cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Controlling cell attachment on contoured surfaces with self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiolates on gold

Abstract This paper describes a method based on experimentally simple techniques--microcontact printing and micromolding in capillaries--to prepare tissue culture substrates in which both the topology and molecular structure of the interface can be controlled. The method combines optically transparent contoured surfaces with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanethiolates on gold to control interfacial characteristics; these tailored interfaces, in turn, control the adsorption of proteins and the attachment of cells. The technique uses replica molding in poly(dimethylsiloxane) molds having micrometer-scale relief patterns on their surfaces to form a contoured film of polyurethane supported on a glass slide. Evaporation of a thin (< 12 nm) film of gold on this surface-contoured polyurethane provides an optically transparent substrate, on which SAMs of terminally functionalized alkanethiolates can be formed. In one procedure, a flat poly(dimethylsiloxane) stamp was used to form a SAM of hexadecanethiolate on the raised plateaus of the contoured surface by contact printing hexadecanethiol [HS(CH2)15CH3]; a SAM terminated in tri(ethylene glycol) groups was subsequently formed on the bare gold remaining in the grooves by immersing the substrate in a solution of a second alkanethiol [HS(CH2)11(OCH2CH2)3OH]. Then this patterned substrate was immersed in a solution of fibronectin, the protein adsorbed only on the methyl-terminated plateau regions of the substrate [the tri(ethylene glycol)-terminated regions resisted the adsorption of protein]; bovine capillary endothelial cells attached only on the regions that adsorbed fibronectin. A complementary procedure confined protein adsorption and cell attachment to the grooves in this substrate.
Selective effects on CRF neurons and catecholamine terminals in two stress-responsive regions of adult rat brain after prenatal exposure to diazepam.

Abstract Earlier work demonstrated that prenatal exposure to diazepam (DZ) selectively affected the noradrenergic (NE) terminals in the hypothalamus, leading to decreased basal NE levels, turnover rate, and release in adult offspring as well as altered responses to Stressors in these NE projections. The exposure also affected plasma hormonal responses to Stressors. In the present work, we used immunocytochemistry to study the effects of prenatal DZ exposure on NE terminals and on corticotropinreleasing factor (CRF)-containing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. DZ exposure (2.5 or 10 mg/kg over gestational days 14–20) led to a decrease in dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH)-immunoreactivity (-ir) and a decrease in CRF-ir containing cells within the PVN of adult rats. The exposure also decreased DBH-ir in the ventral portion of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) but did not affect CRF-ir in the oval nucleus of BNST. Therefore, this study provides anatomic evidence that targeting benzodiazepine binding sites prenatally affects two neurotransmitter systems involved in responses to Stressors.
An integrated pattern recognition system and its application

We have designed an integrated pattern recognition system. Instead of designing a classifier for pattern recognition, a finite number of classifiers are simultaneously applied, and a multilayer artificial neural network with feedback is employed to process all the outputs of the individuals in order to obtain a more accurate classification rate. Because of the introduction of the feedback loop, the pattern recognition system becomes a nonlinear dynamic system rather than a nonlinear mapping. We obtain a sufficient condition on the absolute stability for the integrated network and derive a corresponding learning algorithm to ensure its stability. The system has been applied to totally unconstrained handwritten numeral recognition, and its performance is excellent!.
RNA Changes during Protozoan Habituation

RNA changes accompanying learning have been found in rats, mice, goldfish and planaria1–8. We wanted to determine whether changes in the rate of RNA synthesis occurred during habituation in the protozoan Spirostomum ambiguum, for this would extend previous findings to a very simple form of learning in a single celled organism.
Kinetic Differences Between Fed and Starved Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells

When Chinese hamster (CHO-K1) cells are grown as monolayer cultures, they eventually reach a population-density plateau after which no net increase in cell numbers occurs. The kinetics of aged cells in nutritionally deprived (starved) or density-inhibited (fed) late plateau-phase cultures were studied by four methods: (i) Reproductive integrity and cell viability were monitored daily by clonogenic-cell assay and erythrosin-b dye-exclusion techniques. (ii) Mitotic frequencies of cells from 18 day old cultures were determined during regrowth by analysing time-lapse video microscope records of dividing cells. (iii) Tritiated-thymidine ([3H]TdR) autoradiography was used to determine the fractions of DNA-synthesizing cells in cultures entering plateau phase and during regrowth after harvest. (iv) The rate of labelled nucleoside uptake and incorporation into DNA was measured using liquid scintillation or sodium iodide crystal counters after labelling with [3H]TdR or [125I]UdR. Non-cycling cells in starved cultures accumulate primarily as G1 phase cells. Most cells not in G1 phase had stopped in G2 phase. Very few cells (less than 2%) were found in S phase. In contrast, about half of the cells in periodically fed cultures were found to be in DNA-synthetic phase, and the percentage of these S phase cells fluctuated in a manner reflecting the frequency of medium replacement. Populations of both types of plateau-phase cultures demonstrate extremely coherent cyclic patterns of DNA synthesis upon harvest and reculturing. They retain this high degree of synchrony for more than three generations after the resumption of growth. From these data it is concluded that nutritionally deprived (starved) late plateau-phase cells generally stop in either G1 or G2 phase, whereas periodically fed late plateau-phase cultures contain a very large fraction of cycling cells. Populations of cells from these two types of non-expanding cultures are kinetically dissimilar, and should not be expected to respond to extracellular stimuli in the same manner.
CYTOCHROME c548 IN NOSTOC SP. (CYANOPHYCEAE): AN ELECTRON ACCEPTOR FROM REDUCED NADP IN THE DARK1

