cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A review on optimization methods applied in energy-efficient building geometry and envelope design

Abstract Building envelope parameters and geometric configurations can considerably influence the building energy performance. However, determining the best trade-offs of different building shape and envelope configurations to yield near-optimal design alternatives with respect to their energy performance is not a straight-forward task. Consequently, different methods have been utilized to optimize building envelope parameters and geometric configurations to achieve better energy performance. The objective of this paper is to provide an extensive review of the optimization methods and their application in energy-efficient architectural building design to better identify the potentials and applicability of different optimization methods. This paper reviews the optimization research, where building envelope parameters and geometric configurations are considered remarkably as the optimization independent variable(s) and building energy consumption/demand is included as an objective in the optimization process. The associated derivative-free and derivative-based optimization methods and their application in energy-efficient building design are included in this review. In addition, decision-making approaches are discussed for multi-objective optimizations. Current optimization tools are demonstrated. Finally, crucial considerations, including limitations and suggestions for the related future studies are concluded.
Wuz You Robbed? Concerns With Using Big Data Analytics in Sports.

Human enhancement in sports triggers a near-universal and visceral negative reaction. Loland (2018) posits that this reaction relates to an age-old distinction that athletics makes between the nont...
Re)Configuring Bike Station Network via Crowdsourced Information Fusion and Joint Optimization

Thanks to their great success as a green urban transportation means of first/last-mile connectivity, bike sharing service (BSS) networks has been proliferating all over the globe. Their station (re)placement and dock resizing has thus become an increasingly important problem for bike sharing service providers. In contrast to the use of conventional labor-intensive user surveys, we propose a novel optimization framework called CBikes, (re)configuring the BSS network with crowdsourced station suggestions from online websites. Based on comprehensive real data analyses, we identify and utilize important global trip patterns to (re)configure the BSS network while balancing the local biases of individual feedbacks. Specifically, crowdsourced feedbacks, station usage history, cost and other constraints are fused into a joint optimization of BSS network configuration. We further design a semidefinite programming transformation to solve the bike station (re)placement problem efficiently and effectively. Our evaluation has demonstrated the effectiveness and accuracy of CBikes in (re)placing stations and resizing docks based on 3 large BSS systems (with more than 900 stations) in Chicago, Twin Cities, and Los Angeles, as well as related crowdsourced feedbacks.
The Symmetry of Optimally Dense Packings

This is a slightly expanded version of a talk given at the Janos Bolyai Conference on Hyperbolic Geometry, held in Budapest in July, 2002. The general subject of the talk was the densest packings of simple bodies, for instance spheres or polyhedra, in Euclidean or hyperbolic spaces, and describes recent joint work with Lewis Bowen. One of the main points was to report on our solution of the old problem of treating optimally dense packings of bodies in hyperbolic spaces. The other was to describe the general connection between aperiodicity and nonuniqueness in problems of optimal density.
Pleckstrin Homology Domains

Pleckstrin homology (PH) domains are small protein modules of around 120 amino acids that are found in a large number of proteins involved in intracellular signaling and cytoskeletal organization, often occurring alongside SH2, SH3, PTB and other domains discussed in this volume. PH domains were first noted by Mayer et al. (1993) and Haslam et al. (1993) as sequences found in a number of intracellular signaling molecules that show limited homology to a region repeated in the protein pleckstrin (Tyers et al. 1988). As a result, this 47-kDa protein, which is the major substrate of protein kinase C (PKC) in platelets, has lent its name to a domain now identified in more than 100 different proteins involved in different signaling and cytoskeletal organization processes. Soon after the identification of the PH domain, structural studies showed that it does indeed form an independent module with a characteristic β-sandwich structure. The functions of PH domains are now becoming more clear, and the current view is that they are involved in recruitment of their host proteins to cell membranes. In some cases this recruitment is achieved through direct interaction of the PH domain with specific membrane components, and can be directly signal-dependent — with the PH domain binding to a lipid second messenger. In this chapter, we will discuss the structure of PH domains, and the characteristics that make them ideally suited for binding to the membrane surface. We will also review the current state of knowledge regarding PH domain function and ligand-binding properties, and will consider how they may participate in defining the specificity of intermolecular interactions and compartmentalization required for the function of their host proteins in signaling processes.
Joint Fact Finding and Stakeholder Consensus Building at the Altamont Wind Resource Area in California

This chapter provides a brief overview of conflict in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area and an in-depth description of the joint fact-finding process designed to improve stakeholder consensus on the complex scientific issues associated with avian fatality and wind power. High political and economic stakes and contentious, uncertain science has created a highly complex environment for crafting policy. The chapter provides a brief history of research and avian mortality issues, the policy and political environment, and key stakeholders and interests. The joint fact-finding process and the consensus-building structure and collaborative outcomes are illustrated. The author concludes that the Scientific Review Committee has successfully fulfilled its charge, yet the larger policy question associated with minimizing avian fatalities and maximizing wind energy has remained largely unresolved. As the wind companies and other interested parties move toward replacing outdated turbines, a different consensus-seeking approach will likely be necessary to grapple with the scientific, political, economic and policy issues necessary to affect change and realize consensus.
Factors associated with poorer prognosis for patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention during off-hours: biology or systems failure?

