cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interleukin-2 Effect on the Inhibition of Mised Lymphocyte Reaction Induced by Cyclosporin A

Cyclosporin A (CsA) was found to have remarkable immune suppressive properties without the usual significant myelotoxicity and to be a clinically very useful agent to prevent rejection of organ transplantation or bone marrow transplantation graft-versus-host disease in recently. The inhibitory effect of CsA on the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) has been implicated as a major reason accounting for CsA mediated immunosuppression. But the exact mode of its immunosuppressive effect remains unclear. We studied the influence of CsA and exogenous IL-2 on the proliferative response in allogeneic mixed lymphocyte culture. The results were as follows: There is apparent inhibition of proliferative response in mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) by CsA in a dose-dependent manner, where optimal concentration is approximately 0.5 ug∼1.0 ug/ml. The time-course sequential studies indicated that the lymphocyte response was markedly dependent on the time of addition of CsA to the culture ongoing MLR, the inhibitory effect of proliferative response by CsA was markedly abolished after 20 hours of the culture (Mean cpm 12,578±1,445/28,324±319). At the beginning of the MLR, an addition of both CsA and exogenous IL-2 (human, 2.0 U/ml) was found to have no appreciable immunosuppressive effect. Exogenous human IL-2 abolished the CsA effect on the MLR but mouse IL-2 could not. Keywords: Cyclosporin-A (CsA), lnterleukin-2 (IL-2), Mixed lymphocyte Reaction (MLR), Immunosuppressive effect INTRODUCTION Interleukin-2 (IL-2) has been known as T cell growth factor (TCGF) Recently, and is a kind of lymphokine concerning T cell proliferation and maturation, and secreated by activated T-helper cell1). Recently, Cs has profound inhibitory activities on lymphocyte mediated II-2 production. Cyclosporin A (CsA) is a biologically active metabolite extracted from two species of fungi imperfecti, Cylindrocarpon lucidum booth and Trichoderma polysporum rifai. Although the potency of CsA as an immuno-suppressive agent has been amply documented both in experimental and in clinical studies, the mechanism of action of the drug is not yet clear. And IL-2 and CsA interaction at the level of T cell were still controversy3,4). The mixed lymphocyte response is an important in vitro model of the alloimmune response, this study was designed on the influence of CsA and IL-2 by in vitro mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR).
Crystal structure of di-μ-chlorido-bis-[di-chlorido-bis-(methanol-κO)iridium(III)] dihydrate: a surprisingly simple chlorido-iridium(III) dinuclear complex with methanol ligands.

The reaction between IrCl3·xH2O in methanol led to the formation of small amounts of the title compound, [Ir2Cl6(CH3OH)4]·2H2O, which consists of two IrCl4O2 octa­hedra sharing an edge via chloride bridges. The mol­ecule lies across an inversion center. Each octa­hedron can be envisioned as being comprised of four chloride ligands in the equatorial plane with methanol ligands in the axial positions. A lattice water mol­ecule is strongly hydrogen-bonded to the coordinating methanol ligands and weak inter­actions with coordinating chloride ligands lead to the formation of a three-dimensional network. This is a surprising structure given that, while many reactions of iridium chloride hydrate are carried out in alcoholic solvents, especially methanol and ethanol, this is the first structure of a chloridoiridium compound with only methanol ligands.
Vertical distribution and abundance of Acantharia and their symbionts

Microzooplankton was sampled during two cruises (Galapagos Vents, March 1985; Tongue of the Ocean and western edge of the Sargasso Sea, October/November 1985) by various collection methods (Niskin bottles, plankton nets, divers) to determine the vertical distribution and abundance of Acantharia. The larger size classes of Protozoa are dominated by the sarcodines, and Acantharia are frequently the most abundant of these in mesotrophic and oligotrophic oceans. The absolute densities of Acantharia have been consistently underestimated in many previous studies for two reasons: their skeletons dissolve in preserved samples, and they are undersampled by fine-meshed plankton nets. The previously identified dissolution problem may be less severe for concentrated samples because the dissolution of a portion of the Acantharia will raise the dissolved strontium concentration in the sample. Twenty five and 160 μm-mesh plankton nets consistently underestimate the abundance of net plankton by one to two orders of magnitude. Possible reasons for this significant error are discussed. In the Equatorial Pacific Ocean, Acantharia were found at densities as high as 30 liter-1 and integrated abundances of 1.58 to 5.34x105 Acantharia m-2. Up to 90% were concentrated near the surface; their abundance declined sharply below 20 m. At two stations in the Atlantic, peak densities reached 6.4 liter-1. Wind-mixing may spread individuals more evenly through the euphotic zone, but they reestablish their surface maximum during period of calm. Acantharia generally have relatively few, but large symbionts. Small individuals average about 6 symbionts per host, larger hosts average 40 symbionts, and some individuals may have thousands of algal cells. Acantharia symbionts made up less than 1% of the chlorophyll in the water column, even at their host's peak abundances of 30 liter-1. However, production estimates, using published sarcodine-symbiont production-rates, suggest that Acantharia could occasionally account for up to 20% or more of the carbon fixation in the upper euphotic zone of oligotrophic oceans.
Why does Adenotonsillectomy Not Correct Enuresis in All Children with Sleep Disordered Breathing

