cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LCHC: the evolution of a hybrid collaboratory

ABSTRACTThe focus of this paper is the role and context of electronic mail and Internet use in the evolution of the Laboratory of Comparative Human Cognition (LCHC) at UC San Diego, a long-lived international and interdisciplinary social science collaboratory or “laboratory without walls”. I analyse excerpts from LCHC publications, presentations, project reports, websites and archival materials to show how LCHC performs the functions of two collaboratory subtypes (Distributed Research Centre and Virtual Community of Practice) identified in the Science of Collaboratories literature. Strategic use of information and computing technology (ICT) amplified members’ inclusive practices predating the Internet to support collocated and distant researchers. Furthermore, becoming a hybrid collaboratory using ICT to support said practices was crucial to LCHC's sustainability. While prior research on collaboratories identified taxonomies (success factors, main functions), this paper explores connections between collab...
Chapter 6 Calcium and the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the evidence that suggests alterations in the ability of neurons to properly regulate calcium dynamics. These contribute to the normal age-related dysfunction of the nervous system and to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. The calcium ion is the most important intracellular messenger in the brain, playing pivotal roles in neuronal development, synaptic transmission and plasticity, and the regulation of various metabolic pathways. Alterations in cellular calcium homeostasis occur in brain cells during aging and may contribute to age-related deficits in sensory and motor functions and cognition. Abnormalities in specific calcium-regulating systems have been documented in neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and stroke. Altered proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) results in increased production of amyloid β-peptide. It forms insoluble aggregates and induces oxidative stress in neurons that impairs ion homeostasis and energy metabolism resulting in synaptic dysfunction and increased vulnerability of neurons to apoptosis and excitotoxicity. This regulation of cellular calcium homeostasis may trigger a process of programmed cell death called “apoptosis,” which is now strongly implicated in age-related neurodegenerative disorders.
Two-Port Network Analyzer Dielectric Constant Measurement of Granular or Liquid Materials for the Study of Cement Based Materials

The construction industry has a keen interest in using a nondestructive, real-time, reliable and inexpensive technique for the in-place evaluation of the compressive strength of concrete structures. Compressive strength of concrete is usually determined by drilling a core and testing it in a laboratory. This method is relatively expensive, and it may take a few days for the results to be known. In addition, this method is destructive. Consequently, several nondestructive techniques have been developed for this purpose. These include: pulse velocity method, surface hardness, penetration, pullout, breakoff and maturity techniques1.
Cell Mechanics at the Rear Act To Steer the Direction of Cell Migration

Motile cells navigate complex environments by changing their direction of travel, generating left-right asymmetries in their mechanical subsystems to physically turn. Currently little is known about how external directional cues are propagated along the length scale of the whole cell and integrated with its force-generating apparatus to steer migration mechanically. We examine the mechanics of spontaneous cell turning in fish epidermal keratocytes and find that the mechanical asymmetries responsible for turning behavior predominate at the rear of the cell, where there is asymmetric centripetal actin flow. Using experimental perturbations we identify two linked feedback loops connecting myosin II contractility, adhesion strength and actin network flow in turning cells that are sufficient to recreate observed cell shapes and trajectories in a computational model. Surprisingly, asymmetries in actin polymerization at the cell leading edge play only a minor role in the mechanics of cell turning; that is, cells steer from the rear.
Allelopathy in tropical and subtropical species

The ability of certain plants to synthesize allelochemicals that disrupt the germination, development, reproduction and/or survival of organisms that compete with them for resources has been observed in a variety of environments worldwide. Tropical and subtropical regions are particularly conducive to the evolution of allelopathic survival strategies as the relatively constant temperatures and mild frost-free winters produce a hospitable year-round growing season. This allows for the proliferation of a large variety of species and leads to fierce competition for sunlight, nutrients, water and other resources. Allelopathy provides an advantage to invasive species allowing for increased competitiveness and fitness over native and agricultural species in a variety of different habitats. Herein, the diversity and known action mechanisms of allelopathic compounds with a focus on tropical and subtropical communities is reviewed. Furthermore, the current and future prospect of utilizing and developing these allelopathic chemicals as weed control options is discussed.
Towards coherent X-ray free-electron lasers

Increased bandwidth and fluctuations are hurdles on the path towards generating intense fully coherent X-ray free-electron laser output. A recent experiment at FERMI Trieste demonstrated that these difficulties can be overcome by an approach called echo-enabled harmonic generation.
Changes in Mental Status and Dyspnea Followed by Pulseless Electrical Activity.

