cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complexity, Predictability and Time Homogeneity of Syntax in the Songs of Cassin's Vireo (Vireo cassinii).

Many species of animals deliver vocalizations in sequences presumed to be governed by internal rules, though the nature and complexity of these syntactical rules have been investigated in relatively few species. Here I present an investigation into the song syntax of fourteen male Cassin’s Vireos (Vireo cassinii), a species whose song sequences are highly temporally structured. I compare their song sequences to three candidate models of varying levels of complexity–zero-order, first-order and second-order Markov models–and employ novel methods to interpolate between these three models. A variety of analyses, including sequence simulations, Fisher’s exact tests, and model likelihood analyses, showed that the songs of this species are too complex to be described by a zero-order or first-order Markov model. The model that best fit the data was intermediate in complexity between a first- and second-order model, though I also present evidence that some transition probabilities are conditioned on up to three preceding phrases. In addition, sequences were shown to be predictable with more than 54% accuracy overall, and predictability was positively correlated with the rate of song delivery. An assessment of the time homogeneity of syntax showed that transition probabilities between phrase types are largely stable over time, but that there was some evidence for modest changes in syntax within and between breeding seasons, a finding that I interpret to represent changes in breeding stage and social context rather than irreversible, secular shifts in syntax over time. These findings constitute a valuable addition to our understanding of bird song syntax in free-living birds, and will contribute to future attempts to understand the evolutionary importance of bird song syntax in avian communication.
Observations on the Sugarcane Beetle in Louisiana

Sugarcane is injured by the gnawing of the adult ( Euetheola rugiceps Lec.) into the underground stem of the young plant. Observations show that the number of sugarcane beetles in different places around a plantation varied from zero in woodlands to more than 100,000 per acre in pasture. Owing to the much greater number of early cane shoots produced by planting sugarcane in the summer rather than in the fall, the former practice affords a much better chance than the latter of producing a crop in the areas where the beetle is a serious problem.
Computational Analysis of a Diffuser Using USM3D for Diffuser Augmented Wind Turbines

A Diffuser Augmented Wind Turbine (DAWT) utilizes an expanding duct aft of the rotor plane to increase the mass flow rate and thus power output of a wind turbine. To date, no commercially viable diffuser design has been widely successful. A numerical study is conducted to analyze a commericial diffuser configuration and to identify potential rotor inefficiencies. The USM3D flow solver in the Tetrahedral Unstructured Software System is used to analyze the flow field specific to a modified WindTamer 4.5 GT DAWT. Potential flow theory is used in addition to the wall function SpalartAllmaras and fully viscous Spalart-Allmaras turbulence models. The computational fluid dynamics model of the diffuser provides key data necessary to identify unfit design methodologies for current rotors. Results suggest that current rotors operate less efficiently than the free stream geometrically equivalent rotor. Current axial velocity assumptions result in non-optimal angle of attack distributions along the rotor blade radially. Similarly, the twist distribution necessary for efficient operation at nominal conditions is drastically augmented when the internal flow field of a diffuser is introduced. Current designs are operating at sub-optimal conditions as inaccurate twist distributions cause stall or a non-ideal angle of attack at the designed tip speed ratio.
Chronic daily ethanol and withdrawal: 5. Diurnal effects on plasma thyroid hormone levels.

We previously demonstrated that chronic daily ethanol consumption and daily withdrawal by male rats in a modified ethanol liquid diet paradigm produced (a) chronically increased adrenal glucocorticoid activity; (b) decreased plasma testosterone; (c) decreased forebrain proopiomelanocortin gene expression; and (d) corresponding alterations in plasma leptin levels—all of which are consistent with reported changes during alcohol abuse and alcoholism. Each of these systems interact with hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) regulation, and links between chronic alcohol abuse and thyroid dysfunction have been suggested by both human and rat studies. Accordingly, we have begun to investigate potential HPT mediation of, or response to, alterations in these systems by investigating plasma thyroid hormone levels in the same chronic daily ethanol/withdrawal paradigm. Chronic daily episodes of ethanol consumption and withdrawal by male Sprague-Dawley rats decreased plasma levels of free (non-protein-bound) triiodothyronine (T3) (p<0.01) and free thyroxine (T4) (p<0.05) in the morning but not in the afternoon, relative to both ad libitum-fed and pair-fed controls (n=9/treatment). Plasma total T4 levels were likewise suppressed (p<0.01) in the morning, whereas total T3 levels were increased (p<0.05) in the afternoon. These changes eliminated normal diurnal patterns (higher in the morning) of plasma free T3, free T4, and total T3 concentrations. Three weeks after cessation of ethanol consumption, morning plasma levels of free and total T3 and T4, as well as plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), were all not significantly changed by the prior ethanol consumption or pair-feeding. These results reveal that plasma thyroid hormone concentrations are suppressed in a time of day dependent manner by chronic daily ethanol consumption and daily withdrawal in this model of chronic ethanol abuse. During subsequent long-term “abstinence,” these thyroid hormones returned to control levels. These results are consistent with evidence that thyroid function is commonly diminished in alcoholism, with variable reports of recovery during abstinence. Further investigations with this rat model of daily ethanol consumption and daily withdrawal will help resolve interactions and roles of the HPT axis in alcohol abuse.
Fatty Acid Composition during Postembryonic Development of the Mosquito Culex tarsalis

