cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
P73: Spontaneous oxidation of hydrogen sulfide to persulfide (s) allows signaling via sulfhydration

“Sulfhydration” has been proposed to be a means of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) signaling in which the H 2 S reacts with the sulfur of a cysteine residue in proteins, thereby forming a polysulfide and changing the function of the latter, as described by the equation RSH + H 2 S → RSSH. However, this requires oxidation of the cysteine RSH, which cannot be accomplished by H 2 S, as the sulfur is in its most reduced form (oxidation state of −2). Hydropersulfides (H 2 S n , n = 2–8, oxidation number = 0), can oxidize RSH and have been suggested to be a contaminant of salts commonly used to produce H 2 S (NaSH, Na 2 S) and account for much of the activity originally attributed to H 2 S. Here, we use the green fluorescent protein, roGFP2, that contains two reactive cysteine residues (Cys147, Cys204) and is a specific reporter of redox status, being fully oxidized by 30 mM tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH), and fully reduced by dithiothreitol (DTT, 30 mM), to determine if H 2 S can spontaneously form hydro-persulfides in normoxic (21% O 2 ) laboratory conditions. We show that all concentrations ranging from 1 μ M-300uM H 2 S have very little reductive effect on roGFP, but that H 2 S > 300 uM slowly reoxidizes roGFP in a closed system given an hour to react. We attribute this to spontaneous oxidation of H 2 S to hydropersulfides. Addition of mixed persulfides (K 2 S n , n = 1–8) oxidizes roGFP at low concentrations (1uM-300uM), supporting our hypothesis. These results show that H 2 S n can be formed from H 2 S and thereby signal via sulfhydration. Support, NSF IOS-1051627 and NSF DGE-1313583.
Beyond the Objective: Wisconsin Reaching Ischemic Heart Disease Mortality Objective Despite a Third of Counties Not Meeting the Goal.

INTRODUCTION Ischemic heart disease is one of the leading causes of death in the United States, with some geographic groups being more affected than others. A Healthy People 2020 objective exists to reduce ischemic heart disease mortality. METHODS This study examined ischemic heart disease mortality in Wisconsin by county and 4 county categories, based on an urban to rural spectrum, and observed progress towards the Healthy People 2020 objective. RESULTS Ischemic heart disease mortality rates have been decreasing. Currently, 67% of Wisconsin counties meet the objective; however, 71% of counties not meeting the objective are more rural. DISCUSSION Although further investigation is needed to better understand the factors that cause disparities, more resources should be directed towards communities at highest risk.
Abstract AP13: GENOME-SCALE CRISPR KNOCKOUT SCREEN IDENTIFIES TIGAR AS A MODIFIER OF PARP INHIBITOR SENSITIVITY

A key challenge is to understand the mechanisms that contribute to “BRCAness” and hence sensitivity to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. Using the sensitivity to PARP inhibitor olaparib as a surrogate for “BRCAness”, we performed a CRISPR/Cas9-based genome-scale loss-of-function screen and identified TIGAR as a modifier of olaparib response. TIGAR knockdown increases the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species, induces more DNA damage after olaparib treatment, and causes “BRCAness” by downregulating BRCA1 and genes in the Fanconi anemia pathway. Further, TIGAR knockdown induces senescence, reduces spheroid tumor cell growth, and enhances the cytotoxic effect of olaparib. Finally, TIGAR is amplified in ovarian cancer and a higher expression of TIGAR is associated with poor overall survival in high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Our study shows that TIGAR knockdown causes extensive transcriptional reprogramming and enhances sensitivity to PARP inhibitor, demonstrating that TIGAR is a relevant therapeutic target for treating ovarian cancer. Citation Format: Pingping Fang, Kay Minn, Jeremy Chien. GENOME-SCALE CRISPR KNOCKOUT SCREEN IDENTIFIES TIGAR AS A MODIFIER OF PARP INHIBITOR SENSITIVITY [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 12th Biennial Ovarian Cancer Research Symposium; Sep 13-15, 2018; Seattle, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2019;25(22 Suppl):Abstract nr AP13.
The Various Non-Monopoly Step-Wise Private-Benefit, Private-Cost, and Profit Distortions

This chapter focuses on the six types of Pareto imperfections other than the imperfections in seller competition with which Chap. 7 is concerned. This chapter does not attempt to be as comprehensive as Chap. 7. Instead, each of its six sections makes some salient comments on (1) the step-wise distortions that all exemplars of one of the six types of Pareto imperfections other than imperfections in seller competition generate in the private benefits, private costs, and profits that members of various functionally-defined categories of resource allocations, respectively, confer on, impose on, and yield the resource-user to which the relevant category of resource allocations allocates resources and (2) the causal or correlational relationship between the magnitudes of the step-wise private-benefit, private-cost, and profit distortions for indicated resource allocations generated by all exemplars of the type of Pareto imperfections on which the section in question is focusing and the magnitudes of its counterparts for one or more of the same step-wise distortions that all exemplars of another type of Pareto imperfections generate.
Self-service technology kiosk design for restaurants: An QFD application

