cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The unique role of ion beam analysis in modeling the thermal evolution of hydrogen in Si implanted at doses required for ion cutting

Abstract Hydrogen-ion implantation is capable of precise cutting of materials to remove a thin layer for transfer to alternate substrate. Combined with wafer bonding, this technique is capable of joining dissimilar materials to yield heterostructures such as silicon-on-insulator. This has spawned a renewed interest in the behavior of implanted hydrogen in Si. Rutherford backscattering/channeling analysis is shown to reveal an “inverse annealing” effect, where the displacement field increases (∼10×) monotonically with temperature. While this effect has been noted previously by others, it has not been adequately explained. “Inverse annealing” is shown by ion channeling to be anisotropic along different symmetry axes in the lattice. A model is offered that explains this anomaly as arising from microcracks within platelets (hydrogen-related, planar defects) that introduce an anisotropy in the lattice registry. This model will be applied to the study of boron incorporation in Si, which greatly enhances the efficacy of hydrogen-ion cutting. This is easily explained in terms of the model as a change in the orientation rather than the density of the platelets. Lattice location studies using a B(p,α)Be nuclear reaction analysis performed along random and channeling directions is shown to be key in revealing the role of boron in orienting the platelet defects.
Protein changes during aging and the effects of long-term cortisol treatment in macaque monkey lens

Macaca nemestrina pig-tail macaques were administered daily oral doses of 3.85 or 5.78 mg/kg of cortisol for 1 year. The ages of the macaques were from 19 to 29 years. After 1 year, lenses were observed using a slitlamp ophthalmoscope and the stage of cataract was classified in each eye. Enucleated lenses were analyzed for content of soluble and insoluble proteins. Lens proteins were analyzed using SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and the changes in lens proteins were quantified using densitometry of the individual gels. Untreated control lenses were obtained over the range of 4 to 29 years of age and the proteins were analyzed. A slow progressive increase in the cataract stage and in the proportion of insoluble protein aggregates corresponded with the animal age, not the cortisol treatment. The observed changes in the protein components may suggest an important role for cytoskeletal proteins in lens transparency during aging. Exposure to high doses of oral steroids over a period of 1 year did not result in detectable modification of crystallin or cytoskeletal proteins. Even at high doses, longer exposure may be necessary to produce the cataract associated with steroid administration.
Characterization of two novel protocadherins (PCDH8 and PCDH9) localized on human chromosome 13 and mouse chromosome 14.

The protocadherins are a subfamily of the calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion and recognition proteins of the cadherin superfamily. In this study we describe the isolation and characterization of two novel protocadherins, PCDH8 and PCDH9, that constitute a new linkage group on human chromosome 13 and mouse chromosome 14. Like other protocadherins both genes are predominantly expressed in brain, but PCDH9 is also expressed in a broader variety of tissues, and the expression patterns appear to be developmentally regulated. We have determined the genomic organization of PCDH8, which differs significantly from that of the other cadherin subfamilies. In contrast to the classical and desmosomal cadherins, which in general consist of 15-17 exons and share a remarkable degree of conservation in intron position, PCDH8 consists of only three exons and lacks introns in the extracellular domain. The first exon encodes the extracellular domain, the transmembrane region, and part of the cytoplasmic tail. The second exon encodes the remainder of the cytoplasmic region and is partially untranslated. The differences in the genomic structure of cadherin subfamilies will be discussed in the context of the evolution of the cadherin superfamily.
Light scattering studies of the quaternary structure and subunit dissociation of proteins: The use of hydrophobic solutes and salts as probes

Abstract The use of hydrophobic reagents and salts on the molecular weight behavior of subunit proteins, such as the four-chain human and the multichain earthworm hemoglobins, is described in relation to the forces that stabilize their quaternary structure in solution, and the nature and number of amino acids located at the contact areas of their subunits. The equations derived for analysis of light scattering dissociation data are described together with the use of binding and Setschenow constants of the probe molecules or dissociating reagents. For human hemoglobin A the dissociation to half molecules, with several alkylureas, aliphatic acid salts, and some members of the Hofmeister salt series, gave estimates for the number of amino acids at the contact areas of the subunits within the ranges of 19 and 27 amino acid residues suggested by the X-ray crystallographic structure of horse and human hemoglobin.
Deep penetration of thick thermoviscoplastic targets by long rigid rods

Abstract We analyze axisymmetric thermomechanical deformations of a thick thermoviscoplastic target being penetrated by a fast-moving rigid cylindrical hemispherical-nosed penetrator. The target material is assumed to exhibit strain and strain-rate hardening and thermal softening. The target/penetrator interface is assumed to be smooth. In the solution of the problem by the finite element method, the mesh is refined automatically whenever one of its elements has been severely distorted, such that a very fine mesh is generated in the region adjoining the target/penetrator interface and the mesh size increases gradually as one moves away from this interface. The computed depth of penetration has been found to correlate well with the test values. We also give details of the deformation fields, such as the history of the temperature at a material point, contours of the pressure field and the distribution of the velocity field in the deforming region.
A note on the development of organismic sets.

