cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of temperature and relative fitness of sexual and asexual brine shrimp Artemia

Fourteen life-history traits were measured at 15, 24, and 30°C for three obligately asexual (Artemia parthenogenetica Bowen) and three sexual (two A. tunisiana Bowen and one A. franciscana Kellogg) populations. Data were also collected on the A. franciscana population at 27.5 and 32.5°C. A. tunisiana was least tolerant to high temperatures, while A. parthenogenetica had a broader tolerance. A. franciscana showed the widest tolerance range. Trade-offs between performance at low and high temperatures were found, especially for sexual populations. No single population performed best at all temperatures. Female lifespan, but not the pre-reproductive and reproductive periods, were linearly related to temperature. For five populations, the reproductive period constituted a smaller portion of lifespan as temperature deviated from 24°C. Low interpopulational variability was found for female lifespan and pre-reproductive period, with high levels for reproductive period and offspring production. The results are relevant to the relative merits of sexually and asexually reproducing populations and their possible competitive interactions.
The Jivaro: People of the Sacred Waterfalls

Introduction Orthography I. The Jivaro: Background II. Shelter, Subsistence, and Technology III. Social Relations IV. The Hidden World V. Law, Feuding, and War VI. Cultural Change Epilogue Bibliography Notes Index
Magneto-optical trapping of metastable xenon : isotope-shift measurements

We have magneto-optically trapped the nine stable isotopes of xenon. Using the Zeeman slowing method to decelerate a beam of xenon atoms in the metastable 6s 3/2 [3/2${]}_{2}$ state (notation representing nl ${\mathit{J}}_{\mathrm{core}}$ [K=${\mathit{J}}_{\mathrm{core}}$+l${]}_{\mathit{J}}$), we load our trap to a collisionally limited density of more than ${10}^{10}$ atoms/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$. The two odd isotopes are trapped without a repumping frequency, even though they have hyperfine structure. The sensitivity of the trapping process to the laser frequency is exploited to make accurate measurements of the isotope shifts for the 6s 3/2 [3/2${]}_{2}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}6p 3/2 [5/2${]}_{3}$ laser-cooling transition and of the hyperfine constants for $^{131}\mathrm{Xe}$.
Reuse of negative CLOtest kits in children

Abstract Background: The rapid urease test, CLOtest, is used frequently in endoscopy suites. In the developed world, a negative CLOtest result is extremely common. The question of whether reuse of previously negative CLOtest kits is appropriate in children and the cost saving of such a practice were investigated. Methods: Children who underwent diagnostic endoscopic procedures were prospectively recruited to the study. In each procedure gastric biopsy specimens were obtained for 2 rapid urease tests, one a new kit and the other a used negative kit obtained from previous procedures. In addition gastric specimens were also obtained for routine histologic examination. Results: In 121 (99.2%) patients a complete concordance between new and used CLOtests was observed. Chi-square analyses showed a significant association between CLOtest results and each of the following factors: gastritis, the presence of Helicobacter pylori organisms, and H pylori-associated gastritis. Assuming an average rate of 15% positive CLOtest results in our pediatric population, the annual savings at the rural hospital was $265 and at the urban children's hospital, $1958. Conclusion: Reuse of a negative CLOtest is reliable and may reduce costs, especially in facilities with a high volume of endoscopic procedures. (Gastrointest Endosc 2001;53:169-71.)
Structure and rheology of nanoparticle–polymer suspensions

Structure and rheology of oligomer-tethered nanoparticles suspended in low molecular weight polymeric host are investigated at various particle sizes and loadings. Strong curvature effects introduced by the small size of the nanoparticle cores are found to be important for understanding both the phase stability and rheology of the materials. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy measurements indicate that PEG–SiO2/PEG suspensions are more stable against phase separation and aggregation than expected from theory for interacting brushes. SAXS and rheology measurements also reveal that at high particle loadings, the stabilizing oligomer brush is significantly compressed and produces jamming in the suspensions. The jamming transition is accompanied by what appears to be a unique evolution in the transient suspension rheology, along with large increments in the zero-shear, Newtonian viscosity. The linear and nonlinear flow responses of the jammed suspensions are discussed in the framework of the Soft Glassy Rheology (SGR) model, which is shown to predict many features that are consistent with experimental observations, including a two-step relaxation following flow cessation and a facile method for determining the shear-thinning coefficient from linear viscoelastic measurements. Finally, we show that the small sizes of the particles have a significant effect on inter-particle interactions and rheology, leading to stronger deviations from expectations based on planar brushes and hard-sphere suspension theories. In particular, we find that in the high volume fraction limit, tethered nanoparticles interact in their host polymer through short-range forces, which are more analogous to those between soft particles than between spherical polymer brushes.
Tumor Progression in the LPB-Tag Transgenic Model of Prostate Cancer is Altered by Vitamin D Receptor and Serum Testosterone Status

