cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Can We Drop the Subject? Heidegger, Selfhood, and the History of a Modern Word

In Heidegger’s thought, the question of being turns on the ontological difference, in that being cannot be reduced to positive states of entities or to objective conditions independent of human involvement. Being is not a matter of objects but of meaning, of how the world matters to Dasein; the meaningfulness of being is essentially related to Dasein’s finitude, to the encounter with negative conditions (e.g., absence, malfunction, loss, and death), such that we care about the world because of finite limits. The question of being for Heidegger (in all periods of his thought, I would argue) is always implicated with human existence and its experience of finitude—and yet being is never reducible to human beings.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients with spinal cord injury.

Due to certain risk factors that pertain to patients with spinal cord injury (SCI), the prevalence and severity of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) may be greater among patients with SCI than the general population. In this retrospective study, the prevalence of GERD in patients with SCI as compared with age- and sex-matched controls, using pharmacy data from a large health care system, and the adequacy of the diagnostic evaluation process are evaluated and the symptom and disease severity in patients with SCI who were treated for GERD are assessed. The findings show a 22% prevalence of GERD in patients with SCI versus 28% in General Medicine Clinic controls. Although the symptom severity is similar in patients with SCI and controls, patients with SCI who have GERD symptoms undergo endoscopy less frequently. Disturbingly, the prevalence of severe, stage IV esophagitis among patients with SCI is higher than controls (p = .03). These results should alert clinicians caring for patients with SCI to more aggressively evaluate and treat such patients with reflux symptoms of heartburn and regurgitation before the development of complications.
VQ-ATTENDING: Goal-Directed Critiquing of Ventilator Management

The VQ-ATTENDING system extends the exploration of the critiquing approach into a third area of medical management. This domain has a considerably different character from previous domains These differences have uncovered a new set of design issues.
A Randomized Controlled Trial and Cost Analysis Assessing the Value of Physical Therapy for Treatment of Adhesive Capsulitis

Objectives:Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder when diagnosed from history, physical exam, and radiographic evidence is generally treated with a six-month course of conservative therapy. Currently,...
Heparin-Binding Epidermal Growth Factor–Like Growth Factor as a Critical Mediator of Tissue Repair and Regeneration

Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is a member of the EGF family. It contains an EGF-like domain as well as a heparin-binding domain that allows for interactions with heparin and cell-surface heparan sulfate. Soluble mature HB-EGF, a ligand of human epidermal growth factor receptors 1 and 4, is cleaved from the membrane-associated pro-HB-EGF by matrix metalloproteinase or a disintegrin and metalloproteinase in a process called ectodomain shedding. Signaling through human epidermal growth factor receptors 1 and 4 results in a variety of effects, including cellular proliferation, migration, adhesion, and differentiation. HB-EGF levels increase in response to different forms of injuries as well as stimuli, such as lysophosphatidic acid, retinoic acid, and 17β-estradiol. Because it is widely expressed in many organs, HB-EGF plays a critical role in tissue repair and regeneration throughout the body. It promotes cutaneous wound healing, hepatocyte proliferation after partial hepatectomy, intestinal anastomosis strength, alveolar regeneration after pneumonectomy, neurogenesis after ischemic injury, bladder wall thickening in response to urinary tract obstruction, and protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury to many cell types. Additionally, innovative strategies to deliver HB-EGF to sites of organ injury or to increase the endogenous levels of shed HB-EGF have been attempted with promising results. Harnessing the reparatory properties of HB-EGF in the clinical setting, therefore, may produce therapies that augment the treatment of various organ injuries.
Better graft outcomes from offspring donor kidneys among living donor kidney transplant recipients in the United States

A recent study reported that kidney transplant recipients of offspring living donors had higher graft loss and mortality. This seemed counterintuitive, given the excellent HLA matching and younger age of offspring donors; we were concerned about residual confounding and other study design issues. We used Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients data 2001-2016 to evaluate death-censored graft failure (DCGF) and mortality for recipients of offspring versus nonoffspring living donor kidneys, using Cox regression models with interaction terms. Recipients of offspring kidneys had lower DCGF than recipients of nonoffspring kidneys (15-year cumulative incidence 21.2% vs 26.1%, P < .001). This association remained after adjustment for recipient and transplant factors (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 0.73 0.770.82 , P < .001), and was attenuated among African American donors (aHR 0.77 0.850.95 ; interaction: P = .01) and female recipients (aHR 0.77 0.840.91 , P < .001). Although offspring kidney recipients had higher mortality (15-year mortality 56.4% vs 37.2%, P < .001), this largely disappeared with adjustment for recipient age alone (aHR = 1.02 1.061.10 , P = .002) and was nonsignificant after further adjustment for other recipient characteristics (aHR = 0.93 0.971.01 , P = .1). Kidneys from offspring donors provided lower graft failure and comparable mortality. An otherwise eligible donor should not be dismissed because they are the offspring of the recipient, and we encourage continued individualized counseling for potential donors.
Changes in Abundance of Silvetia compressa at San Clemente Island before and during the 2015–2016 El Niño

