cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expression of cell wall invertase and several other genes of sugar metabolism in relation to seed development in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor).

Summary We report expression profiles of several genes of carbohydrate metabolism, cell wall invertase (CWI) in particular, to better understand sugar transport and its utilization in developing caryopses of grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. Gene expression analyses for CWI using RNA gel blot and real-time quantitative PCR approaches on developing caryopses, including the glumes (maternal tissue appended to the seeds), showed expression of SbIncw (ZmIncw2 ortholog) primarily in the basal sugar unloading zone of endosperm. The expression of ZmIncw1 ortholog was significantly less abundant and restricted to the glumes. The protein and enzyme activity data corroborated the temporal transcript expression profile that showed maximal CWI protein (INCW) expression preceding the starch-filling phase of endosperm development, i.e. 6–12 d-after-pollination (DAP). Protein gel blot analysis using polyclonal maize INCW1 antibodies showed a single polypeptide of 72 kDa. The highest level of enzyme activity was unique to the basal part of the endosperm, in particular the basal endosperm transfer cell (BETC) layer and the maternal pedicel region that were highly enriched for the INCW protein, as seen by immunolocalization. High hexose-to-sucrose ratio in 6–12 DAP seeds, and negligible starch deposition in glumes corroborated the CWI activity data. Additionally, we report transcription profiles of several other genes related to sugar-to-starch metabolism in developing sorghum endosperm. As in maize, the INCW-mediated apoplastic cleavage of sucrose in the BETC and pedicel during the early developmental stages of caryopses is essential for the normal development of filial tissues. The unique cell-specificity of the INCW protein to both proximal and distal ends of placental sac shown here for the first time is likely to greatly increase uptakes of both hexose sugars and water through turgor sensing into developing seed. This trait is unique to sorghum among cereals and may facilitate its survival in drought environment.
Simple counter machines and number-theoretic problems

Abstract The class of deterministic two-way finite automata augmented by reversal-bounded counters operating on inputs over a one-letter alphabet is studied. It is shown that every machine in this class can effectively be reduced to an equivalent (ordinary) finite automaton. Thus, all questions about finite automata that are decidable are also decidable when asked about machines in this class. Applications to some number-theoretic problems are given.
Three glycolytic enzymes are phosphorylated at tyrosine in cells transformed by Rous sarcoma virus.

Isozymes of enolase, phosphoglycerate mutase and lactate dehydrogenase are phosphorylated at tyrosine in cells transformed by viruses whose transforming proteins are tyrosine protein kinases. The role of these structural modifications in the regulation of glycolysis in such cells is not known.
Transforming growth factor-β stimulates cyclin D1 expression through activation of β-catenin signaling in chondrocytes

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) plays an essential role in chondrocyte maturation. It stimulates chondrocyte proliferation but inhibits chondrocyte differentiation. In this study, we found that TGF-β rapidly induced β-catenin protein levels and signaling in murine neonatal sternal primary chondrocytes. TGF-β-increased β-catenin induction was reproduced by overexpression of SMAD3 and was absent in Smad3-/- chondrocytes treated with TGF-β. SMAD3 inhibited β-transducin repeat-containing protein-mediated degradation of β-catenin and immunoprecipitated with β-catenin following TGF-β treatment. Both SMAD3 and β-catenin co-localized to the nucleus after TGF-β treatment. Although both TGF-β and β-catenin stimulated cyclin D1 expression in chondrocytes, the effect of TGF-β was inhibited with β-catenin gene deletion or SMAD3 loss of function. These results demonstrate that TGF-β stimulates cyclin D1 expression at least in part through activation of β-catenin signaling.
SACY-1 DEAD-Box Helicase Links the Somatic Control of Oocyte Meiotic Maturation to the Sperm-to-Oocyte Switch and Gamete Maintenance in Caenorhabditis elegans

In sexually reproducing animals, oocytes arrest at diplotene or diakinesis and resume meiosis (meiotic maturation) in response to hormones. In Caenorhabditis elegans, major sperm protein triggers meiotic resumption through a mechanism involving somatic Gαs–adenylate cyclase signaling and soma-to-germline gap-junctional communication. Using genetic mosaic analysis, we show that the major effector of Gαs–adenylate cyclase signaling, protein kinase A (PKA), is required in gonadal sheath cells for oocyte meiotic maturation and dispensable in the germ line. This result rules out a model in which cyclic nucleotides must transit through sheath-oocyte gap junctions to activate PKA in the germ line, as proposed in vertebrate systems. We conducted a genetic screen to identify regulators of oocyte meiotic maturation functioning downstream of Gαs–adenylate cyclase–PKA signaling. We molecularly identified 10 regulatory loci, which include essential and nonessential factors. sacy-1, which encodes a highly conserved DEAD-box helicase, is an essential germline factor that negatively regulates meiotic maturation. SACY-1 is a multifunctional protein that establishes a mechanistic link connecting the somatic control of meiotic maturation to germline sex determination and gamete maintenance. Modulatory factors include multiple subunits of a CoREST-like complex and the TWK-1 two-pore potassium channel. These factors are not absolutely required for meiotic maturation or its negative regulation in the absence of sperm, but function cumulatively to enable somatic control of meiotic maturation. This work provides insights into the genetic control of meiotic maturation signaling in C. elegans, and the conserved factors identified here might inform analysis in other systems through either homology or analogy.
Timed Writing and Adult English-Language Learners: An Investigation of First Language Use in Invention Strategies

