cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atomistic Study of Wet-heat Resistance of Calcium Dipicolinate in the Core of Spores

The extreme heat resistance of dormant bacterial spores strongly depends on the extent of protoplast dehydration and the concentration of dipicolinic acid (DPA) and its associated calcium salts (Ca-DPA) in the spore core. Recent experiments have suggested that this heat resistance depends on the properties of confined water molecules in the hydrated Ca-DPA-rich protoplasm, but atomistic details have not been elucidated. In this study, we used reactive molecular dynamics (RMD) simulations to study the dynamics of water in hydrated DPA and Ca-DPA as a function of temperature. The RMD simulations indicate two distinct solid-liquid and liquid-gel transitions for the spore core. Simulation results reveal monotonically decreasing solid-gel-liquid transition temperatures with increasing hydration. Additional calculations on the specific heat and free energy of water molecules in the spore core further support the higher heat resistance of dehydrated spores. These results provide an insight into the experimental trend of moist-heat resistance of bacterial spores and reconciles previous conflicting experimental findings on the state of water in bacterial spores.
Non-monotonic temporal variation in fearlessness about death: A latent class growth analysis.

Abstract According to the Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicide, fearlessness about death is proposed to increase monotonically (i.e., either increasing or remaining stable) and thus, not be amenable to intervention; however, this assumption has not been explicitly tested. We utilized latent class growth modeling to examine the trajectory of this construct over a brief interval (i.e., data collected every three days over a 15-day time period) among college students (N = 716), and found evidence that fearlessness does not monotonically increase. Specifically, our analyses revealed three classes, each with distinct trajectories over time: a High/Increasing class (i.e., high intercept, significantly increasing slope), Average/Stable class (i.e., average intercept, flat and non-significant slope), and Low/Decreasing class (i.e., low intercept, significantly decreasing slope). The emergence of a Low/Decreasing group is in contrast to the assertion that fearlessness cannot decrease over time. Exploratory results also indicated that lifetime exposure to certain events (e.g., abuse, injury) was associated with membership in the Low/Decreasing class, suggesting that some individuals may be responding differently to painful and/or fear-inducing stimuli than the IPTS predicts. Our findings contradict the current conceptualization of fearlessness about death, and suggest instead that this construct fluctuates upward and downward over a brief interval.
Increasing team skills: an evaluation of program effectiveness.

The need for health professionals with caring values and good communication skills is well established. To develop these skills requires building self-esteem, as is supported by the work of Carl Rogers, Maslow, and Jourard, and the development of communication skills, as is supported by Carkhuff. A six-hour developmental program was evaluated using alternate forms of the highly validated Personal Skills Map. The differences in participants' scores showed increases in self-esteem, comfort, and management skills (p less than .00), while aggression (p = .05) and deference (p less than .00) decreased. A longitudinal follow-up of participants showed that 65% continued to use the assessment tool six months to one year later. The program appears to be well suited for service settings, continuing education, and academic settings, and meets the need of a high tech, high touch era of change.
Radiotoxicity of plutonium in NTA-degrading Chelatobacter heintzii cell suspensions.

The radiotoxicity of plutonium in NTA-degrading Chelatobacter heintzii cell suspensions was investigated as part of a more general study to establish the key interactions between actinide-organic complexes and microorganisms in the subsurface. The radiation tolerance of C. heintzii, based on 60Co gamma irradiation experiments, was 165 ± 30 Gy. No bacteria survived irradiation doses greater than 500 Gy. In the presence of plutonium, where alpha particle decay was the primary source of ionizing radiation, the observed toxicity was predominantly radiolytic rather than chemical. This was evident by the greater effect of activity, rather than concentration, on the toxicity noted. Bioassociation of plutonium with C. heintzii was postulated to be an important and necessary step in the observed loss of cell viability since this was the best way to account for the observed death rate. The radiotoxicity of plutonium towards bacteria is a potentially important consideration in the bioremediation of sites contaminated with radionuclide-organic mixtures and the bioprocessing of nuclear waste.
The Duration of Chromosomal DNA Synthesis, of the Mitotic Cycle, and of Meiosis of Higher Plants

A relationship between DNA content per cell and the duration of the mitotic cycle in plants was first shown by Van’t Hof and Sparrow (1963) in 1963. Since that time, work on other species has provided additional confirmatory observations, and the information in the tables which follow constitutes an introduction to the literature on the topic. The compilation is limited to the mitotic cycle of cells of higher plants as measured in vivo by the Quastler-Sherman method (Quastler and Sherman, 1959) which utilizes 3H-thymidine and autoradiography. The 2C-DNA content was calculated according to Van’t Hof (1965) when necessary and separate references are given for cases where the durations and DNA content were reported independently. Table 1 lists the 2C-DNA content, the duration of the mitotic cycle (CT), and its parts: the presynthetic (G1), DNA synthetic (S), postsynthetic (G2), and mitotic (M) periods. Data on diploid, tetraploid, and hyperploid species for which no quantitative DNA values are available are also given. The durations of G1, S, G2, M, and CT at different temperatures are listed in Table 2, and those of cells in different histological loci are shown in Table 3. Unless noted otherwise, the data refer to cells of root apices.
Durability of steel components strengthened with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites

Abstract: Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) materials are gaining prominence as an alternative to traditional materials and methods for repair and rehabilitation of existing steel structures. This chapter describes the primary environmental degradation mechanisms of steel structures that are strengthened with externally bonded FRP materials with an emphasis on carbon FRP (CFRP). Specifically, galvanic corrosion, degradation of the steel–adhesive interface and degradation of the bulk adhesive are discussed in detail. The effects of thermally-induced stresses and exposure to moisture are summarized. Best practices to enhance the environmental durability of FRP-strengthened steel members are also presented. Overall, this chapter indicates that, based on an understanding of the predominant environmental degradation mechanisms, FRP systems can be designed and detailed to provide an effective long-term system for the repair and rehabilitation of existing steel structures.
Digitized spiral analysis may be a potential biomarker for brachial dystonia.

Abstract Introduction Objective measures for detection and quantification of dystonic movements may guide both diagnosis and clinical monitoring. Digitized spiral analysis is a non-invasive method used to assess upper limb motor control in movement disorders and may have utility in dystonia. We aimed to determine if digitized spiral analysis can distinguish dystonia subjects from controls, and evaluated correlation with a validated clinical rating scale. Methods Kinematic, dynamic, and spatial attributes of Archimedean spirals drawn with an inking pen on a digitizing tablet were compared for participants with brachial dystonia and either Tor1A (DYT1) (n = 15) or THAP1 (DYT6) mutations (n = 12) and age and gender matched controls (n = 27) using Receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC) analysis. Spiral indices including an overall degree of severity (DoS) were also calculated and correlated with clinical severity ratings as measured by the Burke-Fahn-Marsden scale. Results Dystonia spirals had significantly higher severity scores as well as higher measures of spiral irregularity compared to controls. ROC analysis demonstrated that the DoS score had good discriminative ability to distinguish dystonia spirals from controls, with an Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.87. Measures of spiral irregularity correlated with validated clinical rates of dystonia severity in the analyzed arm, with one particular index, Residue of Theta vs R, showing the highest correlation (r = 0.55, p = 0.005). Conclusion Digitized spiral analysis may be a promising non-invasive method to objectively quantify brachial dystonia. It may also be a useful way to monitor subtle changes in dystonia severity over time not captured with current clinical rating scales.
Die Atmosphäre, neu gemischt

Im Zusammenhang mit dem Geoengineering richtete sich die Aufmerksamkeit der Offentlichkeit zum grosten Teil auf die recht beunruhigende Aussicht, Saure in der Stratosphare zu verspruhen. Bei Wissenschaftlern findet aber auch eine andere Form des Solarstrahlungsmanagements (solar radiation management) groses Interesse. Dabei steigert man die Helligkeit der Wolken uber dem Meer, um so die von den Ozeanen absorbierte Warmemenge zu verringern.
Realizing the Upside of Venting: The Role of the “Challenger Listener”

This article investigates the positive and negative influence that listeners can have on venters’ ability to respond to routine workplace frustrations. Across three studies, findings converge upon ...
A randomized trial of telemedicine for migraine management

ObjectiveTo determine whether synchronous video-based telemedicine visits with specialists are feasible and to evaluate clinical effectiveness, patient perceptions, and other benefits of telemedici...
Physicalism and the Identity of Identity Theories

It is often said that there are two varieties of identity theory. Type-identity theorists interpret physicalism as the claim that every property is identical to a physical property, while token-identity theorists interpret it as the claim that every particular is identical to a physical particular. The aim of this paper is to undermine the distinction between the two. Drawing on recent work connecting generalized identity to truth-maker semantics, I demonstrate that these interpretations are logically equivalent. I then argue that each has the resources to resolve problems facing the other.
Laboratory investigation of unsaturated clayey soil-geomembrane interface behavior

Suction-controlled interface direct shear tests were conducted on textured and smooth HDPE geomembrane counterfaces in contact with lean clay. Soil samples were compacted wet of optimum to simulate...
Stratifying Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms by Cyst Fluid Analysis: Present and Future

A significant proportion of patients with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) undergo surgical resection in order to prevent or treat pancreatic cancer at the risk of significant perioperative morbidity. Efforts have been made to stratify the potential risk of malignancy based on the clinical and radiographic features of IPMN to delineate which cysts warrant resection versus observation. An analysis of the cyst fluid obtained by preoperative endoscopic examination appears to be correlative of cyst type and risk, whereas serum markers and radiographic findings have not yet reached a level of sensitivity or specificity that proves they are clinically meaningful. In this review, we investigate the current cyst fluid analysis studies and present those that have shown promise in effectively stratifying high-risk versus low-risk lesions. While new cyst fluid markers continue to be identified, additional efforts in testing panels and marker composites in conjunction with clinical algorithms have also shown promise in distinguishing dysplasia and the risk of malignancy. These should be tested prospectively in order to determine their role in guiding the surveillance of low-risk lesions and to evaluate the new markers detected by proteomics and genetic sequencing.
Childhood Obesity: Is the Built Environment More Important Than the Food Environment?

