cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting Fire Behavior of Composite CFT Columns Using Fundamental Section Behavior

This paper presents the development and verification of a fiber-based analytical approach for predicting the behavior of concrete filled steel tube (CFT) columns subjected to constant axial load and standard fire loading. The approach consists of three parts: (1) Two-dimensional heat transfer analysis, (2) section moment-curvature analysis, and (3) column inelastic buckling analysis using modified Newmark’s method. The analytical approach was verified by using it to predict (1) the thermal and structural behavior of CFT column specimens subjected to standard fire tests by different researchers and (2) the fundamental moment-curvature behavior of CFT beam-column specimens subjected to special (non-standard) fire tests conducted by the authors. The analytical approach predicts the fundamental moment-curvature behavior of CFT beam-column specimens and the standard fire behavior of CFT column specimens with reasonable accuracy. The analytical results also compare favorably with the overall behavior and stress states predicted by three-dimensional finite element analyses conducted earlier by the authors. The fiber-based analytical approach is recommended for modeling and predicting the standard, non-standard, or realistic fire behavior of CFT columns and beam-columns under various loading, heating, and boundary conditions.
A heart-breaking case of fever and rash.

In this series, a clinician extemporaneously discusses the diagnostic approach (regular text) to sequentially presented clinical information (bold). Additional commentary on the diagnostic reasoning process (italic) is interspersed throughout the discussion.
Treatment of Antibiotic-Associated Pseudomembranous Colitis

The experience of this laboratory with the treatment of Clostridium-induced colitis in experimental animals and in patients was reviewed. Optimal results in hamsters were achieved with the antibiotics vancomycin, metronidazole, and tetracycline. Cholestyramine was less effective. The outcome for animals given corticosteroids and Clostridium sordellii antitoxin systemically was not different from that for untreated control animals. The second facet of the study was a retrospective review of therapy in 272 patients with C. difficile-induced diarrhea or colitis. No specific therapy was given to 56 patients who had mild symptoms or were improving at the time the toxin was detected. The therapy most frequently used was oral vancomycin, which was given to 189 patients, including 100 with confirmed pseudomembranous colitis. The response rate was 97%, but 46 patients (24%) relapsed when treatment was discontinued. Response to cholestyramine was favorable in 12 of 19 patients. The results with metronidazole and bacitracin were uniformly good, although the experience was limited.
Queue waiting time aware dynamic workflow scheduling in multicluster environments

Workflows are prevailing in scientific computation. Multicluster environments emerge and provide more resources, benefiting workflows but also challenging the traditional workflow scheduling heuristics. In a multicluster environment, each cluster has its own independent workload management system. Jobs are queued up before getting executed, they experience different resource availability and wait time if dispatched to different clusters. However, existing scheduling heuristics neither consider the queue wait time nor balance the performance gain with data movement cost. The proposed algorithm leverages the advancement of queue wait time prediction techniques and empirically studies if the tunability of resource requirements helps scheduling. The extensive experiment with both real workload traces and test bench shows that the queue wait time aware algorithm improves workflow performance by 3 to 10 times in terms of average makespan with relatively very low cost of data movement.
PMR and 13CH satellite spectra of dihalobenzenes and substituent coupling effects

Abstract Proton magnetic resonance spectra for twenty-two disubstituted benzenes including eighteen dihalobenzenes, and 13 CH satellite spectra for seven of these compounds have been analyzed. Substituent effects on both J HH and J CH have been determined and the additivity of these effects has been established.
Using a feedback system to enhance chart note quality in Electronic Health Records

We present an Electronic Health Record (EHR) system for recording chart notes during patient encounters, enhanced by the use of various feedback mechanisms like progress bars and alerts. The extensive use of various feedback mechanisms, which are not present in existing EHRs, leads to improved quality of chart notes. Our experiments show that alerts in the EHR can help enhance the quality of chart notes.
Designing Steering Feel for Steer-by-Wire Vehicles Using Objective Measures

Drivers use torque feedback at the handwheel of a vehicle, or steering feel, to obtain information about the road and tire dynamics. This aids them in driving tasks like curve negotiation. Steer-by-wire vehicles, due to the mechanical decoupling of the front tires and handwheel, do not have any inherent steering feedback and require an artificial steering feel. One way to implement an artificial steering feel is to synthesize steering feedback with a model running on board the vehicle. Identifying the appropriate level of model fidelity required involves understanding what elements of steering feel are important. This paper proposes using objective steering feel measures used in industry as a means of understanding which elements of steering feel are most important. It also introduces a steering feel model of appropriate fidelity to capture these important elements of steering feel while remaining intuitive to tune objectively with a small set of parameters. Experimental data show that the desired performance measures obtained via dynamic vehicle simulation can be replicated on an actual steer-by-wire vehicle, validating the design technique.
On beautiful souls, just warriors and feminist consciousness

