cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of milk protein concentrates with modified calcium content on enteral dairy beverage formulations: Storage stability

Control of calcium-mediated storage defects, such as age gelation and sedimentation, were evaluated in enteral high-protein dairy beverages during storage. To investigate the effects of reduced-calcium ingredients on storage stability, 2 batches each of milk protein concentrates (MPC) with 3 levels of calcium content were acquired [control, 20% calcium-reduced (MPC-20), and 30% calcium-reduced (MPC-30)]. Control and calcium-reduced MPC were used to formulate 8% (wt/wt) protein enteral dairy beverages. The formulation also consisted of other ingredients, such as gums, maltodextrin, potassium citrate, and sucrose. The pH-adjusted formulation was divided into 2 parts, one with 0.15% sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) and the other with 0% SHMP. The formulations were homogenized and retort sterilized at 121°C for 15 min. The retort-sterilized beverages were stored at room temperature for up to 90 d and particle size and apparent viscosity were measured on d 0, 7, 30, 60, and 90. Beverages formulated using control MPC with 0 and 0.15% SHMP exhibited sedimentation, causing a decrease in apparent viscosity by approximately 10 cP and clear phase separation by d 90. The MPC-20 beverages with 0% SHMP exhibited stable particle size and apparent viscosities during storage. In the presence of 0.15% SHMP, particle size increased rapidly by 40 nm on d 90, implying the start of progressive gelation. On the other hand, highest apparent viscosities leading to gelation were observed in MPC-30 beverages at both concentrations of SHMP studied. These results suggested that beverages formulated with MPC-20 and 0% SHMP would have better storage stability by maintaining lower apparent viscosities. Further reduction of calcium using MPC-30 resulted in rapid gelation of beverages during storage.
Payload of T-DM1 binds to cell surface cytoskeleton-associated protein 5 to mediate cytotoxicity of hepatocytes

Off-target toxicity is a major cause of dose-limiting toxicity for antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), mechanisms of which remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that cytoskeleton-associated protein 5 (CKAP5) serves as a cell surface target for T-DM1 and that binding of T-DM1 to CKAP5 is mediated by payload (DM1). This study introduces a novel molecular mechanism of ADC payload-mediated interaction with cell surface molecules to induce cytotoxicity. Upon binding to CKAP5, T-DM1 causes cell membrane damage and leads to calcium influx into the cells, resulting in disorganized microtubule network and apoptosis. While binding of T-DM1 with HER2 is critical for killing HER2-positive tumor cells, our data suggest that cytotoxicity induced by T-DM1 interaction with CKAP5 may preferentially damage normal cells/tissues where HER2 expression is low or missing to cause off-target toxicity. This study provides molecular basis of ADC-induced off-target cytotoxicity and opens a new avenue for developing next generation of ADCs.
Dynamics of Deformable Bodies

Dynamics texts typically follow a sequence where the motion of a particle is considered first, then the motion of systems of particles, and finally the motion of continuous, rigid bodies. We have followed that same traditional path in this book. Treatments of the motion of continuous deformable bodies, however, are often left to more specialized texts at a higher undergraduate and graduate level. In this chapter we give an introduction to the dynamics of deformable bodies that can serve as a bridge to more detailed studies.
Health Equity in Community Assessments: A Participatory Approach in Rural Virginia:

A coalition of community members and human service professionals in the rural central Shenandoah Valley of Virginia has performed a community assessment every 5 years. Overreliance on quantitative ...
Invited: Open-Source EDA Tools and IP, A View from the Trenches

We describe our experience developing and promoting a set of open-source tools and IP over the last 9 years, including the Chisel hardware construction language, the Rocket Chip SoC generator, and the BAG analog layout generator.ACM Reference Format:Elad Alon, Krste Asanovic, Jonathan Bachrach, Borivoje Nikolic. 2019. Invited: Open-Source EDA Tools and IP, A View from the Trenches. In Proceedings of ACM Design Automation Conference (DAC ’19). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 3 pages. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1145/3316781.332348110.1145/1122445.1122456
Graphene/Al2O3/Graphene heterojunction for Light emitting tunneling diode

Here we demonstrate a graphene/Al2O3/graphene heterojunction device towards light emitting tunnel diode. The negative differential resistance has been observed confirming the tunneling effect.
Who uses and who provides orthodontic services

In 2000, 5.8 million individuals spent $11.8 billion for orthodontic services. A review of reports by government and ADA agencies provides a demographic picture of: (1) those who receive the services (females more than males, whites more than members of minority groups, and the more affluent over lower income groups); (2) who provides the services (overwhelmingly, orthodontists); and (3) the anticipated continuance of white males as the majority representation among orthodontists.
Self-aligned double-patterning aware legalization

Double patterning is a widely used technique for sub-22nm. Among various double patterning techniques, Self-Aligned Double Patterning (SADP) is a promising technique for good mask overlay control. Based on SADP, a new set of standard cells (T-cells) are developed using thicker metal wires for stronger drive strength. By applying this kind of gates on critical paths, it helps to improve the design performance. However, a mixed design with T-cells and normal cells (N-cells) requires that T-cells are placed on circuit rows with thicker metal, and the normal cells are on the normal circuit rows. Therefore, a placer is needed to adjust the cells to the matched circuit rows. In this paper, a two-stage min-cost max-flow based legalization flow is presented to adjust N/T gate locations for a legal placement. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our approach.
A pilot study of improved psychological distress with art therapy in patients with cancer undergoing chemotherapy.

