cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differences in amino acid composition of rabbit γG-immunoglobulin light polypeptide chains controlled by allelic genes☆

Abstract The light polypeptide chains (∼22,000 mol. wt.) of γG-immunoglobulin from b4 and b5 homozygous rabbits were analyzed for their amino acid composition. These b4 and b5 light chains, controlled by allelic genes, differed by an average of fifteen residues per chain; two of these, one aspartic acid and one lysine, were charged amino acids. The difference involved at least seven amino acids (aspartic acid, leucine, lysine, proline, serine, threonine and valine) and probably another (alanine). No significant differences were found for the remaining amino acids. Cystine analyses indicated that b4 or b5 light chains each have three intrachain disulfide bonds. The b4 and b5 light chains were not distinguishable by the disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel although each preparation consisted of at least seven discrete electrophoretic light chain components. The a locus does not contribute to the amino acid composition of the light chains and the allotypic specificity controlled by the a locus was not detectable on the light chain.
Language as a lightning rod: : Power contests, emotion regulation, and subgroup dynamics in global teams

Based on an ethnographic study comprising interviews with and observations of 96 globally distributed members of six software development teams, we propose a model that captures how asymmetries in language fluency contribute to an us vs them dynamic common in global teams. Faultlines, formed along the dimensions of asymmetries in lingua franca fluency, location, and nationality of team members, were associated with subgrouping in some but not all of the teams. Our findings suggest that divisive subgroup dynamics occurred only in teams that also suffered from power contests, suggesting that power contests activate otherwise dormant faultlines. Our findings extend theory on subgroup dynamics in global teams by adding language as a potential faultline dimension, showing how power struggles activated faultlines and were, in turn, reinforced by them and documenting the emotion-regulation processes triggered by subgrouping and enacted through language-related choices and behaviors.
Academy Of Management Journal Editors' Forum On Rich Research

This article describes the main topic covered by the essays in this edition of the “Academy of Management Journal.” The author had recently attended an annual meeting of the academy and had partici...
Reinstatement of binocular depth perception by amphetamine and visual experience after visual cortex ablation

In adult cats with bilateral visual cortex ablation the complete deficit in binocular depth perception, as measured on a visual cliff, was reversed by 4 doses of amphetamine. The amphetamine-induced recovery endured after the amphetamine treatment was discontinued. This enduring recovery of function was not obtained if the animals were housed in the dark during drug intoxication. Therefore, both amphetamine intoxication and visual experience are simultaneously required for recovery of binocular depth perception after visual cortex ablation.
Remifentanil: A truly-short-acting opioid

R EMIFENTANIL (also called GI87084B in its early literature), is an investigational opioid subject to a unique metabolic pathway. The pharmacodynamic profile of remifentanil is similar to that of fentanyl, but it is metabolized by circulating and tissue esterases, and therefore has an extremely short duration of action. It is not a substrate for pseudocholinesterase and persons deficient in the enzyme are not likely to be at risk for a prolonged effect. Remifentanil is one of a group of compounds containing an ester linkage synthesized in an attempt to develop a truly short-acting opioid, and was the one selected for further investigation and clinical development. 1 Several clinical trials using remifentanil in volunteers and in surgical patients have been published, and show the great promise of remifentanil in more closely approaching the "on-off switch" often sought in anesthesia.
LOVASTATIN (L) TREATMENT OF HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA (HC) IN CHILDREN WITH STEROID RESISTANT NEPHROTIC SYNDROME (SRNS). 2210

LOVASTATIN (L) TREATMENT OF HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA (HC) IN CHILDREN WITH STEROID RESISTANT NEPHROTIC SYNDROME (SRNS). 2210
Some of the Problems Related to the Design of Primitive Levered Vehicles1

SUMMARY The primitive levered vehicle, with limited modes of operation, is discussed. It is pointed out that stable modes of operation, which are developed from a knowledge of the requirements of levered locomotion in machines, must be a reality before the successful operation of such a machine is achieved. The problems include the development of an adequate lever system, an actuation system, and a control system which regulates the foot placement and the motion pattern of each lever. If the machine is to be useful it must be capable of maneuvering, of adjustment to terrain irregularities and of recovery from gross motion disturbances. Levered vehicles are classified into automatic and operator monitored machines, the latter being those with complete operator control of all lever motions. The problems include lever design, the foot locus, actuation systems, and lever arrangements. Some design considerations are also considered with respect to two specific types of lever arrangements. A design approach uti...
In Vitro Cultivation of the Hymenoptera Genetic Model, Nasonia

The wasp genus Nasonia is a genetic model with unique advantages for the study of interspecific differences, including haplodiploidy and interfertile species. However, as a parasitoid, Nasonia is confined within a fly host, thus restricting direct observations and manipulation of development over time. Here, we present the first in vitro cultivation method for this system that decouples Nasonia from its host, allowing continuous observations from embryo to adulthood. Using transwell plates and a simple Nasonia rearing medium, we demonstrate a technique that will significantly expand the utility of the Nasonia model.
Evolution and selective reduction of hormonal secretion in the mammotropic pituitary tumor (MtT-F4).

