cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fault-tolerant design in a networked vibration control system

Rocket fairing should be able to sustain a certain level of vibration during launch process and its time in orbit. In active vibration control, actuator failures may lead to control performance deterioration or even catastrophic accidents. For this purpose, a networked vibration control system is used to ensure the reliability of rocket fairing system in the presence of actuator failures. However, in the distributed control systems, the sensors, controllers, and actuators are normally dislocated, and the control signal exchanges among them are realized via network communications. Inevitably, network-induced delay often degrades control system performance. Therefore, it is highly necessary to minimize its detrimental effects on control system performance so as to achieve more robust control authorities. This paper deals with the fault-tolerant design issues for a rocket fairing vibration control system including both actuator failure compensation and network-induced delay compensation. A Luenberger canonical form based actuator failure compensation scheme is proposed to accommodate some typical actuator failures, whose values, pattern and time instants are uncertain. A time-delay compensation scheme is then implemented to reduce damaging effects caused by the sensor-to-controller delay.
Wellness of Counseling Students: Practicing What We Preach.

A study of wellness among 263 graduate students in counseling revealed that counseling students experienced greater wellness than the general population; however, significant within-group variability existed. Doctoral students reported significantly greater wellness in most areas measured by the Wellness Evaluation of Lifestyle (J. E. Myers, T. J. Sweeney, & J. M. Witmer, 1996) as compared with entry-level students. Moderate effect resulted for Sense of Control, Intellectual Stimulation, Work, and Total Wellness. Students who were not Caucasian reported greater wellness in Cultural Identity than did Caucasian counseling students.
Assessment of a library learning theory by measuring library skills of students completing an online library instruction tutorial

This study is designed to reveal whether students acquire the domains and levels of library skills discussed in a learning library skills theory after participating in an online library instruction tutorial. The acquisition of the library skills is demonstrated through a review of the scores on online tutorial quizzes, responses to a library skills questionnaire, and bibliographies of course research papers. Additional areas to be studied are the characteristics of the participants enrolled in traditional and online courses at a community college and the possible influence of these characteristics on the demonstrated learning of library skills. Multiple measurement methods, identified through assessment of library instruction literature, are used to verify the effectiveness of the library skills theory and to strengthen the validity and reliability of the study results.
Flow-dependent expression of ectonucleotide tri(di)phosphohydrolase-1 and suppression of atherosclerosis

The ability of cells to detect and respond to nucleotide signals in the local microenvironment is essential for vascular homeostasis. The enzyme ectonucleotide tri(di)phosphohydrolase-1 (ENTPD1, also known as CD39) on the surface of leukocytes and endothelial cells metabolizes locally released, intravascular ATP and ADP, thereby eliminating these prothrombotic and proinflammatory stimuli. Here, we evaluated the contribution of CD39 to atherogenesis in the apolipoprotein E–deficient (ApoE-deficient) mouse model of atherosclerosis. Compared with control ApoE-deficient animals, plaque burden was markedly increased along with circulating markers of platelet activation in Cd39+/–Apoe–/– mice fed a high-fat diet. Plaque analysis revealed stark regionalization of endothelial CD39 expression and function in Apoe–/– mice, with CD39 prominently expressed in atheroprotective, stable flow regions and diminished in atheroprone areas subject to disturbed flow. In mice, disturbed flow as the result of partial carotid artery ligation rapidly suppressed endothelial CD39 expression. Moreover, unidirectional laminar shear stress induced atheroprotective CD39 expression in human endothelial cells. CD39 induction was dependent upon the vascular transcription factor Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) binding near the transcriptional start site of CD39. Together, these data establish CD39 as a regionalized regulator of atherogenesis that is driven by shear stress.
Decline in zoobenthos densities in the profundal sediments of Lake Mendota (Wisconsin, USA)

High densities of zoobenthos inhabited Lake Mendota’s profundal zone in the early 1900s through the mid-1940s. Chaoborus punctipennis was the most abundant organism during the winter, along with moderate densities of Chironomus spp., Pisidium sp., oligochaetes, and Procladius sp. By the early 1950s, Chaoborus punctipennis densities had declined to 10% of former levels, while Chironomus increased significantly. However, by the mid-1960s, Chaoborus, Chironomus, and Pisidium densities had decreased to very low population levels. By 1987–89, Pisidium was no longer found. Zoobenthos that had not decreased from earlier surveys were oligochaetes and Procladius, although further sampling of oligochaetes is needed to confirm current densities. These organisms are the most tolerant of severe anoxia.
Tuning intermolecular interactions: a study of the structural and vibrational properties of p-hexaphenyl under pressure

Hydrostatic pressure is used to modulate the intermolecular interactions in the conjugated oligophenyl, para-hexaphenyl. These interactions affect the structural properties and also cause changes i...
Preoperative Computed Tomography Findings Predict Surgical Resectability of Thymoma

