cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Capacity of Byzantine Agreement: Complete Characterization of Four-Node Networks ∗

Abstract : In this paper, we consider the problem of maximizing the throughput of Byzantine agreement. Byzantine agreement is a classical problem in distributed computing, with initial solutions presented in the seminal work of Pease, Shostak and Lamport. Many variations on the Byzantine agreement problem have been introduced in the past, with some of the variations also called consensus. We will use the following definition of Byzantine agreement: Consider a network with one node designated as the sender or source (S), and the other nodes designated as the peers. The goal of Byzantine agreement is for all the fault-free nodes to agree on the value being sent by the sender, despite the possibility that some of the nodes may be faulty. In particular, the following conditions must be satisfied: * Agreement: All fault-free peers must agree on an identical value. * Validity: If the sender is fault-free, then the agreed value must be identical to the sender's value. * Termination: Agreement between fault-free peers is eventually achieved. Our goal in this work is to design algorithms that can achieve optimal throughput of agreement. When defining throughput, the value referred in the above definition of agreement is viewed as an infinite sequence of bits. At each peer, we view the agreed information as being represented in an array of infinite length. Initially, none of the bits in this array at a peer have been agreed upon. As time progresses, the array is filled in with agreed bits. In principle, the array may not necessarily be filled sequentially. For instance, a peer may agree on bit number 3 before it is able to agree on bit number 2. Once a peer agrees on any bit, that agreed bit cannot be changed.
Do Macroeconomic Variables Forecast Bond Returns

This paper studies time varying bond returns via macroeconomic variables. We find that a single macro index consisting of inflation, real activities and money can predict annual excess bond returns of 1-5 year maturities with R-squares up to 37%. The macro factor has a symmetric tent-shape, when projected onto forward rates. In addition, i) it predicts longer-term bond returns better than shorter-term returns, ii) it is countercyclical and independent of each bond yield and iii) it predicts excess stock returns. Results are robust to measurement errors and lags. Through detailed analyses, we argue that macroeconomic variables could account for the information in long-maturity forward rates almost entirely in light of return predictability.
The impact of integrated student experiences on learning

In a cluster of courses called Food for Thought, seven faculty from different departments (including Biology, Economics, Sociology, Chemistry, Health and Wellness, and Foreign Language) teach students about food information, food consumerism, nutrition and health. The classes all have a shared learning outcome focused on developing the student as an informed consumer of food. Each semester, faculty teach a food-related course from their respective disciplinary perspective while also incorporating cross-course interactions that allow for both integration of disciplinary knowledge and student- to-student learning opportunities. Previous research demonstrated that this approach leads to student perceptions of learning gains (Wingert et al., 2011). Building on that work, this research directly assesses student learning in the Food for Thought cluster. The results demonstrate that exposure to multiple disciplines covering a shared topic enhances learning through greater student ability to integrate diverse forms of knowledge and to see an issue from multiple perspectives. These findings demonstrate the value of multidisciplinary learning opportunities for students.
Four New Genera and Nine New Species Related to the Genus Hecalapona (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Gyponinae)

ABSTRACT: Four leafhopper genera closely related to Hecalapona in the subfamily Gyponinae are described and illustrated. The genus Versutapona includes five new species, dietzi, type species, lauta, mira, rosalesi and guianaii, all from Venezuela. The genus Kalopona includes five species, acuminata DeLong & Freytag, new combination, from Colombia, trirama DeLong & Freytag, new combination, from Mexico, and three new species, bilobata, trilobata, type species, both from Colombia and distincta from Brazil. The genus Sagaripona includes four species, cedra DeLong & Freytag, new combination, type species, from Panama, sagitta DeLong & Kolbe, new combination, fugara DeLong & Freytag, new combination, both from Peru, and one new species, ardua, from Colombia. The genus Planipona includes but one species, delta Ball, new combination, type species from the United States and Mexico.
Dermatoglyphic and cytogenetic studies in parents of children with trisomy 21.

Dermatoglyphic studies were carried out on 131 mothers and 95 fathers of children with Down syndrome and 200 controls (100 males and 100 females) using the Hopkins single score method. Twelve percent of the mothers and 2 % of the fathers showed dermatoglyphic abnormalities including a distal axial triradius (t“), hypothenar ulnar loops, radial loops on digits IV and V and abnormal palmar creases, resulting in a positive Hopkins score or a score in the “overlapping range” (greater than –3). The origin of the extra chromosome could be determined in 23 of a total group of 40 families. In 22 of the former, the mother was the donor of the extra chromosome; in one it was the father. In these 23 families, a Hopkins score in the overlapping range was found in three mothers who were all under the age of 35 years at the birth of the affected child. Since cytogenetic studies cannot easily differentiate between meiotic nondisjunction and mosaicism as a basis for 21 trisomy in the progeny, it is possible that mothers with positive overlapping Hopkins scores represent undetected mosaics for a trisomic cell line. The dual approach utilizing dermatoglyphic and cytogenetic studies may aid in identifying persons with an enhanced risk for having children with Down syndrome.
Biological conversion of carbon dioxide and hydrogen into liquid fuels and industrial chemicals

