cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GLC Determination of a Novel Polyvalent Saluretic Agent, (6, 7-Dichloro-2-Methyl-1-oxo-2-Phenyl-5-Indanylaxy)acetic Acid, in Biological Fluids

Highly specific and sensitive GLC methods were developed for the determination of (6, 7-dichloro-2-methyl-1-oxo-2-phenyl-5-indanyloxy)acetic acid, a novel saluretic-uricosuric agent, in biological fluids. The procedures involve the addition of an internal standard, (6, 7-dichloro-2-cyclopentyl-2-methyl-1-oxo-5-indanyloxy)acetic acid, to the biological specimens followed by extraction of the acids into benzene at pH 1. The indanones are back-extracted into sodium hydroxide and reextracted into methylene chloride under acidic conditions. The acids are subsequently converted to the methyl esters for GLC analysis by reaction with diazomethane. The sensitivity of the method is such that 1.0 μg of material/ml of plasma can be analyzed using a flame-ionization detector. When the derivatized samples are analyzed using a 63Ni-electroncapture detector, the sensitivity is such that 2.5 ng of compound can be detected. These levels are suitable for the analysis of samples obtained following a therapeutic dose. A recovery of 98.8 ± 11.9% was obtained using the electron-capture method for plasma (n = 322). Recoveries using flame ionization were 99.1 ± 4.4% (plasma, n = 207) and 99.8 ± 4.9% (urine, n = 163). Quantitation of the major ring-hydroxylated metabolite (in chimpanzee and human) was accomplished following silylation of the methyl esters.
Fine-grained multiprocessor real-time locking with improved blocking

Existing multiprocessor real-time locking protocols that support nesting are subject to adverse blocking that can be avoided when additional resource-usage-pattern information is known. These sources of blocking stem from system overheads, varying critical section lengths, and a lack of support for replicated resources. In this paper, these issues are resolved in the context of the recently proposed real-time nested locking protocol (RNLP). The resulting protocols are the first to support fine-grained real-time lock nesting while allowing multiple resources to be locked in one atomic operation, both spin- and suspension-based waiting to be used together, and resources to be replicated. They also reduce "short-on-long" blocking, which is very detrimental if both very long and very short critical sections must be supported.
Coverage recommendations for methylation analysis by whole-genome bisulfite sequencing

Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) allows genome-wide DNA methylation profiling, but the associated high sequencing costs continue to limit its widespread application. We used several high-coverage reference data sets to experimentally determine minimal sequencing requirements. We present data-derived recommendations for minimum sequencing depth for WGBS libraries, highlight what is gained with increasing coverage and discuss the trade-off between sequencing depth and number of assayed replicates.
Fine structure of the supraoptic neurosecretory neurons in the white-crowned sparrow.

The neurosecretory neurons of the lateral area of the supraoptic nucleus of the white-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii , were examined with light and electron microscopy. The organellar arrangement, including the relation of the Golgi apparatus to the formation of elementary neurosecretory granules, was similar to that seen in the neurosecretory neurons of other vertebrates. Large dense bodies were also encountered in the endoplasmic reticulum, as in amphibians and reptiles. Fuchsinophilic material was more aggregated in the neurons of osmotically stressed birds than of controls, despite the larger size in the former. However, ultrastructurally, the neurons of both groups contained similar quantities of elementary neurosecretory granules in a comparable area of cytoplasm. The most notable differences lay in the preponderance of irregularly arranged cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum and in the greater cytoplasmic density in the osmotically stressed birds.
Granular cell tumor of the biliary system

Granular cell tumors (GCT) are rare benign neoplasms of Schwann cell origin which have been found in virtually every location in the body. Their location in the biliary system is unusual, and typically occurs in black females during the fourth decade of life. Forty-eight cases have been reported since 1952. We present two patients treated for obstructive jaundice caused by GCT of the extrahepatic biliary tree. The literature on biliary GCT is reviewed and their management is outlined. Local excision with Roux-y-hepaticojejunostomy was performed in one patient with GCT obstructing the common bile duct at the level of the cystic duct. Pancreaticoduodenectomy was performed on one patient for GCT of the common bile duct involving the ampulla and adjacent pancreas. GCT of the extrahepatic biliary system are rare but should be considered in black females who present with obstructive jaundice in the fourth decade of life. Local excision with cholecystectomy and reconstruction of the biliary remnant is indicated. Primary biliary anastomosis is desired but choledochojejunostomy or hepaticojejunostomy may be necessary. Rarely, pancreaticoduodenectomy may be indicated in GCT of the distal common bile duct. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Population genetic structure of white‐tailed deer: Understanding risk of chronic wasting disease spread