As writing plays an increasingly important role in high-stakes assessment, it is critical that different composition environments be explored. This article summarizes a study of the effects of native language use during the invention stage of a timed writing, similar to the type of writing demanded in such assessments as standardized tests and the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL). Results show that English-language learners (ELLs) in the beginning levels of English writing proficiency write superior essays when they brainstorm in English rather than their native language. Results for ELLs with higher levels of English proficiency were not significant but indicate that they write slightly better essays when brainstorming in their native languages.
Recent advances in retrovirus vector technology

Retroviral vectors are widely used for the study of retroviral replication and to introduce DNA into somatic cells. An exciting new approach in retroviral vector technology is the use of internal ribosome entry sites from picornaviruses to provide stable expression of multiple genes. In addition, strategies are being developed that target the expression of retroviral vectors to specific cell populations.
Effects of guilt and response modality upon associative sexual responses

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to test two conceptualizations of guilt. These were Mosher's social learning view and an avoidant-anxiety view suggested by Galbraith. Both experiments examined the effects of sexual guilt and response modality upon associative sexual responses. The results indicated that anonymity of responding increased the number of sexual responses of low guilt women but not that of high guilt women. The results were interpreted as supporting Mosher's preservation of self-esteem view of guilt.
Conformationally Constrained Analogues of Diacylglycerol. 24. Asymmetric Synthesis of a Chiral (R)-DAG-Lactone Template as a Versatile Precursor for Highly Functionalized DAG-Lactones

Commercially available 2-methylenepropane-1,3-diol was converted to chiral epoxide (R)-2 via Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation in >96% ee. Regiospecific epoxide ring opening and reduction of the intermediate alkyne set the stage for a one-pot lactonization to give (R)-6, a convenient precursor for all functionalized chiral DAG-lactones used as potent PK-C ligands. The synthesis of the most potent DAG-lactones known to date, (Z)-10 and (E)-10, served to confirm PK-C's exclusive preference for the (R)-stereochemistry in this class of compounds.
Oral proton pump inhibitors disrupt horizontal cell-cone feedback and enhance visual hallucinations in macular degeneration patients.

Purpose Visual hallucinations (VHs) occur in macular degeneration patients with poor vision but normal cognitive function. The underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We report the identification of pharmaceutical agents that enhance VH and use these agents to examine the contribution of retinal neurons to this syndrome. Methods We detail clinical observations on VH in five macular degeneration patients treated with proton pump inhibitors having the core structure, 2-pyridyl-methylsulfinyl-benzimidazole. We tested possible retinal mechanisms using paired whole cell recordings to examine effects of these compounds on feedback interactions between horizontal cells and cones in amphibian retina. Results Five patients with advanced wet macular degeneration described patterned VHs that were induced or enhanced by oral proton pump inhibitors. The abnormal images increased with light, disappeared in the dark, and originated in the retina, based on ophthalmodynamometry. Simultaneous paired whole cell recordings from amphibian cones and horizontal cells showed that 2-pyridyl-methylsulfinyl-benzimidazoles blocked the negative shift in voltage dependence and increase in amplitude of the calcium current (ICa) in cones that is induced by changes in horizontal cell membrane potential. These effects disrupt the negative feedback from horizontal cells to cones that is important for the formation of center-surround receptive fields in bipolar and ganglion cells, and thus for normal spatial and chromatic perception. Conclusions Our study suggests that changes in the output of retinal neurons caused by disturbances in outer retinal feedback mechanisms can enhance patterned visual hallucinations.
A chirped pulse Fourier transform microwave study of the refrigerant alternative 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene

Abstract Fourier transform microwave, rotational spectra in the 6–18 GHz band of the low global warming potential, low ozone depletion potential refrigerant alternative, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf), and in natural abundance, its three singly substituted 13C isotopologues are obtained using a newly constructed chirped pulse spectrometer. Employing anharmonic vibration–rotation interaction alpha constants from ab initio calculations, the rotational constants determined for the ground vibrational state of the molecule are corrected to provide equilibrium values of these constants for all four isotopologues. The equilibrium constants are used for structure determination via both Kraitchman substitution coordinates and least squares fits to equilibrium moments of inertia. Both experiment and theory give a structure in which all but two fluorine atoms in the terminal –CF3 group are coplanar. A substantial barrier to internal rotation of this group is predicted by ab initio calculation, and no evidence of internal rotation is seen in the spectra. A detailed description of the new spectrometer is given.
Advancing the Semantic Relatedness Approach by Using Sense Popularity

