cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of maternal hydration on fetal renal pyelectasis.

Objective: To assess the effect of maternal hydration on fetal pyelectasis. Methods: Thirteen pregnant women with fetal pyelectasis and 13 controls matched for gestational age were recruited during the same period. Ultrasound and Doppler studies and maternal urine specific gravity measurements were carried out before and after maternal oral hydration. The data were analyzed by either a two- or three-factor analysis of variance. Results: Renal artery Doppler pulsatility index was significantly greater in the study group than in the controls (2.37 versus 1.83; P = .009) and this finding was unaffected by maternal hydration status. After hydration, the maternal urinary specific gravity decreased significantly (1.018 versus 1.009; P < .001), the amniotic fluid index (AFI) increased significantly (14.27 versus 18.24 cm; P < .001), and the fetal renal pelvis diameter increased significantly (0.29 versus 0.46 cm; P = .002) in both the study and control groups. Renal pelvis anteroposterior diameter after hydration did not differ significantly whether the fetal bladder was full or empty (0.7 versus 0.6 cm; P = .1). In this study, each subject served as her own control (ie, from before to after hydration). Three of 13 controls met the diagnostic criteria for pyelectasis after maternal hydration. Conclusion: The AFI increases after maternal hydration in both normal fetuses and those with pyelectasis. The fetal renal pelvis anteroposterior diameter increases with maternal hydration in both normal fetuses and those with pyelectasis and is independent of the state of the fetal bladder. The renal artery Doppler pulsatility index is significantly greater in fetuses with pyelectasis than in controls.
THE PSYCHOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GRE GENERAL TEST FOR THREE HANDICAPPED GROUPS

This study examined the psychometric characteristics of the Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) General Test for three handicapped groups. Information about test characteristics is central to judging the accuracy and fairness of General Test scores for handicapped students. Four psychometric characteristics were studied: level of test performance, test completion, test reliability, and unexpected differential item performance. Psychometric comparisons were made between nonhandicapped samples and each of three handicapped groups: visually impaired students taking large-type, extended-time administrations; visually impaired students taking timed, regular-type administrations; and physically handicapped students taking timed, regular-type administrations. Results of the study showed the performance of the visually handicapped groups to closely approximate that of nondisabled students. Physically handicapped students, however, performed substantially lower than the comparison group on two of the three General Test scales. Data on test completion showed evidence of possible disadvantage to the two groups of disabled examinees taking timed administrations. Evidence that handicapped students were somewhat less likely to complete the test was found for both groups on the Analytical sections and for one group on the first Quantitative section. Though these scores may, as a result, underestimate developed scholastic ability, any conclusion on this account must await the findings of further research. Test reliability was analyzed using both internal consistency and parallel-forms methods. Neither method revealed any practical differences in measurement precision across groups. Because of the large number and general unreliability of individual item-performance contrasts, unexpected differential item performance was examined through a two-stage procedure. The first stage centered on the performance of item clusters. Items composing clusters showing questionable performance were then individually examined. This two-stage procedure revealed only two instances–localized to visually impaired students taking the large-type test–of differential item performance. In terms of both reliability and item behavior, the psychometric characteristics of the GRE General Test appear comparable for the handicapped and nondisabled groups studied. Though somewhat less comparable, test completion and performance levels also were similar across groups. Further studies of General Test scores–in particular, their factor structure and predictive validity–should provide additional information about their meaning for handicapped students.
Human-induced changes in animal populations and distributions, and the subsequent effects on fluvial systems

Abstract Humans have profoundly altered hydrological pathways and fluvial systems through their near-extirpation of native populations of animal species that strongly influenced hydrology and removal of surface sediment, and through the introduction of now-feral populations of animals that bring to bear a suite of different geomorphic effects on the fluvial system. In the category of effects of extirpation, examples are offered through an examination of the geomorphic effects and former spatial extent of beavers, bison, prairie dogs, and grizzly bears. Beavers entrapped hundreds of billions of cubic meters of sediment in North American stream systems prior to European contact. Individual bison wallows, that numbered in the range of 100 million wallows, each displaced up to 23 m 3 of sediment. Burrowing by prairie dogs displaced more than 5000 kg and possibly up to 67,500 kg of sediment per hectare. In the category of feral populations, the roles of feral rabbits, burros and horses, and pigs are highlighted. Much work remains to adequately quantify the geomorphic effects animals have on fluvial systems, but the influence is undeniable.
An Overview of Digital Video.