Purpose: We analyzed the outcome of nocturnal enuresis after adenotonsillectomy in children with sleep disordered breathing. We also evaluated differences in demographic, clinical, laboratory and polysomnography parameters between responders and nonresponders after adenotonsillectomy.Materials and Methods: We prospectively evaluated children 5 to 18 years old diagnosed with sleep disordered breathing (snoring or obstructive sleep apnea syndrome) on polysomnography and monosymptomatic primary nocturnal enuresis requiring adenotonsillectomy to release upper airway obstruction. Plasma antidiuretic hormone and brain natriuretic peptide were measured preoperatively and 1 month postoperatively.Results: Sleep studies were done in 46 children and 32 also underwent blood testing preoperatively and postoperatively. Mean ± SD patient age was 8.79 ± 2.41 years and the mean number of wet nights weekly was 6.39 ± 1.26. Polysomnography revealed obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in 71.7% of patients and snoring in 28.3%. ...
On the Born—Oppenheimer separation and the calculation of nonradiative transition rates

Abstract In this paper we discuss the dependence of calculated nonradiative transition rates on the vibronic wavefunctions chosen to describe excited molecular states. We comment on several fallacies and ambiguities in the literature and suggest a simple resolution to the problem.
Web of Hate: a Fantasy Theme Analysis of the Rhetorical Vision of Hate Groups Online

The development and growth of the Internet and World Wide Web have provided a new and persuasive medium for business, education, and social interaction. Examination of hate group Web sites reveal world views that cast organizations' aims in mainstream and traditionally American terms. This article uses Ernest Bormann's fantasy theme analysis to examine hate group Web sites as a means to understand the world views expressed and the resulting potential for persuasion.
N(ω)-NITRO-N(ω')-SUBSTITUTED GUANIDINES: A SIMPLE CLASS OF NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE INHIBITORS.

A series of Nω-nitro-Nω’-substituted guanidines has been prepared as potential inhibitors of the human Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) isoforms. The reported utility of amino-guanidine and nitroarginine in iNOS inhibition points to a potential similar utility for analogs of nitro-guanidine. The compound library was tested against the three isoforms of Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS, iNOS and nNOS). Several candidates showed excellent activity and good selectivity for nNOS. One particular compound even demonstrated good selectivity for iNOS. The potential usefulness of such selective inhibitors is discussed.
Contributions of the DAT1 and DRD2 genes to serious and violent delinquency among adolescents and young adults

As far as we know, this is the first national study that reports compelling evidence for the main effects of genetic variants on serious and violent delinquency among adolescents and young adults. This study investigated the association between the self-reported serious and violent delinquency and the TaqI polymorphism in the DRD2 gene and the 40-bp VNTR in the DAT1 gene. The study was based on a cohort of more than 2,500 adolescents and young adults in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health in the United States. The trajectories of serious delinquency for the DAT1*10R/10R and DAT1*10R/9R genotypes are about twice as high as that for the DAT1*9R/9R genotype (LR test, P = 0.018, 2 df). For DRD2, the trajectory of serious delinquency for the heterozygotes (A1/A2) is about 20% higher than the A2/A2 genotype and about twice as high as the A1/A1 genotype, a phenomenon sometimes described as heterosis (LR test, P = 0.005, 2 df). The findings on violent delinquency closely resemble those on serious delinquency. The trajectories of violent delinquency for the DAT1*10R/9R and DAT1*10R/10R genotype are again about twice as high as that for DAT1*9R/9R (LR test, P = 0.021, 2 df). The two homozygotes of DRD2*A1/A1 and DRD2*A2/A2 scored lower (LR test, P = 0.0016, 2 df) than the heterozygotes. The findings in the models that consider DAT1 and DRD2 jointly (serious delinquency P = 0.0016, 4 df; violent delinquency P = 0.0006, 4 df) are essentially the same as those in the single-gene models, suggesting the absence of a significant correlation between the two genetic variants. These results only apply to males. Neither variant is associated with delinquency among females.
Specific estrogen binding proteins in human cervix.

Abstract An estrogen binding protein has been found in all regions of the human cervix. The greatest concentration per mg protein was associated with the region including the columnar epithelium, less associated with the squamous epithelium, and an intermediate concentration in the remaining stroma. These concentrations were 5–10-fold lower than those found in the corresponding uterine tissue, but the association constants were similar (0.9–2.6 nM −1 ). The dissociation rate constant was found to be 0.74 × 10 −6 s −1 at 0° and a sedimentation coefficient of 4.2–4.8S plus aggregates was observed. The binding was highly specific for estrogens (estradiol > estrone > estriol) but was unaffected by progesterone, testosterone, or cortisol in the nM range. Synthetic estrogens were also potent competitors (ethinyl-estradiol > estradiol > diethylstilbestrol > mestranol). Uterine estrogen binding sites were significantly higher in the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle than in the secretory phase, expressed either per g wet weight or per mg protein ( P P It is concluded that human cervix contains estrogen binding proteins with properties similar to those found in the corpus. The data collected so far suggest that levels of this binding activity may fluctuate in cervix in a manner similar to that found in endometrium.
DIChirp: direct injection bandwidth estimation

