cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identifying risk for specific language impairment with narrow and global measures of grammar.

AbstractIn this study, we ask (1) whether measures of the developmental level of the tense/agreement morphemes used by children have diagnostic value, as has been found for tense/agreement consistency; and (2) whether global measures of accuracy can be applied to children four and five years of age. The spontaneous speech samples of 112 four- and five-year-olds with specific language impairment (SLI) or typical language were analyzed. Group differences were seen for the developmental level of the children’s tense/agreement morpheme use, but diagnostic accuracy did not reach acceptable levels, in contrast to a measure of tense/agreement consistency applied to the same data. A global measure of grammatical accuracy was found to be useful, but more appropriate for screening children already viewed as at risk for language difficulties. These findings suggest that an extended period of tense/agreement inconsistency may be more central to SLI than alternative measures related to tense/agreement morphology.
Flow near the permeable boundary of a porous medium: An experimental investigation using LDA

Fluid flow at the interface of a porous medium and an open channel is the governing phenomenon in a number of processes of industrial importance. Traditionally, this has been modeled by applying the Brinkman’s modification of Darcy’s law to obtain the velocity profile in terms of an additional parameter known as the “apparent viscosity” or the “slip coefficient”. To test this ad hoc approach, a detailed experimental investigation of the flow was conducted using Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) in the close vicinity of the permeable boundary of a porous medium. The porous medium used in the experiments consisted of a network of continuous glass strands woven together in a random fashion.
Impact-parameter dependence of inner-shell vacancy production in Ni + Mn and Ni + Pb collisions

Abstract The impact-parameter dependence of inner-shell vacancy production cross sections for Ni + Mn and Ni + Pb collisions have been measured at 45 MeV. Projectile Ni K-X-rays and target Mn K- and Pb L-X-rays were observed. The data are interpreted in terms of the statistical model proposed by Brandt and Jones for inner-shell vacancy formation.
Project termination doesn't equal project failure

One of the most frequently cited software project statistics comes from the Standish Group's 1995 Chaos report (http://www.standishgroup.com/visitor/ chaos.htm): "A staggering 31.1 percent of [software] projects will be canceled before they ever get completed." The Chaos report, and numerous documents citing it, label these canceled projects as "failed" and imply that all 31.1 percent of them were canceled because of poor software management. This implication is both false and hazardous. It is false because, particularly in an era of rapid change, a lot of software projects are properly started, well managed, and properly terminated before completion because their original assumptions have changed. It is hazardous because it often leaves software managers with the following temptation: "It's becoming clear that continuing this project will waste company resources. I should probably have the project canceled now, but that would make me the manager of a failed project and wreck my career. I'll be better off if I say nothing, keep the project going, and look for a new project to transfer to." To counter this train of thought, the author reviews the main sources of project termination determined in the Chaos report, and estimates how likely each termination source applies to a well- or poorly managed project.
Introduction: why people do not accept evolution: using protistan diversity to promote evolution literacy.

Sponsored by the International Society of Protistologists (ISOP) and the VI European Congress of Protistology held in July 25--29, 2011, at the Free University of Berlin, Germany, we organized a workshop entitled “Using the Diversity of Protists to Educate Students and the Public about Evolution.” The workshop had three goals: (1) examine patterns of public acceptance of evolution worldwide in order to identify measurable variables associated with attitudes toward evolution; (2) strategize effective communication of evolutionary principles to all audiences and facilitate public outreach based on an empirical understanding of the conflicts between evolution and creationism; and (3) highlight the significance of protists as exemplars of evolutionary processes and use them to promote evolution literacy. This was the second workshop about the “controversy evolution versus creationism” sponsored by ISOP; the first, entitled “Horizontal Gene Transfer and Phylogenetic Evolution Debunk Intelligent Design,” was held at Roger Williams University, USA, in 2009 (Espinosa 2010; Farmer and Habura 2010; Paz-y-Mino-C. and Espinosa 2010). Dr. Guillermo Paz-y-Mino-C., University of Massachusetts-Dartmouth, USA, introduced the workshop by highlighting world patterns of acceptance of evolution and discussing why people do not accept evolution (details below); Drs. Mark van der Giezen (speaker) and Timothy M. Lenton, University of Exeter, Great Britain, discussed the proto-world and the emergence of protists; Dr. Janet Keithly, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, USA, summarized the evolution of mitochondrion-like organelles; Dr. Avelina Espinosa, Roger Williams University, USA, discussed crypticity and incipient taxa in Entamoeba; and Drs. Samuel Bowser (speaker), Jefrey Travis and Andrea Habura, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, USA, portrayed foraminiferans as pontiffs of evolution. The researchers above agreed to summarize the workshop by preparing three articles which are published in this issue of the Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology: first, this Introduction to the workshop on Why People Do Not Accept Evolution: Using Protistan Diversity to Promote Evolution Literacy, by Paz-y-Mino-C. and Espinosa; second, a critical mini-review of contrasting hypothesis concerning the Rise of Oxygen and Complex Life, by van der Giezen and Lenton; and third, a laboratory-based study on Kin Discrimination, Crypticity and Incipient Taxa in Entamoeba, by Espinosa and Paz-y-Mino-C. In this Introduction, we summarize Paz-y-Mino-C.’s analysis of the statistical patterns of acceptance of evolution worldwide and his conceptual discussion about why people do not accept evolution, particularly the interaction between science/evolution literacy and the belief in supernatural causation. We close by highlighting descriptive statistics about attitudes toward evolution among protistologists in comparison to other highly educated scholars.
Partitioning of sequentially ordered systems using linear programming

