cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low temperature bonding of 30um pitch micro bump interconnection for 3D IC stacking using non-conductive adhesive

For evaluating the feasibility of adhesive bonding by NCF (non-conductive film) in micro bump joints, three types of micro joints were adopted in this study. The structure of the type I micro joints was Cu/Ni/Au while that of the type II micro joints was Cu/Ni/Au micro bump joined with Cu/Sn solder micro bump. Both the type I and type II micro joint were bonded by using NCF. The structure of the type III micro joints were the same, but the type III micro joints were produced by eutectic bonding. For the type III micro joints, the micro gap between chips was wrapped by a capillary underfill. The bonding results revealed that the contact resistance of the NCF joints was in the range of 100 Qm ∼ 400 Qm which was higher than that of eutectic joints. Electrical continuity of micro bump interconnection was monitored by measuring the contact resistance of four-point Kelvin structure and daisy chain during reliability test. Thermal cycling test and thermal humidity storage test were conducted to evaluate the reliability performance of these three types of micro interconnections. The reliability test displayed that the reliability performance of eutectic joints was better than that of the NCF joints. The study showed that NCF joints have great potential to be applied in low temperature bonding of fine pitch 3D IC stacking.
A computer-animated tutor for spoken and written language learning

Baldi, a computer-animated talking head is introduced. The quality of his visible speech has been repeatedly modified and evaluated to accurately simulate naturally talking humans. Baldi's visible speech can be appropriately aligned with either synthesized or natural auditory speech. Baldi has had great success in teaching vocabulary and grammar to children with language challenges and training speech distinctions to children with hearing loss and to adults learning a new language. We demonstrate these learning programs and also demonstrate several other potential application areas for Baldi®.
Mechanisms of resistance to 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine in human cancer cell lines

5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (DAC) is approved for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes, but resistance to this agent is common. In search for mechanisms of resistance, we measured the half maximal (50%) inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) of DAC and found it differed 1000-fold among a panel of cancer cell lines. The IC(50) was correlated with the doses of DAC that induced the most hypomethylation of long interspersed nuclear elements (LINE; R = 0.94, P < .001), but not with LINE methylation or DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), 3a, and 3b expression at baseline. Sensitivity to DAC showed a low correlation (R = 0.44, P = .11) to that of 5-azacytidine (AZA), but a good correlation to that of cytarabine (Ara-C; R = 0.89, P < .001). The 5 cell lines most resistant to DAC had a combination of low dCK, hENT1, and 2 transporters, and high cytosine deaminase. In an HL60 clone, resistance to DAC could be rapidly induced by drug exposure and was related to a switch from heterozygous to homozygous mutation of DCK. Transfection of wild-type DCK restored DAC sensitivity. DAC induced DNA breaks as evidenced by H2AX phosphorylation and increased homologous recombination rates by 7- to 10-fold. These results suggest that in vitro resistance to DAC can be explained by insufficient incorporation into DNA.
Conditional and specific inhibition of NF-κB in mouse pancreatic β cells prevents cytokine-induced deleterious effects and improves islet survival posttransplant

Background Islets are susceptible to damage by proinflammatory cytokines via activation of transcription factor NF-κB. We hypothesized that inhibition of NF-κB activity will decrease cytokine–mediated β-cell injury and improve islet transplant functional outcome. Methods We created a transgenic mouse expressing a degradation resistant N-terminally deleted IκBα (ΔNIκBα) under the control of a commercially available tetracycline-controlled transcriptional activation system using a rat insulin promoter. Isolated islets from transgenic and control mouse strains were exposed to cytokines in vitro and assayed or transplanted. Results Western blot analysis showed that ΔNIκBα was significantly increased with doxycycline treatment. Cytokine-induced NF-κB activation was significantly decreased in transgenic (0.065 ± 0.013 absorbance value/μg protein) vs control islets (0.128 ± 0.006; P Conclusion Conditional and specific suppression of NF-κB activity in β cells protected islets from cytokine-induced dysfunction in vitro and in vivo. These results provide a proof of principle that inhibition of NF-κB activity in donor islets enhances function and improves the outcome of islet transplantation.
Absence of substrate channeling in the glycosome of Trypanosoma brucei.