Ideally, network bandwidth estimation algorithms should be independent of the end system performance. If end system capabilities are involved, then the measurement will be of the system throughput and will not indicate a correct assessment of network bandwidth. Packet dispersion-based active bandwidth estimation schemes including Pathload, TOPP and pathChirp use delay correlation where the network-induced delay on packets transmitted at certain rates is translated into bandwidth estimation. Since packet dispersion-based active measurement schemes use delay correlation, bandwidth estimations are distorted by the host protocol stack-induced delay variations. Studies revealed that the host protocol stack-induced delay variations due to context switching are stovepiped in the network-induced delay variations and impact the measurement process. This study explores the delay variations introduced by the host protocol stack in packet dispersion-based techniques. The impact of host protocol delay variations and context switching on bandwidth estimation is analyzed and a new active bandwidth estimation tool minimizing the impact of context switching is proposed. Direct Injection Chirp (DIChirp) bypasses the TCP/IP protocol stack and directly interfaces with the network hardware. It uses the kernel for scheduling the outgoing packets, thus achieving more accurate estimation of bandwidth. Experiments revealed that the host protocol and context switching-induced delay variations can be as high as 800µs and could result in bandwidth estimation errors near 20%. Experiments also revealed that the DIChirp is superior to the pathChirp implementation in performance estimation since the datapath utilized by DIChirp is less prone to delay variations induced by context switching.
Technetium Tc 99m plasmin in the diagnosis of inflammatory disease.

The localization characteristics of technetium Tc 99m plasmin were studied in experimental animals to investigate the use of99mTc-plasmin for imaging inflammatory processes. At various times after abscess induction using turpentine in rats, the in vivo distribution properties of99mTc-plasmin, gallium citrate Ga 67,125I-fibrinogen, and99mTc-human serum albumin (HSA) were studied by gamma-camera imaging. The in vivo binding of each radiopharmaceutical was also tested in rat and human plasma clots. Region-of-interest analyses of gamma-camera images showed relatively poor99mTc-plasmin localization at sites of abscess formation. The ratio of abscess-to-control activity of this radiopharmaceutical did not exceed that of67Ga,125I-fibrinogen, or99mTc-HSA. In vitro assays of each of the radiopharmaceuticals in plasma clots showed99mTc-phasmin and125I-fibrinogen to have the best localization characteristics.
Increased expression of heat shock protein 20 and decreased contractile stress in obstructed rat bladder.

Purpose: Bladder outlet obstruction induces detrusor hypertrophy and it can eventually lead to decreased bladder smooth muscle contractility. Heat shock protein 20 is the proposed mediator of force suppression in vascular smooth muscle. We investigated whether heat shock protein 20 could also mediate the decreased contractility observed in partially obstructed rat bladders.Materials and Methods: Female Wistar rats (Harlan Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana) were randomized to partial urethral ligation or sham ligation. After 3 weeks the rats were sacrificed, and the bladders were harvested, frozen, homogenized and analyzed for heat shock protein 20 content by Western blot immunoreactivity. The content of myosin regulatory light chain, a constitutively expressed protein, was determined as a control. Bladder smooth muscle strips were dissected from some rats and mounted for force generation measurement.Results: At cystectomy obstructed bladders were significantly heavier and had more residual urine compare...
Mathematical analysis of a capillary migration assay for cellular immune sensitivity: simple theory for dose-response.

Abstract A simple model is used to investigate parametric dependences of in vitro leukocyte assays for cellular immune sensitivity. The model is first tested by computing areas of cell migration occurring when migration inhibition factors (MIF) are absent from the culture medium. The theory subsequently is modified to include MIF production, and analytic expressions for the migration inhibition index I are derived. These then are evaluated in order to study consequences of varying such factors as the ratios of constituent leukocytes or kinetic parameters pertaining to the ability of the culture medium to sustain migration.
Design and measurement of a SAW three-phase unidirectional transducer reflector

A novel reflector made from the highly unidirectional structure of the three-phase interdigital transducer resulting in high reflection coefficients from extremely short transducer lengths is presented. Such a reflector only requires a single phasing component. The dependency of the reflection on the unidirectionality yields frequency tuning capabilities via the phasing component. Such a reflector was fabricated and measured to determine the reflection from a short transducer. Two independent methods for determining the reflection coefficient from the measurements are presented.
Constant-volume specific heat of solid xenon

Specific heats of solid xenon were measured between 110 and 223 K in a closed pressure vessel. In this temperature interval the pressure increased from the vapor pressure of the solid at 110 K to about 1.7 kbar at the melting point. After a small correction for the nonrigidity of the container, we find that cv increases from 2.9R at 110 K to the classical Dulong-Petit value of 3R at 200 K. The behavior of the specific heat in the vicinity of the melting point depended on the treatment of the samples.
Termination of rapid ventricular tachycardia with metaraminol (Aramine)

