cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time-optimal lateral maneuvers of an aircraft

Results and analysis are presented from a study of time-optimal lateral maneuvers for an aircraft during the power-on-approach-to-landing portion of the flight, typically used for landing on an aircraft carrier. A full sixdegree-of-freedom model is used to model the motions of the aircraft. The optimal control problems of interest are formulated and a family of optimal solutions obtained for two classes of lateral maneuvers. These include an unconstrained maneuver and one with bank-angle and sideslip-angle constraints imposed on the approach trajectory. The control powers of elevator, rudder, and aileron are varied individually, and thus an estimate of the change in downrange distance to perform the lateral maneuvers due to the control power change is obtained.
A Communication Model of Taxpayer Honesty

Sample surveys report that admitted tax evasion remains widespread and shows no sign of declining. An analysis of communication effects among Oregon adults suggests divergent, not convergent patterns among the users of mass media and personal information channels. Mass media exposure is strongly related to fear of getting caught and is directly related to taxpayer honesty. Personal discussion, however, is associated with low fear perceptions and is unrelated to compliance. Low fears are related to taxpayer dishonesty. No relationship is reported between mass media use and interpersonal discussion. Personal discussion does not appear to reinforce media messages as one would expect in a convergent communication model. Communication strategies for fostering compliance are discussed.
Occupational Therapy and the Current Ecological Crisis

It is argued that occupational therapy's focus on activities related to wellbeing puts it in a privileged position to contribute practical measures to stem the social and ecological threats posed by current human impacts on the natural environment. Three areas in which occupational therapy could contribute such measures are summarised briefly. These are (1) help in understanding how people negotiate and adjust their daily activities in situations of ecological and social stress; (2) interventions that link the conservation of biodiversity with the conservation of occupations; and (3) a renewed focus on balance in the everyday activities of people in the industrialised world.
Medications acting on the serotonergic system for the treatment of alcohol dependent patients.

Research suggests that alcoholics show comparatively lower levels of serotonin (5-HT) than non-alcoholics. Medications aimed at increasing synaptic 5-HT have long been studied as potential treatments for alcoholism. Studies with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) in a heterogeneous population of non-depressed alcoholics have produced inconsistent results. Further exploration involved whether or not treatment of co-morbid alcoholism and depression was a more practical approach. However, even in the presence of co-occurring depression, antidepressants in general lack the power to demonstrate a significant reduction of alcohol use among alcohol dependent patients with carefully diagnosed major depression. Further statistical analysis has also determined that perhaps genotypic and phenotypic variations differ for persons with alcohol dependence including those with or without comorbid alcohol dependence and depression suggesting important subgroups might respond differently to treatments. Clinical trials have also used the anxiolytic buspirone, a 5-HT 1A partial agonist, as many alcoholics suffer from anxiety. When controlling for baseline anxiety, buspirone was no more effective than placebo for alcoholic patients. Another serotonergic drug, ritanserin, did not demonstrate effectiveness in relapse prevention in alcohol dependence. However, research on the use of the 5-HT 3 antagonist ondansetron for alcohol dependence continues to provide promising results, particularly for patients with early onset alcoholism. As demonstrated by the studies with serotonergics, responses based on individual variables suggest that alcoholics may respond differentially based on various serotonin 5-HT subtypes. Of course, future studies need to further delineate and confirm the differences between these alcoholic subtypes.
Downregulation of cyclin D1 alters cdk 4- and cdk 2-specific phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein.

Abstract Progression of cells through the G1 phase of the cell cycle requires the assembly and activation of specific cyclin:cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) complexes in a tightly regulated, sequential fashion. To more clearly define the temporal events leading to the G1/S transition, sequential changes in the expression of cyclin E and cdks 2, 4, and 6, as well as the phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein (pRb), were assayed in RA28 cells, a variant of human colon cancer RKO cells which were modified by transfection of an ecdysone-inducible antisense (AS) CD1 expression system. Induction of cyclin D1 antisense mRNA by the ecdysteroid, ponasterone A, resulted in a 55% decrease in cyclin D1 mRNA and a 58% decrease in CD1 protein levels. There was a 2.4-fold decrease in the ratio of hyperphosphorylated pRb (ppRb) to hypophosphorylated pRb, as well as a 60–75% decrease in cdk 2- and cdk 4-specific phosphorylated pRb proteins. Of interest, cyclin E-dependent phosphorylation (cdk2) decreased 2.5-fold at 3 h despite only a 30% decrease in cyclin E protein level. Levels of cdk 2, cdk 4, and cdk 6 decreased 40–70%, while levels of cyclin A and B were unaffected by induction of CD1 antisense. Induction of a CD1 antisense gene in a human colon cancer cell line resulted in rapid, concomitant changes in CD1 mRNA and protein, cyclin E, cdk2, cdk4, and cdk6, as well as the ratio of ppRb to pRb. In this system, growth regulatory events are tightly regulated and the perturbed expression of a single protein, CD1, rapidly alters expression of multiple regulatory proteins involved in the G1/S transition phase of cell cycle progression.
Teaching medical humanities through film discussions.

