cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parameter Optimization and Model Fitting of Thermal Models of Air-cooled Hydrogenerator

Parameter optimization plays a vital role in fitting a mathematical model with experimental data. In the prior model development, some of the parameters are either chosen based on an educated guess or hit and trial method or even at random. This causes the mathematical model to drift away with experimental data. The optimized value of parameters can be found formulating a least-squares data fitting problem. In this paper, parameters of four mathematical quasi-linear thermal models of an air-cooled hydrogenerator are optimized. We have formulated the data fitting problem by using two different measurement data vectors. First, we have used a measurement data vector containing measurement of two of the states for finding optimized parameters and second, we have used two of the states and two of the algebraic variables. The optimized parameters found by using two different measurement data vectors are then used for fitting mathematical models with experimental data. The performance of model fitting is then compared using root mean square errors (RMSE) of least square errors. We found that the choice of data affects model fitting.
Towards high-performance Li-ion batteries via optimized three-dimensional micro-lattice electrode architectures

Abstract Optimized three-dimensional (3D) electrode architectures hold the promise of improving battery performance, a goal that cannot be obtained via conventional laminated structures. This paper reports on the mechanisms by which 3D electrodes enhance battery performance. The diffusion/migration of electrons/ions inside the battery was comprehensively analyzed via a 3D electrochemical model and subsequently validated by experiments on 3D micro-lattice electrodes made by Aerosol Jet printing. Lithium concentration and potential distribution were mapped to correlate battery performance with different shapes, thicknesses, packing density, and porosities. The study revealed that the main factors determining battery performance are ion diffusion in the electrolyte and electron transport in the 3D electrode skeleton. Further, the emergence of a competition between available volume for intercalation and an easier electronic/ionic path was shown, which determined their areal/specific capacities. In order to fully reap the benefits offered by 3D structures for both energy and power performance, the length scale of members forming electrode structures needs to be optimized at a scale of the order of the intercalation diffusion length, which is tens of micrometers. This study reveals highly useful guidelines for optimized 3D electrode designs and the possible manufacturing routes to realize them in order to achieve superior battery performance.
State fusion evaluation and fusion compression method of multi-source sensors in power distribution Internet of things

With the development of distribution Internet of things, the workload of judging and maintaining running state of sensors is quite considerable after large-scale construction of sensing layer. Moreover, promotion of long-distance low-power sensors puts forward the requirements of low energy consumption and bandwidth reduction for communication network between “side” and “end”. This paper proposes a state fusion evaluation method of multi-source sensors and data fusion compression method of low-power wireless sensors under the new inspection mode of distribution Internet of things. Taking the sensor system in Jiangsu power distribution substation as an example, the validity of state fusion evaluation of sensors is verified. The application of fusion compression algorithm can keep waveform characteristics and reduce data flow by 99.3%, which is more suitable for low-power and long-distance wireless transmission.
Operationalizing and selecting outcome measures for the HEALing Communities Study.

Abstract Background The Helping to End Addiction Long-termSM (HEALing) Communities Study (HCS) is a multisite, parallel-group, cluster randomized wait-list controlled trial evaluating the impact of the Communities That HEAL intervention to reduce opioid overdose deaths and associated adverse outcomes. This paper presents the approach used to define and align administrative data across the four research sites to measure key study outcomes. Methods Priority was given to using administrative data and established data collection infrastructure to ensure reliable, timely, and sustainable measures and to harmonize study outcomes across the HCS sites. Results The research teams established multiple data use agreements and developed technical specifications for more than 80 study measures. The primary outcome, number of opioid overdose deaths, will be measured from death certificate data. Three secondary outcome measures will support hypothesis testing for specific evidence-based practices known to decrease opioid overdose deaths: (1) number of naloxone units distributed in HCS communities; (2) number of unique HCS residents receiving Food and Drug Administration-approved buprenorphine products for treatment of opioid use disorder; and (3) number of HCS residents with new incidents of high-risk opioid prescribing. Conclusions The HCS has already made an impact on existing data capacity in the four states. In addition to providing data needed to measure study outcomes, the HCS will provide methodology and tools to facilitate data-driven responses to the opioid epidemic, and establish a central repository for community-level longitudinal data to help researchers and public health practitioners study and understand different aspects of the Communities That HEAL framework.
Doctors documenting: an ethnographic and informatics approach to understanding attending physician documentation in the pediatric emergency department.

