cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect mechanism of hydrogen displacement in generator on inner cooling water quality:research and application

The content of carbon dioxide remained in hydrogen during the hydrogen displacement in a hydrogen-cooled generator system was calculated roughly.Moreover,the effect of carbon dioxide escaped from hydrogen into the inner water cooling system on pH value of the inner cooling water was evaluated.On the basis of on-site sampling and detection,and combining with case study on hydrogen leaking into the inner water cooling system,the presence of carbon dioxide and its effect on the inner cooling water quality was demonstrated.Results showed that,when defects existed in the generator,the carbon dioxide in hydrogen would result in low pH value and high electrical conductivity of the inner cooling water,causing corrosion of the copper wire,which should be paid much attention.
Preface Zombies Today

I was supposed to be in Berlin. But there was something about “severe weather” in the Midwest (in May?! What is that but a harbinger of the climate crisis?), and an airport control tower on fire in Chicago, and a vision of the kind of chaos that ensues when society breaks down. At the airport, there was a two-hour long line to wait in, full of irritable would-be passengers, and at the front, barely an apology from the overworked airline employees, tasked with the unenviable job of informing all those booked on cancelled flights that delays were on the order of days, not hours because (and here’s our old friend capitalism rearing his ugly mug), the airlines had all, according to common procedure these days, overbooked their flights. Sure, they could get me to Europe, but not for several days, and by that time, I would have missed my reason for going: to see German zombies run.
Federal Implementation Plans and the Path to Clean Power

Promulgated under the Clean Air Act in October 2015, the Clean Power Plan requires states to significantly reduce carbon emissions from existing power plants and is the centerpiece of the Environmental Protection Agency’s (“EPA’s”) response to global warming. Many states have judicially challenged the plan and also have vowed that, if unsuccessful, they will refuse to implement it. As urged by Senator Majority Leader Mitch McConnell in a nationally publicized letter to all fifty governors, they threaten to “Just Say No” to the plan. In turn, EPA has issued proposed rules that would implement the Plan by imposing a “federal implementation plan” (“FIP”) under the Clean Air Act upon those recalcitrant states. Thus, the success of the Clean Power Plan may well rest upon this FIP, a regulatory instrument that academic commentary has almost universally dismissed as little used and highly ineffective.This article first comprehensively examines EPA’s past use of FIPs. Contrary to accepted belief, EPA has imposed FIPs on over fifty occasions, and its use of them has greatly evolved. The article analyzes this evolution and finds that FIPs have altered the “cooperative federalism” structure of the Clean Air Act in important ways. The use of FIPs has centralized more power at the federal level, afforded EPA considerable experience in designing and administering market-trading systems, subordinated the state-centered political geography of the act, and created new compliance incentives for states and regulated industries. The article then employs these conclusions as a lens through which to examine EPA’s proposed FIP for the Clean Power Plan. It finds that the proposed FIP derives logically from EPA’s prior work on FIPs and will benefit from that work. However, the article concludes that the structure and complexities of the Clean Power Plan raise a series of six issues for the proposed FIP that will require both EPA and states to make difficult tradeoffs involving competing regulatory goals.
Knowledge-based systems for robotic applications

Today, quality design and high productivity in engineering and manufacturing are often synonymous with the use of computers, robots, expert systems, and other computer-based technologies. The greater the degree of computer-based automation exploited and implemented, the greater a nation’s ability to survive in tomorrow’s extremely competitive world market. Among the computer-based technologies, knowledge-based systems for robotic applications is of paramount importance in manufacturing industry.
Modulational instability regions for coupled Ginzburg-Landau equations with higher order of nonlinearities

A generalized (2+1)-dimensional coupled cubic-quintic Ginzburg-Landau equation with higher-order nonlinearities is fully investigated for modulational instability regions. We obtained the constraints that allow the modulational instability (MI) procedure to transform the system under consideration into an analysis of the roots of a polynomial equation of the fourth degree. Because of the complexity of the dispersion relation and its dependence on many parameters, we study numerous examples that are presented graphically. A numerical simulation based on a split-step Fourier method is implemented on the above equation. In addition to the general case, we have considered some special cases that allow us to investigate the behavior of MI in different regions.
Management of Acute Diabetic Fractures of the Ankle

Ankle fractures are so commonly seen and routinely treated that we fail to remember that the diabetic patient also presents with impaired healing of the wound and bone, vascular insufficiency, and neuropathy. This is because chronic hyperglycemia increases osteoclastic activity, decreases osteoblastic activity, impairs the ability of the red blood cell to deliver oxygen, and decreases the ability of fibroblasts from migrating and attaching to wounds. Overall, the incidence of adult ankle fractures is 100.8/100,000/per year with approximately 260,000 Americans per year sustaining an ankle, six percent of which are diabetics. Preoperatively, patients should have good neurovascular examinations along with an evaluation of their hemoglobin A1c. Preoperative evaluation combined with surgical techniques, specific for the diabetic pathology, is presented to provide optimal patient outcome for this patient population. Non-operative treatment is indicated for non-displaced fractures. All displaced fractures should be managed surgically with four options available: standard fixation, trans-syndesmotic, trans-articular or a combined technique. Major complications associated with managing these patients consist of failure of fixation, skin and wound problems, infections and the development of Charcot neuroarthropathy.
Kathleen Mears Lecture: Twentieth Century EEG Technology for the 21st Century: Considering our Future by Examining our Past

