cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rotation transformations for two-dimensional calculations

Abstract In two-dimensional wave propagation and structural calculations, adjustments are made at each time step to account for the rotation of the material. These adjustments rotate the stress tensor; rotate micro features, such as cracks, with the material; and provide an average rotation angle for the material. Here the nature of the rotation problem and the inaccuracies inherent in the standard Jaumann method for cases of large shear are outlined. A direct method for obtaining the rotation θ of the cell material is described based on the works of Dienes (Acta Mech. 32 , 217–232 (1979)) and of Marsden and Hughes (Mathematical Foundation of Elasticity. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs. New Jersey (1983)). Techniques are formulated for rezoning the quantities used in the rotation transformation: one is an exact method based on the invariants of the U matrix: others are approximations based on the components of the U and F matrices. To further explore the nature of the Dienes method, an exact method is developed for the rotation of lines or planes or micro features in the material. The Dienes rotation techniques considered here are necessary under conditions of large shear strain for isolropic and simple anisotropic elastic materials in which all the material is assumed to rotate together. For materials in which yielding occurs, the stresses are correctly provided by the standard Jaumann method, although the rotation angle is not correct for large rotations. For multiple-plane models in which specific planes in the material are followed, neither the Jaumann nor the Dienes rotation treatments are appropriate.
Rapid forgetting of a spatial habit in rats with hippocampal lesions

Rats with lesions of the hippocampus or mammillary bodies were impaired in learning reversal problems in a T-maze. Test trials given after learning each reversal disclosed little forgetting in the mammillary body group but rapid forgetting in the hippocampal group. These findings resemble those recently reported in patients with amnestic syndromes.
IL-17, a new kid on the block of tertiary lymphoid organs

Tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) are structures that resemble lymph nodes that can be found in chronically inflamed tissues in a number of inflammatory conditions. TLOs can host ongoing immune responses that can potentially contribute to disease pathogenesis. The development of TLOs has been thought in large part to recapitulate the development of secondary lymphoid organs, but the regulation of TLO development has not been well understood. In a recent article in Nature Immunology, Troy Randall and colleagues1 identify IL-17, a cytokine that contributes to the pathogenesis of a number of inflammatory diseases, as a novel critical player in TLO formation in inflamed lungs.
Evaluation of an innovative polyvinyl chloride (PVC) ultrafiltration membrane for wastewater treatment

Abstract The use of ultrafiltration (UF) employing a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membrane (LH3-1060-V) as pretreatment for a reverse osmosis (RO) system treating secondary water effluent at the Scottsdale Water Campus was investigated. Membrane fouling tendency was evaluated, foulants were characterized, and chemical cleaning was optimized. Feed and permeate water qualities were indexed to address the effect of UF as a pretreatment on the RO process, in view of RO design and scale calculations. The results showed that the pilot plant operated stably for 102 days with a chemical cleaning interval of 69 days. The transmembrane pressure (TMP) ranged from 35.44 to 71.15 kPa, and the normalized flux was 72 L/(m2 h) at 20 °C. The majority of the foulants were organic compounds (tannins, fulvic acids, humic acids, amino sugars, etc.) along with a few inorganic ones (iron, calcium, etc.). SEM–EDX mapping showed that most of the foulants deposited on the inner surface of the fiber. The best cleaning sequence for the fouled membrane was found to be 2% sodium hydroxide–0.5% citric acid, as 97% of the initial membrane flux was restored. The PVC-UF membrane efficiently removed turbidity, suspended solids and color, with removal efficiencies of 96.41%, 88.33%, and 50.00%, respectively. The UF pretreatment was found to enhance the RO average permeate flux and recovery by 34% and 21%, respectively, compared to the simulated conventional pretreatment system.
Implementation of an objective structured clinical exam (OSCE) into orthopedic surgery residency training.

Objective While the musculoskeletal (MSK) physical examination (PE) is an essential part of a patient encounter, we believe it is an underemphasized component of orthopedic residency education and that resident PE skills may be lacking. The purpose of this investigation was to (1) assess the attitudes regarding PE teaching in orthopedic residencies today; (2) develop an MSK objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) to assess the MSK PE knowledge and skills of our orthopedic residents. Design Prospective, uncontrolled, observational. Setting A major Midwestern tertiary referral center and academic medical center. Participants The orthopedic surgery residents in our program. Twenty-two of 24 completed the OSCE. Results Surveys showed that residents agreed that although learning the PE is important, there is not enough time in clinic to actually observe and critique a resident examining a patient. For the 22 residents (postgraduate year [PGY] 2-5) who participated in the OSCE, the overall score was 66%. Scores were significantly better for the trauma scenario (78%; p Conclusions We have exposed a deficiency in the PE knowledge and skills of our residents. Clinic time alone may be insufficient to both teach and learn the MSK PE. The use of a MSK OSCE, while novel in orthopedics, will allow more direct observation of our residents MSK PE skills and also allow us to follow resident skills longitudinally through their training. We hope that our efforts will encourage other programs to assess their PE curriculum and perhaps prompt change.
Absence of dural pulsation as an indication for dural opening in malignant melanoma metastatic to the spine.

