cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Routine central compartment lymph node dissection for patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma.

Background The role of routine central compartment neck dissection in papillary thyroid cancer is controversial. Methods A retrospective medical record review was conducted of 83 patients with papillary thyroid cancer who received either total or hemithyroidectomy and central compartment lymphadenectomy. Results Positive central compartment node metastases were found in approximately equal rates between older and younger patients (38.9% and 42.6%, respectively; Fisher's exact test; p = .82). The primary tumor was a microcarcinoma (1 cm or less) in 32 patients (38.5%). Positive central compartment node metastases were detected in 31.3% of patients with microcarcinomas, compared with 47.1% of patients with tumors greater than 1 cm. Conclusion Younger and older patients had approximately equal rates of central compartment lymph node metastasis. There was also a similar rate of metastasis between microcarcinomas and larger tumors. Our results document that central compartment lymph node dissection is a safe operation and may decrease the need for further operations. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
The pleiotropic effects of the hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors in rheumatologic disorders: a comprehensive review

The hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) are used extensively in the treatment for hyperlipidemia. They have also demonstrated a benefit in a variety of other disease processes, including a wide range of rheumatologic disorders. These secondary actions are known as pleiotropic effects. Our paper serves as a focused and updated discussion on the pleiotropic effects of statins in rheumatologic disorders and emphasizes the importance of randomized, placebo-controlled trials to further elucidate this interesting phenomenon.
Optical pulse compression based on enhanced frequency chirping

Through numerical simulations, we show that, under relatively general conditions, passage of an intense picosecond pulse through a single‐mode optical fiber can cause the pulse to become strongly frequency broadened with a positive chirp (linear frequency sweep) describing essentially all of the energy of the output pulse. Also, because the optical fiber supports only a single transverse mode, the entire output beam profile has the same frequency modulation. These two features allow for unprecedented optical pulse compression.
Strategy space reduction for feasible implementation of Walrasian performance

The purpose of this paper is to establish a new upper bound on the size of the strategy space that is needed to feasibly implement the constrained Walrasian correspondence (W). This bound is significantly lower than those available from the literature on feasible Nash-implementation. Our focus on W has wider implications since implementation of W implies partial implementation of “almost” all individually rational and efficient implementable economic performance standards. Hence, our results provide a parallel — in the economic context — to the research agenda of Saijo [13] and McKelvey [9] who have established new upper bounds on the size of the strategy space required for feasible implementation of Nash-implementable performance standards in general social choice contexts. We prove that it is sufficient to have only three agents in an economy who make price-related announcements. This is a critical source of the reduction in strategy space.
Release of [3H]norepinephrine from synaptic vesicles isolated from rat brain after the intracisternal administration of [3h]norepinephrine: Influence of nucleotides, ions and drugs and destabilization of transmitter storage caused by acute or chronic lithium administration

Abstract Following the intracisternal administration of [ 3 H]norepinephrine to rats pretreated with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, synaptic vesicles containing the radio label could be isolated from isotonically prepared microsomal fractions of rat brain. Incorporation of [ 3 H]norepinephrine into the vesicles was reduced by pretreatment of the rats with desmethylimipramine and was also reduced if the rats had not been pretreated with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Incorporation of the label was totally eliminated by pretreatment with reserpine. Release in vitro of [ 3 H]norepinephrine from the labeled vesicles was monophasic with a half-time of about 12 min at 30°C. The release was slowed by addition of adenosine 5′-triphosphate plus Mg 2+ by a mechanism different from that of the vesicular amine uptake system; this was shown by the failure of inhibitors of adenosine triphosphate-Mg 2+ -stimulated uptake (reserpine,N-ethylmaleimide, lithium) to block the effect of adenosine triphosphate plus Mg 2+ on release. Several other nucleotides also were able to slow the release of [ 3 H]norepinephrine. Unlike adrenomedullary vesicles, rat brain synaptic vesicles did not show enhancement of amine release by chloride in the presence or absence of adenosine triphosphate plus Mg 2+ . The yield of labeled vesicles was substantially reduced if vesicles were prepared by hypotonic lysis of synaptosomes instead of isotonically from the microsomal fraction; the isotonic preparation appears to be superior for studies of vesicle uptake and storage properties. This preparation is readily utilizable for studies of the effects of in vivo administration of drugs thought to act on vesicular storage of catecholamines, a point illustrated by the destabilization of norepinephrine storage caused by acute or chronic lithium administration.
The contemporary role of renal mass biopsy in the management of small renal tumors

The selective use of percutaneous biopsy for diagnosis in renal masses is a relatively uncommon approach when compared to the management of other solid neoplasms. With recent advancements in imaging techniques and their widespread use, the incidental discovery of asymptomatic, small renal masses (SRM) is on the rise and a substantial percentage of these SRM are benign. Recent advances in diagnostics have significantly improved accuracy rates of renal mass biopsy (RMB), making it a potentially powerful tool in the management of SRM. In this review, we will discuss the current management of SRM, problems with the traditional view of RMB, improvements in the diagnostic power of RMB, cost-effectiveness of RMB, and risks associated with RMB. RMB may offer important information enabling treating clinicians to better risk-stratify patients and ultimately provide a more personalized treatment approach for SRM.
Minimax terminal state estimation for linear plants with unknown forcing functions