Abstract Glycolytic enzymes in the purified glycosomes of Trypanosoma brucei brucei bloodstream forms were crosslinked to form a large protein complex by the bifunctional reagent dimethyl suberimidate [Aman, R.A., Kenyon, G.L. and Wang, C.C. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 6966–6973]. The crosslinked enzyme complex was found capable of catalyzing the chain reactions leading from glucose to the formation of α-glycerophosphate in the presence of ATP and NADH. To determine whether the crosslinked enzyme complex exhibits multiple substrate channelings, these chain reactions were investigated in the crosslinked complex as well as in a preparation of solubilized native glycosomes. When glucose was present at a relatively high concentration (20 mM), production of α-glycerophosphate by the crosslinked complex had no apparent lag phase whereas the free enzyme mixture did. However, when the glucose level was lower (0.5–5.0 mM) the difference between the two enzyme preparations disappeared, a lag phase was found in both cases. Formation of sugar phosphates from radiolabeled glucose, followed by high performance liquid chromatographic analysis, showed no significant difference in the diluting powers of exogenous, unlabeled sugar phosphates added to the crosslinked complex or free enzymes. Exogenous fructose 1,6-diphosphatase demonstrated the same effectiveness in disrupting the chain reactions catalyzed by the crosslinked complex and the free enzyme mixture. In situ generation of 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate from 2-deoxyglucose and ATP was observed in the crosslinked complex, but the product had no amplified inhibitory effect on the phosphoglucose isomerase activity in the complex. All results suggest an absence of substrate channelings among the glycolytic enzymes in the glycosome of T. b. brucei bloodstream form.
From Test Cases to Special Cases: Four Undergraduates Unpack a Formula for Combinations.

Abstract Through a case study of four elementary education undergraduates, we seek new analytic constructs that could help make clearer how arguments discovered or tested in quite special cases might come to support assertions that are understood to hold in general. We began analysis from a particular standpoint: to focus fundamentally on learners’ representations and on how the learners reason from them. We have found it helpful to distinguish two perspectives to guide the subsequent analysis. On the one hand, we direct detailed attention to how learners reason, most especially on how they organize the logic of their arguments. On the other hand, we seek to understand the learners’ representations based on the way they structure them, and through the ways such structures might be reshaped or reframed over time. Based on this analysis the student subjects offer further evidence of the depth and power that students often viewed as less mathematically inclined can demonstrate in learning situations that engage them deeply.
Examining Approaches to Research on Self-Regulated Learning: Conceptual and Methodological Considerations.

We provide a conceptual commentary on the articles in this special issue, first by describing the unique features of each study, focusing on what we consider to be their theoretical and methodological contributions, and then by highlighting significant crosscutting themes and future directions in the study of SRL. Specifically, we define SRL to be dynamic, contextual, warm, and social. Given the complex nature of SRL as both domain-general and domain-specific, we further emphasize the continuing need for multiple methods to fully comprehend its role in learning. Additional attention is devoted to the issue of inferences based on traces and self-report data.
Retrieving the exact Green's function by wavefield crosscorrelation.

Recent development on the Green’s function retrieval by wavefield crosscorrelation has substantially advanced the physical research in a multidisciplinary and unprecedented fashion. However, the underlying assumption of the theory that the sources are in the far-field limits the technology to extracting only the high-frequency part of the Green’s function in an open system. This critical approximation can be eliminated using the exact boundary integral equation method. A scheme involving the crosscorrelation kernel is proposed to recover the exact Green’s function including all-frequency content. Symmetric difference kernels are analytically constructed for sources on a plane or on a circle and can be reduced to the known Dirac delta kernel under the far-field approximation.
Distorted vortex in Josephson-coupled layered superconductors

The free energy functional for a single vortex in a system of Josephson-coupled superconducting layers is derived in terms of coordinates of two-dimensional vortices, «pancakes,» which make the vortex «line.» The energy consists of equally important two-, three-, and four-pancake interactions
High levels of viral replication during acute hepatitis B infection predict progression to chronicity

To assess the pattern of development of serologic markers during acute hepatitis B, levels of HBsAg, HBeAg, and hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA were assayed in stored serum samples obtained sequentially from 12 subjects infected with HBV during experimental studies conducted in the 1950s. Six patients developed acute self-limited hepatitis, three developed chronic hepatitis, and three had an asymptomatic infection without HBsAg. HBsAg was the first serologic marker detected (mean = 52 days after exposure), followed by HBeAg (62 days) and HBV DNA (72 days). Peak HBsAg levels occurred before onset of symptoms and correlated with peak titers of HBeAg and HBV DNA. Patients who developed chronic hepatitis had higher peak levels of viral markers than those with self-limited disease: HBsAg (30 versus 5.4 μg/ml), HBeAg (1:2,000 versus 1:60 titer) and HBV DNA (3,192 versus 444 pg/ml). Thus, chronic HBV infection is characterized by high levels of viral replication appearing early during the acute phase of infection. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.1
0n the numerators and zeros and rational transfer matrices

The notion of a "numerator" of a rational transfer matrix is defined. The fact that any two numerators of the same transfer matrix are equivalent is then formally established and employed in the development of a number of equivalent definitions of the zeros of a rational transfer matrix.
The phase behavior of soaps in organic solvents and its relation to lubricating greases

