cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adolescent Drug Abuse and Delinquency

Continuing with our biosocial, life-course approach to drug abuse and antisocial behavior we focus here on the adolescent period, which we define as beginning with puberty and ending when the frontal areas of the brain have reached a relative degree of maturity. In particular, we examine three interrelated issues that are fundamentally rooted in the framework and the logic of a developmental, life-course perspective. First, we examine the importance of early-onset alcohol and drug use and its connection to concurrent and adult persistent drug abuse and antisocial behavior. Next, we examine child-persistent versus adolescent-onset behavior problems. We make the case that a limited degree of low-grade antisocial behavior can be said to be somewhat normative during adolescence, but also argue that frequent and severe problem behavior during adolescence is anything but normative. Finally, keeping in mind the complex web of causality, we examine avenues by which drug abuse and antisocial behavior co-occur in the lives of many adolescents.
Printing and publishing the illustrated botanical book in nineteenth century Great Britain

In the nineteenth century there was an explosion of interest in gardening at all levels of English Society, including the new middle classes that had developed as a result of the Industrial Revolut...
Effects of Cypermethrin Selection on Expression of Insecticide Resistance Mechanisms in the German Cockroach (Blattaria: Blattellidae)

A cross-resistant strain of German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), (Marietta) expressing multiple resistance mechanisms was subjected to selection pressure with cypermethrin. Resistance to cyp...
Preventive maintenance modelling in lifetime warranty

Lifetime warranty is a type of long-term assurance that is now ubiquitous. With a long period of coverage, however, the expected number of failures and the associated costs are likely to add up. Hence, maintenance policies over a lifetime warranty can have a substantial impact on warranty servicing costs. Maintenance policies impose additional costs and would be worthy only if the reduction amount in total costs due to maintenance is greater than maintenance costs. The focus of this paper is on modelling preventive maintenance during a lifetime warranty in order to derive optimal maintenance policy and optimal level of repair based on the structures of a cost function and a failure rate function. Our investigation demonstrates that the optimal strategy for preventive maintenance can be achieved by considering minor repairs during early ages and marginal repairs near the end of a product life. Numerical examples are provided to evaluate our developed models and support the corresponding results.
Understanding Cultural Differences in Brand Extension Evaluation: The Inﬂuence of Analytic versus Holistic Thinking

The increasing popularity of brand extensions over the last decade has ignited interest in understanding how consumers evaluate brand extensions. A number of factors have been identiﬁed that inﬂuence whether consumers will evaluate brand extensions in a favorable manner. Key among them is the degree to which a brand extension “ﬁts” with the parent brand, which consumers judge in a variety of ways, including whether the extension is in a product category similar to other products produced by the parent brand, whether an attribute associated with the parent brand could be beneﬁcial in the extension product category, whether prestige associated with the parent brand could transfer to the extension product category, and whether the parent brand has the requisite expertise to produce a product in the extension category (see Keller 2002). Brand extensions that are higher in perceived ﬁt are typically evaluated more favorably than are those that are viewed as poor ﬁts.
Back to the basics: a simple method of DNA extraction for mucilaginous cacti

We review and discuss a number of DNA extraction protocols written for mucilaginous plants. Two relatively simple methods are presented here that have been used to reliably obtain molecular data from mucilaginous cacti. We propose that the methods presented here can achieve usable results with a minimum of time and expense.
Photopolymerization kinetics of methyl methacrylate with reactive and inert nanogels

The enhanced in situ photopolymerization kinetics of methyl methacrylate (MMA) to poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) through the incorporation of both inert and reactive nanogel (NG) fillers under ambient conditions has been demonstrated. In addition to the polymerization kinetics, the physical and chemical properties of the prepolymeric NG were also utilized to tune the thermoplasticity and mechanical properties of the PMMA polymer network. The protocol followed in this study imparts superior MMA photopolymerization kinetics (≥ 60% double-bond conversion within 15 min for > 35 wt% nanogel loadings and ≥ 95% double-bond conversion in < 60 min for all NG concentrations) when compared with traditional polymerization mechanisms. PMMA remained a glassy material following the incorporation of both inert and reactive NG as demonstrated by the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the ultimate networks. Network linearity is uncompromised following incorporation of inert NG additives, thereby preserving the thermoplasticity of the PMMA network. As the non-functionalized, inert NG content increases, the maintenance of thermoplasticity occurs at the expense of mechanical properties (10× reduction of maximum strength at 25 wt% loading). These effects are less pronounced when reactive nanogels are employed (no significant reduction of maximum strength at 25 wt% loading with minimal crosslinking). The incorporation of NGs enable high chemical tunability within linear polymer networks. Given the wide range of monomers available for the synthesis of NGs, the methodology detailed in this study offers a scheme for the optimization of linear networks for specific targeted applications, hitherto deemed unrealistic under established polymerization protocols.
Recent Advances in Methods of Phylogenetic Inference

