cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Dorsal Dislocation of the Fourth Metatarsophalangeal Joint

Dislocation of metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint is infrequent. We present a case of an old dorsal dislocation of the fourth MTP joint. At surgery the capsule of the MTP joint and lateral collateral ligament were elongated and attenuated and the medial collateral ligament disappeared. The plantar plate did not interpose into the MTP joint. The medial collateral ligament was reconstructedusing the plantar interosseous muscle. The lateral collateral ligament and the dorsal capsule were tightened. The MTP joint was fixated with a Kirschner wire. After 6 months' follow up, the MTP joint was stable and painless and had good movement.
Study by peptide mapping of antihapten antibody of varying affinity from individual rabbits.

SummaryPeptide maps of F(ab')2 fragments of anti-DNP antibody fractions differing markedly in affinity for DNP-lysine were indistinguishable, suggesting that the structural differences corresponding to the differences in affinity were located in a highly variable portion of the antibody molecule.
The immune response of rats to subcutaneous implantation with Fasciola hepatica.

SUMMARY Rats were implanted with one live adult Fasciola hepatica in the subcutaneous tissue of the flank. Histological examination of sequentially killed rats showed that changes characteristic of cell-mediated immunity and of antibody production were induced in the prefemoral lymph node that drained the site of implantation; the contralateral lymph node remained non-reactive. There was a positive intradermal hypersensitivity to fluke antigen and precipitating antibodies were formed. Rats implanted in this way were challenged orally with 20 metacercariae and killed after 15 weeks. A reduction of 34 per cent in the number of flukes in the bile ducts was found in implanted rats when compared with non-implanted controls, however, the histopathological changes in the liver were equally severe in both groups. These results provide further evidence for the role of acquired immunity in resistance to F. hepatica.
AN INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTATIONAL PROCEDURES IN LINGUISTIC RESEARCH

This chapter presents the concept of computational procedures in linguistic research. The courses taught in American high schools include English, History, Geography, and Mathematics. Until courses in Human Relations were introduced, English and Mathematics had the special distinction of being the only courses intended to influence behavior outside the school. Mathematics and language resemble one another so closely, as several linguists have pointed out. The construction of a grammatically accurate sentence closely resembles the construction of a valid formula; therefore, one may not immediately see why mathematics should be so definitively exposed in its treatises and languages so inadequately dealt with in theirs. The post-editor is a linguistic technician—a subprofessional aide to the linguist. The post-editor knows the languages that are being studied and knows, to a limited extent, the theoretical bases of the research.
Phylactery: An Authoring Platform for Object Stories

In this work, we describe Phylactery, a hybrid physical/digital system for authoring interactive stories across collections of objects. Unlike many Interactive Digital Storytelling (IDS) systems, which are concerned with the representations of formal narrative structures within software, or with the simulation of high-fidelity narrative environments populated by humanlike agents, Phylactery is focused on the act of storytelling as it occurs among humans in the physical world. It is designed to connect personal narratives, memories, and rituals of storytelling with material containers by associating spoken stories with physical objects. Phylactery can be used to imbue the physical world with stories as both a formal authoring platform, and an informal and playful narrative technology. In this way, our system participates in older traditions of reminiscence, memory transmission, and heritage preservation through the collection of meaningful objects.
Estimating the osmolarities of tears during evaporation through the “eyes” of the corneal nerves

Purpose A population of corneal neurons in rats preferentially sense and monitor the hyperosmolar conditions of tears when the tears begin to evaporate during corneal dryness. The present study exploited this ability in an effort to estimate tear osmolarities by comparing the responses to corneal dryness to their responses to hyperosmolar stimuli. Methods Extracellular recordings were performed from single neurons in the trigeminal ganglia innervating the corneas of rats. To determine the extent to which the corneal neurons' responses to drying of the cornea were induced via the activation by hyperosmolar stimuli, we assessed the responses to ocular instillation of 500 and 600 mOsm/L, and a graded series of hyperosmolar stimuli ranging from 350 to 1000 mOsm/L. Results The magnitudes of the responses to drying of the cornea were matched almost exactly to those induced by the ocular instillation of the 600 mOsm/L stimuli but not the 500 mOsm/L solutions. The response magnitudes to a graded series of hyperosmolar solutions were nearly linear from the 350 to the 600 mOsm/L stimuli, but reached a plateau or declined slightly thereafter. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that the tear osmolarity in rats could reach 600 to 1000 mOsm/L during ocular dryness. Furthermore, a spontaneous eye blink could be generated at a tear osmolarity of approximately 400 mOsm/L if the blink is solely determined by hyperosmolar tears, but ocular surface cooling also can become a major factor if hyperosmolar tears occurring during ocular dryness lower the threshold of activation of the neurons.
Nkx2-5 and Sarcospan genetically interact in the development of the muscular ventricular septum of the heart

