cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors Responsible for the Unusually Strong Adsorption of [Os(bpy)2(Cl)L1]+ (L1 = 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane) and Related Complexes on Metal and Graphite Electrode Surfaces

The extent and dynamics of the adsorption on gold and pyrolytic graphite electrodes of four complexes of Os(II) were compared with the previously reported adsorption of similar complexes on Pt (Acevedo, D.; Abruna, H. D. J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 9590). The complexes investigated were [Os(bpy)2(Cl)L]+ with bpy = 2,2‘-bipyridine and L = 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane, 4-phenylpyridine, 4-(1-n-butylpentyl)pyridine, and pyridine. Spontaneous, strong adsorption of all four complexes occurred on graphite electrodes and, except for the complex with L = pyridine, on gold electrodes. The presence of a pendant pyridine site on ligand L is not required for strong adsorption to occur. Replacement of the [Os(bpy)2(Cl)]+ center by Ru(NH3)52+ also led to a strongly adsorbing complex. The adsorption appears to be driven by hydrophobic interactions of the organic ligands with the electrode surface and with each other as well as specific surface−ligand bond formation when a pendant pyridine group is present. Although the concent...
Iranians, Armenians, Prince Igor, and the Lightness of Pushkin

The Animal Style that characterizes Scythian art came into Armenia and Russia, where it is attested in bas-reliefs on churches; and the epic Song of Igor's Campaign, a unique verbal reflection of it, inspired Pushkin and his descendants in their poetic visions.
Exploring racial disparities in CHD mortality between blacks and whites across the United States: a geographically weighted regression approach.

Abstract Coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality is one of the major contributors to racial disparities in health in the United States (US). We examined spatial heterogeneity in black–white differences in CHD mortality across the US and assessed the contributions of poverty and segregation. We used county-level, age-adjusted CHD mortality rates for blacks and whites in the continental US between 1996 and 2006. Geographically weighted regression was employed to assess spatial heterogeneity. There was significant spatial heterogeneity in black–white differences in CHD mortality (median black–white difference 17.7 per 100,000, 25th–75th percentile (IQR): 4.0, 34.0, P value for spatial non-stationarity
The Cytosolic Loop of the γ-Secretase Component Presenilin Enhancer 2 Protects Zebrafish Embryos from Apoptosis

The γ-secretase complex, composed of presenilin, presenilin enhancer 2 (Pen-2), nicastrin, and Aph-1, catalyzes the final cleavage of amyloid precursor protein to generate the toxic amyloid β protein, the major component of plaques in the brains of Alzheimer disease patients. To understand the in vivo function of Pen-2, we used morphant technology available in zebrafish and transiently knocked down the expression of endogenous Pen-2 by injecting the morpholino (MO) against Pen-2. Two truncated Pen-2 proteins lacking either the cytosolic or the C-terminal domain were expressed in MO-injected embryos. This deletion analysis demonstrated that the Pen-2 cytosolic loop is essential for protecting developing embryos from caspase-dependent apoptosis caused by the reduction of Pen-2. Twelve amino acids in the C terminus of Pen-2 were dispensable and could not rescue the Pen-2 knockdown-induced apoptotic phenotype. Surprisingly, double knockdown of Pen-2 and nuclear factor κB component p65 abrogated the single Pen-2 MO-induced caspase activation, indicating that a previously reported pro-apoptotic role of NF-κB in some cell types could be manifested in a whole animal and that knockdown of Pen-2 may trigger pro-apoptotic activation of NF-κB.
Bladder volume at onset of reflux on initial cystogram predicts spontaneous resolution.

Purpose: Reflux grade is the factor most commonly used to predict spontaneous reflux resolution. We evaluated other potential predictive factors aside from reflux grade relative to spontaneous resolution.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the records of 20 males and 98 females who were diagnosed with primary vesicoureteral reflux between ages 0 and 7 years between 1990 and 2000. Age, sex, height, weight, reflux grade, bladder volume at onset of reflux and laterality were recorded for the first, second and most recent voiding cystourethrogram or nuclear cystogram before spontaneous resolution or operative intervention.Results: Of 118 patients 75 (64%) had spontaneous resolution, 27 (23%) underwent corrective surgery and 16 (13%) are still being followed. Average age at diagnosis was 2.3 years (range 1 day to 7.7 years) and average followup was 4.3 years (range 0.2 to 14). Average time to spontaneous resolution was 2.2 years (range 0.5 to 10.3) vs a time to operative treatment of 3.6 years (range 0.2 to 11....
A possible role for oxygen inactivation in the regulation of amidophosphoribosyltransferase activity in mammalian cells

Human and other mammalian forms of ATase, including the Chinese hamster enzyme, are oxygen-sensitive enzymes and human ATase, like the enzyme from B. subtilis, is an iron-sulfur protein. When protein synthesis is inhibited in cultured Chinese hamster cells, ATase activity is lost in an oxygen-dependent reaction. The hypothesis is developed that the sensitivity of ATase to oxygen inactivation controls the rate of degradation of this enzyme in mammalian cells, similar to the mechanism which has been demonstrated for regulation of ATase degradation in B. subtilis.
When the Relationship becomes Her: Revisiting Women's Body Concerns from a Relationship Contingency Perspective.

