cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolation and Description of Twelve Morphological Mutants of Fannia canicularis (Diptera: Muscidae)

Twelve morphological mutants of the little house fly, Fannia canicularis (L.), obtained by inbreeding of fieldcollected individuals, are described. These are bwb (brown body), miv 2 (medial intercalary vein), riv 3 (radial intercalary vein), ecv R (extra cross veins in R cell), ev R5(extra veins in R5 cell), pcv (posterior cross veinless), forked (forked R2+3 vein), iv (incomplete veins), acv (anterior cross veinless), up-curl (wings strongly curled upward), down-curl (wings mildly curled downward), and seta-less (setae absent). Several of these mutants were established as true-breeding strains. The bwb character was shown to be inherited as a single, recessive gene, and may be of value as a morphological marker.
Molecular basis of the action of interferon

Abstract The interaction of labeled Mengo virus particles with mouse L cells has been studied at very early times after infection. At 30 minutes after infection, a 50 s particle bearing intact viral RNA has been isolated from the cytoplasm of the normally infected cell. This 50 s particle is possibly a complex of viral RNA with the 40 s ribosomal subunit. By study at different intervals after infection, its formation can be related to the assembly of a functional polysome which sediments at 240 s. Viral proteins, including the viral RNA polymerase, are detectable on this complex, although it is not certain that they are synthesized there. Newly formed viral RNA molecules are also processed through the 50 s particle into a similar 240 s polysome. In cells exposed to interferon before infection, the 50 s particle bearing viral RNA is not detected, although a 240 s complex is assembled late in infection. However, this complex does not translate the viral genome to a significant extent, as reflected in a greater than 90% reduction in the synthesis of the viral RNA polymerase and progeny RNA molecules. Although other possibilities are not excluded, the interaction of viral RNA with the smaller ribosomal subunit may be a necessary step in the formation of a functional polysome. The prevention of this interaction may explain the antiviral action of interferon.
Assessing side-payment and cost-sharing patterns in international water agreements: The geographic and economic connection

Abstract To a large degree, conflicts over transboundary freshwater resources arise because property rights have not been clearly defined. International water law provides only hints and suggestions as to how states should resolve their water disputes, since legal principles and clauses are ambiguous and contradictory. But conflict often creates a need for cooperation, which is achieved by means of negotiations, and the specific outcome of negotiations is almost always codified in an international treaty. This article considers bilateral water agreements for rivers with particular geographical configurations and aims to answer a fundamental question: how and why do bilateral treaties vary in their design? Further, it examines international freshwater treaties to deduce the nature of treaty remedies, particularly the side-payment and cost-sharing arrangements, used for resolving conflict over rivers shared by two countries. The theory and testable hypotheses consider geography and economics in order to explore treaty design. In essence, the ‘willingness to pay’ of one of the states reflects on the property rights solution and can be explained by geography and economics. Three geographical configurations are investigated here. The findings affirm that side-payments frequently occur to offset an asymmetric geographical relationship between upstream and downstream states, and are commonly regarded as an appropriate instrumentality for solving a property rights dispute. Side-payments are non-existent when the geographic relationship among the riparians is symmetric and costs for the joint project are most always equally shared. As expected, in this latter case, the geography of the river acts as a focal point for equal participation. When economic differences are taken into account, especially when the upstream state is richer, the side-payment outcome is reversed. As expected, richer states internalize the costs of taking action in favor of poorer downstream states. When the geographical relationship between the riparians is of a symmetrical nature, while the economic relationship between the states is of an asymmetrical nature, the richer state often assumes the bulk of the cost burden. In this way, it provides a side-payment to the poorer state. Such patterns reveal how property rights disputes over issues such as water quantity, hydropower, pollution abatement, and flood control have been concluded. They suggest how ongoing disputes may be resolved.
Physics‐based model portrays midriver island formation

From the Amazon and the Brahmaputra to Russia's Lena, Brazil's Negro, or South America's Parana River, many of the world's largest rivers share a number of important characteristics: They are long, they are wide, they carry high volumes of water down a course with a shallow slope, and their flows are broken up by sand bars and small islands. Despite these broad similarities, sediment dynamics related to the formation of sand bars and islands in large, branching rivers can vary markedly from one to the next. A number of processes affect the formation and stability of midstream islands, such as the rate of riverbank erosion, the hydrologic regime (the long-term variability of the river's flows), and the colonization and growth rates of stabilizing vegetation. Although researchers have previously used reduced-complexity models to study river island dynamics, Nicholas et al. describe a new physics-based, two-dimensional morphodynamic model that realistically simulates branching river dynamics over large distances and long time scales.
Enamel microstructure ofTribosphenomys (Mammalia, glires): Character analysis and systematic implications

Enamel distribution on the upper and lower incisors ofTribosphenomys minutus (from Late Paleocene-Early Eocene of Inner Mongolia of China) is typically rodent-like, i.e., primarily confined to the anterior surface throughout these transversely compressed, evergrowing teeth. AlthoughTribosphenomys incisor enamel is differentiated into two layers, it does not possess Hunter-Schreger bands (HSB). The incisor and molar enamels are radial in type, a condition regarded as either an autapomorph or a primtive retention forTribosphenomys. Character polarities concerning enamel thickness, enamel layer number, HSB, enamel types, and functional and phylogenetic implications of the enamel structures are discussed. Overall, enamel microstructural evolution at high taxonomic levels within Glires displays considerably more homoplasy than generally appreciated. A phylogenetic definition of Rodentia is proposed.Tribosphenomys is the sister-group of a taxon here named “Rodentia,” and thus is not itself a member of the order, from a systematic viewpoint.
Ewing's sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the chest wall.

