cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recareering Happily Ever After: An Analysis Of Job Transition Storytelling In AARP Message Boards

The aging population – those 55 and older – are an increasing percentage of the US population and workforce. Yet, they are struggling to obtain full-time employment when displaced. Experiences of the aging worker are of concern to those investigating organizing processes and use of technology related to employment. This particular research study analyzes computer-mediated storytelling on the American Association of Retired People’s magazine and related message boards revealing: 1) construction of a storytelling virtual community, in which community members 2) utilize stories as social support and 3) discipline unsupportive storytelling.
Synchronous diaphragmatic contraction. A complication of transvenous cardiac pacing.

Abstract A case of probable myocardial penetration with diaphragmatic twitching as a complication of endocardial pacing is reported. This was corrected by withdrawal of the catheter electrode from the jugular vein and repositioning of the tip within the ventricular silhouette. The patient has remained in good health without further complication.
Housing Privatization in Transition Economies

This paper examines the extent to which market forces are now responsible of the determination of housing prices in cities of the Former Soviet Union (FSU) and explains what implications follow from the reliance on market forces. Analysis of data drawn from the emerging housing market in Moldova, a republic of the FSU, over the period 1998-99 is presented in the paper. Micro level data for flats in the cities of Chisinau and Tiraspol are used to estimate hedonic price equations in an attempt to discern the extent to which market forces are now determining prices. Despite the fact that Moldova is taking a rather slow approach to economic transition in general, with the economy in a continued decline with GDP per capita falling, these data reveal a high degree of housing market rationality based on market forces. The role of emerging mortgage markets, insurance, and development of the legal system are also discussed in the paper in order to set the full context within which privatization of the housing stock is taking place. In addition, the potential role for computerized mass appraisal of housing units in the development of a property tax system is also discussed. Finally, implications of privatization and reliance on market forces for re-shaping post-soviet cities are discussed.
Introduction to Financial Management and Analysis

The decision making of financial managers involves investment decisions and financing decisions. Financial managers assess the potential risks and rewards associated with investment and financing decisions through the application of financial analysis. The form of the business enterprise—whether a sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, or some other form—affects the life of the enterprise, the liability of its owners, the taxation of income, and access to funds. In turn, the form of business influences financial decision-making through its effect on taxes, governance, and the liability of owners. The objective of financial decision-making in a business is the maximization of the wealth of owners. Because managers' self-interest may not be consistent with owners' best interests, owners must devise ways to align managers' and owners' interests. Recent scandals have enhanced the awareness of the responsibility of CEOs, CFOs, and board members to the stakeholders of a business enterprise. Keywords: financial analysis; sole proprietorship; partnership; corporation; market value of shareholders' equity; economic profit; cost of capital; accounting profit; principal-agency relationship; agency costs
Autoimmune Alterations Induced by the New Zealand Black Lbw2 Locus in BWF1 Mice

The New Zealand Black (NZB) Lbw2 locus (lupus NZB x New Zealand White (NZW) 2 locus) was previously linked to mortality and glomerulonephritis, but not to IgG autoantibodies, suggesting that it played a role in a later disease stage. To define its contribution, (NZB x NZW)F1 hybrids (BWF1) containing two, one, or no copies of this locus were generated. Lack of the NZB Lbw2 indeed reduced mortality and glomerulonephritis, but not serum levels of total and anti-DNA IgG Abs. There were, however, significant reductions in the B cell response to LPS, total and anti-DNA IgM and IgG Ab-forming cells, IgM Ab levels, and glomerular Ig deposits. Furthermore, although serum IgG autoantibody levels correlated poorly with kidney IgG deposits, the number of spontaneous IgG Ab-forming cells had a significant correlation. Genome-wide mapping of IgM anti-chromatin levels identified only Lbw2, and analysis of subinterval congenics tentatively reduced Lbw2 to approximately 5 Mb. Because no known genes associated with B cell activation and lupus are in this interval, Lbw2 probably represents a novel B cell activation gene. These findings establish the importance of Lbw2 in the BWF1 hybrid and indicate that Lbw2, by enhancing B cell hyperactivity, promotes the early polyclonal activation of B cells and subsequent production of autoantibodies.
Modeling microbial reactions at the plume fringe subject to transverse mixing in porous media: When can the rates of microbial reaction be assumed to be instantaneous?

