cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethical Considerations in the Use of Judicial Stationery for Private Purposes

The judiciary is endowed with great power and prestige in order to ensure its independence from the executive and legislative branches of government. Because of the serious threat to the integrity and independence of the judiciary caused by the misuse of the judicial office, a central purpose of all canons of judicial ethics is to eliminate abuse of a judge's power and prestige. The use of official court stationery for personal correspondence exploits the judicial office by creating the impression that the judge expects the communication to be given extra weight or special consideration because of the judge's official status. In examining the rule prohibiting the use of judicial letterhead for personal gain, this Article first reviews the prestige protecting provisions of the four ABA Model Codes of Judicial Conduct. Next, reoccurring problem areas are identified including the use of court letterhead in personal financial and business dealings, discharging parental responsibilities, private disputes, political activities, and charitable solicitations. Finally, the Article critiques the guidelines established in the 2007 ABA Model Code of Judicial Conduct regarding the use of court stationery for letters of recommendation
Radiation Resistance and Injury of Yersinia enterocolitica

The D values of Yersinia enterocolitica strains IP134, IP107, and WA, irradiated at 25 degrees C in Trypticase soy broth, ranged from 9.7 to 11.8 krad. When irradiated in ground beef at 25 and -30 degrees C, the D value of strain IP107 was 19.5 and 38.8 krad, respectively. Cells suspended in Trypticase soy broth were more sensitive to storage at -20 degrees C than those mixed in ground beef. The percentages of inactivation and of injury (inability to form colonies in the presence of 3.0% NaCl) of cells stored in ground beef for 10 days at -20 degrees C were 70 and 23%, respectively. Prior irradiation did not alter the cell's sensitivity to storage at -20 degrees C, nor did storage at -20 degrees C alter the cell's resistance to irradiation at 25 degrees C. Added NaCl concentrations of up to 4.0% in Trypticase soy agar (TSA) (which contains 0.5% NaCl) had little effect on colony formation at 36 degrees C of unirradiated Y. enterocolitica. With added 4.0% NaCl, 79% of the cells formed colonies at 36 degrees C; with 5.0% NaCl added, no colonies were formed. Although 2.5% NaCl added to ground beef did not sensitize Y. enterocolitica cells to irradiation, when added to TSA it reduced the number of apparent radiation survivors. Cells uninjured by irradiation formed colonies on TSA when incubated at either 36 or 5 degrees C. More survivors of an exposure to 60 krad were capable of recovery and forming colonies on TSA when incubated at 36 degrees C for 1 day than at 5 degrees C for 14 days. This difference in count was considered a manifestation of injury to certain survivors of irradiation.
Specific Features of the Corrosion of Instrumental Steel in the Zone of Cutting

We investigate the influence of cutting conditions on the electrochemical properties and corrosion resistance of instrumental steel depending on рН of lubricating-cooling fluids.
Newcastle disease virus fusion protein expressed in a fowlpox virus recombinant confers protection in chickens

A cDNA copy of the RNA encoding the fusion (F) protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain Texas, a velogenic strain of NDV, was obtained and the sequence was determined. The 1,792-base-pair sequence encodes a protein of 553 amino acids which has essential features previously established for the F protein of virulent NDV strains. These include the presence of three strongly hydrophobic regions and pairs of dibasic amino acids in the pentapeptide Arg-Arg-Gln-Arg-Arg preceding the putative cleavage site. When inserted into a fowlpox virus vector, a glycosylated protein was expressed and presented on the surface of infected chicken embryo fibroblast cells. The F protein expressed by the recombinant fowlpox virus was cleaved into two polypeptides. When inoculated into susceptible birds by a variety of routes, an immunological response was induced. Ocular or oral administration of the recombinant fowlpox virus gave partial protection, whereas both intramuscular and wing-web routes of inoculation gave complete protection after a single inoculation.
Rapid Batch Method for the Preparation of Fluorescein Isothiocyanate-Conjugated Antibody

A rapid, reproducible, and relatively simple method for the preparation of large quantities of fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated antibody is presented. Tagged globulins with fluorochrome-protein ratios of 1 and 2 were eluted from diethylaminoethyl-cellulose in batch form by using sodium phosphate-buffered 0.1 M and 0.2 M saline, respectively. The intensity and specificity of the fluorescence due to this antibody was quite high, as determined by the ability of untagged antibody to block the immunological reactivity of the fluorescent antibody and by the lack of fluorescence of antigenically unrelated material when treated under identical conditions.
Firing Properties of Rat Lateral Mammillary Single Units: Head Direction, Head Pitch, and Angular Head Velocity

