cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transverse piezoelectric properties of epitaxial Pb(Yb1/2Nb1/2)O3–PbTiO3 (50/50) films

The transverse piezoelectric properties of (1-x)Pb(Yb 1/2 Nb 1/2 )O 3-x PbTiO 3 (PYbN-PT, x = 0.5) epitaxial films grown on (0 0 1)SrRuO 3 /(0 0 1)LaAlO 3 (indices given for the pseudocubic unit cell) were investigated by the wafer flexure technique. PYbN-PT films and SrRuO 3 bottom electrodes were deposited by pulsed laser deposition. At a deposition pressure of 400 m Torr, (001) PYbN-PT epitaxial films with high phase purity and good crystalline quality were obtained for a wide range of deposition rates (40-100 nm/min) and temperatures (620-660°C). The remanent polarization of the film was as high as 30 μC/cm 2 . The e 3 coefficient and the aging rate were strongly dependent on the poling direction. The maximum e 31 coefficient was -11.0 C/m 2 . The minimum aging rate of the piezoelectric coefficients for the films was 2% per decade.
Dynamic hydroelastic scaling of self-adaptive composite marine rotors

Abstract The objective of this work is to establish dynamic similarity relationships for self-adaptive composite marine rotors. Although scaling laws are well established for rigid propellers and turbines, relative little work has been shown for flexible marine rotors that are designed to interact with the surrounding flow. Considering recent interests in the development of large-scale, energy-efficient composite marine propellers and turbines, it is crucial to understand the scaling relationships to properly design and interpret model-scale studies. Explanations of the similarity requirements are presented, along with scaling factors for the various fluid and structural parameters that control the dynamic interactions between the flexible rotor and the surrounding flow. Finally, numerical results obtained using a fully coupled, three-dimensional, boundary element method–finite element method is shown to demonstrate the validity of theoretical scaling relationships and to investigate scaling effects. The results suggest that for most marine rotors where gravitational forces are negligible compared to other dominant forces and the boundary layer is fully turbulent, it is most practical to conduct model-scale experiments to satisfy Mach number similarity, even though the Mach number will be much less than one for most marine applications.
ORGANISE FOR LOGISTICS

All too often, the realisation of the full benefits available from logistics management is hampered by inappropriate corporate organisation. Logistics consultant Ian Tencor outlines methods of selecting the most appropriate solution for particular businesses.
Spacecraft radio scattering observations of the power spectrum of electron density fluctuations in the solar wind

Solar wind electron density power spectra in the solar equatorial region are inferred from observations of phase scintillations and spectral broadening made with the Viking, Helios, and Pioneer spacecraft. The heliocentric distance range covered is 2-215 solar radii and for some observations close to the sun the spectra extend to fluctuation frequencies as high as 100 Hz. For heliocentric distances of about 20 solar radii the equivalent spacecraft-measured one-dimensional density spectrum is well modeled by a single power law in the frequency range 0.0001-0.05 Hz. The flattening of the density spectrum within 20 solar radii is presumably associated with energy deposition in the near-sun region and acceleration of the solar wind.
Value of auscultation and phonoarteriography in detecting atherosclerotic involvement of the abdominal aorta and its branches

Abstract Evaluation of abdominal murmurs through phonoarteriography (PHO) was undertaken in 70 patients. The purpose was to localize and to evaluate the degree of arterial involvement. Forty hypertensive patients without abdominal murmurs served as a control group. The PHO findings were compared to alterations of the angiograms, to surgical and to autopsy findings. Angiographic alterations confirmed the bruits in 91 per cent of the aorta, 88 per cent of the renal, and 100 per cent of splenic, superior mesenteric, and common and external iliac stenosis. Multiple bruits corresponded to multiple sites of arterial involvement in 31 patients. In 58 per cent of stenosis of the aorta, in 50 per cent of stenosis of splenic and mesenteric origin and in 80 per cent of stenosis of the renal arteries, a mild bruit (1+) reflected mild angiographic alterations (1+). Severe arterial stenosis correlated with prolonged murmurs in less than 50 per cent for the aorta and up to 80 per cent for stenosis of the renal artery. A short systolic bruit, therefore, does not rule out severe stenosis. Systolic clicks were recorded in 47 per cent, in sclerotic aortas. In 2 patients of the control group, bruits, inaudible by conventional auscultation, have been recorded by PHO. One patient had fibromuscular hyperplasia and another had a band over the renal arteries. PHO avoids the overestimation of the duration and frequency of murmurs. Supplementing auscultation, it serves as a procedure for the early diagnosis of arterial lesions because the acoustic phenomenon precedes the clinical symptoms. PHO furnished important information for segmentary arteriopathies, mostly of the degenerative type.
Structure and function analysis of the CMS/CIN85 protein family identifies actin-bundling properties and heterotypic-complex formation