Ewing's sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor is the most common tumor of the chest wall in children and adolescents. It is extremely malignant with a high frequency of both metastatic spread and of local recurrence. Cure requires intensive therapy to control both distant and local disease. Surgery and high-dose radiotherapy can achieve equivalent local control; however, radiation is associated with the additional morbidities of second malignancy and a significant adverse impact on both cardiac and pulmonary function. The optimal therapeutic sequence is initial biopsy followed by induction chemotherapy with subsequent resection of the primary tumor. This approach will achieve the lowest incidence of tumor present at the margins of resection and, hence, need for postoperative radiotherapy. The chest wall is a rare site for tumors in children and adolescents. In a series reported from St Jude's Children's Research Hospital, chest wall tumors constituted only 1.8% of the solid childhood tumors. They are primarily mesenchymal in origin and the Ewing's sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET) predominate. This report concentrates on the later tumors. They are recognized to be extremely malignant, and cure in those who present with metastatic disease is very difficult to achieve. Recent advances in our understanding of their cytogenetic basis and optimal treatment are presented.
Studies on the Bohr Effect of Sheep Hemoglobin

A simple method is described for the measurement of pH changes in hemoglobin solutions on oxygenation and reduction. Data are presented establishing the absence of a Bohr effect in p-chloromercuribenzoate [PCMB] treated hemoglobin. The influence of a number of sulfhydryl inhibitors on the Bohr effect of a hemoglobin solution is reported and an interpretation based on steric factors in the protein is proposed.
Toxic and teratologic effects of caffeine on explanted early chick embryos

The toxic and teratologic effects of caffeine on chick embryos explanted at stages 4-7 and cultured for 19-22 hours were investigated. Caffeine, at 200-300 micrograms/ml, significantly increased the incidence of neural tube defects regardless of the developmental stage at treatment. Concentrations of 500 micrograms/ml or higher inhibited morphogenesis of nearly all organ primordia. In general, the effects of caffeine were concentration dependent and younger embryos were more susceptible to treatment than their older counterparts. Microscopic studies confirmed that the developing neuroepithelium was most sensitive to treatment. Caffeine, at concentrations sufficient to inhibit neural tube closure, caused no apparent alteration in the ultrastructure of cellular components except that apical microfilament bundles were thinner and less conspicuous than usual. Furthermore, caffeine (400 micrograms/ml) selectively inhibited uplifting of neural folds (and hence, closure of the neural tube) in embryos explanted at stage 8 and cultured for 4-6 and 16 hours. Affected neuroepithelial cells lacked the typical bottle-shaped characteristic and folded apical surfaces. Overall results of this study suggest that caffeine causes neural tube defects, at least in part, through its inhibitory action on the contractile activity of apical microfilament bundles in developing neuroepithelial cells.
Potent Antisense Oligonucleotides to the Human Multidrug Resistance-1 mRNA Are Rationally Selected by Mapping RNA-Accessible Sites With Oligonucleotide Libraries

Antisense oligonucleotides can vary significantly and unpredictably in their ability to inhibit protein synthesis. Libraries of chimeric oligonucleotides and RNase H were used to cleave and thereby locate sites on human multidrug resistance-1 RNA transcripts that are relatively accessible to oligonucleotide hybridization. In cell culture, antisense sequences designed to target these sites were significantly more active than oligonucleotides selected at random. This methodology should be generally useful for identification of potent antisense sequences. Correlation between oligonucleotide activity in the cell culture assay and in an in vitro RNase H assay supports the proposed role of the enzyme in the mechanism of antisense suppression in the cell.
Slot Nozzle Effects for Reduced Sonic Boom on a Generic Supersonic Wing Section

