cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deuterium Abundance in the Local ISM and Possible Spatial Variations

Excellent HST/GHRS spectra of interstellar hydrogen and deuterium Lyman-α absorption toward nearby stars allow us to identify systematic errors that have plagued earlier work and to measure accurate values of the D/H ratio in local interstellar gas. Analysis of 12 sightlines through the Local Interstellar Cloud leads to a mean value of D/H = (1.50 ± 0.10) × 10−5 with all data points lying within ±1σ of the mean. Whether or not the D/H ratio has different values elsewhere in the Galaxy and beyond is a very important open question that will be one of the major objectives of the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) mission.
The AMES wholesale power market test bed: A computational laboratory for research, teaching, and training

Wholesale power markets around the world are currently undergoing a controversial restructuring of their architecture and rules of operation. Some commentators have argued that restructuring has not produced the intended improvements in market efficiency while at the same time it has complicated efforts to ensure reliability and fairness of operations. This situation suggests the desirability of having publicly available test beds suitable for the objective study of this restructuring process. This study reports on the AMES Wholesale Power Market Test Bed. AMES is an open-source agent-based computational laboratory designed for the systematic study of restructured wholesale power markets operating over AC transmission grids subject to congestion. The AMES traders have learning capabilities permitting them to evolve their trading strategies over time. The potential usefulness of AMES for research, teaching, and training purposes is discussed and illustrated.
A variable structure automaton used as a multi-modal searching technique

This paper discusses a global search of a multimodal noisy performance surface using a probabilistic automaton as a model. The various regions are searched in accordance with probabilities assigned on the basis of past relative performances. The automaton has a variable structure so that the system is able to adjust its search probabilities continuously, and linear reinforcement is used as an averaging technique. The chief advantages of this procedure are the variable search probabilities and the simplicity of implementing the search (minimum amount of computations). The procedure is extended to a multidimensional case and examples are shown.
Survey of intravitreal injection techniques among retinal specialists in the United States.

Purpose To describe the intravitreal injection technique practice patterns of retinal specialists in the United States from April 8, 2010 to April 21, 2010. Design Questionnaire survey. Methods All members of the American Academy of Ophthalmology who self-categorized as “Retinal/Vitreous Surgery” were contacted by e-mail to complete an anonymous, 20-question, internet-based survey. Results A total of 765 retinal specialists (44%) responded to the survey. Most respondents wear gloves (58%) and use an eyelid speculum (92%) when performing an intravitreal injection. More than 99% use povidone-iodine preinjection. The majority measure the injection site from the limbus (56%) and inject straight into the vitreous cavity (96%). Most do not displace the conjunctiva (83%). Seventy-two percent routinely assess postinjection optic nerve perfusion, primarily by gross visual acuity measurement (32%). While nearly one third of participants use prophylactic topical antibiotics preinjection, more than two thirds use topical antibiotics postinjection. Forty-six percent perform bilateral simultaneous intravitreal injections. The majority of respondents use a 30-gauge needle for the injection of ranibizumab (78%) and bevacizumab (60%). However, respondents use both a 27- and 30-gauge needle for the injection of triamcinolone acetonide. Conclusions Retinal specialists in the United States participate in a range of techniques for the care before, during, and after intravitreal injections. Further study is needed to elucidate best practice patterns.
Expectation-Maximization for Learning Determinantal Point Processes

A determinantal point process (DPP) is a probabilistic model of set diversity compactly parameterized by a positive semi-definite kernel matrix. To fit a DPP to a given task, we would like to learn the entries of its kernel matrix by maximizing the log-likelihood of the available data. However, log-likelihood is non-convex in the entries of the kernel matrix, and this learning problem is conjectured to be NP-hard [1]. Thus, previous work has instead focused on more restricted convex learning settings: learning only a single weight for each row of the kernel matrix [2], or learning weights for a linear combination of DPPs with fixed kernel matrices [3]. In this work we propose a novel algorithm for learning the full kernel matrix. By changing the kernel parameterization from matrix entries to eigenvalues and eigenvectors, and then lower-bounding the likelihood in the manner of expectation-maximization algorithms, we obtain an effective optimization procedure. We test our method on a real-world product recommendation task, and achieve relative gains of up to 16.5% in test log-likelihood compared to the naive approach of maximizing likelihood by projected gradient ascent on the entries of the kernel matrix.
Positional disorder of Ba in the thermoelectric germanium clathrate Ba6Ge25

Abstract The local structure of Ba6Ge25 has been studied by X-ray diffraction and the atomic pair distribution function technique at 40 K and room temperature. Unambiguous evidence has been found showing that two out of three types of Ba atoms in Ba6Ge25 move off their positions and become locked in split sites at low temperatures.
Structural modulation of molybdenyl iodate architectures by alkali metal cations in AMoO3(IO3) (A = K, Rb, Cs): a facile route to new polar materials with large SHG responses.

