cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ru 99 Mössbauer effect study of off-stoichiometric Sr Ru 1 − v O 3 synthesized with different Curie temperatures

The $^{99}\mathrm{Ru}$ M\"ossbauer effect has been measured in the off-stoichiometric $\mathrm{Sr}\mathrm{Ru}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ compounds that have been synthesized with lowered ${T}_{C}$ for compositions $\mathrm{Sr}{\mathrm{Ru}}_{1\ensuremath{-}v}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ $(0.0\ensuremath{\leqslant}v\ensuremath{\leqslant}0.12)$. The ${T}_{C}$ of the compounds range from $162\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ (pure $\mathrm{Sr}\mathrm{Ru}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$) to $45\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ $(\mathrm{Sr}{\mathrm{Ru}}_{0.88}{\mathrm{O}}_{3})$. The isomer shifts of these compounds measured above the ${T}_{C}$ for each compound reveal a small change in ion state of Ruthenium from $4+$ toward $5+$ as the ${T}_{C}$ decreases. However, the hyperfine magnetic fields remain at approximately $33\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{T}$ at $4.2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ in depressed ${T}_{C}$ compounds and the absence of quadrupolar features in the spectra indicates that the $\mathrm{Ru}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ octahedra remain undistorted in these samples. The rapid decrease in ${T}_{C}$ with the change in the charge distribution at the Ru site suggests that carrier concentration has a much stronger influence on ${T}_{C}$ than the rotation of the $\mathrm{Ru}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ octahedra seen in the ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ca}}_{x}\mathrm{Ru}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ system.
Ethanol Production and Gasoline Prices: A Spurious Correlation

Ethanol made from corn comprises 10% of U.S. gasoline, up from 3% in 2003. This dramatic increase was spurred by recent policy initiatives such as the Renewable Fuel Standard and state-level blend mandates and supported by direct subsidies such as the Volumetric Ethanol Excise Tax Credit. Some proponents of ethanol have argued that ethanol production greatly lowers gasoline prices, with one industry group claiming it reduced gasoline prices by 89 cents in 2010 and $1.09 in 2011. The 2010 figure has been cited in numerous speeches by Secretary of Agriculture Thomas Vilsack. We show that these estimates were generated by implausible economic assumptions and spurious statistical correlations. To support this last point, we use the same statistical models and find that ethanol production "decreases" natural gas prices, but "increases" unemployment in both the U.S. and Europe. We even show that ethanol production "increases" the ages of our children. Overall, we see no compelling reason to believe that the effect of ethanol use on gasoline prices has been more than $0.10 per gallon.
Continuous or emergent EEG: can bedside caregivers recognize epileptiform discharges?

When emergent or continuous EEG monitoring is carried out to detect subclinical seizures, expert interpretation of the results is usually not immediately available. We assessed the ability to recognize epileptiform discharges among various nonexpert bedside caregivers. A second objective was to determine whether such skill improves with a simple educational intervention. A prospective cohort study with an educational intervention in a university-based tertiary medical center. All 125 neurology and neurosurgery residents, intensive care fellows, critical care and neurological floor nurses, and EEG technicians were offered participation. Of these, 50 completed the study and provided 2,398 EEG responses. A computer-based PowerPoint lecture designed to teach recognition of epileptiform discharges. (a) Average number of correct responses in identifying epileptiform discharges in a computer-based pre-test consisting of 24 EEG questions. (b) Impact of the educational intervention as measured by change in the mean average score in a similar post-test. The rate of correct responses by group ranged from 46% for medical critical care nurses to 94% for EEG technicians. Overall mean correct response rate was 14.72 (61%) for the pre-test, and increased to 16.06 (67%) in for post-test (p=0.002). Recognition of epileptifom discharges by bedside caregivers is disturbingly low. A simple educational intervention only modestly improved such ability. Therefore we should not rely on nontrained personnel to interpret emergent or continuous recordings. EEG technicians are an exception, and their skill could be utilized during emergent studies.
Electron transport modeling and energy filtering for efficient thermoelectric Mg2Si1-xSnx solid solutions

We present a comprehensive electron transport model to analyze thermoelectric properties of both $n$- and $p$-type bulk ${\text{Mg}}_{2}$${\text{Si}}_{1\text{\ensuremath{-}}x}$${\text{Sn}}_{x}$ ($0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}1$) solid solutions. A temperature-dependent multiparabolic bands model is used to describe the band structures of the alloys, and the transport properties are calculated using the linearized Boltzmann transport equations under the relaxation time approximation. A variety of experimental data from literature are fitted very well by this model and analyzed for further material optimization. Our analysis shows that the compositions of $x$ = 0.6 to 0.7 exhibit the highest thermoelectric figure of merit zT among $n$-type ${\text{Mg}}_{2}$${\text{Si}}_{1\text{\ensuremath{-}}x}$${\text{Sn}}_{x}$ in the midtemperature range 600 to 900 K due to both the high power factors achieved by the convergence of the two conduction bands and low electronic thermal conductivities. For the $p$-type materials, we find that the bipolar electronic thermal conductivity is a major factor limiting the figure of merit. Low Sn content ($x$ 0.4) alloys show a larger figure of merit among the $p$-type materials due mainly to their lower bipolar thermal conductivities with larger band gaps. Finally, we propose that hot carrier energy filtering can be very useful for these alloys as it can simultaneously reduce the electronic thermal conductivity and enhance the power factor. A zT greater than 3 is possible for $n$-type ${\text{Mg}}_{2}$${\text{Si}}_{0.4}$${\text{Sn}}_{0.6}$ ($x$ = 0.6) at 700 K, if electrons with energies lower than 0.4 eV are effectively prevented from participating in transport.
Atmospheric Cameras and Ecological Light in the Landscape Photographs of Eadweard Muybridge

