cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relativism, naturalism and reticulation

Gerald Doppelt's essay in the recent number of Synthese (69/2) poses a number of epistemic challenges to the theory of scientific change I sketched out in Science and Values. Chief among them is Doppelt's charge that my attempt to refute (Kuhnian) relativism, one of the central aims of that book, is a pyrrhic victory since even if I have disposed of the strong relativism of Kuhn in his more unguarded moments there is nonetheless a significant form of relativism which I am powerless to defeat, which indeed my view promulgates and presupposes. I believe that Doppelt's interesting essay usefully high lights some of the problems now faced by theorists of scientific change, and I intend to discuss it in those terms. But I might as well reveal part of my hand now by saying that I think Doppelt has missed the key argument in Science and Values against relativism; and because he has, most of his claims about my lack of resources for countering relativism must go by the board. If I am right about this, then Doppelt turns out to be attacking a straw man of his own invention. But, in the process of showing why Doppelt has missed the key argument against relativism, I think I can go some of the way to showing why relativists and non-relativists often seem to miss the force of one another's arguments. Such an exercise might prove of some modest aid in clarifying issues which both Doppelt and I take to be central to the theory of scientific rationality.
On Group Graphs and Their Fault Tolerance

This paper investigates group graphs as a source of interconnection networks. It is shown that while these graphs possess many properties desirable in all interconnection networks, their diversity allows the generation of interconnection networks which may be optimized with regard to a variety of specific parameters. Techniques are described for generating, combining, and analyzing these graphs with respect to their order, diameter, fault tolerance, etc. A theorem is derived which shows that a large important class of group graphs are optimally fault tolerant. A number of examples are included.
Interleukin-1/Toll receptor family members: receptor structure and signal transduction pathways.

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a central mediator of the inflammatory response. It plays a role in both systemic and local immune responses to invading microbes. There are two receptors (IL-1RI and IL-1RII) that mediate the cellular responses. These receptors belong to a family of receptors based on homologous receptor structure within the intracellular signaling domain. Other family members include the Drosophila protein Toll, the recently discovered mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLR), and the IL-18 receptor. Engagement of these receptors by their diverse ligands results in activation of very similar signal transduction cascades through use of common signaling intermediates. These signal transduction cascades lead to the activation of cellular responses that are known to regulate the innate immune response. Therefore, elucidating the function and redundancy of this receptor family is essential to the understanding of the innate immune response. This review examines each member of this receptor family and empha...
Delta-IDDQ Testing of a CMOS 12-Bit Charge Scaling DigitaltoAnalog Converter

We present design, implementation and test of a built-in current sensor for Delta-IDDQ testing of a CMOS 12-bit charge scaling digital-to-analog converter (DAC). The sensor uses power discharge method for the fault detection. The integrated sensor and the DAC on a chip have been designed and implemented in a 0.5 mum n-well CMOS technology. The DAC uses charge scaling method for the design and a low voltage (0 to 2.5 V) folded cascode op-amp. The built-in current sensor (BICS) has a resolution of 0.5 muA. Faults have been introduced into the DAC using fault injection transistors (FITs). Fault detection by the BICS has been verified both from simulation and experimental measurements.
Measurement of interferon-tau (IFN-τ) stimulated gene expression in blood leukocytes for pregnancy diagnosis within 18–20 d after insemination in dairy cattle

The objective was to diagnose pregnancy within 18d after insemination by measuring interferon-tau (IFN-tau)-stimulated genes (ISG) expression in circulatory leukocytes. Based on microarray results, three genes were selected [2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase 1(Oas1), myxovirus resistance gene 2 (Mx2), and interferon-stimulated gene 15kDa protein (Isg15)] because they were known to be interferon-stimulated genes (ISG) and were also differentially expressed in the samples. The respective genes were assayed by using real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR). In the first experiment, RNA was isolated from leukocytes of pregnant (n=5) and non-pregnant (n=15) dairy cows on each of d 14, 16, 18, and 20 after insemination. The ISG expression (Mx2 and Isg15) was greater in pregnant compared with non-pregnant cows on d 18 and 20. In the second experiment, we attempted to define the shortest interval to pregnancy detection by measuring ISG on d 17 (Exp. 2A) or d 18 (Exp. 2B). For Exp. 2A, blood was collected from pregnant (n=16) and non-pregnant (n=16) cows on d 17 after insemination. On d 17, pregnant cows had greater Mx2 and Oas1 but Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curves showed that the increase was too small to develop a suitable cut-off for a reliable pregnancy test. For Exp. 2B, blood samples were collected from pregnant (n=21) and non-pregnant (n=21) cows on d 18 after insemination. For both Mx2 and Oas1, primiparous pregnant cows had greater ISG expression than primiparous non-pregnant cows on d 18. For multiparous cows, however, pregnant and non-pregnant cows were similar for ISG expression on d 18. The possibility of correcting for pre-insemination ISG expression was examined in a final series of experiments. Blood samples were collected from cows (n=54) and heifers (n=24) during the luteal phase preceding insemination. A second sample was collected from the same cows [pregnant (n=13) and non-pregnant (n=41)] and heifers [pregnant (n=17) and non-pregnant (n=7)] 18d after insemination. The ratio of the second sample (after insemination) to the first sample (before insemination) minimally increased the sensitivity of the ISG test for pregnancy detection. There was a large increase in ISG expression on d 18 of pregnancy in heifers (approximately 1 year of age) that could be measured for a reliable pregnancy test. The conclusion from the studies is that a reliable ISG-based method for pregnancy detection could be applied as early as d 18 but only in heifers. Older cows have a lesser response that reduces the sensitivity of the ISG test on or before d 18.
Sandino's Daughters Revisited: Feminism in Nicaragua