The muscular ventricular septum separates the flow of oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood in air-breathing vertebrates. Defects within it, termed muscular ventricular septal defects (VSDs), are common, yet less is known about how they arise than rarer heart defects. Mutations of the cardiac transcription factor NKX2-5 cause cardiac malformations, including muscular VSDs. We describe here a genetic interaction between Nkx2-5 and Sarcospan (Sspn) that affects the risk of muscular VSD in mice. Sspn encodes a protein in the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex. Sspn knockout (SspnKO) mice do not have heart defects, but Nkx2-5+/-/SspnKO mutants have a higher incidence of muscular VSD than Nkx2-5+/- mice. Myofibers in the ventricular septum follow a stereotypical pattern that is disrupted around a muscular VSD. Subendocardial myofibers normally run in parallel along the left ventricular outflow tract, but in the Nkx2-5+/-/SspnKO mutant they commonly deviate into the septum even in the absence of a muscular VSD. Thus, Nkx2-5 and Sspn act in a pathway that affects the alignment of myofibers during the development of the ventricular septum. The malalignment may be a consequence of a defect in the coalescence of trabeculae into the developing ventricular septum, which has been hypothesized to be the mechanistic basis of muscular VSDs.
Treatment Outcomes for Women with Substance Use Disorders: a Critical Review of the Literature (2010–2016)

This review critically examines recent literature (2010–2016) on substance use outcomes in women-only treatment studies and gender differences in treatment outcomes in mixed-gender studies. We then focus on outcomes in three areas salient to women with substance use disorders (SUDs): treatment of comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), pregnancy and parenting interventions, and treatment for women in the criminal justice system. Favorable results were found for behavioral treatments for women including couples therapy and gender-responsive group therapy. When gender differences were observed in mixed-gender behavioral treatment, outcomes were more favorable in women than in men. However, when gender differences were observed in pharmacotherapy trial results, outcomes were worse for women. With regard to the three subgroups that we reviewed, most recent research on co-occurring PTSD and SUD has been secondary analysis studies which suggest that factors such as group attendance and co-occurring psychiatric disorders influence substance use outcomes. In contrast to the other two subgroups examined, behavioral treatments for pregnant women did not show superior outcomes when compared to control groups. However, buprenorphine was found to be safe and effective for use with pregnant women with an opioid use disorder. Finally, studies of treatment outcomes for women in the criminal justice system found preliminary evidence of efficacy for several behavioral treatments. Consistent with findings of previous reviews, gender alone did not necessarily predict treatment response; rather, interaction of gender and other factors affected outcomes. Evidence showing worse outcomes for women in pharmacotherapy trials, with the exception of buprenorphine with pregnant women, further reinforces the need for research to evaluate differential treatment outcomes for men and women.
Implementation of Epic Beaker Anatomic Pathology at an Academic Medical Center.

Background: Beaker is a relatively new laboratory information system (LIS) offered by Epic Systems Corporation as part of its suite of health-care software and bundled with its electronic medical record, EpicCare. It is divided into two modules, Beaker anatomic pathology (Beaker AP) and Beaker Clinical Pathology. In this report, we describe our experience implementing Beaker AP version 2014 at an academic medical center with a go-live date of October 2015. Methods: This report covers preimplementation preparations and challenges beginning in September 2014, issues discovered soon after go-live in October 2015, and some post go-live optimizations using data from meetings, debriefings, and the project closure document. Results: We share specific issues that we encountered during implementation, including difficulties with the proposed frozen section workflow, developing a shared specimen source dictionary, and implementation of the standard Beaker workflow in large institution with trainees. We share specific strategies that we used to overcome these issues for a successful Beaker AP implementation. Several areas of the laboratory-required adaptation of the default Beaker build parameters to meet the needs of the workflow in a busy academic medical center. In a few areas, our laboratory was unable to use the Beaker functionality to support our workflow, and we have continued to use paper or have altered our workflow. In spite of several difficulties that required creative solutions before go-live, the implementation has been successful based on satisfaction surveys completed by pathologists and others who use the software. However, optimization of Beaker workflows has continued to be an ongoing process after go-live to the present time. Conclusions: The Beaker AP LIS can be successfully implemented at an academic medical center but requires significant forethought, creative adaptation, and continued shared management of the ongoing product by institutional and departmental information technology staff as well as laboratory managers to meet the needs of the laboratory.
Tourism, empire and aftermath in French North Africa

This review considers recent scholarly research dedicated to colonial tourism in French North Africa, and looks to signal important lacunae and avenues of possibility for future work. Despite the p...
Practical Needs for Basic Research: A Basis for Interaction between Microbiologists and Engineers

The NATO Advanced Study Institute on “Biofilms: Science and Technology” attracted mixed participation from practitioners of both engineering and microbiology. Thus it provided an opportunity to explore the universally perceived reasons that the two groups interacted poorly. What follows is a distillation of the ideas expressed from the floor and chair during a discussion workshop.
Liposome-based immunoassays for detection of small and large molecules.

