cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lexical and syntactic representations in the brain: An fMRI investigation with multi-voxel pattern analyses

a b s t r a c t Work in theoretical linguistics and psycholinguistics suggests that human linguistic knowledge forms a continuum between individual lexical items and abstract syntactic representations, with most linguistic representations falling between the two extremes and taking the form of lexical items stored together with the syntactic/semantic contexts in which they frequently occur. Neuroimaging evidence further suggests that no brain region is selectively sensitive to only lexical information or only syntactic information. Instead, all the key brain regions that support high-level linguistic processing have been implicated in both lexical and syntactic processing, suggesting that our linguistic knowledge is plausibly represented in a distributed fashion in these brain regions. Given this distributed nature of linguistic representations, multi-voxel pattern analyses (MVPAs) can help uncover important functional properties of the language system. In the current study we use MVPAs to ask two questions: (1) Do language brain regions differ in how robustly they represent lexical vs. syntactic information? and (2) Do any of the language bran regions distinguish between “pure” lexical information (lists of words) and “pure” abstract syntactic information (jabberwocky sentences) in the pattern of activity? We show that lexical information is represented more robustly than syntactic information across many language regions (with no language region showing the opposite pattern), as evidenced by a better discrimination between conditions that differ along the lexical dimension (sentences vs. jabberwocky, and word lists vs. nonword lists) than between conditions that differ along the syntactic dimension (sentences vs. word lists, and jabberwocky vs. nonword lists). This result suggests that lexical information may play a more critical role than syntax in the representation of linguistic meaning. We also show that several language regions reliably discriminate between “pure”
Culture and Behavior: Psychology in Global Perspective

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . Kinds of Literature Covered . Time Period Covered . Why Culture and Behavior: What is Culture Anyway? . More Concrete Methodological Efforts . THE HANDBOOKS: A COMING OF AGE . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Handbook of Cross· Cultural Psychology . The Handbook of Cross· Cultural Human Development . CULTURE IN PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY IN OTHER CULTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . Teaching Cross-Cultural Psychology . . ..... .... . . . ... . . . .. . .. ...... ... . .. .. .. . ..... .. . .. . . .. .. The Impact of Psychology in Other Cultures . SUBSTANTIVE AREAS OF CROSS-CULTURAL RESEARCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . .
… κτρϕϵτϵ αὐτὰ ν παιδϵίᾳ καὶ νουθϵσίᾳ κυρίου (Eph 6.4): Kinder in der Welt des frühen Christentums*

This paper inquires into the situation of small children during the Hellenistic-Roman era, including NT texts and later Christian writings in the first two or three centuries. There was an early form of ‘Christian education’, and probably, children of baptized parents belonged to the Christian communities. In 1 Cor 7.14, Paul indirectly argues in favour of a ‘Christian influence’ on the ‘holy children’ by the ‘believing’ father or mother. In Eph 6.4, the author, speaking about παιδϵία καὶ νουθϵσία κυρίου, argues that in a Christian household children should have instruction in the Christian faith. The question of the baptism of small children might be answered by the interpretation of 1 Cor 1.14–16, where Paul precisely distinguishes between baptism of individuals (1.14) and baptism of the ‘house of Stephanas’. Mark 10.13–16 is a mirror of a discussion between those who ‘rebuke’ people for bringing children to Jesus, and Jesus himself who interprets their action as a ‘prevention’, thus escalating the conflict to a fundamental one, which probably refers to the question of baptism of children. During the last century, we have learned (again?) to see childhood not only as a transitional period of human life but one to be protected by society. Possibly similar ideas existed during the times when our texts were written.
A retrospective cross-sectional study: fresh cycle endometrial thickness is a sensitive predictor of inadequate endometrial thickness in frozen embryo transfer cycles

Background: The purpose of this study is to assess predictors of inadequate endometrial cavity thickness (ECT), defined as < 8 mm, in frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycles. Methods: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study at an academic fertility center including 274 women who underwent their first endometrial preparation with estradiol for autologous FET in our center from 2001-2009. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to determine predictors of inadequate endometrial development in FET cycles. Results: Neither age nor duration of estrogen supplementation were associated with FET endometrial thickness. Lower body mass index, nulliparity, previous operative hysteroscopy and thinner fresh cycle endometrial lining were associated with inadequate endometrial thickness in FET cycles. A maximum thickness of 11.5 mm in a fresh cycle was 80% sensitive and 70% specific for inadequate frozen cycle thickness. Conclusions: Previous fresh cycle endometrial cavity thickness is associated with subsequent FET cycle endometrial cavity thickness. Women with a fresh cycle thickness of 11.5 mm or less may require additional intervention to achieve adequate endometrial thickness in preparation for a frozen cycle.
The Need for Temperature-Aware Storage Systems

