cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neonatal manipulation of oxytocin affects expression of estrogen receptor alpha.

In adult females many of the effects of the neuropeptide oxytocin are steroid, and especially estrogen dependent. Here we demonstrate for the first time that neonatal manipulation of oxytocin can affect the expression of estrogen receptor alpha. On the first day of postnatal life male and female prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) were randomly assigned to receive one of four treatments; (a) 50μl i.p. injection of 3μg oxytocin (approximately 1μg/g), (b) 0.3μg of an oxytocin antagonist (approximately 0.1μg/g), or (c) isotonic saline. A fourth group was handled, but not injected. On postnatal day 8 or 21, brain tissue was collected, fixed and sectioned. Free-floating sections were stained for estrogen receptor alpha using immunocytochemistry, and estrogen receptor alpha immunoreactive neurons were compared by age, treatment, and sex. To compare the temporal expression of estrogen receptor alpha an additional set of brains was collected from untreated males and females on the day of birth. The effects of oxytocin manipulations were age dependent, sexually dimorphic, and site-specific. While there were no significant treatment effects on postnatal day 8, by postnatal day 21 females that received oxytocin showed a significant increase in the number of cells expressing estrogen receptor alpha-immunoreactivity in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. Treatment with oxytocin antagonist resulted in a significant decrease in estrogen receptor alpha-immunoreactivity in the medial preoptic area in postnatal day 21 females. While there were no significant effects in males, males treated with oxytocin antagonist trended toward a reduction in estrogen receptor alpha-immunoreactivity in the medial amygdala. The results indicate that oxytocin can have organizational effects on the expression of estrogen receptor alpha, that these effects are sexually dimorphic, and finally that during the preweaning period the development of estrogen receptor alpha is sexually dimorphic.
The Disintegration of Antimony 124

The radiations from antimony bombarded by slow neutrons have been investigated with the help of a magnetic lens spectrometer. Compton electrons, ejected from a copper radiator, and photoelectrons ejected from a thin lead radiator, were measured. Gamma-rays of the following energies were found: 2.062, 1.708, 0.714, 0.650, and 0.603 Mev. The beta-ray spectrum was measured and found to be complex. An analysis according to the Fermi theory gives the possibility of resolving the spectrum into five groups with the following end-point energies and relative abundances: 2.37 Mev, 21 percent; 1.62 Mev, 8 percent; 1.00 Mev, 9 percent; 0.65 Mev, 44 percent; 0.48 Mev, 18 percent. An internal conversion line was detected corresponding to a gamma-ray of 0.603 Mev. A gamma-ray attributed to ${\mathrm{Sb}}^{122}$(2.8d) was found to have an energy of 0.568 Mev.
The impact of firm strategy on performance measures used in executive compensation

Abstract We investigate the relationship between firm strategy and the use of performance measures in executive compensation. Our analysis shows that there is an increased emphasis on sales in the determination of executive compensation for firms pursuing a cost leadership strategy, which seek to achieve their competitive advantage through low price and high volume. In contrast, there is a decreased emphasis on accounting measures in firms pursuing a differentiation strategy, which require investments in brand recognition and innovative products, investments that are subject to unfavorable accounting treatment. These results indicate that compensation committees link executive rewards to firm strategy.
Data from recording microhardness testers

An apparatus was constructed that measured hardness under load. The instrument measured hardness using a strain-gauge load cell and a linear voltage displacement transducer. Loading rates were less than 1 μm/s. Results were similar to the results of other electronic hardness measurement devices, in that the hardness fell with increasing load. Glasses measured have Meyers indexes from 1.6 to 1.75, while polycrystalline materials showed much more complex behaviors. A model was formulated to explain the data for glasses based on expansion of shear planes.
Do we really rely on fast for decision-making in the management of blunt abdominal trauma?

Abstract Introduction The Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma examination (FAST) is currently taught and recommended in the ATLS ® , often as an addendum to the primary survey for patients with blunt abdominal trauma. Although it is non-invasive and rapidly performed at bedside, the utility of FAST in blunt abdominal trauma has been questioned. We designed this study to examine our hypothesis that FAST is not an efficacious screening tool for identifying intra-abdominal injuries. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of all patients with confirmatory diagnosis of blunt abdominal injuries with CT and/or laparotomy for a period of 1.5 years (from 7/2009 to 11/2010). FAST was performed by ED residents and considered positive when free intra-abdominal fluid was visualized. Abdominal CT, or exploratory laparotomy findings were used as confirmation of intra-abdominal injury. Results A total of 1671 blunt trauma patients were admitted to and evaluated in the Emergency Department during a 1½ year period and 146 patients were confirmed intra-abdominal injuries by CT and/or laparotomy. Intraoperative findings include injuries to the liver, spleen, kidneys, and bowels. In 114 hemodynamically stable patients, FAST was positive in 25 patients, with a sensitivity of 22%. In 32 hemodynamically unstable patients, FAST was positive in 9 patients, with a sensitivity of 28%. A free peritoneal fluid and splenic injury are associated with a positive FAST on univariate analysis, and are the independent predictors for a positive FAST on multiple logistic regression. Conclusion FAST has a very low sensitivity in detecting blunt intraabdominal injury. In hemodynamically stable patients, a negative FAST without a CT may result in missed intra-abdominal injuries. In hemodynamically unstable blunt trauma patients, with clear physical findings on examination, the decision for exploratory laparotomy should not be distracted by a negative FAST.
The center of the galaxy: A summary of I.A.U. Symposium No. 136