Abstract Following back surgery a man developed extensive pulmonary emboli that proved fatal.
Improving Our Understanding of Tropical Cyclone Genesis

Abstract : To improve understanding of tropical cyclone genesis through a research program combining high-resolution modeling and detailed observational studies to investigate detailed physical processes by which a tropical cyclone forms.
Enabling battery-less wearable sensors via intra-body power transfer: demo abstract

In this work, we present SkinnyPower, a concept of Intra-Body Power Transfer (IBPT) that wirelessly transfers power through human skin to operate batteryless wearable sensors. We envision a scenario, in which batteryless sensors placed on small body parts (e.g., on-finger, in-ear, and in-mouth) can obtain operating power from another body-worn energy sources (e.g., already existing battery-powered wearable devices such as a smartphone, smartwatch, or BandAid-like battery patch attached to the neck). To demonstrate and validate the concept of IBPT, we implemented a prototype consisting of 1) a wrist-worn, battery-powered power transmitter that sends alternating current through the human body and 2) a finger-worn, batteryless sensor device that operates solely on body-transferred power. Evaluations on five subjects show that we can reliably support the power of approximately 1 mW, which can be used to operate an embedded system, continuously collect sensor (accelerometer) data, and wirelessly transfer the collected data in real-time using Bluetooth Low Energy. We believe that the proposed system has great potential to transform current architectures and designs for body-area networks, promoting the development of innovative on-body sensors that would otherwise not be possible with on-device batteries.
Medical Student Perspectives on LGBTQ Health.

Introduction Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) community members experience adverse health outcomes at higher rates than non-LGBTQ individuals. We examined the impact of student demographics as well as gender and sexuality didactic instruction on the attitudes of first-year medical students toward LGBTQ patients. Methods In January 2017, 255 first-year students at an urban allopathic medical school participated in a gender and sexuality health curriculum. We assessed student attitudes regarding LGBTQ patients using anonymous pre- and postintervention surveys. Each item was measured on a 5-point Likert scale. Results Of 255 possible respondents, we received 244 responses to the preintervention survey (95.7% response rate) and 253 to the postintervention survey (99.2% response rate). Participants were predominantly white (66.8%), heterosexual (94.7%), and cisgender (100%). Respondents who identified as LGBQ were significantly (P<.05) more likely than heterosexual students to agree with the following preintervention statements, among others: (1) Discordance between birth sex and gender is a natural human phenomenon, (2) When meeting a patient for the first time, I feel comfortable asking what pronoun they use, (3) I am able to empathize with the life experience of an LGB/T patient, (4) I am motivated to seek out opportunities to learn more about LGBTQ-specific health care issues. Statistically significant changes in attitudes between time points are seen in 4 out of 15 items. Conclusion A focused gender and sexuality curriculum appears to impact medical student attitudes regarding LGBTQ patients. Furthermore, recruitment of LGBTQ-identifying medical students may translate into improved workforce motivation to provide health care for LGBTQ patients.
The Missing Two-Thirds of Evolutionary Theory

In this Element, we extend our earlier treatment of biology's first law. The law says that in any evolutionary system in which there is variation and heredity, there is a tendency for diversity and complexity to increase. The law plays the same role in biology that Newton's first law plays in physics, explaining what biological systems are expected to do when no forces act, in other words, what happens when nothing happens. Here we offer a deeper explanation of certain features of the law, develop a quantitative version of it, and explore its consequences for our understanding of diversity and complexity.
Molecular Identification of Mutations Conferring Resistance to Azoxystrobin in Cercospora nicotianae .

Cercospora nicotianae, the causal agent of frogeye leaf spot (FLS) of tobacco, has been exposed to quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides for more than a decade through azoxystrobin application...
Detectable HIV RNA in late pregnancy associated with low tenofovir hair levels at time of delivery among women living with HIV in the United States.

OBJECTIVE We evaluated peripartum tenofovir (TFV) exposure via hair measures among women living with HIV in the United States. DESIGN Observational cohort study. METHODS Hair samples were collected at or shortly after childbirth among mothers enrolled in the Surveillance Monitoring for Antiretroviral Therapy Toxicities Study of the Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study between 6/2014 and 7/2016. Among mothers receiving TFV disoproxil fumarate (TDF)-based regimens during pregnancy, TFV hair concentrations were analyzed using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Weight-normalized TFV concentrations were log10 transformed. Multivariable linear regression assessed correlates of TFV concentrations. RESULTS Overall, 121 mothers on TDF-based antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy had hair specimens tested for TFV concentrations and were included in the analysis. Median age at delivery was 31 years [interquartile range (IQR) 26-36]; 71% self-identified as non-Hispanic black, and 10% had unsuppressed viral loads in late pregnancy (HIV RNA ≥ 400 copies/ml). Median time from birth to hair collection was 3 days (IQR 1-14) and median TFV hair concentration was 0.02 ng/mg (IQR 0.01-0.04). In multivariable models, an unsuppressed viral load in late pregnancy was associated with 80% lower adjusted mean peripartum TFV concentrations than pregnancies with viral suppression (95% confidence interval: -90% to -59%, P < 0.001). Use of TDF only in the first trimester and attaining high school graduation were also associated with lower TFV hair concentrations. CONCLUSION Unsuppressed viral load during late pregnancy was strongly associated with lower maternal TFV hair concentrations at birth, though viremia was rare. Efforts to improve maternal virological outcomes and eliminate vertical HIV transmission could incorporate drug exposure monitoring using hair or other metrics.
Review: The kids: The children of LGBTQ parents in the USA: by Gabriela Herman, New York: The New Press, 2017. 164 pp.