AbstractBetween two trips to the Yosemite Valley in 1867 and 1872, Eadweard Muybridge engaged in a groundbreaking, if short-lived, photographic exploration of landscape, light, and cloud. While the reception of Yosemite photographs by contemporaries such as Carleton Watkins has been central to constructing an environmental history of wilderness preservation, Muybridge's work at this same site opens upon a more ecological strain in the history of photography. Capturing clouds and other subjects with similar effects of blur, Muybridge's photographs began to picture a world informed by an emerging sense of light as a form of energy. In so doing, these works also revise the relationship between linear perspective in the history of painting and its role in early technologies of photography by employing the cloud itself as a kind of “atmospheric camera.”
A constitutive model for hysteretic phase transition behavior

Abstract A model for rate independent hysteresis, based on the Duhem-Madelung framework, is examined in the context of temperature induced phase transitions such as those which occur in shape memory metals. Connection to experiment follows from its dependence upon the hysteresis envelope for complete transitions. Various requirements upon partial transitions, notably that such transitions proceed at a pace that is proportional to the phase fraction of the parent phase, complete the model. Restrictions on the hysteresis envelope are obtained that ensure monotonicity, containment and orientation requirements upon partial transition paths.
Predation on a yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus cynocephalus) by a lioness in the Tana River National Primate Reserve, Kenya

Predation on an adult female yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus cynocephalus) by a lioness is reported. This predation occurred in full daylight within 10 m of the observer. The high incidence of disappearances of adult females from the study troop during a one-year period is reported and the potential long-term demographic effects upon the troop resulting from this one year's high number of disappearances discussed. These disappearances may be due to predation. We suggest that lion predation upon baboons, and baboon deaths and disappearances in general, in the Tana Reserve, may be inversely related to rainfall. We also report that there does not appear to be a long-term sex difference in vulnerability to death or disappearance. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Low-Complexity Switch Network for Reconfigurable LDPC Decoders

In this paper, we propose an efficient low-complexity switch network design for reconfigurable low-density parity-check (LDPC) decoders. The proposed architecture leads to significant reductions in hardware complexity. Since the structured quasi-cyclic (QC) LDPC codes for most modern wireless communication systems include multiple code rates, various block lengths, and different sizes of submatrices, a reconfigurable LDPC decoder is desirable and the barrel shifter needs to be programmable. The Benes network cannot be optimized as the barrel shifter for a reconfigurable LDPC decoder when the input size of barrel shifter is not a power of 2. Also, it is not trivial to generate all the control signals on-the-fly for numerous 2 × 2 switches in the switch network. In this paper, a novel low-complexity switch network design is proposed, which can be used efficiently when the input size of barrel shifters is not a power of 2. Furthermore, we propose a novel algorithm to generate all the control signals, which can be implemented with a small size of lookup table (LUT) or a simple combination logic on-the-fly, using the properties that both the full-size switch network can be broken into two half-size switch networks and the barrel shifters for the structured QC LDPC decoders require only cyclic shifts. Compared with conventional Benes networks using a dedicated LUT or a complicated signal generating algorithm, the proposed architectures achieve significant hardware reductions in implementing the barrel shifters for reconfigurable LDPC decoders. In synthesis result using the TSMC 0.18-?m standard cell CMOS technology, the proposed switch network for a reconfigurable LDPC decoder of IEEE 802.16e and IEEE 802.11n can be implemented with an area of 0.772 mm2, which leads to a significant area reduction.
Hysteresis, Import Penetration, and Exchange Rate Pass-Through

A competitive industry has established home firms, and foreign firms with entry and exit costs. The real exchange rate follows a Brownian motion. Industry equilibrium is determined using methods of option pricing. Entry requires the operating profit to exceed the interest on the entry cost, and similarly for exit. The middle band of rates without entry or exit yields hysteresis; it is found to be very wide for plausible parameter values. The exchange rate pass-through to domestic prices is found to be close to one in the phases where foreign firms enter or exit, and near zero otherwise.
Ergonomic exposure case studies in Massachusetts fishing vessels.

