cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mappings and meshes

In my talk I will attempt to draw some connections between complex analysis and computational geometry, particularly between conformal mappings, hyperbolic geometry, the medial axis and optimal meshing. The Riemann mapping theorem says that there is a conformal (angle preserving) map of the unit disk, DISK, to the interior Ω of any simple n-gon. How much work is needed to compute this map? [MR2671015] We can compute the conformal map f: DISK -> Ω to within error e in time O(n ⋅ log 1/e log log 1/e).The proof uses an iteration that converges quadratically to f, but it needs a good initial guess that is close to the correct answer. The medial axis allows us to quickly construct a map Ω -> DISK that is close to Riemann's map with precise estimates. This gives our starting point, and the time estimates in the theorem depend on time needed to compute the medial axis (linear by work of Chin, Snoeyink and Wang).Conversely, the proof of Theorem 1 uses ideas from analysis that may be of interest in CG. For example, the dome of a planar domain Ω is the surface in R+3 given by the upper envelope of all hemispheres whose base on R2 is a medial axis disk of Ω. Domes arise in the study of 3-manifolds, and a fundamental result of Dennis Sullivan about convex sets in hyperbolic 3-space lies at the heart of Theorem 1. The proof of Theorem 1 also introduces the thick-thin decomposition of a polygon, inspired by the thick-thin decomposition of a hyperbolic manifold. The thin parts correspond to "long, narrow" pieces of the polygon (but not in the obvious way; the precise definition uses a conformal invariant called extremal length). This decomposition plays in important role in proving: [MR2671014] Any simple n-gon has a O(n) quadrilateral mesh with all angles ≤ 120O and all new angles ≥ 60O.The sharp upper bound is due to Bern and Eppstein; the lower bound is the novel part here. The result is also true for PSLGs with at most n edges and vertices, although simple examples show the O(n) must be replaced by O(n2): [Bishop-Quad] Every PSLG has an O(n2) quadrilateral mesh with all angles ≤ 120O and all new angles ≥ 60O. Only O(n/e) angles satisfy |θ-90O| > e, for any e >0.
Evaluation of alternative electron donors for denitrifying moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs).

The effectiveness of four different electron donors, specifically methanol, ethanol, glycerol, and sulfide (added as Na 2 S), were evaluated in post-denitrifying bench-scale moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs). With the requirement for more wastewater treatment plants to reach effluent total nitrogen levels approaching 3 mg/L, alternative electron donors could promote more rapid MBBR startup/acclimation times and increased cold weather denitrification rates compared to methanol, which has been most commonly used for post-denitrification processes due to low cost and effectiveness. While the application of alternative substrates in suspended growth processes has been studied extensively, fixed film post denitrification processes have been designed to use primarily low yield substrates like methanol. Bench-scale MBBRs were operated continuously at 12°C, and performance was monitored by weekly sampling and insitu batch profile testing. Ethanol and glycerol, though visually exhibited much higher biofilm carrier biomass content, performed better than methanol in terms of removal rate (0.9 and 1.0 versus 0.6 g N/m 2 /day, respectively.) Maximum denitrification rate measurements from profile testing suggested that ethanol and glycerol (2.2 and 1.9 g N/m 2 /day, respectively) exhibited rates that were four times that of methanol (0.49 g N/m 2 /day.) Sulfide also performed much better than either of the other three electron donors with maximum rates at 3.6 g N/m 2 /day and with yield (COD/NO 3 -N) that was similar to or slightly less than that of methanol.
Caution in making inferences from FDA's Adverse Event Reporting System.

Comparative safety information is essential to informed drug selection, but comparative drug safety information is rarely available. FDA’s Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS) is a computerized, postmarketing surveillance database of adverse events (AEs) spontaneously reported to FDA. Since the
Persistent Near-Diurnal Internal Waves Observed above a Site of M2 Barotropic-to-Baroclinic Conversion

Abstract Near-diurnal internal waves were observed in velocity and shear measurements from a shipboard survey along a 35-km section of the Kaena Ridge, northwest of Oahu. Individual waves with upward phase propagation could be traced for almost 4 days even though the ship transited approximately 20 km. Depth–time maps of shear were dominated by near-diurnal waves, despite the fact that Kaena Ridge is a site of considerable M2 barotropic-to-baroclinic conversion. Guided by recent numerical and observational studies, it was found that a frequency of ½M2 (i.e., 24.84-h period) was consistent with these waves. Nonlinear processes are able to transfer energy within the internal wave spectrum. Bicoherence analysis, which can distinguish between nonlinearly coupled waves and waves that have been independently excited, suggested that the ½M2 waves were nonlinearly coupled with the dominant M2 internal tide only between 525- and 595-m depth. This narrow depth range corresponded to an observed M2 characteristic ema...
Eigenspace selection procedures for closed loop response shaping with modal control