Abstract The author sketches, evaluates, and aims to disenthrall feminist thinkers from the grip of two powerfully and deeply held archetypes, the Beautiful Soul and the Just Warrior. Both these positions, with their many historic variants, operate to forestall consideration of possible alternatives on matters of war and peace, for feminists and non-feminists alike. The postures gear thinking a certain direction on the question of war itself and on the problem of male and female involvement in war. After criticizing these received notions, and explaining why each is inadequate to our current historic needs, the author develops a perspective, maternal thinking, which, transformed by and infused with a particular mode of feminist consciousness can, she argues, help to place contemporary feminists in a powerful theiretical posture from which to challenge the militarist state and militaristic policies and thinking.
Synthesis of the spiroketal fragment of avermectin B1b

Abstract A new synthesis of the spiroketal fragment of the potent antiparasitic agent, avermectin B1b, utilizing an improved procedure for the preparation of unsaturated spiroketals from lactones is described.
DNA Damage and Oxidation of Thiols Peroxynitrite Causes in Rat Thymocytes

Abstract We report here the ability of peroxynitrite to cause DNA strand breaks and to oxidize cellular thiol groups in viable rat thymocytes. Peroxynitrite was added to rat thymocytes in a phosphate buffer and DNA damage was measured by the fluorescence analysis of DNA unwinding assay. Peroxynitrite causes DNA strand breaks in a dose-dependent fashion. Four hydroxyl radical scavengers, namely mannitol, dimethyl sulfoxide, sodium benzoate, and Trolox, were tested for their ability to protect DNA from oxidative damage by peroxynitrite. Mannitol failed to protect DNA at concentrations at which it would have conferred nearly complete protection from damage by the hydroxyl radical. Strikingly, dimethyl sulfoxide and benzoate, which are more efficient hydroxyl radical scavengers than mannitol, caused an increase in DNA damage. Trolox was the only scavenger, among the four tested here, that was able to protect DNA from oxidative damage by peroxynitrite. We have previously shown that, among the scavengers tested, Trolox is the most effective scavenger of HOONO*, where HOONO* is a reactive form of HOONO that is a more selective oxidant than is the hydroxyl radical (see W. A. Pryer, X. Jin, and G. L. Squadrito, 1994, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 11173-11177). Thus, these results are consistent with our earlier observations that oxidations by peroxynitrite involve a reactive intermediate, HOONO*, rather than hydroxyl radicals. Peroxynitrite also oxidized cellular thiols in a dose-dependent fashion. Greater than 90% of the cells exposed to peroxynitrite were still viable for up to 10 min after DNA damage and thiol oxidation had occurred. In conclusion, DNA damage caused by peroxynitrite can be rationalized as caused by a powerful oxidant, HOONO*, which is formed during the decomposition of peroxynitrite to nitrite.
Goal-directed behavior in children with spina bifida

A group of school-age children with spina bifida (n = 15) between the ages of 6 and 12 years were compared with an age- and IQ-matched control group of normal children (n = 15). Goal-directed behavior in these two groups was measured by videotaped observational measures of the number of different task-oriented play activities the children performed and the amount of time they spent in independent task-oriented activities. Measures of time spent off-task and in simple manipulation of the play materials were taken, as well as the number of social initiations the child directed to the examiner. The children with spina bifida spent less time in task-oriented activities than the control group, even though there were no group differences in the number of activities performed. The differences could not be explained by cognitive impairments or socioeconomic factors. These results suggest that children with spina bifida may have specific problems with sustaining goal-directed behavior, and need assistance in formulating and implementing a sequence of actions in order to achieve concrete short-term goals.
An ultrastructural analysis of the dispersed cell phase during development of the annual fish, Cynolebias.

Cell ultrastructure was investigated during the dispersion phase of development in the annual fish Cynolebias. Three cellular populations encompass the yolk mass during dispersion, namely, 1) the yolk syncytial layer (YSL) or periblast, which lies directly over the surface of the yolk; 2) the deep blastomeres of the blastoderm, which engage in morphogenetic movements on the surface of the YSL and beneath the enveloping layer prior to forming the future embryo; and 3) the enveloping layer (EVL) of the blastoderm, which is a cohesive epithelium that forms the outermost cell layer of the blastoderm. Deep blastomeres contain numerous mitochondria and scattered glycogen rosettes that appear to function in the utilization of energy reserves. These cells also possess surface extensions such as filopodia and ruffles. Numerous microfilaments running parallel to the plasma membrane occur in cell extensions and in the cortical cytoplasm of neighboring blastomeres. In bleb-like extensions such as ruffles, microfilamentous stress fibers run parallel to the plane of the plasma membrane and prevent cellular organelles from entering the hyaline cap of the ruffle. Deep blastomeres also have basal projections that contain glycogen as well as pits in the basal membrane. Blastomeres move about using the YSL as a substrate. The YSL possesses specializations for nutrient uptake, storage, and transport such as numerous multivesicular bodies and large amounts of glycogen. Glycogen, in the rosette form, occurs in extraordinary amounts, virtually occluding the cytoplasm. Glycogen reserves are postulated to serve as an energy source during diapause. Glycogen is sometimes contained within villous projections that extend from the apical surface of the YSL. This configuration suggests the possibility of glycogen transport to the overlying deep blastomeres. Specializations of the EVL include apical tight junctions and basal lateral zonulae adherentes that interdigitate with those of adjacent EVL cells. The EVL serves as an impermeable membrane that protects the developing egg from the vicissitudes of its environment.
In Defense of Private Writing Consequences for Theory and Research

