cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Locations for screw fixation beyond the glenoid vault for fixation of glenoid implants into the scapula: an anatomic study.

Screw fixation is often required for glenoid implants and glenoid bone grafting, yet no study has evaluated the complex and irregular anatomy of the scapula to determine the best positions for the screws. Current implants rely solely on the bone in the glenoid vault for screw fixation, but in cases with glenoid bone loss, screw fixation may not confer adequate stability. The purpose of this study was to find the best positions for screws that are secured in bone beyond the glenoid vault. Twenty-seven scapulae from the Hamann-Todd osteologic collection underwent a computed tomography scan, and the images were transferred to a custom computer program that allowed 3-dimensional manipulation of the scapular images. Virtual screws were inserted into the scapula through the glenoid fossa, and the starting points and screw lengths were recorded. The coordinates of the starting points were scaled to allow comparisons among the different sizes of scapula. Once the ideal screw position was found, the angle of insertion was altered by 15° in 4 directions, and the resulting screw length was recorded to show the effects of screw insertion error. Three screws could be inserted through the glenoid fossa into bone beyond the glenoid vault. The superior screw had a median length of 29 mm and exited at the junction of the coracoid and the suprascapular notch. The middle screw had a median length of 60 mm and exited at the junction of the spine and the scapular body. The inferior screw had a median length of 75 mm and exited posterior to the tip of the scapula. When the starting positions were constrained by a symmetric implant, the median superior screw length was 19 mm, the median inferior screw length was 61 mm, and the median middle screw length was 55 mm. Screw fixation in bone beyond the glenoid vault can be used for fixation of glenoid implants or glenoid bone grafting. Future studies are required to test the biomechanical stability of this new screw configuration, as well as methods and tools for precise implantation of the screws into the described locations. Once these studies are completed revision total shoulder arthroplasty with severe glenoid bone loss may be treated in 1 stage with screw fixation of a glenoid implant over bulk allograft.
New insights into neural mechanisms controlling the micturition reflex

The functions of the lower urinary tract, to store and periodically release urine, are dependent on the activity of smooth and striated muscles in the bladder, urethra, and external urethral sphincter. This activity is in turn controlled by neural circuits in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral ganglia. During urine storage, the outlet is closed and the bladder smooth muscle is quiescent. When bladder volume reaches the micturition threshold, activation of a micturition center in the dorsolateral pons (the pontine micturition center) induces a bladder contraction and a reciprocal relaxation of the urethra, leading to bladder emptying. During voiding, sacral parasympathetic (pelvic) nerves provide an excitatory input (cholinergic and purinergic) to the bladder and inhibitory input (nitrergic) to the urethra. The brain rostral to the pons (diencephalon and cerebral cortex) is also involved in excitatory and inhibitory regulation of the micturition reflex. Various transmitters including dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, GABA, excitatory and inhibitory amino acids, opioids, acetylcholine, and neuropeptides are implicated in the modulation of the micturition reflex in the central nervous system. Therefore, injury or diseases of the nervous system, as well as drugs and disorders of the peripheral organs, can produce bladder and urethral dysfunctions such as urinary frequency, urgency and incontinence, or inefficient bladder emptying.
Navigating the “eddies”: Cross-cultural teaching and learning experiences in a technical and professional writing class

Teaching Technical and Professional Writing can be complicated by the dynamics in the classroom. When it comes to imagining an audience, establishing an ethos, adopting a particular tone, analyzing a specific rhetorical situation, and writing on a cross-disciplinary topic, students find themselves struggling to cope with some “eddies”-linguistic, cultural, and disciplinary differences. Teachers working in cross-cultural classrooms also confront challenges from unfamiliar teaching contexts. Drawing on existing technical communication pedagogy theories and recent proposals for preparing effective technical communicators in today's diverse and fluid global contexts, this paper reports a Chinese Ph.D. student's first-time cross-cultural teaching experiences in a Technical and Professional Writing class and reflections on students' learning experiences. Aiming at adding real-life scenarios for teachers in similar teaching situations to discuss, this paper provides narrative descriptions of how the teacher and the students navigated multimodal artifacts, cultural expectations, and collegial relations and disciplinary expectations. This paper suggests a user-centered approach for teaching in cross-cultural contexts and the importance of developing empathy with students.
Precipitation-Induced Voltage-Dependent Ion Current Fluctuations in Conical Nanopores

Single conically shaped nanopores produce stable ion current fluctuations when in contact with weakly soluble salts, such as calcium hydrogen phosphate (CaHPO4) and cobalt hydrogen phosphate (CoHPO4). The pore spontaneously switches between high and low conductance states, called open and closed states, respectively. Pore opening and closing are linked to the dynamic formation of the calcium and cobalt precipitates at the small opening of the pore. The probabilities of pore opening and closing are voltage-dependent, and this characteristic of ion current signal is known for biological voltage-gated channels. We show that new types of ion current fluctuations are obtained in conditions at which precipitates of CaHPO4 and CoHPO4 can form in the pore at the same time.
T cell-macrophage interactions and granuloma formation in vasculitis

