cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diffusion and scale dynamics: A case study

Abstract This paper examines the relationship between the diffusion of a major process innovation, oxygen steel-making, and the growth of plant sizes. As in some previous studies, a step-wise pattern of scale increases is observed; however, there is no stable correlation of these increases to cumulative capacity expansion, maximum plant sizes appear to have stabilized, and plants of widely dispersed capacities continued to be built as oxygen steel-making became the dominant technique, world-wide. Factors responsible for scale increase are analyzed; steadily growing equipment size, the addition of equipment to existing plants, and a wide range of minor innovations and adaptations have contributed to growth in plant capacities; in most instances, scale-up continued after the beginning of operations. It is concluded that the frequently-used concept of an optimal, or maximum feasible, plant scale remains ambiguous without reference to the specific technical and economic conditions of production systems, and that plant-size increases are fully dependent on continuing technological effort.
The antibiotic treatment of severe community-acquired pneumonia admitted to the critical care unit.

Community-acquired pneumonias (CAP) are still caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Hemophilus influenzae, or Moraxella catarrhalis. Legionella and Chlamydia pneumoniae have been defined as important atypical pathogens causing CAP. Klebsiella causes CAP primarily in patients with chronic alcoholism or in chronic care facilities. Normal hosts do not present with "unusual pathogens'' e.g., Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The clinical severity of a bacterial pneumonia has important prognostic implications and predicts admission to intensive care units, duration of therapy, and complications. The factors that determine the severity of a CAP are less related to the pathogen than the underlying cardiopulmonary status of the patient as well as the patient's humoral immunity. Relatively avirulent pathogens may result in severe CAP in patients with diminished/absent splenic function or significant cardiopulmonary disease. A critical concept is to appreciate that the selection of antimicrobial therapy is not dependent on co-morbidities since the antimicrobial therapy is directed against the pathogen and not the co-morbidities. Therefore the treatment of CAP, whether moderate or severe is with the same antibiotic at the same dose. Many antibiotic regimens are equally efficacious in the treatment of CAP. The most cost effective optimal regimen covers both typical and atypical pathogens, e.g., levofloxacin, and is currently the preferred antibiotic approach to moderate or severe CAP in the CCU.
Concatemeric forms of intracellular herpesvirus DNA.

Abstract Newly synthesized pseudorabies viral DNA sediments in neutral sucrose gradients as molecules with high S values. The fast-sedimenting structures are precursors of mature viral DNA and represent replicative intermediates of this DNA. The sedimentation characteristics of the replicative intermediates are not affected by treatments which should eliminate protein, membrane fragments, or RNA. The buoyant density of the replicative intermediates in cesium chloride indicates that they probably consist of DNA only. Electron microscopic examination of intracellular viral DNA purified by equilibrium sedimentation in CsCl revealed DNA “tangles,” as well as longer than unit-size linear molecules. Mature viral-DNA preparations treated similarly did not contain such structures. Thus, concatemeric forms of viral DNA are present in the infected cells. Maturation of newly synthesized viral DNA to unit-size length occurs in the absence of further DNA synthesis but is dependent on protein synthesis. The “Hirt” procedure separates mature viral DNA from cellular DNA and also separates viral replicative intermediates from mature viral DNA.
Determination of the bias factor by the moments solution to the Fokker-Planck equation

Abstract An important parameter in the rate theory of swelling is the dislocation loop bias factor, Z1j, which is a measure of the rate of interstitial atom absorption relative to vacancy absorption at interstitial loops. The Fokker-Planck (F-P) equation is used to describe interstitial loop evolution, with a kinetic nucleation current boundary condition at di-interstitial atomic clusters. The majority of loop nucleation is shown to be finished after one milli-dpa, which allows the shape of the loop distribution function to be governed mainly by the drift (F) and dispersion (D) functions in the F-P equation. Since collision cascades contribute significantly to D, their effects must be suppressed by using low-energy ions or high-energy electrons to produce spatially homogeneous atomic displacements. Under these conditions, both F and D are shown to be proportional to the square root of the number of atoms in a loop. The proportionality parameters depend on material and irradiation conditions, and are linearly proportional to Z1j. The ratio F D , which resembles the Peclet number in fluid flow, can be used in a unique way to determine Z1j without the usual complications of uncertainties in material and irradiation conditions. This is shown to constitute an internal variable measurement of the bias factor.
Foot progression angle and medial loading in individuals with diabetes mellitus, peripheral neuropathy, and a foot ulcer

Foot progression angle (FPA) and duration of foot medial column loading during walking were studied in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM), peripheral neuropathy (PN), and a forefoot ulcer (DMPN), and in age-matched control subjects. FPA was calculated from EMED-ST P-2 pressure maps as the angle formed between the longitudinal axis of the foot and the forward line of progression during walking. The medial loading duration was calculated as the amount of time the center of pressure line spent in the medial side of the foot pressure map. FPA was increased in the DMPN group, on the involved and uninvolved sides [15(9) degrees and 13(4) degrees respectively] compared the control group [9(4) degrees ]. FPA and medial loading duration were significantly correlated in the DMPN group on the involved and uninvolved sides (r>0.54, p 0.82). This study provides evidence that FPA is an important biomechanical contributor to the pattern of foot loading in individuals with DM, PN, and a forefoot ulcer.
Selective toxicity of analogs of methyl parathion

