cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geomorphology of Erben Guyot

Abstract Volcanic Erben Guyot is located 800 miles west of San Diego, California, adjacent to the Murray fracture zone. A bathymetric survey covering 250 sq. miles has been made with track-line control based on a radar reference buoy moored to the guyot summit. The 2,200-fathom high guyot has a generally flat, but somewhat irregular platform ranging in depth from 300 to 500 fathoms. Along portions of the margins the flanks fall away abruptly with slopes as great as 45°. These steep slopes are probably bedded lava flows and volcanic debris. Two other peaks on the guyot appear to be volcanic vents or fissures in the flanks of the volcano.
Origin of polytypism in the ZnS structure

Proposition d'un nouveau modele, base sur la modulation de liaison et de l'interaction de Coulomb de la modulation resultante charge-densite, afin de comprendre l'origine du polytypisme observe dans la structure ZnS
Ultimate Capacity Destructive Testing and Finite-Element Analysis of Steel I-Girder Bridges

Current bridge design and rating techniques are based at the component level and thus cannot predict the ultimate capacity of bridges, which is a function of system-level interactions. While advances in computer technology have made it possible to conduct accurate system-level analyses, which can be used to design more efficient bridges and produce more accurate ratings of existing structures, the knowledge base surrounding system-level bridge behavior is still too small for these methods to be widely considered reliable. Thus, to advance system-level design and rating, a 1/5-scale slab-on-steel girder bridge was tested to ultimate capacity and then analytically modeled. The test demonstrated the significant reserve capacity of the steel girders, and the response of the specimen was governed by the degradation of the reinforced-concrete deck. To accurately capture the response of the specimen in an analytical model, the degradation of the deck and other key features of the specimen were modeled by using a...
Is Improved Survival a Class Effect of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors?

Pilote and colleagues' study in this issue indicates that in the absence of head-to-head randomized trials that test survival benefits of different angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, the cur...
Energy and momentum in general relativity

In general relativity, conservation of energy and momentum is expressed by an equation of the form∂ℐμν/∂xν= 0, whereℐμν≡√−gTμν represents the total energy, momentum, and stress. This equation arises from the divergence formula\(\mathop{{\int\!\!\!\!\!\int\!\!\!\!\!\int}\mkern-31.2mu \bigodot} {}\) ∐μνdV v = ∬∬(∐μν/∂x v )d4d. Here we show that this formula fails to account properly for the system of basis vectors eμ(x). We obtain the (invariant) divergence formula\(\mathop{{\int\!\!\!\!\!\int\!\!\!\!\!\int}\mkern-31.2mu \bigodot} {}\)eμ ℐμνdV v = ∬∬eμ(∂ℐμν/∂x v + Γ νλ μ ℐνλ)d4d. Conservation of energy and momentum is therefore expressed by the covariant equation (∂ℐμν/∂x v ) + Γ νλ μ ℐνλ = 0. We go on to calculate the variation of the action under uniform displacements in space-time. This calculation yields the covariant equation of conservation, as well as the fully symmetric energy tensorℐμν. Finally, we discuss the transfer of energy and momentum, within the context of Einstein's theory of gravitation.
40Ar/39Ar Age of the Lathrop Wells Volcanic Center, Yucca Mountain, Nevada

Paleomagnetic and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar analyses from the Lathrop Wells volcanic center, Nevada, indicate that two eruptive events have occurred there. The ages (136 ± 8 and 141 ± 9 thousand years ago) for these two events are analytically indistinguishable. The small angular difference (4.7°) between the paleomagnetic directions from these two events suggests they differ in age by only about 100 years. These ages are consistent with the chronology of the surficial geological units in the Yucca Mountain area. These results contradict earlier interpretations of the cinder-cone geomorphology and soil-profile data that suggest that at least five temporally discrete eruptive events occurred at Lathrop Wells approximately 20,000 years ago.
Tests of parton distribution functions at the Tevatron Collider

Tevatron Collider experiments (CDF and DO) have unique advantages in testing parton distribution functions. Because hadrons are used on both sides of the initial state, these experiments have difficulty in isolating the contribution from each type of parton, but offer unique sensitivity to the gluon structure function, a large renge of Q 2 , and a wide variety of probes (jet, γ, W, Z , and b -quark). Recent results and prospects for future measurements are presented.
Plasmodium berghei freed from host erythrocytes by a continuous-flow ultrasonic system.

Abstract Ultrasound was used to free Plasmodium berghei from host erythrocytes. Debris formation, parasite damage, and red cell-membrane entrapment of parasites were minimized by using a continuous-flow system of sonication. The free parasites were harvested by differential centrifugation, and low-power thin-section electron microscopy showed the effectiveness of the procedure. The free parasites were used as antigens in complement-fixation tests, and they reacted well with sera from rats recovering from Plasmodium berghei infection.
Optimum dose of radiotherapy for chemodectomas of the middle ear.

