cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Equatorial Orbit of a Near-Earth Satellite

Abstract : The orbit of a near-earth satellite is described by finite equations x equals x(t), y equals y(t), z equals z(t) which closely approximate the position of the satellite. Various sets of approximate equations were proposed by various authors but in no case has it been possible to establish rigorous error bounds for these solutions. This is true even when the only non-inverse-square force is due to the oblateness of the earth. Realistic and strict numerical error bounds for an approximate solution are given. Special though this case is, a complete error analysis may have some interest. (Author)
Towards an efficient storage and retrieval mechanism for large unstructured grids

The size of spatial scientific datasets is steadily increasing due to improvements in instruments and availability of computational resources. However, much of the research on efficient storage and access to spatial datasets has focused on large multidimensional arrays. In contrast, unstructured grids consisting of collections of simplices (e.g. triangles or tetrahedra) present special challenges that have received less attention. Data values found at the vertices of the simplices may be dispersed throughout a datafile, producing especially poor disk locality.Our previous work has focused on addressing this locality problem. In this paper, we reorganize the unstructured grid to improve locality of disk access by maintaining the spatial neighborhood relationships inherent in the unstructured grid. This reorganization produces significant gains in performance by reducing the number of accesses made to the data file. We also examine the effects of different chunking configurations on data retrieval performance. A major motivation for reorganizing the unstructured grid is to allow the application of iteration aware prefetching. Applying this prefetching method to unstructured grids produces further performance gains over and above the gains seen from reorganization alone.The work presented in this journal contains at least 40% new material not included in our conference paper (Akande and Rhodes 2013). We dramatically enhance I/O performance with unstructured grids.We improve locality of reference by reorganizing large files of unstructured grids.A prefetching cache takes advantage of prior knowledge of the access pattern.We handle simplices that span chunk boundaries without duplicating data values.
Effects of frontal lobe damage on interference effects in working memory.

Working memory is hypothesized to comprise a collection of distinct components or processes, each of which may have a unique neural substrate. Recent neuroimaging studies have isolated a region of the left inferior frontal gyrus that appears to be related specifically to one such component: resolving interference from previous items in working memory. In the present study, we examined working memory in patients with unilateral frontal lobe lesions by using a modified version of an item recognition task in which interference from previous trials was manipulated. In particular, we focused on patient R.C., whose lesion uniquely impinged on the region identified in the neuroimaging studies of interference effects. We measured baseline working memory performance and interference effects in R.C. and other frontal patients and in age-matched control subjects and young control subjects. Comparisons of each of these groups supported the following conclusions. Normal aging is associated with changes to both working memory and interference effects. Patients with frontal damage exhibited further declines in working memory but normal interference effects, with the exception of R.C., who exhibited a pronounced interference effect on both response time and accuracy. We propose that the left inferior frontal gyrus subserves a general, nonmnemonic function of selecting relevant information in the face of competing alternatives and that this function may be required by some working memory tasks.
Error induced by coordinate systems

It is pointed out that the choice of a curvilinear coordinate system can have a substantial effect on the error in the numerical solution of a partial differential equation. The truncation error is dependent not only on the higher order derivatives of the solution and the local grid spacing, but also on the rate-of-change of the grid spacing and on the departure of the grid from orthogonality. In connection with the present investigation, an analysis is conducted of the local truncation error in the approximation of first and second order derivatives on a curvilinear grid. Attention is given to a number of examples which illustrate the two fundamental sources of truncation error in the numerical solution of partial differential equations on curvilinear coordinate systems. The first is the grid spacing and changes in grid spacing which is measured by the first and second order derivatives of the functions defining the coordinate system. The second source is the higher order derivatives of the solution itself.
Survival and Movements of Fledgling Willow and Dusky Flycatchers

Abstract. Estimates of productivity usually ignore survival during the postfledging period, the time between a bird's leaving its nest and departure for migration or movement to an area for wintering. During the first 1–3 weeks after fledging, young birds are limited in mobility, making them vulnerable to fatality, especially from predation. To help fill this information gap, we examined the period of postfledging dependence of the Willow (Empidonax traillii) and Dusky (E. oberholseri) Flycatchers in the central Sierra Nevada, California. For fledglings we examined factors that influenced survival, movements, and habitat use and home-range size. We observed family groups daily during the postfledging dependence period and resighted individual band combinations. Fledglings' survival ranged from 46% to 76% and varied by year and species. Fledglings moved on average 45 m from the nest per day during the dependence period. We detected family groups in their natal meadows from 13 to 33 days. We detected Willow...
The Impact of Race, Gender, and Age on the Pretrial Decision

