cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How much is it going to cost me? Bidirectional relations between adolescents' moral personality and prosocial behavior

The current study examined bidirectional relations between adolescents' moral personality (prosocial values, self-regulation, and sympathy) and low- and high-cost prosocial behavior toward strangers. Participants included 682 adolescents (M age of child = 14.31, SD = 1.07, 50% female) who participated at two time points, approximately one year apart. Cross-lag analyses suggested that adolescents' values were associated with both low- and high-cost prosocial behavior one year later, self-regulation was associated with high-cost prosocial behavior, and sympathy was associated with low-cost prosocial behavior. Findings also suggested that low-cost prosocial behavior was associated with sympathy one year later, and high-cost prosocial behavior was associated with values. Discussion focuses on reciprocal relations between moral personality and prosocial behavior, and the need to consider a more multidimensional approach to prosocial development during adolescence.
Computational analysis of counter-based schemes for VLSI test pattern generation

The use of a binary counter as a mechanism for VLSI built-in test pattern generation is examined. Four different schemes are studied which are defined as partitioning problems on the rows of a binary matrix T. The goal in all problems is to minimize the maximum distance between the values of the binary patterns of any two rows of T, so that they can be generated by a counter in the minimum number of cycles. Although all schemes are NP-hard, an approximation algorithm is presented for the first scheme which guarantees solutions within 2·p from the optimal, where p is the prescribed number of partitions. The remaining problems are shown to be NP-complete even to be approximated within twice the optimal.
Schauder estimates for higher-order parabolic systems with time irregular coefficients

We prove Schauder estimates for solutions to both divergence and non-divergence type higher-order parabolic systems in the whole space and a half space. We also provide an existence result for the divergence type systems in a cylindrical domain. All coefficients are assumed to be only measurable in the time variable and Holder continuous in the spatial variables.
Dreams of a Democratic Culture: Revising the Origins of the Great Books Idea, 1869-1921

British and American intellectuals began to formulate ideas about so-called great books from the mid-1800s to 1920. English critic Matthew Arnold's writings served as the fountainhead of ideas about the “best” books. But rather than simply buttress the opinions of highbrow cultural elites, he also inspired those with dreams of a democratized culture. From Arnold and from efforts such as Sir John Lubbock's “100 Best Books,” the pursuit of the “best” in books spread in both Victorian Britain and the United States. The phrase “great books” gained currency in the midst of profound technical, cultural, educational, and philosophical changes. Victorian-era literature professors in America rooted the idea in both education and popular culture through their encouragements to read. Finally, the idea explicitly took hold on college campuses, first with Charles Mills Gayley at the University of California at Berkeley and then John Erskine's General Honors seminar at Columbia University.
Mössbauer study of Er3+ in ErH3 and YH3

Abstract The Mossbauer spectra of 166 Er in ErH 3 and YH 3 have been measured. Using and axial Hamiltonian, the electronic gyromagnetic rations for the ground state of Er 3+ in YH 3 have been deduced: g | = 11.6 ± 0.1 and g ⊥ = 4.4 ± 0.1. The analysis yields crystal field parameters which provide the correct λ 7 ground state with these g -values.
Understanding Nonsocial Play in Early Childhood

Nonsocial play continues to be perceived as a behavior that is detrimental young children’s development. The research evidence in this area is mixed but lends itself to a more positive view of nonsocial play. Despite the substantial amount of literature available, the terminology used fails to be consistent and may prove to be distracting and confusing to practitioners and caregivers. This paper reviews the current literature on young children’s nonsocial play. Distinctions among different types of nonsocial play are identified, as well as some reasons children engage in these activities. By developing a better understanding of the role of nonsocial play in early childhood, caregivers may better understand when children need their help in promoting more social types of play and when intervention may or may not be necessary.
Actinomycotic Cervical Abscess: A Complication of Transtracheal Aspiration

Transtracheal aspiration is frequently employed to obtain sputum for microbiologic analysis. Infectious complications of this procedure have been reported rarely. We report an actinomycotic anterior cervical abscess traversing the needle track of a transtracheal aspiration in a patient with actinomycotic pneumonia. Organisms most frequently encountered in anterior cervical abscesses complicating transtracheal aspiration have the recognized potential for local invasion of soft tissue from the primary pulmonary lesion.
Roofing Technology: Development and Transfer To Developing Nations

This paper describes composition and process ing of several building (specifically roofing) materials that utilize major percentages of bagasse filler. The products that we developed are: Bagasse-Phenolic (BP), Bagasse-Rubber (BR), Bagasse-Thermoplastics (BT), Oriented Bagasse- Phenolic (OP), Random Bagasse-Phenolic (RP), Bagasse- In-Situ Generated Resin (BI), and Clay-Phenolic (CP). These products were specifically developed for the developing na tions of the world but can be economically manufactured in the developed countries.
Treatment of photodamaged skin with trichloroacetic acid and topical tretinoin

