cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Supporting long-distance parent-child interaction in divorced families

Children in divorced families benefit from meaningful contact with both parents. Currently, there are few technologies that effectively support distributed contact between parents and children. This work presents the results of interviews with 10 parents and 5 children from divorced families to better understand the challenges and needs of this group.
Information Prescriptions: Providing Health Information at the Inpatient's Point of Medical Need

The Geisinger Community Health Library initiated its InfoRx program in 2008 as a partnership between physicians and the librarian to deliver health information to inpatients and their family members. Using the system's electronic health record (EHR), EPIC, the physician sends an information prescription to the librarian, who finds and delivers appropriate health information, then documents it in the EHR. Patient feedback surveys are designed to compile data on how the information was used. Physician surveys assess use/failure to use and any observed impact of the information prescription on their patients' health behavior.
Management of Advanced-Stage Operable Esophageal Cancer

The incidence of esophageal cancer is increasing in the developed world, with a relative increase in adenocarcinoma compared with squamous cell carcinoma. The distensible nature of the esophagus results in delayed development of symptoms associated with esophageal cancer; hence many patients have locally advanced or metastatic cancer at the time of initial presentation. Although resection remains the treatment of choice for early-stage esophageal cancer, the best treatment strategy for locally advanced esophageal cancer is debatable and, consequently, varies at different centers. This article discusses the published literature on various available therapeutic options for the treatment of locally advanced esophageal cancer.
Response of part-time belt users to enhanced seat belt reminder systems of different duty cycles and duration

Enhanced seat belt reminders are an effective means of increasing seat belt use. It is important to optimize the design of these systems so that they increase belt use and are acceptable to vehicle occupants. This study examined the effects of duty cycle and duration on seat belt reminder effectiveness and annoyance. It also evaluated the European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP) duration requirement. Eighty part-time belt users experienced one of four seat belt reminders in a driving simulator and rated the likelihood that they would buckle up and how annoyed they were every 45 s. Overall, participants that experienced an enhanced reminder said they would be more likely to buckle up than participants that experienced a basic reminder which complied with but did not exceed the US federal requirements. The reported likelihood of buckling up did not change significantly as reminder duration increased. Increasing the duty cycle of the chime and flashing icon in a reminder cycle did not influence these ratings either, but it did make the system more annoying. Reducing the duty cycle of enhanced reminders would be one method of increasing user acceptance while ensuring the reminder system still motivates belt use. Lastly, the variation in duration and duty cycle permitted under Euro NCAP requirements for seat belt reminders did not affect the reported likelihood of belt use for participants in the three enhanced reminder conditions.
Standard enthalpies of formation of Me5Ge3(Me ≡ Sc, Y, La) by high-temperature calorimetry

Abstract The standard enthalpies of formation of the germanides Me5Ge3(Me ≡ Sc, Y, La) were determined by high-temperature calorimetry at 1473 ± 2 K. The following values are reported: ΔHfo(Sc5Ge3) = − 747.3 ± 30.8 kJ mol− 1andΔHfo(Y5Ge3) = − 718.2 ± 39.9 kJ mol− 1, measured by solute-solvent drop calorimetry, and ΔHof(La5Ge3) = − 543.9 ± 8.0 kJ mol− 1, measured by the direct synthesis method. The results are compared with estimated values from Miedema's semi-empirical model.
The Song of Songs in the History of Sexuality

The arduous task of queering the Song of Songs, a book that is ostensibly an unequivocal celebration of male-female sexual love, was accomplished over many centuries by the Fathers and Doctors of the Church (as well as by Jewish Sages of blessed memory, though they were hampered by a modesty and restraint to which their Christian cousins were seldom subject). Night after night in their cells, by flickering candlelight, they queeried the Song of Solomon, strenuously inquiring after its spiritual meaning and confidently setting it forth. And as they did so their austere cells were transformed into lavish theaters. What follows is a series of preliminary portraits of some of the more remarkable performers.
Optimum power/performance pipeline depth

The impact of pipeline length on both the power and performance of a microprocessor is explored both theoretically and by simulation. A theory is presented for a wide range of power/performance metrics, BIPS/sup m//W. The theory shows that the more important power is to the metric, the shorter the optimum pipeline length that results. For typical parameters neither BIPS/W nor BIPS/sup 2//W yield an optimum, i.e., a non-pipelined design is optimal. For BIPS/sup 3//W the optimum, averaged over all 55 workloads studied, occurs at a 22.5 FO4 design point, a 7 stage pipeline, but this value is highly dependent on the assumed growth in latch count with pipeline depth. As dynamic power grows, the optimal design point shifts to shorter pipelines. Clock gating pushes the optimum to deeper pipelines. Surprisingly, as leakage power grows, the optimum is also found to shift to deeper pipelines. The optimum pipeline depth varies for different classes of workloads: SPEC95 and SPEC2000 integer applications, traditional (legacy) database and on-line transaction processing applications, modern (e.g. Web) applications, and floating point applications.
THE EFFECT OF CYSTINE AND GLYCOCOLL ON THE OXIDATION OF SODIUM LACTATE BY HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

