cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular cloning and expression of a high affinity l-proline transporter expressed in putative glutamatergic pathways of rat brain

Abstract We have used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with degenerate oligonucleotides derived from two conserved regions of the norepinephrine and γ-aminobutyric acid transporters to identify novel Na + -dependent transporters in rat brain. One PCR product hybridized to a 4.0 kb RNA concentrated in subpopulations of putative glutamatergic neurons including mitral cells of the olfactory bulb, pyramidal cells of layer V of the cerebral cortex, pyramidal cells of the piriform cortex, and pyramidal cells of field CA3 of the hippocampus. Transient expression of the cognate cDNA conferred Na + -dependentdent l-proline uptake in HeLa cells that was saturable (K m = 9.7 μM) and exhibited a pharmacological profile similar to that for high affinity l-proline transport in rat brain slices. The cloned transporter cDNA predicts a 637 aa protein with 12 putative transmembrane domains and exhibits 44%–45% amino acid sequence identity with other members of the emerging family of neurotransmitter transporters. These findings support a synaptic role for l-proline in specific excitatory pathways in the CNS.
Regioselective photochemical cycloadditions of 2-trimethylsilylcyclopentenone

Abstract Photocycloadditions of 2-trimethylsilylcyclopentenone to isobutylene, methylene cyclohexane, and isopropenyl acetate using stannous chloride-filtered light affords regiospecifically the head-to-tail cycloadducts. Desilylation of these compounds affords the respective cycloadducts of cyclopentenone in good yield.
Cellular proliferation in atherosclerosis and hypertension

We have tried to compare the proliferative responses seen in two vascular diseases: atherosclerosis and hypertension. Both diseases involve endothelial injury and proliferation, but our knowledge of this phenomenon is just beginning to emerge. In atherosclerosis the best evidence is that denudation does not occur in the normal young animal. Man, however, ages over a much longer time than our usual animal models, and the study of denudation during the chronic progression of atherosclerotic lesions remains to be done. We need to consider the possibility that repetitive, small lesions may occur at sites of endothelial turnover. We also need to know more about the possible role of nondenuding injuries, including death of endothelial cells in situ and the apparent increased stickiness of endothelial cells and monocytes during the early stages of hypercholesterolemia. The role of endothelial injury in hypertension also needs more study. We know that extensive denudation and thrombosis occur in small vessels subjected to high blood pressure. It is highly probable that release of PDGF occurs at these sites, possibly accounting for the characteristic hyperplasia seen in malignant hypertension. Whether this process is related to the more subtle changes in vessel wall mass seen in chronic hypertension remains unknown. Finally, there are remarkable differences in the proliferative behavior of the smooth muscle cells themselves in these two diseases. Hypertensive vascular disease is, in large part, a disease of the media. Atherosclerosis is characterized by intimal hyperplasia. Injury results in migration of smooth muscle cells from the media and cell division in the intima. It is possible to identify chemotactic factors using putative atherosclerosis risk factors or normal components of serum. This has already been done for one component of lesion formation, PDGF, and there is a report of a monocyte chemotactic factor released by smooth muscle cells. Factors released by other components of lesions may be of considerable interest. In contrast, changes in hypertension occur within a more orderly preservation of vessel wall structure. The wall thickens, but this occurs by increased synthesis of cell mass in the media. The cells themselves do not even divide, but they undergo a form of amitotic replication of their DNA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The abundance of acetylene in the atmosphere of Jupiter

The Q and R branches of the C2H2 nu(5) fundamental, observed in emission in an aircraft spectrum of Jupiter near 750/cm, have been analyzed with the help of an improved line listing for this band. The line parameters have been certified in the laboratory with the same interferometer used in the Jovian observations. The maximum mixing ratio of C2H2 is found to be between 5 times 10 to the -8th and 6 times 10 to the -9th power, depending on the form of its vertical distribution and the temperature structure assumed for the lower stratosphere. Most consistent with observations of both Q and R branches are: (1) distributions of C2H2 with a constant mixing ratio in the stratosphere and a cutoff at a total pressure of 100 mbar or less, and (2) the assumption of a temperature at 0.01 bar which is near 155 K.
Computer Simulation Studies of PEO/Layer Silicate Nanocomposites

Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics computer simulations are used to explore the atomic scale structure and dynamics of intercalated PEO/montmorillonite nanocomposites. Particular attention is paid ...
Control of echolalic speech in psychotic children

Immediate echolalia, a common language disorder in psychotic children, was studied in a series of replicated single-subject designs across six schizophrenic and five normal children. In Experiment 1, each child was presented with several questions and commands, some of which set the occasion for specific, appropriate responses and some of which did not. The former were referred to as discriminative stimuli and the latter, as neutral stimuli. The psychotic children tended to echo the neutral stimuli while responding appropriately to the discriminative stimuli; the normal children, in contrast, typically echoed neither type of stimulus. In Experiment 2, three psychotic children were taught appropriate responses to each of several neutral stimuli. Following this training, the children generally responded appropriately to these stimuli without echoing. A plausible interpretation of these results is that the neutral stimuli were initially incomprehensible or meaningless to the children (whereas the discriminative stimuli were comprehensible or meaningful) and that verbal incomprehensibility may be one important determinant of immediate echolalia. Finally, the results are noteworthy in that they isolate a sufficient treatment variable (i.e., the reinforcement of alternative, nonecholalic responses) for eliminating instances of this language anomaly.
Evaluating the long-term effectiveness of the Phoenix IM240 program☆

