cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENT OF INSTANTANEOUS FOOT-FLOOR CONTACT PATTERNS DURING GAIT*

Abstract An automated system to study foot-floor contact weight bearing patterns has been developed. The system includes a contact area transducer with digital signal conditioning, force plate and minicomputer. The system is capable of measuring foot-floor contact areas, average contact pressure, speed of the center of pressure and vertical force in relation to the position of the resultant force under the foot. In addition, the system provides computerized images of the instantaneous foot contact areas and centers of pressure resulting in a composite foot contact area and the pathway of the center of pressure. A preliminary study, using the system, indicated several common features among the weight bearing patterns of normal subjects during gait. The highest contact pressures occurred in the region of the heel and metatarsal heads during heel strike and toe off respectively. The contact area under the foot increased with increasing vertical force producing a nearly constant average contact pressure through the midstance phase of gait. The highest speed of the center of pressure was found to occur in the region of the heel, while a pause in the progression of the center of pressure was observed in the region of the second and third metatarsal heads. In contrast to the other parameters the pathway of the center of pressure was found to have the greatest variations among test subjects. However, for repeated observations of a single subject the pathway was found to be reproducible.
Single versus multiple sets for strength: a meta-analysis to address the controversy.

(2002). Single versus Multiple Sets for Strength: A Meta-Analysis to Address the Controversy. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 73, No. 4, pp. 485-488.
Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: pathogenic mechanisms of muscle weakness

Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) are a heterogenous group of complex muscle diseases of unknown etiology. These diseases are characterized by progressive muscle weakness and damage, together with involvement of other organ systems. It is generally believed that the autoimmune response (autoreactive lymphocytes and autoantibodies) to skeletal muscle-derived antigens is responsible for the muscle fiber damage and muscle weakness in this group of disorders. Therefore, most of the current therapeutic strategies are directed at either suppressing or modifying immune cell activity. Recent studies have indicated that the underlying mechanisms that mediate muscle damage and dysfunction are multiple and complex. Emerging evidence indicates that not only autoimmune responses but also innate immune and non-immune metabolic pathways contribute to disease pathogenesis. However, the relative contributions of each of these mechanisms to disease pathogenesis are currently unknown. Here we discuss some of these complex pathways, their inter-relationships and their relation to muscle damage in myositis. Understanding the relative contributions of each of these pathways to disease pathogenesis would help us to identify suitable drug targets to alleviate muscle damage and also improve muscle weakness and quality of life for patients suffering from these debilitating muscle diseases.
Toxoplasma encephalitis in an HIV-infected patient on highly active antiretroviral therapy despite sustained immune response

Toxoplasma encephalitis (TE) is usually diagnosed in advanced stages of HIV infection when the CD4+ count is 1 year presented with acute onset of headache, nausea and vomiting. She had been on her current ART regimen consisting of raltegravir, co-formulated emtricitabine/tenofovir and etravirine for three years and had been off Pneumocystis prophylaxis for 10 months (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole). Brain MRI showed multiple ring-enhancing, supratentorial and infra-tentorial parenchymal lesions suspicious for metastases. She had no other evidence of metastatic disease in her body. The possibilities of TE and primary CNS lymphoma were considered but deemed unlikely given the high CD4+ count. A brain biopsy demonstrated Toxoplasma tachyzoites. There was no evidence of lymphoma or carcinoma. Anti-toxoplasma treatment yielded good initial clinical and radiographic responses. While on TE maintenance therapy, she developed similar symptoms. Repeat MRI showed progression of lesions. Further work-up including CSF Epstein-Barr virus PCR and SPECT Th 201 imaging was not conclusive for CNS lymphoma. The patient's clinical condition deteriorated and she died. We postulate that functional immunological dysfunction is a possible mechanism by which our patient developed TE despite demonstrating sustained immune response on ART.
The Intentions of Letter Writers for Applicants to a Baccalaureate-M.D. Program: Self-Report and Content Analyses of Letters of Reference.

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine how individuals providing reference letters framed the task and the specific attributes used to describe applicants. Methods: Participants were letter writers (N=106) for accepted or alternate applicants. Par­ticipants received a brief anonymous survey and a return postcard to release their past letter for content analysis. Results: Seventy-six percent of letter writers (N=81) returned a survey. Most (64%) intended to describe applicants’ positive accomplishments. According to respondents’ they were most likely to write about academic accomplishments (85%), work ethic (78%), dependability (70%) and mo­tivation (70%). Seventy-four respondents (70%) released their letter for content analysis. Aca­demic accomplishments (77%), motivation (41%) and leadership (41%) were the attributes most frequently mentioned in the letters. Conclusions: Most letter writers see their role as supportive rather than evaluative. Academic accomplishments, though often mentioned, are available from other sources. Many non-cogni­tive attributes of most interest to admissions committees are least likely to appear in reference letters.
Interfacing three complementary technologies: strategic planning, process modeling, and system dynamics

