cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In defense of trait-and-factor theory

Trait-and-factor theory occupies a less than exalted position among theories of career development. It is frequently dismissed by critics as a relic of the Parsons Age of vocational guidance. It is common for career development theorists to begin their writings with a short description of trait-and-factor theory and techniques as a point of departure for their ‘different’ approaches. Yet, when one examines these so-called different approaches, one sees career counseling practices that look suspiciously like trait-and-factor derivatives.
Familial forms of diabetes insipidus: clinical and molecular characteristics

Over the past two decades, the genetic and molecular basis of familial forms of diabetes insipidus has been elucidated. Diabetes insipidus is a clinical syndrome characterized by the excretion of abnormally large volumes of diluted urine (polyuria) and increased fluid intake (polydipsia). The most common type of diabetes insipidus is caused by lack of the antidiuretic hormone arginine vasopressin (vasopressin), which is produced in the hypothalamus and secreted by the neurohypophysis. This type of diabetes insipidus is referred to here as neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus. The syndrome can also result from resistance to the antidiuretic effects of vasopressin on the kidney, either at the level of the vasopressin 2 receptor or the aquaporin 2 water channel (which mediates the re-absorption of water from urine), and is referred to as renal or nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Differentiation between these two types of diabetes insipidus and primary polydipsia can be difficult owing to the existence of partial as well as complete forms of vasopressin deficiency or resistance. Seven different familial forms of diabetes insipidus are known to exist. The clinical presentation, genetic basis and cellular mechanisms responsible for them vary considerably. This information has led to improved methods of differential diagnosis and could provide the basis of new forms of therapy.
Mutations in connexin43 (GJA1) perturb bone growth in zebrafish fins.

Abstract Mechanisms that regulate the size and shape of bony structures are largely unknown. The molecular identification of the fin length mutant short fin (sof), which causes defects in the length of bony fin ray segments, may provide insights regarding the regulation of bone growth. In this report, we demonstrate that the sof phenotype is caused by mutations in the connexin43 (cx43) gene. This conclusion is supported by genetic mapping, reduced expression of cx43 in the original sof allele (sofb123), identification of missense mutations in three ENU-induced alleles, and by demonstration of partially abrogated cx43 function in sofb123 embryos. Expression of cx43 was identified in cells flanking the germinal region of newly growing segments as well as in the osteoblasts at segment boundaries. This pattern of cx43 expression in cells lateral to new segment growth is consistent with a model where cx43-expressing cells represent a biological ruler that measures segment size. This report identifies the first gene identification for a fin length mutation (sof) as well as the first connexin mutations in zebrafish, and therefore reveals a critical role for local cell–cell communication in the regulation of bone size and growth.
Pathways for potentiation of immunogenicity during adjuvant-assisted immunizations with Plasmodium falciparum major merozoite surface protein 1.

Vaccine adjuvants exert critical and unique influences on the quality of immune responses induced during active immunizations. We investigated the mechanisms of action of immunological adjuvants in terms of their requirements for cytokine-mediated pathways for adjuvanticity. Antibody responses potentiated by several adjuvants to a Plasmodium falciparum MSP1-19 (C-terminal 19-kDa processing fragment of MSP1) vaccine were studied in gamma interferon (IFN-γ) or interleukin (IL-4) knockout mice. The levels of anti-MSP1-19 antibodies and the induction of Th1- and Th2-type antibodies were analyzed. Results revealed a spectrum of requirements for cytokine-mediated pathways in the potentiation of immunogenicity, and such requirements were influenced by interactions among individual components of the adjuvant formulations. One adjuvant strictly depended on IFN-γ to induce appreciable levels of anti-MSP1-19 antibodies, while some formulations required IFN-γ only for the induction of Th1-type antibodies. Other formulations induced exclusively Th2-type antibodies and were not affected by IFN-γ knockout. There were three patterns of requirements for IL-4 by various adjuvants in the induction of Th2-type anti-MSP1-19 antibodies. Moreover, the induction of Th1-type anti-MSP1-19 antibodies by adjuvants showed two distinct patterns of regulation by IL-4. The utilization of an IL-4 regulated pathway(s) for the induction of Th2-type antibodies by the same adjuvant differed between mouse strains, suggesting that animal species variability in responses to vaccine adjuvants may be due, at least in part, to differences in the utilization of immune system pathways by an adjuvant among animal hosts.
Pumping Rate and Surface Morphology Dependence of Ionization Processes in Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization

The quantitative photophysical description of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) is explored by using a wide range of optical pumping rates established by 22 ps and 4 ns laser puls...
Scalable Line Dynamics in ParaDiS

We describe an innovative highly parallel application program, ParaDiS, which computes the plastic strength of materials by tracing the evolution of dislocation lines over time. We discuss the issues of scaling the code to tens of thousands of processors, and present early scaling results of the code run on a prototype of the BlueGene/L supercomputer being developed by IBM in partnership with the US DOEs ASC program.
Mechanical integration of high recording density drives

