cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Redox-Responsive Dimerization in a Ferrocene-Ureidopyrimidone Supramolecular Assembly.

Ureidopyrimidones (UPy’s) are well-known to dimerize via 4 strong H-bonds in noncompetitive solvents. Although UPy dimers have been widely studied, there are few examples of UPy’s containing redox-active groups, and even fewer in which oxidation/reduction has been shown to affect dimerization. In this study, a thorough electrochemical investigation of a UPy with a ferrocene attached to the 6-position of the pyrimidone ring, UPy(Fc), demonstrates that strong and reversible redox-control of dimerization is possible in the UPy system. 1H NMR shows that the reduced UPy(Fc) is fully dimerized under electrochemical conditions in CH2Cl2. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) shows that oxidation of the ferrocene to the ferrocenium converts the dimer to another species with a less positive E1/2, and that reduction of this species reforms the dimer in a chemically reversible fashion. Analysis of the scan rate and concentration dependence of the CV’s along with the relative diffusion coefficient measurements strongly suggest tha...
RNA-seq: Basic Bioinformatics Analysis

Quantitative analysis of gene expression is crucial for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying genome regulation. RNA-seq is a powerful platform for comprehensive investigation of the transcriptome. In this unit, we present a general bioinformatics workflow for the quantitative analysis of RNA-seq data and describe a few current publicly available computational tools applicable at various steps of this workflow. These tools comprise a pipeline for quality assessment and quantitation of RNA-seq data that starts from raw sequencing files and is focused on the identification and analysis of genes that are differentially expressed between biological conditions. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effects of Performance Feedback on Treatment Integrity of a Class-Wide Level System for Secondary Students with Emotional Disturbance.

Traditional professional development for teachers seldom results in program implementation with high fidelity or improved student outcomes. In this study, we evaluated the effects of performance fe...
Operational Satellites for Earth Monitoring

In the second half of the twentieth century, following demands for more accurate environmental monitoring of the Earth’s two satellite systems, geostationary (GOES) and polar-orbiting (POES) were developed to observe the ocean atmosphere and land for more accurate monitoring, modeling, and prediction of environmental impacts on economy and human life. The measurements from the GOES satellite were used for weather monitoring and predictions. POES data were used intensively to estimate land cover change, vegetation health, and soil moisture, to detect and monitor drought and vegetation stress, to predict fire and malaria risk, to model crop and pasture production, and for other purposes affecting the humanity. Most of these POES products are used successfully for prediction of food shortages and the related food security problems. This chapter describes the POES data collection and processing (especially noise removal) from the two NOAA operational polar-orbiting satellite systems (initial—NOAA/AVHRR and new—SNPP/VIIRS) and data preparation for continued applications and predictions in agriculture, human health, food security, climate and land changes, disasters detection (drought, crop losses, etc.), and other events and phenomena.
Ventral Abdominal Hernia Repair: Technique—External Oblique Release

Traditionally, laparotomy closures, large tumor ablations, congenital anomalies, and trauma led to unacceptable rates of ventral hernia and abdominal wall morbidity. Primary fascial coaptation and mesh reinforcement of hernia defects have been demonstrated to significantly reduce both short- and long-term hernia recurrence rates in prospective series. However, wide abdominal defects can present a challenge where fascial approximation is not possible under physiologic tension. In 1990, Ramirez and colleagues introduced the technique of components separation and brought about one of the greater paradigm shifts forward in abdominal wall reconstruction [1]. Components separation exploits the anatomic planes of the abdomen to create musculofascial advancement flaps which assists in fascial closure. Long-term outcomes support components separation for maintaining the strength and integrity of the abdominal wall while preserving innervated muscle function without tension [2–4]. This chapter focuses on planning, techniques, and outcomes of components separation.
Antibody Diversity: A Contemporary Solution

As stressed from the beginning of this book, for over three decades immunologists have appreciated that over a million different antibody specificities are likely extant in each vertebrate organism. Gradually over the past twenty years, immunologists came to espouse one of two major theories to explain the origin of this potential diversity. Many adhered to the germline theory; that is, for every antibody variable region structure there was a corresponding gene in germline DNA. A consequence of this model is that the genome must contain thousands if not millions of genes encoding antibody variable regions. Other immunologists adhered to the somatic diversification theory that postulated that a few inherited genes undergo extensive somatic alteration to generate the thousands of genes that give rise to the myriad of antibodies. In addition to the two major theories were the maverick solutions that suggested that antibody diversity might be due to new and radically different mechanisms; for example, that two or more genes could interact to form an immunoglobulin variable region. Over the past five years, data have accumulated indicating that all of these theories are correct, at least in part. There are multiple germline genes but not as many as anticipated by the germline theory. There is, indeed, somatic mutation of V-region (and J and D region) gene segments but this operates on a greater number of germline genes than was anticipated by the somatic theory.
English Teaching and Evangelical Mission: The Case of Lighthouse School

In the age of globalization, the spread of English has resulted in discussions regarding the relevance and complexity of evangelical Christianity in and through English Language Teaching (ELT). Joh...
VPS35 regulates tau phosphorylation and neuropathology in tauopathy.

