cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of the appearance--reality distinction.

Abstract Young children can express conceptual difficulties with the appearance-reality distinction in two different ways: (1) by incorrectly reporting appearance when asked to report reality (“phenomenism”); (2) by incorrectly reporting reality when asked to report appearance (“intellectual realism”). Although both phenomenism errors and intellectual realism errors have been observed in previous studies of young children's cognition, the two have not been seen as conceptually related and only the former errors have been taken as a symptom of difficulties with the appearance-reality distinction. Three experiments investigated 3- to 5-year-old children's ability to distinguish between and correctly identify real versus apparent object properties (color, size, and shape), object identities, object presence-absence, and action identities. Even the 3-year-olds appeared to have some ability to make correct appearance-reality discriminations and this ability increased with age. Errors were frequent, however, and almost all children who erred made both kinds. Phenomenism errors predominated on tasks where the appearance versus reality of the three object properties were in question; intellectual realism errors predominated on the other three types of tasks. Possible reasons for this curious error pattern were advanced. It was also suggested that young children's problems with the appearance-reality distinction may be partly due to a specific metacognitive limitation, namely, a difficulty in analyzing the nature and source of their own mental representations.
Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging features of the normal central zone of the prostate.

Rationale and Objectives Evaluate qualitative dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of normal central zone based on recently described central zone MRI features. Materials and Methods Institutional review board–approved, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act compliant study, 59 patients with prostate cancer, histopathology proven to not involve central zone or prostate base, underwent endorectal MRI before prostatectomy. Two readers independently reviewed T2-weighted images and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps identifying normal central zone based on low signal intensity and location. Next, two readers drew bilateral central zone regions of interest on dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance images in consensus and independently recorded enhancement curve types as type 1 (progressive), type 2 (plateau), and type 3 (wash-out). Identification rates of normal central zone and enhancement curve type were recorded and compared for each reviewer. The institutional review board waiver was approved and granted 05/2010. Results Central zone identified in 92%–93% of patients on T2-weighted images and 78%–88% on ADC maps without significant difference between identification rates (P = .63 and P = .15 and inter-reader agreement (κ) is 0.64 and 0.29, for T2-weighted images and ADC maps, respectively). All central zones were rated either curve type 1 or curve type 2 by both radiologists. No statistically significant difference between the two radiologists (P = .19) and inter-reader agreement was κ = 0.37. Conclusions Normal central zone demonstrates either type 1 (progressive) or type 2 (plateau) enhancement curves on dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI that can be potentially useful to differentiate central zone from prostate cancer that classically demonstrates a type 3 (wash-out) enhancement curve.
Influence of the composition of working fluids on flow-accelerated organic coating degradation: Deionized water versus electrolyte solution

Corrosion protective coatings are known to degrade due to moisture exposure. To predict coatings service lifetime, acceleration tests are necessary. We employ flowing deionized water to accelerate coating degradation. Coating barrier properties are found, via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), to decrease as flow rate (Q) increases, similar to findings for coatings in NaCl solution. EIS modulus decreases more for coatings in deionized water than those in electrolyte solution. Topographical characterizations show severe coating blistering in deionized water immersion with higher Q, but not in electrolyte solutions. Deionized water is thus believed to accelerate more aggressively the degradation than electrolyte solution.
Factors affecting oxygen consumption in the coot clam Mulinia lateralis (Say)

Abstract The effects of intrinsic (body size, gill surface area and activity patterns) and extrinsic (temperature, salinity and oxygen concentration and food) factors on oxygen consumption were measured in the mactrid clam Mulinia lateralis. Both acclimated and acute rates of VO2 were measured under 9 salinity-temperature combinations and a model is presented which indicates that: 1) body size is the over-riding factor determining VO2, 2) acclimation temperature alone has no significant effect on either fed or starved animals 3) the interaction of acclimation temperature and salinity and exposure salinity is the strongest factor influencing VO2 after body size, 4) exposure conditions are more likely to determine energy levels of expenditure than acclimation conditions. Small individuals have a greater gill surface area per body weight than larger individuals. The degree of oxygen independence is dependent on both body size and on acclimation temperature and shows a slight increase after exposure to anoxic...
Regional Intelligent Transportation Systems Architectures and the Competitive Region

The role of an architecture for deploying intelligent transportation systems in finding solutions to regional transportation problems is analyzed. The concept of a competitive region, a region with changing economic interests, stakeholders, and borders, is reviewed. The competitive region motivates finding solutions to transportation problems of regional scope. The concept of a regional system architecture is then introduced as a catalyst for reaching coordinated regional solutions. The regional architecture's flexibility and ability to bring different stakeholders together make it an ideal tool for planning for intelligent transportation systems deployment in the competitive region while strengthening the traditional transportation planning process. The province of Mendoza, Argentina, is presented as a research case study for using an architecture for shaping a regional transportation system. The research shows that the fundamental issues to address in ITS deployment are institutional in nature and that ...
Changes in patient presentation and outcomes for major lung resection over three decades

