cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On a static axisymmetric solution of the Einstein equations

Abstract A family of static, axisymmetric, asymptotically flat solutions of the Einstein equations is discussed. A source with an exterior described by a member of this family initially could have an area smaller than that of a n appropriately defined Schwarzchild surface. Intuition does not suggest the fate of the collapsing source.
On the low-rate Shannon limit for binary intersymbol interference channels

For a discrete-time, binary-input, Gaussian channel with finite intersymbol interference, we prove that reliable communication can be achieved if, and only if, E/sub b//N/sub 0/>log2/G/sub opt/, for some constant G/sub opt/ that depends on the channel. To determine this constant, we consider the finite-state machine which represents the output sequences of the channel filter when driven by binary inputs. We then define G/sub opt/ as the maximum output power achieved by a simple cycle in this graph, and show that no other cycle or asymptotically long sequence can achieve an output power greater than this. We provide examples where the binary input constraint leads to a suboptimality, and other cases where binary signaling is just as effective as real signaling at very low signal-to-noise ratios.
Pressure-induced molecular rearrangements in the solid state

Abstract In gases molecular rearrangements are stochastic processes, that is, the relative amount of each configuration is determined by the difference in free energy between the molecular configurations. In normal liquids the same relationships apply, although AG is perturbed by differences in nearest-neighbour interactions with each configuration. In a strongly bound solid it may be that no molecule can transform until they all do, in this case the process involves a first-order phase transition. In weakly bound molecular crystals, polymers and similar media, the range of interaction may lie between the nearest-neighbour and the macroscopic limit, that is, the process may be neither first order nor stochastic. We present a series of pressure-induced molecular rearrangements, some of which are stochastic in the crystalline solid, some are first order, and a number are intermediate. Transformations which are first order in the crystalline solid may be higher order to stochastic in a polymeric environment....
Explicit time-domain transmitting boundary for dam-reservoir interaction analysis

An explicit time-domain transmitting boundary for the analysis of dam-reservoir interactions is presented. This transmitting boundary is a semi-analytical solution of the governing wave equation of the far field of the reservoir. By using this transmitting boundary, the radiation condition and water compressibility can readily be incorporated in the time-domain analysis of dam-reservoir systems. Therefore, the finite element method can be used to accurately analyse a dam-reservoir system including the semi-infinite reservoir while maintaining its efficiency in time-domain analysis. Numerical results have excellent agreement with the available analytical solution. Results also show that the proposed explicit transmitting boundary is more efficient computationally than the implicit transmitting boundary presented by Tsai and Lee.
Effects of a Psychophysiological System for Adaptive Automation on Performance, Workload, and the Event-Related Potential P300 Component

The present study examined the effects of an electroencephalographic- (EEG-) based system for adaptive automation on tracking performance and workload. In addition, event-related potentials (ERPs) to a secondary task were derived to determine whether they would provide an additional degree of workload specificity. Participants were run in an adaptive automation condition, in which the system switched between manual and automatic task modes based on the value of each individual's own EEG engagement index; a yoked control condition; or another control group, in which task mode switches followed a random pattern. Adaptive automation improved performance and resulted in lower levels of workload. Further, the P300 component of the ERP paralleled the sensitivity to task demands of the performance and subjective measures across conditions. These results indicate that it is possible to improve performance with a psychophysiological adaptive automation system and that ERPs may provide an alternative means for distinguishing among levels of cognitive task demand in such systems. Actual or potential applications of this research include improved methods for assessing operator workload and performance.
The Indigenous in the Plural in Bolivian Oppositional Politics

This article examines how currents of Bolivia's indigenous movement are gravitating to the city and to the centre of national political life, capitalising on popular sentiment against the political status quo, economic privatisation and violations of national sovereignty. The Movement Toward Socialism led by Evo Morales does not promote a separatist ethno-national project; instead, it uses regional, national and international coalition building to equate indigenous with non-indigenous issues through resonant political analogies that frame Bolivia's national crisis of political legitimacy in terms of indigenous rights, while making common cause with diverse urban popular sectors who, if not indigenous, recognise their indigenous cultural heritage as a crucial background to their own struggles against disenfranchisement.
Effect of a Brief Guided Imagery on Stress

This study examined whether a guided imagery exercise impacted perceived cognitive, physical, emotional, and behavioral stress and whether higher initial levels of cognitive and emotional symptoms of stress were associated with greater physiological benefits from the guided imagery exercise. Twenty-nine participants completed measures of perceived stress. Heart rate and coherence levels were measured before and at the end of a guided imagery exercise. Cognitive and emotional stress scores decreased. Lower initial levels of emotional, physical and behavioral symptoms of stress were associated with greater reductions in heart rate. Decreases in behavioral symptoms of stress were associated with improvements in coherence. In conclusion, guided imagery exercises reduce cognitive and emotional stress and may be most effective at reducing heart rate when levels of perceived stress are low.
Who Speaks for the Microbes

