cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Drop Simulation of 6M Drum With Locking-Ring Closure and Liquid Contents

This paper presents the dynamic simulation of the 6M drum with a locking-ring type closure subjected to a 4.9-foot drop. The drum is filled with water to 98 percent of overflow capacity. A three dimensional finite-element model consisting of metallic, liquid and rubber gasket components is used in the simulation. The water is represented by a hydrodynamic material model in which the material’s volume strength is determined by an equation of state. The explicit numerical method based on the theory of wave propagation is used to determine the combined structural response to the torque load for tightening the locking-ring closure and to the impact load due to the drop.Copyright © 2006 by Washington Savannah River Company
Present status and future directions of the Mayo/IBM PACS project

This joint project began in 1988 and was motivated by the need to develop an alternative to the archival process in place at that time (magnetic tape) for magnetic resonance imaging and neurological computed tomography. In addition, this project was felt to be an important step in gaining the necessary clinical experience for the future implementation of various aspects of electronic imaging. The initial phase of the project was conceived and developed to prove the concept, test the fundamental components, and produce performance measurements for future work. The key functions of this phase centered on attachment of imaging equipment (GE Signa) and archival processes using a non-dedicated (institutionally supplied) local area network (LAN). Attachment of imaging equipment to the LAN was performed using commercially available devices (Ethernet, PS/2, Token Ring). Image data were converted to ACR/NEMA format with retention of the vendor specific header information. Performance measurements were encouraging and led to the design of following projects. The second phase has recently been concluded. The major features of this phase have been to greatly expand the network, put the network into clinical use, establish an efficient and useful viewing station, include diagnostic reports in the archive data, provide wide area network (WAN) capability via ISDN, and establish two-way real-time video between remote sites. This phase has heightened both departmental and institutional thought regarding various issues raised by electronic imaging. Much discussion regarding both present as well as future archival processes has occurred. The use of institutional LAN resources has proven to be adequate for the archival function examined thus far. Experiments to date have shown that use of dedicated resources will be necessary for retrieval activities at even a basic level. This report presents an overview of the background present status and future directions of the project.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Income of Capital

I. Recent development of agio theory; time-preference, 313. — A wrong view of psychology of investment, 315. — No exchange of time-values, 316. — II. Modern form of abstinence theory, 318. — No valid generalization possible in regard to abstinence, 318. — Abstinential savings not regulative of rate of return, 319.— Rate due to objective factors, 320. — III. Productivity theory based on restricted view of productive process, 322. — Impossibility of distinguishing a product of capital if entire process is taken into consideration, 323. — IV. Minimum of data necessary to theory of income of capital, 324. — Failure of certain theories to account for necessary data, 325. — Capital resolvable into wages, 326. — Wages determined independently of product of capitalistic industry, 327. — Income of capital a residual, 328. — V. How profit is kept from consumer, 332. — How profit is kept from laborer, 333. — The capitalistic opportunity curve, 334. — Dependence of capitalistic income on limited development of capitalism, 335. — How rate of profit is determined, 337. — Limitations of theoretical method, 338.
New algorithm for the localization of accessory atrioventricular connections using a baseline electrocardiogram

Abstract Objectives. In this study, we propose a new algorithm for accessory atrioventricalar pathway localization using a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG). Background. Radiofrequency catheter ablation produces a very discrete lesion, and ECG localization based en surgical dissection is obsolete. Methods. Stepwise discrimination analysis was used to assess the relation of 18 pro-excited ECG (QRS duration >100 ms) variables to the site of successful ablation in 93 patients. The most discriminating variables were combined to form rules for each location. The ECGs were retested by these rules to determine predictive accuracy. Results. If the precordlal QRS transition was at or before lead V1, the pathway had been ablated on the left side. If it was after lead V2, the pathway had been ablated on the right side. If the QRS transition was between leads V1and V2or at lead V2, then if the R wave amplitude in lead I was greater the S wave by ≥1.0 mV, it was right-sided; otherwise, It was left-sided (p Right-sided pathways . If the QRS transition was between leads V2and V3, the pathway was right septal; if after lead V4, it was right lateral. If it was between leads V3and V4, then if the delta wave amplitude in lead II was ≥1.0 mV, it was right septal; otherwise, it was right lateral (p Leftsided pathway . Two or more positive delta waves in the inferior leads or the presence of an S wave amplitude in lead aVL greater than the R wave, or both, discriminated left anterolateral pathways from posterior pathways (p Conclusions. Using the algorithm derived, a right-sided accessory pathway can be reliably distinguished from one that is left-sided, right free wall from right septal, right anterolateral from posterolateral and anteroseptal from other right septal pathways. Left anterolateral pathways can be distinguished from left posterior pathways and left posterolateral pathways from left posteroseptal pathways.
Transmembrane Segment 11 Appears to Line the Purine Permeation Pathway of the Plasmodium falciparum Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1 (PfENT1)

