cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of chitosan microparticles for mitigation of Salmonella in agricultural water.

Aim The activity of chitosan microparticles (CM) was examined using a matrix of conditions in order to assess the efficacy of CM as a mitigation against various strains of Salmonella enterica in agricultural water. Methods and Results Different concentrations of CM (0, 0·01, 0·1, 0·2, 0·3% w/v) were examined for antimicrobial activity against log vs stationary phase cells of Salmonella and at different conditions of temperature, salinity and pH. Results showed greatest activity with 0·3% CM at pH 7, 25–37°C without additional of salt. Significant reductions in Salmonella levels were also achieved in natural pond water, although decreases were reduced compared to sterile water. All serotypes were sensitive to CM, with minimal inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0·0031 to 0·0250% w/v. Phylogenic analysis of Javiana strains showed increased resistance appeared in multiple genetic lineages. Conclusion Conditions demonstrating greatest CM activity were compatible with agricultural practices. Although sensitivity to CM varied among Salmonella strains, all strains were sensitive under conditions examined in this study. Significance and Impact of the Study This research indicated that CM, a natural compound with minimal environmental impact, could be an effective alternative for mitigating Salmonella in agricultural water applications.
A Rare Case Report of Hydronephrosis and Acute Kidney Injury Secondary to Gonadal Vein Thrombosis in a Young Male

Background: Gonadal vein thrombosis (GVT) has been reported in association with malignancy and pelvic inflammatory conditions. Patients who develop GVT often require systemic anticoagulation to reduce the risk of pulmonary embolism and other local and distant thromboembolic effects. As the gonadal vein courses from the pelvis toward its outlet in the upper abdomen, its intimate relationship to the ureter in the setting of vascular pathology may pose a risk for urinary obstruction in the adult. We are reporting a rare case of GVT leading to ureteral obstruction and acute kidney injury (AKI) in a young otherwise healthy male and provide a review of similar literature. Case Presentation: We describe a case of an otherwise healthy 29-year-old African American adult male presenting with acute diverticulitis and associated left GVT with no evidence of hypercoagulability, leading to ureteral obstruction, hydronephrosis, and AKI. Treatment with ureteral stent placement, endovascular intervention, and systemic anticoagulation led to resolution of his condition. Conclusion: This report details a rare case of confirmed GVT in an adult male with resultant urinary obstruction. Decompression of the collecting system and treatment of the significant venous obstruction with surgical intervention, combined with medical systemic anticoagulation, were effective in reversing the underlying cause.
Relationship between engagement and level of functional status in older adults

Functional status is an important component of quality of life for older adults and for their caregivers. Factors associated with level of functional status include age, comorbidity, cognitive status, depression, social support, and activity. Of the types of activity linked with functional status, the strongest evidence is for physical exercise, with weaker evidence for social and productive activity. Engagement is a construct including motivation, commitment, and participation.Objective:The objective of this study was to determine whether or not engagement is associated with level of functional status after controlling for age, comorbidity, and depression among older adults.Methods:In all, 92 older adults were recruited from senior living centers and a university-based senior exercise group. The main independent variable was engagement. Other independent variables were age, comorbidity, and depression. The dependent variable was level of functional status. Two different measures of level of functional st...
Divergent Paths to Global Expansion: The Cases of Thai Multinational Corporations

This paper bridges the literatures on international business management, organizational learning, and strategic human resource management (SHRM) to examine how emerging market multinational corpora...
"Large Corporate Lawsuits, Market Reaction and Ex-Post Boardroom Adjustments"

Large scale corporate lawsuits represent important organizational crisis contexts. They have the potential to significantly and adversely affect organizational performance. Despite the burgeoning c...
Astrocytic metabolic switch is a novel etiology for Cocaine and HIV-1 Tat-mediated neurotoxicity

Calcium (Ca2+) dynamics and oxidative signaling control mitochondrial bioenergetics in the central nervous system, where astrocytes are a major energy source for neurons. Cocaine use exacerbates HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, but little is known about disruptions in astrocyte metabolism in this context. Our data show that the HIV protein Tat and cocaine induce a metabolic switch from glucose to fatty acid oxidation in astrocytes, thereby limiting lactate transport to neurons. Mechanistic analyses revealed increased Mitochondrial Ca2+ Uniporter (MCU)-mediated Ca2+ uptake in astrocytes exposed to Tat and cocaine due to oxidation of MCU. Since our data suggest that mitochondrial oxidation is dependent in part on MCU-mediated Ca2+ uptake, we targeted MCU to restore glycolysis in astrocytes to normalize extracellular lactate levels. Knocking down MCU in astrocytes prior to Tat and cocaine exposure prevented metabolic switching and protected neurons. These findings identify a novel molecular mechanism underlying neuropathogenesis in HIV and cocaine use.
Morphological Identification of Hair Recovered from Feces for Detection of Cannibalism in Eastern Chimpanzees

Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are primarily frugivorous but consume a variable amount of meat from a variety of organisms, including other chimpanzees. Cannibalism is rare, usually follows lethal aggression, and does not occur following natural deaths. While chimpanzee cannibalism has been documented at multiple sites, many instances of this behavior go unrecorded. Identification of chimpanzee remains in feces, however, can provide indirect evidence of cannibalism. Hair, in particular, typically passes through the gastrointestinal tract undamaged and is commonly used for purposes of identification in wildlife forensics. Here we test the hypothesis that eastern chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) guard hair morphology can be reliably distinguished from the hairs of their most common prey species. Methods and results are presented in the context of a case study involving a suspected chimpanzee infanticide from Gombe, Tanzania. We find that chimpanzee guard hair morphology is unique among tested mammals and that the presence of abundant chimpanzee hair in feces is likely the result of cannibalism and not incidental ingestion from grooming or other means. Accordingly, morphological analysis of guard hairs from feces is a promising, cost-effective tool for the determination of cannibalistic acts in chimpanzees.
A Lifetime of Adventures in Glycobiology

My initial research experience involved studying how bacteria synthesize nucleotide sugars, the donors for the formation of cell wall polysaccharides. During this time, I became aware that mammalian cells also have a surface coat of sugars and was intrigued as to whether these sugars might be arranged in specific sequences that function as information molecules in biologic processes. Thus began a long journey that has taken me from glycan structural analysis and determination of plant lectin-binding preferences to the biosynthesis of Asn-linked oligosaccharides and the mannose 6-phosphate (Man-6-P) lysosomal enzyme targeting pathway. The Man-6-P system represents an early example of a glycan serving as an information molecule in a fundamental cellular function. The remarkable advances in the field of glycobiology since I entered have uncovered scores of additional examples of oligosaccharide-lectin interactions mediating critical biologic processes. It has been a rewarding experience to participate in the efforts that have established a central role for glycans in biology.
Sentimental Objects: Nostalgia and the Child in Cinema of the Spanish Memory Boom

El presente articulo indaga en como dos peliculas del llamado “boom de la memoria historica” espanola representan a sus protagonistas infantiles partiendo de cierta “ansiedad de influencia” relacionada con la pelicula antecesora El espiritu de la colmena (Erice, 1973 ). Argumenta que, a pesar de cierta relacion intertextual, estas dos peliculas mas recientes se diferencian de su predecesora en terminos de su representacion de la infancia, haciendo uso del nino como una herramienta de didactismo y nostalgia; en el proceso, ofrecen una imagen del nino que se instrumentaliza como objeto, en vez de realizarse como sujeto.
Errors on a computer task and subclinical symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Previous reports have found increased error rate for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on response time (RT) computer tasks. Here we attempt the conceptual replication and extension of two studies that examined error rate in a general population of children (N = 203). Study 1 followed Johnstone and Galletta (2013) but considered associations between scores on a dimensional measure of ADHD symptoms (rather than comparing those with or without an ADHD diagnosis) and the frequency of commission and omission errors. Study 2 followed Shiels et al. (2012) and examined post-error adjustment in the same group of children as for Study 1. Study 1 did not replicate previous findings of no increase in errors of commission in those with higher ADHD symptoms (Johnstone & Galletta, 2013). Instead, we found that younger children with lower ADHD symptoms were more likely to make commission errors, while omission errors did not vary with age. Study 2 replicated the previous finding of less RT slowing in children with more ADHD symptoms, extending this finding to a general population of children. Namely, as ADHD symptoms increase, RT slowing is less likely, putting children with higher ADHD symptoms at risk of additional errors. Overall, we extend previous ADHD research to typically developing children with ADHD symptoms.
Impact of Freeze-Thaw Degradation on FRP-Concrete Interface Fracture

This paper presents an experimental investigation into the effects of freeze-thaw cycling on the FRP-concrete interfacial bond behavior. The strain distributions in the concrete and FRP are determined using the displacements obtained from an optical technique based on digital image correlation (DIC). The influence of freeze-thaw on stress transfer during fracture is studied. The results of the strain analysis are used to establish the non-linear material law for shear fracture along the FRP-concrete interface for specimens subjected to freeze-thaw cycles. The results show that freeze-thaw cycling produces significant decrease in the ultimate load transferring capacity and the interfacial fracture energy.
Complete Basis Set Models for Chemical Reactivity: from the Helium Atom to Enzyme Kinetics

Pair natural orbital extrapolations to the complete basis set limit provide the foundation for a sequence of cost-effective CBS models. The current models: CBS-QCI/APNO, CBS-QB3, and CBS-4M, are applicable to species with 5, 10, and 20 non-hydrogen atoms, and are reliable to ca. 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 kcal/mol respectively. These methods are applicable to transition states for chemical reactions with the IRCMax procedure. The ZC-VTST CBS-QCI/APNO model is capable of quantitative predictions of absolute rate constants. A double extrapolation promises a new generation of significantly more accurate and reliable models that will no longer require empirical corrections. The Δ5-ketosteroid isomerasecatalyzed conversion of Δ5 - to Δ4-androstene-3, 17-dione provided a case study for the extension of such high-accuracy methods to enzyme kinetics. The impact that high-accuracy computational quantum chemistry is currently having on combustion chemistry will soon be extended to biology. This is an exciting time for computational science.
Perpetrator Risk Markers for Intimate Terrorism and Situational Couple Violence: A Meta-Analysis:

Johnson developed a typology of intimate partner violence (IPV) which includes two different categories of violence: situational couple violence (SCV) and intimate terrorism (IT). Johnson proposed that IT is more likely to be found in clinical samples (e.g., batterer intervention programs or domestic violence shelters) compared to nonclinical (general population) samples. This meta-analysis (n = 149 studies; k = 216 effect sizes) examines differences in the strengths of IPV risk markers in clinical and nonclinical samples of male perpetrators and female victims. All variables (communication and conflict resolution, demand-withdraw patterns, relationship dissatisfaction, controlling behaviors, jealousy, patriarchal beliefs, power in the relationship, and stalking) were expected to be significantly related to IPV for both clinical and nonclinical populations. However, specific variables indicative of IT (control, jealousy, patriarchal beliefs, power, and stalking) were expected to be more strongly associated with clinical samples compared to nonclinical samples. As expected, most variables were significant for clinical and nonclinical populations, and IT risk markers (control, power, jealousy, and patriarchal beliefs) were significantly stronger risk markers for IPV in clinical samples. These results indicate that Johnson's typology may be conceptualized as representing a continuum of violence, with IT being more severe due to the controlling nature of the violence. Sample type needs to be considered when research about IPV is disseminated, as different degrees of IPV (IT vs. SCV) may be present depending on sample type. Implications from this study include the need to differentiate the level of violence and to tailor intervention for IPV appropriately.
Searching for Gravitational Waves from the Coalescence of High Mass Black Hole Binaries

We search for gravitational waves from the coalescence (inspiral, merger and ringdown) of binary black holes with data from the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO). Provided with well-described waveform models from General Relativity, matched filtering is employed in the GSTLAL analysis pipeline as the optimal detection technique for weak signals in Gaussian noise. The GSTLAL analysis pipeline fi lters data with waveform template banks, identif ies triggers with SNR greater than 4, forms coincident triggers between multiple detectors in the LSC-Virgo Collaboration, and attempts to optimally separate signal from detector background noise fluctuations using a Chisquared test. We analyze high-statistics simulations of binary merger waveforms injected into LIGO recolored S6 data to evaluate the pipeline search sensitivity and to test the readiness of the pipeline for Advanced LIGO. With Advanced LIGO fully in operation by 2015 and the upgraded analysis pipelines, the expected detection rate is increased to as much as 100 events/year or more as compared to 0.01–1 events/year in Initial LIGO. Our work will make it possible to detect gravitational waves from binary black hole coalescence in Advanced LIGO data with high confidence.
The Religious Problem with Religious Freedom

The religious problem with religious freedom, Robert Joustra explains, is a reflection of the contested character of the religious and the secular, both as to ideas and practices. Joustra identifie...
The invention of radical reactions. Part XXVI. New thio- and seleno-hydroxamic acids; radical chemistry of their O-acyl derivatives.

Abstract New thio- and seleno-hydroxamic acids have been synthesized from various 4,4-disubstituted thiazolidine-2,5-dithiones. Their corresponding O-acyl derivatives rearrange photochemically, with visible light, in an identical manner to the acyl derivatives of N-hydroxy-2-thiopyridone. A wide range of half-lives was observed.
Production of tritium and /sup 4/He in a large cylinder of /sup 6/LiD irradiated with 14-MeV neutrons and comparison with Monte Carlo calculations

A large cylindrical assembly of /sup 6/LiD was irradiated by neutrons from a high-intensity deuterium-tritium source. Small samples of /sup 6/Li, /sup 7/Li, and /sup 6/LiH, all encapsulated in lead, were positioned along the assembly axis and served as indicators for /sup 4/He and tritium production. The amount of /sup 4/He was determined by isotope dilution mass spectrometry while the tritium content of the /sup 6/LiH wafers was measured by proportional counting of gas samples. Careful comparison of the results with TART Monte Carlo calculations showed excellent agreement. For /sup 4/He generation, the experimental values were 1.01 +. 0.06 times those of the calculations, while for tritium the ratio was 1.055 +. 0.07.
Gender-as-Lived: The Coloniality of Gender in Schools as a Queer Teacher Listens in to Complicated Moments of Resistance

In this paper, I use Gloria Anzaldua’s (1987) narrative method of “autohistoria” in concert with theoretical analysis to reflect on my experiences as a queer teacher in the heteronormative United States schooling system. These reflections are aimed at unpacking the ways in which racialization, sexual orientation and coloniality are inseparably tied to living out one’s gender. It is this phenomenon of “Gender-as-Lived” that I urge become a focus of identity development research in education studies and is my central concern in this post-intentional phenomenological study. Furthermore, Anzaldua’s conceptualization of the liminal zone of “nepantla” as an embodied and in-between space of resistance offers to transform the practice of teaching into a vocation of healing.
Mechanical properties of highly porous PEEK bionanocomposites incorporated with carbon and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles for scaffold applications

