cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Good Time Management and Motivation Level Predict Student Academic Success in College On-Line Courses

Student academic success in college on-line courses was examined in relation to motivation, time-management and organzation. Participants included 40 students enrolled in college on-line courses. The Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire was utilized to identify participants motivation level, time-management skills and organizational skills. A multiple regression analysis was used in order idenify whether motiavtion, time-management and organization were good predictors of success. The results of this analysis indicate that good time-management and lower levels of motivation predict student GPA in their courses. These results suggest that time-management and motivation are important predictors of student academic success in on-line college courses.
Robert K. Barney (ed.), Rethinking the Olympics. Cultural Histories of the Modern Games

Robert K. Barney (ed.), Rethinking the Olympics. Cultural Histories of the Modern Games (Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology, West Virginia University, 2010). Pp. xii+491. £30.99 (pb). I...
On escape rates in systems with memory effects

Abstract We note that the result of the thermal activation rate in presence of non-markovian damping, given in a recent treatment by Guardia, Marchesoni and San Miguel, is generally not uniquely defined. We also clarify the connection with previous work and show that the modelling of the memory kernel used by Guardia et al. is subjected to restrictions which are generally not met.
Amikacin Therapy of Urinary Tract Infections

The efficacy and safety of amikacin in treatment of patients with urinary tract infections were evaluated. Underlying urologic disease was prevalent in the population studied. Amikacin was administered to 50 patients in a dosage of 7.5 mg/kg twice daily. In a subsequent study, amikacin was compared with gentamicin in the treatment of 63 patients; amikacin was administered in a dose of 150 or 200 mg every hr, and gentamicin was administered in doses of 60-80 mg every 8 hr. In the initial study, amikacin produced a bacteriologic cure rate of 86%. In the comparative study, cure rates for gentamicin and amikacin were 85% and 81%, respectively. No significant renal toxicity or audiometric changes were attributed to amikacin. Amikacin is a new semisynthetic derivative of kanamycin, active in vitro against Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [1-3]. Amikacin and kanamycin have been shown to have similar pharmacokinetic properties [4]. Preliminary clinical studies have indicated that the dosage of amikacin is similar to that of kanamycin: 15 mg/kg per day in divided doses [5]. Studies of toxicity in animals [6] and clinical studies from this laboratory indicate that amikacin is potentially ototoxic and nephrotoxic as are the other aminoglycoside antibiotics. Our studies with amikacin commenced early, in 1973. We were encouraged by its broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity in vitro and specifically its activity against a gentamicin-resistant strain of Proteus rettgeri. To date, institutions in our geographic area have not noted any significant numbers of infections with gentamicin-resistant Pseudormonas. However, the strain of P. rettgeri studied is endemic locally and is resistant to all antimicrobial agents except amikacin. This report describes two clinical studies in which amikacin was used alone and with genta
Cloning of the cDNA and the genomic DNA of the mouse angiotensin II type 2 receptor

Of the two major isoforms of the angiotensin II receptors, type 1 (AT1) and type 2 (AT2), little is known about the structure and features of AT2. We cloned a mouse AT2 cDNA from a mouse fetus cDNA library and an AT2 genomic DNA from a 129SV mouse genomic DNA library. The amino acid sequence of the mouse AT2 (363 residues) deduced from a mouse cDNA clone showed seven membrane-spanning domains. Amino acid identity of the mouse AT2 with mouse AT1 is 37%, and 98% with rat AT2. The genomic DNA (4.4 kb) contained three exons and two introns and the entire coding region was contained in the third exon.
Review article: Lack of clinical significance of the interaction between H2‐receptor antagonists and ethanol

SUMMARY It has been proposed that an appreciable fraction of ingested ethanol is metabolized in the gastric mucosa and that inhibition of this metabolism by H2-receptor antagonists produces clinically important increases in blood ethanol. This paper reviews available data concerning gastric metabolism of ethanol and the influence of H2-antagonists on ethanol metabolism. It concludes that very little, if any, metabolism of ethanol is likely to occur in the gastric mucosa, and the interaction between H2-antagonists and ethanol is clinically insignificant.
Effect of Oxygen on Pulmonary Vascular Resistance in Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension Associated with Atrial Septal Defect

The present studies are concerned with the effect of high oxygen inhalation on patients with atrial septal defects. The problem of the amount of pulmonary vascular resistance and the relative contribution of irreversible structural changes and vascular tone may be of important prognostic significance in evaluation of such patients for cardiac surgery.
An Exploratory Investigation of the Personality Correlates of Aging Using the Hand Test

The Hand Test was administered to 27 older adults of both sexes (Mage = 66.56) to investigate possible changes in personality concomitant with normal aging. To control partially for such factors as cultural influences and intelligence differences a matched-pair design was used in which the test protocols of the older adults were matched with those of their children of the same sex (Mage = 36.44). Though the Hand Test has not been independently validated on older adults, results were consistent with past findings using projective techniques inasmuch as depletion and constriction of personality were noted. Criticisms of research on the clinical assessment of the elderly were discussed.
Differential effect of chronic ethanol consumption by the rat on microsomal oxidation of hepatocarcinogens and their activation to mutagens