Explores the utility and feasibility of interfacing three complementary technologies: (1) strategic planning, (2) process modeling, and (3) system dynamics to assist with the engineering of complex computer-based systems. Interfacing these technologies appears especially appropriate and timely. The Government Performance and Results Act of 1993 strives to make federal agencies operate more like businesses by requiring strategic plans and conducting performance audits. Process modeling technology aimed at providing assistance for the integrated product and process development (IPPD) approach for system development is being developed. In today's environment of perpetual change, a means of effectively predicting the impact of such changes on system development would be valuable. System dynamics modeling provides promise in this area. Since the product of strategic planning can be viewed as improved business and operational processes that will likely undergo major changes in response to events occurring in today's environment, there appears to be a natural synergy between application of these three technologies. The paper addresses exploitation of this natural synergy and hypothesizes that such exploitation would facilitate the development and operation of complex systems over the entire life cycle.
Abstract W P57: Telemedicine in Urban Primary Stroke Centers Overcomes the “Weekend Effect” in Door-to-Needle Times for Acute Ischemic Stroke

Purpose: To assess whether utilization of telemedicine technology during weeknights and weekends improves door to needle times in Primary Stroke Centers (PSC). Background: There is a well-documented “weekend effect” of slower door-to-needle times for thrombolysis for acute ischemic strokes, compared to weekdays, ostensibly due to the absence of in-person vascular neurologists during evening and weekend hours. Telemedicine provides rapid access to stroke neurologists at rural sites, but a role in urban Primary Stroke Centers has not been defined. A possible reason for this is that current CMS guidelines restrict reimbursement for telemedicine to urban facilities. Method: Providence Stroke neurologists utilized telestroke within two metropolitan PSC “Hub” hospitals for assessment of acute stroke patients during off hours. We analyzed American Stroke Association’s Get with the Guidelines data for all IV-tPA treated ischemic stroke patients that presented at our PSC hubs from January 2010 through March 2014. ...
Comparative Studies of Multiple-Dose Cefoxitin vs. Single-Dose Cefonicid for Surgical Prophylaxis in Patients Undergoing Biliary Tract Operations or Hysterectomy

Three hundred one patients were studied in ongoing, double-blinded, randomized clinical trials of the efficacy and safety of multiple-dose cefoxitin and single-dose cefonicid for the prevention of postoperative surgical infection in patients undergoing elective biliary tract operations or hysterectomy. In the biliary surgery trial, one patient (1.5%) of 66 assessable patients given cefoxitin and three (4.7%) of 64 given cefonicid developed incisional infection of the abdominal wound (P = not significant [NS]). Two (6%) of 31 patients undergoing vaginal hysterectomy who were given cefoxitin and four (14%) of 29 given cefonicid developed vaginal cuff cellulitis (P = NS); three (6%) of 49 patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy who were given cefoxitin and none of 37 given cefonicid developed pelvic cellulitis (P = NS). Adverse effects ascribable to one of the study drugs were infrequent and minor in both groups. Levels of cefonicid in serum and the uterus or gallbladder wall 2-3 hr after the preoperative dose-before wound closure-were high (mean, 30-40 ,g/ml), values five to six times higher than those for cefoxitin. The duration of postoperative hospitalization and the costs of hospital care for the two treatment groups were similar in both trials. These studies suggest that a single preoperative dose of cefonicid provides protection against surgical infection following biliary tract operations and hysterectomy that is comparable to that provided by cefoxitin given both preoperatively and 24 hr postoperatively.
The Impact of Predoctoral Pediatric Oncology Education

Background. Our Pediatric Oncology Education Program gives predoctoral students the opportunity to gain knowledge and experience to enable them to consider careers in cancer research, clinical practice, and related areas. Methods. Students are matched with a faculty mentor with similar research interests and participate in the mentor's ongoing research program. They attend ongoing institutional clinical and basic research conferences, as well as a Lunch & Learn seminar series designed specifically for them. They give a PowerPoint presentation on their research project in the Lunch & Learn series and submit a report on their research project written in the style of a journal in which their mentor publishes. Results. Follow-up for 98.4% of the 807 program participants (1978-2004) indicates that of those who have finished their academic degree work, 87.9% have a doctorate, including 79.8% of the under-represented minority participants. 73.6% (594) of former participants are still in training. 32.3% (261) hav...
Fair Use in an Electronic World

Educators in all fields, including those in hospitality and tourism education, are experiencing the explosion in electronic information and information technologies. Consequently, acquiring an understanding of the basic requirements of copyright law and its fair use exceptions is fast becoming a critical part of being a professional educator.
NON-INVASIVE CALCULATION OF FRACTIONAL FLOW RESERVE FOR RECLASSIFICATION OF POTENTIALLY HEMODYNAMICALLY-SIGNIFICANT CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE BY CORONARY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY IN EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT CHEST PAIN PATIENTS

