cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exercise does not feel the same when you are overweight: the impact of self-selected and imposed intensity on affect and exertion

Objective: The lower rates of adherence to physical activity commonly found among overweight adults compared to their normal-weight counterparts might be due to the activity being experienced as more laborious and less pleasant, particularly when its intensity is prescribed (or imposed) rather than self-selected. Design: Within-subject design, with two 20-min sessions of treadmill exercise, one at self-selected speed and one at imposed speed, 10% higher than the self-selected. Subjects: A total of 16 overweight (BMI: 31 kg/m 2 ) and 9 normal-weight (BMI: 22 kg/m 2 ) previously sedentary but healthy women (age: 43 years). Measurements: Heart rate, oxygen uptake relative to body weight, and ratings of perceived exertion and pleasure–displeasure were assessed every 5 min. Results: The overweight women showed higher oxygen uptake and perceived exertion than the normal-weight women during both sessions. Although the two groups did not differ in ratings of pleasure–displeasure during the session at self-selected speed, only the overweight women showed a significant decline when the speed was imposed. Conclusions: Imposing a speed that is just 10% higher than what overweight women would have self-selected led to a significant decline in reported pleasure. Over time, this could diminish the enjoyment of and intrinsic motivation for physical activity, reducing adherence. International Journal of Obesity (2006) 30, 652–660. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803052; published online 30 August 2005
A molecular method for assessing the effects of potential contaminants on the rate of zebrafish (Danio rerio) development.

Monitoring expression of the developmentally regulated genes shh, sox2, and tnnt1 by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) allows determination of the rate of embryogenesis in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos without direct visual observation. The utility of combining this approach and morphological methods during toxicity studies was demonstrated with embryos developing at either 28.5 °C or 24.5 °C and with embryos exposed to sublethal doses of silver nanoparticles. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:238–242. © 2013 SETAC
A Driving Rain Index for Masonry Walls

The British have developed and the Canadians have subsequently adopted a driving rain index that is here applied as a criterion to define the severity of exposure of masonry walls to water permeation. Recommendations are made for minimum thicknesses of several masonry materials in walls with and without coatings and furring in five geographical regions of the United States.
Virtual reality as a complex interactive system: a multidimensional model of person artificial partner co-relations

The operational definition of virtual reality as a complex interactive system (CIS) represents it as a configuration of exchanges between a person and a digital world mediated by the artificial, partner. The adequate model for understanding the essence of CIS includes, in addition to three 'traditional' dimensions (physical-per-se, mental, and virtual), a fourth dimension defined as individual self-determination and formed by one's needs, preferences, profile of imagination, identities, and individual experiences. The analysis of 'person-artificial agent' interactions in the context of a complex systems approach is associated with the implementation of such interaction effects as compensation, optimization, adequacy, and effectiveness. Virtual entertainment can be viewed not only as a part of modern popular culture but also as a tool for constructive activities. The latter, employed by certain groups of users, can not only enhance their life as an enjoyment but also as training tool for sensory-motor, cognitive and emotional improvement, and their well-being in general.
Role of Phase Variation in the Resistance of Myxococcus xanthus Fruiting Bodies to Caenorhabditis elegans Predation

The phenomenon of phase variation between yellow and tan forms of Myxococcus xanthus has been recognized for several decades, but it is not known what role this variation may play in the ecology of myxobacteria. We confirm an earlier report that tan variants are disproportionately more numerous in the resulting spore population of a M. xanthus fruiting body than the tan vegetative cells that contributed to fruiting body formation. However, we found that tan cells may not require yellow cells for fruiting body formation or starvation-induced sporulation of tan cells. Here we report three differences between the yellow and tan variants that may play important roles in the soil ecology of M. xanthus. Specifically, the yellow variant is more capable of forming biofilms, is more sensitive to lysozyme, and is more resistant to ingestion by bacteriophagous nematodes. We also show that the myxobacterial fruiting body is more resistant to predation by worms than are dispersed M. xanthus cells.
A Private Property Rights Regime for the Commons: The Case for Groundwater

We compare the social welfare of pumping groundwater under central (optimal) control to that obtained under a private property rights regime in which firms are granted tradeable permits to the in situ groundwater stock. When firms are risk averse, both regimes are suboptimal, and the matter of which regime yields greater welfare is an empirical one. When firms are risk neutral, central control dominates the private property rights regime. Still, a stochastic dynamic programming model of Madera County, California, demonstrates that even in this case, the private property rights regime is a promising alternative to central control.
MODIFICATION OF DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASE OF MICE BY SOMATROPHIN (STH)12