In the first section, the author addresses the most theoretical criticism of private writing as a false or misleading concept—that writing is inherently or essentially social. The author distinguishes and explores the various forms or senses in which this claim is true; in doing so, the author explores the limitations of certain kinds of totalistic forms of argumentation. In the second section, the author also addresses criticisms that acknowledge the existence of private writing but asserts that it is misguided or harmful. In the final section, the author suggests possibilities for empirical research that might not only throw light on theoretical disputes about the nature of private writing but also provide some concrete help to teachers of writing.
New data on the structure of uranium monocarbide

Uranium monocarbide (UC) or ternary alloys are considered to be possible candidates for future nuclear fuels. Although the crystallographic and electronic structure of UC has been addressed in past investigations, discrepancies in the literature data have fostered a new investigation of the UC phase. We report here a reinvestigation of the UC phase by complementary X-ray spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations. A combination of X-ray powder diffraction and extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis at the uranium LIII edge led to the crystallographic determination of the UC phase of the NaCl type. For electronic structure investigation, a combination of uranium X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy at the LIII edge and at the NIV,V edges with quantum chemical calculations allowed us to define the evolution of the metal charge in comparison with metallic uranium on the one hand and uranium dioxide on the other hand.
Solar flares controlled by helicity conservation

The energy release in a class of solar flares is studied on the assumption that during burst events in highly conducting plasma the magnetic helicity of plasma is approximately conserved. The available energy release under a solar flare controlled by the helicity conservation is shown to be defined by the magnetic structure of the associated prominence. The approach throws light on some solar flare enigmas: the role of the associated prominences; the discontinuation of the reconnection of magnetic lines long before the complete reconnection of participated fields occurs; the existence of quiet prominences which, in spite of their usual optical appearance, do not initiate any flare events; the small energy release under a solar flare in comparison with the stockpile of magnetic energy in surrounding fields. The predicted scale of the energy release is in a fair agreement with observations.
The Accuracy of Drivers’ Judgments of the Effects of Headlight Glare on Pedestrian Recognition at Night

In response to consumer complaints of being disabled by modern headlighting technologies, several recent studies have assessed whether drivers accurately assess the extent their ability to see is degraded by headlight glare. This research has suggested that drivers can overestimate the extent to which glare from headlights degrades their ability to see relatively simple stimuli. The present studies extended this research by quantifying the accuracy with which drivers judge that glare interferes with their ability to see pedestrians at night. In Experiment 1, 21 participants judged their ability to see a roadside pedestrian in two clothing configurations and with three intensities of glare present. In Experiment 2, 65 new participants responded to a roadside pedestrian in the same conditions. On average, participants overestimated the distance at which they would see a pedestrian by a factor of more than three. Interestingly, the participants' overestimates were significantly greater when the pedestrian wore a retroreflective vest. The participants judged that headlight glare would have a larger effect on their ability to see a pedestrian who was not wearing retroreflective material than for a pedestrian who wore a retroreflective vest. Language: en
Phenotypic and Genetic Relationships Between Reproduction and Milk Production in Dairy Goats

First lactations of 3286 Alpine, Nubian, Saanen, and Toggenburg does were used to assess consequences of correcting milk and fat yields for age and season of kidding and to estimate heritabilities and phenotypic and genetic relationships between milk production and reproductive traits. Does were classified into those that reproduced successfully during their first breeding year and those that did not and were held over to the following year before reproducing successfully. Heritabilities of milk and fat yield and fat percent adjusted for age-season were .68, .61, and .54 for Alpines, Saanens, and Toggenburgs and .35, .54, and 1.09 for Nubians. Phenotypic and genetic correlations between date of kidding and unadjusted milk and fat yield were negative but were close to zero for adjusted yields. Phenotypic correlations for age of kidding with unadjusted milk and fat yields were positive and with adjusted yields were near zero. Genetic correlations for age at kidding with unadjusted yields were positive but with adjusted yields were negative but small. Selection on unadjusted milk yield of first lactation would lead to fewer reproductive successes during the first breeding year and later ages at kidding, but selection on adjusted yields would result in little correlated change in reproductive performance.
Cosegregation of Permeability and Single-Channel Conductance in Chimeric Connexins

The physiological function of gap junction channels goes well beyond their initially discovered role in electrical synchronization of excitable cells. In most tissues, gap junction cells facilitate the exchange of second messengers and metabolites between cells. To test which parts of the channels formed by connexins determine the exclusion limit for the transit of molecules in the size range of second messengers and metabolites a domain exchange approach was used in combination with an accessibility assay for nonelectrolytes and flux measurements. The experimental results suggest that two open hemichannel forming connexins, Cx46 and Cx32E143, differ in accessibility and permeability. Sucrose is at the exclusion limit for Cx46 channels whereas sorbitol is at the exclusion limit for Cx32E143 channels. In chimeras between these connexins, where the first transmembrane segment M1 is exchanged, the exclusion limits correlate with those of the M1 donor. The same segregation was found in a separate study for the unitary conductance of the channels. Thus, conductance and permeability/accessibility of the channels cosegregate with M1.
DARwIn-OP Humanoid Robot Kinematics

