cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hodgkin lymphoma as Richter transformation in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: a retrospective analysis of world literature

Summary Richter transformation in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) represents an entity of considerable genetic, molecular, immunological and clinical heterogeneity. A rare occurrence, Hodgkin variant of Richter syndrome, has not been comprehensively characterized or systematized to date. We conducted a retrospective analysis of the existing cases of Hodgkin lymphoma as Richter syndrome reported in the medical literature in the previous three and a half decades. Our search identified 86 such patients; this entity affects predominantly older men and the most common histological subtype is mixed cellularity. Interval between the diagnosis of CLL and subsequent development of Hodgkin lymphoma is circa 4AE3 years. The overall survival of patients was approximately 1AE7 years in our analysed cohort. However, our pooled data showed that patients in whom CLL had been treated with fludarabine had a shorter survival after transformation compared to the ones not treated with this agent. The role of immunosuppression and Epstein–Barr virus infection in the aetiopathogenesis of this entity remains to be clarified.
Biogeochemical, Mineralogical, and Hydrological Characteristics of an Iron Reactive Barrier Used for Treatment of Uranium and Nitrate

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a study in which a permeable iron reactive barrier was installed in late November 1997 at the U.S. Department of Energy's Y-12 National Security Complex in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. The overall goal of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the use of zero valent iron (Fe 0 ) to retain or remove uranium and other contaminants such as technetium and nitrate in groundwater. The long-term performance issues were investigated by studying the biogeochemical interactions between Fe 0 and groundwater constituents and the mineralogical and biological characteristics over an extended field operation. Results from nearly 3 years of monitoring indicated that the Fe 0 barrier was performing effectively in removing contaminant radionuclides such as uranium and technetium. In addition, a number of groundwater constituents such as bicarbonates, nitrate, and sulfate were found to react with the Fe 0 . Both nitrate and sulfate were reduced within or in the influence zone of the Fe 0 with a low redox potential. An increased anaerobic microbial population was also observed within and in the vicinity of the Fe 0 barrier, and these microorganisms were at least partially responsible for the reduction of nitrate and sulfate in groundwater. Decreased concentrations of Ca2+ and bicarbonate in groundwater occurred as a result of the formation of minerals such as aragonite (CaCO 3 ) and siderite (FeCO 3 ), which coincided with the Fe 0 corrosion and an increased groundwater pH. A suite of mineral precipitates was identified in the Fe 0 barrier system, including amorphous iron oxyhydroxides, goethite, ferrous carbonates and sulfides, aragonite, and green rusts, which were found to be responsible for the cementation and possibly clogging of Fe 0 filings observed in a number of core samples from the barrier.
Justice and Confucianism

This article surveys contemporary scholarship on justice and early Confucianism and builds upon recent work on justice in the Analects by examining the relationship between justice and moral self-cultivation in the Mengzi (Mencius) and the Xunzi. It is argued that focusing on early Confucian accounts of how a sense of justice is cultivated offers insights into Confucian views of justice because it shows how remarks on justice in the Analects, Mengzi, and Xunzi are not tangential, but rather are an important part of their accounts of Confucian moral self-cultivation.
The Function of the Quintuple Innervation of a Crustacean Muscle

The functions of the five fibres innervating the flexor muscle of the carpopodite was investigated in Panulirus interruptus. The four thicker fibres were found to be motor axons, each eliciting a contraction with different characteristics. These four contractions were accompanied by four different types of action currents. The thinnest fibre when stimulated simultaneously with any of the four motor fibres caused inhibition of the contraction. It is concluded that all four contractions take place in all the muscle fibres and that the conception of the mechanism of crustacean nerve muscle system developed before is enlarged to include the new results. The possible biological significance of the quintuple innervation is discussed.
Temperature-Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry through Heat Diffusion Analysis

In the present study, a complete model of thermal diffusion in a TMDSC specimen is presented. The governing equation takes into account thermal conductivity and does not neglect temperature gradients. This model is solved analytically for a specimen of cylindrical geometry with two surfaces following the block temperature and considering the third surface insulated. The full analytical solution consists of a transient and an asymptotic expression. The asymptotic expression is divided into an underlying and a cyclic part to allow comparison with existing models. The present model finds that the phase angle between the temperatures of sample and block are dependent upon the sample material, which has not been predicted by existing models. Moreover, the present model does not require the use of an experimentally determined constant as long as the cell is ideal. It was found that the phase lag between sample and block temperatures could be described by two effective thermal diffusivities, Λ′ and Λ″, instead of complex heat capacities \(c'_p {\text{ and }}c''_{\text{p}} \) and \(c'_p {\text{ and }}c''_{\text{p}} \). These heat capacity parameters were viewed as mathematical artifacts arising from the use of an over-simplified governing equation that does not take into account thermal conductivity and thermal gradients within the specimen.
Artificial neural network electronic nose for volatile organic compounds