Abstract Self-service technology (SST) has been increasingly integrated into today’s service industry. The ability to understand how customers perceive SST and improve its quality is therefore important for both researchers and practitioners. Applying the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) methodology, this research established an SST House of Quality (HoQ) structure for restaurants by synthesizing the inputs of consumers and restaurant industry experts, the managers. This HoQ presents a relationship matrix that allows restaurants to assess SST attributes in relation to SST technical design specificities in a measurable way. Such a relationship matrix can assist in designing restaurant SST to deliver better service and customer experiences. This research thus provides an illustration of how the QFD method can be a useful tool in SST service design in restaurants.
Materials separation by dielectrophoresis

The feasibility of vacuum dielectrophoresis as a method for particulate materials separation in a microgravity environment was investigated. Particle separations were performed in a specially constructed miniature drop-tower with a residence time of about 0.3 sec. Particle motion in such a system is independent of size and based only on density and dielectric constant, for a given electric field. The observed separations and deflections exceeded the theoretical predictions, probably due to multiparticle effects. In any case, this approach should work well in microgravity for many classes of materials, with relatively simple apparatus and low weight and power requirements.
Pass Parallel Privacy Standards or Privacy Perishes

This Article stems from my presentation at a Symposium hosted by Rutgers School of Law-Newark in March 2013, where I asserted that private industry’s ability to surreptitiously gather, collect, store, and sell vast amounts of intimate, personal data constitutes a far more insidious threat to privacy than that posed by government electronic snooping, because government is bound by the constraints of the Fourth Amendment and the federal wiretapping and electronic surveillance legislative scheme. I asserted that our constitutional concept of individual privacy and the protection we afford to the same will be eviscerated by the activities of private industry lest Congress act to protect individual privacy and an individual’s power to control the data gathered, collected, stored, and sold by private industry in ways similar to the protections afforded individuals from such government activity by constitutional, legislative, and common law.
Can loss framing improve coordination in the minimum effort game

I study how framing payoffs as losses affects group coordination using the minimum effort game. The previous literature shows groups as small as four have a difficult time coordinating on an efficient outcome, even in the presence of higher payoffs for more efficient outcomes. Though penalties for inefficient coordination behavior have been studied in a variety of contexts, the role of losses on coordination behavior has not. Loss framing has been shown to induce more efficient actions in a variety of other areas, since individuals tend to be more sensitive to losses than gains. I examine the framing effect of losses, specifically if framing payoffs as losses can lead to payoff-dominant coordination, using three treatments. These treatments help tease out the effects and dynamics of coordination behavior when payoffs are framed as losses. I find that framing payoffs as losses leads to improvements in coordination, demonstrating the robustness of loss framing in the setting of the minimum effort game.
Analysis of Movement-Based Mind-Body Interventions to Guide the Implementation of Osteoarthritis Exercise Programs: A Descriptive Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Background: Clear and complete reporting of the components of complex interventions is required in clinical trials to ensure that research can be reliably replicated and successfully translated into clinical practice. Movement-based mind-body exercises, such as Tai Chi, qigong, and Yoga (TQY), are considered complex interventions and recommended for individuals with osteoarthritis in the latest guidelines of the American College of Rheumatology. This review analyzes the intervention reporting of randomized controlled trials of TQY to guide the implementation in osteoarthritis exercise programs. Methods: We searched PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and EMBASE for TQY exercise trials in osteoarthritis between 2000 and 2020. Pairs of researchers independently screened the records, extracted study characteristics, and assessed 19 items on the Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template (CERT) checklist. For each of these items, the numbers of studies that clearly reported the item were calculated. We then identified the items in the studies that are key to delivering home-based exercises for further analysis. Results: We included 27 publications reporting 22 TQY interventions in the analysis. None of the studies reported sufficient details on all the 19 CERT items. The median completeness of reporting score was 11 and ranged from 6 to 15 of 19. The most frequently incompletely reported items (number reporting and percentage of studies) were "starting level rule" (n = 1, 5%) and "progression rule" (n = 1, 5%). Other incompletely reported items included "fidelity or adherence (planned)" (n = 9, 41%), "motivations" (n = 9, 41%), and "progression description" (n = 5, 23%). Conclusions: The content analysis highlights motivational strategies for long-term adherence to home-based exercises, which may help clinicians develop interventions for their patients. Details of TQY exercises interventions for osteoarthritis are incompletely reported in the included studies. The study suggests that improvements in content reporting are especially needed on items related to exercise intensity and program progression decisions, and motivational strategies in future implementation.
The High-Speed Rail Money Sink: Why the United States Should Not Spend Trillions on Obsolete Technology

