cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organochlorine chemical residues in fish from the Mississippi River basin, 1995.

Fish were collected in late 1995 from 34 National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program (NCBP) stations and 13 National Water Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA) stations in the Mississippi River basin (MRB) and in late 1996 from a reference site in West Virginia. Four composite samples, each comprising (nominally) 10 adult common carp (Cyprinus carpio) or black bass (Micropterus spp.) of the same sex, were collected from each site and analyzed for organochlorine chemical residues by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. At the NCBP stations, which are located on relatively large rivers, concentrations of organochlorine chemical residues were generally lower than when last sampled in the mid-1980s. Residues derived from DDT (primarily p,p′-DDE) were detected at all sites (including the reference site); however, only traces (≤ 0.02 μg/g) of the parent insecticide (p,p′-DDT) were present, which indicates continued weathering of residual DDT from past use. Nevertheless, concentrations of DDT (as p,p′-DDE) in fish from the cotton-farming regions of the lower MRB were great enough to constitute a hazard to fish-eating wildlife and were especially high at the NAWQA sites on the lower-order rivers and streams of the Mississippi embayment. Mirex was detected at only two sites, both in Louisiana, and toxaphene was found exclusively in the lower MRB. Most cyclodiene pesticides (dieldrin, chlordane, and heptachlor epoxide) were more widespread in their distributions, but concentrations were lower than in the 1980s except at a site on the Mississippi River near Memphis, TN. Concentrations were also somewhat elevated at sites in the Corn Belt. Endrin was detected exclusively at the Memphis site. PCB concentrations generally declined, and residues were detected (≥ 0.05 μg/g) at only 35% of the stations, mostly in the more industrialized parts of the MRB.
Giving up omnipotence

For any essential property God has, there is an ability He does not have. He is unable to bring about any state of affairs in which He does not have that property. Such inabilities seem to preclude omnipotence. After making trouble for the standard responses to this problem, I offer my own solution: God is not omnipotent. This may seem like a significant loss for the theist. But I show that it is not. The theist may abandon the doctrine that God is omnipotent without scaling back the extent of His power and without denying that He has all perfections.
Myocardial Performance Is Maintalned In Chronically Hypoxic Young Rabbit Hearts. • 135

There is little quantitative information about myocardial performance of hearts stressed by chronic hypoxia. Therefore, we investigated mechanical function and aerobic metabolism in hearts from rabbits raised, 3 days to 6 weeks of age, under either Hypoxic (FIO2 10%, N=8) or Control (FIO2 21%, N=8) conditions. Following this exposure, the hearts were excised and retrogradely perfused (60 mmHg) through the aorta using an oxygenated (95% O2- 5% CO2), non-recirculating Krebbs-Henseleit solution (37° C), containing glucose (5.5 mM) and insulin (50 μU/ml). Left ventricular (LV) isovolumic pressure was monitored with a fluid-filled balloon catheter; the end diastolic pressure was fixed at 5 mmHg. Mechanical function was assessed by coronary flow (CF), peak systolic pressure (PSP), contractility (+dP/dtmax.) and the relaxation time constant (Tau). Aerobic metabolism was studied through O2 consumption (MVO2) and glucose oxidation (GluOx, 14CO2 production from 14C-glucose). Results for Hypoxia vs. Control (mean±SEM): Hct 47.7±0.9* vs. 36.4±0.5%, RV/LV mass ratio 0.36±0.01* vs. 0.29±0.01, CF 86.3±4.2* vs. 59.9±2.9 ml/min/gdry, HR 197±6 vs. 190±5 bpm, PSP 136±4* vs. 108±4 mmHg,+dP/dtmax. 2294±125* vs. 1549±144 mmHg/sec, Tau 26.9±1.1* vs. 41.6±4.8 msec, MVO2 28.2±1.4* vs. 22.7±1.4μmol/min/gdry and GluOx 3.3±0.4 vs. 3.0±0.2 μmol/min/gdry, respectively (*p<.05). When scaled to mechanical activity (DP × HR), MVO2 was not significantly different between Hypoxia and Control, 1.1±0.1 vs. 1.2±0.1 nmol/gdry/mmHg. In conclusion, rabbit hearts stressed with chronic hypoxia exhibit: 1) increased coronary flow, 2) normal or even enhanced contractility and relaxation, 3) persistent close coupling between MVO2 and mechanical activity and 4) glucose oxidation comparable to controls, when perfused at constant pressure and under well-oxygenated conditions. Funded by HL-45603.
The lymphocytes of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: their proliferation and cell cycle kinetics.

