cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Signatures of a Discrete Level Spectrum and Dynamical Tunneling in the Conductance of a Large Open Quantum Dot

We simulate transport in large, strongly-open, quantum dots, which typically would be viewed as lying well within the semiclassical regime for which all energy levels can be assumed to be broadened. Contrary to this assumption, we find that resonances, which can be associated with individual eigenstates, can persist even under these conditions. Their presence yields regular fluctuations in the low temperature conductance which persist in the presence of a moderately-disordered dot potential and can be observed experimentally. Examining the resonant wave functions, we typically find them to be scarred by regular periodic orbits which are classically inaccessible from the leads. As such, our results suggest that dynamical phase-space tunneling may play a more generic role in transport through mesoscopic structures than has thus far been appreciated.
Atomistic computer simulations of shock waves

I present a brief history, from my own personal perspective, of molecular dynamics (MD) computer simulations of shock waves without chemical reaction. Beginning with radiation-damage cascades in the 1960's, followed by shock waves in perfect crystals in the 1970's, dense fluids in the 1980's, and dilute gases in the 1990's, the field of MD simulations (not to mention the computers supporting them) has evolved to the point where we can begin to study weakshock induced plasticity in the solid state, which is dominated by sparsely distributed initial defects. Finally, I conclude with a brief discussion of new developments in the related area of simulating shock-induced spallation in solids, and comment on atomistic simulations of shockwave phenomena of the future (including chemical reaction), made possible by the advent of massively parallel computers.
Exact-approximate boundary reachability of thermoelastic plates under variable thermal coupling

In this paper, we consider controllability properties of a thermoelastic plate equation, in which the (coupling) coefficient of thermal expansion α is allowed to vary with the properties of the plate. Boundary control is exerted through the free boundary conditions of the plate equation and through the Robin boundary condition of the temperature. These controls have the physical interpretation, respectively, of inserted forces/moments and prescribed temperature, all of which act on the edges of the plate. The main result here states that this boundary controlled partial differential equation has the following exact-approximate controllability property: with initial data of finite energy, one can find boundary controls such that the mechanical (plate) variable can be controlled exactly and the thermal variable approximately. The proof of this result relies on an inverse-type estimate which reconstructs the initial energy for the plate from measurements on the boundary.
Use of universal precautions in interventional radiology: results of a national survey.

Abstract Objective: To determine current use of universal precautions by practicing interventional radiologists in the United States. Methods: National survey mailed to interventional radiologists, conducted anonymously in November 1991. Of 1530 survey forms mailed to practicing interventional radiologists, 817 (53%) were returned and 804 (52%) were completed and evaluable. Both academic and private practice settings were represented. Results: Eighty-five percent of respondents had changed their use of infection control measures in the previous 10 years. Of these, 96% cited personal concerns about AIDS as a reason for making changes. Sixty-two percent made changes in response to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Occupational Safety and Health Administration recommendations as well. Use of barrier precautions was quite variable. Although 86% of respondents always wore a sterile gown during procedures, only 32% routinely wore a face mask or shield and only 29% of those who did not wear corrective glasses routinely wore protective eye gear during procedures. Seven percent of respondents routinely double gloved for procedures. Twenty percent of reported percutaneous injuries occurred during recapping of used sharps; an additional 6% were related to improper disposal of used sharps. Conclusions: We conclude that use of universal precautions by interventional radiologists in the United States is variable. Some practices that may lead to preventable injury to health care workers remain common.
High Current Beam Stability in Linear Accelerators

Equilibrium and stability constraints for high beam current linear accelerators are examined. Three general classes of linear accelerators are established depending on the geometry of the accelerating structure. For the case of klystron type geometry, of broad current interest for many applications, the equilibrium and stability properties are examined in detail. It is found that equilibrium constraints can readily be satisfied in the presence of a uniform guide magnetic field. Stability criteria for the longitudinal bunching mode and the transverse beam break up mode have been obtained and discussed. Stabilization mechanisms are suggested for the stable acceleration of multikiloamp particle beams.
Optimal control of ultradiffusion processes with application to mathematical finance

We introduce the optimal control problem associated with ultradiffusion processes as a stochastic differential equation constrained optimization of the expected system performance over the set of feasible trajectories. The associated Bellman function is characterized as the solution to a Hamilton–Jacobi equation evaluated along an optimal process. For an important class of ultradiffusion processes, we define the value function in terms of the time and the natural state variables. Approximation solvability is shown and an application to mathematical finance demonstrates the applicability of the paradigm. In particular, we utilize a method-of-lines finite element method to approximate the value function of a European style call option in a market subject to asset liquidity risk (including limit orders) and brokerage fees.
Dry eye, blinking, and blepharospasm.