In discussing emerging infectious diseases, the focus is often on the clinical effects of the hostparasite relationship, i.e., the impact on the health and survival of humans and animals, rather than the examination of the biology of the pathogen. It seems fitting to take a moment to reflect on how pathogens “got that way in the first place.” Thus, while we discuss emerging infections, it is worthwhile to consider that from the beginning of recorded history—in books or the pictographs of ancient cultures—infectious diseases have been the leading cause of illness and death. Even today, because of infectious diseases most of the world’s population does not have the luxury of living long enough to succumb to the chronic diseases of aging. What were and what remain the reasons that infectious diseases are still the leading cause of death? I believe there are four answers. 1) The presence of human populations was and is large enough to sustain and amplify parasites. We have lived in communities large enough to perpetuate parasites for only about 10,000 years, barely a blink of the eye in the time frame of evolution, which means that most of the well-known infectious diseases adapted to humans are very recent in the evolutionary sense. The black death of the 14th century, just 700 years ago, led to the death of approximately one quarter to one third of the human population of what was then the Western world. We may never understand the full implications of the plague outbreaks of the Middle Ages. The resistance of some caucasian populations to the recent scourge of HIV actually may reflect the genetic consequences of plague survival 20 generations ago. 2) Poverty, with its crowding, unsanitary conditions, and often malnutrition, has led to an increased susceptibility to infection and disease. 3) War, famine, civil unrest, and, indeed, epidemic disease have led to a breakdown in public infrastructure and the increased incidence of infectious diseases. 4) The domestication of animals, beginning about 12,000 years ago, was another important factor. The actual large-scale domestication of animals has slowed and has been replaced by the encroachment of human populations into the domain of animal species all over the globe. It is little wonder that our deliberate destruction of predators and the outgrowth of human populations into virgin land with its attendant destruction of habitat led to the emergence of new diseases such as Lyme disease and murine typhus (spread now by opossums and cat fleas in our slums, instead of by the more classic rat and rat flea vector—“sic transit gloria mundi”).
Role of advanced glycation endproducts and glyoxalase I in diabetic peripheral sensory neuropathy

Diabetic neuropathy is the most common and debilitating complication of diabetes mellitus with more than half of all patients developing altered sensation as a result of damage to peripheral sensory neurons. Hyperglycemia results in altered nerve conduction velocities, loss of epidermal innervation, and development of painful or painless signs and symptoms in the feet and hands. Current research has been unable to determine whether a patient will develop insensate or painful neuropathy or be protected from peripheral nerve damage all together. One mechanism that has been recognized to have a role in the pathogenesis of sensory neuron damage is the process of reactive dicarbonyls forming advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) as a direct result of hyperglycemia. The glyoxalase system, composed of the enzymes glyoxalase I (GLO1) and glyoxalase II, is the main detoxification pathway involved in breaking down toxic reactive dicarbonyls before producing carbonyl stress and forming AGEs on proteins, lipids, or nucleic acids. This review discusses AGEs, GLO1, their role in diabetic neuropathy, and potential therapeutic targets of the AGE pathway.
Biological aging is no longer an unsolved problem.

The belief that aging is still an unsolved problem in biology is no longer true. Of the two major classes of theories, the one class that is tenable is derivative of a single common denominator that re- sults in only one fundamental theory of aging. In order to address this complex subject, it is necessary to first define the four phenomena that characterize the finitude of life. These phenomena are aging, the deter- minants of longevity, age-associated diseases, and death. There are only two fundamental ways in which age changes can occur. Aging occurs ei- ther as the result of a purposeful program driven by genes or by events that are not guided by a program but are stochastic or random, acci- dental events. The weight of evidence indicates that genes do not drive the aging process but the general loss of molecular fidelity does. Poten- tial longevity is determined by the energetics of all molecules present at and after the time of reproductive maturation. Thus, every molecule, including those that compose the machinery involved in turnover, re- placement, and repair, becomes the substrate that experiences the ther- modynamic instability characteristic of the aging process. However, the determinants of the fidelity of all molecules produced before and after reproductive maturity are the determinants of longevity. This process is governed by the genome. Aging does not happen in a vacuum. Aging must be the result of changes that occur in molecules that have existed at one time with no age changes. It is the state of these pre-existing molecules that governs longevity determination. The distinction between the aging process and age-associated disease is not only based on the molecular definition of aging described above but it is also rooted in several practical observations. Unlike any disease, age changes (a) occur in every multicellular animal that reaches a fixed size at reproductive maturity, (b) cross virtually all species barriers, (c) occur in all members of a species only after the age of reproductive maturation, (d) occur in all animals removed from the wild and protected by humans even when that species probably has not experienced aging for thousands or even mil- lions of years, (e) occur in virtually all animate and inanimate matter, and (f ) have the same universal molecular etiology, that is, thermodynamic instability. Unlike aging, there is no disease or pathology that shares these six qualities. Because this critical distinction is poorly understood, there
Serologic evidence for antigens controlled by the Ir region in mice.

