cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic analysis and identification of alarge leaf angles (lla) mutant in rice

Mutants are essential genetic materials to elucidation of biological functions of genes involved. Characterization and isolation of genes in mutants is one of the research tasks in functional genomic era. T-DNA insertional mutagenesis has provided an efficient way to identify genes in plant species, in which the mutated genes could be rapidly isolated once the mutant was confirmed by T-DNA insertion. About 40% of 620 cloned Arabidopsis genes with mutant phenotypes were determined by T-DNA tagging. In recent years, a large number of T-DNA insertional rice mutant pools were established. Moreover, three genes were successfully isolated from rice. Leaf angles, the angles between main culms and leaves, are one of the important features of the plant types. Investigation on the mechanism of leaf angle formation will probably provide the basic knowledge of plant breeding on plant architectures. Several QTLs of leaf and flag leaf angles in rice were identified, which would provide the useful materials for manipulating these QTLs in a marker-assisted selection program. However, the major genes, which control leaf angles, have not been reported yet and very little is known about the mechanism of leaf angle formation. Based on T-DNA inserted rice (Oryza sativa L. subsp. Japonica cv. Zhonghua11) mutant pool, which contains about 10000 insertional mutant lines, a large leaf angles (lla) mutant T429 was found in T1 lines. At seeding stage, the leaf angles of lla mutant were larger than those of the wild type. In addition, the mutant seedlings showed semi-dwarf. At heading stage, the abnormal phenotypes of lla mutants were observed in plant height, leaf angel, leaf blade length and leaf blade width. The plant of lla was shorter than the wild type (Fig. 1). The length and width of the lla mutant leaves were shorter and wider than those of the wild type (unpublished data). Under natural long day conditions, the heading date of lla was about two weeks later than that of the wild type. Under winter natural short day conditions in greenhouse, the heading date of lla was about one week later than that of the wild type while the plant height and leaf angles remained significantly different from the control. This indicated that the mutant phenotype was slightly influenced by environmental conditions such as photoperiod and temperature. Different concentrations of GA3 were used to treat the plants at both seeding and heading stages; the results showed that the plant heights of wild type and the lla mutant were all sensitive to exogenous GA3 at different concentrations. But plant heights and leaf angles of GA3 treated mutant plants differed significantly from the corresponding wild types. At the same time, leaf angles of GA3 treated wild type and lla did not show any visible differences from the corresponding untreated plants.
Lasers in the treatment of ischaemic heart disease

Mounting evidence showing that transmyocardial laser revascularization (TMR) is a safe and effective treatment for angina pectoris arrives just as an increasing number of patients who have undergone angioplasty and coronary artery bypass grafting experience failure with time. TMR, nevertheless, remains controversial. It appears to relieve the symptoms without treating the underlying atherosclerotic disease, and its method of action is unproven. Like angioplasty and coronary bypass, TMR in fact offers palliation rather than a cure for atherosclerotic heart disease. The most sensible current formulations of the therapeutic mechanism of TMR posit a reconfiguration of the microcirculation, with blood shunted from epicardial to endocardial areas. These unresolved issues notwithstanding, TMR benefits patients with end-stage coronary disease and represents a pioneering effort to remodel the microcirculation of patients with arteriosclerotic occlusive disease.
World Ethnographies and Culture‐Historical Syntheses

THE compilation of world ethnographies and world culture-historical syntheses is a very old tradition in anthropology. Works of this genre link the compendia of voyages and travels and the "universal histories" of earlier centuries to the emergent scientific anthropology of the last 200 years. They were, in fact, the first systematic efforts to organize data from what we now recognize as the three major divisions of our science: physical anthropology, linguistics, and ethnology. To be sure, most pioneer works in this genre regularly confused these levels, and consistent distinctions were not made until the latter part of the 19th century. This paper will show that improved world ethnographic and culture-historical handbooks are needed, not only for their convenience in scholarly work, or their value to beginning graduate students, but because of their stimulating effect on theory-building. Much of the paper will deal with the three most recent examples of this form of anthropological literature in German, Italian, and Russian, edited by Bernatzik, Biasutti, and Tolstov, respectively. There have been few world-syntheses of prehistoric archeology since Menghin's monumental but controversial Weltgeschichte der Steinzeit; the only work in this category known to me is the useful handbook edited by Narr, et al., Abriss der Vorgeschichte (1957). Anthropologists in the English-speaking parts of the world have special obligations to contribute to this genre, not only because of past neglect-it has been more than half a century since an original work of this kind has appeared in English but because for a number of reasons, English-speaking anthropologists in the past several decades have carried on fieldwork in a greater diversity of regions and with a wider battery of approaches and techniques than have their colleagues in non-English-speaking countries. Further, and equally important, English is now the most widely used language for scientific communication. It seems reasonable to assume that the larger the circle of scientifically competent readers a given body of information can reach, the greater are the possibilities for new and fruitful ideas. Despite the fact that more anthropologists read English than any other language, the basic handbooks and reference works in our subject continue with few exceptions to be published in languages other than English. Thus, the most comprehensive handbook of physical anthropology is in German (Martin and Saller 1956-); the basic handbook of languages is in French (Meillet and Cohen 1952); the only encyclopedia of prehistory (Ebert 1924-1932), the most ambitious one-man effort at world synthesis of prehistory (Menghin 1932), and the most recent worldwide compendium of prehistory (Narr 1957) are all in German; the most detailed world ethnography is in Italian (Biasutti
Kinetics of uptake and subcellular distribution of human growth hormone in liver slices.

