cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Astronomical Journal at Yale: In Context with Before and After

When the Astronomical Journal was founded by B. A. Gould, Jr., in 1849, the major topics of research were the solar system, celestial mechanics, and astrometry. During the 1880s the advent of dry-plate photography played a significant role in introducing other preferred areas for research, especially spectroscopy, astrophysics, multicolor photometry, and galaxies. In 1941, the Journal came under the jurisdiction of the American Astronomical Society, and Yale became its editorial headquarters. A comparison of the numbers of papers in the newer branches relative to the total numbers of papers published either in the Astronomical Journal or in other publications of the American Astronomical Society shows the steady increase of interest in the newer fields, regardless of the special fields of interest of the Yale editors.
The Hydrogenation of Acetylene Catalyzed by Palladium: Hydrogen Pressure Dependence

Abstract The kinetics of acetylene hydrogenation catalyzed by a clean palladium foil at high pressures are measured and yield an activation energy of 9.6±0.1 kcal/mol when using hydrogen. The rate exhibits a deuterium isotope effect such that the reaction activation energy is 9.0±0.2 kcal/mol for reaction with deuterium. The hydrogen pressure reaction order is 1.04±0.02 at 300 K with an acetylene pressure of 100 Torr and the acetylene order is −0.66 at 300 K and with a hydrogen pressure of 100 Torr. These reaction kinetics closely mimic those of supported model catalysts. In addition, it is found that the rate of benzene formation is accelerated by the addition of hydrogen to the reaction mixture. This is rationalized by proposing that hydrogen enhances the coverage of acetylene under catalytic conditions. This notion can be used to successfully calculate the hydrogen pressure dependence for acetylene hydrogenation as a function of temperature, a value which varies between ∼1.05 and 1.3 as the temperature changes from 300 to 380 K. Possible origins for this effect are discussed.
Sponge Carrying by Dolphins (Delphinidae, Tursiops sp.): A Foraging Specialization Involving Tool Use?

During long-term research on bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) in Shark Bay, K'estern Australia, sevcral individuals were observed carrying sponges, lici,inodic!pum mesemterinum, on their rostra. Over multiple years, five regularly sighted individuals were usually carrying sponges when encountered (67-100 "%I of encounters). Four additional regularly sighted individuals were observed with sponges lust one timr each. All fix e individuals that routinely carried sponges were female. Two of the anomalous, one-timc carriers were female, one was likely female, and one was male. Most observations of sponge carrying occurred within a restricted .ires, a relati~ deep water channel (8-10 m deep). Surface observations of sponge carrying, including focal animal observations, revealed a stereotyped surfacing and diving pattern, and occasional indications of prey consumption. Three hypotheses are considered regarding the function of sponge carrying: 1. dolphins wcrc playing with the sptqes; 2. the sponges contain some compound of use to the dolphins (e.g. for medicinal purposes); and 3. the sponges were used as a tool to aid in foraging. The foraging tool hypothesis is hest supported, but thc exact manner in which sponges are used remains to be discovered. Sponge carrying is a beharioural specia'iTation, probably involving foraging, and regularly engaged in by onl! a small proportion of female dolphins in Shark BaJ-.
Blaming the victim: the negative consequence of preventive medicine.

My friend Neil suffered an acute myocardial infarction at 33 years of age, an unexpected and inexplicable event. He was previously in excellent health, except that while we were in college he was told he had "borderline high blood pressure." So Neil watched his sodium intake, and was on a diuretic for several years, and recovered; he was observed to be normotensive off all medications for the last two years. He has never smoked cigarettes; has no family history of premature coronary disease; was about 5 percent over his ideal body weight; and never had diabetes or hypercholesterolemia. One week before his infarction, in fact, Neil had a routine physical, and was noted to have a blood pressure of 120/80 and a serum cholesterol of 5.33 mmol/L (206 mg/dl). In short, a risk factor analysis suggests that this coronary event should not have occurred in this patient. Since this occurrence was such an epidemiologic curiosity, I tended to talk about the case. I was discussing this clinical history with colleagues in the hospital, when a medical resident who overheard remarked, "Are you talking about Neil ?" The resident knew Neil, and could easily recognize the case from my brief description. He did, however, take issue with my contention that this was a patient without risk factors for coronary artery disease. It was his impression, he said, that Neil was "a real couch potato." Although this conversation took place several months ago, I have not been able to get it, or its implications, out of my mind. Have we reached such a point in our "healthconscious" society that every individual who suffers an illness classified as "preventable" must bear the burden of responsibility for that illness? Why isn't it possible to just get sick without it also being your fault? In a way, this resident reacted as anyone would; humanity is characterized, after all, by the drive to comprehend the incomprehensible. If something happens, we like to be able to explain why it happens; we are convinced that every effect must have a cause, and if the cause exists we ought to be able to figure out what it is. This deterministic view of the universe underlies, I think, much of our zeal to lay blame for every conceivable modem illness at the foot of every conceivable aspect of modem life. It underlies, for example, the way a young women recovering from a spontaneous first trimester abortion finds herself searching for answers in video display terminals and drinking water and jogging. Somehow, the obstetrician's answer that "these things just happen" does not provide much reassurance. The resident who called Neil a "couch potato" also was reacting like a physician-especially one in training. The rigors of housestaff training create a battlefield mentality, where defensive posturing behind an "us versus them" view often supervenes. Just listen to housestaffjargon: "She blew her IV," "He flipped an embolism;" phrases that seem to imply malicious intent on the part of the patient. It is easier
Direct insertion membrane probe for selective introduction of organic compounds into a mass spectrometer