Antibodies produced in B10.D2 mice against soluble lymphocyte membrane antigens of B10.A ( H-2a ) mice reacted only with lymphocytes of the strains carrying the Irk region, i.e., B10.A(2R), B10.K, B10.BR, B10.HTT, AQR, A.TE, C3H, and CBA; they did not react with cells of strains carrying different Ir regions, i.e., B10.A(4R), B10, B10.M, A.SW, DBA/1. It is therefore concluded that the antigen detected with these antibodies is apparently controlled by the Ir region of the H-2 complex. The antigen is present on some T lymphocytes and absent on B lymphocytes. Its presence or absence seems to correlate with MLC and GVH reactivity.
Learning Goals and the Challenge Course Experience: An Exploratory Study

This study explored the short- and long-term ability of a university affiliated challenge course program to provide a lasting, quality experience for college participants aligning with the university’s Learning Goals for Graduates (LGGs). The Challenge Course Experience Questionnaire (CCEQ), a newly created assessment tool, was administered to 375 participants in 16 different groups. Participants completed a four to six hour program, consisting of low- and highcourse elements. Participants were assessed before, immediately after, and three months following their program. A significant increase in both CCEQ variables and LGGs immediately following the challenge course program was observed; however, a three-month follow-up revealed the majority of measured concepts had significantly decreased below or back to initial levels. These findings have implications for practitioners in terms of perceived challenge course benefits and long-term learning outcome retention. Suggestions for challenge course professiona...
Principles of High‐Temperature Microscopy

An extensive literature survey is presented which deals with the design of microscope objectives suitable for high temperature work, the design of high temperature microscope stages and furnaces, and the problems of high temperature photomicrography. Microscope systems are available having long working distances and with numerical apertures greater than 0.4. These systems have proven suitable for studying microstructure at temperatures above 750 C. Numerical apertures as low as 0.1 are suitable for observation of microstructures and specimens in image-type furnaces. Several types of excellent furnaces are commercially available. Experimental data are given on the use of cameras with the American Optical Company high temperature microscope. 79 references. (auth)
Percutaneous Management of Benign Biliary Strictures with Large-Bore Catheters: Comparison between Patients with and without Orthotopic Liver Transplantation

Abstract Purpose To prospectively evaluate stricture resolution and patency rates of benign biliary strictures treated with percutaneous large-bore catheter "stenting" in patients with and without previous orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) and to compare treatment outcomes between these two groups. Materials and Methods Forty-six consecutive patients (25 with OLT) underwent percutaneous catheter placement in extrahepatic and single-site biliary stricture for 6–8 months, with progressive catheter upsizing to 18–20 F. Primary patency rate was defined as the proportion of patients without recurrent bile duct stricture during the follow-up period after successful stricture resolution. Secondary patency rate was defined as the proportion of patients with a patent bile duct at the end of follow-up after stricture resolution, including patients with stricture recurrence and successful repeat percutaneous biliary catheter treatment. Results Eleven patients terminated the protocol early, 6 as a result of treatment-related reasons in the orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) group. Sixty-four percent of the OLT group and 86.4% of control patients successfully completed the protocol, with resolved biliary strictures ( P = .1) after a median treatment time of 7 months for both groups ( P = .96). During mean follow-up times of 20.3 months ± 11.8 (standard deviation) and 13.1 months ± 11.73 for OLT and non-OLT patients ( P = .08), respectively, the primary/secondary patency rates were comparable between groups, at 81.25%/87.5% for OLT patients and 89.5%/100% for non-OLT patients ( P = .64/ P = .2). The mean time to recurrent stricture was 11.2 months ± 11.88. Conclusions Percutaneous large-bore catheter treatment of benign, single-site biliary strictures showed a promising rate of stricture resolution, with comparable high primary and secondary patency rates in patients with and without previous OLT.
Assessing provider attitudes toward mandated prevention practices.