Following a brief consideration of two contrasting purposes for teaching the medical humanities, a description is given of a film discussion elective course. In contrast to the usual teaching of medical ethics which is primarily a cognitive activity emphasizing the development of a code of principles such as justice, autonomy, and beneficence, the film discussion elective was primarily an affective activity emphasizing the development of an ethical ideal of caring, relatedness, and sensitivity to others. The pass/fail elective, offered for one credit each quarter for two quarters, met once a week for one hour for twenty-four weeks. Each week a film was shown followed by a group discussion. A wide variety of social issues were covered. The objective of the course was to increase the ethical sensitivity of the medical students through promotion of introspection and reflection on social issues. A brief discussion is given of the importance and appropriateness of using film to promote the affective focus of medicine on the relief of suffering. Examples are given of how the course achieved its objective. A detailed description of the resource materials is provided.
Financial Innovation, Investment Opportunities, and Corporate Policy Choices for Large Bank Holding Companies

This study determines the effects of agency costs on bank management by investigating the relationship between investment opportunities and corporate policy choices for large bank holding companies from 1977 to 1985. The financial innovations in this period resulted in numerous investment opportunities for banks and their holding companies. The market-to-book ratio, a proxy for these opportunities or growth options, reveals significant differences in the opportunity sets of regional and money center banks. Since the growth options are negatively related to both debt financing and dividend payout, a policy prescription for reducing bank holding company (BHC) leverage is to allow bank/BHC investment opportunities to expand through product and geographic deregulation.
Breath control during a tiptoe task

AbstractExamination of naturally occurring respiration during postural challenges may increase our understanding of the factors linking respiration to lumbar segmental control. This study determined if the timing and magnitude of inhaled volume changes were related to mechanical events that challenge spinal stability during a tiptoe task. Thirty healthy individuals (15 male) had airflow recorded while they completed a tiptoe task which involved: moving onto tiptoe while reaching toward a hanging target (ascent); grasping and holding the target while maintaining the tiptoe position for 3 s (hold); and then returning to the start position (descent). The rate of airflow and amount of inhaled volume (normalized to vital capacity (%VC)) were identified at 13 different intervals spanning the ascent, hold and descent phase. Using repeated measures analysis of variance, significant main effects were identified for both rate of airflow (p < 0.001) and %VC (p < 0.001). Exploration of these main effects revealed tha...
Probabilistic approach to evaluating seismicity in CO2 storage risk assessment

Abstract Risk assessment has been employed in management tool kits in a wide variety of projects not necessarily related to CO 2 storage. Studies suggest these approaches are applicable to CO 2 storage. The features, events, and processes (FEP) that affect CO 2 storage have been compiled in a database (Quintessa online). A methodology is proposed in this study which utilizes the FEP database and a probabilistic approach. It is illustrated by applying common geomechanical techniques to a case study conducted using an oil field in the Williston Basin. The implications of incorporating such assessments into a larger projectwide risk management plan are also discussed here.
Chromatographic Separation of Steroid Hormones for Use in Radioimmunoassay

Abstract This report describes the separation and purification of various steroids using partition chromatography on celite microcolumns. The mobile phase consists of a mixture of ethyl acetate in isooctane with increasing polarity. The stationary phases for three systems are described, using propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, and water as solvents. Elution is carried out in a stepwise fashion. Combining the above systems of chromatography with partially specific antisera, specific radioimmunoassays for a variety of steroids have been developed.
Educational Fiscal Policy and Judicial Deference

By virtue of their offices, educational administrators more often than notfind themselves on the side of the defendant state or local education agencies in school litigation. Most administrators regard much of the educational litigation as judicial encroachment on their prerogatives. Ironically, over the long run, such litigation has served to expand educational opportunities and to provide rationale for increased financing of the public schools. This review takes the position that current political trends toward a more conservative judiciary are harmful to expansion of educational opportunity and that judicial deference to administrative authority tends to be educationally counterproductive.
Convergence and stability analysis for iterative dynamics with application in balanced resource allocation: A trajectory distance based Lyapunov approach

This paper addresses the convergence and stability analysis for iterative processes such as numerical iterative algorithms by using a novel trajectory distance based approach. Iterative dynamics are widespread in distributed algorithms and numerical analysis. However, efficient analysis of convergence and sensitivity of iterative dynamics is quite challenging due to the lack of systematic tools. For instance, the trajectories of iterative dynamics are usually not continuous with respect to the initial condition. Hence, the classical dynamical systems theory cannot be applied directly. In this paper, a trajectory distance based Lyapunov approach is proposed as a means to tackling convergence and sensitivity to the initial condition of iterative processes. Technically the problem of convergence and sensitivity is converted into finiteness of trajectory distance and semistability analysis of discrete-time systems. A semidefinite Lyapunov function based trajectory distance approach is proposed to characterize convergence and semistability of iterative dynamics. Two examples are provided to elucidate the proposed method. Finally, the proposed framework is used to solve the convergence and stability of iterative algorithms developed for balanced resource allocation and damage mitigation problems under adversarial attacks.
Adsorption of O2 on polycrystalline rhenium metal at room temperature studied by synchrotron X-ray photoemission spectroscopy

