cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The International Laser Ranging Service and its support for IGGOS

The International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS) was established in September 1998 as a service within the IAG to support programs in geodetic, geophysical, and lunar research activities and to provide data products to the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) in support of its prime objectives. The ILRS develops the standards and specifications necessary for product consistency and the priorities and tracking strategies required to maximize network efficiency. This network consists of more than forty SLR stations, routinely tracking nearly thirty retroreflector-equipped satellites and the Moon in support of user needs. The Service collects, merges, analyzes, archives and distributes satellite and lunar laser ranging data to satisfy a variety of scientific, engineering, and operational needs and encourages the application of new technologies to enhance the quality, quantity, and cost effectiveness of its data products. The ILRS works with the global network to improve station performance, new satellite missions in the design and building of retroreflector targets to maximize data quality and quantity, and science programs to optimize scientific data yield. The ILRS Central Bureau maintains a comprehensive web site (http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov) as the primary vehicle for the distribution of information within the ILRS community.
Approval seeking, situational pressures, and the willingness to administer shock to a victim.

Summary This article reports the results of two studies relating vulnerability to situational pressures, and intimacy of S-victim relationship to laboratory aggression. In study 1, 58 Ss completed the dogmatism scale and participated in an experiment which manipulated the S-victim intimacy. Study 2 was in two parts with 53 Ss in part 1 completing a locus of control scale, and 46 Ss in part 2 completing measures of self-esteem and approval seeking. Ss in both parts then participated in a Milgram type experiment on laboratory aggression. The results showed that dogmatism, self-esteem, and approval seeking are related to the level of shock administered to a victim in the teacher-learning paradigm (p ≤.05). Intimacy of the S-victim relationship also predicted the level of shock. The studies lend support to the importance of vulnerability to situational pressures in the prediction of laboratory aggression. The first study also indicated the greater importance of situational pressure (S-victim intimacy) than vu...
Methods for Pseudopodia Purification and Proteomic Analysis

Directional cell migration requires the formation of a dominant pseudopodium in the direction toward which the cell migrates. When a migratory cell is stimulated with a chemoattractant or extracellular matrix (ECM) gradient, it responds with localized amplification of signals on the side facing the gradient. The signals mediate reorganization of the actin-myosin cytoskeleton, leading to morphological polarization of the cell and pseudopodium extension. To identify these signals, we developed an approach to biochemically isolate the pseudopodium from the cell body using 3.0-micrometer porous filters for large-scale quantitative proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis. Here, we detail the methodology for pseudopodium purification and proteomic analysis. This model system should be widely applicable for the analysis of the pseudopodium proteome from various migratory cell lines, including primary and cancer cell lines stimulated with a diverse array of chemoattractants, ECM proteins, or both.
Three-parton contributions to B→M1M2 annihilation at leading order

Abstract We compute annihilation amplitudes for charmless B decays that are proportional to the three-parton twist-3 light meson distribution amplitude ϕ 3 M ( x 1 , x 2 ) with an active gluon. Due to an enhancement from a quark propagator at the scale p 2 ∼ m b Λ QCD these terms occur at the same parametric order in α s ( m b ) and 1 / m b as the known leading order annihilation involving f B and twist-2 meson distributions. With our calculation the leading order annihilation amplitude is now complete. At lowest order in α s the new amplitudes are real and only O 5 – 8 contribute. Using simple models we find that the three-parton and two-parton terms are of comparable size.
Sustained Angiopoietin-2 Expression Disrupts Vessel Formation and Inhibits Glioma Growth

Systematic analyses of the expression of angiogenic regulators in cancer models should yield useful information for the development of novel therapies for malignant gliomas. In this study, we analyzed tumor growth, vascularization, and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) expression during the development of U-87 MG xenografts. We found that tumoral angiogenesis in this model follows a multistage process characterized by avascular, prolific peripheral angiogenesis, and late vascular phases. On day 4, we observed an area of central necrosis, a peripheral ring of Ang2-positive glioma cells, and reactive Ang2-positive vascular structures in the tumor/brain interface. When the tumor had developed a vascular network, Ang2 was expressed only in peripheral vascular structures. Because Ang2 expression was down-modulated in the late stages of development, probably to maintain a stable tumoral vasculature, we next studied whether sustained Ang2 expression might impair vascular development and, ultimately, tumor growth. Ang2 prevented the formation of capillary-like structures and impaired angiogenesis in a chorioallantoic membrane chicken model. Finally, we tested the effect of sustained Ang2 expression on U-87 MG xenograft development. Ang2 significantly prolonged the survival of intracranial U-87 MG tumor-bearing animals. Examination of Ang2-treated xenografts revealed areas of tumor necrosis and vascular damage. We therefore conclude that deregulated Ang2 expression during gliomagenesis hindered successful angiogenesis and that therapies that sustain Ang2 expression might be effective against malignant gliomas.
A stock–recruitment model for highly fecund species based on temporal and spatial extent of spawning