It would be possible to form an impression that zoologists are not currently much interested in the phylogeny of mammals. For example among 111 papers scheduled for presentation at the 1973 meeting of the American Society of Mammalogists, none were directly phylogenetic and only 9 (8%) dealt with systematics. Among 100 recent papers sampled at random in the journals Systematic Zoology and Evolution, 9 were on mammalian systematics in a rather narrow sense, but of these only 4 involved phylogeny. Nevertheless, the existence of the present conference and examination of a broader spectrum of the scattered literature do show that an interest in phylogeny does exist and that indeed this is now quite an active field of study and debate.
Social Movement Unionism or Social Justice Unionism? Disentangling Theoretical Confusion within the Global Labor Movement

After the election of John Sweeney as President of the AFL-CIO in October 1995, activists and supportive intellectuals in the United States began thinking about how to revitalize the almost moribund American labor movement. A key part of this literature has revolved around the concept of “social movement unionism.” This term touched a nerve, and has garnered widespread usage in North America over the past two decades. However, most researchers using this term have no idea that it was initially developed to understand the new unionism developed by members of specific labor movements in Brazil, the Philippines and South Africa, a type of unionism qualitatively different from that found in North America. This paper argues that the term “social movement unionism” should be confined only to labor organizations developing the same type of unionism, wherever in the world such should be found. Accordingly, this concept should not be utilized in North America today as there are no labor centers or unions present that are developing this type of trade unionism. It is important to clarify this confusion because it is leads to incorrect understandings and miscommunication. Accordingly, the current situation—whereby the same term is used to refer to two qualitatively different social phenomena —theoretically works against efforts to build global labor solidarity. What about the progressive, broad-scope unionism emerging in North America over the past two decades? Taking a page from labor history, this article argues that the proper precedent is progressive unionism developed by the United Packinghouse Workers of America, CIO, and others, and therefore should be referred to as “social justice unionism.” An Appendix provides a measurement tool. The argument is empirically grounded and theoretically developed, allowing us to better understand trade unionism around the globe.
The Effect of Different Combinations of Three Stacked Half-Hitches and Suture Materials on an Arthroscopic Knot in a Dry or Wet Environment.

Purpose Evidence is lacking on the effect of different combinations of three stacked half-hitches and suture materials on the loop/ knot security of an arthroscopic knot under cyclic loading conditions. The specific aim of this study was to identify variables, such as stacked half-hitch configurations, suture materials, and testing environments, that affect knot strength and loop security under cyclic loading conditions. Methods Two suture materials (Orthocord and ForceFiber) were used to tie five differently stacked reversing half-hitches on alternating posts (RHAP) in an arthroscopic knot condition. All knots were evaluated in both dry and wet cyclic loading tests. Results Knots tied with three identical half-hitches stacked on the same post (Conf #1) resulted in 100% knot slippage regardless of suture material in dry environment. In the wet environment this knot configuration performed slightly better (ForceFiber: 20% survived; Orthocord: 40% survived). With knots tied with one of the half-hitches in the RHAPs reversed, a significant improvement occurred in knot holding compared to Conf #1 (p<0.05). Knots tied with the last half-hitches in the RHAPs reversed using ForceFiber were 100% secure in both test environments; whereas those tied with Orthocord had 70% and 80% security rates in the respective environments. Knots tied with two half-hitches of the RHAPs reversed demonstrated the best overall performance. Conclusion Significant effects for both stacked half-hitch configurations and suture materials on the knot loop and knot security were observed. Caution should be used when tying the 3 RHAPs in a knot using standard arthroscopic techniques. This study may provide a solution that might improve the maximum failure loads observed between orthopaedic surgeons, and achieve better clinical outcomes. Clinical Relevance The findings of this study indicate the importance of three reversing half-hitches on alternating posts in performing arthroscopic knot tying, and provide evidence regarding discrepancies of maximum clinical failure loads observed between orthopaedic surgeons leading to better surgical outcomes.
Algebraic hyperbolicity of the very general quintic surface in P3

Abstract We prove that a curve of degree dk on a very general surface of degree d ≥ 5 in P 3 has geometric genus at least d k ( d − 5 ) + k 2 + 1 . This gives a substantial improvement on the celebrated genus bounds of Geng Xu. As a corollary, we deduce the algebraic hyperbolicity of a very general quintic surface in P 3 , resolving a long-standing conjecture of Demailly. This completely determines which very general hypersurfaces in P 3 are algebraically hyperbolic.
Believing in dopamine

Midbrain dopamine signals are widely thought to report reward prediction errors that drive learning in the basal ganglia. However, dopamine has also been implicated in various probabilistic computations, such as encoding uncertainty and controlling exploration. Here, we show how these different facets of dopamine signalling can be brought together under a common reinforcement learning framework. The key idea is that multiple sources of uncertainty impinge on reinforcement learning computations: uncertainty about the state of the environment, the parameters of the value function and the optimal action policy. Each of these sources plays a distinct role in the prefrontal cortex-basal ganglia circuit for reinforcement learning and is ultimately reflected in dopamine activity. The view that dopamine plays a central role in the encoding and updating of beliefs brings the classical prediction error theory into alignment with more recent theories of Bayesian reinforcement learning.
Current assessment of the (dys)function of macrophages in endometriosis and its associated pain.