Granuloma formation, bringing into close proximity highly activated macrophages and T cells, is a typical event in inflammatory blood vessel diseases, and is noted in the name of several of the vasculitides. It is not known whether specific properties of the microenvironment in the blood vessel wall or the immediate surroundings of blood vessels contribute to granuloma formation and, in some cases, generation of multinucleated giant cells. Granulomas provide a specialized niche to optimize macrophage-T cell interactions, strongly activating both cell types. This is mirrored by the intensity of the systemic inflammation encountered in patients with vasculitis, often presenting with malaise, weight loss, fever and strongly upregulated acute phase responses. As a sophisticated and highly organized structure, granulomas can serve as an ideal site to induce differentiation and maturation of T cells. The granulomas possibly seed aberrant Th1 and Th17 cells into the circulation, which are known to be the main pathogenic cells in vasculitis. Through the induction of memory T cells, aberrant innate immune responses can imprint the host immune system for decades to come and promote chronicity of the disease process. Improved understanding of T cell-macrophage interactions will redefine pathogenic models in the vasculitides and provide new avenues for immunomodulatory therapy.
A comparative evaluation of the major pollution control programs in the United States and West Germany

In order to provide a more adequate means for the preservation and the enhancement of the environment, the United States and West Germany (the Federal Republic of Germany) have either created new institutions or altered existing agencies for the implementation of public policy. Along with these developments, a series of programs have been specifically designed to foster and maintain a quality environment. In this article, we examine the particular strategies employed in the implementation of environmental pollution control laws through the new or altered administrative arrangements in the two countries.
Marple: Detecting faults in path segments using automatically generated analyses

Generally, a fault is a property violation at a program point along some execution path. To obtain the path where a fault occurs, we can either run the program or manually identify the execution paths through code inspection. In both of the cases, only a very limited number of execution paths can be examined for a program. This article presents a static framework, Marple, that automatically detects path segments where a fault occurs at a whole program scale. An important contribution of the work is the design of a demand-driven analysis that effectively addresses scalability challenges faced by traditional path-sensitive fault detection. The techniques are made general via a specification language and an algorithm that automatically generates path-based analyses from specifications. The generality is achieved in handling both data- and control-centric faults as well as both liveness and safety properties, enabling the exploitation of fault interactions for diagnosis and efficiency. Our experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our techniques in detecting path segments of buffer overflows, integer violations, null-pointer dereferences, and memory leaks. Because we applied an interprocedural, path-sensitive analysis, our static fault detectors generally report better precision than the tools available for comparison. Our demand-driven analyses are shown scalable to deployed applications such as apache, putty, and ffmpeg.
A Unified Treatment of the Effects of Wellbore Storage and Variable Sandface Flowrate on Gas Well Drawdown and Buildup Analysis

A unified method for analyzing drawdown and buildup data for permeability, non-Darcy coefficient, and skin factor is presented. The method accounts for wellbore storage and variable sandface flow rate. Drawdown/buildup data for two rates from an experimental reservoir are analyzed with this method. The parameters obtained from that analysis were used in a mathematical reservoir simulator to generate a pressure-time history which matched the experimental history within 3 psi over the test period, thereby demonstrating the compliance of the experimental reservoir with accepted principles of compressible fluid flow in porous media.
Growth cone-growth cone interactions in cultures of rat sympathetic neurons☆

Growth cones of sympathetic neurons from the superior cervical ganglia of neonatal rats were studied using video-microscopy to determine events following contact between growth cones and other cell surfaces, including other growth cones and neurites. A variety of behaviors were observed to occur upon contact between growth cones. Most commonly, one growth cone would collapse and subsequently retract upon establishing filopodial contact with the growth cone of another sympathetic neuron. Contacts resulting in collapse and retraction were often accompanied by a rapid and transient burst of lamellipodial activity along the neurite 30-50 microns proximal to the retracting growth cone. In no instances did interactions between growth cones and either fibroblasts or red blood cells result in the growth cone collapsing, suggesting that a specific recognition event was involved. On several occasions, growth cones were seen to track other growth cones, although fasciculation was rare. In some cases, there was no obvious response between contacting growth cones. Growth cone-growth cone contact was almost four times more likely to result in collapse and retraction than was growth cone-neurite contact (45% vs 12%, respectively). These observations suggest that the superior cervical ganglion may be composed of neurons with different cell surface determinants and that these determinants are more concentrated on the surface of growth cones than on neurites. These results further suggest that contact-mediated inhibition of growth cone locomotion may play an important role in growth cone guidance.
Initial performance verification for the Multispectral Thermal Imager