"A collection of varied and amazing lives, all bent on shaping history. Together, these experienced, undeterred Nicaraguan women offer powerful clues about a truly revolutionary and democratizing feminism." --Adrienne Rich "Powerful, moving, and challenging. Everyone interested in decency and justice will want to read Sandino's Daughters Revisited." --Blanche Wiesen Cook "If it were not for writers like Margaret, how would women around the world find each other when there is such an institutional effort to keep us apart and silent? Here Margaret brings us the voice of Sandino's daughters, honoring his hat and wearing their own, wiser now, having been part of political and personal revolution." --Holly Near Sandino's Daughters, Margaret Randall's conversations with Nicaraguan women in their struggle against the dictator Somoza in 1979, brought the lives of a group of extraordinary female revolutionaries to the American and world public. The book remains a landmark. A decade later, Randall returned to interview many of the same women and others. In Sandino's Daughters Revisited, they speak of their lives during the Sandinista adminstration, the ways in which the revolution made them strong--and also held them back. Ironically, the 1990 defeat of the Sandinistas at the ballot box has given Sandinista women greater freedom to express their feelings and ideas. Randall interviewed outspoken women from all walks of life. The voices of these women lead us to recognize both the failed promises and continuing attraction of the Sandinista movement for women. This is a moving account of the relationship between feminism and revolution as it is expressed in the daily lives of Nicaraguan women. Margaret Randall is the author of more than fifty books, including four others about Nicaragua. She was born and raised in the U.S., but lived for twenty-three years in Mexico, Cuba, and Nicaragua. Having relinquished her citizenship when she married a Mexican, she was denied U.S. residency when she returned to the United States in 1984. After a five-year fight, she regained her citizenship in 1989. She lives in New Mexico and teaches at Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut, in the spring.
Anisotropic Classes of Homogeneous Pseudodifferential Symbols

We introduce a class of pseudodifferential operators in the anisotropic setting induced by an expansive dilation A which generalizes the classical isotropic class S m γ, δ of inhomogeneous symbols. We extend a well-known L 2 -boundedness result to the anisotropic class S 0 δ,δ (A) ,0 ≤ δ< 1. As a consequence, we deduce that operators with symbols in the anisotropic class S 0 1,0 (A) are bounded on L p spaces, 1 < p < ∞.
Amino acid metabolism in chameleon tissues.

Abstract 1. 1. Plasma, liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, heart and brain of the chameleon ( Anolis carolinensis ) were analyzed for free amino acids after injection of each of twenty-five compounds (twenty-two amino acids; three α-keto acids). 2. 2. Major amino acid interconversions were evident in several tissues. 3. 3. In some cases, specific reactions were apparently consigned primarily to a single tissue such as liver (histidine → formiminoglutamate; tryptophan → 5-hydroxytryptophan) or kidney (arginine ⇄ ornithine). 4. 4. Frequently observed derivatives included included glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, serine and aspartic acid. 5. 5. Formation of some derivatives involved unfamiliar reactions (ornithine → glutamine; lysine → glutamate; proline → glycine; citrulline → glycine; histidine → serine). 6. 6. Apparent minimum percentage yields were determined for each amino acid interconversion in each tissue in vivo .
Instability of viscous flows over a shrinking sheet

We prove instability of a part of a branch of viscous incompressible uid ows induced by a shrinking sheet. These ows are exact solutions of the Navier-Stokes equation.
Let's Make a Deal: A Dynamic Exercise for Practicing Negotiation Skills

Because negotiation is among the most important skills for a manager to develop, activities that can foster its development are valuable for educators. The authors present an original exercise that introduces three key concepts in negotiation: best alternative to a negotiated agreement, distributive bargaining, and integrative bargaining. They review these concepts and present the exercise and its purpose, and execution, then debrief. A unique feature of the exercise is that instructors can configure dynamic buyer–seller dyads with varying distributions of power between parties. A pre- and posttest using four questions to assess learning with Master of Business Administration students and undergraduates suggest that the exercise is an effective teaching tool.
Freezing rate and duration determine the physiological response of intertidal fucoids to freezing

