cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship of Directors' Beliefs of Perceived Organizational Support and Affective Commitment to Point in Time of Development of School Wellness Policies

In 2004, the US Congress passed legislation mandating that all local education agencies participating in the National School Lunch program establish wellness policies by the first day of school after June 30, 2006. This study analyzed the perceived organizational support (POS) and affective commitment (AC) of school food service directors in a northeastern state who accepted responsibility for developing the wellness policy. Results showed that though POS and AC levels were high among school nutrition program directors, they did not necessarily correlate with the assumption that this would indicate a high level of confidence with the successful and timely development of the wellness policy.
Scientific Management in the U.S.S.R., With Particular Reference to the Contribution of Walter N. Polakov

This study traces the influence of Scientific Management in the U.S.S.R. and explores the contribution of Walter N. Polakov to Russia's economic planning. Scientific Management was highly propagandized, but there is some question about its impact on the practice of management in Russia. However, there is no doubt that the Gantt Chart found its way into practice through the efforts of Polakov.
TRP channel gene expression in the mouse retina

In order to identify candidate cation channels important for retinal physiology, 28 TRP channel genes were surveyed for expression in the mouse retina. Transcripts for all TRP channels were detected by RT-PCR and sequencing. Northern blotting revealed that mRNAs for 12 TRP channel genes are enriched in the retina. The strongest signals were observed for TRPC1, TRPC3, TRPM1, TRPM3, and TRPML1, and clear signals were obtained for TRPC4, TRPM7, TRPP2, TRPV2, and TRPV4. In situ hybridization and immunofluorescence revealed widespread expression throughout multiple retinal layers for TRPC1, TRPC3, TRPC4, TRPML1, PKD1, and TRPP2. Striking localization of enhanced mRNA expression was observed for TRPC1 in the photoreceptor inner segment layer, for TRPM1 in the inner nuclear layer (INL), for TRPM3 in the INL, and for TRPML1 in the outer plexiform and nuclear layers. Strong immunofluorescence signal in cone outer segments was observed for TRPM7 and TRPP2. TRPC5 immunostaining was largely confined to INL cells immediately adjacent to the inner plexiform layer. TRPV2 antibodies stained photoreceptor axons in the outer plexiform layer. Expression of TRPM1 splice variants was strong in the ciliary body, whereas TRPM3 was strongly expressed in the retinal pigmented epithelium.
HOW WOULD YOU HAVE LIKED TO HAVE BEEN REMEMBERED

53 male and 53 female college students were asked how they would like to have been remembered in high school. Unlike those in previous studies, students now in college wanted to be remembered as brilliant students, popular, and then as athletes, respectively. Results varied by sex and graduation date.
Nonlinear signal processing and system identification: applications to time series from electrochemical reactions

Abstract We show how nonlinear signal processing techniques can be used for extracting simple dynamic models from complex experimental time series. A neural network analysis is applied to measurements of current versus time from an experimental system where the electrodissolution of copper in a phosphoric acid solution takes place. We investigate transitions from steady to oscillatory behavior and from period-one to period-two oscillations. Such procedures can be used in the analysis of systems for which no adequate phenomenological models exist.
Top Finance Journals: Do They Add Value?

This paper develops a methodology for determining the value added by journals to articles they publish and uses this methodology to study five leading finance journals in the period 1990 through 2002. The quality of an article is disaggregated into two components—a component inherent to the article and a component added by the journal. Inherent article quality is proxied by author reputation and the reputation of the author's school, while journal value added is proxied by editorial board quality, journal age, and journal readership characteristics. Our Tobit regression analysis results show that theJournal of Finance, theJournal of Financial Economics, and theReview of Financial Studies add significant value over and above inherent article quality.
Dermal penetration of carbofuran in young and adult Fischer 344 rats.

Dermal penetration of carbofuran was determined in young (33 d) and adult (82 d) female Fischer 344 rats employing in vivo and in vitro methods. in vivo dermal penetration at 120 h was 43% for young and 18% for adult rats. The half‐time for carbofuran skin penetration (in vivo) was 128 h for the young and 400 h for the adults. The young to adult ratio of dermal penetration was greater than 1 at all time points (average 2.9) and had a maximum of 4.2 at 24 h. Cumulative urinary excretion approached about 95% of the absorbed dose in both the young and adult animals at 120 h. Whole‐body retention was slightly higher in adults. Kidney showed the highest tissue‐to‐blood concentration ratio (4.6 in adult, 2.3 in young). The ratio for the carcass was 2.8 in the adult and 2.4 in the young. The urine/blood concentration ratio was high, 435 in the adult and 573 in the young. The feces/blood ratio was 44 in the adult and 65 in the young. Skin absorption by the in vitro continuous‐flow system was 41% for the young and...
Systemic Thrombolytic Therapy After Recent Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair: An Absolute Contraindication?