Abstract A stock–recruitment model is described for highly fecund species based on the contraction of the spatial and temporal extent of spawning when a population is reduced in size: R = αK ( 1 − exp[− S /( mK )]), where S is the number of spawners, K is the carrying capacity in units of the number of habitat patches that can produce recruits, α is the average number of recruits per unit of habitat, and m is the number of spawners that group together to spawn. The model is based on three simplifying assumptions: (1) the environment is divided into K units; (2) the presence of one spawner provides sufficient eggs to fill the capacity of that unit, any additional spawners in that unit will not increase recruitment; and (3) groups of fish are randomly distributed over the environment. The model allows for a flat top curve, which is consistent with highly fecund species that are continuous spawners and do not aggregate to spawn. It also allows for a strong relationship between spawners and recruits, which is more consistent with species that aggregate in time and space to spawn. This stock–recruitment model can be approximated in terms of parameters commonly used in contemporary stock assessment models (virgin recruitment, R 0 , and steepness of the stock–recruitment relationship, h , virgin spawning biomass, S 0 ): R = R 0 ( 1 − exp( 5ln ( 1 − h ) S / S 0 )). The functional form is compared with the Beverton–Holt stock–recruitment model.
Deciding to Keep Peace: An Analysis of International Influences on the Establishment of Third-Party Peacekeeping Missions

Since the end of World War II, and particularly since the end of the Cold War, there has been an expansion in the number of third-party peacekeeping missions established throughout the world. Most of the expansion in peacekeeping missions in the past decade or so has occurred in states experiencing intrastate or civil conflicts. The questions addressed in this study are under what conditions do third-party actors either decide to establish or decide not to establish peacekeeping missions in intrastate disputes, and specifically, what effect do international-level factors have on the likelihood that third-party peacekeeping personnel will be deployed in an intrastate dispute? The previous literature on third-party peacekeeping and interventions is used to derive a set of theoretical arguments and hypotheses regarding the establishment of peacekeeping missions by third-party actors (the United Nations, regional organizations, and ad hoc groups of states) during the post-World War II period. Specifically, I argue that several factors originating at the level of the international system influence the occurrence of third-party peacekeeping missions. The results of statistical analyses of the hypotheses largely support the notion that a set of international-level factors significantly influences the decisions of third-party actors to establish or not establish third-party peacekeeping missions, that international-level factors are more important than state-level factors, that these factors often have different effects on the likelihood of different types of third-party peacekeeping.
Another Deformation of Weyl's Denominator Formula

We prove an identity that specializes to Weyl's denominator formula for root systems of typeB. This identity is like several others found by S. Okada and is proved in much the same way.
CELLULAR IMMUNITY IN VITRO : I. IMMUNOLOGICALLY MEDIATED ENHANCEMENT OF MACROPHAGE BACTERICIDAL CAPACITY

An in vitro model of cellular immunity in the guinea pig was established. Animals were immunized with tubercle bacilli, bovine gamma globulin, or picrylated human serum albumin in complete Freund's adjuvant. Oil-induced peritoneal exudates from immune and control animals were cultured overnight with and without specific antigen. The cultures were washed and the macrophage monolayers were infected with Listeria monocytogenes. At intervals the monolayers were lysed and the numbers of viable intracellular bacteria were quantitated by pour plate cultures. Random monolayers were also evaluated in sequence by visually counting the intracellular bacteria on Gram-stained plates. Both methods demonstrated that the macrophages from immune animals had markedly enhanced listericidal activity when the peritoneal exudates were cultured with antigen before infection. Macrophage migration inhibition was also demonstrated under these conditions. The experiments reported here describe an in vitro model of cellular immunity which will allow separation and recombination of cell types and direct assay of cell products in efforts to elucidate further the mechanisms of the immunologically mediated enhancement of macrophage bactericidal capacity.
DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE EFFECTS ON PLATELET AGGREGATION AND VASCULAR REACTIVITY IN PIAL MICROCIRCULATION

DMSO is a hydroxyl radical scavenger that inhibits platelet aggregation in vivo in injured microvessels, and that also inhibits the dilation displayed by pial arterioles following a local injury. The injurious stimulus is a result of local excitation of circulating sodium fluorescein by an appropriate light source. It is likely that this excitation results in the generation of hydroxyl radicals, which are the immediately injurious agent. This postulate is supported not only by the inhibitory effect of DMSO but also by the inhibitory effect of glycerol, another hydroxyl scavenger. Both the hypothesis that DMSO inhibits hydroxyl-mediated dilation, and the hypothesis that free radicals can dilate pial arterioles, are further supported by direct evidence from studies employing local application of xanthine oxidase plus acetaldehyde. This well established radical-generating system dilated pial arterioles. The dilation was inhibited by the local application of superoxide dismutase and also by local application of catalase, as well as by intraperitoneal administration of DMSO. Since DMSO failed to inhibit the dilation produced by increases of inspired CO2, we believe that the inhibitory effect of DMSO on the other dilating stimuli in these studies was due to the hydroxyl scavenging properties of this drug, rather than to other nonspecific effects.
Cytochrome P460 Genes from the Methanotroph Methylococcus capsulatus Bath

