cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The rate of change of hereditary factors in Drosophila

A knowledge of the rate at which hereditary changes of various sorts occur is the necessary groundwork for an adequate understanding of evolution. The wide recognition given to this fact is attested to by the vast amount of literature on the subject of “variation,” but, with our new exact knowledge of the Mendelian and chromosomal method of inheritance of the so-called “variations,” it is evident that this literature has very little bearing on the real question of how often changes in the hereditary factors, i.e., mutations, actually occur: for the breeding procedures used in the experiments there considered were not of the type necessary for ferretting out the new mutant factors as they arise, and for distinguishing between them and the apparent variations caused by the sorting out of old mutant factors into new combinations. There is, to be sure, enough work to show that the real mutations are “rare”—whatever that term may mean; but, so far as an approximate quantitative determination of the rate of fac...
Abstract 4649: Comprehensive isoform expression analysis reveals that EGFR and sEGFR are prognostic determinants of cancer

In July, 2009 the United States’ Food and Drug Agency (FDA) approved the use of a new biologically-targeted drug called ‘cetuximab’ (Erbitux) for the treatment of patients with advanced colorectal cancer (CRC). Cetuximab is a chimeric antibody directed against the extracellular domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Paradoxically, EGFR expression, as it is currently measured by commercially available assays, has not been useful for predicting who will respond to cetuximab. We propose that one problem with these assays is their inability to measure EGFR and soluble EGFR (sEGFR) isoforms independently. We previously have documented the expression of an sEGFR isoform in human tissues (1), and have generated antibodies directed against a 31-mer peptide (residues 604-634) located within the unique 78 amino acid carboxy-terminal sequence of sEGFR (2). Interestingly, this anti-sEGFR antibody recognizes a second protein of ∼140-kDa (p140), which we have identified as human α5-integrin. Biochemical and mass spectrometry analyses show that a short region in the calf domain of α5-integrin shares sequence identity with the 31-mer sEGFR peptide. We have used this 31-mer antibody with an antibody directed against the intracellular domain of full-length EGFR to develop a novel EGFR vs. sEGFR/α5-integrin expression assay. This assay demonstrates that sEGFR/α5-integrin is co-expressed with EGFR in normal as well as malignant tissues, including in a number of carcinoma-derived cell lines. We also observe that high expression of EGFR and sEGFR/α5-integrin in a large cohort of ovarian cancer patients defines a strong adverse prognostic determinant of survival. These results implicate EGFR, sEGFR, and integrins as cancer biomarkers and demonstrate the critical importance of independently assessing both full-length and soluble EGFR isoforms in prognostic EGFR expression assays. *–JAW and ATB contributed equally to this study (1). Reiter et al. (2001) Genomics. 71(1):1-20 (2). Christensen et al. (2002) Hybrid Hybridomics. 21(3):183-9 Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4649.
The Effects of an Observational Intervention on the Emergence of Two Types of Observational Learning

We tested the effects of an observational intervention, used in prior studies to condition new reinforcers via observation, on the emergence of two types of observational learning: (1) the acquisition of new operants and (2) changes in performance as a function of observation. The participants included three 7-year-old students diagnosed with autism. The dependent variables were the numbers of correct responses to a learning task (new operants) that was presented after the participants observed peers receive instruction and an observed performance task (novel use of an object), prior to and following an observational intervention. We conducted non-concurrent pre- and post-intervention probes across participants, along with a nested reversal designed to test the reinforcement value of the stimuli used during the intervention. Post-intervention probes demonstrated that all three participants met criterion on tests of both the learning task and the performance task following the observational intervention. R...
Reliability evaluation of distribution system considering wind power effect

This paper presents a new method to evaluation reliability of distribution system considering wind power effect. The proposed technique is based on the combination of segment-network simplification and pseudo sequential Monte Carlo simulation, which can calculate the system reliability indices quickly and accurately. After the segment-network is obtained, two failure effect matrixes of system are proposed which can rapidly determine the service restore process of all the segments. Pseudo sequential Monte Carlo simulation is a hybrid method for reliability evaluation in which non-sequential simulation is used to select failure states and sequential simulation is applied only to the subsequence of neighboring states that define the complete interruption. The pseudo sequential simulation retains the computational efficiency of non sequential simulation and the ability to model the chronological aspects. At last, system reliability indices of IEEE RBTS system are compared and analyzed; the results demonstrate the validity and practicability of the proposed method.
Taming Online Political Engagement in Russia: Disempowered Publics, Empowered State, and Challenges of the Fully Functioning Society

