cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DEFORMATIONS AND INVERSION FORMULAS FOR FORMAL AUTOMORPHISMS IN NONCOMMUTATIVE VARIABLES

Let z = (z1, z2,…, zn) be noncommutative free variables and t a formal parameter which commutes with z. Let k be any unital integral domain of any characteristic and Ft(z) = z - Ht(z) with Ht(z) ∈ k[[t]]〈〈z〉〉×n and the order o(Ht(z))≥ 2. Note that Ft(z) can be viewed as a deformation of the formal map F(z):= z - Ht=1(z) when it makes sense (for example, when Ht(z) ∈ k[t]〈〈z〉〉×n). The inverse map Gt(z) of Ft(z) can always be written as Gt(z) = z+Mt(z) with Mt(z) ∈ k[[t]]〈〈z〉〉×n and o(Mt(z)) ≥ 2. In this paper, we first derive the PDEs satisfied by Mt(z) and u(Ft), u(Gt) ∈ k[[t]]〈〈z〉〉 with u(z) ∈ k〈〈z〉〉 in the general case as well as in the special case when Ht(z) = tH(z) for some H(z) ∈ k〈〈z〉〉×n. We also show that the elements above are actually characterized by certain Cauchy problems of these PDEs. Secondly, we apply the derived PDEs to prove a recurrent inversion formula for formal maps in noncommutative variables. Finally, for the case char. k = 0, we derive an expansion inversion formula by the planar...
Reintegrating socially excluded individuals through a social enterprise intervention

This research project reveals participant perceptions of an employment enhancement programme, run by a social enterprise and designed to reintegrate socially excluded individuals into society. The research participants were the social entrepreneur, staff at the social enterprise, the programme attendees and a representative from an external referral agency. Participants engaged in semi-structured interviews with a researcher designed to elicit participant perceptions of the programme. Results of the analysis of the interviews revealed six emergent themes that were interpreted by the researchers as: ‘social mission focus’, ‘heroic social entrepreneur’, ‘social impact’, ‘recidivism’, ‘the programme’ and ‘programme attendees’. Results of the analysis reveal that all research participants reported the programme helped to re-socialise the programme attendees and increased their self-confidence and self-esteem. Participants also believed programme attendees acquired important skills and qualifications in general warehouse activities and forklift truck driving, which would greatly increase their future employability. Programme attendees indicated the ‘real world’ working environment was important to their feelings of success on the programme. Social enterprise staff expressed concerns about potential ‘mission drift’ resulting from the demands of scaling up the logistics business to achieve the ‘double bottom line’.
Synthesis of 1,2-bis[(diorgano)phosphino]ethanes via Michaelis–Arbuzov type rearrangements

Abstract A three-step process for the synthesis of the bis(diorganophosphino)ethanes R 2 PCH 2 CH 2 PR 2 where R=Et, Ph, i Pr, Cy and t Bu was examined. In the first step, diorganochlorophosphines were allowed to react with ethylene glycol in the presence of triethylamine at room temperature in THF solution. For R=Ph, i Pr and Cy, the bisphosphinites R 2 POCH 2 CH 2 OPR 2 were obtained in high yield. For R=Et, the bisphosphinite could not be isolated but may be formed in 80% mixtures with tetraethyldiphosphine, Et 2 PPEt 2 , as a minor component. The reaction of di- t -butylchlorophosphine with ethylene glycol occurs at temperatures greater than 130 °C giving di- t -butyl phosphine oxide, t Bu 2 PH(O), as the only phosphorus-containing product. Thermolysis of the bisphosphinites R 2 POCH 2 CH 2 OPR 2 (R=Ph, i Pr and Cy) at 190–260 °C for 24 h gave the bisphosphine oxides, R 2 P(O)CH 2 CH 2 (O)PR 2 in 9% (Ph), 90% ( i Pr) and 93% (Cy) yields. A DSC study of the thermal rearrangement of Cy 2 POCH 2 CH 2 OPCy 2 to Cy 2 P(O)CH 2 CH 2 (O)PCy 2 yielded an enthalpy of isomerization of −40.4±0.6 kcal mol −1 . Reduction of the bisphosphine oxides, R 2 P(O)CH 2 CH 2 (O)PR 2 (R=Ph, i Pr and Cy) with trichlorosilane gave the bisphosphines, R 2 PCH 2 CH 2 PR 2 in 80–85% yield. The overall yields of the bisphosphines R 2 PCH 2 CH 2 PR 2 (R= i Pr and Cy) in the three-step process were 61 and 75%, respectively, suggesting that this process should be an attractive synthetic pathway to these two bisphosphines.
Aiding fluid prescription for the dysnatremias

Objective: The goal of the present study was to develop a novel approach that facilitates the prescription of fluid therapy in patients with abnormal serum sodium concentration.
Pretransitional optical rotation in the isotropic phase of cholesteric liquid crystals

A sharp increase of the rotatory power in the isotropic phase of cholesteric liquid crystals is observed near the isotropic-cholesteric liquid transition. This is interpreted as a manifestation of short-range chiral orientational order in the isotropic liquid. An application of the Landau-de Gennes theory predicts a ${(T\ensuremath{-}{T}^{*})}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}}$ temperature dependence, in agreement with measured data in the immediate pretransition region.
A Fully Automated Bandwidth Selection Method for Fitting Additive Models

