cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterizing Cycling Smoothness and Rhythm in Children With and Without Cerebral Palsy

Stationary cycling is a practical exercise modality in children with cerebral palsy (CP) that lack the strength for upright exercises. However, there is a lack of robust, sensitive metrics that can quantitatively assess the motor control during cycling. The purpose of this brief report was to characterize the differences in motor control of cycling in children with CP and with typical development by developing novel metrics to quantify cycling smoothness and rhythm. Thirty one children with spastic diplegic CP and ten children with typical development cycled on a stationary cycle. Cycling smoothness was measured by cross-correlating the crank angle with an ideal cycling pattern generated from subject specific cadence and cycling duration. Cycling rhythmicity was assessed by evaluating the revolution-to-revolution variability in the time required to complete a revolution. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.0001) using the Wilcoxon Rank Sum test were found between the two groups for both the metrics. Additionally, decision tree analysis revealed thresholds of smoothness < 0.01 and rhythm < 0.089-0.115 seconds for discriminating a less smooth, irregular cycling pattern characteristic of CP from typical cycling. In summary, the objective measures developed in this study indicate significantly worse smoothness and rhythm of cycling in children with CP compared to TD, suggestive of altered coordination and poor motor control. Such quantitative assessments of cycling motion in children with CP provide insights into neuromotor deficits that prevent them from cycling at intensities required for aerobic benefits and for participating in cycling related physical activities with their peers.
Distribution Transformer Aging Due to COVID-19 Shelter-in-Place

Shelter-in-place orders induced by COVID-19 prevention may age distribution transformers numerous years in just several months. The following manuscript summarizes an analysis performed to identify distribution transformers' susceptibility to extreme aging and failure due to load profiles influenced by COVID-19 shelter-in-place orders. The results suggest only transformers serving peak demands greater than their rating may be susceptible to “sooner-than-expected” failure. The results also indicate transformers may only be susceptible if shelter-in-place orders continue longer than 6 months in warm climates. A 50 kVA liquid immersed transformer that originally served loads 120% of their ratings can age up to 4 years if the order was enforced longer than 6 months. For comparison, a transformer serving the historical load profile with a peak demand of 130% loading only ages 0.7 years in the six-month period. This same transformer ages 4.8 years if influenced by shelter-in-place orders. Therefore, utilities may see a higher number of transformer failures over the next several years due aging associated with one or multiple shelter-in-place orders.
Endothelin-1 overexpression inhibits prostate cancer growth in vivo through vasoconstriction of tumor-feeding arterioles

2063 The vasoactive peptide ET-1 has been implicated in the progression of prostate and other cancers. To explore this further, we generated prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3 and 22Rv1) overexpressing ET-1 from a retroviral vector. Using this approach, we achieved 127- and 88-fold overexpression of ET-1 in PC-3 and 22Rv1 cells, respectively, compared to vector controls. This level of ET-1 secretion was comparable to that secreted by primary human lung microvascular endothelial cells. Overexpression of ET-1 leads to a modest increase in PC-3 cell growth in vitro (~2 fold). This occurred through an endothelin receptor A (ETA)-dependent autocrine mechanism. ET-1 overexpression did not affect growth of ETA-deficient 22Rv1 cells. Surprisingly, both 22Rv1 and PC-3 ET-1 overexpressing cells produced significantly smaller subcutaneous tumors compared to controls. Furthermore 22Rv1 ET-1 overexpressing cells delivered via intracardiac route failed to grow in liver, adrenal gland, or bone though viable tumor cells did colonize these organs as assessed by bioluminescence imaging. Based on these data, wehypothesized that overexpression of ET-1 may have an effect on the tumor microenvironment that inhibits tumor growth. Initially, we investigated angiogenesis in PC-3 and 22Rv1 ET-1 overexpressing subcutaneous tumors. We determined that PC-3 ET-1 overexpressing tumors demonstrated decreased microvessel density (MVD) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression compared to vector control. However, 22Rv1 ET-1 overexpressing tumors did not exhibit alterations in MVD or VEGF expression compared to controls suggesting other mechanisms are involved in poor tumor growth. Indeed, preliminary microCT analysis following Microfil resin infusion suggested vasoconstriction of tumor-feeding arterioles within and near the ET-1 overexpressing tumors. Furthermore, growth of subcutaneous ET-1 overexpressing tumors was partially restored by an orally administered systemic vasodilator, hydralazine. Taken together, these data suggest that localized ET-1 concentration in vivo is critical for determining the balance between suppression of tumor growth (vasoconstriction) and growth promotion (mitogenesis and angiogenesis).
Correlates of obesity in adolescents with and without autism spectrum disorder: The 2017-2018 National Survey of Children's Health.