Art therapy may improve the physical, mental, and emotional wellbeing of individuals for a variety of purposes. It remains understudied and underutilized in cancer care. We sought to determine the ability of a pilot art therapy program to improve the physical, mental, and emotional well-being of cancer patients. Chemotherapy-recipients, age 18 years and older, diagnosed with any type or stage of cancer, were considered eligible to participate in this single arm, pilot study, using four visual analog scales (VAS) with visually-similar, 0–10 scale (10 being worst) thermometers assessing: 1) pain, 2) emotional distress, 3) depression, and 4) anxiety. Participants were asked to complete all 4 metrics, pre-treatment, post-treatment, and at 48–72 h follow-up, after an hour-long art therapy session. Primary endpoints included post-intervention changes from baseline in the 4 VAS metrics. Through a reasonable pilot sample (n = 50), 44% had breast cancer, 22% gastrointestinal cancers, 18% hematological malignancies, and 20% had other malignancies. A decrease in all VAS measures was noted immediately post-treatment but remained low only for pain and depression, not for emotional distress and anxiety upon follow up. There was a significant difference between the depression VAS scores of Hispanics (32%) compared to non-Hispanics (56%) (p = 0.009) at baseline. However, compared to non-Hispanics, Hispanics exhibited higher levels of depression after art therapy (P = 0.03) and during the follow-up intervals (p = 0.047). Art therapy improved the emotional distress, depression, anxiety and pain among all cancer patients, at all time points. While depression scores were higher pre-intervention for Hispanic patients, Hispanic patients were noted to derive a greater improvement in depression scores from art therapy over time, compared to non-Hispanics patients. Discovering simple, effective, therapeutic interventions, to aid in distress relief in cancer patients, is important for ensuring clinical efficacy of treatment and improved quality of life.
Uncrewed surface vehicle (USV) survey of walleye pollock, Gadus chalcogrammus, in response to the cancellation of ship-based surveys

In 2020, the developing COVID-19 pandemic disrupted fisheries surveys to an unprecedented extent. Many surveys were cancelled, including those for walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) in the eastern Bering Sea (EBS), the largest fishery in the United States. To partially mitigate the loss of survey information, we deployed three uncrewed surface vehicles (USVs) equipped with echosounders to extend the ship-based acoustic-trawl time series of pollock abundance. Trawling was not possible from USVs, so an empirical relationship between pollock backscatter and biomass established from previous surveys was developed to convert USV backscatter observations into pollock abundance. The EBS is well suited for this approach since pollock dominate midwater fishes in the survey area. Acoustic data from the USVs were combined with historical surveys to provide a consistent fishery-independent index in 2020. This application demonstrates the unique capabilities of USVs and how they could be rapidly deployed to collect information on pollock abundance and distribution when a ship-based survey was not feasible. We note the limitations of this approach (e.g. higher uncertainty relative to previous ship-based surveys), but found the USV survey to be useful in informing the stock assessment in a situation where ship-based surveys were not possible.
The limits of gender rhetoric for nationalism: A case study from southern Africa

Dans cet article, l'auteur expose ses conceptions de la relation existante entre nationalisme et rhetorique sexuelle. En s'appuyant sur la construction du mouvement zoulou Inkata, qui reflete une multiplicite des voies nationalistes, l'auteur demontre la forte imbrication des discours ethniques, nationalistes, patriarcaux et masculinisants dans la construction et la prise du pouvoir identitaire des nations. Il s'attache donc a souligner historiquement et empiriquement que la relation patriarcat-discours nationaliste affecte l'experience citoyenne des femmes et des hommes
Institutional Embeddedness in Organic Farming Systems

The aim of this contribution is to put some evidence on the influence of external factors in the farm decision making, often crucial in leading technical and commercial development and in fostering the expression of social and environmental sensitivity. This paper explores the concept of "embeddedness" focusing on the institutional domain that should affect market strategies. By studying the market orientation of 53 organic farms selected in two Italian regions (Emilia Romagna and Marches), the relation between regional origins and business strategies were analysed with the purpose to indirectly assess the role of institutions in promoting the development of Alternative Food Networks.
A longitudinal analysis of factors associated with morbidity in cocaine abusers with psychiatric illness.

