cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pentobarbital attenuates antinociception induced by i.c.v. morphine but not β-endorphin in the mouse

The effects of pentobarbital anesthesia (45 mg/kg i.p.) on the inhibition of the tail-flick response induced by beta-endorphin and morphine injected intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) and intrathecally (i.t.) were studied in male ICR mice. Pentobarbital anesthesia attenuated the inhibition of the tail-flick response induced by morphine but not beta-endorphin given i.c.v. However, the tail-flick inhibition induced by morphine given i.t. was not attenuated by pentobarbital. beta-Endorphin-(1-27) (3 micrograms) given i.c.v. or naloxone (2 micrograms) given i.t. blocked inhibition of the tail-flick response induced by morphine given i.c.v. only in pentobarbital-anesthetized mice but not in conscious mice. beta-Funaltrexamine (beta-FNA, 2.5 micrograms) given i.c.v. or yohimbine (2 micrograms) and methysergide (2 micrograms) injected i.t. blocked the morphine (i.c.v.)-induced inhibition of the tail-flick response in conscious mice but not in pentobarbital-anesthetized mice. The results indicate that pentobarbital attenuates the morphine-induced inhibition of the tail-flick response by inhibiting descending noradrenergic and serotonergic pathways and uncovers a descending opioid system. The tail-flick inhibition induced by supraspinal morphine is mediated by stimulation of mu-opioid receptors in conscious mice and epsilon-opioid receptors in pentobarbital-anesthetized mice. The epsilon-opioid receptor-mediated descending system activated by supraspinally injected beta-endorphin is not attenuated by pentobarbital anesthesia.
Tissue delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase activity in hemorrhagic shock.

Abstract Delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase (ALAS) was determined in the tissues from the following groups of rats: (a) normal controls; (b) animals in hemorrhagic shock; (c) sham-operated controls; (d) adrenalectomized animals; (e) adrenalectomized rats in hemorrhagic shock and (f) adrenalectomized-shocked animals administered hydrocortisone. In comparison to normal controls, the tissues from animals in hemorrhagic shock had increased level of ALAS. There was no significant differnce in the activity of this enzyme between the tissues from control rats and from adrenalectomized rats. The level of ALAS increased in the tissues from adrenalectomized-shocked animals but the rise was not as great as in shocked animals. The deficit, however, was corrected by administration of hydrocortisone. With the exception of kidney, the tissues from shocked animals had significantly higher glycine content than the normal controls. It is suggested that the increased tissue ALAS activity in shock may be attributed to an induction of the enzyme due to the enhanced secretion of adrenal corticoids and their slow degradation in shock.
Pain, patients, and prosecution: who is deceiving whom?

Studies have indicated, and prosecutors correctly believe, that deceptive patients, not dishonest doctors, are the primary source of diverted pharmaceuticals [1]. Accordingly, Jung and Reidenberg [2] add to the debate by examining some problems and proposed solutions for physicians confronted with deceptive pain patients who seek controlled substances because they are either suffering from a comorbid condition (substance abuse) or who are simply diverters. Jung and Reidenberg begin their work by referencing a number of high-profile prosecutions involving physicians who have been deceived, and ask to what degree a physician should be held responsible for a prescription obtained through deceit. The authors conclude that while conscientious doctors can be deceived by a variety of patient populations (standardized patients, undercover agents, and those with Munchausen syndrome), when reports of such deceptions appear in the press, suspicion of even legitimate chronic pain patients will likely increase and consequently negatively impact the treatment of pain [2]. In light of Jung and Reidenberg's thought-provoking work, I would like to briefly comment on three related issues: our reliance on press reports, the necessity of physician knowledge and the defense of good faith, and the existence of pseudo-addiction among deceptive pain patients. First, our republication of press reports may actually be contributing to the fear of prosecution among health care providers. In their article, Jung and Reidenberg correctly point out that press reports of physician prosecutions have the potential to negatively influence prescribing behavior. In fact, in an understandable …
Effect of Simulated Copper Sulfate Therapy on Stress Indicators in Channel Catfish

Abstract Plasma cortisol concentrations in juvenile channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus exposed to 1.7 mg copper sulfate/L for 24 h in a simulated therapeutic treatment episode rose to a level significantly greater than unexposed fish and declined when the exposure was discontinued. Plasma glucose concentrations were elevated immediately and increased during exposure to twice the level in control fish. The maximum glucose concentration was followed by a slow decline to the preexposure level by 54 h after discontinuing exposure. Plasma lactate concentrations did not change until after the exposure period, but by 30 h there was a significant increase. Plasma chloride levels were significantly reduced during exposure and remained so before returning to preexposure levels by 54 h after exposure. No changes were observed in hematocrit values, hepatic metallothionein protein, or in plasma-associated aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactic dehydrogenase, suggesting that little cellular d...
Transient measurement of dissolved oxygen using membrane electrodes