Abstract The first international conference on the central region of our galaxy was held at UCLA during July 25–29, 1988. Radio, infrared, X-, and γ-ray astronomers, benefitting from recent technological advances, confronted theorists, as well as each other, with impressive new imagery in each of these domains. Traditionally hidden by an impenetrable veil of dust, the galactic center is now largely transparent, particularly in the near-IR, where the extinction toward the galactic center is an order of magnitude less than at optical wavelenghts. On the large scale, one observes a large reservoir of molecular gas, some of which is exhibiting complex, noncircular motions. Some of the kinematical behavior is best explained in terms of energetic explosions occurring about 10 7 years ago. The radio continuum reveals numerous filaments of ionized gas, and strong, poloidal magnetic fields are implied quite unlike the field anywhere else in the galaxy. On small scales, much effort is going into the attempt to identify a unique object at the nucleus that may or may not be a massive black hole (a mass of 3 × 10 6 M ⊙ has been defended). Candidates exist for a compact mass concentration, and for a strong central luminosity source, but they are not necessarily one and the same, and there are problems identifying any of the candidates with a massive accreting object at the center. Surrounding the dynamical center of the galaxy is the prominent radio source Sgr A, which includes a warm, turbulent circumnuclear disk on 5 to 10 pc scales, streamers of ionized gas which may represent flows of material into the central potential well, and a background shell of nonthermal radio emission, probably a superimposed supernova remnant. This summary describes some of the current research activity on the galactic center, with particular attention to the implications of X- and γ-ray observations.
Learning Theory Approaches to Persuasion

This review synthesizes relevant research dealing with the processes of learning and suggests its applications to compliance gaining. The two major issues addressed are: (1) to what degree can learning theories explain the acquisition of new attitudes and behaviors, and (2) to what degree are attitudinal and behavioral changes governed by learning theory principles? The learning theories discussed are grouped into three categories: stimulus-response or connectionist approaches; cognitive approaches; and stochastic, mathematical, and cybernetic approaches. The stimulus-response models, which encompass most of the research examined in this paper, are further broken down into four types: (1) classical conditioning, (2) contiguity models, (3) instrumental (or operant) conditioning and (4) models including drive and drive reduction. Principles and major research evidence from numerous learning theories are reviewed and analyzed, and suggestions are made as to how this evidence may aid in the construction of more complete theories of persuasion and attitude change.
Statistical Considerations for Multiplicity in Confirmatory Protocols

Statistical issues concerning multiple response criteria, multiple treatment groups, and multiple subgroups in clinical trials require careful attention in order to avoid an inappropriately high prevalence of chance findings, as well as to avoid unsatisfactorily low power to detect real treatment differences. An underlying goal is using a 0.050 significance level as often as possible for separate assessments while maintaining a 0.050 level for all assessments taken together, so statistical power is not compromised. For multiple response criteria, a useful assessment strategy is composite ranking as a single criterion first and then its individual components. Multiple treatment comparisons can often be effectively addressed with closed testing procedures with hierarchical evaluation. This hierarchy must be well specified since significance at its first stage is required before testing is allowed at the next stage. In most clinical trials, subgroups are of supportive interest after statistical significance for all patients is shown. A subgroup hierarchy, however, permits primary evaluation in conjunction with all patients through significance level spending function methods as in interim analyses, for example, the O’Brien-Fleming method. The rationale is the analogy between a subgroup hierarchy and the patient hierarchy at successive interim analyses. With this method, the significance level for all patients’ evaluation typically ranges between 0.040 and 0.045 and that for subgroups ranges from 0.005‐0.020. The methods outlined here for multiple response criteria, multiple treatment groups, and subgroups, or related counterparts, should be prespecified in the protocol for a clinical trial. If not in the protocol, they should be incorporated in the analysis plan prior to study unmasking.
Effects of waterborne exposure to 4-nonylphenol on plasma sex steroid and vitellogenin concentrations in sexually mature male carp (Cyprinus carpio)