Advanced microsystems that include, sensors, interface-circuits, and pattern-recognition integrated monolithically or in a hybrid module are needed for civilian, military, and space applications. These include: automotive, medical applications, environmental engineering, and manufacturing automation. ASICs with Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are considered in this paper, with the objective of recognizing air-borne volatile organic compounds, especially alcohols, ethers, esters, halocarbons, NH/sub 3/, NO/sub 2/, and other warfare agent simulants. The ASIC inputs are connected to the outputs from array-distributed sensors which measure three-features for identifying each of four chemicals. A Specialized Reinforcement Neural Network (RNN) learning approach is chosen for the chemicals classification problem. Hardware implementation of the RNN is presented for 2 /spl mu/m CMOS process, MOSIS chip. Design implementation and evaluation are also presented.
A dual control for linear systems with control dependent plant and measurement noise

The problem of control of a stochastic system with control dependent noise is investigated. Both the system driving noise and system measurement noise are assumed to have control dependent terms. The approximation of neglecting higher order terms in the control is introduced in the derivation of the a posteriori conditional covariance matrices of the system state. These approximate conditional covariance matrices are used in a stochastic dynamic programming algorithm to obtain a linear feedback law. The control feedback matrices multiplying the estimates for system state are not those of the equivalent deterministic system and the separation theorem in its usual form does not apply to this class of problems. The control policy given by the algorithm reduces to the optimal control policy in two cases in which the optimal control is known. These are the case of no control dependent noise and the case of no measurement noise. A third order numerical example is investigated to illustrate the nature of the algorithm.
La Dama de Elche tras diez años polémicos

Hace diez anos, el autor de este articulo publico en ingles un estudio monografico sobre el famoso busto de la Dama de Elche; en seguida, su libro se tradujo al castellano. Alli se presentaron al gran publico espanol unas treinta razones, todas distintas pero complementarias entre si, para apoyar la novedosa tesis del autor que arguia que la tan celebrada Dama de Elche, en vez de ser un ejemplo autentico de la plastica iberica, la obra fechada por los arqueologos espanoles hacia 450 a.C., es, por el contrario, una obra creada en el ano 1897 d.C. Ademas de dar un resumen de dichos treinta tesis defendiendo el estatus real de la Dama de Elche como un fraude moderno, el autor da cuenta de sus esfuerzos infatigables durante la ultima decada para inducir a las autoridades espanolas a que apliquen ciertos metodos reconocidos de analisis cientifico al busto ahora discutido, con el proposito de resolver de un modo definitivo la verdadera fecha de su creacion: ora "antigua" ora "moderna". Se espera que la publicacion del presente articulo obligue a actuar a las autoridades espanolas para que se realicen esas necesarias pruebas
Impact of iron encapsulation within the interior aqueous phase of water-in-oil-in-water emulsions on lipid oxidation

Abstract Iron (Fe 3+ ) was encapsulated within the internal aqueous phase of water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsions, and then the impact of this iron on the oxidative stability of fish oil droplets was examined. There was no significant change in lipid droplet diameter in the W/O/W emulsions during 7 days storage, suggesting that the emulsions were stable to lipid droplet flocculation and coalescence, and internal water diffusion/expulsion. The initial iron encapsulation (4 mg/100 g emulsion) within the internal aqueous phase of the water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions was high (>99.75%), although, a small amount leaked out over 7 days storage (≈10 μg/100 g emulsion). When W/O/W emulsions were mixed with fish oil droplets the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) formed decreased (compared to fish oil droplets alone) by an amount that depended on iron concentration and location, i.e., no added iron
Multistage heat treatment

Multistage heat treatments have been used to clarify transformation mechanisms and to provide a basis for reducing heat treating time in commercial practice and/or obtaining improved properties. The influence of stepped transformation on the kinetics of the bainite reaction is examined and the results suggest means for improving the hardenability of medium alloy steels. The application of double aging treatments to age hardening systems also is examined.
Transgenic Expression of Interleukin-13 in the Skin Induces a Pruritic Dermatitis and Skin Remodeling

IL-13 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases, including atopic dermatitis (AD). However, a direct role of IL-13 in AD has not been established. We aimed to develop an inducible transgenic model in which IL-13 can be expressed in the skin and to define the resulting dermal phenotype and mechanisms involved. The keratin 5 promoter was used with a tetracycline-inducible system to target IL-13 to the skin. The clinical manifestations, dermal histology, cytokine gene regulation, and systemic immune responses in the transgenic mice were assessed. IL-13 was produced exclusively in the skin and caused a chronic inflammatory phenotype characterized by xerosis and pruritic eczematous lesions; dermal infiltration of CD4+ T cells, mast cells, eosinophils, macrophages, and Langerhans cells; upregulation of chemokine and cytokine genes, including thymic stromal lymphopoietin; and skin remodeling with fibrosis and increased vasculature. The dermal phenotype was accompanied by elevated serum total IgE and IgG1 and increased production of IL-4 and IL-13 by CD4+ cells from lymphoid tissues and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. IL-13 is a potent stimulator of dermal inflammation and remodeling and this transgenic model of AD is a good tool for investigating the underlying mechanisms in the pathogenesis of AD.
L11 and L111 x‐ray absorption discontinuities of Tb in some Tb compounds