Purine transport is essential for malaria parasites to grow because they lack the enzymes necessary for de novo purine biosynthesis. The Plasmodium falciparum Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1 (PfENT1) is a member of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) gene family. PfENT1 is a primary purine transport pathway across the P. falciparum plasma membrane because PfENT1 knock-out parasites are not viable at physiologic extracellular purine concentrations. Topology predictions and experimental data indicate that ENT family members have eleven transmembrane (TM) segments although their tertiary structure is unknown. In the current work, we showed that a naturally occurring polymorphism, F394L, in TM11 affects transport substrate Km. We investigated the structure and function of the TM11 segment using the substituted cysteine accessibility method. We showed that mutation to Cys of two highly conserved glycine residues in a GXXXG motif significantly reduces PfENT1 protein expression levels. We speculate that the conserved TM11 GXXXG glycines may be critical for folding and/or assembly. Small, cysteine-specific methanethiosulfonate (MTS) reagents reacted with four TM11 Cys substitution mutants, L393C, I397C, T400C, and Y403C. Larger MTS reagents do not react with the more cytoplasmic positions. Hypoxanthine, a transported substrate, protected L393C, I397C, and T400C from covalent modification by the MTS reagents. Plotted on an α-helical wheel, Leu-393, Ile-397, and Thr-400 lie on one face of the helix in a 60° arc suggesting that TM11 is largely α helical. We infer that they line a water-accessible surface, possibly the purine permeation pathway. These results advance our understanding of the ENT structure.
A factor analysis of the Stanford-Binet at four age levels

Standardization scores on the 1937 Revision of the Stanford-Binet are analyzed by the Thurstone centroid factor technique. Correlation matrices at age levels seven, nine, eleven, and thirteen, each based on two hundred subjects, are analyzed. The factors after rotation are interpreted in terms of the items exhibiting high factor saturations. In contrast to the findings of McNemar (1942) no evidence for a general factor in the Stanford-Binet battery is found in the present study. Rather, I.Q. variance can be explained in terms of psychologically meaningful group factors at the various age levels. The results indicate a need for cautious interpretation and use of single score indices of intelligence such as the Stanford-Binet I.Q.
IgG subclass potential of surface IgM-negative and surface IgM-positive human peripheral blood B cells.

Abstract To examine the IgG subclass potential of B cells at various stages of maturation, human peripheral blood B cells were separated into surface IgM-positive (sIgM+) and surface IgM-negative (sIgM−) cells by panning techniques and cultured with pokeweed mitogen, LPS or Epstein-Barr virus. At the end of 7 days, cells were harvested, counted, spun onto slides, fixed, and stained with subclass-specific monoclonal antibodies. In all experiments with all mitogens, there was an enrichment of IgG2 plasma cells in sIgM+ cultures compared to the sIgM− cultures (P
Estimating the Probability of Polyreactive Antibodies 4E10 and 2F5 Disabling a gp41 Trimer after T Cell-HIV Adhesion

A few broadly neutralizing antibodies, isolated from HIV-1 infected individuals, recognize epitopes in the membrane proximal external region (MPER) of gp41 that are transiently exposed during viral entry. The best characterized, 4E10 and 2F5, are polyreactive, binding to the viral membrane and their epitopes in the MPER. We present a model to calculate, for any antibody concentration, the probability that during the pre-hairpin intermediate, the transient period when the epitopes are first exposed, a bound antibody will disable a trivalent gp41 before fusion is complete. When 4E10 or 2F5 bind to the MPER, a conformational change is induced that results in a stably bound complex. The model predicts that for these antibodies to be effective at neutralization, the time to disable an epitope must be shorter than the time the antibody remains bound in this conformation, about five minutes or less for 4E10 and 2F5. We investigate the role of avidity in neutralization and show that 2F5 IgG, but not 4E10, is much more effective at neutralization than its Fab fragment. We attribute this to 2F5 interacting more stably than 4E10 with the viral membrane. We use the model to elucidate the parameters that determine the ability of these antibodies to disable epitopes and propose an extension of the model to analyze neutralization data. The extended model predicts the dependencies of IC50 for neutralization on the rate constants that characterize antibody binding, the rate of fusion of gp41, and the number of gp41 bridging the virus and target cell at the start of the pre-hairpin intermediate. Analysis of neutralization experiments indicate that only a small number of gp41 bridges must be disabled to prevent fusion. However, the model cannot determine the exact number from neutralization experiments alone.
INTERACTION OF A NONRELATIVISTIC PARTICLE WITH A SCALAR FIELD WITH APPLICATION TO SLOW ELECTRONS IN POLAR CRYSTALS

