cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 14 – Alternating Current Phenomena: Signals and Power

There are at least two practical reasons to study alternating current (ac) phenomena. First, power is transmitted as ac, and it is therefore important to know how this power is produced, transmitted, transformed, and utilized. Second, communications are based upon modulations of signals at much higher frequencies, and it is therefore of importance to know how such signals are manipulated and amplified. A course in electricity and magnetism is a means to learn how radios and televisions work. This chapter discusses the way to tune a signal once it is received by an antenna, the way to manipulate that signal (treble and bass), and the way to amplify it. The chapter discusses the way to decipher the acoustic signal from the much higher frequency that is sent by the radio transmitter; this deciphering is different for amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM). Tuners would not be useful if, after a signal were received and tuned in, it could not also be amplified. The triode is a standard and an easily visualized electrical amplification device.
Management Responses to Current Stock Prices

What should managers of corporations and of public policy do in response to current stock market prices and stock price changes? The answer to that question has important implications for corporate governance issues as well as for the intellectual foundation of public policy regarding merger and proxy regulations. It also requires an assessment of the normative value of certain precepts of finance theory. This paper reviews previous literature on this topic and provides evidence which suggests that while current stock prices and price changes indeed provide important signals for decision making by investors, their meaning for company managements, judges, and public policy makers may not be as compelling and depends on, among other factors, the nature of the company and of decisions being considered.
Moral Distress and Cooperation With Wrongdoing

I confess to being fully persuaded by the case made by Campbell, Ulrich, and Grady (2016) for expanding our collective understanding of the bioethical term of art “moral distress.” It seems to me c...
Editing Encyclopedias and Handbooks in Religious Studies in the Twenty-First Century: Aims and Challenges

In the twenty-first century, the editing of encyclopedias and handbooks in religious studies grows ever more daunting, not least because of the sheer amount of knowledge now available and because of the greater need to attend to multiple religions and cultures. What makes the work so challenging is also, however, what makes it increasingly indispensable. The ideal of an encyclopedia or handbook as making for an expanded community of inquiry can be realized in new ways online, but only with proper attention to highlighting patterns and making connections—such as those that exist between the arts and religion.
Predicted Effects of Climate Change on Northern Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia

We describe the application of a coastal ocean ecosystem model to assess the effect of a future climate scenario of plus (+) 3 °C air temperature and + 10% river discharge on hypoxia (O2 < 63 mmol m−3) in the northern Gulf of Mexico. We applied the model to the Louisiana shelf as influenced by the runoff from the Mississippi River basin. The net effect of the future climate scenario was a mean increase in water temperature of 1.1 °C and a decrease in salinity of 0.09 for the region of the shelf where hypoxia typically occurs (<50 m depth). These changes increased the strength of water column stratification at the pycnocline and increased phytoplankton biomass. In the future scenario, the hypoxic area was only 1% larger than the present. A more significant effect was in the duration and extent of severe hypoxic areas. Severe hypoxic areas, defined as model cells having hypoxia for more than 60 days in the year, had a mean increase in hypoxia duration of 9.5 days (a 10% increase). The severely hypoxic area also increased by 1,130 km2 (an 8% increase) in the future scenario. The results confirm that a warmer and wetter future climate will, on average, worsen the extent and duration of hypoxia in this system. Thus, it is probable that long-term Mississippi River nutrient management for hypoxia will need to be adapted for climate change.
Imaging in Nontraumatic Pediatric Head and Neck Emergencies

Pediatric patients often present to the emergency department with a wide variety of infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic lesions of the head and neck. Evaluation of pediatric patients in the emergency setting is complicated by limited history and physical examination. Imaging plays an important role in arriving at an accurate diagnosis. The fascial spaces and compartments of the neck provide an approach to differential diagnosis, and knowledge of the typical clinical and imaging manifestations of common pediatric head and neck emergencies allows the radiologist to identify the condition and associated complications that may require emergent surgical management. Computed tomography (CT) is the first-line imaging modality in the emergency setting; however, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays an important secondary role.
[Diagnosis disclosure: the place of beneficence, autonomy and veracity in medical ethics]

Objective The moral doctrine of diagnosis disclosure is derived from a respect for the patient's autonomy as well as the patient's beneficence. These two goals are not necessarily incompatible, but they often lead to different decisions about what information needs to be shared with patients. The ethics of veracity does not prescribe duties, either old or new, but implies a new way of thinking about ethics. Method Theories of the three general sorts just mentioned are identified and explained here. Results The ethics of veracity as such is limited to unmasking the falsifications of desire that inhabit the moral life. This would meet the moral goals of shared decision-making, because patients could make sense of such data. Conclusions Certainly other moral doctrines may turn out to be relevant to the problems discussed in this paper. Nonetheless, they are sufficiently comprehensive to provide an analytical framework by means of which moral problems of diagnosis disclosure can be evaluated. We cannot expect anything else from the enterprise of the ethics of veracity but a critique of authenticity. Its force is that of suspicion, not justification or legitimation, and still less that of prescription.
Anatomical Approaches to Giant Pituitary Tumors

