cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Features of U.S. Primary Care Physicians and Their Practices Associated with Advance Care Planning Conversations

Introduction: Primary care practices are essential settings for Advance Care Planning (ACP) conversations with patients. We hypothesized that such conversations occur more routinely in Advanced Primary Care/Patient Centered Medical Home (APCP/PCMH) Practices using practice transformation strategies. Methods: We analyzed characteristics of physician respondents and their practices associated with ACP discussions in older and sicker patients using US data from the 2015 Commonwealth Fund International Survey of Primary Care Physicians in 10 Nations. The primary outcome was how routinely these ACP conversations are reported. We developed an index of APCP/PCMH features as a practice covariable. Results: Respondents (N = 1001) were predominantly male (60%) and ≥45 years old (74%). Multivariable analyses showed that suburban practice location was associated with fewer ACP conversations; working in a practice commonly seeing patients with multiple chronic conditions or who have palliative care needs, and working in a practice from which home visits are made, were associated with more ACP conversations. Physicians compensated in part by capitation were more likely to report ACP conversations. No association was found between a single item asking if the practice was an APCP/PCMH and having ACP conversations. However, higher scores on an index of APCP/PCMH features were associated with more ACP conversations. Conclusions: In this sample of US primary care physicians, the types of patients seen, practice location, and physician compensation influenced whether physicians routinely discuss ACP with patients who are older and sicker. Practices demonstrating more features of APCP/PCMH models of primary care are also associated with ACP discussions.
Attitudes and Beliefs towards Sport Specialization, College Scholarships, and Financial Investment among High School Baseball Parents.

Adolescent athletes are increasingly encouraged to specialize in a single sport year-round in an effort to receive a college scholarship. For collegiate baseball, only 11.7 scholarships are available for a 35-player team. The beliefs of the parents of baseball athletes towards sport specialization are unknown, along with whether they have an accurate understanding of college baseball scholarship availability. The parents of high school baseball athletes were recruited to complete an anonymous questionnaire that consisted of (1) parent and child demographics, (2) child baseball participation information, and (3) parent attitudes and beliefs regarding sport specialization and college baseball scholarships. One hundred and fifty-five parents participated in the questionnaire (female: 52.9%, age: 49.4 ± 5.5 years old). The parents spent a median of 3000 USD [Interquartile Range (IQR): 1500–6000] on their child’s baseball participation. Most parents believed that specialization increased their child’s chances of getting better at baseball (N = 121, 79.6%). The parents underestimated the number of college baseball scholarships available per team (median [IQR]: 5 [0–5]), but 55 parents (35.9%) believed it was likely that their child would receive a college baseball scholarship. Despite having a realistic understanding of the limited college scholarships available, the parents were optimistic that their child would receive a baseball scholarship.
The BDNF Val66Met Polymorphism, Regular Exercise, and Cognition: A Systematic Review:

The purpose of this study was to synthesize research evidence from studies on the relationships among the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism, regular exercise, and cognition in human subjects. PubMed, CINAHL, and Web of Science were searched systematically. Search limiters applied in these databases included humans, English language, time limits from 2009 to 2019, and peer-reviewed journal articles. Eight studies were included in the current review. While there was some evidence to tentatively suggest that greater levels of exercise were associated with certain forms of memory in Val/Val homozygotes than Met carriers, more research is needed to corroborate these findings. Regarding attention/information processing speed, executive function as well as global cognition, the evidence is either inconsistent or sparse and does not allow for tentative conclusions. Compelling evidence from high-quality clinical trials is needed to re-examine the relationship between the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism, exercise, and cognition.
Rapid differentiation of Moraxella bovoculi genotypes 1 and 2 using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry profiles

Moraxella bovoculi is the most frequently isolated bacteria from the eyes of cattle with Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK), also known as bovine pinkeye. Two distinct genotypes of M. bovoculi, genotype 1 and genotype 2, were characterized after whole genome sequencing showed a large degree of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) diversity within the species. To date, both genotypes have been isolated from the eyes of cattle without clinical signs of IBK while only genotype 1 strains have been isolated from the eyes of cattle with clinical signs of IBK. We used 38 known genotype 1 strains and 26 known genotype 2 strains to assess the ability of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to accurately genotype M. bovoculi strains using mass spectrum biomarkers. Mass spectrum data was analyzed with ClinProTools 3.0 software and six models were developed that classify strain genotypes with accuracies ranging from 90.6% - 100%. Finally, using four of the most genotype-specific peaks that also exhibited high peak intensities from the six automated models, we developed a customized model (UNL assisted model) that had recognition capability, validation, and classification accuracies of 100% for genotype classification. Our results indicate that MALDI-TOF MS biomarkers can be used to accurately discriminate genotypes of M. bovoculi without the need for additional methods.
Grant Park and the Globe: Lucy Mitchell, Bessie Bennett, and the Art Institute of Chicago