AUTHOR'S NOTE.The following is a synopsis of a lecture given in memory of Kathleen Mears before the annual meeting of the American Society of Electroneurodiagnostic Technologists. Kathy was an esteemed colleague as well as a friend to all END Technologists. One of her very many contributions to electroneurodiagnostic technology and to technologists was her dedication to education. Working closely with her on committees and boards, I was always impressed how Kathy never compromised on her stand that even the most advanced ideas in clinical neurophysiological technology are based in a few very basic principles. Further, she taught that an understanding of these basic principles allows for creativity and sets the path for a technologist's expertise. She maintained this idea throughout her professional career and in her teaching endeavors. This was the basis of her leadership. It is to her realization of this ideal that this paper and lecture are dedicated.
Risk Attitude Hypotheses of Utility Theory

Two behavioral concepts have recently emerged as a result of an interpretation of the expected utility theory: relative (with respect to the strength of preference) risk attitude and intrinsic (or invariant between decisions and attributes) risk attitude. They lead us to formulate several behavioral hypotheses which next have been tested experimentally. We present the results and ponder their implications.
The multiple roles of mentors

Teaching Residents at Teachers College (TR@TC) is an 18-month program that prepares teachers for high-needs schools in New York City in two areas: teaching English to speakers of other languages (T...
The American Board of Surgery examinations: how are the Southwestern Surgical Congress programs performing compared to the rest of the United States?

Abstract Background Our aim was to study pass rates of the American Board of Surgery (ABS) examinations for examinees from programs in the Southwestern Surgical Congress (SWSC) compared with the rest of the United States (Non-SWSC). Methods A retrospective review of pass rates of ABS Qualifying Examination (QE), Certifying Examination (CE), and QE/CE index from 2005 to 2015 was conducted. Results From 2005 to 2010, SWSC outperformed Non-SWSC in QE (88% vs 85%, P Conclusions SWSC programs outperformed Non-SWSC across QE and CE in the early period, but only on QE in the late period. We encourage SWSC states and regional surgical societies to evaluate performance on ABS examinations and collaborate to improve surgical training.
Recent Advances in Development of Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Sensors.

Genetically encoded fluorescent sensors are essential tools in modern biological research, and recent advances in fluorescent proteins (FPs) have expanded the scope of sensor design and implementation. In this review we compare different sensor platforms, including Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) sensors, fluorescence-modulated single FP-based sensors, translocation sensors, complementation sensors, and dimerization-based sensors. We discuss elements of sensor design and engineering for each platform, including the incorporation of new types of FPs and sensor screening techniques. Finally, we summarize the wide range of sensors in the literature, exploring creative new sensor architectures suitable for different applications.
Reactive oxygen species production induced by pore opening in cardiac mitochondria: The role of complex II

Recent evidence has implicated succinate-driven reverse electron transport (RET) through complex I as a major source of damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS) underlying reperfusion injury after prolonged cardiac ischemia. However, this explanation may be incomplete, because RET on reperfusion is self-limiting and therefore transient. RET can only generate ROS when mitochondria are well polarized, and it ceases when permeability transition pores (PTP) open during reperfusion. Because prolonged ischemia/reperfusion also damages electron transport complexes, we investigated whether such damage could lead to ROS production after PTP opening has occurred. Using isolated cardiac mitochondria, we demonstrate a novel mechanism by which antimycin-inhibited complex III generates significant amounts of ROS in the presence of Mg2+ and NAD+ and the absence of exogenous substrates upon inner membrane pore formation by alamethicin or Ca2+-induced PTP opening. We show that H2O2 production under these conditions is related to Mg2+-dependent NADH generation by malic enzyme. H2O2 production is blocked by stigmatellin, indicating its origin from complex III, and by piericidin, demonstrating the importance of NADH-related ubiquinone reduction for ROS production under these conditions. For maximal ROS production, the rate of NADH generation has to be equal or below that of NADH oxidation, as further increases in [NADH] elevate ubiquinol-related complex III reduction beyond the optimal range for ROS generation. These results suggest that if complex III is damaged during ischemia, PTP opening may result in succinate/malate-fueled ROS production from complex III due to activation of malic enzyme by increases in matrix [Mg2+], [NAD+], and [ADP].
Metasurface-Mediated Quantum Entanglement

