cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Highland Russet: A Full Season, Processing Variety with High Yields of Uniform U.S. No. 1 Tubers

Highland Russet is a late-season potato variety with light russet skin notable for its high yield of uniform U.S. No. 1 tubers, and good processing and culinary qualities. It resulted from a 1990 cross between Ranger Russet and Russet Legend and has been evaluated for over 15 years in public and industry trials throughout the western U.S. Highland Russet was released in 2006 by the USDA-ARS and the Agricultural Experiment Stations of Idaho, Oregon and Washington and is a product of the Northwest Potato Variety (Tri-State) Development Program. It is suitable for processing into French fries and other frozen potato products and due to its large blocky shape, recovers a high proportion of fries per unit weight of tubers. Fry color and processing ratings for Highland Russet were similar to Ranger Russet and Russet Burbank but fry color uniformity was higher than either of the standard varieties. In full-season trials conducted over a three-year period in the states of Idaho, Oregon, Washington, Colorado, and California; Highland Russet averaged 7% and 9% higher total yields and 21% and 52% higher U.S. No. 1 yields than Ranger Russet and Russet Burbank, respectively. It has moderately high specific gravity, with values similar to Ranger Russet and higher than Russet Burbank. Highland Russet is moderately resistant to Verticillium wilt and powdery scab root galling, as well as to tuber infections of late blight. It is also moderately resistant to common strains of potato virus Y (PVYO) but is susceptible to PVYNTN. It is moderately susceptible to pink rot, common scab, powdery scab of the tuber and early blight of the tuber, as well as to Pectobacterium soft rot and Fusarium dry rot. Highland Russet is susceptible to foliar late blight, PLRV infection, Root-knot nematode and corky ringspot but is moderately resistant to PLRV net necrosis. The incidence of hollow heart in Highland Russet is low, similar to that of Ranger Russet and lower than Russet Burbank, Blackspot bruise reaction of Highland Russet is similar to Russet Burbank but it is less susceptible to shatter bruise.
Opening the box: intrahousehold food allocation in rural Nepal.

Abstract The study examined intrahousehold food behavior in six villages in a rural hill area of mid-Western Nepal. Qualitative and quantitative methodologies taken from both anthropology and nutritional sciences were used to collect data on food belief systems, household allocation of food resources, and the effect of these features on diet and anthropometric status in a sample of 767 individuals in 115 households. Background data were also collected on socioeconomic status and demographic variables such as education levels, occupation, and migration patterns. The core methodological approach used direct structured observations of meals to examine how food is distributed within households. The results document a variety of mechanisms by which some individuals are favored over others through household food distribution, including serving order, serving method, refusing to serve foods, channeling foods and substituting low status foods for high status foods. No differences were observed in mechanisms of food distribution or nutrient intake between male and female children, contrary to evidence in the literature suggesting that male children will be favored. On the other hand, adult women were less likely to meet their nutrient requirements for energy, beta-carotene, riboflavin, and vitamin C than men of the same age. Women's late position in household serving order, channeling of special foods to males and children, and lower total intake of food accounts for these findings.
Origin of the temperature dependence of isotope effects in enzymatic reactions : The case of dihydrofolate reductase

The origin of the temperature dependence of kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) in enzyme reactions is a problem of general interest and a major challenge for computational chemistry. The present work simulates the nuclear quantum mechanical (NQM) effects and the corresponding KIE in dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and two of its mutants by using the empirical valence bond (EVB) and the quantum classical path (QCP) centroid path integral approach. Our simulations reproduce the overall observed trend while using a fully microscopic rather than a phenomenological picture and provide an interesting insight. It appears that the KIE increases when the distance between the donor and acceptor increases, in a somewhat counter intuitive way. The temperature dependence of the KIE appears to reflect mainly the temperature dependence of the distance between the donor and acceptor. This trend is also obtained from a simplified vibronic treatment, but as demonstrated here, the vibronic treatment is not valid at short and medium distances, where it is essential to use the path integral or other approaches capable of moving seamlessly from the adiabatic to the diabatic limits. It is pointed out that although the NQM effects do not contribute to catalysis in DHFR, the observed temperature dependence can be used to refine the potential of mean force for the donor and acceptor distance and its change due to distanced mutations.
Facts Of The Moment: The Study Of News*

Reviewing past research on news and mass media, this article charges it is “administrative” research which accepts the presuppositions of the media being studied, particularly their emphasis on “facts” as discrete and objective phenomena. It also suggests that there are epistemological problems implicit in such concepts as “bias” and “refraction” used in gate-keeping studies. The article offers an alternative paradigm, described as “serious work on the sociology of knowledge as a junction with the sociologies of organizations and occupations and professions.” Some studies using that paradigm are described.
The gamma phase of CaNi5+H2