Non-photosynthetic routes for biological fixation of carbon dioxide into valuable industrial chemical precursors and fuels are moving from concept to reality. The development of 'electrofuel'-producing microorganisms leverages techniques in synthetic biology, genetic and metabolic engineering, as well as systems-level multi-omic analysis, directed evolution, and in silico modeling. Electrofuel processes are being developed for a range of microorganisms and energy sources (e.g. hydrogen, formate, electricity) to produce a variety of target molecules (e.g. alcohols, terpenes, alkenes). This review examines the current landscape of electrofuel projects with a focus on hydrogen-utilizing organisms covering the biochemistry of hydrogenases and carbonic anhydrases, kinetic and energetic analyses of the known carbon fixation pathways, and the state of genetic systems for current and prospective electrofuel-producing microorganisms.
Performance of Urinary Cytology (UCy) In Monitoring for Local Tumor Recurrence (LTR) Following Radical Cystectomy and Urinary Diversion (RC-UD) for Urothelial Carcinoma (UCa) of Urinary Bladder

Introduction: To improve prognostic value and enable more standardized clinical management, our group has recently developed a standardized template for urologic tract (UT) cytology specimens. We now examine the application of this template to enteric urine specimens. These specimens create a diagnostic challenge due to the often rarity of urothelial cells compared to enteric contaminant and increased degenerative changes. These patients are at high risk for recurrence and screening methods, including endoscopy, are technically difficult due to the altered anatomy, making accurate cytologic diagnosis particularly crucial in these specimens. Materials and Methods: The database was searched over a 10-year period to identify enteric urologic specimens with evidence of high grade urothelial carcinoma [HGUC]or atypical urothelial cells. Cytologic characteristicswere evaluated along with clinical data including prior history of carcinoma, surgical resection/reconstruction, pathologic staging/diagnosis, and the role of abnormal urine cytology in guiding subsequent treatment decisions. Results: 11 patients with 19 instances of abnormal urine cytology were identified. Most cases represented recurrence of HGUC following radical cystoprostatectomy, with one case of adenocarcinoma. All patients were male and had reconstruction with ileum, 3 of which were orthotopic neobladders. The median age was 72 and the median time to recurrence from cystectomy was 16 months. 6 of 11 patients were deceased at the time of analysis, all with extensive metastatic disease. Of those that were deceased, median time from positive cytology to death was 2.2 years. When the site of recurrence could be detected, it was close to the prior ureteral anastomosis in 5 cases and amenable to surgical treatment. Conclusions: Patients with recurrent HGUC following radical cystoprostatectomy have a high rate of mortality with limited treatment options. Our findings demonstrate that positive urine cytology may frequently identify surgically-resectable recurrences, suggesting these patients may benefit from close follow-up and standardized evaluation.
Experimental Investigations of Computer Program Debugging and Modification

Although greater emphasis is placed on the task of computer program composition, debugging and modification often consume more time and expense in production environments. Debugging is the task of locating syntactic and semantic errors in programs and correcting these errors. Modification is the change of a working program to perform alternate tasks.The factors and techniques which facilitate debugging and modification are poorly understood, but are subject to experimental investigation. Controlled experiments can be performed by presenting two groups of subjects with two forms of a program or different programming aids and requiring the same task. For example, in one study we presented an 81 line FORTRAN program containing three bugs to distinct groups of subjects. One of the groups received a detailed flowchart, but our results indicated that this aid did not facilitate the debugging procedure. Similar negative results were obtained for a modification task.In other experiments, comments and meaningful v...
Patient autonomy and shared decision making in the management of urethral cancer

Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia Radiation Oncology Service, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia Department of Radiation Oncology, Indiana University, IU Health Arnett Cancer Center, Lafayette, Indiana Hematology Oncology Section, Medical Service, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia Division ofHematology,Oncology andPalliative Care, VirginiaCommonwealthUniversity,MasseyCancerCenter, Richmond, Virginia Department of Urology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia Department of Urology, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia Department of Radiology, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
Growth of A Vapour Bubble in A Porous Medium