Abstract An admissible minimax estimate for the terminal state of a linear discrete system with an unknown control sequence is derived with respect to a generalized quadratic loss function. This loss function is quadratic in both the terminal state estimation error and the unknown control sequence. The estimate is derived using the method of least favourable prior distributions. It is linear, and the least favourable prior distribution for the unknown control sequence is normal with zero mean. The covariance of this least favourable normal distribution is determined by the solution of a certain non-linear algebraic matrix equation. This minimax estimation problem is shown to be equivalent to a constrained minimization problem. Further, sufficient conditions are developed under which this minimax terminal state estimate can be realized as a discrete time Kalinau filter.
Differences in mothers' and fathers' relationships with siblings: Links with children's behavior problems

Differences in mothers' and fathers' relationships with siblings and children's behavior problems were studied in a sample of 63 8-year-olds and their families. Mothers and fathers independently provided information about their relationships with siblings, and mothers rated children's adjustment and temperament. Children whose relationships with mothers and fathers were more conflictual and less close than their siblings' relationships had more emotional temperaments and more behavior problems than did other children in the sample. Mothers' and fathers' differential relationships with children were examined in combination. Children had the fewest behavior problems if both parents were closer to them than to their sibling, and they had the most behavior problems if both parents were closer to their sibling than to them. In families in which the mother was closer to one sibling and the father was closer to the other sibling, children had adjustment outcomes that fell in between the other two groups but did not differ significantly from them.
Teaching Critical Thinking Skills: Ability, Motivation, Intervention, and the Pygmalion Effect

Using a Solomon four-group design, we investigate the effect of a case-based critical thinking intervention on students’ critical thinking skills (CTA). We randomly assign 31 sessions of business classes (N = 659 students) to four groups and collect data from three sources: in-class performance (CTA), university records (ACT, GPA, and demographic variables), and Internet surveys (learning and motivational goals). Our 2 × 2 ANOVA results showed no significant between-subjects differences. Contrary to our expectations, students improve their critical thinking skills, with or without the intervention. Female and Caucasian students improve their critical thinking skills, but males and non-Caucasian do not. Positive performance goals and negative mastery goals enhance and decrease improvements of their CTA scores, respectively. ACT and age are related to pre- and post-test. Gender (male) is related to pre-test. GPA is related to post-test. Results shed light on the Pygmalion effect, the Galatea effect, ability, motivation, and opportunity as signals for human capital, and business ethics.
Polymerase chain reaction: relevance for dermatopathology.

Medical knowledge has been significantly expanded by the techniques of molecular genetics. A new technology, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (1–6), has produced a quantum leap in the field of molecular genetics. PCR uses an in vitro chemical reaction to amplify impure DNA, either fragmented or intact. A defined DNA fragment can be amplified a millionfold in a relatively brief incubation (a few hours). The ability to amplify minute quantities of crude DNA gives the method extraordinary power and sensitivity, DNA can be amplified from fixed pathologic specimens (7), buccal cells from mouth washes (8), a single human hair (9), and solitary cells (10). Once amplified, large DNA samples can be studied by electrophoresis, Southern and slot blot, and other techniques.
Context-dependent differences in miR-10b breast oncogenesis can be targeted for the prevention and arrest of lymph node metastasis

Metastases, and not the primary tumor from which they originate, are the main reason for mortality from carcinoma. Although the molecular mechanisms behind metastasis are poorly understood, it is clear that epigenetic dysregulation at the level of microRNA expression is a key characteristic of the metastatic process that can be exploited for therapy. Here, we describe an miRNA-targeted therapeutic approach for the prevention and arrest of lymph node metastasis. Therapy relies on the inhibition of the pro-metastatic microRNA-10b. It is delivered to primary and lymph node metastatic tumor cells using an imaging-capable nanodrug that is designed to specifically home to these tissues. Treatment of invasive human breast tumor cells (MDA-MB-231) with the nanodrug in vitro downregulates miR-10b and abolishes the invasion and migration of the tumor cells. After intravenous delivery to mice bearing orthotopic MDA-MB-231-luc-D3H2LN tumors, the nanodrug accumulates in the primary tumor and lymph nodes. When treatment is initiated before metastasis to lymph nodes, metastasis is prevented. Treatment after the formation of lymph node metastases arrests the metastatic process without a concomitant effect on primary tumor growth raising the possibility of a context-dependent variation in miR-10b breast oncogenesis.
Treatment of ragweed hay fever with an intranasal spray containing flunisolide, a new synthetic corticosteroid☆