HE FREQUENT association of rapid paroxysmal arrhythmias, both atria1 and ventricular, with hypotension is well established.‘r2 Methods successful in raising the blood pressure to normotensive levels have been effective in ending the arrhythmias. This has been observed frequently in association with atria1 arrhythmias and even in some instances of ventricular tachycardia.’ However, an increase in blood pressure, exceeding the normal range, has been found to lead to serious arrhythmias, usually of ectopic ventricular origin. Using hypertensive agents for treatment of ventricular tachycardia without hypotension has not been recommended.3 The following is a report of a patient with an unusual arrhythmia who remained normotensive despite a variety of conventional modalities. It was only when the blood pressure was raised far above the patient’s normal range that the paroxysm ended.
Group Development as Constructed Social Reality Revisited: The Constructivism of Small Groups:

Constructivism can be used in small groups as specific techniques are applied for behavior changes in a group setting. Constructivism can also be used to describe group processes. The author presen...
A unified theory of the integer and the fractional quantum hall effects

Abstract This paper reviews a recent theory which unifies the fractional and the integer quantum Hall effects. In this theory, the electronic correlations that lead to the quantum Hall effect at fractional filling factors are completely analogous to the correlations that are responsible for the quantum Hall effect at integer filling factors. This allows one to understand various properties of the fractional Hall effect by a straightforward analogy with the integer Hall effect.
Anemia and human immunodeficiency virus disease in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy

Abstract Data derived from studies conducted before 1996 consistently showed that anemia was a common occurrence in patients with human immunodeficiency (HIV) infection and an independent risk factor for early death. Correction of anemia was associated with reversal of this increased risk. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been shown to reduce HIV disease progression and mortality. In the HAART era, HIV-related anemia is still common and independently associated with decreased survival, with a decreased risk of mortality associated with recovery from anemia. Epoetin alfa treatment has been shown to correct anemia and significantly improve quality of life (QOL) in patients with HIV disease. Additional data on the effect of correction of anemia with epoetin alfa treatment on survival in patients with HIV infection are needed.
On the characteristics of the roll waves in gas–liquid stratified-wavy flow: A two-dimensional perspective

Abstract The characteristics of the roll waves in the oil–gas, stratified-wavy flow are studied experimentally in a 0.152 m ID horizontal pipe for superficial gas velocities between 7.45 m/s and 12.62 m/s at two different liquid superficial velocities, 1 and 2 cm/s. The liquid holdup, liquid film height, wetted wall perimeter decrease with the increasing superficial gas velocity. The interfacial surface area is calculated from the distinct interface between the phases from the experimental data without any assumptions on the interface geometry. The variation of the interfacial surface area is found to be closely related to the liquid holdup. The region where the interface fluctuations spread in the pipe cross-section is analyzed. For low gas flow rates, a small region exists where the fluctuations are negligible implying a continuous liquid contact with the pipe bottom. However, an increase in the superficial gas velocity extends the spatial reach of the interface fluctuations very close to the pipe wall at the bottom where the continuous liquid region diminishes. For all experimental conditions examined, the interface fluctuations occurring at a frequency range of 10 Hz f At low superficial gas velocities, the roll wave topology is stretched toward the sides of the pipe. Moreover, the oscillations of these waves at different transverse locations are out-of-phase. With an increase in the gas flow rate, the wave oscillations are observed to be in-phase with each other and more coherent structures are detected.
Robust tracking and model following of uncertain dynamic delay systems by memoryless linear controllers

A linear memoryless controller is developed for a class of uncertain linear time-delay systems to track dynamic inputs of a non-delay reference model. For matched uncertainties, the controller designed guarantees uniform ultimate boundedness of the tracking error, and the error bound can be made arbitrarily small. For mismatched uncertainties a condition is derived under which the controller designed ensures ultimate boundedness of the tracking error. However, in this case there is no control over the tracking error bound. Finally, examples are included to illustrate the results developed in this paper.
Replication in one-dimensional cellular automata

Abstract In a cellular automaton (CA), replication is the ability to indefinitely generate copies of a finite collection of patterns, starting from finite seeds. A transparent feature of additive CA, replication mechanisms are less clear in the absence of additivity; this paper investigates such dynamics through several examples. For the 1 Or 2 rule and its generalizations, replication is inevitable and we investigate self-organization properties. In the Perturbed Exactly 1 rule we study frequency of replicators, and the new phenomenon is called quasireplication. The last CA is the Extended 1 Or 3 rule, which allows for replication on different backgrounds. We employ a mixture of rigorous and empirical techniques.
Functional polymers and sequential copolymers by phase-transfer catalysis. 16. Influence of sequence distribution on the mesomorphic properties of thermotropic copolyethers containing 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl

Random and alternating thermotropic liquid-crystalline copolyethers have been synthesized from 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl and a 1/1 mol ratio of 1,5-dibromopentane and α,ω-dibromoalkanes by a two-phase (organic solvent-aqueous NaOH) phase-transfer-catalyzed polyetherification. Random copolyethers were prepared from α,ω-dibromoalkanes having six to twelve methylene units. Their phase behavior was compared with those of the perfectly alternating copolyethers containing five methylene units in one spacer and eight, nine, or eleven methylene units in the other, respectively. An odd-even dependence in thermal transitions has been observed in both oligomeric systems. In all cases, alternating copolyethers, even though comparatively lower in molecular weight, have given rise to higher melting and isotropization temperatures. Since the increase in the melting temperature is larger than the increase in the isotropization temperature, the thermal stability range of the mesophase has narrowed for alternating copolyethers with respect to their random copolyether counterparts.
Serial discrimination reversal learning as a repeated-acquisition method to test drug effects

A repeated-acquisition procedure utilizing serial discrimination reversal (SDR) was developed to test drug effects on acquisition. Rats were trained on SDR until successive acquisitions were uniform and repeatable. Scopolamine, DL-amphetamine, and tranylcypromine were tested for effects on acquisition with this method. DL-amphetamine and tranylcypromine facilitated acquisition; scopolamine disrupted discrimination.
Fish Oil and Inflammatory Disease: Is Asthma the Next Target for n-3 Fatty Acid Supplements?