Members of the CMS/CIN85 protein family participate in clathrin-mediated endocytosis and play a crucial role in maintaining the kidney filtration barrier. The CMS protein structure includes three Src homology 3 (SH3) domains and a proline-rich (PR) region that is connected by a 'linker' sequence to a coiled-coil (CC) domain. We show that CMS is a component of special actin-rich adhesion structures--podosomes--and demonstrate specific actin-binding properties of CMS. We have found that the entire C-terminal half of CMS is necessary for efficient binding to filamentous actin (F-actin). CMS and CIN85 can crosslink F-actin into bundles, a function that depends on the PR region and the CC domain. Removal of these domains reduces migration. CMS can also form heterotypic complexes with CIN85. CIN85 is expressed as multiple isoforms that share the CC domain, suggesting that heterotypic interactions with CMS provides a mechanism to regulate CMS binding to F-actin and thus for modulating dynamic rearrangements of the cytoskeleton.
Structural response loads in force-limited vibration testing

Flight equipment is exposed to random vibration excitations during launch and is functionally designed to survive a shaker random vibration test. In the test, the random vibration design levels will be applied at the equipment-mounting interface and will be force limited to reduce over-testing at shaker hardmount resonance frequencies. As is commonly practiced for heavier equipment, the equipment also is designed to the structural flight limit load. The philosophy of the Limit Load Factors (LLFs) or so-called the Mass Acceleration Curve (MAC) has been adopted over many years for use in the preliminary structural design of spacecraft and flight equipment. The purpose of the work presented herein is to discuss the results of force limit notching during vibration testing with respect to the traditional limit load design criteria. By using a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system approach, this work shows that with an appropriate force specification the notched response due to force limiting will result in lo...
Calibration of electromagnetic tracking devices

Electromagnetic tracking devices are often used to track location and orientation of a user in a virtual reality environment. Their precision, however, is not always high enough because of the dependence of the system on the local electromagnetic field which can be altered easily by many external factors. The purpose of this article is to give an overview of the calibration techniques used to improve the precision of the electromagnetic tracking devices and to present a new method that compensates both the position and orientation errors. It is shown numerically that significant improvements in the precision of the detected position and orientation can be achieved with a small number of calibration measurements to be taken. Unresolved problems and research topics related to the proposed method are discussed.
Funtional derivatives and finite elements for the steady spinning of a viscoelastic filament

Abstract In many cases the familiar equations for the steady spinning of a viscoelastic filament can be solved without resort to differential equations. The method of solution is illustrated here using the Maxwell fluid as a model. The integral form of the Maxwell constitutive equation is used directly. This suggests extension of the method to fluid models with constitutive equations of the BKZ type. Since these constitutive models may have no corresponding differential model, the solution technique presented here shows promise of permitting the approximation of solutions to problems which have not previously been amenable to numerical solution. The solution procedure is based on the development of relatively simple expression for the linearized operator of the steady spinning equation. The operator is linearized about an arbitrary admissible velocity field, and the iteration equations for the Newton—Raphson method are solved using a finite element collocation procedure. The success of the procedure in the Maxwell fluid model problem is demonstrated.
Mixing of internal and space-time symmetries

In a general Yang-Mills theory with self-interacting boson and/or fermion source fields, it is shown that the angular momentum operator is $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{J}}={\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{J}}}_{0}+{(2\ensuremath{\pi})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}{Q}_{a}{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\Phi}}}_{a}$, where ${\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{J}}}_{0}$ is the freefield angular momentum (i.e., that for zero gauge coupling constant), ${Q}_{a}$ is the total charge, corresponding to the internal symmetry index $a$, and ${{\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{a}}^{k}$ is the total flux of $\ensuremath{\nabla}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{A}}}_{a}$ along the ${x}^{k}$ direction, in the gauge $\ensuremath{\nabla}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{A}}}_{a}=0$.
Emerging non-volatile memory technologies: From materials, to device, circuit, and architecture

The emerging nonvolatile memory technologies are gaining significant attentions from semiconductor in recent years. Multiple promising candidates, such as phase change memory, magnetic memory, resistive memory, and memristor, have gained substantial attentions and are being actively pursued by industry. In this paper, we will give a 360 degree introduction on emerging non-volatile memory technologies by using spin-transfer torque random access memory (STT-RAM) as an example. The discussion includes process technology, device modeling, design considerations, and architecture in future computing systems.
How to prevent process accidents

Most professionals agree that the correct application of process safety management (OSHA's Process Safety Management regulation) will prevent major process accidents. Some professionals also agree that the PSM documentation is not enough; a good PSM program must include good communication, delegation, and follow-up. There are also some who emphasize that operational discipline is an essential element of the PSM program. In all cases, however, the teachings do not say how to obtain the desired results. Even when discipline is discussed, the discussions do not specify how this discipline is achieved. Many articles additionally emphasize the importance of having a good safety culture—but they do not say how to achieve it. In general, current articles do not explicitly teach how to develop the necessary PSM program, the discipline, and the culture—to prevent major process accidents. These articles very appropriately stress what needs to be done to prevent major accidents; however, they do not tell you how this is accomplished. This specific article is designed to be a companion article to the cited articles; together they show what is required and how to achieve the desired results to prevent process accidents. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2011.
DNA adduct formation and removal in specific liver cell populations during chronic dietary administration of 2-acetylaminofluorene

