cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemistry of Fossil Fuels and Biofuels: Structure–property relationships among hydrocarbons

Intermolecular interactions Virtually all substances of interest in fuel chemistry consist of covalently bonded molecules. Many are hydrocarbons in the literal sense of the word – compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms. Others contain one or more heteroatoms, i.e. atoms of oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur. Physical properties of fuels have numerous important roles in fuel technology and utilization, e.g. boiling point, because distillation is commonly used for separations; density, because the amount of fuel that can be carried on vehicles or aircraft is limited by volume and not by mass; and viscosity, because we need fluids to flow, or to be pumped, from place to place. An understanding of how chemical composition and molecular structure influence physical properties shows that the properties of substances do not come about by some haphazard chance but rather because of fundamental links between composition, structure, and properties. Further, such links provide useful guidelines or rules of thumb for estimating expected properties from composition, or vice versa. The most noticeable property of most substances is their physical state: solid, liquid, or gaseous. The first point of inquiry becomes that of why molecules form solids or liquids at all. Why isn't everything a gas? To exist in a condensed phase, i.e. as a liquid or solid, there must be attractive forces among molecules strong enough to hold them in proximity.
Are express saccades generated under natural viewing conditions

To assess whether express saccades are generated under everyday conditions, we collected eye movement data from Rhesus monkeys engaged in free viewing under a variety of conditions. The durations of the fixation periods that occurred between saccades were calculated. The results show that while short-duration fixations within the range of express saccades occur quite commonly, the overall distribution is unimodal. This is the case even when all the object elements in the visual scene have the same contrast. The findings suggest that while saccades that fall within the express range occur commonly under natural viewing conditions, bimodal distributions of saccadic latencies are obtainable only under laboratory conditions.
Gas/particle partitioning of total alkyl nitrates observed with TD-LIF in Bakersfield

[1] Limitations in the chemical characterization of tropospheric organic aerosol (OA) continue to impede attempts to fully understand its chemical sources and sinks. To assess the role of organic nitrates in OA, we used a new thermal dissociation-laser induced fluorescence-based (TD-LIF) technique to obtain a high-time-resolution record of total aerosol organic nitrates (hereafter ΣANsaer) at the Bakersfield, CA supersite during the 2010 CalNex campaign. The TD-LIF measurements compare well with Fourier transform infrared measurements from collocated filter samples. These measurements show that ΣANs are a ubiquitous component of the OA with the –ONO2 subunit comprising on average 4.8% of the OA mass. Scaling this fraction by an estimate of the organic backbone mass yields an estimate that 17–23% of OA molecules contain nitrate functional groups. Measurements of both total ΣAN (gas + aerosol) and ΣANaer show that on average 21% of ΣANs are in the condensed phase, suggesting atmospheric organic nitrates have similar volatilities to analogous non-nitrate oxidized organic compounds. The fraction of ΣAN that is in the condensed phase increases with total OA concentration, providing direct evidence from the atmosphere that absorptive partitioning into OA has some control over the ΣAN phase partitioning. The specific molecular identity of the ΣAN is incompletely understood. Both biogenic hydrocarbons and long chain alkanes are calculated to be significant sources of low volatility nitrates in Bakersfield, and ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to an electrospray ionization high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer measurements confirm the existence of particulate nitrooxy organosulfates derived from gas-phase oxidation of both isoprene and monoterpenes.
Cyberphysical Design Automation Framework for Knowledge-based Engineering

Cyberphysical system design automation utilizing knowledge based engineering techniques with globally networked knowledge bases can tremendously improve the design process for emerging systems. Our goal is to develop a comprehensive architectural framework to improve the design process for cyberphysical systems (CPS) and implement a case study with Axiomatic Design Solutions Inc. to develop next generation toolsets utilizing knowledge-based engineering (KBE) systems adapted to multiple domains in the field of CPS design automation. The Cyberphysical System Design Automation Framework (CPSDAF) will be based on advances in CPS design theory based on current research and knowledge collected from global sources automatically via Semantic Web Services. A case study utilizing STEM students is discussed.
Causes of Particle Precipitation along Auroral Field Lines

Quantitative theoretical results have been obtained for three basic causes of auroral particle precipitation. Pitch angle diffusion of trapped plasma sheet particles driven by resonant wave-particle interactions leads to isotropic pitch angle distributions at lower energies, with a transition to increasingly anisotropic distributions at higher energies. Diffuse auroral electron precipitation (including that associated with pulsating aurora) can be explained by such interactions. Energization of ions in the current sheet via single particle motion leads to isotropic auroral precipitation at all energies from ∿1 keV to nearly 1 MeV. Much of observed auroral ion precipitation is consistent with that expected from this current sheet energization. The electrons responsible for discrete auroral are accelerated by a field aligned potential difference V11 ∿ > 1 keV. The overall electrodynamics of this energization, and the associated currents and electric potential variations along auroral field lines an4 within the ionosphere, can be explained by single-particle motion along the field lines and current continuity in the ionosphere. The structure of the potential distribution at high-altitudes responsible for the discrete aurora has been identified but not explained.
A novel signal processing technique for separating tonal and broadband noise components from counter-rotating open-rotor acoustic data

