cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Indeterminate-origin nozzles to control jet structure and evolution

An indeterminate-origin (IO) nozzle consisting of a four-point tapered crown geometry is used to control jet structure and evolution. The near-field structure and flow field of round water jets were studied with particle image velocimetry (PIV) and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) techniques. Typical jet Reynolds numbers (based on the nozzle diameter) are 5 000–10 000. The jet structures for IO nozzles are compared with those produced by conventional round nozzles. The IO nozzles introduce strong streamwise vortex pairs, which influence the near-nozzle structure and spreading by deforming the Kelvin–Helmholtz vortex rings. A pair of counter-rotating vortices forms at each valley plane, within the interior of the jet. Adjacent vortex pairs reorganize themselves and form another set of counter-rotating vortex pairs that propagate radially outwards from the jet. The evolution of these effects with streamwise distance and their implications are discussed.
Treatment of factor XI inhibitor using recombinant activated factor VIIa

A 30-year-old female with severe factor XI deficiency of 0-2% acquired factor XI inhibitor following many infusions for fresh frozen plasma (FFP) for surgical procedures starting at 4 years of age. Seven months before this inhibitor was diagnosed, surgery was complicated by prolonged bleeding resistant to FFP, requiring epsilon aminocaproic acid (EACA) and surgical packing. The inhibitor was measured at 2.2 Bethesda units, 7 months since the last FFP. The inhibitor was confirmed as specific anti-XI and anti-XIa binding by patient's IgG to immobilized factor XI and factor XIa from whole plasma and purified IgG. For repair of a painful anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) defect she was given recombinant factor VIIa (rVIIa) at 90 mug kg(-1), starting one-half hour preoperatively and continued every 2 h for 8 h when haemostasis was complete. Thereafter the rVIIa was given every 3 h for two doses, and then every 4 h for four doses at which time she was discharged on EACA which was continued for 6 days. There was excellent haemostasis during and following the surgery. There was no evidence of consumptive coagulopathy, with no change in the fibrinogen, platelet count, or D-D dimer; and no increase of platelet factor 4, beta-thromboglobulin, or prothrombin fragment F 1.2. The thrombin-antithrombin complex increased over baseline after 24 h. There was no postoperative deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolus. In this patient with a factor XI inhibitor, the recombinant factor VIIa was effective and safe, ensuring adequate haemostasis with no thrombotic complications. This product which was designed for patients with inhibitors to factor VIII or factor IX, and factor VII deficiency, has now been given successfully to four patients with factor XI inhibitors.
Food security and the role of the grain trade

This paper is concerned primarily with reassessing the risks associated with developing country reliance on international trade as part of a food security strategy. The paper also discusses food supply and trade issues largely in terms of grain. This is because grain is the primary staple in the diets of the vast majority, and because such data as are available relate almost exclusively to grain. Official policy statements from many international agencies and developing countries reveal perceptions about the risks inherent in international grain markets that have not changed significantly since the dislocations of the early 1970s. Policy makers remain particularly concerned that global supplies may prove inadequate to meet the needs arising in the event of a poor harvest. Even if global supplies are adequate, concerns remain about the affordability of imports and the possible impact of political trade embargoes. Notwithstanding the large investments required to reduce reliance on international markets, there has been little effort made to assess whether, in the light of recent developments in the world grain markets, many of the concerns about the reliability of world markets are justifiable. This paper seeks to address this matter.
Influence of the Pineal Gland on the Expression of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis: Possible Relationship to the Aquisition of Multiple Sclerosis

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), a T-cell mediated autoimmune disease, is widely considered as an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). It is believed that breakdown of the blood brain barrier (BBB) reflects the initial mechanism in the induction of EAE. It has been reported that while neonatally pinealectomized Wistar rats develop extensive pathological changes and severe neurologic deficits upon induction of EAE with allogeneic spinal cord in adjuvant, adult rats pinealectomized at 6 weeks of age appeared resistant to the induction of EAE. These findings suggest that: (a) the pineal gland influences the expression of EAE and, by inference, the integrity of the BBB; and (b) there is an age-related window of susceptibility to the development of EAE possibly related to the level of maturation of the pineal gland and functional integrity of the BBB. This age-related susceptibility to the development of EAE in rats may be relevant to the timing of aquisition of MS where a viral infection in childhood is thought to initiate the induction of autosensitization to myelin antigens. More specifically, it is suggested that the viral infection associated with the development of MS most likely is acquired in infancy prior to the establishment of the melatonin circadian rhythms between 3 and 9 months of age.
Supporting object accesses in a Java processor