A direct insertion membrane probe for the direct determination of organic compounds in aqueous samples has been designed and built. This device allows the transportation of analyte solution over a sheet membrane via which pervaporation transports compounds directly into the heated ion source of a mass spectrometer. This configuration, together with the possibility of temperature control at the solution/membrane interface, decreases response times (typically <10 s) and memory effects and gives very good sensitivity and low detection limits (down to 10 μg l−1). Optimization of different parameters which affect the performance of the device is reported. High probe temperatures and high flow-rates are generally preferred, giving increased sensitivity. A knowledge of the sample matrix is essential in precise quantitative analysis, because matrix components can change permeation rates and ionization efficiencies. The usefulness of the device in bioreactor monitoring and in environmental analysis is demonstrated.
Response of a dual coaxial resistor to a sharply rising pulse

A cylindrical resistor is made the common conductor between two coaxial systems. A sharply rising current pulse is passed through the first system and the voltage response of the second system is evaluated.
Spatial charge distribution in the plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposited nitrogen‐rich silicon nitride

Gate quality N‐rich silicon nitride films, with low bulk dangling bond densities, have been prepared by plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition at a substrate temperature of 400 °C. Films of different thicknesses, ranging from 200 to 10 500 A, were obtained by varying the deposition time. The dielectric constant was found to be around 6.6 for this material, independent of the film thickness. The flatband voltage shift was also found to be proportional to the silicon nitride thickness, which suggests that a centroid of the trapped charge is located close to (within a region narrower than 200 A) the silicon/nitride interface. For films thicker than 200 A, the effective charge and effective trapped carrier density were found to be Qeff≂2×10−7 C cm−2 and Neff≂1×1012 cm−2.
First Operation of a Free-Electron Laser

A free-electron laser oscillator has been operated above threshold at a wavelength of 3.4 \ensuremath{\mu}m.
Retinal neurogenesis: the formation of the initial central patch of postmitotic cells.

We have investigated the relationship between the birthdate and the onset of differentiation of neurons in the embryonic zebrafish neural retina. Birthdates were established by a single injection of bromodeoxyuridine into embryos of closely spaced ages. Differentiation was revealed in the same embryos with a neuron-specific antibody, zn12. The first bromodeoxyuridine-negative (postmitotic) cells occupied the ganglion cell layer of ventronasal retina, where they formed a small cluster of 10 cells or less that included the first zn12-positive cells (neurons). New cells were recruited to both populations (bromodeoxyuridine-negative and zn12-positive) along the same front, similar to the unfolding of a fan, to produce a circular central patch of hundreds of cells in the ganglion cell layer about 9 h later. Thus the formation of this central patch, previously considered as the start of retinal neurogenesis, was actually a secondary event, with a developmental history of its own. The first neurons outside the ganglion cell layer also appeared in ventronasal retina, indicating that the ventronasal region was the site of initiation of all retinal neurogenesis. Within a column (a small cluster of neuroepithelial cells), postmitotic cells appeared first in the ganglion cell layer, then the inner nuclear layer, and then the outer nuclear layer, so cell birthday and cell fate were correlated within a column. The terminal mitoses occurred in three bursts separated by two 10-h intervals during which proliferation continued without terminal mitoses.
In Memoriam Fereydun Adamiyat (23 August 1920–29 March 2008)

Fereydun Adamiyat, a prominent Iranian historian, died on 29 March 2008 in Tehran. He was born in Tehran on 23 August 1920 into a family that gained some prominence during the waning decades of the...
Integrity versus access? The effect of federal financial aid availability on postsecondary enrollment

Abstract It is generally believed that access to financial aid will increase the likelihood that students will attend and graduate from college. There is a surprising lack of research, however, on the consequences when postsecondary institutions lose eligibility to disburse financial aid. This paper provides among the first causal estimates of institution-level financial aid funding loss on enrollment and composition of student bodies. I implement a dynamic regression discontinuity design using a multi-year rule that restricts institutions' eligibility to offer federal aid such as Pell Grants and subsidized loans when alumni's loan repayment rates are below allowed thresholds. Results suggest that financial aid loss discourages enrollment at for-profit institutions and institutions that offer programs of two years or less. The decline in enrollment appears to be driven by fewer new enrollees, particularly at for-profit colleges. I find less conclusive evidence that ineligibility to disburse federal financial aid substantially alters student body composition. This research is particularly relevant considering recently proposed federal rulemaking that will further limit the number of institutions eligible to disburse financial aid based on additional student loan debt repayment requirements. Restrictions such as these are intended to protect students and the integrity of federal aid programs, but may also have implications for access to higher education.
Management of postoperative pelvic lymphoceles

