cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chenopodium ambrosioides and its essential oil as treatments for Haemonchus contortus and mixed adult-nematode infections in goats

Abstract The anthelmintic efficacy of Chenopodium ambrosioides oil and fresh material was tested in goats in three trials. In trial 1, 13 adult goats and kids with natural mixed-nematode infections were treated with 0.2 ml of oil/kg body weight (BW). Six adult goats and kids were used as untreated controls. The before- and after-treatment eggs per gram (epg) of feces were compared. In trial 2, 30 kids with pure Haemonchus contortus infections were divided into one of five treatment groups: single doses of the oil at 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 ml/kg BW, fresh ground plant material or controls. Kids were slaughtered 5–7 days post-treatment and the adult H. contortus were collected from the abomasa. In trial 3, eight kids with pure H. contortus infections were given five daily doses of fresh plant material. Kids were slaughtered 10 days after the last treatment and the number of adult H. contortus collected from the abomasa was compared to that of seven untreated control kids. None of the treatments was effective based on Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests. In addition, in trial 2, the two higher oil doses (0.2 and 0.4 ml/kg BW) caused adverse reactions. Although C. ambrosioides has a long history of use as an anthelmintic in humans and non-ruminants, short-term treatment of individual goats with the plant or oil were not effective in reducing the number of nematode adults or eggs. However, in in vitro tests, the oil did reduce viability of eggs and might be useful as part of a larger long-term ecological strategy to reduce parasite loads at the whole farm level.
The sex ratio as a predictor of cross-national variation in violent crime

Because low-sex-ratio societies are likely to have increased family conflict, and because family conflict increases aggression, it was predicted that these societies would have higher rates of violent crimes such as homicide, rape, and assaults. These predictions were supported in regression analyses of Interpol data for 70 countries that used a variety of controls for level of economic development, ecology (mean temperature, population density, population movement), marriage system, and geographical region. The results indicate that family variables can account for a substantial amount of the crossnational variance in violent crime.
Hearing loss and cochlear pathology in the monkey ( Macaca) following exposure to high levels of noise

Eight Old World monkeys were exposed 8 h daily for 20 days to octave-band noise having center frequencies from 0.5–8 kHz at levels of 117–120 dB SPL. Two additional animals received exposures to wide-band, 120-dB SPL noise on the same schedule, and one animal was exposed to the 2-kHz octave band for 40 h continuously. Behavioral audiograms were measured throughout exposure and during a 1-month recovery period. Following recovery, the animals were sacrificed and their ears examined histologically. Monaural audiograms are presented showing initial and final TTS and PTS measured at the end of the recovery period. These are compared with complete cytocochleograms for each ear. Hair cell loss was generally restricted to the outer rows, and was reasonably well correlated with pattern of hearing loss. Some cell loss, including inner hair cells, was found in the extreme basal turn, usually without associated high-frequency hearing loss. The relationships between exposure frequency, hearing loss, and locus of cochlear pathology are discussed, as are changes in TTS during exposure.
Precision polarimetry of polarization components

Polarization elements are inadequately characterized for many applications. For retarders, usually only the retardance is specified. For polarizers, usually only the two principal transmittances or the extinction ratio are given. For polarization elements used in critical applications, this level of characterization is woefully inadequate. Defects of polarization elements are described, and the Mueller calculus suggested as the most appropriate measure of performance. Examples of the characterization of polarization elements as a function of angle of incidence, and as a function of wavelength are provided.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Generalization of a Novel, Implicit Treatment for Coarse Coding Deficit in Right Hemisphere Brain Damage: A Single Subject Experiment.

Background: This manuscript reports generalisation effects of Contextual Constraint Treatment for an adult with right hemisphere brain damage (RHD). Contextual Constraint Treatment is designed to stimulate inefficient language comprehension processes implicitly, by providing linguistic context to prime, or constrain, the intended interpretations of treatment stimuli. The study participant had a coarse coding deficit, defined as delayed mental activation of particularly distant semantic features of words (e.g., rotten as a feature of “apple”). Treatment effects were expected to generalise to auditory comprehension of narrative discourse, and perhaps to figurative language interpretation, because coarse coding has been hypothesised and/or demonstrated to support these abilities. Aims: This treatment study aimed to induce generalisation of Contextual Constraint Treatment in an adult with RHD with inefficient coarse coding. Methods & Procedures: The participant in this study was a 75-year-old man with RHD and...
Quantal Nature of Neuromuscular Transmission in Crayfish Phasic Abdominal Flexors