DIGITAL VIDEO is an important component in multimedia. It adds realistic, interactive visual and audio information to computer presentations and lessons. There are many factors providing the impetus for the shift from analog to digital storage of video. These factors include improved compression techniques, reduced hardware costs, and increased network demands. This paper provides an overview of digital video and outlines various compression procedures. Applications and guidelines for digital video in higher education are also presented.
MOTIVATION, ANXIETY AND STRESS IN A DIFFICULT VERBAL TASK'

A complex verbal learning task was administered under stress or nonstress conditions to Ss shown by pre-tests to have either high or low scores on anxiety and need for achievement. Subsidiary findings from the pre-tests were that debilitating anxiety scores had a significant negative correlation with facilitating anxiety scores, and also with achievement scores. The verbal learning showed a significant interaction with “drive” variables: Ss high in need for achievement performed better if anxiety and stress were high but Ss low in need for achievement performed better if anxiety and stress were low. Ss high on only one or two drive variables showed significantly poorer learning than the pool of Ss high on all three or low on all three drive variables.
Phase characterization of intermodulation distortion in high-linearity photodiodes

We present a simple method to obtain both magnitude and phase information of intermodulation distortion (IMD) in photodiodes. The IMD3 of the high-linearity InGaAs/InP photodiode exhibits 180 degree phase changes around its zero crossings.
Direct stimulation of the transfer of antibiotic resistance by sex pheromones in Streptococcus faecalis

Abstract Clinical isolates of Streptococcus faecalis were examined for plasmid content and plasmid-related traits in order to determine whether such strains carried conjugative antibiotic resistance plasmids whose transfer was stimulated by sex pheromones. A 35-Mdalton tetracycline-resistance plasmid called pCF-10 was identified. pCF-10 carries genes that enable its host cell to clump and to act as a highly effective donor when exposed to sex pheromone preparations from recipients. The genetic background of the host cell markedly affects the expression of the pCF-10 fertility functions. The properties of this plasmid make it a good candidate for a detailed genetic analysis of streptococcal conjugation.
Response to Pneumococcal (PNCRM7) and Haemophilus Influenzae Conjugate Vaccines (HIB) in Pediatric and Adult Recipients of an Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation (alloHCT)

Abstract Young children and allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) recipients respond poorly to polysaccharide antigens, rendering them susceptible to severe infections because of encapsulated bacteria. This study evaluated the responses of 127 HCT patients, median age 23.0 years, vaccinated with PNCRM7 and Haemophilus influenzae (HIB) conjugate, 2 conjugate vaccines highly immunogenic in healthy children. Median time to vaccination was 1.1 years after HCT. Sixty-two percent of patients responded to PNCRM7 (45 of 51 children, 34 of 76 adults, P 200/μL, IgG >500 mg/dL, PHA within 60% lower limit of normal (11 of 19 versus 0 of 8, P
A time-series analysis of changeover performance on concurrent variable-interval schedules

Pigeons responded to concurrent variable-interval variable-interval schedules of food reinforcement. Interchangeover times and reinforcements were recorded in intact time series during acquisition following several schedule-density manipulations. Probability of a changeover, while constant as a function of time since the previous changeover, was found to be a nonmonotonically increasing function of time since reinforcement. Autocorrelation analyses of intact time series revealed the presence of statistically significant sequential dependencies in the time series during acquisition, but not during asymptotic performance. Lag transformations of actual interchangeover times revealed inhomogeneities in the time series not shown in the autocorrelations or in the overall distribution of interchangeover times.
Hamilton anxiety rating scale interview guide: Joint interview and test-retest methods for interrater reliability

The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS) is the most widely used semistructured assessment scale in treatment outcome studies of anxiety. Interrater reliability coefficients for the HARS have been previously reported. However, differences in the way clinicians assess symptom severity may reduce reliability. A structured interview guide--The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale Interview Guide (HARS-IG)--was developed to standardize clinical probe questions and to minimize interrater variance. Joint-interview and test-retest methods of interrater reliability assessment were used in a group of 30 inpatients. Intraclass coefficient calculations revealed improved interrater agreement with the HARS-IG versus the HARS. The findings of this study demonstrate that the HARS-IG is a more reliable assessment instrument than the semistructured HARS and that it meets established standards of reliability assessment.
Large-scale hydrogen liquefaction in Germany

Abstract To cover the demand of a steadily rising LH2 market, Linde has erected an industrial-scale hydrogen supply and liquefaction plant at Ingolstadt near Munich. It is located at a refinery site, where it utilizes hydrogen-rich waste gas. The liquefier has a daily liquefaction capacity of 4.4 tons and is based on a Claude process with nitrogen precooling. Apart from the liquefier, the whole plant comprises a PSA purification, a high-pressure hydrogen compressor station, a LH2 storage tank and filling stations for GH2 and LH2 trailers.
Nitrogen and molybdenum uptake and dry matter relationships of soybeans and forage legumes in response to applied molybdenum on acid soil

