cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contrast agents for confocal microscopy: how simple chemicals affect confocal images of normal and cancer cells in suspension.

Normal and malignant human cervical cancer cells were imaged in vivo with confocal, phase contrast, and brightfield mi- croscopies. Results were compared between cells in growth medium before and after addition of acetic acid, hypertonic saline solution, toluidine blue, and Lugol's iodine. The exogenous agents changed the backscattering characteristics of the cells when measured with confo- cal microscopy at 808 nm. A tendency toward higher scattering was observed in treated cells. Acetic acid and toluidine blue increased the brightness of the nucleus with respect to the cytoplasm in normal and cancer cells. Hypertonic saline solution made the cytoplasm brighter than the nucleus in both types of cells. The results indicate that simple chemicals can be used to enhance confocal microscopy's ability to differentiate intracellular components, such as nuclear size and shape. This can further confocal microscopy's ability to assess disease in cells and tissues. © 2002 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
Salinity maximum in the pycnocline of the Middle Atlantic Bight1,2

Ahstmct A persistent salinity maximum is observed in the upper part of the pycnocline in summerautumn over the outer shelf of the New York Bight, induced by a nearly isopycnal transfer of slope water $0 the outer shelf. The transfer is possible only in the stratified seasons when isopycnals are continuous across the shelf-slope front. Estimates of the slope-shelf salt flux required to produce the pycnocline S-max suggest that it may provide about half of the salt required annually in the shelf region to balance input of river water. The continental shelf waters of the Middle Atlantic Bight undergo strong seasonal variations, being nearly vertically homogeneous by late winter but having an intense pycnocline from spring to autumn (Bumpus 1973). Recent hydrographic data obtained by in situ instrumentation that records continuously reveal a pronounced maximum in salinity (S-max) associated with the seasonal pycnocline of the Middle Atlantic Bight (Boicourt and Hacker 1976; Gordon et al. 1976). Bigelow and Sears (1935) mentioned observations from serial cast data of “interdigitations” in the salinity field from the offing of Chesapeake Bay to New York. Vertical reversals in salinityevident in their multiyear summer and autumn data set, which showed higher salinities indenting shoreward at 20 m while lower salinities suggested seaward spreading at slightly greater depths-led them to infer that this pattern recurs each year during the months of pycnocline structure. Boicourt and Hacker (1976) suggested that the pycnocline S-max observed off the coast of Maryland and Delaware is produced by a shoreward intrusion of slope water induced as a compensating flow to the general offshore surface Ek
The Object-Inferencing Framework: a Prolog-based approach for extracting structure from computer graphics

Advances in computer graphics, database, and knowledge-based systems have created opportunities for the sophisticated management of engineering information. Many industries have incorporated information about critical systems into a computer-graphic environment. However, most of the data captured by these systems contains implicit information in that semantic relationships and structure conveyed by the data must be inferred by the user. The Object-Inferencing Framework (OIF) is a knowledge-based system developed for intelligent-data migration. The OIF provides tools for inferring structure, based on a project-specific rulebase, from primitive-graphic design files. Although this work presents a specific solution for the migration of data representing an electrical-distribution system to an automated mapping/facilities management (AM/FM) platform, this framework provides a substrate for migration from any unstructured or semi-structured format to a structured graphic and database environment. Applications built upon OIF have been successfully deployed in industry, and the framework serves as the basis for ongoing research and development in intelligent-data migration.
Cerebral blood flow following hypothermic circulatory arrest

Hypothermic circulatory arrest has been an important adjunct in pediatric cardiovascular surgery. Historically, use of hypothermia allowed the first intracardiac repair prior to the successful application of cardiopulmonary bypass and well before the advent of cardioplegic cardiac arrest. Today, the repair of many complex defectsis greatly facilitated by the use of hypothermic arrest. Despite the importance of the technique in the armamentarium of the congenital heart surgeon, the physiology of cerebral injury associated with hypothermic arrest has not been fully elucidated. To understand this physiology better, a number of investigators have focused on cerebral reperfusion after the event. In this review, we discuss findings from our own studies in the light of other available data on global and regional flow of blood to the brain following hypothermic arrest.
Experimental results from a coaxial vircator

Summary form only given. A coaxial vircator system has been developed at the High-Power Microwave Facility at Texas Tech University and the initial testing is complete. This paper details the experimental results for several different configurations of the coaxial vircator. The coaxial vircator generates microwave radiation by injecting a radial electron beam into a cylinder such that the space-charge limit of the region is exceeded. A virtual cathode forms and oscillates in radial position and amplitude, generating microwaves which are extracted through an attached waveguide with a circular cross-section. The cathode material is a cold field-emitter applied to the inside of a grounded cylinder. The anode is a semi-transparent cylinder located inside of, and concentric to, the cathode cylinder. The anode cylinder is pulsed positively. Extensive use of particle-in-cell simulations were employed to develop an experimental prototype, which was tested in eight different configurations. Most of the design for the coaxial vircator was done with the aid of the 2.5 dimensional, particle-in-cell code, MAGIC. Simulation geometries matching the experimental system as closely as possible were developed to allow for comparison to experimental results. However, direct comparisons are not accurate because of azimuthal variations in the electron beam and microwave radiation which turned up in the experimental system.
Inhibition of Ras for cancer treatment: the search continues