Abstract This article describes a fully automated bandwidth selection method for additive models that is applicable to the widely used backfitting algorithm of Buja, Hastie, and Tibshirani. The proposed plug-in estimator is an extension of the univariate local linear regression estimator of Ruppert, Sheather, and Wand and is shown to achieve the same Op (n –2/7) relative convergence rate for bivariate additive models. If more than two covariates are present, theoretical justification of the method requires independence of the covariates, but simulation experiments show that in practice the method is very robust to violations of this assumption. The proposed bandwidth selection method is compared to cross-validation through simulation experiments. Its practical behavior is demonstrated on a real dataset.
Ehrenfest theorems for field strength and electric current in abelian projected SU(2) lattice gauge theory

Abstract We derive an Ehrenfest theorem for SU(2) lattice gauge theory which, after abelian projection, relates the abelian field strength and a dynamical electric current and defines these operators for finite lattice spacing. Preliminary results from the ongoing numerical test of the relation are presented, including the contributions from gauge fixing and the Faddeev-Popov determinant (the ghost fields) in the maximally abelian gauge.
A Sterol-Regulatory Element Binding Protein Is Required for Cell Polarity, Hypoxia Adaptation, Azole Drug Resistance, and Virulence in Aspergillus fumigatus

At the site of microbial infections, the significant influx of immune effector cells and the necrosis of tissue by the invading pathogen generate hypoxic microenvironments in which both the pathogen and host cells must survive. Currently, whether hypoxia adaptation is an important virulence attribute of opportunistic pathogenic molds is unknown. Here we report the characterization of a sterol-regulatory element binding protein, SrbA, in the opportunistic pathogenic mold, Aspergillus fumigatus. Loss of SrbA results in a mutant strain of the fungus that is incapable of growth in a hypoxic environment and consequently incapable of causing disease in two distinct murine models of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA). Transcriptional profiling revealed 87 genes that are affected by loss of SrbA function. Annotation of these genes implicated SrbA in maintaining sterol biosynthesis and hyphal morphology. Further examination of the SrbA null mutant consequently revealed that SrbA plays a critical role in ergosterol biosynthesis, resistance to the azole class of antifungal drugs, and in maintenance of cell polarity in A. fumigatus. Significantly, the SrbA null mutant was highly susceptible to fluconazole and voriconazole. Thus, these findings present a new function of SREBP proteins in filamentous fungi, and demonstrate for the first time that hypoxia adaptation is likely an important virulence attribute of pathogenic molds.
Counterfactuals, Control, and Causation Why Knowledgeable People Get Blamed More

Legal and prescriptive theories of blame generally propose that judgments about an actor’s mental state (e.g., her knowledge or intent) should remain separate from judgments about whether the actor caused an outcome. Three experiments, however, show that, even in the absence of intent or immorality, actors who have knowledge relevant to a potential outcome will be rated more causal of that outcome than their ignorant counterparts, even when their actions were identical. Additional analysis revealed that this effect was mediated by counterfactual thinking—that is, by imagining ways the outcome could have been prevented. Specifically, when actors had knowledge, participants generated more counterfactuals about ways the outcome could have been different that the actor could control, which in turn increased causal assignment to the actor. These results are consistent with the Crediting Causality Model, but conflict with some legal and moral theories of blame.
Color-Coulomb force calculated from lattice Coulomb Hamiltonian

The static color-Coulomb potential is calculated as the solution of a non-linear integral equation. This equation has been derived recently as a self-consistency condition which arises in the Coulomb Hamiltonian formulation of lattice gauge theory when the restriction to the interior of the Gribov horizon is implemented. The potential obtained is in qualitative agreement with expectations, being Coulombic with logarithmic corrections at short range and confining at long range. The values obtained for the string tension and ΛMS are in semi-quantitative agreement with lattice Monte Carlo and phenomenological determinations.
Axisymmetric reinforced viscoelastic cylindrical shell

Abstract Available methods for determining the mechanical properties of a reinforced material in terms of the mechanical properties of the constituents are discussed. A solution is then presented to the problem of an axisymmetric thin cylinder formed by reinforcing a viscoelastic filler with elastic reinforcement.
The molecular structure and conformation of trans-1,2,3-trichloropropene as determined by gas-phase electron diffraction

Abstract The gas-phase molecular structure of trans -1,2,3-trichloropropene has been studied by electron diffraction at a nozzle-tip temperature of 110°C. The data are consistent with the presence of only a conformation with a torsional angle of 110° (8), where 0° corresponds to the eclipsing of the CCl and CC bonds. The principal geometrical parameter values ( r g and ∠ α ) obtained from least squares refinement are: r (CH) = 1.06(3) A, r (CC) = 1.365(12) A, r (CC) = 1.467(15) A, r (C 1 Cl) = 1.733(25) A, r (C 2 Cl) = 1.727(25) A, r (C 3 Cl) = 1.800(9) A, ∠ CCC = 124(2)°, ∠ ClC 1 C 2 = 124(2)°, ∠ ClC 2 C 1 = 115.2(14)°, ∠ClC 3 C 2 = 110.9(13)°, and τ (ClC 3 C 2 C 1 ) = 110(8)°.
Driving ATHLETE: Analysis of Operational Efficiency