Differential thermal analysis (DTA) was used to measure the freezing temperature of nine species of red brown intertidal macroalgae from the coast of Maine, USA in 1991. Using slow and rapid cooling rates approximating those found in the field for Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol. we found that, for a given rate, the freezing points of all species were similar: -7.06 to -8.02°C for slow cooling (ca. 0.25°C min-1) and -3.42 to -4.56°C for rapid cooling (ca. 5.0°C min-1). In the low shore species, Fucus evanescens C. Ag., photosynthesis was inhibited to a greater extent when plants were frozen or thawed rapidly than after slow freezing or thawing. However, in the upper shore species, F. spiralis (L.), photosynthesis recovered rapidly and completely regardless of freezing rate. Rapidly frozen F. evanescens also experienced greater loss of plasmalemmal integrity, evidenced by a greater loss of cellular contents on re-immersion, than those frozen slowly. Light-limited photosynthesis following freezing was more severely inhibited than light-saturated photosynthesis. Respiration was generally enhanced immediately after freezing, but then declined to rates below those of unfrozen controls within 2 h following re-immersion, with control rates of respiration being achieved after a 24 h recovery period. Our data suggest that the physiological consequences of winter emersion at sub-zero temperatures may vary widely between individual plants of freezing-susceptible species, due to the wide variations in freezing rate associated with microhabitat effects.
The Reliability of an Epilepsy Treatment Clinical Decision Support System

We developed a content validated computerized epilepsy treatment clinical decision support system to assist clinicians with selecting the best antiepilepsy treatments. Before disseminating our computerized epilepsy treatment clinical decision support system, further rigorous validation testing was necessary. As reliability is a precondition of validity, we verified proof of reliability first. We evaluated the consistency of the epilepsy treatment clinical decision support system in three areas including the preferred antiepilepsy drug choice, the top three recommended choices, and the rank order of the three choices. We demonstrated 100 % reliability on 15,000 executions involving a three-step process on five different common pediatric epilepsy syndromes. Evidence for the reliability of the epilepsy treatment clinical decision support system was essential for the long-term viability of the system, and served as a crucial component for the next phase of system validation.
STABILITY OF DRY PATCHES FORMING IN LIQUID FILMS FLOWING OVER HEATED SURFACES.

Abstract Criteria are derived which predict the stability of dry patches forming in thin liquid films flowing over a heated surface. The analysis of Hartley and Murgatroyd [1, 2], applicable to isothermal films, is extended to include the effects of vapor thrust and of thermocapillarity. Numerical evaluations are carried out that indicate the relative importance of the various effects in conjunction with typical heated water and liquid metal films. The results show that for liquids of high wettability (for example for liquid metals) the thermal effects become dominant in determining the stability of dry patches.
Indicators: how much complexity is desirable?

Paper prepared for Round-Table VI. Indicators: Methodological Aspects. V BrazilianEpidemiology Congress, Curitiba, PR, Brazil. March 23-27, 2002.The opinions expressed here are entirely the author’s, and do not necessarily represent theviews of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent.
Ion-assisted deposition in unbalanced-magnetron sputtering systems

Abstract In conventional balanced-magnetron (CBM) sputtering, the amount of ion bombardment of the growing film, as measured by the substrate bias current density, is limited to less than 1 mA cm −2 . Fast secondary electrons escaping from the target surface quickly find a path to ground and undergo few ionizing collisions with gas atoms near the substrate. If a CBM cathode is unbalanced by making one set of the magnets, usually the outer ones, stronger than the other, the expanding magnetic field lines confine the fast secondary electrons. A dense secondary plasma can be formed in the region of the substrate, and ions from this plasma can then be used for bombardment of the growing film. Such bombardment, particularly for hard coatings, is necessary to form a fully dense, well-adhered coating. With unbalanced-magnetron (UBM) sputtering, it is now possible to achieve substrate bias current densities in excess of 5 mA cm −2 . Although high current densities are achieved, the uniformity of the current density varies with position relative to the target. It is highest directly in front of the target, and it decreases towards the edge of the target. In multiple-cathode systems, the magnetic fields must be linked to form a trap for the electrons, and an even number of cathodes must be used in order to close the trap. UBM sputtering can be scaled up, and today industrial systems are taking advantage of this technology.
Relationship between the development of behavioral tolerance and the biodisposition of phencyclidine in mice

Mice trained on a differential reinforcement of low rate 10-sec schedule (DRL 10) were treated daily with either IP saline or 10 mg/kg of phencyclidine hydrochloride (PCP). After 21 consecutive days of treatment, dose-effect determinations for PCP were obtained in both groups. Chronic treatment with PCP resulted in approximately 1.5-fold development of tolerance to the PCP-induced reduction of reinforcement rate. Following completion of the dose-effect determinations, the mice were treated for an additional 13 days with either saline or PCP (10 mg/kg, IP). On the fourteenth day, the biodisposition of 3H-PCP-HCl (10 mg/kg, IP) was studied in both groups. The ratio of the brain levels of PCP in the saline-trained animals to that in the PCP-trained animals was 1.3 to 1 which accounted in large part for the development of tolerance. It appears that dispositional factors are involved in the development of tolerance of mice to the disruptive effects of PCP on DRL performance.
Categories of chain-complete posets