The Multispectral Thermal Imager (MTI) is designed to demonstrate the utility of multispectral remote sensing from a satellite platform for a variety of applications of interest to the U.S. Department of Energy. These applications include characterization of industrial facilities, environmental impacts of effluents, global change, hazardous waste sites, resource exploitation, crop health, and others. The MTI was designed using a procedure which we call `End-to-end modeling and analysis (EEM).' We began with target attributes, translated to observable signatures and then propagated the signatures through the atmosphere to the sensor location. We modeled the sensor attributes to yield a simulated data stream, which was then analyzed to retrieve information about the original target. The retrieved signature was then compared to the original to obtain a figure of merit: hence the term `end-to-end modeling and analysis.' We based the EEM in physics to ensure high fidelity and to permit scaling. As the actual design of the payload evolved, and as real hardware was tested, we updated the EEM to facilitate trade studies, and to judge, for example, whether components that deviated from specifications were acceptable. During detailed calibration at the Los Alamos Radiometric Calibration Facility we used our models to explain certain observations, and to extend limited measurements to larger domains of applicability. Data analysis programs have been developed to generate a comprehensive set of data products through our Data Processing and Analysis Center. The satellite was due for launch on 8 February 2000: the actual launch data was 12 March, 2000. At the conference we anticipate sharing some preliminary observations from on-orbit.
Coverage dependence and hydroperoxyl-mediated pathway of catalytic water formation on Pt (111) surface.

Hydrogen oxidation on Pt (111) surface is modeled by density functional theory (DFT). Previous DFT calculations showed too large O2 dissociation barriers, but we find them highly coverage dependent: when the coverage is low, dissociation barriers close to experimental values (∼0.3eV) are obtained. For the whole reaction, a new pathway involving hydroperoxyl (OOH) intermediate is found, with the highest reaction barrier of only ∼0.4eV. This may explain the experimental observation of catalytic water formation on Pt (111) surface above the H2O desorption temperature of 170K, despite that the direct reaction between chemisorbed O and H atoms is a highly activated process with barrier ∼1eV as previous calculations showed.
Moderate resolution imaging spectrometer for the NASA earth observing system

MODIS is intended to provide daily global surveys for the oceans, the atmosphere, and land. To achieve this capability, this instrument requires at least a 1700 km swath width and provides geometric-instantaneous-fields-of-view that are either 214 m, 428 m, or 856 m in size with reference to a 705 km satellite altitude. The range of products to be supported by MODIS includes ocean chlorophyll concentration, ocean primary productivity, dissolved organic matter in the oceans, global SST, total suspended solids, land cover type, land surface temperatures, vegetation indices, and volcanic and fire events. Details of the MODIS-N and MODIS-T instrument concepts are discussed.
Introduction to bioinformatics and computational biology

The field of biological sciences has been transformed in recent years to a domain of incredibly rich data ripe for computational exploration. High throughput technologies allow investigators to construct vast feature sets, including genetic variables, gene expression values, protein levels, biomarkers, and a multitude of other traits. These rich feature sets can be used to predict disease risk and prioritize treatment strategies, but there are incredible challenges in the analysis of such data. Features often have correlation patterns, are subject to normalization, measurement errors, and other forms of noise. Furthermore, there are far more features in a typical dataset than there are samples. Despite these issues, the analysis of complex biological data can lead to a new understanding of biological systems and human health.This tutorial provides an introduction to the fundamental concepts of biological science. It examines the established methods for generating biological datasets, outlines online databases that contain much of this data, and introduces the newest methods for capturing high-resolution genomic sequence data. Attendees will leave this tutorial with a better understanding of the problem domains that exist in biological science.
Nicotine-induced depression of lymphocyte growth

Abstract Human peripheral lymphocytes were stimulated to grow with phytohemagglutinin (PHA). The addition of nicotine to the cultures resulted in significantly decreased growth (DNA synthesis) of the lymphocytes. Doses ranging from 0.004 to 122 μg/ml all produced about the same amount of depression (93% of control), ie, there was no dose-response relationship. The same range of depression resulted both when nicotine was present throughout the 3-day culture period and when it was added during harvest (4 hr prior to termination of the cultures). This suggests that the effect of nicotine is on DNA synthesis, not on PHA or the process of stimulation. Cell counts at the end of the culture period were not affected by up to 24.5 μg/ml nicotine in either PHA-stimulated or unstimulated cultures. The lack of a dose-response relationship suggests that even light smoking may have an effect on cellular immunity.
Spectral analysis of glucan produced by wild-type and mutant saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract Carbon-13 NMR was employed to determine the chemical structures of the cell-wall β-glucans isolated from a wild-type and a mutant strain of yeast. The results illustrate distinct differences in frequency and average length of the β(1–6)-glycosidic branching of the glucans. The higher frequency of β(1–6) branching in the mutant strain is consistent with the result of previous enzyme digestion experiments correlating the degree of hydrolysis with the frequency of the β(1–6) linkage.
Sensory bases of navigation.