Bone regeneration is of great importance worldwide, because of various bone diseases, such as infections, tumors, and resultant fracture, birth defects, and bone loss due to trauma, explosion, or accident. Bone regeneration can be achieved by several materials and templates manufactured through various fabrication techniques. Uses of different materials and scaffold fabrication techniques have been explored over the past 20 years. In this research, polyetheretherketone (PEEK) was used to fabricate highly porous bionanocomposite foams for bone scaffolding. Melt casting and salt porogen (200–500 µm size) leaching methods were adapted to create an adequate pore size and the necessary percent of porosity, because pore size plays a vital role in cell implantation and growth. Porosity (75% and 85%) of the prepared scaffolds was adjusted by changing salt concentrations in the PEEK powder. Hydroxyapatite (HA) and carbon particles were used to improve cell attachments and interactions with the porous PEEK and to increase the mechanical properties of the scaffold materials. Carbon fiber (CF) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were uniformly dispersed into the PEEK powder before melt casting to enhance the mechanical properties and to observe the influence of the carbon particles on the properties of PEEK bionanocomposite foam. Compression test results of the fabricated bionanocomposites showed that HA and carbon particles are the potential filler materials for the enhancement of bionanocomposite mechanical properties. About 186% enhancement of compression modulus and 43% enhancement of yield strength were observed while incorporating only 0.5 wt% of CNTs into PEEK/HA bionanocomposites having 75% porosity, compared to PEEK/HA 20 wt% bionanocomposites. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) test results reveal that pore size and interconnectivity of the nanocomposite foams are in order and within the designed sizes. Mechanical tests proved that PEEK bionanocomposite foam has the potential for use in bone scaffolding and other biomedical applications.
3D H-scan ultrasound imaging system and method for acoustic scatterer size estimation: Preliminary studies using phantom materials

H-scan ultrasound (US) is an innovative real-time imaging technology that depicts the relative size of acoustic scattering objects and structures. The purpose of this research was to develop a novel 3-dimensional (3D) H-scan US imaging approach for tissue classification in volume space. Using a programmable research scanner (Vantage 256, Verasonics Inc, Kirkland, WA) equipped with a custom-built volumetric imaging transducer (4DL7, Vermon, Tours, France), radio frequency (RF) data was collected for offline processing. H-scan US images were constructed after applying a set of convolutional filters based on Gaussian-weighted Hermite polynomials. These functions are related to different sized scattering objects. Preliminary studies were conducted using homogeneous gelatin-based tissue-mimicking phantom materials embedded with acoustic scatterers of varying size (15, 30 or 250 μm) and concentrations (0.1, 0.3, 0.5 or 1.0 %). In vitro results indicate that 3D H-scan US imaging can detect acoustic scatterers of varying size (p 0.05). Overall, our preliminary in vitro findings reveal that 3D H-scan US imaging allows the visualization of different tissue scatterer patterns.
So You Think You Don't Plunge? An Assessment of Far Cortex Drill Tip Plunging Based on Level of Training.

INTRODUCTION Drill bit tip plunging past the far cortex places critical anatomical structures at risk. This study measured plunging past the far cortex based on level of training. The time required for screw placement when a depth gauge was used to measure bone tunnel depth was compared to the time required for screw placement when bone tunnel depth was measured in real time. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty orthopedic surgery staff with 1-37 years of experience applied 10-hole plates to cadaveric limbs. Procedures were performed using two different drilling systems. Time and plunge depth were recorded. RESULTS Penetration past the far cortex ranged from an average of 11.9 mm in the novice group to an average of 6.1 mm in the experienced group (P <0.001). The time required to drill and place a screw decreased by an average of 14 seconds per screw when depth gauge use was eliminated. CONCLUSIONS Penetration past the far cortex occurred at all levels of training, but decreased with increased levels of experience. Real time measurement of bone tunnel length decreased total drilling time. The time saved with real time measurement decreased with increased level of experience.
Brief, peer-delivered motivational interview promotes help seeking behavior among college students with needle anxiety: A randomized controlled trial.

Needle anxiety symptoms are prevalent among college students and predict lack of engagement in student health initiatives including influenza immunization programs. Most do not seek treatment for t...
Cognitive functioning and pain interference mediate pain predictive effects on health-related quality of life in pediatric patients with Neurofibromatosis Type 1.