this prediction by comparing the SO-evoked blinks of individuals with dry eye with those of age-matched controls. Given the frequent occurrence of dry eye at the onset of benign essential blepharospasm (BEB), 7 blink modifications associated with dry eye may play a role in the origin of BEB. We present a hypothesis that links the adaptive processes initiated by dry eye with the origin of BEB.
Rapid visualization of the right coronary artery with an anterior–inferior ostium

We describe an approach for rapid visualization of the right coronary artery (RCA) with an anterior-inferior ostium. The success rate of this method has been 100% without any complications. It decreases patient discomfort, reduces radiation exposure, and increases safety by decreasing procedure time.
Rhizosphere respiration varies with plant species and phenology: A greenhouse pot experiment

Two plant–soil systems, C3 plant - `C4 soil' (obtained from a grassland dominated by C4 grasses) and C4 plant - `C3 soil' (obtained from a pasture dominated by C3 grasses), were used in this study to monitor the dynamics of rhizosphere respiration (root-derived CO2-C) at different plant developmental stages. In C3 plant - `C4 soil' system, CO2-C derived from soybean roots increased significantly from vegetative stage (55.69 mg C d−1 pot−1) to flowering stage (132.18 mg C d−1 pot−1), and it declined thereafter (83.37-111.63 mg C d−1 pot−1). However, no significant change of CO2-C derived from sunflower roots was observed at different plant developmental stages (67.05–77.66 mg C d−1 pot−1). CO2-C derived from soybean (Glycine max (L) Merr) roots was significantly higher than that derived from sunflower (Helianthus annuus) roots except for that at vegetative stage. In C4 plant - `C3 soil' system, CO2-C derived from sorghum roots was significantly higher at flowering stage (169.51 mg C d−1 pot−1) than at other stages (75.89–113.26 mg C d−1 pot−1). CO2-C derived from amaranthus roots was the highest at vegetative stage (88.88 mg C d−1 pot−1) and it declined significantly thereafter (23.42–53.47 mg C d−1 pot−1). CO2-C derived from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) roots was significantly higher than that from amaranthus (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) roots except for that at vegetative stage. In conclusion, rhizosphere respiration varied not only with plant species but also with plant phenology. With the soil volume used in our pots, the overall percentages of cumulative root-derived CO2-C to total soil respiration were 61.22, 61.14, 81.84 and 67.37% for soybean, sunflower, sorghum and amaranthus, respectively. Specific rhizosphere respiration was also discussed and was used as an index of root activity and vitality.
Instilling a Culture of Participation: Technology-Related Skills and Attitudes of Aspiring Information Professionals

End users are increasingly frequent contributors to design and development activities. A fundamental necessity to these activities is the existence of a culture of participation, in which users are empowered to solve meaningful problems through technology. This combination of attitudes and skills provides the foundation for end-user-development activity. This preliminary study explores efforts to instill a culture of participation in students training to become information professionals. This demographic is uniquely suited for such research due to students’ low incoming technology skillset, educational programs that often fail to heavily cover technology topics, and a high need for end-user-development activities in their future workplaces. This qualitative study explores the evolution of students’ skills and attitudes throughout an introductory technology course, finding that common instructional techniques induced positive attitude and skills change in many, but negative or fearful attitudes towards technology were still present, suggesting future exploration is needed in this area.
Solution of shell problems by finite difference method

Abstract The suitability of the calculus of finite differences applied to fourth order differential equations describing shell displacement behavior due to axisymmetric loading is determined. The difference formulation, using central difference methods and “fictitious” points associated with the end point, is shown to describe continuous and discontinuous loads conveniently. The formulation also is capable of handling singular points as occur in spherical shells. It is shown that an optimum increment associated with the discretization can be chosen. Finite difference solutions to several shell problems are compared to formal solutions and acceptable accuracy is obtained. It is also determined that the difference formulation will satisfactorily describe the intersection of two shells. The matrix solution results in compatibility at the juncture.
Multiplication using fast multi-operand adder

A technique for high-speed multiplication using a multi-operand adder is described. The adder/accumulator is constructed in a tree structure similar to that of Wallace structure. The major difference, however, is the building blocks. Here the construction blocks are both 3-2 and 7-3 counters, as opposed to only 3-2 counters (full adders) used in the Wallace adder case. The technique is implemented for the design of a 32-b*32-b multiplier, and it is shown that the new scheme is about 14.3% faster than that of the Wallace adder scheme, with almost no extra resources being added. >
Detecting mirror-symmetry of a volumetric shape from its single 2D image

We present a new computational model for verifying whether a 3D shape is mirror-symmetric based on its single 2D image. First, a psychophysical experiment which tested human performance in detection of 3D symmetry is described. These psychophysical results led to the formulation of a new algorithm for symmetry detection. The algorithm first recovers the 3D shape using a priori constraints (symmetry, planarity of contours and 3D compactness) and then evaluates the degree of symmetry of the 3D shape. Reliable discrimination by the algorithm between symmetric and asymmetric 3D shapes involves two measures: similarity of the two halves of a 3D shape and compactness of the 3D shape. Performance of this algorithm is highly correlated with that of the subjects. We conclude that this algorithm is a plausible model of the mechanisms used by the human visual system.
Nascent Membrane and Secretory Proteins Differ in FRET-Detected Folding Far inside the Ribosome and in Their Exposure to Ribosomal Proteins

