cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary Function Is a Long-term Predictor of Mortality in the General Population: 29-Year Follow-up of the Buffalo Health Study

Study objectives Results from several studies havedescribed a relationship between pulmonary function and both all-causeand cause-specific mortality. The purpose of this study was toinvestigate the predictive value of pulmonary function by gender after29 years of follow-up. Design Prospective study with29-year follow-up of the Buffalo Health Study cohort. Participants Randomly selected sample of 554 men and 641women, aged 20 to 89 years, from all listed households of the city of, Buffalo, NY. Measurements and results Baselinemeasurements were performed in 1960 to 1961. Pulmonary function wasassessed based on FEV 1 expressed as the normal percentpredicted (FEV 1 % pred). FEV 1 % pred adjusted byage, body mass index, systolic BP, education, and smoking status wasinversely related to all-cause mortality in both men and women(p 25years, we observed a statistically significant negative associationbetween FEV 1 % pred and all-cause mortality. FEV 1 % pred was also inversely related to ischemic heartdisease (IHD) mortality. When participants were divided into quintilesof FEV 1 % pred, participants in the lowest quintile of, FEV 1 % pred experienced significantly higher all-causemortality compared with participants in the highest quintile of, FEV 1 % pred. For the entire follow-up period, the adjustedhazard ratios for all-cause mortality were 2.24 (95% confidenceinterval [CI], 1.60 to 3.13) for men and 1.81 (95% CI, 1.24 to 2.63)for women, respectively. Hazard ratios for death from IHD in the lowestquintile of FEV 1 % pred were 2.11 (95% CI, 1.20 to 3.71)and 1.96 (95% CI, 0.99 to 3.88) for men and women, respectively. Conclusions These results suggest that pulmonary functionis a long-term predictor for overall survival rates in both genders and could be used as a tool in general healthassessment.
Prospects for BSM searches at the high-luminosity LHC with the CMS detector

After a series of upgrades the Large Hadron Collider will deliver an integrated luminosity of up to 3000 fb−1 with s=14 GeV for each experiment. Aspects of the supersymmetry and other beyond the standard model (BSM) search programme are discussed for this scenario. These include the expected discovery reach for gluinos decaying to third generation squarks as well as to light squarks, for the third generation squark decaying to top quarks and neutralino and for the neutralino-chargino pairs decaying to final states including a Z and a W boson. Depending on the SUSY particles, the discovery reach can be improved by about 300 to 400 GeV with increasing the luminosity from 300 to 3000 fb−1. The potential for discovery of non-SUSY new particles is also discussed.
Professor D. Eleanor Westney and Japanese Business Studies

Abstract I discuss Eleanor Westney’s significant contributions to the field of Japanese business studies in four regards. First, her genuine interest in Japan and her deep knowledge of Japan and its language drove her thorough investigation of Japanese business and management. Second, her disciplinary approach to Japanese business and society has added value to the studies of Japanese businesses by linking idiosyncratic phenomena to general sociological perspectives. Third, she played a bridging role, facilitating interactions between the Western and Japanese academic communities. Finally, she has been extremely positive, encouraging, and inspiring to people worldwide working in the field. Westney’s contribution to academia clearly reaches beyond the field of Japanese business studies and extends to the entire field of international business and R&D/innovation management.
Towards a Visual Literacy Index

AbstractThis paper presents and discusses the research outcomes of my approaching the Visual Literacy (VL) concept and skills definition issue through the perspective of measurement. More specifically, it will concentrate of the following points: a) which VL abilities are part of the VL index, and why; b) which VL abilities are perceived as “more/ less” important for the VL index; c) who were the high/low scorers of the VL index, and to what extent can we account for their scores; d) what is the relationship between high/low VL levels and attitude towards/familiarity with applications of Visual Communication; e) where do/can we go from here.
Role of Calcitonin-Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) as a Chemical Marker for the Thalamocortical Visceral Sensory System

The earliest studies of the organization of the visceral sensory system focused on the special visceral sensory modality, taste. Lesion studies dating back to the early part of this century established, in a variety of mammalian species including primates and humans, that the rostral insular cortex contains a region that is critical for taste discrimination (see [1 and 2] for review). This gustatory cortex is near but distinct from the tongue somatosensory area. Subsequent electrophysiological studies demonstrated the presence of taste-responsive neurons in this field and in its thalamic relay cell group, the ventroposterior medial parvocellular nucleus.
Anatomy of the Ventral Rami, Upper Trunk, and Its Divisions and Branches

Abstract Understanding the functional and surgical anatomy of the brachial plexus begins with in-depth knowledge of its origins. The brachial plexus is formed from portions of the spinal nerve roots at the C5 through T1 levels, known as the ventral rami. Each spinal nerve root separates into this ventral ramus and a dorsal ramus immediately after leaving its spinal foramen. The ventral rami of C5 and C6 join to form the upper trunk of the plexus. This trunk has only one branch, the suprascapular nerve, which innervates the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles. Just distal to this branch, the trunk divides into an anterior division to the lateral cord and a posterior division to the posterior cord.
Behavior Modeling and Auction Architecture of Networked Microgrids for Frequency Support