Although several definitions have been proposed, giant pituitary adenomas are most commonly defined in the literature as tumors 4 cm or greater in maximum diameter. The tumor size, invasiveness, and irregular extension are the challenges involved in the management of these pathologies, which often require more than one surgical approach or treatment modality. The degree of radical resection of giant adenomas is restricted to less than 50% in every published surgical study and is associated with a higher complication rate compared with non-giant pituitary adenomas. Additional radiation therapy and medical therapy may be necessary to obtain long-term control of tumor growth. Several authors use the microscopic transsphenoidal or various frontal and frontotemporal transcranial routes as their choice for surgical management of giant pituitary adenomas. Endoscopic endonasal approaches have been used increasingly over the last decade for the treatment of many extended skull base tumors, including giant pituitary adenomas.
En route: Towards vehicular mobility scenario generation at scale

Vehicular mobility scenarios are utilized to study vehicular networks and transportation systems. However, the generation of vehicular simulation scenarios at scale poses several research challenges. Large-scale vehicular datasets (in geographic coverage and time span) are not easily or publicly available, which hinders the generation of data-driven scenarios. In this paper, we introduce a systematic method, called En Route, to generate vehicular mobility scenarios from traffic datasets such as one derived from thousands of available traffic webcams covering major cities around the world. Our framework includes datadriven components for estimation of traffic density, flow, road occupancy, as well as origin-destination (O/D) matrix estimation, trip generation, and route/navigation calculations. By applying the framework, we explore the city of London using the dataset of —100 traffic cameras throughout the city. We utilize available taxicab trips and traffic measurement datasets as guidelines for reasonable estimation of flow values, trip generation and O/D matrix. Our initial study shows reproducible step-by-step procedures, detailing parameter choices and settings, and measuring effects of changing those settings on the scenario outcomes. The results show a clear relation between flow and occupancy, and that trip duration follows a Lognormal distribution. Also, using traffic-aware routing (vs. shortest path) results in less congestion and more completed trips for a given simulation time. Queue distributions are obtained showing that over 90% of the intersection queues are 15 meters long (have average of 4 cars), and 90% of the roads carry less than 20 vehicles/km with average speed of —22.3 mph. Future studies shall provide multi-city simulations with further analysis.
Fetuin-A: A negative acute-phase protein linked to adipose tissue function in periparturient dairy cows

Fetuin-A (FetA) is a free fatty acid transporter and an acute-phase protein that enhances cellular lipid uptake and lipogenesis. In nonruminants, FetA is involved in lipid-induced inflammation. Despite FetA importance in lipid metabolism and inflammation, its expression and dynamics in adipose tissue (AT) of dairy cows are unknown. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine serum and AT FetA dynamics over the periparturient period and in mid-lactation cows in negative energy balance (NEB) after a feed restriction protocol and (2) characterize how an inflammatory challenge affects adipocyte FetA expression. Blood and subcutaneous AT were collected from 16 cows with high (≥3.75, n = 8) or moderate (≤3.5, n = 8) body condition score (BCS) at -26 ± 7 d (far off) and -8 ± 5 d (close up) before calving and at 10 ± 2 d after parturition (early lactation) and from 14 nonpregnant mid-lactation cows (>220 d in milk) after a feed restriction protocol. Serum FetA concentrations were 0.89 ± 0.13 mg/mL at far off, 0.96 ± 0.13 mg/mL at close up, and 0.77 ± 0.13 mg/mL at early lactation and were 1.09 ± 0.09 and 1.17 ± 0.09 mg/mL in feed-restricted and control cows, respectively. Serum and AT FetA contents decreased at the onset of lactation when lipolysis was higher. No changes in AT and serum FetA were observed after feed restriction induced NEB in mid-lactation cows. Prepartum BCS had no effect on serum FetA, but AT expression of AHSG, the gene encoding FetA, was reduced in periparturient cows with high BCS at dry-off throughout all time points. Circulating FetA was positively associated with serum albumin and calcium and with BCS variation over the periparturient period. The dynamics of AHSG expression were analogous to the patterns of lipogenic markers ABDH5, ELOVL6, FABP4, FASN, PPARγ, and SCD1. Expression of AHSG and FetA protein in AT was inversely correlated with AT proinflammatory markers CD68, CD44, SPP1, and CCL2. In vitro, bovine adipocytes challenged with lipopolysaccharide downregulated FetA protein expression. Adipocytes treated with FetA had lower CCL2 expression compared with those exposed to lipopolysaccharide. Overall, FetA is a systemic and local AT negative acute-phase protein linked to AT function in periparturient cows. Furthermore, FetA may support physiological adaptations to NEB in periparturient cows.
Anesthetic and Perioperative Considerations in Liver Disease (Non-Transplant)