A variation of the partitioning problem is solved using linear programming techniques. In this class of problems, the optimal partition of objects must follow an apriori sequential ordering of objects. We examine a program segmentation application of this problem and formulate this sequential partitioning problem as an integer programming problem. The integer programming model of the problem possesses special structure such that the extreme points of its LP relaxation are integer and can be solved using LP techniques. We present computational results for randomly generated problems. We show how the LP approach can handle various side conditions and clustering criteria that arise across different problem types.
Flavor, color, and vitamin C retention of pulsed electric field processed orange juice in different packaging materials.

Effects of packaging materials, storage temperature, and time on the stability of pulsed electric field (PEF) processed orange juice were investigated. Single-strength orange juice was treated with PEF at an electric field strength of 35 kV/cm for 59 μs using an integrated pilot plant scale PEF processing and glovebox packaging system. The retention of eight orange juice aroma compounds, color, and vitamin C in glass, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high-density polyethylene, and low-density polyethylene were evaluated at 4 and 22 °C for 112 days. Packaging material had a significant effect (p ≤ 0.05) on the retention of orange juice aroma compounds, color, and vitamin C. PEF-treated orange juice had a shelf life of >16 weeks in glass and PET at 4 °C. Keywords: PEF processing; packaging materials; vitamin C; orange juice aroma compounds; sensory evaluation
"Beating the odds" versus "changing the odds": Poverty, resilience, and family policy.

Mixed in with national data on declining poverty rates are other signs that poverty, economic hardship, and inequality continue unabated. This essay examines: (a) the scope of poverty and the growing disparity in income and wealth; (b) the consequences of poverty of adults and children; and (c) strategies for improving their resilience. It is suggested that resiliency will be enhanced more by keen attention to national economic policies than by focusing upon individual personality characteristics, family attributes, or even unique community features. Drawing on a public health analogy, a focus on prevention (through sound economic redistribution policies) could significantly strengthen families and improve their well-being.
Streak Camera Dynamic Range Optimization

The LLNL optical streak camera is used by the Laser Fusion Program in a wide range of applications. Many of these applications require a large recorded dynamic range. Recent work has focused on maximizing the dynamic range of the streak camera recording system. For our streak cameras, image intensifier saturation limits the upper end of the dynamic range. We have developed procedures to set the image intensifier gain such that the system dynamic range is maximized. Specifically, the gain is set such that a single streak tube photoelectron is recorded with an exposure of about five times the recording system noise. This ensures detection of single photoelectrons, while not consuming intensifier or recording system dynamic range through excessive intensifier gain. The optimum intensifier gain has been determined for two types of film and for a lens-coupled CCD camera. We have determined that by recording the streak camera image with a CCD camera, the system is shot-noise limited up to the onset of image intensifier nonlinearity. When recording on film, the film determines the noise at high exposure levels. There is discussion of the effects of slit width and image intensifier saturation on dynamic range. 8 refs.
Protective effects of curcumin against rotenone and salsolinol-induced toxicity: implications for Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder that results from the loss of or damage to dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra. Exposure to either the pesticide rotenone or the endogenous neurotoxin salsolinol has been shown to mimic this dopaminergic cell loss. In this study, we first sought to determine whether combination of rotenone and salsolinol would result in an additive or synergistic toxicity. For this purpose we utilized SH-SY5Y cells, a human neuroblastoma cell line that is commonly used to model dopaminergic neurodegeneration. We then tested whether curcumin, a natural plant compound with known health benefits including potential neuroprotective properties, could also protect against rotenone and/or salsolinol-induced toxicity. Moreover, since apoptotic mechanism has been implicated in toxicity of these compounds the anti-apoptotic effect of curcumin was also evaluated. Our results indicate a synergistic toxicity of low concentrations of rotenone (1 and 5 µM) and salsolinol (25 and 50 µM) that was associated with apoptosis as determined by cell flow cytometry. There was also an increase in caspase-3 levels. Pretreatment with curcumin (1–10 µM) dose-dependently attenuated rotenone and/or salsolinol-induced toxicity and the associated apoptosis. These results suggest that exposure to a combination of rotenone and salsolinol may contribute to the pathology of PD, and that curcumin has a therapeutic potential in this disease.
Diffusive-convective physical vapor transport of PbTe from a Te-rich solid source

