cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An optimal batch size for an imperfect production system with quality assurance and rework

We consider a manufacturing system which receives raw material from a supplier, processes it, and delivers it to the customer periodically. The system considered is imperfect and produces defectives at a constant rate. The finished product can only be delivered if the whole lot is quality-certified. Hence, defectives have to be reworked, and the whole lot quality-checked within the cycle. Three different scenarios are considered, viz. (a) a single lot of raw material for multiple lot of finished product and delivery of the product in multiple instalments, (b) a single lot of raw material for a multiple lot of finished product and delivery of the product in a single instalment, and (c) lot-for-lot and delivery of finished product in single instalment. A total cost equation is developed for each model, and the optimal ordering quantities are evaluated. The results found are encouraging and quite simple to use for practical purposes.
Modeling standard techniques to improve core/multishell nanowire light emitting diodes efficiencies

Using 2D finite element modeling with the ability to solve the current continuity equations, carrier energy transport equation, Schrodinger and Poisson equations self-consistently, as well as the scalar wave equation for waveguiding devices, we have investigated the possible improvements of the device efficiencies by introducing transparent p-type contacts and multiple quantum shells (MQSs) in GaN / In 0.14 Ga 0.86 N / GaN / p-AlGaN / p-GaN core/multishell nanowires (CMS NWs). The addition of a transparent p-type current spreading contact was found to promote more uniform current injection into the CMS NWs, thus increasing the current injection efficiency. Despite the inclusion of a transparent ptype contact, the current density remained non-uniform and weighted towards the n-contact side of the NW. This asymmetry in the current density was found to be more important for higher injection current whereas it becomes much more uniform with decreasing injection current. Light generation with the transparent contact was found to become more uniformly distributed along the CMS NW, leading to more even light generation within the device in comparison to NWs without transparent p-type contacts. The replacement of single quantum shells (SQS) by MQSs in the active region of the nitride CMS NW-as has been used for conventional InGaN high brightness LEDs (HB-LEDs)-was found to be advantageous up to three quantum shells, increasing light generation from 80.47 to 94.04 W/m under a 4V bias.
Does information and communication technology improve job satisfaction? The moderating role of sales technology orientation

Abstract Empirical research concerning the role of information and communication technology (ICT) in shaping business-to-business salesforce job satisfaction remains relatively scarce. The authors propose and empirically test a causal model that theoretically represents structural relationships among factors comprising ICT and eventual salesperson job satisfaction. Study results indicate that ICT indirectly influences job satisfaction through salesforce administrative performance. While ICT infrastructure, training, and support positively relate to administrative performance, none of them influence outcome performance significantly. In addition, salesperson technology orientation moderates the effect of both ICT infrastructure and support on job satisfaction. Managerial insights and implications from the research are discussed.
Dialysis fermentation. III. Anomalous inhibition of threonine biosynthesis in an auxotrophic mutant of Escherichia coli

Dialysis was attempted as a means to alleviate the product-activated controls presumed to limit the formation of threonine by an auxotrophic mutant of Escherichia coli strain W. The occurrence of inhibition rather than enhancement of yields by dialysis was traced to the fact that threonine actually was not inhibiting its own synthesis. Instead, α,e-diaminopimelic acid became depleted, but the imbalance could not be corrected by exogenous replacement.
Abstract 3564: Anti-breast cancer activity of NIM811, a nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporine A analogue

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Cyclophilin A (CypA) is a member of the immunophilin family of peptidyl prolyl isomerases (PPI) that catalyze the cis-trans interconversion of proline imide bonds of peptides. In this role, cyclophilins have been found to function as signaling switches, regulating the activity of receptors, kinases and transcription factors. The PPI activity of CypA is inhibited by the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine A (CsA), and in turn the CypA-CsA complex inhibits calcineurin-mediated NFAT activation. Our laboratory has recently demonstrated that CypA is necessary for the prolactin (PRL)-induced activation of Jak2/Stat5 signaling and gene expression (Ca Res 68:7769, 2008). In addition, we have also shown that CsA inhibits the in vitro and in vivo growth and progression of both ER+ and ER- breast cancer cell lines. Here, we show that the non-immunosuppressive CsA analog NIM811 blocked PRL-stimulated activation of the Jak2/Stat5 pathway, and the kinases AKT and MAPK in T47D cells. NIM811 also inhibited ER+, ER-, and Her2+ breast cancer cell proliferation, survival and anchorage independent growth in a dose-dependent manner. NIM811 also blocked the PRL-induced association between Stat5 and cMyb, and at higher doses, triggered PARP cleavage. In summary, these results indicate that non-immunosuppressive cyclophilin inhibitor NIM811 has significant potential as a novel for breast cancer therapeutic. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3564.
Mining locus tags in PubMed Central to improve microbial gene annotation