Lymphocytes obtained from CLL patients exhibited a delayed and reduced response to PHA when cultured in diffusion chambers. DNA synthesis (8–10 hr) and general time (15–19 hr) of the late-developing CLL blasts were consistent with normal values (Ts: 8–10 hr; Tc: 14–17 hr). However, the G2 period of CLL blasts seemed more variable, and their mitotic index during the response at 5–6 days was 30–50% of the values determined for normal blasts during their peak response at 2–3 days.
Learning over time: uses of intercontextuality, collective memories, and classroom chronotopes in the construction of learning opportunities in a ninth-grade language arts classroom

Framed within interactional sociolinguistics, microethnographic discourse analysis, and cognitive science, we examine how intercontextuality, collective memories, and classroom chronotopes were used in generating learning opportunities in a ninth-grade language arts classroom. Five consecutive videorecorded lessons were analyzed focusing on how the teacher and students constructed relationships among past, present, and future events and contexts. Among the grounded theoretical constructs generated were (1) that the teacher and students socially constructed collective memories as interpretive frames for their reading and writing; and (2) they juxtaposed and problematized differing chronotopes in constructing learning opportunities and building a curriculum. We view these grounded theoretical constructs as contributions to current discussions of the nature and use of time in classrooms.
Reducing Detention Volumes with Improved Outlet Structure

To reduce required detention volume, a detention basin outlet structure (DBOS) was tested that can control the maximum allowable outlet discharge rate independent of the upstream driving head. Unlike traditional outlet control structures, such as culverts, orifices, and weirs, whose maximum discharge represents a single point in time on the outflow hydrograph, the DBOS can discharge at the maximum allowable discharge for an extended period of time, thus reducing the required detention volume. Data are presented and methods discussed regarding techniques for altering the head–discharge characteristics of the DBOS in order to meet various head–discharge requirements.
Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity in Critically Ill Children with Encephalitis and Meningoencephalitis

Autonomic dysfunction in pediatric patients with acquired brain injury is often encountered and greatly understudied. We sought to identify the incidence of Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity (PSH) in critically ill pediatric patients with meningoencephalitis and encephalitis, associated risk factors and influence on outcome. Children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with a diagnosis of meningoencephalitis and/or encephalitis were identified from a single institution Neurocritical Care database. The patients were stratified as having a bacterial or non-bacterial cause of their meningoencephalitis/encephalitis. Data from their hospitalization was supplemented with a retrospective review of the electronic medical record. PSH was defined as episodic lability in heart rate and/or blood pressure, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, dystonic posturing, tachypnea and/or agitation without any other cause. Statistical analysis was performed using t-test and chi-squared to compare outcomes and risk factors between patients with PSH and without. PSH was found in 41 % of children studied. Subgroup analysis revealed patients with non-bacterial encephalitis were more likely to experience PSH (51 %) as compared to those with bacterial causes (27 %). Fever and/or seizures on presentation and female gender were associated with higher occurrence of PSH but only in the non-bacterial etiology group. There were trends toward increased length of PICU and overall hospital stay for patients with PSH. PSH was found in a high percentage of our patients with significant variation in risk factors and outcome noted between patients with bacterial and nonbacterial causes of their meningoencephalitis/encephalitis.
Sensing and three-dimensional OCT imaging of the cochlea and temporal bone: image-guided cochlear implantation

We describe a novel dual-functional optical coherence tomography (OCT) system with both a 3-D OCT real time scanner and a fiber probe using a sapphire ball lens for imaging and sensing the critical structures of the temporal bone. To prevent injury to facial nerve, 3-D visualization links anatomic landmarks to 3-D map of critical intracochlear structures. We used a graphics processing unit to boost the computing and 3-D rendering performance of swept source OCT. Both the intracochlear structures and facial nerve trunk of cadaveric human temporal bones are clearly identified with 3-D OCT volumetric rendering.
Lithography-free formation of nanopores in plastic membranes using laser heating.

Synthetic nanopores are a new class of single-molecule sensors capable of electronically detecting, counting, and characterizing biomolecules. There have been studies of nanopore formation in solid...
Sol-gel derived PbTiO3

Lead titanate gels have been prepared by adding an aqueous nitric acid solution to a Pb-Ti complex alkoxide. A systematic study was made to examine the effects of process parameters such as amounts of water and acid alkoxide molarity on the gelation time as well as on the structure of the gels obtained. The gel structure was characterized by the elastic modulus which was determined via sound wave propagation through the gels. It was found that an increase in both the amount of water and alkoxide molarity caused rapid gelation. Acid additions not only suppressed gelation but also reduced the elastic moduli of the resultant gels. Gels having a low elastic modulus were found to be desirable for the suppression of cracking during ageing and drying. Addition of an excessive amount of acid, however, prevented the formation of a large scale polymer-network and resulted in a powder-like gel. The porosity and dielectric constant of dried gels are also reported.
Comparison of Mechanical Variable Identifiers of Brain Injury

Multiple mechanical variables have been used to describe the occurrence of brain injury in impact modeling of the human head [1, 2]. The validity of these variables for this purpose is usually established separately through the following process. First, a loading test is performed on an animal. Location, type and spatial extent of injury on the brain are measured upon or after loading. Subsequently, computational simulation is performed based on a particular constitutive model of the brain. Mechanical variables such as pressure or effective stress are plotted for the region of interest. The magnitude of the mechanical variable that results in a contour of the same size as the observed extent of experimental injury is declared as the critical value for that type of injury. The choice of mechanical variable itself could be based on conventional wisdom, precedence, or experience of the researcher. Another, much simpler variable-injury correlation process, which does not rely upon simulations, uses the ex vivo failure response of brain tissue as the criterion. For example, the uniaxial failure strain of the tissue may be taken as the critical value for injury.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Performance requirements and test methods for high-voltage a.c.-motor insulation