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the growth of a vapor bubble in a porous medium. A bubble is defined as the region from which liquid has, at least in part, been displaced by gas. The bubble may grow either by isothermal precipitation of gas from a super-saturated solution, as may occur upon release of external pressure, or by diffusion of heat from a superheated liquid. The chapter discusses the asymptotic growth of a vapor bubble in a porous medium initially filled with uniformly superheated liquid. It is shown that the bubble growth proceeds as the square root of time, analogously to the “exact” solution for bubble growth in a liquid of uniform superheat, to the first order of approximation. A vapor bubble whose centre is at rest with respect to the solid is considered, with growth controlled by diffusion of heat to the bounding surface. It is assumed that the porous solid is locally at the same temperature as the fluid within the pores, equivalent to the assumption of rapid local equilibration over a distance scale of r c .
Yeast Prions Are Pathogenic, In-Register Parallel Amyloids

Most yeast prions are self-propagating amyloids of normally non-amyloid proteins. The prion domains of Ure2p, Sup35p, and Rnq1p each form highly infectious in-register parallel β-sheet amyloids. This architecture can explain perhaps the most mysterious prion phenomenon: the stable propagation of any of several prion variants (“strains”) by a single amino acid sequence. We have thus proposed a detailed model for the mechanism of templating of protein conformation by amyloid filaments. The yeast prions [URE3] and [PSI+] are diseases of yeast, with different variants differing in the degree to which they deter cell growth or viability, but even the most mild forms not being found in wild strains. Sequence conservation of the prion domains reflects the important non-prion function of these domains, not conservation of prion-forming ability, which does not require sequence conservation and is, in fact, not conserved. Upon infection with a prion, cells undergo induction of Hsp70s and Hsp104, indicative of a stress response: the cells know that prion infection is not a good thing.
EBglmnet: a comprehensive R package for sparse generalized linear regression models

EBglmnet is an R package implementing empirical Bayesian method with both lasso (EBlasso) and elastic net (EBEN) priors for generalized linear models. In our previous studies, both EBlasso and EBEN outperformed other state-of-the-art methods such as lasso and elastic net in inferring sparse genotype and phenotype associations, in which the number of covariates is typically much larger than the sample size. While high density genetic markers can be easily obtained nowadays in genetics and population analysis thanks to the advancements in molecular high throughput technologies, EBglmnet will be a very useful tool for statistical modeling in this area. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION EBglmnet package is freely available from the R archive CRAN (http://cran.r-project.org/). CONTACT a.huang1@umiami.edu.
Variables related to urinary calcium excretion in young girls

The relations among dietary and calcium kinetic factors and 24-h urinary mineral excretion were evaluated in a group of 89 healthy girls (51 white and 38 black) aged 4.9-16.7 years. Nutrient intakes were calculated for each participant using a weighed intake of all food and beverage on the day of the 24-h urine collection study and two subsequent 24-h food records. A significant relation was noted between urinary calcium and sodium excretion (r = 0.55 ; p 4 mg/kg/day (12%). The incidence of hypercalciuria differed between the racial groups and was markedly higher in the white than in the black children (17.6 vs. 5.3%). Over a range of usual calcium intakes, during the rapid-bone-growth period in childhood and early adolescence, urinary calcium appears relatively unaffected by calcium intake and is most strongly associated with urinary sodium levels.
Substrate selectivities and lipid modulation of plant phospholipase D alpha, -beta, and -gamma.

Abstract Three classes of phospholipase D (PLD), designated PLDα, -β, and -γ, have been cloned from plants, but their substrate selectivities have not been established. Using active PLDs expressed from their cDNAs inEscherichia coli,we compared the hydrolytic activities of these three PLDs toward various phospholipids and the influence of substrate composition on their substrate selectivities. When single-class phospholipid vesicles of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2),N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE), and cardiolipin (CL) were examined, PLDα hydrolyzed PC, PE, and PG but PLDβ and -γ showed no activity toward any of these lipids. When PIP2was included in mixed vesicles with the phospholipids above, PLDα showed the same PC-, PE-, and PG-hydrolyzing ability, whereas PLDβ and -γ were able to hydrolyze both PE and PS. When both PE and PIP2were included in substrate vesicles, PLDβ and PLDγ hydrolyzed PC, PG, and NAPE, showing that both PE and PIP2are required for PC, PG, and NAPE hydrolysis by PLDβ and -γ. The PE activation of PLDβ and -γ required lipid vesicles made of mostly PE, suggesting that PE may affect the substrate presentation rather than serve as a cofactor of these PLDs. Under equivalent reaction conditions, PLDβ displayed a similar preference for PC and NAPE, whereas PLDγ preferred NAPE to PC by nearly three times. None of the three PLDs used PI, CL, or PIP2as substrates. These results have identified PS- and NAPE-hydrolyzing PLDs and have indicated an important role for lipid composition in regulating the substrate selectivity of PLDβ and -γ.
Scapholunate Interosseous Ligament Tears: Diagnostic Performance of 1.5 T, 3 T MRI, and MR Arthrography-A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Rationale and Objectives The study aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis for evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of 1.5 Tesla and 3.0 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA), in the detection of scapholunate interosseous ligament (SLIL) injury. Materials and Methods A literature search was performed (until July 2015) using the PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, and conference proceedings. Original studies evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of MRI or MRA in the detection of SLIL injuries using arthroscopy or open surgery as the reference standard were included. Results Of the initial 930 published records and 103 conference proceedings, 24 studies (1902 MRI examinations) were included (median SLIL injury prevalence: 33% [interquartile range: 25–42]). Heterogeneity was detected for 1.5 T MRI (chi-square: 47.93, P P value: 0.09) and MRA (chi-square: 14.54, P value: 0.34) studies. The sensitivities of 1.5 T MRI, 3.0 T MRI, and MRA for detection of SLIL injury were 45.7% (95% confidence interval: 40.1–51.4), 75.7% (66.8–83.2), and 82.1% (76.1–87.2), respectively. The specificities of 1.5 T MRI, 3.0 T MRI, and MRA for detection of SLIL injury were 80.5% (77.3–83.4), 97.1% (89.8–99.6), and 92.8% (90.2–94.9), respectively. The diagnostic odds ratios of 1.5 T MRI, 3.0 T MRI, and MRA for detection of SLIL injury were 5.56 (2.71–11.39), 23.23 (3.16–171.00), and 65.04 (32.89–128.62) ( P value Conclusions MRA is superior to 3.0 T MRI, and 3.0 T MRI is superior to 1.5 T MRI in terms of diagnostic performance. 3.0 T MRI has the highest specificity for the detection of SLIL injuries.
Freedom versus Authority