Objectives We sought to determine whether poorer outcomes in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (MI) during off-hours are related to delays in treatment, circadian changes in biology, or differences in operator-related quality of care. Background Previous investigation has suggested that patients undergoing primary PCI during off-hours are more likely to have adverse cardiac events than routine-hours patients, but the reasons for this remain poorly defined. Methods Clinical, angiographic, and procedural characteristics were compared in consecutive patients (n = 685) undergoing primary PCI in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Dynamic Registry between 1997 and 2006 that were classified as occurring during routine-hours (07:00 to 18:59) or off-hours (19:00 to 06:59). The primary end points were in-hospital death, MI, and target vessel revascularization. Results Median time from symptom onset to PCI was similar (off-hours 3.4 h vs. routine-hours 3.3 h). Patients presenting in off-hours were more likely to present with cardiogenic shock and multivessel coronary artery disease but were equally likely to present with complete occlusion of the infarct-related artery. Procedural complications including dissection were more frequent in off-hours patients. In-hospital death, MI, and target vessel revascularization were significantly higher in off-hours patients (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 2.66, p = 0.001), and differences in outcomes were worse even if the procedure was immediately successful (adjusted OR: 2.58, p = 0.005, adjusting for angiographic success). Patients undergoing PCI on weekends had better outcomes during the daytime than nighttime. Conclusions Patients undergoing primary PCI for acute MI during off-hours are at significantly higher risk for in-hospital death, MI, and target vessel revascularization. These findings appear related to both diurnal differences in presentation and lesion characteristics, as well as differences in procedural complication and success rates that extend beyond differences in symptom-to-balloon time.
Adverse effects of proton pump inhibitors: fact or fake news?

Purpose of reviewThe present review summarizes the past year's literature, both clinical and basic science, regarding potential adverse effects of proton pump inhibitors.Recent findingsProton pump inhibitors are amongst the most widely prescribed and overprescribed medications worldwide. Although ge
Regulatory performance dataset constructed from U.S. soil jurisdictions based on the top 100 concerned pollutants

Abstract The regulatory performance dataset based on the standard-value-based comparison tool was summarized in this Data in Brief. The dataset includes the identified top 100 concerned soil pollutants, the computed C2–C5 regulatory performance scores for each state soil jurisdiction, and the reference sources of the soil regulatory guidance values (RGVs). A total of 20 elements, seven cyanides, five halogenated methanes, seven chloroethanes and choroethenes, 12 benzenes, eight phenols, eight carcinogenic PAHs, eight noncarcinogenic PAHs, nine historically used pesticides, 12 currently used pesticides, and nine miscellaneous pollutants were selected as the top 100 concerned pollutants. Four comparison scores simulated from state soil regulations can be directly applied and compared with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to quantify the regulatory performance.
Abstract TP319: Early Feeding Post G-tube Insertion is Safe in Stroke Patients

Introduction: Initiation of tube feeding (TF) via gastrostomy tube (G-tube) after insertion in dysphagic stroke patients is often delayed per physician preference with delayed feeding (DF) initiate...
Intermodernism: A Philosophical Perspective for Development of Scientific Nursing Theory

Nursing is not only a professional practice, it is a scientific practice as well. One aspect of this practice involves development of scientific theory. In this article, I present a philosophical perspective called intermodernism for considering the content, structure, and process of scientific theory. Three types of theory structure are reviewed along with descriptions of the use of models and mechanisms in knowledge development. Practice is championed as a context that informs theory development as well as a context of theory validation and application.
Deception and Language: The Contextual Organization of Language and Deception (COLD) Framework

A growing body of research suggests that language cues for deception are not universal. When settings change, the effect of deception on word patterns also changes, making it difficult to draw conclusions about the overall impact of deception on language use. In this chapter, we first outline why a universal approach to deception and language is problematic. Next, we consider how research has revealed the importance of various moderators (e.g., the mode of message production, the valence of the situation) on how language is affected by deception, suggesting that deception is a context-contingent phenomenon. We also address how language, independent of deception, is also highly context dependent. Finally, we outline the Contextual Organization of Language and Deception (COLD) framework, which proposes that psychological dynamics (e.g., emotional and cognitive processes modified by deception), pragmatic goals (e.g., what the speaker is trying to accomplish with his or her deception), and genre conventions (e.g., the norms of each discourse community that shape how language is produced) profoundly but systematically influence the effect of deception on language. We apply the COLD framework to a database of deceptive political speeches from six US Presidents (George W. Bush, Lyndon B. Johnson, Bill Clinton, Richard Nixon, John F. Kennedy, and Ronald Reagan), finding support for the idea that false language patterns are reliably modified by the deception type.
vMOBilize: Gamifying Civic Learning and Political Engagement in a Classroom Context