Many neurons in the rat anterodorsal thalamus (ADN) and postsubiculum (PoS) fire selectively when the rat points its head in a specific direction in the horizontal plane, independent of the animal’s location and ongoing behavior. The lateral mammillary nuclei (LMN) are interconnected with both the ADN and PoS and, therefore, are in a pivotal position to influence ADN/PoS neurophysiology. To further understand how the head direction (HD) cell signal is generated, we recorded single neurons from the LMN of freely moving rats. The majority of cells discharged as a function of one of three types of spatial correlates: (1) directional heading, (2) head pitch, or (3) angular head velocity (AHV). LMN HD cells exhibited higher peak firing rates and greater range of directional firing than that of ADN and PoS HD cells. LMN HD cells were modulated by angular head velocity, turning direction, and anticipated the rat’s future HD by a greater amount of time (∼95 msec) than that previously reported for ADN HD cells (∼25 msec). Most head pitch cells discharged when the rostrocaudal axis of the rat’s head was orthogonal to the horizontal plane. Head pitch cell firing was independent of the rat’s location, directional heading, and its body orientation (i.e., the cell discharged whenever the rat pointed its head up, whether standing on all four limbs or rearing). AHV cells were categorized as fast or slow AHV cells depending on whether their firing rate increased or decreased in proportion to angular head velocity. These data demonstrate that LMN neurons code direction and angular motion of the head in both horizontal and vertical planes and support the hypothesis that the LMN play an important role in processing both egocentric and allocentric spatial information.
Molecular targets of androgen signaling that characterize skeletal muscle recovery and regeneration

The high regenerative capacity of adult skeletal muscle relies on a self-renewing depot of adult stem cells, termed muscle satellite cells (MSCs). Androgens, known mediators of overall body composition and specifically skeletal muscle mass, have been shown to regulate MSCs. The possible overlapping function of androgen regulation of muscle growth and MSC activation has not been carefully investigated with regards to muscle regeneration.Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine coinciding androgen-mediated genetic changes in an in vitro MSC model and clinically relevant in vivo models. A gene signature was established via microarray analysis for androgen-mediated MSC engagement and highlighted several markers including follistatin (FST), IGF-1, C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR). In an in vivo muscle atrophy model, androgen re-supplementation significantly increased muscle size and expression of IGF-1, FST, and HGF, while significantly decreasing expression of GR. Biphasic gene expression profiles over the 7-day re-supplementation period identified temporal androgen regulation of molecular targets involved in satellite cell engagement into myogenesis. In a muscle injury model, removal of androgens resulted in delayed muscle recovery and regeneration. Modifications in the androgen signaling gene signature, along with reduced Pax7 and MyoD expression, suggested that limited MSC activation and increased inflammation contributed to the delayed regeneration. However, enhanced MSC activation in the androgen-deplete mouse injury model was driven by an androgen receptor (AR) agonist. These results provide novel in vitro and in vivo evidence describing molecular targets of androgen signaling, while also increasing support for translational use of AR agonists in skeletal muscle recovery and regeneration.
A Twist in fate: evolutionary comparison of Twist structure and function

The general requirement to induce mesoderm and allocate cells into different mesodermal tissues such as body muscle or heart is common in many animal embryos. Since the discovery of the twist gene, there has been great progress toward unraveling the molecular mechanisms that control mesoderm specification and differentiation. Twist was first identified in Drosophila as a gene crucial for proper gastrulation and mesoderm formation. In the fly embryo, Twist continues to play additional roles, allocating mesodermal cells into the body wall muscle fate and patterning a subset of these muscles. Twist is also required for proper differentiation of the adult musculature. Twist homologues have been identified in a great variety of organisms, which span the phylogenetic tree. These organisms include other invertebrates such as jellyfish, nematode, leech and lancelet as well as vertebrates such as frog, chick, fish, mouse and human. The Twist family shares both homology in structure across the basic helix-loop-helix domain and in expression during mesoderm and muscle development in most species. Here we review the current state of knowledge of the Twist family and consider how Twist functions during development. Moreover, we highlight experimental evidence that shows common themes that Twist employs during specification and patterning of the mesoderm among evolutionarily distant organisms. Conserved principles and the molecular mechanisms underlying them are discussed.
Efficient Estimates of the Total Cost of a Selection of Food Items in a Consumer Purchase Setting

The use of computers in planning consumer food purchases requires that price estimates for a selection of goods be determined in advance of the purchases. If such estimates are to be widely used, they must be accurate and inexpensive to generate. This paper describes a price estimation method which meets these criteria. The method is intended to be applied to shopping baskets of goods from any store in a community. The results of empirical tests of the method are reported which reveal support for its accuracy and ease of use.
Introduction of homologous DNA sequences into mammalian cells induces mutations in the cognate gene

Injection of homologous DNA sequences into nuclei of cultured mammalian cells induces mutations in the cognate chromosomal gene. It appears that these mutations result from incorrect repair of a heteroduplex formed between the introduced and the chromosomal sequence. This phenomenon is termed ‘heteroduplex induced mutagenesis’ The high frequency of these events suggests that this method may prove useful for introducing mutations into specific mammalian genes.
Multiagent coordination and cooperation in a distributed dynamic environment with limited resources

