cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of the Pharmacist in the Care of the Ambulatory Diabetic Patient

The management of diabetes often includes significant changes in diet, exercise patterns, social activities, and medication-taking behavior. Many of these changes are a burden on patients and their families. The best approach to the management of a person with diabetes is an approach that empowers the patient. Pharmacists often are in the best position within the health care team to facilitate patient empowerment. A few pharmacists have taken advantage of this niche to open a variety of practices serving the needs of people with diabetes. At the Philadelphia, PA, Veterans Administration Medical Center (VAMC), a Pharmacy Diabetes Clinic was established with diabetes-related research as its primary goal. Educational and skill development services also are offered to patients. The same pharmacist involved in the Philadelphia VAMC Pharmacy Diabetes Clinic has recently begun the process of setting up an adjunct pharmacy service for people with diabetes within an existing community practice. Rough comparisons b...
Enhancement of second-harmonic generation by coupling to long-range surface plasmons

We show theoretically that by use of a new coupling geometry the second-harmonic light generated at the surface of a thin metal film can be enhanced dramatically through a coupling of the fundamental field to a long-range surface-plasmon mode. The resulting reflected harmonic intensity is predicted to be more than 2 orders of magnitude larger than that obtainable in the standard Kretschmann or Otto geometry.
Deliberative E-Rulemaking Project: Challenges to Enacting Real World Deliberation

ABSTRACT This article describes the challenges facing a federal government–funded initiative to promote online deliberation to improve the public comment process by federal and state government agencies in the United States. The three year project met several difficulties. Some have been technical, but our primary obstacle has been in securing partnerships with government agencies. Due to institutional, legal, and organizational challenges, many government agencies are resistant to opening up the public comment process to a deliberative structure, although some change occurred following the Obama administration's Open Government Initiative. This article describes the objectives of the original research project and details the challenges faced with the hope of guiding future deliberation research projects that aim to work with federal agencies in the U.S.
Dealing with Student Conceptions and Misconceptions about Worker Attitudes and Productivity

It is often difficult to find ways to get students to become involved with course concepts at a personal level. This article describes a survey-feedback approach for personally engaging students in the discussion of their beliefs about American workers' attitudes and productivity. The questionnaire instrument used in the exercise, sample data, and suggestions for extending the approach to other topic areas are also included.
Identifying helpful and unhelpful behaviours of loved ones: The PWA's perspective

Abstract Twenty-five gay men with AIDS were interviewed about their social support networks and asked to describe specific interpersonal exchanges with network members which they perceived to be helpful and unhelpful. Content-analysis of responses revealed 12 main categories of helpful behaviours (providing encouragement, companionship, information, practical assistance, material aid, philosophical perspective, support for other network members, expressing concern, sharing feelings, acting as role model, allowing reciprocity, interacting naturally) and 11 categories of unhelpful behaviours (pessimism, physical avoidance, criticizing one's response to AIDS or medical treatment, making unreasonable demands, patronizing attitude, rude comments, insincerity, breaking confidentiality, acting judgmental or ashamed). The perceived helpfulness of particular behaviours varied depending on which network member performed them and the timing of the support attempt. Implications for increasing the effectiveness of sup...
Measurement of sexual arousal in several paraphilias: The effects of stimulus modality, instructional set and stimulus content on the objective

Abstract The effects of instructional set (become aroused or suppress arousal), stimulus modality (videotape, audiotape, slides, free fantasy) and stimulus content (paraphilic or non-paraphilic) on sexual arousal, as measured by penile plethysmograph, of six different groups of paraphilics, pedophiles, rapists, exhibitionists, homosexuals, sado-masochists and fetishists, were determined. The results showed significant main effects of instructional set and of stimulus modality (videotape was clearly more arousing) as well as several complex interactions of diagnostic group with the other independent variables.
Thalassemia gene therapy looks good at one year

In 2000, May and colleagues reported that a lentivirus containing a human β-globin gene and sequences from the locus control region (LCR) could be efficiently transferred into hematopoietic stem cells of mice with β-thalassemia minor. In recipient red cells, the human β-globin mRNA and protein
Disagreeing and requesting by Americans and Venezuelans

This paper examines the stylistic devices used by American (L1) and Venezuelan (L2) speakers in two different English language role-play situations: disagreeing and requesting. Although each of the participants used a different combination of devices, there were patterns followed by L1s and L2s that reflected their distinctive cultural styles. In general L1s preferred nonconfrontational stylistic devices when they disagreed with an L1 interlocutor and impersonal stylistic devices when they requested a service. L2s, on the other hand, used more confrontational devices when disagreeing and more personal devices when requesting a service. This suggests that L1s and L2s participated within different frames, respectively “This ls Business” and “This ls “(Un)Friendly.” In general these different frames of participation led to more harmonious outcomes for L1s than for L2s in each of the conversational interchanges. The study shows that for second and foreign language education and education in general, students can profit from acquiring skills that permit them to identify and adjust to different cultural and language-appropriate situations.
A case-control study of childhood trauma in the development of irritable bowel syndrome.