Given women's communally oriented socialization and social pressures to find romantic partners, many heterosexual women may derive self-worth from having romantic relationships (relationship contingency). Across two studies, we explored whether relationship contingency heightens women's body shame. Studies 1A and 1B found that relationship contingency causes body shame among women. In Study 2, relationship contingency predicted greater bulimic symptoms, which was mediated fully by greater body shame. Using both experimental methods and structural equation modeling, these studies demonstrate a link between relationship contingency and body shame that is not explained by appearance contingency (basing self-esteem on one's physical appearance). Results are discussed in terms of self-objectification theory, contingencies of self-worth, mate preferences, and close relationships.
The young adult chronic patient and the legal system: A systems analysis

As a consequence of deinstitutionalization, contacts between mentally ill persons and the criminal justice system have increased. Treatment services need to keep pace with this development.
A phase I clinical trial of FOLFIRI in combination with the pan-cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor flavopiridol

Background The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor flavopiridol increases irinotecan- and fluorouracil-induced apoptosis. We conducted a phase I trial of FOLFIRI + flavopiridol in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Phrase structure composition and syntactic dependencies

In Phrase Structure Composition and Syntactic Dependencies, Robert Frank explores an approach to syntactic theory that weds the Tree Adjoining Grammar (TAG) formalism with the minimalist framework. TAG has been extensively studied both for its mathematical properties and for its usefulness in computational linguistics applications. Frank shows that incorporating TAG's formally restrictive operations for structure building considerably simplifies the model of grammatical competence, particularly in the components concerned with syntactic movement and locality. The empirical advantages of the resulting model, illustrated with extensive case studies of subject-raising constructions and wh-questions, point toward a conception of grammar that is sharply limited in its computational power.
Financial statements are messages that need a context to be better understood

In an increasingly complex and shifting economic environment, financial statements have lost a measure of their ability to inform their various constituents, for example, investor and creditor . The shift can be seen in the movement from a producer-dominant market to one that is customer centered. In the previous setting, historically based financial accounting classes and measurements that are principally devoted to conveying the financial status in an enterprise-centric manner were sufficient to achieve the objectives of financial statements. In the current setting, financial statements have to be broadened to take account of the transformation in the economy owing to significant changes in technology. For financial statements to achieve their purpose to be an informative message they need an explicit context, whereas in the previous, more slowly evolving economy – a world without social media, for example – an explicit context was not necessary; it was left to the user to interpret the financial statements of the enterprise through a user-supplied context.
Effects of Oil on Terrestrial Vertebrates: Predicting Impacts of the Macondo Blowout

In addition to external oiling, marine oil spills may affect vertebrate animals through degradation of habitat; alterations in food web structure; and contamination of resources by toxic compounds, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. These processes are not well understood for vertebrates breeding and foraging in terrestrial ecosystems affected by oil, such as coastal marshes that were heavily oiled following the 2010 Macondo oil spill. Here, we review what is known about the ecological and physiological effects of oil exposure on vertebrates in general. We then apply these concepts to salt-marsh vertebrates, with special reference to our ongoing monitoring of impacts and recovery in the seaside sparrow (Ammodramus maritimus) and marsh rice rat (Oryzomys palustris) in Louisiana following the Macondo spill.
The root-MUSIC algorithm for direction finding with interpolated arrays

Abstract This paper presents a direction finding technique which uses the outputs of a virtual array, computed from the real array using a linear interpolation procedure over a given sector. The geometry of the virtual array is under the control of the designer. By using a linear virtual array, the root-MUSIC algorithm can be applied, even though the real array may have an arbitrary geometry. The root-MUSIC algorithm offers several advantages over the MUSIC algorithm, including significantly reduced computational requirements. Various issues related to the design of the interpolated array are discussed. The performance of the algorithm was tested by extensive simulations and was found to equal the performance of the MUSIC algorithm applied to the real array. Thus, the interpolation procedure does not introduce any performance degradation.
Ground-state properties of the two-dimensional antiferromagnetic Heisenberg model.

The ground-state energy, staggered magnetization, and correlation function are computed for the two-dimensional spin-(1/2 quantum antiferromagnetic Heisenberg model (believed to be relevant to the high-temperature superconducting materials without doping) on lattices up to 24\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}24 by Monte Carlo methods extrapolated to zero temperature. A more accurate value for the ground-state energy is determined by the method of Neumann and Ulam by extrapolating from lattices up to 12\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}12.
Optical measurement of concentration gradient near miscible interfaces.