1. The electrophysiology and structure of the crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) deep abdominal flexor neuromuscular system were studied at several stages of development for the purpose of establishing and analyzing the quantal nature of synaptic transmission in these muscles. 2. In adult crayfish we were unable to obtain evidence for quantized neurotransmitter release in this system; spontaneous miniature synaptic potentials were never observed and evoked synaptic potential amplitude fluctuations suggested a mean quantal size of no more than a few microvolts. By recording from very young crayfish, so as to select fibers of higher input resistance, we were able to reveal the existence of a population of miniature potentials with a mean amplitude of less than 100 μV. Their amplitude distributions were always positively skewed, with the mode buried in the background noise. The time intervals between successive events were approximately exponentially distributed. 3. The extremely small quantal size was accounted for in terms of the input resistance (RN) of the muscle fibers. The exceptionally lowRN resulted from a low specific membrane resistivity combined with an unusual organization of the muscle fibers into a system of electrically coupled subunits. Thus the total membrane area of each fiber is disproportionately large for its diameter. The developmental origin and functional significance of this form of neuromuscular organization are discussed. 4. The mean quantal content per muscle fiber was estimated to be several thousand in adult animals, an order of magnitude higher than has been reported for other crayfish muscles. The large quantal content appears to result from a greater than usual total number of synaptic contacts. 5. Synapses formed by the motor giant (MoG) and non-giant (NG) motor neurons displayed the same use-dependent labilities in young crayfish as previously reported in adults. With repetitive stimulation at low to moderate rates the NG synapses facilitated mildly due to an increase in mean quantal content, while the MoG synapses depressed even at rates of once per minute or less.
Small‐Plot Windrower

Although many crops are commonly field dried in windrows, research has often been limited by the lack of adequate equipment for small-plot windrowing. A research scale windrowing machine was constructed that closely imitates commercial practice. The machine was used on a number of crops in 1989
Equivalent Isopropanol Concentrations of Aromatic Amino Acids Interactions with Lipid Vesicles

We show that the interaction of aromatic amino acids with lipid bilayers can be characterized by conventional 1D $$^1$$ H NMR spectroscopy using reference spectra obtained in isopropanol-d8/D $$_{2}$$ O solutions. We demonstrate the utility of this method with three different peptides containing tyrosine, tryptophan, or phenylalanine amino acids in the presence of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine or 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine lipid membranes. In each case, we determine an equivalent isopropanol concentration (EIC) for each hydrogen site of aromatic groups, in essence constructing a map of the chemical environment. These EIC maps provide information on relative affinities of aromatic side chains for either PC or PS bilayers and also inform on amino acid orientation preference when bound to membranes.
Amplify scientific discovery with artificial intelligence

Technological innovations are penetrating all areas of science, making predominantly human activities a principal bottleneck in scientific progress while also making scientific advancement more subject to error and harder to reproduce. This is an area where a new generation of artificial intelligence (AI) systems can radically transform the practice of scientific discovery. Such systems are showing an increasing ability to automate scientific data analysis and discovery processes, can search systematically and correctly through hypothesis spaces to ensure best results, can autonomously discover complex patterns in data, and can reliably apply small-scale scientific processes consistently and transparently so that they can be easily reproduced. We discuss these advances and the steps that could help promote their development and deployment.
Parenchymnekrose: Infektion und andere Indikationen für Debridment und Drainage

In der hier vorliegenden Arbeit wird uber die Erfahrungen mit dem Debridment bei der akuten Pankreatitis unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Indikationsstellung und der Ergebnisse bei Patienten mit infizierten im Vergleich zu sterilen Nekrose berichtet. Innerhalb von 7 Jahren wurden 64 Patienten mit einer nekrotisierenden Pankreatitis operiert mit einem medianen praoperativen APACHE II score von 9. Indiziert war die operative Therapie beim Vorliegen einer nachgewiesenen Infektion oder bei Beschwerdepersistenz. 36 Patienten hatten eine infizierte Nekrose und 28 eine sterile. Der Vergleich dieser Gruppen hinsichtlich pra- und postoperativer Parameter ergab keinen signifikanten Unterschied. Operativ wurde eine stumpfe Nekrosektomie gefolgt von geschlossenem „Packing“ mit Penrosedrainagen durchgefuhrt. Die in dieser Arbeit gefundene Mortalitat von 6,2 % mit einer Reoperationsrate von 17 % ist die niedrigste bisher veroffentlichte und zeigt, das auch bei sterilen Nekrosen ein operatives Management sicher indiziert sein kann.
Combined heat and mass transfer in mixed convection along vertical and inclined plates

Abstract An analysis is performed to study the heat- and mass-transfer characteristics of mixed convection flow along vertical and inclined flat plates under the combined buoyancy effects of thermal and mass diffusion. The analysis is for processes in which the diffusion-thermo and thermo-diffusion effects as well as the interfacial velocities due to mass diffusion are negligibly small. The plate is either maintained at a uniform temperature/concentration or subjected to a uniform heat/mass flux. Numerical results for the local Nusselt number and the local Sherwood number are presented for diffusion of common species into air and water. In general, it has been found that for the thermally assisting flow, the local surface heat- and mass-transfer rates are further enhanced when the buoyancy force from mass diffusion assists the thermal buoyancy force, but are reduced when the two buoyancy forces oppose each other. These trends are reversed for the thermally opposing flow. In addition, the effects of the combined buoyancy forces on the surface heat- and mass-transfer rates are found to diminish as the angle of inclination from the vertical increases. A comparison is also made between results from the uniform surface heat/mass flux and the uniform wall temperature/ concentration.
3β-Hydroxysterol Δ7-reductase and the Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome

In the final step of cholesterol synthesis, 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7) reduces the double bond at C7-8 of 7-dehydrocholesterol to yield cholesterol. Mutations of DHCR7 cause Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS). Over 100 different mutations of DHCR7 have been identified in SLOS patients. SLOS is a classical multiple malformation, mental retardation syndrome, and was the first human malformation syndrome shown to result from an inborn error of cholesterol synthesis. This paper reviews the biochemical, molecular, and mutational aspects of DHCR7.
P03-02 - Therapeutic alliance in the cognitive behavioral treatment of pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder

Objectives The purpose of the current study was to investigate the influence of therapeutic alliance (TA) as a treatment process variable on outcome in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Although CBT for pediatric OCD disorder is considered a first-line treatment, not all youth have positive treatment responses, suggesting the need for investigating factors that enhance or reduce treatment effects. Methods Twenty-five youth aged 7-17 years (M = 13.16, SD = 2.69) with a principal diagnosis of OCD and parents participated in the study. Using a multiple-informant, multiple-time point design, the current study examined the role of TA in family-based CBT for pediatric OCD. Results Findings indicated (1) stronger child-rated, parent-rated, and therapist-rated TAs were predictive of better treatment outcome, (2) larger, more positive early alliance shifts (rated by changes in child-rated TA between sessions 1 and 5) were predictive of better treatment outcome. Conclusions TA was a predictor of subsequent change in OCD symptoms in youth treated with CBT. These findings correspond with alliance-outcome research among youth treated with evidence based therapies for behavior disorders.
ENDOGENOUS ELECTRICAL CURRENTS AND VOLTAGE GRADIENTS IN XENOPUS EMBRYOS AND THE CONSEQUENCES OF THEIR DISRUPTION

Starting early in development, the Xenopus embryo maintains an inwardly positive transepithelial potential (TEP) across its ectoderm. This "ectodermal battery" drives ionic current out of the embryo through low-resistance regions. The blastopore represents one such region, as we detected currents leaving this region starting at stage 14 (2 microA/cm2) and peaking at stage 22 (100 microA/cm2). The addition of the epithelial Na(+)-channel blocker, benzamil, to the bathing solution reduced these currents to 18% of their previous levels. The blastopore current generates an intraembryonic voltage gradient that is most negative at the blastopore. Along the rostral-caudal axis on the ventral side of the embryo, the gradient averaged 27 +/- 4 mV/mm between the blastopore and a point 400-600 microns rostral to the blastopore. Up the flank along the dorsal-ventral axis, the gradient averaged 40 +/- 11 mV/mm between the blastopore and a point 250 microns dorsal. We also found that the anterior neural folds at stage 17 are sites of small (2 microA/cm2 average) outward current. This current also generates a significant internal electrical field. We hypothesized that the steep gradients we detected in the Xenopus embryo play a causal role in development. To test this, we impaled stage 14-16 embryos with glass microelectrodes filled with agarose-gelled saline and passed currents through these electrodes that nulled or reversed the endogenous currents through the blastopore. Twenty of 23 embryos treated with currents of 100 nA or greater for 9 to 11 hr showed developmental abnormalities that were apparent externally. These abnormalities included the formation of ventral pigmented bulges, failure of the anterior neural tube to close, reduced head development and retarded eye formation, the extrusion of cells from the blastopore into the bath, and a failure to form functional cilia. Only one of 14 control embryos (those treated with 10 nA or no current) developed abnormally. Five embryos were treated with 100 nA of current that augmented the endogenous current. One of those exhibited abnormal head development while the other 4 appeared normal.
The Role and Benefits of Static Var Systems in High Voltage Power System Applications

The specific role of Static Var Systems (SVS) as a form of dynamic reactive power compensation in high voltage ac power systems is described. A characteristic of the SVS which sets it apart from other forms of compensation is its extreme speed of response in adjusting its reactive power output to meet rapidly changing needs of the system. Examples [1] are given showing the benefits of SVS in suppressing load rejection overvoltages, increasing the transient stability power limit of a 500 kV radial transmission system, and in preventing a voltage collapse following a generator trip and subsequent increase in import power requirements. One example shows how the installation of a third 500 kV circuit could be avoided with the application of two SVS, with a significant savings in capital costs.
Hindbrain-derived Wnt and Fgf signals cooperate to specify the otic placode in Xenopus