Three new molybdenyl iodates, KMoO3(IO3) (1), RbMoO3(IO3) (2), and CsMoO3(IO3) (3), have been prepared through the hydrothermal reactions of MoO3 with AIO4 (A = K, Rb, or Cs) at 180 °C. These compounds are isolated as nearly colorless, air-stable crystals. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments reveal that 1 possesses a corrugated layered structure constructed from molybdenum oxide chains that are bridged by iodate anions. The puckering of the layers is caused by the alignment of bent molybdenyl (MoO22+) groups along one side of the molybdenum oxide chains. The K+ cations separate these layers from one another and serve to balance charge. In contrast, compounds 2 and 3, which are isostructural, form three-dimensional structures with small cavities filled with Rb+ or Cs+ cations. The differences between the structures of 1 and those of 2 and 3 are due to rotation of the molybdenyl units as translation occurs down the molybdenum oxide chains in order to accommodate the increased size of the Rb+ and Cs...
The Effect of Conference Calls on Analyst and Market Underreaction to Earnings Announcements

I extend prior research on the information content of conference calls by examining whether they accelerate analysts' and investors' responses to the future implications of currently announced earnings. I find that the initiation of conference calls is associated with a significant reduction in the serial correlation in analyst forecast errors, a measure of initial analyst underreaction. I also find that the initiation of conference calls is associated with significant reductions in two measures of initial investor underreaction: (1) post‐earnings announcement drift and (2) the proportion of the total market reaction to firms' earnings announcements that is “delayed” (i.e., that is attributable to post‐earnings announcement drift). The reduction in post‐earnings announcement drift surrounding conference call initiation is concentrated in the set of sample firms where drift is most severe (i.e., the smallest, least heavily traded sample firms) while the largest, most heavily traded sample firms do not exhi...
Spinning up asymptotically flat spacetimes

We present a method for constructing stationary, asymptotically flat, rotating solutions of Einstein's field equations. One of the spun-up solutions has quasilocal mass but no global mass. It has an ergosphere but no event horizon. The angular momentum is constant everywhere beyond the ergosphere. The energy–momentum content of this solution can be interpreted as a rotating string fluid.
The air bag system: What went wrong with the systems engineering?

The air bag restraint system in automobiles has received a great deal of attention since the summer of 1996. The purpose of this paper is to review the successes and failures of the air bag since its introduction in 1988 and to relate these successes and failures to the requirements that led to the current air bag design. Finally suggestions are made about how the requirements development process can be improved for all systems, considering the obvious and not-so-obvious mistakes that were made during the development of the air bag.
A total synthesis of rac-patchouli alcohol

Abstract A total synthesis of rac-patchouli alcohol (1) was achieved in six steps starting from 2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexadiene (2) using a vinyl radical cyclization strategy.
On Global Feasible Search for Global Design Optimization with Application to Generalized Polynomial Models

A key idea for deterministic global optimization is the use of global feasible search, namely, algorithms that guarantee finding feasible solutions of nonconvex problems or prove that none exists. In this article, a set of conditions for global feasible search algorithms is established. The utility of these conditions is demonstrated on two algorithms that solve special problem classes globally. Also, a new model transformation is shown to convert a generalized polynomial problem into one of the special classes above. A flywheel design example illustrates the approach. A sequel article provides further computational details and design examples.
Demographic Transitions and Modernity

Much contemporary anthropology is concerned with the origin, character, and consequences of late modernity. Surprisingly absent in this literature is the importance of population size, structure, and process. In particular, the demographic transition—or historical change from a high to a low equilibrium of birth and death rates—is an important component of modernity that deserves greater anthropological engagement. This review outlines demographic transition and transition theory, then discusses two ways in which transition intersects with literatures on modernity: through individual rationality and governmentality. Confronting both the material of population and the theories about it has the potential to significantly reconfigure anthropologies of the present.
WHEN BUREAUCRATS MEET ENTREPRENEURS: THE DESIGN OF EFFECTIVE `PUBLIC VENTURE CAPITAL' PROGRAMMES