As intermittent generation profiles introduce more stress due to the sudden imbalance in supply and demand, power systems are becoming more dependent on online aggregated support of networked utility-independent private microgrids. During the aggregation process, microgrid operators’ preferences and bidding behaviors are priority. New aggregation approaches are required considering the individual behaviors of the networked and geographically dispersed independent microgrids. In this paper, we present a novel bidding behavior modeling and an auction architecture consisting of a central aggregator and networked microgrid agents. The bidding behavioral states of the microgrid agents are formalized as partially observable Markov processes for the belief updates and short-term policy determination in order to maximize the individual profit. A reverse auction model is adopted to enable competitive negotiations between the central aggregator and networked microgrid agents. The auction and aggregation processes were implemented in a power system control area along with an automatic generation control (AGC) scheme to contribute frequency control. The proposed AGC and auction mechanism were verified with an industrial multi-agent framework in a laboratory-based real-time application.
Nutrition Transition in India-Energy Related Issues

The World Health Report 2002 introduced the term "risk transrtion' to describe the changes in consumption of tobacco, alcohol, nutrition and other lifestyles that promote the development of noncommunicable diseases. Five patterns of the nutrition transition have generally been described: that of collecting food, a pattern of recurrent famine, receding famine, 6 phase of degenerative disease and a phase of behavioral change. The phase of degenerative disease is associated with a shift in dietary patterns to more 'western' diets rich in saturated fat, refined foods and sugar and low in fibre and leads to an increase in non communicable diseases (NCD).
Charge-transport model for conducting polymers

The growing technological importance of conducting polymers makes the fundamental understanding of their charge transport extremely important for materials and process design. Various hopping and mobility edge transport mechanisms have been proposed, but their experimental verification is limited to poor conductors. Now that advanced organic and polymer semiconductors have shown high conductivity approaching that of metals, the transport mechanism should be discernible by modelling the transport like a semiconductor with a transport edge and a transport parameter s. Here we analyse the electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient together and determine that most polymers (except possibly PEDOT:tosylate) have s = 3 and thermally activated conductivity, whereas s = 1 and itinerant conductivity is typically found in crystalline semiconductors and metals. The different transport in polymers may result from the percolation of charge carriers from conducting ordered regions through poorly conducting disordered regions, consistent with what has been expected from structural studies.
Exploring endoscopic therapy for the treatment of Crohn's disease-related fistula and abscess.

Fistula and abscess represent penetrating disease phenotypes of Crohn's disease (CD) and can develop in patients with or without prior history of CD-related surgery. While CD fistula and abscess have been traditionally treated with medical and surgical therapy, the role of endoscopic therapy in this particular phenotype of CD is expanding recently, thanks to advanced endoscopic techniques and a better understanding of pathogenesis and natural history of the disease and principle of treatment. The success of endoscopic treatment for inflammatory bowel disease depends on comprehension and appreciation of principles, then techniques, followed by instrument and device. Attempts should be made to temporarily or permanently close the feeding side (or the primary) orifice at the gut, by various forms of clipping. Endoscopic fistulotomy is feasible, particularly for perianal fistula and surgery-associated distal bowel fistula. Perianal abscess can be treated with endoscopic incision and drainage and even seton placement. Endoscopic treatment for fistula and abscess as well as for stricture has become an important part of the multidisciplinary approach to complex CD.
Efficacy of an 8-week course of sofosbuvir and ledipasvir for the treatment of HCV infection in selected HIV-infected patients

Background: With the availability of direct acting antiviral treatment for hepatitis C (HCV), HIV and HCV co-infected patients show comparable treatment responses to HCV-monoinfected patients. An 8-week course of sofosbuvir/ledipasvir (SOF/LDV) is highly effective for the treatment of HCV genotype 1 infection in treatment-naive mono-infected patients with HCV viral loads <6 million IU/ml. There is limited data on the efficacy of this 8-week HCV treatment regimen in HIV-infected individuals with similar viral loads. Methods : The study was a retrospective review of HIV-infected adults coinfected with HCV genotype 1 for whom an 8-week course of SOF/LDV was prescribed by providers at two clinics in the Yale-New Haven Health system from November 1, 2014 until April 30, 2016. Treatment efficacy was assessed as the proportion of treatment initiators who achieved a sustained virologic response 12 weeks after completion of therapy (SVR 12). Results: Nineteen patients met study eligibility criteria and included 14 men (74%); and 12 African-Americans (63%). All patients were on antiretroviral therapy with fully suppressed HIV viral loads and were HCV treatment-naive. All patients had pre-treatment HCV viral loads <6 million IU/mL. Eighteen patients (95%) completed HCV treatment. Overall, SVR 12 was 95%, with 1 treament failure occurring due to suboptimal adherence. Conclusion : Among our HIV-infected patient cohort with HCV genotype 1 infection, 95% of those treated with an 8 week course of SOF/LDV achieved SVR 12. This is comparable to the efficacy of the same treatment regimen in patients without HIV infection. This study lends proof of concept to the use of shorter course SOF/LDV treatment for HIV-HCV genotype 1 coinfected patients with viral loads <6 million IU/ml. Larger studies are indicated to validate our findings.
Scale transition using dislocation dynamics and the nudged elastic band method