The rate of production of CO2 from sodium lactate when treated with H2O2 may be increased by the addition of a compound containing a sulfhydryl group, i.e. cystine. A small part of this increase in rate of CO2 is due to the action of the amino group as shown by the action of glycocoll. The results tend to show that the mode of action of H2O2 is one of dehydrogenation and that the action of the cystine is comparable to the Atmungskorper of Meyerhof.
Updated projections of infertility in the United States: 1995–2025

Abstract Objective: To project the number of infertile women aged 15–44 every 5 years from 2000 to 2025. Design: Data are used from Cycle 5 of the National Survey of Family Growth conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics. Population projections prepared by the U.S. Bureau of the Census are used as the base population for 2000–2025. Prospective demographic projections are used to estimate the number of infertile women. Participants: The National Survey of Family Growth (Cycle 5) interviewed 10,847 women aged 15–44 in 1995. Main Outcome Measure(s): Number of infertile women. Result(s): The number of women experiencing infertility will range from 5.4–7.7 million in 2025, with the most likely number to be just under 6.5 million. Conclusion(s): This is a substantial revision (upward) in the number of infertile women, largely a result of the increase in the observed percentage of infertile women in 1995. This is the base population of concern to providers; of particular interest is the percentage of infertile women who seek medical treatment.
PATTERN FORMATION, WAVE PROPAGATION AND STABILITY IN CONSERVATION LAWS WITH SLOW DIFFUSION AND FAST REACTION

The limiting behavior of the solution of a scalar conservation law with slow diffusion and fast bistable reaction is considered. In a short time the solution develops transition patterns connected by shock layers and rarefaction layers, when the initial data has finitely many monotone pieces. The existence and uniqueness of the front profiles for both shock layers and rarefaction layers are established. A variational characterization of wave speeds of these profiles is derived. These profiles are shown to be stable. Furthermore, it is proved that solutions with monotone initial data approach the shock layer or rarefaction layer waves as time goes to infinity.
A 400-pellet feed system for the ORNL centrifuge pellet injector

An improved and extended pellet fabrication and feed mechanism is being developed for the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) centrifuge pellet injector that is presently installed on Tore Supra. This upgrade will extend the number of pellets available for a single-plasma discharge from 100 to 400. In addition, a new pusher and delivery system is expected to improve the performance of the device. As in the original system, deuterium ice is deposited from the gas phase on a liquid-helium-cooled rotating disk, forming a rim of solid deuterium. The rim of ice is machined to a parabolic profile from which pellets are pushed. In the new device, a stack of four ice rims are formed simultaneously, thereby increasing the capacity from 100 to 400 pellets. An improved method of ice formation has also been developed that produces clear ice. The pellet pusher and delivery system utilizes a four-axis, brushless DC servo system to precisely cut and deliver the pellets from the ice rim to the entrance of the centrifuge wheel. Pellets can be formed with sizes ranging from 2.5- to 4-mm diam at a rate of up to 8 per second. The operation of the injector is fully automated by a computer control system. The design and test results of the device are reported.
Fracture detection using P-wave and S-wave vertical seismic profiling at The Geysers

In a pilot vertical seismic profiling study, P-wave and cross-polarized S-wave vibrators were used to investigate the potential utility of shear-wave anisotropy measurements in characterizing a fractured rock mass. The caprock at The Geysers geothermal field was found to exhibit about an 11 percent velocity variation between SH-waves and SV-waves generated by rotating the S-wave vibrator orientation to two orthogonal polarizations for each survey level in the well. The effect is generally consistent with the equivalent anisotropy expected from the known fracture geometry.
The H19 Differentially Methylated Region Marks the Parental Origin of a Heterologous Locus without Gametic DNA Methylation

Igf2 and H19 are coordinately regulated imprinted genes physically linked on the distal end of mouse chromosome 7. Genetic analyses demonstrate that the differentially methylated region (DMR) upstream of the H19 gene is necessary for three distinct functions: transcriptional insulation of the maternal Igf2 allele, transcriptional silencing of paternal H19 allele, and marking of the parental origin of the two chromosomes. To test the sufficiency of the DMR for the third function, we inserted DMR at two heterologous positions in the genome, downstream of H19 and at the alpha-fetoprotein locus on chromosome 5. Our results demonstrate that the DMR alone is sufficient to act as a mark of parental origin. Moreover, this activity is not dependent on germ line differences in DMR methylation. Thus, the DMR can mark its parental origin by a mechanism independent of its own DNA methylation.
Epitope tagging of flagellar proteins.

