cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear Three-dimensional Inversion of Low-frequency Scattered Elastic Waves

—We investigate a new nonlinear inversion method for low frequencies to determine the bulk and shear modulus as well as the material density and the location of subsurface inhomogeneities. The solution is a direct exact nonlinear inversion of single scattered waves containing near- and far-field terms for incident P and scattered P and S waves, allowing for inversion of parameters in the vicinity and at distance from the sources and receivers. Because the approach is based on single scattering theory, the range of application includes single strong scattering anomalies of various sizes like magma chambers, gas- or fluid-filled cavities, or buried near-surface obstacles. The replacement of the material properties by a new set of parameters, referred to as scattering factors, allows the inverse problem to be solved analytically. The nonlinear nature of the scattering problem is investigated and implications for the inversion process are discussed. The deviations in the elastic parameters as a function of the scattering factors show a strong asymmetry about zero, and therefore linearized approximations will perform differently, depending on the sign of the perturbation. Based on the low frequency (Rayleigh) approximation, we introduce and evaluate a pair of approximations (Mie) derived by numerical and analytical integration of the Rayleigh approximation. Both approximations are based on the underlying principle of subdividing the inhomogeneities into a number of small noninteracting parts and subsequent integration over the total volume, thus increasing the Rayleigh limit and producing better resolution of the parameter estimates during the inversion. The two Mie approximations, when evaluated as a function of scattering angle and distance, produce similar results in the mid- and far-field of the inhomogeneity and reveal better resolution than the Rayleigh approximation. For three anomalies of ± 50% in bulk modulus, shear modulus, and density, the relative error between the exact solution and the two Mie approximations remains below 10%, 20%, and 30%, respectively, for values of kpR < 3.0, where R is the radius of the heterogeneity. However, smaller errors for individual cases are found for values up to kpR≈ 4.5. The performance of the inversion based on the analytically and the numerically integrated Mie approximation is tested for single parameter perturbations, revealing reliable and stable inversion results for the bulk and the shear modulus, reasonable results for the density, and crosstalk between the shear modulus and the density. The results show well-defined locations of the anomalies and slight deviations in the estimates of their magnitudes, which can be explained by amplitude and phase deviations between the analytical solution used for forward modeling and the approximations used for the inversion. The analytical Mie approximation provides a fast means to estimate elastic parameters compared to the more time consuming numerically integrated approximation, while the latter can be applied to more arbitrarily shaped inhomogeneities.
Derepression of DNA damage-regulated genes requires yeast TAFIIs

The general transcription factor TFIID and its individual subunits (TAFIIs) have been the focus of many studies, yet their functions in vivo are not well established. Here we characterize the requirement of yeast TAFIIs for the derepression of the ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) genes. Promoter mapping studies revealed that the upstream repressing sequences, the damage-responsive elements (DREs), rendered these genes dependent upon TAFIIs. DREs are the binding sites for the sequence-specific DNA binding-protein Crt1 that represses transcription by recruiting the Ssn6–Tup1 co-repressor complex to the promoter. We demonstrate that deletion of SSN6, TUP1 or CRT1 alleviated the TAFII dependence of the RNR genes, indicating that TAFII dependence requires the co-repressor complex. Furthermore, we provide evidence that Crt1 specifies the TAFII dependence of these genes. Our studies show that TFIID interacts with the repression domain of Crt1, suggesting that the derepression mechanism involves an antagonism between TFIID and the co-repressor complex. Our results indicate that yeast TAFIIs have other functions in addition to core promoter selectivity, and describe a novel activity: the derepression of promoters.
Recent developments in semiconductor piezoresistive devices

Abstract A review is given of recent developments in semiconductor piezoresistive devices. The use of semiconductors, and particularly silicon, in strain gages is discussed. Then a description is given of the advances that have recently opened up new possibilities for piezoresistive devices, especially in transducer applications. These include heavy doping to minimize the undesirable temperature dependence of the piezoresistive output, the achievement of the heavy doping in silicon by diffusion techniques, and the application of this diffusion technology to the fabrication of new types of integrated piezoresistive transducers. Finally, other potentially useful semiconducting piezoresistive materials are discussed.
Mothers' experiences, resources and needs: The context for reunification

This paper extends prior scholarship regarding the characteristics of mothers involved with the child welfare system. In-person interviews were conducted with a statewide sample of 747 mothers, 318 with children remaining in home and 429 with children in care, to examine their socio-demographic and psychosocial characteristics as well as service needs. Mothers were mostly impoverished, struggling to meet basic needs, and coping with early trauma, mental health problems, substance abuse and domestic violence. Almost half reported an annual income of less than $10,000 and 70% were unemployed, but few received public benefits with the exception of food stamps. Mothers with children in care experienced greater economic hardship than mothers whose children remained in home. The implications of the findings are discussed.
Biochemical and structural studies of A-to-I editing by tRNA:A34 deaminases at the wobble position of transfer RNA.

