cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fragile Histidine Triad (FHIT) Gene Abnormalities in Lung Cancer

Abstract Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death in the world. In recent years, enormous progress has been made in understanding the molecular and cellular biology of lung cancer. The fragile histidine triad ( FHIT ) gene, a candidate tumor-suppressor gene, was recently identified at chromosome 3p14.2, spanning the FRA3B common fragile site. Frequent allelic losses as well as homozygous deletions have been described at the FHIT locus, making FHIT a strong candidate as a tumor-suppressor gene. However, the occurrence of mutations is very rare. Aberrant FHIT transcripts, including deletions of exons, insertions between exons, and insertions replacing exons, are detected in a high percentage of lung tumors. Reduction or complete loss of FHIT expression by immunohistochemical testing is seen in about 30%-70% of non–small-cell lung cancer and in about 20% of bronchial biopsies from chronic smokers without evidence of lung cancer. This finding supports the theory that FHIT is a molecular target of tobacco smoke carcinogens. However, the location of the gene in one of the most fragile sites of the human genome and the paucity of mutations have led to an alternative hypothesis that abnormalities of the gene are bystander effects resulting from disruption of the FRA3B locus. Thus, the function of FHIT as a candidate tumor-suppressor gene is still controversial, and additional studies are necessary to clarify the role of FHIT in lung cancer pathogenesis.
Comparison of Filter Smoke Number and Elemental Carbon Mass From Partially Premixed Low Temperature Combustion in a Direct Injection Diesel Engine

Partially premixed low temperature combustion (LTC) is an established advanced engine strategy that enables the simultaneous reduction of soot and NOX emissions in diesel engines. Measuring extremely low levels of soot emissions achievable with LTC modes using a filter smoke meter requires large sample volumes and repeated measurements to achieve the desired data precision and accuracy. Even taking such measures, doubt exists as to whether filter smoke number (FSN) accurately represents the actual smoke emissions emitted from such low soot conditions. The use of alternative fuels such as biodiesel also compounds efforts to accurately report soot emissions since the reflectivity of high levels of organic matter found on the particulate matter collected may result in erroneous readings from the optical detector. Using FSN, it is desired to report mass emissions of soot using empirical correlations derived for use with petroleum diesel fuels and conventional modes of combustion. The work presented in this paper compares the experimental results of well known formulae for calculating mass of soot using FSN and elemental carbon mass using thermal optical analysis (TOA) over a range of operating conditions and fuels from a four cylinder direct injection passenger car diesel engine. The data show that the mass of soot emitted by the engine can be accurately predicted with the smoke meter method utilizing a 3000 ml sample volume over a range of FSN from 0.02 to 1.5. Soot mass exhaust concentration calculated from FSN using the best of the literature expressions and that from the TOA taken over all conditions correlated linearly with a slope of 0.99 and R2 value of 0.94. A primary implication of the work is that the level of confidence in reporting soot mass based on FSN for low soot formation regimes like LTC is improved for both petroleum diesel and biodiesel fuels.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Recognition of discrepant nonverbal messages and detection of deception.

Summary.--60 college students took the Nonverbal Discrepancy Test and judged the truthfulness of videotaped responses to questions. The test is a measure of ability to detect discrepancies in power or affective relations conveyed via visual and paralinguistic nonverbal channels. Correlations suggested that the score was not related to measures of accuracy of discrimination between truthful and deceptive messages. During recent years, research on deception and skill at detecting deception has grown rapidly (Zuckerman, DePaulo, & Rosenthal, 1981; Knapp & Comadena, 1979). Many studies have confirmed that various nonverbal cues convey deception (Zuckerman, DePaulo, & Rosenthal, 1981). It appears then that nonverbally sensitive people should be more adept at judging deception. A recent study, however, did not demonstrate that nonverbally sensitive persons were better at discrimination between truth and deception (Littlepage, McKinnie, & Pineault, 1983). In that study, the Profile of Nonverbal Sensitivicy (PONS), a standard test of skill at interpreting various patterns of nonverbal cues (Rosenthal, Hall, Dimatteo, Rogers, & Archer, 1979) was correlated with measures of accuracy of judging truth and deception. There were essentially no correlations between accuracy of judging truth and deception and general nonverbal sensitivity. One possible reason for the lack of correspondence between these two measures is that detection of deception involves sensitivity to information which was unsuccessfully concealed while the PONS measures sensitiviry to cues when no concealment was attempted. Ekrnan and Friesen (1974) suggested that certain nonverbal channels may be controlled more effectively than others. They argued that the face is more controllable than the body, and people are generally less aware of their body language. Consequently, facial cues would be less likely to give away deception. Studies confirm that facial cues are not of great use in judging deception, while body and paralinguistic channels ate less effectively controlled and so provide cues to deception (Littlepage & Pineault, 1979, 1981; Ekman & Friesen, 1969,
AIDS and Intravenous Drug Abuse–What about Treatment?

