cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cell surface receptors transmit sufficient force to bend collagen fibrils.

To better understand the dynamic interaction of cells with their surrounding extracellular matrix, chondrocytes and rat embryo fibroblasts were overlaid with individual collagen fibrils and observed with high-resolution video-enhanced differential interference contrast microscopy. Although the cells had a polygonal shape characteristic of nonmotile cells, they used processes usually associated with cell locomotion to acquire the collagen fibrils. Instead of being transported in a retrograde direction, fibrils on the dorsal cell surface were bent, and regions of the bent fibrils were shifted in diverse directions. A blocking antibody to the β1integrin subunit significantly inhibited collagen fibril acquisition and bending. Enhanced actin assembly was only occasionally associated with fibrils undergoing rearrangement. Considering that the relatively stiff collagen fibrils require the application of force to be bent, this study shows that cells with a polygonal morphology (as opposed to a polarized, motile shape) are capable of exerting force through the β1integrins on the dorsal surface of the cell. Analysis of the bending patterns indicates that fibril buckling was induced by retrograde force combined with regions held stationary and/or the fibrils were bent by forces acting in opposing directions.
548 PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF CONGENITAL ERYTHROPOIETIC ETIC PORPHYRIA

Congenital erythropoietic porphyria (CEP) is a rare disorder of porphyrin metabolism in which uroporphyrinogen I (Uro I) and coproporphyrinogen I are found in great excess in tissues and excreta. This autosomal recessive disorder has been atributed to a partial deficiency of Uro III cosynthetase activity in cells of erythroid origin and other tissues. Studies of fibroblast cultures from skin of a 2 year old boy with CEP revealed an accumulation of protoporphyrin after incubation with Δ-amino-levulinic acid, but no increase in Uro I. A pregnancy of the mother of the patient with CEP was monitored by amniocentesis at 16 weeks gestation. The amniotic fluid had a pink-brown discoloration, and extraction of the porphyrins revealed a marked increase in fluorescence in comparison with control fluids, with characteristic absorption and emission spectra. The presence of marked excess of Uro I was confirmed by thin layer chromatography. Prostaglandin termination of pregnancy 4 days later confirmed the presence of excess Uro I in fetal tissues. Although the diagnosis of CEP can be confirmed by demonstration of reduced Uro III cosynthetase activity in amniotic cell cultures, the marked derangement of Uro I formation is evident in amniotic fluid thereby facilitating prenatal diagnosis of this disorder. (Supported by NIH Grant GM 19100)
Transverse magnetic focusing and the dispersion of GaAs 2D holes at (311)A heterojunctions

Abstract We report transverse magnetic focusing experiments on two-dimensional hole systems confined in square and triangular quantum wells grown on (311)A GaAs substrates. The focusing barriers arc oriented along different crystallographic directions and allow us to derive the constant energy contours in K -space. The results indicate a nearly elliptical shape for these contours which we interpret in light of a lateral surface superlatticc induced by corrugations at the heterojunction.
Phase equilibrium in Y–Ba–Cu–O system

Abstract We have reinvestigated the phase diagram of the system Y–Ba–Cu–O at 950 °C in the pertinent regions of its isobaric–isothermal sections, both in air and in pure oxygen, i.e., at 0.2 and 1.0 atm oxygen pressure. Our investigation showed that there is an equilibrium quadrilateral (with O 2 as the fifth phase) which is composed of the phase 123, 211, 011 and 143 in these sections (at a specified oxygen pressure; according to the phase rule, we then have Ph=5, F=1, C=4). At higher temperatures, a diagonal tie line exists between the phases 123 and 143 rather than between the phases 211 and 011. At temperatures lower than the five-phase equilibrium, the tie line connects the phases 211 and 011. The equilibrium change as a function of T has been studied in the present program, and the necessary modification of the Y–Ba–Cu–O phase diagram as a function of temperature and O 2 pressure is reported. The observed new high-temperature phase relationship allows the phase “143” to be considered instead of 011 as a possible pinning center in 123. This may have important consequences with respect to raising the J c of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− δ superconductors.
The Use of lce-Liquid Water Potential Temperature as a Thermodynamic Variable In Deep Atmospheric Models

Abstract Previous studies have shown liquid water potential temperature to be an inappropriate choice for a thermodynamic variable in a deep cumulus convection model. In this study, an alternate form of this variable called ice-liquid water potential temperature (θu) is derived. Errors resulting from approximations made are discussed, and an empirical form of the θu equation is introduced which eliminates much of this error. Potential temperature lapse rates determined in saturated updrafts and unsaturated downdrafts by various θu approximations, an equivalent potential temperature approximation and a conventional irreversible moist thermodynamic approximation are then compared to the potential temperature lapse rate determined from a rigorously derived reversible thermodynamic energy equation. These approximations are then extended to a precipitating system where comparisons are again made. It is found that the errors using the empirical form of the θu equation are comparable to those made using conventi...
Conceptual and Methodological Considerations in Sport Anxiety Research: From the Inverted-U Hypothesis to Catastrophe Theory

