cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subcellular distribution of high-affinity type IV cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activities in rabbit ventricular myocardium: Relations to post-natal maturation

Abstract Cytosolic and particulate Type IV (high-affinity) cAMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) activities were isolated from the ventricular myocardium of newborn (NB; 24 to 48 h), immature (IM; 14 to 16 days) and adult (AD; 6 to 8 months) rabbits. Cytosolic activity from each age group was resolved into three distinct peaks of activity by DEAE cellulose anion exchange chromatography. Type IV PDE activity was identified as a predominant activity in the cytosolic peak III activity in all three age groups when measured with 0.25 μ m cAMP as substrate. A particulate Type IV PDE activity was associated with the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) fractions in each age group. No significant age-related changes in the affinity of the particulate enzyme for cAMP (apparent K m = 0.3 to 0.5 μ m ) were evident, but the V max for this SR-associated activity increased from 553 ± 7 pmol/min/mg in the NB to 725 ± 9 pmol/min/mg in the IM and 2450 ± 33 pmol/min/mg in the AD. In each age group, milrinone, imazodan, piroximone and indolidan were more potent inhibitors of the SR-associated activity as compared with the cytosolic peak III activity. In contrast, RO 20-1724 and rolipram were relatively more selective inhibitors of the cytosolic peak III activity. Age-related differences in the sensitivity of type IV PDE to inhibition was dependent upon the selectivity of the inhibitor and the subcellular enzymic distribution. Cytostolic peak III PDE activity was further resolved by gel filtration chromatography into two peaks. Hydrolysis of cAMP by the higher molecular weight peak was inhibitable by cGMP (IC 50 = 0.25 ± 0.07 μ m in NB and 0.07 ± 0.01 μ m in AD) whereas the lower molecular weight peak activity was relatively insensitive to inhibition by cGMP (IC 50 > 100 μ m ). The lower molecular weight peak constituted a relatively greater proportion of the total peak III activity in the NB as compared to the AD. Analysis of the kinetics of cGMP inhibition of high-affinity cAMP hydrolysis was consistent with the presence of a greater number of high-affinity (presumably drug-sensitive) binding sites in the SR-associated activity as compared to the cytosolic peak III activity in both NB and AD. These results support the hypothesis that the cGMP-inhibitable Type IV PDE activity may be the primary site of action for certain newer cardiotonic drugs. Differences in drug action in young versus adult myocardium may be related to the selectivity of the cardiotonic drugs for this specific isozyme and its lower specific activity during the early stages of maturation.
Scalable multi-cores with improved per-core performance using off-the-critical path reconfigurable hardware

Scaling the number of cores in a multi-core processor constraintsthe resources available in each core, resulting in reduced percoreperformance. Alternatively, the number of cores have to be reducedin order to improve per-core performance. In this paper, we propose atechnique to improve the per-core performance in a many-core processorwithout reducing the number of cores. In particular, we integrate aReconfigurable Hardware Unit (RHU) in each core. The RHU executesthe frequently encountered instructions to increase the core's overall executionbandwidth, thus improving its performance. We also propose anovel integrated hardware/software methodology for efficient RHU reconfiguration.The RHU has low area overhead, and hence has minimalimpact on the scalability of the multi-core. Our experiments show thatthe proposed architecture improves the per-core performance by an averageof about 12% across a wide range of applications, while incurringa per-core area overhead of only about 5%.
Using video as a storytelling medium to influence textile and clothing students’ environmental knowledge and attitudes

The shift from seasonal fashion cycles to continuously changing styles has amplified the textile and clothing industry's impact on economies, societies, and the environment over the last two decade...
Mathematical model of cardiac mechanogram rhythmicity (based on mollusc heart).

Abstract 1. The time course of force development by the heart is modelled by Gompertz kinetics from the product of two terms: a cumulative increase in relative number of activated “contractile units”, and an exponential decrease in contractile force. 2. For each beat, an “initial condition” is specified by an “intrinsic tension” parameter, and a specific rate of change of tension; cardioactive agents change these specifications. 3. Depending on parameter values, heartbeats are predicted that are constant, or in which the frequency, amplitude and baseline tension are appropriate to inhibited or augmented cardiac activity.
A frequentist interpretation of probability for model-based inductive inference

The main objective of the paper is to propose a frequentist interpretation of probability in the context of model-based induction, anchored on the Strong Law of Large Numbers (SLLN) and justifiable on empirical grounds. It is argued that the prevailing views in philosophy of science concerning induction and the frequentist interpretation of probability are unduly influenced by enumerative induction, and the von Mises rendering, both of which are at odds with frequentist model-based induction that dominates current practice. The differences between the two perspectives are brought out with a view to defend the model-based frequentist interpretation of probability against certain well-known charges, including [i] the circularity of its definition, [ii] its inability to assign ‘single event’ probabilities, and [iii] its reliance on ‘random samples’. It is argued that charges [i]–[ii] stem from misidentifying the frequentist ‘long-run’ with the von Mises collective. In contrast, the defining characteristic of the long-run metaphor associated with model-based induction is neither its temporal nor its physical dimension, but its repeatability (in principle); an attribute that renders it operational in practice. It is also argued that the notion of a statistical model can easily accommodate non-IID samples, rendering charge [iii] simply misinformed.
Enrichment of Cecal Species of Avian Eimeria in a Mixed Culture by Transfer of Sporozoites from Foreign Host to Natural Host Birds

