cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A thermodynamic analysis of the amorphous to crystalline calcium phosphate transformation.

A thermodynamic analysis of the precipitation of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) and its transformation to crystalline apatite has been made. A nearly constant ion product, over a wide variety of conditions, was obtained for a tricalcium phosphate (TCP)-like phase suggesting that the molecular unit which governs the solubility of ACP may be similar in composition to TCP. The introduction of 10% acid phosphate into the formula for the TCP ion product improves the fit of experimental data and results in an invariant ion product. The stability of ACP in solution was found to be dependent upon its thermodynamic instability with respect to an octacalcium phosphate (OCP)-like phase. The dependence of the induction period for the amorphous to crystalline transformation upon the pH and the Ca/P ratio of the solution is best explained by the assumption that an OCP-like phase is initially nucleated on the surfaces of the ACP particles. The events that occur in the immediate post-transition period suggest the hydrolysis of this OCP-like material to an apatitic phase.
Beyond Self-Interest and Altruism: A Reconstruction of Adam Smith's Theory of Human Conduct

I attempt a reconstruction of Adam Smith's view of human nature as explicated in The Theory of Moral Sentiments (TMS). Smith's view of human conduct is neither functionalist nor reductionist, but interactionist. The moral autonomy of the individual, conscience, is neither made a function of public approval nor reduced to self-contained impulses of altruism and egoism. Smith does not see human conduct as a blend of independently defined impulses. Rather, conduct is unified, by the underpinning sentiment of sympathy.
Mechanical performance of knots using braided and monofilament absorbable sutures.

Abstract Objective: The study was undertaken to test the integrity of various flat and sliding knots with the use of braided and monofilament absorbable sutures. Study Design: There were four study groups, each of which consisted of a single suture type and size, with five different knots. Each combination was tested 10 times for a total of 200 experiments. The suture types used were 0-0 and 2-0 Glycomer 631 (Biosyn) and 0-0 and 2-0 coated Lactomer (Polysorb). Knots tested were the square knots, surgeon's knots, modified granny flat knots, and modified identical and nonidentical sliding knots. Knots were tested to failure with a tensiometer. We compared the proportion of knots becoming untied within each group and the ultimate load required to break tied knots. Results: In the 0-0 and 2-0 Lactomer groups, 90% and 60% of modified identical sliding knots, respectively, became untied, significantly more than all other knots. Conclusion: When 0-0 and 2-0 Lactomer sutures were used, modified identical sliding knots should be avoided. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:1438-42.)
NextSim: A Portable Human Factors Research Simulator for Future ATC Concepts:

In this demonstration, we report on the development of a low fidelity air traffic control simulator that allows researchers to investigate human factors issues related to various NextGen concepts, like flow corridors, continuous descent arrivals, and sky-based separation. NextSim also allows the researcher to collect a number of performance, workload, and situation awareness measures. Language: en
A Novel Inhibitory Pathway Modulates the Fraction of Release-Competent Synaptic Vesicles

Homeostatic synaptic plasticity (HSP) maintains circuits within a dynamic range suitable for encoding information. HSP-induced changes in neurotransmission result from chronic increases in activity and lead to compensatory decreases in vesicle release (and vice versa). One mechanism for modulating release in response to a homeostatic challenge is to shift the fractional size of resting vs. recycling vesicle pools. In addition, strong evidence indicates that cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) is critical for determining the fraction of vesicles in the resting, non-releasable state. Although CDK5 activity strongly affects synaptic release, the specific mechanism(s) exerting this function remains unknown. Current investigations aim to identify and characterize the CDK5 effector pathway that is required for its maintenance of the resting pool of vesicles. Here we test the hypothesis that tomosyn, a soluble R-SNARE protein is this CDK5 effector. Indeed our data indicate that tomosyn can be phosphorylated by CDK5 in vitro. We next determined the functional reliance of CDK5 on the presence of tomosyn by knocking-down (KD) or overexpressing (OE) tomosyn. These experiments utilized cultured rat hippocampal neurons (15-21 DIV) expressing vGLUT1-pHluorin, an optical reporter of vesicle release. Tomosyn KD increased mobilization of vesicles into recycling (active) pools (68% vs. 51% of totally releasable pool (TRP) in control); and, conversely, tomosyn OE resulted in a decrease in the recycling pool (36% of TRP). Pharmacological inhibition of CDK5 via roscovitine (100μM, 30m) mirrored the tomosyn KD results wherein a significantly greater fraction of vesicles appeared in a releasable state (70% of TRP). Importantly, combination of the two perturbations (tomosyn KD + roscovitine) did not result in an additive increase in the releasable pool (72% of TRP) further demonstrating that CDK5 and tomosyn likely exert control over vesicle release through a common signaling pathway.
RORIB: An Economic and Efficient Solution for Real-Time Online Remote Information Backup

