cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reaction from isomeric parent ions in the dissociation of dimethylpyrroles

The major dissociation pathways of the [M-H]+ (loss of NH3 or CH4) and the [M+H]+ (loss of NH3 or CH3) ions from dimethylpyrroles have been determined to occur from isomeric parent ions. For the [M-H]+ ion (formed by loss of a methyl hydrogen), loss of NH3 leads to the formation of the phenylium ion and is preceded by consecutive carbon ring expansions followed by a ring contraction to form protonated aniline. Loss of CH4 occurs after the first carbon ring expansion, which forms protonated picoline. The relative partitioning between the two dissociation paths depends upon the internal energy content of the parent ion; the highest point on the potential energy surface is the second ring expansion step. The [M+H]+ ion reacts through a similar pathway via dihydro analogs of picoline and aniline. The proposed reaction pathways are supported by results of semiempirical molecular orbital calculations.
Hypercapnia via Reduced Rate and Tidal Volume Contributes to Lipopolysaccharide-induced Lung Injury

Appreciating that CO2 modifies the chemical reactivity of nitric oxide (NO)-derived inflammatory oxidants, we investigated whether hypercapnia would modulate pulmonary inflammatory responses. Rabbits (n = 72) were ventilated with approximately 7-ml/kg tidal volume for 6 hours. Animals were randomized to one of the following conditions: eucapnia (Pa(CO2) at approximately 35-40 mm Hg), eucapnia + lipopolysaccharide (LPS), eucapnia + LPS + inhaled NO (iNO delivered at approximately 20 ppm), hypercapnia (Pa(CO2) at approximately 60 mm Hg), hypercapnia + LPS, and hypercapnia + LPS + iNO. The hypercapnia + LPS groups compared with groups exposed to eucapnia + LPS displayed significantly increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid protein concentrations (p < 0.05), lung wet-to-dry ratios (p < 0.05), bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cell counts (p < 0.05), and lung histologic alterations consistent with greater injury. Furthermore, expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (p < 0.05), tissue myeloperoxidase content (p < 0.05), and formation of lung protein 3-nitrotyrosine derivatives (p < 0.05) was greatest under conditions of hypercapnia + LPS. Groups exposed to hypercapnic conditions without LPS did not manifest these changes. The inhalation of iNO attenuated selected indices of lung injury. We conclude that hypercapnia induced by means of reduced rate and tidal volume amplifies pulmonary inflammatory responses.
Relationship of Sediment Redox Conditions to Methyl Mercury in Surface Sediment of Louisiana Lakes

Surface sediment from three Louisiana Lakes containing overlying water layer spiked with 2 microg/g (2 ppm) mercury were incubated under oxygenated (air) and nonoxygenated (N2) conditions for determining the impact of oxygen status of overlying water on methylation of Hg in surface sediment from these lakes. The added mercury resulted in a greater than ten fold increase in methyl mercury (MeHg) as compared to native concentration of MeHg. The increase in methyl Hg production was less in sediment in which overlying water was exposed to oxygen rather than nitrogen. Results suggest that methyl Hg production would be less in lakes containing an oxygenated water column. In parallel microcosm studies without added mercury. MeHg decreased in sediment when redox potential of sediment suspension was increased from -200mV to +50mV. Results of these studies demonstrate the importance of oxygenation or redox condition of surface sediment on mercury methylation and demethylation. Sediment conditions, which either reduce methylation or enhance demethylation in surface sediment, will limit the bioavailability of MeHg to the aquatic environment.
Crossed aphasia in an illiterate dextral.

Abstract An 83 year old illiterate, right-handed woman developed a persistent nonfluent aphasia following a right cerebral infarction (crossed aphasia). Computerized axial tomography localized the lesion to the right posterior frontal lobe. It is suggested that the neural mechanisms involved in learning to read and write may be critical for the complete establishment and maintenance of language dominance in the left hemisphere, and that, in this case, the patient's failure to acquire reading and writing skills altered the normal evolution of language lateralization and resulted in the right hemisphere assuming the dominant role.
Neuroanatomic localization and memory processing in mice: the role of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus.

Abstract Both long-term memory (LTM) and short-term memory (STM) deficits in a 1-trial inhibitory avoidance task were produced in mice by the disruption of various hippocampal subfields. Disruption of neural tissue was accomplished by the mere presence of stainless steel electrodes and in addition, in most cases, by the spontaneous deposition of Fe+3 ions. LTM was impaired only in animals with bilateral Fe+3 ion deposition in the dentate gyrus. STM was impaired by tissue damage to various other regions of hippocampus. Bilateral deposition of Fe+3 ions in the dentate gyrus did not increase the severity of the STM deficit resulting from the concomitant damage to other hippocampal subfields. These data are interpreted to indicate that a high degree of neuroanatomical localization of function regarding memory processing occurs. Possible mechanisms by which Fe+3 ion deposition can interfere with the role of the dentate gyrus in information processing are discussed.
Rectal Bioavailability of Δ-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol from the Hemisuccinate Ester in Monkeys

