cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lead-doped Bi2Sr2CuO6: a superconductor free of modulation and superstructure

Abstract Crystals of lead-containing 2201 superconductor, (Bi 2− x Pb x )Sr 2 CuO 6 , were synthesized and characterized by electron microscopy XANES, X-ray diffraction, and electronic band structure calculations. Lead is present as Pb 2+ and the maximum value of x is approximately 0.25 ( T c ≈ 20 K). The crystal structure does not exhibit the modulations and superstructures seen in the lead-free Bi 2 Sr 2 CuO 6 superconductor. Bi/Pb-O “rock-salt” double layers consist of Bi/Pb-O chains containing 3-coordinated Bi/Pb atoms. Formation of these chains causes the CuO 6 octahedra of the CuO 2 sheets to buckle. It appears that substitution of Pb 2+ for Bi 3+ hinders the insertion of additional oxygen atoms into the double Bi-O layers such that lead-doped Bi 2 Sr 2 CuO 6 does not exhibit structural modulation.
Variation of enzyme activities at a branched pathway involved in the utilization of gluconate in Escherichia coli.

Abstract Twenty-four strains of Escherichia coli from the ECOR collection were characterized for growth rate in gluconate minimal salts medium and for Vmax and Km of the three enzymes (gluconokinase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydratase) that form a branch point for the utilization of gluconate. A total of 11 characters—growth rate, three Vmax values, four Km values, and three Vmax/Km values—were determined for these 24 ECOR strains. Most of the characters were normally distributed. Statistical tests showed that growth rate is significantly less variable than enzyme activities. Also, analyses of variance showed significant differences among strains and among the extant five genetic groups of E. coli for the characters measured. A Mantel test showed that, for some characters, closely related strains shared similar character values. Two hypotheses regarding the relationships between growth rate and enzyme activity and between various enzyme activities were tested. None of the...
The road not taken: a path to curing type 1 diabetes?

The past quarter century has seen a rapid increase in our knowledge about the natural history of autoimmune type 1 diabetes. However, we stand unable to achieve our ultimate goal of preventing or reversing this disease. This viewpoint discusses controversies in current management of type 1 diabetes, the challenges in translating promising studies from mouse models of the disease to humans, hurdles faced in designing optimal prevention and intervention studies, and potential strategies to overcome these obstacles. “....Two roads diverged in a wood, and I-I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference.” -The Road Not Taken Robert Frost, 1920
Automatic and Reproducible Positioning of Phase-Contrast MRI for the Quantification of Global Cerebral Blood Flow

Phase-Contrast MRI (PC-MRI) is a noninvasive technique to measure blood flow. In particular, global but highly quantitative cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurement using PC-MRI complements several other CBF mapping methods such as arterial spin labeling and dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI by providing a calibration factor. The ability to estimate blood supply in physiological units also lays a foundation for assessment of brain metabolic rate. However, a major obstacle before wider applications of this method is that the slice positioning of the scan, ideally placed perpendicular to the feeding arteries, requires considerable expertise and can present a burden to the operator. In the present work, we proposed that the majority of PC-MRI scans can be positioned using an automatic algorithm, leaving only a small fraction of arteries requiring manual positioning. We implemented and evaluated an algorithm for this purpose based on feature extraction of a survey angiogram, which is of minimal operator dependence. In a comparative test-retest study with 7 subjects, the blood flow measurement using this algorithm showed an inter-session coefficient of variation (CoV) of 4.07 ± 3.03%. The Bland-Altman method showed that the automatic method differs from the manual method by between -8% and 11%, for 95% of the CBF measurements. This is comparable to the variance in CBF measurement using manually-positioned PC MRI alone. In a further application of this algorithm to 157 consecutive subjects from typical clinical cohorts, the algorithm provided successful positioning in 89.7% of the arteries. In 79.6% of the subjects, all four arteries could be planned using the algorithm. Chi-square tests of independence showed that the success rate was not dependent on the age or gender, but the patients showed a trend of lower success rate (p = 0.14) compared to healthy controls. In conclusion, this automatic positioning algorithm could improve the application of PC-MRI in CBF quantification.
X-ray and Electrochemical Studies of Cu UPD on Au(111) Single-Crystal Electrodes in the Presence of Bromide

The underpotential deposition (UPD) of copper on Au(111) in the presence of bromide anions has been investigated employing electrochemical techniques, in-situ grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD), and crystal truncation rod (CTR) measurements. At potentials positive of +0.55 V (vs Ag/AgCl), bromide adsorbs on the electrode surface forming an ordered and rotated hexagonal structure. The rotation angle of this structure with respect to the Au(01) direction and the Br−Br distance change with the applied potential. At potentials below +0.55 V, the bromide overlayer becomes disordered although its coverage remains high. The initial stages of copper deposition (at ca. +0.36 V) lower the gold's work function, giving rise to an increase in the bromide coverage and the formation of an ordered bromide layer with a coverage of 0.51. At +0.32 V there is a sharp voltammetric feature that corresponds to a phase transition to give a (4 × 4) bromide layer with a coverage of 0.563. Over the potential range from +0.3...
Uniformitarianism, earth system science, and geology

