cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of needle puncture and intradermal fluid injection on epidermal cell kinetics of albino guinea-pig skin

The flanks of male albino guinea pigs were used to study the effect of needle puncture with or without intradermal (id) injection of 0.1 ml fluid. The center of the raised bleb was marked and biopsies taken 1, 4, 8, 24, 50 and 72 hrs after needle puncture and 1 hr after intraperitoneal (ip) injection of tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR). There were no significant differences in labeling index (LI) or mitotic index (MI) 1 hr after id, ip, or subcutaneous (sc) injection nor in percent labeled mitoses, 7 hrs after id or ip injection. The earliest increase in LI (180% above control) occurred 12 hrs after needle puncture, peaked at 24 hrs (ca. 3 × control), and returned to control level by 50 hrs. The area affected had a radius of about 5 mm from the point of needle entry or center of the bleb. Within 12 hrs after needle puncture, there was an increase in labeled cells primarily at the periphery of the bleb area, about 4 mm from the point of needle entry. By 24 hrs, the distribution of labeled cells had moved toward the bleb center (LI = 65%). The first increase in mitoses (MI = 2.5%) was seen 24 hrs after needie puncture. It is concluded that id injection introduces no significant error in LI or MI to 8 hrs after needle puncture. It does, however, trigger many noncycling basal cells into DNA synthesis after 8 hrs, and this may increase the rate of transit of these cells to the granular layer.
Differences between leaders and nonleaders in six- to eleven-year-old children.

(1971). Differences Between Leaders and Nonleaders in Six- to Eleven-Year-Old Children. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 269-272.
Beyond advance directives--health care surrogate laws.

Encouraging patients to execute advance directives is a worthy goal. Although such documents are certainly not perfect and may in many instances be difficult to interpret,1 it is usually much easie...
Multiplicators and metabelian groups

We prove here that the multiplicator of certain simply described metabelian groups is not finitely generated
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Infectious Meningitis and Ventriculitis in Adults

Magnetic resonance imaging findings of meningitis are usually nonspecific with respect to the causative pathogen because the brain response to these insults is similar in most cases. In this article, we will use a few representative cases to describe the characteristic magnetic resonance findings of meningitis and its complications, including ventriculitis.
A collaborative approach to situational awareness for cybersecurity

Traditional intrusion detection and prevention systems have well known limitations that decrease their utility against many kinds of attacks. Creating a new system that collaboratively combines information from traditional and nontraditional sensors to produce new, relevant signatures is one way to deal with these limitations. In this paper, we present a framework that uses this collaborative approach, as well as the details for a network traffic based classifier that shows promise for detecting malicious traffic.
De novo hemolytic uremic syndrome after kidney transplantation in patients treated with cyclosporine-sirolimus combination.

Objective We sought to examine factors that predisposed 1.5% (10/672) of renal transplant recipients treated with a cyclosporine (CsA)/sirolimus (SRL)/steroid immunosuppressive regimen to develop hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Methods Two cohorts of recipients were treated for 1-212 months (mean: 25.0+/-26.4, median: 18.1) with concentration-control CsA regimens based upon either area under the concentration-time curve (AUC; n=412 patients) or trough measurements (C0; n=260 patients). Results The only demographic feature more common to affected patients was an original glomerulopathic disease in 7 patients, 4 of whom had displayed IgA glomerulonephritis. All 10 affected patients showed a clinical picture of hemolysis with schistocytes, thrombocytopenia (nadir: 35,000+/-19,600 platelets/mm3), as well as elevated serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase (1697+/-1427 IU) and creatinine (Scr; 2.05+/-1.52 mg/dL prediagnosis to 5.13+/-2.43 mg/dL at diagnosis). Seven patients experienced adverse events concomitant with the bout of HUS, namely, acute rejection episodes prior to (n=2) or during (n=3), and 2 patients, infections (Herpes simplex and pancolitis). The mean values of daily steroid dose and the immunosuppressive drug C0 values were above the putative therapeutic targets: namely, CsA C0=294.9+/-153.2 ng/ml versus 150+/-50 ng/ml and SRL C0=20.1+/-14.0 ng/ml versus 10+/-5 ng/ml, respectively. The therapeutic approach included discontinuation of CsA in 9/10, which was transient in 6/9; discontinuation of SRL in all 10, which was transient in 3, OKT3 for concurrent rejection in 3, and plasmapheresis in 5 patients. At 24 weeks postdiagnosis 9/10 patients have well-functioning kidneys with a mean Scr value of 1.6+/-0.59 mg/dL. One patient who underwent transplant nephrectomy subsequently succumbed due to a cluster of refractory thrombocytopenia, Aspergillus infection, and multiorgan failure. Conclusion This initial experience suggests that a time-limited and reversible de novo HUS syndrome may be less frequent and milder among renal transplant recipients treated with SRL-based immunosuppression.
Correlation Spectroscopy of Minor Fluorescent Species: Signal Purification and Distribution Analysis