Liposomes provide a convenient mechanism for encapsulating reporter molecules for signal amplification. This manuscript describes detection systems built by attaching a liposome filled with fluorophores to a recognition unit. The fluorophore, carboxyfluorescein (CF), is encapsulated at a high concentration so that it is self-quenched and exhibits low fluorescence. Upon activation of the recognition unit, the liposome is lysed, the CF is diluted into the medium, and a signal is generated. The detection unit is based on the formation of an antigen-antibody complex which generates lysis of the liposome subsequent to the activation of the serum complement cascade. The general scheme of this detection system has been previously described (Six et al., 1973; Yasuda et al., 1981; Martin and Papahadjopoulos, 1982; Ishimori et al., 1984).
Rosenblatt’s Contributions to Random Walks on Compact Semigroups

Murray Rosenblatt’s interest in random walks on compact semigroups probably came from his work on representations of stationary processes as shifts of functions of independent random variables described in [11], where products of matrices were studied. His papers [12],[5],[13],[14] generalized the work of Levy [2] on random walks on the circle and the work of Kawada and Ito [4] on random walks on compact groups. In [14], he also completely characterized the structure of the limit measures for the special case of compact semigrougs of n ´ n stochastic matrices.
Prolonged reactions to mescaline: a report of two cases.

1. Two cases of prolonged reactions to mescaline (400 mg. orally, one lasting four days, one lasting eleven days are reported. 2. The two subjects showing these prolonged reactions had reactions during the periods of maximal intoxication which were more severe than those of most other subjects in a series of 47 experiments on 25 subjects. Their reactions, however, were not more severe than those of some other subjects who did not have prolonged reactions. 3. In both subjects the reactions resembled mild schizophrenic reactions. One subject had a life-long pattern of withdrawal into fantasies during stress. He took mescaline at a time of stress in his life. The mescaline seems to have reinforced his pattern of withdrawal making it temporarily of psychotic proportions.
Choice of radioactive iodine treatment for thyroid cancer: Results from a population-based survey.

159Background: For many patients with differentiated thyroid cancer, use of radioactive iodine (RAI) does not improve survival or reduce recurrence risks. Yet, most patients continue to receive RAI...
Ages in Constitutional Law

If society-level properties are the source of the content of law on society-important social activities, change in the properties will bring about new law on these activities. As change occurs in American society, shifts can thus be expected not only in the social topics that the U.S. Supreme Court adjudicates, but also in the substance of the rulings by the Court on the topics and in the rationales that the Court employs for its rulings. To illustrate, the present chapter uses cases in which the Court decided whether the federal Constitution was violated by government action pertaining to each of the following topical categories: sex distinctions and gender roles, pregnancy prevention and pregnancy termination, and support for religion. From the timelines of the cases and the rationales behind the rulings, ages in constitutional law are identified, and sociological agents that may account for these ages are proposed.
12 Endoscopic and Keyhole Approaches to the Cerebellopontine Angle

For over 100 years, surgeons have been attempting to find newer and safer ways to operate on pathology of the cerebellopontine angle. Because of the anatomical relationships related to the cerebellopontine angle, there is perhaps no other region of the brain that a keyhole endoscopic, endoscope-assisted, or microscopic approach is better suited. With improvements in neurosurgical instrumentation, illumination, and magnification, the retrosigmoid keyhole approach has become the workhorse approach to the cerebellopontine angle. In this chapter, the authors will review the keyhole retrosigmoid approach to the cerebellopontine angle. Pertinent anatomy of the region will be presented. Indications, risks, benefits, and technical details of the keyhole retrosigmoid approach will be reviewed. Differences between endoscopic and microscopic assistance with this approach will be discussed.
Exploring Sound Awareness in the Home for People who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing

The home is filled with a rich diversity of sounds from mundane beeps and whirs to dog barks and children's shouts. In this paper, we examine how deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) people think about and relate to sounds in the home, solicit feedback and reactions to initial domestic sound awareness systems, and explore potential concerns. We present findings from two qualitative studies: in Study 1, 12 DHH participants discussed their perceptions of and experiences with sound in the home and provided feedback on initial sound awareness mockups. Informed by Study 1, we designed three tablet-based sound awareness prototypes, which we evaluated with 10 DHH participants using a Wizard-of-Oz approach. Together, our findings suggest a general interest in smarthome-based sound awareness systems particularly for displaying contextually aware, personalized and glanceable visualizations but key concerns arose related to privacy, activity tracking, cognitive overload, and trust.
Discussing sexuality in health care: A systematic review