Procedures are discussed for selecting closed loop eigenvalues and eigenvectors to achieve desired transient response behavior. The admissible eigenvector subspace is defined with basis vectors calculated using a singular value decomposition. These vectors are optimally combined to 1) minimize the vector element errors between desired and achievable eigenvectors, or 2) blend the control effort to exactly place desired eigenvectors, or 3) a combined optimization. Appropriate transmission zeros reveal tradeoffs between eigenvalue and eigenvector placement. Modal control ls used to realize the eigenspace placement goals using output feedback and user supplied compensation. Two aerospace examples demonstrate techniques for achieving desired response characteristics consistent with conventional design specifications.
Problems in Fur Trade Analysis: The Northwest Coast1

It might be difficult to adjust the balance of the advantages of the dangers of this trade to the nations of the [Lower] Columbia, against the sale of their furs, and the acquisition of a few bad guns and household utensils.
The course of light and dark adaptation in the compund eye of the honey-bee☆

Abstract 1. 1. The course of light and dark adaptation in the compound eye of the worker honey-bee (Apis melliefera) has been followed by determining the energies necessary to produce retinal action potentials of equal magnitude. 2. 2. Light adaption is completed in a few seonds. Dark adaption is slower, requiring 10–15 min to finish; however, most of the recovery occurs in the first minute. 3. 3. The process of recovery is slower the longer period of light adaption. 4. 4. The rates of dark adaption of the ultraviolet and green receptor systems are similar.
CHANGES IN NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF DEHYDRATED POTATO PRODUCTS DURING COMMERCIAL PROCESSING

Unit operations in several commercial potato dehydration plants were evaluated to determine the direct effects on protein and vitamin content of the product. The investigation included processing lines for potato granules and flakes as well as dehydrated slices and dices. Protein and vitamin retentions, in general, were lowest at any point where potatoes were exposed to high temperature for prolonged periods of time. The addition of sulfites had a deteriorating effect on thiamine resulting in losses of up to 96% for this vitamin. The other vitamins most severely affected were ascorbic acid and folic acid with retention values as low as about 40%. In the granule process, vitamin retention was most severely affected during the mixing and mashing steps. During the flake operation, water blanching and the drum drying operation resulted in the greatest reduction of retention values. Thiamine retention was a relatively high 64% during the production of potato flakes. The manufacture of dehydrated slices and dices showed the lowest retention values of all the dehydrated potato products investigated.
Neutron multiplication measurements using moments of the neutron counting distribution

Abstract We demonstrate an improved technique for determining the multiplication of highly subcritical systems that uses the moments of the counting distribution from a neutron detector. In the investigation, the multiplications of each of 2, 3, and 4 kg parts of a plutonium sphere were measured and compared with values calculated using three-dimensional Monte Carlo techniques. The measured and calculated neutron multiplications agree within the statistical uncertainties of the measurements and calculations.
Rapid Prototyping in Automated Instructional Design.

In this article the impact of the tools being developed as part of the Second Generation Instructional Design (ID2) Research Program on the process of instructional design is described. ID2 supports rapid prototyping as a design and development process. Rapid prototyping is described and contrasted with the instructional systems development (ISD) process.
The twenties in America

One: Of Bohemians and Consumers 1 Lost Generation, or Joyful Pioneers? 3 Radicalism Rampant, or Conservatism Triumphant? 11 Sports, Jazz, and Other Vocations 21 Two: Of Coolidge and Hemingway 35 The Talkative President and the Critics 39 Big Society and Belittled Religion 50 The Hero in an Unheroic Age 59 Three: Of Town and Country 71 The Peerless Leader and the Gotham Cockney 76 The Ape in the Tree of Knowledge 83 Megalopolis versus Gopher Prairie 92 Suggestions for Further Study 106 Index 117
Optimal Feedback Control of Vortex Shedding Using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition Models

We treat the question of control of two-dimensional incompressible, unsteady wake flow behind a circular cylinder at Reynolds number Re = 100. Two finite-dimensional lower order models based on proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) are considered for the control system design. Control action is achieved via cylinder rotation. Linear optimal control theory is used for obtaining stabilizing feedback control systems. An expression for the region of stability of the system is derived. Simulation results for 18-mode POD models obtained using the control function and penalty methods are presented
“We dreamed a dream”: Ralph Ellison, Martin Luther King, Jr. & Barack Obama

In Spring 2010, a manuscript version of Ralph Ellison's unfinished second novel, Three Days before the Shooting, was finally published. Written over the course of more than forty years and running ...
Congestive Heart Failure and Atrial Fibrillation: Rhythm Versus Rate Control