Understanding factors that influence the spread of wildlife diseases can assist in designing effective surveillance programs and appropriate management strategies. Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a fatal prion disease of cervids, was detected in south-central Wisconsin in 2002 and over time has been identified increasingly farther west in the state leading to concerns about CWD spreading to Iowa. Our objective was to characterize genetic connectivity between white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations in eastern Iowa and western Wisconsin to assess the risk of CWD-infected deer dispersing to Iowa. We hypothesized that the Mississippi River, which separates the states, may restrict the movement of deer and thus disease. We genotyped hunter-harvested female deer collected from both states at 12 nuclear microsatellite loci (n = 249) and sequenced a portion of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region (n = 173). Microsatellite data indicated there was low genetic differentiation (ΦPT = 0.005) between states and weak spatial genetic structure across the study area as a whole. Verifying expectations that dispersal in deer is male-biased, maternally inherited mtDNA data showed stronger spatial structuring across the study area and greater genetic differentiation between the states (ΦPT = 0.052) such that clustering analysis grouped the majority of deer from Iowa and Wisconsin into separate clusters. The low level of genetic differentiation between deer in northeast Iowa and southwest Wisconsin, primarily the result of dispersing males who have greater CWD prevalence than females, indicates that the Mississippi River is unlikely to prohibit the westward spread of CWD, and underscores the importance of continued CWD surveillance in Iowa. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Conflict resolution in syntactic theory

The paper investigates conflicts that arise in syntactic description and the resolutions of these conflicts. I will identify four logical possibilities of resolving conflicts and will cite examples from the syntactic literature for each. It will further be suggested that conflict resolution is a common goal of otherwise different linguistic theories in and outside syntax, and that it goes a long way towards motivating argumentation both in other sciences and in everyday discourse. The basic theme of the paper is that just as the study of languages provides a window into human cognition, so does the study of metalanguages — the conceptual apparatus employed by linguists in describing languages. Partonomy (whole-part relations) and taxonomy (type-subtype relations) will be represented as shared tools across various domains of human thought, with both relations serving a shared goal: resolving conflicts.
Leadership by Design Summer Day Camp: University and High School Student Outcomes

The Leadership by Design (LbD) summer day camp provided interactive learning experiences for university and high school students. While LbD is similar to other university recruitment programs, none looks directly at the learning outcomes for students through a social constructivist theory design that evaluates the acquisition of the learning outcomes. With such a design, the summer day camp offered leadership development opportunities to university students through a â€œlive,â€ hands-on experience in a special event management course curriculum. LbD also provided high school participants with an opportunity to explore leadership characteristics and increase their understanding of university culture. The specific purpose of the pre- and post-test study design was to evaluate the gains in learning for university students' leadership development and their course curriculum experience, and the high school students' leadership development and understanding of university culture. Wilcoxon signed-ranked results indicated statistically significant gains in all outcomes.
Temperature Changes in Perivenous Tissue during Endovenous Laser Treatment in a Swine Model

PURPOSE To conduct a pilot study to measure temperature at the outer vein wall during endovenous laser treatment (EVLT). METHOD Temperature at the outer vein wall was monitored during EVLT in a live pig ear vein (8 W: 1.0 and 2.0 seconds pulse duration; 10 W: 1.0 and 1.5 second pulse duration; 12 W: 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 second pulse duration) and exposed hind limb vein (8 W: 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 second pulse duration; 12 W: 0.5,1.0, 1.5 second pulse duration with perivenous tumescent fluid (TF); and 15 W: 0.5 second pulse duration without and with TF, 1.0 second pulse duration with TF). RESULTS Peak temperatures, near the outer vein wall in an ear vein of a live pig, with laser fluence at 8 W were 40.8°C and 48.9°C (pulse durations of 1.0 and 2.0 seconds, respectively). At 10 W, peak temperature was 47.1°C and 49.1°C (pulse durations of 1.0 and 1.5 seconds, respectively). At 12 W, peak temperature ranged from 37.9°C (0.5 second pulse duration) to 49.1°C (1.5 second pulse durations). In an exposed hind limb vessel, at 8 W, peak temperature ranged between 34.6°C to 38.5°C (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 second pulse durations). At 12 W and 0.5 to 1.5 second pulse durations, with TF, peak temperature ranged from 35.6°C to 39.4°C. At 15 W and 0.5 second pulse duration, peak temperature was 44.0°C without TF and 34.5°C with TF. At 15 W and 1.0 second pulse duration, with TF, pulse duration peak temperature was 37.0°C. CONCLUSION In the model studied, peak temperatures of perivenous tissues generated during endovenous laser seem unlikely to cause permanent damage to these perivenous tissues. The peak temperature generated is reduced with the use of perivenous tumescent fluid.
The emetic effect of B-HT 920 and apomorphine in the dog: Antagonism by haloperidol

Recent investigations have suggested that the alpha 2-adrenoreceptor agonist B-HT 920 is also a dopamine (DA) agonist with a selectivity for presynaptic receptors. In the present study, the emetic effect of B-HT 920 was investigated. Intravenous injections of B-HT 920 (0.32-10.0 micrograms/kg) and a DA2-agonist apomorphine (3.2-100.0 micrograms/kg) caused dose-dependent emesis. The ED50 of B-HT 920 and apomorphine were 3.2 and 12.3 micrograms/kg, respectively. When haloperidol (10.0-24.5 micrograms/kg i.v.), a DA2-antagonist, was given 5 minutes before B-HT 920 (10 micrograms/kg) or apomorphine (32 micrograms/kg), it caused a dose-dependent prevention of B-HT 920- and apomorphine-induced emesis. The ED50 of haloperidol in preventing the emetic effect of both drugs was identical (13.5 micrograms/kg). In contrast, haloperidol (32 micrograms/kg i.v.) did not prevent the emetic effect of ouabain (40 micrograms/kg i.v.). Neither did yohimbine (0.1 mg/kg i.v.), an alpha 2-adrenoreceptor antagonist, prevent the emetic effect of B-HT 920 (10 micrograms/kg). These results suggest that B-HT 920, acting like apomorphine, induces emesis by activating DA2-receptors probably in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the area postrema.
Control of S-Based Aggregation: Designed Synthesis of NiM2 and Ni2M Trinuclear Complexes