At the turn of the twentieth century the Art Institute of Chicago, like the city it established itself in, sought a global reputation. Its early leaders wanted to acquire art from all over the world while promoting its collections to a global audience. The progress the museum made during this time has often been attributed to the famous men of Chicago, including Charles Hutchinson, Martin Ryerson, and Marshall Field. Indeed, much public and scholarly attention has been devoted to the infrastructural, financial, and administrative developments that these men oversaw as trustees, directors, treasurers, and philanthropists. However, this view neglects the lesser-known contributors, male or female, who played other roles in seeking a global reputation for the Art Institute. Using the annual reports and catalogues of the museum as primary sources and referencing the historiography on the Art Institute and the city of Chicago, this article explores the stories of two such contributors—Lucy Mitchell and Bessie Bennett. Mitchell, a classical archaeologist and adviser to the Elbridge G. Hall cast collection, and Bennett, one of the first woman curators of a major American museum, illustrate how women helped to lead the museum to become one of the most prestigious institutions in the world. They did so despite long-time financial constraints on their work and their exclusion from the ranks of the museum’s leadership. This work thus shows how unhelpful it is to view the development of a museum, or an entire city, as the product of the efforts of one “great” man. Rather, the globalizing history of the Art Institute was the accumulation of the labor of many individuals.
Hooking Up and Pairing Off: Correlates of College Students’ Interest in Subsequent Hookups and Romantic Relationships With Other-Sex and Same-Sex Hookup Partners

Contrary to popular media claims that college hookup culture has made romantic relationships obsolete, research indicates many college students see hookups as a pathway to relationships. However, r...
Aspirin use for cardiovascular disease prevention in the uninsured population

Introduction:Aspirin is an effective anti-inflammatory and antiplatelet agent as an irreversible inhibitor of cyclooxygenase. In 2016, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommended aspirin fo...
Pseudo High-Throughput Development and Optimization of the Electrochemical Oxidation of Sensitive Propargylic Benzylic Alco-hols

The electrochemical oxidation of sensitive propargylic benzylic alcohols having varying substituents is reported. The ther-mal oxidation of propargylic benzylic alcohols presents an acute challenge in the synthesis of complex molecules and various traditional oxidation methods proceed with low efficiency or not at all. We describe the convenient preparation and charac-terization of N-hydroxytetrafluorophthalimide (TFNHPI) and a practical, green electrochemical oxidation protocol that em-ploys TFNHPI as a stable, efficient electrochemical mediator. The electrochemical method employing TFNHPI to oxidize propargylic benzylic alcohols was developed and optimized in pseudo high-throughput fashion using a bank of inexpensive two-electrode power supplies. The electrochemical oxidation of propargylic benzylic alcohol was also leveraged to develop efficient synthetic pathways to prepare gram quantities of resveratrol natural products such as the pauciflorols.
Vicarious Victimization in Prison Examining the Effects of Witnessing Victimization While Incarcerated on Offender Reentry

Prison victimization research has mainly focused on direct experiences of victimization rather than on the vicarious victimization experiences of prisoners, despite the possibility of inmates being exposed to high levels of victimization. Using the Prison Experience and Reentry Study, a longitudinal study of 1,613 males residing in Ohio halfway houses, the study examined the extent of witnessing victimization in prison and its effects on individual post-release outcomes. The findings show that a large proportion of offenders witness victimization and that parolees who witnessed victimization faced greater odds of experiencing at least one negative criminal justice outcome, including a parole violation and an arrest. These findings suggest that it is not only direct victimization that plays a role in post-release adjustment.
ETHNIC IDENTITY IN JEWISH FAMILIES

Forty-eight Jewish families living in Central New York were interviewed about the development of their ethnic identity. Within each family, parents and children were asked about how they developed their ethnic identity to explore qualitatively how Jewish identity shapes and influences family dynamics. The semi-structured family interviews were coded using a constant comparison methodology. Seven qualitative categories emerged (gendered decisions, negotiating continuity, family of origin, survivors, active learning, traditions, and cultural religion). Jewish identity formation in families and the implications for clinical practice are explored.
Test signal reduction in radiated EMI measurements

Radiated EMI compliance measurements are very time consuming, even when a high degree of automation is used. This is particularly true for measurements made on an open area test site (OATS), due to the presence of ambient signals and weather conditions. The overall test time is largely dependent on the number of signals emanating from the equipment under test (EUT), because their amplitudes must be maximized and measured. The maximization process involves changes in antenna height and polarization, as well as rotation of the EUT. It is mandatory to identify only the relevant signals for maximization and final measurement by using adequate test procedures, selecting proper system parameters, and performing tasks like signal discrimination efficiently. This paper first describes how relevant signals can be discerned in data traces of a swept EMI receiver by using a software algorithm. The significance of a user definable parameter of this algorithm, "peak excursion", is discussed. The overall measurement process also determines the test time. The application of amplitude comparisons to limit lines or margins, comparisons of signal lists and acoustic identification of signals, further reduce the number of emissions throughout the measurement process. An example of this process is outlined. Other tasks like the discrimination between ambient signals and EUT emissions or between EUT emissions and auxiliary equipment also contribute to the reduction of signals. A tool to efficiently accomplish this discrimination task, the polar plot, is also discussed.
“Shouting it Out”: Religion and the Development of Black Gay Identities

