cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Digiscan activity: Automated measurement of thigmotactic and stereotypic behavior in rats

Abstract Visual measures of stereotypy, margin time (thigmotaxis or wall-hugging), and center time were correlated with automated measures using a revised 16 beam version of the Digiscan Animal Activity Monitor System. Rats were injected with d-amphetamine (1.25, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg), scopolamine (1.25 and 2.5 mg/kg) or saline and drugs were found to increase center time and decrease margin time in a dose-dependent manner, with the maximum effect occurring with 1.25 and 2.5 mg/kg, respectively. At higher doses, an opposite effect was observed. Extremely high correlations between visual and automated recordings of both margin time and center time were found. Since thigmotaxic or wall-hugging behavior has been used as an indicator of emotionally in rats the results of the present study suggest that these two locomotor variables may be useful additions to the Digiscan multivariate analysis of locomotor behavior. It was also found that a redefinition of stereotypic behavior improved its correlation with visual measurements compared to earlier studies.
Urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations among men with inflammatory bowel disease on mesalamine therapy

Background: Phthalates are a family of compounds used in a variety of consumer products. Some phthalates are reproductive and developmental toxicants in experimental animals. One of these phthalates, dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is present as an “inactive” ingredient in the coating of Asacol, a medication commonly used to treat inflammatory bowel disease.Aim: To determine if men with inflammatory bowel disease taking Asacol have higher urinary concentrations of monobutyl phthalate (MBP), a metabolite of DBP, compared to the general population in the United States.Methods: In 2005, five male patients at the Massachusetts General Hospital Crohn’s and Colitis Center taking Asacol daily provided one spot urine sample. Urinary MBP and other phthalate metabolite concentrations were measured by using online solid phase extraction coupled with isotope dilution high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.Results: In four of the five men, the urinary concentrations of MBP (9,888 ng/mL; 12,308 ng/mL; ...
REGIONAL BLOOD FLOW IN POLYCYTHEMIA AND HYPERVOLEMIA

Cardiovascular effects of polycythemia and hypervolemia were studied in newborn dogs 1-25 days old using the radioactive microsphere reference organ technique. Group I puppies (n=6) were made polycythemic and hypervolemic by transfusion with packed RBC's. GrII, (n=5) hypervolemic alone by transfusion with an equivalent amount of whole blood and GrIII, (n=7) polycythemic alone by exchange transfusion with packed RBC's. In GrI, transfusion raised the Hct from 48 to 70* and Increased the viscosity by 75%*. Cardiac output (C.O.) (ml Kg−1 min−1) decreased from 242±14 to 156±19*. Mean BP and peripheral vascular resistance (R) also Increased*. There was a decrease in blood flow (ml g−1 min−1) to the GI tract from 1.3±.2 to .6±14**, due to an Increase in R. The %C.O. to the gut decreased from 18.2±4 to 12.4±2*. Cerebral blood flow decreased from .32±.05 to .22±.04* due to an increase in cerebral R*, despite an Increase in %C.O. there. Renal blood flow and renal R were not significantly altered. GrII had no slcnlfleant changes in C.O., its distribution nor flow to cerebrum, gut, and kidney. Gr III had a decrease in C.O.** and an increase in BP* and R*. GI blood flow decreased from 1.58±.12 to .92±.04** and cerebral flow from .32±.04 to .19±.04** but there was no redistribution of C.O. from the gut to the brain as in GrI. Renal blood flow was unchanged but renal R increased from 63.9±3.4 to 72.2±3* and %C.O. to the kidney increased**. Thus, hyperviscoslty reduces blood flow to the gut and brain and this reduction is not appreciably affected by accompanying hypervolemia. *p<.05 **p<.01
Bounds on the Optimal Location to the Weber Problem Under Conditions of Uncertainty

Optimal and Heuristic bounds are given for the optimal location to the Weber problem when the locations of demand points are not deterministic but may be within given circles. Rectilinear, Euclidean and square Euclidean types of distance measure are discussed. The exact shape of all possible optimal points is given in the rectilinear and square Euclidean cases. A heuristic method for the computation of the region of possible optimal points is developed in the case of Euclidean distance problem. The maximal distance between a possible optimal point and the deterministic solution is also computed heuristically.
Ligand-modulated stereo- and regioselective tandem addition reactions of rhenium-bound naphthalene.