Abstract In an earlier analysis of the Phoenix Enhanced I/M program, we found that the effectiveness of the program decreased in the few months following final I/M testing. In this analysis we tracked individual cars over two successive I/M cycles. We find that 60% of cars that failed their initial I/M test and eventually passed a retest (presumably after repairs) passed their next biennial I/M test. However, 40% failed their next biennial test. Half of these repeat failures failed for the same combination of pollutants in each I/M cycle, suggesting that repairs were never made or were somehow deficient. More importantly, emissions of cars that passed their initial test in the first cycle increased dramatically over the two years between I/M tests; most of this increase came from older cars. This suggests that more frequent testing of older vehicles could make I/M programs more effective. The net result is that the overall emission reductions from a given fleet of cars over two biennial I/M cycles appear to have been rather small, less than 10% for each pollutant. These emission reductions are the minimum attributable to the program; reductions from what emissions would have been without the I/M program would likely have been greater. In addition, large numbers of failing cars did not appear to be completing program requirements, further limiting program effectiveness. And cars immigrating into the area from other states appeared to have slightly higher emissions than the native car fleet. I/M program managers should conduct similar analyses to determine how effective their programs are in reducing emissions, and how to address identified shortcomings.
Bilateral sternoclavicular joint septic arthritis secondary to indwelling central venous catheter: a case report.

Introduction Septic arthritis of the sternoclavicular joint is rare, comprising approximately 0.5% to 1% of all joint infections. Predisposing causes include immunocompromising diseases such as diabetes, HIV infection, renal failure and intravenous drug abuse.
Recent dielectric constant theory and its relation to problems of electrical insulation

Abstract There has been indicated the importance of a knowledge of the chemical and capillary structures of insulating materials if electrical energy losses in them are to be explained.It has been demonstrated that there are available, first, methods by which the structures of their simpler molecules may be determined, second, methods by which the sizes and shapes of their aggregates may be approximated, and third, methods by which it may be expected that something may be learned concerning the size, form and arrangement of their capillaries. In certain cases these methods have been given in some detail, while in others they have only been mentioned. Their nature and the importance of their solution make them deserving of every attention the chemist and physicist can devote to them.
The Border Ranges fault system in Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska: Evidence for major early Cenozoic dextral strike-slip motion

The Border Ranges fault system of southern Alaska, the fundamental break between the arc basement and the forearc accretionary complex, is the boundary between the Peninsular–Alexander–Wrangellia terrane and the Chugach terrane. The fault system separates crystalline rocks of the Alexander terrane from metamorphic rocks of the Chugach terrane in Glacier Bay National Park. Mylonitic rocks in the zone record abundant evidence for dextral strike-slip motion along north-northwest-striking subvertical surfaces. Geochronologic data together with regional correlations of Chugach terrane rocks involved in the deformation constrain this movement between latest Cretaceous and Early Eocene (~50 Ma). These findings are in agreement with studies to the northwest and southeast along the Border Ranges fault system which show dextral strike-slip motion occurring between 58 and 50 Ma. Correlations between Glacier Bay plutons and rocks of similar ages elsewhere along the Border Ranges fault system suggest that as much as 7...
The NIFSTD and BIRNLex Vocabularies: Building Comprehensive Ontologies for Neuroscience

A critical component of the Neuroscience Information Framework (NIF) project is a consistent, flexible terminology for describing and retrieving neuroscience-relevant resources. Although the original NIF specification called for a loosely structured controlled vocabulary for describing neuroscience resources, as the NIF system evolved, the requirement for a formally structured ontology for neuroscience with sufficient granularity to describe and access a diverse collection of information became obvious. This requirement led to the NIF standardized (NIFSTD) ontology, a comprehensive collection of common neuroscience domain terminologies woven into an ontologically consistent, unified representation of the biomedical domains typically used to describe neuroscience data (e.g., anatomy, cell types, techniques), as well as digital resources (tools, databases) being created throughout the neuroscience community. NIFSTD builds upon a structure established by the BIRNLex, a lexicon of concepts covering clinical neuroimaging research developed by the Biomedical Informatics Research Network (BIRN) project. Each distinct domain module is represented using the Web Ontology Language (OWL). As much as has been practical, NIFSTD reuses existing community ontologies that cover the required biomedical domains, building the more specific concepts required to annotate NIF resources. By following this principle, an extensive vocabulary was assembled in a relatively short period of time for NIF information annotation, organization, and retrieval, in a form that promotes easy extension and modification. We report here on the structure of the NIFSTD, and its predecessor BIRNLex, the principles followed in its construction and provide examples of its use within NIF.
A Review of: “The Worlds of Herman Kahn: The Intuitive Science of Thermonuclear War”

Sharon Ghamari-Tabrizi, Harvard University Press, 2005. 432 pages. Sharon Ghamari-Tabrizi's book uses Kahn's personality and his stance on thermonuclear nuclear war as a vehicle for an insightful r...
The Convergent Validity of the Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills and the Test of Word Reading Efficiency for the Beginning of First Grade.

The Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) are a series of fluency-based measures designed to assess early literacy skills. These fluency-based measures function as predictors of future reading performance and target critical component skills required to learn to read. This study was conducted to establish the convergent validity of DIBELS with a standardized measure of phonological decoding ability and sight word reading fluency, the Test of Word Reading Efficiency (TOWRE) (Torgesen, Wagner, & Rashotte, 1997). The TOWRE has been shown to have sufficient reliability and validity as a measure of word reading ability (Torgesen et al., 1997). DIBELS and TOWRE subtests were administered to 202 first-grade students. Correlations were examined between scores on the DIBELS subtests of Letter Naming Fluency, Phoneme Segmentation Fluency, Nonsense Word Fluency, and Word Use Fluency with the TOWRE subtests of Phonetic Decoding Efficacy and Sight Words. The DIBELS Nonsense Word Fluency measure wa...
KCNQ5 channels control resting properties and release probability of a synapse

Little is known about which ion channels determine the resting electrical properties of presynaptic membranes. In recordings made from the rat calyx of Held, a giant mammalian terminal, we found resting potential to be controlled by KCNQ (Kv7) K(+) channels, most probably KCNQ5 (Kv7.5) homomers. Unlike most KCNQ channels, which are activated only by depolarizing stimuli, the presynaptic channels began to activate just below the resting potential. As a result, blockers and activators of KCNQ5 depolarized or hyperpolarized nerve terminals, respectively, markedly altering resting conductance. Moreover, the background conductance set by KCNQ5 channels, together with Na(+) and hyperpolarization-activated and cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels, determined the size and time course of the response to subthreshold stimuli. Signaling pathways known to directly affect exocytic machinery also regulated KCNQ5 channels, and increase or decrease of KCNQ5 channel activity controlled release probability through alterations in resting potential. Thus, ion channel determinants of presynaptic resting potential also control synaptic strength.
β-Barrel Proteins That Reside in the Escherichia coli Outer Membrane in Vivo Demonstrate Varied Folding Behavior in Vitro

Little is known about the dynamic process of membrane protein folding, and few models exist to explore it. In this study we doubled the number of Escherichia coli outer membrane proteins (OMPs) for which folding into lipid bilayers has been systematically investigated. We cloned, expressed, and folded nine OMPs: outer membrane protein X (OmpX), OmpW, OmpA, the crcA gene product (PagP), OmpT, outer membrane phospholipase A (OmpLa), the fadl gene product (FadL), the yaet gene product (Omp85), and OmpF. These proteins fold into the same bilayer in vivo and share a transmembrane β-barrel motif but vary in sequence and barrel size. We quantified the ability of these OMPs to fold into a matrix of bilayer environments. Several trends emerged from these experiments: higher pH values, thinner bilayers, and increased bilayer curvature promote folding of all OMPs. Increasing the incubation temperature promoted folding of several OMPs but inhibited folding of others. We discovered that OMPs do not have the same ability to fold into any single bilayer environment. This suggests that although environmental factors influence folding, OMPs also have intrinsic qualities that profoundly modulate their folding. To rationalize the differences in folding efficiency, we performed kinetic and thermal denaturation experiments, the results of which demonstrated that OMPs employ different strategies to achieve the observed folding efficiency.
Earth science: Controls on isotopic gradients in rain

Concentrations of heavy isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen decrease in rain as storms cross land. A model examines the transport of water vapour that causes this effect, and provides insight into past and present climates.
Some Reflections on F.A. Hayek's The Sensory Order

Though F.A. Hayek is principally known for his work in economics, he also made contributions, both positive and critical, to the field of psychology. His most important piece in the latter field is his 1952 book, The Sensory Order. This paper attempts to locate The Sensory Order in relation to some of Hayek's other works. The origins of Hayek's interests in psychology, as revealed by an early student paper that provided a starting point for his later book, is noted. We then examine what may have motivated Hayek some 25 years later to return to psychology. Finally, the larger role that the book came to play in Hayek's overall system is explored.
HURRICANE HAZARD ASSESSMENT: CONSIDERATIONS FOR SEA-LEVEL RISE AND CLIMATE CHANGE

Assessment of hurricane flooding risk is an essential component for effective coastal planning and engineering design. Existing methods for evaluating extreme-value flood statistics traditionally assume that flood conditions are stationary, such that historical information represents future conditions. However, dynamic changes in the environment, specifically changing sea levels and potential changes in hurricane intensity and rate of occurrence, mean that future flooding risk will not be adequately represented by historical conditions alone. In this paper, an approach is proposed for incorporating future sea level and hurricane climate projections into extreme-value flood probabilities and risk assessment.
Computer simulation of ribosome editing.