Objective The pediatric emergency department is a highly complex and evolving environment. Despite the fact that physicians spend a majority of their time on documentation, little research has examined the role of documentation in provider workflow. The aim of this study is to examine the task of attending physician documentation workflow using a mixed-methods approach including focused ethnography, informatics, and the Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS) model as a theoretical framework. Materials and methods In a 2-part study, we conducted a hierarchical task analysis of patient flow, followed by a survey of documenting ED providers. The second phase of the study included focused ethnographic observations of ED attendings which included measuring interruptions, time and motion, documentation locations, and qualitative field notes. This was followed by analysis of documentation data from the electronic medical record system. Results Overall attending physicians reported low ratings of documentation satisfaction; satisfaction after each shift was associated with busyness and resident completion. Documentation occurred primarily in the provider workrooms, however strategies such as bedside documentation, dictation, and multitasking with residents were observed. Residents interrupted attendings more often but also completed more documentation actions in the electronic medical record. Discussion Our findings demonstrate that complex work processes such as documentation, cannot be measured with 1 single data point or statistical analysis but rather a combination of data gathered from observations, surveys, comments, and thematic analyses. Conclusion Utilizing a sociotechnical systems framework and a mixed-methods approach, this study provides a holistic picture of documentation workflow. This approach provides a valuable foundation not only for researchers approaching complex healthcare systems but also for hospitals who are considering implementing large health information technology projects.
Cyclic vomiting syndrome: A narrative review and guide to management

Objectives/background Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) is a disabling disorder of gut-brain interaction manifested by stereotypical and severe episodes of nausea and vomiting. Prevalence data indicate that CVS affects 1-2% of children and there has been a recent dramatic rise in diagnosed adults. Methods This narrative review summarizes relevant literature pertaining to pediatric and adult CVS and provides a guide to management based on extensive clinical experience. Results More timely diagnosis is facilitated by an expert consensus diagnostic approach and limited testing. Some diagnostic tests of exclusion remain essential. These include an upper gastrointestinal (GI) contrast study to exclude intestinal malrotation and basic laboratory screening. An abdominal ultrasound is recommended to exclude renal hydronephrosis in children and biliary disease in adults. Exclusion of metabolic/genetic conditions is warranted in those with specific warning signs, presentation in infants/toddler age, and in those with refractory disease. In the absence of chronic GI symptoms, referral to a GI specialist for upper endoscopy is generally not necessary in children but recommended in adults. A large subset termed migraine-equivalent CVS display strong clinical and genetic features of migraine. A unifying pathophysiologic core concept involves neuronal hyperexcitability and aberrant central modulation of autonomic signals. This is coupled with multiple susceptibility factors including mitochondrial dysfunction/cellular energy deficits, a hyper-responsive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and many comorbidities that increase vulnerability to triggering events. CVS episodes are frequently triggered by stressors and intercurrent illnesses. Lifestyle and non-pharmacological interventions thus play a pivotal role in successful management. Pharmacological therapies are categorized into abortive, supportive/rescue, and prophylactic treatments. The majority respond particularly well to migraine-focused treatment strategies. Conclusion Despite improved characterization and understanding, CVS remains classified as a functional disorder of brain-gut interaction that is often disjointly managed by generalists and subspecialists. Early recognition, evaluation, and management will facilitate care and improve outcomes. Further research into its natural history with common progression to migraine headaches, neuroendocrine mechanisms, and the pathophysiologic relation to migraine diathesis is much needed.
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: Management Advances and Therapeutic Approaches

In this review, we discuss the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation of opioid-exposed infants with particular focus on birth hospitalization and outpatient management. The opioid crisis has spread rapidly throughout the USA and has led to increasing numbers of infants born with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). Inpatient management for NAS should optimize non-pharmacologic care with use of pharmacologic agents if needed. Clinical pathways that aim to optimize non-pharmacologic interventions and utilize functional assessments over numerical scoring tools have shown significantly reduced length of stay, cost, and proportion of infants receiving morphine. Further research should center on strategies to preserve the maternal-infant dyad, improve feeding, predict development of NAS through genetic and epigenetic studies, and understand and improve long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes. The number of infants affected by the opioid crisis and broad range of treatment strategies warrants immediate and sustained attention from the medical community. Non-pharmacologic interventions and support of the maternal-infant dyad are critical in improving outcomes for these vulnerable infants.
Smoking cessation behaviors three months following acute insular damage from stroke

Abstract Background Recent evidence suggests that the insular cortex may play an important role in cognitive and emotional processes that facilitate drug use but it is unclear whether changes to the insula would result in sustained abstinence. To better understand the role of the insula in maintaining abstinence, we examined quitting patterns in smokers with acute damage to their insula relative to other regions. Design Prospective cohort study with 3 month follow-up, beginning June 2013 and ending May 2014. Setting Three acute care hospitals in Rochester, NY. Participants One-hundred-fifty-six current smokers hospitalized for acute ischemic stroke; 38 with insular infarctions and 118 with non-insular infarctions, assessed by 3 neuroradiologists. Measurements Self-reported smoking status (seven-day point prevalence and continuous abstinence), complete abstinence from any nicotine product, and disruption of smoking addiction (defined by criteria on smoking status, difficulty of quitting, and urge) were assessed at three months post-stroke. Time to relapse (in days) after discharge was also assessed. Results Insular damage was associated with increased odds of three-month continuous abstinence (OR = 3.71, 95% CI: 1.59, 8.65) and complete cessation from any nicotine product (OR = 2.72, 95% CI: 1.19, 6.22). Average time to relapse was longer in the insular-damaged group (17.50 days, SD = 19.82) relative to non-insular damage (10.42 days, SD = 18.49). Among quitters, insular damage was also associated with higher relative odds of experiencing a disruption of addiction compared to non-insular damage (adjusted OR = 5.60, 95% CI: 1.52, 20.56). Conclusions These findings support the potential role of the insular cortex in maintaining smoking and nicotine abstinence. Further research is needed to establish whether the insula may be a novel target for smoking cessation interventions.
Sleep deprivation induces the unfolded protein response in mouse cerebral cortex.

