cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ground- and excited-state interactions between the tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(2+) ion and phenol in aqueous solution

Abstract Although phenol (PhOH) does not quench *Ru(bpy) 3 2+ due to unfavorable energetics, its presence in aqueous solution results in a blue shift in the emission spectrum and a change in the observed lifetime ( τ obs ). The effect of temperature (5–70 °C) and [PhOH] (0.1–0.7 M) on τ obs is complex; at low T , where nonradiative decay is the dominant process, τ obs increases with increasing [PhOH]; at high T the opposite effect is seen, reflecting the dominance of the thermal population of the d d* excited state. The NMR spectra of both Ru(bpy) 3 2+ and PhOH are altered in the presence of each other, indicating the existence of ground-state interactions that are, undoubtedly, hydrophobic or π-stacking in nature. The NOE difference spectra show that the H 3,5 protons of PhOH couple with the H 4,4 , and H 6,6 , protons of Ru(bpy) 3 2+ , indicating the existence of an offset face-to-face orientation.
The actometer: an evaluation of instrument applicability for chronic pain patients

Three experiments were conducted to determine the reliability and validity of an activity measurement device, the actometer, as an index of ambulation for chronic pain patients. In experiment I, correlations between yoked actometers during ambulation showed the instrument to be internally reliable. In experiment II, actometer readings covaried very strongly with distance, showing the device to be valid during single trial assessment. However, experiment III found the device to show poor reliability over time (i.e., substantial measurement variability for the identical distance on 3 separate days). The results suggest that, for the chronic pain population, the actometer may not be a useful instrument for reliably assessing changes in walking activity over time.
Stalking in the Context of Intimate Partner Abuse: In the Victims' Words

This article explores stalking in the context of intimate partner abuse (IPA) using qualitative data. In-depth interviews were conducted with 21 women who experienced stalking and violence from male partners. Findings include an exploration of the relationships between the motivations for stalking, the behaviors utilized, and the impacts of the behaviors for the victims.
The flexibility of scientific rhetoric: A case study of UFO researchers

The case of ufology demonstrates that cultural packaging—a sort of once-removed indication of scientific authority—can be key in creating knowledge accepted as scientific. This adds a new dimension to the argument that scientific legitimacy is constructed, not just from scientific methodologies and institutional location, but also of language, culture, rhetoric, and symbols. Fringe researchers can make their cases for legitimacy using a variety of strategies—few of which involve actual research. Outside of the scientific community, scientific-sounding explanations and proclamations of expert statuses hold sway. Ambiguities about what constitutes science can be capitalized upon by groups like the UFO research community that assembles shards of legitimacy using science as a cultural template.
Long-term test-retest reliability of functional MRI in a classification learning task.

Functional MRI is widely used for imaging the neural correlates of psychological processes and how these brain processes change with learning, development and neuropsychiatric disorder. In order to interpret changes in imaging signals over time, for example, in patient studies, the long-term reliability of fMRI must first be established. Here, eight healthy adult subjects were scanned on two sessions, 1 year apart, while performing a classification learning task known to activate frontostriatal circuitry. We show that behavioral performance and frontostriatal activation were highly concordant at a group level at both time-points. Furthermore, intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs), which index the degree of correlation between subjects at different time-points, were high for behavior and for functional activation. ICC was significantly higher within the network recruited by learning than outside that network. We conclude that fMRI can have high long-term test–retest reliability, making it suitable as a biomarker for brain development and neurodegeneration.
Immunodeficient CBA/N mice respond effectively to Candida albicans

Abstract An immune defect in CBA/N mice diminishes their ability to respond adequately to certain well-defined antigens. Since the contribution of T and B cells to immunity in candidiasis has not been clearly defined, it was hoped that CBA/N mice might prove a useful model for the study of specific responses to Candida albicans . Therefore, immunodeficient CBA/N and immunocompetent CBA/J mice were immunized by two cutaneous inoculations of viable C. albicans B311 given 2 weeks apart and challenged iv 14 days after the second inoculation. Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) was tested with a membrane-derived antigen (B-HEX) 7 days following the second inoculation, and lymphocyte stimulation with B-HEX, a cytoplasmic antigen (SCS), and mitogens was done at 12 days. Antibody to SCS was determined by ELISA 2 days after DTH testing and 28 days after iv challenge, at which time the animals were sacrificed for quantitative culture of kidneys and brains. Naive CBA/N mice were no more susceptible to challenge than CBA/J mice in that the mean log colony-forming units (CFU) were 3.79 and 5.48, respectively. Both strains responded to immunization by a similar reduction in CFU, a marked DTH response (e.g., reactions at 24 hr were 1.12 mm for CBA/N and 1.34 mm for CBA/J, and significant and similar quantities of antibody. The immune defect in CBA/N mice had no demonstrable effect on the development of immune responses to infection with C. albicans .
Two-gate mechanism for phospholipid selection and transport by type IV P-type ATPases

