cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differentiating familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia from primary hyperparathyroidism.

Abstract Objective Because the clinical features of familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) overlap significantly with those of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), various means of differentiating between the two diseases have been suggested. Here we present a review of the clinical delineation of these two diseases. Methods Review of the English language literature on FHH and PHPT. Results FHH is a rare genetic disorder generally resulting in asymptomatic hypercalcemia of minimal clinical consequence. It is easily misdiagnosed as PHPT because both entities can manifest as hypercalcemia with an inappropriately normal or elevated level of parathyroid hormone. The 2 disorders differ in renal processing of calcium, and a number of indices of renal calcium excretion have been proposed to differentiate the 2 entities. However, the two disorders have considerable overlaps in their ranges on these indices making differentiation a challenge. There are many mutations in the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) gene associated with FHH and it is becoming increasingly recognized that the CaSR has broad functional variability. Conclusion The calcium:creatinine clearance ratio (CCCR) is the consensus biochemical test to differentiate between PHPT and FHH. However, this test is still limited by a considerable indeterminate range, and definitive diagnosis of FHH requires genetic testing. A combination of clinical suspicion, biochemical testing, and genetic analysis is required to differentiate PHPT from FHH and thus spare patients with FHH from nontherapeutic operative treatment. (Endocr Pract. 2013;19:697-702)
Calibration issues with Shack-Hartmann sensors for metrology applications

A long-standing goal of optical metrology is testing aspherics without the need for part specific nulls lenses. The problem involves increasing the measurement dynamic range while preserving accuracy. The Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor offers an interesting alternative to interferometry where the dynamic range is tied to the wavelength of light. Because the Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor is a geometric test, the lenslet array can be designed in a way that trades sensitivity for dynamic range making it possible to test, without a null, aspheres that would otherwise require null optics. However, a system with this much dynamic range will have special calibration issues. Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensors are widely used in feedback control systems for adaptive optics. In that application, calibration is not a serious problem as the system drives the correction to a null; calibration errors slow the rate of convergence. For metrology applications, the calibration of the Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor must be absolute. This presentation will discuss issues related to the design and calibration of a Shack-Hartmann metrology system including the design of an appropriate lenslet array, methods for dealing with induced aberrations, vignetting and spatial resolution limitations.
Acute changes in cortical excitability in the cortex contralateral to focal intracerebral hemorrhage in the swine.

Injury to the cerebral cortex results in functional deficits not only within the vicinity of the lesion but also in remote brain regions sharing neuronal connections with the injured site. To understand the electrophysiological basis of this phenomenon, we evaluated the effects of a focal intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) on cortical excitability in a remote, functionally connected brain region. Cortical excitability was assessed by measuring the somatic evoked potential (SEP) elicited by electrical stimulation of the swine snout, which is somatotopically represented in the rostrum area of the primary somatosensory (SI) cortex. The SEP was measured on the SI cortex ipsilateral to the site of ICH and on the contralateral SI cortex during the acute period (≤11 h) after collagenase-induced ICH. The ICH rapidly attenuated the SEP on the ipsilateral cortex as we reported earlier. Interestingly, the ICH also attenuated the SEP on the contralateral SI cortex. Evoked potentials in the contralateral SI cortex showed a gradual decrease in amplitude during this acute period of ICH. We then investigated whether the interhemispheric connections shared by the contralateral SI and the lesion cortex were responsible for the diminished evoked potentials in the uninjured hemisphere after ICH. A separate group of animals underwent corpus callosal transection prior to electrocorticography (ECoG) recordings and ICH injury. Within hours of hemorrhagic injury, a gradual but marked increase in evoked potential amplitude was observed in the homotopic SI cortex of callosotomized animals as compared to pre-injection recordings. The enhancement suggests that there are additional effects of ICH on remote areas functionally connected to the site of injury. Functional deficits were present in both SI cortices within the first several hours of a unilateral injury indicating that the cessation of brain activity in the lesioned SI is mirrored in the contralateral hemisphere. This electrophysiological depression in the uninjured SI cortex is mediated in part by the interhemispheric connections of the corpus callosum.
Mobilization of Lysosomal Calcium Regulates the Externalization of Phosphatidylserine during Apoptosis

A hallmark of apoptotic cells is the Ca2+-dependent appearance of phosphatidylserine (PS) at the cell surface as a result of its redistribution from the inner-to-outer plasma membrane leaflet. Although endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial Ca2+ are known to participate in apoptosis, their role in PS externalization has not been established. In this study, several organelle-specific fluorescent markers and Ca2+-sensitive probes were used to identify the source of Ca2+ critical to PS externalization. By employing Rhod-2AM, fluorescein-labeled high molecular weight dextran, and Calcium Green 1, we provide evidence that lysosomes respond to apoptotic stimuli by releasing their luminal Ca2+ to the cytosol. Cells treated with the cytosolic phospholipase A2 inhibitor, cPLA2α, had no effect on caspase activation but exhibited a significant decrease in lysosomal Ca2+ release and externalization of PS in response to apoptotic stimuli. Similarly, cells depleted of lysosomal Ca2+ underwent programmed cell death yet failed to externalize PS. These data indicate that although Ca2+ release from other intracellular organelles to the cytosol is adequate for apoptosis, the release of Ca2+ from lysosomes is critical for PS externalization.
Pattern noise in e-beam exposed sub-35-nm contacts