Background The etiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is not been fully elucidated, but childhood trauma may disturb the brain–gut axis and therefore be important. Thus, we conducted a family based case–control study of IBS cases and their relatives with the aims to (i) determine the frequency of childhood trauma among IBS cases and controls as well as their relatives, and (ii) assess childhood trauma among IBS cases with affected relatives (familial IBS). Methods Outpatients with IBS, matched controls, and their first-degree relatives completed a self-report version of Bremner' Early Trauma Inventory. Percent of cases and controls with a family history were compared and odds ratios were computed using chi-squared test; recurrence risks to relatives were computed using logistic regression and generalized estimating equations. Key Results Data were collected from 409 cases, 415 controls, 825 case relatives, and 921 control relatives. IBS cases had a median age of 50 and 83% were women. Of IBS cases, 74% had experienced any general trauma compared to 59% among controls, yielding an odds ratio of 1.56 (95% CI: 1.13–2.15, p < 0.008). There were no statistical differences between IBS relatives and control relatives with regards to lifetime trauma. Conclusions & Inferences IBS is associated with childhood trauma, and these traumas often occur prior to onset of IBS symptoms. This provides further insight into how traumatic childhood events are associated with development of adult IBS.
Predicting recidivism after orthotopic liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease

With appropriate selection criteria, patients with end-stage alcoholic liver disease who undergo orthotopic liver transplantation have similar graft and patient survivals as patients undergoing transplantation for other causes. However, because of the possibility of recidivism after orthotopic liver transplantation there is still reluctance to transplant alcoholic patients. This study examined the association between pretransplant psychosocial variables and the risk of recidivism after orthotopic liver transplantation. At our institution, 43 patients received orthotopic liver transplantation for the referral diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease from February 1, 1988 to May 1, 1991. This represented 17% of all first transplants (43 of 257) performed during this period. Patients were interviewed before orthotopic liver transplantation by a single psychiatrist and responses to a defined set of questions were entered into a clinical database. All 43 patients diagnosed with alcoholic liver disease and a comparison group of patients transplanted for diagnoses other than alcoholic liver disease received a postoperative questionnaire regarding past and present alcohol use. Patients enrolled in the study all had at least 7 mo of follow-up, with the median follow-up being 21 mo. Eighty-six percent of alcoholic liver disease patients (37 of 43) and 86% of patients in the comparison group (37 of 43) of ALD patients agreed to participate in the study. Nineteen percent of alcoholic liver disease patients (7 of 37) and 24% of patients in the comparison group (9 of 37) admitted to having used alcohol after orthotopic liver transplantation, with 8% (3 of 37) and 11% (4 of 37) currently using alcohol, respectively. No association between amount or duration of alcohol used before liver transplantation and recidivism was found in patients with alcoholic liver disease. Binge use of alcohol, history of driving under the influence of alcohol, history of alcohol withdrawal, and other drug use also were not associated with recidivism in alcoholic liver disease patients. Patients who participated in in-patient or out-patient rehabilitation programs before or after transplantation, or who admitted they were alcoholics, had similar rates of recidivism. Being married, employed or having a history of psychiatric symptoms requiring treatment were not associated with recidivism rates in alcoholic liver disease patients. Finally, after multivariate analysis only one variable was associated with recidivism in alcoholic liver disease patients, sobriety less than 6 mo. These findings support the selection criterion of abstinence from alcohol for>6 mo before alcoholic liver disease patients undergo orthotopic liver transplantation. (Hepatology 1994;20:105–110.)
The surface-attribute probe—an “active-vision” approach to 3-D object characterization

Abstract The essence of model-based three-dimensional (3-D) object recognition is the establishment of unique correspondence between an arbitrarily oriented object apparent in an image, and one of a set of known model objects, or to demonstrate that no such correspondence exists. This paper describes an “active-vision” approach to the solution of this problem, which permits extracting only as much feature data as is needed to perform the recognition task rapidly and efficiently. The object is assumed illuminated with patterned light, and both edge and surface-curvature features are extracted in a mutually supportive manner from selected regions of interest in the image. An “active model” is hypothesized and progressively refined by extracting feature data from an increasing number of judiciously chosen image regions by means of a so-called surface-attribute probe (SAP), which extracts information about local surface orientation and curvature and can detect surface discontinuities. The process iterates until a definite recognition decision can be made.
Phosphorylation of Ser1166 on GluN2B by PKA is critical to synaptic NMDA receptor function and Ca2+ signaling in spines.