Abstract Analogs of methyl parathion with various substituents in the aryl ring were examined for quantitative toxicity to the female white mouse and the female house fly. Substitution in the 3-position with the halogens produced Selectivity Ratios for mouse LD 50 /fly LD 50 in the order Cl > Br > IF. The compounds with the highest Selectivity Ratios were 2Cl > 3CF 3 > 3CH 3 . The biochemical basis for the selectivity of these compounds was explored by evaluation of the kinetics for the inhibition of purified bovine and house fly acetyl cholinesterase by the PO analogs. Differences in the configuration and reactivity of the active sites of the acetyl cholinesterase of the two species explain in part the selectivity of the toxicants. However, selective metabolism also plays a substantial role.
A fast level set implementation method for image segmentation and object tracking

The high computational complexity of level set methods has excluded themselves from many real-time applications. The high algorithm complexity is mainly due to the need of solving partial differential equations (PDEs) numerically. For image segmentation and object tracking applications, it is possible to approximate level set curve evolution process without solving PDEs since we are interested in the final object boundary instead of the accurate curve evolution process. This paper proposes a fast parallel method to simplify curve evolution process using simple binary morphological operations. The proposed fast implementation allows real-time image segmentation and object tracking using level set curve evolution, while preserves the advantage of level set methods for automatically handling topological changes. It can utilize the parallel processing capability of existing embedded hardware, parallel computers or optical processors for fast curve evolution.
Signaling “cross‐talk” is integrated by transcription factors in the development of the anterior segment in the eye

Extracellular signaling "cross-talk" between tissues is an important requirement for development of many organs yet the underlying mechanisms generally remain poorly understood. The anterior segment of the eye, which is constructed from four embryonic lineages, provides a unique opportunity to genetically dissect developmental processes such as signaling "cross-talk" without fear of inducing lethality. In the current review, we summarize recent data showing that PITX2, a homeodomain transcription factor, integrates retinoic acid and canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signaling during anterior segment development. Because the requirements for retinoic acid signaling, canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, and PITX2 are not unique to the eye, this newly identified pathway may have relevance elsewhere during development and in tissue homeostasis.
Adenovirus-mediated expression of mutated forkhead human transcription like-1 suppresses tumor growth in a mouse melanoma xenograft model

Melanoma is generally resistant to chemotherapy, which may be related to defects in death receptor signaling and to defects in induction of apoptosis. Forkhead family transcription factors induce the expression of death receptor ligands such as Fas ligand (Fas-L) resulting in apoptosis. We therefore investigated whether a triple mutant form of forkhead transcription factor FKHRL1 (FKHRL1/TM) can enhance Fas-L mediated-apoptosis in melanoma cells. Two melanoma cells A2058 or DM6 were tested for their sensitivity to agonistic anti-Fas antibody (CH-11); adenovirus expressing FKHRL1/TM (Ad-FKHRL1/TM) was assessed for its capability to induce activation of the caspase pathway; the role of Fas-L in the Ad-FKHRL1/TM mediated-cell death was also assessed in vitro. Ad-FKHRL1/TM antitumor activity in vivo was also evaluated in a mouse melanoma xenograft model. We found that DM6 melanoma cells were more resistant to Fas/Fas-L-mediated apoptosis induced by agonistic anti-Fas antibody than A2058 melanoma cells. Ectopi...
Responses to microinjections of angiotensin into the hypothalamus of cats

Abstract Microinjections of angiotensin II-amide were made into the hypothalamus of cats through a stereotaxically implanted cannula-electrode. Single injections of angiotensin (2.5–10 μg) caused a prolonged presser response and a simultaneous increase in the depth of respiration. There was no definite dose-response relationship. Repeated injections of the same dose led to the development of tachyphylaxis. The presser response to intravenous norepinephrine was potentiated by intrahypothalamic doses of angiotensin. Pentolinium, a ganglion blocking agent, blocked this centrally induced presser response. Thus, the hypothalamus appeared to be one of the sites for elicitation of the central pressor effect of angiotensin.
Transcriptional profiling of mesothelioma using microarrays

Mesothelioma is an asbestos-related neoplasm of the thoracic pleura about which little is known and for which effective therapy is lacking. Large-scale transcriptional profiling using microarrays is frequently a part of studies to explore gene expression patterns in cancer and other diseases. In general, microarray based experiments can facilitate the identification of tumor molecular markers, provide clues relating to mechanisms carcinogenesis, as well as aid in the discovery of candidate targets for therapy. Relatively few studies of this sort have been attempted for mesothelioma, likely due to its relatively rare incidence and by extension the difficulty in acquiring suitable tissues for analysis. Microarray analysis of mesothelioma will likely lead to a better understanding of a highly lethal malignancy and result in the identification of potential therapeutic targets to ultimately affect better treatment options and patient clinical outcome. This mini-review will address general issues pertaining to all expression profiling experiments (e.g., data interpretation) and summarize similar studies that have been attempted for mesothelioma.
Recent progress in high-efficiency phosphorescent OLED technology