Abstract Uptake of 3 H-acetyl human growth hormone ( 3 H-HGH) and 3 H-acetyl bovine growth hormone ( 3 H-BGH) into slices of hypophysectomized rat liver and human liver (obtained from autopsy) has been measured both as a function of time and concentration of the labeled hormones in the incubation medium. Uptake kinetics as a function of concentration of 3 H-HGH or 3 H-BGH in rat liver slices followed a sigmoid curve. Similar sigmoid curve was obtained when increasing concentrations of 3 H-HGH were incubated with human liver slices. In contrast, uptake kinetics of 3 H-BGH in human liver slices followed a hyperbolic curve. Addition of unlabeled HGH or BGH into the incubation medium reduced the uptake of 3 H-HGH in rat liver slices but in human liver slices only human growth hormone competed. This binding-site difference along with the reported molecular differences between human and bovine growth hormones may well explain the different biological specificities of the two hormones.
pH control and the “shoulder” effect in parallel fermentation pathways

In an effort, to develop comprehensive mathematical models for use in optimizing fermentation processes, product rate data taken at constant pH's for the lactic acid fermentation (Lactobacillus delbrueckii) were analyzed. It was observed that the rate of acid synthesis-time trajectories exhibited a “shoulder” effect at pH's less than 5. That is, a nearly constant rate of synthesis for up to 10 hr in the late growth phase, out of a maximum total fermentation time of 70 hr. This effect was used as a clue from which to structure the proposed model with parallel pathways. Simulating shunting pathways does, in fact, demonstrate that, the notion of parallelism is consistent with the expression of a shoulder. It is postulated, therefore, that a differential pH effect between two parallel pathways can account for the presence of a shoulder when both routes prevail, and no shoulder when either pathway predominates.
Asymptotic high-frequency methods

A review is given of a wide variety of asymptotic methods used in high-frequency scattering. Following brief descriptions of the saddle point method, Watson transformation, and residue series, a survey of the literature is made in which these methods have been employed. The desirability of using high-frequency approximate methods is pointed out. A critical discussion of geometrical optics, physical optics, and the geometrical theory of diffraction is presented. The relationship of these methods to the asymptotic solution of Maxwell's equations is examined. Their applicability and limitations are discussed by referring to numerous examples in the literature.
Numerical study of flow uniformity and pressure characteristics within a microchannel array with triangular manifolds

Abstract Flow uniformity among individual channels within a microchannel array can be a significant factor affecting the performance of laminated structured micro-devices. In this study, numerical modeling is used to quantitatively investigate the impact of the geometry of the right triangular manifold and the dimensions of microchannels on desired uniformity and pressure drop. The CFD tool COMSOL is used to perform the simulations within the low-Reynolds number system (5 ≤ Re ≤ 25). In our biomedical application, it is important to have low dead volume and residence time in the manifolds. A methodical approach is introduced to identify a design that balances low manifold volume and maintenance of flow uniformity. It has also been shown that including a short vertical spacing at the corner of manifolds is critical to achieving a high level of flow uniformity. Careful analysis and physical interpretation of trends herein enables a more intuitive approach to array design.
Multiquantum Vibrational-Energy Exchange

A theory for exchange of vibrational quanta between molecules is formulated which does not rely on the Born expansion of the $S$ matrix. A transformation is derived which diagonalizes the vibrational operators responsible for exchange. The scattering operator is then expanded in a series of rotational tensor operators which permits evaluation of $S$-matrix elements to all orders. This formulation shows that multiquantum processes, both rotational and vibrational, play an important role when transition moments are large. Numerical calculations for vibrational exchange rates of carbon monoxide are compared with results of the first Born approximation from which they differ significantly. The dependence of the cross section on vibrational-energy defect is much less drastic than that of the Born approximation. The present calculations indicate that cross sections for the exchange of more than one vibrational quantum are substantial, in marked contrast to the Born approximation where they are forbidden. The size of these multiquantum cross sections indicates that they can play an important role in the detailed kinetic modeling of CO lasers.
Pediatric Global Health Education: Correlation of Website Information and Curriculum