Lymphoceles following pelvic surgery are not rare events. The management of this postoperative complication in 18 patients included needle aspiration, external drainage, and intraperitoneal marsupialization. The following diagnostic and therapeutic approach is recommended: ultrasonographic definition of the lymphocele; excretory urography to assess upper urinary tract obstruction; observation of small, nonobstructing, asymptomatic lymphoceles; needle aspiration for diagnosis confirmation; intraperitoneal marsupialization for noninfected, large lymphoceles that are obstructing the upper urinary tract or are symptomatic; and incision and drainage of small or infected lymphoceles.
Sixty-five novel alleles at the HLA-A, -B, and -DRB1 loci identified from National Marrow Donor Program volunteer donors.

Sixty-five novel human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles are described from volunteer donors of the ‘Be The Match Registry®’: 29 HLA-A alleles, 24 HLA-B alleles, and 12 HLA-DRB1 alleles. Eight (∼12%) of the novel alleles were found in more than one individual and may be more common in the population. Forty (∼62%) of the 65 novel alleles are single nucleotide substitution variants when compared with their most homologous allele. Two of these single nucleotide variants are silent substitutions and one creates a null allele. The remaining novel alleles differ from their most similar allele by 2–10 nucleotide substitutions. Some of the novel alleles encode amino acid changes at codons not previously reported to be polymorphic, such as codons 23, 93, 129, and 155 in HLA-A alleles and codon 3 in HLA-B alleles.
Ultraviolet irradiance of inclined planes at the top of plant canopies

Abstract The potential increase in ultraviolet-B (UV-B) irradiance and potential decrease in productivity of agricultural crops due to stratospheric ozone loss requires knowledge of the characteristics of UV irradiance above and within crops. Measurements of UV irradiance at the top of two crops were made during the growing seasons of 1990 and 1991. Maximum levels of irradiance relative to the horizontal ( I s ) did not occur at slopes equal to the solar elevation angle, but typically occurred at slopes closer to the horizontal due to the high diffuse fraction in the UV. In general, I s for the UV tends to be smaller than that for the total short wave solar radiation (SW) as a result of the greater diffuse fraction in the UV over that for the SW. Results also showed that the UV I s over the maize and winter wheat canopies are similar. The measured I s was compared against inclined plane I s models incorporating either an isotropic or anisotropic sky radiance model. The anisotropic sky model was more accurate than the isotropic model for predicting the measured I s for planes inclined at any angle. The isotropic model was, however, found adequate to describe I s for azimuthally-invariate distributions of inclined planes typical of many canopy radiation models. Corrections for the anisotropy of the sky radiation were developed to be applied to the diffuse sky radiation term in the isotropic model to estimate the relative irradiance for specific azimuths. Using the anisotropy correction factors in a simple analytic model of irradiance improved the isotropic I s estimates by 7% (accounting for 97% of the measured I s variance). A set of functions were developed to provide analytic solutions for the anisotropy factor. The irradiance model can be used to predict the influence of orientation of plant, animal, or human surfaces on the received global UV-B irradiance above most plant canopies under clear skies.
Kinetics of iodide exchange between zinc iodide and n-butyl iodide in dimethylformamide

Abstract The iodide exchange reaction between zinc iodide and n-butyl iodide has been studied by using I-131 as a tracer in the temperature range 24·9–55°C in the solvent dimethyl formamide. Zinc iodide and n-butyl iodide concentrations ranged from 0·01 to 0·06 N. The exchange has been found to be first order with respect to n-butyl iodide and one-half to one-third order with respect to zinc iodide. The values of the enthalpy, entropy and free energy of activation were found to be 12,900±700 cal/mole, −30·1±0·2 cal/deg-mole and 22,400±700 cal/mole respectively. Potassium iodide exchane with n-butyl iodide was also studied in this solvent using I-125 which proved to be less satisfactory for a label for the experimental method used.
Release of reducible crosslinks of collagen by total enzymic hydrolysis.