Severe hypertensive vascular disease was produced in 1969 in our laboratory by implantation of the mammotropic tumor MtT-F4, secreting very large amounts of corticotropin, prolactin and growth hormone in Fischer F 344 female rats. The hypertension was caused by adrenal cortical dysfunction with hyperproduction of deoxycorticosterone (DOC), and consequent sodium retention. Ultrastructural changes in the zona fasciculata cells of the adrenal glands were also evident in the tumor-implanted hypertensive rats, thus confirming the impaired adrenal steroidogenesis. The tumor has been maintained in our laboratory by continuous passages from rat to rat or it was being stored frozen for 3 years and then reimplanted. Implants with these new strains of tumor resulted in marked reduction or total loss of its hypertensinogenic ability. In addition to the failure to develop hypertension, the same strains of tumor also showed a reduced secretion of corticotropin, reflected in a smaller increase of the adrenal weight, a smaller reduction of thymic weight and a less marked sodium retention with normal levels of plasma sodium. The less elevated secretion of corticotropin was also indicated by a more normal ultrastructural appearance of the zona fasciculata cells. No alterations in the tumor secretion of growth hormone and prolactin was evident with the continuous passage from rat to rat, at least judging from the effect of the two hormones on their target organs. It is still controversial as to whether a synergistic action of corticotropin, growth hormone and prolactin is necessary in order to cause severe hypertensive vascular disease in the rats implanted with the mammotropic tumor. However, the present experiment has outlined, that among the three hormones secreted, corticotropin definitely plays a major role in the development of such disease.
SH2 Domain-Mediated Activation of Phospholipase Cγ Is Not Required to Initiate Ca2+Release at Fertilization of Mouse Eggs☆

The initiation of Ca2+release at fertilization of mammalian eggs requires inositol trisphosphate (Miyazakiet al.,1992,Science257, 251–255), indicating that an enzyme of the phospholipase C family is probably activated. Because Ca2+release at fertilization in echinoderm eggs is initiated by SH2 domain-mediated activation of phospholipase Cγ (Carrollet al.,1997,J. Cell Biol.138, 1303–1311), we examined the possible role of PLCγ in initiating Ca2+release at fertilization in mouse eggs. Both PLCγ isoforms, PLCγ1 and PLCγ2, are present in mouse eggs and sperm, and stimulation of these enzymes in the egg by way of an exogenously expressed PDGF receptor causes Ca2+release. Recombinant SH2 domains of PLCγ1 and PLCγ2 inhibit PLCγ1 and PLCγ2 activation by the PDGF receptor, completely preventing Ca2+release in response to PDGF when injected at an ≈20- to 40-fold excess over the concentrations of endogenous proteins. However, even at an ≈100- to 400-fold excess over endogenous protein levels, PLCγ1 and PLCγ2 SH2 domains do not inhibit Ca2+release at fertilization. These findings indicate that Ca2+release at fertilization of mouse eggs does not require SH2-domain-mediated activation of PLCγ. However, activation of PLCγ in the egg by an alternative pathway, or introduction of activated PLCγ from the sperm, may be important.
A light microscope study of fibre diameter and sarcomere length relationships in rigor skeletal muscles.

Correlation coefficients between fibre diameter and sarcomere length were significant in relaxed, unfixed muscles in rigor, indicating that fibres with large diameters had short sarcomeres and fibres with small diameters had long sarcomeres. No significant correlations were obtained in muscles from limbs that entered rigor in a folded or stretched position.
Development of Community Water Deficit Index: Drought-Forecasting Tool for Small- to Mid-Size Communities of the Southeastern United States

AbstractThe El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) climate-variability phenomenon greatly affects water availability in the Southeast United States. For example, it is well known that La Nina conditions bring drought to this region. In the past decade, several severe droughts have adversely impacted the water resources of many communities in this region, especially those that rely on surface-water systems. Because small- to mid-size communities are most vulnerable to climate variability, this study was undertaken to develop a climate variability–based community water deficit index (CWDI) for use by water managers in these communities. Although currently available drought indices can be useful tools for monitoring and forecasting purposes, they are not suitable for use in water-supply systems for small- to mid-size communities. The CWDI was conceptualized keeping in mind that it should (1) forecast hydrologic drought, (2) operate at a high spatial resolution, and (3) address both water supply and demand durin...
An efficient table-driven decoder for one-half rate convolutional codes

Error control schemes are becoming increasingly important as the needs increase for very high rates of data transmission over inherently noisy channels (e.g. satellite and spread-spectrum communication). Forward error-correction is one means of improving channel performance, but at high data transmission rates very efficient decoder implementations are required. In this paper, we describe an efficient table-driven decoder for 1/2-rate nonsystematic convolutional codes. Various decoder implementation and performance issues are discussed.
Sex differences in rates of depressive disorder and suicide.