Abstract Increased emphasis on biological fixation of N has resulted in increased soybean acreage and establishment of legumes for pastures in the Southeastern United States. Many of the soils in this region are acid and therefore may be marginal in available Mo, which is involved in symbiotic N fixation by legumes. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine relative response to applied Mo of two cultivars of soybeans and six species of forage legumes on acid and limed soil. Decatur sil (Rhodic Paleudult), at pH 5 and limed to pH 6 and 7, was fertilized with 0 and 2 ppm of Mo, P, K, and a micronutrient mixture minus Mo, inoculated with appropriate rhizobia, and seeded to legumes. Soybean tops were harvested after 6 weeks and three clippings of the forage legumes were made after 6, 9, and 13 weeks’ growth. Dry forage yields of all species increased with soil pH level without applied Mo. Soil application of Mo resulted in increased growth and uptake of N and Mo of most species at pH 5. Crop response...
Identifying Factors Associated With Falls in Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Survivors: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach

Abstract Winters-Stone KM, Torgrimson B, Horak F, Eisner A, Nail L, Leo MC, Chui S, Luoh S-W. Identifying factors associated with falls in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors: a multi-disciplinary approach. Objective To identify neuromuscular, balance, and vision factors that contribute to falls in recently treated breast cancer survivors (BCS) and explore links between fall risk factors and cancer treatment. Design Case-control plus prospective observation. Setting Comprehensive cancer center. Participants BCS (N=59; mean age, 58y) within 2 years of chemotherapy completion and/or on adjuvant endocrine therapy. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Objective measures of postural control, vision, and neuromuscular function included: (1) a sensory organization test (SOT), (2) a visual assessment battery, (3) muscle mass by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, and (4) neuromuscular function with strength by repetition maximum, power by timed stair climb, and gait speed by 4m walk. Falls were self-reported for the past year (retrospective) and monthly for 6 months (prospective). Results Fifty eight percent of BCS reported falls in the past year. BCS with a history of falls had lower SOT scores with a vestibular deficit pattern in postural control ( P P Conclusions Results of this project suggest that balance disturbances of vestibular origin and delays in detecting low contrast visual stimuli are associated with falls in BCS. Future studies that track falls and fall risk factors in BCS from diagnosis through treatment are warranted, as are studies that can identify treatment-related vestibular dysfunction and altered visual processing.
Stresses and coping strategies of neonatal intensive care unit nurses

The purposes of this study were to investigate the nature of the psychological stresses experienced by neonatal intensive care unit nurses and to describe the coping strategies they reported using to alleviate them. Sixty nurses from eight hospitals participated. Ten categories of stressful experiences were identified. A coping scale using short-story problem situations as stimuli was constructed. Factor analysis of the mean ratings of 13 coping strategies produced three factors: Cognitive Processing, Using Personal Skills, and Escape. Analysis of variance using these ratings and stress levels of the stories showed a significant main effect for stress level and a significant interaction between coping factors and stress levels. No significant differences in coping strategies were found by hospital or by the nurse variables of tenure (length of time) in the unit, education, or experience.
Military service and moral obligation

The author investigates the view that there is a moral obligation to serve in the armed forces of the nation State of which one is a citizen resident (with special reference to young American men at the present time). It is conceded that under current law in this country there may be such a legal obligation, that many men may be obliged to render such service, and that under certain circumstances even a moral obligation to serve may also exist. What is denied is that any of the familiar theories of moral obligation is adequate in existing circumstances to establish this thesis in general. The result is either that a new theory of moral obligation must be developed to fit the current facts, or the present assessment of those facts must be fundamentally revised, or we must concede that draftees and men generally have no such moral obligation of service at all.
Customer interactivity and new product performance: Moderating effects of product newness and product embeddedness

Abstract Understanding customer needs which drive significant product innovation is particularly challenging for new product development (NPD) organizations. Research has addressed how organizations benefit from interacting with customers, but more conceptualization is needed into the dimensions of the customer interaction process. In a business-to-business (B2B) setting, customer interactivity is conceptualized as a multi-dimensional construct consisting of bidirectional communications, participation, and joint problem solving during NPD projects. Drawing upon organizational information processing theory, customer interactivity is hypothesized to be positively related to customer information quality when developing highly innovative products, but not when developing modifications or extensions of existing products. Another condition affecting this relationship studied is the embeddedness of the new product in the customer's business environment. Customer interactivity is hypothesized to be positively related to information quality for highly embedded product, but not for low embedded product. Results from a sample of NPD organizations in several B2B industries support these hypotheses. The study contributes to the marketing literature and practice by identifying important dimensions of the customer interaction process which lead to more proactive organizations, and identifying two moderating conditions of the customer interactivity and NPD performance relationship.
A completely analytical family of anisotropic Plummer models

On rapelle les formules permettant de relier la dynamique interne aux quantites observees puis on presente de facon fort detaillee une famille de modeles spheriques, basee sur le modele de Plummer
Ultrastructure of the bulla seminalis in Cadra cautella walker (Pyralidae : Lepidoptera)