Researchers in sport psychology have devoted much energy to understanding the elusive relationship between anxiety and athletic performance. As new theories are being forwarded in the sport anxiety literature, it is important that they be tested in conceptually and methodologically sound environments. The present review examines conceptual and methodological issues in sport anxiety research, especially focusing on the inverted-U hypothesis, multidimensional anxiety theory, and catastrophe theory. Issues discussed include the correlational versus causal nature of the inverted-U hypothesis; the lack of differentiation among anxiety-related terms such as anxiety, arousal, and stress; the need for a multidimensional conception of anxiety; the assumption that perceived physiological arousal is typically considered negative affect by researchers; the need to utilize appropriate measurement and operational definitions of performance; and the use of intraindividual anxiety scores. Statistical issues related to in...
Delineating the mixed lineage leukemia gene expression network in hematopoietic stem cells

Hematopoiesis is maintained and sustained throughout life by rare hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The hematopoietic system is organized in a hierarchy with the primitive HSCs at the top, generating mature progeny through a series of intermediate and progressively restricted progenitor cells. Normal blood cell development is a tightly controlled process, regulated by transcription factors and epigenetic regulators internally and by cytokines and cellular interactions in the bone marrow microenvironment. Perturbation of the critical molecular regulators is associated often with malignancy of the hematopoietic system, such as leukemia. A key transcriptional regulator in HSCs, the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene, is commonly mutated in both myeloid and lymphoid leukemia (1). MLL is the mammalian ortholog of Drosophila melanogaster Trithorax and widely expressed in multiple organs and tissues including the hematopoietic system and neuronal and vascular systems (2⇓–4). It belongs to a family of histone methyltransferases, where the MLL protein specifically methylates histone H3 on lysine 4 (H3K4), a mark associated with active transcription. MLL is included in a larger multiprotein complex containing protein with chromatin modification and remodeling functions (5). The MLL gene is frequently rearranged through chromosomal translocations, most notably in >70% of cases of infant leukemia and in 10% of all acute myelogeneous leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) (5, 6). The presence of MLL rearrangement in leukemia is generally associated with a poor prognosis. The chromosomal translocations result in MLL fusion proteins that lead to aberrant target gene expression. …
Epidemiological differences between adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus and adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia in the USA.

Background and aims: It has been suggested that gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA) is a distinct entity from oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OA). We examined several epidemiological features of GCA and OA in the USA to elucidate differences/similarities between these malignancies. Methods: Using the database of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program, we examined incidence rates for temporal changes, and ethnic and age distributions, and performed birth cohort analyses for cases with morphologically and histologically confirmed OA or GCA. Results: The age adjusted incidence rates of OA rose progressively, reaching 1.8 per 100 000 (95% confidence interval 1.7–1.9) during 1987–1991 and 2.5 per 100 000 (2.3–2.6) during 1992–1996. In 1992–1996, Whites were affected five times more than Blacks, and men eight times more than women. A significant increase in incidence occurred among younger persons aged 45–65 years. Irrespective of age, OA was characterised by higher incidence rates among more recent birth cohorts: a 40% increase in incidence for each five year increase in the date of birth—a “birth cohort effect”. On the other hand, the incidence rates of GCA reached their highest level of 3.3 per 100 000 (3.2–3.4) in 1987–1991 and subsequently declined during 1992–1996 to 3.1 per 100 000 (3.0–3.3). Whites were affected twice more than blacks and men five times more than women. Most patients with GCA were older than 60 years with no increase among younger persons and no birth cohort effect (p=0.99). Conclusion: Several significant epidemiological differences exist between OA and GCA. These differences suggest that these two malignancies are separate entities with different risk factors.
Preparations for research with the Indiana Cooler

Abstract A storage ring with electron cooling for medium-energy light ions has been completed at the Indiana University Cyclotron Facility. At the present time, the machine is being commissioned for experiments in nuclear, atomic and accelerator physics. We review the current status of the storage ring, the research program and the preparations for the first round of experiments.
Human Activity Recognition Using Wearable Sensors by Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

Human physical activity recognition based on wearable sensors has applications relevant to our daily life such as healthcare. How to achieve high recognition accuracy with low computational cost is an important issue in the ubiquitous computing. Rather than exploring handcrafted features from time-series sensor signals, we assemble signal sequences of accelerometers and gyroscopes into a novel activity image, which enables Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNN) to automatically learn the optimal features from the activity image for the activity recognition task. Our proposed approach is evaluated on three public datasets and it outperforms state-of-the-arts in terms of recognition accuracy and computational cost.
Somatotopy within the medullary electrosensory nucleus of the little skate, Raja erinacea.

