cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A method for the detection of individual nitrate particles

Abstract A method of detection, quantitative for pure nitrate aerosols and applicable to individual submicrometer and micrometer size atmospheric nitrate particles, has been developed. It is based on the reaction of the nitrate ion with nitron and can be applied to soluble nitrates. Nitrites, sulfates, chlorides, iodides and carbonates can be distinguished from nitrates. The size of the reaction spot depends on the size of the particle, the thickness of the nitron film and the relative humidity at which the reaction takes place. By fixing the values of the last two parameters, a single correlation can be established between the reaction spot and the particle diameter. For pure nitrate particles of 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 μm dia. the ratio of the reaction spot to the particle diameter was 2.5, 3.3 and 3.8, respectively. By knowing this ratio one can obtain the size distribution of the nitrate panicles in the sample. The method permits a distinction to be made between sodium titrate and ammonium nitrate particles. The method requires sampling time in the order of minutes for clean air to seconds for very polluted areas. Examples of the application of the method to atmospheric aerosol from power plants, urban and rural areas show that nitrates are predominantly found in aerosols of diameters 1 μm.
ENDOSALPINGIOSIS OF BLADDER

Mullerianosis refers to lesions of mullerian origin, includ- ing endometriosis, endocervicosis and endosalpingiosis.1 These lesions have been found in isolation but are more commonly found in association with one another. They are found beyond their tissue of origin and are well documented in the bladder2 and ureter.3 Histologically, nondescript glands lined with tubal type epithelium characterize the lesion of endosalpingiosis. To date only 5 cases of endosalpin- giosis of the bladder have been reported, which were uni- formly found in association with other forms of mulleriano- sis.2, 3 It is noteworthy that the affected population is typically premenopausal. To our knowledge we report the first case of pure endosalpingiosis confined to the bladder in a postmenopausal woman. CASE REPORT A 67-year-old white woman presented with a 2-year history of noncyclical suprapubic pain. No history of symptomatic urinary tract or genital infection, trauma or lithiasis was elicited. Medical and surgical histories were significant for hypertension, 3 cesarian sections and total abdominal hys- terectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for ovarian cysts. The patient had not received hormone replacement therapy. Physical examination revealed suprapubic tenderness and no palpable mass on bimanual examination. Hematuria was present on urinalysis, and urine cytology showed reactive urothelial cells. Computerized tomography of the abdomen and pelvis demonstrated normal appearing upper and lower urinary tracts. Cystoscopy reveale da2t o 3c m.lesion with a thin epithelial covering at the dome of the bladder. The lesion was completely resected and submitted in its entirety for pathological evaluation. Histologically, the mass consisted of thickened bladder mucosa punctuated by nondescript glands with tubal type epithelium. This appearance is diagnostic of endosalpingiosis. No evidence of endocervicosis or endome- triosis was identified (figs. 1 and 2). The patient was followed with repeat cystoscopy 4 months and 9 months postoperatively, with no evidence of suspicious lesions. Following the procedure, she has been treated for 2 urinary tract infections. She still complains of periodic su- prapubic pain. However, the last cystoscopy, which was per- formed 26 months postoperatively, showed no regrowth of suspicious tissue. DISCUSSION
A direct method for the evaluation of the resonance line shape functions

Abstract The determination of the line shape functions ψ and X describing the Doppler broadening of neutron cross sections often requires lengthy numerical calculations. A direct method for calculating ψ and % presented here is significantly faster for computer applications than procedures currently in use. The functions may be used in the usual prescriptions, or in a more accurate one based on the reaction rate.
New challenges in optical materials development

The recent emergence of high performance semiconductor laser diodes and diode arrays emitting at wavelengths between 630 and 2300 nm has enabled the demonstration of several novel diode-pumped solid state laser materials. Narrowly, laser diode arrays may be viewed as simple replacements for conventional flash or arc lamp pumps in solid state lasers. The examples discussed in this paper illustrate that laser diode array pumps are considerably more versatile, enabling novel high performance lasers that are technically not feasible using conventional flashlamps. Additionally, several relatively new nonlinear optical materials, possessing high nonlinearities and excellent phase-matching properties, offer good prospects for the development of efficient, compact, wavelength-diverse all-solid-state laser sources.
Heterogeneous integration of visible AlGaInP and infrared AlInGaAs lasers with GaN-based light sources

Arrays of integrated red, infrared and blue light emitters fabricated using wafer fusion of GaAs-based laser structures to GaN-based light-emitting diode (LED) heterostructures are demonstrated. Successful operation of red and infrared lasers fused to functioning GaN LEDs has been achieved. Infrared, AlGaInAs QW lasers (4 × 500 µm) operating with a threshold current (Ith) of 40 mA and external differential quantum efficiency (ηd) of 11.5%/facet at ~821 nm are shown. Red, GaInP QW lasers (4 × 500 µm) operating with an Ith of 118 mA and ηd of 18.7%/facet at ~660 nm are also shown. The adjacent InGaN/GaN LED emits at 446 nm.
Arytenoid adduction with medialization laryngoplasty versus injection or medialization laryngoplasty: the role of the arytenoidopexy.