We are performing experiments that use fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) to monitor the movement of an individual donor-labeled sliding clamp protein molecule along acceptor-labeled DNA. In addition to the FRET signal sought from the sliding clamp-DNA complexes, the detection channel for FRET contains undesirable signal from free sliding clamp and free DNA. When multiple fluorescent species contribute to a correlation signal, it is difficult or impossible to distinguish between contributions from individual species. As a remedy, we introduce “purified FCS”, which uses single molecule burst analysis to select a species of interest and extract the correlation signal for further analysis. We show that by expanding the correlation region around a burst, the correlated signal is retained and the functional forms of FCS fitting equations remain valid. We demonstrate the use of purified FCS in experiments with DNA sliding clamps. We also introduce “single-molecule FCS”, which obtains diffusion time estimates for each burst using expanded correlation regions. By monitoring the detachment of weakly-bound 30-mer DNA oligomers from a single-stranded DNA plasmid, we show that single-molecule FCS can distinguish between bursts from species that differ by a factor of 5 in diffusion constant.
An inverse method for determining temperature-dependent thermophysical properties based on a remotely measured temperature history

An inverse methodology for determining an unknown boundary condition or temperature dependence of a thermophysical property was derived for a semi-infinite solid with temperature-dependent properties and time-varying, surface heating. Generalization was achieved by defining the boundary condition and thermal diffusivity (or conductivity) as simple polynomials, the unknown quantity with yet-to-be determined coefficients. To accomplish this, a measured thermal response determined away from the thermally loaded surface was fit to the generalized equation with unknown coefficients determined in a least-squares sense. Results including random and compounded errors added to the surface and remote data (up to ±5% each), along with inherent values in the thermal conductivity data, indicated that the method could be used to determine either a time-varying boundary condition or a thermal property. The proposed method is advantageous in that it can assess a wide temperature range, since the formulation is ultimately...
Dynamic lumped element response of the human fingerpad.

The dynamic response of the fingerpad plays an important role in the tactile sensory response and precision manipulation, as well as in ergonomic design. This paper investigates the dynamic lumped element response of the human fingerpad in vivo to a compressive load. A flat probe indented the fingerpad at a constant velocity, then held a constant position. The resulting force (0-2 N) increased rapidly with indentation, then relaxed during the hold phase. A quasilinear viscoelastic model successfully explained the experimental data. The instantaneous elastic response increased exponentially with position, and the reduced relaxation function included three decaying exponentials ( with time constants of approximately 4 ms, 70 ms, and 1.4 s) plus a constant. The model was confirmed with data from sinusoidal displacement trajectories.
A reanalysis of “The generality of free recall: I. Subjective organization as an ability factor.”

Using Fagan’s revision of Bousfield’s ITR measure as an indication of S’s ability to subjectively organize materials for free recall, previously reported data were reanalyzed. Subjective organization was shown not to be a general individual difference ability factor. Subjective organization did not correlate significantly with free-recall performance for CCCs, though it again correlated with performance on more meaningful materials.
Geology and insolation-driven climatic history of Amazonian north polar materials on Mars.

A wealth of image and topographic data from the Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Odyssey missions has been combined in a detailed geological map of the north polar region of Mars. One intriguing finding is a cycle of ice deposition similar in duration to a 1,470-year climate cycle of unknown origin on Earth. If both are externally driven, a mechanism that affects both planets, such as variation in solar luminosity, must be involved. Mariner 9 and Viking spacecraft images revealed that the polar regions of Mars, like those of Earth, record the planet's climate history. However, fundamental uncertainties regarding the materials, features, ages and processes constituting the geologic record remained1,2,3,4,5,6. Recently acquired Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter data7 and Mars Orbiter Camera high-resolution images8 from the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft and moderately high-resolution Thermal Emission Imaging System visible images9 from the Mars Odyssey spacecraft permit more comprehensive geologic and climatic analyses10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17. Here I map and show the history of geologic materials and features in the north polar region that span the Amazonian period (∼3.0 Gyr ago to present)18,19. Erosion and redeposition of putative circumpolar mud volcano deposits15 (formed by eruption of liquefied, fine-grained material) led to the formation of an Early Amazonian polar plateau consisting of dark layered materials. Crater ejecta superposed on pedestals indicate that a thin mantle was present during most of the Amazonian, suggesting generally higher obliquity and insolation conditions at the poles than at present. Brighter polar layered deposits rest unconformably on the dark layers and formed mainly during lower obliquity over the past 4–5 Myr (ref. 20). Finally, the uppermost layers post-date the latest downtrend in obliquity <20,000 years ago20.
Free proline accumulation in drought-stressed plants under laboratory conditions