Background Musculoskeletal disorders may not have been studied as much as greater risks in the dangerous environment of commercial fishing. Primary prevention of risk for these kinds of injuries and illnesses begins by a detailed understanding of what risks are likely to be common in the different fisheries, and how those risks might be reduced. Methods Ergonomic job analyses were conducted on three different types of fishing vessels in Massachusetts: gillnetting, otter trawling, and lobstering. Direct observation was used to link posture to task. Noise measurements, tool analysis, and cycle time measurements were also included. Results Production speed, materials handling, and vessel movement contributed to musculoskeletal stress by affecting observable postural deviation, repetition, and forceful exertions. Conclusions Interventions to reduce ergonomic risk factors might be possible through utilization of below deck space in certain boats, through better technology, or through simple tool adjustments. Am. J. Ind. Med. Suppl. 2:10–18, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Christian Dental Society volunteers upgrade dental care in developing nations

The Christian Dental Society, a 10-year-old interfaith group, is cooperating with other volunteer groups in sending supplies and dentists to help provide dental care to developing countries and depressed areas in the United States.
Vascular Lactic Acid Infusions Do Not Alter the Incidence of Fetal Breathing Movements or Their Inhibition by Acute Hypoxemia

ABSTRACT: Hypoxemia transiently inhibits the incidence of fetal breathing movements (FBM), but their incidence returns to normal after several hours despite maintained hypoxemia. We hypothesized that the lactic acidosis associated with prolonged systemic hypoxemia might mediate the adaptation of the hypoxemic inhibition of FBM. In sheep fetuses, the incidence of FBM was measured in a control hour and during 6 h of i.v. infusion of L-lactic acid, which raised the blood lactate concentrations to levels seen with moderate hypoxemia. FBM were observed at the same incidence as during control during each of the first 4 h (all approximately 40%). In the 5th h of lactic acid infusion, fetal hypoxemia was induced by lowering maternal inspired oxygen fraction and FBM occurred only 8 ± 1% (SEM) of that hour. In a subsequent normoxemic recovery hour, the incidence of FBM remained below control levels. In the same animals on a different day, a similar hypoxemia induced without the acid infusion caused a comparable inhibition of FBM, but the incidence of FBM returned to the control level in a subsequent recovery hour. A moderate peripheral lactic acidosis does not blunt the inhibition of FBM evoked by acute hypoxemia and is not a likely explanation for the return of FBM during prolonged hypoxemia but actually might mediate some of the inhibition.
The Intersection Between Physical Health and Mental Health: A Global Perspective

Mental, physical, and social health are closely interwoven and interdependent. Recent research and better understanding of the relationships between mental, physical, and social health indicate that each is crucial to the overall well-being of individuals, societies, and countries. Because mental health and mental disorders have been ignored or neglected in many parts of the world, the reciprocal impacts between physical health and mental health are not readily apparent. Providing treatment in primary care would enable the largest number of people to get easier and faster access to services. Current health personnel should be trained in the essential skills of mental health care, and mental health should be included in health training curricula.
Disputes, democracies, and dependencies: A reexamination of the Kantian peace

Militarized interstate disputes are widely thought to be less likely among democratic countries that have high levels of trade and extensive participation in international organizations. We reexamine this broad finding of the Kantian peace literature in the context of a model that incorporates the high degree of dependency among countries. Based on in-sample statistical tests, as well as out-of-sample, predictive cross-validation, we find that results frequently cited in the literature are plagued by overfitting and cannot be characterized as identifying the underlying structure through which international conflict is influenced by democracy, trade, and international governmental organizations. We conclude that much of the statistical association typically reported in this literature apparently stems from three components: (1) geographical proximity, (2) dependence among militarized interstate disputes with the same initiator or target, and (3) the higher-order dependencies in these dyadic data. Once these are incorporated, covariates associated with the Kantian peace tripod lose most of their statistical power. We do find that higher levels of joint democracy are associated with lower probabilities of militarized interstate dispute involvement. We find that despite high statistical significance and putative substantive importance, none of the variables representing the Kantian tripod is associated with any substantial degree of predictive power.
Possible involvement of coaxially stacked double pseudoknots in the regulation of -1 programmed ribosomal frameshifting in RNA viruses.

−1 programmed ribosomal frameshifting (PRF) in viruses is often stimulated by a pseudoknot downstream from the slippery sequence. At the PRF junction of HIV-1, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), Barmah Forest virus (BFV), Fort Morgan virus (FMV), and Equine arteritis virus (EAV), we identified potential double pseudoknots in either a tandem mode or embedded mode. In viruses with tandem pseudoknots (5′PK & 3′PK), the slippery sequence is encompassed in the 5′PK. The ribosome needs to unwind the 5′PK to get to the slippery sequence. In HIV-1, the 3′PK and several alternative structures are mutually exclusive. Disruption of the tandem pseudoknots may enable one of the alternative structures to form as the effective frameshift stimulator. In TGEV/BFV/FMV, the 3′PK is a conventional frameshift stimulator. In all cases, the tandem pseudoknots may slow down the ribosome before it reaches the conventional PRF signals. In EAV, a compact pseudoknot is embedded within loop2 of the otherwise conventional fra...
Conductivity Measurements of Dilute Aqueous HCl Solutions to High Temperatures and Pressures Using a Flow-Through Cell

