cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE BUTTERFLY SEARCH TECHNIQUE FOR ESTIMATION OF BLOOD VELOCITY

Abstract We present a novel, robust and accurate blood velocity estimation technique that is implementable by elementary digital signal processing. In this technique, echoes from repeated firings of a transducer are resampled along a set of predetermined trajectories of constant velocities, called “butterfly lines” because of their intersection at a reference range. The slope of the trajectory on which the sampled signals satisfy a predetermined criterion appropriate for the type of signal in question, provides an estimate of the velocity of the target. The search for this trajectory is called “butterfly search,” which can be carried out efficiently in a parallel processing scheme. The estimator can be based on the RF echo, its envelope, or its quadrature components. We present the theory of the butterfly search and some preliminary results. The butterfly search on quadrature components has shown superior noise immunity, with relatively few successive scan lines, and was found to outperform all the common time domain and Doppler techniques in simulations and phantom experiments with strong noise. The butterfly search can overcome many disadvantages faced by the present day techniques, such as the stringent tradeoff criterion between imaging resolution and velocity resolution implicit in Doppler techniques, and the need for computation-intensive operations.
Program Demultiplexing: Data-flow based Speculative Parallelization of Methods in Sequential Programs

We present Program Demultiplexing (PD), an execution paradigm that creates concurrency in sequential programs by "demultiplexing" methods (functions or subroutines). Call sites of a demultiplexed method in the program are associated with handlers that allow the method to be separated from the sequential program and executed on an auxiliary processor. The demultiplexed execution of a method (and its handler) is speculative and occurs when the inputs of the method are (speculatively) available, which is typically far in advance of when the method is actually called in the sequential execution. A trigger, composed of predicates that are based on program counters and memory write addresses, launches the speculative execution of the method on another processor. Our implementation of PD is based on a full-system execution-based chip multi-processor simulator with software to generate triggers and handlers from an x86- program binary. We evaluate eight integer benchmarks from the SPEC2000 suite .programs written in C with no explicit concurrency and/or motivation to create concurrency. and achieve a harmonic mean speedup of 1.8x with our implementation of PD.
Free-air gravity anomalies in the world's oceans and their relationship to residual elevation

Summary Surface-ship gravity measurements were used to obtain 5 times 5° average free–air gravity anomalies over much of the world's oceans. Comparison of the surface data with the recent GEM 6 ’combination’ field shows the combination solution to be in reasonable agreement with the surface data in most areas in the general location and amplitude of major features of the Earth's gravity field. There is, however, significant disagreement on the location of extrema and on the exact values at specific points. It is thus necessary to use surface data to make detailed studies of the relationship of the gravity field to surface features at wavelengths of less than 4000 km. Mid-ocean ridges are consistently characterized by a gravity maximum. The gravity anomaly across mid-ocean ridges can be described by an empirical 1°× 1° average gravity–age relationship which shows a positive gravity anomaly of about 25 mgal falling off to zero by about 40 my. The observed gravity–age relationship is generally compatible with current thermal models of the lithosphere. The empirical gravity–age curve was removed from the free–air anomalies to produce residual gravity anomalies which can be compared to similarly obtained residual depth anomalies. A correlation between the two is found over some features. The most prominent of these are intermediate wavelength positive features associated with areas of extensive off-ridge volcanism. This applies not only to recently active areas but also to inactive areas such as Bermuda and aseismic ridges. On the other hand, areas of unusual elevation and volcanic activity located at a mid-ocean ridge crest such as Iceland and the Azores do not have a corresponding gravity amomaly at intermediate wavelengths. The long-wavelength component of the Earth's gravity field is characterized by large areas in which significant anomalies of constant sign are found. There is no apparent relationship between the long-wavelength gravity anomalies and oceanic depths. If the gravity anomalies have their origin within the asthenosphere, the lithosphere must in effect be decoupled from the main body of the asthenosphere. This could result from the effects of a strongly depth-dependent viscosity on the convection pattern under the elastic plates.
An experiment in the demand-revealing process

The principal findings of this experiment are: It is somewhat time-consuming but not otherwise difficult to employ the demand-revealing process in groups of 10 to 60. The ability of the demand-revealing process to take account of intensities of preferences is appreciated by many of the persons who have used the process, but the departure from one-man-one-vote is strongly resisted by others. The outcomes reached by demand-revealing differed from majority rule in about one-tenth of the cases. The improvement in efficiency associated with these reversals of majority rule was 2.25 percent of the net benefit of making the efficient decisions. The Clarke taxes, which would decline in percentage terms as group size increased, were 3.04 percent of the net value of efficient decisions for the decisions studied.
Examining the interface between interprofessional practice and education: Lessons learned from Norway for promoting teamwork

