cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Imagery and sensory modality.

Because research on imagery has used materials lacking sensory content, a prime characteristic of imagery, the sensory values of auditory, gustatory, olfactory, tactual, and visual words were estab...
Mechanisms of maternal transfer of organochlorine contaminants and mercury in the common thresher shark (Alopias vulpinus)

A putative mechanism for maternal transfer of organic contaminants and total mercury was empirically demonstrated in a near-term pregnant female common thresher shark (Alopias vulpinus). Contaminan...
Cyclophosphamide in the treatment of pulmonary diseases: survey of use, training, and practitioner knowledge base.

Objective: To assess pulmonologists’ use, training in the use, and knowledge base of the drug cyclophosphamide. Design: Survey through questionnaire. Testing of knowledge base before and after instructional conference. Participants and methods: Pulmonologists (94 attendings, 31 fellows), selected randomly at the 1996 and 1997 annual meetings of The American Thoracic Society, completed surveys of their use and training in the use of cyclophosphamide. Thirty-five attending at the 1998 meeting completed a test of knowledge base of the drug. Members of the pulmonary teaching service at The University of Chicago Hospitals completed the test before and after a case-based conference designed to educate pulmonologists in the use of the drug. Results: Forty-three percent of the attending pulmonologists and 55% of the fellows were currently using the drug in the management of their patients; 77% of the attending pulmonologists had prescribed the drug in the past. Nonmalignant diseases for which the drug was prescribed included usual interstitial pneumonitis/desquamative interstitial pneumonitis, vasculitis, collagen vascular disease, constrictive bronchiolitis, sarcoid, and Goodpasture’s disease. Sixty-eight percent of attending pulmonologists and 81% of fellows had no training in the drug’s use. Of the attending pulmonologists who made use of the drug, 64% were prescribing and managing its use themselves. Of those who prescribed and managed the drug’s use themselves, 65% had had no training in its use. Of those fellows who prescribed and managed the drug’s use themselves, 73% had had no training in the drug’s use. On knowledge-based testing, the average correct score was 30 6 10%. With an educational conference, average pre- and post-test scores rose from 40 6 10% to 80 6 10% (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Cyclophosphamide had been used by the vast majority of pulmonologists, either currently or in the past, for a wide variety of lung diseases. Its use is commonly managed by physicians who have no specific training relevant to this agent. Practitioner knowledge base of the drug is poor, and case-based conferences in fellowship may be an effective means of imparting information concerning this drug. (CHEST 1999; 116:1159 ‐1162)
The Effect of Local Property Taxes and Administrative Costs on Student Achievement Scores: Evidence from New Jersey Public Schools

In this study we theorize that student achievement varies cross-sectionally with the percentage of school district revenues raised from local taxes and with salary levels of school district administrators (Superintendents and Principals). This theory is tested using a sample of 218 Kindergarten – Grade 12 school districts in the state of New Jersey. Our regression model includes sixteen variables to explain student achievement scores on standardized exams on Language and Mathematics from years 2001-2006. We find that increases to the percent of school funds raised locally has a positive influence on test scores, consistent with agency models that suggest local property tax funding (opposed to centralized financing) provide a disciplinary mechanism to improve the quality of output from local public good providers (Hoxby 1999). Consistent with our predictions, we find that higher administrative salaries are associated with higher test scores. But we also find that other costs of administration (excluding salaries) are associated with lower test scores. Taken in combination, these results help explain the mixed findings in prior studies that explore the nexus between administrative costs and student achievement.
Comment on "N-body simulations of gravitational dynamics" by Dehnen and Read

It is shown that the historical summary of the growth in size of N-body simulations as measured by particle number in this review is missing some key milestones. Size matters, because particle number with appropriate force smoothing is a key method to suppress unwanted discreteness, so that the initial conditions and equations of motion are appropriate to growth by gravitational instability in a Poisson-Vlasov system appropriate to a Universe with dark matter. Published strong constraints on what can be done are not included in the review.
Impure Postmodernity -- Philosophy Today

This short essay is the preface I wrote for the Chinese translation of my The Critique of Pure Modernity: Hegel, Heidegger, and After. It discusses why we should still read Hegel and Heidegger, and how "postmodern" is faring these days, and concludes with some remarks about the relation of western and eastern philosophy today.
Etching of electrodeposited Cu2O films using ammonia solution for photovoltaic applications

Impurities at the surface of electrodeposited p-Cu2O films have been efficiently removed through the use of concentrated aqueous ammonia solution as a wet etching agent. The performance of the Cu2O homojunction photovoltaic devices incorporating etched p-Cu2O as the bottom layer is higher compared to devices with as-deposited p-Cu2O layers due to an improvement of the homojunction interface quality. Reducing the density of defect states that act as carrier recombination centers led to larger open circuit voltages. The ammonia etchant has been found to preferentially interact with the {100} facets of Cu2O and expose a greater number of {111} facets, resulting in increased interface area for etched homojunction devices, which also improved short circuit current density values.
The Forensic Stage: Ambiguous arbitri in Roman Comedy