Multicenter trials demonstrated the efficacy and efficiency of coronary CT angiography (CCTA) for evaluation of low to intermediate risk emergency department (ED) chest pain patients but showed an increase in testing after CCTA. CT derived fractional flow reserve (FFR-CT) has been shown to be
Reactions between Mn (M = Nb, Mo and n = 1, 2, 3, and 4) and N2. A Density Functional Study

Gradient-corrected density functional calculations were used to determine the most stable geometrical conformations and lowest electronic states of molybdenum and niobium atoms, dimers, trimers, and tetramers and their adducts with dinitrogen. The binding energies, geometries, and vibrational frequencies of the most stable conformations and electronic states are compared to experimental and theoretical results to the extent they are available. To interpret some of the peculiar features of related experimental data, we studied the ionization potential and electronic properties of MoN and NbN and the binding of more than one nitrogen molecule to metal trimers.
Analysis on Incidence and Mortality Characteristics of Thyroid Cancer during 2007 to 2011 in Zhejiang Province

Objective To analyze the characteristics and trend of incidence and mortality of thyroid cancer in Zhejiang Province from 2007 to 2011. Methods Data from cancer registry and death registry in Zhejiang province were used to calculate the crude incidence and mortality,age- specific incidence and mortality,China- and World- standardized incidence and mortality of thyroid cancer. Trend Chi- square test was used to analyze the trend of incidence and mortality. Results From 2007 to 2011,the reported incidence rate of thyroid cancer in Zhejiang Province was 8. 37 /100,000( China- and World- standardized incidence were 5. 28/100,000 and 6. 14/100,000 respectively). The mortality rate was 0. 34 /100,000( China- and World- standardized mortality were 0. 17 /100,000 and 0. 24 /100,000 respectively). The incidence and mortality were both significantly higher in females and urban residents than in males and rural residents( both P 0. 01). With age increased,the mortality increased. However,the incidence increased at the beginning and then declined with a peak age of 30- 59. From 2007 to 2011,the incidence of thyroid cancer increased rapidly with a speed of 29. 95% per year while the mortality did not show the similar trend. Conclusion The incidence of thyroid cancer in Zhejiang Province is growing rapidly and the relative risk factors should be taken into consideration in future researches.
Solar farm hourly dispatching using super-capacitor and battery system

Utilizing solar energy is essential to having a clean and healthy Earth for generations to come. However, because solar power is intermittent, caused by weather changes such as clouds or temperature fluctuations, power distributers cannot rely on solar farms as a consistent power source. The solution is the integration of an energy storage system capable of absorbing and producing the necessary power to maintain a constant power for a specific amount of time, known as dispatching. This paper demonstrates a successful dispatching scheme of solar energy using a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) consisting of a battery energy storage system (BESS) and a supercapacitor energy storage system (SESS). The HESS utilizes the high energy density property (the ability to charge and discharge large amounts of energy, preferably at low frequency) of lead acid batteries and the high power density property (the ability to rapidly charge or discharge energy, at high frequency) of supercapacitors together to invoke a synergy of low-frequency and high-frequency energy storage components. The HESS is designed to increase the longevity of the traditional BESS while enabling the capability to dispatch the solar energy.
PTSD, a Disorder with an immunological Component

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with an inflammatory state. However, few studies have addressed the mechanisms underlying this immune imbalance that favors inflammation or how this imbalance contributes to PTSD. Whether the immune imbalance influences responsiveness or unresponsiveness of patients to PTSD treatments is currently not known. This review brings forward an immune emphasis to a mental health disorder that is unprecedented in its prevalence among combat Veterans of the ongoing conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan and which also afflicts civilians who have undergone extreme traumatic experiences, such as following natural disasters, serious accidents, or assaults. Included is an overview of the correlative associations in human subjects between PTSD and inflammation and studies in animal models of PTSD, demonstrating causal contributions of inflammation and immune dysregulation to PTSD-like behavior following stress exposure.
The Intellectuals And Socialism

IN ALL democratic countries, in the United States even more than elsewhere, a strong belief prevails that the influence of the intellectuals on politics is negligible. This is no doubt true of the power of intellectuals to make their peculiar opinions of the moment influence decisions, of the extent to which they can sway the popular vote on questions on which they differ from the current views of the masses. Yet over somewhat longer periods they have probably never exercised so great an influence as they do today in those countries. This power they wield by shaping public opinion. In the light of recent history it is somewhat curious that this decisive power of the professional secondhand dealers in ideas should not yet be more generally recognized. The political development of the Western World during the last hundred years furnishes the clearest demonstration. Socialism has never and nowhere been at first a working class movement. It is by no means an obvious remedy for an obvious evil which the interests of that class will necessarily demand. It is a construction of theorists, deriving from certain tendencies of abstract thought with which for a long time only the intellectuals were familiar; and it required long efforts by the intellectuals before the working classes could be persuaded to adopt it as their program. In every country that has moved toward socialism the phase of the development in which socialism becomes a determining influence on politics has been preceded for many years by a period during which socialist ideals governed the thinking of the more active intellectuals. In Germany this stage had been reached toward the end of the last century; in England and France, about the time of the first WVorld War. To the casual observer it would seem as if the United States had reached this phase after World War II and that the attraction of a planned and directed economic system is now as strong among the American intellectuals as it ever was among their German or English fellows. Experience suggests that once this phase has been reached it is merely a question of time until the views now held by the intellectuals become the governing force of politics. * Tooke Professor of Economic Science and Statistics, London University.
Demonstration of GaN HyperFETs with ALD VO 2