Secretary of Transportation Pete Buttigieg’s proposal to make the United States a “world leader” in high‐​speed rail would add more than $4 trillion to the federal debt for construction of new rail lines plus tens of billions of dollars of annual deficit spending to subsidize operating costs. In exchange, such a high‐​speed rail network is likely to carry less than 2 percent of the nation’s passenger travel and no freight. High‐​speed trains were rendered obsolete in 1958, six years before Japan opened its first bullet train, when Boeing’s 707 entered commercial service; the airliner could cruise at more than twice the top speeds of the fastest scheduled high‐​speed trains today. Air travel cost more than rail travel in 1964, but average airfares today are less than a fifth of the average fares paid by riders of the Amtrak Acela, the only high‐​speed train operating in the United States. The main disadvantage of high‐​speed trains, other than their slow speeds compared with air travel, is that they require a huge amount of infrastructure that must be built and maintained to extremely precise standards. Since the United States is struggling to maintain the infrastructure it already has—particularly its urban rail transit systems and Amtrak’s Northeast Corridor, which together have more than $200 billion in maintenance backlogs—it makes no sense to build more infrastructure that the nation won’t be able to afford to maintain. Buttigieg’s proposal is particularly poorly timed considering that the COVID-19 pandemic has made many people question mass transportation in general. One lesson of the pandemic is that the most resilient transportation system we have is motor vehicles and highways. Rather than funding an obsolete system we don’t need, Buttigieg and Congress should find ways to relieve congestion, improve safety, and increase people’s access to jobs and other economic opportunities by improving existing roads and building more highways that could be paid for with user fees.
Early stool microbiome and metabolome signatures in pediatric patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation.

BACKGROUND The contribution of the gastrointestinal tract microbiome to outcomes after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is increasingly recognized. Investigations of larger pediatric cohorts aimed at defining the microbiome state and associated metabolic patterns pretransplant are needed. METHODS We sought to describe the pretransplant stool microbiome in pediatric allogenic HCT patients at four centers. We performed shotgun metagenomic sequencing and untargeted metabolic profiling on pretransplant stool samples. Samples were compared with normal age-matched controls and by clinical characteristics. We then explored associations between stool microbiome measurements and metabolite concentrations. RESULTS We profiled stool samples from 88 pediatric allogeneic HCT patients, a median of 4 days before transplant. Pretransplant stool samples differed from healthy controls based on indices of alpha diversity and in the proportional abundance of specific taxa and bacterial genes. Relative to stool from healthy patients, samples from HCT patients had decreased proportion of Bacteroides, Ruminococcaeae, and genes involved in butyrate production, but were enriched for gammaproteobacterial species. No systematic differences in stool microbiome or metabolomic profiles by age, transplant indication, or hospital were noted. Stool metabolites demonstrated strong correlations with microbiome composition. DISCUSSION Stool samples from pediatric allogeneic HCT patients demonstrate substantial dysbiosis early in the transplant course. As microbiome disruptions associate with adverse transplant outcomes, pediatric-specific analyses examining longitudinal microbiome and metabolome changes are imperative to identify causal associations and to inform rational design of interventions.
Kinetics and electrophoretic properties of the isozymes of aspartate aminotransferase from pig heart.

Abstract Cationic aspartate aminotransferase from pig heart was completely destroyed by heating to 75° for 20 min in the purification procedure of Jenkins, Yphantis, and Sizer (11). Chromatography of the partially purified enzyme preparation on carboxymethyl cellulose according to the method of Henson and Cleland (8) yielded two enzyme fractions both of which migrated toward the anode upon starch gel electrophoresis. These two fractions were also kinetically and immunochemically indistinguishable from each other. Pig heart mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase migrated toward the cathode upon starch gel electrophoresis. It differed both kinetically and immunochemically from the anionic isozyme of pig heart.
ON COSMOPOLITAN OCCUPATIONS: The Case of the World Tribunal on Iraq

Abstract Within the tradition of ‘civil society tribunals’, the World Tribunal on Iraq (WTI) was an unprecedented endeavour in global scale, scope, structure and sophistication. Embedded within the global antiwar movement from 2003 to 2005, the WTI's praxis is provocative on several counts. While addressing the entanglement of cosmopolitan human rights ideals with imperial politics, this essay reflects on competing grammars of justice and legitimacy imagined by WTI activists in response to the occupation of Iraq. It also critiques what I call the instrumentalization thesis of human rights. Promulgators of this thesis typically posit that agents pursuing a distinctly imperial project are insincerely mobilizing cosmopolitan human rights ideals. Further, in order to enquire into cosmopolitan politics occasioned by the war in Iraq, and to magnify its tensions, the essay focuses on particular dilemmas faced by WTI activists while mobilizing several theorists and jurists of (cosmopolitan) democracy and (global)...
LEBANON, IDENTITY, DISLOCATION, AND MEMORY

Review of: Dalia Abdelhady, The Lebanese Diaspora; The Arab Immigrant Experience in Montreal, New York, and Paris (New York and London: New York University Press, 2011), pp. 198, paperback, ISBN 978-0-8147-0734-0 Craig Larkin, Memory and Conflict in Lebanon: Remembering and Forgetting the past . (New York and London, Routledge: Taylor&Francis Group, 2012), pp. 226 , hardcover, ISBN 978-0-415-58779-2
Characterization of lymphocyte-activating factor (LAF) produced by the macrophage cell line, P388D1. I. Enhancement of LAF production by activated T lymphocytes.