NASA has conducted research programs to reduce or eliminate the operational restrictions of supersonic aircraft over populated areas. Restrictions are due to the disturbance from the sonic boom, caused by the coalescence of shock waves formed off the aircraft. Results from two-dimensional computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analyses (performed on a baseline Mach 2.0 nozzle in a simulated Mach 2.2 flow) indicate that over-expanded and under-expanded operation of the nozzle has an effect on the N-wave boom signature. Analyses demonstrate the feasibility of reducing the magnitude of the sonic boom N-wave by controlling the nozzle plume interaction with the nozzle boat tail shock structure. This work was extended to study the impact of integrating a high aspect ratio exhaust nozzle or long slot nozzle on the trailing edge of a supersonic wing. The nozzle is operated in a highly under-expanded condition, creating a large exhaust plume and a shock at the trailing edge of the wing. This shock interacts with and suppresses the expansion wave caused by the wing, a major contributor to the sonic boom signature. The goal was to reduce the near field pressures caused by the expansion using a slot nozzle located at the wing trailing edge. Results from CFD analysis on a simulated wing cross-section and a slot nozzle indicate potential reductions in sonic boom signature compared to a baseline wing with no propulsion or trailing edge exhaust. Future studies could investigate if this effect could be useful on a supersonic aircraft for main propulsion, auxiliary propulsion, or flow control.
The contribution of proteinase inhibitors to immune defense

The colonization of a potential host by a parasite requires an ability to cross the integuments and then to escape from the host immune defenses. Proteinases are important virulence factors that assist these processes. Host proteinase inhibitors potentially contribute to immunity by inactivating the proteinase virulence factors of pathogens.
Selenium absorption, distribution, and excretion in white sturgeon orally dosed with L-selenomethionine

The usefulness of a newly developed, combined technique consisting of esophageal intubation, dorsal aortic cannulation, and urinary catheterization to deliver Se orally and to monitor Se uptake, accumulation, and excretion in white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) was explored. Groups of five yearling sturgeon (1-2 kg) each were intubated with 0 (sham), 250, 500, or 1,000 microg Se/kg body weight in the form of L-selenomethionine, an ecologically relevant organic form of Se. Selenium concentrations in whole blood, plasma, and red blood cells did not change in the sham group but began to rise within 2 h postintubation in the other groups, and levels remained near maximum concentrations throughout the 48-h sampling period. Average urinary Se excretion rates over the entire 48-h period were 0.05, 0.46, 0.61, and 2.15 microg Se/kg/h in sturgeon intubated with 0, 250, 500, and 1,000 microg Se/kg, respectively. Selenium excretion rates were highest within the first 6 h in all treatment groups except the sham group. Selenium concentrations in the liver were positively correlated with the intubated Se dosage.
Enterococcus faecalis Capsular Polysaccharide Serotypes C and D and Their Contributions to Host Innate Immune Evasion

It has become increasingly difficult to treat infections caused by Enterococcus faecalis due to its high levels of intrinsic and acquired antibiotic resistance. However, few studies have explored the mechanisms that E. faecalis employs to circumvent the host innate immune response and establish infection. Capsular polysaccharides are important virulence factors that are associated with innate immune evasion. We demonstrate, using cultured macrophages (RAW 264.7), that capsule-producing E. faecalis strains of either serotype C or D are more resistant to complement-mediated opsonophagocytosis than unencapsulated strains. We show that differences in opsonophagocytosis are not due to variations in C3 deposition but are due to the ability of capsule to mask bound C3 from detection on the surface of E. faecalis. Similarly, E. faecalis capsule masks lipoteichoic acid from detection, which correlates with decreased tumor necrosis factor alpha production by cultured macrophages in the presence of encapsulated strains compared to that in the presence of unencapsulated strains. Our studies confirm the important role of the capsule as a virulence factor of E. faecalis and provide several mechanisms by which the presence of the capsule influences evasion of the innate immune response and suggest that the capsule could be a potential target for developing alternative therapies to treat E. faecalis infections.
The State Children's Health Insurance Program: Successes, Shortcomings, and Challenges

This paper examines successes and shortcomings of the SCHIP program. SCHIP is a source of coverage for millions of children, improving their access to health care and sparking innovation in program design and improvements in Medicaid. Concurrently, SCHIP has added to the complexity of the insurance system and introduced new inequities in access to insurance. It is imperfectly targeting eligible uninsured children, and the financing of the program is problematic because of the block-grant funding structure and the use of SCHIP funds to cover adults. These issues need to be addressed during the SCHIP reauthorization process, which is scheduled to begin in federal fiscal year 2006. (Kenney, Genevieve, and Debbie Chang. September/October 2004. The State Children's Health Insurance Program: Successes, Shortcomings, and Challenges. Health Affairs 23(5): 51-62.)
A physical model for the role of dose and dose rate on amorphous depth generation

Evaluation of the increasing concentration of point defects during an implantation process is a necessary input for TCAD modeling of ultra-shallow junctions. This necessitates knowledge of the relaxation process, particularly of m, the fraction of point defects that survives in situ self-annihilation. Measurement of the /spl alpha//C interface depths for a series of Si doses was applied to the determination of m for various dose rates.
Use of implanted gold fiducial markers with MV-CBCT image-guided IMRT for pancreatic tumours.