OBJECTIVE: We measured clinicians' level of knowledge and attitudes regarding Department of Defense-mandated clinical preventive services (CPS) delivery and the barriers they believe prevent the delivery of CPS at a large U.S. Air Force referral medical center. METHODS: Our survey listed a range of prescribed specific CPS and solicited reasons why providers believed that they could not be delivered. RESULTS: The overall response rate was 87.4%. Altogether, 91.7% of those responding answered positively when asked if they were aware of specific CPS. Lack of time was the most commonly cited barrier to CPS delivery. Most providers felt that they had the skills necessary to deliver CPS to their patients, yet 84.4% indicated a willingness to receive additional training. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that these providers are willing to deliver CPS to their patients.
Erosion Control in Relation to Watershed

Erosion control is significant in effective management of watershed lands. Erosion and sediment problems in the United States annually amount to over $1 billion loss or about one-fourth of all soil and water losses. Sediment problems and the sources and magnitude of sheet erosion, channel erosion, and wind erosion are described. Kinds and effectiveness of land treatment measures and structural measures are explained. The effectiveness and status of the small watershed approach to controlling erosion and developing the water resources of these areas are set forth. Out of an estimated 8,300 potentially feasible small watershed projects, needed measures had been installed in an equivalent of 323 projects by June 30, 1966, since the enactment of the Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act, PL-566, in 1954. During that time, almost 6,000,000 acres had been treated with erosion control practices Erosion control benefits alone from these practices and other sediment control measures are estimated to have accumulated to almost $52,000,000 by June 30, 1966.
E-Government and Related Indices: Telecommunications Infrastructure, Human Capital, Institutional Efficacy, and Online Services

The primary United Nations E-Government Index is a composite of three component indices: telecommunications infrastructure, human capital, and online e-government services, where the first two can be seen as enablers of the third. This study investigates the addition of a complementary component index for institutional efficacy, which is hypothesized to be another enabling factor. The institutional efficacy index is operationalized using existing measures gathered and made available by the World Bank. Statistical analysis shows that the institutional efficacy index is indeed a significant, additional predictor of online e-government services across nations. Following the presentation of basic results, qualitative analyses are undertaken to develop an assortment of generic national profiles. Preliminary analyses of changes over time are also presented using data from prior years, and directions for future research are outlined.
Preoperative biliary drainage does not increase major complications in pancreaticoduodenectomy: a large single center experience from the Massachusetts General Hospital

Background The impact of preoperative biliary drainage (PBD) on perioperative morbidity and mortality in pancreatic surgery is still under debate. The aim of this study was to investigate outcomes of stented vs. non-stented patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy (PD). Methods We retrospectively compared 500 consecutive patients who underwent PBD prior to PD with 500 patients who did not. Ninety-day mortality and morbidity were assessed. Results The overall postoperative morbidity and mortality was 37% and 1.4%, respectively. Major complications (Clavien ≥ III) occurred in 16% of patients. The overall morbidity and mortality was not significantly higher in patients who underwent PBD. However, the rate of wound infection was significantly higher in patients who underwent PBD (19% vs. 9%, P = 0.001). When comparing intraoperative bile cultures of stented patients with and without wound infection, the presence of Enterobacter species (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.5–4.1, P = 0.001) and Citrobacter species (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.1–5.2, P = 0.037) in the bile significantly increased the likelihood of wound infection. Conclusion Preoperative biliary drainage is associated with bactobilia and wound infection, but does not affect the overall morbidity and mortality of patients undergoing PD.
Arrears Forgiveness: A Strategy for Child Support's $100 Billion Problem?

Arrears forgiveness has been proposed as a method of reducing uncollectible state-owed arrears and encouraging low-income obligors to pay their current child support obligations. Pre-and post-progr...
Electrophoretic Mobility Velocities of Rough and Smooth Avian and Bovine Tubercle Bacilli.

Falk1 showed that the electrophoretic mobility velocity (potential difference) of diphtheria bacilli varied according to their virulence, the more virulent organisms showing low mobility rate, while those of a less virulent nature gave a higher reading. For pneumococcus,2 on the contrary, he found that the potential difference is higher the greater the virulence for white mice and vice versa. The sequence of decreasing potentials was shown to be Types III, I, II, IV, which follows the decreasing virulence for white mice. This work on the pneumococcus was carried out prior to the isolation of several new types from the erstwhile group IV.Following the technique of Petroff3 the writers undertook the dissociation of a stock strain of avian tubercle bacillus procured originally from Dr. Krumwiede of the Research Laboratories, New York City Department of Health. When the culture was planted on Proskauer and Beck medium after a suitable period of incubation at 37° C. the organism had dissociated into rough and ...
Analytical quality management: From rules and tools to technology and training

Building on last years conference discussion of "mapping the road to analytical quality with OPSpecs charts", this paper focuses on new technology and training to support and improve analytical quality management. Rigorous QC planning is complicated by the need to consider multiple decision levels, differences in method performance at each of these decision levels, multiple formats of quality requirements (allowable total error, medically important changes, biologic goals), and multiple QC designs (e.g., startup design, monitor design, average of normal design). Developments in computer technology can facilate dealing with these complications. In addition, the development of Internet training materials and courses can support and improve the technical management skills of laboratory personnel.
Well-Distributed Measurable Sets

(1983). Well-Distributed Measurable Sets. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 90, No. 1, pp. 41-42.
An instrument for measuring radial immunodiffusion precipitates.