We conducted a study to characterize a population of cocaine users who were referred to a state psychiatric institution, identify treatment problems including reasons for relapse, and develop strategies to improve treatment outcome. Using a data base system from a tertiary-care hospital emergency department, we identified a sample of 80 patients with a cocaine-related presentation who came to the emergency department and were referred to the psychiatric facility. Forty-six percent had consumed crack cocaine, and 65% reported ingesting cocaine with other drugs, half of them with alcohol. Suicidal ideation or attempt was the most common reason for referral. A retrospective review of 58 of the 80 referrals to the psychiatric facility showed that over half of the patients were given a concurrent psychiatric diagnosis and required hospitalization on an acute-care psychiatric unit. Sixty-two percent of those admitted had prior hospitalizations at the psychiatric facility, yet only five patients had received treatment for substance abuse. Seventy-four percent were readmitted to the psychiatric facility within 1 year of their index episode, with a higher rate of relapse among persons with dual diagnoses compared to cocaine users without dual diagnoses (p less than 0.05). Possible reasons for relapse included lack of referral for substance abuse treatment, nonintegrated treatment of psychiatric illness and substance abuse, lack of psychosocial support, and unresolved financial or job-related stressors. The data support increased funding to facilities that treat persons with dual diagnoses, and suggest the need to develop comprehensive treatment approaches involving a multidisciplinary team to address issues of mental illness and substance abuse concomitantly, and to identify and resolve stressors leading to relapse. Language: en
PREDICTION–BASED TESTS FOR MISSPECIFICATION IN NONLINEAR SIMULTANEOUS SYSTEMS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the prediction-based tests for misspecification in nonlinear simultaneous systems. Asymptotic bias in the stochastic predictor, because of misspecification, can be expressed linearly in terms of chosen functions of a list of variables, including the exogenous variables in the system. Analysis of model misspecification is a critical issue in econometric theory. Within the context of a nonlinear simultaneous model, where predictive performance can be important, for example, for forecasting or policy analysis, an alternative approach can be to design specification error tests with power against misspecification, which adversely affects the prediction performance. The prediction-based tests provide consistent tests of misspecification against which the usual estimation-based tests have no power. Application of the regression test to the linear model reduces to a comparison of the restricted and unrestricted reduced form coefficient estimates and is a test for the validity of all the over-identifying restrictions in the model.
Realism and Reaction

At the end of World War I, life in America returned to normal, but the mood, at least in some law schools, was not entirely pacific. A small group of upstart law professors at Columbia Law School (among them Walter Wheeler Cook, Underhill Moore, Herman Oliphant, Hessel Yntema, William O. Douglas, and a little later Karl Llewellyn) began to challenge the intellectual rigidity and political conservatism of orthodox legal education that had spread in the early years of the twentieth century from Langdell’s Harvard across America.1 If we are to enable our students to understand law and practice it effectively, they argued, we must teach them to look at what courts do, not what the courts say— especially not what Langdell-inspired collections of leading cases say. Taking a cue from Holmes’s “Path of Law,” they declared that law is best seen as a matter of predicting what courts will do. This “realistic” perspective, they insisted, not only is more directly practical for ordinary lawyers advising clients, but also provides a basis for a critical look at how law works and how to make it work better.
Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing

National governments, international conferences, some industry associations, and a number of individual companies are increasingly emphasizing the need for a company to take responsibility both for the environmental consequences of its production and for the ultimate disposal or the products it produces. As a result companies are increasingly challenged – by competitors, government regulation, public pressure, or good conscience – to improve and manage their processes and products from both an environmental and an economic standpoint. To be effective, these efforts, to the extent possible, need to address the energy uses and materials flows related to the entire cycle of production, consumption and ultimate disposition. Rules of thumb for environmentally‐conscious manufacturing include improving efficiency and productivity through efficient energy and materials use, substituting more abundant and environmentally preferable materials for those that are rare or environmentally problematic; as well ass recyc...
Miniaturized nucleic acid amplification systems for rapid and point-of-care diagnostics: A review

Point-of-care (POC) genetic diagnostics critically depends on miniaturization and integration of sample processing, nucleic acid amplification, and detection systems. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays have extensively applied for the diagnosis of genetic markers of disease. Microfluidic chips for microPCR with different materials and designs have been reported. Temperature cycling systems with varying thermal masses and conductivities, thermal cycling times, flow-rates, and cross-sectional areas, have also been developed to reduce the nucleic acid amplification time. Similarly, isothermal amplification techniques (e.g., loop-mediated isothermal amplification or LAMP), which are still are emerging, have a better potential as an alternative to PCR for POC diagnostics. Isothermal amplification techniques have: (i) moderate incubation temperature leading to simplified heating and low power consumption, (ii) yield high amount of amplification products, which can be detected either visually or by simple detectors, (iii) allow direct genetic amplification from bacterial cells due to the superior tolerance to substances that typically inhibit PCR, (iv) have high specificity, and sensitivity, and (v) result in rapid detection often within 10-20 min. The aim of this review is to provide a better understanding of the advantages and limitations of microPCR and microLAMP systems for rapid and POC diagnostics.
Low energy mammogram obtained in contrast-enhanced digital mammography (CEDM) is comparable to routine full-field digital mammography (FFDM)