Systemic thrombolysis in the early postoperative period can cause fatal hemorrhage. Systemic thrombolysis is often considered contraindicated after major vascular procedures; thus, experience with this scenario is limited. A 67-year-old man experienced massive pulmonary embolization after his abdominal aortic aneurysm was repaired with a bifurcated, woven Dacron graft. Because systemic thrombolysis was the only option for our patient's survival, he underwent this procedure with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator just 2 weeks after the Dacron graft repair of his abdominal aortic aneurysm. After clinical stabilization, abdominal and pelvic computed tomography showed no periprosthetic graft hemorrhage. The successful systemic thrombolysis suggests that this therapy may prove useful in extreme situations.
Therapist affirmation and the process and outcome of psychotherapy: Two sequential analytic studies

Therapist affirmation was examined in two studies, the first with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT, N = 22) and the second with time-limited dynamic psychotherapy (TLDP, N = 20). Affirmation was identified using Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB), and sequential analysis used to gauge its impact on therapy process and outcome. It was hypothesized that affirmation would correspond with patients' continuation of the current topic of conversation, but relate negatively to outcome if generally offered after maladaptive statements. Patients in Study 1 (CBT) were more likely to continue a topic after it was affirmed, and affirmation of maladaptive statements reliably differentiated patients who evidenced clinically significant change from those who did not at termination and at 12-months posttreatment. Affirmation of maladaptive statements in Study 2 (TLDP) corresponded with poorer outcome in relationships with significant others, but unexpectedly with improvements in self-concept. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Increased Memory Conversion of Naïve CD8 T Cells Activated during Late Phases of Acute Virus Infection Due to Decreased Cumulative Antigen Exposure

Background Memory CD8 T cells form an essential part of protective immunity against viral infections. Antigenic load, costimulation, CD4-help, cytokines and chemokines fluctuate during the course of an antiviral immune response thus affecting CD8 T cell activation and memory conversion. Methodology/Principal Findings In the present study, naive TCR transgenic LCMV-specific P14 CD8 T cells engaged at a late stage during the acute antiviral LCMV response showed reduced expansion kinetics but greater memory conversion in the spleen. Such late activated cells displayed a memory precursor effector phenotype already at the peak of the systemic antiviral response, suggesting that the environment determined their fate during antigen encounter. In the spleen, the majority of late transferred cells exhibited a central memory phenotype compared to the effector memory displayed by the early transferred cells. Increasing the inflammatory response by exogenous administration of IFNγ, PolyI:C or CpG did not affect memory conversion in the late transferred group, suggesting that the diverging antigen load early versus later during acute infection had determined their fate. In agreement, reduction in the LCMV antigenic load after ribavirin treatment enhanced the contribution of early transferred cells to the long lasting memory pool. Conclusions/Significance Our results show that naive CD8 cells, exposed to reduced duration or concentration of antigen during viral infection convert into memory more efficiently, an observation that could have significant implications for vaccine design.
Asbestos Fiber Release Associated with Room Humidifiers

Abstract A study was carried out to determine if portable room humidifiers (nebulizing or evaporative types) could aerosolize asbestos fibers from contaminated water. Deionized water seeded with chrysotile fibers obtained from a commercial source (23×106 fibers/L) was added to the humidifiers, which were run for 1 hour in a previously purged, 17-m3, unventilated room. Approximately 3000 L of air from each trial were collected by Gilian Aircon 520 high volume samplers. Simultaneous total particle counts were obtained using a Climet particle counter. Samples were examined by both phase contrast microscopy (PCM) and transmission electron (TEM) microscopy. The evaporative humidifiers did not emit asbestos fibers (≥5 μm in length) detectable by either PCM or TEM. From the nebulizing humidifiers, TEM (but not PCM) detected an average of 5.3 fibers (≥5 μm) per 10 grid squares corresponding to approximately 0.01 fiber/cc of air (range 0.0077-0.0140). Results provide evidence that asbestos fibers can be emitted by...
Clocked and asynchronous FIFO characterization and comparison

Heterogeneous blocks, IP reuse, network-on-chip interconnect, and multi-frequency design are becoming more prevalent in integrated circuit design. Communication amongst these blocks typically employs first-in-first-out (FIFO) buffering for flow control. This paper characterizes and evaluates several common designs in order to determine which structure is best for various specific applications. Two clocked and four clockless asynchronous FIFO designs are compared varying capacity, bit width, and structural configurations. The FIFO layouts are characterized in the IBM 65nm 10sf process for latency, throughput, area, and power. First order models are created to aid in CAD for FIFO synthesis, modeling, and optimization. Comparative results show that the asynchronous designs uniformly out perform the clocked designs in nearly every aspect.
Normal production of cartilage glycosaminoglycan in mice homozygous for the chondrodysplasia gene.