Recently public efforts to finance small high-technology firms have proliferated. We review the motivations for these efforts and make some preliminary observations about their design. We explore the underlying challenges that the financing of young growth firms poses, the ways that specialised financial intermediaries address them, and the rationales for public efforts to finance these companies. The final section makes a set of observations about the ways in which the structure of these efforts can most effectively complement private sector activity. A frequent fault in programme design is the presumption that technological criteria can be divorced from business considerations when evaluating firms. The federal government has played an active role in financing new firms, particularly in high-technology industries, since the Soviet Union's launch of the Sputnik satellite. In recent years, European and Asian nations and many US states have adopted similar initiatives. While these programmes' precise structures have differed, the efforts have been predicated on two shared assumptions: (i) that the private sector provides insufficient capital to new firms, and (ii) that the government either can identify investments which will ultimately yield high social and/or private returns or can encourage financial intermediaries to do so. In contrast to other government interventions designed to boost economic growth, such as privatisation programmes, these claims have received little scrutiny by economists. The neglect of these questions is unfortunate. While the sums of money involved are modest relative to public expenditures on defence procurement or retiree benefits, these programmes are very substantial when compared to contemporaneous private investments in new firms. Government programmes in this arena have been divided between those efforts that directly fund entrepreneurial firms and those that encourage or subsidise the development of outside investors. In this paper, I will focus on 'public venture capital' initiatives: programmes that make equity or equity-like investments in young firms, or encourage other intermediaries to make such investments. In some such programmes, such as the Advanced Technology Program and the Small Business Innovation Research programmes discussed below, the funds are provided as a contract or outright grant. While these efforts have proliferated, a consensus as to how to structure these programmes remains elusive. While the design of regulatory agencies has been extensively studied from a theoretical and empirical perspective, little work has
Organocatalyzed cascade reactions of carbohydrates – a direct access to C-glycosides

An organocatalyzed transformation to elongate unprotected carbohydrates is described. This operationally simple methodology is based on a Knoevenagel–oxa-Michael cascade. This reaction is catalyzed by proline and DBU. Products were obtained with exceptional high degrees of stereoselectivity.
On the internet delay space dimensionality

We investigate the dimensionality properties of the Internet delay space, i.e., the matrix of measured round-trip latencies between Internet hosts. Previous work on network coordinates has indicated that this matrix can be embedded, with reasonably low distortion, into a 4to 9-dimensional Euclidean space. The application of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) reveals the same dimensionality values. Our work addresses the question: to what extent is the dimensionality an intrinsic property of the delay space, defined without reference to a host metric such as Euclidean space? Is the intrinsic dimensionality of the Internet delay space approximately equal to the dimension determined using embedding techniques or PCA? If not, what explains the discrepancy? What properties of the network contribute to its overall dimensionality? Using datasets obtained via the King [14] method, we study different measures of dimensionality to establish the following conclusions. First, based on its power-law behavior, the structure of the delay space can be better characterized by fractal measures. Second, the intrinsic dimension is significantly smaller than the value predicted by the previous studies; in fact by our measures it is less than 2. Third, we demonstrate a particular way in which the AS topology is reflected in the delay space; subnetworks composed of hosts which share an upstream Tier-1 autonomous system in common possess lower dimensionality than the combined delay space. Finally, we observe that fractal measures, due to their sensitivity to non-linear structures, display higher precision for measuring the influence of subtle features of the delay space geometry. ∗Both authors are supported by NSF Grant CCF-0643934. Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. IMC’08, October 20–22, 2008, Vouliagmeni, Greece. Copyright 2008 ACM 978-1-60558-334-1/08/10 ...$5.00.
A new proof of the graph removal lemma

Let H be a xed graph with h vertices. The graph removal lemma states that every graph on n vertices with o(n h ) copies of H can be made H-free by removing o(n 2 ) edges. We give a new proof which avoids Szemer edi’s regularity lemma and gives a better bound. This approach also works to give improved bounds for the directed and multicolored analogues of the graph removal lemma. This answers questions of Alon and Gowers.
NiCl2-Catalyzed Hydrophosphinylation

A new nickel-based catalytic system has been developed for phosphorus−carbon bond formation. The addition of alkyl phosphinates to alkynes is catalyzed by nickel chloride in the absence of added ligand. The reaction generally proceeds in high yields, even with internal alkynes, which were poor substrates in our previously reported palladium-catalyzed hydrophosphinylation of alkyl phosphinates. The method is useful for the preparation of H-phosphinate esters and their derivatives. The one-pot synthesis of various important organophosphorus compounds is also demonstrated. The reaction can be conducted with microwave heating.
Fund Families as Delegated Monitors of Money Managers

Because a money manager learns more about her skill from her management experience than outsiders can learn from her realized returns, she expects inefficiency in future contracts that condition exclusively on realized returns. A fund family that learns what the manager learns can reduce this inefficiency cost if the family is large enough. The family’s incentive is to retain any given manager regardless of her skill but, when the family has enough managers, it adds value by boosting the credibility of its retentions through the firing of others. As the number of managers grows, the efficiency loss goes to zero.
A Standard Law for the Equatorward Drift of the Sunspot Zones