Abstract Background The incidence both of heart failure and atrial fibrillation is steadily increasing in the United States' population, and these conditions frequently coexist in the same patient. It is likely that the onset of one of these disorders leads to the onset and propagation of the other through multiple mechanisms. Several studies have investigated the prognosis of patients with both conditions, but a definitive conclusion regarding outcomes such as mortality and quality of life has yet to be determined. Methods and Results Evidence demonstrating the improvement of left ventricular function and other hemodynamic parameters with the restoration and maintenance of sinus rhythm does exist. β-blockade, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition, and aldosterone antagonism have been shown to improve survival in patients with heart failure. However, the efficacy of these therapies in patients with coexisting atrial fibrillation has not been adequately assessed. Furthermore, these therapies do not directly address the issue of rhythm management. The use of several antiarrhythmic medications and device therapy is becoming more frequent in the management of this subset of patients. Recent investigations of antiarrhythmic treatment have assessed outcomes such as survival, quality of life, exercise tolerance, and maintenance of sinus rhythm. Data from these studies suggest that antiarrhythmic therapy may be efficacious in such patients. Device therapy is another alternative which has been demonstrated to be at least as beneficial as medical therapy. Conclusion Both retrospective and prospective studies of antiarrhythmic therapy and device therapy have demonstrated promising results. Several studies are ongoing and will provide more insight into the management of such patients.
Growth and water relations of field-grown tall fescue as influenced by drought and endophyte.

Field plots were established in autumn 1992 in which endophyte [Neotyphodium coenophialum Glenn. Bacon, Price and Hanlin (formerly Acremonium coenophialum)]-infected (E+) and endophyte-free (E−) isolines of three tall fescue [Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) genotypes were planted. Plants were subjected to three water-withholding periods in 1993 and one in 1994, or were kept well watered throughout the experiment. There were no consistent endophyte effects for leaf elongation, tiller density or dry weight per tiller. There were genotype X endophyte interactions (P<001) for tiller density and shoot dry weight per area and genotype X water X endophyte interactions (P<005) for cumulative leaf elongation in 1993. These interactions indicated the highly specific effect of host genotype-endophyte association on the expression of plant growth. Leaf rolling in the stressed treatments was more severe in E− than in E+ plants in 1993, but there were no differences in 1994, and stomatal conductance tended to be lower in E− than in E+ plants in 1993. Fractional water content of the lower 3 cm of the youngest fully developed leaf sheath was usually greater, and never less, in E+ than in E− plants. The leaf rolling and stomatal conductance results suggest that E− plants were more severely stressed in the summer after planting. Thus, the endophyte may induce greater water retention in the leaf sheath and therefore better protect the internal growing zone from lethal desiccation.
Uncovering new complexities in mast cell signaling.

FceRI activation of mast cells was thought to be Lyn-dependent. It now appears that FceRI also uses a Fyn kinase–dependent pathway that is essential for mast cell degranulation.
Energy transfer in the ground state of OH: Measurements of OH(υ=8,10,11) removal

OH collisional removal rate constants for υ=8, 10, and 11 with O2, N2, CO2, N2O, and He are measured. Vibrationally excited OH molecules in υ=5, 7, and 8 are prepared from the reaction of atomic hydrogen with ozone, and selectively excited to υ=8, 10, and 11, respectively, with a pulsed infrared laser via direct overtone excitation. Subsequent collisional deactivation of these laser-populated levels is probed as a function of collider gas partial pressure using a time-delayed, pulsed ultraviolet laser resonant with OH(B 2Σ+−X 2Π) transitions. Fluorescence from OH(B 2Σ+−A 2Σ+) is detected. These results complete a series of removal rate constant measurements for OH(X 2Π) up to υ=12. Resonance enhancement effects in vibration-to-vibration energy transfer for CO2 and N2O factor significantly in the vibrational-level-dependent rate constants.
Nutrient Changes in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, After the Establishment of the Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha)

Concentrations of particulate and dissolved nutrients in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, were examined relative to zebra mussel colonization which occurred summer 1991. The magnitude and spatial pattern of changes indicate that mussels had a significant impact on nutrients in Saginaw Bay. Annual means for total suspended solids, particulate organic carbon, particulate phosphorus, and particulate silica in the inner bay were significantly lower in 1992 and 1993 (post-zebra mussel) than in 1991 (pre-zebra mussel). Annual means decreased from 11.5 mg L−l, 1.45 mg C L−l (121 μM), 20.4 μg P L−1(0.66 μM), and 1.52 mg SiO2 L−1 (24 μM) respectively in 1991 to 4.4 mg L−1, 0.79 mg C L−1(66 μM), 11.2 μg P L−l (0.36 μM), and 0.77 mg SiO2 L−1(12 μM) in 1993. In contrast, there were no significant differences among years for these parameters at control stations, which were located in the outer bay and had no known populations of mussels. Annual means for nitrate, ammonium, and silica were significantly higher in the inner bay in 1992 than in 1991, but not significantly different in 1993. Means increased from 0.39 mg N L−1, 21.0 μg N L−], and 1.11 mg SiO2 L−1 respectively in 1991 to 0.47 mg N L−1, 30.9 μg N L−1, and 1.71 mg SiO2 L−1 in 1992. No significant differences were observed for these parameters in the control group. Differences between 1992 and 1993 may reflect differences in the amount of runoff and circulation between Saginaw Bay and Lake Huron. A phosphorus budget indicated that zebra mussels were a significant sink for phosphorus. Mussels from the inner bay accumulated 108, 682, and 52 t respectively in 1991, 1992, and 1993. Comparatively, the annual pool of phosphorus in the water column of the inner bay decreased from a pre-zebra mussel (1979–1980) average of 712 t to 421 and 382 t in 1992 and 1993 respectively.
A colorimetric method for determining free fatty acids in vegetable oils