An effective method for the enrichment of two cecal species of the avian Eimeria in mixed cultures has been developed. The method involves the transfer of sporozoites of Eimeria tenella and Eimeria adenoeides from their specific site of invasion in a foreign host bird to the natural host, and markedly increases the numbers of the cecal species in relation to the other species in the mixture. Donor turkeys and chickens were inoculated with mixed cultures containing equal numbers of oocysts of the chicken coccidia, E. tenella + Eimeria acervulina, or the turkey coccidia, E. adenoeides + Eimeria meleagrimitis, respectively. After 8 to 24 h, the cecal tissues of the donor birds were scraped into phosphate-buffered saline and transferred, per os, to the natural host. On Day 6 to 7 posttransfer, numerous oocysts of E. tenella and E. adenoeides were found in the ceca of the recipient chickens and turkeys, respectively. In contrast, only occasional oocysts were found in a few birds in other areas of the intestine.
Operative Technique for Converting a Failed Vertical Banded Gastroplasty to Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

Background Bariatric surgeons are increasingly encountering patients with failed weight-loss operations. Conversion from vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG) to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is the most common revisional operation in our practice. We reviewed our experience in converting from VBG to RYGB using a basic five-step surgical technique. Study design We reviewed data on all patients undergoing revisional surgery for failed VBG, defined as patients with body mass index ≥35 kg/m 2 , weight gain, poor control of comorbidities, staple-line dehiscence, or band-specific complications. The five basic steps include identification of the band, delineation of the extent of the pouch, division of the stomach, preparation of the Roux limb, and completion of the cardiojejunostomy. Results We have undertaken 28 conversions from VBG to RYGB. Median age was 51 years (range 27 to 65 years), preoperative body mass index was 40 kg/m 2 (range 20 to 58 kg/m 2 ), and 25 patients (89%) were women. Indications for revision were band-related complications (13 patients), staple-line disruption (9 patients), and inadequate weight loss (6 patients). Median operative time was 185minutes (range 105 to 465minutes), estimated blood loss was 450mL (range 100 to 2,500mL), postoperative complications occurred in 6 patients (21%), and length of hospitalization was 5 days (range 3 to 69 days). Median postoperative body mass index was 32 kg/m 2 (range 20 to 41 kg/m 2 ) at a followup time of 16months (range 1 to 32months). Conclusions The technique described facilitates the operative approach to patients with failed VBG, providing guidelines for safe dissection and division of the gastric pouch for conversion to RYGB. Revisional bariatric operations are technically difficult and are associated with relatively higher complication rates than those reported for primary operations.
The Effects of Infrastructure Investment: A Two-Sector Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium Analysis for Ohio:

The effects of increased public investment on regional output and welfare in Ohio are investigated using a regional dynamic computable general equilibrium model. Public investment affects the growt...
EFFECTS OF NEAR-FAULT GROUND MOTIONS IN SEISMIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A SYMMETRIC ARCH DAM

Near-fault ground motion effects in comparison with far-fault ground motions on seismic performance of a symmetry concrete arch dam are investigated. Various sets of near-fault and far-fault ground motions with approximately identical peak ground acceleration were used for analyses of coupled system. For this purpose the Karaj arch dam was selected as case study and two different options were considered for dam-foundation interaction. In the first case, foundation rock was assumed rigid, and in the second case foundation rock was simulated as a massless medium. The behavior of the dam and foundation was expressed in terms of displacement, and the reservoir was modelled based on fluid elements. The seismic performance evaluation of the arch dam was performed using demand-capacity ratios obtained from linear analyses.
High-resolution chemical imaging through tissue with an X-ray scintillator sensor.

We describe a novel method for high-resolution chemical imaging on a surface embedded in tissue. The sensor surface consists of an X-ray scintillator film coated in a thin film loaded with chemical indicator dye. A narrow scanning X-ray beam is used to excite luminescence from X-ray scintillators located within the beam. This luminescence passes through the indicator film, and the spectrum is analyzed to measure chemical concentrations at that location. A pH sensor is demonstrated with a dynamic range between pH 6–9 and noise level of 0.05 pH units using methyl-red dyed pH paper. The location of the interface between two types of scintillator films is obtained with 0.30 mm spatial resolution even though the images are highly blurred by 10 mm of chicken breast. This work has important applications for detecting pH changes on surfaces of implanted medical devices.
Stable RAGE-Heparan Sulfate Complexes Are Essential for Signal Transduction.