Objective Web sites describing residency programs are initial sources of information for applicants. The correlation of global health content on pediatric residency program Web sites with reported curricula is unknown. To determine the accuracy of global health education, information on program Web sites was compared with queried program content responses. Study design The Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database was used to assess pediatric residency programs' Web sites for global health education, applying American Academy of Pediatrics consensus guidelines. The authors developed a questionnaire using these consensus guidelines and contacted each program to assess Web site findings, and χ 2 tests were used to compare data from these 2 sources. Results Of 194 programs, 177 had operational Web sites, of which 98 participated in the questionnaire (55%). Ninety-three of 177 programs (53%) reported global health education on Web sites, whereas 80 of 98 programs (82%) reported global health education through direct questioning ( P P P = .02), presence of global health elective curriculum (24% vs 75%, P P = .05), and bidirectional resident exchange (2% vs 13%, P = .01). Conclusions Results indicate continued expansion of pediatric global health education, but significant differences exist between information on Web sites and data obtained through direct questioning. Accurate representation of global health opportunities would allow for more informed decision-making among prospective applicants. Findings also suggest substantial variability in global health curricula that needs to be addressed through improved planning and cooperation among training programs.
Surrounding Free Will: A Response to Baumeister, Crescioni, and Alquist

This contribution to a symposium on an article by Roy Baumeister, A. William Crescioni, and Jessica Alquist focuses on a tension between compatibilist and incompatibilist elements in that article. In their discussion of people’s beliefs about free will, Baumeister et al. sometimes sound like incompatibilists; but in their presentation of their work on psychological processes of free will, they sound more like compatibilists than like incompatibilists. It is suggested that Baumeister and coauthors are attempting to study free will in a metaphysically neutral way and that, because this is so, the incompatibilist elements of the article are out of place.
Risk Preferences of Agricultural Producers: Their Use in Extension and Research

The specific objectives of this paper are: (1) to review and critically evaluate the current state of knowledge on risk preference measurement methods and empirical results for individual agricultural producers and (2) to suggest directions for future research and extension applications requiring information on risk preferences of individual producers. The Implications of aggregate (industry) risk preferences as in risk supply response studies will not be included in this review.
Stimulation of Calcitonin Release in vitro by Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleotides

IN view of reports concerning modulation of response of adenyl cyclase by purine nucleotides1–4 and evidence that secretion of calcitonin is mediated by the adenyl cyclase system5,6, we studied the possibility that purine and pyrimidine nucleotides might stimulate the release of calcitonin by parafollicular cells of the thyroid.
The Place of Québec in Canadian Interest Group Federalism

This article employs literature on federalism to explore the ways in which national Canadian interest groups develop federative structures in order to conduct advocacy work within Quebec. It first identifies institutional reasons for the development of federalist structures for Canadian groups, and it then explores asymmetries between the treatment of Quebec chapters of these groups and of chapters elsewhere in Canada. Drawing on interviews with the political directors of groups active at the national level in Canada, this article shows that the degree to which groups grant power to their provincial or Quebec subunits varies according to the benefits sought by groups.
Strategic interaction and the adoption of tax increment financing

Abstract This paper examines municipalities' Tax Increment Financing (TIF) adoption decision. In particular, the paper examines if municipalities engage in strategic interaction when making the adoption decision and if municipalities use TIF to capture tax revenue from overlapping jurisdictions. The underlying motivation for testing the strategic interaction hypothesis is to determine whether the popularity of TIF is partly the result of competition among neighboring municipalities for private development. The results show that municipalities do engage in strategic interaction in their TIF adoption decision, but municipalities do not use TIF to capture revenue from overlapping jurisdictions.
A comparison of face‐to‐face and virtual software development teams

Looks at new communications technologies, such as videoconferencing systems, which have enabled the creation of “virtual organizations” and “virtual teams”. Investigates the hypotheses that both “social presence” and “media richness” associated with a communication medium used to support geographically‐dispersed software development teams, will have a significant impact on team productivity, perceived interaction quality, and group process satisfaction. Results supported the predicted superiority of the face‐to‐face setting over the videoconferencing setting with regard to team productivity. They also indicated that a communication medium characterized as high in both “media richness” and “social presence” can engender a greater sense of interaction quality. There were no significant differences between the face‐to‐face and videoconferencing settings for group process satisfaction.
Characteristics of Aggressive‐Rejected, Aggressive (Nonrejected), and Rejected (Nonaggressive) Boys