Data plays an essential role in business today. Most, if not all, E-business applications are database driven, and data backup is a necessary element of managing data. Backup and recovery techniques have always been critical to any database, and as real-time databases are used more often, real-time online backup strategies become critical to optimize performance. In this paper, current backup methods are discussed and evaluated for response time and cost. A prototype device driver, RORIB (Real-time Online Remote Information Backup) is presented and discussed. An experiment is conducted comparing the performance, in terms of response time, of the prototype and several current backup strategies. RORIB provides an economic and efficient solution for real-time online remote backup. Significant improvement in response time is demonstrated using this prototype device driver when compared to other types of software-driven backup protocols. Another advantage of RORIB is that the cost is negligible when compared to other hardware solutions for backup, such as Storage Area Networks (SANs) and Private Backup Networks (PBNs). Additionally, this multi-layered device-driver uses TCP/IP (Telecommunications Protocol/Internet Protocol) which allows the driver to be a â€œdrop inâ€ filter between existing hardware layers and thus reduces the implementation overhead and improves portability. Linux is used as the operating system in this experiment because of its open source nature and its similarity to UNIX. This also increases the portability of this approach. The driver is transparent to both the user and the database management system. Other potential applications and future research directions for this technology are presented.
The dexamethasone suppression test and antidepressant response in major depression

Abstract We conducted a prospective open pilot study of 34 consecutively admitted patients with the DSM-III diagnosis of MD who were admitted to a general psychiatric unit. Patients underwent a 1 mg DST and were randomly assigned to treatment with either maprotiline or trazodone. Antidepressant dosages were increased as tolerated clinically and according to treatment response. Results: mean final oral doses were 193 mg for maprotiline and 328 mg for trazodone. The mean treatment duration was 4.5 weeks for maprotiline and 5.9 weeks for the trazodone group. Of these 34 patients 44% showed DST nonsuppression (41% maprotiline, 45% trazodone).Seventy-six per cent of the patients responded to treatment (76% for both drugs) as defined by GAS. Eighty-seven per cent of the nonsuppressors responded to treatment (86% maprotiline, 88% trazodone) and 68% of the suppressors responded (70% maprotiline, 67% trazodone). Of the eight treatment non-responders six showed DST suppression. The implications of these findings are discussed.
4,4′-Dichlorobenzilic acid urinary excretion by dicofol pesticide applicators

Abstract Twenty-four-hour urine samples were examined for 4,4′-dichlorobenzilic acid (DBA) pre-, during and post-exposure of dicofol applicators and mixer-loaders. Pre-exposure DBA excretion rates were not zero, since chlorobenzilate, a compound also yielding DBA as a urinary metabolite, had been used previously by the workers. Among workers, mean daily DBA excretion rates during the exposure period ranged from 19 to 42 μ g/day. Ninety-eight percent of this variation was explained by differences in estimated dicofol deposits onto their skin. Only (0.25 ± 0.02)% of the estimated dermal deposit appeared as urinary DBA. Post-exposure urinary DBA declined with a half-life of 7 ± 4 days.
An Analysis of the Language Patterns of Standardized Reading Comprehension Tests and Their Effect on Student Performance.

A random sample of passages was drawn from standardized reading comprehension tests for fourth grade students. The number and types of language patterns found in the test passages were determined through a method of linguistic analysis. The patterns identified on the tests did not reflect the patterns used most frequently in the oral language of fourth grade children. When the test passages were rewritten using a larger percentage of high frequency oral language patterns, and administered to comparable groups of students, no significant difference in comprehension performance was observed between those students taking the revised test and those taking the intact standardized test passages.
Maternal dietary risk factors in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (United States).

Objective: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood cancer, and the second most common cause of mortality in children aged 1-14 years. Recent research has established that the disease can originate in utero, and thus maternal diet may be an important risk factor for ALL. Methods: The Northern California Childhood Leukemia Study is a population-based case-control study of risk factors for childhood leukemia, including maternal diet. Cases (n = 138) and controls (n = 138) were matched on sex, date of birth, mother's race, Hispanicity, and county of residence at birth. Maternal dietary intake in the 12 months prior to pregnancy was obtained by a 76-item food frequency questionnaire. Results: Consumption of the vegetables (OR = 0.53; 95% CI, 0.33-0.85; p = 0.008), protein sources (OR = 0.40; 95% CI, 0.18-0.90, p = 0.03), and fruits (OR = 0.71; 95% CI, 0.49-1.04; p = 0.08) food groups were inversely associated with ALL. Among nutrients, consumption of provitamin A carotenoids (OR = 0.65, 95% CI, 0.42-1.01; p = 0.05), and the antioxidant glutathione (OR = 0.42; 95% CI, 0.16-1.10; p = 0.08) were inversely associated with ALL. Conclusion: Maternal dietary factors, specifically the consumption of vegetables, fruits, protein sources and related nutrients, may play a role in the etiology of ALL. Dietary carotenoids and glutathione appear to be important contributors to this effect.
Effect of abrasive particle size on wear

Abstract Previous experiments have shown that, for any system, there exists a minimum abrasive particle size which allows maximum abrasive action. It is suggested that this critical abrasive size corresponds to the size of adhesive wear fragments of the material being abraded. Experiments with lubricated copper and nylon surfaces show reasonably good agreement between the postulated and measured critical abrasive sizes. Disturbing effects, such as severe adhesive wear and take-up of abrasive during sliding, are discussed.
A Librarian's Philosophy

