cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mandibular malformations: growth characteristics and management in hemifacial microsomia and Nager syndrome

This review article describes normal and abnormal development of the mandible. The focus is on the characteristics of the mandible and its attached muscles in the various types of hemifacial microsomia and in Nager syndrome. Management protocols for these two types of malformations are presented in relation to development stages.
Predicting the neutrino spectrum in minimal SO(10) grand unification.

I analyze the model of Babu and Mohapatra for the fermion mass matrices in minimal SO(10). Those authors have not considered the whole variety of fits to the experimental data possible with their mass matrices. I survey various types of neutrino spectra possible in their model.
Exploring emotion-regulation and autonomic physiology in metastatic breast cancer patients: Repression, suppression, and restraint of hostility.

We examined relationships between three emotion-regulation constructs and autonomic physiology in metastatic breast cancer patients (N = 31). Autonomic measures are not often studied in breast cancer patients and may provide evidence of an increase in allostatic load. Patients included participated as part of a larger clinical trial of supportive-expressive group therapy. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were assessed at a semi-annual follow-up. We averaged 3 resting assessments and used measures of Repression, Suppression, Restraint of Hostility, and Body Mass Index as predictors of autonomic response. We found that higher repression was significantly associated with higher diastolic blood pressure, while higher restraint of hostility was significantly associated with higher systolic blood pressure. A repressive emotion regulation style may be a risk factor for higher sympathetic activation possibly increasing allostatic load, while restraint of hostility may be a protective factor for women with metastatic breast cancer.
Digestion characteristics by beef cattle consuming bermudagrass or bromegrass hay alone or with alfalfa and(or) corn.

Cannulated beef cattle (four cows: 556 kg initial weight; four steers: 504 kg initial weight) were used in an experiment with two simultaneous Latin squares to determine effects of substituting alfalfa and(or) corn for vegetative bermudagrass (BER; 77% neutral detergent fibre and 5.5% acid detergent lignin) or mature bromegrass (BRO; 70% neutral detergent fibre and 6.6% acid detergent lignin) hay on digestion characteristics. For Controls, BER or BRO was fed at 1.32 or 1.54% body weight of cows and steers, respectively; other treatments entailed substitution for hay DM of alfalfa cubes (17%) or ground corn (33%). A protein supplement was given to all animals. In vitro neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestion was slightly greater for BER than BRO. Supplement treatments did not affect the concentration of total volatile fatty acids or the molar proportion of propionate in ruminai fluid. True ruminai organic matter (OM) digestion was similar among diets; greater duodenal microbial OM flow and postruminal NDF ...
TNF-α/Fas-RIP-1-induced cell death signaling separates murine hematopoietic stem cells/progenitors into 2 distinct populations

We studied the effects of TNF-α and Fas-induced death signaling in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) by examining their contributions to the development of bone marrow failure syndromes in Tak1-knockout mice (Tak1(-/-)). We found that complete inactivation of TNF-α signaling by deleting both of its receptors, 1 and 2 (Tnfr1(-/-)r2(-/-)), can prevent the death of 30% to 40% of Tak1(-/-) HSPCs and partially repress the bone marrow failure phenotype of Tak1(-/-) mice. Fas deletion can prevent the death of 5% to 10% of Tak1(-/-) HSPCs but fails to further improve the survival of Tak1(-/-)Tnfr1(-/-)r2(-/-) HSPCs, suggesting that Fas might induce death within a subset of TNF-α-sensitive HSPCs. This TNF-α/Fas-induced cell death is a type of receptor-interacting protein-1 (RIP-1)-dependent programmed necrosis called necroptosis, which can be prevented by necrostatin-1, a specific RIP-1 inhibitor. In addition, we found that the remaining Tak1(-/-) HSPCs died of apoptosis mediated by the caspase-8-dependent extrinsic apoptotic pathway. This apoptosis can be converted into necroptosis by the inhibition of caspase-8 and prevented by inhibiting both caspase-8 and RIP-1 activities. We concluded that HSPCs are heterogeneous populations in response to death signaling stimulation. Tak1 mediates a critical survival signal, which protects against both TNF-α/Fas-RIP-1-dependent necroptosis and TNF-α/Fas-independent apoptosis in HSPCs.
A solid-gated graphene fet sensor for PH measurements

This paper presents a graphene field effect transistor (GFET) nanosensor that, with a solid gate provided by a high-κ dielectric, allows analyte detection in liquid media at low gate voltages. The gate is embedded within the sensor and thus is isolated from a sample solution, offering a high level of integration and miniaturization and eliminating errors caused by the liquid disturbance, desirable for both in vitro and in vivo applications. We demonstrate that the GFET nanosensor can be used to measure pH changes in a range of 5.3–9.3. Based on the experimental observations and quantitative analysis, the charging of an electrical double layer capacitor is found to be the major mechanism of pH sensing.
Formal approaches to setting long-range goals

Abstract In this article the author reports (as a result of his dissertation research in California) that the frequently termed bottom-up approach to long-range goal-setting in firms has a place, especially under conditions of diversity and some management styles. However, trends to more top-down approaches with increased size and experience with planning can be observed when account is taken of the other more significant variables.
Generational equity in America: a cultural historian's perspective.