Transient mode dissolved oxygen measurement has been studied using a specially constructed galvanic membrane electrode controlled by a microcomputer. A four-layer difj%sion model was developed to describe the dynamic behavior of the electrode. The data interpretation method is based on on-line computer simulation and parameter estimation techniques. A user-friendly computer software package is aLro developed for calibration and measurement control. Both experimental and theoretical studies indicate that such measurement is less sensitive to fouling and changes in flow conditions than steady state operation of the electrode.
Center-based childcare use by Hispanic families: Reasons and predictors

Abstract This study explored the reasons and factors associated with childcare use for Hispanic children of preschool age with working and nonworking mothers. National Household Education Survey/Early Childhood Program Participation 2005 data were used. The data suggested that use of center-based childcare is more frequent than use of parental care, relative care, or nonrelative care. In general, family poverty status, mother's education, household composition, mother's work status, and acculturation are all significant predictors of center-based childcare use. The importance of the educational and pragmatic characteristics of childcare plays a significant role in childcare selection for parents of Hispanic preschool-age children. Mothers who put greater value on socialization are more likely and mothers who put greater value on location and reliability are less likely to use a center-based childcare. Nevertheless, the relationship between family characteristics and center-based childcare use, and the relationship between the importance of childcare characteristics and center-based childcare use, depends on the mother's working status.
Two Key Concepts in the Diagnosis of Learning Disabilities and the Habilitation of Learning

Two key concepts in diagnosing learning disabilities (“severe discrepancy” and “process dysfunction”) are reviewed and their relationship to the habilitation of learning is discussed. Specific guidelines are delineated for correctly calculating a severe discrepancy between an individual's age and ability and level of academic attainment. Methods and reasons for evaluating processing skills are also discussed. Process models of deficit-centered remediation are dismissed in favor of strength models of remediation.
Neutrinos – die Meister des Universums?

In der sogenannten Delphi-Umfrage des Bundesforschungsministers nannten die Physiker die Frage nach der Ruhemasse des Neutrinos als eine der dringlichsten Aufgaben der heutigen Forschung. Mit zahlreichen Experimenten versuchen sie, dieses Problem innerhalb der nachsten zehn Jahre zu losen.
Fairness in Modern Society

Experiments in psychology and economics have demonstrated that in industrialized societies all over the world, a substantial fraction of individuals will be fair in anonymous interactions and will punish unfairness ( 1 , 2 ). However, it has not been clear whether this benevolent, prosocial behavior depends on innate human psychology or norms peculiar to industrialized societies. Henrich et al. explored the motivation for fairness in anonymous interactions across dramatically diverse societies and on page 1480 of this issue ( 3 ), they report that this behavior increases with the level of the society's market integration, measured as households' average percentage of calories that are purchased.
An application of system reliability analysis for the study of reactor seismic safety

Abstract An application of system reliability analysis techniques to answer reactor seismic safety questions constitutes a part of the Seismic Safety Margins Research Program being conducted by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory for the US NRC. Both systems and structural analysis techniques are being employed to calculate failure and radioactive release probabilities in an effort to provide insights into the seismic safety of nuclear power plants. An event-tree/fault-tree model of a nuclear power plant has been constructed and is being used to calculate these probabilities. Failure data for use in this model is generated (in part) from responses calculated by structural analysis codes using earthquake time histories as forcing functions. These responses are applied to fragility functions to determine component and structural failure probability input for the fault trees. A description is given of the event-tree/fault-tree model that has been constructed and the computer code (SEISIM) developed to evaluate the model. Some preliminary results calculated using this model are presented.
Effects of adaptive refinement on the inverse EEG solution

One of the fundamental problems in electroencephalography can be characterized by an inverse problem. Given a subset of electrostatic potentials measured on the surface of the scalp and the geometry and conductivity properties within the head, calculate the current vectors and potential fields within the cerebrum. Mathematically the generalized EEG problem can be stated as solving Poisson's equation of electrical conduction for the primary current sources. The resulting problem is mathematically ill-posed i.e., the solution does not depend continuously on the data, such that small errors in the measurement of the voltages on the scalp can yield unbounded errors in the solution, and, for the general treatment of a solution of Poisson's equation, the solution is non-unique. However, if accurate solutions the general treatment of a solution of Poisson's equation, the solution is non-unique. However, if accurate solutions to such problems could be obtained, neurologists would gain noninvasive accesss to patient-specific cortical activity. Access to such data would ultimately increase the number of patients who could be effectively treated for pathological cortical conditions such as temporal lobe epilepsy. In this paper, we present the effects of spatial adaptive refinement on the inverse EEG problem and show that the use of adaptive methods allow for significantly better estimates of electric and potential fileds within the brain through an inverse procedure. To test these methods, we have constructed several finite element head models from magneteic resonance images of a patient. The finite element meshes ranged in size from 2724 nodes and 12,812 elements to 5224 nodes and 29,135 tetrahedral elements, depending on the level of discretization. We show that an adaptive meshing algorithm minimizes the error in the forward problem due to spatial discretization and thus increases the accuracy of the inverse solution.
The political sociology of black masculinity and tropes of domination