A c-type, carbon monoxide-binding cytochrome was isolated and studied from an endophytic Nostoc sp. Enzymatic transfer of electrons from NADPH to this cytochrome was demonstrated in cell-free preparations under dark, anaerobic conditions, probably mediated by NADPH-cytochrome reductase or ferredoxin-NADP reductase present in the extracts. This cytochrome, with an α-peak at 548 nm, had physicochemical properties similar to the low potential c-type cytochrome, cytochrome c549, previously described by other workers from Anacystis nidulans. The participation of such c-cytochromes in dark electron transport, possibly respiratory, of bluegreen algae is strongly indicated.
Algorithms for automatic processing of data from mass spectrometric analyses of lipids

Lipidomics comprises large-scale studies of the structures, quantities, and functions of lipid molecular species. Recently developed mass spectrometric methods for lipid analyses, especially electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry, permit identification and quantitation of an enormous variety of distinct lipid molecular species from small amounts of biological samples but generate a huge amount of experimental data within a brief interval. Processing such data sets so that comprehensible information is derived from them requires bioinformatics tools, and algorithms developed for proteomics and genomics have provided some strategies that can be directly adapted to lipidomics. The structural diversity and complexity of lipids, however, also requires the development and application of new algorithms and software tools that are specifically directed at processing data from lipid analyses. Several such tools are reviewed here, including LipidQA. This program employs searches of a fragment ion database constructed from acquired and theoretical spectra of a wide variety of lipid molecular species, and raw mass spectrometric data can be processed by the program to achieve identification and quantification of many distinct lipids in mixtures. Other approaches that are reviewed here include LIMSA (Lipid Mass Spectrum Analysis), SECD (Spectrum Extraction from Chromatographic Data), MPIS (Multiple Precursor Ion Scanning), FIDS (Fragment Ion Database Searching), LipidInspector, Lipid Profiler, FAAT (Fatty Acid Analysis Tool), and LIPID Arrays. Internet resources for lipid analyses are also summarized.
Wildfire reduces carbon dioxide efflux and increases methane uptake in ponderosa pine forest soils of the southwestern USA

Severe wildfire may cause long-term changes in the soil-atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide and methane, two gases known to force atmospheric warming. We examined the effect of a severe wildfire 10 years after burning to determine decadal-scale changes in soil gas fluxes following fire, and explored mechanisms responsible for these dynamics. We compared soil carbon dioxide efflux, methane uptake, soil temperature, soil water content, soil O horizon mass, fine root mass, and microbial biomass between a burned site and an unburned site that had similar stand conditions to the burned site before the fire. Compared to the unburned site, soil carbon dioxide efflux was 40% lower and methane uptake was 49% higher at the burned site over the 427-day measurement period. Soil O horizon mass, microbial biomass, fine root mass, and surface soil water content were lower at the burned site than the unburned site, but soil temperature was higher. A regression model showed soil carbon dioxide efflux was more sensitive to changes in soil temperature at the burned site than the unburned site. The relative importance of methane uptake to carbon dioxide efflux was higher at the burned site than the unburned site, but methane uptake compensated for only 1.5% of the warming potential of soil carbon dioxide efflux at the burned site. Our results suggest there was less carbon available at the burned site for respiration by plants and microbes, and the loss of the soil O horizon increased methane uptake in soil at the burned site.
Lower vascular plants of the Dakota Formation in Kansas and Nebraska, USA

Abstract This study includes a comprehensive examination of existing collections, extensive field work over two summers and literature searches. Based upon this data source the lower vascular plants of the Dakota Formation (Cenomanian) from five localities in Kansas and Nebraska were studied. Thirteen species can be recognized including one lycophyte, one sphenopyte and eleven pterophytes. Two aquatic plants (Marsilea and ac>e ) are new reports for the Dakota flora. One new combination is described: Anemia dakotensis (Rushforth) comb. nov. Comparisons are made with fossil plants from the western deposits of the Dakota Formation and also to information from the microfossil record. Distribution of the plants by locality indicates that the ferns were most likely understory plants in or associated with conifer-dominated forests or swamps. Most of the lower vascular plants present in these deposits represent families that are known earlier in the megafossil record. It is suggested that some ferns were common and dominated certain environments as thickets or formed Mesozoic fern prairies.
Spatial distribution of rat fungiform papillae