The global prevalence of liver disease continues to increase and is currently the second leading cause of mortality in digestive disease in the U.S. The World Health Organization autopsy data shows that 4.5–9.5% of the general population has cirrhosis and the number of surgeries performed in the U.S. and worldwide is continuing to rise. Given the significant impact of anesthetic technique and intraoperative management on morbidity and mortality in this population, this chapter discusses the preoperative workup and optimization of end-stage liver disease (ESLD) patients. Procedures that are specific to ESLD and those commonly performed in ESLD are highlighted.
Understanding Methanol Coupling on SrTiO3 from First Principles

Perovskites are interesting materials for catalysis due to their great tunability. However, the correlation of many reaction processes to the termination of a perovskite surface is still unclear. I...
Critical Civic Literacy and the Limits of Consumer-Based Citizenship

Under conditions of neoliberalism, consumer-citizenship has become a dominant form of public life in the contemporary U.S. This chapter explores the ways in which consumer-citizenship is furthered by color-based marketing: that is, the Madison Avenue practice of labeling goods and services pink, green, red, or other hues in order to imbue these commodities with symbolic meanings. We assert that these two trends—consumer-citizenship and color-based marketing—constrict civic engagement in numerous ways and are thus salient to educational policy in general and science education in particular. Given the recent attention given to “green” consumer products, for example, as the proposed solution to broad-scale ecological problems, it is critical that educators attend to the claims made by color-based marketing schemes and teach students to do the same. Drawing on scholarship in critical literacy studies, we propose that critical civic literacy education has an important role to play in science education as well as throughout the curriculum. Although subject to unequal distribution, critical civic literacy education can offer students new ways of conceiving of themselves as scientists, learners, and agentive members of broader, social and biotic, communities.
Determination of Permeability Distributions Using NMR Velocity Imaging

This study develops a methodology for determining the absolute permeability distribution in a porous media sample using velocity data obtained from NMR imaging experiments. An objective function describing the discrepancy between observed and simulated data is reduced by iteratively updating the permeability. This parameter estimation scheme is based on an iterative method which uses optimal control theory to refine the estimates. Although this theory is developed for both isotropic and anisotropic porous media, the permeability reconstructions examined in this paper are restricted to the isotropic case. Synthetic data are used to investigate the impact of varying the noise in the experimental data, the degree of parameterization, the relative weighting of the regularization term in the objective function, and the amount and type of data required to obtain a satisfactory permeability reconstruction. These synthetic data are extracted from the solution of numerical experiments that have utilized an assumed permeability distribution. The methodology is also applied to data gathered in laboratory experiments for water flow in a sandstone sample.
Effective and Feasible Simulation-Based Procedural Training for Medical Students: Instructional Video-Guided Deliberate Practice Versus Training with Expert Feedback.

Limited opportunity for teaching patient-care skills in clinical settings has increased the need for simulation training in medical education. However, this modality may be hard to sustain because of extensive time requirements and potential scheduling conflicts. The authors conducted a pilot randomized study to compare the immediate and long-term effects of using instructional video with self-directed practice to those of using simulation training with expert feedback. The results are promising for the use of instructional video–guided, self-directed deliberate practice; however, future studies with a larger sample from multiple institutions should replicate this study to confirm these results.
EMAT: An Efficient Multi-Task Architecture for Transfer Learning using ReRAM

Transfer learning has demonstrated a great success recently towards general supervised learning to mitigate expensive training efforts. However, existing neural network accelerators have been proven inefficient in executing transfer learning by failing to accommodate the layer-wise heterogeneity in computation and memory requirements. In this work, we propose EMAT–an efficient multi-task architecture for transfer learning built on resistive memory (ReRAM) technology. EMAT utilizes the energy-efficiency of ReRAM arrays for matrix-vector multiplication and realizes a hierarchical reconfigurable design with heterogeneous computation components to incorporate the data patterns in transfer learning. Compared to the GPU platform, EMAT can perform averagely 120× performance speedup and 87× energy saving. EMAT also obtains 2.5× speedup compared to the-state-of-the-art CMOS accelerator.
Passive Transfer of Immunity to Blue Tongue Virus from Vaccinated Maternal Mice to their Offspring

SUMMARY Female mice were immunized with blue tongue virus just prior to, or during, pregnancy. Only lacteal transfer of neutralizing antibody to blue tongue virus was demonstrated from immune mothers to their offspring. However, the existence of in utero transfer at a very low level was not excluded. The passive immunity of the offspring gradually increased during the first 12 days after birth. A marked protection was noticed also in 24-day-old mice indicating that mice older than 2 weeks absorbed antibody. After weaning, the passive immunity was lost at a rate that agreed with the reported half-life for mouse antibody of 2.5–3 days. No detectable passive immunity was obtained by offspring of females fed virus-infected material.
A Qualitative Exploration of Womens’ Experiences Who Belong to a “Fitness Community”

ABSTRACTBackground: A promising method for improving physical inactivity among women is to increase their engagement in group-based exercise programs. Fitness communities are exercise groups that p...
PBX-WNT-P63-IRF6 pathway in nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate.

Nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate (NSCLP) is one of the most common craniofacial anomalies in humans, affecting more than 135,000 newborns worldwide. NSCLP has a multifactorial etiology with more than 50 genes postulated to play an etiologic role. The genetic pathway comprised of Pbx-Wnt-p63-Irf6 genes was shown to control facial morphogenesis in mice and proposed as a regulatory pathway for NSCLP. Based on these findings, we investigated whether variation in PBX1, PBX2, and TP63, and their proposed interactions were associated with NSCLP. Fourteen single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in/nearby PBX1, PBX2, and TP63 were genotyped in 780 NSCLP families of nonHispanic white (NHW) and Hispanic ethnicities. Family-based association tests were performed for individual SNVs stratified by ethnicity and family history of NSCLP. Gene-gene interactions were also tested. A significant association was found for PBX2 rs3131300 and NSCLP in combined Hispanic families (p = .003) while nominal association was found for TP63 rs9332461 in multiplex Hispanic families (p = .005). Significant haplotype associations were observed for PBX2 in NHW (p = .0002) and Hispanic families (p = .003), and for TP63 in multiplex Hispanic families (.003). An independent case-control group was used to validate findings, and significant associations were found with PBX1 rs6426870 (p = .007) and TP63 rs9332461 (p = .03). Gene-gene interactions were detected between PBX1/PBX2/TP63 with IRF6 in NHW families, and between PBX1 with WNT9B in both NHW and Hispanic families (p < .0018). This study provides the first evidence for a role of PBX1 and PBX2, additional evidence for the role of TP63, and support for the proposed PBX-WNT-TP63-IRF6 regulatory pathway in the etiology of NSCLP.
A comparison of predicted and observed ocean tidal loading in Alaska

We investigate the elastic and anelastic response of the crust and upper mantle across Alaska to mass loading by ocean tides. GPS-inferred surface displacements recorded by the Plate Boundary Observatory network are compared with predictions of deformation associated with the redistribution of ocean water due to the tides. We process more than 5 yr of GPS data from 131 stations using a kinematic precise point positioning algorithm and estimate tidal contributions using harmonic analysis. We also forward calculate load-induced surface displacements by convolving ocean-tide models with load Green’s functions derived from spherically symmetric Earth models. We make the comparisons for dominant tidal harmonics in three frequency bands: semidiurnal (M₂), diurnal (O₁) and fortnightly (M_f). Vector differences between predicted and observed ocean tidal loading (OTL) displacements are predominantly sub-mm in magnitude in all three frequency bands and spatial components across the network, with larger residuals of up to several mm in some coastal areas. Accounting for the effects of anelastic dispersion in the upper mantle using estimates of Q from standard Earth models reduces the residuals for the M₂ harmonic by an average of 0.1–0.2 mm across the network and by more than 1 mm at some individual stations. For the relatively small M_f tide, the effects of anelastic dispersion (<0.03 mm) are undetectable within current measurement error. Incorporating a local ocean-tide model for the northeastern Pacific Ocean reduces the M₂ vertical residuals by an average of 0.2 mm, with improvements of up to 5 mm at some coastal stations. Estimated RMS observational uncertainties in the vertical component for the M₂ and O₁ tides are approximately ±0.08 mm at the two-sigma level (±0.03 mm in the horizontal components), and ±0.21 mm for the M_f harmonic (±0.07 mm in the horizontal components). For the M₂ harmonic, discrepancies between predicted and observed OTL displacements exceed observational uncertainties by about one order of magnitude. None of the ocean tide and Earth model combinations is found to reduce the M₂ residuals below the observational uncertainty, and no single forward model provides a best fit to the observed displacements across all tidal harmonics and spatial components. For the O₁ harmonic, discrepancies between predicted and observed displacements are generally several-fold larger than the observational uncertainties. For the M_f harmonic, the discrepancies are roughly within a factor of two of the observational uncertainties. We find that discrepancies between predicted and observed OTL displacements can be significantly reduced by removing a network-uniform tidal-harmonic displacement, and that the remaining discrepancies exhibit some regional-scale spatial coherency, particularly for the M₂ harmonic. We suggest that the remaining discrepancies for the M₂, O₁ and M_f tides cannot be fully explained by measurement error and instead convey information about deficiencies in ocean-tide models and deviations from spherically symmetric Earth structure.
Laser and other ablation technologies