[1] In this research, we investigate the large-time solution behavior of a representative bioreactive transport model under the conditions that the mixing of two required substrates occurs only in the directions transverse to groundwater flow. The transport physics is governed by the commonly used advection-dispersion equations at a steady uniform flow field. The microbial population dynamics are described by double Monod kinetics and a linear decay term. Through mathematical analyses we developed useful formulations to estimate the size of reaction zones and the level of microbial concentrations with the model parameters. The results show that microbial reaction rates are always limited by the transverse transport of the substrates at steady state, providing the substrate concentrations far away from the reaction zone are much larger than a characteristic concentration determined only by microbial kinetic parameters. Thus the reaction rates can be considered to be instantaneous. This greatly simplifies the governing equations and allows us to efficiently solve the steady state solutions for large-scale problems. The method was applied to a large-scale steady contaminant source problem, in which a dissolved contaminant was assumed to be biodegraded only at its plume fringe because of transverse mixing but not inside the plume. The results indicate that the transverse mixing at the plume fringe may successfully constrain the spread of a plume of high total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations (TOC = 500 mg/L) generated from a passive bioreactive barrier. However, the TOC reduction along the plume center line is insignificant even after the plume has traveled 10 km.
The Dueling Influences on Stigma toward Mental Illness: Effects of Interpersonal Familiarity and Stigmatizing Mediated Portrayals of Mental Illness on Attitudes

Popular media is both a common source for information about mental illness and notorious for its disproportionately negative and violent portrayals of those with mental illness. This research undertook an experiment ( N = 92) to explore the competing influences of mass communication messages and interpersonal familiarity/ experience with people with mental illness on stigmatizing attitudes toward the mentally ill. Results demonstrate that exposure to negative, violent mediated portrayals of the mentally ill increase stigmatizing attitudes toward the mentally ill, while exposure to positive, sympathetic portrayals of the mentally ill relates to less stigmatizing attitudes toward the mentally ill. Greater interpersonal familiarity with those with mental illness was related to less stigmatizing attitudes toward the mentally ill regardless of viewing condition. Transportation and presence experienced while viewing the narratives with mental illness portrayals was proposed as a contributing mechanism behind adopting story consistent beliefs, but it was not related to adopting narrative consistent attitudes.
Auxiliary verb constructions in the languages of Africa

Auxiliary verb constructions–constructions with two or more elements of verbal origin, one of which expresses functional semantic categories–are widespread among the languages of Africa. In the following discussion, I present a typology of inflection in auxiliary verb constructions [AVCs] in the languages of Africa. While there are several macro-patterns of distribution seen in the various African languages, only a small selection are presented in some detail here, viz. the doubled and split/doubled inflectional patterns, along with the fusing of subject markers and TAM/polarity auxiliaries into so-called tensed pronouns that are relatively more common in AVCs across the languages of the continent than in most other parts of the world.
Who’s the fairest of them all? The fractured landscape of U.S. fair trade certification

In recent years, consumers in the United States have been confronted by no fewer than four competing fair-trade labels, each grounded in a separate certification system and widely differing standards. This fracturing is partly a response to the recent split by the U.S. certifier Fair Trade USA from the international fair trade system, but also illustrates longstanding divisions within the fair trade movement. This article explores the dynamics of competition among nonstate standards through content analyses of fair trade standards documents from the four U.S. fair-trade certifications for agrifood products (Fair Trade USA, Fairtrade America, Fair for Life, and the Small Producer Symbol). It analyzes the differences among them, asking what kinds of social and labor relations are facilitated by each, and identifies how closely they correspond with key fair trade principles. We make two primary arguments. First, we contend that the case of fair trade challenges the dominant conceptual model used to analyze competition among multiple private standards in a single arena, in which newer challengers lower the rigor of standards. Second, we argue that the current fractured U.S. certification landscape illuminates divisions among different interest groups over which principles—and which labor and production forms—should be privileged under the banner of fair trade.
Immunohistochemical analysis of C/EBPα in non-small cell lung cancer reveals frequent down-regulation in stage II and IIIA tumors: A correlative study of E3590

Summary Purpose We sought to determine the association of C/EBPα expression status with clinical, pathologic and molecular characteristics, as well as outcomes, in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This is the first comprehensive study of this transcription factor in patients with NSCLC. Patients and methods Our cohort originated from ECOG 3590 (randomized trial of postoperative adjuvant therapy with thoracic radiation or cisplatin and etoposide plus thoracic radiation in patients with completely resected stages II and IIIA NSCLC; and its laboratory correlate, ECOG 4592). One hundred and sixty four tumor samples contained sufficient material for immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis. C/EBPα tumor staining was compared to that of basal bronchial cells (3+). 0 or 1+ (weak) suggested lack of, while 2 or 3+ (strong) suggested C/EBPα expression. Results Ninety tumors (55%) had 0 or 1+ C/EBPα staining, and the remaining 74 (45%) 2 or 3+. Patients with squamous cell carcinomas had a higher percentage of weak C/EBPα IHC staining compared to other histologies ( p =0.048) and there was a trend for loss of C/EBPα in poorly differentiated compared to well differentiated tumors ( p =0.07). There was no association between C/EBPα IHC and mutations in p53 or K-ras. The median disease-free survival for patients with weak and strong C/EBPα IHC expression was 29.6 and 30.6 months, respectively ( p =0.94). The median overall survival between the weak and strong groups was 43.5 and 38.5 months, respectively ( p =0.83). Conclusions Loss of expression of C/EBPα is seen in over half of stage II and IIIA NSCLC, specifically in squamous cell carcinomas and poorly differentiated tumors. Since down-regulation of C/EBPα is a common event in NSCLC, further elucidation of the involvement of C/EBPα in the pathogenesis and progression of lung cancer may identify novel therapeutic targets.
Simple model for multiple-choice collective decision making