A current concern of cultural studies has been the relationship between socially constructed gender identities and political and economic power. Recent debates have been shaped around the binary logic that gender must be treated as essentially male and female. Yet the history of U.S. culture reveals that African American men have been constructed as a specific gender category; that this gender category is reproduced through structural tropes that inform masculine social knowledge. The analysis traces that production and its policy implications.
Statistics of target spectra in HSI scenes

The majority of spectral imagery classifiers make a decision based on information from a particular spectrum, often the mean, that best represents the spectral signature of a particular target. It is known, however, that the spectral signature of a target can vary significantly due to differences in illumination conditions, shape, and material composition. Furthermore, many targets of interest are inherently mixed, as is the case with camouflaged military vehicles, leading to even greater variability. In this paper, a detailed statistical analysis is performed on HYDICE imagery of Davis Monthan AFB. Several hundred pixels are identified as belonging to the same target class and the distribution of spectral radiance within this group is studied. It is found that simple normal statistics do not adequately model either the total radiance or the single band spectral radiance distributions, both of which can have highly skewed histograms even when the spectral radiance is high. Goodness of fit tests are performed for maximum likelihood normal, lognormal, T, and Weibull distributions. It is found that lognormal statistics can model the total radiance and many single-band distributions reasonably well, possibly indicative of multiplicative noise features in remotely sensed spectral imagery.
Comparison of SXT and R391, two conjugative integrating elements: definition of a genetic backbone for the mobilization of resistance determinants.

The SXT element (SXT) is becoming an increasingly prevalent vector for the dissemination of antibiotic resistances in Vibrio cholerae. SXT is a member of a larger family of elements, formerly defined as IncJ plasmids, that are self-transmissible by conjugation and integrate site-specifically into the host chromosome. Comparison of the DNA sequences of SXT and R391, an IncJ element from Providencia rettgeri, indicate that these elements consist of a conserved backbone that mediates the regulation, excision/integration and conjugative transfer of the elements. Both elements have insertions into this backbone that either confer the element-specific properties or are of unknown function. Interestingly, the conserved SXT and R391 backbone apparently contains hotspots for insertion of additional DNA sequences. This backbone represents a scaffold for the mobilization of genetic material between a wide range of Gram-negative bacteria, allowing for rapid adaptation to changing envi ronments.
Perineural Invasion by Squamous-Cell Carcinoma

Perineural invasion by squamous-cell carcinoma is an ominous sign when discovered by either the pathologist or the chemosurgeon. This report details our experience with seventeen cases of perineural invasion and their successful outcome, using a multidisciplinary approach, including Mohs' surgery.
Coping with Macro‐Structural Adversity: Chronic Poverty, Female Youth Gangs, and Cultural Resilience in a US African‐American Urban Community

Studies of cultural resilience concentrate on socio-cultural processes that allow societies to resist the erosive strain of socio-economic marginality and in response create social networks that provide cultural resilience. This study of a chronically poor, United States (U.S.) African-American urban community in Champaign, Illinois, examines the community's adaptation to structurally generated socioeconomic marginality. This study finds that the theory of balanced, socioeconomic exchange relations helps to understand the intricate social dynamics of cultural resilience. The adaptive advantage of balanced exchange relationships are confirmed by an empirical analysis of personal social network data gathered female gang members.
PROTON EXCITATION OF CONTINUOUS EMISSION IN THE NOBLE GASES.

Protons were used to excite the noble gases, He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe, and the spectra of light emitted in the vacuum-ultraviolet (vuv) region were measured. The same gases were excited with a gas-discharge source operating in the spark mode. While it is well known that the spectral shape depends on the discharge conditions, we found the spectra of purified noble gas to be quite stable and reproducible when excited with protons. In most instances, the continuous spectra excited by the charged particles differ greatly from the discharge spectra at the same pressure. In both cases the spectra depend on the pressure, but in a much less complicated way in the case of proton excitation. With fast protons, we also determined the total number of photons emitted per second per centimeter of proton track and per microampere of proton beam current. The energy radiated in the vuv region per centimeter of proton track length is an appreciable fraction of the proton stopping power for all the stable noble gases.
Proceedings of the 6th ACM conference on Electronic commerce

The papers in these proceedings were presented at the 2005 ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce, held June 5-8 in Vancouver, Canada. These papers were selected from 113 submissions in areas relevant to electronic commerce. The papers were selected by a program committee of 21 experts in the field.The selection process started shortly after the submission deadline of December 7, 2004. At least three program committee members were assigned to evaluate each paper's scientific novelty, technical quality, and importance to the field. Final selection of the 32 papers that appear in these proceedings was based on these reviews and deliberations among the program committee.
Saturn's rings and Pioneer 11