Abstract Advances in the use of lasers and other ablation techniques for transdermal drug delivery are covered in this chapter. Laser poration involves the utilization of high-energy light source to form well-defined ablated regions in a tissue. When a fractional laser is employed, several microscopic channels are formed in the skin. These zones of treatment are surrounded by normal tissue. Laser-mediated drug delivery can be classified into four groups: (1) Nonablative dermal remodeling lasers (NDRLs) have nonaqueous chromophores and have been utilized to enhance drug delivery. Lasers such as the neodymium-doped YAG laser (1064 nm) or the 585/595-nm pulsed dye laser used for the management of vascular disorders are also regarded as NDRLs; (2) nonablative fractional lasers such as erbium fiber laser (1550 nm); (3) ablative fractional lasers are lasers that, when used fractionally, can form regions of thermal damage, which are called microscopic treatment zones; (4) fully ablative lasers, such as the erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) laser (ʎ=2940 nm) or the carbon dioxide laser (ʎ=10,600 nm), whose principal chromophore is water and have been used for the heating as well as complete vaporization of the skin. Another interesting method of increasing skin permeability involves heating the skin. It has been asserted that either very short exposures at high temperatures or long exposures at moderate temperatures can increase percutaneous transport. This increase in transdermal flux is ascribed to the formation of micrometer-scale conduits in the skin. One of the thermal ablation techniques involves the use of radiofrequency. Radiofrequency heating occurs in materials via energy transferred from the electric field to the charges in the material. When carrying out transdermal abrasion experiments, researchers use sandpaper or pressurized particles to remove the stratum corneum. On the other hand, microdermabrasion uses negative pressure and Al2O3 crystals to superficially peel off the outer surface of the skin. Several examples are given to illustrate the use of these ablation technologies.
Cache Leakage Reduction Techniques for Hybrid SPM-Cache Architectures

Leakage energy has become an increasingly large fraction of total energy consumption, making it important to reduce leakage energy for improving the overall energy efficiency for embedded processor...
A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Community Water Fluoridation and Prevalence of Pediatric Dental Surgery Among Medicaid Enrollees.

Importance Dental surgery under general anesthesia (DGA) is an ineffective, costly treatment for caries. Interventions to reduce the need for DGA are challenging because children’s parents may not seek care until surgery is required. Community water fluoridation (CWF) effectively prevents early childhood caries, but its effectiveness in reducing severe early childhood caries is unknown. Objective To determine whether access to CWF is associated with the prevalence of DGA. Design, Setting, and Participants This is a cross-sectional analysis of Medicaid claims data from 2011 to 2012. Deidentified data were derived from Medicaid claims and enrollee files for Massachusetts, Texas, Connecticut, Illinois, and Florida for children aged 9 years and younger enrolled in either a fee-for-service or managed care plan through their state’s Medicaid program. Linear regression models tested for associations between CWF and covariates. Multivariable linear regression models tested for associations between CWF and outcomes. Regression models included clustered SEs at the county level. Data analysis was performed from December 2018 to March 2020. Exposures Access to CWF was determined by estimating the proportion of a county’s total population that had access to a fluoridated public water system. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcome was county-level DGA prevalence. Other outcomes were caries-related visit prevalence and patient quality indicators (asthma and diabetes). Covariates included county-level demographic, socioeconomic, and dental practitioner variables. Results A total of 436 counties within 5 states per year (872 county-year observations), were included in the analysis. Adjusted analysis revealed that a 10% increase in the proportion of county’s population access to CWF was associated with lower caries-related visit prevalence (−0.45 percentage points; 95% CI, −0.59 to −0.31 percentage points;P Conclusions and Relevance This study extends our understanding of CWF’s benefits for children’s oral health. Specifically, these findings suggest that increasing a population’s access to CWF’s is associated with decreased caries-related visits and may also be associated with use of dental surgical services within high-risk populations.
The Influence of Crack Closure on Fatigue Crack Growth Thresholds in 2024-T3 Aluminum Alloy

Crack opening loads were determined in load-shedding fatigue crack growth threshold tests on 2024-T3 aluminum alloy at stress ratios R of -2, -1, 0, 0.33, 0.5, and 0.7. The effects of load-shedding procedure and rate were investigated. Values of threshold Delta-K were found to vary significantly with R, whereas values of threshold effective Delta-K did not. That is, the variation of threshold Delta-K with R was almost completely explained by accounting for the measured variation in crack opening load behavior with R. The load-shedding guidelines of ASTM Test Method for Measurement of Fatigue Crack Growth (E 647) produced a threshold Delta-K value for R = 0.7 that was in agreement with the value determined using a procedure that should minimize closure effects. At both R = 0 and R = 0.7, high load-shedding rates produced high values of threshold Delta-K caused by large closure effects.
Expression of BCL2 alternative proteins and association with outcome in CLL patients treated with venetoclax.

Venetoclax, a BCL-2 inhibitor, is highly effective for the treatment of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and dependence on alternative proteins may result in resistance to BCL-2 inh...
Familias Unidas Prevents Youth Internalizing Symptoms: a Baseline Target Moderated Mediation (BTMM) Study.