Publisher Summary Epitope tagging rapidly provides a high-affinity antibody of known specificity that uniquely reacts with the tagged gene product. In addition, cells not expressing the tagged construct provide a type of control not available with the use of traditional antibodies. What follows is a discussion of some uses for epitope tagging and how this technique might be applied to the study of flagella. One of the most common uses of epitope tagging is to identify a mutagenized protein expressed in vivo in the presence of the endogenous wild-type protein. In this application, the antiepitope antibody can differentiate between the tagged protein and an endogenous protein, even if they differ in only one amino acid (and the tag). Immunofluorescence using the antiepitope antibody showed that the introduced, nonacetylatable tubulin was incorporated into cytoplasmic and flagellar microtubules; otherwise, the cells were indistinguishable from wild type. This approach could be taken to study the effects of mutations generated in any flagellar protein for which the gene has been cloned. Epitope tagging can be used to identify a single protein isotype, even in a background of other isotypes. Another application of epitope tagging is to rapidly provide a specific probe for a protein for which the gene has been cloned. Epitope tagging ensures that a high-affinity antibody will be available against the tagged protein, which is especially important when the protein of interest is poorly antigenic or difficult to purify. The major considerations in selecting an epitope are the potential effects of the appended peptide on the protein of interest and the availability of a suitable antibody against the epitope. The effect of epitope insertion on protein function is impossible to predict, but in the absence of information on functional domains or three-dimensional structure of the target protein, a good place to begin is to append the epitope to either terminus of the protein.
Absorptance and transmittance of water spray/mist curtains

Water spray is a highly effective fire-protection agent, because evaporating droplets extract energy from the flame and combustion products as well as attenuate thermal radiation by absorption and scattering. The main objective of this paper is to characterize radiative transfer in a homogeneous water spray curtain (layer) and to calculate spectral transmittances and absorptances of a curtain. The spectral and total absorptances and transmittances reported in the paper provide fundamental understanding of radiation attenuation by water curtains. The empirical equation developed for the scaled spectral extinction coefficient of water sprays may be useful for modeling radiative transfer in spray curtains using CFD. Since the spray acts as a shield that attenuates radiation such global radiation characteristics can readily be used in simple, preliminary design analyses for mitigating and controlling fires.
Physical setting and tephrochronology of the summit caldera ice record at Mount Moulton, West Antarctica

A site on the shoulder of the ice-fi lled summit crater of Mount Moulton, located at an elevation of 2800 m in West Antarctica, exhibits a 400-m-long section of exposed blue ice and intercalated tephra layers. A total of 48 tephra layers are observed. Many are thick (up to 10 cm) and coarse (pumice up to 3 cm). Detailed dip measurements and global positioning system (GPS) mapping reveals a simple geometry of parallel tephra layers all exhibiting consistent dips. The simple stratigraphy of the tephra layers suggests that although the local ice is thinned, based on the boudinaged appearance of the thicker tephra layers, it is otherwise undeformed. Local measured ice motion and ablation rates are similar, averaging around 3 cm/yr for the 4-yr measurement period. Most of the Mount Moulton tephra layers are trachytic, and are derived from Mount Berlin, a still thermally active volcano located ~30 km away to the west. Eight of the tephra layers at the Mount Moulton site have been directly dated, using 40 Ar/ 39 Ar geochronology of potassic feldspar phenocrysts, to (in stratigraphic order from top to base of the blue ice section) 10.5 ± 2.5; 24.7 ± 1.5; 92.1 ± 0.9; 104.9 ± 0.6; 118.1 ± 1.3; 135.6 ± 0.9; 225.7 ± 11.6; and 495.6 ± 9.7 ka. The depth-age curve for the Mount Moulton site, based on these radioisotopic ages, is qualitatively similar to that of the Siple Dome ice core, also in West Antarctica. Although not part of the West Antarctic ice sheet, the Mount Moulton site certainly contains some of the oldest known ice in West Antarctica, and provides a long and detailed climate record.
THE α-GLYCEROPHOSPHATE CYCLE IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER IV. Metabolic, Ultrastructural, and Adaptive Consequences of αGpdh-1 "Null" Mutations