Oral administration of Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinal (Δ9-THC) was shown to result in low and erratic bioavailability, while the drug showed no bioavailability from various suppository formulations. Δ9-THC-Hemisuccinate was formulated as a prodrug for Δ9-THC in suppositories using Witepsol H15 base. The bioavailability of Δ9-THC from this formulation was evaluated in monkeys. The plasma levels of Δ9-THC and its metabolite 11-nor-Δ9-THC-9-COOH were determined using GC/MS analysis. The calculated bioavailability of Δ9-THC from this formulation was found to be 13.5%. Non-compartmental analysis of the plasma concentration data using statistical moments showed the mean residence time (MRT) for Δ9-THC in the body to be 3 h following iv administration of Δ9-THC or its hemisuccinate ester (3.4 and 2.7 h, respectively), as compared with 5.8 h following rectal administration of the Δ9-THC hemisuccinate. The observed rectal bioavailability of Δ9-THC from suppositories containing the hemisuccinate ester as a prodrug is of significant importance in developing an alternative approach to oral administration of the drug.
Scheduling Pap smears for asymptomatic women.

Abstract A decision analytic program for deciding annually on the desirability of a pap smear to detect in situ cancer is presented. Variables incorporated in the analysis include risk, test accuracy, variable transition rates from one disease stage to another, financial costs to patients for detection and therapy, and opportunity costs to patients for each action taken, including those resulting from false positive pap tests and the extra costs which could follow from failure to detect a cancer in an early stage of development. Lifetime screening schedules are developed for women of average risk, less than average risk, and higher than average risk who remain asymptomatic. The significance of the many variables in developing these schedules is discussed. We conclude that except in cases of exceptionally high risk, as when Herpes II antibodies are detected, triennial to pentennial screening is most appropriate for asymptomatic women after the age of about 23 years. Annual screening is appropriate between the ages of 17 and 50 years for women having 10 times average risk or more; in the absence of Herpes II antibodies or previously diagnosed dysplasia, asymptomatic women would not have a risk level this high. The only other instance in which annual screening is appropriate is when one makes the unrealistic assumption that a woman bears no costs of any kind with the exception of an extremely high cost for missing a cancer in a very early stage and that unnecessary biopsies are cost free.
A framework for sensor planning and control with applications to vision guided multi-robot systems

The paper presents an approach to the problem of controlling the configuration of a team of mobile agents equipped with cameras so as to optimize the quality of the estimates derived from their measurements. The issue of optimizing the robots' configuration is particularly important in the context of teams equipped with vision sensors since most estimation schemes of interest will involve some form of triangulation. We provide a theoretical framework for tackling the sensor planning problem and a practical computational strategy, inspired by work on particle filtering, for implementing the approach. The ideas have been demonstrated both in simulation and on actual robotic platforms. The results indicate that the framework is able to solve fairly difficult sensor planning problems online without requiring excessive amounts of computational resources.
The Niche Hypothesis: Implications for Auditory Display Design

Bernie Krause has hypothesized that “each creature appears to have its own sonic niche (channel, or space) in the frequency spectrum and/or time slot occupied by no other at that particular moment.” (Krause, 1987). The implication of this hypothesis is that good sound design should produce sounds that have unique spectral properties for a particular context. The semantics of the context also needs to be considered. However, this principal is difficult to satisfy because inexpensive sound generating devices have very limited (and primitive) audio capability.
ESTABLISHMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AN OSTRINIA NUBILALIS CELL LINE, AND ITS RESPONSE TO ECDYSONE AGONISTS

A cell line derived from embryonic tissues of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (UMC-OnE), was established in EX-CELL 401 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum. The cells grew in suspension, and were mainly spherical in shape. The cell doubling times at the 17th and 79th passages were 56 and 36 h, respectively. DNA amplification fingerprinting showed that the DNA profile of the OnE cell line was different from that of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella (UMC-DgE), and that of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (BCIRL-HZ-AM1). The OnE cell line was responsive to treatments of 20-hydroxyecdysone and the ecdysone agonists, methoxyfenozide (RH-2485) and tebufenozide (RH-5992). These compounds caused similar effects on the cells, which included cell clumping and decreased cell proliferation. The clumps were observed on the third day of incubation, and became larger after 7 d of incubation. After 168 h of incubation, methoxyfenozide and tebufenozide were 35 and 11 times more effective, respectively, in inhibiting proliferation of the OnE cells than was 20-hydroxyecdysone.
Blast-induced moderate neurotrauma (BINT) elicits early complement activation and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) release in a rat brain