The Kids is one of the most beautiful books that I have ever had the pleasure of reading. A far cry from your typical academic read, this book shares very short vignettes from adult children of les...
Distributed Bayesian Inference in Linear Mixed-Effects Models

Linear mixed-effects models play a fundamental role in statistical methodology. A variety of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms exist for fitting these models, but they are inefficient in m...
Little brainiacs and big dummies: Are we selecting for stupid, stout, or small dogs?

Background: Brain size has been associated with intelligence of various orders and families of animals, leading to the concept of encephalization. Brain size scales with body weight between species within mammals to approximately the 0.67 power. However, within species, this scaling exponent appears to be much smaller (approximately 0.27 power). Aim: We examined whether this relationship has persisted in dogs over the 120 years since this was originally observed. Methods: Comparative cross-sectional study of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data obtained from 127 dogs, compared to historical data from 157 dogs and 24 non-dog canid species. Results: Brain size in dogs measured by MRI had a scaling exponent virtually identical to that observed previously (0.24 vs. 0.26). However, the proportionality constant was smaller, suggesting that dogs in the study cohort had relatively smaller brains than the historical cohort. Absolute brain size appeared to have both a lower and upper limit in dogs. When compared to non-dogs canids, the most appropriate “representative” size for a “typical dog” when examining allometric scaling across Canidae appeared to be approximately 10–15 kg. Conclusions: We interpreted the slight reduction in relative brain size to be a function of increased obesity in the study cohort compared to dogs examined 120 years ago. Further, we suggest that dog brains have a finite lower size limit. Finally, concepts of encephalization should not be applied to dogs.
Sustainable Residential Landscapes in Florida: Controlled Comparison of Traditional versus Florida-Friendly Landscaping

AbstractA comparison of water use and maintenance effort was made between traditional and Florida-Friendly Landscaping (FFL). Traditional Florida landscapes are generally turf dominated with minima...
Gait Variability Is Associated With the Strength of Functional Connectivity Between the Default and Dorsal Attention Brain Networks: Evidence From Multiple Cohorts.

BACKGROUND In older adults, elevated gait variability when walking has been associated with both cognitive impairment and future falls. This study leveraged 3 existing data sets to determine relationships between gait variability and the strength of functional connectivity within and between large-scale brain networks in healthy older adults, those with mild-to-moderate functional impairment, and those with Parkinson's disease (PD). METHOD Gait and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data were extracted from existing data sets on: (i) 12 older adults without overt disease yet with slow gait and mild executive dysfunction; (ii) 12 older adults with intact cognitive-motor function and age- and sex-matched to the first cohort; and (iii) 15 individuals with PD. Gait variability (%, coefficient of variation of stride time) during preferred walking speed was measured and correlated with the degree of functional connectivity within and between 7 established large-scale functional brain networks. RESULTS Regression models adjusted for age and sex revealed that in each cohort, those with less gait variability exhibited greater negative correlation between fluctuations in resting-state brain activity between the default network and the dorsal attention network (functionally limited older: β = 4.38, p = .027; healthy older: β = 1.66, p = .032; PD: β = 1.65, p = .005). No other within- or between-network connectivity outcomes were consistently related to gait variability across all 3 cohorts. CONCLUSION These results provide strong evidence that gait variability is uniquely related to functional connectivity between the default network and the dorsal attention network, and that this relationship may be independent of both functional status and underlying brain disease.
Copper-Catalyzed Difluoromethylation of Alkyl Halides Enabled by Aryl Radical Activation of Carbon–Halogen Bonds

The engagement of unactivated alkyl halides in copper-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions has been historically challenging, due to their low reduction potential and the slow oxidative addition of copper(I) catalysts. In this work, we report a novel strategy that leverages the halogen abstraction ability of aryl radicals, thereby engaging a diverse range of alkyl iodides in copper-catalyzed Negishi–type cross-coupling reactions at room temperature. Specifically, aryl radicals generated via copper catalysis efficiently initiate the cleavage of the carbon–iodide bonds of alkyl iodides. The alkyl radicals thus generated enter the copper catalytic cycles to couple with a difluoromethyl zinc reagent, thus furnishing the alkyl difluoromethane products. This unprecedented Negishi–type difluoromethylation approach has been applied to the late-stage modification of densely functionalized pharmaceutical agents and natural products.
Walking the Even Tenor of Our Ways: Liberty and Tradition in Isaac Leeser’s Claims of the Jews to an Equality of Rights