Free proline accumulation was measured in leaves of intact sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. cv. Pioneer 846) and soybean (Glycine max. L. cv. Calland) grown in growth chambers and subjected to ‘normal’ drought stress. Stomatal diffusive resistance and leaf water potential were used to determine the degree of stress at the time of proline analysis. Free proline did not accumulate markedly in either species until each was severely stressed, indicating that proline is not a sensitive indicator of drought stress. Free proline accumulated under less stress in soybean than in sorghum. Since soybean is less drought resistant than sorghum, proline accumulation may be an indicator of drought resistance or susceptibility. re]19731003
Local Simulations of Perturbed Dense Planetary Rings

Using a modifiedN-body code to include periodic boundary conditions in a perturbed shear flow, we investigate the role of viscosity on the dynamics of perturbed rings with optical depth τ ∼ 1. In particular, we are concerned with rings such thatq=a(de/da) ≠ 0, whereais the semi-major axis andeis the eccentricity. We confirm the possibility that, for a sufficiently perturbed ring, the angular momentum luminosity may reverse direction with respect to the unperturbed ring (Borderies, N., P. Goldreich, and S. Tremaine 1983a.Icarus55, 124–132). We use observationally constrained parameters for the δ and ϵ uranian rings, as well as the outer portion of Saturn'sBring. We find that understanding the effects of viscosity for the uranian rings requires that both local and non-local transport terms be considered if the coefficient of restitution experimentally obtained by Bridgeset al.(Bridges, F. G., A. Hatzes, and D. N. C. Lin 1984.Nature309, 333–335.) is appropriate for ring particles. We also find evidence that the criterion for viscous overstability is satisfied in the case of high optical depth rings, as originally proposed by Borderieset al.(Borderies, N., P. Goldreich, and S. Tremaine 1985.Icarus63,406–420.), making viscous overstability a leading candidate mechanism to explain the non-axisymmetric structure present in the outer portion of Saturn'sBring. To better understand our patch-code results we extend a non-local and incompressible fluid model used by Borderieset al.for dense rings. We incorporate local and non-local transport terms as well as compressibility, while retaining the same number of arbitrary model parameters.
Gold laser adenoidectomy: Long-term safety and efficacy results ☆

Abstract Objectives To report the long-term results of Gold laser adenoidectomy with pressure equalization tube (PET) placement by measuring the incidence of otorrhea and middle ear effusion after tube extrusion. Study design A prospective study of 50 patients, ages 8–48 months, that underwent Gold laser adenoidectomy with PE tube placement in a pediatric outpatient setting. Methods We previously reported the initial results at 4 months post-op of 50 patients treated for adenoid hypertrophy and chronic otitis media with effusion (COME). All patients were then evaluated at 8, 12, and 16 months post-operatively. The incidence of otorrhea, extrusion of the PE tubes, and middle ear status was recorded. Results The incidence of otorrhea was 3/50 (6%) at 8 months, 0 (0%) at 12 months, and 2 (4%) at 16 months. At 16 months, the PE tubes had extruded in 29 (58%) and 28/29 (97%) of these had clear middle ears. Forty-nine patients (98%) overall had clear middle ears at the last exam. One patient required a second set of tubes. Conclusion The long-term results of Gold laser adenoidectomy with PE tube placement for adenoid hypertrophy and COME compare favorably with the initial report of the technique, as well as with other techniques as reported in other studies.
Kno Scaling in the Parton Branching Model

We obtain a parton branching distribution Pmn of m quarks and n gluons. We show that this distribution does not obey exact KNO scaling. In the case when quark evolution is neglected, the probability distribution becomes wider as energy increases, in agreement with experimental data. We find that moments fit the data remarkably well with an increasing initial number of gluons and decreasing initial number of quarks. In this model, we predict the upper bounds for the probability distribution and multiplicity moments. We also give theoretical predictions for the multiplicities and moments for Tevatron Collider energies, indicating the slow narrowing of the probability distribution in this energy range.
Using the kinect to limit abnormal kinematics and compensation strategies during therapy with end effector robots

Abnormal kinematics and the use of compensation strategies during training limit functional improvement from therapy. The Kinect is a low cost ($100) sensor that does not require any markers to be placed on the user. Integration of this sensor into currently used therapy systems can provide feedback about the user's movement quality, and the use of compensatory strategies to complete tasks. This paper presents a novel technique of adding the Kinect to an end effector robot to limit compensation strategies and to train normal joint coordination during movements with an end effector robot. This methodology has wider implications for other robotic and passively actuated end effector rehabilitation devices.
Synthesis, lanthanide coordination chemistry, and liquid-liquid extraction performance of CMPO-decorated pyridine and pyridine N-oxide platforms.