Introduction Visualisation of soft tissues such as pancreatic tumours by mega-voltage cone beam CT (MV-CBCT) is frequently difficult and daily localisation is often based on more easily seen adjacent bony anatomy. Fiducial markers implanted into pancreatic tumours serve as surrogates for tumour position and may more accurately represent absolute tumour position. Differences in daily shifts based on alignment to implanted fiducial markers vs. alignment to adjacent bony anatomy were compared. Methods Gold fiducial markers were placed into the pancreatic tumour under endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) guidance in 12 patients. Patients subsequently received image-guided intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IG-IMRT). MV-CBCT was performed prior to each fraction and isocentre shifts were performed based on alignment to the fiducial markers. We retrospectively reviewed archived MV-CBCT datasets and calculated shift differences in the left-right (LR), superior-inferior (SI) and anterior-posterior (AP) axes relative to shifts based on alignment to adjacent bony anatomy. Results Two hundred forty-three fractions were analysed. The mean absolute difference in isocentre shifts between the fiducial markers and those aligned to bony anatomy was 3.4 mm (range 0–13 mm), 6.3 mm (range 0–21 mm) and 2.6 mm (range 0–12 mm), in LR, SI and AP directions, respectively. The mean three-dimensional vector shift difference between markers vs. bony anatomy alignment was 8.6 mm. Conclusions These data suggest that fiducial markers used in conjunction with MV-CBCT improve the accuracy of daily target delineation compared with localisation using adjacent bony anatomy and that gold fiducial markers using MV-CBCT alignment are a viable option for target localisation during IG-IMRT.
Monte-Carlo simulation of the effects of vacuum ultraviolet radiation on electronic materials

Radiation induced damage during the plasma processing of semiconductor materials adversely affects device reliability. Our group has shown in the past that Vacuum Ultraviolet (VUV) radiation (10nm-200nm) can beneficially deplete the charge deposited on the surface of the semiconductor by temporarily increasing the conductivity of the dielectric. The increase in conductivity has mainly been attributed to the generation of photoemission current and formation of electron hole pairs in the dielectric. In this paper, we discuss the steps involved in developing a model for VUV-semiconductor dielectric interactions based on the well-known Monte Carlo method. The statistical information obtained from this simulation will be compared to the experimental values obtained by exposing silicon nitride wafers to synchrotron radiation of energy 20eV. The simulation predicts the surface potential on the wafer due to photoemission. Experimentally measured surface potentials on the dielectric are used to check the validity of the simulation. Of the different process that can occur when a photon is incident on an atom, we concentrate mainly on photoemission of an electron. Consequently, the elastic and inelastic scattering events experienced by the electron during the course of its motion inside the dielectric are also considered. A modified form of the screened Rutherford formula, which approximates the Mott cross-section, as developed by Browning et. al., has been applied in this simulation. Initial simulation results will be presented.
Relating Geomorphic Change and Grazing to Avian Communities in Riparian Forests

Avian conservation in riparian or bottomland forests requires an understanding of the physical and biotic factors that sustain the structural complexity of riparian vegetation. Riparian forests of western North America are dependent upon flow-related geomorphic processes necessary for establishment of new cot- tonwood and willow patches. In June 1995, we examined how fluvial geomorphic processes and long-term grazing influence the structural complexity of riparian vegetation and the abundance and diversity of breed- ing birds along the upper Missouri River in central Montana, a large, flow-regulated, and geomorphically constrained reach. Use by breeding birds was linked to fluvial geomorphic processes that influence the struc- ture of these patches. Species richness and bird diversity increased with increasing structural complexity of vegetation ( F 1,32 � 75.49, p � 0.0001; F 1,32 � 79.76, p � 0.0001, respectively). Bird species composition was significantly correlated with vegetation strata diversity ( r s ,33 � 0.98, p � 0.0001). Bird abundance in canopy and tall-shrub foraging guilds increased significantly with increasing tree cover and tall-shrub cover ( F 1,22 � 34.68, p � 0.0001; F 1,20 � 22.22, p � 0.0001, respectively). Seventeen bird species, including five species of concern ( e.g., Red-eyed Vireo ( Vireo olivaceus )), were significantly associated ( p � 0.10) with structurally complex forest patches, whereas only six bird species were significantly associated with structurally simple forest patches. We related the structural complexity of 34 riparian vegetation patches to geomorphic change, woody vegetation establishment, and grazing history over a 35-year post-dam period (1953-1988). The structural complexity of habitat patches was positively related to recent sediment accretion ( t 33 � 3.31, p � 0.002) and vegetation establishment ( t 20.7 � � 3.63, p � 0.002) and negatively related to grazing activity ( t 19.6 � 3.75, p � 0.001). Avian conservation along rivers like the upper Missouri requires maintenance of the geomorphic processes responsible for tree establishment and management of land-use activities in ripar- ian forests.
Death with Honor: The Mediterranean Style Death of Jesus in Mark

In Mark's Gospel, Jesus suffers for as long as six hours apparently without resistance or complaint and says nothing until he shrieks just before dying. The way he died makes a favorable impression on the centurion who witnessed the execution (14:39). With the aid of two social science models, it is possible to offer a plausible, Mediterranean cultural explanation for this pagan's reaction. The basic personality model (Cook) would explain that Jesus' behavior at death is the result of his training in suffering during his youth. Jesus' death proves that he was reared well. The cultural ideology model (McClelland) argues that Mediterranean ideology—that is, its norms and values reinforced by its maintenance system—is the central determining factor of adult personality and child-rearing practices. Jesus dies honorably as one would expect of an adult, Mediterranean male.
Heavy metals in aquatic macrophytes drifting in a large river

