cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surrogate Model Selection for Design Space Approximation And Surrogatebased Optimization

Abstract Surrogate models are used to map input data to output data when the actual relationship between the two is unknown or computationally expensive to evaluate for sensitivity analysis, uncertainty propagation and surrogate based optimization. This work evaluates the performance of eight surrogate modeling techniques for design space approximation and surrogate based optimization applications over a set of generated datasets with known characteristics. With this work, we aim to provide general rules for selecting an appropriate surrogate model form solely based on the characteristics of the data being modeled. The computational experiments revealed that, in general, multivariate adaptive regression spline models (MARS) and single hidden layer feed forward neural networks (ANN) yielded the most accurate predictions over the design space while Random Forest (RF) models most reliably identified the locations of the optimums when used for surrogate-based optimization.
Actionable digital phenotyping: a framework for the delivery of just-in-time and longitudinal interventions in clinical healthcare.

Designed to improve health, today numerous wearables and smartphone apps are used by millions across the world. Yet the wealth of data generated from the many sensors on these wearables and smartwatches has not yet transformed routine clinical care. One central reason for this gap between data and clinical insights is the lack of transparency and standards around data generated from mobile device that hinders interoperability and reproducibility. The clinical informatics community has offered solutions via the Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) standard which facilities electronic health record interoperability but is less developed towards precision temporal contextually-tagged sensor measurements generated from today’s ubiquitous mobile devices. In this paper we explore the opportunities and challenges of various theoretical approaches towards FHIR compatible digital phenotyping, and offer a concrete example implementing one such framework as an Application Programming Interface (API) for the open-source mindLAMP platform. We aim to build a community with contributions from statisticians, clinicians, patients, family members, researchers, designers, engineers, and more.
Can Highlighting a Pedestrian’s Biological Motion at Night Mitigate the Negative Effect of Driver Distraction?:

Pedestrians can make themselves more visible to nighttime drivers by strategically placing retroreflective material on the major joints of the body to highlight their biological motion (biomotion)....
Rapid early development and feeding benefits an invasive population of lake trout

Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) were discovered in Yellowstone Lake in 1994 and their population expanded dramatically despite intensive suppression. The lake is species-depauperate, with no majo...
Planarized spin-on carbon hardmask

In the multilayer patterning process, underlayer material is often used to enable device size shrinkage for advanced integrated circuit manufacturing. This underlayer material, spin on carbon (SOC), with high etch resistance plays an important role in both gap fill and process of transferring high aspect ratio patterns. Good global planarization (PL) performance over various pattern topographies not only impacts on the following lithography process window but also boosts the overall device integration yield (Figure 1). As critical dimension (CD) size decreases in the advanced nodes such as 10 nm and beyond with multiple patterning steps, long range planarizing SOC material is needed to control the CD uniformity. During the single coat and single bake process, thermal flow ability of these carbon rich materials is one of the key property to achieve long range planarization performance. In addition, our strategy for designing long distance thermal flow polymers will be applied to both low/high thermal stability SOC materials. Herein, we report the development of a novel planarized SOC materials with good Fab drain line compatibility. As for material global planarization performance, the observation of flow ability can be monitored through the various cure conditions. Other key performance such as gap fill, etch rate toward various gases, solvent strip resistance and cured film thermal stability will be also highlighted in this paper.
Single Cell Deconstruction of Muscle Stem Cell Heterogeneity During Aging Reveals Sensitivity to the Neuromuscular Junction

During aging and neuromuscular diseases, there is a progressive loss of skeletal muscle volume and function in that impacts mobility and quality of life. Muscle loss is often associated with denervation and a loss of resident muscle stem cells (satellite cells or MuSCs), but the relationship between MuSCs and neural control has not been established. Herein, using a combination of single-cell transcriptomic analysis, high-resolution immunofluorescence imaging and transgenic young and aged mice as well as from mice with neuromuscular degeneration (Sod1-/-), a compensatory neuro-responsive function for a subset of MuSCs was identified. Genetic rescue of motor neurons in Sod1-/- mice reduced this subset of MuSCs and restored integrity of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in a manner akin to young muscle. Administration of severe neuromuscular trauma induced young MuSCs to specifically engraft in a position proximal to the NMJ but in aging, this behavior was abolished. Contrasting the expression programs of young and aged MuSCs after muscle injury at the single cell level, we observed distinctive gene expression programs between responses to neuro-muscular degeneration and muscle trauma. Collectively, these data reveal MuSCs sense synaptic perturbations during aging and neuro-muscular deterioration, and can exert support for the NMJ, particularly in young muscle. HighlightsO_LITranscriptional landscapes of single satellite cells from different ages before and after injury as well as neurodegenerative models before and after nervous rescue C_LIO_LIA population of satellite cells reside in close proximity to neuromuscular synapse, which are lost with age C_LIO_LIDenervation promotes satellite cell engraftment into post-synaptic regions of young as opposed to aged muscle C_LI
Homotopy Method for Finding the Global Solution of Post-contingency Optimal Power Flow.