Quantitative predictions of the diffuse reflection and transmission properties of Saturn's rings, relevant to the September 1979 Pioneer 11 flyby, are presented. Predictions are based on an elementary anisotropic scattering model. Interparticle separations are considered to be sufficiently large that mutual shadowing is negligible. Likely ranges in both the single scattering albedo and perpendicular optical thickness of the ring are considered. Situations of pronounced back-scattering and of isotropic scattering are treated individually. Spacecraft measurement of the radiation suffering diffuse scattering by the ring can provide a useful test of the basic ring model.
Is There Anything Really Novel on the Antidepressant Horizon

Major depression represents one of the most disabling illnesses worldwide and current treatments are only partially effective. All antidepressant agents modulate the monoamine system, which likely accounts for the similar efficacy profile of available treatments. Herein we summarize the current state of depression therapeutics and assess the antidepressant development pipeline. Antidepressant response rates in controlled trials are estimated at ~54 % and real-world effectiveness data suggests a somewhat lower rate. Response rates are lower still in patients who have not responded to previous treatment attempts and meaningful advancements will likely come only from identification of mechanistically novel agents. Monoaminergic agents largely dominate the antidepressant development pipeline, however the glutamate neurotransmitter system represents a bright spot on the antidepressant horizon. We review in detail findings regarding the antidepressant effects of the glutamate N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine in order to highlight the promise of novel agents as future treatments for major depression.
Preventing Anterior Knee Pain After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Anterior knee pain is a poorly understood entity that has not been well studied in the literature. One reason for this is because “anterior knee pain” is not specific, and the underlying cause of this symptom may encompass many different etiologies. Studies vary with their own particular definitions, and thus comparisons and conclusions are difficult to interpret. It is, therefore, important when one discusses anterior knee pain that a specific definition be initially offered. This chapter will describe anterior knee pain after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructive surgery. After a definition is made, discussions will include incidence and possible etiologies. Prevention of anterior knee pain will be addressed, including preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative concerns. Finally, treatment options will be offered. It has been the practice in our clinic to evaluate patients carefully with regular, long-term follow-up, scrutinizing their results so that we may learn from them and continually improve our techniques and outcomes. Through the course of the chapter, we will interject our findings where appropriate, in an effort to shed light on this complicated subject.
An experimental study on the role of graphical information about hand movement when interacting with objects in virtual reality environments

In this series of experiments, we investigated whether a crude representation of the hand that was extinguished at movement onset improved performance when compared to a no-feedback situation. Subjects performed simple reach to grasp movements in a virtual environment in two experiments. In Experiment 1, trials were blocked so that subjects were aware that a graphical representation of the hand would either be available throughout the movement (FA), be removed at movement onset (FAB), or not be available (NF). In Experiment 2, trials were randomized so that subjects were unaware of whether feedback would be available throughout the trial or removed at movement onset. Our results indicated that when subjects were aware of the availability of graphical feedback, the FAB condition improved performance compared to the NF condition. Furthermore, movement time was similar in the two feedback available conditions (FA, FAB). In contrast, for the randomized trial presentation, the positive influence of the FAB condition was diminished. These results suggest that visual feedback available prior to movement onset can be used to calibrate the proprioceptive system and improve performance over a no feedback situation. These results can be applied by designers of virtual environments to solve problems related to occlusion of important environmental information by the hand as users reach to grasp and manipulate objects.
Essentials of advocacy in case management

Advocacy is vital to case management practice. It is a primary professional role of case managers functioning in various care settings and across the continuum of care. Acquiring knowledge, skills, and competence in what advocacy is and how to enact its related behaviors is essential for success of case managers and for achieving desired outcomes for both the clients and healthcare agencies alike. This article describes the use of advocacy in the field of case management and highlights several practical strategies for case managers to apply in their daily practice.
Expressing deviant opinions: Believing you are in the majority helps

Abstract Three studies tested whether group members whose opinions differ from the average member’s opinion in the direction of the group prototype (“descriptive norm deviants”) are more vocal than those whose opinions differ in the opposite direction (“prescriptive norm deviants”), due to the former’s erroneous belief that their opinions are popular. Study 1 found that descriptive norm deviants were more comfortable expressing their opinions than prescriptive norm deviants, and that this effect was partially mediated by perceived commonness of one’s opinion. Studies 2 and 3 provided experimental evidence that the relationship between deviance direction and comfort was driven by perceptions of consensus. When participants were led to believe that most other group members held a prescriptive (as opposed to descriptive) norm deviant position, the relationship between deviance direction and comfort was attenuated, especially among those who identified strongly with their ingroup. Implications of these findings for group dynamics, pluralistic ignorance, and social norms are discussed.
Interrelationships between LGBT-based victimization, suicide, and substance use problems in a diverse sample of sexual and gender minorities