Most P-type ATPases pump specific cations or heavy metals across a membrane to form ion gradients. However, the type IV P-type ATPases evolved the ability to transport specific phospholipid substrates rather than cations and function to establish plasma membrane asymmetry in eukaryotic cells. The mechanism for how a P-type ATPase, or any other transporter, can recognize and flip a phospholipid substrate is unclear. Here, through a combination of genetic screening and directed mutagenesis with the type IV P-type ATPases Dnf1 and Drs2 from budding yeast, we identify more than a dozen residues that determine headgroup specificity for phospholipid transport. These residues cluster at two interfacial regions flanking transmembrane segments 1–4 and lie outside of the canonical substrate binding site operating in cation pumps. Our data imply the presence of two substrate-selecting gates acting sequentially on opposite sides of the membrane: an entry gate, where phospholipid is initially selected from the extracellular leaflet, and an exit gate at the cytosolic leaflet. The entry and exit gates act cooperatively but imperfectly, with neither being able to restrict phosphatidylserine selection completely when the opposing gate is tuned to permit it. This work describes a unique transport mechanism for a P-type ATPase and provides insight into how integral membrane proteins can recognize and transport phospholipid substrate across a lipid bilayer.
Radioactive scanning in diagnosis of acute sacroiliac osteomyelitis.

ACUTE INFECTION of the pelvic bones and Of the sacroiliac joint is uncommonly reported?" 2 Morgan and Yates, 2 however, found a frequency of 5% among all cases of osteomyelitis and Green and associates 3 reported 11 instances Of involvement of a pelvic bone in 99 patients with acute hema togenous osteomyelitis. Difficulty in making the correct diagnosis is related primari ly to two factors: (1) The disease usuallyis not included in the early differential diagnosis of inflammatory disease presenting with immobilization of thigh and hip jo int and (2) the initial symptoms in the pediatric patient may be quite variable and misleading." Two case reports are presented to illustrate acute infection of the pelvic bones in children. In each pat ient the initial roentgenograms were interpreted as normal and the diagnosis wag suspected because bone scans were abnormal.
Suppression of severe retinopathy of prematurity with vitamin E supplementation. Ultrastructural mechanism of clinical efficacy.

Abstract Three clinical trials enrolling 418 infants (≤1500 g birth weight) and an ultrastructural data base of 71 pairs of whole eye donations have elucidated the efficacy of vitamin E in suppressing the development of severe retrolental fibroplasia (ROP). Only continuous vitamin E supplementation to adult physiologic levels from the first hours of life suppresses the development of severe ROP. Supplementation does not increase the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis, intraventricular hemorrhage, or mortality. Only multivariate analysis, which considers all risk factors simultaneously, is appropriate when appraising the efficacy of supplementation since all the clinical risk factors uniquely impinge on the oxygen dynamics of the developing retina. Mesenchymal spindle cells are the cellular mediators of the induction of ROP by oxygen in which increased oxygen tension triggers extensive gap junction formation between adjacent spindle cells. This cellular event, which occurs as early as four days of life, halts the normal vasoformative process and triggers neovascularization, which becomes clinically evident some 8 to 12 weeks later.
Structure and function of intraocular hypophyseal grafts in the hypophysectomized male rat.

IT IS becoming increasingly probable that the classical “feed-back” or “servo” theory of target gland-pituitary interplay does not adequately describe the actual glandular interrelations. For example, studies of various metabolic stimulants and pyrogenic agents show that the level of plasma protein bound iodine (PBI) does not necessarily regulate output of thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH) by the pituitary (1). Such output can be suppressed even in rats synthesizing no thyroid hormone so long as a normal or high metabolic rate is maintained (1). The results of these studies suggest that not the actual level of circulating thyroid hormone, but one (or more) of its metabolic effects acting directly or indirectly through the central nervous system is (or are) the crucial element (s) in the regulation of pituitary output of TSH. If the determining substance(s) act directly on the pituitary beta cells (source of TSH), the actual anatomical location of these cells, assuming adequate vascularization, should not b...
Marketing Services Internationally: Barriers and Management Strategies

Focuses on the international marketing of services and the need for service marketers to be aware ofbarriers to international marketing unique to the service sector, as well as of management strategies for overcoming such barriers. Describes fundamental barriers to the successful international marketing of services. Includes a discussion of the significance of GATT. Explores managerial implications of tariff and non‐tariff barriers for international services marketing.
Properties and Applications of Asymmetric Coupled Line Structures in an Inhomogeneous Medium

The properties and applications of asymmetric uniformly coupled line structures in an inhomogeneous medium (e.g., microstrip, suspended substrate and broad side-coupled strips in a layered medium) are presented in terms of the self and mutual line constants characterizing the coupled lines. The structures are investigated in terms of the immittance and ABCD parameters derived for two port and multiport structures. These structures are useful for many applications including filters, directional couplers and impedance matching networks.
Deep crustal structure and tectonics in the offshore southern Santa Maria Basin, California

