cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stanford I2V: a news video dataset for query-by-image experiments

Reproducible research in the area of visual search depends on the availability of large annotated datasets. In this paper, we address the problem of querying a video database by images that might share some contents with one or more video clips. We present a new large dataset, called Stanford I2V. We have collected more than 3; 800 hours of newscast videos and annotated more than 200 ground-truth queries. In the following, the dataset is described in detail, the collection methodology is outlined and retrieval performance for a benchmark algorithm is presented. These results may serve as a baseline for future research and provide an example of the intended use of the Stanford I2V dataset. The dataset can be downloaded at http://purl.stanford.edu/zx935qw7203.
Membrane potential and sodium flux in neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid cells: Effects of amiloride and serum

The Na+ uptake into neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cells was measured in Hepes-buffered EMEM containing 10% calf serum and 5 mM ouabain in the presence and absence of amiloride (1.0 mM). Amiloride was found to markedly inhibit net Na+ influx (by approximately 50%). Examination of the effect of amiloride on net Na+ influx in the absence of calf serum revealed that a significant amiloride-sensitive Na+ influx remains even under serum-deprived conditions, although the degree of amiloride inhibition (35%) is substantially lower than that found in the presence of serum. The amiloride-insensitive portion of Na+ influx was found to be independent of serum effects. Estimation of resting membrane potential was made by measurement of the steady state distribution of the lipophilic cation, TPP+, in the presence and absence of amiloride. A large, immediate increase in TPP+ uptake, indicative of a membrane hyperpolarization, was seen upon addition of amiloride. Determination of the effect of amiloride on resting membrane potential of serum-deprived cells showed that cells are hyperpolarized to a greater extent in the presence than in the absence of amiloride, and that serum exerts a depolarizing effect on the cells. Thus, serum-stimulation of Na+ influx results in a depolarization of resting membrane potential, while amiloride inhibition of Na+ influx causes a hyperpolarization. These data strongly suggest that NG108-15 cells possess an electrogenic Na+ influx pathway that is sensitive to amiloride inhibition and enhanced by serum.
Transitions to turbulence in helium gas

Experimental study in gaseous helium at low temperature (4 K) of thermal convection up to a Rayleigh number $R={10}^{11}$. Three regimes are observed, a chaotic state up to $R=2.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{5}$, a soft-turbulence state up to $R=4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{7}$, and then a hard-turbulence state. We associate those three regimes to the boundary-layer formation and dynamics.
Microleakage between Glass‐lonomer Cement and Composite Resins

This study investigated the microleakage between glass-ionomer cement and Silux or Herculite with and without Scotchbond 2. Cavities were prepared in polymerized composite resin samples and "restored" with a glass ionomer cement with and without Scotchbond 2. The samples were thermocycled and immersed in 0.05% crystal violet solution for 2 hours, then embedded in clear casting resin, sectioned, and examined with an optical microscope. The results indicated that a high degree of dye penetration was found in samples of GC and Silux, and GC and Herculite without Scotchbond 2. The use of Scotchbond 2 significantly reduced the degree of dye penetration, but did not completely eliminate dye penetration.
Dielectrophoretic Microfluidic Switching for Lab on a Chip Applications

Dielectrophoresis switching with vertical microelectrodes in the side wall of microchannel have been designed, fabricated and tested. A set of interdigitated electrodes in the side wall of the microchannels is used for the generation of non-uniform electrical field to introduce DEP force to repel or attract beads/cells to the sidewalls. A countering DEP force is generated from another set of electrodes patterning on the opposing side walls. These DEP forces can be adjusted by the voltage and frequency applied. By manipulating the coupled DEP forces, the particles flowing through the microchannel can be positioned at different equilibrium points along the width direction and continue to flow into different outlets. The objects of interest can be switched to desired channel outlets in the flow with no need of any moving parts and the down-stream channel can be more than three outlets. Experimental results for switching cells to two outlets and polystyrene microbeads to five outlets have been achieved. The effect of the geometry and flow rate on the performance of the switching was studied and an analytical solution for the optimal design and operation of DEP electrode arrays has been derived from the proposed model.
Possibility of direct observation of quantum jumps

In a single-atom double-resonance experiment involving a strong and a weak transition, quantum jumps on the weak transition cause the fluorescence of the strong transition to turn on and off abruptly. The fluorescence is off when the weak transition is excited and on when it is not. Thus quantum jumps on the weak transition can be directly monitored by observation of the random telegraph signal radiated by the strong transition. We present here a simple theory of this effect for the case of incoherent excitation.
Physiology and anatomy of single olivocochlear neurons in the cat.