The variability in the printing of small contacts with electron-beam lithography in a fast high resolution resist was characterized using automated SEM image analysis of an identical array of contact holes. The goal of this study was to evaluate the sources and severity of pattern noise in an e-beam system. A matrix of 391 contacts, 17x23 (dictated by the dimensions of the SEM display 768x1024), was printed at 100KeV on the LBNL nano-writer in KRS-XE2 photoresist. The doses ranged from 28uC/cm ∧ 2 to 851uC/cm ∧ 2 with 8nm, 16nm, 24nm, 32nm, and 40nm contact holes. Printed contacts were counted by image processing of SEM images using NIH's ImageJ program. The amount of pattern noise was found to be 14X larger than the noise that would be predicted by the traditional Poisson shot noise of 5500 electrons per contact. Surprisingly, the pattern noise was independent of PEB time and resist thickness. The main source of noise was found to be associated with the surface of the resist, most likely outgassing of acid in the e-beam vacuum chamber. The contact hole experiment provides a practical method for quantifying random effects in evaluating resists, processes, and treatments.
CASJobs: A workflow environment designed for large scientific catalogs

As some scientific data resources grow well past the terabyte mark, so do the technical challenges of analyzing and retrieving such data. When presented with such a large volume, prior data delivery techniques, such as the time-honored system of simply copying all data to local storage prior to analysis, become impractical. We present CASJobs, an online workbench that focuses on enabling server-side exploratory and analytical tasks on large sets of data.
Multiple Resonances in Cobalt Ferrite

Double microwave resonances have been observed in cobalt ferrite when a magnetic field was applied in crystal directions near the hard axis. One resonance occurs before the magnetization vector is lined up with the external magnetic field and another occurs in the aligned state. The experimental results exhibit characteristic features expected before complete line-up and yield, at 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, $\frac{{K}_{1}}{M}=2200\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}200$ and $g=2.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3$.
Identifying Autocorrelation Generated by Various Error Processes in Interrupted Time-Series Regression Designs: A Comparison of AR1 and Portmanteau Tests

Regression models used in the analysis of interrupted time-series designs assume statistically independent errors. Four methods of evaluating this assumption are the Durbin-Watson (D-W), Huitema-McKean (H-M), Box-Pierce (B-P), and Ljung-Box (L-B) tests. These tests were compared with respect to Type I error and power under a wide variety of error models and sample sizes. Although the B-P and L-B tests are portmanteau methods that incorporate information from a large portion of the autocorrelation function, the more focused D-W and H-M first-order autoregressive tests are shown to be considerably more powerful. The popular L-B test has unacceptable Type I error and should not be used in the context of the intervention model applied in this study.
A New Foliar Blight of Douglas-fir, Grand Fir, and Noble Fir Caused by a Binucleate Rhizoctonia-like Fungus.

The Oregon State University Plant Clinic received samples in 1996 and 1997 of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) with web blight from Christmas tree plantations in Douglas, Lane, and Benton counties. Affected needles were 1 or more years old, uniformly brown, with no chlorosis or banding, and had a tendency to hang down from the branches and cling together, bound by mycelial webbing visible at ×10 magnification. In 1998, the disease was found on grand (Abies grandis) and noble (A. procera) firs in Christmas tree plantations as well as in native stands of Douglas-fir. Twigs of grand fir were killed, but not those of Douglas-fir. Brown needles may encompass half the side of a tree, destroying its value. This disease has been severe in Christmas tree plantations. A binucleate Rhizoctonia-like species has been consistently isolated from affected needles from all three tree species. The fungus has hyphae averaging 6.0 μm in diameter, with dolipore septa, slight constriction at the branch points, and acute to ...
From information technology to bioinformatics: Evolution of technological capabilities in India

Abstract This paper explores a trend in the development of innovation in emerging economies: exaptive technological capabilities. A growing proportion of innovation is originating in emerging economies that, being resource-constrained in a dynamic and uncertain environment, requires leveraging existing capabilities and recombining with new knowledge resources. An evolutionary biology model is applied to a process model whereby initial technological capabilities are renewed by the firm given an external selection event. Using a detailed case study across 6 years, this paper investigates the exaptation process of Information Technology (IT) capabilities into bioinformatics by an Indian IT firm, Tata Consultancy Services (TCS). Findings suggest that just leveraging existing technological capabilities alone is a model set for failure. Such a tactic ignores the environment of the new technology application area. By investing in the needed complementary resources, TCS corrected its initial path to open source their software and offer consulting services on how to utilize the software and, thus, create intellectual property. These insights are valuable not only for the innovation management of traditional IT services to life sciences, but more broadly for firms in emerging economies that hope to renew and build exaptive technological capabilities to enter unforeseen new application areas by leveraging existing technological capabilities.
Neuronal hypertrophy in the hypothalamus of older men.

