cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application and Prospects of Simultaneous Desulfurization and Denitrification Technology by Ammonia Method

The industrial pollution caused by fossil fuel becomes more and more serious with the rapid development of industrialization.Most coal-fired power plants are facing SO2 and NOx emission problems.Therefore more attention are given to economic solution to desulfurization and denitrification.The technical principle and the research of both domestic and international ammonia methods for desulfurization and denitrification are discussed.Besides,its process characteristics and application prospects are also introduced.
Political Power and Policy Changes

Novelists highlight the structural conditions that produce illness. Written immediately before World War I, The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists took an egalitarian stance toward programs for workers’ health. Its Irish author Robert Tressell described the working and living conditions of several residential construction workers: house painters, decorators, carpenters, plumbers, plasterers, bricklayers. Laboring in southern England, these men faced long working hours and low wages followed by lengthy periods of unemployment. Poverty, starvation, unhealthy worksites, and dilapidated, crowded, damp residential housing caused sickness, disease, and premature death. A house painter himself, Tressell died at age 40 of tuberculosis. The novel’s hero Frank Owen suffered from lung disease. Yet he had the energy to proclaim egalitarian socialist ideals to his workmates, most of whom failed to view the world through a working-class consciousness. Unlike Owen, they accepted the dominant fatalist, hierarchical, and individualist worldviews. Holding fatalistic values, several perceived their world as unchangeable. God and evil human nature, not structural conditions, brought sickness, poverty, and joblessness.
Exploring the impact of resource limitations on gene network reconstruction

The characterization of biological networks via mathematical models often involves cycles of experimental perturbations and measurements, followed by the use of a network inference method. Here we study an engineered genetic circuit, introduced in a recent paper by the authors, and report additional analysis and interpretation. Using this synthetic network as a benchmark, we find that the application of the modular response analysis (MRA) network inference method leads to the discovery of a hidden, nontrivial “ghost” regulatory edge, which was not explicitly engineered into the network. Importantly, this result is not evident from direct inspection of the experimental measurements and global response coefficients. To probe the global to local conversion in MRA, we use conditionally randomized global response matrices to obtain distributions of local response coefficients and demonstrate that sign changes are numerically possible. Additionally, using simulations of a cascade network in a biochemical setting which does not take into account resource limitations, we show that MRA cannot return “ghost” edges, which points to the impact of the cellular milieu and in particular the use of shared resources. Taking resource availability into account during reverse engineering may allow for closer approximation of the cellular environment and points to a potential opportunity for network characterization strategies.
Ethnicity and hepatocellular carcinoma risk factors in New Mexico: A retrospective analysis over a 12-year period.

269Background: Common hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk factors, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus infections, heavy exposure to alcohol and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), vary in relation to gender, ethnicity, and geographic regions. New Mexico (NM) has the highest adjusted risk ratio of 1.27 for HCC when compared with other US geographic regions. The population of Hispanic Whites (HW), non-Hispanic Whites (NHW) and American Indians (AI) in NM provides a unique opportunity to study the prevalence of the known HCC risk factors among different ethnicities. Methods: We identified about 550 patients who were diagnosed and/or received treatment for HCC at the University of New Mexico (UNM) Hospital and the UNM Cancer Center from 2003 to 2015, using ICD 9/10 codes. Following approval by institutional review board, a retrospective chart review was conducted to correlate the known HCC risk factors and ethnicity of patients. This is a preliminary report of the findings in a randomly s...
Introduction: Decolonizing Autoethnography:

Can there be a decolonial autoethnography? If so, what could such an autoethnography look, sound, and feel like? If the possibility of decolonizing this mode of knowing does not exist, then what ar...
Vibrational Optical Activity: From Small Chiral Molecules to Protein Pharmaceuticals and Beyond

Abstract Vibrational optical activity, consisting of infrared vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) and vibrational Raman optical activity (ROA), is an area of vibrational spectroscopy of growing importance as chemists gain greater control of chirality in molecular structure in both synthetic and molecules of biological origin. Discovered in the early-to-mid 1970s, both VCD and ROA have emerged in recent decades to greater worldwide usage, spurred by the availability of commercial instruments and software for the measurement and calculation of VOA spectra. The principal applications of VCD involve determination of absolute configuration of synthetic molecules, pharmaceutical active ingredients, and natural products, while ROA is finding its primary impact in the conformations of large biological molecules and biopharmaceuticals. This chapter highlights the frontier areas of VCD and ROA from small chiral molecules to biopharmaceuticals and describes how these two chiroptical techniques are providing new information at the forefront of molecular science.
Deformable image registration as a tool to improve survival prediction after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: results from the ACRIN 6657/I-SPY-1 trial