Introduction: The aim of the study was to identify preoperative computed tomography (CT) imaging characteristics that correlated with surgical resectability. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the CT scans of 133 patients who underwent surgical resection for thymoma at our institution between July 21, 1997, and September 22, 2010. Imaging characteristics recorded included tumor size, attenuation, contact of mediastinal vessels, tumor morphology, infiltration of surrounding fat, changes in the adjacent lung parenchyma, lymphadenopathy, and pleural involvement. Results: The study group included 66 men and 67 women, aged 23–88 years (mean 58.8 years). Eighty patients (60.2%) were Masaoka stage I or II and 53 (39.8%) were Masaoka stage III or IV. Twenty-three patients (17.3%) had an incomplete surgical resection. Of these, 15 patients had microscopic residual disease (11.2%) and eight had gross residual disease (6.0%). The preoperative CT characteristics that correlated with an incomplete surgical resection included a lobulated tumor contour ( p = 0.016), greater than or equal 50% abutment of the circumference of an adjacent vessel ( p p = 0.029), adjacent lung changes ( p = 0.005) and pleural nodularity ( p = 0.001). Tumor size was larger in the incompletely versus completely resected groups, with mean values of 9.7 and 6.9 cm ( p value 0.013). On multivariate analysis, only degree of abutment of adjacent vessels and pleural nodularity were independent predictors of incomplete resection. Conclusions: Preoperative CT findings can predict the likelihood of successful surgical resection and could help to identify patients who might benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Are we closing the gap in faculty development needs for feedback training

Abstract Study Objective To determine needs, adequacy, types of resources, and challenges in teaching faculty how to provide feedback to residents. Design Survey instrument. Setting Academic medical center. Participants Of the 115 anesthesia residency program directors surveyed, 69 responses were received (60% response rate). Measurements Percentages of respondents who indicated categories of need, adequacy, and types of resources for teaching faculty to give feedback to residents were recorded, as were narrative descriptions of challenges confronted by respondents. Main Results While the percentage of programs with faculty development resources has increased from 20.2% in 1999 to 48% today, an overwhelming majority of program directors (90%) feel that faculty require more training in providing feedback to residents. The majority of program directors also want more resources to train their faculty in providing feedback. Conclusions While the perceived gap in providing training for faculty in giving feedback to anesthesia residents has narrowed, program director responses suggest a substantial unmet need remains. Innovative new approaches are in order.
Butyrylcholinesterase as a Therapeutic Drug for Protection Against Percutaneous VX

The administration of purified human plasma-derived butyrylcholinesterase (HuBuChE) as a pretreatment has been demonstrated to enhance survival and protect against decreased cognitive function after exposure to organophosphorus poisons (OPs). Based on efficacy data obtained with guinea pigs and non-human primates and the lack of behavioral side effects, plasma-derived HuBuChE has been granted investigational new drug status by the US Food and Drug Administration. The recent availability of a recombinant form of HuBuChE (rHuBuChE) from the milk of transgenic goats has now allowed us to determine the pharmacokinetics of that material in guinea pigs and use it as a therapy following exposure to the VX. The rHuBuChE was expressed as a dimer and following intramuscular (i.m.) administration had more a rapid adsorption and clearance profile in guinea pigs than the plasma-derived material. Based on those data, we administered rHuBuChE i.m. 1h after a percutaneous exposure of guinea pigs to either 2xLD(50) or 5xLD(50) of VX. Post-exposure therapy with rHuBuChE provided improved survival at both challenge levels, 90% and 33% respectively versus 20% or 0% respectively for animals that did not receive therapy. These studies showed that BuChE can be efficacious as a therapy against percutaneous exposure to VX.
Students over thirty: Need their classes be different?

In a study at a commuter, upper-division, state university, researchers interviewed 199 randomly selected undergraduates concerning their perceptions of their classroom experiences. The students were divided into four age groups—20–29, 30–37, 38–45, and 46–55—with males and females in each group. Results showed that neither age nor sex could be used to predict student satisfaction or dissatisfaction with their adacemic experience and instruction. If these results are not idiosyncratic, it may be concluded that colleges seeking to recruit mature students for credit-bearing courses need not provide special courses or faculty for them; rather, mature students can be integrated into regular courses.
Arterial-venous blood alcohol concentration gradients