Initial RNA transcription produces several tRNAs (one in prokaryotes and plant chloroplasts and seven or eight in eukaryotes) that contain an adenosine (A) at the wobble position (position 34). However, in all cases, adenosine at position 34 is post-transcriptionally converted to inosine (I), producing mature tRNAs without adenosine at the wobble position. The enzymes responsible for this A-to-I conversion in tRNA are tadA (acting as a homodimer) in prokaryotes and the heterodimeric ADAT2−ADAT3 complex in eukaryotes. The genes encoding these proteins are essential for cell viability, illustrating the biological importance of A-to-I editing at the wobble position of tRNA. In this study, recombinant tadA proteins from Escherichia coli, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and Aquifex aeolicus, as well as the ADAT2−ADAT3 proteins from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, were overexpressed in E. coli and purified to homogeneity by chromatography. Crystallization of a proteolytically cleaved A. tumefaciens tadA (missing the last ...
Intellectual property rights and the mode of technology transfer

Abstract Transferring technology in an environment where patent protection is uncertain can pose significant risks to an innovating firm's ability to appropriate rents. This paper incorporates asymmetric information in a screening game where the innovating firm has the choices of licensing a new product at arm's length to a foreign firm, exporting it, or licensing it to a subsidiary. Subsidiary production avoids the risk of imitation but involves higher costs for the innovating firm. The gains to the Southern country from the lack of intellectual property right protection may be offset by strategic behavior by Northern firms who opt for technology transfer via subsidiary or monopoly production.
CHANGES IN SNAP BEAN YIELD, NUTRIENT COMPOSITION, AND SOIL CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS WHEN USING BROILER LITTER AS FERTILIZER SOURCE

ABSTRACT The concern surrounding phosphorus (P)-enrichment of surface waters has lead several states to adopt P-based nutrient management planning strategies regarding land-application of broiler litter. When litter is applied on a P-basis, as much as five times more receiving cropland may be needed compared with nitrogen (N)-based applications. Additionally, many crops have N fertilizer requirements greater than what can be applied on a P-basis, resulting in additional N needing to be supplemented as a commercial source. One of the few crops that may be able to have its N requirement satisfied by a single, P-based litter application is snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The objectives of this study were to evaluate the impact of broiler litter applications on snap bean yield and quality, pod nutrient composition, and soil chemical characteristics. A field experiment was conducted in Virginia from 1996 to 2000. Broiler litter and commercial fertilizer rates included 22, 67, and 90 kg N ha−1. Pod samples a...
Inertial effects in chaotic mixing with diffusion

The role of diffusion and transient velocities in the dispersal of passive scalars by chaotic advection produced in a low Reynolds number periodic journal-bearing flow is studied numerically and experimentally. The transient velocity field, which occurs whenever the cylinders switch motion, is obtained by solving the Navier–Stokes equations numerically in the eccentric annulus. It is observed, numerically, that the transient effects, along with diffusion, significantly enhance the separation of chaotically advected particles even when the Reynolds number is very low. Corresponding experimental observations are found to be in good qualitative agreement with the numerical results obtained by including the effect of transient velocities, which are seen to add to the overall separation of particles.
Increased Pediatric Functional Neurological Symptom Disorders After the Boston Marathon Bombings: A Case Series

Abstract Background Functional neurological symptom disorders are frequently the basis for acute neurological consultation. In children, they are often precipitated by high-frequency everyday stressors. The extent to which a severe traumatic experience may also precipitate functional neurological abnormalities is unknown. Methods For the 2-week period after the Boston Marathon bombings, we prospectively collected data on patients whose presentation suggested a functional neurological symptom disorder. We assessed clinical and demographic variables, duration of symptoms, extent of educational impact, and degree of connection to the Marathon bombing. We contacted all patients at 6 months after presentation to determine the outcome and accuracy of the diagnosis. Results In a parallel study, we reported a baseline of 2.6 functional neurological presentations per week in our emergency room. In the week after the Marathon bombings, this frequency tripled. Ninety-one percent of presentations were delayed by 1 week, with onset around the first school day after a city-wide lockdown. Seventy-three percent had a history of a prior psychiatric diagnosis. At the 6 months follow-up, no functional neurological symptom disorder diagnoses were overturned and no new organic diagnosis was made. Conclusions Pediatric functional neurological symptom disorder may be precipitated by both casual and high-intensity stressors. The 3.4-fold increase in incidence after the Boston Marathon bombings and city-wide lockdown demonstrates the marked effect that a community-wide tragedy can have on the mental health of children. Care providers must be aware of functional neurological symptom disorders after stressful community events in vulnerable patient populations, particularly those with prior psychiatric diagnoses.
NUCLEAR INTERACTIONS AND MEAN FREE PATHS OF PROTONS, NEUTRONS, AND ALPHA PARTICLES AT ENERGIES AROUND 250 Bev NUCLEON