A standard stereozoom microscope was instrumented to measure directly areas of small circles. The zoom axis knob was replaced with a calibrated dial and a circular reticle was placed in the microscope eyepiece. This allowed selection of the “best fit” of the circular reticle to a slightly irregular precipitate and permitted measurement of area directly from the dial.
On the existence of a189-plet of mesons

The 2+ meson nonet is assumed to be part of a189-dimensional representation ofSU6. A mass formula for the representation is presented and used to search for the missing 0+ and 1+ states. Generalized Schwinger relations are obtained and compared with experiment. Using the five best-established meson states—f, A2, K**, D and E—the masses of all states are predicted. The general conclusion is that there is no evidence that a189 multiplet is present in the meson spectrum.
A metabolic study of a patient with idiopathic cyclical thrombocytopenic purpura.

A woman with a history of thrombocytopenic purpura occurring approximately every twenty-eight days was studied extensively on the Metabolic Research Ward. The patient had been treated previously with splenectomy and hystero-oophorectomy without improvement. The cyclical nature of her thrombocytopenia was documented by repeated hematologic observations. Endocrinologic studies demonstrated no evidence of ovarian activity or cyclical variations in adrenal activity. Urinary gonadotropins (FSH) fell coincident with the fall in platelets and suggest that cyclical pituitary function might be related in some way. The exact etiologic mechanisms, however, were not disclosed by this study.
Efforts to Consume Less Salt: A Public Health Success in the Making.

An introduction is presented which discusses the article "U.S. Food Industry Progress During the National Salt Reduction Initiative: 2009-2014" by C.J. Curtis, J. Clapp, S.A. Niederman, S.W. Ng, and S. Angell which appears in the same issue of the journal, and it mentions sodium content policies.
The Tubercle Bacillus­ Human Macrophage Relationship Studied In Vitro

Tuberculosis is an infection of the monocytic phagocyte (MP) system.1–8 The disease-causing bacilli multiply in cells of this system as determined by bodily environment. For example, they reproduce freely in alveolar macrophages (MP) at the beginning of human infection because these cells lack resistance, are located in oxygen-rich areas that support the oxygen needs of these aerobic bacteria, and are not yet receiving signals for immune activation from the body’s T-cell system.4,9–11 But later, the bacteria are inhibited by MP, for instance, in lymph nodes, because these cells are in oxygen-poor areas and are being defensively activated by immune lymphokines that T cells responding to bacillary antigens have begun to produce.4,7–9,12 The MP may also respond detrimentally to infection-exacerbating molecular signals, like γ-globulin produced by tuberculoprotein-hypersensitive lymphocytes.5,7–9,13 Then, they actively promote bacillary growth.
Charge Neutrality — Does It Exist?

In a thermodynamic framework which exploits the entropy inequality to obtain constitutive equations, it is common practice to assume charge neutrality and enforce this restriction using Lagrange multipliers. In this paper we show that the Lagrange multiplier used to enforce charge neutrality does not correspond to any known physical parameter, raising the question of whether charge neutrality can really be enforced.
Modeling Electromagnetic Radiation Induced From a Piezoelectric Shear-Mode Resonator

Piezoelectric resonators have been generally modeled with the electrostatic approximation, which does not predict any electromagnetic (EM) wave behavior. In this research, we develop and validate a fully coupled finite-element (FE) model to study the interaction between elastodynamics and electrodynamics. We simulate the EM radiation from a vibrating piezoelectric resonator excited by harmonic shears via d 15 coupling. Results show that the resonator resembles an infinitesimal dipole antenna in terms of the induced EM fields. Parametric studies reveal that radiated power declines with increasing permittivity that can be explained with a modified KLM circuit. Moreover, there exists a theoretical optimum of radiated power at a fixed electromechanical coupling strength, which dictates both the permittivity and piezoelectric coefficients. The radiation efficiency of the piezoelectric resonator is found to be superior to a current-driven electric dipole of the same size without matching network and ohmic loss taken into account, suggesting potential benefit of manipulating electric polarizations to generate EM radiation at microscale.
A general approach to testing for pleiotropy with rare and common variants

Through genome-wide association studies, numerous genes have been shown to be associated with multiple phenotypes. To determine the overlap of genetic susceptibility of correlated phenotypes, one can apply multivariate regression or dimension reduction techniques, such as principal components analysis, and test for the association with the principal components of the phenotypes rather than the individual phenotypes. However, as these approaches test whether there is a genetic effect for at least one of the phenotypes, a significant test result does not necessarily imply pleiotropy. Recently, a method called Pleiotropy Estimation and Test Bootstrap (PET-B) has been proposed to specifically test for pleiotropy (i.e., that two normally distributed phenotypes are both associated with the single nucleotide polymorphism of interest). Although the method examines the genetic overlap between the two quantitative phenotypes, the extension to binary phenotypes, three or more phenotypes, and rare variants is not straightforward. We provide two approaches to formally test this pleiotropic relationship in multiple scenarios. These approaches depend on permuting the phenotypes of interest and comparing the set of observed P-values to the set of permuted P-values in relation to the origin (e.g., a vector of zeros) either using the Hausdorff metric or a cutoff-based approach. These approaches are appropriate for categorical and quantitative phenotypes, more than two phenotypes, common variants and rare variants. We evaluate these approaches under various simulation scenarios and apply them to the COPDGene study, a case-control study of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in current and former smokers.
Effects of Ethylene Glycol and Caprolactam on the ORR and HOR Performances of Pt/C Catalysts

