cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sideline and Training Room Evaluation and Treatment for Suspected Stress Fractures

Sideline and training room management of stress fractures in athletes starts with a suspicion, which requires comprehensive knowledge of the natural history of stress fractures, injury mechanisms, and current health status and condition of the athlete. Therefore, team physicians should follow their athletes closely and know at what level the athlete was training or competing when the complaint started. For a successful treatment, algorithmic approach to classify the fracture into either a low- or high-risk group is paramount. The risk group will dictate the treatment method, duration of rest, and time to return to sports. This will help the athlete to be properly treated and decrease the risk of re-injury. Also, it will keep the pressure low on the team physician.
Repeat serial transverse enteroplasty leads to reduction in parenteral nutrition in children with short bowel syndrome.

Abstract Background/purpose Following a serial transverse enteroplasty (STEP) procedure some children develop redilation of the small intestine leading to impaired enteral tolerance and inability to wean parenteral nutrition (PN). The benefit of a second STEP procedure (2STEP) has been controversial. Methods We performed a retrospective review of our experience (2008–2018) performing 2STEP, with comparative analysis of nutritional outcomes pre- and postsurgery. Results During this period 2STEP was performed in 23 patients (13 F:10 M) at a median (25%–75%) age of 2.2 (1.2–3.6) years. Median intestinal length was 68 (40–105) cm before and 85 (40–128) cm after 2STEP. Leading up to 2STEP, PN provided almost 75% of estimated calorie needs. By 24 weeks following 2STEP drops in mean PN percent approached statistical significance (p = 0.07) and at most recent follow up the mean PN percentage was statistically better than at the time of operation or 4 weeks prior to 2STEP, and was nearly significant compared with 12 weeks (p = 0.07) and 24 weeks (p = 0.06) prior. Thirteen children were completely off parenteral support. Conclusion When small intestine redilation occurs following a STEP procedure and where PN cannot otherwise be weaned we believe these data support performing a 2STEP. We cannot predict preoperatively which children will ultimately benefit. Level of evidence 3 (retrospective comparative study).
Turbulence-Resistant Free-Space Optical Communications using Few-Mode DPSK

We demonstrate the first few-mode DPSK receiver for turbulence-resistant free-space optical communication. Compared to a single-mode DPSK receiver, an 8.2 dB improvement in the power budget was achieved.
Comparison of VMAT complexity-reduction strategies for single-target cranial radiosurgery with the Eclipse treatment planning system.

Complexity in MLC-based radiosurgery treatment delivery can be characterized by the efficiency of monitor unit (MU) utilization and the average MLC leaf separation distance for a treatment plan. A reduction in plan complexity may be desirable if plan quality is not impacted. In this study, a number of strategies are explored to determine how plan quality is affected by efforts to reduce plan complexity. Ten radiosurgery cases of varying complexity are retrospectively planned using six optimization strategies: an unconstrained volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) technique, a MU-constrained VMAT technique, three techniques using various strengths of the aperture shape controller (ASC), and a hybrid technique consisting of a final-stage VMAT optimization applied to a dynamic conformal arc leaf sequence (ODCA). The plans are compared in terms of MU efficiency, MLC leaf-separation, conformity index (CI), gradient index (GI), and QA measurement results. The five VMAT techniques exhibited only minor differences in CI and GI values, though the ASC and MU-constrained techniques did require 6-20% fewer MU and had mean field apertures 5-19% larger. On average, the ODCA technique had CI values 3.5% lower and GI values 1.0-2.5% higher than the VMAT techniques, but also had a mean field aperture 24-47% larger and required 16-32% fewer MU. The QA measurement results showed a 0.61% variation in mean per-field 2%/1 mm gamma passing rates across all techniques (range 96.81%-97.42%), with no observed correlation between passing rate and technique. For simple targets, the ODCA technique achieved CI results that were equivalent to the unconstrained VMAT technique with an average 30% reduction in required MU, an average 50% increase in mean leaf separation distance, and brain V12Gy values within 0.38 cc of the VMAT technique for targets up to approximately 2 cm diameter. For MLC-based single-target radiosurgery, plan complexity can often be significantly reduced without an equivalent reduction in plan quality.
The hidden consequence of intraventricular hemorrhage: persistent cerebral desaturation after IVH in preterm infants

Background Previous studies describe a short-term decrease in cerebral oxygen saturation (StO2) after intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in premature infants; little is known about long-term implications. Methods Infants born Results A total of 1237 recordings from 185 infants were included; mean length = 6.5 h; mean GA = 26.3 w; mean BW = 951 g; overall/severe IVH incidence was 29/8%, WMI incidence was 16%. IVH was independently associated with an acute drop in StO2, which remained lower for 68 d. Severe IVH was associated with lower StO2 values than mild IVH. WMI was associated with early and persistent elevation of FTOE. Conclusion IVH of any grade is associated with a prolonged cerebral desaturation and WMI is associated with prolonged elevation of FTOE. This finding is exacerbated for infants with severe IVH. Impact The longitudinal impact of IVH on cerebral oxygenation has not been previously studied.IVH is associated with persistent cerebral desaturation, months in length, and is independent of anemia.More severe IVH is associated with worsened cerebral hypoxia.Infants later diagnosed with white matter injury have an early and persistent elevation of cerebral oxygen extraction (cFTOE).This cerebral desaturation, below previously identified normative ranges, may provide insight into the mechanistic link between IVH and white matter injury.
Isotropic Pauli-limited superconductivity in the infinite-layer nickelate Nd0.775Sr0.225NiO2