Nuclear interactions of protons, neutrons, $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles, and heavier nuclei of average energy 250 Bev/nuc were studied in nuclear emulsion. The source of these particles were fragmentations of heavy primary nuclei of the cosmic radiation. Their energy was determined from multiple scattering measurements. The interaction mean free path for protons is 41\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10 cm, for $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles 27\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}7 cm. The mean free path shows no significant change compared with measurements at lower energies. The mean number of shower particles $〈{n}_{s}〉$ depends appreciably on the mass of the target nucleus. Our best estimate for nucleon-nucleon collisions at 250 Bev is $〈{n}_{s}〉=8.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.9$. A detailed comparison of the estimate of the primary energy obtained from the angular distribution of shower particles with the true primary energy is carried out. The angular distribution of the shower particles will, in an individual case, give a quite unreliable value for the primary energy. In the average, the angular distribution method will over-estimate the true primary energy by a factor of 1.3 for interactions with a number of heavy prongs ${N}_{h}\ensuremath{\le}5$. If ${N}_{h}g5$, the angular distribution will underestimate the true energy in the average by a factor of 1.8. The angular distributions can be transformed into a system in which they are symmetric. This is even true for collisions with heavy target nuclei (${N}_{h}g5$). The results for alpha particle and heavy nucleus collisions are quite similar.The inelasticity for the proton and neutron interactions shows large fluctuations for individual events. It depends weakly on the number of shower particles and on the mass of the target nucleus. Its mean value is 50%. The mean value for the alpha-particle collisions is 22%.
Physical and numerical experiments on layered convection in a density-Stratified fluid

Abstract The formation and growth of horizontal layered convection cells in a density stratified solution of salt water subject to an impulsively applied lateral temperature gradient is investigated with physical and numerical experiments. Results indicate that lyers are induced by two mechanisms. One is the successive formation of layers due to the presence of the top and bottom boundaries. The other is the spontaneous occurrence of layers when a suitably defined Rayleigh number exceeds a critical value. It is found that well established layers are homogeneous in temperature and salinity and are separated by sharp gradients in density. Lateral heat transfer is of a periodic nature. Numerical experiments were carried out for finite and infinite geometry cases. For the finite geometry case, convection cells are generated successively inward from the horizontal boundaries. For the infinite geometry case, periodic conditions in the vertical direction are assumed. With continuous input of small perturbations,...
Replies : Ethics, metaphysics, epistemology

These are replies to extended discussion of my published work by Goran Hermeren, Dale Jacquette, and Joanne Waugh largely featuring, separately in the order mentioned, ethics, metaphysics, and epistemology. The themesthat appear most salient feature at least these: that persons are not natural entities but hybrid artifacts, that objective claims including moral objectivity are entirely constructed on the basis of societal practices, and that objectivity cannot escape the same inseparability of the subjective and the objective.
Incorporation of pharmacogenetic testing into medication therapy management

Aim: To assess feasibility and patient satisfaction with a pharmacist-delivered medication therapy management (MTM) plus pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing service. Methods: Thirty patients from a cardiology outpatient clinic were enrolled to attend two MTM sessions, undergo PGx testing and complete pre- and post-intervention surveys. Outcome measures included duration of MTM sessions, clinical application of test results, self-reported medication adherence, patient recall of results and perceived value of testing and MTM. Results: Overall, patients were very satisfied with the MTM plus PGx testing service. About half of participants (47%) were able to accurately recall their PGx test results. Comparable to MTM without PGx testing, the first MTM session averaged 40 min and the follow-up MTM session averaged 15 min. Conclusion: PGx testing incorporated into a clinical MTM service offered by pharmacists may be a feasible delivery model and is satisfactory to patients.
Synthetic media for production of quality xanthan gum in 20 liter fermentors

Xanthan gum is a heteropolysaccharide synthesized by Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459 and is composed of D-glucose, D-mannose, and D-glucuronic acid, in addition to acetic and pyruvic acids. Different amounts of pyruvic acid ketal are found in various preparations which can influence the viscosities of dilute xanthan solutions. Polysaccharide production on synthetic media was studied in small-scale fermentors. Fermentation conditions were established for production of both high and low pyruvic acid gums (about 4 and 2% pyruvic acid, respectively). Low nitrogen [0.1% (NH4)2HPO4] and air (0.25 vol/liter/min) levels favor production of low pyruvate gum; increasing (NH4)2HPO4 to 0.15%, adding K2HPO4, and increasing the air flow to 1.5 vol/liter/min favored production of normal gum. Both processes gave xanthan yields of 50 to 60%, based on 2.5% initial D-glucose substrate, in two to three days. Differences in pyruvic acid content and in the quantity of gum produced under a given set of conditions were attributed to strain variability. Substrains were isolated that have desirable characteristics for production of xanthan gum; i.e., the ability to give good yields of high-pyruvate gum when grown on both complex and synthetic media.
Aza analogs of kainoids by dipolar cycloaddition