Previous studies have suggested that 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)2D3) induces cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis in prostate cancer cells in vitro, suggesting that vitamin D may be a useful adjuvant therapy for prostate cancer and a chemopreventive agent. Most epidemiological data however shows a weak link between serum 25(OH)D3 and risk of prostate cancer. To explore this dichotomy we have compared tumor progression in the LPB-Tag model of prostate in VDR knock out (VDRKO) and wild type (VDRWT) mice. On the C57BL/6 background LPB-Tag tumors progress significantly more rapidly in the VDRKO mice. VDRKO tumors show significantly higher levels of cell proliferation than VDRWT tumors. In mice supplemented with testosterone to restore the serum levels to the normal range, these differences in tumor progression, and proliferation are abrogated, suggesting that there is considerable cross-talk between the androgen receptor (AR) and the vitamin D axis which is reflected in significant changes in steady state mRNA levels of the AR, PCNA, cdk2 survivin and IGFR1 and 2 genes. These alterations may explain the differences between the in vitro data and the epidemiological studies.
A global view of how technology is guiding radiation therapeutics for cancers

Over the last several years, the field of medicine has begun to embrace computational advances as a means of improving treatment delivery, patient management, outcomes, and other metrics of performance. No field has embraced technology out of necessity and innovation more than radiation oncology. Generally, radiation oncology is a subspecialty of oncology which utilizes high dose ionizing radiation as a means of accurately and effectively killing malignancies of many pathologies. This radiation must be delivered to tumors while avoiding significant normal tissue toxicities. From novel imaging tools to the most advanced linear accelerators, robust hardware and software allowing for treatment planning to the integration of information processing, many layers of computational intensity are needed to safely treat cancer patients with radiation therapy. This talk will provide a macroscopic view of the many technologies and knowledge bases necessary to successfully drive radiation oncology treatment practices in the present and future.
Automatic parameter optimization in inspection systems

Automatic inspection systems for IC mark, package and lead inspection are being widely used as in-process controls and check points. Here their primary function is not only to inspect and sort out defective parts but also to provide feedback on how well a process such as marking or trim and form is performing. Inspection results of every part inspected are often accumulated in a statistical process control (SPC) program that can monitor drifts in the process. Not all drifts are caused by problems in the process itself. For example the mark contrast on a package may be reduced not only because of some problem with the marking process but also because of changes in the mold compound of the package or changes in the light intensity of the inspection system. In latter case a statistical tool such as the SPC program may alert the user of a process drift and he will have to retune, recalibrate or change the parameters of the inspection system. Often the change in parameter is done by trail-and-error. A change too much or too little can result in excess overkill or even escapes. Alternatively the statistical data itself can be used to suggest the user what changes should be made to the inspection parameters. This method of automatic parameter optimization is discussed in detail in this paper. A mark inspection system is chosen as a specific example on how to apply this method.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Shared-Wavelength WDM-PON Access Network --- Bursty Traffic Accommodation and User-defined SLA Support

We investigate the shared-wavelength WDM-PON architecture which accommodates bursty downstream traffic. Based on the architecture, the proposed flow-scheduling algorithm can support user-specified service level agreements (SLAs), especially under high traffic load. Illustrative results demonstrate that the new architecture can provide a user with a number of streaming flows with bandwidth and maximum delay guarantees, as well as average bandwidth guarantee for data flows, as specified by the user-defined SLA.
Familial multiple lipomatosis: Report of a case and a review of the literature

Familial multiple lipomatosis is a hereditary syndrome of multiple lipomas occurring in a particular distribution. It is clinically distinct from multiple symmetric lipomatosis with which it is frequently confused in the dermatologic literature. A case of familial multiple lipomatosis is reported and a review of this condition is presented in an effort to resolve the confusion in the literature about familial multiple lipomatosis and multiple symmetric lipomatosis.
Femtosecond Dynamics of Small Molecules Studied with Vacuum-Ultraviolet Pulse Pairs

We use a split mirror interferometer to combine two colors of a high order harmonic source with variable delay. We report on the photodissociation dynamics of O2and C2H4excited at 160 nm.
Black Carbon-Mediated Destruction of Nitroglycerin and RDX By Hydrogen Sulfide

The in situ remediation of sediments contaminated with explosives, including nitroglycerin and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), is desirable, particularly at bombing ranges where unexploded ordnance (UXO) renders excavation dangerous. Sulfides generated by biological sulfate reduction in sediments are potent nucleophiles and reductants that may contribute to the destruction of explosives. However, moderately hydrophobic explosives are likely to sorb to black carbons, which can constitute 10−30% of sediment organic carbon. In this study, we evaluated whether the black carbons accelerate these reactions or simply sequester explosives from aqueous phase reactions. Using environmentally-relevant sulfide and black carbon concentrations, our results indicated that black carbons accelerated the destruction of both compounds, yielding relatively harmless products on the time scale of hours. For both compounds, destruction increased with sulfide and graphite concentrations. Using sheet graphite as a ...
In vitro enhancement of cis-platinum antitumor activity by caffeine and pentoxifylline in a human ovarian cell line

