cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frostbite injuries: A rational approach based on the pathophysiology

The breakdown products of arachidonic acid have been implicated as mediators of progressive dermal ischemia in both cold and thermal injuries. Increased tissue survival can be demonstrated experimentally with the preservation of the dermal microcirculation by using antiprostaglandin agents and thromboxane inhibitors. Thirty-eight consecutive patients (28 males and 10 females aged 2 mo to 46 yr) with frostbite injuries were treated at the University of Chicago's Burn Center in January 1982 with a protocol designed to decrease the production of thromboxane locally and prostaglandins systemically. All patients recovered without significant tissue loss. The average hospital stay was 5.6 days for acute injuries and 6.9 days for subacute injuries.
Sensing Microbial RNA in the Cytosol

The innate immune system faces the difficult task of keeping a fine balance between sensitive detection of microbial presence and avoidance of autoimmunity. To this aim, key mechanisms of innate responses rely on isolation of pathogens in specialized subcellular compartments, or sensing of specific microbial patterns absent from the host. Efficient detection of foreign RNA in the cytosol requires an additional layer of complexity from the immune system. In this particular case, innate sensors should be able to distinguish self and non-self molecules that share several similar properties. In this review, we discuss this interplay between cytosolic pattern recognition receptors and the microbial RNA they detect. We describe how microbial RNAs gain access to the cytosol, which receptors they activate and counter-strategies developed by microorganisms to avoid this response.
Synthesis of Amphiphilic Block Copolymers by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP)

The controlled/“living” radical polymerization of n-butyl acrylate (n-BA) and 2-trimethylsilyloxyethyl acrylate (TMS−HEA) by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is reported. Di- and tribloc...
Expression in Escherichia coli and characterization of a bile acid-inducible 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from Eubacterium sp. strain VPI 12708.

We have previously cloned and sequenced three members of a bile acid-inducible gene family from Eubacterium sp. strain VPI 12708 that encode 27,000-Mr polypeptides. Two copies of these genes (baiA1 and baiA3) are identical, while the third copy (baiA2) encodes a polypeptide sharing 92% amino acid identity with the baiA1 and baiA3 gene products. We have overexpressed the baiA1 gene in Escherichia coli and analyzed the expressed activity. Thin-layer chromatography of 14C-labeled bile acid products from reactions using cell-free extracts revealed a 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity for the BaiA1 protein. The BaiA1 protein could utilize both NAD+ and NADP+, and the preferred steroid substrate was the cholyl-coenzyme A conjugate rather than free cholic acid. These results show that the BaiA proteins are novel 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases.
Tropism in nerve regeneration in vivo. Attraction of regenerating axons by diffusible factors derived from cells in distal nerve stumps of transected peripheral nerves

We re-examined the hypothesis of Cajal3, later refuted by Weiss and Taylor20, that cells in distal stumps of transected peripheral nerves exert an attractive (tropic) effect on regenerating axons. This question was re-assessed in vivo using surgical materials and assay procedures not available to those workers. Proximal stumps of transected rat sciatic or cat peroneal nerves were inserted into the single inlet end of a hollow, Y-shaped Silastic implant. Regenerating axons were provided with alternative targets consisting of a vacant arm vs one occupied by a sciatic nerve graft (rat), or a tibial (Tout) vs peroneal (Pout) distal nerve stump (cat). In some cases Pout was rendered metabolically compromised relative to Tout by exposing the former to dry ice and inhibitors of DNA and RNA synthesis. At 4.5 or 6 weeks postoperatively, the number of regenerating axons in each fork of the implant was assessed by morphometric analysis (total number of non-myelinated and myelinated axons greater than 1 μm in diameter at 4.5 weeks, and total number of myelinated axons at 6 weeks postoperatively), or by quantification of an axonally transported label. Rat sciatic nerve fibers exclusively regenerated toward the nerve graft, suggesting the existence of a neurotropic lure. In cats, morphometric analysis revealed at 10- (4.5 week) and 6-fold (6 week) greater number of axons growing towards untreated Tout vs treated Pout. When both distal stumps were untreated, more axons were seen in forks leading to Pout. Analysis of transported label confirmed the preferential growth of axons towards untreated Tout vs treated Pout for both motor and sensory axons. In separate experiments, Nuclepore filters (0.2 μm, pore size) were inserted between distal nerve stumps and outlet ends of Silastic implants. Preferential regeneration toward untreated stumps was observed if the distance between proximal and distal nerve stumps was equal to but not greater than 4–5 mm. These results suggest that peripheral nerve fiber regeneration in vivo can be directed by cells in distal stumps of transected nerves, and that this effect can be mediated over distances of several millimeters via diffiusible factors.
A subgroup analysis of the Scripps Coronary Radiation to Inhibit Proliferation Poststenting Trial.