It is suggested that the development of organismic sets is governed not by the maximalization of the integral survival value, as suggested previously (Bull. Math. Biophysics,28, 283–308, 1966;29, 139–152, 1967;30, 163–174, 1968), but by maximizing the number of new relations which appear as an organismic set develops.
The average error of a learning model, estimation and use in testing the fit of models.

A measure of the discrepancy between observed transition frequencies and those predicted by a learning model, an “average error” of a learning model, is presented. The maximum-likelihood estimator of the average error is derived and its use in a modified test of goodness of fit is demonstrated.
An Efficient Approach to Spirosesquiterrenes. Synthesis of (±)β-Vetivone.

Abstract (±)β-Vetivone and (±) 10-epi-β-vetivone have been synthesized in 6 steps via an efficient spiroannelation-functionalization sequence.
How the quality of third parties' settlement solutions is affected by the relationship between negotiators.

Observers watched videotapes of people negotiating. In half of the videotapes, the negotiators had a negative relationship; in the other half, the negotiators had a positive relationship. Some observers believed that the relationship was a genuine reflection of how the parties felt about one another; others were told that the behavior of negotiators was strategic (i.e., used by parties to gain advantage). Following the tape, observers recommended a settlement. Observers' suggestions were most efficient when the negotiators' relationship was positive and genuine; observers proposed significantly worse solutions when negotiators' relationships were negative and genuine. The authors advise mediators to focus on the issues rather than the emotional tone and to avoid the correspondence bias when observing conflicts among parties with negative relationships.
Observation of Robust FMR in Permalloy Quasiperiodic Arrays

We have used ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) at fixed frequency 9.7 GHz to investigate permalloy thin films patterned with antidots to form a five-fold quasicrystal pattern. For DC applied fields H below 3.5 kOe, we observed robust FMR spectra exhibiting two-fold rotational symmetry instead of the five-fold symmetry expected for quasicrystals. Dynamic micromagnetic simulations of the FMR spectra performed at H = 1 kOe and 12 kOe exhibit two-fold and ten-fold rotational symmetry, respectively. The ten-fold symmetry observed in simulations is consistent with a saturated state of isolated write fields. We infer the two-fold rotational symmetry observed for H = 1 kOe is due to an unsaturated state of five-fold write fields closely spaced on a square lattice.
Minority carrier injection and extraction in neutron bombarded germanium

Abstract Experiments with minority carrier injection and extraction have been carried out on n -type germanium before and after neutron bombardment. The results show that bombardment followed by annealing introduces levels which respond to injected holes traps. The space charge on these traps is responsible (over a certain range of current densities) for a substantial (factor of ⋍ 7) increase of local resistance, as distinct from the decrease conventionally expected. The increase is in harmony with theoretical predictions established in previous papers.
Voltammetry of terpyridine and terosine complexes of cobalt(II) and iron(II)

Abstract The voltammetric behavior of cobalt(II) and iron (II) bis complexes with the tridentate ligands, 2,6-bis (2-pyridyl)pyridine (terpyridine) and 2,6-bis(2-pyridyl)-4-phenylpyridine (terosine) is described. Using D.C. and A.C. polarography and cyclic voltammetry the cobalt(II) complexes undergo three one-electron reductions: Co(L) 2 2+ →Co(L) 2 + ; Co(L) 2 + →Co(L) 2 0 and Co(L) 2 0 →Co(L) 2 −1 . The iron(II) complexes are reduced to the +1 and zero formal oxidation states. All complexes show a one-electron oxidation to the +3 formal oxidation state, Spectroscopic and magnetic data for the complexes are also given.
Molybdenum species in aqueous solution — A brief summary

Abstract The aqueous solution chemistry of molybdenum in oxidation states (VI) to (II) is reviewed with particular reference to (a) the structures of oxomolybdenum species, (b) formation and properties of complexes, (c) redox behaviour, (d) molybdenum-catalysed reactions.
The long time behavior of Brownian motion in tilted periodic potentials

a b s t r a c t A variety of phenomena in physics and other fields can be modeled as Brownian motion in a heat bath under tilted periodic potentials. We are interested in the long time average velocity considered as a function of the external force, that is, the tilt of the potential. In many cases, the long time behavior – pinning and de-pinning phenomenon – has been observed. We use the method of stochastic differential equation to study the Langevin equation describing such diffusion. In the over-damped limit, we show the convergence of the long time average velocity to that of the Smoluchowski–Kramers approximation, and carry out asymptotic analysis based on Risken’s and Reimann et al.’s formula. In the under-damped limit, applying Freidlin et al.’s theory, we first show the existence of three pinning and de-pinning thresholds of the normalized tilt, corresponding to the bi-stability phenomenon; and second, as noise approaches zero, derive formulas of the mean transition times between the pinning and running states.
Shock‐tube studies of the reactions of NO2 with NO2, SO2, and CO