Abstract Navigating animals need to know both the bearing of their goal (the ‘map' step), and how to determine that direction (the ‘compass' step). Compasses are typically arranged in hierarchies, with magnetic backup as a last resort when celestial information is unavailable. Magnetic information is often essential to calibrating celestial cues, though, and repeated recalibration between celestial and magnetic compasses is important in many species. Most magnetic compasses are based on magnetite crystals, but others make use of induction or paramagnetic interactions between short-wavelength light and visual pigments. Though odors may be used in some cases, most if not all long-range maps probably depend on magnetite. Magnetitebased map senses are used to measure only latitude in some species, but provide the distance and direction of the goal in others.
Tumor-induced diet aversions persist after successful excision of an anorexigenic tumor

Abstract LTW(m) Leydig cell tumors were removed from Wistar Furth rats after the animals had developed anorexia and strong aversions to a novel diet consumed during tumor growth. Previous studies had reported recovery from anorexia within 24–48 hr of tumor excision but had not measured diet preference to find out if food aversions persisted beyond recovery. In the present study, which allowed the rats to choose freely between the aversive diet and a nonaversive diet for several weeks, aversions persisted from four to 25+ days. No signs of anorexia were evident during this testing phase, which followed 10 days of post-operative recuperation in which the rats were restricted to a diet of familiar laboratory chow. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that certain anorexigenic tumors, such as the LTW(m), can substantially affect food selection long after their direct effects on appetite have dissipated.
The "becoming-past" of places: Spacetime and memory in nineteenth-century, pre-Civil War New York

I want to thank you for the honor of being asked to give this lecture in memory of Edward Westermarck. Westermarck had a long-term interest in articulating the generalizations of moral philosophy with the complications of ethnographic and historical particulars. The present paper, although very different in orientation and aim, takes up the analysis of some classic philosophical topics of interest in contemporary anthropology—namely spacetime, place, and memory—attempting to make self-evident how they are constituted as experiential forms only in and through the sociocultural complexities of a specific lived world. Among the diverse anthropological and related approaches to place, space, and time, much attention has recently been given to places as tangible mnemonics for spatially presencing the past or for mediating history in the experience of the present. In this paper, however, I shift from these perspectives to an exploration of the becoming-past-of-places: Considering disappearances and appearances of new places in a people’s lived place-world, I ask how these processes were configured in certain spatiotemporalizing practices in pre-Civil War, nineteenth-century New York. Interrelations being formed between the past, present, and future, placemnemonics and forgetting will then reemerge within this processual viewpoint. By “spatiotemporalizing practices,” I refer, on the one hand, to a particular nexus of common descriptions and related commentaries on observable changes in the city that we find in newspapers, magazines, speeches, and other everyday sources of the era. I think of these accounts as elements in what Bakhtin (1984: 6) calls a
Preparation of highly concentrated stable dispersions of uniform silver nanoparticles

Stable concentrated aqueous dispersions of silver nanoparticles of narrow size distribution were prepared by reducing silver nitrate solutions with ascorbic acid in the presence of Daxad 19 (sodium salt of a high-molecular-weight naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde condensate) as stabilizing agent. The latter has excellent ability to prevent the aggregation of nanosize silver at high ionic strength and high concentration of metal (up to 0.3 mol dm(-3)). The presence of the dispersing agent on the surface of silver particles was confirmed by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and electrokinetic measurements, explaining both the negative charge over the entire pH range and the electrosteric effect responsible for their long-term stability. The other experimental conditions, i.e., the pH of the reacting solutions, the concentration of the stabilizing agent, and the metal/dispersant ratio, also have a significant impact on the size and stability of these dispersions. The final nanosize silver can be obtained as dried powder, and can be fully redispersed in deionized water by sonication.
Liquefaction Testing of Stratified Silty Sands

The cyclic behavior of stratified silty sandy soils is at present poorly understood, yet these materials are commonly found in alluvial deposits and hydraulic fill, which have a history of liquefaction during earthquakes. The main objective of this research project was to compare the behavior of stratified and homogeneous silty sands during seismic liquefaction conditions for various silt contents and confining pressures. A comprehensive experimental program was undertaken in which a total of 150 stress-controlled undrained cyclic triaxial tests were performed. Two methods of sample preparation were used for each soil type. These methods included moist tamping (representing uniform soil conditions) and sedimentation (representing layered soil conditions). The silt contents ranged from 10 to 50%, and confining pressures in the range of 50 to 250 KPa were considered. The results indicated that the liquefaction resistances of layered and uniform soils are not significantly different, despite the fact that th...
Diffusion of oxygen on the Mo(110) plane