Abstract We investigate the existence of various limits and colimits in three categories: CPI (chain-complete posets and isotone maps); CPC (chain-complete posets and chain-continuous maps); CPC ∗ (chain-complete posets and chain- ∗ continuous maps). Among other things we show CPC ∗ to be complete and cocomplete. By way of contrast we show that LC ∗ (complete lattices and chain- ∗ continuous maps) is neither complete nor cocomplete. We also introduce a construction which yields the chain-completion of a poset and other “completions” as special cases.
Ethanethiol: a thiol conveying improved properties to the fluorescent product of o-phthalaldehyde and thiols with amines.

Abstract o -Phthalaldehyde, in combination with β-mercaptoethanol, is currently employed for the fluorescent detection of picomole quantities of primary amines. Substitution of ethanethiol for β-mercaptoethanol yields an isoindole with physical properties that greatly extend the utility of this fluorescent adduct. Ethanethiol increases both the stability of the adduct and its spectral responses to changes in solvent polarity without appreciably changing the observed fluorescence intensity.
Mutual phase locking in systems of high-Tc superconductor-normal metal-superconductor junctions

We have investigated the interaction between high critical temperature (high-Tc) superconductor-normal metal- superconductor step-edge junctions coupled through a non- superconducting feedback loop. We have characterized the strength of the interaction as a function of frequency and temperature for both a circuit without a groundplane and an all high-Tc multilayer circuit incorporating a superconducting ground plane. We observed relative locking strengths (the ratio of the measured locking current IL to the junctions average critical current Ic) as large as ILIcequals9% and peak locking frequencies as high as 1.06 THz. The maximum temperature at which locking occurred was 35 K. An analysis of the temperature dependence of the locking current accounting for thermal fluctuations in the context of Johnson noise from resistive elements in the circuit agrees well with our experimental observations.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Satisfaction in Family, Employment, and Community Roles

The relationships between family type (one career, career earner, and dual career) and satisfaction in family, employment and community roles, rated on a scale from 0 to 10, were examined using responses from 166 couples. No differences were found in role satisfaction among husbands by family type. Among wives, there were significant differences in rated satisfaction for employment and community roles. Regardless of family type, wives rated satisfaction with family roles high.
Biological treatment of a synthetic space mission wastewater using a membrane-aerated, membrane-coupled bioreactor (M2BR)

This paper describes the membrane-aerated, membrane-coupled bioreactor (M2BR), which was developed for wastewater treatment during long-term space missions because it achieves aeration and biomass separation using components that are compatible with microgravity conditions. In the experiments described herein, the M2BR was used to treat a synthetic wastewater formulated by NASA to simulate the wastewater typically collected during space missions. The M2BR was able to achieve more than 90% removal of both chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen when it was fed a modified NASA wastewater that had a 4:1 COD to nitrogen ratio. When the full-strength synthetic wastewater was fed to the M2BR (COD:N = 1), however, the nitrogenous pollutant removal efficiency was adversely affected because of either insufficient oxygen transfer to support nitrification (an air-fed M2BR) or insufficient electron donor to support denitrification (an oxygen-fed M2BR). In conclusion, the M2BR provides considerable promise for wastewater treatment during long-term space missions, although additional research is needed to identify the best approach to treat the space mission wastewater, which poses a unique challenge because of its low COD:N ratio.
What is the ideal duration of adjuvant therapy for primary breast cancer: are four cycles of cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin enough?

For 25 years we have known that adjuvant chemotherapy improves both disease-free and overall survival for many of our patients with primary breast cancer. We also know that these therapies have significant toxicities and are not always effective. We have therefore focused a great deal of effort into maximizing the effectiveness of adjuvant chemotherapy and defining just how much chemotherapy, with respect to both dose and duration, is necessary to achieve this maximum benefit. In our attempt to define these parameters through clinical trials, we have been faced with many options, and we may not yet have defined an optimal regimen of chemotherapy, or an optimal duration. Although many physicians in the United States consider four cycles of cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin as “standard of care” for patients with primary breast cancer, many feel that both choice of regimen and duration of treatment remain controversial. The reasons for this uncertainty and lack of clarity are complex, and they are addressed in this review.
Assessment of neighborhood satisfaction by residents of three housing types.