The concentration of DNA adducts in specific hepatic cell types has been determined in F344 rats fed 0.02% 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) for 28 days followed by control diet for an additional 28 days. In animals killed at 28 days of AAF feeding, the major DNA adduct, N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-2-aminofluorene, was present in each cell type in the order: hepatocytes (282 +/- 28 fmol/micrograms DNA) greater than whole liver (232 +/- 33 fmol/micrograms DNA) greater than nonparenchymal cells (128 +/- 30 fmol/micrograms DNA) greater than bile duct fraction (60 +/- 12 fmol/micrograms DNA). After an additional 28 days on control diet, the adduct level in each cell fraction was 30-40 fmol/micrograms DNA. Adduct removal was biphasic in whole liver, hepatocytes and nonparenchymal cells, with a fast phase apparent until the adduct concentration reached approximately 60 fmol/micrograms DNA. In whole liver and hepatocytes this level was obtained in approximately seven days, and in nonparenchymal cells the fast phase was complete in about two days. Adduct removal in the bile duct fraction exhibited only a single slow phase. At the end of the AAF feeding, hepatocytes accounted for 86% of the total liver DNA adducts. After an additional 28 days on control diet, hepatocyte adducts still contributed a major fraction (67%) of the total persistent adduct population. Thus, hepatocytes, the target cell for AAF-induced hepatic tumors, dominate the adduct formation and removal profile observed in whole liver.
Intracranial cavernous angioma: a practical review of clinical and biological aspects

Abstract Background Cavernomas are an uncommon lesion seen in neurosurgical practice that can occasionally rupture. Recent developments in neurosurgical technique and microbiology have brought greater insight into the treatment and molecular pathogenesis of cavernoma. In this review, a historical overview of cavernous angioma, a current paradigm for treatment, promising new molecular biological developments, and suggestions for future directions in neurosurgical research are presented, with emphasis on practical clinical applications. Methods A survey of the literature on cavernous angioma and consultation with the Department of Neurosurgery at Northwestern Memorial Hospital was conducted by the authors to gain greater insight regarding this lesion. Papers and consultation revealed the importance of careful evaluation of this lesion, new techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging and frameless stereotaxy that simplify clinical management of cavernomas, and potential mechanisms by which to tackle this lesion in the future. New basic knowledge on disease biology is summarized with practical applications in the clinical arena. Results There appear to be a number of controversies regarding management of this lesion. These include risk factors faced by the patient, controversy over the importance of resection, and modality through which the treatment should occur. An algorithm is presented to aid the neurosurgeon in management of these lesions. Conclusions Exciting developments in neurosurgery and molecular biology will continue to have a major impact on clinical treatment of this disease. Unresolved issues regarding the importance of certain risk factors, the role for radiotherapy in treatments, and the underlying molecular abnormalities must be tackled to gain greater clarity in treatment of this lesion.
Canadian Manufacturing, U.S. R&D Spillovers, and Communication Infrastructure

Canada is highly integrated with the U.S. economy. This north-south link, coupled with its east-west dimension, also renders Canadian production dependent on communication infrastructure. We investigate the influence of research and development (R&D) spillovers from U.S. manufacturing and Canadian communication infrastructure on Canadian manufacturing. Canadian production becomes relatively more R&D-intensive from communication spillovers. However, manufacturers substitute knowledge from U.S. spillovers for domestic R&D. U.S. spillovers cause production to become more plant- and equipment-intensive. Spillovers also enhance productivity. Communication infrastructure accounted for 8.5% of the growth, with the major source emanating from U.S. spillovers. They contributed 76% of the gains.
The role of calmodulin as a signal integrator for synaptic plasticity

Excitatory synapses in the brain show several forms of synaptic plasticity, including long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), which are initiated by increases in intracellular Ca(2+) that are generated through NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors or voltage-sensitive Ca(2+) channels. LTP depends on the coordinated regulation of an ensemble of enzymes, including Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, adenylyl cyclase 1 and 8, and calcineurin, all of which are stimulated by calmodulin, a Ca(2+)-binding protein. In this review, we discuss the hypothesis that calmodulin is a central integrator of synaptic plasticity and that its unique regulatory properties allow the integration of several forms of signal transduction that are required for LTP and LTD.
SU‐D‐220‐06: Non‐Contact (Air‐Coupled) Ultrasound Applied to Cortical Bone Phantoms