The RAS oncogenes (HRAS, NRAS and KRAS) comprise the most frequently mutated class of oncogenes in human cancers (33%), thus stimulating intensive effort in developing anti-Ras inhibitors for cancer treatment. Despite intensive effort, to date, no effective anti-Ras strategies have successfully made it to the clinic. We present an overview of past and ongoing strategies to inhibit oncogenic Ras in cancer. Since approaches to directly target mutant Ras have not been successful, most efforts have focused on indirect approaches to block Ras membrane association or downstream effector signaling. While inhibitors of effector signaling are currently under clinical evaluation, genome-wide unbiased genetic screens have identified novel directions for future anti-Ras drug discovery.
ON DIFFERENT METHODS FOR ALLOCATING RESOURCES

Abstract : The paper discusses the various means of allocating resources within an economy. The following eight processes appear to be the major means for the allocation of resources: the economic market with a price system; voting procedures, bidding; bargaining; allocation by higher authority, fiat or dictatorship; allocation by force, fraud and deceit; allocation by custom, including gifts and inheritance; and allocation by chance.
Optical birefringence of aorta tissues

The optical birefringence of porcine aortic tissues including heated and non-heated tissues was studied using polarization technique. The measurements show that a whole piece of aortic tissue has birefringence properties like a uniaxial crystal. The experiment results indicate that the birefringence status of tissue have a potential application for monitoring changes of tissue structure due to burning, plastic surgery, laser tissue welding and wound healing.
Katharine Drexel: Learning to Love the Poor

Although born into privilege, Katharine Drexel was blessed with parents, siblings, friends, and spiritual guides who kept her rooted in a deep, Eucharistic faith. Responding to the needs of the poor was a responsibility of the rich, and Katharine learned this value at the hands of her parents at an early age. With the good counsel of popes and bishops, family and friends, she ultimately used her great family wealth to provide education for the poor.
An adaptive approach for image subtraction

Image subtraction is widely used in angiography as a means of highlighting differences induced by contrast agents. New knowledge of previously unsuspected causes of disease, in particular, secondhand smoke exposure, spurs interest in pushing the limits of early accurate diagnosis. Simple image subtraction induces artifacts causing problems for ensuing measurements and 3D reconstruction. Image registration techniques have been used to partially solve this problem. However, a complete registration is slow, and misregistration often occurs in images where bones are surrounded by vessels with similar image characteristics. We propose an approach based on the idea of global match followed by local refinements. In the global match, an image pair is aligned using a similarity measure so as to reduce overall difference. In the local refinements, localized displacements and deformations of tissue are handled by a combination of techniques: image registration, region growing, erosion, and dilation. This approach is fast compared to registration based image subtraction and it can find vessels abutting a bone. It is designed to be especially suitable for large cross-section image stacks. With additional vessel connectivity analysis between adjacent slices, the algorithm provides a good foundation for 3D vessel reconstruction.
Power laws, discontinuities and regional city size distributions

Urban systems are manifestations of human adaptation to the natural environment. City size distributions are the expression of hierarchical processes acting upon urban systems. In this paper, we test the entire city size distributions for the southeastern and southwestern United States (1990), as well as the size classes in these regions for power law behavior. We interpret the differences in the size of the regional city size distributions as the manifestation of variable growth dynamics dependent upon city size. Size classes in the city size distributions are snapshots of stable states within urban systems in flux. © 2008 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Replication of Minute Virus of Mice DNA Is Critically Dependent on Accumulated Levels of NS2

Following transfection of murine fibroblasts, the lymphotropic strain of minute virus of mice (MVMi) does not efficiently produce progeny single-strand DNA (ssDNA). However, changing a single nucleotide in the MVMi 3' splice site to that found in the fibrotropic strain MVMp enabled full DNA replication and production of ssDNA. This change enhanced excision of the large intron and the production of NS2, likely by improving interaction, in fibroblasts with the branch point-binding U2 snRNA. One function of NS2 involves interaction with the nuclear export protein Crm1. The defect in production of MVMi ssDNA in fibroblasts can also be overcome by introducing a mutation in MVMi NS2 that enhances its interaction with Crm1. Although MVMi contains a 3' splice site that performs poorly in fibroblasts, MVMi generated at least as much R2 and NS2 in murine lymphocytes as did MVMp in fibroblasts. Therefore, it appears that MVMp has acquired a mutation that improves the excision of the large intron, as it adapted to fibroblasts to accommodate the need for NS2 for replication in these cells, and that the ratio of NS1 to NS2 may play a larger role in the host range of MVM than previously appreciated.
Impact of ultrasound-guided kidney biopsy simulation on trainee confidence and biopsy outcomes.