Crystal growth of PbTe by physical vapor transport (sublimation) in a closed ampoule is governed by the vapor species in thermal equilibrium with the solid compound. Deviations from stoichiometry in the source material cause diffusion limitation of the transport rate, which can be modified by natural (gravity-driven) convection. Mass-transport experiments have been performed using Te-rich material wherein sublimation rates have been measured in order to study the effects of natural convection in diffusion-limited vapor transport. Linear velocities for both crystal growth and evaporation (back sublimation) have been measured for transport in the direction of gravity, horizontally, and opposite to gravity. The experimental results are discussed in terms of both the one-dimensional diffusive-advective model and current, more sophisticated theory which includes natural convection. There is some evidence that convection effects from radial temperature gradients and solutal density gradients have been observed.
Molecular hydraulic properties of montmorillonite: a polarized fourier transform infrared spectroscopic study.

Understanding the rates at which fluid flows into clay interlayers at the molecular level is fundamental to designing an effective clay barrier system. In this work, molecular interactions at the Na-montmorillonite (MMT)–water interface, emphasizing the flow properties of the clay interlayer, have been studied at the molecular and nanoscale level using polarized Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Clay–water slurries were smeared on inert gold-coated metal substrates for FT-IR experiments and slurries were smeared on quartz plates for XRD experiments. By analyzing the O–H stretching and H–O–H bending vibrations in clay slurries, it was concluded that the molecular behavior of interlayer water is significantly different from the molecular behavior of bulk water. With increasing clay–water interaction time, it was also seen that the Si–O stretching bands of clay are being significantly altered by the water molecules in the interlayer. Using these spectroscopic techniques we have estimated the time required for water to flow into the clay interlayer. Further, by analyzing the particle size of the clay using atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging, we were able to estimate the flow velocity of the water in the clay interlayer. This velocity is found to be 3.23 × 10−9 cm/s. This flow velocity was found to be of the same order of magnitude as the hydraulic conductivity of smectite-type clay reported elsewhere. Also described in this work is the correct positioning of the Si–O out-of-plane vibration band of MMT at the two-layer saturation level in the interlayer. This band was only observed in p-polarized spectra at 1211 cm−1. Thus, we attribute this band to the Si–O out-of-plane vibration band.
Addition of methanol to the mobile phase in packed capillary column supercritical fluid chromatography retention mechanisms from linear solvation energy relationships

Linear solvation energy relationships (LSERs) were used to verify previously proposed retention mechanisms when an organic modifier is used with an octyldecylsilane bonded phase in packed capillary column supercritical fluid chromatography. Supercritical fluid chromatographic retention data for a wide variety of compounds at different modifier concentrations were obtained using a 60 cm×200 μm I.D. ODS packed capillary column. Supercritical carbon dioxide at a pressure of 260 atm was used as mobile phase and methanol as modifier. The LSER regression equation used was log k′ = SP0 + llog L16 + s π2H + αα2H + bβ2H + rR2, where k′ represents the capacity factor and L16 represents the partition coefficient of the solute between the gas phase and n-hexadecane at 298 K, and l, s, a, b and r are the regression coefficients. By increasing the percentage of modifier added to the mobile phase, the l coefficient decreased gradually. The b and s coefficients were greatly decreased on moving from neat carbon dioxide mobile phase to 2% methanol modifier, thereafter showing a gradual decrease with increasing modifier concentration. From these observations, we substantiate the conclusion that when a small amount of modifier (up to 2%) is added, the predominent modifier effect on the ODS bonded phase is dynamic coating of free silanols on the surface of the stationary phase, and when more modifier is added, another effect, i.e. an increase in the density of the mobile phase leading to an increase in elution strength of the eluent, becomes more important.
Computational Diversions: Turtle Really and Truly Escapes the Plane

Just about anyone, when asked, can respond to the question ‘‘What is your all-time favorite book?’’ I’m no exception–in fact, for me, there’s no contest. The book is Turtle Geometry, by Hal Abelson and Andy diSessa (Abelson and diSessa 1980). Actually, Turtle Geometry is more than just a ‘‘favorite’’ book: it actually changed my life, a story I’ve never written about. In 1980, while working as a fledgling computer programmer at the Rockefeller University (my machine there was a DEC PDP-8), I happened into the University Library and plucked the book from the ‘‘new arrivals’’ shelf, intrigued by the mysterious title. A month later, I was certifiably insane, telling everyone who would listen that there was this really, really important book that you just had to read, that introduced mathematical ideas in a completely wonderful, experimental way, that made everything clear... and so forth. I had no idea who the authors were, but the book jacket said that they worked at MIT, so I applied to graduate school to study with them. My application form must have appeared sufficiently obsessive, and to my shock I was accepted. It sounds arrogant to say that ‘‘the rest is history’’, but in any event, the rest is my history. I still love Turtle Geometry, and have probably re-read the book in its entirety a half dozen times in the three decades since it was published. Abelson and diSessa use a Logolike language to present a remarkably accessible, procedural approach to geometry. In the course of about 500 pages, they introduce ideas of recursion, artificial life, Euclidean geometry, vector algebra, topology, and general relativity, to name a few. The book has lost absolutely none of its joy and freshness for me; by the way, it’s still in print, and if the interested reader wishes to consider this a plug, he or she can be my guest. The purpose of this column is to quench an ambition that has festered within me these past 30 years, since first picking up Turtle Geometry from the new-arrivals shelf. In the
Arthrographic Analysis of Communication between the Tarsometatarsal and Distal Intertarsal Joints of the Horse