Abstract If logic is viewed as a normative science of right reasoning, then various forms of uniformitarianism introduced in the late 18th and 19th centuries were logically flawed at their inception. As noted by William Whewell in 1833, a priori metaphysical assertions about nature are always highly suspect parts of scientific reasoning. Thus, the extension of such presumptions to predictive Earth systems science is not a defect in regard to the general scientific use of the present in regard to analogical reasoning about the past, or the past in regard to analogical reasoning about the future. Rather, there is a defect in regard to the logical role of both strong and substantive forms of uniformitarianism when applied to all science. However, when properly understood, there is great scientific merit in analogical reasoning that uses the immense reservoir of Earth's past operations to see how the full complexity of that planet's present and future operations combine to produce patterns of process operation that evolve into a future that is increasingly being dominated by human influences. Such reasoning is abductive (or retroductive), and it is both a methodologically useful and scientifically fruitful component for generating understanding that can be further elucidated by the deductive and inductive methods of Earth systems science.
Effect of prestrain on the superplastic behaviour of a fine grained 7475 AI alloy

The effect of prestraining at a fast strain rate (region III) on the subsequent superplastic behaviour (region II) of a 7475 AI alloy has been studied. The results show that prestraining causes a decrease in the elongation to failure as compared to the non-prestrained (as-received) samples. This decrease in elongation is postulated to be associated with the growth of cavities formed during prestraining as well as grain growth during deformation in region II. Prestraining in region III did not lead to any observable inhomogeneities in strain distribution during subsequent deformation.
The Software Design of a General Purpose Data Acquisition and Control Executive

The software design of an executive which performs general purpose data acquisition, monitoring, and control is presented. The executive runs on a memory-based mini or micro-computer and communicates with a disk-based computer where data analysis and display are done. The executive design stresses reliability and versatility, and has yielded software which can provide control and monitoring for widely different hardware systems. Applications of this software on two major fusion energy experiments at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory will be described.
Expression of insulin-like growth factors I and II and their receptor mRNAs in primary human astrocytomas and meningiomas; in vivo studies using in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry

These studies demonstrate the expression of IGF-I, IGF-II, and their respective receptor mRNAs in primary human astrocytomas and meningiomas. In situ hybridization and immunocy-tochemistry have localized a strong expression of both IGF-I and IGF-II mRNAs and of their protein products in the tumor cells of astrocytomas and meningiomas. The expression of IGF-I and IGF-II mRNAs in the tumor cells was accompanied by the co-expression of their respective type-I and type-II IGF receptor mRNAs. Control, non-malignant human brain expressed IGF-I mRNA and IGF-I and IGF-II receptor mRNAs. There was no significant expression of IGF-II mRNA in the control brain specimens. Control pachymeninges (dura mater) expressed low levels of IGF-I mRNA and IGF-I receptor mRNA. There was no significant expression of IGF-II and IGF-II receptor mRNAs in pachymeninges. The co-expression of IGFs and their receptors in brain tumors may contribute in their development and maintenance. The strong inappropriate expression of IGF-II mRNA and its protein product in the tumor cells of astrocytomas and meningiomas, but not in normal brain specimens, may serve as molecular markers for the early detection of these tumors.
Analysis of gas stripping during ethanol fermentation—I. In a continuous stirred tank reactor

Abstract The method of product removal from the fermentation medium by applying gas stripping as a means of preventing product inhibition and of improving the productivity in ethanol fermentation (GSEF) using a stirred tank reactor has been analyzed. A modification of the Ghose-Tyagi specific growth rate model and the Luedeking-Piret production model have been used to formulate and simulate the GSEF model. The advantages of using gas stripping are demonstrated, namely: (1) the cell concentration increases with increase in the stripping factor for a given dilution rate, (2) the substrate consumption increases by the stripping factor for a given dilution rate, (3) ethanol concentration in the broth decreases with increase in the stripping factor for a given dilution rate, and (4) ethanol productivity increases with increase in the stripping factor for a given dilution rate. Furthermore, the maximum total productivity achievable at a given stripping factor and the corresponding optimum dilution rate is presented. It is shown that, if the kinetics have a product-substrate inhibition, they exhibit multiple steady states and an additional constraint is required for the dilution rate. This limiting dilution rate as a function of substrate feed concentration with various values of stripping factor is also presented. It shows that, below a certain feed concentration, the limiting dilution rate is independent of the stripping factor.
The hermeneutics of visionary experience: Revelation and interpretation in the Zohar

This paper analyses the processes of revelation and interpretation as they function in the classic work of medeival Jewish mysticism, the Zohar. The author points out that visionary experience ofthe divine is not only central to Zoharic theosophy, but that the act of textual study itself must be understood in the light of this phenomenon insofar as the text is nothing but the configuration of divine light. The author demonstrates that the phenomenological structure of these two modes is identical according to the Zohar. Hence, the kabbalist who interprets Scripture attains the level of Moses who received the Torah at Sinai.
Demonstration of a high affinity receptor for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in rat pancreas.