Reprocessed deep-penetration seismic reflection profiles across the offshore southern Santa Maria Basin suggest a complex history of tectonic deformation. The top of subducted oceanic crust, imaged at the north end of EDGE line RU-10, is disrupted and eventually disappears to the south. Farther south, a strong lower crustal reflection ramps up and may reflect a possible north-dipping low- angle detachment, or a change in crustal geometry associated with the subducted Morro Fracture Zone. Above a time-transgressive unconformity, Miocene and younger sediments onlap to the south and water bottom deepens, suggesting a major regional tilt reversal in post-Miocene time. Below the unconformity, basement is displaced by largely northwest-striking normal faults that we believe form tilted crustal blocks; it is possible that Cretaceous and Paleogene sections are preserved in resulting half-grabens. Some of these normal faults, including splays off the outer Santa Lucia Bank fault system, were reactivated as minor reverse faults in post-Miocene time. There is no evidence that requires any post-17.5 Ma tectonostratigraphic terrane boundary through this area; rather, much of the structure of the southern Santa Maria Basin appears to be continuous with the rotated Western Transverse Ranges and northern Channel Islands.
Strength Evaluation of Composite Risers

A numerical procedure is developed for strength analysis of composite risers. An isoparametric tube finite element is formulated which makes the analysis economical for use in design computations. Material and geometric nonlinearities are taken into account. Stress failure criteria are incorporated for in-plane and interface strength while an energy criterion is adopted for predicting the onset of delamination.
BODY SHAPE METRICS AND ORGANISMAL EVOLUTION.

LoRRAiNE M. CHERRy,1"5 SUSAN M. CASE,2 JOSEPH G. KUNKEL,3 JEFF S. WYLES"4 AND ALLAN C. WILSON' 'Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 2Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 3Department of Zoology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 and 4Department of Biology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004
REACTIONS OF CESIUM WITH PROTONS AT 60, 80, 100, 150, AND 240 MEV

Absolute production cross sections have been determined for certain isotopes of barium, cesium, iodine, and tellurium produced by reactions of cesium with protons of energies 60, 80, 100, 150, and 240 Mev. The yields are based on the known cross section for the monitor reaction ${\mathrm{Al}}^{27}(p, 3pn){\mathrm{Na}}^{24}$. In the region up to 100 Mev the data indicate that the yields are largely explained on the basis of an evaporation mechanism which competes with the prompt knock-on optical model to an extent which decreases rapidly with increasing energy because of increasing nuclear transparency. The neutron pick-up reaction manifests itself in extraordinarily large yields of ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{132}$ and to a lesser extent in the yields of ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{131}$. Formation of small amounts of neutron-excess iodine isotopes argues for alpha-particle fragmentation especially at the lower bombardment energies.
A constraint-based approach to the representation of software usage models

Abstract Software usage models are the basis for statistical testing. They derive their structure from specifications and their probabilities from evolving knowledge about the intended use of the software product. The evolving knowledge comes from developers, customers and testers of the software system in the form of relationships that should hold among the parameters of a model. When software usage models are encoded as Markov chains, their structure can be represented by a system of linear constraints, and many of the evolving relationships among model parameters can be represented by convex constraints. Given a Markov chain usage model as a system of convex constraints, mathematical programming can be used to generate the Markov chain transition probabilities that represent a specific software usage model.
Impact localization on complex structures using FBG strain amplitude information

Localization of low energy impacts on carbon fiber composites is an important aspect of structural health monitoring since it creates subsurface damage which can significantly reduce the stiffness of a component. A novel impact localization method is proposed based on the strain amplitude measured by Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors. The algorithm is based on the relative placement of all sensors and the maximum strain amplitude measured by each sensor. This method requires minimal knowledge of the material or the structure and a minimum number of sensors. The algorithm showed good results on both simulated and experimental test cases of woven composite plates. It was found that a minimum of five FBG are necessary to accurately predict the impact location on a plate. The algorithm was also tested on a woven composite wing showing good localization along the span of the wing but higher errors along the chord length due to the nonlinearity in the measured strains.
USE OF OPTIMIZATION AND SIMULATION MODELS TO ANALYZE OUTPATIENT HEALTH CARE SETTINGS

An important problem facing the manager of an outpatient health care clinic involves determining the best combination of services, facilities, and personnel to maximize profits and simultaneously achieve acceptable measures of the clinic's daily performance. This problem is often attacked using either linear programming or computer simulation. This paper uses a recursive optimization-simulation approach which takes advantage of the best features of both optimization and simulation while minimizing the disadvantages of each method used alone. Results from a hypothetical setting using data from several actual settings demonstrate the value of the recursive method.
Dipole-dipole spin anisotropy energy for spin density waves in highly anisotropic crystals: (TMTSF) 2X