Abstract Objectives The objective was to investigate the serial mediating effects of perceived cognitive functioning and pain interference in daily living in the relationship between perceived pain and overall generic health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in children, adolescents, and young adults with Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1). Methods The Pain, Cognitive Functioning, and Pain Impact Scales from the PedsQL Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Module and the PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales were completed in a multi-site national study by 323 patients ages 5–25 and 335 parents. A serial multiple mediator model analysis was conducted to test the hypothesized sequential mediating effects of cognitive functioning and pain interference as intervening variables in the association between pain as a predictor variable and overall generic HRQOL. Results Pain predictive effects on overall generic HRQOL were serially mediated by cognitive functioning and pain interference. In predictive analytics models utilizing hierarchical multiple regression analyses with age and gender demographic covariates, pain, cognitive functioning and pain interference accounted for 66% of the variance in patient-reported generic HRQOL and 57% of the variance in parent proxy-reported generic HRQOL (P Conclusions Cognitive functioning and pain interference explain in part the mechanism of pain predictive effects on overall generic HRQOL in pediatric patients with NF1. Identifying NF1-specific pain, cognitive functioning, and pain interference as salient predictors of overall generic HRQOL from the patient and parent perspective facilitates a family-centered orientation to the comprehensive care of children, adolescents, and young adults with NF1.
The Virginia Journal of International Law (A)

Established in 1959, the Virginia Journal of International Law (VJIL) was a student-edited law review at the University of Virginia School of Law. It was among the world's most influential international law journals, and pieces published in the journal had been cited by the Supreme Court of the United States and the International Court of Justice, among many other highly prestigious courts. Despite this, it faced numerous operational challenges, including long publication lead times, missed publication dates, and financial uncertainty. The case allows students to practice problem solving through the A3 thinking process. Supplemental videos discuss aspects of the case in detail and support case discussion. Excerpt UVA-OM-1640 Jul. 31, 2020 The Virginia Journal of International Law (A) This is a [freaking] mutiny…how the hell did it get like this? —Incoming Editor-in-Chief, Virginia Journal of International Law, Volume 60 Established in 1959, the Virginia Journal of International Law (VJIL) was a student-edited law review at the University of Virginia School of Law. It was among the world's most influential international law journals, and pieces published in the journal had been cited by the Supreme Court of the United States and the International Court of Justice, among many other highly prestigious courts. VJIL covered a wide range of topics within international law, including international commercial law, international litigation and arbitration, international humanitarian and human rights, and comparative law. The journal expected to publish three editions annually, comprising one volume. Each issue contained approximately four pieces, which could be articles, notes, or essays. VJIL had hundreds of universities and agencies as subscribers that paid annual subscription fees for the three editions in each volume. The journal had the goals of being profitable and being a highly citable and prestigious law review to which scholars and judges looked when writing commentary and making decisions about the future of international law. . . .
Considerations in the Use of Work-From-Home (WFH) for Post-Pandemic Planning and Management

after widespread use of work-from-home (a.k.a. ‘remote work’) during the COVID-19 pandemic, many organizations intend to continue or expand its use into the future. This paper presents a literature review and results from an original survey, both of which point to key considerations for planners and managers. Subjects that are highlighted include: giving remote workers access to job-related information they need; recognizing that certain types of tasks may be more challenging to manage in WFH, such as loosely specified tasks and those involving substantial change or newness; and issues that arise in regard to morale and motivation.
Case 2: What Is Wrong with This Picture?

This is your operating room in eastern Turkey. You have just arrived. An anesthesia technician shows you how to check the machine and all seems to be working well. Oxygen is provided by the large H-cylinders. When full it contains approximately 7100 l of oxygen and a pressure of 2200 psi. You see that there is no ventilator but you can obviously attach a Mapleson A circuit to the fresh gas outlet at the front right of your anesthesia machine. (See Case 1.) If the technician can provide you with a Bain circuit (Mapleson D) then you can remove the Mapleson A and use the Bain to hand ventilate. If you had a pressure cycled ventilator like a Penlon, then you could use that.
Risk of hospitalized and non-hospitalized gastrointestinal bleeding in ALLHAT trial participants receiving diuretic, ACE-inhibitor, or calcium-channel blocker

Objectives This post-trial data linkage analysis was to utilize the data of Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) participants linked with their Medicare data to examine the risk of hospitalized and non-hospitalized gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding associated with antihypertensives. Settings ALLHAT was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, active-controlled trial conducted in a total of 42,418 participants aged ≥55 years with hypertension in 623 North American centers. Data for ALLHAT participants who were aged at ≥65 have been linked with their Medicare claims data. Participants A total of 16,676 patients (4,480 for lisinopril, 4,537 for amlodipine, and 7,659 for chlorthalidone) with complete Medicare claims data were available for the final analysis. Results The cumulative incidences through March 31, 2002 of hospitalized GI bleeding were 5.4%, 5.8% and 5.4% for amlodipine, lisinopril, and chlorthalidone arms, respectively, but were not statistically significant among the 3 arms after adjusting for confounders in Cox regression models. The cumulative incidences of non-hospitalized GI bleeding were also similar across the 3 arms (12.0%, 12.2% and 12.0% for amlodipine, lisinopril, and chlorthalidone, respectively). The increased risk of GI bleeding by age was statistically significant after adjusting for confounders (HR = 1.04 per year, 95% CI: 1.03-1.05). Smokers also had a significantly higher risk of having hospitalized GI bleeding (1.45, 1.19-1.76). Hispanics, those who used aspirin or atenolol in-trial, had diabetes, more education, and a history of stroke had a significantly lower risk of having GI bleeding than their counterparts. Other factors such as gender, history of CHD, prior antihypertensive use, use of estrogen in women, and obesity did not have significant effects on the risk of GI bleeding. Conclusion There were no statistically significant differences on the risk of hospitalized or non-hospitalized GI bleeding among the 3 ALLHAT trial arms (amlodipine, lisinopril, and chlorthalidone) during the entire in-trial follow-up.
Unbounded and bounded microwave plasmas generated by a monopole antenna structure