Abstract Microstructural features such as precipitates or irradiation-induced defects impede dislocation motion and directly influence macroscopic mechanical properties such as yield point and ductility. Dislocation-defect interactions involve both atomic scale and long range elastic interactions. Thermally assisted dislocation bypass of obstacles occurs when thermal fluctuations and driving stresses contribute sufficient energy to overcome the energy barrier. The Nudged Elastic Band (NEB) method is typically used in the context of atomistic simulations to quantify the activation barriers for a given reaction. In this work, the NEB method is generalized to coarse-grain continuum representations of evolving microstructure states beyond the discrete particle descriptions of first principles and atomistics. This method enables the calculation of activation energies for a 1 / 2 [ 111 ] ( 1 1 ¯ 0 ) glide dislocation bypassing a [001] self-interstitial atom loop of size in the range of 4–10 nm with a spacing larger than 150 nm in α-iron for a range of applied stresses and interaction geometries. Further, the study is complemented by a comparison between atomistic and continuum based prediction of barriers.
Biocatalysis and biotransformation bio-inorganic chemistry. Web alert.

Abstract A selection of World Wide Web sites relevant to papers published in this issue of Current Opinion in Chemical Biology.
Mucocele of the appendix associated with profound anemia: Report of a case

Mucocele of the appendix is a rare condition which often presents difficulties in diagnosis. A case report is presented of a 41-year-old white woman with a chief complaint of profound anemia (hematocrit, 16.5%) in whom a mucocele, 3 cm. in diameter, was discovered in the cecum at the base of the appendix. A search of medical literature reveals that anemia has not been described previously in association with this lesion.
Absolute continuity for a class of probability measures

Preliminaries Let D i be a probability measure on B[8] such that f IIxIl2d~i(x% . that can be defined as follows. Using the Banach~Mazur theorem and the inclusion map of C[0,1] into L2[0,1], one obtains a linear continuous I:i map W: 8 ÷ L2[O,I ]. W*: L2[0,1 j -~ 8* is the adjoint of W. By a theorem of Kuratowski, W[A] is Borel in L2[0,1 ] if A is Borel in 8. ~i ° W-I is obviously pre-Gaussian when ~i is pre-Gaussian, and in this case ~i o W -I has mean vector Wm i and covariance operator Si, with L2 = Ri(W*u,W*v ) for u,v in range (W). One can verify that W[H~] = range ~(S~%.I. Let {~n,n>_l} denote the non-zero eigenvalues of Si, with {en, n>_l} associated o.n. eigenvectors. The inner product on H: can now be defined by 1
Correction to: Fungal Secretome Analysis Via PepSAVI-MS: Identification of the Bioactive Peptide KP4 from Ustilago maydis.

In the article “Fungal Secretome Analysis via PepSAVI-MS: Identification of the Bioactive Peptide KP4 from Ustilago maydis”, acknowledgement of financial support was inadvertently omitted. The authors apologize for this oversight.
Das Zeitalter der Kontingenz1

Dem Bedurfnis nach Zeitdiagnose, das sich in der Offentlichkeit vor allem im Zusammenhang von Krisen und raschen Wandlungsprozessen meldet, konnen sich die Sozialwissenschaften nicht entziehen.
Drug-Induced Formication and Delusions of Parasitosis

Mr. Northwood is a 25 year-old Caucasian man, who presented with a chief complaint of being infested by “bugs.” He reported intense, bothersome sensations of crawling, stinging, and biting, which were felt frequently all over this body. He otherwise had a clean bill of health and denied any psychological stress or emotional issues. Upon further questioning, he admitted to regular, heavy use of cocaine for the past 2 years. After he had started experimenting with cocaine, he started to notice these symptoms, which were tolerable at the time. However, the sensations progressively worsened to the point where he could no longer resist the urge to scratch or to pick at his skin. His general practitioner could not determine the cause, and as a result, referred him to your psychodermatology clinic for help.
Flight Behavior of Individual Aerial Insectivores Revealed by Novel Altitudinal Dataloggers