Male mice of strain C57BL Jax 6 were treated with increasing doses of the, bovine growth hormone Somar for 5 months starting at the age of 6 weeks. The observations were extended into old age. The joints of these mice were studied microscopically, and the progress of articular growth, of old age changes and of osteoarthritis was analyzed. As compared with conditions in untreated controls, STH promoted growth and old age changes of the articular cartilage; it also accelerated the onset and increased the incidence and severity of degenerative joint disease. The relationship of spontaneous osteoarthritis occurring in ageing mice to that seen after administration of STH as well as in aero megalic patients is discussed. It is felt that on the basis of microscopic findings a distinction between these two types of arthropathies cannot be made with certainty. A slight transitory thyrotrophic effect but no other trophic effects of Somar were noted.
Monte Carlo and series study of corrections to scaling in two-dimensional percolation

Corrections to scaling for percolation cluster numbers in two dimensions are studied by Monte Carlo simulations of very large systems (up to 17*109 lattice sites) and by series analysis. Both series and Monte Carlo work suggests that the value of the correction-to-scaling exponent is slightly lower at the percolation threshold than away from it. Moreover, the corrections to scaling observed at pc ( Omega equivalent to 0.64) might be due to the mixing of scaling fields rather than to the irrelevant scaling fields. The Monte Carlo results are compatible with finite-size scaling, and finite-size scaling corrections are estimated. Technical problems associated with Monte Carlo simulation of very large systems are discussed in an appendix.
Both hMutSα and hMutSß DNA mismatch repair complexes participate in 5-fluorouracil cytotoxicity.

Background Patients with advanced microsatellite unstable colorectal cancers do not show a survival benefit from 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based chemotherapy. We and others have shown that the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) complex hMutSα binds 5-FU incorporated into DNA. Although hMutSs is known to interact with interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) induced by drugs such as cisplatin and psoralen, it has not been demonstrated to interact with 5-FU incorporated into DNA. Our aim was to examine if hMutSs plays a role in 5-FU recognition. Methods We compared the normalized growth of 5-FU treated cells containing either or both mismatch repair complexes using MTT and clonogenic assays. We utilized oligonucleotides containing 5-FU and purified baculovirus-synthesized hMutSα and hMutSs in electromobility shift assays (EMSA) and further analyzed binding using surface plasmon resonance. Results MTT and clonogenic assays after 5-FU treatment demonstrated the most cytotoxicity in cells with both hMutSα and hMutSs, intermediate cytotoxicity in cells with hMutSα alone, and the least cytotoxicity in cells with hMutSs alone, hMutSs binds 5-FU-modified DNA, but its relative binding is less than the binding of 5-FU-modified DNA by hMutSα. Conclusion Cytotoxicity induced by 5-FU is dependent on intact DNA MMR, with relative cell death correlating directly with hMutSα and/or hMutSs 5-FU binding ability (hMutSα>hMutSs). The MMR complexes provide a hierarchical chemosensitivity for 5-FU cell death, and may have implications for treatment of patients with certain MMR-deficient tumors.
Thrombocytosis: Diagnostic Evaluation, Thrombotic Risk Stratification, and Risk-Based Management Strategies

Thrombocytosis is a commonly encountered clinical scenario, with a large proportion of cases discovered incidentally. The differential diagnosis for thrombocytosis is broad and the diagnostic process can be challenging. Thrombocytosis can be spurious, attributed to a reactive process or due to clonal disorder. This distinction is important as it carries implications for evaluation, prognosis, and treatment. Clonal thrombocytosis associated with the myeloproliferative neoplasms, especially essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera, carries a unique prognostic profile, with a markedly increased risk of thrombosis. This risk is the driving factor behind treatment strategies in these disorders. Clinical trials utilizing targeted therapies in thrombocytosis are ongoing with new therapeutic targets waiting to be explored. This paper will outline the mechanisms underlying thrombocytosis, the diagnostic evaluation of thrombocytosis, complications of thrombocytosis with a special focus on thrombotic risk as well as treatment options for clonal processes leading to thrombocytosis, including essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera.
Prostatic Ductal System in Rats: Regional Variation in Morphological and Functional Activities

The rat prostate is a complex ductal system with branches and subbranches extending from one end to another. Owing to the relative distance of various regions of the duct from the urethra, the entire length of the ductal system can be arbitrarily divided into three segments, i.e., the proximal, intermediate, and distal segments. The present study was carried out to assess the regional variation in cellular activities in this ductal system. Ventral prostates from adult Sprague-Dawley rats were dissected so that an individual ductal system was mechanically isolated and longitudinally sectioned to reveal various segments. Epithelial cells lining distal segments were tall-columnar type and were actively engaging in mitotic activity. Cells in intermediate segments were also tall-columnar type. However, they were mitotically quiescent, but able to produce secretory proteins. Evidence of programmed cell death was not observed in either of these two segments. Cells in proximal segments, on the other hand, were low-columnar or cuboidal in shape and were stained heavily for cathepsin D, a marker associated with late manifestation of cell death. Following castration in adult rats, there was a reversal in the site of programmed death in cells lining the ductal system. By Day 4 post-castration, distal segments contained many epithelial cells with intense cytoplasmic staining for cathepsin D while proximal segments showed a reduction in number of positively stained cells. By Day 7 post-castration, cells in proximal segments, though atrophied, were devoid of staining for cathepsin D.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Design and Demonstration of 40 micron Bump Pitch Multi-layer RDL on Panel-based Glass Interposers