Entanglement-based quantum science exploits subtle properties of quantum mechanics into applications such as quantum computing, sensing, and metrology. The emerging route for quantum computing applications, which calls for ultracompact, integrated, and scalable architecture, aims at on-chip entangled qubits. In this context, quantum entanglement among atomic qubits was achieved via cold-controlled collisions which are only significant at subwavelength separations. However, as other manifolds of quantum state engineering require single-site addressability and controlled manipulation of the individual qubit using diffraction-limited optics, entanglement of qubits separated by macroscopic distances at the chip level is still an outstanding challenge. Here, we report a novel platform for on-chip quantum state engineering by harnessing the extraordinary light-molding capabilities of metasurfaces. We theoretically demonstrate quantum entanglement between two qubits trapped on a chip and separated by macroscopic...
Individual Drawing Styles of Three Children from Five to Seven Years

Knowledge of an artistic style is derived from the collected works of a given artist or school. Philosophers, artists, critics, and psychologists have generally agreed that a style has three major components: form, subject matter and intended meaning (e.g., Finch, 1974; Gardner, 1980; Goodman, 1978; Hartley & Uoma, 1981). While the notion of individual styles is well-established for accomplished adult artists, there has been comparatively little discussion of individual styles in children’s art. Children’s artistic accomplishments have typically been evaluated by experts, familiar with children’s art and sometimes with the children themselves (e.g. Gardner, 1980; Lark-Horovitz, Lewis & Luca, 1973; Mendelowitz, 1963). The present studies addressed the question of whether young children exhibit individual styles by investigating whether such styles could be learned by lay adults.
Endrew F. v. Douglas County School District (2017) and special education law: What teachers and administrators need to know

Even though special education law is covered in most teacher and administrative certification programs, it is an area that is continually evolving. The results of the 2017 U.S. Supreme Court case E...
Constituent Reordering and Syntax Models for English-to-Japanese Statistical Machine Translation

We present a constituent parsing-based reordering technique that improves the performance of the state-of-the-art English-to-Japanese phrase translation system that includes distortion models by 4.76 BLEU points. The phrase translation model with reordering applied at the pre-processing stage outperforms a syntax-based translation system that incorporates a phrase translation model, a hierarchical phrase-based translation model and a tree-to-string grammar. We also show that combining constituent reordering and the syntax model improves the translation quality by additional 0.84 BLEU points.
Applications of Cell Kinetic Techniques to Human Malignancies

It is the purpose of this chapter to summarize methods that are currently and potentially available to measure the kinetics of cancer cells and to review data that are available for specific human neoplasms. The chapter includes information that influences the planning of treatment as well as information that reflects the response to therapy. A variety of techniques, both in vitro and in vivo, that have been developed in animal tumor systems are now being applied to human neoplasms. Lightdale and Lipkin (1975) reviewed some of these methods in Volume 3 of this series. Although much information on the kinetics of animal tumor systems is available, the extrapolation of such data is often speculative and misleading. Accordingly, we will restrict our discussion to specific information derived from human tumors or methods that are potentially available.
Pharmacology of Thyrotropin Releasing Factor (TRF), Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Factor (LRF), and Somatostatin

It is now apparent that the three characterized hypothalamic hypo-physiotropic regulatory peptides have powerful biological activities on the pituitary gland, central nervous system, and, in the case of somatostatin, the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas. The distribution of these peptides and a variety of immunological, physiological, and clinical studies have suggested that these peptides possess important physiological functions in each of these organ systems and could, under some circumstances, play pathophysiologic roles as well. In order to study and exploit these biologically important peptides, synthetic analogs have been developed which can be used for several investigational and clinical purposes.
The Disparity of Care and Outcomes for Medicaid Patients Undergoing Colectomy

Abstract Background Colectomies are one of the most common surgeries in the United States with about 275,000 performed annually. Studies have shown that insurance status is an independent risk factor for worse surgical outcomes. This study aims to analyze the effect of insurance on health outcomes of patients undergoing colectomy procedures. Methods We examined hospital discharge data from the State Inpatient Database, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, from 2009 to 2014 in California, Florida, New York, Maryland, and Kentucky. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included complications, length of stay (LOS), total hospital charges, and 30- and 90-d readmissions. Results A total of 444,877 patients were included in the analysis. Bivariate analysis showed that open surgeries were more common in Medicaid patients (50.5%), whereas robotic and laparoscopic surgeries were more common in private insurance holders (50.4% and 21.7%, respectively). In the adjusted multivariate models, when compared with private insurance patients, Medicaid patients had the highest odds ratio (OR) for mortality (OR, 1.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.78-2.15), complication rates (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.38-1.49), 30-d readmission (OR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.40-1.55), 90-d readmission (OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.37-1.51), longer LOS (coefficient, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.24-1.28), and higher total hospital charges (coefficient, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.13-1.17). Conclusions We identified Medicaid insurance status as a predictor of open colectomies and of higher mortality, LOS, complications, readmission rates, and charges after colectomy. Further research and initiatives are necessary to meet the specific needs of patients with different payer types.
Secure Computation for Machine Learning With SPDZ.