Swallows and martins (Aves: Hirundinidae) are well-studied with respect to their breeding biology, but major aspects of their individual aerial movement behavior and ecology are relatively poorly documented. We deployed a novel tag technology, an altitude datalogger, on breeding populations of Purple Martin (Progne subis), Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor), and Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica) in upstate New York during the summer of 2016, providing individual-level flight data on a per minute basis. Using mixed models, we investigated differences in flight altitudes across species and varying atmospheric conditions. The major findings were: 1) three species spent significantly different proportions of their time in distinct aerial strata despite extensive behavioral plasticity, 2) individuals of each species responded differently to atmospheric conditions depending on the time of day and their altitude, and 3) the species differed from one another in the relationships between their flight altitudes and weather variables, suggesting different strategies for tracking their environment and/or prey. More research is needed to accurately determine the relationships between specific meteorological variables and altitude. We encourage broader use of this methodology to better understand the behavior and ecology of aerial insectivores globally.
Deleuze, Whitehead, and the ‘Beautiful Soul’

This paper explores one means of connection between Whitehead and Deleuze through an investigation into the figure of the ‘beautiful soul’. I first examine Deleuze's claim that a philosophy of diff...
Varices: Esophageal, Gastric, and Rectal

Gastrointestinal varices are associated with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Variceal hemorrhage is a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality, with esophageal and gastric varices the most common source and rectal varices a much less common cause of severe gastrointestinal bleeding. The goals of managing variceal hemorrhage are control of active bleeding and prevention of rebleeding. This article focuses on reviewing the current management strategies, including optimal medical, endoscopic, and angiographic interventions and their clinical outcomes to achieve these goals. Evidence based discussion is used with current references as much as possible.
Water within, moving through, and shaping the Earth's surface: Introducing a special issue on water in the critical zone

As the sole habitat for terrestrial life, the Earth's critical zone (CZ) refers to the upper, porous layer of the continental crust that is interacting with the circulating meteoric waters. Conceptually, water is central to the intriguing co‐evolution of both the hydrologic behaviour and the structure of the CZ. On one hand, the path and rate of water circulating through the CZ are shaped by the CZ physical structure itself, such as the distribution of material porosity and permeability. On the other hand, and at longer time scales, the circulating water shapes the CZ structure through physical and chemical alterations of porosity and permeability and through being an agent of denudation, thereby reshaping the surface of the CZ and shifting its hydraulic boundaries. It is possible to alternate between thinking of the CZ as a storage container for water or thinking of water as an agent shaping CZ architecture, in much the same way that it is possible either to see a vase or to see profiles of two faces in the classic Rubin's vase illusion (Figure 1). This perspective shifting duality of the water–CZ relationship is further modulated by biological forces such as plants and soil organisms, as well as anthropogenic actions that both alter the flow and chemistry of the water in the CZ. How the modern‐day CZ structure shapes current hydrologic processes, how vegetation and humans alter the hydrology and biogeochemistry of the CZ, and how the hydrology and CZ structure co‐evolve via feedbacks arising from this duality of the water–CZ relationship are the three broad categories of questions that motivated this collection of 20 papers comprising the Special Issue of Hydrological Processes on Water in the Critical Zone. A brief introduction to the contributions organized by these overarching questions follows.
The More Things Change, the More They Stay the Same: The Failure of Regime‐Change Operations

The United States has, at various times in its history, used military force to promote regime change around the world in pursuit of its interests. In recent years, however, there has been a growing scholarly consensus that these foreign regime‐​change operations are often ineffective and produce deleterious side effects. Whether trying to achieve political, security, economic, or humanitarian goals, scholars have found that regime‐​change missions do not succeed as envisioned. Instead, they are likely to spark civil wars, lead to lower levels of democracy, increase repression, and in the end, draw the foreign intervener into lengthy nation-building projects. Even after high‐​profile failures in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Libya, some in the policy community still call for ousting illiberal regimes. Regime‐​change advocates claim that this tool can achieve objectives more cheaply and quickly than sustained diplomatic pressure and engagement, and that such operations will not expand into broader military action. When presented with such claims, policymakers should consider the empirical record, which clearly reveals that a regime‐​change operation is more likely to fail than to succeed. Different polities around the world have different political priorities, and attempting to change these priorities by simply removing the regime is more difficult than typically imagined. Instead of promoting more democracy and advancing American security, the overuse of regime change undermines the effectiveness of other foreign policy tools that are more successful at enhancing freedom and improving human rights around the world, and therefore ultimately harms America’s ability to achieve its policy goals.
Demonstration of BitGourmet: Data Analysis via Deterministic Approximation

We demonstrate BitGourmet, a novel data analysis system that supports deterministic approximate query processing (DAQ). The system executes aggregation queries and produces deterministic bounds that are guaranteed to contain the true value. The system allows users to set a precision constraint on query results. Given a user-defined target precision, we operate on a carefully selected data subset to satisfy the precision constraint. More precisely, we divide each column vertically, bit-by-bit. Our specialized query processing engine evaluates queries on subsets of these bit vectors. This involves a scenario-specific query optimizer which relies on quality and cost models to decide the optimal bit selection and execution plan. In our demonstration, we show that DAQ realizes an interesting trade-off between result quality and execution time, making data analysis more interactive. We also offer manual control over the query plan, i.e., the bit selection and the execution plan, so that users can gain more insights into our system and DAQ in general.
DOA Estimation Exploiting Interpolated Multi-Frequency Sparse Array