The objective of this study was to determine the spatial distribution of fungiform papillae on the rat's tongue. Since each fungiform papilla in the rat has a single taste bud, the spatial distribution of fungiform papillae is equivalent to the location of taste buds on the anterior tongue. A mean total number of 187 fungiform papillae per tongue were found which were about equally divided between the two lateral halves of the tongue. Over 50% of the total number of fungiform papillae were located on the tongue tip for an average density of 3.4 papillae/mm2, while the dorsal surface of the tongue had an average density of 1.3 papillae/mm2 of tongue surface. Papillae were absent on the dorsal midline, but a paracentral line of papillae running from anterior to posterior was a consistent finding. Though not identical, the distribution of papillae was essentially the same on different tongues. The functional significance of the papilla distribution is not understood, but electrophysiological experiments show evidence of neural interaction of papillae which are clustered together. The distribution of papillae and the distribution of nerve fibers which innervate them must be evaluated together in order to appreciate the significance of the distribution of fungiform papillae and their associated taste bunds.
PERCEPTIONS OF PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE: Cross‐Disciplinary Ratings of Psychologists, Social Workers, and Psychiatrists

Psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, and nurses rated members of the first three disciplines on effectiveness of intervention for six hypothetical clients representing a range of mental health problems. Results revealed within-group bias, with perceptions that professionals sharing raters' own professional affiliation would be more helpful, expert, and warm, as well as the preferred recipient of referrals. Clinical social workers were rated highest on warmth by all raters but lowest on referral intent by raters from other disciplines.
Solute re-encounter probabilities from dissociative oxciplex relaxation

Abstract Measurements of the quantum yield of self-sensitized 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran peroxidation as a function of dissolved oxygen of added azulene concentrations indicate that oxygen quenching of the sensitizer singlet state produces both triplet and ground states of the sensitizer in addition to O 2 ( 1 Δ g ) and O 2 ( 3 Σ − g ). This partitioning of quenching products may be due to the competitive relaxation of the initially formed complex (oxciplex), or to sequential relaxation of different oxciplex states in which symmetry and spin barriers are negotiated by complex dissociation and re-encounter of the solute pair in the required configuration. The latter interpretation provides re-encounter probabilities for the processes M(T 1 ) + O 2 ( 1 Δ g ) → M(T 1 ) + O 2 ( 3 Σ − g ) and M(T 1 ) + O 2 ( 3 Σ − g ) → M(S o ) + O 2 ( 1 Δ g ) from which estimated rate constants are compatible with theoretical expectation.
A digitally controlled constant envelope phase-shift modulator for low-power broad-band wireless applications

A low-power constant envelope phase-shift modulator is presented. The circuit switches the phase of a constant amplitude carrier at output according to the input digital data. Design issues and their impact on the performance of the modulator are discussed. A test chip was fabricated in a 0.18-mum CMOS process. Experiment results verified the design principle of the modulator. The modulator consumes 2 mA and is suitable for low-power wireless applications like sensor network and personal area network. Since the circuit is implemented mostly by digital circuit, has broad-band frequency response, and supports high data rate, the modulator can be used at various wireless bands. The measured operating range of carrier frequency is 1.75 to 3.5 GHz, and the modulation data rate can go up to 500 Mb/s. In addition, the modulator can be modified to generate different modulations by digitally controlling both the phase and amplitude of the output signal from a phasor-combining circuit. Therefore, the modulator can potentially be used for software configurable radios
The Logic of Child Soldiering and Coercion

Why do armed groups recruit large numbers of children as fighters, often coercively? The international community has tried to curb these crimes by sham- ing and punishing leaders who commit them—in short, making the crimes costlier+ Are these policies effective and sufficient? The answer lies in more attention to the strategic interaction between rebel leaders and recruits+ We adapt theories of indus- trial organization to rebellious groups and show how, being less able fighters, chil- dren are attractive recruits if and only if they are easier to intimidate, indoctrinate, and misinform than adults+ This ease of manipulation interacts with the costliness of war crimes to influence rebel leaders' incentives to coerce children into war+ We use a case study and a novel survey of former child recruits in Uganda to illustrate this argument and provide hard evidence not only that children are more easily manipu- lated in war, but also how—something often asserted but never demonstrated+ Our theory, as well as a new "cross-rebel" data set, also support the idea that costliness matters: foreign governments, international organizations, diasporas, and local pop- ulations can discourage child recruitment by withholding resources or punishing offenders ~or, conversely, encourage these crimes by failing to act!+ But punishing war crimes has limitations, and can only take us so far+ Children's reintegration oppor- tunities must be at least as great as adults' ~something that demobilization programs sometimes fail to do!+ Also, indoctrination and misinformation can be directly influ- enced+ We observe grassroots innovations in Uganda that could be models for the prevention and curbing of child soldiering and counterinsurgency generally+
Some observations on soil erosion in the Middle and Eastern Mediterranean area

