cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bayesian inference with Stan: A tutorial on adding custom distributions

When evaluating cognitive models based on fits to observed data (or, really, any model that has free parameters), parameter estimation is critically important. Traditional techniques like hill climbing by minimizing or maximizing a fit statistic often result in point estimates. Bayesian approaches instead estimate parameters as posterior probability distributions, and thus naturally account for the uncertainty associated with parameter estimation; Bayesian approaches also offer powerful and principled methods for model comparison. Although software applications such as WinBUGS (Lunn, Thomas, Best, & Spiegelhalter, Statistics and Computing, 10, 325–337, 2000) and JAGS (Plummer, 2003) provide “turnkey”-style packages for Bayesian inference, they can be inefficient when dealing with models whose parameters are correlated, which is often the case for cognitive models, and they can impose significant technical barriers to adding custom distributions, which is often necessary when implementing cognitive models within a Bayesian framework. A recently developed software package called Stan (Stan Development Team, 2015) can solve both problems, as well as provide a turnkey solution to Bayesian inference. We present a tutorial on how to use Stan and how to add custom distributions to it, with an example using the linear ballistic accumulator model (Brown & Heathcote, Cognitive Psychology, 57, 153–178. doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2007.12.002, 2008).
Materials science: Lessons from tooth enamel

A remarkable composite material has been made that mimics the structure of tooth enamel. This achievement opens up the exploration of new composite materials and of computational methods that reliably predict their properties. See Letter p.95 Biomimetic composite materials often take the form of nacre-like structures in which platelets are arranged in layers. Here Nicholas Kotov and colleagues take inspiration from the nanoscale columnar structures found in tooth enamel and other biocomposites, and use a layer-by-layer fabrication process to generate novel nanocomposites containing layers of vertically aligned nanowires. The columnar architecture combines both hardness and high energy dissipation (toughness). The resulting materials are light and stiff with impressive damping capabilities—a useful combination of properties for load-bearing applications.
Animismo e tentação no conto Umas formas, de Guimarães Rosa

In the tale Umas formas, from the book Tutameia terceiras estorias published in 1967, the poetics of animism is unveiled. Tombstones with epitaphs in the cemetery next to the church form the scene with a priest, a sexton and a freemason, a ghost and a monster, all involved in unusual episodes of apparition, temptation and fear. It is by the theory of the soul, mentioned before by the author himself Joao Guimaraes Rosa, that a possible reading of the enigmas proposed in the Rosian tale of not only religious theme is given. Animism is considered in this paper as a theoreticalconceptual literary apparatus, but also as an anthropological and philosophical concept. In this investigation, the philosopher Augustine of Hippo is mentioned, with his theological concepts on temptation; the scholar of religions Graham Harvey, proponent of the "new animism"; the anthropologists Philippe Descola and Eduardo Viveiros de Castro, with perspectivism and multinaturalism, philosopher and researches who provide an interpretative basis that meet the rosian enigmas.
Chemoradiation-induced hearing loss remains a major concern for head and neck cancer patients.

Objective: Review of the literature regarding hearing loss in patients with head and neck cancer treated with chemoradiation. Design: Studies in the literature are reviewed that pertain to hearing ...
Nrf2 mediates the expression of BAG3 and autophagy cargo adaptor proteins and tau clearance in an age-dependent manner

Abstract During aging, decreased efficiency of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) activation and autophagic processes in the brain may be a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, we analyzed the expression of Bcl-2–associated athanogene 3, a cochaperone that mediates autophagy, and the autophagy adaptors NBR1, NDP52, and sequestosome 1/p62 in the brains of 4-, 8-, and 12-month-old wild-type and Nrf2 knockout (−/−) mice. We also analyzed the levels of total tau and phospho-tau species. There were minimal differences in the expression of autophagy-related genes or tau species in 4-month-old animals; however, by 12 months, all of these autophagy-associated genes were expressed at significantly lower levels in the Nrf2 (−/−) mice. The decreases in the autophagy-associated genes were accompanied by significantly elevated levels of phospho-tau species in the 12-month-old Nrf2 (−/−) brains. These findings indicate that Nrf2 regulation of autophagy-related genes likely plays a greater role in mediating the clearance of tau as an organism ages.
Return to Soccer Following Acute Patellar Dislocation

Lateral patellar dislocation is the frequent cause of knee dysfunction in young athletes—with a particularly high risk noted in female soccer players. Although acute surgical management has been explored, nonoperative management remains the mainstay of treatment after first-time dislocation. In the setting of recurrent lateral patellar instability, surgical reconstruction is typically recommended, including MPFL reconstruction with adjuvant bony and soft tissue procedures depending on associated anatomic instability factors. Numerous questions persist regarding optimal immobilization, bracing, taping, and physical therapy rehabilitation regimens. Return to play programs should involve an individualized progression through objective phases supervised by a trained rehabilitation professional. The ultimate goal of management is to minimize recurrence and return athletes to soccer at their previous level of play.
Adoption of new technologies by smallholder farmers: the contributions of extension, research institutes, cooperatives, and access to cash for improving tef production in Ethiopia