Arterial and venous blood alcohol concentration (BAC)-time courses were completely defined in the peripheral circulations, both during and after the constant rate infusions of ethanol via the cephalic vein or hepatic artery in the dog. These BAC data were characterized by the following trends. (1) A much faster rise in the blood alcohol curve, as well as a higher peak BAC was found using the shorter infusion time. (2) During infusion, the alcohol concentration was higher in arterial or arterialized blood than venous blood when infusion was via the cephalic vein. (3) Peak BAC was higher in the femoral artery than the femoral vein whether infusion was via the cephalic vein or hepatic artery. (4) Peak BAC was higher in the hepatic artery or portal vein than the hepatic vein when infusion was via the cephalic vein. When administration was directly into the liver, the peak BAC in the hepatic vein was higher than the portal vein. (5) After infusion ceased, there was an arterial-venous inversion; peripheral arterial ethanol concentrations were significantly less (p less than 0.001) than corresponding venous concentrations; with cephalic vein administration, a hepatic vein-portal crossover was observed, the reverse being true when ethanol was administered via the hepatic artery. In either case, the BAC was observed to be higher in the hepatic artery than the portal vein or hepatic vein throughout the sampling period. (6) BAC was observed to be higher for the same sampling times at the respective sites when ethanol was administered directly into the liver. While the methodology in this study is prohibitive for human experimentation, correlations may be extended to man. The elaboration of the arterial-venous concentration differences for ethanol should prove beneficial in revealing the relationships among the doses of alcohol, the circulating blood ethanol concentrations, and physiological and psychomotor test parameters in man.
An Analysis of Activation in Human Atria

The P wave and PsE-loop were derived from coplanar outlines of the contour of seven human atria, including left atrial enlargement, in which it was assumed that the process of depolarization spread in a radial fashion from the sinoatrial node. The "derived" planar projections of the P waves of the standard leads and PsE-loops were similar in relative amplitude and general contour to those recorded electrocardiographically and vectorcardiographically prior to death.
NITROGEN ASSIMILATION AND ALLOCATION STRATEGIES OF POLAR SEAWEEDS FROM DIFFERING NUTRIENT ENVIRONMENTS

Nitrogen assimilation and allocation strategies were compared in polar macroalgae from environments with similar near-freezing temperatures and low annual irradiance but differing dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) regimes. The antarctic endemic, Himantothallus grandifolius, experiences high nitrate concentrations year-round and occasionally high, but variable, ammonium levels. H. grandifolius cannot store nitrogen or maintain growth under periods of low N-supply. The arctic endemic, Laminaria solidungula, is exposed to seasonal fluctuations in DIN, with N-limitation occurring during the summer. L. solidungula showed “storage-specialist” characteristics of nitrate uptake, with high Vmax allowing this species to take advantage of seasonally elevated nitrate concentrations to accumulate large organic and inorganic N-reserves. H. grandifolius had a high Vmax for ammonium, allowing the alga to utilize pulses of this nutrient. In the presence of both DIN forms, nitrate uptake was significantly reduced in both species. Furthermore, H. grandifolius and L. solidungula demonstrated significantly reduced uptake and assimilation of nitrate during short-term and prolonged periods of darkness, while ammonium uptake and assimilation were relatively unaffected by light. Although preferential uptake of ammonium, particularly in the dark, allows both species to conserve energy in their cold, low-light environments, the antarctic species, which does not have the additional problem of N-limitation, showed stronger energy conserving traits. Nitrogen assimilation characteristics of the arctic species appeared to balance energy conservation with the need to minimize N-limitation in an environment that alternates between low light and low N availability.
The effects of market organization on conspiracies in restraint of trade

Abstract Mindful of the market structure-conduct-performance paradigm fundamental to industrial organization research, this paper uses laboratory experimental techniques to study the impact of conspiratorial opportunities on market performance. We compare ‘posted-offer’ markets where sellers (but not buyers) are all conspiratorial opportunities with observations from three control groups: (1) posted-offer markets without conspiratorial opportunities, (2) ‘double-auction’ markets with conspiratorial opportunities and (3) posted-offer markets with true single-seller monopolists. The basic conclusions generated by our experimental design are: (1) seller conspiracies in posted-offer markets tend to raise prices (but not profits) relative to similarly organized markets without conspiracies, (2) posted-offer conspiracies tend to generate higher prices (but not profits) than double-auction conspiracies, and (3) posted-offer monopolies tend to generate higher profits (but not prices) then posted-offer conspiracies.
Antiretroviral drugs to prevent breastfeeding HIV transmission

Observational studies and randomized clinical trials demonstrating that antiretroviral prophylaxis of the breastfeeding infant or triple-drug antiretroviral prophylaxis of the lactating mother can significantly affect the risk of postnatal transmission of HIV via breast milk have recently become available. In resource-limited countries, breastfeeding is a cornerstone of infant survival. While shortening the duration of breastfeeding by HIV-infected women reduces postnatal HIV transmission, increasing data suggest this may also decrease overall infant survival. Thus, there is a crucial need for interventions to allow safer and more prolonged breastfeeding. This paper will critically review the results of studies of postnatal antiretroviral prophylaxis to prevent breast milk HIV transmission.
Research and development for spoken language systems

The goal of this research is to develop a spoken language system that will demonstrate the usefulness of voice input for interactive problem solving. The system will accept continuous speech, and will handle multiple speakers without explicit speaker enrollment. Combining speech recognition and natural language processing to achieve speech understanding, the system will be demonstrated in an application domain relevant to the DoD. The objective of this project is to develop a robust and high-performance speech recognition system using a segment-based approach to phonetic recognition. The recognition system will eventually be integrated with natural language processing to achieve spoken language understanding.
Electrodermal recovery rate, goal-orientation, and aversion.