: A common path interferometer (CPI) system was developed to measure the diffusivity of transparent liquid pairs. The CPI is an optical technique that can be used to measure changes in the gradient of refractive index of transparent materials. The CPI is a shearing interferometer that shares the same optical path from a laser light source to the final imaging plane. Molecular diffusivity of liquids can be determined by using physical relations between changes in optical path length and liquid phase properties. In this paper, we present results obtained when the diffusivity depends on the local concentration of the miscible fluids.
Toad tadpoles associate preferentially with siblings

Highly structured social systems can involve close kinship groups (eusocial insects1, lion prides2, helpers-at-the-nest in birds3). However, kinship generally has not been considered to be important or necessary for what seem to be merely gregarious phenomena, such as schooling behaviour4. In fact, Fisher first proposed kinship theory to explain the evolution of noxious taste in certain gregarious insect larvae. He reasoned that traits which at first may not be directly beneficial to the individual, such as distastefulness or warning coloration, might be selected for if they conferred advantage to siblings in the swarm5. Like some insect larvae, the tadpoles of many toads (genus Bufo) are conspicuously coloured, distasteful to predators and highly gregarious, forming densely packed schools in open areas along pond shores6. The tadpoles' aggregative behaviour may be important for feeding efficiency7,8, thermoregulation9 or predator deterrence8, but their conspicuousness coupled with their distastefulness suggest that schooling may also serve an apose-matic function. Consistent with the predictions of a kin selection model, we report here that tadpoles of the American toad (Bufo americanus) preferentially associate with siblings in laboratory conditions.
Perinaphthenone pigments from the fruit capsules of lachnanthes tinctoria

Abstract The seed capsules of Lachnanthes tinctoria (Haemodoraceae) contain lachnanthocarpone (IV), a non-glycosidic 9-phenylperinaphthenone; two other related pigments have also been isolated. The only other perinaphthenone found in a higher plant is the glycoside haemocorin (I) from Australian Haemodorum sp.
Big data and internships at Cloudera

Students working in the big data space get uniquely valuable experiences and perspectives by taking industrial internships, which can help further their research agendas.
Development from below: Local Development Associations in the Yemen Arab Republic

Abstract The Local Development Associations (LDAs) of the Yemen Arab Republic illustrate how indigenous organizations led by local elites can promote participatory, widely beneficial rural development. LDAs reflect a tradition of community based self-help efforts. Today Yemen's six million people, from urban dwellers to those living in remote mountain areas, are served by nearly 200 LDAs. These associations are active in undertaking tasks the central government is not organized to perform. Supported primarily by their immediate constituencies and led by local notables, they build roads, schools, village water systems, and clinics. Over the past decade they have achieved dramatic development results and become important, nationally recognized institutions. This article documents the LDA movement. This example of succesfull local organization is particularly important because development experts often dismiss the potential of such movements on the ground that they are likely to be elite-dominated, probably to the detriment of the poorer members of the community. In describing the LDA movement, this article also consolidates for the first time the few published, frequently unavailable papers on Yemen's complex little-studied rural sector.
Hemoglobin-based Oxygen Carriers: First, Second or Third Generation? Human or Bovine? Where are we Now?

This article discusses current efforts to develop hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers as blood substitutes in light of the worldwide shortage of safe and viable allogeneic donor blood. There are now viable approaches to modify the intrinsic biologic properties of hemoglobin to produce improved hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers. Polymerized hemoglobin preparations have proved most successful in clinical trials due to their improved side effect profile. The goal is to evaluate blood substitutes with enhanced intravascular retention, reduced osmotic activity, and attenuated hemodynamic derangements such as vasoconstriction. Although not without substantial morbidity and mortality, the current safety of allogeneic blood transfusion demands that comparative studies show minimal adverse effects as well as efficacy and potential for novel applications.
Modulation of D1-like dopamine receptor function by aldehydic products of lipid peroxidation

Growing evidence indicates that aldehydic products of lipid peroxidation play an important role in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease. In the present study, modulation of D1-like receptor binding and function by saturated alkanals and unsaturated alkenals, 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and trans-2-nonenal (nonenal), was examined in rat striatal membranes. The 4-HNE and nonenal were most effective in modulating both the specific D1-like receptor binding and function as measured by adenylate cyclase activation. Inactivation of receptor binding and the depression of adenylate cyclase activity were partially prevented by protection of the D1/D5-receptor with the agonist (R)-SKF 38393 or the specific antagonist SCH 23390. 4-HNE inhibited adenylate cyclase activation by Gpp (NH)p and forskolin, indicating the modulation of Gsα and the catalytic subunit of adenylate cyclase, respectively. Our data suggests that aldehydic products of lipid peroxidation can directly modulate the binding and functional properties of D1/D5 receptors, as well as effector proteins within their signaling pathway.
Phase equilibrium experiments at 0.5 GPa and 1100-1300 °C on a basaltic andesite from Arenal volcano, Costa Rica