4-Nonylphenol (NP) has been shown to elicit estrogenic responses both in vivo and in vitro. The mechanism by which NP exerts estrogenic and other endocrine-modulating effects in vivo remains unclear, however. The goal of this study was to evaluate the ability of NP to elicit estrogenic responses through indirect mechanisms of action involving the modulation of endogenous steroid hormone concentrations. Sexually mature male common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were exposed to aqueous NP concentrations ranging from <0.05 to 5.4μg NP/l for 28–31 d. Approximately 0.5–3.5 ppm of NP was detected in pooled plasma samples or tissue samples from the carp studied. NP exposure did not significantly increase plasma concentrations of 17β-estradiol (E2), testosterone (T) or vitellogenin (VTG). Excluding outliers, plasma E2 concentrations ranged from <175 to 700 pg E2/ml. T concentrations ranged from 940 to 24,700 pg T/ml plasma. The greatest VTG concentration detected was 52μg/ml. One-third of the plasma samples tested contained <1 μg VTG/ml. Overall, the results of this study did not support the hypothesis that exposure to waterborne NP can modulate concentrations of steroid hormones in the plasma of sexually mature male carp. The results did, however, raise a number of questions regarding the utility of estradiol equivalent (EEQ) estimates as a means of predicting in vivo effects of estrogenic substances. Furthermore, they provide information regarding the concentrations and variability of E2, T, and VTG in the plasma of sexually mature male carp, which may aid in design and interpretation of future studies.
Software environments for atmospheric lidar remote sensing

Research and training in atmospheric lidar remote sensing requires highly versatile software environments for both experimentation and analysis. Experimentation and analysis may be conducted either directly on site at the location of the lidar equipment and/or institutional computer center or remotely from a distant location. The requirements for lidar software environments depend not only on type of user access (remote or onsite) but also on the nature of the teaching or research missions they support and the characteristics of the lidar systems for which they are used. The software environments discussed in this paper have been used to support lidar aerosol studies in settings ranging from urban locations to a remote atmospheric baseline station. Experiments and data analysis studies have been conducted for two different ground-based lidar systems, a monostatic Micro Pulse Lidar system and a bistatic imaging lidar system.
The rendition of the Atlantic Warm Pool in the reanalyses

The Atlantic Warm Pool (AWP) region, which is comprised of the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea and parts of the northwestern tropical Atlantic Ocean, is one of the most poorly observed parts of the global oceans. This study compares three ocean reanalyses, namely the Global Ocean Data Assimilation System of National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) of NCEP, and the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) for its AWP variation. The surface temperature in these ocean reanalyses is also compared with that from the Extended Range SST version 3 and Optimally Interpolated SST version 2 SST analyses. In addition we also compare three atmospheric reanalyses: NCEP-NCAR (R1), NCEP-DOE (R2), and CFSR for the associated atmospheric variability with the AWP. The comparison shows that there are important differences in the climatology of the AWP and its interannual variations. There are considerable differences in the subsurface ocean manifestation of the AWP with SODA (CFSR) showing the least (largest) modulation of the subsurface ocean temperatures. The remote teleconnections with the tropical Indian Ocean are also different across the reanalyses. However, all three oceanic reanalyses consistently show the absence of any teleconnection with the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. The influence of the AWP on the tropospheric temperature anomalies last for up to a one season lead and it is found to be relatively weak in R1 reanalyses. A simplified SST anomaly equation initially derived for diagnosing El Nino Southern Oscillation variability is adapted for the AWP variations in this study. The analysis of this equation reveals that the main contribution of the SST variation in the AWP region is from the variability of the net heat flux. All three reanalyses consistently show that the role of the ocean advective terms, including that associated with upwelling in the AWP region, is comparatively much smaller. The covariance of the SST tendency in the AWP with the net heat flux is large, with significant contributions from the variations of the surface shortwave and longwave fluxes.
Coordinate shift in the semiclassical Boltzmann equation and the anomalous Hall effect

Electrons in a crystal generically experience an anomalous coordinate shift (a side jump) when they scatter off a defect. We propose a gauge invariant expression for the side jump associated with scattering between particular Bloch states. Our expression for the side jump follows from the Born series expansion for the scattering $T$ matrix in powers of the strength of the scattering potential. Given our gauge invariant side jump expression, it is possible to construct a semiclassical Boltzmann theory of the anomalous Hall effect which expresses all previously identified contributions in terms of gauge invariant quantities and does not refer explicitly to off-diagonal terms in the density-matrix response.
Repair of truncus arteriosus: a considered approach to right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction.