Induction of the otic placode, the rudiment of the inner ear, is believed to depend on signals derived from surrounding tissues, the head mesoderm and the prospective hindbrain. Here we report the first attempt to define the specific contribution of the neuroectoderm to this inductive process in Xenopus. To this end we tested the ability of segments of the neural plate (NP), isolated from different axial levels, to induce the otic marker Pax8 when recombined with blastula stage animal caps. We found that one single domain of the NP, corresponding to the prospective anterior hindbrain, had Pax8-inducing activity in this assay. Surprisingly, more than half of these recombinants formed otic vesicle-like structures. Lineage tracing experiments indicate that these vesicle-like structures are entirely derived from the animal cap and express several pan-otic markers. Pax8 activation in these recombinants requires active Fgf and canonical Wnt signaling, as interference with either pathway blocks Pax8 induction. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Fgf and canonical Wnt signaling cooperate to activate Pax8 expression in isolated animal caps. We propose that in the absence of mesoderm cues the combined activity of hindbrain-derived Wnt and Fgf signals specifies the otic placode in Xenopus, and promotes its morphogenesis into an otocyst.
Microwave-transistor power-amplifier design by large-signal y parameters

The validity of large-signal y parameters for use in the design of microwave-transistor power amplifiers has been investigated, and simple design equations have been derived for the optimum source and load terminations. The predicted terminations are in good agreement with those experimentally obtained with a 1 GHz 1 W amplifier.
Effect of milk constituents on hepatic cholesterolgenesis

Two preparations active in reducing hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis were isolated from bovine skim milk. One of the inhibitors was in the dialysate and was identified as orotic acid (OA). The other inhibitor, present in the retentate, was not identified. Orotic acid appears to act by inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis before the formation of mevalonate, whereas the retentate inhibitor exerts its effect beyond the formation of mevalonate in the biosynthetic pathway. Human milk also inhibited the incorporation of both labeled acetate and mevalonate into cholesterol by rat liver. Orotic acid was not detectable in human milk samples employed in this study. Administration of [6-14C]orotate to rats revealed its conversion to uracil in the liver. Subsequent work demonstrated that uracil had inhibitory activity on hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis similar to that of orotate when incubated with rat liver slices.
Recovering 3-D translation of a rigid surface by a binocular observer using moments

This paper presents a novel approach for estimating the 3-D translation of a rigid surface using a binocular observer. The method uses the general theory of moments and is based in the aggregate stereo approach. The computation of a limited set of moments of four images is necessary. Real-time implementation of the algorithm is feasible since image moments can be computed at frame rates very easily using parallel architectures.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Experimental rod impact results

Abstract The one-dimensional long rod penetration theory of Tate [ J. Mech. Phys. Solids 15 387 (1967)] has been modified by the authors [ J. Mech. Phys. Solids 35 , 121 (1987)] to include mass transfer into the plastic zone. The mushroom strain at the penetrator tip is incorporated into the analysis. This latter factor has a very substantial effect on calculated penetrations. In this paper, a comparison between the modified Tate theory and a series of penetration experiments is given. The results tend to confirm the validity of the mathematical model for realistic values of the penetrator and target strengths.
Solving dioxin contamination problems in Missouri

Abstract This paper discusses measures taken by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Region VII, to deal with the problem of dioxin contamination in Missouri. The Agency is moving rapidly toward a comprehensive, final solution to this problem.
An approximate median polish algorithm for large multidimensional data sets

Exploratory data analysis is a widely used technique to determine which factors have the most influence on data values in a multi-way table, or which cells in the table can be considered anomalous with respect to the other cells. In particular, median polish is a simple yet robust method to perform exploratory data analysis. Median polish is resistant to holes in the table (cells that have no values), but it may require many iterations through the data. This factor makes it difficult to apply median polish to large multidimensional tables, since the I/O requirements may be prohibitive. This paper describes a technique that uses median polish over an approximation of a datacube, easing the burden of I/O. The cube approximation is achieved by fitting log-linear models to the data. The results obtained are tested for quality, using a variety of measures. The technique scales to large datacubes and proves to give a good approximation of the results that would have been obtained by median polish in the original data.
PR-39, a Syndecan-inducing Antimicrobial Peptide, Binds and Affects p130Cas

PR-39 is a proline-arginine-rich antimicrobial peptide and an important component of innate immunity. In addition to its antimicrobial effects, PR-39 can alter mammalian cell gene expression and behavior. To determine the mechanism through which PR-39 affects mesenchymal cells, we identify a number of binding targets for PR-39 using a biologically active fragment of PR-39 (PR-39(15)). We found that PR-39 binds NIH 3T3 in a saturable manner consistent with the existence of a binding target. Similar to full-length PR-39, PR-39(15) interacts with lipid bilayers. After interacting with the membrane, PR-39(15) rapidly enters human microvascular endothelial cells and binds a number of cytoplasmic proteins. PR-39 selectively binds recombinant SH3-containing proteins and was also found to bind a native SH3-containing protein, p130(Cas). PR-39(15) treatment of endothelial cells results in altered p130 localization. These results show that PR-39(15) binds an SH3-containing signal transduction molecule that has the potential to explain a myriad of effects PR-39 has on mammalian cell behaviors.
SecureStream: An intrusion-tolerant protocol for live-streaming dissemination