Aims and objectives Using the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic literature review was conducted to explore current and relevant evidence regarding factors that influence nurses' provision of sexual healthcare education to patients. Background The World Health Organization and Healthy People 2020 emphasise the importance of sexual health care. Although the nursing profession has the ability to develop a competent level of sexuality education, sexual health care is often ignored in nursing care and education. Many nurses are failing to engage in meaningful conversations about sexual health with patients, and this could lead to negative health events. However, patients would like reliable and nonjudgmental access to education about sexual health. Design Electronic databases were searched for articles published between 2012-2017. Studies of nurses providing sexual health education in healthcare settings were included. The Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt (2015, Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare, Philadelphia, PA: Walters Kluwer) quality assessment framework was used. The researchers independently reviewed 532 studies and agreed upon ten to include in this review. Results Findings from this systematic review suggest that nurses' provision of sexual health education to patients is influenced by four factors: (a) a lack of knowledge about sexual health, (b) nurses' attitudes and beliefs that sexual health care is private and not a priority, (c) nurses' comfort discussing sexual health, and (d) perceived barriers related to time, responsibility and organisational support. Conclusion The ten articles reviewed were all Level VI descriptive and qualitative studies, as defined by Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt (2015). It is evident that sexual healthcare information is not being widely addressed. To reduce stigma, the positive aspects of sexual health care must be promoted on multiple levels. Relevance to clinical practice Leaders in professional and community-based organizations should be on the forefront of making recommendations for nurses and practitioners, so they could improve their ability to provide sexual healthcare information to their patients.
Angiocentric astrocytoma in a cat

Gliomas are common primary central nervous system neoplasms of dogs and cats, but atypical glioma subtypes are rare. Herein we report an angiocentric astrocytoma in a 15-y-old spayed female domestic shorthaired cat that was euthanized after therapy-resistant seizures. Gross anatomic changes consisted of swelling of the rostral leptomeninges over the olfactory bulbs and rostral telencephalon. Histologically, polygonal-to-elongate atypical neoplastic cells were arranged along perivascular spaces within these areas. Neoplastic cells were positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein, S100 protein, and vimentin. Ultrastructurally, round-to-elongate neoplastic cells emitting long processes with aggregates of intermediary filaments expanded and occupied the spaces between the vascular basement membrane and the glia limitans; nuclei had marginal and central heterochromatin. Tight junctions connected the plasma membrane of neighboring cells. The cell morphology, immunohistochemistry, and ultrastructural findings were consistent with an astrocytoma; the exclusive perivascular arrangement of neoplastic cells with no parenchymal mass warranted the diagnosis of angiocentric astrocytoma.
Title IX: Help or Hindrance?

ABSTRACTThe goal of this article is to provide a practical guidance for anyone who has experienced sexual harassment or assault in academia and is considering the possibility of pursuing disciplina...
Dietary Pattern, Nutrient Intake, and Perceived Fatigue in the Oldest Old (P18-027-19)

Objectives Little is known regarding dietary patterns and diet composition for the oldest old (defined as adults ≥ 80 years old) who usually have compromised diet quality due to age-related decline. We examined overall dietary patterns and further related the patterns to consumption of selected nutrients as well as perceived physical and mental fatigue. We hypothesized that those that had a healthy dietary pattern would have better nutrient intake profiles and reduced perceived fatigue.
Incorporating Climate Nonstationarity and Snowmelt Processes in Intensity-Duration-Frequency Analyses with Case Studies in Mountainous Areas

AbstractDownscaled high-resolution climate simulations were used to provide inputs to the physics-based Distributed Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model (DHSVM), which accounts for the combined effects ...
Short-term organoid culture for drug sensitivity testing of high-grade serous carcinoma.