The vacuolar protein sorting 35 (VPS35) is a major component of the retromer recognition core complex which regulates intracellular protein sorting and trafficking. Deficiency in VPS35 by altering APP/Aβ metabolism has been linked to late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Here we report that VPS35 is significantly reduced in Progressive Supra-nuclear Palsy and Picks’ disease, two distinct primary tauopathies. In vitro studies show that overexpression of VPS35 leads to a reduction of pathological tau in neuronal cells, whereas genetic silencing of VPS35 results in its accumulation. Mechanistically the availability of active cathepsin D mediates the effect of VPS35 on pathological tau accumulation. Moreover, in a relevant transgenic mouse model of tauopathy, down-regulation of VPS35 results in an exacerbation of motor and learning impairments as well as accumulation of pathological tau and loss of synaptic integrity. Taken together, our data identify VPS35 as a novel critical player in tau metabolism and neuropathology, and a new therapeutic target for human tauopathies.
Faculty Motivations and Perceptions of Service-Learning in Christian Higher Education

AbstractService-learning is an educational strategy that aligns with the mission of Christian higher education, yet requires the support of multiple constituencies in order to become institutionali...
Racial and ethnic disparities in utilization of total knee arthroplasty among older women.

Summary Objective To evaluate racial and ethnic disparities in utilization of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in relation to demographic, health, and socioeconomic status variables. Design Prospective study of 102,767 Women's Health Initiative postmenopausal women initially aged 50–79, examining utilization rates of primary TKA between non-Hispanic Black/African American, non-Hispanic White, and Hispanic/Latina women (hereafter referred to as Black, White, and Hispanic). A total of 8,942 Black, 3,405 Hispanic, and 90,420 White women with linked Medicare claims data were followed until time of TKA, death, or transition from fee-for-service coverage. Absolute disparities were determined using utilization rates by racial/ethnic group and relative disparities quantified using multivariable hazards models in adjusting for age, arthritis, joint pain, mobility disability, body mass index, number of comorbidities, income, education, neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES), and geographic region. Results TKA utilization was higher among White women (10.7/1,000 person-years) compared to Black (8.5/1,000 person-years) and Hispanic women (7.6/1,000 person-years). Among women with health indicators for TKA including diagnosis of arthritis, moderate to severe joint pain, and mobility disability, Black and Hispanic women were significantly less likely to undergo TKA after adjusting for age [Black: HR (95% confidence interval) = 0.70 (0.63–0.79); Hispanic: HR = 0.58 (0.44–0.77)]. Adjustment for SES modestly attenuated the measured disparity, but significant differences remained [Black: HR = 0.75 (0.67–0.89); Hispanic: HR = 0.65 (0.47–0.89)]. Conclusions Compared to White women, Black and Hispanic women were significantly less likely to undergo TKA after considering need and appropriateness for TKA and SES. Further investigation into personal-level and provider-level factors that may explain these disparities is warranted.
Prevention of transmission of Mycobacterium abscessus among patients with cystic fibrosis

Purpose of review Pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infection is recognized as one of the most challenging infections to treat among cystic fibrosis patients. The source of NTM infection, modes of transmission, and exposure risks are poorly understood. Healthcare-associated transmission of Mycobacterium abscessus among cystic fibrosis patients has been suspected and is a growing concern for cystic fibrosis centers worldwide. This review describes our current understanding of prevention of healthcare-associated transmission of M. abscessus among patients with cystic fibrosis. Recent findings Multiple healthcare-associated outbreaks of M. abscessus among cystic fibrosis patients within cystic fibrosis care centers have been reported. The percentage of patients involved in the reported outbreaks, as well as the perceived impact of patient-to-patient transmission varies dramatically between the reporting centers and population surveys. Several groups have now proposed M. abscessus-specific measures to limit future outbreaks. Summary Improved NTM surveillance combined with a standardized, systematic approach to epidemiologic investigation of potential episodes of healthcare-associated transmission will help to reveal risk factors for NTM acquisition and inform future evidence-based infection prevention and control measures for patients with cystic fibrosis.
End-of-life care for older adults in ICUs.

