cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Making sense of common sense for change management buy‐in

Purpose – The concept of common sense has not received much attention in the organization literature. In this paper, I propose a model that links a change agent's self‐awareness and reflexivity, his or her sensemaking of common sense perspectives related to planned change, and buy‐in among organization stakeholders. The case is made for change agents to pay close attention to common sense perspectives because they can become the basis for particular problematic ambivalence and diminished change buy‐in among stakeholders in the organization. This paper aims to address these issues.Design/methodology/approach – Conceptual and theoretical rationales for the model are offered. Examples from the psychological and organizational theory literatures provide support for the various elements of the model.Findings – Common sense perspectives should be factored into the diagnosis of the organization. Self‐awareness, reflexivity, and sensemaking are all forms of social awareness that are necessary to engage stakeholde...
A 3D linear system model for the optimization of dual-energy contrast-enhanced digital breast tomosynthesis

Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) is a three-dimensional (3D) x-ray imaging modality that has been shown to decrease the obscuring effect of breast structural noise, thereby increasing lesion conspicuity. To further improve breast cancer detection, much recent work has been devoted to the development of contrast enhanced DBT (CEDBT). Taking advantage of angiogenesis in malignant tissue, CEDBT involves the injection of radio-opaque material (i.e. iodine) and measures the relative increase in uptake of contrast in breast cancer. Either temporal or dual energy subtraction techniques may be used to implement CEDBT. Our present work is to develop a cascaded linear system model for DBT with a CEDBT option to calculate the ideal observer signal to noise ratio (SNR) of lesions in the presence of structural noise, evaluate the efficacy of CEDBT in the removal of structural noise, and examine the associated increase in x-ray quantum noise. Our model will include the effects of dual energy subtraction on signal and noise transfer, and transfer of power-law form anatomical noise through a DBT system using a modified filtered backprojection (FBP) algorithm. This model will be used for the optimization of x-ray techniques and reconstruction filters in CEDBT.
How cloud computing enables process and business model innovation

Purpose – Although cloud computing is widely recognized as a technology game changer because it offers anytime, anywhere services, its potential for driving business innovation remains virtually untapped. This article seeks to define that potential for generating new business models and disrupting industries.Design/methodology/approach – The authors show how cloud technology has the power to fundamentally shift competitive landscapes by providing a new platform for creating and delivering business value.Findings – IBM research suggests that organizations are just beginning to understand the power of cloud services to help drive business innovation.Research limitations/implications – To track how organizations use cloud tech today and how they plan to employ its power in the future, IBM surveyed 572 business and technology executives across.Practical implications – The survey found that companies worldwide are beginning to recognize cloud's capabilities to generate new business models and promote sustainab...
Some remarks on Simes-type multiple tests of significance

Abstract Simes’ theorem, posed in a multiple testing setup, has its genesis in the classical Ballot theorem in uniform order statistics. The purpose of this note is to comment on this rediscovery of the Ballot theorem in multiple testing theory, and to stress its ramifications in the same context. The relevance of the step-down procedures in this setup is also discussed.
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis abnormality and ECT response

Abstract Response to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was assessed in 42 depressed patients grouped by dexamethasone suppression test (DST) response. Patients with initially abnormal DST results had better outcomes according to global ratings that did patients with initially normal DST results; final Hamilton Rating Scale scores did not distinguish these two groups, however. No group had an outcome that was clearly poor; only three (14.3%) patients with initially normal DST results were rated as unimproved at discharge. The results of this and other studies attempting to predict response to ECT are sensitive to the heterogeneity of patients referred for ECT, the timing and type of outcome assessment, and the differential action of placebo effects.
Spread in aspect angles of equatorial E region irregularities

[1] We revisit and extend the 50 MHz radar aspect angle study made in Peru by Kudeki and Farley in 1985, taking advantage of upgraded facilities at Jicamarca. We discuss here (1) type 1 and 2 echoes from the electrojet region, (2) early evening echoes from somewhat above the electrojet, and (3) daytime "150 km" echoes from the ∼145 to 170 km altitude region. Our electrojet data (1) confirm the earlier results for weak type 2 conditions, namely, that the rms aspect angle θ rms decreases from about 0.3° at 99 km to slightly less than 0.2° at 108 km, and (2) provide much more information about the aspect angles of type 1 echoes and the apparent nonlinear interaction between type 1 waves and slower waves. Type 1 waves, with phase velocities near the ion-acoustic velocity, have θ rms decreasing from about 0.15° near 104 km to about 0.10° near 110 km. There is strong evidence that horizontally traveling type 1 waves in the upper midday electrojet, where upward electron density gradients are absent, can sometimes nonlinearly couple to slow, vertically traveling waves with aspect angles sometimes larger than 0.5°. In the early evening we often observe echoes in the 125-135 km region with θ rms < 0.05°. During daytime the relatively weak "150 km" echoes have even smaller θ rms At the end of the paper we discuss ideas concerning the nonlinear coupling of the plasma waves.
The Role of Subjective Threat in Upward Influence Situations