Abstract Flunisolide, a new synthetic fluorinated corticosteroid, was administered as a nasal spray via a squeeze bottle to patients with ragweed hay fever for 4 wk during the hay fever season. Fifty-one patients, paired on the basis of similar skin sensitivity to intradermal ragweed (⩽ 10 −1 PNU/ml), were randomly assigned in a double-blind manner either an aerosol-containing flunisolide dissolved in vehicle (a mixture of polyethylene glycol and propylene glycol) or vehicle alone. Flunisolide was sprayed as a 0.025% solution two times in each nostril twice a day. Forty-eight patients completed the study. Three patients dropped out for reasons unrelated to flunisolide usage. On the basis of physician interviews and daily symptom diary scores, patients receiving flunisolide showed significant improvement of hay fever symptoms when compared to their counterparts receiving vehicle. No systemic steroid side effects were observed. Morning plasma cortisol levels measured prior to and after 3 wk of flunisolide therapy showed no significant difference between the treatment groups. Adverse local efiects were minor and were noted less frequently with flunisolide than with vehicle. Flunisolide's topical efficacy and lack of adrenal suppression provide distinct advantages over other steroid preparations available in the United States for treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis.
PhishZoo: Detecting Phishing Websites by Looking at Them

Phishing is a security attack that involves obtaining sensitive or otherwise private data by presenting oneself as a trustworthy entity. Phishers often exploit users' trust on the appearance of a site by using web pages that are visually similar to an authentic site. This paper proposes a phishing detection approach -- PhishZoo -- that uses profiles of trusted websites' appearances to detect phishing. Our approach provides similar accuracy to blacklisting approaches (96%), with the advantage that it can classify zero-day phishing attacks and targeted attacks against smaller sites (such as corporate intranets). A key contribution of this paper is that it includes a performance analysis and a framework for making use of computer vision techniques in a practical way.
Effects of mycoplasma contamination on the radiosensitivity of rat glial cells

L'effet de la presence deM. laidlawii sur la sensibilite aux rayons-X des cellules provenant d'un glioblastome de rat a ete etudie. Aucune difference significative n'a pu etre mise en evidence entre la radiosensibilite des cellules infectees et celle des cellules saines. Ces resultats sont discutes en tenant compte des donnes bibliographiques.
Diffusion of hydrogen into the (110) plane of a tungsten field emitter at low temperatures

Abstract Experiments taking advantage of the very small dissociative sticking coefficient of H 2 on the (110) plane of a tungsten field emitter show that diffusion into, rather than on the plane limits entry of H into the plane at low temperatures, i.e. diffusion on the plane is much faster than entry into the plane. The barrier to entry of H is nearly independent of temperature from 130 to 27 K and is independent of applied field. Over the limited range experimentally accessible tunneling diffusion on the (110) plane is independent of field emission current.
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECT OF DRIVER AGE ON TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVOLVEMENT USING LOG-LINEAR MODELS

Statistical models were developed to help understand the relationship between the driver age and several important accident-related factors and circumstances such as injury severity, collision types, average daily traffic (ADT), roadway character, speed ratio, alcohol involvement, and accident location. By using techniques of categorical analysis on the 1994 and 1995 Florida accident database, four long-linear models with three variables in each model with all possible two-way interactions were developed. In order to compare the differences in response between the age groups and a particular accident-related variable, odds multipliers were computed. The effects of age and accident-related factors were examined, and interactions among them were considered. The results indicated significant relationships between the driver age and ADT, injury severity, manner of collision, speed, alcohol involvement, and roadway character. The findings' contribution to the understanding of the effect of age on accident involvement is addressed. A discussion of how log-linear and logit modeling with estimation of 'odds multipliers' may contribute to traffic safety studies is also provided.
Learning to Tell: Aspects of Developing Communicative Competence in Young Children's Story Retellings

ABSTRACTAs teachers have shifted from basal to more literature-based reading/language arts programs, they have frequently encouraged children to produce oral retellings of books read or heard. The authors describe ways in which oral retellings, as oral compositions, can serve as holistic literacy experiences for young children in the transition from oracy to literacy in elementary classrooms. The authors examine how children employ various wordings in story retellings to naive listeners, and suggest how children's linguistic choices provide a means to understand and assess their developing communicative competence. The importance of the social context in which retellings are produced is emphasized and implications regarding the role of retellings in the classroom are discussed.
Distributed stereo-correlation algorithm

This paper addresses the problem of parallelizing one of the most computationally intensive imaging tasks, namely, the stereocorrelation operation. Stereo-correlation is a statistical procedure utilized to automatically derive the depth information from a pair of digitized pictures taken from the same scene but at different positions. Thus, the operation automatically generates the third dimension (z-coordinate) of each pixel of the image of the scene. The paper presents a simple but novel distributed stereo-correlation algorithm which uses a data farming approach to balance the work load. It presents the Parallel Virtual Machine implementations of the algorithm together with a set of execution times.
New Methods In Third Harmonic Generation And Molecular Systematics

