cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Meaning in Visual Memory: Face-Selective Brain Activity Predicts Memory for Ambiguous Face Stimuli

How people process images is known to affect memory for those images, but these effects have typically been studied using explicit task instructions to vary encoding. Here, we investigate the effects of intrinsic variation in processing on subsequent memory, testing whether recognizing an ambiguous stimulus as meaningful (as a face vs as shape blobs) predicts subsequent visual memory even when matching the perceptual features and the encoding strategy between subsequently remembered and subsequently forgotten items. We show in adult humans of either sex that single trial EEG activity can predict whether participants will subsequently remember an ambiguous Mooney face image (e.g., an image that will sometimes be seen as a face and sometimes not be seen as a face). In addition, we show that a classifier trained only to discriminate between whether participants perceive a face versus non-face can generalize to predict whether an ambiguous image is subsequently remembered. Furthermore, when we examine the N170, an event-related potential index of face processing, we find that images that elicit larger N170s are more likely to be remembered than those that elicit smaller N170s, even when the exact same image elicited larger or smaller N170s across participants. Thus, images processed as meaningful, in this case as a face, during encoding are better remembered than identical images that are not processed as a face. This provides strong evidence that understanding the meaning of a stimulus during encoding plays a critical role in visual memory.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Is visual memory inherently visual or does meaning and other conceptual information necessarily play a role even in memory for detailed visual information? Here we show that it is easier to remember an image when it is processed in a meaningful way, as indexed by the amount of category-specific brain activity it elicits. In particular, we use single-trial EEG activity to predict whether an image will be subsequently remembered, and show that the main driver of this prediction ability is whether or not an image is seen as meaningful or non-meaningful. This shows that the extent to which an image is processed as meaningful can be used to predict subsequent memory even when controlling for perceptual factors and encoding strategies that typically differ across images.
High speed 3D scanner with real-time 3D processing

A novel sensor with real-time 3D processing capable of scanning an object at very high speeds (greater than 500,000 3D points/second) and creating high-resolution surface maps has been developed. The ranging technique of laser triangulation is implemented with a high-resolution camera, a laser diode, and processing electronics incorporated into a small sensor package that traverses linearly or rotates from a fixed position to scan over an object. Processing is done on board the instrument in real time and the resultant 3D data is transmitted to a PC. The sensing system was developed for the NASA Mars rover program and for the inspection of shuttle thermal protection system (tiles) radiator, and structures
Bayesian state space modeling of physical processes in industrial hygiene

Exposure assessment models are deterministic models derived from physical–chemical laws. In real workplace settings, chemical concentration measurements can be noisy and indirectly measured. In add...
2D Materials for Smart Life

Two-dimensional (2D) materials, a group of layered crystals, such as graphene and transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), possess a wide range of remarkable properties that make them attractive for a number of applications, including sub-10 nm VLSI. This paper highlights their prospects for building next-generation electronics to support a smarter living.
Supernilpotence need not imply nilpotence

Abstract Supernilpotence is a generalization of nilpotence using a recently developed theory of higher-arity commutators for universal algebras. Many important structural properties have been shown to be associated with supernilpotence, and the exact relationship between nilpotence and supernilpotence has been the subject of investigation. We construct an algebra which is not solvable (and hence not nilpotent) but which is supernilpotent, thereby showing that in general supernilpotence does not imply nilpotence. We also extend this construction to ‘higher dimensions’ to obtain similar results for ( n )-step supernilpotence.
Electromagnetic simulation for diagnosing damage to femoral neck vasculature: A feasibility study.

Abstract Background Femoral neck fractures are common injuries managed by orthopedic surgeons across the world. From pediatrics to geriatrics, disruption of the blood supply to the femoral neck is a well-recognized source of morbidity and mortality, oftentimes resulting in avascular necrosis of the femoral head. This devastating complication occurs in 10–45% of femoral neck fractures. Therefore, it is vital for orthopedic surgeons provide efficient treatment of this injury, in order to optimize the patient's potential outcome and prevent long-term sequelae. Methods In this study, the anatomy of the proximal femur, including femoral metaphysis, femoral neck, vasculature, and femoral head, were simulated in COMSOL Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software. Electric fields were generated in a fashion that exploited disruptions within the vasculature of the femoral neck. This study was aimed at developing an alternative imaging modality for narrowing or disrupting the femoral neck's vasculature. The variables used for investigation included: frequency, penetration depth, and magnitude of the electrical energy. These variables, when combined, allowed for enhanced simulated visualization of the vasculature of the femoral neck and theoretically expedited diagnosis of obvious, or occult, femoral neck injury. Results Simulated blood vessels were developed in two-dimensions: the phi direction (circular), and z-direction. Two different frequencies, 3 GHz, and 5 GHz were considered, with 100-J energy pulses within blood vessels of 2.54 mm in diameter. The fat surrounding the bone to the outside surface body was simulated at 0.25 inch (0.65 cm). An additional model, with layered fat and skin above the vessels, was simulated at 2000J and successfully able to visualize the femoral neck's blood vessels. Results showed a distinguished E field across the blood boundary of nearly 170 V/M. Conclusions The electric field simulation data within the Phi and Z directions promises the feasibility of a subsequent practical model.
GIS modeling of agricultural suitability in the highlands of the Jornada branch of the Mogollon culture of southcentral New Mexico