This study presents the results of a quasi-experiment (N = 254) conducted over the course of ten weeks in Spring 2016 to assess the effectiveness of a game platform designed to facilitate political...
Reply to Lewis et al.: Inference is key to learning appearance from language, for humans and distributional semantic models alike

Two major ways in which humans learn is by direct sensory observation and gathering information from other minds through language. In our original paper, we attempt to tease apart the contributions of sensory experience from other sources of information, including linguistic communication, by comparing knowledge of appearance among individuals blind from birth and those who are sighted. We report that blind and sighted people share structured knowledge of animal appearance (1). Lewis et al. (2) urge us not to “reject language as an important source of visual knowledge.” We did not intend to do so and agree that language is indeed likely … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: judyseinkim{at}gmail.com. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Optically pumped white light-emitting diodes based on metal halide perovskites and perovskite-related materials

Optically pumped white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs), consisting of blue/ultraviolet LED chips and down conversion phosphors, have a wide range of applications in our daily life, such as full color display and solid-state lighting. While remarkable progress in light quality, device efficiency, and lifetime has been achieved during the last two decades, many challenges remain in optically pumped WLEDs, and searching for low cost high performance down conversion phosphors is still of great interest. Recently, metal halide perovskites have emerged as a highly promising new generation of light emitters for their exceptional optical properties with high quantum efficiencies and color tunability, which have also inspired researchers to investigate their derivatives. In this perspective, we briefly review the progress during the last few years in the development of metal halide perovskites and perovskite-related materials as down conversion phosphors for optically pumped WLEDs. We also highlight some major issues and challenges that need to be addressed to enable perovskite-based light emitters to possibly replace currently used rare-earth doped inorganic phosphors and quantum dots.
Comparison of Σ + p and Σ − n Systems

Assuming that the nuclear interactions between ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\ensuremath{-}}n$ and ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}p$ are charge-symmetric, the effect of the Coulomb potential in the ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}p$ system on the binding energy and wave function of a possible bound state of the ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}p$ system is calculated. Using a phenomenological square-well potential the binding energies, ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{+}$ and ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{\ensuremath{-}}$, of the ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}p$ and ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\ensuremath{-}}n$ systems are determined. In particular, it is found that the limiting condition, ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$, implies that ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{\ensuremath{-}}$ is 0.38, 0.47, 0.62 Mev when the square-well range parameter, $b$, equals 1.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$, 1.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$, 0.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ cm respectively. If the ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\ensuremath{-}}n$ interaction determines ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{\ensuremath{-}}$ to lie in the small but finite region $0l{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{\ensuremath{-}}l{\overline{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}_{\ensuremath{-}}$, then the ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\ensuremath{-}}n$ system is bound and the ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}p$ system unbound. Conversely, if ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}p$ is bound, then ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{\ensuremath{-}}g{\overline{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}_{\ensuremath{-}}$. A brief discussion of the experimental situation with regard to these hyperon compounds is given.
A cross-sectional study on the characteristics and factors associated with the clinical course of child and adolescent patients hospitalized in a public child and adolescent psychiatric unit of Chile.

Introduction Patients of the Short-stay Child and Adolescent Unit of the Del Salvador Psychiatric Hospital (Valparaiso, Chile) exhibit different clinical and social characteristics compared to literature reports of other national centers, although published data are scarce. Objectives To describe the operation of the Unit, the socio-familial and clinical characteristics of its patients and analyze factors associated with their clinical evolution. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study to describe the patients hospitalized over a three-year period. Variables were registered in an anonymized database. Clinical evolution was evaluated over the year following hospital discharge. Results The Unit's model of care can be described as involving biomedical, psychodynamic, and ecological components. We included 98 patients, of which 70.4% were male, and the average age was 11.5 ± 2.3 years. 82.6% were of low socioeconomic status, and 35.7% did not attend school; 98.9% presented family dysfunction, and 91.8% of parents had a history of psychopathology. The most frequent reason for admission was the risk of harm to self or others. The most frequent discharge diagnoses were behavioral, depressive, and personality development disorders. The average length of stay was 41.8 ± 31.1 days. The most commonly used pharmacological agents were antipsychotics and mood stabilizers. Regarding clinical evolution in the first year post-discharge, 47% were evaluated as positive, 27% regular, and 26% unsatisfactory. The factor associated with an unsatisfactory clinical course was having had in-patient antidepressants. Re-admission during the first year post-discharge was associated with comorbid substance use disorder. Treatment noncompliance was associated with a history of behavioral disorder at hospital discharge and having parents with a history of suicide or consummated suicide. Conclusions The patient profile is one of low socioeconomic status, severe psychopathology, maladaptive behavior, family dysfunction, and parental psychopathology. Substance use disorder is also associated with readmission.
Propagating sample variance uncertainties in redshift calibration: simulations, theory, and application to the COSMOS2015 data