Objectives/Hypothesis: There continues to be controversy about the added role of arytenoid adduction (AA) in the rehabilitation of unilateral vocal cord paralysis (UVCP). Some authors feel that the added morbidity of AA is not warranted in UVCP rehabilitation. Objective analysis of acoustic and aerodynamic measures were performed before and after surgery to try to resolve this controversy. Methods: This is an institutional review board-approved retrospective study of 85 patients with UVCP undergoing surgical rehabilitation by injection laryngoplasty (n = 45), medialization laryngoplasty (n = 14), or medialization laryngoplasty with arytenoid adduction (n = 26). Acoustic and aerodynamic parameters were studied before and after surgery. The medialization laryngoplasty (ML) group (medialization alone, injection laryngoplasty ML/IL) data were compared to the AA-ML group using a paired t test for the individual measures and analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the multivariate analysis of acoustic and aerodynamic measures. Results: In all treatment arms there were statistically significant improvements in all acoustic and aerodynamic measures after intervention (P <.05). For ML and IL, the mean difference between preoperative from postoperative jitter was 1.504%, shimmer 3.265%, noise to harmonic ratio (NHR) 0.036, mean phonation time 4.523 seconds, transglottic flow 0.130 L/s, and subglottic pressure 0.616 cm H20. For AA-ML the mean difference between preoperative and postoperative jitter was 2.431%, shimmer 6.068%, NHR 0.082, mean phonation time 6.74 seconds, flow 0.181 L/s, and subglottic pressure 0.611 cm H2. Preoperatively, the average phonatory function of the AA-ML group was worse than the ML group. Comparison between the two treatment arms, individual acoustic and aerodynamic measures, were not different (paired t test, P <.05). However, mulitvariate analysis (ANOVA, P < .05) of acoustic and aerodynamic measures, showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups. The degree of change was significantly better in the AA-ML group. Conclusions: AA-ML and IL/ML improve phonatory function, but not to normal. We were unable to demonstrate a statistical difference between groups using a single measure, but using mutlivariate analysis, there is a statistical significance between the groups. AA-ML patients had worse preoperative function and had better postoperative function. When clinically indicated, AA-ML procedure does appear to correct the physiology of the incompetent larynx better than ML alone.
R Curves and Crack‐Stability Map: Application to Ce‐TZP/Al2O3

The concept of a crack-stability map is developed by considering the interaction between the crack-driving force and the rising crack-growth resistance of a toughened ceramic. The map plots normalized transition crack length as function of the ratio of the crack-initiation fracture toughness and the plateau toughness to delineate regimes of stable and unstable crack growth. The plot is used to analyze R curves and fracture stresses of a transformation-toughened Ce-TZP/Al2O3. It is shown that the fracture stress and the small scatter measured for this ceramic are consistent with its R-curve behavior, which enables stable growth of surface cracks from flaws (pores and second-phase particles), leading to a flaw-insensitive ceramic.
Harmonic generation by a classical hydrogen atom in the presence of an intense radiation field.

We present the results of a calculation of high-order harmonic generation by a classical hydrogen atom, submitted to an intense, single-mode, radiation field. The spectra showing these harmonics associated with different kinds of trajectories as well as with an ensemble average of trajectories are discussed.
Gendered Transition: Post-Soviet Trends in Gender Wage Inequality among Young Full-Time Workers

How does post-socialist transition to market economy change gender wage inequality? What processes are driving this change? This study undertakes to answer these questions by using longitudinal data on full-time workers in their early careers in four regions of the former Soviet Union. The main analytic tool is linear regression decomposition, with the change in within-region wage percentile as the dependent variable in the regression. During 4-5 years in the mid-1990s, men were significantly more likely than women to move up the wage hierarchy in Estonia and Latvia. The opposite development took place in the Sverdlovsk region in Russia and, to a lesser extent, in the Kharkiv region in Ukraine. Whether gender pay gap increased or declined, the wage mobility of gender-segregated occupations and sectors was a major contributor to the changes in gender wage stratification. At the same time, the labour force reshuffle during market transition disproportionately channelled one or the other gender group into occupations and sectors with lower earnings. The differential effect of family factors on the earnings of men and women does not explain any part of the gender gap in wage mobility. The impact of the gender difference in pay aspirations is likewise trivial.
HLA-AB antigens and islet cell antibodies, (ICA) in insulin dependent diabetics (IDD) of Greek origin

HLA-AB antigens,ICA and other autoantibodies were looked for in 110 IDD and in 100 controls (C).The following were found: The frequency of HLA-B8 antigen was higher in IDD than in C (32% versus 9.5%).The frequency of HLA-A1,-B15,-B7, and -B18 was comparable in the two groups.ICA was found in 62% of cases with disease duration (DD) of less than 1 month,42% with DD of up to 1 year and 18% with DD of 1 to 5 years. There was a slightly higher frequency of other autoantibodies (PCA,ANA) in IDD than in C. No positive correlation was found between HLA-B8 antigen and the presence of ICA. The data on ICA and HLA B8 are analogous to those in other caucasian populations.However the different frequency found in certain of the HLA antigens confirms the existence of HLA heterogeneity in IDD groups.
Three-dimensional studies of acellular glomerular basement membranes in dense-deposit disease.