This paper presents kinematics analysis for the DARwIn-OP (Dynamic Anthropomorphic Robot with Intelligence – Open-Platform) robot. This is a 20-dof humanoid walking robot developed by Virginia Tech, Purdue, and the University of Pennsylvania and marketed by Robotis Inc. The robot version analyzed in this paper is 455 mm tall and has a mass of 2.8 kg. Ohio University has two of these units for robot applications research and teaching.Presented are a description of DARwIn-OP, the Denavit-Hartenberg Parameters for each serial chain (2-dof head pan/tilt, 3-dof arms, and 6-dof legs), specific length parameters, joint angle limits, plus forward pose kinematics equations and partial inverse pose kinematics solutions, with examples.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Unicast Transmission Over Multiple Access Erasure Networks: Capacity and Duality

This paper determines the unicast capacity of a class of erasure networks which incorporate receiver interference. The networks under consideration are conglomerations of multiple-access channels: Each node has a single receiver, which obtains the finite-field sum of all the unerased inputs to that node. In this directed, acyclic graph model, nodes are allowed to transmit different symbols down each outgoing edge, in contrast to the broadcast constraint of the wireless erasure network of (Dana, 2006). This paper proves that a max-flow min-cut bound, which incorporates the interference properties of the model, is achievable using random coding arguments when knowledge of all erasure locations is provided to the destination node. In addition, the paper concludes by showing a duality relationship between multiple access erasure networks and wireless erasure networks.
The impaired physician reporting dilemma: legal, moral, and ethical considerations for the practicing dermatologist.

Jim Smith, the founding member of a five-person private practice dermatology group, is turning 72 years old. When he turned 70, he decreased his hours from 4 full days a week to 3 days a week. He does not plan on reducing his hours again, and jokes that he hopes to die ‘‘with my boots on at the office.’’ The four younger partners have recently noticed that when they are covering his patients, his medical judgment is impaired. He has prescribed Bactrim for a patient with mild acne, has been treating a severely involved 30-year-old psoriatic with only mild topical steroids even though the patient requested a biologic after reading about these medications online, and has prescribed a potent topical steroid for a patient with facial dermatitis. In addition, he desiccated and curetted a recurrent basal cell carcinoma on the face of a 40-year-old woman. The younger partners met to discuss how to deal with the obvious changes in the way Dr Smith is now practicing. Before these aforementioned scenarios, he was considered one of the most respected dermatologists in the state.
Persistent sciatic vein : diagnosis and treatment of a rare condition

Purpose : Persistent sciatic vein (PSV) is a rare anomaly most often associated with Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome (KTS). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and extended use of phlebography have increased the frequency of diagnosis. To evaluate our experience, we reviewed patients in whom PSV was diagnosed at our institution. Methods : MRIs and phlebograms of all patients with KTS seen since 1985 were reviewed, and patients with PSV were identified. Results : Forty-one of 186 patients with KTS underwent MRI. PSV was diagnosed in 20 of the 41 (48.8%). In addition, one other patient without KTS had PSV. Thirteen patients (61.9%) were female. Patient age ranged from 5 to 71 years, with a median age of 22 years. PSVs were present in the entire thigh and buttock of eight patients (38.1%), the upper thigh and buttock of six patients (28.6%), and the lower thigh of seven patients (33.3%). Six patients (28.6%) had anorectal arteriovenous malformations with heavy bleeding. Five patients (23.8%) had pulmonary embolization. Two patients (9.5%) died. Amputation was required in one (4.8%). Nineteen patients (90.5%) underwent no specific surgery for PSV. Two patients (9.5%) underwent successful excision of PSVs. Conclusion : Excision of PSV appears to be rarely indicated. It may be indicated for localized symptoms in patients whose condition and anatomy permit. PSV may be a marker for patients with more extensive arteriovenous malformations and for those at high risk for rectal bleeding and pulmonary embolization. Prognosis is related to the associated vascular malformations. MRI and extended use of phlebography should increase the frequency of diagnosis. Treatment rationales should evolve.
Innovations in Art and Production: Sound, Modeling and Animation

Video games, from the very beginning, were made as cartoon images that represented the type of fantasy people wished to be in. Whether the genre was a First Person Shooter or a Role Playing Game, gamers around the world could use their minds to become involved in the situation. With the ever-growing trend in technology, people are able to communicate with fellow gamers from around the world. The reality is that video games and computer gaming of the future would literally blow us all away. They would be so real and so robust that one would be hooked up to them all day. A game in the future would set us up as a perpetual winner, conquer all our fears, challenge us to go beyond anything we've ever dreamed of. That is the future of video games. But in order to achieve these innovations in video games, gaming technology should advance rapidly in the next few years to cache on gamers' interests. In this paper, I have discussed few of those futuristic ideas that would help advance the gaming world.
Relativistic Beam-Wave Interactions