The NMDA-type glutamate receptor (NMDAR) is essential for synaptogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and higher cognitive function. Emerging evidence indicates that NMDAR Ca2+ permeability is under the control of cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) signaling. Whereas the functional impact of PKA on NMDAR-dependent Ca2+ signaling is well established, the molecular target remains unknown. Here we identify serine residue 1166 (Ser1166) in the carboxy-terminal tail of the NMDAR subunit GluN2B to be a direct molecular and functional target of PKA phosphorylation critical to NMDAR-dependent Ca2+ permeation and Ca2+ signaling in spines. Activation of β-adrenergic and D1/D5-dopamine receptors induces Ser1166 phosphorylation. Loss of this single phosphorylation site abolishes PKA-dependent potentiation of NMDAR Ca2+ permeation, synaptic currents, and Ca2+ rises in dendritic spines. We further show that adverse experience in the form of forced swim, but not exposure to fox urine, elicits striking phosphorylation of Ser1166 in vivo, indicating differential impact of different forms of stress. Our data identify a novel molecular and functional target of PKA essential to NMDAR-mediated Ca2+ signaling at synapses and regulated by the emotional response to stress.
Emergence vs. Reductionism.

Lilienfeld (see record 2011-12007-001) made several cogent points regarding "public skepticism of psychology." He persuasively documented the prevalence of public skepticism with regard to psychology. He also provided sound rebuttals to six common criticisms of psychology. This comment addresses two substantial omissions regarding his discussion of psychology's "Illusion of Understanding" (p. 120) and "Greedy Reductionism" (p. 120).
Plotting early nineteenth‐century hurricane information

Hurricane climate research is based largely on records from the past 100 years or so. The official Atlantic hurricane record extends back to 1851, but data prior to the middle twentieth century need to be treated with particular caution. To better understand climate mechanisms responsible for variations in hurricane activity, it is important to have long-term records. Tropical cyclone impacts in the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century have been mapped by combining information from historical documents using a Geographic Information System (GIS). The resulting historical hurricane information tool (HHIT) is based on Environmental Systems Research Institute's ArcView GIS. It is available on CD-ROM and online through the Hurricane Climate Institute at Florida State University. The HHIT contributes to greater accessibility of pre-instrumental U.S. hurricane information and can serve as a basis for re-analysis of early U.S. hurricanes.
The Importance of Subject Matter Instructional Expertise in Research on the Effectiveness of Instructional Computer Programs

This article examines the importance of subject matter instructional expertise in the design of research studies on computer-based instruction. It considers the implications of shifts in instructional focus from associationism toward cognitivism and points out how difficult it is for most researchers to be experts in both computer-based instructional design and subject matter content instruction. The article suggests that researchers need to work closely with subject matter instructional experts and need to document in their presentations and research articles that they recognized and addressed the importance of subject matter instructional expertise.
Stumble detection and classification for an intelligent transfemoral prosthesis

This paper describes an approach for the real-time detection of stumble for use in an intelligent lower limb prosthesis, using accelerometers mounted on the prosthesis, and also describes an algorithm that classifies the stumble response as either an elevating or lowering type response. In order to validate the proposed approach, the investigators collected stumble data on 10 healthy subjects using accelerometers affixed to the subjects in a manner consistent with similar instrumentation on a transfemoral prosthesis. The proposed algorithms were shown to correctly identify stumbling and correctly classify the stumble response for all 19 stumbles and 34 control strides collected in the experiments.
The effects of aspirin on microvasculature after photodynamic therapy.

— The effects of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid: ASA) on vessel behavior and tumor response were measured during and after photodynamic therapy (PDT). Changes to vessel constriction, macromolecular leakage, tumor interstitial pressure, and tumor response were examined. Animals were randomly placed into treatment groups and injected with 0–25 mg/kg Photofrin® and given 0 or 135 J/cm2 light treatment. The light treatment was standardized to 75 mW/cm2 at 630 nm over a 30 min treatment interval (135 J/cm2). The treatment groups were further subdivided to receive Photofrin® alone or Photofrin® plus 100 mg/kg ASA. A cremaster muscle model in Sprague-Dawley rats was used to directly observe microvascular response and changes in vessel permeability to macromolecules. A tumor interstitial pressure model was designed to measure pressure changes in a chondrosarcoma tumor over time. This model indirectly measures macromolecular leakage, among other factors, in the tumor tissue. Groups of 10–20 rats were implanted subcutaneously with chondrosarcoma and were subjected to PDT to assess tumor response to the various treatments. Statistically significant differences in vessel leakage and changes in interstitial pressure were observed between animals given ASA plus PDT as compared to animals given PDT alone. The administration of ASA significantly inhibited venule leakage of albumin and reduced increases in interstitial pressure after treatment. The use of ASA had no effect on vessel constriction or tumor response after PDT. These findings suggest that the increases in vessel permeability observed during and after PDT, using Photofrin®, do not significantly contribute to tumor response.
A social learning rationale and suggestions for behavioral treatment with American Indian alcohol abusers