A general variational technique is developed to study the effect of recoil on the motion of a nonrelativistic particle in a scalar field. The ground-state energy is determined, and the results obtained are shown to be exact in the limit of both weak and strong field-particle coupling. This method is applied to investigate the low-lying energy levels of a conduction electron in a polar crystal. The ground-state energy and effective mass so obtained are shown to be in good agreement with the results of Lee, Low, and Pines for the intermediate coupling strengths occurring in real polar crystals.
Effects of relation strength and semantic overlap on retrieval and comparison processes during sentence verification

Three experiments were performed to distinguish two theoretical accounts of relatedness effects in the sentence verification task. There were three important results: First, subjects were generally faster to make both positive and negative responses when the subject and predicate words of the “sentences” were strongly related than when they were weakly related. This was the case as long as the words in the subject—predicate pairs were meaningfully related and presented in a meaningful context. Second, subjects were faster to respond to unrelated false items than to related false items. Finally, relatedness effects for meaningfully related items were reduced when the items were presented in a context of unrelated items; the relatedness effect on negative RT in one condition was actually reversed when unrelated items were added to the stimuli. The results suggest an integration of the findings of many previous investigations: Two kinds of relatedness manipulations must be distinguished in previous studies employing the sentence verification task. Studies involving a comparison of unrelated items with meaningfully related false items have found results consistent with a feature comparison processing strategy (e.g., E. E. Smith, E. J. Shoben, & L. J. Rips, Psychological Review , 1974, 81 , 214–241 ); studies comparing only meaningfully related items differing in relatedness have produced results consistent with retrieval models ( A. M. Collins & M. R. Quillian, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 1969, 8 , 240–247 ). It is proposed that subjects base their responses on the retrieval of different types of information in these two situations.
Size-expanded DNA bases: an ab initio study of their structural and electronic properties.

The size-expanded DNA bases, xA, xC, xG, and xT, are benzo-homologue forms of the natural DNA bases; i.e., their structure can be seen as the fusion of a natural base and a benzene ring. Recently, ...
Arbitrarily Oriented Crack Inside an Elliptical Inclusion

Complex potentials for an edge dislocation inside an elastic elliptical inclusion are used to obtain the Green's function. The problem is formulated in terms of systems of singular integral equations which are solved numerically
Sestonic bacteria as a food source for filtering invertebrates in two southeastern blackwater rivers1

Bacterial cell concentrations and biomass within seven size classes of seston in the Ogeechee River and Black Creek, two blackwater rivers in southeastern Georgia, were measured for 19 months. The proportion of sestonic carbon in bacteria was determined to assess the relative food quality of the various fractions for filtering invertebrates. Cell concentrations were unusually high in both rivers, with values ranging from 2.03 x 1 O9 to 1.10 x 10” total cells liter- I with a mean of 1.48 x lOlo. Concentrations of attached cells varied from 1.20 x lo8 to 1.70 x lo9 cells liter-l. Most cells were small, coccoid forms not attached to particles. Mean mass per cell in the Ogeechee River was 1.86 x lo--14g C and in Black Creek 8.28 x lo- Is. Total bacterial biomass was also high, ranging from 19.1 to 1,105.O mg C m-3. Most of the bacterial biomass was in the particle size range from 0.30 to 12 pm. The bacterial carbon composition of the seston was 12 pm. Percentages in the < 12-pm fraction were much higher, ranging from 1.4 to 28.9% in Black Creek and 15.5 to 99.9% in the Ogeechee River. Cell concentrations and biomass varied with river discharge and were higher during periods of floodplain inundation. The high bacterial content of the smallest fraction of seston may be an important food source for filterfeeding invertebrates such as blackflies and chironomids, which are abundant in these rivers.
Prevalence and characteristics of nursing homes residents requiring light‐care

Rising nursing home (NH) costs and the poor quality of NH care make it important to recognize elders for whom NH care may be inappropriate. As a first step in developing a method to identify these elders, we examined the characteristics of NH residents requiring light-care and changes in their care level from NH admission to 12-months. Using data from the Missouri Minimal Data Set electronic database, we developed three care-level categories based on Resource Use Groups, Version III (RUG-III) and defined light-care NH residents as those requiring minimal assistance with late-loss ADLs (bed mobility, transfer, toilet use, or eating) and having no complex clinical problems. Approximately 16% of Missouri NH residents met the criteria for light-care. They had few functional problems with mobility, personal care, communication, or incontinence; approximately 33% had difficulty maintaining balance without assistance; and 50% of those admitted as light-care were still light-care at 12-months. Findings suggest that many NH residents classified as light-care by these criteria could be cared for in community settings offering fewer services than NHs.
Kernel-based canonical coordinate decomposition of two-channel nonlinear maps

A kernel-based formulation for decomposing nonlinear maps of two data channels into their canonical coordinates is derived. Each data channel is implicitly mapped to a high dimensional feature space defined by a nonlinear kernel. The canonical coordinates of the nonlinear maps are then found by transforming the kernel maps with the eigenvector matrices of a coupled asymmetric generalized eigenvalue problem. This generalized eigenvalue problem is constructed in the explicit space of kernel maps. The measures of linear dependence and coherence between the nonlinear maps of the channels are also presented. These measures may be determined in the kernel domain, without explicit computation of the nonlinear mappings. A numerical example is also presented.
Reproductive Isolation in Sympatric Populations of Pallid and Shovelnose Sturgeon