Abstract The 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of diazoalkanes with trans-diethyl glutaconate yield 1-pyrazolines, which isomerize to 2-pyrazolines or are oxidized to pyrazoles. The 2-pyrazolines may serve as precursors to novel glutamate analogs or aza analogs of kainoids. The regioselectivity of the 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of diazoalkanes and trans-diethyl glutaconate and isomerization of the 1-pyrazolines to 2-pyrazolines are evaluated.
Uplift of the Sierra Nevada, California

575 Topography is a fi rst-order indicator of geology, from features as local and simple as resistant strata making ledges, to as regional and complex as how continental-scale mountain ranges are supported by thick crust. Understanding the character and evolution of topography is fundamental to understanding a region’s tectonic evolution. Variations in topography through time have profound implications for processes as obvious as erosion and sedimentation and as diverse as global climate and the formation of mineral deposits. The interplay between topography and tectonics is exemplifi ed by the evolution of topography of the Sierra Nevada and Great Basin (United States), and by geologists’ interpretation of that evolution. The formation of the Sierra Nevada and its relationship to the adjacent Great Basin have been major geologic questions since the 1800’s (LeConte, 1886). From the study of Eocene gold-bearing paleoriver deposits in the Sierra Nevada, Lindgren (1911) concluded that the Eocene mountain range had similar relief but was slightly lower than the modern range. He also inferred a drainage divide roughly coincident with the modern divide, but many geologists subsequently recognized that the paleorivers drained from at least as far east as
The relationship between depressive symptoms and walking among Hispanic older adults: a longitudinal, cross-lagged panel analysis.

Objectives: This study examines the relationship between depressive symptoms and walking behavior across 30 months in a prospective study of 217 community-dwelling, Hispanic older adults in Miami, Florida (ages 70–100 years). Method: Analyses examine the direction of the relationship between depressive symptoms and physical activity (i.e., walking) over time, as well as test for a potential bi-directional or reciprocal relationship between these two variables. Results: Structural equation modeling (SEM) with a cross-lagged panel design revealed that walking was unrelated to subsequent depressive symptoms. However, depressive symptoms were related to subsequent walking behavior at every time-point, such that higher levels of depressive symptoms were predictive of less walking in the future. Older adults who had clinically-relevant depressive symptoms at the initial assessment had 1.34 times the risk of not walking 30 months later, compared to older adults without clinically-relevant depressive symptoms. Co...
Radiance calibration of the High Altitude Observatory white-light coronagraph on Skylab

The processing of over 35,000 photographs of the solar corona obtained by the white-light coronograph on Skylab is described. Calibration of the vast amount of data was complicated by temporal effects of radiation fog and latent image loss. These effects were compensated by imaging a calibration step wedge on each data frame. Absolute calibration of the wedge was accomplished through comparison with a set of previously calibrated glass opal filters. Analysis employed average characteristic curves derived from measurements of step wedges from many frames within a given camera half-load. The net absolute accuracy of a given radiance measurement is estimated to be 20%.
The deflection of a baroclinic jet by a wall in a rotating fluid

The momentum integral of a baroclinic jet of fluid in a rotating frame determines the relative size of two jets which are produced when the jet is split by a wall. Owing to lateral variation of velocity and depth of the jet, the percentage of fluid which goes to the right or left differs from that of the non-rotating jet, which is generally assumed to have no shear. For a northern hemisphere jet of zero or constant potential vorticity, much more fluid flows to the right than to the left; for a jet normal to the wall more than 65% goes to the right and less than 35% to the left.
Dynamics and Control of Synthetic Bio-molecular Networks

This tutorial paper presents an introduction to systems and synthetic molecular biology. It provides an introduction to basic biological concepts, and describes some of the techniques as well as challenges in the analysis and design of biomolecular networks.
Strategically Desirable Brand Name Characteristics

Considers psychological, linguistic and marketing aspects of brand name characteristics. Presents the inherent brand name characteristics which lead to memorable names that support the desired product image. Concludes that brand names should be simple, distinctive, meaningful, emotional, make use of morphemes, phonemes, alliteration, consonance, and should make a sound associate of product class, as well as being legally protectable; a well‐planned brand name will require less marketing money to achieve recall and image targets.
Introduction to the three-dimensional frequency-independent phased-array (3D-FIPA)-a new class of phased array design

An innovative antenna array, the three-dimensional frequency independent phased array (3D-FIPA), is described in detail. The 3D-FIPA can be designed to provide low grating lobes, low sidelobe levels, and nearly constant gain, beamwidth, and impedance with a low voltage standing wave ratio over extremely large bandwidths. The full array maximizes the use of the physical volume required and can be built for HF through the microwave regions. The 3D-DIPA applies the log-periodic principle in a novel way to form multilayer dipole arrays that maintain all electrical spacings and heights over a user-specified frequency range. >
Can superhorizon cosmological perturbations explain the acceleration of the Universe