Detailed pressure-composition measurements at 273 K and in-situ X-ray diffractometry measurements at room temperature of the approximate composition range 4.0<x<6.0 in CaNi5Hx have shown that the region previously described as the γ phase, 4.5<x<5.5, actually consists of two narrower solution ranges, γ′ and γ″, separated by a γ′+γ″ coexistence range. The most detailed results give composition limits in absorption of: γ′, 4.70<x<5.15; γ′+γ″, 5.15⩽x⩽5.30; γ″, 5.30<x<5.60. The metal atom sublattices of both solutions have orthorhombic symmetry.
Importance of Product Readsorption during Isotopic Transient Analysis of Ammonia Synthesis on Ba-Promoted Ru/BaX Catalyst

Abstract Steady-state isotopic transient kinetic analysis was used to evaluate the intrinsic turnover frequency (TOFintr) and the fractional surface coverage of nitrogen-containing species (θNHx) on a Ba-promoted Ru/BaX zeolite (∼2 wt% Ru) catalyst during ammonia synthesis at 3 atm, 673 K, and a stoichiometric ratio of N2 and H2. The artifacts due to inter- and intraparticle readsorption of product ammonia on the kinetic parameters were removed by cofeeding ammonia to the system and varying the total flow rate. The values of TOFintr and θNHx determined from the intrinsic lifetime of surface intermediates at zero ammonia pressure were 0.067 s−1 and 0.064, respectively. The zeolite-supported catalyst was compared to poorly active Ru/SiO2 and highly active Cs–Ru/MgO catalysts. Although the TOFintr spanned two orders of magnitude, the value of θNHx was fairly independent of support and/or promoter.
Evolutionary trace report_maker: a new type of service for comparative analysis of proteins

Summary: Evolutionary trace report_maker offers a new type of service for researchers investigating the function of novel proteins. It pools, from different sources, information about protein sequence, structure and elementary annotation, and to that background superimposes inference about the evolutionary behavior of individual residues, using real-valued evolutionary trace method. As its only input it takes a Protein Data Bank identifier or UniProt accession number, and returns a human-readable document in PDF format, supplemented by the original data needed to reproduce the results quoted in the report. Availability: Evolutionary trace reports are freely available for academic users at http://mammoth.bcm.tmc.edu/report-maker Contact: {imihalek,ires,lichtarge}@bcm.tmc.edu
The outcome of stage I-II clinically and surgically staged papillary serous and clear cell endometrial cancers when compared with endometrioid carcinoma.

Abstract Purpose. The aim of this study was to compare survival and recurrence in clinical and surgical stage I–II papillary serous (PS), clear cell (CC), and endometrioid (EM) cancers of the endometrium and examine the prognostic utility of myometrial invasion. Methods. Clinical, surgicopathologic, and survival data were retrospectively collected on 574 clinical stage I–II endometrial cancer patients, including 53 PS and 18 CC (based on postoperative histology), undergoing hysterectomy at Duke University Medical Center between 1967 and 1990. All staging material was available and reexamined prior to this analysis, and FIGO surgical staging was retrospectively assigned. Prognostic variables examined included age, stage, grade, myometrial invasion, lymph–vascular space invasion (LVSI), and histology. PS and CC histologic subtypes were compared as both common category and discrete categories versus EM, EM grade 1 (EM1), EM grade 2 (EM2), and EM grade 3 (EM3). Statistical analyses were performed using χ 2 , Fisher's exact, and Wilcoxon rank sum tests, Cox regression analysis, and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. Results. PS tumors accounted for 9%, CC for 3%, and EM for 88% of cases. Recurrences were more frequent among PS (38%) and CC (22%) compared with EM (9%) ( P P = 0.06). Among PS, CC, and EM3 patients with recurrences there were no statistical differences in the proportion that received preoperative or postoperative radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Prognostic factors for shorter survival included age >=60, surgical stage III+IV, presence of LVSI, histology (PS, CC, or EM3), and >=50% myometrial invasion. The estimated 5-year survival of PS+CC patients with P P = 0.72). The 5-year survival for surgical stage I + II PS + CC patients (0.56) was comparable to that for clinical stage I + II PS + CC patients (0.46) and remained significantly smaller than that for EM patients (0.86) ( P Conclusion. Recurrences are more frequent among PS and CC tumors compared with EM and among PS compared with EM3. When controlled for surgical stage I–II tumors, 5-year survival for PS + CC patients remains comparable to that of clinical stage I–II patients and below that of EM. Prognostic factors for survival in PS and CC patients include age, stage, and LVSI. PS, CC, and EM3 subtypes together are predictors of poor survival. Thorough extended surgical staging is indicated in PS and CC tumors, and prospective trials of aggressive adjuvant therapies for surgical stage I–II tumors are needed to improve outcome in PS and CC patients.
Design, Modeling, and Optimization for Highly Efficient Ionic Wind-Based Cooling Microfabricated Devices