Weissman and Klerman (1977) reported data from a World Health Organization research project which estimated the sex ratio for the incidence of major depressive disorders in 11 countries during the period from 1965 to 1971. These ratios were compared with sex for the suicide rates in those same nations in 1970 from the WHO annual. The nations in the sample were Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, England and Wales, Finland, France, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Sweden, and Switzerland. The Pearson correlation between the two sets of sex ratios was 0.55 (one-tailed p< .05). Thus, nations with a higher proportion of women with depressive disorders also had a hgher proportion of women suicides.
Relationship between total aberrations (RMS) and pupil size in ametropic eyes with the LADARWAVE system

Purpose: To evaluate the relationship between pupil size and total aberrations as represented by the root mean square value (RMS) in ametropic otherwise normal eyes. Method: 22 eyes (11 patients) had wavefront measurements with both undilated and dilated pupils. Total, and spherical aberrations, and coma were recorded using the RMS. Software integrated within the LadarWave system allowed simulation of all of the above aberrations for increments of 0.5mm of pupil dilation. Results: A linear relationship was found in all eyes between pupil diameter and total aberrations as expressed in RMS, with a high coefficient of determination (R 2 ). The mean R 2 ±SD was 0.9515±0.0334 (range: 0.886-0.9835). The slope was variable. Conclusions: This data shows the existence of a direct relationship between pupil diameter and the total amount of higher order aberrations as expressed by RMS. The variable slope needs to be further investigated as it may correlate with symptoms related to the presence of higher order aberrations both in the normal state and postoperatively.
Genetics of Entamoeba histolytica: Differences in Drug Sensitivity between Laredo and other Strains of Entamoeba histolytica*

SYNOPSIS. The “Laredo strain” of Entamoeba histolytica has been reported to have different temperature requirements for growth than the usually known strains of the species, although morphological and antigenic tests have thus far indicated no significant recognizable differences. Further genetic studies show the Laredo strain to exhibit at least four characteristics different from the usual. Also, a freshly isolated strain (BA) was shown to have the same characteristics as those previously reported for some well-known strains.
Initiation of transcription from each of the two human mitochondrial promoters requires unique nucleotides at the transcriptional start sites

Abstract Promoters for transcriptional initiation on each strand of human mtDNA lie in close proximity in the displacement-loop region. Transcription initiates within these promoter elements, providing an opportunity to analyze the effects of nucleotide sequence changes on the efficiency and fidelity of this event within two delimited regions. Each promoter was individually altered by a site-directed mutagenesis approach and assayed in vitro for the ability to support transcription. The data clearly confirm the previous assignment of promoter functions for these elements and show that single nucleotide substitutions immediately upstream of the transcriptional start sites can abolish transcription. In all cases of decreased transcription, the correct site of initiation is maintained. Although the heavy-strand promoter and light-strand promoter are similar in primary sequence, they exhibit remarkably different sensitivities to base substitutions.
Evidence for Electronic Energy Loss Processes Stimulating Solid Phase Epitaxial Regrowth of Spatially Isolated Amorphous Regions in Semiconductor Systems

Solid phase epitaxial regrowth of spatially isolated amorphous regions in Si, Ge and GaP has been stimulated by using an electron beam with energies in the range of 50 to 300 keV. In all materials, the rate at which the amorphous zones disappear decreases as the energy of the electron beam increases from 50 keV reaching a minimum below the threshold displacement voltage before it again increases with increasing electron energy. The experimental results are interpreted in terms of creation and motion of defects (dangling bonds, charged defects) along the amorphous-crystalline interface.
Real-World Contexts, Multiple Representations, Student-Invented Terminology, and Y-Intercept

One classroom using two units from a Standards-based curriculum was the focus of a study designed to examine the effects of real-world contexts, delays in the introduction of formal mathematics terminology, and multiple function representations on student understanding. Students developed their own terminology for y-intercept, which was tightly connected to the meaningfulness and implicit/explicit temporality of the contexts that students investigated as part of their classroom activities. This terminology held great promise for promoting the concept of y-intercept within a multiple representation environment. However, the teacher's interpretation of different activities and his assumptions about the transparency of different representations, as well as students' past experiences left the student-generated terminology and the concept of y-intercept disconnected from one another. This resulted in student-generated terminology that had limited applicability, a fragile understanding of y-intercept within dif...
Synthesis of Cationic Water-Soluble Light-Harvesting Dendrimers