The results of the special theory of relativity have been used to modify the nonlinear interaction equations for linear-beam devices to account for relativistic mass changes when the electron velocity is a significant fraction of the velocity of light. The effect of these mass changes on gain and efficiency is evaluated and it is found that the gain is reduced and the efficiency increases rapidly as ke approaches one. The velocity spread in the stream is independent of the voltage. The harmonic current amplitudes and optimum drift distances are calculated for a relativistic klystron and one finds that as ke approaches one the klystron behaves according to a ballistic theory.
Exosomes packaging APOBEC3G confer human immunodeficiency virus resistance to recipient cells

The human cytidine deaminase APOBEC3G (A3G) is a part of a cellular defense system against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and other retroviruses. Antiretroviral activity of A3G can be severely blunted in the presence of the HIV-1 protein Vif. However, in some cells expressing the enzymatically active low-molecular-mass form of A3G, HIV-1 replication is restricted at preintegration steps, before accumulation of Vif. Here, we show that A3G can be secreted by cells in exosomes that confer resistance to both vif-defective and wild-type HIV-1 in exosome recipient cells. Our results also suggest that A3G is the major exosomal component responsible for the anti-HIV-1 activity of exosomes. However, enzymatic activity of encapsidated A3G does not correlate with the observed limited cytidine deamination in HIV-1 DNA, suggesting that A3G-laden exosomes restrict HIV-1 through a nonenzymatic mechanism. Real-time PCR quantitation demonstrated that A3G exosomes reduce accumulation of HIV-1 reverse transcription products and steady-state levels of HIV-1 Gag and Vif proteins. Our findings suggest that A3G exosomes could be developed into a novel class of anti-HIV-1 therapeutics.
Enriching the sexual experience of couples : the asian traditions and sexual counseling

Drawing from Hindu and Buddhist Tantric traditions, central themes reflecting Asian approaches to sexuality are described and contrasted with contemporary values, assumptions, and objectives implicit in both sexual experience and in the clinical practice of sexual counseling. The Tantric ceremonial sex ritual provides a fertile source for several innovative behavioral assignments useful in sexual counseling. Five exercises in intimacy derived from the ancient Tantric sex ritual are presented and suggested as home assignments for couples: the creation of a ritual, synchronized breathing, sustained eye contact, motionless intercourse, and sexual exchange without orgasm. Applications to intimacy development, sexual enhancement, and sexual counseling for couples are described, creating a broad and meaningful context for responding to clients' sexual concerns.
Atomic and Electronic Structure of Amorphous Alloys

Amorphous metallic alloys can be synthesized by many techniques including melt quenching, vapor quenching, electrodeposition, and irradiation of crystalline alloys by neutrons or by ions. Certain alloys are prone to glass formation and can be readily made amorphous by all of these methods. In this article, a survey of experimental data on the atomic and electronic structure of such good glass forming alloys is presented. On the basis of this data, it is argued that good glass forming alloys tend to have in common several underlying microscopic features. The article concludes with some general remarks on the relationship of these common features to glass formation.
Phase Separation in Solutions

In this section, we first develop the general property of the G vs. X relation at the extreme compositions, which has important consequences in the problem of the stability of a solution. For a binary solution $$ \Delta {G^{{mix}}} = RT\left( {{X_1}\ln {a_1} + {X_2}\ln {a_2}} \right) $$ (3.1) As X2→0, we have, according to laws of dilute solution (Chap. l.III), \( {\tilde{X}_2} \), and \( {a_1} = {\tilde{X}_1} \), where \( {\tilde{X}_i} \) is an appropriate compositional parameter with the property that at X2 = 0, \( {\tilde{X}_2} = {X_2} \) and \( {\tilde{X}_1} = {X_1} \) [see Eq. (1.9) and discussion]. For the sake of simplicity, let us assume that \( {\tilde{X}_2} = {X_2} \) and \( {\tilde{X}_1} = {X_1} \). Then, differentiating Eq. (3.1) with respect to X2, and substituting the dilute solution properties of a1 and a2, we find that as X2→0, $$ \frac{{\partial \Delta {G^{{mix}}}}}{{\partial {X_2}}} = RT\left( {\ln \frac{{{X_2}}}{{{X_1}}} + \ln {{K'}_H}} \right) $$ (3.2) where \( {K'_H} \) is a constant [see Eq. (1.36)].
Historical, Nomenclatural, and Distributional Notes on Two Pacific Coast Kelps: Lessoniopsis littoralis and Pleurophycus gardneri (Phaeophyceae, laminariales, alariaceae)