The scientific literature contains millions of microbial gene identifiers within the full text and tables, but these annotations rarely get incorporated into public sequence databases. We propose to utilize the Open Access (OA) subset of PubMed Central (PMC) as a gene annotation database and have developed an R package called pmcXML to automatically mine and extract locus tags from full text, tables and supplements. We mined locus tags from 1835 OA publications in ten microbial genomes and extracted tags mentioned in 30,891 sentences in main text and 20,489 rows in tables. We identified locus tag pairs marking the start and end of a region such as an operon or genomic island and expanded these ranges to add another 13,043 tags. We also searched for locus tags in supplementary tables and publications outside the OA subset in Burkholderia pseudomallei K96243 for comparison. There were 168 publications containing 48,470 locus tags and 83% of mentions were from supplementary materials and 9% from publications outside the OA subset. B. pseudomallei locus tags within the full text and tables of OA publications represent only a small fraction of the total mentions in the literature. For microbial genomes with very few functionally characterized proteins, the locus tags mentioned in supplementary tables and within ranges like genomic islands contain the majority of locus tags. Significantly, the functions in the R package provide access to additional resources in the OA subset that are not currently indexed or returned by searching PMC.
The Bible and the American Temperance Movement: Text, Context, and Pretext

Following the failure of national prohibition, the temperance movement came to be regarded as an alien blight that had afflicted the American landscape. Richard Hofstadter spoke for many historians when he suggested that the story of prohibition seems “like a historical detour, a meaningless nuisance, an extraneous imposition upon the main course of history.” Rather than being viewed as somehow integral to and indicative of developments in American society and culture, the temperance movement has more commonly been exploited as a quarry for providing colorful instances of human folly and fanaticism. The tendency is natural for, unlike other leading reform movements such as antislavery and women's suffrage, which have legacies most historians are eager to affirm, the crusade against drink seems odd and misplaced to contemporary minds. But this approach has overlooked important features of the movement, failing to show why it did not strike its many advocates as a pseudo-concern or do justice to its widespread support and distinction as the longest continuous reform movement in American history.
Thoracic and elective brain irradiation with concomitant or delayed multiagent chemotherapy in the treatment of localized small cell carcinoma of the lung: A randomized prospective study by the southeastern cancer study group

A prospective randomized study was carried out to compare the effectiveness of concomitant or delayed multiagent chemotherapy combined with irradiation to the primary tumor and regional lymph nodes and to the brain in a group of 70 patients with histologically proven small cell undifferentiated carcinoma of the lung. Complete and partial response in both groups was comparable, and the overall survival was comparable. However, relapse-free survival was significantly higher in patients receiving concomitant chemotherapy and irradiation in comparison with the radiotherapy alone group. Disease-free survival was higher in the concomitant chemotherapy-radiotherapy patients, although survival was not significantly modified, probably because of suboptimal chemotherapy. The initial intrathoracic failure rate was 40.7% inthe concomitant chemotherapy-irradiation group, compared with 53.8% in the radiotherapy-alone patients. None of the patients receiving delayed chemotherapy following the radiotherapy recurrence showed significant tumor response to the drugs. The incidence of distant metastasis was slightly lower in the chemotherapy groups. Brain metastases were noted in 7% of the patients in both groups. Increased intrathoracic recurrences were noted in patients with lower doses of irradiation. Nine of 13 patients treated with inadequate portals developed intrathoracic recurrences in comparison to 13 of 40 treated with adequate irradiation fields. The study emphasizes the need for intensive chemotherapy and adequate radiation therapy to improve survival of patients with small cell undifferentiated carcinoma of the lung. Additional trials are necessary to assess the role of each modality in the management of these patients.
Modeling ion conduction and electrochemical reactions in water films on thin-film metal electrodes with application to low temperature fuel cells

Abstract Transport-regulated electrochemical reactions in thin-film platinum (Pt) electrodes for polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) is theoretically investigated with a meso-scale modeling framework. These electrodes are of interest for their potential to reduce low temperature fuel cell costs, but the mechanisms governing their operation are not well-understood at this time. A primary question arising from experimental data is the origin of the high ion conductivity and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity on ionomer-free Pt during PEFC operation when typical ORR potentials are well above commonly measured potentials of zero charge (PZC) for Pt surfaces. These ORR potentials should result in low proton conductivity and high activation losses. Herein, we address these questions with a model that considers both polymer electrolyte and water-covered portions of the Pt electrocatalysts similar to the experimental electrodes. Local electroneutrality is not assumed and the ion transport in water- and polymer electrolyte-covered regions of the Pt is modeled using the continuum Poisson- Nernst- Planck (PNP) equations including spatially-resolved domains for the compact (Stern) portions of the double layer. In addition, the model incorporates the water dissociation reaction (WDR) and both the acidic and alkaline ORR mechanisms. In water-covered regions, the ionic conductivity is highly dependent on the Pt surface charge, local pH, and transport-regulated ORR pathway. The model predicts the experimentally observed high ionic conductivity for Pt thin films in water and attributes it to high hydroxide concentration.
A species nonspecific antigenic factor in mammalian serums