Abstract Introduction: In the Scripps Coronary Radiation to Inhibit Proliferation Poststenting (SCRIPPS) Trial, 192 Ir significantly reduced angiographic, ultrasonographic, and clinical endpoints of restenosis. The objective of this analysis was to quantitate the impact of patient, lesion and technical characteristics on late angiographic outcome. Methods: Patients with restenotic, stented coronary lesions were randomized to receive either 192 Ir or placebo sources. Late luminal loss and loss index were calculated for several patient subgroups, including patients with diabetes, in-stent restenosis, multiple previous percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) procedures, longer lesion lengths, saphenous vein grafts, small vessel diameters, and minimum dose exposures Results: In the treated group, late loss was particularly low in patients with diabetes (0.19 mm), in-stent restenosis (0.17 mm), reference vessel diameters p = 0.035), and patients receiving a minimum dose of 8.00 Gy to the adventitial border ( p = 0.009). Conclusion: In this pilot study, patient characteristics associated with a more aggressive proliferative response to injury appeared to confer an enhanced response to radiotherapy. Furthermore, a dose threshold response to 192 Ir was found with an enhanced response occurring when the entire circumference of the adventitial border was exposed to at least 8.00 Gy.
Measurement of silent period durations by hand and by commercial device

Abstract Silent period durations obtained from the masseter muscle in response to taps to the chin during a clench were measured by the commercially available MDM device and by hand measurement from polygraph tracings. Of the 160 pairs of silent periods, 15 were measurable by polygraph but not by MDM, 20 were not measurable by polygraph but were measured by MDM, and 125 were measured by both. Of the 125 silent periods, the MDM gave a shorter reading in 112. Within-subject correlation coefficients between the two measurement methods ranged from − 0.038 to +0.95; the average (0.75) was significantly different from zero. The among-subject correlation coefficient was +0.26 and was not significant. These data raise questions about the reliability and validity of silent period durations measured by the MDM device.
Three body break up

Abstract The continuous phase space distribution function is evaluated for (n, 2n) processes. The constraints of energy and momentum conservation are imposed in the form of delta functions. To facilitate transformation of the distribution function from the center of mass coordinates to the laboratory coordinates, a general form of the Jacobian is developed. The Be 9 (n, 2n)Be 8 reaction is considered as an example.
Techniques to Achieve Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Excision of Second Branchial Cleft Cysts

Results: A 2.3 cm skin incision allowed for an endoscopic extracapsular excision of a 2.8x5.1x4.0 cm fluctuant branchial cleft cyst using needle decompression. The endoscope allowed for enhanced visualization of tissue planes, minimal blood loss, and an operative time comparable to similar open operations. The patient was discharged to home on the same day as the operation and had no postoperative complications.
A THEORY FOR ANALYSIS OF THERMOPLASTIC MATERIALS

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present a theoretical model for predicting the behavior of elasticplastic materials subjected to cyclic mechanical and thermal loading. The considerable literature in this area gives ample evidence of its significance. Solutions are sought in the areas of laser technology, nuclear reactor design, and turbine analysis, to name but a few. There are four sections contained in this paper: (1) the formulation of a special purpose constitutive law; (2) review of a variational principle for use with the constitutive law; (3) a discussion of the application of the model to a computer code; and (4) a comparison of several experiments to results obtained in the theoretical model.
Microglia in cerebellar plaques in Alzheimer's disease

Cerebellar amyloid deposits in Alzheimer's disease were studied by immunocytochemistry and with a series of antibodies that recognize human microglia, including anti-HLA-DR, LN-1, Leu-M5 and leukocyte common antigen. Microglia formed a dense reticular array throughout the cerebellum in areas with and without amyloid deposits. In areas with compact and reticular amyloid deposits, microglia had morphological features consistent with activation, such as cytoplasmic swelling and shortening and thickening of cell processes. In areas with diffuse amyloid deposits, microglia had delicate and highly ramified processes. Nevertheless, microglial cells or their processes were detected in association with amyloid deposits of all morphological types. These results raise the possibility that microglia may play a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of amyloid deposition in the cerebellum in Alzheimer's disease.
Reaction of the Butter Flavorant Diacetyl (2,3-Butanedione) with N-α-Acetylarginine: A Model for Epitope Formation with Pulmonary Proteins in the Etiology of Obliterative Bronchiolitis

The butter flavorant diacetyl (2,3-butanedione) is implicated in causing obliterative bronchiolitis in microwave popcorn plant workers. Because diacetyl modifies arginine residues, an immunological basis for its toxicity is under investigation. Reaction products of diacetyl with N-α-acetylarginine (AcArg) were determined as a model for hapten formation, with characterization by mass spectrometry, NMR, and HPLC with UV detection and radiodetection. Four products were identified by LC-MS, each with a positive ion of m/z 303 (diacetyl + AcArg); one pair displayed an additional ion at m/z 217 (AcArg), the other pair at m/z 285 (− H2O). Their 1H−13C NMR correlation spectra were consistent with the addition of one or two of the guanidine nitrogens to form aminols. Open-chain pairs interconverted at pH 2, as did the cyclized, but all four interconverted at neutral pH. This is the first structural characterization of the covalent adducts between diacetyl and an arginine moiety.
A Check‐List of the Species of the Genus Haemoproteus (Apicomplexa, Plasmodiidae)*