A key performance attribute for widespread commercialization of OLED technology is achieving maximum power efficiency along with color chromaticity and operational lifetime. Towards this goal, phosphorescent-OLED (PHOLED) devices have demonstrated potential. Recent PHOLED device results show both excellent device efficiencies and long lifetimes towards the commercialization of low power consumption, full color, passive- and active-matrix (both polysilicon and amorphous-silicon backplane technologies) OLED displays.
A comparison of nonimitative modeling and mimicry procedures for training the singular copula in Black preschool children

The singular form of the copula was trained in 10 normal four-yr-old Black dialect speakers using two different techniques. One group was trained using mimicry and the other was trained using nonimitative modeling. Multiple naive trainers and picture stimuli were counterbalanced across subjects. The results indicated that the two training methods did not differ significantly in baseline/generalization responses. Implications of this and similar studies are discussed.
Embedded guideline information without patient specificity in a commercial emergency department computerized order-entry system.

Background: Clinical practice guidelines and computerized provider order entry (CPOE) have potential for improving clinical care. Questions remain about feasibility and effectiveness of CPOE in the emergency department (ED). However, successful implementations in other settings typically incorporate decision support functions that are lacking in many commercially available ED information systems. Objectives: To compare acute coronary syndrome (ACS) guideline compliance before and after implementation of a locally implemented ACS guideline, first on paper and then in a commercially available ED information system without patient-specific clinical decision support. Methods: Clinical data were abstracted retrospectively on patients seen before and after introduction of paper and, subsequently, CPOE versions of ACS guideline-based order-sets. Order-set use was determined. Risk category assignments were made retrospectively using guideline criteria and compliance with the guideline regarding β-blockers, heparin, and aspirin was determined. Association between order-set use and compliance was determined. Results: The authors found increasing use of order-sets over the period of study. However, there was poor association between the order-sets used and risk stratification category. Some association between ED β-blocker use and use of CPOE order-sets was found, but there was no improvement in overall compliance with any of the guideline recommendations. Conclusions: Adherence to an ACS guideline did not improve with implementation of a commercial ED information system without provision for patient-specific decision support. This suggests that the lack of patient-specific decision-support functionality in most current ED information system products may hamper progress in the development of effective decision support.
Reconditioning of Insulating Oils by Activated Alumina

THE use of insulating oil in electrical equipment carries with it the problem of prevention of deterioration when the oil is subjected to elevated temperatures in the presence of air. Deterioration may be accelerated by the presence of moisture and organic acid. This condition is found in certain types of transformers and oil-filled bushings.
Perception of social support and blood pressure in young men

This study investigated the association between perceived social support, blood pressure, and heart rate during rest and stress. 29 men were selected from 184 students on the basis of having high and low perceived social support. During rest and two of the laboratory stressors, the low-support group had higher diastolic pressure than the high-support group. Systolic blood pressure and heart rate did not differ between the two groups during either rest or stress. The low-support group was slightly older (24.8 yr.) than the high-support group (22.4 yr.), but the groups did not differ with respect to parental history of hypertension, body mass index, smoking, anxiety, anger inhibition, or environmental stress.
Natural Killer (NK) Cell Subsets and NK Cell Cytotoxicity in Women with Histories of Recurrent Spontaneous Abortions

PROBLEM: Natural Killer (NK) cell measurement and NK cytotoxicity are two measurements for assessing the cellular immune response. Both of the techniques have been reported to be prognostic for women with recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). We evaluated the two methods to determine the relationship of the two assays. Because both methods portend to evaluate the same process, the previous clinical data suggested that the methods evaluate the same phenomena. We undertook these studies to determine whether simple NK cell counts may be sufficient in the evaluation of NK activity in RSA. METHOD OF STUDY: The NK cell cytotoxicity at effector-to-target ratios of 50:1 and 25:1 was determined using a flow cytometric NK cell cytotoxicity assay. These values were then correlated with the percentages and absolute counts of three peripheral blood NK cell subsets. RESULTS: The data indicate that the flow cytometric assay is reproducible and precise and can be successfully used to evaluate patient samples. Linear regression analysis indicated a lack of correlation between peripheral hlood NK cell cytotoxicity and percentages or absolute counts of CD56 + CD16+ CD56 + CD16 - or CD3 + CD56 + lymphocyte subsets (range of correlation coefficients, 0.1-0.3). CONCLUSIONS: NK cell cytotoxicity and peripheral blood NK cell values measure different aspects of NK cells and do not correlate. These data indicate that simple enumeration of NK cells may not be sufficient in the evaluation of NK cells in RSA.
Stereotactic body radiation therapy-based treatment model for stage I medically inoperable small cell lung cancer