Peer-to-peer (P2P) dissemination systems are vulnerable to attacks that may impede nodes from receiving data in which they are interested. The same properties that lead P2P systems to be scalable and efficient also lead to security problems and lack of guarantees. Within this context, live-streaming protocols deserve special attention since their time sensitive nature makes them more susceptible to the packet loss rates induced by malicious behavior. While protocols based on dissemination trees often present obvious points of attack, more recent protocols based on pulling packets from a number of different neighbors present a better chance of standing attacks. We explore this in SecureStream, a P2P live-streaming system built to tolerate malicious behavior at the end level. SecureStream is built upon Fireflies, an intrusion-tolerant membership protocol, and employs a pull-based approach for streaming data. We present the main components of SecureStream and present simulation and experimental results on the Emulab testbed that demonstrate the good resilience properties of pull-based streaming in the face of attacks. This and other techniques allow our system to be tolerant to a variety of intrusions, gracefully degrading even in the presence of a large percentage of malicious peers.
Utilization of achiral alkenyl amines for the preparation of high affinity Grb2 SH2 domain-binding macrocycles by ring-closing metathesis

A family of previously reported ring-closing metathesis (RCM)-derived macrocycles that exhibit potent Grb2 SH2 domain-binding affinity is characterized by stereoselectively-introduced upper ring junctions that bear bicyclic aryl substituents. However, the synthetic complexity of these macrocycles presents a potential limit to their therapeutic application. Therefore, the current study was undertaken to simplify these macrocycles through the use of achiral 4-pentenylamides as ring-forming components. A series of macrocycles (5a–f) was prepared bearing both open and cyclic constructs at the upper ring junction. The Grb2 SH2 domain-binding affinities of these macrocycles varied, with higher affinities being obtained with cyclo-substituents. The most potent analogue (5d) contained a cyclohexyl group and exhibited Grb2 SH2 domain-binding affinity (KD = 1.3 nM) that was nearly equal to the parent macrocycle (2), which bore a stereoselectively-introduced naphthylmethyl substituent at the upper ring junction (KD = 0.9 nM). The results of this study advance design considerations that should facilitate the development of Grb2 SH2 domain-binding antagonists.
Stability, transition and turbulence

A glimpse is provided of the research program in stability, transition, and turbulence based on numerical simulations. This program includes both the so-called abrupt and the restrained transition processes. Attention is confined to the prototype problems of channel flow and the parallel boundary layer in the former category and the Taylor-Couette flow in the latter category. It covers both incompressible flows and supersonic flows. Some representative results are presented.
Image and Texture Segmentation Using Local Spectral Histograms

We present a method for segmenting images consisting of texture and nontexture regions based on local spectral histograms. Defined as a vector consisting of marginal distributions of chosen filter responses, local spectral histograms provide a feature statistic for both types of regions. Using local spectral histograms of homogeneous regions, we decompose the segmentation process into three stages. The first is the initial classification stage, where probability models for homogeneous texture and nontexture regions are derived and an initial segmentation result is obtained by classifying local windows. In the second stage, we give an algorithm that iteratively updates the segmentation using the derived probability models. The third is the boundary localization stage, where region boundaries are localized by building refined probability models that are sensitive to spatial patterns in segmented regions. We present segmentation results on texture as well as nontexture images. Our comparison with other methods shows that the proposed method produces more accurate segmentation results
Low temperature proton irradiation of GaAs MESFETs

GaAs MESFETs and resistors were irradiated with 3 MeV protons at irradiation temperatures (T/sub IRR/) in the 100 K >
Biospecimen "ownership": counterpoint.

With more than 300 million human specimens currently in storage in the United States, human biological samples have become an integral component of the research infrastructure ([1][1], [2][2]). It is, however, a fragile component. Human “biobanking” depends heavily on the public's trust in the
Neurologic outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting with and without cardiopulmonary bypass.

Neurologic injury, in the form of either stroke or more subtle neurocognitive impairment, is a frequent and potentially devastating complication of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The etiology of CABG-associated neurologic injury is likely multifactorial, with the phenomena of cerebral hypoperfusion and embolism being the major contributors. Several perioperative strategies have been developed in an effort to reduce the incidence of CABG-associated neurologic complications. Hypothermic cerebral perfusion, alpha stat acid-base management, and slow patient rewarming have been shown by several investigators to minimize adverse neurologic sequelae associated with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass. Performing CABG without cardiopulmonary bypass (off-pump CABG), meanwhile, has been shown to reduce the risk of perioperative stroke, especially in high-risk patients such as the elderly. Whether off-pump CABG reduces the incidence of less severe neurocognitive impairment has not yet been clearly established and merits further investigation in the form of large, multicenter, randomized trials. Other technical innovations, such as the use of sutureless and clampless aortic anastomotic devices, also may be able to further minimize the neurologic complications associated with CABG.
Hygrothermal diffusion behavior in bismaleimide resin