Four generations of phenylenefluorene (1F)- and phenylenebis(fluorene) (2F)-terminated polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers were synthesized by coupling activated esters with commercially available PAMAM precursors. Treatment of Boc-terminated pendant groups on the optically active units with 3 M HCl in dioxane yields cationic water-soluble dendrimers. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments with the cationic dendrimers as the donor and double stranded DNA containing a fluorescein label as the acceptor reveal cooperative optical behavior.
MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA IN HOMOZYGOUS HEMOGLOBIN C DISEASE ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY BY THE FREEZE-ETCHING TECHNIQUE

Erythrocytes from a patient with homozygous hemoglobin C disease were subjected to gradual osmotic dehydration by incubation in hypertonic saline. Serial observations of these cells before and after 4 and 12 hr incubation were carried out by means of interference, Soret absorption, polarization microscopy, and the electron microscope employing the freeze-etching technique. Light microscopic studies showed a progressive contraction of cellular contents into central masses which, after 12 hr dehydration, formed birefringent intracellular hemoglobin crystals in 50–75% of the cells. Electron microscopic study of freeze-etched replicas of these cells at 0, 4, and 12 hr of dehydration reveals progressive aggregation, alignment, and crystallization of hemoglobin molecules. Molecular aggregation found in C-C cells prior to osmotic dehydration was not seen in normal erythrocytes. Aggregation and packing varied from cell to cell. Reticulocytes showed a loosely packed aggregate mesh-work; older cells showed variation of molecular packing, which appeared tightest in cells corresponding to microspherocytes. With further loss of intracellular water, aggregates coalesced into patterns of tighter molecular packing with small regions of alignment, and, finally, crystallization occurred. Hemoglobin molecules measuring 70 A in diameter were readily identified within the period patterns of intracellular crystals. These findings suggest that the hemoglobin C molecules within C-C erythrocytes exist in an aggregated state. As the cell ages, intracellular water is lost and intermolecular distance decreases, hemoglobin C molecules polymerize into intracellular crystals. This pathological behavior of hemoglobin C is associated with a charge alteration conferred by the substitution of beta-6-lysine for glutamic acid on the external surface in the A-helix region of the beta-chain of the molecule, possibly increasing intermolecular attraction. Molecular aggregation accounts for the increased rigidity of C-C cells which leads to accelerated membrane and water loss with resultant microspherocyte formation. The microspherocyte, with highest intracellular hemoglobin concentration, rapidly undergoes intracellular crystallization, and is sequestered and destroyed by reticuloendothelial elements.
Characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strains recovered from the bowel of infected individuals

HIV-1 isolates were recovered from biopsy tissues from the small bowel, colon, and rectum of 10 infected individuals with severe diarrhea. In general, the bowel strains grew well in primary macrophage and lymphocyte cultures, not in T or B cell lines. They induced cytopathic effects such as syncytia formation and cell killing in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and were usually sensitive to serum neutralization. Several of these isolates were able to infect bowel epithelial cell lines, but this characteristic was also observed with blood-derived strains. Differences could be identified in 3 of 6 cases of paired bowel and blood isolates from the same individual. When compared to blood-derived isolates, the bowel strains exhibited a relative inability to grow in established cell lines, a reduced ability to induce cytopathology in infected cells, and a greater sensitivity to serum neutralization. Thus, although distinct characteristics of bowel-derived HIV-1 strains were not found, certain biological and serological properties might differentiate these viruses from those isolated from other tissues.
Design, implementation, and evaluation of an approach for determining when programmers are having difficulty

Previous research has motivated the idea of automatically determining when programmers are having difficulty, provided an initial algorithm (unimplemented in an actual system), and performed a small student-based evaluation to justify the viability of this concept. We have taken the next step in this line of research by designing and developing two-different systems that incorporate variations of the algorithm, implementing a tool that allows independent observers to code recorded sessions, and performing studies involving both student and industrial programmers. Our work shows that (a) it is possible to develop an efficient and reusable architecture for predicting programmer status, (b) the previous technique can be improved through aggregation of predicted status, (c) the improved technique correlates more with programmers' perception of whether they are stuck than that of observers manually watching the programmers, (d) the observers are quicker than the developers to conclude that programmers are stuck, (e) with appropriate training, the tool can be used to predict even the observers' perceptions, and (f) a group training model offers more accuracy than an individual one when the training and test exercises are the same and carried over a small time frame.
Composite Functional Genetic and Comedication CYP2D6 Activity Score in Predicting Tamoxifen Drug Exposure Among Breast Cancer Patients