Objective: In repair of truncus arteriosus the accepted methods of establishing right ventricle (RV) to pulmonary artery (PA) continuity utilize an allograft or xenograft valved conduit. Alternatively, the PA confluence may be directly anastomosed to the RV with anterior patch augmentation, which may allow growth and delay or avoid subsequent RVOT obstruction. These methods of RVOT reconstruction were evaluated in infants undergoing truncus arteriosus repair. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 61 infants undergoing repair of truncus arteriosus between November 1988 and June 2000 was performed. Median age was 34 days (range 1 day to 6.4 months). The patient cohort was subdivided into two groups (1) Valved conduit group: RV to PA continuity performed with a conduit in 38 patients using allograft (28) or xenograft (10). (2) Direct anastomosis group: direct RV‐PA anastomosis performed in 23 patients, augmented anteriorly with monocusp (15) or simple pericardial patch (eight). Results: There were eight hospital deaths (13%, 95% confidence limits 5‐21%). Hospital mortality did not differ significantly between group 1 and 2 (three patients (8%) versus five patients (22%) respectively, Pa 0:23). By multivariate analysis, low operative weight (Pa0:023), severe truncal regurgitation (Pa0:022) and major coronary abnormalities (Pa0:018), were independent risk factors for hospital death. Hospital survivors were followed-up from 1.3 months to 11.8 years (mean 4.2 ^ 3.4 years). There were eight late deaths with survival of 73 ^ 6% at 2 years and beyond. Survival was not influenced by method of RVOT reconstruction (Conduit versus direct RV‐PA anastomosis, 2.76 ^ 7%, 63 ^ 10%, respectively, Pa 0:23). Freedom from surgical RVOT reintervention was 56 ^ 10% in group 1 and 89 ^ 10% in group 2 at 10 years (Pa 0:023). The use of a xenograft conduit was an independent risk factor for reintervention (P , 0:001). Conclusions: In truncus arteriosus repair, RV to PA continuity established by a direct anastomosis was associated with a low incidence of surgical RVOT re-intervention. This technique has the potential for RVOT growth and may be a useful alternative when an appropriate allograft is unavailable, particularly in the neonate where the risk of pulmonary hypertension are lower. q 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Stress and Schizophrenia: Some Definitional Issues

This article discusses definitional ambiguities in research on the role of stress in the etiology of schizophrenia. Implications of the change to DSM-III criteria are considered, as is the question of whether prior research samples have overincluded acute schizophrenics. It is suggested that the problem of defining schizophrenia's time of onset is one of the thorniest in this literature. Three different operational definitions of stress are examined. Stress may be considered a response involving disruption in homeostasis, or as a stimulus with objectively specifiable properties. Stress is also defined interactionally with reference to characteristics of the individual and the surrounding life context. Relative merits of the three definitions are evaluated, and an attempt is made to clarify the differentiation between formative and triggering effects of stress. Further study of the impact of remote life events on vulnerability is encouraged.
Na,K‐Pump Reaction Kinetics at the Tip of a Patch Electrode

: Patch-clamp electrophysiological techniques allow manipulations of electrochemical driving forces for ion transport by the Na,K-ATPase. For this reason, this technique has been used to study steady-state ion transport properties of the Na,K-ATPase. High temporal resolution during these manipulations also permits rapid reactions, such as extracellular ion-binding reactions, to be measured as charge movements when the enzyme is engaged in electroneutral ion exchange modes. Just as useful, but less widely recognized, is the ease with which electrophysiological techniques can be used to critically study reaction steps that do not directly involve ion binding. Three studies are briefly presented to show how pre-steady-state and/or steady-state electrophysiological techniques can be used to study ion-binding reactions in a novel fashion and the kinetics of electrically silent reaction steps of this enzyme. The reaction kinetics derived from each of these studies can be used to attain detailed mechanistic information about ion transport by the Na,K-ATPase.
Peer Review of Teaching at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln

This article describes how the University of Nebraska-Lincoln’s Peer Review of Teaching Project (PRTP)—a faculty-led initiative for discussing, developing, and assessing approaches for understanding and documenting teaching and learning—has evolved from a small grant-funded program to a thriving, institutionally supported program. It describes the evolution of the PRTP, outlines its impact on individual faculty and the institutional community, and discusses future directions in light of broader conversations about the role of peer review in postsecondary education.
All-digital synthesizable UWB transmitter architectures

This paper presents two all-digital synthesizable pulsed-ultra-wideband (UWB) transmitter architectures. Both delay line-based and ring oscillator-based architectures proposed in this paper are synthesized and place-and-routed (PAR) with existing design tools. This design flow eliminates custom circuit design and layout, thus significantly enhancing design productivity. Also, the center frequency and the bandwidth of the output signals are tuned digitally to compensate for the variation induced by the PAR or to adapt to various applications. To verify the feasibility of the architectures, FPGA prototypes are implemented. The measured output signals of the prototype circuits meet the target spectrum specifications by tuning the mismatch in delay.
Mechanisms of histamine-induced relaxation in bovine small adrenal cortical arteries.

Adrenal steroidogenesis is closely correlated with increases in adrenal blood flow. Many reports have studied the regulation of adrenal blood flow in vivo and in perfused glands, but until recently...
Adaptive Distributed Source Coding over Erasure Channels Using Particle-Based Belief Propagation

This paper addresses the problem of distributed source coding (DSC) of binary sources with unknown varying correlation statistics over erasure channels. We propose an adaptive asymmetric Slepian-Wolf (SW) decoding scheme using particle-based belief propagation (BP) based on Raptor codes. We show through the experiments that the proposed algorithm can simultaneously reconstruct the compressed sources and estimate the correlation between source and side information. Moreover, compared to the conventional Raptor decoder, the proposed approach can achieve a higher compression ratio and provide stronger erasure protection under unknown varying correlation statistics. The ability to estimate the statistical correlation in the code structure makes our approach very useful for real applications.
Ligand exchange on gold nanoparticles for drug delivery and enhanced therapeutic index evaluated in acute myeloid leukemia models.