Abstract Blast-induced neurotrauma (BINT) is a major medical concern yet its etiology is largely undefined. Complement activation may play a role in the development of secondary injury following traumatic brain injury; however, its role in BINT is still undefined. The present study was designed to characterize the complement system and adaptive immune-inflammatory responses in a rat model of moderate BINT. Anesthetized rats were exposed to a moderate blast (120 kPa) using an air-driven shock tube. Brain tissue injury, systemic and local complement, cerebral edema, inflammatory cell infiltration, and pro-inflammatory cytokine production were measured at 0.5, 3, 48, 72, 120, and 168 h. Injury to brain tissue was evaluated by histological evaluation. Systemic complement was measured via ELSIA. The remaining measurements were determined by immunohistoflourescent staining. Moderate blast triggers moderate brain injuries, elevated levels of local brain C3/C5b-9 and systemic C5b-9, increased leukocyte infiltration, unregulated tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and aquaporin-4 in rat brain cortex at 3- and 48-hour post blast. Early immune-inflammatory response to BINT involves complement and TNFα, which correlates with hippocampus and cerebral cortex damage. Complement and TNFα activation may be a novel therapeutic target for reducing the damaging effects of BINT inflammation.
AN INVITATION TO DIALOGUE Clarifying the Position of Feminist Gender Theory in Relation to Sexual Difference Theory

The central argument of this article is twofold. First, contemporary feminist gender theory, particularly as it has been used by feminist sociologists in recent years, has been misinterpreted by sexual difference theory in ways that may prevent scholars from fully appreciating current feminist work in the social sciences. Second, gender theory and sexual difference theory rely on different conceptualizations of fundamental concepts in feminist theory, including notions of “gender,”“sexuality,” and “symbolic.” An analysis of three key texts that critique the turn to “gender” in favor of an allegorical notion of “sexual difference” suggests that feminist gender theory is a more useful perspective for feminist theory and research. The article concludes that gender theory allows feminist scholars to ask a wider range of empirical questions that are more readily of use for political action than does a sexual difference paradigm.
Effects of PPARα on cardiac glucose metabolism: a transcriptional equivalent of the glucose-fatty acid cycle?

Cardiovascular disease is exceptionally prevalent in patients with diabetes mellitus and is the most common cause of death. With the emerging pandemic of obesity and resulting metabolic abnormalities, the occurrence of cardiovascular disease is almost nearly certain to increase at a remarkable rate in the near future. Currently, several ligands for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family of nuclear receptors are prescribed as lipid-lowering and insulin-sensitizing drugs. The PPARs are ligand-activated transcription factors that influence the expression of the entire program of fatty acid utilization enzymes. It is believed that these compounds remedy glucose homeostasis and cardiovascular disease by lowering circulating lipid levels, improving the profile of secreted adipokines, as well as via their anti-inflammatory properties. Conversely, overexpression of the PPARα isoform in the muscle or heart of mice drives diminished glucose transporter gene expression and glucose uptake into t...
Photovoice as a Social Process of Critical Consciousness

The reluctance of some communities to participate in research and researchers' lack of penetration into the community are major stumbling blocks to successful community-based approaches. The authors'purpose is to determine how a photovoice project in a lower income, African American, urban community was able to generate a social process that resulted in active grassroots participation in a community-campus partnership. Through this partnership initiative, the authors asked neighborhood residents to take photographs of things in the community of which they were proud and the things they wanted to change, and to tell the story of why these were important. The authors used strategies from visual anthropology to analyze the 54 photographs, stories, and dialogue produced. Their analysis identified three distinct levels of cognitive-emotional interpretations that moved participants out of helplessness toward authentic engagement and participation. The authors discuss implications and lessons learned for community-based participatory research.
Social Support and Adjustment to Cancer: Reconciling Descriptive, Correlational, and Intervention Research

Several research literatures are reviewed that address the associations of emotional, informational, and instrumental social support to psychological adjustment to cancer. Descriptive studies suggest that emotional support is most desired by patients, and correlational studies suggest that emotional support has the strongest associations with better adjustment. However, the evidence for the effectiveness of peer discussion groups aimed at providing emotional support is less than convincing. Moreover, educational groups aimed at providing informational support appear to be as effective as, if not more effective than, peer discussions. Reasons for inconsistencies between the correlational and intervention literatures are discussed, and future directions are outlined.
Fluid Inclusions in Burlington Limestone (Middle Mississippian)--Evidence for Multiple Dewatering Events from Illinois Basin: ABSTRACT

Syntaxial calcite cements and dolomite from crinoidal limestones in the Burlington formation, southeastern Iowa and western Illinois, contain 2-phase fluid inclusions which represent samples of the diagenetic fluids. A U.S. Geological Survey-type heating/freezing stage was used to determine the homogenization temperatures, bulk salinities, and major dissolved salt compositions of the inclusions. The calcite- and dolomite-hosted inclusions have mean homogenization temperatures of 85°C (185°F) and 109°C (228°F), respectively. Mean bulk salinities are End_Page 528------------------------------ 19.4 wt. % total salts for calcite-hosted inclusions and 20.0 wt. % for dolomite-hosted inclusions. Eutectic and intermediate melting data indicate that NaCl and CaCl2 are the principal brine components. The significantly higher mean homogenization temperature for dolomite-hosted inclusions suggests that the dolomitizing fluids were warmer than the fluids from which calcite cement precipitated. Petrographic relationships shown dolomitization preceded calcite cementation. The presence of high-temperature, high-salinity fluids conflicts with previously proposed low-temperature, freshwater diagenetic conditions. The shallow ( End_of_Article - Last_Page 529------------
Anticardiolipin antibodies in Hashimoto's disease.