Due to Java's object-based nature and support for garbage collection, efficient object manipulation and relocation are critical to the execution speed of Java code. Java Virtual Machine implementations that utilise handle representation such as Sun's Java Development Kit 1.1 enable efficient object relocation at the cost of an additional indirection for each object access. The direct address object representations such as those used in CACAO and NET compiler eliminate the indirection overhead, but update during object relocation is complex. A virtual address object cache that reduces the indirection overhead while maintaining the efficiency of object relocation is proposed. The objects in the virtual address cache are addressed directly using the object reference and field offset pair. This eliminates the indirection overhead and off-set addition overhead associated with the handle representation model. A hardware object table that maintains the handles is used to obtain the actual object location on a virtual address cache miss. The performance of the virtual address cache is analysed using various Java programs, and is found to reduce 1.5 cycles per object access on an average as compared to the handle representation model for the various benchmarks studied.
The effects of an applied magnetic field on the oscillation of a silicon avalanche diode

The observed effects of an applied magnetic dc field on the oscillation of a p-i-n CW silicon avalanche diode oscillating near 11 GHz at room temperature are described. Near oscillation threshold, the applied magnetic field increases the RF power output significantly and the frequency of oscillation slightly, but has little effect at higher output levels.
Three intervention models for exploring oral health in pregnant minority adolescents.

PURPOSE. Maintaining oral health is important for pregnant minority adolescents and their offspring's present and future well-being. The purpose of this article is to identify the scope of oral health problems and describe three models to guide pediatric nursing research and interventions related to oral health in pregnant minority adolescents. CONCLUSIONS. Identifying and understanding the risks of poor oral health in pregnant minority adolescents will assist those who plan and provide care for this vulnerable population. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. Utilizing more than one model or a combination of models may be necessary for improving oral health outcomes in this population.
Computer-aided design and analysis of the sitting workplace for the disabled

This paper describes a personal microcomputer model to match the need of the ambulatory disabled to the physical workplace. It is noted that back pain resulting from working from wheelchairs is the most common complaint of many who continue or return to work. The use of computer-aided design in matching the person to his/her workstation is described.
The immaturity interval in Tetrahymena: Genetic and environmental sources of variation

The development of sexual maturity has been studied in Tetrahymena hegewischi. Progeny lines do not typically change from immaturity to mating with all different mating types during a single test interval, but about 30% do mature abruptly. Some testers are more likely than others to participate in the earliest mating reactions of progeny lines which do not mature abruptly. Subcaryonidal vegetative pedigrees of 10 pairs from 4 crosses revealed considerable intrapair variation in the time, measured in fissions, of maturity. The average intrapair coefficient of variation was 20%. A nested ANOVA revealed significant genomic effects on the immaturity interval, but no significant cytoplasmic or caryonidal effects; 56% of the total variation was non-genomic. Growth in different environments had highly significant effects on the immaturity interval. Subclones grown at 27°C with alternate day transfers took on the average 2 to 3 times as many fissions to mature as sister subclones grown at 27°C with daily transfers. Subclones grown at 18°C or 34°C and transferred on alternate days had intermediate maturation times. The greatest range in the immaturity interval among lines of the same genotype was from 34 to 143 fissions. The development of maturity in this species involves genetic control of timing, but the genetic differences are obscured by a large amount of intraclonal variation and sensitivity to the environment.
Instantaneous Mutual Information and Eigen-Channels in MIMO Mobile Rayleigh Fading

In this paper, we study two important metrics in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) time-varying Rayleigh flat fading channels. One is the eigen-channel, and the other is the instantaneous mutual information (IMI). Their second-order statistics, such as the correlation coefficient, level crossing rate (LCR), and average fade/outage duration, are investigated, assuming a general nonisotropic scattering environment. Exact closed-form expressions are derived and Monte Carlo simulations are provided to verify the accuracy of the analytical results. For the eigen-channels, we found they tend to be spatio-temporally uncorrelated in large MIMO systems. For the IMI, the results show that its correlation coefficient can be well approximated by the squared amplitude of the correlation coefficient of the channel, under certain conditions. Moreover, we also found the LCR of IMI is much more sensitive to the scattering environment than that of each eigen-channel.
RNA folding dynamics by single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer

Single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) microscopy has become an increasingly popular tool to study the structural dynamics of RNA molecules. It reveals, in real time, the structural dynamics of these molecules that would be otherwise hidden in ensemble-averaged measurements. Here we present a detailed protocol for performing smFRET using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, including RNA preparation, optical setup, separation of the dual color channels, sample immobilization and data acquisition and analysis.
Modeling Features of the Non-Heme Diiron Cores in O2-Activating Enzymes through the Synthesis, Characterization, and Oxidation of 1,8-Naphthyridine-Based Complexes