We investigate the recent suggestions by Barausse et al. and Kolb et al. that the acceleration of the universe could be explained by large superhorizon fluctuations generated by inflation. We show that no acceleration can be produced by this mechanism. We begin by showing how the application of Raychaudhuri equation to inhomogeneous cosmologies results in several "no go" theorems for accelerated expansion. Next we derive an exact solution for a specific case of initial perturbations, for which application of the Kolb et al. expressions leads to an acceleration, while the exact solution reveals that no acceleration is present. We show that the discrepancy can be traced to higher-order terms that were dropped in the Kolb et al. analysis. We proceed with the analysis of initial value formulation of general relativity to argue that causality severely limits what observable effects can be derived from superhorizon perturbations. By constructing a Riemann normal coordinate system on initial slice we show that no infrared divergence terms arise in this coordinate system. Thus any divergences found previously can be eliminated by a local rescaling of coordinates and are unobservable. We perform an explicit analysis of the variance of the deceleration parameter for the case of single-field inflation using usual coordinates and show that the infrared-divergent terms found by Barausse et al. and Kolb et al. cancel against several additional terms not considered in their analysis. Finally, we argue that introducing isocurvature perturbations does not alter our conclusion that the accelerating expansion of the universe cannot be explained by superhorizon modes.
Ultrasonic Nozzle Spray in Situ Mixing and Microwave-Assisted Preparation of Nanocrystalline Spinel Metal Oxides: Nickel Ferrite and Zinc Aluminate

Nanocrystalline spinel nickel ferrite and zinc aluminate particles (6−20 nm) can be prepared by a recently developed continuous flow method that combines microwave heating and in situ ultrasonic nozzle spray mixing. The preparations were carried out at ambient pressure (1 atm), microwave power (0−600 W), and ultrasonic nozzle with resonant frequency of 48 or 120 kHz. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microcopy, X-ray electron dispersive spectroscopy, Brunauer−Emmett−Teller spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and temperature-programmed desorption mass spectrometry. The results showed that the ultrasonic nozzle and microwave irradiation complement each other, with respect to the purity of the products. The specific advantages of INM method for the preparing nickel ferrites are that pure materials with high surface areas and tunable particle sizes are produ...
Batch cultivation of Methylosinus trichosporium OB3B: IV. Production of hydrogen-driven soluble or particulate methane monooxygenase activity.

Batch culture conditions were established for the formation of H2-driven whole-cell soluble or particulate methane monooxygenase (sMMO or pMMO) activity in the obligate methanotroph, Methylosinus trichosporum Ob3b, to expand its potential uses in groundwater bioremediation and the production of specific chemicals. Addition of either Ni and H2 to a nitrate-containing minimal salts growth medium or Ni and Mo to a nitrate-lacking growth medium (induces a nitrogenase that generates intracellular H2) markedly enhanced both the hydrogenase and the accompanying washed-cell H2-driven MMO activities of shake-flask cultured cells. For sMMO containing cells, H2 provided in vitro reducing power for the oxidation of chlorinated solvents such as chloroform and trichloroethylene. Cell cultivations under N2-fixing conditions in a 5-L bioreactor, however, required an initial nitrate concentration of at least 1 to 2 mM to achieve high biomass yields (5 to 7 g of dry cell wt/L) for cells producing H2-driven sMMO or pMMO activity. Elevation of the initial medium nitrate concentration to 20 mM shortened the culture time for pMMO producing cells by 40%, yet still generated an equivalent growth yield. High nitrate also shortened the culture time for sMMO containing cells by ∼25%, but it lowered their biomass yield by 26%. Upon storage for 5 weeks at room temperature, washed resting-state cells retained 90% and 70% of their H2-driven sMMO and pMMO activity, respectively. This makes their practical use quite feasible. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Embedded system for mini solar vehicle

This paper contains improvements brought to a mini vehicle propelled by solar energy. These consist in monitoring the following: battery level whilst charging via solar panel or electricity grid, solar panel temperature, mileage and speed. The performance of the mini vehicle consists in minimizing of costs and, of course, resources and development of a new mini vehicle control system that can monitor and store information on consumption and technical state.
Linear reachability problems and minimal solutions to linear Diophantine equation systems

The linear reachability problem for finite state transition systems is to decide whether there is an execution path in a given finite state transition system such that the counts of labels on the path satisfy a given linear constraint. Using some known results on minimal solutions (in nonnegative integers) for linear Diophantine equation systems, we present new time complexity bounds for the problem. In contrast to the previously known results, the bounds obtained in this paper are polynomial in the size of the transition system in consideration, when the linear constraint is fixed. The bounds are also used to establish a worst-case time complexity result for the linear reachability problem for timed automata.
Evaluation of Neoseiulus cucumeris and Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae) as biological control agents of chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on pepper