Purpose: The purpose was to take the first steps towards applying Non‐Contact Ultrasound (NCU) to the in‐vivo monitoring of osteoporosis and to skeletal quantitative ultrasound imaging (QUS) using cortical bone. The goals of this study focused on the possible advantages of NCU such as its lack of reliance on a technologist and a layer of acoustical coupling gel, its ability to use methods similar to those in x‐ray imaging, and the likely reduction in statistical and systematic errors. This project pursued additional applications of NCU beyond its usage in assessing the severity of third degree burns. Methods: An NCU imaging system, a pair of broadband, 1.5 MHz, non‐contact transducers, and cortical bone phantoms were used to determine bone mineral density (BMD), speed of sound(SOS), integrated acoustical response (IR), and ultrasonic transmittance. Air gaps of greater than 3 cm, two transmission and reflection paths, and a digital signal processor were used to collect data from phantoms of nominal mass density and (BMD) from 1.17 g/cm3 to 2.25 g/cm3 and from 0 g/cm3 to 1.7 g/cm3. Results: Good correlations between known BMD and measuredSOS, IR, and transmittance were obtained for all 14 phantoms. Repeated measurements of the speed of sound(SOS), thickness, and IR for the phantom set show a small variation of plus or minus 1–2 %. These NCU data were shown to be in agreement with similar results from contact ultrasound to within 1–2%. Attenuationimages of cortical bone phantoms showed discernible differences as a function of BMD. Conclusions: The results suggest that NCU might find additional applications beyond burn assessment. Since the NCU and conventional gel‐coupled measurements yield similar results, our air‐coupled methods might be able to reach levels of accuracy close to those attained with gel, while avoiding the disadvantages of contact. The authors would like to express their gratitude to the National Institutes of Health who supported this research through Grant Number GM 08156‐22 and its supplements which included funding for obtaining an NCU system and other ultrasound hardware used in this study.
Premises in the practical arguments of preservice teachers

Abstract This paper uses the concept (from Aristotle via Fenstermacher) of the practical argument to analyze stimulated recall data for eight secondary student teachers. Differences in the types of premises stated are reported, according to sex, subject matter major, and complexity of thought exhibited. Three case studies illustrate value conflicts revealed in the student teachers' practical arguments, and examine the resolution of those value conflicts in the actions that conclude the practical arguments. Implications of the findings for teacher education and for research on teaching are discussed.
Responses of adult human dorsal root ganglion neurons in culture to capsaicin and low pH

Abstract This study examined the responses of cultured adult human dorsal root ganglion (hDRG) neurons to protons and capsaicin, two substances known to produce pain and hyperalgesia in humans. Both substances were applied to each neuron and responses were examined under both voltage- and current-clamp recording conditions. Sensitivity to protons was tested with rapid acidification of the extracellular fluid from pH 7.35 to 6.0. In neurons nominally clamped near −60 mV, low pH evoked a transient inward current which, in all 40 hDRG neurons tested, was followed by a more sustained inward current. The sustained current was associated with an increase in membrane conductance in 10 neurons, a decrease in 27 neurons, and no overt change in conductance ( sol1 4 , 30 nM: 4 8 , 100 nM: 11 18 , and 10 μM: 10 10 neurons tested). The capsaicin-evoked currents were accompanied by an increase in membrane conductance in 15 neurons, a decrease in 2, and no overt change in conductance in 9 neurons. Capsaicin currents, like proton-induced currents, resulted in prolonged depolarizations (10 nM: sol0 4 , 30 nM: sol5 8 , 100 nM: sol8 18 ,d and 10 μM: sol10 10 neurons tested). The depolarization resulted in the discharge of action potentials in 14 neurons. It is concluded that, while both protons and capsaicin exert excitatory effects on human sensory neurons, multiple membrane mechanisms lead to the depolarization of cultured hDRG neurons by low pH. Inhibition of resting membrane conductances contributes to the responses to low pH in some hDRG neurons.
CLINICAL RHEUMATOLOGY TRAINING IN AN UNCERTAIN FUTURE. Opinions of Recent and Current Rheumatology Fellows About an Extended Fellowship in Musculoskeletal Medicine

OBJECTIVE To estimate among recent and current rheumatology fellows the appeal of a 3-year rheumatology fellowship emphasizing musculoskeletal medicine. METHODS A survey of 348 trainee members of the American College of Rheumatology during 1990-1993, by mailed questionnaire. RESULTS The response rate was 77.8% (n = 271). Both recent and current fellows indicated that they desired more experience in musculoskeletal medicine. Most notably, 50% of current fellows, and a significantly higher proportion of recent fellows (70%; P < 0.005), indicated that they would have opted for a 3-year fellowship in musculoskeletal medicine had one been available to them at the completion of their residency. CONCLUSION Expertise in musculoskeletal medicine is desired by a sufficient proportion of recent and current rheumatology fellows to warrant the investment in another year of training.
Anisotropy and polarization in the gravitational-radiation experiments

Large anisotropy is observed for gravitational-radiation-detector intensity as a function of sidereal time, with peaks in the direction of the galactic center and in the opposite direction consistent with 12-h antenna symmetry. The 12-h sidereal-time histograms exhibit anisotropy exceeding 6 standard deviations from the mean.
Quantification of measles virus antigens in infected CNS tissue: Development of an enzyme linked immunoassay