SYNOPSIS. A list of the presumably valid named species of the genus Haemoproteus Kruse, 1890 (Apicomplexa, Plasmodiidae) is given. It includes 133 species, 5 varieties and 1 subspecies. One new species is named: H. serini n. sp. for the form in the canary Serinus canarius called H. zuenyoni by Sergent & Sergent (90). The following emendations are made: H. aegyptius for H. cellii var. aegyptius Mohammed, 1958; H. cellii for H. noctuae var. cellii Coatney & Roudabush, 1937; H. hirundinis for H. danilewskii var. hirundinis Sergent & Sergent, 1905; H. tinnunculus for H. danilewskyi var. tinnunculus Wasielewski & Wiilker, 1918; H. crumenius for H. crumenium (Hirst, 1905) Coatney, 1936; H. mathislegeri for H. herodiadis var. mathislegeri Mohammed, 1958; H. nebraskensis for H. noctuae var. nebraskensis Coatney & Roudabush, 1937; H. rileyi for Hoemoproteus rileyi Malkani, 1936; H. sauianae for H. sd-vianae Tendeiro, 1947; H. asturisdussumieri for H. asturis-dussumieri de Mello, 1935 emend. de Mello, 1937; H. xantholemae for H. xantholaemi Zargar, 1945. Of the 133 named species, 114 occur in birds, 16 in reptiles and 3 in amphibia; 14 orders and 47 families of birds are represented. The generic names Halteridium LabbC, 1894, Haemocystidium Castellani & Willey, 1904 and Simondia Garnham, 1966 are considered synonyms of Haemoproteus.
UWGSP5: a multimedia workstation for medical applications

The UWGSP5, also known as MediaStation 5000, is the latest entry in a series of high- performance medical imaging workstations developed at the University of Washington Image Computing Systems Laboratory. In addition to its image processing and graphics performance, the UWGSP5 has multimedia capabilities that set it apart from traditional medical workstations. It supports continuous streams of video and audio data for real-time acquisition and playback, and implements real-time compression and decompression algorithms including the MPEG, JPEG, and P X 64 standards. Also, other compression algorithms optimized for medical images can be easily implemented on the UWGSP5. The fast decompression capability also allows for rapid reconstruction and display of stored compressed images, making the UWGSP5 suitable for a medical consultation workstation as well as a specialty image processing and graphics workstation. In this paper, we present the hardware architecture and software organization of the UWGSP5 and its performance on various image display, processing, and compression algorithms.
Positional relation of gallbladder to hepatic flexure.

1. A close anatomic relationship exists roentgenologically between the gallbladder and hepatic flexure of the colon, as shown in a series of 419 cases.
Thrombomodulin Ala455Val Polymorphism and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease

Background —Thrombomodulin (TM) is expressed on the endothelial surface and plays an important role in vasoprotection. A common polymorphism of TM at amino acid position 455 with an alanine (A) to valine (V) transition was previously reported to be associated cross-sectionally with acute myocardial infarction. Whether this single nucleotide polymorphism predicts risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHD) is unclear. Methods and Results —Within a large cohort study, we identified 467 incident CHD cases during an average of 5 years of follow-up. We determined TM-455 genotypes on 376 CHD cases (23% black, 77% white) and a reference sample of 461. The AA genotype was significantly more prevalent in noncases than in cases ( P =0.016). The prevalences of the AA genotype in noncase blacks and whites were 93% and 67%, respectively. The AA genotype frequency was significantly reduced in black cases versus noncases ( P =0.018). It was also lower in white cases than in noncases, but the difference was not statistically significant ( P =0.066). Weighted proportional hazards regression analysis after adjustment for age, sex, and other CHD risk factors showed that having the V allele increased risk of CHD by 6.1-fold (risk ratio 6.1, 95% CI 1.7 to 22.9) in blacks but did not significantly increase the risk in whites. Conclusions —The TM A455V polymorphism predicts risk of developing CHD in blacks.
Judicial Governance of the Long Blur

In a recent issue of Futures, I concluded an essay on the futures of the courts and law with an ancient Chinese poem which I first heard read by the Chief Justice of the Courts of Singapore, Yong Pung How. The poem said that one of the signs of a well-governed polity is that “the courts of justice are overgrown with grass” (Dator 2000). I have also been known to argue passionately that, while some polities are closer to being democratic than others, no current system is democratic; that true democracy lies in the future, most likely as enabled by some forms of electronic direct democracy (Dator 1999).
Insights into amine binding to biaryl phosphine palladium oxidative addition complexes and reductive elimination from biaryl phosphine arylpalladium amido complexes via density functional theory.

We present results on the binding of a variety amines to monoligated oxidative addition complexes of the type L1Pd(Ar)Cl, where L is 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2‘,6‘-dimethoxybiphenyl (SPhos, 1) or 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2‘,4‘,6‘-tri-ispropylbiphenyl (XPhos, 2). The binding of an amine to oxidative addition complexes composed of 1 and 2 is more complex than with smaller ligands as intermediate Pd(II) complexes with bulky biaryl phosphine ligands disfavor amine binding to favorable conformations of oxidative addition complexes. Additionally, thermodynamic and kinetic parameters for reductive elimination from complexes of the type L1Pd(amido)Ph (where amido = EtNH, Me2N, PhNH) are discussed. From this data, we suggest a possible mechanism for (biaryl phosphine) Pd-catalyzed amination reactions that is more intricate than previously thought.
High-voltage electron microscopy of normal and irreversibly sickled red blood cells.