Abstract Purpose To report on medically inoperable stage I small cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients for whom stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) was employed to manage the primary tumor. Methods and Materials Review of our institutional review board approved SBRT registry revealed 6 cases of stage I SCLC out of 430 patients over a 6-year interval (2004-2010). All patients had biopsy proven disease and deemed medically inoperable by a thoracic surgeon. Our institutional approach was to treat with a combination of SBRT, platinum-etoposide chemotherapy (CHT) and prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI). SBRT was delivered using a Novalis/BrainLAB platform and ExacTrac (BrainLab, Westchester, IL) for image guidance. Results Patient characteristics included a median Karnofsky performance scale of 80, a median age of 68 years, 4 females, and 1 patient still smoking at presentation. Impaired pulmonary function caused inoperability in 50% of cases. Tumor characteristics included median tumor size of 2.6 cm and median positron emission tomography-standard uptake value max of 9. The SBRT was 60 Gy/3 fractions (3 patients), 50 Gy/5 fractions (2 patients), 30 Gy/1 fraction (1 patient). Median follow-up was 11.9 months. There was no grade 3 or higher, and 1 grade 2, toxicity. Three patients were alive at analysis and 3 patients had died of non-cancer causes. At 1 year, local control was 100%, there was no regional nodal failure, and 1 patient had distant failure (liver). Overall and disease-free survivals at 1 year were 63% and 75%, respectively. Conclusions Employing SBRT for stage I medically inoperable SCLC is rational, with excellent local control and encouraging disease-specific survival. The absence of regional nodal failure supports positron emission tomography for mediastinal staging. Platinum-based CHT may be feasible in vulnerable populations.
Solar UV irradiance variability during the declining phase of the solar cycle 22

The SUSIM (Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor) and the SOLSTICE (Solar Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment) instruments on the UARS (Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite) have been making continuous measurements of the solar UV flux in the spectral range 115–420 nm since October 1991. This period, characterized as the declining phase of solar cycle 22, shows a transition from near maximum to near minimum solar activity levels. During this period, the solar UV flux at Lyman α decreased by about 45% from a mean solar maximum value of about 9 mW/m², and the integrated solar flux between 200–205 nm decreased by about 5% from a mean value of about 47 mW/m². Using the MgII index as a proxy of solar UV irradiance variability, it is shown that the temporal relationship of the UARS solar Lyman α irradiance and the MgII index during solar cycle 22 is significantly different than during solar cycle 21, inferred from the SME (Solar Mesosphere Explorer) Lyman α measurements. Moreover, during solar cycle 22, the scale factor for solar Lyman α irradiance (% change for 1% change in MgII index) is about 1.5 times larger for long term changes than for changes over the time scale of a solar rotation. Unlike Lyman α, the scale factor for the UV flux in the 200–205 nm wavelength range, is close to unity both for the rotational and longer time scales. The spectral dependence of the two scale factors in the 120–200 nm range is derived from the SOLSTICE data which may be used with the MgII index to estimate the UV irradiance variability in this spectral range for both short and long time scales.
Longitudinal variation in community structure of floodplain fishes along two rivers of the southeastern USA

Many studies have examined whether longitudinal variation exists in fish communities within stream channels. Yet despite the acknowledged importance of adjacent floodplain ecosystems, no study has investigated longitudinal variation in fish communities in floodplain wetlands. We conducted a study to determine if distinct fish communities exist between upper and lower river floodplains. We predicted that floodplains in the upper portions of a watershed will be dominated by opportunistic riverine fish. In contrast, floodplains farther downstream in the watershed will primarily consist of obligate floodplain fishes. We sampled fishes at 21 floodplain sites along the lengths of the Oconee–Altamaha and Broad–Savannah river systems of Georgia, USA, during the 2008 and 2009 flood seasons. A modified mark–recapture method was utilized to estimate probabilities of species detection and occupancy. Ordination and analysis of similarity using species site occupancy estimates identified two unique communities related ...
Towards a prescriptive theory of team design

The author overviews an emerging prescriptive theory of team design. The objective of this theory is to define procedures whereby one can design a team that performs predictably well. This theory prescribes a procedure for converting descriptions of the decision situations that a team will face into a well-defined team architecture and set of decision procedures for each team member. In addition, the prescriptive theory makes precise predictions of team performance and the conditions under which team performance will degrade. >
H-WSNMS: A Web-Based Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks Management System Architecture

Abstract-As heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are being widely deployed for various applications, we are faced with a new challenge of network management for heterogeneous WSNs. On one hand, current available WSN management tools are either application specific, or platform specific, thus suffering from the lack of reusability in heterogeneous WSNs management environment. On the other hand, to develop a new WSN management system for heterogeneous WSNs from scratch is time consuming and may not be feasible. In this paper, motivated by such a challenge, we propose a novel WSN management system architecture targeted for heterogeneous WSNs (H-WSNMS). By introducing the concept of Virtual Command Set, H-WSNMS decouples management functions for specific WSN applications from the individual WSN platforms. Therefore, H-WSNMS facilitates the reuse of each individual WSN’s preliminary management command service as much as possible, and at the same time, presents to users a unified management interface across multiple WSNs. We demonstrate H-WSNMS architecture though design and implementation of a prototype system.
Factors affecting ambulance utilization for asthma attack treatment: understanding where to target interventions.