Abstract This paper examines the issue of generational equity in America through the lenses of cultural history and social criticism. It argues that generational equity reflects broader problems of contemporary aging policy, whose troubles in turn reflect the decline of American military and economic power, the legitimation crisis of the liberal welfare state, and population aging. The question of justice between the young and the old is also linked to the ‘spiritual situation of the age’—in particular to American culture's inability to provide convincing answers to existential concerns like the quality of life in old age, the unity of the life cycle, and the meaning of aging. Both communitarian and liberal approaches to generational equity presuppose a life course or lifespan perspective, whose unifying ideological power took shape historically in a bourgeois culture that provided widely shared images of the integrity of the life course. The social power of this perspective emerged over the last century, when the U.S., along with other Western democracies, institutionalized the life course by creating age-homogenous schools for youthful preparation, employment for middle-aged productivity, and publicly funded retirement benefits for the aged. The ideal of a society legitimately ordered by the natural divisions of human lifetime is now under siege in large part because its view of old age is neither socially nor spiritually adequate and because the social meanings of life's stages are in great flux. In our century, vastly improved medical and economic conditions of old age have been accompanied by a loss of cultural meaning and vital social roles for older people. The challenges of generational equity, then, involve the distribution of social roles and vital meanings as well as of income and health care. Meeting these challenges will require eliminating the surplus dependency imposed on many older people—strengthening their ability to solve their own problems and contribute to their own communities. Reclaiming older people from social marginality will not solve specific questions of the just distribution of health care resources across age groups. It can help to build a new ‘moral economy’ of the life course, within which the ‘conversation between generations’ can confidently take place.
Binary tree model simulation of the behaviour of urban hydrologic systems

A simulator of urban hydrologic networks based primarily on geometric descriptors is described. Its application is demonstrated using data from the Northwood Gaging Installation in Baltimore, Maryland. The simulator incorporates a binary tree model of the network, a polygon representation of the storm geometry, and time-varying rainfall intensity to produce simulated hydrographs of flow. A comparison of the simulated hydrographs with the experimental runoff graphs is made.
Aphemia resulting from a left frontal hematoma

A 15-year-old right-handed woman had selective impairment of speech--aphemia--after drainage of a left frontal hematoma caused by an arteriovenous malformation. There was no buccofacial or pharyngeal muscle dysfunction. Computerized tomography demonstrated residual injury extending from the Broca area to the inferior left precentral gyrus. Aphemia may have resulted from disruption of the connection between Broca's area and the portion of the motor cortex that controls oral and pharyngeal muscles.
Class A+ amplifier with controlled positive feedback for discrete-time signal processing circuits

This paper demonstrates Class-A+ amplifier as an alternative to Class-A amplifier for discrete-time signal processing circuits. Class-A+ amplifier uses cross-coupled latches during the amplification phase at the output to improve settling accuracy compared to Class-A amplifier. The positive feedback latch is reset to fixed bias voltages of the Class-A output stage during the reset-phase. This dynamic compensation technique for realizing stable amplifier enables power and area savings with improved settling accuracy and THD performance. Simulation results show 30% reduction in overall power consumption, 50% reduction in the size of output stage and 10 dB improvement in settling accuracy compared to conventional Class-A amplifier with similar worst case settling time.
A NONCONFORMING PENALTY METHOD FOR A TWO-DIMENSIONAL CURL–CURL PROBLEM

A nonconforming finite element method for a two-dimensional curl–curl problem is studied in this paper. It uses weakly continuous P1 vector fields and penalizes the local divergence. Two consistency terms involving the jumps of the vector fields across element boundaries are also included to ensure the convergence of the scheme. Optimal convergence rates (up to an arbitrary positive ∊) in both the energy norm and the L2 norm are established on graded meshes. This scheme can also be used in the computation of Maxwell eigenvalues without generating spurious eigenmodes. The theoretical results are confirmed by numerical experiments.
Regiospecific Cytochrome P450 Limonene Hydroxylases from Mint (Mentha) Species: cDNA Isolation, Characterization, and Functional Expression of (−)-4S-Limonene-3-hydroxylase and (−)-4S-Limonene-6-hydroxylase☆