Abstract Clean rhenium (Re) surfaces were made by sputtering and annealing in UHV. The clean surfaces were then exposed to O2 in the pressure range of 10−8 (1 L) to 5 Torr (∼1.5×107 L) at room temperature. The surface that was exposed at 5 Torr O2 was also annealed at several temperatures. Core level spectra of the Re 4f and O 1s were acquired at photon energies of 200 and 790 eV, respectively, from clean, O2 exposed, and annealed surfaces. At least two components, approximately 1.4 eV apart, can be identified in the O 1s spectra. One is attributed to atomic oxygen, and the other to molecular oxygen. At least two new features appear in the Re 4f spectra after the clean surfaces were exposed to O2, and they may correspond to surface Re atoms surrounded by different numbers of oxygen. Annealing the O2 exposed surfaces results in rearrangement of surface oxygen. Although equilibrium thermodynamic calculations predict that Re2O7 is the most stable phase in the O2 pressure and temperature range used in the exposure experiments, no appreciable Re oxide was observed, suggesting that the oxidation of Re metal is controlled by kinetics rather than thermodynamics.
Methyl parathion degradation and metabolism in soil: Influence of high soil-water contents

Abstract Mineralization of [14C]methyl parathion (MP) in Cecil sandy loam was considerably reduced when soil-water content was near saturation. Despite the fact that amounts of MP residue in soil held at 10−0 kPa after 35 days were about the same, larger amounts of metabolites were accumulated and higher amounts of non-extractable 14C-activity were formed in soil held at ⩽ 2.5 kPa than held at ⩾ 6 kPa. Three principal metabolites, p-nitrophenol (PNP), p-aminophenol (PAP) and a water-soluble polar product ( R ƒ = 0 ), were detected in soil held at ⩽ 2.5 kPa but only PNP and PAP were detected in soil held at ⩾ 6 kPa. The major metabolite PNP behaved like parent MP, in that it was rapidly mineralized in soil held at ⩾ 6kPa. Much slower mineralization was observed in soil held at ⩽ 2.5kPa.
In-frame elimination of exon 10 in Cftrtm1Unc CF mice

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a severe autosomal-linked inherited disease in humans. Transgenic CF animals play a crucial role in the study of molecular mechanisms underlying disease pathology. In the present study, CFTR mRNA expression was examined in different tissues from one CF mouse model that contains a disruption in exon 10 sequence of the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. Multiple tissue samples were collected from new-born normal (+/+), homozygous (-/-), and heterozygous (+/-) mice and compared for their CFTR mRNA expression. Total RNA samples were prepared from eight different tissues (nasal mucosa, trachea, lung, colon, intestine, pancreas, liver, gonads, and brain) and then analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification. A 329-bp fragment comprising exon 9 through exon 11 of the CFTR gene was amplified from all tissues of the normal mouse. In contrast, a 137-bp fragment was observed in tissue samples from homozygous CF mice. Both the 329-bp and 137-bp fragments were detected in samples from heterozygous mice. Direct sequencing analysis of the amplified fragments showed an exon 9-exon 11 splice junction, indicating that the entire exon 10 sequence was eliminated from homozygous CF mice. RT-PCR analysis of the 3' end of CFTR mRNA showed the presence of a 682-bp, exon 20-24 fragment in -/- and +/- mice. These results demonstrate that an alternately spliced CFTR mRNA is produced in this CF 'knock-out' mouse. A semi-quantitative comparison of the wild-type and exon 10 minus CFTR (CFTR-E10) mRNA in heterozygote animals indicated that less (but a detectable amount) mutant CFTR mRNA was present in all organs tested. There was, however, a significant reduction of CFTR-E10 mRNA in the liver and the pancreas. Since the deletion of exon 10 is in-frame, the significance of the CFTR-E10 mRNA in terms of CFTR protein and function requires further analysis.
Is Social Spending Procyclical

This paper studies the cyclical behavior of public spending on health and education in 150 countries during 1987-2007. It finds that spending on education and health is procyclical in developing countries and acyclical in developed countries. In addition, education and health expenditures follow an asymmetric pattern in developing countries; they are procyclical during periods of positive output gap and acyclical during periods of negative output gap. Furthermore, the degree of cyclicality is higher the lower the level of economic development.
Three-dimensional structure of recoverin, a calcium sensor in vision

Recoverin, a recently discovered member of the EF hand superfamily, serves as a calcium sensor in vision. We report here the crystal structure of recombinant unmyristoylated recoverin at 1.9 A resolution. The four EF hands of the protein are arranged in a compact array that contrasts with the dumbbell shape of calmodulin and troponin C. A calcium ion is bound to EF hand 3, while EF hand 2 can bind samarium but not calcium in this crystal form. The other two EF hands have novel structural features that prevent or impair calcium binding. A concave hydrophobic surface formed by EF hands 1 and 2 may participate in the read out of calcium signals by recoverin and its homologs.
Appearance of somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal peptide along the developing chicken gut