Macrophytes drifting throughout the water column in the Detroit River were collected monthly from May to October 1985 to estimate the quantities of heavy metals being transported to Lake Erie by the plants. Most macrophytes (80–92% by weight) drifted at the water surface. Live submersed macrophytes made up the bulk of each sample. The most widely distributed submersed macrophyte in the river, American wildcelery (Vallisneria americana), occurred most frequently in the drift. A total of 151 tonnes (ash-free dry weight) of macrophytes drifted out of the Detroit River from May to October. The drift was greatest (37 tonnes) in May. Concentrations of heavy metals were significantly higher in macrophytes drifting in the river than in those growing elsewhere in unpolluted waters. Annually, a maximum of 2796 kg (eight heavy metals combined) were transported into Lake Erie by drifting macrophytes. The enrichment of all metals was remarkably high (range: 4000 × to 161000 ×) in macrophytes, relative to their concentration in water of the Detroit River. Detroit River macrophytes are thus a source of contaminated food for animals in the river and in Lake Erie.
High Methionine Diet Poses Cardiac Threat: A Molecular Insight.

High methionine diet (HMD) for example red meat which includes lamb, beef, pork can pose cardiac threat and vascular dysfunction but the mechanisms are unclear. We hypothesize that a diet rich in methionine can malfunction the cardiovascular system in three ways: (1) by augmenting oxidative stress; (2) by inflammatory manifestations; and (3) by matrix/vascular remodeling. To test this hypothesis we used four groups of mice: (1) WT; (2) WT + methionine; (3) CBS(+/-) ; (4) CBS(+/-) +methionine. We observed high oxidative stress in mice fed with methionine which was even higher in CBS(+/-) and CBS(+/-) +methionine. Higher oxidative stress was indicated by high levels of SOD-1 in methionine fed mouse hearts whereas IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, and TLR4 showed high inflammatory manifestations. The upregulated levels of eNOS/iNOS and upregulated levels of MMP2/MMP9 along with high collagen deposition indicated vascular and matrix remodeling in methionine fed mouse. We evaluated the cardiac function which was dysregulated in the mice fed with HMD. These mice had decreased ejection fraction and left ventricular dysfunction which subsequently leads to adverse cardiac remodeling. In conclusion, our study clearly shows that HMD poses a cardiac threat by increasing oxidative stress, inflammatory manifestations, matrix/vascular remodeling, and decreased cardiac function.
Altered Immune Function and Host Resistance Following Exposure to Common Airborne Pollutants

The ambient air consists of a multitude of air pollutants that differ geographically and temporarily by concentration and chemical identity. They can be classed as either gases or particles. Only a limited number of these pollutants has been studied for immunotoxic effects. Those chemicals that have been studied are relatively common, such as ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide, sulfates (including sulfuric acid), and fly ashes. Other chemicals which are common, but less widely distributed, such as metals, have also been investigated.
Consent, caseload and other justifications for non-article III courts and judges: A comment on Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Schor

This article discusses the constitutionality of creating non Article III courts and judges and the reasoning behind their creation. The focus of the article is how previous cases from the Supreme Court determined the status and constitutionality of magistrate judges. A few of the examples discussed relates to courts in the District of Columbia and bankruptcy courts. The article further analyzes a few of the main reasons behind the creation of these courts, such as topics and/or geography that need specialized courts and judges, and the justification of case load burdens on district courts. The article ends by stating that it is unclear whether magistrate courts and judges are actually constitutional but that there are many reasons to believe that they are unconstitutional.
Bankruptcy Reform and Financial Well-Being: How Intersectionality Matters in Money Matters

After eight years of heated controversy, the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005 was signed into law by president Bush on April 20, 2005. Proponents of the Act claimed that it would cure the bankruptcy crisis and that the wealthy would no longer be allowed to abuse the system at the expense of hard-working American families. Opponents cast the legislation as a dream come true for the credit card companies, claiming that it would serve only to enrich the rich at the expense of the poorest of the poor. One of the key issues that emerged from what became a battle of catchy sound bites was the impact that the legislation would have on women and this Article takes as its starting premise that all of this attention on the effects on women of bankruptcy reform and other economic issues is a very good thing. As this Article demonstrates, however, it is imperative to foreground the ways in which issues of gender, race, and class matter in considering financial concerns as women's issues. Otherwise, reform efforts made on behalf of women will, in fact, harm women. Specifically in the context of bankruptcy reform, this Article performs an intersectional analysis of the Congressional debates that reveals the privileging of certain women over others, as well as the construction of an ideal and unreal image of women that works to perpetuate economic insecurity for all women. The Article then proposes a re-envisioned reform agenda that takes into account how intersectionality matters in money matters and moves toward a goal of financial well-being for all.
“It's Like Having a Second Full-Time Job”