Abstract We present results from piston–cylinder experiments on a synthetic composition of basaltic andesite that corresponds to lavas erupted from the ongoing eruption at Arenal volcano, Costa Rica, in order to shed light on magmatic processes at upper crustal depths beneath Arenal. The starting composition represents the least evolved basaltic andesite from the initiation of stage 2 of the current eruption. Anhydrous and hydrous experiments were conducted at 0.5 GPa and 1100–1300 °C: the principal phases encountered were melt, plagioclase, orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene of variable CaO content. Glass and plagioclase compositions change in a consistent manner with decreasing temperature for both hydrous and anhydrous experiments. The phase equilibria dictate that Arenal magmas must have contained > 2 wt.% H2O in order for the erupted rocks to have once represented liquid compositions at a relatively high temperature (1200 °C) and > 4 wt.% H2O if the melt was at the lower temperatures (≤ 1150 °C) that are more likely for the Arenal system. However, anorthite-rich plagioclase phenocrysts (> An85) commonly found in Arenal lavas cannot be accounted for by any reasonable permutation of higher temperature and water content. The close correspondence of the phase compositions (rims of plagioclase, orthopyroxene) and crystallinity observed in stage 2 lavas from Arenal and a hydrous experiment with 2 wt.% water in the melt provides evidence for Arenal magmas ponding and equilibrating at 1150 °C and ∼ 12–14 km depth. The conclusion that Arenal lavas reflect equilibration between observed minerals and a melt with ∼ 2 wt.% H2O at 0.5 GPa, ∼ 1150 °C, argues that these bulk compositions are unlikely to have ever reflected fully molten liquids.
Antiarrhythmic versus antifibrillatory actions: Inference from experimental studies

Pathophysiology of the coronary circulation is a major contributor to altering the myocardial substrate, rendering the heart susceptible to the onset of arrhythmias associated with sudden cardiac death. Antiarrhythmic drug therapy for the prevention of sudden cardiac death has been provided primarily on the basis of trial and error and in some instances based on ill-suited preclinical evaluations. The findings of the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) requires a reexamination of the manner in which antiarrhythmic drugs are developed before entering into clinical testing. The major deficiency in this area of experimental investigation has been the lack of animal models that would permit preclinical studies to identify potentially useful or deleterious therapeutic agents. Further, CAST has emphasized the need to distinguish between pharmacologic interventions that suppresses nonlethal disturbances of cardiac rhythm as opposed to those agents capable of preventing lethal ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. Preclinical models for the testing of antifibrillatory agents must consider the fact that the superimposition of transient ischemic events on an underlying pathophysiologic substrate makes the heart susceptible to lethal arrhythmias. Proarrhythmic events, not observed in the normal heart, may become manifest only when the myocardial substrate has been altered. We describe a model of sudden cardiac death that may more closely simulate the clinical state in humans who are at risk. The experimental results show a good correlation with clinical data regarding agents known to reduce the incidence of lethal arrhythmias as well as those showing proarrhythmic actions.
Some Aspects of the Covariant Two-Body Problem. I. The Bound-State Problem

A study has been made of the bound states of the Bethe-Salpeter equation for the nucleon-antinucleon system, including the ladder and pair-annihilation diagrams. For simplicity, nucleons and mesons were taken to be scalar, the latter having zero rest mass. Pair effects enter only in $S$-states with the bound states corresponding to the poles of the meson propagator ${{D}_{F}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$. The Bethe-Salpeter equation is closely related to the integral equation for the generalized vertex operator $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$; this has been solved by using an integral-transform method similar to that of Wick and Cutkosky, under the assumption that the nucleon mass is large compared to the binding energy. After performing a self-energy subtraction, the energy eigenvalues are found as a function of the coupling constant. These have the form given by the usual Bohr formula plus corrections. Finally, some comments are made with respect to the extension of the formalism to mesons with nonzero mass and spinor nucleons.
Pattern of Relative Motion from Fracture Zone and Spreading Rate Data in the North-eastern Pacific

THE concepts of sea floor spreading and plate tectonics provide a useful framework within which to examine the tectonic history of oceans and continents1–4. In these new theories, the Earth is envisaged as a complex mosaic of rigid plates in constant interaction and the instantaneous relative motion between any two of these plates can be represented by a rotation about a pole. Morgan3 pointed out that sections of fracture zones should follow small circles centred about such poles. This generalization is useful in deriving the path of continents which have been separated by continental drift, for the fracture zones mark the lines of movement.
Vision-Based Proximity Detection in Retinal Surgery