Abstract Background The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and childhood obesity are increasing, and youth with ASD are at an increased risk of obesity compared to typically developing youth. Specific obesity risk factors in adolescents with ASD remain poorly understood. Objective This study examined correlates of obesity among adolescents with and without ASD using extant 2017–2018 National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH) data. Methods This cross-sectional study examined the co-occurrence of obesity among US adolescents with ASD aged 10–17 years compared to those without ASD, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, co-occurring conditions, and relevant covariates, using 2017–2018 NSCH data. Multiple logistic regression was used to compare the odds of obesity among children with mild ASD, moderate/severe ASD, and without ASD. Results Odds of obesity were higher in adolescents with ASD compared to adolescents without ASD (cOR 1.9, CI 1.3–2.7). In the adjusted model, the odds of obesity were not significantly higher in those with mild or moderate/severe ASD compared to those without ASD. Odds of obesity were higher for all adolescents who were Hispanic or Black, as well as those with lower household income or with one or more co-occurring conditions. Conclusions The association between obesity and ASD in this study highlights the need for greater attention to nutrition, physical activity, and co-occurring conditions among adolescents with ASD. Effective interventions to curtail the risks among racial/ethnic minority adolescents and adolescents with lower household income are needed. Further research is needed to examine additional factors associated with obesity in adolescents with ASD, including family, community, organizational, and policy factors.
cuTS: scaling subgraph isomorphism on distributed multi-GPU systems using trie based data structure

Subgraph isomorphism is a pattern-matching algorithm widely used in many domains such as chem-informatics, bioinformatics, databases, and social network analysis. It is computationally expensive and is a proven NP-hard problem. The massive parallelism in GPUs is well suited for solving subgraph isomorphism. However, current GPU implementations are far from the achievable performance. Moreover, the enormous memory requirement of current approaches limits the problem size that can be handled. This work analyzes the fundamental challenges associated with processing subgraph isomorphism on GPUs and develops an efficient GPU implementation. We also develop a GPU-friendly trie-based data structure to drastically reduce the intermediate storage space requirement, enabling large benchmarks to be processed. We also develop the first distributed sub-graph isomorphism algorithm for GPUs. Our experimental evaluation demonstrates the efficacy of our approach by comparing the execution time and number of cases that can be handled against the state-of-the-art GPU implementations.
Applications of Groups and Isomorphic Groups to Topics in the Standard Curriculum, Grades 9-11: Part II.

With addition, this set forms a group, the group of integral multiples of 3. In Part I of this article, the set of integral powers of 2 was seen to form a group with multiplication. This set can be thought of as beginning with 2, multi plying 2 by itself over and over again, then including 1 and the reciprocals of the numbers in the set. Thus the sets of integral powers and integral multiples are formed by analogous means, with the only differences being the number begun with (the generator) and the operation used. This hints at the existence of isomorphic groups. Listing a possible correspondence between the sets shows that this is the case.
Plausible Outcomes for Games in Strategic Form

This is the first in a projected series of papers on solutions to games in matrix and extensive form. The predominant solution concept in the literature is that of the noncooperative equilibrium put forward by Nash (1951).
Dynamic classification of cellular transmural transmembrane potential (TMP) activity of the heart

Understanding the transmembrane potential (TMP) dynamics of the heart provides an essential guidance to the diagnoses and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Most existing methods analyze and classify the TMP signal globally depending on extracting silent features such as the activation time. In consequence, these methods can not characterize the dysfunctions of each cardiac cell dynamically. In order to assess the electrophysiology of the heart considering pathological conditions of each cardiac cell over time, one should analyze and classify the TMP behavior that is differentially expressed in a particular set of time. In this paper, we utilize a spectral co-clustering algorithm to disclose the abnormality of the TMP dynamics over a time sequence. This algorithm is based on the observation that the embedding spectrum structures in the TMP dynamics matrices can be found in their eigenvectors through singular value decomposition (SVD). These eigenvectors correspond to the characteristic patterns across cardiac cells or time sequence. To demonstrate the reliability of this approach, our experimental results show great agreement with the ground truth of the simulated data sets that enable efficient use of this scheme for revealing abnormal behavior in TMP dynamics, at the presence of added Gaussian noise to the simulated TMP dynamics. Furthermore, we compare our results against the k-means clustering algorithm outcomes.
Elevated amygdala response to faces following early deprivation

A functional neuroimaging study examined the long-term neural correlates of early adverse rearing conditions in humans as they relate to socio-emotional development. Previously institutionalized (PI) children and a same-aged comparison group were scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing an Emotional Face Go/Nogo task. PI children showed heightened activity of the amygdala, a region that supports emotional learning and reactivity to emotional stimuli, and corresponding decreases in cortical regions that support perceptual and cognitive functions. Amygdala activity was associated with decreased eye-contact as measured by eye-tracking methods and during a live dyadic interaction. The association between early rearing environment and subsequent eye-contact was mediated by amygdala activity. These data support the hypothesis that early adversity alters human brain development in a way that can persist into childhood, and they offer insight into the socio-emotional disturbances in human behavior following early adversity.
“Radical Enlightenment” – Peripheral, Substantial, or the Main Face of the Trans-Atlantic Enlightenment (1650-1850)