To distinguish between goal-orientation and the attending activation as causes of acceleration of electrodermal recovery, 16 subjects were examined during task performance and during an activating, non-task condition, cold pressor. Recovery limb time constants (tc) were significantly related to two activation measures, electrodermal frequency (EF) and skin conductance level (SCL). EF, SCL, and change in log conductance were similar for cold pressor and mirror tracing despite significant differences in tc values. Since, in addition, tc decreased with better performance and with increasing task complexity, goal-orientation is considered the primary determinant of acceleration of recovery. There are characteristic individual differences in recovery rate which are relatively stable over 5 consecutive weeks. Rate constant, the reciprocal of tc, has more uniform variance and is preferred for parametric statistical analysis. A warning of shock introduced during a reaction time series caused slowing of recovery. This coupled with slow recovery during cold pressor suggests that enhanced electrodermal activity with retarded recovery may signal a defensive reaction.
Single-subject designs for treatment planning and evaluation

The author describes the application of single-subject design evaluation procedures to a quality assurance framework. Compatibility with treatment planning and progress recording methods and contributions to treatment effectiveness are examined.
Delivering group treatment via videoconference to individuals with traumatic brain injury: A feasibility study

The objective was to assess the feasibility of delivering a group treatment to improve emotional regulation via videoconferencing to individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI). A pre–post feasibility study was undertaken. Seven individuals with TBI were recruited at a brain injury research centre in an urban medical centre. The main measures were therapist assessment of session-by-session progress and feasibility, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Brain Injury Rehabilitation Trust Regulation of Emotions Questionnaire (BREQ), Satisfaction with Therapy and Therapist Scale (STTS), and exit interview. Attendance across sessions and participants was over 90%. Adequate skill acquisition and ease of use of the technology were demonstrated. Self-reported satisfaction with treatment was high. Participants noted several benefits in terms of the treatment delivery modality. There was no change is self-reported emotional dysregulation. This is the first study to report the use of videoconferencing f...
The potential for civic learning in higher education: “Teaching democracy by being democratic”

Colleges and universities have been accused of abdicating their civic responsibilities, especially when it comes to abating the political alienation among college students, and not offering, instead, a positive institutional model of good democratic practice. Students complain that the democratic principles they are learning about in class are not implemented in the university governance that they see and hear. In this essay, I consider the challenges of citizenship for higher education and for students, the similarities and differences between workplace and academic democracy, and the role and profile of a particular academic institution as a model for democratic practice. Then I present three case studies of political action at one university and the inconsistent yet hopeful messages about democracy that this institution's words and actions potentially conveyed to students and other onlookers.
Large inelastic deformation of glassy polymers. part I: rate dependent constitutive model

Abstract Glassy polymers constitute a large class of engineering solids. In order to successfully analyze the warm (near the glass transition temperature) mechanical processes by which many glassy polymeric products are manufactured, as well as to ascertain the response of the resulting part to service life loading conditions, a constitutive law that properly accounts for the large, inelastic deformation behavior of these materials is required. Such behavior is known to exhibit strain rate, temperature, and pressure dependent yield, as well as true strain softening and hardening after yield. This paper develops a three-dimensional constitutive model based on the macromolecular structure of these materials and the micromechanism of plastic flow which encompasses these above dependencies. The experiments necessary to determine the material properties used in the model are also identified. The model predictions for the true stress-strain behavior of PMMA are then compared with experimental data reported in the literature.
Rapid isothermal process technology for optoelectronic applications

Rapid isothermal processing (RIP) based on incoherent sources of light is emerging as a reduced thermal budget (product of processing time and temperature) processing technique. As compared to a stand-alone annealing unit, the integration of RIP with other processing units leading to integrated RIP systems is very attractive for the next generation of devices and circuits. From cost and performance point of view, the integrated rapid isothermal processing of these devices offers several advantages compared to their ex-situ rapid isothermal annealed and furnace annealed counterparts. The authors have used an integrated RIP system for the in- situ rapid isothermal surface cleaning of InP and GaAs substrates and in-situ metallization of InP and GaAs Schottky diodes. As compared to ex-situ annealing, in-situ rapid isothermal cleaning of InP and GaAs surfaces prior to metallization followed by in-situ annealing results in improved electrical characteristics. In addition to the well established short time processing feature of RIP, the dominance of radiation spectrum from vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) region to visible region can provide lower temperature processing compared to furnace processing.
Cold Hardiness of Saltgrass Accessions