Biochemical analysis of a lethal recessive mutation affecting chondrogenesis in mice further delineated the mechanism by which this pleiotropic gene acts. Cartilage from late fetuses homozygous for chondrodysplasia (cho/cho) were terminally labeled in vitro with Na235SO4, [14C] glucosamine, and [14C] glucose. Rates of precursor incorporation; tissue contents of uronic acid, amino sugar, and protein; and molecular weight of glycosaminoglycan were determined and found normal compared with control littermate cartilage. Samples from mutants, agitated overnight in distilled water and assayed for loss of incorporated 35S, showed between 47 and 77% of control activity. The rinse water from mutant cartilage contained correspondingly more 35S than did control. Chromatographic analysis of both tissue-bound and water-diffusible macro-molecules confirmed that glycosaminoglycan and protein backbone were intact. Because the molecular content and rates of precursor incorporation were normal the results suggested that the cho gene does not alter net synthesis of glycosaminoglycan. The observation that water facilitates extraction of a glycosaminoglycan-protein complex of normal molecular weight suggests that the defect in chondrogenesis results from defective interaction of proteoglycan and some other matrix constituent. In view of a previous report that collagen fibrils of mutant cartilage are atypically large and natively banded the site of chondrogenic defect might be the interaction between proteoglycan and collagen.
Extending the detectability index to quantitative imaging performance: applications in tomosynthesis and CT

This study aimed to extend Fourier-based imaging metrics for the modeling of quantitative imaging performance. Breast tomosynthesis was used as a platform for investigating acquisition and processing parameters (e.g., acquisition angle and dose) that can significantly affect 3D signal and noise, and consequently quantitative imaging performance. The detectability index was computed using the modulation transfer function and noise-power spectrum combined with a Fourier description of imaging task. Three imaging tasks were considered: detection, area estimation (in coronal slice), and volume estimation of a 4 mm diameter spherical target. Task functions for size estimation were generated by using measured performance of the maximum-likelihood estimator as training data. The detectability index computed with the size estimation tasks correlated well with precision measurements for area and volume estimation over a fairly broad range of imaging conditions and provided a meaningful figure of merit for quantitative imaging performance. Furthermore, results highlighted that optimal breast tomosynthesis acquisition parameters depend significantly on imaging task. Mass detection was optimal at an acquisition angle of 85° while area and volume estimation for the same mass were optimal at ~100° and 125° acquisition angles, respectively. These findings provide key initial validation that the Fourier-based detectability index extended to estimation tasks can represent a meaningful metric and predictor of quantitative imaging performance.
Zimp7 and Zimp10, two novel PIAS-like proteins, function as androgen receptor coregulators

The androgen receptor (AR) plays a critical role in male sexual development and in normal and malignant prostate cell growth and survival. It has been shown that AR transcriptional activation is regulated through interactions with a variety of transcriptional co-regulators. The Protein Inhibitors of Activated STATs (PIAS) are transcriptional co-regulators, and have been shown to modulate AR-mediated transcription. In this brief, we summarize our recent studies on two novel PIAS-like proteins, Zimp7 and Zimp10. Particularly, we address the functional interactions between the AR and these two proteins, and potential mechanisms by which they regulate AR mediated transcription. In addition, we explore potential roles of Zimp10 in transcriptional regulation in vivo using a recent Zimp10 knockout mouse model. Taken together, our findings thus far suggest that Zimp7 and Zimp10 are functionally non-redundant and share unique characteristics that have not been described for the PIAS family. Further investigation into the functional roles of these two PIAS-like proteins may help to better understand prostate cancer progression, and yield possible new targets for therapeutic intervention.
Theory of resonant photoemission spectra of 3 d transition-metal oxides and halides

A simple model is presented to describe resonant photoemission due to super-Coster-Kronig decay of ${3p}^{5}{3d}^{N+1}$ states in transition-metal compounds. An explanation is given for the puzzling behavior observed in recent experiments on NiO and Ni${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$ in which the multielectron satellite is enhanced rather than the main valence band. Several experiments are proposed to test the theory.
Role of inflammation and inflammatory mediators in airways disease

Recent evidence suggests that airway inflammation is linked to hyper-responsiveness of airway smooth muscle. Increases in airway responsiveness after many stimuli are accompanied by increases in inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and in the airway epithelium. Airway epithelial cells may themselves be an important source of inflammatory mediators, producing metabolites that can cause chemotaxis of neutrophils and that can selectively activate other cells in the lungs. Mast cells produce a variety of enzymes and vasoactive, chemotactic, and bronchoconstrictor substances in response to non-immunologic as well as immunologic stimuli. The secretory profile of a mast cell may depend upon the specific stimulus applied. In addition, different populations of mast cells exist and distinct enzymatic pathways may predominate in different cell types. Mediators released by these cells may activate target cells by direct or indirect mechanisms. These inflammatory mediators, together with inflammatory cells, are important in the complex interactions involving airway epithelial cells, neutrophils, mast cells, smooth muscle, respiratory secretory cells, and nerves, which, in concert, are responsible for the pathophysiologic manifestations of obstructive lung disease.
A Clinical Intervention in Chronic Pain and Insomnia with a Combined Model of Treatment: A Test of Concept