This paper describes the design, fabrication, and characterization of a two-metal layer RDL structure at 40 um pitch on thin glass interposers. Such an RDL structure is targeted at 2.5D glass interposer packages to achieve up to 1 TB/s die-to-die bandwidth and off-interposer data rates greater than 400 Gb/s, driven by consumer demand of online services for mobile devices. Advanced packaging architectures including 2.5D and 3D interposers require fine line lithography beyond the capabilities of current organic package substrates. Although silicon interposers fabricated using back-end-of-line processes can achieve these RDL wiring densities, they suffer from high electrical loss and high cost. Organic interposers with high wiring densities have also been demonstrated recently using a single sided thin film process. This paper goes beyond silicon and organic interposers in demonstrating fine pitch RDL on glass interposers fabricated by low cost, double sided, and panel-scalable processes. The high modulus an...
A Primer for Creating a Flipped Psychology Course

Instructional design for psychology courses is ever changing. Recently, there has been an explosion of scholarly literature related to flipped classroom pedagogy in higher education. This essential...
Planarly Layered Media

This chapter contains sections titled: One-Dimensional Planar Inhomogeneity Spectral Representations of Sources A Source on Top of a Layered Medium A Source Embedded in a Layered Medium Asymptotic Expansions of Integrals Dipole Over Layered Media��-��Asymptotic Expansions Singularities of the Sommerfeld Integrals WKB Method Propagator Matrix Waves in Anisotropic, Layered Media This chapter contains sections titled: Exercises for Chapter 2 References for Chapter 2 Further Readings for Chapter 2
Broadband perfect absorber based on one ultrathin layer of refractory metal

Broadband perfect absorber based on one ultrathin layer of the refractory metal chromium without structure patterning is proposed and demonstrated. The ideal permittivity of the metal layer for achieving broadband perfect absorption is derived based on the impedance transformation method. Since the permittivity of the refractory metal chromium matches this ideal permittivity well in the visible and near-infrared range, a silica-chromium-silica three-layer absorber is fabricated to demonstrate the broadband perfect absorption. The experimental results under normal incidence show that the absorption is above 90% over the wavelength range of 0.4–1.4 μm, and the measurements under angled incidence within 400–800 nm prove that the absorber is angle-insensitive and polarization-independent.
Nonlinear mappings between discrete and simultaneous motions to decrease training burden of simultaneous pattern recognition myoelectric control

Real-time simultaneous pattern recognition (PR) control of multiple degrees of freedom (DOF) has been demonstrated using a set of parallel linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classifiers trained with both discrete (1-DOF) and simultaneous (2-DOF) motion data. However, this training method presents a clinical challenge, requiring large amounts of data necessary to re-train the system. This study presents a parallel classifier training method that aims to reduce the training burden. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) were used to determine a nonlinear mapping between surface EMG features of 2-DOF motions and their 1-DOF motion components. The mapping was then used to transform experimentally collected features of 1-DOF motions into simulated features of 2-DOF motions. A set of parallel LDA classifiers were trained using the novel training method and two previously reported training methods. The training methods evaluated were (1) using experimentally collected 1-DOF data and ANN-simulated 2-DOF data, (2) using only experimentally collected 1-DOF data and (3) using experimentally collected 1- and 2-DOF data. Using the novel training method resulted in significantly lower classification error overall (p<0.01) and in predicting 2-DOF motions (p<0.01) compared to training with experimental 1-DOF data only. These findings demonstrate that using a set of ANNs to predict 2-DOF data from 1-DOF data can improve system performance when only discrete training data are available, thus reducing the training burden of simultaneous PR control.
Mall Haul Videos: Self-Presentational Motives and the Role of Self-Monitoring

Mall haul videos or vlogs are short videos in which young women not only present their fashion and beauty purchases but express their evaluations and opinions as well. The attitudes expressed could help the vlogger reap social rewards from a reference group or demonstrate the consistency between privately held attitudes and publicly expressed ones. In four studies, using the self-monitoring construct to identify which function an attitude may serve for an individual, the self-monitoring propensity of mall haul vloggers and the social-adjustive and value-expressive functions that posting and watching such vlogs fulfill for the individual was explored. In the first study, those who post and do not post mall haul vlogs were surveyed and results suggested that more high self-monitors than low self-monitors posted mall haul vlogs. In Study 2, a content analysis was conducted and revealed that low self-monitors in comparison to high self-monitors mentioned more brand names in their mall haul vlog. In Study 3, the valence of the product evaluations conveyed in mall haul vlogs by high and low self-monitors was analyzed. High self-monitors generated more positive messages than low self-monitors. Finally in Study 4, the links between self-monitoring on individuals’ willingness to watch rather than post mall haul vlogs were examined. High self-monitors were more likely to watch a mall haul vlog when the retailer mentioned was perceived to possess high status (compared to medium or low status); while low self-monitors were more likely to watch a mall haul vlog when the retailer mentioned was perceived to possess low status (compared to medium or high status). Across all four studies, results indicated that mall haul vlogs were fulfilling a social-adjustive function for high self-monitors whereas they were fulfilling a value-expressive function for low self-monitors. Implications for marketing are discussed.
In Defence of Intelligible Reasons in Public Justification