Research has documented significant relationships between sexual and gender minority stress and higher rates of suicidality (i.e. suicidal ideation and attempts) and substance use problems. We examined the potential mediating role of substance use problems on the relationship between sexual and gender minority stress (i.e. victimization based on lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender identity [LGBT]) and suicidality. A nonprobability sample of LGBT patients from a community health center (N = 1457) ranged in age from 19-70 years. Participants reported history of lifetime suicidal ideation and attempts, substance use problems, as well as experiences of LGBT-based verbal and physical attacks. Substance use problems were a significant partial mediator between LGBT-based victimization and suicidal ideation and between LGBT-based victimization and suicide attempts for sexual and gender minorities. Nuanced gender differences revealed that substance use problems did not significantly mediate the relationship between victimization and suicide attempts for sexual minority men. Substance use problems may be one insidious pathway that partially mediates the risk effects of sexual and gender minority stress on suicidality. Substances might be a temporary and deleterious coping resource in response to LGBT-based victimization, which have serious effects on suicidal ideation and behaviors.
Relative to What or Whom? The Importance of Norms and Relative Standing to Well-Being in South Africa

Summary Studies of relative standing and subjective well-being (SWB) consistently show a negative correlation between peer income and satisfaction. However, most investigate a single peer group in wealthy country. Using a South African household survey we model SWB using different measures of relative standing. Our results differ from most of the existing literature in two ways. First, they suggest that at low levels of income or expenditure—like most South Africans—the benefit of living among wealthier people outweighs the negatives of being the poorest of a peer group. In addition, we find achievement relative to one’s parents is more important than the traditional emphasis on geographic peers.
Anatomical interactions between the central amygdaloid nucleus and the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of the rat: a dual tract-tracing analysis

Axonal connections between the amygdala and the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus were examined by combined anterograde-retrograde tract tracing. Iontophoretic injections of the retrograde tracer Fluorogold were placed in the paraventricular nucleus, and the anterograde tracer PHA-L in the ipsilateral central or medial amygdaloid nuclei. Single and double-label immunohistochemistry were used to detect tracers. Single label anterograde and retrograde tracing suggest limited evidence for direct connections between the central or medial amygdala and the paraventricular nucleus. In general, scattered PHA-L-positive terminals were seen in autonomic subdivisions of the paraventricular nucleus (lateral parvocellular, dorsal parvocellular and ventral medial parvocellular subnuclei) following central or medial amygdaloid nucleus injection. Double-label studies indicate that central and medial amygdaloid nucleus efferents contact paraventricular nucleus-projecting cells in several forebrain nuclei. In the case of central nucleus injections, PHA-L positive fibers occasionally contacted Fluorogold-labeled neurons in the anteromedial, ventromedial and preoptic subnuclei of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Overall, such contacts were quite rare, and did not occur in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis regions showing greatest innervation by the central amygdaloid nucleus. In contrast, medial amygdala injections resulted in a significantly greater overlap of PHA-L labeling and Fluorogold-labeled neurons, with axosomatic appositions observed in medial divisions of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, anterior hypothalamic area and preoptic area. The results provide anatomical evidence that a substantial proportion of amygdaloid connections with hypophysiotrophic paraventricular nucleus neurons are likely multisynaptic, relaying in different subregions of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and hypothalamus.
Search for prostaglandin A1 in onion.

A fatty cid fraction separated from yellow onion has been subjected to thin layer chromatographic techniques, UV and IR spectrophotometric analyses. This silicic acid-chromatographed fraction corresponds to the prostaglandin A1 fraction. Preliminary identification strongly suggests that this component of onions appears to be a prostaglandin (PGA1) or a prostaglandin-like compound.
Reproduction and Growth in a Neotropical Insectivorous Bat

Even though there is an abundance of data regarding the reproductive biology and postnatal growth of bats, comprehensive data on life history is still lacking for most species, particularly for rare families that have unique behavioral and ecological adaptations. In this study we provide a description of reproductive seasonality and length of reproductive activities such as gestation and lactation for Thyroptera tricolor, a small (3–4.5 g) Neotropical insectivorous bat and one of only four species in the family Thyropteridae. In addition, we also describe postnatal development, including growth rates and the onset of flight. Our results show that T. tricolor has long gestation (at least 3.5 months) and lactation (4 months) periods within a single annual reproductive event. Young are capable of sustained flight at two months of age, and attain adult forearm length at age 90 days and adult body mass at age 120 days. Offspring mortality was high, with 28% of young dying before age five months. Surviving youn...
Up close - Materials division of NASA-Lewis Research Center

The eight branches of the Materials Division of NASA-Lewis Research Center are described. The design and capabilities of the Microgravity Materials Science Laboratory are discussed. Consideration is given to the objectives of the ceramic branch, the advanced metallic branch, the metal science branch, and the polymer branch. Also discussed are the research and development efforts of the surface science branch, the environmental durability branch, and the analytic science branch.
Binding of substrate CO2 to the active site of human carbonic anhydrase II: a molecular dynamics study.