This review was undertaken to present and critique the most recent (1990-2000) empirical evidence about end-of-life care for older adult patients in ICUs, their families, and care providers. The studies (including descriptive, correlational, longitudinal, and intervention) were found using a combination of these terms: (a) intensive care (units) or critical care (units), and (b) critical illness, critically ill patients, terminally ill, terminal care, life support care, or palliative care. The computerized databases searched were CINAHL and MEDLINE. Only published studies of persons 44 years of age or older, written in English, and conducted in the U.S. or Canada were included. Research was not limited to studies conducted by or written by nurses. Excluded were articles focused on physiology, for example, studies of treatment for specific conditions, and articles focused on predictors of ICU outcomes.
A Review of Cybersecurity Risk and Consequences for Critical Infrastructure

This paper reviews the state of the art in risk assessment and consequences related to critical infrastructure. Different risk assessment methods are analyzed based on their goals, application domains, impacts, and consequences. This paper depicts an in-depth analysis of the existing risk assessment methods and highlights the advantages, and disadvantages associated with those methods. In addition, this paper also articulates the research challenges that are associated with developing an economically quantifiable risk assessment method or framework.
High-Order Coaxial Bandpass Filters With Multiple Levels of Transfer Function Tunability

This letter reports on high-order coaxial-resonator-based bandpass filters (BPFs) with multiple levels of transfer function tunability, namely center frequency ( $f_{\mathrm {cen}}$ ), bandwidth (BW), and intrinsic switching off. They are based on cascaded multi-resonant cells, each exhibiting one pole and two transmission zeros (TZs), and in-line resonators. The proposed concept allows for high-order quasi-elliptic responses without cross couplings that can be reconfigured by only tuning the resonators’ $f_{\mathrm {cen}}$ . Low-cost integration using 3-D printed cavities and varactor-based PCB tuners is also shown. For proof-of-concept validation purposes, a five-pole/four-TZ BPF with $f_{\mathrm {cen}}$ tuning 1.3–1.77 GHz (1.4:1), BW tuning: 62–217 MHz (3.5:1), and an intrinsic switching-off state with >35 dB of isolation was manufactured and measured.
Relaxing topological surfaces in four dimensions

In this paper, we show the use of visualization and topological relaxation methods to analyze and understand the underlying structure of mathematical surfaces embedded in 4D. When projected from 4D to 3D space, mathematical surfaces often twist, turn, and fold back on themselves, leaving their underlying structures behind their 3D figures. Our approach combines computer graphics, relaxation algorithm, and simulation to facilitate the modeling and depiction of 4D surfaces, and their deformation toward the simplified representations. For our principal test case of surfaces in 4D, this for the first time permits us to visualize a set of well-known topological phenomena beyond 3D that otherwise could only exist in the mathematician’s mind. Understanding a fairly long mathematical deformation sequence can be aided by visual analysis and comparison over the identified “key moments” where only critical changes occur in the sequence. Our interface is designed to summarize the deformation sequence with a significantly reduced number of visual frames. All these combine to allow a much cleaner exploratory interface for us to analyze and study mathematical surfaces and their deformation in topological space.
Defining and Calling Functions

Larger and more complex programs generally require a more efficient way to write code which abstracts complex procedures that are executed repeatedly in the program. This way, they can be used and re-used multiple times in the program without having to explicitly write them every time one is needed. The concept of defining user-defined functions and then calling them from inside the program itself is almost a requisite feature of C. This chapter instructs the reader in how to define and integrate such user-defined functions in the code. An important aspect of this is ensuring that the reader understands how to pass inputs to a called function (pass by value) when it is invoked and how to return values to its calling function when it terminates. Consistent with our philosophy of just-in-time learning, this chapter also covers variable scope as a prelude to passing and returning values from called functions. As such, local, global and static variable scopes are also discussed in this chapter.
Effective Citizenship, Civil Action, and Prospects for Post-Conflict Justice in Yemen

A woman takes on work repairing cell phones in a small town in the southern governorate of Lahj. In Aden, an ‘aqīla (neighborhood representative) refuses to authorize the marriage of an underage girl. In a rural village outside of Sana'a, women petition the shaykh for permission to build a community center in which they can market home crafts to other women. Young women and men in Ibb and in Hadramawt work as volunteer teachers and coordinate with very different municipal authorities to ensure children can learn. And in the divided city of Taiz, a youth organization trains internally displaced Yemenis in the maintenance of the solar technologies that are keeping the city running.
An improved method for measuring molar wear.

OBJECTIVES Standard methods of recording occlusal dental wear are problematic in that they either do not allow for individual variation of wear or are not designed to allow for comparisons of wear patterns. In this article, we (a) present a novel method for recording and analyzing molar wear, and (b) evaluate this method in light of existing methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty-two lower mandibular first molars from two regions (medieval Denmark, prehistoric Ohio Valley) were used to assess the method for replicability (intra and inter observer error) and accuracy (comparison to established methods of recording wear). Wear scores were recorded using the MolWear Android App (Beta) by both authors, and established methods of Smith and Scott by the first author. Intraobserver and interobserver error and comparison of the three methods were compared using Spearman's correlation coefficients. RESULTS The MolWear method presented high intraobserver (r = 0.985, p < 0.01) and interobserver (r = 0.978, p < 0.01) repeatability. Compared to other methods, the method was strongly correlated with Smith (r = 0.962, p < 0.01) and Smith (r = 0.891, p < 0.01). DISCUSSION The new MolWear method provides an improved way of measuring occlusal molar wear. This method bridges the gaps between established methods, performing comparatively while capturing more information about the distribution of wear in addition to the extent of wear. This method should be used for research comparing interpopulation or intrapopulation quantity of dental wear. While designed for a bioarchaeological population, this method could extend to any Y5 molar including nonhuman primates and hominins.
Recent advances in rotavirus reverse genetics and its utilization in basic research and vaccine development