The L11 and L111 absorption discontinuities of Tb in various Tb compounds have been recorded using an automated and highly stable x-ray unit. The energy shifts have been discussed in terms of effective ionic charge. Applying Levy's method, the radii of the first coordination sphere have been calculated from the extended fine structure.
Fate of Shiga toxin-producing O157:H7 and non-O157:H7 Escherichia coli cells within blade-tenderized beef steaks after cooking on a commercial open-flame gas grill.

We compared the fate of cells of both Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 (ECOH) and Shiga toxin–producing non-O157:H7 E. coli (STEC) in blade-tenderized steaks after tenderization and cooking on a gas grill. In phase I, beef subprimal cuts were inoculated on the lean side with about 5.5 log CFU/g of a five-strain mixture of ECOH or STEC and then passed once through a mechanical blade tenderizer with the lean side facing up. In each of two trials, 10 core samples were removed from each of two tenderized subprimals and cut into six consecutive segments starting from the inoculated side. Ten total cores also were obtained from two nontenderized (control) subprimals, but only segment 1 (the topmost segment) was sampled. The levels of ECOH and STEC recovered from segment 1 were about 6.0 and 5.3 log CFU/g, respectively, for the control subprimals and about 5.7 and 5.0 log CFU/g, respectively, for the tenderized subprimals. However, both ECOH and STEC behaved similarly in terms of translocation, and...
Validation of Bed-Load Transport Measurements with Time-Sequenced Bathymetric Data

Advances in bathymetric data acquisition have made it possible to explore alternative methods for measuring bed-load transport in rivers. The method validated herein consists of measuring rates of bed scour by using time-sequenced bathymetric data. The validation is performed in a laboratory flume by comparing the measured rates of bed scour with direct measurements of bed-load transport. The bed forms in the flume are dunes traveling at nearly constant speed. The shape of the dunes remains nearly constant. No suspended load is present. The ranges for Froude and Rouse numbers are 0.24–0.50 and 4.6–10.4, respectively. The study shows that under the given conditions, bed-load transport determined from time-sequenced bathymetric data is equally accurate to that determined from measurements of bed-form amplitude and speed. Obtaining bed-load transport from time-sequenced bathymetric data is often more expedient than traditional methods.
Friction and Wear Behavior of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene as a Function of Polymer Crystallinity

In this study the friction and wear behavior of medical grade ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) (GUR 1050 resin) were evaluated as a function of polymer crystallinity. Crystallinity was controlled by heating UHMWPE samples to a temperature above its melting point and varying the hold time and cooling rates. Degree of crystallinity of the samples was evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Quantitative friction experiments were conducted at two different scales. A custom-made microtribometer with commercially available spherical Si3 N4 probes in dry conditions was used to test friction at the microscale. An atomic force microscope with commercially available Si3 N4 probes under dry conditions was used for nanoscale experiments. A higher degree of crystallinity in the UHMWPE resulted in lower friction force and an increase in scratch resistance at both scales. Reciprocating wear tests preformed using the tribometer show that higher crystallinity also results in lower friction, as well as lower wear depth and width.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
The Physiome Projects and Multiscale Modeling [Life sciences]

The Physiome Projects are a diverse set of scientifically independent projects addressing integrative systems physiology and biology, conducted by individual investigators and teams from different countries. The emphasis in these projects is on medically related physiology and pharmacology. They gather modeling work, information processing methods and tools, databases, and other resources and make them available to a large research community. Multiscale methods have been exploited in signal and image processing and in a wide range of other fields including biology, nanotechnology, materials, and aerodynamics. In this article, we present an overview of the status, accomplishments, and challenges of the Physiome Projects and outline the role played by multiscale modeling.
Discrete measurements of reactive gases and fine particle mass and composition during the 1999 Atlanta Supersite Experiment