RAGE (Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-Products) has emerged as a major receptor that mediates vascular inflammation. Signaling through RAGE by damage-associated molecular pattern molecules often leads to uncontrolled inflammation that exacerbates the impact of the underlying disease. Oligomerization of RAGE is believed to play an essential role in signal transduction, but the molecular mechanism of oligomerization remains elusive. Here we report that RAGE activation of Erk1/2 phosphorylation on endothelial cells in response to a number of ligands depends on a mechanism that involves heparan sulfate-induced hexamerization of the RAGE extracellular domain. Structural studies of the extracellular V-C1 domain-dodecasaccharide complex by X-ray diffraction and small-angle X-ray scattering revealed that the hexamer consists of a trimer of dimers, with a stoichiometry of 2:1 RAGE:dodecasaccharide. Mutagenesis studies mapped the heparan sulfate binding site and the interfacial surface between the monomers and demonstrated that electrostatic interactions with heparan sulfate and intermonomer hydrophobic interactions work in concert to stabilize the dimer. The importance of oligomerization was demonstrated by inhibition of signaling with a new epitope-defined monoclonal antibody that specifically targets oligomerization. These findings indicate that RAGE-heparan sulfate oligomeric complexes are essential for signaling and that interfering with RAGE oligomerization might be of therapeutic value.
Analysis of Elliptical Rolling Contact Joints in Compression

This paper presents elliptical rolling contact joints in compression as an alternative to circular rolling contact and conventional revolute joints where high quality force transmission—low friction and backlash—with variable output are desired. Parameters specific to the joint and its position are defined in terms of relative link angles and elliptical surface geometry. These relationships allow elliptical rolling contact joints to be incorporated in vector loop summations used in kinematic analysis. Notably, elliptical rolling contact is developed as the more general case of which circular rolling contact is a subset. Elliptical rolling contact joints are shown to offer several benefits over circular rolling contact, including reduced Hertz contact stresses, variable output velocity, maximum use of contact interface by distributing small rotations across surfaces of small curvature, reduced forces on constraining members, and no-slip pure rolling provided by either connecting links or flexures, without the need for gear teeth or friction.
Lord Cecil and The Historians

Lord Cecil, longtime president of the League of Nations Union in Great Britain, did not turn many memorable phrases he was persuaded that the gift of making striking phrases was dangerous for a public man but he undoubtedly appreciated one of Herbert Samuel's aphorisms: 'Peace must have its realists as well as war. '1 This was the message Cecil preached in the 1930s, to the outright pacifists on the one hand, and to the appeasers of Germany and Italy on the other. Their approaches only encouraged the dictators who, he wrote early in 1936, were already making terms 'to see what they can extort from a reluctant Europe'.2 But what of Cecil's political sense? And his schemes for peace? Does he qualify as a realist? Cecil himself acknowledged that many of his contemporaries were sceptical. 'I know you and your colleagues thinks (sic) me a visionary (or worse) ',3 he wrote in 1940 to Lord Halifax. It was a judgement shared by Austen Chamberlain. 'I have the greatest respect for his character, unselfishness and devotion', Chamberlain observed in 1933 while serving with Cecil on the Executive Committee of the Union, 'but he lacks "practical sagacity". His methods are nearly always wrong and his judgement is wholly unreliable. '4 This was not a hasty conclusion. He was the worst type, Chamberlain is reported to have said in 1921, 'the sentimentalist with some of the wisdom of the serpent'.5 Cecil wrote personal accounts of his pursuit of peace6 but the judgement of contemporary critics has triumphed with most historians. And two recently published and widely hailed studies well illustrate the extent of Cecil's present defeat.7 Cecil and Maurice Hankey, master bureaucrat and longtime cabinet secretary, offered opposing schools of thought between the wars. In Cecil's mind Hankey represented a reactionary outlook, as well as a party powerfully entrenched in all
Whipping Studies with Partially Deloctosed Cheese Whey

Abstract Whipping properties of various whey preparations were studied by measuring overrun and stability of foams produced in a Hobart mixer. Presence of heat-labile whey proteins resulted in poor whippability, poor foam stability, and low overruns. Removal of the heat-acid coagulated proteins greatly improved wh’ppability, and foams resembled whipped egg whites with overruns of more than 2,500%. Increasing total solids by evaporation of the acid supernatant or by addition of sucrose or soluble starch decreased the overrun but increased foam stability. Air uptake and overrun were negatively affected by calcium hydroxide. Foams from dialyzed supernatants with addition of sucrose were successfully baked into meringues.
Robust image compression with packetization: the JPEG-2000 case

ABSTRACT Multimedia applications running over wireless or other error prone transmission media require compression algorithms that are resilient to channel degradation. This paper presented a data packetization approach to make the emergingISO JPEG-2000 image compression standard resilient to transmission errors. The proposed technique can be easilyextended to other wavelet-based image codec schemes. Extensive simulation results shown that, with the proposed approach, a decoder is able to recover up to 8.5 dB in PSNR with a minimum overhead, and without affecting coding efficiency and spatial/quality scalability. Finally, the proposed approach supports unequal error protection of the wavelet subbands. Keywords: Image compression, error robust coding, JPEG-2000, wavelet, data packetization. 1. INTRODUCTION We are living in an exciting information age. The demand for easy and reliable access to multimedia data, includingvideo, image, and audio, is pushing for the development of new technologies and products. Along with the Internet,people are enjoying wireless communications. A person can receive information from virtually any place on earthwithout the need for a wired connection. The marriage of multimedia and wireless communications will result ina leap in multimedia product and technology development. Users who own a mobile communicator will be able totransmit and receive audio, video, images, maps, etc virtually from any place. Such communicators will be used in
Response of liver enzymes and other proteins to amino acid deficient diets.