P460 cytochromes catalyze the oxidation of hydroxylamine to nitrite. They have been isolated from the ammonia-oxidizing bacterium Nitrosomonas europaea (R. H. Erickson and A. B. Hooper, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 275:231-244, 1972) and the methane-oxidizing bacterium Methylococcus capsulatus Bath (J. A. Zahn et al., J. Bacteriol. 176:5879-5887, 1994). A degenerate oligonucleotide probe was synthesized based on the N-terminal amino acid sequence of cytochrome P460 and used to identify a DNA fragment from M. capsulatus Bath that contains cyp, the gene encoding cytochrome P460. cyp is part of a gene cluster that contains three open reading frames (ORFs), the first predicted to encode a 59,000-Da membrane-bound polypeptide, the second predicted to encode a 12, 000-Da periplasmic protein, and the third (cyp) encoding cytochrome P460. The products of the first two ORFs have no apparent similarity to any proteins in the GenBank database. The overall sequence similarity of the P460 cytochromes from M. capsulatus Bath and N. europaea was low (24.3% of residues identical), although short regions of conserved residues are present in the two proteins. Both cytochromes have a C-terminal, c-heme binding motif (CXXCH) and a conserved lysine residue (K61) that may provide an additional covalent cross-link to the heme (D. M. Arciero and A. B. Hooper, FEBS Lett. 410:457-460, 1997). Gene probing using cyp indicated that a cytochrome P460 similar to that from M. capsulatus Bath may be present in the type II methanotrophs Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b and Methylocystis parvus OBBP but not in the type I methanotrophs Methylobacter marinus A45, Methylomicrobium albus BG8, and Methylomonas sp. strains MN and MM2. Immunoblot analysis with antibodies against cytochrome P460 from M. capsulatus Bath indicated that the expression level of cytochrome P460 was not affected either by expression of the two different methane monooxygenases or by addition of ammonia to the culture medium.
PTSD symptoms and dominant emotional response to a traumatic event: an examination of DSM-IV Criterion A2

Abstract To qualify for a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV) requires that individuals report experiencing dominant emotions of fear, helplessness, and horror during the trauma (Criterion A2). Despite this stipulation, traumatic events can elicit a myriad of emotions other than fear, such as anger, guilt or shame, sadness, and numbing. The present study examined which emotional reactions to a stressful event in a college student sample are associated with the highest levels of PTSD symptoms. Our results suggest mixed support for the DSM-IV criteria. Although, participants who experienced a dominant emotion of fear reported relatively high PTSD symptomatology, participants who experienced anger, disgust-related emotions, and sadness reported PTSD symptoms of equivalent severity. Additionally, participants reported dominant emotions of sadness and other emotions (including disgust, guilt, and shame) more frequ...
Hospital‐acquired gastrointestinal bleeding outside the critical care unit: Risk factors, role of acid suppression, and endoscopy findings

BACKGROUND: Risk factors for hospital-acquired gastrointestinal bleeding in the intensive care unit are established, and acid-suppressive prophylaxis has been advocated for certain subsets of critically ill patients. In contrast, risk factors and appropriate prevention strategies are not yet established for general medical patients. The objective of this study was to identify risk factors for nosocomial gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) in non–critically ill medical patients, to evaluate the utility of prophylactic gastric acid suppression, and to characterize the endoscopic lesions. METHODS: This was a retrospective case–control study that took place at a U.S. tertiary care center. All patients admitted to the General Medicine ward for nongastrointestinal disorders who developed clinically relevant gastrointestinal bleeding during admission or within 4 weeks of discharge were considered cases. Clinically relevant bleeding was defined as any bleeding requiring esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). Random controls were matched to cases by date of hospitalization in a 1:1 ratio. Clinical information was extracted by chart review. RESULTS: Of 17,707 patients admitted to the General Medicine ward over a 4-year period, 73 (0.41%) met the case definition. The main risk factor for nosocomial GIB was treatment with full dose anticoagulants or clopidogrel (OR = 5.4; 2.6–11.7; P < .0001). Use of aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications, and glucocorticoids did not differ significantly between cases and controls. De novo acid-suppressive prophylaxis was not protective (OR = 1.0; 95% CI: 0.4–2.4; P = 0.97). Endoscopic abnormalities were noted in 74% of patients; many cases had lesions unlikely to be prevented by acid blockade. CONCLUSIONS: Hospital-acquired gastrointestinal bleeding is uncommon in non–critically ill patients. Anticoagulation appears to be the most important risk factor for nosocomial GIB. Routine use of acid suppressant medications for prophylaxis is unnecessary in most hospitalized patients. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2006;1:13–20. © 2006 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Third Law and Thermochemistry

This chapter deals with the third law of thermodynamics and its application to the calculation of absolute entropy at a given temperature, residual entropy at absolute zero, P-T dependence of heat capacity functions, effect of electronic and magnetic transitions on the heat capacity and entropy of solids, unattainability of absolute zero and thermochemistry.
Inactivation of amphotericin B by reducing agents: influences on growth inhibition of Candida albicans and lysis of erythrocytes.