The practice of organizational democracy requires members to exert influence. However, members often “pass” on the opportunity to exercise upward influence because they perceive the act to be threatening to them or to their supervisors. Drawing from Porter's early political theory of upward influence (Porter, Allen, & Angle, 1981), this study examined the role of relationship maintenance behavior and relationship quality in shaping threat perceptions in 2 different influence contexts. A survey of 319 working adults revealed that established patterns of relationship maintenance behavior predisposed employees to view situations involving upward influence to be more or less threatening. The current quality of the leader–member relationship was an even more substantive predictor. However, context moderated the relational effects. Relationship variables accounted for more variance in perceived threat when the influence was intended to advance legitimate (organizational), rather than illegitimate (personal), ob...
The Specific Definition of High Risk Prostate Cancer Has Minimal Impact on Biochemical Relapse-Free Survival

Purpose: Accurate categorization of high risk prostate cancer cases remains elusive. Various schemes based on clincopathological criteria have been proposed to stratify cases by presumed recurrence risk. We determined whether survival outcomes are dependent on the specific definition.Materials and Methods: The study population included men who underwent radical prostatectomy from 1987 to 1995 (708) and 1996 to 2007 (3,351). Patients who received adjuvant therapy or had no postoperative prostate specific antigen were excluded from analysis. High risk patients were identified based on 6 commonly used definitions. Biochemical failure was defined as a prostate specific antigen of 0.4 ng/ml or greater and increasing or initiation of salvage therapy. Estimates of biochemical relapse-free survival were generated with the Kaplan-Meier method. Hazard ratios for disease recurrence were estimated using Cox proportional hazards analysis.Results: High risk patients determined by the 6 definitions demonstrated a 2.7 to...
A preliminary survey of the practice patterns of United States Guild Certified Feldenkrais PractitionersCM.

Background The Feldenkrais Method® of somatic education purports to guide people of varying ages and abilities to improve function. Many people choose this method to aid with recovery from injury, manage chronic conditions, or enhance performance even though limited research supporting its safety and effectiveness exists to guide decisions about use and referral. Very little information about practitioner characteristics and practice patterns is publicly available to assist researchers in the design of appropriate safety and effectiveness studies. The purpose of this study was to obtain an initial overview of the characteristics of United States Guild Certified Feldenkrais PractitionersCM.
Organization of crustacean neuropil. I. Patterns of synaptic connections in lobster stomatogastric ganglion.

The stomatogastric ganglion of the lobster consists of about thirty neurons, mainly large monopolar cells, which have been well characterized physiologically. This paper presents an anatomical description of this ganglion, emphasizing synaptic connections in the neuropil. The neuron cell bodies are located on the dorsal surface of the ganglion. They send processes into the underlying neuropil mass. The neuropil is differentiated into two regions: a core of coarse neuropil consists of large heavily ensheathed processes; a surrounding region of fine-textured synaptic neuropil consists of smaller unsheathed processes. Synapses are found only in synaptic neuropil, not in the core of coarse neuropil. Synaptic contacts, about one million in the entire neuropil, are easily recognized by a set of criteria including presynaptic vesicles and pre- and postsynaptic membrane specializations. Most synaptic contacts involve at least three neural processes, usually one pre- and two postsynaptic elements. Synapses are clustered onto irregular swellings or varicosities on neural processes. These varicosities make both pre- and postsynaptic contacts. Three different types of presynaptic profile are recognized. Pyloric dilator, ventricular dilator and lateral posterior gastric neurons belong to type A with clear irregular synaptic vesicles. Lateral pyloric, pyloric, anterior median and dorsal gastric neurons belong to type B with larger clear round vesicles. Many unidentified fibres, presumably stomatogastric nerve afferents, belong to type C with both small clear irregular vesicles and also large dense-core vesicles. The synaptic vesicle types are tentatively correlated with neurotransmitters: type A with acetylcholine, type B with an unknown transmitter, possibly glutamate, and type C with dopamine. The distribution of synaptic contacts on the processes of identified neurons reconstructed from serial sections is presented in the following paper.
Pasteurization of kava juice using novel continuous flow microwave heating technique

This study was aimed to investigate the effect of continuous flow microwave heating on the reduction of microorganisms in kava juice to extend the shelf life. Chemical and microbial properties of treated juices were analyzed using key parameters such as microbial counts, kavalactones, and pectin methylesterase activities. The microbial population was reduced from 3.3×106 to 5×105, 8×103, and 4.5×102 CFU/mL at 41.4, 52.3, and 65.2°C, respectively. The amounts of kavalactones such as kavain (K), demethoxyyangonin (DMY), and yangonin (Y) were kept constant or increased after pasteurization at different treatment temperatures. The effect of microwave heating on the pectin methylesterase activities decreased significantly from 83 to 34% by increasing the temperature values from 41.4 to 65.2°C, enhancing juice cloud stability. The developed pasteurization technique is expected to deliver the adequate lethal effect to the kava juice without major deterioration of food quality.
Complications of percutaneous femoral arterial catheterization. Prospective evaluation with the Doppler ultrasonic velocity detector.