The latitudinal location of the sunspot zones in each hemisphere is determined by calculating the centroid position of sunspot areas for each solar rotation from May 1874 to June 2011. When these centroid positions are plotted and analyzed as functions of time from each sunspot cycle maximum, there appear to be systematic differences in the positions and equatorward drift rates as a function of sunspot cycle amplitude. If, instead, these centroid positions are plotted and analyzed as functions of time from each sunspot cycle minimum, then most of the differences in the positions and equatorward drift rates disappear. The differences that remain disappear entirely if curve fitting is used to determine the starting times (which vary by as much as eight months from the times of minima). The sunspot zone latitudes and equatorward drift measured relative to this starting time follow a standard path for all cycles with no dependence upon cycle strength or hemispheric dominance. Although Cycle 23 was peculiar in its length and the strength of the polar fields it produced, it too shows no significant variation from this standard. This standard law, and the lack of variation with sunspot cycle characteristics, is consistent with dynamo wave mechanisms but not consistent with current flux transport dynamo models for the equatorward drift of the sunspot zones.
Target detection in synthetic aperture radar imagery: a state-of-the-art survey

Target detection is the front-end stage in any automatic target recognition system for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery (SAR-ATR). The efficacy of the detector directly impacts the succeeding stages in the SAR-ATR processing chain. There are numerous methods reported in the literature for implementing the detector. We offer an umbrella under which the various research activities in the field are broadly probed and taxonomized. First, a taxonomy for the various detection methods is proposed. Second, the underlying assumptions for different implementation strategies are overviewed. Third, a tabular comparison between careful selections of representative examples is introduced. Finally, a novel discussion is presented, wherein the issues covered include suitability of SAR data models, understanding the multiplicative SAR data models, and two unique perspectives on constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detection: signal processing and pattern recognition. From a signal processing perspective, CFAR is shown to be a finite impulse response band-pass filter. From a statistical pattern recognition perspective, CFAR is shown to be a suboptimal one-class classifier: a Euclidian distance classifier and a quadratic discriminant with a missing term for one-parameter and two-parameter CFAR, respectively. We make a contribution toward enabling an objective design and implementation for target detection in SAR imagery.
Design and Implementation of New, Silicon-Based, Cross-Coupling Reactions: Importance of Silicon−Oxygen Bonds

This Account chronicles the conceptual development, proof of principle, exploration of scope, and mechanistic investigations of a newly developed class of palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of silicon derivatives. Under the influence of fluoride activation a myriad of oxygen-containing silicon moieties undergo mild and stereospecific cross-coupling. The diversity of methods for introduction of silicon groupings into organic molecules and the range of organic electrophiles that can be used are outlined.
Spectroscopic Search for Water Ice on Jovian Trojan Asteroids

The Jovian Trojans likely formed beyond the snow line and so may contain considerable amounts of water ice. We seek near-infrared spectroscopic evidence for the 1.5 and 2.0 μm water ice bands in the Trojans. Our sample is focused on objects identified in previous measurements as being of special interest. The unusual Trojan (4709) Ennomos has a geometric albedo significantly above the mean Trojan albedo, perhaps because a recent impact has coated part of the surface with freshly excavated ice. Trojans (911) Agamemnon, (617) Patroclus, (1143) Odysseus, and (2797) Teucer were also observed. These objects have been independently reported to show possible weak absorptions at 1.7 and 2.3 μm, respectively. If real, the latter features may be due to organic materials present on the surfaces. However, all five targets appear spectrally featureless, even in our highest signal-to-noise ratio data. Simple models consisting of mixtures of water ice and a spectrally featureless material were used to quantify the limits to surface ice.
Collective coordinates in string theory

Abstract The emergence of violations of conformal invariance in the form of non-local operators in the two-dimensional action describing solitons inevitably leads to the introduction of collective coordinates as two-dimensional “wormhole parameters”.
DNA as a Versatile Chemical Component for Catalysis, Encoding, and Stereocontrol

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic material common to all of Earth's organisms. Our biological understanding of DNA is extensive and well-exploited. In recent years, chemists have begun to develop DNA for nonbiological applications in catalysis, encoding, and stereochemical control. This Review summarizes key advances in these three exciting research areas, each of which takes advantage of a different subset of DNA's useful chemical properties.
Quantization Bounds on Grassmann Manifolds and Applications to MIMO Communications