ABSTRACT Objective To ascertain the presence and significance of anticardiolipin antibodies in patients with Hashimoto’s disease. Methods We studied 19 patients (15 women and 4 men; age range, 26 to 79 years) with Hashimoto’s disease. IgA, IgG, and IgM anticardiolipin antibodies were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Of the 19 study patients, 4 (21%) tested positive for anticardiolipin antibodies (IgG in 2 and IgM in 2). Patients with anticardiolipin antibodies did not exhibit a higher titer of antithyroglobulin or anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies in comparison with patients without anticardiolipin antibodies. Moreover, no relationship was found between anticardiolipin antibody levels and thyroid hormone replacement therapy. None of the patients with high levels of IgG or IgM anticardiolipin antibodies had clinical features of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Conclusion Our results showed an increased incidence of anticardiolipin antibodies in patients with Hashimoto’s disease. The presence of these antibodies may be a nonspecific marker of activation of the immune system. (Endocr Pract. 2001;7:181-183)
Current treatment paradigms in rheumatoid arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has traditionally been treated using the pyramid approach, in which non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the first-line treatment and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are introduced relatively late in the disease. This approach is no longer valid. Previously regarded as a benign disease, RA is now recognized as causing substantial morbidity and mortality, as do the NSAIDs used in treatment. DMARDs are more effective in controlling the pain and disability of RA than NSAIDs, and are often no more toxic. The current treatment paradigm emphasizes early, consistent use of DMARDs. A ‘sawtooth’ strategy of DMARD use has been proposed, in which a rising but low level of disability triggers a change in therapy. Determining the most clinically useful DMARD combinations and the optimal sequence of DMARD use requires effectiveness studies, Bayesian approaches and analyses of long-term outcomes. Such approaches will allow optimization of multiple drug therapies in RA, and should substantially improve the long-term outcome for many patients.
Feature extraction techniques for exploratory visualization of vector-valued imagery

This paper addresses the exploratory visualization of multispectral image data. In such data, each component of the vector pixel corresponds to a different imaging modality or a different combination of imaging parameters, and may provide different levels of contrast sensitivity between different regions of the underlying image. We address the problem of presenting this multidimensional data to human observers by synthesizing a display matched to their visual capabilities. Specifically, we seek to determine a data-adaptive linear projection of the vector data to one dimension that produces a grayscale image providing maximum discrimination between the different regions of the underlying object. The approach is equivalent to the extraction of the best linear feature of the vector field. Several new feature-extraction criteria that take into account both the spatial and multivariate structures of the data are proposed and illustrated by simulations on test images.
Impact of reduced k‐space acquisition on pathologic detectability for volumetric MR spectroscopic imaging

Purpose To assess the impact of accelerated acquisitions on the spectral quality of volumetric magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) and to evaluate their ability in detecting metabolic changes with mild injury. Materials and Methods The implementation of a generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisition (GRAPPA) method for a high-resolution whole-brain echo planar SI (3D-EPSI) sequence is first described and the spectral accuracy of the GRAPPA-EPSI method is investigated using lobar and voxel-based analyses for normal subjects and patients with mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI). The performance of GRAPPA was compared with that of fully encoded EPSI for five datasets collected from normal subjects at the same scanning session, as well as on 45 scans (20 normal subjects and 25 mTBI patients) for which the reduced k-space sampling was simulated. For comparison, a central k-space lower-resolution 3D-EPSI acquisition was also simulated. Differences in individual metabolites and metabolite ratio distributions of the mTBI group relative to those of age-matched control subjects were statistically evaluated using analyses divided into hemispheric brain lobes and tissue types. Results GRAPPA-EPSI with 16-minute scan time yielded robust and similar results in terms of MRSI quantitation, spectral fitting, and accuracy with that of fully sampled 3D-EPSI acquisitions and was more accurate than central k-space acquisition. Primary findings included high correlations (accuracy of 92.6%) between the GRAPPA and fully sampled results. Conclusion Although the reduced encoding method is associated with lower signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) that impacts the quality of spectral analysis, the use of the parallel imaging method can lead to the same diagnostic outcomes as the fully sampled data when using the sensitivity-limited volumetric MRSI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;39:224–234. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Representativeness of the “Ramfjord teeth” for epidemiologic studies of gingivitis and periodontitis