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer measurements reveal that a transmembrane sequence within a nascent membrane protein folds into a compact conformation near the peptidyltransferase center and remains folded as the sequence moves through a membrane bound ribosome into the translocon. This compact conformation is compatible with an α helix because nearly the same energy transfer efficiency was observed when the transmembrane sequence was integrated into the lipid bilayer. Since the transmembrane sequence unfolds upon emerging from a free ribosome, this nascent chain folding is ribosome induced and stabilized. In contrast, a nascent secretory protein is in an extended conformation in the exit tunnel. Furthermore, two ribosomal proteins photocrosslink to nascent membrane but not secretory proteins. These interactions coincide with the previously described sequential closing and opening of the two ends of the aqueous translocon pore, thereby suggesting that ribosomal recognition of nascent chain folding controls the operational mode of the translocon at the ER membrane.
The mythology of schooling: the historiography of American and European education in comparative perspective

This essay explores the historiography of American and European education, considering how educational historians communicate powerful messages about the purposes and promises of schooling through their writing. I divide the historiography of American education into four interpretive traditions: traditionalism, radical revisionism, progressive revisionism, and plural revisionism. Each phase of the historiography, I argue, has supported particular myths about the relationship between public schooling and society. European historians have shared many of the interpretive assumptions contained within traditionalist, radical revisionist, and progressive revisionist scholarship, conveying similar myths to their US counterparts. Contemporary histories of European education, however, are distinct from recent histories of the US. In comparing the divergent trajectories of these two historiographies, I conclude by suggesting the strengths and weaknesses of contemporary scholarship in both fields, an assessment deri...
Existence of critical invariant tori

We consider analytic Hamiltonian systems with two degrees of freedom, and prove that every Hamiltonian on the strong local stable manifold of the renormalization group fixed point obtained in Koch [A renormalization group fixed point associated with the breakup of golden invariant tori. Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. A 11 (2004), 881–909] has a non-differentiable golden invariant torus (conjugacy to a linear flow).
A 40nm 16-core 128-thread SPARC ® SoC processor

This fourth generation UltraSPARC T3 SoC processor (code named Rainbow Falls) implements sixteen 8-threaded SPARC cores to double on-chip thread count and throughput performance over its previous generation. It enhances glueless scalability to enable up to 512 threads in a 4-way system configuration. The 16-Bank 6MB L2 Cache, the 512GB/s hierarchical crossbar and the 312-lane SerDes I/O of 2.4Tb/s, support the required high bandwidth. This SoC processor integrates a memory controller, PCIE 2.0, 10Gb Ethernet ports, and support for coherency. Multiple clock and power domains optimize performance and power for the SoC components. Extensive power management features, from architecture to circuit techniques, minimize both active and idle power. The 377mm2 die includes 1 billion transistors in a flipchip ceramic package with 2117 pins. The chip is fabricated in TSMC's 40nm high performance process with 11 Cu metals and four transistor types.
International Ecotourism and the Valuation of Tropical Rainforests in Costa Rica

Tropical rainforests have many values beyond the timber they hold and their potential as sites for agriculture and cattle grazing. This study examined one of these additional values, rainforests as places for ecotourism. The study determined the value that tourists from the U.S. place on Costa Rican rainforests as ecotourism destinations, using the Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve as a sampling site for tourism to Costa Rica's protected areas. The valuation method used was the travel cost model, a non-market valuation approach which uses travel expenses as a proxy for the value of the park. Data were collected by a survey of 240 U.S. tourists. This study found that the value placed by U.S. ecotourists on visiting Costa Rican rainforests was $1150 per visit. This value can be used in policy making to better assess all the alternative land uses available.
Change in visible impervious surface area in southeastern Michigan before and after the “Great Recession:” spatial differentiation in remotely sensed land-cover dynamics