Novel methodology has been developed to evaluate the long term reliability of head-disc interface and to estimate drive lifetimes. The tests are based on stressed low flying or gliding as good start-stop result is only necessary but not a sufficient condition for long term reliability. Stresses are introduced by operating at low pressures at several stress levels with track following and seeking. Lifetimes are monitored by head-disc contacts with piezoelectric sensors, magnetic signals and error rates. Lifetimes determined in stressed conditions are extrapolated to normal operating conditions. Magnetic recording drives having zone textured media and operating at average flying height of 25 nm at the inside diameter have estimated average lifetimes of 3 years with standard deviation of 1.3 years in continuous operation.
Authorship: why not just toss a coin?

if you are reading this commentary, the title probably irked your professional sensibilities. That's good. During 32 years of publishing, I've experienced two authorship disputes. Both of these problems have demonstrated to me that there is a disturbing and pervasive lack of understanding of what
An Interpretation of the EBCTCG Data

Published data and figures from the Early Breast Cancer Clinical Trialists’ Collaborative Group are explored and interpreted as supporting ac oncept that the prime impact of adjuvant hormonal and polychemotherapytherapyisonsoon-to-emergetumors,with the timing of benefit accrual being mostly limited to the time of drug administration. Nevertheless, once benefit in reducing recurrence occurs, the benefit is maintained for years. Depending on how this is viewed, there may or may not be a carryover effect of these therapies in the setting of adjuvant breast cancer.The Oncologist 2007;12:505–509
Building topology-aware overlays using global soft-state

Distributed hash table (DHT) based overlay networks offer an administration-free and fault-tolerant storage space that maps "keys" to "values". For these systems to function efficiently, their structures must fit that of the underlying network. Existing techniques for discovering network proximity information, such as landmark clustering and expanding-ring search are either inaccurate or expensive. The lack of global proximity information in overlay construction and maintenance can result in bad proximity approximation or excessive communication. To address these problems, we propose the following: (1) Combining landmark clustering and round-trip time (RTT) measurements to generate proximity information, achieving both efficiency and accuracy. (2) Controlled placement of global proximity information on the system itself as soft-state, such that nodes can independently access relevant information efficiently. (3) Publish/subscribe functionality that allows nodes to subscribe to the relevant soft-state and get notified as the state changes necessitate overlay restructuring.
Atrial natriuretic peptide modulators: Dissociation of receptor binding and particulate guanylate cyclase activity

Prazosin stimulated 125l-rANP(102–126) binding to bovine adrenal zona glomerulosa membranes (BAZGM) allosterically by converting the lower-affinity state binding sites into the higher-affinity state. The modulatory effect could be mimicked by guanabenz and LY193422, and was concentration-dependent. SC50 (concentration required to stimulate binding by 50%) values for guanabenz, prazosin, and LY193422 were 13, 25, and 1.8 μM, respectively. Prazosin (30 μM) enhanced 125l-ANP(102–126) binding by decreasing the KD from 251 ± 24 to 97.4 ± 8.3 pM without affecting the Bmax. Competitive inhibition of 125l-ANP binding by ANP analogs was potentiated by prazosin (30 μM) and LY193422 (50 μM). The modulator-stimulated 125l-rANP(102–126) binding was reversible by the addition of unlabelled ANP analogs during incubation. Previously, we also demonstrated that these modulators potentiated the ANP-mediated inhibition of ACTH-induced aldosterone synthesis in rat adrenal zona glomerulosa cells [Horng, J. S., Steinberg, M. I., Wyss, V. L., Wiest, S. A., Schirmer, E. W., McCowan, J. R., and Yu, M. J.: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) receptor modulators: Effects of prazosin and guanabenz analogs on ANP receptor binding and in vitro biological activity. FASEB Journal 3:A733, 1989; Yu, M. J., McCowan, J. R., Steinberg, M. I., Wiest, S. A. Wyss, V. L., and Horng, J. S.: Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor modulators: Effect of disubstituted quinazolines on receptor binding and in vitro biological activity. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 33:348–353, 1990]. However, neither prazosin nor LY193422 affected basal or ANP-induced particulate guanylate cyclase activity in rabbit glomeruli. This is the first study to our knowledge in which ANP modulators were demonstrated to potentiate ANP-mediated response independent of cGMP. Our studies suggest that potentiation of ANP-mediated inhibition of aldosterone synthesis by these analogs does not involve particulate guanylate cyclase and that these modulators induce a cyclase-uncoupled, high affinity ANP receptor in the adrenal gland, which might be different from cyclase-uncoupled ANP clearance receptor.
Signs and Symptoms

The majority of pediatric bone tumors are benign; however, malignant bone tumors account for a significant amount of morbidity and mortality among children and adolescents. Due to their often indolent presentation the diagnosis is often delayed. This chapter will highlight the signs and symptoms of malignant bone tumors including osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and chondrosarcoma. Malignant bone tumors vary by age, sex, ethnicity and tumor location. The typical presenting symptoms are similar for most malignant bone tumors with a few distinct variations between the subtypes. The initial diagnostic evaluation will be reviewed and subsequent chapters will go into more detail regarding the radiographic and pathologic diagnosis. There are a few syndromes with a known predisposition to malignant bone tumors that will be highlighted.
The Effect of Intravenous Haloperidol on QT Interval Dispersion in Critically Ill Patients: Comparison with QT Interval Prolongation for Assessment of Risk of Torsades de Pointes