Il est, certes, de louable strategie de mettre les seringues en vente libre a l'usage des toxicomanes, groupe de population a haut risque de SIDA. Mais on parait moins preoccupe de mettre en œuvre des programmes de grande ampleur pour ceux qui recherchent une assistance et un encadrement en vue de leur desintoxication definitive
THEORY OF SEGMENTED ASSIMILATION AND THE ADOPTION OF MARIJUANA USE AND DELINQUENT BEHAVIOR BY ASIAN PACIFIC YOUTH

This article examines the adoption of behaviors of the teen drug and delinquent subcultures among Asian Pacific youth within the framework of the theory of segmented assimilation. Alejandro Portes ...
Science education crisis: Problems, solutions discussed

Public concern about the state of science education in America at the pre-college and college levels is widespread, triggered largely by the perception that we are losing ground in the global economy. Science, and particularly technology, are seen as our most likely sources of recovery. For those who recall the public reaction to the launching of Sputnik by Russia in 1957, the present mood is similar, if somewhat less intense. AGU members are in a unique position to influence debate about the science education crisis. Many of us, either as experts in some subset of physical science issues, as teachers at the college level, or even as parents observing our children's experiences in elementary or secondary school classrooms, may offer insight to this debate.
Precambrian Rocks of the Lake Hopatcong Area, New Jersey

Precambrian rocks near Lake Hopatcong, New Jersey, form a part of the intensely deformed and metamorphosed Reading Prong. The Lake Hopatcong area is divisible into several northeast-trending fault blocks, each of which contains a mappable stratigraphic sequence of paragneisses and granitic or syenitic rocks. The paragneisses generally are well foliated and well layered. They consist chiefly of biotite-feldspar-quartz gneisses and quartz-oligoclase leucogneisses that are interpreted as metamorphosed potassium-rich sandstones and quartz keratophyres, respectively. A thin well-foliated unit of biotite-plagioclase gneiss is thought to be a metamorphosed sill of gabbroic anorthosite. The granitic and syenitic rocks generally form thick, regionally concordant sheets. They are typically foliated and are composed chiefly of microcline microperthite and plagioclase (or mesoperthite), quartz, and iron-rich hornblende and clinopyroxene. These foliated granitic and syenitic rocks are viewed as syntectonic magmatic intrusives. One regionally discordant, unfoliated sheet of clinopyroxene quartz syenite is probably a late tectonic magmatic intrusive. Mineral assemblages in Lake Hopatcong paragneisses may be assigned to the hornblende granulite subfacies of metamorphism. The presence of Ca-bearing mesoperthite in biotite-feldspar-quartz gneiss indicates that metamorphic temperatures exceeded 700° C, and the assemblage garnet-sillimanite-quartz without cordierite indicates that load pressure was greater than 2.5 kb. The rocks have thus probably been buried to depths in excess of 10 km.
CRITERIA FOR SELECTING CHRYSOPA CARNEA BIOTYPES FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL: ADULT DIETARY REQUIREMENTS

Based on our studies with 10 geographic populations of Chrysopa carnea , we recommend that biological control programs involving this predator use "pure" carnea stock originating from eastern and midwestern North America. Of the two strains (races or biotypes) of C . carnea — carnea and mohave — carnea is the superior choice for biological control on commercial crops in both eastern and western North America because (1) its preoviposition period is approximately one-half as long as mohave ’s, (2) unlike mohave adults, neither sex of the carnea strain requires prey for successful mating and initiating oviposition, (3) carnea ’s oviposition can be enhanced in the field by applying currently available food sprays, and (4) carnea is efficient to mass-rear on a commercial basis. The “pure” mohave race is restricted to limited areas on the west coast. This race, which can enter a food-mediated summer diapause, is more suitable for biological control on the west coast in non-agricultural situations dominated by native vegetation, where prey occurrence is highly variable during summer. Most west coast populations in agricultural areas are composed of intermediates between the carnea and mohave races. F 1 hybrids produced by crossing individuals from mohave , carnea , and intermediate populations, show predominantly carnea characteristics, and inheritance of the distinguishing biological traits appears to be controlled by polygenes.
The electrocardiographic effects of acetylstrophanthidin in the normal dog

Abstract 1. 1. Observations have been made on the electrocardiographic effects of intravenous acetylstrophanthidin (0.056–0.180 mg/kg) in 20 studies on 13 mongrel dogs. 2. 2. Acetylstrophanthidin exhibits digitalis-like effects and is considered a mest valuable laboratory tool. This is an important consideration where deterioration of animal preparations is an ever-present problem. 3. 3. The onset of vagal response was independent of the dose of acetylstrophanthidin, and a return to control rates occurred within 10–30 minutes after injection. The reduction in rate was more obvious in the lower dose range and was obscured by arrhythmias above a dose of 0.082 mg./kg. 4. 4. S-T and T wave changes without toxic manifestations occurred between doses of 0.062–0.082 mg/kg, and this is considered the probable optimal dose for the normal dog.
Analyzing Extension's Role in Macroeconomic Policy Education: Discussion