The Grassmann manifold Gn,p (L) is the set of all p-dimensional planes (through the origin) in the n-dimensional Euclidean space Ln, where L is either R or C. This paper considers the quantization problem in which a source in Gn,p (L) is quantized through a code in Gn,q (L), with p and q not necessarily the same. The analysis is based on the volume of a metric ball in Gn,p (L) with center in Gn,q (L), and our chief result is a closed-form expression for the volume of a metric ball of radius at most one. This volume formula holds for arbitrary n, p, q, and L, while previous results pertained only to some special cases. Based on this volume formula, several bounds are derived for the rate-distortion tradeoff assuming that the quantization rate is sufficiently high. The lower and upper bounds on the distortion rate function are asymptotically identical, and therefore precisely quantify the asymptotic rate-distortion tradeoff. We also show that random codes are asymptotically optimal in the sense that they achieve the minimum possible distortion in probability as n and the code rate approach infinity linearly. Finally, as an application of the derived results to communication theory, we quantify the effect of beamforming matrix selection in multiple-antenna communication systems with finite rate channel state feedback.
Performance of Rigid Porous Stratification Manifolds With Interpretation for Off-Design Operation

Thermal stratification of solar water storage tanks improves collector efficiency and provides higher quality energy to the user. A crucial aspect of maintaining stratification is preventing mixing in the tank, particularly during solar charging and hot water draws. An effective and simple approach to flow control is an internal stratification manifold. In this paper, the performance of the rigid porous manifold, which consists of a series of vertical hydraulic resistance elements placed within a perforated tube, is considered for charging operation. A 1-D model of the governing mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations is used to illustrate the procedure for designing a manifold and to explore its performance over a broad range of operating conditions expected in solar water storage tanks. A manifold performance indicator (MPI) is used to evaluate the effectiveness of the manifold relative to an inlet pipe positioned at the top of the tank. The rigid porous manifold improves the stratification in the tank over a wide range of operating conditions unless the inlet flow rate is significantly reduced from the design point.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Synthesis of Cyclopropanes via Pd(II/IV)-Catalyzed Reactions of Enynes

This report describes a new Pd-catalyzed oxidation reaction for the stereospecific conversion of enynes into cyclopropyl ketones. Unlike related PdII/0, Au, and Pt-catalyzed cyclopropane-forming reactions, these transformations proceed with net inversion of geometry with respect to the starting olefin. This result is consistent with a PdII/IV mechanism in which the key cyclopropane-forming step involves nucleophilic attack of a tethered olefin onto the PdIV−C bond.
Subspace Methods for Joint Sparse Recovery

We propose robust and efficient algorithms for the joint sparse recovery problem in compressed sensing, which simultaneously recover the supports of jointly sparse signals from their multiple measurement vectors obtained through a common sensing matrix. In a favorable situation, the unknown matrix, which consists of the jointly sparse signals, has linearly independent nonzero rows. In this case, the MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm, originally proposed by Schmidt for the direction of arrival estimation problem in sensor array processing and later proposed and analyzed for joint sparse recovery by Feng and Bresler, provides a guarantee with the minimum number of measurements. We focus instead on the unfavorable but practically significant case of rank defect or ill-conditioning. This situation arises with a limited number of measurement vectors, or with highly correlated signal components. In this case, MUSIC fails and, in practice, none of the existing methods can consistently approach the fundamental limit. We propose subspace-augmented MUSIC (SA-MUSIC), which improves on MUSIC such that the support is reliably recovered under such unfavorable conditions. Combined with a subspace-based greedy algorithm, known as Orthogonal Subspace Matching Pursuit, which is also proposed and analyzed in this paper, SA-MUSIC provides a computationally efficient algorithm with a performance guarantee. The performance guarantees are given in terms of a version of the restricted isometry property. In particular, we also present a non-asymptotic perturbation analysis of the signal subspace estimation step, which has been missing in the previous studies of MUSIC.
Assuring Assured Retaliation: China's Nuclear Posture and U.S.-China Strategic Stability

Whether China will abandon its long-standing nuclear strategy of assured retaliation for a first-use posture will be a critical factor in future U.S.-China strategic stability. In the past decade, advances in U.S. strategic capabilities, especially missile defenses and enhanced long-range conventional strike capacity, could undermine China's nuclear retaliatory capability, which is based on a relatively small force and second-strike posture. An exhaustive review of Chinese writings on military affairs indicates, however, that China is unlikely to abandon its current nuclear strategy of assured retaliation. Instead, China will modestly expand its arsenal, increase the sophistication of its forces, and allow limited ambiguity regarding its pledge not to use nuclear weapons first. This limited ambiguity allows China to use the threat of nuclear retaliation to deter a conventional attack on its nuclear arsenal, without significantly increasing the size of its nuclear forces and triggering a costly arms race. ...
Total synthesis of the proposed structure of iriomoteolide-1a

Full details of the total synthesis of the proposed structure of iriomoteolide-1a (1) are described. The key steps include (i) a Sakurai reaction between allylsilane 11 and aldehyde 10 that bears both a tertiary chiral center and vinyl iodide moiety (ii) an anti-aldol reaction to construct the C18/C19 chiral centers (iii) a B-alkyl Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction to assemble the C7–C23 fragment, and (iv) a macrocyclic ring-closing metathesis to complete the construction of the target molecule. Two different approaches to access penultimate precursor 2 are delineated. The NMR spectra of the synthetic iriomoteolide-1a (1) were found not to match those reported for the natural product bringing into question its true structural identity.
What Do Community Benefits Agreements Deliver? Evidence from Los Angeles