AbstractA new variation of nonlinear susceptibility measurement in liquids using optical third harmonicgeneration is described. High precision ( -1 %) and throughput are advantages which facilitate observationsof systematic trends and deviations from idealized behavior. Nonlinearities in several simple series ofmolecular liquids are presented and discussed. Introduction Optical third harmonic generation (THG) is an extremely important technique for study of the originsof molecular or polymeric nonlinear polarizability. The dispersion component of x(3) associated with THG is the least complex among those describing third -order nonlinear polarization processes. Material excitations having resonances only at optical or higher frequencies contribute significantly to the THG x(3),in essence assuring that the electronic nonlinearity can be directly and unambiguously probed. Fullerdescription of the THG nonlinearity and the modelling of x(3) in molecular terms may be foundelsewhere.) Counterbalancing the
Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of Vanadium Pentoxide Nanotube Arrays

Nanotube arrays of amorphous vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) were synthesized via template-based electrodeposition, and its electrochemical properties were investigated for Li-ion intercalation applications. The nanotubes have a length of 10 μm, outer diameter of 200 nm and inner diameter of 100 nm. Electrochemical analyses demonstrate that the V2O5 nanotube array delivers a high initial capacity of 300 mAh/g, about twice that of the electrochemically prepared V2O5 film. Although the V2O5 nanotube array shows a more drastic degradation than the film under electrochemical redox cycles, the nanotube array reaches a stabilized capacity of 160 mAh/g, which remains about 1.3 times the stabilized capacity of the film.
The Sept4 Septin Locus Is Required for Sperm Terminal Differentiation in Mice

The murine septin4 gene (Sept4) has been implicated in diverse cellular functions, including cytokinesis, apoptosis, and tumor suppression. Here, we investigated the function of Sept4 proteins during mouse development by creating a targeted deletion of the Sept4 genomic locus. Sept4 mutant mice are viable but male sterile due to immotile and structurally defective sperm. During spermatogenesis, Sept4 proteins were essential for proper mitochondrial architecture and establishment of the annulus, a ring-like structure in the tail region of sperm. In addition, Sept4 mutant sperm showed defects in the elimination of residual cytoplasm during sperm maturation and had increased staining for the caspase inhibitor XIAP. This is consistent with a role of the proapoptotic Sept4 protein ARTS in promoting caspase-mediated removal of cytoplasm via inhibition of XIAP. Our results indicate that Sept4 proteins play distinct but evolutionarily conserved functions in different cellular compartments.
The evolving Internet: applications and network service infrastructure

This article has three goals. It begins by reviewing the current state of the Internet as a data transport system and some of its emerging problems. Then it discusses two major research initiatives -Internet 2 and the Next Generation Internet (NGI) program- and some of the new network-level services that may first see substantial deployment in these new research testbeds. The article concludes with a few speculations about future changes to the Internet as a data transport system.
Cities in Social Transformation

This essay has sought to bring out salient points that can throw light both upon the vexing problems of cultural transformation and on the related phenomena of economic growth. It has employed concepts that are relatively recent in the social sciences and that when synthesized provide the elements of a theory of social change. The five main concepts are: the city as a cross-cultural type; the functional urban hierarchy; the nodular regional structure; effective social, political-administrative and economic space; economic growth as being part of a more comprehensive process leading to successively higher levels of integration of the social system. From the concept of the city as a cross-cultural type it follows that there are no fundamental distinctions between industrial and preindustrial cities, but both are sharply distinguished from communal village life. All cities have in common a way of life that is characterized by varying degrees of social heterogeneity and cultural vitality, and by inventiveness, creativity, rationality, and civic consciousness. From the fact that cities and the regions related to them may be seen as functionally differentiated and arranged in hieratic fashion it follows that the extent of urban influence will vary with (a) the stage of evolution reached by the hierarchy as a whole, and (b) the relative position of any given city within the hierarchy. Economic growth has to be seen as part of a comprehensive process of cultural transformation. From the ruthless destruction of old social forms no aspect of society will be spared. It is the influences spreading outward from cities that accomplish both the disruption of the traditional social patterns and the reintegration of society around new fundamental values. The city acts as a coordinating, space-creating force, thus achieving the integration of the social order in its spatial dimensions. Intellectuals, administrators and entrepreneurs are the city's agents in this task. With their success in organizing the life of a society, both as a pattern of activities and as a pattern in space, the traditional notion of a city as a place having definite geographic limits will tend gradually to disappear. Just as Karl Mannheim speaks of fundamental democratization as one of the tendencies of our age, so one may speak of fundamental urbanization as the end-result of modern economic growth. With this, the former distinction between town and country will beblurred and will leave a thoroughly organized, impersonal, and functionally rational society to carry on.
Optoelectronic 3-D Object Classification From 2-D Images