Endometriosis is a gynecological disease that affects 1 in 10 women worldwide and is characterized by the presence of lesions made up of endometrial cells (ECs) outside of the uterus. Symptoms associated with endometriosis include pain and infertility. It was realized in early last century that endometriosis is an inflammatory disease. Search for the mediators of this inflammation had been one of the key areas of research in understanding the etiology of this disease. Pioneering work by Halme, Olive, and Arici’s groups provided evidences for an inflammatory peritoneal milieu and the role for macrophages in endometriosis (1-3). Publications as early as in the 1980s showed that the peritoneal macrophages are present at higher levels in women with endometriosis-associated infertility when compared to infertile women due to causes other than endometriosis or normal women (4). Just a few years later, Badawy et al . also examined the peritoneal fluid (PF) of women with endometriosis and those who were infertile and showed that macrophages and lymphocytes were the dominant cells in their fluid. They also noted that prostaglandins, PGF2α, and PGE2 were also increased in the fluid (5).
The Potassium Channel Subunit Kvβ1 is Required for Synaptic Facilitation

Analysis of the presynaptic action potential (APsyn) in hippocampal pyramidal neurons has been difficult due to size limitations of axons. We overcame these size barriers by combining high resolution optical recordings of membrane potential, exocytosis and calcium in cultured hippocampal neurons. These recordings revealed a critical and selective role for Kv1 channel inactivation in synaptic facilitation of excitatory hippocampal neurons. Presynaptic Kv1 channel inactivation was mediated by the Kvβ1 subunit and had a surprisingly rapid onset that was readily apparent even in brief physiological stimulation paradigms including paired-pulse stimulation. Genetic depletion of Kvβ1 blocked all broadening of the APsyn during high frequency stimulation and eliminated synaptic facilitation without altering the initial probability of vesicle release. Thus using all quantitative optical measurements of presynaptic physiology, we reveal a critical role for Kv channels in synaptic facilitation at small presynaptic terminals of the hippocampal neurons upstream of exocytic machinery.
Extensive transcriptome changes during seasonal leaf senescence in field-grown black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa Nisqually-1).

To better understand the molecular control of leaf senescence, we examined transcriptome changes during seasonal leaf senescence in Populus trichocarpa Nisqually-1, the Populus reference genome, growing in its natural habitat. Using monthly (from May to October) transcriptomes for three years (2009, 2015, and 2016), we identified 17,974 differentially expressed genes (DEGs; false discovery rate <0.05; log-fold change cutoff = 0) from 36,007 expressed Populus gene models. A total of 14,415 DEGs were directly related to transitions between four major developmental phases – growth, senescence initiation, reorganization, and senescence termination. These DEGs were significantly (p < 0.05) enriched in 279 gene ontology (GO) terms, including those related to photosynthesis, metabolic process, catalytic activity, protein phosphorylation, kinase activity, pollination, and transport. Also, there were 881 differentially expressed transcription factor (TF) genes from 54 TF families, notably bHLH, MYB, ERF, MYB-related, NAC, and WRKY. We also examined 28 DEGs known as alternative splicing (AS) factors that regulate AS process, and found evidence for a reduced level of AS activity during leaf senescence. Furthermore, we were able to identify a number of promoter sequence motifs associated with leaf senescence. This work provides a comprehensive resource for identification of genes involved in seasonal leaf senescence in trees, and informs efforts to explore the conservation and divergence of molecular mechanisms underlying leaf senescence between annual and perennial species.
Mock Chemical Safety Sort to Engage with Storage and Inventory

Storage and inventory issues are not typically a part of chemistry coursework, yet they are something that a high school science teacher will have to handle immediately upon graduation. Using an au...
A Step Closer to Racial Equity: Towards a Culturally Sustaining Model for Community Schools:

In this article, we explore community schools, as first theorized through community organizing, in relation to movements for racial justice in education to address the following question: How has e...
FIFTY M31 BLACK HOLE CANDIDATES IDENTIFIED BY CHANDRA AND XMM-NEWTON