The thermal decomposition of NO2 and its atom-transfer reactions with SO2 and CO have been studied behind incident shock waves using photometric detection methods. From the decomposition study it is possible to obtain information on the rate of the reaction 2NO2 antisymmetric-NO3 + NO. The results on the reaction, NO2 + SO2 NO + SO3 extend the earlier work of Armitage and Cullis to about 2000°K. The reaction with CO [NO2 +] [CO NO + CO2] at shock temperatures is somewhat faster than predicted from available low-temperature data and provides a modification of the rate-constant expression that is applicable over a wide temperature range.
Use of previous experience to estimate precision uncertainty of small sample experiments

The determination of precision uncertainty is described for experiments where the test measurements are obtained from single readings or from a limited number of independent readings. For these cases, the limits of precision uncertainty are best determined from previous experience based on larger sample sizes over the full range of variations that occur for a specific test. We describe the appropriate procedures to determine the limits of precision uncertainty based on previous experience for small sample experiments. A Monte Carlo simulation technique is used to model the experiments to demonstrate the effectiveness of using the precision uncertainty to determine the range that covers the true test result
A Newly Discovered Fc Receptor that Explains IgG-Isotype Disparities in Effector Responses

The known IgG FcRs primarily mediate inflammation by interacting with IgG1, even though IgG2 isotypes tend to be more pathogenic. Nimmerjahn et al. (2005) have just identified a novel FcγR that binds IgG2 but not IgG1, potentially explaining differences in biological activity that are seen with various IgG isotypes (Nimmerjahn et al., 2005).
Water quality impacts of forest fertilization with nitrogen and phosphorus

The drinking-water quality of streamwater in forests is typically very good, exceeding the quality of water in areas with other types of land use. Streams draining agricultural lands in the United States average about nine times greater concentrations of nitrate and phosphate than streams draining forested areas. Forest fertilization commonly increases nutrient concentrations in streamwater, and large increases could lead to unacceptable degradation of water quality. This review summarizes information from studies of forest fertilization around the world, and evaluates the responses of streamwater chemistry. In general, peak concentrations of nitrate-N in streamwater increase after forest fertilization, with a few studies reporting concentrations as high as 10‐25 (mg N)/l as nitrate. Increases in average concentrations of nitrate are much lower than the peak values, and the highest annual average nitrate-N concentration ever reported was 4 (mg N)/l. Relatively high concentrations of streamwater nitrate-N tend to occur with repeated fertilization, use of ammonium nitrate (rather than urea), and fertilization of N-saturated hardwood forests. Ammonium-N concentrations may also show large peaks following fertilization (up to 15 (mg N)/l), but annual averages remain 1 (mg P)/l, but annual averages remain <0.25 (mg P)/l. No evidence has been reported of detectable effects of forest fertilization on the composition or productivity of stream communities, but more detailed studies may be warranted (especially in relation to P fertilization). Major limitations in current knowledge include the effects of repeated fertilization in short-rotation plantations, fertilization of large landscapes rather than small stands, and the effects of fertilization on streamwater chemistry in tropical plantations. # 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Interfaces, protocols, and the semi-automatic construction of software adaptors

In this paper we show how to augment object-oriented application interfaces with enhanced specifications that include sequencing constraints called protocols. Protocols make explicit the relationship between messages (methods) supported by the application. These relationships are usually only given implicitly, either in the code or in textual comments. We define notions of interface compatibility based upon protocols and show how compatibility can be checked, discovering a class of errors that cannot be discovered via the type system alone. We then define software adaptors that can be used to bridge the difference between object-oriented applications that have functionally compatible but type incompatible interfaces. We discuss what it means for an adaptor to be well-formed. Leveraging the information provided by protocols, we show how adaptors can be automatically generated from a high-level description, called an interface mapping.
The use of nonspeech oral motor treatments for developmental speech sound production disorders: interventions and interactions.

Purpose The use of nonspeech oral motor treatments (NSOMTs) in the management of pediatric speech sound production disorders is controversial. This article serves as a prologue to a clinical forum that examines this topic in depth. Method Theoretical, historical, and ethical issues are reviewed to create a series of clinical questions that should be considered before one incorporates new methods into clinical practice. Conclusion Speech production disorders are complex and multifaceted. Speech-language pathologists are encouraged to advocate on behalf of clients by adopting the highest standards of clinical practice and by evaluating treatment options in a systematic, critical, and ethical manner.
The effect of lipid monolayer in-plane rigidity on in vivo microbubble circulation persistence.