Abstract Changes in the importance of agriculture in prehistoric economies are of major interest in a range of contexts worldwide. Measures of site location in relation to agricultural potential are an important tool for identifying relative shifts in the importance of agriculture over time within a given region. Here we examine the application of GIS modeling of agricultural potential based on soil characteristics, topography, and proximity to drainage in the highlands of the Jornada branch of the Mogollon culture of southcentral New Mexico to explore shifts in agricultural reliance over time. We describe the methods, potential limitations, and potential advantages of this approach, as well as preliminary results. Identifying variables that reliably predict agricultural potential is complicated by the limited resolution of available data for the large study area, overlapping legal jurisdictions (state versus federal land), complex topography, as well as by a lack of modern non-mechanized farming data to ground-truth estimates of relative productivity. Nevertheless, the approach allows comparisons for relative changes in settlement placement over time in relation to variables that are likely to impact agricultural productivity. Our results support other evidence of strong agricultural reliance in the pithouse period, substantially greater than in the Archaic; the pueblo period occupation may be slightly more tightly linked to optimal agricultural land, though the latter conclusion is uncertain.
Efficient, certifiably optimal clustering with applications to latent variable graphical models

Motivated by the task of clustering either d variables or d points into K groups, we investigate efficient algorithms to solve the Peng–Wei (P–W) K-means semi-definite programming (SDP) relaxation. The P–W SDP has been shown in the literature to have good statistical properties in a variety of settings, but remains intractable to solve in practice. To this end we propose FORCE, a new algorithm to solve this SDP relaxation. Compared to off-the-shelf interior point solvers, our method reduces the computational complexity of solving the SDP from $${\widetilde{{\mathcal {O}}}}(d^7\log \epsilon ^{-1})$$ to $${\widetilde{{\mathcal {O}}}}(d^{6}K^{-2}\epsilon ^{-1})$$ arithmetic operations for an $$\epsilon $$ -optimal solution. Our method combines a primal first-order method with a dual optimality certificate search, which when successful, allows for early termination of the primal method. We show for certain variable clustering problems that, with high probability, FORCE is guaranteed to find the optimal solution to the SDP relaxation and provide a certificate of exact optimality. As verified by our numerical experiments, this allows FORCE to solve the P–W SDP with dimensions in the hundreds in only tens of seconds. For a variation of the P–W SDP where K is not known a priori a slight modification of FORCE reduces the computational complexity of solving this problem as well: from $${\widetilde{{\mathcal {O}}}}(d^7\log \epsilon ^{-1})$$ using a standard SDP solver to $${\widetilde{{\mathcal {O}}}}(d^{4}\epsilon ^{-1})$$ .
Reconstruction of functions on the sphere from their integrals over hyperplane sections

We obtain new inversion formulas for the Funk type transforms of two kinds associated to spherical sections by hyperplanes passing through a common point A which lies inside the n-dimensional unit sphere or on the sphere itself. Transforms of the first kind are defined by integration over complete subspheres and can be reduced to the classical Funk transform. Transforms of the second kind perform integration over truncated subspheres, like spherical caps or bowls, and can be reduced to the hyperplane Radon transform. The main tools are analytic families of $$\lambda $$-cosine transforms, Semyanisyi’s integrals, and modified stereorgraphic projection with the pole at A. Assumptions for functions are close to minimal.
Convective forces increase CXCR4-dependent glioblastoma cell invasion in GL261 murine model

Glioblastoma is the most common and malignant form of brain cancer. Its invasive nature limits treatment efficacy and promotes inevitable recurrence. Previous in vitro studies showed that interstitial fluid flow, a factor characteristically increased in cancer, increases glioma cell invasion through CXCR4-CXCL12 signaling. It is currently unknown if these effects translate in vivo. We used the therapeutic technique of convection enhanced delivery (CED) to test if convective flow alters glioma invasion in a syngeneic GL261 mouse model of glioblastoma. The GL261 cell line was flow responsive in vitro, dependent upon CXCR4 and CXCL12. Additionally, transplanting GL261 intracranially increased the populations of CXCR4+ and double positive cells versus 3D culture. We showed that inducing convective flow within implanted tumors indeed increased invasion over untreated controls, and administering the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 (5 mg/kg) effectively eliminated this response. These data confirm that glioma invasion is stimulated by convective flow in vivo and depends on CXCR4 signaling. We also showed that expression of CXCR4 and CXCL12 is increased in patients having received standard therapy, when CED might be elected. Hence, targeting flow-stimulated invasion may prove beneficial as a second line of therapy, particularly in patients chosen to receive treatment by convection enhanced delivery.
Self-assembly of 4-sided fractals in the Two-Handed Tile Assembly Model