There is an abundance of studies that examine judicial discretion in the final sentencing stages; however, few have examined discretion in the early stages of court decisions. Pretrial release is especially concerning as it has been strongly correlated with a final sentence of incarceration and deprives defendants of their freedom. This study examined whether race, gender, and age influence judges’ decisions to detain or release a defendant prior to trial. The results indicate that females and younger defendants were less likely to be detained. Race was not significant after economic variables were included. When examining males and females separately, race was significant for females, with Black females being the least likely to be detained. For White females, White males, and Black males, offenders aged 30—39 were more likely to be detained than their younger counterparts. Younger and older White females were not significantly more likely to be detained than their Black female counterparts.
EFFECT OF FIBER COATING ON TRANSVERSE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMIC COMPOSITES

Monolithic ceramics are highly sensitive to process and service related flaws, making them inherently brittle. Due to their low toughness, these materials fail catastrophically. Continuous fiber-reinforced composites usually provide a significant amount of toughness as well as avoid catastrophic failure. The interface between the fiber and the matrix can significantly affect the mechanical properties of the composite. A very strong interface yields brittle fracture as the crack propagates through the matrix and fiber. In contrast a very weak interface between the fiber and matrix is incapable of transferring the load from the matrix to the fiber and hence the properties of the fiber are not used effectively and the mechanical properties are similar to that of a porous material. Therefore the design and optimization of the interface properties are of vital importance for fabricating ceramic composites with superior mechanical performance. Before these coated ceramic composites can be used in primary structural applications, it is necessary to obtain the fundamental properties of these materials. This paper presents a study on the effects of fiber coating thickness and fiber volume fraction on the transverse mechanical properties of coated ceramic composites.
Petri net based modelling of information flow security requirements

An extended Petri net formalism which can be used to model information flow security requirements is described. The proposed framework can be used to specify a range of security policies by making specific choices for the components of the model. It is believed that Petri nets provide an elegant way of modeling security policies in a distributed system. The ability to model concurrency, the structural generality of Petri nets, and the existence of powerful analytical techniques make the Petri-net modeling approach even more useful. Two examples are given to illustrate the use of such a model. >
Poloxamer 407/TPGS mixed micelles for delivery of gambogic acid to breast and multidrug-resistant cancer

Background Delivery of a high concentration of anticancer drugs specifically to cancer cells remains the biggest challenge for the treatment of multidrug-resistant cancer. Poloxamers and D-α-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) are known inhibitors of P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Mixed micelles prepared from Poloxamer 407 and TPGS may increase the therapeutic efficacy of the drug by delivering high concentrations inside the cells and inhibiting P-gp. Gambogic acid (GA) is a naturally derived novel anticancer agent, but poor solubility and toxic side effects limit its use. In this study, we have developed Poloxamer 407 and TPGS mixed micelle-encapsulating GA for the treatment of breast and multidrug-resistant cancer. Methods GA-loaded Poloxamer 407/TPGS mixed micelles were prepared using a thin film hydration method, and their physicochemical properties were characterized. Cellular accumulation and cytotoxicity of the GA-loaded Poloxamer 407/TPGS mixed micelles were studied in breast cancer cells, MCF-7 cells, and multidrug-resistant NCI/ADR-RES cells. Results The diameter of GA-loaded Poloxamer 407/TPGS mixed micelles was about 17.4 ± 0.5 nm and the zeta potential -13.57 mV. The entrapment efficiency of GA was 93.1% ± 0.5% and drug loading was about 9.38% ± 0.29%. Differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray powder diffraction studies confirmed that GA is encapsulated by the polymers. The in vitro release studies showed that mixed micelles sustained the release of GA for more than 4 days. Results from cellular uptake studies indicated that GA-loaded Poloxamer 407/TPGS mixed micelles had increased cellular uptake of GA in NCI/ADR-RES cells. Cytotoxicity of GA-loaded Poloxamer 407/TPGS mixed micelles was found to be 2.9 times higher in multidrug-resistant NCI/ADR-RES cells, and 1.6 times higher in MCF-7 cells, as compared with unencapsulated GA. Conclusion This study suggests that Poloxamer 407/TPGS mixed micelles can be used as a delivery system for GA to treat breast and multidrug-resistant cancer.
Role of human herpesvirus 8 interleukin-6-activated gp130 signal transducer in primary effusion lymphoma cell growth and viability

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman's disease. HHV-8-encoded viral interleukin-6 (vIL-6) is believed to contribute to pathogenesis via proproliferative, antiapoptotic, and proangiogenic activities. In PEL cells, vIL-6 is produced in functional amounts during viral latency and promotes the growth of these cells, mediating its activity from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where it is predominantly localized. This vIL-6 activity is dependent, in part, on its interaction with a splice variant of vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1), termed VKORC1 variant 2 (VKORC1v2). Here we report that the IL-6 signal transducer, gp130, which can support vIL-6 signaling from the ER, is also required for optimal PEL cell growth and viability. Levels of activated extracellular regulated kinases (ERKs) 1 and 2 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and STAT3, phosphorylated following gp130 stimulation, were reduced in gp130-depleted BCBL-1 and BC-1 cells. Diminished STAT activation was also detected in JSC-1 and BC-3 cells. Effects of gp130 depletion on growth could be mimicked by short hairpin RNA targeting of ERKs 1 and 2 or by depletion of STAT3. Finally, inhibition of vIL-6–gp130 association specifically within the ER compartment suppressed cell proliferation and viability, mirroring the effects of gp130 depletion. Combined, these data demonstrate that gp130, in addition to VKORC1v2, is essential for normal PEL cell growth and survival and that ER-localized vIL-6–gp130 interactions are critical for these activities. Targeting of intracellular vIL-6–gp130 interactions could potentially provide a means of PEL therapy.
Power to Build: How Development Persists Despite Local Controls