Summary1. Histidine-deficient diet can completely restore xanthine oxidase activity to livers of rats previously depleted of such activity by a non-protein diet; methionine-free and lysine-free diets partially restore such activity with the lysine-free diet the least active in this respect. 2. Liver succinic oxidase activity can be similarly restored by histidine-and methionine-free rations but only partially restored by a lysine-free ration. 3. Liver choline oxidase activity of protein-depleted rats can be restored partially and to about the same extent by the 3 amino acid-deficient diets studied. 4. Liver nitrogen concentration follows approximately the same pattern as succinic oxidase in these studies. 5. The enzymatic responses to a non-protein diet followed by single amino acid-deficient diets have been compared to responses observed in earlier studies under conditions of initial single amino acid-deficient diets.
Presentation of Exogenous Protein Antigens on Major Histocompatability Complex Class I Molecules by Dendritic Cells: Pathway of Presentation and Regulation by Cytokines

Several recent studies have shown that dendritic cells (DC) pulsed with soluble proteins can present peptide epitopes derived from these exogenous antigens on major histocompatability complex (MHC) class I molecules and induce an antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response. We provide evidence here that DC use macropinocytosis to capture soluble antigens that are then presented on MHC class I molecules. The presentation of an epitope derived from soluble ovalbumin was transporter associated with antigen presentation (TAP)-dependent, brefeldin A-sensitive, blocked by inhibitors of proteasomes, and resistant to chloroquine. These data suggest that exogenous antigens access the cytosol of DC and are proccessed for presentation via the same pathway described for conventional MHC class I-restricted cytosolic antigens. Proinflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) reduced the efficiency of ovalbumin presentation via this pathway. This reduced presentation was not due to impaired expression of class I molecules because these substances upregulated the cell surface expression of Kb-molecules comparable to levels induced by interferon-γ (IFN-γ) treatment. The addition of IFN-γ increased ovalbumin presentation even in the presence of TNF-α or LPS. These results show that DC might be involved in the cross-priming phenomenon. This could offer the immune system an additional pathway for effective priming of cytotoxic T cells and provide the possibility to activate both CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses.
A clinical overview of dyslipidemias : treatment strategies

The strong epidemiologic relationship between specific lipoprotein levels (such as elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol or decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) and the future development of coronary heart disease has been well documented. Within the past several years, landmark clinical trials have clearly demonstrated that the incidence of coronary heart disease events is reduced when lipoprotein abnormalities are corrected via pharmacologic therapy. These findings have prompted clinicians to become more vigilant with regard to recognition of dyslipidemias and institution of treatment. This review focuses on the more common primary and secondary dyslipidemias and the currently available lipid-lowering therapies for each disorder. Results of recent coronary angiographic trials are discussed, and implications for the medical management of established coronary heart disease are assessed.
Effects of Annealing Parameters on Recrystallization of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy Processed by Continuous Rheo-Extrusion

AZ31 magnesium alloy profiles were prepared by continuous rheo-extrusion, and effects of annealing temperature and time on recrystallization of AZ31 magnesium alloy were investigated. The results reveal that when the profile is annealed in the temperature range from 200°C to 300°C, the moving velocity of grain interface with different dislocation densities on both sides increases with increasing annealing temperature, which is favorable to the formation of crystallized nucleus in the region in which interface sweeps over. As a result, the time required by the accomplishment of recrystallization becomes short. After recrystallization finishes, continuous temperature rise or prolonged holding time result in grain growth. When the profile is annealed at elevated temperature, with the prolongation of holding time, the grain growth rate accelerates obviously, and hence recrystallized microstructure becomes coarse. When the profile is annealed at lower temperature, the grain growth rate becomes small, and the time required by the accomplishment of recrystallization is long, but recrystallized microstructure is fine and homogeneous. When the profile is annealed at 250°C for 4h, average recrystallized grain size is 15μm.
Counting the Interior Points of a Point Configuration

We prove a formula conjectured by Ahrens, Gordon, and McMahon for the number of interior points for a point configuration in \bf R d . Our method is to show that the formula can be interpreted as a sum of Euler characteristics of certain complexes associated with the point configuration, and then compute the homology of these complexes. This method extends to other examples of convex geometries. We sketch these applications, replicating an earlier result of Gordon, and proving a new result related to ordered sets.
Development and characterization of twelve polymorphic microsatellite loci in the threatened Red Hills salamander, Phaeognathus hubrichti

We isolated and characterized 12 microsatellite loci from the endangered Red Hills salamander, Phaeognathus hubrichti. Loci were screened in 24 individuals of P. hubrichti. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 16, observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.130 to 0.750, and the probability of identity values ranged from 0.012 to 0.778. These new loci provide tools for examining the population genetics of this federally threatened salamander.
BRCA1 transcriptionally regulates genes involved in breast tumorigenesis.