This paper presents an approach for semantic word comparison by coupling natural text descriptions with semi-structured knowledge for revealing more precise context information. The goal of the study is to present how popularity of a word's sense can affect semantic relatedness when two words are compared.
An estrogen-binding protein and endogenous ligand in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Possible hormone receptor system

A protein macromolecule in the cytosol of the unicellular eukaryotic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae selectively binds the vertebrate estrogen hormone 17 beta-estradiol with high affinity. Lipid extracts of the yeast cells or the conditioned growth medium yield a substance that can bind competitively to the tritiated estradiol-binding sites in the yeast and to mammalian estrogen receptors. These findings suggest that the binding protein may be a primitive hormone receptor and that the lipid-extractable substance represents the endogenous ligand.
Caffeine does not cause in vitro calcium loss from neonatal mouse calvaria.

Calcium concentration of media containing calvaria from 6-day-old mice were unchanged by four doses of caffeine in a 48-hourin vitro system. The caffeine-treated calvaria were similar morphologically at all levels when compared to their littermate controls. In the culture conditions used, caffeine does not stimulate bone to release calcium.
Gas–particle two-phase turbulent flow in horizontal and inclined ducts

Abstract Gas–particle two-phase turbulent flows at various loadings in horizontal and inclined ducts are studied. The upgraded thermodynamically consistent two-phase flow model which includes a low Reynolds number fluid-phase turbulence closure is used in the analysis. The governing equations are discretized with the aid of a semi-implicit numerical algorithm. The case of low-concentration gas–particle turbulent flow in a horizontal channel is first analyzed, and the predicted mean velocity and solid volume fraction profiles are favorably compared with the available experimental data. Additional flow properties such as the phasic fluctuation energy and fluctuation energy production and dissipation, as well as the phasic and total normal and shear stress profiles are also presented and discussed. The case of gas–particle flow in a duct with an inclination is then analyzed. Sample model predictions for both dilute and nondilute two-phase turbulent flows under various conditions are presented. The effect of particle diameter on variation of flow properties is also studied.
COLLABORATION BY DESIGN: INTEGRATING CORE PEDAGOGICAL CONTENT AND SPECIAL EDUCATION METHODS COURSES IN A PRESERVICE SECONDARY EDUCATION PROGRAM

In this article the authors describe a collaboratively designed secondary teacher education program focused on the preparation of preservice general education teachers to work effectively with children who have diverse learning needs in inclusive classrooms. The focus of the article is on the collaborative development and initial evaluation of the program by secondary teacher education faculty and special education faculty. The instructional design emphasized a co-teaching model where principles of Universal Design for Learning and instructional adaptation were integrated and assessed in multiple courses by collaborating university faculty. Data from the initial evaluation included student teaching portfolios, formal teacher observations, and 6th- through 12th-grade student assessments. The data suggest that preservice teachers appropriately used strategies for adapting their instruction to meet the needs of students with exceptionalities.
A Correlation of the Ovarian and Endometrial Histology, Vaginal Epithelium, Gonadotrophic Hormonal Excretion and the Day of the Menstrual Cycle in 28 Women1

NUMEROUS attempts have been made to predict the functional state of the ovaries and the time of ovulation from one or more of the following criteria: the day of the menstrual cycle, the predominating cell in the vaginal smear, the histological structure of the endometrium and the amount of gonadotrophic hormone excreted in the urine. The purpose of this communication is to evaluate each of the foregoing criteria by correlation with the gross and histological appearance of the ovaries. The studies were carried out on 28 women, of ages 19 to 58 years, upon whom bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and hysterectomy were performed because of chronic salpingitis or fibromyomata. PROCEDURE In each case, both ovaries and uterus were removed, preserved in formalin and submitted to gross and histological examination. On the day prior to the operation vaginal smears were obtained by using a dry pipette and suction bulb. The slides were fixed and preserved in a solution consisting of equal parts of ether and ethyl alcoho...
A brief note on multi-hierarchy desensitization

Thirty-one students evidencing marked fears of snakes were treated for snake phobia in four groups. Two of the groups were given standard desensitization and two were desensitized with a hierarchy presented on printed cards. It was found that the groups using the printed hierarchy improved significantly more on a behavioral measure than the groups experiencing the standard desensitization procedure. This raises the possibility of simultaneously treating patients with different phobias in a group setting.
How – and how much – are sociological approaches to the EU distinctive?