Fatty acid composition, predominantly of triglycerides, was determined for a California-derived and largely anautogenous strain of Culex tarsalis Coquillett at 22°C and 16-hour daily photoperiod. Larval fatty acids are an approximate compromise between those found in dog food and microorganisms in the diet, with evidence that 16- carbon fatty acids are accumulated and stearic acid depleted. Pupal fatty acids are generally intermediate between those of larvae and newly emerged adults. Adult females fed 3 weeks on sucrose are characterized by large amounts of palmitoleic, palmitic, and oleic acids in that order of concentration. Females have much linoleic acid on emergence, but lose virtually all of this in 3 weeks. Males and females are compared for characteristic fatty acids. It is speculated that 16-carbon fatty acids are typical of culicine mosquitoes, and C. tarsalis females may require large amounts of palmitoleic acid for survival under cold conditions.
Extrathoracic Localization of Legionella pneumophila in Legionnaires’ Pneumonia

Extrathoracic organs of 12 fatal cases of Legionnaires’ disease from the 1977 Vermont epidemic were reviewed for the presence of Legionella pneumophila . The bacteria were identified by direct immunofluorescence microscopy of paraffin-embedded spleen, liver, lymph node, and kidney tissue. Extrathoracic bacteria were demonstrated in six of the 12 cases (3/7 spleens, 2/9 livers, and 2/10 kidneys). In the liver and spleen, the legionellae were associated with cells of the reticuloendothelial system. In the kidney, the bacteria were restricted to the interstitium and renal tubules. There were no acute inflammatory lesions in any of these organs. The distribution of bacteria in the extrathoracic viscera is compatible with dissemination through the blood stream.
The Role of Gender as a Moderator of the Alliance‐Outcome Link in Acute Inpatient Treatment of Severely Disturbed Youth

Research is needed to further examine the role of treatment alliance or engagement among child and adolescent patients in inpatient psychiatric settings. In this study, 72 newly admitted patients on an inpatient adolescent psychiatric unit completed measures of symptom severity and treatment alliance. Female patients showed greater symptom severity at both admission and discharge. Residualized gain score analysis showed that male gender predicted greater symptom reduction. Treatment alliance also predicted greater symptom reduction, but only among women. These results suggest that alliance or engagement with acute inpatient psychiatric services may play a more important role among women than men in predicting symptomatic change in severely disturbed adolescents. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ecologic Momentary Assessment: Perspectives on Applications and Opportunities in Research and Practice Regarding Nutrition Behaviors

Retrospective self-reported data have limitations, making it important to evaluate alternative forms of measurement for nutrition behaviors. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) attempts to overcome the challenges of recalled data with real-time data collection in a subject's natural environment, often leveraging technology. This perspective piece 1) introduces the concepts and terminology of EMA, 2) provides an overview of the methodological and analytical considerations, 3) gives examples of past research using EMA, and 4) suggests new opportunities (including combining assessment and intervention) and limitations (including the need for technology) for the application of EMA to research and practice regarding nutrition behaviors.
HOLOTHETICITY OF AN IMPLICIT TECHNOLOGY

This chapter explains the holotheticity of an implicit technology. There is a consistent and systematic way of generating implicit technology from a Lie type of technical change. Under certain conditions, the implicit formulation is presented to be the best approach to the study of the nonhomotheticity structure. By defining an implicitly holothetic technology as a type of technology that is invariant under the twice-extend group of a Lie type of technical progress, one can formulate several useful theorems, one of which is the nonexistence theorem of technical change. In contrast to an explicit technology, it is impossible to find Lie types of technical change under which an implicit technology is holothetic. Even if an implicit technology is holothetic under several Lie types of technical change, this number is limited. Hence, by classifying implicit technologies according to the number of ways under which they are holothetic, one can analyze the structure of implicit technology in the most efficient manner.
Baptism of Fire

This chapter explicates the Army’s shortsightedness, emphasizing combat initiation experiences of the both original and replacement first echelon medics. Each baptism of fire exposed the critical gaps in training programs, forcing the medic into a continuing on-the-job training mode. Even medical officers, participants in highly organized training programs, had to rethink their strategies and goals once they entered the combat environment. More critically, enlisted men who served as first echelon medical soldiers had not, as a group, enjoyed an appropriate training regimen designed to ready them for the physical and emotional rigors of caring for the combat wounded. Yet while the Army had profoundly under-prepared them to deal with the ghastly reality of combat, aid men adapted extraordinarily to treat the war wounded.
Targeting the CD28-B7 Pro-Survival Pathway In Multiple Myeloma