A rapid method is presented for determining free fatty acids in vegetable oils. The method utilizes the reaction of fatty acids with cupric acetate to form salts whose blue color in benzene solution may be measured colorimetrically. When 65 samples of crude soybean oil were tested by this colorimetric method and the results compared with the results of titration with standard alkali, the correlation was 0.992 with a standard deviation of 0.08% free fatty acid (F.F.A.).
Simulating the influence of two shallow, flow-through lakes on a groundwater system: implications for groundwater mounds and hinge lines

Groundwater mounds and hinge lines are important features related to the interaction of groundwater and lakes. In contrast to the transient formation of groundwater mounds, numerical simulations indicate that permanent groundwater mounds form between closely spaced lakes as the natural consequence of adding two net sinks to a groundwater flow system. The location of the groundwater mound and the position of the hinge lines between the two lakes are intimately related. As the position of the mound changes there is a corresponding shift in the position of the hinge line. This results in a change in the ratio of groundwater inflow to outflow (Qi/Qo) for the lake. The response of the lake is an increase or decrease in the lake level. Our simulations indicate that the movement of the hinge line in a natural system is a consequence of the dynamic interrelationships between recharge, the slope of the water table upgradient and downgradient of the lake, and the loss of water from the lake by evaporation. The extent of the seasonal movement of the hinge line will vary from one year to the next depending on local changes in the magnitude of the hydrologic variables.
Double-Blind Comparison of Phlebitis Produced by Cephalothin Infusions with Buffered and Unbuffered Diluents

In a double-blind study with each patient as his own control, a buffered and an unbuffered cephalothin solution was administered to 13 patients in opposite arms for a period of 48 h each. Neither the incidence of phlebitis nor the degree of phlebitis was different with the two diluents, and there was no difference in the time of onset of phlebitis.
Influence of Atomic Fine Structure on Bimolecular Rate Constants: The Cl(2P) + HCl Reaction

In this paper we use quantum reactive scattering calculations to study the influence of atomic fine structure on the rate constants for atom-diatom reactions, using the Cl({sup 2}P) + HCl reaction as an example. We find that the biggest effect of the fine structure is a static one which arises because the spin-orbit term in the Hamiltonian stabilizes the reagents and products differently than the {sup 2}{Sigma}{sub 1/2} saddle point. This causes the activation energy to increase by about 29% of the atomic {sup 2}P{sub 1/2} - {sup 2}P{sub 3/2} energy difference. When this effect is factored out, the single and multiple surface rate constants are found to be in very good agreement (provided that the usual electronic statistical factors are applied to the single surface rate constant), with differences of less than 20% over the temperature range that we considered. We also study how the size of the spin-orbit constant influences this result, and we find that the overall rate is relatively insensitive to spin-orbit splitting (except for the shift in activation energy). Fine structure resolved rate constants for Cl({sup 2}P{sub 1/2}) are found to vary by many orders of magnitude as the spin-orbit splitting is varied between zeromore » and the experimental value, corresponding to a change in the dynamics from statistical to adiabatic limits. 25 refs., 4 figs., 3 tabs.« less
Operative and Nonoperative Treatment Approaches for Lumbar Degenerative Disc Disease Have Similar Long-Term Clinical Outcomes Among Patients with Positive Discography

Objective It remains unclear whether fusion for lumbar degenerative disc disease with positive discography produces better outcomes compared with nonoperative treatment. The aim of this study was to compare outcomes of patients with discography-concordant lumbar degenerative disc disease electing for fusion versus nonoperative treatment. Methods We retrospectively reviewed consecutive patients with back pain and concordant lumbar discogram who were offered fusion. Follow-up questionnaires included pain score, Oswestry disability index, short form-12, and satisfaction scale. Patients were stratified based on whether they elected for fusion or nonoperative treatment. Results Overall follow-up was 48% (96/200). Patients lacking follow-up were slightly older ( P = 0.021) and less likely to be smokers ( P = 0.013). Between patients with and without follow-up, there were no significant differences in pain score at initial visit, body mass index, or gender ( P ≥ 0.40). The 96 patients for whom follow-up was obtained included 53 in the operative and 43 in the nonoperative groups. At baseline, there were no significant differences between these groups based on age, pain score, body mass index, smoking, or gender ( P ≥ 0.25). Mean follow-up was 63 months for operative and 58 months for nonoperative patients ( P = 0.20). The mean pain score at last follow-up improved significantly for operative and nonoperative patients ( P Conclusions Comparison of long-term outcomes for patients with back pain and concordant discography did not demonstrate a significant difference in outcome measures of pain, health status, satisfaction, or disability based on whether the patient elected for fusion or nonoperative treatment.
Genetics of Congenital Heart Disease