Cameron gives credit to his predecessor, George Osborn, University Librarian, with creating policies which he continued. He especially stresses operating the library with completely open stacks where the students were free to go to the books on the shelves. He has maintained that basic policy while the library expanded rapidly. He notes that "The problems of management will remain and will grow. These problems are problems of a kind of prosperity unknown in the past. The long tradition of bringing books and students together is still our guide."
Nmos Transistors Fabricated by Simultaneous Laser-Assisted Crystallization and Diffusion on Silicon on Electro-Optic PLZT

Simultaneous CW laser assisted crystallization and diffusion for fabricating NMOS transistors on Si/SiO2/PLZT is presented. Hall effect measurement (mobility 74cm2V−1sec×10 19cm−3 of phosphorus dopping), crystal delineation (grain size 50×30μm) and Raman spectroscopy (stress 6.0×109dynescm−2) indicated that good quality doped silicon crystal film can be produced with this method. NMOS transistors fabricated by this technology show good performances such as high breakdown voltage (45 V), small leakage current (2 nA/μm), reasonable channel carrier mobility (140cm2V−1 −1) and photosensitivity (1.5 A/W).
Cardiovascular effects of oral toluene exposure in the rat monitored by radiotelemetry.

Abstract Toluene is a hazardous air pollutant that can be toxic to the nervous and cardiovascular systems. The cardiotoxicity data for toluene come from acute studies in anesthetized animals and from clinical observations made on toluene abusers and there is little known on the response of the cardiovascular and other autonomic processes to graded doses of toluene. This study assessed the effects of toluene (0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 g/kg; gavage) on heart rate (HR), blood pressure, core temperature (Tc), and motor activity (MA) in unrestrained, male Long-Evans rats monitored by telemetry. Toluene doses of 0.8 and 1.2 g/kg elicited significant elevations in HR, characterized by a transient 100 beats/min increase in HR lasting 1 h followed with a steady state tachycardia lasting > 6 h. Overall, HR increased by 25 and 50 beats/min in the 0.8 and 1.2 g/kg groups, respectively. MA increased markedly in the 0.8 and 1.2 g/kg groups but the tachycardia persisted in spite of recovery of MA in the 0.8 g/kg group. There was a small (
Parallel auditory pathways: projection patterns of the different neuronal populations in the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei.

Abstract The cochlear nuclear complex gives rise to widespread projections to nuclei throughout the brainstem. The projections arise from separate, well-defined populations of cells. None of the cell populations in the cochlear nucleus projects to all brainstem targets, and none of the targets receives inputs from all cell types. The projections of nine distinguishable cell types in the cochlear nucleus—seven in the ventral cochlear nucleus and two in the dorsal cochlear nucleus—are described in this review. Globular bushy cells and two types of spherical bushy cells project to nuclei in the superior olivary complex that play roles in sound localization based on binaural cues. Octopus cells convey precisely timed information to nuclei in the superior olivary complex and lateral lemniscus that, in turn, send inhibitory input to the inferior colliculus. Cochlear root neurons send widespread projections to areas of the reticular formation involved in startle reflexes and autonomic functions. Type I multipolar cells may encode complex features of natural stimuli and send excitatory projections directly to the inferior colliculus. Type II multipolar cells send inhibitory projections to the contralateral cochlear nuclei. Fusiform cells in the dorsal cochlear nucleus appear to be important for the localization of sounds based on spectral cues and send direct excitatory projections to the inferior colliculus. Giant cells in the dorsal cochlear nucleus also project directly to the inferior colliculus; some of them may convey inhibitory inputs to the contralateral cochlear nucleus as well.
Chemical Nuclease Activity of 1,10-Phenanthroline-Copper. Isotopic Probes of Mechanism.

The chemical nuclease 1,10-phenanthroline−copper cleaves DNA by oxidative attack on the deoxyribose moiety yielding 3‘- and 5‘-phosphomonoesters, free purine and pyrimidine, and 5-methylenefuranone as stable products. Kinetic isotope effects associated with deuterium substitution have been measured in an attempt to analyze the chemical mechanism of the scission reaction. A kinetic isotope effect of 2.7 is observed with completely perdeuterated DNA, which is substituted in the oxidatively sensitive deoxyribose moiety as well as in the bases. Surprisingly, no isotope effect is found upon cleavage of DNA deuterated in the thymidines at either C-1‘, C-2‘,2‘‘, or C-4‘, all positions from which hydrogen is lost during the course of the reaction, by either the 2:1 or the 1:1 1,10-phenanthroline−cuprous complexes. These results suggest that perdeuteration of DNA alters the ligand binding and/or conformational flexibility of the nucleic acid.
The effect of medication compliance on the control of hypertension.