This article examines the particularities of online political engagement in Russia and assesses social media potential for facilitating and empowering social movements in Russia through an examination of the political protests in 2011–2012. The case study illustrates effective mobilization and coalition building via social media during the political protests of 2011–2012, but the growing control of the Internet and online public sphere affects the publics’ ability to do so in the future. This study argues that the successes of the protest movement initiated a government crackdown on the Russian Internet and social media, with the Russian government actively seeking to tame and control communicative processes online through an increased presence of government and progovernment forces. The analysis suggests that the extensive and covert control of the online public sphere disempowers publics, making social media less capable of enabling a fully functioning society.
Locality driven key management architecture for mobile ad-hoc networks

A fundamental issue of securing mobile ad-hoc networks is to ensure mobile nodes can authenticate each other. Because of its strength and efficiency, a public key and digital signature system is an ideal building block to construct the authentication service. Although this is already mature in Internet applications, providing public key based authentication is still very challenging in mobile ad-hoc networks because the entire network is world-accessible via the wireless channel, the environment is highly volatile and infrastructure-less and there is lack of trust in the system. We propose a locality driven key management architecture that achieves robust key authentication and facilitates timely and efficient establishment of distributed trust. The architecture reflects our application oriented view of MANET and is based on threshold cryptography to achieve high fault tolerance against network partition and malicious nodes. On top of it, we design distributed trust protocols to help set up trust relations on-the-fly. To verify the concept and the design, we implement the prototype and simulate our solution in a variety of scenarios.
Erratum: Robust scientific evidence demonstrates benefits of artificial sweeteners: [Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 25 (2014) 1]

The conflict of interest statement was omitted from the version of this article that was published online ahead of the issue. The conflict of interest statement is now included in the article, published in this issue.
Evaluation of coping as a mediator of the relationship between stressful life events and cancer-related distress.

OBJECTIVE Lifetime stressful life events (SLEs) may predispose oncology patients to cancer-related distress (i.e., intrusive thoughts, hyperarousal, avoidance). Coping may influence cancer-related distress by mediating this relationship. This study sought to (a) determine the prevalence and impact of lifetime SLEs among oncology outpatients receiving chemotherapy and (b) examine the relationship between SLEs and cancer-related distress and the mediating role of coping on this relationship. METHOD Patients (n = 957), with breast, gastrointestinal, gynecologic or lung cancer, who were undergoing chemotherapy, completed the Life Stressor Checklist-Revised (LSC-R), a measure of lifetime SLEs. Cancer-related distress was assessed with the Impact of Event Scale-Revised. Coping strategies since beginning chemotherapy were assessed with the Brief COPE; 2 latent variables (engagement and disengagement coping) were identified based on these scores. LSC-R scores (number of SLEs and perceived impact during the prior year) were evaluated in relation to demographic and clinical characteristics. Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate the relationship between LSC-R and Impact of Event Scale-Revised scores and the mediating role of engagement and disengagement coping on this relationship. RESULTS On average, patients reported 6.1 (SD = 4.0; range = 0-23 out of 30) SLEs. Patients who were not married/partnered, had incomes <$30,000/year, or who had lower functional status or greater comorbidity had higher LSC-R scores. The relationship between more SLEs and more severe cancer-related distress was completely mediated by disengagement coping. Engagement coping did not mediate this relationship. CONCLUSIONS Disengagement coping, including behavioral disengagement, avoidance, and denial, should be targeted to mitigate cancer-related distress. (PsycINFO Database Record
Planning Product Assortment Using Portfolio Optimization

The task of planning product assortments using portfolio optimization is developed and applied to a case in apparel manufacturing and distribution. The planning process begins with the retail buyer, the key individual in the organization that selects merchandise for resale to the consumer. In order to maximize the profit and minimize the risk of the merchandise investment, the retail buyer must simultaneously consider many different factors that impact the merchandise mix decision. A merchandise planning model is developed for the retail buyer based on the concept of stock portfolio theory. The investment returns and risks are considered to determine the product assortment. A retrospective statistical test is conducted to verify the goodness of the product assortment portfolio model. The methodology, developed for a large Midwest retailer, can be extended to a wide variety of cases in manufacturing, especially cases involving the production of consumer products.
Omes of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Primer for Clinicians.

ABSTRACTRecent advances in high-throughput laboratory technologies and bioinformatics tools are redefining how we view inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Instead of 2 diseases, we now see a diverse set of molecular subtypes. Large-scale investigation of the genome, exome, transcriptome, proteome, met
Acute Pulmonary Embolism in Adults and Children: Evidence-Based Emergency Imaging, Evaluation, and Diagnosis

Pulmonary embolism is a common disease with a high morbidity and mortality burden. Its clinical presentation is quite variable, making accurate diagnosis challenging. In this chapter, we examine how clinical assessment determines pretest probability and then guides the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. The important role of imaging in work-up is summarized, and various imaging modalities are compared and evaluated based on up-to-date medical literature. Pulmonary embolism diagnosis in pregnancy is also briefly reviewed and evidence-based diagnostic algorithms for evaluation of acute pulmonary embolism are presented.
Redemption for self-reactive antibodies