The dorsal octavolateral nucleus is the primary electrosensory nucleus in the elasmobranch medulla. We have studied the topographic organization of electrosensory afferent projections within the dorsal nucleus of the little skate, Raja erinacea, by anatomical (HRP) and physiological experiments. The electrosensory organs (ampullae of Lorenzini) in skates are located in four groups on each side of the body, and each group is innervated by a separate ramus of the anterior lateral line nerve (ALLN). Transganglionic transport of HRP in individual rami demonstrated that electroreceptor afferents in each ramus project to a separate, nonoverlapping division of the central zone of the ipsilateral dorsal nucleus. These divisions, which are distinct areas separated by compact cell plates, are somatopically arranged. The volume of each division of the dorsal nucleus that is related to a single ramus is proportional to the number of ampullae innervated by the ramus, but not to the body surface area on which the receptors are distributed. Nearly one-half of the nucleus is devoted to electrosensory inputs from the buccal and superficial ophthalmic ampullae concentrated in a small area on the ventral surface of the head rostral to the mouth. Multiple and single unit recordings demonstrated that adjacent cells in the nucleus have similar receptive fields on the body surface and revealed a detailed point-to-point somatotopy within the nucleus. With threshold stimuli most single units have ipsilateral receptive fields made up by excitatory inputs from 2–5 ampullary organs. The somatotopy within the mechanosensory medial nucleus, also revealed by the HRP fills of individual ALLN rami, appears less rigid than that in the dorsal nucleus, as extensive overlap is present in the terminal fields of separate ALLN rami.
Axon outgrowth enhanced by a previous nerve injury.

In the sciatic nerve of adult mice, the rate of axonal elongation following nerve excision was 27% faster than normal if the nerve had been crushed two weeks before the excision.
Antagonist-Binding Conformation of the Dopamine D2S Receptor

The dopamine D2S receptor was modeled by reference to the β2 Adrenergic receptor crystal structure. Both are monoamine binding neurotransmitter receptors; the two receptors have high sequence similarity (> 85%) except for extracellular loop 2, which has 12 extra amino acids in the β2 Adrenergic receptor.Distance constraints were employed to reconstruct the conserved disulfide bridge Cys107 to Cys182 as well as extracellular loops 1 and 2 such that genetically conserved residue pair interactions are maintained in the D2S receptor when analogous packing occurs in the β2 Adrenergic receptor. Loops were rebuilt by first noting the positions of three template atoms at the N-terminal and C-terminal boundaries of the loop. Intermediate peptide conformers were searched and low energy states were filtered to replicate known distances between atoms in the N-terminal and C-terminal boundary templates. The adjusted homology model was refined by energy minimization, subject to weights that preserve an important salt bridge and a genetically conserved aromatic cluster.Receptor movement as large as 4 Angstroms is necessary before the 0.3 nM D2S antagonist spiperone can dock. The likely spiperone-binding receptor state was identified by an inverse docking strategy that packs flexible receptor fragments around the ligand. This binding site template then implies a set of distance constraints that can be used to reshape the full conformation of the apo receptor. Yet even a receptor that is explicitly reshaped to fit spiperone will not accommodate this ligand unless thorough search is done for variants of extracellular loop 2 that border the binding site
Anaerobic toxicity and biodegradability of pulp mill waste constituents

Abstract Batch bioassays have been conducted to characterize the response of methanogenic bacteria to several constituents of sulfite evaporator condensate. The results can be grouped into three ranges with increasingly severe consequences to anaerobic reactors: a low concentration, no effect range; a medium concentration range where methanogenesis is temporarily interrupted or slowed down, but may return to normal; and a high concentration range where methanogenesis is permanently inhibited. In some cases the toxicant was metabolized when present in the lower concentration ranges. There was also evidence that mechanisms other than fermentation to methane were significant in accounting for removal of the toxicants from solution. Organisms acclimated to low concentrations of a toxicant are better able to withstand a shock load of that toxicant than are unacclimated organisms.
Coalescence rate model for ductile damage in metals

A cell model for void coalescence for ductile damage in metals is presented. The basic mechanism is void linking through an instability in the intervoid ligament. The model treats the average void and intervoid ligament behavior after the onset of the instability. The model can be used for the porosity evolution and point of fracture. Practical numerical models for hydrocode use are developed.
Dual track and segmented single track bidirectional loop guidepath layout for AGV systems

In this study, we develop integer programming models for simultaneous design of the guidepath track and location of the pickup and dropoff stations for automated guided vehicle systems. Two alternative bidirectional topologies are compared: a dual track loop, and a single track loop partitioned into non-overlapping segments, each served by a single vehicle. We show that the empty vehicle trips have a significant impact on the quality of design in both topologies. More importantly, we identify the difference between empty flow node balancing for a dual track loop with the empty flow edge balancing on a single track loop subject to segmentation. Our work presents an economic decision making model for the trade-off analysis between the costs associated with the additional shop floor space of a dual track loop and the increased vehicle fleet size of a segmented single track loop.
Estrogen reduces leukocyte adhesion in the cerebral circulation of female rats.