The purpose of this work is to re-design, model and optimize a single microfabricated ionic wind pump device [1]. The device could then be employed in a three-dimensional array for use in larger-scale microchip cooling and enhanced thermal spreading applications. The innovative microfabricated air-cooling technology employs an electrohydrodynamic corona discharge (i.e. ionic wind pump) for efficient heat removal from electronic components. Our single ionic wind pump element consists of two parallel collecting electrodes between which a single emitting tip is positioned. The collector electrodes are patterned with a grid structure, which enhances the overall heat transfer coefficient and facilitates a batch and IC compatible process. Various design configurations are explored and modeled computationally to investigate their influence on the cooling phenomenon. In particular, COMSOL Multiphysics™ is employed to computationally explore the effects of collector-emitter configuration on the electrohydrodynamic phenomenon, the flow field and resulting cooling effects. Using both computational and experimental results, we estimate that a two-dimensional array of microfabricated ionic wind pumps covering approximately 2″ square should be able to dissipate greater than 2 W of heat, using about 1/5 the power input as a conventional fan.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Geriatric psychiatry review: differential diagnosis and treatment of the 3 D's - delirium, dementia, and depression

The three D’s of Geriatric Psychiatry—delirium, dementia, and depression—represent some of the most common and challenging diagnoses for older adults. Delirium is often difficult to diagnose and treatment is sometimes controversial with the use of antipsychotic medications, but it is common in a variety of patient care settings and remains an independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality in older adults. Dementia may affect a significant number of older adults and is associated with delirium, depression, frailty, and failure to thrive. Treatment of dementia is challenging and while medication interventions are common, environmental and problem solving therapies may have some of the greatest benefits. Finally, depression increases with age and is more likely to present with somatic complaints or insomnia and is more likely to be reported to a primary care physician than any other healthcare provider by older adults. Depression carries an increased risk for suicide in older adults and proven therapies should be initiated immediately. These three syndromes have great overlap, can exist simultaneously in the same patient, and often confer increased risk for each other. The primary care provider will undoubtedly benefit from a solid foundation in the identification, classification, and treatment of these common problems of older adulthood.
Is Equity Finance, Macroeconomic Growth and Capital Intensity Relevant to Firm-Level R&D Expenditures?

This paper examines the association between firm-level research and development (RD a negative association was found with the capital to labor ratio. Macroeconomic growth had a positive impact on R&D expenses in each country but was statistically significant only for firms located in Germany, Great Britain, and the US. Equity capital is found to be a significant source of R&D funding for US firms. However, estimates for non-US firms indicate that capital intensity nor net equity issuance was a consistently significant predictor of R&D expenditures. The latter result may be due to cross-country differences in financial and institutional relationships between capital market and bank-based systems of corporate finance. Finally, this study underscores the importance of including macroeconomic growth in microeconometric panel models of R&D investment.
Trends in the spatial dimensions of the long term care delivery system. The case of New York State.

Abstract Over the past twenty years, the long term care sector of the health delivery system has sought to shift the delivery of services away from costly (nodalized) facilities to community-based (dispersed) delivery structures. An anti-institutional societal view has influenced the formation of current long term care policy. While home is the preferred site for elderly in need of care, the health services literature suggests that the cost and personal functional benefits expected to result from community-based long term care occur only for a small segment of the dependent elderly. This paper also looks at health planning policy as it has been carried out in New York State during the 1980s to find that, despite mid-1980s thrusts to disperse care into the community, an expansion of residential health care facilities is underway as of the end of the decade. Moreover, congregate care provided in group homes (supportive housing) is being added to the care spectrum.
Chemical similarities among physically distinct spring types in a karst terrain