Ethylene glycol (EG) and caprolactam are two representative contaminant species either present in the fuel cell system or released by fuel cell system materials. The contamination effects of EG and caprolactam on the electro-catalytic performances of a Pt/C catalyst toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) were investigated in acid media using the rotating ring/disk electrode (RRDE) technique. The Pt surface coverage increased with EG and caprolactam concentrations. The H2O2 yield also significantly increased because of the effects of the two contaminants. The EG- and caprolactam-derived adsorbates reduce the ORR and HOR rates and modify the rate-determining step (change in Tafel slope).
Contributions of Social Comparison and Self-Objectification in Mediating Associations Between Facebook Use and Emergent Adults' Psychological Well-Being

Abstract Although Facebook was created to help people feel connected with each other, data indicate that regular usage has both negative and positive connections to well-being. To explore these mixed results, we tested the role of social comparison and self-objectification as possible mediators of the link between Facebook use and three facets of psychological well-being: self-esteem, mental health, and body shame. Participants were 1,104 undergraduate women and men who completed surveys assessing their Facebook usage (minutes, passive use, and active use), social comparison, self-objectification, and well-being. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling, testing separate models for women and men. Models for each gender fit the data well. For women and men, Facebook use was associated with greater social comparison and greater self-objectification, which, in turn, was each related to lower self-esteem, poorer mental health, and greater body shame. Mediated models provided better fits to the da...
Localization of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak with Digital Subtraction Myelography (P07.258)

OBJECTIVE: To employ digital subtraction (DS) myelography to localize the site of spinal dural cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak. BACKGROUND: Conventional imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT) myelogram and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging are limited by lack of temporal resolution in precise localization of dural tears. Rapid and voluminous CSF leaks also present a problem while using these conventional methods. DESIGN/METHODS: Our interventional neurology team performed DS myelography in 37 year old male with history of migraines who presented with sudden onset intractable neck pain, stiffness and positional headache suggestive of CSF leak. DS myelography was performed using an SL 10 microcatheter inserted over an Agility 14 microwire under fluoroscopy through a micropuncture sheath advanced into the thecal sac using 20 gauge lumbar puncture needle. The catheter and wire were repositioned whenever the patient complained of pain secondary to impingement upon the nerve roots. The SL 10 catheter was advanced carefully in the subarachnoid space to the T9 vertebral level with planned DS angiography. RESULTS: Initial investigations including CSF analysis, CT and MR imaging, and NM cisternogram were inconclusive to ascertain other etiologies such as infection and hemorrhage and also were unhelpful in localizing the site of CSF leak. Patient did not show any improvement after an empiric lumbar blood patch. Subsequently, DS angiography revealed extravasation of omnipaque contrast from the ventral surface of the thecal sac into the epidural space at T10 vertebral level. Consequently, a thoracic epidural blood patch was done which sealed the CSF leak and completely alleviated symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Digital subtraction myelography is a valuable diagnostic tool for localization of rapid spinal CSF leaks. It is relatively safe and can be performed with ease in patients who have clinical presentation of spinal dural tears that cannot be identified with conventional imaging modalities. Disclosure: Dr. Gupte has nothing to disclose. Dr. Jadhav has nothing to disclose. Dr. Jagadeesan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Tummala has nothing to disclose.
The Horizon of Agricultural Ethics

Those engaged in agriculture must begin to examine and expand agriculture's ethical horizon. A horizon can also be regarded as a limit or the extent of one's outlook, experience, interest, knowledge, and so on. The problems of agriculture multiply faster than the solutions. There are three reasons because of which things have become more complex. The first reason is ontological or human-induced changes in the nature of the real world. The second reason is epistemological change. The third reason for added complexity is changes in the nature of decision making. A more “participatory style of decision making” is gaining; and “technocratic and authoritarian” decision making is less in favor. The ecocentric, as opposed to technocentric view, often prevails. Other decision criteria (gender, human rights, the environment) are also gaining credibility as nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and multinational corporations expand the dimensions that define issues and solutions. In general, while changes in the nature of decision making are known and often lamented in agriculture, that knowledge has not led to changes in agricultural practice. Change in practice has been imposed from outside. It is reasonable to posit that changes resulting from environmental concern, gender issues, human rights, and animal rights have been resisted within agriculture.
A CDM-like damage mechanism for multiple power domains fabricated with Deep N-well processes