Obesity continues to be a health burden to society and new efforts may be needed to combat this epidemic. This study aims to investigate the contribution of parents education and level of income, f...
Politeness in security directives: Insights in browser compliance for the human element

Abstract The technical protection provided by information security technology is necessary as a frontline defense against threats. However, the human element adds great risk to systems and cannot be ignored. This research explores the human elements related to security communications and intention to comply with security directives. Security communications are more-commonly being sent using richer computer-based channels. While the goal of security communications is the gain compliance, there is still much to learn related to what influences a user to comply. This research explores the effects that (im)politeness has on intention to comply with security directives. The research utilized an experiment that focused on secure browser setting directives using several types of online communication. The subjects were randomly assigned to receive communications/directives that were text-based, text/image-based, or video-based. The communications were also grouped into polite and impolite messaging. The results for the overall model indicated perceived richness had a negative influence on perceived mental workload. Additionally, perceived mental workload resulted in a decreased intention to comply with security directives. There were no significant differences between polite and impolite groups for the treatment groups with text-based and text/image-based messaging. However, in the video-based treatment, the relationship between perceived richness and intention to comply with security directives was significantly different between the polite and impolite groups.
Facial fractures after geriatric ground-level falls are a marker of functional decline and warrant trauma center admission

Ground-level falls (GLFs) are a frequent source of injury in the geriatric population. Facial fractures (FFs) are one subsequent injury that can occur and may be an important marker of functional d...
Interface Digital Twins: Rendering Physical Devices Accessible to People who are Blind

In the recent decades, accessibility received increasing attention. As a result, nowadays, established principles (e.g., Universal Design) contribute to creating products that take into consideration the diverse needs and abilities of all individuals. Unfortunately, there is a gap between the digital and physical world: while websites and user interfaces are adopting accessibility principles, most devices do not support an equitable use. Specifically, individuals who are blind are not able to independently learn and operate several categories of physical products. In this paper, we propose a system for rendering the User Interface (UI) of physical devices and products accessible to individuals with disabilities, with specific regard to people who are blind. To this end, we introduce the concept of Interface Digital Twin (IDT), that is, a digital replica of the physical UI that leverages the accessibility features of mobile devices (e.g., vibration and text-to-speech) to render the interface accessible, help individuals understand its components and learn how to operate it, and support users in accomplishing their tasks on the actual device. The advantage of the proposed solution is that it can be integrated in current technology without requiring any modification. We detail the architecture of the system and we discuss its advantages and use cases.
Proximal Hamstring Tendon Injuries: Diagnosis and Management

Proximal hamstring tendon injuries are common among active and athletic populations and exist on a spectrum ranging from proximal tendinopathy to partial tears to complete avulsions. Imaging should include plain radiography as bony avulsions have been observed in skeletally immature patients. Magnetic resonance imaging is diagnostic in the setting of both partial tears and complete tears. A high-intensity (on T2-weighted images), crescent-shaped signal at the tendon-bone interface ("sickle sign") is indicative of a partial-thickness tear of the proximal hamstring tendons. In the setting of complete avulsions, magnetic resonance imaging is also useful in demonstrating the extent of tendon avulsion and quantifying the number of tendons torn. Nonoperative treatment for proximal tendinopathy, acute partial tears, and complete tears with minimal tendon retraction includes activity modification, eccentric stretching and strengthening, and potentially platelet rich plasma injections. Surgical repair should be considered for partial tears refractory to nonoperative management, acute tears with greater than 2 cm of distal retraction, and/or chronic retracted tears. The surgical approach is generally made through a transverse incision within the gluteal crease, which can be extended distally in a "T" configuration in the setting of chronic retracted tears. In the setting of chronic retracted tears, a sciatic nerve neurolysis may be required owing to scarring. Following the surgical procedure, a graduated rehabilitation protocol is commenced with the expectation for a return to full, unrestricted activities by 6 months postoperative, and excellent outcomes can be anticipated. Compared with repair of chronic tears, acute repairs have improved functional outcomes and lower re-tear rates.
Techniques to Teach Children New Skills