Rotaviruses are segmented double-stranded RNA viruses with a high frequency of gene reassortment, and they are a leading cause of global diarrheal deaths in children less than 5 years old. Two-thirds of rotavirus-associated deaths occur in low-income countries. Currently, the available vaccines in developing countries have lower efficacy in children than those in developed countries. Due to added safety concerns and the high cost of current vaccines, there is a need to develop cost-effective next-generation vaccines with improved safety and efficacy. The reverse genetics system (RGS) is a powerful tool for investigating viral protein functions and developing novel vaccines. Recently, an entirely plasmid-based RGS has been developed for several rotaviruses, and this technological advancement has significantly facilitated novel rotavirus research. Here, we review the recently developed RGS platform and discuss its application in studying infection biology, gene reassortment, and development of vaccines against rotavirus disease.
Seed hemagglutinins

Substances which agglutinate red blood cells are widely distributed in nature, particularly in the seeds of leguminous plants. Some of these have been isolated in a high state of purity and carefully studied with respect to their chemical and physical properties, immunological behavior, and toxicological effects on animals. Of these, the hemagglutinins of the castor bean, jack bean, soybean, and varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris have received the most attention. The possible nutritional significance of those hemagglutinins which are found in edible legumes is discussed. A mechanism is proposed to explain the nature of the interaction of hemagglutinins with red blood cells, and their possible function in the plant.
The Politics of Refugees in South Asia: Identity, Resistance, Manipulation

1. Introduction 2. Refugee Voices 3. Contentious Politics and Refugee Protests 4. Camp Militarization for State Interests 5. Strategic Manipulation of Refugees 6. India's Military Intervention in Bangladesh, 1971 7. Conclusion
Summary and Discussion of Validity Generalization

A validity generalization random model of the form widely used was defined in Equation (2.3.1) as R = P + E; R, P, and E are all random variables; they take on values r, ρ, and e. R is an observed correlation coefficient; P is a latent variable of population correlation coefficients, and E is a latent error variable. P may be viewed as a product of other latent variables that influence testing situations.
Self-Destructive Consequences of Sex-Role Socialization

Suicide proneness and self-destruction scales, together with measures of self-favorability and self-confidence, were administered to two samples (n = 106 and n = 213). The affective responses of the second sample (134 women and 79 men) were measured by asking respondents to circle adjectives classified for activity-passivity, positive-negativeness, and extroversion-introversion that expressed their feelings toward eight situations. Women scored lower than men on suicide proneness, higher on self-destruction, and lower on self-favorability and self-confidence. Women reacted more passively to the situations than men and more negatively to the public challenge situation. Women tend to extrovert (turn outward on others) their positive feelings in pleasant situations and to introvert (turn blame on themselves) their negative reactions to unpleasant situations. Men do the reverse. It is suggested that women are self-destructive in passive ways, reflecting their lack of self-favorability and confidence and manifested by failure to react to everyday situations in ego-building ways.
Comparing Comparisons: Ancient East and West

Comparative history is an essential element of the historian's toolkit. This paper surveys the benefits and challenges of historical comparison and examines recent work that adopts a comparative perspective on ancient Mediterranean and East Asian civilizations.
A Review of “Hong Kong New Wave Cinema (1978–2000)”

This book provides an overview of the influential group of Hong Kong filmmakers who began their cinematic careers at the end of the 70s. Trained abroad (mostly) and then honing their craft and deve...
A process history capture system for analysis of data dependencies in concurrent process execution

This paper presents a Process History Capture System (PHCS) as a logging mechanism for distributed long running business processes executing over Delta-Enabled Grid Services (DEGS). A DEGS is a Grid Service with an enhanced interface to access incremental data changes, known as deltas, associated with service execution in the context of global processes. The PHCS captures process execution context and deltas from distributed DEGSs and constructs a global schedule for multiple executing processes, integrating local schedules that are extracted from deltas at distributed sites. The global schedule forms the basis for analyzing data dependencies among concurrently executing processes. The schedule can be used for rollback and also to identify data dependencies that affect the possible recovery of other concurrent processes. This paper presents the design of the PHCS and the use of the PHCS for process failure recovery. We also outline future directions for specification of user-defined semantic correctness.
Ownership of Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs) and 401(k)-Type Plans, 1996-2009