Lady Caroline. John, the grass is too damp for you. You had better go and put on your overshoes at once. Sir John. I am quite comfortable, Caroline, I assure you. Lady Caroline. You must allow me to be the best judge of that, John. Pray, do as I tell you. (Oscar Wilde, A Woman of No Importance , Act I) The purpose of this appendix is to provide a brief survey of the use of the terms arbiter and iudex in Plautus and Terence, and to assess the frequency with which those terms are used in a technical sense. By a technical arbiter or iudex , I mean either a judge who belongs to the judicial system ( iudex unus or an arbiter , e.g. in an actio finium regundorum or in a bonae fidei iudicium ) or a private arbitrator who resolves a legal dispute outside the court system. By a non-technical arbiter or iudex , I mean an individual who is depicted as having a judging capacity, but not in areas usually associated with judicial or arbitral practice, e.g. a judge of a good piece of cake – or of the effect of dampness on a husband's feet. Usage of the terms often is metaphorical or verges on the metaphorical (“You be the judge of my complaint!”).
A LOW-ORDER NONLINEAR STATE-SPACE MODEL FOR DELTA WING LEADING EDGE VORTICES

[Abstract] This paper presents a low-order flow model for vortices over a delta wing suitable for feedback flow control design. It combines two fluid dynamics models based on conical flow assumptions for flow field over a delta wing  a theoretical wing rock model and an empirical vortex breakdown model, to develop a set of nonlinear state equations describing the dynamics of the flow field as well as the aircraft rolling motion through a series of mathematical transformations and simplifications. The current model assumes virtual control inputs that directly affect the rate (derivative) of the state variables, such as the rate of vortex strength, vortex core velocity and velocity of the vortex break-down point. This generic assumption allows a variety of active flow control effectors and techniques to be applied to the model with suitable (static) modeling of the mapping from the control effectors to the virtual control inputs. By virtue of the conical flow assumption, the model output variables are assumed to be pressure sensors equally spaced span-wise on both upper and lower surface of the wing at a chosen chord-wise (longitudinal) location. The state equation model presented here has been validated with the two existing theoretical and empirical models for the same delta wing configurations that used in the validation of the existing models.
The Chinese Translation of the Aṣṭasāhasrikā-Prajñāpāramitā-Sūtra Attributed to Chih Ch'ien 支蘸

(1969). The Chinese Translation of the Aṣṭasāhasrikā-Prajnāpāramitā-Sūtra Attributed to Chih Ch'ien 支蘸. Monumenta Serica: Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 246-257.
Anti-tumor effects of HepG2 tumor vaccine transfected hGM-CSF gene mediated by HA nanoparticles

Objective:To observe the HA Nanoparticles mediated transfection of hGM-CSF gene in HepG2 cells in vitro anti-tu-mor effect of the vaccine for the hGM-CSF gene-modified vaccine HepG2 cells provide the basis for clinical application.Methods:HA nanoparticles mediated gene transfer hGM-CSF preparation of HepG2 cells HepG2 cells transfected GMCSF gene vaccine.Density gra-dient centrifugation were PBMC,in vitro induction of human PBMC.WST-1 method PBMC proliferation activity and killing effect on HepG2 cells,flow cytometry analysis of CD4+and CD8+ positive expression rates,ELISA determination of INF-γ secretion.Results:WST-1 showed that transgenic HepG2 group of vaccine induced PBMC proliferation,the proliferation rate than wild-type vaccine(p0.05).The PBMC of the HepG2 induced high anti-vaccine groups in the wild type and the control group(p0.05).FCM results showed that transgenic HepG2 PBMC in the vaccine group CD4+and CD8+expression was higher than the wild-type vaccine group and con-trol group(p0.05).ELISA results showed that the transgenic group PBMC supernatants of IFN-γ content was 1989.76±254.21 pg/ml,higher than the wild-type vaccine group and control group(p0.05).Conclusion:HA nanoparticles mediated transfection of hGM-CSF gene can increase the immunogenicity of the vaccine HepG2 cells,transfected HepG2 cells in hGM-CSF gene vaccine can effectively induce PBMC proliferation,differentiation,increased INF-γ secretion,increase its HepG2 cells in vitro.
Intestinal Bypass Operations in Treatment of Massive Obesity

When obesity is truly massive, is intractable and of long standing, and is not associated with abnormalities that raise operative risk, intestinal bypass surgery may be considered for prophylaxis against long-term atherosclerotic and other complications. The procedure demonstrated joins a 12-inch segment of proximal jejunum to an 8-inch length of distal ileum and drains the bypassed gut into the sigmoid.
Attitudes Toward Juvenile Sex Offender Legislation: The Influence of Case-Specific Information

ABSTRACTThis study examined attitudes toward the application of adult sex offender legislation to juvenile sex offenders. Participants were randomly assigned to one of nine conditions. In the generic condition, the participants were asked to envision a generic juvenile sex offender, whereas in the manipulated conditions, participants read a vignette with three manipulated variables: offense type, victim age, and victim gender. Afterward, all participants (n = 978) completed questionnaires assessing perceptions of juvenile sex offenders and juvenile sex offender legislation. Overall, participants in the generic juvenile sex offender condition rated the perpetrator as more dangerous and more likely to reoffend than participants in the experimental conditions. Moreover, participants in the generic juvenile sex offender condition were more likely to endorse more punitive punishments and viewed perpetrators as “superpredators.” When examining differences between the experimental conditions, participants readin...
Neonatal jaundice and phototherapy.