Abstract The dipole-dipole spin anisotropy energy for a spin density wave (SDW) is compatible with experimental easy, intermediate, and hard spin polarization axes in the (TMTSF) 2 X class of organic conductors only when electron-hole correlations of the SDW are atomic in size. Magnitudes of the spin anisotropy energy and the spin-flip magnetic field in this case agree with experiment for a SDW amplitude comparable to 10 -2 Bohr magnetons/TMTSF molecule.
Bathyal sea urchins of the Bahamas, with notes on covering behavior in deep sea echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)

Abstract In a survey of the bathyal echinoderms of the Bahama Islands region using manned submersibles, approximately 200 species of echinoderms were encountered and documented; 33 species were echinoids, most of them widespread in the general Caribbean area. Three species were found to exhibit covering behavior, the piling of debris on the upper surface of the body. Active covering is common in at least 20 species of shallow-water echinoids, but it has been reliably documented previously only once in deep-sea habitats. Images of covered deep-sea species, and other species of related interest, are provided. Some of the reasons adduced in the past for covering in shallow-water species, such as reduction of incident light intensity, physical camouflage, ballast in turbulent water, protection from desiccation, presumably do not apply in bathyal species. The main reasons for covering in deep, dark, environments are as yet unknown. Some covering behavior in the deep sea may be related to protection of the genital pores, ocular plates, or madreporite. Covering in some deep-sea species may also be merely a tactile reflex action, as some authors have suggested for shallow-water species.
The dynamics of the stream of behavior

Abstract Motivational psychology and ethology conceive of behavior as a continuous stream of activities, a conceptualization that is taken up formally in the present paper. Modeling the stream of behavior, unlike modeling an individual activity selected out of the stream, requires processes of data generation that govern the repeated overt appearances of activities through time. To this end the motivation theory of the dynamics of action, with its self-contained data generating process, is employed as a mathematical framework. The resulting theory, modeled as a continuous succession of mutually exclusive and exhaustive activities driven by the countdown of activation times, yields expectations for the relative frequencies of transitions and the distributions of transition times in a stream segment. Results supporting the theory were obtained in a series of critical tests using a unique data set provided by the artist Morgan O’Hara who has made extensive recordings of her stream of behavior.
NUTRITION OF PLATYDORINA CAUDATA KOFOID.

The vitamins p-aminobenzoic acid, thiamine, biotin, nicotinamide, and B12 were tested for their ability to stimulate growth. Only vitamin B12 was required. Urea and NaNO2 supported excellent growth, although sodium nitrite, ammonium nitrate, and the Casamino acids supported only fair growth. Platydorina grew aerobically in the absence of an exogenous source of carbon; however a carbon source was required for anaerobic growth. Of 25 carbon compounds examined, isocitrate supported anaerobic growth in the light equalling the aerobic controls. Growth did not occur aerobically or anaerobically in the dark with any carbon source examined. Growth was excellent at pH values in excess of 7.0. Growth at pH 10.0 was 4 times that at 7.0 in strain I.U. 850 and twice that at 7.0 in strain Kan-3E. Growth was accelerated with the increase in temperatures but this increase may well be due to the increased intensity of light to which the cultures were exposed at the higher terperatures.
Carbon dioxide on the early earth.

This paper uses arguments of geochemical mass balance to arrive at an estimate of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the terrestrial atmosphere very early in earth history. It appears that this partial pressure could have been as large as 10 bars. This large estimate depends on two key considerations. First, volatiles were driven out of the interior of the earth during the course of earth accretion or very shortly thereafter. This early degassing was a consequence of rapid accretion, which gave the young earth a hot and rapidly convecting interior. Second, the early earth lacked extensive, stable continental platforms on which carbon could be stored in the form of carbonate minerals for geologically significant periods of time. In the absence of continental platforms on the early earth, the earth's carbon must have been either in the atmosphere or ocean or in the form of shortlived sedimentary deposits on ephemeral sea floor.
Self-control revisited: Some factors that affect autoshaped responding.

Pigeons were exposed to autoshaping procedures under which 50% of red key illuminations were followed by 9-sec food deliveries, and 50% of blue key illuminations were followed by 3-sec food deliveries. When all key illuminations were 6 sec, pigeons preferred the red stimulus. Subsequent manipulations demonstrated that preference could be shifted to the blue stimulus by either increasing the duration of the red stimulus or imposing a delay interval between the offset of that stimulus and food delivery. A final experiment demonstrated that, in two of three subjects, preference for key illuminations associated with longer, but delayed, food deliveries generally increased as the duration of all key illuminations was lengthened. These results, obtained under conditions where keypecking had no programmed consequences, are similar to those previously observed under procedures involving a positive response-food dependency.
Vertical Propagation of Stationary Planetary Waves in the Winter Northern Hemisphere