[1] During the Atlanta Supersite Experiment (ASSE) in August 1999, a three-channel particle composition monitor (PCM) was used to measure PM2.5 mass and composition as well as gas-phase NH3, HCl, HNO3, HONO, SO2, and acetic, formic, and oxalic acids over integrating periods of 10–24 hours. The period was characterized by stagnant periods associated with high temperatures, relative humidities, and UV radiation, underlying parameters causing photochemical activity with intense ozone, and PM2.5 formation. Analysis of diurnal measurements points to photochemical sources of HNO3, HONO, acetic, and formic acids. NO2 denuder artifact reactions are assessed, and it is found that the secondary heterogeneous O3 reaction potentially overcorrects the nitrite to nitrate oxidation step on the denuder walls, underestimating [HNO3] and correspondingly overestimating [HONO]. The high ambient humidity caused gravimetric mass to be systematically high by about 20 ± 8%, which was interpreted as hydrate artifact and corrected for. Despite this correction, and inclusion of other organic elements (OOE) (OOE = 0.6 * organic carbon (OC)), an average percent fraction unidentified mass of 13 ± 10% relative to the total reported mass concentration still remained. However, if semivolatile OC collected on an XAD-coated quartz backup filter placed downstream of an XAD-denuded quartz front filter are included, an almost complete closure in the mass balance is achieved. The possible use of different OOE factors for OC and semivolatile OC (here 0.6 and 0.4, respectively) is also investigated, taking into account the different physical properties of carbon species collected from quartz front and XAD-coated quartz backup filters. It can be speculated that photochemically well-aged and well-mixed air masses contain organic compounds with more highly oxygenated and less volatile functional groups, whereas under more stagnant conditions, particle-phase organics might be less oxygenated and therefore more volatile. Sulfate and all organic compounds (including particle bound light organic acids, organic carbon, and OOE) are the main identified contributors to overall PM2.5 mass with 32 ± 8 and 39 ± 12%, respectively. Acidity calculations based on the particle-phase SO42−/NO3−/NH4+ system show slightly acidic conditions.
Structure-Based Design of Potent Inhibitors of Scytalone Dehydratase: Displacement of a Water Molecule from the Active Site‡

Scytalone dehydratase (SD) is a molecular target of inhibitor design efforts aimed at protecting rice plants from the fungal disease caused by Magnaporthe grisea. As determined from X-ray diffraction data of an SD-inhibitor complex [Lundqvist et al. (1994) Structure (London) 2, 937-944], there is an extended hydrogen-bonding network between protein side chains, the inhibitor, and two bound water molecules. From models of SD complexed to quinazoline and benztriazine inhibitors, a new class of potent SD inhibitors involving the displacement of an active-site water molecule were designed. We were able to increase inhibitory potency by synthesizing compounds with a nitrile functionality displayed into the space occupied by one of the crystallographic water molecules. Sixteen inhibitors are compared. The net conversion of potent quinazoline and benztriazine inhibitors to cyanoquinolines and cyanocinnolines increased binding potency 2-20-fold. Replacement of the nitrile with a hydrogen atom lowered binding affinity 100-30,000-fold. X-ray crystallographic data at 1.65 A resolution on a SD-inhibitor complex confirmed that the nitrile functionality displaced the water molecule as intended and that a favorable orientation was created with tyrosines 30 and 50 which had been part of the hydrogen-bonding network with the water molecule. Additional data on inhibitors presented herein reveals the importance of two hydrogen-bonding networks toward inhibitory potency: one between Asn131 and an appropriately positioned inhibitor heteroatom and one between a bound water molecule and a second inhibitor heteroatom.
International Equine Ophthalmology Consortium (IEOC) Symposium

Summary This first IEOC symposium met its goals of gathering a group of leading equine ophthalmology clinicians and researchers to identify the challenges of the field. To facilitate collaboration, notes from round-table discussions, including the ideas and plans that were discussed are being complied and will be distributed to the attendees. Development of an IEOC membership organisation and website was discussed and supported by the group in an effort further to advance the science of equine ophthalmology. To present results from the collaborations made at this first IEOC meeting, an IEOC mini-symposium will be held at the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists Annual Meeting in Chicago Illinois, on 6th November 2009. The second annual IEOC symposium will be held in Vienna, Austria on 4th and 5th June 2010.
Mm-wave absorption by two level systems in mesoscopic amorphous grains

Abstract Temperature dependent mm-wave (0.7–3 mm) absorption in mesoscopic amorphous silicate grains synthesized by sol-gel reaction has been measured between 1.2 and 15 K. These amorphous powders are precursors to forsterite (Mg 2 SiO 4 ), enstatite (MgSiO 3 ) and MgO · 2SiO 2 . The measured bleaching of the absorption with increasing temperature characteristic of two level system behavior is observed in all cases and the results are compared with those obtained from bulk aerogel and soda-lime-silica glass. The weighted spectral density of two level states throughout this wavelength region is shown to be larger for all the silicate particles when compared with bulk soda-lime-silica glass.
Evaluation of quantitative and type-specific real-time RT-PCR assays for detection of respiratory syncytial virus in respiratory specimens from children