Abstract A case of metastatic malignant melanoma is presented. The myelographic findings were consistent with extradural metastasis. At the time of the operation, no tumor was found in this compartment; however, the tumor was found enveloping the subdural space at the level of the block. The opening of the traditional dural barrier in metastatic disease is discussed along with the complications and potential advantages of such an approach.
Transformation: from medical student to patient.

In August 2002, I left Boston for a cross-country trip. Destination: Stanford Medical School, where I would train to be a physician. Little did I know that I would also learn perhaps the most diffi...
Adaptive filter based on s.a.w. monolithic storage correlator

Design of a wideband adaptive filter incorporating a surface-acoustic-wave monolithic zinc-oxide-on-silicon storage correlator is reported. Its operation is demonstrated with experimental measurements of c.w. interference suppression in a simulated spread-spectrum system. These processors, which are capable of adaptive filtering over 1-20 MHz signal bandwidths in real time, offer significant advantages in terms of complexity and power consumption over equivalent digital systems.
Rationale for active vitamin D analog therapy in senile osteoporosis

PTH is a potent endogenous stimulator of bone resorption, and PTH secretion increases with age (i.e., secondary hyperparathyroidism). Accordingly, secondary hyperparathyroidism may contribute to the pathogenesis of senile osteoporosis. We postulate that there is a subgroup of elderly subjects who have elevated serum PTH because of 1,25(OH)2D3 deficiency/resistance or both. We believe that with appropriate vitamin D therapy (vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2D3 or 1α(OH)D3) and adequate calcium, much of the problem associated with secondary hyperparathyroidism seen in the senile osteoporotic patient can be effectively treated.
Identification of a Secondary Promoter within the Human B Cell Receptor Component Gene hCD79b

Abstract The human B cell-specific protein, CD79b (also known as Igβ and B29) constitutes an essential signal transduction component of the B cell receptor. Although its function is central to the triggering of B cell terminal differentiation in response to antigen stimulation, the transcriptional determinants that control CD79b gene expression remain poorly defined. In the present study, we explored these determinants using a series of hCD79b transgenic mouse models. Remarkably, we observed that the previously described hCD79b promoter along with its associated enhancer elements and first exon could be deleted without appreciable loss of hCD79b transcriptional activity or tissue specificity. In this deletion setting, a secondary promoter located within exon 2 maintained full levels and specificity of hCD79b transcription. Of note, this secondary promoter was also active, albeit at lower levels, in the wild-type hCD79b locus. The activity of the secondary promoter was dependent on the action(s) of a conserved sequence element mapping to a chromatin DNase I hypersensitive site located within intron 1. mRNA generated from this secondary promoter is predicted to encode an Igβ protein lacking a signal sequence and thus unable to serve normal B cell receptor function. Although the physiologic role of the hCD79b secondary promoter and its encoded protein remain unclear, the current data suggest that it has the capacity to play a role in normal as well as pathologic states in B cell proliferation and function.
Processing of pre-ornithine transcarbamylase requires a zinc-dependent protease localized to the mitochondrial matrix

Proteolytic processing of the larger precursor of the rat liver mitochondrial matrix enzyme, ornithine transcarbamylase, has been studied in a cell free system using in vitro -synthesized precursor and various submitochondrial fractions. The protease responsible for cleavage to mature-sized enzyme fractionates with matrix marker enzymes. Maximal catalytic activity of this matrix protease requires approximately 0.1 mM Zn 2+ , a concentration known to be in the physiological range for this divalent cation in intact mitochondria. Certain other divalent metal ions (Co 2+ and Mn 2+ ) also stimulate this protease activity, while 1,10-phenanthroline, a divalent metal ion chelator, inhibits the protease. We conclude that proteolytic cleavage by a zinc-dependent protease in the mitochondrial matrix of rat liver is a required step in the conversion of pre-ornithine transcarbamylase to the mature subunit.
The use of acridine orange and ethidium bromide to determine the viability of pre-implantation mouse embryos cultured in vitro.

Pre-implantation mouse embryos at the morula or early blastocyst stage were stained with acridine orange (AO) or ethidium bromide (EB) in order to assess their viability. There was a significant difference (p < 0·05) between the mortality rate of embryos stained with the two concentrations of AO tested (0·125 mg/ml and 0·250 mg/ml) and the unstained control. There was also a significant difference (p < 0·05) between embryos exposed to the dye for 2 min and the unstained control (40·7% vs 16%). Embryos stained with AO showed a light-to bright-green fluorescence with pronounced red-tinged areas within the cells. It was concluded that AO would not be suitable for assessing the viability of mouse embryos because it produced a similar coloured fluorescence in both dead and live cells and was toxic. Neither of the two concentrations of EB (20 μg/ml or 40 μg/ml) nor the two exposure times (3 min or 5 min) tested significantly increased the mortality rate of mouse embryos over that for the unstained control. EB produced green fluorescence in live cells and red fluorescence in dead cells of the stained embryos. EB does not appear to be toxic to pre-implantation mouse embryos, thus it may be a potentially useful tool for assessing their viability.
Polyelectrolyte chain dimensions