Reducing agents, both organic and inorganic, decreased the biological activity of amphotericin B. Cysteine-HCl, sodium sulfite, sodium dithionite, and sodium thiosulfate annulled amphotericin-mediated growth inhibition of susceptible organisms. These compounds also protected mouse erthrocytes from amphotericin-induced hemolysis. The reducing agents reacted, apparently irreversibly, with the heptaene chromophore of the antibiotic molecule. This reaction was reflected in altered spectrophotometric properties of the antibiotic and was associated with its loss of activity.
A rapid method for screening antimicrobial agents for activities against a strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis expressing firefly luciferase.

We developed a rapid method to screen the efficacy of antimicrobial agents against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A restriction fragment carrying a promoterless firefly luciferase gene was cloned into a 4,488-bp shuttle vector, pMV261, and luciferase was expressed under the control of a mycobacterial heat shock promoter. The resulting plasmid, pLUC10, was introduced by electroporation into the avirulent strain M. tuberculosis H37Ra. Luciferase assays of sonic lysates of Triton X-100-treated cells of M. tuberculosis H37Ra(pLUC10) yielded bioluminescence in excess of 1,000 relative light units/approximately 10(9) tubercle bacilli, compared with 0.0025 for the same number of parental cells. A 48-h microdilution antimicrobial agent-screening assay using this strain was developed. Images
AWARENESS OF AURAL AND VISUAL WORD BOUNDARY WITHIN A SAMPLE OF FIRST GRADERS

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the relationships between awareness of visual and aural word boundary for a sample of prereading first graders and to determine the predictive quality of the perceptual tasks in relation to measured reading success at the end of the year. Two informal, but previously used, word-boundary tasks were selected. Good, average, and poor reading readiness determinations were made and groups established. Among the readiness groups, discrimination of aural word boundary did not discriminate performance. However, the covariance procedures indicated that visual segmentation of word boundaries did permit discriminating among performance groups. Ss labeled high in readiness produced significantly more correct visual boundary perceptions than did the low-achieving readiness group. Regression models to predict end-of-year reading achievement by the prereading variables indicated that the word-boundary scores gave significant prediction (Ra = .30, p < .01, multiple R). W...
Adaptive Hepatic and Intestinal Alterations in Mice after Deletion of NADPH-Cytochrome P450 Oxidoreductase (Cpr) in Hepatocytes

Cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450) play an important role in first-pass metabolism in both the intestine and liver. NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (Cpr) is an essential electron transfer protein required for microsomal P450 activity. Mice with conditional knockout of Cpr in hepatocytes develop normally and survive even with complete loss of liver microsomal P450 activity. Our current studies were performed to determine whether alternative drug-metabolizing pathways increase in an attempt to maintain whole-body homeostasis. In addition to the liver, Cpr is mainly expressed in tissues such as lung, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract. In livers of H-Cpr-null mice, there is a marked increase in mRNA expression of phase I enzymes (Aldh1a1, 1a7, 3a2; Ces1b2, 2a6, and 2a12), antioxidant enzymes (Ho-1, Nqo1, and epoxide hydrolase), phase II enzymes (Ugt1a9; Gsta1/2, m3, m4, m6, t1, and t3; and Sult1a1 and 1d1), and drug transporters (Oatp1a4, Oct3, Mate1, Mdr1a, and Mrp3 and 4). In addition, glucuronide-conjugated bilirubin concentrations are doubled in serum of H-Cpr-null mice. Both constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) protein in nuclei are higher in the livers of H-Cpr-null mice, indicating that CAR and Nrf2 are activated. In the small intestine of H-Cpr-null mice, mRNA expression of Cyp3a11 and Mdr1a, two genes critical for intestinal first-pass metabolism, are markedly up-regulated. In addition, nutrient (Pept1) and cholesterol (Npc1l1) transporters are induced in the small intestine of H-Cpr-null mice. In conclusion, in H-Cpr-null mice, adaptive regulation of alternative detoxification genes in liver and small intestine appear to partially compensate for the loss of microsomal P450 function in liver.
Supersymmetric partners and confinement of a spiked inverted oscillator model

We apply the formalism of supersymmetric quantum mechanics (SUSY) to an inverted oscillator system that has a singularity at the origin. SUSY partners of this spiked inverted oscillator model are constructed for both an unconfined and a confined scenario. We establish conditions for generating regular potentials, associated with bounded solutions. In the confined case, discrete spectral values of the spiked inverted oscillator model are computed, as well as for its standard counterpart that does not feature a singularity.
cl-dash: rapid configuration and deployment of Hadoop clusters for bioinformatics research in the cloud