Over approximately the last five years, we have identified ∼35 black hole candidates (BHCs) in M31 from their X-ray spectra. Our BHCs exhibited 0.3-10 keV spectra consistent with the X-ray binary (XB) hard state at luminosities that are above the upper limit for neutron star (NS) XBs. When our BHC spectra were modeled with a disk blackbody + blackbody model for comparison with bright NS XBs, we found that the BHCs inhabited a different parameter space than the NS XBs. However, BH XBs may also exhibit a thermally dominated (TD) state that has never been seen in NS XBs; this TD state is most often observed in X-ray transients. We examined the ∼50 X-ray transients in our Chandra survey of M31 and found 13 with spectra suitable for analysis. We also examined two BHCs outside the field of view of our survey in the globular clusters B045 and B375. We have 42 strong BHCs and 8 plausible BHCs that may benefit from further observation. Of our 15 BHCs in globular clusters, 12 differ from NS spectra by >5σ. Due to improvements in our analysis, we have upgraded 10 previously identified plausible BHCs to strong BHCs. The mean maximum duty cyclemore » of the 33 X-ray transients within 6' of M31* is 0.13; we estimate that >40% of the XBs in this region contain BH accretors. Remarkably, we estimate that BHCs contribute >90% of those XBs >10{sup 38} erg s{sup –1}.« less
Seismic behavior of ultra-high performance concrete elements: State-of-the-art review and test database and trends

Abstract The rapidly growing demand for taller buildings and longer span bridges in high seismicity regions obliges structural engineers to develop innovative materials that are stronger and more deformable, and components and structures that are more resilient. Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) is a promising material to satisfy this demand because of its superior strength, ductility and durability characteristics. This study develops a critical state-of-the-art review of the experimental research work on seismic performance of UHPC structural components. In addition, a comprehensive database for 142 cyclic tests on UHPC components is constructed, presented and analyzed. The seismic behavior of various structural components in literature tests, including columns, beams, beam-column joints, and structural walls, is investigated in detail based on analyzing the observed data trends in the database and past literature test results.
Sensitivity of implicit evaluations to accurate and erroneous propositional inferences.

Abstract Explicit (directly measured) evaluations are widely assumed to be sensitive to logical structure. However, whether implicit (indirectly measured) evaluations are uniquely sensitive to co-occurrence information or can also reflect logical structure has been a matter of theoretical debate. To test these competing ideas, participants (N = 3928) completed a learning phase consisting of a series of two-step trials. In step 1, one or more conditional statements (A → B) containing novel targets co-occurring with valenced adjectives (e.g., “if you see a blue square, Ibbonif is sincere”) were presented. In step 2, a disambiguating stimulus, e.g., blue square (A) or gray blob (¬A) was revealed. Co-occurrence information, disambiguating stimuli, or both were varied between conditions to enable investigating the unique and joint effects of each. Across studies, the combination of conditional statements and disambiguating stimuli licensed different normatively accurate inferences. In Study 1, participants were prompted to use modus ponens (inferring B from A → B and A). In Studies 2–4, the information did not license accurate inferences, but some participants made inferential errors: affirming the consequent (inferring A from A → B and B; Study 2) or denying the antecedent (inferring ¬B from A → B and ¬A; Studies 3A, 3B, and 4). Bayesian modeling using ordinal constraints on condition means yielded consistent evidence for the sensitivity of both explicit (self-report) and implicit (IAT and AMP) evaluations to the (correctly or erroneously) inferred truth value of propositions. Together, these data suggest that implicit evaluations, similar to their explicit counterparts, can reflect logical structure.
Work-in-Progress-Virtual Field Trips to Increase Geoscience Accessibility and Student Engagement

With the sudden shift to online learning during the global pandemic, there is an increased interest in earth science virtual field trips (VTFs). This work in progress poster describes a project to increase diversity and information access to introductory geology training through physically accessible VTFs. The pilot study investigates the effectiveness of an undergraduate introductory geology VFT in meeting the same real-world lab learning objectives in both desktop and immersive virtual formats.
Venous Causes of Pulsatile Tinnitus: Clinical Presentation, Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation, Pathogenesis, and Endovascular Treatments: A Literature Review

Tinnitus is an abnormal perception of a sound without external stimulation. Venous pulsatile tinnitus (VPT) is a specific form of tinnitus characterized by an objective and often subjective bruit that occurs as a result of localized venous abnormalities. Clinical evaluation relies on sound quality, duration, and precipitating factors. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) and transverse sinus stenosis (TSS) are among the most common causes of VPT. Other causes include sigmoid sinus wall abnormalities (SSWAs), jugular vein anomalies (JVAs), and emissary veins anomalies. These anomalies can be detected on magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance angiography/magnetic resonance venography, and high-resolution temporal bone computed tomography. The pathogenesis behind the VPT includes turbulent blood flow as a result of luminal stenosis or abnormal dilation, amplification of internal sound due to temporal bone defects, and abnormal position of the venous sinus system structures adjacent to the bony structures of the auditive apparatus. Based on these theories, different interventional treatment modalities can be applied to treat the underlying causes. Endovascular treatments have shown high efficacy and safety among those treatments which include stenting of the lateral sinus stenosis in IIH and TSS, coiling of the SSWA and JVA, and embolization of emissary veins anomalies. Further studies are needed to understand the natural history of these anomalies and the efficacy of treatments of VPT, which-unlike other types of tinnitus-can be cured with proper treatment.
Matching Recommendation Technologies and Domains