In this study the authors addressed the hypothesis that estrogen (i.e., 17β-estradiol) acts to repress leukocyte adhesion. The experiments involved comparing leukocyte adhesion in cerebral venules in vivo, in intact ovariectomized and 17β-estradiol-treated (100 μg/kg/day for 1 week) ovariectomized female rats using topical applications of the adhesionpromoting drug, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Adherent Rhodamine-6G-labeled leukocytes were viewed through a closed cranial window using intravital microscopy/videometry. Leukocyte dynamics were recorded at baseline and after each dose of PMA. The PMA was suffused (1.0 mL/min) at increasing concentrations (0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 μmol/L, 15 minutes at each level). A videotape record of each experiment was made for subsequent analysis of leukocyte adhesion. The data showed that the percentage venular area occupied by adherent leukocytes at baseline was significantly greater in the ovariectomized compared to the intact and 17β-estradiol-treated groups (12.2%, 3.4%, and 4.2% respectively). That relationship was maintained during PMA treatments to the extent that the percentage venular area occupied by adherent leukocytes increased to 26.4% in the untreated ovariectomized group compared to 14.4% and 11.3% in the intact and 17β-estradiol-treated groups, respectively. In conclusion, the authors found chronic estrogen depletion enhances leukocyte adhesion in the rat cerebral circulation. Estrogen repletion in such animals is accompanied by a significant reduction in leukocyte adhesion. These findings could, at least in part, account for the ischemic brain damage seen in ovariectomized versus intact females, and the restored neuroprotection observed upon 17β-estradiol treatment reported in earlier studies.
Epitaxial stabilization of single crystal anatase films via reactive sputter deposition

Abstract Single crystal-like TiO2 films possessing the anatase crystal structure have been realized on (001) LaAlO3 using reactive sputter deposition. The anatase polymorph could be epitaxially stabilized over a wide range of deposition temperatures and oxygen pressures. Both in-plane and out-of-plane X-ray diffraction measurements reflect a high degree of crystallinity for the deposited films. Thickness oscillations in the X-ray diffraction intensity and atomic force microscopy measurements indicate that the films are remarkably smooth, with surface morphology that is limited by that of the substrate. This result illustrates the effectiveness for epitaxy in stabilizing metastable phases, in particular for anatase, through matching of lattice spacing and nucleation chemistry.
Quantum Chemical Study of Zirconium Oxide Deposition on the Si(100)−(2×1) Surface

Zirconium oxide (ZrO 2 ) deposition on the Si(100)-(2×1) surface is investigated using density functional theory (DFT). The reactants investigated in this study are ZrCl 4 and H 2 O. The atomistic mechanisms of the two different deposition cycles are investigated: (1) First, ZrCl 4 is deposited on the clean Si(100)-(2×1) surface. Upon adsorption, ZrCl 4 is shown to dissociate into ZrCl 3 (a) and Cl(a) with an activation barrier that is below the entrance channel. Next, water is deposited and reactions on the Si-Cl* and Zr-Cl* surface sites are investigated, where the asterisks denote the surface species. Alternatively, (2) H 2 O is first deposited on the Si(100)-(2×1) surface. As previously determined, we also find that H 2 O dissociates into OH(a) and H(a) upon adsorption. Subsequent reactions of ZrCl 4 with the resulting Si-OH* and Si-H* sites are then investigated. Reactions on Si-H* sites also provide insight into the growth on hydrogen-terminated Si surfaces. Upon investigation of the two different deposition cycles, the structure of the interfacial layer between silicon and zirconium oxide is then investigated.
SRSL pipelining of coarse-grain datapaths

In this paper, we propose a clockless handshake mechanism based on self-resetting stage logic targeted for pipelined datapaths. In this logic, a stage resets itself after it completes the evaluation of its embedded logic. As such, a stage oscillates between a reset phase and an evaluate phase thus completing a single period. This handshake mechanism is incorporated into two distinct pipelines where its coordination is limited to each pair of neighboring stages in the first pipeline, while it is driven by the last stage in the second pipeline. Implementation results of both pipelines show that they can reach throughputs of several hundred Mega outputs per second, while they can easily reach the 1.4 Giga outputs per second if implemented as FIFOs.
3'-Untranslated region of the type 2 bradykinin receptor is a potent regulator of gene expression.

Regulation of the constitutively expressed type 2 bradykinin (B2) receptor, which mediates the principal actions of bradykinin, occurs at multiple levels. The goal of the current study was to deter...
Arrays of Uniform Latex Spheres as Test Objects in Optical Microscopy.