The ready availability and simplicity of phototherapy make it an attractive means of effectively lowering serum bilirubin concentrations or preventing them from rising. Its simplicity has, however, led to a casual approach to its use, which should not be encouraged. The problems and questions that arise relative to phototherapy are discussed, and present indications for its use are presented.
Bayesian multilocus linkage mapping.

The construction of mammalian genetic maps entails finding solutions to a number of distinct but interrelated problems. First, linkage to the correct chromosome and chromosomal region must be established, and linkage to other chromosomal regions must be excluded. Second, the map distances separating a new marker from a set of previously mapped markers must be calculated. Third, all the markers must be ordered correctly. Fourth, during the above operations, the effects of interference must be assessed and, if significant, corrected for. Finally, in cases which do not allow unambiguous maps to be constructed, it is useful to know how much additional data must be gathered. In solving these problems, it is desirable that the data be used efficiently and that the analysis proceed rapidly.
Overcoming therapeutic resistance in malignant gliomas: current practices and future directions.

Abstract Malignant gliomas remain among the most treatment-refractory tumors. Traditional upfront treatment regimens have incorporated nitrosurea-based chemotherapy. This strategy has evolved to include temozolomide-based approaches. Promising Phase I/II data with TMZ in the recurrent setting prompted a Phase III EORTC study of TMZ in combination with RT for patients with newly diagnosed GBM. The landmark EORTC 26981-22981/NCIC CE3 study demonstrated a significant improvement in not only median survival, but also in terms of 2-year survival. Given that over one-quarter of the patients enrolled on the TMZ + RT arm survived beyond 2-years, there appears to be a finite percentage of patients who derive long-term benefit from this treatment regimen. Given that the EORTC-based regimen represents an incremental improvement in the standard of care, rather than a truly curative solution for most patients, further efforts must be expended to identify novel therapeutic approaches. To this end, targeted therapies have emerged as an attractive option. Accumulating evidence suggests that certain molecular pathways are selectively upregulated in tumor vs. normal cells. Some of these pathways have been shown to be instrumental in proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and/or survival in preclinical models. These would appear to represent ideal therapeutic targets, as their antagonism may lead to an improvement in the therapeutic ratio of radiation. Emerging data from clinical studies on "first generation" targeted therapies appear to demonstrate benefit for select patients. Further molecular/genetic profiling must be undertaken to identify exactly which patients benefit.
ITER Edge Thomson Scattering

Many of ITER’s performance limiting mechanisms are expected to exist and interact at the plasma edge. The H-mode edge pedestal parameters are high leverage variables of models used for predicting ITER’s success, in measures ranging from core reactivity to divertor erosion. For example, the pedestal temperature is critical in determining the L-H transition. According to many transport models, once H-mode is reached, the H-factor and Q are strongly related to the pedestal pressure. Several classes of ELM instabilities are sensitive to the edge pressure profile shape and also affect performance. The ITER divertor scenario counts on impurity radiation from the plasma edge to reduce power flow to the divertor plates, a mechanism that also affects the edge pedestal region. It is therefore reasonable to expect that, during ITER operation, the edge Te and ne profiles are likely to become key operational indicators, and ideally, they would be available for use in feedback control for discharge optimization.
Unsupervised learning of spoken language with visual context

Humans learn to speak before they can read or write, so why can’t computers do the same? In this paper, we present a deep neural network model capable of rudimentary spoken language acquisition using untranscribed audio training data, whose only supervision comes in the form of contextually relevant visual images. We describe the collection of our data comprised of over 120,000 spoken audio captions for the Places image dataset and evaluate our model on an image search and annotation task. We also provide some visualizations which suggest that our model is learning to recognize meaningful words within the caption spectrograms.
Haile Selassie's Imperial Modernity: Expatriate Architects and the Shaping of Addis Ababa

In the 1960s, Addis Ababa experienced a construction boom, spurred by its new international stature as the seat of both the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa and the Organization of African Unity. Working closely with Emperor Haile Selassie, expatriate architects played a major role in shaping the Ethiopian capital as a symbol of an African modernity in continuity with tradition. Haile Selassie9s Imperial Modernity: Expatriate Architects and the Shaping of Addis Ababa examines how a distinct Ethiopian modernity was negotiated through various borrowings from the past, including Italian colonial planning, both at the scale of the individual building and at the scale of the city. Focusing on public buildings designed by Italian Eritrean Arturo Mezzedimi, French Henri Chomette, and the partnership of Israeli Zalman Enav and Ethiopian Michael Tedros, Ayala Levin critically explores how international architects confronted the challenges of mediating Haile Selassie9s vision of an imperial modernity.
Dual time-resolved temperature-jump fluorescence and infrared spectroscopy for the study of fast protein dynamics