“Radical Enlightenment” and “moderate Enlightenment” are general categories which, it has become evident in recent decades, are unavoidable and essential for any valid discussion of the Enlightenment broadly conceived (1650-1850) and of the revolutionary era (1775-1848). Any discussion of the Enlightenment or revolutions that does not revolve around these general categories, first introduced in Germany in the 1920s and taken up in the United States since the 1970s, cannot have any validity or depth either historically or philosophically. “Radical Enlightenment” was neither peripheral to the Enlightenment as a whole, nor dominant, but rather the “other side of the coin” an inherent and absolute opposite, always present and always basic to the Enlightenment as a whole. Several different constructions of “Radical Enlightenment” have been proposed by the main innovators on the topic – Leo Strauss, Henry May, Gunter Muhlpfordt, Margaret Jacob, Gianni Paganini, Martin Mulsow, and Jonathan Israel – but, it is argued here, the most essential element in the definition is the coupling, or linkage, of philosophical rejection of religious authority (and secularism - the elimination of theology from law, institutions, education and public affairs) with theoretical advocacy of democracy and basic human rights.
Developing the communication skills of early childhood teacher candidates: The case of advice

Teachers in their professional roles are often called upon to give advice, whether to their students, to their colleagues, to their administrators, or to parents of their students. In this article, we investigate advice giving by teacher candidates to parents of young preschool children and consider the implications of this research for early childhood education. This article is of importance in that it demonstrates the use of applied linguistics research in the classroom. Our purpose is twofold: First, we explore the discursive moves and patterns apparent in the major patterns that emerge from the data to understand how the advice giving is constructed and how this aligns with other similar research. Second, we consider how such information can be incorporated into early childhood education courses. We suggest that teacher educators can exploit research such as that presented here to combine content knowledge instruction with a focus on communication skills, skills important for teachers to be successful communicators within the school community. We explore directions for future research and recommend collegial partnerships between applied linguists and early childhood educators.
Computer Conversations and Writing Apprehension.

As participants in a growing number of online business writing courses, students must communicate with each other and the instructor electronically. One group of students may face particular challenges in this environment: those with high degrees of writing apprehension. This study examined the online communications behavior of such students as they communicated with both familiar and unknown audiences via Internet newsgroups. Low-apprehensive writers tend to exhibit simi lar communication strategies in both types of newsgroups. But high-apprehensive writers contributed more, initiated more topics of discussion, and felt more com fortable participating in electronic discussions with unknown audiences than they did when communicating with familiar audiences.
Computer strategy planning

Abstract DP managers need a framework in which they can promote the use of micros and office automation in a controlled way and which will provide a clear picture of business objectives, direction and priorities. A data processing strategy provides such a framework by stating the current situation with regard to DP within the company, the proposed situation and the policies to determine how the objectives should be achieved.
Chemical and microbial effects of atmospheric particles on the performance of steep-slope roofing materials

The reflectivity of a roof is a critical component in design of strategy to reduce overall building energy usage. Airborne particulate matter that settles on a roof can either reflect or absorb incoming solar radiation. The light scattering and absorption processes occur within a few microns of the surface that affects the solar reflectance of the roof. The long-term loss of roof reflectivity appears driven by the ability of the atmospheric particulate matter to cling onto the roof and resist being washed off by wind and or rain. Contaminants collected from samples of roof products exposed at seven California sites for about one and a half years were analysed for major and trace elements and carbons to assist characterization of the chemical profile of the atmospheric particles that soil each roof sample. The chemical composition of the accumulated particles was very similar across the state of California; there was no clear distinction from one region to another. Elemental carbon did not contribute significantly to the loss of solar reflectance as initially expected. Dust particles and organic carbon compensated for the loss of solar reflectance due to elemental carbon possibly because some crystalline forms of these elements were light reflecting and contributed to the solar reflectance. Differences in microbial communities and biomass were seen between the various materials. Abundance of microbial biomass on roof tiles appears to be related to the composition/surface structure of the tile. Cyanobacteria or fungi represent the dominant player.
Scheduling the production of components at a common facility

Abstract We formulate a problem dealing with the manufacture of components at a single facility for subsequent assembly into end products. Each product requires both unique components and common components, and each production batch requires a setup. An optimal schedule for mean completion time is found by means of an algorithm which combines a sequencing procedure and a dynamic programming procedure.
Lanthionine synthetase C–like protein 2 (LanCL2) is a novel regulator of Akt