Individual account retirement plans, such as 401(k) plans and individual retirement accounts (IRAs), have grown to be the predominant source of retirement assets for private-sector workers, and are becoming increasingly important for public-sector workers as well. Tracking the percentage of workers who have these plans and how much has been accumulated in them is an important indicator of how workers are financially preparing for retirement. This paper uses the most recent data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau, to examine the prevalence of these accounts among workers ages 21-64. In brief, the most current data show that the significant increase in the percentage of workers in 401(k)-type plans, which had grown sharply through the 1990s, leveled off from 2005 to 2009. Ownership of IRAs, which had also risen significantly in the 1990s, experienced a slight decline from 2005 to 2009. The percentage of workers ages 21-64 with an individual account plan (IRA or 401(k)-type plan) grew significantly in the late 1990s into the early 2000s. By 2009, 33.0 percent of workers owned a 401(k)-type plan and 20.8 percent owned an IRA. The average annual contribution was $4,513 to a 401(k)-type plan, and $2,801 to an IRA in 2009. The proportion of workers ages 21-64 making a tax-deductible IRA contribution was 5.4 percent in 2009. This paper begins with an examination of participation in 401(k)-type plans and ownership of IRAs (singularly and in combination) among workers ages 21-64. Furthermore, it investigates the average contribution and the average earnings in 401(k)-type plans and IRAs, as well as the percentage of participants contributing the maximum amount to IRAs. Finally, it presents the latest official government data on the assets and participants, where they are available for these accounts, along with results on IRA contributions from the EBRI IRA Database. The PDF for the above title, published in the October 2011 issue of EBRI Notes, also contains the fulltext of another October 2011 EBRI Notes article abstracted on SSRN: “Tracking Health Insurance Coverage by Month: Trends in Employment-Based Coverage Among Workers, and Access to Coverage Among Uninsured Workers, 1995-2010.”
Differences in myeloperoxidase activity from neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes of differing density: relationship to selective exocytosis of distinct forms of the enzyme.

Elicited murine neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) were fractionated by Percoll density gradient centrifugation into high density (HD) and intermediate density (ID) populations. As described in the accompanying article HD- and ID-PMN appear to represent “resting” and “activated” cell populations, respectively. Consistent with this possibility, histochemical and biochemical evidence suggested that ID- PMN were degranulated compared to HD-PMN. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the ID-PMN population showed increased sensitivity to inhibition by 3-amino- 1,2,4-triazole, and HD-PMN exhibited a 2–3-fold increase in chloride and iodide oxidation per unit of MPO activity compared to ID-PMN. When HD-PMN were induced to degranulate in vitro, the remaining cell- associated MPO displayed enzymatic properties characteristic of the activity associated with ID-PMN. The mechanism of this phenomenon was also investigated in vitro using purified human peripheral blood PMN and the synthetic chemotactic peptide N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl- phenylalanine. Differences in cell-associated MPO activity were shown to be related to selective exocytosis of enzymatically and chromatographically distinct forms of the enzyme. These data indicate that, in addition to the well known selective exocytosis of specific and azurophilic granules induced by various agents, selectivity may also occur at the level of enzymatically distinct forms of a particular granule enzyme. Moreover, our observations provide further evidence that density differences may be utilized to fractionate and study the generation of functionally distinct subpopulations of PMN that arise in vivo as well as in vitro following exposure to various stimuli.
Developing a STEM talent expansion pipeline in higher education: A work-in-progress

Attracting, retaining, educating, and graduating science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) students is vital to the sustainability and competitiveness of technology management firms in the U.S. and elsewhere. There are hosts of educational practices that colleges and universities can undertake to find, keep, and develop STEM students, for the purpose of increasing baccalaureate degree production in these important fields. Funded by a multi-year grant from the National Science Foundation, the Central Indiana STEM Talent Expansion Program is a work-in-progress project that has activities, benchmarks, and outcomes associated at critical phases of an undergraduate student's journey through higher education at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), a large, urban institution where STEM disciplines are a dominant component of the portfolio. This paper describes the purpose and significance of the project, including the institutional context, history, and development of STEM-centric initiatives. Specific attention will be paid to orientation, on-boarding, and first-year programs; initial career and leadership development components; STEM curriculum and pedagogical interventions; high-impact educational practices; co-curricular involvement in STEM-oriented organizations; and preparation for a variety of post-baccalaureate settings. The roles of a variety of project stakeholders will be discussed, and the present status and future directions of the project will be highlighted.
Dysautonomia in Guillain-Barré syndrome with dorsal root ganglioneuropathy, wallerian degeneration, and fatal myocarditis

An acute Guillain-Barre syndrome presenting as dysautonomia is described in a 12-year-old boy. The patient died of intractable cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac failure. A severe myocarditis with destruction of dorsal root ganglion cells and wallerian degeneration of dorsal roots and peripheral nerves was apparent postmortem. Segmental demyelination and inflammatory cellular infiltrations were not present at these sites.
Frequency and Polarization Transformer: Longitudinal Modes