Time-resolved temperature-jump (T-jump) coupled with fluorescence and infrared (IR) spectroscopy is a powerful technique for monitoring protein dynamics. Although IR spectroscopy of the polypeptide amide I mode is more technically challenging, it offers complementary information because it directly probes changes in the protein backbone, whereas, fluorescence spectroscopy is sensitive to the environment of specific side chains. With the advent of widely tunable quantum cascade lasers (QCL) it is possible to efficiently probe multiple IR frequencies with high sensitivity and reproducibility. Here we describe a dual time-resolved T-jump fluorescence and IR spectrometer and its application to study protein folding dynamics. A Q-switched Ho:YAG laser provides the T-jump source for both time-resolved IR and fluorescence spectroscopy, which are probed by a QCL and Ti:Sapphire laser, respectively. The Ho:YAG laser simultaneously pumps the time-resolved IR and fluorescence spectrometers. The instrument has high sensitivity, with an IR absorbance detection limit of <0.2mOD and a fluorescence sensitivity of 2% of the overall fluorescence intensity. Using a computer controlled QCL to rapidly tune the IR frequency it is possible to create a T-jump induced difference spectrum from 50ns to 0.5ms. This study demonstrates the power of the dual time-resolved T-jump fluorescence and IR spectroscopy to resolve complex folding mechanisms by complementary IR absorbance and fluorescence measurements of protein dynamics.
On Adaptive Structural Design

In order to have a completely automated design system it is necessary to have an automatic procedure for generating new, improved design including new, improved connectivities. As a first step in this direction, it is shown herein how a heuristic procedure manipulating the system graph can be combined with an algorithm for geometrical optimization to produce a truss design procedure which exhibits adaptive behavior.
From Events to Propositions: A Tour of Abstract Entities, Eventualities and the Nominals that Denote Them

The main purpose of this chapter and its main contribution to the literature on natural language metaphysics is to construct a typology of abstract entities, organized according to a spectrum of world immanence. Expanding on the work of Vendler, Gary, and others, I will look at the distributional data concerning what sort of abstract object referring expressions go with which contexts. This will serve to divide eventualities from purely abstract objects like propositions. But further refinements will indicate that the typology contains a spectrum of world immanence among abstract objects-ranging from quite concrete objects like events to purely abstract objects of thought. I will distinguish not only between eventualities and abstract entities, but also between facts, simple propositions, and projective propositions among the more abstract entities. I will also adopt a typology of eventualities accepted by many linguists and philosophers.
The Lauramann Howe Russell Papers: a Window into Critical Care Medicine during the American Civil War.

Abstract The Civil War influenced all aspects of American society and culture, including the field of medicine and critical care. Union physician Lauramann Howe Russell's letter to his daughter, Ellen Howe, written on October 19, 1862, illustrates the changes in hospital construction, gender roles in healthcare and medical treatments which revolutionized healthcare during the Civil War. This letter offers a glimpse of the medical care of wounded soldiers during the early years of the Civil War. In describing his conversion hospital, he reveals the precursor to the new hospital construction which would greatly influence hospital design for decades to come. His description of women volunteers hints at the evolving role and growing importance of women in healthcare. Finally, the advancements in surgical and medical practice which developed during the Civil War are embodied in Russell's descriptions of his patients. His letter freezes a moment in medical history, bridging the gap between archaic medical practice and modern critical care.
On-line, parallel short-circuit calculations

It is suggested that instead of scheduling faultcalculations offline, one-by-one, they should be submitted as a basic case followed by a number of slightly changed cases. All should be done on-line, preferably on an “Alternating Sequential/Parallel” (ASP) system.—Section 1 introduces the idea of using updating and diakoptics for running short-circuit programs on-line, on ASP. Section 2 discusses how the recursive calculation of the bus-impedance matrix can be parallelized. Section 3 develops a program for the parallel solution using “diakoptics”. It can be scheduled so that a number of different righthand sides (currents) are computed concurrently. Section 4 shows how to update the solution vector (normally both currents and voltages) when line impedances are changed.
The Fast and Focused Neurological Examination

The neurological examination in the emergency department (ED) should be targeted and focused yet thorough and sensitive enough to detect subtle but meaningful abnormalities. Ideally, the components of the neurological exam for any given ED patient should be structured after an interview to gather historical information including the history of present illness, review of systems, as well as past medical, family, and social histories. Realistically, however, in today’s world of acute stroke metrics including door-to-CT and door-to-TPA times, with many institutions (including my own) embracing a “direct-to-CT” clinical pathway, the time that an ED provider spends with his/her hands on a patient with an acute neurologic complaint may be very limited before important and time-sensitive decisions must be made. This chapter will focus on structuring a proper encompassing yet efficient neurological exam to be used and relied on by the ED provider when minutes and seconds count for the patient with an acute and undifferentiated neurologic emergency.
Hormone replacement therapy and its effect on HER2 neu status in primary breast cancer.