Silvetia compressa is a common rocky intertidal fucoid that plays an important role in the community and has experienced widespread declines throughout California. The causes of these declines are unknown, but sea surface temperature (SST) is considered one of the dominant factors affecting intertidal algae. The 2015–2016 El Nino introduced anomalously high SSTs to southern California, which may have impacted rocky intertidal species. This study investigates temporal changes in abundance of S. compressa with respect to SST at 4 sites on San Clemente Island (SCI), California, from 2012 to 2016. Point-intercept data were used to quantify percent cover during biannual intertidal surveys. To correlate SST with changes in S. compressa percent cover, we utilized SST data collected approximately 50 km southeast of SCI from the National Data Buoy Center. Our results indicated significant declines in S. compressa in spring 2015 across all 4 sites following SST anomalies that began in 2014. Linear regression between S. compressa percent cover and the previous year’s maximum SSTs showed a significant negative relationship, indicating that reduced abundance of S. compressa was moderately associated with elevated SSTs.
Sagittal alignment and thoracolumbar osteotomies

Abstract Sagittal imbalance is most commonly seen in patients with multilevel degenerative disc disease, inflammatory arthropathies, severe osteoporosis, and untreated idiopathic scoliosis. The degree of imbalance is closely correlated with clinical symptoms. Sagittal deformity can occur from a variety of causes in both young and elderly patients, however it has been found to most likely be multifactorial. Other causes include Scheuermann's Kyphosis, iatrogenic flat-back, post-traumatic, neuromuscular, and congenital disorders such Klippel–Feil and infantile scoliosis. Clinical evaluation includes a thorough health history and physical examination, as well as more advanced methods such as surface topography and 3D postural analysis. The determination to utilize an osteotomy during deformity surgery is based on many factors including the patient's global sagittal alignment and radiographic assessment, the amount of correction needed to restore proper alignment, the relative rigidity of the deformity, and any focal areas of severe angulation. The three most commonly utilized osteotomies are discussed below including the posterior column Smith–Peterson/Ponte osteotomy, as well as the three-column pedicle subtraction osteotomy and vertebral column resection. The goal of a corrective osteotomy is to normalize the local segment's curve in order to correct the overall global spinal alignment and improve patient function. Complication rates as high as 25–40 percent have been reported in literature.
On the Impossibility of Approximation-Resilient Circuit Locking

Logic locking, and Integrated Circuit (IC) Camouflaging, are techniques that try to hide the design of an IC from a malicious foundry or end-user by introducing ambiguity into the netlist of the circuit. While over the past decade an array of such techniques have been proposed, their security has been constantly challenged by algorithmic attacks. This may in part be due to a lack of formally defined notions of security in the first place, and hence a lack of security guarantees based on long-standing hardness assumptions.In this paper we take a formal approach. We define the problem of circuit locking (cℒ) as transforming an original circuit to a locked one which is “unintelligable” without a secret key (this can model camouflaging and split-manufacturing in addition to logic locking). We define several notions of security for cℒ under different adversary models. Using long standing results from computational learning theory we show the impossibility of exponentially approximation-resilient locking in the presence of an oracle for large classes of Boolean circuits. We then show how exact-recovery-resiliency and a more relaxed notion of security that we coin “best-possible” approximation-resiliency can be provably guaranteed with polynomial overhead. Our theoretical analysis directly results in stronger attacks and defenses which we demonstrate through experimental results on benchmark circuits.
Ironies in the City: Reflections on Stephen Smith's Pagans and Christians in the City

This essay appeared as part of a symposium issue on Stephen Smith's new book, “Pagans and Christians in the City.” Much of the Smith’s book is compelling, even lyrical. His account of the religious sensibility is powerful and convincing. Smith’s book is also more nuanced and hedged-about in its historical and theoretical claims than one would suppose from a headline account that would focus only on his two chapters near the end that drill down on contemporary issues in the so-called culture wars. Nevertheless, some deep ironies and puzzles run through the text of “Pagans and Christians.” Smith is too careful and subtle to ignore these undercurrents entirely. But it is worth bringing them to the surface, not only for their own sake but because they might help suggest an alternative to Smith’s most rough-edged claims. My aim in this essay is not merely to nit-pick. But I do try by the accumulation of details to suggest a fundamental worry that goes to the most charged words and phrases at the heart of the book’s title — “pagans” and “culture wars.”
An Introduction to the Opioid Epidemic and Therapeutic Communities

This chapter introduces the contemporary opioid epidemic in the United States, providing an overview of the epidemiological data and ongoing federal response to this public health crisis. The need to address the current treatment gap by enhancing access to evidence-based, gold standard treatments and harm-reduction strategies (including medication-assisted treatment with buprenorphine, methadone, or naltrexone) is affirmed, while also directing attention to the population of individuals with treatment-resistant opioid use disorder (i.e., whose syndrome does not adequately respond to first-line treatments) who would benefit from access to additional therapeutic interventions. The therapeutic community is introduced as an additional evidence-based treatment modality with unique mechanisms of action and demonstrated effectiveness for individuals with markers of poor prognosis and demonstrated treatment resistance. Finally, we introduce the purpose of this book and provide a general overview of its contents.
Physiological Adaptations for Breath-Hold Diving