Agricultural intensification and extensification are standard responses to ecological and economic vulnerability among smallholder communities. Climate change has exacerbated this vulnerability and thrown the complexity of and critical need for managing a healthy natural resource base while increasing on-farm productivity into sharp light. Sustainable intensification is one of many mechanisms for accomplishing this balancing act. This study examines the adoption of sustainable intensification practices, namely input packages focused on tef row planting—designed to boost yield and promote more efficient use of inputs. This study utilized a mix methods approach to survey 115 smallholder farmers in the South Wollo zone of the Amhara region in Ethiopia. This study found that cash and capital, more so than contact with the AIS, influenced farmers’ decisions to adopt row planting input packages. Khat production was an important source of cash for inputs and was more likely to be available to farmers with irrigation schemes. Long-term, farmers who cultivate khat may not successfully engage in SI, as khat replaces traditional food crop production in the region. Yet, for farmers who do not grow khat, long-term investment in SI practices is unlikely unless access to affordable credit options is improved.
The Ideological Origins of the Rule of Law

The background conditions for the emergence of the rule of law are important but underdeveloped. This paper traces more fully the relationship between the concept of human equality and the development of the rule of law. It presents evidence that the Jewish and Christian concept of all human beings as God’s image bearers is an important contributor to the rule of law in Western civilization. The formulation of universal human equality was not, however, a sufficient condition for the emergence of the rule of law. It took centuries of articulation in different institutions and social settings. It only reached full fruition when it was joined with an understanding of appropriate political systems as expressed by political theorists such as Locke, Montesquieu, and Madison.
An Evidence-Based Clinical Prediction Algorithm for the Musculoskeletal Infection Society Minor Criteria.

Abstract Background The diagnosis of a periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) remains a clinical challenge, as there is no uniformly accepted gold standard. In 2011, the Musculoskeletal Infection Society (MSIS) convened a work group to create a standardized definition for a PJI that could be universally adopted. Based on the MSIS criteria, the diagnosis of a PJI can be made with 1 of the 2 major criteria, or 3 of the 5 minor criteria. The purpose of this study was to determine the likelihood of having a PJI based on the number of positive minor criteria and thereby develop a prediction algorithm for differentiating between a chronic PJI and a non-PJI based on the number of positive MSIS minor criteria. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 297 patients who presented to a tertiary care center between 2004 and 2014 with a failed total joint arthroplasty and subsequently underwent a PJI workup to exclude chronic PJI. Patients were divided into 2 groups: (1) PJI group and (2) non-PJI group. Patients who had a positive PJI workup and subsequently underwent a 2-stage revision for infection were included in the PJI group. Patients who had a negative clinical and diagnostic workup were included in the non-PJI group. One hundred eighty-two patients met the criteria for inclusion in the study, 91 in each group. Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate 21 independent variables in each of the 2 groups. A prediction algorithm for differentiating between a chronic PJI and a non-PJI based on independent multivariate variables was created. Results Patients who had a PJI differed significantly (P Conclusions Diagnosing a PJI remains a clinical challenge as there is no gold standard for diagnosis. The development of the MSIS criteria, which is based on a consensus of over 400 of the world's experts in musculoskeletal infection, was a major step forward in defining the diagnosis of a PJI. However, to our knowledge, the likelihood of having a PJI based on the number of positive minor criteria has yet to be validated or quantified. Of the 20 independent variables that were evaluated, 10 were found to be significantly associated with a PJI, including all the MSIS minor criteria evaluated. In addition, a diagnostic prediction algorithm was constructed to determine the likelihood of a PJI based on 5 binary independent multivariate variables. The relationship was also examined with a receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis. The area under the curve was 0.98, indicating excellent diagnostic performance for the MSIS minor criteria in identifying a PJI. Level of Evidence III.
Optical Phenomenology for Materials Health Monitoring

Advances in photonics has led to remarkable growth in the development of optical sensors and components. These developments, combined with recent advances in optical materials, have helped convert bench-top-style optical instruments into compact sensors and sensor systems. These technologies are likely to have a significant impact on the quantitative analysis of the environment enabling ﻿deeper insights into materials performance in service. Ultimately, this will lead to better scheduling of infrastructure remediation and repair cycles, as well as﻿ the identification and quantification of species of concern in the environment, with potentially significant benefits to population health. It is expected that the applications of advanced optical diagnostics to phenomenology across the domains of infrastructure and environment will address knowledge gaps in both theory and practice.
Modeling the Effect of Sleep-State on Respiratory Stability

The recognition that sleep significantly lowers resting ventilation and alters breathing pattern dates back to studies published in the nineteenth century1–4. Mosso4 noted a tendency in sleeping subjects to exhibit a periodic waxing and waning of respiration, similar to the pattern seen during Cheyne-Stokes breathing. Magnussen5 suggested a connection between this phenomenon and the alternating periods of wakefulness and sleep that he observed. Subsequently, with the use of electroencephalography, Aserinsky and Kleitman6 revealed the existence of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep and found that these periods were associated with a marked increase in respiratory variability. Bulow7 showed that periodic breathing (PB) often occurred during drowsiness and light NREM sleep, but in the deeper stages of NREM sleep (or slow-wave sleep (SWS)), ventilation became highly regular. These findings have been confirmed by others8,9. However, in some reports10,11, PB has been found to occur during REM sleep as well.
Failure of rocks in the laboratory and in the Earth