Multidentate naphthyridine-based ligands were used to prepare a series of diiron(II) complexes. The compound [Fe2(BPMAN)(μ-O2CPh)2](OTf)2 (1), where BPMAN = 2,7-bis[bis(2-pyridylmethyl)aminomethyl]-1,8-naphthyridine, exhibits two reversible oxidation waves with E1/2 values at +310 and +733 mV vs Cp2Fe+/Cp2Fe, as revealed by cyclic voltammetry. Reaction with O2 or H2O2 affords a product with optical and Mossbauer properties that are characteristic of a (μ-oxo)diiron(III) species. The complexes [Fe2(BPMAN)(μ-OH)(μ-O2CArTol)](OTf)2 (2) and [Fe2(BPMAN)(μ-OMe)(μ-O2CArTol)](OTf)2 (3) were synthesized, where ArTolCO2- is the sterically hindered ligand 2,6-di(p-tolyl)benzoate. Compound 2 has a reversible redox wave at +11 mV, and both 2 and 3 react with O2, via a mixed-valent Fe(II)Fe(III) intermediate, to give final products that are also consistent with (μ-oxo)diiron(III) species. The paddle-wheel compound [Fe2(BBAN)(μ-O2CArTol)3](OTf) (4), where BBAN = 2,7-bis(N,N-dibenzylaminomethyl)-1,8-naphthyridine, reacts...
All-optical thrombotic stroke model for near-surface blood vessels in rat: focal illumination of exogeneous photosensitizers combined with real-time two-photon imaging

Photothrombotic microstrokes are produced in rat cortex by 532-nm single-photon optical excitation of an intravenously injected photosensitizer, rose bengal. The dynamics of blood flow and clot formation in the cortical vasculature are observed using two-photon laser scanning microscopy of an intravenously injected fluorescent dye. Flowing and clotted vessels are clearly distinguishable in both large and small vessels, down to individual capillaries, using this technique. We find that by tightly focusing the laser light used to excite the photosensitizer, clots can be formed in individual blood vessels without affecting neighboring vessels tens of micrometers away. We observe many changes in blood flow as a result of localized clot formation, including upstream vascular dilation, clot clearing, i.e. recanalization, and complete reversal of blood flow direction downstream.
A deformation experiment in transmitted light

Abstract An experiment is described in which a thin slab of granular material was shortened 70% in progressive pure shear between thick glass windows, at room temperature, 290 bars confining pressure, and 10 −4 sec −1 strain-rate. The aim was to study the relation between microkinematic history and microstructural changes in the material. This was done by making transmitted light photomicrographs of the specimen in seven successive configurations, and reconstructing the six incremental displacement fields relating the seven configurations. The prominent structures formed are several conjugate faults, that correspond to discontinuities in the incremental displacement fields. Faulting is responsible, however, for only about half of the observed total shortening. The other half results from displacements without production of new planar features, termed flow. The photographs show that faulting and flow are synchronous. The faults thus rotate toward the principal direction of maximum elongation, and suitably oriented fault segments change in length while slip upon them continues. Slip continues on faults inclined at angles as low as 30° to the long axis of the total strain ellipsoid. Flow mechanisms include pore collapse and distortion, grain boundary sliding, slicing, and crystal plasticity. Pore collapse is seen in one case to play a role in accommodating displacements around the end of a fault. Experiments of this general type seem attractive for studying the relations between kinematic history and progressive structural changes in many kinds of materials, including materials that recrystallize, or melt, or undergo pressure solution during deformation. The implications of synchronous flow and faulting are discussed briefly.
Close association of RGR, leaf and root morphology, seed mass and shade tolerance in seedlings of nine boreal tree species grown in high and low light

Summary 1. To test hypotheses concerning adaptation and acclimation of tree species to shaded habitats we determined the growth, biomass partitioning and morphology of seedlings of nine near-boreal tree species in high- and low-light greenhouse environment (25 and 5% of full sunlight, respectively), comparable to sunlit gap and shaded microsites in boreal forests. The species differ widely in shade tolerance, seed size and leaf life span. 2. In low light, all species allocated proportionally more biomass to stems and less to roots, but the same to foliage, compared with the high-light environment. At a common size, all species had finer leaf morphology (higher specific leaf area, SLA) but coarser root morphology (lower specific root length, SRL) in low than high light. From a whole plant perspective, all species enhanced leaf area per unit plant mass (leaf area ratio, LAR) in low light and root length per unit plant mass (root length ratio, RLR) in high light. 3. Shade-intolerant deciduous species had higher RGR, SLA and SRL than larger seeded evergreens: ranking from Populus, Betula and Larix spp., then to five evergreen Pinus, Picea and Thuja spp., which were generally comparable in these traits. There were no changes in growth rankings of species between high- and low-light environments, nor consistent differences among species in biomass partitioning. Hence, species differences in leaf and root morphology (SLA, SRL) drove whole plant patterns, such as Populus, Betula and Larix had greater total leaf area and root length per unit plant mass (LAR and RLR, respectively) than the evergreens. Interspecific variation in RGR in both high and low light was positively correlated ( r ￻ 0·9) with SLA, SRL, LAR and RLR, and negatively correlated (r ￻‐0·9) to seed mass and leaf life span. 4. These data suggest that SLA, SRL, NAR and RGR are closely associated with variation in life-history traits and that variation in leaf and root structure more strongly influences patterns of RGR among species and light environments than does biomass partitioning.
Multistage collapse of a bacterial ribozyme observed by time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering.