Background/Aims: To improve procedural skill competence in real-time ultrasound-guided renal biopsy, we have developed an inexpensive simulation tool (a porcine kidney inserted under a turkey breast) that mimics biopsy conditions in human patients in terms of kidney size, depth, echogenicity and overall structural characteristics. This study investigated the utility of this simulation tool for improving trainees’ confidence in performing renal biopsy and biop- sy-associated bleeding complications. Methods: We have quantitatively assessed the confidence level of renal fellows before and after their initial renal biopsy simulation training. Subsequently, we determined the effect of this simulation training on trainees’ procedural competence by comparing outcomes of clinical renal biopsies performed by fellows that did versus those who did not participate in the simulation training. Results: We show that renal biopsy simulation has improved the confidence level of trainees (23.4 presimulation to 70.3 postsimulation on a 0–100 scale; p = 0.001; η2 = 0.69). The improvement in trainees’ confidence did not vary across their prior experience performing renal biopsies (η2 = 0.23; p = 0.060). Additionally, fellows who participated in the simulation training demonstrated improved competence in performing the renal biopsy procedure in patients. Successful retrieval of renal tissue per pass was 94% (vs. 73% in fellows who did not participate in this simulation training; p = 0.002) and procedure-related blood loss was reduced as indicated by smaller postbiopsy versus prebiopsy hematocrit decline (1.18 vs. 2.68; p = 0.049). Conclusion: Renal biopsy simulation training may improve trainees’ confidence and reduce the severity of biopsy-associated bleeding complications in patients.
A role for spinal nitric oxide in mediating visceral hyperalgesia in the rat

Abstract Background & Aims: Intracolonic instillation of zymosan in rats produces hyperalgesia (i.e., facilitates the visceromotor response to colorectal distention) mediated by activity at spinal N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptors. Nitric oxide (NO · ) production often increases after NMDA receptor activation; NO · may then function as a further messenger. This study was designed to investigate the role of spinal NO · in this model of visceral hyperalgesia. Methods: Zymosan or saline was given intracolonically, and the visceromotor response to noxious colorectal distention (80 mm Hg, 20 seconds) was measured 3 hours afterward. Results: There was a significant enhancement of the visceromotor response in zymosan-, but not saline-treated, rats. This hyperalgesia was dose-dependently and reversibly attenuated by intrathecal administration of the nonselective NO · synthase (NOS) inhibitor N G -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (100-800 nmol) as well as by the selective neuronal NOS inhibitor ARL 17477 (30-600 nmol). In support of these observations, there was a significant increase in the number of cells labeled for NADPH diaphorase or neuronal NOS in the lumbosacral spinal cord after intracolonic instillation of zymosan, but not saline. Conclusions: These data suggest that colonic inflammation induces the expression of neuronal NOS in the spinal cord and that increased production of spinal NO · is necessary for maintenance of zymosan-produced visceral hyperalgesia. GASTROENTEROLOGY 1999;116:1399-1408
An Analysis of Solid Rotor Machines Part IV. An Approximate Nonlinear Analysis

One of the most important problems in the theory of rotating electric machinery is that of accounting for saturation effects. This paper adapts the results of the analysis of eddy current effects in semi-infinite solid saturated iron to develop the high-frequency operational and equivalent circuit impedances of a solid rotor machine. Parts I, II, and III of this series have presented a development of the basic theory, an investigation of the effects of curvature and a consideration of end effects, respectively. 1-3 Another paper has investigated the effects of field leakage. 4 This paper utilizes the electromagnetic model of Part I, neglecting the minor effects of curvature and finite length, except that the rotor iron is assumed to have a rectangular saturation curve.1 With the aid of this model, operational-and equivalent-circuit impedance equations are developed for conditions with relatively high-frequency eddy currents wherein the air gap fields are essentially one dimensional. Per-unit numerical data are given which illustrate the theoretical effect of saturation in increasing the resistive rotor impedance components over those obtained from a linear analysis.
Discovering New Trends in Web Robot Traffic Through Functional Classification

This paper proposes a novel functional classification scheme to understand and analyze web robot traffic. The scheme is rooted in the recognition that the crawling behavior of a robot on a site is primarily governed byits intended purpose or functionality. We apply the classification rules to analyze web server access logs from the University of Connecticut School of Engineering domain. The analysis results indicate how the classification scheme can provide insights into the robot traffic based on their functionality.
An extended hyperbolic hop code transmitter

Frequency hop codes represent a class of codes in which the signal is transmitted as a sine wave, whose frequency at any time, is one of a set of possible discrete values. A 2.0-/spl mu/m CMOS technology transmitter which efficiently generates the signal for an extended hyperbolic congruential (EHC) frequency hop code is described. Minimal hardware is used to generate the constituent sine waves and the placement operator (the function which defines the sequence in which the sine waves are transmitted). The constituent sine waves are generated by characterizing them as phase increments, while the placement operator is evaluated by defining it as a recursive function. >
Percarbonate as a naturally buffering catholyte for microbial fuel cells