The All-Terrain Hex-Limbed Extra-Terrestrial Explorer (ATHLETE) is a modular mobility and manipulation platform being developed to support NASA operations in a variety of missions, including exploration of planetary surfaces. The agile system consists of a symmetrical arrangement of six limbs, each with seven articulated degrees of freedom and a powered wheel. This design enables transport of bulky payloads over a wide range of terrain and is envisioned as a tool to mobilize habitats, power-generation equipment, and other supplies for long-range exploration and outpost construction. In FY2010, ATHLETE traversed more than 80 km in field environments over eight weeks of testing, demonstrating that the concept is well suited to long-range travel. Although ATHLETE is designed to travel at speeds of up to 5 kilometers per hour, the observed average traverse rate during field-testing rarely exceeded 1.5 kilometers per hour. This paper investigates sources of inefficiency in ATHLETE traverse operations and identifies targets for improvement of overall traverse rate.
Histone H3R2 Symmetric Dimethylation and Histone H3K4 Trimethylation Are Tightly Correlated in Eukaryotic Genomes

The preferential in vitro interaction of the PHD finger of RAG2, a subunit of the V(D)J recombinase, with histone H3 tails simultaneously trimethylated at lysine 4 and symmetrically dimethylated at arginine 2 (H3R2me2sK4me3) predicted the existence of the previously unknown histone modification H3R2me2s. Here, we report the in vivo identification of H3R2me2s . Consistent with the binding specificity of the RAG2 PHD finger, high levels of H3R2me2sK4me3 are found at antigen receptor gene segments ready for rearrangement. However, this double modification is much more general; it is conserved throughout eukaryotic evolution. In mouse, H3R2me2s is tightly correlated with H3K4me3 at active promoters throughout the genome. Mutational analysis in S. cerevisiae reveals that deposition of H3R2me2s requires the same Set1 complex that deposits H3K4me3. Our work suggests that H3R2me2sK4me3, not simply H3K4me3 alone, is the mark of active promoters and that factors that recognize H3K4me3 will have their binding modulated by their preference for H3R2me2s.
Studies of one-pot double couplings on dibromoquinolines

In a series of studies, the regioselectivity of Suzuki couplings of dibromoquinolines has been investigated. In general, it is much harder to achieve high levels of regioselectivity in these systems compared to many of the other dibromoheteroaromatics that have been studied. Useful levels of selectivity could be achieved for both a 5,7-dibromoquinoline as well as 3,4-dibromoquinoline. Double Suzuki couplings could also be achieved on these two compounds.
Magnetic resonance imaging of tissue and vascular layers in the cat retina

Purpose: To report the visual resolution of multiple cell and vascular “layers” in the cat retina using MRI. Materials and Methods: T2- and diffusion-weighted MRI at 4.7 Tesla was performed. Layer-specific thickness, T2, spin density, apparent diffusion coefficient perpendicular (ADC) and parallel (ADC) to the retinal surface were tabulated. T1-weighted MRI was acquired before and after intravenous administration of Gd-DTPA and subtraction images were obtained. Histology was performed for validation. Results: Three distinct “layers” were observed. The inner strip nearest to the vitreous (exhibiting large T2, ADC, spin density with Gd-DTPA enhancement) overlapped the ganglion cell layer, bipolar cell layer, and the embedded retinal vascular layer. The middle strip (exhibiting small T2, ADC, spin density without Gd-DTPA enhancement) overlapped the photoreceptor cell layer and the inner and outer segments. The outer strip (exhibiting large T2, ADC, spin density with GdDTPA enhancement) overlapped the tapetum and choroidal vascular layer. T2, spin density, ADC and ADC of different “layers” were tabulated. The inner strip was slightly thicker than the other two strips. The total thickness, including neural and nonneural retina, was 358 13 m( N 6) by MRI and 319 77 m( N 5) by histology. Conclusion: MRI provides a noninvasive tool to study the retina with laminar specificity without depth limitation.
Alkylation of α,α-dichloroarylmethane with trialkylboranes: Synthesis of alkylarylcarbinols

Abstract The alkylation of α,α-dichloroarylmethane with trialkylboranes occurs readily in the presence of t -butyllithium at −78 °C. The reaction affords the corresponding alkylarylcarbinols in good yields after oxidation with sodium perborate.
Internal correlation in repeated games

This paper characterizes the set of all the Nash equilibrium payoffs in two player repeated games where the signal that the players get after each stage is either trivial (does not reveal any information) or standard (the signal is the pair of actions played). It turns out that if the information is not always trivial then the set of all the Nash equilibrium payoffs coincides with the set of the correlated equilibrium payoffs. In particular, any correlated equilibrium payoff of the one shot game is also a Nash equilibrium payoff of the repeated game. For the proof we develop a scheme by which two players can generate any correlation device, using the signaling structure of the game. We present strategies with which the players internally correlate their actions without the need of an exogenous mediator.
BPS Branes From Baryons