The intra-articular anatomy of 103 equine tarsi was studied by contrast radiography with image intensification and computerized tomography. There was communication between the tarsometatarsal and distal intertarsal joints in 21 of 55 (38%) interpretable tarsometatarsal arthrograms, and in 11 of 48 (23%) interpretable distal intertarsal arthrograms. The difference was not significant. The volume of contrast agent and the pressure of injection did not correlate with communication. Forced injection caused subcutaneous leakage of contrast medium but not communication. Communication occurred via the tarsal canal and the space between the third and the combined first and second tarsal bones. Injection of the distal intertarsal joint from the dorsomedial aspect of the limb, distal to the palpable distal border of the medial branch of the tendon of the tibialis cranialis muscle and between the central, third, and combined first and second tarsal bones, provided reliable access except in the presence of severe periosteal proliferations.
Particulate Air Pollution and Mortality: The Particle Epidemiology Evaluation Project

Abstract The second colloquium on particulate air pollution marks the reemergence of air pollution, generated by combustion sources, as a serious public health concern throughout the developed world. This article provides a perspective on the epidemiologic evidence on particulate air pollution and health. It addresses the evolution of methods for investigating air pollution and mortality and morbidity and the inter-pretational framework for the findings of the studies. Our work at the Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, funded by the Health Effects Institute as part of its Particle Epidemiology Evaluation Project, provides the foundation; data are from public-use resources and are analyzed using Poisson regression. Data from previous analyses were replicated, and a detailed analysis for Philadelphia 1974–1988 was conducted to explore the sensitivity of the findings to key modeling assumptions. Our findings show that the association of total suspended particles with mortality pers...
Innovation and Imitation in a Duopoly

In a duopoly where one firm has the idea for a non-patentable innovation, the expected profits from the innovation will not be a monotonic function of the cost of innovating. Furthermore, a costly innovation may be undertaken, where an inexpensive one would not have been, all other things being equal.
The scent of age

In many species, older males are often preferred mates because they carry 'good' genes that account for their viability. How females discern a male's age is a matter of question. However, for animals that rely heavily on chemical communication there is some indication that an animal's age can be determined by its scent. To investigate whether there are changes in body odours with age, and if so their composition, mice were trained in a Y-maze to discriminate urine odours of donor mice of different ages: Adult (3-10 months old) and Aged (more than 17 months old). Trained mice could discriminate between these two age groups by odour alone. To determine the chemical basis for these discriminations, studies were performed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. These analyses demonstrated differences in the ratio of urinary volatiles with age. The most prominent differences involved significantly greater amounts of 2-phenylacetamide and significantly lower amounts of methylbutyric acids in Aged animals relative to Adult animals. Fractionating and manipulating the levels of these compounds in the urine demonstrated that the mice can distinguish age based on variation in amounts of these specific compounds in the combined urine.
Residue-series computation of lit-region fields via a novel function P*(/spl xi/,q,u)

Summary form only given. While in the case of a smooth perfectly-conducting scatterer, transition-region electromagnetic fields can readily be obtained from tabulated values of familiar integrals, such tabulated values are not, in general, available in the case of an impedance or coated scatterer. A comparison between the solution of Hussar and Albus (1991) with the more familiar UTD shadow-region solution of Pathak, Burnside and Marhefka (1980) for a conducting scatterer, and for impedance and coated cylinders proposed by Kim and Wang (1989) suggests the introduction of a novel function p*(/spl xi/,q,u) with the property that p*(/spl xi/,q) (a Pekeris function) is rapidly approached as u increases past unity. Extension of this function into the lit region is easily achieved, and, for a value of u not greatly in excess of unity, p*(/spl xi/,q,u) provides an accurate approximation for p*(/spl xi/,q) for /spl xi/ as small as -1.5 and at a modest cost in computational terms. A complete solution is obtained by employing heuristically derived criteria to effect a transition between a UTD solution employing p/sup /spl xi/,q,u/ and geometrical optics.
Naturally Acquired Immunity to Pneumonia Due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae

The immunity to Mycoplasma pneumoniae was studied by periodic collection of sera up to 15 years after infection. Sera were tested for antilipid antibodies by complement fixation. Antibody levels remained elevated for two to nine years after pneumonia but usually fell sharply after the second year in persons with milder symptoms. Infection rates were at least six times higher in comparison groups than in previous pneumonia patients. Schoolchildren with serologic evidence of infection, but without pneumonia, during the 1966-1967 epidemic were not protected during the next epidemic (1974). Children with evidence of infection during the first two years of life were at no higher risk of clinical pneumonia (immunopathological response) at school age than those without previous known exposure. The current study suggests that naturally acquired infection induces partial immunity which lasts longer after pneumonia than after mild infections.
Root Surface Measurements of Mandibular Molars Using Stereophotogrammetry

Ten mandibular first molars were hemisected and the root surface of each root was measured using stereophotogrammetry and computer analysis. In each tooth the mesial root was determined to have a greater surface area than the distal root. This difference was statistically significant. The fact that the mesial root has the larger surface area must be a consideration when hemisection is planned.
Tests for independence between marks and points of a marked point process

A convenient assumption while modeling a marked point process is that the observations (i.e., marks) and the locations (i.e., points) are independent. We propose new graphical and formal testing approaches to test for this assumption. The proposed graphical procedures are easy to obtain and can be used to diagnose the nature and range of dependence between marks and points. The formal testing procedures require only minimal conditions on marks and thus can be applied to a variety of settings. We illustrate these procedures through a simulation study and an application to some real data.
Neuropsychological Correlates of Methylphenidate Treatment in Adult ADHD With and Without Depression

The purpose of this study was to characterize the neuropsychological profiles of adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) alone and ADHD with active comorbid depression, and to evaluate changes in the neuropsychological profile in these two groups following a trial of methylphenidate. Forty patients with ADHD were classified into two groups based on their affective status resulting in a group of 21 patients with ADHD alone and 19 patients with ADHD and active comorbid symptoms of depression (ADHD-D). All subjects received a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation including measures of cognitive, motor and affective functioning before and after treatment. Fifteen normal controls were also assessed at a yoked time interval. At baseline, both patient groups showed impairment in verbal memory, motor and processing speed, visual scanning, and auditory and visual distractibility. Following treatment, both patient groups showed improvement across all neuropsychological measures while controls remained relatively stable over time. Improvement in neuropsychological test performance was not related to gender, affective status or referral source. Patients with active comorbid symptoms of depression show a similar neuropsychological profile and appear equally likely to benefit from methylphenidate intervention as patients with ADHD alone.
The Efficacy of Portfolios for Teacher Evaluation and Professional Development: Do They Make a Difference?

A multiyear study of a small school district introducing the use of portfolios as part of a new evaluation system was conducted to determine the efficacy of portfolios in the evaluation of teacher performance both for accountability and professional development purposes. The portfolio system was found to be particularly useful in documenting teacher performance in the areas of assessment and professionalism—ones not readily observable during classroom visits by administrators. Based on summative evaluation results, the introduction of portfolios assisted administrators in making finer distinctions about the quality of teacher performance. Survey and focus group data indicated that teachers and administrators viewed portfolios as fair and accurate measures of performance but had concerns about their feasibility given the time demands of development. Portfolios were found to clearly support the accountability purposes of teacher evaluation, but further research is needed to delineate the conditions under wh...
The identification and characterisation of novel KIT transcripts in aggressive mast cell malignancies and normal CD34+ cells

KIT mutations have been identified in several malignancies, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and systemic mastocytosis (SM). Mast cell leukemia (MCL) is the most aggressive mast cell neoplasm, but has not been well studied due to its rarity. We identified novel KIT transcripts in two patients with MCL and two patients with SM with an associated hematological disorder, but not from two patients with SM. Similar novel KIT transcripts were also observed in normal CD34+ cells from bone marrow and umbilical cord blood, suggesting that altered KIT isoforms may be specific to the blast stage of hematopoietic precursors. The novel KIT proteins lack several domains including the ATP binding site, and one was inactive in a functional test for autophosphorylation. Our discovery of novel KIT transcripts underscores the importance of analysing entire protein encoding regions when studying genes of interest.
Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) on the Swift MIDEX mission

The Burst Alert telescope (BAT) is one of 3 instruments on the Swift MIDEX spacecraft to study gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). The BAT instrument is the instrument that first detects the GRB and localizes the burst direction to an accuracy of 1 - 4 arcmin within 10 sec after the start of the event. These locations cause the spacecraft to autonomously slew to point the two narrow-FOV instruments at the burst location within 20 - 70 sec to make follow-up x-ray and optical observations. BAT is a wide-FOV coded-aperture instrument with a CdZnTe detector plane. The detector plane is composed of 32,768 pieces of CdZnTe (4 X 4 X 2 mm), and the coded-aperture mask is composed of approximately 50,000 pieces of lead (5 X 5 X 1 mm) with a 1-m separation between mask and detector plane. The BAT operates over the 10 - 150 keV energy range with approximately 7 keV resolution, a sensitivity of 0.2 ph/cm2-sec, and a 1.4 sr (half-coded) FOV. We expect to detect approximately 300 GRBs/yr for a 3-year mission. The BAT also performs an all-sky hard x-ray survey with a sensitivity of approximately 1 mCrab (systematic limit) and as a hard x- ray transient monitor.
Advancement of Nutrition Support in Clinical Pharmacy