Abstract Coordination and cooperation are two major concerns in distributed artificial intelligence (DAI) systems. How can a group of geographically distributed agents properly allocate a set of tasks among themselves while satisfying different types of constraints? Also, in an environment of limited resources, how can agents resolve resource conflicts and effectively accomplish tasks? We have examined these two problems and have developed new techniques to promote multiagent coordination and cooperation. A novel method of negotiation allows agents to bid for tasks based upon the agents' capabilities. Furthermore, the use of a threshold value ensures that only the best agents for a task become task commanders and renders some tasks to be renegotiated as agents improve their bids. To resolve resource conflicts, a technique called ‘hierarchical iterative conflict resolution’ has been implemented. This allows conflicts to be resolved in an iterative manner, based upon a hierarchy of task priorities. Agents with higher priority tasks have the authority to borrow resources from agents with lower priority tasks. It ensures that higher priority tasks will be solved before those of lower priority. These new techniques were employed in a DAI testbed which simulates an air war environment.
Intake and Digestibility of Improved Selections of Tall Fescue and Orchardgrass Hays

Improved cool-season grass cultivars may add production potential to ruminant enterprises across the North–South transition zone. Quality among hays of ‘MaxQ’ (‘Jesup’ with novel endophyte), HM4 (‘HiMag’ with novel endophyte No. 4) and ‘Cajun’ (without endophyte) tall fescues [Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.] and ‘Persist’ orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) was evaluated. Forage was harvested in the fl ag-leaf stage in three of 4 yr and a regrowth (late fl ag-leaf to heads-emerging stage) in 1 yr. Goats (four trials) consumed MaxQ, HM4, and Persist similarly (P = 0.12; mean = 2.49 kg 100 –1 kg body weight [BW]) and Cajun least (P < 0.01; mean = 1.62 kg × 100 –1 kg BW). Apparent digestibility was similar among tall fescues (P ≥ 0.07; mean = 609 g kg –1 ), but MaxQ and Cajun were greater than Persist (P ≤ 0.05; mean = 610 and 623 vs. 582 g kg –1 ). Digestible dry matter intake (DMI) was similar among MaxQ, HM4, and Persist (P ≥ 0.09; mean 1.49 kg 100 –1 kg BW). Steers (three trials and Cajun not evaluated) consumed more Persist than MaxQ (P = 0.01; 2.40 vs. 2.14 kg 100 –1 kg BW) or HM4 (P = 0.01; 1.98 kg 100 –1 kg BW). MaxQ had greater apparent digestibility than HM4 (P = 0.01) or Persist (P = 0.04; 626 vs. 585 vs. 597 g kg –1 , respectively) but digestible DMI of MaxQ and Persist was similar (P = 0.12; mean = 1.39 kg 100 –1 kg BW). Improved tall fescue cultivars, with novel endophyte, offer the ruminant producer a cool-season forage of similar quality as orchardgrass for their enterprise.
Toward a Better Understanding of Gait Changes With Age and Disablement: Neuromuscular Adaptation

Gait changes in the elderly, such as reduced step length and walking speed, are well documented but not well understood. This review explores the hypothesis that neuromuscular adaptations are a response to age-related impairments and play a key role in causing gait changes in the elderly, and that different neuromuscular adaptations may exist depending on the impairment and presence of comorbidities, such as knee arthritis.
Transcriptionally active Stat1 is required for the antiproliferative effects of both interferon alpha and interferon gamma

Type I (alpha, beta) and type II (gamma) interferons (IFNs) can restrict the growth of many cell types. INF-stimulated gene transcription, a key early event in IFN response, acts through the Janus kinase-signal transducers and activators of transcription pathway, in which both IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma activate the transcription factor Stat1. A cell line lacking Stat1 (U3A) was not growth-arrested by IFN-alpha or IFN-gamma, and experiments were carried out with U3A cells permanently expressing normal or various mutant forms of Stat1 protein. Only cells in which complete Stat1 activity was available (Stat1alpha) were growth-inhibited by IFN-gamma. A mutant that supports 20-30% normal transcription did not cause growth restraint. In contrast, IFN-alpha growth restraint was imposed by cells producing Stat1beta, which lacks transcriptional activation potential. This parallels earlier results showing the truncated Stat1 can function in IFN-alpha gene activation. In addition to experiments on long-term cultured cells, we also found that wild-type primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts were inhibited by IFNs, but fibroblasts from Stat1-deficient mouse embryos were not inhibited by IFNs.
Selling Krishna in Ghana's religious market: proselytising strategies of the Sri Radha Govinda Temple community of Ghana

Abstract Drawing upon the metaphor of the religious market, this article presents an analysis of the proselytising strategies the Hare Krishna, a new Hindu worshipping community in Ghana, has developed in order to survive in Ghana's competitive religious economy. It demonstrates the creative ways in which the group negotiates the contours of this market, incorporating Pentecostal methods into its preaching culture, exploiting an ongoing debate between agents of African Religions and Pentecostals on the appropriate place of tradition in Ghana, and establishing its credentials as a religion whose culture is compatible with both African religions and Christianity, yet with deeper insights into the mysteries of life.
Relativistic calculations of electronic states of SnS

Abstract Ab initio configuration interaction calculations which employ relativistic effective potentials for Sn are carried out for the X 1 Σ + , 3 Σ + , 3 Δ, 1 Σ − , 3 Π, 1 Π, and 1 Σ + (II) states of SnS. Spectroscopic properties of these states are computed and compared with available experimental results. The dissociation energy of SnS is calculated to be 4.2 eV. The nature of the observed electronic states as well as other electronic states yet to be observed is discussed.
Uptake of tritiated steroids in the brain of the duck (Anas platyrhynchos). An autoradiographic study