Co-occurring chronic pain and insomnia are common in a clinical setting. Cognitive–behavioral theoretical (CBT) frameworks exist for both conditions independently. The purpose of this study was to address the problem of co-occurring chronic pain and insomnia with an integrated CBT model based on empirical support. One-hundred eleven individuals (age range 21–65 years) meeting the general criteria for chronic pain and insomnia were included in this study. Participants completed a demographic form, the Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep—16-item version, Insomnia Severity Index, Sleep Hygiene Index, Sleep Associated Monitoring Index, Pain Catastrophizing Scale, Pain Disability Questionnaire, Modified Somatic Perceptions Questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Significant positive bivariate relationships were observed for pain catastrophizing (PC) and dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep (DBAS), as well as somatic awareness and sleep-associated monitoring. Two backward stepwise regression models were utilized to determine a model for predicting insomnia severity and pain disability respectively using a combination of sleep and pain-associated measures. Insomnia severity was predicted by DBAS, PC, and somatic awareness. Pain disability was predicted by PC, DBAS, depression, and social support. Maladaptive thought patterns related to pain and insomnia and associated features appear to have a synergistic effect on both insomnia severity and pain disability and support a combined cognitive–behavioral model.
Toward a new definition of hallucination

Two major flaws in the DSM-IV definition of hallucination are addressed: 1) it fails to distinguish pathological from nonpathological experiences; and 2) it fails to consider cultural beliefs in determining whether an experience is hallucinatory. These omissions are discussed within the context of an evolving concept of the term hallucination and an expanding vocabulary used to describe unshared sensory experiences. A revised definition is proposed.
Bias scheduling in heterogeneous multi-core architectures

Heterogeneous architectures that integrate a mix of big and small cores are very attractive because they can achieve high single-threaded performance while enabling high performance thread-level parallelism with lower energy costs. Despite their benefits, they pose significant challenges to the operating system software. Thread scheduling is one of the most critical challenges.In this paper we propose bias scheduling for heterogeneous systems with cores that have different microarchitectures and performance.We identify key metrics that characterize an application bias, namely the core type that best suits its resource needs. By dynamically monitoring application bias, the operating system is able to match threads to the core type that can maximize system throughput. Bias scheduling takes advantage of this by influencing the existing scheduler to select the core type that bests suits the application when performing load balancing operations.Bias scheduling can be implemented on top of most existing schedulers since its impact is limited to changes in the load balancing code. In particular, we implemented it over the Linux scheduler on a real system that models microarchitectural differences accurately and found that it can improve system performance significantly, and in proportion to the application bias diversity present in the workload. Unlike previous work, bias scheduling does not require sampling of CPI on all core types or offline profiling. We also expose the limits of dynamic voltage/frequency scaling as an evaluation vehicle for heterogeneous systems.
The relationship of blood lead with immunoglobulin E, eosinophils, and asthma among children: NHANES 2005–2006

Early life lead exposure may alter immune function and predispose a child to develop asthma. In an initial exploration of this hypothesis, we examined the association between blood lead, and serum immunoglobulin E (IgE), eosinophils, and asthma prevalence in a cross-sectional study of 1788 children from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2006. Geometric mean blood lead, serum IgE, and percent eosinophils were 1.13 μg/dL (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04, 1.22), 46.3 kU/L (95% CI: 40.3, 53.1), and 2.82 percent (95% CI 2.67, 2.98), respectively. Prevalence of asthma, atopic asthma, and atopy were 11.8% (95% CI: 9.5, 14.2), 8.1% (6.2, 9.9), and 44.4% (40.1, 48.7), respectively. Regression models controlled for season, age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, passive smoke exposure, and body mass index. Based on these models, there was an 11.1% (95% CI: 5.6, 16.9) increase in IgE and a 4.9% (95% CI: 2.3, 7.6) increase in eosinophils per 1 μg/dL increase in blood lead. In independent stratified analyses, lead was found to increase IgE and eosinophils among non-Hispanic whites, but not other children; and stronger associations were observed among children who lived with a smoker vs. not. Lead was not associated with asthma, atopic asthma, or general atopy. This study provides additional evidence of a cross-sectional association between lead with IgE and new evidence for eosinophils. This may be a mechanism for development of downstream allergic disease. The mechanisms that determine ultimate development of allergic disease are currently unknown, but are the focus of ongoing studies.
Toxin binding site of the diphtheria toxin receptor: loss and gain of diphtheria toxin binding of monkey and mouse heparin-binding, epidermal growth factor-like growth factor precursors by reciprocal site-directed mutagenesis.