Abstract 1.1. A patient with vasomotor rhinitis was found to be highly sensitive to horse serum and equally sensitive to the serums of a variety of different mammals. 2.2. Local passive transfer of hypersensitiveness to these serums was successful. 3.3. Skin tests to the raw muscle extract of chicken, mackerel, codfish, and to the serum of the frog and of men who belonged to different blood groups were negative. 4.4. The identity of the antigenic principle present in the various mammalian serums which gave positive skin tests was apparently demonstrated by desensitization of passively sensitized skin sites. 5.5. The antigen is not soluble in strong alcohol; it is precipitated by complete saturation with ammonium sulphate but not by one-half saturation. Boiling destroys it to a great extent but not completely. It is not affected by heating to 56° C. for one hour. 6.6. The presence of a species nonspecific antigenic factor in mammalian serums is not incompatible with the existence of other factors which are species specific. 7.7. The source of exposure responsible for this patient's hypersensitiveness to serum is discussed. The inhalation of horse (or other mammalian) dander and the ingestion of mammalian meat are considered. 8.8. Intradermal tests with serum in concentration greater than 1:1,000 may be dangerous. 9.9. The intradermal test in this case was about one thousand times more sensitive than the scratch test. 10.10. The conjunctival test was somewhat less sensitive than the scratch test. 11.11. A purified horse serum globulin solution contained the antigen but in much lower concentration than normal horse serum. 12.12. Antiserums made from mammals other than the horse will not necessarily eliminate serum accidents.
Externalism and Knowledge of the Attitudes

Usually, discussions about the compatibility of content externalism with self-knowledge focus on our knowledge of content. I look at externalist consequences for our knowledge of our own attitude-types. I show that there is a certain kind of mistake about the nature of one's own attitudes which would not be possible if externalism were false. While this does not cause trouble for externalism in general, it does cause trouble for some externalists' explanations of the compatibility of externalism with self-knowledge. I end with a picture of our knowledge of the attitudes that is compatible with externalism.
Engineering the tissue which encapsulates subcutaneous implants. II. Plasma-tissue exchange properties.

This study assesses the plasma–tissue exchange characteristics of the capsular tissue that forms around implants and how they are affected by implant porosity. The number of vessels and their permeability to rhodamine were measured by intravascular injection of the fluorophore tracer into Sprague–Dawley rats that hosted for 3–4 months polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) subcutaneous implants. Rats were implanted with four pore sizes of PVA—a nonporous PVA (PVA-skin), and 5, 60, and 700 micron mean pore sizes (PVA-5, PVA-60, and PVA-700, respectively)—and two pore sizes of PTFE: 0.50 (PTFE-0.5) and 5.0 (PTFE-5) mean micron pore sizes. Photodensitometric image analysis was used to quantify the local tracer extravasation and, hence the permeability coefficients of isolated vessels around the implants. The number of functional vessels within 100 μm of the implants highlighted by the lissamine–rhodamine tracer were counted with fluorescence microscopy and with HE the vascular density around PVA-60 implants was six times higher (p < .001) and three times higher (p < .001) than those around PVA-0 implants in the fluorescent images and in brightfield, respectively. Moreover, brightfield microscopy showed the number of vessels around PVA-60 implants was almost double those in normal subcutis. The results suggest that optimal vascular density around long-term implants, such as sensors, biofluid cell constructs, and immunoisolated cell systems, may be engineered with pore size. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 40, 586–597, 1998.
Resilient material used between the teeth and the denture base: a preliminary report.

Abstract A technical procedure for placing a resilient silicone denture liner between the teeth and the acrylic resin denture base has been described, and a report of the clinical observations of three patients and some of their comments have been noted.
A set of PC graphics related programs for electromagnetics students

A description is given of a number of computer-graphics-oriented electromagnetic fields packages that are taught in conjunction with an introductory electromagnetic fields course. This discussion focuses on four computer programs that support these topics. These programs are electrostatic and magnetostatic in nature with substantial reference made to field maps, their meaning, and what information can be gained from them. The use of a computer and computer-graphics permits each student in a class to have a problem with details unique to that student but still within a particular problem's framework. The examples cited permit this type of uniqueness while at the same time greatly enhancing student comprehension of difficult subject matter. >
Fluid sorption characterization of PEEK matrices and composites

Neat poly(ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK) and carbon fiber reinforced PEEK (APC-2) specimens were prepared using a variety of cooling rates to achieve a range of crystallinities. Amorphous specimens were exposed to a variety of fluids to determine the penetrant types which are able to strongly influence the material. This allowed the estimation of the solubility parameter and hydrogen bonding index for PEEK to be 9.5 and 3.1, respectively. Methylene chloride was used to investigate the kinetics of penetrant sorption. The data demonstrated Case II behavior, with the initial crystallinity having a pronounced effect on both the kinetic and equilibrium data. Accordingly, a model was proposed capable of describing the sorption level and penetration depth as a function of time given the sample crystallinity and sorption temperature. With Case II behavior there was no difference in the sorption kinetics of neat and fiber reinforced PEEK. Finally, the dynamic mechanical properties measured during sorption were found to be dependent on the sorption process.
The chemistry of metastable species in the Venusian ionosphere