Loss of function of BRCA1 caused by inherited mutation and tissue-specific somatic mutation leads to breast and ovarian cancer. Nearly all BRCA1 germ-line mutations involve truncation or loss of the C-terminal BRCT transcriptional activation domain, suggesting that transcriptional regulation is a critical function of the wild-type gene. The purpose of this project was to determine whether there is a link between the role of BRCA1 in transcriptional regulation and its role in tumor suppression. We developed a cell line (in which BRCA1 can be induced) and used microarray analysis to compare transcription profiles of epithelial cells with low endogenous levels of BRCA1 vs. transcription profiles of cells with 2–4-fold higher induced levels of expression of BRCA1. At these levels of expression, BRCA1 did not induce apoptosis. Undirected cluster analysis of six paired experiments revealed 373 genes, the expression of which was altered significantly and consistently by BRCA1 induction. Expression of 62 genes was altered more than 2-fold. BRCA1-regulated genes associated with breast tumorigenesis included the estrogen-responsive genes MYC and cyclin D1, which are overexpressed in many breast tumors; STAT1 and JAK1, key components of the cytokine signal transduction pathway; the extracellular matrix protein laminin 3A; ID4, an inhibitor of DNA-binding transcriptional activators, which in turn negatively regulates BRCA1 expression; and the prohormone stanniocalcin, expression of which is lost in breast tumor cells. Coordinated expression of BRCA1 with ID4 and with stanniocalcin was confirmed in primary breast and ovarian tumors.
Cobra: Correlation-Based Content Authentication in Wireless Sensor Networks

The energy-constrained wireless sensor nodes require the designs of energy-efficient content authentication protocols. In this paper, we combine the approaches of cryptography and content analysis to propose a new light-weight content authentication framework Cobra. In Cobra, only a small fraction of transmitted packets are protected with signatures. The unprotected packets are authenticated using the contents of the protected packets and a pre-learned correlation model. Cobra is resilient to four common types of data integrity attacks. Both our theoretical analysis and the experimental results show that Cobra offers high detection rate against aggressive attacks. Compared to three competing methods, it reduces the average data error by up to 60% and the security overhead by an order of one magnitude. As the attacks become more aggressive, Cobra's average data error is almost unaffected whereas the average data errors of the competing methods all grow linearly.
Comparisons of Gaussian elimination algorithms on a cray Y-MP

Abstract The results of various implementations of Gaussian elimination on full matrices on a single processor Cray Y-MP are presented and discussed. It is shown that when the manufacturer supplied BLAS kernels are used, the difference between thebest versions of level 2 BLAS and level 3 BLAS (blocked) implementations is almost negligible. It is suggested that to improve the performance of blocked Gaussian elimination it is possible to utilize Strassen's matrix multiplication algorithm.
Suppression of Met activation in human colon cancer cells treated with (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate: Minor role of hydrogen peroxide

Abstract Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the U.S. Met, the receptor for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), is over-expressed in colon tumors and is associated with poor prognosis. Recently, the green tea polyphenol (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) was reported to suppress Met activation in breast cancer cells. However, the possible confounding effect of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), produced when EGCG is added to cell culture media, was not assessed. In the present study, the human colon cancer cell lines HCT116 and HT29 were used to examine the relationships between Met activation, EGCG treatment, and H2O2 generation. At concentrations of 0.5, 1, and 5 μM, EGCG suppressed markedly the activation of Met in the presence of HGF. Concentrations of 10 μM EGCG and below generated low amounts of H2O2 ( 5 μM) were required to directly increase the phosphorylation of Met. Moreover, suppression of Met activation by EGCG occurred in the presence or absence of catalase, suggesting that such effects were not an ‘artifact’ of H2O2 generated from EGCG in cell culture media. We conclude that EGCG might be a beneficial therapeutic agent in the colon, inhibiting Met signaling and helping to attenuate tumor spread/metastasis, independent of H2O2-related mechanisms.
Effects of muscle fatigue on multi-muscle synergies