Abstract Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract morbidity in young children and immunosuppressed patients. Objectives: To rapidly and accurately quantify and subtype RSV in respiratory samples, we developed and evaluated two real-time RT-PCR assays. Study design: A quantitative assay was designed using primers for a consensus region of the matrix protein gene and a subtype-specific assay for RSV-A and RSV-B detection was designed using primers for the polymerase gene. Quantitative RSV RT-PCR results of pediatric nasal wash samples submitted to the University of Washington Virology Laboratory from December 2002, through May 2003, were compared to those of an indirect fluorescent antibody RSV antigen detection assay (FA). Results: Specificity of the RT-PCR assay was high, with no amplification of eleven common respiratory viruses and eight herpes viruses. Among 751 samples, RSV was detected in 267 (35.6%) by FA and in 286 (38.1%) by RT-PCR. Median RSV copy number in nasal wash samples that were positive by both FA and RT-PCR was 2.5×10 7 copies/mL versus a median of 3.0×10 4 copies/mL for samples positive by RT-PCR only ( P Conclusions: These real-time RT-PCR assays provide a rapid, specific, and highly sensitive alternative for detecting, quantifying, and subtyping RSV in clinical specimens.
Neutral functional integro-differential equations with weakly singular kernels

The well-posedness of a general functional differential equation of neutral type is considered, where the difference operator does not have an atom at zero. the results are applicable to certain classes of singular integro-differential equations that occur in aeroelasticity. The equations are considered as dynamical systems on product spaces
Enhancement of AlGaN/GaN high-electron mobility transistor off-state drain breakdown voltage via backside proton irradiation

Proton irradiation from the backside of the samples were employed to enhance off-state drain breakdown voltage of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) grown on Si substrates. Via holes were fabricated directly under the active area of the HEMTs by etching through the Si substrate for subsequent backside proton irradiation. By taking the advantage of the steep drop at the end of proton energy loss profile, the defects created by the proton irradiation from the backside of the sample could be precisely placed at specific locations inside the AlGaN/GaN HEMT structure. There were no degradation of drain current nor enhancement of off-state drain voltage breakdown voltage observed for the irradiated AlGaN/GaN HEMTs with the proton energy of 225 or 275 keV, for which the defects created by the proton irradiations were intentionally placed in the GaN buffer. HEMTs with defects placed in the 2 dimensional electron gas (2DEG) channel region and AlGaN barrier using 330 or 340 keV protons not only showed degradation of drain current, but also exhibited improvement of the off-state drain breakdown voltage. FLOODS TCAD finite-element simulations were performed to confirm the hypothesis of a virtual gate formed around the 2DEG region to reduce the peak electric field around the gate edges and increase the off-state drain breakdown voltage.
Internationalization and Performance Outcomes of Entrepreneurial Family SMEs: The Role of Outside CEOs, Technology Sourcing, and Innovation

Previous studies suggest that the relationship between strategic change and firm performance depends on the organizational conditions under which the change is initiated and implemented. An important organizational condition that is salient in understanding the performance effect of strategic change is executive leadership. Focusing on outside succession among family businesses in an emerging economy, this study attempts to understand the role of outside chief executive officers (CEOs) on the firm's innovative and internationalization efforts. Based on interviews with 110 small and medium-sized family companies in Malaysia, this study found that functional and process upgrading strategies depend not only on the firms’ internal and external sourcing strategies but also is moderated by the international experience of the outside CEO. Focusing on both financial and nonfinancial performance outcomes, the mediating effect of internationalization on the relationship between innovation and performance found mixed results. Findings suggest a fully mediating effect between process innovations and financial performance while a fully and partially mediating effect was observed for the relationships between product innovation and process innovation and nonfinancial performance, respectively. Finally, the interaction between international experience of outside CEOs and firm's degree of internationalization (DOI) is positively related to both financial and nonfinancial performance suggesting that the internationalization-performance relationship is strengthened when an outside CEO possesses greater international experience. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cochlear degeneration in aged rats of four strains

Abstract Animals with various degrees of inbreeding, some of which are albino, are frequently used in biological research. Albinos do not produce melanin and it is therefore absent from the cochlea. While the function of melanin is unknown, it has been hypothesized that it is involved in cochlear homeostasis. It is possible then, that age-related degeneration may be affected by the presence or absence of melanin. We therefore evaluated young (2–6 months old) and aged (24–36 months old) cochleas in 4 different rat strains: albino Fischer 344 and Lewis rats and pigmented Lewis-Brown Norway F1 rats and Brown Norway rats. Cochlear morphology was the same across all strains of young adult animals with the exception that the pigmented animals had small, darkly stained granules in the stria vascularis. The aged pigmented animals all had large granules as well as small ones. Degeneration of spiral ganglion cells in the apical region of the ganglion had occured in the old animals of all strains. Strial degeneration at the apex was also present in aged animals. There was no correlation between the presence or absence of melanin and the magnitude of cochlear degenerative changes in the aged animals. The presence or absence of melanin therefore, appears to have no effect on cochlear degeneration in the aged rat cochlea.
Connecting education and practice in an instructional design graduate program