Abstract Objective Cancer patient-derived organoids (PDOs) grow as three dimensional (3D) structures in the presence of extracellular matrix and have been found to represent the original tumor's genetic complexity. In addition, PDOs can be grown and subjected to drug sensitivity testing in a shorter time course and with lesser expense than patient-derived xenograft models. Many patients with recurrent ovarian cancer develop malignant effusions that become refractory to chemotherapy. Since these same patients often present for palliative aspiration of ascites or pleural effusions, there is a potential opportunity to obtain tumor specimens in the form of multicellular spheroids (MCS) present in malignant effusion fluids. Our objective was to develop a short duration culture of MCS from ovarian cancer malignant effusions in conditions selected to support organoid growth and use them as a platform for empirical drug sensitivity testing. Methods In this study, malignant effusion specimens were collected from patients with high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC). MCS were recovered and subjected to culture conditions designed to support organoid growth. In a subset of specimens, RNA-sequencing was performed at two time points during the short-term culture to determine changes in transcriptome in response to culture conditions. Organoid induction was also characterized in these specimens using Ki67 staining and histologic analysis. Drug sensitivity testing was performed on all specimens. Results Our model describes organoids formed within days of primary culture, which can recapitulate the histological features of malignant ascites fluid and can be expanded for at least 6 days. RNA-seq analysis of four patient specimens showed that within 6 days of culture, there was significant up-regulation of genes related to cellular proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and KRAS signaling pathways. Drug sensitivity testing identified several agents with therapeutic potential. Conclusions Short duration organoid culture of MCS from HGSOC malignant effusions can be used as a platform for empiric drug sensitivity testing. These ex vivo models may be helpful in screening new or existing therapeutic agents prior to individualized treatment options.
Misinformation and the US Ebola communication crisis: analyzing the veracity and content of social media messages related to a fear-inducing infectious disease outbreak.

The Ebola communication crisis of 2014 generated widespread fear and attention among Western news media, social media users, and members of the United States (US) public. Health communicators need more information on misinformation and the social media environment during a fear-inducing disease outbreak to improve communication practices. The purpose of this study was to describe the content of Ebola-related tweets with a specific focus on misinformation, political content, health related content, risk framing, and rumors. We examined tweets from a random 1% sample of all tweets published September 30th - October 30th, 2014, filtered for English-language tweets mentioning “Ebola” in the content or hashtag, that had at least 1 retweet (N = 72,775 tweets). A randomly selected subset of 3639 (5%) tweets were evaluated for inclusion. We analyzed the 3113 tweets that meet inclusion criteria using public health trained human coders to assess tweet characteristics (joke, opinion, discord), veracity (true, false, partially false), political context, risk frame, health context, Ebola specific messages, and rumors. We assessed the proportion of tweets with specific content using descriptive statistics and chi-squared tests. Of non-joke tweets, 10% of Ebola-related tweets contained false or partially false information. Twenty-five percent were related to politics, 28% contained content that provoked reader response or promoted discord, 42% contained risk elevating messages and 72% were related to health. The most frequent rumor mentioned focused on government conspiracy. When comparing tweets with true information to tweets with misinformation, a greater percentage of tweets with misinformation were political in nature (36% vs 15%) and contained discord-inducing statements (45% vs 10%). Discord-inducing statements and political messages were both significantly more common in tweets containing misinformation compared with those without(p < 0.001). Results highlight the importance of anticipating politicization of disease outbreaks, and the need for policy makers and social media companies to build partnerships and develop response frameworks in advance of an event. While each public health event is different, our findings provide insight into the possible social media environment during a future epidemic and could help optimize potential public health communication strategies.
It’s Morphin’ time: how multiple signals converge on ARF transcription factors to direct development

Plant development programs are constantly updated by information about environmental conditions, currently available resources, and sites of active organogenesis. Much of this information is encoded in modifications of transcription factors that lead to changes in their relative abundance, activity and localization. Recent work on the Auxin Response Factor family of transcription factors has highlighted the large diversity of such modifications, as well as how they may work synergistically or antagonistically to regulate downstream responses. ARFs can be regulated by alternative splicing, post-translational modification, and subcellular localization, among many other mechanisms. Beyond the many ways ARFs themselves can be regulated, they can also act cooperatively with other transcription factors to enable highly complex genetic networks with distinct developmental outcomes. Multi-level regulation like what has been documented for ARFs has the capacity to generate flexibility in transcriptional outputs, as well as resilience to short-term perturbations.
A comparison between chemical and gas hypoxia as models of global ischemia in zebrafish (Danio rerio )

Background Zebrafish models for neurovascular diseases offer new methods for elucidation of molecular pathways to tissue damage. External fertilization and high fecundity provide opportunities for transgenics and other forms of genetic manipulation that are more accessible than offered by mammalian models of disease. Furthermore, behavioral analyses of zebrafish allow for connection of molecular pathways to organismal outputs such as locomotion, learning, and memory. Unfortunately, a zebrafish model of hypoxia-ischemia has been slow to catch on, possibly due to hypoxia exposure protocols that are challenging to reproduce and result in high mortality. Methods In this study, we have introduced a predictable and simple method of hypoxia induction, the addition of sodium sulfite to aquarium water. The effects of this treatment on zebrafish locomotion were compared to those of zebrafish exposed to hypoxia induced by nitrogen gas bubbling, a method used in previous reports. Results We found that hypoxia induced by sodium sulfite significantly impaired locomotion in the hours following treatment, and its effects did not differ from those caused by nitrogen gas hypoxia. Conclusion These results indicate that hypoxia by sodium sulfite represents an effective and easily reproducible method for the study of hypoxia-ischemia in zebrafish.
Some Additional Results Involving Congruence of Triangles.