The effect of medication-taking patterns on blood pressure was investigated in 24 hypertensive outpatients being treated with once-daily doses of hydrochlorothiazide or chlorthalidone. Medication-taking patterns were measured with a small pill dispenser that electronically records the time of medication removal. Blood pressure reduction was found to correlate better with the total number of doses the patient removed from the pill pack during a month than with any of four other compliance measures that were based on the timing of dose removal. Analysis also suggested that blood pressure is improved if patients ingest omitted doses to “catch up” to the prescribed regimen. It is concluded that a simple pill count may be the most clinically relevant definition of compliance for patients with hypertension being treated with only hydrochlorothiazide or chlorthalidone, and that such patients should ingest all prescribed doses, regardless of the time interval between doses.
Fate of injected CO2 in the Wilcox Group, Louisiana, Gulf Coast Basin: Chemical and isotopic tracers of microbial–brine–rock–CO2 interactions

The “2800’ sandstone” of the Olla oil field is an oil and gas-producing reservoir in a coal-bearing interval of the Paleocene–Eocene Wilcox Group in north-central Louisiana, USA. In the 1980s, this producing unit was flooded with CO2 in an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) project, leaving ∼30% of the injected CO2 in the 2800’ sandstone post-injection. This study utilizes isotopic and geochemical tracers from co-produced natural gas, oil and brine to determine the fate of the injected CO2, including the possibility of enhanced microbial conversion of CO2 to CH4 via methanogenesis. Stable carbon isotopes of CO2, CH4 and DIC, together with mol% CO2 show that 4 out of 17 wells sampled in the 2800’ sandstone are still producing injected CO2. The dominant fate of the injected CO2 appears to be dissolution in formation fluids and gas-phase trapping. There is some isotopic and geochemical evidence for enhanced microbial methanogenesis in 2 samples; however, the CO2 spread unevenly throughout the reservoir, and thus cannot explain the elevated indicators for methanogenesis observed across the entire field. Vertical migration out of the target 2800’ sandstone reservoir is also apparent in 3 samples located stratigraphically above the target sand. Reservoirs comparable to the 2800’ sandstone, located along a 90-km transect, were also sampled to investigate regional trends in gas composition, brine chemistry and microbial activity. Microbial methane, likely sourced from biodegradation of organic substrates within the formation, was found in all oil fields sampled, while indicators of methanogenesis (e.g. high alkalinity, δ13C-CO2 and δ13C-DIC values) and oxidation of propane were greatest in the Olla Field, likely due to its more ideal environmental conditions (i.e. suitable range of pH, temperature, salinity, sulfate and iron concentrations).
Determination of protein degradation rates using a rumen in vitro system containing inhibitors of microbial nitrogen metabolism

1. A previously reported rumen in vitro system (Broderick, 1978) was modified to include chloramphenicol (CAP) with hydrazine sulphate (HS) to give quantitative recovery of protein breakdown products. Degradation rates were determined by regression v. time of log proportion remaining undegraded (computed by subtracting from added nitrogen the amount of N recovered as ammonia and amino acids). Concentrations of reagents giving optimal N recoveries and estimated degradation rates for casein and expeller soya-bean-meal (SBM) were: 1.0 mM-HS, 30 micrograms CAP/ml, 2.0 mM-mercaptoethanol, 3.3 mg maltose/ml, when protein was added at 0.125 mg N/ml. 2. Digestion of azo-casein and azo-albumin, solubilization of radioactivity from 14C-labelled casein, ovalbumin and bovine serum albumin (BSA), and hydrolysis of benzoyl-L-tyrosine p-nitroanilide and benzoyl-L-arginine p-nitroanilide were not significantly decreased by HS and CAP. This suggests that the inhibitors did not reduce microbial proteolysis. 3. Mean fractional degradation rates (/h) were: 0.395 casein, 0.135 BSA, 0.159 solvent-SBM, 0.045 expeller-SBM, 0.061 meat meal, 0.070 lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay. Extents of protein escape, estimated assuming rumen passage of 0.06/h, were 13, 28, 56 and 40% for casein, solvent-SBM, expeller-SBM and lucerne hay respectively. This method appears more reliable for assessing rumen degradability than buffer N solubility and protein digestibility with ficin protease. 4. Azo-dye treatment slowed the rate of casein degradation, measured by ammonia plus amino acid release, but did not alter digestion of BSA. 5. The validity of the inhibitor in vitro method for estimating protein degradability, as well as potential problems in its application, are discussed. The complete procedure may be limited to laboratories with automated analytical equipment, but a simplified version of the method may be more generally applicable.
Effect of adrenalectomy and 5-hydroxytryptophan on phasic release of luteinizing hormone