Freezing tolerance is an environmental adaptation that significantly influences plant geographical distribution. Since differences in winter survival among saltgrass ecotypes have been observed in the field at Fort Collins, CO, the objective of this study was to determine the relative freezing tolerance, seasonal changes in the freezing tolerance, and winter survival of six accessions of saltgrass [Distichlis spicata var. stricta (L.) Greene]. Saltgrass accessions A65 and A29 were originally collected from Denver, CO, while C66 was from Humbolt Sink, NV, 32 from Wanship, UT, 55 from Hereford and 48 from Farmingdale, SD. These accessions were established in a field nursery at Fort Collins, CO. Rhizomes were sampled at monthly intervals from October 1999 through April 2000 and from October 2000 through April 2001 and subjected to laboratory freezing tests. Cold hardiness of the saltgrass accessions increased gradually during the fall with maximum hardiness occurring at midwinter. During midwinter, freezing tolerance was significantly different among accessions. Ranking of accessions for subfreezing temperature resulting in 50% mortality [LT 50 (°C)] during January 2000 was A29 = 48 (-20.0) < 55 (-17.0) ≤ 32 (-15.5) ≤ A65 = C66 (-14.0). In January 2001, they were ranked with 48 = 55 (-26.0) < A65 = 32 (-23.0) < A29 (-20.0) = C66 (-18.5). In December and January sampling dates of the first season, accessions A29, 48, and 55 exhibited the highest relative regrowth when exposed to temperatures -20.0°C. In midwinter of the second season, accession 55 showed the highest regrowth after being subjected to temperatures -25.0°C. Accession C66 had the lowest regrowth potential after freezing treatments in both seasons. Winter survival in the field correlated negatively with LT 50 value, with accessions 48, A29, and 55 demonstrating greater winter survival while C66 had the lowest percentage survival. The difference in freezing tolerance among accessions is in part associated with their origin-inherited adaptation. This information is useful for defining the potential adaptation range of saltgrass and in saltgrass breeding projects to select and develop freezing tolerant saltgrass.
New optical observations of auroral flames

Auroral arcs are a visible manifestation of space weather. A common dynamic observed during geomagnetically disturbed periods is the breakup of auroral arcs into a multitude of small-scale filaments less than 1 kilometer across. These filaments can move rapidly upward along the geomagnetic field lines. Dahlgren et al. observed such “auroral flames” during a breakup event on 1 March 2011 using an advanced high-speed optical system with sensitive low-light detectors. The data provide new insight into the energy and flux of electrons in individual auroral flames and could help scientists better understand the dynamic processes involved in auroral breakup.
Internal validation of a computerized systems model for health management decision support in growing hogs

Abstract A study was designed to conduct an internal validation of a computerized systems model for health management decision support in growing hogs. Evaluation focused on both the alpha-beta tracker, which was employed to predict underlying system variables, and the simulation model itself, which predicted system performance. Both mean absolute prediction error and Theil's u2 statistic were calculated. Simulation scenarios were designed to highlight specific aspects of the model. In addition, a case example was developed to demonstrate the model's logical consistency and its applicability for assessing the economics of health management decisions. Use of the alpha-beta tracker to project data series, including pig deaths and disease prevalence rates at slaughter, was largely unsuccessful. The model consistently predicted hogs marketed such that 0
Cotton cultivars evaluated for tolerance to reniform nematode.

Abstract Thirty-nine commercial cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) cultivars were evaluated to identify those with tolerance to reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis). Trials were conducted for thre...
Blocking the P2X7 receptor improves outcomes after axonal fusion

Abstract Background Activation of the P2X7 receptor on peripheral neurons causes the formation of pannexin pores, which allows the influx of calcium across the cell membrane. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and methylene blue have previously been shown to delay Wallerian degeneration if applied during microsuture repair of the severed nerve. Our hypothesis is that by modulating calcium influx via the P2X7 receptor pathway, we could improve PEG-based axonal repair. The P2X7 receptor can be stimulated or inhibited using bz adenosine triphosphate (bzATP) or brilliant blue (FCF), respectively. Methods A single incision rat sciatic nerve injury model was used. The defect was repaired using a previously described PEG methylene blue fusion protocol. Experimental animals were treated with 100 μL of 100 μM FCF solution ( n = 8) or 100 μL of a 30 μM bzATP solution ( n = 6). Control animals received no FCF, bzATP, or PEG. Compound action potentials were recorded prior to transection (baseline), immediately after repair, and 21 d postoperatively. Animals underwent behavioral testing 3, 7, 14, and 21 d postoperatively. After sacrifice, nerves were fixed, sectioned, and immunostained to allow for counting of total axons. Results Rats treated with FCF showed an improvement compared with control at all time points ( n = 8) ( P = 0.047, 0.044, 0.014, and 0.0059, respectively). A statistical difference was also shown between FCF and bzATP at d 7 ( P P > 0.05). Conclusions Blocking the P2X7 receptor improves functional outcomes after PEG-mediated axonal fusion.
Cross-Layer Design for Combining Adaptive Modulation and Coding with Hybrid ARQ to Enhance Spectral Efficiency