Little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying sleep. We show the induction of key regulatory proteins in a cellular protective pathway, the unfolded protein response (UPR), following 6 h of induced wakefulness. Using C57/B6 male mice maintained on a 12:12 light/dark cycle, we examined, in cerebral cortex, the effect of different durations of prolonged wakefulness (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 h) from the beginning of the lights-on inactivity period, on the protein expression of BiP/GRP78, a chaperone and classical UPR marker. BiP/GRP78 expression is increased with increasing durations of sleep deprivation (6, 9 and 12 h). There is no change in BiP/GRP78 levels in handling control experiments carried out during the lights-off period. PERK, the transmembrane kinase responsible for attenuating protein synthesis, which is negatively regulated by binding to BiP/ GRP78, is activated by dissociation from BiP/GRP78 and by autophosphorylation. There is phosphorylation of the elongation initiation factor 2a and alteration in ribosomal function. These changes are first observed after 6 h of induced wakefulness. Thus, prolonging wakefulness beyond a certain duration induces the UPR indicating a physiological limit to wakefulness.
Assessment of technology access and preference for health education of a rural Hispanic community

In the United States, Hispanic populations tend to have higher incidences of chronic disease such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, obesity and hyperlipidemias [1]. They are also more likely to be underinsured or uninsured than other populations [2]. The purpose of this descriptive technology assessment survey study was to determine computer and internet access, skill level and health education information preferences of a rural Hispanic primarily Mexican-American population in the United States. Among the sample, 81% of individuals who answered the survey had a computer and internet access in their home. Nineteen percent did not have computers or internet access in their homes. Compared to the average 54% home internet access found by the Pew Hispanic Research Center the rural convenience sample in this study had a high percentage of technology access. Recommendations include using multimedia to improve the health information accessability among Hispanic persons.
Annual variation of coastal uplift in Greenland as an indicator of variable and accelerating ice mass loss

[1] Seasonal melting of the coastal part of the Greenland ice sheet is investigated using GPS vertical displacement data from coastal stations, combined with data on atmospheric and ocean temperatures. Using a high pass filter and cubic spline models, we estimate five variables describing seasonal uplift, a proxy for proximal mass loss, including duration of the melt season and the amount of summer uplift. Our analysis shows both temporal and spatial variations of uplift. Southern coastal Greenland experienced anomalously large uplift in summer 2010, implying significant melting that year. However, the northwest coast did not experience significant change in uplift at that time. Our data suggest that a combination of warm summer air temperature and warm sub-surface ocean water temperature drove the large mass losses in 2010. Using the uplift pattern of 2008–2010, and comparing to atmospheric data and ocean water temperature data, we show that warm Irminger Water (IW) exerted significant influence on coastal melting in southeastern, southern and southwestern Greenland, reaching about 69°N in 2010. North of this, IW did not exert significant influence, in effect defining the northward limit of the sub-polar gyre for that year. Thus, short-term variability in the coastal GPS uplift signal can be used to infer an oceanographic parameter that has a critical influence on Greenland ice sheet health.
Resistant starch and health

Publisher Summary Both naturally occurring and synthesized starch sub-types, which are known collectively as Resistant Starch (RS), have great potential for functional food development because RS ingredients can provide a range of technical benefits in the formulation of foods and assist in the provision of a variety of potential physiological improvements for people consuming those foods. RS is found naturally in a broad range of starchy foods and can be added as a functional ingredient. RS is an unusual form of Dietary Fiber (DF) in that the amount can change during food processing and consumption. This chapter focuses on the RS ingredients that can be added to foods with the emphasis that RS ingredients have two important roles: to restore nutrients lost with food processing and to enhance the physiological benefits that could be gained through the consumption of processed foods. It also highlights the RS ingredients from High-Amylose Maize (HAM) or corn, which is, globally, the primary source of commercial RS ingredients supported by a significant body of published scientific literature.
An improved statistics-based backbone torsion potential energy for protein loop structure modeling

The dramatic decrease in sequencing cost has led to an unprecedented number of new projects. Because finishing a genome often involves painstaking work, most sequencing efforts are satisfied by an initial draft assembly. Reliable analysis of synteny, gene expansion, and structural variation, however, is contingent upon the available draft being an accurate representation of the genome. If the genome has not been thoroughly vetted, this trust may be misplaced and misassemblies can undermine any conclusions drawn about the structure and content of a genome. Here, we developed and tested the use of unsupervised learning algorithms to uncover outliers that point to improperly assembled segments. We first modified the existing amosvalidate software to extract detailed assembly features from the raw assembly file. We then used this information to construct feature vectors for each section of the assembly, and clustered these using various unsupervised learning techniques. Our results show that misassembled regions clearly differentiate themselves from correctly assembled regions, particularly in certain dimensions such as read coverage and SNP placement.
Barriers Experienced by Mexican Immigrants: Implications for Educational Achievement and Mental Health.