Abstract Prospective evaluation of vascular complications of 160 percutaneous femoral arterial catheterizations was carried out in 142 adult patients undergoing cardiac catheterization at two affiliated hospitals of the University of Washington. Arterial velocity signals and blood pressure in the limbs were monitored with the Doppler ultrasonic velocity detector before and after each procedure. The rate of complications (14 percent) was similar at each hospital; they included one accidental dissection of the iliac artery and 22 arterial thromboemboli. The location of thromboemboli appeared to be related to the duration of use of an indwelling arterial catheter. Complications were more common in patients, especially female, with mitral valve disease and in patients with coexisting peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Two thirds of the patients with thromboembolic complications had no symptoms. All but one patient with femoral thrombosis had operative thrombectomy; no patient with distal occlusion underwent operation. The Doppler ultrasonic velocity detector is a simple, rapid noninvasive technique for assessing limb hemodynamics in patients undergoing arterial catheterization.
On the naturalness of software

Programming languages, like their "natural" counterparts, are rich, powerful and expressive. But while skilled writers like Zadie Smith, Aravind Adiga, and Salman Rushdie delight us with their elegant, creative deployment of the power and beauty of English, most of what us regular mortals say and write everyday is Very Repetitive and Highly Predictable.This predictability, as most of us have learned by now, is at the heart of the modern statistical revolution in speech recognition, natural language translation, question-answering, etc. We will argue that in fact, despite the power and expressiveness of programming languages, most LSoftware> in fact is Lalso> quite repetitive and predictable, and can be fruitfully modeled using the same types of statistical models used in natural language processing. We present some practical applications of this rather unexpected finding, and present a research vision arguing that this phenomenon is potentially rich in both scientific questions, and engineering promise.This is an international effort is currently funded by the U.S NSF and the UK EPSRC. Active collaborators include Zhendong Su at UC Davis, Roni Rosenfeld and William Cohen of CMU, Earl Barr and Mark Harmon of University College, London, Mark Gabel of UT Dallas, and Charles Sutton of the University of Edinburgh. There is a lot to do, and we welcome more collaborators.
The formation of photoreceptor synapses in the retina of larval Xenopus.

The first appearance and early development of synapses between photoreceptors, bipolar cells and horizontal cells were studied in the retina of larvalXenopus, between stages 37/8 and 46. Synapse morphology was reconstructed from examination of serial sections. Additional data were obtained from E-PTA stained tissue. Photoreceptors initially contacted horizontal cell dendrites via ribbon synapses at the photoreceptor basal surface (stages 37/8-39). Later, horizontal cell dendrites penetrated the receptor as digitiform processes (stages 39–40) which subsequently expanded extensively within the invagination (stages 40–44). At stages 41–46, a photoreceptor ribbon generally was associated with two horizontal processes in a synaptic dyad complex; each ribbon participated in 1 or 2 such complexes. Bipolar cell dendrites made contact with receptors via superficial or invaginating basal-type junctions. Such junctions were observed first at stage 39, but increased greatly in number beginning at stage 42. Basal junctions were characterized by marked staining of the paramembranous receptor cell cytoplasm and a 9–13 nm wide cleft containing an electron-dense material. No association of bipolar cell dendrites with photoreceptor ribbons was noted. Junctional complexes presumed to be gap junctions first were observed at stage 39 between photoreceptor bases and basal processes emitted by neighbouring photoreceptors.
Thermochemistry of oxabicycloheptenes: enthalpy of formation, entropy and heat capacity

Cyclohexene isomers with an epoxide ring (oxabicycloheptenes) are reportedly formed in atmospheric photochemical oxidation of aromatics. They may also be formed in higher temperature oxidation and oxygen-catalyzed pyrolysis of aromatics. Thermochemical properties, ΔH°f(298), S°298 and Cp(T) (10 K ≤ T ≤ 5000 K) of five target oxabicycloheptenes were calculated using density functional methods. Structures for 7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]hept-2-ene, 7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-ene, 7-oxabicyclo[3.1.1]hept-1-ene, 7-oxabicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene and 7- oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene were calculated at the B3LYP/6–31g(d,p) level of theory. Enthalpies of formation were determined at the B3LYP/6–31G(d,p) calculation level using isodesmic and homodesmic working reactions with the ΔH°rxn and known enthalpies of reference reactants in each of four different work reactions. Enthalpy values for the following bicyclic ether structures were also calculated for comparison of the calculation method with literature: 6-oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane, 7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane, 8-oxabicyclo[5.1.0]octane, 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, endo-2-methyl-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, exo-2-methyl-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane and 7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]hept-2,4-ene. Entropy (298 K) and heat capacity [Cp(T)] values along with Benson group additivity parameters for each ring system are reported. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Novel Method for Reducing Metal Variation With Statistical Static Timing Analysis