Abstract Forty patients with chemodectomas of the middle ear were seen at the University of Virginia Hospital from 1932 to 1978. Surgery, post-operative radiotherapy or radiotherapy alone were the treatment modalities employed depending on the extent of the disease. These have been reviewed with regard to the clinical presentation and results of treatment with long term follow-up of 1–30 years. An attempt was made to determine the optimum dose of radiotherapy based on our data and reported cases in the literature. The majority of patients complaining of tinnitus, otalgia and pulsation obtained significant if not complete relief of symptoms. Cranial nerve defects, however, often persisted after therapy. Tumor was considered to be controlled if there was no increase in its size or progression of symptoms. Tumor control was obtained in eight of 10 early patients but only in two of seven more patients with advanced disease with total resection. Control rate with post-operative radiotherapy after subtotal resection was 85%. Radiotherapy alone was used for inoperable or recurrent tumors and control was obtained in 88 % of them. In addition to our data, the radiation dose used in over 200 patients reported in the literature were analyzed. There was only a 2% recurrence rate in patients who received 4000 rad/4 weeks or higher. Twenty-two percent of patients treated with less than 4000 rad developed recurrence. The tendency is to use a lower dose of postoperative treatment and a higher dose for gross inoperable tumors. 4000 rad/4 weeks seems to be adequate for control of postoperative residual disease and no more than 5000 rad/5 weeks are required even for advanced inoperable cases. By keeping the dose below 5000 rad/5 weeks, the incidence of complications such as brain necrosis is greatly decreased.
Hypocretin Levels in Sporadic and Familial Cases of Canine Narcolepsy

Abstract Familial and sporadic forms of narcolepsy exist in both humans and canines. Mutations in the hypocretin receptor 2 gene (Hcrtr 2) cause canine familial narcolepsy. In humans, mutations in hypocretin-related genes are rare, but cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hypocretin-1 is undetectable in most sporadic cases. Using the canine model, we investigated ( 1 ) whether hypocretin deficiency is involved in sporadic cases and ( 2 ) whether alterations in hypocretin neurons or ligand levels also contribute to the phenotype in Hcrtr 2 mutants. We found that hypocretins were undetectable in the brains of three of three and the CSF of two of two sporadic narcoleptic dogs tested. In contrast, hypocretin levels were not altered in brains and CSF of genetically narcoleptic Dobermans, and hypocretin-containing neurons were of normal appearance. Therefore, multiple hypocretin-related etiologies are likely to be involved in canine narcolepsy. The presence of hypocretin peptides in Hcrtr 2-mutated animals suggests that neurotransmission through Hcrtr 1 may be intact, arguing for a preferential importance of Hcrtr 2-mediated function in narcolepsy.
Subpicosecond optical switching with a negative index metamaterial.

We demonstrate a nanoscale, subpicosecond (ps) metamaterial device capable of terabit/second all-optical communication in the near-IR. The 600 fs response, 2 orders of magnitude faster than previously reported, is achieved by accessing a previously unused regime of high-injection level, subpicosecond carrier dynamics in the α-Si dielectric layer of the metamaterial. Further, we utilize a previously unrecognized, higher-order, shorter-wavelength negative-index resonance in the fishnet structure, thereby extending device functionality (via structural tuning of device dimensions) over 1.0−2.0 μm. The pump energy required to modulate a single bit is only 3 nJ over our current 700 μm2 area device and can be easily scaled into the picoJoule regime with smaller cross sectional areas.
Mechanics of fiber-reinforced composites with doubly periodic matrix cracks

Abstract A fracture model based on two dimensional plane stress/strain elasticity theory for the problem of doubly periodic interacting and regularly spaced matrix cracks in a unidirectional fiber reinforced brittle matrix composite is developed. The solution is obtained in terms of a singular integral equation. The stress intensity factors at the crack tips, the maximum crack opening displacement and the longitudinal stiffness of the composite are studied as a function of the elastic moduli of the constituents, fiber volume fraction, transverse crack spacing, and crack length. The crack spacing is found to be more dominant than the relative constituent stiffness properties and the fiber volume fraction in influencing the stress intensity factor and the crack opening displacements. The stiffness of the composite due to multiple cracking reduces with a decrease in the fiber crack spacing. The stress intensity factors from the current planar model are compared with the axisymmetric results available in the literature and show a considerable difference between the results.
Candidate genes for nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate and maternal cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption: Evaluation of genotype-environment interactions from a population-based case-control study of orofacial clefts