For the past fifteen years, prominent members of the agricultural economics profession have been noting the importance of macroeconomics to the agricultural economy. Moreover, we are a large profession which professes to be concerned about addressing and solving problems and providing information for decision makers in the agricultural sector. And yet, we collectively seem to be relatively uninvolved with macroeconomics, except of course to talk about it. So what is wrong with this picture? If macroeconomics really is so important to the agricultural sector, really does make a difference, and really is useful to firm and industry decision makers, then why the apparent gap between our words and our actions?
Education in information security

The last four years have seen an explosion in the concern for information security. People are becoming aware of how much information is publicly available, as stories in the national news media discuss the ease with which hackers steal identities. On a less personal note, compromises of information involving authorized access show that organizations have information security problems. With this awareness has grown an understanding of our dependence on accurate, confidential information, and of the fragility of the infrastructure we use to secure that information. Of all the questions emerging, the fundamental one is this: how can we secure information? This essay discusses different forms of education that are relevant to this problem.
Racially separate or together

1The preparation of this paper was facilitated by Contracted No. OEC 1–6–0617741–1887 of the United States Office of Education.
Loss-of-function DNA sequence variant in the CLCNKA chloride channel implicates the cardio-renal axis in interindividual heart failure risk variation

Common heart failure has a strong undefined heritable component. Two recent independent cardiovascular SNP array studies identified a common SNP at 1p36 in intron 2 of the HSPB7 gene as being associated with heart failure. HSPB7 resequencing identified other risk alleles but no functional gene variants. Here, we further show no effect of the HSPB7 SNP on cardiac HSPB7 mRNA levels or splicing, suggesting that the SNP marks the position of a functional variant in another gene. Accordingly, we used massively parallel platforms to resequence all coding exons of the adjacent CLCNKA gene, which encodes the Ka renal chloride channel (ClC-Ka). Of 51 exonic CLCNKA variants identified, one SNP (rs10927887, encoding Arg83Gly) was common, in linkage disequilibrium with the heart failure risk SNP in HSPB7, and associated with heart failure in two independent Caucasian referral populations (n = 2,606 and 1,168; combined P = 2.25 × 10−6). Individual genotyping of rs10927887 in the two study populations and a third independent heart failure cohort (combined n = 5,489) revealed an additive allele effect on heart failure risk that is independent of age, sex, and prior hypertension (odds ratio = 1.27 per allele copy; P = 8.3 × 10−7). Functional characterization of recombinant wild-type Arg83 and variant Gly83 ClC-Ka chloride channel currents revealed ≈50% loss-of-function of the variant channel. These findings identify a common, functionally significant genetic risk factor for Caucasian heart failure. The variant CLCNKA risk allele, telegraphed by linked variants in the adjacent HSPB7 gene, uncovers a previously overlooked genetic mechanism affecting the cardio-renal axis.
Transposition of the enhancer controlling element system in maize

Controlling elements have the ability to activate or inactivate standard genes. One of the unique features of controlling elements is their ability to transpose from one position to another on the same chromosome or to another chromosome. In this study, the transposition of the controlling element En was examined in its transposition from its initial site at the al locus to a primary site and then to secondary sites, all within the distal two-thirds of the 3L maizechromosome arm.
Use of diploid and triploid tench (Tinca tinca) blood as standards for genome size measurements

Summary The ploidy level of 10 diploid and 10 induced triploid tench, Tinca tinca, was verified using flow cytometry to determine relative DNA content of DAPI-stained erythrocyte nuclei. The C-value (haploid nuclear DNA content; pgDNA nucleus−1) of these same individuals was determined by means of Feulgen image analysis densitometry, in comparison to the chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus; 1.25 pg P < 0.05) standard, using three different approaches. Highly similar mean C-values were obtained, thus confirming the possibility of using tench blood as a frequently used standard in European pond aquaculture for ploidy determination in fishes.
On similarity of polynomial configurations

Abstract The problem of checking the equivalence of two sets of polynomial curves (in a plane), each set of total degree n, under the affine transformations of translation, rotation, scaling and mirror reflection is studied. An optimal Θ(n log n) time algorithm for this problem is presented. This algorithm is based on efficient computation of Bezier polygons by using some polynomial manipulations that employ FFT methods.
Ethylene synthesis and growth of tomato hypocotyls: induction by auxin and fusicoccin and inhibition by vanadate