Objective: Growing scrutiny of surgical results for lung cancer has prompted increased evaluation of risk factors and outcomes of resection. We determined how patient preoperative status and outcomes of resection have changed over time to identify opportunities for improving these results. Methods: We reviewed a prospectively collected database of patients undergoing major lung resection 1980-2006. Patient characteristics and immediate outcomes of resection were compared for three-decade periods (1980-1989,1990-1999, 2000-2006). Data were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test, chi squared analysis, and logistic regression analysis. Results: One thousand and forty-six patients underwent resection for cancer (862) and other problems. The percentage of female patients increased over time. Some elements of preoperative status worsened, with significant increases in hypertension rate, mean performance status, obesity incidence, mean risk score, and use of induction therapy. Pneumonectomy rates, immediate preoperative tobacco use, and surgery for advanced stages of disease decreased over time. Outcomes improved over time, with significant decreases in operative mortality, cardiopulmonary complications, and overall complications. Risk factors for categories of complications including operative mortality varied according to the time period studied. Conclusions: Outcomes of major lung resection have improved over time despite a worsening of some elements of preoperative status. Maintenance of surgical databases is essential to enable surgeons to provide data consonant with growing demand from payers and patients. The use of current rather than historical lung resection outcomes is vital in assessing risk. Identification of changes in surgical practice patterns helps identify opportunities for improving future outcomes.
Abstract 4535: Molecular-genetic imaging of prostate cancer.

Cancer-specific promoters, such as the progression elevated gene-3 or the astrocyte elevated gene promoters, PEG-Prom and AEG-Prom, respectively, can be used as molecular genetic imaging instruments for tumor-selective imaging of cancer. We have previously shown this in experimental models of metastatic breast cancer and melanoma using bioluminescence imaging (BLI) and single photon emission computed tomography with computed tomography (SPECT/CT). Here we show that we can express PEG-Prom and AEG-Prom selectively in PC3-ML (human bone metastatic derived prostate cancer) cells and use these constructs for imaging prostate cancer in vivo. PC3-ML cells were transfected with firefly luciferase (FLuc) or the herpes simplex type I thymidine kinase (HSV1-tk), and validated for suitable transfection through bioluminescence and [125I]FIAU cell uptake assays, respectively. PC3-ML cells were administered through intra-cardiac injection to allow widespread metastases. A linear polyethyleneimine (l-PEI) nanoparticle was used for intravenous (IV) delivery of the promoter constructs to animals bearing metastases. PEG-Prom- and AEG-Prom-driven imaging reporter gene expression was monitored by small animal BLI and by SPECT/CT after IV administration of D-luciferin or [125I]FIAU, respectively. Both BLI and SPECT/CT imaging demonstrated tumor-specific PEG-Prom and AEG-Prom activity in the model of metastatic prostate cancer but not in control. Using the thoracic cavity and tibia as the regions of interest (ROI), quantification of the BLI data (n=6) at the 48 h time point after reporter gene delivery showed a range of 16- to 19-fold higher accumulation of FLuc in the metastasis group compared to control for PEG-Prom and AEG-Prom, respectively. BLI results were confirmed by histopathology, immunohistochemistry and western blot. Quantification of the SPECT/CT data (n=5) at the 56 h time point after reporter gene and 8 h after [125I]FIAU delivery showed a 3- to 11-fold higher accumulation of [125I]FIAU, depending on the tumor burden, in the group bearing metastases compared to control for AEG-Prom. Metastatic nodules detected by the SPECT/CT imaging were confirmed by pathology. The results demonstrate the potential of systemically delivered, PEG-Prom- and AEG-Prom-driven constructs for enabling the imaging of metastatic prostate cancer in vivo. Citation Format: Akrita Bhatnager, Kathleen Gabrielson, Paul B. Fisher, Martin G. Pomper. Molecular-genetic imaging of prostate cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4535. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4535
Discourse Pressure, Genre and Grammatical Alignment — After Du Bois

This study adds a genre dimension to the findings of Du Bois (1987) concerning the discourse basis of grammatical patterns. Although Du Bois' and other studies have ascertained that a pressure toward ergative patterning exists even in nominative-accusative languages, I hypothesized that this pressure is a function of narrative discourse, which was the focus of those studies; and that a different genre may motivate a different grammatical alignment as new information is introduced. This study tests the hypothesis in the context of an orally-delivered paramedical training session.
Theory of helix-coil transitions based on the non-linear Poisson-Boltzmann equation.

Abstract A theory of the influence of salt concentration on melting temperatures of DNA, previously developed by MacGillivray & McMullen (1966 a ) is extended by replacing the Debye-Huckel equation by the Poisson-Boltzmann equation. An approximate solution of the latter is obtained by applying a semi-direct method of the calculus of variations. It is shown that use of the Poisson Boltzmann equation greatly improves the agreement of the theory with the experiments of Inman & Baldwin (1962) .
Base composition of the ribonucleic acids of normal tissues, tumors and tissue subfractions.