Abstract A stochastic model of protein synthesis was modified by including the process of dissociating peptidyl-tRNA from ribosomes. To simulate ribosome editing, the probability of dissociation was assumed to be high if the peptidyl-tRNA was erroneous; that is, if it resulted from transfer of a peptide to an aminoacyl-tRNA that was inappropriate relative to the mRNA codon. The effects of amino acid starvation on protein synthesis were simulated both by increasing the probability of such erring at and by reducing the conditional probability of elongation at “hungry” codons, those whose correct amino acid was in short supply. These probabilities were varied systematically to simulate tryptophan limitation during synthesis of coat protein from bacteriophage MS2. Significant reduction, during starvation, in the synthesis of complete coat protein required large reductions in the probability of elongation at hungry codons but only small increases in the probability of erring. Enhanced dissociation of peptidyl-tRNA during starvation, followed rapidly by dissociation of ribosomes from mRNA, led to reductions in mean polysome size, a result that had been interpreted by others as due to some effect of starvation on the initiation of protein synthesis. Results from experiments by Goldman (1982) on the cell-free synthesis of MS2 coat protein during tryptophan starvation could be mimicked in detail by the computer simulations. A simple competition between correct and erroneous amino acids was sufficient to explain the tryptophan dependence of complete coat protein and internal peptide syntheses. Values for the Michaelis constants were derived from the computer simulations.
Considerations for Changing Populations: Supporting Nontraditional Students in Acquiring Special Education Licensure

The need for qualified special educators with diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds is being experienced nationwide. Minority institutions of higher education are defined by the U.S. Department of Education's Office of Special Education (OSEP) as having 25% or more racially/ethnically diverse students in its enrollment. These institutions can serve as an important source for recruiting and training teachers to meet the increasing demand for professionals in the field of special education. This article provides a specific example of one program, the Post Baccalaureate Program in Special Education (PBSE), which is based at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Individuals recruited for this program represent an important segment of the potential pool of special education teacher candidates because they had relevant prior field experiences. Details are provided regarding the inception and implementation of this pilot program. Program features including strategies for aligning course and field requirements and...
Preventive and curative effects of thiouracil treatments in mosaic-hypersensitive tobacco

Abstract Tobacco plants that were slightly resistant to local infection and highly resistant to systemic disease caused by tobacco mosaic virus became even more resistant in both respects as a result of 4- to 12-day treatments involving the application of 5 mg of thiouracil as a soil drench to each plant daily. All plants used in this study carried the gene N that determines hypersensitivity. After heavy inoculation, many of them became stunted by top necrosis if they were not treated with thiouracil. Almost all could be protected against this by thiouracil treatments begun before, or immediately after, local lesions were observed. When given thiouracil soon after the appearance of local lesions they were, with rare exceptions, cured by 4-day and 10-day courses of treatment. Usually, although less consistently, they were protected against top necrosis by treatments of intermediate duration, such as 7-day applications. Plants given similar chemotherapeutic treatments after the development of systemic disease did not respond fully or consistently, but indications of partial improvement were observed in some cases.
The right to vote and voting patterns of hospitalized psychiatric patients

Hospitalized psychiatric patients have traditionally been denied their right to vote. This right was restored in 1972 when the Queens Board of Elections established a registration and polling site on the Creedmoor Hospital grounds. A patient education program stimulated interest in current affairs and facilitated informed voting. Gross analysis of patient-voting patterns showed no significant difference from the community at large. However, deeper analysis suggests that the patient vote was independent of the borough of residence, tending to be more Democratic-Liberal and less Republican-Conservative. Furthermore, the patient vote was seen to reflect thoughtfulness and awareness of relevant self-interest.
Characterization of non-hemodynamic functional signal measured by spin-lock fMRI.

Current functional MRI techniques measure hemodynamic changes induced by neural activity. Alternative measurement of signals originated from tissue is desirable and may be achieved using T1ρ, the spin-lattice relaxation time in the rotating-frame, which is measured by spin-lock MRI. Functional T1ρ changes in the brain can have contributions from vascular dilation, tissue acidosis, and potentially other contributions. When the blood contributions were suppressed with a contrast agent at 9.4 T, a small tissue-originated T1ρ change was consistently observed at the middle cortical layers of cat visual cortex during visual stimulation, which had different dynamic characteristics compared to hemodynamic fMRI such as a faster response and no post-stimulus undershoot. Functional tissue T1ρ is highly dependent on the magnetic field strength and experimental parameters such as the power of the spin-locking pulse. With a 500 Hz spin-locking pulse, the tissue T1ρ without the blood contribution increased during visual stimulation, but decreased during acidosis-inducing hypercapnia and global ischemia, indicating different signal origins. Phantom studies suggest that it may have contribution from concentration decrease in metabolites. Even though the sensitivity is much weaker than BOLD and its exact interpretation needs further investigation, our results show that non-hemodynamic functional signal can be consistently observed by spin-lock fMRI.
Waves on fluid-loaded inhomogeneous elastic shells of arbitrary shape