Abstract The uptake and incorporation of corticosterone- 3 H and progesterone- 3 H in the brain and pituitary of white Pekin ducks ( Anas plalyrhynchos ) were studied by autoradiography. After injection of corticosterone, the radiochemical was localized preferentially in large neuron-like cells in the septum, hippocampus, medial portions of the hyperstriatum dorsale and hyperstriatum ventrale, tractus septomesencephalicus, and tractus quintofrontalis. Only small numbers of silver grains were localized over the hypothalamus or other regions of the brain. Differential grain counts showed no differences between the amount of radiochemical incorporation in osmotically stressed birds when compared to nonstressed control birds. The pituitary also possessed a large amount of label, but not as much as the higher centers. The localization of silver grains in birds injected with progesterone was similar to the localizations found in the birds treated with corticosterone except that a greater number of cells spread over a larger area of the brain were labeled. In view of the results it is speculated that: (a) the medial areas of the forebrain are involved in the feedback mechanisms controlling corticotropic functions in birds; (b) the nerve tracts which channel information from higher centers into the hypothalamus may also play a role in feedback control mechanisms; (c) the hypothalamus may not be one of the primary sites for endocrine feedback control by steroids in birds; and (d) the sites of feedback inhibition may be basically similar in avian and mammalian systems.
Coherent production of particles by 200 GeV/c protons in nuclear emulsion

An analysis is made of 3-prong and 5-prong coherent events from an exposure of a stack of Ilford G5 nuclear emulsion to a beam of 200-GeV/c protons. The coherent process is attributed to Coulomb dissociation and diffraction dissociation. Finally, cross sections, multiplicity distributions, and interaction lengths are obtained.
On the role of non-specific factors in the pathogenesis of infectious disease

Es wird einleitend darauf hingewiesen, dass mehr und mehr die Bedeutung von unspezifischen Faktoren fur die Resistenz gegen Infektionen erkannt wird. Solche Faktoren konnen wohl auch in der Pathogenese von Infektionskrankheiten eine Rolle spielen, so zum Beispiel eine erhohte Sensibilitat gegen Endotoxin, die wahrend den verschiedensten experimentellen Infektionen in Tieren nachgewiesen werden kann. An Hand von Experimenten an Mausen wird dargestellt, in welchem Ausmass eine vorausgehende Impfung mit BCG den Ablauf einer nachfolgenden Infektion mitSalmonella typhimurium in verschiedenster Weise beeinflussen kann. Dies hangt weitgehend davon ab, ob grosse oder kleine Dosen zur Infektion verwendet werden.
CP-violating phases and leptogenesis

Within the context of the see-saw mechanism, we review the possible connection between the CP-violating phases which appear in the lepton unitary mixing matrix and are measurable in neutrino-oscillations and other low-energy processes, with the ones which play a role in the generation of the baryon asymmetry through the leptogenesis mechanism in the Early Universe.
New insights from spectroscopy into the structure/function relationships of lipoxygenases

Spectroscopic properties of the redox-active iron in the active site of plant and mammalian lipoxygenases can now be combined with recent crystal structure determinations to obtain new insights into lipoxygenase reaction mechanisms.
Electoral competition and minority alienation in a plurality system: Sri Lanka 1947–77

Abstract Till recently, Sri Lanka was distinctive amongst the less developed countries for having a parliamentary democracy based on regular and fair competitive elections. The present article analyses the long-term impact that the plurality system of elections had on the consolidation of political alignments and cleavages in Sri Lanka in its post-independence period. The study finds that the very success of the plurality system in encouraging popular participation, bi-polar competition, political cohesion and stability contributed to engendering their unacceptable extremes in Sri Lanka's resource-scarce context. In the longer run, the increasing radicalization of the electorate, acute party competition for control of the state, ethnic sectarianism, and absolute parliamentary majorities served to undermine the democratic aspects of the system.
The influence of hospice use on nursing home and hospital use in assisted living among dual-eligible enrollees.