A series of complexes of the form TpRe(CO)(L)(η2-naphthalene) (Tp = hydridotris(pyrazolyl)borate) undergoes tandem electrophile/nucleophile addition reactions with a high degree of regiocontrol depending on the auxiliary ligand, L. When L = PMe3, the reaction of the η2-naphthalene complex with triflic acid followed by a silyl ketene acetal favors the 1,4-addition product, whereas when L = pyridine, N,N-dimethylaminopyridine, N-methylimidazole, or NH3 the 1,2-addition product is favored. These reactions proceed with excellent stereocontrol: both electrophile (H+, D+) and nucleophile (silyl ketene acetal) add anti to the face of metal coordination, and a single coordination diastereomer can be isolated for each reaction. One-electron oxidation of the Re complex affords the corresponding free dihydronaphthalene in good yield.
The Spherically Symmetrical Field in the Unified Theory

In this paper a systematic investigation of the spherically symmetrical statical field in Einstein's unified theory of the electromagnetic and gravitational fields is given. The investigation is carried through in two cases: with and without time symmetry. By a time symmetrical field we understand one whose Riemann interval is not altered by changing $+dt$ into $\ensuremath{-}dt$.To begin with we develop a generalization of the formulas for parallel displacement and covariant affine differentiation in Einstein's geometry which enables us to introduce orthogonal transformations of the local coordinates, so as to bring them formally into agreement with the Gaussian coordinates. We then solve the Einstein field equations ${F}^{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\alpha}}=0$ and ${G}^{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\alpha}}=0$, first without the assumption of time symmetry. We determine the values and the physical significance of the constants of integration by considering the case of a very weak field, and obtain asymptotically the classical Coulomb field ($\frac{e}{{r}^{2}}$) and the classical Newtonian potential ($\ensuremath{-}\frac{m}{r}$). Positive and negative electricity appear in the unified theory as given empirical facts, just as in the classical theory. In the present theory, however, the Newtonian field and the Coulomb field can be separated only asymptotically. In the immediate vicinity of a charged mass particle they are inextricably bound together.Our solution gives a quadruple ("Vierbein") $_{1}h^{1}=1+\frac{{e}^{2}}{{r}^{4}},$ $_{2}h^{2}=1,$ $_{3}h^{3}=1,$ $_{4}h^{1}=\ensuremath{-}(\frac{\mathrm{ie}}{{r}^{2}}){(1+\frac{{e}^{2}}{{r}^{4}})}^{\frac{1}{2}},$ $_{4}h^{4}=1+m\ensuremath{\int}{r}^{\ensuremath{\infty}}{r}^{\ensuremath{-}2}{(1+\frac{{e}^{2}}{{r}^{4}})}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{3}{2}}\mathrm{dr}.$ All the other components vanish. By a transformation of variables this is shown to reduce to the quadruple recently calculated by Einstein and Mayer.The field equations are then solved with the assumption of time symmetry. The electrostatic field vanishes, but the component ${g}_{44}$ of the metric form has approximately the Schwarzschild value, while the others have the Euclidean values. Because of the absence of a law of motion, no observable predictions having to do with the path of an exploring particle can be made. It is shown, however, that in the unified field the theory gives in the first approximation the same red shift as the 1916 theory. If it is assumed that the orbit of a planet is a Riemannian geodesic, as in the 116 theory, then the advance of the perihelion of Mercury comes out approximately 7" per century, that is, about the same as in the 1905 theory.
Feature identification and extraction in function fields

We present interactive techniques for identifying and extracting features in function fields. Function fields map points in n-dimensional Euclidean space to 1-dimensional scalar functions. Visual feature identification is ac- complished by interactively rendering scalar distance fields, constructed by applying a function-space distance metric over the function field. Combining visual exploration with feature extraction queries, formulated as a set of function-space constraints, facilitates quantitative analysis and annotation. Numerous application domains give rise to function fields. We present results for two-dimensional hyperspectral images, and a simulated time-varying, three-dimensional air quality dataset.
Up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA and angiogenesis after transmyocardial laser revascularization.

Background. Angiogenesis has been proposed as a potential mechanism whereby transmyocardial laser revascularization (TMLR) has provided clinical relief of angina. Experimental work has found histologic evidence supporting this, as well as an improved response when angiogenic growth factors have been added to TMLR. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that the molecular response to TMLR was an increase in the production of endogenous vascular endothelial growth factor to promote angiogenesis. Methods. Ameroid constrictors were placed on the proximal circumflex artery in 12 domestic pigs. After a chronic ischemic zone was established the animals were randomly divided into two groups. In the TMLR group the ischemic zone was treated with carbon dioxide laser. In the control group the ischemic zone was untreated. Six weeks later the animals were sacrificed, and sections from the ischemic zone and the nonischemic zone were submitted for immunohistochemical, histologic, and molecular analysis. Messenger RNA was obtained from northern blot analysis after being probed with vascular endothelial growth factor. Results. There was a twofold increase in the vascular endothelial growth factor messenger RNA in the ischemic zone of the TMLR group compared with the control group. Additionally, there was a threefold increase in the number of new blood vessels in the ischemic zone of the TMLR group compared with the control group. Conclusions. Transmyocardial laser revascularization promotes angiogenesis by upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor. The resulting angiogenesis could be the principle mechanism for the clinical efficacy of TMLR.
Natural convection in water-saturated reticulated vitreous carbon foam