Background: Photodamaged skin typically displays lentigines, actinic keratoses, wrinkles, and textural alteration. Chemical peeling has been used to treat these, but few controlled studies have been performed to determine its efficacy. Objective: Our purpose was to compare the efficacy of a medium-depth chemical peel with and without tretinoin before and after treatment. Methods: Sixteen men with actinic damage including actinic keratoses were treated with a 40% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) chemical peel. Half were pretreated for 6 weeks with topical tretinoin; they also used tretinoin after the peel. Photographs were obtained at baseline and at 6 weeks and 6 months after treatment. Changes in specific features were rated by a panel of three examiners. Results: Some improvement was noted in all patients. More rapid and even frosting was observed in the patients pretreated with tretinoin. Solar lentigines, actinic keratoses, and skin texture were the features of photoaging most affected; wrinkles were least affected. No statistically significant difference was found between patients treated with TCA and tretinoin (before and after peel) and those with TCA alone. Conclusion: A medium-depth chemical peel with 40% TCA alone produced moderate improvement in some manifestations of actinic damage but had little effect on wrinkles. Treatment with tretinoin before and after TCA did not significantly enhance the efficacy of the peel.
A Warning About Employing An Erroneous Procedure in Mixed Effects Multivariate Analysis of Variance (Manova) Based On the Use of Bmd12V

The BMD12V MANOVA program does not compute the appropriate between-subjects tests in mixed effects designs. Although James (1979) recently suggested a technique for obtaining between-subjects tests, his formulas are shown to be incorrect. Suggestions are given for obtaining the appropriate statistics.
Diaphragmatic eventration in infants and children: Is conservative treatment justified?

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the justification of diaphragmatic plication to treat diaphragmatic eventration. A retrospective review of 50 patients who underwent diaphragmatic plication for phrenic nerve injury (PNI) or congenital muscular deficiency (CMD) of the diaphragm was conducted. Methods: During the last 26 years, 50 patients, aged 4 days to 7 years, were surgically treated for diaphragmatic eventration. Twenty-five patients had iatrogenic PNI and another 25 had CMD. Respiratory distress developed in all patients who had PNI and 10 required mechanical ventilatory support for 13 to 78 days (mean, 41 days) before operation. Respiratory symptoms developed in 17 of 25 patients who had CMD, and four required ventilatory support. In those who were asymptomatic, we justified surgical repair to optimize future lung growth. All patients underwent diaphragmatic plication by a thoracic approach. Reefing mattress sutures on pledgets were used for the plication. Results: In patients who had PNI, ventilatory support could be discontinued within 0 to 6 days (mean, 3 days) after operation, with a dramatic improvement in their respiratory status. Two patients required reoperation because the plication was not tight enough. Seven patients died in this series, but none because of the diaphragmatic plication. Conclusion: This study suggests that symptomatic patients who have diaphragmatic eventration should be operated on immediately with an expected dramatic resolution of their respiratory problems.
Valuing and hedging fixed rate mortgage commitments

A fixed rate loan commitment that is binding on the lender but not on the loan applicant is equivalent to a put option. This article uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to establish a value for fixed rate loan commitments and to derive the hedge ratio for the lending institution to hedge the interest rate risk associated with the commitments in the FHLMC forward market for mortgages. The effectiveness of the resulting hedge is tested in a simulation, where it is found that the result is a 71% reduction in the variance of the value of the lender's gain or loss associated with the commitment period.
Preparation of hydroxytelechelic poly(butadiene) via ring-opening metathesis polymerization employing a well-defined metathesis catalyst

The ring opening metathesis polymerization of 1,5-cyclooctadiene catalyzed by the tungstene complex W(CHAr)(NPh)[OCCH 3 (CF 3 ) 2 ] n (THF) leads to a telechelic polymer having a repeat unit identical to that of 1,4-polybutadiene
Effects of spin-exchange collisions in a high-density alkali-metal vapor in low magnetic fields

Spin-exchange collisions often play a dominant role in the broadening of Zeeman resonances in an alkali-metal vapor. Contrary to intuitive expectations, at high alkali-metal densities this broadening can be completely eliminated by operating in a low magnetic field, allowing construction of ultrasensitive atomic magnetometers. We describe a detailed study of the Zeeman resonance frequencies and linewidths as a function of the magnetic field, alkali-metal density, and the degree of spin polarization of the atoms. Due to the nonlinear nature of the density matrix equations describing the spin-exchange collisions both the gyromagnetic ratio and the linewidth change as a function of the polarization. The results of experimental measurements are in excellent agreement with analytical and numerical solutions of the density matrix equations.
Pain management in the elderly

