cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Remembering Joseph A. Pechman, 1918-1989

n the summer of 1988, economists and others from Washington and around the nation filled the Brookings auditorium to celebrate Joseph Pechman's seventieth birthday and to honor him on his retirement from the paid Brookings staff. To omit the word "paid" would be wrong. Joe remained professionally active and a fully-participating Brookings senior fellow until he left for home on Friday, August 18th, 1989, less than twenty-four hours before a fatal coronary that struck, with appropriate symbolism as many have noted, immediately after he played and won a set of tennis and was preparing to play a second. Joe Pechman joined the staff of the Brookings Institution in 1960. The child of poorly educated immigrants, he graduated from the City College of New York in 1937 and the University of Wisconsin in 1942. During World War II, he worked in the war time Office of Price Administration and later served in the U.S. Army. After the war he worked in the Treasury Department, the staff of the Council of Economic Advisers, and the Committee for Economic Development, a policy oriented organization sponsored by major businesses. Before and after coming to Brookings he taught at M.I.T., Yale, Stanford (twice), Georgetown, Dartmouth, and Williams College. He was a fellow at the Center for Advanced Studies in the Behavioral Sciences and at the Hoover Institution, both at Stanford University. Joe managed to invert the usual research profile. Most economists publish as much as they can on the way to tenure. Even the best tend to slow down a bit after 50. Joe didn't get that drill quite straight. Before he was 40, he authored or edited one book and ten scholarly articles, including his classic 1957 article, "Erosion of the Individual Income Tax," which documented how much rates could be reduced if the trend to
“Either-Or” Two-Slit Interference: Stable Coherent Propagation of Individual Photons Through Separate Slits

In quantum theory, nothing that is observable, be it physical, chemical, or biological, is separable from the observer. Furthermore, ". all possible knowledge concerning that object is given by its wave function" (Wigner, E. 1967. Symmetries and Reflections. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN), which can only describe probabilities of future events. In physical systems, quantum mechanical probabilistic events that are microscopic must, in turn, account for macroscopic events that are associated with a greater degree of certainty. In biological systems, probabilistic statistical mechanical events, such as secretion of microscopic synaptic vesicles, must account for macroscopic postsynaptic potentials; probabilistic single-channel events sum to produce a macroscopic ionic current across a cell membrane; and bleaching of rhodopsin molecules (responsible for quantal potential "bumps") produces a photoreceptor generator potential. Among physical systems, a paradigmatic example of how quantum theory applies to the observation of events concerns the interactions of particles (e.g., photons, electrons) with the two-slit apparatus to generate an interference pattern from a single common light source. For two-slit systems that use two independent laser sources with brief (<1 ms) intervals of mutual coherence (Paul, H. 1986. Rev. Modern Phys. 58:209-231), each photon has been considered to arise from both beams and has a probability amplitude to pass through each of the two slits. Here, a single laser source two-slit interference system was constructed so that each photon has a probability amplitude to pass through only one or the other, but not both slits. Furthermore, all photons passing through one slit could be distinguished from all photons passing through the other slit before their passage. This "either-or" system produced a stable interference pattern indistinguishable from the interference produced when both slits were accessible to each photon. Because this system excludes the interaction of one photon with both slits, phase correlation of photon movements derives from the "entanglement" of all photon wave functions due to their dependence on a common laser source. Because a laser source (as well as Young's original point source) will have stable time-averaged spatial coherence even at low intensities, the "either-or" two-slit interference can result from distinct individual photons passing one at a time through one or the other slit-rather than wave-like behavior of individual photons. In this manner, single, successive photons passing through separate slits will assemble over time in phase-correlated wave distributions that converge in regions of low and high probability.
Anisotropic mechanical properties of ovine femoral periosteum and the effects of cryopreservation.

Abstract The mechanical properties of periosteum are not well characterized. An understanding of these properties is critical to predict the environment of pluripotent and osteochondroprogenitor cells that reside within the periosteum and that have been shown recently to exhibit a remarkably rapid capacity to generate bone de novo . Furthermore, the effects of cryopreservation on periosteal mechanical properties are currently unknown. We hypothesized that the periosteum is pre-stressed in situ and that the periosteum exhibits anisotropic material properties, e.g. the elastic modulus of the periosteum depends significantly on the direction of loading. We measured the change in area, axial length, and circumferential length of anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral fresh periosteal samples removed from underlying bone ( t =0–16 h) as well as the average strain in axially and circumferentially oriented anterior periosteal samples subjected to tensile strain (0.004 mm/s) until failure. The elastic modulus was calculated from the resulting stress–strain curves. Tensile testing was repeated with axially aligned samples that had been slowly cryopreserved for comparison to fresh samples. Periosteal samples from all aspects shrank 44–54%, 33–47%, and 9–19% in area, axial length, and circumferential length, respectively. At any given time, the periosteum shrank significantly more in the axial direction than the circumferential direction. Tensile testing showed that the periosteum is highly anisotropic. When loaded axially, a compliant toe region of the stress–strain curve (1.93±0.14 MPa) is followed by a stiffer region until failure (25.67±6.87 MPa). When loaded circumferentially, no toe region is observable and the periosteum remained compliant until failure (4.41±1.21 MPa). Cryopreservation had no significant effect on the elastic modulus of the periosteum. As the periosteum serves as the bounding envelope of the femur, anisotropy in periosteal properties may play a key role in modulating bone growth, healing and adaptation, in health, disease, and trauma.
DO PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS PREDICT RESPONSE TO INHALED NITRIC OXIDE FOR NEONATAL PERSISTENT PULMONARY HYPERTENSION? 1973