The adversities faced by Latina/o individuals and their families in the U.S. negatively impact educational outcomes as well as their mental and physical health. These adversities are often related to immigration status and acculturation and include difficulties with immigration, language barriers, and discrimination. Given that recent immigrants often experience many barriers, it is important to understand their perceptions of these barriers and their impacts on their lives and educational opportunities. We investigated barriers (social, individual or environmental phenomena which hinder or restrict normal developmental achievement and educational attainment) in the lives of six, first-generation Mexican immigrants. Participants engaged in one to two hour semi- structured interviews reflecting on their perceptions of stressors, motivation and success in life. Using thematic analysis and grounded theory, the barriers identified include cultural, sociopolitical and social factors such as: life circumstances or cognitive barriers, barriers caused by safety concerns, acculturation or the immigration process, language barriers, and lack of resources. Implications for educators and mental health professionals are discussed.
Friendship, Gender, and Preadolescents' Representations of Peer Collaboration

The experience of collaboration from preadolescents' perspectives was examined as a function of dyad gender and degree of friendship. Sixth graders (11-13 years, mostly White and middle class) worked within same- and other-gender dyads (18 girl, 17 boy, 17 mixed-gender) of varying degrees of friendship on a 4-week-long creative writing task at school. Enjoyment expectations and affiliation perceptions were greater in dyads with greater degrees of friendship, and in same-gender dyads as compared with mixed-gender dyads. More positive enjoyment expectations and greater perceived affiliation, agreement, and influence were related to better task performance. Implications of these results for understanding the social context of collaboration from peer partners' perspectives and successful classroom collaborations are discussed.
Transcatheter Closure of Atrial Communications Using the Amplatzer™ Septal Occluder

Certain types of atrial septal defects (ASDs) are amenable for transcatheter closure using various investigational devices. The use of the clamshell or buttoned devices is accompanied with a high incidence of residual shunt. The experience of ASD closure using the Amplatzer™ Septal Occluder (ASO) is limited. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to discuss the protocol of closure and report on the acute results using this device. Nineteen patients (17 ASD/2 fenestrated Fontan [FF]) underwent an attempt at catheter closure of their defects at a median age of 13.3 years (range 5.5–67.4 years) and a median weight of 49 kg (range 18–94 kg) using the ASO. The median ASD diameter measured by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was 12 mm (range 6–23.8 mm), and the median defect balloon stretched diameter was 17 mm (range 6–31 mm). All ASD patients had right atrial and ventricular volume overload with a mean ± SD Qp/Qs of 2.4 ± 0.9. A 7 to 8Fr catheter was used for delivery of the device in all patients. The device was placed correctly in all but one patient. There were immediate and complete closures (C) in 13 of 18 patients; 3 patients had trivial residual shunts (TS), and 2 patients had small residual shunts (SS). In the two patients with FF, oxygen saturation improved from 85% to 95% and 88% to 96%, respectively. One patient received two devices for two separate defects. The median fluoroscopy time was 15.5 minutes (range 7.4–33.4 minutes), and the median total procedural time was 78 minutes (range 52–180 minutes). There was one episode of device embolization in one patient. The device was successfully retrieved and 2 months later a second closure was performed successfully. No other complications were encountered during or after the procedure. Follow-up was performed using transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) at 1 day and 1 month and by TEE at 3 months. At day 1, there was C of the defect in 15 of 19 patients and 4 had TS; 18 patients completed 1-month follow-up, 16 of 18 had C and 2 patients had TS. Eleven patients completed 3-month follow-up, all with C. So far there have been no episodes of endocarditis, thromboembolism, or wire fracture. We conclude that the use of the new ASO is safe and effective in complete closure of atrial communications up to 23.8 mm in diameter.
Functional Consequences of α-Synuclein Tyrosine Nitration DIMINISHED BINDING TO LIPID VESICLES AND INCREASED FIBRIL FORMATION