In retinal surgery, surgeons face difficulties such as indirect visualization of surgical targets, physiological tremor, and lack of tactile feedback, which increase the risk of retinal damage caused by incorrect surgical gestures. In this context, intraocular proximity sensing has the potential to overcome current technical limitations and increase surgical safety. In this paper, we present a system for detecting unintentional collisions between surgical tools and the retina using the visual feedback provided by the opthalmic stereo microscope. Using stereo images, proximity between surgical tools and the retinal surface can be detected when their relative stereo disparity is small. For this purpose, we developed a system comprised of two modules. The first is a module for tracking the surgical tool position on both stereo images. The second is a disparity tracking module for estimating a stereo disparity map of the retinal surface. Both modules were specially tailored for coping with the challenging visualization conditions in retinal surgery. The potential clinical value of the proposed method is demonstrated by extensive testing using a silicon phantom eye and recorded rabbit in vivo data.
Acquisition of second languages perceived as ‘close’ or ‘remote’: The perspective of error analysis

Abstract The popular idea that ‘close’ languages are easier to learn than ‘remote’ ones correlates with the Contrastive Analysis position that errors are due to Native Language interference. Current research does not generally credit CA with much accuracy in its prediction of errors, except in phonology. Error Analysis displays a radically different attitude concerning language acquisition, giving the learner an active and creative role in the process. Away from the conflict Native/Target Language, the attention focuses on the evolving grammar of the learner's Interlanguage . This grammar develops through restructuration and creation . Some researchers claim that a mostly creative strategy is observed in the learning of a remote language, while more restructuration takes place in the learning of a close language.
Dispatching to incentivize fast service in multi-server queues

As a field, queueing theory predominantly assumes that the arrival rate of jobs and the system parameters, e.g., service rates, are fixed exogenously, and then proceeds to design and analyze scheduling policies that provide efficient performance, e.g., small response time (sojourn time). However, in reality, the arrival rate and/or service rate may depend on the scheduling and, more generally, the performance of the system. For example, if arrivals are strategic then a decrease in the mean response time due to improved scheduling may result in an increase in the arrival rate.
Substituted 2-Imino-5-arylidenethiazolidin-4-one Inhibitors of Bacterial Type III Secretion

Diverse species of pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria use secretion systems to export a variety of protein toxins and virulence factors that help establish and maintain infection. Disruption of such secretion systems is a potentially effective therapeutic strategy. We developed a high-throughput screen and identified a tris-aryl substituted 2-imino-5-arylidenethiazolidin-4-one, compound 1, as an inhibitor of the type III secretion system. Expansion of this chemotype enabled us to define the essential pharmacophore for type III secretion inhibition by this structural class. A synthetic diversity set helped us identify N-3 as the most permissive locus and led to the design of a panel of novel N-3-dipeptide-modified congeners with improved activity and physiochemical properties. We now report on the synthesis of these compounds, including a novel solid phase approach to the rapid generation of the dipeptide-thiazolidinone hybrids, and their in vitro characterization as inhibitors of type III secretion in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium.
Correlation between native As2Se3 preform purity and glass optical fiber mechanical strength

Abstract Based on their mid-infrared transparency and tailorable thermo-mechanical properties, chalcogenide glass optical fibers have found numerous technological useful applications in the fields of optic and sensing. However they tend to suffer from mechanical limitations as compared to more conventional oxide-glass fibers, which impede their further integration into components where high strength is required. Reported here are findings on the mechanical properties of fibers based on the glass As 2 Se 3 , with a focus on unraveling how extrinsic impurities embedded in the native preform impact the maximum stress that the resulting fibers can endure. Preforms were prepared and subjected to four levels of purification (standard moisture removal, surface oxide volatilization, and synthesis over AlCl 3 getter, followed by distillation) and subsequently drawn into fibers. To effectively decouple the real effect of impurity content on fibers strength from other peripheral parameters, such as manufacturing, handling or aging, each purification protocol was duplicated on one bare fiber and one fiber drawn with a protective coating. Weibull statistics on the strength of As 2 Se 3 fibers were determined in both tension and bending. We demonstrate that coated and uncoated fibers follow a similar trend with purification. Specifically, oxide volatilization treatment increases the fibers resistance to failure, while the addition of AlCl 3 getter in the melt without subsequent distillation degrades it. If further distillation is carried out the fibers strength improves only slightly as compared to oxide volatilization treatment alone. These results provide both insights into the interplay between chemical, optical, and mechanical properties as well as practical steps benefiting the continued utility of these glass optical fibers.
Transgenic expression of interferon-γ in mouse stomach leads to inflammation, metaplasia, and dysplasia.

Gastric adenocarcinoma is one of the leading causes of cancer mortality worldwide. It arises through a stepwise process that includes prominent inflammation with expression of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and multiple other pro-inflammatory cytokines. We engineered mice expressing IFN-γ under the control of the stomach-specific H + /K + ATPase β promoter to test the potential role of this cytokine in gastric tumorigenesis. Stomachs of H/K-IFN-γ transgenic mice exhibited inflammation, expansion of myofibroblasts, loss of parietal and chief cells, spasmolytic polypeptide expressing metaplasia, and dysplasia. Proliferation was elevated in undifferentiated and metaplastic epithelial cells in H/K-IFN-γ transgenic mice, and there was increased apoptosis. H/K-IFN-γ mice had elevated levels of mRNA for IFN-γ target genes and the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Intracellular mediators of IFN-γ and IL-6 signaling, pSTAT1 and pSTAT3, respectively, were detected in multiple cell types within stomach. H/K-IFN-γ mice developed dysplasia as early as 3 months of age, and 4 of 39 mice over 1 year of age developed antral polyps or tumors, including one adenoma and one adenocarcinoma, which expressed high levels of nuclear β-catenin. Our data identified IFN-γ as a pivotal secreted factor that orchestrates complex changes in inflammatory, epithelial, and mesenchymal cell populations to drive pre-neoplastic progression in stomach; however, additional alterations appear to be required for malignant conversion.
Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) : Use of manual materials handling