Abstract In karst regions where correlations between physical characteristics of springs and temporal variations in spring water chemistry have been found, spring water chemistry has been used to infer physical attributes of karst systems. Possible correlations between chemical and physical characteristics of springs were tested in the Inner Bluegrass Karst Region of central Kentucky where previous dye-tracing studies have identified two physically distinct spring types: local high-level springs discharging from shallow flow paths and major low-level springs discharging from a deep integrated conduit system. Representative high-level and major springs were sampled over a 16-month period and analyzed for major dissolved components. Both spring types showed similar variations in temperature, calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate, and hardness. No systematic differences in ionic concentrations or in saturation indices with respect to calcite and dolomite were apparent between the two spring types. Chemical similarities between high-level and major springs during low flow are attributed to recharge of major springs by percolation and by high-level springs and to the occurrence of most chemical reactions near the recharge zone rather than in the deep conduit system. During high discharge, however, most recharge to the major springs is surface runoff which produces low ionic concentrations. Similarly low ionic concentrations in the high-level springs are thought to result from rapid flow through the soil-rock zone and short flow distances. These relationships indicate that spring water chemistry is not only a function of conduit size but also an indicator of recharge type and amount and flow path length. Differing flow path lengths to major and high-level springs counteract the effect of varying conduit size between the two spring types and result in similar ionic concentrations. These data indicate that spring water chemistry cannot be used to predict physical characteristics of karst aquifers in the Inner Bluegrass Region. The physical and chemical attributes of springs in the Inner Bluegrass were compared to those of springs in the Nittany Valley of Pennsylvania. A reported high correlation between physical and chemical characteristics of springs in the Pennsylvania karst system reflects geological and structural controls not present in the Inner Bluegrass Region.
Essential Data Elements for Reporters of Elder Abuse

Most states' adult or elder protective services and aging agency personnel prepare annual reports about their protective services. These reports vary by state and have different terms for the reporter of abuse. Reviewing annual reports from 46 states and the District of Columbia, 248 different terms were used for the reporter of abuse. To develop essential data elements for reporters of abuse, a literature search, a compilation of state elder abuse annual report list of abuse reporters, and a sorting exercise were conducted. Eleven terms were recommended for the different reporters of abuse, encouraging all state administrators and caseworkers to reach consensus to standardize the language.
A simple method for producing, in quantity, metal micro-electrodes with a desired taper and impedance

Abstract A technique is described for rapidly producing quantities of metal micro-electrodes having uniform tapers and tip impedances. Uniform tapers of any desired angle are achieved by use of a simple, rotating jig. The desired tip impedances are produced by an inexpensive, but precisely controlled current source. Electrodes produced by this technique have proved quite satisfactory for recording the activity from single neurons in a variety of preparations.
Creating and Sustaining Gender Diversity in Sport Organizations

Past diversity frameworks have focused on the desired end state of diversity management strategies (i.e., cultures that value diversity and capitalize on the benefits that differences can bring to the organization) but have largely failed to highlight the methods of creating such change. A model is proposed that addresses this gap in the literature. Specifically, I argue that political, functional, and social pressures will call into question the legitimacy of the institutionalized nature of gender inequality in sport organizations. These pressures are then thought to result in employee commitment to and behavioral support for gender diversity initiatives. The relationship between the pressures for deinstitutionalization and commitment to gender diversity are thought to be moderated by four factors: the presence of change teams, education, top management support, and systemic integration. Contributions and future directions are discussed.
Acute left flank pain.

Bedside ultrasound is becoming a very important tool in emergency medicine. One of the staples of bedside ultrasound is its potential in assisting the clinician with information on local anatomy and organ function. A previously healthy 44-year-old male presented to the emergency department with acute dysuria and left flank pain. A renal bedside ultrasound was obtained and showed excellent urine flow into the bladder from bilateral duplicated ureters (Fig. 1) and no hydronephrosis. An acute ureteral obstruction was therefore excluded. Fig. 1 Bladder ultrasound using power Doppler and B-mode: the still image shows a strong ureteral flow into the bladder from the left duplicated ureteral os The patient was subsequently diagnosed with a urinary tract infection in the setting of duplex collecting system. No renal calculus was detected on computed tomography. He received antibiotic and fluid hydration management in the emergency department and was discharged with close outpatient urology follow-up. Complete ureteral duplication is a rare condition occurring in about 0.2–0.8% of the population [1–3] and is often detected incidentally. A symptomatic patient can present with findings such as ureteropelvic junction obstruction, vesicoureteric reflux, or urinary tract infection resulting in parenchymal scarring [1–3]. Patients with this diagnosis require close urology follow-up for thorough renal and collecting system assessment. Therapeutic or prophylactic surgical intervention and prophylactic treatment with antibiotics might be indicated to prevent renal dysfunction [1–5].
Developmental changes in phospholipase D activity and mRNA levels in rat brain

Phospholipase D (PLD) activity and PLD1 mRNA levels were determined in rat brain at ages ranging from embryonic day (E) 19 to postnatal day (P) 49. Basal, oleate-, and phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-bisphosphate-stimulated PLD activity increased between E19 and P24 by approximately 3-fold and remained unaltered thereafter. A similar developmental pattern of mRNA levels of PLD1 isoform was found by Northern blotting. The development of PLD correlates with synaptogenesis and myelination suggesting that the enzyme might have an important function in these processes.
Keller’s “Old” Personalized System of Instruction: A “New” Solution for Today’s College Chemistry Students