Summary form only given. Methods of creating and controlling miniature microwave discharges that operate with low input power levels are being investigated. Various experimental structures to create these small sized and low input power microwave discharges are currently being constructed and measured. One variation creates the plasma discharge by the near fields of a short monopole antenna or electrode structure such that the discharge is attached or nearly attached to the antenna or electrode structure. The objective of this investigation is to explore the behavior of these discharges when they are operated at low microwave powers and with small physical dimensions. The experimental configuration utilized in this investigation is a single, microwave powered, monopole antenna or electrode extending into a discharge chamber. The microwave power supplied to the antenna structure is 2.45 GHz with a double stub tuner used for impedance matching to reduce the reflected power. The microwave discharge for a range of pressures and powers forms at the tip of the antenna with the size and properties of the discharge being dependent on the pressure and power. The discharge formed can be either unbounded where the plasma discharge surrounds the electrode tip, but the discharge is not large enough to touch the walls of the discharge chamber, or bounded where a discharge chamber enclosure confines the discharge. For the bounded discharges, three variations are considered including a spherical confinement, a cylindrical tube confinement and a flat disk shape confinement. The spherical confinement produces a plasma bounded in three directions, the cylindrical confinement produces a plasma bounded in two directions that is free to expand along the third direction, and the disk shaped confinement produces a plasma bounded in one direction and free to expand along the other two directions. The discharges are characterized using diagnostics to determine the discharge shape, size and power density via visual imaging and microwave power measurements, and the discharge charged particle densities and electron temperature via Langmuir probe measurements. Parameters varied in this study include the size and shape of the microwave antenna electrode, the discharge pressure (50 mTorr to 50 Torr) in the chamber, the input microwave power (less than 1 Watt to 100 Watt) and the type of feed gas (Argon and Nitrogen). Discharge sizes studied range from several cubic centimeters down to just a few cubic millimeters.
On a class of elliptic functions associated with imaginary quadratic fields

Let -D be the field discriminant of an imaginary quadratic field. We construct a class of elliptic functions associated naturally with the quadratic field Q(√-D) which, combined with the general theory of elliptic functions, allows us to provide a unified theory for two fundamental results (one classical and one due to Ramanujan) about the elliptic functions.
ARCH modeling in finance: A review of the theory and empirical evidence

Although volatility clustering has a long history as a salient empirical regularity characterizing high-frequency speculative prices, it was not until recently that applied researchers in finance have recognized the importance of explicitly modeling time-varying second-order moments. Instrumental in most of these empirical studies has been the Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (ARCH) model introduced by Engle (1982). This paper contains an overview of some of the developments in the formulation of ARCH models and a survey of the numerous empirical applications using financial data. Several suggestions for future research, including the implementation and tests of competing asset pricing theories, market microstructure models, information transmission mechanisms, dynamic hedging strategies, and the pricing of derivative assets, are also discussed.
Malarial parasite hexokinase and hexokinase-dependent glutathione reduction in the Plasmodium falciparum-infected human erythrocyte.

The metabolism of glucose in Plasmodium falciparum-infected human erythrocytes is increased 50- to 100-fold. This is accomplished in part by parasite-directed synthesis of a protozoan hexokinase with unique kinetic, electrophoretic, and heat stability properties. The total hexokinase activity is increased approximately 25-fold over that of control uninfected erythrocytes of the same age from the same donor. The parasite hexokinase has a lower affinity for glucose than the mammalian enzyme (Km = 431 microM +/- 21 S.D. for the parasite enzyme versus 98 microM +/- 10 for the erythrocyte enzyme), but the Km for ATP and the Vmax for both glucose and ATP are similar. The NADPH-dependent reduction of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) requires the formation of glucose 6-phosphate which in turn is metabolized by the pentose shunt pathway in which NADPH is generated. Using glucose as the substrate, lysates of P. falciparum-infected normal erythrocytes demonstrated enhanced ability to reduce GSSG. The rate of GSSG reduction was proportional both to the parasitemia and the hexokinase activity of the lysates. However, infected glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient red cell lysates displayed a severely restricted ability to reduce GSSG under the same conditions. In conclusion, P. falciparum-infected red cells contain a parasite-encoded hexokinase with unique properties which initiates the large increase in glucose consumption. In normal infected red cells, reduction of GSSG is also dependent upon hexokinase activity, but in infected glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient red cells, the absence of this pentose shunt enzyme remains the rate-limiting step in GSSG reduction.
The Great Inequality in a Hamiltonian Planetary Theory