We elucidate the relationship between supersymmetric D3-branes and chiral baryonic operators in the AdS=CFT correspondence. For supersymmetric backgrounds of the form AdS5£H, we characterize via holomorphy a large family of supersymmetric D3- brane probes wrapped on H. We then quantize this classical family of probe solutions to obtain a BPS spectrum which describes D3-brane conflgurations on H. For the particular examples H = T 1;1 and H = S 5 , we match the BPS spectrum to the spectrum of chiral baryonic operators in the dual gauge theory.
Forced reconnection and mode locking in rotating cylindrical plasmas

The problem of mode locking due to forced magnetic reconnection in rotating cylindrical plasmas is revisited. Forced reconnection is characterized by very large values of the parameter Δ′, which makes the constant-ψ approximation generally inapplicable in the linear and early nonlinear regimes. The nonlinear dynamics of rotating non-constant-ψ islands is distinguished by the persistence of current sheets spanning Y points. Mode locking due to a suddenly imposed error field is discussed. Temporal dynamics and locking thresholds that differ significantly from the predictions of the constant-ψ theory [R. Fitzpatrick and T. C. Hender, Phys. Fluids B 3, 644 (1991)] are obtained. The predictions of the present theory are compared with experimental tokamak observations.
Consequences of a food security strategy for economic welfare, income distribution and land degradation: The Philippine Case

Like many developing countries, the Philippines pursues a food security strategy in which self-sufficiency and price stabilization feature prominently. In addition to their widely debated welfare effects, food policies based on price and trade restrictions may also accelerate land degradation by promoting expansion of relatively erosive grain crops. The paper explores the welfare and environmental implications of food policies first with a simple heuristic model, then with an applied general equilibrium model. Comparing market restrictions with technical progress as alternative food policy strategies, the authors find that the former increase land degradation and reduce welfare; moreover, anti-poverty and distributional benefits often claimed for such interventions may be illusory.
Does Cooperative Learning Improve Student Learning Outcomes

What is the effect of small-group learning on student learning outcomes in economic instruction? In spring 2002 and fall 2004, the author applied cooperative learning to one section of intermediate macroeconomics and taught another section using a traditional lecture format. He identified and then tracked measures of student learning outcomes. Using multivariate regression analysis, he found that students taught by cooperative learning achieved greater academic performance in the form of higher exam scores.
Bifurcated current sheets produced by magnetic reconnection in the solar wind

[1] We report observations from the Wind spacecraft of Petschek-like magnetic reconnection exhausts and thin current sheets in the solar wind on 19 and 20 November 2007, encompassing a solar wind disturbance driven by a magnetic cloud and followed by a corotating high-speed stream. We have identified an unusually large number (11) of reconnection exhausts in this 2-day interval using 3-s plasma and magnetic field data. Despite the relatively smooth large-scale field rotation associated with the magnetic cloud, five of the exhausts occurred within the cloud; three of those exhausts were associated with extremely small (<18°) local field shear angles. All 11 exhausts contained double-step magnetic field rotations; such double-step rotations are called bifurcated current sheets since they result from the splitting of reconnecting current sheets as an after-effect of the reconnection process. We have also identified 27 current sheets in this 2-day interval that were too thin to be adequately resolved by the 3-s plasma measurement cadence. All of these thin current sheets were well resolved by the 92 ms magnetic field measurement. At least three, and possibly six, of these relatively thin current sheets had double-step magnetic field rotations, indicating the underlying current sheets had probably been disrupted by magnetic reconnection. Current sheets thinner than ∼3 ion inertial lengths were not present in this data set. The relative lack of such ultrathin current sheets in the solar wind in general suggests that such current sheets usually are quickly disrupted by magnetic reconnection.
On the challenges of balancing privacy and utility of open health data

While health data has been collected at large scale for many years, this data is often difficult to obtain for the purpose of research. This is in part due to the cost and complexities involved in preparing this data for third parties. Health data must be adequately de-identified -- a complex process resulting in full or partial "synthetic" data. This paper discusses technological challenges in this process when balancing the preservation of an individual's privacy against the preservation of the data's utility. An example is open health data, where the process of de-identification is often so rigorous that the data is useless for meaningful observational studies. Our discussion is made concrete by considering an open health data set by the American Centres of Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS).
Metallurgical analysis and high temperature degradation of the black chrome solar selective absorber

Abstract The characteristic of black chrome, a solar selective absorber, have been the object of much interest by solar materials scientists. For this study a well-known coating, Harshaw Chemical Company's Chromonyx, was selected for detailed scrutiny of its properties and degradation modes when exposed to high temperatures. Both as-plated and annealed microstructural models were studied. The technical means used in this microstructural characterization were scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Auger depth profiling, hemispherical reflectance measurements and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. From these results a physical metallurgical model for wavelength-selective properties of the coating was developed. Thus it was observed that black chrome degraded as Cr2O3 oxide particles grew and chromium depleted. This effect was pronounced in air and to a lesser degree in medium vacuum. Oxidation by preferential diffusion and outgassing which causes structural changes may take place.
Simulation of Turbulent Mixing Behind a Strut Injector in Supersonic Flow