DO PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS PREDICT RESPONSE TO INHALED NITRIC OXIDE FOR NEONATAL PERSISTENT PULMONARY HYPERTENSION? 1973
Preparation of actinide targets and sources using nonaqueous electrodeposition

Application of the method of “molecular plating” to prepare actinide targets suitable for accelerator bombardment is presented. Two example applications involving 229Th and 254Es are discussed along with the merits and liabilities of the method.
Between Remembering and Forgetting

This essay seeks to add to a growing body of literature in philosophy of education that focuses on issues of historical consciousness and remembrance and their connections to moral education. In particular, I wish to explore the following questions: What does it mean to maintain a tension between remembering and forgetting tragic historical events? And what does an ethical stance that seeks to maintain this tension provide us? In what follows, I first describe two contemporary approaches to cultivating historical consciousness and advocate for the need to integrate the insights from both these strands rather than choosing between them. Based on some of the insights of Nietzsche, Arendt and other thinkers, I then explore the notion of forgetting while highlighting its educational and moral significance. In order to further explore the moral significance of forgetting, I highlight some of the similarities and differences between forgetting and the virtue of forgiving. Next, I consider the case of The Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa as a contemporary example of an attempt to strike a balance between remembering and forgetting. I conclude this essay by briefly outlining some of the advantages of an ethic of remembering and forgetting.
The separation of law and justice: Managing impressions of corporate ethics programs

Thbs article is based on the study of two companies that differ in their definition of ethics, one with a narrower definition than the other. The one with the narrower definition invited skepticism about its commitment to the spirit of ethics but was better able to manage expectations about its ethics program. The one with the broader definition might have appeared more true to the spirit of ethics but was more vulnerable to claims made against their own standards and language. The implications of these findings for corporate ethics programs are discussed.
MGN-3/Biobran, modified arabinoxylan from rice bran, sensitizes human breast cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agent, daunorubicin.

Abstract Background : MGN-3/Biobran, a modified form of arabinoxylan from rice bran, is a potent biological response modifier (BRM). Our previous studies demonstrated that MGN-3 sensitizes human leukemia cells to death receptor [CD95]-induced apoptosis [Ghoneum M, Gollapudi S. MGN-3 sensitizes human T cell leukemia cells to death receptor (CD95)-induced apoptosis. Cancer Lett 2003;201:41–9]. In this study, we evaluated the chemo-sensitizing activity of MGN-3 against human breast cancer cells (BCCs) in vitro . Methods : BCCs (MCF-7 and HCC70 cells) were cultured with different concentrations of daunorubicin (DNR) (from 1×10 −9 to 1×10 −6 M) in the presence or absence of selected concentrations of MGN-3 (100–1000μg/ml) for 3 days. Cancer cell survival was determined by MTT assay and drug accumulation was determined by flow cytometry. Results : Treatment with MGN-3 increased susceptibility of BCCs to DNR (5.5-fold for MCF-7 and 2.5-fold for HCC70 cells) as compared to BCCs treated with DNR alone. The sensitizing effect of MGN-3 was associated with increased accumulation of DNR in cancer cells. Conclusions : Our data demonstrate that MGN-3 is an effective chemo-sensitizer and may represent a potential novel adjuvant for the treatment of breast cancer.
Two-Axis Laser-Induced Fluorescence of Singly-Charged Xenon inside a 6-kW Hall Thruster

We present two-axis laser-induced fluorescence velocimetry measurements of the 5d[4]7/2 → 6p[3]5/2 transition for singly-charged xenon (Xe II) at 834.953 nm (vacuum) inside a 6kW Hall thruster. The spatial density of the data is higher near the wall than in the center of the channel to better capture the dynamics of the ions believed to be responsible for wall erosion. The thruster has a nominal operating discharge voltage of 300 V and anode mass flow rate of 20 mg/s and has been operated for ~330 hours prior to testing. It is operated under seven conditions spanning discharge voltages of 150-600 V and anode mass flow rates of 10-30 mg/s. The bulk velocity of the near-wall ion populations varies from 0.5 to 25 km/s with an angle of incidence relative to the normal of the wall surface that varies from roughly 45 to 80 degrees. In general, the bulk velocity and angle of incidence is strongly correlated with the discharge voltage and weakly correlated with the anode mass flow rate. There is strong correlation between the axial locations where high energy (greater than few tens of eV) ions exist and where erosion is discernable in the channel profile.
Volumetric diffuse optical tomography of brain activity in rat