Abstract The parameters that enter excluded volume theory, namely the persistence length and the excluded volume between segments, depend in a qualitatively obvious way on the polyelectrolyte charge and the solution ionic strength. However, a quantitative understanding is quite difficult to achieve for realistic models of flexible chains. Therefore a simulation of these parameters was performed for small sections of polyelectrolyte chains and the results were incorporated into excluded volume theory. The theory was suitably modified to take into account the fact that a segment is a finite rather than an infinitesimal fraction of the whole chain, as is usually assumed. Excellent agreement was found between the predicted expansions of whole chain dimensions and simulation results.
A Viscous Drag Model of Frictional Loading Assays for Myosin Motors

The myosin superfamily is a diverse family of actin binding proteins that hydrolyze ATP and generate force. The in vitro motility assay, which combines the strengths of solution biochemistry with the ability to measure myosin force and motility, has allowed the molecular events that couple ATP hydrolysis to mechanical work to be probed. Several groups have used modifications of the in vitro motility assay to study the effects of load on actin filament velocity. One such method uses alpha-actinin to exert a frictional load on sliding actin filaments that are being propelled over a bed of a given myosin isoform. This method, which has been used to measure myosin isometric force, relies on the ability to determine the amount of alpha-actinin necessary to stop actin translocation over the bed of myosin. However, careful examination of frictional loading assay data shows that even in the presence of very high concentrations of alpha-actinin, actin filament sliding was never observed to completely stop, suggesting a non-linear relationship between the amount of alpha-actinin added and the frictional load acting on the myosin. In order to better characterize this behavior, we developed a model in which the alpha-actinin behaves as a viscoelastic rather than purely elastic element, giving a velocity dependence to the frictional load imposed by the alpha-actinin. This correction allows for the determination of the myosin isometric force in the absence of a clear zero velocity point. Furthermore, this model describes the absolute resisting force imposed by the alpha-actinin as function of velocity, allowing for the measurement of isotonic kinetics using the motility assay. Supported by NIH-HL077280, AHA-0435434T (J.R.M.), and AHA-0815704D (to M.J.G.).
External validation of comorbid patterns of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents.

Abstract To evaluate the external validity of comorbid patterns of anxiety disorders among youth who presented to an anxiety disorders clinic, comorbid cases were compared to “pure” anxiety disorder cases. Children and adolescents ( N = 329; mean age = 10.04 years) and parents were administered structured interviews and four groups were formed, Pure Anxiety, Anxiety + Anxiety, Anxiety + Externalizing, and Anxiety + Depressive, and compared along with four external validation criteria: sociodemographics, clinical phenomenology, psychosocial, and family factors. All comorbid groups were more severe than the pure anxiety group on clinical phenomenology and psychosocial factors. The Anxiety + Depressive Disorders group was most severe on all criteria except sociodemographics. Results provide evidence for the external validity of comorbid diagnostic presentations among anxiety disorders, as there was differential meaningfulness in the diagnostic presentation of a pure anxiety disorder versus anxiety disorder comorbid with other disorders. Assessment and future research implications are discussed.
Unified Framework for Matter, Dark Matter, and Radiative Neutrino Mass

The well-studied radiative model of neutrino mass through Z2 dark matter is shown to be naturally realizable in the context of SU(6) grand unification. A recent new proposal based on U(1)D dark matter is similarly accommodated in SU(7). Just as the proton is unstable at the scale of quark-lepton unification, dark matter is expected to be unstable at a similar scale.
Convective flow of refrigerant (R-123) across a bank of micro pin fins

Abstract An experimental study has been performed on single-phase heat transfer, boiling inception, and pressure drop of R-123 over a bank of shrouded micro pin fins 243 μm long with hydraulic diameter of 99.5 μm. Heat transfer coefficients and Nusselt numbers have been obtained over effective heat fluxes ranging from 3.5 to 65.5 W/cm2 and Reynolds numbers from 134 to 314. A delay in boiling incipience has been observed and a meta-stable single-phase region was apparent at liquid exit temperatures noticeably exceeding the saturation temperature. Once boiling was initiated, vapor burst instabilities resembling the compound relaxation instabilities were attained. It has also been found that endwalls effects on heat transfer diminished for Re > 100.
Recent progress in dendrimer-based nanocarriers.