Summary The transmembrane precursor of the monkey (Mk) heparin-binding, epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (proHB-EGF) functions as a diphtheria toxin (DT) receptor, whereas the mouse (Ms) precursor does not. Previously, using chimeric Ms/Mk precursors, we have shown that DT resistance of cells bearing Ms proHBEGF may be accounted for by several amino acid substitutions between residues 122 and 148 within the EGF-like domain and that Glu-141 is an important amino acid residue for DT binding. In this study, reciprocal site-directed mutagenesis was performed on the major non-conserved residues in the region of 122‐ 148, alone or in combination, between Mk and Ms precursors to identify more precisely which amino acid residues are important for DT binding. Two approaches were used. The first, more traditional approach was to destroy DT sensitivity and binding of Mk proHB-EGF by substitution(s) with the corresponding Ms residue(s). From the single mutations, the greatest loss of DT sensitivity was observed with Mk/Glu-141His (approximately 4000-fold) and the next greatest with Mk/Ile-133Lys (approximately fourfold). The double mutations Mk/Leu-127Phe/Glu-141His, Mk/Ile-133Lys/ Glu-141His and Mk/His-135Leu/Glu-141His resulted in complete toxin resistance (> 100 000-fold). The second approach, both novel and complementary, was to gain DT binding and sensitivity of Ms proHB-EGF by substitution(s) with the corresponding Mk residue(s). Surprisingly, the single mutation Ms/His-141Glu resulted in the gain of moderate DT sensitivity (> 260-fold). The double mutation Ms/Lys-133Ile/His-141Glu and the triple mutation Ms/Lys-133Ile/Leu-135His/His-141Glu resulted in a progressive gain in toxin sensitivity (> 4700-fold and > 16 000-fold respectively) and affinity. This triple mutant cell line is essentially as sensitive (IC50 o 3.1 ng ml π1 ) as the highly toxin-sensitive monkey Vero cell line (IC50 o 4n g ml π 1 ), indicating that these three Mk residues enable the Ms proHB-EGF to act as a fully functional DT receptor. Taken together, these results indicate that Glu-141 plays the most critical role in DT binding and sensitivity and that two additional amino acid residues, Ile-133 and His-135, also play significant roles.
Molecular dynamics simulations of shock waves in hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene melts: Mechanical and structural responses

The mechanical and structural responses of hydroxyl-terminated cis-1,4-polybutadiene melts to shock waves were investigated by means of all-atom non-reactive molecular dynamics simulations. The simulations were performed using the OPLS-AA force field but with the standard 12-6 Lennard-Jones potential replaced by the Buckingham exponential-6 potential to better represent the interactions at high compression. Monodisperse systems containing 64, 128, and 256 backbone carbon atoms were studied. Supported shock waves were generated by impacting the samples onto stationary pistons at impact velocities of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 km s−1, yielding shock pressures between approximately 2.8 GPa and 12.5 GPa. Single-molecule structural properties (squared radii of gyration, asphericity parameters, and orientational order parameters) and mechanical properties (density, shock pressure, shock temperature, and shear stress) were analyzed using a geometric binning scheme to obtain spatio-temporal resolution in the reference frame centered on the shock front. Our results indicate that while shear stress behind the shock front is relieved on a ∼0.5 ps time scale, a shock-induced transition to a glass-like state occurs with a concomitant increase of structural relaxation times by several orders of magnitude.
Effects of intrahypothalamic injection of 6-hydroxydopamine on predatory aggression in rat.

Abstract To further examine the role of central catecholamine neurons on aggressive behavior, we observed the effects of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) bilaterally injected into the lateral hypothalamus in rat on the latencies for attacking and killing a natural prey, frog. For the group, intrahypothalamic 6-OHDA, but not vehicle control, resulted in a reduction in the probabilities that an individual rat would attack or kill a frog, in the latencies for attack or kill, and in the intensity in the execution of the act of killing itself. The impaired behavior persisted up to 45 days and fluctuated from day to day. On some days treated animals would kill most frogs; on others none. While the latencies in treated animals for attack and kill were often increased on some days, these latencies would be close to control on others. Motor activity and feeding and drinking behavior remained depressed throughout. The injection significantly reduced the concentrations of norepinephrine in the forebrain and hypothalamus and dopamine in the caudate nucleus. Norepinephrine in the brain stem was not changed. We conclude that interruption of central catecholamine pathways passing through or terminating in the lateral hypothalamus impairs predatory aggression by interfering with the ability of a rat to initiate sustained killing (motivational deficit) and/or in recognizing the frog as prey (perceptual defect) and not in the ability to execute and perform the motor act of killing.
Predicting physical quality of life among a multiethnic sample of breast cancer survivors

This study aims to test the utility and applicability of the physical quality of life (PQOL) model based on the Contextual Model of Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL). Specifically, this study focuses on investigating the different patterns in the structural model of PQOL according to four major U.S. ethnic groups and the mediating effects of psychological well-being between the systemic-level constructs and PQOL. Secondary data were used to investigate PQOL among 703 European-, African-, Latina-, and Asian-American women diagnosed with breast cancer. A cross-sectional design with mixed sampling methods was used. The study methodology was guided by the Contextual Model of HRQOL. Multiple group analyses demonstrated that the predicted relationships among the variables were not equivalent across ethnic groups at a P < 0.05 level. Specifically, the relationships between the socio-ecological factor and health care system variables varied across all ethnic groups. However, the direct impacts of life burden and psychological well-being on PQOL were consistent among all ethnic groups. The systemic-level constructs such as life burden and patient–doctor relationship indirectly influenced PQOL through psychological well-being for the specific ethnic groups. Our findings revealed ethnic variability in the associations among the individual- and systemic-level contexts influencing PQOL based on the Contextual Model of HRQOL. HRQOL research including studies examining physical outcomes can utilize a comprehensive and integrated conceptual approach that includes psychological, socio-ecological, and cultural aspects to deepen our understanding and advance the translational utility of the research into clinical practice.
Intraventricular self-administration of acetaldehyde and voluntary consumption of ethanol in rats.