1. The addition of water, methyl alcohol, and lauric acid all greatly lower the temperature at which anisotropic material separates on cooling from an isotropic solution of sodium stearate in hydrocarbon. Crystallization then appears in these cooled samples. No effect was observed when dry nitrobenzene was used as an additive. 2. The thickening of hydrocarbons by soaps has been shown to be possible either by compaction of gelled lumps exhibiting only limited swelling or by a much more efficient, homogeneous dispersion of the soap in colloidal micelles and secondary colloidal aggregation thereof, forming the jelly phase. 3. The texture of lubricating greases can be attributed to the condition and state of dispersion of the soap and it is influenced markedly by the stability of the system. The formation of fibers is the result of recrystallization of the soap and they are indicative of a previously unstable or metastable system. They are of relatively little permanent value in thickening hydrocarbons as compared with jelly or liquid-crystalline states. 4. The conditions which define a stable, homogeneous, phase area occupied by the jelly also define to a large extent the conditions under which lubricating greases exhibit structural stability. The reversion of a jelly or liquid-crystalline phase to a gel is always accompanied by syneresis. Metathesis of soaps in hydrocarbons can be another contributing factor in unstable greases exhibiting syneresis.
Interactive operations for visualization of ad-hoc sensor system domains

Embedded sensors are envisioned to provide information about a variety of environments. One use of sensors is for military intelligence gathering in the field. Typically, these sensors are manually placed in an environment. In order to know whether the appropriate domain is covered by the sensor arrangement, we build an interface that provides visualizations of the sensor domains and coverage. To assist with planning the sensor layout, our new interface allows the user to interactively specify new locations and see the effect on the domain. To verify that line-of-sight communications requirements are met, the visualizations also show the user these relationships. These simple visualizations improve the understanding of the sensor domain. The interactive 3D display gives the user a tool for planning how to best use the available resources to get information
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators 4-Hydroxytamoxifen and Raloxifene Impact the Stability and Function of SRC-1 and SRC-3 Coactivator Proteins

Proteasome-mediated protein degradation has been implicated in playing a role in nuclear receptor-mediated gene expression; inhibition of the proteasome impairs the transcriptional activity of estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and most other nuclear receptors. This coincides with blockage of agonist-dependent degradation of the receptor and elevation of the steady-state levels of SRC family coactivators and CBP. Here, we examined the effects that different ERalpha ligands have on coactivator protein steady-state levels and demonstrate that the selective ER modulators (SERMs) 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4HT) and raloxifene are able to elevate SRC-1 and SRC-3 protein levels. Using the HeLa cell line, we show that this effect is ERalpha dependent. Consistent with the observed increase in coactivator protein levels, we were also able to observe an increase in the transcriptional activity of other nuclear receptors in SERM-treated cells. Information presented here demonstrates an unexpected consequence of SERM treatment, which could help further define the complex tissue responses to 4HT and raloxifene, and suggests that these ligands can have a broad biological action, stimulating the transcriptional activity of other nuclear receptors.
RELATIONSHIP OF VARIOUS BEHAVIORS IN THE OPEN-FIELD TEST OF EMOTIONALITY

Using Hall's open-field test of emotionality, measures of latency, ambulation, rearing, defecation, urination, and squealing were obtained from 126 male Sprague-Dawley rats for 4 daily sessions. Defecation correlated significantly only with urination. The hypothesis that defecation and ambulation are inversely related was not confirmed. Emotionality, in the rat, is best defined by amount of defecation in the open field.
Proteins Specified by Sindbis Virus in HeLa Cells

HeLa cells infected with Sindbis virus were found to contain five species of nonvirion proteins besides the structural proteins of the virus. Some of the nonvirion proteins were found to serve as precursors to the viral structural proteins in a pulse-chase experiment.
Localization of the δ‐opioid receptor and dopamine transporter in the nucleus accumbens shell: Implications for opiate and psychostimulant cross‐sensitization

Opiate- and psychostimulant-induced modulation of dopamine transmission in the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh) is thought to play a key role in their potent reinforcing and locomotor effects. To investigate the cellular basis for potential functional interactions involving opiates active at the delta-opioid receptor (DOR) and psychostimulants that bind selectively to the dopamine transporter (DAT), we examined the electron microscopic localization of their respective antisera in rat AcbSh. DOR immunoperoxidase labeling was seen primarily, and DAT immunogold particles exclusively, in axon terminals. In these terminals, DOR immunoreactivity was prominently associated with discrete segments of the plasma membrane and the membranes of nearby small synaptic and large dense core vesicles. DAT immunogold particles were almost exclusively distributed along nonsynaptic axonal plasma membranes. Thirty-nine percent DOR-labeled profiles (221/566) either apposed DAT-immunoreactive terminals or also contained DAT. Of these 221 DOR-labeled profiles, 13% were axon terminals containing DAT and 15% were dendritic spines apposed to DAT-immunoreactive terminals. In contrast, 70% were morphologically heterogeneous axon terminals and small axons apposed to DAT-immunoreactive terminals. Our results indicate that DOR agonists in the AcbSh can directly modulate the release of dopamine, as well as postsynaptic responses in spiny neurons that receive dopaminergic input, but act principally to control the presynaptic secretion of other neurotransmitters whose release may influence or be influenced by extracellular dopamine. Thus, while opiates and psychostimulants mainly have differential sites of action, cross-sensitization of their addictive properties may occur through common neuronal targets.
Stromal Cell–Derived Factor-1 Effects on Ex Vivo Expanded Endothelial Progenitor Cell Recruitment for Ischemic Neovascularization