Ribozymes must fold into compact, native structures to function properly in the cell. The first step in forming the RNA tertiary structure is the neutralization of the phosphate charge by cations, ...
Women's fashions and war: A quantitative comment

Previous research has suggested that the fashion changes in women's dress may be influenced by contemporary political context. This suggestion was tested for European women from 1797 to 1936. International war was found to induce women to wear the short "Empire" mode, whereas international peace was found to encourage the long, "Hour Glass" mode. By comparison, intranational war apparently nurtures the short Hour Glass mode, while intranational peace favors the long Empire mode. Contrary to the conclusions of prior research, the fashion behavior of women does not become more unstable during political conflicts.
Dilatation of the bile ducts and its relation to distress after cholecystectomy

Normal measurements of the circumference of the extrahepatic bile ducts were established. These measurements were not altered by peptic ulcer, gastric carcinoma or general peritonitis. There was dilatation of the extrahepatic ducts in the presence of disease of the gall bladder wall, roughly in proportion to the severity of disease. Distress after cholecystectomy is closely related to dilatation of the bile ducts after cholecystectomy, both being due to loss of the absorptive function of the gall bladder and rise in pressure within the duct system. In one case of severe distress after cholecystectomy the circular fibers of the choledochal sphincter showed marked hypertrophy.
Estimation of virtual water contained in international trade products using nighttime imagery

Abstract Freshwater that is consumed in the process of producing a commodity is called virtual water – it represents all water use contained in that commodity. In social systems, water resources can flow when commodities are traded from one region to another. Quantitative monitoring and assessing virtual water flow related to international trade products is an important issue to comprehensively understand the balance of global water resources. In this study we tested the potential of the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program's Operational Linescan System (DMSP-OLS) nighttime images in conjunction with the LandScan population dataset for estimation of virtual water contained in international trade products. Lit area (areal extent of night lights) and urban population were selected as proxies to estimate export virtual water (EVW), import virtual water (IVW), and traded virtual water (TVW) (summed EVW and IVW), respectively, on the national level. The results showed that IVW can be more accurately estimated than EVW regardless of lit area or urban population. Lit area is normally more appropriate for estimation of the virtual water of developed countries than those of developing countries, but urban population is more appropriate for estimation of the virtual water of developing countries than those of developed countries. Urban population is a better proxy than total population for estimations of virtual water. This study makes a negative finding in that there are relatively large underestimations for developed countries. Another negative finding is that neither lit area nor urban population can be used to estimate net import virtual water (NIVW).
A density functional theory study of the proton abstraction from methane with triplet oxygen — an example of a very difficult computational problem

Abstract The computational study of the hydrogen abstraction with triplet oxygen from methane was performed with several ab initio and density functional theory (DFT) methods. The computed values were compared with experimental values, and the accuracy of some computational methods for computing this and similar radical systems is discussed. It was demonstrated that open-shell chemical reactions are very difficult computational problems and Becke's three functional hybrid DFT methods produce the most accurate activation barriers for these reactions which are 4–8 kcal mol −1 below the experimental values. In addition, there are some gradient-corrected DFT methods that compute negative activation barriers.
Intravascular catheter colonization and related bloodstream infection in critically ill neonates.

Intravascular catheter tip colonization was prospectively evaluated in critically ill neonates to determine its relationship to the type of device used, duration of catheterization, insertion site and nosocomial bloodstream infection. Sixty-one percent (376 of 621) of all intravascular catheter tips were retrieved from 91 infants. Thirteen percent (41 of 310) of peripheral intravenous, 14% (6 of 42) of umbilical, 21% (3 of 11) of central venous, 36% (4 of 11) of peripheral arterial and 100% (2 of 2) of femoral catheters were colonized. Duration of catheterization was significantly longer for colonized lines (p less than .001). Eight of 26 (30.8%) peripheral intravenous catheters remaining in place for more than three days were colonized, compared with 33 of 284 (11.6%) at three days or less (p = 0.012). Coagulase-negative staphylococcus was the organism most frequently isolated from catheter tips and bloodstream infections. Catheter colonization rates in this population were higher than those found in adults. Heavily manipulated devices and those in place for longer periods of time were the most frequently colonized.
Imaging of blunt pediatric thoracic trauma

The imaging evaluation of thoracic trauma is a central feature of the acute assessment and management of injured children. A reliable early clinical diagnosis of chest injury often is difficult. Cardiopulmonary symptoms may not be present in the first 24 hours, and there is no consistent relationship between external chest wall injury and underlying abnormalities. This is particularly evident in children, in whom increased compliance of the bony thorax allows major internal injury to occur without associated skeletal injury. Additionally, unlike the examination of injuries to the head and abdomen, which are often evaluated with computed tomography in the initial posttraumatic period, chest radiography remains the primary method for evaluation of chest injuries, although it may not demonstrate or may underestimate many abnormalities. This essay reviews the imaging appearance of common and uncommon thoracic injury in children.
Analytical modeling of Quantum Cascade lasers: A study of the transport and lasing characteristics

An analytical model for Quantum Cascade lasers based on rate equations adequately reproduces major transport and lasing characteristics, including the reduction of the differential resistance at threshold, saturation, and temperature performance.
Effects of training in direct observation of medical residents' clinical competence: a randomized trial.