Abstract The oxygenation pattern of the cyclic monoterpenoids of commercial mint (Mentha) species is determined by regiospecific cytochrome P450-catalyzed hydroxylation of the common olefinic precursor (−)-4S-limonene. In peppermint (Mentha × piperita), C3-allylic hydroxylation leads to (−)-trans-isopiperitenol, whereas in spearmint, C6-allylic hydroxylation leads to (−)-trans-carveol. The microsomal limonene-6-hydroxylase was purified from the oil glands of spearmint, and amino acid sequences from the homogeneous enzyme were used to design PCR primers with which a 500-bp amplicon was prepared. This nondegenerate probe was employed to screen a spearmint oil gland cDNA library from which the corresponding full-length cDNA was isolated and subsequently confirmed as the C6-hydroxylase by functional expression using the baculovirus–Spodoptera system. The probe was also utilized to isolate two closely related full-length cDNA species from a peppermint oil gland cDNA library which were confirmed as the limonene-3-hydroxylase by functional expression as before. Deduced sequence analysis of these regiospecific cytochrome P450 monooxygenases indicates that both enzymes bear a typical amino-terminal membrane anchor, consistent with the microsomal location of the native forms, exhibit calculated molecular weights of 56,149 (spearmint) and about 56,560 (peppermint), and are very similar in primary sequence (70% identity and 85% similarity). The availability of these regiochemically distinct, yet very closely related, recombinant hydroxylases and their corresponding genes provides a unique model system for understanding structure–function relationships in cytochrome P450 substrate binding and catalysis, and a means for transgenic manipulation of monoterpene biosynthetic pathways in plants.
Differential hippocampal protection when blocking intracellular sodium and calcium entry during traumatic brain injury in rats.

Abstract This study investigated the contributions of the reverse mode of the sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX) and the type 1 sodium-proton antiporter (NHE-1) to acute astrocyte and neuronal pathology in the hippocampus following fluid percussion traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the rat. KB-R7943, EIPA, or amiloride, which respectively inhibit NCX, NHE-1, or NCX, NHE-1, and ASIC1a (acid-sensing ion channel type 1a), was infused intraventricularly over a 60-min period immediately prior to TBI. Astrocytes were immunostained for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and degenerating neurons were identified by Fluoro-Jade staining at 24 h after injury. Stereological analysis of the CA2/3 sub-regions of the hippocampus demonstrated that higher doses of KB-R7943 (2 and 20 nmoles) significantly reduced astrocyte GFAP immunoreactivity compared to vehicle-treated animals. EIPA (2–200 nmoles) did not alter astrocyte GFAP immunoreactivity. Amiloride (100 nmoles) significantly attenuated the TBI-induced acute reductio...
A mouse model for the study of blood-brain barrier permeability.

Abstract This article describes a C57BL/6 mouse model for the investigation of blood-brain barrier (BBB) alteration. Osmotic modification of BBB was achieved by infusion of 1.6 M arabinose solution into the internal carotid artery with or without occlusion of the external carotid artery. BBB alteration was measured by infusing 2% Evans blue dye. Only 1.6 M arabinose-treated animals but not 0.9% NaCl controls displayed prominent ipsilateral staining of frontal and temporal lobes. Light blue staining occurred in animals sacrificed within 10 min after injection. Prominent staining occurred in animals sacrificed 1–6 hours later. Identically treated animals were maintained for up to 6 months without signs of systemic or neurological dysfunction. This model may permit study of the effects of biological response modifiers (BRMs) upon the central nervous system (CNS) in healthy and diseased mice.
There is No There There: A Discussion of “Narcissism and Self-Esteem Among Homosexual and Heterosexual Male Students”

"Narcissism and Self-Esteem among Homosexual and Heterosexual Male Students," states as its aim: Acknowledging the changes both homosexuality and narcissism went through, the present study aims at empirically reviving the discussion about the association between these two phenomena. Based on the Freudian assumption that homosexual individuals develop on a narcissistic basis and look for a young man who resembles themselves, the hypothesis of this study predicts that their level of narcissism would be higher and level of self-esteem would be lower compared to their heterosexual counterparts. (Rubinstein, this issue).
Demonstration of Optical TTL Based Selective-3R in OLS Network Testbed with Label Rewriting and Fiber Transmission

We propose and experimentally demonstrate an optical-TTL-based selective-3R regeneration scheme in an OLS testbed with fiber transmission. This scheme cognitively employs 3R when necessary. The experiment achieves burst mode clock recovery and error free operation.
Human leukocyte antigen-DRB1*1104 in the chronic iridocyclitis of pauciarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

To determine whether genetic markers for chronic iridocyclitis could be identified, we used both serologic and oligonucleotide dot blot techniques to characterize immunogenetically 164 children with early-onset pauclarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Seventy-eight children (47.6%) had chronic iridocyclitis and 86 (52.4%) had not had evidence of eye disease during a mean follow-up period after the onset of arthritis of 15.8 years (minimum of 5.5 years). Control subjects were 218 healthy, unrelated individuals. The analysis was limited to alleles known to be associated with an increased or decreased risk of early-onset pauciarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis or of chronic iridocyclitis in this form of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Only one split of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR5, HLA-DRB1 * 1104, showed a statistically significant association with a risk of chronic iridocyclitis (chi-square value=7.52; p =0.036 adjusted; odds ratio 3.45); HLA-DQA1 * 0501 and HLA-DQB1 * 0301, both in linkage disequilibrium with HLA-DRB1 * 1104, also were significantly associated with eye disease. Patients with both the DRB1 * 1104 and DPB1 * 0201 genes had a 7.7-fold increased risk for chronic iridocyclitis compared with that for other patients. The presence of HLA-DRB1 * 1104 was about four times as specific, but only about one third as sensitive, as antinuclear antibodies in identifying patients at risk for eye disease. Although all children with early-onset pauciarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis should undergo periodic slit-lamp examinations, those with the HLA class II gene DRB1 * 1104 are at particularly high risk for eye disease, and we recommend that they be monitored carefully for its evolution.
Immunological Effects of Interleukin 12 Administered by Bolus Intravenous Injection to Patients with Cancer