Process variation continues to increase with new technologies. With the advent of statistical static timing analysis (SSTA), multiple independent sources of variation can be modeled. This paper proposes a novel technique to reduce variability of metal process variation in SSTA. This novel method maximizes sensitivity cancellation to minimize variability. The developed methodology is simulated with SSTA in 65-nm technology and shows a reduction in variability.
Dietary Mineral Requirements of Fish and Marine Crustaceans

Abstract Information concerning mineral nutrition of fish and marine crustaceans is rather limited compared to that available for terrestrial animals; however, significant advances have been made in recent years. This article summarizes pertinent information about mineral nutrition of fish and marine crustaceans, including classification and general functions of the minerals; dietary essentiality and/or quantitative requirements; bioavailability and dietary interactions; and general recommendations for dietary supplementation. Dietary requirements for approximately ten minerals (calcium, copper, iodine, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, potassium, selenium, and zinc) have been identified for fish, and seven minerals (calcium, copper, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, selenium, and zinc) have been recommended for inclusion in penaeid shrimp and lobster feeds. Based on current literature, it is clear that when evaluating the dietary essentiality of a mineral, not only growth must be evaluated, but als...
Novel ternary molten salt electrolytes for intermediate-temperature sodium/nickel chloride batteries

Abstract The sodium–nickel chloride (ZEBRA) battery is operated at relatively high temperature (250–350 °C) to achieve adequate electrochemical performance. Reducing the operating temperature in the range of 150200 °C can not only lead to enhanced cycle life by suppressing temperature-related degradations, but also allow the use of lower cost materials for construction. To achieve adequate electrochemical performance at lower operating temperatures, reduction in ohmic losses is required, including the reduced ohmic resistance of β″-alumina solid electrolyte (BASE) and the incorporation of low melting point secondary electrolytes. In present work, planar-type Na/NiCl 2 cells with a thin BASE (600 μm) and low melting point secondary electrolyte were evaluated at reduced temperatures. Molten salts used as secondary electrolytes were fabricated by the partial replacement of NaCl in the standard secondary electrolyte (NaAlCl 4 ) with other lower melting point alkali metal salts such as NaBr, LiCl, and LiBr. Electrochemical characterization of these ternary molten salts demonstrated improved ionic conductivity and sufficient electrochemical window at reduced temperatures. Furthermore, Na/NiCl 2 cells with 50 mol% NaBr-containing secondary electrolyte exhibited reduced polarizations at 175 °C compared to the cell with the standard NaAlCl 4 catholyte. The cells also exhibited stable cycling performance even at 150 °C.
INTRADERMAL HEPATITIS B VIRUS VACCINE: IMMUNOGENICITY AND SIDE-EFFECTS IN ADULTS

Abstract Fourteen adult volunteers were given a series of three 0·1 ml (2·0 μg of antigen protein) intradermal doses of hepatitis B virus vaccine (Merck). An antibody (anti-HBs) response was induced in 10 of 12 (83%) who were antibody negative at the start of the study. Two participants who had anti-HBs before vaccination had a significant increase in serum antibody. The two participants with no antibody response were the oldest members of the study group. Side-effects of the vaccine were limited to local reactions at the site of administration.
A New Xanthone Diglucoside from Swertia perennisL.

A new xanthone diglucoside (1) has been isolated from the aerial parts of Swertia perennisL. (Gentianaceae) by means of column chromatography on polyamide, followed by preparative TLC. on silica gel. From UV. and NMR. data, its structure has been established as 1,3-di-β-D-glucopyranosyl-7,8-dihydroxyxanthone or norswertianine-1,3-diglucoside.
Budget and Schedule Success for Small Capital-Facility Projects

The project management environment of small capital projects is unique in many ways. One unique aspect is the total administrative burden they place on resources for approvals, reviews, and execution relative to the overall value of the capital works program. Administratively, many organizations follow a prescribed approval process for all capital project expenditures regardless of size. For these organizations, small capital projects constitute 80% of the projects executed per year but only account for approximately 16% of the capital projects’ budget expenditures. The opportunity to improve organizational performance through more effective project execution on small capital projects could provide substantial savings within individual small capital-project programs. This paper reports on data collected from active small project-program personnel as well as project success factors identified in the literature. By means of analysis and comparison between the data collected and the project success factors i...
Reexamining a proposal Thymidylate synthase 5'-untranslated region as a regulator of translation efficiency

The DNA replicative gene, thymidylate synthase (TYMS), is inhibited upon treatment with the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). TYMS has 28-bp tandem repeat sequences or VNTR (variable numbers of tandem repeats) in the 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR). The number of these repeats is variable in any given population, but the most prevalent are double (2R) and triple (3R) repeat sequences. A single G/C nucleotide polymorphism in the triple repeat sequence gives rise to a 3Rc or a 3Rg triple repeat structure. A widely cited literature used plasmid constructs of the 5′-UTR and proposed that genotyping the TYMS UTRs would predict the efficiency of Tyms protein translation, justifying altered therapeutic dosage of 5-FU. Prior studies had unusual features in experimental design, such as using the firefly Kozak sequence in place of the native human TYMS Kozak sequence to determine the ribosomal translational efficiency of TYMS mRNA. Our results using transient transfection, antibiotic-selected pools of transfected cells, and stably transfected clones, while using plasmids having native human Kozak sequence, refute the earlier results.
Resonance Raman Scattering As A Probe Of Structural Inhomogeneities In Heme Proteins