Cell kinetic perturbations measuring DNA and nuclear protein with dual-parameter flow cytometry were studied in vitro after cis-platinum (DDP) treatment of a DDP-resistant human ovarian cell line (BG-1). Cell viability (trypan blue exclusion) and the cell's ability to replicate (replicating potential) are also reported. A dose-dependent G2 arrest and concomitant increase in cytotoxicity were observed. We also observed a marked increase in cytotoxicity of 2.5 micrograms/ml DDP with the addition of 1 mM of caffeine (CAF) or pentoxifylline (PTX). Additionally, the cells treated with DDP and CAF or DDP and PTX demonstrated a markedly diminished ability to replicate. Cell cycle perturbations, especially the G2-phase arrest, were markedly enhanced in the cells treated with DDP and CAF or DDP and PTX, when compared to that in cells treated with DDP alone. We conclude that the cytotoxicity of DDP is enhanced by CAF and PTX in vitro by inhibiting DNA repair during the S and G2 phases.
Cobalt hemoglobin: pH dependence of Adair constants and the Bohr effects

Precise oxygen equilibrium curves have been obtained for cobalt hemoglobin at pH values from 5.5 to 8.2. The Hill plots are symmetric having asymptotes with slopes of unity. At pH 7.0, cobalt hemoglobin has p0.5 = 116 toor (15.45 kPa), pm = 117 torr (15.58 kPa) and a Hill coefficient of n = 1.72. The values of n decrease slightly with either decrease or increase of pH; the protein is almost non-cooperative at pH greater than 8.2. The Adair constants have been calculated with a non-linear least-squares program. From deltalnpm/deltapH a maximum of 2.5 Bohr protons was calculated at physiological pH values. The majority of alkaline Bohr protons are released after binding of the first and the third oxygen with maxima at pH 7.6 and 7.3, respectively. The acid Bohr effect was also observed with the majority of the protons taken up following the first and third oxygen bound. Smaller alkaline Bohr effects were obtained by differential titration and at higher pH than that calculated from oxygen equilibria. The discrepancy can be largely attributed to the binding of salt components to cobalt hemoglobin.
Development of a combined tension–torsion experiment for calibration of ductile fracture models under conditions of low triaxiality

Abstract Developments in computational mechanics have given engineers tools to predict the evolution of damage in complex structures. Damage models have been developed that relate failure strain to stress triaxiality and Lode angle. Calibration of these models has traditionally relied on specimens that exhibit high triaxiality and limited Lode angle. This paper presents a specimen that can be tested in combined tension and torsion to achieve low triaxiality over a range of Lode angle. Numerical analysis of the specimen shows that it exhibits uniformity of stress–strain and stable values of triaxiality and Lode angle as plastic strain develops, both of which are desirable characteristics for calibration of ductile failure models. The design of a new displacement and rotation gage is presented that allows non-contact measurement at the gage section. Experimental results are used to develop the failure surface for 5083 aluminum.
Narrow-band spectrophotometry of Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, Oberon, and Triton

The spectral reflectances of Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, Oberon, and Triton were measured in 28 bandpasses between lambda 326 and lambda 976 nm on the night of 28/29 June 1974. These observations were made with the 200-in. Hale telescope and multichannel spectrometer. Bandpasses of 8 nm from lambda 326 to lambda 566 nm and 16 nm from lambda 592 to lambda 976 nm were employed. The spectral reflectances of Ariel, Oberon, and Titania increase from lambda 342 to lambda 534 nm and are relatively flat from lambda 550 to lambda 976 nm. Umbriel's reflectance decreases monotonically with increasing wavelength through the entire range of measured wavelengths. Triton is found to have a constant spectral reflectance.
Influence of Fructose-1,6-Diphosphate on Endotoxin-Induced Lung Injuries in Sheep

Background Fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP) is reported to have a salutary effect in endotoxin shock and sepsis. This investigation describes the effect of FDP on pulmonary and systemic hemodynamics, lung lymph protein clearance, and leukocyte count in sheep infused with Escherichia coli endotoxin. Materials and methods Anesthetized sheep ( n = 18), some of which underwent thoracotomy to cannulate lymphatic nodes, were used in this study. After stabilization, all sheep received E. coli endotoxin, 5 μg/kg i.v. infusion over 30 min. Concomitant with the endotoxin infusion, half of the animals were randomly selected to receive an i.v. bolus of FDP (10%), 50 mg/kg, followed by a continuous infusion of 5 mg · kg −1 · min −1 for 4 h; the rest were treated in the same manner with glucose (10%) in 0.9% NaCl. Results Pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) and resistance in the glucose group increased from 20.8 ± 1.6 to 36.7 ± 3.2 mmHg ( P −1 · cm −5 , respectively ( P . Despite an increase during endotoxin infusion, these parameters in the FDP group returned to control values. There were no differences in left ventricular pressures, cardiac output, heart rate, and arterial oxygen tension between the groups. In the glucose group, lymph protein clearance was higher ( P P . The wet/dry lung weight ratio (g/g) for the glucose group was 5.57 ± 0.04 and for the FDP-treated group 4.76 ± 0.06 ( P . Conclusion FDP treatment attenuated significantly the characteristic pulmonary hypertension, lung lymph protein clearance, and pulmonary vascular leakage seen in sheep infused with endotoxin.
Multi-View Classifier Swarms for Pedestrian Detection and Tracking