Cancer chemotherapy is typically toxic. This problem could be addressed by using differences between cancer and normal cells for controlled delivery of drugs to cancer cells. One such difference is the ubiquitously elevated glutathione expression in cancer cells. We report a simple and versatile synthesis of water-soluble gold nanoparticles passivated with amine-containing molecules, which allow for controlled drug release via ligand exchange with bio-available glutathione. Taking methotrexate-passivated gold nanoparticles (Au:MTX) as an example, drug delivery and controlled release via glutathione-mediated ligand exchange was evaluated. Furthermore, the possibility of using Au:MTX to improve therapeutic index in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) models was examined in vitro and in vivo. Au:MTX exhibited cancer selectivity in vitro. Au:MTX had an elevated potency toward an AML cell line THP-1 in a dosage range of 1–5 nM, and therefore an enhanced delivery of drug, whereas normal hematopoietic stem/progenitor c...
Treatment Failure Resulting from Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to Daptomycin

Daptomycin, a new cyclic lipopeptide, was recently approved for the treatment of infections by gram-positive organisms, including infections with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). A patient infected with infected with MRSA developed resistance to daptomycin after prolonged exposure, which resulted in clinical failure. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of daptomycin resistance and should consider routine testing for daptomycin susceptibility.
Dynamic friction in natural and synthetic gecko setal arrays

Geckos can cling to almost any surface using dense arrays of microscopic, hierarchical setae. The flat, terminal branches of the setae adhere by the van der Waals dispersion force, and the mechanics of the gecko attachment system are a current topic among biologists and researchers of smart materials for adhesion. We studied the interaction between shear velocity (v = 0.0005 mm s−1 to 158 mm s−1) and materials properties on dynamic friction of isolated natural gecko setal arrays. We varied the materials properties (complex modulus) of the setal β-keratin by adjusting atmospheric humidity (RH). Alongside the natural material, we performed similar experiments on synthetic arrays of polyurethane micropillars. Our experiments demonstrate the presence of two regimes in the friction force (F) vs. velocity behavior of the natural adhesives: a materials/RH-dependent domain exists at low v (<1 mm s−1) and a materials/RH-independent domain at higher v. At intermediate velocities, F(v) curves at different RH converge to an RH-independent value. From the dynamic experiments on natural arrays, we calculated a high-v activation volume (V*) of (90.1 ± 0.3) nm3. V* gives an indication of the strength of coupling between sliding elements. Velocity strengthening occurred in synthetic arrays. However, in contrast to the natural material, strengthening of adhesion and friction of synthetic gecko setae occurred at low v and weakened at high v. Activation volumes calculated for the synthetic arrays indicate weaker coupling. These results indicate (i) that the theory of state-rate friction (SRF) can adequately describe the behavior of sliding fibrillar adhesives and (ii) that the macroscopic performance of natural and synthetic setal arrays, when interpreted with an SRF model, provides some insight into the microscopic dynamics of frictional sliding.
Survey Paper: A survey on the communication architectures in smart grid

The next-generation electric power systems (smart grid) are studied intensively as a promising solution for energy crisis. One important feature of the smart grid is the integration of high-speed, reliable and secure data communication networks to manage the complex power systems effectively and intelligently. We provide in this paper a comprehensive survey on the communication architectures in the power systems, including the communication network compositions, technologies, functions, requirements, and research challenges. As these communication networks are responsible for delivering power system related messages, we discuss specifically the network implementation considerations and challenges in the power system settings. This survey attempts to summarize the current state of research efforts in the communication networks of smart grid, which may help us identify the research problems in the continued studies.
Commentary: A Call to Action to Secure the Future of Pediatric Psychology—Resonating to the Points of Rozensky and Janicke (2012)

The field of pediatric psychology has adjusted and adapted to fit the changing environment of healthcare and needs of children and their families over its history (Aylward, Bender, Graves, & Roberts, 2009). Although initially considered to have an overly narrow focus, pediatric psychology became novel and innovative in the 1960s and 1970s and ultimately developed into a creatively vibrant and productive force in research and practice in healthcare psychology. Although the field has achieved great accomplishments, there is the potential of stagnating or even being left behind if practitioners and researchers continue to exclusively maintain the ‘‘status quo’’ without further innovation. Therefore, current and rising professionals will need to focus their incredible intelligence and energies to move out of what are now the established routines and ways of doing ‘‘things’’ to become once again novel and innovative, responding to changes in health care. Rozensky and Janicke (2012) have contributed a significant vision for the future of pediatric psychology in a changing healthcare system. The significant points in this article are truly a call to action, a strategic plan as it were, for the field of practice and research in pediatric psychology. Rozensky and Janicke highlight several ripe and exciting opportunities for the field of pediatric psychology in terms of growth and expansion in light of current changes in the healthcare environment and in various other related fields and disciplines. In this commentary, we briefly attend to several of the issues raised by these visionaries as important areas for growth in the future of pediatric psychology. We have highlighted only a few of the major recommendations made by Rozensky and Janicke in order to provide the detailed discussion that each point warrants, and this selection should not be interpreted as an exhaustive list of the valuable points made in their discussion.
Patterns of resistance and resilience of the stress-tolerant coral Siderastrea radians (Pallas) to sub-optimal salinity and sediment burial.