The effects of protein structural inhomogeneities are discussed in the context of ligand binding to Mb. The results of resonance Raman, optical absorption and geminate rebinding kinetics reflect these inhomogeneities. These effects can be divided naturally into proximal and distal interactions that, respectively, spread and shift the barrier height distribution for ligand binding.
Civil Society in Iran: Politics of Motherhood and the Public Sphere

Civil society and the public sphere are based on historically specific moral discourse. Social movements such as the women's movement emerge out of the internal contradictions of the dominant moral discourse at any historical juncture. This article explores how the women's movement emerged in post-revolutionary Iranian society, as represented in one major women's publication, Zanān. In post-revolutionary Iranian society, Muslim women activists broaden the boundaries of civil society by translating their highly praised status as mothers to active and morally recognized citizens.
Differential modulation of mouse brain biogenic amines by haloperidol and pimozide: implications in Tourette's syndrome.

Abstract 1. A comparison between the effect of equal dose regimens of Tourette's medications on mouse motor activity and regional brain monoamines suggests differential responses which may underlie drug-induced side-effects. 2. Haloperidol was more potent than pimozide in altering striatal dopamine concentration which may account for the greater incidence of haloperidol-induced extrapyramidal disorders compared to pimozide. 3. Pimozide, but not the haloperidol treatment, altered brain serotonin concentrations to suggest a decrease in turnover rate which may underlie pimozide-caused sedation in Tourette's syndrome. 4. Pimozide was more potent than haloperidol in duration of behavioral depression which suggests differential dopamine receptor subtypes blockade. 5. Pimozide was more potent than haloperidol in altering 3 of the 6 brain regions content of norepinephrine-derived normetanephrine which may be responsible for the increase in blood pressure reported during pimozide treatment.
Dynamic differential imaging of intrinsic optical responses in the retina

High resolution monitoring of stimulus-evoked retinal neural activities is important for understanding retinal neural mechanisms, and for diagnosis of retinal disease and evaluation of treatment. Fast intrinsic optical signals (IOSs), which have the time courses comparable to retinal electrophysiological responses, hold the promise for high resolution imaging of retinal neural activities. However, application of fast IOS imaging has been hindered by contamination of slow, high magnitude, optical responses associated with transient hemodynamic and metabolic changes. We recently demonstrated the feasibility of separating fast IOSs from slow optical responses by combined dynamic differential imaging and high frequency flicker stimulation.
Oxidation of PCEA nuclear graphite by low water concentrations in helium

Abstract Accelerated oxidation tests were performed to determine kinetic parameters of the chronic oxidation reaction (i.e. slow, continuous, and persistent) of PCEA graphite in contact with helium coolant containing low moisture concentrations in high temperature gas-cooled reactors. To the authors’ knowledge such a study has not been done since the detailed analysis of reaction of H-451 graphite with steam (Velasquez, Hightower, Burnette, 1978). Since that H-451 graphite is now unavailable, it is urgently needed to characterize chronic oxidation behavior of new graphite grades that are being considered for use in gas-cooled reactors. The Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism of carbon oxidation by water results in a non-linear reaction rate expression, with at least six different parameters. They were determined in accelerated oxidation experiments that covered a large range of temperatures (800–1100 °C), and partial pressures of water (15–850 Pa) and hydrogen (30–150 Pa) and used graphite specimens thin enough (4 mm) in order to avoid diffusion effects. Data analysis employed a statistical method based on multiple likelihood estimation of parameters and simultaneous fitting of non-linear equations. The results show significant material-specific differences between graphite grades PCEA and H-451 which were attributed to microstructural dissimilarity between the two materials. It is concluded that kinetic data cannot be transferred from one graphite grade to another.
It's Not Just About Budget Cuts: A Study of Print Periodical Usage and a Subsequent Cancellation Project at a Small Academic Library

Susan Vandale of Hollins University discussed the 2013 print periodical survey conducted by Wyndham Robertson Library and offered an overview of how this study was used to inform cancellation decisions necessitated by the library's flat budget for fiscal year 2013/2014. In addition, she discussed how the library was able to use the study and cancellation project as an opportunity to address space concerns and shift limited funds from less-used resources to new resources that would better serve their community. Framing her presentation in the conference themes of value and impact, Vandale highlighted the library's constructive approach to the process, commitment to fulfilling the needs of their stakeholders, and success in generating a positive outcome from a less-than-ideal situation.
DRUG ADDICTION. IS IT A DISEASE OR IS IT BASED ON CHOICE? A REVIEW OF GENE HEYMAN'S ADDICTION: A DISORDER OF CHOICE