We describe a simple model of heterogeneous, interacting agents making decisions between n≥2 discrete choices. For a special class of interactions, our model is the mean field description of random field Potts-like models and is effectively solved by finding the extrema of the average energy E per agent. In these cases, by studying the propagation of decision changes via avalanches, we argue that macroscopic dynamics is well captured by a gradient flow along E. We focus on the permutation symmetric case, where all n choices are (on average) the same, and spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) arises purely from cooperative social interactions. As examples, we show that bimodal heterogeneity naturally provides a mechanism for the spontaneous formation of hierarchies between decisions and that SSB is a preferred instability to discontinuous phase transitions between two symmetric points. Beyond the mean field limit, exponentially many stable equilibria emerge when we place this model on a graph of finite mean degree. We conclude with speculation on decision making with persistent collective oscillations. Throughout the paper, we emphasize analogies between methods of solution to our model and common intuition from diverse areas of physics, including statistical physics and electromagnetism.
Compressible dynamic stall vorticity flux control using a dynamic camber airfoil

This study reports control of compressible dynamic stall through management of its unsteady vorticity using a variable droop leading edge (VDLE) airfoil. Through dynamic adaptation of the airfoil edge incidence, the formation of a dynamic stall vortex was virtually eliminated for Mach numbers of up to 0.4. Consequently, the leading edge vorticity flux was redistributed enabling retention of the dynamic lift. Of even greater importance was the fact that the drag and pitching moment coefficients were reduced by nearly 50%. The camber variations introduced when the leading edge was drooped are explained to be the source of this benefit. Analysis of the peak vorticity flux levels allowed the determination of minimum necessary airfoil adaptation schedule.
A Postmodern Viennese Narrative: Lilian Faschinger's Wiener Passion

In Wiener Passion (1999), the prolific contemporary Austrian writer Lilian Fasch inger (1950– ) models a dynamic tension between Vienna as a fundamentally historic space and as a multilayered postmodern milieu. This essay reads the novel as an astute example of "historiographic metafiction" (Hutcheon) mapping the complexities of the postmodern via a double plot set in two fin-desiecle spaces. The recurring theme in Wiener Passion is a historically informed dialogue between Vienna in the 1890s and 1990s continuously blurring fact and fiction and undermining firm ontological grounding by interweaving multiple perspectives, plots and subplots, and colorful character ensembles. Narratively Faschinger stages her ironic distinctly postmodern commentary on Viennese myths and realities through doubling and overlapping spatial and temporal settings. Its double setting hinges on and motivates revisiting the past and commenting on the present, and thereby critically engages questions of gender, race, and ethnicity firmly embedded in sociocultural discourse.
The States and Decentralized Administration of Federal Functions

Ten years ago the members of the Southern Political Science Association meeting here in Knoxville, heard David E. Lilienthal, then a member of the Board of Directors of the Tennessee Valley Authority, discuss the decentralized administration of federal functions. The doctrine itself is not new, and Mr. Lilienthal found support for his theories regarding it in the pronouncements of the founding fathers and in the writings of de Tocqueville. The case for decentralized administration was presented with clarity and sincerity on that November afternoon in 1939, and from the vantage point of a responsible federal administrative position. The address to the Association considered both the theory and practice of decentralization, and contained numerous concrete examples of joint federalstate program activities in the field of regional resource development. Mr. Lilienthal outlined a philosophy of administration to which the Tennessee Valley Authority was then and is now committed.' With this bit of history in mind, it seemed appropriate to me to devote the time which this association allots its retiring president to a further consideration of decentralized federal administration. The topic has intriguing possibilities. It would be interesting, for example, to consider what decentralized administration and the more colorful term "grass roots administration" have come to mean or imply to various groups and individuals. It would be found, I am sure, that both terms have taken on a symbolism that often obscures their meaning and the real issues they present. The theory and prac-
Inducing host protection in pneumococcal sepsis by preactivation of the Ashwell-Morell receptor