Abstract The coastal lagoons of south Florida, U.S., experience fluctuating levels of sedimentation and salinity and contain only a subset of the coral species found at the adjacent reefs of the Florida Reef Tract. The dominant species within these habitats is Siderastrea radians , which can reach densities of up to 68 colonies m - 2 and is commonly exposed to salinity extremes ( 37 psu) and chronic sediment burial. In this study, we document the patterns of resistance and resilience of S. radians to sub-optimal salinity levels and sediment burial in a series of short-term, long-term, acute, chronic, single-stressor, and sequential-stressor experiments. S. radians displayed remarkable patterns of resistance and resilience and mortality was documented only under prolonged (≥ 48 h) continuous exposure to salinity extremes (15 and 45 psu) and chronic sediment burial. A reduction in photosynthetic rates was documented for all salinity exposures and the decrease in photosynthesis was linearly related to exposure time. Negative impacts on photosynthetic rates were more severe under low salinity (15 psu) than under high salinity (45 psu). Corals exposed to intermediate, low-salinity levels (25 psu), exhibited initial declines in photosynthesis that were followed by temporary increases that may represent transient acclimatization patterns. The impacts of sediment burial were influenced by the duration of the burial period and ranged from a temporary reduction in photosynthesis to significant reductions in growth and tissue mortality. The maintenance of P/R ratios > 1 and the rapid ( S. radians is able to resist short-term burial periods with minor physiological consequences. However, as burial periods increase and colonies become covered at multiple chronic intervals, sediment burial resulted in extended photosynthetic recovery periods, reduced growth, and mortality. Under normal conditions (i.e., no salinity stress), S. radians was very effective at clearing sediments, and > 50% of the colonies' surface area was cleared within 1 h. However, clearing rates were influenced by physiological status, and prior exposure to sub-optimal salinity significantly reduced the clearing rates of stressed colonies. The response of S. radians to disturbance documented in this study characterizes this species as highly stress-tolerant and provides an explanation for its present high abundance in both reef and marginal environments. Moreover, the key life-history attributes of S. radians, such as brooding reproductive strategy, small colony size, high stress-tolerance, and high recruitment rates, suggest the potential for this species to replace reef-building taxa under increased disturbance scenarios in Florida and elsewhere in the region.
Relative responses of an X-ray-resistant hybrid cell-line and its parent line to X-irradiation, ultraviolet light, actinomycin D and cordycepin.

Using colony formation as an assay, a rat-mouse hybrid cell-line (HD1) and one of its parent lines (H4) have been studied as to their abilities to survive exposure to ionizing radiation, ultraviolet light, and the drugs actinomycin D and cordycepin. HD1 cells are more resistant than H4 to ionizing radiation, actinomycin D and cordycepin. Both cell lines respond similarly to ultraviolet light. When both cell-lines were co-treated with actinomycin D or cordycepin, the toxic effect of ionizing radiation was enhanced, whereas that of ultraviolet light (U.V.L.) was unchanged. The data suggest that RNA synthesis is more important immediately after irradiation with X-rays than with U.V.L. and that cells resistant to the toxic effect of ionizing radiation are also resistant to the toxicity induced by inhibitors of RNA synthesis.
Out-of-School Time STEM: It’s Not What You Think

This chapter reports findings from a national study of 16 different multiyear out-of-school-time (OST) science programs. As several authors included in this volume have noted, the designed after-school/out-of-school-time space constitutes a sort of hybrid space – it is not school and it is not home. There are both structured and unstructured dimensions to it, and patterns of interaction in the programs vary widely. These variations occur across different programs and also within a given program according to the time of year or the time of day. For example, some programs may offer unstructured playtime as well as structured homework supervision or activity time. Some programs may be primarily worksheet driven for part of the year and primarily outdoors during other times.
Survival benefit for adjuvant radiation therapy in minor salivary gland cancers