We consider the self-assembly of fractals in one of the most well-studied models of tile based self-assembling systems known as the Two-Handed Tile Assembly Model (2HAM). In particular, we focus our attention on a class of fractals called discrete self-similar fractals (a class of fractals that includes the discrete Sierpinski carpet). We present a 2HAM system that finitely self-assembles the discrete Sierpinski carpet with scale factor 1. Moreover, the 2HAM system that we give lends itself to being generalized and we describe how this system can be modified to obtain a 2HAM system that finitely self-assembles one of any fractal from an infinite set of fractals which we call 4-sided fractals. The 2HAM systems we give in this paper are the first examples of systems that finitely self-assemble discrete self-similar fractals at scale factor 1 in a purely growth model of self-assembly. Finally, we show that there exists a 3-sided fractal (which is not a tree fractal) that cannot be finitely self-assembled by any 2HAM system.
Ras-induced Interleukin-8 expression plays a critical role in tumor growth and angiogenesis

1749 Ras proteins are important regulators of cell proliferation and their constitutive activation is a key event in cancer development. To discover novel effector pathways that might contribute to the oncogenic properties of Ras, we used oligonucleotide-based DNA microarrays to analyze transcriptional changes resulting from constitutive Ras signaling. We performed the expression analyses with HeLa stable cell lines expressing activated RasG12→V transgenes under a tetracycline responsive promoter (Tet-Off™ Expression System). This system not only mediates tight on/off regulation of gene expression; it also permits the titration of protein levels on a single cell basis allowing the study of dose dependent aspects of gene activity. Ras signaling leads to a significant induction of Interleukin-8 (IL-8) mRNA, which is accompanied by a corresponding increase in protein levels. IL-8 is a chemotactic factor for leukocytes and closely associated with the initiation of an acute inflammatory response. Analysis of signal transduction pathways that link Ras to IL-8 up-regulation suggests a direct effect of Ras on the IL-8 promoter, mediated by the synergistic activation of both MAPK-cascades and the PI3K > NFκB pathway. In addition, the Ras-induced accumulation of IL-8 protein is dependent on the activation of p38 MAP-kinase through a post-transcriptional mechanism involving an increase in IL-8 mRNA stability. Investigation of the functional importance of IL-8 in the context of tumorigenesis shows that IL-8 plays a decisive role in RasV12-mediated acceleration of tumor growth in a nude mouse xenograft model. Ablation of IL-8 function is accompanied by a significant reduction in tumor size. This effect is not due to decreased cell proliferation rates, since we observe no change in the mitogenic index of tumors after inhibition of IL-8. However, tumors devoid of functional IL-8 show a marked reduction in vascularization accompanied by vast tissue necrosis. These observations can be correlated with an IL-8-mediated initiation of an early inflammatory reaction in developing neoplasms that triggers tumor vascularization. In addition, IL-8 may act directly to support angiogenesis by promoting endothelial cell proliferation and migration. These results provide a novel mechanism by which tumor cells harboring oncogenic Ras can appropriate inflammatory mediators to recruit immune cells to the tumor site and facilitate neo-angiogenesis, thus setting the stage for subsequent progression to malignancy.
The effects of risk aversion on life insurance ownership of single-parent households

This study investigates the effect of risk aversion of single-parent households with at least one child under 18 on life insurance ownership. Analysing the 1992–2013 Survey of Consumer Finances dat...
Multi-Scale Spectrum Sensing in Dense Multi-Cell Cognitive Networks

Multi-scale spectrum sensing is proposed to overcome the cost of full network state information on the spectrum occupancy of primary users (PUs) in dense multi-cell cognitive networks. Secondary users (SUs) estimate the local spectrum occupancies and aggregate them hierarchically to estimate spectrum occupancy at multiple spatial scales. Thus, SUs obtain fine-grained estimates of spectrum occupancies of nearby cells, more relevant to scheduling tasks, and coarse-grained estimates of those of distant cells. An agglomerative clustering algorithm is proposed to design a cost-effective aggregation tree, matched to the structure of interference, robust to local estimation errors , and delays . Given these multi-scale estimates, the SU traffic is adapted in a decentralized fashion in each cell, to optimize the trade-off among SU cell throughput, interference caused to PUs, and mutual SU interference. Numerical evaluations demonstrate a small degradation in SU cell throughput (up to 15% for a 0 dB interference-to-noise ratio experienced at PUs) compared to a scheme with full network state information, using only one-third of the cost incurred in the exchange of spectrum estimates. The proposed interference-matched design is shown to significantly outperform a random tree design, by providing more relevant information for network control, and a state-of-the-art consensus-based algorithm, which does not leverage the spatio-temporal structure of interference across the network.
Regulatory Fracture Plugging: Managing Risks to Water From Shale Development