Abstract The effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) on serum progesterone and the possible role of adrenal progesterone in mediating stimulation by 5-HTP of phasic release of luteinizing hormone (LH) were investigated in estradiol benzoate (EB)-treated ovariectomized rats. LH surges were induced in long-term (at least two weeks) ovariectomized rats by two injections of EB (20 μg/rat, s.c.) with an interval of 72 hrs. Administration of 5-HTP (50 mg/kg, i.p.) at 1000 hr in EB-treated ovariectomized rats resulted in a four-fold increase in serum progesterone within 30 mins, and significantly stimulated the LH surge at 1600 hr. This facilitative effect of 5-HTP on serum LH, but not progesterone, was further potentiated in rats pretreated with P-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) 72 hrs earlier. Adrenalectomy shortly before 5-HTP administration attenuated the LH surge in saline treated controls, and completely blocked the facilitative effect of 5-HTP on the afternoon surge of LH in rats pretreated with PCPA 72 hrs earlier. On the other hand, chronic adrenalectomy (for 6 days) followed by hydrocortisone (0.2 mg/rat/day) replacement not only had no effect on the LH surge in saline treated controls, but also failed to prevent 5-HTP from facilitating the LH surge in PCPA pretreated rats. On the first day of bleeding, the basal LH value at 1000 hr in sham operated controls was significantly suppressed by PCPA pretreatment 48 hrs earlier. The second dose of 5-HTP administered on the next day failed to potentiate LH surges in either sham operated or adrenalectomized rats. The results from the chronic adrenalectomy study indicate that adrenal progesterone is not required for 5-HTP to exert its facilitative action on the phasic release of LH, and suggest that the failure of the second dose of 5-HTP to potentiate LH surges in PCPA pretreated rats is not due to increased secretion of adrenal progesterone following the first dose of 5-HTP. The complete blockade of the facilitative action of 5-HTP in acutely adrenalectomized rats is discussed.
Meditation and the DMN: an intentional approach to attention

Sharp's model posits an important relationship between the brain's “default mode network” (DMN) and meditation. However, three central tenets of this model are problematic from both evolutionary an...
Fluoropolymer films in the photovoltaic industry

Abstract The unique combinations of properties that fluoropolymer exhibit are ideal for photovoltaic modules. Typical modules take advantage of fluoropolymers’ properties in many ways. This brief overview discusses the most common uses of fluoropolymers in the photovoltaic energy industry and some of the reasons behind their popularity.
Next Year in Drohobych On the Uses of Jewish Absence

In Israeli director Yael Bartana’s 2007 film Mary Koszmary—meaning “Bad Dreams” or “Nightmares”—a young Polish politician delivers a resounding speech to an empty, crumbling, communist-era Stadion Dziesieciolecia in Warsaw. The speech, he says, is an appeal: “This is a call. . . . It is an appeal for life. We want three million Jews to return to Poland, to live with us again. We need you! Please come back!” This article considers the powerful and perhaps disturbing premise of these lines and explores their possible meanings in a contemporary Polish context. What can it mean for Poles and Polish culture to need Jews—and in particular, to need those Jews who can never return? The complex phenomenon of Jewish memory in Poland and Eastern Europe cannot be contained within specific, present-day borders—whether of geography or of academic discipline: similar dynamics to those Bartana has identified in Poland exist throughout the region. Thus, against the background of Bartana’s film, the article considers the g...
Control of Breathing in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

We studied the responses of ventilation and occlusion pressure (P100) to hypercapnia, with and without the application of an inspiratory flow-resistive load (12 cm H2O/L/sec), in eight control subjects and in eight subjects with obstructive sleep apnea who did not retain carbon dioxide while awake. The hypercapnic response was assessed by a modification of the Read rebreathing technique. For a given endtidal carbon dioxide, ventilation in control subjects was the same with or without load, and P100 was increased with loading. In contrast, the subjects with sleep apnea decreased their ventilation during loading and did not increase their P100 in response to loading. Relationships between ventilation and P100 were similar in the two groups both with and without load. We conclude that patients with occlusive sleep apnea do not exhibit the normal increase in neural drive to compensate for inspiratory flow-resistive loading.
On Parameter Tuning in Search Based Software Engineering: A Replicated Empirical Study

Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithms are increasingly used to solve optimization problems in software engineering. The choice of parameters for those algorithms usually follows the "default" settings, often accepted as "rule of thumb" or common wisdom. The fact is that each algorithms needs to be tuned for the problem at hand. Previous work [Arcuri and Fraser, 2011] has shown that variations in parameter values had large effects on the performance of the algorithms. This project seeks to partially replicate the statistical analysis performed by Arcuri and Fraser. We seek to investigate the effects of parameter tuning on the performance of the two algorithms: Indicator-Based Evolutionary Algorithm (IBEA), and Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) when applied to the problem of configuring Software Product Lines (SPLs) in the presence of stakeholder preferences such as cost and reliability. The results of this study confirm and strengthen the findings in the original study by Arcuri and Fraser.
A Longitudinal Study of Household Change on African American Adolescents

Few studies have examined the effects of household change on adolescent development. We study household composition change and its effect on development, as measured by both internalizing symptoms and externalizing behaviors, in a sample of urban African American adolescents. Household change was defined based on the movement in or out of the household of one of the 2 most important adults adolescents named. We found 25% of adolescents reported changes in their household composition over the 4 years of high school. Youth who experienced change reported more internalizing symptoms and externalizing behavior than youth who did not experience change. Those reporting important people leaving their household had the greatest negative outcomes. � C 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Planetary science: Model for magnetic mystery.