Summary Objectives The goal of the current study is to investigate the role of adjuvant radiation therapy (adjuvant RT) in minor salivary gland tumors (mSGT) using an established national database. Methods The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was used to identify patients treated with or without adjuvant RT for mSGT from 1988 to 2008. Regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with improved overall survival (OS). Results Most tumors were located within the oral cavity (75%) followed by nasal cavity/paranasal sinuses (15%). Multivariate Cox analysis showed that adjuvant RT was associated with better OS compared to surgery alone. Using logistic regression analysis, we provide a novel web based tool for predicting survival impact of adjuvant RT in patients with mSGT. Conclusions Adjuvant RT is associated with improved survival in patients with mSGT and adverse clinicopathologic factors such as advanced T/N category, adenoid cystic histology, high grade, and nasopharynx location.
The Model that Didn't Work

A humorous account on how wrong theoretical assumptions led to an inappropriate new traffic signal timing.
Nitridation and Layered Assembly of Hollow TiO2 Shells for Electrochemical Energy Storage

The nitridation of hollow TiO2 nanoshells and their layered assembly into electrodes for electrochemical energy storage are reported. The nitridated hollow shells are prepared by annealing TiO2 shells, produced initially using a sol–gel process, under an NH3 environment at different temperatures ranging from 700 to 900 °C, then assembled to form a robust monolayer film on a water surface through a quick and simple assembly process without any surface modification to the samples. This approach facilitates supercapacitor cell design by simplifying the electrochemical electrode structure by removing the need to use any organic binder or carbon-based conducting materials. The areal capacitance of the as-prepared electrode is observed to be ≈180 times greater than that of a bare TiO2 electrode, mainly due to the enhanced electrical conductivity of the TiN phase produced through the nitridation process. Furthermore, the electrochemical capacitance can be enhanced linearly by constructing an electrode with multilayered shell films through a repeated transfer process (0.8 to 7.1 mF cm–2, from one monolayer to 9 layers). Additionally, the high electrical conductivity of the shell film makes it an excellent scaffold for supporting other psuedocapacitive materials (e.g., MnO2), producing composite electrodes with a specific capacitance of 743.9 F g–1 at a scan rate of 10 mV s–1 (based on the mass of MnO2) and a good cyclic stability up to 1000 cycles.
Limited Nonrandom Chromosomal Aberrations in a Recurrent Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Parotid Gland

We present the cytogenetic, interphase fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) and DNA content findings in a clinically aggressive adenoid cystic carcinoma (ADCC) of the parotid gland. The tumor manifested diploid chromosomal and DNA content by cytogenetic, interphase FISH and flow cytometry. G-banding analysis revealed inv(5)(p15.2q33) and t(6;15)(q25;q15) as the only structural alterations in all 30 metaphases examined. The limited structural abnormalities found in this recurrent lesion suggest that they may constitute a primary or early event in the development of this tumor. The involvement of 6q region in our tumor and in some of the previously reported ADCC supports the association between this region and the evolution of at least a subset of these tumors.
First microbial encounters

Altered microbial colonization associated with cesarean section (C-section) birth could potentially have adverse effects on host development. The first interventional study of its kind attempts to reconfigure the early microbiota composition in C-section–delivered newborns to resemble that associated with vaginal birth.
National study of the impact of managed care on osteopathic physicians

The study reported here was designed to provide insight into the impact managed care has had on osteopathic physicians' ability to practice medicine, as well as data to substantiate the prevalence of the specific problems encountered by the 40,000 osteopathic physicians in the United States. New data on the extent to which osteopathic physicians use osteopathic manipulative treatment was also obtained, as a review of the literature revealed only two previous surveys on the use of osteopathic manipulative treatment. The American Osteopathic Association hired an independent research company to conduct the survey.
From Bad to Worse? Pornography Consumption, Spousal Religiosity, Gender, and Marital Quality

Pornography consumption is consistently associated with lower marital quality. Scholars have theorized that embeddedness within a religious community may exacerbate the negative association between pornography use and marital quality because of greater social or psychic costs to porn viewing. As a test and extension of this theory, I examine how being married to a religiously devout spouse potentially moderates the link between respondents' reported pornography consumption and their marital satisfaction. Data are taken from the 2006 Portraits of American Life Study. In the main effects, porn consumption is negatively related to marital satisfaction, while spousal religiosity is positively related to marital satisfaction. Interaction effects reveal, however, that spousal religiosity intensifies the negative effect of porn viewing on marital satisfaction. These effects are robust whether marital satisfaction is operationalized as a scale or with individual measures and whether spousal religiosity is measured with respondents' evaluations their spouses' religiosity or spouses' self-reported religiosity measures. The effects are also similar for both husbands and wives. I argue that for married Americans, having a religiously committed spouse increases the social and psychic costs of porn consumption such that marital satisfaction decreases more drastically as a result.
Laser Machining and Metallization of VIAS in Aluminum Nitride