Problem, research strategy, and findings: Advocates of community benefits agreements (CBAs) between coalitions of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and real estate developers contend that CBAs promote public accountability and responsiveness to community concerns. This study assesses the Los Angeles Sports and Entertainment District (LASED) CBA, which scholars and practitioners have described as a model for such agreements. I assess compliance with key provisions of the agreement related to jobs, affordable housing, and parks and recreational facilities. I also assess whether compliance with these provisions has yielded benefits beyond those required under existing laws and regulations. I find that the parties to the agreement have technically complied with many, although arguably not all, of its provisions. But some of the provisions in the CBA are not legally binding, other provisions overlap with requirements that the developer would have had to satisfy even without the CBA, and some reports require...
Finding The “Self” in Self-Regulation: The Identity-Value Model

Many psychological theories suggest a link between self-regulation and identity, but until now a mechanistic account that suggests ways to improve self-regulation has not been put forth. The identity-value model (IVM) connects the idea from social psychology, that aspects of identity such as core values and group affiliations hold positive subjective value, to the process-focused account from decision-making and behavioral economics, that self-regulation is driven by a dynamic value integration across a range of choice attributes. Together, these ideas imply that goal-directed behaviors that are identity-relevant are more likely to be enacted because they have greater subjective value than identity-irrelevant behaviors. A central hypothesis, therefore, is that interventions that increase the degree to which a target behavior is perceived as self-relevant will improve self-regulation. Additionally, identity-based changes in self-regulation are expected to be mediated by changes in subjective value and its underlying neural systems. In this paper, we define the key constructs relevant to the IVM, explicate the model and delineate its boundary conditions, and describe how it fits with related theories. We also review disparate results in the research literature that might share identity-related value as a common underlying mechanism of action. We close by discussing questions about the model whose answers could advance the study of self-regulation.
Measurements and Modeling of Through-the-Earth Communications for Coal Mines

This paper presents modeling results from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health research into through-the-earth (TTE) communications technology for underground coal mines. Research focuses on the factors controlling the propagation and coupling of radio signals between transmit and receive antennas separated by earth or coal. Most TTE systems use single or multiturn loops of conductor for the transmit antenna. We compare the magnetic field distribution predicted from analytical formulas to the predictions of a method of moments computational electromagnetic (CEM) code. The predictions are compared in free space, in a homogeneous earth, and with the effect of the presence of the surface of the earth. The evaluations are done with the transmit loop buried in the earth and with the loop above the surface. The analytic results are shown to agree reasonably well with the more detailed CEM predictions for the situations considered, reducing the need for expensive and complicated CEM codes in analyzing simple TTE configurations. The predictive methods are applied to TTE measurements made in 94 different coal mines by the Bureau of Mines in the 1970s, and the implications for the apparent conductivity of the earth are discussed.
Constraining entrepreneurial development: : A knowledge-based view of social networks among academic entrepreneurs

While university spinoffs have become a well-accepted vehicle for regional economic dynamism, they face numerous developmental barriers associated with the unique academic context from which they are established. Recent research shows that homophilous social networks among faculty entrepreneurs constitute one such barrier, and yet few studies have investigated the specific characteristics of spinoff networks and their relationship to entrepreneurial development. This paper seeks to address this gap through a mixed-methods research design focused on the composition, contributions, and evolution of social networks among faculty entrepreneurs whose spinoffs are within various phases of entrepreneurship. Employing a knowledge-spillover conceptual lens, this study finds that social networks among early-stage academic entrepreneurs are important for spurring and supporting spinoff establishment, but if they do not evolve from their initial configuration, these networks can largely constrain subsequent stages of spinoff development. Social networks among successful spinoffs, however, evolve with the help of first-order—or boundary spanning—individuals who help socialize academic entrepreneurs to market-oriented motivations, values, and practices that they may not otherwise receive in an academic environment. Further, these individuals provide connections to other contacts who, in turn, provide additional spinoff-enabling resources and contacts. Based on these findings, a conceptual model is introduced that explains spinoff success as a function of network evolution. Implications for research and public policy are also discussed.
Endogenous Ranking and Equilibrium Lorenz Curve Across (ex ante) Identical Countries