To enhance spectral efficiency and channel utilization in future wireless communication systems, adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) has been advocated at the physical layer. However, since the constellation size and coding rate are chosen based on the corresponding carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) region, AMC can not guarantee to achieve the maximum spectral efficiency, especially when the number of available AMC modes are limited and the current CNR is low. In this paper, we present a scheme for spectral efficiency enhancement under fading channels. The proposed scheme combines AMC at the physical layer with hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) at the data link layer in a cross-layer fashion, where the upper layer HARQ provides an effective means to fine-tune the performance of the lower layer AMC. Both type-I and type-II HARQ are considered in our design. We have analyzed the system PER performance and the spectral efficiency of the proposed cross- layer design scheme. Numerical results show that our scheme can achieve maximum spectral efficiency while satisfying QoS requirements. The cross-layer design with AMC and type-II HARQ provides a large spectral efficiency improvement over the design with AMC and type-I HARQ.
Optimal Selection of Airport Runway Configurations

We present a mixed integer programming (MIP) model to solve the problems of (i) selecting an airport's optimal sequence of runway configurations and (ii) determining the optimal balance of arrivals and departures to be served at any moment. These problems, the runway configuration management (RCM) problem and the arrival/departure runway balancing (ADRB) problem, respectively, are of critical importance in minimizing the delay of both in-flight and on-the-ground aircraft along with their associated costs. We show that under mild assumptions on the time required to change between configurations, large realistic problem instances can be solved within several seconds. Furthermore, as assumptions are relaxed, optimal solutions are still found within several minutes. Comparison with a sophisticated baseline heuristic reveals that in many cases the potential reduction in cost from using the method is significant and could be expected to be of the order of at least 10%. Finally, we present an extension of the MIP model to solve these two problems for a group of airports in a metropolitan area such as New York (metroplex), where operations at each airport within the metroplex might have an impact on operations at some of the other airports due to limitations in shared airspace.
Countable compactness, hereditary π-character, and the Continuum Hypothesis

Abstract We prove that the Continuum Hypothesis is consistent with the statement that countably compact regular spaces that are hereditarily of countable π-character are either compact or contain an uncountable free sequence. As a corollary we solve a well-known open question by showing that the existence of a compact S-space of size greater than ℵ 1 does not follow from the Continuum Hypothesis.
Adolescent chronic paroxysmal hemicrania responsive to verapamil monotherapy.

SYNOPSIS Two teenage girls with chronic paroxysmal hemicrania demonstrated dramatic yet incomplete improvement with indomethacin. Verapamil monotherapy provided nearly complete cessation of headaches.
Convexity and corner solutions in the theory of externality

Abstract The purpose of this note is to reconsider the possibility of corner solutions in the theory of externality. Previous theories will be compared and analyzed in an attempt to develop a common perspective when viewing all-or-nothing possibilities.
Evidence That SOX2 Overexpression Is Oncogenic in the Lung

Background SOX2 (Sry-box 2) is required to maintain a variety of stem cells, is overexpressed in some solid tumors, and is expressed in epithelial cells of the lung. Methodology/Principal Findings We show that SOX2 is overexpressed in human squamous cell lung tumors and some adenocarcinomas. We have generated mouse models in which Sox2 is upregulated in epithelial cells of the lung during development and in the adult. In both cases, overexpression leads to extensive hyperplasia. In the terminal bronchioles, a trachea-like pseudostratified epithelium develops with p63-positive cells underlying columnar cells. Over 12–34 weeks, about half of the mice expressing the highest levels of Sox2 develop carcinoma. These tumors resemble adenocarcinoma but express the squamous marker, Trp63 (p63). Conclusions These findings demonstrate that Sox2 overexpression both induces a proximal phenotype in the distal airways/alveoli and leads to cancer.
Induced Phases in Mixtures of Terminal Polar Liquid Crystals-Amines and Nitriles

(1979). Induced Phases in Mixtures of Terminal Polar Liquid Crystals-Amines and Nitriles. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals: Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 7-12.
“Spinning Themselves into Poetry”: Images of Urban Adolescent Writers in Two Novels for Young Adults

In contrast to the educational research and policy literature depicting urban adolescents as reluctant and struggling readers and writers, young people in recent young adult novels claim writing as an efficacious practice for self-discovery and social understanding. Analysis of the images of writers and writing in Locomotion and Call Me Maria provide insights into both urban adolescents and literacies as social practices. Framed by New Literacy Studies, analysis of the novels finds that the characters use writing to document and process life-altering events; to seek meaning and inspiration in their surroundings; to resist ascribed identities; and to search for a sense of belonging in the sociopolitical landscape in which they are often marginalized due to their race, gender, youth, and/or language. This article argues that the novels humanize and dramatize adolescent literacies in ways that test results and crisis language often disguise and distort.
Statistical solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations on the phase space of vorticity and the inviscid limits