Although rocks, at least some of them, are nearly as old as the Earth itself, their behaviour continues to play an important role in a variety of applications and phenomena of societal interest. These include natural disasters, such as landslides, volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. Rocks are widely used for building materials, foundations, tunnels and underground facilities. Most of the world’s energy now, and for the foreseeable future, comes from the shallow crust and an understanding of rock behaviour is essential to efficient and safe production and storage. Moreover, many of the by-products of energy production are re-injected to the shallow crust. An increasingly important application is geological sequestration of carbon dioxide, injection into the earth to mitigate harmful effects on the climate [42]. Many of these problems involve not only mechanical behaviour but also its coupling with fluid flow, heat and chemistry.
A new de novo approach for optimizing peptides that inhibit HIV-1 entry

Abstract A new de novo protein design framework and its application to the redesign of an HIV-1 entry peptide inhibitor is presented.
The Extension Spaces of Nonsymmetric Classical Domains

We have introduced some new types of nonsymmetric classical domains in Ref. 4, whose special cases are the examples of Ref. 3. In this chapter we discuss “extension spaces” for these domains. To define “extension space,” we introduce infinite distance points. In one complex variable, the Gauss plane can be compactified by introducing the unique infinite distance point, which is very convenient in many problems. In several complex variables, extension spaces for the four types of classical symmetric domains are well known. But for nonsymmetric domains, there is only Ref. 2.
Deregulation of cyclin E in breast cancer

Cyclin E, a regulatory subunit of cyclin dependent kinase-2, is thought to be rate limiting for the G1/S transition during the mammalian cell cycle. Previously, we showed severe alterations in cyclin E protein expression in human mammary epithelial cell lines and in surgical material obtained from patients with various malignancies. To understand the functional basis of these alterations we analyse here the regulation of cyclin E in breast cancer cells. We find that while cyclin E protein and its associated kinase activity in normal cells are cell cycle regulated, in tumor cells it remains in an active complex throughout the cell cycle. We also analysed cyclin E for possible deletions which could result in its constitutive function and found two novel truncated variants in its coding region. These variant forms of cyclin E were detected in several normal and tumor cell lines and tissue specimens. However, Western blot analysis indicated that only the multiple isoforms of cyclin E protein were expressed in tumor but not the normal tissue specimen, suggesting post transcriptional regulation of cyclin E. Lastly, in vitro analyses indicated that these truncated variant forms of cyclin E are biochemically active in their ability to phosphorylate histone H1. Collectively these observations suggest the presence of more than one form of cyclin E mRNA in all cells, normal and tumor. Once translated in tumor cells, the protein products of these truncated forms could give rise to a constitutively active form of cyclin E containing complexes.
Interpretable Machine Learning Approach Reveals Developmental Gene Expression Biomarkers for Cancer Patient Outcomes at Early Stages

Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying early cancer development is still a challenge. To address this, we developed an interpretable, data-driven machine learning approach to identify the gene biomarkers that predict the clinical outcomes of early cancer patients. As a demonstration, we applied this approach into large-scale pan-cancer datasets including TCGA to find out how effective it would be at identifying the developmental gene expression biomarkers across tumor stages for various cancer types. Results confirmed that artificial neural network prediction embedding nonlinear feature selection outperforms other classifiers. Moreover, and more relevant to the goal of machine learning interpretable classifiers, we found that early cancer patient groups clustered by the biomarkers selected have significantly more survival differences than ones by early TNM stages, suggesting that this method identified novel early cancer molecular biomarkers. Furthermore, using lung cancer as a study case, we leveraged the hierarchical architectures of neural network to identify the developmental regulatory networks controlling the expression of early cancer biomarkers, providing mechanistic insights of functional genomics driving the onset of cancer development. Finally, we reported the drugs targeting early cancer biomarkers, revealing potential genomic medicine affecting the early cancer development.
Surface Clutter Discrimination Analysis for Radar Sounding Interferometry

This paper reports a method to analyze surface clutter discrimination for radar sounding interferometry. Nadir-looking low-frequency radar sounders cannot easily resolve off-nadir surface echoes from subsurface nadir echoes. Sounders equipped with multichannel receivers can use interferometric phase to discriminate whether a feature is at nadir or not. We developed a method to evaluate the performance of this application of interferometry and used it to analyze the selected Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near-surface (REASON) instrument on NASA's Europa Clipper mission to Jupiter's moon Europa.
Switch from Signal Amplification to COBAS® AmpliPrep/COBAS® TaqMan 48: Is There a Need to Re-Baseline?