Rates of urban growth and change are spatially differentiated within any given region and are often associated with the social and economic characteristics of communities as well as with preexisting patterns of development. We examined how those patterns of association were affected by the “Great Recession” in southeastern Michigan, a region with a low overall growth prior to the recession but with a high degree of internal heterogeneity and social segregation. We used an innovative application of available Landsat imagery and spatial autoregressive methods to relate the rates of change in visible impervious surface area (VISA) before (i.e., 2001–2005) and after (i.e., 2006–2011) the Great Recession to four factors that characterize tract-level variability in socioeconomic characteristics based on the Census data. Then, using a difference-in-differences approach, we modeled relationships between changes in these rates to examine the effects of the Great Recession on spatial differentiation in the rates of land-cover change. In both periods, VISA increased at higher rates in wealthier and less-deprived communities. Comparing the differences in rates of land-cover change from before to after the recession, we found that the rate of VISA increase declined most rapidly in wealthier and less-deprived communities. Therefore, the patterns of land-cover change indicate that the recession served to reduce observed differences in the rates of change across communities with different socioeconomic compositions. These observed patterns are consistent with both reduced private-sector investment in new residential development and increased public-sector investment in infrastructure.
Design of Vibrating Signal Acquisition and Processing System Based on Wireless Transducer Network

This research aims at the problem in the vibration signal monitoring area that few of systems based on wireless sensing technology are developed to deal with the problem of vibration specially. The paper presents a system based on wireless acceleration transducer network, which integrated the function of vibrating signal acquisition and processing. The system is tested in vibration bench. The operation of the system is simple and intuitive. Researchers could achieve the operation of collecting and analyzing signal, setting the parameter of the sensor nodes and monitoring the state of the network. The presented system provides users friendly interface to make it easy to do some researches about vibration signal acquisition, processing and analysis. Additionally, the system provides some program interfaces, with which users can easily do secondary development work and perfect the system.
EFFECT OF HIGH FREE-STREAM TURBULENCE ON BOUNDARY-LAYE R SKIN FRICTION AND HEAT TRANSFER

The effects of high free-stream, turbulence (FST) on skin friction and heat transfer ha a constant-pressure boundary layer have been measured in a low-speed wind tunnel. To avoid the uncertainties of other experiments using various unconventional devices to produce high FST, a traditional square-mesh, square-bar biplane grid has been used. High eifective FST is obtained by replacing the test-section floor with a moving belt, reducing the velocity difference across the boundary layer for a given free-stream turbulence intensity- Heat transfer h*-1* been measured by a novel quasi-transient technique using liquid crystals. I. Introduction A major reason for studying the effects of high freestream turbulence is its effect on heat transfer to gas turbine blades, which operate in the highly turbulent flow from the combustion chamber- Turbulence intensities can be as high as 30 percent, far larger than obtainable with the square-mesh grids traditionally used for experiments on decaying homogeneous turbulence and on FST effects. Several recent investigators1"5 have used "non-standard" high-FST generators, including those intended to simulate combustion-chamber turbulence, and the results have been very confusing: it was uncertain how much of the effect on skin friction and heat transfer was the result of high FST as such, and how much was the result of anisotropy and inhomogeneity of the turbulence or of shear in the mean flow. In the present work, more fully reported elsewhere6, a traditional square-mesh, square-bar biplane grid has been used to provide baseline results: high effective FST is obtained by replacing the floor of a low-speed wind-tunnel test by a moving belt. If the downstream speed of the moving floor is Uw and the externalstream mean speed and rms turbulence intensity are Uoa and u'gz respectively, the effective FST - i.e. the ratio of u'^ to the mean-velocity difference across the boundary layer - is w^A^co—#»)> which can be made Copyright (§) 1997 by Donald M. Bott. Published ! by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astro
Structural organization and interactions of transmembrane domains in tetraspanin proteins.

Proteins of the tetraspanin family contain four transmembrane domains (TM1-4) linked by two extracellular loops and a short intracellular loop, and have short intracellular N- and C-termini. While structure and function analysis of the larger extracellular loop has been performed, the organization and role of transmembrane domains have not been systematically assessed. Among 28 human tetraspanin proteins, the TM1-3 sequences display a distinct heptad repeat motif (abcdefg)n. In TM1, position a is occupied by structurally conserved bulky residues and position d contains highly conserved Asn and Gly residues. In TM2, position a is occupied by conserved small residues (Gly/Ala/Thr), and position d has a conserved Gly and two bulky aliphatic residues. In TM3, three a positions of the heptad repeat are filled by two leucines and a glutamate/glutamine residue, and two d positions are occupied by either Phe/Tyr or Val/Ile/Leu residues. No heptad motif is apparent in TM4 sequences. Mutations of conserved glycines in human CD9 (Gly25 and Gly32 in TM1; Gly67 and Gly74 in TM2) caused aggregation of mutant proteins inside the cell. Modeling of the TM1-TM2 interface in CD9, using a novel algorithm, predicts tight packing of conserved bulky residues against conserved Gly residues along the two helices. The homodimeric interface of CD9 was mapped, by disulfide cross-linking of single-cysteine mutants, to the vicinity of residues Leu14 and Phe17 in TM1 (positions g and c) and Gly77, Gly80 and Ala81 in TM2 (positions d, g and a, respectively). Mutations of a and d residues in both TM1 and TM2 (Gly25, Gly32, Gly67 and Gly74), involved in intra molecular TM1-TM2 interaction, also strongly diminished inter molecular interaction, as assessed by cross-linking of Cys80. Our results suggest that tetraspanin intra- and intermolecular interactions are mediated by conserved residues in adjacent, but distinct regions of TM1 and TM2. A key structural element that defines TM1-TM2 interaction in tetraspanins is the specific packing of bulky residues against small residues.
What is normal nasal airflow? A computational study of 22 healthy adults