Abstract Molecular dynamics has been used to study binding of substrate CO2 to the active site of human carbonic anhydrase II. Three potential CO2 binding sites have been located. The first is at the active-site hydrophobic pocket (the catalytically productive site), where CO2 is approximately 3.5 A from the zinc ion and interacts with His-94, His-119, Val-121, Val-143, Leu-198, Thr-199, the zinc ion, and the zinc-bound hydroxide ion. The second CO2 binding site is approximately 6 A from the zinc ion, where CO2 interacts with His-64, His-94, Leu-198, Thr-200, Pro-201, Pro-202, and some active-site water molecules. The third CO2 binding site is approximately 10 A from the zinc ion, is largely solvated by water molecules, and interacts with His-64, Asn-67, and Gln-92. At these three CO2 binding sites, the CO2 molecule is highly localized (the average Zn-CO2 distance fluctuation is approximately 1 A) and favors the linear binding orientation toward the zinc ion. This linear binding orientation of CO2 and its electrostatic interaction with the zinc ion direct diffusion of CO2 toward the zinc ion and facilitate the nucleophilic attack from O of the zinc-bound OH- to C of CO2 in the productive hydrophobic binding site. Finally, the two CO2 binding sites outside the hydrophobic binding pocket, which may represent two intermediate states along the CO2 binding pathway, could play important roles as a CO2 relay.
[Comment on “Open scientific communication urged” “Technology transfer–A growing problem” and “Update: Science and security”] DOD funds

The most significant observation to be made about the recent (Oct. 5, 12, and 19) news items in Eos on ‘technology transfer’ is that several key issues were never even addressed. For example, actual or potential censorship of technical papers is reported to have caused ‘considerable clamor within the scientific community,’ yet never once were directly relevant questions asked. For example: Should academic researchers depend upon military funding for their support? Does acceptance of financial support from military sources make individuals and institutions dependent clients of the Pentagon? In this context it is ironic to note that the Oct. 12 issue of Eos also featured an article entitled ‘DOD to Fund Major Instruments,’ describing the manner in which DOD intends to spend $150 million to equip university laboratories in the next 5 years. This article noted explicitly that ‘For example, computers obtained with the program funds are to be used only for defense-related projects’ (my emphasis). It seems that scientists should reflect a bit about a funding system that channels dollars through the military.
Adaptive walks through fitness landscapes for early vascular land plants

Hypothetical adaptive walks (i. e., morphological transformation series gaining increasing relative fitness) were simulated through a computer-generated domain for early vascular land plant morphologies to examine the relationship between the dynamics of adaptive walks and the topologies of fitness landscapes. A total of 15 hypothetical adaptive walks were simulated, assuming that relative fitness was based on performing one or more of four biological tasks: maximizing light interception, mechanical stability, and reproductive success, and minimizing total surface area. Morphologies occupying fitness peaks typically were similar to some early vascular land plant remains. The most stringent task (the minimization of total surface area) resulted in a few, comparatively small Y-shaped morphologies. Based on the 15 walks, the number of fitness peaks increased and their heights decreased as the number of tasks simultaneously performed increased. These results (which are consistent with prior computer-simulated walks treating light interception, mechanical stability, and reproductive success) suggest that the biological requirement to conserve water reduced the number of phenotypic options available to the earliest land plants, and that, once this adaptive hurtle was overcome, the simultaneous performance of two or more tasks, increased the number of phenotypic options with equivalent relative fitnesses that could be rapidly reached due to the comparatively small fitness differential between derived and ancestral morphologies.
Electron cyclotron emission correlation radiometry in toroidal plasma confinement devices

Abstract Very low level plasma density and temperature fluctuations can be responsible for anomalous transport in thermonuclear magnetic traps. Electron cyclotron emission (ECE) detection has proven to be a very effective diagnostic for monitoring plasma temperature fluctuations at the frequencies of interest. Diffraction unfortunately limits the space resolution of this diagnostic with potentially important consequences on estimates of turbulent transport. This issue will be investigated both theoretically and with regard to technical implications. Experimental results obtained on the TEXT-U tokamak will be used to illustrate the previous point. Recent results obtained on TEXT-U with ECE, and corroborated by other fluctuation diagnostics, on the anisotropy of the high frequency fluctuations will be presented.
Aminoacylation of Excherichia coli valine transfer RNA after oxidation and reduction

Valine tRNA1 (Escherichia coli) that has been oxidized with periodate and subsequently reduced with borohydride can accept valine from valyl-tRNA ligase (E. coli). When this modified tRNAVal1 (tRNAValox, red) is used as substrate, about 4000 times more enzyme is required to produce a reaction velocity comparable to that obtained with normal tRNAVal1. The Km for tRNAValox, red is approximately the same as for normal tRNAVal1; however, the V value is reduced by a factor of 104. The tRNAValox (no reduction) is not a substrate for the ligase under the conditions we have used.
Validation of the Baylor Continence Scale in children with anorectal malformations