Abstract Ribonucleic acid (RNA) was extracted with aqueous phenol from four adult normal tissues of mice, livers of newborn mice, and seven tumors including diploid and tetraploid lymphomas, melanotic and amelanotic melanomas, and carcinomas. RNA was also prepared from the following subfractions of spleen and lymphoma tissues: ( a ) microsomes; ( b ) a particulate fraction extracted from the nucleus with 0.1 M phosphate buffer and sedimented by centrifuging for 2 hr. at 105,000 × g ; and ( c ) the residual nuclear fraction. The molar purine and pyrimidine base ratios of the various tissues and tissue subfractions were measured after paper chromatography. The ratios of guanine plus cytidylate to adenine plus uridylate were about 1.8–2.0. The ratios of purines to pyrimidines or of 6-amino to 6-keto bases approximated 1.0. The molar purine and pyrimidine base compositions of the following tissues were rather similar: ( a ) the total RNA of the adult, newborn, or neoplastic mouse tissues; ( b ) the microsomal RNA of spleen or lymphomas; ( c ) the nuclear particle fraction RNA of spleen or lymphomas; and ( d ) the residual nuclear RNA of four lymphomas. For any given tissue, the microsomal, nuclear particulate, and nuclear residual RNA also resembled each other and the total RNA of the cell.
Acknowledging pain in others

The recent International Association for the Study of Pain's (IASP) definition of pain apparently minimizes pain suffered by nonverbal individuals. This tendency is also reflected in recent studies about the care of patients and in social policies such as the so-called Baby Doe federal regulations for treatment of infants. It is important to counter this tendency to minimize pain by such means as giving clinicians a better education about (1) pain management; (2) decision-making standards such as the best interest, and moral issues about how to rank important medical goals; (3) research and practice guidelines relating to pain; and (4) encouraging health care, legal, and other institutions to adopt goals and means to address pain adequately.
Self‐service charge systems: Current technological applications and their implications for the future library

Library management is struggling to improve productivity without reducing the quality of service to its users. With downsizing continuing to be a trend, the implementation of self‐checkout circulation systems may be an important technological investment for libraries to consider. In most large academic institutions, such circulation functions as checking out and renewing library materials have traditionally been performed by staff members. The climate may, however, be right to rethink the mode of service delivery systems and shift from providing full‐service to self‐service models, whereby the patron takes responsibility for checking out his or her own library materials.
Heart rescue: the role of mechanical circulatory support in the management of severe refractory cardiogenic shock.

Purpose of reviewCardiogenic shock is present in 3.5% of patients presenting with acute decompensated heart failure. Despite advances in therapy, mortality remains high, approaching 70% in some settings. Recent management strategies have incorporated the use of mechanical circulatory support (MCS),
Human herpesvirus KSHV encodes a constitutively active G-protein-coupled receptor linked to cell proliferation

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV, also known as human herpesvirus 8, or HHV 8) is a virus that is consistently present in Kaposi's sarcoma and in primary-effusion (body-cavity-based) lymphomas, malignancies that occur frequently, but not exclusively, in AIDS patients. KSHV is a gamma herpesvirus with homology to herpesvirus Saimiri and Epstein-Barr virus, both of which can transform lymphocytes. Cloning of a KSHV genome fragment revealed the presence of an open reading frame encoding a putative G-protein-coupled receptor that is homologous to a G-protein-coupled receptor encoded by herpesvirus Saimiri and to human interleukin-8 receptors. Here we show that the KSHV G-protein-coupled receptor is a bona fide signalling receptor which has constitutive (agonist-independent) activity in the phosphoinositide-inositoltrisphosphate-protein kinase C pathway. Furthermore, the KSHV G-protein-coupled receptor stimulates cellular proliferation, making it a candidate viral oncogene.
NEW SPECIES OF SPIROGYRA