A surgical approach to the cat's VIIIth nerve has been developed which allows recordings to be made from efferent fibers of the olivocochlear bundle (OCB) as well as primary afferent fibers, without compromising the acoustic responsiveness of either ear. The designation of OCB fibers as those with regular interspike intervals was confirmed in five cases by intracellular labeling with horseradish peroxidase. Labeled fibers could be traced centrally to somata in the superior olivary complex and peripherally to large endings on outer hair cells. The locations of the labeled neurons are consistent with a classification as cells of the medial olivocochlear system [Warr and Guinan (1979): Brain Res. 173, 152–155]. Within the cochlea, efferent neurons branched profusely to innervate as many as 84 outer hair cells over as much as 2.8 mm of the organ of Corti. Efferent units had tuning curves which were similar to those of primary afferents, although most were somewhat more broadly-tuned than afferents from the same animal. The cochlear region innervated by an efferent neuron was always close to the place where afferent fibers of the same characteristic frequency (CF) would be found. Most efferents (89%) were excited by only one ear and showed no spontaneous activity. Neurons with an ipsilateral response (n = 3) had cell bodies in the contralateral brainstem and vice versa (n = 2). Binaural units (none of which were labeled) often had spontaneous discharge and were generally restricted to low-CF regions. Differences between low- and high-CF units, which cut across the monaural/binaural distinction, were seen in the dynamic range and minimum latency. Interanimal differences seen in the responses of the efferent neurons may be related to differences in the level of anesthesia.
Substrate-Deposition-Teiimperatijre Dependence of Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy in (Fe/Pt) Compositionally-Modulated Films

A systematic study on magnetic properties of (Fc/Pt) compositionally-modulated films as a function of substrate-deposition-temperature has been carried out. For films with (2.5AFe/18APt)×40, the intrinsic perpendicular magnetic anisotropy Ku is found to increase with decreasing temperature for all the sarmples deposited at temperatures from -114 °C to 220°C during deposition. The higher the substrate-deposition-temperature, the larger the Ku values become. This result implies a possible contribution from the magne to-elastic effect to the total anisotropy. However, a major part responsible for the perpendicular anisotropy may be found in other mechanisms. The saturation magnetization is found to exceed the value for pure Fe at temperatures lower than 180K.
Frequency quorum rendezvous for fast and resilient key establishment under jamming attack

This paper proposes a novel Frequency Quorum Rendezvous (FQR) scheme for fast and resilient pre-key establishment in anti-jamming spread spectrum techniques. While nodes hop over own frequencies during the key establishment phase, using a quorum system improves their rendezvous probability and reduces time latency.
Assessing Patients with Possible Heart Disease Using Scores

Multivariable analysis of clinical and exercise test data has the potential to become a useful tool for assisting in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease, assessing prognosis, and reducing the cost of evaluating patients with suspected coronary disease. Since general practitioners are functioning as gatekeepers and decide which patients must be referred to the cardiologist, they need to use the basic tools they have available (i.e. history, physical examination and the exercise test), in an optimal fashion. Scores derived from multivariable statistical techniques considering clinical and exercise data have demonstrated superior discriminating power compared with simple classification of the ST response. In addition, by stratifying patients as to probability of disease and prognosis, they provide a management strategy. While computers, as part of information management systems, can run complicated equations and derive these scores, physicians are reluctant to trust them. Thus, these scores have been represented as nomograms or simple additive tables so physicians are comfortable with their application. Their results have also been compared with physician judgment and found to estimate the presence of coronary disease and prognosis as well as expert cardiologists and often better than nonspecialists. However, the discriminating power of specific variables from the medical history and exercise test remains unclear because of inadequate study design and differences in study populations. Should expired gases be substituted for estimated metabolic equivalents (METs)? Should ST/heart rate (HR) index be used instead of putting these measurements separately into the models? Should right-sided chest leads and HR in recovery be considered? There is a need for further evaluation of these routinely obtained variables to improve the accuracy of prediction algorithms especially in women. The portability and reliability of these equations must be demonstrated since access to specialised care must be safeguarded. Hopefully, sequential assessment of the clinical and exercise test data and application of the newer generation of multivariable equations can empower the clinician to assure the cardiac patient access to appropriate and cost-effective cardiological care.
Conformer selection and induced fit in flexible backbone protein-protein docking using computational and NMR ensembles