Abstract The names of two eastern North Pacific kelps (Phaeophyceae, Laminariales, Alariaceae) were inadvertently validated by Josephine Tilden on labels to specimens distributed in the exsiccata “American Algae”. Lectotypes for Lessonia littoralis and Pleurophycus gardneri, which concomitantly are the types of the names of the monospecific genera Lessoniopsis and Pleurophycus, respectively, are herein designated from among specimens housed in the Herbarium of the University of Minnesota, Tilden's home institution. Lessoniopsis ranges from Kodiak Island, Alaska, to the Big Sur coast of Monterey County, California, whereas Pleurophycus ranges from southeastern Alaska to Pt. Piedras Blancas, San Luis Obispo County, California. Molecular data suggest that both Lessoniopsis and Pleurophycus belong to the Alariaceae, a departure from their previous familial placements in the Lessoniaceae and Laminariaceae, respectively.
Conceptions of Racial Prejudice: Symbolic Racism Reconsidered

Research on “symbolic racism” has underscored an important paradox in racial attitudes: whites' rejection of racial injustice, in principle, has developed without diminishing resistance to the social policies designed to correct the injustice. Yet despite the currency of symbolic racism in contemporary research on racial attitudes, questions about the meaning of the concept remain unanswered. The results of two investigations reported in this paper indicate that (a) the conceptual and empirical distinctions between symbolic racism and “old-fashioned” prejudice have been exaggerated, and (b) symbolic racism may be best understood as one symptom of generalized tendencies to derogate out-groups—tendencies associated with a configuration of personal attributes that reflect commitments to conservative sociopolitical values and conventional standards of conduct. These findings are discussed in reference to the persistence of racial prejudice, as well as its implications regarding exposure to and the effects of interracial contact.
Unimolecular neutral and ion kinetics by variable-time neutralization—reionization mass spectrometry

A new method is described for the determination of rate parameters of unimolecular dissociations of neutral intermediates and ions produced by collisional neutralization and reionization at kiloelectronvolt kinetic energies. The method utilizes variable time-scales for neutral and ion dissociations to obtain time-dependent survivor and product ion yields. Kinetic analysis then provides phenomenological rate constants for both neutral and ion dissociations. Neutralization with CH 3 I, NO, (C 2 H 5 ) 2 O, C 6 H 6 and Xe of methyl iodide cation radicals is shown to produce the intermediate neutral molecules with different internal energies, resulting in different rates of neutral and ion dissociations. Vibrational excitation in neutralized CH 3 I results in neutral dissociations with rate parameters in the (1-3) × 10 5 s −1 range. The origin of neutral excitation by fast collision is explained by the intermediate formation of highly excited Rydberg states that decay by photon emission to the vibrationally excited ground state of the molecule
Interaction region magnets for VLHC

The interaction region (IR) magnets for the proposed Very Large Hadron Collider (VLHC) require high gradient quadrupoles and high field dipoles for high luminosity performance. Moreover, the IR magnets for high energy colliders and storage rings must operate in an environment where the amount of energy deposited on superconducting coils is rather large. In the case of doublet IR optics with flat beams, the design of the first 2-in-1 quadrupole defines the geometry and pole tip field in this and other IR magnets. This paper will present a novel design of this magnet that allows a very small separation between the two apertures. A brief discussion of the conceptual magnetic design of this and other magnets for interaction regions is given. The influence of critical current density in superconductor (a higher value of which is most beneficial to high performance IR magnet design) is also discussed. Since high temperature superconductors (HTS) retain most of their critical current density at high fields and at elevated temperatures, they offer an attractive possibility for the IR magnet designs of future colliders or upgrades of present colliders.
Real-time sign language recognition based on neural network architecture

In real-time, it is highly essential to have an autonomous translator that can process the images and recognize the signs very fast at the speed of streaming images. In this paper, architecture is being proposed using the neural networks identification and tracking to translate the sign language to a voice/text format. Introduction of Point of Interest (POI) and track point provides novelty and reduces the storage memory requirement.
Perceptions of download delays: relation to actual waits, web site abandoning, and stage of delay

This experiment investigates how slow downloads of shopping web sites are perceived by online consumers, and how download delays relate to web site abandoning and stage of delay. Results show a complex, nonlinear relationship between actual and perceived download waiting, where perceptions level off after a threshold is reached. Furthermore, perceptions of download waiting are found to be more reliable than actual waits in predicting web site abandoning. Finally, delays near the start of the download are perceived as longer than later in the process, and time pressure worsens the effect of download waiting at earlier stages of delay.
Development of a Shoreline Degradation Index (SDI): monitoring environmental change using landscape ecology metrics and high resolution remotely sensed imagery

Thirty-five common landscape level metrics were analyzed and combined to create seventeen separate Shoreline Degradation Indices (SDIs). These SDIs were generated using multiple linear regression, multiple discriminant analysis, genetic neural networks, standard feed forward back propagation neural networks and manual combination. 400 shoreline units were then rated by each of the seventeen SDIs and compared to ratings of the same 400 shoreline landscape units produced by expert image analysis. There was very little difference in the performance of several SDIs despite differences in the included metrics and weights produced by the different methods. The ratings from all methods were able to reflect the expert ratings in general. Conclusions indicate that the ability of the landscape metrics to discriminate between levels of shoreline degradation is contained within a relatively few metrics. In any of the current forms the SDI is suitable only for general indication of shoreline health.
SIZE-SPECIFIC PROVISIONING BY CICADA KILLERS, SPHECIUS SPECIOSUS, (HYMENOPTERA: CRABRONIDAE) IN NORTH FLORIDA