Abstract 132 Multiple myeloma (MM), an incurable neoplasia of terminally differentiated plasma cells, are critically dependent on their interactions with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) for essential survival signals, growth and immunosuppressive factors. Very little is known about the specific BM cell type or the molecular elements in these interactions, an understanding of which could provide novel targets that could be interdicted to enhance conventional chemotherapy. A potential MM surface protein that could be involved in these interactions is CD28, based on its known pro-survival role in T cells. Clinical studies have shown that expression of CD28 in multiple myeloma highly correlates (p=0.006) with myeloma tumoral expansion. Moreover, CD28 + MM cells invariably express the CD28 ligand CD86. A survival role for MM-CD28 might involve interactions with BM cells that express B7 (CD80/CD86) such as dendritic cells (DCs, that are known to be closely associated with MM cells in the BM) or with CD86 + MM cells themselves. We had previously shown (ASH2008, #I-769) that blocking CD28-CD86 interactions between myeloma cells with high affinity B7 ligand CTLA4Ig (Abatacept®) sensitized myeloma cells to chemotherapy. Now we show that myeloma cells co-cultured with myeloid DCs in vitro derive both direct and indirect survival signals from DCs, and this can be partially blocked by commercially available reagents. Our data show that flow cytometric analysis of mononuclear cells (MNC) from BM aspirates of myeloma patients with increased CD138 + plasma cell populations (9-58%), show an increased CD11b + (myeloid) population (20-37%) as well, which is in contrast to healthy transplant donor controls (12-15% CD11b + , 4–6% CD138 + ). Moreover, a larger fraction (11-47%) of the myeloma CD138 + plasma cells expressed CD28 compared to healthy control (3.3-7.7%). Also, when we analyzed gene expression datasets (NCBI #GSE5900 and GSE4204) from plasma cells (PC) of normal donors, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), smoldering myeloma (SM) and newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM), we found a progressive increase in patients showing CD28 expression with increasing severity of disease (normal et al. 2006, Blood 108, pp. 2020) relative to total population (p + plasma cells (isolated from myeloma BM aspirates) cultured under serum starvation was enhanced >3 fold (p Disclosures: Boise: University of Chicago: Patents & Royalties.
The Moving Spotlight: An Essay on Time and Ontology, by Ross Cameron

In The Moving Spotlight, Ross Cameron develops an original version of the Moving Spotlight Theory (MST) and argues that his theory is preferable to other versions of the A Theory of time. (By an A ...
Online Field Experiments

Thanks to the Internet and the related availability of “Big Data,” social interactions and their environmental context can now be studied experimentally. In this article, we discuss a methodology t...
Immune Mobilization with Direct In-Vivo Effector Response: Clinical Trial with Favorable Implications for Post-Transplant Outcome.

Abstract Autologous stem cell transplant is an effective modality for many patients with lymphoproliferative disorders. Still, the majority of patients with myeloma and many with lymphoma relapse after transplant. Innovative post-transplant immunotherapies are needed. We initiated a phase I immune mobilization trial utilizing dose escalation of IL-2, in combination with GM-CSF and G-CSF, in an attempt to mobilize autologous cytotoxic effector cells, along with peripheral CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells. IL-2 began on day 0 of mobilization and continued as a daily SQ injection for 11 days. On day 7 of mobilization, GM-CSF (7.5 mcg/kg/d) and G-CSF (5 mcg/kg/d) were initiated for 5 days (day 7–11). On day 11, leukapheresis was performed. Patients then received melphalan (200 mg/m2) followed by reinfusion of cryopreserved autologous peripheral hematopoietic progenitor cells. Phenotypic and functional analyses were performed using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) collected during mobilization on days 0, 7 and 11. Eleven of 12 patients treated to date completed the regimen (myeloma, n=11; NHL, n=1). One patient (NHL) was removed due to progressive disease. The first two dose levels of IL-2 have been well tolerated (dose level 1: 6x105 IU/m2/d; n=6 pts; dose level 2: 1x106 IU/m2/d; n=6 pts) with no ≥grade 3 toxicities noted. Dose escalation of IL-2 continues since the MTD has not been reached. Phenotypic analyses of PBMNC demonstrate an increase in CD3+CD8+ T cells from 17.5% (day 0 baseline) to 22.7% (day 11; p = 0.01). CD56+ NK cells increased from 18.9% (day 0) to 36.0% (day 11; p = 0.002), and CD8+CD56+ NKT cells increased from 8.2% (day 0) to 18.0% (day 11; p = 0.01). Cytotoxicity directed against a human myeloma cell line using peripheral blood lymphocytes was 8.6% at baseline and increased to 43% on day 11 of mobilization (p=0.03). All patients successfully mobilized and received an autologous transplant without delay in engraftment (ANC recovery: day 13 median; range 10–14 days; platelet recovery: day 12 median; range of 0–13 days). These results are encouraging and demonstrate effective mobilization with minimal toxicity and marked in vivo immunomodulatory effects. In addition, the enhanced cytotoxic effector cell number and killing of myeloma cells is quite promising, with additional follow up ongoing to determine the potential impact on survival.
Silvano Arieti: Anti-Psychoanalytic Cultural Forces in the Development of Western Civilization