2006 marked the 40th year of publication for The Annals. Throughout its history, The Annals has provided important contributions to the development of clinical pharmacy. In 2007, we are continuing to publish articles reflecting on the history of clinical pharmacy through the eyes of practitioners, including those pioneering clinical pharmacy, as well as those who have more recently entered the profession and a well-established specialty. In addition, we are presenting articles and editorials from the early history of The Annals that have given direction and shape to the practice of clinical pharmacy (see page 873).
Premutation huntingtin allele adopts a non-B conformation and contains a hot spot for DNA damage

The expansion of a CAG trinucleotide repeat (TNR) sequence has been linked to several neurological disorders, for example, Huntington's disease (HD). In HD, healthy individuals have 5-35 CAG repeats. Those with 36-39 repeats have the premutation allele, which is known to be prone to expansion. In the disease state, greater than 40 repeats are present. Interestingly, the formation of non-B DNA conformations by the TNR sequence is proposed to contribute to the expansion. Here we provide the first structural and thermodynamic analysis of a premutation length TNR sequence. Using chemical probes of nucleobase accessibility, we found that similar to (CAG)(10), the premutation length sequence (CAG)(36) forms a stem-loop hairpin and contains a hot spot for DNA damage. Additionally, calorimetric analysis of a series of (CAG)(n) sequences, that includes repeat tracts in both the healthy and premutation ranges, reveal that thermodynamic stability increases linearly with the number of repeats. Based on these data, we propose that while non-B conformations can be formed by TNR tracts found in both the healthy and premutation allele, only sequences containing at least 36 repeats have sufficient thermodynamic stability to contribute to expansion.
Probabilistic topic models with biased propagation on heterogeneous information networks

With the development of Web applications, textual documents are not only getting richer, but also ubiquitously interconnected with users and other objects in various ways, which brings about text-rich heterogeneous information networks. Topic models have been proposed and shown to be useful for document analysis, and the interactions among multi-typed objects play a key role at disclosing the rich semantics of the network. However, most of topic models only consider the textual information while ignore the network structures or can merely integrate with homogeneous networks. None of them can handle heterogeneous information network well. In this paper, we propose a novel topic model with biased propagation (TMBP) algorithm to directly incorporate heterogeneous information network with topic modeling in a unified way. The underlying intuition is that multi-typed objects should be treated differently along with their inherent textual information and the rich semantics of the heterogeneous information network. A simple and unbiased topic propagation across such a heterogeneous network does not make much sense. Consequently, we investigate and develop two biased propagation frameworks, the biased random walk framework and the biased regularization framework, for the TMBP algorithm from different perspectives, which can discover latent topics and identify clusters of multi-typed objects simultaneously. We extensively evaluate the proposed approach and compare to the state-of-the-art techniques on several datasets. Experimental results demonstrate that the improvement in our proposed approach is consistent and promising.
Translating Native Latin American Verbal Art: Ethnopoetics and Ethnography of Speaking

Translating Native Latin American Verbal Art: Ethnopoetics and Ethnography of Speaking. Kay Sammons and Joel Sherzer. eds. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2000. 309 pp.
Tools and Strategies for Making Co-teaching Work:

A large percentage of students with disabilities are being educated in the general education environment for a majority of the academic day. Many educators have chosen co-teaching as the most appro...
Rethinking the Taxation of the Financial Sector

The economic crisis that erupted in 2008 has prompted many countries to rethink, and several already to reform, the taxation of financial institutions. The underlying analytical issues, however, have received almost no attention in the public finance literature. This article explores the possible purposes and broad design of distinctive tax measures for financial institutions, focusing especially on the potential role of corrective taxation, and its merits relative to traditional forms of regulation, in addressing the challenges posed by the potential failure of systemically important institutions. (JEL codes: G38, H21 and H23)
Effects of experiential pleasure from a catalogue environment on approach responses toward fashion apparel

Consumers’ needs are satisfied by the pleasurable experience from a product’s promotional environment (e.g. store setting, advertisement, or catalogue page). The present paper examined whether components of experiential pleasure from a catalogue page influenced approach responses towards the featured fashion apparel product. Most hypotheses were supported. Specifically, sensory and cognitive pleasure from a catalogue page positively affected approach responses of global attitude, multi‐attribute attitude, and willingness to buy the featured product, but not price willing to be paid for the product. Statistically significant multiple regression analyses revealed that “experiencing oneself in the imagery involving the product” was the component of cognitive pleasure that affected the dependent variables, as hypothesized. Implications for marketing/consumer behavior research and promotional environments are provided.
Effects of postfire seeding and fertilizing on hillslope erosion in north-central Washington, USA