Abstract Purpose Contrast enhanced digital mammography (CEDM) uses low energy and high energy exposures to produce a subtracted contrast image. It is currently performed with a standard full-field digital mammogram (FFDM). The purpose is to determine if the low energy image performed after intravenous iodine injection can replace the standard FFDM. Methods And Materials: In an IRB approved HIPAA compatible study, low-energy CEDM images of 170 breasts in 88 women (ages 26–75; mean 50.3) undergoing evaluation for elevated risk or newly diagnosed breast cancer were compared to standard digital mammograms performed within 6 months. Technical parameters including posterior nipple line (PNL) distance, compression thickness, and compression force on the MLO projection were compared. Mammographic findings were compared qualitatively and quantitatively. Mixed linear regression using generalized estimating equation (GEE) method was performed. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) with 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were estimated to assess agreement. Results No statistical difference was found in the technical parameters compression thickness, PNL distance, compression force (p-values: 0.767, 0.947, 0.089). No difference was found in the measured size of mammographic findings (p-values 0.982–0.988). Grouped calcifications had a mean size/extent of 2.1 cm (SD 0.6) in the low-energy contrast images, and a mean size/extent of 2.2 cm (SD 0.6) in the standard digital mammogram images. Masses had a mean size of 1.8 cm (SD 0.2) in both groups. Calcifications were equally visible on both CEDM and FFDM. Conclusion Low energy CEDM images are equivalent to standard FFDM despite the presence of intravenous iodinated contrast. Low energy CEDM images may be used for interpretation in place of the FFDM, thereby reducing patient dose.
Synthesis and Optical Properties of Thermotropic Polythiophene and Poly(p-phenylene) Derivatives

Thermotropic nematic and chiral-nematic conjugated polymers consisting of polythiophene and poly(p-phenylene) backbones carrying cyanobiphenyl and (−)-cholesterol as pendant groups were synthesized and characterized as a new class of optical polymers. Spontaneous assembly of the conjugated backbone was promoted by liquid crystalline mesomorphism on the part of the pendants, thereby allowing uniaxially and helically aligned glassy films to be prepared for polarized photoluminescence (PL) studies. In the thiophene series, the conjugated backbone was found to yield an absorption peak red-shifted from those of the monomers and pendant groups. This permitted selective photoexcitation of the polythiophene backbone to be accomplished. In the p-phenylene series, the conjugated backbone did not give rise to a unique absorption peak. However, with excitation at the long wavelength edge of the absorption peak, PL of the poly(p-phenylene) backbone was found to be 1 order of magnitude stronger than that of the pendant...
Experimental observations on the contextual nature of hypnosis.

Abstract The distinctive mental context of hypnosis was explored experimentally with a well-trained male undergraduate S. First, a context effect was demonstrated by presenting 2 sets of stimuli on a trial, 1 under the hypnotic condition and 1 under the waking, and testing their subsequent salience in hypnotic or waking report states. Next a series of attempts was made to isolate elements of the hypnotic context–-closed eyes, lowered mental arousal, and “blank mind”–-none of which proved to be sufficient in itself to account for the observed phenomenon. A noted greater difficulty of spontaneous information transmission from hypnotic to waking condition than vice versa led to additional experiments in which prior hypnotic “priming,” in the absence of specific posthypnotic suggestion, had no effect on related waking tasks. Finally a theoretical interpretation was proposed to explain how initially weak hypnotic inputs, registered within a highly distinctive mental context, can acquire virtually complete cogn...
Managerial third party dispute resolution: An overview and introduction to the special issue

In this article I review each of the five articles included in the special issue on managerial third party dispute resolution. This review is followed by a brief listing of the goals for this special issue and three suggestions for future research. These suggestions include the need for more focus on the nonunion sector, a call for interdisciplinary research, and a plea for research concentrating on managerial third party dispute resolution in other cultures.
Configuration of Jupiter's magnetic tail and equatorial current sheet

Recent research reports by Behannon et al. (1981) and Connerney et al. (1981) are summarized. It is noted that the analysis made of the detailed neutral sheet crossings by the minimum variance method shows a consistent result with regard to the orientation of the neutral sheet in the magnetic tail as a two-dimensional surface rocking back and forth about the Jupiter sun-line as the rotation of the planet leads to a precession of the tilted dipole magnetic axis. The occurrence of neutral sheet crossings is found not to be consistent with any of the axially symmetric theoretical models proposed earlier on the basis of the 1974 Pioneer 10 observations. It is noted that a simple nonaxially symmetric model has been developed on the basis of the Voyager results which indicates the strong control upon orientation by the interaction of the solar wind with the Jovian magnetosphere. The model is described as simple because it improves the fit of theory to observation but uses fewer parameters. A quantitative model of the magnetodisc equatorial current sheet has been developed for the inner magnetosphere region which matches well the in-situ magnetic field observations.
PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF CORONARY CTA VERSUS EXERCISE TREADMILL TESTING