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of intravenous haloperidol on QT interval dispersion in critically ill patients and to compare increases in QT interval dispersion and QTc intervals in patients who developed haloperidol-induced Torsades de Pointes versus those in patients who did not. This was a case-controlled study of 30 critically ill patients who received intravenous haloperidol for delusional agitation. Cases were patients (n = 6) who developed Torsades de Pointes during haloperidol therapy. Controls were patients (n = 24) who did not experience haloperidol-induced Torsades dePointes. QTc intervals were measured and QT interval dispersion was calculated. Haloperidol prolonged QTc interval compared to pretreatment values in Torsades de Pointes patients (606 +/- 61 ms vs. 501 +/- 44 ms, p = 0.007) by a greater magnitude than in patients who did not experience Torsades de Pointes (507 +/- 60 ms vs. 466 +/- 44, p = 0.01). Twelve-lead analysis revealed that QT interval dispersion increased in patients who experienced Torsades de Pointes (from 63 +/- 11 to 95 +/- 22 ms, p = 0.03) but not in those who did not (62 +/- 18 vs. 60 +/- 26 ms, p = 0.66). Analysis of precordial leads only showed no significant haloperidol-associated increases in QTinterval dispersion in eithergroup. The odds of developing haloperidol-induced Torsades de Pointes were highest in patients with QTc interval > 521 ms during haloperidol therapy(odds ratio = 12.1). It was concluded that intravenous haloperidol prolongs QTc intervals in critically ill patients. The degree of prolongation is greater in patients who experience Torsades de Pointes. QT interval dispersion may be increased in patients who develop haloperidol-induced Torsades de Pointes compared with those who do not. However, these effects are dependent on the method of measurement (12 leads vs. precordial leads). In addition, the odds of haloperidol-induced Torsades de Pointes are higherin patients with QTc intervalprolongation compared with increased QT interval dispersion. Therefore, QTc interval determination remains preferable to QT interval dispersion as a means assessment of risk for haloperidol-induced Torsades de Pointes.
Pneumococcal Endometritis and Neonatal Sepsis

A knowledge of the ecologic niches of resident bacteria in the human body allows physicians to predict with some regularity the most likely organisms responsible for infections involving contiguous structures. Thus, given the common finding of resident Streptococcus pneumoniae on the posterior pharynx and of group B streptococci in the female genital tract, physicians expect to find the former species responsible for some pneumonias and the latter to be a cause of endometritis. The finding of postpartum endometritis and neonatal sepsis due to S. pneumoniae is both rare and unexpected. The report of a recent case of pneumococcal infection of both infant and mother follows with a discussion of the few previous cases of simultaneous maternalinfant illness thought to arise secondarily to the colonization of the maternal genital tract [1-3].
Computer Aided Design of Switched Reluctance Motors for Use in Robotic Actuators

The switched reluctance motor (SRM) is emerging as a strong contender to the permanent magnet synchronous motor as a prime mover of choice in robotic actuators. This paper describes a design synthesis tool for switched reluctance motors. First, a review of the currently existing design tools is presented. The paper then details a parametric design synthesis procedure that requires the formulation of analytical relationships that involve SRM performance and design parameters. The analytical relationships (rules of thumb for design) thus developed can be used along with parametric reduction techniques to work towards an optimal design.
Control of Voluntary and Involuntary Nerve Impulses for Hemiparesis Rehabilitation and MRI Study

In order for stroke victims to gain functional recovery of their hemiparetic limbs, facilitation techniques such as the repetitive facilitation exercise, or RFE, have been developed. Currently, there is a lack of understanding of the neural mechanisms associated with these types of facilitation techniques. To better understand the neural mechanisms associated with the RFE a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study should be conducted. This paper presents initial experimental results testing the feasibility of implementing an fMRI-compatible actuator to facilitate a myotatic reflex in synchronization with the patient’s intention to move the hemiparetic limb. Preliminary data from a healthy individual demonstrated the feasibility of overlapping the long latency component of the afferent myotatic reflex with descending nerve impulses in a time window of 15ms. In addition, to implement the RFE into an fMRI-compatible device, a pneumatic actuation time delay due to long transmission line was evaluated. The results may be used for the assessment of the RFE using an fMRI-compatible robotic device in the future.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
The Effect of Cell Culture Conditions on Saquinavir Transport Through, and Interactions with, MDCKII Cells Overexpressing hMDR1