Abstract The existence of a high affinity receptor for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) in rat pancreas was biochemically demonstrated in this study. In order to study the properties of this putative receptor, we took advantage of the analysis of low ionic strength chromatin-localized 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor. Using this method, the susceptibility of receptor protein to enzymatic degradation was so decreased, and the contamination by plasma vitamin D binding protein (DBP) component was so efficiently eliminated that a specific, saturable binding for 1,25(OH)2D3 could be demonstrated in the saturation analysis and the peak for the receptor was consistently apparent in the sucrose density gradient analysis. The equilibrium dissociation constant (Scatchard Kd) was found to be 3.7 ± 1.5 × 10-10 (M), and the concentration of specific binding sites was calculated to be 1.22 ± 0.40 (fmol/mg protein). The number of specific binding sites in the rat pancreas was only 0.44% of that present in rat intestine (277 ± 19 (fmol/mg protein)) and 6.7% of that in rat kidney (18.1 ± 1.0 (fmol/mg)). However, when a correction is made for the 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor distribution in the tissues and expressed as the receptor concentration per receptor-containing cells, the rat pancreatic receptor level was calculated to be about 30% of the rat intestine. Sucrose density gradient sedimentation of this receptor yielded a value of 3.2 ± 0.1 (S) for the sedimentation coefficient and this peak was displaceable by a 100-fold excess of nonradioactive 1,25(OH)2D3. These data provide evidence for the presence of a specific 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor in mammalian pancreas, and we suggest, in conjunction with the facts that vitamin D3 and its active metabolites play a physiological role on insulin secretion from rat pancreatic β-cells, that this receptor might be involved in the mechanisms of action of vitamin D3 on insulin secretion from rat pancreas via a genomic effect.
Heuristic Updatable Weighted Random Subspaces for Non-stationary Environments

Learning in non-stationary environments is an increasingly important problem in a wide variety of real-world applications. In non-stationary environments data arrives incrementally, however the underlying generating function may change over time. While there is a variety of research into such environments, the research mainly consists of detecting concept drift (and then relearning the model), or developing classii¬ers which adapt to drift incrementally. We introduce Heuristic Up datable Weighted Random Subspaces (HUWRS), a new technique based on the Random Subspace Method that detects drift in individual features via the use of He llinger distance, a distributional divergence metric. Through the use of subspaces, HUWRS allows for a more i¬ne-grained approach to dealing with concept drift which is robust to feature drift even without class labels. We then compare our approach to two state of the art algorithms, concluding that for a wide range of datasets and window sizes HUWRS outperforms the other methods.
Comparing the Effectiveness of a Supplemental Computer‐Based Food Safety Tutorial to Traditional Education in an Introductory Food Science Course

: The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether a Web-based computer tutorial for food safety is an effective tool in the education of food science and nutrition students. Students completing the Web-based tutorial had a greater improvement in pre-test scores compared with post-test scores and compared with students who attended lecture only. Students completing the tutorial indicated a favorable attitude toward computer-supplemented instruction.
Luminescence of tiopronin monolayer-protected silver clusters changes to that of gold clusters upon galvanic core metal exchange

Water-soluble tiopronin monolayer-protected silver clusters (Ag MPCs), with 1.6 nm average diameter cores, exhibit visible luminescence at 500 nm with a quantum yield estimated near 10-4 when excit...
Sodium excretion after renal vasodilation by papaverine in conscious and anesthetized sheep.

SummaryTen conscious and ten chlorolose-anesthetized sheep were studied while either 0.9% NaCl solution or 7 mg/min papaverine HCl solution was infused into the renal artery of a sole remaining kidney. During saline infusion, conscious sheep had significantly higher renal blood (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) than anesthetized animals (P < 0.01 and < 0.05 respectively). Renal resistance (RR) was significantly greater in the anesthetized animals (P < 0.01) but arterial blood pressure (BP), absolute (UNaV) and fractional Na excretion (FENa) were not different between the two groups. Infusion of 7 mg/min papaverine for 20 min resulted in an increase in RBF in both groups but this was statistically significant (P < 0.01) only in the conscious sheep. BP declined significantly in both groups (P < 0.02) but GFR fell only in the conscious animals (P < 0.01). Papaverine had very little effect on FENa and UNaV of conscious sheep but produced dramatic rises in both variables when the animals were anesthet...
Contrast-enhanced MRI of healed pathologic vertebral compression fracture mimicking active disease in a patient treated for lymphoma

Despite the valuable contribution of MRI, the distinction between benign and malignant compression fractures of the spine is sometimes difficult, and cannot with certainty be based on T1- and T2-weighted signal criteria alone, or on the configuration of the compression fracture. This case report demonstrates that in certain instances neither can gadolinium enhancement specifically make this determination in cases of treated malignancy of the spinal column. Because treated neoplasia having benign histologic characteristics may continue to enhance with IV gadolinium, biopsy evaluation must be undertaken in this setting in order to prove the diagnosis.
Electro-optic sampling at 90 degree interaction geometry for time-of-arrival stamping of ultrafast relativistic electron diffraction