Tha paper deals with the problems of high-voltage (3-11 kV) insulation for rotating machines of up to 10-20 MW. A clear distinction is drawn between the problems of design and the testing of the earth and the interturn insulation. Schering-bridge tests for the quality control of earth insulation above 10kV are advocated. A combination of withstand and breakdown tests at the power frequency are related to system surge levels and the impulse performance of rotating machines in recommendations for earth- and interturn-insulation test procedures in the context of existing specifications for allied apparatus. A brief survey of existing information, particularly on impulse problems, is used to support these recommendations.
Integrated detection of natural antisense transcripts using strand-specific RNA sequencing data

Pairs of RNA molecules transcribed from partially or entirely complementary loci are called cis-natural antisense transcripts (cis-NATs), and they play key roles in the regulation of gene expression in many organisms. A promising experimental tool for profiling sense and antisense transcription is strand-specific RNA sequencing (ssRNA-seq). To identify cis-NATs using ssRNA-seq, we developed a new computational method based on a model comparison framework that incorporates the inherent variable efficiency of generating perfectly strand-specific libraries. Applying the method to new ssRNA-seq data from whole-root and cell-type-specific Arabidopsis libraries confirmed most of the known cis-NAT pairs and identified 918 additional cis-NAT pairs. Newly identified cis-NAT pairs are supported by polyadenylation data, alternative splicing patterns, and RT-PCR validation. We found 209 cis-NAT pairs that have opposite expression levels in neighboring cell types, implying cell-type-specific roles for cis-NATs. By integrating a genome-wide epigenetic profile of Arabidopsis, we identified a unique chromatin signature of cis-NATs, suggesting a connection between cis-NAT transcription and chromatin modification in plants. An analysis of small-RNA sequencing data showed that ∼4% of cis-NAT pairs produce putative cis-NAT-induced siRNAs. Taken together, our data and analyses illustrate the potential for multifaceted regulatory roles of plant cis-NATs.
Epidemiology of Anemia in Older Adults

Anemia is a common, multifactorial condition among older adults. The World Health Organization (WHO) definition of anemia (hemoglobin concentration 12 deficiency, another third have renal insufficiency and/or chronic inflammation, and the remaining third have anemia that is unexplained. Several studies demonstrate that anemia is associated with poorer survival in older adults. This review details the distribution and consequences of anemia in older adults and identifies future epidemiologic research needs.
Antineoplastic Agents. 570. Isolation and Structure Elucidation of Bacillistatins 1 and 2 from a Marine Bacillus silvestris

Two new cyclodepsipeptides designated bacillistatins 1 (1) and 2 (2) have been isolated from cultures of a sample of Bacillus silvestris that was obtained from a Pacific Ocean (southern Chile) crab. Each 12-unit cyclodepsipeptide strongly inhibited growth of a human cancer cell line panel, with GI(50)'s of 10(-4)-10(-5) microg/mL, and each compound was active against antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. The structures were elucidated by a combination of X-ray diffraction and mass and 2D NMR spectroscopic analyses, together with chemical degradation.
Acidimetric Estimation of Xanthate in Starch

Degree of substitution (DS) of starch xanthate is easily determined by titration with sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions using a technique designed to minimize interferences from byproducts. Xanthate contents measured by titration agree well with those determined from S-benzyl derivatives. Standard deviation at the 0.14 DS level was 0.007 with 11 degrees o freedom. Azidimetrische Xanthatbestimmung in Starke. Unter Verwendung einer Methode zur moglichst weitgehenden Ausschaltung von Storungen durch Nebenprodukte last sich mittels Schwefelsaure und Natronlauge der Substitutionsgrad (DS) von Starkexanthat leicht bestimmen. Die durch Titration gemessenen Xanthatgehalte stimmen gut mit denen uberein, die mit Benzylderivaten erhalten werden. Die Standardabweichung bei DS 0,14 betrug 0,007 mit 11 Freiheitsgraden.
Near Absence of Agrilus bilineatus from an Oak Decline Event in the Ozark Mountains of Arkansas

Summary It was unknown whether twolined chestnut borer, Agrilus bilineatus (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), a common secondary agent of tree decline in eastern US oak forests, contributed to tree mortality during a recent (1999–2003) episode of oak decline in the Ozark Mountains. Adult beetle flight was monitored by trapping in 2001, 2003, and 2004 and oak branches and trunks were visually examined for exit holes and dissected to examine larval galleries. Very few A. bilineatus adults were found each year by trapping ( 100 red oak borers [Enaphalodes rufulus; Coleoptera: Cerambycidae]), and no evidence of A. bilineatus was found in 70 dissected tree boles or in upper crown material, although other buprestids (Chrysobothris femorata) were noted.
Biosynthesis and processing of a variant surface glycoprotein from Trypanosoma brucei brucei