Growth controls and related regulations have been blamed for slowing economies and creating housing shortages and praised for preserving the environment. At first glance, these measures appear to challenge the priorities of the growth machines that dominate most urban governance. By analyzing a series of Southern California jurisdictions, the authors explain how growth takes place even under tight controls. Growth controls do not significantly limit development but, rather, enable local officials to generate higher public benefits from the growth that occurs. The specific conditions of growth under growth control help reveal how urban growth works in a more environmentalist era.
Solid-state 13C NMR and quantum chemical investigation of metal diene complexes

This paper presents novel measurements and calculations of the olefinic (13)C chemical shift tensor principal values in several metal diene complexes. The experimental values and the calculations show shifts as large as 70 ppm with respect to the values in the parent olefinic compounds. These shifts are highly anisotropic, with the largest ones observed in the less shielded principal components and the smallest ones in the most shielded principal components of the tensor. The orientations of the principal components of the tensors remain, within 10 degrees , at their directions in ethylene and other olefinic compounds. The calculations, performed using the GIAO method and the LanDZ pseudopotential basis set, show good agreement with the experiments, and were used to establish definite evidence for the existence of a Cl-bridge structure in the bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene (BCHD)dichlororuthenium(II) polymer.
The Supererogatory, and How to Accommodate It

Many find it plausible to posit a category of supererogatory actions. But the supererogatory resists easy analysis. Traditionally, supererogatory actions are characterized as actions that are morally good, but not morally required; actions that go ‘beyond’ the call of our moral obligations. As I shall argue in this article, however, the traditional analysis can be accepted only by a view with troubling consequences concerning the structure of the moral point of view. I propose a different analysis that is extensionally correct, avoids the problems of the traditional view, and, incidentally, also defuses any objection to act-consequentialism, or any other first-order moral theory, on grounds that it cannot accommodate the supererogatory.
Complement defects in aged mice compromise phagocytosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Purpose. The role of complement in phagocytosis and killing of P. aeruginosa was examined using serum from aged vs young donor mice. Methods. Phagocytosis, complement hemolytic and microbicidal assays were used. Results. Serum from young donor mice contained a heat-labile factor which significantly enhanced phagocytic activity of cells from young mice compared with similarly treated aged donor serum. Use of cobra venom factor (CVF) to destroy C3 and the terminal complement components in serum from young or aged donor mice also significantly decreased the phagocytic activity of young cells. EGTA treatment of young or aged donor serum, to activate the alternative pathway and selectively inhibit activation of the classical pathway, resulted in a significant decrease in phagocytosis by young cells in the presence of donor serum from either group. Alternative pathway mediated hemolysis also was measured and was significantly reduced in aged vs young donor serum. PMN microbicidal activity was tested using cells...
On estimating joint interference for concurrent packet transmissions in low power wireless networks

In a wireless network it is important to understand the nature of the joint interference generated at a receiver by multiple concurrent transmitters. This understanding helps developing packet scheduling algorithms. Prior experimental work using older generation mote-class radios (CC1000) have showed systematic deviations between estimation and direct measurement of the joint interference power, thus questioning whether the standard assumption that received signal powers are additive is applicable in practice. We, however, show via extensive experimentation that on newer generation radios (CC2420), the additive assumption is valid, particularly at the low power end.
Plasmin in milk and dairy products: an update.

Abstract Plasmin is secreted as plasminogen that is activated in blood and milk. Its role in blood is to proteolytically break down blood clots. The enzyme has affinity for lysine and arginine residues and preferentially cleaves Lys-X and Arg-X bonds. Bovine plasminogen is different from human plasminogen because it is not activated by streptokinase. Plasmin purified from bovine milk is identical to that from blood when compared kinetically, immunologically and by partial sequencing (15% of the total amino acids sequenced). Plasmin purified from milk has optimum activity at pH 7.5 and 37 °C. Methods for determining plasmin activity in milk have been developed. Synthetic chromogenic substrates are often used because they are sensitive and require little sample preparation. Plasmin is associated with casein micelles in milk and degrades β-, α s1 - and α s2 -caseins to γ-caseins, proteose-peptones and possibly λ-casein. Peptide bonds in β-, α s1 and α s2 -caseins that are sensitive to plasmin in buffered model systems have been identified. Some of these bonds are hydrolysed in milk and cheese but more work is required to link work in model systems to milk and dairy products. Enzyme activity increases in milk with stage of lactation, severity of mastitic infection and lactation number. Plasmin contributes to proteolysis during ripening of some cheese varieties depending on cooking temperature and pH during ripening. The enzyme is heat resistant and survives many UHT treatments, but its role in the gelation of UHT-treated milk is not fully understood.
State versus Islam: Malay families, women's bodies, and the body politic in Malaysia