Mainstream political liberalism holds that legal coercion is permissible only if it is based on reasons that all can share, access or accept. But these requirements are subject to well-known problems. I articulate and defend an intelligible reasons requirement as an alternative. An intelligible reason is one that all suitably idealized members of the public can see as a reason for the person who offers it according to that person’s own evaluative standards. It thereby permits reasons into public justification that all cannot share, access, or accept, and so contrasts with standard approaches to public justification. The intelligible reasons requirement also has two striking implications. First, it severs the connection between public justification and principles of deliberative restraint. Secondly, it pushes political liberals to appeal to other political processes to publicly justify law, specifically bargaining, adjudication and social evolution.
Red fluorescence in coral larvae is associated with a diapause-like state

Effective dispersal across environmental gradients is the key to species resilience to environmental perturbation, including climate change. Coral reefs are among the most sensitive ecosystems to global warming, but factors predicting coral dispersal potential remain unknown. In a reef-building coral Acropora millepora, larval fluorescence emerged as a possible indicator of dispersal potential since it correlates with responsiveness to a settlement cue. Here, we show that gene expression in red fluorescent larvae of A. millepora is correlated with diapause-like characteristics highly likely to be associated with extended dispersal. We compared gene expression among three larval fluorescent morphs under three coloured light treatments. While colour morphs did not differ in their gene expression responses to light colour, red larvae demonstrated gene expression signatures of cell cycle arrest and decreased transcription accompanied by elevated ribosome production and heightened defenses against oxidative stress. A meta-analysis revealed that this profile was highly similar to the signatures of elevated thermal tolerance in the same coral species, and moreover, functionally resembled diapause states in an insect and a nematode. Our results support a connection between red fluorescence and long-range dispersal, which offers a new perspective on the molecular underpinnings of coral larval dispersal and the biological function of GFP-like fluorescent proteins.
On the Purity of Our Moral Motives: A Critique of Kant's Account of the Emotions and Acting for the Sake of Duty

Rarely has a philosopher demanded such a purity of moral motives. Even when he discusses those "many spirits of so sympathetic a temper that, without any further motive of vanity or self-interest, they find an inner pleasure in spreading happiness around them and can take delight in the con tentment of others as their own work," Kant maintains that, "in such a case an action of this kind, however right and however amiable it may be, still has no genuinely moral worth."1 Because the action is done from inclination rather than duty, it cannot qualify as a morally good action in Kant's eyes. Indeed, this seems to suggest that from a moral point of view the person who is naturally unsympathetic to others almost has an advantage, at least in terms of the opportunity for moral action, over those who are naturally in clined to altruistic acts. Kant hardly seems to shrink from such a conclusion. His own words best convey his position here.
Hairy leukoplakia; lessons learned: 30-plus years

Well into the fourth decade of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, we can look back on the early years, the initial discoveries, and the broad sweep of the progress of our understanding of the nature, causes, and significance of the oral lesions seen in those infected with the virus. Prominent among these is oral hairy leukoplakia (HL), a previously unknown lesion of the mouth associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and initially seen only in people with AIDS, in the then-recognized risk groups, or those shown to be HIV positive. Subsequently, it became clear that the distribution of HL extends well beyond the HIV spectrum. In this brief review, we consider the clinical and histological features of HL, discuss how it was discovered, explore its cause, diagnosis, relationship with AIDS, pathogenesis, significance in EBV biology, options for management, and how it changes with HIV/AIDS therapy.
Organ preservation in the treatment of malignant solid tumors in children