Owing to strong electron-electron interactions, transition metal oxide materials can exhibit multiple phases with vastly different electronic, magnetic, structural, and thermal properties. Reversible control of the transitions between these phases by electronic means can give rise to completely novel devices which can provide new functionalities and help to overcome limits of traditional semiconductor devices [1, 2]. VO 2 is a transition metal oxide material that exhibits a metal-insulator transition (MIT) at a temperature of ∼67 C [3]. Recently, by coupling VO 2 to the source of traditional semiconductor MOSFET devices, hybrid-phase-transition-FET (hyper-FET) devices were demonstrated [4]. These HyperFETs showed steep switching slope less than the room-temperature Boltzmann switching limit of ∼60 mV/dec [4]. GaN based electronics has emerged as an enabler of high-speed and high-power RF and microwave electronics [5], and is currently being investigated intensively for next-generation high-voltage power electronics [6,7], as well as steep-switching based low-power digital electronics [8]. In this work, we combine ALD-grown VO 2 with III-Nitride high-electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) to realize GaN-VO 2 HyperFETs, demonstrating steep-switching behavior in a platform that is amenable to integration and scaling.
Bacterial associations with the hydromedusa Nemopsis bachei and scyphomedusa Aurelia aurita from the North Atlantic Ocean

ABSTRACTRecent studies suggest that jellyfish influence the community composition of marine microorganisms, but few studies have been conducted contrasting communities among different jellyfish taxa. In this study microbial communities were compared between two cnidarians found in North Atlantic Ocean coastal waters during the spring–summer months. Microbial communities associated with the invasive hydrozoan Nemopsis bachei and the cosmopolitan scyphozoan Aurelia aurita (Cnidaria) were characterized based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence. The bacterial communities associated with the jellyfish were significantly different from the communities in seawater, and N. bachei and A. aurita hosted taxon-specific bacterial groups. Gammaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Alphaproteobacteria dominated bacterial sequences on N. bachei, the dominant orders including Vibrionales, Flavobacteriales, Rhizobiales and Rickettsiales. Vibrio spp. and Photobacterium spp. were abundant in N. bachei, and Tenacibaculum sp. (Bacteroid...
A framework for reliability evaluation of electric vehicle charging stations

The focus of this paper is to develop a framework to evaluate and analyze the reliability of the power electronic circuits in electric vehicle chargers, which are expected to be a major component of the utility load in the future. A general infrastructure of electric vehicle charging systems is described and different charging levels are discussed. To illustrate a numerical reliability analysis, two high power dc-dc topologies are selected and the mean time between failures of these converters that are widely used in electric vehicle charging stations are calculated and compared. The impact of each component in the power electronic circuit on overall system reliability is discussed and in particular the sensitivity to temperature, safety factor and capacitor type are studied. These factors have the highest impact on the system reliability. The framework developed in this paper has the potential to serve as a template for reliability evaluation and comparison of future on-board and off-board electric vehicle chargers.
Mr. Mom in the News: The Relationship Between Stereotypes and Perceptions of Gendered News Stories

This study examined the relationship between women’s stereotypes and their perceptions of gendered news stories, specifically about stay-at-home parenthood. A between-subjects experiment with undergraduate women revealed that participants with stereotypes about women thought a news story about a stay-at-home mother was more typical than one about a stay-at-home father. Additionally, participants with stereotypes about women thought the news stories were low in realism, regardless of the story’s gendered content. Notably, participants who read the news story about a stay-at-home father found it more enjoyable than the story about a stay-at-home mother, regardless of their stereotypes.
Close Campus Friendships and College Student Success

Friendships are widely considered to be an essential part of life in college and beyond. The existing literature on college friendships, academic achievement, and student attrition is mixed, which ...
"Blown away like apples by the fickle wind of the Twentieth Century”: Counterculture Resistance and the Wilderness Condition in Richard Brautigan’s Trout Fishing in America // Resistencia contracultural en Trout Fishing in America