Background— Stromal cell–derived factor-1 (SDF-1) is a chemokine considered to play an important role in the trafficking of hematopoietic stem cells. Given the close relationship between hematopoietic stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), we investigated the effect of SDF-1 on EPC-mediated vasculogenesis. Methods and Results— Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated expression of CXCR4, the receptor of SDF-1, by 66±3% of EPCs after 7 days in culture. In vitro modified Boyden chamber assay showed a dose-dependent EPC migration toward SDF-1 (control versus 10 ng/mL SDF-1 versus 100 ng/mL SDF-1, 24±2 versus 71±3 versus 140±6 cells/mm2; P<0.0001). SDF-1 attenuated EPC apoptosis (control versus SDF-1, 27±1 versus 7±1%; P<0.0001). To investigate the effect of SDF-1 in vivo, we locally injected SDF-1 into athymic ischemic hindlimb muscle of nude mice combined with human EPC transplantation to determine whether SDF-1 augmented EPC-induced vasculogenesis. Fluorescence microscopic examination disclosed i...
Disentangling stereotype and person effects: Do social stereotypes bias observer judgment of personality?

Abstract To what extent are observer judgments biased by social stereotypes? We calculated the relative contributions of stereotype and individuating information to personality judgment. Participants read several instant messaging conversations and rated the partners on trait scales. In the combined information condition, participants received individuating information from the conversation and stereotype information in the form of systematically varied gender-by-ethnic group labels. In the category information condition, participants rated “typical” members of each group, and in the transcript information condition, participants rated conversation partners without label. Person effects accounted for the majority of explained variance, and gender, but not ethnic, labels significantly affected the ratings. When abundant individuating information was available, the force of stereotypes, though not entirely eliminated, was significantly reduced.
Statistical Discrimination, Employer Learning, and Employment Dierentials by Race, Gender, and Education

Previous papers on testing for statistical discrimination and employer learning require variables that employers do not observe directly, but are observed by researchers or data on employerprovided performance measures. This paper develops a test that does not rely on these speci…c variables. The proposed test can be performed with individual-level cross-section data on employment status, experience, and some variables on which discrimination is based, such as race, gender, and education. Evidence from analysis using the March Current Population Survey for 1977-2010 supports statistical discrimination and employer learning. The empirical …ndings are not explained by alternative hypotheses, such as human capital theory, search and matching models, and the theory of taste-based discrimination.
A new Late Cretaceous (Turonian) basal euteleostean fish from Lac des Bois of the Northwest Territories of Canada

A new genus and species of Late Cretaceous euteleost, Avitosmerus canadensis, is described from an assemblage of fossil fishes found in a Late Cretaceous (Turonian) unnamed member (unit E) of the Great Bear Basin from Lac des Bois, Northwest Territories, Canada. It is a small fusiform fish characterized by a long slender supraorbital, the presence of a small suprapreopercle, branches of the preopercular sensory canal that reach the edge of the preopercle, and an anterior supraneural that is twice as large as those posterior to it. Additionally, elements of its caudal fin show a high degree of fusion. Avitosmerus is one of ten described Cretaceous basal euteleosts that are found worldwide (Avitosmerus, Barcarenichthys, Erichalcis, Gaudryella, Gharbouria, Humbertia, Kermichthys, Manchurichthys, Paravinciguerria, and Stompooria). Avitosmerus and Erichalcis are the only two basal euteleosts that have been described from the Cretaceous of North America. Placement of Avitosmerus into the Euteleostei is based on...
Interleukin-10 and inhibition of innate immunity to Yersiniae: roles of Yops and LcrV (V antigen).

Plague, caused by Yersinia pestis , is recognized as the most devastating acute infectious disease experienced by humankind. This notoriety is based upon the high rate of mortality, the rapid onset, and the appalling pathology associated with both the bubonic and pneumonic forms of the infection.
Prevalence and factors associated with asymptomatic gonococcal and chlamydial infection among US Navy and Marine Corps men infected with the HIV: a cohort study.