Abstract The bulla seminalis of Cadra cautella (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae), which serves as a pump in the translocation of sperm from the bursa copulatrix to the spermatheca and as an egg crusher for oosorption, is covered by a layer of branching and intertwining visceral muscles. The sarcomeres have perforated Z-disks allowing the penetration of myosin filaments during contraction, and the myofilament array consists of 10–12 actin filaments surrounding a thick myofilament. The ultrastructure suggests that the muscles are supercontracting muscles. The fragmentation of the Z-disks and the length changes over which the muscles operate indicate they may also be superextending muscles. Combined with an internal pleated cuticular lining, the musculature permits the bulla seminalis to be expanded to 4 times its normal size to accommodate a number of ova simultaneously, and to contract with sufficient force to rupture the ova during oosorption. Continuous accumulation of large numbers of empty shells in the bulla of 7-day-old females, stretches the wall of the bulla. This change, which appears to be irreversible, may reduce the efficiency of the muscles in aging females.
Classification of imaging spectrometers for remote sensing applications

The continuing development of new and fundamentally different classes of imaging spectrometers has increased the complexity of the field of imaging spectrometry. The rapid pace at which new terminology is introduced to describe the new types of imaging spectrometers sometimes leads to confusion, particularly in discussions of the relative merits of the different types. In some cases, multiple different terms are commonly used to describe the same fundamental approach, and it is not always clear when these terms are synonymous. Other terminology in common use is overly broad. When a single term may encompass instruments that operate in fundamentally different ways, important distinctions may be obscured. In the interest of clarifying the terminology used in imaging spectrometry, we present a comprehensive system for classification of imaging spectrometers based on two fundamental properties: the method by which they scan the object spatially, and the method by which they obtain spectral information.
Outsourcing: Business continuity and outsourcing - moves to take out the risk

The mass migration of key business processes and services to Asia has been driven by pressure on organizations to maximise profits and drive down costs. In the outsourcing rush, though, risk and business continuity issues often get overlooked. Although dealing with people from differing cultures, and sometimes with a variable network infrastructure, there is less of a mystique about setting up sound business continuity processes with an outsourced supplier than many believe. Existing principles and disciplines apply to outsourcing in the same way as they have done for any other organizational change. Most organizations begin the process of outsourcing by drawing up contracts, service level agreements and budget expectations. This stage is usually completed at great pace in order to gain maximum strategic advantage. But a power outage in a server room in one country can stop all offshore users from accessing the IT services. Has this been considered? A business continuity manger from one of Europe's largest insurance companies navigates us through the journey. Opportunities for the outsourcing of key processes or services are constantly being explored as organizations strive to maximise profits and drive down costs. Financial and strategic advantages support the business cases whilst IT, risk and business continuity managers hurry to reassess the risks and challenges their teams face in maintaining compliance with their respective standards.
Synthesis of propanolamine side chain deuterated propranolol, propranolol-diol and 4-hydroxypropranol

Syntheses of 1-(isopropylamino)-3-(1-naphthyloxy)-2-propanol-1,1,2,3,3-d5 (1), 3-(1-naphthyloxy)-1,2-propanediol-1,1,2,3,3-d5 (2) and 1-(isopropylamino)-3-(4-hydroxy-1-naphthyloxy)-2-propanol-1,1,2,3,3-d5 (3) from epichlorohydrin-d5 are described. Treatment of epichlorohydrin-d5 with 1-naphthol, in the presence of a catalytic amount of pyridine, afforded a mixture of 1-chloro-3-(1-naphthyloxy)-2-propanol-1,1,2,3,3-d5 (4) and 1,2-epoxy-(1-naphthyloxy)-propane-1,1,2,3,3-d5 which was converted to 4, with HCl or to 5 with 6N KOH. Reaction of 4 with isopropylamine afforded 1. Acid catalyzed hydrolysis of 5 afforded 2. A modification of the synthesis of 1 using 4-methoxy-1-naphthol, epichlorohydrin-d5 (1N NaOH) afforded epoxide 7, which was opened with isopropylamine. Ether cleavage with pyridine HCl completed synthesis of 1-(isopropylamino)-3-(4-hydroxy-1-naphthyloxy)-2-propanol-1,1,2,3,3-d5 (3).
The spondylitis of inflammatory bowel disease

Of 12 patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) or sacroiliitis (SI), only 4 (32%) had HLA-B27. Family studies revealed 3 B27-negative relatives with AS, 1 with SI, 1 with SI and IBD, and 1 with IBD alone. HLA haplotypes did not segregate with disease. These data suggest a non-HLA linked genetic predisposition to IBD which also confers susceptibility to spondylitis, even in the absence of expression of bowel disease.
Contribution of the amygdala to learning and performance of conditional fear.