Background: Accurate quantitation of plasma Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) RNA levels is required for clinical management of HIV-1-infected patients. Several assays are used to quantify HIV RNA, and prior to implementing a change in viral load method, continuity in reported values is addressed by the laboratory and communicated to clinicians. Methods: We initially compared COBAS® AmpliPrep-COBAS® TaqMan 48 (TaqMan) v.1.0 (Roche) to prior methodology, branched-chain DNA (bDNA) v.3.0 (Siemens) to determine if establishment of new patient baselines were necessary. Study data from 81 specimens run by both assays were compared using nonparametric tests, e.g., Wilcoxon signed-rank, Spearman. Subsets for comparison included only those that fell into overlapping ranges for both assays. Results: The methods correlated (Spearman correlation, rs = 0.91), but TaqMan values were significantly higher than those of bDNA (p Conclusion: Our data demonstrate non-equivalence in HIV-1 RNA values of TaqMan v.1.0 as compared to bDNA v.3.0, and that new baselines for HIV viral load RNA HIV-1 should be re-established. New baselines for those patients missed by parallel testing can be calculated using regression analysis.
A Multiple Shooting and Sweep Algorithm for Optimal Point Controlled Distributed Parameter Systems

Abstract The solution of the sparse algebraic system for a point controlled elliptic distributed parameter system by a multiple shooting and sweep algorithm is discussed. The multiple shooting and sweep algorithm enhances the convergence rate of the ordinary shooting method while achieving a significant reduction in the dimension of the linear equations to be solved. The optimization algorithm for a special problem involving the minimum cost selection of source intensities with the state satisfing a specified constraint set is presented. An application of the techniques involving the analysis and management design for water quality control in Corpus Christi Bay, an estuary on the Texas Gulf Coast in the United States, is discussed. The resulting algorithm is more than twice as fast as a corresponding successive overrelaxation method.
CsTe2O(6-x): novel mixed-valence tellurium oxides with framework-deficient pyrochlore-related structure.

Structures of CsTe2O6–x phases were investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and neutron powder diffraction. Stoichiometric CsTe2O6 is a mixed-valence Cs2Te4+Te36+O12 compound with a rhombohedral pyrochlore-type structure where there is complete order of Te4+ and Te6+. On heating, this compound develops significant electrical conductivity. As CsTe2O6 becomes oxygen deficient above 600 °C, the rhombohedral pyrochlore-type structure is replaced by a cubic pyrochlore-type structure with disordered Te4+/Te6+ and oxygen vacancies. However, for CsTe2O6–x phases prepared at 500 °C, the observed pyrochlore-type structure has orthorhombic symmetry. The Te4+ and O vacancies are all on chains running along the b axis, and the maximum value of x observed is about 0.3. At still higher values of x a new compound was discovered with a structure related to that reported for Rb4Te34+Te56+O23.
Ammonia Synthesis through Hydrolysis of a Trianionic Pincer Ligand-Supported Molybdenum–Nitride Complex

Reported is the hydrolysis of a homogeneous Mo-nitride complex bearing a trianionic pincer-type ligand to produce ammonia. Treating the anionic [(ONO)]Mo≡N(OtBu)]Ph3 PCH3 with two equivalents of water produces ammonia and the dioxo complex [(ONO)]MoO2 ]Ph3 PCH3 . X-Ray crystal structures of the starting nitrido complex and product dioxo complex are presented. Evidence for ammonia release comes from GC-MS and deuterium-labelling studies. The reaction is presented in the context of a two-stage solar thermochemical dinitrogen fixation process as the solid-state nitride hydrolysis step.
Reporting net survival in populations: a sensitivity analysis in lung cancer demonstrates the differential implications of reporting relative survival and cause-specific survival

Background Net survival is commonly quantified as relative survival (observed survival among lung cancer patients versus expected survival among the general population) and cause-specific survival (lung cancer-specific survival among lung cancer patients). These approaches have drastically different assumptions; hence, failure to distinguish between them results in significant implications for study findings. We quantified the differences between relative and cause-specific survival when reporting net survival of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods Cases of NSCLC diagnosed between 2004 and 2014 were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. The net survival of each stage-by-age stratum was expressed as cause-specific survival (Kaplan-Meier approach) and relative survival (Ederer II approach); percentage-point (pp) differences between the survival estimates were quantified up to 10 years postdiagnosis. Results Analyses included 263,894 cases. Cause-specific survival estimates were higher than relative survival estimates across all strata. Although the differences were negligible at 1 year postdiagnosis, they increased with increasing years of follow-up, up to 9.3 pp at 10 years (eg, aged 60-74 with stage I disease: 53.0% vs 43.7%). Differences in survival estimates between the methods also increased by increasing age groups (eg, at 10 years postdiagnosis: 5.1 pp for ages 18-44, 8.8 pp for ages 45-59, and 9.3 pp for ages 60-74) but decreased drastically for those aged ≥75 (3.1 pp). Conclusion Relative survival and cause-specific survival are not interchangeable. The type of survival estimate used in cancer studies should be specified, particularly for long-term survival.
Strategies for Assessing and Modeling Depressive Symptoms in Longitudinal Studies of Adolescents.