Abstract The diffusion and mean square fluctuations 〈(δN2〉/〈N〉 of O on Mo(110) have been investigated as functions of coverage and temperature over the range 0.05 ⩽ θ ⩽ 0.9. The diffusion coefficient D, multiplied by 〈(δN2〉/〈N〉 yields the jump diffusion coefficient Dj, which is similar to the single particle or tracer coefficient. The forms D = D0 exp(−βE) and Dj = Dj0 exp(−βEj) with β = 1/kBT are used to analyze the results. Except at θ = 0.9 〈(δN)2〉/〈N〉 is temperature independent, so that E = Ek. E increases from 17 kcal at θ = 0.07 to 26 kcal at θ = 0.5, then drops to 18 kcal atθ = 0.7 and finally rises to t 20 kcal at θ = 0.9. At this coverage Ej ≅ 28 kcal. D0 varies from 1 cm2 s−1 at low coverage to 10−2–10−1 cm2 s−1 at θ = 0.5, then drops to 10−5 cm2 s−1 at θ = 0.9. Dj0 values range from 10−2 cm2 s−1 at θ = 0.05, drop to 2 × 10−4 cm2 s−1 at θ = 0.15, then rise to 10−2 cm2 s−1 at θ = 0.5 and finally decrease to 10−5 cm2 s−1 at higher coverages. There are strong compensation effects between E and Dj0. The variation in E with coverage can be explained in terms of repulsive nearest and attractive farther-than-nearest-neighbor OO interactions, which are suggested by the low θ phase diagram. The coverage dependence of 〈(δN2〉/〈N〉 is complicated, with a minimum at θ ≅ 0.25 and a broad maximum near θ = 0.5.
Exploiting alternative subcellular location for replication: tombusvirus replication switches to the endoplasmic reticulum in the absence of peroxisomes.

Plus-strand RNA virus replication takes place on distinct membranous surfaces in infected cells via the assembly of viral replicase complexes involving multiple viral and host proteins. One group of tombusviruses, such as Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV), replicate on the surfaces of peroxisomal membranes in plant and yeast cells. Surprisingly, previous genome-wide screen performed in yeast demonstrated that a TBSV replicon RNA replicated as efficiently in yeast defective in peroxisome biogenesis as in the wt yeast (Panavas et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2005). To further test how the lack of peroxisomes could affect tombusvirus replication, we used yeast cells missing either PEX3 or PEX19 genes, which are absolutely essential for peroxisome biogenesis. Confocal microscopy-based approach revealed that the wild-type tombusvirus p33 replication protein accumulated in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in pex3Δ or pex19Δ yeast, suggesting that tombusvirus replication could take place on the surface of ER membrane. The activities of the isolated tombusvirus replicase preparations from wt, pex3Δ or pex19Δ yeasts were comparable, demonstrating that the assembly of the replicase was as efficient in the ER as in the authentic subcellular environments. The generation/accumulation of tombusvirus recombinants was similar in wt, pex3Δ and pex19Δ yeasts, suggesting that the rate of mistakes occurring during tombusvirus replication is comparable in the presence or absence of peroxisomes. Overall, this work demonstrates that a tombusvirus, relying on the wt replication proteins, can efficiently replicate on an alternative intracellular membrane. This suggests that RNAviruses might have remarkable flexibility for using various host membranes for their replication. © 2007 Published by Elsevier Inc.
Determination of free and esterified cholesterol in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography and optical activity detection

Abstract A separation and detection scheme is presented for the determination of free, esterified and total cholesterol in human serum. Separation is accomplished by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and the eluate is monitored by the laser-based optical activity detector. The method is simple, accurate and has the advantage of specificity and selectivity when compared with the many methods commonly used.
Comultiplicativity of the Ozsv{á}th-Szab{ó} contact invariant

Suppose that $\Sig$ is a surface with boundary and that $g$ and $h$ are diffeomorphisms of $\Sig$ which restrict to the identity on the boundary. Let $Y_g,$ $Y_h$, and $Y_{hg}$ be the 3-manifolds with open book decompositions given by $(S,g)$, $(S,h)$, and $(S,hg)$, respectively. We show that the Ozsv{\'a}th-Szab{\'o} contact invariant is natural under a comultiplication map $\tilde{\mu}:\heeg(-Y_{hg}) \rightarrow \heeg(-Y_{g}) \otimes \heeg(-Y_{h}). $ It follows that if the contact invariants associated to the open books $(\Sig, g)$ and $(\Sig, h)$ are non-zero then the contact invariant associated to the open book $(\Sig, hg)$ is also non-zero. We extend this comultiplication to a map on $\hfp(-\Yhg)$, and as a result we obtain obstructions to the 3-manifold $\Yhg$ being an $L$-space. We also use this to find restrictions on contact structures which are compatible with planar open books.
(3R,9R,10R)-Panaxytriol: a molecular-based nutraceutical with possible application to cancer prevention and treatment

Panaxytriol is a nutraceutical-based active constituent of Korean red ginseng and is reported to exhibit potent anti-tumor properties. Its activity may be in part due to its induction of phase 2 chemoprotective enzymes. Its unique properties may have important implications in cancer therapeutics.
A dichromium(II) compound with an elongated metal-metal bond: Cr2(oxindolate)4(oxindole)2