A generalization of the Donnell model for a thin shell of arbitrary shape, and with position dependent elastic and geometric properties, is used to formulate a wave theory for quasi straight crested waves of constant frequency propagating over the shell's surface. The principal restriction on the theory is that the wavenumber components must be large compared with the two principal curvatures
BPPV: Controlled Trials, Contraindications, Post-manoeuvre Instructions, Complications, Imbalance

Four single-blinded, randomized controlled trials have shown that patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) respond to canalith repositioning treatment (CRT) 67–89% compared to a sp...
Seasonal abundance and distribution of juvenile blue crabs in core sound, N.C. 1965–68

Studies were made in Core Sound, North Carolina to determine the abundance and distribution of juvenile blue crabs,Callinectes sapidus, and their subsequent relation to the commercial fishery. Estimates of juvenile abundance were based on catches of small crabs in the marsh creeks bordering Core Sound. Young-of-the-year blue crabs (2.5–5.0 mm) begin to enter Core Sound estuary in early October. These small crabs move through the open waters of the sound and bays into the small marsh creeks and remain there until the following spring. At this time (April–May) the juvenile crabs move into the bays and sound proper where they remain to maturity. Catch and effort statistics from Core Sound Commercial crab fishery were collected from November 1964 through June 1968. Landings of approximately 680,000 kg annually constitute the fishery.
The Effects of Estradiol, Tamoxifen, and Testosterone on the Weights and Histology of the Epididymis and Accessory Sex Organs of Sexually Immature Rabbits

The effects of estradiol benzoate (EB), testosterone propionate (TP), and Tamoxifen, alone or in combination, on the weight and morphology of the male accessory sex glands were studied in intact and in castrated immature rabbits. TP treatments (2 mg/kg) exerted a stimulatory effect on the glands, resulting in a significant increase in the weight of the epididymis, the proprostate, and the prostate of castrated rabbits, and of the bulbourethral glands of both intact and castrated rabbits, and in marked morphological changes in all the glands. the epithelium was stimulated but retained its pseudostratified columnar appearance and resembled more the epithelium of normal mature males than that of age matched controls. The bulbourethral glands were the most responsive and the vesicular gland the least responsive to androgen treatment. The response of the glands to EB (25 micrograms/kg) was characterized by significant weight increases in all the glands of both castrated and intact rabbits, hypertrophy of the musculo-fibrous components and proliferation of the basal layer of the epithelium leading to squamous metaplasia and leukocytic infiltration. Hyperplasia of the fibromuscular stroma was most evident in the cauda epididymidis and in the vesicular gland. Squamous metaplasia and leukocytic infiltration were most evident in the ejaculatory duct and in the structures adjacent to it. The antiestrogen, Tamoxifen (250 micrograms/kg), and TP (2 mg/kg) given in conjunction with EB (25 micrograms/kg) tended to reduce the weight increase caused by estrogen, but the decrease was significant in only a few instances. Tamoxifen (250 micrograms/kg) administered alone stimulated the epithelium of the accessory sex glands and induced squamous metaplasia, but did not induce hyperplasia of the fibromuscular stroma. The study demonstrates that accessory sex glands display a consistent pattern of differential sensitivity to both androgens and estrogens and that these hormones exert their action on different cell types within the organ.
Determination of free magnesium

Eriochrome black T can be employed as an indicator for free magnesium ions in concentrations of from 6 × 10−5 to 2 × 10−2M. Calcium does not interfere. The determination is strongly dependent on pH, ionic strength, and temperature. These variables are examined particularly as sources of error. It is concluded that measurements of ±5–10% precision are readily attainable. The assay can be performed in the presence of protein in concentrations <0.5 mg/ml, but in general ultrafiltrates are required. The validity of the procedure was tested by determinations of the stability constants of inorganic phosphate and ADP with magnesium. The values obtained agree well with reported data.
Dynamics of thermal plumes in three‐dimensional isoviscous thermal convection

SUMMARY The dynamics of mantle plumes are important for understanding intraplate volcanism and heat transfer in the mantle. Using 3-D numerical models and scaling analyses, we investigated the controls of convective vigour or Ra (Rayleigh number) on the dynamics of thermal plumes in isoviscous and basal heating thermal convection. We examined the Ra dependence of plume number, plume spacing, plume vertical velocity and plume radius. We found that plume number does not increase monotonically with Ra. At relatively small Ra(≤106), plume number is insensitive to Ra. For 3 × 106≤Ra≤ 3 × 107, plume number scales as Ra0.31 and plume spacing λ∼Ra−0.16∼δ1/2, where δ is the thickness of the thermal boundary layer. However, for larger Ra(∼108) plume number and plume spacing again become insensitive to Ra. This indicates that the box depth poses a limit on plume spacing and plume number. We demonstrate from both scaling analyses and numerical experiments that the scaling exponents for plume number, n, heat flux, β, and average velocity on the bottom boundary, v, satisfy n= 4β− 2v. Our scaling analyses also suggest that vertical velocity in upwelling plumes Vup∼Ra2(1−n+β/2)/3 and that plume radius Rup∼Ra(β−1−n/2)/3, which differ from the scalings for the bottom boundary velocity and boundary layer thickness.
Structure and Stability of Lithium Superoxide Clusters and Relevance to Li-O2 Batteries.