We aimed to compare the prognostic value of ETT and coronary CTA, and identify low risk ETT features that may avoid further testing. We studied 607 consecutive patients clinically referred for both ETT and CTA within 6 months. Patients were followed for cardiovascular (CV) death or nonfatal MI,
The role of InAs thickness on the material properties of InAs/GaSb superlattices

The epitaxial growth parameters optimized for mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) InAs/GaSb superlattice (SL) growth are not directly applicable for long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) SL growth. We observed a two orders of magnitude drop in the spectral intensity of the measured photoresponse (PR) as the InAs layer thickness in the SL increases from 9 monolayers (MLs) to 16 MLs for a fixed GaSb layer thickness of 7 MLs. However, the theoretically calculated absorption strength decreases only by about a factor of two. So other factors affecting photoresponse, such as carrier mobility and lifetime, are likely responsible for the large drop in the PR of the LWIR SL in this sample set. In fact the measured Hall properties of MWIR and LWIR SLs are very different, with holes as the majority carriers in MWIR SLs and electrons as the majority carriers in LWIR SLs. Therefore we investigated the charge carrier density, carrier mobility, and carrier recombination dynamics in LWIR SL samples. Specifically we used temperature-dependent Hall effect and time-resolved pump-probe measurements to study the effect of adjusting several growth parameters on the background carrier concentrations and studied carrier lifetimes in LWIR SLs.
Spatial ecology of refuge selection by an herbivore under risk of predation

Prey species use structures such as burrows to minimize predation risk. The spatial arrangement of these resources can have important implications for individual and population fitness. For example, there is evidence that clustered resources can benefit individuals by reducing predation risk and increasing foraging opportunity concurrently, which leads to higher population density. However, the scale of clustering that is important in these processes has been ignored during theoretical and empirical development of resource models. Ecological understanding of refuge exploitation by prey can be improved by spatial analysis of refuge use and availability that incorporates the effect of scale. We measured the spatial distribution of pygmy rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis) refugia (burrows) through censuses in four 6-ha sites. Point pattern analyses were used to evaluate burrow selection by comparing the spatial distribution of used and available burrows. The presence of food resources and additional overstory cover resources was further examined using logistic regression. Burrows were spatially clustered at scales up to approximately 25 m, and then regularly spaced at distances beyond ∼40 m. Pygmy rabbit exploitation of burrows did not match availability. Burrows used by pygmy rabbits were likely to be located in areas with high overall burrow density (resource clusters) and high overstory cover, which together minimized predation risk. However, in some cases we observed an interaction between either overstory cover (safety) or understory cover (forage) and burrow density. The interactions show that pygmy rabbits will use burrows in areas with low relative burrow density (high relative predation risk) if understory food resources are high. This points to a potential trade-off whereby rabbits must sacrifice some safety afforded by additional nearby burrows to obtain ample forage resources. Observed patterns of clustered burrows and non-random burrow use improve understanding of the importance of spatial distribution of refugia for burrowing herbivores. The analyses used allowed for the estimation of the spatial scale where subtle trade-offs between predation avoidance and foraging opportunity are likely to occur in a natural system.
Automotive storage of hydrogen in alane

Abstract Although alane (AlH 3 ) has many interesting properties as a hydrogen storage material, it cannot be regenerated on-board a vehicle. One way of overcoming this limitation is to formulate an alane slurry that can be easily loaded into a fuel tank and removed for off-board regeneration. In this paper, we analyze the performance of an on-board hydrogen storage system that uses alane slurry as the hydrogen carrier. A model for the on-board storage system was developed to analyze the AlH 3 decomposition kinetics, heat transfer requirements, stability, startup energy and time, H 2 buffer requirements, storage efficiency, and hydrogen storage capacities. The results from the model indicate that reactor temperatures higher than 200 °C are needed to decompose alane at reasonable liquid hourly space velocities, i.e., > 60 h −1 . At the system level, a gravimetric capacity of 4.2 wt% usable hydrogen and a volumetric capacity of 50 g H 2 /L may be achievable with a 70% solids slurry. Under optimum conditions, ∼80% of the H 2 stored in the slurry may be available for the fuel cell engine. The model indicates that H 2 loss is limited by the decomposition kinetics rather than by the rate of heat transfer from the ambient to the slurry tank.
Taiwanese Mothers' Reactions to Learning That Their Child is Lesbian or Gay: An Exploratory Study