The Jupiter-Saturn 2:5 near-commensurability is analyzed in a fully analytic Hamiltonian planetary theory. Computations for the Sun-Jupiter-Saturn system, extending to the third order of the masses and to the 8th degree in the eccentricities and inclinations, reveal an unexpectedly sensitive dependence of the solution on initial data and its likely nonconvergence. The source of the sensitivity and apparent lack of convergence is this near-commensurability, the so-called great inequality. This indicates that simple averaging, still common in current semi-analytic planetary theories, may not be an adequate technique to obtain information on the long-term dynamics of the Solar System. Preliminary results suggest that these difficulties can be overcome by using resonant normal forms.
The F Box Protein AFR Is a Positive Regulator of Phytochrome A-Mediated Light Signaling

Abstract Light is an important environmental cue to plants, and much of their physiology is influenced by light [1–3]. The light signals that drive these responses are perceived by photoreceptors including the red/far-red responsive phytochromes (phyA-E) [4]. In addition to direct effects, light also exerts its influence by modifying the rhythms generated by the circadian clock [1, 5, 6]. In Arabidopsis thaliana , the molecular makeup of the interface between the central clock and its input/output pathways is not fully defined, but a major point of control is likely to be protein turnover mediated by the ubiquitin/26S proteasome system [7]. To identify additional constituents of this interface, stable double-stranded RNA interference (RNAi) was used to reduce mRNA levels of rhythmically expressed candidate genes encoding putative components of E3 ubiquitin ligases (i.e., F box and RING finger proteins), followed by screening of the transgenic plants for circadian and light signaling defects. RNAi lines with diminished expression of the novel gene ATTENUATED FAR-RED RESPONSE ( AFR ) display phenotypes consistent with impaired phyA-mediated light signaling. Furthermore, AFR is a true SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase component. SCF AFR is expected to mediate the turnover of a repressor of phyA signaling, possibly to prepare the plant to receive light signals at dawn.
Damage in carbon fiber-reinforced concrete, monitored by electrical resistance measurement

Damage of carbon fiber-reinforced concrete was revealed by an increase in the DC electrical resistance in the stress direction during dynamic compression. Minor damage that did not involve a change in modulus resulted in a partially reversible increase in resistance during loading at a stress above that in prior loading. Major damage that involved a decrease in modulus resulted in resistance increase occurring in every loading cycle irrespective of prior loading and in an irreversible increase in the baseline resistance.
Transition State Structure for the Hydrolysis of NAD Catalyzed by Diphtheria Toxin.

Diphtheria toxin (DTA) uses NAD+ as an ADP-ribose donor to catalyze the ADP-ribosylation of eukaryotic elongation factor 2. This inhibits protein biosynthesis and ultimately leads to cell death. In the absence of its physiological acceptor, DTA catalyzes the slow hydrolysis of NAD+ to ADP-ribose and nicotinamide, a reaction that can be exploited to measure kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) of isotopically labeled NAD+s. Competitive KIEs were measured by the radiolabel method for NAD+ molecules labeled at the following positions: 1-15N = 1.030 ± 0.004, 1‘-14C = 1.034 ± 0.004, (1-15N,1‘-14C) = 1.062 ± 0.010, 1‘-3H = 1.200 ± 0.005, 2‘-3H = 1.142 ± 0.005, 4‘-3H = 0.990 ± 0.002, 5‘-3H = 1.032 ± 0.004, 4‘-18O = 0.986 ± 0.003. The ring oxygen, 4‘-18O, KIE was also measured by whole molecule mass spectrometry (0.991 ± 0.003) and found to be within experimental error of that measured by the radiolabel technique, giving an overall average of 0.988 ± 0.003. The transition state structure of NAD+ hydrolysis was determi...
Physical origin of the discontinuity of the Kohn-Sham theory effective potential☆

Abstract We derive a formal line-integral expression for the discontinuity that occurs in the electron-interaction potential of the Kohn-Sham (KS) theory as the electron number passes through an integer. The discontinuity may thus be interpreted as the work done to move an electron in the force of a conservative field. This result is derived via the rigorous description of the KS theory in terms of density matrices, and as such we provide an explanation for the physical origin of the discontinuity from a distinctly different perspective. The derivation further shows that the different electron correlations represented in the KS potentials, viz. those due to the Pauli exclusion principle, Coulomb repulsion, and correlation-kinetic effects, all contribute to the discontinuity, and the contribution of each to the conservative field is given explicitly. The same physics shows that the KS representation of Hartree-Fock and Hartree theories as well as other approximations must also exhibit the discontinuity, and we demonstrate this for the work formalism Hartree-Fock approximation.
The protein subunit of cucumber virus 4; degradation of viruses by succinylation