Promoting teamwork in health and social care requires an understanding of the interface between interprofessional practice (IPP) and interprofessional education (IPE). A study with two parts, one qualitative and one quantitative, examined this interface in Norway. The first used focus groups to assess IPP rewards, barriers, and facilitating factors among practitioners in clinical settings. The second utilized an online survey to measure IPE attitudes, barriers, and facilitating factors among senior administrators in the educational system. Results of Part 1 indicate that providers report many intrinsic rewards of IPP; however, the more extrinsic impacts of collaborative practice on patient care need to be emphasized to system managers. Results of Part 2 suggest strong general support by academic deans and directors for IPE, though addressing specific potential barriers to its implementation has become increasingly important. Overall, bridging the IPP–IPE gap requires educating leaders in both settings abo...
Specifications of a high-level conflict-free firewall policy language for multi-domain networks

Multiple firewalls typically cooperate to provide security properties for a network, despite the fact that these firewalls are often spatially distributed and configured in isolation. Without a global view of the network configuration, such a system is ripe for misconfiguration, causing conflicts and major security vulnerabilities.We propose FLIP, a high-level firewall configuration policy language for traffic access control, to enforce security and ensure seamless configuration management. In FLIP, firewall security policies are defined as high-level service-oriented goals, which can be translated automatically into access control rules to be distributed to appropriate enforcement devices. FLIP guarantees that the rules generated will be conflict-free, both on individual firewall and between firewalls. We prove that the translation algorithm is both sound and complete.FLIP supports policy inheritance and customization features that enable defining a global firewall policy for large-scale enterprise network quickly and accurately. Through a case study, we argue that firewall policy management for large-scale networks is efficient and accurate using FLIP.
Making policy for complex systems: A medical model for economics

Policy science, the effort to build a systematic approach to policymaking, has burgeoned since 1970. The number of books and journals devoted to the subject has increased sharply, as well as the number of policy-related schools, centers, and courses. At the same time, however, one finds little agreement on the nature and dimensions of the discipline, on the base of knowledge from which scholars and policy advisors ought to derive their formulations. Some scholars lean toward a strict natural science model. They hope to evolve a mathematically derived set of procedures for formulating policies, and they seek a high-powered quantitative testing of propositions to determine the “best” policy.1 Others lean toward a “softer” approach, of the kind prevalent in the humanities. They seek to sensitize a policymaker to certain considerations by transmitting the lessons of previous experiences, by calling attention to nonquantitative factors that otherwise might be overlooked, and by drawing insights from case studies.
The Comprehensiveness of Strategic Decision Processes: Extension, Observations, Future Directions

A recent study in an industry with an unstable environment (Fredrickson & Mitchell, 1984) reported a negative relationship between comprehensiveness (a measure of rationality) and organization perf...
Managing Unknown Risks

(10027). t has been said that insurance is the last of the financial services to accept radical change (Denney [1995-19961). Yet there has been a fundamental s h f t in the geographic location and in the organization of the reinsurance industry in the last s i x years (Chichilnisky [1996b]). Global environmental risks are partly responsible for this change; increased weather volatility and catastrophic risks are difficult to diversifj using traditional insurance practices. To provide a map to the future, we need a realistic appraisal of how we got where we are. This is the story of how humans have hedged risks. There are two basic and hstinct approaches: statistical and economic. The former is typical of the insurance industry; the latter typifies the securities industry. Both are needed to manage today’s catastrophc risks. Neither alone w d do. We show how a combination of both leads to effitcomes, and is the way to the future cient (Chichi Q ‘Yky [1996a, 1996b, 1996d1). The volatility of weather, taken together with population movement to warm coastal areas and changing property prices, has made catastrophic risks highly unpredictable. Many scientists believe that climate change could be the source. A recent report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), charged by governments with investigating global warming, says that humans have a “discernible” influence on global climate. In May 1996, insurance executives confronted the energy industry over global warming, and took their
A compiler-in-the-loop framework to explore horizontally partitioned cache architectures

Horizontally Partitioned Caches (HPCs) are a promising architectural feature to reduce the energy consumption of the memory subsystem. However, the energy reduction obtained using HPC architectures is very sensitive to the HPC parameters. Therefore it is very important to explore the HPC design space and carefully choose the HPC parameters that result in minimum energy consumption for the application. However, since in HPC architectures, the compiler has a significant impact on the energy consumption of the memory subsystem, it is extremely important to include compiler while deciding the HPC design parameters. While there has been no previous approaches to HPC design exploration, existing cache design space exploration methodologies do not include the compiler effects during DSE. In this paper, we present a Compiler-in- the-Loop (CIL) Design Space Exploration (DSE) methodology to explore and decide the HPC design parameters. Our experimental results on HP iPAQ h4300-like memory subsystem running benchmarks from the MiBench suite demonstrate that CIL DSE can discover HPC configurations with up to 80% lesser energy consumption than the HPC configuration in the iPAQ. In contrast, tradition simulation-only exploration can discover HPC design parameters that result in only 57% memory subsystem energy reduction. Finally our hybrid CIL DSE heuristic saves 67% of the exploration time as compared to the exhaustive exploration, while providing maximum possible energy savings on our set of benchmarks.
Convective Momentum Transport Observed during the TOGA COARE IOP. Part I: General Features