Organ preservation is one of the requirements for maintaining the high quality of life after the treatment of malignant solid tumors in children. We analyze our recent results of renal preservation in the abdominal neuroblastoma and describe 3 cases of successful organ preservation in pelvic malignancy. Between 1982 and 1996, 29 patients with adrenal or retroperitoneal neuroblastoma, that extended into the surrounding tissues and organs and/or to the contralateral side, underwent delayed primary excision. Before 1982, 9 patients were treated and only one ipsilateral kidney was preserved. On the other hand, 13 of 20 kidneys were preserved after 1987. Adoption of cis-platinum deepened our awareness of preserving the kidney. Furthermore, we have altered our strategy since 1987 to continuing preoperative chemotherapy until the size of the tumor becomes as small as it is estimated completely resectable by our own index, which is derived from computed tomography. Kidneys are shielded during intraoperative irradiation, and the tumor relapsed from the shielded area of retroperitoneum in one patient. Four of 14 preserved kidneys became atrophic and lost their function. The bladder and the rectum were left intact at tumor resection after intensive chemotherapy in two patients with pelvic (one retroperitoneal and one vaginal) rhabdomyosarcoma. A yolk sac tumor of the vagina responded completely to chemotherapy with cis-platinum, etoposide and bleomycin. The patient has survived 7.5 years without any local and distant relapse in spite of the fact that surgery, aside from several diagnostic biopsies, was not undertaken.
SU-F-T-639: Use of a 6D Couch for Real-Time Motion Correction During Frameless Stereotactic Radiosurgery

Purpose: High precision patient positioning is critical in stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). A 6 Degree-of-freedom (6D) robotic serial couch has the potential to correct both translational and rotational target motion deviations during image-guided radiosurgery procedures. An inverse kinematics algorithm based on the structure of the couch is presented, and a feedback control algorithm is discussed. The feasibility of motion compensation with a 6D couch is demonstrated by simulation with prerecorded volunteer head motion data. Methods: The proposed 6D couch motion compensation system included a robotic 6D couch, an image tracking system, and a control computer. For the control, the desired couch top plane was computed based on coordinate frames transformation, and the actuator outputs were calculated by 6D couch inverse kinematics algorithm. During the control, the rotation and translation were coupled, leading to undesired coupling motion of the lesion. Although such coupling was eventually cancelled out, it nonetheless represented unnecessary displacements of the target. An optimal decoupling control algorithm was designed to resolve this problem. The lever effect of the distance of between the target and the pivot of 6D couch roll/pitch were also discussed. Results: The pre-recorded volunteer head motion data was used in a computer-based motion compensation simulation, by 6D couch motion compensation, the corrected target was within a 0.3 mm of translational errors and 0.1 degree in the rotational errors about 99.5% of time. Conclusion: We presented an optimal decoupling control algorithm for motion compensation by using a robotic 6D couch. The simulation also showed that reducing the distance between the target and the pivot of roll/pitch of the couch can also improve the accuracy of the compensation. The simulation showed that the 6D robotic system can achieve submillimeter/subdegree position accuracies.
Chevron and Legislative History

The Court's decision in Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. presupposes that when Congress leaves indeterminacy in an organic act, that indeterminacy reflects an implicit delegation of power to the agency to fill in the details of statutory meaning. Accordingly, a reviewing court must accept the agency's interpretation if reasonable. At its threshold the Chevron test requires the reviewing court to use the "traditional tools of statutory construction" to determine if Congress expressed a clear intention concerning the interpretive question or, by virtue of indeterminacy, left the question for agency resolution. In the era in which it decided Chevron, the Court felt free to use legislative history to help determine whether Congress had directly spoken to the question at issue in the case. In the years since Chevron, the Court's understanding of the "traditional tools" of statutory interpretation has changed. Contrary to its practice at the time of Chevron, the Court has made it flatly impermissible for interpreters to rely on legislative history in a way that contradicts the text of the statute. This Article argues that the Court's new approach to legislative history precludes the Court's use of that tool of construction to resolve indeterminacy under the Chevron doctrine. If as Chevron suggests, an administrative statute's indeterminacy presumptively reflects a legislative intention to delegate broad policy-making discretion to the responsible agency, then the reviewing court's use of legislative history to narrow that discretion contradicts the implemental design of the statute by narrowing the delegation effectuated by the text.
A Normative Approach to Parent-Young Adult Child Communication in the Context of Substance Use Disorders: Explicating Parents’ Communication Challenges and Strategies

ABSTRACTDespite a decrease in substance use among teens, alcohol and substance use has remained high among young adults. Young adult use of illicit substances is particularly concerning. Parents can play an important role in substance use intervention and prevention, but their efforts are sometimes unsuccessful. Therefore, it is important to consider how parents respond to and communicate about their young adult children’s substance use disorder. Most research has privileged confrontation and direct communication as effective coping responses, but evidence suggests that effectiveness hinges on the meanings interactants ascribe to behavior. Through qualitative interviews, the current study develops normative theory regarding parents’ communication challenges and strategies in response to their young adult child’s substance use disorder. Parents’ challenges center on the intersection of support with their own substance use history; others’ divergent views on substance use; uncertainty in illness; relational...
Chemische Strategie beim Nahrungserwerb der Diebsameise (Solenopsis fugax Latr.) und der Pharaoameise (Monomorium pharaonis L.)