Abstract Enzymic hydrolysis of cow skin insoluble collagen was done to determine if previously identified reducible Schiff base crosslinks were artifacts of the hydrolytic conditions used. Cow skin insoluble collagen was reduced with NaB 3 H 4 , and samples were subjected to acidic, alkaline and enzymic hydrolysis. In addition, portions of the enzymic hydrolysate were subjected to a second hydrolysis using acid or alkali. The radioactive elution profiles were studied for changes in the concentrations of known crosslink compounds. The results of these experiments show that enzymic hydrolysis does not appear to release the crosslinkages completely, although all of the major ones are found to be present. Alkaline hydrolysis was done on samples of aldol histidine and histidinohydroxymerodesmosine which had been isolated from acid hydrolysates. Synthetic hydroxylysinonorleucine was hydrolyzed with varying concentrations of HCl and with 5 M NH 4 OH for 24, 48 and 72 h. Alkaline hydrolysis results in 60% destruction of the crosslinks, aldol histidine and histidinohydroxymerodesmosine. Synthetic hydroxylysinonorleucine is not affected by acid hydrolysis but it is destroyed in direct proportion to the length of time hydrolyzed in 5 M NH 4 OH.
‘Emotionality’ and adrenal cortical function: Effects of strain, tests, and the 24-hour corticosterone rhythm

Summary Open-field testing of rats and mice did not yield significant behaviour-steroid correlations in experiment 1. In experiment 2 albino and hooded rats maintained under a 12 hr light-dark regimen were observed in a reaction-to-handling situation and an open-field at the peaks and troughs in the previously determined 24 hr rhythm in adrenal cortical activity. Strain differences were observed in the reaction-to-handling test and to a lesser extent in the open-field, and were independent of the time of testing. Hooded animals had heavier adrenal glands than albinos, but neither adrenal weight nor plasma and adrenal corticosterone values were related to emotionality. The plasma corticosterone response to behavioural testing varied as a function of the test and the time at which it occurred.
Electronic Marketing in Principle and Practice

(Cassidy). However, it was not until a teletype auction was developed for butcher hogs in Ontario during the early 1960s (Peer) that electronic marketing gained much interest. After the development of a few successful telephone auctions (teleauctions) for livestock, principally pigs, and an unsuccessful teleauction for eggs in the United States during the 1960s, the concept was advanced when Schrader, Heifner, and Larzelere proposed a computerized egg exchange in 1968. Academic interest increased following the publication of a conceptual assessment of electronic markets as part of the "Marketing Alternatives for Agriculture" series from the National Public Policy Education Committee in 1976 (Henderson, Schrader, and Turner). Attention became more focused in 1978 when the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Agricultural Marketing Service announced an initiative to partially finance pilot electronic marketing projects. My purposes here are to (a) define the concept of electronic marketing as it applies to agriculture, (b) describe applications of electronic marketing in agriculture, and (c) review some of the reasons for increased interest. These reasons, in turn, imply some performance expectations. The subsequent papers by Schrader and Sporleder bring empirical evidence to weigh on such expectations. Electronic Marketing as a Concept
Connecting vesicle transport to the cytoskeleton

The cytoskeleton is crucial for the efficient and polarized transport of vesicles in intracellular membrane-sorting pathways. Recent studies have identified specific kinesin, dynein, and myosin motor proteins that mediate defined membrane transport steps. Important clues have also been uncovered about the nature of motor-protein receptors on vesicular cargoes and the molecular mechanisms of motor-protein regulation.
Middle-ear transmission: acoustic versus ossicular coupling in cat and human.

Otologic surgeons consider the action of sound pressure on the cochlear windows to be of major importance in certain cases of middle-ear pathology, yet previously published network models of mammalian middle ears do not include such a mechanism. A unified middle-ear model is developed in which it is assumed that the difference of acoustic pressures acting on the windows adds to the ossicular-chain pressure to produce cochlear input. From a network model of the cat middle-ear cavities we estimate the contributions of pressures on the cochlear windows for both normal and abnormal cat ears. For the human ear we use the model of Kringlebotn (1988) and measurements of Bekesy (1947). We determine that the pressure difference across the cochlear windows is negligibly small in normal cat and human ears. Thus, it is a reasonable approximation to ignore this mechanism in normal ears. For ears with a drastically altered tympanic membrane and/or ossicular chain, acoustic coupling to the cochlear windows can--to a considerable extent--explain residual hearing in human. The model predicts hearing levels for type IV tympanoplastic reconstructions that agree with the best results obtained surgically.
Fungal Heme Oxygenases: Functional Expression and Characterization of Hmx1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and CaHmx1 from Candida albicans†