Cosmological analyses of galaxy surveys rely on knowledge of the redshift distribution of their galaxy sample. This is usually derived from a spectroscopic and/or many-band photometric calibrator survey of a small patch of sky. The uncertainties in the redshift distribution of the calibrator sample include a contribution from shot noise, or Poisson sampling errors, but, given the small volume they probe, they are dominated by sample variance introduced by large-scale structures. Redshift uncertainties have been shown to constitute one of the leading contributions to systematic uncertainties in cosmological inferences from weak lensing and galaxy clustering, and hence they must be propagated through the analyses. In this work, we study the effects of sample variance on small-area redshift surveys, from theory to simulations to the COSMOS2015 data set. We present a three-step Dirichlet method of resampling a given survey-based redshift calibration distribution to enable the propagation of both shot noise and sample variance uncertainties. The method can accommodate different levels of prior confidence on different redshift sources. This method can be applied to any calibration sample with known redshifts and phenotypes (i.e. cells in a self-organizing map, or some other way of discretizing photometric space), and provides a simple way of propagating prior redshift uncertainties into cosmological analyses. As a worked example, we apply the full scheme to the COSMOS2015 data set, for which we also present a new, principled SOM algorithm designed to handle noisy photometric data. We make available a catalog of the resulting resamplings of the COSMOS2015 galaxies.
THE EFFECT OF SPATIAL SCALE OF CLIMATIC CHANGE SCENARIOS ON SIMULATED MAIZE, WINTER WHEAT, AND RICE PRODUCTION IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES

We use the CERES family of crop models to assess the effect of different spatial scales of climate change scenarios on the simulated yield changes of maize (Zea mays L.), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the Southeastern United States. The climate change scenarios were produced with the control and doubled CO2 runs of a high resolution regional climate model and a coarse resolution general circulation model, which provided the initial and lateral boundary conditions for the regional model. Three different cases were considered for each scenario: climate change alone, climate change plus elevated CO2, and the latter with adaptations. On the state level, for most cases, significant differences in the climate changed yields for corn were found, the coarse scale scenario usually producing larger modeled yield decreases or smaller increases. For wheat, however, which suffered large decreases in yields for all cases, very little contrast in yield based on scale of scenario was found. Scenario scale resulted in significantly different rice yields, but mainly because of low variability in yields. For maize the primary climate variable that explained the contrast in the yields calculated from the two scenarios is the precipitation during grain fill leading to different water stress levels. Temperature during vernalization explains some contrasts in winter wheat yields. With adaptation, the contrasts in the yields of all crops produced by the scenarios were reduced but not entirely removed. Our results indicate that spatial resolution of climate change scenarios can be an important uncertainty in climate change impact assessments, depending on the crop and management conditions.
In the shadow of the stars and stripes: testing the malleability of U.S. support for Puerto Rican statehood

Do voters update their racialized political preferences in response to new information? To answer this long-standing question, we conduct an original survey examining U.S. mainland attitudes toward...
Human Factors Research in Orthopaedic Surgery

This chapter provides a broad overview of human factors research in orthopaedic surgery. There has been little human factors research specific to orthopaedic surgery. Most related research evaluates operating room (OR) efficiency and safety—orthopaedic procedures are generally included in broader research evaluating OR efficiency and safety. Nevertheless, it is worth reviewing this evidence as it relates to orthopaedics.
Are nearly free silanols a unifying structural determinant of silica particle toxicity