Abstract Planetary-scale, stationary disturbances in the winter stratosphere are considered to be upward propagating internal Rossby waves forced from below. Numerical solutions to the linearized equation for wave propagation are obtained by assuming a realistic profile of zonal winds as the basic state and imposing observed monthly mean heights of the 500-mb surface as the lower boundary condition. The computed wave structures in the meridional section show good agreement with the observed state for the component of zonal wavenumber 1. For wavenumber 2, the computed amplitude is too small to compare with the observed. Wave energy density attains a maximum in the lower and middle stratosphere at high altitudes, where strong upward transfer of wave energy appears. A region of small latitudinal gradient of potential vorticity of the basic state is found above the tropospheric jet, which acts as a barrier for wave propagation and confines wave energy to the polar region. Above 40 km the wave tends to spread ...
The Active Steps 10 kilometer Run/Walk: Promoting the Field of Dietetics

Abstract The Student Dietetic Association (SDA) can be a valuable and overlooked resource for promoting the field of dietetics. The Active Steps 10K Run/Walk was created by members of a Student Dietetic Association. Objectives of the run/walk were: 1) to raise money for hungry senior citizens; 2) to increase participation in the run/walk from previous years; and 3) to promote the field of dietetics within the community. Cash contributions were accepted from participants as personal donations, T-shirt sales, and registration fees. Increased registration for the event was achieved by distributing registration brochures to local businesses and advertising the event on campus, at SDA car washes, in the newspaper and on the radio. Incentive to increase participation was created by soliciting businesses to donate products and services as prizes for a raffle which was open to the public. Promoting awareness in the community regarding the field of dietetics was accomplished by including a definition of the Student Dietetic Association on the brochure and by offering to answer questions at the run/walk about the role of dietetics within the health care profession. Objectives met: 1) over $1500 were donated to a Senior Center to provide food to needy senior citizens', 2) participation in the event increased from "Active Steps" continues to grow and improve with the help of a 19-page protocol designed after the event to increase the efficiency of its implementation in the future. The protocol encompasses: how to work with city and student association officials; steps to promote the event; budget considerations; how to handle tax-deductible contributions; current community contacts; materials needed; and how to stay organized. Future considerations include developing evaluation methods to measure changes in public awareness regarding the field of dietetics after such an event.
Encephalitogenic Regions for the Lewis Rat within the Myelin Basic Protein

The sequence, phe lys asn ile val thr pro arg thr pro pro pro ser gln gly lys gly arg gly leu ser ser arg phe ser trp gly ala glu gly gln isolated from the peptic digestion of guinea pig myelin basicprotein is able to produce EAE in Lewis rats. The synthetic peptide phe lys phe gly gly arg asp ser arg, an analog of residues 154-162, is encephalitogenic in Lewis rats when B. pertussis is used as the adjuvant.
Detection of Simulated Lesions on Data-compressed Digital Mammograms

PURPOSE: To evaluate retrospectively the effect of a wavelet-based compression method on the detection of simulated masses of various sizes and clustered microcalcifications on data-compressed digital mammograms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The images used in this study were acquired with institutional review board approval and patient informed consent, both of which allowed subsequent image data analysis. Patient identification was removed from images, and the study complied with requirements of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. Masses 3, 6, and 8 mm in diameter were analytically simulated and added to clinical mammographic backgrounds. In addition, microcalcifications were extracted from a clinical mammogram and hybridized with simulated microcalcifications for use in this study. Image compression conditions of 1:1, 15:1, and 30:1 were investigated. Observer responses were recorded with a six-point rating scale, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed. In add...
Transection of Spinal Cord: A Rare Obstetrical Complication of Cephalic Delivery

A newborn infant, delivered following mid-forceps rotation, presented with apnoea, anaesthesia below the level of the mid-neck, and flaccid quadriplegia. At necropsy there was transection of the cord, and atlanto-occipital and atlantoaxial dislocations. Cord injury usually follows breech presentation, the lesion is in the lower cervical or upper thoracic segments, and results from excessive traction. By contrast, in the rare cases following cephalic delivery, the lesion is most often in the upper cervical cord and probably results from rotational forces.
Intracranial injections induce local transcription of a gene encoding precerebellin-like protein

The gene encoding the precerebellin-like protein, named on the basis of homology with precerebellin that was first discovered in the mammalian cerebellum, had been previously found to be activated in teleost liver tissue in response to elicitors of the acute phase response, and the protein is present in the acute phase plasma of teleosts. Properties of the molecule led us to hypothesize immune-relevant functions in the brain. Experiments reported here reveal that intracranial injections of killed Gram positive or Gram negative bacteria into fully anesthetized rainbow trout induce transcription of precerebellin-like protein in brain tissue. Intraperitoneal injections strongly elicited transcription in the liver and provoked weak transcription in the brain. Gene activation also followed injury due to intracranial injections of either mineral oil or turpentine. The function(s) of this protein remain unknown in any species. Acute phase proteins generally participate in the restoration of homeostasis following either sterile or septic injury. Any such restorative function in the brain should be accompanied by expression following injury. Structural, biological and evolutionary attributes of this gene family reported here are interpreted to signify that its members may be of health relevance in this and other species; the expression patterns and potential functions of precerebellin should be determined in mammalian liver and brain tissues.
Absorbing Society’s Influence: Body Image Self-Discrepancy and Internalized Shame