The limiting molar conductance Λ0 and molal ion association constant KA(m) of dilute (10-5 to 10-3 mol·kg-1) aqueous HCl solutions were determined using a flow-through conductance cell at temperatures from 100 to 410 °C and densities from 0.96 to 0.27 g·cm-3. The flow-through cell is designed to measure molar conductances of dilute aqueous electrolytes with a high degree of accuracy at high temperatures and low densities. The resulting Λ0 values are in general agreement with those reported by Noyes (1907), Wright et al. (1961), Pearson et al. (1963), and Lukashov et al. (1975) for densities that range from 0.7 to 0.4 g·cm-3 at comparable conditions. However, when compared to values reported by Frantz and Marshall (1984), the new results are in agreement at densities (ρ) > 0.5 g·cm-3, but from 0.5 to ca. 0.4 g·cm-3, their calculated results are 5−11% higher. Below 0.4 g·cm-3 where the experimental uncertainties are large, the weighted values from the new study are approximately 14−35% lower. Within experim...
Poor outcome in a pediatric patient with acute myeloid leukemia associated with a variant t(8;21) and trisomy 6

RUNX1T1/RUNX1 (formerly ETO/AML1) is a molecular marker that is usually associated with a favorable outcome in both pediatric and adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We describe a 10-year-old girl with AML associated with an RUNX1T1/RUNX1 fusion. The patient's karyotype at the time of diagnosis was 46,X,-X,t(4;21;8)(q25;q22;q22),+6. She had an early relapse while being treated on a standard protocol and had significant difficulty in attaining a second remission. She subsequently underwent a matched related donor bone marrow transplant, but a second bone marrow relapse with extensive extramedullary disease followed on day +199. Cytogenetic analysis at second relapse showed evidence of clonal evolution in the form of a highly complex karyotype with numeric and structural abnormalities in addition to the t(4;21;8) and trisomy 6 detected in the diagnostic sample. Trisomy 6 is an uncommon cytogenetic abnormality in myeloid diseases. As a sole abnormality, it has been associated mainly with myelodysplastic syndrome and AML. The presence of this novel variant of t(8;21)(q22;q22) associated with trisomy 6 may have abrogated the usual favorable prognosis associated with RUNX1T1/RUNX1 in AML.
EM-Based on-Chip Aging Sensor for Detection and Prevention of Counterfeit and Recycled ICs

The counterfeiting and recycled integrated circuits (ICs) has become a major security threat for commercial and military systems. In addition to the huge economic impacts, they post significant security and safety threats on those systems. In this paper, we propose a new lightweight on-chip aging sensor, which is based on the electromigration (EM)-induced aging effects for fast detection and prevention of recycled ICs. Our new EM-based aging sensor exploits the natural aging/failure mechanism of interconnect wires to time the aging of the chip. Compared with existing aging sensor, the new aging sensor can provide more accurate prediction of the chip usage time at smaller area footprints due to its simple structure. The new sensor is based on a newly proposed physics-based stress evolution model of EM effects for accurate prediction of the EM failure. As a result, we can design the interconnect wire structures based on copper interconnect technology so that the resulting wires will have detectable EM failure at a specific time with sufficient accuracy. In order to mitigate the problem of the inherent variations in the metal grain sizes and assess its impacts on the nucleation time of metal wires, a number of parallel properly structured wires are used in the sensor. The parameters of the wires are optimized using the new EM model. Our statistical and variational analysis shows that the proposed aging sensor can accurately predict the targeted failure times in the presence of both inherent uncertainties. Our study also shows that more parallel wires will lead to more accurate statistical predictions at costs of more areas.
On message resequencing in computer networks

In computer networks incorporating virtual circuits, packets of messages are delivered at the destination in the same sequence as they are received at the source. These messages may arrive at a node D out of sequence if sent from a node S with multiple links connecting it to D. Consequently, messages may be delayed at D to put them back in sequence. Assuming that each virtual circuit contributes a Poisson stream and message transmission times have exponential distribution, the author determines expressions for mean resequencing delay and average buffer lengths. He assumes that messages belonging to different virtual circuits have different mean lengths. The author considers an infinite number of links connecting S and D. Thus, the results provide an upper bound on the above metrics for nodes connected by finitely many links. The author considers both channel level and virtual circuit level resequencing and compares them. >
Exploiting inter-processor data sharing for improving behavior of multi-processor SoCs

Software-managed memories are important in realtime embedded environments where execution time predictability is an important requirement. With the proliferation of embedded multi-processor systems, software support for their memories is becoming an attractive research area in real-time embedded computing. One of the critical problems in embedded real-time multi-processor SoCs (system-on-a-chip) is to reduce the number of off-chip references. This is because frequent off-chip references can be very costly from both performance and power perspectives. In this paper, we propose a novel compiler-driven strategy for reducing the number of off-chip references, which is based on cooperation between the processors in the multi-processor architecture. Specifically, in the proposed strategy, the processors cache data in their local memories, under compiler control, on behalf of each other if doing so reduces the number of off-chip references.
Interdisciplinary Concepts for Design and Implementation of Mixed Reality Interactive Neurorehabilitation Systems for Stroke

