cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elevated total serum IgE in nonatopic patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease.

BackgroundAspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD), also known as Samter's triad, is characterized by asthma, recurrent nasal polyps, and by allergic-like reactions to aspirin and other nonst...
The disturbance of a uniform heat flow by a line crack in an infinite anisotropic thermoelastic solid

Abstract Integral transform techniques are used to determine the stress intensity factors of a line crack which disturbs a uniform heat flow in an anisotropic thermoelastic solid which is under uniaxial tension. Solutions are given for the case in which the tension is large enough to ensure that the crack opens fully and also in the case for which partial closure occurs.
A model and simulation of uterine contractions

We present a model of uterine contractions that consists of tissue mechanics, electrical activity, and intrauterine pressure. Uterine contractions were simulated to measure the impact that ± 3% cha...
A note on weekday, intraday, and overnight patterns in the interbank foreign exchange and listed currency options markets☆

Abstract Transactions data are used to investigate returns patterns for close-to-close, close-to-open, and intraday long positions in spot currency (interbank) and currency put options (listed) for the years 1983 through 1988. Both trading-day and calendar-day hypotheses are investigated. Under the former, spot market returns are found to be significantly higher from Friday close to Monday close and from Friday close to Monday open. Under the calendar-day hypothesis, however, no significant close-to-close pattern emerges, and the Friday close to Monday open effect is reversed. Finally, spot (put) market returns are found to be significantly lower (higher) for Tuesday and Friday afternoons.
Optimization of a hybrid exchange–correlation functional for silicon carbides

Abstract A hybrid exchange–correlation functional is optimized in order to accurately describe the nature of silicon carbides (SiC) in the framework of ab initio calculations based on density functional theory (DFT), especially with an aim toward future applications in defect studies. It is shown that the Heyd–Scuseria–Ernzerhof (HSE) hybrid functional with the screening parameter of 0.15 A −1 outperforms conventional exchange–correlation functionals and other popular hybrid functionals regarding description of band structures in SiC. High transferability is proven through assessment over various SiC polytypes, silicon and diamond. Excellent performance is also confirmed for other fundamental material properties including elastic constants and phonon frequency.
Influence of top-watering on the movement of Beauveria bassiana, GHA (Deuteromycota: Hyphomycetes) in potting medium

Abstract The downward movement of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin GHA, in potting medium with different levels of moisture and top-watering was compared. The population of B. bassiana was greatest in the upper layer of the potting medium without significant movement 18 d post-application, finding no B. bassiana in untreated pots.
Influence of Chlorination on Chromophores and Fluorophores in Humic Substances

Three types of fluorophores (decay times 1.2, 4.3, and 10.7 ns, respectively) participate in the fluorescence of Suwannee River hydrophobic acid (HPOA). The emission of the fast-decaying fluorophores (FDF) is red-shifted compared with that of longer-decaying groups. Upon chlorination, the FDF contribution (IFDF) to the emission declines, the specific absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA254) decreases, and the electron-transfer absorbance band in the UV spectra of HPOA contracts. On the basis of the literature data and experimental evidence, the width of the electron-transfer absorbance band (ΔET) is found to be proportional to the gyration radii (Rg) of the humic molecules. The Rg values of chlorinated HPOA are also well-correlated with the energy of the emission band maximum (Emax) and emission bandwidth (Δem). These consistent changes reflect the destruction of aromatic halogen attack sites accompanied by the breakdown of the humic molecules into smaller fragments.
Approaches to the Study of T-Lymphocytes in Transplantation Tolerance

Abstract Basic research into the cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to transplantation tolerance has undergone a renaissance during the past decade. A number of elegant and ingenious experimental approaches have been developed and utilized to study, both in vitro and in vivo, the changes in T-lymphocytes that accompany tolerance induction. In this article, we emphasize mechanisms that accomplish T-cell-dependent transplantation tolerance via "passive" (clonal deletion/anergy) and "active" (suppression/priming of IL-4-producing T cells) mechanisms. Evidence is summarized from the recent literature describing several different and important experimental models of transplantation tolerance:intravenous injection of allogeneic cells, direct intrathymic injection of allogeneic cells, transgenic mice expressing genomically incorporated alloantigens, antibody-mediated depletion of T-cell subsets, and neonatal transplantation tolerance. At the present state of our understanding it is clear that only rarely does a single mechanism take sole responsibility for the tolerant condition; neonatal transplantation tolerance is an excellent example of a model that is induced and maintained by a coalition of tolerance-promoting processes. It is also apparent that induction of unresponsiveness among individual T-cells, once thought to occur exclusively in the thymus gland, can occur extrathymically, even among immunocompetent T-cells. This realization has revived optimism among basic and clinical transplanters who have long held the aspiration that prolonged, even indefinite, allograft survival can be achieved in adult human beings with only minimal perturbation of the immune system.
The influence of protoplast concentration on retention of tobacco mosaic virus by tobacco protoplasts.