Objectives: Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) can facilitate transmission of HIV. Men who have sex with men (MSM) may harbour infections at genital and extragenital sites. Data regarding extragenital GC and CT infections in military populations are lacking. We examined the prevalence and factors associated with asymptomatic GC and CT infection among this category of HIV-infected military personnel. Design: Cross-sectional cohort study (pilot). Setting: Infectious diseases clinic at a single military treatment facility in San Diego, CA. Participants: Ninety-nine HIV-positive men were evaluated—79% men who had sex with men, mean age 31 years, 36% black and 33% married. Inclusion criteria: male, HIV-infected, Department of Defense beneficiary. Exclusion criteria: any symptom related to the urethra, pharynx or rectum. Primary outcome measures: GC and CT screening results. Results: Twenty-four per cent were infected with either GC or CT. Rectal swabs were positive in 18% for CT and 3% for GC; pharynx swabs were positive in 8% for GC and 2% for CT. Only one infection was detected in the urine (GC). Anal sex (p=0.04), male partner (OR 7.02, p=0.04) and sex at least once weekly (OR 3.28, p=0.04) were associated with infection. Associated demographics included age <35 years (OR 6.27, p=0.02), non-Caucasian ethnicity (p=0.03), <3 years since HIV diagnosis (OR 2.75, p=0.04) and previous sexually transmitted infection (STI) (OR 5.10, p=0.001). Conclusions: We found a high prevalence of extragenital GC/CT infection among HIV-infected military men. Only one infection was detected in the urine, signalling the need for aggressive three-site screening of MSM. Clinicians should be aware of the high prevalence in order to enhance health through comprehensive STI screening practices.
Antihypertensive agents: mechanisms of action, safety profiles, and current uses in children

Abstract Background: Hypertension is uncommon in children, and relatively few children receive antihypertensive medications. Objective: This article reviews the individual classes of antihypertensive medications as they are used in children, highlighting their proposed mechanisms of action, common adverse effects, and, when available, a summary of the published pediatric data. Methods: Selected publications regarding the use and pharmacokinetics of antihypertensive agents in children were identified through a literature search using PubMed ® (1970–1999). Results: The amount of information regarding the effectiveness, safety, and adverse-effect profiles of antihypertensive agents in children is limited by the small number of patients involved and scientific study design. Conclusions: Hypertension in children is uncommon when compared with its incidence in adults, but it frequently portends an underlying disease process and can be difficult to treat. Few antihypertensive agents have been tested in children, and treatment guidelines are often based on previous experience in a small number of patients. Safe and effective use of antihypertensive agents requires adequate knowledge of their pharmacologic properties, including metabolism, disposition, and effects in children of varying ages.
On the Effect of the “Third-Person Effect”: Perceived Influence of Media Coverage and Residential Mobility Intentions

This study demonstrates that third-person perceptions regarding the influence of media coverage of peripheral towns indirectly affect the desire to consider moving. It is argued that regardless of whether people’s perceptions of where they live are really shaped by media coverage, if people believe others are affected by this coverage more than they are, they are more likely to consider relocation. We investigated whether the perceived stigmatization of peripheral development towns in Israel has an impact on the desire of their residents to stay or leave, over and above the disaffection with actual living conditions in these communities. Using structural equation modeling (N = 472), we show that third-person estimations indeed influence both perceptions and behavioral intentions. This study explores how perceptions of, and beliefs about, the influence of media coverage of peripheral towns affect the desire to move away from them. It is argued that regardless of whether people’s perceptions of where they live are really shaped by media coverage, if people believe others are affected by this coverage more than they themselves are, they are more likely to consider relocation. Specifically, we investigated whether the perceived stigmatization of peripheral development towns in Israel has an impact on the desire of their residents to stay or leave, over and above the disaffection with actual living conditions in these communities.
Antiluteogenesis effects of prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF) in cyclic mares

A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of PGF in cycling mares when administered during the early post-ovulatory period. We hypothesized that administration of PGF during the early post-ovulatory period would prevent the establishment of luteal function as denoted by low concentrations of plasma progesterone. We further hypothesized that prevention of luteal function would result in induction of an ovulatory estrus followed by a normal diestrus. Further, treated mares would have normal potential for fertility when artificially inseminated during the induced estrus following PGF (dinoprost tromethamine) treatments. Cycling mares (n 1⁄4 25) followed during 50 estrous cycles were subjected to the following experimental groups: 1) Group 1(n1⁄410), no PGF treatment; Group 2 (n 1⁄410), mares were treated with a single i.m. injection of PGF (10 mg dinoprost) 10 days post ovulation (ovulation 1⁄4 day 0); Group 3 (n 1⁄4 10), mares were treated with 2.5 mg PGF twice daily for 3 days beginning within 24 hours from ovulation detection; Group 4 (n 1⁄4 10), mares were treated with 10 mg PGF twice daily for 3 days beginning within 24 hours from ovulation; Group 5 (n1⁄4 10 ), mares were treated with 10 mg PGF twice daily for 3 days beginning within 12 hours from ovulation, followed by once daily injections on days 3 and 4 following ovulation. Only mares in Groups 2 and 5 were artificially inseminated.
Effects of desoxypyridoxine and vitamin B6 on development of the chick embryo.