The goal of this study was to increase in vivo microbubble circulation persistence for applications in medical imaging and targeted drug delivery. Our approach was to investigate the effect of lipid monolayer in-plane rigidity to reduce the rate of microbubble dissolution, while holding constant the microbubble size, concentration and surface architecture. We first estimated the impact of acyl chain length of the main diacyl phosphatidylcholine (PC) lipid and inter-lipid distance on the cohesive surface energy and, based on these results, we hypothesized that microbubble stability and in vivo ultrasound contrast persistence would increase monotonically with increasing acyl chain length. We therefore measured microbubble in vitro stability to dilution with and without ultrasound exposure, as well as in vivo ultrasound contrast persistence. All measurements showed a sharp rise in stability between DPPC (C16:0) and DSPC (C18:0), which correlates to the wrinkling transition, signaling the onset of significant surface shear and gas permeation resistance, observed in prior single-bubble dissolution studies. Further evidence for the effect of the wrinkling transition came from an in vitro and in vivo stability comparison of microbubbles coated with pure DPPC with those of lung surfactant extract. Microbubble stability against dilution without ultrasound and in vivo ultrasound contrast persistence showed a monotonic increase with acyl chain length from DSPC to DBPC (C22:0). However, we also observed that stability dropped precipitously for all measurements on further increasing lipid acyl chain length from DBPC to DLiPC (C24:0). This result suggests that hydrophobic mismatch between the main PC lipid and the lipopolymer emulsifier, DSPE-PEG5000, may drive a less stable surface microstructure. Overall, these results support our general hypothesis of the role of in-plane rigidity for increasing the lifetime of microbubble circulation.
A short proof of the Berge-Tutte Formula and the Gallai-Edmonds Structure Theorem

We present a short proof of the Berge-Tutte Formula and the Gallai-Edmonds Structure Theorem from Hall's Theorem.
An Air-Bomb Aging Test for Tread Compounds

Abstract Data here presented demonstrate that study of tread compounds by the air-bomb aging method must include modifications of the conditions followed in the comparison of inner-tube compounds. Data are presented which show the effect of air pressure, temperature, elongation, oxygen concentration, time, and pigment variation on the aging of rubber compounds. The air-bomb aging conditions suggested for the study of tread compounds, consisting in testing at 0 elongation, 50 pounds air pressure per square inch (3.5 kg. per sq. cm.), and 220° F, (104.4° C.) temperature, have provided a shorter laboratory teat which parallels the Geer-oven aging test in its effect on carbon black compounds.
Detection of substantial emissions of methanol from plants to the atmosphere

Abstract Measurements made on a number of plant species revealed that leaves emit methanol at rates comparable to those of other major biogenic volatile organic compounds, such as isoprene. Methanol emission originated within the leaf, was affected by leaf temperature, and closely followed changes in stomatal conductance. Observed methanol emission rates appear sufficient to be the source of greater-than-expected methanol concentrations recently measured in the rural troposphere. Plant methanol emission to the troposphere may be substantial and may contribute to tropospheric photochemistry and formaldehyde production.
The Effects of Concussion Legislation One Year Later—What Have We Learned: A Descriptive Pilot Survey of Youth Soccer Player Associates

Objective To assess the knowledge of youth soccer athletes' parents, coaches, and soccer officials regarding concussion and return-to-play guidelines contained in the Lystedt Law in Washington State. Design Survey study. Setting Surveys were distributed via the youth soccer association monthly electronic newsletter in September and October 2010. Links to the survey also were provided via the Washington Youth Soccer Facebook page and Twitter feed. Participants Respondents were 18 years or older and were associated with Washington Youth Soccer. Main Outcome Measures The percentage of correct responses to questions regarding the identification and management of concussion symptoms and return to play guidelines as outlined in the Lystedt Law. Results A total of 391 adults responded; 63% were exclusively parents, 20% were coaches, and 17% were noncoaches (eg, club officers, referees, or volunteers). A total of 96% knew that concussions were a type of traumatic brain injury, 93% identified concussions as serious, and 93% knew that loss of consciousness is not universal. From the responses, 98% identified neurological manifestations of concussions, 90% chose to delay return to play in the presence of neurological symptoms, 85% were aware of the Lystedt Law, and only 73% knew that players must receive written clearance to return to play. A total of 88% were aware that a parent or legal guardian was not allowed to clear an athlete to return to play if a trained professional was not available. Survey respondents were less sure of soccer association guidelines for reporting medical clearance to club officials. Conclusions These data suggest that, although general knowledge of parents, coaches, and referees in youth soccer in Washington State is high, gaps in knowledge and practice regarding the prevention of concussion in youth soccer athletes still exist.
Can't fix service quality? Read this

Although service quality has improved in many businesses, problems still remain. Service errors continue to have a negative impact on both costs and service quality. Understanding the nature of these errors is the first step in avoiding them. Errors can generally be classified as either worker controllable or management controllable. The purpose of this paper is to provide a basis for dealing with worker-controllable errors in service operations and provide suggestions for reducing the occurrence of such errors.
Price/performance of desktop computers in the U.S. computer industry