Abstract After the 1998 North 25 Fire in the Wenatchee National Forest, eight study sites were established on steep, severely burned hillslopes to examine the effectiveness of postfire seeding and fertilizing treatments in increasing cover to reduce hillslope erosion, and to measure the nutrient content of the eroded sediment. At each site, four 4 by 9 m plots were located with four randomly applied treatments: seed (winter wheat, Triticum estivum) at 34 kg ha− 1, fertilizer (75% ammonium nitrate and 25% ammonium sulfate) at 31 kg ha− 1, seed and fertilizer, and untreated control. Sediment fences were installed at the base of each plot to measure erosion rates and sample the eroded sediments. In addition, precipitation amounts and intensities, surface cover, canopy cover, and nutrient concentrations in the eroded sediments were measured for four years after the fire. Total precipitation was below average during the four-year study period, and most erosion occurred during short duration, moderate intensity summer rainfall events. The overall first year mean erosion rate was 16 Mg ha− 1 yr− 1, and this decreased significantly in the second year to 0.66 Mg ha− 1 yr− 1. There were no significant differences in erosion rates between treatments. In the first year, the seeded winter wheat provided 4.5% canopy cover, about a fourth of the total canopy cover, on the seeded plots; however, the total canopy cover on the seeded plots did not differ from the unseeded plots. The below average precipitation in the spring after seeding may have affected the winter wheat survival rate. In the fourth year of the study, the mean canopy cover in the fertilization treatment plots was 74%, and this was greater than the 55% mean canopy cover in the unfertilized plots (p = 0.04); however, there was no accompanying reduction in erosion rate for either the seeding or fertilization treatments. Revegetation by naturally occurring species was apparently not impacted by seeding during the four years of this study. The pH of the sediment as well as the concentrations of NO3–N, NH4–N, and K was not affected by seeding or fertilizing. The nutrient loads in the eroded sediment were minimal, with most of the nutrient loss occurring in the first postfire year. These results confirm that seeding success is highly dependent on rainfall intensity, amounts, and timing, and that soil nutrients lost in eroded sediments are unlikely to impair the site productivity.
Acceptability and perceived effectiveness of web-based self-instruction in clinical orthodontics

Abstract For a predoctoral course in advanced clinical orthodontics, we evaluated the acceptability to students (how well did you like it?) and the perceived effectiveness (how well did it help you learn?) of Web-based self-instruction plus small-group seminars. On a 10-point Likert scale, median scores for acceptability and effectiveness of the self-instructional modules and seminars were nine. More than half the students rated the modules as excellent, and two-thirds rated the seminars as excellent. No students rated either the modules or the seminars as poor. With the use of structured seminar outlines, there were no significant differences in seminar scores among the seminar leaders. Compared with their predecessors who had a traditional lecture course, students who had the new self-instructional course were less likely to report either the positive or negative extremes in confidence about their ability to recognize treatment alternatives for orthodontic problems. The results indicate that Web-based s...
Multiscale Modeling of Virus Structure, Assembly, and Dynamics

Viruses are traditionally considered as infectious agents that attack cells and cause illnesses like AIDS, Influenza, Hepatitis, etc. However, recent advances have illustrated the potential for viruses to play positive roles for human health, instead of causing disease [1, 2]. For example, viruses can be employed for a variety of biomedical and biotechnological applications, including gene therapy[3], drug delivery[4], tumor targeting[5], and medical imaging[6]. Therefore, it is important to understand quantitatively how viruses operate such that they can be engineered in a predictive manner for beneficial roles.
EFFECT OF EVOLOCUMAB ON REMNANT LIPOPROTEIN PARTICLES

Remnant lipoproteins are incompletely lipolyzed precursors to low-density lipoprotein particles found in serum, and they correlate with increased risk for cardiovascular (CV) events. Remnants include small very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles and intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL).
Sensitivity of Seismic Response to Variations In the Woodford Shale

The Woodford Shale can act as source rock, seal and reservoir, and may have elastic anisotropy. We carried out seismic anisotropy modeling using a vertical impulsive source to characterize the seismic response (PP, PS and SS waves) of different anisotropy scenarios of VTI and HTI in the Woodford Shale. The seismic response is sensitive to Thomsen’s parameters in the VTI case and to crack density, crack aspect ratio, and fluid saturation in the HTI case. Modeling helps in understanding these seismic properties and their relation to rock and fluid demonstrating the importance of this sensitivity study to the seismic.
Cereal Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) Preferences for and Reproduction on Some Warm-Season Grasses