The question is raised whether soil erosion has ever been a serious problem on the karstic formations in the Mediterranean area. Some of the soil and water conservation practices of the Romans are described, as well as the present practices and organizations in a number of countries in the middle and eastern Mediterranean region.
American Society of Clinical Oncology 1998 Update of Recommended Breast Cancer Surveillance Guidelines

OBJECTIVE: To determine an effective, evidence-based, postoperative surveillance strategy for the detection and treatment of recurrent breast cancer. Tests are recommended only if they have an impact on the outcomes specified by American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) for clinical practice guidelines. POTENTIAL INTERVENTION: All tests described in the literature for postoperative monitoring were considered. In addition, the data were critically evaluated to determine the optimal frequency of monitoring. OUTCOME: Outcomes of interest include overall and disease-free survival, quality of life, toxicity reduction, and secondarily cost-effectiveness. EVIDENCE: A search was performed to determine all relevant articles published over the past 20 years on the efficacy of surveillance testing for breast cancer recurrence. These publications comprised both retrospective and prospective studies. VALUES: Levels of evidence and guideline grades were rated by a standard process. More weight was given to studies t...
Smooth muscle expression of Cre recombinase and eGFP in transgenic mice.

We report the generation of transgenic mice designed to facilitate the study of vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle biology in vivo. The smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (smMHC) promoter was use...
Preparation and infrared characterization of thioborate compounds and polycrystals

Polycrystals and compounds in the series xNa2S + (1 −x)B2S3 have been prepared for the first time in the range 0 x 0.75. Infrared spectroscopy has been used to examine the extent to which the structures of the thioborate systems are similar or dissimilar to their oxide analogues. The complexity of the IR spectra systematically increases and then decreases as the composition is changed away from and then up to another compound. This behavior is used to propose the existence of a new compound in the series, 2Na2S · B2S3, sodium dithioborate. The other known compounds in this series, Na2S · B2S3 and Na2S · 3B2S3, were isolated in this same way. the IR spectra do not suggest the compound Na2S · 2B2S3 forms. Evidence is found, however, for the formation of tetrahedral borons, isolated thioboroxyl rings, and orthoborate triangles. These results are used to conclude that there are significant similarities between the structures and compounds that form in the alkali thioborate and borate systems.
The role of yan in mediating the choice between cell division and differentiation

An allele of the yan locus was isolated as an enhancer of the Ellipse mutation of the Drosophila epidermal growth factor receptor (Egfr) gene. This yan allele is an embryonic lethal and also fails to complement the lethality of anterior open (aop) mutations. Phenotypic and complementation analysis revealed that aop is allelic to yan and genetically the lethal alleles act as null mutations for the yan gene. Analysis of the lethal alleles in the embryo and in mitotic clones showed that loss of yan function causes cells to overproliferate in the dorsal neuroectoderm of the embryo and in the developing eye disc. Our studies suggest that the role of yan is defined by the developmental context of the cells in which it functions. An important role of this gene is in allowing a cell to choose between cell division and differentiation. The relationship of the Egfr and Notch pathways to this developmental role of yan is discussed.
Controlling Magnetic Coupling between Cobalt Nanoparticles through Nanoscale Confinement in Hexagonal Mesoporous Silica

Cobalt nanoparticles are incorporated into hexagonal honeycomb mesoporous silica to study the effect of nanoscale confinement on magnetic coupling. The superparamagnetic Co particles can fill a significant fraction of the total pore volume and can constitute up to 22.1 ( 0.9% by mass of the composite. We find that Co particles form chains in the silica pores, which results in altered magnetic coupling. For example, coupling within chains of Co particles in pores produces a higher coercivity than the value found in either noninteracting or randomly aggregated particles. Remanence measurements also indicate that the Co nanoparticles form ferromagnetically coupled chains, thus converting the structural anisotropy of the silica host into magnetic anisotropy in the guest. This work demonstrates a method to create anisotropy in a nanoscale composite using easily synthesized isotropic building blocks.
Robinson Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Arthrodesis for Cervical Radiculopathy. Long-Term Follow-up of One Hundred and Twenty-two Patients.