As the overall population ages and patients continue to live longer, managing pain in the elderly in the USA will be more frequently encountered in clinical settings. While common in older patients, pain is not a normal part of aging, and treatments should be offered as they would be in young patients. Low back pain, osteoarthritis, postherpetic neuralgia and cancer pain are frequently experienced by patients with advanced age. A number of interactive and observational pain assessment tools are available to assess pain in patients with and without barriers to communication. Management of the psychosocial aspects of chronic pain, through cognitive–behavioral therapy or other modalities, is essential. Treatments must take into account the physiologic changes and comorbid conditions that accompany aging. Future care will likely resemble models for the patient-centered medical home.
Children's reports of activity and participation after sustaining a spinal cord injury: A cognitive interviewing study

Objective: To evaluate the readability, comprehension and response processes of test items designed to measure activity performance and participation by children with spinal cord injury (SCI).Methods: Eleven parents and 33 children participated. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate frequency of problems based on age, grade, domain and response scale. Agreement was evaluated by weighted kappa coefficient values.Results: Most (54%) of the problems were due to reading/comprehension, with the majority by children 8 years of age or younger (56%) who had not completed 2nd grade (51%). Agreement between child–parent reports ranged from poor–good, with strongest agreement for mobility items and weak agreement for chores, self-care and participation.Conclusion: Children with SCI 8 years of age and older who have competed 2nd grade are able to read, understand and respond to items associated with activity performance and participation.
Flavinyl peptides. I. Synthesis of flavinyl-aromatic amino acids

The syntheses of flavinyl peptides, in which L-tryptophan, L-tyrosine, or L-phenylalanine are attached via peptide linkage to the isoalloxazine system with ω-carboxyalkyl groups in position 3 or 10, are described. Lumiflavin was carboxymethylated by known methods to yield N-3-carboxymethyllumiflavin. Oxidation of 10-ω-hydroxyhexyl-, 10-ω-hydroxypentyl-, 10-ω-hydroxybutyl-, and 10-formylmethylflavins gave the corresponding 10-ω-carboxyalkylflavins. The 10-ω-carboxyethylflavin was obtained by condensation of 2-amino-4,5-dimethyl-N-ω-carboxyethylaniline with alloxan. Activations of the carboxyl group of the flavins were achieved with N,N′-carbonyldiimidazole and p-nitrophenyltrifluoroacetate to form the corresponding acyl imidazoles and p-nitrophenyl esters. 10-Carboxymethylflavin was hydrogenated to form 10-carboxymethyldihydroflavin and activated by carbodiimide. Reaction of the carboxy-activated flavins with the appropriate amino acid methyl esters, followed by air oxidation in the case of dihydroflavin, gave the corresponding flavinyl peptides. Interaction of the flavin with aromatic amino acids results in a broadening of the visible flavin absorption towards the green, without the appearance of discrete new maxima, and in quenching of the flavin fluorescence. The fluorescence efficiency increases with increasing numbers of methylene groups in the flavin side chain. The nonlinear dependency of fluorescence quenching versus number of methylene groups indicates that different types of intramolecular interactions are involved.
Interpretations and misinterpretations of scientometric data in the report of the Royal Society about the scientific landscape in 2011

Purpose – This paper aims to discuss some caveats about the findings of Part 1 of the Royal Society's report from the perspective of the choice and reliability of the source base, and the bibliometric and scientometric indicators.Design/methodology/approach – The paper argues that the Royal Society's report gives too much emphasis to the growth rate of the publications of Chinese researchers when interpolating those data and forecasting that, within the decade and possibly as early as 2013, China will be ahead of even the USA in terms of the number of publications.Findings – In an era when the “publish or perish” slogan is replaced by the “get cited or perish” mantra, the report barely discusses how much China is behind the world average and especially the above countries in terms of the most important scientometric indicators that take into account the productivity/quantity aspect and the citedness of publications as a proxy for quality.Originality/value – The paper illustrates that there are much better...
Resolution of Localized Chronic Periodontitis Associated with Longstanding Calculus Deposits

This report, which is based on nonstandardized serial radiographs obtained over a period of 15 years, documents a case of localized chronic periodontitis associated with progressive deposition of calculus on the distal aspect of a mandibular second molar. The site was treated by scaling and root planing, followed by a course of adjunctive systemic azithromycin. Treatment yielded favorable reductions in probing depth and clinical inflammation, leaving only few isolated sites with pockets no deeper than 4 mm. Two years after completion of active treatment, there was radiographic evidence of increased bone density distal to the second molar.
Teaching pragmatics to language-learning disabled children: a treatment outcome study:

The purpose of the present investigation was to measure the effects of a treatment programme designed to improve the pragmatic language skills of children with learning disabilities. Subjects were ...
Myosin isozymes in avian skeletal muscles. II. Fractionation of myosin isozymes from adult and embryonic chicken pectoralis muscle by immuno-affinity chromatography

Chicken pectoralis consists primarily of large white fibres, which react exclusively with antibodies prepared against adult fast myosin. There is, however, a small region of uniformly red fibres which responds to antibodies against adult slow myosin as well as adult fast myosin. The myosin extracted from this red region is also heterogeneous as shown by the presence of both slow and fast light chains. By means of immunoadsorbents, it has been possible to separate the ‘red myosin’ into a ‘fast’ component and a ‘slow’ component. These two fractions have been characterized with respect to their light and heavy chain content by one-dimensional and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The myosin heavy chain was reduced to the smaller fragments required for electrophoresis by proteolytic degradation. We conclude from the electrophoretic patterns that the ‘fast’ and ‘slow’ myosin components from the pectoralis red region closely resemble the myosin from the white region of the pectoralis and the myosin from the slow anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) muscle. The demonstration of a ‘slow myosin’ in adult pectoralis muscle raises the possibility that the crossreactivity of embryonic pectoralis myosin with anti-slow (ALD) myosin antibodies might be due to the presence of such slow components in embryonic chicken muscle. Direct isolation of a slow component from embryonic pectoralis was achieved by immunoadsorption, as described for adult mixed muscle myosin. Analysis of the subunit composition by gel electrophoresis shows an enrichment in adult-type slow light chains, but the heavy chain pattern is quite distinct from that of adult slow heavy chain. These studies suggest that several myosin isozymes exist in embryonic chicken pectoralis, but that none is identical to those myosins found in the different fibres of the adult pectoralis muscle.
An evaluative tool for solid waste management

Computer-assisted decision making in the public policy arena has become more prevalent in recent years as policymakers have faced increasing demands for accountability. Numerous support tools have been presented in the literature and applied in practice. This paper presents a new computerized decision support tool customized for a particular public policy issue—solid waste management. The model, Multiple Attribute Decision System, differs from models previously presented in the decision support and solid waste modeling literature by its comprehensive, systems approach. Solid waste systems are shown to be large, complex, multidimensional,\Isquishy\N systems. The comprehensive approach of the Multiple Attribute Decision System addresses these issues by considering human factors as well as the mechanics of solid waste management, and economic and environmental impacts are assessed. This paper uses the solid waste example to highlight the importance of this study’s approach for public policy problems.
Substantial Induction of a New Serum Protein by Growth Hormone: Physiochemical and Physiological Characterization

Serum from GH-treated hypophysectomized rats was examined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by silver staining to screen a large number of serum proteins for GH responsiveness. A distinctive, highly acidic protein of 60,000 mol wt was clearly responsive to GH administration, increasing 7-fold over levels observed in hypophysectomized controls. Administration of T4, corticosterone, and 5α-dihydrotestosterone failed to induce this protein; however, addition of GH to this regimen resulted in a 60-fold increase in its concentration. Examination of proteins synthesized by isolated hepatocytes in the presence of [35S]methionine showed that this protein is of hepatic origin. Physiological and physiochemical evidence suggest that this protein is unlikely to be one of the other well documented GH-responsive serum proteins: somatomedin-C, α2U-globulin, or the somatomedin-binding protein. The protein demonstrates a remarkable ontogeny, increasing 135-fold over newborn levels by 35 days of age. This is ...
Interval duration and the sequential effects of reinforcement magnitude on FI performance

Rats were reinforced on a fixed-interval schedule in which 3-min intervals alternated with 1-min intervals in even-numbered sessions and with 5-min intervals in odd-numbered sessions. The 1- and 5-min intervals ended with either one or three pellets. The number of responses in the 3-min interval was greater following one pellet than three pellets. There were also more responses during the 3-min interval when it alternated with a 1-min interval than when it alternated with a 5-min interval.
Some classes of step-response models without extrema

Abstract Several new classes of step-response models without extrema are derived that may be used instead of a multi-exponential model, which may show undershoot or overshoot (extrema). These new models are all either special cases of a ‘generalized single process law’ developed here, or are related to them. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.
An Annual Cost of Living Index for the American States, 1960-1995

An enormous amount of research on state politics and policy relies on monetary variables. Such variables are affected by differences in the purchasing power of a dollar over time and across states, but a lack of information about geographic variation in the costs of goods and services has kept social scientists from taking these differences into account. We remove this obstacle by constructing an annual cost of living index for each continental American state from 1960 to 1995. The index constitutes a deflator suitable for cross-sectional, time-series, and pooled research. After establishing the reliability and validity of our index using a battery of diagnostic tests, we illustrate the importance of deflating monetary variables by examining two variables that are often used in state politics research.
Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Antitumor Agents