Renewed interest in counter-rotating open-rotor technology for aircraft propulsion application has prompted the development of advanced diagnostic tools to enable improved design and improved acoustical performance of open rotors. In particular, the determination of tonal and broadband components of open-rotor noise spectra is essential for properly assessing the noise control parameters and for validating noise prediction codes. Techniques that have been successfully used for processing acoustic data from single rotors (fans, propellers, etc.) do not work well for counter-rotating open-rotor systems in that the tonal and broadband noise components cannot be separated from raw acoustic data properly, particularly when the two rotors are driven independently without synchronization. The need for a new signal processing tool for counter-rotating open rotors was thus envisioned and is presented in this work. The new technique has been verified to perform well against simulated data as well as real acoustic d...
Identification of precursor to cytomegalovirus capsid assembly protein and evidence that processing results in loss of its carboxy-terminal end.

The 37-kilodalton (kDa) assembly protein of cytomegalovirus (strain Colburn) B capsids is shown to have a 40-kDa precursor. Pulse-chase radiolabeling experiments revealed that conversion of the precursor to the product was slow, requiring over 6 h for completion, and correlated with movement from the cytoplasmic to the nuclear fraction of Nonidet P-40-disrupted cells. Of these two proteins, only the 40-kDa precursor was synthesized in vitro from infected-cell RNA, consistent with its being the primary translation product. Amino acid sequence data obtained from CNBr-treated, high-performance liquid chromatography-purified assembly protein indicated that precursor translation begins at the first of two closely spaced potential initiation sites and that precursor maturation involves the loss of at least 32 amino acids from its carboxy-terminal end. It is also shown by immunological cross-reactivity and peptide similarity that three low-abundance B-capsid proteins (i.e., the 45-kilodalton [45K], 39K, and 38K proteins) are closely related to the assembly protein; the nature of this relatedness is discussed.
The histidine kinases of Candida albicans: regulation of cell wall mannan biosynthesis.

Previously, we have used both biochemical and immunological approaches to determine that the two-component, histidine kinase Chk1p regulates cell wall biosynthesis in Candida albicans. These data were obtained by comparing wild-type cells to a strain of C. albicans deleted in CHK1. The dysregulation of cell wall biosynthesis in the mutant reduces its adherence to human esophageal tissue and results in avirulence. In the current study, we used transmission immune electron microscopy (IEM) to visualize the cell surface of both wild-type (CAF2) and the chk1 mutant (CHK21). IEM was performed using two IgM monoclonal antibodies to either an acid-stable mannan epitope (Mab B6) or to an acid-labile mannan epitope (Mab B6.1). We observed that the cell surface of the CHK21 mutant was more reactive than wild-type cells with Mab B6, while the reactivity of Mab B6.1 was similar for both CAF2 and CHK21. These observations correlate with previous data on the Western blotting of mutant and wild-type cells using the same monoclonal antibodies, i.e., greater activity with Mab B6 than with Mab B6.1. In addition to CHK1, two other histidine kinases (SLN1 and NIK1) have been described in C. albicans. Mutants in both sln1v and nik1v were compared by Western blotting using Mab B6 and Mab B6.1. Reactivity of each mutant to Mab B6 was similar to that observed with the chk1 mutant; on the other hand, the mannoprotein profiles obtained with Mab B6.1 in all mutants were similar to wild-type cells. We also compared the expression of 29 genes involved in mannan synthesis by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and found that expression of a subset of six genes (ALG2, ALG6, ALG8, MNT3, PMT6, KRT2) was upregulated in all histidine kinase mutants, while increased expression of ALG7 was only observed in the sln1 and nik1 mutants, MNN1 was upregulated in the chk1 and nik1 mutants, and MNN4 was upregulated in the nik1v. Our data indicate that each of the C. albicans HK proteins may regulate similar functions in cell wall biosynthesis. This activity could be achieved in either a common or parallel, redundant signal transduction pathway(s).
The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act and Its Effects on American Indian Economic Development

The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA), passed by the US Congress in 1988, was a watershed in the history of policymaking directed toward reservation-resident American Indians. IGRA set the stage for tribal government-owned gaming facilities. It also shaped how this new industry would develop and how tribal governments would invest gaming revenues. Since then, Indian gaming has approached commercial, state-licensed gaming in total revenues. Gaming operations have had a far-reaching and transformative effect on American Indian reservations and their economies. Specifically, Indian gaming has allowed marked improvements in several important dimensions of reservation life. For the first time, some tribal governments have moved to fiscal independence. Native nations have invested gaming revenues in their economies and societies, often with dramatic effect.
Design and Analysis of Ultrasonic Assisted Friction Stir Welding