A high-voltage electron microscopic study of normal red cells and irreversibly sickled red cells (ISCs) was conducted. Comparison with intact, critical-point dried red cells revealed that the ISC fraction could always be identified because of the presence of numerous echinocytes. Examination of the unsealed ghosts after incubation in 3,3′-diaminobenzidene (DAB) to detect hemoglobin (Hb) bound to the plasma membrane revealed that Hb adhered to the cytoplasmic surface of the ISC membrane. The Hb was concentrated in the surface projections of the echinocytes and also was seen as granules associated with the filamentous substructure of the plasma membrane. The role of this adherent Hb in exerting a transmembrane effect to alter the surface properties of the cell is discussed.
Stable drug supply and distribution in an integrated healthcare delivery system, but unconfirmed need for daily witnessed dosing

We agree with Dr Harries that future large-scale antiretroviral treatment programmes in resource-poor settings would do well to emulate several aspects of the directly observed treatment short course (DOTS) strategy; specifically the consolidation of multilateral political support development of reliable diagnostic systems assured drug supply and infrastructure for comprehensive outcome assessment. We suggest caution however with respect to the role of daily witnessed dosing. Although this is only a single component of the DOTS strategy it has been promoted as a centrepiece of such programmes. Dr Harries acknowledges appropriate skepticism regarding the attributable impact of witnessed dosing on improving tuberculosis treatment outcomes. Others however have argued that witnessed dosing is an indispensable component of DOTS programmes. Witnessed dosing of HIV antiretroviral therapy is complicated by the need for lifelong treatment daily medication dosing and the consequent impact on individual rights in the setting of a highly stigmatizing disease. For these reasons we suggest that witnessed dosing is the most problematic element in the large-scale expansion of HIV treatment access in resource-poor settings based on the DOTS model. Otherwise we entirely agree with Dr Harries that HIV treatment programmes should be conceptualized as a broad package of support to the patient within the framework of a chronic care model similar to that of existing tuberculosis programmes. (excerpt)
A simple and accurate method for the measurement of the growth of cell monolayers

A procedure has been developed for the accurate, quick, and simple indexing of the growth of insect cell monolayers with a reticule in the eyepiece of an inverted phasecontrast microscope. A magnification of ×500 is desirable for accuracy and ease of counting. Cell nuclei whose circumferences include any of the 25 points in the reticule are enumerated in each microscopic field. Counts of as few as five fields gave an error of 18.8% per flask. Ten fields gave an error of 11.5% and provided a sufficiently accurate comparison for many purposes. Forty counts allowed the measurement of differences between treatments with an error of 5.85%. A large number of treatments can be handled simultaneously, due to the small number of replicates necessary and the small amount of time required per treatment. When the capacity of different batches of lactalbumin hydrolysate to support growth was tested in our insect tissue culture medium, some of them were found to be suitable and others unsuitable. Doubling time of cell populations was measured, after the ratio of the average area of the nuclei at time 0 to that at timeX was used to multiply the number of nuclei counted at timeX. Average nuclear areas were satisfactorily measured by simple measurements of nuclear diameter on an ocular micrometer. The cell nuclei tended to decrease in area when cell monolayers reached confluence or became crowded. The number of replicates required was reduced, because the same flask could be used several times without disturbing the cell monolayer. The method of counting nuclei in a monolayer by means of reticule points and a phase-contrast microscope can also be adapted to the estimation of the absolute number of cells growing on the bottom of a flask.
Influence of decoquinate fed to neonatal dairy calves on early and conventional weaning systems.

Abstract Forty-four Holstein calves were assigned randomly to treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of weaning age (4 or 7 wk) and coccidiostat (treatment or control). The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a coccidiostat, decoquinate, on health parameters and growth of neonatal dairy calves on early and conventional weaning systems. Calves weaned at 4 wk had greater intakes of grain in wk 5 to 7 than did calves weaned at 7 wk. Differences in intakes between weaning groups were not apparent from wk 8 to 24. Fecal coccidia oocyst counts were not affected by age at weaning but were affected by coccidiostat feeding at the rate of .5 mg/kg BW/d offered from 3 d of age and throughout the trial. No effects due to age at weaning or coccidiostat treatment were found in plasma glucose, urea N, and minerals (Ca, P, Na, Cl, K, Mg). Growth parameters were significantly increased in treated animals. Total BW was increased (wk 9 to 24) in treated over control calves (127.3 versus 118.5 kg). Height at withers was also increased in treated calves (95.0 vs. 92.8 cm). Coccidiosis treatment increased growth of dairy calves from 9 to 24 wk, but no interactions were found between coccidiosis treatment and age at weaning.
Performance of a photomultiplier at liquid-helium temperature