Debates about the desirability of widespread shale development have highlighted outstanding uncertainty about its health, safety, and environmental impacts—most prominently, its water-contamination risks—and the ability of current institutions to deal with these impacts. States, the primary regulators of oil and gas extraction, face pressure from the energy industry, local communities, and, in some cases, the federal government to strike the right balance between energy production and the health and safety of individuals and the environment—an elusive balance given the ongoing risk uncertainty. This dynamic is not especially unique to fracking, or even oil and gas extraction; instead, this dynamic, characterized by tradeoffs between environmental protection and economic development under risk uncertainty, is a common theme of environmental risk regulation. Regulators at every level of government weigh and evaluate potential interventions against this background. This Article contributes to a symposium held at Texas A&M School of Law that explores the advantages and disadvantages of various government interventions in the environmental context in an effort to identify ideal risk-management tools under various circumstances. It argues that the most important considerations for identifying risk-management tools in the environmental context are risks, incentives, and cost-benefit analysis. These cornerstone principles provide a useful framework for environmental policy in general, especially in situations that involve heterogeneous and uncertain risks. By paying attention to risk, incentives, and cost-benefit analysis, government regulators are more likely to promote optimal levels of environmental quality and avoid unintended, or even perverse, consequences. To demonstrate the usefulness of these concepts concretely, this Article applies them to the fracking context, focusing on the most prominent risks from widespread shale development, risks to water from shale gas extraction. It identifies risk-management gaps in tort litigation, insurance markets, and regulation schemes and suggests potential solutions.
Circuit Design in Nano-Scale CMOS Technologies

As CMOS technology scaling drives down the feature size of transistor into a nano-scale regime, there are many new challenges facing today’s circuit design. In this paper, the landscape of technology scaling is first examined. The paper then focuses on how to overcome some of the key design challenges through innovative circuit approaches. Several real design examples in various areas, including SRAMs and critical analog building blocks, are used to illustrate these advanced circuit design techniques that will help further technology scaling in the future.
Relative degree of interconnected SISO nonlinear control systems

Abstract The concept of relative degree plays an important role in nonlinear control theory. It provides, for example, a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a feedback linearizing control law for a single-input, single-output (SISO) input-affine nonlinear state space system. It also gives a sufficient condition under which a left inverse exists. In applications it is common for systems to be composed of smaller interconnected subsystems. It is known that various feedback structures preserve relative degree, but it is largely unknown how to compute the relative degree of interconnected systems using only their properties. So the goal of this paper is to determine the relative degree of two nonlinear control systems interconnected in a variety of different ways. A collection of illustrative examples is given.
Optical absorption spectroscopy in hybrid systems of plasmons and excitons

Understanding the physics of light emitters in quantum nanostructures regarding scalability, geometry, structure of the system and coupling between different degrees of freedom is important as one can improve the design and further provide rigorous controls of quantum devices. The coupling between these degrees of freedom, in general, depends on the external field, the geometry of nano particles, and the experimental design. An effective model is proposed to describe the plasmon–exciton hybrid systems and its optical absorption spectra, which is studied in detail by exact diagonalization. Two different designs are discussed: a nano particle planet surrounded by quantum dot satellites and a quantum dot planet surrounded by nano particle satellites. In both setups, details of many quantum dots and nano particles are studied, and the spectra are discussed in detail regarding the energy of transition peaks and the weight distribution of allowed transition peaks. Also, different polarization of external fields is considered, which results in anisotropic couplings, and the absorption spectra clearly reveal the difference qualitatively. Finally, the system will undergo a phase transition in the presence of attractive interactions between excitons. Our work sheds light on the design of nano scale quantum systems to achieve photon emitter/resonator theory in plasmon–exciton hybrid systems.
A mosaic of independent innovations involving eyes shut are critical for the evolutionary transition from fused to open rhabdoms.

Abstract A fundamental question in evolutionary biology is how developmental processes are modified to produce morphological innovations while abiding by functional constraints. Here we address this question by investigating the cellular mechanism responsible for the transition between fused and open rhabdoms in ommatidia of apposition compound eyes; a critical step required for the development of visual systems based on neural superposition. Utilizing Drosophila and Tribolium as representatives of fused and open rhabdom morphology in holometabolous insects respectively, we identified three changes required for this innovation to occur. First, the expression pattern of the extracellular matrix protein Eyes Shut (EYS) was co-opted and expanded from mechanosensory neurons to photoreceptor cells in taxa with open rhabdoms. Second, EYS homologs obtained a novel extension of the amino terminus leading to the internalization of a cleaved signal sequence. This amino terminus extension does not interfere with cleavage or function in mechanosensory neurons, but it does permit specific targeting of the EYS protein to the apical photoreceptor membrane. Finally, a specific interaction evolved between EYS and a subset of Prominin homologs that is required for the development of open, but not fused, rhabdoms. Together, our findings portray a case study wherein the evolution of a set of molecular novelties has precipitated the origin of an adaptive photoreceptor cell arrangement.
"The heart still beat, but the brain doesn't answer". Perception and experience of old-age dementia in the Milwaukee Hmong community.