"Null" mutations previously isolated at the αGpdh-1 locus of Drosophila melanogaster, because of disruption of the energy-producing α-glycerophosphate cycle, severely restrict the flight ability and relative viability of affected individuals. Two "null" alleles, αGpdh-1BO-1-4, and αGpdh-1BO-1-5, when made hemizygous with a deficiency of the αGpdh-1 locus, Df(2L)GdhA, were rendered homozygous by recombination with and selective elimination of the Df(2L)GdhA chromosome. After over 25 generations, a homozygous αGpdh-1BO-1-4 stock regained the ability to fly despite the continued absence of measurable αGPDH activity. Inter se heterozygotes of three noncomplementing αGpdh-1 "null" alleles and the "adapted" αGpdh-1BO-1-4 homozygotes were examined for metabolic enzymatic activities related to the energy-producing and pyridine nucleotide-regulating functions of the α-glycerophosphate cycle in Drosophila. The enzyme functions tested included glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, cytoplasmic and soluble malate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial NADH oxidation, oxidative phosphorylation, and respiratory control with the substrates α-glycerophosphate, succinate, and pyruvate. These activities in any of the mutant genotypes in early adult life were indistinguishable from those in the wild type. There was, however, a premature deterioration and atrophy of the ultrastructural integrity of flight muscle sarcosomes observed by electron microscopy in the "null" mutants. These observations were correlated with a decrease in state 3 mitochondrial oxidation with α-glycerophosphate, succinate, and pyruvate, as well as with loss of respiratory control in adults as early as 2 wk after eclosion. Such observations, which normally are seen in aged dipterans, were accompanied by premature mortality of the mutant heterozygotes. The adapted αGpdh-1BO-1-4 was identical with wild type in each of the aging characters with the single exception of lowered rates of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.
Ultrastructural analysis of hematopoietic colonies derived from human peripheral blood. A newly developed method.

The ultrastructure of granulocyte colonies derived from normal human peripheral blood leukocytes cultured in semisolid media has been studied by a new method developed for this purpose. Fixation, dehydration, and embedding of the whole content of the Petri dish resulted in a block of Epon containing colonies made up of cells with the spatial orientation of those observed in living cultures. This permitted serial sectioning through entire colonies. Cell maturation in vitro appeared to parallel that of normal marrow. However, even the most mature cells retained cytoplasmic characteristics of more immature cells. This was particularly true for eosinophils which only rarely possessed granules with electron-dense crystalline "cores," a feature typical for mature eosinophils. In addition to the normalappearing hematopoietic cells found within colonies, very large round or spindleshaped cells were present between colonies and firmly attached to the bottom of the culture dish. Although the histochemical and functional characterization of these cells awaits further study, it is suggested that they are related to histiocytes or macrophages.
Automated discovery of detectors and iteration-performing calculations to recognize patterns in protein sequences using genetic programming

This paper describes an automated process for the dynamic creation of a pattern-recognizing computer program consisting of initially unknown detectors, an initially-unknown iterative calculation incorporating the as-yet-uncreated detectors, and an initially-unspecified final calculation incorporating the results of the as-yet-uncreated iteration. The program's goal is to recognize a given protein segment as being a transmembrane domain or non-transmembrane area. The recognizing program to solve this problem will be evolved using the recently developed genetic programming paradigm. Genetic programming starts with a primordial ooze of randomly generated computer programs composed of available programmatic ingredients and then genetically breeds the population using the Darwinian principle of survival of the fittest and the genetic crossover (sexual recombination) operation. Automatic function definition enables genetic programming to dynamically create subroutines (detectors). When cross-validated, the best genetically-evolved recognizer achieves an out-of-sample correlation of 0.968 and an out-of-sample error rate of 1.6%. This error rate is better than that recently reported for five other methods. >
Solution strategies for coupled conduction/radiation problems†

Solution strategies and algorithms for solving coupled systems of equations that arise from the finite element formulation of heat conduction and enclosure radiation problems are presented and evaluated. Solution methods that vary from sequential equation processing to fully coupled procedures are tested for convergence, robustness and computational efficiency, in both transient and time-independent modeling situations.
High-speed photonically assisted analog-to-digital conversion using a continuous wave multiwavelength source and phase modulation

A more simple photonically assisted analog-to-digital conversion system utilizing a cw multiwavelength source and phase modulation instead of a mode-locked laser is presented. The output of the cw multiwavelength source is launched into a dispersive device (such as a single-mode fiber). This fiber creates a pulse train, where the central wavelength of each pulse corresponds to a spectral line of the optical source. The pulses can then be either dispersed again to perform discrete wavelength time stretching or demultiplexed for continuous time analog-to-digital conversion. We experimentally demonstrate the operation of both time stretched and interleaved systems at 38 GHz. The potential of integrating this type of system on a monolithic chip is discussed.
Task evaluations of a compact laparoscopic surgical robot system

Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has become an important technique in practical surgical procedures. Compared with manually operated MIS procedures, surgical robot systems provide more accuracy, enhance dexterity, and make more difficult surgical procedures feasible. In this paper, a prototype teleoperated robotic surgical system which is modular, compact and easy to use is tested with human operators. Two evaluation tasks were performed by participants using manual MIS instruments and this teleoperated robotic surgical system. The task data were analyzed and compared between the manual and robot instrument operation. The results show that compared with typical manual instrument operation, the teleoperated robotic system in this paper has advantages in ease of use, decreased task time, and better accuracy with smooth motions and less tremor.
A Critique of Concepts of Workable Competition