In Addiction: A disorder of choice, Gene Heyman surveys a broad array of evidence—historical, anthropological, survey, clinical, and laboratory-based to build an argument about the role of basic choice processes in the phenomena that comprise drug addiction. He makes a compelling, multifaceted argument that conceptualizing drug addiction as a chronic disease (like schizophrenia or diabetes) is both misleading and erroneous. In developing his argument, he points out that the best survey data available indicate that most drug addicts quit their addiction, a fact inconsistent with a chronic-disease model. He illustrates how basic, normal choice processes can lead to addiction, arguing that people do not choose to be addicts, but that normal choice dynamics can lead them to that condition. He points to a variety of factors that keep most from becoming addicted, with a focus on the role of choice governed by choice-by-choice contingencies versus choice governed by the outcome of sequences of choices, a difference in an under-described activity called framing. His view is consistent with the most effective treatments currently available, and provides a basis for continued basic research on choice as well as research on treatment and prevention.
Mechanistic aspects of the pyrolytic methylation and transesterification of bacterial cell wall lipids

Abstract Coating a pyrolysis filament with whole bacterial cells, cell walls or lipid extracts followed by the addition of a suitable derivatizing agent (e.g. tetramethylammonium hydroxide or sodium metasilicate with alcohol) and subsequent pyrolysis, enables on-line derivatization and thermal extraction of volatile esters of the various fatty acid moieties present. It is shown that at least two competing reaction pathways appear to be involved, namely transesterification vs. hydrolysis (saponification) followed by methylation. In combination with a short capillary column gas-chromatographic separation and mass-spectrometric detection, the pyrolytic derivatization technique provides a rapid way for generating a chemotaxonomically characteristic profile of fatty acid methyl esters from a single bacterial colony.
Archeological Evidence of the Fisher in West Virginia

Kellogg (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 84, No. 3022, 1937) lists reports of the former occurrence of the fisher, Maries pennanti pennanti (Erxleben), from Raleigh, Upshur, and Wetzel counties, West Virginia. He quotes Surber (Proc. 3rd Annual Meeting West Virginia Fish and Game Prot. …
Computing Finite Semigroups, I: The First Row

New precedence results are obtained for finite, not necessarily commutative semigroups, which are used to further sharpen existing algorithms for the computation of finite semigroups. The results in this first part describe the first row of the multiplication table in detail and provide a numerical profile with which it can be compared to other rows.
Abusive supervision and workplace deviance and the moderating effects of negative reciprocity beliefs.

In this study, the authors examine the relationship between abusive supervision and employee workplace deviance. The authors conceptualize abusive supervision as a type of aggression. They use work on retaliation and direct and displaced aggression as a foundation for examining employees’ reactions to abusive supervision. The authors predict abusive supervision will be related to supervisor-directed deviance, organizational deviance, and interpersonal deviance. Additionally, the authors examine the moderating effects of negative reciprocity beliefs. They hypothesized that the relationship between abusive supervision and supervisor-directed deviance would be stronger when individuals hold higher negative reciprocity beliefs. The results support this hypotheses. The implications of the results for understanding destructive behaviors in the workplace are examined.
Handgrip-induced negative U-wave in electrocardiogram of hypertensive subjects.

To study clinical significance and possible mechanism of negative U-wave observed in hypertensive patients, we applied handgrip test (HG) to 35 patients with hypertension and 20 age-matched normal subjects. HG was sustained for 3min at 50% of maximum voluntary contraction. ECG recording and measurement of blood pressure were made before, during, and after HG.During HG, systolic blood pressure was 188.7±3.4mmHg (mean±SE) and diastolic blood pressure was 114.8±2.1mmHg in hypertensives, while 145.3±2.6mmHg and 93.8±1.1mmHg in normals; the difference between hypertensives and normals was statistically significant (p 130° with left high voltage: left ventricular wall thickness>12mm). Further we recorded UCG during HG in 14 subjects. In 4 patients, negative U waves appeared simultaneously with increase in left ventricular dimension during diastole. In the remaining 10 cases that included both normals and hypertensives, however, neither increase in left ventricular end diastolic dimension nor negative U waves were observed.Thus we conclude that HG-induced negative U waves may be caused by stretch of the ventricular wall resulting from acute left ventricular volume overload.
A variable narrow bandpass optically stimulated luminescence system for quaternary geochronology

Abstract A new optically stimulated luminescence system is devised for dating Quaternary geologic sediments. This instrument can provide any chosen wavelength between 400 and 850 nm with a bandwidth of 0.4–20.4 nm and a beam intensity adjustable between 7 and 110% of full power. The measured radiant flux at the sample position varies between 9.7 and 34.3 mW/cm 2 , providing sufficient energy for photoluminescence studies. It is hoped that this instrument will reveal the optimal wavelengths and bandwidths for dating Quaternary waterlain and other poorly light-exposed sediments.
Controlling the complexity of investment decisions using qualitative reasoning techniques