The goal of optimal power flow (OPF) is to find a minimum cost production of committed generating units while satisfying technical constraints of the power system. To ensure robustness of the network, the system must be able to find new operating points within the technical limits in the event of component failures such as line and generator outages. However, finding an optimal, or even a feasible, preventive/corrective action may be difficult due to the innate nonconvexity of the problem. With the goal of finding a global solution to the post-contingency OPF problem of a stressed network, e.g. a network with a line outage, we apply a homotopy method to the problem. By parametrizing the constraint set, we define a series of optimization problems to represent a gradual outage and iteratively solve these problems using local search. Under the condition that the global minimum of the OPF problem for the base-case is attainable, we find theoretical guarantees to ensure that the OPF problem for the contingency scenario will also converge to its global minimum. We show that this convergence is dependent on the geometry of the homotopy path. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated on Polish networks.
Integrating elaboration likelihood model and herd theory in information security message persuasiveness

Abstract Determining how to design persuasive information security messages to increase employees’ engagement in protection-motivated behaviors is an important organizational objective. Information security messages that are argument-based have been shown to effectively elicit employees’ protection-motivated behaviors. The mechanism by which cue-based information security messages persuade employees to engage in protection-motivated behaviors is not clear. This paper applies the lenses of the elaboration likelihood model (ELM) and herd theory to propose a comprehensive conceptual model which explains how security argument persuasiveness and popularity cues influence individuals’ cognitive attitude and herd mentality and subsequently influence employees’ protection-motivated behaviors. The results have implications for designing effective information security messages for organizational information security management.
ITERATIVE AND PARALLEL PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF NON-BLOCKING COMMUNICATION ALGORITHMS IN THE MASSIVELY PARALLEL NEUTRON TRANSPORT CODE PIDOTS

The PIDOTS neutral particle transport code utilizes a red/black implementation of the Parallel Gauss-Seidel algorithm to solve the SN approximation of the neutron transport equation on 3D Cartesian meshes. PIDOTS is designed for execution on massively parallel platforms and is capable of using the full resources of modern, leadership class high performance computers. Initial testing revealed that some configurations of PIDOTS’s Integral Transport Matrix Method solver demonstrated unexpectedly poor parallel scaling. Work at Idaho and Los Alamos National Laboratories then revealed that this inefficiency was a result of the accumulation of high-cost latency events in the complex blocking communication networks employed during each PIDOTS iteration. That work explored the possibility of minimizing those inefficiencies while maintaining a blocking communications model. While significant speedups were obtained, it was shown that fully mitigating the problem on general-purpose platforms was highly unlikely for a blocking code. This work continues that analysis by implementing a deeply interleaved non-blocking communication model into PIDOTS. This new model benefits from the optimization work performed on the blocking model while also providing significant opportunities to overlap the remaining un-mitigated communication costs with computation. Additionally, our new approach is easily transferable to other similarly spatially decomposed codes. The resulting algorithm was tested on LANL’s Trinity system at up to 32,768 processors and was found at that processor count to effectively hide 100% of MPI communication cost – equivalently 20% of the red/black phase time. It is expected that the implemented interleaving algorithm can fully support far higher processor counts and completely hide communication costs up ~50% of total iteration time.
The Philosophy of Ecology: An Introduction

Ecology is indispensable to understanding the biological world and addressing the environmental problems humanity faces. Its philosophy has never been more important. In this book, James Justus introduces readers to the philosophically rich issues ecology poses. Besides its crucial role in biological science generally, climate change, biodiversity loss, and other looming environmental challenges make ecology's role in understanding such threats and identifying solutions to them all the more critical. When ecology is applied and its insights marshalled to address these problems and guide policy formation, interesting philosophical issues emerge. Justus sets them out in detail, and explores the often ethically charged dimensions of applied ecological science, using accessible language and a wealth of scientifically-informed examples.
Predicting cardiovascular risk using a novel risk score in young and middle-age adults with HIV: associations with biomarkers and carotid atherosclerotic plaque.