Abstract Throughout the history of computing, a topic of major interest has been the relationship between the cost of a computer system and its power. Several researchers, including Grosch, Knight, and others have attempted to quantify the relationship between price and power for computer systems in general. However, these studies did not focus on the price/performance ratio for desktop computers. The purpose of the present study was to develop a reliable model that can identify the factors which most significantly affect the price of desktop computers. The model is based upon various hardware characteristics, such as clock speed, RAM, inclusion of hard disk as standard equipment, type of microchips, and other time related variables (e.g. year of introduction). Once the model has been developed, it can serve as an aid in managerial decision-making process.
Properties of Superconducting Alloys Containing Paramagnetic Impurities

We have made some additional calculations on the effects of paramagnetic impurities in superconductors, using the Abrikosov-Gor'kov theory as our starting point and taking full advantage of the information contained in the Green's function of the system. The density of states in energy has been computed for different values of the inverse collision time for exchange scattering $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$. The (half) excitation energy gap ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{G}$ (as distinguished from the order parameter $\ensuremath{\Delta}$) is defined to be the energy at which the density of states vanishes. The temperature-dependent order parameter has been computed for different values of $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$, and from this, the behavior of ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{G}$ ($T$) is determined. A comparison with tunneling experiments shows a disagreement of about 30%. The thermodynamic properties of the system follow from the density of states; the critical field and the discontinuity in the specific heat at the critical temperature are calculated in considerable detail. Expressions for the penetration depth and complex conductivity are obtained, and numerical results are presented for the case $T=0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$. The real part of the conductivity at $T=0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ is shown to be zero for frequencies less than $2{\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{G}$ and proportional to the square of the density of states for vanishingly small frequencies in the gapless region of impurity concentrations.
The forms of argyrophilic ganglion cells in the myenteric plexus throughout the gastrointestinal tract of the opossum

In the small intestine, the myenteric plexus contains several different forms of ganglion cells. We examined the whole gut of the American opossum to see if these forms exist in other organs. Sections were stained by silver-impregnation. About half the ganglion cells were argyrophilic in all regions. Argyrophilic cells were described as to dendrite shape (filiform or lamellar), number, and grouping on the nerve cell body (radiating or focal), and in respect to nuclear position (central or peripheral). Cells with lamellar dendrites were sparse in esophagus (less than 5%), in gastric fundus (17.2%) and in antrum (8.2%), increased from duodenum (18.5%) to ileum (64.3%) and increased along the colon from the cecum (62.3%) to the rectum (94.9%). The proportion of cells with filiform dendrites diminished correspondingly along the gut. The number of dendrites per cell increased caudad along the gut. Cells with focally distributed dendrites were rare in all regions. More cells had central nuclei than peripheral nuclei in all regions, and nuclear position did not correlate with dendrite morphology. Thus, the forms of myenteric plexus ganglion cells differ systematically in the gut. The results do not support the idea that a specific function can be assigned to a ganglion cell of a specific form.
Floodplains and housing values: Implications for flood mitigation projects

: The hedonic valuation method was used to quantify the impact of floodplain location on housing values in Fargo-Moor-head. Being located in the 100-year floodplain lowered the home values by $8,990, and such homes were worth $10,241 less than similar homes located outside the floodplain before the major flood event of 1997. Required flood insurance premiums for these homes were determined to account for approximately 81 percent of this price depreciation. In contrast, homes in the 500-year floodplain were worth $3,100 more than similar homes not in the floodplain. It was concluded that more disclosure is needed regarding the location of the 500-year floodplain, and that the hedonic valuation method can be used to calculate the economic gains and losses associated with flood mitigation projects or floodplain remapping efforts that result in the reclassification of the legal floodplain status of individual homes.
A failure criterion for laminated fiber-reinforced composites

Abstract A failure criterion based on the strain-energy density function is proposed for the purpose of predicting the strength of laminated fiber-reinforced composites. Application of the theory to the case of uniaxially-loaded off-axis laminates is investigated and compared with that of Azzi-Tsai-Hill and the maximum stress criteria using information for glass/epoxy, boron/epoxy and graphite/epoxy composites.
Collaboration and knowledge integration

We draw on three examples from the Technology Enhanced Learning in Science (TELS) project to show how collaborative activities designed following knowledge integration patterns contribute to science learning. By knowledge integration we refer to learners sorting out their many, often contradictory, ideas to develop coherent understanding. Research on instruction suggests four interrelated processes that jointly lead to integrated understanding: eliciting current ideas, adding new ideas, evaluating ideas, and sorting out ideas. These processes characterize design patterns that promote knowledge integration. We describe how knowledge integration patterns informed the design of collaborative activities for Chemical Reactions and report on the value of heterogeneity in small groups. We describe how teachers learned from each other while refining an on-line teacher's guide for Asthma. We describe how teachers engaged in collaborative customization of the plate tectonics unit and show that the revised unit resulted in improved student learning.
Evolutionary biology: Insects converge on resistance

In a remarkable example of convergent evolution, insect species spanning 300 million years of divergence have evolved identical single-amino-acid substitutions that confer resistance to plant cardenolide toxins.
Randomized Response Techniques for Multiple Sensitive Attributes