Accommodating backbone flexibility continues to be the most difficult challenge in computational docking of protein-protein complexes. Towards that end, we simulate four distinct biophysical models of protein binding in RosettaDock, a multiscale Monte-Carlo-based algorithm that uses a quasi-kinetic search process to emulate the diffusional encounter of two proteins and to identify low-energy complexes. The four binding models are as follows: (1) key-lock (KL) model, using rigid-backbone docking; (2) conformer selection (CS) model, using a novel ensemble docking algorithm; (3) induced fit (IF) model, using energy-gradient-based backbone minimization; and (4) combined conformer selection/induced fit (CS/IF) model. Backbone flexibility was limited to the smaller partner of the complex, structural ensembles were generated using Rosetta refinement methods, and docking consisted of local perturbations around the complexed conformation using unbound component crystal structures for a set of 21 target complexes. The lowest-energy structure contained >30% of the native residue-residue contacts for 9, 13, 13, and 14 targets for KL, CS, IF, and CS/IF docking, respectively. When applied to 15 targets using nuclear magnetic resonance ensembles of the smaller protein, the lowest-energy structure recovered at least 30% native residue contacts in 3, 8, 4, and 8 targets for KL, CS, IF, and CS/IF docking, respectively. CS/IF docking of the nuclear magnetic resonance ensemble performed equally well or better than KL docking with the unbound crystal structure in 10 of 15 cases. The marked success of CS and CS/IF docking shows that ensemble docking can be a versatile and effective method for accommodating conformational plasticity in docking and serves as a demonstration for the CS theory--that binding-competent conformers exist in the unbound ensemble and can be selected based on their favorable binding energies.
The economic consequences of an international water market in the Paso del Norte region

This research estimates the economic benefit of a water market within the Rio Grande Project (Project). Currently, water is released from Elephant Butte Dam for the purpose of agricultural production. Cities including Ciudad Juarez obtain municipal water from groundwater sources. Ciudad Juarez and El Paso are significantly depleting the underlying Hueco Bolsom and will need to find more expensive external sources of water if the Project water remains unavailable. This research constructed a large optimization model of water users in the Rio Grande Project. For agriculture, multiple water irrigation activities including deficit and trickle irrigation were defined. For municipalities, desalination, groundwater recharge and import of distant groundwater activities were also defined. The model incorporates concepts of consumptive and priority water rights. The net income from water use in agriculture (net income remaining after payment to other factors) and willingness to pay based on urban demand formed the objective function. Environmental benefits of water allocated to riparian restoration are considered in an additional scenario. The model simulates allocation and net benefits of water use that would occur with exchange of consumptive use water rights assuming trade is free of transaction costs. An international water market would have substantial benefits in aggregate to water users in the Project. In particular, the City of El Paso and Ciudad Juarez would have present value benefits of $490 million dollars. The water market would not kill off agriculture. By 2043, there would still be very active production in the Mesilla Valley. Net income to farmers in both Elephant Butte Irrigation District and El Paso Water Conservation District #1 would increase between 200% and 250% respectively from current levels when water sales are factored into net income. Under full trade, restoration of the riparian Bosque cottonwoods along the river banks (4,000 acres) is economically viable.
Functional differences between keratins of stratified and simple epithelia

Dividing populations of stratified and simple epithelial tissues express keratins 5 and 14, and keratins 8 and 18, respectively. It has been suggested that these keratins form a mechanical framework important to cellular integrity, since their absence gives rise to a blistering skin disorder in neonatal epidermis, and hemorrhaging within the embryonic liver. An unresolved fundamental issue is whether different keratins perform unique functions in epithelia. We now address this question using transgenic technology to express a K16-14 hybrid epidermal keratin transgene and a K18 simple epithelial keratin transgene in the epidermis of mice null for K14. Under conditions where the hybrid epidermal keratin restored a wild-type phenotype to newborn epidermis, K18 partially but not fully rescued. The explanation does not appear to reside in an inability of K18 to form 10-nm filaments with K5, which it does in vitro and in vivo. Rather, it appears that the keratin network formed between K5 and K18 is deficient in withstanding mechanical stress, leading to perturbations in the keratin network in regions of the skin that are subjected either to natural or to mechanically induced trauma. Taken together, these findings suggest that the loss of a type I epidermal keratin cannot be fully compensated by its counterpart of simple epithelial cells, and that in vivo, all keratins are not equivalent.
Misanthropic Memory for the Behavior of Group Members

The research reported here examined whether misanthropic memory occurs for groups, that is, whether people best remember negative behaviors of group members that have been dispositionally attributed and positive behaviors that have been situationally attributed. Experiment 1 established a baseline, showing that behaviors that were not associated with attributions displayed an incongruity effect in which behaviors incongruent with prior expectancies were better recalled than were behaviors congruent with prior expectancies. In Experiment 2, attributions were associated with the behaviors used in Experiment 1, resulting in an attenuation of the incongruity effect and the emergence of a strong misanthropy effect. Experiment 3 indicated that misanthropic memory is only found for outgroups and not for ingroups. The implications of the findings for intergroup perception were discussed.
The IκB kinase (IKK) complex as a critical regulator of immune responses