The purpose of this exploratory and descriptive study was to examine old-age dementia in the Hmong community of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Formal and informal Hmong leaders were interviewed to determine the prevalence of dementia in the Hmong community and how it is perceived and experienced. Interviews revealed few cases of dementia among the Hmong. Dementia was perceived as a natural part of the life cycle, rather than as a devastating disease that robs individuals of their autonomy. Treatment is not sought for dementia. Some of the common manifestations of dementia, such as wandering and combativeness, were rare or non-existent in the Hmong community. Individuals with dementia are cared for in their sons' homes. Nursing home placement in advanced dementia was only acceptable if sanctioned by the entire extended family. Further research on the Hmong perception of and experience with dementia needs to be conducted in other Hmong communities to validate the generalizability of these results.
Rents and economic development: the perspective of Why Nations Fail

We present the approach to comparative economic development of Why Nations Fail. Economic prosperity requires inclusive economic institutions—those which create broad based incentives and opportunities in society. Extractive economic institutions, which lack these properties, create poverty. Variation in economic institutions is created by differences in political institutions. Inclusive economic institutions are the result of political choices which arise under inclusive political institutions: a strong state and a broad distribution of power in society. When either of these conditions fails one has extractive political institutions that lead to extractive economic institutions. We relate our analysis to Tullock’s notion of ‘rent seeking’.
MBIR: A cryo-ET 3D reconstruction method that effectively minimizes missing wedge artifacts and restores missing information.

Abstract Cryo-Electron Tomography (cryo-ET) has become an essential technique in revealing cellular and macromolecular assembly structures in their native states. However, due to radiation damage and the limited tilt range, cryo-ET suffers from low contrast and missing wedge artifacts, which limits the tomograms to low resolution and hinders further biological interpretation. In this study, we applied the Model-Based Iterative Reconstruction (MBIR) method to obtain tomographic 3D reconstructions of experimental cryo-ET datasets and demonstrated the advantages of MBIR in contrast improvement, missing wedge artifacts reduction, missing information restoration, and subtomogram averaging compared with other reconstruction approaches. Considering the outstanding reconstruction quality, MBIR has a great potential in the determination of high resolution biological structures with cryo-ET.
Synchronous, with a Chance of Partition Tolerance

Murphy, Murky, Mopey, Moody, and Morose decide to write a paper together over the Internet and submit it to the prestigious CRYPTO’19 conference that has the most amazing PC. They encounter a few problems. First, not everyone is online every day: some are lazy and go skiing on Mondays; others cannot use git correctly and they are completely unaware that they are losing messages. Second, a small subset of the co-authors may be secretly plotting to disrupt the project (e.g., because they are writing a competing paper in stealth).
Photon-level tuning of photonic nanocavities

Energy-efficient optical control of photonic device properties is crucial for diverse photonic signal processing. Here, we demonstrate extremely efficient optical tuning of photonic nanocavities via the photorefractive effect, with only photon-level optical energy. With a lithium niobate photonic crystal nanocavity with an optical Q up to 1.41 million and an effective mode volume down to 0.78(λ/n)3, we are able to achieve a resonance tuning efficiency of about 88.4 MHz/photon (0.67 GHz/aJ), which allows us to tune across the whole cavity resonance with only about 2.4 photons on average inside the cavity. Such a photon-level resonance tuning is of great potential for energy-efficient optical switching, wavelength routing, and reconfiguration of photonic devices/circuits that are indispensable for future photonic interconnect.
Doppler fluctuation spectroscopy of intracellular dynamics in living tissue

Intracellular dynamics in living tissue are dominated by active transport driven by bioenergetic processes far from thermal equilibrium. Intracellular constituents typically execute persistent walks. In the limit of long mean free paths, the persistent walks are ballistic, exhibiting a "Doppler edge" in light scattering fluctuation spectra. At shorter transport lengths, the fluctuations are described by lifetime-broadened Doppler spectra. Dynamic light scattering from transport in the ballistic, diffusive, or the crossover regimes is derived analytically, including the derivation of autocorrelation functions through a driven damped harmonic oscillator analog for light scattering from persistent walks. The theory is validated through Monte Carlo simulations. Experimental evidence for the Doppler edge in three-dimensional (3D) living tissue is obtained using biodynamic imaging based on low-coherence interferometry and digital holography.
Effects of magnesium with or without boron on headshaking behavior in horses with trigeminal-mediated headshaking.

Author(s): Sheldon, Shara A; Aleman, Monica; Costa, Lais RR; Weich, Kalie; Howey, Quinn; Madigan, John E | Abstract: BackgroundOral administration of magnesium and boron might have a beneficial effect on headshaking behavior in horses.ObjectiveEvaluate the effects of oral magnesium alone or in combination with boron on headshaking behavior in affected horses.AnimalsTwelve geldings (6 healthy controls and 6 affected).MethodsProspective randomized controlled dietary trial over 42 days in 12 horses (6 horses diagnosed with trigeminal-mediated headshaking and 6 unaffected healthy controls). All horses received a hay diet and were randomized into 3 treatment groups: pelleted feed combination (PF), pelleted feed combination with magnesium (M), and pelleted feed combination with magnesium-boron (MB) with a week washout of hay only between treatments. Headshaking behavior and biochemical blood variables were assessed at baseline (hay only) and then after each week of supplementation.ResultsAll 3 diet interventions increased blood ionized and total magnesium. Groups M and MB further increased Mg2+ when compared to PF. Horses receiving treatments had a significant reduction in headshaking behavior, as measured by incidence rate ratio (IRR), when compared to unsupplemented hay diet (44% for PF, IRR, 0.558; CI, 0.44, 0.72; P l .001; 52% for M, IRR, 0.476; CI, 0.37, 0.62; P l .001; and 64% for MB, IRR, 0.358; CI, 0.27, 0.48; P l .001).Conclusions and clinical importanceMagnesium in combination with boron had the greatest decrease in headshaking. Oral supplementation with magnesium or magnesium in combination with boron should be considered in horses affected with headshaking.
EXTERNAL VALIDATION OF A PREDICTIVE MODEL FOR ACUTE PANCREATITIS RISK IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA.