Previous studies suggest that the relationship between genes and nonsyndromic cleft lip +/- cleft palate (CLP) or cleft palate only (CP) may be modified by the environment. Using data from a population-based case-control study, we examined allelic variants for three genes, i.e., transforming growth factor alpha (TGFA), transforming growth factor beta 3 (TGFB3), and Msh (Drosophila) homeobox homolog 1 (MSX1), and their interactions with two exposures during pregnancy (maternal cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption) as risk factors for CLP and CP. For each cleft phenotype, risk estimates associated with most allelic variants tended to be near unity. Risk estimates for maternal smoking (> or = 10 cigarettes/day) were significantly elevated for CP and were most elevated among infants with allelic variants at the TGFB3 or MSX1 sites. By comparison, risk estimates for maternal alcohol consumption (> or = 4 drinks/month) were significantly elevated for CLP and were most elevated among infants with allelic variants at the MSX1 site. Our results suggest that development of CLP and CP may be influenced independently by maternal exposures but more significantly by interaction of such exposures and specific allelic variants.
Leaching model for a cement mortar exposed to intermittent wetting and drying

Numerical simulations of inorganic species release from an intermittently wetted cement material without carbonation effects are presented. The intermittent mass-transport (IMT) model combines previously developed approaches describing constituent diffusion coupled with solid-phase dissolution/precipitation and two-regime drying of a cement matrix stored at constant relative humidity. Model simulations were validated using experimental data showing the effects of intermittent wetting on release of major matrix species (Ca, Na, K, Cl, OH) and pH-dependent trace metals (Cd, Pb). The IMT model successfully describes constituent release flux for intermittent wetting cases with storage in an inert atmosphere (100% N 2 ) at three levels of relative humidity (23%, 48%, 98% RH). Leachate pH simulation accounted for the release of soluble alkaline salts in conjunction with the dissolution of calcium hydroxide. The release simulations for pH-dependent species were subsequently improved over pH determination based solely on calcium hydroxide dissolution.
A fluctuation theory for Markov chains

Abstract A fluctuation theory for Markov chains on an ordered countable state space is developed, using ladder processes. These are shown to be Markov renewal processes. Results are given for the joint distribution of the extremum (maximum or minimum) and the first time the extremum is achieved. Also a new classification of the states of a Markov chain is suggested. Two examples are given.
Failure modes and effects analysis applied to high-dose-rate brachytherapy treatment planning.

Abstract Purpose To apply failure modes and effects analysis to high-dose-rate treatment planning to identify the most likely and significant sources of error in the process. Methods We have made a list of 25 failure modes grouped into six categories (imaging, catheter reconstruction, dwell position activity, dose points/normalization, optimization/dose, and evaluation). Each mode was rated on a one to five scale for severity, likelihood of occurrence, and probability of escaping detection. An overall ranking was formed from the product of the three scores. The authors assigned scores independently and the resulting rankings were averaged. We also analyzed 44 reported medical events related to high-dose-rate treatment planning listed on the Nuclear Regulatory Commission Web site and compared them with our own rankings. Results Failure modes associated with image sets, catheter reconstruction, indexer length, and incorrect dose points had the highest ranking in our analysis (scores higher than 20). The most often cited failure modes in the Nuclear Regulatory Commission reports examined were indexer length (20/44) and incorrect dose points (6/44). Several of our high-ranking modes are not associated with reported events. Conclusion It is a useful exercise to identify failure modes locally and analyze the efficacy of the local quality assurance program. Comparison with nationally reported failures can help direct the local analysis, but the absence or small number of reports for failure modes with a high score may be owing to low detectability. Such modes obviously cannot be ignored.
The use of surface modifiers to mitigate pattern collapse in thin film lithography

It has become clear that although line edge roughness and resolution are important for future lithographic technology nodes, other issues such as pattern collapse must be addressed as well. One of the primary modes of pattern collapse is pattern collapse caused by loss of adhesion of the resist from the substrate. The main forces which govern pattern collapse by adhesion failure are related to substrate/resist interactions. Though several methodologies to improve pattern collapse have been investigated, such as the use of surfactants during the final rinse, the use of such methods virtually all suffer from some serious drawback. To this end, we have developed a reactive surface modifier capable of covalently attaching to a positive tone resists containing hydroxystyrene groups. A vinyl-ether-modified silane was prepared and effectively applied using a solution silanization reaction. A hydroxystyrene-based positive tone copolymer resist was applied and subjected to a post apply bake to allow sufficient time for reaction with the surface modifier to occur prior to patterning using e-beam lithography. Ultimately, it was determined that covalent attachment of the surface modifier to the photoresist during the post apply bake resulted in enhanced resist/substrate adhesion of photoresist lines as evidenced by improved pattern collapse performance in high resolution imaging experiments.
Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha3 subunit protein in rat brain and sympathetic ganglion measured using a subunit-specific antibody: regional and ontogenic expression.