Interactive neurorehabilitation (INR) systems provide therapy that can evaluate and deliver feedback on a patient's movement computationally. There are currently many approaches to INR design and implementation, without a clear indication of which methods to utilize best. This article presents key interactive computing, motor learning, and media arts concepts utilized by an interdisciplinary group to develop adaptive, mixed reality INR systems for upper extremity therapy of patients with stroke. Two INR systems are used as examples to show how the concepts can be applied within: (1) a small-scale INR clinical study that achieved integrated improvement of movement quality and functionality through continuously supervised therapy and (2) a pilot study that achieved improvement of clinical scores with minimal supervision. The notion is proposed that some of the successful approaches developed and tested within these systems can form the basis of a scalable design methodology for other INR systems. A coherent approach to INR design is needed to facilitate the use of the systems by physical therapists, increase the number of successful INR studies, and generate rich clinical data that can inform the development of best practices for use of INR in physical therapy.
The Relationship Between Yield and the Antioxidant Defense System in Tomatoes Grown Under Heat Stress

Four putative heat-tolerant tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) cultivars (Tamasabro, Heat Wave, LHT-24, and Solar Set) and one putative heat-sensitive tomato cultivar (Floradade) were grown in the field under non-stress (average daily temperature of 26 degrees C) and heat-stress (average daily temperature of 34 degrees C) conditions. At anthesis, approximately five weeks after being transplanted to the field, leaf samples were collected for antioxidant analyses. Yield was determined by harvesting ripe fruit seven weeks after the collection of leaf samples. Heat stress resulted in a 79.1% decrease in yield for the heat-sensitive Floradade, while the fruit yield in the heat-tolerant cultivars Heat Wave, LHT-24, Solar Set, and Tamasabro was reduced 51.5%, 22.1%, 43.8%, and 34.8% respectively. When grown under heat stress, antioxidant activities were also greater in the heat-tolerant cultivars. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased up to 9-fold in the heat-tolerant cultivars but decreased 83.1% in the heat-sensitive Floradade. Catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase activity increased significantly in all cultivars. Only Heat Wave showed a significant increase in glutathione reductase in response to heat stress but all heat-tolerant cultivars exhibited significantly lower oxidized ascorbate/reduced ascorbate ratios, greater reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione rations, and greater alpha-tocopherol concentrations compared to the heat-sensitive cultivar Floridade. These data indicate that the more heat-tolerant cultivars had an enhanced capacity for scavenging active oxygen species and a more active ascorbate-glutathione cycle and suggest a strong correlation between the ability to up-regulate the antioxidant defense system and the ability of tomatoes to produce greater yields when grown under heat stress.
Domestic Violence as a Human Rights Issue: The Case of Immigrant Latinos

Using the writings of the late social psychologist Ignacio Martin-Baro and other Latin American and Latino social scientists as a framework, this article examines the issue of domestic violence fro...
ADDITION OF DRY‐ AND WET‐MILLED CORN GERM FLOURS TO MODEL SYSTEM FRANKFURTERS OF THREE FAT LEVELS

Chemical, physical and sensory properties of cooked frankfurters of three fat levels with 0 and 3.5% dry-milled corn germ (DMG) flour and 0 and 3.5% wet-milled corn germ (WMG) flour added were investigated. As fat level increased, cooking losses increased and Instron compression values decreased, in cooked frankfurters with DMG and WMG flours. Addition of DMG flour decreased fat content and lightness (L) and increased yellowness (b-value) of cooked frankfurters. Sensory evaluation indicated that DMG flour in frankfurters decreased tenderness, juiciness and cured flavor intensity. The addition of DMG flour increased chewiness of frankfurters. WMG flour addition decreased fat and protein contents and lightness (L) and increased hue angle (due to higher b), Instron compression values and cooking loss. Cured flavor intensity decreased and off-flavor intensity increased with the addition of WMG flour to frankfurters.
Implications for Viral Capsid Assembly from Crystal Structures of HIV-1 Gag1-278 and CAN133-278†,‡

Gag, the major structural protein of retroviruses such as HIV-1, comprises a series of domains connected by flexible linkers. These domains drive viral assembly by mediating multiple interactions between adjacent Gag molecules and by binding to viral genomic RNA and host cell membranes. Upon viral budding, Gag is processed by the viral protease to liberate distinct domains as separate proteins. The first two regions of Gag are MA, a membrane-binding module, and CA, which is a two-domain protein that makes important Gag-Gag interactions, forms the cone-shaped outer shell of the core (the capsid) in the mature HIV-1 particle, and makes an important interaction with the cellular protein cyclophilin A (CypA). Here, we report crystal structures of the mature CA N-terminal domain (CA N 133-278 )a nd aM A- CA N fusion (Gag1-278) at resolutions/Rfree values of 1.9 A/25.7% and 2.2 A/25.8%, respectively. Consistent with earlier studies, a comparison of these structures indicates that processing at the MA -CA junction causes CA to adopt an N-terminal ‚-hairpin conformation that seems to be required for capsid morphology and viral infectivity. In contrast with an NMR study (Tang, C., et al. (2002) Nat. Struct. Biol. 9, 537- 543), structural overlap reveals only small relative displacements for helix 6, which is located between the ‚-hairpin and the CypA-binding loop. These observations argue against the proposal that CypA binding is coupled with ‚-hairpin formation and support an earlier surface plasmon resonance study (Yoo, S., et al. (1997) J. Mol. Biol. 269, 780-795), which concluded that ‚-hairpin formation and CypA-binding are energetically independent events.
Childhood tuberculosis during the 1990s.