Recommender systems form an extremely diverse body of technologies and approaches. The chapter aims to assist researchers and developers to identify the recommendation technologies that are most likely to be applicable to different domains of recommendation. Unlike other taxonomies of recommender systems, our approach is centered on the question of knowledge: what knowledge does a recommender system need in order to function, and where does that knowledge come from? Different recommendation domains (books vs condominiums, for example) provide different opportunities for the gathering and application of knowledge. These considerations give rise to a mapping between domain characteristics and recommendation technologies.
Automated anatomical landmark detection ondistal femur surface using convolutional neural network

Accurate localization of the anatomical landmarks on distal femur bone in the 3D medical images is very important for knee surgery planning and biomechanics analysis. However, the landmark identification process is often conducted manually or by using the inserted auxiliaries, which is time-consuming and lacks of accuracy. In this paper, an automatic localization method is proposed to determine positions of initial geometric landmarks on femur surface in the 3D MR images. Based on the results from the convolutional neural network (CNN) classifiers and shape statistics, we use the narrow-band graph cut optimization to achieve the 3D segmentation of femur surface. Finally, the anatomical landmarks are located on the femur according to the geometric cues of surface mesh. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed method is effective, efficient, and reliable to segment femur and locate the anatomical landmarks.
Conserved Charges in Asymptotically (Locally) AdS Spacetimes

When a physical system is complicated and nonlinear, global symmetries and the associated conserved quantities provide some of the most powerful analytic tools to understand its behavior. This is as true in theories with a dynamical spacetime metric as for systems defined on a fixed spacetime background. Chapter 17 has already discussed the so-called Arnowitt–Deser–Misner (ADM ) conserved quantities for asymptotically flat dynamical spacetimes, exploring in detail certain subtleties related to diffeomorphism invariance. In particular, it showed that the correct notion of global symmetry is given by the so-called asymptotic symmetries; equivalence classes of diffeomorphisms with the same asymptotic behavior at infinity. It was also noted that the notion of asymptotic symmetry depends critically on the choice of boundary conditions. Indeed, it is the imposition of boundary conditions that causes the true gauge symmetries to be only a subset of the full diffeomorphism group and thus allows the existence of nontrivial asymptotic symmetries at all.
Medicamentos para lucrar. La transformación de la industria farmacéutica

The article analyzes the case of Merck and shows that this firm, considered during many decades to be the most innovative, highly scientific and profitable, the bluest of the blue chips, has in the last years transformed itself into a commercial enterprise. Its main objective is to increase the sales of drugs regardless of their therapeutic value. The discovery of true innovative drugs that add new therapeutic value has decreased notably. In the second part, the authors present data indicating that Merck's case is not unique. The innovative pharmaceutical industry, known as "Big Pharma", has followed the same trend. In the process, fundamental ethical principles are routinely violated. The paper discusses the health consequences of the industry's transformation.
What's the Best Sound?

The neurons of the brain that first receive input from the senses detect elementary features--such as lines or movement--and then relay that information to the next higher stage of sensory processing, where more complex features are assembled. This principle was established based on work in the visual pathway, and now a report in this issue ([ deCharms et al. ][1]) describes a method to determine the elementary features for the auditory system. As Young explains in his commentary, a neuron exposed to a broad array of chords can pick out the relevant ones and respond only to them, defining for the researcher its own optimal stimulus. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/280/5368/1439
Scaling the “Memory Wall”: Designer track

DRAM has been the technology for computer main memory since Intel released the first commercial DRAM chip (i1103) in 1970. As technology scales and demand for memory performance, it seems DRAM is facing several challenges. Many other memory technologies are anticipated to replace it but none has emerged as a clear winner thus far. In this paper we post the question. Is it possible to re-examine the design of DRAM to continue its life for another decade at least?
Smoothness Maximization Along a Predefined Path Accurately Predicts the Speed Profiles of Complex Arm Movements

Todorov, Emanuel and Michael I. Jordan. Smoothness maximization along a predefined path accurately predicts the speed profiles of complex arm movements. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 696–714, 1998. The spee...
Tech girls shine: Increasing commitment to diversity through outreach

In the spring of 2015, our STARS Computing Corps and the computer science department at Columbus State University (CSU) partnered with our student chapter of the ACM, and the Empowered Youth of Columbus (EYC), an after school program serving at-risk youth, to bring 3rd–5th grade girls and CSU student volunteers together for a day of computing. The Saturday event was designed to increase awareness of the shortage of women in computing and encourage a commitment to changing this for the future. We had 27 girls and nearly 30 volunteers participate in activities involving Scratch, TouchDevelop, Lego WeDo, and Kano computers. We administered surveys to the volunteers to measure changes in attitude and commitment. Although the majority of our volunteers were already aware of the shortage of women in computing, we did increase the level of concern about the shortage as well as the commitment to increasing the number of women in computer science and encouraging women to stay in computer science. Volunteers also provided feedback for improving future events. The event was partially funded by a seed grant we received from NCWIT.
Designing the United Nations Environment Programme: a story of compromise and confrontation

The role of the United Nations in global environmental governance was determined in 1972 when a new international body for the global environment was created as a programme within the United Nations rather than as an autonomous specialized agency. A set of political dynamics between developed and developing countries led to the decisions on the functions, form, financing, and location of the new intergovernmental organization—the United Nations Environment Programme. This article traces the his- torical roots of these choices and exposes the motivations behind them.
Respiratory-modulated and phrenic afferent-driven neurons in the cervical spinal cord (C4-C6) of the fluorocarbon-perfused guinea pig.