We evaluated the results of the Robinson method of anterior cervical discectomy and arthrodesis with use of autogenous iliac-crest bone graft, at one to four levels, in 122 patients who had cervical radiculopathy. A one-level procedure was done in sixty-two of the 122 patients; a two-level procedure, in forty-eight; a three-level procedure, in eleven; and a four-level procedure, in one. The average duration of clinical and roentgenographic follow-up was six years (range, two to fifteen years). The average age was fifty years (range, twenty-five to seventy-eight years). Preoperatively, 118 patients had pain in the arm, fifty-five had weakness of one or more motor roots, and seventy-seven had sensory loss. At the time of follow-up, eighty-one patients had no pain in the neck, twenty-six had mild pain in the neck, nine had moderate pain in the neck, four had mild radicular pain, and two had a combination of mild radicular pain and moderate pain in the neck. One hundred and eight patients had no functional impairment, and fourteen had a slight limitation of function during the activities of daily living. Nine of eleven patients who had symptoms related to a change at one level cephalad or caudad to the site of a previous arthrodesis had another operative procedure. Lateral roentgenograms of the cervical spine, made in flexion and extension, showed a pseudarthrosis at twenty-four of 195 operatively treated segments. Sixteen of the patients who had a pseudarthrosis were symptomatic, but only four had sufficient pain to warrant revision. The risk of pseudarthrosis was significantly greater after a multiple-level arthrodesis than after a single-level arthrodesis (p < 0.01). At the time of the most recent follow-up, fifty-three of the fifty-five patients who had had a motor deficit had had a complete recovery, and the two remaining patients had had a partial recovery. Seventy-one of the seventy-seven patients who had had a sensory loss had regained sensation. None of the patients had an increased neurological deficit postoperatively. Our results suggest that the Robinson anterior cervical discectomy and arthrodesis with an autogenous iliac-crest bone graft for cervical radiculopathy is a safe procedure that can relieve pain and lead to resolution of neurological deficits in a high percentage of patients.
Exploration of configural representation in landmark learning using working memory toolkit

The mechanisms by which humans and animals use visually-acquired landmarks to find their way around have proved fascinating. Considerable evidence suggests that animals navigate not only on the basis of the overall geometry of the space but also on the basis of a configural representation of the cues. In contrast to earlier linear models of elemental feature representation, configural representation requires individual stimulus be represented in the context of other stimuli and is typified by non-linear learning tasks such as the transverse patterning problem. This paper explores the suitability of configural representation for automatic scene recognition in robot navigation by conducting experiments designed to infer semantic prediction of a scene from different configurations of its stimuli. The main contribution of this work is that it provides a methodology for automatic landmark-based scene identification with the aid of a reinforcement learning based software package, called the working memory toolkit (WMtk), which allows reward associations between a target location and the conjunctive representations of its stimuli. Experimental results obtained with two different target locations are presented and compared with those of two other classification mechanisms, a support vector machine approach and a simple linear two-class classifier, perceptron.
Sharp two-sided bounds for distributions under a hazard rate constraint

Consider a continuous nonnegative random variable X with mean μ and hazard function h. Assume further that a≤h(t)≤b for all t≥0. Under these constraints, we obtain sharp two-sided bounds for . An application to birth and death processes is discussed.
Normal Gestation and Diminished Androgen Responsiveness in an Untreated Patient with 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency

A 22-year-old woman with 21-hydroxylase deficiency but minimal clinical evidence of androgenization was studied. She had conceived twice and had borne a normal male infant without therapy of any kind. The diagnosis of 21-hydroxylase deficiency was substantiated by the findings of 17- ketosteroid and pregnanetriol excretions of 18.1 and 8.1 mg/24 hours, respectively. Adequate basal compensation was indicated by a fasting plasma cortisol of 17.5 μg/dl. Plasma ACTH (207 pg/ml), testosterone (216 ng/dl) Δ4-androstenedione (649 ng/dl), progesterone (249 ng/dl) and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (4820 ng/dl) were all significantly elevated. Circulating levels of these steroids increased after exogenous ACTH, decreased after dexamethasone, and were unaffected by oral estrogen, indicating their adrenal origin. Plasma dihydrotestosterone 125 ng/dl) was elevated in proportion to the testosterone, indicating adequacy of 5α-hydroxysteroid reductase activity. Fibroblasts, cultured from a biopsy of wrist skin, had a binding c...
The effect of latency-associated transcript on the herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-reactivation phenotype is mouse strain-dependent.

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) latency-associated transcript (LAT) null mutants reactivate poorly in the rabbit ocular model. The situation in mice is less clear. Reports concluding that LAT null mutants reactivate poorly in the mouse explant-induced reactivation (EIR) model are contradicted by a similar number of reports of normal EIR of LAT− mutants in mice. To determine if the EIR phenotype might be mouse strain-dependent we infected BALB/c and Swiss Webster mice with LAT− or LAT+ virus and assessed EIR in individual trigeminal ganglia. Compared to LAT+ virus, LAT− virus reactivated poorly in Swiss Webster mice (P 0·1). Thus, LAT appeared to have a much greater impact on the EIR phenotype in Swiss Webster mice than in BALB/c mice. The mouse strain therefore appeared consequential in the HSV-1 EIR phenotype in mice.
Industry-Level Supply-Side Market Concentration and the Price of Military Conflict:

In economics, supply-side market concentration profoundly impacts firm behavior. This dimension of economic interaction can be used to predict the conflict initiation of countries in the context of international relations. The following investigation uses industry-level trade data to define four new market concentration variables, which are incorporated into the traditional model of military conflict. The article finds that high dyadic market concentration significantly decreases the likelihood that a state initiated military conflict in the period 1962–2001, and argues that market concentration is an important factor in the trade–conflict relationship.
Another Look at the East Asian Miracle