Eating fish or taking n-3 fatty acid supplements can decrease the risk and severity of cardiovascular disease. Such supplements also provide symptomatic relief for rheumatoid arthritis patients. Recent research suggests that asthma, another highly prevalent, chronic inflammatory disease, may also respond to fish oil supplements.
In the Beginning was the Word

In the early part of the twentieth century, The Hartford Accident and Indemnity Company was one of the largest insurance companies in the country, employing scores of accountants, adjusters, and actuaries. It was also home to two great American intellectuals1. The more renowned of the pair was Wallace Stevens. Stevens was a lawyer and a vice president at Hartford, but he stands in the history books as a poet. In 1955, he received the National Book Award for The Collected Poems of Wallace Stevens and the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry. Less well known, but formidable in his own right, was a fire-prevention specialist at Hartford, Benjamin Lee Whorf. Whorf trained at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a chemical engineer; his avocational pursuits included anthropology, archaeology, and linguistics. It is for his contributions to linguistics that he is remembered. Whorf, along with Edward Sapir of Yale, developed the theory of linguistic determinism. This theory asserts that the words we use determine—and constrain—the way we think. As Whorf put it, “We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages... and ascribe significances as we do largely because we are parties to an agreement that... is codified in the patterns of our language.”2 Eskimos, Whorf stated, can have more nuanced thought about snow than non-Eskimos because they have a greater variety of words for the types of snow they encounter. George Orwell, in his novel 1984 , expounded on this idea that language could control thought. In Newspeak, the language developed by The Party, words such as “free” and “equal” were stripped of their original meanings to the point that concepts like political freedom were made to be “literally unthinkable, at least as far as thought is dependent on words.”3 Happily, many of the scary notions …
The cone photoreceptor mosaic of the green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus

Recent empirical and theoretical evidence has implicated the geometrical birefringence of the double cones of the green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus) as the biophysical basis of this vertebrate's sensitivity to polarized light. Because of the intimate link between the organization of the cone-photoreceptor mosaic and the psychophysical details of polarization sensitivity, we have examined the structural features of the green sunfish cone-photoreceptor mosaic, in particular the orientation of the elliptical cross sections of the double cones. Our primary observations are that (1) the arrangement of the cone-photoreceptor mosaic is constant across the retina (with two regional exceptions), with double cones arranged in a rhombic mosaic and aligned roughly +/- 45 deg to the nearest retinal margin; (2) the double-cone/single-cone ratio is everywhere the same; (3) cone density is inhomogeneous across the retina, with the highest densities in the temporal hemiretina. These results are discussed as they relate to the animal's retinal growth and visual mechanisms, particularly the sensitivity to polarized light.
Reduction Kinetics of Surface Rhodium Oxide by Hydrogen and Carbon Monoxide at Ambient Gas Pressures As Probed by Transient Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

The transient reduction kinetics of surface rhodium oxide (Rh2O3) by gaseous H2 and CO have been probed in situ by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The Rh surfaces are ultrathin films electrodeposited onto SERS-active gold, enabling surface vibrational spectroscopic information to be obtained with high temporal resolution (≈1 s) at elevated temperatures (up to 500 °C) and under ambient-pressure flow-reactor conditions. Surface Rh2O3 is formed by heating Rh in flowing O2 at 1 atm and fingerprinted by an intense 530 cm-1 νRh-O feature. The reduction of such oxidized surfaces upon sudden exposure to either H2 or CO over a range of partial pressures (1−760 Torr) was monitored from the decay kinetics of the νRh-O band intensity. Surface oxide is readily reduced by both reductants, although striking differences in the observed kinetic behavior indicate the occurrence of distinct reaction pathways. In the case of H2, at low partial pressures (≤7.6 Torr) below 200 °C a temperature-dependent induction p...
Solvent Effects in the Raman Spectra of the Triiodide Ion: Observation of Dynamic Symmetry Breaking and Solvent Degrees of Freedom

Resonance Raman spectra, including absolute cross sections, have been measured for the triiodide ion in ethanol, ethyl acetate, and acetonitrile solvents using eight excitation wavelengths that span the two lowest absorption bands. Preresonance Raman spectra have also been obtained with 488 nm excitation. The apparent vibrational line widths observed on resonance are approximately twice the preresonant line widths in all three solvents. By quantitatively modeling the triiodide/solvent system using two intramolecular modes (the symmetric and antisymmetric stretches) and one low-frequency intermolecular or solvent mode, we are able to reproduce the vibrational broadening on resonance, which, within the context of our model, is due to unresolved combination bands between the intramolecular degrees of freedom and the intermolecular mode. The Raman spectra in ethanol clearly show one-quantum transitions in the antisymmetric stretching mode (ν3) which should be symmetry forbidden in the linear D∞h geometry, ind...
ANIMISTIC THOUGHT IN CHILDREN: EFFECTS OF TWO RESPONSE MODES