Abstract Cardiovascular training is a universally accepted prescription for preventing coronary heart disease (CHD) and outpatient rehabilitation (phase 11) of CHD patients. During cardiac rehabilitation (CR), the intensity of supervised aerobic exercises is adjusted by the patient using the Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale. Recent developments have advocated the inclusion of work-related elements in cardiovascular training programs. Since this concept represents a major departure from traditional CR programs, CR researchers are concerned that CHD patients, using the RPE scale, might adjust exercise levels to beyond their capabilities and overexert themselves. The purpose of this work was to investigate if overexertion is likely to result when individuals adjust their manual handling exercise (work) intensity using the RPE scale. Twelve healthy males voluntarily participated in the manual handling study involving 2 box sizes (30 × 30 × 15 cm and 40 × 40 × 25 cm), 3 lifting frequencies (1, 6, and 12/min), 2 lifting heights (floor-83 cm; 83–132 cm), and 2 work performance conditions (psychophysically acceptable maximum work intensities and maximum acceptable work intensities at specified whole body RPE rating). Heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake (Vo 2 ), maximum acceptable weight of lift (MAWL), and RPE were the response variables under the first work performance condition; RPE was fixed at 13 (somewhat hard), the optimal value, under the second work performance condition (smaller value would mean suboptimization of performance and higher value would lead to certain overexertion). HR, Vo 2 , and RPE (in work performance condition 1) values were recorded at the MAWL. The results indicated expected response variable behavior with lifting task factors. The average RPE value when subjects performed under condition 1 was 13.5, slightly higher than the expected RPE value of 13. When subjects performed at the RPE value of 13 (condition 2), all response values (HR, Vo 2 , and MAWL) were observed to be lower than in condition 1. This indicated that when subjects adjusted their work intensities corresponding to RPE value of 13, the work intensities were lower than work intensities when RPE value was not specified. Thus, the results indicate that individuals are unlikely to overexert themselves if the CR cardiovascular training programs include work-related elements such as manual lifting.
The effect of ink types and printing processes on flotation deinking efficiency of wastepaper recycling

Wastepaper is the largest fraction of solid waste. Flotation deinking plays an essential role in the product quality and process cost of wastepaper recycling. This paper investigated the effect of ink types and printing processes on flotation deinking. Examination of ink types in this study revealed that newsprint oil-based offset-cold and offset-heat inks contain substantial oil (45 to 60%) and resin (5 to 35%); water-based ink contains water (40%) and resin (polystyrene, 30%); and these inks are liquids with densities around 1 g/cm3 at 25 °C. On the other hand, photocopy and laser-print toners were found to be solid powders with particle diameters of about 20 μm, densities of 1 to 1.5 g/cm3, and a composition that consists primarily of styrene-acrylate copolymers (60 to 90%). Except for water-based ink, which is water soluble, all inks in their initial state are hydrophobic. It was found that for newsprint oil based offset-cold inks there is little change in their surface chemical properties, and their hydrophobic character is retained. These inks in the newsprint wastepaper pulp can be effectively removed by flotation. On the other hand, it was found that during the printing processes, the toner particles undergo polymerization (fusion) and oxidation with the subsequent formation of peroxide bonds due to exposure to heat, light, and oxygen (air). The fusion due to polymerization causes bonding to the paper fibers and the creation of larger toner particle sizes. The oxidation creates a greater polarity at the toner particle surface. These effects account for the poor efficiency in the flotation deinking of office waste. In order to improve office wastepaper recycling, it is evident, based on this study and policy considerations, that there is a need to find ways of improving the efficiency and effectiveness of flotation deinking by modification of the surface properties of printed toner particles, or designing new toner particles.
Nucleotide Synthesis under Possible Primitive Earth Conditions

The nucleosides adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, uridine, and thymidine were each heated with inorganic phosphate. Nucleoside monophosphates were formed in appreciable yield. This result has a bearing on the hypothesis of chemical evolution.
Para-Derivatized Pybox Ligands As Sensitizers in Highly Luminescent Ln(III) Complexes