Abstract A large number of drug delivery systems--mostly in the form of liposomes, microspheres, nanoparticles and hydrogels--have been designed to achieve targeted delivery and sustained release of drugs by exploiting the inherent properties of polymers. The size, shape, and surface properties of the polymer are used to modulate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behavior of drugs conjugated with or encapsulated in the polymeric carrier. Recently, a class of well-defined, monodisperse, and tree-like polymers called dendrimers has attracted attention because of the flexibility they offer in terms of their size, shape, branching, length, and surface functionality. A unique characteristic of dendrimers is that they can act as a particulate system while retaining the properties of a polymer. Drugs and diagnostic agents can be encapsulated in the central core or bound to the surface of the dendrimer by noncovalent or covalent interaction. Dendritic polymers can significantly improve pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of low molecular weight and protein-based therapeutic agents. Furthermore, fluorescent antibodies and imaging contrast agents can be bound to these new polymers and the resulting complexes can be used for analyzing biological fluids and for diagnosis. Because of their size, shape, and ability to conjugate with a wide range of chemical entities, dendrimers have found many applications in the pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences. This review focuses on the unique carrier properties of biomimetic dendrimers and discusses a wide range of applications of dendrimers in drug delivery, including their use as drug solubilizers, absorption enhancers, release modifiers, and carriers for targeting drugs and diagnostic agents.
Developing through-silicon stacking process using 3-D CMOS imager as a test vehicle

We present a three-dimensional (3-D) CMOS imager to be used as a process development vehicle for through-silicon stacking. The 3-D CMOS imager comprises three tiers: CMOS image sensor (CIS), analog-to-digital converter (ADC), and image signal processor (ISP), all in a form of array implementation. The CIS tier contains a 2048 × 1536 backside illuminated pixel array, the ADC tier contains a 16 × 8 successive approximation register (SAR) ADC array, and the ISP tier contains a 4 × 2 parallel architecture core (PAC) array. The die stack employs both face-to-face and face-to-back bonding schemes. TSMC 0.18 μm 1P6M CIS process is used for device wafers; through-silicon via (TSV), formed after CMOS and from the front side of the wafer, is used for the post-foundry process performed at ITRI. The TSV diameter is 30 μm and the micro-bump pitch is 60 μm The target substrate thickness of the wafer varies from 5 μm for the CIS tier, 50 μm for the ADC tier, to 725 μm for the ISP tier.
Kinetic analysis of differences in brain acetylcholinesterase from fish or mammalian sources.

Abstract A kinetic analysis of the interactions of gold fish and rat brain AChE (acetylcholine acetylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) with acetylthiocholine substrate and sulfonyl fluoride inhibitors revealed several differences between these enzymes. The fish brain AChE had a K m of 250 μM while the mammalian brain AChE had a K m of 55 μM under the same assay conditions. In addition, the mammalian brain enzyme reacted with methanesulfonyl fluoride at more than three times the rate at which the fish enzyme reacted, and fish AChE did not react with phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride at a measurable rate while mammalian AChE was found to react rapidly. Leptocurares were found to accelerate methanesulfonylation of both enzymes; however, they inhibited phenylmethanesulfonylation. These results suggest that fish and mammalian AChE may have topographic differences in the vicinity of the anionic portion of the active site.
Prevalence and Perioperative Outcomes of Off-Label Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty in the United States, 2000–2010

"Off-label use" refers to medical device utilization for purposes or subpopulations other than those approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration. The primary goal of this study was to determine the current epidemiology of off-label total hip and knee arthroplasties (THA and TKA, respectively) in the United States and to project further off-label use through 2040. Over the past decade, the prevalence of off-label THA and TKA was 30.4% and 37.0%, respectively, growing ~70% from 2000 to 2010. By 2040, the majority of THAs (86.1%) and TKAs (91.5%) could be off-label. The high prevalence of off-label arthroplasty and the dramatically shifting patient profile illustrated by these results highlight the need for continued medical device surveillance among on- and off label patients.
Effects of bandgap, lifetime, and other nonuniformities on diode laser thresholds and slope efficiencies

We examine the effect of various types of spatial nonuniformities on the performance of semiconductor diode lasers. Light versus current (L-I) characteristics are modeled by solving the coupled rate equations for the carrier density, photon density, carrier temperature, and lattice temperature. In cases of macroscopic nonuniformities, that is, when the fluctuation correlation length (/spl Lambda//sub F/) is longer than the carrier diffusion length (L/sub D/), the cavity is divided into a large number of segments, and separate rate equations are solved for each segment. Type-II antimonide quantum wells are used as the model diode laser system. Macroscopic nonuniformities of the nonradiative lifetime are shown to have little effect on the slope efficiency at high injection levels, but produce a signature softening of the threshold abruptness if the nonuniformity is large enough. This results from the nonuniformity of the carrier concentration and consequent mixture of gain and loss regions. For the case of microscopic bandgap fluctuations (L/sub D//spl Gt//spl Lambda//sub F/), inhomogeneous broadening of the gain spectrum leads to an increase of the threshold current density, which is accompanied by only a small reduction of the efficiency. However, in the complementary limit of macroscopic bandgap fluctuations (L/sub D/</spl Lambda//sub F/), the regions with distinct bandgaps become isolated, and photons emitted from the regions with larger bandgaps tend to be absorbed by the regions with smaller bandgaps. For an example with a Gaussian bandgap distribution of width /spl sigma/=30 meV, the nonuniformities have the effect of increasing the threshold current by a factor of 2.6, while reducing the slope efficiency by a factor of 2. We also consider lateral nonuniformities due to the temporal instability of the lasing mode, which tend to have a rather modest effect on the threshold current, slope efficiency, and even on the maximum output power despite the severe degradation of the beam quality.
Academic topographies : A network analysis of disciplinarity among communication faculty