Abstract MDCK cells are cultured using wide‐ranging conditions and can produce variable results. To develop a standard protocol for studying saquinavir transport using MDCKII cells, stably transfected MDCKII cells overexpressing human Pgp (MDCKII‐PGP) and MDCKII wild‐type cells (MDCKII/wt) were used to evaluate the combined effects of seeding density (6.9 × 10 5 or 5 × 10 4 cells/cm 2 ), substratum (polycarbonate ± collagen coating) and saquinavir presence on monolayer integrity, Pgp expression, and saquinavir transport. The saquinavir efflux ratio (ratio of BL → AP/AP → BL permeability) for MDCKII‐PGP cells (6.9 × 10 5 cells/cm 2 ) was 57 with variable mannitol permeabilities. Consistent mannitol permeabilities and higher saquinavir efflux ratios were obtained with 5 × 10 4 cells/cm 2 on polycarbonate (78) or collagen‐coated polycarbonate (126). The MDCKII/wt saquinavir efflux ratio was 9. Saquinavir presence increased paracellular permeability for all treatments relative to cells seeded onto collagen‐coated membranes. Collagen coating caused increased Pgp expression and saquinavir efflux ratios correlated ( r 2 = 0.96) with Pgp expression levels [MDCKII‐PGP (on collagen‐coated polycarbonate) > MDCKII‐PGP (on polycarbonate) > MDCKII/wt (on collagen‐coated polycarbonate)]. These results directly and quantitatively link interrelated differences in cell culture conditions to changes in monolayer integrity, transporter expression, and active transport; and emphasize the critical application of controls in cell culture models. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 92:1957–1967, 2003
Using Web-Referral Architectures to Mitigate Denial-of-Service Threats

The web is a complicated graph, with millions of websites interlinked together. In this paper, we propose to use this web sitegraph structure to mitigate flooding attacks on a website, using a new web referral architecture for privileged service (“WRAPS”). WRAPS allows a legitimate client to obtain a privilege URL through a simple click on a referral hyperlink, from a website trusted by the target website. Using that URL, the client can get privileged access to the target website in a manner that is far less vulnerable to a distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) flooding attack than normal access would be. WRAPS does not require changes to web client software and is extremely lightweight for referrer websites, which makes its deployment easy. The massive scale of the web sitegraph could deter attempts to isolate a website through blocking all referrers. We present the design of WRAPS, and the implementation of a prototype system used to evaluate our proposal. Our empirical study demonstrates that WRAPS enables legitimate clients to connect to a website smoothly in spite of a very intensive flooding attack, at the cost of small overheads on the website's ISP's edge routers. We discuss the security properties of WRAPS and a simple approach to encourage many small websites to help protect an important site during DoS attacks.
The effects of temperature and photoperiod on antifreeze production in cold water fishes

A macromolecular “antifreeze” is present in the blood serum of fishes that inhabit subzero waters in winter. During the summer the “antifreeze” is not present. The effect of temperature and photoperiod on this circ-annual cycle of “antifreeze” production was investigated. Fishes collected from subzero waters were acclimated to various temperature and photoperiod regimes. Only the combination of a long photoperiod and warm temperature resulted in the disappearance of “antifreeze” from the serum, thus providing for an efficient failsafe system. The time necessary for the complete loss of the macromolecular “antifreeze” ranged from 3 to 5 weeks. When summer fish were acclimated to various combinations of temperature and photoperiod, low temperatures resulted in the production of “antifreeze” regardless of the photo-period. Serum Na and Cl− levels were significantly higher in cold acclimated than in warm acclimated fish. In general, fishes collected from more northerly latitudes had lower serum freezing points than the same species from warmer, more southerly waters. There seemed to be a genetic difference between populations of Anoplarchus purpurescens from Amchitka, Alaska and San Simeon, California since the California fish were unable to produce “antifreeze” when acclimated to cold temperatures.
Open Sound Control: an enabling technology for musical networking

Since telecommunication can never equal the richness of face-to-face interaction on its own terms, the most interesting examples of networked music go beyond the paradigm of musicians playing together in a virtual room. The Open Sound Control protocol has facilitated dozens of such innovative networked music projects. First the protocol itself is described, followed by some theoretical limits on communication latency and what they mean for music making. Then a representative list of some of the projects that take advantage of the protocol is presented, describing each project in terms of the paradigm of musical interaction that it provides.
Control of an operator-mobile manipulator coordination system

Based on the study for a simple man/machine coordination system, a new type of coordination control called an interactive force control scheme was developed for an operator-mobile manipulator coordination system (OMMCS) based on a base force/torque sensor. In the interactive force control scheme, a robust force control of the manipulator and impedance control of the mobile platform are integrated to achieve nondestructive interaction between the operator, the manipulator and the mobile platform. Also, a robust position control was developed to minimize the effect of wheel slip on control performance. In simulation, the developed methods are compared for control performance on tracking and force regulation. Simulation results show the promise of the interactive force control that utilizes the impedance control based on a base force/torque sensor.
SIMOBJECT: from rapid prototype to finished model—a breakthrough in graphical model building

SIMOBJECT is a portable, model-building framework of objects embedded in a graphical editing environment. This framework facilitates the prototyping of systems as diverse as communications or transportation networks, manufacturing processes and business operations. OBJECT.MGR, the graphical object editor, is used to extend these prototypes and evolve them into detailed applications as more is learned about the system that is being simulated.
A Primeira República: Macau e os Maçons (The First Republic: Macao and the Freemasons)