Despite the availability of effective antituberculosis drugs, tuberculosis remains an important cause of morbidity, mortality, and healthcare expenditures in the United States. It is estimated that more than 10 million people in the United States are infected with the tubercle bacillus. More than 26 000 new cases of clinical tuberculosis occur every year, 1600 of which occur in children. Factors that serve to sustain tuberculosis in the United States include infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influx of foreign-born individuals at increased risk of developing tuberculosis, and poverty and poor access to medical care experienced by large segments of the population. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has a goal of eliminating tuberculosis from the United States by the year 2010. If this goal is to be achieved, programs must focus on children because they are the future reservoir for the disease. Tuberculosis cases in children are important public health markers for a community insofar as they represent ongoing transmission of the disease and at least a partial failure of current tuberculosis control efforts. Epidemiology of Childhood Tuberculosis The incidence of tuberculosis in the United States declined steadily for a 25-y period until 1985, when it leveled off (Fig 1). More than 26 000 cases of tuberculosis were diagnosed in the United States during 1991; almost 1600 cases occurred in children
Provenance for business events

In today’s business environment, applications generate massive amounts of business data at various levels of granularity. During execution of business processes, a number of issues may occur, e.g., system failures, process failures, service failures, or human errors, that can result in the processes not executing as expected, and as a result not adhering to the required compliance concerns. Business provenance is an emerging concept which gives the flexibility to capture information required to address a specific compliance or performance goal. This paper discusses the importance of data provenance and presents a framework to capture, model, and persists provenance for business events data. We propose a method to model the business events in such a way that can be used for continuous compliance monitoring and for historical root cause analysis. We present a design of our proposed framework and its components along with a prototype implementation.
Upfront triple therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension: is three a crowd or critical mass?

Even the most enthusiastic reviews about progress in the pharmacotherapeutic management of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) either begin or conclude with the sad acknowledgement that no treatment strategy comes close to being considered a “cure.” There is little doubt, however, that the cumulative discovery, clinical testing, approval and integration of an expanding armamentarium of medications has led to improvement in patients’ general well-being and life expectancy. Based on survival as a benchmark, the state of patients with PAH, as well as those with more narrowly and homogeneously defined idiopathic/heritable/toxin-induced PAH, has progressively improved from when no specific drug treatment was available, to when calcium channel blockers were used, to the introduction and use of intravenous epoprostenol, to the current era, in which multiple drugs are available and are frequently employed in combination [1–8]. Whereas median survival in 1986 for idiopathic PAH (then called primary pulmonary hypertension) was 2.8 years [2], it now exceeds 7 years [1]. The corollary of a beneficially widening array of therapeutic options is the complexity of guiding the multiple possible permutations of their use with an algorithm based on credible clinical studies, experience, and recognition of possible adverse effects as well as of expected degree and type of benefit. The Fifth World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension provided an updated treatment algorithm that summarises the options for treatment of PAH of varying degrees of symptomatic severity by World Health Organization (WHO) functional class, and attached a strength of recommendation and level of evidence grade to each group of options [9]. Thus, for example, any of the following medications (listed in politically neutral alphabetical order) are regarded as I-A or B for initial treatment of WHO functional class III PAH: ambrisentan, bosentan, intravenous epoprostenol, inhaled iloprost, macitentan, riociguat, …
Synthetic, Characterization and Decomposition Studies of Indium Sulfide Precursors

The synthesis, characterization and decomposition of several indium thiolates containing the bulky substituted aryl ligand 2,4,6- i -Pr 3 C 6 H 2 (Ar′) or the internally chelating ligands 2-CH 3 O,5-CH 3 C 6 H 3 (Ar″) and o -C 6 H 4 CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 (Ar"‘) are described. Two synthetic methods have been utilized: metathesis reactions between lithium thiolates and the appropriate metal halides and the addition of elemental metal to diaryl disulfides. The thermal decomposition of each indium precursor results in the formation of 1n2S3, based on thermogravimetric data. The homoleptic compound In(SAr′) 3 can be isolated as a yellow oil. This liquid precursor has been derivatized by the reversible formation of acetonitrile and tetrahydrofuran adducts. Although, the molecule exists as a monomer in both adducts, the coordination number of the metal and he orientation of the ligands are markedly different. The internally chelating In(SAr″) 3 and In(SAr.″′) 3 adopt contrasting dimeric and monomeric structures respectively.
Twenty year experience with implanted neuroprostheses

The long-term durability and safety of implanted devices is of great importance in the field of motor neuroprosthetics, where systems may possibly be utilized in excess of 50 years by some individuals. Neuroprosthetic systems have now been implanted in the upper extremity of spinal cord injured individuals for more than 20 years. The experience with these systems shows a high level of durability of the implanted components, particularly the stimulating electrodes and leads.
Personality Stability from Childhood to Midlife: Relating Teachers' Assessments in Elementary School to Observer- and Self-Ratings 40 Years Later.