The recent observation of superconductivity in thin-film infinite-layer nickelates1–3 offers a different angle from which to investigate superconductivity in layered oxides4. A wide range of candidate models have been proposed5–10, which emphasize single- or multi-orbital electronic structure, Kondo or Hund’s coupling and analogies to cuprates. Further experimental characterization of the superconducting state is needed to develop a full understanding of the nickelates. Here we use magnetotransport measurements to probe the superconducting anisotropy in Nd0.775Sr0.225NiO2. We find that the upper critical field is surprisingly isotropic at low temperatures despite the layered crystal structure. In a magnetic field, the superconductivity is strongly Pauli-limited, such that the paramagnetic effect dominates over orbital de-pairing. Underlying this isotropic response is a substantial anisotropy in the superconducting coherence length, which is at least four times longer in-plane than out-of-plane. A prominent low-temperature upturn in the upper critical field indicates the presence of an unconventional ground state. Measurements of a superconducting infinite-layer nickelate show that its upper critical field is largely isotropic despite its quasi-two-dimensional structure. This indicates that, unusually for layered oxides, the superconductivity is Pauli-limited.
Healthcare resource utilization and costs among children with cystic fibrosis in the United States.

BACKGROUND Adverse health impacts of cystic fibrosis (CF) can be present in children before respiratory complications are observed. Children with CF show progressive health decline, with increasing lung function decline in adolescence. This study aims to quantify the healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) and costs attributable to CF by comparing children with CF with the general pediatric population. METHODS This retrospective, cross-sectional, observational study compared HCRU and costs among children with CF in the US with demographically similar children without CF (comparison group) over a 12-month period using administrative claims data spanning 2010-2017. Analyses were conducted by insurance type (commercially insured [COM] and Medicaid insured [MED]) and stratified by age (<2 years, 2 to <6 years, 6 to <12 years, and 12-17 years). RESULTS Children with CF (2831 COM and 1896 MED) were matched to children in the comparison group (8493 COM and 5688 MED). Higher prevalence of comorbidities was seen in children with CF versus the comparison group across all ages. Across all ages, HCRU attributable to CF was substantial (higher hospitalization rates, more outpatient and emergency room visits, and greater use of prescription medications), and there were higher associated costs (all p values < .05), in COM and MED populations. HCRU and costs attributable to CF were highest for children aged 12-17 years. CONCLUSIONS Substantial HCRU and costs are evident among children with CF across all ages, starting as young as infancy, with highest HCRU and costs among adolescents. Effective treatments from an early age are needed for children with CF.
Blocking Membranes at Places That Do Not Have Transferred Proteins

The blocking buffer is an essential part of western blotting methods since they minimize nonspecific binding. The blocking agent binds to areas on the membrane not occupied by the proteins transferred to the membrane from the SDS-PAGE gel. In other words, they block off the empty areas on the membrane so that the primary antibody will not bind to those empty areas of the membrane in addition to its specific protein transferred from the gel to the membrane. Thus, this blocking prevents the secondary antibody from binding all over the membrane and producing high background signal. Thus, successful immunoblotting depends on how good the primary antibody is at binding to its target protein on the membrane transferred from the gel and how it does not bind to other proteins or to the parts of the membrane where there are no proteins. Several blocking agents are available for western blotting. However, these should be selected experimentally since no single blocking agent is compatible with every experimental system. Kothari and Mathews published a good review recently detailing the use of these blocking agents.
Associations between absolute and relative electronic cigarette harm perceptions and information-seeking behaviours among US adult current, former and never smokers.

Introduction Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) harm perceptions and information seeking behaviours are both important antecedents of e-cigarette use, yet the relationship between them has been rarely studied. We assessed how absolute (e-cigarettes are harmful to my health) and relative harm perceptions (e-cigarettes are more/less harmful than cigarettes) were associated with specific e-cigarette information seeking behaviours in a sample of current, former and never cigarette smokers. Methods We used data from US adults in two cycles of the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS-FDA 2015, n = 3738; 2017, n = 1736). Analyses controlled for socio-demographics, ever e-cigarette use and survey cycle. Data were analysed between January and August 2020. Results Higher relative harm perceptions were associated with lower odds of having sought any information on e-cigarettes [adjusted odds ratio 0.61, 95% confidence interval (0.48, 0.84)] and on how to use e-cigarettes to quit smoking specifically [adjusted odds ratio 0.59, 95% confidence interval (0.38, 0.91)]. Smoking status did not moderate associations between absolute or relative harm perceptions and information seeking behaviours, nor was it associated with specific information seeking behaviours after adjusting for covariates. Discussion and conclusions The risks of e-cigarettes relative to combusted cigarettes (as opposed to the absolute risks of e-cigarettes) appear to be more important in individuals' information seeking behaviours about e-cigarettes. Public health messages could ensure that all individuals understand how one's health risk would change if they exclusively used e-cigarettes, switched to e-cigarettes completely or used both products.
Applying harm reduction to COVID-19 prevention: The influence of moderation messages and risk infographics.