Abstract Some randomized response techniques for investigating t ≧ 2 sensitive attributes are reviewed. A new technique is proposed that has the advantage of requiring only r trials per respondent (r ≦ t) if estimation of up to r-variate joint proportions is desired. The case of r = 2 is analyzed in detail. A procedure for deriving the restricted maximum likelihood estimators (MLE's) of the proportions and a test of independence between any set of pairs of attributes are given. The notion of measure of respondent jeopardy is extended to our setup. Keeping this measure fixed, we make numerical comparisons for the t = 2 case between competing techniques in terms of the trace of the asymptotic variance-covariance matrix of the estimator vector. Finally, a practical application of the new technique is described.
Cutting Force Dynamics as a Tool for Surface Profile Monitoring in AWJ

Abrasive waterjet cut surface is characterized using static and dynamic characterization techniques. A novel method of auto regressive moving average model identification called model distance method is utilized here for surface profile and dynamic force characterization. More information about the surface profile generating mechanism is derived through wavelength decomposition of the ARMA models. The dynamic workpiece normal force in abrasive waterjet is influenced by process parameters such as fluctuations in water pressure, change in abrasive flow rate, vibration of the positioning system, traverse speed, nozzle diameter, etc. An attempt has been made in this paper to link the dynamics of the process to the quality of the generated surface. The feasibility of using the dynamic workpiece normal force as a parameter for on-line monitoring of the surface profile generated by abrasive waterjet is also investigated.
Regiochemistry of the metal-halogen exchange induced cyclization of ω-iodoepoxides

Abstract The regiochemistry of the cyclization reations of some ω-lithioepoxides as a function of chain length and substitution pattern has been examined. Striking changes in regiochemistry have been observed in the presence of certain Lewis acids and metal halides.
New strategy for transfection: mixtures of medium-chain and long-chain cationic lipids synergistically enhance transfection

To date, the primary approach to improve the transfection properties of cationic lipids has been the synthesis of new kinds of cationic amphipaths or the inclusion of noncationic helper lipids. Here, it is reported that an alternative approach can be unusually effective, namely, the combination of two cationic lipid derivatives having the same head group but tails of different chain lengths. Particularly efficient was the combination of dilauroyl (12 carbon chain) and dioleoyl (18 carbon chain) homologues of O-ethylphosphatidylcholine. This mixture transfected DNA into human umbilical artery endothelial cells (HUAEC) more than 30-fold more efficiently than either compound separately. A unique advantage of this kind of combination agent is that transfection can be optimized either in the presence or absence of serum by adjusting the component ratio.
Power4 system design for high reliability

The Power4 is an integrated system on a chip (SoC) designed for systems that will initially target enterprise Unix customers and, at a later date, O/S 400 customers. Power4 systems are servers comprised of several Power4 chips. To achieve reliability goals, Power4 system design incorporates fault tolerance throughout the hardware, firmware and operating system. Together, these system components provide concurrent and deferred maintenance, multi-level recovery from errors and run-time diagnostics.
Abnormal development of zinc-containing cortical circuits in the absence of the transcription factor Tailless.

Absence of the transcription factor tailless (tlx) leads to premature laminar development and thinning of neocortex. We used zinc autometallography to determine if tailless deletion alters the organization of cortical circuits. In tlx−/− mice, layer 4 barrels, which normally lack synaptic zinc, are densely innervated by zinc-containing terminals. Furthermore, barrels with zinc inputs are constructed, in part, from zinc-sequestering neurons, a phenotype not normally found in layer 4.
A Comparison of Three Methods for Preparing Centered Platforms Around Separated Instruments in Curved Canals

Abstract This study compared three methods for creating the most centered staging platform (SP) around separated instruments (SI) in curved canals. Green .04 ProFiles, notched at D3, were separated in the apical third of 42 mesiobuccal canals of maxillary and mandibular molars. Teeth were divided into three groups. SPs were prepared in group 1 with Gates Gliddens (GG) to a size #3; group 2 with LightSpeed to a size 90; and group 3 with incrementally cut rotary .06 ProFiles to size 82. Pre- and postoperative digital radiographs were imported into AutoCAD to measure the deviation of SP from the head of the separated instrument. Pearson’s correlation showed a positive relationship between deviation of the SP and the distance of the SI from the elbow of the canal. ANOVA showed that LightSpeed instruments were significantly more effective in preparing a centered staging platform around separated instruments in curved canals when compared to GG drills and ProFiles (p
Intraindividual variation in zinc intake among elderly women: the effect of diet and supplements

Abstract Thirty-six women (65–84 y) kept 3-day dietary records and recorded supplement use at three periods in time, each 28 days apart. Sources of intraindividual variation in zinc intake were examined. Mean dietary zinc intake was 7.3±2.9 mg/d; mean total zinc intake (diet plus supplements) was 11.7±9.3 mg/d. For both types of zinc intake, there was significant intraindividual variation among the time periods (p
A substructuring technique for time-domain analyses