Using an intersectional framework, this paper analyzes the behavioral and interactional responses to anti-gay religious teachings among young Black gay men. Drawing on 26 semi-structured interviews and 18 months of ethnographic observation data, I highlight the role non-religious youth development organizations play in the negotiation of contradictory religious and sexual identities among young Black gay men. My findings illuminate new patterns in the understanding of personal narrative reconciliation while simultaneously highlighting new directions for research in the roles that youth-led spaces play in socialization practices. While previous research on religion and sexuality has relied primarily on interview data, this study uses ethnographic data to supplement interviews with youth to further elucidate the community building and collective negotiations of religious teachings. Ultimately, I argue that these young Black gay men work collaboratively to repurpose religious messaging in order to justify their sexualities; to reinforce positive behaviors and explain everyday occurrences with religious exclamations (e.g., call and response, shouting); and to create new religious communities.
Practical Aspects of Carbon-13 Double Quantum NMR

We want to address an erroneous view that has recently been advanced on 13C double quantum NMR. A recent publication (I) introduced a modified version (I) of the original double quantum NMR experiments; this new version claims to offer an attractive increase in sensitivity by a factor of three, or a decrease in the size of the required data matrix by a factor of four. To avoid disappointment among spectroscopists we wish to make it clear that this modified version offers no gain in sensitivity whatsoever in comparison with the other double quantum experiments (2-6), provided they are properly optimized. It is shown here that the sensitivity of this modified experiment can be even slightly lower. The claim of a reduction of the size of the required data matrix is also shown to be incorrect. In the original two-dimensional double quantum “C experiments, the acquisition time t2 starts immediately after the final “read pulse” (Fig. 1), and the time during which the double quantum coherence evolves is labeled ti. The detected 13C-13C satellites (7) are modulated in amplitude as a function of tl with the double quantum frequencies (2). In the quadrature-Fi-detection version of this experiment (3), results are combined with those of a second experiment which contains a composite 45: pulse (8) in the evolution period. This allows the sign of the modulation frequency to be determined, which simplifies the interpretation of the results. A simpler and more sensitive alternative to obtain quadrature F, detection has been proposed more recently (6); an increase of the flip angle of the final “read pulse” to 135” provides directly satellite signals which are modulated in phase as a function oft,. In either case, data acquisition is started after the final read pulse and the coherence transfer echo (9) is detected (4, 6). The time domain signal of a carbon A, directly coupled to carbon X, is then given by sA(tl, t2) = c exp[-i(nA + &)t,] exp[i& + d&2]
Incorporation of l-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid into hemoglobin S in sickle erythrocytes in vitro

Abstract l -Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid, the naturally occurring lower homologue of l -proline, is incorporated into hemoglobin S (sickle hemoglobin) in vitro. Sickle erythrocytes from patients with sickle cell anemia incubated with l -[3H]azetidine-2-carboxylate synthesized radiolabeled hemoglobin which when isolated from cell lysates, co-chromatographed with hemoglobin S on DEAE-cellulose columns. The α β ratio of azetidine carboxylate incorporation into the globin chains of sickle hemoglobin was 0.94, which is consistent with the presence of four proline residues in each polypeptide chain. Incorporation of azetidine carboxylate into hot trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material in sickle erythrocytes indicated that the homologue was present in the polypeptide backbone of the globin chains of sickle hemoglobin. Amino acid analysis of the hot trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material from sickle erythrocytes which had been incubated with radiolabeled azetidine carboxylate indicated that 75% of the radioactivity could be accounted for as intact homologue while 20% of the radioactivity co-chromatographed with alanine. These results suggest that azetidine carboxylate is incorporated unaltered into hemoglobin S in addition to being metabolized to alanine in sickle erythrocytes prior to incorporation into protein. The kinetics of thermal precipitation of hemoglobin S (oxygen ligand) into which radioactive azetidine carboxylate or radioactive proline had been incorporated in vitro is identical. This observation, together with the behavior of hemoglobin S and the globin chains from hemoglobin S containing azetidine carboxylate during ion-exchange chromatography, indicates that homologue replacement of prolyl residues does not significantly alter the overall charge or stability of the hemoglobin S tetramer. Azetidine carboxylate did not inhibit uptake of radiolabeled proline by sickle erythrocytes suggesting that the homologue does not adversely affect amino acid transport in these cells.
Aspects of the preparation of starch microcellular foam particles crosslinked with glutaraldehyde using a solvent exchange technique