Reactions of metastable species are important in determining the densities of minor ions in the Venusian ionosphere. Calculations are carried out in which the coupled continuity and momentum equations are solved for twelve ions and four neutral species in the dayside ionosphere, including O(+)(2D), O(2P), N(2D), and N(2P). Altitude profiles of these metastable species are presented. Their reactions are shown to be a significant source of several minor ions, especially N2(+), CO(+), and N(+). The discrepancies which existed between model and measured densities of these ions are resolved.
Optimum design of prestressed concrete slabs using primal geometric programming

Prestressed concrete members, because of the use of high strength materials and the efficient disposition of tensile forces, need considerably less material. This and other advantages, however, are offset by the high unit costs of materials and the associated specialized labour. Thus, it is important to make the most of the savings in materials through the application of optimum design procedure. Among the available optimization techniques, generalized geometric progamming (GGP) is ideally suited because the design equations of prestressed concrete members are expressible in the form of polynomials. Using the GGP, in this study, a set of minimum prestress force designs are obtained for various depths of one-way slab. From the data thus obtained a minimum cost design procedure is explained. Moreover, the need for supplementary non-prestressed reinforcement to obtain economical designs for depths of slab beyond a certain depth is also shown.
Molecular Dynamics Study of the Effect of Varying Exothermicity on the Properties of Condensed-Phase Detonation

To investigate the role of exothermicity on the properties of a chemically sustained shock waves, a series of two-dimensional molecular dynamics simulations was carried out in which the exothermicity was systematically varied. The simulations were based on a model diatomic system which has been previously shown to produce reasonable values for shock wave properties. A decrease of 33% in the amount of energy released in the reaction produced a significant decrease in detonation front velocity and an increase in the impact energy necessary to initiate a sustained shock wave. Redistribution of energy between the reaction products at constant total exothermicity had a much smaller effect on the properties of the detonation front.
Impressions of the myeloma landscape.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a heterogeneous disease. In this issue of Blood , Broyl and colleagues[1][1] present a comprehensive analysis of gene expression profiles that leaves an overall impression consistent with previous molecular classifications[2][2],[3][3] and highlights 3 additional molecular
Twisted sums and a problem of Klee

LetF be a quasi-linear map on a separable normed spaceE, and assume thatF splits on an infinite-dimensional subspace ofE. Then the twisted sum topology on ℝ⊗FE can be written as the supremum of a nearly convex topology and a trivial dual topology. (This partially answers a question of Klee.) The result applies to the Ribe space and to James’s space.
Responses in dissolved nutrients and epilithon abundance to spawning salmon in southeast Alaska streams

Spawning Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) historically transported massive quantities of marine-derived nutrients (MDN) into nutrient-poor streams of the Pacific Northwest. In southeast Alaska, we measured the effects of MDN on streamwater chemistry and epilithon standing stock (1) through time during two consecutive years in one stream, Fish Creek; (2) over space in six salmon streams; and (3) in a controlled mesocosm experiment. In Fish Creek during strong salmon runs in 2000 and 2001, streamwater concentrations of ammonium (NH ) increased 101 4 fold and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) increased by 4- to 7-fold in the presence of salmon. NH and SRP also 1 4 increased with distance downstream in the salmon reach, likely related to a ‘carcass-loading’ effect. In contrast, nitrate (NO ) and dissolved organic carbon concentrations varied only with discharge. In 2000, epilithon chlorophyll 2 3 a increased by 20-fold during the salmon run, whereas no significant change was observed in 2001. Over space, the multistream survey revealed consistent increases in NH and SRP, but no pattern in epilithon response to the 1 4 salmon run. In the mesocosm experiment, NH , SRP, and epilithon standing stock all increased in the presence of 1 4 salmon carcasses in artificial streams. Overall, salmon clearly increased the concentrations of important dissolved nutrients in southeast Alaska streams. Responses in epilithon were more variable, however, suggesting that multiple environmental factors including light and disturbance likely regulate epilithon growth in salmon streams. Nutrient mass transport estimates revealed that a substantial amount of MDN (46%‐60% depending on element) is exported directly back to the estuarine environment, suggesting that salmon represent a key marine‐freshwater coupling in nutrient cycling.
Dynamics of exp (z)

We describe the dynamical behaviour of the entire transcendental function exp(z). We use symbolic dynamics to describe the complicated orbit structure of this map whose Julia Set is the entire complex plane. Bifurcations occurring in the family c exp(z) are discussed in the final section.
Shed Brook Discontinuity and Little Falls Gravel: Evidence for the Erie interstade in central New York