The authors studied direct observation of competence, a new approach to improving faculty skills in evaluating trainees' clinical ability. The new method appeared to make faculty more critical obse...
Potassium Sorbate Does Not Increase Control of Listeria monocytogenes when Added to Zein Coatings with Nisin on the Surface of Full Fat Turkey Frankfurter Pieces in a Model System at 4°C

ABSTRACT: The antimicrobial effect of zein coatings containing nisin and potassium sorbate on turkey frankfurters against Listeria monocytogenes strain V7 at 4°C was determined. Our objectives were (1) to determine whether zein coatings with nisin and potassium sorbate alone or in combinations would reduce the growth of L. monocytogenes on turkey frankfurters at 4°C; (2) to determine the effect of zein, nisin, or potassium sorbate on L. monocytogenes after being challenged with high or low initial inoculum counts (log 6 or log 4); and (3) to determine whether potassium sorbate had any synergistic effect on the activity of nisin. Initial counts decreased for all the treatments containing nisin. Over 28 d, the nisin-alone treatment counts were lower than the control by 6.1 logs for the high inoculum. No cells were detected for the low inoculum test by day 21. The solvent controls (ethanol-glycerol or propylene glycol), yielded mean counts similar to those for zein-ethanol-glycerol or zein-propylene-glycol, giving 4 to 5 log lower counts versus the untreated controls at 28 d. Therefore zein per se had no antimicrobial activity. Use of 0.4% potassium sorbate did not significantly inhibit growth compared with the control or solvent-only controls. No significantly lower counts of L. monocytogenes were observed for zein-nisin coating treatments with sorbate versus without sorbate. Therefore, treatments using nisin alone or in combination with zein, ethanol-glycerol, or propylene glycol if approved for use on ready-to-eat foods, show promise for use as barriers against the growth of recontaminating, L. monocytogenes cells on this food substrate at 4°C.
Intra-amniotic transient transduction of the periderm with a viral vector encoding TGFβ3 prevents cleft palate in Tgfβ3(-/-) mouse embryos.

Cleft palate is a developmental defect resulting from the failure of embryonic palatal shelves to fuse with each other at a critical time. Immediately before and during palatal fusion (E13–E15 in mice), transforming growth factor β3 (TGFβ3) is expressed in the palatal shelf medial edge epithelium (MEE) and plays a pivotal role in palatal fusion. Using Tgfβ3−/− mice, which display complete penetrance of the cleft palate phenotype, we tested the hypothesis that intra-amniotic gene transfer could be used to prevent cleft palate formation by restoring palatal midline epithelial function. An adenoviral vector encoding Tgfβ3 was microinjected into the amniotic sacs of mouse embryos at successive developmental stages. Transduced Tgfβ3−/− fetuses showed efficient recovery of palatal fusion with mesenchymal confluence following injection at E12.5 (100%), E13.5 (100%), E14.5 (82%), and E15.5 (75%). Viral vectors injected into the amniotic sac transduced the most superficial and transient peridermal cell layer but not underlying basal epithelial cells. TGFβ3 transduction of the peridermdal cell layer was sufficient to induce adhesion, fusion, and disappearance of the palatal shelf MEE in a cell nonautonomous manner. We propose that intra-amniotic gene transfer approaches have therapeutic potential to prevent cleft palate in utero, especially those resulting from palatal midline epithelial dysfunction.
Imaging the directed transport of single engineered RNA transcripts in real-time using ratiometric bimolecular beacons.

The relationship between RNA expression and cell function can often be difficult to decipher due to the presence of both temporal and sub-cellular processing of RNA. These intricacies of RNA regulation can often be overlooked when only acquiring global measurements of RNA expression. This has led to development of several tools that allow for the real-time imaging of individual engineered RNA transcripts in living cells. Here, we describe a new technique that utilizes an oligonucleotide-based probe, ratiometric bimolecular beacon (RBMB), to image RNA transcripts that were engineered to contain 96-tandem repeats of the RBMB target sequence in the 3′-untranslated region. Binding of RBMBs to the target RNA resulted in discrete bright fluorescent spots, representing individual transcripts, that could be imaged in real-time. Since RBMBs are a synthetic probe, the use of photostable, bright, and red-shifted fluorophores led to a high signal-to-background. RNA motion was readily characterized by both mean squared displacement and moment scaling spectrum analyses. These analyses revealed clear examples of directed, Brownian, and subdiffusive movements.
Template-directed pausing in in vitro DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase a from Drosophila melanogaster embryos.