1. Die Diebsameise (Solenopsis fugax) markiert ihre unterirdischen Gange, die sie in die Brutkammern benachbarter fremder Ameisenarten anlegt, mit einem Rekrutierungspheromon aus der Dufourschen Druse. 2. Beim Beutemachen in den fremden Brutkammern gibt sie aus der Giftdruse eine hochwirksame und lang anhaltende Repellentsubstanz ab. Sie kann dadurch nabezu ungestort in den fremden Brutkammern die Ameisenbrut angreifen. 3. Eine ganz ahnliche chemische Strategie setzt die Pharaoameise (Monomorium pharaonis) beim Nahrungserwerb ein. Auch sie legt Rekrutierungsspuren mit einem Pheromon aus der Dufourschen Druse und markiert Beuteobjekte mit einer Repellentsubstanz aus der Giftdruse. Auf diese Weise schaltet sie sehr erfolgreich Futterkonkurrenten an gemeinsamen Futterplatzen aus.
High Incidence but Low Morbitiy of Early Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infections Following Reduced Intensity Conditioning (RIC) Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation with Alemtuzumab and Ganciclovir Prophylaxis.

Background : IThe CD52 monoclonal antibody Alemtuzumab appears to be of great promise when incorporated as a lymphocyte depleting agent in RIC stem cell transplants. However the degree of functional immunosuppression produced by this antibody in this application has not yet been well characterized. As a surrogate functional marker, we have studied the incidence and pattern of CMV infection following RIC transplantation regimens with a regimen incorporating this antibody. Methods : We analyzed CMV infections and risk factors in 49 patients who underwent allogeneic stem cell transplantation with a RIC regimen consisting of Fludarabine (120mg/m 2 ), total body irradiation (450 cGy), antithymocyte globulin (40mg/kg), (n=11) or Alemtuzumab (40mg), (n=38) with or without CD45 monoclonal antibodies for various malignant disorders. Donors were HLA identical (related, n=20; unrelated, n=20) or one antigen mismatched (n=9). Ganciclovir was used as prophylaxis starting at engraftment or on recovery from cytopenias. CMV antigenemia and polymerase chain reaction based assays were performed on peripheral blood twice a week till day 100 and then on each clinic visit. Results : The cumulative incidence of CMV reactivation at 1 year post-transplant with Alemtuzumab, in patients at risk, was 60% (95% CI, 45%–78%). Median time to reactivation of 24 days (range, 5– 95 days). Fifty seven percent (12/21) of the reactivations occurred before day 30. Recurrence of CMV reactivation occurred in 38% (8/21) of patients with a median number of recurrences of 2 (range, 1–6) and they extended beyond day 100. Only one patient developed CMV colitis and fully recovered with treatment. There was no CMV related mortality. The overall non-relapse mortality was 16% and overall survival in CMV reactivators and non-reactivators was not statistically different. Risk factors for CMV reactivation analyzed were patients age, sex, acute graft vs host disease, Alemtuzumab use, Ganciclovir use before day 30 and absolute lymphocyte count at day 30. In univariate analysis, use of Alemtuzumab (P= 0.001) and starting Ganciclovir after day 30 (P= 0.002) were significantly associated with CMV reactivation but in multivariate analysis only starting Ganciclovir after day 30 was statistically significant, P= 0.009 (95% CI, 1.5%–17%). Conclusions : RIC stem cell transplantation using Alemtuzumab is associated with a particularly high incidence of early CMV reactivation, and is also associated with recurrent reactivation extending beyond day 100. Although the incidence of CMV disease was low, the high frequency of viral reactivation with Alemtuzumab is likely an indicator of profound post transplant immune suppression, suggesting that despite the “reduced intensity” of the conditioning, these patients require early, comprehensive and prolonged pre-emptive/prophylactic therapy for opportunistic infections.
Reliability-Aware Runtime Adaption Through a Statically Generated Task Schedule

Device scaling, increasing number of components in a single chip, varying environmental issues, and aging effects have brought severe reliability challenges that impose tight constraints on the operation of a system. To cope with these challenges, this paper proposes a reliability-aware scheduling framework that combines static and dynamic analyses to improve the overall system resiliency to different kinds of faults (i.e., intermittent, transient, and permanent). The static analysis technique employs genetic algorithms to optimize the overall system reliability by considering reliability level (RL) as an intermediate scheduling dimension and creating a task-to-RL mapping. This enables the RL-to-core mapping to be efficiently adapted at runtime according to fault rate variations, while the task-to-RL mapping can still be reused. The dynamic analysis tracks faults appearing in each core and measures the time correlation of those faults to update the RL-to-core mapping. The proposed reliability-aware framework is implemented in a state-of-the-art runtime system, Delaware Adaptive Run-Time System, so as to quantitatively show the advantages of using the overall framework in existing multicore platforms. Experimental results show that the proposed technique delivers up to 30% improvement in application execution time and up to 72% improvement in faults occurring at runtime.
The Emotionally Disturbed Child in the classroom situation

L is as vital to the child as any other ' basic process of survival; in fact, it is his natural means of survival. Only through knowl. edge and awareness is he able to master his environment. It is through knowledge that he seeks power and influence, not only over his fellows, but also over the elements in the universe. How the child learns, and what he deems most impor. tant in the myriad of things that confront him, will vary with his capacity, his attitudes and in. terests, his maturational level, and his cultural milieu. Despite individual variation in these factors, learning is a universal human phenomenon and the core of man's efforts to achieve satisfaction.
Tax Distortions and Global Climate Policy (with Mustafa Babiker and John Reilly).