Syntheses for a set of new ligands containing one or two carbamoylmethylphosphine oxide (CMPO) fragments appended to pyridine and pyridine N-oxide platforms are described. Molecular mechanics analy...
Single-channel events and gating behavior of the cardiac gap junction channel

Abstract The activity of gap junction channels between pairs of neonatal rat heart cells in culture was studied under control conditions and during uncoupling procedures by using dual whole-cell voltage clamp techniques. Under control conditions gap junctional conductance ranged from 0.05 to 35 nS. In cell pairs exhibiting low gap junctional conductance (less than 500 pS), single-channel events with a unitary conductance of 53 +/- 2 pS (5 experiments; 186 events) were apparent. Event duration and open-time probability were estimated to be 0.95 sec and 0.17, respectively. When the junctional conductance in well-coupled cell pairs (with initial junctional conductance, greater than 5 nS) was reduced by cytoplasmic acidification or application of heptanol, single-channel events could be visualized. Compared to low-conductance controls, unitary channel conductance was unaltered (for acidification the conductance was 58 +/- 3 pS in 11 experiments with 253 events; for heptanol the conductance was 61 +/- 1 pS in 2 experiments with 171 events), while the probability of channels being open was decreased. The constancy of unitary channel conductance under control conditions and during uncoupling procedures suggests that opening and closing of the gap junction channel are all-or-none processes during which no stable subconductance states are formed.
The polycystic kidney disease-1 gene is a target for p53-mediated transcriptional repression.

This study provides evidence that the tumor suppressor protein, p53, is a transcriptional repressor of PKD1. Kidneys of p53-null mice expressed higher Pkd1 mRNA levels than wild-type littermates; γ-irradiation suppressed PKD1 gene expression in p53+/+ but not p53–/– cells; and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated the binding of p53 to the PKD1 promoter in vivo. In transient transfection assays, p53 repressed PKD1 promoter activity independently of endogenous p21. Deletion analysis mapped p53-mediated repression to the proximal promoter region of PKD1. Mutations of the DNA binding or C-terminal minimal repression domains of p53 abolished its ability to repress PKD1. Moreover, trichostatin A, an inhibitor of histone deacetylase activity, attenuated p53-induced repression of the PKD1 promoter. These findings, together with previous reports showing that dedifferentiated Pkd1-deficient cells express lower p53 and p21 levels, suggest a model whereby PKD1 signaling activates the p53-p21 differentiation pathway. In turn, p53 cooperates with histone deacetylases to repress PKD1 gene transcription. Loss of a p53-mediated negative feedback loop in PKD1 mutant cells may therefore contribute to deregulated PKD1 expression and cystogenesis.
Toward a molecular pathogenic pathway for Yersinia pestis YopM

YopM is one of the six “effector Yops” of the human-pathogenic Yersinia, but its mechanism has not been defined. After delivery to J774A.1 monocyte-like cells, YopM can rapidly bind and activate the serine/threonine kinases RSK1 and PRK2. However, in infected mice, effects of Y. pestis YopM have been seen only after 24 to 48 h post infection (p.i.). To identify potential direct effects of YopM in vivo we tested for effects of YopM at 1h and 16-18h p.i. in mice infected systemically with 106 bacteria. At 16 h p.i., there was a robust host response to both parent and yopM-1 Y. pestis KIM5. Compared to cells from non-infected mice, CD11b+ cells from spleens of infected mice produced more than 100-fold greater IFN. In the corresponding sera there were more than 100-fold greater amounts of IFN, G-CSF, and CXCL9, as well as more than 10-fold greater amounts of IL-6, CXCL10, and CXCL1. The only YopM-related differences were slightly lower CXCL10 and IL-6 in sera from mice infected 16 h with parent compared to yopM-1 Y. pestis. Microarray analysis of the CD11b+ cells did not identify consistent transcriptional differences of > 4 fold at 18 h p.i. However, at 1 h p.i. mRNA for early growth response transcription factor 1 (Egr1) was decreased when YopM was present. Bone marrow-derived macrophages infected for 1 h also expressed lower Egr1 message when YopM was present. Infected J774A.1 cells showed greater expression of Egr1 at 1 h p.i. when YopM was present, but this pattern reversed at 3 h. At 6 h p.i., Cxcl10 mRNA was lower in parent-strain infected cells. We conclude that decreased Egr1 expression is a very early transcriptional effect of YopM and speculate that a pathway may exist from RSK1 through Egr1. These studies revealed novel early transcriptional effects of YopM but point to a time after 18 h of infection when critical transitional events lead to later major effects on cytokine gene transcription.
Elastic response of submerged shells with internally attached structures to shock loading

Abstract A method is presented for obtaining the elastic response, to a shock wave, of a shell, with internal structure, submerged in an infinite acoustic fluid. Modal structural analysis is employed, and the structure-fluid interaction is accounted for by means of an approximate relation between the radiated fluid pressure and velocity.
Doxycycline-induced expression of sense and inverted-repeat constructs modulates phosphogluconate mutase (Pgm) gene expression in adult Drosophila melanogaster

Background A tetracycline-regulated (conditional) system for RNA interference (RNAi) would have many practical applications. Such a strategy was developed using RNAi of the gene for phosphogluconate mutase (Pgm). Pgm is a candidate lifespan regulator: PgmS allele frequency is increased by selection for increased lifespan, whereas PgmM and PgmF allele frequencies are decreased.
Covert emotive modality is a monster