A synthetic peptide corresponding to the C-terminus of the α3 subunit of the rat neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) was used to generate a rabbit polyclonal α3 antibody. The specificity of this antibody was characterized by immunoblotting, immunohistochemical and immunoprecipitation techniques. Using this antibody, the relative densities of the α3 subunit were quantitatively determined in different brain regions and in superior cervical ganglion (SCG). Among these regions, SCG, interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) and pineal gland showed the highest levels of α3 protein expression. Habenula and superior colliculi had intermediate levels of expression. Low levels were found in cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum. The ontogenic profile of the α3 subunit in the SCG was also determined. The α3 protein level is low at postnatal day (P 1), but increases rapidly during the first seven postnatal days. This level then plateaus and remains stable through postnatal day 35. These findings suggest that neuronal nAChRs containing the α3 subunit participate in important roles in specific regions of the rat brain and the SCG.
Testing for weak identification in possibly nonlinear models

In this paper we propose a chi-square test for identification. Our proposed test statistic is based on the distance between two shrinkage extremum estimators. The two estimators converge in probability to the same limit when identification is strong, and their asymptotic distributions are different when identification is weak. The proposed test is consistent not only for the alternative hypothesis of no identification but also for the alternative of weak identification, which is confirmed by our Monte Carlo results. We apply the proposed technique to test whether the structural parameters of a representative Taylor-rule monetary policy reaction function are identified.
Bori practice among enslaved West Africans of Ottoman Tunis: Unbelief (Kufr) or another dimension of the African diaspora?

Building on Ahmad ibn Yusuf b. al-Qadi al-Timbuktawi's treatise entitled Hatk al-Sitr Amma Alayhi Sudani Tunis min al-Kufr (Piercing the Veil: Being an Account of the Infidel Religions of the Blacks of Tunis) this paper examines the implications of the Hausa non-Muslim Bori cult practice in Ottoman Tunis on enslaved West Africans' retentions of religious and family values from their original homelands. Specifically, the paper traces and analyses the evolution of Bori cult practice in the Tunisian milieu and places it in its proper historical and diasporic contexts. To this end, the paper goes beyond questions that are not central to al-Timbuktawi's condemnation of the enslaved West African community of Tunis, but which nonetheless attracts the attention of scholars interested in the diasporic and historical significance of Bori cult practice in the Maghreb.
Screen Capture on the Fly: Combining Molecular Visualization and a Tablet PC in the Biochemistry Lecture

The biochemistry lecture is often the place where students receive the greatest exposure to the structural nature of biomolecules. The use of molecular visualization software and web-based animated tutorials has enhanced the way instructors teach this important area of structural biology. Using the software and tutorials in class is an excellent way to teach the diverse structural motifs found in biomolecules; however, integrating the computer-based molecular renderings shown in class into lecture notes is challenging. This report describes how incorporating a tablet PC into the biochemistry lecture can be used in conjunction with molecular visualization software to create a rich set of lecture notes. The pedagogical tools associated with a tablet PC make it an attractive addition to the biochemistry lecture, which usually has significant audio and visual learning components.
Neonatal Heart Transplantation to a Physiologic Single Lung

Heart transplantation to a physiologic single lung in patients with congenital heart disease is associated with good outcome in teenagers and young adults, but its clinical feasibility has not been reported in neonates and young infants. We describe the clinical and hemodynamic course in a neonate with hypoplastic left heart syndrome who underwent primary heart transplantation to a single functioning right lung.
Rapid conversion of tea catechins to monomethylated products by rat liver cytosolic catechol-O-methyltransferase.

1. The metabolic O -methylation of several catechol-containing tea polyphenols by rat liver cytosolic catechol- O -methyltransferase (COMT) has been studied. 2. When (-)-epicatechin was used as substrate, its O -methylation showed dependence on incubation time, cytosolic protein concentration, incubation pH and concentration of S -adenosyl-L-methionine. The O -methylation of increasing concentrations of (-)epicatechin followed typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics, and the apparent K m and V max were 51µM and 2882 pmol mg protein -1 min -1, respectively, at pH 7.4, and were 17 µM and 2093 pmol mg protein -1 min -1, respectively, at pH 10.0. 3. Under optimized conditions for in vitro O -methylation, (-)-epicatechin, (+)epicatechin and (-)-epigallocatechin were rapidly O -methylated by rat liver cytosol. In comparison, (-)-epicatechin gallate and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate were O -methylated at significantly lower rates under the same reaction conditions. 4. COMT-catalysed O-methylation of (-)-epicatechin and...
Legally enforceable commitments

A continuing issue of contract law is what purported contracts should be legally enforced. This article considers what principles rational persons would want courts to use in enforcing commitments in a society in which they expected to live. By reviewing the promise, economic value, and reasonable expectations approaches, the principles of freedom of transfer, enforceable commitments, and collective good are developed. Then, less general principles of consideration, past benefits, reliance, gratuitous commitments, and contract modification are presented. These latter principles specify the more general principle of legally enforceable commitments. The resulting set of principles provide the basic outlines of legally enforceable commitments that would be acceptable to rational persons living in a contemporary, industrialized Western common-law society.
Second analytic deviation one ideals and their Rees algebras