A highly influential but often underemphasized determinant of residential satisfaction is how residents perceive and feel about their neighborhoods. In this study, factors representing different aspects of residents' neighborhoods were identified and examined in relation to their overall assessment of their homes and neighborhoods. Relationships among neighborhood aspects and overall housing and neighborhood assessments were examined separately for residents of conventional homes, mobile homes, and apartments. Results based on all residents indicated that evaluations of neighborhood aspects were unrelated to housing satisfaction, but were moderately related to positive sentiments and satisfaction with the neighborhood. Separate analyses by housing type revealed that neighborhood perceptions of apartment residents were influential in affecting housing satisfaction. For all residents, the neighborhood's attractiveness and pleasant-friendliness were the most important determinants of neighborhood acceptance and satisfaction. The results also indicated that despite sharing similar determinant patterns of neighborhood acceptance with the other two housing type groups, the basis for mobile home residents' evaluations was considerably less related to the factors identified as influential. The findings indicated that different neighborhood factors formed the basis for differences in overall housing and neighborhood satisfaction among residents living in the three housing types. However, since the type of housing does not by itself define a neighborhood, the differences that were found need to be considered in the larger context of other components of a neighborhood like economic and community characteristics typically associated with a specific structure type.
High quality image reconstruction from RAW and JPEG image pair

A camera RAW file contains minimally processed data from the image sensor. The contents of the RAW file include more information, and potentially higher quality, than the commonly used JPEG file. But the RAW file is typically several times larger than the JPEG file (taking fewer images, slower quick shooting) and lacks the standard file format (not ready-to-use, prolonging the image workflow). These drawbacks limit its applications. In this paper, we suggest a new “hybrid” image capture mode: a high-res JPEG file and a low-res RAW file as alternative of the original RAW file. Most RAW users can be benefited from such a combination. To address this problem, we provide an effective approach to reconstruct a high quality image by combining the advantages of two kinds of files. We formulate this reconstruction process as a global optimization problem by enforcing two constraints: reconstruction constraint and detail consistency constraint. The final recovered image is smaller than the full-res RAW file, enables faster quick shooting, and has both richer information (e.g., color space, dynamic range, lossless 14 bits data) and higher resolution. In practice, the functionality of capturing such a “hybrid” image pair in one-shot has been supported in some existing digital cameras.
Poster: Continuous and Fine-grained Respiration Volume Monitoring Using Continuous Wave Radar

An unobtrusive and continuous estimation of breathing volume could play a vital role in health care, such as for critically ill patients, neonatal ventilation, post-operative monitoring, just to name a few. While radar-based estimation of breathing rate has been discussed in the literature, estimating breathing volume using wireless signal remains relatively intact. With the presence of patient body movement and posture changes, long-term monitoring of breathing volume at fine granularity is even more challenging. In this work, we propose for the first time an autonomous system that monitors a patient's breathing volume with high resolution. We discuss the key research components and challenges in realizing the system. We also present an initial system design encompassing a continuous wave radar, motion tracking and control system, and a set of methods to accurately derive breathing volume from the reflected signal and to address challenges caused by body movement and posture changes. Our implementation shows promising results in estimating breathing volume with fine granularity.
Profile of the veterans affairs urologist: results from a national survey.

Purpose: The Veterans Health Administration has multiple employment arrangements for its physician staff. Urological care to veterans is provided by urologists who work in the Veterans Affairs system under 1 arrangement, including full-time Veterans Affairs, contract Veterans Affairs, part-time Veterans Affairs and fee for service. We assessed the similarities and differences of these employment arrangements, while considering factors such as race, gender, professional activities and salary.Materials and Methods: A database was created of all urologists who provide care at Veterans Affairs Medical Centers across the United States regardless of the employment arrangement. A 14-item survey was sent to these 305 urologists. Participants were required to have finished residency training and be employed by the Veterans Affairs on a full-time, part-time, contract or fee for service basis.Results: A total of 118 surveys were completed for a 39% response rate. Compared to full-time urologists contract urologists ...
Nitric oxide donor up-regulation of SDF1/CXCR4 and Ang1/Tie2 promotes neuroblast cell migration after stroke

We tested the hypothesis that a nitric oxide donor, DETA-NONOate upregulates Stromal cell-Derived Factor-1 (SDF1) and Angiopoietin 1 (Ang1) in the ischemic brain and their, respective, receptors chemokine CXC motif receptor 4 (CXCR4) and Tie2 in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and thereby promote SVZ neuroblast cell migration after stroke. C57BL/6J mice were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) and 24 hours later DETA-NONOate (0.4 mg/kg) or phosphate buffered solution were intravenously administered. Mice were sacrificed at 14 days for histological assessment or sacrificed at 3 days for analysis real-time polymerase chain reaction and migration after MCAo. To elucidate whether SDF1/CXCR4 and Ang1/Tie2 pathways mediate DETA-NONOate induced SVZ migration after stroke, SDF1α, Ang1 peptide and a specific antagonist of CXCR4 (AMD3100) and a neutralizing antibody of Tie2 (anti-Tie2) were used in vitro. DETA-NONOate significantly increased the percent area of doublecortin (a marker of migrating neuroblasts) immunoreactive-cells in the SVZ and ischemic boundary zone. DETA-NONOate significantly increased the expression of SDF1 and Ang1 in the ischemic border and upregulated CXCR4 and Tie2 in the SVZ compared with MCAo control. DCX-positive cell migration from SVZ explants was significantly increased in the DETA-NONOate treatment group compared with MCAo alone animals. In vitro, SDF1α and Ang1 significantly increased SVZ explants cell migration. In addition, inhibition of CXCR4 or Tie2 significantly attenuated DETA-NONOate induced SVZ cell migration. Our data indicated that treatment of stroke with a nitric oxide donor upregulates SDF1/CXCR4 and Ang1/Tie2 pathways and thereby likely increases SVZ neuroblast cell migration.
Augmentation of exposure therapy with post-session administration of D-cycloserine.