It has been argued that in some languages, attitude verbs shift the reference of indexicals in the embedded clauses [1, 2, 3]. I argue that not only overt attitude predicates but also implicit emotive modality is a context-shifting operator that changes the context parameters. I base my argument on the following three mono-clausal constructions: (i) fake past (ii) fake present, and (iii) discourse initial sentence focus also/even/too. Surprise licenses non-past interpretation of the past tense [4] with negative presupposition. Alternation between past and present directs readers to re-experience narratives [5]. A speaker's emotion or sentiment licenses wide-scope also/too without explicit antecedents. Finally, covert modal is grammatically represented as a determiner-like element that takes negative presupposition in the restrictor and overt predicate in the nuclear scope [6, 7, 8, 9].
Doppler characteristics and angular dependence of radar backscatter from laboratory breaking waves

Radar backscatter measurements were conducted on transient breaking waves in a 330 foot laboratory wave facility. The radar measurements were taken using a dual polarization K-band (24.125 GHz) CW Doppler radar positioned at various azimuth angles relative to the direction of wave propagation. Backscatter measurements were made for low energy (minimal whitecapping) and high energy (considerable whitecapping) spilling breaking waves. The peak radar cross section (RCS) was found to be the same for both breaking waves and occurred in the upwave look direction, just prior to whitecapping. Azimuthal radar measurements yielded variations on the order of 17 dB with the lowest RCS values occurring in the crosswave direction. The Doppler spectra of the upwave radar returns contained a narrow peak corresponding to the phase speed of the underlying long waves. The downwave radar returns yielded broad Doppler spectra corresponding to distribution of velocities.
Immunosuppressive effects of triclosan, nonylphenol, and DDT on human natural killer cells in vitro.

Human natural killer (NK) cells are a first-line immune defense against tumor cells and virally-infected cells. If their function is impaired, it leaves an individual more susceptible to cancer development or viral infection. The ability of compounds that contaminate the environment to suppress the function of NK cells could contribute to the increased risk of cancer development. There are a wide spectrum of compounds that significantly contaminate water and food that are consumed by humans, leading to accumulation of some of these compounds in human tissues. In the current study, we examined the ability of three such compounds to diminish the function of human NK cells. Triclosan (TC) is an antimicrobial agent used in a large number of antibacterial soaps. Nonylphenol (NP) is a degradation product of compounds used as surfactants and as stabilizers in plastics. 4,4′-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is a pesticide that is mainly used to control mosquitoes. The compounds were examined for their abilit...
Variation among Desulfovibrio Species in Electron Transfer Systems Used for Syntrophic Growth

Mineralization of organic matter in anoxic environments relies on the cooperative activities of hydrogen producers and consumers linked by interspecies electron transfer in syntrophic consortia that may include sulfate-reducing species (e.g., Desulfovibrio). Physiological differences and various gene repertoires implicated in syntrophic metabolism among Desulfovibrio species suggest considerable variation in the biochemical basis of syntrophy. In this study, comparative transcriptional and mutant analyses of Desulfovibrio alaskensis strain G20 and Desulfovibrio vulgaris strain Hildenborough growing syntrophically with Methanococcus maripaludis on lactate were used to develop new and revised models for their alternative electron transfer and energy conservation systems. Lactate oxidation by strain G20 generates a reduced thiol-disulfide redox pair(s) and ferredoxin that are energetically coupled to H(+)/CO(2) reduction by periplasmic formate dehydrogenase and hydrogenase via a flavin-based reverse electron bifurcation process (electron confurcation) and a menaquinone (MQ) redox loop-mediated reverse electron flow involving the membrane-bound Qmo and Qrc complexes. In contrast, strain Hildenborough uses a larger number of cytoplasmic and periplasmic proteins linked in three intertwining pathways to couple H(+) reduction to lactate oxidation. The faster growth of strain G20 in coculture is associated with a kinetic advantage conferred by the Qmo-MQ-Qrc loop as an electron transfer system that permits higher lactate oxidation rates under elevated hydrogen levels (thereby enhancing methanogenic growth) and use of formate as the main electron-exchange mediator (>70% electron flux), as opposed to the primarily hydrogen-based exchange by strain Hildenborough. This study further demonstrates the absence of a conserved gene core in Desulfovibrio that would determine the ability for a syntrophic lifestyle.
Histone Modifications Depict an Aberrantly Heterochromatinized FMR1 Gene in Fragile X Syndrome