This paper proposes a symmetry-breaking model of trade with a (large but) finite number of (ex ante) identical countries and a continuum of tradeable goods, which differ in their dependence on local differentiated producer services. Productivity differences across countries arise endogenously through free entry to the local service sector in each country. In any stable equilibrium, the countries sort themselves into specializing in different sets of tradeable goods, and a strict ranking of countries in per capita income, TFP, and the capital-labor ratio emerges endogenously. Furthermore, the distribution of country shares, the Lorenz curve, is unique and analytically solvable in the limit, as the number of countries grows unbounded. Using this limit as an approximation allows us to study what determines the shape of distribution, to perform various comparative statics, and to evaluate the welfare effects of trade. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Uncertainty Quantification of the Eigensystem Realization Algorithm Using the Unscented Transform

The Unscented Transformation (UT) is used in this paper to provide a systematic procedure to perform identified model parameter uncertainty quantification. The statistics of signal space uncertainties (input output I/O experimental data) are first mapped into the I/O model space using the Observer Kalman/Filter Identification (OKID) theory. The statistics of the state space model parameters are then computed by an application of the unscented transform on the statistics of the system Markov parameters. Numerical simulations and comparisons with Monte-Carlo error statistics demonstrate the efficacy of UT for model parameter uncertainty calculations presented in this paper. The algorithm is applied to quantify uncertainties associated with the pitch dynamics model of a 2 degree of freedom helicopter model. It is also applied to quantify the error statistics associated with the dynamics of a flexible beam.
Towards electronics-based emergency control in power grids with high renewable penetration

Many traditional emergency control schemes in power systems accompany with power interruption, yielding severely economic damages to customers. Aiming at alleviating this remarkable drawback, this paper sketches the ideas of a viable alternative for traditional remedial controls for power grids with high penetration of renewables, in which the renewables are integrated with synchronverters to mimic the dynamics of conventional generators. In this novel emergency control scheme, the power electronics resources are exploited to control the inertia and damping of the imitated generators in order to quickly compensate for the deviations caused by fault and thereby bound the fault-on dynamics and stabilize the power system under emergency situations. The control design is based on solving convex optimization problems tractable for large scale power grids. This emergency control not only saves investments and operating costs for modern and future power systems, but also helps to offer seamless electricity service to customers. Simple numerical simulation will be used to illustrate the concept of this paper.
Modeling agricultural innovation in a rapidly developing country: the case of Chinese pesticide industry

Technology and innovation play an increasingly important role in the economic development of both developed and developing countries. We investigate how policy and market factors influence firmsâ (or other potential inventorsâ) decisions on innovation or imitation by developing a model that emphasizes expected market size, appropriability and technological opportunity. We empirically test the model using provincial pesticide innovation data from a rapidly developing country, China. We find that the government encouraged local innovation by opening regions to more international trade, by increasing investments in public research and education, and by strengthening intellectual property right (IPR) enforcement to meet its WTO TRIPS obligations. Moreover, while IPR enforcement and increases in market size are important in encouraging innovation, empirical evidence is mixed as inventors respond to these factors differently. Policies to increase expected market size could increase copying rather than inducing R&D investments, and extended patent life may reinforce the original standing of infringers as well as inventors.
Energy Efficiency and Emissions Intensity Standards

AbstractWe investigate the role of energy efficiency in rate-based emissions intensity standards, a particularly policy-relevant consideration given that the Environmental Protection Agency’s Clean Power Plan allows crediting of electricity savings as a means of complying with state-specific emissions standards. We show that with perfectly inelastic energy services demand, crediting efficiency measures can recover the first-best allocation. However, when demand for energy services exhibits some elasticity, crediting energy efficiency can no longer recover first-best. While crediting removes the relative distortion between energy generation and energy efficiency, it distorts the absolute level of energy services. Building on these results, we derive the conditions determining the second-best intensity standard and crediting rule. Simulations calibrated to the electricity sector in Texas find that while some form of crediting is generally welfare-improving, the proposed one-for-one crediting of energy savin...
Retail Market Power in a Shopping Basket Model of Supermarket Competition

Abstract Supermarket retailers typically operate with relatively low margins, suggesting a highly competitive retail environment. However, despite the fact that consumers purchase an entire shopping basket at a time from supermarkets, this evidence is largely based on models of retail competition with single-category purchases. In this paper, we develop and test an empirical model of retail price competition that explicitly accounts for the effect of demand complementarity among items in consumer shopping baskets. Relative to the case where consumers purchase products with independent demands, we demonstrate that equilibrium prices are higher for all items when retailers take demand-complementarity into account. Our findings indicate that non-price strategies intended to encourage complementarity, such as co-merchandising, strategic shelf-positioning, or featuring complementary goods tend to soften price competition, and lead to higher equilibrium prices.
Hand and wrist injuries in the preadolescent and adolescent athlete.