Abstract Pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus and shovelnose sturgeon S. platorynchus are recognized morphologically as separate species. A previous genetic study with allozymes was unable to distinguish between the two species or demonstrate their reproductive isolation in regions of sympatry. Our main objective was to measure the genetic variability within and among populations of pallid and shovelnose sturgeon at the northern and southern extremes of their sympatric ranges to determine if genetic variation within the two species exhibits patterns consistent with reproductive isolation. Additionally, we examined a sample of individuals identified morphologically as hybrids of the two species to determine their genetic relationship to fish identified morphologically as pallid and shovelnose sturgeon. Data from five nuclear DNA microsatellite loci indicated that pallid and shovelnose sturgeon were genetically distinct at three sympatric localities. Pallid sturgeon from two northern populations in the uppe...
Discourse Segmentation of Multi-Party Conversation

We present a domain-independent topic segmentation algorithm for multi-party speech. Our feature-based algorithm combines knowledge about content using a text-based algorithm as a feature and about form using linguistic and acoustic cues about topic shifts extracted from speech. This segmentation algorithm uses automatically induced decision rules to combine the different features. The embedded text-based algorithm builds on lexical cohesion and has performance comparable to state-of-the-art algorithms based on lexical information. A significant error reduction is obtained by combining the two knowledge sources.
Stakeholder Discussion to Reduce Population-Wide Sodium Intake and Decrease Sodium in the Food Supply A Conference Report From the American Heart Association Sodium Conference 2013 Planning Group

Background—A 2-day interactive forum was convened to discuss the current status and future implications of reducing sodium in the food supply and to identify opportunities for stakeholder collaboration. Methods and Results—Participants included 128 stakeholders engaged in food research and development, food manufacturing and retail, restaurant and food service operations, regulatory and legislative activities, public health initiatives, healthcare, academia and scientific research, and data monitoring and surveillance. Presentation topics included scientific evidence for sodium reduction and public health policy recommendations; consumer sodium intakes, attitudes, and behaviors; food technologies and solutions for sodium reduction and sensory implications; experiences of the food and dining industries; and translation and implementation of sodium intake recommendations. Facilitated breakout sessions were conducted to allow for sharing of current practices, insights, and expertise. Conclusions—A well-estab...
Extracting Dynamic Information from EXAFS: Simultaneous Analysis of Multiple Temperature-Dependent Data

A new approach to the extraction of dynamic information from extended X-ray absorption fine-structure (EXAFS) spectra has been developed. With this method, a complete set of temperature-dependent spectra are fit simultaneously to one of a variety of pair-distribution functions. Distributions are calculated in r-space using the appropriate absorber–scatterer pair potential. The temperature-dependent EXAFS spectra are calculated by summing k-space models over a range of distances and angles weighted according to the relative contribution of each geometry to the distribution. This approach allows refinement of data using a full multiple-scattering analysis with only modest computational time.
fMRI: use in early Alzheimer's disease and in clinical trials

The pathophysiological process of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) begins years, even decades, prior to the time a clinical diagnosis can be established. This long asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic phase of AD provides a potential period for early therapeutic interventions to slow and perhaps ultimately prevent the progression to clinical dementia. Functional MRI (fMRI) provides an in vivo means to investigate alterations in brain function related to the earliest symptoms of AD, possibly before development of significant irreversible structural damage. fMRI during tasks probing episodic memory, which is the cognitive function most characteristically impaired in early AD, are of particular interest. In this paper, we review the current knowledge of the pathophysiological fMRI correlates of AD and of at-risk states for AD, such as presence of mild cognitive impairment or the apolipoprotein E e4 allele. We will summarize previous studies demonstrating changes in task-related fMRI activity, primarily focusing on ...
Pediatric Psychopharmacology for Treatment of ADHD, Depression, and Anxiety

The pediatric practitioner is often the first point-of-contact for children and adolescents suffering from mental illness. Part of the treatment planning for psychiatric diagnoses includes consideration of medication. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, one of the most common diagnoses, is very responsive to stimulant medications; for children who are unable to tolerate stimulants or who do not achieve satisfactory symptom management, central α-agonists and atomoxetine are effective and generally well-tolerated alternative or augmentative agents. Depression and anxiety disorders are also frequently encountered in the pediatric office setting. The use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors is considered first-line psychopharmacology for depression and anxiety symptoms. Despite concerns for suicidal ideation related to this medication class, the benefits typically outweigh the risks. This review provides basic clinical pharmacology of stimulant and nonstimulant attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medications and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors intended to serve as a primer for the general pediatrician.
Do Researchers Have an Obligation to Actively Look for Genetic Incidental Findings