Previous studies have shown the presence of nitrated α-synuclein (α-syn) in human Lewy bodies and other α-syn inclusions. Herein, the effects of tyrosine nitration on α-syn fibril formation, lipid binding, chaperone-like function, and proteolytic degradation were systematically examined by employing chromatographically isolated nitrated monomeric, dimeric, and oligomeric α-syn. Nitrated α-syn monomers and dimers but not oligomers accelerated the rate of fibril formation of unmodified α-syn when present at low concentrations. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that nitrated monomers and dimers are incorporated into the fibrils. However, the purified nitrated α-syn monomer by itself was unable to form fibrils. Nitration of the tyrosine residue at position 39 was largely responsible for decreased binding of nitrated monomeric α-syn to synthetic vesicles, which correlated with an impairment of the nitrated protein to adopt α-helical conformation in the presence of liposomes. The chaperone-like activity of α-syn was not inhibited by nitration or oxidation. Furthermore, the 20 S proteasome and calpain I degraded nitrated monomeric α-syn, although at a slower rate compared with control α-syn. Collectively, these data suggest that post-translational modification of α-syn by nitration can promote the formation of intracytoplasmic inclusions that constitute the hallmark of Parkinson disease and other synucleinopathies.
Modeling of Roasted Peanut Flavor for Some Virginia-Type Peanuts from Amino Acid and Sugar Contents

Prediction of sensory scores of roasted peanuts through analysis of the chemical components of raw peanuts is a goal of current research. Thirty samples of Virginia-type peanuts selected for wide variation in flavor precursors (amino acids and sugars) were roasted and evaluated by the Critical Laboratory Evaluation Roast (CLER) technique and by a flavor profile panel. Stepwise MAXR procedure was used to develop mathematical models for predicting both CLER scores and roasted peanut flavor ratings for the flavor profile. The best 10 variable model for predicting CLER scores had an R2 of 0.969. A good fit (R2= 0.762) was obtained for predicting CLER score from only raw peanut data. The best 10 variable model for predicting roasted peanut flavor gave an R2 of 0.928.
Cost and effectiveness of exenatide combined with insulin, compared to exenatide combined with oral hypoglycaemic agents

There have been few studies investigating the use of GLP-1 agonists in patients with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes and none looking at the costing. We compared the efficacy and relative cost of adding exenatide treatment to patients with type 2 diabetes receiving either oral hypoglycaemic agents (OHAs) or insulin. Patients were recruited from West Suffolk Hospital Diabetes Centre. Data were acquired retrospectively from 207 patients completing six months of treatment. Of 207 patients, 188 demonstrated good clinical progress with a mean HbA1c reduction of 1.6% (p<0.0001) and weight loss of 6.9kg (p<0.0001). Nineteen patients discontinued exenatide as HbA1c reduction did not achieve the NICE target (0.4%; p=0.29), but they did achieve significant weight loss (5.6kg; p<0.0001). The 188 patients continuing on exenatide were sub-divided into insulin-treated (n=88) or tablet-treated (n=100). At six months, tablet-treated patients achieved an HbA1c reduction of 1.6% (p<0.0001) and weight loss of 6.5kg (p<0.0001). Insulin-treated patients achieved similar results: HbA1c reduction 1.6% (p<0.0001), weight loss 7.3kg (p<0.0001). After six months of exenatide treatment, the mean reduction in daily insulin dose was 48 units/person in the insulin-treated group. In the tablet-treated group, the cost of diabetic medication (per person/month) after six months was £54.90 above baseline, whereas in the insulin-treated group this was only £36.20 above baseline, because the reduction in insulin dose offset the cost of exenatide. It was concluded that exenatide is clinically effective in both insulin-treated and tablet-treated type 2 diabetes, but is more cost effective in those originally treated with insulin. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons.
Skeletons in the broom closet: exploring the discrimination of Pagans in the workplace

Paganism encompasses many faiths that have folk or ethnic origins and further represents an understudied minority despite being one of the fastest growing religions in the United States, Canada, and UK. The current research examines the experiences of Pagans at work in two studies. Study 1 reports on a series of narrative interviews into the lived experiences of Pagans in the workplace. Study 2 employs quantitative methods to examine hypotheses generated by Study 1. Findings suggest that workplace ridicule and discrimination against Pagans is commonplace, including higher levels of covert and overt victimization and lower job satisfaction among Pagans when compared to other mainline faiths in the workplace. Limitations, directions for future research, and implications for management are discussed.
Anisotropy of the seebeck coefficients of bismuth telluride

Abstract Anisotropy in the Seebeck effect is found to arise in two separate theoretical situations. It will arise in a single-carrier system when there are two competing scattering mechanisms. One of these (lattice scattering, for example) must be isotropic. The anisotropy will arise in a two-carrier system when there is only a single scattering mechanism. In this case, the anisotropy arises because the conduction and valence band structures are not identical; hence the ratio of the mobility of holes to the mobility of electrons is different in the two principal crystallographic directions. The single-carrier, multiple-scattering theory of the anisotropy is confirmed experimentally on n -type iodine-doped Bi 2 Te 3 at low temperatures (100–300°K). The multiple-carrier, single-scattering theory is confirmed on stoichiometric undoped Bi 2 Te 3 at high temperatures (300–700°K), when mixed conduction has set in and lattice scattering predominates.
On the Uncertainty of Technical Debt Measurements