Storage has become ubiquitous. Disk drives are commonplace in most laptops and desktops. In addition, they are used in large numbers in high-end server systems. Storage devices has also proliferated the consumer electronics market with their use in products like cameras, and portable music devices. This widespread usage of disks has been the result of tremendous growth in both the density and speed of these devices. Over the past two decades, we have been enjoying a 40 percent annual growth in the data rate of disks, due to innovations in the recording technology coupled with a scaling up of the drive RPM. Since raising the RPM increases the heat that is generated due to viscous dissipation by nearly a cubic factor, in order to design the drives for a constant thermal envelope, the platter sizes are also shrunk, as the latter has a fifth power impact on the temperature. In this paper, it shall be shown that this thermal-constrained scaling is going to be very challenging to sustain even for very small platter sizes, causing a significant slowdown in the pace of performance growth in future drives. Using real workloads, the need for continued scaling of the data rate is motivated. Some simple techniques will be presented that can be employed to overcome these effects. Finally, it will also be shown that managing temperature in disks cannot necessarily be tackled merely via energy saving techniques
Soapbox Rebellion: The Hobo Orator Union and the Free Speech Fights of the Industrial Workers of the World, 1909–1916

Debra Hawhee, EditorMatthew S. May’s Soapbox Rebellion (2013) provides a history of the rhetorical practices of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). Also referred to as the Wobblies, this ant...
Utility of a psychological framework for carnivore conservation

Conserving threatened carnivore species increasingly depends on the capacity of local people to cohabit with those species. To examine such capacity we developed a novel psychological framework for conservation in regions of the world where there are human–carnivore conflicts, and used the Endangered tiger Panthera tigris to explore the utility of this framework. Specifically, we tested three hypotheses in Chitwan National Park, Nepal, where increasing human–tiger conflicts potentially jeopardize long-term coexistence. We administered a survey to 499 individuals living < 2 km from the Park and in nearby multiple-use forest, to record preferred future tiger population size and factors that may influence preferences, including past interactions with tigers (e.g. livestock predation) and beliefs and perceptions about tigers. Over 17% of respondents reported that a tiger had attacked their livestock or threatened them directly. Results from a structural equation model indicated that respondents who preferred fewer tigers in the future were less likely to associate tigers with beneficial attributes, more likely to associate tigers with undesirable attributes, and more likely to believe that government officials poorly manage tiger-related risks and that people are vulnerable to risks from tigers. Our framework can help address current and future conservation challenges because it (1) integrates an expansive and generalized set of psychological concepts, (2) enables the identification of conservation interventions that foster coexistence between people and carnivores, and (3) is suitable for broad application.
Smoothing forecast ensembles with fitted probability distributions

Forecast ensembles from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Ensemble Prediction System for surface-weather variables are smoothed by fitting Gaussian distributions. The possibility of bifurcation or other non-Gaussian behaviours in an ensemble is allowed for by including probability mixtures of two Gaussian distributions when justified by the data. Variables that are clearly non-Gaussian (wind speed and cloud cover) are transformed before fitting, and multivariate data with dimensions as high as four are considered. The smoothed ensembles provide more-accurate quantile and probability estimates in a perfect-model setting, particularly for small ensemble sizes and more-extreme events. This advantage increases in the presence of random errors in the ensemble means, but diminishes for underdispersed ensembles. Allowing representation of ensembles as Gaussian mixtures also leads to a sharper ‘spread–skill’ relationship in the data considered. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Cold test facility for the ITER central solenoid coils

A US responsibility in delivering the Central Solenoid magnet system to the ITER International Organization is to pass an acceptance test for each module at operating temperature. However, facilities for cold-testing magnets are not currently included in the ITER project baseline, and ITER Domestic Agencies have been requested to study the feasibility, cost, and schedule for providing them. This paper describes a study for a Central Solenoid Cold Test Facility undertaken by the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory at Florida State University and the United States ITER Project Office at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
First experiences with eBlocks as an assistive technology for individuals with autistic spectrum condition

The integration of technology into autistic classrooms has shown promising results, including an increase in attention span, creativity, and social skills. We have introduced a low-cost learning technology composed by electronic modules called eBlocks to an autistic middle-school classroom. The participants of this study had the opportunity to learn concepts in the design and implementation of electronic systems by using the eBlocks. Our initial findings show that the integration of hands-on real world based projects, centered on the design of systems for a Smart House estimulated peer-to-peer interaction and teamwork, while promoting spontaneous creative thinking. We present our experiences with six students, including summaries of our overall experiences, teacher's pre-and post-surveys, and the examination of students' work.
Aging as an Event of Proteostasis Collapse

Aging cells accumulate damaged and misfolded proteins through a functional decline in their protein homeostasis (proteostasis) machinery, leading to reduced cellular viability and the development of protein misfolding diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s. Metabolic signaling pathways that regulate the aging process, mediated by insulin/IGF-1 signaling, dietary restriction, and reduced mitochondrial function, can modulate the proteostasis machinery in many ways to maintain a youthful proteome for longer and prevent the onset of age-associated diseases. These mechanisms therefore represent potential therapeutic targets in the prevention and treatment of such pathologies.
Studies on the Presence of Angiotensin II in Rat Brain