Marine mammals are adapted to long interruptions in breathing that enable them to maintain an oxygen-based metabolism and physiological homeostasis while underwater. The pulmonary and cardiovascular changes associated with the dive response include cessation of breathing (apnea), a decrease in heart rate (bradycardia), a concurrent reduction in cardiac output, and peripheral vasoconstriction that maintains central arterial blood pressure. A dive response during aerobic dives enables marine mammals to balance the conflicting demands of (1) optimizing the distribution and use of blood and muscle oxygen stores to maximize the ADL over the normal range of diving metabolic rates and (2) ensuring that active muscle receives adequate oxygen as exertion increases. Blood volume and concentrations of blood hemoglobin and muscle myoglobin are elevated and serve as a significant oxygen store that increases aerobic dive duration. Hepatic and renal function along with digestion and assimilation continue during aerobic dives to maintain physiological homeostasis. Carnivorous marine mammals rely primarily on fat for ATP synthesis under resting, normoxic conditions, and during dives within their ADL. Herbivorous Sirenia have more carbohydrate in their diet than carnivorous marine mammals but probably rely on the aerobic metabolism of a mixture of carbohydrate, amino acids, and short-chain fatty acids, the latter of which result from the fermentation of structural polysaccharides such as cellulose.
Asset Monitoring using Smart Sensing and Advanced Analytics for the Distribution Network

As the electric grid transitions into a highly distributed and intelligent grid, electric utilities are becoming increasingly concerned with monitoring the health and performance of their distribution assets. As Internet of Things technologies and data analytics become inexpensive and ubiquitous, low-cost asset monitoring becomes more feasible. Moreover, using edge analytics, computations can be off-loaded to these intelligent sensors to report only actionable information to the cloud. This needs to be done in a highly distributed manner using non-intrusive sensors and device physics that seamlessly integrates with legacy infrastructure. This paper reviews existing sensor based solutions, identifies their issues, proposes a novel solution by exploring the required attributes and proposes an approach for low-cost distribution transformer health monitoring.
Chapter 3 – Chemical and Electrochemical Reactions

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the corrosion behavior of the titanium (Ti) materials when they are exposed to various atmospheres. The Ti materials possess an excellent corrosion resistance and form stable and protective oxides, making Ti materials the best material choice for medical and dental applications. The environments to which the Ti materials can be exposed are diverse and vary widely in terms of chemical, mechanical, physical, and any combinations of these parameters. The Ti application in dentistry has increased because of its numerous biocompatibility benefits and mechanical advantages. In orthodontics, Ti is valuable in the treatment of patients with an allergy to nickel and other specific substances. There are two types of galvanic cells: the micro-cells (local cells) and the macro-cells. For the macro-cells, which take place at the contact point of two dissimilar metals or alloys with different electrode potentials, the galvanic corrosion is the best known of all the corrosion types.
Safety and Security: Managerial Tensions and Synergies

The relationship between organizational safety and security is a conceptual and practical challenge. This paper focuses on the management aspects of this challenge. Its argument is that we have yet to parse out the full range of contradictory and complementary requirements of these two as managerial missions. Considering the requirements for high reliability management can provide a clarifying lens for sorting out the contradictions and complementarities. Some overlapping requirements from a high reliability perspective actually argue for an integration of the two missions within one managerial framework with enhancements for “higher resolution” reliability.
Geosynthetic Reinforced Fill Material for Tennessee Bridge Approach Slab Support

The approach slab is constructed at bridge ends to serve as a smooth transition from the highway pavement to the bridge deck. However, motorists usually complain about a sudden change in elevation ...
Information Studies and Other Provocations: Selected Talks, 2000–2019: by Jonathan Furner. Sacramento, CA: Library Juice Press. viii, 320 pp. ISBN 978-1-63400-118-2. $35.00.

Jonathan Furner, professor at the UCLA Department of Information Studies, where he has taught since 1998, has long focused his research and teaching on what he terms the “history and philosophy of ...
Analysis of interval‐censored data with random unknown end points: an application to soft error rate estimation

Summary. The paper presents a Bayesian approach to analysing interval-censored data with random unknown end points. Such data occur when the event of interest is interval censored but, because of the measurement process, the interval end points are not known exactly. Modelling the measurement process permits inference that accounts for this source of variability. Our results are motivated by an experimental study that was designed to characterize the cosmic-ray–neutron-induced soft error rate of a semiconductor device.
Social Responses to Virtual Humans: Automatic Over-Reliance on the Human Category