Abstract Many critics consider Richard Brautigan’s 1967 novel Trout Fishing in America a coming-of-age account of a wayward, outsider narrator discovering that the pastoral mode is no longer viable in mid-century America. However, these readings often ignore Brautigan’s explicit political affinity and his conscious engagement with a specific setting—southern California in the mid- to late-60s. This paper explores Brautigan’s Counterculture ethic, which critiques the mindless prevalence of mainstream, middle-class America’s habit of consumption, production, and destruction of the natural world. Linking the lack of individual free will with the postwar technology boom, Brautigan engages with the natural landscape and in communities of one’s own making. As a result, the novel is peopled with alienated drop-outs, the victims of America’s technocracy. The “trout fishing in America” refrain, with its many incarnations, is one of the modes through which these characters’ operate within Counterculture principles, namely through their self-imposed poverty and criticism of the way America uses and abuses its citizens and the natural world. Resumen Muchos criticos consideran la novela de Richard Brautigan Trout Fishing in America (1967) un relato iniciatico de un narrador forastero y obstinado que descubre que el modo pastoril ya no es viable en los Estados Unidos de mediados de siglo. Sin embargo, estas lecturas a menudo ignoran la afinidad politica explicita de Brautigan y su compromiso consciente con un escenario especifico - la California surena de los ultimos anos de los anos 60. Este ensayo explora la etica contracultural de Brautigan, que critica la preponderancia ciega de la clase media de los Estados Unidos y su habito de consumo, produccion y la destruccion del mundo natural. Conectando la falta de voluntad propia con el "boom" tecnologico posterior a la segunda guerra mundial, Brautigan se implica con el paisaje natural y en las comunidades de creacion propia. Como resultado, la novela esta llena de bohemios alienados, las victimas de la tecnocracia estadounidense. El refran "trout fishing in America," con sus muchas encarnaciones, es una de las formas en las que estos personajes actuan dentro de los principios contraculturales, concretamente a traves de su pobreza auto-impuesta y del criticismo de la manera en que los Estados Unidos usan y abusan de sus ciudadanos y del mundo natural. Normal 0 21 false false false ES X-NONE X-NONE Normal 0 21 false false false ES X-NONE X-NONE
Exploring the Drug Resistance of HCV Protease.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) currently affects several million people across the globe. One of the major classes of drugs against HCV inhibits the NS3/4A protease of the polyprotein chain. Efficacy of these drugs is severely limited due to the high mutation rate that results in several genetically related quasispecies. The molecular mechanism of drug resistance is frequently deduced from structural studies and binding free energies. However, prediction of new mutations requires the evaluation of both binding free energy of the drug as well as the parameters (kcat and KM) for the natural substrate. The vitality values offer a good approach to investigate and predict mutations that render resistance to the inhibitor. A successful mutation should only affect the binding of the drug and not the catalytic activity and binding of the natural substrate. In this article, we have calculated the vitality values for four known drug inhibitors that are either currently in use or in clinical trials, evaluating binding free...
The New Constitutionalism, Disciplinary Neoliberalism, and the 2015 Greek Election

AbstractThis article is an effort to situate the conflict between the Syriza government, elected in 2015, and Greece’s creditors in the context of broader changes in the structure of European political economy over the past quarter of a century. It explains the dynamics by which the leftist government of Alexis Tsipras shed its commitment to ending austerity through the lens of Stephen Gill’s “new constitutionalism.” While sovereign power helps show why Tsipras was unable to negotiate a new deal for Greece, two mechanisms of disciplinary power clarify different aspects of crisis politics: market reification, which obscured the role of the European Central Bank, and the reconstitution of truth claims, which led to the attribution of responsibility for the crisis to Greece itself.
Normal mode analysis on the relaxation of an excited nitromethane molecule in argon bath.

In our previous work [Rivera-Rivera et al., J. Chem. Phys. 142, 014303 (2015)], classical molecular dynamics simulations followed the relaxation, in a 300 K Ar bath at a pressure of 10–400 atm, of nitromethane (CH3NO2) instantaneously excited by statistically distributing 50 kcal/mol among all its internal degrees of freedom. Both rotational and vibrational energies decayed with nonexponential curves. The present work explores mode-specific mechanisms at work in the decay process. With the separation of rotation and vibration developed by Rhee and Kim [J. Chem. Phys. 107, 1394 (1997)], one can show that the vibrational kinetic energy decomposes only into vibrational normal modes, while the rotational and Coriolis energies decompose into both vibrational and rotational normal modes. The saved CH3NO2 positions and momenta were converted into mode-specific energies whose decay was monitored over 1000 ps. The results identify vibrational and rotational modes that promote/resist energy lost and drive nonexponential behavior.
Venous thromboembolism related to cytomegalovirus infection: A case report and literature review

AbstractRationale:Herein, we present a case of seemingly unprovoked portal vein thrombosis (PVT) occurring in the context of an acute cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and prolonged debilitating fatigue.Patient concerns:A 46-year-old male airline pilot presented with a 2 week history of abdominal pain
A novel sperm adaptation to evolutionary constraints on reproduction: Pre-ejaculatory sperm activation in the beach spawning capelin (Osmeridae).