Background Traditional risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) include older age, smoking, poor diet, lack of exercise, obesity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and family history. Young-to-middle age adults (YMAA) are less often identified as being at risk of CVD, but traditional risk scores primarily target older adults and do not accurately estimate risk among YMAA. Methods This study examined biomarkers associated with CVD risk in YMAA in the context of HIV and cocaine use; risk was assessed by two methods: (1) a relative cardiovascular (CV) risk score that includes several factors and (2) carotid atherosclerotic plaque. Associations between CVD risk (CV risk score and carotid atherosclerotic plaque) and proinflammatory cytokines, markers of immune activation, HIV status, and cocaine use were examined. Participants (N = 506) included people with and without HIV and people who use or do not use cocaine. Results Participants' mean age was 36 (SD = 9.53); half (51%) were men. Cocaine use and C-reactive protein were associated with greater relative CV risk scores, but no associations between biomarkers and CV risk emerged. Age and CV risk scores were associated with carotid atherosclerotic plaque, but biomarkers were not. HIV was not associated with CV risk scores or carotid atherosclerotic plaque. Conclusions Among YMAA, CV risk scores may help providers identify lifestyle changes needed among those at risk for CVD before more advanced risk (e.g., atherosclerotic plaque) is identified. Implications are discussed.
200 /spl mu/A-threshold quantum wire lasers

A number of attributes predicted for quantum wire lasers have been demonstrated using GaAs wells on periodically corrugated substrates. Here, We report ultra-low threshold currents and other operational characteristics of strained multi-well quantum-wire lasers that employ simple and unique self-alignment during growth. >
The development of venture-capital-backed internet companies

Abstract The current paper uses an “environmental ecosystem” perspective to explore the development of the Internet sector. The findings suggest that different geographic regions possess different ecosystem qualities that benefit some Internet sectors and not others. For example, Internet hardware seems concentrated in northern California; Internet software in the Southwest; and some evidence that e-commerce and content is concentrated in the Rocky Mountains. We also found that the development of the Internet sector is iterative with Internet software companies developed first followed by Internet Infrastructure, Internet hardware, Internet service providers, and finally e-commerce companies.
Efficient recursive computation of 1D and 2D-quincunx IIR wavelets

In this paper, we consider the problem of computation of wavelet functions generated from perfect reconstruction filter banks with rational filters. We derive the dilation equations in recursive form and show how to exploit the recursive equations to compute the limit functions. We also derive a recursive equation for the cascade algorithm introduced by Daubechies. The recursive equations link the limit functions directly to the coefficients of the difference equation instead of impulse responses. In both cases, the proposed recursive method has significant computational saving. Furthermore, all the low sensitivity and efficient structures (such as lattice structure) developed in signal processing can be directly applied for wavelet computation. As an application, we show that the class of IIR orthogonal cardinal scaling functions can be computed exactly at all dyadic rationals by using the recursive equations. Recursive formulas for the 2D quincunx wavelets are also derived.
Extended Kalman Filter framework for forecasting shoreline evolution

[1] A shoreline change model incorporating both long- and short-term evolution is integrated into a data assimilation framework that uses sparse observations to generate an updated forecast of shoreline position and to estimate unobserved geophysical variables and model parameters. Application of the assimilation algorithm provides quantitative statistical estimates of combined model-data forecast uncertainty which is crucial for developing hazard vulnerability assessments, evaluation of prediction skill, and identifying future data collection needs. Significant attention is given to the estimation of four non-observable parameter values and separating two scales of shoreline evolution using only one observable morphological quantity (i.e. shoreline position).
A Review of “Investing in entrepreneurs; A strategic approach for strengthening your regional and community economy”

It is never a good idea for an analyst to borrow a framework such as a lifecycle from one field and to apply it too literally to something else. Herein lies one of the problems with Investing in En...
DYNAMICS OF THE MAGNETOSPHERIC PLASMA

We briefly review recent progress with regard to three central problems involving the dynamics of low-energy (≲50 keV) magnetospheric plasma: (1) the source of plasma-sheet plasma, including magnetopause boundary layers; (2) dynamics of plasma-sheet plasma in the tail; (3) injection of the ring current. We present a general theoretical picture of how particles of ionospheric or solar-wind origin circulate around the magnetospheric system, become energized, and eventually escape. We conclude that the convection picture naturally implies that a significant fraction of plasma-sheet ions come from the ionosphere. The ring-current injection is discussed in terms of observations and recent computer-simulation results.
Plasticity of developing neuromuscular synapses.