A via metallization technique involving excimer laser ablation of aluminum nitride substrate with a metal backing, attached with cyanoacrylate adhesive was investigated. The objective was to develop a procedure to ensure good electrical interconnection between the thick film conductor pads and the walls of the via. An aluminum nitride compatible Ag-Pd thick film paste was used in this experiment. Two different sequences were tested: In the first sequence both sides of the aluminum nitride substrate were printed and fired and then the vias were laser drilled. In the second sequence, one side of the substrate was printed and fired first, then the vias were laser drilled and the second side was printed and fired. In both of the above sequences, laser ablation of the printed conductor and redeposition of the ablated metal backing are necessary for making a proper contact with the thick film conductor pads.
Using Eye Activity to Study Cognitive Processes Underlying Individual Differences

New developments in the field of cognitive sciences and eye tracking technology has allowed for more direct study of underlying cognitive processes occurring during task performance. First, eye tracking technology provides a continuous measure of pupil dilation, an indicator of cognitive effort during task performance. Second, it provides a measure of scanning patterns, providing insight as to how and where cognitive effort is directed. In this study 57 subjects were eye tracked as they performed three sessions on a dual-attention task involving monitoring gauges and comparing equations. Additional measures included performance and self-report measures of self-efficacy, and cognitive interference. The objective eye tracking measures corroborated and expanded on previously established relationships between cognitive processing, cognitive interference, self-efficacy, and performance.
Parental Nurturance in the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample: Theory, Coding, and Scores

In recent years attachment theory has matured into a wide-ranging conceptual framework with sufficient power to explain important features of individual and social variability across societies. In the research reported here, the empirical work directed by attachment theory is used to expand existing codes to measure more fully those aspects of parent-child interaction that facilitate or retard the child’s development. This article presents the coding system and scores on parental nurturance for each of the societies of the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample (SCCS). Articles (in press) will present all the evidence on parental nurturance available in the standard bibliography as well as new research examining ways that parental nurturance may be incorporated into models integrating environmental, psychological, and social processes.
Epidemiological Analysis on Outbreaks of Influenza A(H1N1) in Different Levels of School in Yuelu District of Changsha

Objective To analyze epidemiological characteristics of influenza A(H1N1) outbreaks in university、middle school、primary school and nursery school,and to approach the measures of control and prevention of influenza A(H1N1) in different levels of school.Methods Descriptive epidemiology and statistic analysis were used to study the epidemiological data of influenza A(H1N1) outbreaks from August to December,2009 in 54 schools in Yuelu District.Results From August to December in 2009,the 54 outbreaks of influenza A(H1N1) which was reported 9539 cases occurred mainly in late October to middle November and lasted one month in Yuelu District,Changsha.The total attack rate was 5.05%.It more easily occurred in university and middle school.Outbreaks in school at different levels showed different attack rate,the attack rate appeared a downtrend from kindergarten to primary school,secondary school,training school and university.But the attack rate of training school was significantly higher than others.It showed that there were positive correlation between "the interval time from initial case occurring to reporting" and "last time of the outbreaks"(r=0.504,P0.01),and between "the interval time from initial case occurring to taking control measures" and "last time of the outbreaks"(r=0.535,P0.01).At the same time,there were differences in duration at different levels of school.The university and middle school had a longer duration than kindergarten and primary school,and the training school was the shortest.Conclusions The outbreaks of influenza A(H1N1) were found easily in high people density of school.The reasons of different duration and attack rate came from the diverse scale,management style,health condition and extent of implementation of prevention and control measures.
Terrace Agriculture in the Mixteca Alta Region, Oaxaca, Mexico: Ethnographic and Archeological Insights on Terrace Construction and Labor Organization

This article presents ethnographic information on terrace farming that was collected to ground archeological interpretations of cross-channel terraces known as lama-bordos in the Mixteca Alta region of southern Mexico. Ethnographic interviews asked about labor organization and the labor requirements of terrace construction, and also documented agroecological knowledge associated with terrace farming. The integration of ethnographic and archeological data indicate that lama-bordo terracing started 3,400 years ago and today lama-bordos continue to be built, maintained, and farmed at the household level, in ways that correspond with the recorded stratigraphies of Prehispanic lama-bordo terraces. Even in contemporary contexts of government agricultural programs and global markets, farmers continue to grow food and build their lives around lama-bordos using a complex body of knowledge about the weather, plants, soils, and the behavior of pests. The continuation of this land-use and food-producing strategy for over three millennia attests to the longevity, effectiveness, and resilience of this ancestral practice that has been a cornerstone for Mixtec society and survival.
Hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence pattern following liver transplantation and a suggested surveillance algorithm

Abstract Purpose This study aims to evaluate the recurrence pattern of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) following liver transplantation. Materials and methods A total of 54 patients underwent liver transplantation for HCC; 9 patients developed biopsy-proven recurrent HCC (16.6%). The site of HCC recurrence along with other factors was analyzed. Results Seven patients were diagnosed with HCC prior to liver transplantation and 2 patients had incidental HCC in the explanted liver. Two patients had locoregional recurrence, 4 patients had distant metastasis, and 3 patients had synchronous locoregional recurrence and distant metastasis. Conclusion A significant proportion of HCC recurrence following liver transplantation is extrahepatic.