We studied the effects of fatigue of ankle dorsiflexors on multi-muscle synergies defined as co-varied adjustments of elemental variables (M-modes) that stabilize a task-related performance variable (trajectory of the center of pressure, COP). M-modes were defined as muscle groups with parallel changes in activation levels. Healthy participants performed voluntary body sway in the anterior-posterior direction while trying to minimize sway in the medio-lateral direction at 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 Hz. The trials were repeated before and during fatigue induced with a timed voluntary contraction against a constant load. Factor extraction using the principal component method was used to identify four M-modes within the space of integrated indices of muscle activity. Variance in the M-mode space at different phases across sway cycles was partitioned into two components, one that did not affect the average value of COP shift and the other that did. There were no significant effects of fatigue on variability of performance of the explicit task and on the amplitude of the COP shift. Variance of muscle activation indices and M-mode magnitudes increased during fatigue for muscles (and M-modes) both involved and not involved in the fatiguing exercise. Most of the M-mode variance increase was within the sub-space compatible with the unchanged COP trajectory resulting in an increase of the index of the multi-M-mode synergy. We conclude that one of the adaptive mechanisms to fatigue within a redundant multi-muscle system involves an increase in the variance of activation of non-fatigued muscles with a simultaneous increase in co-variation among muscle activations. The findings can be interpreted within the referent configuration hypothesis on the control of whole-body actions.
Biogeochemistry: The great iron dump

The discovery that marine algal blooms deposit organic carbon to the deep ocean answers some — but not all — of the questions about whether fertilizing such blooms is a viable strategy for mitigating climate change. See Article p.313 The iron hypothesis proposes that the supply of iron-bearing dust to certain oceanic regions stimulates phytoplankton blooms that, by sinking out to the deep ocean when the organisms die, sequester carbon absorbed from exchange with the atmosphere. Experiments carried out to test the idea have provided clear evidence that iron addition generates phytoplankton blooms in waters with high -nutrient but low -chlorophyll concentrations, as proposed. But the fate of phytoplankton blooms and hence the extent of any carbon sequestration to the deep ocean has remained uncertain. This paper presents multiple lines of evidence, collected by aboard RV Polarstern in 2004 during the European Iron Fertilization Experiment (EIFEX), that suggest carbon is exported to the deep ocean as a result of iron fertilization, with at least half of the bloom biomass sinking to below 1,000 metres.
Iron-sulfides and layer silicates: a new approach to aqueous processing of organics in interplanetary dust particles, CI and CM meteorites

Abstract The mineralogical properties of aggregate interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) and matrix of CI and CM carbonaceous chondrites support a sequence of increasingly intense aqueous alteration that could have modified pristine organics in aggregate IDPs to more complex organic compounds in chondrite matrix. Water for hydration was initially derived from sulfidation of condensed Fe-oxides whereby pyrrhotite produced contributed to the formation of increasingly Fe-rich serpentine layer silicates. This sequence was possible as consequence of the unique, metastable eutectic, compositions of the amorphous silicates.
II. Prediction of component fugacities and related properties of mixtures

A computer program based on the theory of Part I is developed for calculating equilibrium ratios and related thermodynamic properties of mixtures, and a variety of data are used to test the method. For the carbon dioxide-n-butane system both liquid and gaseous compressibility factors are predicted with an average absolute deviation from experimental values of 1.3% for a wide range of conditions. A maximum deviation of 5.4% occurs in the critical region. Derivative properties such as component fugacities and equilibium ratios show somewhat larger deviations as expected. For the same system average deviations are 2.7% for carbon dioxide fugacities, 2.6% for n-butane fugacities, and 3.3% for carbon dioxide and n-butane equilibrium ratios. Average deviation for predicted equilibrium ratios for eight binary systems and 574 data points is 4.6%. Equilibrium ratios for two ternary systems are also predicted accurately. The major advantage of the method, however, is the small or negligible amount of experimental mixture data required. The method has not been tested below a mixture reduced temperature of 0.8, the lower limit of the Pitzer tables. Without density corrections to the scaling parameters best results are obtained if all binary pairs in a mixture fall within range 0.25 <VCj TCj/VCi TCi < 4.0.
High-resolution electron-energy-loss spectroscopy study of the uv-laser photodissociation of adsorbed Al 2 ( CH 3 ) 6 on Si(100)21 and Si(111)77 surfaces

High-resolution electron-energy-loss spectroscopy (HREELS) has been used to study the adsorption and uv-laser-induced dissociation of ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$(${\mathrm{CH}}_{3}$${)}_{6}$ [trimethylaluminum (TMA)] on Si(100)2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 and Si(111)7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7 surfaces. Single-layer adsorption was obtained for substrate temperatures ${T}_{s}$ between 180 and 200 K, while multilayer deposition occurred for ${T}_{s}$180 K. Low-energy electron diffraction patterns showed no evidence of long-range order in either the single-layer or multilayer deposits. HREELS spectra from TMA single layers adsorbed on Si(100)2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 and Si(111)7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7 were consistent with those expected for nondissociatively adsorbed TMA dimers whose Al-Al axes are orthogonal to the substrate surface. No changes in the adlayer spectra were observed under KrF-laser irradiation (248 nm, 5.0 eV, 20-ns pulses) even after ${10}^{4}$ pulses with intensities up to 200 mJ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$ per pulse. Low-intensity (20mJ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$) ArF-laser irradiation (193 nm, 6.4 eV, 20-ns pulses), however, led to monomerization of the adsorbate. Higher-intensity (200 mJ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$) ArF-laser irradiation caused dissociation of the TMA monomer and desorption of some methyl ligands. Both KrF- and ArF-laser irradiation of multilayer samples gave rise to immediate thermally induced desorption of loosely bound upper layers, while the remaining adlayer behaved in a manner similar to that of the single-layer samples.
A comparison between laser excisional conization and laser vaporization for the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