Abstract Objective We propose that harm reduction messages advocating moderation versus abstinence from social interaction will be seen as less threatening and increase intentions to follow COVID-19 guidelines. We also examine two important moderators: the influence of risk framing and willingness to risk infection. Method A 2 × 2 between-participants, randomized experiment (N = 476) varied infographics portraying low-risk behaviors, like going camping, versus high-risk behaviors, like attending a concert, followed by either moderation or abstinence guidelines. Participants in two additional control groups saw an infographic displaying either a full range of risk behaviors or behaviors that pose no risk, each followed by generic guidelines. Results Regression analyses show moderation messages are less freedom-threatening only when presenting low-risk behaviors. Persons more willing to risk infection found all messages more freedom-threatening; however, for these individuals, moderation messages increased behavioral intentions when risks were presented as high. Conclusion This study suggests harm reduction may be applied effectively in a pandemic, where the behavior of risk-tolerant individuals, at a population level, could have suboptimal effects on curbing virus transmission. Practice implications Health educators should communicate harm reduction with certain populations but also test to ensure messaging, including visuals communicating relative risks, are received as intended.
Baseline parameters and the prediction of treatment failure in patients with intravenous drug use-associated spinal epidural abscesses.

Objective Despite the increasing incidence of spinal epidural abscess (SEA), the baseline parameters potentially predictive of treatment failure remain poorly characterized. In this study, the authors identify the relevant baseline parameters that predict multimodal treatment failure in patients with either intravenous drug use (IVDU)-associated SEA or non-IVDU-associated SEA. Methods The authors reviewed the electronic medical records of a large institutional series of consecutive patients with diagnosed SEA between January 2011 and December 2017 to characterize epidemiological trends as well as the complement of baseline measures that are predictive of failure after multimodal treatment in patients with and without concomitant IVDU. The independent impact of clinical and imaging factors in detecting treatment failure was assessed by performing stepwise binary logistic regression analysis. Results A total of 324 consecutive patients with diagnosed SEA were identified. Overall, 226 patients (69.8%) had SEA related to other causes and 98 (30.2%) had a history of recent IVDU. While non-IVDU SEA admission rates remained constant, year-over-year admissions of patients with IVDU SEA nearly tripled. At baseline, patients with IVDU SEA were distinct in many respects including younger age, greater unemployment and disability, less frequent diabetes mellitus (DM), and more frequent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. However, differences in length of stay, loss to follow-up, and treatment failure did not reach statistical significance between the groups. The authors constructed independent multivariate logistic regression models for treatment failure based on identified parameters in the two cohorts. For the non-IVDU cohort, the authors identified four variables as independent factors: DM, hepatitis B/C, osteomyelitis, and compression deformity severity. In contrast, for patients with IVDU, the authors identified three variables: albumin, endocarditis, and endplate destruction. Receiver operating characteristic and area under the curve (AUC) analyses were undertaken for the multivariate models predicting the likelihood of treatment failure in the two cohorts (AUC = 0.88 and 0.89, respectively), demonstrating that the derived models could adequately predict the risk of multimodal treatment failure. Treatment failure risk factor point scales were derived for the identified variables separately for both cohorts. Conclusions Patients with IVDU SEA represent a unique population with a distinct set of baseline parameters that predict treatment failure. Identification of relevant prognosticating factors will allow for the design of tailored treatment and follow-up regimens.
Motion Compensation and Estimation

One’s intuition suggests that moving pictures have a “pixel conservation” property -the pixels on one frame may be translated to form the pixel pattern on a subsequent frame. This corresponds to the intuitive idea of “motion”, that images corresponding to objects on one frame move within the frame to form corresponding objects on the subsequent frame. Of course, changes in the position of the object may expose parts of the object to the camera that were previously unseen, and changes in the camera position may cause large-scale changes in the image (pan, zoom, etc.).
Dark-induced and organ-specific expression of two asparagine synthetase genes in Pisum sativum