The serine/threonine protein kinase Akt controls a wide range of biochemical and cellular processes under the modulation of a variety of regulators. In this study, we identify the lanthionine synthetase C-like 2 (LanCL2) protein as a positive regulator of Akt activation in human liver cells. LanCL2 knockdown dampens serum- and insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation, whereas LanCL2 overexpression enhances these processes. Neither insulin receptor phosphorylation nor the interaction between insulin receptor substrate and phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) is affected by LanCL2 knockdown. LanCL2 also does not function through PP2A, a phosphatase of Akt. Instead, LanCL2 directly interacts with Akt, with a preference for inactive Akt. Moreover, we show that LanCL2 also binds to the Akt kinase mTORC2, but not phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1. Whereas LanCL2 is not required for the Akt-mTORC2 interaction, recombinant LanCL2 enhances Akt phosphorylation by target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) in vitro. Finally, consistent with a function of Akt in regulating cell survival, LanCL2 knockdown increases the rate of apoptosis, which is reversed by the expression of a constitutively active Akt. Taken together, our findings reveal LanCL2 as a novel regulator of Akt and suggest that LanCL2 facilitates optimal phosphorylation of Akt by mTORC2 via direct physical interactions with both the kinase and the substrate.
Identification of a single birth cohort in Kenyapithecus kizili and the nature of sympatry between K. kizili and Griphopithecus alpani at Paşalar.

The sample of the less common hominoid species at Pasalar, Kenyapithecus kizili, is characterized by a number of unusual attributes. All ten of the upper central incisors attributed to this species show a distinct, identical pattern of two linear enamel hypoplasias. The two hypoplasias occur on the same portion of the labial crown face, revealing that the two hypoplasia-causing events occurred at the same stage of development in all individuals. The morphology of the two hypoplasias and the amount of time between them, as determined by both their separation and counts of perikymata, are also the same on all teeth. In addition, all of the approximately 70 teeth assigned to K. kizili appear to come from young adults based on degrees of wear; there are no younger or older individuals (diagnostic morphology at most tooth positions would be evident even with heavy wear). Thus, all of the K. kizili individuals (minimum number of individuals is nine: seven males, two females) appear to have died at essentially the same age. It is concluded that the most plausible interpretation of all these features is that the incisor hypoplasias were caused by the same two events in all the K. kizili individuals and that these individuals therefore represent a single birth cohort. As such, and because they died at essentially the same age, they would also have died at the same time, which is consistent with the catastrophic nature of the Pasalar deposits. The number of coincidences needed to explain all of the attributes of the K. kizili sample if these animals were born in, and died in, different years seems highly improbable. Moreover, the lack of a typical age-class structure for the K. kizili sample, or any age-class structure at all beyond the one age class of young adult, strongly suggests that the species was not resident in the area that contributed to the Pasalar accumulation, and that K. kizili was not permanently sympatric with the other Pasalar hominoid, Griphopithecus alpani. Rather, the nine K. kizili individuals must have been transients in, or recent immigrants to, the area at the time of the events that led to the formation of the site. Recent observations on social associations in male chimpanzees offer at least a possible interpretive framework to explain this unprecedented occurrence in the primate fossil record.
Sensory Processing Sensitivity A Review in the Light of the Evolution of Biological Responsivity

This article reviews the literature on sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) in light of growing evidence from evolutionary biology that many personality differences in nonhuman species involve being more or less responsive, reactive, flexible, or sensitive to the environment. After briefly defining SPS, it first discusses how biologists studying animal personality have conceptualized this general environmental sensitivity. Second, it reviews relevant previous human personality/temperament work, focusing on crossover interactions (where a trait generates positive or negative outcomes depending on the environment), and traits relevant to specific hypothesized aspects of SPS: inhibition of behavior, sensitivity to stimuli, depth of processing, and emotional/physiological reactivity. Third, it reviews support for the overall SPS model, focusing on development of the Highly Sensitive Person (HSP) Scale as a measure of SPS then on neuroimaging and genetic studies using the scale, all of which bears on the extent to which SPS in humans corresponds to biological responsivity.
Evaluation of dome-input geometry for pyroelectric detectors

Dome-input pyroelectric radiometers with different black coatings were developed to extend the spectral responsivity scale from near infrared (NIR) to 20 μm. The reflective dome with shiny gold-coating has been known to be an efficient light trap to enhance the detector absorptance and to minimize spectral responsivity variation. The enhancement of spectral responsivity using reflective dome relies on optical characterization of black coating on detector, reflectance of dome reflector, and input aperture dimension, etc. We report a comparison of spectral responsivity of dome-input pyroelectric radiometers measured with/without dome-trap from 2.4 μm to 14 μm using the Infrared Spectral Comparator Facility (IRSCF) at NIST. The results show 4 % to 8 % gain of responsivity for two dome-input pyroelectric detectors, with reduced structure of spectral responsivity. The uncertainty of dome-input pyroelectric radiometer calibrations is approximately 2 % ( k = 2).
“Believing That Which Cannot Be”: (De)Constructing Medieval Clerical Masculinity in “Des münches not”