Secure Multi-Party Computation (MPC) is an area of cryptography that enables computation on sensitive data from multiple sources while maintaining privacy guarantees. However, theoretical MPC protocols often do not scale efficiently to real-world data. This project investigates the efficiency of the SPDZ framework, which provides an implementation of an MPC protocol with malicious security, in the context of popular machine learning (ML) algorithms. In particular, we chose applications such as linear regression and logistic regression, which have been implemented and evaluated using semi-honest MPC techniques. We demonstrate that the SPDZ framework outperforms these previous implementations while providing stronger security.
Towards Enterprise-Ready AI Deployments Minimizing the Risk of Consuming AI Models in Business Applications

The stochastic nature of artificial intelligence (AI) models introduces risk to business applications that use AI models without careful consideration. This paper offers an approach to use AI techniques to gain insights on the usage of the AI models and control how they are deployed to a production application.
Simultaneous Analyst Coverage and the Reduction of the Risk-Arb Spread

Research on mergers and hedge funds find that the risk arbitrage spread has contracted. This paper investigates the role financial analysts have on risk arbitrage by comparing mergers where a single analyst covers both the target and the acquirer prior to the deal announcement. We find that simultaneous coverage increases as a percent of M&A deals and that deals with simultaneous analyst coverage have a lower risk-arb spread. We additionally find that these deals have a lower takeover premium and longer time to completion. Overall, results suggest that simultaneous analyst coverage has reduced the risk-arb spread.
A Dilution Method to Mitigate Biotin Interference in Cardiac Troponin T Testing

Background: Oral biotin supplementation is known to interfere with biotin-streptavidin–based immunoassays, including Roche9s fifth-generation cardiac troponin T (cTnT) assay, which plays a critical role in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI). The utility of dilution, a quick and easy method to detect and remove interferences, has not been published for biotin interference. Methods: Concentrations of cTnT were measured in pooled serum from clinical samples. Serum samples were supplemented with biotin to known concentrations, then cTnT concentrations were remeasured to assess for biotin interference. Samples were then diluted to assess for effective removal of biotin interference. Results: At cTnT values near the critical reporting range for our institution (100 ng/L) we observed significant interference in measured values with added biotin concentrations above 50 ng/mL. In specimens without added biotin, autodilution at a 1:10 ratio yielded a mean 157% capture of measured cTnT, precluding the use of autodilution for detecting and mitigating biotin interference. A 1:10 dilution with serum containing 20–30 ng/L cTnT yielded a mean capture of 107%, which was suitable for detecting underlying biotin interference in supplemented samples. Conclusions: Biotin interference, at supraphysiologic concentrations, may create an artifactual reduction in measured cTnT to levels that could lead to delayed detection of an MI. Dilution with serum of known cTnT concentration of 20–30 ng/L is a fast and effective method to mitigate the analytical consequences of biotin interference.
Animal Models of Normal and Disturbed Iron and Copper Metabolism

Research on the interplay between iron and copper metabolism in humans began to flourish in the mid-20th century, and diseases associated with dysregulated homeostasis of these essential trace minerals are common even today. Iron deficiency is the most frequent cause of anemia worldwide, leading to significant morbidity, particularly in developing countries. Iron overload is also quite common, usually being the result of genetic mutations which lead to inappropriate expression of the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin. Perturbations of copper homeostasis in humans have also been described, including rare genetic conditions which lead to severe copper deficiency (Menkes disease) or copper overload (Wilson disease). Historically, the common laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus) was the most frequently utilized species to model human physiology and pathophysiology. Recently, however, the development of genetic-engineering technology combined with the worldwide availability of numerous genetically homogenous (i.e., inbred) mouse strains shifted most research on iron and copper metabolism to laboratory mice. This created new opportunities to understand the function of individual genes in the context of a living animal, but thoughtful consideration of whether mice are the most appropriate models of human pathophysiology was not necessarily involved. Given this background, this review is intended to provide a guide for future research on iron- and copper-related disorders in humans. Generation of complementary experimental models in rats, swine, and other mammals is now facile given the advent of newer genetic technologies, thus providing the opportunity to accelerate the identification of pathogenic mechanisms and expedite the development of new treatments to mitigate these important human disorders.
Design of Multilayered Meta-Lenses for Image Resolution Enhancement

Multilayered meta-lenses composed of Silver, PMMA and photoresist with different thicknesses are investigated in order to increase the amplification of evanescent waves traveling through the lenses, aiming to enhance image resolution.
The Wisdom of the Market: Using Human Factors to Design Prediction Markets for Collective Intelligence:

There is an ever-growing literature on the power of prediction markets to harness “the wisdom of the crowd” from large groups of people. However, traditional prediction markets are not designed in ...
A Novel SS18-SSX Fusion-specific Antibody for the Diagnosis of Synovial Sarcoma