The invasive chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood poses a significant risk to many food and ornamental crops in the Caribbean, Florida and Texas. We evaluated two species of phytoseiid mites as predators of S. dorsalis. In leaf disc assays, gravid females of Neoseiulus cucumeris and Amblyseius swirskii both fed on S. dorsalis at statistically similar rates. Larvae were the preferred prey for both species, consuming on average 2.7/day, compared with 1.1–1.7 adults/day in no choice tests. Adult thrips were rarely consumed in subsequent choice tests when larvae were also present. Mite fecundity was statistically similar for both species feeding on thrips larvae (1.3 eggs/day) but significantly less for A. swirskii restricted to a diet of adult thrips (0.5 eggs/day). In greenhouse tests with infested pepper plants, both mite species established and reduced thrips numbers significantly over 28 days following a single release (30 mites/plant). However, A. swirskii was the more effective predator, consistently maintaining thrips below 1 per terminal leaf, compared with up to 36 for N. cucumeris and 70 in control treatments. Similar results were obtained for plants maintained outside in the landscape, where A. swirskii continued to reproduce and control thrips up to 63 days post release.
Dynamics of Gapped DNA Recognition by Human Polymerase β

Abstract Kinetics of human polymerase β binding to gapped DNA substrates having single stranded (ss) DNA gaps with five or two nucleotide residues in the ssDNA gap has been examined, using the fluorescence stopped-flow technique. The mechanism of the recognition does not depend on the length of the ssDNA gap. Formation of the enzyme complex with both DNA substrates occurs by a minimum three-step reaction, with the bimolecular step followed by two isomerization steps. The results indicate that the polymerase initiates the association with gapped DNA substrates through the DNA-binding subsite located on the 8-kDa domain of the enzyme. This first association step is independent of the length of the ssDNA gap and is characterized by similar rate constants for both examined DNA substrates. The subsequent, first-order transition occurs at the rate of ∼600–1200 s−1. This is the major docking step accompanied by favorable free energy changes in which the 31-kDa domain engages in interactions with the DNA. The 5′-terminal PO group downstream from the primer is not a specific recognition element of the gap. However, the phosphate group affects the enzyme orientation in the complex with the DNA, particularly, for the substrate with a longer gap.
Combined influence of cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index on cardiovascular disease risk factors among 8–18 year old youth: The Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study

Objective. The purpose of this study was to examine differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors across four cross-tabulated groups of cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index in 8- to 18-year-old children and adolescents. Methods. The sample included 296 boys and 188 girls (mean age=15.7 years) participating in the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study. Participants were cross tabulated into four groups using a median split of age-adjusted treadmill time to exhaustion (TM) and body mass index (BMI). Group differences in CVD risk factors (blood pressure [BP], fasting total cholesterol [TC], low density lipoprotein-cholesterol [LDL-C], high density lipoprotein-cholesterol [HDL-C], TC:HDL-C, triglycerides [TG], glucose, and a metabolic syndrome score) were examined by ANCOVA, controlling for age. Results. In males, significant differences across groups were observed for systolic BP, mean arterial pressure (MAP), TC, LDL-C, TC:HDL-C and the metabolic syndrome score (p<0.05). In females, only TG...
Clinical Trial of Bumetanide Versus Furosemide in Patients with Congestive Heart Failure

A clinical trial was conducted in open, randomized, parallel fashion to determine the effectiveness and safety of bumetanide compared with those of furosemide in 42 outpatients with edema due to congestive heart failure. All patients were free from any significant hepatic or renal disease. The duration of the study was six months, except for 12 patients who were continued under treatment with bumetanide for an additional six months. Changes in body weight, edema, abdominal girth, hepatomegaly and other signs of congestive heart failure were evaluated. No statistically significant differences between bumetanide and furosemide were noted in these clinical parameters. Blood pressure was decreased in both groups, more consistently with furosemide, but without statistical significance. Laboratory tests revealed only minor changes in serum sodium, potassium, chloride, and uric acid in both groups throughout the treatment period, with the exception of chloride in the bumetanide group at 8 and 16 weeks. The patients who received extended treatment maintained a relatively stable state. No clinical adverse reactions were considered to be related to either drug. Both diuretics proved equally effective in reducing edema. The effective dose ratio of bumetanide:furosemide was 1:25.
OVERVIEW AND EVALUATION OF FUEL ETHANOL FROM CELLULOSIC BIOMASS: Technology, Economics, the Environment, and Policy