The appearance of somatostatin (SOM)-immunoreactive (IR) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-IR neurons in different regions of the embryonic chicken gut was studied by immunostaining wholemounts. The patterns of expression of these peptides in myenteric neurons showed a number of similarities. Both peptides first appeared in the region of the proventriculus-gizzard: SOM at embryonic day (E)4, VIP at E5.5. At later times both peptides were found in positions both rostral and caudal to the gizzard. Both peptides appeared independently in cells at a second site, the cecum of the hindgut: SOM was observed at E6.5 and VIP at E7.5. VIP-IR and SOM-IR cells appear throughout the cecum, then in the rectum, and finally in the ileum. Differences in the patterns of expression were also found. SOM- and VIP-IR neurons appeared at different times along the length of the gut. VIP-IR cells populated the entire gut by E11.5, whereas SOM-IR cells were not present throughout the gut until E13.5. SOM-IR cells appeared in the terminal part of the ganglion of Remak at E4.0. At E6 these SOM-IR cells sent fibers into the wall of the hindgut and later into the midgut. No VIP-IR cells were found in the ganglion of Remak. These findings suggest that neural crest-derived cells first express SOM- and VIP-IR in particular regions of the gut, namely, the proventriculus-gizzard and the cecum. Certain conditions must exist at these sites which favor the expression of these neuropeptides by neural crest-derived cells. The observation of SOM- and VIP-IR cells in the cecum at a stage of development before cells are seen in the ileum supports the concept that sacral neural crest cells contribute precursors for enteric neurons of the avian hindgut.
Biosynthetic and proliferative characteristics of tubulointerstitial fibroblasts probed with paracrine cytokines.

Biosynthetic and proliferative characteristics of tubulointerstitial fibroblasts probed with paracrine cytokines. Fibroblasts in parenchymal organs potentially contribute extracellular matrix to local fibrogenic processes. This contribution, in some circumstances, may be initiated by cytokines disseminated from inflammatory lesions. Different populations of fibroblasts, however, might respond distinctively to this cytokine bath depending on the microenvironment in which they reside. We have begun to explore this issue using syngeneic, low-passage fibroblasts cultured in serum-free media that were derived originally from the dermis (DFBs) and from tubulointerstitium (TFBs) of the kidney. Our findings indicate that, while fibroblasts from each compartment appear similar at the ultrastructural level, there are a variety of functional differences which distinguish their proliferative response, and their collagen secretory response (types I, III, IV, and V) following challenge with various doses of immune-relevant cytokines (TGFβ, EGF, IL-1, IL-2 and γIFN) in culture. DFBs, for example, express more surface EGF receptors than do TFBs, and, as a consequence, exhibit a more robust proliferative response to EGF in serum-free media. Unstimulated DFBs also secrete more collagen types I and III than TFBs, while unstimulated TFBs secrete more types IV and V. The expression of these collagens in TFBs was confirmed by Northern blot hybridization. When these sets of fibroblasts were further stimulated by cytokines, some of the cytokines not only differentially effect the secretion of various species of collagens within the same group of cells, but also between cells from populations which are anatomically distinct. DFBs, furthermore, at mid-level doses of cytokine, demonstrated a general trend towards less secretion of all types of collagen (particularly for TGFβ, EGF, and IL-2), while TFBs seemed less repressive. In TFBs the cytokine-induced responses for collagen types I and III tended to be discordant, and for types I and IV EGF inhibited, while TGFβ stimulated the secretory process. These findings speak collectively for the presence of a functional heterogeneity among organ-based populations of syngeneic fibroblasts in normal tissues.
Responsible Eclecticism: Using a Structured Analysis Process to Facilitate Curriculum Discourse with Graduate Preservice Early Childhood Students

Teaching from an informed and culturally responsive philosophy of education is critical for teaching in the 21st century and engagement in reconceptualizing the field of early childhood. This article describes a process used with graduate preservice early childhood education students over a two-course sequence, to generate a personal philosophy through structured synthesis of (a) personal beliefs, (b) major schools of Western thought, (c) non-Western educational traditions, and (d) widely known and used early childhood curriculum models. Five key questions, numerous graphic organizers, criterion-referenced rubrics, and examples of student work are provided to illustrate the process used for content analysis and reflective activities.
An investigation of the process of employee withdrawal

This paper investigated the theory that withdrawal of employees from organizations represents a gradual process. All hourly non-exempt employees of a manufacturing organization who separated in one calendar year (N =309) were considered. Excused and unexcused absence measures, and excused and unexcused tardiness measures, were collected for seven weeks prior to separation. Patterns of four withdrawal measures were then considered for both voluntary resignations and involuntary terminations, and significant changes over time were found. In addition, polynomial functions were tested, and cubic trends were found to describe profiles of unexcused absences. However, in a practical sense the best description of the process is a sudden upsurge in absenteeism immediately prior to separation.
Zen and San-Lun Mādhyamika Thought: Exploring the Theoretical Foundation of Zen Teachings and Practices