In this paper we study a new geometry setup for electro-optic sampling (EOS) where the electron beam runs parallel to the $⟨110⟩$ face of a ZnTe crystal and the probe laser is perpendicular to it and to the beam path. The simple setup is used to encode the time-of-arrival information of a $3.5\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}l10\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{pC}$ electron bunch on the spatial profile of the laser pulse. The electric field lines inside the dielectric bend at an angle due to a relatively large ($n\ensuremath{\sim}3$) index of refraction of the ZnTe crystal. We found theoretically and experimentally that the EOS signal can be maximized with a proper choice of incoming laser polarization angle. We achieved single-shot nondestructive measurement of the relative time of arrival between the pump and the probe beams thus improving the temporal resolution of ultrafast relativistic electron diffraction experiments.
Kinetics of MRI Contrast Agents with a Size Ranging Between Gd-DTPA and Albumin-Gd-Dtpa Use of CASCADE-Gd-DTPA-24 Polymer

A unified kinetic theory describing the dynamic properties of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents with a size ranging between that of Gd-DTPA and albumin-(Gd-DTPA)30 was developed and tested in disease models of cancer and myocardial reperfusion injury. Specifically, a two-compartment kinetic model was solved analytically, and a range of special cases of the model was studied. MRI was performed with strongly T1-weighted sequences before and dynamically after administration of albumin-(Gd-DTPA)30, a prototype macromolecular contrast medium (MMCM) designed for blood-pool enhancement; a new MMCM: Gd-DTPA-cascade polymer (Schering AG, Berlin, Germany, MW < 30 kDa); or Gd-DTPA, representing small paramagnetic extracellular agents. The greatest dynamic range of contrast-agent sensitivity to disease was found for albumin-(Gd-DTPA)30.
Incumbent vulnerability and entry in gubernatorial elections: The case of former governors

Abstract The vulnerability hypothesis predicts strategic, quality candidates only challenge weak incumbents. House election studies support this hypothesis. State level analyses produce mixed results. We test whether incumbent vulnerability affects the entry of one kind of strategic actor – former governors. Former governors are an ideal test case. Having already served in the state's highest office, they represent the highest quality and perhaps most strategic candidates who run for state office. Our results show that performance in the previous election, one measure of incumbent vulnerability, does not affect former governor entry. However, incumbent vulnerability measured as recent economic performance and number of other quality candidates appearing in a former governor's party primary does affect entry in general elections.
Branched dimerization of Tat peptide improves permeability to HeLa and hippocampal neuronal cells

A dimeric branched peptide TATp-D designed as an analogue of the HIV-Tat protein transduction domain (TATp), a prototypical cell penetrating peptide (CPP), demonstrates significantly enhanced cell uptake at 0.25 to 2.5 μM. Live cell confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that multivalency dramatically improved the permeation potency of TATp-D to HeLa and primary hippocampal neuronal cells. The observed enhanced ability of TATp-D to translocate through the membrane is highlighted by a non-linear dependence on concentration, exhibiting the greatest uptake at sub-micromolar concentrations as compared to TATp. Multimerization via bis-Fmoc Lysine offered a synthetically straightforward method to investigate the effects of multivalent CPPs while offering orthogonal handles for cargo attachment, increasing the utility of CPPs at significantly lower concentrations.
Protective Effect of Two Yeast Based Feed Additives on Pigs Chronically Exposed to Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone

To evaluate the effects of the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) on pigs and the benefits of two mycotoxin mitigation strategies, gilts (n = 84, 9.1 ± 0.1 kg) were allotted to four treatments: CON (control); MT (4.8 mg/kg feed DON and 0.3 mg/kg feed ZEA); MT-YC (MT + 2 g/kg of yeast cell wall product); and MT-YF (MT + 2 g/kg of yeast fermentation product). After 42 days of feeding, pigs fed MT had reduced (p < 0.05) growth performance compared with pigs fed CON. Pigs fed MT-YF had greater (p < 0.05) average daily gain and tended to have greater (p = 0.080) average daily feed intake than MT, whereas pigs fed MT-YC did not differ from MT. Oxidative DNA damage increased (p < 0.05) in MT, whereas pigs fed MT-YF tended to have lower (p = 0.067) oxidative stress. Liver hydropic degeneration was increased (p < 0.05) in MT in contrast to CON and MT-YF, and tended to be greater (p = 0.079) than MT-YC. Collectively, feeding diets contaminated with mycotoxins significantly reduced growth performance and impacted pig health. The yeast additives had varied ability to reduce mycotoxin effects on pig growth and health, but may still play a beneficial role in reducing the overall impacts of a mycotoxin challenge on pigs.
From a Narrowly Defined Minimum Wageto Broader Wage Policy

As a policy issue the minimum wage has traditionally been viewed by those that support it as a measure designed to assist the poor. Meanwhile, for those who oppose it, mainly the various interests ...
Hierarchical digital systems modeling utilizing hardware description languages for computer engineering education