Heme oxygenases convert heme to free iron, CO, and biliverdin. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans express putative heme oxygenases that are required for the acquisition of iron from heme, a critical process for fungal survival and virulence. The putative heme oxygenases Hmx1 and CaHmx1 from S. cerevisiae and C. albicans, respectively, minus the sequences coding for C-terminal membrane-binding domains, have been expressed in Escherichia coli. The C-terminal His-tagged, truncated enzymes are obtained as soluble, active proteins. Purified ferric Hmx1 and CaHmx1 have Soret absorption maxima at 404 and 410 nm, respectively. The apparent heme binding Kd values for Hmx1 and CaHmx1 are 0.34 +/- 0.09 microM and 1.0 +/- 0.2 microM, respectively. The resonance Raman spectra of Hmx1 reveal a heme binding pocket similar to those of the mammalian and bacterial heme oxygenases. Several reductants, including ascorbate, yeast cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR), human CPR, spinach ferredoxin/ferredoxin reductase, and putidaredoxin/putidaredoxin reductase, are able to provide electrons for biliverdin production by Hmx1 and CaHmx1. Of these, ascorbate is the most effective reducing partner. Heme oxidation by Hmx1 and CaHmx1 regiospecifically produces biliverdin IXalpha. Spectroscopic analysis of aerobic reactions with H2O2 identifies verdoheme as a reaction intermediate. Hmx1 and CaHmx1 are the first fungal heme oxygenases to be heterologously overexpressed and characterized. Their heme degradation activity is consistent with a role in iron acquisition.
Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk factors and events associated with second-generation antipsychotic compared to antidepressant use in a non-elderly adult sample: results from a claims-based inception cohort study

This is a study of the metabolic and distal cardiovascular/cerebrovascular outcomes associated with the use of second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) compared to antidepressants (ADs) in adults aged 18-65 years, based on data from Thomson Reuters MarketScan® Research Databases 2006-2010, a commercial U.S. claims database. Interventions included clinicians' choice treatment with SGAs (allowing any comedications) versus ADs (not allowing SGAs). The primary outcomes of interest were time to inpatient or outpatient claims for the following diagnoses within one year of SGA or AD discontinuation: hypertension, ischemic and hypertensive heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and obesity. Secondary outcomes included the same diagnoses at last follow-up time point, i.e., not censoring observations at 365 days after SGA or AD discontinuation. Cox regression models, adjusted for age, gender, diagnosis of schizophrenia and mood disorders, and number of medical comorbidities, were run. Among 284,234 individuals, those within one year of exposure to SGAs versus ADs showed a higher risk of essential hypertension (adjusted hazard ratio, AHR=1.16, 95% CI: 1.12-1.21, p<0.0001), diabetes mellitus (AHR=1.43, CI: 1.33-1.53, p<0.0001), hypertensive heart disease (AHR=1.34, CI: 1.10-1.63, p<0.01), stroke (AHR=1.46, CI: 1.22-1.75, p<0.0001), coronary artery disease (AHR=1.17, CI: 1.05-1.30, p<0.01), and hyperlipidemia (AHR=1.12, CI: 1.07-1.17, p<0.0001). Unrestricted follow-up results were consistent with within one-year post-exposure results. Increased risk for stroke with SGAs has previously only been demonstrated in elderly patients, usually with dementia. This study documents, for the first time, a significantly increased risk for stroke and coronary artery disease in a non-elderly adult sample with SGA use. We also confirm a significant risk for adverse metabolic outcomes. These findings raise concerns about the longer-term safety of SGAs, given their widespread and chronic use.
1,2-HOIQO — A Highly Versatile 1,2-HOPO Analog

A cyclic, bidentate hydroxamic acid binding unit based on an isoquinoline scaffold has been utilized for the synthesis of a hexadentate tripodal ligand based on the TREN backbone. This prototype for a new class of multidentate chelators forms mononuclear iron(III) complexes and one-dimensional coordination polymers with lanthanide(III) cations. The latter has been determined by single crystal X-ray analysis of the cerium species. The solid state structure in the monoclinic space group P2{sub 1}/c (C{sub 36}H{sub 34}CeN{sub 7}O{sub 11}, a = 12.341(2){angstrom}, b = 26.649(4){angstrom}, c = 10.621(2){angstrom}, {alpha} = {gamma} = 90{sup o}, {beta} = 96.753(3){sup o}, V = 3468.6(9) {angstrom}{sup 3}, Z = 4) exhibits a trigonal-dodecahedral environment around the cerium cation. The proof of concept for the versatility of the new scaffold has been shown by the modification of the crucial precursor 3-carboxyiso-coumarin through electrophilic aromatic substitutions to yield the corresponding chlorosulfonated and nitrated analogs.
The family–school interaction: school composition and parental educational expectations in the United States

Research has shown that intersections among families, schools and communities affect children's development, but there is still much unknown about how these contexts are linked and how they jointly influence children's education. This study explores one aspect of the overlapping influence of schools and families on children's education: the relationship between parental education expectations and school composition. Extending findings from literature on how parent expectations differ across social groups and studies showing school compositional effects on student outcomes suggests that schools may affect parents' attitudes and beliefs. Using US nationally representative data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Kindergarten (ECLS-K), multilevel models show an independent, positive relationship between parental educational expectations of eighth grade children and the percentage of nonwhite students in the child's school, a surprising result given the lower average achievement levels of US schools with higher percentages of nonwhite students. This finding persists beyond controls for a variety of family, child and school factors, including baseline expectations from fifth grade. The results also show that parents of low socioeconomic status (SES) have higher expectations in schools with greater percentages of minority students, but higher SES parents are largely unaffected by school composition. Although the study cannot rule out the possible influence of unobservables, it cautiously interprets a causal effect of US schools on parent expectations. The study therefore concludes that school influence may extend beyond the child to family processes and that school composition is an important but overlooked factor related to educational expectations.
An approach to the sequencing of yeast mannan.