The attack upon authority has been carried on largely in the name of freedom or liberty. In these discussions, liberty is frequently left undefined, or ill-defined; also, authority is confused with power and associated with force, rather than understood as the capacity for reasoned elaboration. In order to clarify the relation of liberty and authority, we must, in the light of our theory of authority, state the problem of liberty more precisely. But before we do this, and as an introduction, we might consider a key passage in John Stuart Mill’s On Liberty which is often cited in connection with our problem. At the beginning of his analysis, he wrote: The struggle between liberty and authority is the most conspicuous feature in the portions of history with which we are earliest familiar, particularly in that of Greece, Rome, and England. But in old times this contest was between subjects… and the government. The rulers were conceived as in a necessarily antagonistic position to the people… Their power was regarded as necessary, but also as highly dangerous.. The aim, therefore, of patriots was to set limits to the power which the ruler should be suffered to exercise over the community; and those limitations was what was meant by liberty.1
Performing as video game players in Let's Plays

This article examines the fan practice of Let's Plays—video recordings that video game players create of themselves playing that include live commentary or riffing. I argue that the riffing accompanying game play footage in Let's Plays highlights how players play idiosyncratically by constructing and performing game-playing personalities. These videos emphasize the performative nature of video game players as fans who actively negotiate with the video games that they play through presentations of individual playing styles and experiences. I show that in accounting for how and why they play the way that they do, Let's Players demonstrate what I suggest are various modes of playing in which players can engage with video games generally. Consequently, creating, sharing, and discussing Let's Plays can render visible a wider diversity of game-playing identities, experiences, and styles.
Mechanical strength of self-piercing riveting (SPR)

Abstract: Experimental results on static strength evaluations of various SPR populations are presented to compare and contrast the static strength and failure modes of SPR joints joining aluminum alloys and SPR joints joining aluminum and steel, including the test methodologies implemented. The purpose of this chapter is to quantify the static strength levels of these SPR joints under different loading conditions and to provide quantitative measures on the joint strength.
Associations between early caregiving and rural, low-SES, African-American children's representations of attachment relationships.

ABSTRACTLittle research has examined the legacy of early maternal care for later attachment representations among low-income and ethnic minority school-aged children. Using data from a sample of 276 rural, low-income, African-American families, this study examined associations between maternal care in infancy and children’s representations of attachment figures in middle childhood. Maternal care was coded from 10-min home-based observations at 6, 15, and 24 months of age. Representations of attachment figures were assessed using the Manchester Child Attachment Story Task at 6 years of age. Sensitive maternal care in infancy was not significantly related to attachment security or episodic disorganized behaviors in children’s representations. However, children exposed to more harsh–intrusive parenting during infancy displayed less secure representations of attachment figures in middle childhood and more episodic disorganized behaviors, even after controlling for numerous child and family contextual covariat...
Ehren Helmet Pflugfelder