Fragile X syndrome is caused by an expansion of a polymorphic CGG triplet repeat that results in silencing of FMR1 expression. This expansion triggers methylation of FMR1's CpG island, hypoacetylation of associated histones, and chromatin condensation, all characteristics of a transcriptionally inactive gene. Here, we show that there is a graded spectrum of histone H4 acetylation that is proportional to CGG repeat length and that correlates with responsiveness of the gene to DNA demethylation but not with chromatin condensation. We also identify alterations in patient cells of two recently identified histone H3 modifications: methylation of histone H3 at lysine 4 and methylation of histone H3 at lysine 9, which are marks for euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. In fragile X cells, there is a decrease in methylation of histone H3 at lysine 4 with a large increase in methylation at lysine 9, a change that is consistent with the model of FMR1's switch from euchromatin to heterochromatin in the disease state. The high level of histone H3 methylation at lysine 9 may account for the failure of H3 to be acetylated after treatment of fragile X cells with inhibitors of histone deacetylases, a treatment that fully restores acetylation to histone H4. Using 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, we show that DNA methylation is tightly coupled to the histone modifications associated with euchromatin but not to the heterochromatic mark of methylation of histone H3 at lysine 9, consistent with recent findings that this histone modification may direct DNA methylation. Despite the drug-induced accumulation of mRNA in patient cells to 35% of the wild-type level, FMR1 protein remained undetectable. The identification of intermediates in the heterochromatinization of FMR1 has enabled us to begin to dissect the epigenetics of silencing of a disease-related gene in its natural chromosomal context.
Identification of chaperones as essential components of the tumor rejection moieties of cancers

During my graduate work (1979–81) at the Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology in Hyderabad, India, and far away from the epicenter of cancer immunology, I had identified a tumor-derived protein of 100,000 daltons (d) that could elicit tumor resistance in rats immunized with it (1). I had moved on to postdoctoral work in developmental biology at Yale University. Since my graduate work was done pretty much by myself in an environment where there was not much knowledge of immunology, I was unsure if my excitement about it was justified. To put some context to it, I sent the then-unpublished manuscript to Lloyd Old, whose name I knew only from the literature. I had read with intense delight many of his papers (mainly with Albert DeLeo) attempting to define the unique antigens of mouse sarcomas [see (2) for review], and I reasoned that he would be an ideal person to comment on my fledgling work. I did not hear from Old for about two months, and my repeated calls to his office were rebuffed by his secretary whom I would later come to know and love as Charlotte Daub. Frustrated by my inability to reach Old, I contacted the New York Telephone Operator and acquired his home telephone number.
Long-term follow-up of leiske closed-loop anterior chamber intraocular lenses.

Abstract Purpose To provide long-term follow-up on the rates of endothelial cell loss in eyes with retained closed-loop anterior chamber intraocular lenses (IOLs). Setting Private practices, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Methods In 1980 to 1982, 3 surgeons performed 587 intracapsular cataract extractions with implantation of Leiske closed-loop anterior chamber IOLs. During the prospective part of the study from 1991 to 1996, 59 patients with 83 eligible eyes were followed using specular microscopy and pachymetry. The mean follow-up of the prospective study was 41.9 months, or 12.9 years from the original cataract surgery. Results No specific preoperative or postoperative factor except the behavior of the fellow eye ( P = .022) predicted the rate of endothelial cell loss. During the prospective study, 6 patients required IOL exchange and corneal transplantation. The rate of corneal decompensation was heavily dependent on the initial measurement of endothelial cell density. Corneas with initial endothelial cell counts greater than 1000 cells/mm 2 had a decompensation rate of 1.5%, and corneas with counts of 500 cells/mm 2 or less had a decompensation rate of 57.1% ( P Conclusions Clinical examination and serial measurements of endothelial cell density provide the most reliable methods for monitoring patients with closed-loop anterior chamber IOLs. Endothelial cell counts can predict the rate of corneal decompensation. Patients with endothelial cell counts greater than 1000 cells/mm 2 usually do not require an IOL exchange.
Low motional resistance ring-shaped contour-mode aluminum nitride piezoelectric micromechanical resonators for UHF applications

This paper reports experimental results on a new class of ring-shaped, contour-mode aluminum nitride piezoelectric resonators that span a frequency range from 223 MHz to 656 MHz showing high quality factors in air (Q/sub max/=2,900 at 472.7 MHz), low motional resistance (ranging from 56 to 205 /spl Omega/), and center frequencies that can be lithographically tuned. These resonators achieve the lowest value of motional resistance ever reported for contour-mode resonators and combine it with high Q factors, therefore truly enabling the fabrication of arrays of microresonators with different frequencies on a single chip. Uncompensated temperature coefficients of frequency of only approximately -25 ppm//spl deg/C were also recorded for these resonators.
The Only Thing We Have to Fear Is Fear Itself Investigating the Relationship Between Fear of Falling and White-Collar Crime

Criminologists have long been interested in understanding why people commit crime. Perhaps an even more interesting question is what accounts for the offending of individuals who occupy white-collar positions. Most explanations of white-collar offending have relied on extant criminological theories that have been developed to account for street or juvenile offending. One theoretical explanation that was specifically developed to explain white-collar crime is the fear of falling hypothesis or the notion that the motivation for crime is the fear of losing what one has worked so hard to obtain. This study presents the results of an original data-collection effort designed to test this hypothesis. Data collected among business-experienced adults indicate that the fear of falling is inversely related to intentions to price-fix but positively related to internal and legal constraints against price-fixing. Taken together, these results suggest that the fear of falling may serve as a reminder of the attainments t...
Approval Voting and Parochialism