Objective Nasal airflow is essential for functioning of the human nose. Given individual variation in nasal anatomy, there is yet no consensus what constitutes normal nasal airflow patterns. We attempt to obtain such information that is essential to differentiate disease-related variations.
Netest: a tool to measure the maximum burst size, available bandwidth and achievable throughput

Distinguishing available bandwidth and achievable throughput is essential for improving network application performance. Achievable throughput is the throughput considering a number of factors such as network protocol, host speed, network path, and TCP buffer space, whereas available bandwidth only considers the network path. Without understanding this difference, trying to improve network application performance is like the "blind men feeling the elephant" problem (J. Gemmill, 2001). We define and differentiate bandwidth and throughput, and discuss which part of each is achievable and which is available. Also, we introduce and discuss a new concept, maximum burst size, that is crucial to obtaining good network performance. A new tool, netest, is introduced which is designed to help users to determine the available bandwidth. It provides information to achieve better throughput while fairly sharing the available bandwidth, thus reducing misuse of the network.
A daily diary study of perceived social isolation, dietary restraint, and negative affect in binge eating.

Negative affect and dietary restraint are key predictors of binge eating, yet less is known about the impact of social factors on binge eating. The study sought to replicate and extend research on the relationships between negative affect, dietary restraint, perceived social isolation and binge eating using a daily diary methodology. College women (N = 54) completed measures of dietary restraint, negative affect, perceived social isolation, and binge eating daily for 14 days. Participants completed the measures nightly each day. A series of generalized estimating equations showed that dietary restraint was associated with less binge eating while controlling for negative affect and for perceived social isolation separately. Negative affect and perceived social isolation were associated with greater binge eating while controlling for restraint in separate analyses, but only perceived social isolation was significant when modeled simultaneously. All two-way interactions between negative affect, dietary restraint, and perceived social isolation predicting binge eating were nonsignificant. This study furthers our understanding of predictors of binge eating in a nonclinical sample. Specifically, these data suggest perceived social isolation, negative affect, and dietary restraint are important variables associated with binge eating in daily life and warrant further research.
World Aquaculture Society

According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Office of Aquaculture (n.d.), aquaculture, also known as fish or shellfish farming, “refers to the breeding, rearing, and har...
Extent and Processes of Terrorist Finance and the Avenues for Counter Terrorist Finance Activities

Terrorist finance is the culprit behind the success of terror activities. Terrorist activities rely heavily on financial operations to operate successfully similar to fiscally stable states. This study examines the political economy of terrorist financing by looking into the relationship between terrorism and its underlying financial structure. Terrorist finance exists in three forms: as a completely separate structure from terrorist organizations, as a subsidiary structure or as a dependent structure. Independent financing methods usually are front businesses or individual donors who support terrorist organizations with clean money. Subsidiary structures are charities which have a symbiotic existence with terrorists and dependent structures are criminal activities promoted or protected by terrorists. This framework explains the success of several terror organizations in implementing their activities and possible solutions to the problem. The research concludes that terrorist financing and terrorist organizations are not necessarily one and the same and that their close operation is an important factor in their success. Governments need to pay particular attention to this link and its outcomes if counter terror activities are to have some modicum of success.
CEO Stock Option Contracts: UK Evidence

In this paper we examine CEO stock option contracts using UK data for fiscal year 1997. We show how the portfolio of options varies with firm wealth; describe the structure of the contract (in terms of vesting criteria related to performance targets), and illustrate whether the option performance criteria is historically 'demanding.' Finally, we show how the pay performance term varies with the structure of the option contract. Our new evidence shows the complex structure of UK option contracts for CEOs.
Pathogenesis comparison between the United States porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus prototype and S-INDEL-variant strains in conventional neonatal piglets.