Family-based preventive interventions have been found to prevent youth internalizing symptoms, yet they operate through diverse mechanisms with heterogeneous effects for different youth. To better target preventive interventions, this study examines the effects of the Familias Unidas preventive intervention on reducing internalizing symptoms with a universal sample of Hispanic youth in a real-world school setting (i.e., effectiveness trial). The study utilizes emerging methods in baseline target moderated mediation (BTMM) to determine whether the intervention reduces internalizing symptoms through its impact on three distinct mechanisms: family functioning, parent stress, and social support for parents. Data are from a randomized controlled effectiveness trial of 746 Hispanic eighth graders and their parents assessed at baseline, 6-, 18-, and 30-month post-baseline. BTMM models examined three moderated mechanisms through which the intervention might influence 30-month adolescent internalizing symptoms. The intervention decreased youth internalizing symptoms through improvements in family functioning in some models, but there was no evidence of moderation by baseline level of family functioning. There was some evidence of mediation through increasing social support for parents for those intervention parents presenting with lower baseline support. However, there was no evidence of mediation through parent stress. Post hoc analyses suggest a possible cascading of effects where improvements in support for parents strengthened parental monitoring of youth and ultimately reduced youth internalizing symptoms. Findings support the intervention’s effects on internalizing symptoms in a universal, real-world setting, and the value of BTMM methods to improve the targeting of preventive interventions. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCTO1038206, First Posted: December 23, 2009.
Abstract 16996: Relationship of Paravalvular Leak and Mean Platelet Volume With Stroke Risk Following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

Introduction: Stroke remains a major complication patients may face following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR). It has been hypothesized that turbulent flow across persistent paravalvu...
Design and analysis of a spatially heterogeneous wake

Abstract. Methods of turbine wake modeling are being developed to more accurately account for spatially variant atmospheric conditions within wind farms. Most current wake modeling utilities are designed to apply a uniform flow field to the entire domain of a wind farm. When this method is used, the accuracy of power prediction and wind farm controls can be compromised depending on the flow-field characteristics of a particular area. In an effort to improve strategies of wind farm wake modeling and power prediction, FLOw Redirection and Induction in Steady State (FLORIS) was developed to implement sophisticated methods of atmospheric characterization and power output calculation. In this paper, we describe an adapted FLORIS model that features spatial heterogeneity in flow-field characterization. This model approximates an observed flow field by interpolating from a set of atmospheric measurements that represent local weather conditions. The adaptations were validated by comparing the simulated power predictions generated from FLORIS to the actual recorded wind farm output from the Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) recordings. This work quantifies the accuracy of wind plant power predictions under heterogeneous flow conditions and establishes best practices for atmospheric surveying for wake modeling.
Effect of Cow Comfort on Herd Health and Milk Production on a Large Commercial Dairy

The objective of this study was to access the differences in milk production and fresh cow health between two groups of cows.
Institutional adaptation in the evolution of the ‘co-operative principles’

The ‘co-operative principles’ are a set of operating and aspirational guidelines for co-operative businesses that originated in England in the 1840s and are used worldwide today. We evaluate alternative explanations for their emergence and spread. One hypothesis is that the co-operative principles constitute institutional adaptations helping co-operatives survive and spread. Alternatively, the principles might be adaptively neutral but spread fad-like between co-operatives, or they may spread even while hampering co-operative survival, constituting a maladaptation. We use established empirical rubrics to identify the preconditions and signatures of adaptive evolution in the co-operative principles in their 170-year historical record. Historical analysis provides compelling evidence of the variation, transmission and selection of the co-operative principles in various periods and environments. We document that the principles arose and have been modified via intentional innovation, that they sometimes work to facilitate cooperation among the members of a co-operative, and that in some cases they have spread due to their beneficial effects on the co-operatives which adopt them. We also report macro-evolutionary patterns which suggest adaptive evolution may have occurred, including patterns of descent with modification and the adaptive radiation of the principles into worker co-operatives. The patchwork evidence is consistent with a mix of evolutionary processes varying over time, and some principles may have been selected against. We conclude that the co-operative principles likely constituted institutional adaptations as a whole in 1840s England and 1950s Spain but may have only been adaptive in a piecemeal fashion otherwise. We conclude by proposing that the co-operative principles can be revised and improved scientifically.
Phase III Simplified Integrated Test (SIT) results - Space Station ECLSS testing

During 1989, phase III testing of Space Station Freedom Environmental Control and Life Support Systems (ECLSS) began at Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) with the Simplified Integrated Test. This test, conducted at the MSFC Core Module Integration Facility (CMIF), was the first time the four baseline air revitalization subsystems were integrated together. This paper details the results and lessons learned from the phase III SIT. Future plans for testing at the MSFC CMIF are also discussed.
SU-E-T-654: Quantifying Plan Quality Can Effectively Distinguish Between Competing Equivocal IMRT Prostate Plans