Abstract Nucleotide sequence analysis of cDNAs for asparagine synthetase (AS) of Pisum sativum has uncovered two distinct AS mRNAs (AS1 and AS2) encoding polypeptides that are highly homologous to the human AS enzyme. The amino-terminal residues of both AS1 and AS2 polypeptides are identical to the glutamine-binding domain of the human AS enzyme, indicating that the full-length AS1 and AS2 cDNAs encode glutamine-dependent AS enzymes. Analysis of nuclear DNA shows that AS1 and AS2 are each encoded by single genes in P.sativum. Gene-specific Northern blot analysis reveals that dark treatment induces high-level accumulation of AS1 mRNA in leaves, while light treatment represses this effect as much as 30-fold. Moreover, the dark-induced accumulation of AS1 mRNA was shown to be a phytochrome-mediated response. Both AS1 and AS2 mRNAs also accumulate to high levels in cotyledons of germinating seedlings and in nitrogen-fixing root nodules. These patterns of AS gene expression correlate well with the physiological role of asparagine as a nitrogen transport amino acid during plant development.
Shock Knit Within Terror: Living Through World War II

ters. These and my notes are ready to go to some university or museum in exchange for an H.D. scholarship. I have made several copies of the typescript as I feel the material will be important to scholars, research students, and people who love H.D. The war letters, especially, show her spirit during those terrible raids. "Peril, strangely encountered" did mark us. We were granted "strength to endure."
Regulation of Glycogen Synthase Activity in Choriocarcinoma Cells Effect of Glucose Starvation on the Conversion of Synthase D to Synthase I and the Kinetic Properties of the Enzyme

Choriocarcinoma cell glycogen synthase exists predominantly in the form dependent on glucose-6-phosphate during growth. This enzyme can not be converted to the form independent of glucose 6-phosphate by endogenous phosphoprotein phosphatase, rabbit liver phosphoprotein phosphatase, or human placental alkaline phosphatase. However, the glycogen synthase present in the extract of cells which have been subjected to glucose starvation for 24 h can be converted to the form independent of glucose 6-phosphate by these phosphatases. The activity which converts the form dependent on glucose 6-phosphate to the form independent of glucose 6-phosphate by the endogenous phosphatase is progressively increased during starvation. This increase in activity is blocked by the presence of 20 μM cycloheximide in the medium. Analysis of the kinetic properties of glycogen synthase isolated from cells during starvation shows that the A0.5 value (the activator concentration giving 50% maximal activity) for glucose 6-phosphate and the S0.5 value (the substrate concentration giving 50% maximum activity) for UDP-glucose are reduced. This reduction in the kinetic constants of the enzyme is also prevented by the presence of cycloheximide. The starvation-induced change in the kinetic properties of the enzyme can be reversed by the incubation of the starved-cell extract with ATP, Mg2+, and cyclic AMP or by refeeding the starved cells with medium containing high glucose. Also, the glycogen synthase which has similar kinetic properties to the enzyme found in the starved cells can be derived from the enzyme present in normal cultures. This involves mixing a small portion of the starved-cell extract with a large portion of normal cellular extract and incubating under conditions favoring dephosphorylation. It appears that during glucose starvation glycogen synthase is partially dephosphorylated, and the resulting enzyme, still in a form dependent on glucose 6-phosphate, has a lower A0.5 value for glucose 6-phosphate and a lower S0.5 value for UDP-glucose than the enzyme from cells without starvation. The starvation-induced modification of the form of the enzyme dependent on glucose 6-phosphate transforms it into a better substrate for phosphoprotein phosphatase.
Epoxy Resins as Cryogenic Structural Adhesives

This investigation of copper to copper bonds using filled epoxy resins as adhesives was undertaken to provide design information for a liquid hydrogen cooled electromagnet. It was proposed that the adjacent coils of the magnet be spaced with an epoxy resin adhesive which would provide structural rigidity as well as electrical insulation at the operating temperature of 20°K (-253°C). Since the completed coil would be acted upon by thermal stresses and electrical reaction forces, the present program was undertaken to evaluate the mechanical strength of several adhesives subjected to treatment corresponding to use in the end application.
Effect of intraruminal urea administration on glucose metabolism in dairy steers.

Isotope dilution techniques were used to study steady- state glucose kinetics in four rumen-fistulated Holstein steers and to study the effect of rapid absorption of ammonia from the rumen on glucose metabolism. Steers were fed a high-concentrate diet at hourly intervals from automatic feeders. Plasma glucose specific activity curves following single intravenous injection of (2-3H)glucose were used to construct a two- compartment model of the glucose pool with inflow and outflow from com partment one. Primed continuous infusion of (2-3H)glucose was used to determine the steady-state turnover rate of glucose and to monitor changes in the rates of inflow and outflow of glucose from the glucose pool following a single dosage of urea (0.4 g/kg body weight) into the rumen. Compart ment sizes of the glucose pool were 65.6 and 33.5 g for compartments 1 and 2, respectively. Glucose turnover rate during steady-state was 15.4 mg/ minute/kg body weight0-75 and transfer rate of glucose between compart ments was 17.9 mg/minute/kg body weight0 ". Concentrations of rumen ammonia-nitrogen, plasma ammonia-nitrogen and plasma urea-nitrogen were 6.1, 0.5 and 4.0 mg/100 ml, respectively, before urea dosage. Rumen ammonia-nitrogen and plasma ammonia-nitrogen increased after urea dosage and reached peak concentrations, 170.0 and 1.2 mg/100 ml, respec tively, approximately 120 minutes after urea dosage. Plasma urea-nitrogen increased linearly throughout the 4-hour sampling period and reached 12.0 mg/100 ml at end of the experiment. Concentration of glucose in plasma increased from 98.2 mg/100 ml before urea dosage to 114.6 mg/100 ml at 100 minutes after urea dosage. Estimates of glucose production and utili zation indicated that the increased concentration of glucose in plasma in all steers was due, at least partially, to a decrease in the rate of glucose utilization. A rapid rate of glycogenolysis which resulted in a marked increase in the plasma glucose concentration also was evident in one steer. J. Nutr. 109: 1438-1447, 1979.
A new dawn - the ecological genetics of mycorrhizal fungi.