The performance of a Hamamatsu R7725-mod photomultiplier has been studied at liquid-helium temperature. When cooling from 300 to 8 K, the quantum efficiency decreases by about 10% and the gain by about 30%, afterpulses become less probable, but the dark rate increases, down to the lowest temperature measured. There is no indication against using a photomultiplier at liquid-helium temperature.
Pressure Dependence of the Carbon Dioxide/Cyclohexene Oxide Coupling Reaction Catalyzed by Chromium Salen Complexes. Optimization of the Comonomer-Alternating Enchainment Pathway

The rate of the copolymerization reaction of cyclohexene oxide and carbon dioxide in the presence of (salen)CrIIIN3 and various cocatalysts has been determined as a function of CO2 pressure. Carbon dioxide insertion into the (salen)Cr-alkoxide intermediates, afforded following epoxide ring-opening, was shown to be rate-limiting at pressures below 35 bar. Higher pressures of carbon dioxide resulted in catalyst/substrate dilution with a concomitant decrease in the rate of copolymer formation. On the other hand, cyclic carbonate formation was inhibited as the CO2 pressure was increased. The most active (salen)CrN3 catalyst (H2salen = N,N‘-bis(3-tert-butyl-5-methoxysalicylidene)-(1R,2R)-cyclohexenediimine), along with a [PPN][N3] cocatalyst, exhibited a TOF of 1153 mol epoxide consumed/mol chromium·h at 80 °C and a CO2 pressure of 34.5 bar.
Transformations of carbon in anoxic marine sediments: Implications from Δ14C and δ13C signatures

Organic-rich nearshore sediment was incubated in sealed vessels under sulfate-reducing conditions to investigate the mechanism of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) production in marine sediments. Concentrations and isotopic signatures (δ13C and Δ14C) of particulate organic carbon (POC), DOC, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) were monitored for 130 d. POC solubilization was largely counterbalanced by respiration, resulting in a net increase in DIC of > 35 mmol L−1. Net accumulation of DOC was relatively muted, yet significant, at ∼ 0.04 mmol L−1. All carbon pools exhibited distinct δ13C and Δ14C signatures prior to the incubation. Once the incubation began, these isotopic values varied with time, reflecting exchanges of isotopically distinct moieties across carbon pools. The 14C-enriched (modern) component of bulk POC was selectively solubilized into DOC, and the majority of this DOC was rapidly respired to DIC. However, net accumulation of DOC was accompanied by a drop in Δ14C, suggesting that during selective solubilization of the younger component of bulk POC, there was concomitant solubilization of pre-aged organic matter that subsequently accumulated as DOC. PIC was minor in terms of pool size, but likely played a critical role in determining the δ13C signature of pore-water DIC through isotope exchange.
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor increases MMP-2 activity in DU-145 prostate cells.

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a cytokine expressed by a number of different cell types and has been detected in prostatic glandular epithelial cells by immunohistochemistry. The goal of this study was to determine if in vitro cultured prostate cells produce this protein and some of the effects of MIF on these cells. Proliferation of normal prostate cells, the BPH-1 and DU-145 established cell lines in the presence of MIF were assessed. ELISA was used to screen conditioned medium for the production of MIF, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2). Zymogram electrophoresis gels determined the activities of secreted MMP-2. The amount of MIF in the conditioned medium detected after 72 h of growth in normal, BPH-1 and DU-145 cells was 2.9, 5.2 and 10.2 ng/ml/106cells respectively. Exogenous addition of MIF (25 ng/ml) to cells cultured in vitro stimulated proliferation of all the cell types tested. MIF addition to proliferating DU-145 cells resulted in a two-fold increase in the relative amount of active MMP-2 as determined by zymogram gel analysis of conditioned medium.
The coverage dependence of the pre-exponential factor for desorption

Abstract The pre-exponential factor for desorption υ 0 is seldom measured as other than low surface coverage θ and is typically assumed to be independent of θ. Variations in υ 0 with θ are critically important in describing surface equilibrium and rate processes and in testing theories of desorption. It has often been overlooked that the functional depedence of υ 0 on θ may be readily determined from thermodynamic data used to determine isosteric heats of adsorption if the sticking coefficient S (θ) is known. We present υ 0 (θ) values for approximately 45 adsorption species calculated from or reported in the literature for approximately adsorption systems. It is found that variations in υ 0 by factors of 10 6 are often observed. In approximately half of these examples υ 0 decreases by a factor of 10 3 or more and in the rest of the systems υ 0 is constant or decreases by less than 10 3 ; in very few cases does υ 0 increase significantly with coverage. Current theoretical models for υ 0 are briefly reviewed, and it is shown that none predicts such large coverage variations. However, analysis of low coverage models suggest that adsorbate-induced changes in the surface phonon spectrum may play a critical role.
Matching bereavement services to level of need.