The flowfield downstream of a strut-based injection system in a supersonic combustion ramjet is investigated using large-eddy simulation with a new localized dynamic subgrid closure for compressible turbulent mixing. Recirculations are formed at the base of the strut in the nonreacting flow and trap some of the injected fluid. The high levels of turbulence along the underexpanded hydrogen jets and in the shear layer lead to a high level of mixing of fuel and freestream fluids. Furthermore, the shear layer unsteadiness permits efficient large-scale mixing of freestream and injected fluids. In the reacting flowfield, the flame anchoring mechanism is, however, found to depend more on a recirculation region located downstream of the injectors than on their sides. A region of reverse flow is formed that traps hot products and radicals. Intermittent convection of hot fluid toward the injector occurs and preheats the reactants.
Three-dimensional, two-phase supersonic nozzle flows

Abstract : Fully coupled two-phase supersonic flows inside three-dimensional nozzles of various configurations are studied, and the behavior of flows with and without solid particles is compared and discussed. The presence of solid particles in the supersonic flow delays gas-phase expansion and alters the imbedded compressive gas-phase shock strength. The results from the present study for an axisymmetric nozzle are compared with those of the well-known SPP code. Isometric projection of three-dimensional contour plots is used for concise interpretation for the computed results of a Mach 3 inlet one- and two-phase flow under various operating conditions. (Author)
Robust Permanent Income and Pricing

"… I suppose there exists an extremely powerful, and, if I may so speak, malignant being, whose whole endeavours are directed toward deceiving me." Rene Descartes, Meditations, II.1
The $cl-core$ of an ideal

We expand the notion of core to cl-core for Nakayama closures cl. In the characteristic p > 0 setting, when cl is the tight closure, denoted by *, we give some examples of ideals when the core and the *-core differ. We note that *-core(I) = core(I), if I is an ideal in a one-dimensional domain with infinite residue field or if I is an ideal generated by a system of parameters in any Noetherian ring. More generally, we show the same result in a Cohen�Macaulay normal local domain with infinite perfect residue field, if the analytic spread, l, is equal to the *-spread and I is Gl and weakly-(l - 1)-residually S2. This last is dependent on our result that generalizes the notion of general minimal reductions to general minimal *-reductions. We also determine that the *-core of a tightly closed ideal in certain one-dimensional semigroup rings is tightly closed and therefore integrally closed.
Kaluza-Klein Effects on Higgs Physics in Universal Extra Dimensions

We examine the virtual effects of Kaluza-Klein (KK) states on Higgs physics in universal extra dimension models. We study the partial widths Γh→gg, Γh→γγ, and Γh→γZ, which are relevant for Higgs production and detection in future collider experiments. These interactions occur at one loop in the Standard Model, as do the KK contributions. We find that the deviations induced by the KK exchanges can be significant; for one extra dimension, the gg→h production rate is increased by 10%−85% for the meass of the first KK state in the range 500 m11500 GeV, a region untested by current direct search and precision measurement constraints. The h→γγ decay width is decreased by 20% in the same mass range. For two or more universal extra dimensions the results are cutoff dependent, and can only be qualitatively estimated. We comment on the detectability of these shifts at the LHC and at future e+e− and γγ colliders.
On the existence of a CrF4O·SbF5 adduct

Abstract CrF 4 O is capable of forming a stable adduct with SbF 5 . Based on its low-temperature Raman spectrum, this adduct has a predominantly covalent, fluorine bridged structure, similar to that of MoF 4 O·SbF 5 .
Selective heterogeneously catalyzed hydrogenations

Abstract A number of catalytic hydrogenations have been discussed with emphasis on reaction selectivity. These reactions were examples of chemoselectivity, regioselectivity, stereoselectivity, diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity. Factors such as catalyst selection, reaction conditions and the steric nature of the substrate were discussed in terms of their contribution to the selectivity of particular hydrogenations.
Analysis of Conservation Voltage Reduction Effects Based on Multistage SVR and Stochastic Process

This paper aims to develop a novel method to evaluate Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR) effects. A multistage Support Vector Regression (MSVR)-based model is proposed to estimate the load without voltage reduction during the CVR period. The first stage is to select a set of load profiles that are close to the profile under estimation by a Euclidian distance-based index; the second stage is to train the SVR prediction model using the pre-selected profiles; the third stage is to re-select the estimated profiles to minimize the impacts of estimation errors on CVR factor calculation. Compared with previous efforts to analyze the CVR outcome, this MSVR-based technique does not depend on selections of control groups or assumptions of any linear relationship between the load and its impact factors. In order to deal with the variability of CVR performances, a stochastic framework is proposed to assist utilities in selecting target feeders. The proposed method has been applied to evaluate CVR effects of practical voltage reduction tests and shown to be accurate and effective.
Powers of Coxeter elements in infinite groups are reduced