Synovial sarcoma (SS), an aggressive soft tissue sarcoma with a predilection for the extremities of young adults, harbors the pathognomonic t(X;18)(p11;q11) translocation, resulting in SS18-SSX rearrangements. SS includes monophasic, biphasic, and poorly differentiated variants, which show considerable histologic overlap with a range of other tumor types, making the diagnosis challenging on limited biopsies. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is routinely used in the differential diagnosis; however, presently available markers lack specificity. Thus, cytogenetic or molecular genetic techniques are often employed to confirm the diagnosis. Here, we report the development and characterization of 2 novel antibodies: an SS18-SSX fusion-specific antibody (E9X9V, designed to the breakpoint) as well as an SSX-specific antibody (E5A2C, designed to the SSX C-terminus). We validated the selectivity and specificity of the antibodies using immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation, and chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by next-generation sequencing in SS cell lines and demonstrated that both antibodies capture SS18-SSX on chromatin at established target sites (eg, TLE1 and BCL2) genome-wide. Using IHC in whole sections from 400 tumors including 100 genetically confirmed cases of SS and 300 histologic mimics, the SS18-SSX fusion-specific antibody revealed strong diffuse nuclear staining in 95 of 100 (95%) SS cases, whereas none of the 300 control tumors showed any staining. The SSX antibody showed strong diffuse nuclear staining in all 100 (100%) SS cases; 13 (4%) of the 300 other tumors were also positive, 5 of which displayed >50% nuclear staining. In summary, a novel SS18-SSX fusion-specific antibody is highly sensitive (95%) and specific (100%) for SS, and an antibody to the SSX C-terminus is also highly sensitive (100%), but slightly less specific (96%). IHC using the SS18-SSX antibody could replace molecular genetic or cytogenetic testing in most cases, and these reagents together will also provide the research community with valuable tools for further biochemical and genomic interrogation of the SS18-SSX fusion protein.
Morbidity and Mortality Conference

Morbidity and mortality (M&M) conferences are a vital component of the peer review process exercised by surgical services at academic and private medical centers. The backbone of the M&M conference is founded in the process in which the errors made and resultant complications during the care of patients are scrutinized and discussed by students, residents, colleagues, and mentors.
Stratified Test Alleviates Batch Effects in Single-Cell Data

Analyzing single-cell sequencing data across batches is challenging. We find that the Van Elteren test, a stratified version of Wilcoxon rank-sum test, elegantly mitigates the problem. We also modified the common language effect size to supplement this test, further improving its utility. On both simulated and real patient data we show the ability of Van Elteren test to control for false positives and false negatives. The effect size also estimates the differences between cell types more accurately.
Study of emerging air taxi network operation using discrete-event systems simulation approach

Abstract This research focuses on understanding the air taxi operations to determine the number of air taxis required to fulfill the demand for urban air mobility in New York City (NYC). We leverage the Define, Measure, Analyze, Design, and Verify (DMADV) framework and integrate it with the systems simulation approach. Upon investigation, we find that all the parameters linearly impact the vehicle utilization, while other measures are robust, specifically with respect to the seating capacity. It is also recommended to operate initially with 70 air taxis in NYC to achieve a trade-off between customer wait time and vehicle utilization. The proposed approach can act as a recommender system for air taxi companies.
Virtual Musculoskeletal Examination Using Telemedicine

One of the biggest barriers to adoption of telemedicine from the perspective of orthopedic care providers is concern about the ability to do an adequate physical examination. Orthopedic surgeons feel the physical exam is of utmost importance when formulating a differential diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan. However, there are also many situations where a “virtual” physical examination may be enough to appropriately treat a patient. Many established patients that we see in person present for a wound check after surgery, to review medical imaging, and for surveillance exam to ensure that he/she is progressing along the treatment plan or discuss a surgical procedure. In these scenarios, a detailed, thorough physical examination may not be necessary. When seeing new patients, we often use telemedicine to not definitively diagnose and treat them, but more as a screening tool to determine if and when an in-person visit is needed (and with whom) and also to order appropriate imaging beforehand. There are many tips and tricks that one can utilize to ensure that the virtual physical examination is as valuable as possible and that the experience is efficient and rewarding for both parties involved. We have found it useful to make a one-page “tip” sheet that the patient receives prior to the telemedicine visit to outline the specific provider’s preferences.
Handedness switching as a presenting sign for pediatric low-grade gliomas: An insight into brain plasticity from a short case series.