The Shed Brook Discontinuity in the western Mohawk Valley region of central New York is an unconformity separating lacustrine beds of the Valley Heads drift (Port Bruce stade) from pre–Valley Heads lacustrine deposits (Nissouri stade). The Little Falls Gravel is a fluvial unit that can be found draped by Valley Heads lacustrine deposits in the Mohawk Valley. The discontinuity and gravel represent subaerial erosion and braided river deposition in response to initial late Wisconsinan ice recession and lake drainage in the Mohawk Valley. These events were followed by Valley Heads lake impoundment and glacial readvances. The Shed Brook Discontinuity and Little Falls Gravel have a 14 C age constrained to 17–14.1 ka on the basis of stratigraphic relationships in central New York and the correlation of paleomagnetic declination records from central New York and the 14 C-calibrated New England varve chronology. The Shed Brook Discontinuity and Little Falls Gravel appear to be features equivalent in age to the Erie interstade (about 14.5–16 ka), an interval during which eastward drainage to the Mohawk Valley has been inferred for lakes in the Erie basin. Evidence for a river in the Mohawk Valley (Little Falls Gravel) indicates that it may have served as an eastern outlet for the Erie and Ontario basins, and thus allowed the first eastward diversion of meltwater away from the Mississippi Valley during the last deglaciation. Drainage down the Mohawk Valley entered Lake Albany in the Hudson Valley, which drained into Long Island Sound and not along the present Hudson River course to the New Jersey continental shelf. Meltwater drainage across New York during the latest stages of the Erie interstade may have introduced large volumes of meltwater directly to the western Atlantic, creating a situation that needs to be more fully explored in terms of its possible influence on thermohaline circulation in the North Atlantic and climatic change marked by the Port Bruce stade.
The limits of proton conductivity in polymeric sulfonated membranes: A modelling study

Abstract In this work, the conductivity limits of sulfonated membranes are investigated through a model analysis. A recent analytical conductivity model has been modified by reducing the number of variables to only three parameters, representing the hydration level, the ion exchange capacity and the morphology of the membrane. The effects of these parameters on the conductivity are investigated through a parametric analysis, showing significant trends. Particular values of the morphology parameter define ideal conditions, in which the model conductivities constitute upper limits for real membranes. In particular, the model conditions of “ideal isotropic membrane” and “ideal non-tortuous membrane” are compared with the experimental proton conductivity of a number of polymeric membranes in the literature. It appears that membranes such as Nafion and Dow are close to the condition of “ideal isotropic membrane”, and their conductivity can be improved only by decreasing their tortuosity. On the other hand, the conductivity of other sulfonated polymers as SPEEK is well below the limit and can be enhanced by improving the membrane percolation properties.
Kinetics of reduction of nickel oxide with CO

Initial rates were measured for the reduction of single pellets of nickel oxide with carbon monoxide at atmospheric pressure and temperatures from 566 to 796°C. The nickel oxide pellets were porous (ϵ0 = 0.032 − 0.35) and intrapellet diffusion retarded the rate so that the shrinking core model was not applicable. Effective diffusivities for the lower porosity pellets were very small, corresponding to tortuosity factors of about 180 for ϵ0 = 0.032 and 92 for ϵ0 = 0.062. The reaction appeared to be first order in carbon monoxide. Rate constants, based upon the intraparticle area, indicated an activation energy of 47 kcal/g.-mole over the temperature range 566 to 682°C. At higher temperatures the rate was constant. These results, while not conclusive, are in agreement with a reaction sequence consisting of formation of nuclei of nickel atoms in the nickel oxide surface, rapid adsorption of carbon monoxide at the nickel-nickel oxide interface, migration of the adsorbed carbon monoxide to the adjacent lattice, and a slow reaction to extract oxygen from the lattice.
Labor Force and Work Attitudes: Young Women's Early Experiences

We examine the relations between work-related attitudes and early labor force experiences using data from the National Longitudinal Study, of Young Women. Neither young women's work-related sex-role attitudes nor taste/for market Work while still in school affect the extent of employment during first .four years after schooling is completed. Women with long-range work plans start out in relatively low-paying, low prestige jobs, possibly, with higher chance for advancement compared to those who do not plan to work later. Attitudes and tastes change in response to certain job characteristics during this earl/period, but this process does not appear to depend on race. The general picture is one in which sex-role attitudes respond to, rather than affect, early work experiences. However, strong tastes for market work malt create patterns of earl,; labor force behavior which maximize the long-term rather than short-term benefit*s f employment and so might influence both timing of work and child-bearing, and cha...
Fundamentals of Impact Biomechanics: Part I - Biomechanics of the Head, Neck, and Thorax

▪ Abstract This is the first of two chapters dealing with some 60 years of accumulated knowledge in the field of impact biomechanics. The regions covered in this first chapter are the head, neck, and thorax. The next chapter will discuss the abdomen, pelvis, and the lower extremities. Although the principal thrust of the research has been toward the mitigation of injuries sustained by automotive crash victims, the results of this research have applications in aircraft safety, contact sports, and protection of military personnel and civilians from intentional injury, such as in the use of nonlethal weapons. The reader should be keenly aware of the wide variation in human response and tolerance data in the cited results. This is due primarily to the large biological variation among humans and to the effects of aging. Average values are useful in design but cannot be applied to individuals.
Qualitative research with diverse populations.