The effects of fusicoccin (FC) on growth and ethylene synthesis of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) hypocotyls were compared to those of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Fusicoccin promoted both growth and ethylene production maximally at <2μM. Growth was stimulated to a slightly greater extent by FC as compared to IAA, while ethylene synthesis rates in response to FC were about 50% less than those induced by IAA. Cycloheximide (0.5 μM) inhibited auxin-induced growth by 80% but had no effect on FC-induced growth; ethylene production was inhibited to the same extent (58%) when induced by either IAA or FC. Both IAA and FC caused tissue contents of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and malonyl-ACC to increase, indicating that like IAA, FC induces ethylene synthesis by stimulating the formation of ACC. Orthovanadate, a potent inhibitor of proton-translocating plasma membrane ATPases, reduced both IAA- and FC-induced growth and ethylene synthesis at concentrations less than 1 mM, with ethylene synthesis being approximately 10 times more sensitive to inhibition than growth. Vanadate did not affect tissue ACC levels, slightly reduced total ACC production, and inhibited conversion of ACC to ethylene. However, significant inhibition of in vivo ethylene-forming enzyme activity required high concentrations of vanadate (1 mM) and was less effective than inhibition by cobaltous ion. The site of action of vanadate in inhibiting ethylene synthesis remains unclear, but the ion did not prevent the elevation of tissue ACC levels in response to IAA or FC. It is unlikely, therefore, that stimulation of plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity is required for the induction of ACC synthase by IAA and FC.
Caprolactams as potent CGRP receptor antagonists for the treatment of migraine

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of migraine. Replacements for the benzodiazepine core of an earlier lead structure 1 including 5-, 6-, and 7-membered lactams were explored. Within the 7-membered ring scaffold, phenyl substitution at various positions afforded the potent (3R)-amino-(6S)-phenyl caprolactam template. The phenylimidazolinone privileged structure gave additional potency enhancements, as 24 showed good potency in both CGRP binding (K(i)=2 nM) and cAMP (IC(50)=4 nM) assays and was orally bioavailable in rats (27%).
The Role of Primary Cilia in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation: A Pivotal Switch in Guiding Lineage Commitment

Primary cilia are sensory organelles that have been shown to play a critical role in lineage commitment. It was our hypothesis that the primary cilium is necessary for chemically induced differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). To investigate this, polaris siRNA was used to inhibit the primary cilia and the mRNA levels of transcription factors Runx2, PPARγ were measured by RT PCR as markers of osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation, respectively. MSCs with inhibited primary cilia had significantly decreased basal mRNA expression levels of all three lineages specific transcription factors indicating that primary cilia are critical in multiple differentiation pathways. Furthermore, to determine if primary cilia play a role in the differentiation potential of MSCs, progenitor cells transfected with either scrambled or polaris siRNA were cultured in osteo-inductive, chondro-inductive, or adipo-inductive media and lineage commitment was ascertained. Interestingly, within 24 h of culture, cells transfected with polaris siRNA in both osteogenic and adipogenic media lost adhesion and released from the slides; however MSCs in chondrogenic media as well as cells transfected with scrambled siRNA did not. These results suggest that the primary cilium is necessary for the normal progression of chemically induced osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. As a control, the experiment was repeated with NIH3T3 fibroblasts and none of the effects of inhibited primary cilia were observed indicating that the loss of adhesion may be specific to MSCs. Furthermore after biochemically inducing the cells to differentiate, polaris knockdown resulted in abrogation of both Runx2 and PPARγ mRNA while SOX9 mRNA expression was significantly lower. These results suggest that primary cilia play an essential role not only in the initiation of both osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation, but also in maintaining the phenotype of differentiated cells. Interestingly, chondrogenic differentiation appeared less dependent on a functional primary cilium.
Phyto (In)Stabilization of Elements

The effects of plants (corn, soybean, and sunflower) and fertilizer on mobility of more than 60 elements were assessed in a greenhouse experiment. Unplanted columns with the same soil served as controls. Half the columns received fertilizer and all columns were watered at the same rate. At the end of the experiment, the columns were watered to mimic a rainstorm event such that water drained from the bases of the columns, which was collected and analyzed for element content. Soil from between the roots of the plants was also collected and the water-extractable fraction determined. It was expected that (1) more mobile elements, as measured by water extraction, would be leached from the soils at a higher rate compared to less mobile elements, (2) plants would immobilize most elements, but that some would be immobilized, and (3) that this would depend on plant species. The results led to the following conclusions: plants cause metal mobility to vary over a wide range for a specific soil and do mobilize some e...
The transmission of knowledge in South Asia : essays on education, religion, history, and politics

What is the motivation behind the transmission of knowledge and ideas in the specific cultural contexts of South Asian societies? These essays look at schools and schooling, the telling of myth, colonial information-gathering and the spread of the "Hindutva" ideology, among other examples. The book attempts to provide a common understanding of the social agenda in widely differing contexts. Its topicality is enhanced by current contemporary debates on education and curriculum.
Rapid analysis of mouse-hamster hybrid cell lines by in situ hybridization.