To ascertain the possible effects of testing variations on children's demonstration of their understanding of the concept of life, first-grade children (26 boys, 32 girls) were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: a verbal condition in which children were asked questions about 16 objects (8 living, 8 nonliving) in the usual Piagetian interview format and a nonverbal condition in which Ss were asked to sort a series of pictures of the same 16 objects into categories of living things and nonliving things. Ss in general were quite nonanimistic, and there was no difference in performance between the two conditions. It was suggested that the objects used in the study were all quite familiar to the children's experience, and thus, consistent with findings from other research, they responded to them naturalistically.
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Structural Characterization of a Series of One-Dimensional Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Materials of the [(MoO3)n(2,2‘-bipy)m] Family: [MoO3(2,2‘-bipy)], [Mo2O6(2,2‘-bipy)], and [Mo3O9(2,2‘-bipy)2]

Three one-dimensional molybdenum oxide/2,2‘-bipyridine species have been prepared by hydrothermal methods and structurally characterized. The reaction of MoO3, 2,2‘-bipyridine, and H2O in the mole ratio 1:0.68:680 at 160 °C for 120 h in a 23 mL Teflon-lined Parr acid digestion bomb produces colorless rods of [MoO3(2,2‘-bipy)] (1) mixed with colorless octahedra of [Mo3O9(2,2‘-bipy)2] (3). The structure of 1 consists of one-dimensional chains of corner-sharing distorted {MoO4N2} octahedra. [Mo2O6(2,2‘-bipy)] (2) was prepared from a mixture of Na2MoO4·2H2O, MoO3, 2,2‘-bipyridine, MnCl2·4H2O, and H2O in the mole ratio 1:1:2:1.9:263 and was isolated as colorless plates. In contrast to the structure of 1, compound 2 consists of a chain of alternating corner-sharing {MoO4N2} octahedra and {MoO4} tetrahedra. Compound 3 was isolated as colorless octahedra. The structure of 3 consists of a chain of corner-sharing {MoO4N2} octahedra and {MoO4} tetrahedra that alternate such that each {MoO4N2} octahedron corner-share...
Protein and Lipid Composition of Walleye Pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) Livers

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to chemically evaluate the lipid and protein from pollock male and female livers. Pollock livers, regardless of gender, were over 50% lipid, with about 98% of the lipid in the form of triacylglycerides. Protein content of male and female livers was similar at approximately 7%. Most of the fatty acids content was not significantly different between males and females. The abundance of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in all extracted oils averaged about 20%, 55% and 24%, respectively. The omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid levels of all livers were approximately 22% and 2.0%, respectively. Only small gender differences were detected between pollock liver lipids and protein. Pollock liver protein is of high quality and extracted oil is a valuable source of omega-3 fatty acids. The contents of most amino acids in the samples were similar for both males and females, and samples had high levels of methionine (3.2 and 3.6%), lysine (6.8 and 7.6%) and...
Brain-enhanced synergistic attention (BESA)

In this paper, we describe a hybrid human-machine system for searching and detecting Objects of Interest (OI) in imagery. Automated methods for OI detection based on models of human visual attention have received much interest, but are inherently bottom-up and driven by features. Humans fixate on regions of imagery based on a much stronger top-down component. While it may be possible to include some aspects of top-down cognition into these methods, it is difficult to fully capture all aspects of human cognition into an automated algorithm. Our hypothesis is that combination of automated methods with human fixations will provide a better solution than either alone. In this work, we describe a Brain-Enhanced Synergistic Attention (BESA) system that combines models of visual attention with real-time eye fixations from a human for accurate search and detections of OI. We describe two different BESA schemes and provide implementation details. Preliminary studies were conducted to determine the efficacy of the system and initial results are promising. Typical applications of this technology are in surveillance, reconnaissance and intelligence analysis.
Power Electronics Design Choice for Piezoelectric Microrobots

Piezoelectric actuators are advantageous for microrobots due to their light weight, high bandwidth, high force production, low power consumption, and simplicity of integration. However, the main disadvantage of either stack or cantilever piezoelectric actuators are the high drive voltages required for adequate force and displacement. This especially limits the ability for such actuators to be used in autonomous microrobots because of the weight and complexity of necessary power electronics. This paper approaches the design of all the component parts of an autonomous piezoelectric robot as a linear constraint on the weight and efficiency of those components. It then focuses on the choice and optimization of the power electronics section of the robot, specifically exploring three different high voltage generation methods. Finally, one of these power electronics designs is implemented and its behavior is experimentally explored.
Patterns of end-stage renal disease in US African-Americans