This article examines a long-dormant teaching methodology known as the Personalized System of Instruction (PSI). The literature documenting the effectiveness of PSI is reviewed, showing that it is superior to traditional instruction. Even given this evidence, few educators employ this instructional strategy today. Arguments against PSI are examined, and suggestions are made on how to avoid the pitfalls associated with PSI. The article also discusses how to implement PSI in a college chemistry course.
Towards a mechanism-based approach to pain management in osteoarthritis

Pain is the defining symptom of osteoarthritis (OA), yet available treatment options, of which NSAIDs are the most common, provide inadequate pain relief and are associated with serious health risks when used long term. Chronic pain pathways are subject to complex levels of control and modulation, both in the periphery and in the central nervous system. Ongoing clinical and basic research is uncovering how these pathways operate in OA. Indeed, clinical investigation into the types of pain associated with progressive OA, the presence of central sensitization, the correlation with structural changes in the joint, and the efficacy of novel analgesics affords new insights into the pathophysiology of OA pain. Moreover, studies in disease-specific animal models enable the unravelling of the cellular and molecular pathways involved. We expect that increased understanding of the mechanisms by which chronic OA-associated pain is generated and maintained will offer opportunities for targeting and improving the safety of analgesia. In addition, using clinical and genetic approaches, it might become possible to identify subsets of patients with pain of different pathophysiology, thus enabling a tailored approach to pain management.
Thin Layer Chromatography of Phospholipid Composition in Mouse and Rabbit Spermatozoa

Abstract The time course of the loss of different components of the phospholipids of rabbit and mouse epididymal spermatozoa during spontaneous lipid peroxidation was determined, using thin layer chromatography with a specific situ hydrolysis method to differentiate the acyl and alkenyl (plasmalogen) moieties. The components followed were phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), the PE and PC phasmalogens, sphingomyelin (SP), cardiolipin (CL), and phosphatidyl-glycerol (PG). In both mouse and rabbit sperm, the PE component was found to be more than 90% diplasmalogen: 1,2-di(0-1′-alkenyl) glycerophosphoethanolamine. This component was lost rapidly during peroxidation. All PE has disappeared from rabbit sperm after 4 h aerobic incubation, at which point the other phospholipids had been little affected. In both mouse and rabbit sperm, the PC component was found to be 50% monoplasmalogen. The decrease in PC plasmalogen of rabbit sperm amounted to 74% after 20 h, compared to 42% loss of total P...
The clinical significance of resolving polyhydramnios.

Polyhydramnios is associated with multiple maternal and fetal abnormalities. Although the risks of persistent polyhydramnios are well described, the clinical implications of polyhydramnios that resolves prior to delivery are not. Thirty-four non-diabetic patients with resolving polyhydramnios were studied. An amniotic acid index of ≥ 20 was used to define polyhydramnios. Antepartum and postpartum outcomes were compared with those patients with persistent polyhydramnios, and a control group of 102 singleton term deliveries. Patients with resolving polyhydramnios did not have a significant increase in congenital anomalies. An 8% incidence of congenital anomalies was noted in patients with persistent polyhydramnios; this was significant compared with controls (p < 0.05). Idiopathic resolving polyhydramnios was associated with a higher mean birth weight (p < 0.05) than controls, with significantly more babies weighing more than 4200 g. An increase in placental thrombus formation was noted in patients with idiopathic resolving and persistent polyhydramnios compared to the control group (p < 0.01). The etiology of this is unclear. Obstetricians should be aware of the risk of macrosomia and the possibility of placental disease in these fetuses. Copyright © 1992 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Composition analysis of crumb rubber during interaction with asphalt and effect on properties of binder

Investigating the mechanism of interaction between crumb rubber modifier (CRM) and asphalt indicates that the modification is mainly done through exchange of materials between these two components. The type and amount of materials exchanged depend highly on interaction conditions. This research investigates the effect of CRM dissolution on final properties of asphalt. CRM composition before and after interaction with asphalt is analysed and compared through thermogravimetric analysis. Results show the differences in composition of two types of CRM and the composition changes under different interaction conditions. Moreover, viscoelastic analysis on crumb rubber modified asphalt (CRMA) samples shows that two different CRMs affect final properties of CRMA in different ways. Viscoelastic analysis reveals that at low interaction conditions, modified asphalts with two different CRMs show the same physical properties while at higher interaction conditions different CRMs can modify the same asphalt differently. ...
Low-Energy Robust Neuromorphic Computation Using Synaptic Devices