In 2008, the tabloid story of a pregnant transgendered man from Oregon provoked a flurry of responses—mostly negative—thus proving that even in the 21st-century blurring of gender boundaries arouses both morbid fascination and deep anxiety. Medieval tales about male pregnancy suggest a similar preoccupation with masculinity and maleness. Most of these humorous stories of folly or sexual naivete push the gender boundaries only to reinforce them: they portray their feminized protagonists as incorrigible idiots, reaffirm child-bearing as a prerogative of women, and reinforce popular misogynous stereotypes. However, the 14th-century medieval German maere“Des munches not” goes beyond a mere juxtaposition of masculinity and femininity. This particular comic tale complicates the common plot by making its protagonist a celibate monk and therefore focusing on the tensions among several medieval masculinities. This paper uncovers the disputatious nature of late-medieval culture, ridden by deep anxiety about clerical celibacy. “Des munches not” repudiates the clergy's masculinity and simultaneously insists upon it, thus reaffirming that despite all the effeminate aspects of the monastic lifestyle, late-medieval laity nevertheless saw the clergy as both male and emotionally masculine.
A study of methodologies used in intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDPS)

Intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDPS) are security systems that are used to detect and prevent security threats to computer systems and computer networks. These systems are configured to detect and respond to security threats automatically there by reducing the risk to monitored computers and networks. Intrusion detection and prevention systems use different methodologies such as signature based, anomaly based, stateful protocol analysis, and a hybrid system that combines some or all of the other systems to detect and respond to security threats. The growth of systems that use a combination of methods creates some confusion when trying to choose a methodology and system to deploy. This paper seeks to offer a clear explanation of each methodology and then offer a way to compare these methodologies.
Effect of 4-pentenoic acid on intermediate metabolism of Tetrahymena.

SYNOPSIS. The growth of Tetrahymena pyriformis strain HSM was strongly inhibited by 4-pentenoic acid. Supplementing the medium with acetate reversed the growth inhibition, but pyruvate was ineffective. Glycogen content was much lower in cells grown with 4-pentenoic acid than in controls; this effect was not reversed by acetate or by pyruvate. There was little effect of 4-pentenoic acid on the incorporation of label from [1-14C]acetate, [2-14C]glycerol, [1-34]ribose, [U-14C]fructose, or [1-14C]glucose into CO2, but incorporation of label into glycogen was inhibited, the strongest inhibition being on acetate and the weakest (∼ 20%) on ribose, fructose, and glucose. A 3-compartment model for quantitation of labeled acetyl CoA fluxes was shown to be applicable to Tetrahymena grown in the presence of 4-pentenoic acid, and experiments were performed to establish the flux of [1-14C]acetyl CoA into glycogen, lipids, CO2, glutamate, and alanine. It was evident from the results of these experiments that 4-pentenoic acid did not appreciably inhibit β-oxidation or lipogenesis, but markedly decreased the glyconeogenic flux of labeled acetyl-CoA from the peroxismal and outer mitochondrial compartments. At least 2 mechanisms have been proposed for the action of 4-pentenoic acid: (a) reduction of the levels of acetyl CoA or free CoA and (b) direct inhibition of enzymes by 4-pentenoyl CoA or its metabolites. Although 4-pentenoic acid has little effect on acetyl-CoA metabolism in the inner mitochondrial compartment, the present data suggest that the flux through the outer mitochondrial compartment of acetyl-CoA derived from pyruvate is inhibited largely by the first, and that the glyconeogenic flux of acetyl-CoA is inhibited largely by the 2nd mechanism.
The anatomical organization of hindlimb motoneurons in the lumbar spinal cord of the frog, Rana catesbiana

The precise location of lumbar spinal motoneurons was studied in the bullfrog by observing the retrograde reaction following injury to nerves which innervate different hindlimb muscles. The results were confirmed and their usefulness for physiological studies was demonstrated by iontophoretically injecting dye through an intracellular recording micropipette into motoneurons which were identified by antidromic spike invasion. The effects of plexus variation upon the location of motoneuron pools was considered in order to standardize the results and make possible comparisons between different frogs. New determinations were made of frog hindlimb muscle function with reference to jumping in order to assess the possible functional significance of motoneuron organization. In general, motoneurons acting upon proximal joints are located rostrally to motoneurons acting upon distal joints and flexor motoneurons are located rostrally to extensors. The somatotopic significance of motoneuron organization was also assessed and it was found that within the lateral motoneuron column there are three groups of cells, each of which innervates different, but somatotopically related groups of muscles. This organization is quite similar to that found in cats. The developmental and functional implications of this similarity are considered.
Making variables abstract: an equational theory for Russell