Technical communicators, engineers, and designers in the automotive industry, as well as researchers with expertise and interest in this book. It provides provides a framework for better understanding and explaining the ecological, economic, and political stakes invested in contemporary culture’s use and valuation of automobiles. The book constructs an ANT-inspired framework for rethinking automobility. In the manner of similar projects, such as Thinking with Bruno Latour in Rhetoric and Composition that establish ANT as a primary mode of analysis, the book achieves its purpose of recovering terms from ancient rhetoric—techne, kinesis, energeia, hyle, logistikos, metis, tyche, and kairos—for the purpose of demonstrating how they always, already accommodated analysis of human and nonhuman agents involved in activities, such as transportation use and design. For this reason, the book could serve as useful reading in courses on professional communication as it pertains to transportation or ANT, and as food for thought for automobile industry professionals.
Student engagement and perceptions of stigmatizing views in a mental health–focused collegiate organization

Abstract Introduction: While often unintentional, stigma associated with mental health remains prevalent among health care professionals and is implicated in treatment disparities between patients ...
Mentoring in Clinical Placements: Conceptualization of Role and Its Impact on Practices

ABSTRACTAlthough the call for increased clinical experiences is clear and the influence of clinical preparation is recognized as the most influential portion of teacher preparation programs, more attention is being directed at investigating the role of cooperating teachers in the transformation of clinical practices. This study focused on how cooperating teachers understand their role and how this internalized conceptualization influenced the cooperating teachers’ externalized practices within a teacher preparation program. The results point toward a need to develop learning partnerships to extend mentoring practices beyond the practical aspects of learning to teach toward collaborative inquiry across the mentoring system that is in alignment with broader teacher preparation outcomes.
Household Charitable Giving at the Intersection of Gender, Marital Status, and Religion:

Past research reveals mixed results regarding the relationship between gender and charitable giving. We show gender plays a significant role in giving but only when considered alongside marital status and religion. Using the 2006 Portraits of American Life Study, we model a household’s propensity to give and the amount given. We extend past research by disaggregating unmarried households to look at divorced, widowed, and never-married households, and by including multiple religion measures. Results indicate households headed by never-married females have lower giving levels compared with those headed by divorced and widowed women. In households headed by single males, these differences are largely absent. Religious attendance has a stronger association with giving in male-headed households. The respondent’s gender is also related to the amount married households report giving to charity. Future research on giving should consider both gender and marital status to more fully capture increasing diversity in ...
Mitogenic effect in mouse liver induced by a hypolipidemic drug, nafenopin

The mitogenic effect of Nafenopin, a hypolipidemic hepatic peroxisome proliferator, in mouse liver has been studied in acute and chronically treated mice. After 1, 6 and 32 weeks of treatment, the total hepatic DNA was increased 1.5–2.0-fold over controls. Mitotic and labeling indices were also increased 3–4 fold after 5 days, 6 weeks and 32 weeks of treatment. The increased mitotic activity in nafenopin fed animals was not associated with liver cell necrosis. The nafenopin induced hepatomegaly therefore appears to arise from a combination of cell proliferation, as well as, cellular hypertrophy, which is associated with peroxisome proliferation.
Butterfly effect

But, like the weather, what can anyone do about it?From the intersection of computational science and technological speculation, with boundaries limited only by our ability to imagine what could be.
Sensitivity of Emissions to Uncertainties in Residual Gas Fraction Measurements in Automotive Engines: A Numerical Study

Initial conditions of the working fluid (air-fuel mixture) within an engine cylinder, namely, mixture composition and temperature, greatly affect the combustion characteristics and emissions of an engine. In particular, the percentage of residual gas fraction (RGF) in the engine cylinder can significantly alter the temperature and composition of the working fluid as compared with the air-fuel mixture inducted into the engine, thus affecting engine-out emissions. Accurate measurement of the RGF is cumbersome and expensive, thus making it hard to accurately characterize the initial mixture composition and temperature in any given engine cycle. This uncertainty can lead to challenges in accurately interpreting experimental emissions data and in implementing real-time control strategies. Quantifying the effects of the RGF can have important implications for the diagnostics and control of internal combustion engines. This paper reports on the use of a well-validated, two-zone quasi-dimensional model to compute the engine-out NO and CO emission in a gasoline engine. The effect of varying the RGF on the emissions under lean, near-stoichiometric, and rich engine conditions was investigated. Numerical results show that small uncertainties (~2–4%) in the measured/computed values of the RGF can significantly affect the engine-out NO/CO emissions.
Improved Curtailed Sampling Plans for np Control Charts

The use of fully curtailed sampling in monitoring the proportion of nonconforming items is considered. In the usual np control chart with an upper control limit, complete sampling is used; that is, every item in a sample of size n is inspected and the p..
Ethnographic Perspectives on the Emotion Lexicon