Abstract The amygdaloid complex appears to be an essential component in the neural systems mediating some forms of aversive Pavlovian conditioning. The relative contribution of this structure to acquisition and performance during fear conditioning was assessed by making temporary lesions in the amygdala prior to training or retention testing in a single-trial Pavlovian conditioning preparation. Microinjection of lidocaine HCl (5.0%, 1.0 μl) into the amygdala prior to the presentation of a CS signalling footshock resulted in a significant attenuation of the performance of conditional fear, as indexed by the amount of time rats spent engaged in defensive freezing behavior during the retention session. However, similar treatment with lidocaine prior to the training session, during which the CS and UCS were paired, resulted in only a weak reduction in subsequent responding. Thus, while both acquisition- and performance-related processes take place within the amygdala, it appears that the latter are more sensitive to disruption using the present procedures. These results are discussed in terms of the general role played by this structure in aversive learning and motivational processes.
Gastrointestinal motor activity following exposure to a high-frequency electric field.

Nachweis, dass die Exposition von mannlichen Sprague-Dawley-Ratten im hochfrequenten elektrischen Feld zu Veranderungen der gastro-intestinalen Motilitat fuhrt.
The Diverse Role of Selenium within Selenoproteins : A Review

Selenium functions within mammalian systems primarily in the form of selenoproteins. Selenoproteins contain selenium as selenocysteine and perform a variety of physiological roles. Eleven selenoproteins have been identified: cellular or classical glutathione peroxidase; plasma (or extracellular) glutathione peroxidase; phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase; gastrointestinal glutathione peroxidase; selenoprotein P; types 1, 2, and 3 iodothyronine deiodinase; selenoprotein W; thioredoxin reductase; and selenophosphate synthetase. Of these, cellular and plasma glutathione peroxidase are the functional parameters used for the assessment of selenium status. Glutathione peroxidases catalyze the reduction of peroxides that can cause cellular damage. Thioredoxin reductase provides reducing power for several biochemical processes and defends against oxidative stress. Selenoprotein P appears to play a role in oxidant defense. Selenoprotein W may play a role in oxidant defense and be involved with muscle metabolism. Thyroid deiodinases function in the formation and regulation of active thyroid hormone. Selenophosphate synthetase is an enzyme required for the incorporation of selenocysteine into selenoproteins. In addition, a protein in the sperm mitochondrial capsule, which is vital to the integrity of sperm flagella, may be a unique selenoprotein. Recommended intakes, food sources, and status assessment of selenium, as well as selenium's role in health and disease processes, are reviewed.
Individual variations in crime-related decisions☆

Abstract Sociological models of individual deterrence have generally assumed that there is a single decision-making strategy related to criminal behavior that may be mediated by certain social contexts. In this paper we argue that this process is also conditional on the psychological characteristics of the individual. Based on a panel study of early adolescence, evidence is presented that the effects of the severity of punishment and the perceptions of the moral “wrongness” of an act are contingent on the self-esteem of the individual. A method is proposed that enables a researcher to examine sources of individual variation within traditional, nonexperimental survey data sets.
Effect of flight on jet noise from supersonic underexpanded flows

Experiments on underexpanded cold jet flows from a convergent nozzle under simulated flight conditions have shown that a large periodic spinning motion of the jet can occur with greatly enhanced broadband noise production. Shadowgraph pictures indicate that this oscillatory jet motion accompanies the generation of random weak shock waves at the source. These waves appear to be generated at the point downstream of the nozzle exit where the shock cells in the jet begin to disappear. The weak shock waves propagate upstream and have been identified to be the cause of enhanced broadband jet noise production in flight. In addition, the results show that the boundary layer flow conditions over the outside of the primary nozzle (simulating engine cowl flow in flight) have a key role in the production of these random weak shock waves.
Ketorolac after congenital heart surgery: does it increase the risk of significant bleeding complications?

Summary Background: The routine use of ketorolac after congenital heart surgery in infants and children is limited by concerns for postoperative bleeding complications. The object of this study was to determine if the use of ketorolac is associated with an increased risk of significant postoperative bleeding after congenital heart surgery in infants and children. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed. The exposure of interest was postoperative use of ketorolac after congenital heart surgery in infants and children. The outcome measured was postoperative bleeding requiring surgical exploration. The patients who received ketorolac were compared with an age- and diagnosis-matched comparison group who did not receive ketorolac. Results: Records of 842 infants and children who underwent congenital heart surgery between July 2001 and October 2002 were reviewed. 94 (11.1%) patients were treated with ketorolac postoperatively. The comparison group consisted of 94 matched subjects selected from the patients that did not receive ketorolac. The mean age of patient in the ketorolac group was 8.5 (±6.1) years. No (0%) patients in the ketorolac group and four (4.2%) patients in the nonketorolac group developed postoperative bleeding requiring surgical exploration. The relative risk for postoperative bleeding that required surgical exploration in the ketorolac group compared with the nonketorolac group was 0.2 (95% CI 0.02–1.67). Conclusions: The use of ketorolac after congenital heart surgery in infants and children does not significantly increase the risk of bleeding complications requiring surgical exploration.
A theory of dynamic elastic constants of heteroge[ngrave]eous media