Young children with developmental disabilities (DD) are at-risk for comorbid behavior problems. Early intervention providers should be aware that these disruptive behaviors are usually associated with frustration from the child’s inability to communicate their wants and needs effectively. Some children present with multiple delays, placing them far below same-age peers and at a disadvantage in terms of meeting environmental expectations for social-emotional and communication skills. Through early intervention resources, caregivers can learn to teach their children new skills they can use instead of problem behaviors. New communication skills like using gestures, signs, and words to communicate wants and needs and new social skills like teaching children to wait their turn and to share toys are critical for young children, but they do not always come easy. This chapter will guide early intervention professionals in a step-by-step plan for identifying and teaching children important skills.
Role of Professional Consultant Accountant in the Era of Globalization and in Country Economy

I discussed in this paper about the role of professional accountant with references of globalization and professionalism.
Evidence Revelation in Competitions for Access

A decision maker must divide a resource between multiple agents. The decision maker prefers to award the resource to the most-qualified agents, but he is initially uncertain about agent qualifications. Although he can learn about qualifications by granting the agents “access (e.g., by taking time to review applications, hold inter- views, or conduct an investigation), he is time-constrained and cannot grant access to everyone. This paper considers how the decision maker should allocate the resource when agent qualifications are independent of their valuations; that is, when the optimal allocation cannot be achieved by selling the resource directly through an auction. We present a class of mechanisms in which the access is awarded through a competition in which higher payments (e.g., time, money) correspond to a greater likelihood of receiving access. After learning the qualifications of those agents with access, the deci- sion maker then chooses an allocation based on his updated beliefs. The analysis shows that there always exists competition for access mechanisms in which the decision maker becomes fully informed about the qualifications of all agents (even through only some of the agents reveal their qualifications through access). That is, the decision maker can always award access in such a way that he learns about and can implement his preferred resource allocation. When agents only differ in terms of their qualifications, a traditional all-pay auction is sufficient for full revelation.
Where Are the Christmas Decorations?: A Memory Assistant for Storage Locations

At Hewlett -Packard Laboratories we want to know how inexpensive it can be to endow mobile personal assistants with the ability to speak naturally with their users. To this end, we are investigating and demonstra ting speech -capable mobile personal assistants that can be realized using common off -the-shelf hardware and software components, a modest development effort, and wireless connectivity. As a part of this activity, we built a storage location memory assistant by connecting a voice front end on a PDA to a database back end on a remote server, with speech, natural language, and dialog processing in between. Specifically, the storage location memory assistant saves and retrieves information about the locations of stored objects in and around the user's house. Here is a sample dialog: User:
Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) Processes for ULSI Manufacturing

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a technique where precursors are introduced alternatively, and a monolayer (or fraction thereof) is deposited on the surface at a time [1–4]. The sequential introduction of all precursors, separated by purge steps, completes an ALD cycle. Figure 14.1 illustrates the steps that comprise an ALD cycle.
Highly efficient phosphorescent emission from organic electroluminescent devices

The efficiency of electroluminescent organic light-emitting devices1,2 can be improved by the introduction3 of a fluorescent dye. Energy transfer from the host to the dye occurs via excitons, but only the singlet spin states induce fluorescent emission; these represent a small fraction (about 25%) of the total excited-state population (the remainder are triplet states). Phosphorescent dyes, however, offer a means of achieving improved light-emission efficiencies, as emission may result from both singlet and triplet states. Here we report high-efficiency (≳90%) energy transfer from both singlet and triplet states, in a host material doped with the phosphorescent dye 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethyl-21H,23H-porphine platinum(II) (PtOEP). Our doped electroluminescent devices generate saturated red emission with peak external and internal quantum efficiencies of 4% and 23%, respectively. The luminescent efficiencies attainable with phosphorescent dyes may lead to new applications for organic materials. Moreover, our work establishes the utility of PtOEP as a probe of triplet behaviour and energy transfer in organic solid-state systems.
Receptor-Mediated Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus Entry Can Occur Independently of the Clathrin-Coated-Pit-Mediated Endocytic Pathway

To investigate receptor-mediated Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMuLV) entry, the green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged ecotropic receptor designated murine cationic amino acid transporter (MCAT-1) (MCAT-1-GFP) was constructed and expressed in 293 cells (293/MCAT-1-GFP). 293/MCAT-1-GFP cells displayed green fluorescence primarily at the cell membrane and supported wild-type levels of MoMuLV vector binding and transduction. Using immunofluorescence labeling and confocal microscopy, it was demonstrated that the surface envelope protein (SU) gp70 of MoMuLV virions began to appear inside cells 5 min after virus binding and was colocalized with MCAT-1-GFP. However, clathrin was not colocalized with MCAT-1-GFP, suggesting that MoMuLV entry, mediated by MCAT-1, does not involve clathrin. Double immunofluorescence labeling of SU and clathrin in 293 cells expressing untagged receptor (293/MCAT-1) gave the same results, i.e., SU and clathrin did not colocalize. In addition, we examined the transduction ability of MoMuLV vector on HeLa cells overexpressing the dominant-negative GTPase mutant of dynamin (K44A). HeLa cells overexpressing mutant dynamin have a severe block in endocytosis by the clathrin-coated-pit pathway. No significant titer difference was observed when MoMuLV vector was tranduced into HeLa cells overexpressing either wild-type or mutant dynamin, while the transduction ability of vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein pseudotyped vector into HeLa cells overexpressing mutant dynamin was decreased significantly. Taken together, these data suggest that MoMuLV entry does not occur through the clathrin-coated-pit-mediated endocytic pathway.
Source of miscorrelation of product level HBM to TLP test results