We present three-dimensional diffuse optical tomography (DOT) of the hemodynamic response to forepaw stimulation in a rat. DOT results agree with previous fMRI studies and demonstrate feasibility of volumetrically imaging brain activity.
Differences in diagnosis and treatment rates between systolic and diastolic hypertension among young adults

Background: Less than 50% of young adults with hypertension have achieved control. Understanding hypertension diagnosis and treatment patterns in primary care will help tailor young adult hypertension interventions. The objective was to compare the rates of receiving an initial hypertension diagnosis and antihypertensive prescription between young adults with 1) isolated systolic, 2) isolated diastolic, and 3) combined systolic/diastolic hypertension. Methods: This retrospective analysis examined 18-39 year-olds with incident hypertension receiving regular primary care in a large academic group practice from 2008-2011. Eligible patients met JNC7 criteria for a hypertension diagnosis and antihypertensive prescription. The average of the last two blood pressures prior to study entry defined the hypertension type. Patients with a previous hypertension diagnosis or antihypertensive prescription were excluded. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were computed for systolic, diastolic, and combined systolic/diastolic hypertension to evaluate the probability of receiving: 1) a hypertension diagnosis and 2) an antihypertensive prescription, as a function of time since meeting hypertension criteria. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to obtain adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (HR; 95% CI). Results: Among 3,525 young adults, 37% had isolated systolic hypertension, 32% isolated diastolic, and 31% combined systolic/diastolic. At 48 months, 69% with combined systolic/diastolic received an initial diagnosis, compared to 55% (isolated diastolic) and 52% (isolated systolic). At 48 months, 59% with combined systolic/diastolic received an initial antihypertensive prescription, compared to 44% (isolated diastolic) and 30% (isolated systolic). After adjusting for patient and provider factors, young adults with combined systolic/diastolic were 70% more likely (HR: 1.7; 1.5-2.1) to receive a diagnosis compared to isolated systolic. Isolated diastolic (HR: 1.3; 1.1-1.6) and combined systolic/diastolic (HR: 2.4; 2.0-2.9) patients were more likely to receive an antihypertensive prescription compared to isolated systolic patients. Conclusions: Hypertension diagnosis and treatment in young adults was less likely with isolated systolic hypertension. Primary care interventions aimed at diagnosis and treatment variation may improve hypertension control in young adults.
Effect of transurethral resection on urinary quality of life after permanent prostate brachytherapy

Abstract Purpose To determine the effect of transurethral resection on urinary function after permanent prostate brachytherapy using a validated, patient-administered, quality-of-life (QOL) instrument. Methods and materials Twenty-seven consecutive brachytherapy patients with clinical T1b-T2b (1997 American Joint Commission on Cancer) prostate cancer and a history of either preimplant or postimplant transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) were evaluated. Of the 27 patients, 1 continued to be catheter dependent and was excluded from analysis. Of the remaining 26 patients, each was mailed the urinary function component of the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index (EPIC) and the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS). Twenty-six surveys (100%) were returned. The mean and median follow-up was 44.8 and 39.8 months, respectively. The clinical, treatment, and dosimetric parameters evaluated included age, pretreatment prostate-specific antigen level, Gleason score, stage, risk group, prostate volume, presence of diabetes and hypertension, tobacco consumption, number of TURPs, number of grams resected, ultrasound planning volume, hormonal status, supplemental external beam radiotherapy, isotope, follow-up (in months), minimal dose received by 90% of the prostate gland, percentage of prostate volume receiving 100%, 150%, and 200% of the prescribed minimal peripheral dose, and the average and maximal urethral dose. Because baseline IPSSs, but not EPIC scores, were available, a cross-sectional survey was performed in which 51 newly diagnosed prostate cancer patients yet to receive any therapeutic intervention and 195 non-TURP brachytherapy patients served as controls. Results For all evaluated parameters, superior urinary scores were noted in the preimplant TURP group, with intermediate scores in the postimplant TURP patients and poor urinary QOL scores in the pre- and postimplant TURP patients. With time, the EPIC scores improved in the pre- and postimplant TURP cohorts. In multivariate linear regression analysis of the EPIC urinary summary score, the number of TURPs and supplemental external beam radiotherapy were the strongest predictors for diminished QOL. Conclusion TURP results in diminished urinary QOL after brachytherapy. However, patients who underwent preimplant TURP had urinary QOL approaching that of non-TURP brachytherapy patients. Significant urinary dysfunction was noted in approximately one-half of patients who underwent postimplant TURP (especially pre- and postimplant TURP). Because most patients with brachytherapy-related urinary obstruction will eventually spontaneously void, TURP should be approached with extreme caution and only after substantial time has transpired.
Carotid angioplasty and stenting in the elderly.