Eastern cicada killer wasps (Sphecius speciosus Drury) mass-provision underground nest burrows with cicadas they capture and paralyze in nearby trees. We studied provisioning by female cicada killers at 2 aggregations in north Florida where a variety of cicada species, with a large range in body size, are used as prey. We captured and measured samples of male and female wasps and we uniquely marked samples of females. We measured and identified paralyzed cicadas that we retrieved from females as they were provisioning their nests. We compared the body sizes of male and female wasps, and cicada prey, between locations. The mean body sizes of male wasps, female wasps, and cicadas from the St. Johns site were much larger than those from the Newberry site. We determined the relationship between the size of individual female wasps and the size of their prey at both locations. Previous studies had concluded that cicada killer hunting is opportunistic, with females provisioning their nests with cicadas of different sex, species, and size in proportion to their relative abundance in the environment. However, we found that individual female cicada killers at these locations exhibited prey specificity by size. Small wasps brought only small cicadas to their nests, as they are likely constrained from carrying large cicadas in flight. Large wasps, not similarly constrained, rarely provisioned with small cicadas. The wasps appear to selectively hunt the largest prey they can carry in flight. Evidence suggests that the cicadas retrieved from wasps at the Newberry site were smaller because small female wasps predominate there, and not because there is a difference in the body size distributions of the cicadas between the 2 local environments.
Making whole genome multiple alignments usable for biologists

Summary: Here we describe a set of tools implemented within the Galaxy platform designed to make analysis of multiple genome alignments truly accessible for biologists. These tools are available through both a web-based graphical user interface and a command-line interface. Availability and Implementation: This open-source toolset was implemented in Python and has been integrated into the online data analysis platform Galaxy (public web access: http://usegalaxy.org; download: http://getgalaxy.org). Additional help is available as a live supplement from http://usegalaxy.org/u/dan/p/maf. Contact:james.taylor@emory.edu; anton@bx.psu.edu Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Induction of the 68/72 kDa Heat-Shock Protein during Hydrogen Peroxide Toxicity

The heat-shock or stress proteins (HSPs) are families of proteins synthesized in response to heat stress and other noxious stimuli in bacteria, fungi, Drosophila melanogaster, and mammalian cells (Subjeck and Shyy 1986). The function of the proteins is unknown but because they are thought to protect the stressed cell they have raised much interest. In the mammalian central nervous system induction and synthesis of these proteins has been noted after trauma (White 1980), during recovery from hypoxia-ischemia (Dienel et al 1986, Nowak 1985) and after heat shock (Clark and Brown 1985). Among those cell types which are capable of synthesizing HSPs in the brain are endothelial cells (White 1980), isolated rat glial (Nishimura et al 1986) and neuronal cells (Nishimura et al 1986a) and retinal neurons (Clark and Brown 1985). The primary HSPs synthesized in central nervous system astrocytes are 68/72, 70/74, 89, and 97 kDa (Nishimura et al 1986). The 68/72 kDa protein is not synthesized constitutively (Welch and Feramisco 1982). It is shown here that the 68/72 kDa HSP can be synthesized by purified rat astrocytes in response to an oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide.
Intertemporal Price Discrimination: Preference Knowledge and Endogenous Capacity Choice

When tickets are sold in advance, as with airlines, concerts, theaters and sporting events, in some cases advanced sales are made at a discount and in others a premium is charged. This paper argues that the more preference certain consumers are regarding future purchases the more likely firms will charge premiums. Alternatively, the higher a firms capacity, the more likely advanced purchase discount will be offered. Finally, endogenizing capacity choice, it is then shown that firms with high marginal costs of capacity are likely to choose premium pricing while low marginal costs of capacity results in more frequent discount pricing.
Studies in the Rate of Learning Gross Bodily Motor Skills

(1941). Studies in the Rate of Learning Gross Bodily Motor Skills. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 181-185.
Specific Enrichment of Phosphoproteins Using Functionalized Multivalent Nanoparticles

Analysis of protein phosphorylation remains a significant challenge due to the low abundance of phosphoproteins and the low stoichiometry of phosphorylation, which requires effective enrichment of phosphoproteins. Here we have developed superparamagnetic nanoparticles (NPs) whose surface is functionalized by multivalent ligand molecules that specifically bind to the phosphate groups on any phosphoproteins. These NPs enrich phosphoproteins from complex cell and tissue lysates with high specificity as confirmed by SDS-PAGE analysis with a phosphoprotein-specific stain and mass spectrometry analysis of the enriched phosphoproteins. This method enables universal and effective capture, enrichment, and detection of intact phosphoproteins toward a comprehensive analysis of the phosphoproteome.
Interply Pressure Measurements in Rapidly Heated Carbon-Phenolic Composites

Carbon-phenolic composite materials can withstand very high temperatures and thermal fluxes. They are commonly used to line the throat and exit cone of solid rocket motors (SRMs). As hot gases from the SRM impinge on the carbon-phenolic, it slowly chars and erodes. The char protects the material beneath it from the thermal flux.
461 DOWN-REGULATION OF HEPATIC HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR PROTEINS IN HEREDITARY OBESITY.