Correlation between TLP and HBM test results at product level and/or complex ESD circuit is not feasible. In product level HBM testing there can be stress condition which is worse at low current compared to high ESD current. Such results cannot be replicated in TLP.
Current Definitions of Alcohol Use Disorders and the Use of Validated Questionnaires in Clinical Practice and Research

Alcohol use among people varies widely from abstinence to high-risk alcohol use to addiction. Diagnostic criteria have varied somewhat over time and across the globe, but the essential features of severe alcohol use disorder, also known as alcohol dependence or alcohol addiction, share common elements. A variety of validated questionnaires have been developed to assist clinicians and researchers in screening for at-risk alcohol use and/or severe alcohol use disorders. This chapter provides a brief overview of the definitions and cardinal features of alcohol use disorders and the alcohol use questionnaires that have been developed and validated in clinical studies.
An index to publisher quality revisited: a partial replication

Abstract A replication of the Calhoun/Bracken 1983 study of publishers listed in Choice's annual Outstanding Academic Books was conducted. Data were gathered for the years 1988–1992 and compared with the results of the Calhoun/Bracken analysis. The results show that several of the commercial and university publishers that had been prominent in 1983 had been replaced by new presses. During the decade between studies, university publishers have showed marked growth as a percentage of the top 60 presses identified in the two studies. Collection development librarians need to be aware of the fluctuations in publisher output and reputations over time in the Outstanding Academic Book lists.
Muon spin relaxation study of exchange coupling in dilute AgMn alloys

Abstract We have observed for the first time a conduction-electron-mediated component of the interaction between muons and local moments in a dilute magnetic alloys, Ag Mn. Comparison of the amplitude of this component and neutron quasielastic linewidth data yields some disagreement with a covalent-mixing exchange model.
Coping with financial spillovers from the United States: the effect of US corporate scandals on Canadian stock prices

Abstract This paper investigates the effect of US corporate scandals on stock prices of Canadian firms listed in the United States. It finds that firms interlisted during the pre-Enron period enjoyed increases in equilibrium prices after the listing, while firms interlisted during the post-Enron period experienced declines in equilibrium prices, relative to a model-based benchmark. The paper offers several explanations of why firms listed post-Enron experienced negative gains from the listing. Moreover, analyzing the entire universe of Canadian firms, it finds that interlisted firms, regardless of their listing time, were perceived as increasingly risky by Canadian investors after Enron’s bankruptcy.
Preference strength and two kinds of ordinalism

In his paper "Extended Sympathy and the Possibility of Social Choice", Professor Arrow first considers an approach to individual utilities which is "strictly ordinal" and rules out interpersonal comparisons. This is the approach he took when he formulated his original impossibility theorem [1]. He then takes up an approach which allows interperso~al comparisons, but only of an ordinal kind. The strictly ordinal approach without interpersonal comparisons turns out to lead to a dead end, and the second approach the one that allows interpersonal comparisons of an ordinal kind alone leads either to lexical mz'ximax or to lexical maximin. What are we to make of ~11 this? The approach without interpersonal comparisons leads to a dead end in the sense that it is inconsistent with certain other conditions: in the version of the Arrow theorem in the paper I am discussing, with the conditions of Binary Relevancy, Anonymity, and the Weak Pareto Principle. A further condition is built into the formalism Arrow uses: that the just or optimal alternatives from among the feasible alternatives are determined by a weak ordering which is independent of the feasibility of alternatives. The ordinal approach without interpersonal comparisons, then, is discredited by the Arrow theorem only in so far as these other conditions are plausible. Just what, more precisely, is the approach that is supposed to lead to trouble? I can think of two positions the term 'a strictly ordinal approach' might designate; I shall call them 'Basic Ordinalism' and 'Pairwise Ordinalism'. One is this.
COMMON ACTIVATED HELPER-T-CELL ORIGIN FOR LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS, MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES, AND SOME TYPES OF HODGKIN'S DISEASE