Abstract Experiments of the Horton–Rogers–Lapwood type are reported for water-saturated, 97% porous reticulated vitreous carbon foam. Heat transfer data have been obtained for layer aspect ratios of 2.5 and 5, porous medium Rayleigh numbers from 140 to 4700, and Darcy numbers from 5 × 10−5 to 37 × 10−5. The data are well correlated in the form Nu m = ( 0.007 ± 0.002 ) Ra m 0.504 ± 0.06 Pr p 0.41 ± 0.08 . Conduction through the solid phase plays a limited role, and the main heat transfer mechanism is advection. Correlation of the present data and water-saturated copper foam data [1] is achieved by inclusion of the conductivity ratio to give, Nu m = ( 0.008 ± 0.003 ) k m k f 0.25 ± 0.04 Ra m 0.50 ± 0.02 Pr p 0.38 ± 0.04 .
Antidiscrimination and Decommodification

The paper commences with a reconstruction of basic principles underlying European antidiscrimination legislation from the perspective of distributive justice. It then goes on to examine some of its deficiencies against the backdrop of the traditional social policy goal of de-commodification. Finally, it discusses options promising to make antidiscrimination law self-repairing.
Performance modeling and prediction of nondedicated network computing

The low cost and wide availability of networks of workstations have made them an attractive solution for high performance computing. However, while a network of workstations may be readily available, these workstations may be privately owned and the owners may not want others to interrupt their priority in using the computer. Assuming machine owners have a preemptive priority, in this paper, we study the parallel processing capacity of a privately owned network of workstations. A mathematical model is developed to predict performance for nondedicated network computing. It also considers systems with heterogeneous machine utilization and heterogeneous service distribution. This model separates the influence of machine utilization, sequential job service rate, and parallel task allocation on the parallel completion time. It is simple and valuable for guiding task scheduling in a nondedicated environment.
Studying Leadership within Successful Rural Communities in a Southeastern State: A Qualitative Analysis

Many rural communities are experiencing a diversity of issues, but what part does leadership play in these communities? This qualitative study describes the environment within two communities in the southeast focusing on community variables of psychological sense of community, community leadership, and social capital. Leaders were identified and a qualitative data analysis identified several themes within these variables. Leaders strongly felt “sense of community” was in the surrounding county and a strong moral compass was provided by schools and churches. Leaders showed a sense of service to their community stressing the importance of involvement in the community. Local community groups provide the greatest opportunity for community action. Finally, they relied strongly on relationships as the backbone to the community. Effective community leaders are important in developing important relationships, establishing communication, and providing the community with direction. Further research should be done with an emphasis on change and development.
Cohesive fracture model for functionally graded fiber reinforced concrete

A simple, effective, and practical constitutive model for cohesive fracture of fiber reinforced concrete is proposed by differentiating the aggregate bridging zone and the fiber bridging zone. The aggregate bridging zone is related to the total fracture energy of plain concrete, while the fiber bridging zone is associated with the difference between the total fracture energy of fiber reinforced concrete and the total fracture energy of plain concrete. The cohesive fracture model is defined by experimental fracture parameters, which are obtained through three-point bending and split tensile tests. As expected, the model describes fracture behavior of plain concrete beams. In addition, it predicts the fracture behavior of either fiber reinforced concrete beams or a combination of plain and fiber reinforced concrete functionally layered in a single beam specimen. The validated model is also applied to investigate continuously, functionally graded fiber reinforced concrete composites.
The Carboxypeptidase-dependent Inactivation of Thymidylate Synthetase

SUMMARY Carboxypeptidase A treated with diisopropylphosphorofluoridate (DFP) present at catalytic levels causes the complete inactivation of thymidylate synthetase. The rate of this inactivation is shown to be proportional to the concentration of carboxypeptidase A-DFP. Carboxypeptidase B-DFP also inactivates thymidylate synthetase, but at a much slower rate than carboxypeptidase A-DFP. That the inactivation of thymidylate synthetase observed was due solely to carboxypeptidase activity was illustrated as follows: (a) carboxypeptidase A-DFP and carboxypeptidase B-DFP samples were found to exhibit no chymotryptic or tryptic activity; (b) when present in equal molar ratios (2: 1) with respect to thymidylate synthetase, carboxypeptidase A-DFP caused total inactivation of thymidylate synthetase after 2’7 min of incubation, while less than 10% inactivation of the enzyme was found after 2 hours of incubation with either chymotrypsin or trypsin; (c) the presence of 5 x lop5 M L-benzylsuccinic acid, a potent competitive inhibitor of carboxypeptidase A, was sufficient to prevent both the carboxypeptidase A and the carboxypeptidase B-dependent inactivation of thymidylate synthetase. Native thymidylate synthetase and carboxypeptidase-inactivated enzyme behave in an identical fashion upon electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels in the presence and absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Results of the Stark method suggested that the COOHterminal residue of thymidylate synthetase is either valine or phenylalanine. High voltage electrophoresis performed on incubation mixtures of thymidylate synthetase and carboxypeptidase A-DFP indicated that valine was rapidly released, followed by alanine. Analysis of the amino acids released by the carboxypeptidase A-DFP treatment of thymidylate synthetase in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate gave 1.76 moles of valine and 2.00 moles of alanine per mole of enzyme. Analysis of the amino acids released by the carboxypeptidase A-DFP treatment of native thymidylate synthetase as a function of the extent of inactivation showed that only valine was released under these conditions and that total inactivation corresponded closely to the release of 1 mole of valine per mole of thymidylate synthetase. These results are considered in light of the fact that thymidylate synthetase is thought to be composed of
The American Revolution in Indian Country: Crisis and Diversity in Native American Communities; Buried Roots and Indestructible Seeds: The Survival of American Indian Life in Story, History, and Spirit