The task of object classification is complicated by variations in the 3-D object, which translate into distortions in 2-D images. The pattern matching for 3-D invariance classification requires a large amount of data and computation time. Proposed here is an efficient 3-D object classification algorithm for real-time fringe-adjusted joint transform correlator (FJTC)-based automatic target recognition (ATR) system. The proposed classification technique employed a fragment-based recognition approach and a new type of synthetic discriminant function filter in the generation of distortion-invariant correlation filter sets. The optoelectronic FJTC is then used to provide correlation of the filter sets with the input under a proper arrangement. This classification method is simple and fast, hence is suitable to be in use by real-time ATR systems. For the conclusion, simulation results are provided to prove the effectiveness of the proposed system in the classification of objects invariant to 3-D out-of-plane rotation distortion.
Routing-Based Source-Location Privacy in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) have the potential to be widely used in many areas for unattended event monitoring. Mainly due to lack of a protected physical boundary, wireless communications are vulnerable to unauthorized interception and detection. Privacy is becoming one of the major issues that jeopardize the successful deployment of wireless sensor networks. While confidentiality of the message can be ensured through content encryption, it is much more difficult to adequately address the source-location privacy. For WSN, source-location privacy service is further complicated by the fact that the sensor nodes consist of low-cost and low-power radio devices, computationally intensive cryptographic algorithms (such as public-key cryptosystems) and large scale broadcasting-based protocols are not suitable for WSN. In this paper, we propose a scheme to provide both content confidentiality and source-location privacy through routing to a randomly selected intermediate node (RRIN). While being able to provide source-location privacy for WSN, our simulation results also demonstrate that the proposed scheme is very efficient and can be used for practical applications.
Enhancing Political Participation in Democracies What is the Role of Social Capital

What factors account for a more active and politically engaged citizenry? Macro-national institutions, micro-level influences (such as individuals' wealth and education), and meso-level factors, particularly social capital, have been stressed variously in different studies. How do these different factors stack up against one another? What contribution does social capital make compared with the other factors? And how—through what channels—is social capital brought to bear on issues of democratic participation? These questions are examined here with the help of an original data set collected over 2 years for 69 village communities in two north Indian states, including interviews with more than 2,000 individual respondents. Analysis reveals that institutions and social capital work together in support of active participation. Social capital matters, and its effects are magnified when capable agents are also available who can help individuals and communities connect with public decision-making processes.
Exposure to Influenza Virus Aerosols During Routine Patient Care

Background. Defining dispersal of influenza virus via aerosol is essential for the development of prevention measures. Methods. During the 2010–2011 influenza season, subjects with influenza-like illness were enrolled in an emergency department and throughout a tertiary care hospital, nasopharyngeal swab specimens were obtained, and symptom severity, treatment, and medical history were recorded. Quantitative impaction air samples were taken not ≤0.305 m (1 foot), 0.914 m (3 feet), and 1.829 m (6 feet) from the patient’s head during routine care. Influenza virus was detected by rapid test and polymerase chain reaction. Results. Sixty-one of 94 subjects (65%) tested positive for influenza virus. Twenty-six patients (43%) released influenza virus into room air, with 5 (19%) emitting up to 32 times more virus than others. Emitters surpassed the airborne 50% human infectious dose of influenza virus at all sample locations. Healthcare professionals (HCPs) were exposed to mainly small influenza virus particles (diameter, <4.7 µm), with concentrations decreasing with increasing distance from the patient’s head (P< .05). Influenza virus release was associated with high viral loads in nasopharyngeal samples (shedding), coughing, and sneezing (P< .05). Patients who reported severe illness and major interference with daily life also emitted more influenza virus (P< .05). Conclusions. HCPs within 1.829 m of patients with influenza could be exposed to infectious doses of influenza virus, primarily in small-particle aerosols. This finding questions the current paradigm of localized droplet transmission during non–aerosol-generating procedures.
An Evaluation of the Plasticity-Induced Crack-Closure Concept and Measurement Methods

An assessment of the plasticity-induced crack-closure concept is made, in light of some of the questions that have been raised on the validity of the concept, and the assumptions that have been made concerning crack-tip damage below the crack-opening stress. The impact of using other crack-tip parameters, such as the cyclic crack-tip displacement, to model crack-growth rate behavior was studied. Crack-growth simulations, using a crack-closure model, showed a close relation between traditional Delta K\sub{eff} and the cyclic crack-tip displacement (Delta delta\sub{eff}) for an aluminum alloy and a steel. Evaluations of the cyclic hysteresis energy demonstrated that the cyclic plastic damage below the crack-opening stress was negligible in the Paris crack-growth regime. Some of the standard and newly proposed remote measurement methods to determine the effective crack-tip driving parameter were evaluated on middle-crack tension specimens. A potential source of the K\sub{max} effect on crack-growth rates was studied on an aluminum alloy. Results showed that the ratio of K\sub{max} to K\sub{c} had a strong effect on crack-growth rates at high stress ratios and at low stress ratios for very high stress levels. The crack-closure concept and the traditional crack-growth rate equations were able to correlate and predict crack-growth rates under these extreme conditions.
Response of Male Cabbage Loopers to 15 Isomers and Congeners of the Looper Pheromone