Abstract Sustainable cathode development has been a challenge for the emerging microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology. This study presents a simple catholyte called sodium percarbonate to serve as a new type of electron acceptor for MFCs. Lab scale comparisons showed sodium percarbonate cathode obtained comparable power density (9.6 W/m 3 ) with traditional air–cathode and potassium ferricyanide, but percarbonate showed multiple additional benefits that no other catholyte had demonstrated. Percarbonate has a sustaining natural buffering capacity that can counter pH fluctuations seen in many other systems, and the peroxide produced prevents bio-fouling problems associated with air–cathodes. It is also safer to use and has the lowest cost among popular cathode options based on per mole of electron transferred, which makes it a good candidate for modular system scale up.
Novel Strategies for the Preparation of TiO2 Nanofibers

The various polymorphs of titanium oxide (TiO2) are probably the most widely studied materials for photovoltaic applications. It is well known that composition and particles size can have a profound effect on photoactivity. It is thought that high surface to volume nanostructures such as nanofibers and nanorods may possess the optimal properties. We have developed technology for the preparation of TiO2 nanofibers in a variety of forms including core shell structures, papers and films. The formation of mesoporous TiO2 fibers as spider webs and papers has been achieved by electrostatic deposition. The mesoporous fibers and other forms such as shaped particles and films have been employed as templates to grow TiO2 nanofibers in various configurations. The proposed research below will address the synthesis and characterization of the TiO2 fibers developed by these techniques
Introduction to hydrofluoro-olefin alternatives for high global warming potential hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants

This article is an introduction to low global warming potential refrigerants, particularly halogenated olefins and, more specifically, fluorinated propene isomers. A summary of fluorinated propene isomer-based blends (AC-1, DP-1, Fluid H, and JDH) that were investigated as part of the Society of Automotive Engineer's cooperative research programs (CRP150) is provided. These blends were designed to possess global warming potential values less than 150 in order to meet the European Union's Mobile Directive; however, they were later abandoned because some of the blend components demonstrated concerns related to toxicity, ozone depletion potential, and/or reactivity. After the abandonment of these blends, a cooperative research program (CRP1234) was initiated by the Society of Automotive Engineers to focus its development efforts on R-1234yf. In addition to R-1234yf, a few other olefins are being investigated as potential refrigerants by the HVAC&R industry, as indicated by the level of patent activity. To de...
Multiphysics modelling environment for continuum and discrete dynamics

AbstractA model-development environment for simulation of discrete and continuum dynamics in complex 3D geometries is described. This environment is based on 3D libraries for manipulation of geometrical primitives, object-oriented multidomain modelling paradigm, continuum solvers on unstructured meshes, discrete particle solvers, and a tool-assisted grid generation technique. The numerical approach is based on combined control-volume and finite-element methods of continuum mechanics and Lagrangian particle dynamics method. Several prototype example cases of complex continuum mechanical systems are considered, such as flow in bifurcating channels, including particle transport and deposition, flow interactions with flexible membranes and rigid structures, and a simplified model of molecular dynamics represented by a system of particles and bonds.
Accuracy of three-dimensional and two-dimensional ultrasonography for measurement of tumor volume in dogs with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder.

Objective—To determine the accuracy of 3-D and 2-D ultrasonography for quantification of tumor volume in dogs with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder. Animals—10 dogs with biopsy-confirmed TCC. Procedures—The urinary bladder of each dog was distended with saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (5.0 mL/kg), and masses were measured via 3-D and 2-D ultrasonography. Masses were also measured via 3-D ultrasonography after bladders were distended with 2.5 and 1.0 mL of saline solution/kg. Subsequently, the bladder was deflated and distended with CO 2 (5.0 mL/kg); CT was performed after IV contrast medium administration. Tumor volumes were calculated via 3-D ultrasonography, 2-D ultrasonography, and CT (reference method) and compared via ANOVA, Deming regression, and Bland-Altman plots. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used to assess effects of bladder distension on 3-D tumor volume measurements. Repeatability of measurements was estimated via the coefficient of variation for each method. Results—Repeatability was considered good for all 3 methods. There was no significant difference in tumor volume measurements obtained via 3-D ultrasonography at different degrees of urinary bladder distension. Results of Deming regression and Bland-Altman plots indicated excellent agreement between tumor volume measurement with 3-D ultrasonography and CT, but not between 2-D ultrasonography and CT. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Tumor volume in dogs with TCC of the urinary bladder was accurately measured via 3-D ultrasonography. Use of 3-D ultrasonography can provide a less expensive and more practical method for monitoring response to treatment than CT and was more accurate than 2-D ultrasonography. (Am J Vet Res 2012;73:1919–1924)
Cell-free fetal DNA testing: a pilot study of obstetric healthcare provider attitudes toward clinical implementation