This article explores a collection of letters to the Philadelphia Gazette written by Isaac Leeser, a prominent nineteenth-century writer and American Jewish leader. In the letters, which were published in an 1841 book entitled Claims of the Jews to an Equality of Rights, Leeser argues for greater Jewish acceptance in American life, suggesting that the religious rights safeguarded by America’s founders were under threat during the Second Great Awakening. I argue that Leeser proceeds in two ways, both unique for a nineteenth-century American writer. First, he argues that it is Jewish difference—not assimilation—that should make Jews particularly welcome to their American neighbors. Emphasizing Jewish history and the moral and ethical values of Judaism, Leeser argued that to contribute to American society Jews need not abandon their traditional ways. Second, he positioned himself as a teacher of American ideals, frequently citing doctrines of separationism and individual liberty to persuade his audience that America’s approach to religious minorities is one of liberty, and not mere tolerance. Leeser’s letters underscore the important role of the press in antebellum life, and his arguments for religious liberty stand in sharp contrast to increasingly Christianized governance in the mid-nineteenth century.
Proceedings of the 2012 ACM conference on Computer and communications security

It is a pleasure to present to you the proceedings of this year's ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS 2012), held October 16-18 in Raleigh, NC, USA. This year we received 423 submissions from 41 countries. Each submission was reviewed by a technical program committee of 61 experts as well as over 293 external reviewers. The final program contains 81 full papers, a record number for any computer security conference so far, representing an acceptance rate of 19%. The double-blind review process was organised in two rounds; it included an opportunity for authors to respond to reviews between rounds; and was followed by a discussion amongst the PC - a process that spanned overall 10 weeks. Reviews were assigned between phases dynamically to maximise scrutiny and discussion around submissions whose inclusion in the program was most uncertain. Overall 1395 reviews were filled, including 489 from external reviewers. Overall 365 papers received at least 3 reviews and 149 papers received at least 4 reviews - some 5 or 6. The decision to allocate fewer than 3 reviews to some papers was taken on the basis of both qualitative feedback, as well as a systematic quantitative analysis of the likelihood of them being included in the program given the first round reviews. Many papers that were not selected for presentation contained interesting results and ideas, and we hope that the authors have benefitted from reviews to improve them further and eventually present them. We have also worked closely with the Program Chairs of workshops associated with CCS to ensure that authors have an opportunity to submit their work in those venues.
Afrocultural Integrity and the Social Development of African-American Children

SUMMARY In this paper the role of culture in the social development of African-American youth was explored, and an Afrocultural social ethos was advanced as a concept for investigating the social functioning. Study 1 found no significant gender differences on the social ethos variable in third and sixth graders (47 boys, 43 girls) ratings of self, family or friends. However, boys reported more delinquent behaviors than did girls, and friend's social ethos was predictive of fewer aggressive and delinquent behaviors. Although no significant gender differences on social ethos emerged among the sixth and seventh graders (54 boys, 47 girls) in Study 2, family ethos was predictive of empathic concern while the ethos of friends predicted greater perspective taking. Gender was the only significant predictor of peer-rated helping behavior, with girls judged to demonstrate such behaviors more than boys. Discussion focused on directions for basic and applied research, with an emphasis on African-American men and the...
PHASE SPECIFIC SURFACE AUTOANTIGENS ON MEMBRANES OF FETUS AND TUMORS.

In the past two years, in collaboration with several colleagues, we have demonstrated the presence of antigenic determinants at the surface of SV40, adenovirus, polyoma tumors of hamsters, spontaneous and chemically induced tumors of mice (1–2) which are transiently present in fetal tissues but absent from adult tissues. In other laboratories chemically induced mouse tumors (3) and Maloney sarcoma tumor cells (4) also have demonstrable fetal or phase specific autoantigens (PSAA). The prospect has arisen that many and perhaps all cancers share antigens commonly present on the developing fetal membranes and that retrogenic phasing may be essential to the malignant process. Several major forms of human cancer have embryonic constituents reexpressed as exemplified by the alphafeto-protein of hepatomas or the carcinoembryomic antigen of cancers of endodermal origin.
Behaviorally Dependent Neuronal Gating in the Hippocampus

Let me begin this chapter by describing recent findings from a number of laboratories that have begun to delineate three separate aspects of memory. Consideration of these findings will, I believe, provide insight into questions of spatial behavior and will, in addition, serve as an introduction to my own research.
Natural history of Type B aortic dissection: ten tips

We present ten important specific tips regarding the natural history of Type B aortic dissection, which have a bearing on diagnosis and management decisions.
Design and experimental validation of a virtual line source using metamaterials