Introduction, 380. — I. The nature of the theory of workable competition, 383. — II. The several concepts of workability, 386. — III. Performance norms and value judgments, 391. — IV. Necessary vs. sufficient conditions, 395. — V. Remediability vs. categorical norms, 402. — VI. The workability criterion reformulated, 410. — Appendix, 415.
DEVELOPMENT OF A PREDICTIVE MODEL FOR HABITAT OF THE MEXICAN SPOTTED OWL IN NORTHERN NEW MEXICO

Abstract The Mexican spotted owl (Strix occidentalis lucida) was listed as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act in 1993. We developed a predictive, vegetation-based model for habitat of the species in the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico, using logistic-regression modeling techniques and analyzed seven habitat variables with six of the variables included in the final model. A plot analysis using Receiver Operating Characteristics indicated a high performance of the model, and validation of the model confirmed proper function. Compared with random unoccupied sites, the model indicates that owls in the Jemez Mountains prefer habitat with greater diversity, density, and height of trees, canopy cover, and shrub density, which is in agreement with much of the literature on biology of the Mexican spotted owl. This model can be used with fine-scale assessments of habitat for land-management agencies that have a priority to accurately delineate habitat of the Mexican spotted owl. Los Alamos National L...
Writer by Trade: James Ralph’s Claims to Authorship

To the enterprising journalists of early eighteenth-century Great Britain, the refined status of “author” remained elusive. Journalism itself was a nascent occupation formed in the processes of cultural legitimatization, commercialization, and politicization of authorship. In London, James Ralph, an American expatriate and political writer, emerged as a spokesman for journalism. In his Case of Authors by Profession or Trade , a short treatise published in 1758, Ralph argued that “professional” authors included journalists and other non-patroned writers. They deserved respect as an occupational group, and a special role in society. Ralph equated and extended the privileged notions of authorship and the role of the author — essentially, respectability and some limited independence from political and financial pressures — to his fellow journalists. His Case is worth revisiting because it shows how literary culture was being challenged in his era, extended and subverted as it was by his fellow journalists and their more transitory creations.
Carryover Effects of System-Unrelated Emotions on Adoption of Information Systems

Extensive researches in other disciplines have documented emotions as a substantial aspect of human thoughts and behaviors. In our field, two types of emotions have been analyzed as antecedents of IT use: system specific emotions and general IT emotions. No study in our field focuses on system-unrelated emotions. In addition, most studies focused on the impact of emotions on the continued use of systems. There is a research gap on the effects of emotions occurring prior to the initial adoption of information systems. Thus, with our interest of system-unrelated emotions and intention to bridge this research gap, the goal of the current study is to investigate the following research question: How do IT-unrelated emotions influence the initial adoption of IS? The current paper draws on one of the most widely used adoption theory – Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) – and augment the theory with system-unrelated emotions.
A Computer Software Design Implementing Models of Maternity Histories

Continued in this chapter is the study of models of maternity histories. After providing a brief introduction to the theory of semi-Markov processes in discrete time with stationary transition densities, an extended model of maternity histories, based on this theory, is developed. This model is an extension of those in chapter four to the extent that birth intervals, following marriage, are decomposed into certain subsegments of maternity histories. These subsegments include: waiting times to pregnancies; the possibilities that a pregnancy ends in a live birth, induced abortion, or a spontaneous abortion; and temperary sterile periods following each type of pregnancy outcome.
Diastematomyelia and Scoliosis

In twenty patients with diastematomyelia, fourteen had associated scoliosis, the curvatures being dependent on bone anomalies of the vertebrae accompanying the diastematomyelia and not on neurological deficits. Because of the danger of cord damage, the tethering bone spike or fibrous cord should be removed before surgery for the scoliosis. Prior to surgery, any patient with scoliosis and with congenital anomalies of the spine should have myelography.
Breast Cancer Marker CA549: A Multicenter Study

A multicenter study of CA549, a marker for breast cancer, was conducted using sera from 1721 patients with benign and malignant conditions by an immunoradiometric assay, BRESMARQ.™ Acceptable assay performance was demonstrated by studies of intra-assay (2.2% to 12% coefficient of variation |CV|), interassay (4.1% to 11.8% CV), and interlaboratory (4.8% to 8.7% CV) precision; sensitivity (.3 kU/L); linearity; recovery; high-dose hook effect (up to 10,000 kU/L); and interferences (human antimouse antibodies; protein, bilirubin, hemoglobin levels; lipid and cancer therapeutic agents). A reference interval of 0–12.5 kU/L (women) and 0–11.9 kU/L (men) was established from 746 healthy persons. The distribution of values exceeding the reference range for benign conditions was as follows: pregnant and lactating women (2%); benign breast disease (5%); and seven other benign diseases, including liver (24%), lung (19%), prostate (14%), colon, endometrial, gastric, and ovarian (< 10%). For nonbreast cancers, the distribution was Hodgkin's (7%), colon (10%), endometrial (15%), gastric (15%), lymphoma (15%), prostate (20%), ovarian (39%), and liver (45%). For breast cancer, the distribution was stage I (5%), stage II (14%), stage III (32%), and stage IV (74%). The receiver-operating characteristic analysis demonstrated the usefulness of CA549 as a marker in stage IV breast cancer.
Evaluation of hepatitis B antigen testing in federally licensed blood banks in the United States.