In hypothetical scenarios involving two groups (nations or groups of workers), subjects voted on three proposals: one helped group A (their group), one helped B, and one helped both groups, more than the average of the first two but less than their maximum. When subjects voted for one proposal, most voted for the one that helped group A. This result is “parochial” because it helps the voter’s own group even though it hurts the other group more. When voters could approve two proposals, they tended to approve the third proposal as well, and it was more likely to win. Approval voting can thus reduce the effect of parochialism, a bias toward one’s own group, on election outcomes. In a second experiment, the authors replicated this effect using real-money payoffs.
Inhibition of CDK1 as a potential therapy for tumors over-expressing MYC

Tumor cells have a dysregulated cell cycle that may render their proliferation especially sensitive to the inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), important regulators of cell cycle progression. We examined the effects of CDK1 inhibition in the context of different oncogenic signals. Cells transformed with MYC, but not cells transformed by a panel of other activated oncogenes, rapidly underwent apoptosis when treated with small-molecule CDK1 inhibitors. The inhibitor of apoptosis protein BIRC5 (survivin), a known CDK1 target, is required for the survival of cells overexpressing MYC. Inhibition of CDK1 rapidly downregulates survivin expression and induces MYC-dependent apoptosis. CDK1 inhibitor treatment of MYC-dependent mouse lymphoma and hepatoblastoma tumors decreased tumor growth and prolonged their survival. As there are no effective small-molecule inhibitors that selectively target the MYC pathway, we propose that CDK1 inhibition might therefore be useful in the treatment of human malignancies that overexpress MYC.
INTEGRATION OF GIS DATA AND CLASSIFIED SATELLITE IMAGERY FOR REGIONAL FOREST ASSESSMENT

New methods are needed to derive detailed spatial environmental data for large areas, with the increasing interest in landscape ecology and ecosystem management at large scales. We describe a method that integrates several data sources for assessing forest composition across large, heterogeneous landscapes. Multitemporal Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite data can yield forest classifications with spatially detailed information down to the dominant canopy species level in temperate deciduous and mixed forests. We stratified a large region (106 ha) by ecoregions (103–104 ha). Within each ecoregion, plot-level, field inventory data were aggregated to provide information on secondary and sub-canopy tree species occurrence, and tree age class distributions. We derived a probabilistic algorithm to assign information from a point coverage (forest inventory sampling points) and a polygon coverage (ecoregion boundaries) to a raster map (satellite land cover classification). The method was applied to a region in northern Wisconsin, USA. The satellite map captures the occurrence and the patch structure of canopy dominants. The inventory data provide important secondary information on age class and associated species not available with current canopy remote sensing. In this way we derived new maps of tree species distribution and stand age reflecting differences at the ecoregion scale. These maps can be used in assessing forest patterns across regional landscapes, and as input data in models to examine forest landscape change over time. As an example, we discuss the distribution of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) as an associated species and its potential for restoration in our study region. Our method partially fills a current information gap at the landscape scale. However, its applicability is also limited to this scale.
Identity-based motivation: Constraints and opportunities in consumer research

Abstract This commentary underscores the integrative nature of the identity-based motivation model (Oyserman, D. (2009). Identity-based motivation: Implications for action-readiness, procedural-readiness, and consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 19(3) (this issue)). We situate the model within existing literatures in psychology and consumer behavior, and illustrate its novel elements with research examples. Special attention is devoted to, 1) how product- and brand-based affordances constrain identity-based motivation processes and, 2) the mindsets and action tendencies that can be triggered by specific cultural identities in pursuit of consumer goals. Future opportunities are suggested for researching the antecedents of product meanings and relevant identities.
University of Florida Clinical and Translational Science Institute: transformation and translation in personalized medicine.

We are constantly reflecting on whether and how our efforts are transformational as we work to achieve the ambitious goals articulated for the University of Florida’s Clinical and Translational Science Institute (UF CTSI). As the only Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) recipient in the fourth most populous state, the UF CTSI must aim to support research and improve health care for 19 million Floridians, 6% of the US population. The strong commitment of our university leadership and a team-science approach has enabled us to move swiftly in the context of a very large comprehensive public research university. The UF CTSI involves two major health systems, agricultural extension offices in all 67 counties in Florida, and numerous partners throughout the state. All of UF’s 16 colleges* participate in the CTSI, which supports 140 faculty and staff; 10 programs; 13 clinical research units; five core labs; and six educational programs. As we enter year three of our grant, the UF CTSI is launching a Personalized Medicine Program – a feat made possible by the transformational changes championed by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), its National Center for Research Resources (NCRR) and the CTSA program. We share this as one of many examples unfolding across the country in which CTSA institutions are adding new capacity for translational research, which in turn is leading to new approaches for how we translate scientific discoveries into medical practice – a need around which the NIH is vigorously seeking to catalyze new breakthroughs.1
The path loss observed over a height scan yields insight into the nature of imperfections in the test environment used for the measurement of emissions