Iowa trypanosome antigen type (IaTat) 1.2 variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) is synthesized in vitro as a Mr 54,000 preprotein that contains a 31-amino-acid signal peptide. Translation of mRNA in the presence of either dog pancreas or trypanosome microsomal membranes results in cotranslational cleavage of the signal peptide and addition of core oligosaccharide side chains to the protein. Analysis of these products on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-gels indicates that removal of the signal peptide (Mr 3200) is almost exactly compensated for by an increase in molecular weight due to carbohydrate addition. Pulse-chase experiments in cultures of isolated trypanosomes indicate that two IaTat 1.2 VSG species (Mr 58,000 and 60,000) occur in vivo. When glycosylation is inhibited by incubation of trypanosomes with tunicamycin, a single Mr 50,000 polypeptide is immunoprecipitated. The multiple protein species, therefore, arise from heterogeneity in carbohydrate side chains whose synthesis and transfer to the protein are tunicamycin sensitive. Sequence analysis verified that both species of VSG contain identical amino-terminal sequences. Further post-translational processing of IaTat 1.2 VSG includes addition of phosphate and myristic acid residues, both of which have been shown to be located in the immunologically cross-reactive determinant at the carboxyl terminus of the protein. Exposure of this attachment site requires post-translational proteolytic removal of a 17-amino-acid peptide from the carboxyl terminus of an intermediate form of VSG.
Somatic innervation of the human bulbocavernosus muscle.

Abstract Objective : To demonstrate the somatic reflex innervation of the bulbocavernosus muscle (BCM), the principal muscle for ejaculation. Methods : Genitourinary electrodiagnostic testing utilizing modifications of the standard bulbocavernosus reflex was performed in 13 healthy male volunteers ages 20–43. Results : Bulbocavernosus muscle contraction was elicited by stimulation of the dorsal nerve of the penis, from both the penile skin and from the anterior urethra, and following stimulation of the perineal nerve. Latencies were variable depending on the point of stimulation. Conclusions : All 3 afferent pathways synapse on pudendal motoneurons in the conus medullaris, and provide for peripheral reflex control of BCM contractions. Based on the latencies of the urethral evoked responses, urethral innervation differs from penile shaft innervation, each having a distinct population of the dorsal nerve of the penis (DNP) fibers. The presence of an electrically-defined pathway from the anterior urethra to the BCM suggests that somatic afferents from the anterior urethra are involved with the ejaculatory reflex. These somatic reflexes are components of normal ejaculatory function. The findings contribute to understanding the neurophysiology of ejaculation, and may be applicable to the evaluation of ejaculatory disorders.
Using an ensemble of statistical metrics to quantify large sets of plant transcription factor binding sites

From initial seed germination through reproduction, plants continuously reprogram their transcriptional repertoire to facilitate growth and development. This dynamic is mediated by a diverse but inextricably-linked catalog of regulatory proteins called transcription factors (TFs). Statistically quantifying TF binding site (TFBS) abundance in promoters of differentially expressed genes can be used to identify binding site patterns in promoters that are closely related to stress-response. Output from today’s transcriptomic assays necessitates statistically-oriented software to handle large promoter-sequence sets in a computationally tractable fashion. We present Marina, an open-source software for identifying over-represented TFBSs from amongst large sets of promoter sequences, using an ensemble of 7 statistical metrics and binding-site profiles. Through software comparison, we show that Marina can identify considerably more over-represented plant TFBSs compared to a popular software alternative. Marina was used to identify over-represented TFBSs in a two time-point RNA-Seq study exploring the transcriptomic interplay between soybean (Glycine max) and soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi). Marina identified numerous abundant TFBSs recognized by transcription factors that are associated with defense-response such as WRKY, HY5 and MYB2. Comparing results from Marina to that of a popular software alternative suggests that regardless of the number of promoter-sequences, Marina is able to identify significantly more over-represented TFBSs.
The movement of sulfate and thiosulfate into in vivo choroid plexus.

The accumulation of sulfate (SO4) and thiosulfate (S2O3) in the choroid plexus, brain, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the rat was measured at various plasma levels of these anions. Increasing the plasma SO4 or S2O3 concentration levels 40- and 580-fold, respectively, resulted in a linear increase in CSF, brain and choroid plexus concentration of these ions. The relationship between the concentration of these ions in CSF and choroid plexus was also approximately linear over a wide CSF concentration range. In addition, S2O3 did not appear to influence the relation between the concentration of SO4 in choroid plexus and CSF. The results seem to indicate that there is no saturation of the mechanism responsible for maintaining the low SO4 or S2O3 concentration in CSF nor does there appear to be competition between these anions for clearance from the CSF. These findings are in conflict with data supporting the active transport of SO4 and S2O3 from the CSF across the CSF-blood barrier (choroid plexus).
On μ and stability of uncertain polynomials

The purpose of this paper is to establish a link between the structured singular value and the stability analysis of uncertain polynomials. We first give an analytical expression for a generalization of the structured singular value under a certain circumstance and next show how stability problems of uncertain polynomials may be studied in this framework. Our results include a number of small gain type conditions which, when specialized to several problems of interest, lead to some previously obtained results in the spirit of kharitonov's theorem.
Twelve Weeks of Endurance Exercise Training does not Affect Iron Status Measures in Women