ILLUSTRATIONS OF many species of Spirogyra not previously illustrated are in preparation by the author. In the collections made toward the accomplishment of this larger work four new species have been found. These new species are described and illustrated in this present paper. SPIROGYRA echinospora sp. nov.-Vegetative cells 66-72 ,u X 50-125 ,u, with plane end walls, 6-7 (-8) chromatophores making 1/2-11/2 turns in the cell; conjugation scalariform, tube wide, formed by both cells, narrowest at the point of fusion and not sharply set off from either cell; fertile cells inflated on the conjugating side only; zygospores ovoidellipsoid, 67-82 u X 98-150 /; exospore very thin, smooth; mesospore thick, brown-black, echinate (fig. 1, 2). Cellulis vegetativis 66-72 I X 50-125 ,u, dissepimentis planis, chromatophoris 6-7 (-8), anfractibus /2-11/2 conjugatione scalariformi, tubo lato, ex utraque cellula conjugante emisso, maxime angusto in loco conjunctionis neque ab alterutra cellula discriminato; cellula fructifera solum in latere conjugationis inflata; zygosporis ovato-ellipsoideis, 67-82 ,u X 98-150 /i; exosporio tenuissimo, levi; mesosporio crasso, atrobrunneo, echinato. New Hampshire. Collected by Dr. Hannah Croasdale in Frog Pond, Hanover, September 8, 1942. This species is much smaller than S. echinata Tiffany which it resembles in many respects. SPIROGYRA sulcata sp. nov.-Vegetative cells 37-46 ,u X 50-160 t,u with plane end walls, 1 (-2) chromatophores which have a constant median furrow; chromatophores making 2-5 turns; conjugation scalariform, tube formed by both cells, and set off sharply from each cell; fertile cells inflated slightly on the outer side; zygospores ovoid, 43-46 Iu X 52-62 I,u exospore smooth, mesospore brown, thicker, reticulate (fig. 9-11). Cellulis vegetativis 37-46 I X 50-160 I, dissepimentis planis, cliromatophoris 1 (-2), sulco medio constante praeditis, anfractibus 2-5; conjugatione scalariformi, tubo ex utraque cellula conjugante emisso, ab utraque cellula abrupte discriminato; cellula fructifera parte in exteriore paululum inflata; zygosporis ovatis, 43-46 ,u X 52-62 ,u; exosporio levi; mesosporio brunneo, crassiore, resticulato. Wisconsin. Collected by the writer in springs, University of Wisconsin Arboretum, Madison, August 15, 1942. SPIROGYRA torta sp. nov.-Vegetative cells 4956 I, X 270-600 I,u with plane end walls, 3-5 chromatophores making 1-4 turns in the cell; conjugation scalariform, tube formed mostly by the male cell, widest at the point of fusion, mostly twisted and distorted during the maturation of the zygospore; tube sharply set off from the male cell, not from the female cell; fertile cell not inflated; zygospores
Total synthesis of the (+)-pheromone of the male swift moth hepialus hecta L.

Abstract The (+)-enantiomer of the pheromone of the male swift moth has been synthesized in 6 steps with an overall yield of 16%.
An area-based imaging biomarker for characterizing coronary artery stenosis with myocardial BOLD MRI

BOLD MRI may be used for detecting myocardial oxygenation changes secondary to coronary artery stenosis. However, current approaches for analyzing BOLD changes are suboptimal for detecting critical stenosis.
1647 FREQUENCY DEPENDENT IMPEDANCE OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN PARALYZED, INTUBATED INFANTS

Theory predicts that the mechanical efficiency of high frequency ventilation should depend on the impedance of the respiratory system (Zrs). We therefore measured Zrs in 9 paralyzed, intubated infants with respiratory distress syndrome to determine magnitude of Zrs as a function of frequency and also the resonant frequency of the respiratory system. Infant gestational ages ranged from 31 to 36 weeks and weights from 1.6 to 2.3 kg. All were from 1 to 7 days old. Forced oscillation measurements were made between 4 and 40 Hz with the speaker plethysmograph method of Jackson and Vinegar (J Appl Physiol: 47, 1979). The studies were conducted during brief interruption of conventional ventilation while monitoring the infant's PtcO2 and pulse rate. Resonant frequencies ranged from 11 to 23 Hz and at resonance Zrs was 33 to 71 cm H2O/L/sec. Both below and above resonant frequency, Zrs increased, rising by 20% at 6 Hz below (range 4-8 Hz) and 8 Hz above (range 5-13 Hz) resonance. One infant exhibited little frequency dependence of Zrs. For these patients, we conclude that a region of frequencies surrounding resonance exists where Zrs changes little and therefore the mechanical efficiency of high frequency ventilation should change little.
Optimizing minirhizotron sample frequency for an evergreen and deciduous tree species.

Summary • When using minirhizotrons to study fine dynamics in natural ecosystems, it is important to determine how sample collection frequency influences estimates of fine root production and mortality. Minirhizotron images were collected twice per week from mature Pseudotsuga menziesii and Tilia cordata trees and analyzed to estimate fine root production and mortality. These data were used to create data sets reflecting sample frequencies of 1, 2, 4 or 8 wk. • When the sampling interval is long, fine roots can appear and disappear between samplings, leading to underestimates of production and mortality. For example, with an 8-wk sample frequency, 24 and 35% of the fine root production in P. menziesii and T. cordata , respectively, is not measured. Fine root mortality displays the same sensitivity to sample frequency. • Our experimental observations supported the previously published simulation analysis, which provides an estimate of the proportion of fine roots missed at different sample frequencies and is a tool that can be used to select a sample frequency to balance production and mortality accuracy with sampling and analytical effort.
Effects of Cover Object Spacing on the Socioecology of the Red-Backed Salamander, Plethodon cinereus