Abstract Starch microcellular foam (SMCF) has been produced using a solvent exchange technique with a native corn starch crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. To produce a high specific surface area for the starch particles the cooked starch solution was reacted with glutaraldehyde and then precipitated under shear with ethanol. The relationship between the crosslinking density on the void structure of the SMCF has been studied. Characterization by NMR confirmed the crosslinking reaction. An increase in the glutaraldehyde concentration from 0 to 15 g glutaraldehyde/100 g starch was accompanied by a decrease in particle size and moisture content and an increase in brightness and specific surface area. Scanning electron microscope images of the SMCF particles show that the smallest average void diameter obtained was 0.182 μm at a 7.5 g glutaraldehyde/100 g starch. Four starch materials having different viscosity were prepared by hydrolysis of the native corn starch with a 1 N HCl/methanol system for different reaction durations to investigate the relationship between starch molecular weight and void structure of the SMCF. The starches were crosslinked with 15 g glutaraldehyde/100 g starch and precipitated with ethanol to form SMCF. Decreasing the starch viscosity decreased the brightness and specific surface area, and increased the particle size, void diameter and moisture content. Increases in stirring speed during the precipitation enhanced the properties of the SMCF particles. The effect of pressing the starch particles to form a pellet caused a collapse of the foam structure at pressures above about 6000 psi. The results indicate that the structure/chemistry of the starch material and the processing conditions can be controlled in order to produce particles with morphology and properties useful for light scattering applications. In particular, higher molecular weight and intermolecular crosslinking and high shear during precipitation have been found to enhance the foam formation.
Informed consent for lumbar puncture

• Informed consent procedures are commonly employed prior to lumbar puncture. An understanding of the legal and ethical basis of informed consent is important in developing an acceptable approach to consent and in dealing with problems confronted when consent cannot be obtained. I review the current legal concepts in informed consent and their ethical foundation, and make recommendations to clinicians for obtaining consent for this common procedure in the ambulatory pediatric population. (AJDC. 1989;143:899-904)
Calcium Activated Proteolysis and Protein Modification in the U18666A Cataract

Proteolytic modifications of specific water soluble lens crystallins during U18666A cataract formation in young rats were identified by two dimensional gel electrophoresis and contrasted with those produced by incubating control lens homogenates with calcium. Protein changes which began in clear precataractous lenses at 12 days age included a decrease in 31 and 27 kDa (likely to be beta B1a and beta A3, respectively) crystallin polypeptides, increase in 25 kDa basic polypeptide, appearance of new polypeptide at 30 kDa and modification of alpha A-crystallin. Further modification of both alpha- and beta-crystallins occurred as cataracts formed; they progressed from early to advanced stage within a span of 4 days. During this period polypeptides beta B1a and beta A3 almost completely disappeared and several new components of 23-26 kDa in beta-crystallin region appeared. Extensive modification of alpha A resulted in appearance of new components of less than 20 kDa. Most of the gamma-crystallins disappeared from the water soluble proteins in advanced cataract lenses of 18 day old rats presumably by leaking out of the lens. The water insoluble proteins which accumulated in the cataract were very similar to modified crystallins which appeared in the water soluble fraction. In vitro incubation of normal lens water soluble proteins with calcium duplicated most of the protein changes seen during cataract progression. Immunoblotting studies with antisera to rat alpha- and beta-crystallins revealed the identity of most of the modified water soluble proteins.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Exploring the Relevance of Positive Youth Development in Urban Physical Education.

Background: While there are numerous claims that physical activity promotes positive youth development, there is a need for more empirical research in this area. Many qualitative studies suggest a relationship between a youth development orientation and participants' attitudes and behaviors in physical activity programs. A quantitative analysis of such relationships would test some of the underlying assumptions of physical activity programs designed to promote youth development. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among four youth development scales (Affective Context, Support for Youth Development, Opportunities to Engage Youth as Resources, and Belonging) and perceived effort, enjoyment, and usefulness in the context of urban physical education. Participants and setting: Eighty-seven African American high school students (41 male and 46 female) with a mean age of 14.8 years volunteered to participate in the present study. The setting was a public high school located in an...
A Theoretical Method for Computing Vertical Distributions of Acidity and Sulfate Production within Cumulus Clouds

Abstract An aqueous chemistry model has been combined with an entraining cumulus cloud model to predict vertical distributions of pH (=−log10[H+]) within a cloud. The cloud model predicts vertical variations of temperature, pressure, entrainment and liquid water content. The aqueous chemistry model incorporates the effects of soluble aerosols, trace gases and aqueous-phase SO2 oxidation on cloudwater pH levels. In the absence of SO2 oxidation, vertical distributions of pH were found to be highly variable, depending on several chemical and meteorological factors. For clouds forming in an environment where the aqueous composition is determined primarily by dissolved sulfate condensation aerosol, pH was found to increase with height above cloud base primarily due to dilution by increasing water content. If cloudwater acidity levels are predominantly determined by dissolved SO2, HNO3 and formic acid gas, pH variations with height were not so clearly defined, with the diluting effects of entrainment, liquid wa...
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene detection by laser-photofragmentation–laser-induced fluorescence