Based on the results of these studies, it appears that P388D1 cells are an excellent source of LAF for both biologic and biochemical studies.
Shear flows of non-linear visco-elastic fluids

The purpose of t h i s note is to rev iew e a r l i e r works [ 1 ] [ 3 ] which which showed how s imple shea r i ng f l ow of a v i s c o e l a s t i c f l u i d can have r a d i c a l l y d i f f e r e n t b e h a v i o r v ia change in the n o n l i n e a r cons t i t u t i v e r e l a t i o n . S p e c i f i c a l l y we show how the cho ice f o r the e x t r a shear ing s t ress g iven by
Hereditary Non-Syndromic Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Transforming Silence to Sound

Tremendous progress has been made in our understanding of the molecular basis of hearing and hearing loss. Through recent advances, we have begun to understand the fascinating biology of the auditory system and unveiled new molecular mechanisms of hearing impairment. Changes in the diagnostic impact of genetic testing have occurred, as well as exciting developments in therapeutic options. Molecular diagnosis, which is already a reality for several hearing-associated genes, will doubtlessly continue to increase in the near future, both in terms of the number of mutations tested and the spectrum of genes. Genetic analysis for hearing loss is mostly used for diagnosis and treatment, and relatively rarely for reproductive decisions, in contrast to other inherited disorders. Inherited hearing loss, however, is characterized by impressive genetic heterogeneity. An abundance of genes carry a large number of mutations, but specific mutations in a single gene may lead to syndromic or non-syndromic hearing loss. Some mutations predominate in individual ethnic groups. For clinical and laboratory diagnosticians, it is challenging to keep abreast of the unfolding discoveries. This review aims to provide the framework pertinent to diagnosticians and a practical approach to mutation analysis in the hearing impaired.
English as an international language: A curriculum blueprint

ABSTRACT: The use of English as an international language (EIL) and its implications for teaching have attracted much scholarly attention. However, much of the discussion has remained at an abstract level and not provided pedagogical ideas that are theoretically sound, informed by research, and at the same time specific enough to be useful in the classroom. This poses a great challenge for teachers: while they receive a strong message that their current practice may be inadequate in preparing learners for using English in international encounters, they are not presented with suggestions of where to start implementing changes. The goal of this paper is to build upon the existing literature on teaching English for international communication with greater emphasis on pedagogical decisions and practices in the classroom. Using the conceptualization of EIL as a function of English as an international common language rather than a linguistic variety used uniformly in all international contexts, we explore key questions in TEIL and suggest specific ways to introduce an EIL perspective to existing English language classrooms.
DEUTERONOMY 31-32 AS A TEXTUAL MEMORIAL

This essay analyzes the narrative of Deuteronomy 31–32 as the alternation between two narrative strands: (1) the death of Moses and commission of Joshua, and (2) the writing and reciting of the Torah and song. This alternating structure culminates in a passage that harmonizes the two strands: 32:44-47. In light of this structure, with its emphasis on the and song, I suggest the concept of memorial, based on the text's use of the term (witness), as a heuristic description of the text.
Purification and properties of the carbonic anhydrase of Rhodospirillum rubrum

The carbonic anhydrase (EC 4.2.1.1) of Rhodospirillum rubrum has been purified to apparent homogeneity and some of its properties have been determined. The enzyme was cytoplasmic and was found only in photosynthetically grown cells. It had a molecular weight of about 28,000, and was apparently composed of two equal subunits. The amino acid composition was similar to that of other reported carbonic anhydrases except that the R. rubrum enzyme contained no arginine. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was 6.2 and the pH optimum was 7.5. It required Zn(II) for stability and enzymatic activity. The K m(CO2) was 80 mM. Typical carbonic anhydrase inhibition patterns were found with the R. rubrum enzyme. Strong acetazolamide and sulfanilamide inhibition confirmed the importance of Zn(II) for enzymatic activity as did the anionic inhibitors iodide, and azide. Other inhibitors indicated that histidine, sulfhydryl, lysine and serine residues were important for enzymatic activity.
Electromagnetic shift of heavy-quark energy levels due to confinement

The electromagnetic shift of the energy of a heavy quark is calculated in leading approximation. The shift, which is a confinement effect, is evaluated within the framework of the MIT bag model. It is found to be of the order of 1 MeV/c/sup 2/.
The BaOCuCuO system. Solid-liquid equilibria and thermodynamics of BaCuO2 and BaCu2O2☆

Abstract The effects of composition, temperature ( T ) and O 2 partial pressure ( p [O 2 ]) on solid-liquid equilibria were determined experimentally for most of the phase fields in the BaOCuCuO system. These relationships are illustrated in both a p [O 2 ]−10 4 / T diagram and in ternary phase diagrams. Thermodynamic values reported for BaCuO 2 and BaCu 2 O 2 by Voronin and Degterov [1–3] were verified via equilibria involving oxides, BaCO 3 , O 2 , and CO 2 . The T − p [O 2 ]− y interdependence was determined for Ba 2 CuO 3+ y .
Associations between the school-related beliefs of Mexican-American and Anglo-American mothers and children