Summary A “nearest neighbor” analysis of the products of partial acetolysis of yeast mannan was carried out in an attempt to learn whether the side chains in the polysaccharide are ordered in a sequence or occur randomly. The results suggest that the arrangement is nonrandom, but they do not give unequivocal support to a single repeating sequence.
Serotonin‐like immunoreactivity in Merkel cells and their afferent neurons in touch domes from the hairy skin of rats

Immunoreactivity to serotonin was observed in Merkel cells as well as the afferent type I nerves terminating upon them in touch domes excised from the belly skin of rats. Type I nerves were strongly immunoreactive and could be traced through the dermis of the domal papilla. Merkel cell immunoreactivity was sometimes seen in the entire cell, but was often localized in the Merkel cell cytoplasm adjacent to nerve terminals and may have been in the terminals themselves. Domes were fixed by immersion in 4% paraformaldehyde-lysine-sodium-m-periodate (PLP) fixative at 4 degrees C for 2.5-3 hours and cryoprotected in 30% sucrose overnight. Sections were processed with the avidin-biotin complex peroxidase (ABC), peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP), and indirect immunofluorescence techniques with rabbit antiserum generated against serotonin.
Managing concurrent execution of transactions in mobile ad-hoc network database systems: an energy-efficient approach

A Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of mobile, wireless and battery-powered nodes without any fixed infrastructure. Therefore, it fits well in mission-critical applications such as disaster rescue and military operations. However, when a node runs out of energy, communication may fail and transactions may be aborted if they are time-critical and miss their deadlines. In order to provide timely and correct results for multiple concurrent transactions, energy-efficient database concurrency control (CC) techniques become critical for database systems built for MANET. Due to the characteristics of MANET databases, existing CC algorithms cannot work effectively. In this paper, an energy-efficient CC algorithm is developed for mission-critical MANET databases in a clustered network architecture where nodes are divided into clusters, each of which has a cluster head, responsible for the processing of all nodes in the cluster. The cluster structure is constructed using a novel weighted clustering algorithm, which uses node mobility, remaining energy and workload to group nodes into clusters and select cluster heads. In our CC algorithm, we elect cluster heads to work as coordinating servers to conserve energy and balance energy consumption among servers, and propose an optimistic CC algorithm to offer high concurrency and avoid wasting limited system resources. Besides correctness proof and theoretical analysis, comprehensive simulation experiments were conducted, and simulation results show the superiority of our CC algorithm over existing techniques in terms of transaction abort rate, total energy consumption by all servers, and degree of balancing energy consumption among servers.
Characterizing the structures and folding of free proteins using 2-D gas-phase separations: observation of multiple unfolded conformers.

Understanding the 3-D structure and dynamics of proteins and other biological macromolecules in various environments is among the central challenges of chemistry. Electrospray ionization can often transfer ions from solution to gas phase with only limited structural distortion, allowing their profiling using mass spectrometry and other gas-phase approaches. Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) can separate and characterize macroion conformations with high sensitivity and speed. However, IMS separation power is generally insufficient for full resolution of major structural variants of protein ions and elucidation of their interconversion dynamics. Here we report characterization of macromolecular conformations using field asymmetric waveform IMS (FAIMS) coupled to conventional IMS in conjunction with mass spectrometry. The collisional heating of ions in the electrodynamic funnel trap between FAIMS and IMS stages enables investigating the structural evolution of particular isomeric precursors as a function of th...
Two unusual, competitive mechanisms for (2-ethynylphenyl)triazene cyclization: pseudocoarctate versus pericyclic reactivity.

The cyclization of (2-ethynylphenyl)triazenes in ODCB at 200 °C gives exclusively cinnolines, whereas addition of CuCl to 1,2-dichloroethane solutions of the triazenes at 50 °C results in the sole formation of isoindazoles. DFT calculations and deuterium labeling studies suggest the intermediacy of a 3-dehydrocinnolinium ion, produced through a pericyclic transition state. Calculations and trapping studies strongly implicate a carbene intermediate in isoindazole formation, which proceeds through a pseudocoarctate transition state.
Chlorpyrifos and hybrid effects on maize root development in soils reclaimed after surface mining

ABSTRACT The influence of chlorpyrifos and hybrid on corn root characteristics was studied on soils reconstructed after surface mining in southern Illinois. Nodal roots and the number of late metaxylem (LMX) elements from a designated root were counted from mined and undisturbed locations in 1989. Root length density was measured from core segments taken from a reconstructed soil in 1989 and a reconstructed and a nearby undisturbed soil in 1990. Nodal root and LMX counts differed among ten full-season hybrids, but were not affected by chlorpyrifos application on the reconstructed soils. However, total root length in cores was increased 37% in 1989 due to chlorpyrifos, indicating an effect on lateral initiation and/or elongation. Chlorpyrifos promotion of root length was greatest near the surface. Trends suggested hybrids may respond differently to chlorpyrifos application. Improved root elongation may have been due to chlorpyrifos' fungistatic activity. A different set of hybrids did not respond to chlorp...
Fine Tuning Gene Expression: The Epigenome