Abstract Assembling financial instruments such as equities, bonds, options, and other derivatives into a portfolio requires a thorough understanding of how the portfolio will behave in response to changes of specific economic variables and parameters of the instruments. With more information about a more diverse set of instruments becoming available to traders, it is becoming important to limit the complexity of the analysis involved. We show how this complexity can be limited by using qualitative analysis, where the objective is to construct a few good vehicles which can then be analyzed quantitatively. We illustrate how two qualitative reasoning techniques — qualitative simulation and qualitative synthesis — are used to design investment vehicles for risk management purposes. These techniques are currently employed by a prototype expert system that aims at assisting traders solving a risk management problem called hedging.
Face as a research focus in interpersonal pragmatics: Relational and emic perspectives

Abstract Research in interpersonal pragmatics will benefit from treating the study of face as a focus of research distinct from the study of im/politeness. Doing so will open research to broader issues such as the insights that examining relationships and emic conceptualizations can provide in theorizing. Face Constituting Theory ( Arundale, 1999 , Arundale, 2010a ) conceptualizes face apart from politeness, departing from other theories in providing an interactional and relational understanding of face. Outlining FCT's major concepts leads to an in depth examination of how this second order, culture-general explanation accommodates the first order, Japanese emic conceptualization of face. FCT's explanation offers insights into this unique emic conceptualization, and examining the Japanese conceptualization both clarifies theoretical concepts, and facilitates research that applies FCT in studying face in other cultural groups.
Energy Transfer Ligands of the GluR2 Ligand Binding Core

Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are ligand-gated ion channels that mediate excitatory signaling in the central nervous system. When a ligand binds to the extracellular domain of iGluRs, loc...
Spouse Caregivers' Attitudes Toward Obtaining a Diagnosis of a Dementing Illness

RESULTS: More than three-fourths of the sample rated the following benefits of obtaining a diagnosis as very or ex­ tremely important: ruling out other causes of memory or behavior problems, allowing family members to get informa­ tion about dementia, may qualify my spouse for drug treat­ ment, and will allow me to plan for the future. Primary obstacles included the time required to obtain a diagnosis, the cost of procedures, lack of access to physicians trained to diagnose dementing illnesses, and not receiving a referral from a primary care physician (41.6%,41.0%,40.8%, and 24.1 % of the sample, respectively, agreed or strongly agreed that the factor posed a barrier to obtaining a diagnosis). Content analysis of responses to two open-ended questions identified problematic or stressful aspects of obtaining a diagnosis and suggestions for making the process easier for the patient and family. CONCLUSION: Results suggest the need to provide an orientation to the diagnosis and assessment process for pa­ tients and family members, develop a training session for physicians to better prepare them to address the emotional needs of patients and families and to disclose the diagnosis in an informative and compassionate manner, and provide out­ reach education to primary care physicians to increase knowledge and awareness of dementing illnesses and to in­ crease referrals to community-based services and health pro­ fessionals able to address the concerns of family members. J Am Geriatr Soc 44:1003-1009, 1996.
Feasibility of Performing Real-Time Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography During Clinical Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography in Technically Difficult Patients

Myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) has emerged as an alternative to nuclear medicine perfusion imaging. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of performing and the interpretation of MCE for perfusion imaging in a clinical laboratory. The study population consisted of 150 consecutive patients referred for dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) to determine the presence of myocardial ischemia. Echocardiographic perfusion images were digitized at rest and at peak dobutamine infusion for later review. A total of 12 myocardial segments in the apical four and two chamber views were graded as no perfusion, minimal perfusion, definite perfusion, or not able to evaluate. Of 3600 possible segments, a total of 2926 (81%) were able to be graded at either rest or peak dobutamine. At rest, 79% of segments were graded for perfusion (1419 of 1800 segments). At peak dobutamine infusion, 84% of segments were graded for perfusion (1507 of 1800 segments). The results demonstrate that MCE is clinical...
Environmental Cracking Susceptibility of AISI 422 Stainless Steel in NH4HCO3/NH4OH Solution at 70°C

Abstract The environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) susceptibility of AISI 422 (UNS S42200) stainless steel (SS) turbine blades was examined in an aerated NH4HCO3/NH4OH solution at 70°C. Exposure ...
Immigration of insects into bins storing newly harvested wheat on 12 Kansas farms.