Abstract In situ htbridization techniques for analyzing the murine DNA complement of mouse-hamster hybrid cells are described. Total genomic mouse DNA is labeled with biotin and hybridized without suppression to metaphase spreads from a mouse-hamster hybrid line containing the mouse fusion chromosome X12. Detection via fluorochrome-conjugated avidin reveals mouse chromosomal DNA with high sensitivity and permits the identification of both normal and aberrant murine chromosomes. Conversely, biotinylated total genomic DNA from a hybrid line can be used as a probe on normal mouse metaphase spreads if suppression techniques are employed, facilitating the analysis of mouse chromosomes present in the hybrid line.
Using Bibliometrics to Measure Firm Knowledge: An Analysis of the US Pharmaceutical Industry

A recent literature review highlighted the knowledge-based view as an important current theory in the strategic management area. The current paper utilizes that theory as the context for employing bibliometrics to uncover the publishing and patenting citation patterns in a group of twelve US pharmaceutical companies over a 13-year period. Our initial findings suggest that firms self-cite a great deal, and that they rely heavily on public science. In addition, we found that Merck and Co. is the most frequently cited company in both the science and technology areas, though somewhat less so in technology. The managerial implications, particularly from a knowledge perspective, are discussed as well as some suggestions for future research.
Reaction to Compton and Metheny (2000): "assessment of grade inflation in higher education".

Szrmmary.-Comparison of grades awarded to all students in all courses at SUNY Geneseo in Spring 1990 and Spring 2000 shows a significant overall increase and a fairly stable pattern of grading practices across departments that resembles the pattern reported by Compton and Metheny in 2000 and other investigators. In biannual summaries for all courses offered during the 10-year period 1988 to 1997, Compton and Metheny (2000) found grade inflation in two of four academic units of a liberal arts college. Grades rose significantly in the School of Health Sciences and the School of Education, but not in the School of Business or the School of Arts and Sciences. With the biamud summaries combined and course level controlled, their analyses also showed that high grades were awarded significantly more often in the School of Health Sciences and the School of Education than in the School of Business or the School of Arts and Sciences. Their overall findings were thus consistent with those of earlier reports documenting patterns of grade inflation on several campuses and showing that grades in certain departments, e.g., mathematics and the physical sciences, have resisted the trend toward leniency (Strenta & Ehott, 1987; Young, 1990; Sabot & Wakeman-Linn, 1991; Bearden, Wolfe, & Grosch, 1992).
Territorial Threat and the Decline of Political Trust in Africa: A Multilevel Analysis

Theorists of international conflict argue that territory is an unusually salient issue to states and, by extension, their publics. Comparing competing insights from the “rally-round-the-flag” literature and those derived from theories of the state, I examine which theory best explains the effects of external threats to territory on levels of domestic trust. Using information from twenty-eight Afrobarometer surveys of sixteen different countries between 1999 and 2004, I assess the relationship between external threat and political trust using cross-sectional, multilevel models. The results challenge the rally effect hypothesis and suggest that government approval moderates the effect of territorial threat on trust. These findings demonstrate the salience of territorial issues domestically and generate novel insights about approval and trust in Africa.
Surface diagnosis of large reflector antennas using microwave holographic metrology: An iterative approach

The radiation pattern of an antenna can be significantly affected by reflector surface errors. A minimization of losses due to surface inaccuracies is, therefore, required. A suitable procedure for the determination of the deviations of the surface from its ideal geometry is based on the microwave holographic technique. In this procedure, the complex pattern of the antenna is measured, and the Fourier transform relationship, existing between the radiation pattern and the function related to the current distribution on the reflector surface, is applied. It is naturally desirable to limit the amount of measured data. The present investigation is concerned with the concept of the Fourier transform relationship between the induced current and the far field. It is demonstrated that the relationship, in general, can be interpreted as a summation of many Fourier transforms. An iterative scheme is employed to continue the far-field pattern outside the measurement window.
Yield optimization for multiple reactions

Abstract A heretofore unavailable systematic and unified analysis of the problem of yield optimization in complex reaction schemes is presented in this paper. Cyclic operation of a variable-volume, semi-batch, stirred tank reactor is examined within the framework of the optimal control theory in order to identify feasible operation modes and candidate optimal strategies. The optimal strategy is shown to be one of the following: (1) a continuous-flow stirred tank reactor; (2) a repeated batch operation (spatial dual: a plug flow reactor with/without recycle); (3) a repeated fed-batch operatio involving singular control (spatial dual: a plug flow reactor with recycle and distributed feed); or a specific combination of (1), (2) and (3). The admissibility of singular control is examined for reaction schemes obeying power law kinetics and Langmuir-Hinshelwood-type kinetics. The strength of the approach adopted here is well illustrated by analytical identification of optimal policies via phase-plane analysis for three specific reaction schemes: first-order consecutive parallel reactions, the Denbigh reaction scheme and Van de Vusse reaction scheme.
Fibroblast growth factor signalling in the hair growth cycle: Expression of the fibroblast growth factor receptor and ligand genes in the murine hair follicle