Abstract A striking neuronal hypertrophy occurs in the infundibular nucleus of postmenopausal women. To determine the gender specificity of this response, we measured the areas of neuronal profiles in the infundibular nucleus of young (21, 32, and 41 years) and older (60, 61, and 68 years) men and compared them to data reported previously from the hypothalami of pre-(28, 32, and 40 years) and postmenopausal women (58, 62, and 74 years). Sagittal blocks of formalin-fixed hypothalami were paraffin embedded, serially sectioned and stained with cresyl-violet. The profile areas of 2,429 infundibular neurons were manually digitized using an image-combining computer microscope. The contralateral hypothalamus of each subject was cryoprotected, frozen-sectioned in the coronal plane and also stained with cresyl violet. The infundibular nuclear volume and the total number of neurons were estimated from the coronal sections using stereologica methods. The mean profile area of infundibular neurons from older men (176.6 ± μm2) was significantly larger than that of young men (147.0 ± 1.3 μm2). There was also a significant increase in the density of hypertrophied neurons (>226 μm2 profile area) in the infundibular nucleus of older men. There was no difference in infundibular nuclear volume or total number of infundibular neurons between the young and older men. However, the volume of infundibular nucleus associated with an average neuron was significantly increased in the older men. A comparison previous data obtained from pre- and postmenopausal women revealed that the profile area of infundibular neurons was equal in young men and young women. However, the profile area of neurons in the postmenopausal women (190.4 ± 2.1 μm2) was significantly greater than that of older men. Furthermore, there was more than a threefold increase in the density of hypertrophied cells in the postmenopausal group compared to the older men. We have previously hypothesized that neuronal hypertrophy in the infundibular nucleus of older women is secondary to the loss of steroid negative feedback. The moderate hypertrophy of infundibular neurons in older men may be due to the reduced circulating testosterone levels in this age group.
The effect of alternate substrates and substrate concentration on the antibody-mediated inhibition of horseradish peroxidase.

Abstract Inhibition of the catalytic activity of horseradish peroxidase by rabbit antisera was measured using alternate enzyme substrates. The same general inhibition curve patterns were obtained regardless of the electron donor or hydroperoxide used. In all cases typical inhibition patterns were found and complete inhibition of enzyme activity was never observed. Measurement of the degree of inhibition as a function of substrate concn revealed a dependence of anticatalytic activity on hydroperoxide concn. As the concn of hydrogen peroxide in the assay mixture increased, there was a corresponding increase in the inhibition observed. On the other hand, the degree of inhibition was not dependent on the concn of electron donor (dianisidine) in the assay mixture. Spectrophotometric experiments with an electron donor analogue demonstrated that antibodies do not inhibit peroxidase activity by excluding electron donor molecules from enzyme binding sites. The results have suggested possible mechanisms for the antibody-mediated inhibition of peroxidase activity.
Observing Gay, Lesbian and Heterosexual Couples' Relationships: Mathematical Modeling of Conflict Interaction

Two samples of committed gay and lesbian cohabiting couples and two samples of married couples (couples in which the woman presented the conflict issue to the man, and couples in which the
The adsorption entropy of H on W(110).

Abstract Recently, Nahm and Gomer have measured the increase in entropy associated with the adsorption of hydrogen on the W(110) surface. We discuss the implications of this data, and address it within the framework of a model introduced recently [Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 (1992) 2846; Surf. Sci. 287/288 (19930 837] to describe hydrogen dynamics on this surface.
Development of the Aortic Vessel Wall as Defined by Vascular Smooth Muscle and Extracellular Matrix Markers

The building of the vessel wall from its cellular and extracellular matrix (ECM) components is a critical event in the development and maturation of the cardiovascular system. However, little is known about the events that occur after the initial vascular network, a nascent endothelium, is established. The proper recruitment of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) to the endothelium is one such critical event. Although the majority of VSMCs are of mesodermal origin, it is not understood which populations of embryonic cells are capable of following the VSMC differentiation pathway. Previous studies, which have focused on the VSMC component of vessel wall development, have been limited by the use of markers that are not smooth muscle specific, or have focused on events that occur after a multilayered wall has been established. Therefore, the initial goal of this study was to define when overtly identifiable VSMCs were first associated with the vascular endothelium. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were generated from embryonic vessel wall antigens in order to circumvent problems of cell specificity associated with the use of previously available markers to VSMCs. Critical to this study is our MAb, 1E12, which unlike other antibody markers, is smooth muscle specific. Using 1E12, we defined a pattern for recruitment and differentiation of the VSMC component of the descending aorta in stage 12 to stage 20 (Hamburger and Hamilton, 1951) quail embryos. Immunofluorescent labeling of quail embryos with 1E12 and a MAb to smooth muscle alpha-actin (SM alpha A) shows that the first mesodermally derived cells to associate with the aortic endothelium do so at the ventral surface. Recruitment of these cells, which we believe to be primordial VSMCs, proceeds in a ventral to dorsal direction along the aorta and in a radial direction, emanating from the endothelium. Additionally, we have determined the distribution of several ECM proteins, during the initial events of vessel wall development. Our studies show that fibulin-1 is expressed surrounding the primordial VSMCs of the vessel wall before elastin precursors are present and suggest that differential expression of the JB3 antigen (Wunsch et al., 1994) may be indicative of early diversity among embryonic VSMCs.
Better Late Than Never: Raymond Aron’s Theory of International Relations and Its Prospects in the Twenty-First Century