The American Revolution in Indian Country: Crisis and Diversity in Native American Communities. COLIN CALLOWAY. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. xxiii + 327 pp., maps, tables, photographs, index. Burled Roots and Indestructible Seeds: The Survival of American Indian Life in Story, History, and Spirit. MARK LINDQUIST and MARTIN ZANGER, eds. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1994, photographs, notes, references.
Quantitative lipid biomarker detection of unculturable microbes and chlorine exposure in water distribution system biofilms

Abstract Biofilms in the drinking water distribution system can protect pathogens from disinfection and provide the inocula for periodic infestations. Assessing these biofilms can be difficult, as the plate counts of pelagic bacteria may bear little relationship to the biofilm load. Culturing the water at the outlet most often does not reflect the biofilm composition. Herein we show that analysis of polar lipid fatty acids recovered from biofilms on devices possessing a large surface area provides quantitative analysis of the viable biomass, community composition, and nutritional status that is independent of the recovery and culturability. Analysis of the polar lipid fatty acids indicated the biofilm contained a stressed and predominantly Gram-negative bacterial community. The composition was not significantly different whether collected in the summer or winter. Oxirane (epoxide) fatty acids were detected in the polar lipids of the biofilm, indicating exposure to chlorine and loss of viability within the biofilm. Tests with monocultures of Escherichia coli and Sphingomonas paucimobilis exposed to chlorine resulted in oxirane fatty acid generation and rendered them nonculturable.
‘Mobile’ Health Needs And Opportunities In Developing Countries

Developing countries face steady growth in the prevalence of chronic diseases, along with a continued burden from communicable diseases. “Mobile” health, or m-health—the use of mobile technologies such as cellular phones to support public health and clinical care—offers promise in responding to both types of disease burdens. Mobile technologies are widely available and can play an important role in health care at the regional, community, and individual levels. We examine various m-health applications and define the risks and benefits of each. We find positive examples but little solid evaluation of clinical or economic performance, which highlights the need for such evaluation.
A liquid shear-stress sensor fabricated using wafer bonding technology

The authors report on the fabrication and testing of a microfabricated silicon floating-element (120 mu m*140 mu m) shear-stress sensor designed to detect high shear stresses (1-100 KPa) in fluid environments. Wafer bonding technology is used to produce a thin (5 mu m) dielectrically isolated silicon layer (allowing piezoresistive transduction in a half-bridge readout scheme) which is further processed to develop the floating-element sensor. The authors describe the details of the sensor fabrication, modeling of the sensor response, and the results of testing. There is good agreement between the modeled response of the sensor and the experimental data, and the sensor has also maintained its structural integrity under severe conditions. >
Interventional Catheterization in Adult Congenital Heart Disease

Improved medical and surgical therapies for children with congenital heart disease have resulted in a growing population of patients reaching adulthood.1,2 Over this same time, the field of interventional cardiology has experienced significant growth, driven by technological improvements and better understanding of the mechanisms and intermediate-term results of individual procedures. Consequently, for adults with uncorrected or previously palliated congenital heart disease, percutaneous therapies have increasing acceptance as reasonable additions, alternatives, and treatments of choice when further surgical or medical intervention is contemplated (Table 1). Currently, interventional cardiology of adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) is a well-established field on its own and, programmatically, is a fundamental component of any center providing care for these patients.3 Although limited safety of interventional procedures for the ACHD population has been suggested in centers without ACHD global care programs,4 the wide variation in clinical presentation, novelty of cardiovascular pathologies (with similarity to as well as marked differences from both congenital and acquired conditions), and potential for concomitant multiple organ system pathology all contribute to situations atypical for standard adult or pediatric laboratories. These concerns, combined with a desire to centralize data collection to establish outcomes assessments for ACHD patients considered for interventional catheterization, lead to the recommendation that such procedures be performed in centers with ACHD expertise and established care programs.3 View this table: TABLE 1. Commonly Practiced Catheter-Based Interventions in ACHD: Indications and Level of Evidence In this article, we review the most commonly performed percutaneous procedures in ACHD, including valvuloplasty, angioplasty, and device closures. We also include discussions concerning complex ACHD patients (Table 2) as well as future directions. View this table: TABLE 2. Potential Interventions in Complex ACHD Patients ### Pulmonary Valve Stenosis Pulmonary valve stenosis (PS) is almost always congenital in origin and usually results from commissural fusion of thin and pliable leaflets. Less frequently, the pulmonary …
Some issues in distributed asynchronous routing in virtual circuit data networks