The discharge mechanism of a Li–O2 battery involves lithium superoxide (LiO2) radicals. In this Letter, we have performed high-level quantum chemical calculations (G4MP2) to investigate the structure and stability of LiO2 clusters. The clusters have planar ring-shaped structures, high spins, and are thermodynamically more stable than LiO2 dimer. The computed energy barrier for disproportionation of the larger clusters is also significantly higher than the corresponding barrier in the LiO2 dimer (1.0 eV vs 0.5 eV). This means that disproportionation rate should be much slower if the reaction involves LiO2 clusters other than the dimer. As a result, the clusters may survive long enough to be incorporated into the growing discharge product. These results are discussed in terms of recent experimental studies of the electronic structure and morphology of the discharge products in Li–air batteries.
The reactions of recoil tritium atoms in aqueous solutions

Tritium atoms recoiling from Li/sup 6/(n, alpha )H/sup 3/ in aqueous solution form HT and HTO in the ratio of 0.10 + 0.01 under most conditions. In concentrated Ca(NO/sub 3/)/sub 2/ solutions, the HT/HTO ratio decreases only to 0.023. The most important reaction leading to HT formation is the hot abstraction reaction T* + H/sub 2/O -- HT + OH. (auth)
The Short-Term Transport of Zonal Mean Ozone Using a Residual Mean Circulation Calculated from Observations.

Abstract A transformed Eulerian mean residual circulation for the middle atmosphere is calculated from daily Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere data for the period 15 January 1979 to 10 February 1979. When compared to time-averaged results, the daily calculated circulations are shown to reproduce better and provide a mechanistic explanation of the short-term changes in the zonal mean temperature and ozone in the high-latitude stratosphere.
ATTENUATION OF EXPERIMENTAL PAIN BY TACTILE STIMULATION: EFFECT OF VIBRATION AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF NOXIOUS STIMULUS INTENSITY.

The present study was concerned with the masking and pain-attenuating effect of vibration at different levels of intensity of noxious stimulation. Forty Ss were given noxious stimulation in the form of increasingly painful electric shocks in trials where such shocks were presented with and without concurrent vibratory stimulation. The masking or pain-attenuating effect of the vibration was greatest at the lowest level of noxious stimulus intensity and decreased as the noxious stimulation intensity increased. At the highest level of noxious stimulation the effect of vibration was not significant although there was a tendency for Ss with higher pain tolerance to show summation. The possible relevance of the intensity of the vibratory stimulus to this pattern of results was discussed.
Quantifying spatial correlations in extinction risk for an aphid metapopulation

Metapopulation persistence depends on dispersal offsetting local extinction risks. The mitigating power of dispersal to offset local extinction risks is substantially reduced if extinction risks are highly spatially correlated. Extinction risks are likely to be spatially correlated when mechanisms driving local extinction act on large spatial scales, such as climatic events or far-ranging predators. In this paper I develop a method to quantify spatial correlations in local extinction risks within a region. I then show that colonies of the aphid Aphis lugentis within clusters of their host plant, Senecio bigelovii, do not have strong spatial correlations in extinction risks, even though the primary mechanism for colony extinction is over-predation by far-ranging predators (ladybugs and syrphid flies). Consequently, dispersal potentially plays an important role offsetting local extinction. Aphids did experience a weak, but significantly positive correlation in extinction risk in one of the two years of this study as well as increasing extinction risks across all plant clusters in both years. These observations point to important gaps in our understanding of how population synchrony affects metapopulation persistence.
System trade-offs in point-to-point energy harvesting wireless networks with finite size batteries and buffers

In this paper, we study the effects of finite size resources in point-to-point energy harvesting wireless networks. We consider a transmitter and a receiver with finite size buffers and batteries, both powered by energy harvesters. We use a discrete-time analysis technique to study total packet loss at the transmitter and receiver when both are constrained by finite resources. We show how resources at the transmitter can be traded off with resources at the receiver to achieve best performance. We characterize the benefits of feedback and show that feedback is beneficial at smaller battery and buffer sizes, and when the energy harvested is highly varying.
Autosomal recessive inheritance of familial hyperparathyroidism.