Immunity to pathogens and tolerance to self are cardinal features of immune systems. Immunological specificity is encoded by receptors expressed on the surface of lymphocytes that are generated through random assembly of variable, diversity, and joining (VDJ) gene segments during B and T lymphocyte development. In addition, B lymphocytes further diversify this initial repertoire through somatic hypermutation of antibody genes in germinal centers (transient structures that form in lymphoid organs in which high-affinity antibodies arise). On page 223 of this issue, Burnett et al. ( 1 ) devise a strategy to track the fate of self-reactive B cells in germinal centers elicited by a foreign antigen that structurally mimics a self-antigen (antigen mimicry). The authors provide evidence that hypermutation of antibody genes in germinal centers can repair self-reactive antibodies. These results have implications for how broadly neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1 may be formed.
Near absence of differential gene expression in the retina of rainbow trout after exposure to a magnetic pulse: implications for magnetoreception.

The ability to perceive the Earth9s magnetic field, or magnetoreception, exists in numerous animals. Although the mechanism underlying magnetoreception has not been clearly established in any species, in salmonid fish, it is hypothesized to occur by means of crystals of magnetite associated with nervous tissue such as the brain, olfactory organ or retina. In this study, rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) were exposed to a brief magnetic pulse known to disrupt magnetic orientation behaviour in several animals. Changes in gene expression induced by the pulse were then examined in the retina. Analyses indicated that the pulse elicited differential expression of only a single gene, gamma-crystallin M3-like ( crygm3 ). The near absence of an effect of the magnetic pulse on gene expression in the retina stands in sharp contrast to a recent study in which 181 genes were differentially expressed in brain tissue of O. mykiss after exposure to the same pulse. Overall, our results suggest either that magnetite-based magnetoreceptors in trout are not located in the retina, or else that they are unaffected by magnetic pulses that can disrupt magnetic orientation behaviour in animals.
Stroke-like migraine attacks in long term survivors of high grade glioma. (P1.174)

Objective: This is a presentation of three patients who are long term survivors of glioblastoma and the neurological complications which they face, with a goal to improve quality of life in this small population. Background: Glioblastoma is a devastating disease, with average survival of 12 to 18 months. Of those who do survive free of tumor in excess of five years, quality of life may be impacted by neurological complications including radiation vasculopathy, difficult to control seizures, cognitive decline, and the mysterious syndrome of stroke-like migraine attacks. Providing prophylaxis and treatment for this small population is important as the percentage of 5 year survivors in the era of temozolomide has reached 6 to 7.2% (McNamara et al.). Design/Methods: Three patients, (one female, two males), ages 31 to 65 at time of malignant glioma diagnosis, were treated with 6000 cGy of radiotherapy, and chemotherapy as recommended in the era of their diagnosis. All three have survived in excess of 10 years. Although they remained tumor free, admission to hospital and clinic visits occurred for acute neurological problems. Imaging studies and EEGs were followed. Results: All three patients presented several times with seizures and stroke-like migraine attacks. These events began to appear within five years post-treatment. MRI scans revealed changes suggestive of tumor recurrence, which later resolved. Neurological deficits included aphasia, visual field deficit, hemiparesis, visual agnosia, and confusion. These deficits would resolve over days to weeks. Treatment consisted of adjustment of seizure medications, anticoagulation, and statin compounds occasionally with good results. Imaging studies will be presented. Conclusions: Stroke-like migraine attacks are difficult to treat and the pathophysiology is unknown. With more sophisticated imaging techniques, a better understanding of this phenomenon will aid in the treatment and prophylaxis of the syndrome with a goal of improving quality of life for this small but slowly growing population. Disclosure: Dr. New has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mirza has nothing to disclose.
Boundary collocation method for multiple defect interactions in an anisotropic finite region

The modified mapping collocation method is extended for the solution of plane problems of anisotropic elasticity in the presence of multiple defects in the form of holes, cracks, and inclusions under general loading conditions. The approach is applied to examine the stress and strain fields in an anisotropic finite region including an elliptical and a circular hole, an elliptical flexible inclusion, and a line crack. It can be readily incorporated into micro-mechanics models, capturing the relative importance of the matrix, the fiber/matrix interface, and reinforcement geometry and arrangement while estimating the effective elastic properties of composite materials. The accuracy and robustness of this method is established through comparison with results obtained from finite element analysis.
Molecular Pathology and Diagnostics of Breast Cancer