This paper presents ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding (UaFSW), which is suggested to improve the weld quality and efficiency as a hybrid welding system. Ultrasonic-assisted processes have been coupled with tooling in various manufacturing processes to enhance the performance of conventional machining and bonding processes. For successful and effective implementation of the UaFSW, we must first consider how to integrate ultrasonics into the friction stir welding equipment. To solve this problem, we designed an ultrasonic horn to vibrate the FSW tool and transmit ultrasonic energy into the workpiece. Using a numerical modal and harmonic analysis, we fabricated and analyzed the ultrasonic horn under specific design considerations. Force was measured and compared during ultrasonic assisted and conventional friction stir welding. The mechanical properties of the workpieces were also investigated.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Covalent binding of 14C- and 35S-labeled thiocarbamides in rat hepatic microsomes.

The covalent binding of a series of 14C- or 35S-labeled benzimidazole-2-thione (MBI) derivatives to rat liver microsomal proteins was studied to determine the mechanisms of hepatic monooxygenase oxidation of model anti-hyperthyroid compounds. All thiocarbamides tested (including methimazole) produced an NADPH-dependent loss of cytochrome P450 (P450) chromophore which could be prevented by the addition of glutathione (GSH). The covalent binding of MBI to liver microsomal proteins from dexamethasone (DEX)-pretreated rats was enhanced 10-fold with NADPH, unaffected by P450 inactivation with 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT) and attenuated by GSH addition. Heat treatment of microsomes to inactivate the flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) decreased the observed binding. Equivalent amounts of [35S]- and [14C]MBI were covalently bound to hepatic microsomal proteins, suggesting retention of both the carbon and sulfur portions of the molecule in the MBI/protein adduct. Thiophilic reagents effected release of covalently bound [14C]- and [35S]MBI in equal amounts suggesting the presence of disulfide bonds between an MBI-derived sulfenic acid and microsomal protein thiols. Coincubation with bovine serum albumin (BSA) resulted in NADPH-dependent binding of [14C]-MBI to BSA sulfhydryls which was blocked by prior treatment of BSA with iodoacetamide. 1-Methyl-benzimidazole-2-thione (MMBI) also covalently bound to microsomal proteins and BSA but at levels lower than with MBI. P450, however, appeared to be more important than FMO in the metabolism of MMBI based on the effects of microsome heat pretreatment or ABT addition. In addition, ca. 1.5-fold more 35S- than 14C-label became bound. The covalent binding of [35S]1,3-diniethyl-benzimidazole-2-thione (DMMBI) to microsomal proteins was ca. six times greater than that of [14C]DMMBI. ABT, catalase and superoxide dismutase had a minimal effect on [35S]DMMBI binding, while FMO inactivation decreased binding by ca. 30%. These findings suggest that both monooxygenases contribute significantly to the hepatic metabolism of thiocarbamides. However, FMO activates thiocarbamides primarily to sulfenic acids, whereas P450 appears to produce both sulfenic acid and other reactive sulfur-derived metabolites. Thiol groups of P450 and other proteins are the molecular targets for these reactive species formed during the hepatic metabolism of anti-hyperthyroid drugs.
Incorporating the environmental consequences in the fertilizer use decision

Abstract The increase in the use of fertilizer in agricultural production has been associated with a substantial increase in agricultural productivity in the US. This increase in fertilizer use has been driven by a variety of economic forces including variations in the price of output and changing relative factor prices. Associated with the increase in the use of fertilizer have been adverse environmental consequences that are not reflected in the costs and returns of agricultural production. That is, externalities exist whose cost need to be internalized. Because the use of fertilizer has been shown to respond to market forces, it is efficient to use the market to control the use of fertilizer. This can be done through, for example, the use of a fertilizer tax.
The complexity of linear programming

Abstract The complexity of linear programming and other problems in the geometry of d -dimensions is studied. A notion of LP-completeness is introduced, and a set of problems is shown to be (polynomially) equivalent to linear programming. Many of these problems involve computation of subsets of convex hulls of polytopes, and require O( n log n ) operations for d =2. Known results are surveyed in order to give an interesting characterization for the complexity of linear programming and a transformation is given to produce NP-complete versions of LP-complete provlems.
Multi-System Report Integration using Blackboards

Blackboards are an AI problem solving methodology. A blackboard system consists of a structured data base (the blackboard) holding input and derived inferences and a collection of procedures for deriving inferences (knowledge sources). Each knowledge source is specialized to operate on some portion of the blackboard. The knowledge sources are invoked opportunistically as the information on the blackboard increases. The best known applications of the blackboard methodology have been in speech understanding and passive sonar data interpretation. The inputs in these cases were a single form of raw sensor data. But the methodology is also well suited to integrating multiple streams of fully reduced and qualitatively different data such as active radar track reports, passive electronic intelligence reports, and human intelligence reports about enemy intentions. This paper sketches the nature of the blackboard problem solving methodology with an emphasis on those features suiting it to such applications. The sketch is illustrated with examples from a relatively simple multi-system report integration problem. Relevant applications currently under development at Stanford's Knowledge Systems Laboratory are also described.
Application and interpretation of submaximal exercise testing and ambulatory ECG recordings in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