Abstract The effect of chronic ethanol consumption by rats on hepatic microsomal activation of the hepatocarcinogens dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) and 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) was investigated. There was a marked increase in the rate of the oxidative demethylation of DMN and its activation to a mutagen by microsomes foHowing ethanol intake. N- and C-hydroxylation of 2-AAF were measured at substrate concentrations ranging from 2 to 70 μM. The ratio of formation of N -hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene to C -hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorenes increased with decreasing substrate concentration, suggesting enhanced carcinogenic potential of 2-AAF with diminishing levels of carcinogen. Kinetic analysis indicated that N-hydroxylation as well as 7-, 5- and 3-hydroxylation of 2-AAF do not follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics. In contrast to the marked inductive effect of ethanol consumption on the metabolic activation of DMN, only a minimal random effect on the N-hydroxylation of 2-AAF was demonstrable in two separate experiments. Furthermore, N-hydroxylation of 2-AAF by microsomes from control and ethanol-treated rats followed similar kinetics. While ethanol consumption enhanced the mutagenic activation of DMN by hepatic microsomes, no such effect of ethanol consumption on the conversion of 2-AAF to a mutagen was observed. The data indicate that chronic ethanol consumption does not have a general inductive effect on the microsomal activation of hepatocarcinogens.
Lipoproteins, atherogenicity, age and risk of myocardial infarction.

Objective: To perform basic statistical analysis of laboratory lipoprotein data, i.e. the measures of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL), to assist in their interpretation. In particular, to find any difference in male and female data that might explain the known difference in atherogenic susceptibility between the sexes. Method: The study subjects were patients of doctors in city and country New South Wales. Statistical methodology to find the inter–relations of the lipoproteins was the construction of the matrix of correlation, then by matrix algebra to display the independent trends in the data. Results and conclusions: The findings have been an atherogenicity function involving LDL and HDL and a risk function of myocardial infarction (Ml) involving LDL, HDL and age, confirmed by reference to the age and sex incidence of Ml in the Australian population. The principal conclusion is a simple mathematical model of the incidence of Ml. Implications: The means given for identification of at–risk individuals before symptoms appear, also the means given of lowering whole population risk of Ml by health education and lifestyle change with increased longevity for all. These concepts call for a prospective trial.
Two-dimensional E-field mapping with subpicosecond temporal resolution

A new contactless reflection-mode electro-optic sampling technique is described which is capable of characterising the electrical response of microstructures in two dimensions with micrometre spatial resolution, a temporal response of a fraction of a picosecond and millivolt sensitivity. A GaAs-based sampling technique which would have minimum interference with the test circuit is also proposed.
Transformation of the nursing workforce.

A lth0ugh the United States has an adequate supply of nurses, the mix of nurses by educational background is not sufficient to meet present and future challenges to nursing. In addition, the present pool of nurses is not being utilitized up to its potential. Such underutilization results in a denial of needed care to the American public, and makes nursing a less desirable career for "the best and the brightest."
Viewing the viewers: Ten video cases of children's television viewing behaviors

This paper examines measures of children's television viewing. We performed ten video case studies to replicate and extend work addressing “in what ways do parent and child estimates and descriptions of television viewing resemble those observed using in‐home videotape observations?” Mothers’ general estimates were more accurate than children's estimates. In contrast, children's perceptions of behaviors while viewing were more accurate than their mothers. Lastly, we found that in‐home videotape observation has substantial limitations.
Amounts of mitochondrial dna and abundance of some mitochondrial gene transcripts in early mouse embryos

The contents of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the steady-state amounts of 12 and 16 S mitochondrial rRNAs and the mRNAs for cytochrome c oxidase subunits I and II (COI and COII) were determined in dot hybridization experiments with cloned mtDNA fragments as probes during development from the one-cell to the blastocyst stage. The mtDNA content remained constant during this period at about 2.13 pg or 119,000 mtDNA molecules per embryo, suggesting an absence of mtDNA replication. The amounts of mitochondrial rRNA and the mRNAs for COI and COII varied markedly depending on developmental stage. They remained low between the end of oocyte growth and the late two-cell stage but increased 25-50X during cleavage from two-cell to early blastocyst. In the early blastocyst, the number of mitochondrial mRNA molecules was estimated at 7.9 X 10(6) or about 23% of the total embryo poly(A)+ RNA. These results suggest that the mitochondrial genome is largely inactive in the egg and two-cell embryo but that a high rate of mitochondrial transcription is initiated during cleavage. The activation of the mitochondrial genome coincides with a pronounced structural and functional differentiation of the mitochondria.
Synthesis, molecular structure, and spectroelectrochemistry of a nitrosyl iron porphyrin containing an unsymmetrical xanthene-linked porphyrin core.