Studying age-related change in psychosocial behavior is difficult because manifestation differs with development. While the use of age-appropriate measurement instruments addresses developmental differences, changes in measurement also challenge researchers' ability to study developmental trajectories. Leveraging 8-occasion data from 262 girls (baseline ages 11 and 17 years) participating in a cross-sequential study spanning childhood to adulthood, this paper (1) highlights the needs of developmental researchers seeking to measure change across large swaths of development, (2) forwards an initial formula to convert Beck Depression Inventory-II scores into Children's Depression Inventory scores and facilitate longitudinal analysis and understanding of how depression develops across adolescence, and (3) suggests collection and analysis of new data that would better facilitate researcher's linking of child-, adolescent-, and adult-oriented measurement instruments.
Artificial intelligence to predict AKI: is it a breakthrough?

A new study of deep learning based on electronic health records promises to forecast acute kidney injury up to 48 hours before it can be diagnosed clinically. However, employing data science to predict acute kidney injury might be more challenging than it seems.
Hollow parties and their movement-ization: The populist conundrum:

This article focuses on the relationship between social movements and political parties in the context of populist challenges to constitutional democracy. There are many reasons for the current pli...
Miscellaneous Cerebral Vasculopathy

This chapter will discuss miscellaneous cerebral vasculopathies that can cause infarction and hemorrhage. Moyamoya vasculopathy is characterized by progressive stenosis or occlusion of distal ICAs and proximal circle of Willis with collateral formation. Radiation- and drug-induced vasculopathy commonly present with multifocal intracranial arterial stenosis on vascular imaging, which can be indistinguishable from vasculitis. Focal cerebral arteriopathy of childhood is presumably an inflammatory vasculitis, with the major differential considerations including cardioembolism, intracranial dissection, and unilateral moyamoya vasculopathy. CADASIL is a rare hereditary vasculopathy causing confluent white matter disease. Involvement of external capsules and anterior temporal lobes is a characteristic MRI finding. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is associated with a wide spectrum of imaging findings including lobar hematoma, microbleeds, convexity subarachnoid hemorrhage/superficial siderosis, and CAA-related inflammation.
Exploring Learners' Attitudes towards Technology-Enhanced Flipped Language Instruction.

The article reports on a study that explored the affordances and challenges of the flipped classroom model for an advanced language course, involving the implementation of a four-skill integration approach and the use of various digital tools. Eighteen advanced language students participated in the study over the course of one semester. Students carried out a variety of online assignments using self-access learning modules in Canvas to prepare them for in-class activities. Data from post-surveys and focus group interviews along with the student coursework reveal that students had a positive attitude towards the flipped model because it gave them agency over their own learning and engaged them in meaningful interactions with their peers. The study suggests that well-designed tasks are essential, and that instructor scaffolding is needed to guide students in learning course content. The study contributes a new model of flipped instruction that facilitated L2 development in an effective manner.
The Role of Risk Perception in Building Sustainable Policy Instruments: A Case Study of Public Coastal Flood Insurance in the United States

Public planning for sustainability implies a forward-looking approach that often includes imagining future harm and taking steps to prevent that future harm before it occurs. A major challenge to implementing such forward looking, or precautionary, a policy instrument is managing the impacts such policies have on existing expectations. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the role of risk perception in the development of forward-looking policy instruments. A case study example focused on coastal flood insurance in the USA is presented to highlight the difficulty of implementing sustainable policy goals when current policies incentivize the discounting of risk. The goal is to highlight factors of current policy expressions, like the discounting of risk, that inhibit the development and implementation of sustainable policy instruments.
Early Change in Neural Circuit Function Engaged by Negative Emotion Mediates Later Depression and Problem-Solving Outcomes Following Behavioural Intervention

Background: There is a need to understand the neural mechanisms targeted by behavioural therapy for depression and how these mechanisms relate to clinical outcomes. We used functional neuroimaging to assess the neural mechanisms that are modified by behavioural therapy and mediate subsequent clinical outcomes in depression. Methods: Participants with depression, co-occurring with obesity, from a parent RAINBOW trial, were randomised to an integrated collaborative care intervention (I-CARE) (n=59) or usual care (n=49). Functional neuroimaging was undertaken at baseline and at 2 months, coinciding with initial 2-months of I-CARE that implemented a 7-step problem-solving therapy process and behavioural activation (for brevity, “PST”). Neural targets were the amygdala, insula, and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) regions of the negative affect circuit engaged by established tasks presenting threat-related and sad stimuli. Regression models evaluated if early change in neural function mediated the effect of PST on depression severity and problem-solving outcomes at 6- and 12-months post-randomization. Findings: Compared with usual care, PST led to a reduction at 2 months in amygdala activation (Right: b=-0.83, 95% CI -1.55 to -0.11; Left: b=-0.86, -1.63 to -0.10) and amygdala-ACC connectivity (b=0.78, 0.05 to 1.52) engaged by threat stimuli. This PST-dependent reduction in amygdala activation mediated improvement of depression at 6 months relative to usual care. PST also tempered the relationship between insula activation and improved problem solving at 6 and 12 months. Interpretation: PST modifies neural targets within the negative affect circuit to improve symptoms and problem-solving relevant to the clinical and functional recovery of depression. Funding Statement: US National Institutes of Health/National Heart Lung and Blood Institute R01 HL119453 and UH2/UH3 HL132368. Declaration of Interests: LMW is on the Scientific Advisory Board for One Mind Psyberguide and the External Advisory Board for the Laureate Institute for Brain Research. JM is a paid scientific consultant for Health Mentor, Inc. (San Jose, CA). OA is the co-founder of Keywise AI and the servers on the advisory boards of Blueprint Health and Embodied Labs. All other authors do not have anything to declare. Ethics Approval Statement: The Institutional Review Boards for the Stanford University and the University of Illinois at Chicago approved the study.
Potent inhibitors of farnesyltransferase and geranylgeranyltransferase-I.