An epigenetic trait is a stably inherited phenotype resulting from changes in a chromosome without alterations in the DNA sequence. Epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation, together with covalent modification of histones, are thought to alter chromatin density and accessibility of the DNA to cellular machinery, thereby modulating the transcriptional potential of the underlying DNA sequence. As environmental changes influence epigenetic marks, epigenetics provides an added layer of variation that might mediate the relationship between genotype and internal and external environmental factors. Integration of our knowledge in genetics, epigenomics, and genomics with the use of systems biology tools may present investigators with new, powerful tools to study many complex human diseases such as kidney disease.
Spatial concentration and temperature distribution of CH radicals formed in a diamond thin-film hot-filament reactor

Abstract Spatial concentration and temperature profiles of the CH radical in a hot-filament chemical vapor deposition reactor are measured by cavity ring-down spectroscopy. The CH concentration is found to be on the order of 10 11 molecules/cm 3 . The spatial distribution indicates that CH formation primarily occurs at or very near the filament. At a distance of 2 mm from the filament the [H]/[H 2 ] ratio is determined to be 0.011±0.003.
Transformation in a School-Based Family Center: The Pacoima Urban Village

Across the United States, many children are failing in urban schools. Where I work in Pacoima, California, a mere 18 percent of the adult population has graduated high school, only 5 percent have college degrees, and 30 percent of the population live below the poverty level.
Separating Implicit from Explicit Retrieval Processes in Perceptual Identification

Light and Kennison (this issue) proposed that bias effects in the forced-choice perceptual identification of words result from a strategy engaged in by subjects to retrieve explicit information about the words. This article enumerates several problems with this proposal and presents new experimental data against it. It is concluded that subjects do not ordinarily employ an explicit retrieval strategy. The data are discussed in the context of the general problem of separating implicit from explicit influences on performance.
Unbiased Estimates of Variance Components With Bootstrap Procedures

This article provides general procedures for obtaining unbiased estimates of variance components for any random-model balanced design under any bootstrap sampling plan, with the focus on designs of the type typically used in generalizability theory. The results reported here are particularly helpful when the bootstrap is used to estimate standard errors of estimated variance components. For the p × i design, Wiley (2000) provided formulas for correcting for bias in bootstrap estimates of variance components. This article extends Wiley’s results to any design and any bootstrap procedure. There are important differences in approach, however. In particular, in this article unbiased estimates of variance components are obtained directly for any bootstrap sample through the use of modified expected T-term (uncorrected sums of squares) equations.
The development of self-regulation skills through the modeling and structuring of computer programming

The development and enhancement of self-regulation, learning to learn, and adaptive problem solving are predicated on the ability to access and engage one's metacognitive skills. In this study, 3rd, 5th, and 8th grade students were given a series of increasingly more complex tasks which they had to perform themselves and then “teach” the computer to perform. The computer became the receiver of the students' inputs and strategies and served as a model and structure on which to gain access to their own personal problem solving strategies. Students analyzed, criticized, adapted, and changed those strategies as needed. Proficiency increased and strategies were more easily adopted and adapted to other tasks and problems. Completion of tasks increased significantly and nonproductive steps (errors) and number of trials (redos) decreased. There were no differences by sex except in the types of errors made. Evidence of self-regulation development was also shown in the types of questioning used by students.
Integrated Design of Control Actuator Layer and Economic Model Predictive Control for Nonlinear Processes

In the present work, an economic model predictive control (EMPC) system is designed that accounts for the dynamics of the control actuators. A combined process-actuator dynamic model is developed to describe the process and control actuator dynamics and is used within the EMPC system. Integrating the design of the regulatory control layer, which controls the control actuators, and the supervisory control layer consisting of an EMPC system is an important consideration given the fact that EMPC may force an unsteady-state operating policy to optimize the process economics and the dynamics of the control actuator layer may affect the closed-loop process-actuator dynamics. Moreover, integral or average input constraints are often imposed within the EMPC solution. However, if the actuator layer is not accounted for in the EMPC system, the actuator output trajectory may not satisfy the integral input constraints. To address closed-loop stability of the combined process-actuator closed-loop system, stability constraints, designed via Lyapunov-based techniques, are imposed on the EMPC problem to guarantee closed-loop stability of the process system under the EMPC. An EMPC system accounting for the control actuator dynamics is applied to a benchmark chemical process example to study the impact of the actuator dynamics on closed-loop economic performance and reactant material constraint satisfaction.
Managing Internal Markets: A Conceptual Framework Adapted from SERVQUAL