Abstract This paper describes a hierarchical modeling approach and teaching methodology for digital microcomputer system modeling including abstract event modeling, mixed-mode event and timing-based, and gate level modeling. A structured instructional approach to fundamentals of computer design and simulation is given based on the Verilog hardware description language (HDL). Example models are given for common digital system components which illustrate the hierarchical learning model presented. Example simulation methods, various simulation hierarchies, and graphical simulation output are presented for the Verilog models discussed. Aspects of the simulation hierarchy are given with respect to system complexity, and simulation complexity for implementation and testing. Finally, educational aspects and merits, with emphasis on student perception and evaluation, of this language as a design tool are presented.
Administrators Can Promote Higher Level Thinking Skills

By promoting higher level thinking skills instruction, administrators can not only help improve their stu dents' academic achievement, but also change their lives. The writer offers several guidelines and strategies for working with teach ers toward this goal.
Effects of Ouabain on Coronary and Systemic Vascular Resistance And Myocardial Oxygen Consumption in Patients Without Heart Failure

The effect of digitalis glycosides on vascular resistance varies from one vascular bed to another and is also related to the hemodynamic state of the patient. To determine whether the rate of infusion is also a determinant of the vasoactive response the effect of various infusion rates of ouabain on the coronary and systemic beds was examined and the associated changes in myocardial oxygen consumption in patients without heart failure were quantitated. A 10 second and 2 minute infusion of ouabain (15 μg/kg body weight) produced 18.1 ± 5.6 percent and 7.5 ± 1.7 percent increases in mean arterial pressure and 23.7 ± 9.8 percent and 17.6 ± 7.5 percent increases in systemic vascular resistance, respectively (P <0.05 for each). A 15 minute infusion produced no statistically significant change in either variable. Coronary vascular resistance increased 13.4 ± 5.2 percent (P <0.05) after a 10 second infusion but did not change during or after a 15 minute infusion. The 10 second infusion was also associated with transient deterioration of myocardial lactate metabolism. Thirty minutes after ouabain administration mean arterial pressure had returned to control levels, but myocardial oxygen consumption remained increased by 12.5 ± 3.9 percent (P <0.025), indicating that ouabain produces a net increase in myocardial oxygen demand in patients without heart failure. Rapid intravenous administration of ouabain produces systemic and coronary arteriolar constriction that may lead to clinical deterioration. These effects can be avoided by slower delivery of the drug. Even in patients without heart failure, the increase in myocardial oxygen consumption with full digitalization is small.
Studies on 4-(p-bromophenyl)-bicyclo (2,2,2) octan-1-amine as an inhibitor of uptake into serotonin neurones.

Abstract 4-( p -Bromophenyl)-bicyclo (2,2,2)octan-1-amine was a potent antagonist of p-chloroamphe-tamine-induced depletion of brain serotonin and a weaker antagonist of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced depletion of heart norepinephrine in rats and in mice. In both species, this compound was more active in antagonizing serotonin depletion and less active in antagonizing norepinephrine depletion than was the parent compound lacking the p -bromo substituent. In vitro , the bromo analogue was markedly less active than the parent compound in blocking norepinephrine uptake by rat brain synaptosomes and was slightly less active in blocking serotonin uptake. Brain levels of the p -bromo compound were higher than those of the parent compound in rats, apparently accounting for the relatively greater effectiveness of the f -bromo compound in blocking serotonin depeletion in vivo . Thus, 4-( p -bromophenyl)-bicyclo (2,2,2,)octan-1-amine appears to be a potent and relatively selective inhibitor of uptake into serotonin neurones.
GREECE AND ITS RELATIONS WITH THE WEST: A CASE STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT

Papandreou and the Pan‐Hellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) are committed to bring about change in Greek society, but they must decide how much change, and how quickly that can be accomplished without hindering the party's chances for electoral victory. Data drawn from two separate surveys covering, respectively, relevance of three types of issues (foreign policy, civil liberties and economic policy) on the voting of Greeks, and Greek attitudes towards EEC membership/unification of Western Europe, suggest that the leftist parties in Greece are supported in large part by those who do not favour strong ties with the West. The influence of the US inside Greece cannot be easily limited, and successful pursuit of an interdependent and multidimensional foreign policy, limiting Greece's dependence on the West (especially the USA) is not easy to achieve. Papandreou faces problems from the right, who do not favour his measures of change, and from the extreme left, who feel he is reneging on promises; he needs to maintain his electoral support while at the same time trying to limit international conflict.
Relaxation of isolated mesenteric arteries by des-Arg9-bradykinin stimulation of B1 receptors.