Accurate assessment of CYP2D6 phenotypes from genotype is inadequate in patients taking CYP2D6 substrate together with CYP2D6 inhibitors. A novel CYP2D6 scoring system is proposed that incorporates the impact of concomitant medications with the genotype in calculating the CYP2D6 activity score. Training (n = 159) and validation (n = 81) data sets were obtained from a prospective cohort tamoxifen pharmacogenetics registry. Two inhibitor factors were defined: 1 genotype independent and 1 genotype based. Three CYP2D6 gene scoring systems, and their combination with the inhibitor factors, were compared. These 3 scores were based on Zineh, Zanger, and Gaedigk's approaches. Endoxifen/NDM-Tam plasma ratio was used as the phenotype. The overall performance of the 3 gene scoring systems without consideration of CYP2D6-inhibiting medications in predicting CYP2D6 phenotype was poor in both the training set (R(2) = 0.24, 0.22, and 0.18) and the validation set (R(2) = 0.30, 0.24, and 0.15). Once the CYP2D6 genotype-independent inhibitor factor was integrated into the score calculation, the R(2) values in the training and validation data sets were nearly twice as high as the genotype-only scoring model: (0.44, 0.43, 0.38) and (0.53, 0.50, 0.41), respectively. The integration of the inhibitory effect of concomitant medications with the CYP2D6 genotype into the composite CYP2D6 activity score doubled the ability to predict the CYP2D6 phenotype. However, endoxifen phenotypes still varied substantially, even with incorporation of CYD2D6 genotype and inhibiting factors, suggesting that other, as yet unidentified factors must be involved in tamoxifen activation.
Drop size distribution and holdup profiles in a multistage extraction column

A population-balance-equation model is employed for the analysis of liquid-liquid extraction columns. This model considers drop breakage, coalescence, and exit phenomena for the drop phase caused by drop-drop and drop-continuous phase interactions. Drop breakage and coalescence rates are employed from a previous study on liquid dispersions in stirred-tank contactors. A drop exit frequency is developed based on a stochastic modeling approach. The model is tested by drop size distribution and dispersed-phases volume fraction (holdup) data obtained for a multistage column contactor of pilot-plant scale. Steady-state drop size distribution and transient holdup measurements are obtained by a photomicrographic technique and an ultrasonic technique, respectively. The model can predict flooding of the column. The effect of mass transfer on the hydrodynamic parameters of the contactor is also examined. The population-balance-equation model can be used for the control of extraction columns and can be extended to include mass-transfer calculations for the prediction of extraction efficiency.
The not-so innocent bystander: the microenvironment as a therapeutic target in cancer

The microenvironment in which cancer arises is often regarded as a bystander to the clonal expansion and acquisition of malignant characteristics of the tumour. However, a major function of the microenvironment is to suppress cancer, and its disruption is required for the establishment of cancer. In addition, tumour cells can further distort the microenvironment to promote growth, recruit non-malignant cells that provide physiological resources, and facilitate invasion. In this review, the authors discuss the contribution of the microenvironment, i.e., the stroma and its resident vasculature, inflammatory cells, growth factors and the extracellular matrix (ECM), in the development of cancer, and focus on two components as potential therapeutic targets in breast cancer. First, the ECM, which imparts crucial signalling via integrins and other receptors, is a first-line barrier to invasion, modulates aggressive behaviour and may be manipulated to provide novel impediments to tumour growth. Second, the authors discuss the involvement of TGF-beta1 as an example of one of many growth factors that can regulate ECM composition and degradation and that play complex roles in cancer. Compared to the variable routes taken by cells to become cancers, the response of tissues to cancer is relatively consistent. Therefore, controlling and eliminating cancer may be more readily achieved indirectly via the tissue microenvironment.
A randomized controlled trial of intravenous aminophylline for atropine-resistant out-of-hospital asystolic cardiac arrest.

Objectives Myocardial ischemia, during cardiopulmonary arrest, can lead to atropine-resistant bradyasystole from interstitial accumulation of endogenous adenosine. Aminophylline is a nonspecific adenosine receptor antagonist capable of reversing ischemia-induced bradyasystole in a variety of settings. The hypothesis of this study was that aminophylline improves the rate of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) in atropine-resistant asystolic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest when used early in the resuscitation effort. Methods This was a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial set in an urban emergency medical services system serving a population of 250,000. All non-pregnant, normothermic adults suffering nontraumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (February 1999 to August 2000) with asystole were eligible. Patients remaining in asystole after initial doses of epinephrine and atropine received either aminophylline 250 mg or matching placebo as a bolus injection through a peripheral intravenous line. All other aspects of the attempted resuscitation proceeded in accordance with standard Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) guidelines. A sample size of 102 patients was calculated to yield a power of 80% to show an absolute improvement of 25% in ROSC. The aminophylline and control groups were compared by calculating 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) and the data were modeled using logistic regression. Results The investigators enrolled 112 consecutive patients. One subject was dropped prior to analysis because of missing data. Data for 111 patients were analyzed on an intention-to-treat basis. Baseline characteristics were similar for the two groups. Comparing the control and aminophylline groups, ROSC was achieved in 15.6% (95% CI = 6% to 29%) and 22.7% (95% CI = 13% to 35%), while reversal of asystole occurred in 26.7% (95% CI = 15% to 42%) and 40.9% (95% CI = 29% to 54%), respectively. Group allocation had an odds ratio of 1.8 (95% CI = 0.6 to 5.3) for ROSC. Witnessed arrest was an independent predictor of outcome with an odds ratio of 3.8 (95% CI = 1.3 to 11.2). Conclusions Addition of aminophylline appears to be a promising new intervention in the ACLS treatment of atropine-resistant asystolic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.
Research on Torque Production of a New Magnetic Gear