Abstract One hundred twenty patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia who were treated by laser excisional conization were compared with a group of 100 women who had similar diagnoses and were treated by laser vaporization. Every operation in the series was performed in the outpatient surgical unit or in the office. In two thirds of the cases the procedures were carried out with the patients under local anesthesia. The parameters studied included time required to perform the procedure, immediate and delayed bleeding, postlaser stenosis, healing time, patient discomfort, persistence or recurrence of disease, and risk of invasion. The results of this study revealed few disadvantages to performing a laser excisional procedure. Immediato and delayed complications were less frequent with laser excisional conization. The time required to perform an excisional conization was on the average only 4 minutes longer than that for a vaporization. Most significantly, the laser excisional cone provides a large and excellent specimen for the pathologist to review.
Cellular Strategies of Axonal Pathfinding

Axons follow highly stereotyped and reproducible trajectories to their targets. In this review we address the properties of the first pioneer neurons to grow in the developing nervous system and what has been learned over the past several decades about the extracellular and cell surface substrata on which axons grow. We then discuss the types of guidance cues and their receptors that influence axon extension, what determines where cues are expressed, and how axons respond to the cues they encounter in their environment.
Attitudes Toward Hepatitis B Virus among Vietnamese, Chinese and Korean Americans in the Houston Area, Texas

We explored attitudes about prevention, screening and treatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in Chinese, Korean and Vietnamese communities. We use qualitative methods in 12 focus groups (n = 113) of adults who self-reported their ethnicity to be Chinese, Korean, or Vietnamese. We use grounded theory (i.e., consensus-building between co-coders about recurring, emerging themes) for analysis. Diet, nutrition, fatigue and stress were misidentified as HBV causes. Improving hygiene, diet, exercise, and holistic methods were misidentified as viable HBV prevention methods. Common screening problems included not affording test and not understanding test results. Participants shared reasons for using complementary and alternative medicine--when Western medicine fails or becomes unaffordable. Participants sought information from medical providers and fellow community members, but also from the internet. Many of the attitudes and opinions that emerged may deter participation in HBV screening, prevention and treatment, insofar as community members may factor them into healthcare decision-making, choose alternative but ineffective methods of prevention and treatment, and undervalue the benefits of screening. More patient education in both traditional and new media is necessary for clarifying transmission, screening and treatment misunderstandings.
α-Inhibin Immunoreactivity in Soft-Tissue Neoplasia

Antibodies directed against alpha-inhibin have been previously reported as staining both sex cord-stromal neoplasms as well as adrenal cortical tumors. This relatively restricted immunoreactivity pattern is useful in the assessment of retroperitoneal masses, especially in a setting of limited tissue (e.g., needle biopsy). However, no study to date has evaluated alpha-inhibin immunoreactivity in soft-tissue neoplasms, which frequently enter the differential diagnosis of retroperitoneal masses. We investigate the incidence of alpha-inhibin staining in a variety of soft-tissue neoplasms by using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 282 previously classified soft-tissue neoplasms with anti-alpha-inhibin (Serotec, 1:75). A modified avidin-biotin complex method was used after heat-induced epitope retrieval. Cytoplasmic granular staining was considered positive. Of the 282 tumors studied, a total of 8 (2.8%) demonstrated positive staining with anti-alpha-inhibin antibody. These included 4 of 25 liposarcomas (16%), 2 of 18 angiosarcomas (11%), 1 of 48 lipomas (2.1%), and 1 of 1 rhabdomyoma (100%). Negative staining was noted among hemangiomas (0/28), schwannomas (0/32), leiomyomas (0/16), fibrosarcomas (0/2), fibromas (0/11), dermatofibromas (0/9), neurofibromas (0/6), synovial sarcomas (0/15), rhabdomyosarcomas (0/10), Triton tumors (0/2), and malignant fibrous histiocytomas (0/59). We conclude that rare soft-tissue tumors, especially those exhibiting either lipomatous or vascular differentiation, demonstrate alpha-inhibin immunoreactivity. These findings re-emphasize the need for a well-construed antibody panel when immunohistochemical methods are employed in the evaluation of retroperitoneal neoplasms. However, the rarity of alpha-inhibin expression by soft-tissue neoplasms provides further support for its overall specificity as a marker of adrenal cortical differentiation in the biopsy evaluation of a retroperitoneal mass.
Qualification of estrogen binding variables in tissues of the immature rat