Abstract The momentum budget residual X = (X, Y) is estimated with objectively analyzed soundings taken during the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) intense observing period (IOP; November 1992–February 1993) to study the effects of convective momentum transport (CMT) over the western Pacific warm pool. The time series of X and Y exhibit multiscale temporal behavior, showing modulations by the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) and other disturbances. The power spectra of X, Y, and ITBB (an index of convective activity) are remarkably similar, showing peaks near 10, 4–5, and 2 days, and at the diurnal period, suggesting a link between deep cumulus convection and the acceleration–deceleration of the large-scale horizontal motion, via CMT, which is being modulated by various atmospheric disturbances. The temporal behavior of X and Y can be described as fractals from 1/4 to ∼20 and from 1/4 to ∼16 days, respectively. Their fractal characteristics are ...
The Theory of Dispute Resolution with Application to Intellectual Property Rights

We survey several of the theoretical models that have been applied to the analysis of the GATT/WTO dispute settlement process. These include repeated game models, which emphasize the punishment aspect of dispute settlement, and incomplete contracting models, which emphasize the “gap-filling” aspect. Our analysis emphasizes the implications of these models for the strengthening of the dispute settlement process under the WTO and for its application to the TRIPS agreement. We also discuss how models of settlement bargaining can be applied to obtain empirical predictions about which cases will actually proceed to an actual finding by the dispute panel.
Drain Spacing Based on Dynamic Equilibrium

Superposition is used to obtain an equation for the water-table elevation between parallel drains in response to a periodic sequence of instantaneous recharge events of arbitrary volume and timing. The mathematical developments are especially useful for calculating the spacing of parallel-relief drains required to achieve a prescribed maximum water-table elevation under conditions of “dynamic equilibrium.” A drain-spacing calculation, compared with the results obtained by the Bureau of Reclamation’s (USDI) approximate, dynamic-equilibrium method, shows the latter to result in a drain spacing that is on the safe side. The spacing method of this paper provides a mathematically correct alternative to the pioneering dynamic equilibrium calculation and maintains the flexibility required to handle conditions of variable recharge and drainout times.
American Influence on Chinese Physics Study in the Early Twentieth Century

To save China from the perils she faced in the early twentieth century, the majority of the Chinese seemed to agree that it was necessary to strengthen the country by developing shiye or industry and commerce. For this purpose, they overhauled China’s education system and sent a large number of students to study overseas. Many of them enrolled in American colleges, sponsored either by governmental grants or by private funds. As American physics advanced rapidly during the early twentieth century, Chinese physicists studying in top US institutions received first-class professional training. They later went on to become a main driving force in Chinese physics development. The study-in-America programs were apparently more successful than other study-overseas programs. Among other factors, the historical lessons learned from the aborted Chinese Educational Mission in the 1870s, the prevalent and long-time presence of American mission schools in China, and stable public and private funding contributed to their success. American-trained Chinese physicists not only advanced physics study in China but also played leading roles in the development of Chinese science and technology during the twentieth century. This fertile and far-reaching American influence has been embedded in all their accomplishments.
Association of 21-gene recurrence score assay and adjuvant chemotherapy use in the medicare population, 2008–2011

Abstract Objectives The 21-gene recurrence score (RS) assay helps guide adjuvant chemotherapy use for patients with breast cancer, and is predicted to reduce overall chemotherapy use. Little is known about recent patterns of testing in the Medicare program and the impact of testing on chemotherapy use as a function of patient age. Materials and Methods We conducted a national claims—based study of Medicare beneficiaries age ≥ 66 years. We assessed trends in assay use (using multivariable regression), adjuvant chemotherapy use, and associated expenditures, for all patients and for two age strata: age 66–74 years and 75–94 years. Geographic variations in assay adoption and regional-level correlation between assay and chemotherapy use were measured. Results We identified 132,222 women who underwent breast surgery from 2008–2011. Assay use increased from 9.0% to 17.2% from 2008–2011 (p Conclusion Despite increased RS testing for both younger and older Medicare patients, there has only been a modest decrease in chemotherapy use for younger patients and no change for older patients, resulting in an overall increase in costs associated with gene expression profiling.
One Approach to Personalizing a College Sexuality Course

ABSTRACTSix years ago, I began teaching a three-credit, sophomore-level college sexuality course. Looking back over that six-year period, it has become apparent that the course structure has undergone several fundamental changes based on a continuous re-evaluation of the course goals. The purpose of this editorial is to share with my colleagues, teaching similar undergraduate sexuality courses, the learnings gleaned from my observations of the course and its functioning, from talking with my students, and from anonymous course evaluations received over the years. It is not my purpose to contend nor to prove that the approach to sexuality education about to be described is the one and only way to conduct sexuality education; only to share what 1 have learned with others interested in teaching in this area.
Tocqueville: Neutrality and the Use of History.