Photofragmentation (PF) and subsequent nitric oxide (NO) laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) is being developed to measure the concentration of energetic materials (EM's) in soil and other media. Laser radiation near 226 nm photodissociates gas-phase EM to NO(2), which predissociates into NO that gives an intense luminescence. The EM concentration is inferred from the intensity of the NO fluorescence. We have studied the factors that affect the PF-LIF signal intensity, including the effect of buffer gas on the LIF spectrum of pure NO, the effect of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) pressure on the PF-LIF spectrum, the effect of buffer-gas pressure on the PF-LIF signal intensity of pure TNT, and the effect of temperature on the PF-LIF spectra of pure TNT and of TNT in simulated soil. Heating of the TNT sample above 343 K was found to increase the magnitude of the PF-LIF signal intensity significantly, but also was found to cause physical and chemical changes in the TNT sample. The effects of heating and evacuating on the TNT sample were investigated. TNT concentration calibration curves were obtained for TNT in simulated soil mixtures. The limit of detection of TNT in soil was estimated to be 40 parts in 10(9).
Phase variation: genetic analysis of switching mutants

Abstract Site-specific inversion of a controlling element is responsible for flagellar phase transition in Salmonella. When a 900 bp DNA sequence is in one configuration, it allows the expression of the H2 gene, a structural gene which codes for the flagellar antigen. When it is in the opposite configuration, the H2 gene is not expressed. A hybrid λ phage containing the invertible control region and the adjacent H2 gene was constructed, and expression of the H2 gene was shown to be regulated by the orientation of the inversion region. Transposon Tn5 insertion derivatives of this hybrid phage were isolated and λ H2::Tn5 mutants defective for inversion ( H2 switching) were selected and characterized. Two classes of switching phenotypes were observed among the mutants—those which had slightly reduced frequencies of transition from expression of the H2 gene ( H2 on) to nonexpression ( H2 off) (intermediate class) and those in which the frequency of transition was reduced at least three orders of magnitude (null class). Physical mapping of the Tn5 insertion sites revealed that in all mutants the insertion was located inside the inversion region. Tn5 insertion sites in the null class of mutants defined a region of DNA including approximately 500 bp which was necessary for inversion. Genetic complementation tests showed that these λ H2::Tn5 mutants could invert the H2 gene control element if the 500 bp region was introduced in the trans configuration. It is concluded that a gene is located inside the inversion segment and codes for a protein which is required for the inversion event. Furthermore, the two sites at which the crossover event occurred functioned in a cis configuration and were required for inversion. The presence of a gene which is involved in controlling site-specific recombination events may be a general feature of transposon-like elements.
Systematic aspects of the high-temperature thermochemistry of binary alloys and related compounds

In order to obtain reliable information on the high- temperature thermodynamics of binary alloys and related compounds, the modern investigator has a range of different experimental methods at his disposal: vapor pressure measurements, the emf technique, solubility measurements, and high-temperature reaction calorimetry. It is now more than 40 years since we first analyzed these prob-lems in some detail. We recognized, of course, that reaction calorimetry alone cannot provide a complete picture of the thermodynamics of any system. On the other hand, we also knew that the en-thalpy contributions to the excess Gibbs energies of alloys usually outweigh the corresponding en-tropy terms. We concluded that, among these various experimental methods, high- temperature reaction calorimetry should be the most useful approach in any attempt to gain systematic thermo-dynamic information on alloy systems. We accordingly decided to pursue a program of research cen-tered on alloy high- temperature thermochemistry. A review is presented of the development of the modern high- temperature reaction calorimeter and of the application of calorimetric measurements to a wide range of binary alloy systems and related compounds.
The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus and Circadian Function: an Interoduction

(1998). The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus and Circadian Function: an Interoduction. Chronobiology International: Vol. 15, No. 5, pp. vii-x.
Amphiphile-induced stabilization of hydrophobic colloidal particles in aqueous solutions

We present a simple model for the solublization of hydrophobic colloidal particles, such as lipophilic drugs, in aqueous solutions through the use of bilayer-forming amphiphiles (surfactants or lipids). We predict that when the amphiphiles are in excess, there is a sharp transition from flocculated particles to dispersed ones. The system state (flocculated or dispersed particles) depends on the compressibility of the amphihphiles and their interaction energy with the particles. When the amphiphiles are not in excess, the volume fraction of solubilized particles is predicted to increase linearly with amphiphile concentration, with a slope that depends on amphiphile characteristics. These predictions are found to be in agreement with experimental observations.
Construction and operation of the Arizona State College solar furnace

Abstract A description is given of the solar furnace installed early in 1956 on the roof of the Science Building at Arizona State College at Tempe. In common with many contemporary furnaces, a converted searchlight reflector is used in a stationary mounting. The yoke which originally held the searchlight has been converted and serves as a mounting for the heliostat. A photoelectric system is used to make the heliostat follow the sun throughout the day. The furnace is now in use in a program of high temperature studies for which accurate temperature control is needed. This has been accomplished by means of adjustable sleeves, rotating segments, and other devices.
Medical humanities: introduction to the theme.