Zen Buddhism often appears to be 'anti-intellectual', 'illogical' and 'trivial'. These apparent aspects of Zen have puzzled many students of Buddhism. Why is Zen so 'irrational'? By what Buddhist doctrines, tenets or philoso phies did Zen masters develop their unconventional and dramatic teachings and practices? The aim of this paper is to show that main San-lun Madhya mika doctrines, such as Emptiness, the Middle Way, the Twofold Truth and the refutation of erroneous views as the illumination of right views, have been assimilated into Zen teachings and practices. Madhyamika philosophy seems to provide a major 'theoretical' foundation for Zen as a 'practical', 'anti-intellectual', 'irrational', 'unconventional' and 'dramatic' religious movement. Madhyamika Buddhism was founded by Nagarjuna in the second century A.D. in India.' It was introduced to China by Kumarajiva (A.D. 334-4I3).2 This Buddhist school was known as the San-lun Chung (the Three Treatises School) in China, Korea and Japan, for it is based upon three main texts, namely (i) the Middle Treatise,3 (2) the Twelve Gate Treatise4 and (3) the Hundred Treatise.5 Chi-tsang (A.D. 549-623) was the most eminent Chinese San-lun master. Most scholars who are familiar with Zen Buddhism know that Zen was
Global climatology of explosive cyclones

Explosive cyclones, which have rapidly intensifying winds and heavy rain, can seriously threaten life and property. These “meteorological bombs” are difficult to forecast, in part because scientists need a better understanding of the physical mechanisms by which they form. In particular, the large-scale circulation conditions that may contribute to explosive cyclone formation are not well understood.
Conflict resolution styles and their relation to conflict type, individual differences, and formative influences

Conflict-resolution styles and formative influences behind them were explored in a study where 207 subjects read conflict scenarios and rated the desirability of various resolutions. Their own attitudes about conflict and a self-rating of the importance of various formative influences in the development of these attitudes were also assessed. Results showed that resolutions to personal conflicts were rated higher than those to international or organizational conflicts. Parents, family, and friends were rated the most important formative influences on the development of styles of conflict resolution.
Characterization of the transmembrane serine receptor by capillary zone electrophoresis

Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) was applied to the characterization of the transmembrane serine receptor in biosynthetic samples. The serine receptor, otherwise known as Tsr (taxis to serine and repellents), is a ∼ 60,000 Dalton intrinsic membrane protein whose periplasmic domain (ligand binding domain) reversibly binds the amino acid serine. In general, the electrophoresis of intrinsic membrane proteins is difficult due to severe solubility problems and adsorption which occurs during the electrophoretic run. This is due to the tendency of these types of proteins to undergo aggregation, self-aggregation and precipitation in aqueous environments. The addition of percentage levels of the surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), to a tetraborate run buffer was shown to be effective both in enhancing the solubility of intact Tsr and in preventing the adsorption of intact Tsr to the fused-silica capillary wall during electrophoretic analysis. Critical separation parameters such as run buffer concentration, surfactant concentration and surfactant type were optimized to give the best separation profiles.
Photochemistry of iron in simulated crustal aerosols with dimethyl sulfide oxidation products.

Iron contained in dust-derived aerosol particles deposited into remote oceans is essential for phytoplankton productivity, which controls photosynthesis rate and the uptake and release of climate forcing gases. Understanding chemical mechanisms that control iron bioavailability, that is, its speciation, is therefore crucial for global climate predictions. In the present study, the photoredox chemistry of iron in marine atmospheric aerosol particles was investigated by using ferrihydrite as a surrogate iron phase in the presence of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) derived oxidation products: dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethyl sulfone (DMSO2), methane sulfinic acid (MSIA), and methane sulfonic acid (MSA). Reactants and products were analyzed with UV–vis absorption spectroscopy, ion chromatography, and a hydrogen peroxide sensitive electrode. Results show that MSIA enhances the photoreductive dissolution of iron in a ligand-to-metal charge transfer reaction producing Fe(II), MSA, and H2O2. The rate law for Fe(II) is ...
A Combinatorial Approach to Sums of Integer Powers

n(n + )6(26 + 1), makes this fact plausible even to the beginner and might also spark the conjecture that the resulting polynomial should have degree p + 1. Proofs that validate this or produce a polynomial expression for k'=1,k P often tend to use mathematical induction or recursion. Valuable though they are, such inductive or recursive techniques can sometimes disguise underlying motivation and perhaps leave a reader with a vague feeling of not having grasped the heart of the matter. In this note we offer a combinatorial interpretation of SP(n) that can serve to motivate why this sum can be expressed as a polynomial of degree p + 1 in the variable n. Our approach allows us to make some general statements about coefficients of this polynomial and also produces a technique for direct calculation of the polynomial. We show that calculating this polynomial can be accomplished by solving a ( p 4) X ( p 4) lower triangular system of linear equations. Our exposition requires only the ability to use binomial coefficients in basic counting arguments.
Short dispersed repeats in the Chlamydomonas chloroplast genome are collocated with sites for mRNA 3′ end formation

The Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplast genome possesses thousands of small dispersed repeats (SDRs), which are of unknown function. Here, we used the petA gene as a model to investigate the role of SDRs in mRNA 3′ end formation. In wild-type cells, petA mRNA accumulated as a major 1.3-kb transcript, whose 3′ end was mapped to the distal end of a predicted stem-loop structure. To determine whether this stem-loop was required for petA mRNA stability, a series of deletions was constructed. These deletion strains accumulated a variety of petA mRNAs, for which approximate 3′ ends were deduced. These 3′ ends were found to flank stem-loop structures, many of which were formed partially or completely from inverted copies of SDRs. All strains accumulated wild-type levels of cytochrome f, demonstrating that alternative 3′ termini are compatible with efficient translation. The ability to form alternative mRNA termini using SDRs lends additional flexibility to the chloroplast gene expression apparatus and thus could confer an evolutionary advantage.
A descriptive study of how clients make life-style changes.