We consider gridless direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation of much more targets than the number of physical sensors through the exploitation of multi-frequency sparse array design and processing which increase the degrees of freedom as more frequency components are used. A modified sensor interpolation technique is developed to accurately estimate the signal covariance matrix using very few snapshots, thereby eliminating the requirement of a large number of snapshots as in conventional different coarray-based DOA estimation. Simulation results demonstrate high-resolution gridless DOA estimation capability of more targets than the number of physical sensors.
How Effective Is Conservation Biological Control in Regulating Insect Pest Populations in Organic Crop Production Systems

Organic crop production systems are designed to enhance or preserve the presence of natural enemies, including parasitoids and predators, by means of conservation biological control, which involves providing environments and habitats that sustain natural enemy assemblages. Conservation biological control can be accomplished by providing flowering plants (floral resources) that will attract and retain natural enemies. Natural enemies, in turn, will regulate existing insect pest populations to levels that minimize plant damage. However, evidence is not consistent, based on the scientific literature, that providing natural enemies with flowering plants will result in an abundance of natural enemies sufficient to regulate insect pest populations below economically damaging levels. The reason that conservation biological control has not been found to sufficiently regulate insect pest populations in organic crop production systems across the scientific literature is associated with complex interactions related to intraguild predation, the emission of plant volatiles, weed diversity, and climate and ecosystem resources across locations where studies have been conducted.
Improving the Signal Quality of Grades

We investigate how improving the signal quality of grades could enhance the matching of students to selective opportunities that are awarded early in academic programs. To do so, we develop methods to measure the signal quality of grades and to estimate the impact of changes to university policies on the identification of exceptional students for these opportunities. We focus on law schools, a setting where students are awarded important academic and professional opportunities after just one year of a three year program. Using transcript data from one top law school over a 40 year period, we document large gains in identifying exceptional students if selective opportunities were awarded with more grades and if law schools were to change certain personnel, course, and grading policies. Our findings provide motivation and a blueprint for how law schools and universities more generally could leverage their internal records to ensure that fewer exceptional students miss out on selective opportunities.
Evaluating multiple signaling activities in LPS-induced human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (613.6)

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an endotoxin that induces the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in many cells; and LPS has been well characterized to induce septic shock in humans. This project is aimed at characterizing the effects of LPS by utilizing signal transduction pathways induced by LPS in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC). A set of LPS induced genes were identified through microarray analysis and common signaling pathways were identified. Key pathway inter-connectors such as JNK and p38 were blocked and were evaluated to the previously identified gene expression patterns. The main objective was to investigate the effect of two inhibitors on the time dependent gene expression pattern and then, the impact on the components that are indirectly associated with the inhibited signaling pathways. In addition, the specific inhibitors were evaluated by correlating the observed gene expression pattern to the protein expression pattern. We anticipate that the study will allow us to better underst...
Comparative Human Genomics

Comparative genomics involves the comparison of features of completely sequenced (or nearly so) genomes. Comparative sequence analyses facilitate both the functional annotation of genomes and whole-genome approaches to evolutionary issues. We present a review of the field of comparative genomics and point out how the comparative approach can be used to help better understand the human genome sequence. Keywords: molecular evolution; natural selection; transposable elements; horizontal gene transfer; noncoding DNA; individual genomics
Sweeping out Home Economics: Curriculum Reform at Connecticut College for Women, 1952-1962.

At the moment of its founding in 1911, Connecticut College for Women exhibited a curricular tension between an emphasis on the liberal arts, which mirrored the elite men's and women's colleges of the day, and vocational aspects, which made it a different type of women's college, one designed to prepare women for the kind of lives they would lead in twentieth-century America. Connecticut was a women's college that simultaneously embraced the established brand of education practiced by its prestigious Seven Sister neighbors and forged its own path by integrating elements of home economics, municipal housekeeping, and professional/clerical training into its academic program. For forty years Connecticut College for Women achieved a balance between those two opposing poles of its curriculum.
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia banking soundness and recent lessons

After several years of transition, major weaknesses in the banking and enterprise sectors remain the root cause of low growth. A large share of nonperforming assets in the portfolio of large banks, stemming from losses in the enterprise sector, has been a key impediment to financial sector development. The banking system has been crippled with low levels of intermediation, high cost of capital, severe lack of financial discipline, and poor allocation of credit. Reforms aimed at strengthening lending practices, encouraging foreign bank participation, improving bank supervision and, above all, a consolidation process that breaks away from the past are helping pave the path to economic recovery.
Solid CN bearing material on outer solar system bodies