A hypothesis is proposed to explain the nature of the Reed-Sternberg (RS) cell and the unexpectedly common clinical associations between lymphomatoid papulosis, mycosis fungoides, and some types of Hodgkin's disease. The RS cell appears to be a lymphoblast arising from activated helper T cells. In lymphomatoid papulosis, a cutaneous eruption with histological features of Hodgkin's disease, there is a spectrum of activated helper T cells, including cerebriform cells and large transformed RS-like cells. Clonal expansion of cerebriform cells in lymphomatoid papulosis leads to mycosis fungoides. Similar expansion of large transformed cells results in Hodgkin's disease. Progressive transformation of T4-positive cerebriform cells to Ki-1-positive RS cells accounts for rare cases of coexistent mycosis fungoides and Hodgkin's disease. Confirmation of this hypothesis should focus attention on the family of human T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma viruses as possible aetiological agents in these helper-T-cell disorders.
Proxy-assisted periodic broadcast for video streaming with multiple servers

Large scale video streaming over the Internet requires a large amount of resources such as server I/O bandwidth and network bandwidth. A number of video delivery techniques can be used to lower these requirements. Periodic broadcast by a central server combined with proxy caching offers a significant reduction of the aggregate network and server I/O bandwidth usage. However, the resources available to a single server are still limited. In this paper we propose a system with multiple geographically distributed servers. The problem of multiple servers for periodic broadcast is quite different from the problem of object location for multiple web servers. Multiple servers offer increased amount of resources and service availability and may potentially allow a further reduction of network bandwidth usage. On the other hand, the benefit of periodic broadcast mostly comes from high demand videos. With multiple servers holding a video, the demand of the video at each server is reduced. Therefore, it is a challenge to use multiple servers efficiently. We first analyze the dependence of the resource requirements on the number and locations of the servers. Based on the character of the function describing such a dependence, we formulate and solve the problem of video location and delivery, in a way that minimizes resource usage. We explore a trade-off between network and I/O bandwidth requirements. We evaluate our proposed solutions through a number of tests.
Social Variation in Shoshoni Phonology: An Ecological Interpretation

Under certain environmental and social conditions, intensive dialect borrowing can yield situations in which alternate phonemes may occur with such frequency in items elicited within a single speech community as to give the appearance of free variation. Such “social variation,” in which members of a single speech community utilize different reflexes of the same historic phoneme within their own vocabulary — thereby creating a superficial impression of free variation within the community — occurs within Shoshoni phonology.
Finite element analysis of incompressible material by residual energy balancing

Abstract Incompressibility is gradually introduced into the finite elements with the mesh refinement in such a way as to balance it with the residual discretization energy in order to ensure fastest convergence to the incompressible solution with best conditioned stiffness matrix to minimize round-off errors in the computations.
Recent trends in e–government: states' and local governments' utilisation of websites

This research evaluates and compares the progress of e–government at the state and local levels in the United States over the last ten years. We assess which functions are frequently included on their websites. To this end, our research question begins with asking: what are the current trends in e–government at the state and local levels? Finally, these findings are contextualised within the historical progress and development of e–government. This research looks to contribute to the field of e–government by presenting a broader picture of the component areas governments have focused on via the Internet.
In vitro binding of14C-labeled acidic compounds to serum albumin and their tissue distribution in the rat

The acidic compounds, such as phenoxyacetic acids, substituted benzoic acids, or acetylsalicylic acid, were found to bind to bovine serum albumin (BSA). Among phenoxyacetic acids, the binding affinity to BSA was highest for 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), which was approximately 4-, 24-, and 160-fold greater than those for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), o-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (CPA), and phenoxyacetic acid (PAA), respectively. There were two bound to serum albumins of other mammalian species. The binding affinity varied among species and also depended on the chemicals. However, the order of binding affinity in the albumin of each species remained the same as observed in BSA with few exceptions. Blood/tissue ratios of 14C from rats dosed with these 14C-labeled acids were highly correlated with the logarithm of the binding affinity constantsaffinity constants.
Models of Pitch Perception

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Historical Review of Pitch‐Perception Models Physiological Exploration of Place Versus Periodicity Results from Psychoacoustic Testing and Models Summary Exercises
ESTIMATION OF URINARY GONADOTROPIN OF THE NONPREGNANT HUMAN BY THE MOUSE UTERINE WEIGHT AND OVARIAN HYPEREMIA RESPONSES

ESTIMATION of urinary gonadotropin excretion for clinical studies usually depends on measurement of the reaction in the gonads of immature rodents caused by administration of extracts of urine, the most widely used methods having as end-points increases in ovarian or uterine weight of rats or mice (1–6). The estimation of gonadotropin by means of measuring its power to increase the weight of the rodent uterus is a relatively sensitive procedure. However, it permits measurement only of the total gonadotropin activity because the estrogen-induced uterine enlargement can be the result either of injected luteinizing hormone or of augmentation of the animal's endogenous luteinizing hormone by administered follicle-stimulating hormone (7, 8). No simple, sensitive and accurate means of differentiating between the gonadotropins present in an extract of urine has been available for clinical use. Since the ovarian hyperemia response in the rat is an excellent test for urinary chorionic gonadotropin (9), and since t...
How to contact extraterrestrial intelligence

Microwave and optical (both infrared and visible) radiation are the basis for the principal plans in use or under discussion for searching for advanced extraterrestrial societies, but we should be on the alert for alternative modalities that might contribute. Among the latter are other forms of radiation, matter transfer, and a variety of exotic suggestions.
From Fragment Screening to In Vivo Efficacy: Optimization of a Series of 2-Aminoquinolines as Potent Inhibitors of Beta-Site Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme 1 (BACE1).