Data from the Veterans Administration Dental Longitudinal Study of 736 men each examined four times were analyzed to determine how representative the six "Ramfjord Teeth" (RT) were of the rest of the dentition for epidemiologic studies of gingivitis and periodontitis. Correlation coefficients were calculated between scores for gingival inflammation generated by the RT and scores for the teeth in the rest of the mouth; the correlation coefficients between the two scores tended to be high. Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values were calculated for periodontal pathology classified on the basis of the pocket depths of the six RT. Reliance on the RT resulted in systematic underestimation of the prevalence and incidence of deep periodontal pockets. The RT are more than adequately representative of the rest of the dentition for epidemiologic studies of gingivitis, but are inadequate surrogates of the rest of the mouth for epidemiologic studies of periodontitis.
Reasoning about data in middle school science

This case study illustrates instruction in an urban 6th-grade classroom in which students were learning about mass, volume, and density by attempting to layer (stack) three miscible solutions with differing densities atop one another. The study examines classroom discourse and interaction on the basis of four teaching goals: (a) reaching consensus about which stacks were possible, (b) developing persuasive arguments that separated data from noise, (c) establishing social norms for collective inquiry, and (d) appreciating the epistemological status of scientific knowledge. The study traces the fate of three stacks that students claimed were possible after initial investigations with the solutions. These claims underwent a process of collective validation in which consensus without coercion was the goal, which illustrates emergent standards for backing claims with evidence, as well as for replicability, among the students. Students were successful in achieving three of the four goals, with some qualifications. In relation to Goal 3, which required generalization to other situations, somewhat less success is reported. Limitations in the current standards, difficulties of time allotment in current curricula, and establishing classroom cultures of inquiry are discussed. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 36: 179–199, 1999
Visualization and functional analysis of the oligomeric states of Escherichia coli heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70/DnaK)

The molecular chaperone DnaK binds to exposed hydrophobic segments in proteins, protecting them from aggregation. DnaK interacts with protein substrates via its substrate-binding domain, and the affinity of this interaction is allosterically regulated by its nucleotide-binding domain. In addition to regulating interdomain allostery, the nucleotide state has been found to influence homo-oligomerization of DnaK. However, the architecture of oligomeric DnaK and its potential functional relevance in the chaperone cycle remain undefined. Towards that goal, we examined the structures of DnaK by negative stain electron microscopy. We found that DnaK samples contain an ensemble of monomers, dimers, and other small, defined multimers. To better understand the function of these oligomers, we stabilized them by cross-linking and found that they retained ATPase activity and protected a model substrate from denaturation. However, these oligomers had a greatly reduced ability to refold substrate and did not respond to stimulation by DnaJ. Finally, we observed oligomeric DnaK in Escherichia coli cellular lysates by native gel electrophoresis and found that these structures became noticeably more prevalent in cells exposed to heat shock. Together, these studies suggest that DnaK oligomers are composed of ordered multimers that are functionally distinct from monomeric DnaK. Thus, oligomerization of DnaK might be an important step in chaperone cycling.
23S rRNA Nucleotides in the Peptidyl Transferase Center Are Essential for Tryptophanase Operon Induction

Distinct features of the ribosomal peptide exit tunnel are known to be essential for recognition of specific amino acids of a nascent peptidyl-tRNA. Thus, a tryptophan residue at position 12 of the peptidyl-tRNA TnaC-tRNA(Pro) leads to the creation of a free tryptophan binding site within the ribosome at which bound tryptophan inhibits normal ribosome functions. The ribosomal processes that are inhibited are hydrolysis of TnaC-tRNA(Pro) by release factor 2 and peptidyl transfer of TnaC of TnaC-tRNA(Pro) to puromycin. These events are normally performed in the ribosomal peptidyl transferase center. In the present study, changes of 23S rRNA nucleotides in the 2585 region of the peptidyl transferase center, G2583A and U2584C, were observed to reduce maximum induction of tna operon expression by tryptophan in vivo without affecting the concentration of tryptophan necessary to obtain 50% induction. The growth rate of strains with ribosomes with either of these changes was not altered appreciably. In vitro analyses with mutant ribosomes with these changes showed that tryptophan was not as efficient in protecting TnaC-tRNA(Pro) from puromycin action as wild-type ribosomes. However, added tryptophan did prevent sparsomycin action as it normally does with wild-type ribosomes. These findings suggest that these two mutational changes act by reducing the ability of ribosome-bound tryptophan to inhibit peptidyl transferase activity rather than by reducing the ability of the ribosome to bind tryptophan. Thus, the present study identifies specific nucleotides within the ribosomal peptidyl transferase center that appear to be essential for effective tryptophan induction of tna operon expression.
Human resource management practices affecting unit managers in franchise networks

Franchising is an important context in studying entrepreneurship and a growing area of business activity worldwide. To date, various studies have considered the strategic implications of decisions to retain firm ownership of particular units or to franchise them. Little attention, however, has focused on the differences between employee or franchisee managers of those units. We address this gap in the literature by offering a perspective on human resource management (HRM) and franchising that considers those differences, thus providing a bridge between the HRM and franchising fields of inquiry. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gate oxide breakdown on low noise and power amplifier performance