In this study, we examined how injunctive cultural norms concerning body image are perceived by women, assessed the degree of body shame that occurs when an individual sees herself as differing from the cultural standard, and measured the extent to which the internalization of this standard as a personal ideal may influence the experience of body-related shame. Female college students (N = 687) completed measures of body shame and two types of body image self-discrepancy—actual:own ideal (AI) and actual:societal ought (ASO). Self-discrepancies were determined by subtracting participants' ideal and ought estimates from their actual body shape perception. AI was found to mediate the relationship between ASO and shame, which suggests that the internalization of body ideals may be an important antecedent to emotional consequences from cultural norms.
Electronic Durability of Flexible Transparent Films from Type-Specific Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes

The coupling between mechanical flexibility and electronic performance is evaluated for thin films of metallic and semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) deposited on compliant supports. Percolated networks of type-purified SWCNTs are assembled as thin conducting coatings on elastic polymer substrates, and the sheet resistance is measured as a function of compression and cyclic strain through impedance spectroscopy. The wrinkling topography, microstructure and transparency of the films are independently characterized using optical microscopy, electron microscopy, and optical absorption spectroscopy. Thin films made from metallic SWCNTs show better durability as flexible transparent conductive coatings, which we attribute to a combination of superior mechanical performance and higher interfacial conductivity.
Aromatase inhibition by 4-thiosubstituted-4-androstene-3,17-dione derivatives.

Abstract The synthesis and evaluation of 4-thiosubstituted-4-androstenedione analogs as inhibitors of estrogen synthetase (aromatase) is described. All compounds were prepared by the addition of various thiol reagents to 4β,5β-epoxyandrostanedione. Inhibitory activity of synthesized compounds was assessed using a human placental microsomal preparation as the enzyme source and [1β- 3 H]4-androstene-3,17-dione as substrate. Synthesized compounds exhibiting high inhibitory activity were further evaluated under initial velocity conditions to determine apparent K i values. Several compounds were effective competitive inhibitors, and have apparent K i values ranging from 34 to 52 nM, with the apparent K m for androstenedione being 54 nM. The results of these studies demonstrate a tightly fitted enzyme pocket that can accommodate bulky substituents at the C-4 position of androstenedione not to exceed 4.3 A in width and 5.5 A in length.
Ultrastructure of Synaptic Vesicle Formation in Cerebral Cortex

SYNAPTIC vesicles have assumed a role of singular importance in models of synaptic function as morphological evidence of their existence appeared simultaneously with the “quantal” theory of transmitter release1. The problem of synaptic vesicle origin, essential to understanding this role, has led to extensive investigations. Electron microscopic studies2–4 have demonstrated synaptic vesicles attached to the axolemma or open to the extracellular space, and suggest that some synaptic vesicles form by a process of micropinocytosis at the presynaptic terminal membrane. Freeze-etched preparations, besides showing smaller micropits (synaptopores) at presynaptic sites, have shown similar plasmalemmal vesicles at non-synaptic sites5. A micropinocytotic origin of synaptic vesicles remains uncertain, however, and other workers suggest an intracytoplasmic mechanism of origin6,7.
Real discrete Fourier transform

The real discrete Fourier transform (RDFT) corresponds to the Fourier series for sampled periodic signals with sampled periodic frequency responses just as discrete Fourier transform (DFT) corresponds to the complex Fourier series for the same type of signals. RDFT has better performance than DFT in data compression and filtering for all signals in the sense that Pearl's measure for RDFT is less than Pearl's measure for DFT by an amount ΔW. RDFT also has better performance than DFT in the computation of real convolution because of the reduced number of operations, and the fact that forward and inverse transforms can be implemented with the same signal flowgraph, thereby facilitating hardware and software design.
Nitrate-Nitrogen, Soluble, and Bioavailable Phosphorus Runoff from Simulated Rainfall After Fertilizer Application