Mexican-American and Anglo-American mothers' beliefs about their children's school related competence in the areas of academics and behavioral conduct, as well as their beliefs about their own academic competence, were assessed at the beginning of the children's kindergarten year. Mother-child dyads discussed the children's typical school experiences on four occasions during the school year, and children's beliefs were assessed at the end of the year. Pearson correlation coefficients indicated that strong associations between Anglo-American mothers' and children's beliefs existed, and partial correlation coefficients indicated that mother-child discourse contributed to many of these relations. Direct associations between mothers' and children's beliefs were not found for Mexican-American dyads, although mother-child discourse was linked to beliefs. The results suggest that dyads' conversations may serve as a means of transmitting beliefs about school-related competence, and that the this transmission may be more bidirectional in Mexican-American dyads.
Bandwidth Enhancement of the Resonant Cavity Antenna by Using Two Dielectric Superstrates

We propose a novel approach to enhance the bandwidth of the high directivity of the resonant cavity antenna (RCA) by applying two dielectric layers as superstrates. The approach is based on creating two cavities corresponding to two operating frequency bands that combine to form a single wide band of operation. The RCA design is discussed in a methodological manner to determine the thicknesses of the superstrates, the separation distance between them, and the separation distance to the ground plane. We show that the proposed technique is capable of enhancing the bandwidth from 9% of the single superstrate RCA to 17.9% of the two superstrate RCA, with only 0.1-dB reduction of the maximum directivity (17.5 dBi). The presented design method can be replicated for any RCA with any directivity level and type of primary feeding. The performance of the analytically designed antenna is validated by simulation using commercial numerical electromagnetics software.
The induced fuzzy integral aggregation operator

We discuss the fuzzy integral. The centrality of the ordering operation, based upon the arguments to be aggregated, is pointed out. We then extend the fuzzy integral aggregation operator by allowing the ordering operation to be based upon values other then those being aggregated. This leads to the induced fuzzy integral aggregation operator. We look at this new operator and study its properties. We show its relationship to a formulation called limited fuzzy integral aggregation. It is shown how this new induced fuzzy integral operator provides a natural framework for the implementation of nearest neighbor rules. Throughout this work, use is made only of the ordinal aspects of the information used. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase is the anticancer target for a novel series of potent naphthoquinone-based inhibitors.

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is emerging as an important new therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer, chronic viral infections, and other diseases characterized by pathological immune suppression. While small molecule inhibitors of IDO exist, there remains a dearth of high-potency compounds offering in vivo efficacy and clinical translational potential. In this study, we address this gap by defining a new class of naphthoquinone-based IDO inhibitors exemplified by the natural product menadione, which is shown in mouse tumor models to have similar antitumor activity to previously characterized IDO inhibitors. Genetic validation that IDO is the critical in vivo target is demonstrated using IDO-null mice. Elaboration of menadione to a pyranonaphthoquinone has yielded low nanomolar potency inhibitors, including new compounds which are the most potent reported to date (Ki = 61–70 nM). Synthetic accessibility of this class will facilitate preclinical chemical−genetic studies as well as further optim...
Occurrence and Habitat Characteristics of Burrowing Owl Nests in Gunnison's Prairie Dog Colonies of Northeastern Arizona

ABSTRACT Because Burrowing Owls (Athene cunicularia) often nest in colonies of prairie dogs (Cynomys sp.), recent declines of Gunnison's prairie dogs (Cynomys gunnisoni) could adversely affect this owl, considered uncommon in northern Arizona. In 2005, we determined the colony size and burrow density of 33 active Gunnison's prairie dog colonies in grasslands of northeastern Arizona. In 2006, we surveyed these colonies to determine the presence and relative abundance of Burrowing Owls, monitored nests to estimate nest success and productivity, and studied habitat characteristics at Burrowing Owl nest burrows. The 33 mapped colonies had a mean colony size of 16.6 ha and mean burrow densities of 57.7 active burrows/ha and 122.9 total burrows/ha. Seventeen nesting pairs of Burrowing Owls were associated with 12 of 33 (36%) prairie dog colonies, producing an average of 1.7 young per nest. Burrowing Owl presence at a prairie dog colony was not related to colony size or burrow density. Occurrence of an owl nest ...
Large cation model of dissociative reduction of electrochromic WO3−x films

Studies of dissociative reduction processes of electrochromic WO3−x films were conducted to: (i) evaluate their utility for electroetching and (ii) determine their fundamental mechanistic features to reduce or eliminate their occurrence in normal optical switching and modulation operation of WO3−x films. We have found that while the small intercalating cations stabilize WO3−x structure, the large nonintercalating surfactant cations (Et4N+, CtMe3N+) contribute to the dissociative reduction. While these cations do not affect WO3−x structure of anodically protected films (E > 0.2 V), they cause surface lattice polarization on electron injection to the conduction band of WO3−x at lower electrode potentials, in the absence of intercalating cations. We have found that this process is limited to the surface and no structural damage occurs to the underlying film. The mechanistic aspects of the process have been discussed on the basis of experimental voltammetric and electrochemical quartz crystal nanogravimetric (EQCN) measurements and ab initio quantum mechanical calculations.
Agronomic Responses of Corn Hybrids from Different Eras to Deficit and Adequate Levels of Water and Nitrogen