We describe a novel method for recognition and localization of objects in 3D space using multiple views. We pose the task of classifying and locating objects in 3D space as an optimization problem that combines 2D classifier scores from two separate views of the object. Our methods combine feature-based 2D object classification with efficient search mechanisms based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) by implementing each particle as a local window classi- fier guided by PSO dynamics. We first formulate the localization problem in a multi-view framework where the domain of swarm classifier particles is extended from 2D image space to 3D space. In this scheme, swarm particles encapsulate the geometric structure that binds multiple views. Each particle is a self-contained classifier that "flies" through the solution space seeking the most "objectlike" region in space, thus effectively expanding the scope of an image based 2D classifier to 3D space. In a second formulation, we demonstrate how 2D swarm based search results obtained from individual 2D views can be used to perform 3D localization tasks. We outline a method to extend the framework from single object to multiple object localization and tracking scenarios.
Four-user /spl sim/3-GHz-spaced subcarrier multiplexing (SCM) using optical direct-detection via hyperfine WDM

We demonstrate an error-free four-user /spl sim/3-GHz-spaced subcarrier multiplexing (SCM) experiment, where, for the first time to our knowledge, we use optical direct-detection via optical hyperfine wavelength-division multiplexing instead of heterodyne beating detection that is conventional for SCM. A hyperfine optical blocking filter allows optical single-sideband modulation with strong carrier suppression /spl sim/ 20 dB below the unsuppressed single sideband and strong sideband suppression /spl sim/20 dB.
Identification and Acute Targeting of Gaps in Atrial Ablation Lesion Sets Using a Real-Time Magnetic Resonance Imaging System

Background— Radiofrequency ablation is routinely used to treat cardiac arrhythmias, but gaps remain in ablation lesion sets because there is no direct visualization of ablation-related changes. In this study, we acutely identify and target gaps using a real-time magnetic resonance imaging (RT-MRI) system, leading to a complete and transmural ablation in the atrium. Methods and Results— A swine model was used for these studies (n=12). Ablation lesions with a gap were created in the atrium using fluoroscopy and an electroanatomic system in the first group (n=5). The animal was then moved to a 3-tesla MRI system where high-resolution late gadolinium enhancement MRI was used to identify the gap. Using an RT-MRI catheter navigation and visualization system, the gap area was ablated in the MR scanner. In a second group (n=7), ablation lesions with varying gaps in between were created under RT-MRI guidance, and gap lengths determined using late gadolinium enhancement MR images were correlated with gap length measured from gross pathology. Gaps up to 1.0 mm were identified using gross pathology, and gaps up to 1.4 mm were identified using late gadolinium enhancement MRI. Using an RT-MRI system with active catheter navigation gaps can be targeted acutely, leading to lesion sets with no gaps. The correlation coefficient ( R 2) between the gap length was identified using MRI, and the gross pathology was 0.95. Conclusions— RT-MRI system can be used to identify and acutely target gaps in atrial ablation lesion sets. Acute targeting of gaps in ablation lesion sets can potentially lead to significant improvement in clinical outcomes.
Performance Instrumentation Installed in Oroville Dam

Oroville Dam, a 770-ft-high, earth-fill dam with an 80,000,000 cu yd embankment, was extensively instrumented during construction. The instrumentation includes piezometers, fluid settlement devices, crossarm devices, soil-pressure cells, accelerometers, and extensometers in the embankment, and deformation meters, soil-pressure cells, and foundation/concrete-stress cells in concrete structures. Some of the instrumentation is designed to record events during an earthquake. Instrument descriptions, installation methods, and performance results including representative graphical data summaries are given, together with current (1973) operational status of the embedded instruments.
Scale-dependent genetic structure of the Idaho giant salamander (Dicamptodon aterrimus) in stream networks

The network architecture of streams and rivers constrains evolutionary, demographic and ecological processes of freshwater organisms. This consistent architecture also makes stream networks useful for testing general models of population genetic structure and the scaling of gene flow. We examined genetic structure and gene flow in the facultatively paedomorphic Idaho giant salamander, Dicamptodon aterrimus, in stream networks of Idaho and Montana, USA. We used microsatellite data to test population structure models by (i) examining hierarchical partitioning of genetic variation in stream networks; and (ii) testing for genetic isolation by distance along stream corridors vs. overland pathways. Replicated sampling of streams within catchments within three river basins revealed that hierarchical scale had strong effects on genetic structure and gene flow. amova identified significant structure at all hierarchical scales (among streams, among catchments, among basins), but divergence among catchments had the greatest structural influence. Isolation by distance was detected within catchments, and in-stream distance was a strong predictor of genetic divergence. Patterns of genetic divergence suggest that differentiation among streams within catchments was driven by limited migration, consistent with a stream hierarchy model of population structure. However, there was no evidence of migration among catchments within basins, or among basins, indicating that gene flow only counters the effects of genetic drift at smaller scales (within rather than among catchments). These results show the strong influence of stream networks on population structure and genetic divergence of a salamander, with contrasting effects at different hierarchical scales.
Strategic Characterization of Water System Infrastructure and Management