Recent telescopic observations have led to the identification of cyanogroup-containing molecules in the dark surface solids of several D-class asteroids, cometary dusts, and the rings of Uranus, as well as the low-albedo atmosphere of Iapetus. The occurrence of the 2.2-micron overtone of C triple-bond N's stretching fundamental mode in all four classes of small solar system bodies is presently suggested to serve as a diagnostic of both exposure duration and degree of modification of surface materials.
Discovering specification violations in networked software systems

Publicly released software implementations of network protocols often have bugs that arise from latent specification violations. We present Ape, a technique that explores program behavior to identify potential specification violations. Ape overcomes the challenge of exploring the large space of behavior by dynamically inferring precise models of behavior, stimulating unobserved behavior likely to lead to violations, and refining the behavioral models with the new, stimulated behavior. Ape can (1) discover new specification violations, (2) verify that violations are removed, (3) identify related violations in other versions and implementations of the protocols, and (4) generate tests. Ape works on binaries and requires a lightweight description of the protocol's network messages and a violation characteristic. We use Ape to rediscover the known heartbleed bug in OpenSSL, and discover one unknown bug and two unexpected uses of three popular BitTorrent clients. Manual inspection of Ape-produced artifacts reveals four additional, previously unknown specification violations in OpenSSL and μTorrent.
A COMPARISON OF THE PERCENTAGE OF FETAL HEMOGLOBIN IN HUMAN UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD AS DETERMINED BY CHROMATOGRAPHY AND BY ALKALI DENATURATION.

Abstract A comparison has been made of the determination of fetal hemoglobin in human umbilical cord blood by column chromatography and alkali denaturation. A careful study has also been made of the variables that control the accuracy and precision of the methods. Minor modification has led to much improved control of the 1-minute alkali denaturation procedure. The percentage of fetal hemoglobin in the umiblical cord blood of full term infants has been found to cover a far narrower range than is commonly reported. By chromatography, the average is 85.5 per cent with a range from 79 to 91 per cent that includes more than 95 per cent of normal full term infants. By alkali denaturation, the average is 74.0 per cent with a range from 63 to 87 per cent. Possible correlations with several clinical parameters have been examined. The highest correlation by both methods of determination occurred in the group of 12 samples from infants with a duration of gestation less than 37 weeks. In this group the linear correlation with weight was greater than 0.6. The precision and accuracy of the chromatographic method recommend it in the study of such subjects as prematurity, twinning, dysmaturity, intrauterine growth retardation, and infants of diabetic mothers.
Visualizing and Quantifying Oceanic Motion

Here I review the use of two highly complementary acoustical technologies for measuring currents in the ocean: acoustically tracked neutrally buoyant floats and vessel-mounted acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs). The beauty of floats lies in their ability to efficiently and accurately visualize fluid motion in fronts and vortices and the dispersion caused by mesoscale eddy processes. Floats complement classical hydrography by articulating mechanisms and pathways by which waters spread out from their source region. Vessel-mounted ADCPs can profile the water column at O(1 km) horizontal resolution to depths greater than 1,000 m. These vessel-based scans capture in detail the cross-stream structure of fronts and eddies as well as the impact of bathymetry on currents. Sustained sampling along selected routes builds up valuable databases both for statistical studies of the submesoscale velocity field and for accurate estimates of fluid transport, as well as how these vary over time.
Pyrolysis product absorption by burning benzene droplets

By burning droplets of benzene in a single-droplet combustor and performing phase-discriminating sampling of the liquid and gas phases of the droplet system, we have found that gas-phase pyrolysis products arise in the liquid phase of the droplet. The experiments are conducted at 1000 K and 21 mol % O 2 in the postcombustion gas from an oxygen-rich premixed methane flame. Disruptive burning, which has not previously been reported for a pure hydrocarbon in normal gravity conditions, is observed at the end of the droplet residence time (∼92 ms). Samples of the liquid phase have been taken at various times throughout the combustion lifetime and analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Compositional analysis using ultraviolet-visible absorbance spectra of the separated components of the samples reveals a wide variety of pure polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), substituted PAH, and cyclopenta-fused PAH. In addition, recent synthesis of new reference standards has enabled identification of cyclopenta-fused PAH—cyclopent[ hi ]acephenanthrylene, cyclopenta[ cd ]fluoranthene, and dicyclopenta[ cd, jk ]pyrene—which have never before been identified as benzene products. Because the droplet remains relatively cold (∼350 K) with respect to the gas phase in the oxygen-deficient zone between the droplet and the flame (∼2000 K), we conclude that these compounds are gas-phase pyrolysis products that are obsorbed into the droplet, rather than products of reactions within the droplet. These heavier species may play a role in observed terminal disruptive burning events by acting as additional droplet components that promote multicomponent effects. Analysis of species concentrations over time reveals the dominance of both ring rupture pyrolysis products such as phenylacetylene, triacetylene, and acenaphthylene, and biaryl pyrolysis products such as biphenyl. These four products in particular represent 70% of the identified mass of absorbed pyrolysis products, which accounts for up to 5% of the droplet mass at the end of its lifetime.
Notes on the similarity of QRS complex configurations in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