This paper, for the first time, studies the influence that nMOSFET gate oxide breakdown (BD) has on the performance of CMOS low noise amplifiers (LNA) and power amplifiers (PA) using an equivalent RF circuit model. Cascode LNAs are found to be more reliable than common source LNAs in terms of gate oxide reliability. It is shown for a class-E PA, oxide breakdown effects lead to an increase in the switching transistor's "on" voltage, which, in turn leads to substantial decreases in the output power and drain efficiency.
Control of mouse U1 snRNA gene expression during in vitro differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells

Early in mouse development, two classes of U1 RNAs, mU1a and mU1b, are synthesized, but as development proceeds, transcription of the embryo-specific mU1b genes is selectively down-regulated to a barely detectable level. We show here that during in vitro differentiation of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells, both exogenously introduced and endogenous U1b genes are subject to normal developmental regulation. Thus, ES cells represent a convenient isogenic system for studying the control of expression of developmentally regulated snRNA genes. Using this system, we have identified a region in the proximal 5'flanking region, located outside the PSE element, that is responsible for differential transcription of the mU1a and mU1b genes in both developing cells and transiently transfected NIH 3T3 cells.
Screening of Proteolytic Enzymes to Enhance Foaming of Whey Protein Isolates

Whey protein isolate (WPI) was modified to enhance foaming characteristics by controlled hydrolysis using proteolytic enzymes. Alcalase, acid fungal protease, chymotrypsin, pepsin and trypsin were used to hydrolyze 5% rehydrated WPI. Decree of hydrolvsis was estimated by freezing point depression and terminated at 2.5 to 3% by heating or pH adjustment. Controls were treated under similar conditions but without enzymes. Hydrolysates were separated into permeate and retentate by ultrafiltration and concentrated by reverse osmosis before freeze drying. Foam capacity, stability and surface tension of hydrolysates were measured. Permeate from Alcalase exhibited the best foaming characteristics, comparable to egg white.
Dietary factors associated with the risk of high iron stores in the elderly Framingham Heart Study cohort

Background: High body iron stores may increase the risk of several chronic diseases. Whether dietary factors contribute to the risk of high iron stores is unknown. Objective: We assessed the relation between dietary factors and the risk of high iron stores in the elderly Framingham Heart Study cohort. Design: We examined the relation between the usual intake of dietary factors (food-frequency questionnaire) and the risk of high iron stores (serum ferritin > 300 and 200 � g/L in men and women, respectively) in 614 subjects aged 68‐93 y. Results: The risk of high iron stores was significantly higher 1) in subjects who took ≥ 30 mg supplemental Fe/d than in nonusers [odds ratio (OR): 4.32; 95% CI: 1.63, 11.47], 2) in subjects who consumed > 21 servings of fruit/wk than in those who consumed ≤ 14 servings/wk (OR: 2.88; 95% CI: 1.26, 6.61), and 3) in subjects who consumed > 4 but 7 servings/wk) was inversely associated (OR: 0.23; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.75). Conclusions: Among elders, intakes of highly bioavailable forms of iron (supplemental iron and red meat) and of fruit, a dietary source of an enhancer of nonheme-iron absorption (vitamin C), promote high iron stores, whereas foods containing phytate (whole grains) decrease these stores. Individual dietary patterns may be important modulators of high iron stores. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:1375‐84.
Breaking Out of the Box Teaching Biology with Web-Based Active Learning Modules

At all levels, we hear from the experts that students leam best when they are given multiple opportunities to actively exercise and demonstrate skills (Anderson & Adams 1992; Chickering & Gamson 1987; McKeachie, Pintrich, Yi-Guang & Smith 1986; Bonwell 1996). Or, more simply put, students need to be doing things and thinking about the things they are doing (Bonwell & Eison 1991). This sounds so trite, yet with all the facts that exist between the pages of our students' introductory biology textbooks and all the information we have gathered in our notes over years of research and teaching, it is hard for us, the biology instructors, to put down our lecture plans and open the door to change. Rather than continue to teach biology as an accretion of facts, with which we barrage our students, we should focus on key concepts, or instructional essentials. I suggest herein that one way of doing this is to transform our lectures into classroom presentations using web-based visual animations and interactive learning exercises that are designed to engage students in the key concepts being taught. The bottom line: students must be "doing" and "thinking" throughout class time and, just as important, independent study time. We the biology professors must care about our college students enough to cultivate new teaching methods, either taken from the experts or devised by ourselves, in order to foster more active learning. In this article, I would like to share with you how I have revitalized my introductory college biology classroom presentations for majors and nonmajors using web-based learning modules that are visual and interactive, and cover key concepts.
The Right to Anonymous Association in Cyberspace: US Legal Protection for Anonymity in Name, in Face, and in Action