After digestion removed the cells from glomeruli of frozen kidney tissue, we employed scanning electron microscopy to examine the acellular glomerular basement membranes (AGBM) from normal kidneys and from kidneys of patients with dense-deposit disease (DDD). The AGBM showed previously unrecognized three-dimensional patterns of pathologic changes. When compared to normal controls, the AGBM in DDD appeared “rigid” and thickened. Other pathologic features included coarsely granular or undulating epimembranous surfaces punctuated by single or clustered crater-like deformities. Although epimembranous crater-like deformities have been observed in other glomerulopathies, the combination of “rigid” -appearing AGBM punctuated by crater-like deformities is thus far unique to DDD.
Molecular dynamics simulation of lysozyme adsorption/desorption on hydrophobic surfaces.

In this work, we present a series of fully atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study lysozyme’s orientation-dependent adsorption on polyethylene (PE) surface in explicit water. The simulations show that depending on the orientation of the initial approach to the surface the protein may adsorb or bounce from the surface. The protein may completely leave the surface or reorient and approach the surface resulting in adsorption. The success of the trajectory to adsorb on the surface is the result of different competing interactions, including protein–surface interactions and the hydration of the protein and the hydrophobic PE surface. The difference in the hydration of various protein sites affects the protein’s orientation-dependent behavior. Side-on orientation is most likely to result in adsorption as the protein–surface exhibits the strongest attraction. However, adsorption can also happen when lysozyme’s longest axis is tilted on the surface if the protein–surface interaction is large enough...
Bispectral-Based Tests for the Detection of Gaussianity and Linearity in Time Series

Abstract Statistical techniques have been developed that use estimated bispectrum values to test whether a sample of a time series is consistent with the hypothesis that the observations are generated by a linear process. The magnitude of the test statistics indicates the amount of divergence between the observations and the linear model hypothesis. It is important to investigate such a divergence, since the usual linear model coefficients can be shown to be biased in the face of nonlinear time series structure. The tests presented here can thus be considered diagnostic as well as confirmatory. These tests are applied to a variety of real series previously modeled with linear models. The results indicate nonlinear models may yield better results, because many of the series analyzed appear to have considerable nonlinear lagged interactions.
QUANTUM MECHANICS IN ONE BAND OF A SOLID

Abstract The Bravais lattice operator and the quasimomentum are shown to form a complete set of conjugate operators in one band of a solid.
Reducing the Impact of Stereotypical Knowledge During Reading

Four experiments were designed to assess the presence and impact of stereotypical knowledge through an implicit measure of reading comprehension. In Experiments 1 and 3, participants read passages about protagonists in scenarios in which stereotypical knowledge was likely to become activated in memory. Following the descriptions, reading times for target sentences were slowed when they were inconsistent with stereotypical knowledge. In Experiments 2 and 4, a qualification sentence that served to explain why the protagonist would behave in a stereotypically inconsistent manner was added. With this additional information, the slowdown demonstrated in Experiments 1 and 3 for stereotypically inconsistent target sentences was eliminated. Prior research has shown it is very difficult to override activated stereotypical knowledge. The present results are important because this is the first demonstration that an appropriate qualification can at least eliminate any disruption in reading caused by stereotypical kno...
Stress Fractures in Athletes

Stress fractures that occur in the young active population typically represent an overuse injury, and may lead to prolonged periods of restriction from play if they are not treated appropriately. Several risk factors have been identified and must be addressed when treating these patients. Low-risk stress fractures can be successfully treated with activity restriction and a stepwise return to sport. Several pharmacologic and nonoperative treatment modalities have been described. However, high-risk stress fractures are more difficult to treat because they may have an increased rate of delay and nonunion, and often require surgical stabilization. When treating an athlete with a stress fracture, the objective is a safe and quick return to sport; therefore, special considerations must be made in this population, particularly when dealing with the in-season athlete.
Vascular diversion in chemotherapy of brain tumors

Of the patients with malignant gliomas treated by arterial infusion of chemotherapeutic agents at one institution, tumor extension beyond the territory supplied by a single internal carotid artery was documented at operation or by computed tomography or angiography in 55%. In 47% of the patients, a surgical procedure was performed to modify the cerebral circulation so that the entire lesion could be treated by infusing a single internal carotid artery. This report examines the anatomical and radiological background for these procedures, and the surgical options, techniques, and complications in this series of patients.
Thermal injury of the colon due to colostomy irrigation

A case of thermal burn and stricture of the colon following colostomy irrigation with hot water is described. The initial radiographic features on barium enema simulated nonspecific segmental colitis. Colonic stricture and enterolith formation developed subsequently. This case emphasizes that care should be taken in preparing irrigating and barium enema solutions.
Inferences Concerning the ATPase Properties of DnaK and Other HSP70s Are Affected by the ADP Kinase Activity of Copurifying Nucleoside-diphosphate Kinase