This paper reports on a curriculum project in which principles of instructional design are integrated with real-world experiences in a corporate environment. Working in design teams, graduate students served as instructional developers in a corporate environment. The course instructor acted as project leader. Initially, both the client organization and design teams expressed confusion concerning their roles in relation to the course instructor. Design teams initially used technical language not readily understood by the client. The lack of guidance in instructional models on the development of appropriate instructional strategies was noted by all teams. Design teams concluded that knowledge of instructional design principles is a necessary but not sufficient preparation for professional activity as instructional developers. By the end of the three-month project, both the client organization and the design teams expressed strong satisfaction with the process and the outcome.
Learning to Tie Well with Others Bimanual vs. Intermanual Coordination during Shoe-tying

A shoe-tying paradigm was developed to examine mode effects and motor learning functions when people are asked to handle a familiar object (e.g., tying a shoe) using an unfamiliar coordination mode...
Allele Frequency Analysis of Five Soluble Protein Loci in Brook Trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill)

Abstract Phenotypes for five soluble protein loci (serum transferrin, lactate dehydrogenase, and three eye lens proteins) in native brook trout, Salvelinus jontinalis (Mitchill), were determined by either acrylamide or starch gel electrophoresis. An allele frequency analysis involving these five loci was performed and the resultant allele frequencies were compared (chi-square of contingency) with results of a similar study conducted on samples from the same streams in 1966. All intra-stream, inter-year heterogeneities of the serum transferrin allele frequencies were found to be statistically insignificant. Intra-stream, inter-year heterogeneities of the three lens protein loci were statistically insignificant except for one population. In this one population the dominant allele (LP5 had become fixed, which seems to be the most frequent condition in natural populations. Determination of phenotypes and calculation of allele frequencies at the LDH-B locus indicated that certain heterozygous genotypes cannot ...
Model of a Split-Flow Airlift Bioreactor for Attachment-Dependent, Baculovirus-Infected Insect Cells

A mathematical model of a split-flow airlift bioreactor using attachment-dependent, baculovirus-infected insect cells is presented. The model is structured to predict the dynamics of human secreted alkaline phosphatase (seAP) production, nonoccluded virus (NOV) production, infected cell density, uninfected cell density, and lysed cell density for a variety of infection conditions in the reactor. Infected cells are divided into subpopulations on the basis of the time of initial infection and spatial location within the reactor. The infection rate is modeled as first order in virus concentration at low virus concentrations but zero order at high virus concentrations. NOV and seAP production in each subpopulation is assumed to be dependent on the age of the culture and degree of confluency. The subpopulation growth rate is assumed to be dependent on dissolved oxygen concentration and cell density. Extracellular degradation of seAP is included. Model parameters were estimated independently from the literature on Trichoplusia ni BTI-TN-5B1-4 cells infected with recombinant Autographa californica multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) encoding seAP. Model predictions of seAP production are in reasonable agreement with laboratory scale bioreactor data for multiplicity of infection (MOI) values ranging from 1 to 30. The model predicts that bioreactor protein productivity could be increased significantly by operating at an MOI of 10, an initial cell density of 2.5 x 10 5 cells/cm 2 , an area ratio of riser to downcomer of 25 :75, and an airflow rate of 100 mL/min.
Generation of dynamo magnetic fields in protoplanetary and other astrophysical accretion disks

A computational method for treating the generation of dynamo magnetic fields in astrophysical disks is presented. The numerical difficulty of handling the boundary condition at infinity in the cylindrical disk geometry is overcome by embedding the disk in a spherical computational space and matching the solutions to analytically tractable spherical functions in the surrounding space. The lowest lying dynamo normal modes for a 'thick' astrophysical disk are calculated. The generated modes found are all oscillatory and spatially localized. Tha potential implications of the results for the properties of dynamo magnetic fields in real astrophysical disks are discussed.
Energy enhancements in mode-locked laser cavities using multi-mode fiber lasers

The averaged mode-locking dynamics in a multi-mode fiber is studied. The transverse mode structures of the electric field are determined from a linear eigenvalue problem, and the co-propagation of the corresponding mode envelopes is governed by a system of coupled Ginzburg-Landau equations (CGLEs) which accounts explicitly for bandwidth-limited saturable gain as well as saturable absorption. Simulations show that stable and robust modelocked pulses with high energy can be produced. The maximum pulse energy is simulated as a function of the linear coupling and coiling loss. The present work provides for an excellent tool for characterizing mode-locking performance.
Being the Machine: Reconfiguring Agency and Control in Hybrid Fabrication