Abstract The IκB kinase (IKK) is a tripartite signaling complex composed of two catalytic (protein kinase) subunits, IKKα and IKKβ, and a regulatory subunit, IKKγ (a.k.a. NEMO). The major function of IKK is to connect pro-inflammatory stimuli and signals generated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to the activation of transcription factor NF-κB. This function is mainly dependent on the IKKβ catalytic subunit, whose activation requires the ubiquitination of IKKγ. IKKβ is the major kinase that leads to phosphorylation-induced degradation of IκBs, the inhibitors of NF-κB, and the consequent translocation of NF-κB dimers, containing RelA or c-Rel as activating subunits, to the nucleus. This results in induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, inhibitors of apoptosis, and other molecules required for a successful innate immune response. The function of IKKα in this pathway has been puzzling, but we recently found that IKKα serves an anti-inflammatory function by phosphorylating RelA and c-Rel at sites that accelerate their nuclear turnover. This seems to occur concomitantly with IκB phosphorylation by IKKβ. Thus, the IKK complex is responsible both for the onset of NF-κB activation and for the proper termination of this response. Another function unique for IKKα, which occurs independently of IKKβ and IKKγ, is the phosphorylation and processing of the NF-κB2/p100 protein, leading to specific activation of p52:RelB dimers. This response is critical for coupling innate immunity to certain adaptive responses involving B cells.
Low-angle light scattering and the molecular weight of deoxyribonucleic acid.

IT has been known for some time that the molecular weights obtained for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) by present-day techniques in light-scattering may be in error. This situation is not the result of theoretical barriers, but rather, the very considerable experimental problems to be solved in making reliable measurements of scattering below angles of 25°. Accordingly, considerable effort has been made to assess by indirect methods the validity of light-scattering molecular weights determined by extrapolation of data which extend to no lower than 25°. Doty, Geiduschek and Holtzer and more recently Butler et al. have given1–3 detailed critical discussions of the nature of the indirect evidence and the remaining ambiguities.
Prudent policy?: reassessing the digital millennium copyright act

The United States recognized intellectual property rights from its earliest days and included, in its constitution, a clause which expresses this, "To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries." These few words found in Article 1, Section 8, Clause 8 have grown into a massive body of laws that govern works that were unimaginable to Thomas Jefferson and his contemporaries. Our question today is very simple: is the latest metamorphosis of copyright law, the Digital Millennial Copyright Act of 1998 (DMCA), prudent policy? Specifically, we are concerned with three issues which critics have raised regarding this act: chilling effects on fair use, suppression of innovation, and overreach. We will also touch on the criticism which stresses that the DMCA further expands a system which increasingly and unfairly favors the content industries. This will be limited to illustrating extant tensions between copyright owners and society and also the difficulties law faces in keeping pace with the current, rapid and overwhelming technological and cultural change. We rely primarily on leading cases to establish the impact on fair use and innovation or to demonstrate over reach.
An Examination of Learned Helplessness Among Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disordered Boys

We employed a learned helplessness paradigm to compare the performance of 23 boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and a comparable group of 22 nonreferred boys. The boys attempted to solve two different sets of 10 find-a-word puzzles, one set following exposure to solvable puzzles, and one set following exposure to insolvable puzzles. Results revealed that the ADHD boys solved significantly fewer puzzles than did the control boys. In addition, the ADHD boys gave up on significantly more puzzles, and this was especially true following the insolvable condition when it occurred during the second set of puzzles. The ADHD boys also reported being more frustrated by the task than were the control boys. Finally, among the control boys, support was obtained for Diener and Dweck's (1978) distinction between mastery-oriented and helpless children. However, this distinction did not appear to operate in the same fashion for the ADHD boys.
On real exchange rate targeting and debt servicing

The real exchange rate is a key relative price in an open economy and Calvo et al. [JDE, 47, 1995, p.98] view it as "probably the most popular real target." What motivates policymakers to peg the real exchange rate? One of the most common reasons is to prevent losses in international competitiveness in times of inflation. If this is the chief concern, the targeted level will be the one which balances the trade account or the one that gives an undervalued real currency with a view to boosting export. Calvo et al. and several others analyze the inflationary consequences of the latter case, presuming the desirability of an over-depreciated real exchange rate target. This note shows that it is not optimal for policymakers to peg the real exchange rate solely for the purpose of preserving competitiveness, though export promotion is no doubt a legitimate concern. It highlights the incentive for a stronger real currency when debt servicing comes into play and provides a justification on how the targeted level is set. While a weaker real currency may encourage exports, it entails more domestic resources to pay for a given amount of foreign debt. It is precisely this tradeoff between export promotion and increased burden of interest payment that makes an over-depreciated real exchange rate target less attractive to policymakers, if not infeasible. The following loss-minimizing problem will make this point more apparent. Suppose a small open economy has a fixed amount of foreign debt and faces an exogenous international real interest rate r. If b is the debt-to-GNP ratio, the domestic resource cost for debt servicing will be ebr , where e is the real exchange rate, defined as the relative price of traded goods in terms of nontraded goods. Let the policymaker have a loss function as follows:
On complete (N,d )-arcs derived from plane curves

In this paper, we present several new complete (N,d)-arcs obtained from F"q-rational points of plane curves.
Human immunodeficiency virus-associated lymphomas.