SummaryDesoxypyridoxine (1000 fig) injected into eggs prior to the start of the incubation period resulted in 100% mortality of the embryos; this inhibition was prevented by simultaneous injection of any of the three forms of vitamin B6. The ratio of vitamin to inhibitor which permitted approximately 50% of the embryos to produce live chicks was 1/20 for pyridoxal, 1/50 for pyridoxamine and 1/100 for pyridoxine.When injected after 4 or more days of incubation, 1000 μg of desoxypyridoxine proved non-toxic. Higher levels injected at 6 days of incubation proved toxic but this toxicity could not be prevented by any of the 3 forms of vitamin B6. A possible explanation for this observed variation in toxicity of desoxypyridoxine at different stages of incubation is offered. Pyridoxal hydrochloride and pyridoxine hydrochloride also proved toxic at high levels while pyridoxamine dihydro-chloride was not toxic at the highest level tested.Neither nicotinic acid nor its amide affected the inhibitory action of desoxyp...
What treatments do we have for children and adolescents who have killed

This article examines the limited literature available on the treatment of homicidal children and adolescents. Various methods of treatment for this population are reviewed including psychotherapy, psychiatric hospitalization, institutional placement, and psychopharmacologic agents. The body of research on homicidal youths is progressing very slowly, and definitive treatments and prognostic data in this heterogeneous population are for the most part lacking.
Gendered Perceptions of Learning and Fairness when Choice between Exam Types Is Offered.

This study examined the differences in male and female students’ perceptions of how much they had learned and how fairly their performance had been measured when choice between constructed response...
Medical risks and benefits of newborn male circumcision in the United States: physician perspectives.

Introduction:In 2012, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) published recommendations that physicians should discuss with parents the benefits and risks of newborn male circumcision. Our objective was to assess physicians’ perspectives of newborn male circumcision.Methods:A self-administered, cross-sectional electronic survey of US physicians was conducted in 2008 (N = 1500).Results:Approximately one-third (33.2%) of the respondents reported that their current perspective was that the medical benefits outweigh the risks associated with newborn male circumcision and less than one-third (31.1%) reported they would recommend the procedure when counseling parents.Conclusions:In 2008, only about one-third of the physicians surveyed thought that the benefits of male circumcision outweighed the risks and recommended it to parents of newborn sons. These attitudes may be relevant to the declining circumcision rates in the United States. Repeat ...
Congress and the Politics of Military Reform

This essay offers a history and analysis of the politics of military reform during the Reagan presidency. Under the leadership of a diverse coalition within Congress, military reform briefly eclipsed both the Reagan buildup and nuclear arms control as the dominant defense policy agenda in the mid-1980s. Congressional sponsorship of military reform in the last decade was a product not only of the decentralization and democratization of the defense policy process in the House and Senate, but also of the domestic political conditions that made a particular military reform agenda attractive to many members of Congress. Military reform became the singular congressional programmatic contribution to the defense policy process in the 1980s, as well as a rare example of congressional innovation in any policy arena.
Graduation Requirements for Students with Disabilities Legal and Practice Considerations

The question of how and when to graduate students with disabilities has become an engaging issue for parents and public school personnel. This article examines the legal and practice considerations regarding high school graduation, including graduation standards, minimum competency testing, and termination of services. Recommendations are provided on how school districts can establish a process for graduating students with disabilities within the legal framework of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act.
Evaluating the Wisdom of Strangers: The Perceived Credibility of Online Consumer Reviews on Yelp

This study examined the effects of review valence, the reviewer profile, and the receiver's familiarity with the platform (user/nonuser) on the perceived credibility of a review on Yelp.com and on the receiver's attitude toward the reviewed object. The results demonstrated a difference in cue-taking between users and nonusers. For users, there was an interaction effect of 2 profile cues (number of friends and number of reviews) on competence. Users interpreted the cues in combination, whereas non-users were not influenced by them. The friends?×?reviews?×?platform familiarity interaction indirectly affected attitude through competence. Further, review valence was positively associated with perceived credibility and attitude. The findings support and extend the social information processing theory and cue combination literature.
Structural genes for catalytic and regulatory subunits of aspartate transcarbamylase.

Abstract Over forty aspartate transcarbamylase mutants (pyr B) of Salmonella typhimurium have been surveyed. The mutants have been classified as to mutational type and used to construct a genetic map of the pyr B locus. The direction of transcription across this locus is inferred from the fact that several amber nonsense mutations at one extreme end of the map leave the cell with residual pyr B function. Seven nonsense and frameshift mutants of the pyr B gene were selected and assayed for their content of regulatory subunit; all possessed reduced but detectable levels of the subunit. Since pyr B mutants lack catalytic activity but possess detectable regulatory subunit we conclude that the pyr B locus codes only for the catalytic subunit. Two deletion mutants were isolated that lack the entire pyr B locus and produce no detectable regulatory subunit; we infer that the structural gene for regulatory subunit is adjacent to the pyr B locus. The reduced level of regulatory subunit in pyr B mutants is consistent with a polarity effect of pyr B mutations on an adjacent gene for this subunit. No point mutations of the regulatory subunit structural gene have been found.
Effects of particle shape on the effective permittivity of composite materials with measurements for lattices of cubes