We report on the longitudinal stability of personality traits across an average 40 years in the Hawaii Personality and Health Cohort relating childhood teacher assessments of personality to adult self- and observer-reports. Stabilities based on self-ratings in adulthood were compared to those measured by the Structured Interview for the Five-Factor Model (SIFFM; Trull & Widiger, 1997), and trait ratings completed by interviewers. Although convergence between self-reports and observer-ratings was modest, childhood traits demonstrated similar levels of stability across methods in adulthood. Extraversion and Conscientiousness generally showed higher stabilities, whereas Neuroticism showed none. For Agreeableness and Intellect/Openness, stability was highest when assessed with observer-ratings. These findings are discussed in terms of differences in trait evaluativeness and observability across measurement methods.
International political economy: Abiding discord

(1994). International political economy: Abiding discord. Review of International Political Economy: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 13-19.
Inferring Human History: Clues from Y-Chromosome Haplotypes

DNA molecules are organic elements of information storage imbued with imperfect copying processes. Thus, they are fundamental repositories of an organism’s evolutionary history. The field of human molecular evolution is predicated on the concept that patterns of DNA sequence variation in living populations encode aspects of human heritage shaped by a constellation of evolutionary influences. The framework of genetic variability in the genome reflects both evolutionary adaptive processes that are locus-specific and population-level forces that affect all the components of the genome equally. Genetic research often focuses on distinguishing inconsistencies in patterns of variation between genomic regions to help bridge the gap between particular genes and traits, including matters of function and malfunction. Alternatively, genomic DNA is also an archive of those aspects of human evolutionary processes reflective of population-level forces like drift, subdivision, size fluctuation, and migration. By studying the degree of genetic molec
Materials With Open Crystal Structure as Prospective Novel Thermoelectrics

A useful approach to identify materials with high thermoelectric figure of merit is to search for solids that offer great flexibility to modify and tailor the structure so as to achieve the optimal transport behavior. Among the most promising novel thermoelectric materials are solids with “open crystal structure”. They may be typified by structures with unfilled cages, crystals with an empty atomic sublattice, and by a network of polyhedral cages enclosing guest species. In this paper we present our latest results concerning transport properties in the above classes of solids. Specifically, we focus on the filled skutterudites, half-Heusler alloys, and clathrates.
Optimal power flow via quadratic power flow

This paper proposes an optimal power flow (OPF) algorithm based on quadratic modeling and incremental loading of the network. The proposed OPF algorithm is robust and highly efficient for large-scale power systems. Robustness is achieved by the design of the algorithm to operate on infeasible but optimal points and move towards the feasible and optimal operating point. Efficiency is achieved by (a) the design of the algorithm to include mainly the active constraints and therefore reducing the problem size and (b) quadratic modeling that provides faster solution times of the network update solutions. The algorithm guarantees a solution. In case that an optimal solution does not exist, it provides the best solution, the constraints that cannot be satisfied and the remedial actions necessary to satisfy the operating constraints. Numerical examples indicate that the proposed algorithm converges fast and the convergence speed is not affected by system size.
Engineered tumours: Roll-on scaffolds.

A spool-and-ribbon cell-culture approach provides quick and easy access to the interior of engineered tumours for the analysis of cell responses to molecular gradients.
Data center optimal regulation service reserve provision with explicit modeling of quality of service dynamics

Data centers have shown great opportunities to participate in extensive demand response programs in recently years. This paper specifically focuses on data centers as participants in regulation service reserves (RSR) power market. We propose a novel approach to model the dynamics of the job processing Quality of Service (QoS) in data centers that offer RSR, and use stochastic dynamic programming (DP) to solve for the optimal reserve deployment policies. We show that the job QoS degradation can be modeled as a time varying probability distribution function (PDF) whose mean and variance evolve as functions of recent control statistics. The mean and variance are in fact additional state variables or sufficient statistics of the stochastic DP whose solution provides the data center operator (DCO) decision supports to minimize the average operating costs associated with RSR signal tracking error and job processing QoS degradation. Simulation results show that the feedback control policy obtained from the stochastic DP solution can reduce the DCO's operating costs compared to heuristic operating protocols reported in the literature. In addition, the DP value function can assist the DCO to bid optimally into the hour-ahead joint energy and reserve market.
Vigilance in a dynamic environment