: Angiotensin II-like immunoreactivity was extracted from brains of bilaterally nephrectomized rats with several different extraction procedures (90% methanol, distilled water, 6 M urea, 0.1 N HCI, and 2 M acetic acid). The activity was measured with radioimmunoassays using three different antisera, two of which had been used previously for immunocytochemical studies. With none of the extraction procedures or antisera employed was more than 80 pg/g wet weight of angiotensin II-like immunoreactivity found. Analysis was undertaken with two different reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography systems; in one of these the immunoreactivity did not coelute with angiotensin II or III. On the basis of its elution pattern from a molecular sieving column, the immunoreactivity seems to have a higher molecular weight than angiotensin II. It is concluded that neurons in the brain do not synthesize and store angiotensin II.
Genetic and biomechanical determinants of glenoid version: Implications for glenoid implant placement in shoulder arthroplasty

Summary The universally accepted method of measuring glenoid version to determine proper alignment of the glenoid component during total shoulder arthroplasty does not account for the complex and variable relationship of the glenoid vault with the scapular body. Existing evidence indicates that the glenoid and the scapular body development are controlled by independent genetic and biomechanical factors. This raises the question: How relevant is the relationship of the glenoid face to the scapular body? This review paper integrates our present understanding of the genetics of scapular development and congenital and neuromuscular conditions to generate insights into scapular morphology and biomechanics. Glenoid version as traditionally defined may have limited relevance when positioning the glenoid component during total shoulder arthroplasty. Further studies of soft-tissue and muscular balance are needed to fully understand the consequences of variations in glenoid version. Level of evidence Review.
Using biological samples for youth ATOD survey validation

AbstractObjective: To identify the conditions under which (1) youth would prefer to participate and (2) parents would allow their child to participate in the collection of biological samples for the purposes of validating a self-report alcohol, tobacco, and other drug (ATOD) survey. Design: Focus groups were held with youth in grades six through 12 and parents of youth entering those grades in the pending academic year. Setting: This study was conducted in Monroe County, Indiana, USA.Method: Six focus groups were held with a total of 23 youth and eight parents in June and July of 2014. Participants were recruited using a tiered convenience sample. All utterances were transcribed verbatim in real time. Content was entered into the DeDoose software package for mixed methods analyses. Results: Significantly more youth respondents would assent to toenail and saliva collection than to urine or venous blood collection. Collection of the latter bio-specimens was perceived to be uncomfortable or was associated wi...
Impact of titin isoform on length dependent activation and cross-bridge cycling kinetics in rat skeletal muscle

The magnitude of length dependent activation in striated muscle has been shown to vary with titin isoform. Recently, a rat that harbors a homozygous autosomal mutation (HM) causing preferential expression of a longer, giant titin isoform was discovered (Greaser et al. 2005). Here, we investigated the impact of titin isoform on myofilament force development and cross-bridge cycling kinetics as function of sarcomere length (SL) in tibialis anterior skeletal muscle isolated from wild type (WT) and HM. Skeletal muscle bundles from HM rats exhibited reductions in passive tension, maximal force development, myofilament calcium sensitivity, maximal ATP consumption, and tension cost at both short and long sarcomere length (SL=2.8μm and SL=3.2μm, respectively). Moreover, the SL-dependent changes in these parameters were attenuated in HM muscles. Additionally, myofilament Ca(2+) activation-relaxation properties were assessed in single isolated myofibrils. Both the rate of tension generation upon Ca(2+) activation (kACT) as well as the rate of tension redevelopment following a length perturbation (kTR) were reduced in HM myofibrils compared to WT, while relaxation kinetics were not affected. We conclude that presence of a long isoform of titin in the striated muscle sarcomere is associated with reduced myofilament force development and cross-bridge cycling kinetics, and a blunting of myofilament length dependent activation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cardiomyocyte Biology: Cardiac Pathways of Differentiation, Metabolism and Contraction.
Some electrical properties of the semiconductor βGa2O3

Abstract The wide-band gap semiconductor β  Ga 2 O 3 has an electron mobility of the order of 100 cm 2 /V-sec at room temperature. Single crystals grown under reducing conditions have about 2 × 10 18 free carriers, apparently due to anion vacancies.
Strong Liberalism: Habits of Mind for Democratic Citizenship

This brief review analyzes Jason A. Scorza's case for "Strong Liberalism" in his book of that title. Scorza defines "Strong Liberalism" as the realization that there are multiple modes of citizenship in the liberal polity. The review arrives at the paradoxical conclusion that "Strong Liberalism" means in effect "Weak Liberalism" to the extent that liberalism is conceived of as entailing a collective civic life which assumes certain definite character traits that have been cultivated among the citizenry. The review also concludes that Scorza's association of Henri Bergson with Sacha Baron Cohen and of Mark Twain with Stephen Colbert and Jon Stewart is less than persuasive given that Twain for one thought there was such a thing as "the American" the living symbol of which was himself.
Combination of Eight Alleles at Four Quantitative Trait Loci Determines Grain Length in Rice

