specific enzyme activity. These results imply that density-dependent activation of prolyl hydroxylase occurs mainly through a mechanism independent of lactate production. The elevated enzyme activity in dense cells was not decreased when lactate was removed and its production prevented by replacement of high-glucose medium with low-glucose medium for 24 hours. This result differed markedly from the dramatic decrease in enzyme activity observed within several hours after replating stationary phase cells in fresh medium, but at a lower cell density. The conclusion that there are at least two mechanisms regulating prolyl hydroxylase activity in L-929 cells was further supported by the observation that the maximal extent of enzyme activation by ascorbate or lactate in logarithmic phase L-929 cells was much less than the extent of density-dependent activation.
Ion heating by the electrostatic ion cyclotron instability: theory and experiment

The theory of ion heating in a Q-machine Barium plasma by the electrostatic ion cyclotron instability is considered in some detail. Linear and quasi-linear theories are considered. The effect on resistivity of the instability is also considered. The ion temperature was observed, optically, to increase to a value in excess of 25 000°K by a mechanism attributable to a collisionless process. Energy transfer from the drifting electron current to the ions is analyzed explicitly. Detailed comparisons with experiments are presented.
Effects of acute exercise on long-term memory

In this study, we tested the effect of acute exercise on long-term memory, specifically the timing of exercise relative to the memory challenge. We assessed memory via paragraph recall, in which participants listened to two paragraphs (exposure) and recounted them following a 35-min delay. Participants (n = 48) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: exercise prior to exposure, exercise after exposure, or no-exercise. Exercise consisted of 30 min on a cycle ergometer, including 20 min at moderate intensity. Only the exercise-prior group recalled significantly more than the control group (p < .05). Differences among the exercise groups failed to reach significance (p = .09). Results indicated that acute exercise positively influenced recall and that exercise timing relative to memory task may have an impact on this effect.
Independent and synergistic interaction of retinal G-protein subunits with bovine rhodopsin measured by surface plasmon resonance.

We have used surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurements for the kinetic analysis of G-protein-receptor interaction monitored in real time. Functionally active rhodopsin was immobilized on an SPR surface, with full retention of biochemical specific activity for catalysis of nucleotide exchange on the retinal G-protein alpha subunit, via binding to immobilized concanavalin A. The binding interactions of bovine retinal alpha(t) and beta(1)gamma(1) subunits with rhodopsin measured by SPR were profoundly synergistic. Synergistic binding of the retinal G-protein subunits to rhodopsin was not observed for guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate-bound Galpha(t), nor was binding observed with squid retinal Galpha(q), which is not activated by bovine rhodopsin. The binding affinity (336+/-171 nM; mean value+/-S.D.) of retinal betagamma for rhodopsin in the presence of retinal alpha subunit measured by SPR confirmed the apparent affinity of 254 nM determined previously by nucleotide exchange assays. Binding of beta(1)gamma(1), beta(1)gamma(2), and beta(1)gamma(8-olf) dimers to rhodopsin, independently of the alpha subunit, was readily observable by SPR. Further, these dimers, differing only in their gamma subunit compositions, displayed markedly distinct binding affinities and kinetics. The beta(1)gamma(2) dimer bound with a kinetically determined K(d) of 13+/-3 nM, a value nearly identical with the biochemically determined K(1/2) of 10 nM. The physiologically appropriate beta(1)gamma(1) displayed rapid association and dissociation kinetics, whereas the other beta(1)gamma dimers dissociated at a rate less than 1/100 as fast. Thus rhodopsin interaction with its native signalling partners is both rapid and transient, whereas the interaction of rhodopsin with heterologous Gbetagamma dimers is markedly prolonged. These results suggest that the duration of a G-protein-coupled receptor signalling event is an intrinsic property of the G-protein coupling partners; in particular, the betagamma dimer.
Altered processing of a mutant amyloid precursor protein in neuronal and endothelial cells.

Altered proteolysis of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) may play an important role in Alzheimer disease (AD). To better understand the role of mutant APP in the pathogenesis of the disease, we stably overexpressed the mutant APP717F approximately twofold vs. the endogenous wild-type gene in several cell types. The processing of APP was examined by Western blot analysis and immunoprecipitation. We observed distinctive patterns of APP metabolites among various cell lines. Neuronal and endothelial cells expressing mutant APP717F generated higher levels of large, potentially amyloidogenic carboxyl terminal fragments, which were enhanced upon treatment of the cells with leupeptin. These results suggest that mutations in the APP gene shift the protein processing towards the amyloidogenic pathway in neuronal and endothelial cells possibly involving the endosomal-lysosomal system. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Environmental Connections and Concept Mapping: Implementing a New Learning Technology at Lewis & Clark College.

What is environment? The answer to this question is fundamental to how we teach environmental studies and sciences (ESS). We follow recent scholarly literature in approaching environment as connection, not as some category of reality, and consider pedagogical implications via concept mapping, a new learning technology. Concept maps potentially offer a visually explicit means of representing and analyzing the hybrid connections between actors that define environmental issues. We explore the utility of concept mapping as pioneered by Joseph Novak and others via the Cmap Tools application, in which concept maps (cmaps) consist of concepts connected by propositions; both can include linked resources, and the resultant cmap can be collaboratively edited and shared online. We evaluate concept mapping in the context of a sophomore-level environmental methods course taught annually at Lewis & Clark College. The course includes adaptations of concept mapping drawing on Novak’s work and actor-network theory, designed for students to reflect on their environmental perspectives, synthesize course material, and explore a proposed topic for environmental research. These exercises were evaluated in fall 2010 using self-reports, assessment rubrics, and open-ended student responses. Results showed that higher achieving students generally found concept mapping more demanding and attained more sophisticated understandings of connections. This suggests that concept mapping helps facilitate the intellectual struggle that characterizes engaged learning, yet also that not all students embrace this struggle to fully grasp environment-as-connection. In a larger sense, the study illustrates challenges in cultivating new approaches to environment in the ESS community.
A DNA-binding fraction of mouse kidney 3-ketosteroid reductase: comparison with androgen receptors.

Abstract Since approximately 1% of 3-ketosteroid reductase (which metabolizes dihydrotestosterone [17β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-3-one] to 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol or 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol) from mouse kidney cytosol adheres to DNA under conditions that allow virtually complete androgen receptor binding, these two DNA-binding activities were compared in cytosol extracts of mouse kidney and hypothalamus-preoptic area. This DNA-binding fraction of 3-ketosteroid reductase was distinguished from androgen receptor in several ways: (1) its pattern of elution from DNA-cellulose with steps of increasing NaC1 concentration differed from that for receptors from wild-type kidney; (2) it was influenced differently by the mutation Tfm , both in level and in DNA-cellulose elution pattern; (3) in mouse kidney cytosol it was relatively stable at moderate (25°C) temperatures which rapidly inactivated ligand-free androgen receptors in the same cytosols; (4) the DNA-binding was not proportional to androgen receptor levels between two wild-type tissues, the hypothalamus-preoptic area and kidney. By these criteria, a simple relationship of androgen receptors and a DNA-binding fraction of 3-ketosteroid reductase activity is unlikely.