Obesity and metabolic syndrome have emerged as the major risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, which are the main cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. HDL plays a key role in prevention of atherosclerosis by facilitating the transport of surplus cholesterol from the extrahepatic tissues for disposal in the liver. Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) serves as a docking platform for unloading of HDL cholesterol in the liver, which is followed by the release of the unloaded HDL for recycling. Recently, the beta chain of mitochondrial ATP synthase was shown to serve as the receptor for internalization and degradation of the HDL particles by the liver. On the other hand, ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) mediates the efflux of phospholipids and free cholesterol from the liver for uptake by the lipid-poor apoA-I, an event which is critical in formation of nascent HDL. Thus, together these proteins play a crucial role in HDL metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport. The genetically obese Zucker rats have been frequently used as a model to study obesity-induced dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome. Homozygous (fa/fa) Zucker rats exhibit hyperphagia, which leads to obesity, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, renal disease, and tissue lipid accumulation. Given the impact of obesity and metabolic syndrome on plasma lipid and lipoproteins, we examined hepatic expression of the above HDL-regulatory receptors in the liver of lean and obese Zucker rats using Western blot analysis. At 22 weeks of age, the obese Zucker rats exhibited moderate hypercholesterolemia, severe hypertriglyceridemia, and a marked increase in body weight as compared to the lean Zucker rats. Expressions of both SR-BI and β chain ATP synthase were decreased significantly in the obese Zucker rats when compared to those found in their lean counterparts. However, hepatic ABCA1 protein expression in the obese rats was comparable with that found in the lean animals. In conclusion, hyperlipidemia in the obese Zucker rats is associated with hepatic SRB-1 and beta chain of ATP synthase deficiencies. These abnormalities can contribute to dyslipidemia and defective reverse cholesterol transport in this model of metabolic syndrome.
Hepatitis A Infections among Food Handlers in the United States, 1993–2011:

We reviewed news reports of hepatitis A virus (HAV)-infected food handlers in the United States from 1993 to 2011 using the LexisNexis® search engine. Using U.S. news reports, we identified 192 HAV-infected food handlers who worked while infectious; of these HAV-infected individuals, 34 (18%) transmitted HAV to restaurant patrons. News reports of HAV-infected food handlers declined from 1993 to 2011. This analysis suggests that universal childhood vaccination contributed to the decrease in reports of HAV-infected food handlers, but mandatory vaccination of this group is unlikely to be cost-effective.
Sequences of extreme temperature and humidity for design calculations

This paper reports on the development of the criteria and the procedures used to produce design sequences of near-extreme weather records for four design parameters: high and low dry-bulb temperature, high dew-point temperature, high enthalpy levels, and low wet-bulb depression. Design sequences, or groupings of actual hourly weather data, were obtained from 30-year, hourly weather records for 381 US and Canadian locations. Four different extreme design sequences were determined for each parameter: the most extreme value for the period of record and the 0.4%, 1.0%, and 2.0% annual frequencies of occurrence. These design sequences were obtained from four different data window lengths: 24, 72, 120, and 168 hours. The data windows (or contiguous hourly readings) were developed using an exclusive-overlapping technique. In all cases, the mean value of the design variable for each data window was used to rank sequences. The time of occurrence, summary statistics of the extreme sequences, the hourly weather data in WYEC2 format for the time period of the four levels of extreme for each parameter and each location, and a computer program to select and output the desired data were produced on a CD-ROM.
Folding Pathways of Evolutionarily Related Proteins Probed by Hydrogen Exchange Mass Spectrometry

The process by which proteins adopt their native structure has been an active field of study for decades. However, many basic questions about this protein folding process remain unanswered. For instance, the role of sequence in determining the pathway through which a protein folds has been difficult to characterize since most techniques to characterize pathways are slow, require large amounts of protein, or only probe folding in a small region of the protein. Hydrogen exchange measured by mass spectrometry (HX/MS) has proven to be a useful tool that can quickly determine folding pathway of a protein by measuring the buildup of hydrogen bonding along the protein backbone. In addition to its relative speed, HX/MS is able to measure to probe folding across the entire protein sequence allowing a pathway to be determined from a single experiment and uses nanomolar quantities of protein. Using HX/MS to determine the folding pathway for the RNases H from E. coli and T. thermophilus shows that despite folding to the same final structure these proteins fold through distinct pathways. Applying this technique to proteins from an ancestral sequence reconstruction of the RNase H family further refined the sequence changes responsible for this shift in folding pathways. This has led to a model that intrinsic helicity of stretches of the RNase H sequence may determine the earliest steps in the folding pathway.