T he purpose of this article is to review briefly the clinical utility ofa submaximal exercise test and an ambulatory ECG recording in patients after myocardial infarction prior to hospital discharge. How the results ofthese two noninvasive tests might be used in combination with other information to guide clinical management will also be discussed. The authors assume that a noninvasive assessment of left ventricular performance has been performed by radionuclide ventriculography (RNV) or two-dimensional echocardiography (2D-E) as well as assessment by repeat physical examination. We recommend that RNV or 2DE be performed routinely in most survivors of myocardial infarction, not already characterized at high risk, three to seven days post MI, since the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is the single most important predictor of prognosis. ‘ The goal of predischarge noninvasive testing is to identify higher risk populations who should be considered candidates for aggressive testing and targets for prophylactic therapy. Common denominators ofincreased risk include: poor left ventricular function; evidence of residual myocardial ischemia and the presence of ventricular arrhythmias.
Phosphatidic Acid Synthesis in Bacteria

Membrane phospholipid synthesis is a vital facet of bacterial physiology. Although the spectrum of phospholipid headgroup structures produced by bacteria is large, the key precursor to all of these molecules is phosphatidic acid (PtdOH). Glycerol-3-phosphate derived from the glycolysis via glycerol-phosphate synthase is the universal source for the glycerol backbone of PtdOH. There are two distinct families of enzymes responsible for the acylation of the 1-position of glycerol-3-phosphate. The PlsB acyltransferase was discovered in Escherichia coli, and homologs are present in many eukaryotes. This protein family primarily uses acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) endproducts of fatty acid synthesis as acyl donors, but may also use acyl-CoA derived from exogenous fatty acids. The second protein family, PlsY, is more widely distributed in bacteria and utilizes the unique acyl donor, acyl-phosphate, which is produced from acyl-ACP by the enzyme PlsX. The acylation of the 2-position is carried out by members of the PlsC protein family. All PlsCs use acyl-ACP as the acyl donor, although the PlsCs of the γ-proteobacteria also may use acyl-CoA. Phospholipid headgroups are precursors in the biosynthesis of other membrane-associated molecules and the diacylglycerol product of these reactions is converted to PtdOH by one of two distinct families of lipid kinases. The central importance of the de novo and recycling pathways to PtdOH in cell physiology suggest that these enzymes are suitable targets for the development of antibacterial therapeutics in Gram-positive pathogens. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Phospholipids and Phospholipid Metabolism.
Concerning the mechanism of action of bovine liver phospholipid exchange protein: Exchange or net transfer

Abstract Bovine liver phospholipid exchange protein catalyzes the transfer of phosphatidylcholine between donor and acceptor populations of single bilayer phospholipid vesicles. In comparing egg and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles, larger transfer rates are found for the unsaturated phospholipid. The bidirectional transfer rates measured from donor to acceptor and from acceptor to donor, are equivalent, suggesting that the protein facilitates an exchange rather than a net transfer of phosphatidylcholine.
Simple LR(k) grammars

A class of context-free grammars, called the “Simple LR(k)” or SLR(k) grammars is defined. This class has been shown to include weak precedence and simple precedence grammars as proper subsets. How to construct parsers for the SLR(k) grammars is also shown. These parser-construction techniques are extendible to cover all of the LR(k) grammars of Knuth; they have been implemented and by direct comparison proved to be superior to precedence techniques, not only in the range of grammars covered, but also in the speed of parser construction and in the size and speed of the resulting parsers.
VII. Meanings of Sex and Gender for a New Generation of Feminist Psychologists

When Rhoda Unger’s landmark essay ‘Toward a Redefinition of Sex and Gender’ was published in 1979, we were 10 and 14 years old respectively. But by the time we met in graduate school in 1992, we were feminists, we were becoming feminist psychologists and, perhaps most importantly, there was such a thing as feminist psychology. We didn’t have to do the intellectual work to create the subfield, we didn’t have to fight for it, we didn’t have to hide it or do it on the side while pursuing ‘mainstream research’ in public. We weren’t told by our advisors that studying gender was a waste of our time; indeed, we had the opportunity to be advised by a prominent feminist psychologist, Abby Stewart. We ‘grew up’, then, in the context of a psychology already influenced by the women’s movement and by groundbreaking scholars such as Unger. Yet, the subfield we entered was young enough that we learned of these struggles from the women who fought them, and so we take none of these opportunities we’ve had for granted. We are acutely aware and appreciative of the legacy we have inherited, and of the specific ways Rhoda Unger was – and continues to be – influential in creating that legacy. To us as young scholars, the distinctions between ‘sex’ and ‘gender’ seemed clear and not in need of specification, an, in that way, Unger’s (1979) distinctions had already had a positive and important effect on the field and on us. Our experiences of feminist psychology were much like what Baumgardner and Richards (2000) described as the experience of feminism for third-wavers: ‘For our generation, feminism is like fluoride. We scarcely notice that we have it – it’s simply in the water’ (p. 17). By the time we entered the field, the contemporary scholarship on sex and gender was heavily influenced by postmodern feminist thinking. We each have distinctive memories of reading Hare-Mustin and Marecek’s (1990) now classic, then hot-off-the-press, book Making a Difference:
Soil Hydraulic Parameter Upscaling for Steady-State Flow with Root Water Uptake