Reproduction of external fertilizing vertebrates is typically constrained to either fresh or salt water, not both. For all studied amphibians and fishes, this constraint includes immotile sperm that are activated after ejaculation only by the specific chemistry of the fertilizing medium in which the species evolved (fresh, brackish, or salt water). No amphibians can reproduce in the sea. Although diadromous fishes may migrate between salt and fresh water, they are shackled to their natal environment for spawning in part because of sperm activation. Here, we report for the first time among all documented external fertilizing vertebrates, that in the absence of any external media, sperm are motile at ejaculation in a marine spawning fish (Osmeridae, capelin, Mallotus villosus). To illuminate why, we evaluated sperm behavior at different salinities in M. villosus as well as the related freshwater spawning anadromous rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax). Surprisingly, sperm performance was superior in fresh water for both species. M. villosus spend their entire life at sea but our results show that their sperm are deactivated by sea water, suggesting a freshwater ancestry. By circumventing constraining water chemistry, we interpret the unique pre-ejaculatory sperm activation in this species as a novel adaptation that enables fertilization in the marine environment. These findings also contribute to understanding the persistence of anadromy, despite great energetic costs to adult fishes.
A Dynamic Rate Adaptation Scheme for M2M Communications

The number of Machine-to-Machine (M2M) devices has continued to grow at an accelerated rate. Without thoughtful and efficient resource management, M2M communications will be asymmetrically handicapped by service rate scarcity as more devices are continually added. To address these issues, in this paper, we propose a dynamic rate adaptation (DRA) scheme to obtain an optimized service rate distribution among a mixture of time-driven and event-driven M2M applications. DRA introduces real time monitoring of M2M traffic arrival rate, building on which service rate distribution between M2M applications can be adjusted momentarily, by using the mean value theorem of integrals (MVTI) and generalized processor sharing (GPS). We have validated the effectiveness of our proposed DRA scheme and our experimental results demonstrate that DRA can significantly improve M2M communications performance with respect to throughput and delay.
Basic Concepts of Algebra

An algebra A is a set A together with one or more operations f i . We may represent an algebra by writing $${\rm{ }}A = \left\langle {A,{\rm{ }}{f_1},{\rm{ }}{f_2}{\rm{ }}...{\rm{, }}{f_n}} \right\rangle$$ (9-1)
Telemedicine, Telehealth, and e-Health Technologies in Cancer Prevention

Telemedicine, telehealth, and e-health have the capacity to increase access to quality, timely, and cost-effective specialty health care. These technologies may not only revolutionize the way physicians care for patients but also change the way clinical care is structured with changes in workflow, quality management, and transmission of patient data. Cancer prevention is a rapidly evolving field; however, a major limitation in its efficacy is the limited access that persons have to cancer preventive care. Housed largely in academic centers, cancer preventive services are unreachable to many. Telemedicine, telehealth, and e-health technologies bring unprecedented opportunities to promote cancer prevention strategies directly to the persons in remote or underserved communities, thus enhancing the health care of the population.
EVIDENCE THAT DIFFERING PSYCHOSOCIAL STIMULI LEAD TO ADRENAL CORTICAL STIMULATION BY AUTONOMIC OR ENDOCRINE PATHWAYS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses why the adrenal cortex should be activated as well as the medulla in situations of general arousal. Clues come from biochemical studies contrasting adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone levels in rats induced to fight by shocking them in pairs with the levels in rats that are shocked. It has been found that the brain norepinephrine of paired fighting rats is higher than that of animals shocked alone. It has been shown that the ACTH level follows a reverse effect, being higher in the individuals than in those shocked in pairs. Despite their relative deficiency of ACTH, the plasma corticosterone was approximately the same in the paired shocked rats as in the solitary shocked rats. This leads to the suggestion that the autonomic inervation to the steroid-producing cells of the adrenal cortex may be elevating corticosterone levels when the defense reaction is aroused by fighting. The experiments support this hypothesis by showing that the expected rise in corticosterone does not occur in vigorously fighting animals if their adrenals are denervated. If instead of fighting, the animals are engaged in normal avoidance activity, the corticosterone response remains unimpaired despite the denervation, suggesting that, in this case, ACTH is the primary pathway.
Perioral Botox Injections

The perioral area responds less predictably than other treatment areas because the dynamic muscle actions associated with eating, drinking, speaking, and smiling may be impaired. A cautious approach to this area is warranted.
The Theory of Instrumental Value: Extensions, Clarifications

Institutional economists have long argued that social value theory is and must be an integral part of economic inquiry. They have recognized that inquiry, addressed directly or indirectly to problem analysis, is purposive in the normative sense. To define an economic problem is to distinguish between “what is” and “what ought to be.” Constructs of social value are employed, then, in identifying the social significance of economic inquiry. In recent years, institutional economists have contributed to a theory of instrumental social value. In this chapter, I explore elements and attributes of this theory of instrumental value and, in particular, present recent extensions and theoretical clarifications of this value theory.
ON THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF FACTORS IN TWO CONSTRUCTION METHODS FOR ORTHOGONAL ARRAYS