Though sociological approaches to European Union (EU) studies are diverse, most share a distinctive conceptual and methodological core. Their novel project is to set aside most of the theoretical dichotomies that have organized earlier EU literature – like national/supranational, state/society, objective/subjective, ideational/material – and to attempt to pose open-ended questions about the spatial and interpretive ‘fields of action’ that actors in the European Union perceive around themselves. Behind this project looms the figure of Pierre Bourdieu, even if he is invoked to varying degrees by the members of this emerging school. The strength of Bourdieu-inspired approaches is that they cut through analytic dichotomies to offer nuanced, concrete accounts of practical action. Their weakness is that their rejection of old dichotomies leaves them unwilling to state how much they are distinctive from other approaches. This essay suggests that a re-engagement with old distinctions will allow these scholars to unpack, recombine and so strengthen their aspirations to a novel synthesis.
Use of chromosome substitution strains to identify seizure susceptibility loci in mice

Seizure susceptibility varies among inbred mouse strains. Chromosome substitution strains (CSS), in which a single chromosome from one inbred strain (donor) has been transferred onto a second strain (host) by repeated backcrossing, may be used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that contribute to seizure susceptibility. QTLs for susceptibility to pilocarpine-induced seizures, a model of temporal lobe epilepsy, have not been reported, and CSS have not previously been used to localize seizure susceptibility genes. We report QTLs identified using a B6 (host) × A/J (donor) CSS panel to localize genes involved in susceptibility to pilocarpine-induced seizures. Three hundred fifty-five adult male CSS mice, 58 B6, and 39 A/J were tested for susceptibility to pilocarpine-induced seizures. Highest stage reached and latency to each stage were recorded for all mice. B6 mice were resistant to seizures and slower to reach stages compared to A/J mice. The CSS for Chromosomes 10 and 18 progressed to the most severe stages, diverging dramatically from the B6 phenotype. Latencies to stages were also significantly shorter for CSS10 and CSS18 mice. CSS mapping suggests seizure susceptibility loci on mouse Chromosomes 10 and 18. This approach provides a framework for identifying potentially novel homologous candidate genes for human temporal lobe epilepsy.
QCD with dynamical wilson fermions

Abstract Results for the spectrum and the F and D parameters are obtained with precision similar to that in the quenched approximation. Present data for m q ≥ m s show measurable effects due to vacuum polarization only in the pion-Nucleon Σ term suggesting that Σ sea ∼ Σ val . The lattice update is being done on the Connection Machine which is very well suited to simulate QCD with 2 flavors of Wilson fermions (with mass close to the strange quark) using HMCA on 16 3 × 32 lattices.
Cyclic Schedules for Job Shops with Identical Jobs

We consider the problem of finding cyclic schedules for a job shop in which all jobs are identical. Specifically, we assume that a single product is produced on a finite number of machines. Each part is manufactured by performing a given set of operations in a pre-determined sequence. Each operation can be performed on exactly one machine. Key structural properties of cyclic schedules are studied. A search algorithm based on these properties is proposed, and preliminary computational tests of the algorithm are reported.
Dietary vitamin E, hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and the metabolic activation of procarcinogens to mutagens

Abstract Vitamin E deficiency for 12 weeks significantly reduced the hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity in rats. This resulted in a reduced ability to mutagenically activate benzo (a) pyrene (BP) and 2‐aminofluorene (2‐AF) as compared with equivalent preparations from vitamin E‐supplemented rats. PCB treatment of vitamin E‐deficient and supplemented rats increased AHH activity, and the ability of rats in both dietary groups to activate BP to mutagens. In contrast, PCB treatment caused a reduction in the mutagenic activation of aryl amines.
Inertia of the embryonic genome in mammals

Abstract The male and female genome each contribute in a unique way to the development of the mammalian fertilized egg. As development proceeds, cleavage-stage nuclei rapidly lose their ability to support development if transferred to enucleated zygotes. The functional and temporal compatibility of the nuclear and cytoplasmic components of the mammalian zygote is an absolute requirement for normal development.
Lamotrigine for startle-induced seizures.

Startle-induced seizures are reflex seizures precipitated by a sudden, surprising stimulus, usually auditory. Aetiologies, electroencephalographic correlates, and brain structural abnormalities are variable. Because of the frequent tonic component at onset, falling is a major clinical problem. There is no established drug of choice, and therapy is often unsatisfactory. Adjunctive lamotrigine therapy was used in four consecutive patients with this syndrome seen in a referral epilepsy practice. All four had been refractory to virtually every other drug, but responded dramatically to lamotrigine with elimination of falls from seizures. This observation may serve as pilot data for trials of lamotrigine for startle-induced or other varieties of reflex epilepsies, as adjunctive or monotherapy.
Viral Diversity in Asthma

Asthma exacerbations are precipitated primarily by respiratory virus infection and frequently require immediate medical intervention. Studies of childhood and adult asthma have implicated a wide variety of respiratory viruses in exacerbations. By focusing on both RNA and DNA respiratory viruses and some newly identified viruses, this review illustrates the diversity and highlights some of the uncertainties that exist in our understanding of virus-related asthma exacerbations.
Impact of chronic graft-versus-host disease on the health status of hematopoietic cell transplantation survivors: a report from the Bone Marrow Transplant Survivor Study