Abstract A theory of dynamic elastic constants is described. The approach taken is deterministic in nature and the elastic wave scattering off a single ellipsoidal inhomogeneity, a self-consistency scheme, and an averaging theorem over strain energy and kinetic energy are presented. The solution for a single ellipsoidal inhomogeneity embedded in an infinite solid under a time-harmonic plane incident wave-field is first given. The formulation depends on the use of the concept of transformation strains which now become frequency dependent. When the incident wavelength λ is much longer than the effective size of the ellipsoid the theory gives the well-known result for the Rayleigh limit. The effective properties of heterogeneous media with multicomponents depend upon a second-rank tensor D and a fourth-rank tensor A. Their derivation is presented by way of a self-consistency scheme. The dynamic effective moduli and mass density are found to be dispersive. Calculations for special cases will depend upon the e...
Barriers to change in regulated channel environments: Pharmacists' prescribing

Abstract Based on attitude-behavior theory and its extensions, the authors develop and test a model of pharmacists' intentions to prescribe medication under the Florida Pharmacists Self-Care Consultant Law. Data from a random sample of 490 Florida retail pharmacists, one of the few states where independent prescribing is currently allowed, revealed that frequency of past prescribing directly affects behavioral intentions. Also revealed are the underlying attitudinal and normative effects on frequency of past behavior. Post-behavioral reactions reinforce negative attitudes and the pharmacist's perception of the law's intent operates through perceived subjective norms. Suggestions for increasing pharmacists' prescribing, implications for service delivery channels, and future research directions are drawn from the findings.
Use of polyoxyethylene-lipid conjugates as long-circulating carriers for delivery of therapeutic and diagnostic agents

Abstract The utilization of micelle forming block-copolymers as long-circulating drug carriers for sparingly soluble or amphiphilic drugs or diagnostic agents is reviewed with the emphasis on the use of phosphatidylethanolamine-polyethyleneoxide (PE-PEO) conjugates as structural amphiphilic polymers for formulation of polymeric micelles. PE-PEO conjugates spontaneously form particles with average diameter 10–30 nm depending on the molecular weight of PEO block and which are stable upon dilution at ambient temperature. Topoisomerase II inhibitor ellipticine was shown to be successfully incorporated into PE-PEO (5 kDa) conjugate micelles in vitro. Percutaneous lymphatic delivery of amphiphilic diagnostic agents incorporated into PE-PEO micelles was demonstrated using magnetic resonance imaging and gamma-scintigraphy. For water-soluble low molecular weight drugs one can expect hydrophobic prodrug approach to be most suitable for use with this drug delivery system.
Optical polarimetry of particulate surfaces

Reflection polarimetry is a remote-sensing tool sensitive to the refractive index and microtexture of solid surfaces. Mechanisms producing linear polarization within a rough, porous, or particulate surface are discussed, and laboratory techniques for precise measurements are described in some detail. Polarimetry of atmosphereless solar-system bodies provides valuable indications of albedo for objects too small and distant for direct diameter determinations, and reveals that even quite small asteroids and satellites have particulate surfaces
Management of oxygenation in pediatric acute hypoxemic respiratory failure.

The prognosis for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in adults and children has improved since its formal acceptance as a clinical entity in 1967. Because acute hypoxemic respiratory failure is the hallmark of acute lung injury and ARDS, the management of oxygenation is crucial. Physicians managing pediatric patients with acute lung injury or ARDS are faced with a complex array of options influencing oxygenation. Certain treatment strategies can influence clinical outcomes, such as a lung-protective ventilation strategy that specifies a low tidal volume (6 mL/kg) and a plateau pressure limit (30 cm H(2)O) (Acute Respiratory Distress Network, N Engl J Med 2000;342:1301-1308). Other lung-protective strategies such as different levels of positive end-expiratory pressure, altered inspiratory:expiratory ratios, recruitment maneuvers, prone positioning, and extraneous gases or drugs may impact clinical outcomes but require further clinical study. This paper reviews state-of-the-art strategies on the management of oxygenation in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and attempts to guide pediatric pulmonologists in managing children with respiratory failure.
The transition to perfect generalization in perceptrons

Several recent papers (Gardner and Derrida 1989; Gyrgyi 1990; Sompolinsky et al. 1990) have found, using methods of statistical physics, that a transition to perfect generalization occurs in training a simple perceptron whose weights can only take values 1. We give a rigorous proof of such a phenomena. That is, we show, for = 2.0821, that if at least n examples are drawn from the uniform distribution on {1, 1}n and classified according to a target perceptron wt {1, 1}n as positive or negative according to whether wtx is nonnegative or negative, then the probability is 2(n) that there is any other such perceptron consistent with the examples. Numerical results indicate further that perfect generalization holds for as low as 1.5.
Automatic focus control: the astigmatic lens approach.