The purpose of this study was to identify and describe how adults with diabetes in a weight control study attempted to make life-style behavioral changes. All subjects had non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and were 20 % to 50 % overweight. Data were drawn from narrative responses given by 28 clients to open-ended questions regarding behavioral change. Questions were asked as part of a 16-week life-style behavioral change program for weight control. A systematic analysis of content was used to generate six categories of responses depicting the life-style behavioral change process. The process, as described by these clients, is: Starting point; Intro spection; Why change; Mental preparation; Plans, progress, and continuation; and Helps and hindrances.
Treating voice disorders in the school-based setting: working within the framework of IDEA.

The role of the speech-language pathologist (SLP) has developed considerably over the last 10 years given the medical and technological advances in life-sustaining procedures. Over time, children b...
Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ c-axis bicrystal twist Josephson junctions: the superior phase-sensitive test of order parameter symmetry

Abstract Extensive atomic resolution transmission electron microscopy and holography studies showed the c -axis bicrystal twist junctions of Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+ δ (Bi2212) studied by Li et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 (1999) 4160] to be atomically clean, with electronic and elastic properties independent of the twist angle. These critical current experiments thus provide prima facie evidence for a dominant s-wave order parameter and strongly incoherent c -axis quasiparticle tunnelling in Bi2212. New Bi2212 cross-whisker junction data confirming the Li et al. experiment are presented.
DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE OF AN INTEGRATED FLUORESCENCE, POLARIZED FLUORESCENCE, AND BREWSTER ANGLE MICROSCOPE/LANGMUIR TROUGH ASSEMBLY FOR THE STUDY OF LUNG SURFACTANT MONOLAYERS

We describe an integrated fluorescence, polarized fluorescence, and Brewster angle microscope/Langmuir trough assembly. This apparatus was specifically designed for the study of lung surfactant (LS) monolayers, and is well suited for the study of other lipid/protein monolayer systems. The apparatus can be operated simultaneously in both the fluorescence and Brewster angle modes under a wide range of conditions, including physiological subphases and temperatures. The combination of information obtained from these microscopy techniques facilitates the identification of the composition of coexisting phases, allows us to systematically study the effects of specific proteins on lipid monolayers, and eliminates possible artifacts inherent to fluorescence. To demonstrate this system we present images of mixed monolayers of the anionic and unsaturated lipid components of LS and show that synergistic interactions between certain LS proteins and these lipids hold the key to the proper functioning of LS monolayers.
Electrical responses in the paramedian lobule evoked by stimulating various parts of the cat cerebellar cortex

Abstract Except for certain relationships with the anterior lobe, little is known about the functional connections of the paramedian lobule with other parts of the cerebellar cortex. To study this, we decerebrated cats under ether and exposed much of the cerebellar surface. Simultaneous monopolar and bipolar recordings were taken from the surface of the left paramedian lobule while stimulating electrically various vermal and hemispheral regions of the cerebellar surface. Both single-shock and group-pulse stimuli were used. The largest and most consistent potentials were evoked with stimulation ipsilaterally of the medial part of crus I, the hemispheral portion of lobulus simplex, or the posteromedial region of crus II. Responses of lesser amplitude occurred with stimulation of the ipsilateral lateral portion of culmen, lobule VI, the inferior part of sublobule VIIA, sublobule VIIB, lobule VIII, or lateral region of ipsilateral crus II. Even smaller potentials were evoked with stimulation of the medial or contralateral lateral parts of culmen, the hemispheral portion of contralateral lobulus simplex, the posteromedial regions of contralateral crus I or crus II, the contralateral paramedian lobule, or the major part of sublobule VIIA. The smallest and least consistent responses occurred with stimulation of ipsilateral lateral crus I or the anterior two-thirds of contralateral medial crus I. No evoked potentials resulted from stimulation of the anterior part of the dorsal paraflocculus of either side or the contralateral lateral portions of crus I or crus II. Differences were noted in the responsiveness of various regions to single-shock stimulation as compared to group-pulse stimulation.
Soluble Phosphorus Released by Poultry Wastes in Acidified Aqueous Extracts

Abstract Research has shown that measured water‐soluble phosphorus (WSP) from poultry litter might have been less than that released in the field. The effects of acidified extractions on soluble P (SP) concentrations were studied, and a buffer was selected to measure SP at pH 6.0, which is a target value for soil management in Georgia. Soluble P concentrations were extracted from poultry wastes at three pHs: 1) at natural pH, using deionized water (DIw); 2) after titrating DIw suspensions with 0.5N hydrochloric acid (HCl) to pH end‐points 3.0, 4.0, and 6.0; and 3) at pH 6.0 with buffers of sodium (Na) acetate, potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP), 2‐(N‐morpholino) ethanesulphonic acid (MES), Na cacodylate, imidazole, N‐(2‐acetamido)‐2‐aminoethansulphonic acid (ACES), N‐(carbamoyl‐methyl) iminodiacetic acid (ADA), bis‐(2‐hydroxyethyl) imino]‐tris‐[(hydroxymethyl) methane (Bistris), and 1,4 piperazine‐bis‐(ethane sulphonic acid) (PIPES). Total SP increased 60% to 140% in suspensions acidified with HCl to pH 6...
Estimation of 2n Megagametophyte Heterozygosity in a Diploid Blueberry (Vaccinium darrowi Camp) Clone Using RAPDs