As jobs in legacy media organizations become increasingly scarce, crowdfunding has gained some momentum as a way for journalists to raise money to start their own media ventures or bolster freelance budgets. While crowdfunding is often positioned as empowering for both the journalists and donors, what is often overlooked is the amount and type of labour involved in crowdfunding. This article examines labour in crowdfunding from three vantage points: the labour involved in the campaign itself, the labour of the donors and the type of labour crowdfunding enables. This paper argues that the amount of work is akin to having a second full-time job. Moreover, having to embrace entrepreneurial techniques and market their work is something many journalists are uncomfortable with. Further, this paper examines how donors are implicated in the labour of journalism, and how journalists are hoping to “commodify” the audience. Finally, this paper addresses how crowdfunding does afford journalists agency, enabling them ...
A DVD Dilemma Ripping for Teaching

The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) has made ripping Macrovision- or CSSprotected DVDs illegal, but university instructors and students need accessible videos in a digital format for pedagogical purposes. This legal analysis has compared the DMCA with the TEACH Act and the fair use doctrine in the Copyright Act in an attempt to find a viable solution to this dilemma. The study has provided alternative and creative approaches to DVD ripping while finding it necessary to pursue a legal amendment to the DMCA.
Alcohol addiction and its treatment

In the problems of alcohol, alcohol addiction and other forms of abnormal drinking occupy the central position and all other issues, except the immediate effect, emanate from these. Not that the other issues of alcoholism are less important, but they cannot be divorced from the phenomena of abnormal drinking. Problems relating to the immediate effects of alcohol, however, would obtain even if abnormal drinking were nonexistent. On the other hand, while the study of the immediate effects sheds some light on certain aspects of all forms of drinking and of chronic alcoholism, it is really a secondary consideration. Acute intoxication and even the manifestations of subclinical intoxication, through their impairment of judgment, coordination, perception and other functions, play a considerable role in all types of accidents, in delinquency and in the lowering of industrial efficiency. Nevertheless, the medical and the social problems of the immediate effects of alcohol, are incomparably smaller than the proble...
A Mathematical Model of Granule Cell Generation During Mouse Cerebellum Development

Determining the cellular basis of brain growth is an important problem in developmental neurobiology. In the mammalian brain, the cerebellum is particularly amenable to studies of growth because it contains only a few cell types, including the granule cells, which are the most numerous neuronal subtype. Furthermore, in the mouse cerebellum granule cells are generated from granule cell precursors (gcps) in the external granule layer (EGL), from 1 day before birth until about 2 weeks of age. The complexity of the underlying cellular processes (multiple cell behaviors, three spatial dimensions, time-dependent changes) requires a quantitative framework to be fully understood. In this paper, a differential equation-based model is presented, which can be used to estimate temporal changes in granule cell numbers in the EGL. The model includes the proliferation of gcps and their differentiation into granule cells, as well as the process by which granule cells leave the EGL. Parameters describing these biological processes were derived from fitting the model to histological data. This mathematical model should be useful for understanding altered gcp and granule cell behaviors in mouse mutants with abnormal cerebellar development and cerebellar cancers.
8 PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA-INDUCED CARDIOMYOPATHY.

Pheochromocytomas have multiple presenting manifestations including hypertension or the classic triad of headaches, palpitations, and diaphoresis. Other rare presenting manifestations include pulmonary edema, ECG changes, and/or a catecholamine-induced cardiomyopathy, which has been found to be reversible after treatment with either alpha-receptor blockading agents or tumor removal. A 27-year-old African American man presented with the complaint of a neck mass for which an FNA was performed. Later in the evening he presented to an outside ER with acute pulmonary edema requiring intubation. His blood pressure was found to be in the 200 s/120 s, and he was found to have ECG changes of ST depressions in V4-V6 with a troponin elevation to 6.48. An echo revealed an EF of 10-20% with global hypokinesis. Two days later he was transferred to our facility. Upon questioning of his family, the patient9s mother gave a history of HTN with removal of tumors of bilateral adrenal glands. Included in his differential diagnosis was pheochromocytoma, so plasma metanephrines were ordered. Renal ultrasound revealed bilateral adrenal masses. The pathology of the thyroid mass returned with the differential diagnosis including hyperplastic goiter or neoplastic process, so with the above history a calcitonin level was ordered. When his blood pressure again increased to 190/100 s, he was given a phentolamine infusion challenge with improvement in his blood pressure to 150 s/70 s. The patient was subsequently started on oral phenoxybenzamine. Two weeks after his initial presentation, his calcitonin returned at the level of 11,420. His plasma metanephrines returned at 25.3 (normal 0-0.49), with normetanephrines returning at 87 (normal 0-0.89). Genetic testing revealed a mutation in codon 634 of the RET proto-oncogene. Bilateral adrenalectomy was performed revealing pheochromocytomas and a total thyroidectomy revealed medullary thyroid cancer. Before bilateral adrenalectomy, repeat echo performed 3 weeks after initial presentation revealed normalization of cardiac function with an EF of 60% after alpha receptor blockading agents were used for treatment. Pheochromocytomas may rarely present with catecholamine-induced myocarditis or cardiomyopathy. The pathogenesis of catecholamine-induced cardiomyopathies has many factors: an increase in calcium influx, oxidized products of catecholamines, reduction in cardiac function by down-regulation of receptors, and also coronary vasoconstriction. The cardiomyopathy has been shown to be of the dilated and hypertrophic types. It has been found to be reversible after medical treatment with the alpha receptor blockading agents and also after the resection of the pheochromocytoma.
Analysis of the Utilization Trend of Antihypertensive Drugs in 424 Primary Medical Institutions of a District in Ningbo during 2010-2013