The potential contributions of cervical spinal interneurons to the neural control of respiration have been investigated by extracellularly recording the patterns of activity of neurons in the C4–C6 spinal cord during fictive respiration in the fluorocarbon-perfused, adult guinea pig. Two types of neurons were recorded: respiratory-modulated neurons, whose activity was modulated with respiration, and phrenic-driven neurons, which were excited by electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerve. Respiratory-modulated neurons (n = 20) could be divided into inspiratory, expiratory, and phase-spanning neurons, based on their patterns of activity during fictive respiration. Respiratory-modulated neurons showed varying dependencies on the type of breathing; during spontaneous augmented breaths, one-half exhibited patterns of activity that were significantly different to those seen during normal, fictive respiration, whereas the other half of the respiratory-modulated neurons showed similar patterns of activity during both normal and augmented breaths. Phrenic-driven neurons (n = 22) could be divided into short-latency (7–12 ms), moderate-latency (12–25 ms), and inhibited neurons, but were only occasionally and weakly modulated with respiration. The results suggest that respiratory-modulated C4–C6 spinal neurons may contribute to the neural control of respiration, with different subpopulations specialized for different types of respiratory tasks, and that phrenic-driven neurons may be interposed in sensory or reflex pathways, such as the spinothalamic tract or phrenic-to-phrenic inhibitory reflex.
User Interface Design and Agility: Practices for Integration in CS Classrooms (Abstract Only)

Today's Computer Science (CS) students may not give enough attention for the importance of the User Interfaces (UIs) they design for class projects, which becomes even more critical when they design for mobile applications. They also lack the required organization skills that help them manage how they work together. Although agile methods proponents and UI experts follow different guidelines for each to achieve their goals, integrating agile and UI design practices seems to be a promising combination that can help CS students (and developers in general) to better design for various mobile devices (smartphones, tablets, smart watches etc.) as well as to follow a semi-structured development approach to help them manage their programming work. Our research is concerned with studying the various approaches that can be used to combine agile practices with UI design guidelines for designing mobile applications. We are designing a framework that uses Pair Programming (PP) -- as an agile practice to guide the mobile UI design and application development processes. Unlike the previous studies that applied agile methods in classrooms, we are concerned with the special requirements of mobile devices as well as the regular development tasks. Moreover, we are focusing on applying certain practices that we believe to be easier to follow than the broader agile guidelines. Our current work aims at providing CS educators with a new adaptive teaching approach that is more student-oriented instead of the traditional task assignment approaches. Our research will then be extended to include teams from software development companies that are working on mobile application development. We believe that our practice-oriented framework that integrates agile with mobile UI design and development practices has much to do with industry as well as classrooms.
A method for determining the surface area of corals

Although there are several techniques available that can accurately determine the surface area of simple branching corals, there is an absence of techniques that can be applied to finely branching species like Pocillopora damicornis. This paper describes a rapid, spectrophotometer-based technique that can accurately determine the surface area of a range of coral species, including P. damicornis. The technique involves dipping corals coated with plastic varnish into a solution that contains a small amount of detergent and the dye Methylene Blue. The amount of dye solution clinging to the surfaces (as a thinlayer) is proportional to the total surface area.
Revaluing Indigenous Language Resources Through Language Planning

(1995). Revaluing Indigenous Language Resources Through Language Planning. Bilingual Research Journal: Vol. 19, Indigenous Language Education and Literacy, pp. 179-182.
Plastic buckling of axially compressed cylindrical shells

The plastic buckling of cylindrical shells under axial compression is studied analytically and experimentally. Attention is given to both the nonlinear and nonconservative aspects of the stress-strain relation. The effect of unloading is investigated in an exact manner for a hinge model which is proposed and in both an exact and an approximate manner for a geometrically perfect shell. Thirty tests are reported on cylindrical shells of 2024-T4 aluminum with radius to thickness ratios of 120 through 10 and length to radius ratios of 0.20 to 7. Specimens were prepared with three different types of end conditions and were tested either through a ball and socket arrangement or flat ended between smooth bearing blocks. A simple (jy incremental theory gives results very close to J% deformation theory and does predict both buckling strength and the geometry of buckling for thick and moderately thick shells.
Modulation of thalamocortical relay by basal ganglia in Parkinson’s disease and dystonia