Framework Adapted from SERVQUAL The link between internal marketing and services marketing goes beyond the traditionally stated objective of improving the quality of service to external customers. The job experience itself is a service that is designed and delivered to internal customers -all employees of an organisation -and the internal customer satisfaction derived is a function of the quality of the internal marketing efforts of that organisation. SERVQUAL, a wellestablished theoretical model of service management, is adapted and examined as a tool for assessing the process and effectiveness of internal marketing to employees. Each of the adapted SERVQUAL gaps is considered, and attention is given to effective management of each as it relates to internal marketing.
Reassignments in the 1H NMR spectrum of flavin adenine dinucleotide by two-dimensional homonuclear chemical shift correlation

Abstract The ribitol 1 H NMR proton reasonances for flavin adenine dinucleotide have been assigned using homonuclear two dimensional NMR spectroscopy.
Idiotype in myeloma terminating in erythroleukemia

A patient with multiple myeloma, IgG kappa type, developed erythroleukemia with cytogenetic abnormalities three years after diagnosis. The latter disease progressed terminally to acute granulocytic leukemia. Anti-idiotype antibody reagents were prepared by injecting rabbits with the purified monoclonal IgG kappa obtained from the patient's serum and subsequent absorption of the antisera with normal IgG coupled to Sepharose 4B. These reagents reacted specifically with autologous myeloma cells but failed to react with all tested allogeneic cells: these included myeloma cells, reactive lymphocytes and plasma cells, and established lymphoid cell lines. Common idiotypic determinants were found in lymphoid and plasmacytic cells of the patient's marrow, spleen, lymph node, and gastrointestinal tract at autopsy that were not present in the leukemic population. The findings indicate that myeloma and granulocytic leukemia cells have separate clonal origins.
Analytical Model of Heat Conduction in a Tubular Geometry With Application to a Nano-Structured Thermal Interface

Power dissipation in electronic devices is projected to increase significantly over the next ten years to the range of 50-150 Watts per cm2 for high performance applications [1]. This increase in power represents a major challenge to systems integration since the maximum device temperature needs to be around 100 C. One of the primary obstacles to the thermal management of devices operating at such high powers is the thermal resistance between the device and the heat spreader or heat sink that it is attached to. Typically the in situ thermal conductivity of interface materials is in the range of 1 to 4 W/mK, even though the bulk thermal conductivity of the material may be significantly higher. In order to improve the effective in-situ thermal conductivity of interface materials nanotubes are being considered as a possible addition to such interfaces. The primary approach taken in the current study is to analyze the enhancement of the thermal interface by adding carbon nano tubular cylinders that are oriented in the direction of transport. This paper presents the results of an analytical study of transport in a thermal interface material that is enhanced with carbon nanotubes. A variety of parametric analyses are carried out, such as by varying the inner diameter of the nanotube and the power dissipation, and the effect on spreading resistance is calculated. The results indicate that for high thermal conductivity nanotubes there is a significant increase in the effective thermal conductivity of the thermal interface material.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
PHOTOGRAPHIC VISUALIZATION OF FLORAL COLORS AS PERCEIVED BY HONEYBEE POLLINATORS

An inexpensive photographic technique for visualizing the ultraviolet and visible wavelengths perceived by honeybees is described. Using a standard daylight-balanced color slide film and illumination from blacklight and filtered daylight fluorescent lamps, a recording balance was achieved which approximates the spectral sensitivity of the honeybee eye. The technique was used to illustrate floral features among Rudbeckia species and among color morphs of Phlox. The Rudbeckia have inflorescences that are similar in visible coloration but distinctive in ultraviolet patterning and Phlox color morphs are distinctive in visible coloration but similar in ultraviolet patterning. The efficacy of the technique was judged from comparison with in vivo reflectance spectra of the floral subjects. Generally, photographic visualizations of entomophilous flowering plants portray only the ultraviolet or the visible components of floral coloration. This technique emphasizes the importance of considering the entire spectrum of floral colors relevant to most insect pollinators. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN floral colors, including ultraviolet (UV) features not perceived by humans, and insect pollinator behavior have
The Heart in Anemia

The following brief summary seems justified from the large volume of accumulated data dealing with the reaction of the cardiovascular system in the anemic patient. There are four mechanisms operating in the anemic patient which may increase the supply of oxygen to the tissues when the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is reduced. Under conditions of rest, a rapid velocity flow and tachycardia with an increase in minute volume of cardiac output is the first response to anemia. As compensation develops, tachycardia and increased velocity flow are largely replaced by selective shunting of blood and the removal of an increasing percentage of oxygen in the tissue capillaries from each gram of circulating hemoglobin. These later physiologic mechanisms are best illustrated by patients with chronic parasitic anemias. Under conditions of physical stress each of the four physiologic mechanisms contribute in meeting the demands for increased oxygen requirements. Compensation is, however, never perfect; the statu...