Gear is essential in modern powertrain. While the overwhelming majority of existing gear's power transmission is relying on direct contact of the engagement mechanically, this paper is the study of a novel non-contact magnetic gear. The new structure is especially useful for the requirement of big gear ratio because of its high load ability. Such gear, with high research value, has many advantages over mechanical gears and may replace mechanical gears in many applications. Torque is so basic at factors such as mechanical work, energy consumption, efficiency, operating life and safety. For the basic mechanical components to transmit motion and power----- gears, the torque measurement and analysis seems of great significance in determination and control of load, working parts' intensity design and material selection. Torque analysis is a method which researchers could benefit from much, in order to clarify the practicality of this new gear, it is necessary to utilize theory of torque and the conclusions drawn from simulation to research the structure of this new gear situation. The study can clarify prospect of the gear and provide a theoretical basis for further design.
Realizing high IPC through a scalable memory-latency tolerant multipath microarchitecture

A microarchitecture is described that achieves high performance on conventional single-threaded program codes without compiler assistance. To obtain high instructions per clock (IPC) for inherently sequential (e.g., SpecInt-2000 programs), a large number of instructions must be in flight simultaneously. However, several problems are associated with such microarchitectures, including scalability, issues related to control flow, and memory latency.Our design investigates how to utilize a large mesh of processing elements in order to execute a singlethreaded program. We present a basic overview of our microarchitecture and discuss how it addresses scalability as we attempt to execute many instructions in parallel. The microarchitecture makes use of control and value speculative execution, multipath execution, and a high degree of out-of-order execution to help extract instruction level parallelism. Execution-time predication and time-tags for operands are used for maintaining program order. We provide simulation results for several geometries of our microarchitecture illustrating a range of design tradeoffs. Results are also presented that show the small performance impact over a range of memory system latencies.
Local solvability of overdetermined systems defined by commuting first-order differential operators

On demontre comment des theoremes de Duistermaat-Hormander sur la propagation des singularites peuvent etre utilises pour construire des solutions locales lisses pour une classe de systemes surdetermines lineaires d'ordre 1 d'equations aux derivees partielles
International intellectual property rights protection and the rate of product innovation

Abstract Using a dynamic general equilibrium model of the international product cycle we found that the effects of strengthening intellectual property rights protection (IPP) in South depend cricially on the channel of production transfer from North to South. Stronger IPP in South increases the rate of product innovation, production transfer and Southern relative wage if foreign direct investment is the channel of production transfer, but has opposite effects if production is transferred through imitation. Stronger IPP can be more broadly interpreted as any incentive given by South to encourage Northern FDI.
Adolescents' Perceptions of Health Concerns: An Exploratory Study among Rural Midwestern Youth

This exploratory investigation examined health concerns of adolescents and their perceptions of their peers' health concerns. Data were collected from a convenient sample of 419 high school students in rural southern Illinois in May 1990, using the Adolescent Health Concerns Inventory (AHCI). The AHCI contains 150 health-related items, grouped into 12 topical subscales. Analysis of the 150 items found statistically significant differences for all but 2 items: use of alcohol and acne. Analysis of the 12 subscales found that students believed other teenagers were concerned more about issues related to substance use and abuse, human sexuality, and personal health than about the issues they reported as concerns for themselves or their best friends. These findings indicate what health issues students are personally concerned about. They also suggest that students believe their personal health concerns differ from the health concerns of their best friends and other teenagers.
Targeted Muscle Reinnervation in the Upper Extremity Amputee: A Technical Roadmap

Targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) offers the potential for improved prosthetic function by reclaiming the neural control information that is lost as a result of upper extremity amputation. In addition to the prosthetic control benefits, TMR is a potential treatment for postamputation neuroma pain. Here, we present our surgical technique for TMR nerve transfers in transhumeral and shoulder disarticulation patients.
Banding in spherulites : two recurring topics

Two topics relating to banded polymer spherulites are discussed thoroughly and brought up to date. They are: (a) origins of secondary effects of rhythmic character in thin films and (b) generation of isochiral dislocations and torsions in twisted lamellae. Physical principles of broad applicability are also emphasized.
"Why some and not others?" the determinants of the quality and prestige of public graduate research universities

We offer the first systematic assessment of the factors thought to account for the quality and prestige of public research universities in the United States. We take account, too, of those potentia...
Combinational automatic test pattern generation for acyclic sequential circuits