Objective To provide a preliminary assessment of obstetric healthcare provider opinions surrounding implementation of cell-free fetal DNA testing. Methods A 37-question pilot survey was used to address questions around the translation and use of non-invasive prenatal testing using cell-free fetal DNA. The survey was distributed and collected at a Continuing Medical Education course on obstetrics and gynecology. Results Of 62 survey respondents, 73% were female and 87% held MD/DO degrees. Respondents generally agreed that patients want prenatal diagnostic information to help make decisions about a pregnancy and that cell-free fetal DNA testing would encourage the testing of more patients for more conditions. However, there was an overall lack of knowledge or conviction about using this technology. Genetic counseling and professional society approval were deemed important to implementation, whereas the possibility of direct-to-consumer testing and government regulation produced mixed responses. Respondents indicated that they would be more likely to offer cell-free fetal DNA testing for chromosomal abnormalities and single-gene disorders, but would be cautious with respect to determination of sex and behavioral or late-onset conditions. Conclusion Preliminary assessment indicates uncertainty among obstetric providers about the details of implementing cell-free fetal DNA testing and suggests expanded research on perspectives of this stakeholder group. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolutionary bridges to new protein folds: design of C-terminal Cro protein chameleon sequences

Regions of amino-acid sequence that are compatible with multiple folds may facilitate evolutionary transitions in protein structure. In a previous study, we described a heuristically designed chameleon sequence (SASF1, structurally ambivalent sequence fragment 1) that could adopt either of two naturally occurring conformations (α-helical or β-sheet) when incorporated as part of the C-terminal dimerization subdomain of two structurally divergent transcription factors, P22 Cro and λ Cro. Here we describe longer chameleon designs (SASF2 and SASF3) that in the case of SASF3 correspond to the full C-terminal half of the ordered region of a P22 Cro/λ Cro sequence alignment (residues 34-57). P22-SASF2 and λ(WDD)-SASF2 show moderate thermal stability in denaturation curves monitored by circular dichroism (T(m) values of 46 and 55°C, respectively), while P22-SASF3 and λ(WDD)-SASF3 have somewhat reduced stability (T(m) values of 33 and 49°C, respectively). (13)C and (1)H NMR secondary chemical shift analysis confirms two C-terminal α-helices for P22-SASF2 (residues 36-45 and 54-57) and two C-terminal β-strands for λ(WDD)-SASF2 (residues 40-45 and 50-52), corresponding to secondary structure locations in the two parent sequences. Backbone relaxation data show that both chameleon sequences have a relatively well-ordered structure. Comparisons of (15)N-(1)H correlation spectra for SASF2 and SASF3-containing proteins strongly suggest that SASF3 retains the chameleonism of SASF2. Both Cro C-terminal conformations can be encoded in a single sequence, showing the plausibility of linking different Cro folds by smooth evolutionary transitions. The N-terminal subdomain, though largely conserved in structure, also exerts an important contextual influence on the structure of the C-terminal region.
Rebelión histórica y metafísica en Los de abajo de Mariano Azuela

De acuerdo con Bajtin (1978), cualquier novela constituye en su conjunto un fenomeno linguistico ideologicamente saturado que, en su forma mas lograda, se constituye un foro dialogico de una infinidad de voces conscientes e inconscientes, pasadas y presentes, intencionadas pero jamas monoliticas. Los de abajo se ofrece, a traves de su subtitulo "Cuadros y escenas de la revolucion mexicana", como un buceo dentro de ese mundo perturbado poblado de multiples protagonistas.
Rapid and mild silylation of β-amino alcohols at room temperature mediated by N-methylimidazole for enhanced detectability by gas chromatography/electron ionization mass spectrometry.

RATIONALE In this work, we expand the use of in situ activation of chloro(dimethyl)phenylsilane using N-methylimidazole (NMI) for the effective derivatization of β-aminoethyl alcohols. Due to its enhanced nucleophilic character, NMI is expected to act as an efficient activator in these reactions. METHODS The derivatization of a panel of β-aminoethyl alcohols was accomplished by reacting the analyte with chloro(dimethyl)phenylsilane in the presence of either NMI or pyridine. After the addition of chloro(dimethyl)phenylsilane, the vials were gently tumbled for 1 h at ambient temperature. The phenyldimethylsilyl derivatives were identified using gas chromatography/electron ionization mass spectrometry (GC/EI-MS). RESULTS A total of ten β-aminoethyl alcohols were successfully derivatized via in situ activation of chloro(dimethyl)-phenylsilane with NMI. Derivatization with NMI was significantly more efficient than with pyridine by a factor of 3–6 for the studied alcohols. The derivatizations in the presence of NMI were found to occur in just 1 h and were conveniently executed at ambient temperature. CONCLUSIONS The use of the nitrogenous base NMI in order to activate chloro(dimethyl)phenylsilane for the efficient silylation of a panel of β-aminoethyl alcohols has been demonstrated. The present work shows that NMI is an efficient base for the smooth derivatization of these types of alcohols. Furthermore, the installation of the bulky PDMS group onto these alcohols adds to the certainty that this is a viable approach for the installation of the more commonly employed, trimethylsilyl group. Published in 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
A set of highly discriminating microsatellite loci for the Galápagos marine iguana Amblyrhynchus cristatus