Objective: This study examined the impact of hospice enrollment on the probabilities of hospital and nursing home admissions among a sample of frail dual-eligible assisted living (AL) residents. Design: The study used a retrospective cohort design. We estimated bivariate probit models with 2 binary outcome variables: any hospital admissions and any nursing home admissions after assisted living enrollment. Setting: A total of 328 licensed AL communities accepting Medicaid waivers in Florida. Participants: We identified all newly admitted dual-eligible AL residents in Florida between January and June of 2003 who had complete state assessment data (n ¼ 658) and followed them for 6 to 12 months. Measurements: Using the Andersen behavioral model, predisposing (age, gender, race), enabling (marital status, available caregiver, hospice use), and need (ADL/IADL, comorbidity conditions, and incontinence) characteristics were included as predictors of 2 binary outcomes (hospital and nursing home admission). Demographics, functional status, and caregiver availability were obtained from the state client assessment database. Data on diagnosis and hospital, nursing home, and hospice use were obtained from Medicare and Medicaid claims. Death dates were obtained from the state vital statistics death certificate data. Results: The mean age of the study sample was 81.5 years. Three-fourths were female and 63% were White. The average resident had a combined ADL/IADL dependency score of 11.49. Fifty-eight percent of the sample had dementia. During the average 8.9-month follow-up period, 6.8% were enrolled in hospice and 10.2% died. Approximately 33% of the sample had been admitted into a hospital and 20% had been admitted into a nursing home. Bivariate probit models simultaneously predicting the likelihood of hospital and nursing home admissions showed that hospice enrollment was associated with lower likelihood of hospital (OR ¼ 0.24, P < .01) and nursing home admissions (OR ¼ 0.56, P < .05). Significant predictors of hospital admissions included higher Charlson Comorbidity Index score and incontinence. Predictors of nursing home admissions included higher Charlson Comorbidity Index score, the absence of available informal caregiver, and incontinence. Conclusions: Hospice enrollment was associated with a lower likelihood of hospital and nursing home admissions, and, thus, may have allowed AL residents in need of palliative care to remain in the AL community. AL providers should support and facilitate hospice care among older frail dual-eligible AL residents. More research is needed to examine the impact of hospice care on resident quality of life and total health care expenditures among AL residents.
Callus induction and plant regeneration of cultivated and wild sorghums

The success of sorghum tissue culture depends upon reliable callus induction and efficient plant regeneration systems. The objective of this study was to identify callus-inducible genotypes and evaluate media for effectiveness in plant regeneration. Seven sorghum inbred lines and eight wild sorghum species were evaluated for their abilities to undergo callus induction and plant regeneration. In our research, genotype and medium effects, as well as the interaction between genotype and medium, significantly affected callus induction and plant regeneration. MA and MZ media were significantly more effective in callus induction than MN medium. MA medium was the best for plant regeneration of cultivar Xinling 1, Jinliang 5, Xin White, KS 21 R, C-401 and Pl-2, while MZ medium was the best for plant regeneration of S. versicolor, a 10 chromosome wild sorghum. The rooting medium containing NAA was the most effective in developing a strong root system. Plants regenerated from both inbred lines and wild sorghums exhibited a high degree of stability in morphology, chromosome number, and chromosome structure.
Do rats time filled and empty intervals of equal duration differently

Abstract The goal was to determine whether rats time filled and empty intervals of equal duration differently. Each of five rats was trained for 50 sessions on an instrumental appetitive head entry procedure in which food was available (primed) every 120 s. On “empty” cycles, 30 s prior to the next food prime, a 0.5-s pulse of white noise was presented. On “filled” cycles, 30 s prior to the next food prime, white noise came on and stayed on until food was delivered. The two types of cycles were presented with equal probability. The results showed that the rats timed both the food-to-food interval and the stimulus-to-food interval. A comparison of the response gradients on filled and empty cycles following stimulus presentation showed better temporal discrimination on filled cycles. The results were modeled using a Packet theory of timing, with a linear averaging rule to combine the temporal information provided by the stimulus and food. The model fits to the individual response gradients were evaluated with a Turing test.
Society of Pediatric Nurses Public Policy Committee position statement on disaster management for children and families.

There is increasing worldwide susceptibility to natural and manmade disasters. Climate change, population growth, globalization, and biotechnological advances have increased a population's susceptibility to natural and manmade disasters, including pandemics and terrorist acts (Huppert & Sparks, 2006; Teran-MacIver & Larson, 2008). According to the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction fact sheet (2008), there was a significant increase in the number of deaths and economic losses as a result of disasters. Rodriguez, Vos, Below, and Guha-Sapir (2009) from the Center for Research on Epidemiology of Disasters reported that in 2008, disasters killed more than 200,000 people and affected 211 million persons. Since 1976, more than 1,100 catastrophic events in the United States have been federally declared as disasters with an average of 38 per year (Veenema, 2007). A disaster is defined as “any natural or human generated catastrophic event that disrupts normal functioning of a community” (Veenema, 2007). Not all disasters are equal in impact, however; an entire community can be destroyed over very short periods. People may be forced to flee their homes and communities with little warning or be restricted to live in designated specific dwellings, such as a public shelter. There may also be an abrupt change in the usual patterns of communication, travel, street or roadway access, supply of food and water, electricity, health care, and safety mechanisms. Disasters are multidimensional, all-encompassing occurrences that sweep across every aspect of human life (Hoffman & Oliver-Smith, 2002).
Authors' reports about research integrity problems in clinical trials.