Abstract We study the Cohen-Macaulayness and the defining equations of Rees algebras of ideals with good residual intersection properties, especially for ideals having second analytic deviation one. In particular we show that, under certain conditions, the Cohen-Macaulayness of the Rees algebra forces the ideal to have the expected reduction number.
Higher order probabilities and intervals

Abstract Many researchers have felt uncomfortable with the precision of degrees of belief that seems to be demanded by the subjective Bayesian treatment of uncertainty. Various responses have been suggested. The most common one has been to incorporate higher order probabilities in systems that reason in beliefs. These probabilities concern statements of first-order probability. Thus a first-order probability (e.g., the probability of heads on the next toss of this coin is 1 2 ) is the subject of a second-order probability; for example, the probability is .9 that the probability of heads on the next toss of this coin is 1 2 . This approach is explored and is found to be epistemologically wanting, although there are important intuitions about beliefs that are captured by it. Furthermore, this approach may, in some circumstances, be computationally attractive. We also briefly explore a number of other approaches, including taking probabilities to be intervals and construing probability values as fuzzy sets.
Spontaneous anti-Stokes Raman probe for gas temperature measurements in industrial furnaces.

A compact, pulsed Nd:YAG laser-based instrument has been built to measure in situ absolute gas temperatures in large industrial furnaces by use of spontaneous anti-Stokes Raman scattering. The backscattering configuration was used to simplify the optics alignment and increase signal-to-noise ratios. Gated signal detection significantly reduced the background emission that is found in combustion environments. The anti-Stokes instead of the Stokes component was used to eliminate contributions to spectra from cold atmospheric nitrogen. The system was evaluated in a methane/air flame and in a bench-top oven, and the technique was found to be a reliable tool for nonintrusive absolute temperature measurements with relatively clean gas streams. A water-cooled insertion probe was integrated with the Raman system for measurement of the temperature profiles inside an industrial furnace. Gas temperatures near 1500–1800 K at atmospheric pressure in an industrial furnace were inferred by fitting calculated profiles to experimental spectra with a standard deviation of less than 1% for averaging times of ∼200 s. The temperatures inferred from Raman spectra are in good agreement with data recorded with a thermocouple probe.
Sensing Techniques and Detection Methods for Train Approach Detection

In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of currently available train approach detection methods and discuss some of the more innovative detection techniques for addressing the safety at highway-rail intersections (HRI) as well as the safety of railway workers by providing sufficient early warning of oncoming locomotives. A comprehensive review of various sensor technologies and detection techniques is provided, all of which have been attempted in experimental settings by academia and transportation agencies. Our goal is to highlight remaining research issues to help foster innovation in this area and facilitate the research on innovative train detection methods in the pursuit of a suitable technology-based early-warning train approach detection solution.
Detection of P-glycoprotein in cell lines and leukemic blasts : failure of select monoclonal antibodies to detect clinically significant Pgp levels in primary cells

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a salient feature of chemotherapy failure in pediatric patients. One of the most common and well-studied mechanisms implicated in causing MDR is P-glycoprotein (Pgp), an ATP-dependent, transmembrane drug efflux pump. Accurate and reproducible detection of this MDR protein is necessary as it may have important clinical implications. In this study comparing the directly conjugated anti-Pgp monoclonal antibodies UIC2-PE and 15D3-PE to the unconjugated anti-Pgp mAb MRK16, we analyzed cell lines, normal peripheral blood cells, and bone marrow cells from pediatric patients diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia; all samples were also analyzed for Pgp function using rhodamine 123 in order to correlate results from antibody staining with functional activity. For all patient samples evaluated, only MRK16 correlated well with the rhodamine 123 assay. Both the directly conjugated antibodies UIC2-PE and 15D3-PE failed to detect Pgp in almost all cases. Pre-treatment of cells with neuraminidase did not provide a consistent enhancement of antigen detection. Based on these results, we suggest that while UIC2-PE and 15D3-PE may be able to detect the very high levels of Pgp expressing laboratory-cultured cell lines, they are not suitable for clinical application in their currently available conjugated form. When assaying patient samples for Pgp expression and function using flow cytometry, the rhodamine 123 functional assay should be performed in concert with staining with MRK16.
Why cellular stress suppresses adipogenesis in skeletal tissue, but is ineffective in adipose tissue: control of mesenchymal cell differentiation via integrin binding sites in extracellular matrices.