Objective: We previously developed a predictive model to assess the risk of developing acute pancreatitis (AP) in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia (HTG). In this study, we aimed to externally validate this model. Methods: The validation cohort included cross-sectional data between 2013 and 2017. Adult patients (≥18 years old) with triglyceride levels ≥1,000 mg/dL were identified. Based on our previous 4-factor predictive model (age, triglyceride [TG], excessive alcohol use, and gallstone disease), we estimated the probability of developing AP. Model performance was assessed using area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). Results: In comparison to the original cohort, patients in the validation cohort had more prevalent acute pancreatitis (16.2% versus 9.2%; P<.001) and gallstone disease (7.5% versus 2.1%; P<.001). Other characteristics were comparable and not statistically significant. The AUROCs were almost identical: 0.8337 versus 0.8336 in the validation and the original cohorts, respectively. In univariable analyses, the highest increase in odds of AP was associated with HTG, followed by gallstones, excessive alcohol use, and younger age. Conclusion: This study externally validates the 4-factor predictive model to estimate the risk of AP in adult patients with severe HTG (TG ≥1,000 mg/dL). Younger age was confirmed to place patients at high risk of AP. The clinical risk categories suggested in this study may be useful to guide treatment options. Abbreviations: AP = acute pancreatitis; ASCVD = atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; AUROC = area under the receiver operating characteristic curve; FRAX = fracture risk assessment tool; HTG = hypertriglyceridemia; OR = odds ratio; TG = triglyceride level.
Near-Linear Algorithms for Geometric Hitting Sets and Set Covers

Given a finite range space $$\Sigma =(\mathsf {X},\mathcal {R})$$, with $$N= |\mathsf {X}| + |\mathcal {R}|$$, we present two simple algorithms, based on the multiplicative-weight method, for computing a small-size hitting set or set cover of $$\Sigma $$. The first algorithm is a simpler variant of the Bronnimann–Goodrich algorithm but more efficient to implement, and the second algorithm can be viewed as solving a two-player zero-sum game. These algorithms, in conjunction with some standard geometric data structures, lead to near-linear algorithms for computing a small-size hitting set or set cover for a number of geometric range spaces. For example, they lead to $$O(N\mathrm {polylog}(N))$$ expected-time randomized O(1)-approximation algorithms for both hitting set and set cover if $$\mathsf {X}$$ is a set of points and $$\mathcal {R}$$ a set of disks in $$\mathbb {R}^2$$.
Individualized Instructional Delivery Options: Adapting Technology-Based Interventions for Students with Attention Difficulties.

Students who demonstrate mathematics difficulties (MDs) in the early grades are at risk of poor educational outcomes. Fortunately, strategic early mathematics intervention programs can improve acad...
Cash Flow Restatements: Stock Market Reaction to Overstated versus Understated Restatements

The Securities and Exchange Commission has become increasingly concerned with the rising number of restatements to statements of cash flows (SCFs). Regulators and practitioners are generally more focused on the overstatement of operating cash flows, while the understatement of operating cash flows is often overlooked but may have the same (or more) negative economic consequences. We examine market reactions to cash flow restatements (CFRs) where firms overstate or understate cash flows from 2000 to 2013. This study finds that 41% of firms overstated operating cash flows, while a surprising 48% understated operating cash flows. While we find that the market does not react to overstated operating cash flows or overstated total cash flows (TCFs), we find a negative response to understated operating cash flows and understated TCFs. Interestingly, the market penalizes these firms more for understating rather than overstating cash flows. There is a CFR disclosure post-announcement drift in abnormal returns that occurs for both understated operating and understated TCFs. We provide evidence that the often-overlooked understated CFRs may have “real” economic consequences and that they should be evaluated further and given the same consideration as overstatements by auditors, regulators, and investors.
Tandem dienyne ring-closing metathesis of alkynyl silaketals for the formation of bicyclic siloxanes

The tandem dienyne ring-closing metathesis of alkynyl silaketals containing two tethered olefins was achieved with second generation Grubbs NHC-ruthenium carbene complex to provide bicyclic siloxanes in good to excellent yield. Silaketals synthesized from homoallylic or bishomoallylic alcohols via base-catalyzed alcoholysis of trialkynylsilanes were well tolerated in the metathesis process and generated ring systems of various sizes. Removal of the silicon tether was achieved through protodesilylation with fluoride to afford stereochemically defined (1E,3Z)-dienes.
Iron(III) catalyzed halo-functionalization of alkynes