Two major neurological disorders – Parkinson’s disease and dystonia – are believed to involve pathology in the activity of the basal ganglia, a subcortical brain structure, whose output nuclei (internal Globus Pallidus, GPi) projects to thalamus and modulates thalamocortical relay. While these disorders may ultimately involve different network and cellular pathologies, some pathological physiology may be shared between them because surgical treatment of both conditions includes surgical lesion or electrical stimulation to GPi (pallidotomy and GPi DBS). This work compares the thalamocortical relay responses to inhibitory inputs from internal segment of GPi in Parkinson’s disease and in dystonia. Experimental data suggest that both conditions are marked by stronger oscillatory activity. In dystonia this activity becomes pathologically strong in the theta and alpha bands [1,2], while in Parkinson’s disease this is the beta-band activity [3]. The activity itself is patterned in time [4], complicating the computational study of its role. To compare the modulation of thalamocortical relay, we use experimental data recorded from GPi of human subjects with Parkinson’s disease or dystonia and study the difference of the quality of thalamocortical relay in these conditions following the computational setup, presented earlier in [5]. The results of the study of the “hybrid” system (computational model of TC cell modulated by experimental data) reveal a substantial similarity in the properties of relay in Parkinson’s disease and in dystonia. TC relay fidelity is substantially impaired due to the pathological pattern of GPi signals in both conditions. The results are robust with respect to variations of the model details and the types of incoming excitatory synaptic input. The results suggest that even though the rhythmicity in Parkinson’s disease and dystonia are confined to different frequency bands, their effect on the dynamics of downstream circuits is similar. Thus given the differences in dystonic and parkinsonian symptoms these results suggest the existence of mechanisms beyond pathological rhythmicity and thalamocortical relay in at least in one of the conditions. On the other hand, overlap in some motor deficits of dystonia and Parkinson’s disease may be attributed to the existence of similar pathological rhythmicities and the resulting deficiencies of thalamic relay.
Characterization of rare p53 mutants from carcinogen-treated albumin–simian virus 40 T-antigen transgenic rats

The p53 gene has been either mutated or deleted in most human tumors examined to date. Mutations in the specific DNA-binding domain are the most common p53 mutations and are of interest because they may produce p53 molecules with transcriptional capabilities unlike those of the wild-type (WT) p53 protein. Mutations in the rat p53 gene were found in hepatic neoplasms of carcinogen-treated transgenic rats that express simian virus 40 (SV40) large T-antigen (TAg). Because this result was unexpected, we examined some of the biochemical and biological properties of the mutant proteins. Corresponding nucleotide changes were made by site-directed mutagenesis of the rat p53 cDNA, which was then inserted into a eukaryotic expression vector and transfected into the human hepatocyte cell line Hep 3B. Four of the mutant p53 molecules from rat hepatomas retained a strict WT conformation. Two others existed in both WT and mutant conformations. All of the mutant proteins were able to bind TAg as well as WT p53 did. Whereas the WT p53 protein was able to repress expression of a reporter gene containing a p53-response element (pSV2CAT), the missense-mutant p53 proteins induced transcription of the reporter to an extent equivalent to that of TAg. The mutant proteins also allowed TAg to induce the pSV2CAT reporter gene. The mutant molecules were able to enhance survival of Hep 3B cells, perhaps by preventing cell death, whereas expression of the WT p53 protein caused a reduction in cell number to nearly 10% of control levels. The results of these experiments suggest that the mutant p53 molecules observed in the carcinogen-treated transgenic rats may have unique properties that are important in carcinogenesis.
Consequences of Fitting Nonidentified Latent Class Models

Latent class models are becoming more popular in behavioral research. When models with a large number of latent classes relative to the number of manifest indicators are estimated, researchers must consider the possibility that the model is not identified. It is not enough to determine that the model has positive degrees of freedom. A well-known example is the latent class model with 4 binary indicators and 3 classes. This study shows that nonidentified latent class models can appear to be estimated normally when parameter estimates become fixed to a boundary of the parameter space. The consequences for the posterior probabilities of class membership given observed data are examined, along with the potential to bias predictions of distal outcomes contingent on class membership.
Studies of Yellow Fever Virus in Tissue Culture

The virus of yellow fever, like most invisible agents of infectious diseases, has not been cultivated on any of the usual bacteriological media. After it had been established that this virus belong...
Universal equation of state

The "universal" equation of state recently proposed by Vinet, Ferrante, Rose, and Smith is numerically equivalent, to leading order in finite strain, to several well-established two-parameter equations of state. Notably, it is in accord with the Birch-Murnaghan equation that is derived from Eulerian finite-strain theory, and hence is applicable to condensed matter involving any bonding type. It is well established that the Eulerian finite-strain formalism is exceptionally successful in describing the compressional behavior of materials at high pressures. This argues strongly in favor of the conclusion of Vinet and co-workers that their equation of state is universal in the sense of successfully reproducing the pressure-volume relations of a wide variety of materials. It appears, however, that no existing two-parameter equation of state is fully in accord with all measurements of high-order elastic moduli. In detail, published values of compressional moduli imply that deviations from the "universal" and Birch-Murnaghan equations of state exist, but these can be accounted for with higher-order terms.
On NH···S hydrogen bonds