Portuguese Abstract: A emergencia da elite de Macau, no primeiro qiarto do seculo XX tem sido associada a dois fenomenos aparentemente contraditorios. Eles estao, contudo, interligados. Primeiro, o surgimento de grupos locais alinhados ideologicamente com os principais partidos republicanos em Portugal. Segundo, a relevância e influencia social dos Macons, com as suas lealdades estruturadas e a solidariedad fraternal no contexto da comunidade portuguesa de expatriados em Macau. Os macons de Macau eram formados por macaenses e expatriados e por alguma forma conseguiram penetrar as eleites locais. Este mergulho na contextura social local contrastava com a determinante influencia da Igreja Catolica em Macau, o seu trabalho de evangelizacao e as ideias anti-republicanas numa sociedade atrasada, paroquial e reaccionaria. O auytor analisa tambem as ligacoes entre os macons de Macau e o movimento revolucionario na China bem como o apoio que eles deram ao lider revolucionario da China, Sun Yat Sen, durante o seu exilio em Macau, depois da perseguicao que lhe foi movida pelas autoridades imperiais e a policia. English Abstract: The rise of Macao's elite in the first quarter of the 20th century is associated with two seemingly separate phenomena. They are, after all, closed interrelated. First, the emerging of local political groups ideologically aligned with the relevant Republican parties in Portugal; second, the social relevance and influence of the Freemasons, with their structured loyalties and fraternal solidarity within the expatriate Portuguese community in Macau. The Freemasons in Macao were formed of local-born Macanese and expatriates and somehow manage to embranchment in the local elites. This embodiment contrasted with the ingrained influence of the Catholic Church in Macau, its missionary work and anti-republican views in a conservative, parochial and laid-back society. The author looks also to the connections between Macau freemasons and the revolutionary movement in China and the support they give to China's revolutionary leader, Sun Yat Sen, during his exile in Macau, after been persecuted by the Chinese Imperial police.
Short Positions and Asymmetric Risk Premium: Evidence from Futures Markets

Theoretical predictions and empirical results are ambiguous about the effect of short sale constraints on security prices. Since these constraints cannot be eliminated in equity markets, we use trades from futures markets where there is no distinction between short and long positions. We find that even with frictionless short selling, there is an upward bias in prices around weekends. The bias is stronger in periods of high volatility when short sellers are unwilling to accept higher levels of risk. On the other hand, riskiness of long positions does not seem to have a similar impact on prices. Thus, evidence in the paper shows that security prices may be biased upwards even without constraints on short selling due to asymmetric risk of short and long and positions.
Interferons and central regulation of feeding

Interferons (IFNs) are immunomodulators with neuromodulatory activities. To study the effects of IFNs on the central regulation of feeding, rats were subjected to various applications. The results show the following. 1) Intracerebroventricular microinfusion of rat IFN (15-225 IU/rat) decreased short-term (2-h) food intake in rats. Computerized analysis of behavioral patterns demonstrated a reduction of meal size and meal duration, whereas meal frequency slightly increased. Nighttime and total daily food intakes were not significantly affected. 2) Short-term food intake suppression by intracerebroventricular rat IFN was accompanied by a small increase in cerebrospinal fluid and rectal temperatures. 3) Intracerebroventricular microinfusion of heat-treated rat IFN or of recombinant human interferon-alpha (rhIFN-alpha) did not affect food intake. Only one dose of rhIFN-gamma (400 ng/rat) decreased 2-h food intake. These results are consistent with the species specificity to the effects of IFNs. 4) Peripheral administration of rat IFN in doses equivalent to those administered centrally had no effect on food intake. The results suggest that IFN acts directly in the central nervous system to decrease short-term feeding.
Regulators of GPCR Activity

A single photon of light, triggering the physicochemical isomerization of an 11-cis-retinal to its all-trans form, initiates the process of vision. The retinal moiety serves as a tethered ligand for the photoreceptor rhodopsin, a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR); within milliseconds, the conformational change in rhodopsin that occurs as a result of the retinal isomerization catalyzes guanosine 5′-triphosphate (GTP) for guanosine 5′-diphosphate (GDP) exchange on the heterotrimeric G protein transducin, transducin-dependent activation of a cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) phosphodiesterase (PDE), and the closure of cGMP-gated ion channels. The resulting hyperpolarization of the rod outer segment membrane inhibits release of the neurotransmitter glutamate from the photoreceptor terminal, and the light-induced stimulus is transmitted through the neural network of the retina to the central nervous system (CNS) for processing.
Using Visual Symptoms for Debugging Presentation Failures in Web Applications