This article examines the social effects of the secular state and Islamic resurgence as they negotiate different models of Malay women, kinship, and identity. Widely viewed as a politically radical force, Islamic revivalism is here interpreted as a middle-class ideology mediating changes in gender and domestic relations linked to official policies. Neither simply “resisting” nor “passive,” upwardly mobile women have come to identify with revivalist ideals of motherhood, male authority, and the imagined body politic. [state/body politic, Islamic revivalism, gender and the family, social agency, class and social change, Malaysia/Islamic societies]
Map-centred exploratory approach to multiple criteria spatial decision making

Spatial decision support is one of the central functions ascribed to Geographical Information Systems (GIS). One of the foci of developing decision support capabilities of GIS has been the integration of maps with multiple criteria decision models. Progress in this area has been slow due to a limited role played by maps as decision support tools. In this paper we present new prototype spatial decision support tools emphasising the role of maps as a source of structure in multiple criteria spatial decision problems. In these tools the role of map goes beyond the mere display of geographic decision space and multicriterion evaluation results. Maps becomes a 'visual index' through which the user orders decision options, assigns priorities to decision criteria, and augments the criterion outcome space by map-derived heuristic knowledge. As the additional means of structuring multicriterion spatial decision problems we present an experimental use of data mining, integrated with dynamic maps and multiple criter...
A STATISTICAL COMPARISON OF THE CAPM TO THE FAMA-FRENCH THREE FACTOR MODEL AND THE CAHART'S MODEL

The goal of this study is to compare the CAPM to the Fama-French (FF) Three Factor Model and to Carhart‟s extension of the FF Model with regard to (1) statistical goodness of fit, and (2) the quality of prediction. My sample consists of actively managed domestic equity mutual funds and the sample period is April 1986 to March 2006. My results indicate that each of the three regression lines explains about 71% of equity fund returns. Thus, with respect to the statistical goodness of fit, the difference between the three models is not significant. However, with respect to the quality of prediction, the FF Three Factor Model is a remarkable improvement over the CAPM, and the Carhart Model is a significant improvement over the FF Model. I do not find any evidence of harmful collinearity in my analyses.
Less Physician Practice Competition Is Associated With Higher Prices Paid For Common Procedures.

Concentration among physician groups has been steadily increasing, which may affect prices for physician services. We assessed the relationship in 2010 between physician competition and prices paid by private preferred provider organizations for fifteen common, high-cost procedures to understand whether higher concentration of physician practices and accompanying increased market power were associated with higher prices for services. Using county-level measures of the concentration of physician practices and county average prices, and statistically controlling for a range of other regional characteristics, we found that physician practice concentration and prices were significantly associated for twelve of the fifteen procedures we studied. For these procedures, counties with the highest average physician concentrations had prices 8–26 percent higher than prices in the lowest counties. We concluded that physician competition is frequently associated with prices. Policies that would influence physician pra...
Medicaid Managed Care Unanswered Impact on School-Located Immunization Services

Managed care coordination for Medicaid beneficiaries is being implemented in states across the country. Recently, 1.5 million Medicaid beneficiaries in five regions of Illinois began this transition. This article presents the findings of a study to learn if immunizations would continue to be a reimbursable service if provided to beneficiaries outside of the designated primary care setting. The findings revealed a lack of clarity among health plan representatives and billing personnel in how to obtain coverage information. Five contacted plans (25%) stated they were unable to verify coverage and unclear where to acquire this information. Similarly, six (30%) representatives could not answer the question and recommended calling the Illinois Department of Healthcare and Family Services hot line. Despite the potential benefit of improved coordination of care gained by transitioning to managed care entity model, this infrastructure change may inadvertently introduce barriers to services obtained outside the medical home, like school-located immunization.
Rapid Desiccation of Drywood Termites with Inert Sorptive Dusts and Other Substances