Territoriality has been well-documented in terrestrial plethodontid salamanders. However, most studies of territoriality have focused either on defense of single cover objects or on defense of areas of forest floor. In nature, cover objects tend to occur in groups, and little is known about how cover-object distributions affect territory defense and salamander spatial associations. We manipulated cover-object spacing within a home range and used mark-recapture data to examine the effects of these manipulations on intra- and intersexual spatial associations in the red-backed salamander, Plethodon cinereus. Similar total numbers of salamanders were found in the different treatments, and salamanders moved between cover objects with similar frequency regardless of cover-object spacing. However, male spatial associations were affected by cover-object spacing, with males never found simultaneously under adjacent cover objects. Furthermore, the spatial associations of males and females differed among the cover-object spacing treatments. Males and females shared the same cover object 76% of the time when cover objects were adjacent, but only 37% of the time when cover objects were separated by 1 m. Our results suggest that P. cinereus often use multiple cover objects within a home range, and that males may defend these while they are using them. Additionally, males and females appear to adjust their use of cover objects with respect to the home ranges of opposite sex salamanders.
Sleep deprivation of rats by punitive and non punitive procedures

A series of experiments compared sleep deprivation of rats by sleep contingent shock and by non punitive procedures. Sleep overrode shock in approximately 24 hours. Animals were kept awake by non punitive procedures for 12 and 15 days. Recovery measures were higher for the non punitive procedures.
Arterial spin labeling MRI to measure peak-exercise calf muscle perfusion reproducibly discriminates peripheral arterial disease from normal

Background Prior work demonstrated the utility of first-pass gadolinium-enhanced calf muscle perfusion MRI in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). However patients with PAD often have advanced renal disease which prohibits the use of gadolinium-based contrast agents due to the concern for nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. ASL for quantification of calf muscle blood flow could provide a non-contrast alternative in advanced renal disease.
A novel technique for light delivery through branched or bent anatomic structures.

Abstract Objective Photodynamic therapy is an effective cancer treatment, but light delivery constraints currently limit its application to superficial, easily visualized tumors. The goal of this study was to determine whether it would be possible to manipulate the optical properties of irregularly shaped anatomic structures for the purpose of light delivery. Such a technique could potentially expand the role of photodynamic therapy to treat tumors currently viewed as inaccessible to visible light. Methods Ex vivo sheep tracheas and lungs were filled with substances of varying refractive indices. The effects on transmission of visible light of a known wavelength introduced into the proximal lumen of the organs were studied. Data were collected with naked-eye observation, standard photography, charge-coupled device imaging, and direct light measurement. Results Filling a lung or trachea with a liquid possessing a refractive index higher than that of tissue dramatically increases the ability to deliver light around bends and through a branched network. Conclusion It is possible to manipulate the optical properties of an ex vivo organ for the purpose of enhanced light delivery.
A family of multiple-model smoothers for signal classification

In general, signal classification requires methods for constructing the classifier decision function from training data, as well as methods for evaluating the trained decision function for unlabeled data. When class assignments are made based on the time evolution of characteristic features, the classifier often employs a state-space tracking algorithm. And when the signal characteristics can change abruptly, multiple-model tracking algorithms are used. A pre-requisite for training such models is the ability to accurately estimate the time-varying probability distributions of the states and model assignments. This work examines a family of multiple-model smoothers, or forward-backward algorithms, that approximate the desired posterior distributions. Simulations are used to judge the tracking capabilities of the smoothers, which provide an indication of the estimation accuracy for the resulting distributions.
The 1.4-Mb CMT1A Duplication/HNPP Deletion Genomic Region Reveals Unique Genome Architectural Features and Provides Insights into the Recent Evolution of New Genes

Duplication and deletion of the 1.4-Mb region in 17p12 that is delimited by two 24-kb low copy number repeats (CMT1A–REPs) represent frequent genomic rearrangements resulting in two common inherited peripheral neuropathies, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A) and hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy (HNPP). CMT1A and HNPP exemplify a paradigm for genomic disorders wherein unique genome architectural features result in susceptibility to DNA rearrangements that cause disease. A gene within the 1.4-Mb region, PMP22, is responsible for these disorders through a gene-dosage effect in the heterozygous duplication or deletion. However, the genomic structure of the 1.4-Mb region, including other genes contained within the rearranged genomic segment, remains essentially uncharacterized. To delineate genomic structural features, investigate higher-order genomic architecture, and identify genes in this region, we constructed PAC and BAC contigs and determined the complete nucleotide sequence. This CMT1A/HNPP genomic segment contains 1,421,129 bp of DNA. A low copy number repeat (LCR) was identified, with one copy inside and two copies outside of the 1.4-Mb region. Comparison between physical and genetic maps revealed a striking difference in recombination rates between the sexes with a lower recombination frequency in males (0.67 cM/Mb) versus females (5.5 cM/Mb). Hypothetically, this low recombination frequency in males may enable a chromosomal misalignment at proximal and distal CMT1A–REPs and promote unequal crossing over, which occurs 10 times more frequently in male meiosis. In addition to three previously described genes, five new genes (TEKT3, HS3ST3B1, NPD008/CGI-148, CDRT1, and CDRT15) and 13 predicted genes were identified. Most of these predicted genes are expressed only in embryonic stages. Analyses of the genomic region adjacent to proximal CMT1A–REP indicated an evolutionary mechanism for the formation of proximal CMT1A–REP and the creation of novel genes by DNA rearrangement during primate speciation.
Why is International Law Binding