Presentation failures in a website can undermine its success by giving users a negative perception of the trustworthiness of the site and the quality of the services it delivers. Unfortunately, existing techniques for debugging presentation failures do not provide developers with automated and broadly applicable solutions for finding the site's faulty HTML elements and CSS properties. To address this limitation, we propose a novel automated approach for debugging web sites that is based on image processing and probabilistic techniques. Our approach first builds a model that links observable changes in the web site's appearance to faulty elements and styling properties. Then using this model, our approach predicts the elements and styling properties most likely to cause the observed failure for the page under test and reports these to the developer. In evaluation, our approach was more accurate and faster than prior techniques for identifying faulty elements in a website.
Oviposition on Vegetables by Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae): Temporal and Leaf Surface Factors

Selection of ovipositional site of the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), strain B , was studied under field, greenhouse, and laboratory conditions on early vegetative growth of commercial cultivars of 10 vegetable crops: cantaloupe ( Cucumis melo L.), cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.), eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.), bell pepper ( Capsicum annuum L. ssp. annuum ), collard ( Brassica oleracea ssp. acephala de Condolle), cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walpers ssp. unguiculata ), snap bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.), summer squash ( Cucurbita pepo L. ssp. melopepo ), tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Miller), and watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus (Thunberg) Matsum. & Nakai ssp. lanatus. Feeding and oviposition started on the cotyledon stage and populations of immature B. tabaci increased over time on all crops in field and greenhouse trials. On most plants, from 90 to 95% of the eggs were laid on the lower surface, with no definitive change over time or among leaves of a given crop. In a laboratory choice test using detached leaves facing downward, the lower leaf surface of cantaloupe, squash, and watermelon, was preferred for oviposition as compared with the upper surface. However, the upper surface was preferred in cowpea. There was no preference for egg-laying between leaf surfaces on the six other vegetables in the laboratory. Four crops, cantaloupe, cowpea, snap bean, and squash were evaluated for whitefly geotropic response for oviposition, and there was a strong negative response.
Ethical Leadership: Distinguishing Leaders from the Context on Ethical Behavior

By integrating psychological research from the social, cognitive and organizational domains, this symposium explores the factors that contribute to leaders acting ethically and seeks to identify th...
Deep Level Generation-Annihilation in Nitrogen Doped FZ Crystals

Nitrogen atoms exist in silicon as non-reactive nitrogen molecules. This is concluded from two I-R absorption experiments: one is the nitrogen isotope effects on 14N-N15 pairs and the other is silicon isotope shifts at 10 K. Intrinsic resistivities (over 20 K ohm-cm) are obtained by annealing at 1000°C, 1 min. in N2 in both p- and n-type nitrogen doped thin wafers. Resistivity increases are due to deep level generations: 0.66 eV above the valence band for p-type and mainly 0.44 eV below the conduction band for n-type material. These deep levels are considered to be formed by nitrogen pairs and divacancies which are incorporated during growth. Since divacancies are easy to out diffuse to the wafers surface, the deep levels are also irreversibly removed. Diffusion coefficient of Si intersititialswici’ch are annihilated with divacancies in the lattice are calculated as 6×10−6cm2/s and 2×10−6cm2/s at 900°C and 1000°C respectively. Migration energy of Si interstitials is about 4.5 eV.
Intelligent Data Collection of Forest Resources and Quality Control on PDA

Based on the developmental practices of Fujian forestry resource inventory system on PDA,this paper discussed the technology of the intelligent data-acquisition and quality control.Taking hardware resource of PDA into full consideration,the authors analyzed the features of forestry data,the complex logical relationships among inter-data's extracting and classifying,by encapsulating the logical relationship into "data dictionary" and interpreting it with universal software.Finally the intelligent automation of forest resources' field collection and quality control was achieved by means of data dictionary and program analysis.
Reinforcement Learning: the Sooner the Better, or the Later the Better?

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is one of the best machine learning approaches for decision making in interactive environments. RL focuses on inducing effective decision making policies with the goal of maximizing the agent's cumulative reward. In this study, we investigated the impact of both immediate and delayed reward functions on RL-induced policies and empirically evaluated the effectiveness of induced policies within an Intelligent Tutoring System called Deep Thought. Moreover, we divided students into Fast and Slow learners based on their incoming competence as measured by their average response time on the initial tutorial level. Our results show that there was a significant interaction effect between the induced policies and the students' incoming competence. More specifically, Fast learners are less sensitive to learning environments in that they can learn equally well regardless of the pedagogical strategies employed by the tutor, but Slow learners benefit significantly more from effective pedagogical strategies than from ineffective ones. In fact, with effective pedagogical strategies the slow learners learned as much as their faster peers, but with ineffective pedagogical strategies the former learned significantly less than the latter.
Protocols for Accelerated Pavement Testing of Fully Permeable Pavements