In this study we investigate effective soil hydraulic parameter averaging schemes for steady-state flow with plant root water uptake in heterogeneous soils. “Effective” soil hydraulic parameters of a heterogeneous soil formation are obtained by conceptualizing the soil as an equivalent homogeneous medium. The “effective” homogeneous medium is only required to discharge the same ensemble-mean flux across the soil surface. One-dimensional flow at the local scale has been used as an approximation for various simplified problems under investigation (e.g., a shallow subsurface dominated by vertical flows). The domain is assumed to be composed of homogeneous one-dimensional soil columns without mutual interactions. Using Gardner9s unsaturated hydraulic conductivity model, we derive the effective value for the parameter α. While root water uptake influences the overall water budget, its impact on the effective hydraulic parameter averaging scheme was found to be secondary. Results show that the arithmetic mean of Gardner9s α is usually too large to serve as an effective parameter. Deviations of the effective parameter from the arithmetic mean become larger as the surface suction increases; that is, the flow scenario switches from infiltration to evaporation. The results consistently show a smaller effective parameter for evaporation scenarios than for infiltration scenarios. The effective parameter α eff decreases with an increase in the mean value of α. Spatial variability in α also decreases the effective value of α eff . Alternative root water uptake distributions do not produce significant differences in both the water budget and the averaging scheme as long as total water loss to the plant roots remains the same.
Glutarimides. V. Synthesis of 2-allyl-2-phenylglutarimide.

Evidence is presented of lactone formation for 2-allyl-2-phenylglutaric acid. A synthesis for 2-allyl-2-phenylglutarimide is described and six compounds, which have not been found in the literature surveyed, are reported. The new compounds include 2-allyl-2-phenyl-glutaronitrile, 2-allyl-2-phenylglutaric acid, 2 - (2′,3′ - dibromopropyl) - 2 - phenylglutaronitrile, methyl 4-phenyl-4-cyano-6-heptenoate, 2-allyl-2-phenylglutaramic acid, and 2-allyl-2-phenylglutarimide.
Investigating the subjective reports of rejection processes in the word frequency mirror effect.

Abstract We sought to systematically investigate how participants subjectively classify the basis of their recognition memory judgments for low and high word frequency items. We found that participants more often reported rejection processes related to the increased perceived memorability for unstudied low word frequency items (relative to high word frequency items), rather than classifying their decision on a lack of familiarity. Experiment 2 replicated this pattern and demonstrated context variability and word frequency independently influenced the subjective classifications for correct rejections. Results of Experiment 3 revealed that these differences are dependent upon having experience with both low and high frequency items. Overall, these data suggest participants’ rejection of low frequency items is more strongly related to judgments of perceived memorability, but only when they are presented in the context of high frequency items. The results are discussed in relation to distinctiveness and expected memorability.
Pediatric School Psychology: An Emerging Behavioral Health Subspecialty

(1999). Pediatric School Psychology: An Emerging Behavioral Health Subspecialty. Child & Family Behavior Therapy: Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 77-80.
The Portfolio: Should It Also Be Used by Administrators?

Portfolios can be the catalyst for valu able self- reflection. Perhaps potential and practicing administrators could also benefit from developing a portfolio.
Caffeine-metabolizing capability of primary rat hepatocytes, Chinese hamster V79 cells and normal human fibroblasts in culture

Abstract Caffeine is metabolized by primary rat hepatocytes in culture to metabolites similar to those found in rats in vivo, including 6-amino-5-[ N -formylmethylamino]-1,3-dimethyluracil, one of the major caffeine metabolites produced in the rat. At a substrate-limiting level of caffeine, the rat hepatocytes metabolized 25–30% of the total added caffeine in 24 h. About 99% of the metabolites was found in the extracellular medium and rinse fractions, suggesting that on a volume basis, caffeine metabolites are in equilibrium inside and outside the cells. No detectable caffeine metabolites were produced in preparations of either Chinese hamster V79 cells, or normal human fibroblasts at caffeine concentrations from 5 μM to 5 mM. These results suggest that the varied biological effects induced by caffeine in Chinese hamster cells cannot be attributed to caffeine metabolites and further that the differential responses of Chinese hamster cells and normal human fibroblasts to caffeine are not due to qualitative or quantitative differences in caffeine metabolism in the two cell lines.
Amyloidosis and neoplasia

A myloidosis is not a single disease. The term amyloid refers to many biochemically different fibrillar deposits that share the amyloid P (plasma) component, tinctorial properties, and morphologic features. l Distinct clinical entities are usually associated with these different types of amyloid and can be divided into systemic and cutaneous forms (Table 1). Primary amyloidosis, both systemic and cutaneous, involves the skin in association with neoplasia.1*2 Primary amyloidosis is divided into idiopathic and myeloma associated. Secondary systemic amyloidosis, on the other hand, is most frequently secondary to chronic inflammatory diseases and rarely to neoplasia.2-4 Although a few exceptions exist, secondary systemic amyloidosis usually involves parenchymal organs and generally does not show cutaneous features.5*6
The detection of hemoglobin dimers by intrinsic fluorescence.