Synthetic nitrosyl porphyrins with meso-aryl substituents are potential models for the biologically-important NO-bound P460 heme cofactor. A five-coordinate iron nitrosyl tetraaryl-porphyrin (HTPPX-CO2H)Fe(NO) containing a xanthene-based meso substituent has been prepared. The crystal structure of this formally {FeNO}7 complex reveals an ordered axial and bent NO ligand (∠FeNO=142.5(6)A) displaying an off-axis tilt of the nitrosyl N atom from the heme normal by 9.2°. Surprisingly, the porphyrin core does not display the expected asymmetry in FeN(por) distances frequently observed in iron nitrosyl porphyrins. The redox behavior as determined by cyclic voltammetry reveals, in contrast to most (por)Fe(NO) compounds, a fast NO dissociation after electrooxidation in CH2Cl2 to result in a net chemically-irreversible oxidation at Epa=+0.77V vs Ag/AgCl. IR spectroelectrochemistry reveals a recombination, on the spectroelectrochemistry time-scale, of the dissociated NO on oxidation with electrogenerated [(HTPPX-CO2H)Fe]+.
Response to "Duplicate patient data in a meta-analysis; A threat to validity".

Dear Sir, Thank you for the opportunity to respond to you concerning the submitted letter to the editor entitled, “Duplicate patient data in a meta-analysis: a threat to validity”. Efforts are made to contact corresponding authors of included studies to gather more detailed data, and sometimes, these efforts reveal duplicate data which are then appropriately excluded. Unfortunately, corresponding authors do not always respond to requests. In no way was it our intention to duplicate data in the meta-analysis or
Pyrolysis mechanisms of methoxy substituted α-O-4 lignin dimeric model compounds and detection of free radicals using electron paramagnetic resonance analysis

Abstract We report on the pyrolysis of methoxy substituted α-O-4 dimeric phenolic compounds at 500 °C using a Frontier Lab micro-pyrolyzer to provide mechanistic insight into lignin pyrolysis. The model compounds were benzyl phenyl ether (BPE), 1-(benzyloxy)-2-methoxybenzene (MBPE) and 1-(benzyloxy)-2,6-dimethoxybenzene (DMBPE). Pyrolysis of model dimers primarily involved homolytic cleavage of the C O linkage in the α-O-4 group. In addition, cleavage of the C O linkage in the methoxy group dominated at 500 °C. It was found that the methoxy group substitution on the aromatic ring increases the reactivity toward C O homolysis. Also, methoxy substituted structures can produce many different radical species that can participate in a variety of reaction mechanisms, resulting in complex reaction pathways and pyrolysis products. In addition, free radicals in the condensed phase of the pyrolysis products were detected by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, providing information on the presence of oxygen-centered phenoxy and carbon-centered benzyl radicals. The radical concentrations derived from pyrolysis of the methoxy-substituted dimers, MBPE and DMBPE, were respectively 55 and 30 times higher than the radical concentration derived from BPE. Lastly, it was found that the methoxy group substitution on the aromatic ring significantly promoted oligomerization reactions to form large molecular weight compounds.
Boundary regularlty for solutions to various capillarity and free boundary problems

(1977). Boundary regularlty for solutions to various capillarity and free boundary problems. Communications in Partial Differential Equations: Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 323-357.
Mapping the possibilities of qualitative research in music education: a primer

Increasing numbers of music education researchers have begun to use qualitative methods to examine research topics using interviews, observations, documents, and archival data. In this article, I review qualitative research methodology and its origins and methods, discuss topics that have been studied by music education researchers using qualitative research methods, and show possible ways that qualitative research methods might be used to investigate topics in music education. The purpose of this paper is to provide guidance to researchers in music education exploring qualitative methodology, music educators who supervise students conducting qualitative research projects; and classroom practitioners who would like to explore the possibilities of qualitative research design and methods to study research problems in school settings. This mapping of possibilities for qualitative research provides a broad palette of options from which music education researchers might choose to examine significant issues of ...
Top-down vision in humans and robots

The scanpath theory suggests that a top-down internal cognitive model of what we `see' controls not only our vision, but also drives the sequences of rapid eye movements and fixations, or glances, that so efficiently travel over a scene or picture of interest.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Saturation in human cones

Abstract Increment threshold intensities were measured for a foveally presented 20msec test flash which fell on a flashed 4.1° white background field. The test field was varied in color (red or green) and size (1° or 0.57°). In one condition (green 0.57° test) the onset asynchrony of the background and test fields was also varied. The increment threshold measurements directly demonstrate saturation of theπ4 and π5 color mechanisms and, based on the cone signal equation given by Alpern, Rushton and Torii (1970c), provide estimates of the semi-saturation constant σ. For a given color mechanism, a single value of σ was found to be adequate for all test flash sizes and asynchrony intervals tested; however, these values of σ are about 100 times smaller than those found by Alpern et al. using the contrast-flash technique. The Alpern et al. cone signal equation is essentially a simple gain control model. It is shown that when light intensities are correctly expressed in terms of quantum catch, the gain control model can account explicitly for both the observed cone mechanism saturation in the absence of pigment bleaching and the absence of saturation in the presence of bleaching by steady backgrounds.
Parental Substance Abuse and the Nature of Child Maltreatment.