Abstract Background Anorectal malformations (ARMs) often result in lifelong problems with defecation. There have been no studies performed to develop scoring systems in children with fecal incontinence following repair of ARM. This study was designed to develop and validate a tool (Baylor Continence Scale [BCS]) to measure social continence in children after surgical correction of ARMs. Methods The BCS is a 23-question survey, was administered to children who have had repair of an ARM, children with enuresis, and normal children. Results Children in the ARM group had an average BCS score of 28.0, which was statistically different from an enuresis control group (16.5) and normal controls (11.5) ( P 30) than either the enuresis or normal control group ( P Conclusions The BCS tool should be useful in prospective studies of interventions to improve incontinence after repair of an ARM. An important secondary result of this study was to demonstrate the effect on families of caring for a child with imperforate anus, even years after the repair.
Azoester compounds for inducing DNA cleavage under physiological conditions

Abstract It is demonstrated that azoester compounds are suitable for inducing DNA cleavage under physiological conditions. In particular, ethyl phenydiazenecarboxylate 1 and potassium phenyldiazenecarboxylate 2 have been shown to cleave ΦX174 supercoiled DNA in aqueous buffers of pH=7.2 and 5..2, respectively.
Microwave spectroscopy of H2O in the stratosphere and mesosphere

Ground-based microwave spectroscopy is a powerful technique for remote sensing of minor constituents, such as H2O, in the middle atmosphere that might otherwise be difficult to measure quantitatively. The 616–523 H2O transition at 22.2 GHz is particularly well suited for this application. It is optically thin and at a low frequency which allows straightforward inversion of spectra to recover altitude profiles up to ∼80 km altitude. Because of considerable radioastronomical interest in this transition, which is non-thermally excited in the interstellar medium, many suitable receiver systems are available1–3. Monitoring of the H2O altitude profile on short and long time scales is practical and has been going on from Haystack Observatory for several years2,4,5. The principal limitation of this experiment is not receiver sensitivity—a few hours of integration are sufficient to produce an H2O atmospheric emission spectrum suitable for inversion—but, rather, baseline curvature in the receiver–spectrometer system. Baseline effects have limited the effective bandwidth of the Haystack experiments to 6.67 MHz making the effective lower altitude limit of profile inversion ∼50 km. They are also a dominant source of error in recovered profiles in the 50–60 km range. We present here the first results of observations with a new receiver system developed specifically to observe atmospheric H2O which allowed a spectrometer bandwidth of 40 MHz to be used and, thus, allowed the H2O profile from ∼35 to 80 km to be recovered. The resulting profile, although only a ‘snapshot’ of a probably time-dependent phenomenon, is consistent with previous measurements in the mesosphere and stratosphere.
The effects of ultraviolet‐B radiation on plant competition in terrestrial ecosystems

Evidence regarding the interaction of ultraviolet-B (UV-B, 280-320 nm) radiation and plant competition in terrestrial ecosystems is examined. The competitive interactions of some species pairs were affected even by ambient solar UV-B radiation (as exists without ozone depletion), when compared to control pairs grown without UV-B. Also, the total shoot biomass of these species pairs was depressed under ambient UV-B. Relatively large increases in UV-B radiation (approximating a 40% ozone layer reduction when weighted with the generalized plant action spectrum) altered the competitive interactions of some species pairs grown in pots under field conditions, but did not affect the total shoot biomass production of those pairs. Recent field experiments have examined the competitive interactions of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Bannock) and wild oat (Avena fatua L.) under a simulated increased UV-B regime resulting from a 16% ozone layer reduction when weighted with the generalized plant action spectrum. This increase in UV-B altered the competitive interactions of these two species without affecting the total shoot biomass production of the species pair. The manner in which increased UV-B affected the relative competitive abilities of the two species was highly dependent upon the environmental conditions during the early life stages of the plants. The implications of these results for both agricultural and natural plant communities are discussed.
Toxicity of E. coli L-asparaginase in man.

During therapeutic trials with E. coli L-asparaginase in 131 children and 143 adults with neoplastic disease the following signs of toxicity have been observed: fever, nausea and vomiting, weight loss, somnolence, lethargy, confusion, hypolipidemia, hyperlipidemia, hypoproteinemia, abnormal liver function tests, fatty metamorphosis of the liver, pancreatitis (in rare instances), azotemia, granulocytopenia, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, and hypersensitivity reactions. While these effects have been moderately severe and reversible in most instances, some patients have shown dangerous degrees of toxicity. This has been the case most frequently in adult patients receiving a dose of 5000 IU/kg/day.
STUDY OF THE CYP21 GENE IN AN ARGENTINIAN POPULATION OF PATIENTS (P) WITH 21-HYDROXYLASE ENZYME DEFICIENCY (CAH)