Abstract Background There is little information about the prevalence of research integrity problems in the scientific literature. We sought to determine how frequently authors of published pharmaceutical clinical trials reported fabrication of data or misrepresentation of research. Methods We conducted a mail survey of 549 authors who had published reports of pharmaceutical clinical trials from 1998 to 2001 that appeared in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. We asked authors about fabricated data or misrepresentations of research in three contexts: the target study (the report from which their name was obtained), another study they had participated in, or a study that they personally knew about. Results We received replies from 64% of authors with valid addresses. Two authors (1%) reported that the target article misrepresented the research. Almost 5% reported fabrication or misrepresentation in a study they had participated in the last 10 years, and 17% of authors personally know about a case of fabrication or misrepresentation in the last 10 years from a source other than published accounts of research misconduct. Conclusions Fraud and misrepresentation in clinical trials appear to be rare on a per-published report basis. However, they occur sufficiently frequently that scientists have a significant chance of participating in a project affected by fraud or misrepresentation during their research careers. These rates of exposure justify vigorous efforts to prevent research misconduct.
Selective deposition in multilayer assembly: SAMs as molecular templates

Abstract Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on surfaces may be used as molecular templates for the selective deposition of polymer multilayer films. SAMs of ω-functionalized alkane thiolates are patterned onto gold surfaces with micron scale features using the microcontact printing method; glass substrates can also be patterned with trichloroalkylsilane SAMs. Patterned polymeric monolayer and multilayer films are adsorbed atop the SAM from dilute polymer solutions using ionic macromolecular self-assembly techniques which have been developed recently. The effects of polymer molecular weight and ionic content, as well as the use of a second SAM in the unpatterned regions to promote selectivity are discussed. Surface roughness, selectivity and other film properties are presented. It is demonstrated that this technique can be used successfully in the patterning of micron scale features with multilayers of low molecular weight upon adsorption from dilute solution.
Surface-Tension-Driven Flow Due to the Adsorption and Desorption of Colloidal Particles

When a dilute colloidal suspension of 50-μm polyamide particles is exposed to a deformable interface, spontaneous flow occurs. This flow is orderly, reproducible, and shows a proportional dependence on particle concentration. The same type of flow was also observed in a silicon oil suspension. Placing a glass plate on the interface dampens the flow, eventually extinguishing it completely. Upon removing the plate, the flow resumes. This leads to the belief that a new surface effect is being observed and may be important in a number of industrial applications where a free interface of a colloidal suspension is present.
The use of carbon dioxide gas to displace flowing blood during angioscopy.

Abstract Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) gas is a safe and effective arterial contrast agent that images arteries by displacing blood. The use of CO 2 gas to displace blood during angioscopy may improve intraoperative angioscopy and allow percutaneous angioscopy. To study this, 46 angioscopic evaluations in the femoral arteries of four dogs were done without inflow occlusion. The ability of CO 2 gas to clear the flowing blood was compared to a high-pressure infusion of saline solution. Carbon dioxide gas successfully displaced flowing blood in 20 of 25 evaluations (80%) as compared to three of 21 evaluations (14%) with infusion of saline solution ( p 2 gas infusion was stopped, the image remained clear for 9 ± 1 seconds. When saline was used, the image was clear only as long as the infusion was continued. The quality of clear images for the two media were similar through the eyepiece of the angioscope, but images observed through the motion picture camera had better contrast and depth of field in CO 2 gas. The use of a CO 2 gas infusion can clear the field of flowing blood without the risk of volume overloading and potentially allow performance of a successful percutaneous angioscopy. (J Vasc Surg 1989;10:313–7.)
The effect of increasing education on individual professional behavior and commitment

Abstract Occupations raise educational requirements in efforts to professionalize, even though the practitioner level outcomes of professionalization are virtually unknown. Therefore, the relation between level of education and professional commitment and behavior were examined among registered nurses, who can be licensed holding any one of three different levels of education. More highly educated registered nurses engaged in more professional behaviors, such as reading journals and updating technical skills; however, attitudinal commitment to the profession did not differ significantly among nurses holding different levels of education. Explanations and theoretical implications are discussed.
Inhibition by phenothiazine antipsychotic drugs of calcium-dependent phosphorylation of cerebral cortex proteins regulated by phospholipid or calmodulin☆

Abstract Phospholipid-sensitive and calmodulin-sensitive Ca 2+ -dependent phosphorylation of a number of endogenous proteins in the soluble and particulate fractions of the rat cerebral cortex was inhibited by phenothiazine antipsychotic drugs. The mean IC 50 values (concentrations causing 50% inhibition of phosphorylation) for trifluoperazine, chlorpromazine and fluphenazine were 16, 24 and 27 μM, respectively. Dibucaine, a local anesthetic drug, was much less effective. It appears that these neuroleptic agents may be useful tools for the study of Ca 2+ -dependent protein phosphorylating systems regulated by either phospholipid or calmodulin in the brain.
Tolerance, Nationalism, and Human Rights in Macedonia

L'A. repond aux trois critiques faites par Vassos Argyrou sur son ouvrage «The Macedonian Conflict» (Danforth 1995), selon lesquelles : 1) elle n'aurait pas adopte une attitude tolerante et comprehensive envers le nationalisme grec ; 2) elle n'aurait pas analyse le nationalisme grec en termes symboliques et 3) elle aurait orientalise la Grece en se fondant sur une opposition regressive entre un Orient non-civilise et une Europe moderne
Small-angle scattering of 7–14 MeV neutrons by nuclei

Abstract Absolute differential cross sections for the small-angle elastic of 7.55, 11.0, and 14.0 MeV neutrons by Fe, Cu, Ni, Sn, Pb, and Bi have been accurately determined by method especially developed for the measurement of small-angle scattering. No evidence of anomalous scattering was observed.
Two linear transformations each tridiagonal with respect to an eigenbasis of the other; the TD–D canonical form and the LB–UB canonical form