Due to the abundance of and potential exposure to crystalline and amorphous silica dusts (Fig. 1 A ), silica toxicity has been investigated for over 100 y, and currently the International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies cristobalite and quartz as group 1 (carcinogenic to humans) (1, 2). In contrast, amorphous silica is classified as having inadequate evidence for carcinogenicity (group 3) and is considered as generally recognized as safe for use in food additives and packaging by the Food and Drug Administration (2, 3). However, all amorphous silica is not created equal, and there is mounting evidence that pyrolytic or so-called fumed silica is significantly more toxic than colloidal amorphous silica (e.g., precipitated, Stober, or mesoporous silica) (4). The synthesis processes of these two classes of amorphous silicas are significantly different and may account for the observed differences in toxicity. Pyrolytic silica is synthesized via flame pyrolysis of SiCl4 at high temperature ( ca . 1,300 °C) according to the net reaction SiCl 4 + 2 H 2 + O 2 → SiO 2 + 4 HCl followed by rapid thermal quenching, whereas colloidal amorphous silica is formed by the condensation of soluble silicates under low-temperature aqueous conditions according to the net reaction Si ( OH ) 4 → SiO 2 + 2 H 2 O . The most common toxicity pathway identified for both crystalline and amorphous silica particles is inflammasome activation. The Nalp3–inflammasome activation pathway, which underlies asbestosis and silicosis (5), is a cellular defense mechanism requiring two signals. Signal 1 (priming) results from toll-like receptor 4 activation causing nuclear factor κB activation and pro-interleukin 1β (pro-IL-1β) production. Signal 2 (activation) is provided by a plethora of stimuli, such as pore-forming toxins, viral RNA, and particulate matter and activates the NLRP3 inflammasome, resulting in generation of the proinflammatory … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: jbrinker{at}unm.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Inhibitory Control in Pediatric Trichotillomania (Hair Pulling Disorder): The Importance of Controlling for Age and Symptoms of Inattention and Hyperactivity

Trichotillomania (hair pulling disorder, HPD) is characterized by significant psychological distress, childhood-onset, and, in adults, certain cognitive deficits such as inhibitory control. A total absence of such literature exists within pediatric HPD samples, including research investigating neurocognitive aspects of disparate pulling-styles. The present study aims to address these gaps in the literature. Youth with HPD and healthy controls (N = 45) were compared on an automated neurocognitive task—stop-signal task (SST)—assessing inhibitory control. Youth with HPD (n = 17), controlling for age and attention issues, were found to perform better on the stop-signal reaction time compared to controls (n = 28). No significant relationships between performance on the SST and HPD severity, distress/impairment, or pulling-styles were noted. Findings from the current study suggest that children with HPD may not exhibit deficits in motor inhibition as compared to controls when the effects of age and attentional problems are controlled.
Questioning Quality Assurance

Quality assurance is a key component of higher education systems around the world, and questions about its purpose and functions should be understood in both global and local contexts.
Aquarius Radiometer and Scatterometer Weekly-Polar-Gridded Products to Monitor Ice Sheets, Sea Ice, and Frozen Soil

Space-based microwave sensors have been available for several decades, and with time more frequencies have been offered. Observations made at frequencies between 7 and 183 GHz were often used for monitoring cryospheric properties (e.g. sea ice concentration, snow accumulation, snow melt extent and duration). Since 2009, satellite observations are available at the low frequency of 1.4 GHz. Such observations are collected by the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission, and the AquariusSAC-D mission. Even though these missions have been designed for the monitoring of soil moisture and sea surface salinity, new applications are being developed to study the cryosphere. For instance, L-band observations can be used to monitor soil freezethaw (e.g. Rautiainen et al., 2012), and thin sea ice thickness (e.g. Kaleschke et al., 2010, Huntemann et al., 2013). Moreover, with the development of satellite missions comes the need for calibration and validation sites. These sites must have stable characteristics, such as the Antarctic Plateau (Drinkwater et al., 2004, Macelloni et al., 2013). Therefore, studying the cryosphere with 1.4 GHz observations is relevant for both science applications, and remote sensing applications.
Age and Emotion

Emotions are everyday occurrences that shape the quality of daily life. As people grow older, emotional experiences are marked by more frequent positive emotions and less frequent negative emotions. This increased well-being is posited to reflect their increasing awareness that time left to live is growing shorter, which shifts their priorities toward emotion-related goals. These goals focus their attention, memories, and decisions toward more positive and less negative experiences. For a minority of older adults, however, significant declines in physical and cognitive functioning create increases in distress. Overall, healthy aging is marked by high levels of emotional well-being.
Adjustment for smoking, alcohol consumption, and socioeconomic status in the California Occupational Mortality Study.