Abstract The present studies were conducted to determine whether des-Arg-kinins can produce relaxation of isolated vessels. Both des-Arg 9 -bradykinin and bradykinin produced dose-dependent relaxations of isolated rabbit superior mesenteric arteries. Des-Arg 9 -bradykinin (ED 50 = 7.2 × 10 −9 M) was 8.5 times more potent than bradykinin (ED 50 = 6.1 × 10 −8 M). Des-Arg 9 -bradykinin-mediated relaxation was inhibited by the specific B 1 receptor antagonist [Leu 8 ]des-Arg 9 -bradykinin which produced parallel shifts in the dose-response curve. Schild regression analysis of the data established a pA 2 value (6.46) similar to that reported for B 1 receptor-mediated contraction. Although the relaxant effect of bradykinin was also inhibited by the B 1 antagonist, parallel shifts in the dose response curve were not produced. Relaxation of the mesenteric artery by both des-Arg 9 -bradykinin and bradykinin was inhibited by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin. The results of these studies indicate that in addition to vasoconstriction, des-Arg 9 -bradykinin can produce vasorelaxation which may be mediated through stimulation of B 1 kinin receptors and the subsequent release of prostaglandins.
Insulin and antidiabetic drugs--implications for the perioperative setting.

ORAL ANTIDIABETIC agents for type 2 diabetes vary in their mechanisms of action, which include stimulation of insulin secretion, inhibition of hepatic glucose production, increased sensitivity to insulin, and slowed carbohydrate digestion and absorption from dietary oral intake (Table 1). Although oral hypoglycemic agents are commonly held on the morning of surgery, thiazolidinediones (eg, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone), are not associated with hypoglycemia. Although metformin (a biguanide) is not associated with hypoglycemia, several factors (eg, renal dysfunction, administration of iodinated contrast media) can increase the risk for the rare, but potentially fatal, adverse effect of lactic acidosis.
A Theory of Dopamine Function and Its Role in Cognitive Deficits in Schizophrenia

In spite of extensive research on the biological and behavioral correlates of dopamine (DA) function, little is known about the mechanisms by which DA may produce the cognitive deficits observed in schizophrenia. Neural network simulation models offer a framework for exploring how DA effects at the physiological level may influence behavior. We focus on findings suggesting that DA modulates neuronal activity by enhancing the ability of neurons to transmit signals and reduce distortion by noise. These phenomena can be captured in simulations by increasing the gain of individual units of a network. When gain is increased diffusely, improvement in signal detection performance of such a network parallels the improvement in performance of human subjects receiving DA agonists. Furthermore, decreasing gain in a network module supporting a memory function analogous to that of prefrontal cortex results in deterioration of performance equivalent to that of schizophrenic subjects. A test of predictions made by such networks about the performance of schizophrenic patients in a new variant of the Continuous Performance Test is discussed. Preliminary data are consistent with predictions and support the account of schizophrenic cognitive deficits in terms of the theory of DA function suggested by the models.
Quality of US Soybean Meal Compared to the Quality of Soybean Meal from Other Origins

Quality of soybeans and soybean meals (SBM) from non-US and US origins were compared. The US SBM was more consistent with higher digestibility (by KOH solubility), lower fiber and better quality of protein (by essential amino acid levels) than SBM of other major export origins (Argentina, Brazil and India). Protein quality carried through from whole soybeans to SBM, for a given origin. While the protein content was higher for the SBM from Brazil, the percentage of total digestible amino acids was highest for the SBM from the US and China. The US SBM had the highest content (total) of five essential amino acids for both poultry and swine feed uses, which when coupled with higher digestibility, would give US meal an advantage in rations balanced on amino acids. The mean particle size for all SBM from all origins was within the desirable range specified by nutritionists. The US soybeans were lower in protein than Brazilian soybeans, but higher than Argentine soybeans. The crude protein disadvantage of US soybeans was offset by higher concentrations of the essential amino acids in the lower protein soybeans. The US soybeans were lower in oil content than soybeans from either of the South American origins. Average protein and oil contents of US soybeans were consistent with the 2003 and 2004 annual soybean quality surveys. The US SBM held an advantage in digestibility and concentration of key amino acids in all three studies.
Development and validation of a tertiary simulation model for predicting the potential growth of Salmonella typhimurium on cooked chicken.

The growth of Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 14028) on the surface of autoclaved ground chicken breast and thigh burgers incubated at constant temperatures from 8 to 48 j Ci n 2jC increments was investigated and modeled. Growth curves at each temperature were fit to a two-phase linear primary model to determine lag time (k) and specific growth rate (l). Growth of S. typhimurium on breast and thigh meat was not different. Consequently, secondary models that predicted lag time and specific growth rate as a function of temperature were developed with the combined data for breast and thigh meat. Five secondary models for lag time and three secondary models for specific growth rate were compared. A new version of the hyperbola model and a cardinal temperature model were selected as the best secondary models for lag time and specific growth rate, respectively. The secondary models were combined in a computer spreadsheet to create a tertiary simulation model that predicted the potential growth (log10 increase) of S. typhimurium on cooked chicken as a function of time and temperature. Probability distributions and simulation were used in the tertiary model to model the secondary model parameters and the times and temperatures of abuse. The outputs of the tertiary model were validated (prediction bias of � 4% for k and 1% for l and prediction accuracy of 10% for k and 8% for l) and integrated with a previously developed risk assessment model for Salmonella. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
A Qualitative Analysis of How Physicians with Expertise in Domestic Violence Approach the Identification of Victims