Between August 1972 and January 1974, the Bureau of Biologies distributed four panels of 20 coded serum samples to all federally licensed blood banks for hepatitis B antigen testing. Initially, all but six blood banks reported results by counterelectrophoresis (CEP) only, but by January 1974, 152 of 247 banks reported results by radioimmunoassay (RIA). On the four panels distributed, correct results were reported for 63 to 82% of all potentially detectable samples by CEP and for 98 to 100% of all samples potentially detectable by RIA. Perfect scores were obtained by only 5 to 25% of blood banks using CEP but by 77 to 100% using RIA. Nonreproducible results on duplicate reactive samples, included to evaluate internal consistency, ranged from 0.5 to 25% by CEP and from zero to 5% by RIA. These results demonstrate greater reliability in addition to greater sensitivity of “third generation” RIA testing in comparison with “second generation” CEP testing.
Can Targeting Stroma Pave the Way to Enhanced Antitumor Immunity and Immunotherapy of Solid Tumors

Solid tumors are complex organ-like structures. The potential of normal neighboring cells to contribute to the initiation, progression, and metastasis of epithelial-derived carcinomas has long been appreciated. However, the role of host cells has proven complex. Through multiple local and systemic mechanisms, nontransformed host cells can promote transition from a tumor-resistant to tumor-permissive environment, drive neoplastic transformation of epithelial cells, promote tumor growth, progression, and metastasis, but also constrain tumorigenesis. This complexity reflects the spatially and temporally dynamic involvement of multiple cell types and processes, including the development and recruitment of inflammatory, immune, endothelial, and mesenchymal stromal cells, and the remodeling of extracellular matrix. Our mechanistic understanding, as well as our ability to translate advances in our understanding of these mechanisms for therapeutic benefit, is rapidly advancing. Further insights will depend on delineating pathways that mediate the communication networks between inflammatory and immune cells with tumor and mesenchymal stromal cells and extracellular matrix. Here, we discuss the diversity of mesenchymal stromal cell populations and how context can dictate either their promotion or constraint of tumorigenesis. We review evidence for plasticity that allows for reprogramming of stromal cells and how tumor immunogenicity and desmoplasia influence the balance of immune-independent and immune-dependent regulation of tumor growth. The pivotal roles of matrix and mesenchymal stromal cells in modulating inflammation, antitumor immunity, and the efficacy of immune-based therapies are discussed. These concepts have emerged from data obtained from tumors of multiple organs, but we focus mostly on studies of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas.
Bifunctional Catalysts for Upgrading of Biomass-Derived Oxygenates: A Review

Deoxygenation is an important reaction in the conversion of biomass-derived oxygenates to fuels and chemicals. A key route for biomass refining involves the production of pyrolysis oil through rapid heating of the raw biomass feedstock. Pyrolysis oil as produced is highly oxygenated, so the feasibility of this approach depends in large part on the ability to selectively deoxygenate pyrolysis oil components to create a stream of high-value finished products. Identification of catalytic materials that are active and selective for deoxygenation of pyrolysis oil components has therefore represented a major research area. One catalyst is rarely capable of performing the different types of elementary reaction steps required to deoxygenate biomass-derived compounds. For this reason, considerable attention has been placed on bifunctional catalysts, where two different active materials are used to provide catalytic sites for diverse reaction steps. Here, we review recent trends in the development of catalysts, wit...
Are East Asians happy to work more or less? Associations between working hours, relative income and happiness in China, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan

As East Asians are, on average, less happy than those in economically developed Western nations, more insights regarding the associations between work, income and happiness are needed. This study analyzes data from the 2010 East Asian Social Survey to investigate these associations in China, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, and is framed in a similar context as previous studies that utilize data from Western nations and through the lens of social comparison theory. Path analysis is used to model the associations between happiness and its predictors while taking correlations between the predictors into account. Results show that working hours are negatively associated with happiness in China, Japan and Taiwan, but such an association is not observed in South Korea. At the same time, relative income is significantly associated with happiness in all four East Asian nations, but it only mediates the association between working hours and happiness in China. These results suggest that careful consideration of economic and labour policies are critical to promote the happiness of East Asian workers. Findings from this study are useful for further inquiries with regard to specific explanatory factors of the associations between working hours, relative income and happiness in East Asia.
Shark repellents and research and development: Does management have a long-run perspective?