We examined the ability of DCE-MRI longitudinal features to give early prediction of recurrence-free survival (RFS) in women undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer, in a retrospective analysis of 106 women from the ISPY 1 cohort. These features were based on the voxel-wise changes seen in registered images taken before treatment and after the first round of chemotherapy. We computed the transformation field using a robust deformable image registration technique to match breast images from these two visits. Using the deformation field, parametric response maps (PRM) — a voxel-based feature analysis of longitudinal changes in images between visits — was computed for maps of four kinetic features (signal enhancement ratio, peak enhancement, and wash-in/wash-out slopes). A two-level discrete wavelet transform was applied to these PRMs to extract heterogeneity information about tumor change between visits. To estimate survival, a Cox proportional hazard model was applied with the C statistic as the measure of success in predicting RFS. The best PRM feature (as determined by C statistic in univariable analysis) was determined for each of the four kinetic features. The baseline model, incorporating functional tumor volume, age, race, and hormone response status, had a C statistic of 0.70 in predicting RFS. The model augmented with the four PRM features had a C statistic of 0.76. Thus, our results suggest that adding information on the texture of voxel-level changes in tumor kinetic response between registered images of first and second visits could improve early RFS prediction in breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
The Social Model of Disability and Music Therapy: Practical Suggestions for the Emerging Clinical Practitioner

越来越多的音乐治疗师们开始意识到残障人群的社会模式。这一模式的概念为，残障人群的核心问题往往在于社会上为这些身心异常者所人为制造的障碍与禁锢。许多的音乐治疗临床实践依然停留在医疗模式之中，即认为，残疾是某一个体身上的固有缺点，因而需要被矫正。本文旨在探讨，音乐治疗临床实践中应更多地采用残障人群的社会模式。特别是“以音乐为中心的音乐治疗”这一理论，能够与残障人群的社会模式达到很好的共鸣。本文通过对现有的探讨“残障人群的社会模式” 的大量学术文章进行总结，来为音乐治疗师们提供如何更好地融合残障人群的社会模式的建议。(翻译：李冰)
Emerging Trends in Emergent Stroke Neuroimaging

Various imaging techniques used in stroke evaluation have complementary, evolving roles. This article reviews recent updates in emergent stroke neuroimaging. Multiple recent randomized trials showing benefit of endovascular therapy in strokes with confirmed large-vessel occlusion emphasize need for vessel imaging, typically CTA, in addition to unenhanced head CT. In addition, because recent trials published in 2018 showed efficacy of mechanical thrombectomy at up to 24 h from symptom onset in stroke patients with favorable ischemic core and/or penumbra assessments, imaging techniques to define viable and infarcted tissue, such as DWI or CT/MR perfusion imaging, have an increasing role in emergent stroke assessment. Other studies contributing to new AHA/ASA stroke guidelines are also discussed. Neuroimaging remains crucial to emergent stroke evaluation, with CTA, MRI, and perfusion studies playing an increasing role in identifying patients likely to benefit from treatment.
SpotLight: Detecting Anomalies in Streaming Graphs

How do we spot interesting events from e-mail or transportation logs? How can we detect port scan or denial of service attacks from IP-IP communication data? In general, given a sequence of weighted, directed or bipartite graphs, each summarizing a snapshot of activity in a time window, how can we spot anomalous graphs containing the sudden appearance or disappearance of large dense subgraphs (e.g., near bicliques) in near real-time using sublinear memory? To this end, we propose a randomized sketching-based approach called SpotLight, which guarantees that an anomalous graph is mapped 'far' away from 'normal' instances in the sketch space with high probability for appropriate choice of parameters. Extensive experiments on real-world datasets show that SpotLight (a) improves accuracy by at least 8.4% compared to prior approaches, (b) is fast and can process millions of edges within a few minutes, (c) scales linearly with the number of edges and sketching dimensions and (d) leads to interesting discoveries in practice.
Membrane and Cytoplasmic Changes in B Lymphocytes Induced by Ligand-Surface Immunoglobulin Interaction