Hygrothermal diffusion behavior of bismaleimide resin prepared by two different curing schedules is studied. The Langmuir model is employed to describe the non-Fickian diffusion behavior observed at two different hygrothermal conditioning temperatures. Dynamic mechanical analysis, attenuated-total-reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and swelling experiments were conducted to investigate the nature of the diffusion process. The experimental findings reveal that both hydrogen bonding and the nature of the network architecture strongly affect the hygrothermal diffusion behavior of the bismaleimide resin. The possible diffusion mechanisms accounted for such a non-Fickian diffusion behavior are discussed.
Modification of Iron Toxicity and/or Absorption in Mice

A study was made of the toxicity of iron administered orally in mice under various conditions. In a quantitative 6-group technique α -aminoacetic acid effected a statistically significant increase in mortality rate of iron. Conversely, sodium succinate reduced the mortality rate of iron with statistical significance. Comparisons of slopes of dosage response curves of mortality rates of iron administered orally with and without additives showed very close parallelism.
GAMBIT: effective unit testing for concurrency libraries

As concurrent programming becomes prevalent, software providers are investing in concurrency libraries to improve programmer productivity. Concurrency libraries improve productivity by hiding error-prone, low-level synchronization from programmers and providing higher-level concurrent abstractions. Testing such libraries is difficult, however, because concurrency failures often manifest only under particular scheduling circumstances. Current best testing practices are often inadequate: heuristic-guided fuzzing is not systematic, systematic schedule enumeration does not find bugs quickly, and stress testing is neither systematic nor fast.To address these shortcomings, we propose a prioritized search technique called GAMBIT that combines the speed benefits of heuristic-guided fuzzing with the soundness, progress, and reproducibility guarantees of stateless model checking. GAMBIT combines known techniques such as partial-order reduction and preemption-bounding with a generalized best-first search frame- work that prioritizes schedules likely to expose bugs. We evaluate GAMBIT's effectiveness on newly released concurrency libraries for Microsoft's .NET framework. Our experiments show that GAMBIT finds bugs more quickly than prior stateless model checking techniques without compromising coverage guarantees or reproducibility.
The Importance of Student Cross-Racial Interactions as Part of College Education: Perceptions of Faculty.

In light of Supreme Court decisions limiting diversity-related admissions processes, a growing body of research has been conducted to ascertain academic benefits that come from cross-racial interactions (CRIs) that can occur only when there is diversity in the student body. The majority of this research has focused on student CRIs that occur outside of the classroom. Few studies have focused on classroom CRIs. The current study sought to understand how faculty on a campus designated as a Hispanic-serving institution perceive CRIs in their classes. Five focus groups were conducted on a campus, which houses both a community college and a university. Four concepts emerged from these faculty conversations. Faculty spoke about the value of CRIs as well as challenges regarding CRIs in the classroom. They also spoke of their level of responsibility for fostering CRIs and explained that what is perceived as diverse depends on previous faculty experiences on other campuses in other regions of the country. These findings suggest that institutions need to consider faculty perceptions and concerns to foster a positive campus climate to support the full potential of student diversity.
The National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) research program and building the scientific basis for high beta, long pulse operating scenarios

Summary form only given, as follows. Research on the National Spherical Torus Experiment is focusing on establishing long-pulse, high beta, high confinement operation. The effort is aimed at forming an extrapolable basis based on studies of high beta stability, transport. and turbulence, wave-particle interactions, and boundary physics. Capabilities include neutral beam (up to 7 MW) and high harmonic fast wave (HHFW, up to 6 MW) heating, toroidal fields up to 6 kG, and currents up to 1.5 MA. Plasmas with average toroidal beta of up to 35% have been obtained. Theoretical assessments of stability indicate that NSTX plasmas routinely exceed the no-wall beta limit by reaping the benefits of a nearby conducting wall combined with plasma rotation.. With NBI, both L mode and H mode confinement exceeds scaling law predictions, and efforts are beginning to assess the characteristics of the turbulence responsible for the transport. Analysis reveals exceptionally low ion thermal and particle transport in L mode and H modes exhibit substantial pressure profile broadening. Up to 6 MW of high harmonic fast waves (relative to the ion cyclotron-frequency) have been used to effectively heat electrons, and their acceleration of fast beam ions has been observed, and indications of current drive have been measured. Research on plasma startup without the aid of the solenoid is a high priority on NSTX. Toroidal currents up to 400 kA have been driven with coaxial helicity injection, and studies to assess flux closure and coupling to other current drive techniques will be discussed. Finally, preliminary results from heat flux scaling studies suggest that NSTX should be able to pulse lengths long compared to a current relaxation time with acceptable heat loads in the divertor.
Prevalence and Abundance of Fleas in black-tailed Prairie Dog Burrows: Implications for the Transmission of Plague (Yersinia pestis)

Plague, the disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, can have devastating impacts on North American wildlife. Epizootics, or die-offs, in prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) occur sporadically and fleas (Siphonaptera) are probably important in the disease's transmission and possibly as maintenance hosts of Y. pestis between epizootics. We monitored changes in flea abundance in prairie dog burrows in response to precipitation, temperature, and plague activity in shortgrass steppe in northern Colorado. Oropsylla hirsuta was the most commonly found flea, and it increased in abundance with temperature. In contrast, Oropsylla tuberculata cynomuris declined with rising temperature. During plague epizootics, flea abundance in burrows increased and then subsequently declined after the extirpation of their prairie dog hosts.
Interaction of calmodulin with the serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine2A receptor. A putative regulator of G protein coupling and receptor phosphorylation by protein kinase C.