In the human computer interaction (HCI) literature, responding socially to virtual humans means that people exhibit behavioral responses to virtual humans as if they are humans. Based partly on the work of Nass and his colleagues (for a review, see [1]), there is general agreement in the research community that people do respond socially to virtual humans. What seems to be vital, in terms of understanding why people respond socially to virtual humans, is how we respond socially to another person and how we know about others' temporary states (e.g., emotions, intentions) and enduring dispositions (e.g., beliefs, abilities).
Integration And New Product Development Success: The Role Of Formal And Informal Controls

The authors test a model that suggests that new product success is a function of the relational norms and integration between marketing and R&D. Integration and norms are influenced by formal controls such as centralization and formalization. The findings from a survey of 152 product managers demonstrate the importance of promoting collaborative relationships between R&D and marketing. The study found positive relationships between collaborative relationships and the creation of successful new products. The study also found that such relationships can be fostered by decentralizing decision making and clarifying the roles of new product development personnel.
On Availability of Bit-Narrow Operations in General-Purpose Applications

Program instructions that consume and produce small operands can be executed in hardware circuitry of less than full size. We compare different proposed models of accounting for the usefulness of bit-positions in operands, using a run-time profiling tool, both to observe and summarize operand values, and to reconstruct and analyze the program's data-flow graph to discover useless bits.We find that under aggressive models, the average number of useful bits per integer operand is as low as 10, not only in kernels but also in general-purpose applications from SPEC95.
The Self Illusion: How the Social Brain Creates Identity by Bruce Hood

In The Self Illusion: How the Social Brain Creates Identity, Bruce Hood offers a social neuroscientific rationale for the contention that the sense of self is an illusion that results from the “con...
Problem-Based Learning as an Example of Active Learning and Student Engagement

Problem-based learning (PBL) is an instructional strategy that focuses on critical reasoning to achieve a high degree of student engagement. PBL is an example of rich environments for active learning (REAL). REALs are comprehensive instructional systems that promote study and investigation within authentic contexts. encourage the growth of student engagement and responsibility, decision making, and intentional learning. cultivate collaboration among students and teachers. utilize dynamic, interdisciplinary, generative learning activities that promote higher-order thinking processes to help students develop rich and complex knowledge structures. and, assess student progress in content and learning-to-learn within authentic contexts using realistic tasks and performances. In this chapter, we compare existing assumptions underlying education with new assumptions that promote problem solving and higher-level thinking.
Political Violence, Interstate Rivalry, and the Diffusion of Public Health Crises ∗

Objective The objectives of the study were to expand the literature on political violence and public health by exploring the possibility that the public health consequences of civil war not only apply to the host country, but also diffuse across international borders. We discuss and empirically test a diffusion mechanism absent from the literature in this area—the incentive of a proximate state to reallocate resources in response to intrastate violence and the presence of interstate rivalry. Methods Our hypotheses were tested using a directed dyad research design that included all politically relevant dyads from 1997 to 2001. We used fixed-effects panel regression to estimate the influence of proximate intrastate violence and interstate rivalry on changes in infant mortality rate (IMR). Results Our results indicated that proximate intrastate violence and interstate rivalry are associated with increases in IMR. In addition, the influence of proximate intrastate violence on IMR increases as the severity of the conflict increases. Conclusion The public health consequences of civil war do diffuse across international borders, especially in cases in which interstate rivalry was present and the political violence in a proximate state was severe.
Latin Square Design

A Latin square of order p is a p × p array of ordered letters or symbols in which each letter or symbol appears once in each row and once in each column. An example of a 3 × 3 Latin square is shown here. Keywords: latin square; experimental design; nuisance variable
“False Doctrine” and the Stifling Of Indigenous Political Will

I hypothesis that there is a correlation between the failure of Indigenous politics to achieve its goals and the sway of what Thomas Paine refers to as the false doctrine of Christian dogma. Unremitting evangelism and Christian hegemony has led to silencing or compromising authentic grassroots voices of too many Indigenous people. High conversion rates have weakened opportunities for resistance to colonialism and the loss of vital traditional values. (I suggest that a similar problem may relate to the failure of contemporary black politics.) It is important at this critical time for human civilization to reflect carefully on the influence of dominant worldview assumptions as relates both to the tragic problems facing Indigenous Peoples as well as to the broader consequences globally of having dismissed Indigenous understandings about the world. Overcoming the problems of religious hegemony does not require wholesale rejection. It includes possibilities for a complementary relationship between Indigenous spiritual understanding and alternative interpretations of Biblical Gospel that have existed for centuries. Moving to a different location is a simple process, though it often takes courage. One merely decides what to take and what to leave behind. What man makes, whether computers or religions, requires consumers to critically and intuitively consider both positive and negative potential outcomes. We must engage dialectically about likely universal truths and those that we invent about how best to live in flowing balance. All of us, Indigenous as well as those far removed from their Indigenous ancestors, however, can learn to again trust in the laws of Nature on which Indigenous worldviews are based.
Remarks on the derivation of kinetic equations for inhomogeneous systems