Measurements are subject to random and systematic errors, yet almost no study in software engineering makes significant efforts in reporting these errors. Whilst established statistical techniques are well suited for the analysis of random error, such techniques are not valid in the presence of systematic errors. We propose a departure from de- facto methods of reporting results of technical debt measurements for more rigorous techniques drawn from established methods in the physical sciences. This line of inquiry focuses on technical debt calculations; however it can be generalized to quantitative software engineering studies. We pose research questions and seek answers to the identification of systematic errors in metric-based tools, as well as the reporting of such errors when subjected to propagation. Exploratory investigations reveal that the techniques suggested allow for the comparison of uncertainties that come from differing sources. We suggest the study of error propagation of technical debt is a worthwhile subject for further research and techniques seeded from the physical sciences present viable options that can be used in software engineering reporting.
Multiparticle Interactions of Zero-Range Potentials

For two particles it is often convenient to replace local or non-local potentials by zero-range interactions. Since they are zero-range, these interactions can often be replaced by boundary conditions at a point where the separation between two particles vanishes. In either case, zero-range potentials are useful when the details of the interaction at small distances are not critical for the dynamics. The description of Bose condensates is an example where zero-range interactions are basic to theories of the condensed aggregates. These theories employ the model interactions to obtain a mean field description of large numbers of particles. On a more fundamental level, zero-range interactions are employed to model the interactions of three particles, where they have been used to study the properties of loosely bound Efimov states. Owning to their success in these areas they have been generalized to allow for multichannel interactions, interactions for states with non-zero angular momentum and energy dependent zero-range potentials. Properties of these generalized potentials and their applications will be illustrated for the interaction of three particles at vanishingly small kinetic energy.
High resolution in situ hybridization to determine the cellular distribution of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus RNA in the tissues of persistently infected mice : relevance to arenavirus disease and mechanisms of viral persistence

By the application of in situ hybridization to thin sections of paraffin-embedded tissues we have been able to determine with high resolution the cell types containing lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus nucleic acid in the tissues of persistently infected mice. We confirm and extend previous observations of virus persistence in the brain, lung, liver, kidney, pancreas, thyroid and reticuloendothelial system. In addition, we demonstrate for the first time persistence of viral nucleic acid in specific cell types in the thymus, lymph nodes, testes and bladder, and the adrenal, parathyroid and salivary glands; the cell types infected were observed in several animals. In lymphoid tissue, viral nucleic acid was predominantly located in the T cell-dependent areas of the spleen and lymph nodes; it was also present in cells of the thymic medulla. This has important implications for the deficiency in T cell function observed in persistently infected mice. In the testes, viral nucleic acid was detected in spermatogonia but not differentiating spermatocytes and therefore, in this tissue at least, persistence is related to the state of differentiation of the cell. Endocrine and exocrine dysfunctions have been described in persistently infected mice and we report that the highest levels of viral nucleic acid were found in the adrenal gland. The infection of endocrine and exocrine tissue was not pantropic, specific cell types expressed viral nucleic acid in each tissue. In the adrenal cortex, cells of the zona reticularis and zona fasciculata but not the zona glomerulosa were positive, whereas in the adrenal medulla viral nucleic acid was predominantly localized to adrenalin-secreting cells. Infection of the renal tubules, transitional epithelium of the bladder and the ducts of the salivary gland indicates the likely sites of virus production for the dissemination of arenavirus infections.
Framework for the Assessment of Capacity and Throughput Techologies

Presented at the 5th World Aviation Congress and Exposition, San Diego, CA, October 10-12, 2000.
Duplex and color Doppler sonography of complications after percutaneous interventional vascular procedures.

Duplex and color Doppler sonography have proved to be excellent noninvasive modalities for evaluating complications of percutaneous interventional vascular procedures. Complications including hematoma, pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous fistula, thrombosis, stenosis, and vessel occlusion are routinely diagnosed with Doppler sonography. Hematomas exhibit variable echogenicity and internal complexity but never demonstrate internal blood flow. A pseudoaneurysm is a contained extravasation of blood that, unlike a hematoma, maintains a patent vascular connection with the injured vessel. Puncture-related arteriovenous fistulas are false vascular channels between an adjacent artery and vein that demonstrate low-resistance arterial signal, high-velocity venous outflow, and variable flow patterns within themselves. Narrowing in a stent demonstrates high-velocity turbulent flow with conventional Doppler and color aliasing with color Doppler techniques. Thrombus can be seen directly as a mural-based or luminal defect; ho...
Evidence for a Proposed Intermediate Redox State in the CO/CO2 Active Site of Acetyl-CoA Synthase (Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenase) from Clostridium thermoaceticum†

When samples of the enzyme in the Cred1 state were reduced with Ti3+ citrate, the C-cluster stabilized in an EPR-silent state. Subsequent treatment with CO or dithionite yielded Cred2. The EPR-silent state formed within 1 min of adding Ti3+ citrate, while Cred2 formed after 60 min. Ti3+ citrate appeared to slow the rate by which Cred2 formed from Cred1 and stabilize the C-cluster in the previously proposed Cint state. This is the first strong evidence for Cint, and it supports the catalytic mechanism that required its existence. This mechanism is analogous to those used by flavins and hydrogenases to convert between n = 2 and n = 1 processes. Ti3+ citrate had a different effect on enzyme in a CO2 atmosphere; it shifted reduction potentials of metal centers (relative to those obtained using CO) and did not stabilize Cint. Different redox behavior was also observed when methyl viologen and benzyl viologen were used as reductants. This variability was exploited to prepare enzyme samples in which EPR from Cre...
A Survey of Computer Use Reported in "Teaching of Psychology": 1974-1988.