Purpose To describe clinical data, rehabilitation services, and outcomes of children with handedness switching as their presenting symptom before low-grade glioma (LGG) diagnosis. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed for five patients (four female and four white) with LGG and confirmed handedness switching before LGG diagnosis. Results All children were less than 8 years at diagnosis, and two patients were less than 3 years. All children were initially right-handed and experienced loss of motor function, ranging from weakness to paresis, in their dominant hand. The median time from switching handedness to diagnosis was 1 month (range: 0.75-60 months). Rehabilitation was offered for three patients, and motor function deficits in the initial dominant hand were resolved in two of the total cohort. At long-term follow-up, hand dominance returned to the initial hand in three patients. Conclusions Handedness switching should be acknowledged as a potential sign of LGG in children, and early long-term rehabilitation services should be offered for these children.
Summary of the Science Showing “Crowd Out” Exists and Accommodative Monetary Policy Can Offset It

This chapter summarizes the tests of the total loanable funds variable as a crowd out offset, as well as the exogenous and endogenous loanable funds components as crowd out offsets.
Endothelial barrier function is co-regulated at vessel bifurcations by fluid forces and sphingosine-1-phosphate

Abstract Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid mediator of endothelial barrier function. Prior studies have implicated mechanical stimulation due to intravascular laminar shear stress in co-regulating S1P signaling in endothelial cells (ECs). Yet, vascular networks in vivo consist of vessel bifurcations, and this geometry generates hemodynamic forces at the bifurcation point distinct from laminar shear stress. However, the role of these forces at vessel bifurcations in regulating S1P-dependent endothelial barrier function is not known. In this study, we implemented a microfluidic platform that recapitulates the flow dynamics of vessel bifurcations with in situ quantification of the permeability of microvessel analogues. Co-application of S1P with impinging bifurcated fluid flow, which is characterized by approximately zero shear stress and 38 dyn•cm−2 stagnation pressure at the vessel bifurcation point, promotes vessel stabilization. Similarly, co-treatment of S1P with 3 dyn•cm−2 laminar shear stress is also protective of endothelial barrier function. Moreover, it is shown that vessel stabilization due to bifurcated fluid flow and laminar shear stress is dependent on S1P receptor 1 or 2 signaling. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the endothelium-protective function of fluid forces at vessel bifurcations and their involvement in coordinating S1P-dependent regulation of vessel permeability.
Apligraf as an Alternative to Skin Grafting in the Pediatric Population

Split-thickness skin grafting and healing by secondary intention are the most common options for the treatment of full-thickness skin injuries. This case explores Apligraf (Organogenesis Inc., Canton, Massachusetts) as an alternative treatment for full-thickness skin injuries in the pediatric population. Apligraf, a bioengineered living cell construct, is an advanced wound care modality that is commonly used to treat chronic, nonhealing venous leg ulcers and diabetic foot ulcers. This case demonstrates Apligraf as a viable, if not superior, treatment option for full-thickness skin injury.
An Evolutionarily Conserved Regulatory Pathway of Muscle Mitochondrial Network Organization

Mitochondrial networks provide coordinated energy distribution throughout muscle cells. However, pathways specifying mitochondrial network-type separately from contractile fiber-type remain unclear. Here, we show that natural energetic demands placed on Drosophila melanogaster muscles yield native cell-types among which contractile and mitochondrial network-types are regulated independently. Proteomic analyses of indirect flight, jump, and leg muscles together with muscles misexpressing known fiber-type specification factor salm identified transcription factors H15 and cut as potential mitochondrial network regulators. We demonstrate H15 operates downstream of salm regulating flight muscle contractile and mitochondrial network-type. Conversely, H15 regulates mitochondrial network configuration but not contractile type in jump and leg muscles. Further, we find that cut regulates salm expression in flight muscles and mitochondrial network configuration in leg muscles. These data indicate cell type-specific regulation of muscle mitochondrial network organization separately from contractile type, mitochondrial content, and mitochondrial size through an evolutionarily conserved pathway involving cut, salm, and H15.
A Review of Critical Issues in American Psychiatry and the Law

The American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law is an organization of forensic psychiatrists active in both civil and criminal law. The Academy has long published a bulletin and newsletter; this is its first venture into book publishing. Annual meetings are held regularly in New York City in addition to semiannual national meetings. This volume is a collection of papers from annual programs from 1977 to 1980.
Quantum manipulation of a classical atom by a chirped microwave pulse

With a microwave pulse chirped from 19 to 13 GHz population in the Li n=70 states is transferred to the n=79 states through a phase locking of the electron's motion to the microwave field.
Assessment of translational regulation by run-off translation of polysomes in vitro.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the assessment of translational regulation by the run-off translation of polysomes in vitro . The regulation of translational processes is an important element in the fine-tuning of plant gene expression. Broad changes in gene expression are evident with changes in mRNA steady-state levels and transcriptional activity, which can be detected by RNA gel blot hybridization and nuclear run-on assays, respectively. This discrepancy can be explained, in part, by the selective recruitment of specific mRNAs by the translational machinery. That is, only a subset of the total cellular mRNA population is associated with polyribosome complexes. Not all polysome-associated mRNAs are translated in vivo ; some are arrested. The run-off translation of polysomes in vitro is a method to assess translational competence. The method differentiates by function, not just by the presence of mRNA species in cells or their association with polysomes. Polysomes are isolated from cells and then resuspended in an extract containing all of the factors necessary to perform the elongation reactions of translation.
Turning green to gold.