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses membrane and cytoplasmic changes in B lymphocytes induced by ligand–surface immunoglobulin (Ig) interaction. Surface Ig is the receptor for antigen molecules on B lymphocytes. Surface Ig has been identified on the B-cell surface by using immunocytochemistry or direct biochemical analysis. The number of Ig molecules presumably serving as antigen receptors on the B cell surface is on the average of 105 molecules per B cell. The amount of surface-bound Ig is large comparing to the number of hormone receptors needed to trigger certain cellular responses. One could speculate that many of the surface Ig–antigen interactions result in nonfunctional events; therefore, many receptors are needed. The B cell requires such a high number of receptors to effectively bind antigen molecules of large size and variable epitope densities or a number of successive hits are needed in these cells to reach an effective threshold of stimulation. The distribution of surface Ig and other surface macromolecules has been studied at the ultrastructural level by using various methods. One method was the ultrastructural analysis of regular thin section of cells exposed to antibodies conjugated to a large visible molecule.
One stop shop for everything Dictyostelium: dictyBase and the Dicty Stock Center in 2012.

dictyBase (http:// dictybase.org), the model organism database for Dictyostelium discoideum, includes the complete genome sequence and expression data for this organism. Relevant literature is integrated into the database, and gene models and functional annotation are manually curated from experimental results and comparative multigenome analyses. dictyBase has recently expanded to include the genome sequences of three additional Dictyostelids, and has added new software tools to facilitate multigenome comparisons. The Dicty Stock Center, a strain and plasmid repository for Dictyostelium research has relocated to Northwestern University in 2009. This allowed us integrating all Dictyostelium resources to better serve the research community. In this chapter, we will describe how to navigate the website and highlight some of our newer improvements.
The (Sun)Light and Dark of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Testing

Background: Vitamin D is obtained by the body via sunlight on the skin, from the diet, or from supplementation. The primary function of vitamin D is to maintain calcium homeostasis and bone health, but in the past decade, numerous other health benefits have been proposed. Content: With the increased awareness of the potential benefits of maintaining sufficient concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, clinicians began ordering this test for their patients much more frequently. The number of available methods increased, but with that came a larger focus on the challenges of measuring 25-hydroxyvitamin D accurately due to binding to vitamin D-binding protein and the presence of other vitamin D metabolites. Further, standardization of these assays became a focus for several organizations so that clinical guidelines can be applicable to every patient regardless of what methodology is used in 25-hydroxyvitamin D measurement. Summary: Improvements are being made in the specificity, accuracy, and standardization of the measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and the future of this testing is looking brighter.
Capturing and quantifying emotional distress in the built environment

Big data captured through sensory-integrated devices present a unique opportunity for emerging applications in urban research towards understanding, quantifying, and promoting aspects of the urban environment based on the residents' needs. We examine the effect of various built environmental features of the urban environment on individuals emotional distress, as captured through self-assessment indices and physiological measures. Through statistical analysis, we study potential associations between signal-based electrodermal activity (EDA) measures and self-reports. We further propose a novel saliency detection mechanism for physiological signals, according to which prominence of an EDA segment is calculated based on its distance metrics from the remaining signal segments. Results indicate that the signal-based and self-reported indices of emotional distress, as depicted in relation to various built environmental features, are weakly but significantly correlated. Visual inspection of the saliency-based measures further suggests that the hypothesized "emotional distress hotspots" of the urban environment, such as discontinuous sidewalks, threatening noise, and housing with broken features, elicit distinct physiological responses for the majority of participants in the experiments. These suggest the feasibility of physiological measures for quantifying emotional distress caused by the built environment and provide a foundation for the development of signal-based indices of the human felt-sense in urban settings.
Simulation training enables emergency medicine providers to rapidly and safely initiate extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) in a simulated cardiac arrest scenario.