The rapid growth of next-generation genetic sequencing has prompted debate about the responsibilities of researchers toward genetic incidental findings. Assuming there is a duty to disclose significant incidental findings, might there be an obligation for researchers to actively look for these findings? We present an ethical framework for analyzing whether there is a positive duty to look for genetic incidental findings. Using the ancillary care framework as a guide, we identify three main criteria that must be present to give rise to an obligation to look: high benefit to participants, lack of alternative access for participants, and reasonable burden on researchers. Our analysis indicates that there is no obligation to look for incidental findings today, but during the ongoing translation of genomic analysis from research to clinical care, this obligation may arise.
Evaluation of In Vitro/In Vivo Correlation Utilizing a Rotating Basket-Paddle Dissolution Apparatus

AbstractThe desirability of good correlations of parameters derived from in vitro dissolution study with parameters derived from in vivo bioavailability study is well established in biopharmaceutics. Reports on several in vitro dissolution apparatus, including the two official USP/NF methods, have appeared in the literature over the years. However, none have been accepted as universal because each apparatus is useful only for the dissolution testing of a specific group of drugs or dosage forms. Comparative dissolution testing was performed using the rotating basket-paddle apparatus and the two official USP/NF apparatus.A comparative bioavailability study was carried out on four batches of rapidly disintegrating tablets (Formulations A to D) of nitrofurantoin and perphenazine using rabbit as an animal model. Excellent rank order (qualitative) correlations were observed among all combinations of in vitro and in vivo parameters. With the drug nitrofurantoin, an excellent quantitative correlation was found be...
The origin of chondrites: Metal-silicate separation experiments under microgravity conditions - II

[1] In order to understand mechanical processes likely to be occurring on the surfaces of asteroids, we have performed experiments with mineral mixtures on NASA's KC-135 microgravity facility. The behavior of sand and iron filing mixtures, the sand and metal being in the proportions and with grain sizes of ordinary chondrite meteorites, was observed with digital cameras as gas was flowed upward through the mixtures and the plane went through cycles of positive, zero, negative and normal gravity. Partial separation of gas and sand occurred readily under gas flow and microgravity conditions and sometimes survived subsequent turbulence. This behavior is consistent with predictions of the Ergun equation derived from terrestrial experiments. The data have implications for understanding chondrite genesis, for understanding the spectra of asteroid surfaces, and for the design of equipment to function on asteroid surfaces.
Including aortic valve morphology in computational fluid dynamics simulations: Initial findings and application to aortic coarctation

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations quantifying thoracic aortic flow patterns have not included disturbances from the aortic valve (AoV). 80% of patients with aortic coarctation (CoA) have a bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) which may cause adverse flow patterns contributing to morbidity. Our objectives were to develop a method to account for the AoV in CFD simulations, and quantify its impact on local hemodynamics. The method developed facilitates segmentation of the AoV, spatiotemporal interpolation of segments, and anatomic positioning of segments at the CFD model inlet. The AoV was included in CFD model examples of a normal (tricuspid AoV) and a post-surgical CoA patient (BAV). Velocity, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), time-averaged wall shear stress (TAWSS), and oscillatory shear index (OSI) results were compared to equivalent simulations using a plug inlet profile. The plug inlet greatly underestimated TKE for both examples. TAWSS differences extended throughout the thoracic aorta for the CoA BAV, but were limited to the arch for the normal example. OSI differences existed mainly in the ascending aorta for both cases. The impact of AoV can now be included with CFD simulations to identify regions of deleterious hemodynamics thereby advancing simulations of the thoracic aorta one step closer to reality.
Electrospun carbon nanofiber-supported Pt-Pd alloy composites for oxygen reduction

Carbon nanofiber-supported Pt-Pd alloy composites were prepared by co-electrodepositing Pt-Pd alloy nanoparticles directly onto electrospun carbon nanofibers. The morphology and size of Pt-Pd alloy nanoparticles were controlled by the surface treatment of carbon nanofibers and the electrodeposition duration time. Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM)/(EDS) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to study the composition of Pt-Pd alloy on the composites, and the co-electrodeposition mechanism of Pt-Pd alloy was investigated. The resultant Pt-Pd/carbon nanofiber composites were characterized by running cyclic voltammograms in oxygen-saturated 0.1 M HClO4 at 25 °C to study their electrocatalytic ability to reduce oxygen. Results show that Pt-Pd/carbon nanofiber composites possess good performance in the electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen. Among all Pt-Pd/carbon nanofibers prepared, the nanofiber composite with a Pt-Pd loading of 0.90 mg/cm2 has the highest electrocatalytic activity by catalyst mass.
The politics of Conservative reform: the equal pay for equal work issue, 1945–1955*