It is known that the complexity of automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) for acyclic sequential circuits is similar to that of combinational ATPG. The general problem, however, requires time-frame expansion and multiple-fault detection and hence does not allow the use of available combinational ATPG programs. The first contribution of this work is a combinational single-fault ATPG method for the most general class of acyclic sequential circuits. Without inserting any real hardware, we create a functionally equivalent "balanced" ATPG model of the circuit in which all reconverging paths have the same sequential depth. Some primary inputs and gates are duplicated in this model, which is converted into a combinational circuit by shorting all flip-flops. A test vector obtained by a combinational ATPG program for a fault in this combinational circuit is transformed into a test sequence to detect a corresponding fault in the original sequential circuit. A combinational ATPG program finds tests for all but a small set of faults that must be explicitly detected as multiple-faults. Those are modeled for ATPG using the second contribution of this work, which is a generalized method to model any given multiple stuck-at fault as a single stuck-at fault. The procedure requires insertion of at most n+3 modeling gates for a fault of multiplicity n. We show that the modeled circuit is functionally equivalent to the original circuit and the targeted multiple fault is equivalent to the modeled single stuck-at fault. Benchmark results show at least an order of magnitude saving in the ATPG CPU time by the new combinational method over sequential ATPG.
Immunohistochemical study of murine middle ear and Eustachian tube.

The localization of the immunocompetent cells and secretory component (SC) of the middle ear and Eustachian tube (ET) was investigated in healthy, non-immunized BALB/c mice, using immunohistochemical methods. Utilizing specific antisera against murine cell associated antigens and SC, we investigated the distribution of macrophages and granulocytes (Mac-1+ cells), helper T cells (Lyt-1+ cells), suppressor/cytotoxic T cells (Lyt-2+ cells), immunoglobulin-bearing cells (IgA, IgG, IgM) and SC in the middle ear and ET. Mac-1+ cells were found to be the most predominant cell type, followed in descending order by Lyt-1+ cells, IgA+ cells, Lyt-2+ cells, IgG+ cells and IgM+ cells. Lyt-1+ cells were found in the lamina propria, whereas Lyt-2+ cells were detectable in the epithelium of the ET. SC was seen predominantly within the tubal and glandular epithelial cells. These findings suggest that the distribution of the immunocompetent cells and SC in the ET is similar to that seen in secretory immune sites elsewhere ...
Convergence rates to traveling waves for viscous conservation laws with dispersion

Abstract In this paper we investigate the time decay rates of perturbations of the traveling waves for viscous conservation laws with dispersion. The convergence rates in time to traveling waves are obtained when the initial data have different asymptotic limits at the far fields ±∞. This improves previous results on decay rates.
Free-Form Simulation of Sequential Etching and Surface Characterization for 3-D MEMS Fabrication

A new diffusion-based simulation model of isotropic wet etching and free-form surface characterization method for 3-D free-form microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) fabrication is presented in this paper. To simulate the etching process, a diffusion-based model solved by the finite-element method (FEM) has been developed, allowing extraction of more accurate etch-front data at discrete time steps. In the developed method, free-form MEMS objects are modeled as B-spline functions with material concentration. Finite elements are generated by discretization in the parametric domain of the free-form object and mapping back to the Euclidean space. Points on the etch front are extracted using a Z-map method. The extracted point data are characterized to obtain a B-spline representation of the etch-front surface. Examples from the isotropic etching simulation of 2-D and 3-D objects with both regular and free-form geometry are presented. The developed method allows the simulation of 3-D objects with free-form input and free-form mask opening and facilitates the simulation of sequential etching of free-form objects with irregular mask openings. This paper also discusses applications of the developed method in MEMS process planning that can be realized by taking advantage of the better control of geometry that it provides in MEMS fabrication.
Framework to Support the Representations of Semantic Mappings for a Hybrid Integration Strategy

To provide an integrated information system for decision support, many previous studies focused on a strategy of sharing a common semantic model among heterogeneous data sources. Such a strategy has many advantages; however, it works only when it is possible for the heterogeneous data sources to share a common semantic model. For collaborating systems that cannot assume a prior knowledge of heterogeneity among them, a different strategy is needed. This paper, discussing a hybrid integration strategy and its applications to the architecture-engineering-construction industry, is focused on the development of a framework of semantic mappings so that high-level applications can use the mappings for data retrieval and processing. Based on a case study of integrating schedule and cost information, a prototype is developed to demonstrate the use of the framework, as well as to test the framework. Limitations and future studies are also discussed.
“A Speedy Release to Our Suffering Captive Brethren in Algiers”: Captives, Debate, and Public Opinion in the Early American Republic

Following American independence in 1783, Algerian corsairs emerged as one of the greatest threats to Americans' liberty abroad. With the capture of the merchant ships the Maria and the Dauphin in 1...
Incarceration and the Formation and Stability of Marital Unions