An enzyme linked immunoassay procedure has been developed which allows accurate quantification of low levels of measles virus antigens in infected central nervous system (CNS) tissues. In its development a systematic study was made of the effects of a large excess of nonviral proteins on the assay results. It was found that controls using single proteins such as bovine serum albumin were inadequate. Further, results indicate that experimental samples and viral antigen standards must be closely matched for their content of CNS tissue proteins since such proteins exert distinctive quantitative effects, both dramatic and subtle.
Direct Binding of Integrin αvβ3 to FGF1 Plays a Role in FGF1 Signaling

Integrins play a role in fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling through cross-talk with FGF receptors (FGFRs), but the mechanism underlying the cross-talk is unknown. We discovered that FGF1 directly bound to soluble and cell-surface integrin αvβ3 (KD about 1 μm). Antagonists to αvβ3 (monoclonal antibody 7E3 and cyclic RGDfV) blocked this interaction. αvβ3 was the predominant, if not the only, integrin that bound to FGF1, because FGF1 bound only weakly to several β1 integrins tested. We presented evidence that the CYDMKTTC sequence (the specificity loop) within the ligand-binding site of β3 plays a role in FGF1 binding. We found that the integrin-binding site of FGF1 overlaps with the heparin-binding site but is distinct from the FGFR-binding site using docking simulation and mutagenesis. We identified an FGF1 mutant (R50E) that was defective in integrin binding but still bound to heparin and FGFR. R50E was defective in inducing DNA synthesis, cell proliferation, cell migration, and chemotaxis, suggesting that the direct integrin binding to FGF1 is critical for FGF signaling. Nevertheless, R50E induced phosphorylation of FGFR1 and FRS2α and activation of AKT and ERK1/2. These results suggest that the defect in R50E in FGF signaling is not in the initial activation of FGF signaling pathway components, but in the later steps in FGF signaling. We propose that R50E is a useful tool to identify the role of integrins in FGF signaling.
SPIN AND PARITY ASSIGNMENT FOR THE 872-keV LEVEL IN $sup 69$Ga.

We have investigated the decays of 58-min $^{69g}\mathrm{Zn}$ and 14-h $^{69m}\mathrm{Zn}$ with a 30-${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ Ge(Li) detector. In addition to the 438.6-keV isomeric transition in $^{69}\mathrm{Zn}$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays of energies 318.6, 574.3, and 872.5 keV were observed. These $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays have been incorporated into the known level scheme of $^{69}\mathrm{Ga}$. Our studies show that the ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ feeding to the 872-keV level in $^{69}\mathrm{Ga}$ is from the ${\mathrm{\textonehalf{}}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, $^{69}\mathrm{Zn}$ ground state and not from the ${\frac{9}{2}}^{+}$, $^{69}\mathrm{Zn}$ metastable state as has been reported. The present results are consistent with a ${\frac{3}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ assignment for the 872-keV level.
Comparison of the ecological energetics of the polychaetes capitella capitata and nereis succinea in experimental systems receiving similar levels of detritus

Abstract The ecological energetics, including specific growth rate, population production and trophic transfer, was measured for the polychaetes Capitella capitata and Nereis succinea in laboratory systems receiving similar detritus food rations (1500 mg C · m −2 · d −1 ). The opportunistic Capitella species more effectively exploited the available food because of a higher specific growth rate and a higher population density. The metabolic cost was high (production : respiration 0.66, versus 2.50 for Nereis ), but a greater proportion of the available detritus went into production in Capitella (trophic transfer efficiency is the ratio between worm production and food supplied; 27% for Capitella and 3% for Nereis ). Opportunistic species such as Capitella capitata can exploit high organic conditions as in these laboratory growth studies. They effectively exploit not only by fast population increase when food levels increase, but also by achieving high population densities. The more typical, larger, benthic deposit feeders, such as Nereis succinea , not only have a shower population response to increasing food, but behavioural interactions due to crowding ( i.e. , increased mortality) may limit population density to levels that do not maximally exploit available food.
A study of the gold acceptor in a silicon p+n junction and an n-type MOS capacitor by thermally stimulated current and capacitance measurements☆

Abstract The thermally stimulated current and capacitance responses of a gold doped p+n junction and n-type MOS capacitor were measured experimentally and modeled theoretically for the case of majority-carrier defect charging. The gold acceptor atoms are initially charged with electrons at low temperatures, and during the heating cycle, excess electrons are released from the gold atoms. The thermally stimulated current response for this phase is similar in both structures and has a distinctive peak-and-valley shape and an emission temperature about 220 K. During the steady-state phase, a current peak occurs in the MOS capacitance response. A physical model was developed and the influence of various parameters on the current and capacitance measurements was quantified. Various analytical schemes are described which allow rapid identification of the gold defect center and rapid computation of its density. A simple and inexpensive apparatus is described which is capable of heating rates as high as 10 K/s.
Binding of bovine growth hormone to. Mycobacterium avium ss paratuberculosis.