Biliverdin is reduced to the potent antioxidant bilirubin in mammals and other vertebrates. The X-ray crystal structures of two biliverdin reductases, with different isomer specificities, show how substrate and cofactor bind to the enzymes and provide new insights into the mechanism of the reduction.
Nondestructive analysis of urinary calculi using micro computed tomography.

Micro computed tomography (micro CT) has been shown to provide exceptionally high quality imaging of the fine structural detail within urinary calculi. We tested the idea that micro CT might also be used to identify the mineral composition of urinary stones non-destructively. Micro CT x-ray attenuation values were measured for mineral that was positively identified by infrared microspectroscopy (FT-IR). To do this, human urinary stones were sectioned with a diamond wire saw. The cut surface was explored by FT-IR and regions of pure mineral were evaluated by micro CT to correlate x-ray attenuation values with mineral content. Additionally, intact stones were imaged with micro CT to visualize internal morphology and map the distribution of specific mineral components in 3-D. Micro CT images taken just beneath the cut surface of urinary stones showed excellent resolution of structural detail that could be correlated with structure visible in the optical image mode of FT-IR. Regions of pure mineral were not difficult to find by FT-IR for most stones and such regions could be localized on micro CT images of the cut surface. This was not true, however, for two brushite stones tested; in these, brushite was closely intermixed with calcium oxalate. Micro CT x-ray attenuation values were collected for six minerals that could be found in regions that appeared to be pure, including uric acid (3515 – 4995 micro CT attenuation units, AU), struvite (7242 – 7969 AU), cystine (8619 – 9921 AU), calcium oxalate dihydrate (13815 – 15797 AU), calcium oxalate monohydrate (16297 – 18449 AU), and hydroxyapatite (21144 – 23121 AU). These AU values did not overlap. Analysis of intact stones showed excellent resolution of structural detail and could discriminate multiple mineral types within heterogeneous stones. Micro CT gives excellent structural detail of urinary stones, and these results demonstrate the feasibility of identifying and localizing most of the common mineral types found in urinary calculi using laboratory CT.
Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Potentials

The equilibrium criterion of maximum entropy for an isolated system is used to derive the equivalent criterion of minimum internal energy at constant entropy. Alternative equilibrium criteria for chemically closed systems are derived for other conditions and thermodynamic potentials: minimum Helmholtz free energy for constant temperature and no external work; minimum enthalpy for constant pressure or minimum Gibbs free energy for constant temperature and pressure, both with no external work in excess of that against the external pressure. For an open system at constant temperature, constant chemical potentials, and no external work, the Kramers potential is a minimum at equilibrium. According to any of these criteria, the conditions for mutual equilibrium of heterogeneous systems are uniformity of temperature, pressure, and chemical potentials of each chemical component. We also derive the Gibbs phase rule that bounds the number of macroscopic degrees of freedom, depending on the number of phases in mutual equilibrium.
Transient response of a plastically anisotropic cylinder in plane strain

Abstract An anisotropic plastic analysis of a long cylinder subjected to internal impulsive pressure loading is presented. Motion of the thin-walled cylinder is taken as radially symmetric and radial displacement is assumed uniform through the thickness. Resulting transient response formulas are expressed in terms of elementary functions. Comparisons between transient deflections for plastically anisotropic and isotropic materials indicate differences as large as 25 per cent, even when uniaxial material properties are identical along principal directions in the cylinder reference surface.
Aging and presbycusis: Effects on 2-deoxy-d-glucose uptake in the mouse auditory brain stem in quiet

Autoradiography was used to assess the incorporation of [2-14C]deoxy-D-glucose by the auditory brain stem of young and aging mice of the C57BL/6 strain (which demonstrates progressive chronic sensorineural hearing loss) and the CBA strain (which maintains good hearing until late in life). Animals were injected with labeled 2-deoxyglucose and placed in quiet for 45 min; brain stem sections were prepared for autoradiography. The amounts of 2-deoxyglucose incorporated into the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), inferior colliculus (IC), and trigeminal nerve (TN) were densitometrically analyzed. Within each subject, the densities of the three structures were statistically compared. In every mouse, inferior colliculus density was greater than that of the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus, which was greater than trigeminal nerve density. To compare subject groups, relative densities (inferior colliculus and anterior ventral cochlear nucleus re: trigeminal nerve) were used; no significant differences were found between groups. Thus, aging, with or without severe loss of hearing, is not associated with altered incorporation of 2-deoxyglucose (and presumably glucose) in quiet.
Genetic flip-flop without an accompanying change in linkage disequilibrium.