▪ Abstract Ethanol is a high performance fuel in internal combustion engines. It is a liquid, which is advantageous in terms of storage, delivery, and infrastructural compatability. Ethanol burns relatively cleanly, especially as the amount of gasoline with which it is blended decreases. Evaporative and toxicity-weighted air toxics emissions are consistently lower for ethanol than for gasoline. It is likely that vehicles can be configured so that exhaust emissions of priority pollutants are very low for ethanol-burning engines, although the same can probably be said for most other fuels under consideration. Recent work suggests that ethanol may be more compatible with fuel cell—powered vehicles than has generally been assumed. Research and development—driven advances have clear potential to lower the price of cellulosic ethanol to a level competitive with bulk fuels. Process areas with particular potential for large cost reductions include biological processing (with consolidated bioprocessing particularl...
ADHD children's responses to stimulant medication and two intensities of a behavioral intervention

Multimodal interventions involving pharmacotherapy and behavior therapy are increasingly viewed as the treatment of choice for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Virtually all investigations of combined treatments have involved powerful behaviortherapy packages including token economies. Such interventions are costly and labor intensive and not accessible to most youngsters with the disorder. This study examined the effects of a relatively simple behavioral intervention alone and in combination with stimulant medication. Subjects were three boys, ages 10 and 11, attending a summer day treatment program. Rates of off-task behavior in the classroom were examined in relation to all six possible conbinations of two doses of methylphenidate plus placebo and two "intensities" of teacher reprimands, immediate and delayed. Results suggest that for some children with ADHD, a simple behavioral intervention implemented in its most intense form can achieve results comparable to those achieved with medic...
Herbicide Banding and Tillage System Interactions on Runoff Losses of Alachlor and Cyanazine

Herbicides transported to surface waters by agricultural runoff are partitioned between solution and solid phases. Conservation tillage that reduces upland erosion will also reduce transport of herbicides associated with the solid phase. However, transport of many herbicides occurs predominantly in solution. Conservation tillage practices may or may not reduce transport of solution-phase herbicides, as this depends on the runoff volume. Reducing herbicide application rate is another approach to minimize off-site transport. Herbicide banding can reduce herbicide application rates and costs by one-half or more. Our objective was to compare herbicide losses in runoff from different tillage practices and with band- or broadcast-applied herbicides. The herbicides alachlor [2-chloro-2',6'-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] and cyanazine [2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2-methylpropionitrile] were broadcast- or band-applied to plots managed in a moldboard plow, chisel plow, or ridge till system. Herbicide concentration in runoff was largest for the first runoff event occurring after application and then decreased in subsequent events proportional to the cumulative rain since the herbicide application. When herbicides were broadcast-applied, losses of alachlor and cyanazine in runoff followed the order: moldboard plow > chisel plow > ridge till. Conservation tillage systems reduced runoff loss of herbicides by reducing runoff volume and not the herbicide concentration in runoff. Herbicide banding reduced the concentration and loss of herbicides in runoff compared with the broadcast application. Herbicide losses in the water phase averaged 88 and 97% of the total loss for alachlor and cyanazine, respectively. Cyanazine was more persistent than alachlor in the soil.
Arterial Occlusive Lesions Recanalize More Frequently in Women Than in Men After Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator Administration for Acute Stroke

Background and Purpose— Previous reports suggest that women achieve better outcome than men after intravenous thrombolysis for ischemic stroke. Coagulation and fibrinolysis differ between sexes. These findings prompted us to investigate possible gender differences in arterial recanalization after intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV tPA). Methods— We identified 100 consecutive patients who presented with acute ischemic stroke and received IV tPA within 6 hours of onset. Only patients with large artery anterior circulation strokes, as determined by MRI/MRA or CT/CTA before treatment, who had follow-up vascular study within 72 hour after treatment were included. We compared demographics, clinical features, admission medications, symptom-to-needle and treatment-to-repeat vascular imaging times, baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Severity score, radiological and laboratory data, stroke mechanism, and outcome between the sexes. Results— 39 patients met all inclusion/exclusion criteria (22 me...
(De)constructing Student Engagement for Pre-Service Teacher Learning.

Current education reform policies, such as Common Core Standards and Teacher Effectiveness, prioritize the importance of developing students’ intellectual capacities through cognitively engaging tasks. Danielson’s (2007) Framework for Teaching offers specific guidance to teachers on clearly delineated elements that comprise cognitive engagement which can be useful in preparing new teachers to address this issue. This article describes how one teacher education program emphasizes student engagement throughout the coursework young professionals take and then shares their pre-service teachers’ perspective about what student engagement means through class assignments and classroom observations. Specific suggestions are offered to other teacher preparation programs as well as proposed research to further document how pre-service teachers learn to engage their students.
Domestic Politics and U.S. Global Climate Policy