Publisher Summary Developing neuromuscular synapses are susceptible to modulation by the presence of synaptic activity and a number of chemical factors originated from either pre- or postsynaptic cells. In vitro studies of functional modulation of synaptic strength by electrical stimulation of pre- and postsynaptic cells suggested an essential role of retrograde interactions at developing synapses. In such studies, embryonic spinal neurons and myotomal muscle cells were obtained by the dissociation of neural tube tissue of l-day-old Xenopus embryos. The cells were placed on clean glass coverslips and cultured at room temperature for 1 day prior to the experiment. In the first series of experiments, the synaptic competition between two presynaptic spinal neurons was examined co-innervating the same postsynaptic muscle cell. The efficacy of the synaptic inputs made by the two neurons were assayed by measuring the amplitude of evoked postsynaptic currents (EPCs) in the muscle cell when the presynaptic neuron was stimulated to fire action potentials at low-frequency. Tetanic stimulation of one of the two presynaptic neurons at 2 Hz for a period of 50 s resulted in an immediate depression of synaptic efficacy of the un-stimulated neuron. Such heterosynaptic depression was found to persist for as long as the recording was made.
"What Has Become of Jimmy Thornton?": The Rhetoric(s) of Letter-Writing at The New York State Asylum for Idiots, 1855-1866

This article looks to the genre of letter-writing and to epistolary rhetoric in order to recover perspectives seemingly lost amongst the medicalized discourse of asylum histories. These hard-to-find letters written in the nineteenth century by pupils, family members, and teachers open us up to new perspectives not available in other archival documents. I give a brief introduction to the history and theory of epistolary rhetoric, delimit a disability epistolary, and then consider a group of letters in terms of the rhetorical action they perform. I conclude by emphasizing the significance of this cross-disciplinary work for both rhetoric and disability studies.
Impact of patient preferences on the selection of therapy.

Abstract To make intelligent choices among therapeutic alternatives, physicians must compare the effectiveness of various therapies. Traditional measures of effectiveness, such as the 5-yr survival rate and the life expectancy, ignore patient preferences. Because patient attitudes can, however, have a major impact on the relative worth of therapy, we have adapted the techniques of utility theory to integrate those attitudes with objective survival data. The importance of variations in patient attitudes toward survival is illustrated in a typical situation involving the choice between medical and surgical therapy.
Swimming of the sea cucumber Parastichopus californicus (stimpson) in response to sea stars

Abstract Parastichopus californicus (Stimpson) displays a degree of activity which is in strong contrast to its usual lethargic habits, when it is contacted by certain species of sea stars. This active response begins with local contraction and crawling, accompanied by bending of the body, and culminates with active swimming, in which the animal moves freely and vigorously through the water in an undulating manner. All of sixteen species of sea stars tested produced at least some response, but onlv Pvcnopodia helianthoides, three species of the genus Solaster, Luidia foliolata, and Dermasterias imbricata produced a swimming reaction in an appreciable percentage of the trials; Pycnopodia always caused a swimming response. Actual contact appeared to be necessary to evoke the response. Repeated stimulation of the same individual gave no evidence of adaption on the part of the cucumber. Continuous stimulation produced swimming and crawling for 37 to 40 minutes, with final exhaustion accompanied by a temporary...
Design for manufacture of a micro-interdigitated electrode for impedance measurement in a biochemical assay

The performance of interdigitated electrodes for impedance measurements in a microfluidic assay chamber is dependent upon the geometric design of the electrode pattern and can be significantly impacted by variability or defects in manufacturing or materials. For processes which rely on precise electrode performance, it is necessary to minimize variation through robust design and quality control. An interdigitated electrode design was investigated to identify design strategies which maximize electrode sensitivity and minimize performance variability in produced parts, while potentially reducing the complexity of quality testing. Several configurations were developed to address these goals by increasing the sensing region for a specified electrode area and creating designs which can be easily manufactured with low variability. Design modifications included alterations to interdigitated finger orientation, finger geometry, and gap width. Test findings indicate that optimal designs contain narrow gap widths with electrode fingers parallel to the longest dimension of the electrode. These benefits may be further enhanced by replacing straight finger edges with geometrical features, such as scalloped edges. The design changes identified can be used to improve interdigitated electrode performance for an array of applications and to reduce performance variability caused by variation in the manufacturing process.
The Partitioning Mechanism of Phenazine Ethosulfate into Polymer Film Electrodes

Phenazine ethosulfate (PES+) partitioning into the AQ55 cation-exchange polymer has been demonstrated by immersion and continuous electrochemical cycling experiments. Cyclic voltammetric waveshapes indicate that both the reduction of PES+ and the oxidation of PESH are diffusion-controlled when incorporated into the polymer film. This is in dramatic contrast to the behavior exhibited at bare glassy carbon where the reduction of PES+ is diffusion-controlled but the oxidation of PESH is characteristic of a surface-confined redox process. The straightforward determination of the partition coefficient is complicated by the uncertainty associated with accurately knowing the thickness of the swollen polymer. Therefore Randles-Sevcik data for the reduction of PES+ at the bare and polymer-modified electrode were compared to qualitatively assess the extent of possible partitioning, which was determined to be on the order of 101–102. The partition coefficient was determined to be 9.1±0.4, a value in agreement with qualitative assessment. Partitioning was found to be sensitive to the cations present in solution with the order of extractability of PES+ from solutions of Li+, Na+, and K+, increasing in the order: Li+>Na+>K+. Continuous cycling experiments suggest PES+ partitions into the film during the reductive cycle to restore the equilibrium concentration in the film caused by the electrochemical consumption of the species.
Dissection of Calcium Signaling Events in Exocrine Secretion