The capital needs of America’s water systems have received substantial, recent attention within engineering and public policy circles. Various groups contend that national water systems face a multibillion dollar annual funding gap and advocate for a considerable federal role in supplying the necessary capital to fulfill anticipated requirements. Opposition groups contest these assertions, arguing that federal subsidies will reduce the incentive for the industry to develop lasting solutions. The industry’s path forward remains unsettled as this debate continues. Missing from these discussions, however, is objective evidence concerning the state of the industry. Accordingly, this paper presents a rational methodology to characterize community water systems to provide a basis for (1) understanding the state of systems within the national portfolio; and (2) guiding strategic assessment and policy development. Common indicators are deployed that rely upon widely available operating and financial data and make...
An Exploration of a Model of Social Networks and Multilateral Negotiations

Multilateral (many-party) negotiations are much more complex than traditional two-party negotiations. In this article, we explore a model of social network activity, especially clique formation, among parties engaged in multilateral negotiation and the implications that such networks might have on the negotiation process and outcome. Using data collected from 375 subjects participating in a negotiation simulation, our results reveal that, primarily, the negotiator's perspectives of clique formation (coalition building) — both his or her own and the other party's — have unique effects on the integrative, problem-solving approaches used in the process and on the negotiator's satisfaction with outcomes. Secondarily, centrality (manifest as emergent power) has a positive effect on both problem solving and satisfaction. Interestingly, we found that those players who emerged as the most dominant and powerful were not as satisfied (in relative levels) as those who were less powerful.
The coordination of signaling during Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis

Phagocytosis by macrophages can be initiated by Fcgamma receptors (FcR) in membranes that bind to Fc regions of immunoglobulin G (IgG). Activated FcR transduce signals to cytoplasm, which regulate the internalization of IgG-coated particles into plasma membrane-derived vacuoles, phagosomes. Particles internalized by phagocytosis are much larger than FcR, which prompts questions of if and how the receptors are coordinated with each other. FcR-mediated signal transduction entails recruitment of proteins from cytoplasm to the receptor, largely via protein phosphorylation. These FcR signaling complexes then activate proteins that regulate actin, myosin, membrane fusion, and the production of reactive oxygen intermediates. Recent fluorescence microscopic studies of phagocytosis in macrophages indicate that signaling by FcR occurs as a sequence of distinct stages, evident in the spatial and temporal patterns of phosphoinositides, protein kinase C, and Rho-family GTPase activation on forming phagosomes. The coordination of these stages may be regulated by lipids or lipid-anchored proteins, which diffuse away from FcR complexes. Lateral diffusion of FcR-derived signals could integrate FcR-dependent responses over large areas of membrane in the forming phagosome.
Thermal modeling of the infrared reflow process for solder ball connect (SBC)

A thermal model of the infrared reflow process has been developed for an FR-4 card populated with an array of Solder Ball Connect (SBC) modules. The analysis of the three-dimensional, transient, finite element model accounts for radiative exchange within the infrared oven and for the heat conduction (nonisotropic) within the modules and card. Transient temperature profiles of selected points and three-dimensional temperature distributions at selected times are presented to describe the primary heat-transport mechanisms. Numerical predictions and empirical data indicate that the SBC modules are relatively isothermal throughout the infrared reflow process. Therefore, every solder ball within the array exhibits a nearly identical thermal profile. This result is fortunate, since the inner solder ball connections cannot be visually inspected. The influence of module spacing and the ability to improve the reflow process by use of a high-emissivity cap coating are demonstrated.
Overexpression of Smoothened Activates the Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in Pancreatic Cancer–Associated Fibroblasts

Purpose: Accumulating evidence suggests that cancer-associated stromal fibroblasts (CAF) contribute to tumor growth by actively communicating with cancer cells. Our aim is to identify signaling pathways involved in tumor-stromal cell interactions in human pancreatic cancer. Experimental Design: We established primary fibroblast cultures from human pancreatic adenocarcinomas and nonneoplastic pancreas tissues. To identify differentially expressed genes in CAFs, we did gene expression profiling of human pancreatic CAFs and nonneoplastic pancreatic fibroblasts. Results: The Hedgehog receptor Smoothened ( SMO ) was upregulated in CAFs relative to control fibroblasts. CAFs expressing SMO could transduce the Sonic hedgehog signal to activate Gli1 expression, and small interfering RNA knockdown of SMO blocked the induction of Gli1 in these cells. Stromal fibroblasts of human primary pancreatic adenocarcinomas overexpressed Smo compared with normal pancreatic fibroblasts. Conclusions: These findings implicate overexpression of Smo as a mechanism for the activation of Hedgehog signaling in human pancreatic CAFs and suggest that stromal cells may be a therapeutic target for Smo antagonists in pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 16(6); 1781–9
Assessing decoding from an onset-rime perspective