Summary: One of the solutions proposed for addressing the challenge of the overwhelming abundance of genomic sequence and other biological data is the use of the Hadoop computing framework. Appropriate tools are needed to set up computational environments that facilitate research of novel bioinformatics methodology using Hadoop. Here, we present cl-dash, a complete starter kit for setting up such an environment. Configuring and deploying new Hadoop clusters can be done in minutes. Use of Amazon Web Services ensures no initial investment and minimal operation costs. Two sample bioinformatics applications help the researcher understand and learn the principles of implementing an algorithm using the MapReduce programming pattern. Availability and implementation: Source code is available at https://bitbucket.org/booz-allen-sci-comp-team/cl-dash.git. Contact: moc.hab@luap_rodoh
Evolutionary Relationships Within the Species-Rich Genus Ruellia (Acanthaceae)

Abstract Phylogenetic relationships among species of the large genus Ruellia (Acanthaceae) have never been studied. Ruellia, with approximately 300 species, is geographically widespread and morphologically diverse. Molecular data for 196 specimens from the nuclear ribosomal ITS region and the chloroplast trnG-trnR region were used to test monophyly of the genus against closely related genera in Ruellieae, to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among species of Ruellia on a global scale, to re-evaluate previous morphology-based classifications, and to examine the utility of morphological characters, especially corolla morphology, for future sectional delimitation. Bayesian and parsimony analyses indicate four genera are evolutionarily allied to Ruellia. Acanthopale is sister to Ruellia s. l. with strong support. Blechum, Eusiphon, and Polylychnis are nested within Ruellia s. l., and species in Eusiphon and Polylychnis are here formally transferred to Ruellia resulting in the new combinations Ruellia gea...
Linguistic Discrimination in Educational Contexts

Many nations provide a combination of public and/or private education for (some?) children who represent their future citizens, and many of these schools have classrooms of different sizes that also vary considerably in their linguistic composition. Some schools, or classes within schools, may be linguistically homogeneous — while other schools, or classes within them, may be dissimilar from a linguistic point of view.
Sensitivity analysis in polynomial geometric programming

Sensitivity analysis results for general parametric posynomial geometric programs are obtained by utilizing recent results from nonlinear programming. Duality theory of geometric programming is exploited to relate the sensitivity results derived for primal and dual geometric programs. The computational aspects of sensitivity calculations are also considered.
Media and Sexualization: State of Empirical Research, 1995–2015

Sexually objectifying portrayals of women are a frequent occurrence in mainstream media, raising questions about the potential impact of exposure to this content on others’ impressions of women and...
Total thyroidectomy in the treatment of angina pectoris

Abstract A series of fourteen patients, who had had total thyroidectomies at least two years previously, is reported. All of these patients were suffering from angina pectoris of the most severe form. All showed some degree of coronary sclerosis and several presented definite evidence of cardiac infarction. We feel, from the evidence presented, that while none of these patients may be considered cured, the present level of improved status fully justifies the use of total ablation of the thyroid gland in properly selected cases of angina pectoris.
Asymptomatic anomalous left anterior descending artery arising from the right coronary artery with a rare anterior course.

The presence of a malignant course on the coronary circulation is the second leading cause of sudden cardiac death in young adults. One type of malignant conformation is an anomalous left anterior descending artery (LAD) arising from the right coronary artery (RCA). In a study examining 70 850 patients undergoing coronary angiography, the prevalence of this anomaly was noted in 0.006% of total patients and in 2.3% of congenital coronary anomaly cases. Of the four patients presenting with this anomaly, only one was noted to have an interarterial course of the LAD between the aorta and pulmonary artery. We describe the case of a patient who was incidentally found to have a malignant anomalous LAD arising from the RCA when he presented with a non-ST elevation myocardial infarction due to a ruptured plaque in an obtuse marginal branch. This patient survived for 57 years with no symptoms.
Intra-Cavity Frequency Doubling of CW Argon Ion Lasers

Over one-watt continuous coherent light in a quarter micrometer wavelength region is obtained by the frequency doubling of ion lasers and solid state lasers. It is shown experimentally as well as theoretically that more than a half of the fundamental output of the source laser is converted to the UV light when the intracavity loss is sufficiently low. The applications of such UV light are also discussed.
Hyperpigmented patches on the neck, shoulder, and back.

A 17-year-old boy has had asymptomatic, unilateral hyperpigmented patches since birth. What is the diagnosis?
GW-Level High-Power Radial Line Helical Array Antenna

In order to raise the power-handling capacity of a high-power radial line helical array antenna and realize the directional radiation of GW-level high-power microwaves,a GW-level 4-ring 48-element radial line helical array antenna using H-coupled probes was designed based on the improvements of element helical antenna and array arrangement.Theoretical analysis,numerical simulation and experimental measurement of this radial line helical array antenna were carried out.The result of the experimental measurement shows that in the range of 3.6 to 4.1 GHz,the antenna gain is over 22 dB,the antenna axial ratio is below 2 dB,and the aperture efficiency is more than 55%.
Growth of lung cancer in a human tumor clonogenic system