Extensive ethnographic research has been conducted on the emotion lexicon in the last 10 years. The anthropologists who have done this work have generally used traditional participant observation methods to discover the form and function of the vocabulary of emotion as it is used in natural, everyday contexts. Some of this research has attempted to outline the full range of terms that could fall under the rubric of “types of emotions” (Briggs, 1970; Gerber, 1975; Lutz, 1982), while others have focused on elucidating the meanings of a smaller set of culturally central emotion terms (Abu-Lughod, 1986; Myers, 1979; Rosaldo, 1980). Common to most of this research is a concern with the role the emotion lexicon plays in both cultural meaning systems and in the ordering of social life or interpersonal behavior. This research has shown that emotion terms are important operators in sociocultural systems and, by extension, in the organization and interpretation of what might be only then inadequately described as personal or private experience. From the perspective of much ethnographic research, people’s emotional lives and understandings are in an important sense their social lives.
Management of Relaxation, Imagery, or Clients in a Group Setting

The basic steps in Chapters 6–8 will ordinarily provide the essential procedures for most clients. In fact, the research studies which have confirmed the efficacy of AMT have usually adopted these standard procedures. The current chapter is aimed at helping the practitioner or researcher in dealing with certain revisions such as in enhancing relaxation, improving on imagery, or using AMT in a group format.
Local Institutions, Meaning Making, and Heterogeneity in Impact Investing Practices

This paper explores the interplay of institutional forces and individual agency in shaping heterogeneity in emerging fields. Analysis of micro-level interactions within the Slow Money movement, whi...
Raman and infrared spectroscopies as in situ probes of catalytic adsorbate chemistry at electrochemical and related metal–gas interfaces: some perspectives and prospects

Some recent progress in the utilization of infrared and especially Raman spectroscopies for the in situ vibrational characterization of adsorbates at electrochemical interfaces having relevance to catalytic chemistry is briefly outlined, and illustrated by means of examples culled chiefly from our laboratory. The primary factors responsible for the differences as well as similarities in the experimental strategies pursued for metal–solution interfaces as compared with metal surfaces in gas‐phase and ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) environments are discussed, and the distinct virtues of surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and infrared reflection‐absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) for scrutinizing the first interfacial type are assessed. The detailed influences of the electrochemical double layer on chemisorbate vibrational properties at ordered metal–solution interfaces as gleaned by in situ IRAS data in comparison with spectra for analogous “model electrochemical” interfaces in UHV are described, and briefly illustrated for carbon monoxide on Pt(111) and Ir(111). The significance of the surface potential φ in controlling chemisorbate properties on metal surfaces in gaseous and UHV as well as electrochemical environments is pointed out. Evidence for the occurrence of “redox pinning” of φ by gaseous species in ambient‐pressure systems is outlined, along with possible catalytic implications. The burgeoning prospects for utilizing SERS as a versatile as well as uniquely sensitive vibrational probe of catalytically significant, especially transition‐metal, interfaces in both electrochemical and gas‐phase environments are delineated. Emphasis is placed on the typically richer vibrational spectra attainable for SERS compared to IRAS, arising from differing surface selection rules along with the greater sensitivity and wider wavenumber ranges accessible to the former method, and exemplified by benzene adsorption on rhodium and palladium electrodes. The anticipated power of SERS for assessing the reactivity as well as identity of adsorbed intermediates in ambient catalytic systems by means of transient in situ spectral measurements is noted, and illustrated briefly for ambient‐pressure methanol oxidation on rhodium.
Computational cell cycle analysis of single cell RNA-seq data

The variation in the gene expression profiles of single cells in different phases of the cell cycle can present a leading source of variance between the cells and can interfere with the functional analysis of the transcritomic data. In this work, we review some of the few methods available to analyze cell cycle stages in scRNA-seq data and present a computational method for ordering single cells transcriptional profiles according to their cell cycle phases.
Social Connectedness in Family Social Support Networks: Strengthening Systems of Care for Children with Special Health Care Needs.

Current approaches to addressing the problems families face when navigating complex service systems on behalf of their children rely largely on state or nationally driven efforts around the development of systems of care (SOCs). However, operationalizing meaningful family involvement within SOCs remains a challenge, with little attention paid to the role of personal social support networks (PSSNs). Specifically, risk factors related to the variations in the social connectedness of family social support networks are difficult to identify, assess, and track over time. This paper summarizes families’ descriptions of their PSSNs and describes the development of a social network analysis tool, the Person-Centered Network App (PCNA), used to measure and monitor the social connectedness of families of children with special health care and developmental needs. Twenty-nine families participated in the project and completed social network surveys, identifying a total of 38 unique types of support partners and 230 partnerships (dyadic relationships). Families identified a range of formal and informal members including primary care providers, medical specialists, family, friends, faith-based organizations, insurance providers, nurses, community organizations, early interventionists, school resources, other families, online support groups, and public resources, rating 61 percent of them as “very important.” Informal network members (e.g., family, friends) provided emotional and day-to-day support. Primary care providers, medical specialists, and public resources provided health care services while early intervention and medical specialists provided therapies. PSSNs were characterized by high levels of trust but low levels of coordination. These findings inform providers and case workers that families can readily describe their social connectedness in ways that may affect health care access and utilization. Understanding how PSSNs function in the lives of families of children with complex health care needs provides opportunities for improving systems of care (e.g., medical homes) and ultimately, enhancing health and developmental outcomes.
Turbid-Water Subsea Infrastructure 3D Reconstruction with Assisted Stereo