Abstract A survey of crystals in which NH···S interactions occur leads to the result that most of these systems should be called hydrogen bonds in the sense that this term is usually used. The NH···S distances are in the range 3.25 to 3.55 A. More important, however, are the observed shortenings of 0.2 to 0.5 A of the H···S distance under the van der Waals radius sum of 2.75 A. Small deviations from linearity, i.e. up to about 25 °, of the three atoms involved, may be expected. The possibility of NH···S bonds accordingly should not be overlooked in the construction of models of molecules in which both NH groups and sulfur are present.
Synthesis, structure, and thermal properties of 1,2-dipalmitoylgalloylglycerol (DPGG), a novel self-adhering lipid

Abstract A novel diacyl glycerol-based lipid with a polyphenolic head group has been synthesized and characterized. X-ray diffraction experiments show that this lipid, 1,2-dipalmitoylgalloylglycerol (DPGG), hydrates to form gel phase bilayers at 20°C with extremely narrow interbilayer fluid separations, indicating that apposing DPGG bilayers strongly adhere to each other. Differential scanning calorimetry shows that fully hydrated DPGG exhibits a pretransition exotherm (3.7 kcal/mol) at 52°C and a high enthalpy (11.3 kcal/mol) main endothermic transition at 69°C. These thermal properties are similar to those of galactosylceramides with similar hydrocarbon chain compositions. The adhesive and thermal properties of DPGG are likely due to both intermolecular hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic interactions between the aromatic rings on the gallic acids.
Malachite Green Mediates Homodimerization of Antibody VL Domains to Form a Fluorescent Ternary Complex with Singular Symmetric Interfaces.

We report that a symmetric small-molecule ligand mediates the assembly of antibody light chain variable domains (VLs) into a correspondent symmetric ternary complex with novel interfaces. The L5* fluorogen activating protein is a VL domain that binds malachite green (MG) dye to activate intense fluorescence. Crystallography of liganded L5* reveals a 2:1 protein:ligand complex with inclusive C2 symmetry, where MG is almost entirely encapsulated between an antiparallel arrangement of the two VL domains. Unliganded L5* VL domains crystallize as a similar antiparallel VL/VL homodimer. The complementarity-determining regions are spatially oriented to form novel VL/VL and VL/ligand interfaces that tightly constrain a propeller conformer of MG. Binding equilibrium analysis suggests highly cooperative assembly to form a very stable VL/MG/VL complex, such that MG behaves as a strong chemical inducer of dimerization. Fusion of two VL domains into a single protein tightens MG binding over 1000-fold to low picomolar affinity without altering the large binding enthalpy, suggesting that bonding interactions with ligand and restriction of domain movements make independent contributions to binding. Fluorescence activation of a symmetrical fluorogen provides a selection mechanism for the isolation and directed evolution of ternary complexes where unnatural symmetric binding interfaces are favored over canonical antibody interfaces. As exemplified by L5*, these self-reporting complexes may be useful as modulators of protein association or as high-affinity protein tags and capture reagents.
Comparison of latch-based and switch-based, sampled-data, three-phase, PWM, voltage-source inverter models for dynamic analysis

A switch-based, sampled-data, three-phase, pulse width modulated (PWM), voltage-source inverter (VSI) model for dynamic analysis has been derived and compared with the existing latch-based model. Comparisons were made for both time-domain, large-signal and z-domain, small-signal analyses. The switch-based model has the advantage of including inverter switching ripple current in the time-domain, large signal analysis, with minimal computational effort. The z-domain, small-signal model is made time-invariant using an approximation, with the limitations of using this approximation discussed. The switch-based z-domain model shows no significant difference from the latch-based model. This result confirms the validity of the latch-based analysis for z-domain for controller tuning, as long as the approximation needed for time-invariance is valid.
Introducing Valuation Effects-Based External Balance Analysis into the Undergraduate Macroeconomics Curricula: A Simple Framework with Applications

Global imbalances and the sustainability of large U.S. current account deficits have dominated international macroeconomics of late. Pedagogically, a clear disconnect exists between graduate-level open-economy macroeconomics that emphasizes intertemporal current account models and net foreign asset adjustment featuring valuation effects, and, undergraduate macroeconomics that is still driven by static analysis of U.S. current account deficits and cursory coverage of valuation-effects-driven external balance adjustment. The authors of this article discuss a simple intertemporal framework, based on modern open-economy macroeconomic models, that emphasizes the significance of valuation effects arising from changes in asset prices and exchange rates. The authors also highlight the relevance of the framework by examining a few topical applications related to prominent puzzles and debates in open-economy macroeconomics.