This chapter investigates firm performance and financial policy decisions in the period surrounding the adoption of antitakeover corporate charter amendments, commonly referred to as shark repellents. The chapter describes a wide range of accounting-based cash flow measures and market-based measures of firm performance, thus providing broad based evidence on the economic implications of shark repellent adoptions. The implications of shark repellent adoptions for financial policy decisions are also evaluated using a variety of measures. The management–entrenchment hypothesis holds that shark repellents are adopted to enhance the job security of inefficient or otherwise self-interested management at the expense of shareholders. If the management–entrenchment hypothesis holds true, inferior long-term performance and financial policy decisions should be observed for shark repellent-adopting firms in pre- and post-adoption periods. An alternative shareholder–interest hypothesis posits that shark repellents are adopted by above-average firms that pursue unusually long-term or risky investment projects. These findings suggest that shark repellents are adopted by firms with long-term performance that is generally above industry norms during both pre- and post-adoption periods. When significant change is noted, long-term performance improves during the post-adoption period. Because shark repellent-adopting firms also commonly adopt financial policies that are compatible with shareholder interests, it is fair to suggest that there is no necessary conflict between shark repellent adoptions and shareholder interests.
Data on clinical significance of second trimester inflammatory biomarkers in the amniotic fluid in predicting preterm delivery.

In this article second trimester amniotic fluid biomarkers are measured for correlation with preterm delivery. One additional milliliter of amniotic fluid is collected during amniocentesis for dosages of IL-6, MMP-9, CRP and glucose levels, along with maternal serum CRP and glucose. MMP-9 and Il-6 levels were measured with the corresponding Human QuantikineR ELISA Kit (R&D systems) according to the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Cut-off values for AF MMP-9 and IL-6 were fixed by the kit sensitivity thresholds. Data includes ROC curves for glucose (Fig. 1), IL-6 (Fig. 2) and MMP-9 (Fig. 3), aiming to search for sensitivity and specificity in the prediction of premature delivery. Statistical analyses are performed with SPSS v20.0 software. Statistical significance is determined using the Mann–Whitney and one way ANOVA test. The association with preterm delivery is performed using a two proportions test. Correlations are measured using the Pearson׳’s coefficient. A p value<0.05 is considered statistically significant. The data is presented in the figures provided. Data relied on a previous publication “Prediction of preterm delivery by second trimester inflammatory biomarkers in the amniotic fluid” (A. Kesrouani, E. Chalhoub, E. El Rassy, M. Germanos, A. Khazzaka, J. Rizkallah, E. Attieh, N. Aouad, 2016) [1].
Generating real-time crowd advice to improve reinforcement learning agents

Reinforcement learning is a powerful machine learning paradigm that allows agents to autonomously learn to maximize a scalar reward. However, it often suffers from poor initial performance and long learning times. This paper discusses how collecting on-line human feedback, both in real time and post hoc, can potentially improve the performance of such learning systems. We use the game Pac-Man to simulate a navigation setting and show that workers are able to accurately identify both when a sub-optimal action is executed, and what action should have been performed instead. Our results demonstrate that the crowd is capable of generating helpful input. We conclude with a discussion the types of errors that occur most commonly when engaging human workers for this task, and a discussion of how such data could be used to improve learning. Our work serves as a critical first step in designing systems that use real-time human feedback to improve the learning performance of automated systems on-the-fly.
Cannabis Use and Disorder From Childhood to Adulthood in a Longitudinal Community Sample With American Indians.

Objective Recent changes in DSM criteria require new documentation of the prevalence and developmental sequences of cannabis use disorder (CUD). The goal of this study was to investigate the early course of DSM-5 CUD and its overlap with DSM-IV and consumption constructs in a community-representative sample of American Indians. Method Data came from the prospective, longitudinal, population-based Great Smoky Mountains Study in North Carolina (N = 1,420, including 349 American Indians). Cannabis use and disorder were assessed during yearly interviews from 9 to 16 years of age and at 19, 21, 26, and 30 years of age (up to 11 assessments per participant from 1993 through 2015). Results By 30 years of age, approximately 70% of participants had used cannabis, 34% had used cannabis daily, and 18% had met criteria for DSM-5 CUD. Approximately 1 in 4 cannabis users met criteria for CUD at some point. Those who met criteria initiated use more than 2 years previously (at 13.3 years old) compared with other users. Despite higher risks from increased poverty, American Indians' patterns of use were similar to those of the rest of the sample. Concordance between DSM-5 CUD and DSM-IV abuse or dependence was substantial but was even higher between DSM-5 CUD and daily use. Conclusion It was common to have used cannabis daily or to have met criteria for DSM-5 CUD by adulthood. DSM-5 CUD was an improvement over DSM-IV diagnostic constructs by raising the threshold for diagnosis.
Spatial analogies pervade complex relational reasoning: Evidence from spontaneous gestures

How do people think about complex phenomena like the behavior of ecosystems? Here we hypothesize that people reason about such relational systems in part by creating spatial analogies, and we explore this possibility by examining spontaneous gestures. In two studies, participants read a written lesson describing positive and negative feedback systems and then explained the differences between them. Though the lesson was highly abstract and people were not instructed to gesture, people produced spatial gestures in abundance during their explanations. These gestures used space to represent simple abstract relations (e.g., increase) and sometimes more complex relational structures (e.g., negative feedback). Moreover, over the course of their explanations, participants’ gestures often cohered into larger analogical models of relational structure. Importantly, the spatial ideas evident in the hands were largely unaccompanied by spatial words. Gesture thus suggests that spatial analogies are pervasive in complex relational reasoning, even when language does not.
Old dog, new tricks: IL-6 cluster signaling promotes pathogenic TH17 cell differentiation.