This paper studies underwater perception and short-range scene reconstruction. Our work enables autonomous manipulation behaviors that support the autonomous maintenance of subsea infrastructure. We present a system that leverages assisted stereo to reconstruct the geometry of textured or untextured structures immersed in turbid water. Our package projects a random binary pattern in the cameras' field of view, which facilitates stereopsis in areas that are not naturally textured. We discuss the design and assembly of the package, and we quantify the accuracy and coverage of our method in turbid water ranging from 1 to 2.5 NTU.
Malthus on social classes: higher, lower and middle

Malthus’s views on the relative roles and importance of the social classes—higher, lower and middle—are presented. The view commonly expressed in the secondary literature that he was prejudiced in favour of the upper classes is questioned. The view that he was uncaring or unsympathetic toward the labouring classes is said to lack textual support. It is argued that the economic importance he attributed to the middle classes and to a greater equality in the distribution of property, income and wealth is an essential, although frequently neglected, feature of his political economy.
Evaluation of Barriers to Telehealth Programs and Dermatological Care for American Indian Individuals in Rural Communities.

Importance Understanding geographic and financial barriers to health care is an important step toward creating more accessible health care systems. Yet, the barriers to dermatological care access for American Indian populations in rural areas have not been studied extensively. Objective To evaluate the driving distances and insurance coverage for dermatological care and the current availability of teledermatological programs within the Indian Health Service (IHS) or tribal hospitals system. Design, Setting, and Participants This mixed-methods study was conducted from May 7, 2018, to September 1, 2018, and did not take place in any IHS or tribal health care facility in the continental United States. The study design involved a geographic analysis and a cross-sectional telephone survey with brick-and-mortar dermatology clinics (n = 27) and teledermatological programs (n = 49). Brick-and-mortar clinics were selected for their proximity to a rural IHS or tribal hospital. Main Outcomes and Measures Mean driving distance from rural IHS or tribal hospital to nearest dermatology clinic, number of dermatology clinics within a 35-mile or 90-mile radius of IHS or tribal hospitals, insurance and referral types accepted by dermatology clinics, and number of teledermatological programs collaborating with IHS or tribal hospitals or health centers. Results In total, 27 brick-and-mortar dermatology clinics and 49 teledermatological programs were identified and contacted for the survey. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) driving distance between rural IHS or tribal hospitals and the nearest dermatology clinic was 68 (30-104) miles. Of the 27 dermatology clinics in closest proximity to rural IHS or tribal hospitals (median [IQR] driving distance, 82.4 [31-114] miles), 25 (93%) responded to the survey, 6 (22%) did not accept patients with Medicaid, and 6 (22%) did not accept IHS referrals for patients without insurance. Of the 49 teledermatological programs, 45 (92%) responded and 14 (29%) were no longer active. Ten (20%) teledermatology programs were currently partnering (n = 6), previously partnered (n = 2), or were setting up services (n = 2) with an IHS or tribal site. Only 9% (n = 27) of the 303 rural IHS or facility in the continental United States reported receiving teledermatological services. Conclusions and Relevance Substantial geographic and insurance coverage barriers to dermatological care exist for American Indian individuals in rural communities; teledermatological innovations could represent an important step toward minimizing the disparities in dermatological care access and outcomes.
Clinical and histopathological findings of patients with orbital granulomatosis with polyangiitis cases refractory to rituximab.

Abstract Objective Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody that targets CD20 receptors on mature B lymphocytes, is used in various diseases, including granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and difficult-to-treat orbital inflammatory diseases. We aimed to describe clinical and histopathologic findings in patients treated with rituximab refractory GPA who had post-rituximab orbital biopsies. Design Retrospective review. Participants Patients with orbital GPA refractory to rituximab. Methods We examined the clinical outcomes, imaging results, and histopathological findings of all patients from September 1, 1994, through July 1, 2017, with a diagnosis of orbital GPA who, after treatment with rituximab, required an orbital excisional biopsy for refractory orbital disease. Results Among the 7 patients included the clinical indication for biopsy was pain (n = 3), new mass lesion despite treatment (n = 2), and persistent lesion despite treatment (n = 2). Post-rituximab biopsies showed marked collagenized fibrous tissue, with areas of concentric fibrosis resembling the framework of pre-existing lymphoid follicles, and minimal residual lymphocytic infiltrates (n = 7). Three patients had entrapped nerves. Four biopsies showed active inflammation; clinically, all patients were not responding to treatment. Conclusions This study highlights the clinical and histopathological changes seen in patients with orbital GPA refractory to rituximab therapy. The post-rituximab biopsies show marked fibrosis in all patients. Four patients had active inflammation without evidence of entrapped nerves, whereas 3 patients had entrapped nerves and no active inflammation on their biopsies. Knowledge of the histopathology may guide future management decisions in patients with orbital GPA refractory to rituximab treatment.
Characterization of noise sources in a microfabricated single-beam zero-field optically-pumped magnetometer.