In this paper, a mechanism of CDM (Charged-Device Model) — like damage is observed across separated power domain interfaces fabricated with DNW (Deep N-well) processes. This mechanism is modeled and validated by test patterns in a 40nm logic process and by SPICE simulation. The damage mechanism is found to be unlike the traditional CDM and can be observed in wafer form, which means that such damage should be generated during the chip fabrication process. Prevention of damage is proposed and verified.
Shaping State Fracking Policies in the United States: An Analysis of Who, What, and How

This article presents an overview of research focusing on how state and local governments have regulated oil and gas over the past decade following the expanded industry use of new technologies lik...
Effects of the Dissolved Organic Carbon of Treated Municipal Wastewater on Soil Infiltration as Related to Sodium Adsorption Ratio and pH

The increasing scarcity of fresh water in arid and semiarid regions means we must use alternative supplies for irrigation, such as treated municipal wastewaters. Generally, only their salinity level, the Na adsorption ratio (SAR), and the microbial content are evaluated. These waters contain higher concentrations of Na and thus higher SAR, and higher pH and dissolved organic C (DOC) than traditional supplies. We examined the effect of DOC in treated wastewater on soil physical properties, specifically the infiltration rate, aggregate stability, penetration resistance, and dispersibility of the soil. Wastewater and prepared waters (DOC-free) at SAR 4, 7, and 10 and at pH 7.0 and 8.0 were applied to a sandy loam soil outdoors as discrete events for 153 d, allowing soil to dry to −50 kPa before irrigation. Independent of Na level and pH, the treated wastewater reduced the infiltration rate, reduced aggregate stability, and increased dispersibility. The effect of DOC was equivalent to an increase in SAR of two to three units. An increase in the SAR (from 4 to 7) and pH (from 7 to 8) decreased infiltration and aggregate stability. The increased pH from 7.0 to 8.0 reduced infiltration and aggregate stability, with and without DOC, for all SAR values examined. We conclude that the SAR, DOC, and pH of wastewaters are high enough to cause a loss of infiltration and deterioration of soil physical properties. The pH and DOC of the water, plus salinity and SAR, should be considered when evaluating suitability for irrigation.
Cathode Degradation From Airborne Contaminants in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: A Review

Abstract Fundamental understanding of the degradation processes pertinent to solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) cathodes remains important in order to apply innovative approaches to achieve long-term electrical performance stability and establish long-term systems reliability for mass commercialization. Several processes leading to an increase in the cathode polarization including Nernst and ohmic losses have been identified. The processes include solid-solid and solid-gas interactions among electrochemically active and inactive components of the cell, stack and systems. The cathodic degradation in SOFCs remains most prominent, and the present review focuses on the effects of contaminants present in “real world” air such as H2O, CO2, and trace amounts of SOx on cathode performance. This review also studies the interactions of the cathode with chromium vapor evaporated from high-temperature alloys used in balance of plant components and the interconnect in direct contact with the air flow. Structural and electrochemical degradation mechanisms of the cathode have been discussed, along with novel approaches to mitigate the cathode poisoning.
The persistence of sexual assault within the US military

What accounts for the puzzling persistence of sexual assault of both women and men within the ranks of the US military? Despite increasing efforts to end this intraforce violence, sexual assault of...
Longitudinal decreases in multiple cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of neuronal injury in symptomatic late onset Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract Introduction Individuals in early stages of Alzheimer's disease are a targeted population for secondary prevention trials aimed at preserving normal cognition. Understanding within-person biomarker(s) change over time is critical for trial enrollment and design. Methods Longitudinal cerebrospinal fluid samples from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative were assayed for novel markers of neuronal/synaptic injury (visinin-like protein 1, Ng, and SNAP-25) and neuroinflammation (YKL-40) and compared with β amyloid 42, tau, and phospho-tau181. General linear mixed models were used to compare within-person rates of change in three clinical groups (cognitively normal, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease) further defined by β amyloid status. Results Levels of injury markers were highly positively correlated. Despite elevated baseline levels as a function of clinical status and amyloid-positivity, within-person decreases in these measures were observed in the early symptomatic, amyloid-positive Alzheimer's disease group. Discussion Knowledge of within-person biomarker change will impact interpretation of biomarker outcomes in clinical trials that are dependent on disease stage.
Chapter Five Person-Environment Transactions Relevant to Control And Helplessness in Institutional Settings