Introduction To investigate the technical success rate as well as the procedural and mid-term complication rates of carotid angioplasty and stenting in elderly patients, a group excluded from large randomized endarterectomy trials given their perceived high surgical risk.
Breaking Weak 1024-bit RSA Keys with CUDA

An exploit involving the greatest common divisor (GCD) of RSA moduli was recently discovered [1]. This paper presents a tool that can efficiently and completely compare a large number of 1024-bit RSA public keys, and identify any keys that are susceptible to this weakness. NVIDIA's graphics processing units (GPU) and the CUDA massively-parallel programming model are powerful tools that can be used to accelerate this tool. Our method using CUDA has a measured performance speedup of 27.5 compared to a sequential CPU implementation, making it a more practical method to compare large sets of keys. A computation for finding GCDs between 200,000 keys, i.e., approximately 20 billion comparisons, was completed in 113 minutes, the equivalent of approximately 2.9 million 1024-bit GCD comparisons per second.
Microcomputer modeling and optimization with dBASE

Abstract Relational database management systems provide power, flexibility, and ease of use to end-users in implementing analytical models for business operations and management decision making. These systems provide, not only an efficient means of information management, but also a powerful language facility which can be used for analytical programming in solving complex problems including optimization. Conventional programming languages lack such a comprehensive environment for tightly integrating data files and file processing facilities. As an example of the power of database systems, we have implemented the simplex algorithm in a dBASE program. We have also included a listing of the program as a service to users who might like to adapt it for their own related applications. The output from the model includes a maximization (minimization) problem as well as a case in which there is no solution.
Tectonically significant pebble types: Sheared, pocked and second-cycle examples

Abstract A history of repeated faulting, within an area, can be obtained from unconformity analysis or sediment-vector sequences (not treated in the present paper) or from studies of gravel tongues. The latter may include sheared pebbles, pocked pebbles, half-rounds, and second-cycle (or multi-cycle) pebbles. Sheared pebbles (and larger fragments) were cut by faulting after deposition, hence represent two episodes of deformation. Pocked pebbles (scarred pebbles) were ground against each other, after deposition, by a second episode. Sheared and pocked pebbles typically develop where sand matrix is not abundant; single pebbles “floating” in sandstone rarely show these features. Quartz sand schist is a fine-grained equivalent of the sheared-pebble gravel or conglomerate. Half-rounds represent transportation of sheared pebbles, after shearing; where half-rounds have been sheared, at least three episodes of deformation are indicated. A second-cycle conglomerate is one in which individual pebbles (or larger pieces) are themselves conglomerates. They likewise indicate at least two episodes of deformation. In some areas, details of displacement can be obtained best from unconformity analysis; in other areas, the special pebble types listed here may provide such details. In a few places, both types of information may be available, thus giving a fuller picture than could be obtained in other ways. The best example of a thick stratigraphic sequence containing these special pebble types (representing repeated deformation), described in the present paper, is located near Bucaramanga, Colombia. A second example from northern New Mexico is described less fully. Brief references to other occurrences, in Wyoming, Montana, Oklahoma and Alabama, are made. It is concluded that, although these pebble types may not be abundant at any one locality, they nevertheless occur at many places, and therefore can provide important information about deformational history.
Implementing a Grant Proposal Writing Exercise in Undergraduate Science Courses to Incorporate Real-World Applications and Critical Analysis of Current Literature.

Writing is an essential part of a successful career in science. As such, many undergraduate science courses have begun to implement writing assignments that reflect “real-world” applications and focus on a critical analysis of current literature; these assignments are often in the form of a review or a research proposal. The semester-long project described herein is a unique marriage of these two ideas: students first select a topic and conduct a literature review, and then choose an area of that same topic to investigate further in a peer-reviewed grant proposal. A modified version of this project, which incorporates peer-reviewed oral presentations, is also discussed. This project is designed for an upper-level undergraduate course, typically having 15–20 students, and the approach (or parts of the approach) has been successfully incorporated in an advanced organic chemistry course, a biochemistry capstone course, and courses in endocrinology, as well as ecophysiology.
Evolving convex curves

We consider the behaviour of convex curves undergoing curvature-driven motion. In particular we describe the long-term behaviour of solutions and properties of limiting shapes, and prove existence of unique solutions from singular or non-strictly convex initial curves, with sharp regularity estimates.
The indispensibility of a mitochondrial 15K protein for the formation of the cytochrome C1-cytochrome c complex.