This study draws on the tenets ofstructuration theory and the methodological prescriptions of Archer to examine how theoretical and paradigmatic differences among interdisciplinary faculty are reflected in the ongoing work of their school. It uses network analyses of Ph.D. committee participation from 1984 to 1995 among 29 faculty members of a school with departments of communication, journalism, and library and information science to assess how organizational and cognitive structures serve to constrain or pattern the cohesion of faculty members. The analyses presented here are used to develop a “snapshot” of a scholarly community undergoing incremental change over time. Analysis reveals the presence of two groups of faculty whose members coparticipate more cohesively within themselves than between groups. The sources of the division include the structure of departments within the school as well as the levels of analysis and research traditions enacted by faculty. The study constructively replicates similar analyses.
Conditional intensity/point process model of task-related prefrontal spiking: effects of performance

The spiking activity of neurons in the prefrontal associational cortex (PFC) of animals engaged in cognitive tasks is posited to reflect diverse set of independent cognitive and behavioral processes required for the successful attainment of future goals. Additionally, a neural representation of past information (i.e. spike history) is likely critical for performance in these delayed-response tasks of working memory. In the current study, we used a conditional intensity - generalized linear model (CI-GLM) statistical framework to determine the degree to which spike history and components of a delayed-response task predict PFC neural spiking as opposed to traditional peri-event time histogram (PETH) analysis approaches. The final CI-GLM model takes the form,, such that the conditional intensity function λ(t|Ht) is predicted by a generalized linear model from a series covariates where (µ) is the intercept of the equation representing the background level of activity, represents an autoregressive process of order (K), and is the design matrix of each event-state (r) for each sample in time (t) of the behavioral task and βr are the estimated weighting parameters. The discretized time for increasing spiking history durations is represented as ΔNt–k with γk representing the autoregressive coefficients. We found that in rats performing a PFC-dependent delayed-alternation task of working memory, the vast majority of PFC neurons participate in the representation of more than one task-related event-state (multiplexer neurons). Additionally, the size of functional neural groups or cell assemblies was critically linked to the level of behavioral performance (Fig. ​(Fig.1).1). Poor behavioral performance was not solely associated with an attenuation of spiking activity, but instead the activation of inappropriate assemblies during error trials may actively direct the animal towards an incorrect choice. Furthermore, we demonstrate that spike history improves predictions of neural activity within the PFC. In particular, the event-state most strongly associated with spike history effects was when animals revealed the decision to enter a particular maze arm. Combined, these and other results suggest that PFC spiking activity may reflect an overarching action-plan or policy rather than multiple independent cognitive processes. Figure 1 Heterogeneous plPFC neurons participate in and multiplex multiple functional ensembles. Plotted are the percentages of neurons for which task event-states (see Supplemental Material, Fig. S4) associated with this task significantly predicts the spiking ...
Predictors of family conflict at the end of life: the experience of spouses and adult children of persons with lung cancer.

Purpose: Guided by an explanatory matrix of family conflict at the end of life, the purpose of this article was to examine the correlates and predictors of family conflict reported by 155 spouses and adult children of persons with lung cancer. Design and Methods: A cross-sectional statewide survey of family members of persons who died from lung cancer was conducted as part of the larger study on the Assessment of Cancer CarE and SatiSfaction in Wisconsin. Results: Significant bivariate correlations were found between family conflict and family context variables (i.e., a history of conflict, younger respondent age, race, and specified end-of-life care wishes of the patient), conditions (i.e., greater physical and psychological clinical care needs of the patient), and contributing factors (i.e., communication constraints and family asserting control). In the multivariate model, significant predictors of family conflict included prior family conflict, race, communication constraints, and family members asserting control; the model explained 72% of the variance in conflict. Implications: Implications for routine assessment and screening to identify families at risk and recommendations for the development and testing of interventions to facilitate shared decision making and enhance open communication among at-risk families are highlighted.
A Key Role for Heat Shock Protein 70 in the Localization and Insertion of Tombusvirus Replication Proteins to Intracellular Membranes