Using the methods of Foias [Sem. Math. Univ. Padova 48, 219–343 (1972); 49, 9–123 (1973)] and Vishik–Fursikov [Mathematical Problems of Statistical Hydromechanics (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1988)], we prove the existence and uniqueness of both spatial and space–time statistical solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations on the phase space of vorticity. Here the initial vorticity is in Yudovich space and the initial measure has finite mean enstrophy. We show under further assumptions on the initial vorticity that the statistical solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations converge weakly and the inviscid limits are the corresponding statistical solutions of the Euler equations.
Characterization of event-related designs using BOLD and IRON fMRI.

Abstract Despite many desirable characteristics, event-related (ER) stimulus designs for BOLD and IRON suffer from low detection power relative to block designs because the hemodynamic impulse response function (IRF) acts as a low-pass filter on neural activation to attenuate the size of differential responses to alternate stimuli. While the use of exogenous contrast agent (IRON technique) provides an alternative fMRI method in animal models to improve sensitivity and spatial localization, the inherently slower hemodynamic IRF causes IRON detection efficiency to decrease faster than BOLD efficiency as the interstimulus interval (ISI) is shortened. Using simulations based upon assumptions of stimulus–response linearity and experimental data obtained in awake, non-human primates, this study compared detection efficiencies for fixed, random and semi-random ISI distributions for BOLD and IRON techniques. A larger relative gain in detection efficiency at short ISI was obtained by randomized designs using IRON contrast relative to BOLD contrast due to the slower IRF of the IRON method. To quantify tradeoffs between detection efficiency and the predictability of stimulus presentation, the Shannon entropy was introduced as an objective measure of predictability. Small amounts of entropy can be traded for large gains in efficiency, particularly for the IRON method.
Alveolar Morphometrics 3: Preliminary Results with In Vivo Videomicroscopy*

An in vivo videomicroscopy system for the study of dynamic alveolar morphology is described. Slow motion analyses of video recording permits quantification of changes in alveolar size during respiration. Preliminary results are presented.
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia and the second newborn screen

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of a second newborn screen for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) in the state of Colorado and report characteristics associated with cases identified on the first versus second screen. Study design Colorado implemented newborn screening for CAH with 17-hydroxyprogesterone beginning August 2000. The first screening is performed within 72 hours of life and the second between 8 and 14 days of life. We compared infants diagnosed on the basis of the first versus second newborn screen. Results The first screen identified 29 cases of which 28 represented classical CAH. The incidence of classical CAH on the first screen was 1:24 766. The second screen identified 17 additional cases, of which 11 represented classical CAH. Combined, the incidence of classical CAH was 1:17 789. The sensitivity of the first screen was 71.79%. The false negative rate of the first screen was 28.2%. In the absence of a second screen, 1:47 824 infants would have been missed. Infants diagnosed on the first screen had higher 17-hydroxyprogesterone values compared with those diagnosed on the second screen ( P = .0008). Conclusions The use of a single newborn screen for CAH missed nearly 30% of classical CAH cases in Colorado. Addition of a second screen, therefore, can improve the operating characteristics of the newborn screening program.
'X' means X: Fodor/warfield semantics

In an earlier paper, we argued that Fodorian Semantics has serious difficulties. However, we suggested possible ways that one might attempt to fix this. Ted Warfield suggests that our arguments can be deflected and he does this by making the very moves that we suggested. In our current paper, we respond to Warfield's attempts to revise and defend Fodorian Semantics against our arguments that such a semantic theory is both too strong and too weak. To get around our objections, Warfield proposes a modified reading of one of Fodor's conditions and proposes adding a new condition to the theory. We show that neither the modified reading nor the additional condition saves the asymmetric causal dependency approach to naturalized semantics.
Lateral epicondylitis: Anatomic relationships of the extensor tendon origins and implications for arthroscopic treatment

The purpose this study was to provide an understanding of the location of the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) and its relationship to surgically relevant landmarks. In part I, 20 fresh-frozen cadaveric elbows were dissected, and the anatomic boundaries of the ECRB origin were determined, including its relationship to the extensor carpi radialis longus, the extensor digitorum communis, the lateral epicondyle, the radiocapitellar joint, the lateral collateral ligament, and the elbow capsule. All measurements were made by 3 separate investigators. Whereas the ECRB and extensor digitorum communis converged distal to the radiocapitellar joint, the bony origin of the ECRB was reliably identified beneath the distal-most aspect of the supracondylar ridge, with a mean dimension of 13 ± 2 mm in length by 7 ± 2 mm in width. Part II was performed on 10 separate specimens to document whether the ECRB tendon could be identified and released arthroscopically. In all specimens, the ECRB origin was safely and completely released, by use of the landmarks defined in part I. When the ECRB is released arthroscopically, the elbow capsule must be resected and the tendinous origin of the ECRB released from the top of the capitellum to the midline of the radiocapitellar joint.
Prostatitis and serum prostate-specific antigen