The endocytic Ashwell-Morell receptor (AMR) of hepatocytes detects pathogen remodeling of host glycoproteins by neuraminidase in the bloodstream and mitigates the lethal coagulopathy of sepsis. We have investigated the mechanism of host protection by the AMR during the onset of sepsis and in response to the desialylation of blood glycoproteins by the NanA neuraminidase of Streptococcus pneumoniae. We find that the AMR selects among potential glycoprotein ligands unmasked by microbial neuraminidase activity in pneumococcal sepsis to eliminate from blood circulation host factors that contribute to coagulation and thrombosis. This protection is attributable in large part to the rapid induction of a moderate thrombocytopenia by the AMR. We further show that neuraminidase activity in the blood can be manipulated to induce the clearance of AMR ligands including platelets, thereby preactivating a protective response in pneumococcal sepsis that moderates the severity of disseminated intravascular coagulation and enables host survival.
Neurodevelopmental outcomes of infant multivisceral transplant recipients: a longitudinal study.

Abstract This longitudinal investigation compares cognitive and physical capabilities of transplant recipients, both before and after receiving an intestinal transplant. Methods Using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, we conducted pretransplant and posttransplant assessments on nine children (4 males, 5 females) who received either an isolated intestine, combined intestine and liver, or multivisceral transplants, with a mean age at transplant of 18 months (range 8–29) and a mean time posttransplant of 2 months (range 1–4 months). Results Scores on the Mental Developmental Index reflected that a majority (55.6%) of patients who scored in the significantly delayed range prior to transplant remained in the significantly delayed classification after receiving a transplant. In addition, 33.3% showed a decrease in their mental classification; either from “mildly delayed” to “significantly delayed” or from “within normal limits” to “mildly delayed”. Results on the Motor Developmental Index demonstrated that 78% of recipients had significant delays both before and after receiving a transplant, while 11.1% fell one standard deviation after transplantation. We found that the majority of children who experience developmental delays prior to transplant are still experiencing delays when they are discharged from inpatient care. In addition, those children receiving multivisceral transplantations, as opposed to an isolated bowel, may be at a much greater risk of developing and retaining both cognitive and physical delays. Early neurodevelopmental evaluations of these patients is essential for early parental education and compliance with early intervention services to maximize potential recovery and ability to obtain normal development.
Coordination of hand grip and load forces in uni- and bidirectional static force production tasks

Abstract The purpose of the study was to explore the differences in coordination of grip ( G ) and load forces ( L ) in a unidirectional and bidirectional bimanual static force production task. Subjects ( N = 10) exerted oscillatory isometric L profiles against an externally fixed hand-held device, modulated either in pure tension (unidirectional) or in alternating tension and compression (bidirectional) at a rate of either 1.33 or 2.67 Hz. The unidirectional task revealed a high level of coordination of both the ipsilateral (i.e., G and L of each hand) and contralateral pairs of forces (two G s and two L s) as assessed by correlation and stability of force ratios. The bidirectional task demonstrated a low level of inconsistently modulated G s with respect to the change of L , which resulted in a deteriorated coordination, particularly between the ipsilateral forces. The overall effect of task on the force coordination was higher than the effect of frequency suggesting that the higher frequency of G modulation required in the bidirectional task is not likely to be the main cause of the observed phenomenon. We interpret these differences by a relative simplicity of the control mechanisms of the unidirectional task based on a single synergy of G and L muscles that allows simultaneous coordination of both the ipsilateral and contralateral forces. Due to the switching between two distinctive synergies involving G muscles, the bidirectional task could possess a higher control complexity causing a decoupled coordination of the ipsilateral forces, while retaining the coordination of contralateral forces at a relatively high level.
Validation of Markov state models using Shannon’s entropy

Markov state models are kinetic models built from the dynamics of molecular simulation trajectories by grouping similar configurations into states and examining the transition probabilities between states. Here we present a procedure for validating the underlying Markov assumption in Markov state models based on information theory using Shannon’s entropy. This entropy method is applied to a simple system and is compared with the previous eigenvalue method. The entropy method also provides a way to identify states that are least Markovian, which can then be divided into finer states to improve the model.
Incidence of Vitamin D Insufficiency in Coastal South-Eastern US Patient Population With Cardiovascular Disease

Background: Vitamin D insufficiency is increasingly gaining prominence as an associated cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor, often thought to be an issue in colder climates and higher altitudes. The intent of this study was to ascertain vitamin D levels in the southern Alabama gulf-coast region that has a high number of sunny days along with an annual average elevated UV ray index. Methods: An observational retrospective study of 204 patients with established CVD treated at the University of South Alabama’s Heart Center from January 2007 through January 2013 was undertaken. One-way ANOVA analyses were performed to determine any significant difference in the mean 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) serum based on gender and also based on race/ethnicity. Further, odds ratio (OR) was computed to ascertain if there was a relationship between vitamin D insufficiency and elevated body mass index (BMI). Results: Out of 204 patients, 53.4% (n = 109) were found to have vitamin D insufficiency (25(OH)D = 20.1 ng/mL), while 46.6% (n = 95) were within the normal range (25(OH)D = 37.8 ng/mL). The mean 25(OH)D of the entire group was 28.3, indicating a general trend of vitamin D insufficiency for patients treated at the cardiology clinics. Conclusion: This study established the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in the hot and high UV ray index climate of the coastal south-eastern United States. Also, it revealed the relationship of increased BMI with low 25(OH)D serum level. More extensive studies should be conducted in similar climates to further assess vitamin D insufficiency. J Clin Med Res. 2014;6(6):469-475 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jocmr1953w
Noncommutative gauge theories in matrix theory