Fifteen 12-carbon saturated and unsaturated alcohols and acetates related chemically to synthesized sex pheromone ( cis -7-dodecen-1-ol acetate) of Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) were bioassayed for attractancy to cabbage looper males. Only acetates with unsaturation in 6- and 7-positions showed some activity. Response was reduced when the cis and trans isomers of 7-dodecen-l-ol acetate were bioassayed simultaneously, when other isomers and congeners were tested, and when the pheromone was subjected to heat and to outdoor conditions.
Epidermal pigmentation in the human lineage is an adaptation to ultraviolet radiation.

Skin color is one of the most biologically significant and socially salient aspects of the human phenotype and an understanding of its evolution is of fundamental importance. In a series papers, Elias et al. (2009, 2010) and Elias and Williams (2013) presented the hypothesis that epidermal pigmentation evolved primarily to enhance the barrier functions of the epidermis, specifically that increased melaninization of the skin evolved to provide “a competent permeability barrier, [as] a requirement for life in a desiccating terrestrial environment” (Elias and Williams, 2013: 688). They cite evidence that darkly pigmented skin possesses a more competent skin barrier than lightly pigmented skin (Gunathilake et al., 2009), and that it prevents transepidermal water loss (TEWL) when humans are traveling over long distances. Further, they claimed that darkly pigmented skin is more resistant to infections because it is drier, more acidic, and capable of producing more antimicrobial peptides (Wassermann, 1965; Mackintosh, 2001). They also proposed that reduced epidermal pigmentation at higher latitudes was
Virtuality, Technology Use, and Engagement Within Organizations

Multinational organizations are turning to collaborative technology to enable virtual organizational structures. While collaborative technology provides distributed workers with new affordances to form relationships and share knowledge, collaborative technology also has complex, interwoven implications for virtual organizing. To disentangle these concerns, this study considers four key dimensions of virtuality—spatial dispersion, temporal dispersion, dynamic structure, and functional diversity—in relation to technology use and engagement with peers within an organization. Survey data were collected in a multinational organization that facilitates work through extensive use of collaborative technology. The results of structural equation modeling reveal connections between two dimensions of virtuality, use of collaborative technology and peer engagement in the organization. Findings suggest that understanding interactions in virtual organizations requires a more nuanced approach to virtuality and active man...
Conflating Forms of Separation in Administrative Ethics

The preceding article by Neil Brady and David Hart explores the issue of whether conflict in administrative ethics should not be viewed as a problem but welcomed as necessary to good management. They compare the situation to the arts, where they see a similar presence of unresolved tension having favorable consequence. The present commentary points out that three quite different forms of separation are involved in their analysis and argues that conflating them into the single term conflict leads to significant misunderstandings. These forms are contradiction, competition, and contrast.
A New Look at Azimuthal Wave Propagation Constants of an n-Layered Dielectric Coated PEC Cylinder

A method for determining the azimuthal wave propagation constants supported by an n-layered dielectric coated PEC cylinder is presented. The method, based on a Green's function described in , is designed to optimally handle layered cylinders where the number of layers is extremely large as might be encountered in structures designed using transformational optics. The method is also tractable for any stratification profile without the need for individual layer analysis. We implement a recently developed numerical method to calculate Bessel functions of complex order and argument. Our method is verified by comparison with previously published results. We also present new results for a 5-layer case demonstrating self consistency and improved accuracy over published methods. Finally, to illustrate the method's benefits, we present a brief analysis of two multilayer structures; a multilayer variation of the coated cylinder presented in and an example of a 7-layer case that approximates a material parameter gradient.
Rhesus Monkeys with Orbital Prefrontal Cortex Lesions Can Learn to Inhibit Prepotent Responses in the Reversed Reward Contingency Task

Monkeys with lesions of the orbital prefrontal cortex (PFo) are impaired on behavioral tasks that require the ability to respond flexibly to changes in reward contingency (e.g., object reversal learning and extinction). These and related findings in rodents and humans have led to the suggestion that PFo is critical for the inhibitory control needed to overcome prepotent responses. To test this idea, we trained rhesus monkeys with PFo lesions and unoperated controls on acquisition of the reversed reward contingency task. In this task, selecting the smaller of 2 food quantities (1 half peanut [1P]) leads to receipt of the larger quantity (4 half peanuts [4P]) and vice versa. Choice of a larger quantity of food is a reliable prepotent response, and, accordingly, all monkeys initially selected 4P rather than one. With experience, however, all monkeys learned to select 1P in order to receive 4. Surprisingly, monkeys with PFo lesions learned as quickly as unoperated controls. Thus, PFo lesions do not yield a deficit in all tests that require the inhibition of a prepotent response.
Trust and Credit