We consider the behavior of distributed asynchronous routing algorithms for optimizing the flows in a virtual circuit data network, with respect to a given convex cost function. The algorithms operate with minimal synchronization of computations and information exchange between different processors and consist of gradient projection iterations which compute a target set of flows for each path. Then, the processors try to make the actual flows equal to the target flows, by appropriately assigning paths to incoming, new virtual circuits. We concentrate on the "many small users" case, in which there is (on the average) a very large number of virtual circuits, each one requiring a small communication rate. This note is a followup to our earlier paper [TsBe] and addresses the limiting behavior when the frequency of iteration becomes infinite relative to the frequency of information exchange between nodes.
L-arginine-dependent killing of intracellular Ehrlichia risticii by macrophages treated with gamma interferon

Thioglycolate-induced murine peritoneal macrophages infected with Ehrlichia risticii and treated in vitro with gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) developed antiehrlichial activity that eliminated the intracellular bacteria. This antiehrlichial activity was suppressed by NG-monomethyl-L-arginine, a competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis from L-arginine, but not by L-tryptophan. Increased levels of nitrite, an oxidative product of nitric oxide, were measured in cultures of infected macrophages treated with IFN-gamma. Sodium nitroprusside, which spontaneously releases nitric oxide, also showed the antiehrlichial activity. The antiehrlichial activity by reactive nitrogen intermediates was not mediated by elevation of the cellular concentration of cyclic GMP since the addition of 8-bromo-cyclic GMP itself had no influence on ehrlichial infection of macrophages. Addition of the intracellular iron chelator deferoxamine also inhibited E. risticii infection in vitro. These results suggest that intracellular E. risticii survival is iron dependent and that production of reactive nitrogen intermediates triggers iron loss from critical target enzymes of E. risticii, leading to lethal metabolic inhibition. However, addition of excess FeSO4, ferric citrate, or iron-saturated transferrin did not counteract the antiehrlichial effect induced by IFN-gamma.
Fine structure and blood‐brain barrier properties of the central nervous system of a dipteran larva

Using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, we studied basic ultrastructure, membrane specializations, and blood-brain barrier properties of the ventral ganglion and abdominal nerves of the last (third) instar larva of a dipteran fly, Delia platura. Both ganglion and nerves are covered with a non-cellular neural lamella. A monolayer of flattened perineurial cells lies beneath the neural lamella. Perineurial cells contain stores of metabolites and nutrients and these cells extensively interdigitate with one another. An extensive extracellular series of channels pervades perineurial cells. Glial cells beneath the perineurium envelope but do not entwine axons. In a minority of cases, adjacent axons in nerve and neuropil appear to be contiguous without glial intervention. Extensive (pleated) septate junctions with triangular septa are present between perineurial cells. Hemidesmosomes, half desmosomes (a first report for invertebrates), and desmosomes were also observed. Although no tight junctions were discovered, an effective blood-brain barrier exists, and tracer (ionic lanthanum) in no case reached neuronal surfaces. Extracellular tracer halted within the extensive septate junctions between perineurial cells. We postulate that in the absence of tight junctions the functional blood-brain barrier is effected by the septate junctions in the central nervous system of the Delia larva.
Isolation of frog heart sarcolemma possessing (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase and Ca2+ pump activities.

The presence of a (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase and Ca2+ pump in frog heart sarcolemma was investigated. Frog cardiac sarcolemma was isolated by using a modification of a recent procedure for isolating sarcolemma from dog heart (Morcos, N.C. and Drummond, G.I. (1980) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 598, 17-39). Despite the sparseness of sarcoplasmic reticulum in frog heart, this tissue possessed (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity which appeared endogenous to the sarcolemma. The purified sarcolemmal vesicles also possessed ouabain-sensitive (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, Na+ -Ca2+ exchange activity and Ca2+ pump activity. Inclusion of ionophore A23187 into the assay medium resulted in an approximately 5-fold increase in (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase which may be due to removal of inhibitory concentrations of Ca2+ accumulated within the membrane vesicles by an ATP-dependent process. Vesicles pre-loaded with 45Ca2+, via Na+-Ca2+ exchange, lost 92% of their Ca2+ when ATP was present and only 60% in the absence of ATP. The results indicate that frog heart sarcolemma possesses a (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase and an ATP-dependent Ca2+ pump which may be involved in the outward pumping of Ca2+ from the heart cell.
Time series, point processes, and hybrids*

Techniques developed for the study of time series, point processes, and marked point processes can suggest corresponding techniques for each other, and common techniques can be recognized. In this paper connections are drawn based on conceptual foundations, basic parameters, analyses, displays, algorithms, problems, models. The definitions and techniques are brought out by specific scientific problems. The emphasis is on the single-realization stationary case and on the use of second- and third-order moments to help understand the realization. The tool of stacking, at a particular period, is employed in several of the examples.
Diversity in Network Attacker Motivation: A Literature Review