95 boys at 3 developmental levels (ages 6-8, 8-10, 10-12) were selected on the basis of sociometric and aggression ratings to represent 4 groups: (1) aggressive and rejected, (2) aggressive (not rejected), (3) rejected (not aggressive), or (4) neither aggressive nor rejected. Behavioral observations, teacher ratings, peer ratings, and open-ended peer interviews were collected to characterize the behaviors of these boys in 3 social domains (conduct problems, sociability/withdrawal, and adaptability/responsivity to peer expectations). Distinct problem profiles emerged. Aggressive-rejected boys exhibited more diverse and severe conduct problems that did aggressive boys, along with greater deficiencies in the domain of adaptability. Nonaggressive rejected children were considered by teachers and peers to be shy and passive, deficient in prosocial behaviors, atypical, and socially insensitive. Grade-level decreases in physical aggression and increases in peer-reported atypical/insensitive behaviors corresponded to developmental differences in group characteristics.
Topics and Cases for Online Education in Engineering

When considering offering online education for engineering ethics instruction, making choices necessary for the effective development and delivery of an engineering ethics curriculum is an important first step. Selecting the topics and types of cases for the most effective ethics education of engineering students is a vital step in preparing an effective program. Examples are presented for topics which are considered good candidates for online presentation, and the adaptability of these topics for web-based instruction is discussed. Types of cases which are useful in engineering ethics education are presented. Methods of teaching applied ethics, as well as ideas for web-based ethics course design are suggested. The market for web-based instruction is discussed
The noisy convergence phenomena in decomposition method solutions

Abstract A damped oscillating convergence to a correct solution sometimes observed in decomposition method solutions of differential and partial differential equation is investigated.
Human settlement ecology and chimpanzee habitat selection in Mali

Customary land-use practices create distinctive cultural landscapes, including landscapes where abandoned settlements host vegetation that attracts wild animals. Understanding how landscape patterns relate to land-use history can help clarify the ecological effects of particular land uses. This study examines relationships between chimpanzee habitat selection and Maninka settlement practice, to determine how settlement history has affected chimpanzee habitat in Mali’s Bafing Biosphere Reserve, where conservation practitioners assume that the characteristic settlement pattern reflects a process of settlement expansion into undisturbed habitat. Three types of data are reported: (1) ethnographic interviews on settlement history and practice; (2) systematic sampling of chimpanzee habitat use; and (3) ground-based mapping of settlement sites, surface water, and fruit-tree patches. These data show that the Maninka have a shifting settlement system, meaning that most sites are occupied for only relatively brief periods; and that some abandoned settlement sites host fruit-tree patches that are seasonally important chimpanzee habitat. Two main conclusions are: (1) settlement expansion has not occurred; instead, historic settlement has created habitat that is both attractive and available to chimpanzees. Anthropogenic habitat does not appear to be vital for chimpanzee survival, but it spatially and temporally supplements natural habitats. (2) Conservation policies meant to reduce the presumed threat of settlement expansion may have initiated an unintended, long-term threat of habitat loss for chimpanzees. While settlement practices may be a component of short-term threats to chimpanzees, such as hunting, when addressing these threats conservation practitioners should consider long-term settlement processes to avoid creating new threats.
Laparoscopic-assisted management of traumatic abdominal wall hernias in children: case series and a review of the literature

Abstract Background Traumatic abdominal wall hernia (TAWH) is defined as herniation through a disrupted portion of musculature/fascia without skin penetration or history of prior hernia. In children, TAWH is a rare injury. Objective The objectives of this study were to report our experience with different management strategies of TAWH in children and to determine the utility of laparoscopy. Design/method A retrospective chart review of all children treated by pediatric surgery at our institution for TAWH in a 5year interval was performed. Data were collected on mechanism of injury, initial patient presentation, surgical management, and outcomes. Results We present 5 cases of traumatic abdominal wall hernia; 3 were managed using laparoscopic assistance. One patient was managed nonoperatively. All patients recovered without complications and were asymptomatic on follow up. Conclusion Traumatic abdominal wall hernias require a high index of suspicion in the cases of blunt abdominal trauma. Laparoscopy is useful mainly as a diagnostic modality, both to evaluate the hernia and associated injuries to intraabdominal structures. Its use may facilitate repair through a smaller incision. Conservative management of TAWH may be appropriate in select cases where there is a low risk of bowel strangulation.
Carotenoid-based breast plumage colour, body condition and clutch size in red fodies (Foudia madagascariensis)

Carotenoid-based feather colouration is a classic example of a condition-dependent ornamental trait. In some species of birds, red, orange and yellow feather colouration reflects male quality and advertises the carotenoid concentration of feathers. Such colouration is an important aspect of mate selection by females. The red fody (Foudia madagascariensis) is a highly sexually dimorphic species of the family Ploceidae, in which males exhibit extensive carotenoid-based plumage. We investigated associations between body condition, clutch size, first egg date and carotenoid-based red plumage colour of male red fodies. Breast plumage brightness was positively associated with male body condition, suggesting that this component of colour is condition-dependent. Brighter-red males did not breed earlier but were mated to females that laid larger clutches compared to females mated to duller-coloured males. These data suggest that red colour in red fodies has the potential to function as an honest signal of male quality.
A single-chain model for active gels I: active dumbbell model