Modification of the nickel dithiolate metalloligand, Ni(bme-daco) [where bme-daco = bis(mercaptoethyl)diazacyclooctane] or Ni-1, by oxygenation of one thiolate into a sulfinate, Ni(mese-daco) [where mese-daco = (mercaptoethyl)(sulfinatoethyl)diazacyclooctane] or Ni-2, restricts the ligating ability to monodentate and is expected to reduce the donor ability of the remaining thiolate S. Nevertheless, the Ni-2 complex forms a stable thiolate S-bound adduct of W0(CO)5, (Ni-2)W(CO)5, a complex whose ν(CO) IR spectrum reports insignificant differences in the donor abilities of Ni-1 and Ni-2 in (η1-NiN2S2)W(CO)5 complexes. In the presence of the strong sulfophile CuI, a CuNi2 trimetallic, (Ni-2)2CuBr, was isolated. Another trimetallic, (μ-η2-Ni-1)[W(CO)5]2, demonstrated the Ni(bme-daco), Ni-1, unit to bridge low-valent metals in a transoid configuration, yielding W−W distances of over 5 A.
X-Ray Detection of an Obscured Active Galactic Nucleus in a z=3.09 Radio-quiet Lyα Nebula

We present evidence for a highly obscured X-ray source in one of two giant Ly? emission nebulae in the z = 3.09 protocluster region SSA22. Neither Ly? nebula is associated with significant radio emission. While one has a significant submillimeter detection and is undetected in the X-ray, the other is a factor of 2-10 times less submillimeter bright and appears to contain a hard-band X-ray source. We discuss our analysis and techniques for assessing the X-ray properties of this source and suggest that we have detected an embedded active galactic nucleus source in one of these nebulae, which may be at least partially responsible for exciting the Ly? emission through a mechanism that is essentially decoupled from the radio, submillimeter, or optical luminosities. We also present an upper limit on the mean X-ray emission from 10 other extended Ly? objects in the SSA22 region.
Functional characterization of the human TPH2 5′ regulatory region: untranslated region and polymorphisms modulate gene expression in vitro

Tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TPH2) is a recently identified TPH isoform responsible for neuronal serotonin (5-HT) synthesis, and TPH2 polymorphisms are associated with a range of behavioral traits and psychiatric disorders. This study characterized cis-acting elements and three common polymorphisms (−703G/T, −473T/A, and 90A/G) in the 5′ regulatory region of human TPH2 by using luciferase reporter assay, quantitative real-time PCR, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). The core promoter of human TPH2 was localized to the region between −107 and +7, and the segment of +8 to +53 within the 5′-UTR was found to exert a potent inhibitory effect on gene expression at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. In both RN46A and HEK-293 cell lines, the TTA (−703T/−473T/90A) haplotype of the three polymorphisms showed the lowest gene expression compared with other haplotypes, and the −703G/T and −473T/A polymorphisms tended to exert a synergic effect on gene expression dependent upon the sequence of the 5′-UTR. In RN46A, the 90A/G polymorphism significantly increased luciferase activity and mRNA level irrespective of the other two polymorphisms, while in HEK-293 cells the effect of 90A/G was dependent on the alleles at loci −703 and −473. EMSA showed that all the three polymorphisms potentially alter DNA–protein interactions, while the 90A/G polymorphism predictably alters the 5′-UTR secondary structure of mRNA and influences RNA–protein interactions. In conclusion, our present study demonstrates that both the 5′-UTR and common polymorphisms (especially the 90A/G) in the 5′ regulatory region of human TPH2 have a significant impact on gene expression.
Pivotal role of mitochondrial calcium uptake in neural cell apoptosis and necrosis

Perturbed cellular calcium homeostasis has been implicated in both apoptosis and necrosis, but the role of altered mitochondrial calcium handling in the cell death process is unclear. The temporal ordering of changes in cytoplasmic ([Ca2+]C) and intramitochondrial ([Ca2+]M) calcium levels in relation to mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and membrane depolarization (MD) was examined in cultured neural cells exposed to either an apoptotic (staurosporine; STS) or a necrotic (the toxic aldehyde 4-hydroxynonenal; HNE) insult. STS and HNE each induced an early increase of [Ca2+]C followed by delayed increase of [Ca2+]M. Overexpression of Bcl-2 blocked the elevation of [Ca2+]M and the MD in cells exposed to STS but not in cells exposed to HNE. The cytoplasmic calcium chelator BAPTA-AM and the inhibitor of mitochondrial calcium uptake ruthenium red prevented both apoptosis and necrosis. STS and HNE each induced mitochondrial ROS accumulation and MD, which followed the increase of [Ca2+]M. Cyclosporin A prevented both apoptosis and necrosis, indicating critical roles for MD in both forms of cell death. Caspase activation occurred only in cells undergoing apoptosis and preceded increased [Ca2+]M. Collectively, these findings suggest that mitochondrial calcium overload is a critical event in both apoptotic and necrotic cell death.
Gradients of attraction as a function of the fit between social setting and stimulus person characteristics: Studies of the differentiation of attitude