This study considers the impact of trustworthiness on financial markets at the individual transaction level. We employ a natural experiment using the peer-to-peer lending site, Prosper.com. We find that borrowers who are perceived as less trustworthy are economically and significantly less likely to have their loan requests filled, even controlling for physical attractiveness, detailed demographic information, credit profile, income, education, employment and loan-specific information. Indeed, a borrower perceived as trustworthy can promise an interest rate 182 basis points lower than a less trustworthy borrower and have the same likelihood of being funded. These results suggest that agents’ perceptions of trustworthiness are important, even in relatively information-rich environments.
Effects of transurethral prostatectomy on nonelectrolyte components of serum

Abstract The total serum protein, serum albumin, serum globulin, and serum cholesterol were measured in 220 patients having transurethral prostate resection. The measurements were made before surgery, at the termination of the operative procedure, and on the first postoperative day. The changes observed showed a decrease in each parameter and were compared with serum sodium measurements made at the same time intervals. The per cent change that occurred intraoperatively in total serum protein was — 14.5 per cent, serum albumin — 14.5 per cent, cholesterol — 14.4 per cent, globulin — 12.9 per cent, while serum sodium was — 2.6 per cent. On postoperative day 1, only serum sodium and serum globulin showed a significant change from the immediate postoperative value. Since plasma sodium readily equilibrates with the interstitial fluid while plasma proteins do not, plasma dilution may be reflected more accurately in measurement of changes in plasma proteins and cholesterol than measurement of serum sodium.
The Trajectory of the United States in the World-System: A Quantitative Reflection:

Using improved estimates of world and country GDPs, population, and GDP per capita published by Angus Maddison (2001), we report findings of a quantitative study of the trajectory of the United States in world historical perspective. We compare the U.S. economic hegemony of the twentieth century with the seventeenth-century Dutch hegemony and the British hegemony of the nineteenth century. We also track the trajectories of challengers and discuss the future of hegemonic rivalry and global governance. Our findings support the existence of a sequence of hegemonic rises and declines. Despite a recent plateau in the decline of U.S. economic hegemony, we contend that the United States will continue to decline.
A Study of Titanium Silicide Polycide Etching

The reactive ion etching of polycide films (TiSi2 over polysilicon) is discussed. Experimental conditions which lead to anisotropy and the identification of certain contamination problems as well as their solution are presented.
Impaired renal tubular secretion of potassium, elevated sweat sodium chloride concentration and plasma inhibition of erythrocyte sodium outflux as complications of systemic lupus erythematosus

A 23-year-old male with systemic lupus erythematosus and hypocomplementemic glomerulonephritis (creatinine clearance 84 ml/min) developed severe hyperkalemia when given a normal sodium and potassium intake. Potassium excretion increased subnormally in response to ammonium chloride, sodium bicarbonate and a sodium-retaining steroid. Renal conservation of sodium and excretion of ammonium were impaired. These observations are consistent with defects in secretion of potassium and hydrogen ion by the distal tubule. Sodium transport by sweat ducts and normal erythrocytes incubated in the patient's plasma was impaired. The several abnormalities in ion transport could have been caused by a circulating substance(s), possibly acquired as a result of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Ordering decoupled metadata accesses in multiprocessors

Hardware support for dynamic analysis can minimize the performance overhead of useful applications such as security checks, debugging, and profiling. To eliminate implementation complexity and improve flexibility, recent hardware proposals have decoupled the processing of the metadata needed for analysis from the application running on the main processor core. However, such decoupling can lead to inconsistencies between application data and analysis metadata in multiprocessor systems. If updates to data and metadata occur in different orders, the analysis can be rendered incorrect, leading to issues such as undetected security attacks or unnecessary program termination. This paper presents a practical hardware solution that ensures consistency between application data and analysis metadata in multiprocessor systems. We use hardware to track the order of data updates and enforce the same ordering on the analogous metadata operations. This solution works for both in-order and out-of-order processors and requires no changes to the cores, caches or coherence protocol. It is equally applicable to analysis architectures that use dedicated coprocessors or separate cores, is compatible with sequential and relaxed consistency models, and can accommodate metadata of different sizes. We show that, even with small tracking structures, our solution introduces a runtime overhead of less than 7% for PARSEC and SPLASH-2 benchmarks running on a 32-core system.
ASD Classroom Development System: Designing an ASD Classroom

Increase knowledge of the elements related to effective learning environments Increase knowledge of the elements of the ASD Classroom Model Increase knowledge of the components of the ASD Classroom Development System Increase knowledge of how to develop and evaluate an ASD classroom within your district
Alcohol and Its Biomarkers: Clinical Aspects and Laboratory Determination