Plus-stranded RNA viruses coopt host proteins to promote their robust replication in infected hosts. Tomato bushy stunt tombusvirus (TBSV) is a model virus that can replicate a small replicon RNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in plants. The tombusvirus replicase complex contains heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), an abundant cytosolic chaperone, which is required for TBSV replication. To dissect the function of Hsp70 in TBSV replication, in this paper we use an Hsp70 mutant (ssa1 ssa2) yeast strain that supports a low level of TBSV replication. Using confocal laser microscopy and cellular fractionation experiments, we find that the localization of the viral replication proteins changes to the cytosol in the mutant cells from the peroxisomal membranes in wild-type cells. An in vitro membrane insertion assay shows that Hsp70 promotes the integration of the viral replication proteins into subcellular membranes. This step seems to be critical for the assembly of the viral replicase complex. Using a gene-silencing approach and quercetin as a chemical inhibitor to downregulate Hsp70 levels, we also confirm the significance of cytosolic Hsp70 in the replication of TBSV and other plant viruses in a plant host. Taken together, our results suggest that cytosolic Hsp70 plays multiple roles in TBSV replication, such as affecting the subcellular localization and membrane insertion of the viral replication proteins as well as the assembly of the viral replicase.
Characteristics and possible functions of mitochondrial Ca(2+) transport mechanisms.

Mitochondria produce around 92% of the ATP used in the typical animal cell by oxidative phosphorylation using energy from their electrochemical proton gradient. Intramitochondrial free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]m) has been found to be an important component of control of the rate of this ATP production. In addition, [Ca2+]m also controls the opening of a large pore in the inner mitochondrial membrane, the permeability transition pore (PTP), which plays a role in mitochondrial control of programmed cell death or apoptosis. Therefore, [Ca2+]m can control whether the cell has sufficient ATP to fulfill its functions and survive or is condemned to death. Ca2+ is also one of the most important second messengers within the cytosol, signaling changes in cellular response through Ca2+ pulses or transients. Mitochondria can also sequester Ca2+ from these transients so as to modify the shape of Ca2+ signaling transients or control their location within the cell. All of this is controlled by the action of four or five mitochondrial Ca2+ transport mechanisms and the PTP. The characteristics of these mechanisms of Ca2+ transport and a discussion of how they might function are described in this paper.
Responses of cerebral arterioles to adenosine 5'-diphosphate, serotonin, and the thromboxane analogue U-46619 during chronic hypertension.

The goal of this study was to determine whether responses of cerebral arterioles to products released by platelets are impaired in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). The diameter of pial arterioles was measured during suffusion with adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP), serotonin, and the thromboxane analogue U-46619, using intravital microscopy in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and SHRSP (7-10 months old). Responses of cerebral arterioles to ADP and serotonin were profoundly impaired in SHRSP. ADP (10(-5) M) increased pial arteriolar diameter 17 +/- 3% (mean +/- SE) in WKY and only 4 +/- 1% in SHRSP. Serotonin (10(-5) M) increased pial arteriolar diameter 15 +/- 2% in WKY and, in contrast, reduced the diameter 13 +/- 1% in SHRSP. Nitroglycerin produced a similar dilatation of cerebral arterioles in WKY and SHRSP, suggesting that impairment of dilatation in SHRSP in response to ADP and serotonin was not related to nonspecific impairment of vasodilatation in SHRSP. The thromboxane analogue U-46619 produced a similar constriction of arterioles in WKY and SHRSP. We also examined the possibility that impaired dilator responses of cerebral arterioles in SHRSP in response to ADP and serotonin may be related to production of a cyclooxygenase vasoconstrictor substance. Indomethacin (10 mg/kg i.v.) partially restored dilator responses to ADP and serotonin in SHRSP, without altering responses in WKY. Thus, we speculate that vasoactive substances released by platelets may release a prostanoid constrictor substance from cerebral vessels of SHRSP and thereby predispose SHRSP to cerebral ischemia and, perhaps, stroke.
Macroeconomic Instability and the “Natural” Processes in early Neoclassical Economics

It may seem odd to disinter an economic theory—in this instance, William Stanley Jevons's claim that sunspots caused macroeconomic fluctuations—which no one now believes or much cares about. In fact, my purpose is not to scoff at a dead theory, but to use it as a pretext to discuss the following issues: economic historians often have suggested a dichotomy between a premodem and industrial macroeconomy, with the premodern economy largely at the mercy of weather and other natural phenomena; the dichotomy is rooted in early neoclassical economic theory (here restricting ourselves to Jevons); there is little historical evidence that premodern macro fluctuations were caused by natural disturbances, such as the weather (here restricting ourselves to the case of England); and the above three theses have some interesting implications for the way economic policy is conceived, both then and now.
Spot markets for reactive power

There is concern that the present structure of reactive power compensation in competitive power markets may not encourage efficient or adequate investment in or operation of reactive power assets. New ways must be explored to promote appropriate investment and operation of reactive power capability in a way that bolsters system security as well as economic trade. In this paper I argue that spot markets for reactive power, in conjunction with forward markets, are an important component of a successful strategy to achieve this by (1) improving real-time efficiency, (2) facilitating open access to transmission, and (3) supporting long-term contracts. I also propose a particular spot market design and characteristics of the resulting nodal settlement. Because transmission assets can produce and consume reactive power, in some cases to a high degree and with fine controllability, they are involved as active participants in this proposed spot market, and both the capacity and electrical characteristics are valued.
CATALYTIC TRANSFORMATION OF SEED OIL DERIVATIVES VIA OLEFIN METATHESIS