Abstract Social learning theory postulates that modeling of overt behavior and the individual's cognitive representation of his/her behavior are two factors causally related to one's actions. Four factors are identified as central to alcohol abuse among American Indians: (a) rapid consumption of alcohol; (b) outmoded models of prolonged intoxication; (c) non-responsibility for intoxicated behavior; and (d) the peer drinking group. It is demonstrated that each of these four factors can be adequately accounted for using a social learning theory paradigm and consequently addressed within a behavioral treatment program.
Terminal velocity of wind, mass loss, and absorption lines of the central star of the planetary nebula 75 + 35.1 deg

The high-galactic latitude planetary nebula 75 + 35.1 deg was observed in the high-dispersion mode of the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) satellite in the wavelength range 1150-1950 A. The N V resonance doublet at 1240 A and O V subordinate line at 1371 A exhibit strong stellar P Cygni profiles with absorption extending to -2150 km/s and -1000 km/s, respectively. Application of the first moment method implies a mass-loss rate of M = (1-3) x 10 to the -8th solar mass/yr. The high ionization of the wind lines and the presence of strong Fe VI and Fe V lines in the stellar photosphere support that this object is quite hot. A Teff of 75,000 + or - 10,000 K was adopted, although Tc = 94,000 K was found previously from low-resolution IUE data.
Coincidental Malignancy and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Problems of Management

IN THE age group in which aneurysms of the abdominal aorta usually occur, malignant neoplasia has a high relative incidence (Fig 1). In slightly over 800 cases of abdominal aortic aneurysms which we observed during the past 22 years, a coincidental malignancy was encountered in 31 instances, or in about 4% of all cases. The coincidence of two potentially lethal lesions raises obvious problems of management, particularly as regards priority of treatment. The goal of the present study is to summarize our experience for the establishment of guidelines that may prove helpful in the management of these problems. Case Material As shown in Table 1, the clinical material surveyed included 803 cases of abdominal aortic aneurysms, of which 570 were surgically treated and 233 were conservatively managed. The 31 malignant lesions associated with the aneurysms came under observation in four principal ways: 1. An abdominal aortic aneurysm was diagnosed after
Microfluidic pillar array sandwich immunofluorescence assay for ocular diagnostics

Uveitis and primary intraocular lymphoma (PIOL) are diseases associated with the invasion of lymphocytes into various regions of the eye, accompanied by expression of inflammatory cytokines. While these diseases are very different in terms of survivability and treatment options they have similar symptoms that make accurate diagnosis challenging. Furthermore, the diagnostic yield with state-of-the-art techniques for cell and cytokine analysis of vitreous and aqueous humor samples is under 20% due to inadequate sensitivity. This paper describes a simple sandwich immunofluorescence assay (sIFA) microfluidic device that is capable of identifying important analytes in ocular biopsies as a potential alternative to current diagnostic approaches. Detection is accomplished by capture of the target molecules on antibody-coated, vertical, oval shaped pillars in a microfluidic device followed by a biotinylated detection antibody and finally florescent avidin for target molecule quantification. Cytokine concentration measurements were carried out on aqueous humor samples from rats with endotoxin-induced uveitis as well as human cataract patients. Results correlated well with conventional protein quantification techniques and additionally, measurements from the human samples surpassed detection limits of current state-of-the-art immunoassay techniques. The single-digit femtomolar range of detection of this sIFA system provides lower limits of detection when compared to traditional techniques and allows for the mapping of the cytokine content of vitreous biopsies with detection limits that have yet to be realized using cost effective microfluidics. Furthermore, the relative simplicity of the device design, fabrication and ability to automate makes it easily translatable from the laboratory to a clinical setting.
DISCUSSION: HAMPTON ON FREE RIDING

Jean Hampton has argued that an important case of the free-rider problem has the structure of a battle-of-the-sexes game, rather than the Prisoner's Dilemma, as is often assumed. This case occurs when the collective good to be produced is a ‘step’ or ‘lumpy’ good, one that is produced in a single production step. Battle of the Sexes is a coordination game, with stronger equilibria than games such as the Prisoner's Dilemma or Chicken. Hampton argues that, because of this difference, there is good reason to think that players facing a battle-of-the-sexes game can more easily reach mutually desirable outcomes than players facing these other games. An examination of Hampton's argument, however, shows that she has failed to specify a condition that would clearly distinguish her examples of battle-of-the-sexes games from chicken games. Consequently, Hampton's claim that free riding in the provision of step goods is less tempting than other analyses have suggested because of the presence of coordination equilibria is incorrect as it stands.
Tamm and Shockley Surface States in Photonic Crystal

The Shockley surface states in photonic crystals are demonstrated for the first time. In crystals with simple unit cell, surface states are shown to be the Tamm-like rather than the Shockley states as commonly believe.
Intelligent management of intelligence agencies: Beyond accountability ping-pong.