The human tumor clonogenic assay system has enabled human cancer cells to be grown in vitro and has the potential of providing chemosensitivity results in a manner much like bacterial antibiotic sensitivities. The in vitro growth of human lung cancer cells using this assay has not been previously reported. Over the past 2 years, 3,100 specimens have been plated by means of the two-layer agar technique as developed by Hamburger and Salmon, 302 of which were primary or metastatic lung tumors. Histologic, karyotypic, and nude mice studies confirmed that the colonies were composed of tumor cells. Growth rates (significant growth being ≥5 colonies per plate) and plating efficiencies (the number of colonies grown per number of nucleated cells plated) were tabulated for each lung tumor cell type for primary, metastatic, and malignant pleural and pericardial fluids. The average overall growth rate was 199 of 302 (66%)—17 of 19 (90%) large cell carcinomas, 46 of 71 (65%) oat cell carcinomas, 57 of 91 (63%) adenocarcinomas,* 40 of 68 (59%) squamous cell carcinomas,* and 39 of 53 (74%) of an undetermined cell type were grown. The average plating efficiency was 0.0236%. In primary tumors, large cell carcinoma had a plating efficiency of 0.0348%, adenocarcinoma 0.0247%,* oat cell 0.0224%,* and squamous cell 0.0113%.* It was concluded that lung tumor cells can be grown in vitro from 66% of lung tumor specimens. The highest growth rates and plating efficiences were found in large cell carcinomas and the lowest rates in squamous cell carcinomas. This technique may provide a means of testing for the sensitivity of patients’ lung tumor cells to various chemotherapeutic agents.
Introduction and Survey

We begin the chapter with some history of the results that form the background of this book. We then define higher matrix factorizations, our main focus. While classical matrix factorizations are factorizations of a single element, higher matrix factorizations deal directly with sequences of elements. In Sect. 1.3, we outline our main results. Throughout the book, we use the notation introduced in Sect. 1.4.
Self-Directed Learning to Improve Science Content Knowledge for Teachers:

Students with disabilities often struggle in science and underperform in this important content area when compared to their typical peers. Unfortunately, many special educators have had little prep...
Integrated optomechanical single-photon frequency shifter

An optomechanical single-photon frequency shifter is demonstrated in integrated AlN waveguides. A frequency shift up to 150 GHz is achieved at telecom wavelength. The device shows near-unity efficiency and preserves the quantum coherence.
Multiorgan Transplantation Including the Liver

Multiorgan transplantation represents the pinnacle of clinical solid-organ transplantation. Successful outcomes depend on a clear understanding of the indications for transplantation, discriminating candidate selection, meticulous preparation, and constant communication among all involved parties as to operative technique and posttransplant care.
Review Essay: M. Berman, All That Is Solid Melts Into Air: The Experience of Modernity

Marshall Berman intends his book to be a “study in the dialectics of modernization and modernism.” (16) He begins by defining these two terms after having identified what he means by modernity. For Berman, “There is a mode of vital experience—experience of space and time, of the self and others, of life’s possibilities and perils—that is shared by men and women all over the world today. I will call this body of experience ‘modernity’.” (15) Modernization, however is “... the social processes that bring this maelstrom into being, and keep it in a state of perpetual becoming...” (16) While modernism is an ensemble of visions, ideas, and values: “These world-historical process have nourished an amazing variety of visions and ideas that aim to make men and women the subjects as well as the objects of modernization, to give them the power to change the world that is changing them, to make their way through the maelstrom and make it their own.” (16)
Random and Nonrandom Processes in the Molecular Evolution of Higher Organisms

I will discuss the usefulness of approaching an understanding of evolution through a conceptual analysis of the random and nonrandom processes which occur at the molecular level of proteins and nucleic acids, rather than volunteer an exposition of mathematical methodology available elsewhere in the literature. A qualitatively incorrect concept, however mathematically transformed and quantified, remains biologically uninformative. A correct concept, even though imperfectly quantified, is at least useful; the quantitation can be improved as additional data and insight permit. With cautious optimism, Vogel et al. (this volume) state: “the prospects may not be so poor, provided that we do not expect to develop a final and altogether perfect concept. Our model should be refined step by step. After the first few steps, the picture admittedly may still be oversimplified, but at least the most obvious flaws of the old one are corrected.” On the other hand, the known facts are not likely to be accounted for by an arbitrary choice of model. The evolutionary model presented here embodies both selective (i. e., deterministic) and probabilistic evolutionary mechanisms; it reasonably accounts, both qualitatively and quantitatively, for both the observed random and nonrandom and the Darwinian and selectively neutral patterns of protein and nucleic acid variation. The values for evolutionary divergence between species which were calculated from this model when it was first published in 1972 (Holmquist et al., 1972; Jukes and Holmquist, 1972a) were at that time 2–4 times higher than the values then considered correct.
The Lower Ordovician (upper Floian) bathyurid trilobite Aponileus Hu, with species from Utah, Texas, and Greenland