Virtual line source radiation at a microwave frequency using metamaterials is presented. Resonant inclusion-based metamaterials in the form of printed resonators on low-loss dielectric substrates are designed and fabricated. A parallel-plate waveguide simulator measurement of a metamaterial-embedded probe current radiation in a ground recess confirms formation of a virtual source above the ground plane.
Critical cooling rates to avoid transient-driven cracking in thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems

Abstract This paper presents critical cooling rates to avoid cracking in thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) driven by thermal transients. A complete thermomechanical model is presented for multilayers; it determines the history of temperature, deformation and stress distributions in the layers, as well as the steady-state energy release rate (ERR) for delamination for all possible crack locations. The model is used to analyze bilayers over a broad range of properties and cooling rates; critical cooling rates are identified that distinguish scenarios in which the transient delamination driving force is higher than that associated with the fully cooled state. Implications for coating the durability are discussed.
The definition and lattice measurement of hadron wave functions

Abstract Various alternative definitionsof the hadron wave function are defined and calculated on the lattice. Results for the pion and rho meson are presented and compared with density-density correlation functions.
A functional analysis of task analysis procedures for instuctional design

Representative examples of task analysis procedures were examined for common components, methods, and terminology. Resulting generic components were categorized into two phases of task analysis: task description and instructional analysis. Task description included the components of task inventory, ordering, and refinement. Instructional analysis was comprised of the specification of needs, goals, objectives, learning hierarchy, learning taxonomy, training considerations, and product development specifications. Identification of these components permitted the formulation of a generalized model of task analysis. The model contained a consensus of procedures comprising educational and industrial task analysis applications.
PHOLD performance of conservative synchronization methods for distributed simulation in ns-3

The scalability and runtime performance of large-scale discrete event network simulations has been improved previously by spreading processing effort across multiple processors, increasing the provided computational power while decreasing the wallclock execution time of each simulation trial. The popular network simulator ns-3 provides two distributed frameworks that differ in their synchronization implementations. This paper provides those thresholds under which certain selection criteria would deem one synchronization option better than the other in terms of runtime performance. It specifically focuses on the performance of each synchronization method by stripping the model of simulated network topologies and overhead and purely utilizing the synchronization implementations and event scheduler of ns-3. Simulations have been performed across a variety of lookahead values, neighbor selections, and remote traffic percentages, and neighbor connectivity thresholds have been determined that suggest where it is more appropriate to use one option over the other.
Systematic Redaction for Neuroimage Data

In neuroscience, collaboration and data sharing are undermined by concerns over the management of protected health information (PHI) and personal identifying information (PII) in neuroimage datasets. The HIPAA Privacy Rule mandates measures for the preservation of subject privacy in neuroimaging studies. Unfortunately for the researcher, the management of information privacy is a burdensome task. Wide scale data sharing of neuroimages is challenging for three primary reasons: (i) A dearth of tools to systematically expunge PHI/PII from neuroimage data sets, (ii) a facility for tracking patient identities in redacted datasets has not been produced, and (iii) a sanitization workflow remains conspicuously absent. This article describes the XNAT Redaction Toolkit-an integrated redaction workflow which extends a popular neuroimage data management toolkit to remove PHI/PII from neuroimages. Quickshear defacing is also presented as a complementary technique for deidentifying the image data itself. Together, these tools improve subject privacy through systematic removal of PII/PHI.
Effect of School Quality and Residential Environment on Mode Choice of School Trips

Trips to school are increasingly taken in automobiles. Smart growth and health advocates suggest that a better-designed built environment in a neighborhood can promote walking and biking to school and that children's walking and biking improve the environment, lower obesity, and increase physical activity. The effects of school variables on travel behavior, however, have rarely been documented. The objective of this research is to examine the impact of school location and characteristics on students' choice of travel mode. The argument is that if the local school is good, then a child is more likely to attend it. The chance increases that the child will commute actively to a school within a short distance, all else equal. School trips from the 2001 Post Census Regional Household Travel Survey of the Los Angeles, California, region were analyzed in relation to school quality in the area of the traveler's origin (residence) and destination. Results revealed that for young travelers who attended kindergarten...
Automatic execution of workflows on laser-scanned data for extracting bridge surveying goals