We consider the efficiency implications of policies to reduce global carbon emissions in a world with preexisting tax distortions. We first note that the weak double dividend, the proposition that the welfare improvement from a tax reform where environmental taxes are used to lower distorting taxes must be greater than the welfare improvement from a reform where the environmental taxes are returned in a lump sum fashion, need not hold in a world with multiple distortions. We then present a large-scale computable general equilibrium model of the world economy with distortionary taxation. We use this model to evaluate a number of policies to reduce carbon emissions. We find that the weak double dividend is not obtained in a number of European countries. Results also demonstrate the point that the interplay between carbon policies and pre-existing taxes can differ markedly across countries. Thus, one must be cautious in extrapolating the results from a country specific analysis to other countries. r 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Fitness Assessment and Optimization for Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery

In the United States, as the large baby boomer population cohort continues to age, the number of patients presenting with hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) malignancies has and will continue to rise into the foreseeable future. The US Census Bureau projects that the number of adults aged 65 and older is expected to increase from 46 million in 2014 to 74 million by 2030. The median age for cancer diagnosis is 66 years, making advanced age an increased risk factor for development of HPB carcinomas. In agreement, cancer incidences for both liver and pancreatic cancers are expected to increase from 2010 to 2030 by 59% and 55%, respectively (Horner et al. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2006, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, 2009). Thus, in the upcoming decades, substantial healthcare resources and attention will be devoted to treating HPB malignancies.
Identifying student learning competencies for urban underserved practice using a Delphi process

Abstract Introduction The pharmacy profession has a growing opportunity to provide high-quality patient care to urban underserved patients. The Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) has also recognized the necessity of training pharmacy students to care for underserved patients within Standard 3.5 in Standards 2016. Despite this recognized need to train students to care for urban underserved patients, there is limited literature to guide schools and colleges of pharmacy in developing learning activities and curricula to meet this need. Methods This study utilized a three-round modified Delphi process to develop learning competencies. Participation was solicited from pharmacy practice faculty members of the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) Health Disparities and Cultural Competency Special Interest Group (SIG). This study used a proportion of experts rating agree or strongly agree at 80% to determine consensus. Results The expert pool had a combined 235 years of pharmacy practice experience in urban underserved settings. Ten learning competencies were developed and finalized: Identified learning competencies related to the development of pharmaceutical and social knowledge base; development of pharmaceutical care and social skills; and building awareness of benefits and disadvantages of working with urban underserved patient populations. Discussion The learning competencies described in this study provide schools and colleges of pharmacy a tool to help guide learning activity and curricular development to educate students to provide high-quality and compassionate care to urban underserved patients. Conclusions This study is the first description of practice-based student learning competencies for urban underserved pharmacy practice in the literature.
Emotion regulation in teachers: The “why” and “how”

Abstract We used the process model of emotion regulation to gain a deeper understanding of teachers' emotion regulation goals and strategies. Fifty-six teachers reported why and how they regulate emotions while in the classroom. Findings indicated that teachers have instrumental and hedonic emotion regulation goals, are focused on regulating both their own and their students' emotions, and are typically attempting to decrease negative emotions. Findings showed that teachers use a variety of strategies to regulate emotions; however, the response modulation strategy of suppression was the most frequently reported strategy. Implications for teachers, teacher education programs, and future research are discussed.
Whole Trait Theory: An integrative approach to examining personality structure and process

Abstract Whole Trait Theory (WTT) was developed as an integrative model of traits that incorporates mechanisms of differential reaction to situations. Providing an explanatory account to the Big 5 (defined in terms of density distributions of personality states) creates two parts to traits, an explanatory part and a descriptive part. WTT proposes that the explanatory side of traits consists of social-cognitive mechanisms. These two parts of traits should be recognized as distinct entities that are nevertheless joined into whole traits. This review provides an overview of WTT, discusses new directions for considering WTT in personality development, the possible application of WTT to non-Big 5 traits, and possibilities for interventions based on insights from WTT.
Screening Mammography: A Cross-Sectional Study to Compare Characteristics of Women Aged 40 and Older From the Deep South Who Are Current, Overdue, and Never Screeners