Abstract The authors reviewed 190 randomly selected records from the case load of a large juvenile court. These records involved cases in which the state took legal custody of the children following a finding of significant child maltreatment, based on a “clear and convincing” standard of evidence. Sixty-seven percent (127/190) of these cases involved parents who were classified as substance abusers. The results of this study revealed specific associations between (a) alcohol abuse and physical maltreatment and (b) cocaine abuse and sexual maltreatment. Logistic analyses, testing for the effects of poly substance abuse, revealed that additional forms of substance abuse failed to add significantly to the effects of alcohol in predicting physical maltreatment or cocaine in predicting sexual maltreatment.
Hope or hype: The obsession for tetrahydrobiopterin and GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH I) in cardiovascular medicine

Summary It has been speculated that a reduction in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability as a result of decreased NO synthase (NOS) cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH 4 ) plays an essential role in cardiovascular pathologies including dilated cardiomyopathy, ischemia–reperfusion injury, endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, hypertension and diabetes. Treatment remedies towards BH 4 or its rate-limiting enzyme GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH I) have shown some unusual therapeutic promises against cardiovascular diseases. To the contrary, blockade of BH 4 synthesis antagonizes cerebral infarction via inhibition of inducible NOS and ONOO − . In addition, GTPCH I may be stimulated by cytokines including interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α and inflammatory mediators, suggesting a possible role of double-edge sword for BH 4 in cardiovascular medicine. Accumulation of free radicals and oxidative stress has been indicated to oxidize BH 4 , although the precise role of BH 4 deficiency in cardiovascular pathophysiology remains largely elusive. Recent pharmacological, gene transfer and transgenic studies have provided new insight towards the ultimate understanding of BH 4 in the pathogenesis and therapy of cardiovascular diseases. However, whether BH 4 should be considered as a panacea for NO deficiency is debatable. This review intends to update the picture of pathophysiology of BH 4 deficiency, pros and cons in therapeutics using BH 4 and its rate limiting enzyme GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH I) against NO deficiency.
A single plant tissue digestion for macronutrient analysis

Abstract A method was tested for determinations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) in one single digestion of plant tissue. Traditionally, for determinations of these five elements in plant tissue, at least two digestion or ashing procedures are used, totaling about 6 hours of tissue mineralization time. The method tested involved using a digesting medium of concentrated H2SO4 and a mixed catalyst of Na2SO4 and CuSO4. The total digestion time was about 60 minutes on a hot plate. After tissue digestion, determinations were by volumetric analysis (N), colorimetry (P), and atomic absorption (Ca, Mg) or emission spectrophotometry (K). Leaves of eight different species, including one standard tomato leaf sample and one internal quality‐control apple leaf sample were analyzed. High correlations occurred between the results obtained with the new procedure and with the standard digesting methods (furnace ashing and Kjeldahl digestion). The new method used much less re...
Ontogeny of B cells and pathogenesis of humoral immunodeficiencies

Abstract Studies of B-cell ontogeny have played an important role in furthering our understanding of the pathogenesis of immunodeficiencies. Development of clonal diversity for both T and B cells begins during the first trimester and is far advanced by midgestation. Fetal and neonatal B cells have a limited capacity to express IgG and IgA antibody responses, although precursors expressing these immunoglobulin classes are present. T- and B-cell interactions in the neonate are dominated by suppression. T helper cells are present and functional, but their capacity to drive IgG and IgA responses is impaired. This paper will review the major steps in ontogenetic development of B cells and the functions associated with each differentiation stage. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms of several humoral immunodeficiency diseases are reviewed from the perspective of the normal progression of B-cell differentiation.
Factors associated with aneurysm size in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage: effect of smoking and aneurysm location.

OBJECTIVE:Intracranial aneurysm size is an important determinant of risk of rupture and outcome after rupture. Risk factors influencing aneurysm formation and growth are not well defined. In this study, we examined the association between known risk factors for cerebrovascular disease and size of in
Communicating to the Courts and Beyond: Why Members of Congress Participate as Amici Curiae

Members of Congress engage in discretionary behaviors, such as making speeches and cosponsoring bills, which are generally motivated by either electoral needs or policy preferences. We examine a discretionary behavior that engages the judicial branch in the conversation: the participation of members of Congress as amici curiae before the Supreme Court. Amicus curiae briefs provide members of Congress with a direct avenue of communication with the judiciary, and this characteristic suggests that cosigning would be a method of creating good public policy. Using data from the 1980�97 terms of the Supreme Court, however, we find that members of Congress cosign onto amicus curiae briefs as a means of �taking stances,� akin to cosponsoring a bill. The action allows the member to speak indirectly to an audience beyond these governmental institutions. Evidence shows that ideological extremism and committee jurisdiction promote participation as amicus curiae.
A specific radioimmunoassay for osteocalcin with advantageous species crossreactivity.