Abstract Let K denote a field and let V denote a vector space over K with finite positive dimension. We consider an ordered pair of linear transformations A : V → V and B : V → V which satisfy both (i), (ii) below. (i) There exists a basis for V with respect to which the matrix representing A is irreducible tridiagonal and the matrix representing B is diagonal. (ii) There exists a basis for V with respect to which the matrix representing A is diagonal and the matrix representing B is irreducible tridiagonal. We call such a pair a Leonard pair on V. We introduce two canonical forms for Leonard pairs. We call these the TD–D canonical form and the LB–UB canonical form. In the TD–D canonical form the Leonard pair is represented by an irreducible tridiagonal matrix and a diagonal matrix, subject to a certain normalization. In the LB–UB canonical form the Leonard pair is represented by a lower bidiagonal matrix and an upper bidiagonal matrix, subject to a certain normalization. We describe the two canonical forms in detail. As an application we obtain the following results. Given square matrices A , B over K , with A tridiagonal and B diagonal, we display a necessary and sufficient condition for A , B to represent a Leonard pair. Given square matrices A , B over K , with A lower bidiagonal and B upper bidiagonal, we display a necessary and sufficient condition for A , B to represent a Leonard pair. We briefly discuss how Leonard pairs correspond to the q-Racah polynomials and some related polynomials in the Askey scheme. We present some open problems concerning Leonard pairs.
Expression of alpha2,8/2,9-polysialyltransferase from Escherichia coli K92. Characterization of the enzyme and its reaction products.

The capsular polysaccharide of Escherichia coli K92 contains alternating -8-NeuAcα2- and -9-NeuAcα2- linkages. The enzyme catalyzing this polymerizing reaction has been cloned from the genomic DNA of E. coli K92. The 1.2-kilobase polymerase chain reaction fragment was subcloned in pRSET vector and the protein was expressed in the BL21(DE3) strain ofE. coli with a hexameric histidine at its N-terminal end. The enzyme was isolated in the supernatant after lysis of the cells and fractionated by ultracentrifugation. Western blotting using anti-histidine antibody showed the presence of a band that migrated at about 47.5 kDa on both reducing and nonreducing SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, indicating a monomeric enzyme. Among the carbohydrate acceptors tested, N-acetylneuraminic acid and the gangliosides GD3 and GQ1b were preferred substrates. The cell-free enzyme reaction products obtained were characterized by NMR and mass spectrometry, which indicated the presence of both α2,9- and α2,8-linked polysialyl structure. The K92 neuS gene was used to transform the K1 strain ofE. coli, the capsule of which contains only -8-NeuAcα2- linkages. Analysis of the polysaccharides isolated from these transformed cells is consistent with the presence of both -8-NeuAcα2- and -9-NeuAcα2- linkages. Our results suggest that theneuS gene product of E. coli K92 catalyzes the synthesis of polysialic acid with α2,9- and α2,8-linkages in vitro and in vivo.
MERCURY SEPARATION AND IMMOBILIZATION USING SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS ON MESOPOROUS SUPPORTS (SAMMS)

ABSTRACT Mercury (Hg) is one of the most toxic metals found in the environment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the performance of an innovative technology, self-assembled monolayers on mesoporous supports (SAMMS), in separating and immobilizing Hg from aqueous solutions. The high surface area of the mesoporous silica and the covalent binding between the thiol (-SH) group in SAMMS and Hg in solution provide SAMMS with distinctive advantages over existing technologies. The results show that (i) the Hg removal is kinetically quite rapid, (ii) the sorption data follow Langmuir isotherms, (iii) the maximum sorption capacity could be up to 613 mg of Hg per gram of SAMMS, (iv) SAMMS was able to reduce Hg concentrations to below the national pollution discharge emission standard level (12 ppt), (v) the Hg-laden SAMMS was stable in aqueous solution at 70°C, and (vi) the Hg-laden SAMMS was able to pass TCLP (Toxicity Characterization Leaching Procedure) tests of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc...
17O nuclear magnetic resonance studies of lanthanide ion-proline complexes

Abstract 17 O lanthanide-induced paramagnetic shifts are reported for nine different lanthanide ion-proline complexes in aqueous solution at pH 3. The results indicate that the hyperfine coupling constant for the directly liganded proline and water oxygens is indeed invariant for the nine lanthanide cations examined. This suggests that previous breaks in data for lanthanide-induced shifts along the lanthanide cation series must arise from changes in the non-axial dipolar contributions to these shifts near the center of the series.
Phenomenology and Metaphysics: Deconstruction in La Voix Et Le Phénomène

Definition de la these principale de l'ouvrage de Derrida intitule «La voix et le phenomene», qui consiste a reperer dans la phenomenologie de Husserl une rupture fondamentale avec la metaphysique occidentale. L'A. montre que, contrairement a Husserl, l'oeuvre de deconstruction de Derrida realise une sortie hors des philosophies de l'histoire et une ouverture vers une nouvelle epoche
Effect of prenatal ionizing radiation on the visual cortex and hippocampus of newborn squirrel monkeys.