Abstract--Dealing with network security requires knowledge of the attacker. The question of attacker motivations is complex. This paper is a literature review examining whether attacker motivations are homogenous or heterogeneous. This is part of an ongoing research effort to characterize system attackers with the goal of helping to mold policy decisions.
The synchrony and diachrony of differential object marking in Paraguayan Guaraní

This paper explores the synchrony and diachrony of differential object marking in Paraguayan Guarani on the basis of a quantitative study of a corpus of naturally occurring data of the modern language and an investigation of object marking in a 17th-century catechism. We show that both animacy and topicality, but not definiteness, affect whether a direct object is marked in modern Guarani, a finding that has implications for cross-linguistic theories of differential object marking, not all of which recognize topicality as a factor. We also find no categorical constraints on differential object marking in Guarani, contrary to Bossong (1985b). Our study of the 17th-century catechism provides further support for Bossong's (1985b, 2009) claim that Guarani did not have differential object marking when it came into contact with Spanish. The paper concludes with a discussion of the hypothesis that differential object marking in Guarani resulted from contact with Spanish.
A Refinement-Based Compositional Reasoning Framework for Pipelined Machine Verification

We present a refinement-based compositional framework for showing that pipelined machines satisfy the same safety and liveness properties as their non-pipelined specifications. Our framework consists of a set of convenient, easily applicable, and complete compositional proof rules. We show how to apply our compositional framework in the context of microprocessor verification to verify both abstract, term-level models and executable, bit-level models. Our framework enables us to verify machine models that are significantly more complex than the kinds of models that can be verified using current state-of-the-art automated decision procedures. For example, using our framework, we can verify a 32-bit, 10-stage, executable pipelined machine model. In addition, our compositional framework offers drastic improvements in the context of design debugging over monolithic approaches, in part because bugs are isolated to particular steps in the compositional proof and because the counter examples generated are much smaller.
Child Support as Labor Regulation

The development of child support policy over the past three decades provides an emblematic case study of the ways in which a new policy that reflects the rise of moral arguments about individual and family responsibility, once established, produces significant consequences for both the economic sphere and political dialogues. I use social control theory to examine a rarely appreciated consequence of child support policies: labor regulation. Particularly, I demonstrate the ways in which the discourse embedded in child support has exalted the importance of work even under the lowest terms, and has deflected public attention away from labor market issues.
Anatomy of the Pelvic Floor

Anatomy is to pelvic surgery as vocabulary is to language: The more detailed one’s knowledge is in anatomy, the more fluent and facile one becomes in the operating room.
Incidence and risk factors for deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolus after liver transplantation

Abstract Background Omitting chemical venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in liver transplant recipients may lead to an increase incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and/or pulmonary embolus (PE). Methods A retrospective comparison of liver transplant recipients who developed postoperative DVT/PE to an age-matched population. Results Forty-three of eight hundred sixty-seven patients developed a DVT/PE. Study group patients received higher amounts of cryoprecipitate and fresh frozen plasma. Study group international normalized ratio (INR) was significantly higher, as was the incidence of postoperative complications. High-grade complication rates (bleeding, respiratory failure, and renal insufficiency) were increased in the study group at 16% vs 0%. Conclusions The present study demonstrates that the rate of DVT/PE after liver transplantation is similar to the rate after other major operations. Patients were more likely to develop DVT/PE if they received increased amounts of intraoperative cryoprecipitate/fresh frozen plasma (FFP) or had an elevated postoperative INR. Furthermore, patients with a complicated postoperative course have the highest risk of venous thromboembolism.
Exposure Cracking of Rubber

Abstract Exposure cracking, sometimes referred to as sun-checking or weather checking, is a term used to describe the behavior of stretched rubber when exposed to the atmosphere under conditions which cause cracking. Cracking can occur when a rubber product under slight tension is exposed to the atmosphere or to ozone. It can occur whether the product is at rest or in motion, in sunlight or in the shade ; or whether the exposure is in the daytime or at night. Susceptibility to cracking may be different under these different conditions. In a recent very excellent and comprehensive paper by Newton, many known facts about weathering and cracking were assembled, and the theory was proposed that all cracking of stretched rubber under exposure is due to ozone. A careful distinction was drawn between this and the crazing or weathering which occurs on unstretched rubber. If, as he contends, ozone is the active agent, the term “sun cracking” is obviously incorrect, and the term “exposure cracking” is to be preferr...
Daily Management System of the Henry Ford Production System: QTIPS to Focus Continuous Improvements at the Level of the Work.