Cardiovascular malformations are the most common type of birth defect and result in significant mortality worldwide. The etiology for the majority of these anomalies remains unknown but genetic factors are being recognized as playing an increasingly important role. Advances in our molecular understanding of normal heart development have led to the identification of numerous genes necessary for cardiac morphogenesis. This work has aided the discovery of an increasing number of monogenic causes of human cardiovascular malformations. More recently, studies have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms and submicroscopic copy number abnormalities as having a role in the pathogenesis of congenital heart disease. This review discusses these discoveries and summarizes our increasing understanding of the genetic basis of congenital heart disease.
A Hybrid Method for Measuring Heat Flux

The development and evaluation of a novel hybrid method for obtaining heat flux measurements is presented. By combining the spatial and temporal temperature measurements of a heat flux sensor, the time response, accuracy, and versatility of the sensor is improved. Sensors utilizing the hybrid method are able to make heat flux measurements on both high and low conductivity materials. It is shown that changing the thermal conductivity of the backing material four orders of magnitude causes only an 11% change in sensor response. The hybrid method also increases the time response of heat flux sensors. The temporal response is shown to increase by up to a factor of 28 compared with a standard spatial sensor. The hybrid method is tested both numerically and experimentally on both high and low conductivity materials and demonstrates significant improvement compared with operating the sensor as a spatial or temporal sensor alone.
Geo-historical context support for information foraging and sensemaking: Conceptual model, implementation, and assessment

Information foraging and sensemaking with heterogeneous information are context-dependent activities. Thus visual analytics tools to support these activities must incorporate context. But, context is a difficult concept to define, model, and represent. Creating and representing context in support of visually-enabled reasoning about complex problems with complex information is a complementary but different challenge than that addressed in context-aware computing. In the latter, the goal is automated adaptation of the system to meet user needs for applications such as mobile location-based services where information about the location, the user, and the user goals filters what gets presented on a small mobile device. In contrast, for visual analytics-enabled information foraging and sensemaking, the user is likely to take an active role in foraging for the contextual information needed to support sensemaking in relation to some multifaceted problem. In this paper, we address the challenges of constructing and representing context within visual interfaces that support analytical reasoning in crisis management and humanitarian relief. The challenges stem from the diverse forms of information that can provide context and difficulty in defining and operationalizing context itself. Here, we pay particular attention to document foraging to support construction of the geographic and historical context within which monitoring and sensemaking can be carried out. Specifically, we present the concept of geo-historical context (GHC) and outline an empirical assessment of both the concept and its implementation in the Context Discovery Application, a web-based tool that supports document foraging and sensemaking.
A polar modulator transmitter for GSM/EDGE

This 0.5-/spl mu/m SiGe BiCMOS polar modulator IC adds EDGE transmit capability to a GSM transceiver IC without any RF filters. Envelope information is extracted from the transmit IF and applied to the phase-modulated carrier in an RF variable gain amplifier which follows the integrated transmit VCO. The dual-band IC supports all four GSM bands. In EDGE mode, the IC produces more than 1 dBm of output power with more than 6 dB of margin to the transmit spectrum mask and less than 3% rms phase error. In GSM mode, more than 7 dBm of output power is produced with noise in the receive band less than -164 dBc/Hz.
Combination of surgical excision and carbon dioxide laser vaporization for multifocal vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia

Ten patients with multifocal grade 3 vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia were treated by a combination of surgical excision and carbon dioxide laser vaporization of selected areas. The lesions treated by the laser were either on the clitoris or distal to the vulva. These areas could be functionally and anatomically deformed if surgically excised. Combining the carbon dioxide laser with surgery, however, resulted in a satisfactory cosmetic outcome and provided an adequate specimen for histopathologic diagnosis.
The clinical pharmacology of antineoplastic agents (second of two parts).

Cytidine and Deoxycytidine Analogues The pyrimidine nucleoside analogues cytosine arabinoside (cytarabine) and 5-azacytidine are of importance in the treatment of acute granulocytic leukemia. Altho...
Thermochemical studies on 3-methyl-quinoxaline-2-carboxamide-1,4-dioxide derivatives: enthalpies of formation and of N-O bond dissociation.