Abstract When the concentration of tobacco protoplasts is raised above 10 5 per milliliter, the number of tobacco mosaic virus particles retained by each protoplast during inoculation declines. It is therefore important to take into account differences in protoplast concentration when attempting to compare the results of studies of virus particle retention by protoplasts.
Choosing a specialty in medicine : Female medical students and radiology

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are identifiable factors that dissuade female medical students from entering the field of radiology.MATERIALS AND METHODS. An anonymous survey was completed by medical students at the end of their third- or fourth-year radiology clinical clerkships at five institutions. In addition to demographic data and residency choice, respondents ranked 10 factors in order of importance to their choice of career. For respondents who did not consider radiology a possible career, a second set of eight factors was ranked for importance in dissuading them.RESULTS. Two hundred eighty-eight respondents completed the survey, 152 (53%) men and 136 (47%) women. Both men and women reported direct patient contact and intellectual stimulation as the most important factors in deciding on a specialty. For those who chose radiology, intellectual stimulation and use of emerging technology were significantly (p < 0.05) more important than other factors. The factor th...
Prevalence and patterns of marijuana use among pregnant and nonpregnant women of reproductive age.

Objective The objective of the study was to provide national prevalence, patterns, and correlates of marijuana use in the past month and past 2–12 months among women of reproductive age by pregnancy status. Study Design Data from 2007 – 2012 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, a cross-sectional nationally representative survey, identified pregnant (n = 4971) and nonpregnant (n = 88,402) women 18–44 years of age. Women self-reported marijuana use in the past month and past 2–12 months (use in the past year but not in the past month). χ 2 statistics and adjusted prevalence ratios were estimated using a weighting variable to account for the complex survey design and probability of sampling. Results Among pregnant women and nonpregnant women, respectively, 3.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.2–4.7) and 7.6% (95% CI, 7.3–7.9) used marijuana in the past month and 7.0% (95% CI, 6.0–8.2) and 6.4% (95% CI, 6.2–6.6) used in the past 2–12 months. Among past-year marijuana users (n = 17,934), use almost daily was reported by 16.2% of pregnant and 12.8% of nonpregnant women; and 18.1% of pregnant and 11.4% of nonpregnant women met criteria for abuse and/or dependence. Approximately 70% of both pregnant and nonpregnant women believe there is slight or no risk of harm from using marijuana once or twice a week. Smokers of tobacco, alcohol users, and other illicit drug users were 2–3 times more likely to use marijuana in the past year than respective nonusers, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. Conclusion More than 1 in 10 pregnant and nonpregnant women reported using marijuana in the past 12 months. A considerable percentage of women who used marijuana in the past year were daily users, met abuse and/or dependence criteria, and were polysubstance users. Comprehensive screening, treatment for use of multiple substances, and additional research and patient education on the possible harms of marijuana use are needed for all women of reproductive age.
Integrating Publicly Available Genome-Wide Association Data to Study the Genetic Basis of Metabolically Healthy Obese and Metabolically Obese but Normal-Weight Individuals

An estimated 2.1 billion adults and children worldwide are obese (1), imposing a substantial burden on people’s personal health and on society as a whole, as excess adiposity is associated with a number of cardiometabolic complications. These include insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, each of which is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) (2,3). However, a sizeable proportion of obese individuals does not have these cardiometabolic complications. These individuals have favorable glucose, lipid, blood pressure, liver enzyme, hormone, and inflammation levels, despite their excess adiposity. Conversely, not all normal-weight individuals are healthy, as some demonstrate one or more cardiometabolic risk factors. Although there is no consensus on the criteria to define these obese and normal-weight subtypes, an estimated 15–45% of obese individuals are considered “metabolically healthy obese” (MHO) and 5–30% of the normal-weight population is considered “metabolically obese of normal weight” (MONW) (4–10). While interest in MHO and MONW populations is growing rapidly, it remains unclear which factors determine why some obese individuals are protected, and why some normal-weight individuals are at elevated risk. Age, sex, ethnicity/race, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol intake have been identified as important correlates of MHO and MONW (6–10). However, even after accounting for these factors, the MHO population continues to be protected (longer) from the development of cardiometabolic disease compared with other obese individuals, and the MONW population remains at greater risk than healthy people of normal weight (9–15). These observations suggest that innate physiological mechanisms underlie at least part of one’s predisposition to be MHO or MONW. Indeed, based on data from studies that were conducted mainly in rodent models, pathways implicated in adipogenesis, adipose tissue expandability, …
N ‐Formamido‐Containing Mono‐ and Diheterocyclic Pyrrole‐and Imidazole‐2‐carboxylic Acids as Building Blocks for Polyamide Synthesis