The Twentieth European Conference on Philosophy of Medicine and Health Care was held in Helsinki, Finland, in August 2006 and highlighted the theme “Medicine, Philosophy and the Humanities.” The four papers in this thematic section are developed from presentations made at that conference.They are the work of physicians and philosophers and present fundamentally philosophical reflections on the medical humanities. The authors show that philosophy offers both a substantial way of humanizing the theory and practice of medicine and a way to orchestrate the contributions of all the medical humanities.
The Parent‐Baby Venture Program: Prevention of Child Abuse

TOPIC. The overwhelming obstacles adolescents face to successful achievement of the maternal role. PURPOSE. To describe an innovative, community-based program to support high risk adolescents during the early postpartum period. SOURCE. A review of the literature related to programs designed to promote maternal-role attainment and prevent child abuse/neglect. CONCLUSION. Interviews with participants indicate a positive response to the intervention but regression to maladaptive behavior in some following termination. Language: en
Solar industrial process heat potential in Khartoum, Sudan

Abstract The main objective of the present paper is to investigate the economic viability of the solar domestic hot water systems for industrial processes in Khartoum, Sudan. The industries covered in this study are soft drinks and vegetable oil. The economic viability investigation is based on life-cycle savings calculations. The economic analysis and the performance of the solar domestic hot water systems were predicted using the f-chart design method. Monthly average meteorological data are used to calculate both the annual solar fraction and the life-cycle savings. The results showed that the solar energy systems have a great potential in industrial process, and significant life-cycle savings can be achieved with solar heating systems.
Effects of Simulated Commercial Harvest on Mummichogs in Tidal Creeks in South Carolina, USA

Abstract The mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus is an economically important species in South Carolina. Mummichogs are harvested commercially to be sold as baitfish and are an important prey item to many economically valuable finfishes. However, little is known about the commercial fishery and how harvesting affects local populations. This study examined the effects of simulating intensive commercial harvest of mummichogs in tidal creeks in South Carolina. Between April 2008 and January 2009, commercial minnow traps were set in five tidal creeks along the lower portion of the Ashepoo River. In three of the creeks, mummichogs were harvested as they would be in a commercial fishery. In the other two creeks, mummichogs were collected but not harvested; these creeks served as controls. In the harvest creeks, 67,487 mummichogs were collected and transported a distance of at least 760 m to finger creeks located across the Ashepoo River, where they were released. In the nonharvest creeks, 73,927 mummichogs were col...
Paranuclear blue inclusions: an aid in the cytopathologic diagnosis of primary and metastatic pulmonary small-cell carcinoma

Accurate diagnosis of small-cell carcinoma of the lung (SCLC) is clinically important because of the therapeutic implications. SCLC must be distinguished from non-small-cell carcinoma (NSCLC) and lymphoma. Paranuclear blue inclusions (PBIs) were recently described as a feature of metastatic SCLC on air-dried Wright-stained bone marrow aspirate smears. To determine the utility of PBIs in distinguishing SCLC from NSCLC and lymphoma, we evaluated air-dried Diff-Quik-stained smears from 103 fine-needle aspiration (FNA) specimens and 14 touch imprint specimens. PBIs were identified in 24 (89%) of 27 cases of SCLC, in 6 (9%) of 64 non-small-cell carcinomas (P < 0.00001), and in two (8%) of the 26 lymphoma cases (P < 0.00001). No PBIs were seen on any of the alcohol-fixed Papanicolaou or hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) stained smears examined. In conclusion, PBIs appear to be a feature of SCLC on air-dried cytologic material stained with Romanowsky type stains. In the presence of cytologic features of SCLC, the identification of PBIs provides a useful diagnostic feature for diferentiating between SCLC and NSCLC carcinomas, and between SCLC and lymphomas in FNA specimens and touch imprints from surgical specimens. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Role of reducing sugars and amino acids in fry colour of chips from potatoes grown under different nitrogen regimes

The use of total reducing sugars to predict the fry colour of potato chips may lead to anomalous results because both sugars and amino acids are involved in the Maillard reactions responsible for the production of the colour of fried potato. To clarify the roles of both sugars and amino acids, potatoes were grown under different levels of nitrogen fertilisation to induce different levels of free amino acids and sugars. The potatoes were harvested at maturity and stored at 10°C for up to 10 months, which served to induce further changes in both sugar and amino acid content. At harvest and at intervals during the storage period, potatoes were analysed for total reducing sugars, glucose, fructose and amino acids. Chips from the potatoes were fried and their colour was scored by comparison with standard colour cards. Potatoes grown under high nitrogen had lower amounts of free sugar at all times, and consequently-tended to have lower colour scores. However, in high nitrogen potatoes there was more colour per unit of sugar indicating that amino acids may be playing a synergistic role. Statistical analysis of the data indicated that around 90% of the variation in the colour could be accounted for by variation in the sugars but that 98% of the variation could be accounted for by including amino acids in the regression analysis.
Imaging's roles in acute pancreatitis.