Rising imprisonment rates and declining marriage rates among low-education African Americans motivate an analysis of the effects of incarceration on marriage. An event history analysis of 2,041 unmarried men from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth suggests that men are unlikely to marry in the years they serve in prison. A separate analysis of 2,762 married men shows that incarceration during marriage significantly increases the risk of divorce or separation. We simulate aggregate marriage rates using estimates from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and find that the prevalence of marriage would change little if incarceration rates were reduced.
Activation of the amygdala and anterior cingulate during nonconscious processing of sad versus happy faces

Abstract Previous functional neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that the amygdala activates in response to fearful faces presented below the threshold of conscious visual perception. Using a backward masking procedure similar to that of previous studies, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study the amygdala and anterior cingulate gyrus during preattentive presentations of sad and happy facial affect. Twelve healthy adult females underwent blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) fMRI while viewing sad and happy faces, each presented for 20 ms and “masked” immediately by a neutral face for 100 ms. Masked happy faces were associated with significant bilateral activation within the anterior cingulate gyrus and amygdala, whereas masked sadness yielded only limited activation within the left anterior cingulate gyrus. In a direct comparison, masked happy faces yielded significantly greater activation in the anterior cingulate and amygdala relative to identically masked sad faces. Conjunction analysis showed that masked affect perception, regardless of emotional valence, was associated with greater activation within the left amygdala and left anterior cingulate. Findings suggest that the amygdala and anterior cingulate are important components of a network involved in detecting and discriminating affective information presented below the normal threshold of conscious visual perception.
Evaluation of Phytoremediation for Field-Scale Degradation of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons

Laboratory studies have shown phytoremediation to be a feasible method for remediating surface soils contaminated with organic compounds. Evaluation of this technology in the field is difficult because of the inherent spatial heterogeneity in the hydraulic and chemical properties of the soil. In this study, total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) degradation was monitored in a field site with three vegetative treatment plots, and one control plot undergoing natural attenuation. Within each treatment, TPH concentrations were monitored at 20 locations over time to study the phytoremediation potential of the different vegetative treatments. For comparing the performance of these treatments in a quantitative manner, first-order kinetics were assumed to be applicable at the local scale. The degradation rates and the initial contaminant concentrations were treated as spatially correlated random fields. Field-scale behavior was evaluated based on temporal variations of the means and variances of concentrations. Our results indicate the importance of spatial variability for an accurate assessment of phytoremediation in the field. From the degradation rate constants and mean reduction in TPH, rye grass and St. Augustine grass appear to be superior to sorghum and the unvegetated control in reducing contaminant concentrations in the field.
Sound localization and sensitivity to interaural time differences in human infants.

The role of interaural time differences in infants' sound localization was investigated. One experiment on free-field sound localization corroborated previous findings that the minimum audible angle changes substantially toward the end of the first half year after birth, and 3 experiments explored interaural time discrimination in that age range. The first of these 3 experiments used an adaptive psychophysical procedure, showing that infants responded appropriately in a sound lateralization task that provides a direct measure of interaural time discrimination. The other 2 experiments improved on the psychophysical procedure by taking into account the ceiling level on performance in the task. Infants aged 16, 20, and 28 weeks had thresholds in the range of 50 to 75 microsec, with no apparent age difference. These thresholds were much lower than would be predicted from studies of free-field sound localization, indicating that sensitivity to interaural time differences is not a limiting factor for the precision of sound localization in this age range. Instead, age-related changes in free-field sound localization may reflect the need to intergrate across different localization cues and to calibrate the changing values of cues due to head growth.
Dynamic Coupled Fluid-Structure Interaction Analysis of Flexible Floating Platforms

The paper presents the dynamic response analysis of a flexible floating platform subjected to water transmitted, amplified earthquake accelerations input at its base. The finite element method is used for formulating the unsymmetric, coupled dynamic equations of equilibrium of the fluid-structure continuum. The boundary conditions include the free surface wave and radiation damping. The amplification of the earthquake through the water medium is studied using a linear system of lumped masses, springs, and dashpots. A new procedure is demonstrated to solve the coupled, unsymmetric equations using a specially developed computer program FLUSIN. Depending on the water depth, it is estimated that the vertical accelerations transmitted to the bottom of the floating structure may be amplified considerably. Cavitation is a possibility for greater depths and higher accelerations. Two numerical illustrations are presented—a floating nuclear plant and a liquid petroleum gas storage facility subjected to amplitude earthquake accelerations. The results compare well with those obtained by other investigators using approximate techniques. The procedure can be applied to floating exploration/production-storage/transportation platforms and pipelaying barges subjected to water transmitted earthquake forces. The formulation is easily adaptable to any fluid-structure system as well as for other kinds of dynamic excitation. With the increased focusing of attention to compliant-type tension-legged platforms and semisubmersibles for production/drilling and LPG storage platforms, the project is of considerable significance. The work is a forerunner for much needed experimental investigation, particularly with respect to cavitation. Also, the findings would have considerable spin-off effects to OTEC concepts.