Abstract Four N‐formamido‐containing mono‐and diheterocyclic pyrrole‐ and imidazole‐2‐containing acids 1–4 were synthesized as intermediates for the preparation of polyamide molecules. The N‐formamido‐moiety forces the compounds to bind strongly as a stacked dimer, and in a staggered fashion, at specific sequences in the minor‐groove of DNA. The acid moiety at the C‐terminus of compounds enables these molecules to be coupled to amine‐containing intermediates to form the amide linkages of the target polyamide. This convergent approach increases the synthetic diversity in polyamide chemistry by enabling one acid to be used with a variety of different C‐terminus‐functionalized intermediates.
Electrodynamic Processes with Nuclear Targets

Abstract It is known that two general form factors depending on energy loss and momentum transfer characterize inelastic electron scattering from nuclei in the first Born approximation in α = 1 137 . The same two form factors appear in all electrodynamic processes connected by one photon exchange with nuclei. This observation is used to compute cross sections and to discuss experiments which are aimed at probing electrodynamics by scattering or pair producing electrons or muons from nuclear targets.
Involving youth with disabilities in the development and evaluation of a new advocacy training: Project TEAM.

Purpose: This paper describes a participatory research process in which six youth with disabilities (Youth Panel) participated in the development and evaluation of a manualized advocacy training, Project TEAM (Teens making Environment and Activity Modifications). Project TEAM teaches youth with disabilities how to identify environmental barriers, generate solutions, and request accommodations. Method: The Youth Panel conducted their evaluation after the university researcher implemented Project TEAM with three groups of trainees. The Youth Panel designed and administered a survey and focus group to evaluate enjoyment and usefulness of Project TEAM with support from an advocate/researcher. Members of the Youth Panel analyzed survey response frequencies. The advocate/researcher conducted a content analysis of the open-ended responses. Results: Sixteen of 21 Project TEAM trainees participated in the evaluation. The evaluation results suggest that the trainees found the interactive and individualized aspects ...
On doing two things at once: time sharing as a function of ideomotor compatibility.

A relationship between stimulus and response of "ideomotor compatibility" was defined as occurring to the extent that the stimulus resembles normally occurring sensory feedback from the response (e.g., saying a word in response to hearing it said). It was proposed that the stimulus of highly ideomotorcompatible combinations should effectively select the response without burdening limited-capacity decision processes of the central nervous system. Accordingly, (a) perfectly efficient time sharing of two simultaneous decision tasks was predicted when both tasks were highly ideomotor compatible, and (b) inefficient time sharing was expected when both tasks were not highly ideomotor compatible. Eight Ss served in High and eight in Low Ideomotor Compatibility conditions that required rapid independent decision responses (spoken and manual) to two simultaneous stimuli (auditory and visual). The predicted effect of the ideomotor-compatibility variation on time-sharing efficiency was clearly confirmed. Can two independent decision tasks be performed simultaneously with perfect ef5ciency, that is, with no loss of speed or accuracy for each relative to its performance in isolation? This should be possible only if the two tasks do not share in the use of any limited-capacity information-processing systems. Avoidance of common limitedcapacity systems is evidently possible when neither of two simultaneous tasks requires a decision based on stimulus information (Adams, 1966, p. 190f.). However, when time sharing of decisions has been required, some residual inefficiency of simultaneous performance has generally been observed even when care has been taken to assure that the two tasks use different input modalities and output effectors (e.g., Schvaneveldt, 1969; see also the review by
Syntaxin isoform specificity in the regulation of renal H+-ATPase exocytosis.

Abstract Intercalated and inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) cells of the kidney mediate the transport of H+ by a plasma membrane H+-ATPase. The rate of H+ transport in these cells is regulated by exocytic insertion of H+-ATPase-laden vesicles into the apical membrane. We have shown that the exocytic insertion of proton pumps (H+-ATPase) into the apical membrane of rat IMCD cells, in culture, involves SNARE proteins (syntaxin (synt), SNAP-23, and VAMP). The membrane fusion complex observed in IMCD cells with the induction of proton pump exocytosis not only included these SNAREs but also the H+-ATPase. Based on these observations, we suggested that the targeting of these vesicles to the apical membrane is mediated by an interaction between the H+-ATPase and a specific t-SNARE. To evaluate this hypothesis, we utilized a “pull-down” assay in which we identified, by Western analysis, the proteins in a rat kidney medullary homogenate that complexed with glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion syntaxin isoforms attached to Sepharose 4B-glutathione beads. The syntaxin isoforms employed were 1A, 1B, 2, 4, 5, and also 1A that was truncated to exclude the H3 SNARE binding domain (synt-1AΔH3). All full-length syntaxin isoforms formed complexes with SNAP-23 and VAMP. Neither GST nor synt-1AΔH3 formed complexes with these SNAREs. H+-ATPase (subunits E, a, and c) bound to syntaxin-1A and to a lesser extent to synt-1B but not to synt-1AΔH3 or synt-2, -4, and -5. In cultured IMCD cells transfected to express syntaxin truncated for the membrane binding domain (synt-ΔC), expression of synt-1AΔC, but not synt-4ΔC, inhibited H+-ATPase exocytosis. In conclusion, because all full-length syntaxins examined bound VAMP-2 and SNAP-23, but only non-H3-truncated syntaxin-1 bound H+-ATPase, and synt-1AΔC expression by intact IMCD cells inhibited H+-ATPase exocytosis, it is likely that the H+-ATPase binds directly to the H3 domain of syntaxin-1 and not through VAMP-2 or SNAP-23. Interaction between the syntaxin-1A and H+-ATPase is important in the targeted exocytosis of the proton pump to the apical membrane of intercalated cells.
A brief introduction to functional MRI

IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine focuses on modern methods for the analysis of data from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies. Accordingly, the guest editors have seen fit to begin with a brief article on the history, mechanisms and methods behind fMRI. This is followed by the presentation of recent significant progress in paradigm design for fMRI as well as development of other methods for assessing the functional anatomy of the human brain, such as diffusion tensor imaging, for mapping white matter fiber tracts. Thus, the future appears to promise a more integrative approach to functional brain imaging, in which data from multiple modalities are entered into comprehensive analyses of brain function and connectivity.
The Practicality of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Devices and Progress Toward This Goal

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have been proposed as drug delivery devices for approximately 15 years. The history of in vitro studies has been promising, demonstrating that MSNs have the capability for stimulus-responsive controlled release, good cellular uptake, cell specific targeting, and the ability to carry a variety of cargoes from hydrophobic drug molecules to imaging agents. However, the translation of the in vitro findings to in vivo conditions has been slow. Herein, we review the current state-of-the-art in the use of MSN for systemic drug delivery in vivo and provide critical insight into the future of MSNs as systemic drug delivery devices and directions that should be undertaken to improve their practicality.
Deriving and Validating Kripkean Claims Using the Theory of Abstract Objects

Saul Kripke has advanced interesting metaphysical and semantic claims that have strong appeal and engender conviction. In some cases, Kripke suggests that these claims constitute only a ‘picture’ rather than a theory, while in others, it is clear that the claims in question constitute a (formally) precise theory. In the former case, it is important to determine whether one can turn the picture into a precise theory and what the consequences are when this is done. In the latter case, it is important to determine whether Kripke’s claims are to be construed as proper (i.e., non-logical) axioms of metaphysics or whether they can be derived as theorems from a more general theory. Moreover, it would be of interest to learn that claims Kripke has put forward on a variety of dierent topics
Fixed or flexible schedule? Schedule impacts and school library circulation

Abstract Despite more than 15 years of research into the implementation of flexible access to school library media programs in the United States, few empirical studies exist that examine the relationship between access scheduling and school library media circulation. This quantitative study examines the relationship between types of school library schedules and circulation. Examination of end-of-year circulation statistics for fixed, flexible, and partially flexible elementary school library media centers in North Carolina and Virginia indicate that there was a significant and positive relationship between flexible scheduling and per-pupil book circulation in elementary schools in these two states.
CANCER AND WOMEN

Cancer is diagnosed in women as often as in men, although the sites of primary disease can differ because of gender. When one thinks of cancer and women, the first two malignancies that come to mind are breast and ovarian, and although these are devastating diseases, they are not among the most deadly cancers that affect women. The most frequently diagnosed cancers in developed countries in descending order are lung, colon, breast, stomach, leukemias and lymphomas, prostate, bladder, uterus, cervix, pancreas, ovary, and liver. 44 Breast and prostate carcinoma are the only malignancies included in the preceding list that demonstrate a definite sex predilection in occurrence rates. In the United States, the leading cause of cancer deaths among women in 1996 was not breast carcinoma, which is the most highly publicized and feared by women. Instead, it was lung carcinoma, accounting for an estimated 25% of all cancer deaths. Lung carcinoma is followed by breast carcinoma accounting for 17% and carcinoma of the colon and rectum accounting for 10%. 31 Although breast carcinoma remains the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women, the death rate from this disease is stable or decreasing slightly, owing in large part to an extensive public health effort aimed at educating women regarding the benefits of early detection. Multimodal approaches to the early detection of breast carcinoma, such as monthly breast self-examinations, mammograms, and routine breast examinations by a health care professional, when used together lead to the detection of potentially curable breast carcinoma lesions at an increasing rate. Despite a modest success in the area of breast carcinoma, however, there remains no effective screening mechanism for the detection of the leading cause of mortality in women, lung carcinoma. Although there are mechanisms for the early detection of colon carcinoma, the insidious nature of the disease and its relative lack of symptoms in the early stages continue to make diagnosis in the early stages difficult. The details of breast carcinoma are discussed elsewhere in this issue; therefore, this article focuses on lung carcinoma and colon and rectal carcinoma, the number one and number three causes of cancer deaths in women, as well as other issues related to cancer therapy and recovery as they specifically relate to women.
Synthesis of the benzenoid analogue of the Chinese nootropic agent huperzine A