In this wide-ranging essay, grounded in extensive knowledge of cultural history, Arieti singles out three factors that conspired to delay for centuries in the Western world the widespread acceptance of psychoanalytic doctrine: The Aristotelian emphasis on rationality, reinforced by Thomas Aquinas in the Catholic Church; the suppression of the sensory and the emotional; and the supreme importance of moral evaluation as typified by St. Augustine. These and other cultural-philosophical trends-by stressing the rational, the general, and the objective-ran counter to the Freudian emphasis on unconscious, irrational, and individual determinants of individual thought and behavior. This analysis is valuable and illuminating, but in my view may not go far enough. The more penetrating question may be, what forces enabled psychoanalysis to become a dominant cultural force around the end of World War I, and to continue influential until the present? A possible reason may be that in this postwar era the social and political order began to disintegrate and concomitantly humans started to question many, if not most, traditional codes of morality and conduct. Both trends are continuing and intensifying today. In short, since World War I, the West has been sinking into chaos and dragging the rest of the world after it. The reasons for this dilemma are too numerous to be even considered in this brief comment. I am greatly impressed by the suggestion that the pervading sense of unease as well as the massive and diverse problems besetting us can all be traced to a single psychological feature of today's world that the philosopher and educator John R. Silber terms the pollution of time.' I take this to mean that in virtually every realm conditions of life are changing so rapidly and drastically as to transcend our ability to adapt to them.2 To single out some random examples: In military affairs new weapon systems that originally took generations to develop, now are obsolete even before they are deployed. Communication technologies like the typewriter and printing press, after enduring for decades or even centuries, are abruptly being overwhelmed by hosts of telecommunication devices. And these, although invented only a decade or so ago, already are being entirely reshaped. The same tumultuous changes bedevil every field. In the biological realm, genetics, and with it most fields of medicine are being revolutionized by the cracking of the genetic code. …
The timetable of evolution

The integration of fossils, phylogeny, and geochronology has resulted in an increasingly well-resolved timetable of evolution. Life appears to have taken root before the earliest known minimally metamorphosed sedimentary rocks were deposited, but for a billion years or more, evolution played out beneath an essentially anoxic atmosphere. Oxygen concentrations in the atmosphere and surface oceans first rose in the Great Oxygenation Event (GOE) 2.4 billion years ago, and a second increase beginning in the later Neoproterozoic Era [Neoproterozoic Oxygenation Event (NOE)] established the redox profile of modern oceans. The GOE facilitated the emergence of eukaryotes, whereas the NOE is associated with large and complex multicellular organisms. Thus, the GOE and NOE are fundamental pacemakers for evolution. On the time scale of Earth's entire 4 billion-year history, the evolutionary dynamics of the planet's biosphere appears to be fast, and the pace of evolution is largely determined by physical changes of the planet. However, in Phanerozoic ecosystems, interactions between new functions enabled by the accumulation of characters in a complex regulatory environment and changing biological components of effective environments appear to have an important influence on the timing of evolutionary innovations. On the much shorter time scale of transient environmental perturbations, such as those associated with mass extinctions, rates of genetic accommodation may have been limiting for life.
Delayed seizures in bupropion overdose with concomitant ingestion of alpha-2 agonist: a case report

Clonidine and guanfacine are common alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists that can cause decreased sympathetic tone. Patients who overdose on bupropion, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibit...
Boosted Second-price Auctions for Heterogeneous Bidders

The second price auction has been the prevalent auction format used by advertising exchanges because of its simplicity and desirable incentive properties. However, even with an optimized choice of reserve prices, this auction is not revenue optimal when the bidders are heterogeneous and their valuation distributions differ significantly. In order to optimize the revenue of advertising exchanges, we propose an auction format called the boosted second price auction, which assigns a boost value to each bidder. The auction favors bidders with higher boost values and allocates the item to the bidder with the highest boosted bid. We propose a data-driven approach to optimize boost values using the previous bids of the bidders. Our analysis of auction data from Google’s online advertising exchange shows that the boosted second price auction with data-optimized boost values outperforms the second price auction and empirical Myerson auction by up to 6% and 3%, respectively.
The Comparative Neurology of Expectation: Stimulus Acquisition and Neurobiology of Anticipated and Unanticipated Input

According to the plan of this book, this chapter is to ask what fish do in the process of stimulus acquisition for the particular modality of electroreception. In this chapter, I propose to point out some behaviors in fish associated with acquiring electrosensory stimuli and to reexamine the general neurobiological problem of expectation, especially the physiology of anticipated and unanticipated sensory input and some of its comparative neurological aspects. Besides its own interest, this will relate the purely aquatic to general and human biology.
Assembling a Network: Longitudinal processes of network orchestration