Abstract The title compound has been prepared by reaction of (C 5 H 5 ) 2 Cr with oxindole (indole with CO in place of CH 2 at the 2-position). Red single crystals belong to space group P 2 1 / c with a = 10.107(4) A, b = 22.496(7) A, c = 9.210(3) A, β = 93.26(3)°, V = 2091(2), and Z = 2. The centrosymmetric molecule has a CrCr distance of 2.495(4) A. The mean CrO and CrN distances for the bonds to bridging oxindolate anions are 2.024(7) and 2.065(8) A, respectively. There is an oxindole molecule bound at each end with a CrO axial bond of length 2.341(8) A and a hydrogen bond from the oxindole NH group to an equatorial oxygen atom of length 2.83(1) A. The significance of this compound with respect to CrCr bonding is discussed.
Loss of SED1/MFG-E8 results in altered luminal physiology in the epididymis

SED1/MFG-E8, herein referred to as SED1, is a bimotif adhesive protein with ascribed functions in a range of cell-cell interactions, including sperm-egg binding. In the male reproductive tract, SED1 is secreted by the initial segment of the epididymis, where it coats sperm and subsequently facilitates binding to the egg zona pellucida. We have recently reported that SED1-null epididymides show an unexpected incidence of spermatic granulomas, reflecting breakdown of the epithelium and a consequent autoimmune response against sperm antigens. However, spermatic granulomas are most often manifest in the distal segments of the epididymis, whereas the bulk of SED1 is expressed in the proximal epididymis. In some models, the presence of granulomas in the distal epididymis is associated with an underlying defect in the maintenance of luminal fluid homeostasis. Herein, we report that SED1-null epididymal fluid is both hypo-osmotic and alkaline, relative to wildtype epididymal fluid. Furthermore, the SED1-null epididymal epithelium exhibits various hallmarks of disrupted fluid reabsorption and pH regulation, including altered morphology of clear cells, increased intracellular vesicles, and apical distribution of VATPase. Results indicate that the SED1-null epididymal pathologies are not the secondary consequences of defective testes or efferent ducts or of improper epididymal differentiation, unlike that seen in other epididymal models. The expression and distribution of various ion exchangers, channels, and enzymes that mediate fluid transport and pH regulation are examined in wildtype and SED1-null epididymides, and models to account for how SED1 functions in luminal fluid dynamics are discussed.
Antitumor Agents: Structure-Activity Relationships in Tenulin Series

Systematic structural modifications were performed on the natural sesquiterpene lactone tenulin to define those groupings essential to, or significant in, its in vivo antitumor activity. Accordingly, the following tenulin analogs were prepared: dihydrotenulin, 2,3-epoxytenulin, isotenulin, dihydroisotenulin, 2,3-epoxyisotenulin, and tetrahydrode-acetylisotenulin. Both the cyclopentenone and the hemiketal units in tenulin were necessary for high in vivo activity.
Delayed response, preoperative overtraining, and prefrontal lesions in the rat.

An earlier study in this laboratory found that preoperative overtraining improved retention of a delayed alternation task after prefrontal lesions in the rat. In this study, however, it was found that preoperative overtraining did not improve performance of the rat in a delayed response task following prefrontal lesions. These results support the hypothesis that preoperative overtraining can improve postoperative performance only when postoperative recovery is ordinarily present, as it is with delayed alternation, but not with delayed response, in the prefrontal rat. This suggests that effects of preoperative overtraining and postoperative recovery may be mediated by similar mechanisms. It further suggests that a shift of function, which seems to account for postoperative recovery, may occur in some parts of the normal adult brain as a result of overtraining.
Covalently bound fluorescent probes as reporters for hydroxyl radical penetration into liposomal membranes.

Abstract The ability of hydroxyl radicals to penetrate into liposomal model membranes (dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine) has been demonstrated. Liposomes were prepared and then characterized by digital fluorescence microscopy and dynamic light scattering after extrusion to determine liposomal lamellarity, size, and shape. Hydroxyl radicals were generated in the surrounding aqueous medium using a modified Fenton reagent (hydrogen peroxide and Fe 2+ ) with the water-soluble iron chelator EDTA. High and low doses of radical were used, and the low dose was achieved with physiologically relevant iron and peroxide concentrations. Fluorescent probes covalently bound to the membrane phospholipid were used, including two lipophilic pyrenyl probes within the membrane bilayer and one polar probe at the water–membrane interface. Radical reactions with the probes were monitored by following the decrease in fluorescence and by observing oxidation products via matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Differences in the probe position within the membrane were correlated with the reactivity of the probe to assess radical access to the site of the probe. For all probes, reaction rates increased with increasing temperature. Within the membrane bilayer, reaction rates were greater for the probe closest to the membrane–water interface. Cholesterol protected these probes from oxidation. Kinetic models, scavenger studies, and product identification studies indicated that hydroxyl radical reacted directly with the in-membrane probes without the mediation of a secondary radical.
DGAT2 Is a New Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase Gene Family PURIFICATION, CLONING, AND EXPRESSION IN INSECT CELLS OF TWO POLYPEPTIDES FROM MORTIERELLA RAMANNIANA WITH DIACYLGLYCEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY

Abstract Acyl CoA:diacylgycerol acyltransferase (EC2.3.1.20; DGAT) catalyzes the final step in the production of triacylglycerol. Two polypeptides, which co-purified with DGAT activity, were isolated from the lipid bodies of the oleaginous fungusMortierella ramanniana with a procedure consisting of dye affinity, hydroxyapatite affinity, and heparin chromatography. The two enzymes had molecular masses of 36 and 36.5 kDa, as estimated by gel electrophoresis, and showed a broad activity maximum between pH 6 and 8. Based on partial peptide sequence information, polymerase chain reaction techniques were used to obtain full-length cDNA sequences encoding the purified proteins. Expression of the cDNAs in insect cells conferred high levels of DGAT activity on the membranes isolated from these cells. The two proteins share 54% homology with each other but are unrelated to the previously identified DGAT gene family (designated DGAT1), which is related to the acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase gene family, or to any other gene family with ascribed function. This report identifies a new gene family, including members in fungi, plants and animals, which encode enzymes with DGAT function. To distinguish the two unrelated families we designate this new class DGAT2 and refer to the M. ramanniana genes asMrDGAT2A and MrDGAT2B.
Alternating extraction/injection well interactions forin situ bioremediation

The success ofin situ biological contaminant destruction depends on the distribution of microorganisms through a flow field. Using numerical tools, a strategy is developed which causes the biomass to grow in a more uniform fashion throughout the flow field. The results obtained using this strategy are compared with a conventional strategy. Here, we demonstrate that by properly alternating the direction of flow through a flow field and by internally recycling the nutrients and contaminants, the biomass can be distributed more uniformly and significantly more contaminant destruction can be attained than would be possible if a unidirectional strategy were employed.
AN EMPIRICAL EXAMINATION OF THE LONG RUN MONETARY (EXCHANGE RATE) MODEL

The monetary approach to long run exchange rate determination is reexamined for the Canadian — US dollar exchange rate. We first test for non‐stationarity, and then conduct a multivariate cointegration analysis to examine the validity of the monetary model in determination of exchange rates over the long run. Our results uphold the validity of the monetary approach.
Microscale Procedure for Inorganic Qualitative Analysis with Emphasis on Writing Equations: Chemical Fingerprinting Applied to the n-Bottle Problem of Matching Samples with Their Formulas

A laboratory method for teaching inorganic qualitative analysis and chemical equations is described. The experiment has been designed to focus attention on cations and anions that react to form products. This leads to a logical approach to understand and write chemical equations. The procedure uses 3 mL plastic micropipettes to store and deliver the samples. All tests are performed on a plastic sheet that covers a template using one drop each of the sample and the reagent. The entire experiment consists of four parts: (i) Acid–Base Properties of Twelve Solutions, (ii) Survey of Chemical Reactions and Writing of Equations, (iii) Identification of Eight Unknown Samples, and (iv) Matching of a Set of Five Samples with their Respective Formulas. Schemes of analyses utilize the acid–base properties, the chemical reactions of cations and anions, and the solubility of compounds formed to make the identification easy. During the binary mixing of a diverse set of 12 colorless compounds, it was observed that each s...
Resistance to Pyrethroid Insecticides in Soybean Looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Mississippi

Recommended rates of pyrethroid insecticides failed to give adequate control of soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), on soybean in some areas of the alluvial plain (Delta) region of Mississippi in 1987. Permethrin provided 53.0% control 5 dafter application in an area of the Delta where permethrin control failures had been suspected in 1985 and 1986. This was lower than the 87.5% control reported in another area of the Delta where no permethrin control failures were suspected during these years. Numbers of soybean looper larvae were 69.4 and 73.4% lower in methomyl treatments and 58.5 and 56.2% lower in acephate treatments than in the untreated control in the Delta within and outside areas of suspected pyrethroid control failures, respectively. Compared with LD50’s for a laboratory strain susceptible to pyrethroids, LD50’s for permethrin applied to soybean loopers collected in the Delta were 10.4 and 21.1 times higher for two strains established from larvae collected in soybean fields treated with permethrin, 3.5 times higher for a strain from an untreated soybean field, and 7.3 times higher for a strain established from adults collected in an ultraviolet light trap. The levels of resistance of the Delta strains to cypermethrin and fenvalerate were similar to those for permethrin. LD50’s of cypermethrin and permethrin for a strain established from the northeastern (Hill) region of Mississippi were not different from the LD50, of the susceptible strain. LD50’s for methomyl applied to field strains were variable but were not different from the laboratory strain. The same was true for methyl parathion, except that a Delta strain collected from a soybean field treated with methyl parathion showed some evidence of resistance.
Atmospheric Moisture Transport over the United States and Mexico as Evaluated in the NCEP Regional Reanalysis