Maintaining current high yields of corn (Zea mays L.) grown in the USA poses an environmental threat due to continued overuse of water and N inputs. To reduce overreliance on inputs, future corn breeding efforts should focus on improving tolerance of corn to water and N stresses, utilizing appropriate tolerance mechanisms. The objective of this study was to identify appropriate mechanisms by characterizing agronomic responses of 12 hybrids from three different eras ('B73 x Mol7' from 1970s and three early 1990s and eight late 1990s Pioneer brand hybrids) to varying water and N supply. This was done by growing the hybrids under deficit and adequate levels of water (one-half and full evapotranspiration) and N (0 and 200 kg ha -1 ) in a field study and measuring yield and other agronomic variables. While hybrid eras didn't differ in response to varying water or N, individual hybrids varied in ability to maintain yield under water or N stress. For example, under deficit water, '3417' produced 27% more yield than '3162' while they yielded similarly under adequate water. Likewise, under deficit N, '34R07' produced 42% more grain yield than '33G27' while they yielded similarly under adequate N. Agronomic variables such as kernel number per unit area were highly correlated with grain yield (r = 0.98), indicating hybrid ability to maximize kernel number under varying water and N supply was critical to maximizing yield. Determining physiological mechanisms associated with ability to maintain kernel number under stress should be a high priority of breeding programs.
Analysis of surface crack growth under rolling contact fatigue

Abstract Understanding the fatigue crack growth phenomenon in railheads requires a study of driving forces, such as the crack tip opening and sliding displacements, under repeated rolling contact. Finite element simulations, allowing elastic–plastic deformation, and mixed-mode crack growth laws were utilized to demonstrate that the fatigue crack growth rates display a minimum after a finite amount of crack advance. These results have implications in designing strategies for optimum grinding or wear rates to limit fatigue crack growth, and thereby prolong rail life. During the simulations, the crack was allowed to advance, permitting residual deformations and stresses to be retained from cycle to cycle. The opening and closure of crack surfaces, under forward and reverse slip and stick conditions were monitored. Normal pressures of 1500 MPa and 2000 MPa, along with shear traction ratios in the range of −0.4 to 0.4 were investigated for a varying crack size of 3–15 mm. An interesting finding was that the crack tip opening displacements decreased while the crack tip sliding displacements increased with increasing crack length.
Nonverbal emotion recognition and performance: differences matter differently

Purpose – This paper aims to explore and test the relationship between emotion recognition skill and assessment center performance after controlling for both general mental ability (GMA) and conscientiousness. It also seeks to test whether participant sex or race moderated these relationships.Design/methodology/approach – Using independent observers as raters, the paper tested 528 business students participating in a managerial assessment center, while they performed four distinct activities of: an in‐basket task; a team meeting for an executive hiring decision; a team meeting to discuss customer service initiatives; and an individual speech.Findings – Emotion recognition predicted assessment center performance uniquely over both GMA and conscientiousness, but results varied by race. Females were better at emotion recognition overall, but sex neither was related to assessment center performance nor moderated the relationship between it and emotion recognition. The paper also found that GMA moderated the e...
Resources for Teaching White Students about Issues of Race.

In an ideal world, students would have a wide range of opportunities to interact with many people of differing race, class, culture, ethnicity, and ability. In our real world, however, we often are isolated and segregated-never seeing, meeting, or interacting with a world of "others." On the college campus where I began my teaching career, there were very few people of color, and the majority of students and faculty came from middle-class families of European ethnicity. This type of racial homogeneity, which exists in many schools (Bernstein and Cocks 1994), makes it difficult to provide students with opportunities to learn about issues of race, class, and ethnicity or about how these issues interact with gender variables.
RESPONSE OF INTESTINAL MUCOSA TO GLUTEN CHALLENGE IN AUTISTIC SUBJECTS

Eight autistic patients with steatorrhoea, hypocalciuria, and alleged behavioural improvements on gluten restriction, were fed ordinary diets plus 20 g gluten/day for 4 weeks. None of the patients had any significant change in body-weight or bowel habit as a result of gluten challenge, nor were any histological abnormalities detected on jejunal biopsy. The data suggest that the steatorrhoea and hypocalciuria seen in some autistic subjects cannot be accounted for by the presence of coeliac disease. Furthermore, these patients should not be confined to gluten-free diets, unless rigorous behavioural studies demonstrate a statistically significant improvement in behaviour as a result of the diet, or deterioration during challenge.
Flow-Induced Vibration of Tubes in Cross-Flow

This paper presents an unsteady flow theory for flow-induced vibration of tubes in crossflow. It includes a general description of motion-dependent fluid forces, characteristics of fluid-force coefficients, and mathematical models. The detailed results are presented for the constrained mode in the lift direction of various tube arrangements.
In vivo modulation of acetylcholine in the nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats: I. Inhibition by serotonin.