This paper explores network orchestration, the process of assembling and developing an interorganizational network. Using longitudinal qualitative and network data that capture five years of evolut...
“It’s Not Just Technology, It’s People”: Constructing a Conceptual Model of Shared Health Informatics for Tracking in Chronic Illness Management

Background: For many people, tracking health indicators is central to managing a chronic illness. However, previous informatics research has largely viewed tracking as a solitary process that lacks the characteristics essential to tracking in support of chronic illness management. Objective: To inform development of effective technologies that aid tracking of health indicators to support chronic illness management, this study aimed to construct a health informatics model that accurately describes the work and social context of that tracking work. Methods: As part of a larger project, we conducted semistructured interviews with 40 adults concerning their chronic illness management practices, including tracking and communication. We also assembled transcripts of 30 publicly available videos of 24 adults discussing tracking processes for managing their own chronic illness. We used qualitative methods to analyze interviews and video transcripts through the lens of ongoing personal and health informatics research. Results: We have described the people and work involved in tracking in support of chronic illness management and contributed a Conceptual Model of Shared Health Informatics (CoMSHI). Specifically, we identified the need for a health informatics model that (1) incorporates the ongoing nature of tracking work and (2) represents the social dimension of tracking for illness management. Our model depicts communication, information, collection, integration, reflection, and action work in the social context of the person with chronic illness, informal carers, health care providers, and community members. Conclusions: The resulting CoMSHI yields a more detailed and nuanced viewpoint of tracking in support of chronic illness management and can inform technology design to improve tracking tools to support people in more confident and capable chronic illness management.
Pediatric posterior fossa incidentalomas

Pediatric brain incidentalomas are increasingly being diagnosed. As the posterior fossa (PF) is the location of most brain tumors in children, lesions of this region are of special interest. Currently, the natural history of incidental lesions in the PF is unknown. We present our experience treating such lesions. A retrospective study was carried out in two large tertiary pediatric centers. Patients were included if they had an incidental PF lesion suspected of being a tumor, and diagnosed before the age of 20 years. We analyzed treatment strategy, pathology, and outcome of operated and non-operated cases. Seventy children (31 females) with a mean age of 8.4 ± 6.1 years were included. The three most common indications for imaging were headaches (16, assumed to be unrelated to the lesions), workup of unrelated conditions (14), and unspecified reasons (14). Twenty-seven patients (39%) were operated immediately, and 43 followed, of which 12 were eventually operated due to radiological changes, 28.9 ± 16.2 months after diagnosis. The most commonly found pathology was pilocytic astrocytomas (21 of 39 operated cases). Almost 10% were found to be malignant tumors including medulloblastomas (5) and ATRT (1). Incidental PF lesions in children include both benign and malignant tumors. While certain lesions may be followed, others may require surgical treatment. Specific treatment decisions are based on initial radiological appearance, change in radiological characteristics over time, location, and evolving symptoms. The surgical risks must be balanced vis-a-vis the risk of missing a high-grade tumor and the very rare risk of malignant transformation.
Engaging the Community: Community-Based Participatory Research and Team Science

This chapter describes the potential for incorporating community partner perspectives into contemporary team science by recounting contributions made by community–researcher partnerships characteristic of community-based participatory research (CBPR). These CBPR partnerships look similar to cross-disciplinary academic teams in their histories and imperatives to create shared leadership, mutual benefit, and multidirectional trust and respect. First, we define and then situate CBPR within the range of community-engaged research practices and discuss the opportunities as well as challenges for CBPR and community-engaged research (CEnR) to become established within Academic Health Science centers and clinical translational science award (CTSA) infrastructures. We will share summary results of CTSA surveys about community engagement, from the academic perspective and from community perspectives on barriers they continue to face. An in-depth example will be shared of a successful community–academic partnership that grew from a pilot study to a large-scale clinical and population intervention center. We will end with a CBPR conceptual model that showcases how cross-disciplinary teams are needed to describe the richness of contexts in which research take place, to frame the development and use of measures and metrics to evaluate partnerships, and to identify promising participatory practices associated with research and health outcomes. Recommendations are provided for engagement of community partners within the cross-disciplinary team science enterprise.
Water-Soluble Carbohydrates of Cool-Season Grasses: Prediction of Concentrations by Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy and Evaluation of Effects of Genetics, Management, and Environment.