SUMMARY Unsaturated fatty acid esters derived from seed oils undergo metathesis at the C=C bond to give new internal and terminal olefins of interest in chemical manufacturing. The key to realizing this industrial opportunity is the ability to deploy catalysts that tolerate functional groups and remain reactive towards internal olefins even at high conversions. Recent developments in catalyst and reactor design are bringing these targets closer to commercial reality.
The Self-Concept

The self-concept is undergoing something of a renaissance in contemporary social psychology. It has, of course, been a central concept within symbolic interactionism since the seminal writings of Mead ( 1934), Cooley (1902), and James ( 1890). However, even within this sociological tradition there has been a revitalization of interest in the self-concept: with developments in role theory (Turner 1978; Gordon 1976), with the increasing focus on the concept of identity (McCall & Simmons 1978; Stryker 1980; Gordon 1968; Guiot 1977; Burke 1980), with the reemergence of interest in social structure and person­ ality (House 198 1 ; Turner 1976; Kohn 1969, 198 1 ; Rosenberg 1979), and with the reconceptualization of small group experimental situations (Alexander and colleagues 197 1 , 1 98 1 ; Webster & Sobieszek 1974). The reemergence of the self-concept is even more dramatic within psycho­ logical social psychology. Much of this revitalization of interest in self­ phenomena (e.g. self-awareness, self-esteem, self-image, self-evaluation) is due to the "cognitive revolution" in psychology (Dember 1974; Manis 1977), generally at the expense of behaviorism. As a result, the self-concept has become conspicuous in areas and traditions that were previously considered alien terrain: within behaviorism via Bern's ( 1972) theory of self-attribution; within social learning theory via Bandura's ( 1977) focus on self-efficacy; and within cognitive dissonance theory via Aronson's ( 1968) and Bramel's ( 1968) reformulations. It is also increasingly evident in theories of attitude and value formation and change (Rokeach 1973, 1979), in attribution theory (Epstein. 1973; Bowerman 1978), and in various other recent theories of cognitive
Diverse avian malaria and other haemosporidian parasites in Andean house wrens: evidence for regional co-diversification by host-switching

Recent research has revealed well over 1000 mtDNA lineages of avian haemosporidian parasites, but the extent to which this diversity is caused by host – parasite coevolutionary history or environmental heterogeneity is unclear. We surveyed haemosporidian and host mtDNA in a geographically structured, ecological generalist species, the house wren Troglodytes aedon , across the complex landscape of the Peruvian Andes. We detected deep genetic structure within the house wren across its range, represented by seven clades that were between 3.4 – 5.7% divergent. From muscle and liver tissue of 140 sampled house wrens we found 23 divergent evolutionary lineages of haemosporidian mtDNA, of which ten were novel and apparently specifi c to the house wren based on searches of haemosporidian databases. Combined and genus-specifi c haemosporidian abundance diff ered signifi cantly across environments and elevation, with Leucocytozoon parasites strongly associated with montane habitats. We observed spatial stratifi cation of haemosporidians along the west slope of the Andes where fi ve lineages were restricted to non-overlapping elevational bands. Individual haemosporidian lineages varied widely with respect to host specifi city, prevalence, and geographic distribution, with the most host-generalist lineages also being the most prevalent and widely distributed. Despite the deep divergences within the house wren, we found no evidence for host-specifi c co-diversifi cation with haemosporidians. Instead, host-specifi c haemosporidian lineages in the genus Haemoproteus were polyphyletic with respect to the New World parasite fauna and appeared to have diversifi ed by periodic host-switches involving distantly related avian species within the same region. Th ese host-specifi c lineages appeared to have diversifi ed contemporaneously with Andean house wrens. Taken together, these fi ndings suggest a model of diff use co-diversifi cation in which host and parasite clades have diversifi ed over the same time period and in the same geographic area, but with parasites having limited or ephemeral host specifi city.
Integrating Spiritual and Western Treatment Modalities in a Native American Substance User Center: Provider Perspectives

Few studies examine how traditional Native American and Western healing practices are being integrated in Native American substance user treatment centers. Data are presented from a 2008 study of providers of integrated substance user treatment for Native Americans at an urban Western US center. Nineteen semistructured interviews were conducted to examine 10 providers’ views of the integration of traditional and Western healing and the impact on recovery for clients. We used a grounded theory approach to data analysis with manual and NVivo codes and themes developed. Limitations and implications for practice are discussed.
Climate studies from satellite observations: Special problems in the verification of earth radiation balance, cloud climatology, and related climate experiments