At least two genetically different porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) strains have been identified in the USA: US PEDV prototype and S-INDEL-variant strains. The objective of this study was to compare the pathogenicity differences of the US PEDV prototype and S-INDEL-variant strains in conventional neonatal piglets under experimental infections. Fifty PEDV-negative 5-day-old pigs were divided into five groups of ten pigs each and were inoculated orogastrically with three US PEDV prototype isolates (IN19338/2013, NC35140/2013 and NC49469/2013), an S-INDEL-variant isolate (IL20697/2014), and virus-negative culture medium, respectively, with virus titres of 104 TCID50 ml− 1, 10 ml per pig. All three PEDV prototype isolates tested in this study, regardless of their phylogenetic clades, had similar pathogenicity and caused severe enteric disease in 5-day-old pigs as evidenced by clinical signs, faecal virus shedding, and gross and histopathological lesions. Compared with pigs inoculated with the three US PEDV prototype isolates, pigs inoculated with the S-INDEL-variant isolate had significantly diminished clinical signs, virus shedding in faeces, gross lesions in small intestines, caeca and colons, histopathological lesions in small intestines, and immunohistochemistry staining in ileum. However, the US PEDV prototype and the S-INDEL-variant strains induced similar viraemia levels in inoculated pigs. Whole genome sequences of the PEDV prototype and S-INDEL-variant strains were determined, but the molecular basis of virulence differences between these PEDV strains remains to be elucidated using a reverse genetics approach.
Embracing the technicalities: Expressive completeness and revenge

The Revenge Problem threatens every approach to the semantic paradoxes that proceeds by introducing nonclassical semantic values. Given any such collection Δ of additional semantic values, one can construct a Revenge sentence: This sentence is either false or has a value in Δ. The Embracing Revenge view, developed independently by Roy T. Cook and Phlippe Schlenker, addresses this problem by suggesting that the class of nonclassical semantic values is indefinitely extensible, with each successive Revenge sentence introducing a new ‘pathological’ semantic value into the discourse. The view is explicitly motivated in terms of the idea that every notion that seems to be expressible (e.g., “has a value in Δ”, for any definite collection of semantic values Δ) should, if at all possible, be expressible. Extant work on the Embracing Revenge view has failed to live up to this promise, since the formal languages developed within such work are expressively impoverished. We rectify this here by developing a much richer formal language, and semantics for that language, and we then prove an extremely powerful expressive completeness result for the system in question.
Rubidium as an Internal Physiological Marker for Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Adult longevity of Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Weidemann), reared on artificial diets containing 200,2,000, and 20,000 μg rubidium (Rb)/g did not differ significantly. Adverse biological effects were observed in larvae reared on the 20,000-μg Rb/g diet, but not in those reared on the 2,000- and 200-μg Rb/g diets. Adults retained sufficient Rb to distinguish them from the control for 27 d in the females and 24 d in the males when larvae were reared on a diet containing 2,000 μg Rb/g. However, when larvae were reared on a diet containing 200 μg Rb/g, adults retained sufficient Rb to distinguish them from the control for only 12 d in the females and 9 d in the males. There were no significant differences in adult longevity when adults were fed food containing 1,000, 5,000, and 10,000 μg Rb/g for their entire lives. Adults retained sufficient Rb to distinguish them from the control for 30 d when adults were fed food containing 1,000, 5,000, and 10,000 μg Rb/g for 8 d and then fed adult food containing no added Rb. When adu Its were fed food containing 5,000 μg Rb/g for various periods of time after eclosion, the Rb concentration in the flies increased dramatically in the first 30 min of feeding. The Rb concentration in the males continued to increase rapidly from 30 min through 48 h, then increased gradually through 192 h; the Rb concentration in the females continued to increase from 30 min through 144 h, then decreased slightly at 192 h. Rb concentrations in adults reared from coffee fruit treated with Rb increased significantly with increasing application rates. The background Rb concentration in adults varied widely among different hosts and locations, ranging (mean ± SD) from 1.5 ± 0.5 μg Rb/g for females reared from coffee grown in Kona, HI, to 15.6 ± 2.0 μg Rb/g for males reared from guava grown in Volcanoes National Park, HI.
72 POLYARTERITIS NODOSA: ANOTHER EXTRAHEPATIC MANIFESTATION OF HEPATITIS C.

Objective To report a case of polyarteritis nodosa in HCV patient along with a number of extrahepatic manifestations with unique presentation and a novel approach to treatment. Case Report A 53-year-old Caucasian male with a past medical history significant for chronic untreated hepatits C. The patient presented with abdominal pain with evidence of cholelithiasis on abdominal ultrasound but no biliary obstruction. He underwent an elective cholecystectomy; an intraoperative liver biopsy was also done, which showed steatosis but no evidence of cirrhosis. After a few days the patient presented with hypertensive encephalopathy resulting in left-sided weakness diagnosed as lacunar infarct on CT of the head. He had a new onset of very high blood pressure as he noted in home as well not responding to previous medication. After 1 month the patient presented again, with marked pedal edema and acute renal failure. Urinalysis showed new-onset nephrotic range protein urea, hematuria, and cryoglobulins, which was thought to be the cause of continuous deteriorating renal function. Meanwhile gall bladder biopsy showed medium-sized vessel inflammation consistent with polyarteritis nodosa. Liver enzymes were normal during all these presentations. This was a novel finding and could explain recent onset of very high blood pressure, cholecystitis, and stroke. A renal biopsy was done, which showed evidence of double glomerulonephritis with HCV-associated cryoglobulinemia nephropathy superimposed on diabetic glomerulosclerosis. Due to high suspicion for PAN, positive biopsy in gall bladder, new-onset labile hypertension, and stroke, immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide and prednisone was started. After 6 months of immunosuppressive treatment the patient9s creatinine improved and treatment for viral hepatitis with interferon was initiated with astounding decrease in HCV RNA. Conclusion Polyarteritis nodosa is a rarely reported extrahepatic manifestation of hepatitis C. PAN has been reported rarely in hepatitis C patients diagnosed on the basis of cutaneous rash. Our patient presented with cholecystitis, which has not been reported as presenting manifestation in hepatitis C patients with PAN. This complex situation was treated with a combination of immunosuppression and antivirals. This case also advocates for early hepatitis C treatment with normal liver enzymes. HCV patients also need a high suspicion for various extrahepatic manifestations that can present with otherwise indolent liver disease.
Marginal Gap of Milled versus Cast Gold Restorations.