Relatively few empirical studies have been conducted on parents’ reactions to learning that their daughter or son is lesbian or gay, and very little is known about parents from outside the United States. Eight mothers in Taiwan participated in interviews regarding their reactions to learning about their daughter's or son's nontraditional sexual orientations and identities. In Taiwan, these sexual orientations and identities are collectively known as Tongzhi. Qualitative analyses suggested that participants generally accepted their child's Tongzhi orientation and identity. The mothers also reported having a close relationship with their Tongzhi child and were concerned about the negative biases against lesbian women and gay men in current Taiwan society. Implications of the findings were discussed.
Quantitative solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometric analyses of wood xylen: effect of increasing carbohydrate content

Abstract Isolated lignin with a low carbohydrate content was spiked with increasing amounts of alpha-cellulose, and then analysed by solid-state 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) using cross-polarization with magic angle spinning (CPMAS) and dipolar dephasing methods in order to assess the quantitative reliability of CPMAS measurement of carbohydrate content and to determine how increasingly intense resonances for carbohydrate carbons affect calculations of the degree of lignin's aromatic ring substitution and methoxyl carbon content. Comparisons were made of the carbohydrate content calculated by NMR with carbohydrate concentrations obtained by phenol-sulfuric acid assay and by the calculation from the known amounts of cellulose added. The NMR methods used in this study yield overestimates for carbohydrate carbons due to resonance area overlap from the aliphatic side chain carbons of lignin. When corrections are made for these overlapping resonance areas, the NMR results agree very well with results obtained by other methods. Neither the calculated methoxyl carbon content nor the degree of aromatic ring substitution in lignin, both calculated from dipolar dephasing spectra, change with cellulose content. Likewise, lignin methoxyl content does not correlate with cellulose abundance when measured by integration of CPMAS spectra.
[14C]Aminopyrine breath test in chronic liver disease: preliminary diagnostic implications

The [14C]aminopyrine breath test (APBT) score, an estimate of hepatic mixed-oxidase function, was evaluated in 21 consecutive patients with active nonalcoholic chronic liver diseases. Ten had primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and 11 had chronic active hepatitis (CAH). The APBT score was normal or elevated in patients with PBC (P<0.001), and lower than normal in CAH patients (P<0.01); 10.5±1.6 and 3.5±1.86, respectively, vs control 7.65±1.15 (mean±sd). The 11 patients with CAH included two middle-aged women who displayed ambiguous severe intrahepatic cholestasis. There was no overlap between the APBT scores of the 10 PBC and 11 CAH patients. These initial data suggest that the APBT may be helpful in the differentiation of PBC and CAH, including misleading cholestatic forms of CAH.
A covariance estimator for GEE with improved small-sample properties.

Summary. In this paper, we propose an alternative covariance estimator to the robust covariance estimator of generalized estimating equations (GEE). Hypothesis tests using the robust covariance estimator can have inflated size when the number of independent clusters is small. Resampling methods, such as the jackknife and bootstrap, have been suggested for covariance estimation when the number of clusters is small. A drawback of the resampling methods when the response is binary is that the methods can break down when the number of subjects is small due to zero or near-zero cell counts caused by resampling. We propose a bias-corrected covariance estimator that avoids this problem. In a small simulation study, we compare the bias-corrected covariance estimator to the robust and jackknife covariance estimators for binary responses for situations involving 10–40 subjects with equal and unequal cluster sizes of 16–64 observations. The bias-corrected covariance estimator gave tests with sizes close to the nominal level even when the number of subjects was 10 and cluster sizes were unequal, whereas the robust and jackknife covariance estimators gave tests with sizes that could be 2–3 times the nominal level. The methods are illustrated using data from a randomized clinical trial on treatment for bone loss in subjects with periodontal disease.
Higher sensitivity of cerebral arteries isolated from premature and newborn baboons to adrenergic and cholinergic stimulation.

To find whether effects of adrenergic and cholinergic agents on cerebral artery were dependent on maturity, we examined responses of isolated cerebral artery strips harvested from premature, term newborn and adult baboons. Although cerebral arteries from many species are only mildly sensitive to norepinephrine, we found the perinatal cerebral arteries to be quite responsive to the amine. Cerebral arteries from premature and newborn baboons were significantly (P<0.001) more sensitive to norepinephrine than were arteries from adults; median effective concentration (EC50) for norepinephrine were 3 × 10−8, 6 × 10−8 and 32 × 10−8M for prematures, newborns and adults, respectively. Arteries showed a similar age-dependence in the sensitivity of the response to phenylephrine, an alpha1-adrenoceptor agonist. EC50 values for KCl did not differ among groups, nor did the maximum response to norepinephrine. Arteries from premature and newborn baboons showed marked contractile response to acetylcholine (maximum tensions 5.9 ± 0.6 and 6.4 ± 0.8 g/mm2, respectively), whereas arteries from adult baboons showed little response (0.6 ± 0.1 g/mm2). Arteries from premature and newborn animals showed a more marked relaxation response to isoproterenol than did arteries from adult animals; the degree of relaxation from an induced contraction was 63% (premature), 72% (newborn) and 10% (adult). There was no age-dependence in the relaxation response to sodium nitrite. We conclude that the events coupling alpha1, beta or muscarinic receptor activation with cerebral arterial contraction or relaxation are more effective in perinatal than in adult baboons.
Petrology of the 2-4 mm soil fraction from the Hadley-Apennine region of the moon