Many writers believe that international law is precatory but not "binding" in the way domestic law is binding. Since international law derives from the practice of states, how is it that what states do becomes what they must do? How do we get bindingness or normativity out of empirical fact? We have to avoid the Humean fallacy of attempting to derive an ought from an is. Yet we can find in nature at least one norm that is compelling: the norm of survival. This norm is hardwired into our brains through evolution. It is also hardwired into the international legal system that has survived for four thousand years. In every dispute or controversy, the international legal system weighs in on the side of peaceful and stable resolution - simply because that is in the system's interest of self-perpetuation. In sum, it is international law itself that selects from state actions those actions most conducive to the peaceful resolution of disputes and formulates them as rules and precedents of the system.
A Feeding Study to Assess Nutritional Quality and Safety of Surimi Wash Water Proteins Recovered by a Chitosan-Alginate Complex

: Soluble proteins from surimi wash water (SWW) precipitated using a chitosan-alginate (Chi-Alg) complex and recovered by centrifugation were freeze-dried. Analysis showed that SWW proteins (SWWP) had a crude protein content of 73.1% and a high concentration of essential amino acids, for example, 3% histidine, 9.4% lysine, 3.7% methionine, and 5.1% phenylalanine. In a rat-feeding trial, SWWP as a single protein source showed higher (P < 0.05) modified protein efficiency ratio and net protein ratio than the casein control. Blood chemistry analysis revealed no deleterious effect from the full protein substitution or the chitosan in SWWP. Therefore, this preliminary study revealed that proteins recovered from SWW using the Chi-Alg complex could be used in feed formulations. They could be used for food production in countries where regulatory agencies allow the use of chitosan in the production of food ingredients.
Can the Equity Markets Help Predict Bank Failures

Working Paper 2004-03 *Senior Financial Economist, Division of Insurance and Research, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), Washington, DC 20429 **Reston, Virginia 20190 The views expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the FDIC or its staff. The authors would like to thank Audrey Clement for extensive assistance; and Gerald Hanweck, Andrew Davenport, anonymous referees, and the participants in the 2004 Washington Area Finance Association meetings and the 2004 Western Economic Association International meetings for helpful comments.
Unintentional methadone-related overdose death in New Mexico (USA) and implications for surveillance, 1998-2002.

AIMS: To determine death rates from methadone over time, to characterize methadone-related death and to discuss public health surveillance of methadone-related death. DESIGN: We analyzed medical examiner data for all unintentional drug overdose deaths in New Mexico, USA, between 1998 and 2002. MEASUREMENTS: Age-adjusted death rates for methadone-related death, logistic regression models for likelihood of methadone-related death among all unintentional drug overdose deaths and bivariate comparisons within methadone-related death. FINDINGS: Of 1120 drug overdose deaths during this period, there were 143 (12.8%) methadone-related deaths; the death rate decreased over the time period, averaging 1.6 per 100,000. Of 143 methadone-related deaths, 22.4% were due to methadone alone, 23.8% were due to methadone/prescription drugs (no illicit drugs), 50.3% were due to methadone/illicit drugs and 3.5% were due to methadone/alcohol. These groups were significantly different in demographics, health history and circumstances of death. Of 79 decedents (55.2%) with a known source of methadone, 68 obtained methadone through a physician prescription (31 for methadone maintenance treatment (MMT), 27 for managing pain and 10 had unknown reason for prescription). CONCLUSIONS: Methadone-related death rates and the proportion of methadone-related death among all drug overdose deaths decreased in New Mexico from 1998 to 2002. It is important for surveillance of methadone-related death to assess multiple drug causes, not just underlying cause. Also, methadone for pain management must be examined alongside MMT and when possible, methadone co-intoxication should be described in the context of other drugs causing death. Language: en
The Conservation and Technology of Musical Instruments, Walter Kaufmann. Selected Musical Instruments: Selected Musical Terms of Non-Western Cultures: A Notebook-Glossary

The Conservation and Technology of Musical Instruments. A Bibliographic Supplement to Art and Archaeology Technical Abstracts, Volume 28, Number 3. Edited by CARY KARP. Marina del Rey, CA: The Getty Conservation Institute, 1992. 236 pp. $55 (paper). Selected Musical Terms of Non-Western Cultures: A Notebook-Glossary. WALTER KAUFMANN. Detroit Studies in Music Bibliography, No. 65. J. Bunker Clark, editor. Warren, Michigan: Harmonie Park Press, 1990. 806 pp. $75.00 (cloth).
An efficient and novel numerical method for quasiconformal mappings of doubly connected domains