Preparations of Escherichia coli DnaK from our lab as well as preparations of DnaK and other HSP70 proteins from several major labs in the field produce a stoichiometric initial burst of [α-32P]ADP when incubated with [α-32P]ATP and contain an ADP kinase activity. We determined that the initial burst activity results from the transfer of γ-phosphate from the radiolabeled substrate [α-32P]ATP to unlabeled ADP bound by the DnaK and is the same activity that results in ADP phosphorylation. The purification of DnaK from E. coli cells that carry a disruptedndk gene, ndk::km, results in preparations with greatly reduced ADP kinase activities compared with preparations of DnaK purified from ndk + cells. The reduction in the amount of ADP kinase activity in preparations of DnaK purified from ndk::km cells shows that nucleoside-diphosphate kinase (NDP kinase) is responsible for most of the ADP kinase activity present in DnaK preparations isolated fromndk + cells. The remaining ADP kinase activity in preparations from ndk::km cells, which varies between preparations, is also a property of NDP kinase, which is most likely expressed because of a low frequency reversion of the disruptedndk gene. A weak, but measurable physical interaction exists between DnaK and NDP kinase and may be at least partially responsible for the co-purification of NDP kinase with DnaK. The presence of contaminating NDP kinase can explain the range ofk cat values reported for the ATPase activity of DnaK as well as recent reports of initial burst kinetics by DnaK (Banecki, B., and Zylicz, M. (1996) J. Biol. Chem.271, 6137–6143) and an ADP-ATP exchange activity of DnaK (Hiromura, M., Yano, M., Mori, H., Inoue, M., and Kido, H. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 5435–5438).
Activation of raphe efferents to the medial prefrontal cortex by corticotropin-releasing factor: correlation with anxiety-like behavior.

Background Parallel lines of research suggest that dysfunction affecting both corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and serotonin (5-HT) systems is involved in the pathophysiology of psychiatric illnesses such as anxiety and depression. The effect of CRF on behavior and on the accompanying change in activity of 5-HT neurons in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei (DR and MR) that project to the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), a brain area implicated in mood and anxiety disorders, was studied. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats with intra-mPFC deposits of fluorescent microspheres received injections of CRF (1 μg, intracerebroventricular [ICV]) and were tested for CRF-enhanced startle, a behavioral assay believed to reflect stress- or anxiety-like states. C-Fos immunohistochemistry was used to measure CRF-induced activity in retrogradely labeled neurons in the DR and MR and correlate this level of activity with the level of CRF-enhanced startle. Results The CRF-enhanced startle was accompanied by an increased c-Fos expression in retrogradely labeled cells in the raphe. In the DR and MR, there was a clear topography of activation, with a higher-percent activation in retrogradely labeled neurons in caudal sections. In the caudal DR, this effect was positively correlated with the level of CRF-enhanced startle. Co-expression of retrogradely labeled cells with tryptophan hydroxylase showed that the majority (> 90%) of raphe efferents to the mPFC were from serotonergic neurons. Conclusions These data indicate that CRF activates a subpopulation of cortical-projecting 5-HT raphe neurons and suggest that increased 5-HT release in the mPFC might be an important component driving some types of anxiety-like behaviors.
Effect of neuromodulation on performance in game playing: A modeling study

Neuromodulators can have a strong effect on how organisms learn and compete for resources. Neuromodulators, such as dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT), are known to be important in predicting rewards, costs, and punishments. To better understand the effect of neuromodulation on decision-making, a computational model of the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems was constructed and tested in games of conflict. This neural model was based on the assumptions that dopaminergic activity increases as expected reward increases, and serotonergic activity increases as the expected cost of an action increases. Specifically, the neural model guided the learning of an agent that played a series of Hawk-Dove games against an opponent. The model responded appropriately to changes in environmental conditions or to changes in its opponent's strategy. The neural agent became Dove-like in its behavior when its dopaminergic system was compromised, and became Hawk-like in its behavior when its serotonergic system was compromised. Our model suggests how neuromodulatory systems can shape decision-making and adaptive learning in competitive situations.
Hyperfine fields at Pb in Fe, Co and Ni lattices and the g-factor of the first 5− state in 208Pb

Abstract The integral-reverse-field method of the perturbed angular correlation technique has been used to determine the hyperfine magnetic fields acting at Pb nuclei embedded in iron, cobalt and nickel lattices. The measurements have been performed involving the 1064-570 keV γ-γ cascade in 207Pb. The results when compared with measurements in an external magnetic field give for the hyperfine fields at Pb in Fe, Co and Ni + 660 ± 45, + 430 ± 32 and + 115 ± 15 kG respectively. Making use of the hyperfine fields at Pb we also measured the ratio g(5−)/g(3−) between the g-factors of the second and first excited states in 208Pb to be + 0.036 ± 0.006. This ratio, and the known g-factor of the 3− state yield g(5−) = + 0.021 ± 0.007. Finally we discuss our results for the hyperfine magnetic fields on 208Pb using sources of 228Th diffused into Fe, Co and Ni lattices.
Pattern entropy - revisited