The previously monotypic bathyurid trilobite Aponileus Hu, 1963, was known only from poorly preserved material of itstype species, A. latus, and was interpreted as a junior subjective synonym of Psephosthenaspis Whittington. New speciesfrom the upper Floian (Blackhillsian) Fillmore Formation of western Utah belong to Aponileus and help demonstrate thatthe genus is an entirely Lower Ordovician (upper Floian) clade phylogenetically separate from the Middle Ordovician(Dapingian) Psephosthenaspis. Species of either group have broadly similar morphology, but the species of Psephosthe- naspis which most closely resembles those of Aponileus is the youngest and most derived member, and the similarities areconvergent. Psephosthenaspis roots among a group of heavily tuberculate, mostly undescribed, upper Floian species, oneof which is briefly illustrated for comparison. The species most resembling some species of Aponileus, P. glabrior, is il-lustrated on the basis of new silicified material which extends its range from the upper Juab Formation into the base of theKanosh Formation. New Blackhillsian species are A. laikaae (Fillmore Formation; Presbynileus ibexensis Zone), A. aasei (Fillmore Formation; probably Pseudocybele paranasuta Zone), A. belkaae, A. strelkaae, and A. ugolekae (all Wah WahFormation; "Pseudocybele nasuta Zone"). Aponileus? veterokae n. sp., from high in the "Pseudocybele nasuta Zone" ofthe Wah Wah Formation, is tentatively assigned. Bolbocephalus glaber Poulsen, 1927, from the Nunatami Formation ofnorthwest Greenland, is poorly known but is also a member of Aponileus, and is similar in morphology to A. latus and A. aasei; it is revised on the basis of reillustrated type material. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that A. laikaae is the basalspecies, followed by a sister pair of A. belkaae and A. strelkaae. These are sister to a pair of subclades, the sister pair of A. ugolekae and A.? veterokae, and an effaced group lacking genal spines including A. aasei, A. latus, and A. glaber.
Cartograms as Map Projections

Distance cartograms can be viewed as a special type of azimuthal map projection. Area cartograms are a generalization of equal area maps in the sense that conventional equal area maps are a special case of area cartograms in which the physical earth surface is the propeerty that is preserved. This can be shown by examination of the map projection equations.
Nonlinear conjugate gradient optimization of polyphase-coded FM radar waveforms

Polyphase-coded FM (PCFM) radar waveforms are continuous, constant amplitude, and are represented using a discrete set of parameters. This form lends itself well to descent optimization methods, with the nonlinear conjugate gradient (NLCG) method considered here. Further, a generalized integrated sidelobe (GISL) metric based on the q-norm of the autocorrelation sidelobes is introduced that includes the standard ISL and peak sidelobe level (PSL) metrics as specific cases (q = 2 and q = ∞, respectively). The notion of waveform design degrees of freedom is addressed within the context of both sampled bandwidth and 3 dB resolution bandwidth. When the sampled bandwidth is larger than the resolution bandwidth, additional degrees of freedom corresponding to the spectral roll-off region become available for use in waveform optimization. Utilizing this extra dimensionality we show that the possible optimized autocorrelation is largely independent of the waveform time-bandwidth product, which is itself defined using resolution bandwidth.
A City of Workers, a City for Workers? Remaking Beijing Urban Space in the Early PRC

In 1950s’ Beijing, planners conjured up a city that could fulfill three different but inseparable functions: it should be a productive city, with a sizable industrial proletariat; it should serve as the host of a vast bureaucracy; and it should be remade into a more perfect urban structure, in which the people’s needs could be satisfied and themselves remade into new socialist individuals. This chapter traces the increasing distance between the projects of the planners and practices at street level, where the needs of bureaucracy and production led to scattered urban development and to continuing forms of oppression. I argue that these contradictions—reflected in Beijing’s urban structure—were intrinsic to the very project of Maoist modernization.
Dress Codes and Racial Discrimination in Urban Nightclubs

In recent years, sociologists and others have suggested that nightclub owners have used dress codes to covertly discriminate against African Americans and Latinos. We test this claim using experime...
Emotional intelligence, emotional labor, coach burnout, job satisfaction, and turnover intention in sport leadership

Research Question(s): Emotions play a critical role in the leadership process. Relatively little is known about the management of emotions and its impact on individual well-being within the realm o...
Hari Kunzru. The Impressionist

(2003). Hari Kunzru. The Impressionist. South Asian Review: Vol. 24, Globalization and Diaspora, pp. 269-271.
Role of Angiotensin in Angiogenesis and Cardiac Fibrosis in Heart Failure

Cardiac hypertrophy is associated with the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM), cardiac fibrosis, and abnormal diastolic stiffness. Intra-coronary fibrosis in the hyper-trophied myocardium can lead to occlusion of a major coronary artery with resulting ischemia. Angiotensin (Ang) II is associated with cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis as well as angiogenesis, but the mechanisms are unknown. Tissue levels of angiotensin are elevated in the ischemic and nonischemic regions of the failing heart, and there is evidence that Ang II contributes to myocardial cellular hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis. Also, Ang II may contribute to angiogenesis in the infarcted heart, thereby increasing collateral circulation. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) treatment opposes hypertrophy and ischemic heart failure. The mechanisms responsible for this cardioreparative effect of ACEI are largely unknown, but may due to inhibition of Ang II formation as well as other mechanisms. In the infarcted and noninfarcted ischemic heart, interstitial matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are activated. Recent experiments suggest that ACEI improves cardiac function and reduces myocardial ischemic damage, in part, by inhibiting MMP activity.
Trace Formulas and the Canonical 1-Form