Abstract We have found that the intrinsic fluorescence emission maxima of oxy, met, and cyanmet hemoglobins have a concentration dependent shift to longer wavelengths. For oxy-hemoglobin, this effect is increased in the presence of 3M NaCl. At the protein concentrations studied, these liganded hemoglobins undergo dimerization. In contrast, horse-heart met myoglobin (which is a monomer), and deoxy Hb A and Hb Beth Israel (that have greatly decreased dissociation constants), exhibited a significantly smaller shift in fluorescence maxima. We conclude that hemoglobin dimers exhibit a bathochromic shift with respect to the tetramer. This shift is probably due to the increase in surface exposure of β 37 Trp that occurs during hemoglobin dimerization.
The spider genus Arachosia (Araneae: Anyphaenidae): A new addition to the Kansas fauna

The hunting spider genus Arachosia O.P. Cambridge 1882 (Araneae: Anyphaenidae) is represented in the United States by one species, A. cubana (Banks 1909; Fig. 1), which formerly resided in the genus Oxysoma Nicolet 1849 (Ramirez 2003). The fifteen other species in the genus occur in Central and South America (Platnick 2007). A. cubana was originally described by Banks (1909) from specimens collected in Cuba. In the United States, it has been reported from Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, North Carolina, Massachusetts (Platnick 1974), Pennsylvania (NatureServe 2006), Virginia (Young and Edwards 1990), Illinois, Ohio and Michigan (Sierwald et al. 2005). Field work by the author in northeastern Kansas has uncovered the presence of A. cubana in Douglas County.
Comparative exponential dichotomies and column diagonal dominance

Abstract It is shown that the dichotomy obtained by Lazer for diagonally dominant linear systems is a weaker condition than that of exponential dichotomy but that the two conditions are equivalent in the case of bounded coefficients. Thus Fink's result that exponential decay of all solutions implies exponential dichotomy does not extend to the case of mixed growth and decay. It is also shown that column dominant systems of mixed sign admit exponential dichotomies when the coefficients are bounded.
Large mulches and manual release enhance growth of ponderosa pine seedlings.

Woody and herbaceous vegetation that captures scarce soil moisture often kills or stunts the growth of conifer seedlings in young plantations in the Sierra Nevada of California. Two methods for excluding this vegetation are to apply large (3-m×3-m), long-lasting (at least 5 years) mulches around the seedlings soon after planting, or to repeatedly grub seedlings of competing vegetation in study plots. Both techniques were tested and proved to be effective, significantly increasing ponderosa pine diameter and height relative to the control and to seedlings surrounded by small paper mulches. The effective treatments were large enough to enable conifer seedlings to capture site resources unimpeded by competing plants. Eight species of shrubs, seventeen forbs, four grasses, and one fern grew naturally on the study site. Results suggest that the forester now has two biologically effective means for controlling unwanted vegetation and for attaining rapid early pine growth in environments similar to the study area. Although more expensive, the large heavy polyester mulches ($9.90 per seedling over 5 years) give the forester an alternative to manual release ($2.05 per seedling over 5 years).
Comparative osteohistology of Hesperornis with reference to pygoscelid penguins: the effects of climate and behaviour on avian bone microstructure

The broad biogeographic distribution of Hesperornis fossils in Late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway deposits has prompted questions about whether they endured polar winters or migrated between mid- and high latitudes. Here, we compare microstructures of hesperornithiform long bones from Kansas and the Arctic to investigate whether migration or Late Cretaceous polar climate affected bone growth. We also examine modern penguin bones to determine how migration and climate may influence bone growth in birds with known behaviours. Histological analysis of hesperornithiform samples reveals continuous bone deposition throughout the cortex, plus an outer circumferential layer in adults. No cyclic growth marks, zonation or differences in vasculature are apparent in the Hesperornis specimens. Comparatively, migratory Adelie and chinstrap penguin bones show no zonation or changes in microstructure, suggesting that migration is not necessarily recorded in avian bone microstructure. Non-migratory gentoos show evidence of rapid bone growth possibly associated with increased chick growth rates in high-latitude populations and large body size. The absence of histological evidence for migration in extinct Hesperornis and extant pygoscelid penguins may reflect that these birds reached skeletal maturity before migration or overwintering. This underscores the challenges of using bone microstructure to infer the effects of behaviour and climate on avian growth.
Characterization of thermal sprayed nanostructured WC-Co coatings derived from nanocrystalline WC-18wt.%Co powders