Intermediate and high-grade non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) with a B-cell phenotype are acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)–defining illnesses. They may increase in frequency as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected individuals survive longer in an immunosuppressed state with improved antiretroviral treatment and treatment of opportunistic infections. Unusual types of NHL and manifestations of Hodgkin's disease are also seen in HIV-infected individuals. The pathologic and clinical features of the HIV-associated lymphomas, current thinking about their pathogenesis and treatment approaches, and results are the subjects of this article.
H. J. Eysenck in Fagin’s kitchen: the return to biological theory in 20th-century criminology

In 1964, the British psychologist Hans Jurgen Eysenck published Crime and Personality, the book that set forth his theory of the criminal as a psychopathic poor conditioner. Crime and Personality went through three editions, and even those who vehemently rejected the theory acknowledged it as the most highly articulated and influential biological explanation of crime of its time. Yet today Eysenck’s name is fading from criminological memory - and none too soon, in the opinion of critics who continue to anathematize him as a self-serving showman, charlatan, and dangerous right-wing conservative. This article addresses four questions. Who was Eysenck? What did he say about the causes of crime? Why was he (and why does he continue to be) such a controversial figure? And did he contribute any ideas of lasting significance to criminology? The answers open a window onto the late 20th-century revival of biocriminology, a return to biological explanations that continues into the present and seems to be accelerati...
Demystifying Digitalk: The What and Why of the Language Teens Use in Digital Writing.

The language teens use in digital spaces—from social network posts to instant message chats to text messages—often does not adhere to Standard Written English (SWE). Their digital writing involves ...
From ideology to logistics: The organizational aspects of syringe exchange in a period of institutional consolidation

The initial period in the establishment of syringe exchange projects is often characterized by overt conflict: between community AIDS activists, on the one hand, and public officials and political ...
Transmission/disequilibrium test meets measured haplotype analysis : family-based association analysis guided by evolution of haplotypes

Family data teamed with the transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT), which simultaneously evaluates linkage and association, is a powerful means of detecting disease-liability alleles. To increase the information provided by the test, various researchers have proposed TDT-based methods for haplotype transmission. Haplotypes indeed produce more-definitive transmissions than do the alleles comprising them, and this tends to increase power. However, the larger number of haplotypes, relative to alleles at individual loci, tends to decrease power, because of the additional degrees of freedom required for the test. An optimal strategy would focus the test on particular haplotypes or groups of haplotypes. In this report we develop such an approach by combining the theory of TDT with that of measured haplotype analysis (MHA). MHA uses the evolutionary relationships among haplotypes to produce a limited set of hypothesis tests and to increase the interpretability of these tests. The theory of our approach, called the “evolutionary tree” (ET)–TDT, is developed for two cases: when haplotype transmission is certain and when it is not. Simulations show the ET-TDT can be more powerful than other proposed methods under reasonable conditions. More importantly, our results show that, when multiple polymorphisms are found within the gene, the ET-TDT can be useful for determining which polymorphisms affect liability.
Designing documentation sets and establishing publication standards

Corporations constantly re-evaluate their publication procedures based on evolving product lines and the equipment devoted to information creation. Such evaluations require a structured approach to information assessment and the integration of that assessment into a corporation's communication requirements. The authors develop such a structured approach by defining several key areas and demonstrating their application to the task of creating new communication venues. Issues discussed are the communication audit the personnel audit, the audience audit, the equipment audit, competitive analysis, standards development, supporting equipment, and quality control. >
Adolescents With Nonresident Fathers: Are Daughters More Disadvantaged Than Sons?

This study examined sons' and daughters' involvement with nonresident fathers and associated outcomes (N = 4,663). Results indicated that sons and daughters reported equal involvement with nonresident fathers on most measures of father investment, although sons reported more overnight visits, sports, and movies and feeling closer to their fathers compared to daughters. Sons and daughters generally benefited from nonresident father involvement in the same way in internalizing and externalizing problems and grades. Feeling close to one's nonresident father, however, was associated with lower internalizing problems for daughters than sons. These findings suggest that nonresident fathers should be encouraged to be equally involved with their sons and daughters, as such involvement was associated with higher levels of well-being for both sons and daughters.
IMPROVING THE ACCURACY OF VASCULAR TESTING IN IMPOTENT MEN: CORRECTING HEMODYNAMIC ALTERATIONS USING A VASOACTIVE MEDICATION RE-DOSING SCHEDULE