Abstract The 5-hydroxytryptamine2A (5-HT2A) receptor is a Gq/11-coupled serotonin receptor that activates phospholipase C and increases diacylglycerol formation. In this report, we demonstrated that calmodulin (CaM) co-immunoprecipitates with the 5-HT2A receptor in NIH-3T3 fibroblasts in an agonist-dependent manner and that the receptor contains two putative CaM binding regions. The putative CaM binding regions of the 5-HT2A receptor are localized to the second intracellular loop and carboxyl terminus. In an in vitro binding assay peptides encompassing the putative second intracellular loop (i2) and carboxyl-terminal (ct) CaM binding regions bound CaM in a Ca2+-dependent manner. The i2 peptide bound with apparent higher affinity and shifted the mobility of CaM in a nondenaturing gel shift assay. Fluorescence emission spectral analyses of dansyl-CaM showed apparent KD values of 65 ± 30 nm for the i2 peptide and 168 ± 38 nm for the ct peptide. The ct CaM-binding domain overlaps with a putative protein kinase C (PKC) site, which was readily phosphorylated by PKC in vitro. CaM binding and phosphorylation of the ct peptide were found to be antagonistic, suggesting a putative role for CaM in the regulation of 5-HT2A receptor phosphorylation and desensitization. Finally, we showed that CaM decreases 5-HT2A receptor-mediated [35S]GTPγS binding to NIH-3T3 cell membranes, supporting a possible role for CaM in regulating receptor-G protein coupling. These data indicate that the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor contains two high affinity CaM-binding domains that may play important roles in signaling and function.
A Movable Architecture for Robust Spatial Computing

Foropen-endedcomputationalgrowth,wearguethat:(i)insteadofhardwiringandhidingcomponent spatial relationships, computer architecture should soften and expose them; and (2) instead of relegating reliability to hardware, robustness must climb the computational stack toward the end users.Wesuggestthateventuallyalltrulylarge-scalecomputerswillberobustspatialcomputers—even if intended neither for spatial tasks nor harsh environments. This paper is an extended introduction for the spatial computing community to the Movable Feast Machine (MFM), a computing model in the spirit of an object-oriented asynchronous cellular automata. We motivate the approach and then present the model, touching on robustness mechanisms such as redundancy, compartmentalization and homeostasis. We provide simulation data from prototype movable elements such as self-healing wire for data transport and movable ‘membrane’ rings for spatial segregation, and illustrate how some larger computations like sorting or evaluating a lambda expression can be reconceived for robustness and movability within a spatial computing architecture.
Zonal Co-location Pattern Discovery with Dynamic Parameters

Zonal co-location patterns represent subsets of feature- types that are frequently located in a subset of space (i.e., zone). Discovering zonal spatial co-location patterns is an important problem with many applications in areas such as ecology, public health, and homeland defense. However, discovering these patterns with dynamic parameters (i.e., repeated specification of zone and interest measure values according to user preferences) is computationally complex due to the repetitive mining process. Also, the set of candidate patterns is exponential in the number of feature types, and spatial datasets are huge. Previous studies have focused on discovering global spatial co-location patterns with a fixed interest measure threshold. In this paper, we propose an indexing structure for co-location patterns and propose algorithms (Zoloc-Miner) to discover zonal co- location patterns efficiently for dynamic parameters. Extensive experimental evaluation shows our proposed approaches are scalable, efficient, and outperform naive alternatives.
Simultaneous state measurement of coupled Josephson phase qubits.

One of the many challenges of building a scalable quantum computer is single-shot measurement of all the quantum bits (qubits). We have used simultaneous single-shot measurement of coupled Josephson phase qubits to directly probe interaction of the qubits in the time domain. The concept of measurement crosstalk is introduced, and we show that its effects are minimized by careful adjustment of the timing of the measurements. We observe the antiphase oscillation of the two-qubit |01〉 and |10〉 states, consistent with quantum mechanical entanglement of these states, thereby opening the possibility for full characterization of multiqubit gates and elementary quantum algorithms.
Integrated Care: Tools, Maps, and Leadership

> There is also a sense of unbalancing that must take place in order to push … into a new and larger set of circumstances. > > —David Whyte, The Three Marriages Those interested in comprehensive primary care will like this special issue of JABFM . This is perhaps the most advanced report to
Biological Function and Dysfunction: Conceptual Foundations of Evolutionary Psychopathology