We have developed a single-chain theory to describe the dynamics of active gels. Active gels are networks of semiflexible polymer filaments driven by motor proteins that convert chemical energy from the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate to mechanical work and motion. In active gels molecular motors create active cross-links between the semiflexible filaments. We model the semiflexible filaments as bead-spring chains; the active interactions between filaments are accounted for using a mean-field approach, in which filaments have prescribed probabilities to undergo a transition from one motor attachment state into the other depending on the state of the probe filament. The level of description of the model includes the change in the end-to-end distance of the filaments, the attachment state of the filaments, and the motor-generated forces, as stochastic state variables which evolve according to a proposed differential Chapman–Kolmogorov equation. The motor-generated forces are drawn from a stationary distribution of motor stall forces that can be measured experimentally. The general formulation of the model allows accounting for physics that is not possible, or not practical, to include in available models that have been postulated on coarser levels of description. However, in this introductory manuscript, we make several assumptions to simplify the mathematics and to obtain analytical results, from which insight into the microscopic mechanisms underlying the dynamics of active gels can be gained. We treat the filaments as one-dimensional dumbbells, approximate the elasticity of the semiflexible filaments with a Hookean spring law, and assume that the transition rates are independent of the tension in the filaments. We show that even in this simplified form, the model can predict the buckling of individual filaments that is thought to be the underlying mechanism in the self-contraction of non-sarcomeric actin–myosin bundles [Lenz et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 2012, 108, 238107]. The active dumbbell model can also explain the violation of the fluctuation–dissipation theorem observed in microrheology experiments on active gels [Mizuno et al., Science, 2007, 315, 370–373].
A contingent view of e-collaboration and performance in manufacturing

Abstract Manufacturers are increasingly utilizing Internet-based tools to more readily conduct collaborative activities with key business customers. While the emerging conventional wisdom suggests that the greater the extent to which manufacturers engage in Internet-enabled commerce with downstream business customers the better the performance, we espouse an alternative view. Consistent with the relational view of competitive advantage and contingency theory, we develop a model and a series of hypotheses that specify how various product and market characteristics may influence the nature of the expected positive relationship between e-collaboration and performance. To test the model, we collected data from 50 manufacturers using a Web-based survey. Our partial least squares (PLS) analysis results do indeed support the notion that e-collaboration is related to better operational and business performance. However, we go on to show that the strength of the relationship between e-collaboration and operational performance diminishes as the level of environmental munificence increases. Notably, we found no such moderating effect with respect to the level of product complexity or market variability. Our findings contribute to the operations strategy literature on supply chain relationships in the e-business arena and offer managers a framework for understanding the conditions under which investments in e-collaboration may be more appropriate and therefore more beneficial.
Reexamining Personal and Situational Factors in Drunk Driving Interventions1

Informal peer intervention may be an effective means of combating drunk driving. Prior research finds that: (a) An experimental model of decision making in bystander intervention situations can successfully be applied to drunk driving intervention (DUI intervention); and (b) various personal and situational factors influence a person's decision to intervene. Our research examines questionnaire data and finds support, with some modification, for application of the experimental model to DUI intervention. We also find that a person's self-evaluation as a competent helper is often the most important factor in determining whether or not they intervene. This suggests that empowering persons as interveners may be an effective means of decreasing drunk driving.
The complexity of early trauma: Representation and transformation

(1997). The complexity of early trauma: Representation and transformation. Psychoanalytic Inquiry: Vol. 17, Sexual abuse, pp. 286-311.
Expanding the Intertrial Interval During Extinction: Response Cessation and Recovery

We examined trial spacing during extinction following a human contingency learning task. Specifically, we assessed if an expanding retrieval practice schedule (Bjork & Bjork, 1992, 2006), in which the spacing between extinction trials was progressively increased, would result in faster immediate extinction and less recovery from extinction than uniformly spaced extinction trials. We used an ABB vs. ABA renewal design and observed that, whereas the expanding group extinguished faster during extinction treatment, the expanding and constant groups showed the same level of extinction with an immediate test in the extinction context (ABB) and the two groups showed equivalent ABA renewal at test in the training context. We conclude that the faster extinction observed in the expanding groups could be misleading in clinical treatment, if the therapist used the absence of fear during extinction as the basis for terminating treatment.
Selectivity and promiscuity of the first and second PDZ domains of PSD-95 and synapse-associated protein 102.