During the past 15 years, the computer has evolved from a simple drill-and-practice device to a flexible instrument for teaching psychological concepts and techniques. Readily available commercial and public domain software makes computer technology the choice for many teaching applications. This article surveys computer use and the changing role of teachers in the development of computer applications and introduces the Computers in Teaching section of Teaching of Psychology (ToP).
Influence of grass source on net flux of nutrients across splanchnic tissues in sheep with restricted intake

Crossbred wethers (22 months old; 46 ± 1.3 kg body weight), with catheters in a hepatic vein, the portal vein and a mesenteric vein and artery, consumed warm (W; bermudagrass hay) or cool season grass hay (C; ryegrass‐wheat) at 1.6% body weight (dry matter basis) in a crossover design experiment. Warm and cool season grasses were 13.6 and 9.9% crude protein, 77 and 66% neutral detergent fibre and 4.6 and 4.0% acid detergent lignin, respectively. Neutral detergent fibre digestibility (70.3 and 77.4%) and digestible energy intake (8.5 and 9.3 mJ/d) were greater (P<0.02) for C than for W, and digestible nitrogen intake (11.5 and 8.0 g/d for W and C, respectively) was greater (P<0.01) for W. Ruminai fluid concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and total volatile fatty acids were not altered by grass source, and acetate: propionate was greater (P<0.02) for W (3.80) than for the C (3.54). Portal‐drained viscera blood flow (118 and 119 1/h; SE 8.0), oxygen consumption (141 and 142 mM/h; SE 3.7), alpha‐amino nitrogen...
A novel hybrid material of polymer gels and bilayer membranes

Responsive polymer gels that contain bilayer membranes have been synthesized and characterized as a novel hybrid material. The hybrid gels show some unique properties which cannot be obtained from the individual polymer gels and the bilayer membranes. Iridescent color resulting from the Bragg diffraction of visible light by the periodic structure of bilayer membranes can be changed by controlling the swelling degree of the gel. Introduction of bilayer membranes strongly affects the volume phase transition behavior of the gel. By the polymerization of a gel while shear flow is imposed upon the solution to be gelled, an anisotropic gel has been synthesized. The hybrid gels show more than a seven times larger elastic modulus and can be extended more than three times before fracture than the simple polymer gel.
Viscous Nongeostrophic Baroclinic Instability

Calculations have been performed of the (linear) stability of a baroclinic flow to three-dimensional perturbations. Both the simple Eady basic state and the rotating Hadley cell of Antar and Fowlis are considered. The independent influences of the Richardson (Ri), thermal Rossby (baroclinicity), Ekman, and Prandtl numbers are examined, as well as the influences of the angle of orientation of the horizontal wave vector and the wavelength. It is shown that if the wavelength is allowed to vary freely, disturbances of the Eady type are preferred (i.e., have greatest growth rate) unless Ri and Ekman numbers are small enough and the thermal Rossby number is large enough. In the latter case, disturbances whose angles of orientation are almost symmetric and whose wavelengths are mesoscale are preferred. If, on the other hand, the wavelength is fixed at a mesoscale size, only the symmetric and almost symmetric modes have growth. By allowing the wave vector orientation to deviate from purely symmetric, it is noted that the region of instability (i.e., critical Ri) is increased, the extent of which is greater for longer wavelength. For Prandtl number = 1, permitting the angle to be nonsymmetric demonstrates the existence of two maxima in growth rate at opposite angles of orientation and with very different energetics. For Prandtl number far enough from one and for large enough dissipation, only one of these two modes has positive growth rates. Growing oscillatory modes were found for some cases.
Comparison of chemical lithography using alkanethiolate self-assembled monolayers on GaAs (001) and Au.

We have investigated the efficiency of bifunctional pattern formation in alkanethiolate self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) adsorbed on GaAs (001) and Au, using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Two patterning techniques were employed: electron beam lithography and UV photopatterning. Previous work has always assumed that complete degradation of the SAM was necessary for the formation of well-defined multifunctional patterned surfaces, requiring large electron doses or long UV irradiation times. We demonstrate that well-defined multifunctional patterned surfaces can be produced on GaAs (001) with only partial degradation of the SAM, allowing greatly reduced electron beam doses and UV irradiation times to be used. Using electron beam lithography we observe that sharp well-defined patterns can form after an electron dose as low as 450 μC cm−2. We also demonstrate that only 50% of the monolayer must be photooxidized in UV photopatterning, reducing the exposure time needed by a factor of 3. In cont...
Formation of thioether conjugates of the bladder carcinogen ANFT catalyzed by prostaglandin H synthase.