We describe here the cloning of 12 (7 dinucleotide, 1 trinucleotide and 4 tetranucleotide) microsatellite loci for the Galapagos marine iguana Amblyrhynchus cristatus . When tested for individuals from five different island populations on the Galapagos archipelago, high genetic diversities (9–20 alleles per locus) and heterozygosities (0.200–0.944) were observed. All loci showed no obvious deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. The new set of microsatellite loci was able to assign individuals reliably to their island of origin, thus being able to discriminate between residents and migrants between islands.
Complete Genome Sequences of Four Escherichia coli ST95 Isolates from Bloodstream Infections

Finished genome sequences are presented for four Escherichia coli strains isolated from bloodstream infections at San Francisco General Hospital. These strains provide reference sequences for four major fimH-identified sublineages within the multilocus sequence type (MLST) ST95 group, and provide insights into pathogenicity and differential antimicrobial susceptibility within this group.
Current Status of the Toxicology of Diesel Engine Exhaust — and the ACES Project

A clear understanding of the health risks of DE has been elusive, because exposures of the workers and general populations studied epidemiologically have not been accurately measured. Experimental exposures of humans and animals can be measured and these have suggested potential health hazards, but results of experimental exposures have been difficult to place in a realistic human exposure context. Experimental human exposures must be of only short duration and relatively high concentrations of DE have been necessary to produce short-term effects. Short-term and long-term animal studies have been conducted and significant progressive health effects have been produced at extreme exposure concentrations, but it is difficult to translate those results into risk factors for humans with acceptable confidence. Diesel technologies have advanced markedly over the past few decades, and emissions have been reduced and altered in composition. No published epidemiological or toxicological study has used exhaust produced by recent diesel technologies. The ACES program in the United States was created to conduct animal studies of the potential health hazards of recent technology diesel exhaust. Rats and mice are exposed to different dilutions of exhaust from a heavy-duty engine meeting the 2007 on-road emission standards and operated on a variable-duty cycle. The study is underway and early results will be available in early 2011. Final results from the long-term study of the hazards of cancer and progressive non-cancer disease will be available in late 2013.
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft, Valvular, and Advanced Heart Failure Surgeries in Women

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality in men and women. An estimated 83.6 million American adults (>1 in 3) have one or more types of cardiovascular diseases. In 2010, an estimated 7.6 million inpatient cardiovascular operations and procedures were performed in the United States; 4.4 million were performed on men, and 3.2 million were performed on women [1]. In clinical trials on cardiovascular diseases, women are generally under-represented, raising potential concerns for bias. In clinical trials used to support 2007 American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines for CVD prevention in women, women represented only one third of patients despite similar prevalence of disease in men and women. Only 31 % of primary trial publications specifically reported results in women. Representation of women was lowest among trials for heart failure (29 %) and CAD (25 %) [2].
Prolonged stability in local populations of Cerion agassizi (Pleistocene-Recent) on Great Bahama Bank

Long-term persistence of patterns in geographic variation within species is an interesting and puzzling phenomenon. I present a well-defined natural experiment in the land snail Cerion agassizi from the islands of Great Bahama Bank. C. agassizi is the best-known fossil of the ca. 120,000 years BP dunes of New Providence, Cat and Eleuthera Islands; populations have survived on Cat and Eleuthera. During the Wisconsin glacial advance, all these islands joined together in an emnergent bank. Presence of the same species on two islands at two times permits a test for both time signatures (does change occur in the same manner on both islands) and island signatures (do aspects of shell phenotypes remain constant on each island through time). Factor and discriminant analyses establish morphological separations among fossil populations of the three islands. These differences occur along pathways specified by well-known covariance sets in the complex allometric ontogeny of Cerion. By these routes, small variations in the geometry of growth may be magnified to large differences in external appearance. I found a time signature, probably attributable to introgression of modern populations by Cerion glans on both Cat and Eleuthera. Despite the intermediate period of emergence and joining of all islands, I also found an island signature in the preservation through time, on both Cat and Eleuthera, of the differentia that separate fossil populations. The basic distinctions of the two islands, expressed as patterns of covariance in growth, have been stable for at least 120,000 years.
Relationship Between Sugar Concentration and Glycogenetic Action of Insulin on Rat Diaphragm in vitro

SummaryGlycogen deposition in rat diaphragm in vitro varies directly with the concentration of glucose in the medium. Insulin catalyzes this process greatly at low sugar concentrations but very little at high concentrations. The bearing of these results on the mechanism of insulin action is briefly discussed.
Retailing in Poland: A First-Hand Report:

An extensive exchange of letters between Professor J. Hart Walters, Jr., and various Polish economists resulted in a first-hand study of marketing in Poland for almost one year.Drawing on his first...
A SURGICAL CASE OF ULCERATIVE COLITIS DEVELOPED PNEUMONITIS WHICH WAS PRESUMAKLY PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII PNEUMONIAE