This study investigated decoding assessment from an onset-rime perspective, and consistent with an interactive model of cognitive constructs underlying silent reading comprehension. Participants were 128 first and second graders in a public elementary school. Two kinds of decoding items were examined: one-syllable words and nonwords, each comprised of a high- to moderate-utility onset and a high-utility rime. Data were analyzed mainly with stepwise multiple regression and conditional probability analyses. The principal finding was that the construct validity of decoding items varied, depending on whether they were words or nonwords. Tests of knowledge of onsets and rimes accounted for 14% more variance in real-word test than nonword test scores. The superior construct validity of words over nonwords as decoding items seemed to occur because decoding nonwords requires an additional ability that decoding real words does not.
STRUCTURE SIDE‐EFFECT SORTING OF DRUGS VI. OTOTOXICITIES

SUMMARY From a literature survey, over 130 (about 7·8%) drugs and chemicals have been associated with ototoxicities. The major classes are basic aminoglycoside and other antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, antimalarials, β-blockers, anti-neoplastic agents, heavy metals, diuretics, some topical agents and various miscellaneous drugs. Possible mechanisms of action are presented and discussed. These include inhibition of protein synthesis, the glycolytic cycle, the TCA cycle, energy utilization, energy generation and the respiratory system within the mitochondria membrane of the hair cell, and also alteration of the permeability of the endolymphatic membrane or alteration of the excretion system for the basic aminoglycosides in the lateral wall of the membranous cochlea. The relative rank order of ototoxicity and reactivity toward mucopolysaccharides of five aminoglycosides is found to be related to the number of basic groups in each molecule.
Predicting equilibrium shape of precipitates as function of coherency state

Abstract A general approach is proposed to predict the equilibrium shapes of precipitates in crystalline solids as function of size and coherency state. The model incorporates effects of interfacial defects such as misfit dislocations and structural ledges on transformation strain and on interfacial energy. Using α precipitation in α/β titanium alloys as an example, various possible equilibrium shapes of precipitates having different defect contents at interfaces are obtained by phase-field simulations. The simulation results agree with experimental observations in terms of both precipitate habit plane orientation and defect content at the interface. In combination with crystallographic theories of interfaces and experimental characterization of habit plane of finite precipitates, this approach has the ability to predict the coherency state (i.e. defect structures at interfaces) and equilibrium shape of finite precipitates.
Five. Fairness and Other-Regarding Preferences in Nonhuman Primates

Although the study of economic systems, such as free enterprise, is inherently entwined with human societies, studying the evolutionary roots of behaviors involved can tell us a great deal about ourselves. One of the values involved in free enterprise is a sense of fairness. A similar reaction, which I term the inequity response, shows striking similarities between human and nonhuman species. Capuchin monkeys and chimpanzees both respond negatively to distributional inequity, or getting less than another individual in their group. Moreover, chimpanzees show significant variation in response depending upon their social group, indicating that social dynamics have a strong influence over their reactions. A further study indicates that capuchin monkeys not only respond to distributional inequities, but are much less likely to cooperate with individuals who do not behave equitably than with those who do. There are differences as well. Primates do not tend to spontaneously share rewards with other individuals, indicating that while the inequity response includes a self-oriented perspective, it may not include a strong other-regarding component. From a comparative perspective, these results indicate areas which must be addressed when developing or implementing economic systems in human societies. Humans, like their primate relatives, will undoubtedly expect distributional equity, yet this may be somewhat modulated by both the society and the individual or group with whom the person is interacting. Moreover, like other primates, humans are likely to refuse to interact with individuals or groups who have behaved unfairly in the past, regardless of their current behavior. Economic systems are far more likely to succeed when these evolutionary factors are taken into consideration.
Softly Strong: African American Women's Use of Exercise in Therapy

This paper examines how exercise can be integrated into therapy with African American women. Factors that must be considered by the therapist include the client's: (1) attitude toward therapy, exercise, and physical health; (2) sociocconomic status; (3) diagnosis; (4) support system; (5) styles of coping with stress; (6) attitude toward self care; (7) body image; and (8) exposure to realistic role models who exercise. The therapist's sensitivity to an African American cultural context and toward exercise are also critical to successful therapy with African American women. Examples are discussed of using exercise in therapy and professional experiences with African American women. Recommendations are suggested.
Renal mechanisms underlying actions of androgen and hypoxia on erythropoiesis.