Background Pre-session administration of d-cycloserine (DCS) has been found to augment exposure therapy outcomes in a variety of anxiety disorders. To be able to enhance learning only for successful exposure sessions, it would be beneficial to have the option of administering DCS after rather than before the session, a strategy encouraged by pre-clinical work. We believe the present study is the first published report on the efficacy of post-session administration of DCS in humans.
Synthesis and characterization of new germylferrocenyl, germylferrocenophane and polymeric germyleneferrocenylene systems

Abstract New germanium-bridged [1]ferrocenophanes Fe(η5-C5H4)2GeClR (1), (R=Me (1a), t-Bu (1b), Ph (1c)) were prepared by the reaction of Fe(η5-C5H4Li)2·TMEDA (TMEDA=tetramethylethylenediamine) with the corresponding chlorogermanes, RGeCl3 (R=Me, t-Bu, Ph). Ring-opening addition of HCl to 1c resulted in the formation of (η5-C5H4)Fe(η5-C5H5)GeCl2Ph (2) which was reacted with dilithioferrocene·TMEDA to form Fe(η5-C5H4)2FcPhGe (3). All complexes were characterized by 13C and 1H NMR, and the structure of Fe(η5-C5H4)2GeClPh was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and exhibits a dihedral angle between the planes of the cyclopentadienyl rings of 18.4°. Cyclic voltammetric analysis of 1a, 1b, and 1c in CH2Cl2 revealed that each ferrocenophane exhibits a reversible, one-electron oxidation, at a higher oxidation potential than that of ferrocene. The voltammogram of 3 shows two reversible redox processes, one for the ferrocenophane moiety and a second for the pendant ferrocene group. Thermal ring-opening of 3 produced good yields of the corresponding polymer [Fe(η5-C5H4)2FcPhGe]n.
A model for the metabolism of sulfite in mammals.

Abstract The distribution of sulfite in the rabbit fits a two-compartmental open-system model ( Riegelman et al., 1968 ) characterized by rapid distribution and elimination with the rate constants of the order 0.1 to 1.0 min−1. Sulfite clearance can be calculated from this model using plasma decay data obtained after a single iv injection of sulfite, and the theoretical rate thus calculated is in satisfactory agreement with clearance determined at steady state conditions. Measurement of urinary sulfite following iv sulfite administration and demonstration of mass balance in the conversion of the remaining sulfite to sulfate using a mathematical model show that sulfite clearance occurs predominantly by metabolism to sulfate. It is concluded that sulfite clearance is primarily dependent upon the efficiency of sulfite oxidase, the enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of sulfite to sulfate. The results indicate that the efficiency of this enzyme decreases as sulfite dose increases. Preliminary experiments with one rhesus monkey suggest that the pattern of sulfite distribution and elimination is similar to that in rabbits but that the kinetics of the removal mechanisms are different. It is felt that meaningful inter- and intraspecific comparisons can be made using the technique presented, and that these comparisons would provide a quantitative basis for predictions of risks of systemic sulfite toxicity.
How Close Are We to Solving the Puzzle? Review of the Alopecia Areata Research Workshop David Norris

Speakers at the Fourth Research Workshop on Alopecia Areata clearly presented the state of current knowledge in three fundamental areas of alopecia areata (AA) research: genetics; immunology; and targets, triggers, and controls. The final speakers reviewed what we know about the treatment of AA and about the prospects for treatment modalities in the future. It is clear that research related to hair biology in general and AA in particular is now firmly established and expanding into important areas of fundamental biology, including stem cell research and sophisticated studies of epidermal differentiation and morphogenesis. That the mechanism of hair follicle dysfunction in AA is immunological, controlled by activated T cells, is evident. Whether this response is truly autoimmune remains to be firmly established, but there are strong indications that self antigens, including melanocyte antigens, are the key targets. Susceptibility to AA is likely to be genetically determined. Linkage to genes controlling the immune response is strongest in patients with severe alopecia totalist (AT) and alopecia universalis (AU), and it is probable that AA is a polygenic complex trait, with distinct genetic linkages determining specific gene subsets. Our understanding of the mechanisms through which the cycling hair follicle is damaged and dysfunctional in AA was thoroughly reviewed in this conference.
Predictors of young adults' representations of and behavior in their current romantic relationship: Prospective tests of the prototype hypothesis