The intelligence community (IC) is asked to predict outcomes that may often be inherently unpredictable-and is blamed for the inevitable forecasting failures, be they false positives or false negatives. To move beyond blame games of accountability ping-pong that incentivize bureaucratic symbolism over substantive reform, it is necessary to reach bipartisan agreements on performance indicators that are transparent enough to reassure clashing elites (to whom the IC must answer) that estimates have not been politicized. Establishing such transideological credibility requires (a) developing accuracy metrics for decoupling probability and value judgments; (b) using the resulting metrics as criterion variables in validity tests of the IC's selection, training, and incentive systems; and (c) institutionalizing adversarial collaborations that conduct level-playing-field tests of clashing perspectives.
Modeling Fault Diagnosis in a Dynamic Process Control Task Using a Multivariate Lens Model

In this research, we modeled fault identification performance in a dynamic process control task using a multivariate Lens Model. This research demonstrates how multivariate Lens Model can be applied to capture dynamic aspects and policies of individuals when they are making judgments over multiple criteria - in this case, multiple categories of faults. Results and modeling analysis to date indicate that such a model may be applicable to such decisions, and sensitive to differences in performance under certain conditions.
Oxidative stress promotes ligand-independent and enhanced ligand-dependent tumor necrosis factor receptor signaling.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 1 (TNFR1, p55) and 2 (TNFR2, p75) are characterized by several cysteine-rich modules in the extracellular domain, raising the possibility that redox-induced modifications of these cysteine residues might alter TNFR function. To test this possibility, we examined fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) in 293T cells transfected with CFP- and YFP-tagged TNFRs exposed to the thiol oxidant diamide. Treatment with high concentrations of diamide (1 mm) resulted in an increase in the FRET signal that was sensitive to inhibition with the reducing agent dithiothreitol, suggesting that oxidative stress resulted in TNFR self-association. Treatment of cells with low concentrations of diamide (1 μm) that was not sufficient to provoke TNFR self-association resulted in increased TNF-induced FRET signals relative to the untreated cells, suggesting that oxidative stress enhanced ligand-dependent TNFR signaling. Similar findings were obtained when the TNFR1- and TNFR2-transfected cells were pretreated with a cell-impermeable oxidase, DsbA, that catalyzes disulfide bond formation between thiol groups on cysteine residues. The changes in TNFR self-association were functionally significant, because pretreating the HeLa cells and 293T cells resulted in increased TNF-induced NF-κB activation and TNF-induced expression of IκB and syndecan-4 mRNA levels. Although pretreatment with DsbA did not result in an increase in TNF binding to TNFRs, it resulted in increased TNF-induced activation of NF-κB, consistent with an allosteric modification of the TNFRs. Taken together, these results suggest that oxidative stress promotes TNFR receptor self-interaction and ligand-independent and enhanced ligand-dependent TNF signaling.
Invariance theorems concerning reflection at numerical boundaries

Abstract Downwind computational boundaries in the numerical approximation of hyperbolic equations are in general not transparent, and they create spurious reflection. A useful measure of this is given by the energy (or usual sum of squares) of the reflected solution in response to an arbitrary solution which originates from within the computing domain. We prove, in that respect, a somewhat unexpected property: namely, that for those full-discretizations which are obtained by applying to a space-discretization of the equations an energy conservative discrete time-marching method, the energy reflected at the boundary is independent of the value of Δt , and is strictly equal to the energy reflected in the semidiscrete case. This is verified in numerical experiments. Optimal boundary equations may be defined in the semidiscrete case of those which maximize the rate of convergence to zero of the reflected energy when h-+0. A corollary of the preceding result is that those boundary equations remain optimal, in the same sense, when used in an energy conservative full discretization. Moreover, this convergence result continues to hold when a nonconservative but stable (i.e., dissipative) time-discretization is used. This is verified numerically with the first-order Adams predictor-corrector method. The results of this paper are derived with the mathematics of the simple three-point central difference discretization of spatial derivatives. Obvious generalizations to other cases are mentioned at the end of the paper.
The Escherichia coli rpoB60 mutation blocks antitermination by coliphage HK022 Q-function.

Abstract The lambdoid bacteriophage regulate gene expression by suppressing transcription terminators. Although similar in sequence to λ, HK022 lacks an analogue to the λ N antitermination gene and a distinct nutR sequence. To define the HK022 antitermination system, we plated the phage on Escherichia coli nus mutants that inhibit λ N function. Only rpoB60 (also called nusC60 ) blocked HK022 lytic growth. Analyses of HK022-λ hybrid phage suggested that a HK022 function analogous to λ Q was inhibited by rpoB60 . This result was confirmed with pR′-tR′- galK fusions. HK022 Q-protein suppressed tR′ in wild-type but not in rpoB60 mutants. The λ Q-protein, although inhibited by rpoB60 , was more active than the HK022 analogue. A single amino acid difference between the two Q-proteins accounts for the phenotype. Changing the penultimate residue of HK022 Q from alanine to the λ threonine generated a phage that could propagate on rpoB60 hosts. Host and phage mutations that permitted HK022 growth in rpoB60 strains were characterized. The bacterial suppressors were located in the Escherichia coli nusB gene. The phage suppressors represented recessive mutations in a HK022 b -region sequence encoding an open reading frame of 73 codons.
Acid-induced injury in elasmobranch brain