Proper treatment of breast cancer often depends on timely and accurate diagnosis. Due to the heterogeneic nature of breast cancer, it is important to continually develop diagnostic methods and tools that strive to provide consistent and reliable results for optimal patient specific care. Early microscopic observations of tumor sections have revealed that specific morphological structures of the mammary gland, such as luminal or basal layers, are often mimicked by cancer cells. This has resulted in a hypothesis that hyperplastic cells originate from their respective anatomical sites. Newer findings now suggest breast cancer arises from mammary stem or progenitor cells, which then differentiate into various lineages by molecular mechanisms not yet fully understood. Subtypes of breast cancers are reliably labeled aggressive, including triple negative and hereditary breast cancers. Molecular diagnosis is currently available through various platforms, including: MammaPrint®, Veridex®, Theros®, and Oncotype DX®, which have improved the resolution of diagnosis. Significant advancements in a variety of scientific disciplines in basic research, integration of next-generation sequencing technologies, and innovative computational and mathematical methods in integration of diverse data types on a large scale will likely translate into clinical applications such as breast cancer diagnosis.
High-Pressure Processing, Strawberry Beverages, and Composition of ‘Bioactives’

Abstract Fruits and vegetables are processed by the food industry to extend shelf-life, delivering more options and opportunities for consumers to eat fruits and vegetables. Conventional thermal processing is an effective method for producing safe extended shelf-life and shelf-stable products; however the harsh temperatures impact nutritive quality, destroying essential nutrients and non-essential nutrients/components. Strawberries, along with other berry fruits contain a variety of ‘bioactive’ nutrients and phytochemicals. Strawberries are a significant source of polyphenolic anthocyanins in some diets. Anthocyanins are associated with a number of health benefits. Accordingly, increasing the options for consuming anthocyanin rich fruits, such as strawberries, in a manner that would preserve their rich bioactive profile would benefit human health. Novel processing strategies will indeed be required to deliver on such high demands. In this chapter, research on the application of high-pressure processing (HPP) as a potential method for preserving bioactive components in extended shelf-life foods is discussed. Strawberry beverages serve as a model for assessing effects of HPP, including interactions with matrix on anthocyanins, antioxidant capacity, among other quality indicators. Overall, HPP has emerged as a promising technology for delivering microbiologically safe food products while preserving nutritional quality. However, research in this area of alternative processing methods and novel technologies to deliver products with greater nutritional quality and demonstrated health benefits in humans is under-developed and immense opportunities exist.
Secular Changes in Physical Education Attendance Among U.S. High School Students, 1991-2015.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine changes in school-based physical education (PE) attendance over time among nationally representative samples of U.S. high school students and how c...
Framework for a hybrid simulation approach for an integrated decision support system in healthcare facilities

There is a lack of integration of facility planning techniques in the design and layout of healthcare facilities. Computational models can be used to evaluate minimal distances or cost functions. Discrete event simulations can be used to model the stochastic nature of operations to check the impact on specific performance measures. Visualization can be used to immerse decision makers in the future environment to aid model validity, communication, and understanding. In this paper, we discuss three techniques: mathematical optimization, discrete event simulation, and virtual visualization, and present a framework for using them in an integrated hybrid simulation modeling approach in the healthcare planning process. We present objectives for the use of these techniques throughout the lifecycle in one unit of a healthcare facility. These techniques, while described in a healthcare context, have implications for other domains where uncertain and latent processes are components of the layout decision making process.
When survival curves cross: are we at a crossroads of immunotherapy in gastric cancer?

The first U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of a programmed cell death protein (PD-1) inhibitor specifically for advanced gastroesophageal cancer occurred with the passing of pembrolizumab on September 22, 2017 (1).
Channel Current Model With Real Device Effects in BSIM-IMG

Abstract This chapter describes the drain current model in BSIM-IMG. The core drain current model discussed in Chapter 2, Core Model for Independent Multigate metal oxide field effect transistor (MOSFETs), describes an ideal long channel device. However, actual devices have several physical phenomena (also known as real device effects) which affect the terminal current. This chapter describes these important phenomena and their modeling in BSIM-IMG model. This chapter is divided into various sections. Each section discusses specific device phenomena, details how the phenomena is analytically modeled, and introduces the model parameters associated with the phenomena.
Sensory and Motor Changes during Development and Aging

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the sensory and motor changes during development and aging. Researchers have recently become interested in the aging process of a variety of functions. Their findings revealed the changes that occur in the sensory and motoric functioning with age. Some specific findings indicate that alterations of the speech process are evident with aging because of changes in sensory and motor functioning and the subsequent disruption of the feedback system necessary for speech production and speech perception. Studies concerning vibratory sensitivity demonstrate that vibratory thresholds increase with aging. A preliminary study involving the examination of lingual vibrotactile thresholds demonstrate a change in lingual sensitivity between children and young adults. However, there have been no studies reported that deal with lingual or palmar surface vibrotactile threshold changes incorporating a wide range of ages. There have been only a few attempts at investigating acoustic changes with aging, and no studies have been reported that have examined both the sensory and motoric age changes with respect to the speech process.
Model predictive control for energy-efficient HVAC operation with humidity and latent heat considerations