This paper presents methods for adjusting for smoking, alcohol, and socioeconomic status in death certificate-based occupational mortality surveillance. The methods were applied in the California Occupational Mortality Study, a statewide study of rates based on 180,000 deaths and census estimates of occupations. For each occupation, levels of smoking, alcohol consumption, and socioeconomic status were estimated using National Health Interview Survey and U.S. Census data, and an empirical Bayes procedure was used to improve the stability of smoking and alcohol estimates for small occupations. Expected death rates for occupations were calculated by modeling rates as a function of age, smoking, alcohol, and socioeconomic status with Poisson regression. The effect of adjustment was usually moderate and in the expected direction, and the adjusted mortality ratios were generally closer to 1.0. Full data on agricultural occupations are presented for illustration. Language: en
Substituent Effects on the Structure and Supramolecular Assembly of Bis(dioxaborole)s Derived from 1,2,4,5-Tetrahydroxybenzene

The synthesis and structural characterization of bis(dioxaborole)s 1−3, based on 1,2,4,5-tetrahydroxybenzene, are described. The target compounds result from the facile dehydration reaction between the bis-diol and substituted phenyl boronic acids. While substituents on the terminal phenyl rings do not influence the planarity of the extended π-system through the boroles, they do significantly influence the intermolecular stacking arrangements for these compounds in the solid state. A combination of several weak and medium intermolecular interactions, including traditional π-stacking, CH−O hydrogen bonding, and a consistent phenyl−boron−phenyl sandwich motif determine the nature of the supramolecular assembly for these bis(dioxaborole)s.
The Effect of Testis Biopsy on Semen Characteristics of Bulls

Biopsy technics have been used by many investigators to study histological changes in various living organs. Erb et al. (2) in a preliminary report have described a biopsy technic by means of which they correlated semen quality with testis morphology in dairy bulls during vitamin A studies. We have used this same technic in experiments on the effects of energy restriction on semen characteristics of bulls, and during the course of these experiments evidence was obtained that this biopsy technic produced changes in semen characteristics and in testis morphology which were unrelated to dietary conditions.
Delayed, transient encephalopathy after marrow transplantation: case reports and MRI findings in four patients

Subacute encephalopathy developed in four patients within one to two months after undergoing high-dose chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation or peripheral blood progenitor (stem) cell transplantation for breast cancer, acute myeloid leukemia, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. None of the patients had previously known neurologic disorders, central nervous tumor or infection. Two patients presented with generalized tonic, clonic seizures, and two with confusion and lethargy. In all patients lumbar puncture and CT scans of the brain were normal, while magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated multifocal predominantly white matter lesions. Phenytoin therapy was given to the two patients with seizures and all four patients improved without specific therapeutic intervention. Repeat MRIs became normal within three months. We report a delayed and transient encephalopathy which appears to be a unique complication of high-dose cytotoxic chemotherapy. The corresponding brain lesions may not be appreciated on CT scans, suggesting an expanded role for MRI studies in patients who develop neurologic findings while undergoing high-dose cytotoxic therapy.
Eocene eustatic sea level changes, evidence from Western Sinai, Egypt

Abstract A major horizon of reworked material lies within the Thebes Formation near the top of the upper part of the Lower Eocene (planktonic foraminiferal Zone P9). The Thebes Formation is well exposed in western Sinai and this reworked horizon (lag deposit) has been found to be widely distributed and coeval with similar deposits in Israel and Jordan. When examined in detail it is found to consist of concentrated phosphatic nodules, coprolites, phosphatic grains and polished benthic and planktonic foraminifera. The Thebes Formation has generally been described as a deep water basinal deposit. However, the presence of this lag deposit indicates an important period of shallow water deposition before the return to deeper water conditions in which the upper 20 m of this formation and the beds of the overlying Darat Formation were laid down. A second but less pronounced phase of shallowing, both in terms of concentration of lag deposits and its geographic distribution, occurred at the top of the Middle Eocene Khaboba Formation (top of Zone P14). The shallowings are attributed to eustatic sea level falls and not to tectonic movements. The Eocene period in Sinai was one of general tectonic stability and the effect of movements associated with the Syrian Arc folds are not detectable south of Hammam Faraun. The two horizons of reworked material coincide stratigraphically with two global low sea level stands.
Protein kinase activation and phosphorylation of a purified hormone-sensitive lipase.

Abstract Using a preparation of hormone-sensitive lipase purified approximately 100-fold from rat adipose tissue cytosol, it was shown that activation can be effected in the presence of protein kinase (from rabbit muscle), cyclic-3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate, ATP and Mg++. The gamma phosphate from AT32p was transferred to the lipase under these conditions and the time course for enzyme phosphorylation paralleled that for activation. No activation was observed in the absence of the exogenous kinase or the cofactors. In contrast, cruder adipose tissue fractions showed lipase activation at the appropriate pH on addition of cyclic AMP and ATP-Mg++ alone, presumably because of the presence of sufficient levels of endogenous protein kinase activity.
The Impact of Community Violence on Children and Parents Development of Contextual Assessments