Sodium lactate injection into rat brain produces coagulation necrosis consistent with infarction when pH0 is held at less than or equal to 5.30 for 20 min. Such injury may result from excessive astroglial acidification. If true, then brain damage from acidosis in elasmobranchs might evolve differently since glial reaction there to another necrotizing injury, exposure to extreme cold, is dissimilar from that seen in mammals. Accordingly, pH0 was monitored and sodium lactate (pH 4.00-7.00) injected into skate (Raja erinacea) cerebella. Necrosis was seen only when pH0 was less than or equal to 4.86 for 20 min; and pH0 rise after injections was unaffected by those which destroyed brain, and not slowed as in rat. Thus elasmobranchs are less susceptible to irreversible brain injury from acidosis, a capacity which may result from their lower body temperature compared to mammals.
Importance of vascular responses in determining cortical oxygenation during recurrent paroxysmal events of varying duration and frequency of repetition.

Summary: Cerebral oxygenation initially increases and later decreases in rats subjected to experimental status epilepticus. In this study, we have compared cerebral oxygen supply and vascular changes during paroxysmal events of different durations and at different time intervals to test the hypothesis that oxygen insufficiency is associated more readily with paroxysmal events of greater intensity. Continuous measurements were made of local changes in cortical blood volume, redox levels of cytochrome α,α3, cortical Po2, and systemic arterial blood pressure during recurrent seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol or bicuculline. In contrast to expectations, systemic and cerebral vascular responses and associated increases in cerebral oxygenation were better maintained during long-duration ictal episodes than during short-du ration ictal bursts, interictal spikes, or evoked potentials. Short-duration paroxysmal events were often accompanied by decreases in cerebral oxygenation, whereas long-duration events were still accompanied by increases in oxygenation. Ictal bursts occurring with short interburst intervals caused a more rapid failure of vascular responsiveness than those occurring at longer intervals. These relationships of intensity and frequency of repetition of seizures to changes in vascular responses indicate progressive dissociation of the normally tight couple between neuronal activity, energy demand, and cerebral blood flow during status epilepticus.
The Inference Generation Strategy may be effective for some adults with high functioning autism spectrum disorder, but methodological issues limit its relevance to clinical practice

This review provides a summary and appraisal commentary on the treatment review by Murza, K. A., Nye, C., Schwartz, J. B., Ehren, B. J., & Hahs-Vaughn, D. L. (2014). A randomized controlled trial of an inference generation strategy intervention for adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 23(4), 461–473.Source of funding and disclosure of interest: This study was funded by a grant from the Providing Autism Links and Supports Foundation. The original authors reported no conflicts of interest.
Need for cognition, attitudes, and the 1984 presidential election

High and low need for cognition groups were compared on behavioral intentions, behavior, and attitude differentiation (number of beliefs) in the context of the 1984 Presidential election. As predicted, high need for cognition subjects were more likely to intend to watch the debates (p < .05), marginally more likely to actually watch the debates (p = .64), and had more beliefs (differentiation) about the candidates (p < .02). The power of this new trait is briefly discussed.
Comparative study of three laboratory methods for the extraction of bitumen from oil sands

Abstract Measurements of total organic content and extractable bitumen for a number of different grade oil sands were used to obtain the extraction efficiency of several common bench-scale bitumen recovery techniques. The hot-water process was inefficient for feeds of moderate to high fines content. Soxhlet extraction and spherical agglomeration were found to be of similar efficiency for most grades of feed. For these two processes the efficiency is limited by the mineral fines content, probably because of surface absorption of bitumen components.
Modeling of effects of skewing of rotor mounted permanent magnets on the performance of brushless DC motors

A method for computation of the parameters and performance of permanent-magnet brushless DC motor drives is developed in which the concept of skewing is implemented through the geometries of permanent magnet mounting on the rotor and not through the usual skewing of the armature slots. This technique of permanent-magnet mounting eliminates the 2-D axial symmetry in the resulting magnetic fields. This difficulty is overcome by the use of multiple cross-sectional 2-D finite-element field computations, coupled with a concept of an artificial mutual-coupling inductance between the armature phase windings and the rotor-mounted permanent magnets for induced EMF and torque computations. The computed induced EMF waveforms, motor phase winding current waveforms, and other performance characteristics are found to be in excellent agreement with test data obtained using a 1.2 hp, 120 V brushless DC motor drive system. >
The effects of psychological factors and physical trauma on recovery from oral surgery