Many human activities, such as ore mining and smeltering, sewage sludge treatment and fossil fuel consumption, result in toxic soil concentrations of ‘heavy metals’ (Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Ti, Zn and others) (Gadd, 1993). There are also natural soils, such as serpentine, with levels of heavy metals that inhibit or preclude the growth of many plants and soil micro-organisms. However, certain plants and microorganisms do grow in these metalliferous sites. Understanding the physiology, ecology and evolution of tolerance to elevated soil metal concentrations is important in an applied setting, and is also of interest in theoretical biology. Applied importance relates to the improvement of forest health in areas subject to increasing pollution, rehabilitation of severely polluted sites by phytostabilization of metals, and metal removal using hyperaccumulating plants (Kramer, 2000; Ernst, 2000). Areas of theoretical interest include the evolution of local adaptation (Sork et al., 1993) and how it is shaped by the combined influences of natural selection, gene flow and genetic architecture, as well as metal influences on various species interactions (Pollard, 2000). A paper appears on pages 367–379 in this issue by Jan Colpaert and coworkers which adroitly combines the disparate fields of physiology, genetics and ecology to answer several outstanding questions concerning heavy metal tolerance in mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhizal fungi, which interact mutualistically with the majority of plant species, are well known for improving the P status of their hosts (Smith & Read, 1997). Some mycorrhizal fungi are also able to mobilize N and P from organic substrates and to provide plants with improved micronutrient and water acquisition, pathogen resistance, and a variety of other benefits (Smith & Read, 1997). One of these additional benefits is the amelioration of toxicity in metalliferous soils.
Outreach to K-12 programs with a mobile laboratory: hands-on electronics manufacturing

This paper reports on the current status of a K-12 outreach program to promote engineering, technology and science. This program, funded by the IEEE Foundation, involves a number of outreach programs, including deployments of a Mobile Electronics Manufacturing Laboratory (MEML) to area middle schools to run a series of hands-on demonstrations, as well as teaming elementary classes with an engineer who makes monthly visits to the classroom to engage the students in other hands-on activities. This "Adopt a Classroom" project can be very successful if the engineer volunteers can be identified and given appropriate support. The overall intent of the final report on this project will be to help programs set up and successfully implement outreach programs to reach K-12 students to stimulate interest in engineering and technology, which should also be helpful in recruitment: this report discusses the current status of the project, which continues through May 2002.
Engineering of endothelial cell response on biphasic polyurethane matrix

Polyurethanes (PUs) are composed of soft and hard segments, and segmental interactions induce biphasic morphologies which can influence endothelial cell (EC) organization by regulating cell–matrix and cell–cell interactions. In this study, we explored this effect using poly(caprolactone) (PCL)-based PU, where the soft segment was composed of PCL and the hard segment was composed of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and L-tyrosine-based dipeptide (DTH). The composition of the PUs was varied by altering the PCL molecular weight and correspondingly, different phase morphologies were observed. Organization and functional state of ECs on these PUs showed that composition and phase morphology of PU have a significant effect on cellular response. The ECs formed an organized network with cord-like structures which resulted in interconnected loops when soft and hard segment fractions were phase-separated. VE-cadherin (for cell–cell adherence) and vinculin (for cell–matrix focal adhesion) localized at the tip of int...
Structural and chemical perspectives of RNA polymerase II transcriptional fidelity (939.5)

Maintaining a high transcriptional fidelity is essential to life. A long-standing key question has been how RNA polymerase II (Pol II) recognizes DNA template and substrate and achieves such a high transcriptional fidelity. Here we use a combined structural, computational, and chemical biology approaches to gain novel insights of the molecular basis and chemical interactions in controlling Pol II transcriptional fidelity. We focused on the three key checkpoint steps in controlling transcriptional fidelity: specific nucleotide selection and incorporation, differentiation of RNA transcript extension of a matched over mismatched 3’-RNA terminus, and preferential removal of misincorporated nucleotides from the 3’-RNA end (proofreading). Our recent work on the systematic evaluations of individual chemical interactions and the roles of sugar integrity in controlling Pol II transcriptional fidelity will be discussed. References: 1. Xu, L., Chen, Y., Nakajima, S., Chong, J., Wang, L., Lan, L., Zhang, C, Wang, D. ...
A Female Therapist's Dilemma