To determine the mode(s) of 2n gamete formation in a Vaccinium darrowi Camp (2n = 2x = 24) clone Fla4B, the transmission of parental heterozygosity was estimated in 2n eggs through randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis of 41 progeny from crosses of Fla4B to tetraploid V. corymbosum (2n = 4x = 48). The level of estimated heterozygosity transmitted ranged from 5.3-100%, with an overall mean heterozygosity of 72.7%, which suggests that first division restitution (FDR) type 2n gamete forming mechanisms are operating in this clone. However, there was evidence that 17% of the 2n eggs had less than 50% estimated heterozygosity, which supports second division restitution (SDR) mechanisms operating as well. Both SDR and FDR modes of 2n egg formation are also supported by a nonnormal, bimodal frequency distribution of estimated heterozygosity transmission. Recombination also appears to be prevalent. The predominance of 2n gametes genetically equivalent to FDR is generally considered desirable for breeding autotetraploid crops.
Recursive constructions of small regular graphs of given degree and girth

Abstract We revisit and generalize a recursive construction due to Sachs involving two graphs which increases the girth of one graph and the degree of the other. We investigate the properties of the resulting graphs in the context of cages and construct families of small graphs using geometric graphs, Paley graphs, and techniques from the theory of Cayley maps.
ANDROMONOECY AND VARIATION IN PHENOTYPIC GENDER OF PASSIFLORA INCARNATA (PASSIFLORACEAE)

We studied the perennial vine Passiflora incarnata Linnaeus (Passifloraceae) in Alachua County, Florida, from May to August 1983 to determine the breeding system and investigate seasonal changes in phenotypic gender of individual plants. Passiflora incarnata is an obligate outcrosser, incapable of self-fertilization. The major pollinators were carpenter bees (Xylocopa sp.). The proportion of flowers setting fruit was not limited by pollinator service, but the weight of individual fruits and number of seeds/fruit was increased over naturally pollinated flowers by manually performing cross-pollination. Morphological differences in style position among flowers caused some flowers to function primarily as males and others to function as her- maphrodites. Although some of the flowers that functioned as males set fruit when manually cross-pollinated, the proportion of these male flowers capable of setting fruit was lower than the proportion of hermaphroditic flowers setting fruit when manually cross-pollinated. some male flowers had atrophied ovary and styles and were completely incapable of setting fruit. Passiflora incarnata is thus functionally andromonoecious. The relative production of male versus hermaphroditic flowers varied among individuals and over the course of the flowering season. Unmanipulated plants in the population became increasingly male-biased in floral sex ratios as the reproductive season progressed. We attempted to modify phenotypic gender in experimental plants by limiting the ability of plants in some treatment groups to set fruit. Treatment groups significantly affected production of hermaphroditic flowers, but pro- duction of male flowers was not affected by treatment. Treatment did not significantly affect fruit weight, number of seeds per fruit or the percentage of hermaphroditic flowers that suc- cessfully matured fruit. These results suggest that andromonoecy in P. incarnata is a mechanism for adjusting allocation of reproductive effort to male and female function, and that maternal investment in this species is regulated primarily by varying production ofhermaphroditic flowers.
The Mandate of Heaven and Performance Legitimation in Historical and Contemporary China

This article argues that performance legitimacy, an aspect of state legitimacy neglected by Weber in his original formulation of the theory of domination, played a particularly important role in th...
Initiation of coherent magnetron motion following ion injection into a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance trapped ion cell

Abstract The initiation and growth of coherent magnetron motion for ions injected into a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance trapped ion cell is investigated. The phenomenon is demonstrated for laser desorption/ionization (LDI) of metals and salts and for electrospray ionization (ESI) of multiply charged proteins. In all cases, the rate of growth of the magnetron orbit increases proportionally with trap potential, ion density, and external detection circuit resistance. The data support resistive damping of the magnetron motion as the primary relaxation mechanism leading to ion ejection from the cell within time periods ranging from a few hundred milliseconds to tens of seconds. Factors associated with ion injection that contribute to initiation and growth of the destabilizing motion are length of the injection period relative to the magnetron period and extent of off-axis injection. In general, if the injection period is smaller than one period of the magnetron motion, as is the case for LDI, and the injection point is severely off the centerline of the cell, coherent growth is observed instantaneously and ions are expelled from the cell within a few hundred milliseconds. If the LDI ions are introduced along the centerline, coherent motion leading to expulsion is still observed but initiation times increase ten-fold. For the case in which ESI ions focused along the centerline are injected into the trap for a time much longer than the period of a magnetron oscillation, initiation and growth of coherent magnetron is only observed at much longer times and with a larger trap potential.
Recipe for efficiency: principles of power-aware computing