The Internet has become a communication medium of intense group interaction, and individuals with marginalised identities have used anonymity as a tool with which to participate in online interaction. In order to capture the full spectrum of the role that anonymity plays in cyberspace, I explore in this article the US constitutional right to anonymous association. I draw on the concepts of anonymity defined in the social science literature - identity protection, visual anonymity, and action anonymity - and analyse US case law regarding the right to anonymous association in both offline and online worlds. The examination suggests that (1) the right to anonymous association has been especially meaningful for those who are marginalised in society; (2) future courts - in light of established legal rules governing the right to anonymous association - must give careful consideration to the question as to who is seeking anonymity; (3) different concepts of anonymity have greater independence in cyberspace and, therefore, need to be distinguished by scholars and courts. Overall, the right to anonymous association in cyberspace can be understood as the positive right of individuals to control information about themselves in order to find and associate with others. The examined case law shows that strong support for such a right is embedded in the US legal tradition.
Book Review – Breaking and Entering: Policewomen on Patrol

A review of the first major sociological analysis of the phenomenon of policewomen on patrol, and one of the few (as of 1984) available case studies of the occupational lives of women who earn a wage in nontraditional blue-collar jobs. Like the women who are here portrayed “breaking and entering” into the police world, Susan Ehrlich Martin’s book, “Breaking and Entering: Policewomen on Patrol” is a pioneering effort, contributing to our understanding of the changing organization of police work. It is also a detailed depiction of the cultural and organizational contexts that pressure female officers, in the words of one of the respondents in the study, “to think like men, work like dogs, and act like ladies.” The contradictions between occupational and gender roles are especially sharp in policing. As tokens in an organization, they cope with the dilemmas of their status along a continuum of options between two polar patterns: defeminization or deprofessionalization. But the presence of women alone cannot alter the conditions that give rise to police arrangements in the first place. Having broken and entered, having added to the reform of the accouterments of police work, the core of the police role will remain, and the state will remain ever in need of its street-corner corps of men, and now of women, to whom a monopoly over the use of force is entrusted to ensure the coercive regulation of urban life.
Cartilaginous tumors of the larynx: a series of 33 patients.

From 1910 to 1979, 33 patients were seen for treatment of cartilaginous tumors of the larynx. Most of the patients had hoarseness and dyspnea, several had impaired vocal cord mobility, and one third had a lump low in the neck. A diagnosis of grade 1 chondrosarcoma was made in 21 patients, grade 2 chondrosarcoma in 10 patients, and benign chondroma in 2 patients. Most of the tumors were removed by way of laryngofissure (thyrotomy) and some by total laryngectomy. This paper describes the outcome, including retreatment for recurrence.
Interleukin 1-receptor antagonist blocks interleukin 1-induced sleep and fever

The recent purification and characterization of an interleukin 1-receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) has provided an additional means of elucidating the mechanisms involved in the responses initiated by IL-1. Central administration of IL-1 to rabbits results in a characteristic febrile response and in increased non-rapid-eye-movement sleep (NREMS). In this study, rabbits received various doses of IL-1ra (10-1,000 micrograms) or pyrogen-free saline intracerebroventricularly, and sleep-wake activity and brain temperature (Tbr) were determined for the next 24 h. All doses of IL-1ra tested tended to reduce NREMS in the first postinjection hour with little effect on Tbr. When rabbits were pretreated with 100 micrograms IL-1ra and then injected with 10 ng IL-1, the characteristic IL-1-induced febrile and NREMS-promoting effects were completely blocked.
Good to know

Our curiosity has us interested in finding out the truth. Knowing the fact of the matter fulfills the interest. This fulfillment is something satisfying about knowledge. Additionally, knowledge is a good way for a person to relate to a proposition. The knowing relation is good because of what knowledge is. In other words, knowledge is intrinsically good. The credibility of these assessments calls for some explanation. A traditional view is that knowledge is justified true belief with no Gettier accidents. This conception is particularly helpful in accounting for the assessments of knowledge. Features of the relation of a mind to a known proposition that are articulated in the traditional view make the relation satisfying and attractive. What is explicit in the traditional view renders these assets of knowledge readily understandable. The view explains the assets better than do alternative conceptions of knowledge.
Modeling Human Comprehension of Data Visualizations

A critical challenge in data science is conveying the meaning of data to human decision makers. While working with visualizations, decision makers are engaged in a visual search for information to support their reasoning process. As sensors proliferate and high performance computing becomes increasingly accessible, the volume of data decision makers must contend with is growing continuously and driving the need for more efficient and effective data visualizations. Consequently, researchers across the fields of data science, visualization, and human-computer interaction are calling for foundational tools and principles to assess the effectiveness of data visualizations. In this paper, we compare the performance of three different saliency models across a common set of data visualizations. This comparison establishes a performance baseline for assessment of new data visualization saliency models.
Prevalence and control in a certain district of hand-foot-mouth disease Countermeasures of Dalian City