We present a general framework for matrix theory compactified on a quotient space ${\mathbf{R}}^{n}/\ensuremath{\Gamma},$ with \ensuremath{\Gamma} a discrete group of Euclidean motions in ${\mathbf{R}}^{n}.$ The general solution to the quotient conditions gives a gauge theory on a noncommutative space. We characterize the resulting noncommutative gauge theory in terms of the twisted group algebra of \ensuremath{\Gamma} associated with a projective regular representation. Also we show how to extend our treatments to incorporate orientifolds.
Genital chlamydial infection: a role for social scientists.

Abstract Potential sociomedical research contributions to the understanding of genital chlamydial infections are outlined in a six-part sociomedical ‘checklist’. Sociomedical research focuses on human behavior and its social, economic, cultural, and psychological determinants. Thus, the author urges sociomedical researchers—primarily medical sociologists, medical anthropologists, social psychologists, and public health economists—to explore the cultural, socioeconomic, and behavioral factors contributing to the current ‘epidemic’ of genital chlamydial infection, a sexually transmitted disease (STD) that is found worldwide and has now supplanted gonorrhea as the most common STD in the industrialized nations. Control of this STD is particularly important because of its grave consequences for women's and maternal/child health; these include ectopic pregnancy, infertility, and neonatal morbidity. Before effective prevention and control programs can be realized, however, beliefs and behaviors surrounding such areas as sexuality, fertility, contraception, STDs, hygiene, and health care must be discerned for widely based populations in both industrialized and nonindustrialized nations.
Structural and thermodynamic properties of compounds in the Mg–B–C system from first-principles calculations

Abstract To understand the effects of carbon doping on the performance of MgB2 superconductors, the structure and thermodynamic properties of the key compounds in the Mg–B–C system need to be investigated. MgB2C2 is the only known ternary compound in this system, but no experimental data can be found in the literature. Using the first-principles phonon, we have calculated the elastic constant, enthalpy, entropy, heat capacity of the MgB2C2 compound along with pure Mg and the MgB2, MgC2, and Mg2C3 compounds that also appear in the Mg–B–C ternary system. The calculated lattice parameters and enthalpies of formation at 298 K show good agreement with available experimental data. For Mg and MgB2, the calculated thermodynamic properties agree with the experiment very well. For MgC2 and Mg2C3, the calculated enthalpies of formation are positive, indicating they are unlikely to form in equilibrium with respect to the pure elements.
On the decay of end-effects due to self-equilibrated loads

This note compares the decay of end effects in anti-plane shear for a semi-infinite elastic strip under a self-equilibrated system of concentrated end-loads with the corresponding decay for a smoothly distributed self-equilibrated load.
What Do Accelerators Do? Insights from Incubators and Angels

their initial products, identify promising customer segments, and secure resources, including capital and employees. More specifically, accelerator programs are programs of limited-duration—lasting about three months—that help cohorts of startups with the new venture process. They usually provide a small amount of seed capital, plus working space. They also offer a plethora of networking opportunities, with both peer ventures and mentors, who might be successful entrepreneurs, program graduates, venture capitalists, angel investors, or even corporate executives. Finally, most programs end with a grand event, a “demo day” where ventures pitch to a large audience of qualified investors. You may think this all sounds familiar. After all, don’t incubators and angel investors help nascent ventures? Accelerators certainly are similar to incubators and angel investors. Like them, accelerators aim to help nascent ventures during the formation stage. Thus we might expect that many of the activities provided by accelerators would also be provided by angels and incubators. But accelerators differ in several ways. Perhaps the most fundamental difference is the limited duration of accelerator programs as compared to the continuous nature of incubators and angel investments. This one small difference leads to many other differences, as I discuss in more detail below. (See table 1 for a summary of the differences between incubators, angel investors, and accelerators.)
Influence of soil fertilization, plant spacing, and cokppicing on growth, stomatal conductance, abscisic acid, and camptothecin levels in Camptotheca acuminata seedlings