Abstract Two experiments compared three alternative hypotheses concerning differences in attraction to a person across interaction settings: A compartmentalization hypothesis assumes that a person's (A's) intimate and nonintimate characteristics only affect attraction to him in intimate and nonintimate interactions, respectively, and that there is no generalization of attraction across levels of intimacy. An intimacy dominance hypothesis assumes that a person's intimacy-related characteristics determine attraction to him at all levels of interaction. Finally, an intimacy threshold hypothesis assumes that a person's intimacy-related characteristics become increasingly relevant to attraction as the intimacy of interaction increases, but that these characteristics need not influence attraction at nonintimate levels of interaction. Experiment 1 supported the compartmentalization hypothesis. Attraction to a formal teacher decreased as the intimacy of the anticipated setting increased, while attraction to an informal teacher increased with increasing setting intimacy. In Experiment 2, agreement on intimate topics promoted liking for a peer while no effect was found for agreement on superficial topics. This effect only emerged for intimate interaction settings, supporting the intimacy threshold hypothesis. High positive correlations between distance preference and attraction were obtained in Experiment 1, while analogous data obtained in Experiment 2 had less clear implications.
Environmental induction and phenotypic retention of adaptive maternal effects

The origin of complex adaptations is one of the most controversial questions in biology. Environmental induction of novel phenotypes, where phenotypic retention of adaptive developmental variation is enabled by organismal complexity and homeostasis, can be a starting point in the evolution of some adaptations, but empirical examples are rare. Comparisons of populations that differ in historical recurrence of environmental induction can offer insight into its evolutionary significance, and recent colonization of North America by the house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus) provides such an opportunity. In both native (southern Arizona) and newly established (northern Montana, 18 generations) populations, breeding female finches exhibit the same complex adaptation – a sex-bias in ovulation sequence – in response to population-specific environmental stimulus of differing recurrence. We document that, in the new population, the adaptation is induced by a novel environment during females' first breeding and is subsequently retained across breeding attempts. In the native population, first-breeding females expressed a precise adaptive response to a recurrent environmental stimulus without environmental induction. We document strong selection on environmental cue recognition in both populations and find that rearrangement of the same proximate mechanism – clustering of oocytes that become males and females – can enable an adaptive response to distinct environmental stimuli. The results show that developmental plasticity induced by novel environmental conditions confers significant fitness advantages to both maternal and offspring generations and might play an important role not only in the successful establishment of this invasive species across the widest ecological range of extant birds, but also can link environmental induction and genetic inheritance in the evolution of novel adaptations.
Clay Dikes in Redstone Coal, West Virginia and Pennsylvania

Clay dikes in the Redstone coal of West Virginia and Pennsylvania are so common that they are believed to result from a definite set of conditions. A similar set of conditions associated with another coal should produce clay dikes. A stratum of plastic clay closely below or above the coal is necessary. A well compacted coal, when stressed tangentially, develops a joint system with one set normal to, and another set paralleling, the direction of stress. This same well compacted coal, when stressed normal to the bedding, acts as a brittle material and forms sets of compressive shear fractures, inclined at some angle to the bedding, averaging 40°-50°. Fractures passing through the coal penetrate the under clay or an overlying clay to form a line of weakness for cla to flow through, equalizing differential pressures, thus forming clay dikes.
Home-based active video games to promote weight loss during the postpartum period.

TRIPETTE, J., H. MURAKAMI, Y. GANDO, R. KAWAKAMI, A. SASAKI, S. HANAWA, A. HIROSAKO, and M. MIYACHI. Home-Based Active Video Games to Promote Weight Loss during the Postpartum Period. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 472–478, 2014. Purpose: Weight retention during the postpartum period is critical for the later development of obesity in women. Traditional physical activity is frequently discontinued because of incompatibility with mothers’ agenda (i.e., baby care). In the present study, active video games (AVG) are proposed for postpartum women to improve their body composition. Methods: Thirty-four postpartum women (body mass index = 24.5 T 3.4 kgIm j2 ) were randomized to an AVG group or a control group. Subjects assigned to the AVG group were given a Wii Nintendo console with the game Wii Fit Plus for 40 d. The two groups were tested for weight, body mass index, body fat mass, waist and hip circumferences, and other anthropometric parameters. Physical fitness, energy expenditure, energy intake, and adverse events were also investigated. Results: The AVG group lost more weight than the control group (j2.2 T 0.9 vs. j0.5 T 0.7 kg, P G 0.001). They also exhibited more important reductions of BMI, waist and hip circumferences, and body fat (P G 0.05). During the 40-d period, subjects expended an estimated 4682 T 2874 kcal just by playing AVG. Daily energy intake was reduced by 206 T 559 kcal. There were significant positive correlations between playing frequency, total playing time, total energy expenditure during the 40-d period, and decrease in daily energy intake respectively, and weight loss (P G 0.05). Playing time data suggested no conflict with baby care activities. Conclusions: AVGs could represent an interesting spare physical activity for postpartum women. In the present study, these games promoted physical activity, induced a reduction of energy intake, and subsequently minimized weight retention.
Long-Term Follow-Up After MRI-Directed Regional Salvage Brachytherapy for Locally Recurrent Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate

Myocardial infarction 772 (89) 10 (1) 40 (5) 47 (5) 0.62 Coronary artery disease 723 (83) 85 (10) 27 (3) 34 (4) 0.31 Congestive heart failure 821 (94) 6 (1) 29 (3) 14 (2) 0.43 Clotting disorders 834 (96) 4 (<1) 21 (2) 10 (1) 0.43 Cerebrovascular disease 804 (93) 18 (2) 9 (1) 38 (4) 0.72 Inflammatory bowel disease 848 (97) 3 (<1) 11 (1) 7 (1) 0.49 COPD 778 (90) 31 (4) 21 (2) 38 (4) 0.56 Diabetes 649 (75) 28 (3) 5 (1) 188 (22) 0.90 Kidney disease 825 (95) 14 (2) 27 (3) 4 (<1) 0.14 International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics S452
Calcium, potassium, and sodium exchange by full-grown and maturing Xenopus laevis oocytes.

Abstract The kinetics of calcium, potassium, and sodium exchange by Xenopus laevis oocytes were monitored with radioactive tracers both before and during progesterone-induced maturation. The rate of 45 Ca release steadily elevates for several hours during maturation, beginning within 40 min after progesterone exposure. About an hour later, the rate of 45 Ca uptake also increases. The rate of 45 Ca release begins to decline 1–2 hr before germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD); the rate of calcium uptake declines only after GVBD. Similar changes are seen after maturation is induced with other steroids, but not when maturation is blocked by inhibitors. The passive potassium flux initially increases after progesterone treatment to be followed later by a decrease. These observed changes occur coincidently with those of 45 Ca efflux. The passive sodium flux, on the other hand, steadily increases from the time of progesterone treatment until GVBD.
Selecting the Best Noninvasive Imaging Test to Guide Treatment After an Inconclusive Exercise Test

The first step towards approaching a patient with an inconclusive stress test is to identify the initial reason why a stress test was ordered and examine what factors led to inconclusive test results. Next, it is important to ask whether the patient will benefit from further testing, as not all patients with inconclusive test results require additional testing. In patients who are at low-to-intermediate risk, it may be useful to perform coronary CT angiography (CTA) to exclude the presence of obstructive coronary atherosclerosis. Among individuals with no prior history of coronary artery disease, a possible advantage of CTA is that if subclinical atherosclerosis is identified, intensification of lifestyle interventions, and often pharmacotherapy, should be advocated. On the other hand, in high-risk patients or individuals that already have coronary artery disease, the primary objective is to quantify the presence and magnitude of ischemia in order to define the potential role of coronary revascularization procedures. This can be achieved by myocardial perfusion imaging using nuclear imaging or cardiac MRI. Alternatively, a functional evaluation to identify stress-induced wall motion abnormalities using stress echocardiography or MRI can be obtained. In selecting which test to obtain, it is important to understand the strengths and limitations of different imaging tests and to consider patient factors (e.g., body habitus) that may influence the accuracy of various tests. In addition, physicians should consider whether there are any other clinical questions that require imaging. For instance, cardiac MRI may be used to evaluate for infiltrative myocardial disease or pericardial disease whereas cardiac CT can evaluate for lung pathology or diseases of the aorta. Finally, any decision regarding what type of additional testing to obtain should also be based on knowing the local expertise and availability of various testing options.
Drug accumulation and DNA platination in cells exposed to aquated cisplatin species

Since CP always exists in aqueous solution as a mixture of native drug and various aqua and hydroxo species, it is conceivable that one or more of these aquated species is the main form of the drug that enters the cell. To test this hypothesis, we examined the accumulation by 2008 human ovarian carcinoma cells of CP and aquated CP in Cl-, deficient medium. After 24 h in 150 mM NaNO3, HPLC analysis indicated that 54% of the platinum in solution was accounted for by aquated species. Immediately following addition of this solution to Cl- deficient RPMI 1640 medium, the initial concentrations of the aqua and hydroxo species were calculated to be 34-2400-fold higher with pre-aquated CP than with native CP. The cellular platinum accumulation, however, was the same under both conditions and was also identical to that of native CP in normal RPMI. To confirm that aquated species were actually entering the cell, the amount of platinum reaching the DNA was determined. The total platinum levels on DNA were 1.9-fold higher when cells were exposed to pre-aquated CP in Cl- deficient medium compared to CP in regular medium. We conclude that 2008 cells do not preferentially transport an aquated form of CP under these conditions compared to native CP.
Generation of polarization-entangled photon pairs with arbitrary joint spectrum

We present a scheme for generating polarization-entangled photons pairs with arbitrary joint spectrum. Specifically, we describe a technique for spontaneous parametric down-conversion in which both the center frequencies and the bandwidths of the down-converted photons may be controlled by appropriate manipulation of the pump pulse. The spectral control offered by this technique permits one to choose the operating wavelengths for each photon of a pair based on optimizations of other system parameters (loss in optical fiber, photon counter performance, etc.). The combination of spectral control, polarization control, and lack of group-velocity matching conditions makes this technique particularly well suited for a distributed quantum information processing architecture in which integrated optical circuits are connected by spans of optical fiber.
Ritual, habit, and perfectionism : The prevalence and development of compulsive-like behavior in normal young children