The use of an astigmatic lens to generate a position error signal (PES) suitable for servo control is discussed. A simple computer model was written that can predict adequately the performance of an astigmatic system. The effect of various system parameters on the PES is presented.
A specialized second level trigger processor

Abstract Addition to the event trigger in a conventional charged particle spectrometer of a hard-wired on-line trigger processor at second level and of a threshold Cherenkov counter at first level would enable a sensitive search for the | ΔS | = 2 weak, nonleptonic decay Ξ 0 → p π − .
Severely resorbed mandible: predictable reconstruction with soft tissue matrix expansion (tent pole) grafts.

Abstract Purpose: Attempts to reconstruct the severely resorbed mandible (≤6 mm) have historically been unsuccessful and often been complicated by fracture, fistulas, and neurosensory loss. In the past, bone grafts to these severely resorbed mandibles have rapidly resorbed due to a soft tissue volume deficiency that contracts about the graft. Material and Methods: A novel surgical approach using dental implants as “tent poles,” along with bone grafting, is described, and the long-term follow-up of 64 cases is presented. Results: The results revealed that all 64 grafts maintained 15 mm of bone height, with a follow-up ranging from 3 to 10 years and a mean follow-up of 4.9 years. The starting bone heights ranged from 3 to 6 mm, with a mean height of 4.8 mm. The mean bone height gain was 10.2 mm, with a range of 9 to 13 mm. All patients progressed to a functional denture that remained in function at the time of their follow-up. Short-term parasthesia (≤3 weeks) was noted in 17.1% of patients, but no permanent neurosensory disturbance was noted. In these 64 cases, 356 dental implants were placed and 354 were osseointegrated (99.5%) and functioning at the time of follow-up (≥3 years). Conclusions: The novel strategy of this surgery whereby bone grafts consolidate and maintain their volume by dental implants that creates a tenting effect offers predictable long-term reconstruction of the severely resorbed mandible without the complications observed with other approaches. © 2002 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons J Oral Maxillofac Surg 60:878-889, 2002
Quantum coherence spectroscopy reveals complex dynamics in bacterial light-harvesting complex 2 (LH2)

Light-harvesting antenna complexes transfer energy from sunlight to photosynthetic reaction centers where charge separation drives cellular metabolism. The process through which pigments transfer excitation energy involves a complex choreography of coherent and incoherent processes mediated by the surrounding protein and solvent environment. The recent discovery of coherent dynamics in photosynthetic light-harvesting antennae has motivated many theoretical models exploring effects of interference in energy transfer phenomena. In this work, we provide experimental evidence of long-lived quantum coherence between the spectrally separated B800 and B850 rings of the light-harvesting complex 2 (LH2) of purple bacteria. Spectrally resolved maps of the detuning, dephasing, and the amplitude of electronic coupling between excitons reveal that different relaxation pathways act in concert for optimal transfer efficiency. Furthermore, maps of the phase of the signal suggest that quantum mechanical interference between different energy transfer pathways may be important even at ambient temperature. Such interference at a product state has already been shown to enhance the quantum efficiency of transfer in theoretical models of closed loop systems such as LH2.
The Praxis of Mentoring: Power, Organising and Emancipation

The purpose of this article is twofold: first, to juxtapose the praxis of mentoring with its domina tion and, second, to examine the praxis of mentoring. The rationale of the inquiry is based on social reconstructivist principles, recognising that relational structures and human experiences are both productive and reproductive in nature and in effect. The inquiry has pedagogical impli cations for institutional practices in education and political implications for individual voluntary versus institutional organising. It is potentially counter-hegemonic against the discourse of globalisation inevitability. Overall, the paper investigates the development and socialisation of human agency in institutional and social associations in which the praxis of mentoring intervenes.
Ninety years of Chagas disease: a success story at the periphery.

Peripheral countries are at a disadvantage with respect to the construction of scientific knowledge, which is mostly carried out by a small number of traditional core loci countries. However, in a few cases, groups of scientists are able to break through exclusion barriers. Sometimes they tackle relevant issues, share values and procedures with core loci representatives, and take part in heated controversies: in short, they participate in the construction of legitimate science. These scientists form 'centres of excellence' in scientifically marginal countries. In this paper, contextual conditions involving the emergence, establishment and decline of such enterprises are discussed, on the basis of examples drawn from the history of Chagas disease (Cd). In this history, we see a major discovery established, deconstructed and re-established. Quantitative analyses of publications on Cd over 70 years show the relation between the choice of different types of journals and methodological approaches, and the legitimation strategies adopted by different groups of practitioners. It also shows the outcomes of such strategies in terms of production concentration, emergence of new authors and growth of institutional work. This story shows that it is important for the pioneers to establish a different intellectual culture in their local environment. Unless they do so, and gair its acceptance among their immediate colleagues, the enterprise cannot preserve its status as a centre of excellence.
Bioethics from a pragmatic perspective: ethical issues in biopharmaceuticals