Although attachment theory suggests that childhood experiences with caregivers serve as a prototype for adult love relationships, few explicit tests of this hypothesis exist in the literature. Drawing on data from a longitudinal cohort followed from birth to young adulthood, this paper examined correlates and antecedents of young adults' representations of and behavior in their current romantic relationship. Young adults who experienced a secure relationship with their primary caregiver in infancy as assessed in the Strange Situation were more likely to (a) produce coherent discourse regarding their current romantic partnership in the context of the Current Relationship Interview (CRI) and (b) have a higher quality romantic relationship as observed in standard conflict and collaboration tasks. Infant security accounted for variation in CRI security above and beyond the observed quality of participants' current romantic relationship. In contrast, the association between infant and romantic security was partially mediated by individuals' self-reports about their romantic experiences, suggesting that one plausible mechanism by which early experiences with caregivers shape young adults' representations of their attachments with romantic partners is through adults' expectations for and perceptions of love relationships.
Ultraviolet observations of Phoebe from the Cassini UVIS

Observations of Saturn's distant moon Phoebe were made at far-ultraviolet (FUV) (1100-1900 A) and extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) (600-1100 A) wavelengths by the Cassini Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS) during the Cassini spacecraft flyby on June 11, 2004. These are the first UV spectra of Phoebe and the first detection of water ice on a Solar System surface using FUV wavelengths. The characteristics of water ice in the FUV are presented, and Hapke models are used to interpret the spectra in terms of composition and grain size; the use of both areal and intimate mixing models is explored. Non-ice species used in these models include carbon, ice tholin, Triton tholin, poly-HCN and kerogen. Satisfactory disk-integrated fits are obtained for intimate mixtures of approx.10% H2O plus a non-ice species. Spatially resolved regions of higher (approx.20%) and lower (approx.5%) H2O ice concentrations are also detected. Phoebe does not display any evidence of volatile activity. Upper limits on atomic oxygen and carbon are 5 x 10(exp 11) and 2 x 10(exp 12) atoms/sq. cm, respectively, for solar photon scattering. The UVIS detection of water ice on Phoebe, and the ice amounts detected, are consistent with IR measurements and contribute to the evidence for a Phoebe origin in the outer Solar System rather than in the main asteroid belt.
99mTc-DMSA scanning to diagnose pyelonephritic scarring in children

99mTechnetium-labeled dimercaptosuccinic acid (99mTc-DMSA) scanning provides superior quality images of renal parenchymal detail, which makes it highly sensitive for the diagnosis of pyelonephritic scarring. Unlike most other imaging techniques, radionuclide scanning is not affected by bowel gas or bony structures overlying the kidneys. This makes it particularly useful in children. Furthermore, renal scarring can be demonstrated by 99mTc-DMSA even before the classic gross anatomic and radiologic changes are present. The use of 99mTc-DMSA scanning in over 300 children has demonstrated its benefits and advantages over standard radiographic techniques.
Unique nonlinear optical and electronic properties of SiC:Ge waveguide for device applications

Using a combination of ion implantation and laser ablation techniques, a waveguide of ion implanted SiC:Ga:Ge was fabricated and was used as a CO 2 laser line selector. It was observed that the CO 2 laser produces a thermal grating which drives the optical selector with maximum efficiency of 40 MHz of laser offset between the 9P20 and 9P18 CO2 laser lines. Using an external electric field, the moving thermal grating produces a 45 MHz offset between the laser lines. This phenomenon will be explained using the Kukhtarev model. The threshold of the thermal damage for the waveguide and the device limiting will be presented.
EXPLODING PUSHER EXPERIMENTS UTILIZING A 4π ILLUMINATION SYSTEM

A focusing system which utilizes two f/0.47 doublets in conjunction with ellipsoidal mirrors produces two focusing cones with half angles of 81.5/sup 0/. This system has been used with the LLL Janus laser system to irradiate and implode DT filled glass microshells approximately 80 ..mu..m diameter. The purpose of the system was to provide more uniform heating of the pusher and compression of the fuel than had been obtained with Janus irradiated targets using f/1 lenses. Neutron yields of approximately 10/sup 7/ per event have been obtained and x-ray micrographs indicate tha the heating of the pusher was more uniform. Also the implosions are definitely more spherical than those obtained with the f/1 lenses. Data is also presented which add further confirmation to the importance of absorption by plasma wave resonance for non normal incidence of the laser light with the target.
Observations of the thermal environment on Red Sea platform reefs: a heat budget analysis