The quality of a test site is determined by conformance of measured normalized site attenuation (NSA) to specifications cited in ANSI C63.4-1992. Celebration is appropriate if the data is within the +/-4 dB limits. More work is required if the site fails to meet the specification. Data which is ignored during the required search for the maximum signal needed to determine the NSA may prove useful in identifying the nature of the problem. The theoretical height scan response is described in this paper. Measured data obtained from an open area test site and three 10 meter absorber lined chambers are presented and analysis of the results leads to a new postulate for the operating principles of absorber lined chambers.
Shepherding the crowd yields better work

Micro-task platforms provide massively parallel, on-demand labor. However, it can be difficult to reliably achieve high-quality work because online workers may behave irresponsibly, misunderstand the task, or lack necessary skills. This paper investigates whether timely, task-specific feedback helps crowd workers learn, persevere, and produce better results. We investigate this question through Shepherd, a feedback system for crowdsourced work. In a between-subjects study with three conditions, crowd workers wrote consumer reviews for six products they own. Participants in the None condition received no immediate feedback, consistent with most current crowdsourcing practices. Participants in the Self-assessment condition judged their own work. Participants in the External assessment condition received expert feedback. Self-assessment alone yielded better overall work than the None condition and helped workers improve over time. External assessment also yielded these benefits. Participants who received external assessment also revised their work more. We conclude by discussing interaction and infrastructure approaches for integrating real-time assessment into online work.
CSbots: design and deployment of a robot designed for the CS1 classroom

We present CSbots, an ongoing program to use robots as educational tools in the Introduction to Computer Science CS1) course. We aim to use robotics to improve learning and retention by altering course work so that it is more relevant to students.In our development process we use an iterative cycle composed of design, pilot, and evaluation steps. We have completed the first of these cycles, the alpha cycle, and describe the robot hardware, software, and curriculum development processes as well as key evaluation results from pilots conducted at two community colleges in Fall 2007. We discuss the implications of these results and our experiences on the in-progress beta design cycle and planned pilots.
Plasma membrane lipids and their role in fungal virulence

There has been considerable evidence in recent years suggesting that plasma membrane lipids are important regulators of fungal pathogenicity. Various glycolipids have been shown to impart virulent properties in several fungal species, while others have been shown to play a role in host defense. In addition to their role as virulence factors, lipids also contribute to other virulence mechanisms such as drug resistance, biofilm formation, and release of extracellular vesicles. In addition, lipids also affect the mechanical properties of the plasma membrane through the formation of packed microdomains composed mainly of sphingolipids and sterols. Changes in the composition of lipid microdomains have been shown to disrupt the localization of virulence factors and affect fungal pathogenicity. This review gathers evidence on the various roles of plasma membrane lipids in fungal virulence and how lipids might contribute to the different processes that occur during infection and treatment. Insight into the role of lipids in fungal virulence can lead to an improved understanding of the process of fungal pathogenesis and the development of new lipid-mediated therapeutic strategies.
Incenting Green Technology: The Myth of Market-Based Commercialization of No- and Low-Carbon Electricity Sources

As the United States attempts to increase the percentage of no- and low-carbon electricity sources in the fuel mix, one consideration is whether these sources are more expensive or are capable of being competitive in the market without subsidies. This article explores the types of subsidies that exist for nuclear, wind, solar, hydropower, and other no- and low-carbon electricity sources. No source is currently solely market driven.After discussing how the federal regulatory and legislative treatment is varies, the article discusses the potential rationales for the disparity. While it was expected in 1962 that nuclear would become a market-based, commercial technology, subsidies to be used for “emerging” technology are still being granted to new nuclear power plants. Looking specifically at loan guarantees, the article examines how this specific subsidy is being used by different no- and low-carbon electricity sources, and how vertically-integrated utilities are using loan guarantees to further entrench their position against disruptive technologies. Finally, the treatment of no- and low-carbon sources under the EPA’s Clean Power Plan demonstrates how incentives, if not legislative or regulatory policy, may be shifting.
System Design of Static Var Compensator and Its Application in Transmission Network

According to the applied project experience of static var compensator (SVC) in Chinese Jiangxi power grid,the system design and site equipment test were focused. The methods of installing locations selection and system capacity configuration were put forward. A new 220kV voltage control strategy with 10kV voltage limit and distributed monitoring system was also presented to meet the requirement of local substation. By the analysis of experimental and operational data,some beneficial principles and attentions during the system testing and applying are drawn. Such conclusions in the paper are good for the implement of SVC in China power grid.