A body of techniques that have been developed and planned for use during the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE), the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP), and related climate experiments of the 1980's are reviewed. Validation and verification methods must apply for systems of satellites. They include: (1) use of a normalization or intercalibration satellite, (2) special intensive observation areas located over ground-truth sites, and (3) monitoring of sun and earth by several satellites and/or several instruments at the same time. Since each climate application area has a hierarchy of user communities, validation techniques vary from very detailed methods to those that simply assure high relative accuracy in detecting space and time variations for climate studies. It is shown that climate experiments generally require more emphasis on long-term stability and internal consistency of satellite data sets than high absolute accuracy.
Visibility of DCT basis functions: effects of display resolution

The authors have examined the variation in visibility of single DCT basis functions as a function of display visual resolution. They have shown that the existing model (Ahumada and Peterson, 1992; and Peterson et al., 1993) accommodates resolutions of 16, 32, and 64 pixels/degree, provided that one parameter, the peak sensitivity s0, is allowed to vary. Variations in this parameter are to some extent consistent with spatial summation, although sensitivity is lower at the lowest resolution than summation would predict. Practical DCT quantization matrices must take into account both the visibility of single basis functions, and the spatial pooling of artifacts from block to block. Peterson et al. (1993) showed that to a first approximation this pooling is consistent with probability summation. If one considers two images of equivalent size in degrees, but visual resolutions differing by a factor of two, then the sensitivity to individual artifacts would be lower by 4/sup 1/4/ in the higher resolution image due to the smaller block size in degrees, but higher by 4/sup 1/4/ in the same image due to the greater number of blocks. Thus the same matrix should be used with both. The point of the illustration is that the overall gain of the best quantization matrix must take into account both display resolution and image size. >
An optical learning machine

The authors report on what they believe to be the first demonstration of a fully operational optical learning machine. Learning in this machine takes place stochastically in a self-organizing trilayered optoelectronic neural net with plastic connectivity weights that are formed in a programmable nonvolatile spatial light modulator. The net learns by adapting its connectivity weights in accordance with environmental inputs. Learning is driven by error signals derived from state-vector correlation matrices accumulated at the end of fast annealing bursts that are induced by controlled optical injection of noise into the network. Operation of the machine is made possible by two developments: fast annealing by optically induced tremors in the energy landscape of the net, and stochastic learning with binary weights. Details of these developments together with the principal, architecture, structure, and performance evaluation of the machine are given. >
Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein 3 and Nod2 Synergistically Protect Mice from Dextran Sodium Sulfate–Induced Colitis

Aberrant immune response and changes in the gut microflora are the main causes of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (Pglyrp1, Pglyrp2, Pglyrp3, and Pglyrp4) are bactericidal innate immunity proteins that maintain normal gut microbiome, protect against experimental colitis, and are associated with IBD in humans. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (Nod2) is an intracellular bacterial sensor and may be required for maintaining normal gut microbiome. Mutations in Nod2 are strongly associated with Crohn's disease, but the causative mechanism is not understood, and the role of Nod2 in ulcerative colitis is not known. Because IBD is likely caused by variable multiple mutations in different individuals, in this study, we examined the combined role of Pglyrp3 and Nod2 in the development of experimental colitis in mice. We demonstrate that a combined deficiency of Pglyrp3 and Nod2 results in higher sensitivity to dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis compared with a single deficiency. Pglyrp3(-/-)Nod2(-/-) mice had decreased survival and higher loss of body weight, increased intestinal bleeding, higher apoptosis of colonic mucosa, elevated expression of cytokines and chemokines, altered gut microbiome, and increased levels of ATP in the colon. Increased sensitivity to dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in Pglyrp3(-/-)Nod2(-/-) mice depended on increased apoptosis of intestinal epithelium, changed gut microflora, and elevated ATP. Pglyrp3 deficiency contributed colitis-predisposing intestinal microflora and increased intestinal ATP, whereas Nod2 deficiency contributed higher apoptosis and responsiveness to increased level of ATP. In summary, Pglyrp3 and Nod2 are both required for maintaining gut homeostasis and protection against colitis, but their protective mechanisms differ.
Association between Depression and C-Reactive Protein

Objective. Depression has been associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk, and a depression-related elevation of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) has been proposed as a possible mechanism. The objective of this paper is to examine association between depression and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Methods. Subjects consisted of 508 healthy adults (mean age 48.5 years; 49% women, 88% white) residing in central Massachusetts. Data were collected at baseline and at quarterly intervals over a one-year period per individual. Multivariable linear mixed models were used to assess the association for the entire sample and by gender. Results. The mean Beck Depression Inventory score was 5.8 (standard deviation (SD) 5.4; median 4.3), and average serum hs-CRP was 1.8 mg/L (SD 1.7; median 1.2). Results from the multivariable linear mixed models show that individuals with higher depression scores have higher levels of hs-CRP. Analyses by gender show persistence of an independent association among women, but not among men. Body mass index (BMI = weight(kg)/height(m)2) appears to be a partial mediator of this relationship. Conclusion. Depression score was correlated to hs-CRP levels in women. Further studies are required to elucidate the biological mechanisms underlying these associations and their implications.