Abstract It is shown that the projection operators recently proposed by A. Muriel and M. Dresden do not define the vacuum of correlations for inhomogeneous systems. The general evolution equation for the one-particle distribution function obtained by using this projector does not agree with the equation obtained by Severne in his diagrammatic study of inhomogeneous systems. Furthermore, their general evolution equation does not lead directly to a kinetic equation by the application of time scaling in analogy to the homogeneous case.
Neumann Comparison Theorems in Elliptic PDEs

In this paper we prove a spherical comparison result for the (k,n)−spherical rearrangement using the spherical Green’s function and a rearrangement inequality of A. Baernstein. We next use a simple reflection argument to obtain a Neumann comparison result on a hemisphere for the (k,n)−hemispherical rearrangement. Using the Lambert equal-area projection and stereographic projection, we obtain Neumann comparison results in Euclidean space. We end with a discussion of open problems in the unit disk involving heat flow.
The Rotational Spectra of the 7 1 9 1 , 6 1 9 1 and 7 2 Vibrational States of Nitric Acid

Abstract The rotational spectra of the first three vibrational states of nitric acid above 1000 cm −1 , 7 1 9 1 , 6 1 9 1 , and 7 2 , have been measured and analyzed. The 7 2 state, along with the previously published 7 1 state, show the rotational and centrifugal distortional constants have a near linear dependence on the υ 7 vibrational quantum number. Large changes for several centrifugal distortion constants of the υ 7 = n series of states are attributed to a c -type Coriolis resonance manifold between the ν 7 and ν 6 vibrational modes and the Hamiltonian reduction and representation used to fit the spectra. The 7 1 9 1 and 6 1 9 1 states have torsional splittings of 12.361(8) and 22.47(1) MHz, respectively. These splittings are large compared to 2.340(8) MHz of the 9 1 state and can be explained by a ∼1–2% mixing through anharmonic Fermi resonances with the 9 3 state, which has a large torsional splitting of ∼1760 MHz. The millimeter/submillimeter-wave spectrum of each state was fit separately to the experimental uncertainty of the measurements. The resultant rotational constants, distortional constants and inertial defects agree well with DFT calculations.
Materials Analysis with Cryogenic Sensors

Low temperature photon detectors are increasingly attractive tools for materials analysis. Their range of applications has broadened from early work on x-ray fluorescence and now spans the electromagnetic spectrum from terahertz to gamma-ray energies. In addition, low temperature detectors (LTD’s) show promise for measuring the energy of neutrons, alpha particles, simple ions, and complex biomolecules. LTD’s are emerging from low temperature laboratories and can now be found at a growing range of analytical facilities including electron microscopes, mass spectrometers, ion traps, and synchrotrons. Here, we review these uses of LTD’s. Despite the remarkable capabilities of LTD’s, they are still at the stage of demonstration measurements for some applications. We discuss obstacles to the more widespread use of LTD’s and some emerging solutions to these obstacles.
Diagnostic Applications of Breast MRI

The current diagnostic applications of breast MRI, which include staging of the newly diagnosed breast cancer patient, monitoring of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and identifying mammographically occult tumors, are reviewed. Contrast-enhanced breast MRI is also useful in the evaluation of ambiguous clinical and imaging findings.
Damage To The Lens From Infrared

The cataracts resulting from IR exposure are compared with those linked to UV exposure. The IR exposure produces changes in the lens proteins, the crystallins, while UV exposure seems to attack specific amino acids. Gel electrophoresis of lens proteins have been used to detect the earliest changes possible in cataract formation following exposure to IR from broad band and laser source irradiation. Cataracts can be easily formed in rabbit lenses in vivo when the laser radiation is restricted to the lens alone at power levels above 1 W for 1 minute. Lower power levels do not produce immediate cataracts but changes in lens proteins can be detected by thin layer isoelectric electrophoresis of plain polyacrylamide gels and with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or 6 M urea. The plain gels (pH 3.5 to 10) showed a decrease in the a crystallins indicating a possible change of soluble a crystallin to an insoluble high molecular (HM) weight form. However, small amounts of Q and y crys-tallins may also be involved in the formation of a HM insoluble aggregate. Soluble HM weight crystallins often were detected as the a crystallin disappeared. This HM soluble fraction may be an intermediate step in the process in forming insoluble a crystallin. Following higher laser power levels the crystallin has a markedly decreased mobility which also might be a precursor for the insolubilization of all crystallins. Similar changes in the lens proteins are seen following broadband IR exposure in vivo, or in vitro. Lenses incubated in vivo at various temperatures showed some, but not an, of the same changes. The IR exposure can be considered an acceleration of the aging process.
Homeostatic mechanisms by alternative forms of tRNA synthetases

Although aminoacyl tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) act in translation, numerous examples demonstrate ex-translational functions in fundamental networks of higher organisms. These functions involve modified versions of aaRSs and natural fragments. The interplay of aaRS-derived entities appears to be at the heart of homeostatic mechanisms controlling angiogenesis, inflammation, metabolism, and tumorigenesis.
Current trends in teaching written composition