Objectives : To describe the benefits of conducting qualitative research with members of diverse cultures. Data Sources : Research studies, articles and books on philosphy of science. Conclusions : Qualitative research with diverse populations is useful when little research exists on a topic, when there are no reliable and valid instruments for the groups, and when the appropriate language to use or the appropriate concepts and questions to ask are unclear. Participating in research that includes discussing your experiences has also been found to be valuable to those participating. Implications for Nursing Practice : Qualitative studies with diverse groups are needed to understand the concepts that are important to members of these groups, and to guide us in asking the correct questions using correct language.
An experimental study of the accessory optic system and of other optic fibers in the opossum, Didelphis Virginiana†

A study of experimental degeneration of the accessory optic system in a primitive mammal, the opossum, was undertaken in order the clarify several points regarding fiber organization and to allow comparisons to be made with this system in more advanced mammals and non-mammalian vertebrates. The other portions of the optic system were also studied but not in great detail, since the findings were in basic agreement with those of Bodian ('37) in opossum. An eye was enucleated in each of five opossums which was sacrificed 7–12 days later. The Nauta-Gygax technique was used to show that in opossum the accessory optic system consists essentially of one pair of tracts and terminal nuclei. Fibers of this system cross in the optic chiasma and leave the optic tract midway between the chiasma and the lateral geniculate nucleus to course caudally on the surface of the medial third of the cerebral peduncle. They intermingle with the fibers of the superficial division of the tractus geniculatus descendens and then enter the nucleus of the transpeduncular tract to terminate. The findings on the structure of the accessory optic system in opossum are in basic agreement with those in reptiles and birds. Comparison with studies in more advanced mammals indicates that this system has undergone striking changes in the topographical organization of its fibers.
Non-Oncogene Addiction and the Stress Phenotype of Cancer Cells

Heat-shock factor 1 (HSF1) is a transcription factor that is activated upon proteotoxic stress and coordinates induction of the heat-shock response. In this issue, Dai et al. (2007) show that HSF1 is a potent modifier of tumorigenesis and is required for tumor initiation and maintenance in a variety of cancer models. These findings add HSF1 to a growing list of non-oncogenes that could be exploited as cancer drug targets.
Political Process and Individual Fairness Rationales in the U.S. Supreme Court’s Suspect Classification Jurisprudence

This essay responds to the Foulston, Siefkin Lecture, delivered by Professor William Eskridge at the Washburn University School of Law. Professor Eskridge challenged not only the argument that political powerlessness is a requirement for heightened scrutiny under the Equal Protection Clause, but also the wisdom of applying heightened equal protection scrutiny to laws discriminating against groups that are truly politically powerless. This essay uses Professor Eskridge’s argument to frame a more overarching issue in the Court’s suspect classification jurisprudence.The political powerlessness issue highlights an important ambiguity in the Court’s decisions analyzing whether classes or classifications are inherently “suspect” so as to require heightened equal protection scrutiny of government action that adversely affects those classes or is based on those classifications. Put simply, the cases leave unclear whether heightened scrutiny applies because laws targeting a “suspect class” are likely to be the result of a political process failure, or because the use of a “suspect classification” is unfair to those affected. Under the political process rationale, scrutiny is elevated because a history of discrimination and political powerlessness leads us to suspect that the law is the product of animus toward the class and its members. Under the individual fairness rationale, scrutiny is elevated because the classification is unlikely to reflect real differences that justify treating people differently under the law. The political powerlessness issue is highly relevant if the focal point of the inquiry is the existence of a political process failure, while it is not so relevant to the question of whether it is fair to treat individuals differently on the basis of the classification. I argue in the essay that the cases addressing whether a class or classification is suspect are ambiguous on this question, but other aspects of the Court’s equal protection jurisprudence suggest that it is individual fairness, rather than political process failure, that matters. The argument proceeds in several steps. I begin with a general overview of equal protection doctrine regarding suspect classes and classifications. I then describe the political process and individual fairness rationales for heightened scrutiny and consider the intermingling of the two rationales in the cases recognizing or declining to recognize a class or classification as suspect. Although these cases do not indicate which rationale is paramount or controlling, an examination of the Court’s “disparate impact” and “affirmative action” decisions suggest that the Court has firmly embraced the individual fairness rationale and rejected or minimized the political process rationale. Finally, I examine the lower court’s difficulties applying these principles to the question of whether to elevate scrutiny of classifications based on sexual orientation.
Metabolomics Reveals a Key Role for Fumarate in Mediating the Effects of NADPH Oxidase 4 in Diabetic Kidney Disease