Runoff from crop land can enhance eutrophication of fresh water and hypoxia in sea water. We simulated rain at 25 mm hr ' for 2 hr, 8 d prior and 1, 14, 29, 49 and 108 d after fertilization and planting of corn (Zea mays L.). Experimental sites received 50 kg N, 45 kg P, and 125 kg K ha as granulated fertilizer broadcast and incorporated to a depth of 150 mm. An additional 118 kg N ha 1 was surface-banded as solution fertilizer at Day 28, which was 1 d prior to the Day 29 rain. The study was conducted for 2 yr on a Tifton loamy sand (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Plinthic Kandiudults) with a slope of 4.5%, on micro- (5.57 m 2 ) and meso-scale (622 m 2 ) plots. Runoff was equal for the two scales of plots. There were greater runoff losses of soluble-P from meso- (1.4 kg ha 1 ) than from micro-plots (1.0 kg ha -1 ). Nitrate-N losses averaged 2.7 kg ha ' and bioavailable-P losses were 2.3 kg ha '. Greatest NO 3 -N and soluhle-P losses occurred the day after application of the solid fertilizer, whereas bioavailable-P loss was greatest at Day 14 and 29. No increase in NO 3 -N losses was found 1 d after the application of urea ammonium nitrate solution, possibly indicating that liquid fertilizers are not as susceptible to runoff losses as solid fertilizers. Results of this study should encourage the use of small plots, thereby saving research time and expense and provide data useful for estimating losses at similar sites.
Cytoprotective effects of calbindin-d28k against antimycin-A induced hypoxic injury in proximal tubular cells

Intracellular calcium plays an important role on the pathogenesis of hypoxia-induced cellular injury. Calbindin-D(28k), a cytosolic vitamin D-dependent calcium binding protein, can serve as a buffer to limit a surge in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) induced by various stimulations. To evaluate the possible cytoprotective effect of calbindin-D(28k) against hypoxic injury in proximal tubular cells, a plasmid containing calbindin-D(28k) cDNA under the control of CMV immediate-early gene promoter was transfected into the murine proximal tubular epithelial (MCT) cells. The expression of calbindin-D(28k) in the transfected cells was verified with Northern blot analysis, Western blot analysis, and immunofluorescent staining. The non-transfected and transfected MCT cells were subjected to chemical hypoxia induced by antimycin A (10 microM) and glucose deprivation for 30-120 min. The transfection of calbindin-D(28k) reduced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release by 41%, 41%, 24%, and 24%, respectively, at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after hypoxia when compared to the non-transfected cells (all p < 0.05). Cell viability after hypoxic injury was also significantly higher in transfected cells than non-transfected cells. Transfection with the plasmid without calbindin-D(28k) cDNA did not affect LDH release or cell viability after chemical hypoxic injury. [Ca+2]i was measured ratiometrically with fura-2 after exposure to chemical hypoxia. The rate of initial rise in [Ca2+]i and final [Ca+2]i at 30-120 min were significantly lowered in transfected cells. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that transfection of calbindin-D(28k) gene into MCT cells provide protective effects against chemical hypoxic injury probably through its buffering effects on [Ca+2]i.
Recent decline in age at menarche: The Fels Longitudinal Study

A number of recent reports suggest that the average age at menarche of US girls has declined over the past 20 years. Because the putative declines in the age at menarche are concurrent with increases in childhood body mass index (BMI), it has been suggested that these two trends may be causally linked. We examined differences in mean age of menarche in Fels Longitudinal Study girls who were born in six 10-year birth cohorts (1930s, 1940s, 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s) and simultaneous cohort changes in mean BMI measured cross-sectionally at selected ages from 3-35 years (n = 371). Girls born in the 1980s had a mean age at menarche of 12.34 years, which was approximately 3-6 months earlier than that of girls born previously (P < 0.001). While the mean BMI values at ages 25 and 35 generally increased from the 1930s to the 1970s, the mean BMI during childhood and adolescence remained constant across the six birth cohorts. In summary, we found no evidence that the recent decline in the age at menarche in the Fels Longitudinal Study girls was reflected in concurrent increases in BMI at any point in childhood or adolescence. Conversely, girls born in the 1960s and 1970s have subsequently become heavier in young and mid-adulthood than were girls from earlier birth cohorts, without any concurrent change in the mean age at menarche over that time period. These two findings suggest that population-level shifts in BMI and the timing of menarche are largely independent, although sometimes coincident, processes.
Transmission of integrated sea urchin histone genes by nuclear transplantation in Xenopus laevis

Sea urchin histone genes contained in a recombinant plasmid pSp102 were microinjected into the cytoplasm of fertilized eggs of Xenopus laevis. By the late blastula stage, plasmid DNA sequences were detected comigrating with the high molecular weight cellular DNA (greater than 48 kilobases). Analysis of the DNA from injected embryos digested with various restriction endonuclease demonstrated that the injected DNA was integrated into the frog genome. Clones of embryos containing the pSp102 DNA sequences were produced by means of nuclear transplantation. Individuals of the same clone contain the pSp102 sequences integrated into similar chromosomal locations. These sites vary between different clones.
HIV coreceptors: role of structure, posttranslational modifications, and internalization in viral-cell fusion and as targets for entry inhibitors.