Using fragment-based screening of a focused fragment library, 2-aminoquinoline 1 was identified as an initial hit for BACE1. Further SAR development was supported by X-ray structures of BACE1 cocrystallized with various ligands and molecular modeling studies to expedite the discovery of potent compounds. These strategies enabled us to integrate the C-3 side chain on 2-aminoquinoline 1 extending deep into the P2′ binding pocket of BACE1 and enhancing the ligand’s potency. We were able to improve the BACE1 potency to subnanomolar range, over 106-fold more potent than the initial hit (900 μM). Further elaboration of the physical properties of the lead compounds to those more consistent with good blood–brain barrier permeability led to inhibitors with greatly improved cellular activity and permeability. Compound 59 showed an IC50 value of 11 nM on BACE1 and cellular activity of 80 nM. This compound was advanced into rat pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies and demonstrated significant reduction of Aβ l...
Characterization of T-Bet and Eomes in Peripheral Human Immune Cells

The T-box transcription factors T-bet and Eomesodermin (Eomes) have been well defined as key drivers of immune cell development and cytolytic function. While the majority of studies have defined the roles of these factors in the context of murine T-cells, recent results have revealed that T-bet, and possibly Eomes, are expressed in other immune cell subsets. To date, the expression patterns of these factors in subsets of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells beyond T-cells remain relatively uncharacterized. In this study, we used multiparametric flow cytometry to characterize T-bet and Eomes expression in major human blood cell subsets, including total CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, γδ T-cells, invariant NKT cells, Natural Killer (NK) cells, B-cells, and dendritic cells. Our studies identified novel cell subsets that express T-bet and Eomes and raise implications for their possible functions in the context of other human immune cell subsets besides their well-known roles in T-cells.
Post-transcriptional regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 mRNA in diabetic rat liver

IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2 mRNAs are increased in the livers of streptozotocin-diabetic rats. A corresponding increase is observed in transcription of the IGFBP-1 but not the IGFBP-2 gene, indicating that the increase in steady-state levels of IGFBP-2 mRNA is a post-transcriptional effect. IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2 mRNAs also differ in the rapidity of their response to insulin treatment: hepatic IGFBP-1 mRNA is normalized within 1 h, IGFBP-2 mRNA decreases more slowly. These differences suggest that IGFBP-2 may provide more chronic adaptation to metabolic change than IGFBP-1.
Dynamic programming for improving irrigation scheduling strategies of maize

Abstract Efficient and profitable irrigation scheduling strategies are needed, particularly where water available for irrigation is limited. The purpose of the study was to identify optimal irrigation thresholds for several maize irrigation strategies in the southeastern USA. Using dynamic programming (DP), decisions among six possible thresholds were made for each of five maize growth stages. Net returns were maximized subject to a constraint on the total amount of irrigation. Net returns and irrigation amounts were determined for each growth stage using the growth simulator CERES-Maize. Net returns were computed by stage using the futures price for grain and constant ratio of grain yield to biomass. Net returns and water consumption were also computed for fixed threshold irrigation strategies. Dynamic irrigation strategies with differing thresholds for each growth stage produced higher average net returns and required less irrigation water than the best fixed threshold irrigation strategies. Further, irrigation amounts with the dynamic strategies were held below the maximum irrigation level. Irrigation amounts for the fixed strategies often exceeded the allowed maximum.
Regulation of Rat Kidney Mitochondrial Metabolism in Acute Acidosis

Proximal tubular ammoniagenesis is amplified under conditions of acute and chronic metabolic acidosis. Current hypotheses postulate that alterations in intracellular pH (pH1) or in the pH gradient across the inner mitochon drial membrane (?pHm) influence mitochondrial glutamine metabolism. Enhanced glutamine transport across the inner mitochondrialmembrane might constitute a key regulatory factor in acidosis.To examine changes in ?pHm, a technique was used to determine pH1 and intramitochondrialpH (pHm) simultaneously.Regulation of the enzyme a ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (a KGDH) was assessed by evaluating enzyme activity at varied levels of medium pH, Ca++,and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). The results indicate that pH 1 decreased with an acid exernalpH.A fall in pH1 correlated to increase activity of a KGDH associated with increased affinity for the substrate,a KG.Increments in either buffer Ca++ or ADP concentration increased enzyme affinity for aKG at pH 7.6 but not at pH 6.8. These results, compatible with previous reports, indicate that pH, Ca++, and ADP are effectors of the enzyme a KGDH. Alterations in pH across the inner mitochondrial membrane might augment flux through a KG by accelerating glutamine metabolism.Increased aKG oxidation over the range of 10 to 500 µmol/L Ca++ concentration is compat able with data for Ca++ regulation reported for the solubilized enzyme. These studies provide evidence that the above factors, through enhancing a KGDH activity, participate in regulation of ammoniagenesis during states of acidosis.
Immune response of sheep to bluetongue virus: in vitro induced lymphocyte blastogenesis.