With the capability of capturing detailed geometry of bridges in minutes, laser scanning technology has attracted the interests of bridge inspectors and researchers in the domain of bridge management. A challenge of effectively utilizing laser scanned point clouds for bridge inspection is that inspectors need to manually extract and measure large numbers of geometric features (e.g., points) for deriving geometric information items (e.g., the minimum underclearance) of bridges, named as bridge surveying goals in this research. Tedious manual data processing impedes inspectors from quantitatively understanding how various data processing options (e.g., algorithms, parameter values) influence the data processing time and the reliabilities of the surveying goal results. This paper shows the needs of automatic workflow executions for extracting surveying goals from laser scanned point clouds, and presents a computational framework for addressing these needs. This computational framework is composed of formal representations of workflows and mechanisms for constructing and executing workflows. Using a prototype system implemented based on this framework, we constructed and quantitatively characterized three workflows for extracting three representative bridge surveying goals, using three metrics of workflow performance defined in this research: exhaustiveness of measurement sampling, reliability of surveying goal results, and time efficiency.
Volcanism and orogenic belts — The origin of andesites

Abstract Since the early attempts of Bowen to account for the diversity of the igneous rocks, a number of proposals have been offered to explain the voluminous andesites of the continental orogenic belts. These include: 1. (1) contamination of basic magmas; 2. (2) anatexis of sialic crust; 3. (3) differentiation of basaltic magmas; 4. (4) anatexis of wet peridotite mantle; and 5. (5) anatexis of oceanic crust and mantle in subduction zones. This paper assembles some of the results of endeavors in experimental petrology and geochemistry to evaluate these proposals. The concept of contamination is supported by neither geologic occurrence nor isotope geochemistry. Similar judgements, together with the unrealistically high temperatures that are required, argue against anatexis of sialic crust to produce primary andesitic liquids. Differentiation of basic magmas to produce andesitic and other silica-rich melts unquestionably occurs. Recent experimental evidence on the hydrothermal melting of basalts reveals that fractionation of silica-poor amphiboles is probably a more efficacious mechanism for producing the calc-alkaline trend than is the early separation of magnetite. Nevertheless, it has yet to be demonstrated that such processes have operated to the extent necessary to produce the orogenic andesites. High-pressure melting experiments on wet synthetic peridotites disclose that quartz-normative liquids are the products of partial melting at pressures up to about 20 kbar. This suggests that andesites can develop from anatexis of water-bearing continental and oceanic mantle to depths of about 60 km, but this mechanism alone fails to account for the spatial distribution of the orogenic calc-alkaline suite. Armed with experimental data on melting and other phase relationships of basic and ultrabasic compositions, together with recent data on the abundances of trace and minor elements in andesites, the most attractive models involve anatexis of mantle peridotite or oceanic crust metamorphosed to amphibolite or eclogite in subducted lithosphere. Melting may also occur in rocks above the hanging wall of the Benioff zone as the result of incorporation of water released by dehydration of the descending slab. The fractionation of alkalis into amphiboles, and into micas at greater depths, may be responsible for the observed zoning of K 2 O in surficial calc-alkaline rocks overlying the distal plate boundaries. However, this model is not in accord with the concept of generation of calc-alkaline magmas at depths of hundreds of kilometers proposed by some workers.
Endosonographic imaging with catheter probes

Most endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) evaluations involve an echoendoscope. However, small catheter ultrasound probes have been developed and expand the armamentarium for EUS imaging within the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, or biliary tree. These miniprobes or catheter EUS probes (C-EUS) can be passed through the accessory channel of a standard endoscope. They provide excellent high-resolution images of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) wall, ampulla, bile duct, and pancreatic duct because of generally higher sonographic frequencies. They are readily available, easy to use, require minimal technical manuevering, and add little to procedure time. This review discusses the available and soon-to-be-available probes, technique, clinical applications, advantages and disadvantages of C-EUS, and future technical developments.
Review of Tm and Ho materials; spectroscopy and lasers

A review of Tm and Ho materials is presented, covering some fundamental aspects on the spectroscopy and laser dynamics in both single and co-doped systems. Following an introduction to 2-μm lasers, applications and historical development, the physics of quasi-four level lasers, energy transfer and modeling are discussed in some detail. Recent developments in using Tm lasers to pump Ho lasers are discussed, and seen to offer some advantages over conventional Tm:Ho lasers. This article is not intended as a complete review, but as a primer for introducing concepts and a resource for further study.
Altered magnetism and new electronic length scales in magneto-electric La 2/3 Sr 1/3 MnO 3 –BiFeO 3 heterointerface

We map out the charge-spin density profile of magneto-electric La2/3Sr1/3MnO3 (LSMO)–BiFeO3 (BFO) heterostructure using soft x-ray resonant magnetic reflectivity. We show that the spatial extent of interface orbitals can extend over a few lattice periods even for an atomically sharp interface. While LSMO magnetization is depleted at the interface, BFO does develop a weak magnetic moment mostly near the interface, probably due to a proximity-induced charge-transfer process. Our study reveals that simultaneous control of electronic and magnetic interfaces is essential in realizing the potential of oxide devices.
Hydrodynamic interaction of a small fluid particle and a spherical drop in low-reynolds number flow