Abstract Objectives Asthma is a serious, sometimes fatal condition, in which attacks vary in severity, potentially requiring emergency medical services (EMS) ambulance treatment. A portion of asthma attacks requiring EMS ambulance treatment may be prevented with improved education and access to care. The aim of this study was to identify areas of the city with high rates of utilization of EMS ambulance for treatment, and the demographics, socio-economic status, and time of day associated with these rates, to better target future interventions to prevent emergencies and reduce cost. Study design A cross-sectional study was conducted on individuals in Houston, TX (USA) requiring ambulance treatment for asthma attacks from 2004 to 2011. Methods 12,155 EMS ambulance-treated asthma attack cases were linked to census tracts. High rate treatment areas were identified with geospatial mapping. Census tract demographic characteristics of these high rate areas were compared with the remainder of the city using logistic regression. The association between case level demographics and the time of day of asthma attack within the high rate area was also assessed with logistic regression. Results EMS ambulance-treated high rate areas were identified and found to have a utilization incidence rate over six times higher per 100,000 people than the remainder of the city. There is an increased risk of location in this high rate area with a census tract level increase of percent of population: earning less than $10,000 yearly income (RR 1.21, 1.16–1.26), which is black (RR 1.08, 1.07–1.10), which is female (RR 1.34, 1.20–1.49) and have obtained less than a high school degree (RR 1.02, 1.01–1.03). Within the high rate area, case level data indicates an increased risk of requiring an ambulance after normal doctor office hours for men compared with women (RR 1.13, 1.03–1.22), for black compared with Hispanic ethnicity (RR 1.31, 1.08–1.59), or for adults (less than 41 and greater than 60) compared with children. Conclusions Interventions to prevent asthma emergencies should be targeted in the high rate area and towards groups identified most at risk. Consideration should be given to improved access to care after normal doctor office hours in these locations. While ambulance treatment reflects the most urgent care needs, these interventions are also expected to reduce the need for emergency room visits.
Diabetic kidney disease in children and adolescents

Diabetes, more frequently type 1, but increasingly also type 2, commonly occurs in childhood. While more advanced diabetic kidney disease (DKD), e.g., loss of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), does not occur until adulthood, kidney biopsies show DKD structural changes as early as 1.5–5 years after the onset of type 1 diabetes. Earliest clinical sign of DKD, increased urine albumin excretion, commonly appears during childhood and adolescence and presents an important opportunity to detect and intervene in early DKD, perhaps more successfully than later in the disease course. Longitudinal studies of type 1 diabetes have enriched our understanding of the DKD natural history and modifiable risk factors for DKD progression. These studies have also shown that the presence of DKD marks a subset of people with diabetes who are at the highest risk of early mortality, supporting an enhanced focus on DKD detection, prevention, and treatment. Early studies suggest that youth-onset type 2 diabetes is associated with a higher prevalence of comorbidities and risk factors and follows a more aggressive natural history. A deeper understanding of the natural history, risk factors, underlying mechanisms and therapeutic options for DKD in young-onset type 2 diabetes awaits further studies.
Vegetation changes in a central Wisconsin floodplain from pre-settlement to the mid-21st Century1

Abstract Cook, J. (College of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin Stevens Point, Stevens Point, WI 54481). Vegetation changes in a central Wisconsin floodplain from pre-settlement to mid-21st century. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 132:492–504. 2005.—The vegetation changes of a central Wisconsin floodplain from the mid-1800's to 2000 were documented, and the probable changes to 2050 projected. This was accomplished by use of survey witness trees in 1851, an extensive survey in 2000, and projection to ∼2050 using probable gap replacement frequencies and forest development theory. Between 1851 and 2000 extensive changes in relative abundance of tree species occurred. Silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.) exhibited the largest increase, and river birch (Betula nigra L.) and eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) the greatest decline; bur oak (Quercus macropcara Michx.) and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton (B. lutea Michx. f.) were noted by the surveyor but not found in 2000. Conversely, two species [hornb...
Concerning the ring-opening polymerization of lactide and cyclic esters by coordination metal catalysts

A summary of the reactions involved in the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of lactide (LA) to give polylactides (PLAs) is presented along with competing reactions. Particular attention is given to the stereoselective polymerization of rac-LA to give hetero- tactic PLA and meso-LA to give syndiotactic PLA by aluminum Schiff-based catalysts and to the development of highly active group 2 metal single-site catalysts. Melt or solvent-free polymerization is also described along with reactions that lead exclusively to cyclic-polylac- tides.
Non-nutritive sucking in great ape and human newborns.