Abstract Serum albumin, alphafetoprotein, and specific receptor binding of estradiol have been shown for the uterus, pituitary, hypothalamus, and brain cortex of the immature rat. Serum proteins were measured by immunologic methods and, following sucrose density gradient fractionation, could be definitively separated from the specific tissue estrogen receptors. The mass of alphafetoprotein in soluble tissue extracts paralleled the amounts of specific antigen detected in the serum. The choice of analytic method for designating a population of specific tissue estrogen receptor, which is free of nonreceptor steroid binding variables must therefore consider the extent of contamination by serum proteins. Excess radioinert steroid is contraindicated in receptor assays where low levels of specific receptor obtain.
Transient Deformation of Single Crystal NiAl at High Temperatures

The deformation transients associated with changes in stress and strain rate have been studied as a means of determining the controlling deformation mechanisms in NiAl. Stress change experiments in tension, and strain rate change tests in compression have been performed on single crystals of NiAl at temperatures between 850 and 1200°C. The orientation dependence of these transients was studied by testing in the hard [001] orientation and a soft [223] orientation. Strain rate change experiments suggest increased contribution from structure-controlled mechanisms in hard oriented crystals. Stress change experiments in samples tested along the hard orientation produce transients that are characteristic of the evolution of a stable dislocation substructure. In soft oriented crystals, however, stress change transients suggest that deformation is not significantly affected by the formation of a dislocation substructure. These results are consistent with observations of dislocation substructure formation and strain hardening in hard oriented crystals.
Balancing performance and flexibility with hardware support for network architectures

The goals of performance and flexibility are often at odds in the design of network systems. The tension is common enough to justify an architectural solution, rather than a set of context-specific solutions. The Programmable Protocol Processing Pipeline (P4) design uses programmable hardware to selectively accelerate protocol processing functions. A set of field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and an associated library of network processing modules implemented in hardware are augmented with software support for function selection and composition, and applied to processing-intensive portions of a user-programmable protocol stack. The system is sufficiently flexible to support protocol stacks that are dynamically altered in reaction to changing network conditions or user needs.The P4 can be transparently inserted into a conventional protocol architecture, such as that of TCP/IP. This experimental demonstration shows that the P4's programmability can be used to significantly improve the performance of TCP/IP under operating conditions where the protocol would perform poorly without augmentation. Generalizing from these experiments, the P4 is shown to have many applications as an open platform for implementing adaptive and programmable networks, and has illustrated new security issues that arise in FPGA-based architectures.The P4 and closely-related systems, such as network processors, are attractive architectural solutions to balancing performance and flexibility.
Differences in the collagen types synthesized by lapine articular chondrocytes in spinner and monolayer culture

In five different secondary monolayer cultures of rabbit articular chondrocytes, 72-89% of the the collagen synthesized was Type 1, as determined by alpha chain separation and CNBr-cleavage peptide analysis. When sister cells were transferred to spinner bottles after primary monolayer culture growth, 88% of the collagen formed in four separate experiments was Type II. A reversion to Type I collagen synthesis occurred when the spinner-cultured cells were returned to monolayer flasks. The change in the species of collagen depended on the suspension condition and not on the low Ca2+ content (0.33 mM) of the spinner medium. These findings parallel the switch to phenotypic glycosaminoglycan synthesis that also occurs when monolayer-cultured cells are transferred to spinner bottles. Whether this phenomenon arises through a genetic control mechanism rather than environmental selection for particular cohorts of cells has not yet been determined.
Sudden infant death syndrome: Case-control frequency differences in paired like homeobox (PHOX) 2B gene.

Casey M. Rand, Debra E. Weese-Mayer,* Lili Zhou, Brion S. Maher, Margaret E. Cooper, Mary L. Marazita, and Elizabeth M. Berry-Kravis Department of Pediatrics, Rush Children’s Hospital at Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois Departments of Neurology and Biochemistry, Rush Children’s Hospital at Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Division of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Nutrient limitations to soil microbial biomass and activity in loblolly pine forests.

We performed an assay of nutrient limitations to soil microbial biomass in forest floor material and intact cores of mineral soil collected from three North Carolina loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) forests. We added solutions containing C, N or P alone and in all possible combinations, and we measured the effects of these treatments on microbial biomass and on microbial respiration, which served as a proxy for microbial activity, during a 7-day laboratory incubation at 22 °C. The C solution used was intended to simulate the initial products of fine root decay. Additions of C dramatically increased respiration in both mineral soil and forest floor material, and C addition increased microbial biomass C in the mineral soil. Additions of N increased respiration in forest floor material and increased microbial biomass N in the mineral soil. Addition of P caused a small increase in forest floor respiration, but had no effect on microbial biomass.
Reaction of cryptophycin 52 with thiols

The chemical reactivity of cryptophycin 52 towards sulfur and phosporous nucleophiles under different conditions was explored to reveal the differential reactivity of the epoxide and olefinic centers. Under basic conditions 1,4-addition to the enone is favored, while under acidic conditions the epoxide is more reactive.