Brain-inspired computing is an emerging field, which aims to reach brainlike performance in real-time processing of sensory data. The challenges that need to be addressed toward reaching such a computational system include building a compact massively parallel architecture with scalable interconnection devices, ultralow-power consumption, and robust neuromorphic computational schemes for implementation of learning in hardware. In this paper, we discuss programming strategies, material characteristics, and spike schemes, which enable implementation of symmetric and asymmetric synaptic plasticity with devices using phase-change materials. We demonstrate that energy consumption can be optimized by tuning the device operation regime and the spike scheme. Our simulations illustrate that a crossbar array consisting of synaptic devices and neurons can achieve hippocampus-like associative learning with symmetric synapses and sequence learning with asymmetric synapses. Pattern completion for patterns with 50% missing elements is achieved via associative learning with symmetric plasticity. Robustness of learning against input noise, variation in sensory data, and device resistance variation are investigated through simulations.
Effects of Fluoride Varnish on Color of Esthetic Restorative Material

Purpose This study determined the color stability of a compomer, hybrid ionomer, and composite after staining with three fluoride varnishes. Materials and methods Five disks (10 mm in diameter, 2 mm thick) of each material were prepared in a mold and incubated at 100% relative humidity at 37 degrees C for 24 hours. Duraphat, Duraflor, FluorProtector, and water (control) were applied to the disks, which were subsequently brushed with a soft toothbrush and dentifrice. Color was measured at baseline, after staining, and after brushing using CIE L*a*b* (source C) against white background on a reflection spectrophotometer, and color change (delta E*) was calculated. Means (n = 5) and standard deviations were calculated and compared using a repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Tukey-Kramer intervals (p = .05) were calculated to compare means. Results Varnishes Duraflor and Duraphat caused perceptible color changes (delta E* > 3.3) in compomer, hybrid ionomer, and composite after application; however, FluorProtector did not affect the color of the materials. After brushing, none of the materials exhibited perceptible values of delta E*, except the composite with Duraflor (delta E* = 5.4).
Importance of carbon‐nitrogen interactions and ozone on ecosystem hydrology during the 21st century

[1] There is evidence that increasing CO2 concentrations have reduced evapotranspiration and increased runoff through reductions in stomatal conductance during the twentieth century. While this process will continue to counteract increased evapotranspiration associated with future warming, it is highly dependent upon concurrent changes in photosynthesis, especially due to CO2 fertilization, nitrogen limitation, and ozone exposure. A new version of the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM-Hydro) was developed to examine the effects of carbon and nitrogen on the water cycle. We used two climate models (NCAR CCSM3 and DOE PCM) and two emissions scenarios (SRES B1 and A2) to examine the effects of climate, elevated CO2, nitrogen limitation, and ozone exposure on the hydrological cycle in the eastern United States. While the direction of future runoff changes is largely dependent upon predicted precipitation changes, the effects of elevated CO2 on ecosystem function (stomatal closure and CO2 fertilization) increase runoff by 3–7%, as compared to the effects of climate alone. Consideration of nitrogen limitation and ozone damage on photosynthesis increases runoff by a further 6–11%. Failure to consider the effects of the interactions among nitrogen, ozone, and elevated CO2 may lead to significant regional underestimates of future runoff.
ATP Binding to the Motor Domain from an ABC Transporter Drives Formation of a Nucleotide Sandwich Dimer.

It has been proposed that the reaction cycle of ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters is driven by dimerization of their ABC motor domains upon binding ATP at their mutual interface. However, no such ATP sandwich complex has been observed for an ABC from an ABC transporter. In this paper, we report the crystal structure of a stable dimer formed by the E171Q mutant of the MJ0796 ABC, which is hydrolytically inactive due to mutation of the catalytic base. The structure shows a symmetrical dimer in which two ATP molecules are each sandwiched between the Walker A motif in one subunit and the LSGGQ signature motif in the other subunit. These results establish the stereochemical basis of the power stroke of ABC transporter pumps.
Study of the 3H + 16O and 3He + 16O systems with the resonating-group method

Abstract The 3 H + 16 O and 3 He + 16 O systems are studied with the resonating-group method. For this study we obtain information about the structure of rotational bands in 19 F. Also it is found that, because of antisymmetrization, the calculation yields a satisfactory agreement with scattering cross-section data even at backward angles.
Morphological studies on fimbriae expressed by Vibrio cholerae 01

Abstract Colonization of the small intestine is an essential step in the pathogenesis of Vibrio cholerae diarrhea. At least one type of fimbriae, known as TcpA are required for the colonization process. This paper reports electron microscopic evidence that V. cholerae strains can express at least two other fimbrial types. Classical strains express three types: TcpA fimbriae are 5–6 nm in diameter and form bundles of parallel undulating filaments up to 15 μm long; Type B are 3 nm wide and of wavy morphology, and Type C are rigid, isolated filaments 5–6 nm wide and 180–800 nm long. El Tor strains express fimbriae resembling Types B and C. Types B and C were also found on a tcpA− isogenic mutant of V. cholerae 395 N1, and are thus encoded by genetically distinct loci. TcpA fimbriae, but not Types B or C, were labeled with gold-conjugated anti-TcpA antibody. Four El Tor strains, including two environmental isolates that poorly colonize humans, expressed fimbriae resembling Types B and C, but did not express TcpA. Multiple types of fimbriae may represent colonization factors for surfaces present in the environment and in the human gut. Characterization of the role of fimbriae in immunogen presentation and immunity could facilitate the improvement of cholera vaccines.
The effect of ammonia ice on the outgoing thermal radiance from the atmosphere of Jupiter