ANYONE who is familiar with high school geometry knows some results in volving congruence of triangles. The pur pose of this article is to present six ad ditional theorems of this nature. Perhaps a part of the information that follows will even be new to some readers. Let Pi and A be the perimeter and area respectively of triangle ABC, and let P2 and A2 be the perimeter and area respectively of triangle XYZ. (In what follows we shall assume that a > b and > y.)
ParaSDN: An Access Control Model for SDN Applications based on Parameterized Roles and Permissions

Software Defined Networking (SDN) has become one of the most important network architectures for simplifying network management and enabling innovation through network programmability. Network applications submit network operations that directly and dynamically access critical network resources and manipulate the network behavior. Therefore, validating these operations submitted by SDN applications is critical for the security of SDNs. A feasible access control mechanism should allow system administrators to specify constraints that allow for applying minimum privileges on applications with high granularity. However, the granularity of access provided by current access control systems for SDN applications is not sufficient to satisfy such requirements. In this paper, we propose ParaSDN, an access control model to address the above problem using the concept of parameterized roles and permissions. Our model provides the benefits of enhancing access control granularity for SDN with support of role and permission parameters. We implemented a proof of concept prototype in an SDN controller to demonstrate the applicability and feasibility of our proposed model in identifying and rejecting unauthorized access requests submitted by controller applications.
Ethnocultural Empathy and Racial Colorblindness Among White Police Recruits: Do Cross-Racial Friendships Matter?:

We investigated how ethnocultural empathy and colorblind racial beliefs were associated through the racial composition of close friendship groups in police recruits. In a sample of White police rec...
A scalable and operationally simple radical trifluoromethylation

The large number of reagents that have been developed for the synthesis of trifluoromethylated compounds is a testament to the importance of the CF3 group as well as the associated synthetic challenge. Current state-of-the-art reagents for appending the CF3 functionality directly are highly effective; however, their use on preparative scale has minimal precedent because they require multistep synthesis for their preparation, and/or are prohibitively expensive for large-scale application. For a scalable trifluoromethylation methodology, trifluoroacetic acid and its anhydride represent an attractive solution in terms of cost and availability; however, because of the exceedingly high oxidation potential of trifluoroacetate, previous endeavours to use this material as a CF3 source have required the use of highly forcing conditions. Here we report a strategy for the use of trifluoroacetic anhydride for a scalable and operationally simple trifluoromethylation reaction using pyridine N-oxide and photoredox catalysis to affect a facile decarboxylation to the CF3 radical.
Antibiotic induced intestinal dysbiosis in infant mice impacts CD8+ T cell anti-viral immune function and control of infection (IRC8P.494)

Infancy and childhood is a critical period for the development of long-term immune function. Normal acquisition of the gastrointestinal (GIT) flora during this period is now appreciated in its role on immune system development and function. Antibiotics cause GIT flora dysbiosis and may alter normal GIT colonization during infancy. Subsequently, immune development and function may also be affected. In this infant mouse model of antibiotic mediated GIT flora dysbiosis, perinatal antibiotic treatment (AT) alters the composition of the GIT flora in mothers and their infants. CD8+ T cells from AT infant mice activated in vitro with cytokines, proliferate, express activation markers, and produce IFN-γ. However, unlike non-antibiotic treated (CTRL) infant mice, AT mice succumb to vaccinia virus infection. AT infant mice survive sub-lethal infection indicating effective primary immune responses to control infection. Interestingly, the expansion of Teff, Tem, and Tcm subsets differs between CTRL and AT sub-lethally infected infant mice. Transfer of OT-I T cells into AT infant mice prior to lethal infection rescues these mice from death. However, expansion of OT-I T cells is limited in AT infant mice and the differential expression of effector and memory cell markers is also recapitulated. These results suggest that dysbiosis during infancy negatively impacts effective adaptive primary immune responses and has potential consequences on memory T cell development.
Specification and Verification of Real-Time, Distributed Systems Using the Theory of Constraints

A technique for the specification and verification of real-time, distributed systems is proposed. It provides a unified representation for both internal design and externally observable behavior and an automated procedure for deriving the external behavior associated with a design. The approach is applicable to both hardware and software, and can handle systems in which timing, concurrency, indeterminacy, and ongoing behavior are important considerations.
Environmental Control of Cell Composition in Escherichia coli