This article examines the main ingredients of the East Asian success story in each subphase of its post-war transition growth process. It focuses mainly on Taiwan (China), with comparative side glances at the Republic of Korea. The initial conditions facing the region were favorable, especially in Taiwan (China). The early import substitution subphase was unusually mild and contributed to the emergence of strong linkages between agricultural and nonagricultural activities. Subsequently, flexible labor markets, human capital policies, and major macro and structural policy reforms culminated in an increasingly export-oriented industrialization effort. Once labor surpluses were ultimately exhausted, government policies accommodated Taiwan (China)'s entry into the technological era of the 1970s and 1980s. During the past four decades of a signally successful transition growth effort, public policies in East Asia have consistently accommodated the changing needs of the economy, rather than guide its path directly. Copyright 1995 by Oxford University Press.
Structure and motility of the esophagus from a mechanical perspective

Esophagus is an important part of the alimentary canal that performs various functions, most important of which is the transfer of bolus from the pharynx to the stomach. This involves active contraction of both the circular and longitudinal esophageal muscles. Esophageal anatomical features are harmonized with the functional and physiological demands of esophagus. However, impairment of esophageal functions may occur resulting in symptoms like dysphagia, gastroesophageal reflux or esophageal pain. This review covers broadly the anatomical and physiological details of esophagus, mechanical function of esophagus and its motility. In particular, the mechanical characteristics of the esophageal tissue and its motile function have been scrutinized. An overlay of the diagnostic technologies tapping these metrics is also covered.
Estimating the Cost of Justice for Adjuncts: A Case Study in University Business Ethics

American universities rely upon a large workforce of adjunct faculty—contract workers who receive low pay, no benefits, and no job security. Many news sources, magazines, and activists claim that adjuncts are exploited and should receive better pay and treatment. This paper never affirms nor denies that adjuncts are exploited. Instead, we show that any attempt to provide a significantly better deal faces unpleasant constraints and trade-offs. “Adjunct justice” would cost universities somewhere between an additional $15–50 billion per year. At most, universities can provide justice for a minority of adjuncts at the expense of the majority, as well as at the expense of poor students. Universities may indeed be exploiting adjuncts, but they cannot rectify this mistake without significant moral costs.
Draft Genome Sequence of Actinomyces odontolyticus subsp. actinosynbacter Strain XH001, the Basibiont of an Oral TM7 Epibiont

ABSTRACT Here, we present the draft genome sequence of Actinomyces odontolyticus subsp. actinosynbacter strain XH001, isolated from the human oral cavity. Uniquely, it was discovered as a host bacterium to the ultrasmall epibiont TM7x, which is the first cultivated member of “Candidatus Saccharibacteria” (formerly candidate phylum TM7).
Angiotensin II and insulin crosstalk in the cardiovascular system.

Under normal physiology, insulin exerts vasodilatory and pro-survival actions via the phosphate-dylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-.kinase) pathway and vasoconstrictive and mitogenic actions via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in the vasculature. In the insulin resistant states, insulin signals through the PI3-kinase pathway are blunted but its signals through the MAPK cascade remain intact. This imbalance predisposes insulin resistant patients to hypertension and atherosclerosis. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is expressed both systemically and locally in the cardiovascular system. Insulin resistance up-regulates the local RAS which contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension, heart failure, and atherosclerosis. Angiotensin Ⅱ impairs insulin signaling, induces inflammation via the NE-kB pathway, reduces nitric oxide availability and facilitates vasoconstriction, leading to insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction. Thus the RAS, insulin resistance and inflammation perpetuate each other and coordinately contribute to endothelial dysfunction, vascular injury and atherosclerosis. RAS inhibition decreases cardiovascular and renal morbidity and mortality and the incidence of new onset Type 2 diabetes.
Medical Narrative and the Rhetoric of Identification: The Many Faces of Anna White Dildane

When Anna White Dildane, a prostitute and heroin addict, was committed to the Laboratory of Social Hygiene (LSH) in 1917, she was treated by a staff that anticipated the methods of the biopsychosocial model later developed by Engel. That is to say, the staff members believed that Anna's rehabilitation was contingent on a scientific diagnosis of the physical, mental, and social factors that underlay her condition. However, using Anna and the LSH as a case study, we draw from Latour to show the limitations of this "modern" method of diagnosis and treatment that persists today. Using Burke, we advocate for a pragmatic orientation focused on creating rhetorically oriented narratives whose aim is to help patients make judgments about their health and future, namely, by bringing about the experience of "form" capable of constituting new types of identification. Effective medical rhetoric thus adopts a method of persuasion that begins with the narrative and self-understanding of the patient, links aspects of that narrative with the technical expertise of physicians and other health care providers, and crafts a new, more specialized narrative attentive to the desires and constraints of a patient's form of identification that is ultimately the seat of judgment.
Analysis of the Property Right and Fund Raising of the Civilian-run Colleges and Universities under the Visual Field of the Third Department