A pattern of a sequence is a sequence of integer indices with each index describing the order of first occurrence of the respective symbol in the original sequence. Several recent works studied entropy and entropy rate of patterns. Specifically, in a recent paper, tight general bounds on the block entropy of patterns of sequences generated by independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) sources were derived. In this paper, precise approximations are given to the pattern block entropies for patterns of sequences generated by i.i.d. uniform and monotonic distributions, including distributions over the integers, and the geometric distribution. Numerical non-asymptotic bounds on the pattern block entropies of these distributions are provided even for very short blocks, and even for distributions that have infinite i.i.d. entropy rates. Conditional index entropy is also studied for distributions over smaller alphabets.
Control of high performance induction motors: theory and practice

Abstract In this paper, we analyze new trends in nonlinear analysis and control of induction motors. In particular, nonlinear mathematical models in machine variables as well as in an arbitrary reference frame are found in Cauchy’s form, and the motion control problem is studied for induction motors from closed-loop perspectives. Voltage–frequency and vector control concepts are examined, novel bounded controllers are designed, and advantages and drawbacks are discussed. The conventional constant volts per hertz principle, known as V / f control, is widely used, and torque–speed characteristics can be shaped by controlling the magnitude of phase voltages and the frequency. However, voltage–frequency control has been mainly studied from open-loop perspectives. In this paper, an innovative control law is synthesized to attain the constant and variable voltage–frequency operations from closed-loop perspectives, and beneficial advantages of the control algorithm designed have been utilized and thoroughly examined. An innovative procedure is reported to design controllers to attain the vector control of induction motors. To validate the results, controllers are designed and tested. Numerical and experimental studies have been performed and documented.
A question of culture

The demonstration, by Rutkowski et al. (page 80), that human Schwann cells can now be expanded to around 1 × 108 cells, provides a new opportunity for the study and therapy of myelin disorders.
Extensive Vasculogenesis, Angiogenesis, and Organogenesis Precede Lethality in Mice Lacking All αv Integrins

alphav integrins have been implicated in many developmental processes and are therapeutic targets for inhibition of angiogenesis and osteoporosis. Surprisingly, ablation of the gene for the alphav integrin subunit, eliminating all five alphav integrins, although causing lethality, allows considerable development and organogenesis including, most notably, extensive vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Eighty percent of embryos die in mid-gestation, probably because of placental defects, but all embryos develop normally to E9.5, and 20% are born alive. These liveborn alphav-null mice consistently exhibit intracerebral and intestinal hemorrhages and cleft palates. These results necessitate reevaluation of the primacy of alphav integrins in many functions including vascular development, despite reports that blockade of these integrins with antibodies or peptides prevents angiogenesis.
Near-Threshold Structure in the Atomic K-Shell Spectra for Ionisation by Photons or Fast Charged Particles

The differential optical oscillator strength df/de for ionization, which results in an ejected electron of kinetic energy e, is proportional to the photoionization cross section.1 It has been known for some time2–4 that df/de does not necessarily decrease monotonically with e from the threshold for outer atomic subshells. This is also true for the generalized oscillator strength df(K,e)/de for ionization at momentum transfer ℏK, when K is small. The quantity df(K,e)/de is the essential factor in the Born cross section for secondary-electron ejection by charged particles,5 and it tends to df/de in the optical limit K → 0. The non-monotonic e-dependence, or structure in the spectral strength, is related primarily to angular momentum barriers to the escape of electrons near the threshold.1,6 These barriers are known to be especially important for continuum waves with angular momentum l ≥ 2 near the outer edge of the atom. Thus, it has been thought that the K-shell ionization should be unaffected by the barrier effect because the K-electron wave functions are quite compact and because the final state is limited to p waves only, by the dipole selection rule.
Integrating nonradiology DICOM images into the electronic medical record at the Department of Veterans Affairs

The US Department of Veterans Affairs VistA hospital information system (HIS) provides a complete infrastructure to support multimedia objects as part of its electronic medical record. Acquisition, exportation, storage, long-term archiving, retrieval, display, and clinical database integration capabilities are provided for DICOM objects. We have extended HIS support of DICOM to include endoscopy and ophthalmology. Both radiology and non-radiology studies have the same need for patient and study information to properly identify images, and can use the same DICOM services, but there are some major differences.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Kinase inhibitors: vice becomes virtue.

In this issue of Cancer Cell , Fan and coworkers describe a novel inhibitor of PI3 kinase (PI3K) that potently interferes with the growth of glioma cells. They show that the efficacy of this inhibitor results from dual, synergistic activity against the p110α subunit of PI3K and against TOR. Although p110α and TOR belong to the same signaling pathway, they both must be inactivated because of the need to silence the regulatory feedback loop that remains unaffected by monospecific inhibitors. The new PI3K inhibitor achieves the effects of combination therapy as a single agent by fortuitously hitting two critical targets.
Approach to endoscopic diagnosis of acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage

Endoscopy can be used to identify the exact cause and iste of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in over 95% of cases. Findings at urgent endoscopy can contribute to precise prediction of rebleeding, guide triage of patients, and in most cases lead to definitive endoscopic therapy or direct surgical management. Making an accurate diagnosis during urgent endoscopy can be challenging; analogous to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), where cannulation of the desired duct is the major initial hurdle to performing therapy, in gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, the prerequisite to endoscopic hemostasis is clear identification and access to the bleeding site. Thorough knowledge of the differential diagnosis and natural history of various causes of acute upper GI bleeding is essential. Emergency endoscopy in the acute GI bleeder can be technically difficult and risky to the patient and can require close coordination with intensive care physicians and nurses. Cardiopulmonary complications causing severe morbidity, such as aspiration of blood, usually can be avoided by careful attention to details of resuscitation and medical management, before, during, and after endoscopy.
Cross-peptide bond 13C15N coupling constants by 13C and J cross-polarization 15N NMR

Comparative 13C--15N coupling constants are reported for the linear dipeptide tBoc-L-[U-13C]Ala-[15N]GlyOMe and the corresponding cyclic diketopiperazine, both in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and, upon removal of the tBoc group, in water solutions. Spectra were obtained by 13C NMR and by the first application of J cross-polarization (JCP) 15N NMR, which greatly reduces the time required to accumulate 15N NMR spectra. In DMSO there was evidence for the formation of complexed species which were not present in water. The values obtained for the cross-peptide bond coupling constant 2J13C alpha--15N were consistently less (by 2.2 Hz in DMSO, 4.3 Hz in water) for the cyclic than for the linear peptide, which may be related to the cross-peptide bond conformation. The 15N resonance for the cyclic peptide was shifted only 2 ppm downfield from the linear peptide chemical shift value in both solvents.
Current treatment of renal artery aneurysms may be too aggressive.

Objective Most studies recommend repair of renal artery aneurysms (RAAs) >2 cm in diameter in asymptomatic patients, but other studies have suggested that their natural history may be more benign. We hypothesized that rupture and death in patients with asymptomatic RAAs is low and that current recommendations for RAA treatment at 2 cm may be too aggressive. Methods Retrospective review of all RAAs treated at a tertiary care medical center from 2002 to 2012. Results Fifty-nine RAA were identified in 40 patients (mean age at diagnosis, 56 years; male:female ratio, 17:23); 31 were saccular, 8 were fusiform, and 5 were bilobed. Twenty-nine patients were asymptomatic; the remainder of patients presented with hematuria (n = 4), abdominal pain (n = 3), difficult-to-control hypertension (n = 3), or flank pain (n = 2). Aneurysm location included the main renal artery bifurcation (n = 35), main trunk (n = 7), primary branch (n = 6), pole artery (n = 6), and secondary branch (n = 1). Operative management of RAAs included vein patch (n = 6), prosthetic patch (n = 4), primary repair (n = 3), plication (n = 1), patch and implantation (n = 1), and ex vivo repair (n = 1). Eight asymptomatic RAAs were treated surgically (mean RAA diameter = 2.4 ± 0.1 cm, range, 2-3 cm), with the remaining 33 asymptomatic RAAs being managed conservatively (mean RAA diameter = 1.4 ± 0.1 cm, range, 0.6-2.6 cm). Mean hospital length of stay was 4 days, with no late postoperative complications and 0% mortality. Non-operated patients were followed for a mean of 36 ± 9 months, with no late acute complications and 0% mortality. Mean RAA growth rate of patients with multiple imaging studies was 0.60 ± 0.16 mm/y. Conclusions The rate of aneurysm rupture and death in our untreated RAA patients is zero, the growth rate is 0.60 ± 0.16 mm/y, and there were no adverse outcomes in asymptomatic RAAs >2 cm that were observed. We may currently be too aggressive in treating asymptomatic RAAs.
Bad apples : Feminist politics and feminist scholarship

Some exceptional and surprising mistakes of scholarship made in the writings of a number of feminist academics (Ruth Bleier, Ruth Hubbard, Susan Bordo, Sandra Harding, and Rae Langton) are examined in detail. This essay offers the psychological hypothesis that these mistakes were the result of political passion and concludes with some remarks about the ability of the social sciences to study the effect of the politics of the researcher on the quality of his or her research.
Hydration of 1-Phenyl-1-Propyne in High-Temperature Water with Catalysis by Water-Tolerant Lewis Acids

We explore various aspects of alkyne hydration in high temperature water catalyzed by water-tolerant Lewis acids through experimentation with the hydration of 1-phenyl-1-propyne. Experiments compar...
Habits, Peers, and Happiness: An Evolutionary Perspective