Abstract We examine the effects of NH 3 ice particle clouds in the atmosphere of Jupiter on outgoing thermal radiances. The cloud models are characterized by a number density at the cloud base, by the ratio of the scale height of the vertical distribution of particles ( H p ) to the gas scale height ( H g ), and by an effective particle radius. NH 3 ice particle-scattering properties are scaled from laboratory measurements. The number density for the various particle radius and scale height models is inferred from the observed disk average radiance at 246 cm −1 , and preliminary lower limits on particle sizes are inferred from the lack of apparent NH 3 absorption features in the observed spectral radiances as well as the observed minimum flux near 2100 cm −1 . We find lower limits on the particle size of 3 μm if H p / H g = 0.15, or 10 μ mif H p / H g = 0.50 or 0.05. NH 3 ice particles are relatively dark near the far-infrared and 8.5-μm atmospheric windows, and the outgoing thermal radiances are not very sensitive to various assumptions about the particle-scattering function as opposed to radiances at 5 μm, where particles are relatively brighter. We examined observations in these three different spectral window regions which provide, in principle, complementary constraints on cloud parameters. Characterization of the cloud scale height is difficult, but a promising approach is the examination of radiances and their center-to-limb variation in spectral regions where there is significant opacity provided by gases of known vertical distribution. A blackbody cloud top model can reduce systematic errors due to clouds in temperature sounding to the level of 1K or less. The NH 3 clouds provide a substantial influence on the internal infrared flux field near the 600-mbar level.
Measurements of self-diffusion coefficients in copper from the annealing of voids

Abstract Abstract Self-diffusion coefficients have been measured from the annealing kinetics of spherical voids in 99·999% pure copper. Thin foil specimens containing voids were annealed under conditions where it was possible for voids to shrink by the following three different diffusion mechanisms: (i) bulk diffusion; (ii) dislocation pipe diffusion in cases where a dislocation connected the void to the external foil surface; (iii) surface diffusion in cases where the void barely intersected the external foil surface. Void shrinkage was measured by transmission electron microscopy, and bulk self-diffusion coefficients were determined between 390°C and 560°C. These values, as well as high temperature tracer self-diffusivities obtained previously by standard methods, were well described by over a range of D sb values of eight orders of magnitude. The effects of fast dislocation pipe diffusion could not be detected in the temperature range 390°C to 560°C, but an upper limit to the pipe self-diffusion coeffi...
Using impedance spectroscopy to monitor the regeneration of newt tails

This paper describes the application of impedance spectroscopy, a standard materials science technique, to biological tissue. Newts can regenerate their limbs; people cannot. In recent years considerable interest has developed regarding what factors control this regeneration with the goal of improving wound healing, or perhaps eventually developing some form of limb regeneration, in mammals. We examine the potential of impedance spectroscopy to provide a relatively simple and inexpensive means to monitor the progress of tail regeneration. Using a Solartron 1260 Impedance Analyzer between 1 Hz and 30 MHz, we measured for nine newts the variation of impedance spectra over time as the tail regenerated. With the corresponding dimensions of the regenerating tail we determined the tissue conductivities. We modeled the tail itself electrically as a series combination of two parallel Constant-Phase Element/Resistance (CPE/R) elements and another resistor that accounts for dispersions above 1 MHz. The conductivities associated with one CPE/R term and the high-frequency term showed a definite increase during the stage when differentiation was beginning in the tail and then leveled off. The conductivity of the other CPE/R term is probably determined by counterion polarization and changes in it may indicate the development of cartilage rod into the spine. We conclude that some impedance changes correlate with stages in the regeneration of a newt tail.
Improved Monte Carlo model for multiple scattering calculations

The coupling between the Monte Carlo (MC) method and geometrical optics to improve accuracy is investigated. The results obtained show improved agreement with previous experimental data, demonstrating that the MC method, when coupled with simple geometrical optics, can simulate multiple scattering with enhanced fidelity.
Hybridization of Finite Elements, Boundary Elements, and Physical Optics for Reflector Antenna Systems

This paper presents a hybrid approach to model the reflector antenna system. A DDM approach is used to model the feed region, and an efficient IE-FFT EFIE algorithm is employed for modeling the sub-reflector, and finally the main reflector is treated using a simple curvilinear PO technique.
The use of Roy's adaptation model applied to a patient with breast cancer