Purpose This in vitro study evaluated and compared the vertical marginal gap of cast and milled full coverage gold copings using two margin designs (chamfer and chamfer bevel) before and after fitting adjustments. Materials and Methods Ten impressions were made of two metal master dies (one chamfer margin, one chamfer-bevel margin) and poured twice in Type IV stone. The 20 subsequent casts with 40 dies were split into four groups (n = 10); cast gold bevel, cast gold chamfer, milled gold bevel, and milled gold chamfer groups. The cast specimens received approximately 40 μm die relief no closer than 1 mm from the finish line. Cast copings were hand waxed, cast in a high noble gold alloy, chemically divested, and the sprues were removed. For milled gold copings, casts were scanned and copings designed using 3shape D900 scanner and software. Parameters were set to approximate analog fabrication (cement gap = 0.01 mm; extra cement gap = 0.04 mm, drill radius = 0.65 mm). Copings were milled from the same high noble alloy. All copings were seated on their respective master die in a custom scanning jig and measured using a measuring microscope at 90× (60 measurements per specimen, 15 per surface). Following initial measurements, all copings were adjusted on stone dies. The number of adjustment cycles was recorded and post-adjustment measurements were made using the same method. Data were analyzed using independent and paired t-tests. Results Milled gold copings with a beveled margin (11.7 ± 20.4 μm) had a significantly (p < 0.05) smaller marginal gap than cast gold copings with a beveled margin (43.6 ± 46.8 μm) after adjustment. Cast gold copings with a chamfer margin (22.7 ± 24.7 μm) had a significantly (p < 0.05) smaller marginal gap than milled gold copings with a chamfer margin (27.9 ± 31.6 μm) following adjustments. Adjustments significantly decreased marginal gap for both cast groups (p < 0.05) and the milled chamfer bevel group (p < 0.05) but had no significant effect on the milled chamfer group. Conclusions Within the limitations of this study, results indicate that gold restorations milled with the tested parameters provide a vertical marginal gap that is an acceptable alternative to traditional gold crown casting techniques.
Think Tanks, Public Policy, and the Politics of Expertise: Think Tanks, Experts, and American Politics

By the end of the twentieth century, think tanks were ubiquitous in American policy making. From fewer than 70 in 1969, the number of think tanks had expanded to more than 300 by the late 1990s. Whereas in the 1960s, only the Center for Strategic and International Studies had a name that began with “center,” by the late 1990s, 28 think tanks used that word in their name, ranging from the Center for Defense Information to the Center for Defense of Free Enterprise, from the Center for Equal Opportunity to the Center for New Black Leadership, from the Center for Democracy and Technology to the Center for Military Readiness. As their numbers grew, think tanks came to vary substantially in size and specialties. Many new think tanks identified with political ideologies – broadly conservative, liberal, or centrist. Many relied on aggressive, marketing-oriented strategies to promote their products and points of view. Think tank staff often became active and visible participants in deeply partisan and divisive political debates. Yet in their growing numbers and increased activism, there is little indication that the overall impact of think tanks as sources of expertise is expanding. Think tank influence does not appear to have grown in proportion to the growth in think tank numbers. The role of think tanks in the policy process often has become one focused more on providing skewed commentary than neutral analysis.
Advancing 3D Single Molecule Tracking by Time-Gating and Fast Simultaneous Spinning Disk Imaging for Contextual Information

Three dimensional single molecule tracking is an essential technique for investigating biomolecular trafficking and signaling. Here we report the latest improvements to our confocal based tracking system. First, we added a Nipkow spinning disk imaging system. This system takes images of the plane of the tracked molecule, thus yielding contextual information about the molecule's environment. Laser illumination is used for the spinning disk system which together with an acousto-optic modulator allows for exposure times of 10 to 50 ms, thus greatly minimizing motion blur effects due to the feedback motion during tracking. Second, we introduced real-time photon time-gating to our tracking setup which allows tracking using only those photons detected within a defined time-window relative to the excitation laser pulse. Gating out detected photons within the first few nanoseconds after the excitation laser pulse greatly reduces Raman scattering and short lived fluorescence, and significantly increases the signal-to-noise ratio for tracked molecules with a long fluorescence lifetime. We also present a model for choosing the optimal time-gate based upon the fluorescence count rates and life times of the background and the tracked molecule.
Geology: Evidence of life in Earth's oldest rocks