Different cellular sources and signaling mechanisms mediate the effects of IL-6 on the generation of pathogenic TH17 helper T cells and the suppression of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells.
Heterogeneity in the Labor Market: Ability and Information Acquisition*

This paper relates five previously unobserved individual attributes (namely, three measures of ability based on the lifecycle human capital model, a rate of time preference, and a skill depreciation rate) to estimates of worker and firm incomplete labor market information for 1539 NLS-Y respondents. First, it finds more able employees obtain more information (or bargain better) about wages than their less able counterparts, whereas firms obtain relatively more information (or bargain better) when dealing with low ability workers. Second, it finds that workers whose skills depreciate more quickly possess less wage information (or bargain more poorly) than workers whose skills depreciate less quickly. Similarly, it finds employees with a greater time discount rates have less wage information (or bargain more poorly) than those employees with lower discount rates.
A Game Changer: Electrifying Remote Communities by Using Isolated Microgrids

Microgrids, as self-contained entities, are of increasing interest in modern electric grids. Microgrids provide a sustainable solution to aggregate distributed energy resources (DERs) [e.g., photovoltaics (PVs), wind turbines], energy storage, and loads in a localized manner, especially in distribution systems. As a controllable unit, a microgrid can manage and balance the source and load power inside it to ensure stable and reliable operation. Moreover, through coordination with upper-level control systems, it can be dispatched and respond to the control commands issued by the central controller in the distribution system-in other words, a system that is effectively a distribution management system (DMS).
DISPERSAL RESPONSE OF TETRANYCHUS URTICAE KOCH (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE) TO FENVALERATE AND PERMETHRIN RESIDUES ON SOYBEANS

The dispersal response of the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, to fenvalerate and permethrin residues on soybeans was examined in the laboratory. Both fenvalerate and permethrin el...
Who is the Hero, the Villain, and the Victim?: Detection of Roles in News Articles using Natural Language Techniques

News articles often use narrative frames to present people, organizations, and facts. These narrative frames follow cultural archetypes, enabling readers to associate each of the presented elements with familiar stereotypes, well-known characters, and recognizable outcomes. In this way, authors can cast real people or organizations as heroes, villains, or victims. We present a system that identifies the main entities of a news article, and determines which is being cast as a hero, a villain, or a victim. As currently implemented, this system interacts directly with news consumers through a browser extension. Our hope is that by informing readers when an entity is cast in one of these roles, we can make implicit bias explicit, and thereby assist readers in applying their media literacy skills. This approach can also be used to identify roles in well-understood event sequences in a more prosaic manner, e.g., for information extraction.
ELLPACK: PROGRESS AND PLANS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the origins and objectives of the ELLPACK cooperative effort. The approach selected for ELLPACK was to provide an umbrella ELLPACK system to which modules could be contributed by members of the cooperative group or others. ELLPACK includes a simple problem statement language for elliptic problems. Such a system is more than a convenience for everyone involved, it provides an important facility to concisely and permanently identify runs made for performance evaluation. ELLPACK is designed to allow anyone to verify performance evaluation results on his own computer. A special user interface has been prepared to allow ELLPACK to be used remotely through telephone connections. This network allows members of the cooperative group direct access to the latest versions of ELLPACK and its data base. The interface requires almost no knowledge of the Purdue operating system.
Principles of Mimetic Discretizations of Differential Operators

Compatible discretizations transform partial differential equations to discrete algebraic problems that mimic fundamental properties of the continuum equations. We provide a common framework for mimetic discretizations using algebraic topology to guide our analysis. The framework and all attendant discrete structures are put together by using two basic mappings between differential forms and cochains. The key concept of the framework is a natural inner product on cochains which induces a combinatorial Hodge theory on the cochain complex. The framework supports mutually consistent operations of differentiation and integration, has a combinatorial Stokes theorem, and preserves the invariants of the De Rham cohomology groups. This allows, among other things, for an elementary calculation of the kernel of the discrete Laplacian. Our framework provides an abstraction that includes examples of compatible finite element, finite volume, and finite difference methods. We describe how these methods result from a choice of the reconstruction operator and explain when they are equivalent. We demonstrate how to apply the framework for compatible discretization for two scalar versions of the Hodge Laplacian.