The establishment of hospices in the U.S. has resulted in an increase in bereavement services available to clients experiencing loss. Many of these services, such as educational and peer support groups, are provided without screening or assessment of risk for complicated bereavement in the individuals who utilize them. While acceptance of uncomplicated bereavement is important, assessment for complicated bereavement is also important to ensure that appropriate services are offered to those at risk for problematic adjustment. This article reviews the literature on risk criteria for complicated bereavement and proposes a method both for assessing risk and matching service to level of need, based on these criteria.
Sleep in the burrowing owl (Speotyto cunicularia hypugaea).

Three distinct states of sleep and wakefulness were discriminated in burrowing owls (Speotyto cunicularia): (a) wakefulness, characterized by behavioral activity, a low voltage-high frequency electroencephalogram (EEG), and high tonic neck electromyogram (EMG); (b) slow-wave sleep, characterized by behavioral inactivity, high voltage-slow EEG activity, and a reduced tonic neck EMG; and (c) desynchronized sleep, characterized by a low voltage-high frequency EEG and neck EMG activity maintained at the same level as during prior slow-wave sleep. Phasic eye muscle activity never occurred during desynchronized sleep independently of eyelid movement. Sleep occupied 60% of the 24-hr period. Desynchronized sleep episodes had a mean duration of 11 sec, and constituted 5% of total sleep-time. The absence of EMG hypotonia of the neck and of phasic eye muscle activity, typical of other birds during desynchronized sleep, lends support to the hypothesis that the evolution of REM sleep might be linked with that of binocularly coordinated eye movement, since the eyes of the owl are immobile.
Predicting response to cognitive therapy of depression: The role of learned resourcefulness

Thirty-five moderately depressed outpatients were randomly assigned to 12 weeks of cognitive therapy (N = 19), or nortriptyline (N = 16). The patients were assessed on a number of measures before the initiation of treatment to explore the potential of pretreatment variables for predicting treatment response. Both groups of patients showed significant improvement by termination. Improvement did not differ as a function of the type of treatment received. However, an interaction between initial levels of learned resourcefulness, as measured by Rosenbaum's (1980a) Self Control Schedule (SCS), and type of treatment was found. Specifically, patients entering cognitive therapy with relatively high SCS scores did better than patients with low SCS scores. Patients in the pharmacotherapy group showed the opposite pattern: Patients with initially low scores on the SCS did better with medication than did the high scorers.
Does Interactionism Violate a Law of Classical Physics

The interactionist holds that a non-physical mind initiates behaviour by exerting a force which moves a particle in the brain. Leibniz, D. C. Dennett and James W. Cornman argue that (A) the motion resulting from such a force would change the total energy and/or the total linearmomentum of the brain, and that (B) if the resulting motion changed the total energy and/or the total linear-momentum of the brain, then either the conservation of energy law or the conservation of linear-momentum law would be violated.' C. D. Broad and Jerome A. Shaffer have defended interactionism against the charge that it violates the conservation of energy law by conceding (B) while arguing that (A), insofar as it applies to energy, need not be true.2 We show, however, that (B) is not true, so that whether (A) is true or false is irrelevant to interactionism. Interactionists and their opponents have thought that (B) is true because they have used statements of the laws of physics that are stronger than is necessary to develop physics and which are question-begging against interactionism. We begin with Cornman's attack on C. D. Broad's defence of interactionism.
A reduction in ECS-produced amnesia through cooling

Ninety-six rats were trained on a passive avoidance task and then given one of six treatments to determine how ECS affects retention when followed by hypothermia. Although ECS alone produced some degree of retention impairment, when followed by hypothermia, it had no effect on retention. These results were interpreted in terms of hypothermia-induced attenuation of sensory input following ECS and lend support to a memory-retrieval-failure interpretation of ECS-produced amnesia.
Neural correlates of flight loss in a mexican grasshopper, Barytettix psolus. I. Motor and sensory cells

The nervous systems of locusts (Schistocerca gregaria) and flightless grasshoppers (Barytet tix psolus) are compared to evaluate modifications to neurons which are associated with flight loss. Locusts are well known for their powerful flight capability. Barytettix never fly. They lack hindwings, have immobile vestiges of forewings, and are devoid of skeletal specializations for wing movement. Their pterothoracic musculature is similar to that of locusts, except for the absence of those muscles that, in locusts, have the primary function of moving the wings. Individually identified leg motorneurons, the extensors of the tibia, were compared between locusts and Barytettix and were found to have very similar morphologies. Nerve roots which correspond to those supplying wing muscles of locusts were stained by cobalt backfilling in Barytettix to test for presence of counterparts to wing muscle motorneurons. Cobalt backfills of metathoracic nerve 1 reveal the presence in Barytet tix of neurons corresponding to locust dorsal longitudinal motorneurons--neurons which persist in adult Barytettix in the complete absence of peripheral targets. These cells occupy characteristic positions within the CNS but their soma sizes are greatly reduced by comparison to their locust counterparts. Locust metathoracic ganglia bear large flight motorneurons on their ventral anterolateral margin. Viewed in toluidine blue-stained wholemounts, Barytettix ganglia show considerably smaller neuron somata in the corresponding region. In locusts, comparisons of the fast extensor tibiae (FETi) motorneuron soma profile areas with those of the largest anterior cell showed no significant difference between the two, while in Barytettix, the largest anterior cell is 51% smaller than the FETi. A counterpart to the locust wing hinge stretch receptor (SR) was revealed by backfilling metathoracic nerve 1 in Barytettix. Despite its lack of function as a wing movement detector, the central projection of Barytettix SR differs from its locust counterpart only in reduced spread of specific central branches.
Stop word and related problems in web interface integration