患者は34歳の男性. 2年前発症の潰瘍性大腸炎(UC)患者.重症の全大腸炎型の診断にて近医入院し中心静脈栄養,プレドニゾロン,メサラジン,顆粒球除去療法(GCAP)が施行された. 2カ月にわたって治療されるも症状改善せず当院紹介入院となった.転院時,呼吸困難,発熱,低酸素血症,胸部X線像にて両肺にびまん性の淡いスリガラス状の陰影を認めた.カリニ肺炎による間質性肺炎と診断し, ST合剤を投与した.これにより呼吸状態が改善し,結腸亜全摘,一時的回腸瘻, S状結腸粘液瘻造設術を行った. UCの治療経過中にステロイド剤や免疫抑制剤, GCAPなどが併用される.これによって免疫不全をきたし日和見感染症を合併することもある.内科的治療の限界を見極め,感染合併症を引き起こす前に手術に踏み切ることが重要と考える.
On the Inter-language Fossilization Theory Applied in College English Writing

The inter-language fossilization can be widely observed in the teaching of college English writing.The paper is designed to study the causes for fossilization in the aspects of teachers,environment,and teaching approaches.It proposes the genre-based teaching approach as a feasible improvement strategy on the fossilization applied in the teaching of writing,
Response of adenosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate level in rabbit neutrophils to the chemotactic peptide formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine.

Addition of the synthetic chemotactic peptide, fMet-Leu-Phe, to rabbit neutrophils elevates the basal level of cyclic 39,59-AMP. Stimulation of the cyclic AMP level reaches a maximum at 1 min (60% increase over basal value at 5 nM fMet-Leu-Phe) and subsequently the cyclic AMP level returns to the basal value within 5 min. In the absence of extracellular Ca 2+ , the cyclic AMP level increases minimally (
Comparative Genomics of the Liberibacteral Plant Pathogens

The pathogenic ‘Candidatus Liberibacter’ species have caused tremendous economic losses to agricultural crops. Since these bacteria are, generally, not yet unculturable, information regarding genetics and pathogenesis of the pathogens is limited. Comparative analyses of multiple Liberibacter genomes provide unprecedented insights into the evolutionary history, phylogenetic diversity, and metabolomic capacities among pathogenic bacteria. In addition, genomic analyses of plant disease-associated Liberibacters have led to the identification of potential or putative pathogenicity and virulence factors, as well as biomarkers associated with Liberibacter–host plant interactions. The availability of specific biomarkers associated with Liberibacter–host plant interactions will aid in the development of improved, reliable diagnostic protocols for early (i.e., presymptomatic), rapid Liberibacter detection as part of disease management strategies. Since no host resistance has been found in Liberibacter-associated diseases, knowledge of specific Liberibacter genes and their products associated with pathogenicity and virulence, as well as interactions with psyllid vectors, will lead to the identification of potential targets for mitigating Liberibacter acquisition and transmission by psyllids, host plant infection, and disease development. Finally, genomics-based research will facilitate improved understanding of the complex and diverse mechanisms of Liberibacter–plant interactions.
CpG methylation of the major Epstein-Barr virus latency promoter in Burkitt's lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latency C promoter drives expression of a family of viral proteins commonly targeted by CD8 cytotoxic T cells. These proteins are not generally expressed in African Burkitt's lymphoma and in EBV-associated Hodgkin's disease. The failure to express these proteins is almost certainly an important factor in the evasion of immunosurveillance by EBV-associated tumors. In a previous study, we have shown that transcriptional activation of the C promoter is inhibited by methylation of a particular CpG site upstream of the promoter that prevents binding of a cellular protein (CBF2), and we have shown that this and adjacent CpG sites are methylated in a Burkitt's lymphoma cell line. In the present study, we show that CpG sites in the CBF2 binding region are predominantly methylated in African Burkitt's lymphoma and in EBV-associated Hodgkin's disease. In addition, we present the first direct evidence that the C promoter is transcriptionally silent in Burkitt's lymphoma. In contrast, we show a complete absence of methylation in the CBF2 binding region in a case of reversible EBV-associated B-cell lymphoma arising in an immunocompromised patient whose tumor shows C promoter transcriptional activity. By inhibiting expression of highly antigenic viral proteins, methylation of transcriptional control sequences may veil the presence of virus in tumor tissue from CD8(+) cytotoxic T-cell immune surveillance and thus facilitate viral tumorigenesis.
Constructing a Comprehensive Promotion Decision Making Model for Small Retailers

An extensive review of the promotion, retailing, and decision making literature reveals that one of the most neglected areas in retailing has been the study of the promotion decision making processes of retailers, in particular, the small business retailer. Additionally, circumstances have become increasingly favorable for the development of promotion decision making procedures and/or models to facilitate more sophisticated planning for these retailers to help them survive the turbulent forces of the 1990s. The objectives of this piece are: 1 ) to position protocol, a proven methodology, as a viable option to develop a fuller understanding of the complete promotion decision/ action/evaluation process followed by the small independent (non-chain) retailer in the U.S. and 2) to suggest how a generalizable model of this process may then be constructed.
Self-Organization in Collective Action: Elinor Ostrom’s Contributions and Complexity Theory