Young children engage in a significant amount of ritualistic, repetitive, and compulsive-like activity that appears to be part of their normal behavioral repertoire. Empirically, little is known about the onset, prevalence, and developmental trajectory of these phenomena. A parent-report questionnaire, the Childhood Routines Inventory (CRI), was developed to assess compulsive-like behavior in young children, and was administered to 1,492 parents with children between the ages of 8 and 72 months. The CRI has strong overall internal consistency and a distinct two-factor structure. The frequency of compulsive-like behaviors changes with age: Two-, 3-, and 4-year-olds engaged in more compulsive behavior than children younger than 1 year of age and older than 4 years of age. Results are discussed from a developmental psychopathology framework and for their implications for future research in this area.
Changing directions: participatory action research as a parent involvement strategy

This paper examines the implementation of a participatory action research study as a parent involvement strategy in one urban, Colorado middle school thought to have low parental involvement. Parent leaders from the middle school community participated in the data collection, analysis, and dissemination as ‘promotora researchers.’ These parent promotora researchers facilitated parent focus group sessions, collectively analyzed data, presented findings to the school community, and reflected on their personal experience throughout the study. Findings revealed that parent participants perceive themselves to be significantly involved in their children's lives at home in ways that are not recognized under traditional definitions of parent involvement. The participatory action research design was found to be an effective strategy for parent involvement for school improvement.
Characterization of the equine influenza virus H 3 with monoclonal antibodies

Mouse monoclonal antibodies specific for the hemagglutinin of the prototype equine-2 virus, A/equine/Miami/1/63 (H 3, N 8) demonstrated two related antigenic sites on the H 3. One of the sites was detected on 14 H 3 viruses isolated over a 22 year period (1963–1985). Variant viruses were selected with these antibodies at frequencies similar to those decribed for H 3 hemagglutinins from human isolates.
The mechanisms of action of E. coli endonuclease III and T4 UV endonuclease (endonuclease V) at AP sites.

Abstract Treatment of DNA containing AP sites with either T4 UV endonuclease or with E. coli endonuclease III followed by a human class II AP endonuclease releases a putative beta-elimination product. This result suggests that both the T4 endonuclease and E. coli endonuclease III class I AP endonucleases catalyze phosphodiester bond cleavage via a lyase- rather than a hydrolase mechanism. Indeed, we have not detected a class I AP endonuclease which hydrolytically catalyzes phosphodiester bond cleavage. Whereas these enzymes use a lyase-like rather than a hydrolytic mechanism, they nonetheless catalyze phosphodiester bond cleavage. We suggest that the term endonuclease can be properly applied to them.
Kinetochore Ultrastructure in Vincristine-Treated Mammalian Cells

SUMMARY The ultrastructure of chromosomes from tissue culture cells blocked in division with vincristine sulphate or colchicine was examined. Kinetochores had a distinctive morphology consisting of trilaminar dense plates closely applied to the chromosomes. In longitudinal sections, kinetochores appeared as separate plates attached to opposite sides of the chromosomes. In transverse sections of some prometaphase chromosomes, however, the kinetochore resembled an incomplete ring-like structure encircling the chromatid pair. These observations indicate that sister kinetochores may be continuous during early stages of their formation.
Abundance of mass 47 CO2 in urban air, car exhaust, and human breath

Atmospheric carbon dioxide is widely studied using records of CO_2 mixing ratio, δ^(13)C and δ^(18)O. However, the number and variability of sources and sinks prevents these alone from uniquely defining the budget. Carbon dioxide having a mass of 47 u (principally ^(13)C^(18)O^(16)O) provides an additional constraint. In particular, the mass 47 anomaly (Δ_(47)) can distinguish between CO_2 produced by high temperature combustion processes vs. low temperature respiratory processes. Δ_(47) is defined as the abundance of mass 47 isotopologues in excess of that expected for a random distribution of isotopes, where random distribution means that the abundance of an isotopologue is the product of abundances of the isotopes it is composed of and is calculated based on the measured ^(13)C and ^(18)O values. In this study, we estimate the δ^(13)C (vs. VPDB), δ^(18)O (vs. VSMOW), δ47, and Δ_(47) values of CO_2 from car exhaust and from human breath, by constructing ‘Keeling plots’ using samples that are mixtures of ambient air and CO_2 from these sources. δ47 is defined as (R^(47) /R^(47)_(std) - 1) x 1000 where R^(47)_(std) is the R47 value for a hypothetical CO_2 whose δ^(13)C_(VPDB) = 0, δ^(18)O_(VSMOW) = 0, and Δ_(47) = 0. Ambient air in Pasadena, CA, where this study was conducted, varied in [CO_2] from 383 to 404 μmol mol^(−1), in δ^(13)C and δ^(18)O from −9.2 to −10.2‰ and from 40.6 to 41.9‰, respectively, in δ47 from 32.5 to 33.9‰, and in Δ_(47) from 0.73 to 0.96‰. Air sampled at varying distances from a car exhaust pipe was enriched in a combustion source having a composition, as determined by a ‘Keeling plot’ intercept, of −24.4 ± 0.2‰ for δ^(13)C (similar to the δ^(13)C of local gasoline), δ^(18)O of 29.9 ± 0.4‰, δ47 of 6.6 ± 0.6‰, and Δ_(47) of 0.41 ± 0.03‰. Both δ^(18)O and Δ_(47) values of the car exhaust end-member are consistent with that expected for thermodynamic equilibrium at∼200 °C between CO_2 and water generated by combustion of gasoline–air mixtures. Samples of CO_2 from human breath were found to have δ^(13)C and δ^(18)O values broadly similar to those of car exhaust–air mixtures, −22.3 ± 0.2 and 34.3 ± 0.3‰, respectively, and δ47 of 13.4 ± 0.4‰. Δ_(47) in human breath was 0.76 ± 0.03‰, similar to that of ambient Pasadena air and higher than that of the car exhaust signature.
Compression Stress–Strain Behavior of Sn-Ag-Cu Solders