OBJECTIVE:To analyze the utilization and development trend of antihypertensive drugs in 424 primary medical institutions from a district in Ningbo during 2010-2013,and to provide reference for the implementation of National Essential Medicine System and rational drug use. METHODS:The consumption sum,DDDs and DDC of antihypertensive drugs was analyzed respectively according to the levels of essential medicine list and the types of drug. RESULTS:The consumption of antihypertensive drug increased rapidly during 2010-2013,and provincial supplement drugs had occupied the leading position and continued to rise;ARB was the most type of provincial supplement drugs. However,the types of national essential medicine were less and its DDDs ratio decreased year by year. CONCLUSIONS:It is suggested to add the type of antihypertensive drugs into National Essential Medicine List to satisfy the demands of the majority of hypertensive patients.
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting: decreased survival for patients with high APACHE II scores.

OBJECTIVES: To determine which clinical characteristics are associated with decreased survival after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting (TIPS). METHODS: Forty-nine consecutive patients were treated with TIPS; 46 of them had refractory variceal bleeding. Univariate statistics and logistic regression analyses were used to determine the relationship between clinical, biochemical, and hemodynamic variables and 30-day) survival. RESULTS: Shunt insertion was successful in 48 (98.0%) of 49 cases. Median portal-systemic gradient was reduced from 22.5 (range 9-36) [median (5th-95th percentile)] to 12 (range 4-20) mm Hg. Thirty (61.2%) of 49 patients survived more than 30 days; four patients died more than 30 days after TIPS in mean follow-up of 8.4 months. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between those who survived more than 30 days and those who did not, with respect to preprocedural prothrombin time, bilirubin, albumin, alanine aminotransferase, and treatment with vasopressin and nitrates, balloon tamponade, or mechanical ventilation. Whereas there were no significant differences between the pre- and post-TIPS portal vein pressures and portal-systemic gradients in survivors and non-survivors, the pre- and post-TIPS hepatic vein pressures were significantly lower in survivors. Survival was inversely proportional to Child-Pugh class (p < 0.01) and to APACHE II score (p < 0.01). The single determinant most closely associated with decreased survival in the month after TIPS was the APACHE II score, a score of 18 stratifying patients into those at low and high risk of mortality [odds ratio 21.7 (CI 3.6-131.7)]. Only 1 (7.7%) of 13 patients with Child-Pugh C cirrhosis and an APACHE II score exceeding 18 survived more than 30 days. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with advanced cirrhosis, especially those with high pre-TIPS APACHE II scores, are at high risk for reduced survival after TIPS, despite adequate portal decompression.
Beta-blockers in heart failure.

Beta-blocker therapy for heart failure has gained popularity as a result of recent growing evidence that this group of drugs can reverse or slow the progressive left ventricular dilation that characterizes heart failure. Although the mechanism of this favourable effect on remodelling remains unclear, the present evidence indicates that at least a portion of the long-term benefit of these drugs is mediated through their β-blocking action. A direct effect on myocyte and interstitial growth may be a key factor in their ability to inhibit the remodelling process. The growing database will eventually raise the possibility that all patients with left ventricular dilation should take one of these drugs. A better understanding of differing mechanisms in individual patients would ideally provide selectivity in the therapeutic approach.
Transient acantholytic dermatosis in patients with cancer

Nine patients with transient acantholytic dermatosis were seen at a hospital treating patients with cancer within less than two years. This common disorder seemed to be related to heat, fever, sweating, and bed rest, and it is important to differentiate it from a drug-induced rash.
From Independence to Interdependence: Redefining Outcomes for Transitional Living Programs for Youth Experiencing Homelessness:

Transitional living programs (TLPs) are a housing intervention authorized by the Runaway and Homeless Youth Act to provide services for older youth experiencing homelessness. Preparing youth for independence is a chief program outcome for TLPs across the country. The findings of this qualitative study, with 32 former participants in TLP services, suggest that the primacy of this outcome may warrant reexamination. A dominant focus on the achievement of independence as a determination of program success does not (a) capture the most important roles TLPs serve from the perspective of youth and (b) account for the possible structural roots of youth homelessness in the United States that may prevent young people from maintaining stability after exit.
Development of 2016 national imperviousness product