New complexes of pyridine-bis(oxazoline) derivatized with -H, -OMe, and -Br at the para position of the pyridine ring with Eu(III) and Tb(III) have been isolated. These are highly luminescent in the solid state, regardless of the ligand-to-metal ratio. Several of the metal complexes were isolated and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, showing the rich diversity of structures that can be obtained with this family of ligands. [Eu(PyboxOMe)3](NO3)3·3CH2Cl2, 1, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n and has the cell parameters a = 14.3699(10) A, b = 13.4059(9) A, c = 25.8766(18) A, β = 95.367(1)°, and V = 4963.1(6) A3. The isostructural [Tb(PyboxOMe)3](NO3)3·3CH2Cl2, 2, crystallizes with the parameters a = 14.4845(16) A, b = 13.2998(15) A, c = 25.890(3) A, β = 94.918(2)°, and V = 4969.1(10) A3. 3, a 1:1 complex with the formula [Eu(PyboxBr)(NO3)3(H2O)], crystallizes in the monoclinic P21/c space group with a = 11.649(2) A, b = 8.3914(17) A, c = 20.320(4) A, β = 100.25(3)°, and V = 19...
Studies of the renal vasoactive systems in hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism.

Abstract Plasma renin activity, total renin, active renin, and aldosterone were measured as well as urinary prostaglandin E2 and kallikrein in a group of patients with hyperkalemia (6.1–7.7 mEq per liter) and hypo reninemic hypoaldosteronism. Plasma renin activity and aldosterone were low and the response was markedly blunted to upright posture, and furosemide. The rise in cortisol but not aldosterone was normal following ACTH stimulation. Active renin was depressed; however, total renin was normal. Urine PGE was variable including some low values, but the mean of the group was normal (p >0.1). Urine kallikrein excretion was markedly diminished and undetectable in most cases. Fludrocortisone normalized potassium but minimally increased kallikrein in the patients. The possibility exists that kallikrein deficiency in these patients may underlie the inability to generate active renin.
Quality of Life and Perceived Educational Needs among Older Cancer Survivors

The purpose of this study was to evaluate perceived educational needs regarding nutrition and exercise in older cancer survivors. One hundred ninety survivors, age 70.7 (7.5), completed a Survey of Needs developed from the City of Hope Quality of Life model. Fifty percent reported distress related to poor appetite, 60% reported distress related to weight change, 64% reported distress related to balance/walking/mobility difficulty, and 79% reported distress related to fatigue. Weight change, poor appetite, balance/walking/mobility difficulty, and fatigue were significantly associated with distress related to (a) managing household activities, (b) caring for family, (c) maintaining a sense of well-being, (d) coping with grief and loss, and (e) managing stress. Despite distress associated with weight change, poor appetite, mobility difficulty, and fatigue, respondents did not recognize a need for education regarding nutrition and exercise. Findings suggest that evaluating older survivors’ perceptions of needs may be necessary prior to designing interventions for care.
Unjust, Cruel and Barbarous Proceedings: Japanese Mercenaries and the Amboyna Incident of 1623

In 1623, the Dutch governor of Amboyna, an important clove-producing island in modern-day Indonesia, executed a group of English merchants and Japanese mercenaries accused of plotting to seize control of the VOC castle on the island. After news of these events reached Europe, the Amboyna Massacre, as it came to be called in England, rapidly became invested with great consequences as English and Dutch leaders fought over the issues of blame and compensation. This article examines the Japanese mercenaries accused by the VOC, the silent participants whose cause was not taken up by any national government.
Prior drug experience and effects of amphetamine on schedule controlled behavior.

Abstract Food deprived rats were trained to lever press for food pellets on a fixed ratio 40 schedule of reinforcement. Following 18 days of training, rats received d -amphetamine IP (1.0 mg/kg) as a drug control. Three days later, half of the animals were given d -amphetamine and half were given NaCl for six days. Tolerance to the disruptive effects of d -amphetamine on FR responding was not noted in the drugged group. Both groups received 14 more daily sessions with NaCl followed by 12 additional days of drug. Rats with previous drug experience exhibited tolerance in 6 days, while the other group required 12 days. In a second study, rats were trained to respond on an unsignalled continuous avoidance schedule for 8–10 weeks. Two groups of rats were given 7 daily drug sessions in which d -amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg) was administered IP. Each drug session was followed by 2 daily NaCl control sessions. In the first 3 drug sessions of one group, d -amphetamine was injected IP 30 min after the end of the session. All other injections were given immediately before placement into the operant chamber. During the first session in which the drug was injected before placement into the chamber, response increases were significantly higher in rats with drug experience outside the behavioral situation than in drug naive subjects. These studies emphasize the importance of prior drug exposure when investigating behavioral effects of drugs.
Distinctive gastrointestinal anomaly associated with Coffin-Siris syndrome