Using RNA in situ hybridization analysis, we have characterized the expression domains of the four known members of the FGF receptor-tyrosine kinase gene family in the murine hair follicle at various stages of the hair growth cycle. During anagen, we detected Fgfr1 RNA in the dermal papilla, Fgfr2 RNA in hair matrix cells near the dermal papilla, Fgfr3 RNA in pre-cuticle cells in the periphery of the hair bulb, and Fgfr4 RNA in cells in the periphery of the hair bulb and also in the inner and outer root sheath in the lower half of the follicle neck. No RNA expression of these genes was detected during late catagen or telogen. We have previously shown that Fgf5 is expressed in the outer root sheath in the transient portion of the follicle (Hebert et al. [1994] Cell 78:1017-1025). In the present study we have also assayed for the expression of six other members of the FGF ligand gene family, Fgf3, Fgf4, Fgf6, Fgf7, Fgf8, and Fgf9. Among these FGF genes, only Fgf7 was found to be expressed in the hair follicle. Fgf7 RNA is localized to the dermal papilla during anagen, but expression is down-regulated by the late-anagen VI stage. We have also demonstrated that addition of FGF5 protein to the culture medium changes the behavior of dermal papilla cells in vitro, indicating that they are capable of responding to FGF5. Together with previously published data, these results provide a complete analysis of FGF ligand and FGF receptor-tyrosine kinase gene expression in the hair follicle, and suggest that FGF signalling may have several functions in the hair growth cycle.
THE LOGICAL STRUCTURE OF LINGUISTIC COMMITMENT II: SYSTEMS OF RELEVANT COMMITMENT ENTAILMENT

In “The Logical Structure of Linguistic Commitment I” (The Journal of Philosophical Logic23 (1994), 369–400), we sketch a linguistic theory (inspired by Brandom's Making it Explicit) which includes an “expressivist” account of the implication connective, →: the role of → is to “make explicit” the inferential proprieties among possible commitments which proprieties determine, in part, the significances of sentences. This motivates reading (A → B) as “commitment to A is, in part, commitment to B”. Our project is to study the logic of →. LSLC I approximates (A → B) as “anyone committed to A is committed to B”, ignoring issues of whether A is relevant to B. The present paper includes considerations of relevance, motivating systems of relevant commitment entailment related to the systems of commitment entailment of LSLC I. We also consider the relevance logics that result from a commitment reading of Fine's semantics for relevance logics, a reading that Fine suggests.
Hannay-Berry phase and the restricted three-vortex problem

Abstract Asymptotic expansions for the Hannay-Berry phase are computed for a class of Hamiltonian systems in perturbed action-angle form with slowly varying parameters, where the parameters recur on a slow time scale. A multi-scale perturbation method is used which in principle can be carried to any desired order of accuracy. As a specific application, we use the method to examine the restricted three-vortex problem, a completely integrable configuration of two co-rotating point vortices a distance D apart, and a tracer particle rotating around one of the vortices with distance r . In the asymptotic limit r/D∼e , we compute the particle trajectory through O(e) and find that the Hannay-Berry phase is given by δ θ ≅ π +2/3 π R 0 /D+O(1/ D 2 ) where R 0 is the conserved action.
Supporting the Information Management Needs of People Helping Animals in Disasters

Many things influence human decision-making in disasters. This work considers the information management needs and collaborative work of those focused on animal care and evacuation in disasters. Empirical ethnographic work on-site at two animal evacuation locations, as well as fieldwork responding to large animal needs, and ongoing participant observer fieldwork between events has led to both academic and practical contributions aimed at improving the ways animal advocates, animal owners and emergency responders are able to communicate and attend to the needs of animals and their owners in a disaster.
Low-level birefringence measurements applied to optical interconnects

Birefringence arises in optical interconnects due to residual stress. This affects reliability and performance. A new full-field retardation measurement method is presented and compared to the existing Brace-Kohler technique. Both methods are applied to retrieve the two-dimensional birefringence distribution of optical fibers and polymer waveguides.
Existence and reactivity of three forms of orthophthalaldehyde in aqueous solutions. Polarographic, voltammetric, and spectrophotometric study.

Orthophthalaldehyde (1,2-dicarboxaldehyde) (OPA) forms in the presence of a strong nucleophile with amino acids isoindole derivatives. The reaction is used in fluorometric determination of amino acids. The mechanism of these processes is not understood. OPA is present in aqueous solutions in three forms: unhydrated (Ia), monohydrated acyclic (Ib), and cyclic hemiacetal (Ic). The absence of data for the molar absorptivities of these forms, together with overlap of their absorption bands, limits the application of spectrophotometry. Measurement of polarographic limiting currents of forms Ia and Ib enables determination of equilibrium constants K1 (formation of Ib) and K2 (for the ring formation). The presence of these forms was supported by 1H NMR and 13C NMR. The rate of hydration of OPA is general-acid−base-catalyzed, but that of dehydration shows only specific-acid−base catalysis. The rate of hydration is controlled by general-acid−base-catalyzed addition of water to Ia. The rate of dehydration depends ...
Perspectives on the use of organic acids and short chain fatty acids as antimicrobials