The secretion of fluid and electrolytes by salivary gland acinar cells requires the coordinated regulation of multiple ion channel and transporter proteins, signaling components, and water transport. Importantly, neurotransmitter stimulated increase in the cytosolic free [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) is critical for the regulation of salivary gland secretion as it regulates several major ion fluxes that together establish the sustained osmotic gradient to drive fluid secretion. The mechanisms that act to modulate these increases in [Ca2+]i are therefore central to the process of salivary fluid secretion. Such modulation involves membrane receptors for neurotransmitters, as well as mechanisms that mediate intracellular Ca2+ release, and Ca2+ entry, as well as those that maintain cellular Ca2+ homeostasis. Together, these mechanisms determine the spatial and temporal aspects of the [Ca2+]i signals that regulate fluid secretion. Molecular cloning of these transporters and channels as well as development of mice lacking these proteins has established the physiological significance of key components that are involved in regulating [Ca2+]i in salivary glands. This review will discuss these important studies and the findings which have led to resolution of the Ca2+ signaling mechanisms that determine salivary gland fluid secretion.
Performance of a Fly Ash Stabilized Pavement

An expansive shale roadbase, stabilized with a Class C (high-calcium) fly ash received an 11–inch full–depth asphaltic concrete surface layer and the highway was opened to traffic six years ago. Periodic sampling and visual observations indicate that the performance of the pavement test sections are above average. Analyses of field samples showed that fly ash was effective in ameliorating the texture and plasticity of the shale and imparting strength to it on a long term basis. Pavement deflections and the extent of cracking have not increased beyond acceptable levels during the six year period. X-ray diffraction studies show a reduction of the areas under the peaks and the SEM observations reveal a dense degree of packing and reduction of the void areas. These modifications occur during the first two years of service and any changes beyond that period appear to be minor.
A CONTROLLED GROUP STUDY OF PEDESTRIAN-SKILL TRAINING FOR THE MENTALLY RETARDED

Abstract Pedestrian-skills training procedures were compared using 30 mentally retarded institutionalized adults. Ten subjects were randomly assigned to a no-treatment control group and ten subjects were assigned to each of two modes of pedestrian-skills training. The training methods included a form of individualized classroom training consisting of the practice of correct behavior using movable figures on a scale model of an intersection, vs independence training which emphasized self-evaluation of performance, social reinforcement, sign recognition and the utilization of a mock-up of an intersection on the hospital grounds. Data were taken on sign recognition, verbal and performance based responses to classroom training of pedestrian skills, performance of skills at an intersection on the hospital grounds, and performance of pedestrian skills in the community. Independence training proved to be significantly more effective than no treatment or classroom training. In addition, classroom training proved to be significantly more effective than no treatment at all.
Solidification of NaCl-NaF eutectic in space

Continuous and discontinuous NaF fibers, embedded in a NaCl matrix, have been produced in space and on earth, respectively. The production of continuous fibers in a eutectic mixture was attributed to the absence of convection current in the liquid during solidification in space. Image transmission and optical transmittance measurements of transverse sections of the space-grown and earth-grown ingots were made with a light microscope and a spectrometer. It was found that better optical properties were obtained from samples grown in space. This was attributed to a better alignment of NaF fibers along the ingot axis.
The binding of Ca2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ cations to angiotensin I determined by mass spectrometry based techniques

Abstract The interaction of a series of doubly charged metal cations (M2+ = Ca, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn) with angiotensin I (AngI, Asp1-Arg2-Val3-Tyr4-Ile5-His6-Pro7-Phe8-His9-Leu10) is examined by collision-induced dissociation (CID) and ion mobility spectrometry–mass spectrometry (IMS–MS). The series of CID patterns combined with IMS–MS data for [AngI+M+H]3+ ions provides information about the metal–peptide binding sites. Overall, Ca2+ favors association with oxygen atoms spanning the peptide backbone; whereas, the transition metals favor binding at a site that involves association at the His6 and His9 sites. From these experiments, it is possible to derive insight into the populations of different metal coordination sites that are sampled in solution prior to introduction of species into the gas phase.
Inversion-mode GaAs wave-shaped field-effect transistor on GaAs (100) substrate

Inversion-mode GaAs wave-shaped metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (WaveFETs) are demonstrated using atomic-layer epitaxy of La2O3 as gate dielectric on (111)A nano-facets formed on a GaAs (100) substrate. The wave-shaped nano-facets, which are desirable for the device on-state and off-state performance, are realized by lithographic patterning and anisotropic wet etching with optimized geometry. A well-behaved 1 μm gate length GaAs WaveFET shows a maximum drain current of 64 mA/mm, a subthreshold swing of 135 mV/dec, and an ION/IOFF ratio of greater than 107.
A transition in the microstrain characteristics of beryllium