The specificities of immunoassays to rat and bovine osteocalcin are examined. Extracts of noncalcified tissues and tissue fractions are unreactive to the antibody, with the exception of the kidney, in which the reactive component appears to be identical with osteocalcin by gel filtration and dose dilution analysis. The assays, developed against protein isolated from bone, are also demonstrated to be reactive to the native protein (bone in situ) and to osteocalcin in serum. The assays are sensitive to less than 50 pg osteocalcin. Intra- and interassay coefficients of variation are less than 6.8%. The bovine antibody crossreacts with human, horse, monkey, baboon, and cat osteocalcin, while the rat antibody crossreacts with dog and mouse.
SU‐FF‐T‐305: The Use of TomoDose for TomoTherapy MLC Alignment Verification

Purpose: To develop a method of using TomoDose (Sun Nuclear Corp.), a daily QA device for TomoTherapy, to verify MLC lateral alignment after service or replacement. Method and Materials: Baseline TomoTherapy beam profiles of 1.1 cm, 2.5 cm and 5.0 cm × 40.0 cm were obtained by carrying out TomoDose measurements at the standard isocenter position. The profiles were modified by using an alternating MLC pattern of three open then three closed leaves thereby generating a fingerprint of peaks. The profiles were normalized to detector ♯51 located at one centimeter lateral to the central axis. TomoDose peak heights corresponding to the open leaf positions were then evaluated. Lateral offsets, simulating an MLC replacement error, were set at 0.0, −0.2, −0.4 and −0.6 mm from central axis. Standard EDR2 film was also used for the same verification. Results: Prior to any offsets the central axis detector ♯53 value was 49.12 +/− 1.88 (standard deviation). After a −0.2 mm lateral offset the value dropped to 43.66. Offsets of −0.4 mm and −0.6 mm resulted in further drops to 40.41 and 36.28 respectively. Parallel film measurements were not as sensitive in determining offsets. TomoDose peak height at detector ♯53 changed by approximately 5 percentage points for every 0.1 mm offset in the lateral MLC position. Conclusion:MLC service or replacement is common on TomoTherapy. Film‐based lateral MLC alignment is difficult to determine with better than 0.5 mm resolution due to processor/film instability. We have determined that TomoDose used with an alternating leaf pattern is sensitive enough to determine a lateral MLC replacement error as small as 0.2 mm.
Expanded personal computing power and capability

Discussed is the XENIX™ Operating System for the IBM Personal Computer AT. The operating system incorporates capabilities of a mainframe operating system--multiusage, multitasking, file management ansde curity, program compilation, and networking. Th XENIX shell structure is introduced, Pipes and pipelining are presented. The XENIX file structure is explained and illustrated with examples. Software development and text formatting are treated in detail. The ability to compile C programc ode developed under XENIX and run it on the IBM Personal Computer Disk Operating System is explained
A computational model of intracellular oxygen sensing by hypoxia-inducible factor HIF1α

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1, HIF1, transcriptionally activates over 200 genes vital for cell homeostasis and angiogenesis. We developed a computational model to gain a detailed quantitative understanding of how HIF1 acts to sense oxygen and respond to hypoxia. The model consists of kinetic equations describing the intracellular variation of 17 compounds, including HIF1, iron, prolyl hydroxylase, oxygen, ascorbate, 2-oxoglutarate, von Hippel Lindau protein and associated complexes. We tested an existing hypothesis of a switch-like change in HIF1 expression in response to a gradual decrease in O 2 concentration. Our model predicts that depending on the molecular environment, such as intracellular iron levels, the hypoxic response varies considerably. We show HIF1-activated cellular responses can be divided into two categories: a steep, switch-like response to O 2 and a gradual one. Discovery of this dual response prompted comparison of two therapeutic strategies, ascorbate and iron supplementation, and prolyl hydroxylase targeting, to predict under what microenvironments either effectively increases HIF1α hydroxylation. Results provide crucial insight into the effects of iron and prolyl hydroxylase on oxygen sensing. The model advances quantitative molecular level understanding of HIF1 pathways - an endeavor that will help elucidate the diverse responses to hypoxia found in cancer, ischemia and exercise.
Congenital colocutaneous fistula as presenting sign of prenatally closed gastroschisis.