Prostatitis is an inflammatory condition of the prostate and has been divided into four categories according to the National Institutes of Health classification. This article reviews the various types of prostatitis and their effect on serum prostate-specific antigen levels. Various proposed mechanisms of this elevation include leakage of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) into the blood stream, hypervascularity, and altered vascular permeability secondary to inflammation. Acute prostatitis can lead to an increase in PSA, which usually returns to normal levels with appropriate antibiotics within 1 to 3 months. Patients with chronic prostatitis have a less well-defined decrease in PSA after an antibiotic course. Whether a course of antibiotics prior to biopsy increases the yield has not been well established. Asymptomatic inflammation of the prostate has been recognized to be an important confounding factor in patients with an elevated PSA. Inflammation has been proposed to be a precursor of prostate adenocarcinoma.
Aerobic Exercise Protects Retinal Function and Structure from Light-Induced Retinal Degeneration

Aerobic exercise is a common intervention for rehabilitation of motor, and more recently, cognitive function (Intlekofer and Cotman, 2013; Wood et al., 2012). While the underlying mechanisms are complex, BDNF may mediate much of the beneficial effects of exercise to these neurons (Ploughman et al., 2007; Griffin et al., 2011; Real et al., 2013). We studied the effects of aerobic exercise on retinal neurons undergoing degeneration. We exercised wild-type BALB/c mice on a treadmill (10 m/min for 1 h) for 5 d/week or placed control mice on static treadmills. After 2 weeks of exercise, mice were exposed to either toxic bright light (10,000 lux) for 4 h to induce photoreceptor degeneration or maintenance dim light (25 lux). Bright light caused 75% loss of both retinal function and photoreceptor numbers. However, exercised mice exposed to bright light had 2 times greater retinal function and photoreceptor nuclei than inactive mice exposed to bright light. In addition, exercise increased retinal BDNF protein levels by 20% compared with inactive mice. Systemic injections of a BDNF tropomyosin-receptor-kinase (TrkB) receptor antagonist reduced retinal function and photoreceptor nuclei counts in exercised mice to inactive levels, effectively blocking the protective effects seen with aerobic exercise. The data suggest that aerobic exercise is neuroprotective for retinal degeneration and that this effect is mediated by BDNF signaling.
Parallel finite element solution of three-dimensional Rayleigh–Bénard–Marangoni flows

A domain decomposition strategy and a parallel gradient-type iterative solution scheme have been developed and implemented for the computation of complex three-dimensional viscous flow problems involving heat transfer and surface tension effects. Special attention has been paid to the kernels for the computationally intensive matrix-vector products and dot products, to memory management, and to overlapping communication and computation. Details of these implementation issues are described together with associated performance and scalability studies. Representative Rayleigh-Benard and microgravity Marangoni flow calculations and performance results on the Cray T3D and T3E are presented. Performance studies have been recently carried out and sustained rates above 50 gigaflops and 100 gigaflops have been achieved on the 512-node T3E-600 and 1024-node T3E-900 configurations respectively. The work is currently being extended to tightly-coupled parallel 'Beowulf-type' PC clusters and some preliminary performance results on this platform are presented
Diffraction analysis of customized illumination technique

Various enhancement techniques such as alternating PSM, chrome-less phase lithography, double exposure, etc. have been considered as driving forces to lead the production k1 factor towards below 0.35. Among them, a layer specific optimization of illumination mode, so-called customized illumination technique receives deep attentions from lithographers recently. A new approach for illumination customization based on diffraction spectrum analysis is suggested in this paper. Illumination pupil is divided into various diffraction domains by comparing the similarity of the confined diffraction spectrum. Singular imaging property of individual diffraction domain makes it easier to build and understand the customized illumination shape. By comparing the goodness of image in each domain, it was possible to achieve the customized shape of illumination. With the help from this technique, it was found that the layout change would not gives the change in the shape of customized illumination mode.
Customising the length of the Montgomery T-tube whilst retaining a bevelled edge.

Background The Montgomery T-tube is used in a number of conditions that require safe tracheal stenting. Specific lengths of T-tube limbs are occasionally needed in patients with complex airway anatomy or differing neck proportions; this requires customisation of the T-tube limbs. This is done either by pre-ordering customised T-tubes from the manufacturer (which needs to be planned ahead of time) or using a tube cutter in the operating theatre. However, the latter does not provide a 'factory like' bevelled edge when shortened, which increases the risk of mucosal trauma and granulation formation. Objective This paper reports a novel technique for customising the length of existing Montgomery T-tubes, with preservation of the bevelled edges. This technique can be easily performed with basic equipment available in operating theatres.