Abstract A transition was found in the strain hardening rate during the microstrain region of beryllium from both load—unload and continuous measurement techniques. Using transmission electron microscopy, a study was made of the relation between the transition in microstrain characteristics and the dislocation structure of the material. The initial deformation (Stage A') was observed to be heterogeneous, with considerable increases in the length of dislocation line per unit volume occurring in a few grains. With further strain (Stage B') there was a large increase in the number of grains exhibiting dislocation movement and also a change in the nature of the deformation, with jogged dislocations and elongated loops being observed. From the results some general correlations were made as to the nature of the transition in microstrain characteristics, together with a qualitative assessment of the role of dislocation sources, multiplication, and strain hardening in the microstrain region of beryllium.
Incidence of attachment loss of canines in an overdenture population.

Statement of problem Caries and periodontal disease are the most common cause of tooth loss in overdenture populations. Longitudinal data on attachment loss in this population have not been well reported. Purpose The purpose of this longitudinal study was to measure periodontal attachment loss in overdenture abutments. Material and methods In this longitudinal overdenture study, 272 persons fulfilled all of the inclusion criteria. These persons had 662 teeth, 465 (70.2%) of which were canines. This report focused only on participants with canines who returned for 3 consecutive recalls in the 42 months of the study and included 53 persons with 116 canines. During this 42-month period, 6 teeth were extracted. Attachment loss was measured at baseline and at 6 to 18 months, 19 to 30 months, and 31 to 42 months at the mesial, distal, mid-buccal, and mid-lingual surface of each tooth, and was calculated as the combination of pocket probing depth plus height above the gingiva. Attachment loss was compared at each recall. A single examiner made all the measurements. Results At baseline, the greatest amount of loss was at the mid-buccal surface (5.43 mm), followed by the mid-lingual (4.95 mm), distal (4.41 mm), and mesial (4.35 mm) surfaces. This pattern of attachment loss did not change over the 3 time periods, except that, at the 6 to 18-month recall, the distal measurement was less than at baseline. This decrease could be due to the wear of the abutment or loss of a restoration due to caries. Attachment loss was greater on the mandibular abutments than on the maxillary abutments and could be due to the greater amount of movement of the mandibular overdenture, especially in a buccolingual direction. Conclusion Attachment loss varied by arch and by site in patients who wore overdentures.
Fingerprinting Single Living Cells with Molecular Precision

The secretome of a single living cell contains the totality of its secreted proteins,(1) and therefore can act as a fingerprint by which to identify cell type. Although between 10 % and 20 % of the human genome encodes proteins that are secreted, measuring the secretome from an individual living cell is challenging as the secreted proteins are present in vanishingly small concentrations due to the very large dilutions involved.However, a nanopore is able to detect single proteins through the distinctive blockage profile that develops in the ionic conductance current when a protein passes through the nanopore.(2,3) Using a synthetic nanopore in a silicon membrane we investigate the distinctive blockage patterns, in essence the fingerprint, that arise from a single living cell. The cell is placed in proximity to the nanopore using optical tweezers and held stationary. The ionic conductance current is measured across the nanopore, and translocation events (distinct blockage currents) are observed and measured. When the events are plotted in scatter plots (as dwell time versus average blockage current) the distinct fingerprint of individual cells can be observed. For instance, lymphoma cells (U937) and breast cancer cells (MCF7) produce distinct event patterns that enable them to be distinguished. This shows for the first time cell identification based entirely on the secretome, measured using a simple, non-invasive, non-destructive nanopore.(1) Skalnikova, H.; Motlik, J.; Gadher, S.; Kovarova, H. Proteomics, 2011, 11 691-708.(2) Nelson, E. M.; Kurz, V.; Shim, J.; Timp, W.; Timp, G. Analyst, 2012, 137, 3020.(3) Kurz, V.; Nelson, E. M.; Shim, J.; Timp G. ACS Nano, 2013, 7(5), 4057-4069
ORIGIN OF NEGATIVE CHI (3) IN SQUARAINES : EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATION OF TWO-PHOTON STATES

Femtosecond pump–probe experiments performed on squaraines demonstrate strong couplings between the first excited state and high-lying two-photon states. The experimental data agree well with our earlier quantum many-electron calculations based on multiple-excited configuration interactions. We show that high-lying two-photon states in squaraines are critically important to understanding the observed third-order optical properties and that two-level models are inadequate even for molecules with negative third-order optical susceptibilities.
Evaluating a portfolio of R&D investments