Let W be an infinite irreducible Coxeter group with (s 1 ,..., s n ) the simple generators. We give a short proof that the word s 1 s 2 ... s n s 1 s 2 ··· s n ···s 1 s 2 ...s n is reduced for any number of repetitions of s 1 s 2 ··· s n . This result was proved for simply laced, crystallographic groups by Kleiner and Pelley using methods from the theory of quiver representations. Our proof uses only basic facts about Coxeter groups and the geometry of root systems. We also prove that, in finite Coxeter groups, there is a reduced word for w 0 which is obtained from the semi-infinite word s 1 s 2 ···s n s 1 s 2 ··· s n ··· by interchanging commuting elements and taking a prefix.
Time-Changed Levy Processes and Option Pricing ⁄

Abstract The classic Black-Scholes option pricing model assumes that returns follow Brownian motion, but return processes differ from this benchmark in at least three important ways. First, asset prices jump, leading to non-normal return innovations. Second, return volatilities vary stochastically over time. Third, returns and their volatilities are correlated, often negatively for equities. Time-changed Levy processes can simultaneously address these three issues. We show that our framework encompasses almost all of the models proposed in the option pricing literature, and it is straightforward to select and test a particular option pricing model through the use of characteristic function technology.
Germ Cell Tumors of the Ovary

This group of ovarian neoplasms is composed of a number of histologically different tumor types and embraces all the neoplasms considered to be ultimately derived from the primitive germ cells of the embryonic gonad. The concept of germ cell tumors as a specific group of gonadal neoplasms has evolved in the last three decades. It is based on (1) the common histogenesis of these neoplasms, (2) the relatively frequent presence of histologically different neoplastic elements within the same tumor mass, and (3) the presence of histologically similar neoplasms in extragonadal locations along the line of migration of the primitive germ cells from the wall of the yolk sac to the gonadal ridge,332 as well as on the remarkable homology between the various tumors in the male and the female.
Analysis and control of template distortions in Step-and-Flash Imprint Lithography

Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) was placed on the 2004 ITRS Roadmap, thus signifying its growing potential as a viable next-generation lithography technique. A particularly promising NIL technology is Step-and-Flash Imprint Lithography in which the pattern from a quartz template is transferred into a UV-curable silicon-rich monomer. The process of squeezing the monomer film during the imprint process produces significant flow-related pressures on the template which result in out-of-plane distortions (OPD). These OPD inherently produce in-plane distortions which compromise the quality of the resulting features. A single droplet imprint process, wherein a single puddle of monomer is used to cover the entire active area, suffers from throughput limitations due to the low imprint velocities that are required to control the flow-related pressures exerted on the template. In response to these limitations, recent research has focused on a multiple droplet imprint process wherein many droplets are dispensed and coalesce during the imprint process, resulting in lower flow-related pressures. In this paper, a numerical model is described that is capable of predicting both the pressures and the template distortions during a multiple droplet imprint process. The model consists of a finite element structural model of the template interfaced to a fluid-dynamic model of the flow through the gap; the distortion of the template affects the pressure applied on the template and vice versa, therefore a coupled, fluid-structure model is required. The pressure distribution during the imprint process is described by an analytical solution to the Reynolds equation that is modified to account for the coalescing process as well as the affects of absorption and surface tension. The modified solution is developed and verified through the use of computational fluid dynamic simulations. Results are described for a nominal set of conditions and a parametric study of the effect of droplet density is presented.
Stein’s method and random character ratios

. Stein's method is used to prove limit theorems for random character ratios. Tools are developed for four types of structures: finite groups, Gelfand pairs, twisted Gelfand pairs, and association schemes. As one example an error term is obtained for a central limit theorem of Kerov on the spectrum of the Cayley graph of the symmetric group generated by i-cycles. Other main examples include an error term for a central limit theorem of Ivanov on character ratios of random projective representations of the symmetric group, and a new central limit theorem for the spectrum of certain random walks on perfect matchings. The results are obtained with very little information: a character formula for a single representation close to the trivial representation and estimates on two step transition probabilities of a random walk. The limit theorems stated in this paper are for normal approximation, but many of the tools developed are applicable for arbitrary distributional approximation.
The tandem intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction

Abstract The tandem intramolecular Diels-Alder (TIMDA) reaction of ketone 3 is reported. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions (BF 3 ·Et 2 O, O °C) and affords two tetracyclic products diastereoselectively. TIMDA substrate 3 is prepared in a convergent manner from 1,5-pentanediol.
Elevated beta-human chorionic gonadotropin and a search for cancer

Elevated human chorionic gonadotropin levels may be an early, and occasionally the only, manifestation of embryonal cell carcinoma. A 24-year-old man presented with gynecomastia, galactorrhea, and elevated beta-human chorionic gonadotropin levels, which led to an extensive (but nonrevealing) search, including computed tomography and selective testicular vein catheterization, for malignancy. Since the testicle was considered as the most likely site of tumor, right orchiectomy and right common iliac lymph node biopsy were performed. The testicle was normal, but the lymph node contained elements of embryonal and choriocarcinoma. Following chemotherapy, beta-human chorionic gonadotropin levels were normalized and the patient appears "cured." This case emphasizes the need for an extensive search for malignancy and consideration of orchiectomy in such instances in order to achieve a favorable outcome.
Valuation effects of holding gains on long-term debt