The immunological effects of recombinant human interleukin 12 (rhIL-12) administration were examined during the conduct of a Phase I clinical trial. Forty patients with advanced cancer received bolus i.v. injections of rhIL-12 in doses ranging between 3 and 1000 ng/kg. Dose-dependent increases in serum IFN-γ levels were seen during rhIL-12 therapy. Significant lymphopenia was observed 24 h after single i.v. injections of rhIL-12 at each dose level. The degree of lymphopenia was dose dependent, and a plateau effect was seen with rhIL-12 doses of 100 ng/kg and higher. Lymphocyte counts reached nadir levels at approximately 10 h after rhIL-12 injection and returned to baseline within 14 days postinjection. Rebound lymphocytosis, as seen after interleukin 2 therapy, was not observed after recovery from rhIL-12-induced lymphopenia. rhIL-12-induced lymphopenia involved all major lymphocyte subsets, although natural killer (NK) cell numbers were the most profoundly affected, and CD4 T-cell numbers were the least affected. CD2, LFA-1, and CD56 were transiently up-regulated on the surface of NK cells exposed to rhIL-12 in vivo . Peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from cancer patients before rhIL-12 therapy exhibited defective NK cell cytotoxicity and T-cell-proliferative responses. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained after lymphocyte recovery following the administration of a single 500 ng/kg dose of rhIL-12 displayed augmented NK cell cytolytic activity in four of four patients tested and enhanced T-cell proliferation in three of four patients tested. These studies confirm that doses of rhIL-12 resulting in significant immunological activity can be administered with acceptable toxicity to cancer patients. Furthermore, rhIL-12 therapy can reverse defects in NK cell and T-cell function that are associated with advanced cancer in humans.
Culture and quality control of embryos

Improvement of embryo quality during in-vitro culture can be achieved by understanding and controlling the requirements of gametes and embryos. The most obvious route is to alter culture media, but standardization could be influenced by diverse environmental factors. Abnormal embryos from patients with multiple failures probably do not benefit from standardization and require specialized therapy, that is if their physiology is not already irreversibly jeopardized during gametogenesis. This paper describes the adverse environmental factors present in laboratory air and released by common products used by laboratories. Assays and results of the air determinations in several laboratories are reported, as well as potential counter measures. The possibility of altering the immediate environment of the nucleus of the egg by ooplasmic transplantation is also considered, and the first attempts resulting in two ongoing pregnancies are reported.
Preoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy as an adjunct to cholecystectomy for common bile duct stones

One hundred and twenty patients with known common bile duct stones were entered into a prospective randomised study of preoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy and stone clearance (group 1) versus surgery alone (group 2). Five patients were incorrectly entered; the 55 patients randomised to group 1 and the 60 randomised to group 2 were well matched with respect to clinical features and biochemical and medical risk factors. In group 1 endoscopic stone clearance was successful in 50 patients (91%); five of these patients refused elective surgery, though this was subsequently necessary in one. In group 2 common bile duct stones were cleared surgically in 54 of 59 patients (91.5%); one patient was treated by endoscopic sphincterotomy alone because of a myocardial infarct. The overall major complication rate in group 1 was 16.4% and included two deaths; in group 2 this was 8.5% and included one death. The minor complication rate in group 1 was 16.4% and that in group 2, 13.6%. These differences in outcome were not significant. Despite a significant reduction in total hospital stay of patients in group 1, these results do not support the routine use of preoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy in patients having biliary surgery for stones in the common bile duct.
Assessment of community-submitted ontology annotations from a novel database-journal partnership

As the scientific literature grows, leading to an increasing volume of published experimental data, so does the need to access and analyze this data using computational tools. The most commonly used method to convert published experimental data on gene function into controlled vocabulary annotations relies on a professional curator, employed by a model organism database or a more general resource such as UniProt, to read published articles and compose annotation statements based on the articles' contents. A more cost-effective and scalable approach capable of capturing gene function data across the whole range of biological research organisms in computable form is urgently needed. We have analyzed a set of ontology annotations generated through collaborations between the Arabidopsis Information Resource and several plant science journals. Analysis of the submissions entered using the online submission tool shows that most community annotations were well supported and the ontology terms chosen were at an appropriate level of specificity. Of the 503 individual annotations that were submitted, 97% were approved and community submissions captured 72% of all possible annotations. This new method for capturing experimental results in a computable form provides a cost-effective way to greatly increase the available body of annotations without sacrificing annotation quality. Database URL: www.arabidopsis.org.
Chemiluminescent Detection of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus with a PCR-Generated Nonradiolabeled Probe:

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-generated digoxigenin-labeled nonradioactive oligonucleotide probe was developed and utilized in slot-blot hybridization coupled with chemiluminescence for the detection of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). The probe was prepared from the RNA of the standard challenge strain (STC) of IBDV serotype 1 by reverse transcription followed by 2 PCR amplifications with 2 separate sets of primers. RNA of STC viruses prepared from bursae infected with STC viruses was subjected to the first PCR with the outer primers V8 and V9 that amplified a 607-base pair (bp) segment. The PCR product from the first PCR was eluted following agarose gel electrophoresis and subjected to the second PCR with the nested primers V6 and V7 that flanked a 351-bp segment. In the second PCR, dTTP was substituted by digoxigenin-11-dUTP in the PCR reaction mixture so that the amplified 351-bp DNA products were labeled with digoxigenin. The specificity of the PCR-generated digoxigenin-labeled probe was tested on different strains of IBDV, several unrelated avian viruses, and bacteria by slot-blot hybridization assay. Hybridization was detected by chemi- luminescence. The sensitivity of the probe was assayed using lo-fold serial dilutions of purified RNA from the STC strain of IBDV. The PCR-generated digoxigenin-labeled probe hybridized with genomic RNA of STC and variant strains A, D, E, G, and GLS-5 of IBDV serotype 1 but not OH strain of IBDV serotype 2. The probe did not react with avian reovirus, infectious bronchitis virus, Salmonella enteritidis, Escherichia coli, or Staph- ylococcus aureus. The probe was very sensitive, and as little as 72 fg of RNA from the STC strain of IBDV could be detected. The results indicate that this PCR-generated digoxigenin-labeled nonisotopic probe is specific for IBDV and may be utilized in a diagnostic assay for all IBDV serotype 1 strains.
A High-Efficiency 5-kW Soft-Switched Power Conditioning System for Low-Voltage Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

This paper presents a high-efficiency power conditioning system design that employs a soft-switched dc-dc converter and a soft-switched dc-ac inverter for a low-voltage 26-V, 5-kW solid oxide fuel cell. The dc-dc converter converts fuel cell voltage to a 400-V dc bus voltage using a 3-phase 6-leg phase-shift modulated converter to achieve higher than 96% peak efficiency with zero-voltage zero-current switching. The dc-ac inverter then produces 120/240V ac using a CoolMOS based soft-switching inverter to achieve 98% peak efficiency. The inverter output is universal for both standalone and grid-tie modes operation. The standalone load comes out of two sets of LC filter with a neutral line for equal voltage splits. For grid-tie mode, a circuit breaker needs to turn on, and an additional inductor is included for grid current ripple reduction. Test results indicated that peak efficiency of 94% is achieved for the two-stage power conversion PCS. In addition to high efficiency design, this paper also introduces advanced controls including fuel cell current ripple reduction using a current loop in the dc-dc converter and ac output current steady-state error reduction using an admittance compensation technique in the dc-ac inverter.
Severe soil frost reduces losses of carbon and nitrogen from the forest floor during simulated snowmelt: A laboratory experiment

Abstract Considerable progress has been made in understanding the impacts of soil frost on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling, but the effects of soil frost on C and N fluxes during snowmelt remain poorly understood. We conducted a laboratory experiment to determine the effects of soil frost on C and N fluxes from forest floor soils during snowmelt. Soil cores were collected from a sugar maple ( Acer saccharum )–American beech ( Fagus grandifolia ) and a red spruce ( Picea rubens )–balsam fir ( Abies balsamea ) forest at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire, U.S.A. Soils were exposed to one of three temperature treatments, including severe (−15 °C), mild (−0.5 °C), and no soil frost (+5 °C) conditions. After one week the soils were incubated at +5 °C and snow was placed on top of the soils to simulate spring snowmelt. NO 3 − losses were up to 5.5 mg N kg −1 soil greater in the mild soil frost treatment than the severe soil frost treatment. Net losses of NH 4 + and DON in leachate were up to 19 and 18 mg N kg −1 soil greater in the no soil frost and mild soil frost treatments, respectively, than the severe soil frost treatment. In contrast, soil frost did not have a significant impact on dissolved organic C or cumulative gaseous fluxes of C and N throughout the snowmelt period. However, the total cumulative flux of C (i.e. dissolved organic C + CO 2 + CH 4 ) and N (i.e. dissolved organic N + NH 4 + NO 3 + N 2 O) in the severe soil frost treatment were between one quarter and one half that observed in the no soil frost treatment for both forest types. Together, the results of this study show that total fluxes of N in leachate, as well as total cumulative C and N fluxes (gases + leachate), were significantly reduced following severe soil frost. We conclude that the extent to which C and N cycling during snowmelt is altered in response to changes in winter climate depend on both the presence and severity of soil frost.
Stable Polymer Etherified Sugar

It is well known that the development of dental caries is strongly encouraged by the organic acids generated in the mouth from residual sugars.1 Although various substitutes for ordinary cane sugar (sucrose) have been developed in recent years, none of the substitutes are completely satisfactory in taste and/or health safety. The cyclamates have been banned, and the use of saccharin is discouraged by strong warning labels of possible carcinogenicity. The sorbitols, although presumably safe, do not taste like sucrose, and may also be converted to caries-promoting organic acids in the mouth.
The Relationship between Tornadic and Nontornadic Convective Wind Fatalities and Warnings