A frequency transformer that converts an elliptically polarized standing wave into frequency-shifted circularly polarized standing waves is considered. The transformer is a one-dimensional cavity in which a magnetoplasma, that supports ‘longitudinal modes’, is created. Theoretical derivation for the case of sudden and uniform creation of the magnetoplasma is given. Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) technique is developed to numerically simulate the problem. The simulation is used to verify the results of the theory as well as obtain results for the cases of creation of a lossy magnetoplasma with arbitrary space and time profile of the electron density. A few instructive results are presented as graphs to illustrate the effects of source parameters and system parameters.
Effects of amount of information on predictions of uncertain quantities

Abstract The experiment examined the relationship between the degree of uncertainty associated with predictions of a quantity and the amount of information available about the quantity. Subjects were asked either to give point estimates for a homogeneous set of quantities or to assess 0.05 and 0.95 fractiles. As in previous studies, the fractiles tended to be too close, indicating overconfidence. The level of overconfidence decreased, however, as the amount of information increased. The reduction in overconfidence occurred because, when more information was available, the fractile interval was wider while the accuracy of the predictions improved. Subjects gave more extreme estimates when less information was available and exhibited more certainty about their predictions. The results are contrasted with previous studies of the effects of information on confidence judgments.
SU-FF-T-202: EUD-Based Indication for Re-Planning During Image-Guided Adaptive Radiotherapy

Purpose: A quantitative real‐time indicator for re‐planning due to the inter‐fractional anatomic changes (e.g., volume and shape changes) during the course of radiation treatment is not available for image‐guided adaptive radiotherapy (IG‐ART). In this work, we propose a EUD‐based indicator to address this issue. Methods and Materials: A EUD‐based quantity IEUD=1⧸(1 + k ⋅ ∑ i=1 n ω OAR i ⋅ EUD OAR i / ∑ j=1 m ω T arg et j ⋅ EUD T arg et j ) is introduced to assess the complicated EUD changes due to the inter‐fractional changes collected with daily CTimages. Both target(s) and normal structures are considered. IEUD is calculated using the DVHs based on the original planning CT and the daily CTimages. To demonstrate feasibility, we have calculated IEUD for selected representative cases in three tumor types: lung, head‐and‐neck and sarcoma, based on daily CTimages acquired with a tomotherapy (HiArt, Tomotherapy) and a CT‐on‐Rail (Primatom, Siemens). The clinical target volumes (CTVs) and various normal structures were contoured on a series of daily CTs. The verification DVHs were generated by applying the original (or previous re‐planning) beam setups to the CT set of the day using either the XiO (CMS) planning system (for the patients treated with the Primatom) or the tomotherapy Planned Adaptive software (for those treated with Tomotherapy). Results: Significant inter‐fractional anatomic changes were observed on all selected cases, and these changes can be quantified by the values of IEUD. For a soft‐tissue sarcoma at chest, for example, the CTV in the middle of the treatment was found approximately doubled from that on the planning day. Such dramatic volume changes resulted in significant decreases in the CTV coverage (95 reduced to 30%), the IEUD value dropped by 15.6% (compared to that of the original plan), indicating the necessity for re‐planning. Conclusions: Dramatic anatomic changes may be observed during the treatment. The presently proposed EUD‐based indicator, capable of quantifying such changes, can be used to trigger re‐planning for IG‐ART.
Encouraging Healthy Eating at Restaurants: Themes Uncovered Through Focus Group Research

As the obesity epidemic continues, restaurants are being encouraged or required to take action such as providing nutritional information at the point of purchase on menus. A deeper examination of what affects food choices at restaurants is needed to determine what can be done to encourage healthier choices at restaurants. Focus groups were used to better understand customers' restaurant food choices and to develop strategies to encourage healthier eating at restaurants. Seven themes emerged which provide insight into what can be done by restaurants to encourage healthier choices. The first three themes: amount, sacrifice, and formation of purchase intentions are discussed here.
The ALMA Band 3 (84-116 GHz) Receiver Production Plan

The NRC Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics (NRC-HIA) is currently responsible to contribute Band 3 (84-116 GHz) receivers to the international ALMA project - a partnership involving North America, Europe and, now, Asia. Not only are the technical requirements for these receivers far more stringent than those for any existing radio astronomy receivers operating at these frequencies, but the delivery schedule for these receivers is equally challenging. Since the Asian partnership joined the ALMA project in 2006, NRC-HIA has been asked to deliver an additional 11 cartridges, for a total of 73 units. Some of these new cartridges will be used for the ALMA Compact Array (ACA) and others as spares. Moreover, the project has also requested that these additional cartridges be delivered in the same time period as the original 62 units. To meet this requirement, production must increase from the existing rate of one unit every four weeks to one every two, taxing the existing production infrastructure at NRC-HIA. Additional test facilities and human resources must be planned to sustain the required production rate over the next several years. Industrial involvement is one of the important elements in our production plan. In order to supplement the existing human resources at NRC-HIA, we are planning to outsource a number of low-risk and labor-intensive tasks to industry. However, NRC-HIA will retain overall project management responsibility and will conduct all the cartridge integration and acceptance test activities in-house. This paper focuses on the resource estimation, planning and project management required to deliver the Band 3 receivers to the ALMA project on time and on budget.
A prognostic nomogram to predict overall survival in women with recurrent ovarian cancer treated with bevacizumab and chemotherapy.