Changes in amount of the plant alkaloid, camptothecin (CPT), were investigated in field-grown Camptotheca acuminata seedlings in response to fertilization, variation in plant density, and cokppicing. The relationship between CPT and growth, and abscisic acid (ABA) levels were also examined. Fertilization caused positive responses in growth of both the slow- and the fast-growing C. acuminata plants. It lowered stomatal conductance (g), reduced leaf CPT level in slow-growing but not fast-growing seedlings in mid-summer (July), and increased leaf ABA level in dense plantings in early fall (September). Shoots induced to develop as a result of cokppicing were significantly higher in leaf CPT level than the original non-cokppiced shoots. These results suggest that in the C. acuminata plantation management, cokppicing should be employed to produce high concentrations of CPT, but that soil fertilization should be used cautiously so that greater growth is not achieved at the cost of lower CPT biosynthesis.
Lampson Transi-Lift Mobile Crane: Concept, Design, and Use

The Lampson Transi-Lift mobile crane is a lifting system purposely designed for construction activities related initially to nuclear power facilities. The combination of capacity, increased working hook height, and an unmatched radius to capacity ratio allowed for use of innovative construction techniques that decreased the construction schedule, increased facility integrity and construction safety, and reduced overall plant construction costs. The versatility of the Lampson Transi-Lift was immediately recognized, and it has become a mainstay of the heavy lift industry since its introduction in the late 1970s. Oil and gas, general construction, and offshore construction activities have all since benefitted from the unique capabilities of this heavy lift crane
Atomic models, domain-wall arrangement, and electronic structure of the dense P b / S i ( 111 ) − 3 × 3 phase

Despite extensive work in the literature, the structure of the dense $\mathrm{Si}(111)\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Pb}(\sqrt{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\sqrt{3})$ phase (ideal coverage $\ensuremath{\theta}=4/3\mathrm{ML})$ is still unknown because a variety of phases can form, within few percent coverage variation. These phases differ in the way equivalent $\sqrt{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\sqrt{3}$ domains self-organize in different patterns with different domain-wall arrangements. With scanning tunneling microscopy and first-principles calculations we have identified the atomic structure within domains, domain-wall arrangement, and the binding site (H3 or T4) occupied by Pb atoms within each domain.
A simplified model for ballistic initiation of thin energetic targets by micro-flier impact

Abstract Novel techniques involving high-speed impact (~500–1500 m/s) of laser generated micro-fliers with thin metallic targets having a layer of reactive solid deposited on their back side ( ~ 10 – 100 μ m ) are being developed to interrogate its shock-induced chemistry. Because mass spectrometry is performed in vacuo on the reactive side of the target to identify the chemical species produced, it is important to initiate chemistry without perforation of the target plate by the flier. An analytically tractable model is formulated in this paper to guide experimental development by predicting the ballistic response of large numbers of micro-flier–target configurations in a computationally inexpensive manner. The model is posed in terms of multi-component conservation principles and interaction terms that account for important features of both the early-time wave mechanics and the longer-time target deformation mechanics including flier–target adhesion. The model, validated using published data for larger scale inert flier–target configurations, is used to predict the response of micro-scale configurations consisting of aluminum fliers and steel targets. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of post-impact, inert flier–target micro-scale configurations is used to both highlight target deformation and damage and to motivate modeling simplifications. To illustrate the model, configurations that result in initiation (detonation) of the high-explosive PETN (C5H8N4O12) without perforation of the steel substrate are parametrically characterized in the form of ballistic initiation maps based on its empirical critical shock energy.
Lester Machta (1919–2001)

Lester Machta, the former director of the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory and an AGU Fellow, died August 31, 2001, of leukemia. For more than half a century, he led pioneering research programs in air quality that addressed some of the key environmental issues of our times, and he did so with a rare devotion to both science and public service. He had been an AGU member since 1950 (Atmospheric Sciences). A native New Yorker, he obtained a B.A. in mathematics (cum laude) from Brooklyn College and, after the war, he completed an M.S. in meteorology at NYU and an ScD. in meteorology from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Minimum cost optimization of multicast wireless networks with network coding

Minimum cost optimization for multicast with network coding has attracted great research interests. In this paper, based on an information model that differentiates intermediate nodes in a multicast network into network coding, routing or replicating nodes, a method is developed to solve the minimum energy cost multicast problem in wireless networks. Besides transmission energy, many other important parameters can be conveniently optimized as well, such as the number of packets undergoing network coding, the number of network coding nodes, as well as node classification. Some simulations results are shown to verify that the proposed method is promising, especially since network coding may be expensive or impossible for certain wireless nodes.
Implications of Teacher Career Development: New Roles for Teachers, Administrators and Professors

(1982). Implications of Teacher Career Development: New Roles for Teachers, Administrators and Professors. Action in Teacher Education: Vol. 4, Alternatives in Education, pp. 21-26.
Developing leaders: implementation of a peer advising program for a public health sciences undergraduate program