Abstract Objective This study examined the effects of 12 weeks of endurance exercise training on iron status measures in previously inactive women and compared the effects of weight-bearing endurance exercise training and non-weight-bearing endurance exercise on iron status measures. Design Randomized, experimental study. Subjects Thirty-one healthy, inactive women (aged 23 to 43 years) with apparently normal iron stores (serum ferritin concentration ≥20 μg/L) were recruited from the local area by newspaper advertisements and campus mailings. Twenty-one subjects completed the study (mean±standard deviation for age=32±5 years, for body mass index=23.1±4.9, and for maximum oxygen consumption [Vo 2 max]=33.8±6.3 mL/kg per minute). Intervention Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups: an inactive control group, a walking/running group, or a cycling group. Subjects in the two exercise groups trained three to four times per week at 80% Vo 2 max for 12 weeks. Exercise training sessions were monitored and energy expenditure increased from 150 kcal per session (week 1) to 375 kcal per session (weeks 9 to 12). Subjects in the inactive control group were instructed to maintain their normal activity patterns for the duration of the study. All subjects were instructed to maintain their normal dietary habits. Main outcome measures Serum ferritin concentration, serum iron concentration, percentage saturation of transferrin, total iron-binding capacity, serum haptoglobin concentration, and other selected hematologic variables were measured at baseline and at weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12. Statistical analyses Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to examine group × time interactions in changes in iron status measures. Statistical significance was reached at P Results Analysis of variance indicated that serum ferritin concentration did not change significantly ( P =.59) during the 12 weeks in the walking/running group (mean±standard deviation from 41.28±14.22 to 27.41±9.74 μg/L) or the cycling group (from 65.81±37.62 to 41.06±26.38 μg/L) compared with the control group (from 47.55±15.87 to 31.56±10.57 μg/L). Values for serum iron, total iron-binding capacity, percentage saturation of transferrin, and haptoglobin also did not change significantly ( P >.30) in the walking/running or cycling groups compared with the control group. Applications/conclusions Results of this study suggest that participation in 12 weeks of moderate-intensity endurance exercise training (walking/running or cycling) is not associated with negative effects on selected measures of iron status in healthy, previously untrained women with normal iron stores (serum ferritin ≥20 μg/L). J Am Diet Assoc. 1997;97:1116–1121.
Premature Leaf Senescence Modulated by the Arabidopsis PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT4 Gene Is Associated with Defense against the Phloem-Feeding Green Peach Aphid

Aphids, which are phloem-feeding insects, cause extensive loss of plant productivity and are vectors of plant viruses. Aphid feeding causes changes in resource allocation in the host, resulting in an increase in flow of nutrients to the insect-infested tissue. We hypothesized that leaf senescence, which is involved in the programmed degradation of cellular components and the export of nutrients out of the senescing leaf, could be utilized by plants to limit aphid growth. Using Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and green peach aphid (GPA; Myzus persicae Sulzer), we found that GPA feeding induced premature chlorosis and cell death, and increased the expression of SENESCENCE ASSOCIATED GENES (SAGs), all hallmarks of leaf senescence. Hypersenescence was accompanied by enhanced resistance against GPA in the Arabidopsis constitutive expresser of PR genes5 and suppressor of SA insensitivity2 mutant plants. In contrast, resistance against GPA was compromised in the phytoalexin deficient4 (pad4) mutant plant. The PAD4 gene, which is expressed at elevated level in response to GPA feeding, modulates the GPA feeding-induced leaf senescence. In comparison to the wild-type plant, GPA feeding-induced chlorophyll loss, cell death, and SAG expression were delayed in the pad4 mutant. Although PAD4 is associated with camalexin synthesis and salicylic acid (SA) signaling, camalexin and SA signaling are not important for restricting GPA growth; growth of GPA on the camalexin-biosynthesis mutant, pad3, and the SA deficient2 and NahG plants and the SA-signaling mutant, nonexpresser of PR genes1, were comparable to that on the wild-type plant. Our results suggest that PAD4 modulates the activation of senescence in the aphid-infested leaves, which contributes to basal resistance to GPA.
Cicero and Archimedes' tomb

In the Pro Archia Cicero writes that Alexander, looking upon the tomb of Achilles, cried out, ‘O happy youth, who found a Homer to sing your praises!’; words truly spoken, adds Cicero, since without Homer Achilles' tomb would have buried the great man's fame along with his body. And in the Tusculan Disputations he writes that the Athenian Themistocles, when asked why he spent his nights wandering about the city, replied that the trophies of Miltiades kept him awake. Juxtaposing one great man and the reminder of another, both anecdotes present vivid and memorable images of rivalry between the ambitious among the living and the high-achievers among the dead. A competition of this kind can be direct, between the man commemorated by a monument and the man viewing it, as are the rivalries of Alexander and Achilles, Themistocles and Miltiades, or it can be indirect, as in the Pro Archia, where with a sleight of hand Cicero replaces the rivalry between Achilles and Alexander with the competition between the Iliad and Achilles' physical monument. A great mound bears witness to Achilles' death at Troy, but the outburst of the competitive Alexander testifies that a poem is a better memorial than a tomb.
Impact of numerical and graphical formats on dynamic decision making performance: an eye-tracking study