Abstract Objective To develop a nomogram to predict overall survival (OS) in women with recurrent ovarian cancer treated with bevacizumab and chemotherapy. Methods A multicenter retrospective study was conducted. Potential prognostic variables included age; stage; grade; histology; performance status; residual disease; presence of ascites and/or pleural effusions; number of chemotherapy regimens, treatment-free interval (TFI) prior to bevacizumab administration, and platinum sensitivity. Multivariate analysis was performed using Cox proportional hazards regression. The predictive model was developed into a nomogram to predict five-year OS. Results 312 women with recurrent ovarian cancer treated with bevacizumab and chemotherapy were identified; median age was 59 (range: 19–85); 86% women had advanced stage (III–IV) disease. The majority had serous histology (74%), high grade cancers (93.5%), and optimal cytoreductions (69.5%). Fifty-one percent of women received greater than two prior chemotherapeutic regimens. TFI (AHR=0.98, 95% CI 0.97–1.00, p=0.022) was the only statistically significant predictor in a multivariate progression-free survival (PFS) analysis. In a multivariate OS analysis, prior number of chemotherapy regimens, TFI, platinum sensitivity, and presence of ascites were significant. A nomogram to predict five-year OS was constructed and internally validated (bootstrap-corrected concordance index=0.737). Conclusion Our multivariate model identified prior number of chemotherapy regimens, TFI, platinum sensitivity, and the presence of ascites as prognostic variables for OS in women with recurrent ovarian cancer treated with bevacizumab combined with chemotherapy. Our nomogram to predict five-year OS may be used to identify women who may benefit from bevacizumab and chemotherapy, but further validation is needed.
Depression and adolescent pregnancy.

Susan is a 15-year-old primigravida. She reports a 2year history of multiple substance abuse: cold medicine, alcohol, ecstasy, cocaine and marijuana. She has been hospitalized three times for suicidal ideation by cutting and substance overdose, one at age 13 and more recently, four months ago. She has recently returned to live with her mother, having been released from a residential program due to her current pregnancy. She is two grade levels behind in school and is not currently enrolled in school. She states she is not in a relationship with the father of the baby and he is unaware of the pregnancy. Her older sister, of one year, accompanied her to her appointment and reported ongoing treatment for her own alcohol and drug addiction. Though Susan had recently returned home with her mother, she reports a poor relationship with her mother and states her mother is not supportive of this pregnancy. Since her discharge from the residential program, Susan had self-discontinued her antidepressants and had not continued with therapy. Unfortunately, many of my current pregnant teens are presenting with similarly increasingly complicated psychosocial histories and prior hospitalizations and/ or treatment for depression. Many have self-discontinued prescribed medications and/or therapy prior to their pregnancy. Many more report depressive symptoms in the past but no treatment. One in eight adolescents are estimated to have depression, but often it is undiagnosed and therefore not treated. Accurate diagnosis and treatment is imperative for the wellbeing of adolescents and their continued healthy development. Depression is a treatable illness. The consequences of untreated adolescent depression are serious,
One-year retention of passive integrated transponders in adult muskellunge, and applications to broodstock management.

Abstract Muskellunge Esox masquinongy are long-lived fish that typically occur at low densities. Tracking the history of individuals used as broodstock allows accurate determination of the effective population size and is essential to meeting genetic objectives for management-oriented hatchery propagation programs. We tested the utility of passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags for tracking individual muskellunge. We placed PIT tags in the cheeks of 291 adult muskellunge netted during the spring spawning season in two Wisconsin lakes. Partial fin clips were used as a secondary mark. The lakes were sampled during the following year, and 73 fish with fin clips were recovered in a sample of 271 fish. The one-year tag retention rate was 90.4% in the two lakes. Six fish without functional tags were examined for the presence of broken or malfunctioning tags, and all were missing tags. The use of PIT tags is feasible for adult muskellunge and is useful for maintaining individually based broodstock records.
Behavioral and cognitive-behavioral approaches to the reduction of dental anxiety

The effects of cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) and a semi-automated behavioral intervention (BT) for the treatment of dental anxiety were compared to a waiting-list (WL) control and to a positive dental experience condition (PDE), which use dentists particularly gentle with anxious patients. Multimodal assessment of cognition, behavior, physiological response, and dental anxiety was employed. Both BT and CBT subjects showed significant improvement compared to PDE and WL groups on their level of dental anxiety and negative thoughts during a dental procedure. On measures of self-efficacy, negative anticipatory thoughts, and pain experienced, the WL group improved significantly less than did the other three conditions. At a 1-year follow-up, subjects treated with BT and CBT reported less dental anxiety and had been to the dentist more often than WL controls. All three approaches thus show promise, with semi-automated behavior therapy and contact with a sensitive dentist being especially cost-effective methods of treatment.
Sur l'Enseignement de la Littérature