Abstract This Perspective addresses one of the major puzzles of adipogenesis in adipose tissue, namely its resistance to cellular stress. It introduces a concept of “density” of integrin binding sites in extracellular matrix, proposes a cellular signaling explanation for the observed effects of matrix elasticity and of cell shape on mesenchymal stem cell differentiation, and discusses how specialized integrin binding sites in collagen IV-containing matrices guard two pivotal physiological and evolutionary processes: stress-resistant adipogenesis in adipose tissues and preservation of pluripotency of mesenchymal stem-like cells in their storage niches. Finally, it proposes strategies to suppress adipogenesis in adipose tissues.
Seismic Testing for Reliable Instrumentation and Control Systems

Practical techniques have been established for the seismic testing of Class I instrumentation for Nuclear Power Plants which meet the requirements of IEEE-JCNPS/SC2.5 without placing an unreasonable burden on the utility customer costwise or delivery wise. Test method details and results from the application of these techniques are discussed.
Optimizing the horizontal structural diversity in uneven-aged northern hardwood stands

Two mathematical programming formulations are presented which allow the determination of diameter distributions that maximize the diameter class diversity in uneven-aged northern hardwood stands. Distributions generated from these models were found to be comparable from a management standpoint and could be incorporated into existing linear programming models as alternative management scenarios. The models presented here provide an initial framework for quantitatively addressing the requirements of the US National Forest Management Act in matters of diversity in the planning process.
Efficient discretization of Laplace boundary integral equations on polygonal domains

We describe a numerical procedure for the construction of quadrature formulae suitable for the efficient discretization of boundary integral equations over very general curve segments. While the procedure has applications to the solution of boundary value problems on a wide class of complicated domains, we concentrate in this paper on a particularly simple case: the rapid solution of boundary value problems for Laplace's equation on two-dimensional polygonal domains. We view this work as the first step toward the efficient solution of boundary value problems on very general singular domains in both two and three dimensions. The performance of the method is illustrated with several numerical examples.
Calliope — A large acceptance multiparticle magnetic spectrometer for intermediate energy physics

A magnetic spectrometer with an angular acceptance of 360° and a solid angle of 0.5 sr is described. It can detect and identify light charged particles in the momentum range 0.1 GeV/c < p < 1.2 GeV/c, with a momentum resolution of 1 to 10%. It can be configured to allow inclusive single particle as well as correlated multiparticle (⪅ 10) measurements. The performance of the spectrometer is discussed in light of p + A → π ± + X and p + A → π ±, K ±, p, p, d + X experiments conducted at LAMPF, TRIUMF and LEAR (CERN).
Detection and quantification of a thio-arsenosugar in marine molluscs by IC-ICP-MS with an emphasis on the interaction of arsenosugars with sulfide as a function of pH

The sulfur analog of As(328) (2,3-dihydroxypropyl-5-deoxy-5-dimethylarsinoyl-β-D-riboside), abbreviated As(328-S), was detected and quantified in five species of marine shellfish using IC-ICP-MS with structural verification via IC-ESI-MS/MS. The CAD spectra produced from the parent ion, m/z 345, in the extract contained two major daughter ions, m/z 253 and 235, closely matching the CAD spectrum of synthetic As(328-S). The ability of the oxide and sulfide forms of the arsenosugar to interconvert led to a series of fundamental studies in ideal solutions containing both the arsenosugar and sulfide. The conversion of As(328) to As(328-S) was found to be pH sensitive and promoted in the pH range where HS− is converted to H2S (pK1 = 7). The conversion was observed in both shellfish extracts and ideal solutions with comparable sulfide and arsenosugar concentrations. The conversion was further studied over a range of sulfur/arsenic molar ratios. At a 15-fold molar excess of sulfide at pH 4.8, the lowest pH experienced by an extract, >90% conversion to the sulfide was observed. In the context of shellfish, a molar ratio greater than 200:1 sulfide to arsenic was detected in all five extracts. These trends should prove useful in improving confidence in thio-arsenosugar speciation and predicting the extent of conversion under a given set of conditions.
A Dirichlet process mixture model for survival outcome data: Assessing nationwide kidney transplant centers

Mortality rates are probably the most important indicator for the performance of kidney transplant centers. Motivated by the national evaluation of mortality rates at kidney transplant centers in the USA, we seek to categorize the transplant centers based on the mortality outcome. We describe a Dirichlet process model and a Dirichlet process mixture model with a half-cauchy prior for the estimation of the risk-adjusted effects of the transplant centers, with strategies for improving the model performance, interpretability, and classification ability. We derive statistical measures and create graphical tools to rate transplant centers and identify outlying groups of centers with exceptionally good or poor performance. The proposed method was evaluated through simulation and then applied to assess kidney transplant centers from a national organ failure registry.
II. General Characteristics of Polyethylene

IT IS THE AIM, or at least the hope of most research workers to achieve perfection — and this is a commendable aim — but the more practical man, while waiting for the panacea, is inclined to go to work with materials at hand — to improvise perhaps.
Relational Maintenance, Satisfaction, and Commitment in Marriages: An Actor-Partner Analysis

We used data collected from 117 married couples to investigate the interdependent nature of spouses' perceptions of marital satisfaction and commitment and the use of maintenance behaviors. Results using dyadic analysis techniques revealed significant actor and partner effects of spouses' perceptions of satisfaction and commitment with the use of maintenance behaviors. Further, the strength of the actor and partner effects were similar between wives and husbands, indicating that the perceptions of both partners are important in the use of maintenance behaviors in marriage. The results can help family communication scholars fashion a more complete picture of the process of relationship maintenance in the lives of married couples.
Dissociation of Waldenström's immunoglobulin M by the disulfide interchange reaction.