Although students of Raymond Aron’s Peace and War might rightly bemoan the fact that this book has had relatively little impact on Anglo-American scholarship, the question arises as to whether Aron has anything significant to teach us today. After all, Aron is often seen first and foremost as a Cold War theoretician: is he the best person to turn to in order to make sense of events like Islamic fundamentalism, global terrorism, and the apparent importance of transnational organizations and treaties, to name just a few pertinent issues? This article hopes to demonstrate that Aron’s theoretical framework serves as a very useful starting point in conceptualizing international politics—including current politics—in a most comprehensive fashion. The article sketches Aron’s distinctive moral contributions to international relations theory and suggests that his conceptual framework can help us to understand, both theoretically and practically, the threat posed by Islamic fundamentalism and terrorism.
Where have all the children gone

L'A. s'interroge sur la contribution des adultes et des enfants dans la construction de la structure grammaticale du Creole haitien. Il s'appuie sur les donnees statistiques disponibles actuellement sur la proportion d'enfants constituant la population d'esclaves a la fin du 17 e et au debut du 18 e siecle et sur le taux de mortalite infantile pour determiner l'influence des enfants dans la communaute apprenant la langue
Mesenteric preparations for quantitative microcirculatory studies.

Abstract Methods and technical aids for preparing frog and cat mesentery for observation under the microscope are described. The exposed frog mesentery has several advantages over other preparations. In particular, it is simple to prepare, requires minimum handling, and functions normally at room temperature. It may therefore be easily maintained, and the investigator may be fairly certain that the tissue is close to the “normal” physiological state during an experiment. The frog mesentery is also very transparent so that microvessels are clearly visible. Furthermore, frog microvascular components are significantly larger than comparable mammalian vessel components so quantitative measurements are more accurate. Disadvantages of the exposed frog mesentery are: (1) Total blood flow through an exposed segment is difficult to measure. (2) Nerve stimulation is not easy. (3) Large artery and vein pressures are not easily controlled or adjusted experimentally. The isolated, autoperfused cat mesentery circumvents some of the problems encountered with the frog preparation. Large artery and vein pressures are easily controlled. Substances may be introduced by infusion. Total blood flow through the isolated mesentery can be measured and controlled by simple means and the nerve supply is fairly easy to locate. The major disadvantage of the isolated, autoperfused cat mesentery is that it requires several hours to prepare. It is therefore difficult to establish objective criteria to judge whether the tissue is “normal” after the long delay between initial exposure and the start of data collection.
Civic Recreation and a Theory of Civic Production

The debate on civic decline inspired by Putnam’s “bowling alone” thesis exposed an important limitation in three dominant conceptions of the civic. Whether conceptualized as a locus, type, or motivation for action, the boundaries distinguishing the civic from other categories of political action are permeable and indistinct. This article develops a theory of civic production to better account for the inherent normativity and “porousness” of this analytic category. I conceptualize the civic as a variable, contingent outcome or product of a contentious performance undertaken in some venue for some reason. The phenomenon of “civic recreation,” a form of fund-raising that combines a leisure activity with a public cause, underscores the necessity of a theory of civic production. I draw from social movement theory and from ethnographic data from one fitness fund-raiser to illustrate some of the key processes and outcomes for which a theory of civic production must account.
Extraction and analysis of lipophilic brevetoxins from the red tide dinoflagellate Karenia brevis