Peer advising is an integral part of our undergraduate advising system in the Public Health Sciences major at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. The program was developed in 2009 to address the advising needs of a rapidly growing major that went from 25 to over 530 majors between 2007 and 2014. Each year, 9-12 top performing upper-level students are chosen through an intensive application process. A major goal of the program is to provide curriculum and career guidance to students in the major and empower students in their academic and professional pursuits. The year-long program involves several components, including: staffing the drop-in advising center, attending training seminars, developing and presenting workshops for students, meeting prospective students and families, evaluating ways to improve the program, and collaborating on self-directed projects. The peer advisors also provide program staff insight into the needs and perspectives of students in the major. In turn, peer advisors gain valuable leadership and communication skills, and learn strategies for improving student success. The Peer Advising Program builds community and fosters personal and professional development for the peer advisors. In this paper, we will discuss the undergraduate peer advising model, the benefits and challenges of the program, and lessons learned. Several methods were used to understand the perceived benefits and challenges of the program and experiences of students who utilized the Peer Advising Center. The data for this evaluation were drawn from three sources: 1) archival records from the Peer Advising Center; 2) feedback from peer advisors who completed the year-long internship; and 3) a survey of students who utilized the Peer Advising Center. Results of this preliminary evaluation indicate that peer advisors gain valuable skills that they can carry into their professional world. The program is also a way to engage students in building community within the major.
Alcohol Screening Practices of Primary Care Physicians in Eastern North Carolina

In our study, 616 primary care physicians of eastern North Carolina were surveyed for screening practices for detection of alcoholism in their patient population. We defined primary care as Family Medicine, Internal Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics and Psychiatry. We defined eastern North Carolina as the 29 counties that Pitt County Memorial Hospital serves. In our survey we found that eastern North Carolina is medically underserved as well as having less resources for referral and consultation. In response to the questionnaire, we found that most physicians agreed on some numerical value for drinks per day, social drinks, and drinks per week while pregnant. Values for drinks per week and weekend binges generally reflected significant tolerance for heavy drinking behavior. We also found that physicians of the same specialty commonly agreed on answers but when compared to other specialties they differed. Physicians preferred personal and clinical screening methods to questionnaires such as CAGE. Most physicians did not prescribe Antabuse but did suggest to their patients to cut down on drinking. Physicians felt that their patients needed more education and support from the community as well as intervention at an early age. We conclude that physicians should receive more education concerning alcoholism and substance abuse.
Synthesis, spectroscopic and single-crystal structural investigations of several lanthanide hexacyanoruthenate(II) tetrahydrates

Abstract The crystal structures of LnKRu(CN) 6 ·4H 2 O (where trivalent Ln=La, Ce, Pr, Nd) have been determined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data and refined by the least-squares method to yield reliability factors R =0.021, 0.021, 0.018, and 0.023, respectively. Each complex crystallizes in the hexagonal space group P 6 3 / m (No. 176) with lattice constants of a =7.5063(5), c =14.220(9) A for LaKRu(CN) 6 ·4H 2 O ( I ); a =7.491(1), c =14.176(3) A for CeKRu(CN) 6 ·4H 2 O ( II ); a =7.478(2), c =14.126(6) A for PrKRu(CN) 6 ·4H 2 O ( III ); and a =7.467(1), c =14.091(3) A for NdKRu(CN) 6 ·4H 2 O ( IV ). The octahedral RuC 6 groups are linked to the nine-coordinate LnN 6 (H 2 O) 3 groups by cyanide bridges. Zeolitic water molecules and K ions occupy cavities in the structure along the three-fold axis. Important bond lenghts are presented as well as thermal gravimetric and IR studies.
Unsupervised noise removal algorithms for three-dimensional confocal fluorescence microscopy

Abstract Algorithms are presented for effective suppression of the quantum noise artifact that is inherent to three-dimensional confocal fluorescence microscopy images of extended spatial objects such as neurons. The specific advances embodied in these algorithms are as follows: (i) they incorporate an automatic and pattern-constrained three-dimensional segmentation of the image field, and use it to limit any smoothing to the interiors of specified image regions and hence avoid the blurring that is inevitably associated with conventional noise removal algorithms; (ii) they are ‘unsupervised’ in the sense that they automatically estimate and adapt to the unknown spatially and temporally varying noise level in the microscopy data. Fast computation is achieved by parallel computation methods, rather than by algorithmic or modelling compromises. The quantum noise artifact is modelled using a mixture of spatially non-homogeneous Poisson point processes. The intensity of each component process is constrained to lie in specific intervals. A set of segmentation and edge-site variables are used to determine the intensity of the mixture process. Using this model, the noise-removal process is formulated as the joint optimal estimation of the segmentation labels, edge-sites and intensity of the mixture Poisson point process, subject to a combination of stochastic priors and syntactic pattern constraints. The computations proceed iteratively, starting from a set of approximate user-supplied, or default initial guesses of the underlying random process parameters. An Expectation Maximization algorithm is used to obtain a more precise characterization of these parameters, that are then input to a joint estimation algorithm. Stereoscopic renderings of processed three-dimensional images of murine hippocampal neurons are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. The processed images exhibit increased contrast and significant smoothing and reduction of the background intensity while avoiding any blurring of the foreground neuronal structures.
Potentiation of cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction by beta-adrenergic blockade.