Summary: Although African-Americans constitute only about 12.4% of the population of the United States of America (USA), they comprise over 30% of the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patient population. Diabetes mellitus (predominantly type 2) is the most frequently reported cause of ESRD in all racial and ethnic groups in the USA. However, hypertensive renal disease is reported as the dominant cause of ESRD in African-Americans. In general, all racial and ethnic minority groups in the USA have greater incidence and prevalence rates of ESRD than Caucasians. However, survival probabilities in all ESRD patients, dialysis patients, and cadaveric renal allograft recipients are greater in African-Americans than in Caucasians. the suggested reasons for these racial and ethnic disparities are discussed.
Gonadotropic hormone-releasing hormone analog (GnRH-A) induced ovulation and spawning in female winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum)

Abstract Winter flounder females generally fail to ovulate spontaneously in the laboratory whether being held at winter water temperatures (≤0 °C) or after being exposed to seawater at 5 °C. Although treatment of flounder with gonadotropic hormone releasing hormone, [D-Ala6,Pro9-NHEt] LHRH (GnRH-A), resulted in ovulation of a few females at 0 °C, GnRH-A accelerated ovulation and spawning reliably in prespawning female flounder maintained at 5 °C. While seasonal recrudescence of flounder ovaries is largely completed by December, GnRH-A was first capable of inducing spawning of some females in February, approximately 3 months prior to the normal flounder spawning season. More rapid and predictable hormone-induced ovulatory responses were observed following GnRH-A implantation of females in May. Studies of egg and larval quality e.g., rates of egg fertilization, hatching and larval survival, demonstrated that good quality flounder offspring can be produced after accelerated spawning by GnRH-A treatment. After GnRH-A induction of spawning in February, the best flounder egg quality was observed when females had previously received brief exposure to cold winter seawater temperatures.
Comparing Constraint-Based Motion Editing Methods

Tools for assisting with editing human motion have become one of the most active research areas in the field of computer animation. Not surprisingly, the area has demonstrated some stunning successes in both research and practice. This paper explores the range of constraint-based techniques used to alter motions while preserving specific spatial features. We examine a variety of methods, defining a taxonomy of these methods that is categorized by the mechanism employed to enforce temporal constraints. We pay particular attention to a less explored category of techniques that we term per-frame inverse kinematics plus filtering, and we show how these methods may provide an easier to implement while retaining the benefits of other approaches.
Properties of scalar gluonium

We examine the properties of a scalar glueball in a simple effective-Lagrangian model which satisfies both the axial-vector and trace anomaly equations of quantum chromodynamics. The scalar-glueball decay pattern can be predicted if its mass is specified and may present some unusual features. In this approach a characteristic mass scale is directly related to the vacuum energy density which automatically comes out to be of a nonperturbative type.
Making a Difference in Research and Practice: A Commentary on “Consulting to Facilitate Planned Organizational Change in Schools,” an article by Joseph E. Zins and Robert J. Illback

Zins and Illback observed in 1995 that planned organizational change processes were neglected in practice, training, and research. In the decade following publication of their article, implementation of processes and structures of planned organizational change increased dramatically. Schools and school districts continue to face increased opportunities and challenges associated with engaging with multiple organizational change efforts and face the prospect of negotiating the demands, accountabilities, and competing priorities emerging from discrepant efforts. Challenges emerging from widespread adoption of planned change processes are discussed in this commentary.
Strong, asymmetric flux pinning by miscut-growth-initiated columnar defects in epitaxial YBa2Cu3O7-x films.

Strong flux pinning and a pronounced asymmetric angular dependence of [ital J][sub [ital c]]([ital H],[theta]) have been discovered in YBa[sub 2]Cu[sub 3]O[sub 7[minus][ital x]] films grown on miscut, mosaic LaAlO[sub 3] substrate surfaces. A new pinning peak, which at low fields is nearly as strong as the intrinsic pinning,'' is observed for magnetic field orientations between the [ital c] axis and the CuO[sub 2] plane. Cross-section transmission electron microscopy reveals columnar growth defects (2--3 nm diameter) aligned near the [ital c] axis, in concentrations [similar to]10[sup 10] cm[sup [minus]2]. The results demonstrate that deliberately modified substrate surfaces may introduce technologically useful flux pinning in YBa[sub 2]Cu[sub 3]O[sub 7[minus][ital x]] films.
Multiple Modes of Endophilin-mediated Conversion of Lipid Vesicles into Coated Tubes IMPLICATIONS FOR SYNAPTIC ENDOCYTOSIS

Endophilin A1 is a BAR (Bin/amphiphysin/Rvs) protein abundant in neural synapses that senses and induces membrane curvature, contributing to neck formation in presynaptic endocytic vesicles. To investigate its role in membrane remodeling, we used cryoelectron microscopy to characterize structural changes induced in lipid vesicles by exposure to endophilin. The vesicles convert rapidly to coated tubules whose morphology reflects the local concentration of endophilin. Their diameters and curvature resemble those of synaptic vesicles in situ. Three-dimensional reconstructions of quasicylindrical tubes revealed arrays of BAR dimers, flanked by densities that we equate with amphipathic helices whose folding and membrane insertion were attested by EPR. We also observed the compression of bulbous coated tubes into 70-A-wide cylindrical micelles, which appear to mimic the penultimate (hemi-fission) stage of endocytosis. Our findings suggest that the adaptability of endophilin-lipid interactions underlies dynamic changes of endocytic membranes.
Current MINOS Oscillation Results and Status of the NOνA Experiment