Nanostructured WC-Co coatings were synthesized using high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) thermal spray. The nanocrystalline feedstock powder with a nominal composition of WC-18 wt.%Co was prepared using the novel integrated mechanical and thermal activation (IMTA) process. The effects of HVOF thermal spray conditions and powder characteristics on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the as-sprayed WC-Co coatings were studied. It was found that the ratio of oxygen-to-hydrogen flow rate (ROHFR) and the starting powder microstructures had strong effects on decarburization of the nano-coatings. Decarburization was significantly suppressed at low ROHFR and with the presence of free carbon in the powder. The level of porosity in the coatings was correlated with the powder microstructure and spray process conditions. The coating sprayed at ROHFR=0.5 exhibited the highest microhardness value (HV300g=1077), which is comparable to that of conventional coarse-grained coatings.
Limb-sparing surgery in a dog with osteosarcoma of the proximal femur.

Objective— To report successful limb-sparing surgery in a dog with a proximal femoral osteosarcoma (OSA) using a composite allograft–prosthetic technique. Study Design— Case report. Animal— Client-owned dog. Methods— A stage IIB OSA of the proximal aspect of the femur was resected in accordance with oncologic and limb-sparing principles. The osseous defect was reconstructed with a proximal femoral allograft and cemented, long-stemmed femoral prosthesis. Soft tissue reconstruction was achieved by suturing host tendons to their respective allogeneic tendons on the allograft. Coxofemoral joint function was preserved using standard total hip arthroplasty techniques. Results— Limb-sparing surgery of the proximal aspect of the femur using a composite allograft–prosthetic technique resulted in excellent limb function. Postoperative complications included aseptic loosening of the femoral composite graft and allograft nonunion, which required revision, traumatic implant luxation, and local tumor recurrence. Limb function was excellent after surgical stabilization of the allograft nonunion but deteriorated after implant luxation 270 days postlimb-sparing surgery. Pulmonary and skeletal metastases were diagnosed and local tumor recurrence suspected 596 and 650 days postoperatively, respectively. The dog was euthanatized 688 days after limb-sparing surgery as a result of progressive local and metastatic disease. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance— Limb-sparing surgery for dogs with primary bone tumors of the proximal aspect of the femur is feasible with good functional results.
Quantitative trait loci controlling leaf and tassel traits in a B73 × Mo17 population of maize

Light penetration into the canopy of maize (Zea mays L.) production fields is an important determinant of grain yield. Factors affecting light penetration include agricultural practices such as planting density and plant morphological factors such as leaf angle, leaf size, and tassel size. The objectives of this experiment were to identify genomic regions controlling the inheritance of leaf angle and tassel morphology in a B73 × Mo17 recombinant inbred population. Three quantitative trait loci (QTL) for tassel branch angle were detected which explained 35.6% of the phenotypic variation. Six QTL were detected for tassel branch number with three of these QTL on chromosome 2. Nine QTL were detected for leaf angle in one or more environments. Significant phenotypic correlations were detected between tassel branch angle and tassel branch number and between tassel branch number and leaf angle. Overlapping support intervals were identified between QTL detected for leaf angle and for tassel branch number on chromosome 2 near marker umc53a. Additionally, a QTL near marker bnl6.10 on chromosome 5 identified for tassel branch angle was in the same region as a QTL identified for leaf angle. The results of this study indicate that common genetic relationships exist between tassel traits and leaf angle.
Wind-induced natural ventilation analysis

The paper presents and discusses internal pressure and discharge coefficients for a building with wind-driven cross-ventilation caused by sliding window openings on two adjacent walls. The study found that both coefficients vary considerably with the opening area (porosity of wall(s)) and the inlet to outlet ratio. Comparisons with previous work were also carried out. Experimental results verify the unsteady pressure and velocity field, particularly in the case of cross-ventilation with large opening areas. For such cases, a simulation sensitivity analysis of wind-induced building ventilation confirms that airflow rates vary considerably when different discharge coefficient values are used.
Studies of Antibody to Herpes Simplex Virus Fcγ‐Binding Protein gE in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis, Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis and Normal Controls

IgG antibody to gE, the Fc gamma-binding herpes simplex 1 (HSV-1) viral glycoprotein, was studied in 49 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and 43 normal controls. Antibody to gD, another important HSV-1 antigen, was assayed in parallel. No difference between RA patients and normal controls was found in levels of anti-gE antibody measured by reactivity of IgG F(ab')2 fragments reacting with gE coated to ELISA plates. No difference in anti-gD antibody was recorded between normals and patients with RA. Levels of IgG anti-IgE antibody did not correlate with quantitative elevations of serum rheumatoid factor (RF) in RA patients. When IgG anti-gE and anti-gD were assayed in 20 patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and 22 children controls, no significant differences were noted. However, when individual RFs from patients with RA were tested for reactivity against a panel of affinity-isolated F(ab')2 antibodies to gE, some evidence for individual autospecificity was obtained. Four of 20 monoclonal IgM RFs produced from RA patients' B cells showed marked elevations of reactivity with some RA patients' F(ab')2 antibodies to gE. All four of the monoclonal RFs showing this specificity were derived from RA synovial tissue B cells. These findings may provide support for the concept that some RFs in patients with RA show individual specificity for internal image determinants of IgG antibodies to viral Fc gamma-binding proteins.
Bourgeois Confusion and Proletarian Myopia