Abstract The cytochrome c 1 -cytochrome c complex is formed when c reacts with c 1 prepared by either of two methods reported (King, T.E. (1978) Methods of Enzymol, 53, 181). By the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis technique, the c 1 thus prepared shows a heme-containing subunit of about 29,000 together with a smaller unit of 15,000. Recent modification (Konig et al. (1980) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 621 , 283) of our mercaptoethanol method yields “one band c 1 ” but this preparation does not react with c to form the c 1 − c complex. Addition of a protein fraction of 15,000 (15K) isolated from succinate-cytochrome c reductase produces the complex. The 15K protein is a function of the formation of the complex judging from the results of titration with the c and “one band c 1 ” system.
Perspective: Assembly line immunotherapy

Bruce L. Levine and Carl H. June explore how to make engineered immune cells that can eradicate cancer widely available.
Identification of Neural Networks That Contribute to Motion Sickness through Principal Components Analysis of Fos Labeling Induced by Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation

Motion sickness is a complex condition that includes both overt signs (e.g., vomiting) and more covert symptoms (e.g., anxiety and foreboding). The neural pathways that mediate these signs and symptoms are yet to identified. This study mapped the distribution of c-fos protein (Fos)-like immunoreactivity elicited during a galvanic vestibular stimulation paradigm that is known to induce motion sickness in felines. A principal components analysis was used to identify networks of neurons activated during this stimulus paradigm from functional correlations between Fos labeling in different nuclei. This analysis identified five principal components (neural networks) that accounted for greater than 95% of the variance in Fos labeling. Two of the components were correlated with the severity of motion sickness symptoms, and likely participated in generating the overt signs of the condition. One of these networks included neurons in locus coeruleus, medial, inferior and lateral vestibular nuclei, lateral nucleus tractus solitarius, medial parabrachial nucleus and periaqueductal gray. The second included neurons in the superior vestibular nucleus, precerebellar nuclei, periaqueductal gray, and parabrachial nuclei, with weaker associations of raphe nuclei. Three additional components (networks) were also identified that were not correlated with the severity of motion sickness symptoms. These networks likely mediated the covert aspects of motion sickness, such as affective components. The identification of five statistically independent component networks associated with the development of motion sickness provides an opportunity to consider, in network activation dimensions, the complex progression of signs and symptoms that are precipitated in provocative environments. Similar methodology can be used to parse the neural networks that mediate other complex responses to environmental stimuli.
Use of a Laser for Length Measurement by Fringe Counting

The use of a He-Ne laser as a light source improved the precision of an automatic fringe counting interferometer which previously used a Hg198 source and extended its usefulness to the full one-meter limit of its carriage travel. The laser wavelength was first determined by comparison of the fringes counted over a 91-mm length with both the laser and a Hg198 source of known wavelength. A one-meter line standard was calibrated by counting laser fringes. All measured decimeter interval lengths agreed with the assigned values within the mutual limits of uncertainty, the largest discrepancy being less than 0.5 μm. The result obtained for the total length of the line standard agreed with the assigned length of the line standard to 7 parts in 108. The laser-illuminated fringe-counting interferometer is now in routine calibration service.
Optic Neuropathy after Vitrectomy for Retinal Detachment: Clinical Features and Analysis of Risk Factors

Purpose To describe the clinical characteristics of and risk factors for the development of optic neuropathy after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for macula-sparing primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) repair. Design Retrospective case-control study. Participants Seven patients who underwent PPV for macula-sparing primary RRD with subsequent development of optic neuropathy and 42 age- and gender-matched control patients undergoing PPV for macula-sparing primary RRD. Methods Retrospective chart review of medical and surgical records. Main Outcome Measures Clinical features of patients who developed optic neuropathy after PPV for macula-sparing RRD and analysis of potential risk factors (age, gender, medical history, surgical technique, intraoperative ocular perfusion pressure [OPP], and operative time). Results At last follow-up, all 7 patients with optic neuropathy had visual acuity less than 20/200, relative afferent pupillary defects, optic nerve pallor, and visual field defects. A total of 5 of 7 patients (71%) demonstrated intraoperative reduced OPP with associated systemic hypotension compared with 7 of 42 patients (17%) in the control cohort ( P = 0.01). Conclusions Optic neuropathy after PPV for macula-sparing primary RRD is a rare but potentially devastating complication. Although the cause is often unclear, reduced ocular perfusion due to intraoperative systemic hypotension may be a contributing risk factor in some eyes. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Cooperative Secrecy: The Relay-Eavesdropper Channel

This paper investigates the role of user cooperation in facilitating secure wireless communications. In particular, the four-terminal relay-eavesdropper channel is introduced and analyzed. Several cooperation strategies are devised and the corresponding achievable rate-equivocation region are characterized. Of particular interest is the novel Noise-Forwarding (NF) strategy, where the relay node sends codewords independent of the source message to confuse the eavesdropper. This strategy is used to illustrate the deaf helper phenomenon, where the relay is able to facilitate secure communications while being totally ignorant of the transmitted messages. Furthermore, NF is shown to increase the perfect secrecy rate in the reversely degraded scenario, where the relay node fails to offer performance gains in the classical setting. The gain offered by the proposed cooperation strategies is then proved theoretically and validated numerically in the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel.
Dielectric Properties of VX-2 Carcinoma Versus Normal Liver Tissue

The bulk electrical properties of an implanted VX-2 carcinoma in rabbit liver tissue were measured from 1 kHz to 13 MHz, together with those of normal rabbit liver tissue. At the lower end of the frequency range, the conductivity of the tumor tissue was 6-7.5 times higher and its permittivity was 2-5 times lower than that of the normal tissue. The increased conductivity of the tumor tissue is believed to arise from the presence of widespread necrosis in the tumor nodules. Such differences, if generally present between tumor and surrounding normal tissues, could be used to advantage in clinical applications of electromagnetic fields.
Some thoughts on ethics of research: After reading Milgram's "Behavioral Study of Obedience."