Abstract The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope glycoprotein forms trimers on the virion surface, with each monomer consisting of two subunits, gp120 and gp41. The gp120 envelope component binds to CD4 on target cells and undergoes conformational changes that allow gp120 to interact with certain G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) on the same target membranes. The GPCRs that function as HIV coreceptors were found to be chemokine receptors. The primary coreceptors are CCR5 and CXCR4, but several other chemokine receptors were identified as “minor coreceptors”, indicating their ability support entry of some HIV strains in tissue cultures. Formation of the tri-molecular complexes stabilizes virus binding and triggers a series of conformational changes in gp41 that facilitate membrane fusion and viral cell entry. Concerted efforts are underway to decipher the specific interactions between gp120/CD4, gp120/coreceptors, and their contributions to the subsequent membrane fusion process. It is hoped that some of the transient conformational intermediates in gp120 and gp41 would serve as targets for entry inhibitors. In addition, the CD4 and coreceptors are primary targets for several classes of inhibitors currently under testing. Our review summarizes the current knowledge on the interactions of HIV gp120 with its receptor and coreceptors, and the important properties of the chemokine receptors and their regulation in primary target cells. We also summarize the classes of coreceptor inhibitors under development.
Quantitative Analyses of Psychoanalytic Studies of Shakespeare

(1969). Quantitative Analyses of Psychoanalytic Studies of Shakespeare. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 72, No. 1, pp. 3-9.
Abnormal feeding and postprandial behavioral responses to food deprivation in genetically obese mice (C57Bl/6J-ob/ob)

Abstract Meal size, intermeal interval (IMI), statiety ratio and postprandial behaviors of obese and lean male mice were measured after 1.5 to 6.0 hr of food deprivation in the dynamic and static phases of weight gain. Obese mice ate the same sized meal as lean mice after food deprivation except after 1.5 hr deprivation in the dynamic phase when obese mice ate more. Obese mice had significantly different satiety ratios than lean mice, but the nature of the difference depended on the phase of weight gain. In the dynamic phase obese mice had a significantly smaller satiety ratio after 1.5 hr deprivation, but in the static phase obese mice had a significantly larger satiety ratio after 1.5 and 3.0 hr deprivation. Thus the differences in meal taking did not persist from the dynamic to the static phase. Differences in postprandial behaviors did. Obese mice groomed less, explored less and rested more than lean mice in the dynamic and static phases of weight gain. This demonstrates that these differences in postprandial behaviors are dissociated from body weight and meal taking responses to deprivation.
Biology of Muskellunge (Esox masquinongy) in the Upper Niagara River

Abstract Several life-history features of Niagara River muskellunge were determined and compared to similar data for other populations. Sexual maturity occurred during the fourth and fifth year for most Niagara River males and females, respectively. In terms of ages at sexual maturity and length-weight relationship, Niagara River muskellunge were similar to lake populations. In early life, fish of the Niagara River, and those of West Virginia and Kentucky streams, grew more rapidly than fish from lake populations. However, growth of river and stream fish slowed more quickly with age than that of lake fish. These differences in growth pattern between lentic and lotic populations may have resulted from differences in prey sizes and availability.
Physical Activity Programs in Higher Education: Modifying Net/Wall Games to Include Individuals with Disabilities

The growing number of students with disabilities in higher education settings has presented challenges for instructors with regards to appropriate inclusion. Concerning physical activity courses in higher education, instructors may not have the knowledge or resources to make modifications and accommodations that will ultimately result in inclusion. This article uses Newell's model of constraints to demonstrate how to apply modifications to the task and the environment, specifically for net/wall games. Additionally, the article addresses modifications for individuals with cerebral palsy in tennis and visual impairments in volleyball by providing practical strategies that can ensure successful inclusion in higher education physical activity settings.
Efficiency Characterization of Piezoelectrics for Power

The efficiency of energy conversion by piezoelectric devices depends upon the quality factor Q, and electromechanical coupling coefficient k2 . Efficiency, Q, and k2 were measured for a piezoelectric cantilever and piezoelectric stack, and compared to a model of the efficiency in terms of Q and k2 . The model and experiment agree very well.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Measuring color‐matching functions. Part II. New data for assessing observer metamerism

The Munsell Color Science Laboratory model and visual colorimeter for collecting color-matching-function data were described in Part I of this article. The model and instrument have demonstrated results that correlate well with data collected using the National Research Council of Canada's Trichromator. Color-matching-function data for 18 observers and 20 repetitions on a single observer have been obtained using the Munsell Color Science Laboratory visual colorimeter. The variability for the single observer for 20 repetitions over a month's time was found to be similar to the uncertainty of matching within a single measurement session. The variability of the 18 observers was found to be much larger. The results were compared with the CIE Standard Deviate Observer. The variability of the CIE Standard Deviate Observer was on the order of the single observer variability while the multiple observer variability was significantly larger.
Corruption: theory and evidence through economies in transition

Corruption is a serious problem for economies in transition. It causes retardation in the development of institutions conducive to economic growth. In this sense, it introduces inertia in transition dynamics. Generally, corruption is a deep‐rooted social and economic problem in developing economies everywhere in the world. Presents an analysis of political corruption and argues why some countries are afflicted by it more than others are. For this, several lines of argument are explored, empirical tests and observations are analyzed and finally a model for an economy in transition is presented.