Abstract Mycobacterium avium ss paratuberculosis causes a chronic progressive enteritis in cattle and other ruminants referred to as Johne's disease. It also has been suggested by some as possibly being associated with Crohn's disease in humans. In a previous study we observed that incubation of bovine monocytes with recombinant bovine growth hormone (bGH) altered the ingestion and intracellular growth of M. avium ss paratuberculosis in vitro. This led us to investigate whether bGH also has a direct effect on M. avium ss paratuberculosis . We observed that addition of bGH (5 μg/ml) had a direct inhibitory effect on the growth of M. avium ss paratuberculosis in Middlebrook 7H9 broth. In contrast, the growth of Mycobacterium smegmatis was unaffected, even at a bGH concentration of 50 μg/ml. Using 125 I-bGH we observed high affinity binding ( K d =1.32 nM) of bGH to M. avium ss paratuberculosis , with an estimated 204 binding sites per bacillus. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a mammalian hormone binding to this important enteric pathogen.
Antisocial behavior and affiliation with deviant peers.

We examined the associations among gender, antisocial behavior, and peer-group affiliation in a high-risk sample of 401 homeless and matched housed adolescents (139 boys and 262 girls). The Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (Version 2.3, 1991; Costello, Edelbrock, Kalas, Kessler, & Klaric, 1982) yielded 2 measures of adolescent antisocial behavior: symptoms of conduct disorder and substance abuse or dependence. Various deviant behaviors of friends were assessed based on adolescent self-report. Results indicated that, for both boys and girls, having many deviant peers was associated with more antisocial behavior, regardless of the number of boys in the peer network. Furthermore, findings suggest that the relation between number of deviant peers and antisocial behavior may be stronger for boys and homeless adolescents than for girls and housed adolescents, respectively. The results of prior studies indicating that antisocial behavior is a function of affiliation with male peers may be due to the hi...
Characterization of nucleic acids associated with Arkansas bee virus.

Arkansas bee virus (ABV) is a 30-nm isometric virus composed of one major species of polypeptide (mol. wt. 43 × 103) and one species of single-stranded RNA (mol. wt. 1.8 × 106).
A technique to Improve the Empirical Mode Decomposition in the Hilbert-Huang Transform

The Hilbert-based time-frequency analysis has promising capacity to reveal the time-variant behaviors of a system. To admit well-behaved Hilbert transforms, component decomposition of signals must be performed beforehand. This was first systematically implemented by the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) in the Hilbert-Huang transform, which can provide a time-frequency representation of the signals. The EMD, however, has limitations in distinguishing different components in narrowband signals commonly found in free-decay vibration signals. In this study, a technique for decomposing components in narrowband signals based on waves’ beating phenomena is proposed to improve the EMD, in which the time scale structure of the signal is unveiled by the Hilbert transform as a result of wave beating, the order of component extraction is reversed from that in the EMD and the end effect is confined. The proposed technique is verified by performing the component decomposition of a simulated signal and a free decay signal actually measured in an instrumented bridge structure. In addition, the adaptability of the technique to time-variant dynamic systems is demonstrated with a simulated time-variant MDOF system.
Iron Deficiency With and Without Anemia in Infants and Children

Among 109 infants and children from 4 months to 5 years of age from low-income families, hemoglobin concentrations lower than 11 gm/100 ml and hematocrit values lower than 33% indicated iron deficiency anemia, but higher levels did not exclude deficiency. Seventy-nine of the 109 were studied during a three-month screening program. Of these, one third had iron deficiency. When only children under 2 years of age were considered, however, the incidence was slightly more than 50%. A 24-hour food intake history correlated well with the presence or absence of iron deficiency and was a useful instrument for evaluating the adequacy of dietary iron in this population.
Utility of foramen ovale electrodes in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.

Summary Objectives To determine the ability of foramen ovale electrodes (FOEs) to localize epileptogenic foci after inconclusive noninvasive investigations in patients with suspected mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). Methods We identified patients with medically intractable epilepsy who had undergone FOE investigation for initial invasive monitoring at our institution between 2005 and 2012. Indications for initiating FOE investigation were grouped into four categories: (1) bilateral anterior temporal ictal activity on scalp electroencephalography (EEG), (2) unclear laterality of scalp EEG onset due to muscle artifact or significant delay following clinical manifestation, (3) discordance between ictal and interictal discharges, and (4) investigation of a specific anatomic abnormality or competing putative focus. The FOE investigation was classified as informative if it provided sufficient evidence to make a treatment decision. Results Forty-two consecutive patients underwent FOE investigation, which was informative in 38 patients (90.5%). Of these 38 patients, 24 were determined to be appropriate candidates for resective surgery. Five were localized sufficiently for surgery, but were considered high risk for verbal memory deficit, and nine were deemed poor surgical candidates because of bilateral ictal origins. The remaining 4 of 42 patients had inconclusive FOE studies and were referred for further invasive investigation. Of the 18 patients who underwent resective surgery, 13 (72%) were seizure-free (Engel class I) at last follow-up (mean 22.5 months). Significance More than 90% of our 42 FOE studies provided sufficient evidence to render treatment decisions. When undertaken with an appropriate hypothesis, FOE investigations are a minimally invasive and efficacious means for evaluating patients with suspected MTLE after an inconclusive noninvasive investigation. A PowerPoint slide summarizing this article is available for download in the Supporting Information section here.
Developments in the pharmacology and therapeutics of parkinsonism.