For 11 consecutive days, naive male Wistar rats were given the opportunity to acquire an operant response for infusions of acetaldehyde or Ringer's vehicle into the cerebral ventricles. The experimental group showed significantly higher rates of lever pressing than the control animals. Following the intraventricular self-administration period, all the animals in the acetaldehyde group were exposed to a free-choice between increasing concentrations of ethanol and water. The consumption of ethanol in the range of concentrations of 9 to 21% (v/v) was directly correlated to the previously established rates of self-administration of acetaldehyde. The results suggest that the central mechanisms mediating the reinforcing effects of acetaldehyde also subserve the pharmacologically reinforcing properties of ingested ethanol.
CD47 does not mediate amyloid-β(1–42) protofibril-stimulated microglial cytokine release

Neuroinflammation triggered by accumulation of amyloid-β protein (Aβ) is a significant component of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. Senile plaques composed of Aβ attract and activate microglia cells resulting in cytokine secretion and a proinflammatory environment. The mechanism by which Aβ activates microglia is complex and involves numerous cellular components. One receptor potentially involved in Aβ recognition and the ensuing microglia proinflammatory response is CD47. Since there is significant interest in soluble aggregated Aβ species, we sought to determine if CD47 plays a key role in microglia cytokine release stimulated by soluble Aβ(1-42) protofibrils. Pretreatment of primary murine microglia with the CD47 antagonist peptide 4N1K significantly and potently inhibited both tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) secretion stimulated by Aβ(1-42) protofibrils. 4N1K displayed toxicity to the microglia but only at concentrations much higher than the observed inhibition. Surprisingly, 4N1K also potently inhibited TNFα secretion triggered by lipopolysaccharide which is not known to signal through CD47. Treatment of the microglia with a neutralizing anti-CD47 antibody failed to block the Aβ protofibril response even though comparable samples were completely inhibited by 4N1K. Finally, Aβ(1-42) protofibrils stimulated similar levels of secreted TNFα production in both wild-type and CD47(-/-) microglia and 4N1K still potently inhibited the Aβ protofibril response even in the CD47(-/-) microglia. The overall findings demonstrated that the microglial proinflammatory response to Aβ(1-42) protofibril is not dependent on CD47 and that 4N1K exhibits CD47-independent inhibitory activity.
Information Technology Education for Women in Developing Countries: Benefits, Barriers and Policies

Information Technology (IT) has been widely acknowledged as an important component in the fight to reduce global poverty; it has also been identified as having the potential to empower women around the world economically, socially and politically. Education, and IT education (ITE) in particular, are prerequisites for achieving higher rates of IT usage. In this paper, the nexus between gender, IT and ITE in the developing world is considered, including analysis of both the potential benefits of ITE, and barriers to women's participation in ITE in these countries. These barriers include literacy, education, language, mobility, location, time, money, skills, and sociocultural practices. Relevant policy initiatives are examined and assessed, including increasing access to IT (both hardware and software), establishment of telecentres, targeted ITE programmes, strategic modification of content in ITE programmes, measures to increase demand for ITE, scholarships for IT and ITE programmes, and increasing female role models.
Stimulation of the gerbil's gustatory receptors by polyols.

Abstract The gustatory responses of the Mongolian gerbil were tested with 12 sugar alcohols. The electrophysiological effectiveness of the linear polyols as gustatory stimulants increased as the length of the carbon chain increased from 2 to 5. Six and 7 carbon acyclic polyols were no more effective than the pentitols. By comparison myoinositol, a cyclic polyol, was more effective in evoking a response. Responses to mixtures of d -sorbitol and sucrose suggest that these sugars compete for a common receptor site. A sucrose receptor site and a model of it is proposed.
Ontological requirements for analogical, teleological, and hypothetical legal reasoning

In 1993, Berman and Hafner criticized case-based models of legal reasoning for not modeling analogical and teleological elements. Another lesson learned since then is the role of ontologies in representing domain knowledge so that a legal reasoning system can represent and solve problems. If the reasoning involves drawing abstract analogies, reasoning teleologically about rules for deciding a case, and posing hypothetical cases to test decision rules, however, it is not clear what requirements the ontology should satisfy. This paper presents an extended example of such legal reasoning to illustrate what an ontology for case-based legal reasoning should provide. The example centers on a microworld of legal discourse, an ensemble of real legal cases, hypothetical examples, concepts, factors, principles and policies. Beginning with any case in the microworld, the system's goal is to generate arguments that a law professor and students might reasonably make in discussing the legal case in class. The example illustrates three roles the ontology should play in providing representational support for the system, distills the ontological requirements, and suggests an incremental approach to making good on Berman's and Hafner's challenge.
Editorial overview: New directions in the science of emotion regulation