Recent theory, research, and teaching in written composition indicate an important shift away from viewing the text as a static product, toward investigating the process of writing and the interaction of writer and reader to create meaning in the text. Studies of the writing process, theories and pedagogies of invention, style, and arrangement, and efforts to expand writing instruction beyond traditional courses and disciplines all reflect the current extension in composition toward more comprehensive rhetorical concerns. This survey describes these recent developments in the field of written composition.
Design for Optimal Prediction in Simple Linear Regression

Abstract Allocation of experimental data points is considered in order to provide efficient prediction of the dependent variable in simple linear regression. The region of experimental points is taken such that it need not coincide with the region for prediction where the regression is linear. The allocation which minimizes the maximum variance for a predicted value of the dependent variable is obtained. The allocation of experimental data points which minimizes the average variance of predicted values, occurring according to a density function in the region of prediction, is derived. The relative efficiency of balanced allocation (one-half of the data points at each end of the experimental region) to minimax or minimum average variance allocation is about 90 percent for prediction near the ends of the experimental region with small samples.
Dynamics of dissociative scattering: Hyperthermal energy collisions of state-selected OCS + on Ag(111)

The dynamics of dissociation and negative ion formation have been investigated for the hyperthermal energy scattering of state-selected OCS+(X 2Πx, υ1, υ2, υ3) on Ag(111). Experiments reveal the effect that collision energy and internal energy have on the formation of scattered ionic products. An analysis of the appearance threshold and fragment velocity distribution for each scattered product channel [S−(2P), O−(2P), and SO−(X 2Π)] suggests that three distinct fragmentation mechanisms compete. Prompt impulsive dissociation of neutralized OCS+(X 2Π), followed by electron attachment to the nascent O fragment, is responsible for O−(2P) emergence. The production of SO−(X 2Π) relies on a collisionally activated distortion of OCS, forcing the O and S atoms close together while ejecting the central carbon atom. Finally, a comparison between the scattering of state-selected OCS+(X 2Πx, υ1, υ2, υ3) and S+(4S) on Ag(111) provides strong evidence that dissociative neutralization of OCS+(X 2Πx, υ1, υ2, υ3) leads to ...
Comparison of clay tile, sterilized rock, and natural substrate diatom communities in a small stream in Southeastern Michigan, USA

Periphytic diatom communities on clay tile and sterilized rock substrates were compared with those on natural substrates. Clay tiles yielded diatom communities with the least variability between replicate samples, and the greatest similarity to the natural substrate assemblage. The advantages of utilizing introduced substrate communities and problems encountered with their simulation of the natural substrate community are discussed.
Synthesis and Coordination Chemistry of 2,6-Bis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)phenol P,P‘-Dioxides

The 2,6-bis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)phenol-P,P‘-dioxides, [Ph2P(O)CH2]2C6H2(R)OH, with R = H (2a), Br (2b), Me (2c), tBu (2d), were prepared via Arbusov reactions between Ph2POEt and the phenol derivatives (ClCH2)2C6H2(R)OH. The compounds have been characterized by spectroscopic methods, and their coordination chemistry with lanthanide nitrates, Ln(NO3)3, has been surveyed. The 1:1 complexes [Er(2c)(NO3)3]·Me2CO and [Nd(2d)(NO3)3·Me2CO]·Me2CO have been structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods, and the ligands found to act as neutral tridentate chelates. No evidence was found for the formation of 2:1 L:M complexes suggesting that these derivatives of 2 are weaker chelators than the related 2,6-bis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)pyridine N,P,P‘-trioxide chelates.
The well-tempered semaphore: theme with variations

This paper discusses differences in the semantics of various semaphore implementations and their ramifications in developing solutions to synchronization problems. An approach is described to insulate students from these differences and simplify the task of teaching semaphores.
Regulating the costs of empathy: the price of being human

It’s not easy being empathic. However, unlike snowboarding or yodeling or decoupage, most people manage to pick up empathy skills naturally without the aid of special lessons or designated practice sessions. Knowing what someone else is thinking and feeling allows people to coordinate their activities, something that is useful and necessary in interpersonal interactions. Like any skill, empathy differs from person to person. We can probably all easily think of individuals in our life who anchor the extreme points on a scale of empathy: the cherished person who consistently seems to have our interest at heart at one end, and the insensitive lout at the other end. However, people who never show empathy or are unable to do so are rare and striking in their inability to fit into normal social interactions. At the same time, people who are extremely empathic are rare also, for good reason: Being constantly sensitive to the thoughts and feelings of others would interfere with the ability to act on one’s own thoughts and feelings. How do people generate and maintain a desirable level of empathy? In this paper, we start with the premise that normal people have some capacity for being empathic and define how that capacity is demonstrated. We then explain why empathy is something that needs to be regulated: Despite the obvious advantages of penetrating another person’s thoughts, empathy does not come without its costs. Next, we address two means of regulating empathy: by regulating exposure to stimuli that produce empathy and by regulating the effort expended in attending to another person’s experience.
Beyond Inductive and Deductive Reasoning: The Search for a Sense of Knowing.