Abstract Aromatic and aliphatic alkynes can be halo-functionalized to α,α-dihalodimethyl ketals catalyzed by FeCl3 in excellent yields. MeOH is used as a nucleophilic solvent and N-halosuccinimide as the halogen source for this efficient transformation. The resulting α,α-dibromodimethyl ketals can be converted to the corresponding α,α-dibromoketones by treatment with 8% FeCl3 in silica gel.
A conserved signaling network monitors delivery of sphingolipids to the plasma membrane in budding yeast

In budding yeast, cell cycle progression and ribosome biogenesis are dependent on plasma membrane growth, which ensures that events of cell growth are coordinated with each other and with the cell cycle. However, the signals that link the cell cycle and ribosome biogenesis to membrane growth are poorly understood. Here we used proteome-wide mass spectrometry to systematically discover signals associated with membrane growth. The results suggest that membrane trafficking events required for membrane growth generate sphingolipid-dependent signals. A conserved signaling network appears to play an essential role in signaling by responding to delivery of sphingolipids to the plasma membrane. In addition, sphingolipid-dependent signals control phosphorylation of protein kinase C (Pkc1), which plays an essential role in the pathways that link the cell cycle and ribosome biogenesis to membrane growth. Together these discoveries provide new clues as to how growth--dependent signals control cell growth and the cell cycle.
5'-methylaristeromycin and related derivatives.

The biological versatility of aristeromycin (carbocyclic adenosine) is limited by accompanying cytotoxicity caused ostensibly by the intracellular formation of its 5‘-nucleotide derivatives. Aristeromycin derivatives that offered steric interference to this transformation at the C-5‘ center were sought. This paper describes the facile stereospecific synthesis, where necessary, of such C-5‘-methylated aristeromycin derivatives.
K2Ag3CeTe4: A Semiconducting Tunnel Framework Made from the Covalent "Link-Up" of [Ag2CeTe4]3- Layers with Ag

The unusual three-dimensional tunnel framework of K2Ag3CeTe4 is built from the linking of [Ag2CeTe4]3- layers with Ag. This generates tunnels with an oval-shaped cross section with an accessible op...
Effects of the simultaneous presence of nitro and amine substituents in cubane and some azacubanes

We have carried out an ab initio self-consistent-field molecular orbital study of the structures and bond orders (as measures of relative bond strengths) of nitro and aminonitro derivatives of cubane and some azacubanes. The NO2 group is found to have, in general, a conformation-dependent effect on relative bond strengths. When the plane of the nitro group is perpendicular to that of an endocyclic bond, that bond is weakened. An aza nitrogen adjacent to C-NO2, however, eliminates the bond-weakening due to a “perpendicular” nitro group, except when a C-NH2 is also adjacent to the C-NO2. The NH2 group has a direction-specific bond-weakening effect on one [and only one] endocyclic bond; the particular bond undergoing this weakening is determined by the orientation of the amine nitrogen lone pair. The influences of the NO2 and NH2 are essentially independent; when these substituents are on adjacent carbons the effects are reinforcing. Thus, the combination of a “perpendicular” NO2 and an NH2 on adjacent carbons in cubane and azacubanes produces a marked bond weakening. Our findings suggest that strained cage systems that have alternating aza nitrogens and C-NO2 groups should be further investigated as potential high-energy systems.
TRIFLIC ENOLATES IN THE PALLADIUM-MEDIATED SYNTHESIS OF COMPLEX ETHYNYL ADENOSINES

Abstract Triflic enolates can be used in the synthesis of 2-(2-cycloalkenylethynyl)adenosine analogues of potential biological interest by palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions with 2-ethynyladenosine.
HiPiler: Visual Exploration of Large Genome Interaction Matrices with Interactive Small Multiples

This paper presents an interactive visualization interface—HiPiler—for the exploration and visualization of regions-of-interest in large genome interaction matrices. Genome interaction matrices approximate the physical distance of pairs of regions on the genome to each other and can contain up to 3 million rows and columns with many sparse regions. Regions of interest (ROIs) can be defined, e.g., by sets of adjacent rows and columns, or by specific visual patterns in the matrix. However, traditional matrix aggregation or pan-and-zoom interfaces fail in supporting search, inspection, and comparison of ROIs in such large matrices. In HiPiler, ROIs are first-class objects, represented as thumbnail-like “snippets”. Snippets can be interactively explored and grouped or laid out automatically in scatterplots, or through dimension reduction methods. Snippets are linked to the entire navigable genome interaction matrix through brushing and linking. The design of HiPiler is based on a series of semi-structured interviews with 10 domain experts involved in the analysis and interpretation of genome interaction matrices. We describe six exploration tasks that are crucial for analysis of interaction matrices and demonstrate how HiPiler supports these tasks. We report on a user study with a series of data exploration sessions with domain experts to assess the usability of HiPiler as well as to demonstrate respective findings in the data.
New diphosphite ligands for enantioselective asymmetric hydroformylation

A series of new diphosphite ligands have been easily prepared from BINOL derivatives; moderate enantioselectivities (up to 80% ee) and excellent regioselectivities (b/l up to 98/2) have been achieved in the Rh-catalyzed asymmetric hydroformylation of vinyl acetate.
Facilitation of DNA loop formation by protein-DNA non-specific interactions