“The S has the right to expect that the psychologist with whom he is interacting has some concern for his welfare, and the personal attributes and professional skill to express his good will effectively. Unfortunately, the S is not always treated with the respect he deserves.” The “experimental objectives of the psychologist are seldom incompatible with the S's ongoing state of well being, provided that the E is willing to take the S's motives and interests into consideration when planning his methods and correctives. From the S's point of view procedures which involve loss of dignity, self-esteem and trust in rational authority are probably most harmful in the long run and require the most thoughtfully planned reparations, if engaged in at all. The public image of psychology is highly related to our own actions and some of these actions are changeworthy.” (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)
Predicting First-Grade Reading Achievement.

The purpose of this study was to determine the best combination of tests or subtests in a research battery which, when administered to beginning first-grade students, would enable the most efficien...
Preliminary Survey of Aldabra Vegetation

The vegetation of Aldabra, except for the area around the settlement and a number of Casuarina groves, is probably in approximately its original condition. It is mostly a varied evergreen or semi- deciduous scrub or scrub-forest, with open areas of grass or sedge meadow and ephemeral vegetation. Many local cover types can be distinguished according to the I.B.P.-Fosberg classification. The total flora will come to about 200 species, of which 47 are thought to be exotics. O f these, only Casuarina equisetifolia presents a serious threat to the native vegetation. In certain areas grazing by tortoises exerts a conspicuous influence on the physiognomy of the vegetation. Mangroves line the lagoon shores in many places. Meadows of 9sea-grasses’ cover much of the coral reef surrounding the atoll.
Let effects in a quenched dioxane scintillator

Abstract The fluorescence quenching of a dioxane-based liquid scintillator, by chloroform, is shown to depend on the LET (linear energy transfer) of the exciting radiation. Fluorescence measurements using α ( 241 Am) and ψ ( 60 Co) excitation are explained in terms of two distinct chloroform quenching mechanisms: electron scavanging and solvent de-excitation. α excitation results are explained in terms of an inner cylinder of high ionization density (referred to as region I), in which radicalized chloroform is less able to quench the excitation of the solvent. In a concentric outer annulus with low ionization density (region II), the chloroform quenching parameters are identical with those for low LET (ψ-ray) excitation.
Low-power electrocardiographic data-acquisition module for microprocessor systems.

The advantages of a portable microcomputer system for e.c.g. studies is stressed. A data-acquisition system was interfaced with two different microcomputers (the Motorola 6800 and the Intersil 6100 based systems), and both systems were successfully applied to the acceptance and processing of e.c.g. signals from subjects. The data-acquisition module interfaced with the Intersil 6100 central processor was found to draw very low power and was completely battery operated. This system could be used as a portable device for recording e.c.g.s from ambulatory patients. The system was designed to conform to present AHA standards and provides real-time e.c.g. signal processing. Several e.c.g. signals are exhibited to show the performance of the system. The e.c.g.s. that were processed and stored in the microcomputer memory are displayed alongside the original e.c.g.s to show that complete e.c.g. information is available subsequent to the data processing.
Perron Conditions for Pointwise and Global Exponential Dichotomy of Linear Skew-Product Flows

The aim of this paper is to give necessary and sufficient conditions for pointwise and uniform exponential dichotomy of linear skew-product flows. We shall obtain that the pointwise exponential dichotomy of a linear skew-product flow is equivalent to the pointwise admissibility of the pair % MathType!Translator!2!1!AMS LaTeX.tdl!TeX -- AMS-LaTeX! % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaafiart1ev1aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaado % eadaWgaaWcbaGaaGimaaqabaGccaGGOaGaaCOuaiaacYcacaWGybGa % aiykaiaacYcacaWGdbWaaSbaaSqaaiaaicdaaeqaaOGaaiikaiaahk % facaGGSaGaamiwaiaacMcacaGGPaGaaiOlaaaa!439B! $$(C_0 ({\mathbf{R}},X),C_0 ({\mathbf{R}},X)).$$ As a consequence, we prove that a linear skew-product flow π on % MathType!Translator!2!1!AMS LaTeX.tdl!TeX -- AMS-LaTeX! % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaafiart1ev1aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyraiabg2 % da9iaadIfacqGHxdaTcqqHyoquaaa!3C29! $$E = X \times \Theta $$ is uniformly exponentially dichotomic if and only if the pair % MathType!Translator!2!1!AMS LaTeX.tdl!TeX -- AMS-LaTeX! % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaafiart1ev1aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaado % eadaWgaaWcbaGaaGimaaqabaGccaGGOaGaaCOuaiaacYcacaWGybGa % aiykaiaacYcacaWGdbWaaSbaaSqaaiaaicdaaeqaaOGaaiikaiaahk % facaGGSaGaamiwaiaacMcacaGGPaaaaa!42E9! $$(C_0 ({\mathbf{R}},X),C_0 ({\mathbf{R}},X))$$ is uniformly admissible for π.
The conceptual structure of transition to motherhood in the neonatal intensive care unit