Abstract The activity of Drosophila melanogaster DNA polymerase alpha on DNA-primed single-stranded DNA templates has been examined. The DNA templates contain a 1471-nucleotide sequence from the heavy-strand origin region of mouse mtDNA inserted into the single-stranded bacteriophage vector M13Gori1. Preferred sites for pausing of in vitro DNA synthesis have been mapped within the cloned mtDNA insert and in the G4 cDNA strand origin which is contained within the vector DNA. Analysis of nascent DNA strands from replicative intermediates has revealed that pause sites are discrete and lie both at the positions of predicted stable dyads and in regions lacking the potential for formation of such structures. The patterns of kinetic pause sites observed for Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III holoenzyme is qualitatively similar to that found for DNA polymerase alpha. A subset of the observed kinetic pause signals are recognized by E. coli DNA polymerase I under similar conditions.
Characterization of oxygen-containing surface complexes created on a microporous carbon by air and nitric acid treatment

The nature and extent of oxygen functional groups present on the surface of a microporous carbon has been studied. The carbon was prepared by the carbonization of a porous phenol-formaldehyde resin in N2 at 1273 K. Following preparation, samples of the carbon were carefully oxidized in either air or concentrated HNO3 at various temperatures and times to form oxygen complexes. The complexes were characterized by use of both a linear temperature programmed desorption (LTPD) technique and selective neutralization. Four characteristic groups of oxygen complexes are defined on the basis of the decomposition product gases and the thermal stabilities of the complex. Detailed studies are made of the nature and structure of the acidic, CO2-evolving surface complexes.
Survival analysis applied to proportion data: comparing mammography visits in high and low repeat rate facilities

We examined the relationship between the proportion of time spent in the mammography exam room relative to the total visit time and the rate of repeat visits across mammography facilities. We hypothesized that the means for these proportions would be greater among facilities with high repeat rates compared to those with low repeat rates. The beta distribution was used to model the proportions. However, not all of the observations were observed as some were (right- or interval-) censored due to the inability to observe complete information (e.g., time of arrival at the facility) to calculate the proportions for some observations. Using a maximum likelihood approach, we estimated the mean proportion of time spent during appointments on the actual exams. To analyze these data we utilized survival analysis methods, which typically are applied to data on time scales, to analyze these data restricted to the range (0, 1). We found that facilities with high repeat mammography rates on average had a greater proportion of their visits spent receiving the exams than the low repeat rate facilities (p = 0.0003). Women from low repeat rate facilities spent on average 45 % of their appointment time engaging in the exam; thus, these women averaged more time waiting for the exam to begin than receiving the exam. Conversely, those from high repeat rate facilities averaged more of their appointment time engaging in the mammographic exams. These findings were consistent with our hypothesis that women would have greater satisfaction with their mammography appointments—and thus be more likely to return for routine screening—in facilities where their appointments were more efficient.
Determination of Probabilistic Grammars for Functionally Specified Probability-Measure Languages

The nature of probability-measure languages (pm-languages) has been investigated [2], [3], [7], [8], in particular, those languages generated by given probabilistic grammars (p-grammars). However, the determination of a p-grammar that can generate some given language has been an open question. Since languages are infinite in general, the specification of a pm-language is vague. In this paper, it is assumed that some finite representation exists for the set of words (this can be a nonprobabilistic grammar) and that the probability of each word in the language is computable by some word function whose domain is the language.
Effects of Constituents and Lay-up Configuration on Drop-Weight Tests of Fiber-Metal Laminates

Impact responses and damage of various fiber-metal laminates were studied using a drop-weight instrument with the post-impact damage characteristics being evaluated through ultrasonic and mechanical sectioning techniques. The first severe failure induced by the low-velocity drop-weight impact occurred as delamination between the aluminum and fiber-epoxy layers at the non-impact side. It was followed by a visible shear crack in the outer aluminum layer on the non-impact face. Through-thickness shear cracks in the aluminum sheets and severe damage in the fiber laminated layers (including delamination between adjacent fiber-epoxy laminae with different fiber orientations) developed under higher energy impacts. The impact properties of fiber-metal laminates varied with different constituent materials and fiber orientations. Since it was punched through easily, the aramid-fiber reinforced fiber-metal laminates (ARALL) offered poorer impact resistance than the glass-fiber reinforced fiber-metal laminates (GLARE). Tougher and more ductile aluminum alloys improved the impact resistance. GLARE made of cross-ply prepregs provided better impact resistance than GLARE with unidirectional plies.
The sum-capacity of different K-user cognitive interference channels in strong interference

This work considers different K-user extensions of the two-user cognitive interference channel model. The models differ by the cognitive abilities of the transmitters. In particular, the primary message sharing model, in which only one user is cognitive and knows all messages, and the cumulative message sharing model, in which a user knows the messages of all users with lesser index, are analyzed. The central contribution is the characterization of the sum-capacity of both models under a strong interference condition, which amounts to having one receiver in the network that can decode all transmitted signals without loss of optimality. The sum-capacity is evaluated for the Gaussian noise channel, as well as the conditions on the channel gains that grant strong interference.
G239 Validation of two risk stratification guidelines in a one year cohort of febrile admissions in paediatric oncology patients in a UK centre