Grain length is an important quantitative trait in rice (Oryza sativa L.) that influences both grain yield and exterior quality. Although many quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for grain length have been identified, it is still unclear how different alleles from different QTLs regulate grain length coordinately. To explore the mechanisms of QTL combination in the determination of grain length, five mapping populations, including two F2 populations, an F3 population, an F7 recombinant inbred line (RIL) population, and an F8 RIL population, were developed from the cross between the U.S. tropical japonica variety 'Lemont' and the Chinese indica variety 'Yangdao 4' and grown under different environmental conditions. Four QTLs (qGL-3-1, qGL-3-2, qGL-4, and qGL-7) for grain length were detected using both composite interval mapping and multiple interval mapping methods in the mapping populations. In each locus, there was an allele from one parent that increased grain length and another allele from another parent that decreased it. The eight alleles in the four QTLs were analyzed to determine whether these alleles act additively across loci, and lead to a linear relationship between the predicted breeding value of QTLs and phenotype. Linear regression analysis suggested that the combination of eight alleles determined grain length. Plants carrying more grain length-increasing alleles had longer grain length than those carrying more grain length-decreasing alleles. This trend was consistent in all five mapping populations and demonstrated the regulation of grain length by the four QTLs. Thus, these QTLs are ideal resources for modifying grain length in rice.
68Ga DOTA TATE PET/CT in patients with neuroendocrine tumors: a technologist’s perspective

2507 Objectives Many neuroendocrine tumors (NET) strongly express somatostatin receptors. Taking advantage of this characteristic, several radiotracers have been developed to evaluate NET. Traditionally, In-111 Octreoscan® has been used for scanning patients with NET. However, In-111 Octreoscan® has known limitations. F-18 FDG PET/CT can provide additional complementary information in selected NET cases. Ga-68 DOTA-TATE has become increasingly popular as a molecular tool for imaging NET. Methods Ga-68 DOTA-TATE PET/CT scans were done in NET patients under an IRB-approved research protocol. Every patient first signed an informed consented. Vital signs including oxygen saturation levels, respiratory rate, and blood pressure were recorded prior to injection of the tracer and at the completion of the scan. A dose of 5-7 mCi Ga-68 DOTA-TATE was administered intravenously. After a 45-60 minute delay, PET/CT was performed from vertex to mid-thighs. Results 70 patients (34 men, 36 women), 31-68 year-old (mean±SD: 57.5±13.1) were scanned after injections of 3.9-6.9 mCi (mean±SD: 5.8±0.7) of Ga-68 DOTA-TATE. GE Discovery 600 PET/CT scanner was used in 39 cases and Discovery 690 in 31 cases. The wait time from injection of the radiopharmaceutical to start of the scan was 44-80 minutes (mean±SD: 57.6±6.5). The duration of the scan ranged 18-45 minutes (mean±SD: 26.7±7.2). All PET images had diagnostic quality. Vital signs were stable in all patients and no adverse events were recorded. Conclusions Ga-68 DOTA-TATE provides diagnostic images of high quality in patients with NET, without adverse events. The short duration of the exam leads to improved patient convenience and is a significant advantage over the standard of care (in the U.S.) In-111 Octreoscan®. Research Support None
Reproductive Strategies of Yellow-Bellied Marmots: Energy Conservation and Differences between the Sexes

Yellow-bellied marmots ( Marmota flaviventris ) conserve maintenance energy by reducing resting metabolic rate, decreasing conductance, avoiding thermal stress, by an annual cycle of metabolism, and by reducing metabolic rate and conductance following the mid summer molt. Male reproductive strategies include successful dispersal and locating females, establishing a territory and shifting energy use to summer defense, becoming polygynous and including as many females as possible within the territory, spending more time above-ground, and hibernating in the area where females are present. The major female reproductive strategy is the formation of matrilines, which facilitates the acquisition of resources, increases reproductive output, and provides a reproductive competitive advantage. Females also share space and are amicable with close kin, are agonistic toward all other females, may suppress the reproduction of other females, including their daughters, and produce daughter-biased sex ratios when recruitment of daughters is highly probable. Conflict occurs between males and females because female competition limits the number of females that reproduce whereas male reproductive success increases directly with the number of females weaning litters.
The September 11, 2001, Oral History Narrative and Memory Project: A First Report