Abstract Background Extracorporeal cardiopulmonaryresuscitation (ECPR) is emerging as a viable rescue strategy for refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. In the U.S., limited training of emergency medicine providers is a barrier to widespread implementation. Aims Test the hypothesis that emergency medicine physicians and nurses can acquire and retain the skills to rapidly and safely initiate ECPR using high-fidelity simulation. Study design Prospective interventional study. Setting U.S. tertiary academic medical center. Subjects Emergency medicine physicians and nurses with no prior ECPR/ECMO experience. Methods Teams of three physicians and three nurses underwent a two-day ECPR training course including didactics, hands-on training, and simulation. Teams were videotaped initiating ECPR in a high-fidelity simulation scenario before and after simulation training. The primary outcome was the proportion of simulations in which full ECPR support was achieved within 30 min of patient arrival. Results Five teams completed the entire study. Full ECPR support was achieved within 30 min of patient arrival in 11/15, 15/15, and 15/15 attempts at baseline (B), post-testing (PT) and 3-month post-testing (3-PT), respectively (p = 0.06). Intervals (mean ± sd) required to achieve full ECPR support at B, PT, and 3-PT were 25.8±5.3, 17.2±4.6, and 19.2±1.9 min respectively (p Conclusion High fidelity simulation training is effective in preparing emergency medicine physicians and nurses to rapidly and safely initiate ECPR in a simulated cardiac arrest scenario, and should be considered when implementing an ED-based ECPR program.
Assessment and validation of a screening questionnaire for the diagnosis of pediatric bladder and bowel dysfunction.

Summary Introduction Pediatric bladder and bowel dysfunction (BBD) is a common problem in children. However, the current ability to diagnosis and quantify pediatric BBD is limited as only a few validated instruments exist. In addition, the current questionnaires are limited by their lack of psychometric processing and methods of validation. To address these issues, the authors developed a new questionnaire to objectively diagnose pediatric BBD symptoms. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of this newly devised objective instrument in diagnosing and quantifying the symptomatology of BBD in children. Materials and methods An 18-item, 5-point questionnaire was developed using both a literature review and expert opinions. The total questionnaire score could range from 0 to 72. Questions were subgrouped into six symptom categories: (1) nocturnal enuresis, (2) lower urinary tract symptoms, (3) urinary holding, (4) infrequent urination, (5) bowel symptoms, and (6) daytime urinary incontinence. The questionnaire also assessed the degree of bother associated with the symptoms. Patients were divided into cases and controls, and these two groups were compared. Discussion/results A total of 1265 new patients (758 cases and 507 controls) completed the new BBD questionnaire. The mean age of the whole study cohort was 9.5 years (range, 3–19 years). The total mean questionnaire score was significantly higher at 23 (3–58) in the cases, compared with 8 (0–35) in the controls (p Conclusions This new instrument provides a valid and reliable method for diagnosis of pediatric BBD and classification of patients into subcategories of BBD based on their specific symptoms. Download : Download high-res image (82KB) Download : Download full-size image Summary Fig
Isolated cervical extraosseous intradural chordoma attached to the C5 nerve root: a case report

As chordomas are slow growing and locally invasive with high recurrence rates, initial recommendations include complete surgical resection with or without radiation therapy. A large proportion of recurrences occur years after initial resection necessitating lengthy follow-up. The novel biomarker brachyury and the repurposing of pharmaceutical products have the potential to substantially impact long-term recurrence rates. A 43-year-old woman presented with an isolated, cervical extraosseous intradural extramedullary chordoma attached to a nerve root underwent a C3-5 laminectomy, C3-5 lateral mass screw instrumentation, and mass resection. All symptoms resolved by the 12-month postoperative follow-up visit. This is the first report of an isolated, cervical extraosseous intradural extramedullary chordoma attached to a nerve root, and this case adds to the previous six Type IV chordomas in the literature. Unfortunately, the very rare form of extraosseous intradural chordoma is poorly understood: the lack of detailed knowledge in how they are differentiated from other forms of chordoma confounds the development of optimal treatment strategies and follow-up guidelines.
Successful Pregnancy after Intervention for Spindle-Cell Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma: A Case Report.

Abstract Background Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, the most common soft tissue malignancy in childhood, is treated with surgery and chemotherapy. Because of the young age at the time of presentation, a discussion of future reproduction is appropriate and conservative management should be considered. We present a case of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma that was successfully and conservatively managed with chemotherapy, allowing for future pregnancies. Case A 17-year-old nulliparous woman with embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma underwent 6 cycles of chemotherapy with adriamycin, dacarbazine, cyclophosphamide, and vincristine, resulting in radiographic resolution of the disease. She was able to conceive without medical intervention and to have successful vaginal deliveries. Summary and Conclusion The standard of care for embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma is surgery and chemotherapy; however, conservative management should be considered when preservation of fertility is a goal.
Dynamic Feature Acquisition with Arbitrary Conditional Flows.