Abstract Sheep were inoculated with 2 ml of 10 7 plaque forming units per ml of purified prototypes of the four United States serotypes (10, 11, 13 and 17) of bluetongue virus. Nine weeks following the initial inoculation, a challenge inoculation with homologous virus was done. Animals were followed for virus isolation and evidence of cell-mediated immunity by weekly lymphocyte stimulation tests (LST). Two dilutions (10 μg/ml and 1 μg/ml) of pure virus from each of the purified serotypes were used as antigen as were the phytomitogens phytohemagglutinin, Concanavalin A, and pokeweed mitogen. LST data were analyzed by the analysis of variance method and reported as counts per minute and stimulation index (SI). Significant SI were observed following primary and secondary challenge with both homologous and heterologous virus. There was evidence of lymphocyte perturbations characterized by a sharp decrease in response to mitogens following primary and secondary challenge lasting for one week followed by a significant increase in blastogenesis three to four weeks after inoculation of virus. These results provide evidence that cell-mediated immunity is evident in bluetongue infection, that there is cross reactivity between viral serotypes and that BTV infection leads to perturbations in lymphocyte function including suppression of responses. An increase in the blastogenic response to phytomitogens correlated with viral clearance.
Ligation of the pancreatic duct during difficult operative circumstances

Abstract Background The current approach to managing the distal pancreas after pancreaticoduodenectomy is to anastomose the stump to either the jejunum or stomach, but pancreatic ductal occlusion without anastomosis of the pancreatic remnant remains an option during difficult operative circumstances. This article describes some situations in which distal pancreatic ductal ligation may be of use and reviews the morbidity associated with this procedure. Study design Review was done of a prospectively kept database of operative and pathology reports and of both immediate and 3-month to 6-year followup data of seven patients who underwent ductal occlusion during pancreaticoduodenectomy or central pancreatectomy. Results Ductal occlusion was performed in three circumstances: 1. necessity for expedient termination of the operation; 2. short jejunal mesentery allowing only a tension-free biliary or pancreatic anastomosis; and 3. massive jejunal edema that would result in a tenuous anastomosis. Two patients developed a fistula. One patient had dense residual pancreatic fibrosis, which resolved after 5 days; the other patient had a normal residual pancreas and subsequently underwent a pancreaticojejunostomy. Three patients developed acute pancreatitis (two had a normal and one had mild to moderate fibrosis in the residual pancreas) and one of these developed a peripancreatic abscess and late pseudocyst. Four patients with dense fibrosis did not develop acute pancreatitis. No patient developed either overt or worsening diabetes during the limited followup. None of the patients required enzyme supplementation, but all voluntarily maintained a low-fat diet. Conclusions The development of complications after ductal ligation appears to be associated with the degree of fibrosis of the residual distal gland. Acute pancreatitis and fistula are the major complications but are associated with a low mortality. Diabetes is a potential late problem. The morbidity associated with ductal ligation is generally accepted as being greater than anastomosis, but ligation can be considered as an alternative in difficult circumstances where anastomosis of the distal pancreatic stump is believed to be unwise.
Systematic Sources of Bias in a Bioenergetics Model: Examples for Age‐0 Striped Bass

Abstract Laboratory experiments were conducted to measure prey consumption and metabolism of age-0 striped bass Morone saxatilis for a bioenergetics model for this species. In many bioenergetics models, resting metabolism is multiplied by a factor of one to two to account for energy expended in active metabolism. We estimated this activity multiplier (ACT) indirectly from laboratory experiments and found it to average 2.47. We validated the bioenergetics model in the laboratory and found estimates of growth and consumption to be within 6.1% of measured values at 20°C, but growth was underestimated and consumption overestimated by as much as 33% at 6.9°C. The bioenergetics model was used to evaluate the influence of parameter uncertainty upon model results. In general, parameters with the greatest uncertainty (largest 95% confidence interval relative to the mean) tended to be least sensitive to errors, whereas those measured with greater precision were more sensitive. Changing the value of ACT from the mea...
T-invariance and the neutron electric dipole moment

The results of calculations of the neutron electric dipole moments predicted by various models ofCP violation are given. It is concluded that Ramsey's proposed measurement of the electric dipole moment should provide a test for the existence of strangeness conservingCP violating interactions.
A Music Laboratory School Within A County System

(1985). A Music Laboratory School Within A County System. Action in Teacher Education: Vol. 7, Partnerships in Education, pp. 53-58.