e11057 Background: Controversy has developed over the use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and its association with the future risk of breast cancer. The biology of breast cancer diagnosed afte...
A Tribute to Mildred Lenora Sanderson

(1915). A Tribute to Mildred Lenora Sanderson. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 22, No. 8, pp. 264-264.
Emerging trends for prevention and treatment of diabetic nephropathy: blockade of the RAAS and BP control.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and it affects 30% of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) and 20% of patients with type 2 DM. Clinical features in both types of DM are similar and are characterized by an underlying abnormality of the microcirculation, manifested by both retinopathy and nephropathy. Clinical hallmarks of DN include elevated blood pressure (BP) and elevated urinary protein excretion. Treatment consists of maintaining BP at <130/85 mm Hg in patients without proteinuria and <125/75 mm Hg in patients with microalbuminuria or overt DN. In addition, agents that inhibit the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) have been found to be effective in reducing the risk of progression to DN, a result independent of their antihypertensive effect. SUMMARY: The earlier Collaborative Study Group (CGS) trial demonstrated that the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor captopril lowered BP and provided renal protection in type 1 diabetic kidney disease beyond that attributable to the BP change. The Irbesartan Diabetic Nephropathy Trial (IDNT) studied the effect of the angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) irbesartan on the reduction of BP, urinary protein excretion, and progression to DN. The study end points in the IDNT demonstrated that ARB therapy reduced BP, reduced urinary protein excretion, and provided renal protection against progression to DN. The Reduction of Endpoints in NIDDM With the Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan (RENAAL) trial demonstrated that the ARB losartan, when combined with conventional antihypertensive agents, decreased urinary protein excretion by 35%. Losartan both lowered BP and provided renal protection against DN. In a study comparing an ACE inhibitor (trandolapril), an ARB (losartan), and a combination of the 2 agents (trandolapril and losartan), data showed that all 3 arms reduced BP to the same degree. However, a combination of the ARB plus the ACE inhibitor produced both a significant reduction in urinary protein excretion beyond that seen with either agent alone and a significantly greater protection against progression to doubling of serum creatinine or ESRD. The reduction in urinary protein excretion and renal progression seen with individual agents were not statistically different from each other. CONCLUSION: These studies demonstrated that the combination blockade of the RAAS axis with an ARB plus an ACE inhibitor may play an important role in the prevention and treatment of DN and may turn the tide of increasing kidney disease due to DM, improve the overall quality of life of patients with DM, and save the lives of patients with either type 1 or type 2 DM.
Comparison of the Conventional Lecture Method and the Self-instruction Method for Teaching Clinical Pathology

Two separate courses in clinical pathology were presented to two groups of second-year medical students. The first (large) group was taught by the conventional lecture method; the other (small) group, by a self-instructional method for roughly half of the course, followed by the conventional lecture method for the second half of the course. The effectivenesses of the two methods were compared, based on performances on the final written examination. It was found that the self-instructional method was as effective as the conventional method in teaching clinical pathology, at least in teaching basic principles and interpretive clinical chemistry, as judged by the performances of the two groups. Surprisingly, the two groups differed significantly in performances on the portion of the course taught by similar methods.
Response Heterogeneity With Exercise Training and Physical Activity Interventions Among Persons With Multiple Sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a heterogeneous disease, both in its pathology and symptomology. This poses a challenge for the medical management and rehabilitation of MS; however, physical activity an...
Effects of distinct robot navigation strategies on human behavior in a crowded environment

State-of-the-art social robot navigation algorithms often lack a thorough experimental validation in human environments: simulated evaluations are often conducted under unrealistically strong assumptions that prohibit deployment in real world environments; experimental demonstrations that are limited in sample size do not provide adequate evidence regarding the user experience and the robot behavior; field studies may suffer from the noise imposed by uncontrollable factors from the environment; controlled lab experiments often fail to properly enforce challenging interaction settings. This paper contributes a first step towards addressing the outlined gaps in the literature. We present an original experiment, designed to test the implicit interaction between a mobile robot and a group of navigating human participants, under challenging settings in a controlled lab environment. We conducted a large-scale, within-subjects design study with 105 participants, exposed to three different conditions, corresponding to three distinct navigation strategies, executed by a telepresence robot (two autonomous, one teleoperated). We analyzed observed human and robot trajectories, under close interaction settings and participants' impressions regarding the robot's behavior. Key findings, extracted from a comparative statistical analysis include: (1) evidence that human acceleration is lower when navigating around an autonomous robot compared to a teleoperated one; (2) the lack of evidence to support the conventional expectation that teleoperation would be humans' preferred strategy. To the best of our knowledge, our study is unique in terms of goals, settings, thoroughness of evaluation and sample size.
Hypoxia-Induced Regulation of mRNA Stability