This paper details the design and evaluation of Being the Machine, a portable digital fabrication system that places digital fabrication activity outside of the traditional fab lab environment. Being the Machine invites people to (re)consider materials found in their everyday and personal environment as part of the fabrication activity. We expand the design space involving hybrid (physical-digital) fabrication by describing how our system draws from art to support critical and reflective modes of making. In interaction with our system, participants distributed control between human and machine actors to support their preferred mode of making. These patterns reveal new opportunities and challenges for future hybrid fabrication systems, and suggest that designing for qualities of experience, like meditation and reflection, could support meaningful making experiences for many different kinds of makers.
Soft playing splint for protection of significant hand and wrist injuries in sports

A simple custom-made soft splint has been devised to allow safe sports participation for significant hand and wrist injuries. Made from readily available materials, this "rubber splint" has been used successfully in 113 injuries reviewed in this report. This splint is a result of a modification of an original "Duke" splint described by Dobson, Davis, Lincoln, and Basset, (Exhibit at American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, San Francisco, California, 1971) and the soft cast used at the University of Virginia by McCue and Gieck (personal communication).
Adaptable-delay balanced-loss binary photonic delay line architectures using polarization switching

Abstract A photonic delay line (PDL) architecture that gives balanced loss switched states is proposed and demonstrated. This balanced loss performance leads to balanced optical signal flow through the delay line, as is critically required in many signal processing applications. The balanced PDL module design also provides efficient usage of optical power. This module is based on a compact reflective and symmetric optical layout geometry. It is also adjustable to a wide range of time delays, from subpicoseconds to tens of nanoseconds, hence the adaptable nature of hardware. Theoretical analysis as well as experiments are performed to make comparisons with the previously demonstrated reflective PDL architecture. Issues such as electrical signal-to-noise ratio and relative output signal power between the two PDL settings are discussed. In addition to the new adaptable delay balanced loss PDL, two novel hardware compression techniques based on wavelength multiplexing and polarization multiplexing are proposed that can be used with the adaptable PDL architecture to realize multichannel PDLs.
Content analysis of continuing education for cervical cytology.

Aim The purpose of this project was to assess free and low-cost web-based continuing education activities to determine if they reflect updated national guidelines for cervical cancer screening. Methods A qualitative design and descriptive statistics were used to conduct a content analysis. An abstraction tool was used to evaluate 15 continuing education activities. Data collection was conducted between January and February 2013 by two registered nurses. The results were recorded independently and compared for agreement between data collectors, as well as inter-rater reliability of the data collectors, and the abstraction tool was used to collect data for the analysis. Results The majority of the continuing education activities included the updated guidelines for screening intervals, the age to begin screening and when to discontinue screening. Most of the activities also indicated that human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing is not recommended for younger women. Very few of the continuing education activities included tips for providers to use when counselling patients. Conclusions The correct information on age-appropriate screening intervals and HPV co-testing was included in the continuing education activities reviewed. The areas that were largely underrepresented in the continuing education activities were the risk factors, prevention measures for transmission of HPV, patient counselling about HPV and the appropriate screening practices.
Images in cardiovascular medicine. A "mickey mouse" coronary anomaly: aorto-left atrial fistula with aneurysm.

A 58-year-old asymptomatic man with a heart murmur underwent routine Doppler stress echocardiography that detected abnormal high-intensity flow from the aorta to the left atrium. Coronary angiography with a 6-French Amplatz left catheter (Scimed/Boston Scientific) and MEDRAD (MEDRAD Inc) power injections of radiographic contrast revealed a large aorto-left atrial fistula originating anteriorly from the aorta above the sinotubular junction. The fistula …
The reaction of alkynes with dichloroborane ethyl etherate in the presence of boron trichloride. A simple, general synthesis of alkenyldichloroboranes

Abstract The hydroboration of alkynes with dichloroborane ethyl etherate induced by boron trichloride in pentane gives alkenyldichloroboranes providing, for the first time, a simple, general synthesis of these compounds and their derivatives.
Organization Development in the 1980's

Analysis of past reviews helps define OD and critical issues: focus on structure versus behavioral process, and concern with performance versus people. A literature review shows how these conflicts are being resolved. Four major research issues are defined and discussed. The OD literature suggests (a) OD is now more a normal part of management, (b) the themes of structure and process have largely been integrated, and (c) focus on culture may help integrate conflicting values. OD is entering an exciting and productive new area of maturity and achievement.
A comparison of the mismatch negativity (MMN) event-related potential to tone and speech stimuli in normal and aphasic adults

We evaluated the mismatch negativity (MMN) event-related potential (ERP) in normal and aphasic adults to tone and speech stimuli to determine aphasic patients' auditory discrimination and the relationship between MMN measures and severity of aphasia. MMNs were present in 89 % of normal subjects and 79 % of aphasic subjects to tone stimuli. MMNs were present in 100% of normal subjects and 54 % of aphasic subjects to speech stimuli. The duration of the MMN ERP to speech stimuli was significantly related to severity of aphasia on the Western Aphasia Battery, Porch Index of Communicative Ability, and the Token Test. Thus, not all aphasic people show an early, preconscious orientation response to tone and speech stimuli. However, the duration of this response, when present, to speech stimuli appears to be related to the severity of aphasia.
Strategic voting in established and new democracies: Ticket splitting in mixed-member electoral systems