It is not uncommon for a major writer to be seen by his critics in widely divergent, even contradictory terms; Alexis de Tocqueville shares this fate. To the familiar causes of controversy, Tocqueville added his own-a veil of neutrality or objectivity concealing his deepest views. The publication in 1835 of the first part of Democracy in America thus gave rise to an effort, still continuing, to discover Tocqueville's true intent: behind the facade of neutrality does he favor one social system, aristocracy or democracy, over the other? On the one hand, does he not reveal in his writings the ineradicable bias of his aristocratic origins? Was he not hostile to the openended, unformed, and unforeseeable consequences of the democratic revolution? Did he not intend by his criticisms of the democratic system to "carry the reader to the, point of wishing for its destruction?"' Was not the liberty he defended a "restricted liberty, protecting a small group of privileged people who were really independent so far as economic circumstances went?"2 Was it not "a liberty for believers, [a] liberty for owners . . . an aristocratic liberalism?"3 Did he not believe that "the mass of men should remain bereft of political power?"4 Or, on the other hand, did he not wish that contemporary liberalism would "cease to be bourgeois and become democratic by admitting the masses to the suffrage?"' Did he not regard the rise of a capitalist oligarchy as "the most revolting of all governments . . . a system offensive to his aristocratic instincts and to his democratic sympathies?"' Did he not, after all,
Oxidative Cleavage of the β-O-4 Linkage of Lignin by Transition Metals: Catalytic Properties and the Performance of Density Functionals.

The catalytic degradation of lignin is of considerable interest because the depolymerization of lignin to small molecules is the initial step for the conversion of lignin to biofuels and other useful chemicals. Because of the complex structure of lignin, methoxyethane was used in this study as a representative model of the most common linkage within lignin, the β-O-4 linkage. The completely renormalized coupled cluster with singles, doubles, and perturbative triples [CR-CCSD(T)] method was used to calculate the energetics of the C–O bond cleavage in methoxyethane by late 3d, 4d, and 5d transition metal atoms and to evaluate the performance of a set of density functionals (BLYP, B97D, TPSS, M06L, B3LYP, PBE0, M06, TPSSh, and B2PLYP) in predicting the reaction energetics.
Preparation of thin single-crystal films of a new organic nonlinear optical material (APDA)

We have used the shear method to prepare thin single-crystal films of a new organic second-order optical material, APDA (8-(4'- acetylphenyl)-l, 4-dioxa-8-azspiro[4, 5]de- cane). The films were prepared on quartz and oxide-coated silicon substrates. The thickness of the films is about 5 ym. Optical-microscopic studies have shown that the films have excellent optical uniformity. The film is colorless, with an absorption edge below 400 nm. In the first report1 on this material, preparation of bulk crystals from the melt was discussed. The melt growth led to some defects that we do not observe in shear growth from solution. The material has a large second-order susceptibility that can be used in blue-light generation by the frequency doubling of diode lasers. The availability of the material in the form of thin films will allow fabrication of waveguides for phase-matched second-harmonic generation. More detailed studies of this new material are in progress.
Microbial legacies alter decomposition in response to simulated global change

Terrestrial ecosystem models assume that microbial communities respond instantaneously, or are immediately resilient, to environmental change. Here we tested this assumption by quantifying the resilience of a leaf litter community to changes in precipitation or nitrogen availability. By manipulating composition within a global change experiment, we decoupled the legacies of abiotic parameters versus that of the microbial community itself. After one rainy season, more variation in fungal composition could be explained by the original microbial inoculum than the litterbag environment (18% versus 5.5% of total variation). This compositional legacy persisted for 3 years, when 6% of the variability in fungal composition was still explained by the microbial origin. In contrast, bacterial composition was generally more resilient than fungal composition. Microbial functioning (measured as decomposition rate) was not immediately resilient to the global change manipulations; decomposition depended on both the contemporary environment and rainfall the year prior. Finally, using metagenomic sequencing, we showed that changes in precipitation, but not nitrogen availability, altered the potential for bacterial carbohydrate degradation, suggesting why the functional consequences of the two experiments may have differed. Predictions of how terrestrial ecosystem processes respond to environmental change may thus be improved by considering the legacies of microbial communities.
A novel ultra-wideband origami reconfigurable quasi-taper helical antenna