The development of non-nutritive sucking in chimpanzee, orangutan and human newborns was observed during the first days of life. The group of ten human subjects reliably increased their rate of sucking, time spent sucking, and number of sucks per ten-minute testing session during days 1–4. Similarly, the group of four newborn chimpanzees demonstrated increases in these same measures. The data from the two orangutan subjects, although not statistically significant, were generally consistent with that of the other newborns. The stability of the sucking response and the pattern of sucking were the major apparent between-species differences. The human newborns sucked in a stable pattern of bursts and pauses beginning on day 1, whereas the chimpanzee and orangutan subjects gradually developed a pattern of relatively continuous sucking. The disruptibility of the sucking response was tested using a five-second auditory stimulus. Disruption occurred 58% for humans, 40% for chimpanzees, and 20% for orangutans. It was concluded that non-nutritive sucking of great ape newborns is less distractible by external stimulation than that of human newborns. This apparent rigidity makes it a less useful dependent variable in studies of the sensory capacities of chimpanzee and orangutan newborns than was predicted.
The Correlation of Comorbidity with Function of the Shoulder and Health Status of Patients Who Have Glenohumeral Degenerative Joint Disease

We studied the effect of comorbidities on function of the shoulder and health status in a group of eighty-five consecutive patients who had glenohumeral degenerative joint disease of sufficient severity to meet one surgeon's criteria for the performance of shoulder arthroplasty. A questionnaire was used to identify the comorbidities, such as other diseases, social factors, or a work-related injury, for each patient. The number of functions on the Simple Shoulder Test that the patient could perform had a significant negative correlation with the number of comorbidities (r = -0.32, intercept = 4.6 per cent, slope = -0.6, and p = 0.0031). Each parameter on the Short Form-36 (except for physical role function) had a significant negative correlation with the number of comorbidities (p < 0.05). This negative relationship was strongest for general health perception (r = -0.42) and vitality (r = -0.35). We concluded that the number of comorbidities has a quantitative effect on function of the shoulder. In the evaluation of the functional status of patients and the effectiveness of treatment, the effects of comorbidity must be controlled. The results of the present study demonstrate that the scores on the Short Form-36 are quantitatively related to the number of comorbidities. The six parameters that are unrelated to function of the shoulder (physical function, social function, emotional role function, mental health, vitality, and general health perception) may provide a practical way to integrate the effects of all potential comorbidities on individual patients. Future clinical research will be strengthened by efforts to measure the impact of comorbidities and by strategies to control for their effects.
Clinically Relevant Frailty Index for Mice

Frailty is a clinical syndrome associated with the aging process and adverse outcomes. The purpose of this short report was to initiate the development of a Frailty Index in 27- to 28-month-old C57BL/6 mice that matched the clinical criteria used in humans (weakness, slow walking speed, low activity level, poor endurance). The selected criteria included grip strength, walking speed, physical activity, and endurance. The criteria in mice were evaluated by the inverted-cling grip test, rotarod test, voluntary wheel running, and derived endurance scores. Each criterion had a designated cutoff point (1.5 SD below the cohort mean) to identify the mice with the lowest performance. If a mouse presented with three of the criteria scores below the cutoff points, it was identified as frail. Mild frailty was designated if two criteria were below the cutoff points. In this mouse cohort, one mouse was identified as frail and one was mildly frail. This prevalence of 9% frailty is consistent with the prevalence of frailty in humans at the same survival age. Collectively, our selected criterion, cutoff point, and Frailty Index provide a potential standardized definition for frailty in mice that is consistent with the operational definition of frailty in humans.
Modeling photo-desorption in high current storage rings

The authors present a simple phenomenological model of photo-desorption that includes effects of dose dependence and diffuse photon reflection to compute the leveling of gas loads in beamlines of high current storage rings that typify heavy flavor factories. This model is also used to estimate chamber commissioning times. >
Building the organization's long-term success through strategic values

In this paper, the author present the importance of strategic values, i.e., learning, leadership, and resilience (LLR), to craft the solid and sustainable innovation strategies. It is a general practice to identify and analyze the most profitable innovation opportunities using financial tools such as EVA, NPV, ROI, etc. The author argue that the organization's exclusive focus on profitability itself is a first step to its long-term failure. The author recommend that the organization should adopt a balanced approach that values an investment/innovation opportunity on multiple dimensions including profitability, learning, leadership, and strategic resilience (and other factors that are or can become the key sources of competitive differentiation). The proposed change in approach generates innovations that do not only yield huge economic benefits in the long run, but also position the company for a dependable and sustainable competitive advantage. Continual acquisition and deployment of tangible and more importantly intangible assets (i.e., learning, knowledge, intellectual property, people, processes, skills, network, culture, drive, etc.) are the key characteristics of such innovative organizations. To these organizations, the creativity, uniqueness, and learning are the essence of innovation and leveraging that for sustainable competitive advantage is the essence of a successful business strategy. For these innovative organizations LLR continuously pushes the envelope of what is possible and what can be possible, serving as a catalyst to transform the impossible into the possible.
One-Dimensional Gas Flow Models for Municipal Solid Waste Landfills: Cylindrical and Spherical Symmetries