The yield-stress behavior was investigated for the 95.5Sn-4.3Ag-0.2Cu (wt.%), 95.5Sn-3.9Ag-0.6Cu, and 95.5Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu ternary lead-free solders using the compression stress-strain test technique. Cylindrical specimens were evaluated in the as-cast or aged (125°C, 24 h) condition. The tests were performed at −25°C, 25°C, 75°C, 125°C, and 160°C using strain rates of 4.2×10−5s−1 or 8.3×10−4s−1. Specially designed Sn-Ag-0.6Cu samples were fabricated to compare the yield stress of the dendritic microstructure versus that of the equiaxed microstructure that occurs in this alloy.
Thomas J. Burrill, Pioneer in Plant Pathology

Perhaps no other American plant pathologist is so deserving of the title “Pioneer of Plant Pathology” as Thomas J. Burrill. A product of the American frontier and a researcher and teacher of plant pathology before the science even had a name, Burrill was a pioneer in every sense of the word. His original research on the cause of fire blight resulted in the first major conceptual advance in plant pathology made by an American. He also played an important role as an administrator and teacher at the University of Illinois. Many of the problems Burrill faced during his long and distinguished career will sound familiar to academic scientists of our own time. In particular, he and his contemporaries contended with student unrest, flagging public interest in higher education, heavy teaching loads, and insufficient support for research activities. By any measure, Burrill was unusually successful in coping with these problems and he fashioned a career remarkable in its contributions to his university, the public, ...
Chaos in the North Pacific: spatial modes and temporal irregularity

The small amount of North Pacific SST variance explained by the first two organized modes, as well as the irregular nature of the decadal-interdecadal variability of SSTs and spatial atmospheric forcing, suggest that a low order, nonlinear, chaotic system of atmospheric/oceanic variability may be acting in the North Pacific. Systems, which visit many states yet tend to return to the vicinity of previously observed patterns, have properties similar to mathematical chaos. Wavelet analyses of the wintertime Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Aleutian Low intensity from 1900, and Sitka air temperatures from 1832 suggest broad-banded time series with irregular oscillatory behavior. The different frequency bands do not appear to be independent; their alignment has resulted in major shifts around 1847, 1880?, 1925, 1945, 1977, and minor shifts in 1958 and 1989. Although the observational time series are too short to prove that the coupled atmosphere and ocean in the North Pacific is chaotic, the notion that it is stable for decadal periods and then exhibits rapid transitions is the basis for our conceptual model. This model suggests that the North Pacific system is less sensitive to external forcing when it is near one of its stable states. At other times the system is more responsive to short-term extreme events such as ENSO, Siberian snow cover, hemispheric atmospheric modes, or local SST anomalies. Increased interannual variability is expected around the times of interdecadal shifts. Recent persistence of La Nina as well as enhanced interannual variability in several other time series, are consistent with a possible shift of the PDO in 1999.
Radiation-pattern improvement of patch antennas on a large-size substrate using a compact soft-surface structure and its realization on LTCC multilayer technology

The radiation performance of patch antennas on a large-size substrate can be significantly degraded by the diffraction of surface waves at the edge of the substrate. Most of modern techniques for the surface-wave suppression are related to periodic structures, such as photonic bandgap (PBG) or electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) geometries, which require complicated processes and considerable area. The concept of artificially soft surfaces has been proposed to suppress the surface-wave propagation since the 1990s. However, the typical corrugated soft surface only applies to a substrate whose thickness is one quarter guided wavelength. A compact soft-surface structure consisting of a square ring of short-circuited metal strips is employed to surround the patch antenna for blocking the surface-wave propagation, thus, alleviating the effect of the edge diffraction and, hence, improving the radiation pattern. Since its operating frequency is determined by the width of the metal strip (about a quarter guided wavelength), the compact soft-surface structure is suitable for a substrate with arbitrary thickness and dielectric constant. More importantly, the compact soft surface can be realized on any via metallization incorporated packaging process, such as liquid crystal polymer (LCP), multilayer organic (MLO), or low temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) technology. A numerical investigation for a patch antenna surrounded by an ideal compact soft surface is presented and the feasibility of its implementation on LTCC technology is demonstrated. It is shown that the gain at broadside of a patch antenna on a thick and large-size substrate can be increased to near 9 dBi through the use of the proposed compact soft-surface structure.
Overlapping batch means: something more for nothing?