This paper presents a study in which we manipulated the interface of a computer simulation into: graphical and numerical formats. We obtained both performance and eye-tracking learning curves from individuals assigned to one of these two conditions. Our findings indicate that although performance is not different between the two interfaces, the amount of attention as measured by the number of eye-tracking points was very different in the graphical and numerical conditions. Attention increased over time in the numerical condition, but was stable in the graphical condition. These results showed that the strategies used to make decisions in dynamic environments vary according to the form of information presentation.
The Attitude of College Students toward War

(1942). The Attitude of College Students toward War. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 75-89.
1,2-Di-3-thienyl-2-hydroxy­ethano­ne (3,3′-thenoin)

The title compound, C10H8O2S2, is the 3-thienyl symmetric analog of benzoin. 3,3′-Thenoin can be synthesized in good yield utilizing the benzoin condensation reaction (starting with 3-thio­phene­carbox­aldehyde). The crystal structure of 3,3′-thenoin has been determined at room temperature. There are two independent mol­ecules per asymmetric unit and each has a thienyl ring flip disorder involving one of the two rings in each mol­ecule.
Teacher Manageability: Do Special and Regular Educators Agree?:

The purposes of this study were to determine whether there were differences between regular and special educators in their perceptions of manageability of common problem behaviors and which behaviors were identified as most problematic. Forty-four regular and 65 special education teachers completed the Behavior Manageability Scale, a 39-behavior, 11-cluster checklist of problem behaviors. A multivariate analysis of variance indicated no significant differences among groups, with the socially withdrawn, inattention and work organization behavioral clusters rated as most difficult to manage by each group. Implications for teacher education and referral and placement policies are discussed.
X‐chromosome loss of heterozygosity frequently occurs in gastrinomas and is correlated with aggressive tumor growth

BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that tumor growth, rather than hormone overproduction, is the leading cause of death among patients with gastrinomas and other malignant gastrointestinal endocrine tumors. No patient/laboratory characteristics accurately predict which tumors will exhibit aggressive growth. Furthermore, little is known regarding the molecular pathogenesis of these tumors. X-chromosome loss of heterozygosity (LOH) occurs in some nonendocrine tumors, and its presence can be associated with aggressive growth/decreased survival. Data on X-chromosome LOH in gastrointestinal endocrine tumors are conflicting. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to determine whether X-chromosome LOH occurred in gastrinomas and, if so, whether it was correlated with tumor growth, tumor behavior, and/or prognosis. METHODS X chromosome allelotyping was performed using 12 microsatallite markers spaced throughout the chromosome using DNA from leukocytes and microdissected gastrinoma specimens from 16 female patients. The presence of X-chromosome LOH was analyzed for correlations with clinical and laboratory tumor characteristics as well as tumor growth characteristics. RESULTS Nine gastrinoma specimens (56%) had X-chromosome LOH, ranging from 6% to 23% at the 12 different loci studied. X-chromosome LOH was significantly associated with aggressive postoperative tumor growth, increased primary tumor size, and pancreatic primaries. In 6 tumor specimens, LOH occurred on Xp22.1–22.3 over a 28.4-centimorgan region. CONCLUSIONS X-chromosome LOH was common in gastrinoma specimens from female patients, and its presence was found to be a potentially useful molecular/genetic prognostic factor for aggressive growth. Cancer 2004;100:1379–87. Published 2004 American Cancer Society.
Manipulation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Signaling in the Arabidopsis Stomatal Lineage Reveals Motifs That Contribute to Protein Localization and Signaling Specificity

When multiple mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) components are recruited recurrently to transduce signals of different origins, and often opposing outcomes, mechanisms to enforce signaling specificity are of utmost importance. These mechanisms are largely uncharacterized in plant MAPK signaling networks. The Arabidopsis thaliana stomatal lineage was previously used to show that when rendered constitutively active, four MAPK kinases (MKKs), MKK4/5/7/9, are capable of perturbing stomatal development and that these kinases comprise two pairs, MKK4/5 and MKK7/9, with both overlapping and divergent functions. We characterized the contributions of specific structural domains of these four “stomatal” MKKs to MAPK signaling output and specificity both in vitro and in vivo within the three discrete cell types of the stomatal lineage. These results verify the influence of functional docking (D) domains of MKKs on MAPK signal output and identify novel regulatory functions for previously uncharacterized structures within the N termini of MKK4/5. Beyond this, we present a novel function of the D-domains of MKK7/9 in regulating the subcellular localization of these kinases. These results provide tools to broadly assess the extent to which these and additional motifs within MKKs function to regulate MAPK signal output throughout the plant.
Nanoscale protein architecture of the kidney glomerular basement membrane

In multicellular organisms, proteins of the extracellular matrix (ECM) play structural and functional roles in essentially all organs, so understanding ECM protein organization in health and disease remains an important goal. Here, we used sub-diffraction resolution stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) to resolve the in situ molecular organization of proteins within the kidney glomerular basement membrane (GBM), an essential mediator of glomerular ultrafiltration. Using multichannel STORM and STORM-electron microscopy correlation, we constructed a molecular reference frame that revealed a laminar organization of ECM proteins within the GBM. Separate analyses of domains near the N- and C-termini of agrin, laminin, and collagen IV in mouse and human GBM revealed a highly oriented macromolecular organization. Our analysis also revealed disruptions in this GBM architecture in a mouse model of Alport syndrome. These results provide the first nanoscopic glimpse into the organization of a complex ECM. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01149.001.
The metabolic basis of atherogenic dyslipidemia