Previous efforts to control insects by means of desiccating dusts have been directed primarily against granary weevils and with abrasive materials. Drywood termites were found to be more susceptible to sorptive than to abrasive dusts. By means of a staining technique it was shown that sorptive dusts can remove the lipoid protective layer covering the epicuticle, causing the termites to lose water rapidly. The insects needed only to crawl about on a thin film of the dust. They died after losing about 30% of their body weight in water. Certain silica aerogels were particularly effective. Other insects, including cockroaches, fleas, bedbugs, bees, ants, vinegar flies, mosquitoes, house flies, thrips, ticks and mites, likewise succumbed rapidly to desiccation initiated by the disruption or removal of the lipoid protective layer by sorptive dusts. Although some conventional insecticides might cause more rapid knockdown, they never resulted in death of the insects tested as rapidly as the more effective desiccating dusts. Certain water-soluble fluorides have been incorporated into the silica areogels in the process of manufacture. These fluorides greatly increase the effectiveness of the impregnated aerogels, even at low relative humidities, but the advantage obtained from the impregnation increases with increasing relative humidities and consequently increases the versatility of the silicas. The presence of fluorides as monomolecular layers in the porous silica aerogel particles does not decrease the ability of these particles to adsorb wax. After the wax is adsorbed or disrupted, the water-soluble fluorides can act as contact insecticides. In addition, the strong positive charge they impart to the particles greatly increases their ability to adhere to the dusted surfaces. The addition of surface-active solutes to petroleum oil will cause increased rate of water loss, the water appearing in the form of many small droplets. Desiccation is greatly enhanced when the applied oil is later removed and the insect cuticle is thereby directly exposed to air. Death may result more rapidly than by the toxicity or suffocation that takes place when the insects are completely immersed in oil. Desiccation of drywood termites was caused by treatment with parathion, sodium fluoride, and anhydrous magnesium perchlorate. When the treated insects, as well as those shaken in a sorptive dust, were immersed in oil, water droplets appeared on the body surfaces.
Ultrastructural and immunomorphologic study of perinuclear filaments in Merkel cell tumors.

Two cases of cutaneous small-cell tumor in patients without overt lung disease are presented. Histologic and ultrastructural findings support the diagnosis of Merkel cell tumor. Immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy demonstrate distinctive perinuclear keratin filaments that may be of histologic significance in separating a Merkel cell tumor from other nonendocrine tumors. A possible mechanism for the formation of perinuclear filamentous whorls is discussed.
Microwave digestion-graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry rapid determination of aluminum surface in flour food

Objective:To establish a method for rapid determination of Aluminum in flour food by microwave digestion-graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.Methods: The aluminum was analyzed by GFAAS after microwave digestion of samples in flour food.Results: The linear range of Aluminum was 0～60 ng/ml,the correlation coefficient was 0.9997,the lowest detection limit of the method was 0.047 mg/kg,the average recovery of standard addition was 92%～98%,RSD 1.6%～1.9%.Conclusion: The method is simple and rapid of sample preparation with less reagent,high accuracy and precision of test results in flour food to meet food requirements of the determination of Aluminum,it is worthy to promote the use.
The Book of Songs and Astronomy

The Book of Songs is not only the earliest total anthology of our country, but also an encyclopedia of the culture before Qin Dynasty in China. There are rich astronomy contents in it, such as covering heaven theory, setting chart and surveying shadow, the record of solar eclipse and lunar eclipse, the travel regular of the main stars, calendar etc. It fully reflects the great successes on astronomy in the ancient times in our country. It is value for us to prize and study.
Splenic, pancreatic, and hepatic injuries.

The diagnosis of and operative treatment for injury to the spleen, pancreas, and liver are discussed. In pancreatic injury, the surgeon must obtain adequate evaluation, accept more conservative therapy as far as gastrointestinal anastomoses and resection are concerned, and be prepared to deal with complications related to activation of pancreatic enzymes and subsequent infection. Hepatic trauma can be handled with simple techniques, with close attention to local hemostasis and adequate drainage.
Attribute Category Importance in Stimulating Interest and Intention to Use a New Service

Services, with their particular characteristics, present different challenges to marketers than do products. Such is especially true when developing new services and being faced with decisions regarding design of the service and initial promotion. A study was designed to investigate the relative importance of types of attributes for a new women's health service. The results show that atmosphere related attributes, not physical facilities or programs, are the most important types of attributes. The results further show that clinical services are more important than educational services.
553 The theory of planned behaviour for drinking and driving: an empirical validation using data collected in two Chinese cities from 2010 to 2014