The effects of inclusion shape on the quasi-static effective permittivity of a two-phase periodic composite material are discussed in this paper. The lattice is formed from complex-shaped conducting inclusions suspended in a host medium. The effective permittivity is computed using an accurate moment-method-based technique. Numerical results are presented for a variety of particle shapes including circular, square, and "rounded square" cylinders (two dimensional) as well as lattices of spheres and cubes (three dimensional). It was found that among these shapes, lattices of square cylinders and cubes produced nearly the minimal polarization per unit volume possible (a/spl grave/ la Maxwell/Maxwell Garnett). It appears that the strong mutual interaction between edges and corners of these particles is responsible for this effect. That is, it was observed that the mutual interaction between square cylinders and cubes caused a decrease in their dipole moments and, hence, the effective permittivity, which is opposite to the usual expectation from mutual interaction between circular cylinders and spheres. Experimental verification of this effect is provided by quasi-static conductivity measurements.
Small bowel obstruction subsequent to Essure microinsert sterilization: a case report

Objective To report a case of small bowel obstruction (SBO) subsequent to Essure microinsert sterilization. Design Case report. Setting University teaching hospital. Patient(s) A 38-year-old woman, gravida 1, para 1, with a history of pelvic pain, vaginal spotting, nausea, vomiting, and constipation 1 month after Essure hysteroscopic sterilization. Intervention(s) Radiologic investigation, including a computed tomography scan of the abdomen and pelvis, followed by operative laparoscopy. Main Outcome Measure(s) Alleviation of the SBO. Result(s) Radiologic investigation suggested a distal SBO, with the left Essure microinsert noted in the left lower pelvis. These findings, including an inflamed appendix, were confirmed at operative laparoscopy. Lysis of adhesions, removal of the Essure microinsert, appendectomy, and left salpingectomy were performed. Conclusion(s) This case is reported to increase awareness that SBO is a potential complication of Essure microinsert placement.
Addressing sexual dysfunction in colorectal cancer survivorship care.

Despite the high prevalence of sexual dysfunction in survivors of colorectal cancer, studies have shown that patients and providers rarely discuss how these symptoms may be influencing overall quality of life. The type and severity of symptoms of sexual dysfunction can vary greatly depending on the type of colorectal cancer and treatment, and assessment of sexual dysfunction is key to understanding how patients may be affected by these symptoms. Although patients would like to discuss these issues with their provider, they are often reluctant to ask questions about sexual functioning during appointments. Likewise, health care providers may hesitate to address sexual dysfunction due to time limitations or lack of knowledge regarding treatment of sexual problems. Health care providers can facilitate discussion of sexual dysfunction by (I) assessing sexual functioning throughout treatment, (II) initiating discussions about symptoms of sexual dysfunction at each appointment, and (III) maintaining adequate referral resources for treatment of sexual dysfunction.
LOCALIZED MANAGEMENT OF WHITE-TAILED DEER IN THE CENTRAL ADIRONDACK MOUNTAINS, NEW YORK

Abstract The social behavior of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) provides an opportunity for managing deer populations. In northern forests, female deer associate in multigeneration social groups and exhibit site fidelity. We tested whether localized removal of a social group created a persistent area of lower deer density on Huntington Wildlife Forest (HWF) in New York, USA. We examined relative abundance and home ranges of deer to determine whether the removal created a lower-density area, how long the lower-density area persisted, and origin of repopulating females. Abundance declined due to removal. Home-range analysis showed that no radiomarked deer from surrounding areas moved into the removal area post-removal and that deer density was reduced for 5 years. Repopulating deer were offspring of females remaining within the removal area or immigrants from adjacent social groups.
Extended-Interval Aminoglycoside Use in Cystic Fibrosis Exacerbation in Children and Young Adults: A Prospective Quality Improvement Project

This is a prospective quality improvement project for patients with cystic fibrosis who are 5 years of age and older who were admitted for intravenous antibiotic administration as part of treatment of cystic fibrosis exacerbation. The goal of this project was to compare the pharmacokinetics of once-daily versus thrice-daily aminoglycoside use when treating cystic fibrosis exacerbation in different age groups. Of the total of 119 patient encounters, 82.4% were started on once-daily dosing, and the remainder were started on thrice-daily dosing. Patients with pharmacokinetics allowing the continuation of once-daily dosing differed from patients who required a switch to thrice-daily dosing in terms of baseline forced expiratory volume in 1 second, forced expiratory flow from 25% to 75% of vital capacity, age, and body mass index (BMI) but were similar in BMI percentiles. The once-daily dosing group had higher mean 18-hour level, higher mean half-life, higher mean area under the curve, and lower mean elimination constant. This study showed that aminoglycoside clearance is higher in younger children.
Gaining perspective: How men describe incidents damaging the therapeutic alliance.