Abstract The protein of cucumber virus 4 was dissociated into subunits by succinylation. The subunit molecular weight was found to be 19,000 by sedimentation-diffusion and 21,500 by osmotic pressure. The intact virus was degraded into subunits by succinylation as well. Tobacco mosaic virus, Tipula iridescent virus, and T2 bacteriophage were also degraded to slower-sedimenting components by treatment with succinic anhydride.
ASSESSING CHANGES IN FINANCIAL STATISTICS USING STABLE PARETIAN DISTRIBUTIONS AND INFORMATION THEORY

STABLE PARETIAN distributions and information theory have been postulated by Fama [3], Mandelbrot [7] and Theil [10] as descriptions of and techniques for the analysis of changes in financial statistics. Fama and Mandelbrot conclude that stock price changes are characterized better by stable distributions than Gaussian distributions. This contention is founded on the random walk and efficient market hypotheses. The implications of the Mandelbrot hypothesis are critical to investment and portfolio analysis. The stable Paretian market is more volatile and inherently more risky than the Gaussian market since there is a greater probability of very large price changes. The mathematical variance of the stable distribution is infinite, casting doubt on commonly used statistical analysis, and the density function of the stable distribution is not known causing problems in parameter estimation. Several techniques have been given for estimating the four parameters of the distribution, but they have all been limited. They all assume symmetry, some are based on fractiles, and others use graphical analysis. In cooperation with Paulson [8] and Holcolm [6] we develop and use a parameter estimation scheme to estimate all four parameters of stock price change distributions. The estimation technique is based on the characteristic function of the stable Paretian distribution +(t) [3]. We also utilize the empirical characteristic function
Minimum latency data aggregation in the physical interference model

Data aggregation has been the focus of many researchers as one of the most important applications in Wireless Sensor Networks. A main issue of data aggregation is how to construct efficient schedules by which data can be aggregated without any interference. The problem of constructing minimum latency data aggregation schedules (MLAS) has been extensively studied in the literature although most of existing works use the graph-based interference model. In this paper, we study the MLAS problem in the more realistic physical model known as signal-to-interference-noise-ratio (SINR). We first derive an @Wlogn approximation lower bound for the MLAS problem in the metric SINR model. We also prove the NP-hardness of the decision version of MLAS in the geometric SINR model. This is a significant contribution as these results have not been obtained before for the SINR model. In addition, we propose two constant factor approximation algorithms whose latency is bounded by O(@D+R) for the dual power model, where @D is the maximum node degree of a network and R is the network radius. Finally we study the performance of the algorithms through simulation.
The RNA-binding Protein RNPC1 Stabilizes the mRNA Encoding the RNA-binding Protein HuR and Cooperates with HuR to Suppress Cell Proliferation

The RNA-binding protein HuR, a member of the embryonic lethal abnormal vision/Hu protein family, plays a critical role in many cellular processes, including cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and inflammatory response. Despite significant progresses in understanding how HuR functions, the mechanism by which HuR expression is controlled is still poorly understood. Here, we showed that RNA-binding protein RNPC1 post-transcriptionally regulates HuR expression via mRNA stability. Specifically, we showed that overexpression of RNPC1 increases, whereas knockdown or knock-out of RNPC1 decreases, the level of HuR transcript and protein. Moreover, we showed that RNPC1, but not mutant RNPC1 deficient in RNA binding, stabilizes HuR transcript via binding to its 3′-untranslated region. Furthermore, to determine the biological significance of RNPC1-enhanced HuR expression, we showed that HuR, by repressing c-Myc expression, facilitates RNPC1-mediated growth suppression. Together, we have uncovered a novel mechanism by which HuR is regulated by RNPC1 via mRNA stability and HuR is a mediator of RNPC1-induced growth suppression.
Hypothyroidism mimicking myotonic dystrophy.

: In a case of apparent hypothyroidism mimicking myotonic dystrophy the response to thyroid therapy was dramatic and complete. The relationship between hypothyroidism and myotonic dystrophy is discussed.
Excessive ethanol drinking following a history of dependence: animal model of allostasis.

Alcohol withdrawal symptoms, particularly negative emotional states, can persist for months following the removal of alcohol. These protracted withdrawal symptoms have been implicated as an important trigger of relapse to excessive drinking in alcoholics and may represent a long lasting shift in affective tone as a result of chronic alcohol exposure. It was shown previously that ethanol-dependent rats increased their operant responding for ethanol when tested during the first 12 hr after withdrawal. The purpose of the present experiments was to determine the persistence of this finding by examining operant oral ethanol self-administration in rats with a history of physical dependence upon ethanol, detoxified and then allowed a two week period of protracted abstinence. The results of these experiments indicate that operant responding for ethanol was enhanced during protracted abstinence by 30–100% and remained elevated for 4–8 weeks post acute withdrawal. These results have important implications for understanding the characteristics and mechanisms underlying vulnerability to relapse.