The purpose of this technical note is to present two analytic solutions for modeling one-dimensional gas flow in municipal solid waste landfills with horizontal gas collection systems. In previous work, vertical flow was considered. In the present communication, situations in which cylindrical or spherical symmetry apply are considered. These models, although not perfect descriptions of typical landfill geometries, should be useful during the "roughing-out" stage of gas collection systems and may be used to estimate maximum pressures with a minimal effort. Because all the requisite background is developed in the cited reference; the reader is directed to consult it for that purpose.
Hierarchical spectrum market and the design of contracts for mobile providers

In this paper, we propose a hierarchical market structure and contracting mechanisms that could be used by wireless/mobile service providers to trade spectrum and spectrum-derived services with each other. This market advances beyond the current contracting mechanisms between service providers that, due to availability of only long-term contract choices, do not lead to efficient utilization of spectrum resources and service innovation for the customers. We describe the spectrum market structure in terms of the role of the providers and the different spectrum contract types that could be traded in the marketplace. Finally, the role and function of present day mobile virtual networks operators (MVNO) and the mobile network operators (MNO) are discussed from the context of the proposed market structure.
Rapid Detection of the Top Six Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O Groups in Ground Beef by Flow Cytometry

Rapid, sensitive, and highly specific flow-cytometric assays were developed for the detection of the top six non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O groups in ground beef. The analytical sensitivity of the assays was 2 × 10(3) target cells in a bacterial mixture of 10(5) CFU/ml, and the limit of detection in ground beef was 1 to 10 CFU following 8 h of enrichment. The assays may be utilized for rapid detection of STEC O groups in meat.
POROSIMETRY MEASUREMENT OF SHALE FABRIC AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO ILLITE/SMECTITE DIAGENESIS

The extent of illite/smectite (I/S) reactions is linked with quantitative measurements of shale fabric in a suite of samples from a lower Frio Formation well. Greater illitization of the I/S clays is found in laminated shales that possess a larger pore surface area/pore volume (SA/V) of 3.21 x 106 cm-~ than the adjacent massive shale lithofacies with a SA/V of 1.97 x 106 cm -~. Mean pore diameter in both shale lithologies is 0.0145 micrometers, though in the laminated shale distributions are skewed towards more smaller-sized pores. While no direct permeability measurements were made, estimates of perme- ability that are based on simple physical models using SA/V suggest that lower permeabilities are associated with laminated shales. The trend of greater illitization at higher SA/V values is contrary to expectations that reaction extent is enhanced by greater permeabilities, such as created by silt laminations in shale. The limitations of estimated permeabilities emphasize that porosimetry measurements of shale fabric are useful for estimating the access of material to all reaction sites, and do not just describe the effect of a few large pores that dominate permeability. Greater reaction extent in the laminated shales is associated with the accessibility of fluids to more pore space than in the massive shales.
Bleeding Ectopic Pregnancy

Bleeding ectopic pregnancy requires aggressive fluid resuscitation and stabilization prior to operative interventions. Blood transfusion may be necessary. For women who desire fertility and are clinically stable, laparoscopic salpingostomy, followed by serum beta human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) if necessary, is the preferred method of treatment. However, if the tube is damaged and cannot be salvaged, a salpingectomy is required. Two randomized studies showed that the incidence of intrauterine and ectopic pregnancies after salpingostomy and salpingectomy is similar. Depending on the surgeon’s expertise, in most cases, bleeding ectopic pregnancy can be safely managed by laparoscopy.
Climate Refugees and International Refugee Law

The First Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has warned about the impacts of climate change on forced human migration. Experts and intergovernmental agencies unanimously confirm about the future flood of climate-displaced persons and their number is likely to surpass all known refugee crises. International political and normative responses to climate-induced involuntary displacement, particularly the "climate refugees", and their relocation, protection remain ambivalent at best and dismissive at worst. The marginalised plight of "climate refugees" solicits a humane approach to their vulnerability and quest for survival, bringing human rights perspective as an integral part of this protection. This chapter examines the existing international protection paradigms of (a) refugee under the 1951 Refugee Convention, 1967 Protocol on the Status of Refugees, and Office of the UN High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), and (b) human rights with a view to seeking legal status and protection for "climate refugees". Keywords:1951 Refugee Convention; climate refugees; human rights; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC); international refugee law; UN High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR)
Final Results of a Randomized Phase 2 Trial Investigating the Addition of Cetuximab to Induction Chemotherapy and Accelerated or Hyperfractionated Chemoradiation Therapy for Locoregionally Advanced Head and Neck Cancer: HPV-negative Subset Analysis