The development of linear-array endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), with its real-time guidance of needle advancement, changed EUS from a diagnostic procedure to an interventional procedure. EUS-guided fine-needle injection (EUS-FNI) is an attractive minimally invasive delivery system with potential applications in local (intratumoral) and combination therapy against esophageal and pancreatic cancers. The evidence of the feasibility of EUS-FNI of antitumor agents has been expanding with promising results.
Dynamic host-group/multidestination routing for multicast sessions

Multicast routing research efforts have mostly focused on the host-group model in which multicast packets are addressed to a host group. Another multicast routing approach uses multidestination addressing, where a multicast packet carries a list of the unique (unicast) addresses of all the group members. This form of routing uses limited or no additional state beyond the existing unicast routing tables. It, therefore, scales well with the number of multicast sessions but does not scale well with the multicast group size and, in fact, requires the size of the group to be below a certain threshold. In this paper, we envision a future scenario in which both host-group and multidestination addressing routing approaches coexist within the Internet. We develop a dynamic routing context for this scenario wherein a multicast session can adapt among different routing configurations depending on the multicast group size and how this size changes over time. We consider three routing options: 1) a single multi-destination addressed flow - suitable for small-group sessions, 2) multiple multi-destination addressed flows - suitable for medium-group sessions and 3) a single host-group addressed flow - suitable for large-group sessions. Our work is concerned with the development and evaluation of protocols that allow a multicast session to dynamically switch among these three routing options as the size of the session changes.
Thirdhand smoke: here to stay

The first time I had any inkling that nicotine might linger in a room was when I listened to a group of nicotine chemists complaining about how hard it is to keep nicotine out of their laboratories. Their gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy machines are expensive, complex and very sensitive. In order to detect nicotine and cotinine in samples from non-smokers exposed to secondhand smoke, they must scrupulously exclude nicotine and tobacco smoke from their laboratories. One chemist told a story of how experiments in his laboratory were ruined for weeks after new data cables were installed in the ceiling of the laboratory. Probable culprit: nicotine in the ceiling tiles and the dust above them, dating back 30 years to when people still smoked in laboratories at the university. Thirdhand smoke is a new concept in the field of tobacco control. While everyone who has ever noticed the lingering smell of stale smoke knows that something stays around after the smoke clears, exactly what that something is, how long it stays and what it means for human health has been little studied to date. The paper by Matt et al 1 in this issue of Tobacco Control advances the study of thirdhand smoke by exploring one of the situations most likely to isolate thirdhand smoke exposure from concurrent exposure to secondhand smoke: rental housing. Their findings demonstrate that nicotine persists in homes previously occupied by smokers, and that non-smokers who move into these units have elevated levels of nicotine on their skin and in their bodies. The design of this experiment was very challenging; one can imagine approaching complete strangers who were in the middle of moving house and asking them to let researchers examine their homes and bodies, and the group is …
Real-time VLSI architecture for hyperspectral image classification using the constrained linear discriminant algorithm

A parallel/pipelined VLSI architecture designed to maximize concurrency and throughput is described for real-time hyperspectral image classification. To obtain a real-time architecture, we first simplified the constrained linear discriminant analysis (CLDA) algorithm and its computation flow. Next, we folded and modified its structure to reduce data dependency, to increase pipelining, and to minimize the silicon area. The required and yet slow data whitening process was avoided by using a modified target classifier, it is shown that applying the modified target classifier to the original data is equivalent to applying the original target classifier to the whitened data. Additionally, a high performance iterative matrix inversion algorithm simplifies the circuit complexity and improves processing time for repetitive matrix inversions and updates. Finally, to manage the high volume of data, an internal numerical representation is used. Additionally, a multiplexed bus reduces the I/O pins by sharing input data pins with pins to download registers with their initial values.
Progress in Developing a New Detection Method for the Harmful Algal Bloom Species, Karenia brevis , through Multiwavelength Spectroscopy

Multiwavelength spectroscopy is a rapid analytical technique that can be applied to detect, identify, and quantify microorganisms such as Karenia brevis, the species known for frequent red-tide blooms in Florida's coastal waters. This research will report on a model-based interpretation of UV-vis spectra of K. brevis. The spectroscopy models are based on light scattering and absorption theories, and the approximation of the frequency-dependant optical properties of the basic constituents of living organisms. Absorption and scattering properties of K. brevis, such as cell size/shape, internal structure, and chemical composition, are shown to predict the spectral features observed in the measured spectra. The parameters for the interpretation model were based upon both reported literature values, and experimental values obtained from live cultures and pigment standards. Measured and mathematically derived spectra were compared to determine the adequacy of the model, contribute new spectral information, and to establish the proposed spectral interpretation approach as a new detection method for K. brevis.
Biomarkers of cobalamin (vitamin B-12) status in the epidemiologic setting: a critical overview of context, applications, and performance characteristics of cobalamin, methylmalonic acid, and holotranscobalamin II