Materials and methods. An infant was born with a congenital colocutaneous fistula to the right of the base of the umbilicus, along with distal small bowel atresia. Results. These findings produced a unique presentation of a prenatally closed gastroschisis with absorption of the extruded intestine. Conclusion. This child, like all five previously reported infants with prenatally closed gastroschisis, died from complications of short-gut syndrome.
Use of Passive Redundancy in Electronic Systems

Circuit design predicated solely upon the premise of providing circuits with greater and greater immunity against component tolerances at some point results in an increase in catastrophic failure rates. Thus, circuits which are overdesigned to provide maximum protection against drift failures may actually contribute to a lower system reliability than do those circuits which are designed to operate with tighter component tolerances. These considerations lead to the conclusion that as systems grow in complexity or as reliability requirements are significantly increased for current equipment, a point is reached where further improvement in design procedures will not necessarily lead to further increases in system reliability. A way out of this dilemma appears to be the introduction of some form of redundancy on the component or circuit level in order to overcome the effects of the inevitable occurrence of catastrophic component failures. This paper discusses the application of redundancy techniques, of a nonadaptive and passive nature, to electronic circuits and systems.
Choline acetyltransferase in cochlear root neurons

Cochlear root neurons are a distinct group of cells located in the auditory nerve root in small rodents. Their transmitter is still unknown. Some of our preparations showed immunoreactivity of somata of cochlear root neurons with both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) which, despite their very weak histochemical reaction for acetylcholinesterase (AChE), suggested that cochlear root neurons might be cholinergic. To test this, we used a radiometric assay to measure ChAT activities of rat auditory nerve root samples containing cochlear root neurons and of adjacent samples not containing them. There was no significant difference between the low mean ChAT activities of these two groups of samples. Thus, cochlear root neurons are not likely to be cholinergic.
Automated modeling for complex woven mesostructures

Abstract Computational methods for modeling complex three-dimensional woven structures are reviewed and software tools for automated model construction are described. The tools make use of image processing, geometric and attribute modeling, automated discretization, and efficient solvers. The discretization techniques control mesh periodicity and volume traction errors of meshed constituents due to approximation of curved boundaries. Numerical examples for several woven structures are demonstrated in the context of linear elasticity.
An alcohol-soluble protein in the milk of mice (RIII).

Abstract A protein, soluble in 80% ethanol in the presence of salts,has been prepared fromt he milk of mice. It is electrophoretically homogenous at several pH levels. Its molecular weight, calculated from its demimentation and diffusion rates and from an assumed partial specific volume, is 9,000. When cow;s milk is submitted to the same treatment this protein is not recovered.
Estimating the distributional impact of time-of-day pricing of electricity

Abstract We consider the general problem of recovering estimates of welfare measures such as willingness to pay, price indices, etc. from demand data with particular emphasis on the problem of unobserved taste variation across households. We model taste differences across households in a variance components framework and derive an iterative estimator for systems of demand equations with variance components which is relatively easy to compute. Finally we present an example of the methods we propose which involves time of day pricing of electricity. We are able to calculate the fraction of the population which would prefer such pricing policies to flat rate pricing.
Neuropsychology and genetics of speech, language, and literacy disorders

The authors review the neuropsychology, brain bases, and genetics of three related disorders of language development: reading disability, or developmental dyslexia (RD); language impairment (LI); and speech sound disorder (SSD). Over the past three decades, cognitive analysis has demonstrated that the reading difficulties of most children who have RD result from phonologic impairments (difficulties processing the sound structure of language). Although understanding of LI and SSD is somewhat less developed, both disorders are also associated with phonologic impairments, which may account for their comorbidity with RD. Research across levels of analysis is progressing rapidly to promote understanding not only of each disorder by itself but also of the relationships of the three disorders to each other.
Cisplatin. An Active Drug in the Treatment of Disseminated Gastric Cancer

Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (DDP) was administered at 100 mg/m2 intravenously bolus with every 3-week schedule in patients with measurable and nonmeasurable incurable gastric cancer. Twenty patients were treated, 12 with measurable and 8 with nonmeasurable disease. Four of the 12 (33%) patients with measurable lesions had objective remissions. One remission was complete, lasting 60+ weeks. Patients with nonmeasurable disease were not eligible for response evaluation; they were followed for toxicity and survival. Hematologic, renal, and gastrointestinal toxicities were similar to those reported in other patient populations receiving DDP. Neurotoxicity proved to be dose limiting in two patients. The median survival was 38+ weeks for responders, 24 weeks for all patients, and 13 weeks for those 8 patients with nonmeasurable disease. DDP should be considered an active drug against gastric cancer. A better understanding of the dose response relationship for DDP in gastric cancer is necessary before the best dose and schedule can be chosen for DDP in combination with other active agents.
Crystal and Molecular Structure of 1-Methyl-6-O-p-toluenesulfonyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside Dihydrate

Grown from aqueous solution, 1-methyl-6-O-p-toluenesulfonyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside dihydrate is monoclinic, space group P21, a = 6.6236(4), b = 6.4708(4), c = 20.1758(11) A; β = 92.836(2)°; Z = 2; V = 863.68(9) A3. The molecules are interconnected in the solid state by O─H … O hydrogen bonds involving bridging water molecules.
Resistance to glomerulosclerosis in B6 mice disappears after menopause.