Abstract An excess of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs) can present a risk for horses prone to pasture-associated laminitis or some other metabolic conditions. Determining WSC concentrations in commonly grazed cool-season grasses, at different times of day and under different fertilization treatments, can help optimize grazing times and management strategies. The goals of this study were to develop a near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) calibration curve for WSC and to apply it to four cool-season grass species. Tall fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, orchardgrass, and perennial ryegrass (10 cultivars) were sampled every two to four weeks from plots with or without added nitrogen, in the morning and afternoon. WSCs were quantified colorimetrically for a sample subset, and these values were used to develop an NIRS calibration predicting WSC concentrations with 90% accuracy. An interaction of species, nitrogen treatment, time of day, and harvest date influenced WSC concentrations in 10 harvests (P = .040). A modest positive relationship was observed between photosynthetically active radiation and WSC concentration when morning and afternoon samples were included (r = 0.503; P = .024). On nine harvest dates, perennial ryegrass or tall fescue were highest in WSC. High-WSC cultivars included “Aberzest” and “Calibra” perennial ryegrass, “Ginger” Kentucky bluegrass, and “Bronson” and “Cajun II” tall fescue. Water-soluble carbohydrates did not exceed 150 g/kg freeze-dried weight, possibly due to assay method, sampling times, or defoliation. The results suggest that minimizing WSC intake for horses may be possible by cultivar choice, grazing time, or mowing frequency.
11 – Nanophotonic devices

This chapter is a treatment of selected optoelectronic devices that illustrate concepts covered in previous chapters. Optical processes in semiconductors are introduced and discussed, including modifications due to quantum confinement in semiconductor devices. Band structure calculations and transfer matrix methods applied to photonic crystals are introduced with a treatment of numerical calculations. Calculations include results using combinations of dielectric or metallic materials to illustrate the techniques. The concept of metasurfaces using V-shaped antennas to deflect optical beams is examined. Applications of electron tunneling using metal–insulator–metal nanostructures for energy harvesting and nonlinear optical processes, especially surface-enhanced Raman scattering, for nanosensing are introduced.
Chapter 19 – Political Neuroscience

This chapter examines the emerging interdisciplinary field of political neuroscience. Existing research using structural and functional neuroimaging to understand political affect, cognition, and behavior is reviewed, considering both similarities and differences across individuals. Focusing on how affective and cognitive processes give rise to political behavior, additional work from neuroscience, psychology, and political science is discussed and integrated. I argue that significant advances in political neuroscience likely require an integration of neuroscience with political science in a way that incorporates social psychological theory. Psychology can help bridge the gap between these seemingly disparate levels of analysis—from brain function to mass political behavior—and may help guide hypothesis generation and experimental design. I consider how the political neuroscience approach may help shed light on important questions in social and political psychology, such as the interplay between cognition and emotion. Limitations of existing work and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Characterizing landing site safety on Venus using Venera panoramas and Magellan radar properties

Abstract This study explores an approach for identifying and characterizing sites on Venus where a future lander mission could attain a high probability of safe landing through a synthesis of Venera surface panoramas, Magellan radar properties, and existing global geological maps of the Venus surface. Surface panoramas from the Venera 9 and Venera 13 landers were used to define rock size distributions and to calculate the probability of a hazardous rock encounter for a reference Venus lander design at these specific landing sites. This surface analysis formed the basis and rationale for the development of a set of global filters seeking to identify “safe” 150-km-diameter landing ellipses with Magellan radiophysical properties including root mean square slope, radar backscatter coefficient, and emissivity values similar to the most benign regional plains unit (rp2) mapped by Ivanov and Head [2011] within the Venera 13 landing site. Using this method, 178 unique ellipses for which >95% of pixels exhibited rms slope and radar backscatter coefficient values similar to the Venera 13 rp2 unit were identified across the Venus surface. Of these ellipses, 36 also contained >95% of pixels with similar emissivity values as the Venera 13 rp2 unit. “Safe” ellipses identified by this method were predominantly composed of regional plains, shield plains, and smooth plains as defined in the Venus global geologic map of Ivanov and Head [2011]. Although the method developed in this study for identifying and characterizing safe landing sites on Venus requires several assumptions regarding the correlation of orbiter radar data to surface properties relevant to lander safety, this approach provides a best effort starting point integrating available data for the systematic, relatively objective, and automatic identification of safe landing sites on Venus.
The Many Faces of Innate Immunity in SARS-CoV-2 Infection

The innate immune system is important for initial antiviral response. SARS-CoV-2 can result in overactivity or suppression of the innate immune system. A dysregulated immune response is associated with poor outcomes; with patients having significant Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte ratios (NLR) due to neutrophilia alongside lymphopenia. Elevated interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 leads to overactivity and is a prominent feature of severe COVID-19 patients. IL-6 can result in lymphopenia; where COVID-19 patients typically have significantly altered lymphocyte subsets. IL-8 attracts neutrophils; which may play a significant role in lung tissue damage with the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps leading to cytokine storm or acute respiratory distress syndrome. Several factors like pre-existing co-morbidities, genetic risks, viral pathogenicity, and therapeutic efficacy act as important modifiers of SARS-CoV-2 risks for disease through an interplay with innate host inflammatory responses. In this review, we discuss the role of the innate immune system at play with other important modifiers in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Field Experiment of 117 Gbit/s Wireless Transmission Using OAM Multiplexing at a Distance of 200 m on 40 GHz Band