Abstract This paper explores a source of bias which is present in standard analytical methods used to evaluate R&D projects. This bias results from the practice of analyzing each individual project in isolation, rather than considering the risk-reducing effects of aggregation. We show that the R&D manager who analyzes only the next project on the horizon without considering aggregation effects will tend toward excessive timidity.
Beyond cognition: The voices in inner speech

the writer's audience. Writing involves moving material from the inside to the outside. We need only consult a few recent composition texts to see how this "inner/outer" metaphor shapes the language we use to talk about teaching writing. We tell students that the writer's mind is a kind of a box-a storehouse or reservoir, a "pool of thoughts," filled with "tremendous reserves to draw upon." We speak of student writers opening the lid of the mind in order to free what is stored inside. As teachers of writing, we want to help students "tap these sources," "sift through your memory," and "dredge up" ideas. We want to help students overcome writer's block, "to unlock your mind and release information."' To make this happen, we talk about "brainstorming," in which we make a frontal assault to open the stronghold of the mind. And when this happens, we call the effect linguistic fluency, the flowing outward of inner speech from the reservoir of the mind. The dualism of this "inner/outer" metaphor, moreover, permeates much of the discourse of composition studies. Writing, many teachers, researchers, and theorists assume, begins inside, in the inner speech of private verbal thought, and is only gradually transformed into the outer written speech of public text. We habitually think of the process of composing as a movement from monologue, where writers address primarily themselves, to dialogue, where writers address others. In this view composing transforms what is inside the writer's head into an external text that can stand by itself. Composing, that is, converts the associative, idiosyncratic, self-referential language that writers use to talk to themselves into autonomous texts that supply the interpretive contexts, logical connections, and explicit meanings readers expect of public discourse. James Britton's expressive and transactional functions, Janet Emig's reflexive and extensive modes of writing, and Linda Flower's writer-based and reader-based prose, however they may differ in conception and formulation, all assume the polarity of private and public language and an inner-to-outer directionality in composing, a movement, as Flower puts it, from "thinking in code
Deposition of dredged sediment at open water sites

Silt-clay dredge spoil released at the surface of near-shore waters is deposited on the sea floor within a few hundred meters of its impact point. Only a few percent of the spoil is lost into the water column in most disposal operations. Surveys of the deposits formed by the controlled release of dredged sediment show some to be compact (presenting minimum surface area to the ambient water) and others dispersed (extending over a large area as a thin layer). The principal factor controlling the degree of dispersion during placement is the cohesion of the spoil. Disaggregated spoil is deposited from a turbidity current in a thin annulus, aggregated or cohesive spoil, in a compact pile of discrete blocks or ‘clods’. Formation of a compact deposit of spoil requires that the clods survive impact with the bottom; their kinetic energy must be absorbed in plastic deformation without clod rupture. The impact speed and the kinetic energy density are calculated for free fall of clods in water. Laboratory measurements are made of the deformation-rate dependence of the mechanical work done to rupture clods of silt-clay marine sediment in impact. These show that plastic deformation will dissipate the impact energy for clods less than 0·8 m in diameter; larger clods will break up upon impact. Field observations confirm the presence of clods smaller than this in deposits of cohesive spoil. The disposal processes responsible for the formation of spoil deposits are insensitive to the water depth and current speed. A compact spoil deposit is most likely to result when cohesive sediment is dredged with a clam shell bucket and released in small quantities at low speed over a soft-bottomed disposal area.
Study of the growth factors for the mammary gland: Epidermal growth factor and mesenchyme-derived growth factor

The physiological importance of EGF in the development of the mouse mammary gland during pregnancy and in spontaneous mammary tumorigenesis has been documented by a series of experimental results presented herein. In our study, we have taken a variety of experimental approaches including radioimmunoassay of EGF in the submandibular gland and plasma, mammary gland organ/cell culture, EGF receptor assay, sialoadenectomy and treatment with EGF and EGF antibodies to assess the role of EGF in the mammary gland. In particular, studies employing sialoadenectomy and EGF replacement have provided valuable information concerning the function of EGF in the body. These studies are possible in the mouse system because the submandibular gland serves as a major source of circulating EGF and also because purified mouse EGF is available commercially. Our work on the biological, endocrinological, and physiological aspects of EGF in normal and neoplastic growth of the mammary gland should be useful for the study of the regulation of mammary gland growth at the molecular level as well as for clinical investigations of mammary tumors. Finally, our findings of a mammary growth factor in embryonic mesenchymal cultures suggest the possible involvement of paracrine growth factor(s) in mammary cell growth. Further progress in this area is needed for better understanding of the complex process of mammary gland growth and development.
Institutional ties: developing an interface between a library acquisitions system and a parent institution accounting system