Identifying domestic abuse is difficult even for physicians committed to helping victims. The reports from expert physicians in this study illustrate the need to frame questions and develop indirec...
Memory and Spectral Diffusion in Single-Molecule Emission

The blinking dynamics of single violamine R (VR) molecules embedded in crystals of potassium acid phthalate (KAP) are analyzed using threshold and change-point detection (CPD) methods (Watkins, L. P.; Yang, H. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 617). Analysis employing thresholding resulted in power-law distributions of on and off times corresponding to a power-law exponent of ∼2, consistent with a distributed kinetics model for population and depopulation of the nonemissive state. When the same emission time traces were analyzed using the CPD method, a power-law exponent of ∼1.5 is obtained. In addition, multiple emission states are observed using CPD, inconsistent with a simple two-state blinking model, and indicative of spectral diffusion. The role of spectral diffusion in the distributed blinking kinetics of KAP/VR is investigated by spectrally decomposing the emission using a dichroic mirror. Combining the CPD method with this experiment yielded the emission energy, intensity, and temporal duration of blink...
The early history of chance in evolution

Work throughout the history and philosophy of biology frequently employs 'chance', 'unpredictability', 'probability', and many similar terms. One common way of understanding how these concepts were introduced in evolution focuses on two central issues: the first use of statistical methods in evolution (Galton), and the first use of the concept of "objective chance" in evolution (Wright). I argue that while this approach has merit, it fails to fully capture interesting philosophical reflections on the role of chance expounded by two of Galton's students, Karl Pearson and W.F.R. Weldon. Considering a question more familiar from contemporary philosophy of biology--the relationship between our statistical theories of evolution and the processes in the world those theories describe--is, I claim, a more fruitful way to approach both these two historical actors and the broader development of chance in evolution.
Review of available transmission capability (ATC) calculation methods

In last few years, transfer of bulk electrical power over long distances has increased in order to have a reliable and economical electrical supply. For example, hydroelectric power generated in Canada can be transferred to consumers and industry in United States using the high voltage transmission system. But only limited amount of power can be transferred over the transmission system subject to thermal limits of transmission lines, bus voltage limits, dynamic stability and voltage stability limits. The maximum power that can be transferred over the existing amount is called the available transfer capability. To operate the power system safely and to gain the benefits of the bulk power transfers, the transfer capabilities must be calculated and the power system planned and operated so that the power transfers do not exceed the transfer capability. The purpose of this paper is to explain concepts and calculation methods used to calculate available transfer capability and also discuss advantages and disadvantages of each. The methods reviewed in this paper are based on DC and AC Power Transfer Distribution Factors (PTDF), Continuation Power Flow (CPF) and repeated AC Power Flow. Simulation results are presented for each method on IEEE 6-bus and 39-bus system.
Effects of High Temperature and Humidity on Heat Prostration of Broiler Chickens

Abstract Tests were conducted to determine the effects of humidity, body weight, and acclimation on mortality due to heat prostration when market-size male broiler chickens were exposed to an ambient temperature of 40.6°C. Results indicate that acclimation temperature varied diurnally between 23.9° and 32.2° or 35°C., compared to a constant 21.1°C., effectively reduced mortality when 8-week-old broiler males were exposed to the high ambient temperature. The humidity level was found to have an important effect on heat prostration. For 8-week-old male broiler chickens, the critical dewpoint temperature when ambient temperature is 40.6°C. was found to be between 21.1° and 23.9°C., where thermal radiation was not a factor. Critical relative humidity for these conditions would be between 33 and 38 percent.
Potential radio frequency interference with the GPS L5 band for radio occultation measurements

Abstract. Future radio occultation (RO) receivers are planned to utilize the newly implemented Global Positioning System (GPS) L5 band centered at 1176.45 MHz. Since there are currently no operational GPS L5 receivers used for space-based RO applications, the interference environment is unclear. Distance measuring equipment (DME) and tactical air navigation (TACAN) stations share the same frequency band as GPS L5. The signals from these stations have been identified as possible sources of interference for any GPS L5 receiver, including those used in RO applications. This study utilizes Systems Tools Kit (STK) simulations to gain insight into the power received by a RO satellite in low Earth orbit (LEO) from a DME–TACAN transmission as well as the amount of interfering stations. In order to confirm the validity of utilizing STK for communication purposes, a theoretical scenario was recreated as a simulation and the results were confirmed. Once the method was validated, STK was used to output a received power level aboard a RO satellite from a DME–TACAN station as well as a tool to detail the number of interfering DME–TACAN stations witnessed by a space-based RO receiver over time. The results indicated a large number of DME–TACAN stations transmitting at similar orientations as a receiving RO satellite, thereby leading to the possibility of signal degradation in an unclear interference environment.
Mutable materiality: Illustrations in kenneth taylor's children's bibles