In this time when physical prowess has been elevated to such a high level, the prepubescent and adolescent athlete have increased demands for performance placed on their immature musculoskeletal system. Although improved skills may result the athlete is exposed to more injury. Prompt, appropriate treatment of the injury with a controlled return to participation may prevent reinjury and disability. To this end, athletes, parents, coaches, trainers, and team physicians must maintain a close rapport for the benefit of the athlete. Language: en
Learning API usages from bytecode: a statistical approach

Mobile app developers rely heavily on standard API frameworks and libraries. However, learning API usages is often challenging due to the fast-changing nature of API frameworks for mobile systems and the insufficiency of API documentation and source code examples. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to learn API usages from bytecode of Android mobile apps. Our core contributions include HAPI, a statistical model of API usages and three algorithms to extract method call sequences from apps' bytecode, to train HAPI based on those sequences, and to recommend method calls in code completion using the trained HAPIs. Our empirical evaluation shows that our prototype tool can effectively learn API usages from 200 thousand apps containing 350 million method sequences. It recommends next method calls with top-3 accuracy of 90% and outperforms baseline approaches on average 10--20%.
Efficacy of stannous, fluoride and their their combination in dentin erosion prevention in vitro

The aim of this study was to compare the protective effects of solutions containing stannous (Sn), fluoride (F) and their combination in the prevention of dentin erosion. Forty bovine root dentin specimens (4'4'2 mm(3)) were prepared and randomly assigned to 4 groups (n = 10): SnCl2 (800 ppm/6.7 mM Sn), NaF (250 ppm/13 mM F), NaF/SnCl2 (800 ppm/6.7 mM Sn; 250 ppm/13 mM F), and deionized water (DIW) as a negative control. An acquired pellicle was formed on dentin samples by incubation in clarified, pooled, stimulated human saliva for 24 hours. The specimens were subjected to 5 daily cycles, each consisting of 5 of min demineralization (0.3%/15.6 mM citric acid, pH 2.6, 6'/day) and 60 min of re-mineralization in clarified human saliva. Thirty minutes after the 1st, 3rd and 5th demineralization episodes of each day, the specimens were treated with one of the test solutions for 2 min. Surface loss was measured via optical profilometry. Mixed-model ANOVA followed by Tukey's test were used for the statistical analysis. Sn, F, and their combination significantly reduced the dentin surface loss by 23%, 36%, and 60% compared with DIW, respectively. All groups were significantly different (p < 0.05). The combination of Sn and F significantly reduced the amount of dentin surface loss compared with all other groups. The F group also significantly reduced surface loss compared with Sn and DIW, followed by the Sn group, which showed significantly greater protection compared with the DIW control. The daily use of a combined fluoride and stannous solution is promising for preventing dentin erosion.
Religious Pluralism and Civic Rights in a “Muslim Nation”: An Analysis of Prophet Muhammad’s Covenants with Christians

This article examines the roles that religious pluralism and civic rights played in Prophet Muhammad’s vision of a “Muslim nation”. I demonstrate how Muhammad desired a pluralistic society in which citizenship and equal rights were granted to all people regardless of religious beliefs and practices. The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of his time are used as a framework for analysis. These documents have received little attention in our time, but their messages are crucial in light of current debates about Muslim-Christian relations. The article campaigns for reviving the egalitarian spirit of the Covenants by refocusing our understanding of the ummah as a site for religious freedom and civil rights. Ultimately, I argue that the Covenants of Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of his time can be used to develop a stronger narrative of democratic partnership between Muslims and Christians in the “Islamic world” and beyond.
Transgastric Pancreatic Necrosectomy: How I Do It

Necrotizing pancreatitis is a serious medical problem that often requires intervention to debride necrotic pancreatic and peripancreatic tissue. Recently, minimally invasive approaches have been applied to pancreatic necrosectomy. The purpose of this report is to review the history of transgastric pancreatic debridement, identify appropriate patient selection criteria, and highlight technical "pearls." We present this subject matter in the context of our own clinical experience, with a primary focus on a "How I Do It" type of technical description.
Frictional Properties of Rubber

Abstract Laboratory measurements of coefficients of friction of soft rubber compounds were made by towing specimens on horizontal tracks and by allowing them to slide down inclined tracks. The specimens were prepared by attaching the rubber to a metal backing and molding it against glass surfaces having different degrees of roughness. The coefficients increase markedly with speed, ranging from about 1 at 10−4 cm. per sec. to more than 4 at 5 cm. per sec. The occurrence of vibrations prevented observations at higher speeds. Static friction is greater than dynamic friction for speeds appreciably less than 10−3 cm. per sec. and less than dynamic friction for greater speeds. The coefficients decrease slightly with increasing pressures and are independent of the size of the specimen. Except at very low speeds the smoother surfaces yield the higher coefficients. Materials such as talc or bloom on the sliding surfaces cause large decreases in the coefficients. Attention is called to the dependence of the coeffic...