Today, the Moon has no magnetic field, but analyses of lunar rocks suggest that it did in the past. Did changes in the lunar interior create a magnetic dynamo billions of years ago?
Diagnosis and management of ureteric injury: an evidence‐based analysis

The Consensus on Genitourinary Trauma continues this month with an evidence-based analysis, by a team of experts under the chairmanship of Dr Jack McAninch, of current reports on the diagnosis and management of ureteric trauma. This is quite a unique document, and of interest to all urologists; not only as a consensus on how this condition should be managed, but also as a model of how to review current publications.
Can you refuse these discounts? An evaluation of the use and price discount impact of price-related promotions among US adult smokers by cigarette manufacturers.

Objectives The raising unit price of cigarette has been shown to be one of the most effective ways of reducing cigarette consumption and increasing rates of successful quitting. However, researchers have shown that price-sensitive smokers have used a variety of strategies to mitigate the effect of the rising price of cigarettes on their smoking habits. In particular, 23–34% of adult smokers in the US use cheaper brands, and 18–55% use coupons or promotions. Little is known about the discount use by type of brands. As such, the main purpose of this analysis is to evaluate the uses and price discount effects of these price-related discounts by manufacturers and major brands. Setting An analysis based on the cross-sectional 2009–2010 National Adult Tobacco Survey (NATS). Participants 11 766 current smokers aged 18 or above in the USA. Primary outcome measures Price-related discount was defined as smokers who used coupons, rebates, buy-one-get-one-free, two-for-one or any other special promotions for their last cigarettes purchase. Results The use of price-related discounts and associated price impact vary widely by cigarette manufacturer and brand. Approximately one of three Camel, one of four Marlboro and one of eight Newport smokers used price-related discounts on their latest cigarette purchases. The average price reductions of discounts offered by Philip Morris (PM) or R.J. Reynolds (RJR) were around 29 cents per pack while that of Lorillard (Newport only) was 24 cents per pack. Cigarette brands that provided significant per pack price reductions include: PM Marlboro (28 cents), RJR brand Camel (41 cents), Doral (50 cents), Kool (73 cents) and Salem (80 cents), and Lorillard Newport (24 cents). Conclusions Policies that decrease price-minimisation strategies will benefit public health.
Analyzing software quality with limited fault-proneness defect data

Assuring whether the desired software quality and reliability is met for a project is as important as delivering it within scheduled budget and time. This is especially vital for high-assurance software systems where software failures can have severe consequences. To achieve the desired software quality, practitioners utilize software quality models to identify high-risk program modules: e.g., software quality classification models are built using training data consisting of software measurements and fault-proneness data from previous development experiences similar to the project currently under-development. However, various practical issues can limit availability of fault-proneness data for all modules in the training data, leading to the data consisting of many modules with no fault-proneness data, i.e., unlabeled data. To address this problem, we propose a novel semi-supervised clustering scheme for software quality analysis with limited fault-proneness data. It is a constraint-based semi-supervised clustering scheme based on the k-means algorithm. The proposed approach is investigated with software measurement data of two NASA software projects, JM1 and KC2. Empirical results validate the promise of our semi-supervised clustering technique for software quality modeling and analysis in the presence of limited defect data. Additionally, the approach provides some valuable insight into the characteristics of certain program modules that remain unlabeled subsequent to our semi-supervised clustering analysis.
The path to the transition state in enzyme reactions: a survey of catalytic efficiencies

A survey of kcat/Km values supports the view that most enzymes combine with substrates at rates that approach the limits imposed by diffusional encounter. The closeness of that approach precludes the obligate participation of any rare species of the substrate, or any rare species of the enzyme, in productive binding. Proceeding from the ground state through the transition state, the enzyme–substrate complex is assumed to remain in a state of quasi-equilibrium with the free enzyme and the unbound substrate in solution. Because the forces of attraction between an enzyme and substrate approach a maximum in the transition state for substrate transformation, the enzyme and substrate are also likely to approach a maximal state of distortion from their native ground-state structures at that stage in the reaction, furnishing a natural explanation of induced fit. There is now abundant evidence, from mutations of enzymes and substrates, that interactions between the enzyme and substrate, using ordinary chemical forces of attraction, are so strongly synergistic that they may suffice to explain the very high affinities that are achieved in the transition state. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pandemics During the Rise of Virology

Review of : To Catch a Virus ; John Booss and Marilyn J. August; (2013). ASM Press, Washington, DC. 364 pages.
Bi-metallic and mono-metallic antenna-coupled nanoscale thermocouples for infrared detection

Infrared detectors in the long-wave infrared range (LWIR) are of special interest since they are sensitive to blackbody radiation of objects at room temperature, with a wide range of applications. In previous work, we have reported bi-metallic antenna-coupled infrared detectors for the LWIR [1], and here we report novel mono-metallic antenna-coupled infrared detectors, as well as a comparison between the two. Such antenna-coupled thermocouples are promising candidates for various applications including energy harvesting [2], target tracking [3], and thermal imaging. These detectors operate without the need of any bias or cooling. The antenna design determines the resonant frequency, directivity, and polarization of these detectors.
French developments in the ultrasonic examination of pressure vessels