Article discussing thermochemical studies on 3-methyl-quinoxaline-2-carboxamide-1,4-dioxide derivatives and enthalpies of formation and of N-O bond dissociation.
New Pills for Poor People? Empirical Evidence after GATT

Abstract The protection of pharmaceutical innovations is being dramatically extended as much of the developing world introduces patent protection for new drug products. This change in intellectual property rights may lead to more research on drugs to address developing country needs. We use new survey data from India, the results of interviews, and measures of research and development (R&D) constructed from a variety of statistical sources to determine trends in the allocation of research to products specific to developing country markets. There is some, although limited, evidence of an increase in the mid- to late 1980s which appears to have leveled off in the 1990s.The picture presented provides a “baseline” against which future patterns in research activity can be compared.
Resolving degradation mechanisms in ultra-high performance N-p-n heterojunction bipolar transistors

The conduction band barrier caused by base dopant outdiffusion is investigated for MBE-grown Al/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As/GaAs N-p-n linearly graded heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs). The change of the B-E heterojunction conduction band barrier can be directly revealed by a novel technique based on the diffusion-thermionic emission current model. This is accomplished by measuring the inverted collector current ratio at two different heterojunction reverse biases. In addition, this ratio is found to correlate with an anomalous base current component measured at low temperature. The heterojunction potential barrier and the anomalous base current component are attributed to beryllium redistribution during MBE growth and forward current stress. This suggests that the diffusion and incorporation of beryllium dictate V/sub BE/ uniformity and long-term reliability of HBTs. >
Use of Coaching and Behavior Support Planning for Students with Disruptive Behavior within a Universal Classroom Management Program.

Even with the use of effective universal classroom management practices, some students will need additional behavioral supports. However, to translate implementation of new strategies into the classroom, professional development programs need to be adaptive to the complexities teachers face in providing instruction and managing classroom behaviors among diverse learners. Teachers also need support to successfully implement universal practices as well as to develop and enact plans for supporting students with disruptive behavior. This article describes a universal classroom management program that embeds coaching within the model. The coach supported teachers both in implementing universal strategies and in developing and implementing behavior support plans for students with disruptive behavior. The study evaluates the effectiveness of the behavior support plans and the types of coaching activities used to support these plans. Findings indicated that during meetings with teachers, coaches spent time action...
A Tort-Based Causation Framework for Antitrust Analysis

Causation is one of the most underexplored areas in antitrust law. What must a plaintiff show to connect a defendant’s conduct with anticompetitive effects? Several tests are possible, including “but for” causation, proximate cause, sole causation, reasonable connection, and increased possibility of harm. Courts have applied variations of all these tests. This article focuses on the two settings in which the issue of antitrust causation has most often arisen: monopolization cases and, more generally, cases addressing antitrust injury.Some of the most difficult causation issues occur in monopolization cases. One such issue involves determining the counterfactual scenario of what would have happened absent the monopolist’s conduct. A second occurs when both the monopolist’s actions and other events cause the injury to competition. In this setting, courts have diverged on whether the presence of other causes precludes a finding of monopolization. In dynamic high-technology markets, these issues are even more challenging. It is not easy to hypothesize the path not taken in a rapidly changing market or to separate the effects of the monopolist’s conduct from those of other events affecting the market’s development. These difficulties are compounded because of the concern of punishing unilateral conduct and because the standards articulated by courts in monopolization cases are often not clear.The second antitrust setting in which courts have frequently addressed causation is the analysis of antitrust injury. The Supreme Court and lower courts have famously explored whether a plaintiff suffers injury “of the type that the antitrust laws were intended to prevent and that flows from that which makes the defendants’ acts unlawful.” This inquiry is designed to ensure that the plaintiff is able to show harm to “competition not competitors.”This article examines these causation issues and gains insights by turning to tort law, the law with the most developed causation framework. It focuses on two core concepts of causation in tort law, factual and legal cause. As exported to antitrust law, the tort factual cause inquiry would ask if a plaintiff can show a “reasonable connection” between the challenged conduct and the anticompetitive effects. This range of potential causes is limited by the requirement of legal causation, which would determine if a plaintiff’s harm results from anticompetitive — as opposed to other — conduct.
Partisan Media Exposure and Attitudes Toward the Opposition

How has the rise of partisan media outlets changed how citizens perceive the other party? In particular, does watching partisan news sources make citizens dislike and distrust the other party? Drawing on social identity theory, I explain how the slanted presentation of the news on partisan outlets leads viewers to perceive the other party more negatively, to trust them less, and to be less supportive of bipartisanship. Using a series of original experiments, I find strong support for my arguments. I conclude by discussing the normative and empirical implications of these findings.[Supplementary material is available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Political Communication for the following free supplemental resource(s): full details of the experiments, including descriptions of the samples, protocol, and text of the stimuli, results of manipulation checks, the replication of experiment 2 described in the text, and additional statistical results.]
Cloud Liquid Water Measurements on the Armored T-28: Intercomparison between Johnson Williams Cloud Water Meter and CSIRO (King) Liquid Water Probe

Abstract Comparisons are made between liquid water concentration (LWC) readings obtained from a Johnson–Williams (J–W) cloud water meter and a King (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) liquid water probe, both mounted on the armored T-28 research aircraft during penetrations of springtime convective storms in Oklahoma and Colorado. The King probe readings are almost always higher, being up to twice those of the J–W instrument in clouds with narrower cloud droplet spectra. In clouds with broader droplet spectra, the ratio often climbs to three or greater. The King probe responds partially to drops larger than cloud droplet size, and also to some ice particles, so its reading can be higher than the cloud LWC present. However, this and earlier comparisons by others indicate that the primary reason for this discrepancy is that the J–W probe often underestimates the cloud LWC due to incomplete response to larger cloud droplets. Thus, published studies involving cloud LWC in convective...
A detailed characterization of the proestrous luteinizing hormone surge.