Abstract A total of 139 breccia and crystalline rock fragments in the size range 2–4 mm from four Apollo 15 soil samples have been examined. Two of the sample stations are on the mare surface (4 and 9A) and two are on the Apennine Front (2 and 6). Approximately 90% of the fragments from the Apennine Front are brown-glass “soil” breccias, but those from the mare surface are 60%–70% basalt. Several textural varieties of mare basalt have been recognized, but within experimental error there is no difference in their40Ar-39Ar ages. The major non-mare (Pre-Imbrian) crystalline rock types in the Apennine Front regolith are KREEP basalt, anorthositic rocks, recrystallized norite (including anorthositic norite) and recrystallized polymict breccias; however, such crystalline rocks are rare in the samples examined. Apparently, the near surface Imbrium ejecta below the regolith has not been thermally recrystallized, and probably there are no outcrops of crystalline rocks upslope from the sample stations.
Minimal-time dead-beat control with control action constraints (SISO case)

The question of ideal tracking of a reference signal from a given class for continuous linear time-invariant single-input single-output systems is resolved here by applying a polynomial equation approach. This leads to a design procedure, which is simple and efficient, enabling one at times to find a controller such that the output of the closed-loop system coincides with the given reference input for all t ? tL, where tL depends on the order of the system and the constraints on the control action. The procedure is illustrated by numerical examples. A method is suggested for minimizing tL for which ideal tracking holds.
The Economics of Justice

By Josef Solterer Georgetown University I Some 50 years ago, Father Thomas F. Divine, S.J. assembled at Marquette University and other meeting places a group of men and women for the purpose of studying justice in matters economic. They were mostly economics teachers in American Catholic colleges, dissatisfied with available textbooks and the prevailing trend of economic theory which neglected completely any connection between economics and ethics. The Divine group, later to become the Catholic Economic Association, now the Association for Social Economics, set out to remedy this deficiency. It made the study of justice in economics the formal object of its endeavors. The scientific imagination of the group concerning justice was fired not only by the then widely discussed papal encyclicals Rerum Novarum and Quadragessimo Anno but also by the appearance of new social economic institutions: the Welfare State in Britain and the New
Prolonged survival in fetal rabbit surgery

Timing and outcome of antenatal surgical intervention is being explored using fetal animal models. Models that are currently used range from larger animals with fewer offspring and higher cost to smaller animals with larger litters and lower cost. The rabbit is an ideal "small" animal model for experimentation in the third trimester, with a large litter, short gestation and a relatively large fetus. This paper reports methods by which prolonged survival (greater than 110 days) may be achieved in as many as 60% of operated fetuses following complex fetal surgery in the rabbit.
Terms of Perfection

In this essay, I attempt to think with the story Michael Hyde tells in Perfection: Coming to Terms with Being Human. Viewing the drive for perfection from the perspective of narrative, I focus on the question of how the language game of perfection might lead in the direction of other ways of understanding ourselves, our writing practices, and the unity of our lives. I question the appropriateness of conventions of rhetorical scholarship that inhibit communication scholars from enacting more personal expressions of rhetorical competence, which could give greater urgency to burning issues at the heart of what it can mean to be human. Arguing that the drive for perfection is a condition that evolves from life rather than prior to it, I call attention to the pragmatic question of what we can make of ourselves in communicative acts of narrative self-creation that make us who we are. In the spirit of the kind of openness to otherness advanced by Hyde, I conclude by offering a counternarrative to medical science’s conception of life as an end in itself. Medical science should serve human needs not determine them.
A new target design and capture strategy for high-yield positron production in electron linear colliders

Abstract Monte Carlo calculations were performed using EGS4 to simulate the production of positrons by a high-energy electron beam incident on thin wire targets. A 1 mm diameter, 10 radiation length long tungsten-alloy wire was chosen as an optimal target. The new target, combined with an appropriate capture strategy, could triple the yield of the high-energy positron production systems currently in use.
Longitude variation of ion temperature in the Io plasma torus