The third department is a kind of mechanism with the public goods given in nongovernment way,it is a kind of non-government cause of public good.Under this visual angle,the final property right of the civilian-run education will be owned by the state,society or school,the financial aid of the government should be the share of the cost.The mechanism of civilian-run education can at most absorb social and individual contribution,as well as increase the approving feeling from the students and their parents for paying tuition fee.
Bioactive Hydroxypatite Coating on Carbon/Carbon Composite Prepared by Sonoelectrodeposition and Alkaline-Heat Treatment

To obtain a better bioactive apatite coating, a brushite coating on the carbon/carbon composite prepared by sonoelectrodeposition technique was treated for 1 hour in an alkaline solution. The morphologies, structures and compositions of the calciumphosphate coatings were analyzed with SEM, XRD, FTIR and EDAX, and the bonding strength of coatings was also measured. The resultshow that the difference in the morphologies of the calcium phosphate coatings is no significant before and after the alkaline-heatreatment, however, a more compact coating can be obtained after the alkaline-heat treatment. The vertical distributions of differenelements such as P, O, Ca and C were found between the coating and substrate. The bonding strength is more than 3 MPa, maximum to 4.MPa. Failure of the coating mainly occurred inside the coating due to the cohesive breakage of apatite coating.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia progenitor cells carry the antigens T65, BA-1, and Ia

CLL B cells may be induced to form B-cell colonies in vitro. Colonies formed are monoclonal and appear to reflect the circulating malignant B- cell clone in vitro. Using hybridoma-produced monoclonal antibodies (MAB) and an in vitro B-cell colony assay, we have provided a characterization of the antigenic phenotype of the clonogenic CLL B cell. B-cell colony growth in both patients and normals was not altered by prior incubation with either MAB or complement (C') alone. CLL B- cell colony formation was markedly reduced after treatment with T101 and C', while normal colonies were unaffected (8 +/- 2 versus 107 +/- 10). None of the residual CLL B-cell colonies after T-101 and C' treatment reacted with T-101. However, BA-1 and la reactivity were still seen in residual CLL B-cell colonies following T-101 treatment. In contrast, a similar percentage reduction of B-cell colony growth was seen for both normals and CLL patients following treatment with BA-1 (76% versus 81%) and Q5/13 (89% versus 92%). These studies suggest that the CLL progenitor cell is characterized by the phenotype la+, BA-1+, T- 101+. Better definition of the CLL progenitor cell has potential implications with regards to clinical utilization of MAB in the treatment of CLL.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation in the urologic patient.

AbstractGram-negative septicemia and metastatic prostatic cancer are frequent causes of disseminated intravascular coagulation. The clinical manifestations of this condition as well as the laboratory data vary considerably, depending on the patient’s compensatory mechanisms in relation to the magnitude and duration of the thromboplastin or endotoxin release. Treatment centers primarily on correcting the underlying disorder. Secondly, deficient clotting factors and platelets should be replaced in the appropriate patient. Heparinization is often unnecessary. The use of drugs that inhibit the protective fibrinolytic mechanism is contraindicated in disseminated intravascular coagulation.
The Purposes of Schooling and the Nature of Technology

Early in my career, I taught middle school science and mathematics in South Central Los Angeles. One day, a sixth-grader, Marcus, was doing what he had done every day since school began—nothing. Each day, he arrived on time and sat in his chair, with no paper, no pencil, no homework, and no books. As the year progressed, I became increasingly frustrated with Marcus’ refusal to do anything despite my multiple attempts to engage him in the class.
Storm Surge Prediction for Louisiana Coast Using Artificial Neural Networks

Storm surge, an offshore rise of water level caused by hurricanes, often results in flooding which is a severe devastation to human lives and properties in coastal regions. It is imperative to make timely and accurate prediction of storm surge levels in order to mitigate the impacts of hurricanes. Traditional process-based numerical models for storm surge prediction suffer from the limitation of high computational demands making timely forecast difficult. In this work, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based system is developed to predict storm surge in coastal areas of Louisiana. Simulated and historical storm data are collected for model training and testing, respectively. Experiments are performed using historical hurricane parameters and surge data at tidal stations during hurricane events from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Analysis of the results show that our ANN-based storm surge predictor produces accurate predictions efficiently.
Aromatic C–F Bond Activation by Rare-Earth-Metal Complexes

C–F bond activation is a challenging reaction with increasing importance in synthesis. The strength of the C–F bond and the shielding effect of the fluorine atom render its activation difficult. Rare-earth metals offer an exceptional opportunity for this process because the high dissociation energy of the M–F bond offsets the strength of the C–F bond. Herein we report a unique reaction for the C–F activation of aromatic bonds by rare-earth-metal complexes. The strong C–F bond of perfluorobenzene is cleaved under reducing conditions in the presence of a rare-earth-metal iodide to form initially an equimolar mixture of a metal fluoride and a metal perfluorophenyl complex; the latter eventually undergoes β-F elimination to a metal fluoride. A similar behavior is observed when inverse sandwich rare-earth-metal arene complexes react with perfluorobenzene. All compounds were characterized by X-ray crystallography, multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis.
Multivisceral Transplantation: Intraoperative Vascular Access Strategy