Urban youth are exposed to staggering amounts of community violence, and researchers have identified psychological ramifications associated with this exposure. Yet some have found no relationship between exposure and distress and have argued for habituation. Little attention, however, has focused on how assessment methods have contributed to these conflicting findings. Although most of the research has relied on self-report measures, these assessment tools have systematic limitations. First, these measures are susceptible to a defensive test-taking approach, characterized by a denial of stress-related symptoms. Second, symptom-based assessment tools may have limited utility with youth experiencing affective blunting associated with post-traumatic stress disorder. Third, these instruments are context free and fail to consider environmental influences on behavior. To address these concerns, we advocate using Goldfried and D'Zurilla's behavior analytic model to create tools to identify how youth and their parents cope with context-specific problems following exposure to violence.
Extension of hepatic matastatic tumor along a biliary drainage catheter tract: Case report

Extension of hepatic metastatic tumor along a biliary drainage catheter tract is an unusual occurrence. We believe this is the first report of such a case presenting as a calcified, subcutaneous mass at the catheter entry site.
Evidence of different degrees of learning based on different tests of retention

Data are presented which add to the evidence that there are different degrees of learning, even though performance on one type of test permits a partition of the items into two distinct classes. It is pointed out that this fact does not require the conclusion that learning occurs by the gradual accumulation of associative strength. An alternative assumption is presented in which learning involves a selection process, and associative strength increases in a “some-or-none” fashion. This assumption permits different amounts of associative strength among items that are alike according to a given performance criterion, while being consistent with the finding of all-or-none changes in performance when a single criterion of performance is used.
Service Provider Competition: Delay Cost Structure, Segmentation, and Cost Advantage

We model competition between two providers who serve delay-sensitive customers. We compare a generalized delay cost structure, where a customer's delay cost depends on her service valuation, with the traditional additive delay cost structure, where the delay cost is independent of the customer's service valuation. Under the additive delay cost structure, service providers offer different prices and expected delays, but customers are indifferent between the providers. Under the generalized delay cost structure, when the providers have different capacity or operating costs, we obtain value-based market segmentation, whereby higher-value customers choose one provider and lower-value customers choose the other. We study how the delay cost parameters, the market size, and the service providers' costs affect the structure of the equilibrium.
Prediction of coating adhesion loss due to stretching

Abstract Polymer coated sheet metals are widely used for part fabrication in industry. To ensure that the manufactured products can meet the service life requirement, the effect of plastic deformation on coating adhesion is a critical concern. This paper presents an investigation of coating adhesion loss in forming polymer-coated sheet metals. A set of experiments were conducted to evaluate the pull-off strength of coatings before and after uniaxial stretching. The experiments show that axial plastic deformation can cause adhesion to deteriorate. An analytical method based on a virtual interface crack model was developed to evaluate the adhesion potential and was used to quantitatively predict the adhesion loss of two polymer coated sheet metals. The prediction results are in good agreement with the experimental measurements. A parametric study was also conducted to investigate the effects of material properties and coating/substrate thickness on adhesion loss. The results of this study can be used to attain better product design and application development for polymer coated sheet metals.
Equilibrium segregation and interfacial energy in multicomponent systems

Abstract A model is developed in the framework of gradient thermodynamics to study the equilibrium composition and energy of interphase boundaries in multicomponent systems. The parameters of the model are related to bulk properties for a nearest-neighbor, ternary regular solution. The model is applied to study the segregation of Au at interphase boundaries in the CuAgAu system, as a function of temperature, bulk composition, and interface orientation. Interfacial segregation is predicted and found to reduce interfacial energy in a manner with the Gibbs adsorption equation.
Do drugs of abuse impact on HIV disease

Drug abuse, certain lifestyles, access and adherence to drug abuse treatment, and medical consequences of drug abuse remain as important factors that impact on HIV disease among AIDS patients worldwide. Most in vitro and in vivo studies show a significant impact on HIV disease. Epidemiological studies in the past have failed to support these observations. However, new and limited evidence shows that drug abuse may accelerate HIV disease in humans. Research is needed to design new or refine known techniques that more closely mimic natural conditions of HIV disease, and perform additional assessments of basic laboratory, clinical, and epidemiological data to determine whether drug abuse significantly impacts on HIV disease.
Ocean bottom seismic measurements on the East Pacific Rise and Rivera Fracture Zone

WE describe preliminary results of a seismic experiment using ocean bottom seismometer capsules (OBS) in three separate tripartite arrays. The arrays were located on the central topographic high of the East Pacific Rise between the Rivera and Tamayo Fracture Zones (8 d in position), at the junction of the ridgecrest and the Rivera fracture zone (12 d), and on the Rivera fracture zone well away from the ridgecrest (9 d). Accurate locations and depths could be computed for events sufficiently close to each array, and showed that the main transform fault lay within the central trough. OBS capsules have been successfully used for refraction work1,2 (also B. Lewis and C. Lister, unpublished) and microseismicity studies3, but we report here the first use of arrays on a spreading centre–transform fault system for event locations. Other questions of importance to seismology can also be answered from these data.
Computer recognition of generalized spike-wave discharges.