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Land Cover Database (NLCD) has been developed to provide consistent land cover products for the nation since 2001. The database includes land cover, percent impervious surface, and percent tree canopy. The percent impervious surface area (ISA), which was estimated with satellite imagery and represents the fraction of impervious area in a 30 m grid, has been used to quantify urban land cover types and extents. Changes of land cover and impervious surface that have occurred during these 5-year intervals since 2001 are also provided. This study focused on new strategies that have been developed for producing NLCD 2016 imperviousness product. The method updates ISA change following Landsat footprints using both NOAA's VIIRS and Landsat 8 images in circa 2016. The method has been applied in five different geographic locations in the United States. Analyses of ISA changes associated with urban developments in these five pilot areas have also been performed.
Quantifying Cr(VI) Production and Export from Serpentine Soil of the California Coast Range

Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is generated in serpentine soils and exported to surface and groundwaters at levels above health-based drinking water standards. Although Cr(VI) concentrations are elevated in serpentine soil pore water, few studies have reported field evidence documenting Cr(VI) production rates and fluxes that govern Cr(VI) transport from soil to water sources. We report Cr speciation (i) in four serpentine soil depth profiles derived from the California Coast Range serpentinite belt and (ii) in local surface waters. Within soils, we detected Cr(VI) in the same horizons where Cr(III)-minerals are colocated with biogenic Mn(III/IV)-oxides, suggesting Cr(VI) generation through oxidation by Mn-oxides. Water-extractable Cr(VI) concentrations increase with depth constituting a 7.8 to 12 kg/km2 reservoir of Cr(VI) in soil. Here, Cr(VI) is produced at a rate of 0.3 to 4.8 kg Cr(VI)/km2/yr and subsequently flushed from soil during water infiltration, exporting 0.01 to 3.9 kg Cr(VI)/km2/yr at concent...
Personalization, social media, and voting: Effects of candidate self-personalization on vote intention:

Scholars have documented growth in media coverage and popular discourse focusing on politicians’ personal lives—personalization. Candidates use social media and personalization to circumvent mainst...
The Role of Sphingomyelin and Ganglioside GM1 in the Interaction of Polyglutamine Peptides with Lipid Membranes

Huntington's disease is a dominant genetic neurodegenerative disorder associated with motor and cognitive decline, caused by a mutation in the poly-glutamine (polyQ) region near the N-terminus of the huntingtin (htt) protein. Expansion of the polyQ region above 35-40 repeats results in the disease that is characterized by inclusion body aggregates of mutated protein. The polyQ expansion in htt is flanked by a 17 amino acid N-terminal sequence (Nt17) and a proline-rich (polyP) region. Patients with Huntington's disease have reduced ganglioside GM1 levels and restoring these levels in mouse models improves motor function, suggesting a neuroprotective effect, but with an unknown mechanism. To explore the role of GM1 in the cell membrane environment without downstream metabolic effectors, total brain lipid extract (TBLE) model membranes doped with either ganglioside GM1 or sphingomyelin (SM) were exposed to either a model, synthetic polyQ peptide or a full-length htt-exon1 recombinant protein. The interactions between htt and lipid membranes were measured with a combination of Langmuir trough monolayer techniques, vesicle permeability and binding assays, and in situ atomic force microscopy. While addition of GM1 to a TBLE membrane resulted in reduced htt insertion and binding, ganglioside inclusion into vesicles had no measureable effect on htt-induced membrane permeability. Atomic force microscopy studies parallel these findings with similar htt-induced morphological changes albeit with an overall decreased interaction between the protein and the membrane at higher GM1 concentrations suggesting the neuroprotective effect of GM1 may be partially attributed to decreased protein-membrane interactions. Parallel studies performed with sphingomyelin indicate that elevated levels of SM cause increases in htt membrane binding, htt-induced membrane permeability, and morphological and mechanical changes in the bilayer associated with exposure to htt-exon1.
Extractions, retention and stability: the search for orthodontic truth

Background and objectives From the beginnings of modern orthodontics, questions have been raised about the extraction of healthy permanent teeth in order to correct malocclusions. A hundred years ago, orthodontic tooth extraction was debated with almost religious intensity by experts on either side of the issue. Sheldon Friel and his mentor Edward H. Angle both had much to say about this controversy. Today, after significant progress in orthodontic practice, similar arguments are being voiced between nonextraction expansionists and those who see the need for tooth extractions in some orthodontic patients. Furthermore, varying concepts of mechanical retention of treatment results have evolved over the years which have been misinterpreted as enhancing natural orthodontic stability. Materials and methods In this essay, representing the Ernest Sheldon Friel Memorial Lecture presented in 2016 at the 92nd Congress of the European Orthodontic Society, a full spectrum of evidence from biology, anthropology and history is critically discussed in the search for truth among highly contested orthodontic variables: extraction versus nonextraction, fixed retention versus limited retention, and rationalized stability versus biological homeostasis. Conclusions and implications Conscientious clinicians should try to develop individualized treatment plans for their patients, and not be influenced by treatment 'philosophies' with untested claims in clinical orthodontics.