Purpose: Arteriogenic or venogenic vascular insufficiency is the most common pathophysiology of organic erectile dysfunction. While vascular insufficiency may be suspected on history and physical examination, the definitive diagnosis is made by vascular testing. Dynamic infusion cavernosometry is a recognized technique for evaluating the hemodynamics of erection. Assigning the correct vascular diagnosis during testing is important. Complete corporeal smooth muscle relaxation is essential for obtaining accurate data. Previously others have suggested that repeat dosing with vasoactive medication may improve the diagnostic accuracy of vascular testing. We investigated the hemodynamic effect of repeat doses of medication.Materials and Methods: Data were prospectively obtained on men undergoing dynamic infusion cavernosometry. When veno-occlusive parameters were abnormal, the intracavernous vasoactive agent dose was repeated to a maximum of 3 doses. Standard dynamic infusion cavernosometry criteria were used f...
Nontame mouse from the failure of square at a singular strong limit cardinal

Building on the work of Schimmerling [Coherent sequences and threads, Adv. Math.216(1) (2007) 89–117] and Steel [PFA implies ADL(ℝ), J. Symbolic Logic70(4) (2005) 1255–1296], we show that the failure of square principle at a singular strong limit cardinal implies that there is a nontame mouse. The proof presented is the first inductive step beyond L(ℝ) of the core model induction that is aimed at getting a model of ADℝ + "Θ is regular" from the failure of square at a singular strong limit cardinal or PFA.
Milk: Its Nutritional Value at a Low Cost for People of All Ages

Abstract Milk and its products contain exceptional food values at a most economical cost. They supply more of the essential nutrients in significant amounts than any other single food. For buoyant health and well-being, whether one wishes to gain or lose weight, dairy products should be included in the daily diet, since the nutrients they contain supplement those lacking in meat, vegetables, fruit, and cereals.
Ammonia in the Atmosphere during Brooding Affects Performance of Broiler Chickens

Abstract Broiler chickens were exposed to 0, 50, 100 and 200 ppm of ammonia in the atmosphere during the 0- to 28-day brooding period; ammonia exposure was stopped after 28 days. Ammonia exposure adversely affected weight gains, feed conversion, and mortality during brooding. Birds exposed to ammonia weighed significantly less at market age even though ammonia exposure stopped at 28 days. The effect on feed conversion, however, reversed during grow-out so that ammonia-exposed birds had better feed conversions at 49 days than those not exposed, primarily because of reduced body size for exposed birds. When birds were kept additional time to compensate for the reduced growth, feed conversion increased to about the same as for non-exposed birds.
CBF, Myb, and Ets Binding Sites Are Important for Activity of the Core I Element of the Murine Retrovirus SL3-3 in T Lymphocytes

Transcriptional enhancers within the long terminal repeats of murine leukemia viruses are major determinants of the pathogenic properties of these viruses. Mutations were introduced into the adjacent binding sites for three transcription factors within the enhancer of the T-cell-lymphomagenic virus SL3-3. The sites that were tested were, in 5'-to-3' order, a binding site for core binding factor (CBF) called core II, a binding site for c-Myb, a site that binds members of the Ets family of factors, and a second CBF binding site called core I. Mutation of each site individually reduced transcriptional activity in T lymphocytes. However, mutation of the Myb and core I binding sites had larger effects than mutation of the Ets or core II site. The relative effects on transcription in T cells paralleled the effects of the same mutations on viral lymphomagenicity, consistent with the idea that the role of these sequences in viral lymphomagenicity is indeed to regulate transcription in T cells. Mutations were also introduced simultaneously into multiple sites in the SL3-3 enhancer. The inhibitory effects of these mutations indicated that the transcription factor in T cells that recognizes the core I element of SL3-3, presumably CBF, needed to synergize with one or more factors bound at the upstream sites to function. This was tested further by generating a multimer construct that contained five tandem core I elements linked to a basal long terminal repeat promoter. This construct was inactive in T cells. However, transcriptional activity was detected with a multimer construct in which the transcription factor binding sites upstream of the core were also present. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that CBF requires heterologous transcription factors bound at nearby sites to function in T cells.
Traversal time in an asymmetric double-barrier quantum-well structure

A study of traversal time for asymmetric double-barrier quantum-well structure (DBQWS) is presented. The calculations are self consistent in nature. The analysis shows that traversal time is affected more strongly by the width of the emitter barrier than that of the collector barrier of the structure in the presence of space charge. Bistability in traversal time is observed. Bistability becomes greater if the emitter barrier is made wider than the collector barrier and is explained in terms of space charge developed in the quantum well. However, a wider collector will dominate traversal time at zero bias, especially at eigen energy. >
A temperature accelerated method for sampling free energy and determining reaction pathways in rare events simulations

A method for sampling efficiently the free energy landscape of a complex system with respect to some given collective variables is proposed. Inspired by metadynamics [A. Laio, M. Parrinello, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 99 (2002) 12562], we introduce an extended system where the collective variables are treated as dynamical ones and show that this allows to sample the free energy landscape of these variables directly. The sampling is accelerated by using an artificially high temperature for the collective variables. The validity of the method is established using general results for systems with multiple time-scales, and its numerical efficiency is also discussed via error analysis. We also show how the method can be modified in order to sample the reactive pathways in free energy space, and thereby analyze the mechanism of a reaction. Finally, we discuss how the method can be generalized and used as an alternative to the Kirkwood generalized thermodynamic integration approach for the calculation of free energy differences.
Atrial natriuretic factor attenuates carotid baroreflex-mediated cardioacceleration in humans