We present an experimental noise characterization of a miniature single-beam absorption-based optically-pumped magnetometer with a noise floor of 7 fT/Hz1/2 operating in the spin-exchange relaxation-free regime. We experimentally evaluate noise arising from the laser intensity, laser frequency, laser polarization, cell temperature, and magnetic field coils used for the phase-sensitive detection of the magnetometer signal. We find that noise in the range between DC and 30 Hz is a result of noise sources coupling to the atoms in a manner similar to a magnetic field, while the noise at frequencies above 30 Hz is mainly due to laser intensity noise. Our results place an upper limit on the noise sources for our system that matches well with the noise spectrum of the magnetometer at frequencies above 5 Hz.
Human parainfluenza virus circulation, United States, 2011-2019

Abstract Background Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) cause upper and lower respiratory tract illnesses, most frequently among infants and young children, but also in the elderly. While seasonal patterns of HPIV types 1–3 have been described, less is known about national patterns of HPIV-4 circulation. Objectives To describe patterns of HPIVs circulation in the United States (US). Study design We used data from the National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System (NREVSS), a voluntary passive laboratory-based surveillance system, to characterize the epidemiology and circulation patterns of HPIVs in the US during 2011–2019. We summarized the number of weekly aggregated HPIV detections nationally and by US census region, and used a subset of data submitted to NREVSS from public health laboratories and several clinical laboratories during 2015–2019 to analyze differences in patient demographics. Results During July 2011 - June 2019, 2,700,135 HPIV tests were reported; 122,852 (5 %) were positive for any HPIV including 22,446 for HPIV-1 (18 %), 17,474 for HPIV-2 (14 %), 67,649 for HPIV-3 (55 %), and 15,283 for HPIV-4 (13 %). HPIV testing increased substantially each year. The majority of detections occurred in children aged ≤ 2 years (36 %) with fluctuations in the distribution of age by type. Conclusions HPIVs were detected year-round during 2011–2019, with type-specific year-to-year variations in circulation patterns. Among HPIV detections where age was known, the majority were aged ≤ 2 years. HPIV-4 exhibited an annual fall-winter seasonality, both nationally and regionally. Continued surveillance is needed to better understand national patterns of HPIV circulation.
Reclaiming the Streets

Pedestrians have been getting the short end of the stick in street policies and regulations. Drivers and cars dominate our streets even though automobiles’ externalities kill thousands of people every year. Given the environmental, health, safety, and community effects of cars, municipalities should embrace a policy that puts pedestrians at the center and produces more miles of wider, well-maintained sidewalks. Sidewalks make communities greener, healthier, safer, more socially connected, and even, wealthier. COVID-19 lockdowns have shown both the relevance of sidewalks, as well as the possibility of pedestrians regaining space currently allocated to cars by widening sidewalks. This Essay identifies, first, the benefits of and potential arguments against more sidewalks. Second, it analyzes the current approach to adding sidewalks to neighborhoods without them or widening existing sidewalks. It shows the disparities created by shouldering homeowners with the responsibility of building, maintaining, and repairing sidewalks and advocates for the socialization of sidewalks’ cost. It also advocates for sidewalks reclaiming space today occupied by parked or running automobiles. Third, regarding new developments, this Essay proposes an approach mirroring technology- forcing environmental regulations that will require developers to not only not serve future road demand, but also actually reduce it by increasing the walkability score of the development and the surrounding area.
Equity in skin typing: why it's time to replace the Fitzpatrick scale

Dermatologists of color have long championed skin of color representation in education and workforce diversity. For health equity, we must reconsider even fundamental and accepted terminology. The Fitzpatrick skin type (FST) scale, with both disproportionate focus on white skin tones and inconsistent use, perpetuates skin color bias. Indeed, since FST does not purely objectively estimate skin pigmentation, it may inaccurately assess patients regarding risks for skin cancer and from interventions. Dermatology must seek an objective classification system, and given the rise of artificial intelligence (AI), technology-based approaches may be solutions.