Four-day cycling rats were kept in a room with the light on from 0500-1900 h. Plasma LH concentrations in blood withdrawn through atrial cannulas at hourly intervals from 1400-2000 h on proestrus were very similar to serum LH concentrations in blood collected from uncannulated rats by decapitation at these times. Additional cannulated rats were bled (0.1 ml) at 5 min intervals from 1400-1600, 1600-1800, or 1800-2000 h. After each bleeding, 0.1 ml of heparinized saline was injected through the cannula. Following a rise (rate unknown) to detectable levels of about 200 ng⁄ml, plasma LH displayed a rapid linear increase to 1538 ± 118 ng⁄ml, starting between 1445 and 1650 h and lasting 20 to 50 min. Over the next 110 min plasma LH at first rose erratically by about another 200 ng⁄ml and then fluctuated around an apparent plateau. It then dropped rapidly but the declines were commonly interrupted by one or more rapid increases in plasma LH. A generalized pattern of the proestrous LH surge has been constructed f...
A monoclonal antibody raised to corpus callosum extract reacts with 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase.

: Monoclonal antibody against 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphohydrolase (CNP) was generated by fusing mouse myeloma cells with spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with delipidated white matter from rat corpus callosum. The antibody was characterized by solid-phase radioimmunoassay, immunoblot of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), immunoprecipitation from C6 glioma cells, and indirect immunofluorescence staining of monolayer cultures containing oligodendrocytes. The monoclonal antibody bound specifically to an intracellular antigen of oligodendrocytes, but not to Schwann cells, astrocytes, neurons, or fibroblast cytoplasm. The immunoblot of SDS-PAGE of CNS myelin showed that the antibody identified two protein bands at 48,000 and 50,000 molecular weight. These proteins were not identified in peripheral nervous system myelin. The monoclonal antibody immunoprecipitated CNP enzyme activity from extracts of C6 glioma cells. This monoclonal antibody should prove useful in further study of this myelin-specific enzyme in CNS myelin and in cells responsible for myelin production.
Variational Kullback-Leibler divergence for Hidden Markov models

Divergence measures are widely used tools in statistics and pattern recognition. The Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence between two hidden Markov models (HMMs) would be particularly useful in the fields of speech and image recognition. Whereas the KL divergence is tractable for many distributions, including Gaussians, it is not in general tractable for mixture models or HMMs. Recently, variational approximations have been introduced to efficiently compute the KL divergence and Bhattacharyya divergence between two mixture models, by reducing them to the divergences between the mixture components. Here we generalize these techniques to approach the divergence between HMMs using a recursive backward algorithm. Two such methods are introduced, one of which yields an upper bound on the KL divergence, the other of which yields a recursive closed-form solution. The KL and Bhattacharyya divergences, as well as a weighted edit-distance technique, are evaluated for the task of predicting the confusability of pairs of words.
A D-optimal design approach to constrained multiresponse robust design with prioritized mean and variance considerations

The traditional measures of ensuring quality, derived from viewing quality as simply conforming to specifications, does not adequately address today's global markets and value-driven customers. Consequently, process improvement projects are often performed to improve operational performance in order to increase customer satisfaction. Therefore, process improvement methods, such as robust design, are important to industrial quality improvement initiatives. Yet, little of the work in the area of robust design has specifically addressed problems involving physical processing constraints that create an irregularly shape experimental region and the simultaneous consideration of multiple quality characteristics. To address these issues, we propose a new approach to robust design that utilizes D-optimal experimental designs in the context of multiresponse optimization problems in order to overcome the limitations of standard experimental approaches often used in robust design studies. Specifically, we formulate our optimization models as a preemptive nonlinear goal programming problem that focuses on consideration of the mean and variance. We also investigate the extension of optimization models traditionally used in robust design investigations to address multiple responses and compare the outcomes of our proposed approaches using a numerical example.
Standards in Civil Engineering Design Education

In the United States, requirements in the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) engineering criteria provide a strong incentive to integrate engineering codes and standards into civil engineering undergraduate curricula. Under the current criteria, specifically Criterion 4, appropriate engineering standards must be incorporated into the major design experience. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the current ABET Engineering Criteria requirements with respect to engineering standards and suggest some ways standards can be included in both the technical and nontechnical portions of undergraduate curricula.
Structural Anomie and Crime A Cross-National Test

Anomie is a highly prominent theoretical construct in macro-social, particularly cross-national, criminological inquiry. Yet despite its prominence, it has proven to be quite elusive with regard to its measurement and, hence, making it nearly impossible to test theoretical hypotheses regarding its predictive efficacy. Although the concept, whether derived from Merton's classic conceptualization or from its current incarnation in the form of institutional anomie as developed by Messner and Rosenfeld, is multidimensional and complex in its theoretical structure, most researchers have attempted to operationalize it through simple, single-item, often surrogate/proxy measures. The present research note attempts to develop a measure that is more consistent with its multidimensional and complex nature. This more complex operationalization is then examined with regard to its efficacy at predicting cross-national levels of both homicide and theft. Our results suggest that that this new operationalization has considerable predictive efficacy, accounting for approximately one third of the variation in the cross-national level of both homicide and theft.
Induction of macrophage binding to virally infected cells by low levels of lipopolysaccharide.