An important problem in studying orthogonal arrays is the determination of the maximum number of factors that can be accommodated in such an array. A slightly easier and more tractable problem is to determine the maximum number of factors that can be accommodated in an orthogonal array if consideration is restricted to arrays that can be constructed through a particular method. This paper describes two such methods of construction and shows that the maximum numbers of factors under these two methods are the same.
Modular DNA strand-displacement controllers for directing material expansion

Soft materials that swell or change shape in response to external stimuli show extensive promise in regenerative medicine, targeted therapeutics, and soft robotics. Generally, a stimulus for shape change must interact directly with the material, limiting the types of stimuli that may be used and necessitating high stimulus concentrations. Here, we show how DNA strand-displacement controllers within hydrogels can mediate size change by interpreting, amplifying, and integrating stimuli and releasing signals that direct the response. These controllers tune the time scale and degree of DNA-crosslinked hydrogel swelling and can actuate dramatic material size change in response to <100 nM of a specific biomolecular input. Controllers can also direct swelling in response to small molecules or perform logic. The integration of these stimuli-responsive materials with biomolecular circuits is a major step towards autonomous soft robotic systems in which sensing and actuation are implemented by biomolecular reaction networks.
Correction to: A Review of Phase Space Topology Methods for Vibration-Based Fault Diagnostics in Nonlinear Systems

The original version of this article unfortunately contained mistakes. The abstract was incorrect. The correct abstract is given below.
The utility of post-operative hip radiographs in patients treated with hip hemiarthroplasty for femoral neck fractures.

Abstract Background Patients treated with hip hemiarthroplasty for low energy femoral neck fractures routinely undergo hip radiographs at each postoperative clinic visit regardless of history and physical findings. No studies to date have evaluated the effectiveness of this accepted practice. The goal of this study was to identify the postoperative utility of both history and physical (H/P) and hip radiographs in the treatment course of patients treated with hip hemiarthroplasty for low energy femoral neck fractures. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed on consecutive patients treated with hip hemiarthroplasty for low energy femoral neck fractures. An abnormal H/P and hip radiographs as well as a change in treatment course were recorded at each clinic or emergency department visit. Results Five hundred and eighty-three patients met inclusion criteria, consisting of 1177 clinic and 50 emergency department (ED) visits. An abnormal radiograph in the presence of a normal H/P did not lead to a change in treatment course. An abnormal H/P alone changed treatment course in 28 (3%) clinic visits and 18 (36%) ED visits. An abnormal H/P and the presence of an abnormal hip radiograph changed the treatment course in 23 (2%) clinic visits and 18 (36%) ED visits. In only one case − 0.3% of abnormal radiographs or 0.08% of 1177 clinic visits - did an abnormal hip radiograph change treatment course in the setting of an abnormal H/P within 6 months from surgery. The average cost of a series of hip and pelvis radiographs was $242. Conclusions Abnormal radiographs do not change treatment course in the presence of a normal H/P. Hip radiographs obtained in clinic within 6 months of surgery rarely lead to a change in treatment course and thereby are a source of excess cost and radiation exposure to the patient.
Designing an evidence-based intervention for parents involved with child welfare

Abstract With over 400,000 children in foster care in the United States and parenting services being the most frequently ordered service to try to remediate parental deficiencies and to support reunification efforts, it is imperative that this service not only has a high relevance to the parents it is trying to reach, but has evidence to support effectiveness (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2018). However, most of the evidence-based parenting programs being offered to parents have neither high relevance to this population nor have they been rigorously studied. Additionally, they are costly to implement and attrition rates are of great concern. In this paper, we describe a process used to inform the development of a parenting intervention that would have high relevance to child welfare involved parents and could then work towards proving its effectiveness. The phases of this process were to: 1) conduct a scan of the literature on evidence-based parenting programs currently used in child welfare, 2) complete a series of stakeholder interviews with key informants to better understand needs and gaps in parenting support and services to child welfare involved families and, 3) convene a development team of relevant experts to inform the synthesis of knowledge gained from phases one and two in order to guide the development of program content and strategies to optimize effective program delivery. This study helped to identify that early parent-child visits are a critical and untapped opportunity for the placement of a parenting intervention. Initial parent-child visits are a powerful moment in the case in which early support and education can enhance parent engagement in the visitation process and potentially affect engagement in other needed services.
Case report: Orbital myositis triggering oxygen-responsive cluster headache:

BackgroundOrbital myositis is an idiopathic, non-infectious condition, typically seen in young females and usually affecting one extraocular muscle. Orbital myositis mimicking cluster headache is a...
Spectacle, Trauma, Patriotism: Media and Media Studies in the Aftermath of 9/11

To say that Media Studies changed drastically on 9/11 is an understatement. Change came in three areas. First, the media provided the means by which most people experienced the event. Second, media offered a narrative that made 9/11 more personal by telling stories of the victims and those involved in the attacks. Third, media contributed to the strengthening of an American sense of patriotism, opening the way for and justifying the “war on terror.” This chapter argues that the field of Media Studies was turned on its head on September 11, 2001.
Derivation of a measure of physiological multisystem dysregulation: Results from WHAS and health ABC.