Background Road traffic crashes are mostly attributable to violations of traffic regulations. Particularly, despite its proven risk, the violation of drinking and driving regulation is still pandemic in many countries and leads to a large number of traffic injuries and fatalities. A better understanding of the factors affecting drinking and driving behaviour is crucial to developing effective interventions to reduce the risk. The most commonly used theoretical model to predict this behaviour is the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). We aimed to assess the ability of this theory in explaining the violation of drinking and driving regulation. Methods As part of an international road safety consortium, a range of interventions, including social media campaigns, advocacy for legislative change, and law enforcement training, were implemented in two Chinese cities (Suzhou and Dalian) from 2010 to 2014. To monitor and evaluate the project, surveys on motor vehicle’s knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) were regularly conducted from representative samples in both cities. The outcome is whether the respondent has driven a motor vehicle after drinking alcohol in the past 30 days. About 30 indicators measuring drivers’ KAP and demographic information were collected. Results Totally nine rounds of surveys were completed in each city, covering 11,362 drivers. Overall, about 1.9% of the respondents have driven a motor vehicle after drinking alcohol in the past 30 days. Multivariate logistic regressions show that female drivers are 2.4% (95% CI: −3.4%, −1.5%) less likely to drive after drinking than male drivers. The risk is 1.9% (95% CI: −3.1%, −0.8%) higher among drivers who believe the penaty if caught drinking and driving is heavy than those who believe it is light. The attitude toward drinking and driving and perceived chance of being caught if violated have the largest direct effects. Drivers with correct attitude towards drinking and driving are 27% (95% CI: −28.7%, −25.3%) less likely to do that than drivers who underestimated the risk of drinking and driving. Compared with drivers who believe the chance of being caught is less than 30%, other drivers have a statistically significantly reduced prevalance of drinking and driving. Conclusions The remarkable consistency between the theory and data indicates that the TPB theory is strongly supported. Social marketing campaign to educate the drivers about the risk of driving and driving, combined with strengthening enforcement to increase the likelihood of being caught if drinking and driving, may be an effective strategy to prevent the violations.
Sonic Rhinoplasty: Sculpting with the Ultrasonic Bone Aspirator

Sonic rhinoplasty involves the application of ultrasonic waves to sculpt the nasal bones in a manner unmatched by osteotomes, rasps, and other powered instruments. The Sonopet ultrasonic bone aspirator (Stryker, Inc., Kalamazoo, MI) utilizes ultrasonic waves to emulsify bone under concurrent irrigation and suction enabling precise, graded bone removal without damage to the surrounding nasal soft tissue and mucosa. The authors have applied this technology for bony dorsal hump and nasal spine removal, septoplasty, turbinate reduction, deepening of the glabellar angle, rounding of flat nasal contours, and correction of bony asymmetries. Sonic rhinoplasty improves upon current techniques that may be associated with decreased visualization, heat generation, mechanical chatter, and a lack of surgical precision with resultant soft tissue injury.
A Demonstration of Auto-Shaping with Dogs

3 dogs were given auto-shaping training using a bar-press as the desired response and water as the primary reinforcer. Repeated pairings of an illuminated response bar with water reinforcement generated bar-pressing behavior. The results indicated that Ss rapidly acquired the desired behavior within one session.
Studies of the Structure and Synthesis of Immunoglobulins by Isoelectric Focusing

The technique of isoelectric focusing was first applied to immunoglobulins by Awdeh et al., in 1968. In this paper the technique of isoelectric focusing (IF) in polyacrylamide gel was used, and photographs were presented showing the IF patterns of a mouse IgG myeloma protein (5563), of several homogeneous proteins, of the total IgG fraction from a nonimmunized rabbit, and of specifically purified antibodies from rabbits and mice immunized with hemocyanin, ribonuclease, and 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) protein. The 5563 myeloma protein gave a pattern consisting of four closely spaced lines, decreasing in intensity toward the anode. The total IgG fraction and the specifically purified antibodies all gave complex patterns consisting of many lines of variable spacing and intensity. Further studies by Awdeh et al. (1970) on the IF pattern of myeloma 5563 showed that when the myeloma protein was freshly isolated from cells grown in vitro, the IF pattern consisted of only two bands. The other two bands seen in myeloma isolated from serum or ascites appeared later upon standing. The focusing patterns of heavy and light chains prepared by reduction and alkvlation were first shown in 1969 by Awdeh et al.
Relationship between blood amylase and factors affecting carbohydrate metabolism

1. The depression in blood amylase, after the intravenous administration of glucagon, which occurs in patients without liver disease, is absent in subjects with hepatocellular damage, but it may occur in the absence of the pancreas. This appears to indicate that the liver is an important site of blood amylase level regulation.
Importance and Challenges of Moving Stroke Prevention into the Community

See Article by Cheng et al Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and disproportionally affects minority populations, especially blacks and Hispanics.1 Hence, the importance of the recent study conducted by Cheng et al; they describe the results of a randomized controlled trial testing the efficacy of a multicomponent Chronic Care Model–based intervention among patients receiving care within the Los Angeles, California, public healthcare system2. This is the second largest municipal healthcare system in the United States with a high penetration of minority patients, including many non-English speakers. The SUSTAIN trial (Systematic Use of Stroke Averting Interventions) tested a complex intervention to address risk factors for stroke. The SUSTAIN intervention included multiple elements—group visits, one-on-one sessions with a care manager to individualize and reinforce the content presented in the group session, clinical visits, and home blood pressure monitoring—compared with an educational control. SUSTAIN’s primary outcome was improvement in systolic blood pressure at 12 months. Secondary outcomes included improvement in cholesterol control, specifically low-density lipoprotein, also at 12 months. Although the study was adequately powered, the primary outcome results were null. Systolic blood pressure decreased in both the intervention and control arms, but the difference in improvement between the groups (−3.6 mm Hg) was not statistically significant.2 To advance the field of stroke prevention and ensure that a balanced view is presented in the literature, publishing both positive and null studies is important. Despite the null findings, SUSTAIN had several noteworthy aspects. The study was conducted in a community healthcare system and enrolled a large proportion of …
POST-SHOCK CHEMICAL AND ESR ANALYSIS OF ACRYLAMIDE AND SELECTED ANTHRACENE DERIVATIVES