In a recent issue of the American Journal of Human Genetics, Lin et al.1 showed that a change in linkage disequilibrium (LD) between a causal (B) and the observed (A) variants can lead to a reversal of genetic effect between two studies (a flip-flop). In this report, we show that a flip-flop can occur without a change in LD, even under simple noninteractive models. Further, we examine interactive models that allow for a flip-flop to take place under linkage equilibrium (LE). We provide specific conditions for the form of A and B interaction that permits a zero LD flip-flop, examine the behavior of allelic variance in the case of quantitative traits, and discuss potential implications of the findings for association mapping.
An African bat trypanosome in Stricticimex brevispinosus Usinger, 1959.

SYNOPSIS. A trypanosome of the broad type belonging to the T. megadermae group has been discovered in the insectivorous bat, Hipposideros caffer Sundevall. No new specific name is proposed for the trypanosome. Bugs, Stricticimex brevispinosus Usinger 1959, were found infected with the bat blood forms in the stomach. Development was most active in the hindgut, the metacyclic trypanosomes being found in the rectal ampulla. Transmission must occur by contamination as is the case for T. lewisi (fleas), T. cruzi (bugs), and T. grayi (Glossina palpalis flies). With this contaminative type of infection now sufficiently established, it is highly probable that all trypanosomes known from Cheiroptera are transmitted in the same way which is classical for the trypanosomes belonging to the T. lewisi group defined by Hoare.
Haplotype Fine Mapping by Evolutionary Trees

To refine the location of a disease gene within the bounds provided by linkage analysis, many scientists use the pattern of linkage disequilibrium between the disease allele and alleles at nearby markers. We describe a method that seeks to refine location by analysis of “disease” and “normal” haplotypes, thereby using multivariate information about linkage disequilibrium. Under the assumption that the disease mutation occurs in a specific gap between adjacent markers, the method first combines parsimony and likelihood to build an evolutionary tree of disease haplotypes, with each node (haplotype) separated, by a single mutational or recombinational step, from its parent. If required, latent nodes (unobserved haplotypes) are incorporated to complete the tree. Once the tree is built, its likelihood is computed from probabilities of mutation and recombination. When each gap between adjacent markers is evaluated in this fashion and these results are combined with prior information, they yield a posterior probability distribution to guide the search for the disease mutation. We show, by evolutionary simulations, that an implementation of these methods, called “FineMap,” yields substantial refinement and excellent coverage for the true location of the disease mutation. Moreover, by analysis of hereditary hemochromatosis haplotypes, we show that FineMap can be robust to genetic heterogeneity.
Effects of sulfur additive on the performance of Na/NiCl2 cells

Abstract NiCl 2 electrode in Na//β″-alumina//NaAlCl 4 //NiCl 2 high-temeperature rechargeable cells undergoes a morphological change during charge/ discharge cycling. which results in a rapid capacity decline and premature cell failure. Addition of sulfur was reported to have prevented this morphological change and improved the cycle life of the cells significantly. Our earlier, single electrode studies indicate that the sulfur additive also improves the kinetics of NiCl 2 . A detailed study on the effects of the sulfur additive on the performance of NiCl 2 electrode is reported here. Different methods of NiCl 2 electrode fabrication are examined to improve its charge efficiency. The sulfur content in the eletrolyte is optimized based on the charge/discharge cycling and SEM micrographs. Other (non-sulfur) less corrosive additives, based on transition metals are examine for alleviating the morphological change during cycling. A combination of the transition metal additives and sulfur is expected to have a synergistic beneficial effect on the cycle life of NiCl 2 electrode.
Mechanisms of motor protein reversal.

Abstract Members of the kinesin superfamily of microtubule-based motors and the myosin superfamily of actin-based motors that move ‘backwards’ have been identified. As the core catalytic domains of myosins and kinesins are similar in structure, this raises the intriguing questions of how direction reversal is accomplished and whether kinesins and myosins share mechanisms for switching their motors into reverse.
Detection of variable-depth shallow nonmetallic mines

Detection of nonmetallic antipersonnel mines with unknown depth is the focus of this study. We compare the performance of two possible detection schemes. The first is based on wavelet decomposition, and the second relies on signal extraction using blind source separation techniques. The detection performance is measured in terms of the probability of false alarm and the probability of detection. The impact of mine depth knowledge on detector performance is examined. The data utilized is the Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) data provided by the Demining Technology Center (DeTeC). Only B-scan data is used in the experimental phase of this study.
Photoinduced Intramolecular Cyclopentanation vs Photoprotolytic Oxametathesis in Polycyclic Alkenes Outfitted with Conformationally Constrained Aroylmethyl Chromophores

Intramolecular photoinduced cyclizations are investigated in photoprecursors assembled in a modular fashion via a Diels–Alder reaction of acetylenic dienophiles with subsequent Michael additions of aromatic ketones to install a chromophore capable of initiating Paterno–Buchi cycloadditions or radical cyclization cascades. The protolytic oxametathesis in these systems allows for rapid access to novel polycyclic scaffolds decorated by formyl groups and carboxylates suitable for subsequent modifications. In conformationally constrained photoprecursors, a radical rearrangement takes place resulting in intramolecular 1,3-diradical cyclopentanation of the double bond.