Emotion regulation is one of the fastest growing areas of research within psychology. Yet, despite the rapid growth of this research, there are still many questions to answer. This issue of Current Opinion in Psychology represents the current state of the field for theory and research on emotion regulation and highlights directions for future research. Each article describes groundbreaking research and theory in a particular area: first, emerging topics in emotion regulation research; second, assessment of emotion regulation; third, lifespan and cross-cultural perspectives on emotion regulation; fourth, emotion regulation and psychopathology; and fifth emotion regulation in psychological treatments. In this introduction, we categorize models of emotion regulation based on the extent with which they emphasize emotion regulation strategies versus abilities. We then discuss similarities between these models and how they can inform each other. We then provide an overview of each article, focusing on how they speak to both models.
Partitioning of 5α-dihydrotestosterone and 5α-androstane-3α, 17β-diol activated pathways for stimulating human prostate cancer LNCaP cell proliferation

Abstract The growth and development of the prostate gland are regulated by androgens. Despite our understanding of molecular actions of 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT) in the prostate through the trans-activation of the androgen receptor (AR), comprehensive analysis of androgen responsive genes (ARGs) has just been started. Moreover, expression changes induced by the androgen effects of 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (3α-diol), a metabolite of 5α-DHT through the action of 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (3α-HSDs), remain undefined. We demonstrated that both 5α-DHT and 3α-diol stimulated similar levels of androgen sensitive human prostate cancer LNCaP cell proliferation. However, consistent with the fact that 3α-diol has low affinity toward the AR, 3α-diol did not elicit the same levels of AR trans-activation activity as that of 5α-DHT. Since LNCaP cells respond to androgen stimulation by transcriptionally activating the AR downstream genes, gene expression patterns between 0 and 48 h following 3α-diol and 5α-DHT stimulation were analyzed using cDNA-based membrane arrays to define the temporal regulation of ARGs. Array analysis identified 217 and 219 androgen-modulated genes in at least one time point following 3α-diol and 5α-DHTstimulation, respectively, including key regulators of cell proliferation. Only a subset of these genes (143) was regulated by both androgens. These data suggest that 3α-diol exerts androgenic effects independent of the action of 5α-DHT in steroid target tissues. Accordingly, 3α-diol might activate cell proliferation cascades independent of AR pathway in the prostate.
Modeling the trade cumulus boundary layer

Abstract We used a two-dimensional (2-D) cumulus ensemble model (CEM) developed by Krueger (1988) to simulate the trade cumulus boundary layer (TCBL). Our purpose was to evaluate the CEM approach for simulating boundary layer cloudiness transitions. We first compared profiles of the apparent heat source and the apparent moisture sink due to the simulated cumulus ensemble with profiles obtained from BOMEX observations and found good agreement. We also found that the sensitivity of the simulated convective (cloud-scale plus turbulent) fluxes, the kinetic energy, kinetic energy dissipation rate and cloud amount to turbulent length scale changes is low. However, cloud sizes and numbers do change noticeably. We also diagnosed an appropriate turbulent length scale profile for 1-D turbulence closure models of the TCBL based on the 2-D CEM results. The profile is similar to Bougeault's (1981b) TCBL profile. The results confirm that a 2-D CEM with a prognostic turbulent kinetic energy equation is well-suited for simulating the TCBL. A 2-D CEM is much less expensive to run than a 3-D large-eddy simulation (LES), and is more general than 1-D bulk or turbulence closure models. It does not suffer from sensitivity to the turbulent length scale specification or the turbulence-scale condensation scheme. These difficulties limit the scope of 1-D turbulence closure models used for simulating cloudy boundary layers.
Testing an aflatoxin B1 gene signature in rat archival tissues.

Archival tissues from laboratory studies represent a unique opportunity to explore the relationship between genomic changes and agent-induced disease. In this study, we evaluated the applicability of qPCR for detecting genomic changes in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues by determining if a subset of 14 genes from a 90-gene signature derived from microarray data and associated with eventual tumor development could be detected in archival liver, kidney, and lung of rats exposed to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) for 90 days in feed at 1 ppm. These tissues originated from the same rats used in the microarray study. The 14 genes evaluated were Adam8, Cdh13, Ddit4l, Mybl2, Akr7a3, Akr7a2, Fhit, Wwox, Abcb1b, Abcc3, Cxcl1, Gsta5, Grin2c and C8orf46 homolog. The qPCR FFPE liver results were compared to the original liver microarray data and to qPCR results using RNA from fresh frozen liver. Archival liver paraffin blocks yielded 30 to 50 μg of degraded RNA that ranged in size from 0.1 to 4 kB. qPCR results from FFPE and fresh frozen liver samples were positively correlated (p≤0.05) by regression analysis and showed good agreement in direction and proportion of change with microarray data for 11 of 14 genes. All 14 transcripts could be amplified from FFPE kidney RNA except the glutamate receptor gene Grin2c; however, only Abcb1b was significantly upregulated from control. Abundant constitutive transcripts, S18 and β-actin, could be amplified from lung FFPE samples, but the narrow RNA size range (25–500 bp length) prevented consistent detection of target transcripts. Overall, a discrete gene signature derived from prior transcript profiling and representing cell cycle progression, DNA damage response, and xenosensor and detoxication pathways was successfully applied to archival liver and kidney by qPCR and indicated that gene expression changes in response to subchronic AFB1 exposure occurred predominantly in liver, the primary target for AFB1-induced tumors. We conclude that an evaluation of gene signatures in archival tissues can be an important toxicological tool for evaluating critical molecular events associated with chemical exposures.
Heat transfer characteristics in a wavy-walled channel

An experimental study of convective heat transfer was performed in the turbulent regime for a wavy wall channel. Heat transfer coefficients from seven waves and for four Reynolds number were investigated
Preliminary efficacy and safety of zero diopter lens implantation in highly myopic eyes.