Objectives: To support our Lean culture of continuous improvement, we implemented a daily management system designed so critical metrics of operational success were the focus of local teams to drive improvements. Methods: We innovated a standardized visual daily management board composed of metric categories of Quality, Time, Inventory, Productivity, and Safety (QTIPS); frequency trending; root cause analysis; corrective/preventive actions; and resulting process improvements. Results: In 1 year (June 2013 to July 2014), eight laboratory sections at Henry Ford Hospital employed 64 unique daily metrics. Most assessed long-term (>6 months), monitored process stability, while short-term metrics (1–6 months) were retired after successful targeted problem resolution. Daily monitoring resulted in 42 process improvements. Conclusions: Daily management is the key business accountability subsystem that enabled our culture of continuous improvement to function more efficiently at the managerial level in a visible manner by reviewing and acting based on data and root cause analysis.
Abstract 1303: Key roles for Gab1, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, COX-2, prostaglandin E2 and TGF-alpha in linoleic acid-induced upregulation of lung and breast cancer cell growth.

The omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid, linoleic acid (LA), is prevalent in Western diets and is known to enhance the tumorigenesis of mammary cancer models; with previous work demonstrating an upregulation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) signaling may play a key role. In this study, a mechanism for LA9s upregulation of cancer cell growth is defined. High levels of LA in animal diets or cell culture medium initiates a series of events beginning with increased cyclooxygenase (COX) activity, which leads to increased prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, that subsequently increases matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) levels and transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α). TGF-α is a classic growth factor for the epidermal growth factor receptor 1 (EGFR), which plays a role in a large number of cancers. The Grb2-associated binding protein 1 (Gab1) is a scaffolding protein that can complex with EGFR to activate PI3K signaling. Recent studies in our laboratory reveal LA supplementation of the breast cancer cell line BT-474 and the lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 greatly increases the association between Gab1 and EGFR, while at the same time dramatically decreasing Gab1 protein levels. These changes are concomitant with increases in activated Akt (pAkt), a downstream signaling component in the PI3K signaling pathway. Moreover, inhibitors of EGFR, PI3K and Gab1-specific siRNAs are capable of reversing LA-induced upregulation of pAkt, as well as observed increases in cell proliferation for these models. These data establish Gab1 as major target in LA-induced enhancement of tumorigenesis. Citation Format: Keith D. Kikawa, Clarissa R. Martins, Eric D. Johnson, Kristen Beck, Michael Mouradian, Ronald S. Pardini. Key roles for Gab1, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, COX-2, prostaglandin E2 and TGF-alpha in linoleic acid-induced upregulation of lung and breast cancer cell growth. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1303. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1303
Experimental Limitations In Impedance Spectroscopy of Materials Systems

Using resistor-capacitor networks, sources of experimental artifacts in impedance spectroscopy were investigated, such sources include machine limitations, rig/cabling contributions at high frequencies, and artifacts due to high impedance reference electrodes and their geometrical placement. In the instance of electrode placement, computer simulations with a pixel-based model were in agreement with the experimental observations. Remedies for these artifacts such as rig shielding/grounding, geometrical adjustments, and null corrections are also discussed.
Animal models for SARS.

In 2002–2003, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was a newly identified illness that emerged in Southern China, spread to involve more than 30 countries, and affected more than 8000 people and caused nearly 800 deaths worldwide. Although the etiologic agent was rapidly identified to be a previously unknown coronavirus (named SARS coronavirus or SARS-CoV) and the outbreak was controlled by public health measures, no specific options were available for prevention and control of human disease. Over the past two years, a number of strategies for vaccines and immunoprophylaxis have been investigated. Animal models are essential for preclinical evaluation of the efficacy of candidate vaccines and antivirals, and they are also needed in order to understand the pathogenesis of SARS. A number of investigators around the world have evaluated several different animal species as models for SARS; this effort is important for two
Binding and uptake of surfactant protein D by freshly isolated rat alveolar type II cells

Alveolar type II cells secrete, internalize, and recycle pulmonary surfactant, a lipid and protein complex that increases alveolar compliance and participates in pulmonary host defense. Surfactant protein (SP) D, a collagenous C-type lectin, has recently been described as a modulator of surfactant homeostasis. Mice lacking SP-D accumulate surfactant in their alveoli and type II cell lamellar bodies, organelles adapted for recycling and secretion of surfactant. The goal of current study was to characterize the interaction of SP-D with rat type II cells. Type II cells bound SP-D in a concentration-, time-, temperature-, and calcium-dependent manner. However, SP-D binding did not alter type II cell surfactant lipid uptake. Type II cells internalized SP-D into lamellar bodies and degraded a fraction of the SP-D pool. Our results also indicated that SP-D binding sites on type II cells may differ from those on alveolar macrophages. We conclude that, in vitro, type II cells bind and recycle SP-D to lamellar bodies, but SP-D may not directly modulate surfactant uptake by type II cells.
Exact Analytical Solution for Three-Dimensional Interception of a Maneuvering Target