Abstract Immunoglobulin M proteins isolated from patients with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia were rapidly dissociated into subunits by an interchange reaction with diethanoldisulfide or cystamine. Three hours incubation at room temperature in pH 8·5 buffer with the disulfide compound (0·1 M ) and mercaptoethanol (0·005 M ) provided suitable conditions for complete dissociation. Incomplete dissociation resulted when the concentration of mercaptoethanol in the reaction mixture was less than 0·004 M or more than 0·02 M . No dissociation was evident when the mercaptoethanol was omitted from the reaction mixture. Use of buffers having pH valves of less than 8·0 resulted in a decrease in the yield of subunits. The extent of dissociation was less when the disulfide compound was omitted from the reaction mixture than when it was present. The subunits were stable, did not possess free sulfhydryl groups, and closely resembled those produced from the same IgM proteins by reduction and alkylation with respect to molecular weight. Although cleavage of the intersubunit disulfide bonds was essentially complete, only partial cleavage of the interchain disulfide bonds occurred under the conditions used in the present study.
Defaults and indeterminacy in temporal grammaticalization: The ‘perfect’ road to perfective

Adopting a grammaticalization path perspective on the envelope of variation, that is, the range of grammatical functions along the cross-linguistic perfect-to-perfective path, and employing the variationist comparative method, we compare use of the Present Perfect and Preterit in Mexican and Peninsular Spanish to identify the default past perfective form in each dialect. The linguistic conditioning of the variability provides evidence that the Present Perfect is becoming the default exponent of past perfective in Peninsular Spanish; in empirical terms, the default expression is the one appearing more frequently (combined effect of corrected mean and factor weight) in the most frequent and, crucially, the least specified contexts. The quantitative analysis of natural speech production—rather than elicited—data also suggests a different trajectory for perfect-to-perfective grammaticalization than the commonly assumed route via remoteness distinctions: the Present Perfect's shift from hodiernal to general perfective advances in temporally indeterminate past contexts.
Ecocounseling Psychology: An Introduction and Overview

A case is made for counseling psychologists to become involved in efforts to alter the trajectories of a number of disturbing human-produced ecological threats (i.e., deforestation, global warming, ozone depletion, etc.). Some reservations that counseling psychologists might have about becoming involved in ecocounseling psychology efforts are then addressed. Finally, the training, expertise, and professional values that counseling psychologists bring to the discussion of the fate of our natural environment are elaborated.
Individual Behaviors and Social Structure in the Development of Communication Networks of Self-Organizing Online Discussion Groups

Four preservice teachers’ online discussion groups of eight randomly assigned participants each were studied to analyze the contribution of individual and social factors in the development of communication networks. Participants shared observations and follow-up responses in five weekly rounds of data collection. Using a core-periphery social network analysis model, distinctive core and periphery sub-groups were found in each of the four listservs. As measured through quality assessments of individual observational messages, mean quality was higher in each of the core groups, but results were statistically non-significant. An asymmetric hypothesis, that periphery members sent more messages to the core than vice versa, was supported by data in three groups. Early submission of observations was highly correlated with number of messages received. Fitting the core-periphery model to data from three cumulative time periods, T1, T3, and T5, for each listserv, allowed us to check for consistency in group dynamics over time. For each listserv, it was found that the communications data progressively achieved a better fit with a core-periphery model.
Validating a demonstration tool for graphics-assisted debugging of Ada concurrent programs

A demonstration-quality graphics-assisted debugger is developed for intertask communication in Ada. Based on the static task-specification diagrams of G. Booch (Software Engineering with Ada, Benjamin/Cummings, 1983), the debugger animates the activity of a collection of communicating tasks, and it runs on a DEC GIGI terminal connected to a VAX 11-780 under TeleSoft's partial Ada compiler. The model has been subjected to empirical validation, using undergraduate students as experimental subjects. Subjects were required to debug erroneous tasking programs using both the graphical debugger and a textual one. It is concluded that although the problems to be addressed in the development and evaluation of a graphical debugging tool for Ada tasks are nontrivial, the benefits could be worth the effort. >
Nontraumatic Oral Health Classification for Alternative Use of Syndromic Data

There is increasing demand for ways to use syndromic surveillance data for population health surveillance. The authors developed a nontraumatic oral health classification that could provide timely burden estimates of oral health-related visits to North Carolina (NC) emergency departments (EDs) using BioSense syndromic data. A combination of literature review, input by subject matter experts, and analysis of syndromic data was employed to create a classification that used select chief complaint text and ICD-9-CM codes for visit inclusion and exclusion criteria. Visit estimates created using this classification could contribute to policy decisions aimed at reducing this unnecessary burden on NC EDs.
On the Relationship between SST Gradients, Boundary Layer Winds, and Convergence over the Tropical Oceans