In recent times competitive, commercial and fiscal pressures have introduced new and challenging issues for the pharmaceutical industry. This essay identifies some of these issues and proposes mechanisms for their resolution. This overview is not intended to serve as a comprehensive assessment, but rather as an introduction to and call for utilization of bioethics as a tool in the resolution of practical issues that otherwise could limit the development and introduction of important therapeutic entities into the clinic.
The Multiproblem Family Presents in a Children's Outpatient Psychiatric Clinic

This study focuses on children from multiproblem families when they appear at an outpatient psychiatric clinic for children. The sample consisted of the first 50 children and their families referred to a large children's outpatient psychiatric facility early in 1974. A multiproblem family was defined in terms of the number of helping agencies and/or professionals contacted by family members within the 3-year period prior to the current psychiatric evaluation and by the number of households in which the designated child patient had lived. Eighteen percent of the 50 cases met the criteria established for a multiproblem family. These indicators successfully differentiated multiproblem from nonmulti-problem families along a number of socioeconomic, demographic, family health, and family stability dimensions. Special difficulties encountered in psychiatrically evaluating children of such multiproblem families are presented, and ways of dealing with them are discussed.
Practising postmodern geography

(1995). Practising postmodern geography. Scottish Geographical Magazine: Vol. 111, No. 3, pp. 179-181.
Enantioselective approach to functionalized quinolizidines: synthesis of (+)-julandine and (+)-cryptopleurine

An efficient synthesis of functionalized quinolizidines was developed from an enantiomerically enriched γ-nitroketone, which is easily prepared by an organocatalytic ketone–nitroalkene Michael addition. Oxidative ring expansion of the nitroketone followed by reductive ring-opening leads to a suitably functionalized nitrodiol which is an intermediate to the title compounds.
TEMPERATURE VARIATION OF THE MAGNETIC INELASTIC SCATTERING OF SLOW NEUTRONS

The main features of the temperature variation of the magnetic inelastic scattering of slow neutrons in iron, recently measured by Palevsky and Hughes, are accounted for, by use of a theoretical description of the scattering in terms of the correlation between pairs of spins at different positions and different times. Proofs will be given in a later paper devoted to a general discussion of space-time correlations and of their use in scattering theory.
The New Revolution in Political Science

A new revolution is under way in American political science. The last revolution—behavioralism—has scarcely been completed before it has been overtaken by the increasing social and political crises of our time. The weight of these crises is being felt within our discipline in the form of a new conflict in the throes of which we now find ourselves. This new and latest challenge is directed against a developing behavioral orthodoxy. This challenge I shall call the post-behavioral revolution.The initial impulse of this revolution is just being felt. Its battle cries are relevance and action. Its objects of criticism are the disciplines, the professions, and the universities. It is still too young to be described definitively. Yet we cannot treat it as a passing phenomenon, as a kind of accident of history that will somehow fade away and leave us very much as we were before. Rather it appears to be a specific and important episode in the history of our discipline, if not in all of the social sciences. It behooves us to examine this revolution closely for its possible place in the continuing evolution of political science. Does it represent a threat to the discipline, one that will divert us from our long history in the search for reliable understanding of politics? Or is it just one more change that will enhance our capacity to find such knowledge?
Confirmation of self-reported cataract in the Physicians' Health Study

Large-scale prospective studies of disease development often rely on self-reported data. To assess the accuracy of self-reports of cataract, we compared the self-reports with medical record data obtained from diag- nosing ophthalmologists and optometrists for participants in the Physicians' Health Study, a randomized trial of aspirin and beta-carotene among 22,071 male U.S. physicians aged 40 - 84 years. A report of cataract, defined as a posi- tive response to a question about whether cataract had ever been diagnosed in either eye and the date of diagnosis, was found to be a very good indicator of lens opacification but was not a good indicator of an incident, age-related opacity that reduced visual acuity. These results indicate that in large pro- spective studies of clinically significant cataract, where examination of all study participants is not feasible and self-reported data are used, additional documentation to supplement the self-reports should be obtained and strict diagnostic criteria applied to minimize the likely effects of misclassification. Correspondence to: William G.
Megaprojects and Risk: An Anatomy of Ambition

Megaprojects and Risk: An Anatomy of Ambition. By Bent Flyvbjerg, Nils Bruzelius, and Werner Rothengatter. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003. 218p. 20.00 paper.Multibillion dollar infrastructural projects, or megaprojects such as the Channel Tunnel, the Oresund bridge between Denmark and Sweden, the Hong Kong and Denver airports, or many high-speed rail links in Europe, continue to be built in record numbers despite poor performance and colossal losses. Why? The authors provide ample evidence to substantiate their claim that such projects are systematically misrepresented in public and private deliberations because many of the participants in the process have incentives to underestimate costs, overestimate revenues, undervalue environmental impact, and overvalue economic development effects.