Abstract This article is an examination of the subjective experience of a female therapist as she establishes a therapeutic relationship with heterosexual couples in feminist-informed therapy. A female therapist's efforts to engage and ally with male clients may feel similar to gendered patterns of accommodation and deference from her personal experience, and may also perpetuate male gender privilege in therapy. In addition, efforts to build a therapeutic relationship with the male partner in couple therapy may detract from the relationship with the female partner. This dynamic has implications at many levels, within and beyond the therapy room. A review of relevant literature is provided, followed by a case illustration from the author's practice. doi:10.1300/J086vl9n04_03
Solid state lasers for wide-field CARS microscopy

We discuss the requirements for laser systems used in Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) microscopy and particularly in its wide-field modification. While such laser parameters as wavelength, spectral width and frequency difference between pump and Stokes beams are similar for all CARS systems, requirements for pulse energy, repetition rate, pulse length and mode structure might be significantly different for scanning and wide-field approaches. We will present results obtained with a wide-field CARS microscope with non-phase matching illumination and compare its performance with other CARS microscopes. Objectives for the design of future laser systems for CARS microscopy will be outlined.
Carbon‐13 Discrimination Can be Used to Evaluate Soybean Yield Variability

Diagnostic tools for assessing the cause of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield variability in whole fields are needed. The objective of this study was to determine if 13 C discrimination (Δ) can be used to assess the factors responsible for soybean yield variability. Research was conducted in five eastern South Dakota fields between 1999 and 2001. Yields in the summit-shoulder areas of Brookings, Moody, South Dakota State University (SDSU), and Lovjoy were 20 to 60% less than the rest of the field. Adding water to plants growing in the summit-shoulder areas in Moody and SDSU increased yield and A. However, in the foot-slope position, adding water did not impact yield or Δ. Based on the spatial relationships among protein content, yields, chlorophyll meter readings, and A at Moody and SDSU, (i) the reduced yields in the summit-shoulder areas most likely resulted from reduced plant vigor resulting from water stress; (ii) lower protein concentrations in summit-shoulder areas in Moody had a limited impact on A; and (iii) interactions among water availability, protein content, and yield can occur. In a combined analysis in the four fields where grain samples were collected at harvest (Moody, SDSU, Lovjoy, and TE80), A explained 62% of the total yield variability. Results from this experiment suggest that A can be used to help assess water stress, provided that N stress is absent. By understanding the causes of yield variability, producers will be able to make better management decisions.
Photo-EPR studies of photorefractive BaTiO 3 heavily doped with Cr 3+ : evidence of photo-induced dissociation of Cr 3+ dimers

Barium titanate crystals were grown by top seeded solution growth technique, nominally pure and also 0.05% and 1% Cr 3+ impurity. We have conducted electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and photo-EPR studies at room temperature to investigate the role of Cr 3+ impurity in photoinduced electron transfer. Nominally pure crystals contained Fe 3+ as impurity, and its EPR is consistent with work reported by previous investigators. The Cr 3+ doped crystals also contained Fe 3+ impurities. It was observed that the site symmetry and the strength of the axial field parameter for Fe 3+ complex were significantly different in Cr 3+ doped crystals compared to nominally pure BaTiO 3 . The EPR spectra of Cr 3+ were distinguished using the hyperfine structure of odd isotope 53 Cr (I=3/2). By Photo-EPR technique we observe that in the presence of Cr 3+ , Fe 3+ is not significantly photosensitive. In contrast Cr 3+ exhibited higher photosensitivity in the presence of Fe 3+ . This was monitored by locking the magnetic field to 1/2↔1/2 transition of Cr 3+ , and recording intensity as a function of time, under insitu laser illumination. In lightly doped crystals the intensity of Cr 3+ signal is sharply reduced immediately after switching the laser OFF showing non-exponential decay. In heavily doped crystals photo-EPR signal clearly shows that the fast decay of Cr 3+ was followed by slow and steady build up of Cr 3+ signal. The growth of Cr 3+ signal was attributed to photoinduced decoupling of Cr 3+ dimers. Thus, by doping BaTiO 3 with Cr 3+ more efficient grating formation can be achieved and time dependent phenomena are observed.
Financial liberalization in South Korea

Abstract This article analyzes the process of financial liberalization in South Korea from the perspective of financial globalization through an international political economic approach. Korean financial liberalization has been highly influenced by the outside pressure of the United States, the OECD and the IMF, as well as by the big business conglomerates (chaebols), as a powerful domestic interest group. In a broad perspective, South Korea's entrance into the OECD, the Financial Services Agreement under the WTO and the Structural Adjustment Program of the IMF after the 1997 financial crisis were important moments for Korea's financial reforms. There are two viewpoints on the causes of the Korean financial crisis. From a domestic viewpoint, South Korea had a weak financial market system and its financial liberalization process was too premature to create a stable financial market when Korea met the financial crisis. In a globalization perspective, financial globalization intrinsically encourages uncontr...
A Variational Method for Evaluating Thrust Bearing Element Load Distribution