It is the purpose of this communication to illustrate the utility of regular arrays of uniform high polymer latex spheres (2-D crystals) as resolution test objects for the optical microscope. Such test specimen slides are easily prepared, inexpensive, and can be quite accurately characterized as to size of the spheres which make up the arrays. Through their use it was possible to experimentally verify the validity of the generalized form of Abbe' s rule (see Eq. (2)) for bright field microscopy. Similarly, it was possible to demonstrate that resolution in dark field microscopy is equal to and can sometimes surpass performance in bright field. Array test objects also hold great promise in the teaching of microscopy. The importance of proper micros topic technique and the difference between resolution and non-resolution, resolution and detection, and the effect of the wavelength of light on resolution are all easily demonstrated through the use of latex arrays.
Prenegotiation Development of Optimism in Intractable Conflict

Except when there is substantial third-party pressure for settlement, participants in intractable conflict will only enter negotiation if they are motivated to end the conflict and optimistic about negotiation’s chances of success. The sources of such optimism are explored using case material from three intractable interethnic conflicts that were ultimately resolved by negotiation. In all three cases, optimism developed during prenegotiation communication between the parties. Also there were two main channels of communication, each channel providing credibility to the other and serving as a back-up if the other failed. In two of the cases the communication was face-to-face and friendly, but in the third it was distant and mediated by a chain of two intermediaries. A possible reason for this difference is that the parties were positively interdependent in the first two cases but not in the third. The paper concludes with a summary of three psychological experiments that demonstrate the impact of positive vs. negative interdependence.
Enforcing energy, helicity and strong mass conservation in finite element computations for incompressible Navier–Stokes simulations☆

Abstract We study a finite element scheme for the 3D Navier–Stokes equations (NSE) that globally conserves energy and helicity and, through the use of Scott–Vogelius elements, enforces pointwise the solenoidal constraints for velocity and vorticity. A complete numerical analysis is given, including proofs for conservation laws, unconditional stability and optimal convergence. We also show the method can be efficiently computed by exploiting a connection between this method, its associated penalty method, and the method arising from using grad-div stabilized Taylor–Hood elements. Finally, we give numerical examples which verify the theory and demonstrate the effectiveness of the scheme.
Crack nucleation in polycrystalline ice

Abstract This paper examines in detail two likely mechanisms of microcrack formation in polycrystalline ice and pays special attention to the grain size dependencies of each mechanism. Under consideration are the Zener-Stroh dislocation pileup mechanism and an elastic mechanism based on the anisotropy of the ice lattice. Calculations for the pileup mechanism indicate that although the dislocation velocity is relatively low, a critical-sized pileup can form under plausible test conditions. Quantification of the elastic anisotropy mechanism indicates that it operates over approximately the same stress levels as the pileup mechanism and exhibits the same grain size dependency. The results of observations on the microcracking of laboratory-prepared freshwater ice having randomly oriented equiaxed grains are used to test the model predictions. The work gives detailed descriptions of the methods used to quantify each model.
Surgeon-performed ultrasound for the assessment of truncal injuries: lessons learned from 1540 patients

OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy of the Focused Assessment for the Sonographic examination of the Trauma patient (FAST) when performed by trauma team members during a 3-year period, and to determine the clinical conditions in which the FAST is most accurate in the assessment of injured patients. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The FAST is a rapid test that sequentially surveys the pericardial region for hemopericardium and then the right and left upper quadrants and pelvis for hemoperitoneum in patients with potential truncal injuries. The clinical conditions in which the FAST is most accurate in the assessment of injured patients have yet to be determined. METHODS: FAST examinations were performed on patients with precordial or transthoracic wounds or blunt abdominal trauma. Patients with a positive ultrasound (US) examination for hemopericardium underwent immediate surgery, whereas those with a positive US for hemoperitoneum underwent a computed tomography scan (if they were hemodynamically stable) or immediate celiotomy (if they were hemodynamically unstable- blood pressure < or = 90 mmHg). RESULTS: FAST examinations were performed in 1540 patients (1227 with blunt injuries, 313 with penetrating injuries). There were 1440 true-negative results, 80 true-positive results, 16 false-negative results, and 4 false-positive results; the sensitivity was 83.3%, the specificity 99.7%. US was most sensitive and specific for the evaluation of patients with precordial or transthoracic wounds (sensitivity 100%, specificity 99.3%) and hypotensive patients with blunt abdominal trauma (sensitivity 100%, specificity 100%). CONCLUSIONS: US should be the initial diagnostic modality for the evaluation of patients with precordial wounds and blunt truncal injuries because it is rapid and accurate. Because of the high sensitivity and specificity of US in the evaluation of patients with precordial wounds and hypotensive patients with blunt torso trauma, immediate surgical intervention is justified when those patients have a positive US examination.
Aligning Heart Intelligence for Strategic Impact

Background: Memorial Hospital & Health System is a midwestern, level 2 trauma center and health system with more than 4000 employees. We are a community-owned, not-for-profit hospital/health system with a more than 100-year history of serving with innovative excellence. Memorial began its partnership with HeartMath in 2002 as part of our Wellness initiative, reconnecting in 2008 to invigorate our “Great Place to Work” journey.
Turning Around Our Perceptions and Practices, Then Our Readers

In this column, the authors encourage teachers to resist using the unhelpful term struggling reader and instead focus on who the reader is and what will motivate her or him. The authors present a five-part framework for meeting the needs of all readers and argue that focusing on students' negative behaviors during reading creates a missed opportunity for the teacher to turn herself or himself around and see the reader from a different perspective.
Black Agricultural Economists in the Labor Market: Theoretical and Empirical Issues