Hydrographic measurements were collected on nine offshore reef platforms in the eastern Red Sea shelf region, north of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The data were analyzed for spatial and temporal patterns of temperature variation, and a simple heat budget analysis was performed with the goal of advancing our understanding of the physical processes that control temperature variability on the reef. In 2009 and 2010, temperature variability on Red Sea reef platforms was dominated by diurnal variability. The daily temperature range on the reefs, at times, exceeded 5°C—as large as the annual range of water temperature on the shelf. Additionally, our observations reveal the proximity of distinct thermal microclimates within the bounds of one reef platform. Circulation on the reef flat is largely wave driven. The greatest diurnal variation in water temperature occurs in the center of larger reef flats and on reefs protected from direct wave forcing, while smaller knolls or sites on the edges of the reef flat tend to experience less diurnal temperature variability. We found that both the temporal and spatial variability in water temperature on the reef platforms is well predicted by a heat budget model that includes the transfer of heat at the air–water interface and the advection of heat by currents flowing over the reef. Using this simple model, we predicted the temperature across three different reefs to within 0.4°C on the outer shelf using only information about bathymetry, surface heat flux, and offshore wave conditions.
Equilibrium hydrogen transfer between benzene and C6 hydrocarbons over supported metal catalysts

A kinetic method is presented for the study of the hydrocarbon-surface interaction taking place during the catalytic conversion of hydrocarbons. The method involves the study of the rate of redistribution of an isotopic tracer between hydracarbon molecules in thermodynamic equilibrium with the catalyst surface. A general discussion of the approach is given; its potentialities and advantages in studying the individual steps of hydrocarbon reactions are analyzed. These ideas are applied to the study of the rate of kvdrogen transfer between cyclohexane and other Cs hydrocarbons on t.he one sid snd benzene on the other over Pt. Pd, Ir, Rh, and RU supported on ALO, and BOX. The investigation covered the effect on the reaction rate of the ratio of Cs hydrrcarbon to benzene and of metal particle size at 117°C. With few exceptions the trausfer rate increased upon incrrasinr the ratio of cyclohexane to benzene and upor, adSon of molecular H, to the reactants. For the cyclohexane-benzene combination the relative activitv among the metals investigated was Pt > Pd > Ir > Ru > Rh. In the range nf Pt crystallite size studied (122OOOA) the hydrogen surface coverage was influenced by the partir:le size, but the reaction rate constant prr unit of metal surface area was litt!e d ‘pendent upon crystallite size. Rea,ctive surface efficiencies were in the rang? IO-’ to lo-‘. Experiments on the hydrogen transfer between benzene and other Cg hyc!rcJcarbons produced the following sequence of reaction efficiency: cyclohexcne > cyclohesnne > methylcyclopentane > n-hexnne, 2 3-dimethylbutane. A surface equilibrium reaction and a rate-controlling step consistent with the experimental results are postulated. The nature of the reactive metal surface, particularly the role of the adsorbed hydrogen, is pointed out. The conclusions are analyzed in the framework of the present understanding of metal catalysis.
MARGIE: Marginal maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters of the one-, two-, and three-parameter logistic models

Bock and Aitkin (1981) provided a powerful estima­ tion technique for use with item response theory. Margi­ nal maximum likelihood estimation (MMLE) treats the examinee ability parameter as a random nuisance parameter that is eliminated from the estimation process by specifying a form for the ability distribution, and in­ tegration over that distribution. Thus, item-parameter es­ timates are obtained by maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) in the marginal distribution. In this way, problems such as inconsistent parameter estimates which arise in joint MLE are avoided. The MARGIE program is designed to perform MMLE of the item parameters of the one-parameter logistic (1PL), two-parameter logistic (2PL), and three-parameter logistic (3PL) item response theory (IRT) models. In addition, ability estimates are produced using either MLE or Bayesian expected a posteriori estimation (EAPE). Also, a chi-square test of the goodness of fit of the IRT model to the data is performed, using the procedure described by Yen (1981). The Models. The program estimates the parameters of the IPL, 2PL, and 3PL IRT models. The IPL model is given by Cj: 0 k
The Law of Corona and the Dielectric Strength of Air-IV The Mechanism of Corona Formation and Loss

The mechanisms of corona and corona loss have been studied with the cathode-ray oscillograph. High voltage power of the order of 0.1 watt can be measured with an accuracy of 1 per cent with this instrument. The measurements show that the loss follows the quadratic law above the visual critical voltage. On polished wires there is no loss until the visual critical voltage is reached. The loss then starts quite suddenly and takes a finite value on the quadratic curve. On cables and imperfect conductors there is a loss below the visual critical voltage on brushes at local ``rough'' spots. The loss due to these irregularities can be represented by the probability law. This is quite in accord with former work. In practise it is important not to mutilate the conductors in stringing. The really important factor in design is the irregularity factor, m e , for weathered conductors. No line should be operated with a corona loss under fair weather conditions. It is not necessary from the economic stand point since large diameters can be obtained with special types of conductors. The visual critical corona voltage can be calculated with great accuracy. As the applied a-c. voltage is increased above the visual critical value, the instantaneous critical voltage becomes lower and lower until finally corona starts at the zero point of the wave. This occurs when the applied voltage is twice the visual critical voltage. At still higher voltage, corona starts below zero or on the falling wave.