Fully permeable pavements are used as an alternative means of managing stormwater on roads, parking lots, and other paved areas. In the past, they have primarily been used only in areas with very light traffic, and designs have been empirical. With road agencies coming under increasingly stricter stormwater management requirements, there is growing interest in using these types of pavements under heavier traffic loads. A study was therefore initiated by the Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute (ICPI) and the UCPRC to better understand the behavior of fully permeable pavements and to formalize the design process using a more mechanistic type approach. The study was undertaken in phases and included laboratory testing, modeling, accelerated load testing, development of design procedures, life-cycle cost assessment, and environmental life cycle assessment. Most fully permeable pavements include a subbase/reservoir layer of large (75 mm) railway ballast aggregate, to support the load under wet conditions, and a base of smaller (25 mm) open graded aggregate as an intermediate layer between the large subbase aggregate and the surfacing. The use of this large open-graded aggregate limit the use of the testing protocols, instrumentation (e.g., multi-depth deflectometers), and data analysis procedures traditionally used in accelerated loading tests. Alternative testing protocols ad analysis procedures were therefore developed for the UCPRC study. This paper summarizes the design procedures and protocols developed for accelerated pavement testing of fully permeable pavements and discusses how the results were used to develop a mechanistic empirical design procedure to optimize layer thicknesses.
Shock Wave Research: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow

I was introduced to shock wave research in late 1953 by Dr. Thomas C. Poulter, Associate Director of Stanford Research Institute and head of a group which later became the Poulter Laboratories of SRI. For many years there was mounted on a wall in Poulter Laboratories a larger-than-life poster showing me standing in a firing pit at the Calaveras Test Site with shovel in hand while Poulter and Dr. Dan MacLachlan looked on. This picture, taken in late 1953 or early 1954, was symbolic of the state of shock wave research before World War II. It was changing in 1953, but it had not changed very much.
Neptune: A Mixed-Initiative Environment for Planning and Scheduling

We describe the design of a user-centric, integrated planning and scheduling system that assists the user in exploring the rich space of plans and associated resource assignment options in complex, real-world domains. Each component of the system (user, planner, and scheduler) reacts to the actions of the other, resolving conflicts, and iteratively refining the solution until acceptable.
The Ontogeny of Definitive Hematopoiesis in the Zebrafish.

Shifting sites of blood cell production during development is common across widely divergent phyla. In zebrafish, like other vertebrates, hematopoietic development has been roughly divided into two waves, termed primitive and definitive. Primitive hematopoiesis is characterized by the generation of embryonic erythrocytes in the intermediate cell mass and a distinct population of macrophages that arises from cephalic mesoderm. The generation of definitive, or multilineage, hematopoietic precursors during embryogenesis remains less well understood. Here we show, using a combination of gene expression analyses, prospective isolation approaches, hematopoietic progenitor cultures, transplantation, and in vivo lineage tracing experiments, that definitive hematopoiesis initiates through committed erythromyeloid progenitors (EMPs) in the posterior blood island (PBI) that arise independently of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). EMPs isolated by coexpression of fluorescent transgenes driven by the lmo2 and gata1 promoters exhibit an immature, blastic morphology and express only erythroid and myeloid genes. Transplanted EMPs home to the PBI, show limited proliferative potential, and do not seed subsequent hematopoietic sites such as the thymus or pronephros. In vivo fate mapping studies similarly demonstrate that EMPs possess only transient proliferative potential, with differentiated progeny remaining largely within caudal hematopoietic tissue. By contrast, fate mapping studies of CD41:eGFP+ cells residing in the aorta/gonads/mesonephros (AGM) region demonstrate robust colonization of the pronephros and thymus. Using timelapse microscopy, we show that these sites of adult hematopoiesis are seeded by CD41+ cells that migrate along the pronephric ducts from the AGM. These studies provide phenotypic and functional analyses of the first hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in the zebrafish embryo and demonstrate that definitive hematopoiesis proceeds through two distinct waves during embryonic development.
Indoor Competition Climbing as a Context for Positive Youth Development

Climbing as a competitive youth sport is rapidly expanding in both participation and popularity as it has transitioned from an unorganized recreational activity to a formalized sport with a national governing body, organized competitions, formal coaching, and team structure. In spite of this growth, little to no research has been conducted regarding indoor competition climbing as a developmental experience for youth. This study examined the contributions of indoor competition climbing to youth development outcomes based on qualitative responses collected from 623 parents and climbers (youth and adults) in late Fall 2014. Themes were constructed related to climbing as a youth development experience, including: holistic development; supportive relationships; confidence and self-efficacy; and sportsmanship and character development. Holistic development, which included growth in the areas of strength and health, cognition and mental conditioning, and social skills, appears to be a hallmark of the sport of indoor competition climbing. The identified themes mapped well to the 5Cs model of positive youth development (PYD), providing evidence for the existence of the 5Cs among youth who play sports. In response to calls for intentionality in youth programming, future research examining underlying programming, coaching, and parenting mechanisms that contribute to PYD is recommended.
Solid state microwave synthesis of highly crystalline ordered mesoporous hausmannite Mn3O4 films