THERE have been more than 30 reports of the familial occurrence of isolated hyperparathyroidism since Goldman's original observation in 1936.1 Many of these families were described before character...
Charge insertion into hybrid nanoarchitectures: mesoporous manganese oxide coated with ultrathin poly(phenylene oxide)

Abstract Hybrid inorganic–organic nanoarchitectures are created by self-limiting electrodeposition of ultrathin poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO) coatings on high surface area (>200 m2 g−1), mesoporous sol–gel-derived MnO2. Scanning electron microscopy images confirm that the polymer film coats the porous surface without completely covering over or occluding the large-scale porosity of the oxide nanoarchitecture. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic measurements show C1s and O1s photoelectron peaks consistent with the reported PPO structure. Cyclic voltammetry demonstrates that the encapsulated MnO2 undergoes reversible Li-ion insertion/de-insertion reactions where the Li+ ions are supplied through the polymer coating from an acetonitrile electrolyte; the polymer coating does not affect the nature of insertion into the oxide. These hybrid systems assemble inorganic and organic components on the nanoscale and offer routes to new architectures with expanded functionality and enhanced electrochemical performance for energy-storage applications.
Droperidol, QT prolongation, and sudden death: what is the evidence?

Abstract Study objective: Droperidol is a butyrophenone commonly used as an antiemetic and antipsychotic in the United States since US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in 1970. Its labeling has recently been revised, with a black box warning for cases of QT prolongation leading to torsades de pointes and death. A black box warning is applied when serious adverse drug reactions are uncovered for medications. We sought to examine the evidence of a causal association suggested by the black box warning to aid clinicians in their risk-benefit analyses regarding further use of droperidol. Methods: A literature search was undertaken to determine the evidence regarding the association between droperidol and QT prolongation or torsades de pointes. The evidence was then evaluated by using evidence-based medicine principles. In addition, a review of the FDA regulatory process is presented. Results: Three clinical studies, 1 published abstract, and 7 case reports were reviewed. Available postmarketing surveillance data (MedWatch reports) were also reviewed. Applying the criteria of evidence-based medicine and Hill's criteria, the evidence is not convincing for a causal relationship between therapeutic droperidol administration and life-threatening cardiac events. Conclusion: The recent black box warning appears to have originated from postmarketing surveillance data rather than data reported in the peer-reviewed medical literature. Ongoing monitoring of drug safety and more definitive study appear appropriate. [ Ann Emerg Med. 2003;41:546-558.]
Peripheral CD4+ T Cell Cytokine Responses Following Human Challenge and Re-Challenge with Campylobacter jejuni

Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of human gastroenteritis worldwide; however, our understanding of the human immune response to C. jejuni infection is limited. A previous human challenge model has shown that C. jejuni elicits IFNγ production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells, a response associated with protection from clinical disease following re-infection. In this study, we investigate T lymphocyte profiles associated with campylobacteriosis using specimens from a new human challenge model in which C. jejuni-naive subjects were challenged and re-challenged with C. jejuni CG8421. Multiparameter flow cytometry was used to investigate T lymphocytes as a source of cytokines, including IFNγ, and to identify cytokine patterns associated with either campylobacteriosis or protection from disease. Unexpectedly, all but one subject evaluated re-experienced campylobacteriosis after re-challenge. We show that CD4+ T cells make IFNγ and other pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to infection; however, multifunctional cytokine response patterns were not found. Cytokine production from peripheral CD4+ T cells was not enhanced following re-challenge, which may suggest deletion or tolerance. Evaluation of alternative paradigms or models is needed to better understand the immune components of protection from campylobacteriosis.
Finding a single molecule in a haystack: laser spectroscopy of solids from (square root of)N to N=1

Single-absorber optical spectroscopy in solids may be regarded as the problem of finding a single dopant impurity molecule in a 'haystack' composed of 1012 - 1018 background host molecules and up to $OM106 additional impurity molecules. Detailed studies of the low-temperature inhomogeneously broadened 0-0 S1 $IMP S0 electronic transition of pentacene dopant molecules in p-terphenyl crystals have yielded both (1) observations of spectral structure scaling as N, where N is the number of impurity molecules in resonance, and (2) the optical absorption spectrum of a single impurity molecule in a solid (N equals 1). Recent advances in fluorescence excitation of very small volumes have greatly improved the signal-to-noise ratio for a single molecule.
The association between prenatal exposure to cigarettes and cortisol reactivity and regulation in 7-month-old infants

We examined the association between prenatal exposure to cigarettes and adrenocortical responses to stress in 7-month old infants. Cortisol levels were assessed twice prior to and twice following affect-eliciting procedures in 111 (59 exposed and 52 nonexposed) infants. Cortisol reactivity was defined as the difference between the peak poststressor cortical level and the pretask cortisol level. Higher values indicated higher cortisol reactivity. Exposed infants had higher peak cortisol reactivity than non exposed infants. There were no differences in pretask cortisol levels. Maternal hostility mediated the association between cigarette exposure and peak cortisol reactivity. Furthermore, infant gender moderated this association such that exposed boys had significantly higher peak cortisol reactivity than nonexposed infants or exposed girls. These findings provide additional evidence that prenatal cigarette exposure is associated with dysregulation during infancy and that early adverse, non-social experiences may have relatively long-lasting effects on cortisol reactivity in infants.
Relationship Between Various Chromosomal Changes in Drosophila melanogaster