Abstract The present study is concerned with estimating the hydrodynamic interactions between a small droplet and a much larger fluid drop when both drops are translating through an otherwise quiescent fluid. The method of solution is a matched asymptotic expansion involving resolution of the local undisturbed flow produced by the motion of the large drop into component flows that provide the far-field boundary conditions for calculating the disturbance flows produced by the small droplet. In the limit of very small size ratio, the surface of the large drop appears as locally planar. The theory yields a complete trajectory equation including a proper description of the effect of hydrodynamic interactions between the two neighboring drops. The trajectory of the small droplet on approaching the large drop does not deviate significantly from the streamlines of the undisturbed flow until it comes within range of the hydrodynamic repulsion from the surface of the large drop. The magnitude of hydrodynamic repulsion becomes weaker as the viscosity of the droplet is reduced, and this effect is a strong function of the separation distance from the surface of the large drop.
Translational Repression by Deadenylases

The CCR4-CAF1-NOT complex is a major cytoplasmic deadenylation complex in yeast and mammals. This complex associates with RNA-binding proteins and microRNAs to repress translation of target mRNAs. We sought to determine how CCR4 and CAF1 participate in repression and control of maternal mRNAs using Xenopus laevis oocytes. We show that Xenopus CCR4 and CAF1 enzymes are active deadenylases and repress translation of an adenylated mRNA. CAF1 also represses translation independent of deadenylation. The deadenylation-independent repression requires a 5′ cap structure on the mRNA; however, deadenylation does not. We suggest that mere recruitment of CAF1 is sufficient for repression, independent of deadenylation.
Genetic/quadratic search algorithm for plant economic optimizations using a process simulator

Abstract The genetic/quadratic search algorithm (GQSA) is a hybrid genetic algorithms (GA) for optimizing plant economics when a process simulator models the plant. By coupling a regular GA with an algorithm based upon a quadratic search, the required number of objective function evaluations for obtaining an acceptable solution decreases significantly in most cases. The GQSA combines advantages of GA and quadratic search techniques, e.g. determining a global optimum for a problem with a high probability for discontinuous as well as non-convex optimization problems while at the same time providing faster convergence than conventional GA. The performance of both the GQSA and the GA was compared using four different test functions and an economic optimization problem for a turbo-expander process. Numerical test results indicate that the convergence of the GQSA is either better than or at least comparable to those of GA for all tests employing the same genetic parameters.
Isobaric analogue states of doubly magic 208Pb

Abstract We studied the isobaric analogue states ( T = 22) of the first few states of 208 Pb occurring in 208 Bi displaced by 18.98 MeV Coulomb energy, by examining both elastic and inelastic scattering of protons on 207 Pb (enriched). Questions of reduced-width extraction are discussed. Some Coulomb excitation is observed between isobaric analogue resonant inelastic scattering.
Antarctic impulsive transient antenna (ANITA) instrumentation

We will report on the details of the ANITA instrument. This instrument is fundamentally a broadband antenna, which is arrayed and constructed in such a way as to be optimized for the detection and characterization of high-energy neutrino cascades. The requirement to maximize the detector view of the Antarctic ice fields implies low gain antennas yet the need for maximum sensitivity dictates using the highest gain possible. Since the Cherenkov signal increases quadratically at higher frequencies suggesting that the optimal selection is an antenna with constant gain as a function of frequency. The baseline design will be a linearly polarized log-periodic zigzag (LPZZ) antenna.
Literacy and Graphic Communication Getting the Words Out

Although it may seem logical to assume that giftedness automatically equates with high academic achievement, research has shown that assumption is not always true especially in areas that deal with the communication of understanding and knowledge of a subject. If problems occur in graphic output venues that include handwriting, intervention programs do not typically meet the unique needs of the gifted learner. Therefore, this article explores ways to enhance the total literacy development of the gifted student through a discussion of varieties of graphic outputs and strategies.
QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF CONVENIENCE CHICKEN PRODUCTS AS RELATED TO PACKAGING AND STORAGE

Precooked and prefried chicken products were prepared and packaged by three methods using commercial polyester/polyethylene laminate pouches and oil resistant papers. The effects of frozen storage on weight losses, TBA value, peroxide value, acid value and organoleptic qualities of the prepared products were studied. Vacuum packaged samples had the lowest weight losses, TBA and peroxide values, and the best preference scores as compared to the heat sealed and the paper wrapped products. Acid values were higher for breast portions than those of the thigh parts. A sharp decline in acid values during storage was observed for the paper wrapped samples. Taste panels preferred the products which were fried just before serving, rather than the prefried ones.
Exploring Effects of Full-body Control in Perspective-based Learning in an Interactive Museum Data Display