Cobalamin deficiency is relatively common, but the great majority of cases in epidemiologic surveys have subclinical cobalamin deficiency (SCCD), not classical clinical deficiency. Because SCCD has no known clinical expression, its diagnosis depends solely on biochemical biomarkers, whose optimal application becomes crucial yet remains unsettled. This review critically examines the current diagnostic concepts, tools, and interpretations. Their exploration begins with understanding that SCCD differs from clinical deficiency not just in degree of deficiency but in fundamental pathophysiology, causes, likelihood and rate of progression, and known health risks (the causation of which by SCCD awaits proof by randomized clinical trials). Conclusions from SCCD data, therefore, often may not apply to clinical deficiency and vice versa. Although many investigators view cobalamin testing as unreliable, cobalamin, like all diagnostic biomarkers, performs satisfactorily in clinical deficiency but less well in SCCD. The lack of a diagnostic gold standard limits the ability to weigh the performance characteristics of metabolic biomarkers such as methylmalonic acid (MMA) and holotranscobalamin II, whose specificities remain incompletely defined outside their relations to each other. Variable cutoff selections affect diagnostic conclusions heavily and need to be much better rationalized. The maximization of reliability and specificity of diagnosis is far more important today than the identification of ever-earlier stages of SCCD. The limitations of all current biomarkers make the combination of ≥2 test result abnormalities, such as cobalamin and MMA, the most reliable approach to diagnosing deficiency in the research setting; reliance on one test alone courts frequent misdiagnosis. Much work remains to be done.
Reversing ticket based probing routing protocol for MANET

The delay-constrained maximum-bandwidth routing problem in mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) is to find the maximum bandwidth path which satisfies a given delay constraint. The challenge of solving this problem is that the networking information used for routing may be imprecise. The Ticket-Based Probing (TBP) routing algorithm provides a heuristic approach to solve the routing problem. In this paper we present a Reversing Ticket-based Probing (RTBP) routing protocol. RTBP has two novel features compared to the original TBP algorithm. The first feature is the use of one type ticket. By using just one type ticket, RTBP generates less ticket at path request phase and it reduces message overhead. The second feature is that if a ticket violates delay constraint, RTBP can reverse previous nodes to search the alternative paths. Through extensive simulations, it is shown that RTBP has fewer messages overhead than existing ticket based probing algorithms.
Ascending general visceral pathways within the brainstems of two teleost fishes: Ictalurus punctatus and Carassius auratus.

The primary general visceral nucleus in goldfish. (Carassius auratus) and catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) is located at the ventroposterior boundary of the vagal gustatory lobe and receives coelomic visceral, but not gustatory inputs. The neuronal tracer horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was employed to visualize sources of input to and/ascending projections from the primary general visceral nucleus in these species. In addition, immunocytochemical techniques were utilized to define the cytological divisions within the pontine gustatory-visceral complex. The pontine secondary visceral nuclei in both catfish and goldfish contains numerous somata and fibers immunoreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). In contrast, the secondary gustatory nuclei are devoid of fibers and cells immunoreactive for CGRP. In both the goldfish and the channel catfish, the primary general visceral nucleus receives input from the vagal gustatory lobe, as well as the medullary reticular formation. In the channel catfish, the primary general visceral nucleus projects bilaterally to the secondary visceral nucleus, which lies rostrolateral to the secondary gustatory nucleus in the dorsal pons. Fibers cross the midline via the rostral part of the isthmic commissure. Injection of HRP into the primary general visceral nucleus of a goldfish labels ascending fibers that project to a secondary visceral nucleus situated ventral, lateral, and rostral to the secondary gustatory complex. In general, the results indicate that general visceral systems ascend in parallel to gustatory systems within the brainstem, and that general visceral but not gustatory nuclei are immunoreactive for the peptide CGRP.
A model for considering different discourse communities within the toxicological and environmental sciences: an approach for addressing jargon and personally subjective vocabulary.