This paper presents a novel design of ultrawideband origami quasi-taper antenna that can be reconfigured to operate from 1.28 GHz to 4.12 GHz at 3 different states of height, and the operating bandwidths at the 3 states are respectively 1.28 GHz–1.64 GHz (25%), 1.64 GHz–3.56 GHz (74%) and 3.56 GHz–4.12 GHz (14.6%). Therefore, this antenna can be applied for kinds of wireless communications in L band and S band with unidirectional radiations. Simulated realized gain at the 3 states of antenna height in their operating frequency bands are respectively greater than 6 dB (H=271 mm), 8.5 dB (H=147 mm) and 5 dB (H=57 mm). Right-hand circular polarization happens at state 2 from 2.04 GHz to 3.56 GHz (fractional circular polarization bandwidth=54%), and the CP bandwidth is better than the standard monofilar and previously proposed origami conical spiral antenna, while polarizations at the other 2 states are either linear or elliptical in their operating frequency bands.
Obesity and Adipose Tissue Microvascular Dysfunction

Obesity has emerged as a major global healthcare problem with cardiovascular disease representing the leading cause of mortality in this population. Obesity is causally linked to the development of insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, micro- and macro-vascular disease, and atherosclerosis. Adipose tissue dysfunction with overproduction of proatherogenic cytokines and adipokine dysregulation contribute to establish a low-grade systemic inflammatory state that is strongly implicated in these disease processes. This chapter will review how the adipose tissue microenvironment is associated with microvascular dysfunction characterized by abnormalities in vasodilator and angiogenic functions, which may contribute to mechanisms of adipose tissue dysfunction and consequently whole-body cardiometabolic disease.
Photometric Selection of a Massive Galaxy Catalog with $z\geq0.55$

We present the development of a photometrically selected massive galaxy catalog, targeting Luminous Red Galaxies (LRGs) and massive blue galaxies at redshifts $z\geq 0.55$. Massive galaxy candidates are selected using infrared/optical color-color cuts, with optical data from Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and infrared data from "unWISE" forced photometry derived from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). The selection method is based on previously developed techniques to select LRGs with $z>0.5$, and is optimized using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The catalog contains 16,191,145 objects, selected over the full SDSS DR10 footprint. The redshift distribution of the resulting catalog is estimated using spectroscopic redshifts from the DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey and photometric redshifts from COSMOS. Restframe $U-B$ colors from DEEP2 are used to estimate LRG selection efficiency. Using DEEP2, the resulting catalog has average redshift $z=0.65$, with standard deviation $\sigma = 2.0$, and average restframe $U-B=1.0$, with standard deviation $\sigma=0.27$. Using COSMOS, the resulting catalog has average redshift $z=0.60$, with standard deviation $\sigma = 1.8$. We estimate 34% of the catalog to be blue galaxies with $z\geq0.55$. An estimated 9.6% of selected objects are blue sources with redshift $z<0.55$. Stellar contamination is estimated to be 1.8%.
Where is My Mind? Theorizing Mind Wandering and Its Performance-Related Consequences in Organizations

Although it is widely recognized that the human mind is prone to wander, some lines of research suggest that this tendency is costly and unfortunate, whereas others suggest that mind wandering is beneficial and adaptive. Accounting for these divergent perspectives and developing theory on mind wandering, I explore the nature and performance-related consequences of mind wandering in organizations. To this end, I argue that whether mind wandering contributes to or compromises task performance over time in work settings depends on its content—that is, the specific types of thoughts workers tend to generate as their minds wander. In making this case, I theorize relationships between various types of mind wandering content and task performance over time, specify mechanisms accounting for these relationships, and consider job-related boundary conditions. Together, the arguments presented here advance and reorient research on mind wandering and open new windows into cognition in organizations.
Exploring weight-related teasing and depression among overweight and obese adolescents

Abstract Introduction Weight-related stigma is pervasive and often is founded on the assumption that weight is controllable; therefore, those who are overweight and obese are thought to be weakwilled, lazy, and lacking self-control. As targets of weight stigma, over 30% of overweight and obese youth experience weight-related teasing, which is associated with depression, a serious mental health condition that puts young people at risk for myriad of other health problems. To date, little is known about the psychological mechanisms that underlie the teasing–depression relationship. Objective Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine self-esteem and body satisfaction as possible mediators of the association between weight-related teasing and depression among overweight and obese middle school boys and girls. Method Participants included 143 girls and 200 boys in grades 6 through 8 with measured BMIs 85th percentile for age and sex. Demographic information and pubertal development were collected via questionnaire. Height and weight were measured during state mandated school-based physical fitness testing. Participants also completed the Weight/Size Teasing subscale of the Physical appearance Related Teasing Scale, Center for Epidemiological Studies—Depression Scale for Children, General Self-Esteem scale from the Self-Description Questionnaire II, and Body subscale of the Body Parts Satisfaction Scale-Revised (girls)/Body Parts Satisfaction Scale for Men (boys). Results Weight-based teasing was positively related with depression; teasing and depression were inversely associated with self-esteem and body satisfaction. Bootstrap confidence interval mediation models were tested. Self-esteem and body satisfaction mediated the relationship between teasing and depression, with gender, BMI percentile, race, and pubertal status controlled for in the models. Self-esteem accounted for 48% of the total model, body satisfaction accounted for 9% of the total model. Conclusion The results of this study extend previous research by identifying self-esteem and body satisfaction as possible psychological constructs that help to explain the nature of the relationship between weight-related teasing and depression among overweight and obese youth. Results indicated that overweight and obese adolescents, self-esteem and body dissatisfaction may play a role in the extent to which weight-related teasing is associated with depression. Low self-esteem and body dissatisfaction may exacerbate the experience of teasing whereas positive general self-evaluations may protect against the deleterious influence of teasing on depression. Although public health efforts often focus on weight loss and behavior change as a way to enhance mental health, these results suggest that intervening on protective mechanisms may offer an alternative approach. Additional research is needed to determine if and how self-esteem and body satisfaction can be enhanced among overweight and obese youth via interventions in order to reduce the possible influence of teasing on depression.
Improving resident familiarity with the translabyrinthine approach to the internal auditory canal