Advances in technology have led to increasing levels of automation in modern work environments, moving people to the position of a passive monitor. When persons are in passive monitoring states, they are often subject to overall deficits in performance that become worse as time on task increases (i.e., vigilance decrements). Although many factors have been shown to influence whether or not a vigilance decrement will occur in a monitoring task (e.g., event rate), it is not clear how laboratory experiments translate to operational environments (Hancock, 2013). Four experiments were conducted that examined the effects of signal rate, event rate, cognitive load, training, and the presence of a dual task on performance during an air traffic control (ATC) automation failure detection task. Both failure detection and detection time were analyzed. Results from a meta-analysis revealed that cognitive load placed on participants through the use of task-relevant complex instructions produced a reliable vigilance decrement. However, other types of cognitive load did not produce any reliable vigilance decrements. The relationship of the cognitive load to the vigilance task may be an important factor in determining if the cognitive load will produce a vigilance decrement in a dynamic operational environment like air traffic control.
Modeling and experimental analysis of squeeze flow of sealant during hot bar sealing and methods of preventing squeeze-out

Excessive pressure and temperature during hot bar sealing of flexible packaging films can result in seal failure due to squeezing out of the sealant from the seal area. A model is developed that sh...
P085 Skewed binding of linear ubiquitin chains underlies inflammatory pathology in NEMO syndrome

Introduction Regulated NF- κ B activation during development and the immune response is controlled by NEMO, the NF- κ B essential modulator. Mutations in the IKBG gene encoding NEMO that result in loss of function in NEMO result in the syndrome of Ectodermal Dysplasia with Anhidrosis and Immunodeficiency (EDA-ID), also referred to as NEMO syndrome. Methods By detailed functional analysis of primary patient cells and a NEMO deficient T cell line reconstituted with mutant forms of NEMO we describe a distinct group of NEMO mutations with C-terminal deletion (ΔCT NEMO) which result in EDA-ID combined severe skin and intestinal inflammatory disease. Results T cells reconstituted with ΔCT NEMO mutations exhibited increased constitutive NF- κ Bactivity, and increased activation following TNF or Flagellin stimulation due to upregulated intrinsic IKK complex activity, but were unresponsive to TCR stimulation. ΔCT NEMO mutations reduced NEMO/IKK complex interactions with K63- but not linear (also referred to M1) polyubiquitin chains. Skewed M1/K63 polyubiquitin binding by ΔCT NEMO led to increased association with RIP1 and stabilization of RIP1 within the NEMO signaling complex. These gain-of-function phenotypes were blocked by mutations targeting the NEMO residues in the UBAN domain essential for binding to linear but not K63-linked polyubiquitin chains. Conclusion Our findings reveal altered recognition of polyubiquitin modifications by NEMO as a receptor-specific control switch for IKK activity, and identifies the NEMO C-terminus as a negative regulator of induced NF- κ B activation by innate but not adaptive immune receptors.
The Effect of Pyridoxine Deficiency Induced by Desoxypyridoxine on Acute Lymphatic Leukemia of Adults

1. Pyridoxine deficiency can be induced in human beings by giving large doses of desoxypyridoxine while maintaining the patients on a normal diet. 2. In four cases of acute lymphoid disease of adults some modification of the disease appears to have been accomplished by the induction of pyridoxine deficiency. In one case a brief clinical remission occurred which seemed almost complete. 3. Possible other effects of the deficiency were adrenal cortical degeneration and deposition of crystals in the convoluted tubules of the kidneys. The adrenal changes could well be due to postmortem degeneration. 4. Other toxic effects of the desoxypyridoxine therapy were not observed. 5. Further trials of this type of therapy appear to be justified.
Wicked Problems and Design Considerations in Composing for Laptop Orchestra.

Composing music for ensembles of computer-based instruments, such as laptop orchestra or mobile phone orchestra, is a multi-faceted and challenging endeavor whose parameters and criteria for success are ill-defined. In the design community, tasks with these qualities are known as wicked problems. This paper frames composing for computer-based ensemble as a design task, shows how Buchanan’s four domains of design are present in the task, and discusses its wicked properties. The themes of visibility, risk, and embodiment, as formulated by Klemmer, are shown to be implicitly present in this design task. Composers are encouraged to address them explicitly and to take advantage of the practices of prototyping and iteration.
Recurrence of cervical cancer and its resistance to progestin therapy in a mouse model.

// Fabiola F. Mehta 1 , Seunghan Baik 1 , Sang-Hyuk Chung 1 1 Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA Correspondence to: Sang-Hyuk Chung, email: schung@uh.edu Keywords: cervical cancer, recurrence, therapy resistance, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), human papillomavirus (HPV) Received: May 23, 2016 Accepted: November 21, 2016 Published: November 29, 2016 ABSTRACT Studies using K14E6/K14E7 transgenic mice expressing E6 and E7 oncoprotein of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) have demonstrated that estrogen (E 2 ) is required for the genesis and growth of cervical cancer. Our prior study using the same mouse model has showed that progestin drug medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) promotes regression of primary cervical cancer. In the present study, we use the same transgenic mouse model to determine whether the cancer recurs after MPA therapy. Cervical cancer recurred even if MPA treatment was continued. Unlike primary cervical cancer, the cancer recurred even in the absence of exogenous E 2 when MPA treatment was ceased. Furthermore, recurrent cervical cancer did not fully regress upon MPA treatment. Our results support that MPA fails to completely eliminate primary cervical cancer cells and that remaining cancer cells grow independent of exogenous E 2 and are refractory to MPA.