One of the dilemmas in the debate over whether memory or history dominates the interpretation of major events is that few opportunities exist to study how people reconstruct the past before a dominant public narrative has been created by those who have a vested interest in defining the political meaning of events. Oral historians have often claimed that the lived experience of history is more complex than subsequent interpretations reveal. Rarely do we have the opportunity to document the historic evidence of that complexity through first-person interviews collected close to a historical event that has the power to transform our ideas about history. As a result, debates over the relationships between memory and history and between individual and collective memory often remain abstract and theoretical. In the case of an episode such as the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, which immediately stirred a public debate over the ultimate significance of the events for American history and foreign policy, the stakes over how and by whom memory is shaped were particularly high. Given the nature of the attacks and the need for government response to them, it is no surprise that an official public interpretation of the meaning of September 11 was generated soon after the events occurred. This dominant account portrayed a nation unified in grief; it allowed government officials to claim that there is a public consensus that September 11 was a turning point in the nation's history that has clear implications for national and foreign policy. It is important to remember that this consensus was constructed not by those who lived through the terrorist attacks and their aftermath, but by those who observed it and had political reasons to interpret it as they did.
The Primacy of Labor in American Constitutional Development

As demonstrated in landmark decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court, American constitutional development has been fueled since the framing by disputes arising from changing labor relations in both private and public settings. This pattern is explained by the original provisions of the Constitution, the English background of its emergence, and the primacy of labor as a theoretical concept for studying political change. The Court's decisions protecting property express the status quo, the establishment against which transformations proceed. However, the property cases may also be reinterpreted along the lines indicated.
Abstract 5095: Hic-5 modulation of the stromal matrix is required for mammary tumor progression

Proceedings: AACR 107th Annual Meeting 2016; April 16-20, 2016; New Orleans, LA Primary tumors grow and invade into surrounding tissues/stroma, frequently resulting in metastasis to distant organs. Tumor cell-stroma crosstalk plays a crucial, but incompletely understood role during tumor progression and metastasis. For example, increased stromal matrix density and/or rigidity correlates with poor prognosis in human breast cancer patients. Previous studies have implicated Hic-5, a focal adhesion scaffold protein, in tumor cell invasion, proliferation and metastasis. To investigate the role of Hic-5 in mammary tumor progression, Hic-5 -/- mice were generated and crossed with mice expressing Polyoma Middle T Antigen (PyMT) driven by the MMTV promoter. The PyMT mouse is a well-established model for human breast cancer progression. Tumors from the Hic-5 -/- PyMT mice demonstrated an increased latency and had reduced growth as compared to Hic-5 +/- PyMT controls. The absence of Hic-5 did not affect the progression of the tumor to a carcinoma stage, but there was a decrease in metastasis to the lungs. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that Hic-5 is primarily expressed in the cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and the Hic-5 -/- PyMT tumor stroma exhibits reduced extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. Furthermore, 3D cell-derived matrices (CDM) generated in vitro using isolated CAFs, confirmed that Hic-5 -/- PyMT CAFs do not efficiently deposit and organize ECM. The organization of the stromal matrix has been shown previously to increase the rigidity of the tumor, which in turn promotes FAK Y397 phosphorylation in the tumor cells to promote cell invasion and proliferation. Accordingly, the Hic-5 -/- PyMT tumors exhibited a reduction in FAK phospho-Y397 staining and attenuation of downstream ERK activation, suggesting that their stromal matrix is not optimally organized for tumor cell signaling. Taken together, these data demonstrate that Hic-5 expression in CAFs is important for stromal matrix organization/remodeling during tumor progression and that the loss of the organization of the ECM in the Hic-5 -/- tumor stroma may contribute to the reduced tumor growth and metastasis observed in these animals. Supported by NIH CA163296 to CET, NS066071 to EO and Carol M. Baldwin Breast Cancer Fund to CET. Citation Format: Gregory J. Goreczny, Jessica Ouderkirk, Eric Olson, Mira Krendel, Christopher Turner. Hic-5 modulation of the stromal matrix is required for mammary tumor progression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 5095.
Periprosthetic UHMWPE Wear Debris Induces Inflammation, Vascularization, and Innervation After Total Disc Replacement in the Lumbar Spine

Background The pathophysiology and mechanisms driving the generation of unintended pain after total disc replacement (TDR) remain unexplored. Ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) wear debris from TDRs is known to induce inflammation, which may result in pain.
Radiation Chemistry of Gases

This chapter provides an overview of the gas-phase radiation chemistry. For condensed phases, two important aspects of gas-phase radiolysis are the analysis of molecular products and the effect of added scavengers on these products. Ion–molecule reactions involve a positive ion and a neutral molecule, frequently the parent molecule. Historically, there has been a dichotomy in the interpretation of the radiation-chemical yields in hydrocarbon gases. The process of fragmentation refers both to the parent and product ions. Each fragmentation mode has a critical energy requirement called the appearance potential. The fragmentation pattern depends critically on the excess energy over the highest relevant appearance potential. The dissociation processes ensuing from excited alkane molecules may be classified as elimination of H, H 2 , CH 2 , or entire alkane molecules. There is some analogy with the ionic fragmentation process. Also, there is an analogy in certain cases where the dissociation product has enough energy to undergo further dissociation. Neutralization is considered as a poorly understood process in the gas phase. While in the best possible cases, it may be considered as a homogeneous second-order process. Gas-phase radiolysis can sometimes result in chain reactions involving H atoms or other radicals. The chapter provides two useful theoretical aspects in the radiation chemistry of gases—the quasi-equilibrium theory (QET) and ion-molecule reaction.
Algorithmic Foundations of Robotics X: Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on the Algorithmic Foundations of Robotics