This study investigated the incidents that male clients found to be most detrimental to the formation or strengthening of the therapeutic alliance with their mental health professionals, using an abbreviated version of the qualitative critical incident technique, which focused on hindering incidents only. The Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory was administered as a measure of participants' adherence to traditional masculine gender norms to better describe the sample. Participants were 86 adult males, almost all of whom were receiving individual counseling or psychotherapy at the time of the study. After redundant statements had been eliminated, a total of 56 unique critical incident statements were obtained. The statements were initially sorted into self-defined, conceptually homogenous categories by 3 returning participants, and a consensus classification structure (based on the participants' categorization of the incidents) was then created by the researchers. The consensus structure was modified based on feedback and reliability data gathered from a subset of participants. The final category scheme contained 7 categories describing what clients in this study perceived as detrimental to the formation or strengthening of the alliance. The categories were as follows: Not the Right Fit/Approach, Counselor/Psychotherapist Pressuring the Client, Client Uncertain or Untrusting, Counselor/Psychotherapist Acting on Assumptions About the Client, Client Unsure of What to Expect in Session, Client Not Putting in Enough Effort, and Time/Timing Problems. These categories can aid practitioners in providing gender-sensitive care by helping them become alert to the ways in which problems may manifest in alliances with male clients.
Does cognitive avoidance mediate the relation of anxiety and binge eating

Purpose Theory suggests that binge eating symptoms may develop in an attempt to avoid distressing states that arise in the context of negative affect. In light of its theoretical significance, including the “escape from awareness” model of binge eating, surprisingly few empirical evaluations have examined the empirical evidence for this variable in relation to anxiety and binge eating symptoms. In addition, although it is understood that anxiety is more prevalent among women than men, empirical investigations of gender differences in cognitive avoidance in binge eating are thus far absent from the published literature.
Replacing seal validity of caprock with generation gas ability and its determining method

This paper studied the formation conditions and mechanism of replacing seal in caprock with generation gas ability. By contrasting the format ion period of replacing seal in caprock with generation gas ability and the larg e amount of expulsion hydrocarbon period of gas sourcerok , this paper puts forw ard the concept of replacing seal efficiency in caprock with generation gas abil ity and its determining method. If the replacing seal formation period is earlie r than or the same as the period, a lot of gas was expelled from sourcerock, a l ot of gas in diffusion phase is sealed by caprock, the replacing seal efficiency is best. If the replacing seal formation period is later than the period, a lot of gas was expelled form sourcerock, the replacing seal efficiency is determine d by their time difference. The smaller time difference is, the bigger the gas a mount is sealed by caprock, the better replacing seal validity is. On the contr ary, the replacing seal efficiency is bad. The method was applied in studying th e replacing seal validity of the second member of Denglouku formation caprock wi th generation gas ability to the gas in diffusion phase from Shahezi-Yingcheng f ormation gas sourcerock in Sanzhao Sag of Songliao Basin. The result indicates t hat the method is practical and can objectively reflect the replacing seal effic iency of caprock with generation gas ability.
Analysis and Visualization of ChIP-Seq and RNA-Seq Sequence Alignments Using ngs.plot

The continual maturation and increasing applications of next-generation sequencing technology in scientific research have yielded ever-increasing amounts of data that need to be effectively and efficiently analyzed and innovatively mined for new biological insights. We have developed ngs.plot-a quick and easy-to-use bioinformatics tool that performs visualizations of the spatial relationships between sequencing alignment enrichment and specific genomic features or regions. More importantly, ngs.plot is customizable beyond the use of standard genomic feature databases to allow the analysis and visualization of user-specified regions of interest generated by the user's own hypotheses. In this protocol, we demonstrate and explain the use of ngs.plot using command line executions, as well as a web-based workflow on the Galaxy framework. We replicate the underlying commands used in the analysis of a true biological dataset that we had reported and published earlier and demonstrate how ngs.plot can easily generate publication-ready figures. With ngs.plot, users would be able to efficiently and innovatively mine their own datasets without having to be involved in the technical aspects of sequence coverage calculations and genomic databases.
Money, Commodification and the Corrosion of Value: An Examination of the Sacred and Intrinsic Value

When, in the first volume of Capital Karl Marx thunders ‘Everything becomes saleable and buyable … Not even the bones of saints, and still less are more delicate res sacrosanctae, extra commercium hominum are able to withstand this alchemy’,2 he is tapping into a venerable tradition that regards money as destructive or corrosive of the sacred. Money is the oil of the profane machinery of the reproduction of human life and ought to be kept separate from the realm of the sacred. There are some things that ought not be sold because of their sacred nature.
“These Petrified Relations Must Be Forced to Dance”: An Interview with Dick Howard

This chapter presents an interview by young philosopher trying to find the roots of his own philosophical and political engagement. He tries to induce me to expalin the continuities among my philosophical breakthroughs and my political engagements. On rereading– and amending– the text, I find that this chapter presents a useful overview of the choices that faced a philosophical and political activist who grew up in the 1960s.