The frequency of chronic renal failure increases with age, especially in women after menopause. Glomerulosclerosis is a common cause of chronic renal failure in aging. We reported that pre-menopausal female C57BL6 (B6) mice are resistant to glomerulosclerosis, irrespective of the type of injury. However, we now show that B6 mice develop progressive glomerulosclerosis after menopause. Glomerular lesions, first recognized in 18-month-old mice, consisted of hypertrophy, vascular pole sclerosis, and mesangial cell proliferation. Diffuse but moderate mesangial sclerosis and more marked hypertrophy were present at 22 months. At 28 to 30 months the glomerulosclerosis was diffuse and increased levels of type I and type IV collagen and transforming growth factor-β1 mRNA were present. Urine albumin excretion was significantly increased in 30-month-old mice. Mesangial cells isolated from 28-month-old mice retained their sclerotic phenotype in vitro. Comparison of the effects of uninephrectomy (Nx) in 20-month-old and 2.5-month-old mice revealed a 1.7-fold increase in urine albumin excretion, accelerated glomerulosclerosis, and renal function insufficiency in 20-month-old Nx mice, but not in 2.5-month-old Nx mice. Glycemic levels, glucose, insulin tolerance, and blood pressure were normal at all ages. Thus, B6 mice model the increased frequency of chronic renal failure in postmenopausal women and provide a model for studying the mechanism(s) of glomerulosclerosis in aging women.
SECOND MECHANISM FOR TRANSITIONS IN A REACTION DIFFUSION SYSTEM

We report two mechanisms occurring in reaction diffusion systems that lead to the same sequence of patterns, from activator rich islands to labyrinths to activator depleted well patterns. One mechanism, attributed to saturation of the activator, arises when the activator kinetics are varied and has been previously observed. The mechanism reported here occurs when the inhibitor kinetics are varied. It is signaled by an abrupt shift in the pattern roughness as each pattern emerges and little change in the characteristic wave number. The behavior of the average inhibitor and average activator concentrations also illustrates the difference between these two mechanisms. Finally, we present a quantity that shows little change when the inhibitor kinetics drive the transition, but exhibits marked changes when the activator kinetics are varied. To identify the pattern forming region, the conditions for a Turing instability are expressed simply in terms of the Jacobian and diffusion coefficient matrix for a general reaction diffusion system, and then used to confirm the results of our numerical simulations.
An efficient optimization technique for image restoration

The Gibbs sampler of Geman and Geman (1984) is a standard technique for image restoration. We implemented a similar estimation technique based on a new optimization method, called simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation. Preliminary tests of our results show comparable performance to the Gibbs sampler but with faster running times.
Myocardial synthesis of ribonucleic acid. I. Stimulation by isoproterenol.

Abstract Isoproterenol-induced stimulation of ribonucleic acid synthesis in rat heart was studied. Three hours after injection of 5 mg isoproterenol/kg, there was a very rapid increase in RNA synthesis amounting to as much as 300 to 400% of control values and increasing with continued treatment. Stimulation of pre-ribosomal and ribosomal RNA in the nuclear fraction was identified by sucrose gradient centrifugation. Other species of RNA were also observed in the labeling pattern, but could not be specifically identified, although they probably were of the messenger type. The increased synthesis of RNA was observed prior to the onset of isoproterenol-induced hypertrophy.
Number of Prompt Neutrons Emitted per Thorium-232 Fission

The number of prompt neutrons emitted per Th/sup 232/ fission STA nu / sub Th/232! is compared to the number emitted per U/sup 238/ fission STA nu / sub U/238!. At a bombarding neutron energy of 1.4 Mev the ratio nu /sub Th/238/ nu /sub U/238 = 0.98 plus or minus 0.08. (auth)
Primary Melanomas in the Central Nervous System with Peritoneal Dissemination through Ventriculo peritoneal Shunt

An autopsy case of primary melanoma of the central nervous system is reported. An 11-year-old female was admitted complaining of headache and nuchal pain. At 2 months of age, a ventriculo-peritoneal (V-P) shunt had been performed after a diagnosis of communicating hydrocephalus. She had grown without any neurological deficits thereafter. On admission she was neurologically free except for a decreased patellar tendon reflex on the left side. Cerebrospinal fluid obtained by lumbar puncture was bloody. A computerized tomography scan showed a contrast positive mass in the left temporal base and diffuse enhancement of the subarachnoid space. The tumor was partially removed and diagnosed as a malignant melanoma. The patient developed various symptoms due to involvement of cranial nerves and the spinal cord. She died 2 months after a subarachnoid hemorrhage. Necropsy revealed diffuse leptomeningeal dissemination of the tumor in the central nervous system and peritoneal metastasis via a shunt tube. The authors suggest that peritoneal dissemination of melanomas in the central nervous system via V-P shunt system is not a rare occurrence; they make treatment more difficult.
Vesicle pool mobilization during action potential firing at hippocampal synapses