Abstract Even though energy-efficient climate control of commercial buildings using model predictive control (MPC) has been widely investigated, most MPC formulations ignore humidity and latent heat. The inclusion of moisture makes the problem considerably more challenging, primarily since a cooling and dehumidifying coil model which accounts for both sensible and latent heat transfers is needed. In this work, we propose an MPC controller in which humidity and latent heat are incorporated in a principled manner. We construct low order data-driven models of a cooling and dehumidifying coil that can be used in the MPC formulation. The resulting controller’s performance is tested in simulation using a plant that differs significantly from the model used by the optimizer. Additionally, the performance of the proposed controller is compared with that of a naive MPC controller which does not explicitly consider humidity, and also to that of a conventional rule-based controller. Simulations show that the proposed MPC controller outperforms the other two in terms of energy use and thermal comfort. It is also observed that the naive MPC formulation which does not consider humidity leads to poor humidity control under certain conditions. Such violations in humidity can adversely affect occupant comfort and health.
A Diaphanous and Enabled dependent asymmetric actin cable array repositions nuclei during Drosophila oogenesis

Cells reposition their nuclei for a diversity of specialized functions through a wide variety of cytoskeletal mechanisms. To complete oogenesis, Drosophila nurse cells employ novel actin cable arrays to reposition their nuclei. During oogenesis, 15 nurse cells connected by ring canals contract to dump their cytoplasmic contents into the oocyte. Just prior to dumping, actin cables initiate from the nurse cell cortex and elongate toward their nuclei, pushing them away from the ring canals to prevent obstruction. How the actin cable arrays generate directional nuclear movement is not known. We found regional differences in the actin cable growth rate that are dependent on the differential localization of the actin assembly factors Enabled (Ena) and Diaphanous (Dia). Mislocalization of Ena resulted in actin cable arrays with a uniform growth rate. In the absence of growth rate asymmetry, nuclear relocation was significantly altered and cytoplasmic dumping was incomplete. This novel mechanism for nuclear repositioning relies on the regulated cortical localization of Dia and Ena producing asymmetric actin cable arrays that push the nuclei away from the ring canals, enabling successful oogenesis.
Corporate Lobbying, Political Protection, and Earnings Management

We provide evidence on the effects of corporate lobbying on earnings management (EM). We argue that corporate lobbying provides firms with some degree of political protection from enforcement of laws and regulations. Thus, lobbying firms face a lower threat of enforcement which in turn reduces the costs of EM for these firms. Moreover, the potentially weaker enforcement alters the relative costs of accrual management (AM) and real earnings management (RM). We expect lobbying firms to engage in more income increasing AM and less income increasing RM. We find strong evidence consistent with lobbying firms engaging in more EM (in absolute terms), more income increasing AM, and less income increasing RM. Furthermore, we find that when firms directly lobby the SEC the impact on firm AM and RM is greater compared to lobbying other government organizations. Our results are robust to several tests to rule out endogeneity as an explanation for our results and to the use of alternative estimation approaches. Overall, our evidence is consistent with lobbying firms facing lower regulatory enforcement and using this flexibility to reduce RM that is potentially value destructive.
Assessment of Blood Biomarker Profile After Acute Concussion During Combative Training Among US Military Cadets: A Prospective Study From the NCAA and US Department of Defense CARE Consortium.

Importance Validation of protein biomarkers for concussion diagnosis and management in military combative training is important, as these injuries occur outside of traditional health care settings and are generally difficult to diagnose. Objective To investigate acute blood protein levels in military cadets after combative training–associated concussions. Design, Setting, and Participants This multicenter prospective case-control study was part of a larger cohort study conducted by the National Collegiate Athletic Association and the US Department of Defense Concussion Assessment Research and Education (CARE) Consortium from February 20, 2015, to May 31, 2018. The study was performed among cadets from 2 CARE Consortium Advanced Research Core sites: the US Military Academy at West Point and the US Air Force Academy. Cadets who incurred concussions during combative training (concussion group) were compared with cadets who participated in the same combative training exercises but did not incur concussions (contact-control group). Clinical measures and blood sample collection occurred at baseline, the acute postinjury point ( Exposure Concussion incurred during combative training. Main Outcomes and Measures Proteins examined included glial fibrillary acidic protein, ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1, neurofilament light chain, and tau. Quantification was conducted using a multiplex assay (Simoa; Quanterix Corp). Clinical measures included the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool–Third Edition symptom severity evaluation, the Standardized Assessment of Concussion, the Balance Error Scoring System, and the 18-item Brief Symptom Inventory. Results Among 103 military service academy cadets, 67 cadets incurred concussions during combative training, and 36 matched cadets who engaged in the same training exercises did not incur concussions. The mean (SD) age of cadets in the concussion group was 18.6 (1.3) years, and 40 cadets (59.7%) were male. The mean (SD) age of matched cadets in the contact-control group was 19.5 (1.3) years, and 25 cadets (69.4%) were male. Compared with cadets in the contact-control group, those in the concussion group had significant increases in glial fibrillary acidic protein (mean difference in ln values, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.18-0.50;P Conclusions and Relevance This study’s findings indicate that blood biomarkers have potential for use as research tools to better understand the pathobiological changes associated with concussion and to assist with injury identification and recovery from combative training–associated concussions among military service academy cadets. These results extend the previous findings of studies of collegiate athletes with sport-associated concussions.
Recruit conservation warden field training: A qualitative analysis of the San Jose Police Department Field Training Model applied to natural resource law enforcement:

This article reviews the President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing (hereafter President’s Task Force) findings on law enforcement field training. The President’s Task Force was critical of th...
LGB widowhood: the association between partner loss and psychological well-being

Few studies of widowhood’s effects on psychological well-being focus on sexual minorities. Of those that do, none employ large, nationally representative samples, and none examine whether the effec...
Health Professions Education: Complexity, Teaching, and Learning

Health professions education is about learning to care for and about fellow human beings and the environment we coinhabit. Health, as a resource for daily life and well being, emerges from a constellation of interdependent conditions embedded in webs of social, cultural, political, economic, and geographic events that influence access to food, water, shelter, employment, education, safety, peace, a stable ecosystem, sustainable resources, social justice, and equity [3]. Becoming a health professional is necessarily relational and dynamical. Relationships are about the quality of the exchanges we have, i.e., communication, and the extent to which they are adaptive for shared understanding, health, and well being [4]. Health professions in this chapter refer to all persons who have earned the privilege to care for those in need and to those who promote and optimize healthy lives and healthy families. How we think about and understand what we do as teachers and practitioners to help prepare future health professionals is guided by cultural and historical frameworks that evolve through periodic paradigm shifts [5–12].
The Coming Curtailment of Compulsory Child Support

Absent parents ought to contribute to the support of their minor children and states can appropriately invoke the force of law to compel them to do so. Stated so generally, even absent parents behind in their payments would probably agree. Since so many others agree as well, and since the numbers of single-parent children have mushroomed, systems of governmentally compelled support in this country have grown enormously. By the early part of the next century, if current laws remain in force and current population trends continue, most of America's children on any given day will be entitled to support from a parent who no longer lives with them or never lived with them at all.
TOPICS IN THE QCD PHENOMENOLOGY OF DEEP-INELASTIC SCATTERING *

I review the status of QCD with respect to recent results from deep-inelastic neutrino scattering, emphasizing the theoretical uncertainties coming from effects of non-leading order in 1/Q2 and in αs.
Integrated dynamic fluidic lens actuation

We have demonstrated a dynamic, adaptable fluidic lens system with integrated piezoelectric actuation capable of fast, accurate optical imaging. Our compact and integrated dynamic lens control allows for miniaturized, inexpensive optical systems.
INTEGRIN-MEDIATED CELL ADHESION ACTIVATES MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES

Integrins can function as signal-transducing receptors capable of modulating cell growth and gene expression (Juliano, R. L., and Haskill, S. (1993) J. Cell Biol. 120, 577-585; Hynes, R. O. (1992) Cell 69, 11-25). An early event in integrin signaling in fibroblasts and other cells involves activation of pp125FAK, a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase (Hanks, S. K., Calalb, M. B., Harper, M. C., and Patel, S. K. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 89, 8487-8491; Schaller, M. D., Borgman, C. A., Cobb, B. S., Vines, R. R., Reynolds, A. B., and Parsons, J. T. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 89, 5192-5196). Here we report a novel aspect of integrin-mediated signal transduction. We demonstrate that adhesion of cells to substrata coated with extracellular matrix proteins, or with a synthetic peptide containing the RGD sequence, can cause activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases in 3T3 or REF52 fibroblasts. Activation of MAP kinases seems to depend on integrin engagement rather than simply on cell attachment. Thus, MAP kinases are activated when cells adhere to substrata coated with the integrin ligands fibronectin or laminin, but not when cells adhere to poly-D-lysine, a nonspecific adhesion-promoting polypeptide. Treatment of cells with cytochalasin D, an inhibitor of actin microfilament assembly, almost completely blocks adhesion-induced MAP kinase activation, indicating a critical role for the cytoskeleton. In REF52 cells, we have observed that activation of MAP kinases is accompanied by redistribution of the protein to the nucleus, suggesting that the activated kinases may impinge on factors regulating gene expression. Thus, integrin-mediated cell adhesion seems a sufficient stimulus to cause activation and nuclear translocation of MAP kinases. This may have important implications for the regulation of cell growth and differentiation by the extracellular matrix.
Venting as emotion regulation: The influence of venting responses and respondent identity on anger and emotional tone