Advances in synaptic pharmacology have led to new approaches to understanding and attempting to alleviate the disturbances in neurotransmission that occur in parkinsonism. Techniques which were initially developed to elucidate normal synaptic phenomena are being employed to screen potential therapeutic agents for efficacy, relative potency, and neurotoxicity and to analyze the mechanism of action of antiparkinsonian drugs. In vitro methods utilizing striatal tissue include the assay of dopamine release, the determination of active dopamine reuptake, the displacement of ligands from dopamine receptors, and the stimulation of dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase. In vivo test systems in rats comprise alleviation of the reserpine syndrome, induction of stereotypic behavior, measurement of turning after unilateral nigrostriatal lesions, evaluation of regional changes in the concentration of dopamine and its metabolites, and recording of single-unit responses in the brain. With these tools, it is proving possible to sustain progress in the search for improved treatment, exemplified by current experimental studies with dopaminergic agonists and selective inhibitors of monoamine oxidase isoenzymes. The pursuit of practical applications has been accompanied by conceptual advances, such as the proposal that cyclic nucleotides are “second messengers” in the nigrostriatal pathway and the recognition of certain amino acids and peptides as synaptic transmitters or modulators in the basal ganglia.
Water-Soluble Copolymers. 67. Polyelectrolytes of N-Vinylformamide with Sodium 3-Acrylamido-3-methylbutanoate, Sodium 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate, and Sodium Acrylate: Synthesis and Characterization

Copolymers of N-vinylformamide (NVF) with sodium 3-acrylamido-3-methylbutanoate (NaAMBA), sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate (NaAMPS), and sodium acrylate (NaA) were prepared by free-radical polymerization in aqueous solution using 2,2'-azobis(N,N'-dimethyleneisobutyramidine) dihydrochloride as the water-soluble azo initiator. Copolymer compositions were determined utilizing 13 C NMR by integration of the carbonyl resonances. Reactivity ratios were determined for NVF (M 1 )/NaAMBA (M 2 ) (the BAVF series) and NVF (M 1 )/NaAMPS (M 2 ) (the PSVF series). Both series, with r 1 and r 2 <1 and r 1 r 2 < 0.075, are representative of copolymers that display alternating tendencies. Microstructural data calculated statistically by the methods of Igarashi support these findings. Weight-average molecular weights range from 0.9 x 10 6 to 7.5 x 10 6 and were determined by low-angle laser light scattering in 1 M NaCl solution. The findings are compared to previous results obtained for the copolymerization of acrylamide with the various anionic comonomers.
A relationship between adenosine 3'-5'-cyclic monophosphate levels and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in Euglena.

Abstract Using the binding protein method we found that cAMP levels in normal, exponentially growing Euglena stay constant on per cell and protein basis. The level rises slightly when cells enter the stationary stage. Cells growing in low vitamin B12 medium show the same patterm during predificiency growth. Upon becoming vitamin B12 deficient, the cAMP level decreases. Replenishment of these cells with the vitamin causes an immediate drop, followed by a sharp rise in cAMP. This is followed by resumption of DNA synthesis. The cAMP level drops and rises again when DNA duplication is completed and during the G2 period. The level of the cAMP drops again followed by resumption of cell division. The data suggest a relation exists between cAMP level, resumption and completion of DNA synthesis, and cell division.
Smoking status and mammography in a statewide survey

The association between smoking status and mammography was examined for women aged 40 to 75 (n = 2902), who were recruited through a statewide random digit dial survey. Controlling for income, education, age, marital status, ethnicity, and self-rated health, logistic regression showed that current smokers were less likely to be screened on each of three indicators of mammography status. Less than a high school education, income less than $20,000, martial status, and age also showed associations with screening. Having a recent medical visit was important for screening specifically among the women who smoked (n = 851). Smoking may pose a challenge to achieving national mammography goals.
Residents’ perceptions of Royal Bardia National Park, Nepal

Abstract The complex relationship between residents and protected areas continues to be an obstacle to successful conservation of protected areas. One of the key components of this relationship is local residents’ perceptions of protected areas. This study explores key issues in the relationship between residents and Royal Bardia National Park in western Nepal. We discuss residents’ conflicting perceptions of benefits and problems of the area, their perceptions of entities such as park management that affect their relationship with the park, and their perceptions of NGOs and associated conservation and development projects.
Using health observances to promote wellness in community pharmacies.