Abstract A short synthesis of the benzene isostere of huperzine A, an anticholinesterase of potential use in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, is described starting from β-tetralone.
Learning Location Correlation from GPS Trajectories

People’s location histories imply the location correlation that states the relations between geographical locations in the space of human behavior. With the correlation, we can enable many valuable services, such as location recommendation and sales promotion. In this paper, by taking into account a user’s travel experience (knowledge) and the sequentiality that locations have been visited, we learn the location correlation from a large number of user-generated GPS trajectories. Using the location correlation, we conduct a personalized location recommendation system, which is evaluated based on a real-world GPS dataset collected by 112 users over a period of 1.5 years. As a result, our method outperforms that using the Pearson correlation.
Stochastic frontier production analysis: Measuring performance of public telecommunications in 24 OECD countries☆

Abstract This study presents a new use of least absolute value (LAV) estimation for obtaining parameter estimates of a stochastic frontier production function. The LAV estimation is combined with data envelopment analysis (DEA) and the resulting DEA/LAV estimates are examined by several statistical tests. As an important application, this study applies DEA/LAV stochastic frontier production analysis for measuring and predicting the performance of public telecommunications in 24 OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries. This international comparison may serve as an empirical basis for understanding the telecommunications industries whose environments are now shifting from regulation to competition.
Continuous multi-parameter tissue monitoring during shock and resuscitation

Continuous assessment of tissue perfusion may allow for early detection and correction of hemorrhagic shock. We investigated continuously monitoring pH, pO2 and pCO2 of skeletal muscle (SM), subcutaneous tissue (SQ) and bladder wall (BW) as possible sites for following the course of hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation.
Some results on the occurrence of compact minimal submanifolds

Varying the situation considered in Myers theorem, we show, via standard index form techniques, that a complete Riemannian manifold which admits a compact minimal submanifold is necessarily compact, provided a suitable curvature object is positive on the average along the geodesies issuing orthogonally from the minimal submanifold. By slightly recasting this result, one establishes the nonexistence of compact minimal submanifolds (in particular, closed geodesies) in complete noncompact manifolds which obey an appropriate curvature condition. A generalization of a result of Tipler concerning the occurrence of zeros of solutions to the scalar Jacobi equation is also obtained.
A framework of spatial co-location mining on MapReduce

Spatial association rule mining is a useful tool for discovering interesting relationships among spatial objects. Co-locations, or sets of spatial events which are frequently observed together in close proximity, are particularly useful for discovering their spatial dependencies. The computation of co-location mining is prohibitively expensive with increase in data size and spatial neighborhood. In this work, we propose to parallelize spatial co-location mining on distributed machines. A framework of parallel co-location mining based on MapReduce is presented.
High Altitude Air Sampling with a Rocketborne Cryocondenser

Abstract A rocketborne cryogenic sampler, capable of collecting large, unmodified and uncontaminated high altitude air samples, has been successfully developed, tested and flown. The sampler employs a simple normal shock diffuser inlet and collects a column of air at supersonic speeds during rocket ascent. The sampled air condenses on stainless steel coils cooled with pressurized liquid hydrogen. Some of the experimental applications of this versatile sampling system are discussed. The sampling system, its operation, and its experimental evaluation are described. Preliminary results of the first rocket sampler flight at White Sands Missile Range on 4 September 1968 testify to the fully successful performance of the sampling system.
Measuring routine and strategic relational maintenance: Scale revision, sex versus gender roles, and the prediction of relational characteristics

In the present study, we incorporate both routine and strategic maintenance behaviors in an expanded maintenance scale. In addition, we seek to determine whether sex or gender role is a stronger predictor of maintenance behaviors, and to ascertain the extent to which maintenance predicts the relational characteristics of satisfaction, commitment, liking, and control mutuality. Data were collected from 520 married individuals. Through factor analysis, 7 maintenance items reflecting both routine and strategic enactment were identified: advice, assurances, conflict management, openness, positivity, sharing tasks, and social networks. Multiple regressions revealed that the gender role construct of femininity was the primary predictor of all 7 of these behaviors. Biological sex was a weak predictor of 2 maintenance behaviors, and was not present in the other 5 regression equations. Finally, in accordance with previous research, the use of assurances was a consistent and strong predictor of relational character...
IAP Regulation of Metastasis

Inhibitor-of-Apoptosis (IAP) proteins contribute to tumor progression, but the requirements of this pathway are not understood. Here, we show that intermolecular cooperation between XIAP and survivin stimulates tumor cell invasion and promotes metastasis. This pathway is independent of IAP inhibition of cell death. Instead, a survivin-XIAP complex activates NF-kappaB, which in turn leads to increased fibronectin gene expression, signaling by beta1 integrins, and activation of cell motility kinases FAK and Src. Therefore, IAPs are direct metastasis genes, and their antagonists could provide antimetastatic therapies in patients with cancer.
Elements in the Progressive Development of Small Groups

the basis of our value-knowledge now and to continue searching for greater truth in the value sphere just as they have learned to do in science. Negatively we can define some aspects of evil on the basis of our experience in the last fifty years and by a study of history; but we can say very little about the realm of the good. Some things we know about love, beauty, honesty, etc., but the greatest potentialities for good, both for its definition and for its actualization, lie in the future. When the sociologist restores his belief in the objectivity of values, while, at the same time, remaining humble about their final content, he rejoins the human race in its eternal quest.
Mass-transport fabrication of large-numerical-aperture micro-optics