Abstract In 1985, 34 Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs) were already in service in France and 21 were being constructed. The manufacturer (Framatome) and the owner (Electricite de France, EDF) have consequently gained great experience in the ultrasonic examination of the various components and particularly of the reactor vessel. The development work initiated concerns: • —the improvement of the knowledge of methods used; • —the beginning of automation in fabrication control; • —the continuation of the technical implementation of the signal and image processing. At the fabrication stage, work was carried out to demonstrate the total adequacy of those examinations required by the RCCM Code. In addition, Framatome is developing the automation of ultrasonic inspection in shop. Inservice inspection of the vessel is carried out with ‘MIS’ inspection equipment. Data analysis is improved by special software allowing the performance of different types of UT indications to be presented. Diffraction echoes from focused probes are used to size underclad defects on reactor nozzles.
The value of information in Newcomb's Problem and the Prisoners' Dilemma

The acts in Newcomb's Problem and the Prisoner's Dilemma are viewed as experiments. The cost of the information yielded by each act-experiment is compared to the value of information in the two problems, which is zero. The non-dominant act-experiments cost more than their information is worth, and are therefore rejected.
An apparatus for production of concave gradients and its application to chromatography of lipids.

Abstract An automatic method for the column chromatographic separation of lipid mixtures, particularly phospholipids, utilizing convace gradient elution is described in detail. The gradient in this system is produced by an automatic pumping system using accurate controlled volume pumps and variable pumping rates. A discussion of the theoretical aspects of gradient elution in relation to nonlinear absorption isotherms is included, and several chromatographic runs using the system are presented. The system is capable of excellent resolution of naturally occurring phospholipid mixtures and is quite reproducible. Considerable flexibility is available in shape of the gradient produced by the pumping system allowing modification for particular tissue extracts containing phospholipids in varying ratios. The system is completely automatic and, once a run is started, operates untended until completion.
Clathrin- and AP-2-binding sites in HIP1 uncover a general assembly role for endocytic accessory proteins.

Abstract Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is a major pathway for the internalization of macromolecules into the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. The principle coat components, clathrin and the AP-2 adaptor complex, assemble a polyhedral lattice at plasma membrane bud sites with the aid of several endocytic accessory proteins. Here, we show that huntingtin-interacting protein 1 (HIP1), a binding partner of huntingtin, copurifies with brain clathrin-coated vesicles and associates directly with both AP-2 and clathrin. The discrete interaction sequences within HIP1 that facilitate binding are analogous to motifs present in other accessory proteins, including AP180, amphiphysin, and epsin. Bound to a phosphoinositide-containing membrane surface via an epsin N-terminalhomology (ENTH) domain, HIP1 associates with AP-2 to provide coincident clathrin-binding sites that together efficiently recruit clathrin to the bilayer. Our data implicate HIP1 in endocytosis, and the similar modular architecture and function of HIP1, epsin, and AP180 suggest a common role in lipid-regulated clathrin lattice biogenesis.
Persistent photoconductivity of InP nanowire photoconductors bridged between amorphous silicon electrodes

We fabricated a photo-conducting device with InP nanowires bridged between phosphorous-doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon electrodes. Photoresponse of the device with DC bias was characterized with a white light source and a 630nm He-Ne laser. Experimental results from a large number of devices demonstrate a persistent photoconductivity, a very unique feature of interest. After the light source is shut off, the photogenerated excess carriers recombine very slowly over time and the effect is manifested in the form of persistent photocurrent that takes hours to decay to the dark current level in the range of ~15 nA. Quasi exponential decay of the persistent photocurrent is observed with higher decay rate at the initial stage just after the light source is turned off. Persistent photocurrent magnitude varies with the magnitude of bias voltage, intensity and wavelength of the optical illumination. Experimental decay constant is determined from 0.237/min for -8V bias to 0.174/min for -2V bias. The long recombination time can be attributed to the carrier trapping in the light-induced traps, defects in nanowires and/or in the interface between the nanowires and the amorphous silicon electrodes. Slow recombination process may also originate from the spatial separation of photogenerated electrons and holes by built-in electric fields due to band bending at the heterostructure interfaces between InP nanowire and amorphous silicon electrodes.
On the sample paths of diagonal Brownian motions on the infinite dimensional torus