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to create a prostate IMRT plan quality index (PQI) that may be used to quantitatively compare competing plans using a methodology that mimics physician preference. This methodology allows planners to choose between plans with equivocal characteristics, prior to physician scrutiny. Methods: An observer study was conducted to gather data from 3 radiation oncology physicians who ranked a set of 20 patients (each with 5 plans). The rankings were used to optimize a PQI that combined weighted portions of the rectum, bladder, and planning target volume DVHs, such that the relative PQI mimicked physician rankings as best as possible. Once optimized, a test study assessed the PQI by comparison to physician rankings in a new set of 25 patients (each with 4 plans). The physician group in the test study included 6 physicians, 5 of whom were not included in the modeling study. PQI scores were evaluated against the physicians’ rank list using Spearman rank correlation. Results: The optimized plan quality index combined the following DVH features: high dose regions above 40Gy/60Gy (rectum/bladder), organ weightings, and PTV shoulder coverage. Mean correlation of the PQI vs. physicians’ rankings in the modeling study was 0.507 (range: 0.345–0.706). By comparison, the mean correlation between physicians was 0.301 (range: 0.242–0.334). The mean correlation of the PQI vs. physician rankings in test study was 0.726 (range: 0.416–0.936), indicating robustness of the PQI by virtue of producing similar results to the modeling study. Intra-physician correlation was 0.564 (range: 0.398–0.689). Conclusion: The correlation coefficients of the PQI vs. physicians were similar to the correlation coefficients of the physicians with each other, implying that the PQI developed in this work shows promise in reflecting physician clinical preference when selecting between competing, dosimetrically equivocal plans.
Archaeological field work, sexuality in

Archaeological fieldwork sites traditionally had educated male directors and supervisory staff, and laboring-class workers. Educated white women were given indoor jobs in laboratories or as clerks. A few married archaeologists, becoming the partner in a two persons/single career. The 1964 Civil Rights Act forced projects to accept women for positions with field responsibilities. Sexuality was always present in field camps, whether single-gender or a field school enrolling women students as well as men (where some single-career marriages developed). The Civil Rights Act coincided with the 1960s “sexual revolution,” making contraceptives easily obtained and sexual liaisons more lightly engaged in. A problem in many projects has always been directors demanding sex from subordinates, a particularly difficult situation where the staff live together in temporary housing. This has included gay directors hitting on young men, as well as directors demanding sex from women crew members. Keywords: archaeological field work; demand for sex, from employers; European and Euro-American lust, men and; ideology of gender; two persons/single career
Molecular cloning and characterization of (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase from human heart.

The complete amino acid sequence of human heart (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.30) has been deduced from the nucleotide sequence of cDNA clones. This mitochondrial enzyme has an absolute and specific requirement of phosphatidylcholine for enzymic activity (allosteric activator) and is an important prototype of lipid-requiring enzymes. Despite extensive studies, the primary sequence has not been available and is now reported. The mature form of the enzyme consists of 297 amino acids (predicted M(r) of 33,117), does not appear to contain any transmembrane helices, and is homologous with the family of short-chain alcohol dehydrogenases (SC-ADH) (Persson, B., Krook, M., and Jornvall, H. (1991) Eur. J. Biochem. 200, 537-543) (30% residue identity with human 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase). The first two-thirds of the enzyme includes both putative coenzyme binding and active site conserved residues and exhibits a predicted secondary structure motif (alternating alpha-helices and beta-sheet) characteristic of SC-ADH. Bovine heart peptide sequences (174 residues in nine sequences determined by microsequencing) have extensive homology (89% identical residues) with the deduced human heart sequence. The C-terminal third (Asn-194 to Arg-297) shows little sequence homology with the SC-ADH and likely contains elements that determine the substrate specificity for the enzyme including the phospholipid (phosphatidylcholine) binding site(s). Northern blot analysis identifies a 1.3-kilobase mRNA encoding the enzyme in heart tissue.
Mass Estimation of Clusters with Unseen Mass

Unseen mass can bias cluster mass estimates using the virial theorem, as implied by Limber’s (1959) modification of the virial theorem and confirmed by the author (Smith 1980) using N-body experiments. The virial mass MV becomes $$\text{M}_\text{v} \text{ = M}_\text{G} \left( {\text{1 + K}_\text{2} \frac{{\text{M}_\text{B} }}{{\text{M}_\text{G} }}} \right)$$ where MG is the mass of visible matter (e.g., galaxies) and MB is the mass of background (unseen) matter. The factor K2 depends on the distributions of galaxies and background; if they are the same K2 has the value unity, whereas if the background is more centrally concentrated than the galaxies K2>1.
Legislators and constituents: Examining demographics and online communication tools