A promising approach for efficient microlenses and compact diode laser systems is reviewed. Development of one-step etching of the lens preform and effective wafer protection in mass transport has led to a considerably simplified process and increased reproducibility. Anamorphic microlenses have been fabricated and demonstrate capability for simple compact optics for tapered high-power diode lasers, with coupling of 347 mW into a single-mode fiber. GaAs microlenses have been developed as a first step toward monolithic laser/lens integration. Simple hybrid integration has been demonstrated with a direct mounting of microlenses on packaged lasers.
Mechanical properties of sodium and potassium activated metakaolin-based geopolymers

In this study, a set of mechanical properties of geopolymers, synthesized by alkali (NaOH or KOH) activation of metakaolin and SiO2 mixture, were characterized at ambient temperature. Samples with K/Al or Na/Al atomic ratios equal to 1, Si/Al atomic ratios in the 1.25–2.5 range and H2O/Al2O3 molar ratios of 11 or 13 are cured at 80 °C for 24 and 48 h before characterization, to determine effect of Si/Al ratio and curing time on the structure and mechanical properties of geopolymers. The structure of synthesized geopolymers characterized using XRD, NMR, SEM, and density measurements was correlated to their mechanical properties, including compressive strength, Young’s modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results of this study suggest a strong effect of Si/Al ratios (in the 1.5–2 range), density, and microstructure on the maximum strength, Young’s modulus, and hardness of geopolymers. There were also notable differences in strength between samples cured for 24 and 48 h, suggesting that the degree of geopolymerization reaction also plays important role in mechanical properties of this new class of inorganic polymers.
Modeling of the Plasma-Propellant Interaction

Plasma-propellant interaction for application to an electrothermal gun is studied theoretically. Electrothermal-chemical (ETC) guns are used for enhancement of the ignition and combustion of the energetic propellant. A detailed understanding of the dynamics of the plasma-propellant interaction is considered one of the key elements to the future success of practical ETC gun implementation. A model of the propellant ablation under plasma effect is developed based on the kinetic theory of ablation. The ablation model is coupled with a model of the plasma generation in the capillary discharge that allows calculation of the effective heat flux from the plasma. Calculations are performed for specific experimental conditions in which ablated mass of a double-base and a nitramine composite propellant are studied. An ablation model is used to predict the ablation rate of the propellant for different bulk plasma densities. An effective heat flux from the plasma is found which yields the experimentally determined ablated mass. One representative solution reproduces the experimentally determined ablated mass for the double-base propellant of 5.3 mg via an effective heat flux on the order of 4times108 J/m2s. The effective heat flux that corresponds to the experimentally measured ablated mass is determined for different propellants. Differences in the calculated effective heat flux between different propellants indicate that although heat convection from the plasma is the dominant source of energy, plasma radiation, and the optical properties of the propellants themselves cannot be ignored. The difference in plasma heat flux between propellants can readily be explained by partial absorption of plasma radiation consistent with the optical properties of the propellants
Molecular identification, tissue distribution and subcellular localization of mST3GalV/GM3 synthase

A molecular screen for a mouse homologue of a Drosophila carbohydrate binding protein, called Gliolectin, yielded a cDNA encoding mST3GalV/GM3 synthase (CMP-NeuAc: lactosylceramide alpha2, 3-sialyltransferase). By in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, mST3GalV exhibits differential expression in neural and non-neural tissues. Although expressed by all neurons in the central nervous system, neuronal populations that contribute their axons to myelinated efferent projections, such as cerebellar Purkinje cells and spinal motorneurons, demonstrate the highest ST3GalV expression. When stained with anti-mST3GalV antiserum (designated CS2), subpopulations of neurons display an elaborate Golgi apparatus, frequently extending into one or more dendritic processes. The extended spatial distribution of the neuronal Golgi apparatus, particularly in spinal motorneurons, allowed the confocal immunohistochemical colocalization of mST3GalV with markers for medial/trans-Golgi but not the cis-Golgi or trans-Golgi network, consistent with previous observations suggesting that ganglioside glycosyltransferases are enriched in late Golgi compartments. Among non-neural tissues, liver and testes demonstrate cell-type specific CS2 staining. In liver, endothelial cells lining a ring of sinusoids, concentric with the central vein, express mST3GalV. Kupffer cells are also stained with CS2 antiserum but hepatocyte expression is undetectable. In the seminiferous tubules of the testes, ST3GalV is found in somatic (Leydig, Sertoli) and early germline cells (spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes); the epididymal epithelium exhibits intense ST3GalV expression. Since GM3 is a precursor for the synthesis of a- and b-series gangliosides, the range of mST3GalV/GM3 synthase expression among various cell populations indicates that certain cell types possess greater reliance on ganglioside function than others.
Issues management: its past, present and future