One of the fundamental notions of programming, and thus of programming languages, is the variable. Recently, the variable has come under attack. The proponents of "functional programming" have argued that variables are at the root of all our problems in programming. They claim that we must rid our languages of all manifestations of the "vonNeumann bottleneck" and learn to live in the changeless world of functional combinators.While we may not, believe all the claims of the functional programming advocates, there is evidence that the treatment of variables in most programming languages leaves much to be desired. In this paper we discuss how to make variables "abstract", i.e., how to introduce the notion of variable in to a language so that variables have reasonable mathematical properties. This paper includes:--- a discussion of language design principles that allow a more mathematical treatment of variables in programming language, and--- a description of an equational logic for the programming language Russell [Boehm80]. Although this logic follows much of the development of abstract data types (cf. [Guttag78]), it is novel in its treatment of a language in which expressions not only produce values but also can have effects. We discuss the over all structure of the logic and present in detail the rules particularly relevant to the semantics of variables. A complete presentation of the logic appears in [Demers82], and the rule numbers in this paper agree with the numbers used there.In the next section, we discuss the underlying language principles needed to make an equational specification of variables possible. In the sections that follow, we present a logic that does so for Russell.
NMR study of hydration of navy bean during cooking

Abstract MRI and NMR relaxometry were used to monitor the water uptake at macroscopic and microscopic levels during cooking of navy beans. MRI images showed that water gradually penetrated into the center of the bean, and full hydration was achieved after 80 min. A biphasic model, which consists of an exponential phase and a linear phase, was applied to the water uptake data of the navy bean during cooking. The exponential stage finished after 80 min. The NMR relaxometry results indicated there are three water proton components in navy beans. The percentage of bound water decreased gradually as a function of cooking time. The population of the intracellular water reached its maximum at 80 min. A dramatic increase in the population of extracellular water was observed at 150 min. These results suggest that water was incorporated primarily with the intracellular content in navy beans during the initial exponential stage of water uptake. Further water uptake during the linear stage contributed to the increase in the water content in extracellular space. Optical microscopy of the navy bean provided more evidence for the changes in the water distribution at the microscopic level.
Functional properties of sorghum flour as an extender in ground beef patties

Patties were formulated with 20% fat ground beef and sorghum flour (SF) at 2, 4, and 6% levels (10, 20, and 30% as rehydrated 1:4 with water). Beef patties containing SF had higher pH, greater yield, less total cooking loss, less shrinkage in diameter, and less increase in thickness than those without SF. Water activity of cooked patties was not affected by addition of SF. Fat and water retentions of beef patties increased as the level of SF increased. Hunterlab a values (redness) for raw patties decreased as the level of SF increased, but a values for cooked patties were not influenced by level of SF. Shear force and compression of cooked patties decreased as the level of SF increased. Meat aroma and flavor decreased, but sorghum aroma and flavor of cooked patties increased as the level of SF increased. Tenderness of cooked patties increased as the level of SF increased, but juiciness of cooked patties was not affected.
The cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome: myth or reality?

Background Controversy exists as what constitutes the cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome (CACS), and whether it truly is a distinct clinical disorder. In this study, we aimed to: (1) assess if CACS is a distinct clinical disorder, (2) identify the symptoms characteristic of CACS, (3) evaluate CACS impact on patient outcomes (symptom burden and survival time from referral).
Effects of alcohol on skeletal response to growth hormone in hypophysectomized rats

Chronic alcohol abuse is an established risk factor for osteoporosis. However, the precise mechanisms for the bone loss are largely unknown. Alcohol decreases skeletal expression of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), an important growth hormone (GH)-regulated skeletal growth factor. Therefore, we investigated the effects of alcohol on the skeletal response to GH in male Sprague-Dawley rats made GH-deficient by hypophysectomy (HYPOX). Four groups of sexually mature (3-month-old) rats were studied: pituitary-intact (control), HYPOX, HYPOX + GH, and HYPOX + alcohol + GH. All animals were transferred to a liquid diet 6 days following surgery. The alcohol-fed group was adapted to a graded increase in alcohol beginning 11 days following surgery. GH or vehicle was administered during the final 8 days of study and all animals were sacrificed 25 days following surgery. HYPOX resulted in cessation of body weight gain and tibial growth. Compared to controls, longitudinal bone growth and cancellous bone formation were lower following HYPOX. The latter was associated with lower mineralizing perimeter/bone perimeter. Bone marrow adiposity was higher following HYPOX. Compared to HYPOX, GH treatment increased body weight gain and bone formation rate, and decreased bone marrow adiposity. In contrast to the effects of GH treatment without alcohol, bone marrow adiposity did not differ between HYPOX and alcohol-fed GH-treated HYPOX rats. Alcohol did not alter GH-induced weight gain or increases in serum IGF-I levels, but significantly impaired the effects of GH on tibial growth and cancellous bone formation. We conclude that the detrimental skeletal effects of alcohol abuse observed in this experiment are mediated, at least in part, by skeletal resistance to GH.
Comments on "On the identification of variances and adaptive Kalman filtering"

It has been found that a modification is required in the test proposed in a paper by Mehra. The purpose of this test is to tell whether or not identification is complete. This modification is described and an example showing the need for the modification is given.
Molecular cytogenetic analysis of cytokeratin 20-labeled cells in primary tumors and bone marrow aspirates from colorectal carcinoma patients.