This study focuses on legislators' homepages as a political communication channel for constituents to remain informed of state legislative decisions and actions, as well as legislative issues. Included in this research is an examination of whether state legislators in the United States offer Internet tools and online relationship-building strategies as a means of political communication. Regression analysis of results from the content analysis of state legislators' official homepages (provided by their respective state legislatures) led the researchers to find for the most part, there is still a digital divide when considering the tools available on the legislative homepages that offer constituent relationship-building strategies as well as Internet tools. Constituents in some districts are able to utilize more Internet tools than those who live in others. Age, race and education of the legislators predicted more availability of tools of communication on homepages. Race, income and education of the constituents also predicted that more communication tools were available on legislators' homepages. The results suggest that even when considering the mountain of information available online, there are still some population segments that have online access to specific information relevant to their own districts and some who do not.
Shortcut waves in a radially uniaxial sphere

Ray tracing theory for a uniaxial dielectric sphere is presented in this paper. The ordinary and extraordinary rays and waves in a uniaxial medium are studied. The reflection and transmission of the wave at the air-uniaxial boundary surface are investigated. The propagation path and the arrival time of the shortcut wave return in a uniaxial dielectric sphere are computed. The results are in good agreement with those provided by the Mie and Debye series solutions.
Sudden unexplained death in a patient with a family history of malignant hyperthermia

A 23-year-old healthy white male in excellent physical condition developed cardiac arrest and rigidity during moderate exercise. He had a strong family history of malignant hyperthermia (MH). Two hours postmortem, his temperature was noted to be markedly elevated [41 °C (106 °F)]. A review of the possible differential diagnoses point to MH as a reasonable etiology.
BEHAVIOR OF INTENSE RELATIVISTIC ELECTRON BEAMS

A theoretical investigation is made of intense, relativistic, partially neutralized, self-focusing electron beams. Approximate equations are derived that express the time derivatives of the beam radius and mean electron energy as functions of these parameters, the densities of the electrons, ions, and neutral atoms, and the impressed electric and magnetic fields. The equations are numerically integrated for various values of the parameters. It is shown that the radiation damping leads to a shrinkage of the beam radius to a value of order 0.05 mm in a time of order ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$-${10}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ second. If the longitudinal electric field is constant the beam approaches the "equilibrium state" discussed by Budker, in which the increase in electron transverse momentum caused by scattering from the ions is compensated by radiative loss, and the energy lost by radiation is restored by the longitudinal field. The various instability problems associated with dense systems of charged particles are not discussed.
Invented rule with English language learners

The purpose of this study was to utilize an invented rule with English language learners (ELLs) in a clinical setting to determine differences based on language and age of the children. The performance was correlated with teacher reports of strong and weak language learning. Using a within-participants design, ELLs of age three to five were taught to apply a nonsense morpheme to signal a semantic difference. The invented rule was taught and responses were elicited in both English and English with Spanish interpretation. No significant difference for language was identified. Effect sizes for age were large (English, eta = 0.389, and English + Spanish, eta = 0.430) with five-year-old participants more likely to apply the rule to novel stimuli regardless of language. The performance of the majority of the participants correlated with teacher reports. The invented rule may provide a mechanism for assessing processing independent of prior language knowledge.
Acid-Sensing Ion Channels and Pain

Pathophysiological conditions such as inflammation, ischemia, infection and tissue injury can all evoke pain, and each is accompanied by local acidosis. Acid sensing ion channels (ASICs) are proton-gated cation channels expressed in both central and peripheral nervous systems. Increasing evidence suggests that ASICs represent essential sensors for tissue acidosis-related pain. This review provides an update on the role of ASICs in pain sensation and discusses their therapeutic potential for pain management.
Fate of the Wild Avian Filarial Nematode Chandlerella quiscali (Onchocercidae: Filarioidea) in the Domestic Chicken

Abstract Chandlerella quiscali is a filarial nematode parasitizing the brain of the common grackle (Quiscalus quiscula versicolor), blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata bromia), brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater ater), and starling (Sturnus vulgaris). Filarial infections of many wild bird species are common but natural infections of domestic fowl are rare. The habits of many wild birds commonly bring them in close association with domestic poultry. Because of the high prevalence of C. quiscali in grackles (98%) and the pathogenesis it might cause in an unnatural host, this parasite was used to test the receptiveness of the domestic chicken as a host. Microfilariae of C. quiscali were injected into chickens and adult worms were transplanted into the brain or body cavity of other chickens. One group of experimental chickens was immunosuppressed (IS) while another group was not immunosuppressed (NIS). Microfilariae circulated in the blood of IS and NIS chickens for at least 56 days. There was no significant difference in the number of microfilariae recovered from IS and NIS chickens. Adult worms were encapsulated in the brain of NIS chickens and in the body cavity of IS and NIS chickens. Worms survived for 36 hr in the brains of IS chickens. Past 36 hr the worms were shriveled and dead, apparently the result of a physiological and/or nutritional deficiency in the brain.