Abstract A substructuring technique defined in the time domain is developed for structures composed of parts that exhibit dissimilar mass, stiffness and damping characteristics. The key idea is to uncouple the structure into readily identifiable parts by treating the interaction forces manifested at the interfaces of these parts as unknowns. These interaction forces are subsequently evaluated by recourse to the equilibrium and continuity conditions that hold at the interfaces. The methodology can then be applied to either the physical or the modal coordinate level. Three advantages accrue: first, it is sufficient to do a structural identification of the individual substructures rather than of the combined system; second, one avoids the case of a nonproportionally damped structure if the individual substructures happen to be proportionally damped; and third, one works with substructures of smaller dimensions than the original combined structure.
Opinion #1: Akiko Okifuji, PhD

In this case, the psychologist shared the confidential information with the neurologist, who the psychologist knew to be providing health care for the same patient. The state law varies in descriptions, but this is likely to be recognized as lawful conduct (e.g., see RCW 70.02.050 for Washington and 58-61-602 for Utah). However, the American Psychological Association ethical standard specifies the need to discuss confidentiality with patients at the beginning of the therapeutic relationship; a discussion, as such, may have helped reduce the later surprise and distress expressed by …
Finite Element Analysis of the Ulnar Tunnel in Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction

The ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) of the elbow originates on the medial epicondyle of the humerus and inserts on the sublime tubercle of the proximal ulna. This ligament is classically composed of three distinct structures: the anterior bundle, the posterior bundle, and the transverse bundle. Of these three, the anterior bundle has been shown to be the primary stabilizer to valgus load between 20° and 120° of flexion [1]. Injuries to the anterior bundle of the UCL are commonly seen in baseball pitchers, where the valgus load on the elbow during the throwing motion approaches the failure load of the ligament [2].Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Overview-the role of NMR spectroscopy in epilepsy

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy permits noninvasive, serial measurements of several metabolites with important neurobiologic roles in localized brain regions in vivo. Over the last decade, this technique has been applied to investigations of both animals and humans with epilepsy. Several nuclei that include specific proton, phosphorus, and carbon isotopes provide NMR signals that measure specific compounds in vivo. This paper reviews the studies that have used these multinuclear NMR techniques to investigate the role of these methods in the diagnosis and pathogenesis of epilepsy.
Dialectical behavior therapy in the treatment of persons with borderline personality disorder

Highly suicidal, borderline patients are difficult to treat within the hospital and the community. The institution of managed care necessitates that care for these and other chronically hospitalized populations take place in the community. Psychotherapy has shown moderate success for some borderlines, however, treatment attrition is a significant problem. Without an intervention that successfully maintains suicidal borderline patients in therapy, either more costly methods of treatment must be used or death will result. A form of cognitive-behavioral therapy called dialectical behavior therapy has shown a high rate of effectiveness in reducing inpatient hospital days, suicide attempt frequency, and therapy attrition.
Evidence Suggesting Anaerobic Oxidation of the Bisulfide Ion in Chesapeake Bay

Upper Chesapeake Bay bottom waters are stratified in the summer. In the water column below the pycnocline, anoxic and sulfidic conditions exist. Hydrogen sulfide concentrations approach 60 μM or greater and elemental sulfur is also present. Water samples brought on board ship, exposed to light, and not treated with formaldehyde show rapid sulfide decomposition which is significantly faster than sulfide oxidation by molecular oxygen. The data presented show evidence for anaerobic, sulfide oxidation. The kinetics of the decomposition are consistent with possible biological mediation. Hydrogen, peroxide produced by microorganisms may be the chemical oxidant responsible for the oxidation. Alternately, solid metal oxides such as colloidal manganese oxide phases may be reponsible.
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in lung cancer

Abstract Hematopoietic growth factors, specifically G-CSF and GM-CSF, have proved to be effective in abrogating myelosuppression associated with cytotoxic chemotherapy. Both G-CSF and GM-CSF have been well tolerated although GM-CSF has been associated with more thrombocytopenia and a first dose reaction consisting of dyspnea, hypotension and tachycardia. G-CSF has clearly reduced the incidence of infection as manifested by fever during neutropenia in two placebo controlled prospective trials. Similar data are lacking for GM-CSF. Neither growth factor seems to have a clinically significant direct effect on lung cancer growth. However, further studies are necessary to clarify this issue given the conflicting in vitro data concerning growth stimulation. Further study also is needed to ascertain what impact, if any, the hematopoietic protective effect has on response and survival.
Trace co-attractants in synthetic sex lures for 22 noctuid moths

Trace components contributed significantly to the potency of synthetic sex attractant lures for males of many species of Noctuidae. Improved synthetic blends for 12 moths includingEuxoa ochrogaster andTrichoplusia ni, and new lure blends for 10 moths are described. In every case the trace constituents were structural analogs of the main lure components.
Six new flavonoids from Citrus