Background Febrile illnesses complicate chemotherapy for cancers; selecting cases at the least risk of complications to avoid unnecessary admissions safely, is a desirable objective for the children, their families and hospital services. Aims To validate SPOG 2003 and Alexander guidelines for febrile children (one fever spike >38.5°C or two >38°C) on cancer chemotherapy in an audit dataset of febrile patients (n = 202), presenting to a primary treatment centre, recording outcome criteria including “one hour door to antibiotics time”, non-severe events (NSE) and severe events (SE) and duration of hospital stay. Results 202 children with leukaemia, solid tumours and brain tumours had febrile admissions, 60% presenting to the out of hours team. 55 of 96 (57%) neutropaenic patients ( 9 /L) breached the one hour door to antibiotic time, the majority (47, 85%) whilst awaiting blood results. In the neutropaenic group there were 43 (45%) NSEs and 2 (2%) SEs. In the non-neutropaenic group there were 36 (34%) NSEs and 2 (2%) SEs. The median length of stay of neutropaenic and non-neutropaenic groups were 5 (mean 3.3; range 0–28 days) and 2 days (mean 3.6; 0–16 days), respectively. In applying the Alexander and SPOG 2003 risk stratification criteria, an analysis of duration of stay was not performed, as the rules were not in use. The Alexander criteria identified three groups; low risk at admission and at 48 h (LR-LR), low risk at admission and standard risk at 48 h (LR-SR), or standard risk from presentation (SR). The SPOG 2003 rule identified low and standard risk patients between 8–24 h of admission. The results are presented ( Table 1 ). Conclusion Neutropaenia alone is a poor discriminator for risk stratification of febrile events in this patient group. The Alexander and SPOG 2003 risk criteria for LR predicted patients without SEs. The SPOG system’s single assessment makes it applicable to the time of emergency assessment. The Alexander system lends itself to ongoing assessment of patients for early discharge. These systems would support the out of hours team in making complex judgement in this vulnerable patient group.
Observations on Cisco sampled NetFlow

Traffic monitoring is an important first step for network management and traffic engineering. With high-speed Internet backbone links, efficient and effective packet sampling is not only desirable, but also increasingly becoming a necessity. The Sampled NetFlow [10] is Cisco router's traffic measurement functionality with static packet sampling for high speed links. Since the utility of sampling depends on the accuracy and economy of measurement, it is important to understand sampling error and measurement overhead. In this paper, we first discuss fundamental limitations of sampling techniques used in the Sampled NetFlow. We assess the accuracy of the Sampled NetFlow by comparing its output with complete packet traces [8] from an operational router. We also show the overheads involved in the Sampled NetFlow. We find that Sampled NetFlow performs correctly without incurring dramatic overhead during our experiments. However, a care should be taken in its use, since the overhead is linearly proportional to the number of flow records.
High Beta and Enhanced Confinement in a Second Stable Core VH-Mode Advanced Tokamak.

A new, enhanced performance tokamak regime, the second stable core VH-mode (SSC-VH), with a self-consistent VH-mode transport barrier and a large second stable core pressure gradient supported by negative central magnetic shear, is proposed. The SSC-VH is shown to have promising $\ensuremath{\beta}$ limits simultaneously with enhanced confinement and a large, well-aligned bootstrap current fraction. Simulations show that a wall-stabilized high $\ensuremath{\beta}$, high-confinement SSC-VH can be maintained self-consistently in a steady state, by noninductive current drive.
Low cost, enhanced emergency telephone system

One of the most common problems in the response to telephone calls for emergency services (ambulance, police, fire, etc.) is to insure that the responding agency has the appropriate location information and, in the case of individuals with a history of heart disease or other possibly life threatening affliction, pertinent information on their particular medical situation. Typically a 911 Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP) or other response agency must depend upon the information solicited from the caller. In some modern emergency response systems, such as Enhanced 911 (E91 1), Automatic Location Information (ALT) is available from the operating telephone company. Typically, however, E9 1 1 may be cost effective only for relatively large jurisdictions. This is particularly true for those systems in which the information is obtained from the telephone company central data base by means of (redundant) dedicated, high speed data lines. In a previous paper [1], the authors investigated a device, located at the subscriber's residence, which would transmit, via a modem, location and other information to the PSAP upon activation by a request-to-send (RTS). Although the device was technically successful, it had a high projected cost. In the present paper an alternate system approach is taken in which a device located at the subscriber's residence transmits only a seven digit "touch tone" code (typically the subscriber's telephone number) to a personal computer in the PSAP. The computer performs a "reverse directory" data- base lookup for address and/or other pertinent information (eg. emergency medical information) and displays the information which enables the dispatcher to send the appropriate response. The system will also be useful in the case of telephone offices which automatically provide Automatic Number Identification (ANI) but not ALl. This paper describes the system and its device and software components, system costs and discusses several applications in the area of emergency response to telephone requests for service, including a low cost automated medical service request system which can be activated by a simple handheld device.
Gender Equity and Social Marketing: An Analysis of Tourism Advertisements