This study evaluated the effects of several psychological factors on postsurgical recovery while controlling for and also evaluating the effects of the physical trauma induced by the surgery. Subjects were 38 patients (18 males and 20 females) who were scheduled to have four third molars surgically removed. The psychological factors measured included anxiety and expectations about recovery, trait anxiety, coping behaviors, and health locus of control. Surgical trauma was rated after surgery, and the following aspects of recovery were monitored: postoperative pain, interference with normal function, swelling, and healing. Poorer postoperative recovery was significantly predicted by each of the psychological variables and by higher levels of surgical trauma. In addition, the effects of the psychological variables on recovery were shown to be largely independent of the trauma effects. The data suggest that (a) future studies which give patients more positive expectations and reduce their anxiety about recovery may improve their recovery and (b) the types of patients most in need of preoperative psychological support would be those who have higher trait anxiety, vigilant coping behaviors, or an internal locus of control.
Characterization of the porcine Lhx3/LIM-3/P-Lim LIM homeodomain transcription factor

Lhx3/LIM-3/P-Lim is a LIM homeodomain transcription factor which is essential in mice for the development of anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary gland. We report the cloning and characterization of porcine Lhx3. The porcine Lhx3 protein exhibits strong similarity to murine Lhx3 within the amino terminal LIM domains and the homeodomain, however, it is diverged in regions outside these motifs. Expression vectors for porcine Lhx3 activated murine and porcine alpha-glycoprotein reporter genes in transfection assays, and recombinant porcine Lhx3 protein specifically bound to a target site within the porcine alpha-glycoprotein gene upstream sequence. In addition, porcine Lhx3 synergistically induced transcription from prolactin enhancer/promoter reporter genes in cooperation with the Pit-1 pituitary transcription factor. Porcine Lhx3 protein interacted with Pit-1 protein in solution and also with the LIM domain-binding protein NLI/Lbd1/CLIM. Together, these data indicate that many aspects of Lhx3 function in the mammalian pituitary are conserved and that Lhx3 may be involved in the activation of trophic hormone genes during early and late stages of pituitary organogenesis. Divergence in the Lhx3 amino acid sequence between mammalian species may suggest distinct activities for this protein in some species and may help identify important functional domains of this key developmental transcription factor.
Electron microscopic evidence for the existence of an intercellular substance in rat cerebral cortex.

The intercellular “spaces” of rat cerebral cortex are filled with a dense material, demonstrable by electron microscopy. This intercellular substance is in part preserved by chemical fixation with formaldehyde and osmium tetroxide but is solubilized and largely lost during subsequent dehydration with ethyl alcohol. Dehydration with acetone or Durcupan favors the preservation of the intercellular substance, which is preserved also by freezing and drying. Whether the intercellular substance demonstrated here is part of the outer leaflets of apposing plasma membranes (“glycocalyx”) or truly an intercellular substance similar to connective tissue ground substance is not known. The probability of the latter is discussed with regard to proposed physiological mechanisms.
RuO2 nanorod coated cathode for the electrolysis of water

Abstract In this investigation crystalline ruthenium dioxide square nanorods have been grown on a variety of substrate surfaces and were used as the cathodes in a system to electrolyze an aqueous solution of KOH. Gaseous hydrogen was produced at the cathode and oxygen at the anode. The voltage measured at the cathode relative to the solution, and that across both electrodes was found to be dependent on the cathode material used, specifically the substrate material and the density and nature of a RuO2 nanorod coating. The formation of a double layer on the nanorod surface was proposed to render the production rate of hydrogen, dependent on total interfacial area alone and not on the geometric shape of the nanorods themselves. At a current density of 20 mA/cm2, the operating efficiency of the RuO2 nanorod cathode cell was found to be 1.7 times that obtained for a cathode electrode fabricated with a simple thin film of RuO2.
Do fluctuating temperature environments elevate coral thermal tolerance

In reef corals, much research has focused on the capacity of corals to acclimatize and/or adapt to different thermal environments, but the majority of work has focused on distinctions in mean temperature. Across small spatial scales, distinctions in daily temperature variation are common, but the role of such environmental variation in setting coral thermal tolerances has received little attention. Here, we take advantage of back-reef pools in American Samoa that differ in thermal variation to investigate the effects of thermally fluctuating environments on coral thermal tolerance. We experimentally heat-stressed Acropora hyacinthus from a thermally moderate lagoon pool (temp range 26.5–33.3°C) and from a more thermally variable pool that naturally experiences 2–3 h high temperature events during summer low tides (temp range 25.0–35°C). We compared mortality and photosystem II photochemical efficiency of colony fragments exposed to ambient temperatures (median: 28.0°C) or elevated temperatures (median: 31.5°C). In the heated treatment, moderate pool corals showed nearly 50% mortality whether they hosted heat-sensitive (49.2 ± 6.5% SE; C2) or heat-resistant (47.0 ± 11.2% SE; D) symbionts. However, variable pool corals, all of which hosted heat-resistant symbionts, survived well, showing low mortalities (16.6 ± 8.8% SE) statistically indistinguishable from controls held at ambient temperatures (5.1–8.3 ± 3.3–8.3% SE). Similarly, moderate pool corals hosting heat-sensitive algae showed rapid rates of decline in algal photosystem II photochemical efficiency in the elevated temperature treatment (slope = −0.04 day−1 ± 0.007 SE); moderate pool corals hosting heat-resistant algae showed intermediate levels of decline (slope = −0.039 day−1 ± 0.007 SE); and variable pool corals hosting heat-resistant algae showed the least decline (slope = −0.028 day−1 ± 0.004 SE). High gene flow among pools suggests that these differences probably reflect coral acclimatization not local genetic adaptation. Our results suggest that previous exposure to an environmentally variable microhabitat adds substantially to coral–algal thermal tolerance, beyond that provided by heat-resistant symbionts alone.
Insects as indicators of toxicity, bioaccumulation and bioavailability of environmental contaminants