After years of increasingly urgent warnings from scientists, in 2007, U.S. government finally began to take global climate policy seriously. Controversial and potentially very costly legislative initiatives await on the congressional docket. This paper explains what kinds of global climate policies are most likely to emerge from the U.S. political system over the next decade or so. The paper argues that even though the stakes may be orders of magnitude higher, from a domestic political perspective, global climate policy closely resembles many other environmental issues. Amidst the political cross pressures from environmental and industrial interest groups, public support for policy change is broad but shallow, and likely to diminish once the costs of policy change become tangible. As a result, U.S. global climate policies are likely to conform to a well established environmental policy pattern - a pattern in which ambitious goals are established but never attained. The paper concludes that climate change will be addressed most effectively if environmental goals can be aligned with the political goals of office holders. Policies advance political goals most readily when they distribute rewards, not when they call for significant sacrifices.
The symbolic convergence theory of communication: Applications and implications for teachers and consultants

(1982). The symbolic convergence theory of communication: Applications and implications for teachers and consultants. Journal of Applied Communication Research: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 50-61.
OBSERVATIONS OF THE INFLUENCE OF CHONDROITIN SULPHATE ON THE RATE OF BONE REPAIR

1. A study has been made of the repair of bony defects in the calvaria of albino rats. 2. An accelerated rate of bone repair was observed in experimental defects into which chondroitin sulphate-treated demineralised bone was implanted. 3. Acid-soluble collagen reconstituted with chondroitin sulphate was also more effective as an implant than was acid-soluble collagen reconstituted with sodium chloride. 4. It is concluded from these studies that chondroitin sulphate treatment accelerated the rate of new bone formation induced by demineralised bone, by reconstituted acid-soluble collagen, and to a lesser extent by Gelfoam. It was also found that demineralised bone and fresh homogenous bone promoted bone repair, but that chondroitin sulphate-treated demineralised bone promoted the most rapid rate of bone repair among the substances tested. 5. The possible role of chondroitin sulphate in bone formation is discussed.
Identification of sequential auditory and visual stimuli

Two Ss identified pairs of 15 msec. one-bit auditory and visual stimuli when the interval between the stimuli varied from 0 to 500 msec. The auditory judgments were better when the auditory and visual signals were separated by 500 msec. than when the two signals were presented simultaneously, and were also better when the auditory stimulus followed the visual stimulus than when the visual stimulus was delayed.
Treatment of chemically-induced intestinal cancers with indomethacin.

AbstractIntestinal tumors were induced in Lobund strain Sprague-Dawley rats by a single administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) or of methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM). At 34 days later (DMH), or at 7 and 35 days later (MAM), groups of rats were administered indomethacin (20 mg/liter) in the drinking water. When examined at Week 20, in those that consumed indomethacin there was a significant reduction in numbers of rats with intestinal tumors, compared to the control rats. In view of the interval between exposure to the carcinogen and treatment with indomethacin, the effect is interpreted as therapeutic or as antipromotional.
Creative Means of Making Acoustic Measurements Inexpensively with Hair Dryer Noise Reduction as an Example

Hair dryers are common electrical appliances, which produce sound pressure levels in the range of 60dB to 95dB at a distance of twelve inches from the source and such high noise levels could potentially lead to noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). The paper cites a number of patents on low noise hand-held hairdryers, which reduced sound and vibrations. Making acoustic measurements inexpensively is very difficult considering the anechoic chamber involved and the equipment required for making the measurements. Since for a hair dryer primarily the near field measurements are important because of the proximity of the ear of its user, acoustic measurements can be made inexpensively in a smaller enclosure treated with appropriate sound absorbing lining. The authors of this paper have used inexpensive techniques for acoustic measurements and have used various methodologies for noise reduction to find the best possible solution to reduce the noise of two selected hair dryers. Noise reduction of about 8 – 10 dB was achieved in the low frequency range of about 1000 3000 Hz and of about 10 – 12 dB in the high frequency range of 3000 – 10000 Hz at a distance of 1 inch from the source.
Assessing the Spiritual Leadership of Students: An Equanimity Study.

AbstractResearchers at a regional western university surveyed undergraduate students on the extent to which they identified themselves as spiritual leaders and, in particular, as having the quality of equanimity, one component of spiritual leadership. The results illustrate the role that equanimity plays in the development of a student’s leadership capacity. Implications for student affairs practitioners are discussed.
Secondary craniofacial management following initial correction of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis.

After initial Operations for nonsyndromic craniosynostosis, patients may present for secondary correction as a feature of staged treatment of this condition or with problems that are sequelae of the initial condition or operation, such as under correction, a relapse of the deformity, or an induced new deformity associated with surgical intervention. The authors seek to establish some strategies for the evaluation and treatment of these secondary problems and to present options for the prevention of some common late findings.
The Local and the Global in Higher Education Internationalization

Analysis of higher education internationalization has typically gone in two directions. Those concerned with the practical aspects of internationalization—such as student mobility programs, campus internationalization efforts, and similar initiatives—have been focused on the “local” aspects of the theme. Policy-makers and others more concerned with strategy for universities or governments, or with broadly understanding internationalization as a trend, have engaged in “global” analyses. Here, the focus has been on broader strategic, structural, socio-economic, and political issues. The dialog between these strands in the discussion has been quite limited.