Efficient extraction and accurate analysis of lipophilic brevetoxins (PbTxs), produced by the harmful algal bloom (HAB) species Karenia brevis, are essential when assessing the toxicological potential of this dinoflagellate. One of the most commonly used brevetoxin extraction methodologies employs C18 solid-phase extraction (SPE). In this study, C18 SPEC discs were tested for extraction of spiked PbTx-3 in seawater and naturally produced brevetoxins from K. brevis. Quantification of brevetoxin in the extracts was determined using four independent methods: receptor binding assay (RBA), radioimmunoassay (RIA), neuroblastoma (N2A) cytotoxicity assay, and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). In addition to quantification of the brevetoxin concentration, LC/MS analysis provided identification of individual congeners and each of their hydrolyzed products. SPEC disc extractions prepared from sonicated cultures of non-brevetoxin-producing Karenia mikimotoi cultures spiked with PbTx-3 yielded extraction efficiencies of 108, 99, and 125% as determined by the RBA, RIA, and N2A cytotoxicity assay, respectively. In SPEC disc extracts of brevetoxin-producing K. brevis (isolate SP3) cultures, LC/MS analysis yielded the highest total concentrations, possibly due to the concurrent detection of hydrolytic brevetoxin congeners that accounted for up to 20% of the congener profile. Relative to the brevetoxin concentration as determined by LC/MS, the RBA, RIA, and N2A cytotoxicity assay detected 73, 83, and 51% of the total brevetoxin concentration. Stability experiments demonstrated that brevetoxins remain stable on the SPEC discs for at least 30 days, making this extraction method suitable for shipboard collections.
Active Citation: A Precondition for Replicable Qualitative Research

Qualitative research dominates political science. In the field of international relations (IR), for example, about 70% of scholars primarily employ qualitative methods, compared to 21% favoring formal or quantitative analysis (Jordan et al. 2009). Since nearly all of the latter make secondary use of textual and historical methods, overall over 90% of IR scholars employ qualitative analysis, whereas 48% use any statistical and only 12% any formal methods. This understates the dominance of qualitative analysis, for many statistical data sets rest ultimately on historical work, and IR scholars, when polled, report that qualitative case studies are more relevant for policy than quantitative or formal work. Hardly any major IR debate—whether that over the end of the cold war, American unipolarity, Chinese foreign policy, the nature of European integration, compliance with international law, democratic peace, the causes of war, or the impact of human rights norms—remains untouched by important qualitative contributions.
decision models of social structure

Modern studies of social structure focus on the individual as the analytic unit out of which kin groups are composed. They view individual behavior as responsive to self-interest rather than obedient to societal norms and treat kin-group composition as a by-product of individual decisions, based on considerations of self-interest, to join and leave such groups. Decision models of social structure attempt to develop this orientation into a formal and rigorous approach. Earlier decision models have been concerned with systematic retrieval and exhaustive listing of the decision criteria entering into kin-group affiliation; more recent models have been concerned with improved prediction of individual affiliation and the kin group patterns which result. These later models fall into three types: “information processing models,” “retrodictive models,” and a “model of cultural principles.” All these models are highly predictive of situations in which individual affiliation is constrained by social norm or economic necessity. However, they cannot predict affiliation choices which are left up to the individual and are made on the basis of subjective evaluation, which varies from individual to individual. Kin-group affiliation usually involves both constraints and opportunities for subjective evaluation of alternatives.
Empathic and Nonempathic Interaction in Chronic Pain Couples

Empathy and empathic response are receiving greater attention in pain research as investigators acknowledge that other forms of interaction may impact the pain process. The purpose of this study was to examine validation and invalidation as forms of empathic and nonempathic responses in chronic pain couples. Participants were 92 couples in which at least one spouse reported chronic musculoskeletal pain. Each couple participated in two videotaped interactions about the ways in which the pain has impacted their lives together. Trained raters then coded interactions for each partner’s use of validation and invalidation. Couples also completed surveys on spouse responses to pain, marital satisfaction, and perceived spousal support. Correlations demonstrated validation by spouses of persons with pain was associated with punishing, solicitous, and distracting spouse responses to pain, marital satisfaction, and perceived spousal support. In contrast, spouses’ invalidation scores were correlated with punishing spouse responses. Exploratory factor analyses were then conducted to determine the extent to which spouses’ responses to pain and spouse validation and invalidation loaded on similar factors. Results indicated that validation and invalidation are more closely related to punishing spouse responses than to solicitous or distracting spouse responses. These results have implications for theoretical and clinical work on spouse responding.
A consistent nonlinear simulation environment based on improved harmonic balance techniques

Nonlinear simulations of semiconductor networks, in both the time and the frequency domains, determine the accuracy of analog CAD tools. Conventional circuit simulators such as SPICE provide nonlinear simulation only in the time domain. Analysis outputs are often verified by the frequency-domain nonlinear harmonic balance (HB) techniques. However, inconsistency between the individually developed tools would easily invalidate this simulation/verification process. In addition, the HB algorithms also suffer from many convergence problems which exclude HB from general applications. The authors present a compiler-based design framework in association with the improved HB algorithms to provide consistent nonlinear simulations. Simulation algorithms are formulated directly on unified modeling primitives which are then used to construct device models. Application examples and simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. >
20 GHz high-efficiency power amplifiers using monolithic multi-cell permeable base transistors