Purpose To report the preliminary efficacy and safety of zero diopter (D) intraocular lens implantation in highly myopic eyes. Design Retrospective surgical case series. Methods Three highly myopic eyes with axial lengths greater than 30 mm were implanted with zero D Alcon model MA60MA 3-piece acrylic posterior chamber lenses at the time of cataract surgery. Results Uncorrected visual acuity improved from counting fingers to 20/20− and 20/40− in two eyes. Best-corrected visual acuity improved from 20/80 and 20/60+ to 20/20− in the same eyes. A third eye was at counting fingers before and after surgery, because of a staphyloma. The range of preoperative, intended postoperative, and achieved postoperative spherical equivalent refractive errors was −15.1 to −25.0 diopters, −0.20 to −1.44 diopters, and +0.13 to +0.50 diopters respectively. Conclusions All eyes experienced mild hyperopic refractive errors after surgery. No retinal detachments occurred during the follow-up interval.
Hemopericardium leading to cardiac tamponade in the traumatized pediatric patient: discovery by CT.

Cardiac rupture is a condition uncommonly sustained in blunt chest trauma. Survival is rare. Patients with extensive pericardial as well as cardiac laceration almost inevitably exsanguinate unless the pericardial leak is occluded by massive hematoma. Those with pericardium intact, however, develop cardiac tamponade, and may survive this highly lethal insult if the correct diagnosis is made. Unfortunately, the physician may be reluctant to consider tamponade, assuming that the patient would not have reached the facility alive had cardiac rupture occured. Series show that the diagnosis of pericardial tamponade is rarely suspected even in patients with classic presentation (1). To compound this difficult diagnosis, the patient may arrive at the facility before the pattern of tamponade is fully developed-symptoms may further be masked by rapid intravenous (IV) administration of fluid and use of vasopressors to maintain systemic blood pressure (2). Echocardiography, the traditional diagnostic test, is slow and cumbersome to perform under the hectic conditions of acute critical care (3). A physician who is not highly suspicious of tamponade is unlikely to order this time-consuming test. However, many trauma patients have computed tomography (CT] scans performed to evaluate suspected thoracic or abdominal injury. It is critical then, to recognize the CT appearance of this lethal, but highly treatable condition. We present this case as an example of a pediat-
Energy loss in MEMS resonators and the impact on inertial and RF devices

In this paper, we review the current understanding of energy loss mechanisms in micromachined (MEMS and NEMS) devices. We describe the importance of high quality factor (Q) to the performance of MEMS gyros and MEMS resonators used in radio-frequency applications.
En Route to Dinitroacetylene: Nitro(trimethylsilyl)acetylene and Nitroacetylene Harnessed by Dicobalt Hexacarbonyl

Dinitroacetylene and other nitroacetylenes are attractive stoichiometric precursors to high energy-density materials, but suffer from high reactivity and thermal instability. Herein, we report that nitroacetylenes can be dramatically stabilized in the form of their dicobalt hexacarbonyl complexes. In particular, we describe the syntheses and characterization of the first two transition-metal complexes of nitroalkynes, [μ-1-nitro-2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyne-1,2-diyl]bis(tricarbonylcobalt)(Co-Co) and [μ-1-nitroethyne-1,2-diyl]bis(tricarbonylcobalt)(Co-Co). The chemistry of these compounds reveals their potential as reaction partners in [2+2+2] cyclotrimerizations, furnishing nitroindane, nitrotetralin, and trinitrobenzene products. The X-ray crystal structure of 1,3,5-trinitro-2,4,6-tris(trimethylsilyl)benzene presents a distorted, yet planar, aromatic ring.
Neutralization Studies with Marek's Disease Virus and Turkey Herpesvirus

Use of Marek's disease virus (MDV) in a neutralization test presents several problems, which are described, making this potentially useful test difficult. To obviate these difficulties, a plaque reduction test has been designed based on cross-neutralization of turkey herpesvirus (HVT) by serum-neutralizing MDV. The technique for such a neutralization test is outlined. Kinetics of development of neutralizing antibodies in chickens inoculated with HVT and MDV are described. The neutralization test can be used to evaluate viability of HVT vaccines and the possible role of neutralizing antibodies in the protection afforded by vaccination against MDV-induced tumors.
Comments on periodic waves and solitons

On considere la representation des ondes periodiques par des sommes de solitons. On donne des preuves elementaires de resultats d'existence de solutions multiphase pour les equations de Korteweg de Vries et sinh-Gordon