Methode variationnelle pour calculer la distribution des efforts sur les elements d'un palier de butee
1⧸ƒ noise power measurements on Tl2Ba2Can−1CunO4+2n (n = 2 and 3)

Abstract We have performed systematic 1⧸ƒ noise power measurements on bulk Tl 2 Ba 2 Ca n −1 Cu n O 4+2 n ( n = 2 and 3) materials normal and superconducting states. The 1⧸ƒ noise power is generally found to decrease with temperature until the superconducting transition region is approached. We observe no correlation between the magnitude of the 1⧸ƒ noise power in the normal state and the sample quality. In contrast to bulk Y 1 Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7− δ samples, the enhancement of the 1⧸ƒ noise in the superconducting transiti on region is reduced or even totally disappears in some of our good quality samples. We discuss a model calculation based on potential fluctuations in the grain boundary regions modeled as metal-insulator-metal junctions. We demonstrate that if direct knowledge of the barrier characteristics of the junctions is available, it is possible to explain our experimental data quantitstively.
Examining spring wet slab and glide avalanche occurrence along the going-to-the-sun road corridor, glacier national park, montana, usa

Abstract Wet slab and glide snow avalanches are dangerous and yet can be particularly difficult to predict. Wet slab and glide avalanches are presumably triggered by free water moving through the snowpack and the subsequent interaction with layer or ground interfaces, and typically occur in the spring during warming and subsequent melt periods. In Glacier National Park (GNP), Montana, both types of avalanches can occur in the same year and affect the spring opening operations of the Going-to-the-Sun Road (GTSR). We investigated the timing of wet slab and glide avalanche occurrence along the GTSR from 2003 to 2011 using meteorological and snowpack data from two high-elevation weather stations, one SNOTEL site, and an avalanche database to characterize 55 wet slab and 182 glide avalanches. Daily wet slab and glide avalanche occurrence were combined to represent an avalanche day and were compared to non-avalanche days (no avalanche occurrence) for 60 variables (both direct and derived measurements) using a univariate analysis. A classification tree (CART) was then trained to capture the most important variables for examining specific meteorological and snowpack variables that contribute to these types of wet snow avalanches. The CART was 10-fold cross validated using the data for 2003–2010 seasons and resulted in overall predictive accuracy of 73%. We then used the statistically optimal CART as a predictive model for the spring avalanche season of 2011, which resulted in an overall predictive accuracy of 82% for both avalanche and non-avalanche days, and a predictive accuracy of 91% for avalanche days. The results suggest that the role of air temperature and snowpack settlement appear to be the most important variables in wet slab and glide avalanche occurrence. When applied to the 2011 season, the results of the CART model are encouraging and they enhance our understanding of some of the required meteorological and snowpack conditions for wet slab and glide avalanche occurrence.
Not just specific diseases: Systematic review of the association of geriatric syndromes with hospitalization or nursing home admission

To examine the association between geriatric syndromes with hospitalization or nursing home admission, we reviewed studies that examined hospitalization and nursing home admission in community-dwelling older adults with multiple morbidities, cognitive impairment, frailty, disability, sarcopenia, malnutrition, impaired homeostasis, and chronic inflammation. Studies published in English language were identified through MEDLINE (1990 through April 2010), Cochrane databases, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website and manual searches of reference lists from relevant publications. The study had to include general (non-disease specific) populations of adults aged 65 years or older. Using a standardized protocol, two investigators independently abstracted information on participant characteristics and adjusted measures of the association. Studies that controlled for the presence of specific diseases were further identified and analyzed. When the syndrome examined was similar from different studies, we computed the pooled risk estimates using a random-effects model. We assessed the strength of evidence following the recommended guidelines. We identified 47 eligible articles from 6 countries. Multiple morbidity, frailty, and disabilities were associated with hospitalization and nursing home admission (moderate evidence). Cognitive impairment was associated with hospitalization (low evidence) and nursing home admission (moderate evidence). Among these studies, 20 articles controlled for specific diseases. Limited evidence suggested that these geriatric syndromes are associated with hospitalization and institutionalization after controlling for the presence of specific diseases. We conclude that geriatric syndromes are associated with risk of hospitalization or nursing home admission. Efforts to prevent hospitalization or nursing home admission should target strategies to prevent and manage these syndromes.
Institutional Reform: Implications for Agricultural Economics

IN a book originally published in 1961 and credited by many as one of the most prophetic of recent interpretations of American history [15], William A. Williams took as his thesis the proposition that communities are based on love, power, or some combination of the two. Williams argues that there are two kinds of communities. One is described as a benevolent despotism; the other, somewhat less precisely, as democratic and equitable. The latter places love before power and participation before passivity; equity and equality come before ease and efficiency. In a benevolent despotism the many have a passivity concerning power and in return accord the few who enjoy power a defined relationship of love and affection. Williams argues that benevolent despotisms have difficulties sustaining themselves. He has concluded from his study of recent American history that our present polarization can be ascribed to a conflict between those who wish to retain a benevolent despotism and those who wish to change to a more democratic and equitable society. While this description is useful, a more sophisticated formulation is necessary for the purposes of this session. The impact of technological change on the distribution of the effects of group decisions, the scope provided for managerial skills, the impact on group persuasion and information assembly are of great importance and must be accounted for in a systematic fashion.' To be more explicit:
Bioassay program for carcinogenic hazards of cancer chemotherapeutic agents