The concept of function is at the foundation of evolutionary psychology, and dysfunction—failure of biological function—is foundational to theories of psychopathology. Clarity about these concepts' meanings is essential for testing hypotheses and resolving controversies in these fields. This chapter details some disputes about these concepts, addresses some confusions (e.g., Gould's claims about “exaptation”), and reviews recent advances by philosophers of biology in understanding functions as naturally selected effects. Conceptual analysis leads to the conclusion that “function”—in the sense most relevant to evolutionary psychology and clinical theory—refers to effects of an organism's features that somehow explain why the intricately structured features that produce them exist and are structured the way they are (e.g., the fact that hands allow us to grasp cannot be accidental, but somehow must explain why hands are structured as they are). Darwin's scientific discoveries revealed that the most plausible way to understand such intuitions is in terms of natural selection. Consequently, judgments of psychological normality and disorder are in fact judgments about evolutionarily designed psychological features and their failure to produce naturally selected effects. Mental disorders can be best conceived as harmful dysfunctions of naturally selected psychological mechanisms. Some recent applications of the harmful dysfunction analysis, as well as common confusions in applying evolutionary theory to psychopathology, are discussed. The validity of the diagnostic criteria used by clinicians and researchers every day to distinguish disorder from normality hangs on our understanding of human psychological design and thus on progress in evolutionary psychology. Keywords: function; dysfunction; mental disorder; evolutionary psychology; harmful dysfunction
A Translational Approach to Probe the Arrhythmic Potential of the Heart: Therapeutic Considerations

Electrocardiographic alternans, a phenomenon of beat-to-beat alternation in cardiac electrical waveforms, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac (SCD). However, rather than merely being associated with an increased risk for SCD, several lines of pre-clinical and clinical evidence suggest that cardiac alternans may play a causative role in generating the electrophysiologic substrate necessary for the onset of ventricular arrhythmias. In the clinical setting, a positive microvolt T-wave alternans (MTWA) test has been associated with a heightened risk of arrhythmic mortality and SCD during medium- and long-term follow-up. Although deficiencies in Ca2+ transport processes have been implicated in the genesis of alternans at the sub-cellular and cellular level, the specific underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. In this chapter we propose a framework of conditions necessary to give rise to alternans from the myocyte to the whole heart level. It supports the idea that alternans results from a synergistic interaction between a vulnerable substrate and an inciting trigger event. Lastly, the potential clinical utility of modulating repolarization alternans via electrical or pharmacologic therapies to prevent life threatening arrhythmias is explored.
A Compact, High Pulse Rate CO2 Doppler Lidar for Cloud, Species, and Turbulence Research

A compact high pulse rate CO2 Doppler lidar was deployed for the first time during the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment (ASTEX) in summer 1992. Vertical velocity measurements obtained with the system, analyzed in conjunction with infrared and microwave radiometer observations and cloud radar returns, provide insights into the dynamics of cloud formation and breakup in the marine boundary layer. The lidar results also illustrate differences with radar observations of both velocity and cloud boundaries, probably because the radar scatter is heavily weighted to larger particles. Following ASTEX, the lidar system has been redesigned to include a second wavelength, which will enable dual wavelength interrogation of clouds and simultaneous DIAL/Doppler measurements of water vapor and wind velocity. The system was operated for cloud probing during April, 1996, with experimental measurements of vertical fluxes planned for later in the year.
p53 inhibits entry into mitosis when DNA synthesis is blocked

Human and mouse fibroblasts with normal p53 fail to enter mitosis when DNA synthesis is blocked by aphidicolin or hydroxyurea. Isogenic p53-null fibroblasts do enter mitosis with incompletely replicated DNA, revealing that p53 contributes to a checkpoint that ensures that mitosis does not occur until DNA synthesis is complete. When treated with N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate (PALA), which inhibits pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis, leading to synthesis of damaged DNA from highly unbalanced dNTP pools, p53-null cells enter mitosis after they have completed DNA replication, but cells with wild-type p53 do not, revealing that p53 also mediates a checkpoint that monitors the quality of newly replicated DNA.
Electron-impact double ionization of H−

Electron-impact double ionization cross sections for H− are calculated using a non-perturbative time-dependent close-coupling theory. The total wavefunction for the three-electron system is represented by a coupled channels expansion involving simple products of three-dimensional radial lattices and six-dimensional coupled spherical harmonics. Following time evolution of the total wavefunction according to the Schrodinger equation, collision probabilities are found by projection of the total wavefunction onto fully antisymmetric products of spatial and spin functions representing three outgoing Coulomb waves. The completely ab initio double ionization cross section results for H− are found to be more than a factor of 5 below the experimental measurements of Peart et al (1971 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Phys. 4 88) and in excellent agreement with the experimental measurements of Yu et al (1992 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 25 4593).