Certain 2-aminothiazole-substituted 5-nitrofuran carcinogens specifically and potently induce tumors of the urinary tract. Cooxidation by the hydroperoxidase activity of prostaglandin H synthase (PHS) has been implicated in the initiation of this process in vivo. The molecular mechanism of this process was examined utilizing 2-amino-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole (ANFT) as the organic cosubstrate. The ability of ANFT to release electrons was determined by cyclic voltammetry, which established that ANFT is oxidized to yield an extremely reactive intermediate by an apparent one-electron mechanism. In conventional incubations containing solubilized microsomal PHS at pH 7.8, glutathione was found to trap approximately 50% of the ANFT present as a soluble metabolite. Comparative u.v. spectrophotometry, cyclic voltammetry, proton and carbon magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and chemical synthesis established that conjugate formation occurs by S-substitution of the thiazole ring to yield 2-amino-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-5-(glutathion-S-yl)thiazole. The 5-nitrofuran ring is not altered by this pathway. This suggests that PHS may oxidize the aminothiazole ring of ANFT by direct electron withdrawal to generate a reactive electrophilic intermediate which may react with critical cellular nucleophiles. This conjugate, or a further metabolite thereof, may be a biologic marker of PHS activity and may be useful in assessing the effects of potential chemoprotective agents on hydroperoxidase activity in vivo.
64Cu metabolism in Menkes and normal cultured skin fibroblasts.

Summary: The amount of radioactivity accumulated in normal skin fibro-blasts cultured in the presence of 64Cu increased during the first few hours of incubation, and reached a plateau after 18 hr. Fibroblasts from patients with Menkes syndrome continued to accumulate 64Cu and after 48 hr, the mutant cells contained over 3 times more radioactivity than the normal cells. Normal skin fibroblasts grown in the presence of 64Cu for 24 hr and chased for 6 and 24 hr with 64Cu-free medium released 78% and 91% of the radioactivity, respectively, whereas Menkes fibroblasts grown under similar conditions released only 22% and 51%, respectively. The amount of radioactivity incorporated by fibroblasts increased with increasing concentrations of 64Cu in the culture medium, but the Menkes fibroblasts incorporated more 64Cu than normal fibroblasts. A slight reduction in the incorporation and efflux of 64Cu was seen with several metabolic inhibitors, but there was no difference between normal and mutant cells. Treatment of labeled cells with trypsin did not affect the amount of 64Cu picked up by the cells. Most of the radioactive copper incorporated by the cells was not precipitated by trichloroacetic acid or phosphotungstic acid, although the percentage of precipitated 64Cu was consistently higher in normal than in Menkes fibroblasts. Most of the 64Cu was bound to a molecule with a molecular weight of about 10,000, whereas a small fraction, proportionally higher in normal cells, was bound to a large molecular weight component(s). The amount of 64Cu bound to the small molecular weight species was significantly greater in Menkes fibroblasts than in normal cells. Menkes fibroblasts were more sensitive to high nonphysiologic levels of nonradioactive copper than were normal cells. These findings demonstrate pronounced metabolic differences between normal and Menkes fibroblasts and indicate the need for further studies before proper treatment of this disease can be instituted. Speculation: Copper picked up by cultured skin fibroblasts is preferentially bound to a molecule with a molecular weight of about 10,000. The increased copper accumulation in Menkes fibroblasts may be caused by the deficiency of an enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of this bond, by the presence of an increased amount of this small molecular weight molecule in the mutant cells, or by an increased binding capacity of this molecule for copper.
Robust Control for Mobility and Wireless Communication in Cyber–Physical Systems With Application to Robot Teams

In this paper, a system architecture to provide end-to-end network connectivity for autonomous teams of robots is discussed. The core of the proposed system is a cyber-physical controller whose goal is to ensure network connectivity as robots move to accomplish their assigned tasks. Due to channel quality uncertainties inherent to wireless propagation, we adopt a stochastic model where achievable rates are modeled as random variables. The cyber component of the controller determines routing variables that maximize the probability of having a connected network for given positions. The physical component determines feasible robot trajectories that are restricted to safe configurations which ensure these probabilities stay above a minimum reliability level. Local trajectory planning algorithms are proposed for simple environments and leveraged to obtain global planning algorithms to handle complex surroundings. The resulting integrated controllers are robust in that end-to-end communication survives with high probability even if individual point-to-point links are likely to fail with significant probability. Experiments demonstrate that the global planning algorithm succeeds in navigating a complex environment while ensuring that end-to-end communication rates meet or exceed prescribed values within a target failure tolerance.