In this paper, we demonstrate outdoor wireless transmission using orbital angular momentum (OAM) multiplexing on a 40 GHz band. OAM beams are generated by a Butler matrix analog radio-frequency (RF) circuit and radiated from uniform circular arrays (UCAs). We implemented an OAM multiplexing transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) on a 40-GHz band. This Tx and Rx can generate and separate seven OAM modes (−3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3) and two polarizations (vertical and horizontal), a total of 15 streams, including the center antenna element which can transmit OAM mode 0. Each channel carries a 1.5 Gbaud signal. We previously reported a 119 Gbit/s transmission at a distance of 100 m using this equipment. This time, we used signal processing with transmit precoding based on singular value decomposition (SVD) to achieve a greater transmission distance. Then, we evaluated the transmission capacity at distances of 100 m and 200 m. The results show that a 137 Gbit/s wireless data transmission is successful at a distance of 100 m and a 117 Gbit/s wireless data transmission is successful at a distance of 200 m.
User experiences, usability, and social presence of a peer-to-peer support app: survey of young adults affected by cancer

Young adult (YA) cancer survivors often experience social isolation. Mobile apps facilitate peer-to-peer connections, yet little is known about their use. YA survivors (N = 181) were surveyed about...
Natural Law and Legal Reasoning

Legal reasoning is, broadly speaking, practical reasoning. Practical reasoning moves from reasons for action to choices guided by those reasons. A natural law theory is nothing other than a theory of good reasons for choice. The law seeks to provide sources of reasoning—statutes and statute-based rules, common law rules, and customs—capable of ranking alternative resolutions as or wrong, and thus better and worse. Lawyers' tools of trade—their ability to find and use the authoritative sources—are means in the service of a purpose sufficiently definite to constitute a technique, a mode of technical reasoning. Legal reasoning, indeed, is technical reasoning, at least in large part—not moral reasoning. Like all technical reasoning, it is concerned to achieve a particular purpose, a definite state of affairs which can be achieved by efficient disposition of means to end.
Sensory Modulation of Motor Pattern Generators in the Crab Stomatogastric Ganglion

The gastro-pyloric receptor (GPR) cells are proprioceptors monitoring muscle tension at the border of the gastric mill and pyloric regions in the foregut of the crab, Cancer borealis. These cells use both acetylcholine and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) as co-transmitters. They evoke rapid nicotinic epsps and a variety of slow neuromodulatory serotonergic responses in neurons in the stomatogastric ganglion. The modulatory effects profoundly alter the motor patterns generated by the gastric mill and pyloric central pattern generators (CPGs) as well as interactions between the two CPGs. Thus, motor pattern generators can be modulated by sensory neurons for prolonged periods of time in a phase-independent fashion.
Posterior Urethral Valves

Posterior urethral valves (PUV) represents the most common etiology of congenital urethral obstruction in boys and the most common urologic cause for end-stage renal disease in children. The birth prevalence of PUV—approximately 11 per 100,000 live births—has remained stable over the past 12 years.
Impact of channel aging in multi-way relay networks with massive MIMO

The detrimental effects of channel aging due to relative movements of user nodes and scatterers in multi-way relay networks (MWRNs) with massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) are investigated. To this end, asymptotic signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) expressions are derived by exploiting a time-varying fading channel model for the case in which the number of antennas at the relay grows without bound. Further, the impact of channel estimation errors and co-channel interference on the performance of MIMO MWRNs with massive MIMO is studied, and thereby, the cumulative effect of pilot contamination and outdated/delayed channel state information due to non-orthogonal pilot sequence reuse and channel aging, respectively, is quantified. The closed-form asymptotic SINRs are then used to derive asymptotic symmetric and asymmetric sum rate expressions. These asymptotic SINR and sum rate expressions are independent of the fast fading effects of the wireless channel. Our results reveal that the transmit power of each user can be scaled down inversely proportional to the relay antenna count for the channel aging only case. Nevertheless, when the system is affected by both pilot contamination and channel aging, the user transmit powers can only be scaled inversely proportional to the square-root of the number of relay antennas. Our results show that the effects of channel aging and pilot contamination significantly degrade the system performance even with relays having very large antenna arrays.
Diffused junction p+−n solar cells in bulk GaAs—II: Device characterization and modelling

The photovoltaic characteristics of p(+)-n junction solar cells fabricated on bulk GaAs by an open tube diffusion technique are presented in detail. Quantum efficiency measurements were analyzed and compared to computer simulations of the cell structure in order to determine material parameters such as diffusion length, surface recombination velocity and junction depth. From the results obtained it is projected that proper optimization of the cell parameters can increase the efficiency of the cells to close to 20 percent.
Wordline & Bitline Pulsing Schemes for Improving SRAM Cell Stability in Low-Vcc 65nm CMOS Designs

Pulsed wordline (PWL) & pulsed bitline (PBL) techniques to improve SRAM cell stabilities in single-Vcc microprocessor designs are evaluated in 65nm CMOS. At 0.7V Vcc, PWL improves cell failure rate by 15times while incurring <1% area overhead. Both PBL & PWL with read-modify-write (PWL-RMW) provide the best improvements (26times) in cell stability, with significant area overheads (4-8%)
The language situation in Switzerland