BACKGROUND Low frequency epithelial cells in bone marrow from colorectal carcinoma patients are associated with an increased risk of recurrence and decreased survival. Current immunohistochemical approaches to detect epithelial cells in bone marrow aspirates rely on antibodies against cytokeratin 18 (CK18). The predictive value of CK18-based detection strategies is limited by false-positives that occur in approximately 30% of cases. Cross-reactivity of anti-CK18 antibodies with nontumor cells may contribute to the false-positive rate. Cytokeratin 20 (CK20) shows more restricted expression than CK18 and labels cells in colorectal tumors. METHODS Immunofluorescence assays were used to quantify CK20-labeled cells in bone marrow aspirates and tumors from 18 Dukes stage C and D colorectal carcinoma patients to determine whether CK20 is useful in detecting micrometastases. Fluorescent in situ hybridization was used to determine whether CK-labeled subpopulations carried genomic aberrations associated with colorectal carcinoma. RESULTS CK20-labeled cells occurred at frequencies ∼5 × 10-5 in control bone marrow aspirates from patients without colorectal carcinomas. Approximately 10-4 CK20-labeled cells were present in 4 of 11 bone marrow aspirates (45%) from patients with Dukes stage D colon carcinoma. The mean frequency (5 × 10-5) of CK20-labeled cells in Dukes stage C and D rectal carcinoma patients was statistically similar to control values. CONCLUSIONS A subset of CK20-labeled cells in primary tumors and hepatic metastases are aneusomic. CK20-labeled cells in bone marrow aspirates are cytogenetically normal. These data demonstrate that CK20 cells in solid tumors may be cytogenetically aberrant, but suggest caution in the use of CK20 to detect micrometastases in bone marrow aspirates. Cancer 1997; 79:1664-70. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
Cellular targets for influenza drugs

High-throughput RNAi screens in human cells suggest new approaches to curb influenza virus infection.
Daily output planning: Integrating operations research, artificial intelligence, and real-time decision support with APL2

Abstract A key decision faced each day, shift, or time period at a semiconductor manufacturing facility is how many wafers or lots should it commit to produce at each operation, over a specified period of time to meet immediate demand and position the line to meet tomorrow's demand. This paper will describe the approach used by IBM Burlington Advanced Industrial Engineering group which integrates various decision technologies using APL2 and OSL to generate a “daily output plan” for IBM's semiconductor facility near Burlington, VT.
Axial birefringence due to intense electromagnetic fields: electric and magnetic rectification

The Maxwell equation is solved for axial birefringence due to electric and magnetic rectification measured with a collinear unpolarized probe laser by switching an intense circularly polarized pump laser from right to left. Axial birefringence is caused by vector products of electric and magnetic conjugate components of the intense electromagnetic field. Axial birefringence can be measured with a modified Rayleigh refractometer and depends on new three- and four-rank molecular property tensors.
Conditioned bradycardia in the rabbit: effects of knife cuts and ibotenic acid lesions in the lateral hypothalamus.

New Zealand albino rabbits received either parasagittal or coronal knife cuts in the lateral hypothalamus (LH). Other animals received ibotenic acid lesions of LH. Pavlovian conditioning was studied in these animals and compared with that of sham operated, vehicle, or unoperated control animals. Tones served as conditioned stimuli (CSs) and periorbital electric shocks as unconditioned stimuli (USs). Coronal knife cuts that interrupted fibers passing through LH abolished the bradycardia elicited by these contingencies, as well as the cardiac component of the orienting reflex (OR), which also consisted of bradycardia. Parasagittal knife cuts medial to the temporal lobe but lateral to the major nuclei of the hypothalamus also completely abolished conditioned bradycardia, but had no effect on the OR, compared to sham and unoperated control animals. These lesions also had no effect on concomitantly occurring eyeblink conditioning. Ibotenic acid lesions of LH had no effect on conditioned bradycardia but diminished the magnitude of the cardiac OR. Control experiments suggest that the damage produced by these manipulations had no effect on either sensitivity to the CS or US and produced no general motoric difficulties. These data thus suggest that structures rostral to the hypothalamus, probably in the amygdala and/or agranular prefrontal cortex, mediate the bradycardia associated with classical conditioning contigencies, but that hypothalamic mechanisms may mediate the OR.
Canonical deep space optical communications transceiver

A canonical deep space optical communications transceiver which makes synergistic use of advanced technologies to reduce size, weight, power and cost has been designed and is currently under fabrication and test. This optical transceiver can be used to retire risks associated with deep space optical communications on a planetary pathfinder mission and is complementary to ongoing lunar & access link developments. Advanced technologies being integrated into this transceiver include use of a single photon-sensitive detector array for acquisition, tracking and communications; use of two-photon absorption for transmit beam tracking to vastly improve transmit/receive isolation; and a sub-Hertz break frequency vibration isolation platform is used to mitigate spacecraft vibration jitter. This article will present the design and current test results of the canonical transceiver.
Identity Tensions in Lesbian Intercollegiate Coaches

Using social identity perspective, we investigated the experiences of 13 lesbian college coaches. Through semistructured interviews, the coaches revealed the daily identity tensions they experienced. There was constant negotiation between their social identities of “coach” and “lesbian.” The social context of intercollegiate women's athletics created a complex web that juxtaposed these identities against commanding social norms. The challenges these coaches faced ranged from doing what they believed was best for the well being of their athletes (e.g., fighting homonegativism) versus what was best for their professional well being (e.g., remaining silent). These coaches did not passively accept their fate; while they struggled with identity negotiation, they also found ways to counter the heterosexist atmosphere and create positive social change.
Inactivation of Newcastle disease virus by freezing in the presence of guanidine hydrochloride.