Abstract 1. 1. The tendency of the QRS configurations in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome to fall into five types is pointed out. 2. 2. An analogy between the initiation of ventricular depolarization by the terminus of the anomalous pathway and a similarly located focus of a ventricular premature contraction is drawn. 3. 3. An electrocardiogram of a questionable case of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome with normal-appearing QRS complexes is presented in Fig. 5. It is suggested that these QRS complexes were initiated by impulses reaching the ventricles via an anamalous pathway terminating in the center of the septum near its base or in the bundle of His. 4. 4. Theoretic explanations are offered for the QRS patterns observed in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.
Configuring Marine Riser Tapered Stress Joints Used in Top-Supported Applications

The objective of this paper is to present a direct and useful method for establishing the configuration of tapered stress joints for marine risers so that stress levels are fairly balanced over the length of the stress joint and within acceptable stress levels. The method of solution approximates straight tapered stress joints with one, whose cross sectional moment of inertia varies parabolically along the stress joint. This approximation leads to the classic Euler type differential equation, which can be solved directly giving a closed form solution. The formulation of deflection and stresses should be of use to designers of marine tubulars. Even though the focus of the study is on a static analysis of top located stress joints, the method of solution can be adapted to mudline attachment locations as well as dynamic analyses.
Nitrogen cycling in Piedmont vegetated filter zones : II. Subsurface nitrate removal

Subsurface flow often constitutes the major pathway for movement of dissolved nutrients such as NO 3 -N from agricultural fields. The objectives of this study were (i) to determine the changes in shallow groundwater chemistry along a piezometric gradient from agricultural fields, across grass-vegetated field edges and through adjacent forest on two Piedmont watersheds and (ii) determine the relative importance of dilution, denitrification, and plant uptake in subsurface NO 3 attenuation. We monitored changes in groundwater chemistry at three depths along a piezometric gradient from an agricultural field through a grass field edge and through a forested filter zone (FFZ). We measured a marked decrease in nitrate concentrations from 8 to 10 mg L -1 at the field edge to almost 0 at the forest edge; Cl concentrations remained within the range of 8 to 10 mg L -1 , suggesting that dilution was not an important factor in NO 3 concentration reductions. At a third site, we introduced NO 3 -N and a conservative tracer, bromide, into the soil profile at both the grass-vegetated field border and the forested area, to determine mechanisms responsible for the observed decrease in NO 3 -N concentrations. Using ion concentration ratios we determined that nitrate attenuation in the grass-vegetated field edge was low compared to the forest. Nitrate loss in the forest was almost exclusively through denitrification; plant uptake was insignificant in these experiments. Although grass-vegetated field borders were less effective than riparian forests at NO 3 -N removal, considerable reductions were observed in these areas on the experimental watersheds. Similar reductions would be expected over shorter distances in riparian forests.
Sevoflurane: A Potent General Anesthetic Enhancer of Kv Channel Activation

General anesthetics have been shown to both inhibit and potentiate various families of ion channels. However, the molecular bases of these actions are not understood. Previous work with K-Shaw2 explored structural determinants of inhibition by alkanols and the volatile general anesthetics halothane and isoflurane (Barber et al. Biophys J. 2011, in press). In this study, we report that sevoflurane, an inhaled anesthetic currently used in human general anesthesia, exhibits the singular ability to reversibly potentiate K-Shaw2 currents investigated in Xenopus oocytes under two-electrode voltage-clamp conditions (∼80% potentiation at 1 mM). This result is in sharp contrast to the action of multiple other inhaled (halothane, isoflurane, desflurane, chloroform, and 1-alkanols) and injected (propofol) general anesthetics, which are inhibitory. This potentiation occurs over a clinically relevant concentration range (0.05 - 1 mM) in a dose-dependent manner that suggests two binding sites with distinct apparent affinities: a high-affinity site (K1 = 60 μM) and a low affinity site (K2 = 4 mM). Furthermore, a double mutation involving the S6 segment and the S4-S5 linker (A326V/A417V) abolishes the potentiation by sevoflurane. This effect is especially interesting because this double mutation also abolishes the inhibitory action of halothane, suggesting that these inhaled anesthetics share effector sites but influence gating in opposite ways. Semiquantitative kinetic modeling suggests that preferential binding of sevoflurane to resting and activated closed states shifts the channels into a novel gating mode with an enhanced open probability. Additional screening of related voltage-gated K channels at a various doses of sevoflurane revealed only modest potentiation of Kv1.2 no effect on Kv1.3, Kv2.1, Kv3.4 and Kv4.2. This study provides a novel framework for further investigations of the structural basis of general anesthetic action.
A Soleil-Babinet compensator based Raman optical activity spectrometer: interpretation of ROA couplets in (+)-(3R)-methylcyclohexanone