Abstract PDZ domains typically interact with the very carboxyl terminus of their binding partners. Type 1 PDZ domains usually require valine, leucine, or isoleucine at the very COOH-terminal (P0) position, and serine or threonine 2 residues upstream at P−2. We quantitatively defined the contributions of carboxyl-terminal residues to binding selectivity of the prototypic interactions of the PDZ domains of postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) and its homolog synapse-associated protein 90 (SAP102) with the NR2b subunit of theN-methyl-d-aspartate-type glutamate receptor. Our studies indicate that all of the last five residues of NR2b contribute to the binding selectivity. Prominent were a requirement for glutamate or glutamine at P−3 and for valine at P0 for high affinity binding and a preference for threonine over serine at P−2, in the context of the last 11 residues of the NR2b COOH terminus. This analysis predicts a COOH-terminal (E/Q)(S/T)XV consensus sequence for the strongest binding to the first two PDZ domains of PSD-95 and SAP102. A search of the human genome sequences for proteins with a COOH-terminal (E/Q)(S/T)XV motif yielded 50 proteins, many of which have not been previously identified as PSD-95 or SAP102 binding partners. Two of these proteins, brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 and protein kinase Cα, co-immunoprecipitated with PSD-95 and SAP102 from rat brain extracts.
Dynamic light scattering and mutual diffusion in non-ideal systems. One- and multi-component spherical solutes☆

Abstract Starting from the dynamic structure factor, the diffusion equations for both local and non-local mutual diffusion of a one-component spherical solute are derived. The initial local and non-local mutual diffusion coefficients are expressed in terms of the equilibrium radial distribution function (or direct correlation function), hydrodynamic interaction tensors, and the isolated-molecule diffusion coefficient. This treatment is generalized to derive the coupled local and non-local mutual diffusion equations for multicomponent spherical solutes. Initial values of the diffusion coefficient matrices for both local and non-local mutual diffusion are expressed exactly in terms of equilibrium radial distribution functions (or direct correlation functions), hydrodynamic interaction tensors, and isolated-molecule diffusion coefficients. Provided that concentration fluctuations are not significantly coupled to fluctuations in other slowly relaxing conserved quantities, the dynamic structure factor of a one-component solute in the k 2 → 0 limit always decays as a single exponential with the initial, or first-cumulant, value of the dynamic light scattering diffusion coefficient. Similarly, in the k 2 → 0 limit the dynamic structure factor matrix for a multicomponent solute undergoes a first-order decay governed by a matrix of initial diffusion coefficients that remain constant throughout the decay. In that same case mutual diffusion is governed by a somewhat different diffusion coefficient matrix that likewise remains constant throughout the relaxation. A rigorous proof is given that the thermodynamic driving force for mutual diffusion of a one-component solute in an incompressible solution in the k 2 → 0 limit is (1 - o) −1 (▿μ) T,P , as conjectured by Batchelor. The connection between the time-dependent diffusion coefficients treated here and the time-delayed diffusion coefficients recently employed by others, and the relation of both to autocorrelation functions of the fluctuating current densities are rigorously established. Polyelectrolyte solutions are shown to always exhibit a single charged mode that relaxes at a rapid rate independent of k 2 , as well as diffusive modes which relax at rates proportional to k 2 in the k 2 → 0 limit. An assumption implicit in the derivation of Belloni et al. for the light scattering diffusion coefficient after the charged mode has decayed away is noted, and shown to be valid in general. The general treatment of polyelectrolytes is shown to reduce exactly to the simple coupled mode theory for the case of dilute point charges in the absence of hydrodynamic interactions.
EXISTENCE OF A SHARPLY DEFINED MAXIMUM RELAXATION TIME FOR MONODISPERSE POLYSTYRENE

Heretofore, the master stress relaxation curves of amorphous polymers could only be resolved by approximation methods into a continuous distribution of relaxation times. This is obviously not entirely satisfactory in all cases, e.g., for Maxwellian stress decay or if the Rouse distribution for the rubbery flow region were truly applicable. A new procedure (termed Procedure X) is proposed where is favourable cases the master stress relaxation modulus in the rubbery flow region can be resolved in to a discrete distribution of relaxation times, including a well defined maximum relaxation time. This procedure was applied to monodisperse and polydisperse polydisperse polystyrene, the latter of heterogeneity index 1.5. It appears that Procedure X gives resonably well defined values for at least the two highest relaxation times in these two cases.
An electromagnetic acoustic transduction technique for detecting strut fractures in artificial heart valves

This paper discusses a completely noninvasive technique to detect single leg separation in Bjork-Shiley convexo-concave (BSCC) heart valves. Prior studies have shown that the resonant frequencies of the valve depend on the condition of the strut. The technique described here uses electromagnetic methods to mechanically excite the valve across a range of frequencies of interest and determine the resonant frequency of the valve. Results obtained with a prototype setup are presented which demonstrate the usefulness of the technique in a clinical setting for detecting single leg separated (SLS) condition in patients with BSCC heart valves
The End: The Defiance and Destruction of Hitler's Germany, 1944–1945. By Ian Kershaw. (New York, NY: Penguin, 2012. Pp. xxvi, 564. $35.00.)