Automating the financial interface between a library acquisitions system and a parent institution accounting system is beneficial for both the library and the institution. This article highlights how automated interfaces have evolved in the past decade and discusses the many issues related to planning and implementing such an interface. Those issues include: securing institutional approval, programming, library system setup, file management, and other local decisions. The need for standards and the impact of Internet commerce are evolving issues for a paperless interface.
Changing Perceptions through Contact

ABSTRACT Contact has long been the major vehicle for changing beliefs and perceptions of minority groups. However, few studies in the area of integration of people with mental retardation have examined underlying assumptions of contact situations. Contact between volunteers and people with mental retardation at a Special Olympics' state games was examined within a theoretical framework wherein mental retardation was viewed as social construct and contact conceptualized within five components of contact theory. Theoretical and empirical study indicated that instances of negative effect limit the extent of change in perceptions the general public hold of people with mental retardation. However, contact, as compared to no contact, does contribute to positive changes in perceptions.
A study on modification of endrills for finishing holes

Abstract High speed drilling has gathered momentum through the use of indexable carbides for hole diameters of 16 to 38 mm. These drills which resemble end mills are also known as endrills. The drills have an outbound and an inbound insert usually of the same shape, square or triangular; one manufacturer even uses a diamond shaped outer insert and a square inner insert. The configuration of these inserts is such that a positive side cutting edge angle, and a negative point angle are obtained. The latter reduces extrusion action at the center thus lowering thrust. Modifications such as introduction of chip splitting grooves, change in point angle, cutting edge angle and relief angle have improved surface roughness and roundness and reduced vibration at the same time.
Conjugates of stimuli-responsive polymers and proteins

Abstract This chapter focuses on the synthesis and applications of covalent conjugates of proteins and stimuli-responsive or “smart” polymers. Smart polymer–drug conjugates are included only when the drug is a protein. The conjugation of biotinylated smart polymers to streptavidin is included, as is the use of streptavidin to link a biotinylated protein and a biotinylated smart polymer. Proteins that are conjugated with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), or “PEGylated” proteins, are not included in this chapter since PEG is not utilized as a smart polymer in such conjugates. Smart polymer–protein conjugates immobilized on solid surfaces or within hydrogels are also not included, unless they represent the “phase-separated state” of the reversible soluble–insoluble phases of the conjugate.
Teaching Note: Self-Assessment and Dialogue as Tools for Appreciating Diversity

As social work educators continue to examine methods and techniques to provide meaningful knowledge about racism and discrimination, the role of self-assessment and dialogue should also be explored. This teaching note presents a tool for students and educators to use in considering literature discrimination and increasing awareness of multicultural resources. This tool and the related activities may be used for orientation or modified and combined with the variety of mixed media used to engage students in active learning.
Sites of leucine, arginine, and glycine accumulation in the absorptive trichomes of a carnivorous bromeliad

Abstract Ultrastructural localization of leucine, arginine, and glycine in the nutrient absorptive trichomes of the bromeliad Brocchinia reducta was achieved through a precipitation reaction with osmium tetroxide. Leaves incubated with amino acid solutions, then fixed with glutaraldehyde and postfixed with OsO 4 exhibited within the trichomes site specific accumulations of an electron-dense precipitate which were absent in distilled water-incubated controls. Four regions of leucine accumulation occurred: (i) in the outer trichome walls, (ii) within mitochondrial cristae, (iii) on the surface of lipid bodies, and (iv) in tubular invaginations of the inner envelope membrane of plastids. Glycine-incubated leaves had dense deposits in the mitochondrial matrix. Arginine-treated tissue had deposits only within the outer trichome walls. The initial glutaraldehyde fixation stabilized accumulations of the amino acid by reacting with the primary amine groups to form a Schiff's base. Subsequent OsO 4 postfixation was presumably oxidative with OsO 4 being reduced to an insoluble form.
On the Mid-Depth Circulation of the North Pacific Ocean

Abstract The large-scale oxygen distribution within the upper 1500 m of the North Pacific Ocean reveals an extra zone of low oxygen near 30–40°N in the east that is not easily compatible with a simple large-scale subtropical anticyclonic flow at mid-depth. Further examination of the relative flow patterns suggests that the large subtropical gyre generally supposed to obtain at the sea surface has a very strong return flow southward, just cast of the Kuroshio, and that this flow turns eastward near 20–25°N and extends eastward at least as far as 16°E. At greater depths, near 1000 m, it continues eastward all across the Pacific. The area of high steric height within the anticyclonic gyre at this depth is thus shaped like the letter C, with two branches extending eastward from the western boundary. Each branch has an eastward flow on its north side and a westward flow on its south side. The highest oxygen values at mid-depth are found near the western boundary, deriving from the South Pacific, and the two ea...