Output analysis methods that provide reliable point and confidence-interval estimators for system performance characteristics are critical elements of any modern simulation project. Remarkable advances in simulation output analysis have been achieved over the last thirty years, in part owing to the application of data-reuse techniques designed to improve estimator accuracy and efficiency. Many of the key insights regarding data reuse are given in the seminal 1984 Winter Simulation Conference paper by Meketon and Schmeiser that is titled "Overlapping Batch Means: Something for Nothing?" and that introduced the method of overlapping batch means (OBM). We trace the development of OBM from the original work of Meketon and Schmeiser, and we discuss some recent extensions of the method.
Gas Chromatographic Analysis of DDT-Type Compounds

Abstract Four columns have been used experimentally in combination with an electron capture detector, which allowed the determination of 25 DDT-type compounds, some of which have been reported as DDT breakdown products in many biological and nonbiological systems. The liquid phases were 5% QF-i, 5% Igepal, 5% Versamid 900, and 5% DC-11. The solid support for the 4 columns was 80 to 100 mesh Chromosorb W. Optimal temperatures (°C) for the columns were 190 (column), 210 (detector), and 230 (injector port). Optimal nitrogen flow rate was 35 ml/min., for all columns. The trimethylsilyl derivatives of the polar DDT-type compounds, DBH, DDOH, Dicofol, and DDA were successfully gas chromatographed on the column 5% QF-1 and the mixed column 2.5% QF-1 + 2.5% SE-30.
A silicon model of the auditory neural perception of frequency modulated tones

Frequency modulations in acoustic communication signals are thought to encode meaning in many animal species. Recent physiological experiments have elucidated possible neural mechanisms underlying their perception. The system described here attempts to model such mechanisms using subthreshold analog circuitry. It is built with a silicon cochlea and a unidirectional velocity-tuned delay line. Taps from the cochlea couple into the delay line. If the input frequency is modulated in the appropriate direction and right speed, the inputs to the delay line will coincide in time and summate. A similar design was recently used to detect motion in a vision chip.
Differential Performance by English Language Learners on an Inquiry-Based Science Assessment.

The performance of English language learners (ELLs) has been a concern given the rapidly changing demographics in US K-12 education. This study aimed to examine whether students' English language status has an impact on their inquiry science performance. Differential item functioning (DIF) analysis was conducted with regard to ELL status on an inquiry-based science assessment, using a multifaceted Rasch DIF model. A total of 1,396 seventh- and eighth-grade students took the science test, including 313 ELL students. The results showed that, overall, non-ELLs significantly outperformed ELLs. Of the four items that showed DIF, three favored non-ELLs while one favored ELLs. The item that favored ELLs provided a graphic representation of a science concept within a family context. There is some evidence that constructed-response items may help ELLs articulate scientific reasoning using their own words. Assessment developers and teachers should pay attention to the possible interaction between linguistic challen...
Racial Differences in the Prevalence of Severe Aortic Stenosis

Background-—In an era of expanded treatment options for severe aortic stenosis, it is important to understand risk factors for the condition. It has been suggested that severe aortic stenosis is less common in African Americans, but there are limited data from large studies. Methods and Results-—The Synthetic Derivative at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, a database of over 2.1 million de-identified patient records, was used to identify individuals who had undergone echocardiography. The association of race with severe aortic stenosis was examined using multivariable logistic regression analyses adjusting for conventional risk factors. Of the 272 429 eligible patients (mean age 45 years, 44% male) with echocardiography, 14% were African American and 82% were Caucasian. Severe aortic stenosis was identified in 106 (0.29%) African-American patients and 2030 (0.91%) Caucasian patients (crude OR 0.32, 95% CI [0.26, 0.38]). This difference persisted in multivariable-adjusted analyses (OR 0.41 [0.33, 0.50], P<0.0001). African-American individuals were also less likely to have severe aortic stenosis due to degenerative calcific disease (adjusted OR 0.47 [0.36, 0.61]) or congenitally bicuspid valve (crude OR 0.13 [0.02, 0.80], adjusted OR dependent on age). Referral bias against those with severe valvular disease was assessed by comparing the prevalence of severe mitral regurgitation in Caucasians and African Americans and no difference was found. Conclusions-—These findings suggest that African Americans are at significantly lower risk of developing severe aortic stenosis than Caucasians. (J Am Heart Assoc. 2014;3:e000879 doi: 10.1161/JAHA.114.000879)
A Model for the Yield Strength Anomaly in FeAl

A phenomenological model is used to explain the yield strength anomaly in FeAl. The model incorporates hardening by thermal vacancies at intermediate temperatures, and dislocation creep at elevated temperatures. Since the vacancy concentration increases exponentially with temperature, the model predicts an exponential increase in strength with temperature. This increase is terminated by onset of dislocation creep. The model captures the experimentally observed strain rate dependency of the yield stress at high temperatures and yields an activation enthalpy for vacancy formation which is in excellent agreement with a previously measured value.