Abstract Compound 1 has been shown to be a dual prenylation inhibitor with FPTase (IC50=2 nM) and GGPTase-I (IC50=95 nM). Analogues of 1, which replaced the cyanophenyl group with various biaryls, led to the discovery of highly potent dual FPTase/GGPTase-I inhibitors. 4-Trifluoromethylphenyl, trifluoropentynyl, and trifluoropentyl were identified as good p-cyano replacements.
Nurturing Freedom Dreams: An Approach to Movement Lawyering in the Black Lives Matter Era

How might lawyers work with movements to build power and create more possibilities? What roles might lawyers play in truly transformative social change? How can lawyers and legal workers hasten change in cities like Detroit, where interlocking crises—tens of thousands of water shutoffs and tax foreclosures, sky-high asthma rates, school closures, entrenched poverty, and racist segregation—do not map easily onto civil rights, or even human rights, claims? We are trained as lawyers to shoehorn complex problems into neat claims about equal protection or due process. We are trained to issue spot, not honor and encourage freedom dreams. But this moment demands more from us. Organizers are posing fundamental questions of power and freedom, offering dazzling visions and examples of what is possible when we fight for the full dignity of everyone in our communities—and our collective future depends on us listening to and supporting those demands and dreams. When we allow ourselves, as lawyers, to be guided by curiosity, relationships, and collective visions, we can be more nimble and responsive in our legal practice and remain open to a fuller range of possibilities. This article is an attempt to explore real-time lessons from recent work in Detroit and to begin to identify some practices that can guide the strategies of movement lawyers in this moment. I discuss the origins of the Detroit Justice Center's "defense, offense, and dreaming" approach, and I describe some of the values, practices, and questions we have used to help us remain nimble as a team.
Prevention of Thromboembolic Events in Patients with COVID-19.

Background: COVID-19 has developed into a global pandemic with respiratory compromise and systemic coagulopathy causing significant morbidity and mortality. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on all COVID-19 patients hospitalized between March and June 2020. Findings: Of 1265 COVID-19 positive hospitalized patients identified, 138 (10.9%) had a thromboembolism. Mortality rate in COVID-19 patients with thrombosis was 31.9%, significantly higher than COVID-19 patients who did not have thrombosis 10% (p<0.0001). The incidence of thrombosis was significantly less in those who received steroids at 14% as compared to other COVID-19 therapies: tocilizumab 25% (p=0.0031), hydroxychloroquine 42% (p<0.0001), and remdesivir 72% (p<0.0001). There was no difference in mortality in patients who had prophylactic enoxaparin 40.5% than therapeutic enoxaparin 51.7% (p= 0.3491). Adjusting for demographics, a logistics model showed no mortality difference in patients who had either dosing of anticoagulation (p=0.5810). The bleeding rate was 12.3%, significantly higher than reported bleeding rates for hospitalized nonCOVID-19 patients on anticoagulants at 7.2% (p<0.05). Interpretation: Our study shows the incidence of thrombosis in hospitalized COVID-19 patients was higher than the general population. The lowest incidence of thrombosis occurred in COVID-19 patients who received steroids. There was no mortality difference in patients who received prophylactic versus therapeutic anticoagulation prior to thrombosis, but there was a high incidence of bleeding events. Funding: No outside funding was used
Fast and robust non-negative matrix factorization for single-cell experiments

Abstract Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) is an intuitively appealing method to extract additive combinations of measurements from noisy or complex data. NMF is applied broadly to text and image processing, time-series analysis, and genomics, where recent technological advances permit sequencing experiments to measure the representation of tens of thousands of features in millions of single cells. In these experiments, a count of zero for a given feature in a given cell may indicate either the absence of that feature or an insufficient read coverage to detect that feature (“dropout”). In contrast to spectral decompositions such as the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), the strictly positive imputation of signal by NMF is an ideal fit for single-cell data with ambiguous zeroes. Nevertheless, most single-cell analysis pipelines apply SVD or Principal Component Analysis (PCA) on transformed counts because these implementations are fast while current NMF implementations are slow. To address this need, we present an accessible NMF implementation that is much faster than PCA and rivals the runtimes of state-of-the-art SVD. NMF models learned with our implementation from raw count matrices yield intuitive summaries of complex biological processes, capturing coordinated gene activity and enrichment of sample metadata. Our NMF implementation, available in the RcppML (Rcpp Machine Learning library) R package, improves upon current NMF implementations by introducing a scaling diagonal to enable convex L1 regularization for feature engineering, reproducible factor scalings, and symmetric factorizations. RcppML NMF easily handles sparse datasets with millions of samples, making NMF an attractive replacement for PCA in the analysis of single-cell experiments.
La confianza razonable y su relevancia como criterio fundante de la tutela de ciertas anomalías o disconformidades acaecidas durante el iter contractual (Reasonability and Confidence in the Modern Law of Contracts: A Review from Chilean Doctrine and Jurisprudence)