This paper studies the canonical 1-form of symplectic geometry in the context of the (defocussing) cubic Schrodinger system. The phase space is populated by pairs QP of smooth functions of period 1, equipped with the classical 1-form QdP = ∫ 0 1 [Q(x)dP(x)]dx. The introduction of canon- ically paired coordinates Q n P n : n ∈ ℤ, as in Sections 2 and 6 below, suggests the identity QdP = Σℤ Q n dP n , up to an additive exact form, and this may be verified, as in Sections 5 and 6, with the help of new trace formulas, derived in what I believe to be a new way; see, especially Section 4, nos. 4 and 5. The discussion could be carried over to sine/sh-Gordon, etc.; compare Section 7 where this is done for KdV.
The U.S. Army’s Adhesive Bonding Improvement Initiative

During 1985, an incident involving the debond in flight of the rain erosion boot from the blade of a Cobra helicopter called attention to adhesive bonding problems in Army aircraft. A study of such problems, later expanded to include all categories of Army materiel, identified the root cause of these problems and recommended a course of action to reduce or eliminate such problems in current systems and prevent their occurence in systems now in development or on the drawing board. The balance of this paper presents the results of this study and its recommendations.
Transfer Factor and Other Factors in Leukocyte Dialyzates That Affect Cell-Mediated Immunity

While studying the transfer of tuberculin sensitivity by lymphoid cells and cell extracts, Lawrence made the original and highly important observation that dialyzable substances present in leukocytes have the ability to influence the expression of delayed hypersensitivity (Lawrence, 1955; Lawrence, 1963). In particular, Lawrence noted that a component of such dialyzates could apparently “transfer” specific immunologic sensitivity from a highly sensitive donor to a nonsensitive recipient. This component of the leukocyte dialyzate was called “transfer factor.” It is essential to understand that the component (s) responsible for this phenomenon of immunologic transfer represents only a minor fraction of the total dialyzate. Evidence has accumulated from several laboratories that indicate that a variety of other molecules present in the total leukocyte dialyzate are capable of affecting a number of parameters of cell-mediated immunity. The existence of specific transfer factor in such a heterogeneous milieu poses a problem in the evaluation of the active component(s) and in the interpretation of studies in which the crude dialyzate is employed, since the activity of individual components is likely to be affected by the action of other components in the mixture. Nevertheless, the administration of such dialyzates has repeatedly been shown to confer immunologic reactivity upon recipients who lack demonstrable sensitivity to a given antigen. A key issue in the interpretation of these experiments in which specific immunologic markers have apparently been transferred is to determine whether authentic transfer has been achieved, or alternately whether a weak and inapparent sensitivity to antigen has simply been amplified.
Robust quantification of fish early life CO2 sensitivities via serial experimentation.

Despite the remarkable expansion of laboratory studies, robust estimates of single species CO2 sensitivities remain largely elusive. We conducted a meta-analysis of 20 CO2 exposure experiments cond...
104 MODELING DNA UNKNOTTING BY TYPE II TOPOISOMERASES.

Type II topoisomerases are essential enzymes that change the topology of DNA by modifying its supercoiling, knotting, or catenation levels. Such changes are required during important cellular processes such as transcription and replication; hence, topoisomerase inhibitors are used as a drug target in antibacterial and anticancer therapies. The molecular mechanism of type II topoisomerases has been well established: the enzyme introduces a double-stranded DNA break and allows passage of one DNA segment through another. However, it is not understood how topoisomerases select the location of strand-passage such that it is able to unknot and decatenate DNA more efficiently than would be expected by unbiased random strand passage. In this study, we aim to model random strand passage on circular DNA using mathematical and computational methods. Circular DNA is modeled as a polygonal chain of fixed length in the simple cubic lattice (Z3). Each unit length in the cubic lattice represents the effective helical diameter of DNA, and, hence, each segment of the polygonal chain is scaled to represent an appropriate number of nucleic acid base pairs. Then, using Monte Carlo methods, we mimic the movement of DNA in solution by sampling numerous geometric configurations of the original polygonal chain. Lastly, using mathematical knot theory and computational methods, the three-dimensional configurations are converted into one-dimensional representations of each DNA knot and strand passage is performed. Our results show the distribution of knot types that are obtained following repeated strand passage. We conclude that our simulations are a computationally efficient way of modeling random strand passage on short DNA chains. In future work, we will discuss how to extend our model to longer DNA chains and how to overcome the limitations of working on the simple cubic lattice. We will also introduce topologic biases to the simulation to represent how type II topoisomerase unknotting behavior deviates from the random strand-passage model.
Acalabrutinib for mantle cell lymphoma

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a unique type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma characterized by the overexpression of cyclin D1. MCL patients typically live for years but experience multiple relapses. Acalabrutinib is a novel second-generation oral Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for relapsed MCL based on a clinical trial demonstrating an overall response rate of 81%. It provides a valuable new treatment option for MCL patients and is now being tested upfront.