Various compounds and combinations thereof, of promise in the treatment of neoplastic diseases, were tested for possible carcinogenicity in Swiss mice and Sprague-Dawley rats. Some of the compounds were fairly active carcinogens, while others showed little or no evidence of carcinogenicity. The carcinogenicity of the drug combinations was generally less than that of the individual components.
Discussion of “Method to Implement Delayed Product Differentiation in Construction of High-Rise Apartment Building Projects” by Cecília Gravina da Rocha and Sergio Luiz Kemmer

Ibrahim Bakry, Ph.D., S.M.ASCE; Osama Moselhi, F.ASCE; and Tarek Zayed, M.ASCE Postdoctoral Fellow, Dept. of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia Univ., 1455 Blvd. de Maisonneuve W, Montreal, QC, Canada H3G 1M8 (corresponding author). E-mail: bakryibrahim@yahoo.com Professor, Dept. of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia Univ., 1455 Blvd. de Maisonneuve W, Montreal, QC, Canada H3G 1M8. E-mail: moselhi@encs.concordia.ca Professor, Dept. of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia Univ., 1455 Blvd. de Maisonneuve W, Montreal, QC, Canada H3G 1M8. E-mail: Tarek.Zayed@concordia.ca
A linearized procedure for voltage control

Abstract This paper describes a linearized procedure for voltage control that can be used to solve the near-optimal reactive power dispatch problem. The approach uses sparse vector methods and linear programming to yield a fast and efficient solution which is suitable for on-line control applications. The chosen objective function maximizes constrained system voltages which, in turn, minimize ohmic losses. An actual test system is used to demonstrate the accuracy of the method.
Apoptosis of bile duct epithelial cells in hepatic allograft rejection

Liver biopsy remains the ‘gold standard’ for monitoring rejection in liver transplant patients. Portal inflammation, bile duct damage and endothelialitis are recognized features of hepatic allograft rejection. The pathogenesis of the bile duct injury during rejection, however, remains unclear. To define the mechanism of bile duct damage, we studied the light- and electronmicroscopic appearance of hepatic tissue from selected patients in whom allograft failure was solely due to rejection. Of the 25 orthotopic liver transplant rejection cases examined, 17 were mild, seven were moderate and one was severe rejection. Light microscopy examination of the damaged bile duct epithelium revealed evidence of apoptosis which was confirmed by electronmicroscopy. Furthermore, there appeared to be a positive correlation between the grade of rejection and the number of apoptotic cells. Also included in the study were 13 cases of chronic active hepatitis and 10 normal livers which showed the least apoptotic cells. We conclude that the identification of apoptotic cells in damaged bile ducts in allograft biopsies might be helpful in the diagnosis of rejection and in assessment of the severity of rejection.
SU-E-T-02: Reduced Tumor Control Probability Becaused of the Interplay between Tumor Motion and IMRT

Purpose: To study the change of the tumorcontrol probability (TCP) caused by variation in the fractional dose from the interplay between tumor motion and intensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT). Methods: A numerical simulation was performed to simulate the doseperturbation induced by the interplay. 107 tumor clonogens were divided into 1, 10 and 100 sub‐volumes that received an expected fractional dose of 2 Gy with dose variations following either a normal distribution or a sine distribution. The variation was generated independently to each sub‐volume. Two different groups of alpha/beta values were used to represent fast and slow proliferation tumors, respectively. TCP was calculated for 10,000 independent histories using the linear quadratic model, with or without the repopulation of the tumor cells. Results: The interplay did not significantly change the TCP for tumors with 1 sub‐volume. On the other hand, a significant decrease in the TCP was observed in a more probable scenario with different dose variation in different tumor subvolumes. Higher radiationdoses are required to achieve the same TCP for 95% of the patients. Approximately, for alpha/beta=1 1.9 Gy, an additional 0.69 Gy and 0.37 Gy are required for an additional 0.1 Gy of uncertainty with the normal and sine distributions, respectively; for alpha/beta=3 Gy, the additional doses are 0.73 Gy and 0.41 Gy. Tumor repopulation exacerbates the problem for the normal distribution by increasing additional doses required to 0.92 Gy (alpha/beta=11.9 Gy) and 1.05 Gy (alpha/beta=3 Gy) for every additional 0.1 Gy of uncertainty in the delivered dose. Conclusions: Interplay between tumor motion and IMRT contributes negligibly to the total physical dose but significantly to the tumorcontrol probability. A higher dose is needed to achieve the same TCP if random variation in the fractional dose is present.