Abstract Objective To increase otolaryngology resident experience with drilling and dissection of the internal auditory canal (IAC) via a translabyrinthine approach. Study design Pilot study involving temporal bone education and drilling with completion of pre- and post-drilling surveys. Methods Participants observed an educational presentation on IAC anatomy and drilling, followed by manipulation of IAC nerves using a prosected cadaveric temporal bone. Participants then drilled the IAC and identified nerves using temporal bones with previously drilled mastoidectomies and labyrinthectomies. Pre- and post-drilling 5-point Likert-based surveys were completed. Results 7 participants were included in this study ranging in experience from PGY1 through PGY 5. The median number of times the IAC had been drilled previously was 0. Participants reported statistically significantly improved familiarity with the translabyrinthine approach after the session with median scores increasing from 2 to 3 (p = 0.02), and a near-significant increase in familiarity with IAC anatomy with median scores increasing from 3 to 4 (p = 0.06). Prior to the session, 71% of participants either disagreed or strongly disagreed that they had an idea of what the procedure would be like in a real operating room, whereas after the session 0% reported disagreement. 100% of participants were very satisfied with the overall experience. Conclusions An educational session and temporal bone drilling experience using prosected bones significantly increased the reported familiarity with the translabyrinthine approach. Experiences such as this may enhance resident exposure to advanced lateral skull base approaches in a safe environment, and increase comprehension of the complex anatomic relationships of the IAC.
Experimental Investigation of Numerically Optimized Wavy Microchannels Created Through Additive Manufacturing

The increased design space offered by additive manufacturing can inspire unique ideas and different modeling approaches. One tool for generating complex yet effective designs is found in numerical optimization schemes, but until relatively recently, the capability to physically produce such a design had been limited by manufacturing constraints.In this study, a commercial adjoint optimization solver was used in conjunction with a conventional flow solver to optimize the design of wavy microchannels, the end use of which can be found in gas turbine airfoil skin cooling schemes. Three objective functions were chosen for two baseline wavy channel designs: minimize the pressure drop between channel inlet and outlet, maximize the heat transfer on the channel walls and maximize the ratio between heat transfer and pressure drop. The optimizer was successful in achieving each objective and generated significant geometric variations from the baseline study.The optimized channels were additively manufactured using Direct Metal Laser Sintering and printed reasonably true to the design intent. Experimental results showed that the high surface roughness in the channels prevented the objective to minimize pressure loss from being fulfilled. However, where heat transfer was to be maximized, the optimized channels showed a corresponding increase in Nusselt number.Copyright © 2017 by ASME
Magic Wells, the Stream and the Flow: The Promise of Literary Animal Studies

‘All of Earth’s varied habitats, species, and organisms are bound up in an integral whole,’ not unlike a cell surrounded by a protective membrane within which there is a constant exchange of energy and materials. We are all, Scott Russell Sanders reminds us, ‘part of that flow’ (2016, p. 26). Animal studies is interdisciplinary and diverse. Literary animal studies reminds us that the arts have their roots in and the power to rekindle the earliest responses indigenous creatures had to ‘the ancestral environment of all living things,’ a response much needed in this time and place (Wilson 2016, p. 211).
Fossil Evidence for the Origins of Terrestriality among Old World Higher Primates

Preference for terrestrial substrates is one of the most significant adaptive differences between some members of the radiation of Old World higher primates and the anthropoids of the Neotropics (Le Gros Clark, 1959; Napier and Napier, 1967, 1985; Fleagle, 1988; Martin, 1990). Adaptations for terrestriality are most conspicuous among savanna baboons (Papio — Rose, 1977), geladas (Theropithecus — Jolly, 1967; Dunbar and Dunbar, 1974), and humans (Napier, 1967). Varying degrees of semi-terrestriality and terrestriality are also present among the African great apes (Gorilla — Remis, 1995 and Pan — Hunt, 1992; Doran, 1993) and some of the Asian colobines (Presbytis entellus — Ripley, 1967 and Rhinopithecus roxellana — Davison, 1982), guenons (Cercopithecus aethiops and Erythrocebus patas — Hall, 1965), mandrills and drills (Mandrillus — Jouventin, 1975), mangabeys (Cercocebus — Waser, 1984), and macaques (e.g., Macaca nemestrina — Caldicott, 1986). In contrast, terrestrial adaptations are notably absent from the otherwise diverse adaptive array of New World anthropoids.
PRESENTATION OF SPONTANEOUS CORONARY ARTERY DISSECTION AND THE PREVALENCE OF FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA

Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) has recently been associated with spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD). We sought to identify the clinical presentation of SCAD and examine the association of FMD with SCAD. We performed a retrospective review of patients admitted with SCAD at our institution
Embeded filtering in PCB integrated ultra high speed dielectric waveguides using photonic band gap structures

Printed circuit board high speed dielectric waveguides operating at frequencies up to 130 GHz with embedded photonic band gap filtering structures are studied. The filters are made of alternating dielectric materials placed within the core of the dielectric waveguide, surrounded by the dielectric waveguide cladding. Properties of the filter such as the number of dielectric transitions and material properties are varied in order to study their effect on the performance of the filter. Single and multi-band filtering within a single waveguide is also examined. Finally, an example application of the embedded filters is shown in a multi-waveguide system to isolate crosstalk between the waveguides in specific frequency bands.
Is Earlier Better for AZT Therapy in HIV Infection? A Mathematical Model

A mathematical model is proposed to determine the optimal level of the CD4-lymphocyte count at which to begin intervention therapy in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. In the deterministic formulation of the model, the CD4 count for an untreated HIV-infected individual is assumed to decline linearly over time during the asymptomatic phase of the infection. Treatment with an antiviral such as zidovudine (AZT) is assumed to delay further decline in CD4 counts for a time period which may be constant or which functionally may depend upon the attained CD4 level. The optimal CD4 level for starting therapy is defined to be that which maximizes an individual’s sojourn time above a predetermined critical level of CD4, below which serious health consequences are likely to occur. It is shown that earlier is better provided the duration of the effective therapeutic period increases with the starting CD4 level at a rate that is greater than or equal to the difference in the inverse CD4 slopes before and after treatment. The stochastic-model formulation of the CD4 count is defined as a time series which is the sum of the deterministic function and random errors which are independent and identically distributed at successive time points. An application is made to the specific case where the parameters of the deterministic model and of the (normal) error distribution were estimated from CD4 data obtained from intravenous drug users in New York City. The implications of the stochastic model are generally similar to the deterministic model. Whenever the deterministic model indicates that earlier is better, so does the stochastic model. For a logistic treatment-duration function ranging from a minimum of 12 months (for low starting levels) to a maximum of 30 months (for high starting levels), the model implies that an early start to AZT therapy is a good choice, unless the after-treatment slope is more than double the before-treatment slope.
Androgen and insulin response to an oral glucose challenge in hyperandrogenic women

To further investigate the relationship between insulin and androgen secretion in hyperandrogenic women, the authors measured the response of serum insulin and androgen concentrations to an 8 A.M. oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in ten hyperandrogenic (HA) women and seven midfollicular phase control subjects. Significant positive correlations were demonstrated between fasting serum insulin concentration and both androstenedione (Δ 4 A) and testosterone (T) concentrations, which were independent of body mass index (kg/m 2 ). A strong negative correlation was demonstrated between fasting insulin and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) levels within the HA group ( r =−0.84, P =0.003). Significant positive correlations were also demonstrated between the cumulative sum insulin response during OGTT and the percent change from fasting baseline to 3hours in serum Δ 4 A ( r =0.65, P =0.006), T ( r =0.51, P =0.033), and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) concentrations ( r =0.75, P
Epidemiologic Methods in Studies of Osteoporosis

Epidemiology is a broad field that includes the study of the occurrence, distribution, and determinants of diseases and other health-related conditions in populations, and the application of this study to control health problems. In order to address such a broad ranges of issues an extensive number of epidemiologic methods have been developed. This chapter summarizes the application of epidemiologic methods to the study of osteoporosis and related fractures. Knowledge gained aims to improve the reader’s critical evaluation of published research studies, choice of study design in addressing a research question, and understanding of basic epidemiologic terms and principles.
Understanding bike sharing travel patterns: An analysis of trip data from eight cities

Abstract As a new mobility option, bike sharing is gaining popularity around the world. Understanding the travel patterns of bike sharing trips can provide fundamental basis for researchers to model the use of bike sharing and the associated multi-modal transportation systems, inform bike sharing system design and operation, and guide policy decisions for sustainable transportation development. Using bike sharing trip data from eight cities in the United States, we analyzed the distributions of trip distance and trip duration for bike sharing trips for commuting and touristic purposes. Our results show that both the trip distance and duration follows a lognormal distribution in larger bike sharing systems (e.g., in Boston, Washington DC, Chicago, and New York), while the distribution for smaller systems varies among Weibull, gamma, and lognormal because the systems’ geographical boundary restricts the movement of users. Our analysis of the long trips also show that the trip distance and duration also displays a power law decay in the larger systems.
Rorc restrains the potency of ST2+ regulatory T cells in ameliorating intestinal graft-versus-host disease