The American Economic Association (AEA) and the American Agricultural Economics Association (AAEA) have had a long tradition of monitoring the labor market characteristics for economists and agricultural economists. Evaluations of labor market conditions for economists are represented by the works of Breneman and Kleinman; Clague and Levine; Tolles, Jones, and Clague; and Tolles and Melichar. Labor market characteristics for agricultural economists have been evaluated by Helmberger, Melichar, Schotzko, Lee, Broder and Ziemer, and Strauss and Tarr. It is somewhat surprising, however, given the emphasis on resource allocation, efficiency, and equity among economists, that no comprehensive research has been conducted on the labor market characteristics of black economists and agricultural economists. Despite the failure of economists to apply their analytical tools to the issues of participation by blacks in the economists' labor market, it is significant that the AEA demonstrated awareness of the problem and issues in this area in 1969 when it sponsored a session entitled, "Increasing the Supply of Black Economists," at its annual meeting. At this session, Boulding argued cogently that the cultureboundness of economists was an obvious factor associated with the profession's neglect of problems of particular interest to disadvantaged racial and cultural groups. Concurrently, Chandler addressed the status of blacks in the economics profession and presented an affirmative action plan for the profession.
Symmetry-Dependent Effective Force-Constant Changes around Impurities in Ionic Crystals

The lattice relaxation and effective force-constant changes for even symmetry modes around substitutional impurities in ionic crystals are studied in terms of a simple classical ionic-crystal model for the potential energy. It is shown that Coulomb and second-neighbor repulsive interactions can make large contributions to the effective force-constant changes. These contributions are symmetry dependent, and may even yield, for example, ${A}_{1g}$ and ${E}_{g}$ effective force-constant changes which have opposite signs, contrary to what has been frequently assumed in the literature. Illustrative results are presented for the Raman scattering of substitutional ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{+}$ ions in sodium chloride.
Thiosugar nucleotide analogs: Synthesis of 5′-(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-6-S-acetyl-6-thio-α-d-galactopyranosyl diphosphate)

The synthesis of a novel analog of uridine diphosphate galactose (UDP-Gal) is described. A sulfur atom was inserted into the 6-position of galactose to give uridine 5'-(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-6-S-acetyl-6-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl diphosphate). This peracetylated thiol analogue of UDP-Gal has been synthesized in nine steps starting from methyl alpha-D-galactopyranoside in an overall yield of 3%.
Mycobacterium chelonei keratitis after radial keratotomy.

Two patients who had undergone radial keratotomy developed delayed postoperative infectious keratitis. Both patients had surgery at the same outpatient facility, and their procedures had been performed by the same surgeon. The corneal lesions appeared similar in both cases, consisting of white irregular infiltrates with radiating projections and fluffy, indistinct margins. Although they were found at all levels, the lesions were most concentrated in the mid-to-deep stroma and were associated with overlying epithelial defects. In both cases, Mycobacterium chelonei was isolated from corneal biopsy specimens. Both patients were treated with topical fortified amikacin; in one there was complete resolution of the corneal infiltrates with medical therapy alone. Although the other patient's lesions initially appeared to resolve with medical therapy, she eventually required corneal transplantation because of recurrence of the infiltrates. Histopathologically, the infiltrates consisted of myriads of acid-fast bacteria with rare inflammatory Cell infiltrations.
The skeletal effects of spaceflight in growing rats: Tissue‐specific alterations in mrna levels for TGF‐β

Dynamic weight bearing is important for normal growth and maintenance of the skeleton in humans and laboratory animals. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) has been implicated as having autocrine and paracrine actions in bone. The purpose of this study was to examine mRNA levels of TGF-beta in skeletal tissues of growing male rats following skeletal unweighting during an 11-day spaceflight. Animals were sacrificed 5-8 h after the skeleton was reloaded. Spaceflight resulted in decreases in cortical bone area and periosteal bone formation, but no change in medullary area and endocortical bone formation. In addition, spaceflight had no effect on longitudinal bone growth. TGF-beta was reduced relative to the ground controls in the hindlimb periosteum, but was not significantly altered in the growth zone of the tibial metaphysis. Similarly, mRNA levels for type I collagen were reduced in the periosteum, but not in the metaphysis of flight animals. The results suggest a potential role of TGF-beta as an intermediate in the signal transduction pathway for mechanical loading. Further, they indicate skeletal tissue compartment-dependent changes in mRNA levels for TGF-beta following weightlessness.
Recommendation Systems with Purchase Data

Abstract Many firms use decision tools called “automatic recommendation systems” that attempt to analyze a customer's purchase history and identify products the customer may buy if the firm were to bring these products to the customer's attention. Much of the research in the literature today attempts to recommend products that have a high probability of purchase (conditional on the customer's history). However, the author posits that the recommendation decision should be based not on purchase probabilities but rather on the sensitivity of purchase probabilities to the recommendation action. This article attempts to model carefully the role of firms' recommendation actions in modifying customers' buying behaviors relative to what the customers would do without such a recommendation intervention. The author proposes a simple consumer behavior model that accommodates a transparent role for a firm's recommendation actions. The model is expressed in econometric terms so that it can be estimated with available ...
Conversion of the amino acid sequence Gly-Pro-Pro in protein to Gly-Pro-Hyp by collagen proline hydroxylase