Organic acids have a long history of being utilized as food additives and preservatives for preventing food deterioration and extending the shelf life of perishable food ingredients. Specific organic acids have also been used to control microbial contamination and dissemination of foodborne pathogens in preharvest and postharvest food production and processing. The antibacterial mechanism(s) for organic acids are not fully understood, and activity may vary depending on physiological status of the organism and the physicochemical characteristics of the external environment. An emerging potential problem is that organic acids have been observed to enhance survivability of acid sensitive pathogens exposed to low pH by induction of an acid tolerance response and that acid tolerance may be linked to increased virulence. Although this situation has implications regarding the use of organic acids, it may only apply to circumstances in which reduced acid levels have induced resistance and virulence mechanisms in exposed organisms. Evaluating effectiveness of organic acids for specific applications requires more understanding general and specific stress response capabilities of foodborne pathogens. Development and application of molecular tools to study pathogen behavior in preharvest and postharvest food production environments will enable dissection of specific bacterial genetic regulation involved in response to organic acids. This could lead to the development of more targeted strategies to control foodborne pathogens with organic acids.
Phase-noise behaviour of frequency dividers implemented with GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors

Near carrier phase-noise performance of GaAs microwave frequency dividers (4 GHz) is investigated. The divide-by-4 circuits are fabricated using heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) technology. The phase-noise behaviour of the HBT divider chips is correlated with transistor 1/f noise and is insensitive to bias current variations.
Two new Agave species (Agavaceae) from central Arizona and their putative pre-Columbian domesticated origins

Recent fieldwork in central Arizona resulted in the discovery of two agaves that display low seed set, reproduce mainly by vegetative means, have restricted distributions, and cannot be readily assigned to any existing species. These agaves are closely associated with archaeological structures and features and can be found growing with other previously described pre-Columbian Agave domesticates. Herein we describe Agave verdensis and A. yavapaiensis, two species that can be placed within Gentry’s informal Ditepalae Agave group, and propose that they are clonal relict domesticates. The two species have affinities with A. chrysantha, A. shrevei, and A. delamateri, the latter also a central Arizona pre-Columbian domesticate. We provide a key to distinguish these species from other agaves in central Arizona and adjacent northern Mexico with which they may be confused. The discovery of these two new species brings the total number of putative Arizona Agave domesticates to five species.
Infrared systems for helicopter pilotage

As part of a team headed by the McDonnell Douglas Helicopter Company and including the Honeywell Systems and Research Division, we have investigated several advanced real-time viewing systems. The study was predicated upon human factors drivers that lead to specifications for several different types of systems. These include systems with 0.6 mr resolution and 170 degree(s) X 50 degree(s), 100 degree(s) X 50 degree(s), and 50 degree(s) X 50 degree(s) fields of view.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Dendrodendritic synaptic pathway for inhibition in the olfactory bulb

Abstract Anatomical and physiological evidence based on independent studies of the mammalian olfactory bulb points to synaptic interactions between dendrites. A theoretical analysis of electric potentials in the rabbit olfactory bulb led originally to the conclusion that mitral dendrites synaptically excite granule dendrites and granule dendrites then synaptically inhibit mitral dendrites. In an independent electron micrographic study of the rat olfactory bulb, synaptic contacts were found between granule and mitral dendrites. An unusual feature was the occurrence of more than one synaptic contact per single granule ending on a mitral dendrite; as inferred from the morphology of these synaptic contacts, a single granule ending was often presynaptic at one point and postsynaptic at an adjacent point with respect to the contiguous mitral dendrite. We postulate that these synaptic contacts mediate mitral-to-granule excitation and granule-to-mitral inhibition. These dendrodendritic synapses could provide a pathway for both lateral and self inhibition.
Completeness of prescription recording in outpatient medical records from a health maintenance organization

Abstract Since validity of drug data is often characterized by the agreement between questionnaire and medical record data, medical record completeness for drug therapy was evaluated. Outpatient medical records of 501 randomly selected Group Health Cooperative Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) participants known to have been dispensed a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) were reviewed for completeness. Documentation was also evaluated for indication, age, gender, location of visit, and number of visits. The NSAID was recorded in 89% of the charts reviewed. Charts with a vague/missing diagnosis were more likely to lack documentation [RR (95% CI): 20.0 (13.2–30.3)]. The data suggested that poorer documentation was related to older age [1.5 (0.9-2.5)] but not to gender, indication, location of visit, or number of visits. Presence of an indication was positively correlated to the completeness of drug documentation. According to this staff/group HMO, there may be a higher concordance between self-reported medication use and medical record data than found in previous literature.
Black holes as agents of magnetic fields.