A database of tornado fatalities, nontornadic convective wind fatalities, severe thunderstorm warnings, and tornado warnings was compiled for the period 1986‐2007 to assess the spatial and temporal distribution of warned and unwarned fatalities. The time of fatality and location as reported in Storm Datawas compared to tornado and severe thunderstorm warnings to determine if a warning was in effect when the fatality occurred. Overall, 23.7% of tornado fatalities were unwarned, while 53.2% of nontornadic convective wind fatalities were unwarned. Most unwarned tornado fatalities occurred prior to the mid-1990s—coinciding with modernization of the National Weather Service—while unwarned nontornadic convective wind fatalities remained at a relatively elevated frequency throughout the study period. Geographic locations with high numbers of unwarned tornado and nontornadic convective wind fatalities were associated with one high-magnitude event that was unwarned rather than a series of smaller unwarned events over the period. There are many factors that contribute to warning response by the public, and the issuance of a severe thunderstorm or tornado warning is an important initial step in the warning process. A better understanding of the characteristics of warned and unwarned fatalities is important to future reduction of unwarned fatalities.
Mapping of cerebro-vascular blood perfusion in mice with skin and skull intact by Optical Micro-AngioGraphy at 1.3 mum wavelength.

Optical micro-angiography (OMAG) was developed to achieve volumetric imaging of the microstructures and dynamic cerebrovascular blood perfusion in mice with capillary level resolution and high signal-to-background ratio. In this paper, we present a high-speed and high-sensitivity OMAG imaging system by using an InGaAs line scan camera and broadband light source at 1.3 µm wavelength for enhanced imaging depth in tissue. We show that high quality imaging of cerebrovascular blood perfusion down to capillary level resolution with the intact skin and cranium are obtained in vivo with OMAG, without the interference from the blood perfusion in the overlaying skin. The results demonstrate the potential of 1.3µm OMAG for high-speed and high-sensitivity imaging of blood perfusion in human and small animal studies.
Testing Tight Gas and Unconventional Formations and Determination of Closure Pressure

Experience indicates that applying the conventional testing techniques such as drawdown-buildup tests to unconventional reservoir may lead to non-unique answers. Diagnostic testing approach is now more commonly used in tight gas formations and unconventional reservoirs. Testing unconventional reservoirs, particularly hydrocarbon-bearing shale formations, presents considerable challenges. In addition determination of the fracture closure pressure is sometime elusive. This paper reviews those challenges faced in analysis of testing of tight gas and unconventional reservoirs both liquid and gas. Conventional testing and analysis methods, although applicable, are often impractical because of excessive test duration. Diagnostic fracture injection test (DFIT) has become the preferred option for unconventional formations. Several methods may be used for interpreting DFIT data. We examine those methods in detail and explore their relative strengths while interpreting field data. We also show ways to determine the fracture closure pressure under various reservoir and fracture conditions.
Scattering from a multiple-layered random medium

The effects of multiple scattering on the backscattered signal from random irregularities have been widely investigated. In this paper, these earlier results are generalized to the case when the scattering region is layered, with each layer having its own independent statistics. By applying the path-integral technique, especially the composition law, the scattering cross section for an n-layered random medium is evaluated. More-detailed investigations are made of the two-layered medium in which there exists a homogeneous layer between the transmitter (receiver) and the scattering layer. Numerical results are obtained to show how such a homogeneous layer can alter both the backscattered power and the enhancement cone.
A new current-comparator-based high-voltage low-power-factor wattmeter

A current-comparator technique is applied to power measurements for obtaining a highly accurate high-voltage low-power-factor wattmeter. The instrument has two time-division-multiplier-type wattmeters. One wattmeter, in conjunction with a digital signal processing block, is used to provide automatic balancing of the quadrature component of the load current in a current comparator against a quadrature current from a high-voltage quadrature current reference source. The other wattmeter is used to measure the residual loss component of the load current. This new current-comparator-based high-voltage low-power-factor wattmeter has an order of magnitude improvement in accuracy, and a lower power factor measuring range, than a previously developed instrument. It has an estimated uncertainty with respect to its readings of less than 0.02% at 0.1 power factor and higher, 0.2% at 0.01 power factor, 0.5% at 0.001 power factor, and 5% at 0.0001 power factor. In addition to power, the high-voltage low-power-factor wattmeter measures source voltage, current, power factor, and reactance of the load.
Outcomes Associated with Resident Participation in Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery: Assessing the “Resident Effect”

INTRODUCTION: Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are considered to be a potential therapeutic target. However, most CSC markers are also expressed in normal stem cells (NSCs). DCLK1 has been proposed to be a distinct marker for colon CSCs. Meanwhile, microRNAs are important regulators of CSCs. We aimed to uncover the expression pattern of DCLK1 in colon cancer and normal colon and identify microRNAs that potentially target DCLK1.
Dietary CHO and stimulation of carbohydrases along villus column of fasted rat jejunum