Although Conservative M.P.s were instrumental in defeating equal pay proposals in parliament in 1936 and 1944, it was a Conservative government which in 1954 decided to proceed with equal pay for female civil servants. Previous explanations for this reversal of traditional Conservative policy have focused on the need to increase the supply of female applicants for civil service positions, and the equal pay campaigns by white–collar unions and by the feminist Equal Pay Campaign Committee. Drawing upon previously unused sources, including P.R.O.files, this article offers a more overtly political explanation.Within four weeks after the Labour party announced in January 1954 that it would ‘immediately’ implement equal pay when the next Labour government was formed, R. A. Butler, the chancellor of the exchequer, informed his treasury advisers that he wished to proceed with equal pay. With a general election looming in the near future, and believing themselves engaged in a close race with the Labour party, the cabinet reluctantly endorsed reform, fearing that a failure to act might tip sufficient female voters toward Labour to determine the outcome of a close election.
Students' understanding of mathematical expressions in physical chemistry contexts: An analysis using Sherin’s symbolic forms

Undergraduate physical chemistry courses require students to be proficient in calculus in order to develop an understanding of thermodynamics concepts. Here we present the findings of a study that examines student understanding of mathematical expressions, including partial derivative expressions, in two undergraduate physical chemistry courses. Students participated in think-aloud interviews and responded to a set of questions involving mixed second partial derivatives with either abstract symbols or thermodynamic variables. The findings describe students’ ability to transfer mathematics knowledge to chemistry problems and how students use symbolic forms described by Sherin (2001) to make sense of mathematical expressions in physical chemistry contexts.
The design of an open real-time system using CORBA

While CORBA provides an infrastructure which allows objects to communicate, independent of the specific techniques, languages, and platforms used to implement the objects, it is not yet suited for real-time applications since CORBA lacks essential quality-of-service (QoS) features. Current work on real-time CORBA includes an off-line scheduled, hard, real-time system based on rate-monotonic scheduling and an on-line scheduled, best-effort, real-time system based on the earliest-deadline-first algorithm. The former provides QoS guarantees at the expense of run-time scheduling flexibility while the latter provides the complement. We propose an approach which provides the advantages of both, that is, QoS guarantees and run-time scheduling flexibility.
Generation of performance sensitivities for analog cell layout

This paper describes a methodology for the automatic generation of the performance sensitivities for analog cells directly from their design specifications. The resulting sensitivities can be used in automating the layout of analog ICs. A program was built in C to verify the concept. The program allows the user to describe the performance functions in terms of voltages and currents and their sensitivities. These are generated through circuit simulation. The simulation results are used to evaluate the performance functions as well as their sensitivities. The sensitivities are stored in a weighted graph that is used in the layout algorithm.
Superior semicircular canal dehiscence diagnosed after failed stapedotomy for conductive hearing loss.

Superior semicircular canal dehiscence (SSCD) may present with soundor pressure-induced vertigo [1], vertigo with an associated conductive hearing loss [2], or a conductive hearing loss alone [3]. A dehiscence of the bone overlying the superior semicircular canal is thought to be causative, acting as an effective “third window” into the inner ear. Aspects of the hearing loss associated with SSCD can appear quite similar to those caused by otosclerosis or other ossicular disorders. However, given the fundamentally different mechanism involved in SSCD, the clinician must differentiate it frommiddle ear pathology to avoid ineffective and potentially injurious attempts at surgical correction. If the otologic surgeon is unaware of this possibility, a stapedotomy or stapedectomy may be attempted. We report 3 cases of SSCD diagnosed only after failed surgical treatment of conductive hearing loss attributed to otosclerosis and discuss the hearing and vestibular outcomes of stapedotomy on SSCD patients.
Emerging Leafhopper-Transmitted Phytoplasma Diseases of Potato

Abstract. In recent years, leafhopper-transmitted phytoplasma diseases of potato, Solanum tuberosum L., have become increasingly important in many production areas worldwide. Serious epidemics of purple top disease of potato, caused by phytoplasma infections, have occurred in North and Central America and Central and Eastern Europe. Countries severely affected by phytoplasma diseases of potato include the United States, Mexico, Guatemala, Russia, and Romania. These emerging potato diseases are causing significant yield losses and a reduction in tuber and seed quality. Accurate identification of phytoplasmas involved in the disease and their insect vectors, in addition to a better understanding of disease epidemiology and vector population dynamics, are essential to effective management of phytoplasma diseases in potatoes. A case study of identification, epidemiology, and management of leafhopper-transmitted phytoplasma disease of potatoes in the Pacific Northwest of the United States is presented herein.
Time- and frequency-domain MIMO FLGPR imaging