Because molecular oxygen is essential for generating cellular energy in aerobic organisms, and because survival depends on this fundamental requirement for oxygen, all higher organisms have evolved numerous diversely regulated mechanisms to detect and respond to potentially life-threatening occurrences of decreased oxygen availability (hypoxia). While the oxygen-dependent regulation of gene expression involves both transcriptional- and post-transcriptional mechanisms, investigations have focused mainly on mechanisms working at the transcriptional level. In this review, the focus is on a growing body of work that looks at post-transcriptional mechanisms acting at a level of mRNA stability.
Choosing among Non-Negotiated Surrender, Negotiated Protection of Liberty and Equality, or Learning and Earning Empathy

Ongoing and potential conflicts between religious liberty and the liberty and equality rights of same-sex couples and the LGBT community are not going to be resolved through constitutional adjudication and statutory interpretation. The hard work of political deliberation is the only way to move forward. The opposing sides of these disputes can choose various approaches to deal with their adversaries. They can reject meaningful dialogue and compromise and continue the conflict until one side obtains sufficient political power to force the other side to accept the victorious side’s dictates. Alternatively, both sides can recognize their profound differences in belief but nonetheless engage in dialogue and negotiations toward the acceptance of mutually acceptable compromises. They can accept that the essence of liberty in a free society is the right to act wrongly in the eyes of others; to worship wrongly, to speak wrongly or to marry wrongly. Finally, there is the aspiration that adherents of traditional religious beliefs and the LGBT community can both develop some degree of empathy and regard for each other.
Adding an orange to the banana bag: vitamin C deficiency is common in alcohol use disorders.

At least a third of the world’s population consumes alcohol regularly. Patients with alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are frequently hospitalized for both alcohol-related and unrelated medical conditions. It is well recognized that patients with an AUD are thiamine deficient with thiamine replacement therapy being considered the standard of care. However, the incidence of vitamin C deficiency in this patient population has been poorly defined. In this retrospective, observational study, we recorded the admission vitamin C level in patients with an AUD admitted to our medical intensive care unit (MICU) over a 1-year period. In addition, we recorded relevant clinical and laboratory data including the day 2 and day 3 vitamin C level following empiric treatment with vitamin C. Septic patients were excluded from this study. Sixty-nine patients met the inclusion criteria for this study. The patients’ mean age was 53 ± 14 years; 52 patients (75%) were males. Severe alcohol withdrawal syndrome was the commonest admitting diagnosis (46%). Eighteen patients (26%) had cirrhosis as the admitting diagnosis with 18 (13%) patients admitted due to alcohol/drug intoxication. Forty-six patients (67%) had evidence of acute alcoholic hepatitis. The mean admission vitamin C level was 17.0 ± 18.1 μmol/l (normal 40–60 μmol/l). Sixty-one (88%) patients had a level less than 40 μmol/l (subnormal) while 52 patients (75%) had hypovitaminosis C (level < 23 μmol/l). None of the variables recorded predicted the vitamin C level. Various vitamin C replacement dosing strategies were used. A 1.5-g loading dose, followed by 500-mg PO q 6, was effective in restoring blood levels to normal by day 2. Our results suggest that hypovitaminosis C is exceedingly common in patients with an AUD admitted to an intensive care unit and that all such patients should receive supplementation with vitamin C in addition to thiamine. Additional studies are required to confirm the findings of our observational study and to determine the optimal vitamin C dosing strategy.
Performance Assessment of 5 Transport Ventilators

Background: Use of transport ventilators is standard practice and recommended by professional organizations. Differences in performance may affect the level of care during transport. Methods: Five transport ventilators (CareFusion ReVel, Newport HT70, Phillips Trilogy, Drager Oxylog 3000, and Hamilton T1) were evaluated under passive conditions, comparing set VT to delivered VT, and the response to simulated patient demand using 2 models: COPD and ARDS. A Michigan Instruments Training and Test Lung (TTL) compliance 20 mL/cm H2O and resistance 5 cm H2O/L/s was used for passive evaluation. Ventilator settings on room air were: VT 300 mL x 10/min, PEEP 5 cm H2O; 300 x 10, PEEP 15; 300 x 20, PEEP 5; 300 x 20, PEEP 15; 500 x 10, PEEP 5; 500 x 10, PEEP 15; 500 x 20, PEEP 5; 500 x 20, PEEP 15. Delivered VT were measured with a Phillips NICO monitor. An IngMar 2000 Automated Test Lung was used for the dynamic evaluation: P 0.13 cm H2O, compliance 60 mL/cm H2O, inspiratory resistance 10 cm H2O/L/s, expiratory resistance 20 cm H2O/L/s (COPD) and compliance 20 mL/cm H2O, inspiratory resistance 5 cm H2O/L/s, expiratory resistance 5 cm H2O/L/s (ARDS). Each model was ventilated with: PSV = 5 cm H2O, PEEP 5 cm H2O; PSV = 5, PEEP 15; PSV = 10, PEEP 5; PSV = 10, PEEP 15. Sensitivity was set as sensitive as possible without auto-triggering. Trigger pressure (Tp) (difference between baseline and maximal pressure below baseline), time to trigger (TT) (beginning of pressure change below baseline to onset of gas delivery), and time to reach P90 (time from initiation of breath to 90% of peak inspiratory pressure). These measurements were made from the alveolar pressure tracing. Ten steady state breaths were evaluated in all VT trials and 5 breaths in dynamic evaluations. Results: The VT delivered by each ventilator differed significantly across each setting, P 10% difference, largest difference 74 mL (15%) ReVel ventilator, smallest difference 0.5 mL (0.1%) Hamilton ventilator. Tp achieved by each ventilator also differed across each setting, but TT and P90 were only significant, P 10%, for the ARDS models. The largest Tp 5. 1 cm H2O, Newport HT70, the smallest Tp 2.08 cm H2O Trilogy, the largest TT 219 ms Newport, the smallest TT 90 ms ReVel, and the largest P90 1032 ms Drager, the smallest P90 403 ms ReVel. Conclusions: Differences exist among transport ventilators regarding delivery of set VT and gas flow in response to simulated patient demand.
Equilibrium and kinetic isotopic fractionation in the CO2 hydration and hydroxylation reactions: Analysis of the role of hydrogen-bonding via quantum mechanical calculations