Abstract Discourse speak is a powerful communication shorthand between individuals in the same discourse group. Discourse speak consists of both jargon, the unique—but understood—terminology used in the discourse group, and a member's own personally subjective vocabulary, wording that is commonly used in the discourse group but has no true consensus-based meaning. It is my observation that sometimes when scientists write, they generally focus solely on content (the pedant's stance), and, consequently, can fail to consciously consider audience, and, by extension, they fail to anticipate that their publication may reach beyond their own discourse group. If scientists do not consciously consider their intended audience and do not adapt their language for “outsiders” who might be part of the audience, the usefulness of the publication becomes limited because the intended meaning can be lost. Thus, as explained in the subsequent commentary, effective communication in the sciences not only involves defendable science but, also, a conscious perception of audience through a deliberate recognition of one's own discourse speak.
Restorative Treatment of Primary Teeth Using Compomer is not More Effective than Treatment with Amalgam in Preventing New Tooth Decay in Children

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Does fluoride in compomers prevent future caries in children? Trachtenberg F, Maserejian NN, Soncini JA, Hayes C, Tavares M. J Dent Res 2009;88(3):276-9. Reviewer Peter Milgrom, DDS Purpose/Question To determine whether fluoride-releasing compomer fillings placed in primary teeth was more effective than amalgam fillings in preventing new tooth decay in other surfaces of the same tooth or other teeth. Source of Funding Government: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA (U01 DE11886) Type of Study/Design Randomized controlled trial Level of Evidence Level 2: Limited-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Grade B: Inconsistent or limited-quality patient-oriented evidence
Predicting differences in the perceived relevance of crime's costs and benefits in a test of rational choice theory

Previous hypothetical scenario tests of rational choice theory have presented all participants with the same set of consequences, implicitly assuming that these consequences would be relevant for each individual. Recent research demonstrates that those researcher-presented consequences do not accurately reflect those considered by study participants and that there is individual variation in the relevance of various consequences. Despite this and some theoretical propositions that such differences should exist, little empirical research has explored the possibility of predicting such variation. This study allows participants to develop their own set of relevant consequences for three hypothetical offenses and examines how several demographic and theoretical variables impact those consequences' relevance. Exploratory results suggest individual factors impact the perceived relevance of several cost and benefit types, even among a relatively homogenous sample of college students. Implications for future tests of rational choice theory, as well as policy implications are discussed.
A QUALITATIVE METHOD FOR ASSESSING FACULTY SATISFACTION

Universities attempt to hire the highest quality faculty they can, but they are not always successful at retaining them. Furthermore, some faculty members who do remain may not function as engaging colleagues who make others want to stay. This study investigates why some faculty members leave and why others stay by illuminating the complexities of individual experiences. Using semi-structured interviews rather than surveys, a matched cohort of 123 faculty members (half current and half former) from one institution was interviewed. Although some of their primary reasons for satisfaction or dissatisfaction (e.g., collegiality, mentoring) were predicted by general survey research, there were also unforeseeable issues that strongly influenced satisfaction and decisions to stay or leave, demonstrating the importance of institution-specific research. This paper provides a method for collecting institution-specific information as well as several arguments for conducting interviews instead of pre-defined surveys.
Pseudorandom functions revisited: the cascade construction and its concrete security

Pseudorandom function families are a powerful cryptographic primitive, yielding, in particular simple solutions for the main problems in private key cryptography. Their existence based on general assumptions (namely the existence of one-way functions) has been established. The authors investigate new ways of designing pseudorandom function families. The goal is to find constructions that are both efficient and secure, and thus eventually to bring the benefits of pseudorandom functions to practice. The basic building blocks in the design are certain limited versions of pseudorandom function families, called finite length input pseudorandom function families, for which very efficient realizations exist impractical cryptography. Thus rather than starting from one-way functions, they propose constructions of "full-fledged" pseudorandom function families from these limited ones. In particular they propose the cascade construction, and provide a concrete security analysis which relates the strength of the cascade to that of the underlying finite pseudorandom function family in a precise and quantitative way.
A Virtual Password Scheme to Protect Passwords

In this paper, we discuss how to prevent users' passwords from being stolen by adversaries. We propose a virtual password concept involving a small amount of human computing to secure users' passwords in on-line environments. We adopt user-determined randomized linear generation functions to secure users' passwords based on the fact that a server has more information than any adversary does. We analyze how the proposed scheme defends against phishing, key logger, and shoulder-surfing attacks.
Nonalloyed ohmic contacts in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs by ion implantation with reduced activation annealing temperature

This letter reports AlGaN/GaN high-electron mobility transistors with capless activation annealing of implanted Si for nonalloyed ohmic contacts. Source and drain areas were implanted with an Si dose of 1/spl times/10/sup 16/ cm/sup -2/ and were activated at /spl sim/1260/spl deg/C in a metal-organic chemical vapor deposition system in ammonia and nitrogen at atmospheric pressure. Nonalloyed ohmic contacts to ion-implanted devices showed a contact resistance of 0.96 /spl Omega//spl middot/mm to the channel. An output power density of 5 W/mm was measured at 4 GHz, with 58% power-added efficiency and a gain of 11.7 dB at a drain bias of 30 V.
MMPI PROFILES OF VETERANS OF WWII AND KOREA : COMPARISONS OF FORMER POWS AND COMBAT SURVIVORS