Complex DNA topological structures, including polymer loops, are frequently observed in biological processes when protein molecules simultaneously bind to several distant sites on DNA. However, the molecular mechanisms of formation of these systems remain not well understood. Existing theoretical studies focus only on specific interactions between protein and DNA molecules at target sequences. However, the electrostatic origin of primary protein-DNA interactions suggests that interactions of proteins with all DNA segments should be considered. Here we theoretically investigate the role of non-specific interactions between protein and DNA molecules on the dynamics of loop formation. Our approach is based on analyzing a discrete-state stochastic model via a method of first-passage probabilities supplemented by Monte Carlo computer simulations. It is found that depending on a protein sliding length during the non-specific binding event three different dynamic regimes of the DNA loop formation might be observed. In addition, the loop formation time might be optimized by varying the protein sliding length, the size of the DNA molecule, and the position of the specific target sequences on DNA. Our results demonstrate the importance of non-specific protein-DNA interactions in the dynamics of DNA loop formations.
Long-chain 2H-azirines with heterogeneous terminal halogenation from the marine sponge Dysidea fragilis.

Three new ω-halogenated long-chain 2H-azirines were isolated from the sponge Dysidea fragilis. Their structures revealed heterogeneity in both the composition of the terminal 1,1-dihalo-vinyl group and enantiomeric ratios at C2 of the azirine-2-carboxylate ester terminus. Azirine-2-carboxylate esters were shown to racemize spontaneously. A hypothesis is proposed for the biosynthesis of the azirinecarboxylate family of natural products that involves enzyme-catalyzed free radical halogenation followed by elimination of hydrohalic acid.
A ring expansion approach to pyranosylated indolocarbazoles

Abstract A ring expansion protocol has been developed that allows efficient access to pyranosylated indolocarbazoles that are suited for further elaboration to staurosporine and its congeners.
Synthesis and characterization of novel one-dimensional phases from supercritical ammonia : Cs3Ag2Sb3S8, α- and β-Cs2AgSbS4, and Cs2AgAsS4

Synthetic efforts utilizing Cs2CO3, Ag, M2S3 (M = As, Sb), and S8 in supercritical ammonia (160 °C) have yielded four novel, one-dimensional compounds in the Cs−Ag−M−S system. These members were ch...
A Solid-State NMR, X-ray Diffraction, and Ab Initio Investigation into the Structures of Novel Tantalum Oxyfluoride Clusters

A series of tantalum oxyfluoride materials containing the [Ta4F16O4]4− and [Ta8F24O12]8− anion clusters have been synthesized and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) spectroscopy. The structure of both tantalum oxyfluoride materials display octahedrally bonded tantalum atoms with bridging oxygen and terminal fluoride atoms. The [Ta4F16O4]4− cluster is an eight-membered ring, whereas the [Ta8F24O12]8- cluster forms a cagelike structure. Solid-state dynamics of these clusters were explored by monitoring the impact of temperature on the one-dimensional (1D) 19F magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR, 13C cross-polarization (CP) MAS NMR, and two-dimensional (2D) double quantum (DQ) 19F MAS NMR spectra. The DQ 19F NMR correlation experiments allowed the through space connectivity between the different resolved fluorine environments to be determined, thus aiding in the spectral assignment and structural refinement of these materials. Ab initio 19F NMR chemical ...
Opening of a vinyl aziridine with p-toluenesulfonamide under TBAF catalysis: synthesis of 3,4-diamino-3,4-dideoxy-l-chiro-inositol

Abstract 3,4-Diamino-3,4-dideoxy- l - chiro -inositol has been prepared from bromobenzene by a chemoenzymatic approach. The key chemical step was a tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) catalyzed vinyl aziridine opening employing p -toluenesulfonamide as a nucleophile, establishing the 1,2- trans relationship of the amino groups.
Palladium-Catalyzed Isomerization of Aryl-Substituted Epoxides: A Selective Synthesis of Substituted Benzylic Aldehydes and Ketones

Aryl-substituted epoxides bearing multiple methyl substituents on the epoxide ring isomerize in the presence of 5 mol % Pd(OAc)2/PR3 (R = n-Bu, Ph) to form the corresponding benzylic aldehyde or ketone, with complete regioselectivity for the carbonyl compound formed via cleavage of the benzylic C−O bond. No allylic alcohols or products arising from alkyl migration are observed. Rapid reaction rates and nearly quantitative yields are obtained, even with highly sterically hindered epoxides, using tri-n-butylphosphine as ligand and tert-butyl alcohol as solvent. 2-Aryl-substituted epoxides with two methyl substituents on C3 are completely unreactive, consistent with an oxidative addition/β-hydride elimination mechanism. Catalyst variation studies show that both Pd(OAc)2 and PR3 are essential for optimal activity and that palladium catalysts formed in this manner are superior to other Pd(0) catalysts (e.g., Pd(PPh3)4). The reactivity of catalytic Pd(OAc)2/PR3 toward multiply-substituted epoxides is compared t...