A linear mixed layer model that skillfully reproduces observed surface winds and convergence over the tropicaloceans is used to examine the relative influenceof boundarylayer and free-tropospheric processes on the distribution of climatological surface winds and convergence. The semiempirical model assumes a subcloud-layer momentum force balance between pressure gradients, Coriolis acceleration, linearized friction, and downward momentum mixing, and it utilizes boundary conditions from the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40). Observed pressure gradients are linearly decomposed into boundary layer (defined as the region below 850 hPa) and free-tropospheric components, and the surface winds and convergence associated with these components are computed. Results show that surface zonal winds are predominantly associated with a combination of free-tropospheric pressure gradients and downward momentum mixing, whereas the distribution of convergence is primarily due to boundary layer temperature gradients, which are closely related to SST gradients. The authors conclude that the climatological distribution of boundary layer convergence is primarily a function of the pattern of SST gradients and is better regarded as a cause rather than a consequence of deep convection.
Isochronous versus synchronous traffic in FDDI

The advantages and disadvantages of isochronous and synchronous transport services of the fiber distributed data interface (FDDI) are summarized. A comparison of both services is made based on application requirements (e.g. real-time video and voice). These requirements include timing constraints, such as jitter and delay, bandwidth utilization, and end-station requirements. It is shown that synchronous traffic can support a wide range of application requirements efficiently at moderate cost when the connections between source and destination are on the same physical ring. However, isochronous traffic has advantages, particularly when the network traffic is well behaved (the peak data rate is close to the mean data rate) and when connections traverse multiple rings. >
The efficacy of manual joint mobilisation/manipulation in treatment of lateral ankle sprains: a systematic review

Background Lateral ankle sprains are common and can have detrimental consequences to the athlete. Joint mobilisation/manipulation may limit these outcomes. Objective Systematically summarise the effectiveness of manual joint techniques in treatment of lateral ankle sprains. Methods This review employed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. A computer-assisted literature search of MEDLINE, CINHAL, EMBASE, OVID and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) (January 1966 to March 2013) was used with the following keywords alone and in combination ‘ankle’, ‘sprain’, ‘injuries’, 9lateral’, ‘manual therapy’, and ‘joint mobilisation’. The methodological quality of individual studies was assessed using the PEDro scale. Results After screening of titles, abstracts and full articles, eight articles were kept for examination. Three articles achieved a score of 10 of 11 total points; one achieved a score of 9; two articles scored 8; one article scored a 7 and the remaining article scored a 5. Three articles examined joint techniques for acute sprains and the remainder examined subacute/chronic ankle sprains. Outcome measures included were pain level, ankle range of motion, swelling, functional score, stabilometry and gait parameters. The majority of the articles only assessed these outcome measures immediately after treatment. No detrimental effects from the joint techniques were revealed in any of the studies reviewed. Conclusions For acute ankle sprains, manual joint mobilisation diminished pain and increased dorsiflexion range of motion. For treatment of subacute/chronic lateral ankle sprains, these techniques improved ankle range-of-motion, decreased pain and improved function.
Transforming Business And Society: The Impact Of IT

Business operations and processes are revolutionizing at a rapid speed and as we continue to dive into this digital age, it is of great importance to understand the impact Information Systems and Technology has on a society as a whole, the world of business, and Main Street. With this in mind, it’s clear to see that technology solutions must conform, attribute to, and honor the triple bottom line - people, planet, and profit.
Exploiting a Cost Advantage and Coping with a Cost Disadvantage

This paper provides an empirical investigation of how firms with cost advantages (cost disadvantages) exploit (cope with) their advantages (disadvantages) through their pricing behavior. Guided by microeconomic theory and insights from the industrial organization literature, we develop testable implications about the effect of industry structure and firm-specific characteristics on the pass-through elasticity: The rate at which changes in a firm's cost relative to competitors translates into changes in the firm's price relative to competitors. We test these implications using data from the PIMS Competitive Strategy database. The results indicate that a firm's pass-through elasticity systematically depends on whether the firm operates in a commodity or noncommodity industry, the firm's capacity utilization, and its cost and quality position in its industry. The pass-through elasticity is also shown to depend in a nonlinear way on market concentration.
Application of impedance audiometry as a screening instrument.

More than seven-hundred Southeast Alaska pre-school and grade school children were screened with pure tone audiometry and abbreviated acoustic impedance measurements. Impedance data was obtained on 98.8% of the children while audiometric data on only 70.3 % due to early age or lack of cooperation. Over 40% of the children failed impedance screening criteria. Of these 70% had Type C tympanograms and 30% had Type B. Abnormal impedance results were found in nearly 10% of the children who passed audiometric screening. Because impedance testing is particularly suitable to the high-risk pre-school and early grade school population, and because it tests for disease and not just hearing loss, the authors recommend its addition to pure tone testing in screening programs. We would go so far as to say that in younger children if only one were available, impedance testing would be preferred.