Abstract Introduction Multifactorial biological processes underpin dysregulation over several individual physiological systems. However, it is challenging to characterize and model this multisystemic dysregulation and its relationship with individual physiologic systems. We operationalized a theory-driven measure of multisystem dysregulation and empirically tested for measurement differences by key characteristics. Methods We used the Women's Health and Aging Studies (WHAS) I and II (N = 649), and the Health ABC study (N = 1515). Twelve biomarkers representing multiple systems including stress response (e.g., inflammation), endocrine system, and energy regulation were identified. A series of confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were conducted to evaluate the interplay between physiological systems and underlying multisystem dysregulation. We evaluated convergent criterion validity of a score for multisystem dysregulation against the physical frailty phenotype, and predictive criterion validity with incidence of walking difficulty and mortality. Results A bifactor CFA, a model in which dysregulation of individual systems proceeds independently of generalized dysregulation, fit data well in WHAS (RMSEA: 0.019; CFI: 0.977; TLI: 0.961) and Health ABC (RMSEA: 0.047; CFI: 0.874; TLI: 0.787). The general dysregulation factor was associated with frailty (OR: 2.2, 95 % CI: 1.4, 3.5), and elevated risk of incident walking difficulty and mortality. Findings were replicated in Health ABC. Discussion Biomarker data from two epidemiologic studies support the construct of multisystem physiological dysregulation. Results further suggest system-specific and system-wide processes have unique and non-overlapping contributions to dysregulation in biological markers.
Low-dose hilar and mediastinal stereotactic body radiation therapy for non-small cell lung cancer: Analysis of outcomes in patients receiving one or multiple courses of treatment.

Background This study reports the outcomes of a single institutional experience treating non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) involving the pulmonary hilum with low-dose stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). The authors also present a series of repeat hilar SBRT. Methods Inclusion criteria required treatment with SBRT for NSCLC involving regional lymph nodes of the: (i) hilum, (ii) mediastinum, (iii) aortopulmonary window (station 5), or (iv) mainstem bronchus. At least one clinical follow-up with imaging was required, unless the patient had a prior documented death from cancer. Results A total of 32 patients with 44 treatments were included, and 37 treatments targeted the hilum directly, with seven concerning the mediastinum, AP window, or mainstem bronchus. Median dose was 28 Gy in four fractions with once-weekly fractionation. At a median clinical follow-up of 23 months, local control was 64%. Median overall survival was 24 months, and median progression-free survival was 15 months. A total of 48% of treatments resulted in complete radiographic response on last imaging follow-up, and no cases of grade ≥ 3 toxicity were reported. For repeat SBRT (after prior hilar SBRT), local control was 92%. Median overall survival was 20 months, and median progression-free survival was 19 months. Complete radiographic response was noted after 58% of treatments, with 0 instances of progressive response and no reported side effects. Conclusions Low-dose hilar SBRT was efficacious and well-tolerated, with impressive overall survival and no grade ≥ 3 toxicity. Repeat treatments with SBRT were feasible and effective, demonstrating overall survival, local control, and toxicity comparable to primary treatments. Key points Significant findings of the study Low-dose hilar SBRT was efficacious and well-tolerated Repeated treatments with SBRT demonstrated encouraging results, comparable to primary treatments What this study adds This study contributes to the small body of literature concerning hilar SBRT Repeat hilar SBRT was safe and feasible Toxicity was minimal with low-dose SBRT Once-weekly fractionation may have contributed to low rate of side effects.
Contextualizing Enhances Gradient Based Meta Learning.

Meta learning methods have found success when applied to few shot classification problems, in which they quickly adapt to a small number of labeled examples. Prototypical representations, each representing a particular class, have been of particular importance in this setting, as they provide a compact form to convey information learned from the labeled examples. However, these prototypes are just one method of representing this information, and they are narrow in their scope and ability to classify unseen examples. We propose the implementation of contextualizers, which are generalizable prototypes that adapt to given examples and play a larger role in classification for gradient-based models. We demonstrate how to equip meta learning methods with contextualizers and show that their use can significantly boost performance on a range of few shot learning datasets. We also present figures of merit demonstrating the potential benefits of contextualizers, along with analysis of how models make use of them. Our approach is particularly apt for low-data environments where it is difficult to update parameters without overfitting. Our implementation and instructions to reproduce the experiments are available at this https URL.