The NADPH oxidase (NOX) isoform NOX4 has been linked with diabetic kidney disease (DKD). However, a mechanistic understanding of the downstream effects of NOX4 remains to be established. We report that podocyte-specific induction of NOX4 in vivo was sufficient to recapitulate the characteristic glomerular changes noted with DKD, including glomerular hypertrophy, mesangial matrix accumulation, glomerular basement membrane thickening, albuminuria, and podocyte dropout. Intervention with a NOX1/NOX4 inhibitor reduced albuminuria, glomerular hypertrophy, and mesangial matrix accumulation in the F1 Akita model of DKD. Metabolomic analyses from these mouse studies revealed that tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle-related urinary metabolites were increased in DKD, but fumarate levels were uniquely reduced by the NOX1/NOX4 inhibitor. Expression of fumarate hydratase (FH), which regulates urine fumarate accumulation, was reduced in the diabetic kidney (in mouse and human tissue), and administration of the NOX1/NOX4 inhibitor increased glomerular FH levels in diabetic mice. Induction of Nox4 in vitro and in the podocyte-specific NOX4 transgenic mouse led to reduced FH levels. In vitro, fumarate stimulated endoplasmic reticulum stress, matrix gene expression, and expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and TGF-β. Similar upregulation of renal HIF-1α and TGF-β expression was observed in NOX4 transgenic mice and diabetic mice and was attenuated by NOX1/NOX4 inhibition in diabetic mice. In conclusion, NOX4 is a major mediator of diabetes-associated glomerular dysfunction through targeting of renal FH, which increases fumarate levels. Fumarate is therefore a key link connecting metabolic pathways to DKD pathogenesis, and measuring urinary fumarate levels may have application for monitoring renal NOX4 activity.
Studies of Concrete as a Host for Savannah River Plant Radioactive Waste

Formulations of simulated and actual Savannah River Plant high-level radioactive wastes in concrete were prepared and evaluated. Laboratory-scale castings were tested for compressive strength; for leachability of 90Sr, 137Cs, and alpha emitters; and for long-term thermal stability. Effects of cement type, waste type, and waste loading were measured. Properties of concrete were found adequate for fixation of these wastes.
Predictors of risk and protection for hypertension in Yup'ik people from Southwest Alaska.

OBJECTIVE: Hypertension (HTN) contributes to vascular disease, and is increasingly common in non-western, rural contexts, such as the Yup'ik people of Southwestern Alaska. While much is known regarding HTN risk factors in western contexts, little is known about their relevance to non-western populations. We explore an American Heart Association risk factor model for HTN in predicting risk and protection from HTN among Yup'ik people. METHODS: Using data from 1015 Yup'ik individuals residing in remote Southwestern Alaska, we explore age, sex, education, waist circumference, physical activity, tobacco, social support, and cultural identification in multinomial logistic regressions comparing pre-hypertension (pre-HTN; systolic 120 to 129 mm Hg), and hypertension (HTN; systolic > or = 130 mm Hg) to optimal blood pressure (opt-BP; systolic or = 110 mg/dL have 52% increased odds of pre-HTN, and married persons have 19% lower odds of having pre-HTN compared to having opt-BP. Bicultural identification mitigates age related increases in BP and deleterious effects of low formal education. CONCLUSIONS: While model continuities are noted in our Yup'ik study, important points of divergence are also noted. Future research on cultural identification and social support has promising implications for guiding responsive interventions.
Periodic solutions for some double-delayed differential equations

We prove the existence of positive $$\omega $$ -periodic solutions for the double-delayed differential equation $$\begin{aligned} x^{\prime }(t)-a(t)g(x(t))x(t)=-\lambda (b(t)f(x(t-\tau (t))+c(t)h(x(t-\nu (t))), \end{aligned}$$ where $$\lambda $$ is a positive parameter, $$a,b,c,\tau ,\nu \in C(\mathbb {R}, \mathbb {R})$$ are $$\omega $$ -periodic functions with $$a,b\ge 0,a,b\not \equiv 0,f,g,h\in C([0,\infty ),\mathbb {R})$$ with $$g>0$$ on $$(0,\infty ),$$ $$\ h$$ is bounded, f is either superlinear or sublinear at $$\infty $$ and could change sign.
The Future of Muslim Family Law in Western Democracies

When Anglican Archbishop Rowan Williams suggested that some “accommodation” of Muslim family law was “unavoidable” in England, he was bitterly criticized in the world press. But he was raising a whole series of hard but “unavoidable” questions about marital, cultural, and religious identity and practice in Western democratic societies committed to human rights for all. This Article discusses those hard questions, with emphasis on the place of faith-based family laws in modern liberal societies. It briefly reviews the history of the law of marriage and religion in the West, including the liberalization movements of the last half century that have rankled many faith communities. It then analyzes the recent arguments for and against the accommodation of Shari’a family law in Western democracies, and compares those to the accommodation claims of Jewish and Christian communities. The Article suggests that one way forward is to consider the compromise struck between the state and religious communities regarding education, and the use of licenses and accreditation requirements to ensure a baseline of common education in public and religious schools, and a safeguard against abuses by religious officials.
Promoting walking in older adults: Perceived neighborhood walkability influences the effectiveness of motivational messages