Abstract Twelve 12 h daytime telemetered EEGs were read for generalized spike-wave (S-W) bursts by a computer and independently by three experienced electroencephalographers. The computer system was a hybrid of analog devices (tape-recorder, voltage summator, and high-pass filters) and a multipurpose laboratory digital device (PDP-12). The computer was programmed to identify only the location on the record and the duration of the generalized S-W paroxysms. From 1,462 discharges identified by both the readers and the computer, a consensus list of 609 was derived by selecting only those bursts identified by all three readers. The computer recognized 516 (85%) of those bursts on the consensus list; the computer's accuracy, as compared with the consensus, rose to 92% when portions of the EEG containing sleep were discounted. The computer also recognized as generalized S-W paroxysms 15 high-voltage transients, which none of the three readers selected. Ten of these, however, occurred during sleep. When the computer results were added to those of the three readers to permit a fourway inter-reader comparison, the computer was found to have had about as many isolated decisions as any of the three readers. In the number of bursts recognized, the computer tended to be about as conservative as the reader under whose guidance it was originally programmed. The computer's accuracy in measuring burst duration was not evaluated statistically.
Surface segregation and directionality of {110} grains in electrical steels containing Sn and Sb

A repulsive segregation behavior between sulfur and tin or antimony was observed. Tin and antimony as well as sulfur governed the selective grain growth. In the tin- and the antimony-added strips, the deviation angle distributions between the 〈001〉 crystal direction of {110} grains and the rolling direction after final annealing were broad, compared to that in the strip without the solutes. This is due to a {001} cold-rolling texture with a deviation angle between the 〈001$x232A; crystal and the rolling directions that results in the initial annealing texture detrimental to the formation of sharp {110} 〈001〉 texture.
Rainfall‐measreument as influenced by storm‐characteristics in southern California mountains

Problems of water-supply, irrigation, flood-control, agriculture, and other projects in landuse management demand an accurate measure of precipitation. In southern California, where the mountains rise abruptly from populous valley plains, it is important that adequate measurements be made at the source of the water-supply. The management of mountainous, chaparral-covered watersheds has presented sufficient problems to warrant the undertaking of watershed-research by the Forest Service of the United States Department of Agriculture. In 1933 hydrologic studiesdirected toward this end were initiated on the San Dimas Experimental Forest [see 10 of “References” at end of paper], a branch of the California Forest and Range Experiment Station.
On the Concept of Potential in Quantum Field Theory

The literature contains two forms of the two-nucleon potential computed to fourth order in the coupling constant from the gradient coupling of the pi-meson to the nucleon field. These are com-­monly referred to as the Taketani-Machida-Onuma (T. M. 0.) and the Brueckner-Watson (B. W.) potentials. The merits of the controversy surroun.ding this schism are reexamined from first principles starting from the covariant equation for two-nucleons, and it is concluded that the conditions for the applicability of the method leading to the T. M. 0. potential are never satisfied in practice. On the other hand, the B. W. potential, suitably altered following recent suggestions by Miyazawa and the author may well yield a suitable approximation in the low energy region.
Anxiety management training for pattern A behavior.

During a 3-week period, seven subjects were treated with Anxiety Management Training (AMT) while seven subjects served as a wait-list control. Pattern A behaviors, measured by the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS), self-report of anxiety, as measured by the Spielberger state (STAI-S) and trait (STAI-T) anxiety inventories, and indices of blood pressure, cholesterol, and triglycerides were obtained before and after treatment. Results indicate that treated subjects compared to controls showed significant reductions in the Hard-Driving component of pattern A behavior, showed lower posttest STAI-A and STAI-T scores, but failed to evidence a statistically significant reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure or cholesterol and triglyceride levels. The implications of these data to theoretical and practical conceptualizations of stress management are discussed.
Trends in porous silicon biomedical devices: tuning microstructure and performance trade-offs in optical biosensors

High surface area mesoporous silicon microcavities are investigated for direct detect optical biosensor applications. Device quality is reported as a function of fabrication parameters. A dilute KOH etch process is utilized to modify the intrinsic 3D microstructure to enable enhanced pore infiltration of large biomolecules. Results suggest that the KOH etch mechanism is a two step process consisting of a fast step where high surface area nanostructures are rapidly removed. This is followed by a slower step where silicon is removed from the pore channel walls. The enzyme, Glutathione-S-Transferase (50kDa), is utilized to probe pore infiltration. Results from a solid phase immobilized enzyme assay support our conclusions on the impact the KOH etch step has on modifying the porous silicon microstructure. Preliminary findings point to trade-offs that exists between optimizing microstructure with microcavity operation mode and device sensitivity.