Spanish Abstract: El presente articulo aborda la proteccion de la confianza razonable en el moderno derecho de contratos con el proposito de evidenciar que constituye un criterio fundante de la tutela de ciertas anomalias o disconformidades precontractuales y contractuales, determinando su actual configuracion y naturaleza juridica, analizando su alcance y explorando su recepcion en la doctrina y la jurisprudencia chilenas. English Abstract: The purpose of this article is to address the protection of reasonable reliance to show that is a founding criterion of certain precontractual and contractual anomalies or non-conformities protections, determining its current configuration and legal nature, analyzing its scope and exploring its reception in Chilean doctrine and jurisprudence.
Neutron capture by 31P.

Resonance parameters for $^{31}$P+n were determined, largely from (n,\ensuremath{\gamma}) cross-section data measured by time of flight. The energy range investigated extended from 2.6 to 500 keV, with the lowest energy resonance found at 26.75 keV. The 30-keV stellar reaction rate is dominated by this resonance, giving 1.74+0.09 mb for a temperature kT=30 keV. The thermal capture data are examined within the framework of the direct reaction mechanism.
Pathophysiological concepts in the Age of Enlightenment

In many ways the eighteenth century was also an Age of Enlightenment for surgery. Towards the end of the century, the steady improvements being made in clinical diagnosis as well as in operative techniques based on accurate anatomical knowledge, together with the development of sophisticated tools, had raised the practice of surgery to the highest conceivable level which could be reached without asepsis and anaesthesia. The traditional social differences between surgeons and physicians dwindled as more and more surgeons took a medical degree and the teaching of surgery gradually assumed a more scientific and clinical character. The latter applied in particular to France and the United Kingdom.
Anterior–posterior cerebral blood volume gradient in human subiculum

The human hippocampal formation is characterized by anterior-posterior gradients of cell density, neurochemistry and hemodynamics. In addition, some functions are associated with specific subfields (subiculum, CA1–4, dentate gyrus) and regions (anterior and posterior). We performed contrast-enhanced, high-resolution T1-weighted 3T steady state (SS) imaging to investigate cerebral blood volume (CBV) gradients of the hippocampal formation. We studied 14 healthy subjects and found significant CBV gradients (anterior > posterior) in the subiculum but not in other hippocampal subfields. Since CBV is a marker of basal metabolism, these results indicate a greater baseline activity in the anterior compared to the posterior subiculum. This gradient might be related to the role of the subiculum as the main outflow station of the hippocampal formation and might have implications for the mechanisms of neuropsychiatric disorders.
Characterization of dextromethorphan N-demethylation by human liver microsomes: Contribution of the cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) subfamily

In an effort to identify the human cytochromes P450 involved in the N-demethylation of dextromethorphan, the kinetics of 3-methoxymorphinan formation were studied in microsomal enzyme systems. Under initial rate conditions, 3-methoxymorphinan formation demonstrated single enzyme Michaelis-Menten kinetics using microsomes obtained from three human livers (Km: 0.52-0.71 mM; Vmax: 375-812 pmol/mg protein/min). B-lymphoblastoid cells expressing CYP3A4 incubated with 0.4 mM dextromethorphan catalyzed the formation of 3-methoxymorphinan at a rate of 22 pmol product/mg protein/min. Midazolam, a prototypic substrate for CYP3A4 and CYP3A5, competitively inhibited dextromethorphan N-demethylation by two human liver microsomal samples with Ki values of 46 +/- 10 and 63 +/- 8 microM. At a dextromethorphan concentration of 0.4 mM, gestodene (100 microM) inhibited 3-methoxymorphinan formation by approximately 50%. Immunoinhibition of dextromethorphan N-demethylation using rabbit anti-CYP3A4 antibodies resulted in a 60% decrease in 3-methoxymorphinan formation at a dextromethorphan concentration of 0.4 mM. Additional inhibition studies using furafylline, coumarin, sulfaphenazole, mephenytoin, quinidine, and diethyldithiocarbamic acid, which are selective inhibitors of CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2C8/9, CYP2Cmp, CYP2D6, and CYP2E1, respectively, demonstrated no substantial inhibition of dextromethorphan N-demethylation. Correlation analysis was performed using the rate of 3-methoxymorphinan formation at a concentration of 1 mM dextromethorphan and immunoquantified levels of CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5 and their associated characteristic catalytic activities. A significant correlation was observed between dextromethorphan N-demethylase activity and midazolam 1'- and 4-hydroxylase activity (r2 = 0.77 and 0.69 respectively, N = 19, P < 0.01); the exclusion of those samples containing both CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 increased the correlation significantly (r2 = 0.87 and 0.91 respectively, N = 12, P < 0.01). In the absence of CYP3A5, a significant correlation was observed between 3-methoxymorphinan formation and the sample's erythromycin N-demethylase activity (r2 = 0.94, N = 12, P < 0.01), testosterone 6 beta-hydroxylase activity (r2 = 0.96, N = 7, P < 0.01) and relative immunoquantified levels of CYP3A4 (r2 = 0.96, N = 12, P < 0.01). Inclusion of those samples expressing CYP3A5 in addition to CYP3A4 reduced the magnitude of the observed correlation. No significant correlation between 3-methoxymorphinan formation and the sample's relative immunoquantified levels of or form-selective activity associated with CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 (or CYP2Cmp), CYP2D6, and CYP2E1 was observed. In conclusion, dextromethorphan N-demethylation appears to be catalyzed primarily by CYP3A4 and to a lesser extent by CYP3A5 in vitro in humans.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Holographic memories for image processing applications