Algorithms are a fundamental component of robotic systems. Robot algorithms process inputs from sensors that provide noisy and partial data, build geometric and physical models of the world, plan high-and low-level actions at different time horizons, and execute these actions on actuators with limited precision. The design and analysis of robot algorithms raise a unique combination of questions from many elds, including control theory, computational geometry and topology, geometrical and physical modeling, reasoning under uncertainty, probabilistic algorithms, game theory, and theoretical computer science. The Workshop on Algorithmic Foundations of Robotics (WAFR) is a single-track meeting of leading researchers in the eld of robot algorithms. Since its inception in 1994, WAFR has been held every other year, and has provided one of the premiere venues for the publication of some of the eld's most important and lasting contributions. This books contains the proceedings of the tenth WAFR, held on June 13{15 2012 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The 37 papers included in this book cover a broad range of topics, from fundamental theoretical issues in robot motion planning, control, and perception, to novel applications.
Nashville NAACP tobacco prevention initiative: An example of community-based participatory action research

B42 Community-based Participatory Action Research (CBPAR) is a research approach that changes the power dynamics of traditional research by engaging research participants, not exclusively as subjects of research, but as active members in the entire research process (design, data collection, interpretation, and dissemination). CBPAR goes a step further than research in that its intent is to produce meaningful social change. CBPAR involves community members collaborating as equal partners with researchers and health professionals to study and transform communities in mutually beneficial ways. The Nashville NAACP Tobacco Prevention Initiative serves as an example of CBPAR. The purpose of this qualitative study is to describe the process and outcomes of CBPAR used by the Nashville Branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), Meharry Medical College, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Tennessee State University, Metro Nashville Health Department, and area African American churches to address tobacco health disparities among African Americans in Nashville, Tennessee. The methods used for this study include participant observation, focus group data, key informant interviews and historical archives. This ethnographic study chronicles the development of the initiative from its inception in 2006 to the present. The Nashville NAACP Tobacco Prevention Initiative through its use of CBPAR has resulted in church-based policy change (anti-tobacco church property declarations); community-based tobacco prevention activities (2006 Kick Butts Community Forum, 2007 World No Tobacco Day Event); service learning opportunities for local college students; community/academic presentations at national conferences (2007 American Cancer Society, 2007 American Association of Cancer Educators); media opportunities (newspaper articles, radio advertisements); support of state and local anti-tobacco legislation; congregational needs assessment development; clear targeting of tobacco prevention; and focused anti-tobacco interventions. Each of these outcomes has produced lessons learned which support the continued sustainability of the initiative. The initiative has effectively brought community, faith, academic and health professionals together as equals to understand and address tobacco-related issues affecting African Americans in Nashville. CBPAR has created new ways of engaging and sustaining research partners by developing social change agents for tobacco prevention. Lastly, CBPR has proved effective in developing relevant anti-tobacco activities and interventions, which support cancer prevention in local communities.
Community-Based Rehabilitation Services in Low and Middle-Income Countries in the Asia-Pacific Region: Successes and Challenges in the Implementation of the CBR Matrix

Purpose: This literature review aims to explore the importance of physical therapy services and the increasing awareness of CBR, specifically related to challenges in its implementation in low and middle-income countries in the Asia-Pacific region. Method: A literature review of multiple databases was conducted to locate relevant articles written within the past five years. The databases used for the search were Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and PubMed. Results: Thirteen articles about CBR were included in the literature review. These consist of studies on the quality of life, access to healthcare services, and barriers to CBR, as well as about the impact of CBR to LMICs and stakeholders. The articles demonstrate the vast potential of CBR, especially in LMICs in the Asia-Pacific region, with a significant positive impact on the lives of people with disabilities. Conclusion: CBR has improved the quality of life, access to medical services, functional independence, autonomy, community inclusion, and empowerment of people with disabilities in LMICs in the Asia-Pacific region. However, challenges in the implementation of CBR remain. These include lack of awareness and understanding of CBR, and physical, environmental, socio-economical and personal barriers.
Wσ,ϵ-estimates for nonlocal elliptic equations

Abstract We prove a W σ , ϵ -estimate for a class of nonlocal fully nonlinear elliptic equations by following Fanghua Lin's original approach [8] to the analogous problem for second order elliptic equations, by first proving a potential estimate, then combining this estimate with the ABP-type estimate by N. Guillen and R. Schwab to control the size of the superlevel sets of the σ-order derivatives of solutions.
Unit selection without a phoneme set

With most human languages having less than 1 million speakers it is unlikely that standard commercial systems will be able to justify supporting the vast majority of so-called "minority" languages. In our continuing task of providing tools for building synthetic voices in currently unsupported languages, this paper describes a number of experiments in building synthetic voices without requiring specific phonetic knowledge of the target languages. Even when a language is well studied defining an appropriate phoneme set is never easy. The work presented here shows the adequacy of unit selection synthesis techniques when no explicit phoneme set is available.
Rectal Gas Volume Measured by Computerized Tomography Identifies Evacuation Disorders in Patients With Constipation.