Examination of data from several mathematics education research projects has led the author to postulate a form of mathematical reasoning that learners engage in spontaneously and that is not inherently inductive or deductive. Transformational reasoning is generated through the learner's inquiry into how a mathematical system works. This sense of ‘how it works’ may lead to a sense of understanding that may not be provided by inductive and deductive reasoning.
Relict periglacial features east of waterton‐glacier parks, alberta and montana, and their palaeoclimatic significance

Stratigraphy and inferred genesis of relict periglacial features east of Waterton-Glacier Parks provide information on the magnitude of Quaternary climate changes. Periglacial wedges, involutions, patterned ground and soil wedges are locally preserved in pre-Wisconsinan outwash/ alluvium and till on a series of erosion surfaces east of the Lewis Range mountain front and in Wisconsinan outwash near Cutbank, Montana. Formation of periglacial wedges required development of perennially frozen ground and mean annual temperatures at least about 10°C below those of today. All the observed relict periglacial features occur within about 20 km of Wisconsinan glacier margins. Strongly weathered, 2+ m thick, pre-Illinoian palaeosols, also preserved locally on the erosion surfaces, are truncated and/or completely stripped in the areas most affected by cryoturbation. Hence, most of the periglacial features postdate the palaeosols. Stratigraphic and geomorphic relations suggest that the periglacial features formed during at least three glacial/periglacial episodes, probably including the Wisconsinan, Illinoian and a pre-Illinoian glaciation. La stratigraphie et la genese supposee des phenomenes periglaciaires fossiles a l'est des pares ‘Waterton glaciers’ fournissent des informations sur l'importance des changements climatiques quaternaires. Des coins periglaciaires, des involutions, des sols structuraux et des coins a remplissage mineral primaire sont localement preserves dans des alluvions d'outwash et des depǒts glaciaires pre-wisconsiniens sur une serie de surfaces d'erosion a l'est du front montagneux de Lewis Range et dans des depǒts d'outwash pres de Cut-bank, dans le Montana. La formation de fentes de gel a remplissage de glace necessite le developpement d'un pergelisol et des temperatures moyennes annuelles inferieures d'au moins 10°C a celles d'aujourd'hui. Tous les phenomenes periglaciaires fossiles se trouvent dans une marge d'environ 20 km en bordure du glacier wisconsinien. Des paleosols preillinoiens, fortement alteres et epais de plus de 2 m, preserves aussi localement sur des surfaces d'erosion, sont tronques et/ou completement enleves dans les regions les plus affectees par la geliturlation. Ce fait demontre que la majorite des phenomenes periglaciaires se sont produits apres la formation des paleosols. La stratigraphie et les relations geomorphologiques suggerent que les phenomenes periglaciaires se sont formes pendant au moins trois episodes glaciaires/periglaciaires, comprenant probablement le Wisconsinein, l'Illinoien, et une periode glaciaire pre-Illinoien.
ROC-like optimization by sample ranking: Application to CT colonography

In this study, we propose a new binary classification algorithm which optimizes the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) based on a ranking of training samples. We first solved the traditional AUC maximization problem using semi-definite programming. We then introduced auxiliary variables to rank training samples. In this way, we can select the most representative samples to avoid over-training to noisy data. We applied our proposed classifier to a CT colonography dataset containing 50 patients. Preliminary experimental results indicate that our proposed method can achieve higher classification performance than support vector machines.
CONCISE TRACK CHARACTERIZATION OF MANEUVERING TARGETS

The identification and characterization of targets is difficult using conventional Kalman filter-based trackers, because these trackers are not able to provide an accurate and succinct list of maneuvers for use in track and target identification. We propose a new approach, representing target tracks as a sequence of circular and linear splines which directly correspond to the sequence of coordinated turns and constant velocity motion that a target may perform. The splines provide a locally optimal estimate of the track by (1) minimizing the total least- squares error of the data fit, and (2) minimizing the dis- continuity in position and heading between successive splines. In addition, a parsimonious representation is ob- tained by dynamically merging redundant splines using a recursive algorithm. Our simulations studies show a large improvement in estimation accuracy, especially with re- spect to turn rate and heading. Our new approach shows great promise as a technique for ascertaining concise track characterization of maneuvering targets.
The winter of our discontent made glorious summer: Psychology's accelerating pace of scientific discovery

Abstract In the quarter century since Wachtel (1980) published his influential jeremiad on psychology's slow pace of scientific progress, the field has done very little to incorporate his prescriptive recommendations. Nevertheless, recent decades have witnessed a remarkable – largely unanticipated – acceleration in rate of scientific discovery across numerous domains of psychological inquiry. This felicitous development mirrors in many respects the laudable fecundity that has long characterized the natural sciences, and we believe it is attributable primarily to the inexorable trend of consilient integration between psychology and related natural science disciplines such as neurobiology, genetics, behavioral ecology, and cognitive neuroscience.
Comparison of fibre tips for percutaneous interstitial laser photocoagulation