We report on a series of impact recovery experiments performed on organic samples. Acrylamide was loaded to peak stresses of 4.8 and 6.7 GPa in a copper capsule using an air-driven projectile. No polyacrylamide was formed in these impact experiments. ESR studies reveal ~ 1 ppm free radicals, which are stable in the acrylamide lattice. Upon solution in tetrahydrofuran (THF), these radicals become mobile, resulting in polymer formation, a reaction not seen in unshocked acrylamide THF solutions. Recovery experiments were also carried out on anthracene and 9-cyanoanthracene (9-CA) in the stress range 1.8-4.0 GPa. The residual radical density in the 9-CA was roughly 10 times that in the anthracene. A systematic relation between peak stress and formation of specific radicals was observed.
On the production of nuclides in the region of Z = 126 and N = 184

In the region of the hypothetical shells at Z = 126 and N = 184, the fission barriers, after becoming vanishingly small, rise once again to values of several MeV, (1) making these nuclei more stable against decay by spontaneous fission. Such nuclei might be produced in interactions between complex nuclei in which the cross sections are proportional to the ratio Fn/(F n + Ff), where F n and Ff are the level widths for neutron emission and fission, respectively. This ratio increases with increasing fission barrler. (2'3) Hence, the possibility arises of producing these super heavy nuclides in sufficient quantitities for identification. Although the existence of these magic numbers is rather questionable, (1) a quantitative evaluation of the cross sections for various production schemas is justified on the gound that it might be a guide in future experiments in the field. These superheavy nuclei are possible products in the following three types of reactions: i. Fission following a fusion of two hear 7 nuclei such as 238U + 238U -~ 476184 (fission). This scheme has the attractive feature that the products represent a wide variety in Z and N numbers. At low excitation, nuclides might be produced preferentially in the region of the next double magic numbers irrespective of what these numbers might be. Here the cross sections could be of the order of lO "29
CELL-TO-CELL COMMUNICATION VIA JUNCTIONAL MEMBRANE CHANNELS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses cell-to-cell communication via junctional membrane channels. Adjoining cells of most tissues are interconnected by highly permeable membrane junctions providing direct pathways for the intercellular exchange of ions and molecules. The conduits for this direct cell-to-cell communication are aqueous channels contained in the cell junction—channels that span the width of both membranes of the adjacent cells. These channels put the neighboring cells' cytoplasms in immediate communication with one another. It is via these channels that currents spread rapidly and with little loss from cell to cell—a feature important for certain electrically excitable tissues such as heart, smooth muscle, or electrotonically coupled nerve cells. However, apart from the small inorganic ions, a wide range of larger molecules traverses these channels, making possible the intercellular transfer of a variety of physiologically important molecules. The permeability properties of cell-to-cell channels thus represent an important aspect of the general physiology of tissues or of any cell organization that functions by the concerted action of its cellular constituents.
Tuning Natural Frequencies by Output Feedback

The following paper considers the problem of static output feedback for a linear, time invariant system. Starting from a geometric model a new algorithm for finding a linear feedback law is derived. The well known condition m + p - 1 ≥ n for generic pole placement given by Kimura [8] is improved using geometric arguments in linear spaces.
Attachment to God and Humility: Indirect Effect and Conditional Effects Models

The safe haven and secure base functions of attachment to God were examined in proposed indirect and conditional effects models. Support for the safe haven function stemmed from significant specifi...
Colorectal cancer risk in Li-Fraumeni syndrome: Is it time for earlier surveillance?

e13503Background: Li-Fraumeni Syndrome (LFS) is a cancer predisposition syndrome caused by mutations in TP53. LFS patients have an increased risk for colorectal cancer (CRC) and surveillance is cur...
Genetics and epigenetics in primary Sjögren's syndrome.

Primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS) is considered to be a multifactorial disease, where underlying genetic predisposition, epigenetic mechanisms and environmental factors contribute to disease development. In the last 5 years, the first genome-wide association studies in pSS have been completed. The strongest signal of association lies within the HLA genes, whereas the non-HLA genes IRF5 and STAT4 show consistent associations in multiple ethnicities but with a smaller effect size. The majority of the genetic risk variants are found at intergenic regions and their functional impact has in most cases not been elucidated. Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs play a role in the pathogenesis of pSS by their modulating effects on gene expression and may constitute a dynamic link between the genome and phenotypic manifestations. This article reviews the hitherto published genetic studies and our current understanding of epigenetic mechanisms in pSS.
Influence of Men’s Attitudes toward Health and Health Insurance on Prostate Specific Antigen Screening for the Early Detection of Prostate Cancer

AbstractIntroduction:The majority of guidelines currently recommend shared decision making for men 55 to 69 years old who are considering prostate specific antigen screening, and proceeding based o...
Cost Control Simulation and Decision Making

The objective of the Cost Control Simulation (CCS) Program was to develop a computer model to analyze the financial aspects of a construction project. In order to teach the type of decision making necessary to manage a construction project, the CCS computer program simulates conditions of uncertainty on a construction site. To relate the CCS model to the real life situation, the project is initially reduced to a detailed estimate and schedule. The resources of the student manager are now entries on computer cards and the results become computer output. Using this model, decisions are made with an excess of information in minute detail. In the computer simulation a random number causes a deviation from the initial estimated cost. Sometimes the deviation is beneficial and sometimes it is harmful. The strategy of the user is to make subsequent changes per each reporting period that make the project more profitable.
Epigenetic activation of BRCA1 by genistein in vivo and triple negative breast cancer cells linked to antagonism toward aryl hydrocarbon receptor.

Triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) are the most aggressive and lethal breast cancers (BC). The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is often overexpressed in TNBC, and its activation results in the epigenetic silencing of BRCA1, which is a necessary factor for the transcriptional activation of estrogen receptor (ER)α. The dietary isoflavone genistein (GEN) modulates BRCA1 CpG methylation in BC cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of GEN on BRCA1 epigenetic regulation and AHR activity in vivo and TNBC cells. Mice were administered a control or GEN-enriched (4 and 10 ppm) diet from gestation through post-natal day 50. Mammary tissue was analyzed for changes in BRCA1 regulation and AhR activity. TNBC cells with constitutively hypermethylated BRCA1 (HCC38) and MCF7 cells were used. Protein levels and mRNA expression were measured by Western blot and real-time PCR, respectively. BRCA1 promoter occupancy and CpG methylation were analyzed by chromatin immunoprecipitation and methylation-specific PCR, respectively. Cell viability was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. GEN administered in the diet dose-dependently decreased basal Brca1 methylation and AHR activity in the mammary gland of adult mice. HCC38 cells were found to overexpress constitutively active AHR in parallel with BRCA1 hypermethylation. The treatment of HCC38 cells with GEN upregulated BRCA1 protein levels, which was attributable to decreased CpG methylation and AHR binding at BRCA1 exon 1a. In MCF7 cells, GEN prevented the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-dependent localization of AHR at the BRCA1 gene. These effects were consistent with those elicited by control AHR antagonists galangin (GAL), CH-223191, and α-naphthoflavone. The pre-treatment with GEN sensitized HCC38 cells to the antiproliferative effects of 4-hydroxytamoxifen. We conclude that the dietary compound GEN may be effective for the prevention and reversal of AHR-dependent BRCA1 hypermethylation, and the restoration of ERα-mediated response, thus imparting the sensitivity of TNBC to antiestrogen therapy.
Outcomes of unilateral idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss: Two decades of experience

Objectives (a) Determine the demographic and medical risk factors for patients who presented with unilateral idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL); (b) identify treatments that patients underwent; (c) evaluate the adequacy of follow-up and compliance with long-term hearing rehabilitation. Methods Retrospective review of patients who presented with unilateral ISSNHL between January 1998 and December 2017 at a tertiary care academic medical center. Results Two hundred-four patients met inclusion criteria. Of these, 129 (63.2%) did not undergo treatment at an outside hospital prior to our evaluation. In this subgroup, the average pretreatment pure tone average (PTA) was 61.9 ± 2.5 dB (dB). The most common treatment was oral steroids and was recommended in 76 patients (59.9%). Patients also underwent intratympanic (IT) steroid injections (7.2%) or oral steroids followed by salvage IT injections (19.4%). Mean follow-up duration was 17.9 (±29.2) months, and posttreatment PTA (45.6 ± 2.6 dB) was significantly better than baseline (P < .001). In this cohort, hearing amplification was infrequently recommended. Less than 20% of patients reported active hearing amplification use at their most recent visit. At follow-up, 90 patients (69.8%) reported subjective improvement in hearing after treatment. Only 55 patients (42.6%) showed improvement in PTA compared to their pretreatment audiograms. Conclusion Many patients with ISSNHL experienced audiometric improvement after treatments, but most had persistent hearing loss. The duration of follow-up was short. Most patients did not use long-term hearing amplification. Future studies are needed to identify factors that contribute to reduced follow-up and low compliance with hearing amplification use in ISSNHL. Level of Evidence 2c.