Objectives: To provide pharmacists in community practice a framework for using national health observances as opportunities to promote patients' health through education and screenings, to discuss obstacles pharmacists may encounter when developing services within their pharmacies, and to outline examples of activities pharmacists can perform for specific health observances. Data Sources: Articles published between January 1970 and April 2002 were identified through MEDLINE using the search terms wellness, disease prevention, health promotion, Healthy People 2010, treatment of high cholesterol, treatment of high blood pressure, and levels of participation. Additional articles were identified from Web sites and reports from the federal Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (ODPHP), American Heart Association, American Diabetes Association, National Osteoporosis Foundation, National Cancer Institute, American Cancer Society, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Consumer Product Safety Commission, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Data Synthesis: Healthy People 2010 is a federal program with the goal of increasing the quality and years of healthy life and eliminating health disparities among populations. ODPHP publishes a list of national health observances each year. Community pharmacists can use these month- and week-long observances as opportunities to work toward achieving Healthy People 2010 goals by advocating, facilitating, and/or providing education and screenings to their patients. This article presents advice for pharmacists who want to develop pharmacy-based health promotion activities at various levels of resources and commitment. Specific suggestions include tips on preparing for and implementing education and screening programs and overcoming potential obstacles. Conclusion: As the most accessible health care professionals, pharmacists are in a unique position to help the nation achieve the goals of Healthy People 2010 through their involvement in the promotion of wellness.
Interrelations of empathy, cognition, and moral reasoning with dimensions of juvenile delinquency

The interrelations of a variety of indices of sociocognitive development (empathy, role-taking, logical cognition, and moral reasoning) were studied in delinquent and nondelinquent adolescents. Delinquent males (grouped into psychopathic, neurotic, and subcultural subgroups) and a matched nondelinquent comparison group were administered individually two empathy scales (the Davis Interpersonal Reactivity Index and the Mehrabian and Epstein Questionnaire Measure of Emotional Empathy), an adaptation of Byrne's and Flavell's role-taking tasks, two Piagetian cognitive tasks, and two of Kohlberg's structured moral dilemmas. Delinquents as a group displayed significantly more immature modes of role-taking, logical cognition, and moral reasoning than did nondelinquents. The delinquent subgroups, however, did not significantly differ from one another on these dimensions. Role-taking, logical cognition, and moral reasoning were significantly related to one another. Anticipated differences in level of empathy between the delinquent and nondelinquent adolescents failed to occur. A number of interpretations for this unexpected finding are offered.
Cross-layer design of ranging code expansion in OFDMA BWA network

Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence has been proposed as the contention based ranging preamble code (RPC) in 3GPP LTE and IEEE 802.16m specifications. The performance of the initial ranging process is affected by the number of available RPCs. In scenarios with high mobility and large round-trip delay (RTD), however, the number of available RPCs is limited; this would result in a higher collision probability. In this paper, we propose two efficient schemes to reduce the collision probability, namely ranging preamble codes division (RPCD) and ranging preamble codes partition (RPCP). Both schemes can effectively increase the number of available RPCs in the initial ranging process. The superiorities of the proposed schemes are demonstrated via computer simulations.
Electrothermal studies on protein powders. Electrical conductivity of gluten in thermal gradients

Mit Hilfe einer elektrothermischen Methode wird das Freiwerden von Wasser aus Proteinen gemessen und die Dehydratation der Eiweisse im elektrothermischen Spektrum genauer als bisher erfasst.
Noncanonical Wnt signaling promotes osteoclast differentiation and is facilitated by the human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor ritonavir

Wnt proteins that signal via the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway directly regulate osteoblast differentiation. In contrast, most studies of Wnt-related effects on osteoclasts involve indirect changes. While investigating bone mineral density loss in the setting of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and its treatment with the protease inhibitor ritonavir (RTV), we observed that RTV decreased nuclear localization of β-catenin, critical to canonical Wnt signaling, in primary human and murine osteoclast precursors. This occurred in parallel with upregulation of Wnt5a and Wnt5b transcripts. These Wnts typically stimulate noncanonical Wnt signaling, and this can antagonize the canonical Wnt pathway in many cell types, dependent upon Wnt receptor usage. We now document RTV-mediated upregulation of Wnt5a/b protein in osteoclast precursors. Recombinant Wnt5b and retrovirus-mediated expression of Wnt5a enhanced osteoclast differentiation from human and murine monocytic precursors, processes facilitated by RTV. In contrast, canonical Wnt signaling mediated by Wnt3a suppressed osteoclastogenesis. Both RTV and Wnt5b inhibited canonical, β-catenin/T cell factor-based Wnt reporter activation in osteoclast precursors. RTV- and Wnt5-induced osteoclast differentiation were dependent upon the receptor-like tyrosine kinase Ryk, suggesting that Ryk may act as a Wnt5a/b receptor in this context. This is the first demonstration of a direct role for Wnt signaling pathways and Ryk in regulation of osteoclast differentiation, and its modulation by a clinically important drug, ritonavir. These studies also reveal a potential role for noncanonical Wnt5a/b signaling in acceleration of bone mineral density loss in HIV-infected individuals, and illuminate a potential means of influencing such processes in disease states that involve enhanced osteoclast activity.