Abstract The history of Switzerland is outlined briefly with special reference to evolution from unilingual to quadrilingual polity. Official modern language policy in the four language territories is described, with data on language boundaries and relative number of speakers. Extent of individual (as against societal) multilingualism in Switzerland is described, in conjunction with language attitudes and names attaching to the different language groups. The role of ‘dialects’ vs. ‘standard language’ in the four territories is compared in some detail. Special developments since World War II are focused on. The survey concludes with pointing up the role of religious, economic, and/or political cleavages in interlingual relationships.
Schizoid Personality Traits Among the Homeless Mentally Ill: A Quantitative and Qualitative Report

This paper examines the interplay among schizoid personality traits, chronicity of homelessness, and engagement in treatment in a homeless mentally ill population. Both qualitative and quantitative information will be provided about a sample of 125 homeless mentally ill individuals receiving psychiatric treatment in a comprehensive services drop-in clinic. Naturalistic observations and a case vignette suggested that schizoid traits were prevalent and may have been playing a role in treatment engagement and chronicity of homelessness. This hypothesis was tested using quantitative research methods. The results showed that schizoid personality disorder and schizoid personality traits were prevalent in the sample. The presence of schizoid traits was positively correlated with chronicity of homelessness. Further, two schizoid traits (being content without sexual involvement with others, and lacking close friends or confidants) were positively correlated with remaining in treatment at 3 months. Implications of these findings for future research and treatment design will be discussed.
Serum enzyme monitoring in asthma patients.

To the Editor.— Maguire et al1 have recommended serial monitoring of serum creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme (CPK-MB) levels and electrocardiograms (ECG) for all children requiring admission to an intensive care unit for treatment of severe asthma. I wish to point out what I believe are inaccurate observations and invalid conclusions. In this study 20 admissions to intensive care units occurred for "severe bronchial obstruction despite standard initial therapy." Six necessitated use of intravenous isoproterenol for Pco2, values of 50 mm Hg or higher.
Re-engineering the electrical engineering curriculum

Three specific programs are suggested to modify the electrical engineering curriculum to keep up with the dramatic technological developments of recent years. One of the programs is a five-year combined BS/MS program which permits the student to specialize in more than one field. The second proposal is to restructure the BS program into a multi-track program. The third one is an internship-in-industry program to provide the student with a meaningful and valuable real-world design experience before graduation.
A New Bone Affection: Feathering

An affection of bone, termed feathering , is described. Feathered bone is incompletely mineralized and has distinctive morphological features as seen in stained, fresh, undecalcified sections. It is different from osteomalacic and osteoporotic bone and may involve more than half of the skeleton. It has not yet been possible to correlate it with age, sex, disease, or medication.
Localization of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator to Lipid Rafts of Epithelial Cells Is Required for Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Induced Cellular Activation

The cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein is an epithelial cell receptor for the outer core oligosaccharide of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa LPS. Bacterial binding leads to CFTR-dependent bacterial internalization, initiation of NF-kappaB nuclear translocation, cellular desquamation, and eventual apoptosis of the infected cells, all of which are critical for innate immune resistance to infection with this pathogen. Lack of this reaction in CF patients underlies their hypersusceptibility to chronic P. aeruginosa infection. In this study we tested whether these epithelial cell responses are dependent upon the localization of CFTR to lipid rafts. Confocal microscopy showed that green fluorescent protein-tagged CFTR (GFP-CFTR) and the lipid raft marker ganglioside GM1 colocalized at sites of P. aeruginosa contact and internalization. GFP-CFTR localized to low density Triton X-100-insoluble fractions in lysates of Madin-Darby canine kidney GFP-CFTR cells, and P. aeruginosa infection increased the levels of GFP-CFTR in these fractions as determined by Western blot. Cells expressing GFP-DeltaF508-CFTR did not have rafts with detectable CFTR protein. Extraction of cell surface cholesterol via cyclodextrin treatment of the cells inhibited CFTR entry into rafts. In addition, cyclodextrin treatment of both human and canine epithelial cells inhibited cellular ingestion of P. aeruginosa, NF-kappaB nuclear translocation, and apoptosis. These results indicate that lipid raft localization of CFTR is required for signaling in response to P. aeruginosa infection. Such signaling is needed for the coordination of innate immunity to P. aeruginosa lung infection, a process that is defective in CF.
Geospatial visualization of student population using Google™ Maps

We present an application that delivers a visual geospatial overview of our student population location. Developed by our students, the application showed benefits behind the classroom environment. The presentation includes the application development details, the practical implications of the application, together with the positive impact the student projects of this nature have on our computer science program.
Intergroup Bargaining Effects of Opposing Constituent Stances, Opposing Representative's Bargaining, and Representative's Locus of Control

This study investigated the effects of three factors on a representative's bargaining: (a) an opposing constituent's announced bargaining stance, (b) an opposing representative's bargaining, and (c...