This paper seeks to optimize the parameters of interstitial laser photocoagulation, and clarify controversies regarding the effect of three types of fibre tips used in percutaneous application on the size of thermal lesions produced.
Prevalence of burnout among doctors of chiropractic in the northeastern United States.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to measure the prevalence of burnout among doctors of chiropractic (DCs) in the New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania geographical region and compare these results with burnout data from other health care professions. Methods This exploratory study applied cross-sectional data collection methods. Using nonprobability convenience sampling, a New York–New Jersey–Pennsylvania chiropractic governance body provided contact information of a randomized sample of licensed DCs from their membership directory. Participants included any DC licensed to practice chiropractic whose primary occupation encompassed the chiropractic profession. The Maslach Burnout Inventory–Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) and a demographic questionnaire were e-mailed to a randomized sample of licensed DCs. Results Of the 772 surveys deployed, 90 returned the survey with usable data. Nearly 40% of the DCs reported a moderate (24%) or high (18%) level of emotional exhaustion, whereas the majority of respondents scored a high (72%) level of personal accomplishment. In total, only 2 participants (2%) met the criteria for high burnout, whereas 42 participants (47%) were low. Statistically significant relationships ( P Conclusions The sample of DCs in this study fared more favorably on all 3 dimensions of burnout. They reported lower emotional exhaustion and depersonalization scores and higher personal accomplishment scores than their medical, nursing, physical therapy, occupational therapy, and dentistry colleagues who have been evaluated using the MBI-HSS. However, the levels of emotional exhaustion remain a concern for this professional group.
GLC method for iminodibenzyl and desipramine impurities in imipramine hydrochloride and its formulated products.

A GLC method is described for the determination of iminodibenzyl and desipramine impurities in imipramine hydrochloride and its formulated products. These impurities were extracted from an alkaline solution with a mixture of 30% methylene chloride in hexane for chromatography on a 3% OV-17 GLC column. Iminodibenzyl was determined using anthracene as an internal standard and desipramine was determined (after derivatization) using nortriptyline as an internal standard. Based on spiked excipient mixtures typically used to compound imipramine tablets, recoveries were 93-109% for iminodibenzyl and 93-107% for desipramine at 0.2-0.4% of the labeled claim of imipramine. Minimum detection levels were ~ 0.02% for each impurity, and procedural standards gave coefficients of variation of < 1% for each impurity. The method was linear in the 0.05-0.5 μg range and typically gave correlation coefficients ≥ 0.999.
In vitro study of embryotoxic and dysmorphogenic effects of mercuric chloride and methylmercury chloride in the rat.

Abstract Rat-embryo explants removed on day 10.5 of gestation were cultured for 48 hr in various concentrations of HgCl 2 , CH 3 HgCl or glutathione. Dose-related dysmorphogenesis and growth retardation occurred with increasing concentrations of HgCl 2 (1–10 μ m ). Increasing concentrations of CH 3 HgCl (3–100 μ m ) produced a similar pattern of embryonic effects. The rat-serum incubation medium had no detectable level of reduced glutathione ( m ) and only 0.12 m m total sulphydryl groups. Reduced glutathione (60–300 μ m ) added to the incubation medium was relatively non-toxic. The addition of exogenous glutathione to culture medium containing HgCl 2 partially antagonized the embryonic growth retardation and prevented most of the embryolethality observed in cultures to which only HgCl 2 had been added.
Dynamic plastic buckling of copper cylindrical shells

Abstract The dynamic plastic buckling or annealed OFHC copper cylindrical shells is treated by experiment, finite element code calculation, and analysis. Initial velocity imperfections of the impulsive loading were obtained from sheet explosive thickness measurements. The Johnson-Cook relation was adopted for the copper. A comparison of the final profiles, their modal content, and amplification functions showed good agreement among experimental, code and analytical results.
Regulation of the Protein-conducting Channel by a Bound Ribosome

During protein synthesis, it is often necessary for the ribosome to form a complex with a membrane-bound channel, the SecY/Sec61 complex, in order to translocate nascent proteins across a cellular membrane. Structural data on the ribosome-channel complex are currently limited to low-resolution cryo-electron microscopy maps, including one showing a bacterial ribosome bound to a monomeric SecY complex. Using that map along with available atomic-level models of the ribosome and SecY, we have determined, through molecular dynamics flexible fitting (MDFF), an atomic-resolution model of the ribosome-channel complex. We characterized computationally the sites of ribosome-SecY interaction within the complex and determined the effect of ribosome binding on the SecY channel. We also constructed a model of a ribosome in complex with a SecY dimer by adding a second copy of SecY to the MDFF-derived model. The study involved 2.7-million-atom simulations over altogether nearly 50 ns.