detection of recurrence were abstracted. Patients either received definitive RT alone (nZ38, 15.4%) or concurrent systemic therapy and RT (nZ209, 84.6%). Outcomes, including local control (LC), regional control (RC), locoregional control (LRC), freedom from distant metastases (FFDM), and overall survival (OS) were calculated according to Kaplan-Meier method from the end of RT. Patients received a 3-month posttreatment positron emission tomographic/computed tomographic (PET/CT) scan and were seen every 3 months in the first year, every 4 months in Year 2, and every 6 months in Years 3 to 5. Results: Median follow-up of all patients was 36 months. LC was achieved in 239 of 245 patients, with a 3-year LC rate of 97.8%. Of the 6 local failures, all were detected by direct visualization (nZ2) or flexible laryngoscopy (nZ4). Three-year RC was 95.3%, where patients with 5 nodes or level 4 lymph nodes present were more likely to suffer regional failure (P<.05). Of the 9 regional recurrences, 89% (nZ8) were found by symptoms or 3-month posttreatment PET/CT. Three-year LRC was 94%. Of the 13 patients that suffered a locoregional failure, 92% (nZ12) presented with either symptoms or persistent disease on 3-month posttreatment PET/CT. Three-year FFDM rate was 91.4%, with increased risk of metastases occurring in patients with a lymph node greater than 6 cm, bilateral lymphadenopathy, 5 or more nodes, or if a lymph node was present in level 4 (P<.05). Of the 21 patients who suffered distant recurrence, 71% (nZ15) were found due to symptoms or 3-month posttreatment imaging. Three-year OS was 91% for all patients. Late grade 3 toxicity occurred in 21 patients (9%), with 19 being grade 3 toxicities and 2 grade 4 toxicities. The majority of toxicity and/or failure occurred within the first 6 months (64%), with only 4 events beyond 2 years. Conclusion: HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer treated with definitive RT has excellent outcomes. Of the few patients that suffered a local failure, all were identified with physical exam. Symptoms and/or 3-month posttreatment PET/CT identified 92% of locoregional failures and 71% of distant failures. Given these findings, if posttreatment of PET/CT is negative, no further imaging is warranted. Follow-up should include history and physical exam with direct visualization. Author Disclosure: J.M. Frakes: None. A.O. Naghavi: None. T. Strom: None. A.R. Giuliano: None. L.B. Harrison: None. A. Trotti: None. J.J. Caudell: None.
A LAPF/phafin1-like protein regulates TORC1 and lysosomal membrane permeabilization in response to endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress

Lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) is a poorly understood regulator of programmed cell death that involves leakage of luminal lysosomal or vacuolar hydrolases into the cytoplasm. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, LMP can be induced by antifungals and endoplasmic reticulum stressors when calcineurin also has been inactivated. A genome-wide screen revealed Pib2, a relative of LAPF/phafin1 that regulates LMP in mammals, as a pro-LMP protein in yeast. Pib2 associated with vacuolar and endosomal limiting membranes in unstressed cells in a manner that depended on its FYVE domain and on phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI(3)P) biosynthesis. Genetic experiments suggest that Pib2 stimulates the activity of TORC1, a vacuole-associated protein kinase that is sensitive to rapamycin, in a pathway parallel to the Ragulator/EGO complex containing the GTPases Gtr1 and Gtr2. A hyperactivating mutation in the catalytic subunit of TORC1 restored LMP to the gtr1∆ and pib2∆ mutants and also prevented the synthetic lethality of the double mutants. These findings show novel roles of PI(3)P and Pib2 in the regulation of TORC1, which in turn promoted LMP and nonapoptotic death of stressed cells. Rapamycin prevented the death of the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans during exposure to fluconazole plus a calcineurin inhibitor, suggesting that TORC1 broadly promotes sensitivity to fungistats in yeasts.
The Age-Old Question of Researcher Innovation

Unfortunately, both Y. Bhattacharjee (“The young and the innovative,” Science-Scope, 21 September, p. 1663) and Jeremy Berg, director of the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, perpetuate the myth that “[e]arly-career types are historically the ones who come up with the most
Food and daily ration of the rock soleLepidopsetta bilineata (Pleuronectidae) in the eastern Bering Sea

A total of 129 specimens ofLepidopsetta bilineata (Ayres) were collected in the eastern Bering Sea (57°02′–58°11′N; 161°58′–164°38′W) between 28 August and 7 September 1984. Examination of its stomach and intestine contents revealed that polychaetes, gammarid amphipods and echiuroids constitute the bulk of its diet. Prey type is related to fish size. Juveniles consume more mobile prey, such as small crustaceans (gammarid amphipods, cumaceans, carideans), while adults, although still continuing to feed on gammarid amphipods, preferentially feed on infaunal organisms such as polychaetes, echiuroids and mollusks. Some prey, such as echinoderms, fishes and urochordates, were encountered only in stomachs, which resulted in a higher index of feeding diversity for this organ. Rock sole feeds primarily during daylight hours, peaking at dusk. Its daily ration was estimated as 0.49, 1.12, and 1.61% of fish body weight from contents of stomach, intestine, and stomach plus intestine, respectively.