Wright, D. N. (Iowa State University, Ames), and W. R. Lockhart. Environmental control of cell composition in Escherichia coli . J. Bacteriol. 89: 1026–1031. 1965.— Escherichia coli was grown in continuous culture at various rates in a defined medium with either the carbon or the nitrogen source as rate-limiting substrate. Average cell size and the cellular content of ribonucleic acid, protein, and free amino acids varied both with growth rate and with the identity of the limiting nutrient, being greatest at high growth rates, and greater for nitrogen-limited than for carbon-limited populations. Immunoelectrophoresis of cell extracts revealed antigenic components associated uniquely with growth rate, and others associated with the identity of the limiting nutrient on which cells had been grown. Cell composition thus appears to reflect the physiological adjustment of a microbial population to its total environment.
Legislative-Executive Conflict and Private Statutory Litigation in the US: Evidence from Labor, Civil Rights, and Environmental Law

Examining qualitative historical evidence from cases of federal regulation in the areas of labor, civil rights, and environmental policy, this paper provides support for the hypothesis that divergence between legislative and executive preferences – a core and distinctive feature of the American constitutional order – creates an incentive for Congress to rely upon private lawsuits, as an alternative to administrative power, to achieve its regulatory goals. It also shows that this mechanism encouraging statutory mobilization of private litigants had been operative long before its powerful growth started in the late 1960s; that it operates in similar fashion with Republican legislators facing Democratic presidents, and Democratic legislators facing Republican presidents; and that it remained a source of controversy, and an active influence on congressional decision-making, throughout the half century covering the 1940s through the 1980s.
Learning planning rules in noisy stochastic worlds

We present an algorithm for learning a model of the effects of actions in noisy stochastic worlds. We consider learning in a 3D simulated blocks world with realistic physics. To model this world, we develop a planning representation with explicit mechanisms for expressing object reference and noise. We then present a learning algorithm that can create rules while also learning derived predicates, and evaluate this algorithm in the blocks world simulator, demonstrating that we can learn rules that effectively model the world dynamics.
Impact of cephalosporin prophylaxis on conization-vaginal hysterectomy morbidity.

Abstract A prospective, randomized, double-blind evaluation of Loridine-Keflex ∗∗ ∗∗Eli Lilly & Co. prophylaxis in a homogeneous group of 32 patients undergoing sequential cervical conization and vaginal hysterectomy is reported. There was no infectious or febrile morbidity in the 18 patients receiving antibiotics. Morbidity occurred in six of 14 patients receiving placebos (P
Asset Attribution Stability And Portfolio Construction: An Educational Example

This paper illustrates how a third statistic from asset pricing models, the R-squared statistic, may have information that can help in portfolio construction. Using a traditional CAPM model in comparison to an 18-factor Arbitrage Pricing Style Model, a portfolio separation test is conducted. Portfolio returns and risk metrics are compared using data from the Dow Jones 30 stocks over the period January 2007 through October 2013. Various teaching points are discussed and illustrated.
Prototyping Intelligent Vehicle Modules Using Evolutionary Algorithms

Intelligent vehicles must make real-time tactical level decisions to drive in mixed traffic environments. SAPIENT is a reasoning system that combines highlevel task goals with low-level sensor constraints to control simulated and (ultimately) real vehicles like the Carnegie Mellon Navlab robot vans.
Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers

Williams [14] and Welsh and McClelland [13] demonstrated the utility of single short oligonucleotide primers of arbitrary sequence for the amplification of DNA segments distributed randomly throughout the genome. Welsh and McClelland showed that the pattern of amplified bands could be used for genome fingerprinting [13] and Williams et al. [ 14] showed that the differences (polymorphisms) in the pattern of bands amplified from genetically distinct individuals behaved as mendelian genetic markers (named RAPDs, for Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA). Well-saturated maps of the Arabidopsis [11] and pine [4] genomes have been constructed using RAPD technology. A single set of arbitrary-sequence 10-mers may be used for mapping or fingerprinting any species. The many advantages of RAPD markers over RFLPs or isozyme markers accelerated the adoption of RAPD technology for the construction of genetic maps, fingerprinting, and population genetic studies [6]. Current reviews of the applications of RAPD technology are available [ 10, 12].
THE NUTRITION OF THE SPOROPHYTE IN THE HEPATICAE