Abstract Valencia orange ( C. sinensis ) and Robinson tangerine [( C. paradisi × C. reticulata ) × ( C. reticulata )] were examined for flavonoids. Thirteen flavonoids were isolated, six of which are new constituents of citrus peel. These are: 3,5,6,7,3′,4′-hexamethoxyflavone, 3,5,7,8,3′,4′-hexamethoxyflavone, 5-hydroxy-3,7,8,3′,4′-pentamethoxyflavone, 5-hydroxy-3,6,7,8,3′,4′-hexamethoxyflavone, 5,7,8,4′-tetramethoxyflavone and 5,7,8,3′,4′-pentamethoxyflavone. The latter three flavonoids are reported for the first time as natural products. A method is described for readily obtaining small quantities of 5,7,8,4′-tetramethoxy and 5,7,8,3′,4′-pentamethoxyflavones from their 5,6,7-trimethoxy analogs.
Numerical investigation of the 3D Hubbard model on a Linux cluster

We investigate numerically the magnetic properties of the 3D Isotropic and Anisotropic Hubbard model at half-filling on a Linux cluster. The behavior of the transition temperature as a function of the anisotropic hopping parameter is qualitatively described. In the Isotropic model we measure the scaling properties of the susceptibility finding agreement with the magnetic critical exponents of the 3D Heisenberg model. We describe several particularities concerning the implementation of our simulation in a cluster of personal computers paying special attention to the issues related with the parallelization of the algorithm.
Implementation of NAMD molecular dynamics non-bonded force-field on the cell broadband engine processor

We present results of porting an important kernel of a production molecular dynamics simulation program, NAMD, to the Cell/B.E. processor. The non-bonded force-field kernel, as implemented in the NAMD SPEC 2006 CPU benchmark, has been implemented. Both single-precision and double-precision floating-point kernel variations are considered, and performance results obtained on the Cell/B.E., as well as several other platforms, are reported. Our results obtained on a 3.2 GHz Cell/B.E. blade show linear speedups when using multiple synergistic processing elements.
Finite Element Modeling of Sliding Contact Between Rough Surfaces

Friction and wear are critical issues in mechanical design and manufacturing. As these mechanisms originate at the asperity level, research models increasingly attempt to capture the influence of surface roughness. In this paper, we study the sliding contact between two rough surfaces. We choose silicon as a model material for its wide use in MEMS applications. We implement an update master/slave contact algorithm accounting for periodic boundary conditions. The obtained results shine new light on the link between small-scale contact clusters and frictional forces and wear mechanisms at the large scale.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Electron-Ion Recombination Rate Coefficients and Photoionization Cross Sections for Astrophysically Abundant Elements. X. Ne VIII and Ne IX for Ultraviolet and X-Ray Modeling

Resultsarepresentedfortheinverseprocessesof photoionizationandelectron-ionrecombinationof (h� þ Ne viii$ Ne ixþ e )a nd (h� þ Ne ix$ Ne xþ e) using the self-consistent unified method. The method employs an identical wave function expansion for both photoionization and recombination, and it includes both radiative and dielectronic recombination. Total, as well as level-specific, photoionization cross sections, � PI(E; nSLJ), and recombination rate coefficients, � R(T;nSLJ),arepresentedforallfine-structurelevelsupton� 10.Thesecorrespondtoatotalof 98bound fine-structure levels of Ne viii with 1/2� J� 17/2, and 178 bound levels of Ne ix with 0� J� 10. Total recombination cross sections and rates as functions of electron energy are also presented. The coupled channel wave function expansions for the core ions include 17 levels of Ne ix and 16 levels of Ne x. Relativistic fine structure is considered through the Breit-Pauli R-matrix (BPRM) method. The photoionization and recombination cross sections include important atomic effects such as radiation damping, channel coupling, and interference and should be of definitive
Femtosecond Pump-probe studies of Carrier Dynamics in the Normal State of the Unconventional Superconductor Sr2RuO4

The microscopic origin of unconventional superconductivity1 is one of the most fascinating questions2-3 in condensed matter physics. In recent years, important questions have been raised about the nature of the normal (metallic, non-superconducting) state above the superconducting critical transition temperature (Tc). In fact, it is now generally agreed4,5 that a better understanding of the nature of the normal state is crucial to our understanding of the microscopic origin of the superconducting state.
Scalable Hybrid Routing in Very Large Sensor Networks

This paper presents an architectural solution to address the problem of scalable routing for data intensive applications in very large sensor networks. Due to large routing overheads, the control complexity of the existing sensor routing protocols, both node-centric and data-centric, do not scale well in very large networks with potentially thousands of sensor devices. In this paper, we develop a hybrid architectural solution off-network control processing (ONCP) that achieves scalable routing in large networks by shifting certain amount of routing functions to an "off-network" routing server. A tiered routing approach is proposed to avoid network-wide control message dissemination. Our experimental results indicate that for large sensor networks with realistic data models, the packet drop, latency, energy performance and bandwidth usage of ONCP can be significantly better than those for completely distributed routing protocols such as directed diffusion.