Abstract The amino acid sequence Gly-Pro-Hyp is unique to and recurs in collagen. In contrast, the sequence Gly-Pro-Pro recurs in the experimentally produced collagenase degradable protein which serves as substrate for the enzyme, collagen proline hydroxylase. The primary structure of substrate reappears to be identical with the primary structure of collagen except for the replacement of hydroxyprolyl by prolyl residues. The quantity of the two tripeptides has been determined in collagenase digests of hydroxylase substrate before and after incubation in an enzyme-dependent, proline hydroxylating system. During incubation, Gly-Pro-Pro sequences of substrate are stoichiometrically converted to the Gly-Pro-Hyp sequences characteristic of natural collagen. Approximately 37% of the total hydroxyproline synthesized in vitro is located in Gly-Pro-Hyp sequences. The hydroxyproline formed is 4-hydroxyproline.
Frequency-stability measurements of two nonplanar ring oscillators independently stabilized to two Fabry-Perot interferometers

We have stabilized two 1064 nm Nd:YAG lasers to two independent Fabry-Perot interferometers. The interferometers are housed separate vacuum vessels and independently temperature stabilized. The ultra-low loss mirrors provide cavity finesses of about 200,000 and cavity linewidths of 5 kHz. The servo control systems use the reflected PM discriminator. Fast feedback to control the laser frequency is applied to a piezoelectric transducer, whereas slow control is made possible by temperature-tuning of the laser crystal. Allan variance measurements of the beatnote between the two laser systems are less than 3 X 10-14 for delay times between 0.1 and 1 s.
A father of the revolution

When I was a graduate student in the late 60's, Wittgenstein was very fashionable. Remarks like "meaning is use" rolled off one's tongue as easily as "Hell no, we won't go," or "It's not the case that necessarily the number of planets is greater than seven." I vowed to avoid the Philosophical Investigations, and I was true to my vow until some years later when a friend commented that my approach to indexicals2 exhibited what he called a social perspective. Difficult and quirky as Wittgenstein's text might be, I reluctantly concluded, it might well be a source of insight concerning the social character of language. There was a second reason for taking the plunge into the Investigations. Wittgenstein, it was well known, defended a variant of the description theory of names, specifically the cluster theory. Moreover, Wittgenstein opposed in a radical sort of way making naming any sort of key to language this was additionally well known. A study of the Investigations, then, would provide an excellent test of the anti-Fregean, "direct reference,"3 approach I'd been developing in my dissertation and in several subsequent papers. Imagine my surprise when I found that the orientation towards language and thought that I had been identifying and criticizing as Fregean was for Wittgenstein almost an obsession. It is the grip of just such ways of thinking that according to Wittgenstein paralyzes us, that creates puzzles and quandaries. To break its hold, we need to attend closely to actual practice. "Look at our practices," urges Wittgenstein, "don't think about what they must be like." But this, I reflected, is just what contemporary anti-Fregeans Kripke and Donnellan, for examplehad been doing, the outcome being a host of examples that strike at the heart of traditional philosophy of language. I was finding, contrary to what I expected, something of a convergence of views.
Structure-Based Mechanistic Insights into DNMT1-Mediated Maintenance DNA Methylation

DNMT1, the major maintenance DNA methyltransferase in animals, helps to regulate gene expression, genome imprinting, and X-chromosome inactivation. We report on the crystal structure of a productive covalent mouse DNMT1(731-1602)–DNA complex containing a central hemimethylated CpG site. The methyl group of methylcytosine is positioned within a shallow hydrophobic concave surface, whereas the cytosine on the target strand is looped out and covalently anchored within the catalytic pocket. The DNA is distorted at the hemimethylated CpG step, with side chains from catalytic and recognition loops inserting through both grooves to fill an intercalation-type cavity associated with a dual base flip-out on partner strands. Structural and biochemical data establish how a combination of active and autoinhibitory mechanisms ensures the high fidelity of DNMT1-mediated maintenance DNA methylation.
A Preliminary Study of the Pseudobranch Associated with the Spiracle in the North American Paddlefish, Polyodon spathula

A pseudobranch, a small gill-like organ, can be found in most fishes including Elasmobranchii, Chondrostei, and Teleostei, however, the exact location varies among the groups. The function of the pseudobranch is not clear although it is likely not primarily for oxygen exchange as it receives blood directly from the gills. We examined the vascular supply of the pseudobranch of Polyodon spathula as an initial study on the physiologic function of this organ in paddlefish.
The effects of morphine, morphinone and thebaine on the EEG and behavior of rabbits and cats.