Bone marrow culture-derived macrophages (BMCM) and vesicular stomatitis virus-infected BALB/c-3T3 cells (3T3-VSV) were used to determine whether macrophages could be activated to bind virally infected cells. Although lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- activated BMCM bound some uninfected BALB/c-3T3 cells, the number of targets that were bound increased with increasing times between infection and assay. Fur- thermore, LPS-activated BMCM bound more 3T3-VSV cells than did control macrophages. As more targets were added, the number of targets bound by the unactivated macrophages remained relatively level. However, the number of targets bound by the activated macrophages increased with increasing concentrations of added targets until they reached a plateau that was eight times greater than that bound by the unactivated BMCM. When BMCM were exposed to LPS for 24 h before assay, they lost both their ability to bind to 3T3-VSV and their cyto- lytic activity against those targets. However, as when us- ing P815, a standard tumor target, the acquisition of binding of 3T3-VSV could be separated from macrophage cytolytic activity against those targets. The amount of LPS required to activated BMCM for increased binding of 3T3-VSV cells was 10-100 times lower than that needed to induce cytolytic activity for 3T3-VSV cells. Each of these values was approximately 100-fold lower than the amount of LPS required to induce the corresponding ac- tivity (binding or cytotoxicity) by using P815 targets. J. Leukoc. Biol. 57: 569-573; 1995.
Employment Interviews: How Critical

In order to determine the relationship between selected characteristics and behaviors of applicants for employment and the outcome of their interviews, interviewer ratings of 398 registrants of a university placement office were analyzed. Factor analysis suggested that applicants were rated on two dimensions: their behavior during the interview and their credentials. The importance of the candidate's general impression on the interviewer is noted, and the need for applicants to be aware that credentials and interview behavior alone do not ensure employment is stressed.
Pricing of Common Cosmetic Surgery Procedures: Local Economic Factors Trump Supply and Demand

Background The pricing of cosmetic surgery procedures has long been thought to coincide with laws of basic economics, including the model of supply and demand. However, the highly variable prices of these procedures indicate that additional economic contributors are probable. Objectives The authors sought to reassess the fit of cosmetic surgery costs to the model of supply and demand and to determine the driving forces behind the pricing of cosmetic surgery procedures. Methods Ten plastic surgery practices were randomly selected from each of 15 US cities of various population sizes. Average prices of breast augmentation, mastopexy, abdominoplasty, blepharoplasty, and rhytidectomy in each city were compared with economic and demographic statistics. Results The average price of cosmetic surgery procedures correlated substantially with population size (r = 0.767), cost-of-living index (r = 0.784), cost to own real estate (r = 0.714), and cost to rent real estate (r = 0.695) across the 15 US cities. Cosmetic surgery pricing also was found to correlate (albeit weakly) with household income (r = 0.436) and per capita income (r = 0.576). Virtually no correlations existed between pricing and the density of plastic surgeons (r = 0.185) or the average age of residents (r = 0.076). Conclusions Results of this study demonstrate a correlation between costs of cosmetic surgery procedures and local economic factors. Cosmetic surgery pricing cannot be completely explained by the supply-and-demand model because no association was found between procedure cost and the density of plastic surgeons.
Recordando África al inventar Uruguay: sociedades de negros en el carnaval de Montevideo, 1865-1930

The article studies the historical process by which African and European music and dances merged into the so-called “national rhythms”, building national identities in Latin America. Such process implied complex negotiations for each country, in terms of race, ethnicity, gender and social classes. As an example, the author deals with the national rhythm best-known as candombe uruguayo, key piece in the Annual Montevideo Carnival since mid-1800’s.
Seismic Signal Use by Fossorial Mammals

Abstract The subterranean environment is not favorable for the use of vision or the audition of airborne sounds as means of long-distance sensory perception. However, seismic vibrations have been shown to propagate at least an order of magnitude better than airborne sound between the burrow systems of the mole-rat Georychus capensis. The use of the seismic channel for communication underground is well documented for other species of bathyergids, as well as the spalacine mole-rat Nannospalax. It has recently been suggested that the golden mole Eremitalpa granti namibensis may also be sensitive to ground vibrations, in this case used in foraging in its desert habitat. In this paper, the use of seismic signals among these and other fossorial mammals is reviewed from theoretical, behavioral and anatomical standpoints. The question of whether auditory or somatosensory means are used to detect vibratory signals is examined. Attempts to explain the distribution of seismic sensitivity and communication mechanisms...