Adult insects entering 34 bins (36‐238 t capacity) storing newly harvested hard red winter wheat on 12 farms in Kansas were sampled from July through December 1998 using ventilation traps. Insects moving through the grain stored in these bins were sampled using probe traps. During the fourth week of storage, probe traps captured Cryptolestes ferrugineus in all bins, Ahasverus advena in 32 bins, Typhaea stercorea in 31 bins, and Rhyzopertha dominica in 13 bins. MeansSE of 5.60.7 C. ferrugineus ,0 .50.2 R. dominica, 3.50.3 A. advena, and 3.50.7T. stercorea were caught per day in probe traps. Ventilation traps provided a more direct measure than probe traps of the total numbers of insects entering bins storing newly harvested wheat. Immigration of A. advena and T. stercorea increased more than that of other species during the storage period, exceeding that of C. ferrugineus and R. dominica during some weeks. Rhyzopertha dominica had the lowest immigration rate. Bin size did not influence ventilation trap catch but as many as a third more insects may immigrate into large bins at the eaves compared with small bins because of their larger circumference. The mean numbers of C. ferrugineus, R. dominica, A. advena and T. stercorea captured in ventilation traps at the bin cap were 7.8, 2.7, 15.1 and 18.3 times, respectively, those captured in ventilation traps at the bin eaves. The estimated meansSE for total numbers of insects entering a bin each day were 13.64.2 C. ferrugineus, 6.34.7 R. dominica, 5.81.4 A. advena, and 21.98.2T. stercorea. Estimates of immigration rates can improve the accuracy with which insect densities are predicted using insect population growth models, and allow computer models to be used more eectively in managing insect pests. Insect infestations may be reduced by screening the openings between the bin cap and the roof, or the roof and the side walls. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Activation of LEDGF gene by thermal-and oxidative-stresses.

LEDGF promotes survival of many cell types against a wide range of environmental stresses, and cells responding to those stresses expressed higher levels of heat shock proteins (Hsps). LEDGF/p75 is a weak coactivator of general transcription. We speculated that a stress signal may activate expression of the LEDGF gene, resulting in elevated levels of LEDGF which may activate expression of stress-related proteins to protect cells from stresses. Lens epithelial cells (LECs) and cos7 cells were cultured under heat- or oxidative-stress. After cells were cultured for defined time, we quantified LEDGF mRNA and LEDGF protein with RT-PCR, Northern blot, and protein blot analysis. Our results showed that higher levels of LEDGF were found in both cell types under heat- and oxidative-stress than that in cells cultured at nonstress condition. Thus, one of the primary events in the stress-related protective events is the activation of LEDGF, a regulatory protein.
Cooperation in male lions: kinship, reciprocity or mutualism?

Playback experiments simulating the presence of intruder male lions elicited cooperative behaviour of male coalitions resident with prides of females. Resident males approached the broadcast roars on all occasions when more than one male was present for the experiment, and only failed to approach in three of eight cases when a single male faced the roars of three intruders. Three routes to cooperation were tested: kinship, reciprocity and mutualism. These results suggest that approaching the roars of strange males is a cooperative behaviour, and that this cooperation is not conditional on either the kinship or the behaviour of a male's companions. Cooperation in male lions instead appears to be based on mutualism.
Upconversion Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Mechanism, and Applications in Sensing

Upconversion is an optical process that involves the conversion of lower-energy photons into higher-energy photons. It has been extensively studied since mid-1960s and widely applied in optical devices. Over the past decade, high-quality rare earth-doped upconversion nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized with the rapid development of nanotechnology and are becoming more prominent in biological sciences. The synthesis methods are usually phase-based processes, such as thermal decomposition, hydrothermal reaction, and ionic liquids-based synthesis. The main difference between upconversion nanoparticles and other nanomaterials is that they can emit visible light under near infrared irradiation. The near infrared irradiation leads to low autofluorescence, less scattering and absorption, and deep penetration in biological samples. In this review, the synthesis of upconversion nanoparticles and the mechanisms of upconversion process will be discussed, followed by their applications in different areas, especially in the biological field for biosensing.
Self-assembly from the point of view of its pieces

A graph grammar can be used to describe or direct the changing connection topology of a collection of, for example, self-organizing robots. Productions in a grammar describe the legal local interactions in which the robots may engage and the resulting global structures and processes that form can be analyzed by looking at the set of reachable graphs generated by the grammar. In this paper we discuss the relationship between a grammar and its characteristic automata set, which describes the trajectories of the grammar from the "point of view" of the components of the initial graph. The automata set of a grammar is essentially a Petri-Net description of these pathways and is related to the grammar as a metabolic network is related to a set of chemical reactions. It is useful for the analysis of the behavior of the grammar.
Feature selection for composite hypothesis testing with small samples: Fundamental limits and algorithms

This paper considers the problem of feature selection for composite hypothesis testing: The goal is to select, from m candidate features, r relevant ones for distinguishing the null hypothesis from the composite alternative hypothesis; the training data are given as L sequences of observations, of which each is an n-sample sequence coming from one distribution in the alternative hypothesis. What is the fundamental limit for successful feature selection? Are there any algorithms that achieve this limit? We investigate this problem in a small-sample high-dimensional setting, with n = o(m), and obtain a tight pair of achievability and converse results: (i) There exists a function ƒ(L, n, r,m) such that if ƒ(L, n, r,m) ↓ 0, then no asymptotically consistent feature selection algorithm exists; (ii) We propose a feature selection algorithm that is asymptotically consistent whenever ƒ(L, n, r,m) ↑ ∞.