The MINOS experiment collected 3.36 × 10 20 protons-on-target from May 2005 through July 2007 from Fermilab's NuMI beam. The data are consistent with ν μ → ν τ neutrino oscillation with parameters | Δ m 2 | = ( 2.43 ± 0.13 ) × 10 − 3 eV 2 (68% CL) and sin 2 2 θ > 0.90 (90% CL). An independent analysis of the first 2.46 × 10 20 protons-on-target reveals no indication of sterile neutrino oscillation. A search for ν e appearance is ongoing. The NO ν A experiment is optimized for the detection of ν e appearance off-axis from an upgraded NuMI beam and will be capable of an order-of-magnitude greater precision in ν μ → ν τ oscillation parameters.
A Simple quasi‐steady analysis of turbulent flow freezing transients and comparison with experiments

A simple quasi-steady analysis is developed to predict transient heat transfer and pressure drop as an internal turbulent flow freezes when tube-wall temperature is suddenly lowered. Heat transfer correlations by Sparrow-Hallman-Siegel and Kays, and the Blasius friction relation are modified for this analysis. Experimental data are compared and reasonable agreement exists when relatively uniform tube-wall temperatures existed in the experimental apparatus; and indications are that the ice was of minimal thickness under those conditions. Analytical predictions did not agree well with experiments when the tube-wall temperatures in the apparatus exhibited significant nonuniformity, or when thick frozen shells existed. Une methode d'analyse simple quasi-stationnaire a ete mise au point pour predire le transfert de chaleur transitoire et la perte de charge dans un ecoulement turbulent interne qui se solidifie lors de la baisse soudaine de la temperature de la paroi. Les correlations fournies par Sparrow-Hallman-Siegel et Kays sur le transfert de chaleur et la relation de friction de Blasius sont modifiers pour les besoins de l'analyse. Les donnees experimentales sont comparees et un accord raisonnable est trouve lorsque les temperatures de paroi sont relativement uniformes dans le montage experimental; les donnees indiquent que la glace est d'une epaisseur minimale dans ces conditions. Les predictions analytiques ne concordent pas parfaitement avec les experiences lorsque les temperatures de paroi dans l'installation ne sont pas uniformes ou qu'il existe des couches de glace epaisses.
'Death and Axes': Unexpected Ca2+ Entry Phenologs Predict New Anti-schistosomal Agents

Schistosomiasis is a parasitic flatworm disease that infects 200 million people worldwide. The drug praziquantel (PZQ) is the mainstay therapy but the target of this drug remains ambiguous. While PZQ paralyses and kills parasitic schistosomes, in free-living planarians PZQ caused an unusual axis duplication during regeneration to yield two-headed animals. Here, we show that PZQ activation of a neuronal Ca2+ channel modulates opposing dopaminergic and serotonergic pathways to regulate ‘head’ structure formation. Surprisingly, compounds with efficacy for either bioaminergic network in planarians also displayed antischistosomal activity, and reciprocally, agents first identified as antischistocidal compounds caused bipolar regeneration in the planarian bioassay. These divergent outcomes (death versus axis duplication) result from the same Ca2+ entry mechanism, and comprise unexpected Ca2+ phenologs with meaningful predictive value. Surprisingly, basic research into axis patterning mechanisms provides an unexpected route for discovering novel antischistosomal agents.
Relation of Cortical Language Distribution and Cognitive Function in Surgical Epilepsy Patients

Summary: Purpose: To investigate the relation between the number and spatial distribution of language sites and specific patient- and epilepsy-related variables. Methods: Patients with stimulation-induced reading or naming errors from anterior or inferior temporal cortex (i.e., atypical temporal language sites) were compared with those with language sites confined to Wernicke's area (WA) in the posterosuperior temporal and inferior parietal perisylvian area. In a consecutive series of 44 left hemisphere language dominant patients with complex partial seizures before left temporal lobectomy, correlations were compared between cortical language distribution and measures of cognitive function. Results: Patients with atypical temporal language sites (group 1) had significantly fewer years of education that did patients with language sites in WA (group 2). Patients in group 1 had poorer verbal learning and fluency than did patients in group 2. Patients with IQ <80 were significantly more likely to have multiple sites where stimulation disrupted language than did patients with normal IQ. Number of language sites had significant negative correlations with full-scale IQ, and measures of confrontation naming, verbal fluency, and immediate verbal memory. Conclusions: Language cortex has a wider spatial distribution in epilepsy surgery patients with lower intelligence, poorer education, and worse verbal and memory skills.
False-positive transbronchial needle aspiration in bronchogenic carcinoma

In a patient with bronchogenic carcinoma, a transbronchial needle aspiration of subcarinal and paratracheal lymph nodes was performed for purposes of staging. On cytologic examination of the specimen, a clump of malignant cells was found; however, subsequent mediastinoscopy and thoracotomy showed no evidence of metastases to mediastinal lymph nodes. We postulate that specimens from transbronchial needle aspiration can be contaminated with tumor cells located on the airway surface epithelium.