Multivisceral transplantation is a complex operation that has been used to replace nonfunctioning intestine and liver with graft organs. The ability to provide hemodynamic monitoring, to rapidly replace blood and other fluids, and to administer medications requires robust vascular access. Multiple previous procedures, prolonged parenteral nutrition, and vascular thrombosis limit accessible sites. Preoperative planning and imaging may reduce vascular injuries and limit delays during preoperative graft ischemia.
Hippo/YAP Signaling Induced by Endotoxin Promotes Kupffer Cell Activation and Hepatic Inflammation in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NFALD)

Recent studies show that the Hippo pathway and its downstream effector YAP play important roles in organ size control, liver fibrosis and hepatocarcinogenesis. However, it remains unknown whether H...
Work organization, health, and obesity in urban transit operators: A qualitative study.

Background Urban transit operators have high rates of obesity, hypertension, and other cardiovascular risk-factors compared to other occupations. There have been few qualitative studies exploring the interrelationships between the organization of transit work, stress, and health including obesity, from the perspective of operators. Methods Five focus groups were conducted at five Divisions in a transit authority in Southern California and included 65 bus and rail operators. Results Operators reported a great deal of stress related to their work, including 1) time pressures and lack of recovery time; 2) long work shifts and overtime; 3) feeling unsafe when dealing with the public; 4) lack of respect from supervisors and management. Operators believed stressful working conditions negatively impacted their health and weight. Conclusion This qualitative study yielded new as well as confirmatory data about stress and transit work organization, health, and weight in operators. This study will add to future survey research and interventions in this population.
Waveform Window #41: Fact or Artifact, 3rd Edition.

Fact or Artifact: Third time’s a charm! Artifact recognition is an essential skill in the interpretation of EEG. This can be especially challenging when reviewing ambulatory and long-term monitorin...
Critical theory and the ontology of “religion”: A response to Thomas Lynch:

Thomas Lynch has proposed that scholars of religion can profitably follow Sally Haslanger’s lead and treat “religion,” as she treats race, as a social construction. He argues that this proposal res...
Characterization of Porous Materials, in Particular Raney Platinum

A critical evaluation of the different methods of pore-structure analysis shows that a satisfactory statistical description of a porous composite is still missing. To deduce diffusion processes as encountered in heterogeneous catalysis, data from sorption measurements and microscopic observations are not sufficient. Investigations on Raney platinum by sorption and electrochemical measurement, scanning electron microscopy, and impedance measurement are discussed.
Charter Schools and Religious Institutions: A Match Made in Heaven?

This comment examines the legal issues raised by the involvement of religious institutions in charter schools. First, the discussion centers on the federal and state statutory provisions that restrict the involvement of religious institutions. Second, this comment analyzes the extent to which the Establishment Clause of the U.S. Constitution permits religious institutions to participate in the charter school movement. This is followed by an examination of whether state constitutions provide greater restrictions than the Establishment Clause. Finally, this comment addresses whether charter schools sponsors would violate the constitution by prohibiting religious institutions and their members from participating in charter schools.
Harnessing the Power of Patient-Reported Outcomes in Oncology

Patient-reported outcomes (PRO) represent an increasingly important mechanism for incorporating patients' experiences and perspectives into their care to enhance cancer care delivery and outcomes. In this article, we discuss the importance of integrating PROs into both the clinical and research settings in oncology and highlight potential challenges. Clin Cancer Res; 24(8); 1777-9. ©2018 AACRSee related article by Kim et al., p. 1780.
Bio-mathematical fatigue models predict sickness absence in hospital nurses: An 18 months retrospective cohort study.

Abstract This study examined the associations between bio-mathematical fatigue-risk scores and sickness absence (SA) in hospital nurses over 18 months. Work schedules and SA data were extracted from the hospital's attendance system. Fatigue-risk scores were generated for work days using the Fatigue Audit InterDyne (FAID) and Fatigue Risk Index (FRI). Over the study period, 5.4% of the shifts were absence shifts. FAID-fatigue ranged from 7 to 154; scores for a standard 9–5 work schedule can range from 7 to 40. Nurses with high FAID-scores were more likely to be absent from work when compared to standard FAID-scores (41–79, OR = 1.38, 95%CI = 1.21–1.58; 80–99, OR = 1.63, 95%CI = 1.37–1.94 and ≥ 100, OR = 1.73, 95%CI = 1.40–2.13). FRI-fatigue ranged from 0.9 to 76.8. When FRI-scores were >60, nurses were at 1.58 times (95%CI = 1.05–2.37) at increased odds for SA compared to scores in the 0.9–20 category. Nurse leaders can use these decision-support models to adjust high-risk schedules or the number of staff needed to cover anticipated absences from work.