Abstract This paper presents a disaggregate approach to measuring market values of debt. Holding gains and losses on debt are separated into two component: those arising from unanticipated inflation and those arising from changes in credit risk. Both effects are large and statistically significant. The two sources of debt depreciation are likely to have opposite effects on equity values. The relation between debt devaluation and equity values cannot be properly understood without identifying the causes of the devaluation.
Protein Degradation and Quality Control in Cells from Laforin and Malin Knockout Mice

Lafora disease is a progressive myoclonus epilepsy caused by mutations in the EPM2A or EPM2B genes that encode a glycogen phosphatase, laforin, and an E3 ubiquitin ligase, malin, respectively. Lafora disease is characterized by accumulation of insoluble, poorly branched, hyperphosphorylated glycogen in brain, muscle, heart, and liver. The laforin-malin complex has been proposed to play a role in the regulation of glycogen metabolism and protein quality control. We evaluated three arms of the protein degradation/quality control process (the autophago-lysosomal pathway, the ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway, and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response) in mouse embryonic fibroblasts from Epm2a−/−, Epm2b−/−, and Epm2a−/− Epm2b−/− mice. The levels of LC3-II, a marker of autophagy, were decreased in all knock-out cells as compared with wild type even though they still showed a slight response to starvation and rapamycin. Furthermore, ribosomal protein S6 kinase and S6 phosphorylation were increased. Under basal conditions there was no effect on the levels of ubiquitinated proteins in the knock-out cells, but ubiquitinated protein degradation was decreased during starvation or stress. Lack of malin (Epm2b−/− and Epm2a−/− Epm2b−/− cells) but not laforin (Epm2a−/− cells) decreased LAMP1, a lysosomal marker. CHOP expression was similar in wild type and knock-out cells under basal conditions or with ER stress-inducing agents. In conclusion, both laforin and malin knock-out cells display mTOR-dependent autophagy defects and reduced proteasomal activity but no defects in the ER stress response. We speculate that these defects may be secondary to glycogen overaccumulation. This study also suggests a malin function independent of laforin, possibly in lysosomal biogenesis and/or lysosomal glycogen disposal.
How institutions affect export quality

Abstract We examine the relationship between a country's institutional environment and the quality of its exports. Institutional factors such as widespread corruption, inefficient bureaucracy, and high risk of expropriation of private property by government can create uncertainty among producers and discourage them from investing and innovating over the long term. This can limit the ability of producers to improve the quality of their exports in the future. We find some evidence that a better institutional environment (i.e. lower corruption, more efficient bureaucracy and more secure property rights) is associated with better export quality. After accounting for potential endogeneity between institutional and economic variables, we conclude that better institutions lead to improvements in export quality. Among the institutional factors considered in this article, corruption appears to be most robustly associated with export quality. These results have important implications for policymakers.
The first enantioselective synthesis of the chemotactic factor sirenin by an intramolecular [2 + 1] cyclization using a new chiral catalyst

Summary A simple, highly enantioselective synthesis of sirenin ( 1 ) (bioactive form) has been developed which depends on the intramolecular [2 +1] cycloaddition reaction of diazo ester 5 to form bicyclic ester 6 (95 : 5 enantioselectivity) using a new and remarkably stable monomeric chiral Cu(I) complex ( 2 ) whose structure was proven by X-ray diffraction analysis.
Boundary conditions effects by Discontinuous Galerkin solvers for Boltzmann-Poisson models of electron transport

In this paper we perform, by means of Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) Finite Element Method (FEM) based numerical solvers for Boltzmann-Poisson (BP) semiclassical models of hot electronic transport in semiconductors, a numerical study of reflective boundary conditions in the BP system, such as specular reflection, diffusive reflection, and a mixed convex combination of these reflections, and their effect on the behavior of the solution. A boundary layer effect is observed in our numerical simulations for the kinetic moments related to diffusive and mixed reflection. I. INTRODUCTION f spec (~ ~ k;t) = f(~ ~ 0 ;t) for (~ ~ k)2 N ; t > 0:
Negotiating under the Monroe Doctrine: Weetman Pearson and the Origins of U.S. Control of Colombian Oil

Before World War I, most foreign investment in Latin America came from Britain. By World War II, however, the United States had become the main and unchallenged foreign investor in the region. This analysis of the negotiations that took place between the British firm (Pearson and Son) and the Colombian government over oil contracts reveals the reasons for the shift in influence. The company's lack of awareness that Britain had been overtaken by the United States as the hegemonic power in the hemisphere eventually caused the negotiations to collapse. While talks were proceeding, the company failed to consider how much influence the United States had on Colombian internal politics, and it overlooked the history of U.S.–Colombia relations. As a result, Pearson never received oil concessions in Colombia; instead, they were granted to American companies, consolidating U.S. power in the region.
Unexpected products from the Fp2-catalyzed reductive cyclization of nitroaromatics bearing pendant unsaturation