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) forward looking ground penetrating radar (FLGPR) systems have shown the capability to improve performance for landmine detection. By leveraging multiple collocated transmitters and receivers, the waveform diversity offered by MIMO FLGPR systems provides performance enhancement in target detection, parameter identifiability, and increased cross-range resolution. In this paper, we introduce a data-dependent image formation algorithm based on the sparse learning via iterative minimization (SLIM) approach for high-resolution imaging applied to both time- and frequency-domain. In addition, we compare time-domain SLIM (TD-SLIM) and frequency-domain SLIM (FD-SLIM) with data-independent methods such as delay-and-sum (DAS) and recursive sidelobe minimization (RSM), designed by the Army Research Laboratory (ARL). These algorithms are applied to data collected by the Synchronous Impulse Reconstruction (SIRE) Ultra-wideband (UWB) radar developed by ARL for landmine detection. When applied to data collected by this 2 by 16 MIMO radar system, both the TD-SLIM and FD-SLIM algorithms yield results with higher resolution than the two conventional methods applied to the data. FD-SLIM provides significantly reduced computational time compared to TD-SLIM, motivating its application for high-resolution MIMO FLGPR imaging.
The neurosurgeon as baseball fan and inventor: Walter Dandy and the batter's helmet.

Baseball maintains one of the highest impact injury rates in all athletics. A principal causative factor is the "beanball," referring to a pitch thrown directly at a batter's head. Frequent morbidities elicited demand for the development of protective gear development in the 20th century. In this setting, Dr. Walter Dandy was commissioned to design a "protective cap" in 1941. His invention became widely adopted by professional baseball and inspired subsequent generations of batting helmets. As a baseball aficionado since his youth, Walter Dandy identified a natural partnership between baseball and medical practice for the reduction of beaning-related brain injuries. This history further supports the unique position of neurosurgeons to leverage clinical insights, inform innovation, and expand service to society. Language: en
New Jersey's New Archival Facilities

fall New Jersey is dedicating a new State LibraryArchives Building. Together with the new State Museum, including an auditorium and planetarium, and the new Administration Building of the Department of Education, it will constitute what has come to be known as the cultural center. The decision to erect these new buildings has presented an unparalleled opportunity to develop a unified educational-cultural center for New Jersey. The new center will, in effect, serve as a permanent memorial to New Jersey's 1964 Tercentenary. From the beginning of the State Tercentenary Commission's planning, a cultural center has been the chief project among its announced goals. This goal was realized when legislation in i960 authorized the Teachers' Pension and Annuity Fund to invest some of its capital in the construction of these buildings for the Department of Education. The total expenditure for the center will be $11^2 million, and the Library-Archives Building will cost approximately $2,800,000. This article is devoted primarily to provisions concerning the archival functions of the Division of the State Library, Archives and History and to the planning of the new LibraryArchives Building. As the new building will be a multipurpose one, however, it will be necessary to present some of the functions of the entire division in order to make clear the overall planning. The most challenging aspect in planning the new LibraryArchives Building was in the very nature of the division's operations. No other State, for example, has the same combination of functions as those of the New Jersey State Library. State legislation charges the Division of the State Library, Archives and History a part of the State Department of Education with the follow-
Sticky prospects: Loss frames are cognitively stickier than gain frames.

Research across numerous domains has highlighted the current--and presumably temporary--effects of frames on preference and behavior. Yet people often encounter information that has been framed in different ways across contexts, and there are reasons to predict that certain frames, once encountered, might tend to stick in the mind and resist subsequent reframing. We propose that loss frames are stickier than gain frames in their ability to shape people's thinking. Specifically, we suggest that the effect of a loss frame may linger longer than that of a gain frame in the face of reframing and that this asymmetry may arise because it is more difficult to convert a loss-framed concept into a gain-framed concept than vice versa. Supporting this notion, loss-to-gain (vs. gain-to-loss) reframing had a muted impact on both risk preferences (Study 1) and evaluation (Study 2). Moreover, participants took longer to solve a math problem that required reconceptualizing losses as gains than vice versa (Studies 3-5), and reframing changed gain-based conceptualizations but not loss-based ones (Study 6). We discuss implications for understanding a key process underlying negativity bias, as well as how sequential frames might impact political behavior and economic recovery.
Reversal and nonreversal learning in the goldfish

Goldfish were trained in series of 40-trial or 60-trial red-green discrimination problems, in half of which the rewarded color was the same as that of the immediately preceding problem, while in the rest the rewarded color was the unrewarded color of the preceding problem. Reversal was more difficult than nonreversal, and there was no change in the difficulty of either class of problem as training continued. The results are considered in terms of an interference interpretation of progressive improvement in habit reversal.
Design of a lane departure driver-assist system under safety specifications

We use a controlled invariance approach to design a semi-autonomous lane departure assist system that is guaranteed to keep the vehicle in the lane. The controlled invariant safe set is the set of system states from which an input exists that can keep the vehicle in the lane. First we provide theoretical conditions under which this set has a simple characterization and can be computed in real-time. We then use this characterization to derive a feedback strategy that keeps the vehicle in the lane and overrides the driver only if he/she could otherwise force a future lane departure.
Numerical Simulation Analysis of Exhaust Muffler of Automobile