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the emotion regulatory aspects of venting and use an attribution appraisal framework to investigate the differential impact on anger and emotional tone given a reinforcing or reinterpreting response.Design/methodology/approach – This research uses a 2 (target: offender or third party)×2 (response type: reinterpret or reinforce) between‐subjects factorial design. Dependent variables are measured quantitatively in the form of a questionnaire.Findings – This research supports the notion that venting may be used as an emotion regulatory strategy and highlights the importance of the reciprocal aspect of the venting interaction. In addition, this research underscores the importance of attributions in the venting process, in particular, the attributions used in responding to venting. This research shows that the response types (reinforcing or reinterpreting) as well as the identity of the target (offender or third party) are important determinants of anger and em...
N-Substituted Glutamyl Sulfonamides As Inhibitors Of Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II (GCP2)

Glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCP2) is a membrane-bound cell-surface peptidase which is implicated in several neurological disorders and is also over-expressed in prostate tumor cells. There is a significant interest in the inhibition of GCP2 as a means of neuroprotection, while GCP2 inhibition as a method to treat prostate cancer remains a topic of further investigation. The key zinc-binding functional group of the well-characterized classes of GCP2 inhibitors (phosphonates and phosphoramidates) is tetrahedral and negatively charged at neutral pH, while glutamyl urea class of inhibitors possesses a planar and neutral zinc-binding group. This study introduces a new class of GCP2 inhibitors, N-substituted glutamyl sulfonamides, which possess a neutral tetrahedral zinc-binding motif. A library containing 15 secondary sulfonamides and 4 tertiary (N-methyl) sulfonamides was prepared and evaluated for inhibitory potency against purified GCP2 enzyme activity. While most inhibitors lacked potency at 100 μm, short alkyl sulfonamides exhibited promising low micromolar potency, with the optimal inhibitor in this series being glutamyl N-(propylsulfonamide) (2g). Lastly, molecular docking was used to develop a model to formulate an explanation for the relative inhibitory potencies employed for this class of inhibitors.
Applying software wrapping on performance monitoring of web services

Commercial, scientific, and social activities are increasingly becoming dependent on service-based web applications. Web-services are influenced by many uncontrollable factors. It is difficult to predict their performance only based on the pre-deployment testing. The performance characteristics, such as response time and failure rate, are volatile and therefore crucial in web service-based application. This paper states that it is important to continually monitor the performance of web-services during the process of their invocation on the client site. In this study, a wrapping-based approach to monitor the performance of web-services is presented and the results of a preliminary experiment that utilizes this approach are reported.
The role of alternative scenarios and a regional geologic framework for subsalt and deep exploration

Over 50 years ago Wallace Pratt, a preeminent geologist with the Humble Oil and Refining Company, had it right when he said “Where oil is first found is in the minds of men…” Today, many minds—of both men and women—are finding exploration opportunities by developing new, innovative exploration concepts based on regional understanding combined with breakthrough imaging technologies.
High pressure stabilization and emergent forms of PbH4.

A wide decomposition pressure range of 132 GPa is predicted for $\mathrm{Pb}{\mathrm{H}}_{4}$ above which it emerges in very different forms compared with its group-14 congeners. This triply Born-Oppenheimer system is a nonmolecular, three-dimensional, metallic alloy, despite a prominent layered structure. A significant number of enthalpically near-degenerate structures, with exceedingly small energy barriers for distortions, and characteristic instabilities in the phonon spectra suggest that even at very high pressures $\mathrm{Pb}{\mathrm{H}}_{4}$ may exhibit both metallic and liquidlike properties and sublattice or even full melting.
An antiplane shear crack in a nonhomogeneous elastic material

Abstract An antiplane crack in a nonhomogeneous material is studied by assuming a continuously varying shear modulus which characterizes a decreasing rigidity near the crack tip. Explicit expressions for the stress and displacement fields are obtained and the influence of material softening upon these quantities is deduced. Depending upon the manner in which the rigidity decreases, the crack tip stresses may exhibit algebraic or logarithmic singularities or be bounded. In all instances the level of stress is less than that for a homogeneous medium and the crack profile is blunted. The relationship of material inhomogeneity to the notions of damage and a process zone is discussed and the implications of the results with regard to crack propagation are pointed out.
Detecting text in floor maps using Histogram of Oriented Gradients