ON A NUMBER of occasions I have received propaganda circulars of an organization calling itself the Tool Owners Union. Its purpose is said to be the promotion of "national action to safeguard the foundation of national well-being and strength-the human right of every American to be secure in his ownership of property and tools, and to enjoy the legitimate, competitive earnings therefrom, free from excessive taxation, inflation and confiscation at the hands of anyone." Its "Platform for Progress" says: "We are the group whose thrift and self-denial have accumulated the savings which make possible our country's tools of production." And it goes on to claim that "we are the primary benefactors of the nation because a modern nation is no greater than its stock of tools." It refers to "5 0 million thrifty tool owners whose self-denial made possible the tools that are the very foundation of our national strength and material welfare." It appeals to "the human right of every individual . . . to be safeguarded in his person and his productive property (tools) against excessive taxation, monetary manipulation and confiscation at the hands of anyone." And it comments on the harmful effects of "destroying the incentive to save and to risk in productive enterprise." Here indeed might be a beginning of a sharp distinction. There are the tools that men make and the making of which, in a free enterprise system, does depend on the voluntary saving of millions. But there are ilso natural resources, e.g., rich subsoil mineral deposits, and there are Superlatively valuable city sites. Surely these natural resources were not brought into existence by the saving of nembers of the tool owners union or of any of those in whose behalf they, assume to speak. And, no less surely, the billions of dollars of site value in New York City are obviously the consequence of the geological forces that made New York harbor and of the way that many millions of persons have settled in and about New York City and in the territories tributary to it. Th(y are not properly or fairly attributable to or imputable to "tool owners" alone. But nothing that I have seen in the propaganda of the Tool Owners Union indicates the slightest interest in the distinction between capital
Thermal Performance of Thermal Pad Contact Heat Exchangers

An experimental investigation was conducted to determine the effect of variations in the load configuration and the resulting pressure distribution, on the thermal contact conductance of two 12.70 x 17.78 x 2.54 cm (5x7x1 in.) aluminum 6061-T6 surfaces. Four load configurations consisting of 4 x 4, 4 x 6, 5 x 7, and 6x8 arays were evaluated. A self-contained, general-purpos e finite element program (ANSYS) and a relatively new pressure-sensitive film were used to determine the pressure distribution as a function of the total applied load. The 5x7 array was found to minimize the number of load points yet provide optimum thermal characteristics. Using this load configuration, a second set of experiments was conducted to determine the degree to which the thermal contact conductance could be enhanced through the application of selected coatings. Three coating materials were evaluated, a 2.5 /*m thick layer of indium, a molybdenum disulfide coating (Moly-Tiolub-1175) 1.25 fJLm thick, and a Teflon impregnated anodized coating (Hard-Tuf X20) 1.25 pm thick. The results indicated that the thermal contact conductance of the thermal test pads could be enhanced by a factor of almost four by adding a coating of indium approximately 2.5 /un thick on one surface. The Moly-Tiolub-1175 and Hard-Tuf X20 coatings, while providing a somewhat more durable surface than indium, resulted in reductions in the thermal contact conductance of approximately 65% and 77%, respectively.
Use of shifted phase-encoded joint transform correlation for class-associative color pattern recognition

Color pattern recognition techniques involve the separation of basic color components, red, green and blue, by using color filters. Although several joint transform correlation architectures have been proposed in literature for color pattern recognition, however, these algorithms are suitable for single color target detection only and most of them are sensitive to noise and do not efficiently utilizes the space bandwidth product. A new shifted phase-encoded fringe-adjusted joint transform correlation (SPJTC) technique has been proposed in this paper for class-associative color pattern recognition. The color images are first split into three fundamental color components and the individual components are then processed simultaneously through three different channels. The SPJTC technique for each color component again involves two channels, one with the reference image and the other with 180° phase-shifted reference image. Both are phase masked using a random phase and then used with the input scene. The joint power spectra (JPS) are again phase masked and subtracted one from the other. The resultant JPS yields the desired correlation after inverse Fourier transformation. A modified class-associative color fringe adjusted filter is developed for providing single and sharp correlation peak per target while satisfying the equal correlation peak criterion for each class member. The salient feature of the proposed scheme is that the number of channels and processing steps remains constant irrespective of the number of members in the class. Computer simulation verifies the effectiveness of the proposed technique for color images both in binary and gray levels even in presence of noise.