ABSTRACTOver the fifty years that Kenneth N. Taylor created children's Bibles, the pictures in these books changed dramatically, yet the text of the Bibles changed little. The relatively standardized text used in these books provides a neutral field where one can better observe the shifting presentation of the scriptural stories. In this essay I investigate how the changing materiality of Taylor's children's Bibles alters the story's meaning for the intended audience. Specifically, I examine the ways in which this material transformation marks a progression away from a hierarchical relationship toward a more democratic connection between parent and child. A number of paratextual adaptations work together to render this reorientation of the parent–child relationship. New illustrations tend to present children as equals to their adult counterparts. Furthermore, a remodeling of these illustrations makes them easier for children to understand, reducing the need for the parent to act as an intermediary. The ch...
Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm and Planktonic cultures differentially impact gene expression, mapk phosphorylation, and cytokine production in human keratinocytes

Many chronic diseases, such as non-healing wounds are characterized by prolonged inflammation and respond poorly to conventional treatment. Bacterial biofilms are a major impediment to wound healing. Persistent infection of the skin allows the formation of complex bacterial communities termed biofilm. Bacteria living in biofilms are phenotypically distinct from their planktonic counterparts and are orders of magnitude more resistant to antibiotics, host immune response, and environmental stress. Staphylococcus aureus is prevalent in cutaneous infections such as chronic wounds and is an important human pathogen. The impact of S. aureus soluble products in biofilm-conditioned medium (BCM) or in planktonic-conditioned medium (PCM) on human keratinocytes was investigated. Proteomic analysis of BCM and PCM revealed differential protein compositions with PCM containing several enzymes involved in glycolysis. Global gene expression of keratinocytes exposed to biofilm and planktonic S. aureus was analyzed after four hours of exposure. Gene ontology terms associated with responses to bacteria, inflammation, apoptosis, chemotaxis, and signal transduction were enriched in BCM treated keratinocytes. Several transcripts encoding cytokines were also upregulated by BCM after four hours. ELISA analysis of cytokines confirmed microarray results at four hours and revealed that after 24 hours of exposure, S. aureus biofilm induced sustained low level cytokine production compared to near exponential increases of cytokines in planktonic treated keratinocytes. The reduction in cytokines produced by keratinocytes exposed to biofilm was accompanied by suppressed phosphorylation of MAPKs. Chemical inhibition of MAPKs did not drastically reduce cytokine production in BCM-treated keratinocytes suggesting that the majority of cytokine production is mediated through MAPK-independent mechanisms. Collectively the results indicate that S. aureus biofilms induce a distinct inflammatory response compared to their planktonic counterparts. The differential gene expression and production of inflammatory cytokines by biofilm and planktonic cultures in keratinocytes could have implications for the formation and persistence of chronic wounds. The formation of a biofilm should be considered in any study investigating host response to bacteria.
Hepatitis G Virus Infection in American Patients with Cryptogenic Cirrhosis: No Evidence for Liver Replication

It is unclear whether hepatitis G virus (HGV) can lead to chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. Eighty-nine patients with end-stage liver disease undergoing liver transplantation were studied: 50 were diagnosed as having cryptogenic cirrhosis while 39 had nonviral chronic liver disease. Five (10%) in the former and 1 (2.6%) in the latter group (not significantly different) were positive for HGV RNA in serum. All 6 HGV-infected patients were negative for the presence of the HGV RNA minus strand in the liver when tested with a strand-specific Tth-based reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and 5 were positive for the presence of the plus strand, albeit at low levels. This implies that the liver is not the primary replication site for HGV, at least in a significant proportion of patients. Absence of liver replication explains the reported lack of association between HGV infection and liver pathology encountered in many clinical settings.
Limited diffraction array beams

Limited diffraction beams have a large depth of field infinite aperture. Because of their high side lobes and complex and could have many applications. In this article, new limited diffrac- beam patterns near the cone surface, these devices are not cur- tion beams are developed. They are composed of multiple parallel rently used in clinics. Ring antenna (42) or transducer (43,44) is beams and are thus called array beams. A broadband synthetic array another type of device that increases the depth of field. However, experiment is used to produce these beams of a finite aperture, and the depth of field is increased only in the far field of the rings results are in excellent agreement with theory over a large depth of (45,46) where beams diffract significantly. Near the surfaces of field. In addition, potential applications of the new beams to real-time the rings, beams do not even have a central peak. In addition, volumetric imaging and measurement of transverse velocity of blood ring devices have a low energy efficiency because they must be flow are described. q 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst thin. Dynamic focusing (47) is another method to increase the Technol, 8, 126-136, 1997 depth of field, in which the focal length of a receiver increases
Effects of concentric and eccentric training on muscle strength, cross-sectional area, and neural activation

Higbie, Elizabeth J., Kirk J. Cureton, Gordon L. Warren III, and Barry M. Prior. Effects of concentric and eccentric training on muscle strength, cross-sectional area, and neural activation.J. Appl...
Acute ascorbic acid ingestion increases skeletal muscle blood flow and oxygen consumption via local vasodilation during graded handgrip exercise in older adults.

Our findings indicate that muscle blood flow and oxygen consumption are increased during exercise 2 h after ingestion of ascorbic acid in older adults, and this is due to local vasodilation. This m...