Issues management, according to conventional wisdom, was created in the United States during the 1970s as a response strategy and early warning tool for dealing with emergent issues. A wide array of issues, resulting from robust and far-reaching protest, was raised against businesses in every industry in the United States. This era of corporate critique started in the anti-war and civil rights movements that were hot in the 1960s. The critique of “the establishment” reached out to touch every aspect of life and corporate behavior in the United States.
Should Padilla Be Retroactive

When the Supreme Court decided Padilla v. Kentucky in 2010, it declared that defense lawyers had a duty to inform criminal defendants what the removal consequences of pleading guilty could be, if those consequences were clear. The Padilla majority asserted that the decision would not open the “floodgates” to new claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. Yet if there has not been a flood of cases, there has certainly been a growth of confusion as courts have struggled to determine exactly how far and to whom the gates were opened — does Padilla only apply to criminal cases on direct review and to the behavior of defense lawyers going forward, or do offenders whose convictions were final before Padilla also receive its protection? The answer has split the federal circuit courts and state courts that have considered it, leading the Supreme Court recently to grant certiorari on this difficult issue. The Court’s jurisprudence, the purposes of post-conviction review, and the practical consequences point in various directions on the question of retroactively applying the Padilla rule. The divided arguments and the rule from a divided Court suggest that a divided approach might be the best way forward.
A woman's journey through the reproductive, transitional and postmenopausal periods of life: Impact on cardiovascular and musculo-skeletal risk and the role of estrogen replacement

Sex hormones are fundamental for female development and they are important physiologically to maintain the health and normal functioning of several organs such as the brain, heart and bone. It is now clear that the hormonal changes that occur during a woman's life, particularly her estrogen status, can modulate disease activity. This is especially true for cardiovascular and musculo-skeletal diseases, which are two leading causes of morbidity and mortality in women. With the general aging of the population they represent a serious and growing public health concern. Estrogen synthesis and blood levels fluctuate during a woman's life and in this review three broad periods will be considered: reproductive phase, transition and postmenopausal phase. Generally speaking, women in the reproductive phase of their life are at low risk of cardiovascular and musculo-skeletal disorders. However, the onset of menopause and the loss of ovarian function is associated with a significant increase in the prevalence of diseases such as coronary heart disease, osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. The prevalence of these debilitating diseases continues to increase through the postmenopausal period. Estrogen replacement is an obvious treatment approach to counter the problems associated with the loss of ovarian function and subsequent estrogen deficiency. Overall, oral and transdermal estrogen replacement are similarly effective in relieving menopausal symptoms and disorders that manifest during this period of a woman's life. Transdermal estrogen may be preferable in older women because of its lower thrombogenic potential. In this journey through a woman's life current best evidence relating to cardiovascular and musculo-skeletal risk will be reviewed in line with well documented management strategies.
The influence of neural retina and lens on the development of embryonic lens vesicles in Amblystoma punctatum and Triturus viridescens.

Embryonic lens vesicles from both species of salamander self-differentiated into a small lens with fibers when implanted into either the dorsal fin or anterior chamber of the larval eye. Growth of these lenses was very slow in Amblystoma and somewhat faster in Triturus. When implanted into the pupil in place of the extirpated host lens, the embryonic lens vesicles differentiated normally and had a normal rate of growth. Lens regeneration from the host iris in Triturus was frequently inhibited by the implanted lens. A statistical analysis by the method of covariance showed that, in both species, lenses from the implants were largest in the lentectomized eyes, smaller in the vitreous chamber of eyes with intact host lens and smallest in the anterior chamber, host lens present. In Amblystoma, the growth rates, as indicated by the coefficients for linear regression, were significantly different between lenses developing in the absence of the host lens and those growing from implants into either the anterior or vitreous chambers of eyes containing the host lens. In Triturus, a significant difference was observed only between growth rates of lenses in the lentectomized eyes and in the anterior chambers, host lens present or in the dorsal fin. These results show that the neural retina stimulates growth and differentiation of embryonic lens vesicles and that the host lens retards their growth.
A null mutation for Fmr1 in female mice : Effects on regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose and relationship to behavior