Abstract The formation of H2CO3 and HCO3− from CO2 is common in aqueous environmental systems and occurs via the CO2 hydration and hydroxylation reactions. The reactions are especially important in the context of CaCO3 mineral precipitation. The reactions carry with them equilibrium and kinetic isotope fractionations that impact paleoclimate proxy records. Herein, quantum mechanical calculations of dissolved inorganic carbon species embedded in H2O clusters are analyzed under a transition state theory framework to predict kinetic isotope fractionations associated with the reactions. Experimental measurements of reaction energetics and equilibrium isotope fractionations are well-reproduced by the models which suggests the computational methods are justified. The CO2 hydration reaction discriminates against 13C by 19–23‰ and against 18O by 14–15‰ at 25 °C. The CO2 hydroxylation reaction discriminates against 13C by 26–31‰ and against 18O by 27–30‰ at 25 °C. Our analyses of the model isotopic fractionations lead to the conclusion that hydrogen-bonds and C(CO2)-O(H2O or OH−) distances influence the calculated values. We infer that when the model H-bond patterns more realistically represent the aqueous species, the accuracy and precision of equilibrium fractionation factor prediction is improved. Implications for coral carbonate paleothermometry are discussed. Results indicate that hydration and hydroxylation δ13C-δ18O slopes bound the values of slopes form corals and abiotic precipitation experiments, albeit with key uncertainties related to precipitation fractionations. The process of regressing molecular model fractionation results against H-bond patterns as presented here is a promising way to improve isotope fractionation calculations in aqueous systems.
Measurement of water concentration in oils using CaO powder and infrared spectroscopy.

Abstract A simple method for measuring water concentration from 1 to 10000 mg L−1 is described. The approach involves adding CaO powder to an oil sample and measuring the amount of Ca(OH)2 produced by the reaction of CaO with water. Collection of the powder occurs by passing a fixed volume of the oil through an infrared transparent membrane and the amount of water is determined from the intensity of the OH stretching mode of Ca(OH)2 at 3645 cm−1. The approach is demonstrated with transmission, vegetable, and extreme pressure oils. These oils represent classes of oils that are problematic for measurement by transmission infrared spectroscopy, using a fixed pathlength cell, as described in ASTM method E2412. Values for the water levels equivalent to those measured by Karl Fischer titration are obtained with a linearity R2 value of > 0.996 and %RSD of 6.7% over a wide detection range of 1 mg L−1 to 10000 mg L−1. No calibration is required, as the amount of water is determined using the extinction coefficient for the band at 3645 cm−1.
Endothelial TLR4 Expression Mediates Vaso-Occlusive Crisis in Sickle Cell Disease.

Heme, released from red blood cells in sickle cell disease (SCD), interacts with toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) to activate NF-κB leading to the production of cytokines and adhesion molecules which promote inflammation, pain, and vaso-occlusion. In SCD, TLR4 inhibition has been shown to modulate heme-induced microvascular stasis and lung injury. We sought to delineate the role of endothelial verses hematopoietic TLR4 in SCD by developing a TLR4 null transgenic sickle mouse. We bred a global Tlr4-/- deficiency state into Townes-AA mice expressing normal human adult hemoglobin A and Townes-SS mice expressing sickle hemoglobin S. SS-Tlr4-/- had similar complete blood counts and serum chemistries as SS-Tlr4 +/+ mice. However, SS-Tlr4-/- mice developed significantly less microvascular stasis in dorsal skin fold chambers than SS-Tlr4 +/+ mice in response to challenges with heme, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). To define a potential mechanism for decreased microvascular stasis in SS-Tlr4-/- mice, we measured pro-inflammatory NF-κB and adhesion molecules in livers post-heme challenge. Compared to heme-challenged SS-Tlr4 +/+ livers, SS-Tlr4 -/- livers had lower adhesion molecule and cytokine mRNAs, NF-κB phospho-p65, and adhesion molecule protein expression. Furthermore, lung P-selectin and von Willebrand factor immunostaining was reduced. Next, to establish if endothelial or hematopoietic cell TLR4 signaling is critical to vaso-occlusive physiology, we created chimeric mice by transplanting SS-Tlr4 -/- or SS-Tlr4 +/+ bone marrow into AA-Tlr4 -/- or AA-Tlr4 +/+ recipients. Hemin-stimulated microvascular stasis was significantly decreased when the recipient was AA-Tlr4-/- . These data demonstrate that endothelial, but not hematopoietic, TLR4 expression is necessary to initiate vaso-occlusive physiology in SS mice.
Sources of Health Information, Technology Access, and Use Among Non-English-Speaking Immigrant Women: Descriptive Correlational Study.