Adult rats when fed a high carbohydrate diet of 70% sucrose or glucose for 24 h following a 4-day fast showed increased concentrations of intestinal sucrase-isomaltase (EC 3.2.1.48, EC 3.2.1.10) and maltase-glucoamylase (EC 3.2.1.20) but not lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (EC 3.2.1.23, EC 3.2.1.62). The concentration increases of these enzymes were accompanied by corresponding acceleration of their synthesis rates. Contrary to earlier studies by others, suggesting that upper villus cells in the fasted intestine are unresponsive to stimulation of sucrase activity by refeeding a high-sucrose diet, the concentration increases of both sucrase-isomaltase and maltase-glucoamylase were seen to occur in cells all along the length of the villus column. The earlier studies differed from the present study by basing enzyme assays relative to protein rather than the DNA content of villus cell fractions. We have shown that villus cells increase their protein content severalfold while migrating to villus tip, providing the basis for the difference between earlier and the present findings. Further evidence that stimulation of sucrase-isomaltase and maltase-glucoamylase by high carbohydrate is not restricted to the crypt and lower villus region was obtained by the finding that their synthesis rates appeared to be equally stimulated along the length of the villus column.
Southern extent of Kansan Glaciation (Pleistocene) in Douglas County, Kansas

Abstract The southern extent of the Kansan glacier in Douglas County, Kansas is marked by a series of discontinuous outcrops of boulder beds, comprised of erratics in a modified terminal-like morainal topography. The Clearfield tongue (SW¼ sec. 16, T. 14 S., R. 21 E.) extended as far south as 38° 51′ latitude. Most of the material left by the glacier is outwash or reworked till and this material along with the boulder beds is definitive for marking the southern extent of the glacier. Although subdued, the Pleistocene deposits modify the local landscape and are important in piecing together the late geologic history of the region.
Nonmonotonic pressure evolution of the upper critical field in superconducting FeSe

The pressure dependence of the upper critical field, ${H}_{\mathrm{c}2,\mathrm{c}}$, of single crystalline FeSe was studied using measurements of the interplane resistivity, ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\text{c}}$, in magnetic fields parallel to tetragonal $c$ axis. ${H}_{\mathrm{c}2,\mathrm{c}}(T)$ curves obtained under hydrostatic pressures up to $1.56$ GPa, the range over which the superconducting transition temperature, ${T}_{\mathrm{c}}$, of FeSe exhibits a nonmonotonic dependence with local maximum at ${p}_{1}\ensuremath{\approx}0.8$ GPa and local minimum at ${p}_{2}\ensuremath{\approx}1.2$ GPa. The slope of the upper critical field at ${T}_{\mathrm{c}},\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}{\left(d{H}_{\text{c2,c}}/dT\right)}_{{T}_{\mathrm{c}}}$, also exhibits a nonmonotonic pressure dependence with distinct changes at ${p}_{1}$ and ${p}_{2}$. For $pl{p}_{1}$ the slope can be described within a multiband orbital model. For both ${p}_{1}lpl{p}_{2}$ and $pg{p}_{2}$ the slope is in good semiquantitative agreement with a single band, orbital Helfand-Werthamer theory with Fermi velocities determined from Shubnikov--de Haas measurements. This finding indicates that Fermi surface changes are responsible for the local minimum of ${T}_{\mathrm{c}}(p)$ at ${p}_{2}\ensuremath{\approx}1.2$ GPa.
EarthCaching - An Earth Science Outreach Success Story

EarthCaching is a real success story in how Earth science can benefit by working with successful community programs that link self-learning, technology, and the thrill of outdoor adventure. With over 11,000 Earth science sites worldwide visited by 1.3 million people, it is making a real impact toward bringing Earth science to the wider community.
A subluminal relativistic magnetohydrodynamics scheme with ADER-WENO predictor and multidimensional Riemann solver-based corrector

The relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (RMHD) set of equations has recently seen an increased use in astrophysical computations. Even so, RMHD codes remain fragile. The reconstruction can sometimes yield superluminal velocities in certain parts of the mesh. The current generation of RMHD codes does not have any particularly good strategy for avoiding such an unphysical situation. In this paper we present a reconstruction strategy that overcomes this problem by making a single conservative to primitive transformation per cell followed by higher order WENO reconstruction on a carefully chosen set of primitives that guarantee subluminal reconstruction of the flow variables. For temporal evolution via a predictor step we also present second, third and fourth order accurate ADER methods that keep the velocity subluminal during the predictor step. The methods presented here are very general and should apply to other PDE systems where physical realizability is most easily asserted in the primitive variables.The RMHD system also requires the magnetic field to be evolved in a divergence-free fashion. In the treatment of classical numerical MHD the analogous issue has seen much recent progress with the advent of multidimensional Riemann solvers. By developing multidimensional Riemann solvers for RMHD, we show that similar advances extend to RMHD. As a result, the face-centered magnetic fields can be evolved much more accurately using the edge-centered electric fields in the corrector step. Those edge-centered electric fields come from a multidimensional Riemann solver for RMHD which we present in this paper. The overall update results in a one-step, fully conservative scheme that is suited for AMR.In this paper we also develop several new test problems for RMHD. We show that RMHD vortices can be designed that propagate on the computational mesh as self-preserving structures. These RMHD vortex test problems provide a means to do truly multidimensional accuracy testing for RMHD codes. Several other stringent test problems are presented. We show the importance of resolution in certain test problems. Our tests include a demonstration that RMHD vortices are stable when they interact with shocks.
International environmental agreements with consistent conjectures