The early involvement of entomologists in ecotoxicology is recognized in this article in celebration of the 70th birthday of Professor Robert L. Metcalf, who was among the first biologists to examine the potential for pesticides to produce unwanted environmental effects. The high sensitivity of insects to some toxicants and the potential insects have for biologically monitoring environmental contaminants is illustrated through review of developmental effects induced with benz[g]isoquinoline-5,10-dione (biquidone) and other chemicals in the cricket Acheta domesticus (L.). A teratogen-sensitive period of development is demonstrated prior to germ band formation in embryos of A. domesticus and of the field cricket Gryllus rubens (Scudder). An active mixed function oxidase system is shown for the embryos of both species through metabolism of [3H]benzo[a]pyrene to 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo[a]pyrene. Additional studies are cited to show that careful consideration of insect responses to toxicants can lead to the development of sensitive, cost-effective assays and monitoring approaches to assess the probable effects of chemical contamination in the environment.
Local optimization of redundant manipulator kinematics within constrained workspaces

Finding optimal kinematics for manipulators dedicated to working within enclosed workspaces can be applied to assembly-line tasks such as welding, grinding, and spray-painting within automobile interiors. This paper presents a method of designing redundant and hyper-redundant manipulators for enclosed workspaces. A heuristic search is used to generate designs capable of maneuvering within a specified target-workspace in a given enclosure. A locally-optimal design is then selected for minimum degrees of freedom, or for performance values measured during the search. A variation on task-priority based redundancy control is also presented which allows many secondary-priority obstacle avoidance tasks to be satisfied simultaneously, therefore permitting easier maneuvering through complex enclosures.
Peavinenemertes whiteleyi, new genus, new species, a swimming heteronemertean from Washington state, U.S.A

Abstract Peavinenemertes whiteleyi, new genus, new species, is described as a member of the order Heteronemertea. The general morphology appears to be most closely related to the genus Cerebratulina (family Cerebratulidae). The significant generic characteristics of the new genus include the following: a proboscis containing three sets of muscles (longitudinal, middle circular, and inner longitudinal) without muscle crosses; the absence of a connective tissue layer between the epidermis and the body wall outer longitudinal musculature; the rhynchocoel wall circular musculature not interwoven with body wall musculature; the absence of foregut somatic musculature and subepithelial gland cell layers; the lack of neurochord cells in the nervous system; the presence of a caudal cirrus; and the blood system in the foregut region developed into a vascular plexus. The specific characteristics recognized in this new genus are the following: proboscis insertion in the anterior region of the head; the accompaniment ...
Macroscopic plant remains from Mediterranean caves and rockshelters: Avenues of interpretation

Macrobotanical remains from caves and rockshelters in the Mediterranean provide substantial information about past human use of the sites as well as the surrounding environment. The modes of deposition of both fresh and carbonized plant material in the past are varied and it is not always possible to distinguish among the geogenic, biogenic, and anthropogenic processes. Once deposited, seeds and other plant parts may be preserved through desiccation, mineralization, or, most commonly, carbonization, depending on the environment of the cave or rockshelter as well as human and other animal activities. It is assumed that large quantities of carbonized remains are the result of human activity, and such dense deposits can be used as a measure of the intensity of occupation of the site. Where sufficient remains of wood charcoal are recovered from stratified deposits, it is possible to identify the local vegetation and changes in the surrounding plant communities through time. When compared to other environmental information, such as pollen studies, it is possible to obtain a more complete picture of the environment and to identify refugia for Mediterranean plants during the Pleistocene. In some cases, plants that are underrepresented or not at all represented in pollen spectra from lacustrine deposits may be recovered from the archaeological sites. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A data‐driven modeling approach to product level decision support

The marriage of new scanner‐type data sources and new computing and analysis methods is allowing a new approach to the development and use of models for decision support and product line management. Data‐driven modeling describes a process of model‐building wherein models are created that fit the dynamics of the data rather than assuming a priori relationships among brands and their marketing mix elements. Based on a combination of time‐series and econometric modeling methods, these models can significantly improve a modeler’s ability to capture marketplace structure and dynamics. Although more complex than their predecessors, the capabilities of these new data‐driven decision support models make them potentially very powerful tools, improving intuition and managerial understanding while suggesting improved decision alternatives. Develops such a model using detailed multiproduct retail data and demonstrates its capabilities.