A 50-year-old man presents with severe upper-abdominal pain radiating to the back with nausea and vomiting. His serum amylase and lipase levels are markedly elevated. Should he have any imaging tests, and if so, which ones?
Germline activating AKT3 mutation associated with megalencephaly, polymicrogyria, epilepsy and hypoglycemia

Activating germ-line and somatic mutations in AKT3 (OMIM 611223) are associated with megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus syndrome (MPPH; OMIM # 615937) and megalencephaly-capillary malformation (MCAP; OMIM # 602501). Here we report an individual with megalencephaly, polymicrogyria, refractory epilepsy, hypoglycemia and a germline AKT3 mutation. At birth, head circumference was 43 cm (5 standard deviations above the mean). No organomegaly was present, but there was generalized hypotonia, joint and skin laxity, developmental delay and failure to thrive. At 6 months of age the patient developed infantile spasms that were resistant to antiepileptic polytherapy. Recurrent hypoglycemia was noted during treatment with adrenocorticotropic hormone but stabilized upon introduction of continuous, enriched feeding. The infantile spasms responded to the introduction of a ketogenic diet, but the hypoglycemia recurred until the diet was adjusted for increased resting energy expenditure. A novel, de novo AKT3 missense variant (exon 5; c.548T>A, p.(V183D)) was identified and shown to activate AKT3 by in vitro functional testing. We hypothesize that the sustained hypoglycemia in this patient is caused by increased glucose utilization due to activation of AKT3 signaling. This might explain the efficacy of the ketogenic diet in this individual.
P-site pairing subtleties revealed by the effects of different tRNAs on programmed translational bypassing where anticodon re-pairing to mRNA is separated from dissociation.

Programmed ribosomal bypassing occurs in decoding phage T4 gene 60 mRNA. Half the ribosomes bypass a 50 nucleotide gap between codons 46 and 47. Peptidyl-tRNA dissociates from the “take-off” GGA, codon 46, and re-pairs to mRNA at a matched GGA “landing site” codon directly 5′ of codon 47 where translation resumes. The system described here allows the contribution of peptidyl-tRNA re-pairing to be measured independently of dissociation. The matched GGA codons have been replaced by 62 other matched codons, giving a wide range of bypassing efficiencies. Codons with G or C in either or both of the first two codon positions yielded high levels of bypassing. The results are compared with those from a complementary study of non-programmed bypassing, where the combined effects of peptidyl-tRNA dissociation and reassociation were measured. The wild-type, GGA, matched codons are the most efficient in their gene 60 context in contrast to the relatively low value in the non-programmed bypassing study.
Estimating toxicity of mixtures of organic chemicals to activated sludge using surrogate test cultures

The feasibility of estimating toxicity of synthetic organic chemicals to activated sludge using surrogate test cultures was evaluated. The commercial culture, Polytox, evaluated in this study yielded consistently reproducible results. Experimentally determined IC50 values for 50 chemicals for Polytox cultures correlated well with activated sludge with r2 = 0.922. Similar agreement was found between IC50 values reported in the literature and those measured for Polytox (r2 = 0.762). Additional comparisons were made between activated sludge and Polytox based on joint toxicity of mixtures of organic chemicals. Excellent correlations were found between the concentrations of the constituents in 8- and 10-component mixtures that jointly caused 50% inhibition of the two microorganisms.
Failure Analysis of the Steam Injected Aeroderivative Gas Generator During Acceptance Running

This paper discusses the extensive failure of a widely used aeroderivative gas generator during certification running. The steam-injected engine had 1241 hours of logged operation in a regeneration facility providing process steam to the gas plants and electric power to the grid. The engine operating parameters and metallurgy of the damaged hardware’s components are reviewed. External and internal evidences displayed serious damage of the compressor rear frame assembly caused by an internal fire. The major damage was in the axial direction from aft of the compressor rotating CDP (compressor discharge pressure) seal and ended at the stage one high pressure turbine nozzle support. The internal fire was caused by lube oil leaking through a worm-hole in the oil supply tube connector located at the CRF (compressor rear frame). The hole was made by rubbing of the oil supply tube with the edges of the insulation blanket. The air at this location carries sufficient thermal energy at high power settings to create auto-ignition condition. The failure was an isolated event in the well-reputed history of the engine.Copyright © 1999 by ASME
Telephone screening for mild cognitive impairment in hispanics using the Alzheimer's questionnaire.