Automatic detection of text labels in maps is essential for applications requiring automatic map understanding. This task is challenging due to factors such as varying font size and style, slanted words/phrases, and interfering graphics that are similar to text. This paper presents an approach for text detection in indoor floor maps. We exploit the difference in spatial frequency of edge orientations between text and non-text regions through Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) features, and design a gradient-filtered Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier based on such features. Special care was taken in conditioning the data for proper training of the classifier. The proposed approach was evaluated on a data set that had been collected and manually labeled. Experimental results show that the proposed method attained improved performance, outperforming a couple of reference methods/systems.
Symbolic program analysis in almost linear time

A global flow model is assumed; as usual, the flow of control is represented by a digraph called the control flow graph. The objective of our program analysis is the construction of a mapping (a cover) from program text expressions to symbolic expressions for their value holding over all executions of the program. The particular cover constructed by our methods is in general weaker than the covers obtainable by the methods of [Ki, FKU, R1], but our method has the advantage of being very efficient; requiring O(e + aα(a)) extended bit vector operations (a logical operation or a shift to the first nonzero bit) on all control flow graphs (whether reducible or not), where a is the number of edges of the control flow graph, e is the length of the text of the program, and α is Tarjan's function (an extremely slowly growing function).
Large-amplitude electrostatic waves observed at a supercritical interplanetary shock

We present the first observations at an interplanetary shock of large-amplitude (> 100 mV/m pk-pk) solitary waves and large-amplitude (approx.30 mV/m pk-pk) waves exhibiting characteristics consistent with electron Bernstein waves. The Bernstein-like waves show enhanced power at integer and half-integer harmonics of the cyclotron frequency with a broadened power spectrum at higher frequencies, consistent with the electron cyclotron drift instability. The Bernstein-like waves are obliquely polarized with respect to the magnetic field but parallel to the shock normal direction. Strong particle heating is observed in both the electrons and ions. The observed heating and waveforms are likely due to instabilities driven by the free energy provided by reflected ions at this supercritical interplanetary shock. These results offer new insights into collisionless shock dissipation and wave-particle interactions in the solar wind.
Can Morphing Methods Predict Intermediate Structures

Movement is crucial to the biological function of many proteins, yet crystallographic structures of proteins can give us only a static snapshot. The protein dynamics that are important to biological function often happen on a timescale that is unattainable through detailed simulation methods such as molecular dynamics as they often involve crossing high-energy barriers. To address this coarse-grained motion, several methods have been implemented as web servers in which a set of coordinates is usually linearly interpolated from an initial crystallographic structure to a final crystallographic structure. We present a new morphing method that does not extrapolate linearly and can therefore go around high-energy barriers and which can produce different trajectories between the same two starting points. In this work, we evaluate our method and other established coarse-grained methods according to an objective measure: how close a coarse-grained dynamics method comes to a crystallographically determined intermediate structure when calculating a trajectory between the initial and final crystal protein structure. We test this with a set of five proteins with at least three crystallographically determined on-pathway high-resolution intermediate structures from the Protein Data Bank. For simple hinging motions involving a small conformational change, segmentation of the protein into two rigid sections outperforms other more computationally involved methods. However, large-scale conformational change is best addressed using a nonlinear approach and we suggest that there is merit in further developing such methods.
Short wavelength laser calculations for electron pumping in neon-like krypton (Kr XXVII)

Calculations of electron impact collision strengths and spontaneous radiative decay rates are made for neon-like krypton (Kr XXVII) for the 2s2 2p6, 2s2 2p5 3s, 2s2 2p5 3p, and 2s2 2p5 3d configurations. From these atomic data, the level populations as a function of the electron density are calculated at two temperatures, 1 x 10 to the 7th K and 3 x 10 to the 7th K. An analysis of level populations reveals that a volume of krypton in which a significant number of the ions are in the Kr XXVII degree of ionization can produce a significant gain in transition between the 2s2 2p5 3s and 2s2 2p5 3p configurations. At an electron density of 1 x 10 to the 19th/cu cm the plasma length has to be of the order of 1 m; at a density of 1 x 10 to the 21st/cu cm the length is reduced to approximately 0.5 cm; and at an electron density of 1 x 10 to the 22nd/cu cm the length of the plasma is further reduced to approximately 1 mm.
High density NDRO SFQ Joshepson interferometer momory cell

A new Single Flux-Quantum (SFQ) Nondestructive Read-Out (NDRO) random-access asymmetric 2-Josephson-junction interferometer memory cell with only one control line has been investigated and designed. The binary information is stored in the cell nonvolatilely without a bias current. For random access, this is the first known interferometer memory cell without a diagonal line. Therefore, this NDRO SFQ memory cell leads intrinsically to smaller cell area and simpler decoder schemes. A cell design of only 52 lithographic squares is given to demonstrate the potential for high-density memory chips. Wide nominal read and write operating margins are obtained. The NDRO interferometer memory cell proposed is promising for use in a high-performance Josephson computer.