In his new book, The End, the prominent British historian Ian Kershaw asks why Hitler's Germany fought “down to almost total devastation and complete enemy occupation” (xvii). Such an outcome inste...
Counting the homeless: the culture of quantification in American social policy:

This commentary reflects on the practice of counting the homeless within political jurisdictions (i.e., homeless counts) within the United States to satisfy a cultural practice of quantification wi...
Effectiveness of a single-session early psychological intervention for children after road traffic accidents: a randomised controlled trial

Background: Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are the leading health threat to children in Europe, resulting in 355 000 injuries annually. Because children can suffer significant and long-term mental health problems following RTAs, there is considerable interest in the development of early psychological interventions. To date, the research in this field is scarce, and currently no evidence-based recommendations can be made. Methods: To evaluate the effectiveness of a single-session early psychological intervention, 99 children age 7-16 were randomly assigned to an intervention or control group. The manualised intervention was provided to the child and at least one parent around 10 days after the child’s involvement in an RTA. It included reconstruction of the accident using drawings and accident-related toys, and psychoeducation. All of the children were interviewed at 10 days, 2 months and 6 months after the accident. Parents filled in questionnaires. Standardised instruments were used to assess acute stress disorder (ASD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depressive symptoms and behavioural problems. Results: The children of the two study groups showed no significant differences concerning posttraumatic symptoms and other outcome variables at 2 or at 6 months. Interestingly, analyses showed a significant intervention × age-group effect, indicating that for preadolescent children the intervention was effective in decreasing depressive symptoms and behavioural problems. Conclusions: This study is the first to show a beneficial effect of a single-session early psychological intervention after RTA in preadolescent children. Therefore, an age-specific approach in an early stage after RTAs may be a promising way for further research. Younger children can benefit from the intervention evaluated here. However, these results have to be interpreted with caution, because of small subgroup sizes. Future studies are needed to examine specific approaches for children and adolescents. Also, the intervention evaluated here needs to be studied in other groups of traumatised children. Trial Registration: Clinical Trial Registry: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00296842.
GASTROINTESTINAL ABSORPTION OF ASPIRIN ANHYDRIDE.

The gastrointestinal absorption of aspirin anhydride by humans has been found to be slow and incomplete. This explains and is consistent with a reported lack of therapeutic efficacy of this drug. It is concluded that aspirin anhydride is less satisfactory for salicylate therapy than aspirin itself.
Goal striving and maladaptive coping in adults living with spinal cord injury: associations with affective well-being.

Objectives. The current study examined how goal engagement and two coping strategies (self-blame and denial) hypothesized to prevent successful disengagement relate to affective well-being among adults with a functional disability. Method: Ninety-nine community-dwelling adults (23 to 76 years old, 66 men) with spinal cord injury participated in structured interviews assessing affective well-being using the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988); goal engagement using a modified version of the Optimization, Primary, and Secondary Control Scale (Heckhausen, Schulz, & Wrosch, 1998); and self-blame and denial using items from Carver’s (1997) Brief COPE Inventory. Results: Greater goal engagement was significantly associated with positive but not negative affect. Greater use of self-blame and denial coping was associated with lower positive affect for older adults and higher negative affect across the age range. Discussion: Implications for affective well-being among aging and dis...
Field evidence about the viscosity of lavas

There appears to be surprisingly little definite information on the viscosity of lavas. With few exceptions writers content themselves with such general and indefinite terms as “mobile”, “viscous”, or “highly viscous”. Apparently the only attempts to actually calculate viscosity have been made on Hawaiian lavas. G. F. Beoker (Some queries on rook differentiation, Amer. J. Sci., 4th ser., v. 3, pp. 27–32, 1927) basing his calculations on the record of the 1840 flow at Kilauea which progressed eleven miles down a two per cent slope in two days, concluded that this lava had a viscosity about 60 times that of water.
Time optimal pneumatic valve control system

This paper presents a simplified nonlinear pneumatic actuator model. Then, a time optimal position control solution is presented based on the nonlinear model and a pressure control assumption. The theoretical analysis is accompanied by experimental data and concept testing proof. The specific actuator studied is a production internal combustion engine exhaust gas recirculation control valve.
Polynomial time approximation algorithms for multi-constrained QoS routing