Preferences and reproduction of Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), Macrosiphum (Sitobton) avenae (F.), Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), and R. maidis (Fitch) were tested on 13 species (9 genera) of native North American warm-season grasses under controlled conditions in environmental chambers. In six of the eight tests (involving S. graminum, M. avenae, R. padi ), none of the grasses was as attractive to alighting aphids as the control, Hordeum vulgare L. Seedling Panicum virgatum and mature Eragrostis trichodes were as attractive to R. maidis as the control. Schizaphis graminum reproduced successfully on seven seedling grasses, M. avenae on four, R. padi on two, and R. maidis on one. Only R. maidis reproduced successfully on the mature grasses (six species). The Andropogon spp. were virtually immune to aphid colonization. Aphid preferences for particular grasses were often a good index to their reproductive success on them. Warm-season grasses are probably not as important as alternative hosts of cereal aphids in the Northern Plains as Agropyron spp. or certain weed grasses.
Clinical and Functional Outcomes after Multiligament Knee Injury with Associated Peroneal Nerve Palsy: Comparison with a Matched Control Group at 2-18 Years.

Objectives: Peroneal nerve injuries are not uncommon with multiligament (ML) knee dislocations. However, there remains little information on outcome of these injuries. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to (1) report the clinical and functional outcomes after ML knee injury with concomitant peroneal nerve palsy, (2) compare recovery and outcome with partial versus complete peroneal nerve injury, (3) compare outcomes to a matched cohort of ML knee injuries without concomitant peroneal nerve palsy.
Analysis of Ground Motion from An Underground Chemical Explosion

We investigate the excitation and propagation of far‐field seismic waves from the 905 kg trinitrotoluene equivalent underground chemical explosion SPE‐3 recorded during the Source Physics Experiment (SPE) at the Nevada National Security Site. The recorded far‐field ground motion at short and long distances is characterized by substantial shear‐wave energy, and large azimuthal variations in P ‐ and S ‐wave amplitudes. The shear waves observed on the transverse component of sensors at epicentral distances <50 m suggests they were generated at or very near the source. The relative amplitude of the shear waves grows as the waves propagate away from the source. We analyze and model the shear‐wave excitation during the explosion in the 0.01–10 Hz frequency range, at epicentral distances of up to 1 km. We used two simulation techniques. One is based on the empirical isotropic Mueller–Murphy (MM) (Mueller and Murphy, 1971) nuclear explosion source model, and 3D anelastic wave propagation modeling. The second uses a physics‐based approach that couples hydrodynamic modeling of the chemical explosion source with anelastic wave propagation modeling. Comparisons with recorded data show the MM source model overestimates the SPE‐3 far‐field ground motion by an average factor of 4. The observations show that shear waves with substantial high‐frequency energy were generated at the source. However, to match the observations additional shear waves from scattering, including surface topography, and heterogeneous shallow structure contributed to the amplification of far‐field shear motion. Comparisons between empirically based isotropic and physics‐based anisotropic source models suggest that both wave‐scattering effects and near‐field nonlinear effects are needed to explain the amplitude and irregular radiation pattern of shear motion observed during the SPE‐3 explosion.
Respiratory Severity Score Separates Upper Versus Lower Respiratory Tract Infections and Predicts Measures of Disease Severity

Background: A respiratory severity score (RSS) describing acute respiratory illness (ARI) severity would be useful for research and clinical purposes. Methods: A total of 630 term infants presenting with ARI had their RSS measured. Results: RSS was higher in those with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) compared with those with upper respiratory infection (URI; LRTI 6.5 [4–8.5]; URI 1 [0–2], p<0.001) and in hospitalized infants compared with outpatients (hospitalized 6.5 [4–9]; outpatient 1 [0–3], p<0.001). Conclusions: RSS is higher in LRTI compared with URI and in hospitalized compared with nonhospitalized infants.
Contextual Priming and Feedback for Faster R-CNN

The field of object detection has seen dramatic performance improvements in the last few years. Most of these gains are attributed to bottom-up, feedforward ConvNet frameworks. However, in case of humans, top-down information, context and feedback play an important role in doing object detection. This paper investigates how we can incorporate top-down information and feedback in the state-of-the-art Faster R-CNN framework. Specifically, we propose to: (a) augment Faster R-CNN with a semantic segmentation network; (b) use segmentation for top-down contextual priming; (c) use segmentation to provide top-down iterative feedback using two stage training. Our results indicate that all three contributions improve the performance on object detection, semantic segmentation and region proposal generation.
Iatrogenic Lung Diseases

Drugs and other therapeutic modalities can produce lung injury. In most cases, these are not pathologically distinct and the pulmonologist must be aware of the limits of lung biopsies in establishing a drug-induced injury, which is often a disease of exclusion.
Pink Tape: A Feminist Theory of Red Tape

This article links literature on the glass ceiling to literature on red tape by analyzing how red tape fits into a larger discussion of substantive and formal equality and offers three propositions toward forming a theory of pink tape, as a stepping-stone for future exploratory research to advance the agenda of women in public administration. The theory of pink tape has implications for organizational training, psychological/social health of women, effective management of the public sector, and representative bureaucracy.