Soft templating using block copolymers provides a generalized synthetic strategy to fabricate mesoporous materials, but it is generally challenging to obtain highly crystalline frameworks without significant deformation or loss of the mesoporous structure. Here, we demonstrate a simple route to generate ordered mesoporous crystalline manganese oxide films by block copolymer templating through microwave processing to convert carbonate precursors to oxides, remove the polymeric template and crystallize the Mn3O4, all within 1 min. The microwave heating in this case is driven primarily by the high microwave cross-section of the substrate (silicon wafer), but manganese oxide also absorbs microwaves to provide energy locally for promoting nucleation/crystallization. Conversely, conventional heating in a muffle furnace at an analogous surface temperature leads to either significant residual copolymer or nanostructure collapse with low crystallinity. This difference in the behavior is attributed to the rapid and local heating of the manganese oxide by microwaves to crystallize the oxide. Microwaves rapidly generate the crystals as evidenced by the invariance in the refractive index of the films after 45 s on further microwave heating. Additionally, the microwave processing leads to nearly twice the specific surface area for the films than that of mesoporous films fabricated by calcination in the furnace. Microwave energy appears to be an attractive alternative to enable the fabrication of a highly crystalline framework in soft-templated ordered mesoporous materials when the microwaves can be absorbed by the framework of interest.
Responses of preterm infants to unimodal and multimodal sensory intervention.

PURPOSE To examine the immediate responses of preterm infants to two forms of unimodal [auditory only (A) and tactile only (T)] and two forms of multimodal sensory stimulation [auditory, tactile and visual (ATV); auditory, tactile, visual and vestibular (ATVV)]. METHOD A convenience sample of 54 clinically stable preterm infants (33-34 postconceptional weeks) was randomly assigned to 1 of 5 experimental groups [Control (C); (A); (T); (ATV); and (ATVV)]. Stimulation was applied for 15 minutes once daily for 4 consecutive days. RESULTS Outcome measures included pulse (PR) and respiratory rate (RR), oxygen saturation, behavioral state (BS), and body temperature. Repeated measures ANOVA identified significant differences among the groups during intervention for PR (p 180 while Group ATVV had higher proportions of PR < 140 (p = .0001). Group ATVV showed increased alertness following stimulation (24%) in contrast to having the least alertness during stimulation (11%). CONCLUSIONS Tactile stimulation alone may be too arousing for these infants while the addition of vestibular stimulation may modulate arousal and facilitate optimal arousal prior to feeding.
Conduct Disorder and Neighborhood Effects

There has been a considerable amount of scholarly attention to the relationship between neighborhood effects and conduct disorder, particularly in recent years. Having said this, it has been nearly two decades since a comprehensive synthesis of this literature has been conducted. Relying on a detailed and comprehensive search strategy and inclusion criteria, this article offers a systematic and interdisciplinary review of 47 empirical studies that have examined neighborhood effects and conduct disorder. Described results suggest that there are generally robust linkages between adverse neighborhood factors and conduct disorder and externalizing behavior problems, as 67 of the 93 (72.04%) effect sizes derived from these studies yielded statistically significant neighborhood effects. The review also identifies salient mediating and moderating influences. It discusses study limitations and directions for future research as well.
Issues in vibration energy harvesting

Abstract In this study, fundamental issues related to bandwidth and nonlinear resonance in vibrational energy harvesting devices are investigated. The results show that using bandwidth as a criterion to measure device performance can be misleading. For a linear device, an enlarged bandwidth is achieved at the cost of sacrificing device performance near resonance, and thus widening the bandwidth may offer benefits only when the natural frequency of the linear device cannot match the dominant excitation frequency. For a nonlinear device, since the principle of superposition does not apply, the ‘‘broadband” performance improvements achieved for single-frequency excitations may not be achievable for multi-frequency excitations. It is also shown that a large-amplitude response based on the traditional ‘‘nonlinear resonance” does not always result in the optimal performance for a nonlinear device because of the negative work done by the excitation, which indicates energy is returned back to the excitation. Such undesired negative work is eliminated at global resonance, a generalized resonant condition for both linear and nonlinear systems. While the linear resonance is a special case of global resonance for a single-frequency excitation, the maximum potential of nonlinear energy harvesting can be reached for multi-frequency excitations by using global resonance to simultaneously harvest energy distributed over multiple frequencies.
Middle-Down MS is Ready to Answer Complex Questions in Chromatin Biology.

Histones are the most abundant protein family in the cells of complex organisms such as mammals and, together with DNA, they define the backbone of chromatin. Histone PTMs are key players of chromatin biology, as they function as anchors for proteins that bind and modulate chromatin readout, including gene expression. Middle-down mass spectrometry (MS) has been optimized for about 10 years to study histone N-terminal tails, but it has been rarely applied to identify the role of coexisting histone marks in biology. In this work, Jiang et al. used middle-down MS to study the dynamics of coexisting PTMs on histone H4 in two breast cancer cell lines. They found that overall serine 1 phosphorylation (S1ph) is mildly regulated during the cell cycle, but S1ph coexistence frequency with acetylations and methylations on the lysine residues of the N-terminal tail is remarkably tuned during S phase and G2/M phase. Together, the team placed another benchmark proving that MS analysis of combinatorial histone PTMs provides a more comprehensive view on chromatin state than studying individual marks. We should then constantly question ourselves regarding the limitations of analyzing single PTMs when we attempt to define their effect on protein functions.