Background & Aims Approximately one third of patients who present to gastroenterology care with constipation have rectal evacuation disorders. We aimed to compare rectal gas volume, measured by computerized tomography (CT), in constipated patients with and without rectal evacuation disorders. Methods In a retrospective study, we collected data from 1553 patients with constipation, evaluated over 20 years. We analyzed data from 141 patients evaluated by anorectal manometry, balloon expulsion tests, and colon transit tests, collecting records of abdominal and pelvic CT examinations. Patients were classified into 3 subgroups: those with rectal evacuation disorders, slow-transit constipation, or normal-transit constipation. Two observers used standard CT software to identify variable regions of interest on each cross-sectional CT image that contained rectum and measured areas of gas in each slice; they then summated entire volumes of rectal gas. For the 3 groups, we compared rectal gas volume, maximal rectal gas transaxial area (measured by CT), and area of rectal gas (vertical) on the 2-dimensional abdominal film (scout) using the Kruskal–Wallis test. Results The intraclass correlation coefficient between 2 observers' measurements of rectal gas volume was 0.99 ( P P 3 ) than in patients with slow-transit (2.51 cm 3 ) or normal-transit constipation (1.33 cm 3 , both P P P = .033), with greater areas of rectal gas on the abdominal scout film in patients with rectal evacuation disorders than in those with normal-transit constipation. Conclusions In an analysis of patients with constipation, we found rectal gas volume, determined by abdominal CT imaging, to be greater in patients with than without rectal evacuation disorders.
The prototype design of gFEX — a component of the l1calo trigger for the ATLAS phase-I upgrade

The ATLAS experiment will follow the upgrade steps of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), which will undergo a series of upgrades to increase the luminosity in the next ten years. During the Phase-I upgrade, a new component will be designed for the ATLAS Level-1 calorimeter trigger system to maintain the trigger acceptance against the increasing luminosity — the global feature extractor (gFEX). The gFEX is intended to identify patterns of energy associated with the hadronic decays of high momentum Higgs, W & Z bosons, top quarks and exotic particles in real time at the LHC crossing rate. A prototype v1 with one System-on-Chip Xilinx ZYNQ FPGA, and one Vertex-7 FPGA for technology validation has been designed and tested in 2015. With the lessons learned from the prototype v1, a prototype v2 with three UltraScale FPGAs and one ZYNQ FPGA is implemented on an ATCA module. This board will receive coarse-granularity information from the entire ATLAS calorimeter on 276 optical fibers at the speed up to 12.8 Gb/s synchronous to the 40 MHz LHC clock. The test results of the prototype v2 show that the main gFEX functionalities are working well. Currently it is being used as the test platform for trigger algorithm development and integration with other detector systems. Based on the prototype v2 design, a prototype v3 design, the final prototype before production, has been started. This features a ZYNQ UltraScale+ FPGA and more fiber optical links to provide compatibility for the High-Luiminosity upgrade of the LHC (HL-LHC).
A novel dimension fusion based polynomial chaos approach for mixed aleatory-epistemic uncertainty quantification of carbon nanotube interconnects

In this paper, a novel PC based approach to model the impact of both aleatory (random) and epistemic (ignorance based) uncertainty on the performance of carbon nanotube (CNT) interconnects is presented. The key feature of this approach is a dimension fusion strategy whereby the aleatory and epistemic uncertainty in a model parameter is collectively represented using a single mixed variable. Thereafter, an approach to extract a set of basis functions that are by definition orthonormal with respect to the arbitrary probability distribution of the mixed variables is proposed. These basis functions are used to generate a reduced dimensional PC metamodel that accurately captures both the epistemic and aleatory uncertainty of the CNT interconnect network. The performance of the reduced PC metamodel relative to a traditional full-blown metamodel is validated using a numerical example.
Oncoprotein AEG-1 is an endoplasmic reticulum RNA-binding protein whose interactome is enriched in organelle resident protein-encoding mRNAs

Astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1), an oncogene whose overexpression promotes tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and enhanced chemoresistance, is thought to function primarily as a scaffolding protein, regulating PI3K/Akt and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. Here we report that AEG-1 is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident integral membrane RNA-binding protein (RBP). Examination of the AEG-1 RNA interactome by HITS-CLIP and PAR-CLIP methodologies revealed a high enrichment for endomembrane organelle-encoding transcripts, most prominently those encoding ER resident proteins, and within this cohort, for integral membrane protein-encoding RNAs. Cluster mapping of the AEG-1/RNA interaction sites demonstrated a normalized rank order interaction of coding sequence >5' untranslated region, with 3' untranslated region interactions only weakly represented. Intriguingly, AEG-1/membrane protein mRNA interaction sites clustered downstream from encoded transmembrane domains, suggestive of a role in membrane protein biogenesis. Secretory and cytosolic protein-encoding mRNAs were also represented in the AEG-1 RNA interactome, with the latter category notably enriched in genes functioning in mRNA localization, translational regulation, and RNA quality control. Bioinformatic analyses of RNA-binding motifs and predicted secondary structure characteristics indicate that AEG-1 lacks established RNA-binding sites though shares the property of high intrinsic disorder commonly seen in RBPs. These data implicate AEG-1 in the localization and regulation of secretory and membrane protein-encoding mRNAs and provide a framework for understanding AEG-1 function in health and disease.
Biotransformation as a Determinant of Species Susceptibility to Aflatoxin B1: In Vitro Studies in Rats, Mouse, Monkey, and Human Liver

Susceptibility to the toxic and carcinogenic effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) varies markedly between species.3,4,47,48,49,62 The duck, rabbit, pig, and trout are highly susceptible to the acute toxic effects of AFB (LD50 0.3-0.8 mg/kg) and the monkey is moderately susceptible (LD50 ∼2.0 mg/kg). The rat, mouse, and hamster are generally considered to be relatively resistant to the acute effects of AFB, though some discrepancies in the published LD50’s exist, possibly due to strain, sex, and/or age differences. The LD50 for rats has been reported to be between 1.0 and 17.9 mg/kg while published values for the mouse range from 9.0 to 60 mg/kg. The duck, trout, and rat are highly susceptible to the carcinogenic effects of AFB, while the mouse and hamster are relatively resistant. Lifetime dietary exposure to as little as 15 ppb has induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats, and 100% incidence of liver cancer was obtained with 100 ppb of AFB for a lifetime.64 Numerous other studies have demonstrated similarly potent carcinogenicity in rats.60,63 In contrast to the rat, Swiss-Webster mice given a diet containing 150,000 ppb of an AFB+AFG mixture failed to develop any liver tumors.64 However, liver tumors were obtained in C57BLxC3H mice injected with 1.25 mg/kg three times during the first 10 days after birth, demonstrating the importance of age-dependent factors in carcinogenic suscep- bility.55
Near Infrared Spectroscopy in Structural Problems of Biochemistry

Near infrared spectra have found biochemical applications in equilibrium and in kinetic problems. The region of the spectrum between 1.4 and 1,6 μ is especially useful for following transformations of —NH or —OH groups. The particular chemical state of these groups can be readily identified by the positions of the absorption maxima due to the first overtone of their stretching vibrations. Relative proportions of species can be evaluated from extinction coefficients which can be accurately determined. The equilibrium state of the peptide unit in a number of synthetic polyamino acids (poly-L-alanine, poly-l-leucine, poly-l-methionine, and polybenzyl- L-glutamate) has been followed as a function of solvent composition under conditions where the transitions in other physical properties of these polymers have been interpreted as simple peptide hydrogen-bonded helix to coil transitions. Spectral data demonstrate that these conversions involve protonated peptide species and are far more complicated than has hitherto been assumed.
Transient induction of gene expression in the nervous system in response to extracellular signals.

My laboratory has, for a number of years, been interested in the molecular mechanisms by which extracellular effectors such as growth factors and hormones mediate biological responses in target cells. We have utilized both genetic approaches to this problem and, more recently, molecular approaches. Our genetic studies have been concerned primarily with induction of cell division in quiescent, non-dividing cells. In those studies we selected mutant cell lines unable to divide in response to the polypeptide growth factor epidermal growth factor (EGF) (Pruss and Herschman, 1977; Terwilliger and Herschman, 1984) or the mitogen/tumor promoter tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA) (Butler-Gralla and Herschman, 1981). We isolated a number of independently derived 3T3 murine fibroblast variant cell lines unable to mount a mitogenic response either to EGF or to TPA and characterized the biochemical and physiological deficits in the EGF nonproliferative or the TPA nonproliferative derivatives. At the same time that we were isolating and characterizing mitogen nonproliferative variant lines, we also initiated a molecular program designed to identify genes induced in response to the mitogen/tumor promoter TPA. Our studies with the cDNAs cloned as a result of our search for TPA-induced gene expression have led us to a consideration of these genes, in response to a number of biological response modifiers, in cells of nervous system origin. In this chapter I will describe our isolation of these cDNAs, and their expression in several in vitro preparations derived from the nervous system.