Positively framed messages seem to promote walking in older adults better than negatively framed messages. This study targeted elderly people in communities unfavorable to walking. Walking was measured with pedometers during baseline (1 week) and intervention (4 weeks). Participants ( n = 74) were informed about either the benefits of walking or the negative consequences of not walking. Perceived neighborhood walkability was assessed with a modified version of the Neighborhood Walkability Scale. When perceived walkability was high, positively framed messages were more effective than negatively framed messages in promoting walking; when perceived walkability was low, negatively framed messages were comparably effective to positively framed messages.
6-beta-hydroxy-cortisol: high levels in human urine in pregnancy and toxemia.

Summary6β-OH-cortisol has been found to be the most abundant unconjugated corticoid in human urine. Normal pregnancy is accompanied by elevated levels which are further increased in toxemia. The evidence to date suggests that in these conditions an altered metabolism of cortisol takes place in which 6β-hydroxylation becomes of greater quantitative significance.We acknowledge with thanks Dr. Seymour Bernstein's generous gift of the 6β-OH-F standard. Infrared spectroscopy was performed through the kindness of Dr. Samuel Solomon and Dr. Seymour Lieberman.
'Don't play the butter notes': jazz in medical education.

Jazz has influenced world music and culture globally – attesting to its universal truths of surviving, enduring, and triumphing over tragedy. This begs the question, what can we glean in medical education from this philosophy of jazz mentoring? Despite our training to understand disease and illness in branching logic diagrams, the human experience of illness is still best understood when told as a story. Stories like music have tempos, pauses, and silences. Often they are not linear but wrap around the past, future, and back to the present, frustrating the novice and the experienced clinician in documenting the history of present illness. The first mentoring lesson Hancock discusses is from a time he felt stuck with his playing – his sound was routine. Miles Davis told him in a low husky murmur, ‘Don’t play the butter notes’. In medical education, ‘don’t play the butter notes’ suggests not undervaluing the metacognition and reflective aspects of medical training that need to be fostered during the early years of clinical teaching years. Keywords: medical education; clinical education; communication skills; mentoring (Published: 18 April 2016) Citation: Med Educ Online 2016, 21: 30582 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/meo.v21.30582
Application of state feedback based on state observer in the coordinated control system of 300 MW unit

Based on the mechanism mathematical model of generating unit, a type of incremental mode state Observer was designed. This paper proposes a new type control method in which the state feedback based on state observer is combined with conventional PID control. The great inertia and time lag can be overcome and the load adaptabillty can he improved by using the state feedback,and the steady state index of control system is ensured by using PID control. Moreover, this algorithm can be easily applied in DCS system. The practical application effect in one 300 MW unit shows that the great inertia and time lag of boiler can be overcome effectively by adopting the state feedback control based on the incremental mode state observer. Also, as a result of mitigation of model mismatching degree, the impact of uncertainty factors such as non-linear,slow varying Of parameters etc.can be overcome.This scheme demonstrates the advantage of excellent control performance, especially when the load of unit varies in a large range.
Corporate Social Performance and Financial Performance: Sample-Selection Issues:

The vast majority of extant empirical research examining the relationship between corporate social performance (CSP) and financial performance (FP) selects samples of only those firms which are obs...
Crystal structure of 5,5'-bis-(di-methyl-amino)-N,N'-(3-methyl-3-aza-pentane-1,5-di-yl)di(naphthalene-1-sulfonamide).

In the title compound, C29H37N5O4S2, two arms substituted with dansyl derivatives are connected to a central tertiary amine, where the dihedral angle between the planes of two dansyl units is 56.39 (4)°. Each arm contains a sulfonamide functional group and both N—H groups in the compound are pointed to the same side. The central part of the mol­ecule is disordered over three sets of sites with a refined occupancy ratio of 0.547 (4):0.328 (4):0.125 (3). No intra­molecular π–π or hydrogen-bonding inter­actions are observed. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked via pairs of N—H⋯O inter­actions involving the same acceptor atom, forming inversion dimers. In addition, C—H⋯O inter­actions exist between molecules, providing further stabilization of dimers.
Applications of the Theory of the Vertical Dipole Near the Boundary Between Two Half-Spaces

The relatively simple formulas developed in the preceding chapter for the electromagnetic field generated by a vertical electric dipole near the plane boundary between electrically different regions are complete and accurate within the specified conditions. When applied to practical situations such as propagation over the earth or sea, the geometry of two half-spaces with a plane boundary may not be adequate. When large distances are involved, the curvature of the earth must be considered. Unfortunately, there are no formulas available for the spherical geometry comparable to those in Chapter 3 for the plane boundary. The best that is available are methods for correcting the fields over a plane earth so that they may be applied approximately to the actual spherical earth (Norton 1941; CCIR 1978).