Abstract Study Objective:To determine whether beta-adrenergic blockade augments cocaine-induced coronary artery vasoconstriction. Design:Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Setting:...
Three eras of technology foresight

Abstract Technology has molded the industrial and information societies and will mold the molecular society of the future. The latter will encompass nanotechnology, biotechnology, and materials science. It will also lead to unprecedented convergence in the sciences and technologies. This discussion considers the unique impacts on technological forecasting and foresight accompanying each of the three societies.
An experimental/theoretical comparison of the non-resonant multiphoton ionization fragmentation mechanisms for small heterocycles and the analogous acyclic molecules

Abstract We report non-resonant (355 nm) multiphoton ionization time-of-flight mass spectra for ethers, amines and sulfides corresponding to the acyclic analogs of three- and five-membered heterocycles (ethylene oxide, ethylene sulfide, pyrrolidine and tetrahydrofuran) previously reported. Mass spectrometric comparison is made with the heterocyclic spectra. Ab initio structure calculations for both ring-closed and ring-opened ion structures are also presented.
EO-1 Hyperion Reflectance Time Series at Calibration and Validation Sites: Stability and Sensitivity to Seasonal Dynamics

This study evaluated Earth Observing 1 (EO-1) Hyperion reflectance time series at established calibration sites to assess the instrument stability and suitability for monitoring vegetation functional parameters. Our analysis using three pseudo-invariant calibration sites in North America indicated that the reflectance time series are devoid of apparent spectral trends and their stability consistently is within 2.5-5 percent throughout most of the spectral range spanning the 12+ year data record. Using three vegetated sites instrumented with eddy covariance towers, the Hyperion reflectance time series were evaluated for their ability to determine important variables of ecosystem function. A number of narrowband and derivative vegetation indices (VI) closely described the seasonal profiles in vegetation function and ecosystem carbon exchange (e.g., net and gross ecosystem productivity) in three very different ecosystems, including a hardwood forest and tallgrass prairie in North America, and a Miombo woodland in Africa. Our results demonstrate the potential for scaling the carbon flux tower measurements to local and regional landscape levels. The VIs with stronger relationships to the CO2 parameters were derived using continuous reflectance spectra and included wavelengths associated with chlorophyll content and/or chlorophyll fluorescence. Since these indices cannot be calculated from broadband multispectral instrument data, the opportunity to exploit these spectrometer-based VIs in the future will depend on the launch of satellites such as EnMAP and HyspIRI. This study highlights the practical utility of space-borne spectrometers for characterization of the spectral stability and uniformity of the calibration sites in support of sensor cross-comparisons, and demonstrates the potential of narrowband VIs to track and spatially extend ecosystem functional status as well as carbon processes measured at flux towers.
Relationship of Bread Quality to Kernel, Flour, and Dough Properties

ABSTRACT This study measured the relationship between bread quality and 49 hard red spring (HRS) or 48 hard red winter (HRW) grain, flour, and dough quality characteristics. The estimated bread quality attributes included loaf volume, bake mix time, bake water absorption, and crumb grain score. The best-fit models for loaf volume, bake mix time, and water absorption had R2 values of 0.78–0.93 with five to eight variables. Crumb grain score was not well estimated, and had R2 values ≈0.60. For loaf volume models, grain or flour protein content was the most important parameter included. Bake water absorption was best estimated when using mixograph water absorption, and flour or grain protein content. Bake water absorption models could generally be improved by including farinograph, mixograph, or alveograph measurements. Bake mix time was estimated best when using mixograph mix time, and models could be improved by including glutenin data. When the data set was divided into calibration and prediction sets, th...
Computer vision methods for the study of spinodal decomposition in polymer blends

We demonstrate the use of computer vision techniques and optical microscopy to follow the kinetics and microstructure during spinodal decomposition of a polymer blend. Among other features, the mean of the population of the local maxima of the gradients in each image is computed; this global feature is shown to co-develop with the phase separation of the blend. An algorithm is presented which employs the gradient magnitude technique to analyze optical images of spinodally decomposing polymer blends. This algorithm has been used to extract the Cahn-Hilliard spinodal growth rates for a binary blend of polystyrene with poly(vinyl methyl ether). We show that the spinodal temperature can be found from the temperature dependence of this growth rate. We also show how additional shape features such as compactness might be used to study, the same binary blend.