Abstract Newcastle disease virus (NDV), suspended in a solution of guanidine hydrochloride (GHCl) which had no effect on infectivity at room temperature, was inactivated when the suspension was frozen. Urea was also capable of inactivating the infectivity of NDV upon freezing. In addition to the infectivity, the hemagglutinating ability and the antibody blocking power of NDV were inactivated when the virus was frozen in GHCl suspension. The presence of glycerol, hypertonic saline, and isotonic saline protected the infectivity of NDV against the lethal effect of freezing in GHCl.
U ( n ) very-well-posed 10 p 9 transformations

Abstract In this paper we derive multivariable generalizations of Bailey's classical terminating very-well-poised 10 O 9 transformation. We work in the setting of multiple basic hypergeometric series very-well-poised on unitary groups U ( n + 1). We obtain these U ( n + 1) 10 O 9 transformations from an alternate form of our general U ( n + 1) classical Bailey transform, and the U ( n + 1) generalizations of Jackson's q -analog of Dougall's terminating 7 F 6 (1) summation. One of these 10 O 9 transformations contains the U ( n + 1) 10 O 9 transformation of Denis and Gustafson (1992) as a speci We also deduce a U ( n + 1) extension of one of Sears 4 O 3 transformations. The classical case of all this work corresponds to U (2), or equivalently A 1 .
Investigation of Cadmium Zinc Telluride based system as a room temperature planar imager for plant functional imaging

The development of plant based renewable sources of energy will greatly benefit from the development of a dedicated radionuclide SPECT imager. This will facilitate the elucidation of plant physiology geared towards optimizing the development of suitable biofuel feedstocks. Our efforts have focused on the development of a room temperature based gamma SPECT whole plant imager to enable functional imaging investigations. We report on the evaluation of a Redlen CZT planar imager system that successfully detected the presence of trace amounts (<;1μCi) of a 125-I labeled CmPP16-1 bioprobe that was introduced to plant leaves via carbon nano-fiber chip delivery. This establishes a basis for continued investigation of CZT based sensor technology for the development of a room temperature based, dedicated whole plant gamma SPECT imager.
Temperature dependence of the phonon entropy of vanadium

The phonon density-of-states (DOS) of elemental vanadium was measured at elevated temperatures by inelastic neutron scattering. The phonon softening predicted by thermal expansion against the bulk modulus is much larger than the measured shifts in phonon energies. We conclude that the phonon anharmonicities associated with thermal expansion are largely canceled by effects from phonon-phonon scattering. Prior measurements of the heat capacity and calculations of the electronic entropy of vanadium are assessed, and consistency requires an explicit temperature dependence of the phonon DOS. Using data from the literature, similar results are found for chromium, niobium, titanium, and zirconium.
Risk factors for urinary, fecal, or double incontinence in women.

Purpose of reviewTo review recent, significant contributions to the medical literature regarding the identification of factors which are associated with urinary, fecal, and double incontinence in women.Recent findingsApproximately one out of five women suffers from moderate to severe urinary inconti
Infinite multiplication of ideals in ℵ0-hereditary rings

Let I1, I2,… be 2-sided ideals in a ring R, and let us define ΠIi = ∩n I1 … In. How can we find elements of this ideal ? It is known (definitions and proof in Section 3 below) that if P is a projective right or left R-module, its trace ideal TP is idempotent: (TP)2 = TP. Hence if for such a P, every Ii contains TP, so will ΠIi. More generally, if all Ii for i greater than some n contain TP, then ΠIi will contain I1… InTP. We show below that if R is a right and left ℵ0-hereditary ring, then all elements of Π Ii arise in this way; that is, Π Ii = ∪n I1… In pti(∩i>n Ii), where pti(J) means the maximal projective-trace ideal contained in J. This was inspired by Cohn's “Intersection Lemma” [6, Corollary to Lemma 3.2]: if I is a proper ideal in a right and left fir R, then ∩n In = {0}. We shall also define the product of a family (Iλ) of ideals indexed by any totally ordered set Λ, and obtain a similar formula for ΠΛ Iλ, under the same hypothesis on R (Theorem 6.2); give a number of counterexamples, including a right ℵ0-fir that is not a right fir; and look briefly at the question of “classifying” infinite product operations on ideals, in rings not having the above good properties.