Using the fluorescent membrane label FM 1-43, we have measured the release, reuptake, and repriming of synaptic vesicles in response to action potential stimulation of cultured hippocampal neurons. We find that approximately 90% of a recycling vesicle pool is released during 60 s of 10 Hz action potential firing, and that a single action potential releases approximately 0.5% of that pool. Our data also indicate that endocytic reuptake of vesicle membrane externalized by 10 Hz action potentials lags exocytosis, with a half-time on the order of 20 s, and that the minimum time for repriming of an endocytosed vesicle is on the order of 15 s. Finally, we find that once vesicles have undergone this repriming period, they become functionally mixed in the vesicle pool within a few minutes; the probability of release for recently recycled vesicles is indistinguishable from that of vesicles that have resided within the bouton for much longer periods.
Spreading the Word: Religious Beliefs and the Evolution of Immigrant Congregations

Current models of change in immigrant churches posit that ethnic congregations become more acculturated in response to inter-generational conflicts. As second- and third-generation church members attempt to meet their own unique social needs, ethnic churches are forced to revise their goals and structures in order to ensure the survival of their organization. Recent studies, however, cast doubt on whether generational changes are the only catalyst of evolution in ethnic churches. This paper develops an alternative explanation by arguing that religious culture can also exert pressure for change. It does so by showing how a strong emphasis on inter-ethnic evangelism lead to the adoption of English-language services in a Ghanaian Pentecostal church in Chicago
Effect of concomitant consumption of fish oil and vitamin E on T cell mediated function in the elderly: a randomized double-blind trial.

Objectives: To determine if concomitant consumption of fish oil and vitamin E would modify the vitamin E level needed for improving T cell mediated function in elderly.Methods: A randomized and double-blind study was conducted using 40 healthy male and female elderly subjects (>65 y) who were randomly assigned to one of 4 groups (n = 10/group). All the subjects received 5 g of fish oil daily containing 1.5 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 1 g docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and a capsule containing different doses of dl-α-tocopherol (0, 100, 200 or 400 mg/day) for 3 mo. Plasma vitamin E and fatty acid levels, and in vivo [delayed-type hypersensitivity skin response (DTH) and T cell sub-population analysis] and ex vivo [mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) proliferation and interleukin (IL)-2 production] immune functions were determined at baseline and after supplementation.Results: The control group (fish oil only) did not show a statistically significant change in either DTH or PBMC ...
Reproducibility of MRE shear modulus estimates

A significant effort has been expended to measure the accuracy of the shear modulus estimates. Conversely, very little effort has been expended to establish the reproducibility of the method in a clinical context. Previously we established the reproducibility in phantoms to be 3% for repeated measurements without moving the phantom and 5% when the phantom was moved,however, the clinical reproducibility has not been demonstrated. The reproducibility of the method was estimated by scanning subjects' heels repeatedly on a GE 1.5T scanner using previously described methods. Three subjects were scanned three times on different days (termed non-consecutive) and three subjects were scanned three times in the same session without changing the position of the foot (termed consecutive). The average difference between mean values within the field of view for the non-consecutive group was 7.75% ± 3.76% and for the consecutive group it was 5.30% ± 4.16%. These values represent remarkably good reproducibility considering the 20% variation in shear modulus observed within individual heels and the several hundred percent changes observed between normal and pathologic tissues. The variation in repeated examinations was caused by four factors: positioning error between examinations accounted for 4.8%, computational noise 3.0%, and the combination of MR noise and patient motion during the examination, 5.3%. Each of these sources of variation can be reduced in relatively straightforward ways if necessary but the current level of reproducibility is sufficient for most current applications.
Dental lesions: Diagnosis and treatment

Oral health care has been an integral part of the care of patients with HIV infection and AIDS since the disease was first identified in the early eighties. The spectrum of HIV-associated opportunistic diseases occurring in the oral cavity propelled dental health care providers to the forefront of patient care. Infection control issues soon became important in oral health care for patients infected with HIV, and for the first decade these two issues overshadowed the concerns about appropriate management of the dental needs of HIV-infected patients. Several concerns need to be considered in the management of dental care for patients infected with HIV. These include decreased salivary flow and increased sugar intake, prevention and management of routine inflammatory gingival and periodontal disease as well as the atypical forms of gingival and periodontal disease associated with HIV infection (linear gingival erythema [LGE], necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis [NUG] and necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis [NUP]). Finally, although reports of complications secondary to dental treatment of HIV-infected individuals are rare, it is important to consider those factors related to the medical status of HIV-infected patients which may interfere with oral health care These include potential bleeding problems related to thrombocytopenia and disease or medication related liver abnormalities, increased risk of local infection particularly in patients with severe neutropenia and adverse effects of multiple medications taken by HIV patients. Prevention and management of dental and periodontal disease in HIV-infected individuals is important to self esteem, quality of life and maintenance of adequate nutritional intake. Oral health care continues to be an important component of overall health care for HIV-infected patients.