Abstract We study the intrinsic regularity of the sample paths of certain Brownian motions on the infinite dimensional torus T ∞ . Here, intrinsic regularity means regularity with respect to the intrinsic distance d associated to the Brownian motion in question. We prove that some Brownian motions on T ∞ satisfy the classical law of iterated logarithm, that is, lim sup t→0 d(X 0 ,X t ) 4t loglog (1/t) =1 whereas others do not. For instance, for any slowly varying function ψ such that ψ(t)⩾loglogt at infinity, we give examples of Brownian motions on T ∞ such that 0 lim sup t→0 d(X 0 ,X t ) 4tψ(1/t) We prove similar results concerning the uniform modulus of continuity of Brownian paths on the time interval [0,1]. Namely, we prove that there are Brownian motions on T ∞ satisfying the classical Levy-type result but, for any slowly varying function ψ such that ψ(t)⩾logt at infinity, we give examples of Brownian motions on T ∞ such that 0 lim e→0 sup 0 t−s⩽e d(X s ,X t ) 4tψ(1/t) We also obtain partial results concerning the behavior of lim inf t→0 d(X 0 ,X t ) h(t) for appropriate functions h.
Some Further Evidence on Homicide and a Regional Culture of Violence

Gastil's theory and investigation of homicide and the Southern tradition of violence are briefly examined [1]. Although his attempt to construct a quantitative index of Southerness and relate it to states' homicide rates provides a decided improvement over the usual practice of simply comparing “Southern” and “Northern” states, his analysis suffers from the use of homicide figures issued by the U.S. Public Health Service as an index of his dependent variable, criminal homicide. Inspection of these figures shows them to encompass “causes of death” ranging from premeditated murder to legal executions. To avoid this difficulty and provide a more refined analysis, alternative data for first and second degree murder and murder and nonnegligent manslaughter are examined. These data and Gastil's Southerness index along with eight socioeconomic and demographic variables are fit into a correlation analysis. Results of this analysis show a very substantial positive association between Southerness and rate for all t...
Control of Enzymatic Browning in Pre‐peeled Potatoes by Surface Digestion

Feasibility of lye digestion to remove surface tissues from peeled potatoes prior to treatment with browning inhibitors to extend shelf-life was investigated. Russet and round-white potatoes were digested in 14–20% NaOH at 35–55°C for 1–13 min. After removal of digested tissue, tubers were treated with ascorbic acid-based browning inhibitor. Browning was measured by tristimulus calorimetry. Digestion extended shelf-life of high pressure steam- and abrasion-peeled potatoes to 13–15 days at 4°C, compared to 3–11 days for undigested controls. Digestion resulted in weight losses of 12–26%, depending on treatment conditions. Lye digestion in conjunction with conventional browning inhibitors represents a viable alternative to sulfiting pre-peeled potatoes.
Proportional differentiated services, part II: loss rate differentiation and packet dropping

The proportional differentiation model was proposed in Dovrolis et al. (1999), as a target for controllable and predictable relative differentiated services. Only the delay differentiation aspect of the model was considered, and focused on packet scheduling mechanisms. In this paper, we extend the proportional differentiation model in the direction of loss rate differentiation. Several previous mechanisms for buffer management and packet dropping, such as complete buffer partitioning, partial buffer sharing, or multi-class RED, are not suitable for relative differentiated services. We propose and evaluate two dropping mechanisms that closely approximate the proportional loss rate differentiation model. The two droppers, PLR(/spl infin/) and PLR(M), differ in the time interval over which the loss rates are measured and proportionally adjusted. This difference results in several trade-offs, in terms of implementation complexity, accuracy, and ability to deal with nonstationary traffic loads. We also re-evaluate the delay differentiation that the waiting time priorities (WTP) scheduler, of Dovrolis et al., can achieve in the presence of finite buffers and packet losses; this study extends their results providing further insight into the behavior of WTP in heavy load conditions. Finally, we examine the coupled effect of delay and loss rate proportional differentiation on the throughput of bulk-transfer TCP connections.
NMR studies of enzymatic rates in vitro and in vivo by magnetization transfer

Magnetization transfer techniques are specialized NMR experiments which can measure the rate of chemical reactions while concentrations of products and reactants are maintained constant. These techniques are being used to measure the rates of enzyme catalysed reactions in a variety of living systems and in vitro. The magnetization transfer measurements in vivo of the ATP synthetase and the creatine kinase reactions have been particularly useful in describing rates of major energy transducing reactions involving ATP and phosphocreatine. As a result, a wide range of biomedicai scientists are becoming aware of the potentials of these techniques. The purpose of this review is thus threefold: first, to present a concise, conceptual review of the underlying principles for these non-specialists; secondly, to review the important biochemical applications of the method which have appeared, and thirdly, to discuss potential applications and limitations of the method.
A novel digital beamforming technique based on homogeneous adaptation employing time-varying convergence factors

In this paper, a novel complex homogeneous adaptation least mean square algorithm (complex HA-LMS) for digital beamforming is presented. The proposed technique independently adjusts the real and imaginary components of the complex adaptive filter coefficients using optimally derived convergence factors. In addition, the convergence factors are updated at very sample iteration. The complex HA-LMS is applied to adaptive beamforming in a multi-antenna receiver processing Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) signals. Extensive simulation results show that the complex HA-LMS exhibits improved and consistent performance, in terms of the Symbol Error Rate (SER) and convergence speed, for different flat fading channel conditions and varied number of antenna elements, in contrast to the complex Least Mean Square algorithm (complex LMS) which uses a fixed convergence factor.