Background/Study Context: There is a need for a simple and reliable screening test to detect individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The authors analyzed the relationship between performance of the Alzheimer’s Questionnaire (AQ), an informant-rated measure of dementia-related behaviors, relative to the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status—modified (TICS-m), Memory Impairment Scale—telephone version (MIS-t), and the Telephone Executive Assessment (TEXAS) as predictors of MCI.Methods: Comparative cross-sectional design, with data collected from participants in the Texas Alzheimer’s Research and Care Consortium’s (TARCC) San Antonio site. One-hundred percent of our sample was Hispanic. The San Antonio subset of TARCC sample is highly enriched with Mexican Americans (MAs). Fifty-five percent of the interviews were conducted in Spanish. Of the 184 persons enrolled, 124 were normal controls (NCs), and 60 participants had MCI. MCI status and Clinical Dementia Rating Scale Sum of Boxes (CDR-SOB) wer...
Recurrent multifocal demyelinating neuropathy with febrile illness and IgG subset deficiency.

Article abstract We describe a unique syndrome of recurrent multifocal demyelinating motor greater than sensory deficits in cranial and peripheral nerve distributions with rapid, spontaneous improvement. Three patients presented with episodes over a period of 7 to 24 years, largely accompanied by febrile illness. Variably decreased IgG1 and IgG3 subclass levels were found. We postulate an immune-mediated process based upon the clinical presentation and presence of decreased IgG subclass levels.
Nonpulmonary Outcomes of Asbestos Exposure

The adverse pulmonary effects of asbestos are well accepted in scientific circles. However, the extrapulmonary consequences of asbestos exposure are not as clearly defined. In this review the potential for asbestos to produce diseases of the peritoneum, immune, gastrointestinal (GIT), and reproductive systems are explored as evidenced in published, peer-reviewed literature. Several hundred epidemiological, in vivo, and in vitro publications analyzing the extrapulmonary effects of asbestos were used as sources to arrive at the conclusions and to establish areas needing further study. In order to be considered, each study had to monitor extrapulmonary outcomes following exposure to asbestos. The literature supports a strong association between asbestos exposure and peritoneal neoplasms. Correlations between asbestos exposure and immune-related disease are less conclusive; nevertheless, it was concluded from the combined autoimmune studies that there is a possibility for a higher-than-expected risk of system...
Acute toxicity of inorganic chloramines to early life stages of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

The acute toxicity of inorganic chloramines to brook trout alevin, fry, and juvenile life stages was determined in 96-h tests. Toxicity was not constant between the life stages. Alevins were more tolerant than the fry group tested. Alevins showed a decreased tolerance with an increase of body weight. Two groups of juveniles were similar in tolerance to the heaviest alevin group. A relationship between life stage-body weight of brook trout and 96-h median tolerance limits is presented.
Computational assessment of the impact of gamma-ray detector material properties on spectroscopic performance

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) is performing a computational assessment of the impact of several important gamma-ray detector material properties (e.g. energy resolution and intrinsic detection efficiency) on the scenario-specific spectroscopic performance of these materials. The research approach combines 3D radiation transport calculations, detector response modeling, and spectroscopic analysis of simulated energy deposition spectra to map the functional dependence of detection performance on the underlying material properties. This assessment is intended to help guide formulation of performance goals for new detector materials within the context of materials discovery programs, with an emphasis on applications in the threat reduction, nonproliferation, and safeguards/ verification user communities. The research results will also provide guidance to the gamma-ray sensor design community in estimating relative spectroscopic performance merits of candidate materials for novel or notional detectors.
Acute aquatic toxicity studies of Gulf of Mexico water samples collected following the Deepwater Horizon incident (May 12, 2010 to December 11, 2010)

Abstract The potential for the Deepwater Horizon MC-252 oil incident to affect ecosystems in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) was evaluated using Americamysis bahia , Menidia beryllina and Vibrio fischeri (Microtox® assay). Organisms were exposed to GOM water samples collected in May–December 2010. Samples were collected where oil was visibly present on the water surface or the presence of hydrocarbons at depth was indicated by fluorescence data or reduced dissolved oxygen. Toxicity tests were conducted using water-accommodated fractions (WAFs), and oil-in-water dispersions (OWDs). Water samples collected from May to June 2010 were used for screening tests, with OWD samples slightly more acutely toxic than WAFs. Water samples collected in July through December 2010 were subjected to definitive acute testing with both species. In A. bahia tests, total PAH concentrations for OWD exposures ranged from non-detect to 23.0 μg L −1 , while WAF exposures ranged from non-detect to 1.88 μg L −1 . Mortality was >20% in five OWD exposures with A. bahia and three of the WAF definitive tests. Total PAH concentrations were lower for M. beryllina tests, ranging from non-detect to 0.64 μg L −1 and non-detect to 0.17 μg L −1 for OWD and WAF exposures, respectively. Only tests from two water samples in both the WAFs and OWDs exhibited >20% mortality to M. beryllina . Microtox® assays showed stimulatory and inhibitory responses with no relationship with PAH exposure concentrations. Most mortality in A. bahia and M. beryllina occurred in water samples collected before the well was capped in July 2010 with a clear decline in mortality associated with a decline in total PAH water concentrations.