ABSTRACT This study applies a social marketing approach to study the gender equity issue in tourism advertising. Using a geographic strata approach, vacation guides of destination marketing organizations from all the states in the United States are examined to investigate gender image representations. A total of 394 pictures are visually analyzed and coded using Goffman's framework on gender and media relations. Mixed results in terms of both blatant and subtle visual cues depicting relationships between men and women are reported. Thereafter, important implications for social marketing are drawn and a means-end quality-of-life framework is suggested.
Switching voltage, dynamic power dissipation and on-to-off conductance ratio of a spin field effect transistor

The metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) and high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) implementations of the spin field effect transistor (SpinFET) proposed by Datta and Das are considered. In both configurations, the SpinFET's switching voltage (for switching on or off) and power dissipation are found to be larger than those of the traditional MISFET or HEMT if the channel length is les 90 nm. This is a consequence of the fact that spin orbit interaction strengths in semiconductors are too weak to impart any significant advantage to the SpinFET. The issue of non-ideal spin injection and detection at the source and drain contacts is also considered. The SpinFET's on-to-off conductance ratio rapidly degrades with decreasing spin injection/detection efficiency, dropping from infinity (for a one-dimensional channel) to as low as ~9.5, if the spin injection/detection efficiency drops from 100% to 90%. The transconductance has a quadratic dependence on the spin injection efficiency. These analyses are valid at arbitrary temperatures.
Cultural Diversity, Institutions, and Urban Economic Performance

Interactions between culturally diverse individuals can spur economic benefits by stimulating new ideas that raise urban residents’ productivity. But diversity can also diminish economic well-being by making communication difficult, and by stimulating conflict. This paper investigates whether urban institutions—in particular residents’ sense of generalized trust—determine when diversity is an economic asset and when it is a liability. To do so, data on trust, birthplace diversity, wages, and demographics in US metropolitan areas are combined. The evidence suggests that workers are much better able to harness the productivity-enhancing spillovers that arise from cultural diversity when they live in cities endowed with strong informal institutions.
The Mobile Studio Project

(1999). The Mobile Studio Project. Journal of Architectural Education: Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 44-45.
Bringing Word Study to Intermediate Classrooms

This article addresses word study for upper elementary and middle school classrooms. Word study is often neglected in classrooms due to misconceptions and fears of classroom teachers, especially teachers of older students. Conclusions from a research project conducted with teachers reveal both positive and negative understandings of implementing word study. In addition, the research indicates that teachers demonstrated three levels of word study knowledge and practice in the classroom. The research provided the rationale and motivation to develop short, integrated word study units that intermediate teachers could implement: incidental word study activities. The authors provide a brief conceptual overview of word study and describe the four incidental word study units that can be implemented by teachers. These units include daily root activities, homophones—within word pattern, homographs—syllable juncture stage, and word endings—derivational constancy activities. The authors include a word sort, an application activity, and a reinforcement game for each unit. With these activities, teachers can begin their own adventure with word study.
A Mesoseale Numerical Model of Lake-Fffect Storms

Abstract The atmospheric structure upwind of the Great takes during arctic air outbreaks is represented by three layers: a lower constant flux layer in contact with the ground, a well-mixed planetary boundary layer surmounted by an inversion, and a deep stratum of overlying stable air. The set of primitive equations is averaged through the depth of the mixed layer to yield predictive equations for the horizontal components of velocity, potential temperature and specific humidity in the layer, and the height of the inversion. Interactions between the well-mixed convective layer and both the underlying and overlying layers are parameterized so that time-dependent calculations can be limited to a single layer. Precipitation from cumulus clouds within the layer is represented in terms of the mesoscale variables and latent heat is included. The equation set has been solved numerically for a 2000-point grid mesh centered on Lake Erie. Grid separation was 6 km in the cross-lake direction and 12 km along the lake...
The importance of carboxyl groups for the biological activity of acyl carrier protein of Escherichia coli.

Summary The binding of 45 Ca 2+ to ACP 1 was studied by equilibrium dialysis. The number of moles of 45 Ca 2+ bound per mole of ACP was found to vary from 6–7 at pH 7.65 to zero at pH 4.7. ACP was modified at its carboxyl groups by treatment with EDC 1 and ethyl glycinate. At both pH 4.7 and 6.5 the incorporation of 2–3 moles of ethyl glycinate per mole of ACP resulted in the total inactivation of the protein. At pH 6.5 the presence of CaCl 2 resulted in decreased rates both of ethyl glycinate incorporation and ACP inactivation. Degradative studies indicate that specific carboxyl groups of ACP are modified.