Written by Amitava Dasgupta 300 pages. San Diego, Elsevier, 2015. $99.95. ISBN: 9780128003398. Alcohol is one of the most widely used and abused drugs in the United States and the world. According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 134 million Americans—more than half of the adult population— report being current drinkers, with nearly 18 million, or approximately 1 in every 12 adults, meeting the criteria for an alcohol use disorder.1 Nearly 90,000 alcohol-attributable deaths occur annually in the United States, making excessive alcohol use the fourth leading preventable cause of death.2 The annual economic costs of alcohol consumption were $223.5 billion in 2006, the last year for which there were comprehensive national estimates.3 As a result, Alcohol and Its …
Bonding and Phosphorescence Trends in 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D Oligomers and Extended Excimers of Group 12 Metals: Validation of Cooperativity in Both Metallophilic and Excimeric Bonding

Spectroscopic and bonding trends of group 12 clusters of various size (M2–8) have been studied to assess proper models for solid-state materials that exhibit ground-state metallophilic bonding and excited-state excimeric bonding. Both of these bonding types are found to exhibit increased bond strength as the cluster size increases, hence modulating the bond distance and spectroscopic constants and manifesting cooperativity in the 1Σ ground state and lowest-lying 3Σ and 3Π open-shell excited states. The cooperative bonding effects are shown to be caused by delocalization of the electron density as the size of the clusters increases. Spin-forbidden excitation and emission energies correspond to electron delocalization of the clusters, hence exhibiting red shifts with cluster size increase. The electron delocalization and, consequently, the bonding and photophysical parameters are studied as a function of cluster size and shape upon 1-D, 2-D, or 3-D growth of the cluster atoms. Near convergence in the cooper...
Non-Invasive Assessment Of Pulmonary Developmental Deficiency In A Model Of Transgenic Mice Using Hyperpolarized Gas Diffusion MRI

A. Barulic, K. Emami, Y. Xin, P. Mongkolwisetwara, H. Profka, N. N. Kuzma, J. M. D'Armiento, T. Shiomi, S. J. Kadlecek, Y. Xu, H. Hamedani, B. M. Pullinger, R. Ghosh, J. Rajaei, S. Pickup, M. Ishii, and R. R. Rizi Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States, Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, PA, Pennsylvania, United States, Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States, Department of Molecular Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States, Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Ovulation in Peromyscus maniculatus bairdi under Laboratory Conditions

This study was designed to determine whether ovulation in Peromyscus maniculatus bairdi is induced or spontaneous, and to determine the accuracy with which vaginal smears reflect the ovarian cycle. Ovarian histology, vaginal smears, and serum LH concentrations were compared among females inseminated 30 min or 24 h previously or housed alone. Deermice most frequently copulate in the dark period of their daily light cycle, and have variable vaginal smear patterns. Ovulation was spontaneous in the absence of tactile contact with the male and was not consistently related to the time of copulation. Serum LH values indicated a preovulatory surge. Marked variability was found in vaginal smear patterns, ovarian histology, and plasma LH concentrations.
ATPS-852-HYDROXYGLUTARATE DEPLETION IS NOT SUFFICIENT TO INHIBIT GROWTH OF SEVERAL PROGRESSIVE IDH1 MUTANT SOLID CANCER TYPES

Targeted agents that inhibit 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) production by mutant IDH1 have shown considerable promise in acute leukemia. To examine the potential effects of 2-HG reduction in IDH1 mutant solid cancers, we treated endogenous IDH1 mutant tumor cells from several tissue types with a well-characterized inhibitor of IDH1 R132H and R132C (IDH1i) in vitro and in vivo. We confirmed potent inhibition of 2-HG formation in vitro in IDH1R132H glioma tumorsphere lines and a fibrosarcoma line, HT1080 (IDH1R132C). Then, we broadly tested 8 endogenous IDH1 mutant cell lines, including 6 IDH1R132H gliomas, HT1080 and a melanoma line E232-2010 (IDH1R132C). IDH1i markedly reduced 2-HG, however did not inhibit in vitro growth of any cell line. We then assessed the effect of IDH1i treatment on mice bearing patient-derived, endogenous IDH1 mutant glioma orthotopic xenografts. Continuous daily oral administration of IDH1i (200 mg BID) achieved marked 2-HG reduction within the tumor. However, we found no significant difference in tumor size or survival of IDH1i-treated versus vehicle-treated mice. Furthermore, neither short-term nor prolonged (>6mo) in vitro IDH1i exposure significantly altered the global trimethylation or dimethylation of histone 3 lysine 9 (H3K9), global trimethylation of H3K27, genomewide distribution of DNA methylation or methylation of the O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase gene promoter. Paradoxically, long-term in vitro IDH1i incubation resulted in acceleration of cell proliferation and significantly shorter animal survival upon subsequent intracerebral implantation, compared to passage-matched IDH1 mutant glioma cells grown in the absence of IDH1i. Thus, 2-HG levels can be uncoupled from cell proliferation in several IDH1 mutant solid cancer types, and the epigenetic alterations induced by mutant IDH1 are not reversed solely by depletion of 2-HG, even after many cell divisions. Alternative combination therapeutic strategies may be needed for successful growth inhibition of progressive mutant IDH1 solid cancers.