Abstract Microdialysis was used to characterize the effect of serotonergic input on cholinergic interneurons in the nucleus accumbens (NAC) of freely moving rats. Local infusion of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) or the serotonin reuptake blocker fluoxetine significantly decreased extracellular acetylcholine (ACh) in the NAC. This decrease in ACh was blocked by the 5-HT1 (and β-adrenergic) antagonist propranolol. To test β-adrenergic effects, it was found that a β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol had no measurable effect on extracellular ACh in the NAC. This suggests that 5-HT inhibits ACh interneurons via one of the 5-HT1 receptor types. The 5-HT1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT given systematically again decreased extracellular levels of ACh, and the effect was dose-dependent. The 5-HT1A effect was probably exerted in the NAC, because local infusion of 8-OH-DPAT mimicked systemic injections. These microdialysis results are similar to in vitro studies which suggest an inhibitory impact of 5-HT on ACh release in basal ganglia slices and homogenates. The decrease in extracellular ACh as measured in vivo is apparently mediated, at least in part, through a 5-HT1A receptor in the accumbens. Given the role of the NAC in behavior reinforcement, this 5HT-ACh interaction may be involved in serotonergic treatment of depression.
On the performance characteristics of a closed adaptive sequential procedure for selecting the best bernoulli population

In a recent paper, Bechhofer and Kulkarni proposed closed adaptive sequential procedures for a general class of k—population Bernoulli selection goals. These sequential selection procedures achieve the same probability of a correct selection, uniformly in the unknown single—trail "success" probabilities , as do the corresponding single—stage selection procedures which take exactly n observations from each of the k populations. The sequential procedures always require less (often substantially less) than kn observations to terminate experimentation. This earlier paper described the procedures, discussed their performance in general terms, and cited several of their optimality properties. In the present paper we specialize these procedures, and focus on the particular goal of selecting the population associated with p[k] where are the ordered .Stronger optimality results than those given in our earlier paper are cited. We give exact numerical results for such performance characteristics of the sequential pr...
Health Education for Social Workers: A Primer

Health education, as a discipline and specialization, is often overshadowed by other branches of public health (e.g., bio-statistics, epidemiology, and policy management). Although social workers have been performing health education for decades, social work students may not know the history of health education as a practice profession and its uses in a social work context. The purpose of this article is to introduce the field of health education to social work students who are currently, or anticipate, practicing health education in their careers. We conclude with implications for social work education and a discussion about the impact of collaborative social work and health education efforts in the reduction of health disparities.
Correction Factors for Calculating Oxygen-Transfer Rates of Pond Aerators

Abstract Correction factors for the oxygen-transfer coefficient (α) and correction factors for the concentration of oxygen at saturation (β) were determined for waters from 43 fish-culture systems. Values for α ranged from 0.66 to 1.07 (mean = 0.94), and β factors ranged from 0.92 to 1.00 (mean = 0.98). The magnitudes of α and β factors were not correlated with turbidity, specific conductance, chemical oxygen demand, or chlorophyll-α concentration. A table of factors for estimating aerator performance under pond conditions was developed.
Precambrian superplumes and supercontinents: a record in black shales, carbon isotopes, and paleoclimates?

Prominent maxima in black shale abundance and in black shale/total shale ratio occur at 2.0‐1.7 Ga, with less prominent peaks in the Late Neoproterozoic (800‐600 Ma) and in the Late Archean (2.7‐2.5 Ga). Peaks in chemical index of alteration (CIA) of shales at the same times suggest corresponding warm paleoclimates. The peaks in CIA and black shale abundance are correlated in time at a 94% confidence level. The black shale and CIA peaks may reflect the combined effects of mantle superplume events and supercontinent formation at 2.7 and 1.9 Ga. Mantle superplume events may have introduced large amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere‐ocean system, increasing depositional rates of carbon and increasing global warming. Increased black shale deposition may reflect some combination of: (1) increased oceanic hydrothermal fluxes (introducing nutrients); (2) anoxia on continental shelves; and (3) disrupted ocean currents. The apparent absence of carbon isotope anomalies at these times reflects an increase in the deposition and burial rate of both reduced and oxidized carbon. Peaks in black shale abundance at ! 2.1 Ga and 800‐600 Ma correlate with peaks in ! 13 C in marine carbonates, increases in atmospheric oxygen, and with high CIA values in shales. These are all consistent with higher rates of organic carbon burial in black shales at these times. These peaks may record the breakup of supercontinents at 2.2‐2.0 Ga and again at 800‐600 Ma, which resulted in increased numbers of partially closed marine basins, disruption of ocean currents, and increased hydrothermal vents at ocean ridges, all of which led to widespread anoxia. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Determination of cocaine and selected metabolites in canine and human serum by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography on coupled cyanopropyl and silica columns.