SummaryThe appearance of increased quantities of ESF in the sera of rats following androgen administration or exposure to hy-poxia has been related to increased amounts or activity of the renal ery...
Pan Traps for Migration Studies of Chaoborid Midge Larvae (Diptera: Culicidae)

The diel migration of lake-dwelling chaoborid midge larvae from the bottom mud, where they spend the day, to the open water at night is a phenomenon that has been repeatedly observed and reported (Berg 1937, Eggleton 1931, Wood 1956, Hitchcock 1965). Depending upon the objectives of any particular study, larvae have been collected from the bottom primarily with the use of Ekman dredges and from the open water with plankton nets. The numbers collected by either or both methods at different times during the day or night have been used as an indication of the movement of these organisms during any particular 24-hr period. Repeated sampling of this nature over a period of time should then suggest the seasonal variation in these migrations.
Power cycling lifetime improvement of three-level NPC inverters with an improved DPWM method

This paper investigates the power cycling lifetime of a three-phase three-level neutral-point-clamped (NPC) inverter used in a 50-kVA adjustable speed drive (ASD). Considering the short lifetime of NPC inverters under low output frequency conditions, an improved discontinuous pulse width modulation (DPWM) method is introduced to extend the inverter lifetime. This improved DPWM method is achieved by injecting a zero-sequence signal with relative high frequency into the voltage reference signals, which is in order to obtain lower swing value of the junction temperatures in the Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs). Both simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the effectiveness of this solution.
Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB) Induces Memory CD4 T Cell Anergy in vivo and Impairs Recall Immunity to Unrelated Antigens.

Introduction: Naive and memory T cells can utilize unique regulatory pathways to promote protection but prevent self-reactivity. A bacterial superantigen SEB exploits unique TCR proximal signaling processes in memory CD4 T cells to induce clonal anergy. The aim of this study was to determine if SEB could antagonize memory CD4 T cells in vivo and whether there would be consequences on recall immune responses. We evaluated Ab responses to a T-dependent antigen as a measurement of memory T cell helper function.Method: BALB/c mice were primed with TNP-RGG to elicit memory B cells and also immunized with an ovalbumin peptide to elicit memory helper T cells. Another group of TNP-RGG immunized mice were used as adoptive transfer recipients of exogenous DO11.10 memory T cells. Mice were challenged with TNP-OVA with or without prior administration of SEB. B cells secreting IgM or IgG TNP-specific Ab were enumerated by ELISPOT as indicators of primary versus secondary humoral immunity.Results: Comparing the SEB and non-SEB-treated groups, the SEB-treated group failed to produce TNP-specific IgG in response to challenge with TNP-OVA, even if they were previously immunized with OVA. All groups produced IgM, indicating that the primary Ab responses and naive helper T cells were not impacted by SEB. SEB had no negative impact when DO11.10 × Fyn-/- memory T cells were used as donor cells.Conclusion: The present study indicated that SEB selectively targeted memory CD4 T cells in vivo and prevented helper function. Consequently, recall humoral immunity was lost. The data are most consistent with in vivo T cell anergy as opposed to indirect suppression as elimination of Fyn kinase restored helper function. These data suggest that bacterial superantigens can impair post-vaccination memory cell responses to unrelated antigens via their ability to target Vb families and antagonize memory cell activation.
Cherenkov imaging method for rapid optimization of clinical treatment geometry in total skin electron beam therapy.

Purpose: A method was developed utilizing Cherenkov imaging for rapid and thorough determination of the two gantry angles that produce the most uniform treatment plane during dual-field total skin electron beam therapy (TSET). Methods: Cherenkov imaging was implemented to gather 2D measurements of relative surfacedose from 6 MeV electron beams on a white polyethylene sheet. An intensified charge-coupled device camera time-gated to the Linac was used for Cherenkov emission imaging at sixty-two different gantry angles (1° increments, from 239.5° to 300.5°). Following a modified Stanford TSET technique, which uses two fields per patient position for full body coverage, composite images were created as the sum of two beamimages on the sheet; each angle pair was evaluated for minimum variation across the patient region of interest. Cherenkov versus dose correlation was verified with ionization chamber measurements. The process was repeated at source to surface distance (SSD) = 441, 370.5, and 300 cm to determine optimal angle spread for varying room geometries. In addition, three patients receiving TSET using a modified Stanford six-dual field technique with 6 MeV electron beams at SSD = 441 cm were imaged during treatment. Results: As in previous studies, Cherenkov intensity was shown to directly correlate with dose for homogenous flat phantoms (R2 = 0.93), making Cherenkov imaging an appropriate candidate to assess and optimize TSET setup geometry. This method provided dense 2D images allowing 1891 possible treatment geometries to be comprehensively analyzed from one data set of 62 single images. Gantry angles historically used for TSET at their institution were 255.5° and 284.5° at SSD = 441 cm; however, the angles optimized for maximum homogeneity were found to be 252.5° and 287.5° (+6° increase in angle spread). Ionization chamber measurements confirmed improvement in dose homogeneity across the treatment field from a range of 24.4% at the initial angles, to only 9.8% with the angles optimized. A linear relationship between angle spread and SSD was observed, ranging from 35° at 441 cm, to 39° at 300 cm, with no significant variation in percent-depth dose at midline (R2 = 0.998). For patient studies, factors influencing in vivo correlation between Cherenkov intensity and measured surfacedose are still being investigated. Conclusions: Cherenkov intensity correlates to relative dose measured at depth of maximum dose in a uniform, flat phantom. Imaging of phantoms can thus be used to analyze and optimize TSET treatment geometry more extensively and rapidly than thermoluminescent dosimeters or ionization chambers. This work suggests that there could be an expanded role for Cherenkov imaging as a tool to efficiently improve treatment protocols and as a potential verification tool for routine monitoring of unique patient treatments.
Black gathering: “The weight of being” in Leonardo Drew’s sculpture