THE recent discovery of pulsating X-ray sources1 has led to considerable speculation that these objects might be black holes. So far no mechanisms have been seriously proposed to explain how pulsed X-rays could be produced by black holes, but it is likely that any such mechanism would require the presence of a magnetic field. I wish to point out that it is highly unlikely that the magnetic field of a black hole could ever be large enough to produce observable effects.
Correction to the article “Monopole Floer homology and Legendrian knots”

Proposition 5.6 and Corollary 5.7 of our paper “Monopole Floer homology and Legendrian knots”, which use the invariants lg of that paper to construct nonloose Legendrian knots in overtwisted contact manifolds, are incorrect. In this erratum we explain the problem with the proof of Proposition 5.6 and why it cannot be true.
Source specific fecal bacteria modeling using soil and water assessment tool model

Fecal bacteria can contaminate water and result in illness or death. It is often difficult to accurately determine sources of fecal bacteria contamination, but bacteria source tracking can help identify non-point sources of fecal bacteria such as livestock, humans and wildlife. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) microbial sub-model 2005 was used to evaluate source-specific fecal bacteria using three years (2004-2006) of observed modified deterministic probability of bacteria source tracking data, as well as measure hydrologic and water quality data. This study modeled source-specific bacteria using a model previously calibrated for flow, sediment and total fecal coliform bacteria (FCB) concentration. The SWAT model was calibrated at the Rock Creek sub-watershed, validated at the Deer Creek sub-watershed, and verified at the Auburn sub-watershed and then at the entire Upper Wakarusa watershed for predicting daily flow, sediment, nutrients, total fecal bacteria, and source-specific fecal bacteria. Watershed characteristics for livestock, humans, and wildlife fecal bacterial sources were first modeled together then with three separate sources and combinations of source-specific FCB concentration: livestock and human, livestock and wildlife and human and wildlife. Model results indicated both coefficient of determination (R(2)) and Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency Index (E) parameters ranging from 0.52 to 0.84 for daily flow and 0.50-0.87 for sediment (good to very good agreement); 0.14-0.85 for total phosphorus (poor to very good agreement); -3.55 to 0.79 for total nitrogen (unsatisfactory to very good agreement) and -2.2 to 0.52 for total fecal bacteria (unsatisfactory to good agreement). Model results generally determined decreased agreement for each single source of bacteria (R(2) and E range from -5.03 to 0.39), potentially due to bacteria source tracking (BST) uncertainty and spatial variability. This study contributes to new knowledge in bacteria modeling and will help further understanding of uncertainty that exists in source-specific bacteria modeling.
Functional changes in the lungs of guinea pigs exposed to sodium sulfite aerosols.

Abstract Guinea pigs were exposed head only for 1 hr to submicrometer sodium sulfite aerosols (mass median aerodynamic diameter = 0.36 μm, σ g = 2.96) at 474, 669, and 972 μg SO 3 2− /m 3 . Respiratory mechanics were measured in unanesthetized animals before, during, and after exposure. Dose-related increases in resistance and decreases in compliance were observed. At 972 μg SO 3 2− /m 3 , the sodium sulfite aerosol caused a 50% increase in resistance and a 19% decrease in compliance. These changes were still present 1 hr after the end of exposure. The results were used to assess the irritant potency of sodium sulfite aerosol. Another group of guinea pigs was exposed whole body for 1 hr to the same aerosol at 0, 204, 395, and 1152 μg SO 3 2− /m 3 . Immediately after the exposures, lung volume, diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (DL CO ), and wet lung weight were evaluated in anesthetized, tracheotomized animals. As compared to controls, total lung capacity, vital capacity, functional residual capacity, residual volume, and DL CO were all decreased with increasing concentrations of sodium sulfite. Dose-related increases in wet lung weights were also observed. These results were compared with the irritant responses of animals exposed to zinc oxide and sulfur dioxide mixed under different conditions of temperature and humidity.
Unmasking the CA1 Ensemble Place Code by Exposures to Small and Large Environments: More Place Cells and Multiple, Irregularly Arranged, and Expanded Place Fields in the Larger Space

In standard experimental environments, a constant proportion of CA1 principal cells are place cells, each with a spatial receptive field called a place field. Although the properties of place cells are a basis for understanding the mammalian representation of spatial knowledge, there is no consensus on which of the two fundamental neural-coding hypotheses correctly accounts for how place cells encode spatial information. Within the dedicated-coding hypothesis, the current activity of each cell is an independent estimate of the location with respect to its place field. The average of the location estimates from many cells represents current location, so a dedicated place code would degrade if single cells had multiple place fields. Within the alternative, ensemble-coding hypothesis, the concurrent discharge of many place cells is a vector that represents current location. An ensemble place code is not degraded if single cells have multiple place fields as long as the discharge vector at each location is unique. Place cells with multiple place fields might be required to represent the substantially larger space in more natural environments. To distinguish between the dedicated-coding and ensemble-coding hypotheses, we compared the characteristics of CA1 place fields in a standard cylinder and an approximately six times larger chamber. Compared with the cylinder, in the chamber, more CA1 neurons were place cells, each with multiple, irregularly arranged, and enlarged place fields. The results indicate that multiple place fields is a fundamental feature of CA1 place cell activity and that, consequently, an ensemble place code is required for CA1 discharge to accurately signal location.