Five squirrel monkeys were exposed to 200 rads whole-body ionizing irradiation (/sup 60/Co) at 0.4 rads per second on approximately the seventy-fifth day of gestation, and six squirrel monkeys were sham-irradiated. The mean cortical depth and the mean number of neurons per mm/sup 3/ in the visual cortex was less in irradiated animals than in controls, but the differences were not statistically significant. The mean number of glial cells in this cortical region was significantly lower in the irradiated animals. In the hippocampus, the depth of the stratum oriens and the combined depth of the strata radiatum, lacunosum, and moleculare were significantly less in irradiated than in control animals. Canonical correlations provided statistical evidence for greater radiation vulnerability of the hippocampus compared to motor and visual areas of the cerebral cortex.
Instructional Sensitivity Expanded

The presently viewed role and utility of measures of instructional sensitivity were summarized. A case was made that the rationale for the assessment of instructional sensitivity can be applied to all achievement tests and should not continue to be restricted to criterion-referenced mastery tests. Next, a line of research and theory concerning context dependence in tests containing interpretive exercises was outlined. The logic of this theory was integrated with the rationale of instructional sensitivity. Finally, practical interrelationships among content validity, reliability, instructional sensitivity, and related measures were discussed and illustrated by use of a varied sample of test items and data.
The Igusa Local Zeta Function Associated with the Singular Cases of the Determinant and the Pfaffian

Abstract This paper describes the theory of the Igusa local zeta function associated with a polynomial f ( x ) with coefficients in a p -adic local field K . Results are given in two cases where f ( x ) is the determinant of a Hermitian matrix of degree m with coefficients in: (1) a ramified quadratic extension of K ; and (2) the unique quaternion division algebra over K .
Identification of Additional Calmodulin Binding Regions in Connexin43

Gap junction, allowing the intercellular transmission of molecules through its specialized cell membrane channels, plays a major role in intercellular calcium signaling between adjacent cells. Connexin43 (Cx43), the most ubiquitous connexin, belongs to α family of gap junction proteins expressed in heart where are essential for normal heart development. Calmodulin (CaM) has been implicated in mediating the Ca2+-dependent regulation of gap junctions. We have reported CaM binding site in the second half of intracellular loop of Cx43. In this study, two additional CaM binding regions in cytosol loop and C-termini of Cx43 have been identified by biophysical studies. Our results indicate that in the presence of Ca2+, synthesized Cx peptide fragments encompassing predicted CaM binding regions are able to bind with high affinity to CaM using NMR spectroscopy. Our results elucidate the molecular level of regulation of Cx43 by multiple CaM targeting regions and provide insight into molecular basis of gap junction gating mechanism.
Vehicle mounted coupler response via a multiple-sectioned wayside transmission line

The frequency response of a vehicle mounted coupler via a multiple-sectioned long transmission line is obtained by computer simulation. This paper presents a method of computation and two example results. The results may be used to investigate the transmission properties of wayside communication links.
TWO MODELING APPROACHES FOR REVERBERATION IN A SHALLOW WATER WAVEGUIDE WHERE THE SCATTERING ARISES FROM A SUB-BOTTOM INTERFACE

In shallow water environments where the uppermost sediment layer is a fine-grained fabric (e.g. clay or silty-clay), the observed reverberation may be dominated by scattering from the sub-bottom. Here, reverberation predictions from normal mode and energy flux models are compared for the case where the scattering arises from a sub-bottom half-space under a fine-grained sediment layer. It is shown that in such an environment, the position of the angle of intromission, in addition to the angular dependence of the scattering kernel, is a factor controlling the reverberation and its vertical angle distribution. It is also shown that the reverberation from a sub-bottom horizon is typically governed by higher grazing angles than the case where the scattering occurs at the water–sediment interface. There was generally very close agreement between the models as a function of frequency (200–1600 Hz), layer thickness (0–8 m), and range (1–15 km). The model comparisons, showing some differences, illuminate the result of different approximations in the two approaches.
Low-temperature adsorption and decomposition of borazine on the Si(100)-(2×1) surface

Abstract Borazine adsorption at a surface temperature (Ts) of − 120°C and the thermal decomposition of borazine have been investigated on the Si(100)-(2 × 1) surface using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and static secondary ion mass spectrometry (SSIMS). The initial reactive sticking coefficient (S0) at this temperature was measured as 0.08. Borazine dissociates by breaking BH and/or NH bonds to form silicon monohydride species, SiH, even at −120°C because of the highly reactive silicon dangling bonds. The monohydride then decomposes at 550°C to desorb H2. After the initial decomposition stage, subsequent borazine molecules (α1-borazine) can coadsorb intact with the partially decomposed borazine (β-borazine). α1-borazine eventually desorbs molecularly with a peak temperature of 110°C. Taking into account the coexistence of both α1- and β-borazine, the saturation coverage of borazine (θBZ) was estimated as 1.2 molecules per surface Si atom. After borazine adsorption and subsequent high-temperature annealing (900°C), the surface contains boron and nitrogen originating from decomposed borazine. This surface is less reactive (“poisoned”) towards borazine adsorption. Above 900°C, the nitrogen- and boron-containing Si surface further decomposes to evolve SiN or Si2N.