Atherogenic dyslipidemia is one of the major components of the metabolic syndrome, a complex cluster of several risk factors within a single patient that according to the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III includes at least 3 of the following: large waist circumference, elevated triglyceride levels, low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), hypertension, and elevated fasting glucose levels, which are directly related to the incidence of coronary heart disease. Atherogenic dyslipidemia clinically presents as elevated serum triglyceride levels, increased levels of small dense low-density lipoprotein (sdLDL) particles, and decreased levels of HDL-C. An important component of atherogenic dyslipidemia is central obesity, which is defined as increased waist circumference and has recently been identified as a chief predictor of the metabolic syndrome in certain patients. Another recent study found that both body mass index and waist circumference were highly predictive of eventual development of the metabolic syndrome. Because atherogenic dyslipidemia usually precedes the clinical manifestation of the metabolic syndrome, strategies to treat it are the focus of pharmacologic intervention. For example, the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A reductase inhibitors, commonly known as statins, benefit hypercholesterolemic patients who have atherogenic dyslipidemia that is associated with the metabolic syndrome. Pioglitazone, an antidiabetic agent that acts primarily by decreasing insulin resistance, improves sensitivity to insulin in muscle and adipose tissue and inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis. Pioglitazone improves glycemic control while reducing circulating insulin levels. The investigational agent, rimonabant--a centrally and peripherally acting, selective cannabinoid type-1 receptor blocker--is the first therapy developed for managing several cardiovascular risk factors at one time. Rimonabant has shown promise in attacking atherogenic dyslipidemia from several vantage points by affecting glucose, HDL-C, triglycerides, and waist circumference in patients who are prone to atherogenic dyslipidemia.
Corrosion Control Using Polyelectrolyte Multilayers

The corrosion of stainless steel under anodic conditions in salt solutions was strongly suppressed by an ultrathin layer of polyelectrolyte complex, applied using the layer-by-layer deposition method. Voltammetric scans over a wide potential region, as well as constant potential measurements in the metastable pitting regime, reveal the surprising effectiveness of polyelectrolyte multilayers, both hydrophilic and hydrophobic, at corrosion control, despite the significant water content and ion permeability of the thin film.
Color-Forming Reactions of Benzenoid Hydrocarbons and Related Polycyclics with Concentrated Sulfuric Acid

Abstract The reaction of concentrated sulfuric acid with benzenoid and related polycyclic conjugated hydrocarbons has been systematically reviewed. A correlation between the sulfuric acid concentration and the HOMO energy of the reacting benzenoid has been established. Data for over 100 benzenoids are summarized in this work. The color-forming species is the result of oxidation to cations. The observation of a succession of colors and the eventual formation of a dirt-like suspension probably results from monocations going to dications, followed by slow conversion to sulfonated benzenoid quinones. Buckminsterfullerene only reacts with fuming sulfuric acid to give a green colored solution. There is a propensity for benzenoids and fullerenes to form dications in sulfuric acid solutions.
Teacher‐ and Learner‐Led Discourse in Task‐Based Grammar Instruction: Providing Procedural Assistance for L2 Morphosyntactic Development

For many years, task-based second-language (L2) grammar instruction has been considered the ideal means for achieving a focus on linguistic form within meaningful, purposeful communication (Ellis, 2003; Long & Crookes, 1993; Nunan, 1989; Samuda & Bygate, 2008). Within this framework, small-group, learner-led discourse (LLD) is often believed to facilitate L2 development better than whole-class, teacher-led discourse (TLD), given the greater discursive autonomy for learners and presumed greater opportunities for negotiated interaction (Lee, 2000; Long & Porter, 1985; Pica, 1987; van Lier, 1996). Indeed, many have criticized TLD, given evidence of disfluent exchanges during which teacher turns impede rather than support learner participation (e.g., Brooks, 1993; Donato & Brooks, 2004; Hall, 1995, 2004; Leemann-Guthrie, 1984). Still, some have argued that TLD may greatly benefit learners if teacher assistance, negotiation, and feedback are well managed (Adair-Hauck & Donato, 1994; Anton, 1999; McCormick & Donato, 2000) and that witnesses to such exchanges may benefit as much as active participants (Ohta, 2001). However, only a few studies have directly compared TLD with LLD, and these have yielded conflicting results (Fotos, 1993, 1994; Pica & Doughty, 1985; Van den Branden, 1997, 2000). This study therefore aimed to contribute to the literature by presenting quantitative and qualitative classroom data gathered under similar task conditions for both TLD and LLD. Rather than unequivocally advocating for one discourse format over the other, I evaluated the strengths and limitations of both as tools for L2 morphosyntactic development. Participants in the study included 78 English-speaking adults from six university classes of beginning L2 Spanish, with two assigned to each treatment (LLD = 25; TLD = 28) and two other classes comprising a control group (n= 25). Instruction involved seven lessons targeting the anticausative clitic se, with one recorded and transcribed in each treatment. Results on grammaticality judgment and guided production tasks administered as a pretest, posttest, and delayed posttest indicated a stronger performance for TLD learners on both tasks. Although the transcript data revealed numerous episodes of constructive L2 negotiation and support in LLD—often addressing topics that were not assessed quantitatively—the transcripts nonetheless suggest that the teachers facilitated L2 development by directing attention more consistently to target structures and providing morphosyntactic “procedural assistance” to learners during utterance formulation. Because such moves are unlikely to occur among learner peers alone, I argued that teachers may be uniquely positioned to assist L2 development through their discursive role, such that an ideal task-based L2 pedagogy would include principled sequences of both TLD and LLD.
Las finanzas chinas en Latinoamérica: ¿un financiamiento más verde?