Abstract The Raman optical activity (ROA) spectrum of (+)-(3R)-methylcyclohexanone from 150 to 1400 cm −1 measured using a novel ROA spectrometer is reported. The spectrometer features a Soleil-Babinet compensator to produce high-quality circularly polarized laser radiation. The principal ROA couplets are assigned and interpreted in terms of pairs of coupled vibrational motions.
Energy and protein requirements the 1985 report of the 1981 Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation

Summary The 1981 FAO/WHO/UNU report on protein and energy requirements makes significant advances in the application of science. Here it is summarized and reviewed with emphasis on areas of uncertainty and differences in approach since 1971. The convenient procedures for making estimates of energy requirements leave out some important minor factors, thus allowing debate and reconsideration of when and how they can be accounted for properly. Judgements are made when appropriate data is unavailable, for example protein requirements in the elderly. A controversial issue may be a health judgement, which could be interpreted to mean that increased physical activity rather than low-calorie diets is the route to lowering the prevalence of obesity and improving long-term health.
Correlation functions in Liouville theory.

We show that after integrating over the zero mode in Liouville correlation functions, the remaining functional integral resembles a free theory and may be evaluated by formally continuing the central charge. We apply this technique to the unitary minimal models coupled to gravity on the sphere, computing a number of three-point functions. After taking into account the normalizations of operators and the functional integral, we find exact agreement between the Liouville three-point functions and the results from matrix models.
Water-Soluble Random and Graft Copolymers for Utilization in Enhanced Oil Recovery

Abstract Copolymer structure has a marked effect on solution properties and thus behavioral characteristics of water-soluble copolymers utilized in enhanced oil recovery. The ability of random and graft copolymers to maintain large hydrodynamic volumes in dilute solutions in the presence of mono- and divalent electrolytes is critical for mobility control. The differences in viscosity behavior are described for a series of random and graft copolymers of acryl-amide with sodium-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate (NaAMPS), diacetone acrylamide (DAAM), and sodium acrylate (NaA) as a function of polymer microstructure, temperature, concentration, and added electrolytes. Copolymers of AM-NaAMPS show enhanced salt tolerance and phase stability over their AM-NaA counterparts with similar compositions and molecular weights. The AM-DAAM copolymers show unusual solution behavior with increases in viscosity in the presence of added salt.
External morphology of the eggs of Tinea pallescentella stainton, Tinea occidentella chambers, and Niditinea fuscella (L.) (lepidoptera: Tineidae)

Abstract The eggs of Tinea pallescentella Stainton, Tinea occidentella Chambers, and Niditinea fuscella (L.) (Lepidoptera : Tineidae) were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Eggs of P T. pallescentella are subcylindrical (0.64 × 0.33 mm) and marked by a reticulate pattern of polygonal cells overlain cells by a finer reticulum of minute, closely spaced sinuous ridges or carinae. Eggs of T. occidentella are subcylindrical (0.62 × 0.36 mm) and marked by a reticulate pattern of polygons, which is faint except on the anterior end, where the cells are outlined by ruffled carinae. The surface of the chorion is wrinkled, and the micropylar area is often raised, forming a nipple on the anterior end. Eggs of N. fuscella are subcylindrical or occasionally ellipsoid (0.45 × 0.28 mm) and marked by a bold pattern of strongly depressed polygonal cells outlined by heavy ridges. The cell discs of the anterior end are punctuated by numerous short carinae, some of which extend transversely over the surrounding ridges. At high magnification, much of the surface shows a porous texture.
A major family of motifs involving G.A mismatches in ribosomal RNA.

G ? A oppositions and their flanking nucleotides in the internal loops of 16 S and 23 S rRNA were analyzed from a comparative structure perspective, resulting in an unexpectedly high incidence of the sequence motifs 5′-G-A-3′3′-A-G-5′ , 5′-A-A-3′3′-A-G-G-5 , and 5′-A-A-3′3′-G-G-5′ . The first two motifs can form similar three-dimensional structures containing sheared G ? A or A ? A pair conformations. Comparative sequence analysis revealed numerous sites in ribosomal RNAs with distinct combinations of nucleotides capable of forming this specific structure. In some cases, the sequence variations provide strong evidence for the sheared tandem structure occurring. Interestingly, the sequence changes would maintain a similar exposure of two adenines in the minor groove, suggesting the possibility that they are serving as a recognition or anchoring unit. These tandem conformations are related to that of the 5′-C-A-3′3′-A-G-5′ tandem observed in 5 S and 28 S rRNA.
A Control Model for Assessing Quality Costs

Measuring quality costs is becoming an increasingly more important task for accountants. This is especially true in light of new definitions and goals of quality programs, which are primarily to produce goods and services with zero defects while preventing problems, improving reliablity and eliminating waste. This article examines how accountants can provide cost information using the traditional quality cost model along with expected value techniques so that managers may make more effective decisions to accomplish these goals.