The numerical simulation of exhaust muffler,coupled with engine,touches upon hydrokinetics,structure and acoustics knowledge.Using transfer matrix,the article sets up the model of the engine and the CN100 exhaust muffler,and then simulates the muffler performances.The data proves that the two plans of the article meet the design demand of noise reduction of CN100 and backpressure.
Determination of stilbene hormones residues in fish tissue by automated solid-phase extraction/gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Objective:To establish a gas chromatography(GC)-tandem mass spectrometry(MS/MS) method for the determination of three stilbenes hormones including diethylstilbestrol(DES),hexestrol(HEX),and dienoestrol(DEN) in fish tissue simultaneously.Methods:Sample clean-up and enrichment were performed by automated solid-phase extraction(ASPE) with a C18 column.Identification and quantification were carried out using emission ionization mode and selection recording(SIR).Results:The limit of detection for DES was 0.04 μg/kg and for HEX and DEN were 0.2 μg/kg respectively.The recoveries reached 68%～126% in the range of 1.0～20 μg/L.Conclusion:The method is of great speediness,briefness,nicety,credibility,environ.
Investigation on Sexual Knowledge and Behaviors and its Influencing Factors of Senior School Students in Northern Fujian

[Objective] To investigate sexual knowledge,behavior and its influencing factors of senior school students in northern Fujian for health education and intervention.[Methods] Totally 1 870 students were investigated with questionnaire by randomized sampling method.[Results] The effective response rate was 96.2%(1 741/1 870).In the past 12 months,the rate of having heterosexual friends was 29%.The report rate of having sexual behavior was 3.9%,and having compelled sexual behavior was 1.3%.The rate of receiving AIDS education was 38.6%,and having right attitude to AIDS was 37.2%.School type,reading pornographic books and watching the disks,having heterosexual friends were main influencing factors,but living with their father and/or mother was protective factor.[Conclusion] The related government divisions should pay attention to student's physical and psychological health problems,health education and intervention for sexual knowledge and behaviors should be strengthened properly and systematically.
Intramural Hematoma and Penetrating Ulcer

Intramural hematoma and penetrating ulcer represent the so-called variant forms of aortic dissection which complete the triad accountable for the vast majority of acute aortic syndromes. Although they may also occur in chronic forms, their management is most often discussed in the context of the acute presentation. Penetrating ulcers are uncommon and most frequently occur in the elderly with advanced occlusive atherosclerotic disease. They most often present in the descending thoracic aorta and are accompanied by at least a local intramural hemorrhage. There continues to be controversy over their natural history. The most recent series from the Mayo Clinic suggests that the majority may be managed in the acute setting nonoperatively with aggressive blood pressure control. Nonetheless, they run the risk of late evolution to saccular pseudoaneurysm or dissection. Likewise, intramural hematomas most often occur in the descending thoracic aorta and can most often be treated nonoperatively. They too run the risk of progression to more extensive disease. When either of these entities involve the ascending aorta, surgical intervention is the conventional approach. The role of endovascular stent grafting for either of these conditions remains in evolution and is dependent on a more complete understanding of their natural history.
Electrophysiologically identified piriformis syndrome is successfully treated with incobotulinum toxin a and physical therapy

Introduction Piriformis syndrome is entrapment of the sciatic nerve by the piriformis muscle. Methods In this article we describe a 56-person randomized, double-blind, controlled study involving physical therapy and incobotulinum toxin A or placebo. Inclusion criteria were 3-SD delay of posterior tibial (PT) or fibular (FN) H-reflexes on flexion, adduction, and internal rotation (FAIR) testing, and normal paraspinal electromyographic findings. Outcome measures included adverse side effects, visual analog scale (VAS) findings, and H-reflex delay on the FAIR test. Results Mean intervention VAS score decreased significantly more compared with placebo at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks post-injection (P < 0.0001). FAIR test scores for PT, but not FN, decreased significantly more compared with placebo at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks post-injection (PT: P = 0.038, 0.003, 0.003, and 0.046). Adverse effects were minimal. VAS slope and PT FAIR test results varied significantly (P < 0.0001). Conclusion Incobotulinum toxin A chemodenervation may be useful for treating piriformis syndrome as identified by the FAIR test. Muscle Nerve 56: 258–263, 2017
The Value of Midline Electrodes in Neonatal Electroencephalography

ABSTRACT.Recent attention has been directed to midline electrographic abnormalities and clinical correlates in both children and adults. These reports have described ictal or interictal epileptiform abnormalities. The present discussion deals with midline EEG findings exclusively in either premature or full-term newborns. Four uses of midline electrodes will be illustrated. These features include developmental patterns, epileptiform features, background attenuation, and biologic artifacts. Valuable electrographic information can be obtained by including midline electrodes with 16 or more EEG channels for neonatal recordings.