Objective In order to understand the Dalian City Zhongshan District of Hand-foot-mouth disease(HFMD) epidemic situation, provide a reference for future HFMD epidemic disposal measures. Methods From the plague in love, in accordance with the current address, the audit time derived data, organizing the data form Excel. Results were reported in 2975 cases of HFMD cases in 2008 to 2013. the average incidence rate was 118.71 /10 million. To 6~9 the month for the month with high incidence, preschool children and mainly scattered children, accounting for 76.87%; the male to female ratio was 1.56:1, and there was statistical difference between male and female incidence(P0.01). Conclusion The incidence showed an overall upward trend, the incidence of male was significantly higher than that in female, 0~4 years old infants in the main crowd.Strengthen monitoring of disinfection quality in nurseries and kindergartens, to improve the professional knowledge level of school health personnel, increase thepreventive disinfection work is guaranteed to control the epidemic of HFMD, effective measure to prevent the spread of the epidemic.
Infusion of stably immature monocyte-derived dendritic cells plus CTLA4Ig modulates alloimmune reactivity in rhesus macaques.

Background. Immature dendritic cells (DC) can promote long-term transplant survival in rodents. We assessed the impact of stably immature, donor-derived DC on alloimmune reactivity in rhesus macaques. Methods. CD14 + monocytes isolated from leukapheresis products of Macacca mulatta were cultured in granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor plus interleukin (IL)-4 ± vitamin (vit) D3, and IL-10. Major histocompatibility complex class II and cosignaling molecule expression was determined on CD11c + cells by flow cytometry. T-cell allostimulatory capacity of the DC, including DC exposed to proinflammatory cytokines, was determined in mixed leukocyte reaction. To test their influence in vivo, purified DC were infused intravenously into allogeneic recipients, either alone or followed by CTLA4Ig, 24 hr later. Proliferative responses of recipient CFSE-labeled T cells to donor or third party DC, cytokine production by stimulated T cells, and circulating alloantibody levels were determined by flow cytometry, up to 100 days postinfusion. Results. VitD3/IL-10-conditioned, monocyte-derived DC were resistant to maturation and failed to induce allogeneic T cell proliferation in vitro. After their infusion, an increase in anti-donor and anti-third party T-cell reactivity was observed, that subsequently subsided to fall significantly below pretreatment levels (by day 56) only in animals also given CTLA4Ig. No increase in circulating immunoglobulin (Ig) M or IgG anti-donor alloantibody titers compared with pretreatment values was detected. With DC+CTLA4Ig infusion, alloreactive IL-10-producing T cells were prevalent in the circulation after day 28. Conclusions. Maturation-resistant rhesus DC infusion is well-tolerated. DC + CTLA4Ig infusion modulates allogeneic T-cell responses and results in hyporesponsiveness to donor and third party alloantigens.
Arrested decisions: the effects of information latency on high-risk decision-making

This research will evaluate how changes in information latency during computer deployments affect performance of high risk decision makers. High risk decisions and decision-makers, in this case, are police officers deciding whether or not to arrest an individual based on information provided via computer from a distant source. There are three critical research pillars for this research. First, the impact on performance of naturalistic decision-making (NDM) research described for high-risk decision making through the use of a recognition-primed decision (RPD) model (Klein 1998) will be observed. Next, media richness posits richer media has more impact on equivocal tasks. Media of different “richness” was tested for impacts on decision performance. The recognition primed decision model, portions of media richness, and information thresholds are integrated to provide a model to relate information latency effects on high-risk decision-making. This model was evaluated using three wireless computer deployments by a city-county police department. Using archival data, subjects in this research, 406 mobile police officers, were followed over a six year period to evaluate the impact of varying media richness (from radio verbal access to textural computer queries of varying types) using computers of varying access-information retrieval rates. Outcome measures of arrest warrants served and physical arrests based on probable cause (where a reasonable officer would believe that a person had committed a criminal violation of local, state or federal law), were recorded over all interventions. User performance traits are shown to be a major influencing factor in outcomes and processes changes. Finally, this research shows how individual user performance traits impact high-risk decision performance more than latency but only with high performers in the organization. Information latency is shown to have little impact on low performers. User performance traits may explain the productivity paradox1 with computers. 1Brynjolfsson, E. and L. Hitt (1998). “Beyond the Productivity Paradox: Computers are the Catalyst for Bigger Changes.” Communications of the ACM 41(8): 49–55.
Divorce Without Separation: Reimagining the Two-State Solution

AbstractThis essay begins by discussing the separation paradigm that has dominated thinking about the two-state solution during the Oslo process and the challenges to its implementation. The author then turns to describing and evaluating the Two States in One Space (2S1S) and Parallel States project (PSP) initiatives. The author argues that, while both initiatives offer integrative solutions to some of the most divisive issues on the table, they face formidable challenges to their feasibility. The author concludes that, of the two, 2S1S offers a more promising foundation for further work than PSP. Although the territorial sovereignty of states has been greatly circumscribed over the last half century, it serves functions too valuable to be abandoned entirely.
My Journey to Success

“I can be successful and I deserve it!” I always wanted to believe that statement, to really convince myself that I had what it took to rise above my circumstances. But it wasn't until I came to co...