Soluble stimulation-2 (ST2) is increased during graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), while Tregs that express ST2 prevent GVHD through unknown mechanisms. Transplantation of Foxp3- T cells and Tregs that were collected and sorted from different Foxp3 reporter mice indicated that in mice that developed GVHD, ST2+ Tregs were thymus derived and predominantly localized to the intestine. ST2-/- Treg transplantation was associated with reduced total intestinal Treg frequency and activation. ST2-/- versus WT intestinal Treg transcriptomes showed decreased Treg functional markers and, reciprocally, increased Rorc expression. Rorc-/- T cells transplantation enhanced the frequency and function of intestinal ST2+ Tregs and reduced GVHD through decreased gut-infiltrating soluble ST2-producing type 1 and increased IL-4/IL-10-producing type 2 T cells. Cotransfer of ST2+ Tregs sorted from Rorc-/- mice with WT CD25-depleted T cells decreased GVHD severity and mortality, increased intestinal ST2+KLRG1+ Tregs, and decreased type 1 T cells after transplantation, indicating an intrinsic mechanism. Ex vivo IL-33-stimulated Tregs (TregIL-33) expressed higher amphiregulin and displayed better immunosuppression, and adoptive transfer prevented GVHD better than control Tregs or TregIL-33 cultured with IL-23/IL-17. Amphiregulin blockade by neutralizing antibody in vivo abolished the protective effect of TregIL-33. Our data show that inverse expression of ST2 and RORγt in intestinal Tregs determines GVHD and that TregIL-33 has potential as a cellular therapy avenue for preventing GVHD.
Higher-Order Ranking and Link Prediction: From Closing Triangles to Closing Higher-Order Motifs

In this paper, we introduce the notion of motif closure and describe higher-order ranking and link prediction methods based on the notion of closing higher-order network motifs. The methods are fast and efficient for real-time ranking and link prediction-based applications such as web search, online advertising, and recommendation. In such applications, real-time performance is critical. The proposed methods do not require any explicit training data, nor do they derive an embedding from the graph data, or perform any explicit learning. Existing methods with the above desired properties are all based on closing triangles (common neighbors, Jaccard similarity, and the ilk). In this work, we investigate higher-order network motifs and develop techniques based on the notion of closing higher-order motifs that move beyond closing simple triangles. All methods described in this work are fast with a runtime that is sublinear in the number of nodes. The experimental results indicate the importance of closing higher-order motifs for ranking and link prediction applications. Finally, the proposed notion of higher-order motif closure can serve as a basis for studying and developing better ranking and link prediction methods.
Cross-species hybridization of woodchuck hepatitis virus-induced hepatocellular carcinoma using human oligonucleotide microarrays

AIM: To demonstrate the feasibility of using woodchuck samples on human microarrays, to provide insight into pathways involving positron emission tomography (PET) imaging tracers and to identify genes that could be potential molecular imaging targets for woodchuck hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS: Labeled cRNA from woodchuck tissue samples were hybridized to Affymetrix U133 plus 2.0 GeneChips®. Ten genes were selected for validation using quantitative RT-PCR and literature review was made. RESULTS: Testis enhanced gene transcript (BAX Inhibitor 1), alpha-fetoprotein, isocitrate dehydrogenase 3 (NAD+) beta, acetyl-CoA synthetase 2, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2, and N-myc2 were up-regulated and spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase was down-regulated in the woodchuck HCC. We also found previously published results supporting 8 of the 10 most up-regulated genes and all 10 of the 10 most down-regulated genes. CONCLUSION: Many of our microarray results were validated using RT-PCR or literature search. Hence, we believe that woodchuck HCC and non-cancerous liver samples can be used on human microarrays to yield meaningful results.
On the tangent cone of Kähler manifolds with Ricci curvature lower bound

Let X be the Gromov–Hausdorff limit of a sequence of pointed complete Kahler manifolds \((M^n_i, p_i)\) satisfying \(Ric(M_i)\ge -(n-1)\) and the volume is noncollapsed. We prove that, there exists a Lie group isomorphic to \({\mathbb {R}}\), acting isometrically, on the tangent cone at each point of X. Moreover, the action is locally free on the cross section. This generalizes the metric cone theorem of Cheeger–Colding to the Kahler case. We also discuss some applications to complete Kahler manifolds with nonnegative bisectional curvature.
Does a Close Relationship With an Adult Reduce the Risk of Juvenile Offending for Youth With a History of Maltreatment

Social support is frequently cited as a protective factor against juvenile offending. The current study examined whether a close relationship with an adult in childhood decreases the risk for offen...