We study the multi-constrained quality-of-service (QoS) routing problem where one seeks to find a path from a source to a destination in the presence of K ges 2 additive end-to-end QoS constraints. This problem is NP-hard and is commonly modeled using a graph with n vertices and m edges with K additive QoS parameters associated with each edge. For the case of K = 2, the problem has been well studied, with several provably good polynomial time-approximation algorithms reported in the literature, which enforce one constraint while approximating the other. We first focus on an optimization version of the problem where we enforce the first constraint and approximate the other K - 1 constraints. We present an O(mn log log log n + mn/epsi) time (1 + epsi)(K - 1)-approximation algorithm and an O(mn log log log n + m(n/epsi)K-1) time (1 + epsi)-approximation algorithm, for any epsi > 0. When K is reduced to 2, both algorithms produce an (1 + epsi)-approximation with a time complexity better than that of the best-known algorithm designed for this special case. We then study the decision version of the problem and present an O(m(n/epsi)K-1) time algorithm which either finds a feasible solution or confirms that there does not exist a source-destination path whose first weight is bounded by the first constraint and whose every other weight is bounded by (1 - epsi) times the corresponding constraint. If there exists an H-hop source-destination path whose first weight is bounded by the first constraint and whose every other weight is bounded by (1 - epsi) times the corresponding constraint, our algorithm finds a feasible path in O(m(H/epsi)K-1) time. This algorithm improves previous best-known algorithms with O((m + n log n)n/epsi) time for K = 2 and 0(mn(n/epsi)K-1) time for if ges 2.
A 3D physical design flow based on Open Access

3D IC technologies have recently attracted great attention due to the potential performance improvement, power consumption reduction and heterogeneous integration. In this paper we present a 3D physical design flow based on OpenAccess (named 3D-Craft) to facilitate the rapid adoption of 3D technology. The OpenAccess extension for 3D-Craft is discussed, and the key components including the 3D placer mPL-3D and the 3D router TMARS are presented. We also demonstrate the application of 3D-Craft for the 3D physical design of an open-source processor, and show that the 3D implementation can reduce both the half-perimeter wirelength and the routed wirelength by about 30% compared to the 2D implementation.
Prediction of brain and serum free amino acid profiles in rats fed graded levels of protein

Daily weight gains and food intakes were measured in male, 120-g rats fed graded levels of dietary casein. After 14 d, serum and brain amino acid concen trations were measured. All physiological responses were tested for a functional rela tionship to dietary casein concentration. Food intake, weight gain and many serum amino acid profiles were shown to be saturable functions of percent casein in the diet. In general, essential amino acids increased in serum with increasing dietary casein concentration while nonessential amino acids decreased with increasing dietary casein concentration. Brain amino acid concentrations were shown to be linear func tions of serum levels with the exceptions of phenylalanine and the acidic amino acids. Most amino acids showed a smaller range of values in brain than in serum. The excep tions were the levels of threonine, glutamine, serine and histidine, which were three times greater in brain than in serum. Brain levels of the neutral amino acids trypto- phan and tyrosine were highly correlated with the amino acid/neutral amino acid ra tios in serum, whereas leucine was negatively correlated. Brain histidine, which was inversely correlated with dietary casein, was found to correlate with specific food in take patterns. The four-parameter mathematical model for physiological responses was able to predict all the observed saturation type responses in the experiment. J. Nutr. 116: 1667-1681, 1986.
Cause and Function of Animal Learning Processes

The General Process approach to learning has sustained much criticism for its neglect of species-typical variation. Nonetheless, this approach has been fruitful in identifying many commonalities of animal learning. Pavlovian conditioning and habituation are examples of two general processes which are found in all vertebrate, and many invertebrate, species. Similarities in structure, which these learning phenomena illustrate, often suggest commonality of function. In this paper, the General Process approach is expanded to explore functional, as well as causal, questions. A major theme of this paper is that the reconciliation of learning theory and natural behavior depends upon attempts to link causal and functional analyses.
Characteristics of the Capacitorless Double Gate Quantum Well Single Transistor DRAM

We characterize and optimize Double Gate (DG) single-transistor (1T) DRAM via extensive simulations. We propose a new kind of DRAM: 1T-Quantum Well DRAM: which has a "storage pocket" for holes within the body. This memory gives the opportunity to engineer spatial hole distribution within the body of the device, which is not possible with the conventional 1T DRAMs. Using this novel device we demonstrate approximately 2 order of magnitude increase in the drain current (Id) difference between the reads of two states of the memory. We study the retention characteristics of this novel DRAM, and also investigate the effect of Quantum Well depth on the retention characteristics. -1.5 0.2 0 Gate 2 Voltage (V) -1.5 -1.5 -1.5 -1.5 1.5 -1.5 -1.5
Hobby Horses Ridden

ABSTRACT: I have yet to decline an opportunity to ride some of my favorite hobby horses in managerial accounting research, so the invitation by Ranjani Krishnan to participate in the Journal of Management Accounting Research's 25th Anniversary Panel at the 2014 Management Accounting Section Midyear Meeting in Orlando was very welcome. The following summarizes my thoughts expressed during the panel. I hope to stir the pot and perhaps get management accounting researchers to think somewhat differently after reading this piece about where we are as a field and where we need to be going to be successful in the next 25 years.