Prior work on power management reflects recurring themes that can be leveraged to make future systems more energy efficient.
Commentary: A Retrospective Analysis of a Large-Scale Endangered Species Translocation Project

During September and October of 2002, we collected and moved more than 2,000 endangered fat pocketbook pearly mussels, Potamilus capax, from a 5.7-km reach of a drainage ditch in eastern Arkansas. The translocation was to protect mussels from planned maintenance dredging and was required by the Biological Opinion prepared by the US Fish and Wildlife Service. The project did not proceed as planned, and we removed only about 80% of the P. capax. In this article we examine mistakes made, lessons learned, and discuss procedures that might have led to a more favorable outcome. We identified three key decisions that should have been thoroughly discussed prior to initiating the work: percentage of mussels to be removed, choice of recipient sites, and number of mussels to be marked and measured. Two other issues were important: the status of P. capax in Arkansas and the likelihood of future dredging needs at recipient sites. Initially, we felt that decision-analysis tools, used during planning, would have facilit...
IRF-1 and NF-κB p50/cRel bind to distinct regions of the proximal murine IL-12 p35 promoter during costimulation with IFN-γ and LPS

LPS and IFN-gamma, which activate NF-kappaB cRel/p50 and IFN regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1), respectively, costimulate expression of the IL-12 p35 subunit in macrophages. The murine p35 promoter proximal to exon 2 is active during costimulation with IFN-gamma and LPS because it contains kappaB and IRF elements (E) with significant homology to the human p35 promoter. IFN-gamma or LPS stimulate nuclear localization of IRF-1 or cRel/p50, respectively, in the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. EMSAs reveal that IFN-gamma/LPS stimulates within 2 h, in RAW 264.7 cells or peritoneal macrophages, nuclear localization of proteins that target nt -137/-93 of the p35 promoter. DNA affinity assays utilizing nuclear extracts from RAW 264.7 cells show that NF-kappaB cRel and p50 bind to the kappaB-E within nt -122 to -93 of the p35 exon 2 promoter while IRF-1 binds to the IRF-E within nt -157 to -113 but not the one within nt -122 to -93. In addition, p50/cRel attachment to the kappaB-E was not dependent upon IRF-1 association with the IRF-E, and vice versa. Chromosome immunoprecipitation assays confirm inducible recruitment of IRF-1 and cRel to the endogenous p35 exon 2 promoter in both RAW 264.7 and primary macrophages costimulated with IFN-gamma and LPS. IFN-gamma, IFNgamma/LPS, or overexpression of IRF-1 plus cRel activated the wild-type p35 promoter reporter but not the p35 promoter reporter mutated at nt -110/-101 or in the presence of IRF-1 siRNA. Thus, cRel with IRF-1 induce p35 expression through a small region of the p35 exon 2 promoter during IFN-gamma and LPS costimulation of macrophages.
Atomic structures of silicon and metal surfaces; pulsed-laser tof atom-probe and field ion microscopy

Abstract The atomic structure of a solid surface can be imaged with the field ion microscope and the chemical species of surface atoms can be identified by the time-of-flight atom-probe. By combining a pulsed-laser technique to field ion microscopy, atomic processes in surface reconstruction and growth of thin films can be studied with a resolution of 2.5 A, and in time steps of a few nanoseconds. The mass resolution and material applicability of a pulsed-laser time-of-flight atom-probe are greatly improved. Thus materials of poor conductivity such as high purity silicon can be analyzed with excellent mass resolution. It is also ionion energy analyzer with an accuracy and resolution of 2 parts per 100 000 and an ion reaction and dissociation time analyzer of 20 fs time resolution. Some recent studies with these techniques such as (1) surface reconstruction of Pt and Ir(001) and (110) surfaces, (2) observation of well ordered and atomically resolved images of pure silicon surfaces and surface reconstruction of many surfaces of silicon, and (3) formation of multiple charge cluster ions and dissociation of compound ions by atomic tunneling in an electric field etc., will be briefly described. We want to emphasize that recent studies of Si and metal surfaces are concerned with atomic structures of thermally equilibrated surfaces, and not with field evaporated surfaces as in earlier studies.
Impedance Spectroscopy Analysis of p Type Li Doped ZnO Thin Film Effect

Impedance spectroscopy technique was employed to characterize the LixZn1-xO2 (x=0.001~0.008) polycrystalline thin film. IS is shown to be an efficient method capable of detecting the contributions of the resistances of grains and grain boundaries resistance to the complex impedance of a compound, accurately estimating its electrical conductivity as well as its corresponding activation energies and conclude on its structural properties. This is demonstrated for the case of lithium segregation in the grain/grain boundary of LixZn1-xO2., we found that the activation energy decrease associated with grain-boundary conductivity reflects the onset of the segregation of excessive Li in the grain boundaries when the Li-content exceeds 0.5 mol%. For Li-content below 0.5mol% is the detection of a transition from p-type conductivity. It might be due to that the Li+ doped mainly in grains and no precipitation observed on the grain boundaries. So we could be process stable p type thin film for Li content below 0.5mol%.