The performance at 20 GHz of high-efficiency power amplifiers using a novel class of GaAs permeable base transistors (PBTs) is described. These devices utilize chip-level power-combining of multicell 8-by-20- mu m PBT active areas and have demonstrated an output power of 437 mW with a power-added efficiency of 35% in a connectorized microstrip amplifier. The power, efficiency, and gain performance of demonstration amplifiers using these devices is described. >
A multi-modal approach to selective interaction in assistive domains

Human-robot interaction (HRI) is an important area of robotics research; it is related to human-computer interaction (HCI), but contains a key difference: HRI allows embodied systems to utilize physical context and mobility. Most current HRI systems, however, do not yet utilize mobility for interactive purposes. In this paper, we describe the design and evaluation of a robot system aimed at embodied HRI communication. In it, the robot selects a target for interaction based on the perceived desire of human subjects to interact with it. We use an interaction policy inspired by joint intention theory to shape the interaction between the users and the robot. One of the intended purposes of the system is for use in crowded classrooms for selecting students most desirous of interaction and help.
Postprandial exercise: prioritization or additivity of the metabolic responses?

SUMMARY Monitor lizards ( Varanus exanthematicus ) were used to examine the prioritization or additivity of the metabolic responses associated with exercise and digestion, either of which can elevate metabolic rate independently. Rates of oxygen consumption ( V . O2 ) and ventilation ( V . E ) were measured in lizards during fasting exercise, postprandial rest and postprandial exercise. In fasting animals, V . O2 increased with walking speed to a maximal value of 15.9mlO 2 kg −1 min −1 at 1.25kmh −1 . Postprandial resting metabolic rate was elevated significantly above fasting levels (4.1 versus 2.0mlO 2 kg −1 min −1 ). During postprandial exercise, V . O2 increased to a maximal value of 18.8mlO 2 kg −1 min −1 at 1.25kmh −1 . At every level of exercise, V . O2 was significantly higher in postprandial animals by a similar increment; the maximal rate of oxygen consumption was significantly increased by 18% in postprandial individuals. Maximal V . E did not differ in fasting and postprandial animals and, therefore, the greater V . O2 max of postprandial animals cannot be attributed to a higher ventilation rate. Air convection requirement ( V . E / V . O2 ) is significantly lower in postprandial animals at rest and at all levels of exercise, indicating a relative hypoventilation and increased pulmonary oxygen extraction efficiency. We suggest that this increased oxygen extraction may be due to decreased cardiopulmonary shunts and/or to lower mixed venous oxygen content. The data unequivocally support an additivity model rather than prioritization models for the allocation of elevated metabolic rate: the postprandial metabolic increment is not suspended during exercise, but rather is added onto the cost of exercise. It is clear that fasting exercise did not elicit truly maximal levels of cardiopulmonary oxygen transport in these animals, indicating problems for design models that make this assumption.
Visual communication for the masses

Visual communication is vitally important to a variety of disciplines. Generally, information is communicated in a way that is deemed appropriate for the discipline, governed by established rules based on prior research. However when communicating to general audiences en masse, it is imperative that information be presented as simply as possible-the rules governing specialized scientific communication may or may not be applicable. In short, accessing information should be straightforward, allowing the users to efficiently gain the knowledge for which they are searching. The visual content that is presented should be clear, concise and accurate. With this in mind, this paper discusses issues related to delivering spatially-oriented data to the general populace. Communication through computer graphics should be for the masses as much as it is for individual disciplines. As such, the first half of this paper examines issues related to visual communication for the mass population, while the later half examines one such resource being used for visualization and communication at Purdue University.
Sixteen electronic states of the iridium trimer (Ir3)

Abstract The equilibrium geometries and energy separations of sixteen electronic states (of doublet, quartet, sextet, and octet spin multiplicities) of Ir 3 are computed using the complete active space multiconfiguration self-consistent field (CASSCF) method followed by large-scale multireference singles + doubles configuration interaction (MRSDCI) calculations that included up to 4 million configuration spin functions (CSFs). The spin-orbit effects were included using the relativistic CI (RCI) method. Two nearly degenerate electronic states were found ( 8 A 2 and 8 B 1 with C 2 v symmetry) within 0.1 eV. The final results including spin-orbit effects are in accord with the observed ESR spectra, provided the spectra are due to Ir 3 .
The ethics of policing

This book is the most systematic, comprehensive and philosophically sophisticated discussion of police ethics yet published. It offers an in-depth analysis of the ethical values that police, as servants of the community, should uphold as they go about their task. The book considers the foundations and purpose of police authority in broad terms but also tackles specific problems such as accountability, the use of force, deceptive stratagems used to gain information or trap the criminally intentioned, corruption, and the tension between personal values and communal concerns. Offering the fullest, most rigorous and up-to-date treatment of police ethics currently available, this book will be a perfect textbook in courses on applied ethics in philosophy departments or police and criminal justice ethics in departments of criminology and law schools.
Walking in the woods with quantum chemistry – applications of quantum chemical calculations in natural products research

Covering: up to March, 2013. This article was invited following the 2012 NPR Lectureship presented to Professor Dean Tantillo at the 21st IUPAC International Conference on Physical Organic Chemistry (ICPOC 21)This Highlight describes applications of quantum chemical calculations to problems in natural products chemistry, including the elucidation of natural product structures (distinguishing between constitutional isomers, distinguishing between diastereomers, and assigning absolute configuration) and determination of reasonable mechanisms for their formation.
Immediate dentin sealing: a fundamental procedure for indirect bonded restorations.