A numerical method for quasiconformal mapping of doubly connected domains onto annuli is presented. The ratio R of the radii of the annulus is not known a priori and is determined as part of the solution procedure. The numerical method presented in this paper requires solving iteratively a sequence of inhomogeneous Beltrami equations, each for a different R. R is updated using a procedure based on the bisection method. The new method is an extension of Daripa’s method for the quasiconformal mapping of the exterior of simply connected domains onto the interior of unit disks [15]. It uses fast and accurate algorithms for evaluating certain singular integrals and is, thus, very efficient and accurate. Its performance is demonstrated for several doubly connected domains.
Terminal oxidases are essential to bypass the requirement for ResD for full Pho induction in Bacillus subtilis.

The Bacillus subtilis Pho signal transduction network, which regulates the cellular response to phosphate starvation, integrates the activity of three signal transduction systems to regulate the level of the Pho response. This signal transduction network includes a positive feedback loop between the PhoP/PhoR and ResD/ResE two-component systems. Within this network, ResD is responsible for 80% of the Pho response. To date, the role of ResD in the generation of the Pho response has not been understood. Expression of two terminal oxidases requires ResD function, and expression of at least one terminal oxidase is needed for the wild-type Pho response. Previously, our investigators have shown that strains bearing mutations in resD are impaired for growth and acquire secondary mutations which compensate for the loss of the a-type terminal oxidases by allowing production of cytochrome bd. We report here that the expression of cytochrome bd in a ΔresDE background is sufficient to compensate for the loss of ResD for full Pho induction. A ctaA mutant strain, deficient in the production of heme A, has the same Pho induction phenotype as a ΔresDE strain. This demonstrates that the production of a-type terminal oxidases is the basis for the role of ResD in Pho induction. Terminal oxidases affect the redox state of the quinone pool. Reduced quinones inhibit PhoR autophosphorylation in vitro, consistent with a requirement for terminal oxidases for full Pho induction in vivo.
Hyperglycemia Suppresses the Adrenal Medullary: Response to Hypoxemia

An in vivo microdialysis technique was used to study adrenal medullary function in 6 euglycemic and 6 hyperglycemic anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to hypoxia. After stabilization of an adrenal dialysis probe, dialyzable adrenal epinephrine and norepinephrine were measured in response to 15 min of 7.8% oxygen breathing in both groups. In euglycemic rats, hypoxia increased epinephrine and norepinephrine by 650 and 320% above baseline, respectively. During hyperglycemia, (mean plasma glucose level 30.0 mM) epinephrine and norepinephrine rose only 119 and 104%, respectively. The catecholamine increase in the hyperglycemic rats was significantly attenuated in comparison to euglycemic controls (epinephrine, P = 0.0232; norepinephrine, P = 0.0079). These data demonstrate that acute hyperglycemia has the capacity to suppress the normal adrenal medullary response to hypoxemia.
Phonetically-based vector excitation coding of speech at 3.6 kbps

A phonetically based segmentation of speech is performed to classify segments into five classes: onset, unvoiced low-pass voiced, steady-state voiced, and transient voiced. The segment lengths are constrained to an integer multiple of a unit-frame. For each segment class, a distinctive coding scheme based on vector excitation coding (VXC) is used. The maximum bit-rate is 3.6 kb/s, and a moderate coding delay of 45 ms is incurred. Performance is roughly comparable to conventional VXC/CELP (code-excited linear prediction) coding at 4.8 kb/s. >
p-Amidinophenylpyruvic acid: A new highly effective inhibitor of enterokinase and trypsin

Abstract A series of amino, amidino, and aminomethyl derivatives of benzene and cyclohexane were investigated for their inhibitory effect on the activation of trypsinogen. In agreement with earlier reports, amidines were generally much more potent than amines. p -Amidinophenylpyruvic acid, a newly synthesized compound, was found to be the strongest small-molecular inhibitor known so far, surpassing even p -aminobenzamidine. The K i value of this compound was determined as 9.6 × 10 −7 m for the enterokinase-catalyzed activation of trypsinogen and as 2.6 × 10 −6 m for the autocatalytic activation. p -Amidinophenylpyruvic acid was also the most effective inhibitor of tryptic caseinolysis, though the inhibitor constant of 1.2 × 10 −4 m was considerably greater than the value for the autocatalytic activation. The compounds behaved as noncompetitive inhibitors of the two activation processes as well as of the caseinolytic reaction. This observation is in contrast to the competitive nature of the inhibitory effect when esters or amides are employed as substrates for trypsin. The difference is probably explained by the importance of the specificity site of the active center as a binding site for synthetic substrates while proteins may be able to attach themselves to the enzyme independently from the specificity site.
Religious coping among psychotic patients: relevance to suicidality and treatment outcomes.