independent familial sexual precocity with premature Leydig and germinal cell maturation (familial testotoxieosis): effects of a potent luteinizing hormone-releasing factor agonist and medroxyprogesterone acetate therapy in four cases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983;57:571. 9. Wierman ME, Beardsworth DE, Mansfield J, et al. Puberty without gonadotropins: a unique mechanism of sexual development. N Engl J Med 1985;312:65. 10. Gomez MR, ed. Tuberous sclerosis. New York: Raven Press, ! 979:1-246, 11. Foster CM, Ross JL, Shawker T, et al. Absence of pubertal gonadotropin secretion in girls with McCune-Albright syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984;58:1161. 12. Reiter EO, Brown RS, Longcope C, Beitins IZ. Male-limited familial precocious puberty in three generations: apparent Leydig-cell autonomy and elevated glycoprotein hormone alpha subunit. N Engl J Med 1984;311:515. 13. Loriaux DL, Menard R, Taylor A, Pita JC, Santen R. Spironolactone and endocrine dysfunction. Ann Intern Med 1976;850:630. 14. Netzloff ML, Wilson BE. Benign Leydig cell hyperplasia: treatment with cyproterone acetate. Pediatr Res 1983; 17:167A. 15. Sikka SC, Swerdioff RS, Rajfer J. In vitro inhibition of testosterone biosynthesis by ketoconazole. Endocrinology 1985;116:1920. 16. Tucker WS Jr, Snell BB, Island DP, Gregg CR. Reversible adrenal insufficiency induced by ketoconazole. JAMA 1985; 253:2413.
A note on finite sample breakdown points of projection based multivariate location and scatter statistics

In this note, general results of finite sample breakdown point are obtained for two classes of projection based location and scatter statistics: the Stahel-Donoho statistics and the Maronna-Yohai statistics. It is shown that these projection based location and scatter statistics can achieve the maximum breakdown point of affine equivariant multivariate location and scatter statistics. General relationships between the finite sample breakdown point of these statistics and the uniform finite sample breakdown point of the sample median and a modified sample median absolute deviation are formally established.
Derivation of the Waldmann-Snider transport equation for molecular gases

Abstract The Waldmann-Snider equation, which has been used to describe transport phenomena in dilute molecular gases, is derived using a projection operator method. The method and the assumptions in the derivation are analogous to the method and assumptions used in a previous derivation of a quantum mechanical Boltzmann equation for dilute monatomic gases. It is shown that the Wang Chang-Uhlenbeck equation can not be derived using the same method and analogous assumptions. Hence, the Waldmann-Snider equation, rather than the Wang Chang-Uhlenbeck equation, is the correct generalization of the Boltzmann equation to molecular gases.
IOrchestrator: Improving the Performance of Multi-node I/O Systems via Inter-Server Coordination

A cluster of data servers and a parallel file system are often used to provide high-throughput I/O service to parallel programs running on a compute cluster. To exploit I/O parallelism parallel file systems stripe file data across the data servers. While this practice is effective in serving asynchronous requests, it may break individual program's spatial locality, which can seriously degrade I/O performance when the data servers concurrently serve synchronous requests from multiple I/O-intensive programs. In this paper we propose a scheme, IOrchestrator, to improve I/O performance of multi-node storage systems by orchestrating I/O services among programs when such inter-data-server coordination is dynamically determined to be cost effective. We have implemented IOrchestrator in the PVFS2 parallel file system. Our experiments with representative parallel benchmarks show that IOrchestrator can significantly improve I/O performance-- by up to a factor of 2.5--delivered by a cluster of data servers servicing concurrently-running parallel programs. Notably, we have not observed any scenarios in which the use of IOrchestrator causes substantial performance degradation.
Spatiotemporal evidence of apoptosis-mediated ischemic injury in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures.

Abstract Oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD) induced neuron-specific cell death in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Neuronal death was first evident in the CA1 region 24 h after the injury as assessed by propidium iodide (PI) labeling, and continued to extend to the CA3/4 region up to 72 h. At 6 days post-OGD, PI labeling was weak and diffuse with no clear demarcation of pyknotic nuclei. To characterize biochemical changes produced by OGD, cellular efflux of three key amino acid neurotransmitters was evaluated. OGD elicited large increases in the release of GABA and aspartate (55- and 4.5-fold increase over basal, respectively), while there were no detectable changes in extracellular glutamate levels. In order to ascertain the existence of the synaptic pool of glutamate, sister cultures were treated with sodium azide. This evoked a strong increase in glutamate release, suggesting the intactness of the glutamate system. Further studies revealed a time-dependent activation of caspase 3 following OGD, shown by immunoblot analysis as well as by confocal laser scanning microscopy. While we did not observe the activation of caspases 1, 2, or 8 in our model, the activation of caspase 9 was evident, peaking at 12 h post-OGD. Despite no apparent increase in glutamate release by ischemic slices, treatment with a N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) antagonist or an alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) antagonist significantly reduced neuronal death. Furthermore, a pan-caspase inhibitor (zVAD-fmk), but not the caspase 3 inhibitor (DEVD-fmk), provided partial neuroprotection. Inhibition of a Ca 2+ -dependent cysteine protease, calpain, by MDL28170 also elicited partial neuroprotective effects.