The purpose of this article is to review evidence-based principles that could help optimize dentin bonding for indirect composite and porcelain restorations. More than 30 articles were reviewed, most of them addressing the specific situation of dentin bonding for indirect restorations. It appears that the combined results of this data plus clinical experience suggest the need for a revision in the dentin bonding procedure. Immediate application and polymerization of the dentin bonding agent to the freshly cut dentin, prior to impression taking, is recommended. This new application procedure, the so-called immediate dentin sealing (IDS), appears to achieve improved bond strength, fewer gap formations, decreased bacterial leakage, and reduced dentin sensitivity. The use of filled adhesive resins (low elastic modulus liner) facilitates the clinical and technical aspects of IDS. This rational approach to adhesion also has a positive influence on tooth structure preservation, patient comfort, and long-term survival of indirect bonded restorations. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Tooth preparation for indirect bonded restorations (eg, composite/ceramic inlays, onlays, and veneers) can generate significant dentin exposures. It is recommended to seal these freshly cut dentin surfaces with a dentin bonding agent (DBA) immediately following tooth preparation, before taking impression. A three-step total-etch DBA with a filled adhesive resin is recommended for this specific purpose. The major advantages, as well as the technical challenges of this procedure, are presented in detail.
Sprite halo structures and streamer onset

Imaging of sprites at 16,000 frames per second indicates that streamers may be spawned from spatial structure in the preceding sprite halo. The halo structures descend rapidly with the sprite halo, but slow down and stop to form the stationary glow seen in the vicinity of the streamer onset. The streamers emerge suddenly from the halo structure propagating downwards at ∼107 m/s. The velocities during the rapid descend of the halo are similar to those of the streamers. The luminous halo structures last longer than the main halo, which fades prior to streamer formation.
Differences in Cadmium Transport to the Testis, Epididymis, and Brain in Cadmium-Sensitive and -Resistant Murine Strains 129/J and A/J

Although most animals with scrotal testes are susceptible to cadmium-induced testicular toxicity, strain-related differences are seen in mice. Resistant murine strains demonstrate a decreased cadmium concentration in the testis and also in the epididymis and seminal vesicle. In this study we analyzed cadmium transport into tissues with a vascular barrier, the testis, epididymis, and brain, in an attempt to characterize the mechanisms of strain resistance to cadmium-induced testicular toxicity. In the resistant murine strain A/J, 109 Cd transport (administered as 109 CdCl 2 ) was significantly attenuated in the testis, epididymis, and brain, when compared to the sensitive murine strain 129/J. The unidirectional influx constant ( K i , in μl g −1 min −1 ) for 109 Cd was 0.01929 in the A/J testis as compared with 1.174 in the 129/J testis ( P 109 Cd dose that reached the A/J testis by 60 min was over 10 times less than that which reached the 129/J testis. The transport system used by cadmium in the 129/J testis was saturable, with 20 μM unlabeled cadmium chloride inhibiting transport by over 60%. The transporter was competitively inhibited by zinc ( P = .00017), but not by calcium, indicating a specificity in ion transport. Studies with isolated tubules and analysis of testicular fluid compartments demonstrated no significant difference in cadmium uptake or efflux between the strains when corrected for the amount of 109 Cd entering the testis. Therefore, murine strain differences in testicular sensitivity to cadmium appear to be related to the variable presence of a transport system for cadmium in the testicular vasculature.
The dynamics of spin-density waves

Spin-density waves (SDWs) are broken-symmetry ground states of metals, the name referring to the periodic modulation of the spin density with period, ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{0}=\frac{\ensuremath{\pi}}{{k}_{F}}$, determined by the Fermi wave vector ${k}_{F}$. The state, originally postulated by Overhauser, has been found in several organic linear-chain compounds. The development of the SDW state opens up a gap in the single-particle excitation spectrum, and the ground state is close to that of an antiferromagnet, as shown by a wide range of magnetic studies. Because of the magnetic ground state and of the incommensurate periodic spin modulation (which can be thought of as two periodic charge modulations in the two spin subbands), both collective charge and spin excitations may occur. These couple to ac magnetic and electric fields, which leads to antiferromagnetic resonances and frequency-dependent collective-mode conductivity. Both have been observed in the spin-density-wave ground state. The interaction of the collective mode with impurities pins the mode to the underlying lattice, and therefore the collective-mode charge excitations occur at finite frequencies in the long-wavelength limit. The mode can also be induced to execute a translational motion upon the application of a dc field which exceeds the threshold field ${E}_{T}$. Many of the observations on the ac, and on the nonlinear dc, response are similar to those which occur in materials with a charge-density-wave ground state. At low temperatures a novel type of collective transport suggestive of a tunneling process is observed. These low-temperature phenomena remain unexplained.
Contributions of Strain Energy and PV-work on the Bending Behavior of Uncoated Plain-woven Fabric Air Beams:

The bending perform ance of fabric air beams varies significantly from conventional beams. Both are dependent upon the constitutive relations of the material, but air beams are further dependent upon the thermodynamics of the internal air. As the governing energy balance demonstrates, air beam bending is dependent upon strain energy and PVwork (air compressibility). The relative importance of these terms will vary with pressure, volume changes and shear deformations. To this point, a swatch of uncoated plain-woven fabric was subjected to mechanical tests and its material properties determined. Attempts at using the stress-strain measurements in air beam models, assumed constructed with the same fabric, were made. The models accounted for fluid-structure interactions between the air and fabric. Homogenization methods were used and were necessary to provide computational efficiencies for the macro-scale air beam model while attempts were made to incorporate the combined extension and shear behaviors observed during the material tests. Bending behavior was numerically investigated for several constitutive cases. The models were solved with the ABAQUSExplicit program over a range of pressures. The fabric strain energy and PV-work were tracked and compared. It was concluded that strain energy and PV-work must be considered in deflection analyses of uncoated plain-woven fabric air beams.
Endothelial Injury and Cell Cycle Re-Entry

Endothelial cells (ECs) affect the homeostasis of the vessel wall in terms of vasomotor tone, platelet and monocyte adhesion, growth of vascular smooth muscle cells, and extracellular matrix production. They, thereby, provide an antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory barrier for the normal vessel wall. Migration and proliferation of ECs is critical in the repair of injured vessels and in angiogenesis and vasculogenesis during development, tumor growth, and tissue repair. Regulation of the cell cycle is achieved through a complex and ordered sequence of events controlled by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), the activation of which depends on regulatory phosphorylation, and their association with protein subunits, cyclins. The activation of CDKs is in turn negatively regulated by several CDK inhibitors. This chapter summarizes the most pertinent findings related to the control of cell growth and migration of vascular ECs, as relevant for maintaining the homeostasis of the vessel wall during angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, as well as for vascular remodeling during wound healing, tumor in-growth, atherogenesis, and restenosis.
System evaluation theory (SET): A practical framework for evaluators to meet the challenges of system evaluation:

This article presents a guiding framework for evaluators to conduct systems evaluation: system evaluation theory (SET). The article firstly defines 'systems', 'system theory', and 'system thinking'; it then discusses the confusion in the evaluation literature surrounding the use of these terms (noting their application is primarily in evaluating programs, not evaluating modern day systems). Three guiding principles for evaluating modern day systems are then presented demonstrating: a) their relationship to systems theory; and b) how they assist the evaluator in accomplishing an evaluation.
A Return to Intuitionism

How significant for the problem of moral knowledge is the conclusion we reached in the last chapter? I think it would be less than realistic to assume that we have simply found another attempted solution to the problem to have failed. The situation is more serious than that. For the analysts, in spite of the weakness of their Wittgensteinian assumptions, have been acutely aware of the problem posed by Hume’s critique of moral arguments and have set out deliberately to seek a justification for our moral beliefs that would not fall prey to the deductive fallacy. Their failure, thus, does more than destroy their own theory; it strongly reinforces the conclusion that no theory of moral knowledge can be successful. Although we might, despite the discouraging results of the last four chapters, still continue the search for an acceptable theory (i.e., argument that would provide a rational justification for our beliefs about what we ought to do), I think it is safe to predict before we begin that, in some way or other, any such theory would come to grief over the deductive fallacy. It would either commit a non-sequitur or lead into an infinite regress. Should we then abandon the search and bow to moral skepticism? Before making this move, I should like to try once more to find a rational basis for our moral convictions.
The fourfold unconscious: Comments on Roger Frie’s “Limits of understanding: Psychological experience, German memory and the holocaust”

This article offers commentary on Roger Frie’s “Limits of understanding: Psychological experience, German memory, and the Holocaust.” Specifically, the article presents four variants of unconsciousness pertinent to Frie’s work: the dynamic unconscious, as articulated in classical psychoanalysis; the narrative unconscious, which is about those culturally-rooted aspects of our histories that have yet to become an explicit part of our life stories; the temporal unconscious, manifested especially in the form of our “lateness” in understanding and coming to terms with the past; and the ethical unconscious, which, for present purposes, refers to the call made upon us by others and often manifested in the form of guilt or shame over our own inaction or inability adequately to respond to it. That in the case of the Holocaust it is literally too late to respond to such a call is largely irrelevant. The call remains, and painful though it may be to hear it now, it stands as an important index of our frequently unacknowledged humanity.