We introduce consistent conjectures into Barrett (1994) canonical model of international environmental agreements. The existing literature assumes inconsistent Nash conjectures, despite the fact that policymakers recognize that abatement levels are strategic substitutes and increases in abatement generate carbon leakage. With consistent conjectures much of the conventional wisdom is reversed. The non-cooperative abatement level is below the Nash equilibrium. The difference between Nash and consistent conjectures is greatest when benefits are large and costs are small. We find that large coalitions cannot form. However, small coalitions can result in substantial increases in abatement relative to the non-cooperative outcome.
Economic Sectors as Discursive Resources for Civil Society Collaboration

This study explores the communication processes of civil society collaboration, with particular attention to the ways in which sectoral differences are managed communicatively and how sectoral differences among members are implicated in the processes of collaboration. Findings from a 10-month qualitative investigation of a civil society collaboration of social service providers indicate that sector differences are discursive resources that people draw upon to make sense of uncertainty and frame arguments. Findings also demonstrate how sector differences are managed communicatively through practices of recognition, resistance, translation, and mediation. This study builds on previous scholarship that conceptualizes civil society collaboration as a series of communicative processes and discursive practices (versus economic or structural characteristics), as well as research that advocates a processual approach to the study of organizational collaboration.
Histopathological Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis on Larvae of the Indianmeal Moth and the Almond Moth

Histopathological studies demonstrated that the midgut epithelium in larvae of both the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner), and the almond moth, Ephestia cautella (Walker), was damaged within 1/2 to 1 h after they ingested spores and parasporal crystals of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. kurstaki . Midgut epithelial cells progressively degenerated until the midgut was totally disrupted and the larvae died. Larval death preceded extensive septicemia, and thus, apparently was caused by the gut wall's loss of integrity.
Oxide Heterostructure Resistive Memory

Resistive switching devices are widely believed as a promising candidate for future memory and logic applications. Here we show that by using multilayer oxide heterostructures the switching characteristics can be systematically controlled, ranging from unipolar switching to complementary switching and bipolar switching with linear and nonlinear on-states and high endurance. Each layer can be tailed for a specific function during resistance switching, thus greatly improving the degree of control and flexibility for optimized device performance.
The Application of the Discussion Teaching in College Physics Experiments

By studying the discussion teaching model,we applied the discussion teaching in college physics experiments.The teaching reform improved the college physics experiment teaching effect.
Lawyers, Law, & the Movies: The Hitchcock Cases

Reel Justice: The Courtroom Goes to the Movies, by Paul Bergman and Michael Asimov, and Legal Reelism: Movies as Legal Texts, edited by John Denvir, represent valuable initial steps in the consideration of how movies and other elements of popular culture reflect the cultural positions of lawyers and law, and how their study can aid discussion of issues of legal theory. Reel Justice analyzes movies about lawyers and law, particularly those with significant trial scenes. It determines whether movies accurately portray legal reality. Legal Reelism discusses how movies can be considered legal texts that reflect themes and problems of legal theory. The approaches of each of these books are considered in analyzing three films about criminal trials directed by Alfred Hitchcock: The Paradine Case, I Confess, and The Wrong Man. The treatment of Hitchcock's movies by film critics and scholars over the years reveals the fundamental similarity of the questions raised by interpretation of movies and the interpretation of more conventional legal materials such as statutes. The history of Hitchcock's movies also shows that interpretive issues cannot be overlooked if movies are truly to be treated as legal texts, as suggested by Legal Reelism. Movies and television have served as the primary source of information about law and lawyers for millions of people over the years, and they will continue to do so. Popular entertainment has also continually influenced lawyers' understandings and attitudes toward law and the legal profession. Posted with permission.
Characterization of a rice dwarf and narrow leaf 2 mutant

The rice dwarf and narrow leaf mutant 2 (dnl2) is dwarfed and forms narrow and brittle leaves. Its dwarfness was shown to be due to its shortened internodes resulting from a reduced size of the internode parenchyma cells. Its narrow and brittle leaves were attributed to a compromised ability to form vascular bundles but a reduced fiber content and thin cortical layer. However, response to the application of either gibberellin or brassinolide was not different between dnl2 and its wild type. Transcription profiling indicates that a number of cell division/expansion-associated and crude fiber synthesis-related genes were down-regulated in the mutant. A genetic analysis revealed that the mutant phenotype was under monogenic control, and the gene responsible was mapped to a 50.1 kb genomic region on the long arm of chromosome 10. This region was shown to harbor 10 open reading frames. Although transcription profiling these genes indicates that three were differentially transcribed in the mutant, there was no sequence polymorphism in the coding sequence between the mutant and the wild type alleles.