Abstract The large-scale atmospheric hydrologic cycle over the United States and Mexico derived from the 23-yr NCEP regional reanalysis (RR) was evaluated by comparing the RR products with satellite estimates, independent sounding data, and the operational Eta Model three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) system (EDAS). In general, the winter atmospheric transport and precipitation are realistic. The climatology and interannual variability of the Pacific, subtropical jet streams, and low-tropospheric moisture transport are well captured. During the summer season, the basic features and the evolution of the North American monsoon (NAM) revealed by the RR compare favorably with observations. The RR also captures the out-of-phase relationship of precipitation as well as the moisture flux convergence between the central United States and the Southwest. The RR is able to capture the zonal easterly Caribbean low-level jet (CALLJ) and the meridional southerly Great Plains low-level jet (GPLLJ). T...
Structural or Cultural: An Exploration into Influences on Consumers' Shopping Behavior of Country Specific Factors versus Retailing Formats

Abstract This paper examines shoppers' behavior at regional shopping malls and neighborhood centers in two countries. Although some universal behavior patterns exist, shoppers' motivation, selection criteria and purchase behaviors were found to vary across cultures, and/or the type of shopping facilities. More importantly, the impact of the type of shopping facility on purchase and on shopping selection criteria, such as convenience, were found to be moderated by country factor, thus showing significant interactions of culture with types of shopping places.
Realistic wind effects on turbulence and thermal blooming compensation

Time dependent propagation code simulations are described for phase compensation of atmospheric turbulence and thermal blooming. Test results, using convected phase screens to represent the optical turbulence, are compared with steady-state simulation results and, also, for fixed and variable direction wind conditions. Realistic wind effects on propagation are investigated by performing 4D code simulations to compare the effects of actual wind observations with monthly mean wind profile models for the White Sands Missile Range (WSMR). Critical power levels are compared for the mean and observed wind conditions at WSMR within the same month. Estimates of the critical power are also compared with the simulation results using the wind shear damping model for blooming instabilities, developed by Morris, et al. (1990).© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Resistance of hepatitis C virus to the host antiviral response

The majority of acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections progress to a chronic state. The interactions between the virus and host antiviral defense systems play a pivotal role in determining the outcome of acute infection, yet the virus encodes numerous strategies to thwart innate cellular antiviral responses, which represent the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Some of these strategies include the blockade of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, interferon regulatory factor and interferon (IFN) signaling pathways. These interactions are hypothesized to contribute to failure of IFN therapy during chronic infection. The genetic heterogeneity of HCV may also trigger host responses to varying degrees. The intracellular mechanisms that control acute infection and antiviral resistance during chronic infection may be similar. This review summarizes key intracellular virus–host interactions during acute and chronic infection and provides a perspective for the future of HCV research.
SO2 sorption by activated carbon supported ionic liquids under simulated atmospheric conditions

Abstract This work evaluates the ability of ionic liquid loaded activated carbon sorbents to remove SO 2 under simulated atmospheric conditions of 15 ppm SO 2 in air, temperature of 25 °C and relative humidity of 50%. Amongst the nine ionic liquid (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium lactate, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulfate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl) trifluorophosphate and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogensulfate) sorbents studied, the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate loaded activated carbon exhibited the highest SO 2 sorption capacity performance. The attained results clearly indicate that some ionic liquids such as 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide with high absorptivity in pure SO 2 would perform poorly under practical conditions. As a result of the superior performance of the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate loaded activated carbon, further tests and characterizations were performed on the sorbent. The performance of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate sorbent increased along with ionic liquid loading onto the activated carbon. The 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate sorbent breakthrough time was greater than pure activated carbon and 10 wt% potassium hydroxide loaded activated carbon standard. The SO 2 sorption rate of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate loaded activated carbon was inversely proportional to test bed temperature. FTIR–ATR, NMR and thermal analysis of SO 2 sorbed 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate loaded activated carbon indicated the presence of both physisorbed and chemisorbed SO 2 .
Initial stages of pattern formation in Rayleigh-Bénard convection.

Flow-visualization studies and heat-flux measurements during the early evolution of convection in a cylindrical container of aspect ratio 10 (radius/height) are reported. The heat current was ramped linearly, or modulated time periodically, from below to above the onset value. A novel sidewall design allowed pattern formation to occur independently of container geometry. In the earliest stages, the patterns were composed of irregularly arranged cells and varied randomly between experimental runs. The results demonstrate the importance of stochastic effects during the pattern evolution.
Use of Dummy Variables in Regression Equations

Abstract The use of dummy variables requires the imposition of additional constraints on the parameters of regression equations if determinate estimates are to be obtained. Among the possible constraints the most useful are (a) to set the constant term of the equation to zero, or (b) to omit one of the dummy variables from the equation. In working with a single system of classes either constraint can be used, and results from the application of one are readily derived from those obtained from the other. If several systems of classes are involved the best procedure is to delete one dummy variable from each system.