A representative o-nitroenone (Z¼O) was cyclized by reduction with CO and (CpFe(CO)2)2 (Fp2) as the catalyst to give the corresponding 4-quinolone. In contrast, Baylis - Hillman adducts derived from o-nitrobenzaldehydes were cyclized to N-formylindolines and indoles under the same conditions. q 2003 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Numerical Simulation of the Unsteady Wake Behind an Airfoil

The unsteady wake behind an airfoil is simulated numerically by a system of discrete vortex cores, also called point vortices. In common with previously developed procedures, at each time step a core is added to the wake at the trailing edge, and the cores already in the wake are convected at the local particle velocity. The innovation of the present method is that, as the cores begin to separate, more cores are added to the system and the circulations around the individual cores are reduced according to a linear interpolation routine. The spacing between cores is maintained approximately while the total circulation around the wake and airfoil is maintained exactly. In several examples, one finds qualitative agreement between computed wake shapes and flow visualization. The method shows promise as a means of simulating unsteady, closely coupled aerodynamic interference.
A mechanical model to simulate uptake and elimination of inhalation anesthetics

Using olive oil to simulate body tissues, a mechanical model of uptake and elimination of inhalation anesthetics was developed. Body tissues were grouped according to anesthetic solubility and blood perfusion, and modeled with equivalent oil volumes. Changes in cardiac output were simulated by varying gas flows through the oil chambers. Alveolar ventilation was augmented by adjusting the minute ventilation setting of the ventilator. During 64 minutes of uptake and washout, the mechanical model end-tidal halothane concentration remained within 0.07 vol.% of a computer simulation. The model may prove useful in developing and testing anesthesia equipment without the need for animal experiments or human volunteers. >
Photogenerated carriers in La2CuO4, YBa2Cu3O7−δ, and Tl2Ba2Ca(1−x)GdxCu2O8: Polarizability-induced pairing of polarons

Abstract Photoinduced absorption measurements have been carried out on Tl 2 Ba 2 Ca (1−x) Gd x Cu 2 O 8 (x=0.02), YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ (δ=0.75) and La 2 CuO 4 . The observation of infrared active vibrational (IRAV) modes and an associated electronic transition with common intensity and temperature dependence indicate the formation of self-localized polarons as photogenerated carriers. The photoinduced electronic transition deep in the infrared implies a major shift of oscillator strength leading to a large local polarizability in the vicinity of the polaron. We suggest that the enhanced local polarizability may provide an important mechanism for pairing.
Enhancement of flame blowout limits by the use of swirl

The blowout limits of a number of swirl-stabilized, nonpremixed flames were measured, and the observed trends are successfully explained by applying certain concepts that previously have been applied only to nonswirling flames. It is shown that swirl flame blowout limits can be compared to well-known limits for nonswirling simple diffusion flames by using the proper nondimensional parameter, i.e., the inverse Damkohler number (UF/dF)/(SL 2/ctF). The fuel velocity at blowout (UF) was measured while four parameters were systematically varied: the fuel tube diameter (dE), the fuel type and thus reaction rate, which is related to the maximum laminar burning velocity (St.), the coaxial air velocity (UA), and the swirl number. Results show that for zero swirl, the blowout curves agree with curves predicted by previous analysis. However, as swift is added, the flame becomes five times more stable (based on maximum fuel velocity). To explain the effect of swirl, a simple analysis is presented that is an extension of previous nonswirling flame blowout theory. It shows that the conventional swift number is not the appropriate governing parameter. Instead, a Damkohler number based on swift velocity is suggested by the analysis and is found to help collapse the data at the rich blowout limit to a single, general curve. Swirl causes a jet-vortex interaction; the recirculation vortex reduces the fuel jet velocity on centerline, which strongly stabilizes the lifted flame. As one increases the fuel tube diameter or the reaction rate (by adding hydrogen), the swirl flame becomes more stable, in a manner similar to a nonswirling flame. Another advantage of swirl is that it makes overall fuel-lean operation possible; the present flame is unstable without swirl for fuel-lean conditions.
High contrast L' band adaptive optics imaging to detect extrasolar planets

We are carrying out a survey to search for giant extrasolar planets around nearby, moderate-age stars in the mid-infrared L' and M bands (3.8 and 4.8 microns, respectively), using the Clio camera with the adaptive optics system on the MMT telescope. To date we have observed 7 stars, of a total 50 planned, including GJ 450 (distance about 8.55pc, age about 1 billion years, no real companions detected), which we use as our example here. We report the methods we use to obtain extremely high contrast imaging in L', and the performance we have obtained. We find that the rotation of a celestial object over time with respect to a telescope tracking it with an altazimuth mount can be a powerful tool for subtracting telescope-related stellar halo artifacts and detecting planets near bright stars. We have carried out a thorough Monte Carlo simulation demonstrating our ability to detect planets as small as 6 Jupiter masses around GJ 450. The division of a science data set into two independent parts, with companions required to be detected on both in order to be recognized as real, played a crucial role in detecting companions in this simulation. We mention also our discovery of a previously unknown faint stellar companion to another of our survey targets, HD 133002. Followup is needed to confirm this as a physical companion, and to determine its physical properties.
Angles as Probabilities

(2009). Angles as Probabilities. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 116, No. 8, pp. 732-735.