Abstract The effects of morphine, morphinone and thebaine on the brain electrical activity and behavior of rabbits and cats were studied. Low doses of all three drugs were depressant and produced initial changes in cortical and reticular formation EEG leads. High doses were convulsant. Convulsant EEG patterns appeared first in the hippocampal and cortical leads after both morphine and thebaine while they appeared in the cortical leads after morphinone. After thebaine, activity in the electrospinogram and cerebellar leads appeared only after activation of the cortical leads was observed. The toxicity of morphinone in mice was freshly examined. Morphinone killed by respiratory depression when given by the subcutaneous route and by convulsions when given by the intraperitoneal and intravenous routes.
Investigation of oxide layer structure on niobium surface using a secondary ion mass spectrometry

Oxide layer structure on the surfaces of niobium (Nb) can be studied by continuously monitoring peaks of the secondary ions of Nb and its relevant oxides as a function of time during depth profiling measurements employing a secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). This is based on the fact that different oxides have different cracking patterns. This new approach is much simpler and easier for studying oxide layer structure on Nb surfaces than the conventional approach through deconvolution of oxide peaks obtained from an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Eventually the method described here can be developed into an in situ tool for monitoring the oxide layer structure on Nb surfaces prepared by various procedures. Preliminary results of SIMS measurements on the surfaces of Nb samples treated by buffered electropolishing and buffered chemical polishing will be reported.
Effects of light and dark treatments on feeding by the reef coral Pocillopora damicornis (Linnaeus)

Abstract The feeding capability of Pocillopora damicornis (Linnaeus) was measured by exposing segments of the same colony to different densities of Artemia salina (L.) nauplii and determining the number of ingested prey. Feeding is directly related to prey density. No plateau in feeding capability was observed over the range of prey densities used. The effects of reduced photosynthesis on feeding capability and tissue dry weight were also examined in colonies maintained in unfiltered running sea water. Tissue samples from clonal segments of Pocillopora damicornis colonies maintained in a covered (dark) sea table for 2 days or 15 to 17 days weighed significantly less than equivalent samples from segments maintained in a normal (light) sea table. Segments maintained in a darkened sea table for over 2 wk were unable to ingest as many Artemia nauplii as their light table equivalents. These data indicate that the amount of Zooplankton available to the colonies in the sea table was insufficient to meet their metabolic requirements and that feeding in Pocillopora damicornis was dependent upon energy derived from photosynthesis by the zooxanthellae.
Electrochemical and photochemical oxidation of the deazapurine nucleotide drug tubercidin-5'-monophosphate

Abstract Oxidation of deazapurine nucleotide, tubercidin-5'-monophosphate (TMP), was investigated by cyclic voltammetry, coulometry and constant potential electrolysis. HPLC, mass spectrometry, FTIR and NMR spectroscopy were used to identify reaction intermediates and products. Photochemical oxidation of TMP was investigated by HPLC and UV spectroscopy. Experimental results show formation of the same products in the electrochemical and photochemical oxidation. The products that were identified indicate a possible radical oxidation pathway. The results demonstrate the role of adsorption in the electrochemical oxidation of TMP.
PROTEIN QUALITY EVALUATION OF AN INSTANT BEAN POWDER PRODUCED BY DRY HEAT PROCESSING

Instant bean powders were prepared by roasting navy beans in a bed of salt at 190°C for 20 set or 220°C for 10 set follpwed by grinding in a Wiley Mill. The powders were evaluated for antitrypsin activity and for relative protein value (RPV). The RPV's of methionine-supplemente.d and unsupplemented samples were superior to casein and equal to 110% and 60% of the RPV of casein, respectively. The heat treatment destroyed 70-80% of the antitrypsin activity originally present. Potential applications of the dry heat process are discussed.
A Direct Probe of the Interplay between Bilayer Morphology and Surface Reactivity in Polymersomes

Bilayer vesicles self-assembled from amphiphilic poly(ethylene oxide)-b-polybutadiene (PEO-b-PBd) copolymers are cell-like structures whose high stability and tunable membrane properties make them ideal for use as potential drug carriers and cell mimicry templates. Understanding how the surface interactions (reaction, binding, etc.) are governed by the bilayer structure is critical to enable construction of polymersomes with tailored colloidal behavior. Here, we adapt a previously established chemical labeling method by incorporating coumarin functionalized copolymer into the vesicular structure. This allows us to probe the effect of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) brush and surface architecture on the bimolecular quenching reaction occurring at the polymersome surface. Using these measurements, we have tracked quenching in free solution, on bare particles, and on two types of vesicle surfaces: one where the functionalized copolymer groups are longer than the surrounding unfunctionalized copolymer, and one wh...
Data quality: A statistical perspective

Abstract We present the old-but-new problem of data quality from a statistical perspective, in part with the goal of attracting more statisticians, especially academics, to become engaged in research on a rich set of exciting challenges. The data quality landscape is described, and its research foundations in computer science, total quality management and statistics are reviewed. Two case studies based on an EDA approach to data quality are used to motivate a set of research challenges for statistics that span theory, methodology and software tools.