We tested the hypothesis that infusions of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) attenuate carotid baroreflex-mediated tachycardia in humans. The afferent profile from carotid baroreceptors was altered by repeated, intermittent random applications of neck suction (40 mmHg) and neck pressure (20 mmHg) to healthy volunteers during supine control and during infusions of 15 (n = 6) or 25 ng.kg-1.min-1 (n = 9) of alpha-human ANF or during placebo (n = 9). ANF infusions resulted in five- and eightfold increases of plasma ANF, which did not alter base-line cardiac interval, blood pressure, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, plasma renin activity, vasopressin, or norepinephrine but did reduce central venous pressure. Reflex bradycardic responses were unaltered during these infusions. Reflex tachycardic responses to carotid compression were significantly blunted (up to 40%) during infusions of ANF and were unchanged during placebo. These responses may be due to a sensitization of cardiac receptors and augmentation of cardiac-vagal afferent traffic by ANF, which diminishes reflex cardiac-sympathetic outflow during carotid baroreceptor unloading.
Evaluating transformative research programmes: A case study of the NSF Small Grants for Exploratory Research programme

This article describes an evaluation of the National Science Foundation's Small Grants for Exploratory Research (SGER) programme conducted for NSF by SRI International (a non-profit research company). SGER was a 16-year programme sponsored by NSF and operating across the agency from 1990 until 2006 to encourage programme directors to invest in high-risk, high-reward research that might not pass the traditional peer review process. This article provides a detailed background of SGER; a description of the outcomes of the programme; details about the methodology used to evaluate the SGER programme; and the findings of the evaluation. The analysis shows that SGER was highly successful in supporting research projects that produced transformative results as measured by citations and as reported through expert interviews and a survey. However, the NSF programme directors as a whole underutilized the tool for most of the years it was in operation spending far less than the allowable funds allocated to exploratory research; this suggests that internal actions to take risks may not have been rewarded. Moreover, the programme itself was successful beyond expectations. A high-risk programme would be expected to have transformative results in just a few cases. SGER had transformative research results tied to more than 10% of projects. This suggests that programme managers remained risk averse and continued to support projects that were likely to produce positive outcomes. Copyright The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com, Oxford University Press.
A zone routing protocol for Bluetooth scatternets

Bluetooth is a low-cost, low-power technology initially intended as a replacement of cables between electronic devices. Bluettoth devices can form small network of up to 8 devices called piconets. The specification also defines networks of piconets called scatternets. Scatternets can have various uses such as for "monitoring" purposes in factories and warehouses or for ad hoc meetings. Scatternets require the use of a routing scheme to find paths in a dynamic network. Though considerable research has been done in the area of routing in ad hoc networks, the direct application of this may be inefficient to Bluetooth scatternets. Some previous work has also presented routing schemes for scatternets, but this does not present any results showing the performance of the routing scheme. In this paper, we present a routing scheme for Bluetooth scatternets, which is based on the zone routing protocol. We motivate the design of the routing scheme keeping in mind the specifics of the Bluetooth technology. We present simulation results for the scheme, which show that the scheme gives very low overhead while keeping the route acquisition latencies low. The routing information at a node does not require a large amount of storage. In fact, a parameter in the scheme can be varied to trade-off storage information and routing overhead versus route acquisition latency.
A baseline study of a low-cost, high-resolution, imaging system using wavefront reconstruction

Current high-resolution imaging systems used in space applications are very large in size and mass. These systems tend to have limited resolution because the mirrors can only be manufactured up to certain sizes due to surface accuracy requirements. Furthermore, the masses of such mirrors tend to grow as the fourth power of their diameters, which is directly linked to the total system cost. The imaging system presented in this paper removes the size of the mirrors as the design driver. This is done by using a sparse aperture optical bench to fill a Modulation Transfer Function equivalent to that of a single aperture with seven times the diameter of each of its mirrors. Also an emerging technology, the so called “Silicon Eye”, is used to reconstruct the light wavefront and image, and allows for the possibility of holograms.
ATTACHMENT, CULTURE, AND THE CAREGIVING SYSTEM: THE CULTURAL PATTERNING OF EVERYDAY EXPERIENCES AMONG ANGLO AND PUERTO RICAN MOTHER-INFANT PAIRS