Purpose We sought to identify unique barriers and facilitators to breast cancer screening participation among women aged 40 and older from Mississippi who were categorized as current, overdue, and never screeners. Methods Cross-sectional data from a 2003 population-based survey with 987 women aged 40 and older were analyzed. Chi-square analysis and multinomial logistic regression examined how factors organized under the guidance of the Model of Health Services Utilization were associated with mammography screening status. Results Nearly one in four women was overdue or had never had a mammogram. Enabling factors, including poor access to care (no annual checkups, no health insurance) and to health information, lack of social support for screening, and competing needs, were significantly associated with being both overdue and never screeners. Pertaining to factors unique to each screening group, women were more likely to be overdue when they had no usual source of health care and believed that treatment was worse than the disease. In turn, women were more likely to be never screeners when they were African American, lacked a provider recommendation for screening, and held the fatalistic view that not much could be done to prevent breast cancer. Conclusion Similar and unique factors impact utilization of mammography screening services among women. Those factors could inform efforts to increase screening rates.
Bases for Concern Chairman’s Comments

Welcome to the first session of the afternoon of this symposium on Genetic Toxicology: An Agricultural Perspective. Three excellent topics on urban and rural patterns of cancer incidence, cancer risks associated with agriculture, and extrapolation of mutagenicity testing to man will be presented during this session by a panel of distinguished investigators. All these, in one way or another, deal with application of epidemiological tools in our scientific endeavors in this field. As an epidemiologist, I would like to make a few remarks for a brief introduction.
Healing of Apical Periodontitis after Nonsurgical Root Canal Treatment: The Role of Statin Intake.

Abstract Introduction Numerous previously undocumented factors may influence the healing of apical periodontitis (AP). The aim of this cohort study was to analyze the association between statin medication intake during the follow-up period and healing of AP. Methods Patients who self-reported being on statins during nonsurgical root canal treatment or retreatment and patients who reported never taking statins were included. All patients who received treatment on a tooth with periapical radiolucency in the postgraduate endodontics clinic at the University of Maryland School of Dentistry (2011–2014) were invited for follow-up 2 to 5 years after treatment. Healing was determined using the periapical index (PAI). Two calibrated endodontists assessed outcomes blinded to the statin intake. The association of statin intake and healing of endodontic treatment (ie, healed [PAI 1–2]/not healed [PAI 3–5]) was analyzed using the Fisher exact test. Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the association between statin intake and treatment outcome, controlling for the following confounding variables: diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and smoking, with confidence intervals set at 95%. Results A total of 60 cases were included in the final analysis, including 30 patients taking statins and 30 patients not taking statins as the control. The Fisher exact test showed significantly higher healing at the 2-year or greater follow-up in patients taking statins compared with controls (93.0% vs 70%; Fisher exact test, P = .02). Conclusions The results of this study show a significant association between long-term statin intake and healing of AP after nonsurgical root canal treatment.
Experimental Investigation of Residual Stress and its Impact on Machining in Hybrid Additive/Subtractive Manufacturing

Abstract Hybrid manufacturing leverages the advantages of both additive manufacturing (AM) with machining to create parts that have complex geometries, tight tolerances, and good surface finish. However, the residual stresses induced by both processes present a challenge. These high stresses can induce significant distortion that can damage the part during the additive process or lead to unanticipated distortion during the machining process. The current work investigates the impact of the residual stresses generated during the AM process on the part distortion during the subsequent machining operation. Laser powder bed fusion is used to create stainless steel cylinders and their geometries are measured before and after machining their outer diameter, allowing the resulting distortion to be calculated. The measured distortion is counter to what is anticipated based on the trends exhibited in the residual stress in the cylinders measured before the machining operation using neutron diffraction. This suggests that the machining process imposes significant stresses that, in this case, counter act the remaining stresses from the AM process and/or trigger a material phase change.
GaAs Solar Cells Grown on Unpolished, Spalled Ge Substrates

We spalled 2-inch Ge wafers using a Ni stressor layer and grew GaAs solar cells by hydride vapor phase epitaxy on the spalled Ge surface without other surface treatments. The controlled spalling procedure leaves behind arrest lines, which are parallel surface striations, perpendicular to the crack front, caused by the crack propagation repeatedly halting and restarting during the fracture. We show that small arrest lines do not significantly affect device performance, but larger lines act as regions for carrier recombination. We demonstrate a 12.8% efficient single-junction device, without anti-reflection coating, grown on a spalled surface containing arrest lines. The quantum efficiency of this device is similar to devices grown on non-spalled GaAs and Ge substrates.
A simple method for a very short X-ray pulse production and attosecond diagnostic at LCLS

Abstract We discuss how by using the wake fields generating in a corrugating plate we may increase the resolution of a transverse diagnostic cavity while producing an extremely short X-ray pulse at LCLS.
Green’s Function Laplace Transforms

Consider an inhomogeneous linear ordinary differential equation. \(V(x)\, Y(x)=F(x).\) The differential operator V(x), the solution Y(x), and quite possibly also the inhomogeneous term represented by the arbitrary function F(x) involve constants and derivatives with respect to the variable x. The objective of the present exercise is to determine the solution, Y(x), of the differential equation (5.1) with specified boundary conditions.