Abstract Using Cox's ’SF-ratio’ (the ratio of the vote won by the ’second loser’ to that of the ’first loser’), we examine strategic voting in mixed-member electoral systems in ten countries and a total of 35 elections. The SF-ratio is a useful indicator of strategic defection from less competitive to more competitive electoral options that is comparable across very diverse country cases. Under conditions of a Duvergerian equilibrium, where there is substantial information indicating which candidate is likely to end up the top challenger to the frontrunner, the SF-ratio for a district will tend toward zero. In contrast, in cases where voters either are unwilling or unable to cast strategic ballots, SF-ratios will tend to be higher. Our findings show substantial evidence of strategic voting in established democracies, particularly in districts with closer races, but little evidence of strategic voting in new democracies with poorly institutionalized party systems.
Application of the bending-under-tension friction test to coated sheet steels

Application of the bending-under-tension-test to study the friction behavior of six zinc-based coated sheet steels is considered. The details of a laboratory test system are presented along with an analysis of the methods used to reduce the data. Several theoretical treatments exist in the literature; however, those that incorporate sheet bending have been shown to yield more accurate results. For coated sheet steels, the assumption that the friction coefficient is constant with contact pressure is considered in an analysis of the dependence of friction coefficient on contact pressure.
Performance of a 500-W Nd:GGG zigzag slab oscillator

Realization of practical multi-kilowatt Nd:garnet lasers will require the scale-up of crystal dimensions as well as more powerful pumping sources. A high average power zigzag slab crystal amplifier testing facility has been established at LLNL which employs two 100 kWe vortex stabilized arc lamps, cooled reflectors and a cooled, spectrally filtered, crystal slab mounting fixture. The operational characteristics of the first crystal laser to be tested in this setup, a Nd:GGG zigzag oscillator, are presented. A Nd:GGG crystal of dimensions 18x7x0.5 cm3, doped at 2x1020 cm-3 Nd3+ atomic density, was pumped by up to 40 kW of filtered argon line emission. A small-signal single pass gain (losses excluded) of 1.09 was measured with a probe laser when the DC input to the lamps was 43 kWe. Our power supply was then modified to operate in a pulsed mode and provided one to three milliseconds pulses at 120 Hz. An average optical output power of 490 watts was obtained at a lamp input power of 93 kWe in an unoptimized resonator. The laser output power declined after a few tens of seconds since the slab tips were not properly cooled. A birdhouse specular lamp reflector and a contoured diffuse reflector were tested; in both cases the pump illuminated crystal surface was smaller than the total crystal face area. Fluorescence imaging of the zigzag amplifier's output aperture registered a smoother, more uniform pumping profile when the diffuse reflector was used. Uniformity of pumping results in decreased resonator loss and yields higher laser output power. Thermo-optic distortions observed in these preliminary tests are analyzed with the aid of computer simulations of the thermal fields, stresses, and surface displacements of our crystal slab.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Commercialization of optoelectronic integrated circuits

The remarkable early success and current explosive growth of electronic integrated circuits (ICs) have fascinated photonics researchers since 1969 with the prospect of similar success in photonic ICs. We will compare the slow progress of photonic integrated circuits with that of electronic ICs.
Exponential-sum fitting of radiative transmission functions

Abstract Fitting transmission functions with exponential sums is the basis for a widely used approximation for calculating spectrally integrated radiative fluxes in planetary atmospheres, especially when both line absorption and scattering are important. The error in this method depends crucially on the accuracy of the fits, but unfortunately exponential-sum sumting is a classical ill-conditioned problem of numerical analysis. Previous techniques devised for exponential-sum fitting are often unsatisfactory in this application. We present a new method which sidesteps the ill conditioning, guarantees convergence to the unique best least-squares fit, gives positive coefficients, and produces fits orders of magnitude more accurate than any which have so far been published. The method is demonstrated to be capable of recovering an exponential sum, given data sampled from that sum and rounded to as few as two decimal places. Sample fits are given for the Goody and Malkmus random band models and the Yamamoto H 2 O solar absorption data in order to illustrate the high accuracy of the method. The effect on the fits of errors in the transmission data is examined in some depth.
Class, Gender, and Societal Inequalities: A Study of Nigerian and Thai Undergraduate Students.

This article focuses on the linkages between class, gender and student aspirations in the Nigerian and Thai cultural contexts. Building upon critical and feminist theory that employs class and patriarchal relationships to explain the role of educational institutions, this study examines the educational and career aspirations of 741 university students from two different cultural and academic settings.