Summary form only given, as follows. Holographic storage has the advantages of very high storage density and fast parallel access. In this presentation we explore applications of holographic storage to image processing and present experimental demonstrations of various architectures.
Role of Galectin-3 in Mast Cell Functions: Galectin-3-Deficient Mast Cells Exhibit Impaired Mediator Release and Defective JNK Expression

Galectin-3 is a member of the beta-galactoside-binding animal lectin family expressed in various cell types, including mast cells. To determine the role of galectin-3 in the function of mast cells, we studied bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) from wild-type (gal3(+/+)) and galectin-3-deficient (gal3(-/-)) mice. Cells from the two genotypes showed comparable expression of IgE receptor and c-Kit. However, upon activation by FcepsilonRI cross-linkage, gal3(-/-) BMMC secreted a significantly lower amount of histamine as well as the cytokine IL-4, compared with gal3(+/+) BMMC. In addition, we found significantly reduced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reactions in gal3(-/-) mice compared with gal3(+/+) mice. These results indicate that there is a defect in the response of mast cells in gal3(-/-) mice. Unexpectedly, we found that gal3(-/-) BMMC contained a dramatically lower basal level of JNK1 protein compared with gal3(+/+) BMMC, which is probably responsible for the lower IL-4 production. The decreased JNK1 level in gal3(-/-) BMMC is accompanied by a lower JNK1 mRNA level, suggesting that galectin-3 regulates the transcription of the JNK gene or processing of its RNA. All together, these results point to an important role of galectin-3 in mast cell biology.
Ethics in Mathematics Education Research

Scenario 1: You are conducting a case study of a mathematics organization in your country. You have interviewed many members, including several within the organization’s hierarchy, and have promised confidentiality. Your funding agency asks you to share your interviews in a forthcoming meeting. What should you do?
Is Internal Migration in Yemen Driven by Climate or Socio‐economic Factors?

Identifying the impact of climate on migration is a difficult undertaking because migration is a multi-causal phenomenon, with a wide range of physical, climatic, cultural, and socio-economic factors influencing decisions made by individuals and households. Combining data from the latest census in Yemen with a weather database as well as other geographic information, we assess the push and pull factors that may drive migration. These factors include climatic factors such as temperature and rainfall and their variability, socio-economic factors such as the attractiveness of the areas of origin and destination among others in terms of employment, education, and irrigation, and cost factors as proxied by the distance between the places of origin and destination. The results suggest that climate variables do affect migration, but in a limited way, with socio-economic and cost factors playing a much more prominent role.
Sternal vibrations during head-out immersion: A preliminary demonstration of underwater wearable ballistocardiography

Ballistocardiography (BCG) measures vibrations of the body caused by ejection of blood from the heart, and the root mean square (RMS) of BCG measured with a weighing scale trends with cardiac output. However, BCG underwater has not been studied. Head-to-foot BCG signals were recorded with an accelerometer on the sternum of three human subjects. The heartbeats were clearly visible in the signals recorded underwater, and the resting change in RMS BCG was +360 μg (+36%) from air to cold water immersion (27.8 °C) while standing. This is within the 32%–62% increase in cardiac output observed in previous head-out immersion studies.
An application of integrated CASE/CACSD to automotive powertrain systems

Recently, it has been proposed that the integration of traditional Computer Aided Software/Systems Engineering (CASE) and Computer Aided Control Systems Design (CACSD) tools would provide improved hybrid systems development support for the automotive powertrain control community. In this paper, we present the application of two new CASE/CACSD products to a simplified powertrain system model. These two tools are (1) a co-code generation interface between the CASE modeling tool Statemate and the CACSD tool MATRIX and (2) structured and hybrid modeling extensions to MATLAB and SIMULINK. A discussion of each tool's capabilities and limitations, in the context of automotive powertrain control, is included.