El enorme auge de los prestamos financieros chinos para importantes proyectos de infraestructura e industria pesada ha planteado preocupaciones con respecto al ambiente. A lo largo de los ultimos 20 anos, la sociedad civil ha demandado la inclusion de directrices sociales y ambientales, directrices regionales y directrices de los bancos regionales y gubernamentales de desarrollo. Como resultado, la banca multilateral y occidental ha establecido un conjunto de practicas de prestamo acordadas internacionalmente. Estas practicas han dado forma a la creciente proteccion social y ambiental en el mundo en desarrollo al vincular la disponibilidad de prestamos con estas condiciones normativas. China ha sido un actor relativamente nuevo en el establecimiento de directrices ambientales similares para sus bancos de desarrollo. Si bien este pais ha realizado progresos significativos, todavia tiene mucho que recorrer para satisfacer practicas de prestamos ambientalmente responsables establecidas por la comunidad en terminos internacionales.
Low iodine content in the diets of hospitalized preterm infants.

Context: Iodine is critical for normal thyroid hormone synthesis and brain development during infancy, and preterm infants are particularly vulnerable to the effects of both iodine deficiency and excess. Use of iodine-containing skin antiseptics in intensive care nurseries has declined substantially in recent years, but whether the current dietary iodine intake meets the requirement for hospitalized preterm infants is unknown. Objective: The aim of the study was to measure the iodine content of enteral and parenteral nutrition products commonly used for hospitalized preterm infants and estimate the daily iodine intake for a hypothetical 1-kg infant. Methods: We used mass spectrometry to measure the iodine concentration of seven preterm infant formulas, 10 samples of pooled donor human milk, two human milk fortifiers (HMF) and other enteral supplements, and a parenteral amino acid solution and soy-based lipid emulsion. We calculated the iodine provided by typical diets based on 150 ml/kg · d of formula, do...
Content-Based Hypermedia-intelligent browsing of structured media objects

Interacting with a multimedia information system is different from interacting with a standard text-based information system. In this paper, we present the design of a system called Content-Based Hypermedia (CBH), which allows a user to utilize metadata to intelligently browse through a collection of media objects. We describe the approach we use to model data in order to make it browsable, explore browsing (data and metadata), indicate how metadata is used in the concept of similarity, present the architecture of our system, and discuss indexing techniques for similarity browsing using content-based metadata. >
Modular-Terminal-Behavioral (MTB) Model for Characterizing Switching Module Conducted EMI Generation in Converter Systems

This paper proposes a new frequency-domain modular-terminal-behavioral (MTB) modeling approach for characterizing conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise sources in a converter. It models the EMI emission of a switching device module under specific switching conditions using a three-terminal equivalent Norton network, which can be extracted from a standard test. Experiments show that the MTB model can be used to accurately predict the EMI noise in a converter for the entire conducted EMI frequency range. It is more general and more accurate than the existing behavioral models, especially in the high frequency range, and it is more convenient than the physics-based model. The study also verifies the importance of EMI source impedance modeling and interactions between common mode and differential mode noises
Airframe Noise Modeling Appropriate for Multidisciplinary Design and Optimization

A Trailing Edge Noise Metric has been developed for constructing response surfaces that may be used for optimization problems involving aerodynamic noise from a clean wing. The modeling approach includes a modified version of a theoretical trailing edge noise prediction and utilizes a high fidelity CFD (RANS) code with a two-equation turbulence model to obtain the characteristic velocity and length scales used in the noise model. The noise metric is not the absolute value of the noise intensity, but an accurate relative noise measure as shown in the validation studies. Parametric studies were performed to investigate the eect of the wing geometry and the lift coecient on the noise metric. 2-D parametric studies were done using two subsonic (NACA0012 and NACA0009) and two supercritical (SC(2)-0710 and SC(2)-0714) airfoils. The EET Wing (a generic conventional transport wing) was used for the 3-D study. With NACA 0012 and NACA 0009 airfoils, a reduction in the trailing edge noise was obtained by decreasing the lift coecient and the thickness ratio, while increasing the chord length to keep the same lift at a constant speed. Supercritical airfoil studies showed that decreasing the thickness ratio may increase the noise at high lift coecients while a reduction may be obtained at low lift coecients. Both 2-D and 3-D studies demonstrated that the trailing edge noise remains almost constant at low lift coecients and gets larger at high