Background As the world is becoming increasingly connected by the World Wide Web, the internet is becoming the main source of health information. With the novel COVID-19 pandemic, ubiquitous use of the internet has changed the daily lives of individuals, from working from home to seeking and meeting with health care providers through web-based sites. Such heavy reliance on internet-based technologies raises concerns regarding the accessibility of the internet for minority populations who are likely to already face barriers when seeking health information. Objective This study aims to examine the level of technology access and common modes of technology used by Korean American women and to investigate how key psychosocial determinants of health such as age, education, English proficiency, and health literacy are correlated with sources of health information used by Korean American women and by their use of the internet. Methods We used data from a subsample of Korean American women (N=157) who participated in a community-based randomized trial designed to test a health literacy-focused cancer screening intervention. In addition to descriptive statistics to summarize Korean American women's internet access and common modes of technology use, we conducted backward stepwise logistic regression analyses to substantiate the association between the psychosocial determinants of health and internet use. Results Approximately two-thirds (103/157, 65.6%) of the sample had access to the internet, and nearly all had access to a mobile phone. The internet was the most commonly used channel to obtain health information 63% (99/157), and 70% (110/157) of the sample used text messaging. Nevertheless, only approximately 38.8% (40/103) of the sample were very confident in using the internet, and only 29.9% (47/157) were very confident in using text messaging. Multivariate analyses revealed that older age (>50 years) was associated with 79% lower odds of using the internet to seek health information (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.21, 95% CI 0.10-0.46). The higher health literacy group (19+ on Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine) had 56% lower odds of using the internet to acquire health information (AOR 0.44, 95% CI 1.13-11.18). Higher education (college+) was associated with both internet use (AOR 4.42, 95% CI 1.88-9.21) and text messaging (AOR 3.42, 95% CI 1.55-7.54). Finally, English proficiency was associated with text messaging (AOR 4.20, 95% CI 1.44-12.24). Conclusions The differences in modes of technology access, use, and confidence by some of the key psychosocial determinants, as observed in our study sample, have important implications when health care teams develop dissemination plans.
Shortness of Breath

This chapter will introduce the basic skills needed for the assessment and interpretation of a patient with shortness of breath using lung ultrasound in the pre-hospital and austere environments. The chapter will review lung ultrasound indications, basic anatomy, image acquisition, and interpretation.
Improved ADM1 model for anaerobic digestion process considering physico-chemical reactions.

Abstract The “Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1” (ADM1) was modified in the study by improving the bio-chemical framework and integrating a more detailed physico-chemical framework. Inorganic carbon and nitrogen balance terms were introduced to resolve the discrepancies in the original bio-chemical framework between the carbon and nitrogen contents in the degraders and substrates. More inorganic components and solids precipitation processes were included in the physico-chemical framework of ADM1. The modified ADM1 was validated with the experimental data and used to investigate the effects of calcium ions, magnesium ions, inorganic phosphorus and inorganic nitrogen on anaerobic digestion in batch reactor. It was found that the entire anaerobic digestion process might exist an optimal initial concentration of inorganic nitrogen for methane gas production in the presence of calcium ions, magnesium ions and inorganic phosphorus.
Arbitration Law in America: A Critical Assessment

Arbitration Law in America: A Critical Assessment is a source of arguments and practical suggestions for changing the American arbitration process. The book argues that the Federal Arbitration Act badly needs major changes. The authors, who have previously written major articles on arbitration law and policy, here set out their own views and argue among themselves about the necessary reforms of arbitration. The book contains draft legislation for use in international and domestic arbitration and a detailed explanation of the precise justifications for proposed legislative changes. It also contains two proposals that might be deemed radical - to ban arbitration related to the purchase of products by consumers and to prohibit arbitration of employment disputes. Each proposal is vetted fully and critiqued by one or more of the other co-authors.
Cooperation in animals: An evolutionary overview

Evolutionary biologists have grappled with the question of the emergenceand maintenance of cooperation since Darwin first listed animal cooperation asapotential problem for his theory of natural selection. Here I review four pathsthat have been delineated in the study of intra-specific cooperation amonganimals. These paths – kinship, reciprocity, byproduct mutualism andgroupselection – serve as a starting point for behavioral ecologistsinterestedstudying the initiation and maintenance of cooperation. After reviewing theempirical and theoretical underpinnings of these paths to cooperation, I touchupon some recent work that has attempted to examine (or reexamine) the role ofphylogeny, punishment and morality in the light of cooperative behavior.