STUDY OF THE CYP21 GENE IN AN ARGENTINIAN POPULATION OF PATIENTS (P) WITH 21-HYDROXYLASE ENZYME DEFICIENCY (CAH)
FREE ENERGY CALCULATION VIA MD : METHODOLOGY AND APPLICATION TO BICRYSTALS

Description de trois methodes de calcul independantes basees sur la dynamique moleculaire permettant de determiner les energies libres des solides cristallins. Comparaison de la precision relative et de l'efficacite de la methode. Calcul des energies libres pour deux bicristaux de cuivre entre 0 et 1500 K. Discussion des stabilites relatives de ces bicristaux
Effects of pressure on the magnetic properties of MnAs

Using a vibrating-coil magnetometer, we have studied the effect of hydrostatic pressures of up to 11 kbar on the magnetic properties of MnAs. These experiments were carried out between 60 and 500\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The boundary between the ferromagnetic hexagonal ($B{8}_{1}$) phase and the orthorhombic ($B31$) phase has been determined. In addition, the existence of ordered metamagnetic and ferromagnetic structures within the high-pressure $B31$ phase is established and their boundaries delineated in the pressure-temperature phase space. The existence of regions within this space in which the paramagnetic susceptibility of the $B{8}_{1}$ and $B31$ phases follow a Curie-Weiss law has enabled us to confirm directly the hypothesis of Goodenough, Ridgley, and Newman that the manganese moment goes from a low-spin to a high-spin configuration on going from the $B31$ to the $B{8}_{1}$ phase. The pressure dependence of the paramagnetic Curie point ($\frac{d\ensuremath{\theta}}{\mathrm{dp}}$) was found to be negative in the $B{8}_{1}$ phase and positive in the $B31$ phase. This is shown to be in contradiction with the Bean-Rodbell model as it has been applied to MnAs. We show that the minimum generalization of their model to permit consistency with our results requires consideration of multiple exchange interactions, anisotropic strain effects, and higher-order contributions to the elastic energy. Finally, we give an interpretation of our results within the framework of the band spectrum of MnAs.
Gaussian basis set for molecular wavefunctions containing second-row atoms

A Gaussian basis set consisting of 12s-type and 9p-type functions has been optimized for the second-row atoms. Energy values are also reported for different contractions of this basis set.
Solid—solid phase transitions determined by differential scanning calorimetry part IV. New transitions in tetrahedral substances

Abstract Data are presented to show that tris(hydroxymethyl)acetic acid, monochloro-pentaerythritol, monofluoropentaerythritol, difluoropentaerythritol, monoamino-pentaerythritol, and diaminopentaerythritol exhibit solid-state transitions to a plastic crystalline state. Transitional enthalpies in many of these substances are lower than might be expected by analogy with related structures, suggesting that some configurational contributions to their entropy increments have been inhibited.
Thermal transformation of alumina trihydrate, hydrargillite

The thermal transformation of hydrargillite (alumina trihydrate) prepared by seeded decomposition of sodium aluminate solution to α-alumina has been studied by X-ray diffraction and infra-red spectra. It is concluded that the thermal transformation of hydrargillite proceeds in the following sequence:
Technical and management notes: An approach toward improving the creative output of scientific task teams

Administration of an innovative task team today requires a capability to integrate not only the interrelated technical disciplines but also the relationships of the individual members as well. The team leader needs a tool to measure and characterize the members so that he can predict their interactions and structure his task teams accordingly. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Test, which places individuals in a scheme of personality types as established by the Swiss psychologist Carl Jung, was used effectively in a scientific task-team management situation. Jung theorized that such apparently random variations in human behavior is actually orderly and consistent and reflects certain basic differences in the way people prefer to use perception and judgement in a given situation.
TIMMi: Finger-worn Textile Input Device with Multimodal Sensing in Mobile Interaction

We introduce TIMMi, a textile input device for mobile interactions. TIMMi is worn on the index finger to provide a multimodal sensing input metaphor. The prototype is fabricated on a single layer of textile where the conductive silicone rubber is painted and the conductive threads are stitched. The sensing area comprises of three equally spaced dots and a separate wide line. Strain and pressure values are extracted from the line and three dots, respectively via voltage dividers. Regression analysis is performed to model the relationship between sensing values and finger pressure and bending. A multi-level thresholding is applied to capture different levels of finger bending and pressure. A temporal position tracking algorithm is implemented to capture the swipe gesture. In this preliminary study, we demonstrate TIMMi as a finger-worn input device with two applications: controlling music player and interacting with smartglasses.
Neuropathies associated with conduction block.

Purpose of reviewTwo disorders, Lewis–Sumner syndrome and multifocal motor neuropathy, are defined by the demonstration of conduction block. These two entities have been intertwined since their description but there are important distinctions between them. It is therefore timely to reconsider these