THE HEPATICS have always occupied a place of prominence in discussions of such problems as the origin of a land flora and of the nature, relationship, and origin of the alternating generations so universally observed. There are few who would dispute the premise that at least certain of our extant hepatics are not far removed from the pioneer terrestrial plants which fortuitously or orthogenetically departed from their submerged habitat, thus initiating a land flora. In connection with the second problem, that of alternation of generations, the Hepaticae have been intensively and comparatively investigated in an attempt to obtain a clue to the solution of this difficult problem; as a result of these studies, though the series be read as one of reduction or one of advancing development, all investigators are apparently in accord that it is only in the Anthocerotales (if these be credited with but ordinal rank) that the sporophyte has achieved some degree of autotrophism by photosynthesis. There are, however, occasional reports in the literature which contradict this conclusion. Mirbel (1835), for example, described and figured the young sporophytes, elaters, and what were probably spore mother cells of Mfarchantia polymorpha as being rich in chlorophyll content. Hofmeister (1862) states that the immature sporophyte of Jungermannia divaricata contains chlorophyll. Leitgeb (1879), Campbell (1928), and Goebel (1930) all assert that chlorophyll is present in the developing sporophytes of Sphaerocarpos; the last author goes so far as to state that since the stalk of the sporophyte breaks dowii early in ontogeny, this structure is dependent nutritionally only on itself. He reports similarly the presence of chlorophyll in the sporophyte of Aneura. Motte (1932) states that the sporophyte of Pellia Fabbroniana contains chloroplasts; in the same compilation Garjeanne (1932) reports that the sporophytes of liverworts other than Anthoceros contain chlorophyll only in the earlier phases of their development, but he gives no figures or authority for such a statement. Recently Patterson (1933) mentions the occurrence of a " few small green chromatophores " in the seta of Dumortiera hirsuta. In spite of these reports the sporophytes of the Marchantiales, Jungermanniales, and Sphaerocarpales are usually regarded as lacking chlorophyll and with it the capacity for self nutrition; in respect to their relation to the gametophyte which bears them thev are described by such terms as "parasitic " and " dependent." This viewpoint is well illustrated by the following quotation from a standard elementary text (Holman and Robbins, 1938) which in describing the sporo-
Effects of Precommercial Thinning on Snowshoe Hares in Maine

Abstract Snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) are an important prey species and a dominant herbivore across much of their North American range, and researchers have questioned the influences of forestry practices that alter habitat for hares and the potential community-level effects on carnivores. We examined the effects of precommercial thinning (PCT) from 1 to 11 years posttreatment on snowshoe hares. In the commercial forests of northern Maine, USA, we counted and cleared hare pellets twice a year during 2001 and 2002 on >46 km of pellet transects across 30 regenerating conifer stands (17 treated with PCT) previously treated with an aerial application of herbicide. We compared densities of snowshoe hare pellets among 3 development classes with (1 yr after thinning, 6 yr after thinning, and 11 yr after thinning) and without thinning (stands with a similar history of clearcut and herbicide treatment but no thinning). During both years, densities of hares were lower in stands treated with PCT than in similar...
Tribute to H. John Caulfield: hijacking of the 'holographic principle' by cosmologists

I came to know Caulfield as a graduate student while developing suitable techniques to quantitatively evaluate coherence properties of pulsed Ruby and YAG lasers beams during the first decade of their evolutions. We continued our professional acquaintance till 2011 through various yearly conferences. It was at the 2011, 4th biennial conference on, “The nature of light: What are photons?” [1], Caulfield gave a paper on this topic and privately expressed his deep concern that the optical “Holographic Principle” has been hijacked by the cosmologists based upon insufficient understanding of the physical processes behind generation and reconstruction of optical holograms. Unlike our material universe, holographic images do not exist as touchable objects; but the material universe does. Now, in his absence, I have taken the liberty of presenting his views about the holographic principle and extend that to further challenge the prevailing hypothesis that cosmological red shift is purely optical Doppler shift that has led to the postulate that the current universe is expanding rapidly. Rigorously speaking, the core problem is generated when we assign reality to human interpreted information out of experimentally derived data, which can never capture complete behavioral properties of any cosmological object that we try to characterize. In holography, an object is a touch-able reality. Scattered light from an object brings incomplete, but sufficient information about the object to construct a decent hologram. It records phase and amplitude information indirectly as intensity fringes. Further, the reconstructed IMAGE does not represent the original touch-able reality. Besides, the image is further degraded from the insufficient information originally recorded on the hologram. Physical theories should be based upon our need to map physical processes behind the phenomenon under study. Information is a subjective human interpretation of measurable parameters registered by instruments, whose registration fidelities are always less than 100%. We illustrate this point by further criticizing the postulate of “Expanding Universe” by analyzing optical Doppler shift as a function of the two velocities, those of source-atoms and those of detector-atoms, in the coronas of stars in different galaxies with respect to the stationary space, instead of just the relative velocities between all possible pairs of galaxies.