The aim of this study was to understand the impact of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) on the overall health status of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) survivors. Subjects included 584 individuals who had undergone allogeneic HCT between 1976 and 1999, survived 2 or more years, and completed a 255-item health questionnaire. Global assessment of health status was facilitated by measurement of 6 health status domains: general health, mental health, functional impairment, activity limitation, pain, and anxiety/fear. Information regarding diagnosis of cGVHD was abstracted from medical records, and presence of active cGVHD in the preceding 12 months was self-reported. The incidence of cGVHD in participants was 54%, of whom 46% reported active cGVHD. In multivariable analyses, subjects with active cGVHD were more likely to report adverse general health, mental health, functional impairments, activity limitation, and pain than were those with no history of cGVHD. However, health status did not differ between those with resolved cGVHD and those who never had cGVHD. We conclude that active cGVHD has a significant impact on many aspects of the overall health status of HCT survivors and that, most importantly, those successfully treated for cGVHD do not appear to have long-term impairments.
Statewide assessment of street trees in New York State, USA

Abstract In the United States, street tree management and planning occurs at regional, state, and local levels. However, state and federal officials charged with managing streets trees at the regional and state levels typically lack the comprehensive, detailed information available to local officials in a street tree inventory such as species composition and tree size distribution. Statewide street tree assessments employing a variety of methodologies have been conducted to fill this knowledge gap. This paper examines these past assessments and builds upon them in conducting a street tree assessment for New York State in which geographic variability in statewide street tree inventory data is accounted for through weighted averaging of estimates.
Probing biased/partial agonism at the G protein-coupled A2B adenosine receptor

G protein-coupled A(2B) adenosine receptor (AR) regulates numerous important physiological functions, but its activation by diverse A(2B)AR agonists is poorly profiled. We probed potential partial and/or biased agonism in cell lines expressing variable levels of endogenous or recombinant A(2B)AR. In cAMP accumulation assays, both 5'-substituted NECA and C2-substituted MRS3997 are full agonists. However, only 5'-substituted adenosine analogs are full agonists in calcium mobilization, ERK1/2 phosphorylation and β-arrestin translocation. A(2B)AR overexpression in HEK293 cells markedly increased the agonist potency and maximum effect in cAMP accumulation, but less in calcium and ERK1/2. A(2B)AR siRNA silencing was more effective in reducing the maximum cAMP effect of non-nucleoside agonist BAY60-6583 than NECA's. A quantitative 'operational model' characterized C2-substituted MRS3997 as either balanced (cAMP accumulation, ERK1/2) or strongly biased agonist (against calcium, β-arrestin). N⁶-substitution biased against ERK1/2 (weakly) and calcium and β-arrestin (strongly) pathways. BAY60-6583 is ERK1/2-biased, suggesting a mechanism distinct from adenosine derivatives. BAY60-6583, as A(2B)AR antagonist in MIN-6 mouse pancreatic β cells expressing low A(2B)AR levels, induced insulin release. This is the first relatively systematic study of structure-efficacy relationships of this emerging drug target.
Initiating Personal Growth: The Role of Recognition and Life Satisfaction on the Development of College Students

The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating role of life satisfaction between positive recognition and levels of personal growth initiative in a collegiate setting. The design of the research study utilized a quantitative research method. A brief questionnaire assessed 204 undergraduate students at a mid-sized university. The average age of the participants was 19 years old and the predominant race was Caucasian. Approximately the same number of male and female participants completed the survey. Each participant answered questions that measured perceived life satisfaction, personal growth initiative and the amount of recognition and praise received from family and overall within a typical college setting. Structural Equation Modeling was used to examine the relationship between the variables. The hypothesized mediational model had adequate fit. Positive recognition and personal growth initiative were mediated by life satisfaction χ2 (n = 204, 101) = 259.20, CFI = .88, TLI = .86. Results from this study hope to show that life satisfaction builds the relationship between receiving recognition and an undergraduate’s involvement in changing and developing as an individual. In addition, the study hopes to use the emerging field of Positive Psychology to identify applications of life satisfaction, personal growth initiative and recognition to assist with the optimal functioning of college students and the overall educational institution.
Why error-prone quantum measurements have outcomes

To solve the quantum measurement problem it is necessary to construct quantum mechanical models of measurement interactions to show why properly conducted measurements always yield definite outcomes. The main barrier to a solution has been the interpretive principle that a quantum system has a definite value for an observable only if it may be described by a quantum eigenstate of the corresponding operator. I have recently proposed a solution to the measurement problem based on alternative interpretive principles. The present paper defends this proposal against recent criticisms which seek to show that it fails to solve the problem unless quantum measurements meet highly idealized conditions which no actual measurement could hope to meet. Several models of error-prone measurements are shown to lead to definite outcomes, and a general defense of the appropriateness of these models is sketched.
A 128 x128 33mW 30frames/s single-chip stereo imager

A single-chip stereo imager incorporates two 128times128 linear current-mode active pixel sensors with 10mum pixel pitch and 1.2% uncorrected FPN. The chip, fabricated in a 0.35mum 3.3V 4M2P CMOS process, uses parallel computation of the sum-of-absolute-difference matching metric and confidence measures to produce 114times125 depth maps at 30frames/s using 33mW from 3.3V
The feeling of knowing for different types of retrieval failure