This investigation focuses on cultural differences in the relationship between maternal sen- sitivity, emotional expression, and control strategies during the first year of life and infant attachment outcomes at 12 months. Participants were middle-class Puerto Rican and Anglo mother-infant pairs . Ratings of physical control, emotional expression, and maternal sensitivity during mother- (N 60) infant interactions in five everyday home settings, videotaped when the infants were 4, 8, and 12 months old, were examined in combination with 12-month Strange Situation classifications. Results suggest that physical control shows a different pattern of relatedness to maternal sensitivity, emotional expression, and attachment outcomes among the Puerto Rican compared to the Anglo mothers in this study. These findings have implications for practitioners and researchers interested in normative parenting among diverse cultural groups. RESUMEN: Esta investigacion se enfoca en las diferencias culturales en la relacion entre la sensibilidad materna, la expresion emocional y las estrategias de control durante el primer ano de vida y los resultados de la afectividad del infante a los 12 meses. En el estudio participaron 60 pares de madres-infantes de origen puertorriqueno y anglosajon. Los puntajes de control fisico, expresion emocional y sensibilidad materna, durante las interacciones entre la madre y su infante en cinco situaciones caseras de cada dia, grabadas en video cuando los infantes tenian 4, 8y1 2meses de nacidos, fueron examinados en combinacion con las clasificaciones de la "Situacion Extrana" a los doce meses. Los resultados indican que el control fisico muestra un patron diferente de relacion en cuanto a la sensibilidad materna, a la expresion emocional, y
Case Study Instruction In Educational Psychology Courses

The case study method of instruction affords students the opportunity to see the real-world applications of what they are learning and to actively engage in problem-solving. The purpose of this study is to examine current research on the use of case- based instruction and consider how this method might be of benefit to students enrolled in educational psychology courses in either the traditional classroom or web-assisted learning environment.
The use of duplication-generating rearrangements for studying heterokaryon incompatibility genes in Neurospora.

Heterokaryon (vegetative) incompatibility, governing the fusion of somatic hyphal filaments to form stable heterokaryons, is of interest because of its widespread occurrence in fungi and its bearing on cellular recognition. Conventional investigations of the genetic basis of heterokaryon incompatibility in N. crassa are difficult because in commonly used stocks differences are present at several het loci, all with similar incompatibility phenotypes. This difficulty is overcome by using duplications (partial diploids) that are unlikely to contain more than one het locus. A phenotypically expressed incompatibility reaction occurs when unlike het alleles are present within the same somatic nucleus, and this parallels the heterokaryon incompatibility reaction that occurs when unlike alleles in different haploid nuclei are introduced into the same somatic hypha by mycelial fusion.-Nontandem duplications were used to confirm that the incompatibility reactions in heterokaryons and in duplications are alternate expressions of the same genes. This was demonstrated for three loci which had .previously been established by conventional heterokaryon tests-het-e, het-c and mt. These were each obtained in duplications as recombinant meiotic segregants from crosses heterozygous for duplicationgenerating chromosome rearrangements. The particular method of producing the duplications is irrelevant so long as the incompatibility alleles are heterozygous.-The duplication technique has made it possible to determine easily the het-e and het-c genotypes of numerous laboratory and wild strains of unknown constitution. In laboratory strains both loci are represented simply by two alleles. Analysis of het-c is more complicated in some wild strains, where differences have been demonstrated at one or more additional het loci within the duplication used and multiple allelism is also possible.-The results show that the duplication method can be used to identify and map additional vegetative incompatibility loci, without the necessity of heterokaryon tests. ENETIC factors other than mating type that prevent or impede the formaG tion of heterokaryons in Neurospora crassa were first described by GARNJOBST (1953, 1955) and by HOLLOWAY (1953, 1955). If two monokaryotic haploid strains differ in the alleles at one or more loci that govern heterokaryon incompatibility, stable heterokaryons are not formed between them. Four such incompatibility loci, het-c, -d, -e, and -i, have been identified using heterokaryons (GARNJOBST 1953, 1955; PITTENGER and BRAWNER 1961; WILSON and GARNJOBST 1966), and the mating-type alleles A and a act also as a pair of hetero1 Supported by Public Health Service Research Grant AI-01462 and Research Career Award K6-GM-4899.
De novo development of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation following radiation therapy: Case report and an update to classical arteriovenous malformation nomenclature

Cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVM) are traditionally considered primary congenital lesions that result from embryological aberrations in vasculogenesis. Recent insights, however, suggest that these lesions may be secondary to a vascular insult such as ischemia or trauma. Herein, the authors present a rare case of a secondary cerebral AVM, occurring in a young girl who received prior cranial radiation therapy. At age 3years, she underwent surgical resection, chemotherapy, and photon radiation therapy for treatment of a fourth ventricular ependymoma. At age 19years, she developed new onset seizures and was found to have a left medial temporal lobe AVM. Her seizures were managed successfully with anti-epileptic medications and the AVM was treated with proton radiation therapy. This case highlights a rare but possible vascular sequela of radiation therapy and adds to the growing body of evidence that cerebral AVM may arise as secondary lesions.