The three-dimensional guidance problem has been extensively discussed in the open literature for several decades. However, because of the nonlinearity of the equations of relative motion, the analytical solution is generally expressed in the form of nonintegrable quadratures. A partial closed-form solution for a guidance problem, in which the relative commanded acceleration is applied in the direction normal to the line-of-sight, was obtained by previous researchers. In this paper, we generalize that guidance law to include a component of the relative commanded acceleration along the line-of-sight. In this more general case, in the plane of relative motion which is always parallel to a fixed plane, the relative trajectory is obtained explicitly in closed form. Furthermore, while the previous analysis considered only special integer values for the sole navigation constant, the present analysis obtains the analytical solution for a more general guidance law, and arbitrary values of the two control parameters involved. The relative range, the line-of-sight swept angle, and the flight time are analytically expressed in terms of each other. An application to the interception of a satellite in circular orbit is presented.
Monte Carlo study of remote Coulomb and remote surface roughness scattering in nanoscale Ge PMOSFETs with ultrathin high-k dielectrics

In this work we perform full-band Monte Carlo simulations of nanoscale Ge bulk PMOSFETs with ultrathin (<2 nm ) effective oxide thickness high-kappa dielectrics and investigate the importance of remote Coulomb and remote surface roughness scattering in these devices. For a gate overdrive, (Vg-Vt), of 1.0 V, remote scattering mechanisms seem to decrease the saturation current by as much as 15% in these devices
Mechanistic force model for machining process—theory and application of Bayesian inference

This work discusses the Bayesian parameter inference method for a mechanistic force model for machining. Bayesian inference methods have gained popularity recently owing to their intuitiveness and ease with which empirical knowledge may be combined with experimental data considering the uncertainty. The first part of the paper discusses Bayesian parameter inference and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. MCMC method effectiveness has been further analyzed by (1) changing the number of particles in MCMC estimation and (2) changing the MCMC move step size. The second part of the paper discusses two example applications as nonlinear mechanistic force model coefficient identification. The Bayesian inference scheme performs prediction of the cutting force coefficients from the training data. Using these coefficients and input parameters to the model, the cutting force is predicted. This prediction is validated using experimental data, and it is demonstrated that with very few parameter updates the predicted force converges with the measured cutting force. The paper is concluded with the discussion of future work.
Charmian’s “One True” Log of the Snark

In April of 1907, after more than six months of setbacks and delays while their boat was under construction, Charmian was relieved to get Jack onto their new ketch, the Snark, away from hard-drinki...
Reimagining Resources to Build Smart Futures: An Agritech Case Study of Aeroponics

Global resources for food production are heavily, and unsustainably, utilised with known inefficiencies, in a complex, integrated international supply chain. Produce availability and scarcity vary from country to country and from continent to continent, approximately correlated with GDP rather than with either population quanta or domestic agricultural resources. The UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2015 Reportforecasts global human population to increase from 7.3 billion in 2015 to 9.7 billion in 2050. The challenges in evening up global nutrition standards with the additional expected demand require great change within the agriculture industry, especially if the outputs are to be produced sustainably in order to safeguard future generations of production and ecosystem health. Great effort has been taken to make more of less; however, this chapter seeks to demonstrate how a complete rethink to resource usage is key to achieving the sustainability required alongside raising food standards globally.
External Factors Aggravating Acne

As in patients with other diseases, individuals who are prone to acne have integumental weaknesses that make them more susceptible to certain external agents. The abnormalities of acne (hyperkeratinization of the sebaceous follicle, increased excretion of sebum, and rupture of the follicular epithelium with extensive inflammation) provide a simplified check list for reviewing potential problems for a patient. A variety of physical and chemical agents may aggravate acne. One must also consider topical medications. Some extrinsic agents used in the name of therapy may worsen the disease. Acne cosmetica, pustulogenic agents, pomade acne, acne detergicans, sunscreens, ultraviolet light, acne mechanica, steroids, occupational acne venenata, and acneform medicamentosa are discussed.
A Design Language for Knowledge Management Systems (KMS)

As with all species, humans spend their life in competition. Unlike other organisms, we carry this competitive drive past mere survival and reproduction into the structures of our social and business life. The structures of our business environment revolve around the ability of an organization to obtain long-term competitiveness through the control of rare and valuable resources that have limited substitutability, mobility, and imitability (Barney, 1991, Peteraf, 1993). Knowledge is precisely such a rare and valuable resource and does add greatly to an organization’s ability to sustain competitiveness (Alavi and Leidner, 2001, Kogut and Zander, 1992, Argote and Ingram, 2000).
Efficient High Strength Finish Grinding of Ceramics

Abstract Grinding is the usual process employed to finish advanced ceramics. Methodology is presented for conventional grinding machines to provide maximum strength in the ground ceramic while at the same time providing highest finish grinding removal rate. Guidelines in the form of tables are presented for efficient high strength grinding of hot pressed silicon nitride ceramic. The tables give guidelines for wheel downfeed to achieve maximum strength grinding for specific sets of wheel diameter, wheel speed, workspeed, and wheel grit size. The tables also provide maximum specific material removal rate values for each set of wheel diameter, wheel speed, and wheel grit size. Results are based on experimental grinding research and strength testing. A procedure is presented for applying the methodology for efficient high strength finish grinding to other structural ceramics.