Many factors are known to mediate museum visitors' learning during their interactions with exhibits, including designed elements of the exhibit itself, the other visitors present in the space, and visitors' own backgrounds and prior knowledge. Research indicates that learners' use of a first-person Actor perspective may confer agency to the learner and allow him to more easily reason about otherwise abstract concepts. Our preliminary research shows that full-body interaction with museum exhibits (specifically, an exhibit presenting a rich interactive data visualization), seems to promote both perspective-taking and improved data reasoning. This research builds on that work to clarify the affordances of perspective taking in mediating learning in this environment by comparing two methods of control of the interactive exhibit -- full-body and handheld -- in order to understand how each condition can support perspective taking and data reasoning.
Black September and Identity Construction in Jordan

Abstract The events of Black September were a turning point in the development of Jordanian identity. As a result of the attempt on King Hussein’s life on 1st September 1970 and the subsequent bloody civil war that played out between the Palestinian Resistance Movements that had acted as a “state within a state” inside Jordan, the Hashemite government expelled from the country the Palestinian Liberation Organization and other Fedayeen groups that comprised the Palestinian Resistance Movements. A second consequence of the war was the increased distrust of Palestinians and the crystallization of a distinct Jordanian identity as a reaction to the developing Palestinian identity. After a brief overview of the events leading up to Black September and the war itself, this paper describes the period of “Jordanization” that the government, the military, and the public sector experienced under Prime Minister Wasfi al-Tall. It then discusses the expanding societal divisions of the period immediately following, duri...
The good, the bad, and the ugly: Three agent-type challenges to The Order of Public Reason

In this issue of Philosophical Studies, Richard Arneson, Jonathan Quong and Robert Talisse contribute papers discussing The Order of Public Reason (OPR). All press what I call “agent-type challenges” to the project of OPR. In different ways they all focus on a type (or types) of moral (or sometimes not-so-moral) agent. Arneson presents a good person who is so concerned with doing the best thing she does not truly endorse social morality; Quong a bad person who rejects it and violates the basic rights of others, and Talisse a morally ugly person, a hypocrite, who criticizes others for failing to do what he does not do. All suggest that OPR does not give a satisfying account of what we are to say to, or how we should act towards, such agents. In my response I highlight some core concerns of OPR, while also seeking to show that OPR does not say quite what they think it says, and it often leaves them room for saying what they would like to say about such agents.
Production control for just-in-time tool-and-die manufacturing

Abstract The strategy to implement production control varies in different types of manufacturing systems. We address the issue of production control in unit-based manufacturing systems where the production batch size of the final product is one or two, the product is custom designed and is made up of numerous individual components with similar process routeings lor special machine tools, turbines, boilers, tool-and-die, injection moulding equipment, custom fabrication, etc. We have developed algorithms to generate master production schedules in this particular domain of manufacturing systems using the concept of workgroups. We show how a Kanban-based JIT shopfloor control and purchasing system can be implemented in such systems in tandem with an inventory management system by utilizing the concept of demand lists. We also propose a model for practical implementation of production control in this domain. The methodology is illustrated at a tool-and-die plant where a CIM software is used to apply the JIT-ba...
Multiple exposures to ethanol facilitate intravenous self-administration of ethanol by rats.

In experiment 1, male hooded rats (N=11) were implanted with jugular cannulas, and housed in sound attenuated operant chambers 24 hr/day. The rats were exposed to periodic cycles of forced ethanol infusions (30% v/v, 9–16 g/kg/day over 4–6 days for each cycle). Following each cycle, forced infusions were discontinued, but the rats were allowed access to a lever for self-administration of ethanol on a fixed ratio 1 schedule (FR1). Each lever press infused 0.2 ml of ethanol (20% v/v). The rats were maintained on self-administration for at least 24 hr. If a rat did not develop self-administration behavior (SAB) within 24 hr, the next forced cycle of ethanol exposure was initiated. Eight of the 11 rats developed SAB after a mean of 5.25 cycles of exposure to ethanol, and were then tested for a mean of 15 days on self-administration under FR1, FR2, and FR3 schedules of reinforcement. All rats were tested on FR1 and self-administered a mean of 10.43 g ethanol/kg/day over a mean of 10.75 days. Four rats were subsequently tested on FR2 and FR3 and increased lever presses in order to maintain daily ethanol intake comparable to FR1. Following self-administration testing, the rats were placed on withdrawal and exhibited mild to severe withdrawal symptoms, suggesting that SAB maintained physical dependence. In Experiment 2, rats (N=6/group) were allowed to self-infuse either saline or ethanol (20% v/v). These rats had no prior exposure to either saline or ethanol, and forced infusions were never administered. The rats remained in their operant chambers for 21 days under FR1 contingencies. Each lever press led to a 0.2 ml infusion. None of the rats developed SAB, but the saline controls made more lever presses than the ethanol rats (p<0.01). These results suggest that the ethanol parameters yielding SAB in Experiment 1 are aversive to ethanol naive rats.