Religious coping is very common among individuals with psychosis, however its relevance to symptoms and treatment outcomes remains unclear. We conducted a prospective study in a clinical sample of n¼47 psychiatric patients with current/past psychosis receiving partial (day) treatment at McLean Hospital. Subjects completed measures of religious involvement, religious coping and suicidality prior to treatment, and we assessed for psychosis, depression, anxiety and psychological well-being over the course of treatment. Negative religious coping (spiritual struggle) was associated with substantially greater frequency and intensity of suicidal ideation, as well as greater depression, anxiety, and less well-being prior to treatment (accounting for 9.0–46.2% of the variance in these variables). Positive religious coping was associated with significantly greater reductions in depression and anxiety, and increases in well-being over the course of treatment (accounting for 13.7–36.0% of the variance in change scores). Effects remained significant after controlling for significant covariates. Negative religious coping appears to be a risk factor for suicidality and affective symptoms among psychotic patients. Positive religious coping is an important resource to this population, and its utilization appears to be associated with better treatment outcomes. & 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
A synthesis on digital games in education: What the research literature says from 2000 to 2010

this research reports the results of a literature synthesis conducted on digital gaming in education research literature. seventy-three digital gaming research articles in education were identified through a systematic literature search and were coded across several relevant criteria. our research indicates trends and patterns from empirical studies on digital gaming in education from 2000 to 2010. Most research literature appears in the context of K-12 and higher education, and most literature appears to rely on experimental methods of research. the results show a steady increase in the number of publications related to digital gaming in education being published since 2004. the results also demonstrate that literature in digital gaming in education lacks completeness in reporting vital information, such as treatment intensity and duration, gaming platforms, or the number of players in a game. the missing information is vital in understanding the scope and direction of digital gaming research in education. recommendations for future research are provided.
Massively Parallel Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Two-dimensional Materials at High Strain Rates

Large scale molecular dynamics simulations on a massively parallel computer are performed to investigate the mechanical behavior of 2-dimensional materials. A pair potential and a model embedded atom many-body potential are examined, corresponding to ``brittle`` and ``ductile`` materials, respectively. A parallel MD algorithm is developed to exploit the architecture of the Connection Machine, enabling simulations of > 10{sup 6} atoms. A model spallation experiment is performed on a 2-D triagonal crystal with a well-defined nanocrystalline defect on the spall plane. The process of spallation is modelled as a uniform adiabatic expansion. The spall strength is shown to be proportional to the logarithm of the applied strain rate and a dislocation dynamics model is used to explain the results. Good predictions for the onset of spallation in the computer experiments is found from the simple model. The nanocrystal defect affects the propagation of the shock front and failure is enhanced along the grain boundary.
Area-efficient parallel FIR digital filter implementations

This paper presents a novel approach for implementing area-efficient parallel (block) finite impulse response (FIR) filters that require less hardware than traditional block FIR filter implementations. Parallel processing is a powerful technique because it can be used to increase the throughput of a FIR filter or reduce the power consumption of a FIR filter. However, a traditional block filter implementation causes a linear increase in the hardware cost (area) by a factor of L, the block size. In many design situations, this large hardware penalty cannot be tolerated. Therefore, it is advantageous to produce parallel FIR filter implementations that require less area than traditional block FIR filtering structures. In this paper, we propose a method to design parallel FIR filter structures that require a less-than-linear increase in the hardware cost. A novel adjacent coefficient sharing based sub-structure sharing technique is introduced and used to reduce the hardware cost of parallel FIR filters. A novel coefficient quantization technique, referred to as a maximum absolute difference (MAD) quantization process, is introduced and used to produce quantized filters with good spectrum characteristics. By using a combination of fast FIR filtering algorithms, a novel coefficient quantization process and area reduction techniques, we show that parallel FIR filtering structures with up to a 45% reduction in hardware is achieved for the given examples.
Uroflowmetry parameters before and after meatoplasty for primary symptomatic meatal stenosis in children.

Purpose: One measure of a successful outcome of meatoplasty for symptomatic urethral meatal stenosis has traditionally been witnessed voiding and subjective assessment of urinary stream. This evaluation is flawed by nonobjective criteria and potential differing interpretations by different clinicians. We sought to assess urinary flow better following meatoplasty using voiding uroflowmetry to measure objectively response to treatment.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 22 boys who underwent meatoplasty for symptomatic meatal stenosis and who had uroflowmetry (flow rates, voided volumes and voiding times) performed preoperatively and postoperatively. Statistical comparison of voiding parameters was analyzed using Student's paired t test.Results: Mean patient age was 7 years (range 4 to 13). There were no complications and no recurrences associated with meatoplasty during a mean followup of 12 months. There was a significant increase in maximum urinary flow rates following meato...