Abstract As a measure of functional activity we determined regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (rCMRglc) in adult, female wild type and fragile X (Fmr1 null) mice homozygous and heterozygous for the null mutation. To ascertain if the sexes differ with respect to the severity of the effects of the mutation we compared our results with results of our previous study on male Fmr1 null mice [Qin M, Kang J, Smith CB (2002) Increased rates of cerebral glucose metabolism in a mouse model of fragile X mental retardation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:15758–15763.]. In contrast to the male Fmr1 null mouse, rCMRglc was unchanged in the homozygous female except in the dorsal raphe where rCMRglc was increased by 36%. There were no differences in rCMRglc between heterozygous and wild type female mice. We compared male and female mice for effects of the null mutation on behavior. We found that the female Fmr1 null mouse is similar to the male with deficits in performance on a passive avoidance task, general hyperactivity, and increased susceptibility to audiogenic seizures. Both homozygous and heterozygous female mice exhibited hyperactivity and increased susceptibility to seizures, whereas only the homozygous mice had a deficit on the passive avoidance test. Male Fmr1 null mice had a tendency for lower anxiety-like behavior in an open field, whereas this was not evident in females. Compared with male wild type, male Fmr1 null mice also had a diminished acoustic startle response at higher stimulus intensities, whereas all three female genotypes had responses similar to those of male Fmr1 null mice. Whether estrogen affords female Fmr1 null mice some protection from the effects of the mutation remains to be determined.
EFFECT OF HIGH FREESTREAM TURBULENCE WITH LARGE LENGTH SCALE ON BLADE HEAT/MASS TRANSFER

The naphthalene sublimation technique is used to investigate the influence of high free-stream turbutence with large length scale on the heat/mass transfer from a turbine blade in a highly accelerated linear cascade. The experiments are conducted at four exit Reynolds numbers, ranging from 2.4 x 10 5 to 7.8 x 10 5 , with free-stream turbulence of 3, 8.5, and 18 percent and corresponding integral length scales of 0.9 cm, 2.6 cm, and 8 cm, respectively. On the suction surface, the heat/mass transfer rate is significantly enhanced by high free-stream turbulence due to an early boundary layer transition. By contrast, the transition occurs very late, and may not occur at very low Reynolds numbers with low free-stream turbulence. In the turbulent boundary layer, lower heat/mass transfer rates are found for the highest free-stream turbulence level with large length scale than for the moderate turbulence levels with relatively small scales. Similar phenomena also occur at the leading edge. However, the effect of turbulence is not as pronounced in the laminar boundary layer.
Human rabies in Tianjin, China

Background Human rabies has recently re-emerged as a significant public health threat in Tianjin, China. Methods Using surveillance data compiled by the Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, we describe 60 cases of human rabies reported from 2005 to 2011 in the municipality of Tianjin, China. Results All 60 cases of human rabies resulted in death. Cases were primarily male (80%), middle aged (mean 40.6 years), and exposed to rabies in a rural setting (82%). Most exposures were associated with dog bites (93%) and no animal had a history of rabies vaccination; no cases were laboratory confirmed. Fifteen percent of patients sought medical attention for their wound, and none received a complete regimen of WHO-recommended post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Conclusions These findings suggest the need for China’s public health authority to improve animal rabies surveillance and control strategies through laboratory case confirmation, more rapid response to potential exposures with provision of appropriate PEP, and education to the public and to health care providers on identifying and reducing rabies risk.
An Example of Activity Based Costing of Treatment Programs

We introduce a new tool that can be used for estimating number, length of time, and nature of services patient receive in drug treatment programs. While the field has made significant progress in standardizing the collection of expenditure data, little progress has been made on creating a standard measure for estimating program activities and census. We report on a method of estimating program activities.
A Note on Hypothesis Test in Binary Data under the Single-Consent Randomized Design

When we compare an experimental treatment with the best standard therapy, Zelen first proposed use of the single-consent randomized design to increase the accrual rate of patients into trials. Under the single-consent randomized design, I developed two other simple test procedures to improve the power of the commonly used procedure for the intention-to-treat analysis in testing whether there is a difference in treatment effects in this article. Based on Monte Carlo simulation, I evaluated and compared these three test procedures with respect to type 1 error and power. I demonstrated that the two test procedures developed here outperformed the commonly employed test procedure in a variety of situations. Finally, I employed an example by studying the effect of vitamin A supplementation on reducing mortality in preschool children to illustrate the use of these test procedures.
EFFECTS OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID PRODUCTS ON DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS OF VIRULENT AND AVIRULENT PNEUMOCOCCI

Abstract Firshein, W. (Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn.). Effects of deoxyribonucleic acid products on deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis of virulent and avirulent pneumococci. J. Bacteriol. 82:169–180. 1961.—Cell suspensions of virulent pneumococci synthesize a greater amount of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) per cell in the presence of DNA + deoxyribonuclease + mixtures of deoxynucleosides and deoxynucleotides (supplement-1) than unsupplemented suspensions. Under identical conditions, avirulent and weakly virulent pneumococci do not respond to these DNA breakdown products. Glucose and casitone must be present for maximal effects to occur. A DNA turnover occurs in virulent cells. This has been demonstrated by a decrease in specific activity of H3-DNA extracted from virulent (S) cells exposed to nonradioactive supplement-1.