The goal of recent research projects on integrating Web databases has been to enable uniform access to the large amount of data behind query interfaces. Among the tasks addressed are: source discovery, query interface extraction, schema matching, etc. There are also a number of tasks that are commonly ignored or assumed to be apriori solved either manually or by some oracle. These tasks include (1) finding the set of stop words and (2) handling occurrences of "semantic enrichment words" within labels. These two subproblems have a direct impact on determining the synonymy and hyponymy relationships between labels. In (1), a word like "from" is a stop word in general but it is a content word in domains such as Airline and Real Estate. We formulate the stop word problem, prove its complexity and provide an approximation algorithm. In (2), we study the impact of words like AND and OR on establishing semantic relationships between labels (e.g. "departure date and time" is a hypernym of "departure date"). In addition, we develop a theoretical framework to differentiate synonymy relationship from hyponymy relationship among labels involving multiple words. We scrutinize its strength and limitations both analytically and experimentally. We use real data from the Web in our experiments. We analyze over 2300 labels of 220 user interfaces in 9 distinct domains.
Three remarks on the interpretation of Kant on incongruent counterparts

In recent times, a number of authors have systematically criticized Kant's 1768 ‘proof’ of the reality of absolute space. Peter Remnant may have been the first do to so, but many others have since joined him, either challenging the argument itself or showing how relationist conceptions of space can account for incongruent counterparts just as well as absolutist conceptions. In fact, Kant himself abandoned his main conclusion soon after publication, favouring instead the doctrine of transcendental idealism. I do not see how the 1768 proof can be saved, nor will I defend it here. However, in dismissing it some critics seem to have gone too far, and either failed to fully acknowledge Kant's contribution, or attributed to him thoughts he is unlikely to have had. Kant's treatment of incongruent counterparts in his Dissertation of 1770 has also met strong opposition. In particular, his claim that the difference between a pair of incongruent counterparts cannot be apprehended by means of concepts alone has been taken to be a mathematical falsehood. Indeed, incongruent counterparts have been shown to be mathematically distinguishable, with no intuitions needed for that purpose.
Terahertz quantum cascade laser based optical coherence tomography

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA/ Kennedy Space Center, contract NNX11CC66C)
The effect of the extended (3-year) anesthesia curriculum on anesthesia subspecialty education

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of lengthening the anesthesia residency by the American Board of Anesthesiology on the education of anesthesia subspecialists. A survey of anesthesia residency programs was conducted from 1987 to 1991. The most frequent subspecialty practice in the clinical anesthesia (CA) 3 year is cardiovascular anesthesia. However, the percentage of CA3 residents spending extended time (z6 months) in subspecialty education has significantly decreased. For example, the percentage of CA3 residents spending 12 months in subspecialty education has decreased 83%. There appears to be a slight increase in the number of CA4 or PGY5 residents (fellows) electing subspecialty practice. It is concluded that the 3-year curriculum has produced a negative impact on the education of anesthesia subspecialists.
PGD patients' and providers' attitudes to the use and regulation of preimplantation genetic diagnosis

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) providers and patients have a vested interest in policy related to the use and regulation of PGD. To understand their experiences and attitudes, 32 in-depth interviews were conducted. Participants included 13 people at risk of transmitting a single-gene alteration to their children (10/13 had actually used PGD to try to have an unaffected child) and 19 PGD service providers (four nurses, five genetic counsellors, two reproductive endocrinologists, two geneticists, two physician-geneticists, two embryologists, and two laboratory directors). Virtually all participants supported the use of PGD to avoid severe, life-threatening genetic illness or to select embryos that are a tissue match for a sick sibling, but their attitudes varied significantly over the appropriateness of using PGD to avoid adult-onset genetic disease, to select for sex, or to select for other non-medical characteristics. There was disagreement within the PGD provider community about whether or not PGD is experimental. Participants were more concerned about overzealous government regulation of PGD creating barriers to access than potential abuses of the technology, and expected the PGD provider community to take the lead in ensuring that PGD is used for ethically appropriate purposes.
Edge-based compartmental modelling for infectious disease spread

The primary tool for predicting infectious disease spread and intervention effectiveness is the mass action susceptible-infected-recovered model of Kermack & McKendrick. Its usefulness derives largely from its conceptual and mathematical simplicity; however, it incorrectly assumes that all individuals have the same contact rate and partnerships are fleeting. In this study, we introduce edge-based compartmental modelling, a technique eliminating these assumptions. We derive simple ordinary differential equation models capturing social heterogeneity (heterogeneous contact rates) while explicitly considering the impact of partnership duration. We introduce a graphical interpretation allowing for easy derivation and communication of the model and focus on applying the technique under different assumptions about how contact rates are distributed and how long partnerships last.
Affective Characteristics: Their Conceptual Definitions