Abstract The major kinds of retrieval failure during attempts at recall are omission errors and commission errors. The relationship between these retrieval failures and the feeling of knowing is examined here in two ways. First, a systematic review of the literature shows that previous feeling-of-knowing studies differed in how they treated omission errors versus commission errors. Second, data from three new experiments show that this difference has empirical ramifications: The feeling of knowing is greater for commission-error items than for omission-error items, but subsequent recognition is equivalent for the two kinds of items. Hence, one source of the inaccuracy of feeling-of-knowing predictions is now isolated, namely, different kinds of retrieval failure affect the feeling of knowing but not the subsequent performance that the feeling of knowing is attempting to predict. A methodological implication is that independent variables which are presumed to have direct effects on the feeling of knowing may be having only indirect effects via an influence on the ratio of commission errors to omission errors. Several theoretical mechanisms that could underlie the effect are discussed.
Immunohistochemical localization of matrixmetalloproteinase-2 in human coronal dentin

Abstract While it is known that matrixmetalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) is present in dentin, its distribution and role in human dentin formation and pathology are not well understood. Objective To characterize the distribution of MMP-2 in human coronal dentin. Methods Immunohistochemistry was used to investigate the distribution of MMP-2 in coronal dentin. Freshly extracted human premolars and third molars (age range 12–30) were fixed with formaldehyde, demineralized with 10% EDTA (pH 7.4) and embedded in paraffin. Serial sections were made and subjected to immunohistochemical analysis using a specific monoclonal anti-MMP-2 antibody. Immunoreactivity was visualized with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine substrate and observed under light microscopy. ImageJ software was used to calculate the relative amount/distribution of MMP-2. Results The analysis revealed immunoreactivity for MMP-2 throughout human coronal dentin. However, intense immunoreactivities were identified in a 90–200 μm zone adjacent to the pre-dentin as well as a 9–10 μm wide zone adjacent to the dentinoenamel junction (DEJ). Conclusion MMP-2 has a specific distribution in human coronal dentin indicating it's involvement in extracellular matrix organization in predentin and the establishment of the DEJ.
Interaction between Clostridium botulinum Type E Toxin and DDT in White Mice

TYPE E botulism has been implicated as the cause of mortality of waterbirds on Lake Michigan and the toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum type E has been found in carcasses of dead fish taken from the lake1. DDT and its metabolic residues are also present in both the Lake Michigan waterbirds and the species of fish in which the type E botulinal toxin was found2–4. The objectives of this study were to test the possibility that there may be an interaction between the two materials, both of which are neurotoxins5,6.
Psychological ownership and affective reaction: Emotional attachment process variables and the endowment effect

This research proposes that the concept of emotional attachment, and specifically the independent constructs of psychological ownership and affective reaction, can help explain many of the endowment effect findings documented in the literature. We define these constructs and then test them across a set of nine studies in which we both replicate previous and generate new endowment effect findings, and then show that psychological ownership and affective reaction can mediate the effects. In doing so, we offer direct empirical support for the idea of emotional attachment as a driver of loss aversion while also providing practitioners and future endowment effect researchers with new insights about the psychological processes that underlie the endowment effect.
Potentiometric and spectrophotometric determination of the stabilities of In(III), Ga(III) and Fe(III) complexes of N,N′,N″-tris(3,5-dimethyl-2-hydroxybenzyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane

Abstract The protonation constants of potentially six-coordinate N,N′,N″-tris(3,5-dimethyl-2-hydroxybenzyl)-1,4,7- triazacyclononane (TX-TACN) were determined by spectrophotometric and potentiometric methods in 75% ethanol-25% water (μ=0.100 M (KCl), t=25.0 °C), and were found to be (log values) 14.2, 13.6, 12.9, 8.04 and 2.15. The stability constants of the complexes of In(III), Ga(III) and Fe(III) with TX-TACN were determined in the same medium by spectrophotometric methods, except for In(III)-TX-TACN, which was determined directly by potentiometric titration. The log stability constant for Fe(III)-TX-TACN (KML[ML]/[L3−][M3+]), determined by competition with EDTA in 75% ethanol-25% water is 51.3. The log stability constant for Fe(III)-EDTA (KML[ML−]/[L4−][M3+]) was found to be 26.3 in the same medium. The stability constants for the Ga(III) and In(III) complexes with TX-TACN are 1044.2 and 1033.99, respectively. The high stabilities of the Ga(III) and Fe(III) complexes with TX-TACN are rationalized on the basis of the close fit of these hexacoordinate metal ions in the ligand cavity formed by the pseudo-octahedral arrangement of ligand donor atoms: the basic nitrogen atoms of the macrocycle and the very basic phenolate oxygen atoms.
Mammary stimulation test predicts preterm birth in nulliparous women