The principal motivating factor in our lives is the pursuit of happiness. In most cultures, when seeking this end, individuals place a high priority on income, and spend much of their waking time procuring this intermediate goal. The connection between income and happiness is by no means trivial, however. Two critical factors come into play. First, beyond subsistence level, the positive effect of a permanent change in income tends to be short lived. We rapidly become accustomed to a more expensive lifestyle. A common name for this feature is habit formation. Second, the satisfaction derived from a given level of income is sharply dependent on how it compares to the income of peers. See, for example, Andrew B. Abel (1990), Becker (1996), and William A. Brock and Steven N. Durlauf (2001) for a demonstration of the influence of habits and peer comparisons over behavior, and see Shane Frederick and George Loewenstein (1999) for a review of the underlying psychology. Habits and peer comparisons mean that an individual is not concerned mainly with her absolute level of income, but rather with the difference between her income and a benchmark that changes over time. In recent years, economists have become increasingly interested in this fact. This interest has been both applied (i.e., the study of habits and peer influences over behavior and the analysis of happiness surveys) and theoretical (i.e., a search for biological foundations). But unlike other more developed areas of economics, these two approaches remain fairly separate from each other. In particular, the existing theoretical work is motivated only by the most basic empirical observations. And the existing applied work, for the most part, has not been influenced by theoretical results. In this essay, we seek to reduce the distance between these two literature strands. In particuHabits, Peers, and Happiness: An Evolutionary Perspective
Relationship between extraversion and assertiveness and related personality characteristics.

103 college students were assessed for extraversion level on the Eysenck Personality Inventory and for assertiveness on the Adult Self-expression Scale. A significant correlation of .46 indicated a...
Intelligent Determination Of Left Ventricular Wall Motion From Multiple View, Nuclear Medicine Image Sequences

Various methods have been proposed aimed at automatically finding the left ventricular (LV) boundary of the heart from several types of medical imaging modalities. One of the primary reasons why accurate boundaries are sought is for quantitative evaluation of the motion of the heart's walls. Few of these methods work consistently well on nuclear medicine images because of the inherently low signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio and low resolution of the data. This paper discusses a new algorithm which is a more knowledge-based approach to the LV boundary finding and wall motion determination tasks. Information obtained spatially and temporally from a gated sequence of nuclear medicine images is integrated in order to better isolate the LV boundary. Furthermore, information from several views of the heart (and possibly from other modalities) will be used to help with wall motion characterization.
Wildfire Risk and Climate Change: The Influence on Homeowner Mitigation Behavior in the Wildland–Urban Interface

This project examines the sensitivity of behavior and attitudes regarding wildfire risk to perceptions of drought and climate change impacts, and documents the current state of homeowner risk mitigation effort in Clear Creek County, Colorado. Survey results demonstrate that homeowners have a fairly accurate understanding of the impact of climate change and other environmental risk factors, and that the majority have undertaken the most obvious risk mitigation investments, such as pruning vegetation around the home. Perception of climate and weather as risk factors has a significant impact on risk perception and concern about wildfire but is not a determinant of advanced mitigation effort. Further mitigation effort primarily relates to the value homeowners place on amenities associated with their house and their perception of the impact of neighboring lands mitigation.
Role of erlotinib in the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients with EGFR wild-type tumors

SUMMARY EGF receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have changed the treatment paradigm of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The observation of a rapid response to single-agent EGFR TKIs led to the discovery of EGFR-activating mutations, with subsequent studies showing superior progression-free survival in treatment-naive patients with EGFR mutation-positive NSCLC treated with EGFR TKIs versus platinum doublets. On the basis of these findings it has been suggested that the benefit associated with EGFR TKI therapy in unselected NSCLC patients is limited to the subset of patients with EGFR mutation-positive disease. However, studies with erlotinib, a reversible EGFR TKI, have shown that while the drug is associated with a relatively low response rate in patients with EGFR wild-type tumors there is evidence to suggest that it has a positive impact on survival. Evidence supporting the clinical benefit of erlotinib in patients with EGFR wild-type tumors is discussed in this review.
Toxoplasma gondii: characterization of a mutant resistant to 5-fluorodeoxyuridine.

Abstract An analog of deoxyuridine, 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FUDR), inhibited the growth of intracellular wild-type Toxoplasma gondii in human fibroblast cultures. FUDR inhibited both RNA and DNA synthesis by the parasite. A single-step FUDR-resistant mutant of T. gondii was isolated in human fibroblast cultures. This mutant was about 100-fold more resistant to FUDR than was the wild-type parasite. To understand the resistance to FUDR we traced the metabolism of deoxyuridine in the host cell and in the parasite. In the host cell, deoxyuridine was specifically incorporated into DNA. In the wild-type parasite deoxyuridine proved to be a general precursor for both RNA and DNA. This pattern of incorporation in T. gondii can be explained if deoxyuridine is converted to uracil, then uridine, and finally uridylic acid in the parasite. The FUDR-resistant but not the wild-type T. gondii was also resistant to fluorouracil and fluorouridine. Autoradiographic analysis showed that intracellular wild-type T. gondii was labeled by deoxyuridine, uracil, or uridine while the FUDR-resistant mutant failed to incorporate any of these precursors. The single genetic defect in salvage or biosynthetic enzymes that is consistent with this pattern of incorporation and resistance is a lack of uridine kinase. However, a general defect in the pyrimidine permeability of the mutant parasite cannot be excluded.
Physico‐mechanical characteristics of hydrating tetracalcium aluminoferrite system at low water: Solid ratios