In the teaching of literature, specifically French literature, to American students, literary production is best presented in relation to its time. It is therefore of the utmost importance to study men and their works within the framework of prevailing social and economic conditions. Literature is not a self-contained realm with a life of its own, but is part of a larger whole, from which it should not be dissociated. When approached in this way literature and the teaching of literature assume a new meaning, interest, and value
Multiporous plate sensilla in antennae of the chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera)

Abstract The ultrastructure of one sensillar type in one group of insects is described so that comparisons of this structure with similar structures in different groups of insects might be made. The ultrastructure of multiporous plate sensilla (MPS) in antennae was studied in 13 species from 7 families of Chalcidoidea. The cuticle of the MPS consists of an elongated, porous plate elevated above the antennal surface. Two cuticular invaginations form 3 channels, a median channel and 2 lateral channels that extend through the length of the sensillum. The MPS are innervated by numerous neurons, more than 50 in some species. The dendrites extend towards the median channel at the proximal end of the sensillum. When the dendrites reach the median channel, they branch and turn towards the distal end of the sensillum, traversing its longitudinal axis. Pore tubules, which occur in the pore chambers, come in contact with the membranes of the dendritic branches. There are 2 types of MPS: (1) with a relatively thin porous plate and many pores occurring in females and males; (2) with a thicker porous plate and fewer pores occurring in females only. The MPS in the Chalcidoidea are compared with the MPS in other Hymenoptera and the functional significance of the 2 types of MPS in the Chalcidoidea is discussed.
Hydrogen Chloride Measurements in the Space Shuttle Exhaust Cloud-First Launch, April 12,1981

Partitioning of hydrogen chloride between the aerosol and gaseous phases in the first Space Shuttle exhaust cloud was experimentally investigated as the exhaust cloud was diluted with ambient air. Airborne measurements were obtained of gaseous hydrogen chloride (HCl), total HCl, relative humidity, and temperature to determine the conditions controlling HCl aerosol formation in the Shuttle exhaust cloud. Two segments of the cloud, each at a significantly different relative humidity, were monitored. Equilibrium predictions of HCl aerosol formation agreed with the measured HCl partitioning at the higher and lower relative humidity conditions, but do not agree at the aerosol formation threshold region. Measurements were taken in the Shuttle exhaust cloud from 8.6 min until 2 h and 8 min after launch. HCl concentrations ranged from 17.5 to 0.9 ppm and relative humidity from 86% to less than 10%.
Longevity of subitaneous and diapause eggs of Centropages hamatus (Copepoda: Calanoida) from the northern Gulf of Mexico

Copepod resting eggs are abundant in the seabed of many bays and estuaries where they provide a potential source of recruits for growth of planktonic populations. In the northeastern Gulf of Mexico the copepod Centropages hamatus (Lillejeborg) occurs in the water column only during the late fall, winter and early spring. The species produces subitaneous and diapause eggs, and both egg types have been found in the seabed. We determined the longevity of these two egg types to ascertain their potential for contributing to the growth of the planktonic population and for sustaining a persistent egg bank. Eggs were collected from females and incubated in the laboratory under temperature and oxygen conditions chosen to simulate field conditions. The diapause eggs were also exposed to sulfide. The total hatching success of subitaneous eggs in two experiments declined from highs of 78 and 97% to zero after 60 and 90 d of exposure to anoxia. The total hatching success of diapause eggs that were exposed to anoxia for 90 d however was typically greater than 80%. Some diapause eggs hatched after being incubated under anoxia for 437 d. Diapause eggs survived longer at ambient field temperatures when incubated under anoxia (437 d) compared to normoxia (118 d). Exposure to sulfide did not result in greater mortality of diapause eggs compared to anoxia alone. Diapause eggs that were incubated at ambient field temperatures did not hatch when exposed to normoxia until the temperature dropped to <20 °C. The results of this study suggest that C.␣hamatus sustain a short-term reserve of subitaneous eggs in the seabed that provides recruits for the current year's population. The greater longevity of diapause eggs suggests that they sustain the seasonal reappearance of the species year after year in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. However, the contribution of diapause eggs of C. hamatus from the Gulf of Mexico to a persistent egg bank is questionable since hatching ceased after 437 d.
TENDON TRANSFERS FOR TRAUMATIC NERVE INJURIES

Abstract The basic steps and principles of tendon transfers in the treatment of patients with nerve injuries or palsies is presented. Technical tips on tendon selection, tensioning, and placement are provided. Specific transfers for different types of nerve palsies are indicated, along with their functional outcomes.