During the 1960s the cognitive domain continued to receive much attention as proponents and critics argued the merits and evils of behavioral objectives, often utilizing the framework for the cognitive domain suggested in the Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Handbook I (Bloom, 1956). In 1964 the Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Handbook II: The Affective Domain (Krathwohl et al., 1964) was published but received little attention in light of the debate over behavior objectives and the apparent national consensus that the primary aims of schooling were in the cognitive domain. In his article “Assessing Educational Achievement in the Affective Domain,” Tyler (1973) discussed the growing awareness in the late 1960s and early 1970s of the need for schools to attend to the affective domain when developing their learning goals and objectives.
Current-driven dust ion-acoustic instability in a collisional dusty plasma

A fluid analysis of the excitation of dust ion-acoustic (DIA) waves in a collisional dusty plasma is presented. The DIA waves are excited by a relative drift of the electrons and ions produced by a steady-state electric field applied to the plasma. The DIA instability is more easily excited if the relative concentration of negatively charged dust is increased.
Effects of moral cognitions and consumer emotions on shoplifting intentions

Empirical results verify the notion that emotions are important in explaining the aberrant consumer act of shoplifting. Age appears to moderate the relative effect of beliefs and emotions in a shoplifting scenario. Although adult consumers' moral beliefs provide more explanatory power in their shoplifting decision calculus, emotions are more important in explaining adolescent shoplifting behavior. Specifically, adults' behavioral intentions to shoplift are affected by their moral beliefs, with attitude toward the act of shoplifting serving as a partial mediator of these effects. College-aged respondents are largely influenced by beliefs concerning the moral equity of shoplifting. In contrast, both beliefs and emotions influence adolescents significantly, with emotions, specifically fear and power, having a greater impact. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Surgical follow-up costs disproportionately impact low-income patients

Abstract Background Surgical procedures have significant costs at the national level, but the financial burden on patients is equally important. Patients' out-of-pocket costs for surgery and surgical care include not only direct medical costs but also the indirect cost of lost wages and direct nonmedical costs including transportation and childcare. We hypothesized that the nonmedical costs of routine postoperative clinic visits disproportionately impact low-income patients. Materials and methods This was a cross-sectional study performed in the postoperative acute care surgery clinic at a large, urban county hospital. A survey containing items about social, demographic, and financial data was collected from ambulatory patients. Nonmedical costs were calculated as the sum of transportation, childcare, and lost wages. Costs and cost to income ratios were compared between income strata. Results Ninety-seven patients responded to the survey of which 59 reported all items needed for cost calculations. The median calculated cost of a clinic visit was $27 (interquartile range $18–59). Components of this cost were $16 ($14–$20) for travel, $22 ($17–$50) for childcare among patients requiring childcare, and $0 ($0–$30) in lost wages. Low-income patients had significantly higher ( P = 0.0001) calculated cost to income ratios, spending nearly 10% of their monthly income on these costs. Conclusions The financial burden of routine postoperative clinic visits is significant. Consistent with our hypothesis, the lowest income patients are disproportionately impacted, spending nearly 10% of their monthly income on costs associated with the clinic visit. Future cost-containment efforts should examine alternative, lower cost methods of follow-up, which reduce financial burden.
Sex differences in jealousy: evolutionary mechanism or artifact of measurement?

Two studies are presented that challenge the evidentiary basis for the existence of evolved sex differences in jealousy. In opposition to the evolutionary view, Study 1 demonstrated that a sex difference in jealousy resulting from sexual versus emotional infidelity is observed only when judgments are recorded using a forced-choice response format. On all other measures, no sex differences were found; both men and women reported greater jealousy in response to sexual infidelity. A second study revealed that the sex difference on the forced-choice measure disappeared under conditions of cognitive constraint. These findings suggest that the sex difference used to support the evolutionary view of jealousy (e.g., D. M. Buss, R. Larsen, D. Westen, & J. Semmelroth, 1992; D. M. Buss et al., 1999) likely represents a measurement artifact resulting from a format-induced effortful decision strategy and not an automatic, sex-specific response shaped by evolution. “Men are from Mars, women are from Venus”—so goes one of the more popular views of the behavior of the sexes with respect to the formation, maintenance, and termination of romantic relationships (Gray, 1992; Walters, 1997). A quick perusal of the selections provided by afternoon television talk shows and the annals of magazines promising to better one’s love life reinforces the prevailing view that some differences between male and female approaches to romantic involvement are fundamental and, in many cases, biologically rooted. It is a view that has been bolstered by scientific research as well (Berscheid & Reis, 1998; Buss & Kenrick, 1998). Although it is not the purpose of this article to affirm or deny this general assumption, we do intend to focus on the validity of one specific sex difference that has enjoyed wide popularity in both the scientific and popular presses as an example of an evolutionary adaptation: differential jealousy in response to distinct types of infidelity threats. In so doing, we call into question a phenomenon that has provoked one of the more vigorous debates surrounding the role, if any, played by evolved psychological mechanisms in human mating strategies.