Tetracalcium aluminoferrite (C4AF) mixed with gypsum in amounts of 0, 5, 10, 20 and 30% was hydrated at 25 or 80°C, either as discs (formed at pressures of 140 and 690 MPa to obtain an effective water:solid ratio of 0.08 and 0.13, respectively) or in powder form at water:cement ratios of 0.5 and 1.0. Hydration products formed at periods ranging from a few minutes to 7 days were identified and estimated. The sequence of hydrate formation and the accompanying length changes were also determined. The formation of hexagonal hydrate, cubic hydrate, ettringite, low sulphoaluminate series and their interconversions was primarily dependent on gypsum content, temperature, and initial water:solid (w/s) ratio. The study indicates that ettringite need not necessarily be a precursor of the formation of low sulphoaluminate hydrate when hydration is carried out at a very low w/s ratio at 80°C. The microhardness and porosity characteristics of the hydrated products were compared after 2 days of hydration. The relative contribution of low sulphoaluminate, ettringite, and other hydrated phases on strength development were assessed.
The development and structure of the eyes, ocelli, of the female black scale, Saissetia oleae bern

The female black scale possesses a pair of lateral ocelli. Each develops as a small disc of enlarged hypodermal cells which increases in size and invaginates. The disc finally becomes cut off from the hypodermis to form a vesicle lying between the regular hypodermis and the lateral margin of the brain. The vesicle becomes differentiated into two parts. The outer group of cells forms the vitreous body, the inner group gives rise to the retina. The vitreous body soon begins to secrete the lens which, during embryonic life, becomes biconvex. Pigment granules form only in the retinal cells; at first yellow, later black. The ocellus of the first instar is similar to that of the embryo. During first and second ecdyses the old lens is cast off and a new one secreted by the vitreous body. A large, irregularly shaped crystalline body forms between the vitreous body and the retina. The ocellus is of four parts: lens, vitreous body, crystallin body and retina. Retinal cells are at first nucleated but the nuclei probably pass to the nerve fibers each one of which is connected to a retinal cell. The ocellus does not change in structure throughout the life of the insect but finally disintegrates. The disintegration begins on the inner surface of the lens. Ocelli developed in the embryo remain unchanged throughout the insect's life.
Levels of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in silt samples collected between 1985–1986 from rivers in the north and south of Vietnam

Abstract Sediment samples were collected from three Vietnamese rivers between 1985 to 1986. A previous analysis of those samples revealed a presence of most PCDD/Fs, but 2,3,7,8-TCDD was not found in the samples when HRGC/MS and negative ion chemical ionization techniques were used. Those sediment samples were reanalyzed for 2,3,7,8-TCDD and -TCDF by using HRGC/HRMS. A concentration of 213 ppt of 2,3,7,8-TCDD was detected. This may be evidence for the movement of Agent Orange 2,3,7,8-TCDD from contaminated areas into rivers.
Deterministic and Stochastic Models of NFκB Pathway

In the article, we discuss the state of art and perspectives in deterministic and stochastic models of NFκB regulatory module. The NFκB is a transcription factor controlling various immune responses including inflammation and apoptosis. It is tightly regulated by at least two negative feedback loops involving IκBα and A20. This mode of regulation results in nucleus-to-cytoplasm oscillations in NFκB localization, which induce subsequent waves of NFκB responsive genes. Single cell experiments carried by several groups provided comprehensive evidence that stochastic effects play an important role in NFκB regulation. From modeling point of view, living cells might be considered noisy or stochastic biochemical reactors. In eukaryotic cells, in which the number of protein or mRNA molecules is relatively large, stochastic effects primarily originate in regulation of gene activity. Transcriptional activity of a gene can be initiated by trans-activator molecules binding to the specific regulatory site(s) in the target gene. The stochastic event of gene activation is amplified by transcription and translation, since it results in a burst of mRNA molecules, and each copy of mRNA then serves as a template for numerous protein molecules. Another potential source of variability can be receptors activation. At low-dose stimulation, important in cell-to-cell signaling, the number of active receptors can be low enough to introduce substantial noise to downstream signaling. Stochastic modeling confirms the large variability in cell responses and shows that no cell behaves like an “average” cell. This high cell-to-cell variability can be one of the weapons of the immune defense. Such non-deterministic defense may be harder to overcome by relatively simple programs coded in viruses and other pathogens.
Perversible Figures: An Ironic Process in Perception?

Wegner and colleagues found an ironic hyperaccessibility to thoughts subjects were instructed to suppress under conditions of high cognitive load which they called The Ironic Effect. Wegner proposed that the Ironic Process underlying this effect entails the integration of two parallel processes: an effortful cognitive process which searches for distractors, and an automatic process which monitors the occurrence of the forbidden target thought (Wegner et al., 1987). We asked the question: Is there a perceptual analogue to the Ironic Effect?
Predicting ADC: A new approach for low power ADC design

In this paper we present a scaling friendly supplement to ADC designs which can produce increases in conversion speed and power efficiency by attempting to predict the value of the next sample. To accomplish this we use a first order difference equation to predict the values of several of the bits in the next sample. In doing so, we can save power by reducing the number of comparisons and by reducing the capacitor array switching power.