Elinor Ostrom’s contributions to the understanding self-organization in collective action processes are discussed from a complexity theory perspective. It is argued that complexity researchers can learn from Ostrom’s theory building process, as well her conceptualization of the conditions of self-organization in the management of common-pool resources. Her focus on self-organization helps rectify the problems with the assumption in the mainstream policy analysis that policy processes can be explained with external causes. The conceptual problems in her utility maximizing rational actor assumption and the potential for conceptual advancements in her recognition of complexity concepts are discussed. It is argued that Ostrom’s conceptual framework is sophisticated, but it lacks a dynamic understanding of the micro–macro relationships in complex governance systems, and that complexity theory offers the conceptual tools to remedy this problem.
MPTH-18STREAMS, VORTICES, AND NEUROSPHERES: IN VIVO NON-RANDOM LARGE SCALE SELF-ORGANIZATION OF GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME AND THE ROLE OF NOVEL HISTOPATHOLOGICAL STRUCTURES

GBM (WHO IV) histological structures used in glioma diagnosis are pseudopalisades, microvascular proliferation, and necrosis. To these we can add Scherer's structures: the perivascular, perineuronal, white matter, and subpial growth of glioma cells. Though CXCL12 is important in the organization of Scherer's structures, the molecular and cellular basis of the other histopathological structures is not fully understood. To determine the large scale organization of gliomas we studied various models, including transplantable gliomas (mouse, human glioma stem cells), and genetically induced gliomas using the Sleeping Beauty Transposase system (NRas, LgT, sh-p53, PDGF, sh-ATRX, IDH1mut). Examination of all glioma models indicates the existence of streams, a hallmark of self-organization. Streams are 10-20 cells across, of various lengths, and distributed throughout the tumors. Within streams cells are fusiform and at the tumor border participate in glioma invasion. Streams can be understood mathematically using models from statistical mechanics. Experimentally, streams facilitated the migration of slower migrating glioma stem cells. We propose that streams accelerate glioma growth; inhibiting stream formation may be beneficial therapeutically. We also detected the presence of vortices in which cells appear as if rotating around a central axis. Vortices were found in murine transplantable models and in genetically induced gliomas -independently of individual genetic mutations-. Vortices can be studied mathematically using the theories of fluid dynamics. We propose that vortices are cores of glioma stem cells that nucleate brain tumor growth around them. Disrupting vortex formation could also lead to novel therapies. Our work demonstrates that gliomas display large scale, non-random, self-organization. We show the existence of novel histopathological structures in glioblastoma, and their potential role in glioma growth and invasion. We are currently working to understand their cellular, molecular, and mathematical basis as this will make them into novel so far unknown therapeutic targets.
Bovine trophectoderm cells induced from bovine fibroblasts with induced pluripotent stem cell reprogramming factors.

Thirteen independent induced bovine trophectroderm (iBT) cell lines were established by reprogramming bovine fetal liver-derived fibroblasts after viral-vector transduction with either six or eight factors, including POU5F1 (OCT4), KLF4, SOX2, MYC, NANOG, LIN28, SV40 large T antigen, and hTERT. Light- and electron-microscopy analysis showed that the iBT cells had epithelial cell morphology typical of bovine trophectoderm cells. Reverse-transcription-PCR assays indicated that all of the cell lines expressed interferon-tau (IFNT) at passages 1 or 2. At later passages (≥ passage 8), however, immunoblot and antiviral activity assays revealed that more than half of the iBT cell lines had stopped expressing IFNT. Messenger RNAs specific to trophectoderm differentiation and function were found in the iBT cell lines, and 2-dimensional-gel analysis for cellular proteins showed an expression pattern similar to that of trophectoderm cell lines derived from bovine blastocysts. Integration of some of the human reprogramming factors, including POU5F1, KLF4, SOX2, MYC, NANOG, and LIN28, were detected by PCR, but their transcription was mostly absent in the iBT cell lines. Gene expression assessment of endogenous bovine reprogramming factor orthologs revealed endogenous bLIN28 and bMYC transcripts in all; bSOX2 and bNANOG in none; and bKLF4 and bPOU5F1 in less than half of the iBT cell lines. These results demonstrate that bovine trophectoderm can be induced via reprogramming factor expression from bovine liver-derived fibroblasts, although other fibroblast populations-e.g., derived from fetal thigh tissue-may produce similar results, albeit at lower frequencies.
Getting to No: Pragmatic and Semantic Factors in Two- and Three-Year-Olds' Understanding of Negation.

Although infants say "no" early, older children have difficulty understanding its truth-functional meaning. Two experiments investigate whether this difficulty stems from the infelicity of negative sentences out of the blue. In Experiment 1, given supportive discourse, 3-year-olds (N = 16) understood both affirmative and negative sentences. However, with sentence types randomized, 2-year-olds (N = 28) still failed. In Experiment 2, affirmative and negative sentences were blocked. Two-year-olds (N = 28) now succeeded, but only when affirmatives were presented first. Thus, although discourse felicity seems the primary bottleneck for 3-year-olds' understanding of negation, 2-year-olds struggle with its semantic processing. Contrary to accounts where negatives are understood via affirmatives, both sentence types were processed equally quickly, suggesting previously reported asymmetries are due to pragmatic accommodation, not semantic processing.