Objective : This prospective clinical trial was designed to assess the ability of the mammary stimulation test to predict preterm birth in a private nulliparous population. Study Design : The mammary stimulation test was performed between 26 and 28 weeks' gestation by 267 nulliparous women with singleton pregnancies. Test results were blinded to both patient and referring physician. Pregnancy outcome data were collected from the perinatal database and medical records. Results : The mammary stimulation test was positive in 45 of 266 (17%) patients. Delivery occurred at p p Conclusion : In this population traditionally considered to be at low risk for preterm birth a positive mammary stimulation test was useful in identifying patients at risk for preterm uterine activity and preterm birth. Equally important was the identification of women who were at low risk for preterm birth.
Impact of kidney injury on fluid overload and impaired oxygenation

Severity of acute kidney injury (AKI) and fluid overload (FO) are not incorporated into current severity of illness measures and are invisible to the practitioner. The causal relationship and timing between AKI and FO and oxygenation is not clear. The Fluid Overload Kidney Injury Score (FOKIS) is a daily score incorporating subscores for AKI (pRIFLE (creatinine (Cr) and urine output (UOP))), FO (total fluid (in - out) / ICU admission weight) >15% in five percentile increments, and exposure to nephrotoxic medications. We previously reported that FOKIS outperforms PRISM in mortality prediction in our pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). We hypothesized that patients with AKI on admission to the PICU developed worse fluid overload and in turn worse oxygenation.
Evidence with antiplatelet therapy and ADP-receptor antagonists

Antiplatelet drugs have been shown to prevent a range of atherothrombotic events, including transient ischaemic attack (TIA) and ischaemic stroke. Clopidogrel and ticlopidine are adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-receptor antagonists that inhibit ADP-induced fibrinogen binding to platelets, a necessary step in the platelet aggregation process. The Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaboration recently published a major meta-analysis that assessed the effect of antiplatelet therapy in patients with various manifestations of atherosclerosis. In total, this analysis included 135,000 patients in comparisons of antiplatelet agents versus control and 77,000 patients in comparisons of different antiplatelet regimens. This meta-analysis found that overall, antiplatelet therapy reduces the combined odds of stroke, myocardial infarction (MI) or vascular death by 22%, and that antiplatelet agents reduce the odds of a non-fatal stroke by 25% over a wide range of patients with or without a history of cerebrovascular disease. In the CAPRIE trial of clopidogrel versus acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), there was a 10% odds reduction for stroke, MI or vascular death in favour of clopidogrel (p = 0.03). In a meta-analysis performed by the Cochrane Stroke Group, ADP-receptor antagonist therapy significantly reduced the odds of a serious vascular event (stroke, MI or vascular death) by 9% (2p = 0.01) and of any stroke by 12%. The safety/tolerability profile of clopidogrel was superior to that of ticlopidine, and at least as good as that of ASA. In CURE, a long-term benefit was observed with the use of clopidogrel on top of standard therapy (including ASA in all patients), with a 20% relative risk reduction for the primary endpoint of cardiovascular death, MI or stroke (p < 0.001) in patients with unstable angina and non-Q-wave MI. A consistent benefit was seen across all patient subgroups, including patients with a previous history of stroke. More recently, CREDO has demonstrated the incremental benefit of prolonged use of clopidogrel on top of ASA in patients undergoing elective PCI, with a 27% reduction in the combined risk of death, MI or stroke after 12 months of therapy (p = 0.02) and a 25% reduction in stroke over the same time period. The MATCH trial is currently being conducted to test the hypothesis that long-term administration of clopidogrel on top of ASA is superior to clopidogrel alone for the reduction of major ischaemic events in patients with recent TIA or ischaemic stroke who are at high risk of atherothrombotic recurrence. Further trials of clopidogrel on top of standard therapy (including ASA) are planned in neurology; these include SPS3, in patients with small subcortical strokes, and ATARI, in patients who have recently recovered from a TIA.
Intertwining Biomedical Research and Public Health in HIV Microbicide Research

Finding an effective microbicide that could substantially lower women’s risk of acquiring HIV infection is an ethical imperative. Women and girls continue to be disproportionally affected by HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. Ethics guidelines for conducting preventive HIV microbicide trials call for steps that intertwine biomedical research and public health. Ethical considerations include adequate studies of the safety of microbicides, the use of placebo controls in future trials once a microbicide is shown to be effective, whether leftover microbicide from a trial that demonstrated efficacy should be made available to the public or used in the control group of a future trial, what preventive measures and treatment should be provided for trial participants during and after the research, and what constitute ‘fair benefits’ to the community or country when a trial is completed. The Global Campaign for Microbicides conducted a study of the benefits being provided to participants in microbicide trials and others, and found substantial evidence that researchers and sponsors are meeting the obligations stated in ethical guidelines. A cautionary tale of an HIV prevention trial that was prematurely halted demonstrates the need for engagement with the community where trials are carried out.
Parameter identification and adaptive control for improved vehicle yaw stability performance