MMPI profile patterns were compared between combat veteran groups of 168 POW survivors and 67 servicemen who were not war captives in WWII and the Korean Conflict. Results confirm previous reports that the scales, Hypochondriasis (Hs), Depression (D), and Hysteria (Hy), are characteristically elevated among former POWs. Findings also point to the contribution of scales, Psychasthenia (Pt), Paranoia (Pa), and Ego Strength (Es), in differentiating groups, suggesting that negative ruminations, heightened anxiety, interpersonal anger and suspiciousness, and low self-esteem contribute significantly to group differentiation.
Synthesizing antenna array sidelobe levels and null placements using the Cross Entropy method

This paper describes the synthesis of linear antenna arrays using the cross entropy (CE) method to produce array responses with minimum peak sidelobe levels (SLL) and position nulls at specific angular locations. The CE method is a very simple, yet highly efficient approach to solving complex multi-objective and multi-extremal optimization problems. CE seeks to adaptively estimate an optimal sampling distribution which generates solutions in the neighborhood of the globally optimal solution by minimizing the cross entropy (or Kullback-Leibler divergence) between current best estimates and the overall estimate of the optimal distribution. The performance of CE is comparable to other popular optimization techniques such as the genetic algorithm, simulated annealing and particle swarm optimization.
Hospital Ownership and Technical Inefficiency

The theoretical industrial organization literature cites varying factors which might influence the degree of technical efficiency achieved under different ownership structures in the US hospital industry. Unfortunately, this literature offers no consensus regarding the net direction and magnitude of these various effects. This study analyzes the four types of ownership structure in the US hospital industry-private nonprofit, private for-profit, federal, and state and local government. Distance functions are used to measure technical efficiency of hospitals producing multiple outputs relative to other hospitals in the sample, allowing comparisons among the different ownership types.
Weakness (Guillain–Barré Syndrome)

Acute weakness is a common neurological emergency. One of the most frequent neuromuscular causes of acute weakness is Guillain–Barre ­syndrome (GBS). This chapter reviews the epidemiology, pathogenesis, differential diagnosis, clinical presentation, and variants of GBS. Treatment options are discussed including an evidence-based review of various immunomodulatory therapies and practical, symptomatic management. Finally, the chapter covers prognosis and differentiation between acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP) and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP). This chapter aims to improve understanding and therefore diagnosis and management of a classic neuromuscular disease.
Who’s to Protect Cyberspace?

Until now, the evolution of cyber security has been largely driven by market demand and has developed in the absence of formal governance. However, in the post-9/11 world and with an increase in cyber attacks, government's role in cyber security has become a major policy issue. This paper contends that economic principles have been excluded from the debate about who should provide cyber security. This paper seeks to fill this gap. We postulate that an analysis of cyber security in the absence of economic considerations is incomplete. Toward this end, we employ several economic concepts in order to offer insight to policymakers involved in this debate. In doing so, we hope to shed light on the most effective means of securing the Internet.
Sleep structure and sleep disordered breathing in familial dysautonomia

within 1-year prior to death. Similar information was available in 23 patients with FD that were alive. There were no significant differences in the apnea hypopnea index (p = 0.10), average heart rate (p = 0.30) or other ECG parameters. The average lowest oxygen saturation during sleep was not different either (p = 0.17), although in 7 deceased patients oxygen saturation fell below 60% while in none of the alive group fell as low. The arterial HCO3 levels were significantly higher in the deceased group (p = 0.005) although there were no differences in average pCO2 levels (p = 0.10). Conclusions: FD patients that died suddenly during sleep had a propensity toward more pronounced nocturnal oxygen desaturations and had significantly higher levels of plasma HCO3 suggesting compensatory metabolic alkalosis.
Kidney in Acute Heart Failure

The hallmark of symptomatic heart failure (HF) is sodium and water retention, leading to congestion and symptoms of edema. Indeed, Starling in the 19th century asked provocatively, “What, if anything, does the heart have to do with heart failure?” He also advanced the theory that “humors” must be released in HF that lead to leakiness of capillaries and edema formation, a concept that is not opposed to our current understanding of the complex activation of diverse neurohumoral systems that characterize symptomatic HF and contribute to renal dysfunction. Key epidemiologic studies have refocused our attention on the role of the kidney in this syndrome, as they have established that renal dysfunction is one of the most robust predictors of mortality and morbidity in the setting of ventricular dysfunction and HF. Specifically, in two retrospective analyses, impaired renal function was identified as a major predictor of mortality in human HF, more powerful even than New York Heart Association (NYHA) class or left ventricular ejection fraction.1,2