From a total of 61 Jethals affecting known loei of the X-chromosome, and induced by X-ray treatment of 2500 to 3000 r-units, 26 or 42.6 per Cent had ehromosomal aberrations such as inversions and translocations. In 92.3 per cent of cases one breakage point of the chromosomal aberration coincided with the region where the lethal change took place. Of 30 visible mutations induced by a similar treatment only one carried a chromosomal aberration. This, however, did not coincide with the region where visible change took place. Data available an 80 spontaneous Jethals show that none was conneeted with either an inversion or a translocation. Among Jethals induced by X-ray treatment, the frequency of such chromosomal aberrations increases with the increase of dosage.
Noise properties of granular NbN Josephson microbridges

The output noise of a granular NbN microbridge has been measured at frequencies near 25 MHz as a function of bias voltage, temperature, and rf bias at 70 GHz. It is generally greater than predicted by the resistively shunted junction model, but is significantly lower than has previously been observed in clean superconducting microbridges with comparable RIc products. An estimate of the performance of the device as a Josephson mixer at 70 GHz is made on the basis of these measurements. At an operating temperature of 10 K a double sideband mixer noise temperature ∼200 K, with conversion loss of ∼3 dB should be attainable. Using the noise as a probe of the average temperature within the microbridge, it is found that simple self‐heating is not a likely explanation for the disappearance of Josephson effects at high dc or microwave bias.
myo-Inositol-1-phosphate synthase from pine pollen: sulfhydryl involvement at the active site.

Abstract myo-Inositol-1-phosphate synthase [EC 5.5.1.4; 1L-myo-inositol-1-phosphate lyase, (isomerizing)] from Pinus ponderosa pollen has been partially purified and characterized. It has a pH optimum between 7.25 and 7.75. The km for d -glucose 6-phosphate (NAD+ constant at 1 m m ) is 0.33 m m . Inhibition by p-chloromercuribenzoate and N-ethyl-maleimide, and partial protection against this inhibition by d -glucose 6-phosphate in the presence of NAD+, suggests that there is sulfhydryl group involvement at the substrate binding site.
Human Resource Development (HRD) Evaluation and Principles Related to the Public Interest.

This paper examines the issues involved in the use of ethical standards related to social responsibility using the two ethical codes: the American Evaluation Association Guiding Principles for Eval...
The ontogeny of feeding and drinking: Effects of early brain damage

Abstract Research concerned with the effects of early brain damage upon the ontogeny of feeding and drinking behaviors is described. The neural areas discussed are the olfactory bulbs, frontal cortex, lateral hypothalamic area, substantia nigra-nigrostriatal bundle, reticular formation, and central gustatory structures. The effects of early (infancy) and late (adulthood) brain damage upon consummatory behaviors are described, and critical ages are defined. For each neural area, the critical age is the age during development when damage to a specified neural area produces consummatory behavior alteration which is equivalent to consummatory behavior alteration produced when the neural area is destroyed in adults. Critical ages were found to differ for different neural areas, e.g., 7–8 days of age for lateral hypothalamic area, 60 days of age for frontal cortex. These critical ages may serve to signal the ontogenetic onset of function of neural substrates of consummatory behaviors and/or neural plasticity preserves function when damage occurs prior to the critical age.
Risk Factors for Ciliochoroidal Effusion after Panretinal Photocoagulation

Abstract Purpose: To determine the incidence, duration, and risk factors for ciliochoroidal effusion after panretinal photocoagulation. Methods: Thirty-nine consecutive patients with diabetic retinopathy underwent ultrasound biomicroscopy of both eyes to image the ciliochoroidal space immediately before and 1 day after unilateral argon-green panretinal photocoagulation. Imaging was repeated on days 3, 7, and 14 in patients in whom ciliochoroidal effusion developed. Results: Low-lying ciliochoroidal effusions were imaged in 23 (59%) of 39 eyes. Of 23 eyes, effusions resolved in 6 (26%), 12 (52%), and 5 (22%) eyes by 3, 7, and 14 days, respectively. The number of laser applications ( P = 0.02), shorter axial length ( P = 0.01), and percentage of retinal surface area treated ( P = 0.02) were associated with the development of effusion. Age, sex, eye, type and duration of diabetes, presence of systemic hypertension, location of treatment, previous panretinal photocoagulation or cataract surgery, retinal surface area treated, and mean blood pressure before photocoagulation were not associated with effusion. All fellow, untreated eyes remained effusion-free. Conclusion: Ciliochoroidal effusion develops commonly after panretinal photocoagulation. Limiting the number of laser applications and the percentage of retinal surface area treated reduces the likelihood of this complication. Eyes with shorter axial lengths are at higher risk.
Post-threshold behavior for co+ collision-induced dissociation

Abstract The relative cross sections for the collision-induced dissociation of CO + on five rare gases have been measured near threshold. The data are compared with the recent statistical theory of Rebick and Levine in the energy range 0–2 eV above threshold. In this energy range, no one form of the Rebick—Levine theory fits all of the data. Agreement with the theory improves as the mass of the target atom increases.