Applications of automatic steering constitute an active research field within automotive control systems. The steering performance of a vehicle can be evaluated in terms of the extent to which it is capable of following demanding road trajectories. Conventional yaw stability controllers used to restrict the extreme understeering or oversteering vehicle behavior are inevitably challenged by uncertain vehicle dynamics. We develop a simplified vehicle yaw dynamics model subject to steering angle rate constraints and introduce an adaptive yaw control design methodology in order to address possible design conflicts between steering angle rate constraints and achievable steering performance of the vehicle. Our parameter estimation scheme and adaptive control strategy can be employed in automatic steering applications with the promise of improved yaw stability performance in the presence of uncertain tire cornering stiffnesses and unknown road adhesion factor.
Pediatric Aerosol Therapy Guidelines Indications, Techniques, and Dosages

Delivery of medication in aerosol form to the pediatric population is an important therapeutic module. Aerosol therapy allows rapid medication effects, reduces systemic side effects, and provides uniform results in comparable clinical presentations if preparation techniques and dosages are appropriate. The effectiveness of aerosol therapy is dependent upon several key factors, and techniques developed to emphasize these factors will maximize aerosol delivery into the tracheo bronchial tree. Indications for medical aerosol therapy are specific for children, and individualized treatment can be structured for a wide variety of pulmonary disorders. Proper and successful administration of aerosol therapy to the infant or child requires a comprehensive amount of skill and knowledge on the part of the respiratory therapy practitioner. Guidelines discussed in this paper will assist the respiratory care practitioner in achieving optimal results in treating airway disease in the pediatric patient.
Effects of number of study environments and learning instructions on free-recall clustering and accuracy

Three word lists were presented to subjects in a single room or in three rooms, and a free-recall test on all three lists was given in a new environmental context. Multiple learning environments improved recall and clustering for subjects given instructions to memorize the words, but im­ provements did not materialize for those told to construct and remember stories with the words , and for those given incidental learning instructions to rate each word for pleasantness. Results were interpreted to mean that multiple learning environments provide organizational memory cues when learners seek, but still lack ways of organizing, learning material.
The use of molecular beacons to directly measure bacterial mRNA abundances and transcript degradation

The regulation of mRNA turnover is a dynamic means by which bacteria regulate gene expression. Although current methodologies allow characterization of the stability of individual transcripts, procedures designed to measure alterations in transcript abundance/turnover on a high throughput scale are lacking. In the current report, we describe the development of a rapid and simplified molecular beacon-based procedure to directly measure the mRNA abundances and mRNA degradation properties of well-characterized Staphylococcus aureus pathogenicity factors. This method does not require any PCR-based amplification, can monitor the abundances of multiple transcripts within a single RNA sample, and was successfully implemented into a high throughput screen of transposon mutant library members to detect isolates with altered mRNA turnover properties. It is expected that the described methodology will provide great utility in characterizing components of bacterial RNA degradation processes and can be used to directly measure the mRNA levels of virtually any bacterial transcript.
The human palmitoyl-CoA ligase (FACL2) gene maps to the chromosome 4q34-q35 region by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and somatic cell hybrid panels.

This study confirms assignment of the human long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase gene (FACL2) to chromosome 4 by analysis of somatic cell hybrid panels. The precise localization of this gene was determined to be in the 4q34-q35 region using FISH. 8 refs., 1 fig.
Delay-induced bias in children's memory for location.

Two experiments examined how imposing a delay between learning and reproducing locations influences children’s memory for location. In Experiment 1, ninety-six 7-, 9-, and 11-year-old children and adults learned the locations of 20 objects in an open, square box divided into four regions by opaque walls. During test, participants attempted to place the objects in the correct locations without the aid of the dots that had marked the locations or the boundaries that had divided the space. The test phase began either immediately following learning or following a 12-min delay. As predicted by the Category-Adjustment model, bias toward category centers increased significantly following an intervening delay. Moreover, the magnitude of categorical bias followed a systematic U-shaped developmental pattern. Results from a second study ( N � 72) replicated this developmental pattern. Discussion focuses on the implications of these results for understanding how children and adults remember locations.
Status of behavioral medicine in American and Canadian medical training.

This article reports a survey of attitudes and current practices regarding behavioral medicine in American and Canadian medical school departments of psychiatry. Participants were eighty-two chairpersons of departments of psychiatry. Five major areas were addressed concerning the existence, location, and composition of behavioral medicine faculty and their contribution to training and research programs. Results indicate that behavioral medicine is represented in the majority of medical schools and teaching hospitals. Faculty tended to be located in psychiatry. A majority of the respondents did not think that behavioral medicine should be considered a separate clinical specialty area, but in actual practice behavioral medicine was distinct from consultation/liaison psychiatry as often as integrated with it. The analysis of subjects and methods taught in residency training programs suggested a meaningful trend in the data. The implications of these results for models underpinning traditional medical educati...