When did life first arise on Earth? Analysis of ancient rocks in Greenland that contain structures interpreted as bacterial in origin suggest that Earth might have been an abode for life much earlier than previously thought. See Letter p.535 Stromatolites are sedimentary formations created by the layered growth of microorganisms in shallow marine settings. Fossil stromatolites constitute some of the earliest evidence for life on Earth. Allen Nutman et al. describe metamorphosed stromatolites deposited around 3,700 million years ago in what is now Greenland. This is more than 200 million years older than the previous record-holders for earliest-known fossils, so these stromatolites rank as the Earth's earliest fossils by some margin. Although there is indirect evidence from isotope geochemistry that the pedigree of life on Earth is even older, this report is likely to be controversial.
Multi-representation Based Data Processing Architecture for IoT Applications

Internet of Things (IoT) applications like smart cars, smart cities and wearables are becoming widespread and are the future of the Internet. One of the major challenges for IoT applications is efficiently processing, storing and analyzing the continuous stream of incoming data from a large number of connected sensors. We propose a multi-representation based data processing architecture for IoT applications. The data is stored in multiple representations, like rows, columns, graphs which provides support for diverse application demands. A unifying update mechanism based on deterministic scheduling is used to update the data representations, which completely removes the need for data transfer pipelines like ETL (Extract, Transform and Load). The combination of multiple representations, and the deterministic update mechanism, provides the ability to support real-time analytics and caters to IoT applications by minimizing the latency of operations like computing pre-defined aggregates.
Valved Holding Chambers and In Vitro Metered Dose Inhaler Performance: Effects of Flow Rate and Inhalation Delay.

Abstract Background: Multiple factors may influence the performance of a metered dose inhaler (MDI) when used with a valved holding chamber (VHC or “spacer”). Methods: Andersen Cascade Impactor mea...
Status of Framework Convention Talks

The scientific concern about climate change had by 1988 reached a point where the World Meteorological Organization and the UN Environment Programme jointly established the Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change or the IPCC. They tasked the IPCC with assessing the science and impacts of climate change and developing a range of response options. The IPCC undertook these tasks in three distinct working groups, Working Group One on science, chaired by the U.K., Working Group Two on impacts, chaired by the USSR, and Working Group Three on response strategies, chaired by the United States.
837 Achieving high reliability through care coordination for patients who require emergency surgery

Background An abdominal aortic aneurysm is a balloon-like swelling in the largest blood vessel of the body. AAAs are present in 10% of the population, and a ruptured AAA is associated with a 90% risk of death and $150000 cost of care. Objectives The goal of our project is to streamline the process for getting a patient with a ruptured aneurysm to the operating room (OR) from the time they present in the emergency department (ED). Methods Our implementation strategy included the use of lean six sigma tools and methodologies, intentional clinical process design, team-based training, computer modelling, and live simulation. Results The impact of this work has been a decrease in time from ED to OR (217 to 45 min), leading to a 224% decline in complications, and decrease in LOS (15.2 to 5.4 days). Survival has dramatically increased to 90%. These changes have led to a $1.8 million dollar impact on operations, and our performance has improved from the 70% percentile to the top 1% in the country over the past year. Conclusions The main contributing factors for this improved care coordination centres around streamlining the process map from 172 steps to 33 steps, simplifying the communication matrix, cross training of staff to better understand each person’s role in patient care, and applying a control plan with close follow. The impact has been to successfully achieve the six aims of the Institute of Medicine, deliver world class care to our community, and espouse the mission and values of our healthcare system.
Learning to understand questions on the task history of a service robot

We present a novel approach to enable a mobile service robot to understand questions about the history of tasks it has executed. We frame the problem of understanding such questions as grounding an input sentence to a query that can be executed on the logs recorded by the robot during its runs. We define a query as an operation followed by a set of filters. In order to ground sentence to a query we introduce a joint probabilistic model. The model is composed by a shallow semantic parser and a knowledge base to store and re-use the groundings of a sentence. The Knowledge Base and its predicates are designed to match the structure of a query. Our results show that, by using such Knowledge Base, the approach proposed requires fewer and fewer corrections as users interact with the system.
Impact of expectations on functional recovery in individuals with chronic shoulder pain.

Retrospective cohortTo examine general expectations for treatment by physical therapists and specific expectations for common interventions in patients with shoulder pain. A secondary objective was...