Title. The conceptual structure of transition to motherhood in the neonatal intensive care unit Aim. This paper is a report of a concept analysis of transition to motherhood for mothers with infants in a neonatal intensive care unit. Background. Mothers with infants in a neonatal intensive care unit have more difficulty in their transition to motherhood compared with mothers of healthy infants. The concept of transition to motherhood in the neonatal intensive care unit is not well-understood in nursing, often being confused with mothers’ psychological responses in the neonatal intensive care unit. Methods. The concept analysis combined Rodgers’ evolutionary method with Schwartz-Barcott & Kim's Hybrid method. Thirty-eight studies were reviewed and a purposive sample of 10 Korean mothers with infants in a neonatal intensive care unit was interviewed. Findings. Three critical attributes of transition to motherhood in the neonatal intensive care unit were identified: (1) time-dependent process, (2) psycho-emotional swirling and (3) hovering around the edge of mothering. These are caused by the antecedents (1) unexpected outcome of pregnancy, (2) awareness of the situation and (3) mother–infant separation. The consequences were: (1) delayed motherhood and (2) developing a sense of meaning concerning family and life. Additionally, five influencing factors to be alleviated were identified: (1) negative meaning attribution, (2) uncertainty, (3) social prejudice, (4) lack of opportunities to make contact with the infant and (5) the neonatal intensive care unit environment. Conclusions. This concept analysis should help nurses to understand the process of becoming a mother in a neonatal intensive care unit and plan appropriate interventions for mothers with special needs.
Brief cognitive–behavioral intervention for maternal depression and trauma in the neonatal intensive care unit: A pilot study

Parents of hospitalized premature infants are at risk for developing psychological symptoms. This randomized controlled pilot study examined the effectiveness of a brief cognitive-behavioral intervention in reducing traumatic and depressive symptoms in mothers 1 month after their infant's discharge from the hospital. Fifty-six mothers were randomly assigned to the intervention or control group. Results showed that mothers experienced high levels of symptoms initially and at follow-up. At follow-up, there was a trend for mothers in the intervention group to report lower levels of depression (p = .06; Cohen's f = .318), but levels of traumatic symptoms were similar for both groups. Brief psychological interventions may reduce depressive symptoms in this population. Estimates of the effect sizes can be used to inform future intervention studies.
Heart failure notwithstanding ejection fraction (HFnEF)--a possible unifying hypothesis?

Approximately one-half of the 1 million patients admitted to the hospital each year in the United States for acute heart failure (AHF) have ejection fractions in the normal (or near normal) range, often referred to as heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). A wide variety of abnormalities have been described in these patients, including left ventricular hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction, abnormalities of cytoskeletal elements, altered arterial compliance, and abnormal baroreflexes, even though the majority of these pathophysiologic features are demonstrated in more stabilized conditions. However, none of these features appear to be pathognomic of the disease, and it even remains unclear whether or not HFpEF is a single entity or a compilation of different entities. 1 Moreover, while the features of chronic HFpEF have proven elusive to define precisely, the mechanisms whereby patients with chronic HFpEF transition to AHF remain unknown. Arterial and cardiopulmonary baroreflexes exert powerful influences over sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve activity, and importantly regulate blood pressure (BP), heart rate, and cardiac contractility. These reflexes protect against orthostasis and buffer alterations in both filling pressure (cardiopulmonary baroreflexes) 2 and arterial pressure (arterial baroreflexes). 3 Almost 30 years ago, Walgenbach and Sheppard performed a classic set of experiments in awake dogs with isolated carotid sinus preparations and found that in the absence of the input from arterial baroreflexes, not only was mean BP elevated, but systolic BP also fluctuated markedly. 4 These fluctuations were normalized with restoration of the carotid sinuses into the systemic
Vapor Phase Boric Acid Treatments for Cotton Batting To Meet U.S. Mattress Flammability Standard Ff 4-72:

The U.S. Mattress Flammability Standard FF 4-72 imple mented in December 1973 requires that mattresses resist ignition by lighted cigarettes placed on the bare mattress surfaces at specified loca tions, as well as similar tests where the cigarettes are placed between two sheets. This standard, while implying flammability, really measures resist ance of cotton mattresses to the initiation of smoldering combustion. Smoldering combustion is defined as a slow oxidation directly from the solid phase. Phosphorus containing flame retardants that impart excellent glow resistance in the context of open flame tests are inadequate to pre vent smoldering combustion in mattresses. Boric acid, although not con sidered an efficient or effective flame retardant, when applied to cotton batting yields products that will pass FF 4-72. Current processes for the treatment of cotton batting with boric acid utilize immersion-padding, spray, or dry powder techniques. These processes require either large amounts of energy or exce...
Personality perception: A developmental study

Abstract We investigated the ability of adults and children to perceive the Big Five personality traits in others from “thin slices” of the behavioral stream. Targets were videotaped in five carefully crafted situations, each designed to maximally reveal a different trait domain. In addition, each target’s personality was assessed by close friends or parents, serving as the personality criterion. Judges’ agreement with the criterion improved generally with age, but different developmental trends were observed across traits.
Demo: application-transparent deployment of DTN via SmartNet

In this paper, we present the SmartNet architecture, an open and extensible software framework for experimenting with and deploying application-transparent network adaptation solutions. The framework fashions a plugin-based system architecture where each plugin implements a small set of application or transport protocol specific network adaptation requirements and can be chained with other plugins to form a packet processing pipeline. Multiple concurrent packet pipelines are configurable to enable selected traffic flows to dynamically switch between native IP, split-TCP, and DTN, based on observed network conditions. The end user is able to configure not only which flows should use split-TCP or DTN, but also the conditions under which each option should be used.
The Żaddiq as Axis Mundi in Later Judaism

The symbol of axis mundi, as delineated in the writings of Mircea Eliade, is said to be religious man's central principle for the organization of sacred space. The present paper, originally offered as a contribution to an AAR session devoted to "Mircea Eliade and the Study of Judaism," seeks to expand the use of that symbol by pointing to a link between the imagery of axis mundi and the tradition of the zaddiq or holy man in the mystical sources of Judaism. In the writings of the Kabbalistic and Hasidic masters, the holy man is often described in various terms highly reminiscent of the notion of sacred space. The zaddiq may be Zion, Temple, Jacob's ladder, or Holy of Holies. While the transference of sacred space imagery to another realm might seem especially apt for the Jews, given their long history of exile, it is pointed out that such transference never meant the replacement of the geographical Jerusalem or Holy Land by the zaddiq, but rather an additional locus of divine presence: the cosmos of homo religiosus may know more than one center (e.g., Jerusalem and Rome for the Catholic). It is also briefly noted that the transference of sacred space imagery to that of sacred person takes place in Christianity and Islam as well, a point which is meant to invite further discussion. Notions of singular leadership and the place of the zaddiq in Jewish cosmology are traced from first century rabbinic sources down to rival Hasidic claims in the mid-nineteenth century. Finally, one particular Hasidic reading of the zaddiq as sacred center is offered as an example of the power of religious language to transcend its own formal categories in order to emerge as a profound and painful description of one man's own situation in life. Arthur Green teaches the history of Judaism in the Department of Religious Studies at the University of Pennsylvania. His anthology of Hasidic prayer instructions, Your Word Is Fire, has just been released by the Paulist Press. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.149 on Mon, 03 Oct 2016 04:46:47 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
On decoding equations with partial channel state information

We have shown that over interfering links, it is possible to decode a function of the involved messages much more efficiently than the full messages themselves. This is useful for example as a physical layer for network coding. Typically, some degree of channel state information at the receiver is required. In this note, we study the effect of only partial channel state information. For several models of interference, novel achievable rates are derived. These may prove to be useful as a physical layer for non-coherent network codes.
The effect of molecular weight blending on PVC melt rheology

The effect of molecular weight blending on melt flow characteristics has been studied with a 50/50 mixture of suspension PVC resins with the respective Mw of 56,300 and 123,000. The dynamic shear measurements were made with the Rheometrics Visco-Elastic Tester at angular frequencies of 0.1 to 40 radians/s. In the temperature range of 160 to 215° C, all samples showed three distinct flow regions marked by three different values of the activation energy. The high molecular weight fraction introduced a relatively strong influence on the melt flow characteristics of the blend due to the effect of its relatively high crystalline content. These samples also failed to show a Newtonian flow behavior at 190°C at an extremely low shear rate corresponding to 10−4 radians/s., possibly reflecting the effect of the remnant crystallinity of the material.
Learning to predict reading frames in E. coli DNA sequences

Two fundamental problems in analyzing DNA sequences are (1) locating the regions of a DNA sequence that encode proteins, and (2) determining the reading frame for each region. The authors investigate using artificial neural networks (ANNs) to find coding regions, determine reading frames, and detect frameshift errors in E. coli DNA sequences. They describe the adaptation of the approach used by E.C. Uberbacher and R.J. Mural (1991) to identify coding regions in human DNA, and compare the performance of ANNs to several conventional methods for predicting reading frames. The experiments demonstrated that ANNs can outperform these conventional approaches. >