Abstract A high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure for the determination of cocaine and selected metabolites (benzoylecgonine, norcocaine and benzoylnorecgonine) from human and canine serum has been developed. The analytes are extracted from 0.5-ml serum samples using strong cation-exchange and octadecylsilane solid-phase extraction columns. Chromatographic separation was accomplished on coupled cyanopropyl and silica columns using acetonitrile-6.25 mM phosphate buffer, pH 2.9 (80:20 v/v) as eluent and a flow-rate of 1.1 ml/min. Low-wavelength UV detection (228 nm, cadmium lamp) allowed detection of 1 ng/ml for each analyte. The assay was linear from 0 to 200 ng/ml (r2 = 0.997–0.999, n = 15 for each analyte) and showed good precision (relative standard deviation = 0.66–13.8%, n = 6) and accuracy (98–115% relative recovery).
Evidence that localized energy coupling in thylakoids can continue beyond the energetic threshold onset into steady illumination

Energy transduction from proton gradients into ATP formation in chloroplast thylakoids has been hypothesized to be driven equally efficiently by localized domain delta mu H+ or by a delocalized delta mu H+ (Beard, W. A. and Dilley, R. A. (1988) J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 20, 129-154). An important question is whether the apparent localized protonmotive force energy coupling mode can be observed only in the dark-to-light transient in the flash excitation protocol commonly used, or whether the localized energy coupling gradient can be maintained under conditions of continuous illumination ATP formation. The assay in the previous work was to use permeable amines, added to thylakoids in the dark, and observe the effect of the amine on the length of the energization lag (number of single-turnover flashes) required to initiate ATP formation in the dark-to-light transition. Amine buffers delayed the ATP onset in high-salt-stored membranes but did not delay the onset with low salt-stored membranes. This work tested whether permeable amines show the different effects in low- or high-salt-stored thylakoids which had attained a steady-state ATP formation rate (in continuous light) for 20-40 s prior to adding the amine. Hydroxyethylmorpholine was the preferred amine for such experiments, a suitable choice inasmuch as it behaves similarly to pyridine in the flash-induced ATP formation onset experiments, but it permeates more rapidly than pyridine and it has a higher pKa, which enhances its buffering effects. With high-salt-stored thylakoids, 0.5 or 1.0 mM hydroxyethylmorpholine added after 40 s of continuous illumination caused a marked, but transient, slowing of the ATP formation rate, but little or no slowing of the rate was observed with low-salt-stored thylakoids (at similar phosphorylation rates for the two thylakoid samples). Those data indicate that in continuous illumination conditions the proton gradient driving ATP formation in thylakoids from the low-salt-stored treatment did not equilibrate with the lumen, but in thylakoids stored in high-salt the delta mu H+ freely equilibrated with the lumen. That suggestion was supported by measurement of the luminal pH under coupling conditions by the [14C]methylamine distribution method using low- or high-salt-stored thylakoids. Further supportive evidence was obtained from measuring the effect of permeable amine buffers on H+ uptake under coupled and basal conditions with both types of thylakoid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Photopatternable Interfaces for Block Copolymer Lithography

Directly photopatternable interfaces are introduced that facilitate two-dimensional spatial control of block copolymer (BCP) orientation in thin films. Copolymers containing an acid labile monomer were synthesized, formulated with a photoacid generator (PAG), and coated to create grafted surface treatments (GSTs). These as-cast GST films are either inherently neutral or preferential (but not both) to lamella-forming poly(styrene-block-trimethylsilylstyrene) (PS-b-PTMSS). Subsequent contact printing and baking produced GSTs with submicron chemically patterned gratings. The catalytic reaction of the photoacid generated in the UV-exposed regions of the GSTs changed the interfacial interactions between the BCP and the GST in one of two ways: from neutral to preferential (“N2P”) or preferential to neutral (“P2N”). When PS-b-PTMSS was thermally annealed between a chemically patterned GST and a top coat, alternating regions of perpendicular and parallel BCP lamellae were formed.
Gray Oral Reading Tests: some reliability and validity data with learning-disabled children.

The Gray Oral Reading Tests (Gray & Robinson, 1963) are frequently used for diagnosis, measures of progress, and for effectiveness of program with learning-disabled children. Unfortunately, there are few data on the psychometric properties of these tests (Salvia & Ysseldyke, 1981). This study was designed to provide some data on reliability and validity of the Gray Oral Reading Tests with learning-disabled children. The subjects were 186 white, middle-class, suburban children (47 girls and 139 boys) who met the State of Washington criteria for placement in an elernentary program for learning-disabled children. The four criteria for placement are ( a ) significant deficit in visual and/or auditory functioning, ( b ) significant deficit in reading, spelling, and/or mathematics ability, ( c ) normal or above intelligence, and ( d ) that the child does not qualify for placement in any other category, e.g., sensory impairment or behavioral disorders. All subjects were significantly deficient in reading according to state criteria The mean WISC-R IQ was 99 (SD = 8.8) and the mean age at the time of the initial testing was 116 mo. (SD = 15.5 ) . As part of the diagnostic and ongoing evaluations, all children were adrninistered the WISC-R, Lindamood Auditory Conceptualization Test, Gates-MacGinitie Reading Tests, and the Gray Oral Reading Tests. The data were gathered over a period from 1975 to 1979. Though the years varied, the stability data were all obtained from October to May testings. All comparisons between the Gray and other measures were concurrent, i.e., no more than a 2-wk. interval between tests. The stability add equivalence correlations for Form B followed by Form A were .66 (N = 44), for Form C followed by Form D .69 (N = 90) , for Form D followed by Form A .53 ( N = 52), and for all forms collapsed .63 ( N = 186). Concurrent validity was examined by correlations of the Gray scores with WISC-R, Lindamood Auditory Conceptualization Test (Lindamood & Linda-