The collector, according to Walter Benjamin and Charles Baudelaire, is the figure who treads the edge of day, roaming the margins of Enlightened society in search of its tossed-aside forms. Into this wasteland of rejected and disavowed life, the collector ambles as if in a dream. In her dream, disavowed living moves into a “better” world, one that lingers safely past the suffocating ether of tired taxonomies. Sculptor Leonardo Drew is a collector that creates and remakes in this spirit. Leonardo Drew purposely weathers objects – wood planks, fabric, cotton, animal carcasses, feathers, and other items – and makes abstract sculpture. By wearing down the object in the process of making something new, Drew intervenes into histories of racial and sexual subjection; histories that have made people into useable objects. Through his reassemblage of the rejectable, Drew imagines another world on the side of this one – a domain of living disaggregated from use and retethered to justice.
Planar VLS grown GaAs nanowire array based HEMTs

In order to suppress short channel effects as gate length of field effect transistors (FETs) continues to downscale, multi-gate FETs and nanowire FETs (NW-FETs) are poised to replace traditional planar devices. Top-down defined NW-FETs are susceptible to etching damages and the size of which is limited by lithography. Bottom-up self-assembled III-V NWs are particularly interesting because of the simplicity in processing which doesn't require lithography and chemical etching, potentially smaller feature sizes than defined by lithography and inherent high carrier mobility. However, there are three main challenges of realizing bottom-up grown NW-FET based circuits including: controllability of NW growth direction and positioning; uniformity of NW electrical property; and compatibility with planar processing.
Immune System and Immunodeficiency

The human immune system serves as an essential defense mechanism against death and disability from infectious disease. Its highly sophisticated components work together in multiple and intricate ways to provide optimal protection from infection. When there are deficiencies or malfunctions of any of the essential components of the system, disease can result. There are many types of rare genetic immunodeficiency diseases that can cause recurrent invasive infections, autoimmune disorders, malignancies, or even death. Most of these disorders present in infancy and childhood, and if diagnosed early, their life-threatening infections can be prevented. Due to the severity of these diseases, it is imperative that medical science gains a basic understanding of the human immune system and its functions.
Alarm Safety and Alarm Fatigue

Clinical alarm systems have received significant attention in recent years following warnings from hospital accrediting and health care technology organizations regarding patient harm caused by unsafe practices. Alarm desensitization or fatigue from frequent, false, or unnecessary alarms, has led to serious events and even patient deaths. Other concerns include settings inappropriate to patient population or condition, inadequate staff training, and improper use or disabling. Research on human factors in alarm response and of functionality of medical devices will help clinicians develop appropriate policies, practices, and device settings for clinical alarms in neonatal intensive care units.
Effects of intensity on muscle-specific voluntary electromechanical delay and relaxation electromechanical delay

ABSTRACTThe purposes of this study were to examine: 1) the potential muscle-specific differences in voluntary electromechanical delay (EMD) and relaxation electromechanical delay (R-EMD), and 2) the effects of intensity on EMD and R-EMD during step incremental isometric muscle actions from 10 to 100% maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). EMD and R-EMD measures were calculated from the simultaneous assessments of electromyography, mechanomyography, and force production from the vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), and rectus femoris (RF) during step isometric muscle actions. There were no differences between the VL, VM, and RF for the voluntary EMDE-M (onsets of the electromyographic to mechanomyographic signals), EMDM-F (onsets the mechanomyographic to force production), or EMDE-F (onsets of the electromyographic signal to force production) as well as R-EMDE-M (cessation of electromyographic to mechanomyographic signal), R-EMDM-F (cessation of mechanomyographic signal to force cessation)...
Refashioning the Identity of Siamese Monarchs: Hybridized Siamese and Indian Dress Styles

This chapter focuses on the history of clothing styles in India and Siam during the late eighteenth to early twentieth centuries. The dress of Thai elites clearly evolved and adopted Indian materials and styles that were utilized by Indian monarchs during this period. These materials and styles both were shaped and were influenced by the political and cultural identities of these monarchs. Dress styles that hybridized ‘traditional (Indian/Siamese)’ and ‘modern’ fashion were used as political tools in reaction to the intense cultural interactions and colonial expansion, and the global cosmopolitan influence of the Victorian era, in the colonial and post-colonial periods.