Abstract This chapter presents a review of prevalent conceptualization about the impact of long term care institutionalization on personal control and well-being of the elderly. Alternative formulations which focus on learned helplessness, environmentally- induced deficits and dependency are presented in accounting for adverse psychosocial influences on residents. In an effort to extend existing formulations to also account for potentially favorable post-institutional outcomes a congruence model of personal and environmental control and dependency is presented and integrated with existing models. Physical environmental features, institutional policies and staff attitudes are proposed as salient influences which are mediated through staff behaviors to exert their effects on residents. It is proposed that congruence between patient needs and staff behavior along dimensions of control and dependency are major determinants of well-being and competence of frail elderly after institutionalization. Lack of congruence between these factors may be diminished through coping efforts of residents in environments where staff response is contingent on resident behaviors. Secondary dependency may represent a useful coping response in such environments. Where there is no contingency between staff responses and resident behaviors lack of person-environment fit cannot be altered by successful coping efforts. Consequently adverse post-institutional outcomes are likely to ensue resulting in learned helplessness, depression and other environmentally induced deficits. A brief review of intervention strategies based on alternative conceptualizations of control is provided and direction for future research in the area of person-environment transactions relevant to control and helplessness is noted.
Effects of Time Delays in the Electric Power Grid

Communication delays in an electric power grid affect the performance of control systems and can cause power losses. This paper analyzes the causes and effects of communication delays. The analysis employs a simulated power network comprising several generators for which braking resistors with intelligent (fuzzy logic) controllers are used for transient stability control. A balanced 3LG (three-phase-to-ground) fault at different points on the transmission lines is considered. Simulation results show that, although a fuzzy-logic-controlled braking resistor can improve transient stability, the communication delay associated with the online calculation of the total kinetic energy deviation, which is the input parameter for fuzzy control, has an influence on the transient stability performance. The paper also examines the delay that a system can tolerate and the cyber attacks that can cause additional delays.
REGULATION OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC CARBON METABOLISM AND PARTITIONING OF PHOTOSYNTHATE

ABSTRACT The rate-limiting steps in the Reductive Pentose Phosphate Cycle (RPP Cycle) were identified by measurement of metabolite concentrations during steady-state photosynthesis and calculation of free energy changes associated with all the steps in the cycle. The rate-limiting, regulated steps are: the carboxylation of ribulose 1, 5-bisphosphate (mediated by RuBPCase), the conversion of ribulose-5-phosphate to ribulose 1, 5-bisphosphate with ATP (PR kinase) and the conversion of fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate and sedoheptulose 1, 7-bisphos-phate to fructose-6-phosphate and sedoheptulose-7-phos-phate, respectively (mediated by FBPase and SBPase). These enzymes plus PR kinase and to some extent triose phosphate dehydrogenase are inactivated in intact chloroplasts in the dark. The light activation of these enzymes in chloroplasts involves specific changes in the metabolic environment which occur when the light is on. These include increased levels of reduced cofactors, especially reduced ferredoxin and NADPH, an increased level of magnesium ion, and an increase in pH. RuBPcase-oxygenase is activated in the presence of Mg ++ and CO 2 , is further activated by 6-phosphogluconate or NADPH, and is inactivated by free RuBP (or an impurity formed spontaneously from RuBP). In the light, reduced carbon is exported from the chloroplast in the form of triose phosphate, but hexose monophosphates may be converted to starch within the chloroplast as a storage product. Since the ratio of these two types of carbon drain from the cycle can vary, a fine tuning of the activity of FBPase and SBPase compared to RuBPCase is required. With isolated chloroplasts, triose phosphate export increases with external inorganic phosphate (P i ) concentration, and this may be an important regulatory mechanism in vivo as well. In developing cells exported triose phosphate is mainly converted via phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEPA) to amino acids, fatty acids, and other substances required for cell growth. In more mature cells, the triose phosphate is largely converted to sucrose which is translocated to other parts of the plant. Rate-limiting steps for these branching pathways include pyruvate kinase and PEPA carboxylase as well as sucrose phosphate synthetase.
Tractability of Multivariate Integration for Weighted Korobov Spaces: My 15 Year Partnership with Ian Sloan

This paper is intended as a birthday present for Ian Sloan who celebrated his 70th birthday during MCQMC’08 in Montreal. In the first paper with Ian we studied multivariate integration for the unweighted Korobov spaces of smooth and periodic functions equipped with L ∞-type norms expressed in terms of Fourier coefficients. We proved that this problem is intractable and suffers from the curse of dimensionality. To break intractability, weighted Korobov spaces are studied in this paper. Product weights are mainly considered, and finite-order weights are only briefly mentioned. Necessary and sufficient conditions for strong polynomial tractability, polynomial tractability and weak tractability are presented. The necessary and sufficient conditions coincide only for weak tractability, whereas there is a gap between them for strong polynomial and polynomial tractability. In terms of the exponent of strong polynomial tractability, the lower and upper bounds differ at most by a factor of two. Nevertheless, these bounds prove that the exponent of strong polynomial tractability depends on the decay of weights.