[1] The Io plasma torus shows an unanticipated variation of ion temperature as a function of System III (magnetic) longitude λIII. The simple expectation for the perpendicular temperature T⊥, based on ion pick-up in a tilted dipole magnetic field, is a double-peaked function with two maxima and two minima per 360° of longitude, having an average value of ∼480 eV for S+ and a relatively small variation amplitude of ∼±7 eV. Instead, the observed T⊥(S+) near Io's orbit has only one maximum and one minimum, with a much smaller average value of ∼30 eV and a much larger relative variation amplitude of ∼±50%. To explain the observed temperature variation, we propose that the longitude variation of the Pedersen conductance of Jupiter's ionosphere causes the pickup speed of ions injected near Io to vary with longitude. We obtain a satisfactory fit to the observed temperature variation if we make the straightforward assumption that the ionospheric conductance varies inversely with the strength of the ionospheric magnetic field. Both the magnitude and phase of the observed T⊥ variation are consistent with this simple model. The observed parallel temperature T∥(S+) has a somewhat smaller average magnitude and a similar longitude variation, but shifted about 70° in phase toward larger λIII. The T∥ behavior is consistent with the idea that T∥ derives mainly from T⊥ through pitch-angle scattering in the presence of the observed corotation lag of torus plasma. The 70° phase shift requires a scattering timescale of ∼50 hours, consistent with the classical timescale for ion-ion Coulomb scattering.
Insulin effects on methotrexate polyglutamate synthesis and enzyme binding in cultured human breast cancer cells

Previous studies have demonstrated that insulin augments methotrexate transport and enhances its cytotoxicity to human breast cancer cells. We therefore investigated the effects of insulin on methotrexate polyglutamate synthesis and binding to dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) in two human breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. Cells were exposed to 2 μM [3H]MTX and varying insulin concentrations for the desired time before determination of the polyglutamate content by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). DHFR-bound drug was separated from free intracellular drug by chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel minicolumns prior to HPLC analysis. Incubation of MCF-7 cells with 2.5 nM insulin for 48 h before exposure to 2 μM [3H]MTX for a further 24 h resulted in a significant increase in both total drug and total polyglutamates compared with control cells. Increasing the insulin concentration in the medium yielded further increases in polyglutamylation so that at 250 n M insulin and above total polyglutamates were increased by 64% compared with control cells. Further evaluation of the effects of physiologic insulin levels on polyglutamate synthesis revealed that 2.5 n M insulin caused an increase in the net glutamylation rate for each polyglutamate derivative during the final 12 h of a 24 h exposure to MTX. Analysis of the effects of insulin on polyglutamate binding to DHFR. revealed that exposure to 2.5 n M insulin resulted in the preferential binding of higher polyglutamates to DHFR. In MDA-231 cells, a breast cancer cell line with a poor capacity for polyglutamate synthesis, insulin exposure resulted in an increase in the cellular accumulation of each polyglutamate derivative, with the greatest proportionate increases occurring in the cellular levels of higher polyglutamates. These data suggest that insulin augmentation of MTX polyglutamate synthesis may account for its previously observed ability to enhance MTX cytotoxicity.
Condylomata acuminata and squamous cell carcinoma

Abstract Until recently, condyloma acuminatum has been considered to be a benign growth with no malignant potential. The histologically similar, yet clinically different, giant condyloma accuminatum (Buschke-Lowenstein tumor) has been defined as a mass with downward growth that has no histologic malignant changes, although the clinical course may be malignant. A review of the literature yielded 65 cases of malignant degeneration of this type of tumor and supports the concept that either condyloma acuminatum or the Buschke-Lowenstein tumor may precede or be associated with squamous cell carcinoma. A patient presenting with condyloma acuminatum in whom invasive squamous carcinoma of the penis developed exemplifies the transitory character of the disease.
Quasiparticle band structure of thirteen semiconductors and insulators.

By using a model dielectric matrix in electron self-energy evaluations the computational effort of a quasiparticle band-structure calculation for a semiconductor is greatly reduced. Applications to various systems with or without inversion symmetry, having narrow or wide band gaps, and semiconductor alloys demonstrate the reliability and accuracy of the method. Calculations have been performed for thirteen semiconducting or insulating materials: Si, LiCl, AlP, AlAs, AlSb, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, InP, InAs, InSb, and the Al{sub 0.5}Ga{sub 0.5}As and In{sub 0.53}Ga{sub 0.47}As alloys. Excellent agreement with experimental results is obtained for the quasiparticle energies for these materials. The only three exceptions, {ital E}({Gamma}{sub 1{ital c}}) of AlP, {ital E}({ital L}{sub 1{ital c}}) of AlAs, and {ital E}({ital L}{sub 1{ital c}}) of AlSb are discussed and attributed to various experimental uncertainties. Several other quasiparticle-excitation-related properties are also examined in this work. The many-body corrections to the eigenvalues of the valence-band-maximum states obtained from the local-density approximation are calculated for the zinc-blende-structure semiconductors, which are widely used in semiconductor-interface studies. In the present approach, the static screening of the Coulomb interaction between two electrons in a crystal is determined using a model that depends only on the local charge densities at these two points.more » Since a direct quantitative modeling of the electron self-energy operator has proven difficult, the successful application of the present model-dielectric-function scheme in self-energy calculations makes possible detailed studies of the quasiparticle properties of rather complex systems, which would be otherwise computationally too demanding.« less