Roy’s adaptation model provides a framework for holistic oncology nursing practice. In this article an overview of Roy’s model is provided, and the model is applied to a patient with breast cancer for an assessment of behaviour and the stimuli influencing behaviour, and for the planning and evaluation of nursing care. Also, a comprehensive list of nursing diagnoses is categorized according to Roy’s four adaptive modes.
Tiger decline caused by the reduction of large ungulate prey: evidence from a study of leopard diets in southern India

Populations of leopards and tigers in the Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, India, appear to be declining. To identify the cause of this decline, we examined the diets and the relative densities of leopards and tigers, comparing scat from this park with that from the Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, a park known to have high leopard and tiger densities. Results suggested that the leopard density in Mudumalai was approximately twice that in Mundanthurai. No evidence of tigers was found in Mundanthurai. Prey species found in leopard diets in the two parks was similar; albeit, mean prey weight and the proportion of large ungulates were markedly lower in the Mundanthurai leopard diet. These dietary differences are consistent with the infrequent sightings of large ungulates in Mundanthurai. Analyses of satellite data revealed that large areas of grazing land in Mundanthurai have shifted to thicket, reducing available forage for large ungulates. Since large ungulates constitute important tiger prey, the low density of ungulates in Mundanthurai might explain the apparent absence of tigers. Our findings suggest that the tiger population in the Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve could be enhanced via the application of habitat management for large ungulates.
Triple-frequency GPS precise point positioning with rapid ambiguity resolution

At present, reliable ambiguity resolution in real-time GPS precise point positioning (PPP) can only be achieved after an initial observation period of a few tens of minutes. In this study, we propose a method where the incoming triple-frequency GPS signals are exploited to enable rapid convergences to ambiguity-fixed solutions in real-time PPP. Specifically, extra-wide-lane ambiguity resolution can be first achieved almost instantaneously with the Melbourne-Wubbena combination observable on L2 and L5. Then the resultant unambiguous extra-wide-lane carrier-phase is combined with the wide-lane carrier-phase on L1 and L2 to form an ionosphere-free observable with a wavelength of about 3.4 m. Although the noise of this observable is around 100 times the raw carrier-phase noise, its wide-lane ambiguity can still be resolved very efficiently, and the resultant ambiguity-fixed observable can assist much better than pseudorange in speeding up succeeding narrow-lane ambiguity resolution. To validate this method, we use an advanced hardware simulator to generate triple-frequency signals and a high-grade receiver to collect 1-Hz data. When the carrier-phase precisions on L1, L2 and L5 are as poor as 1.5, 6.3 and 1.5 mm, respectively, wide-lane ambiguity resolution can still reach a correctness rate of over 99 % within 20 s. As a result, the correctness rate of narrow-lane ambiguity resolution achieves 99 % within 65 s, in contrast to only 64 % within 150 s in dual-frequency PPP. In addition, we also simulate a multipath-contaminated data set and introduce new ambiguities for all satellites every 120 s. We find that when multipath effects are strong, ambiguity-fixed solutions are achieved at 78 % of all epochs in triple-frequency PPP whilst almost no ambiguities are resolved in dual-frequency PPP. Therefore, we demonstrate that triple-frequency PPP has the potential to achieve ambiguity-fixed solutions within a few minutes, or even shorter if raw carrier-phase precisions are around 1 mm. In either case, we conclude that the efficiency of ambiguity resolution in triple-frequency PPP is much higher than that in dual-frequency PPP.
Ornithine: the overlooked molecule in the regulation of polyamine metabolism.

We overexpressed a mouse ornithine decarboxylase gene under the control of a constitutive and an estradiol-inducible promoter in Arabidopsis thaliana to increase our understanding of the regulation of polyamine metabolism. Of particular interest was the role of the substrate ornithine not only in the regulation of polyamine biosynthesis, but also in the accumulation of related amino acids in response to short-term induction of this enzyme. We hypothesized that the inducible expression of the transgene would mimic the natural responses of plants to changing conditions, e.g. under stress conditions and during rapid growth. Our results reveal that ornithine, even though present in relatively small quantities (compared with other amino acids of the glutamate-arginine-proline pathway), may not only be the key regulator of polyamine biosynthesis in Arabidopsis, but it may also regulate the entire subset of pathways for glutamate to arginine and to proline. Indirectly, it could also regulate putrescine catabolism, therefore contributing to the λ-aminobutyric acid content of the cells. Furthermore, the induction of mouse ornithine decarboxylase resulted in up- and down-regulation of several amino acids in the transgenic plants. It was learned that the turnover of putrescine in both the wild type and the transgenic plants occurs rapidly, with a half-life of 6-8 h.