Many real-world situations allow for the acquisition of additional relevant information when making an assessment with limited or uncertain data. However, traditional ML approaches either require all features to be acquired beforehand or regard part of them as missing data that cannot be acquired. In this work, we propose models that dynamically acquire new features to further improve the prediction assessment. To trade off the improvement with the cost of acquisition, we leverage an information theoretic metric, conditional mutual information, to select the most informative feature to acquire. We leverage a generative model, arbitrary conditional flow (ACFlow), to learn the arbitrary conditional distributions required for estimating the information metric. We also learn a Bayesian network to accelerate the acquisition process. Our model demonstrates superior performance over baselines evaluated in multiple settings.
Addressing Implicit Bias in First-Year Medical Students: a Longitudinal, Multidisciplinary Training Program.

Studies show that implicit bias among healthcare providers contributes to health disparities. Despite this knowledge, most medical school curricula lack formal methods for assessing and reducing implicit bias among medical students. The purpose of this study was to create a longitudinal, multidisciplinary training program for first-year medical students to reduce implicit bias toward skin tone, to increase awareness of personal bias, and to measure changes in bias after a targeted intervention. First-year medical students participated in a three-part implicit bias training program that included visits to an art museum, a lecture on medical anthropology, and an interactive sociological discussion about bias in medical research. A control group did not participate in the training. All participants took the Harvard Implicit Association Test for Skin Tone and completed a questionnaire assessing awareness of implicit bias before and after the study activities were administered. All participants indicated a bias toward light skin tone. In addition, a stronger bias score in the pre-test correlated with a stronger belief that the scores were inaccurate. Neither the experimental group nor the control group demonstrated a significant change in implicit bias, but the experimental group trended toward a decrease in bias. Power analysis suggested that significant results may have been obtained with a larger sample size. All participants indicated an awareness that implicit biases affect the provision of healthcare. When prompted to reflect on these biases, the experimental group provided richer, more detailed personal accounts of implicit bias in the healthcare environment after participating in the study. First-year medical students who participated in this study were aware that implicit bias affects the provision of healthcare and therefore plays a role in perpetuating health disparities. However, they were less able to recognize bias in themselves. Providing opportunities for medical students to recognize and confront their own implicit biases is an important goal. This study suggests that a longitudinal, multidisciplinary curricular approach to building awareness and reducing implicit bias can produce promising results in medical students. We anticipate that further development and refinement of curricular activities may lead to significant results.
A Framework for Evaluating Harmonic Losses in Distribution Planning

With the recent advent of inverter interfaced Distributed Energy Resources (DER) and end use loads employing power electronic circuits, power system harmonics are once again receiving attention as utilities integrate these resources in to their power grid. With the increased focus on DERs and new consumer electronic loads, one aspect that often gets ignored is the economic impact of harmonic emission from such energy sources and loads. This paper is part of a first attempt to bridge this gap in knowledge. Based upon previous research, a new ‘harmonic losses calculator’ was developed. This calculator quantifies losses due to the flow of harmonic currents on a distribution circuit and assigns a dollar value to them. Coupling this tool with the pre-existing ‘Harmonic Evaluation Module’, a new framework is proposed in which the economic impact of non-linear load or DER penetration can be accurately determined. The objective behind such an exercise is to enable utilities to evaluate the impact of harmonic load or savings due to DER penetration, at the planning stage. The framework is demonstrated by showing the impact of penetration of harmonic load and DER on two known distribution circuits, in the OpenDSS simulation framework. This is followed by a discussion of the change in operating costs of the feeder due to such load or generation. The paper closes with a discussion of the anticipated future research and expected capabilities to be added to this framework.
Gold Drugs with {Au(PPh3)}+ Moiety: Advantages and Medicinal Applications

Following the success of Auranofin as an anti-arthritic drug, search for novel gold drugs has afforded a large number of [L-Au(PPh3 )] complexes that exhibit notable salutary effects. Unlike Au(III)-containing species, these gold complexes with {Au(PPh3 )}+ moiety are stable in biological media and readily exchange L with S- and Se-containing enzymes or proteins. Such exchange leads to rapid reduction of microbial loads or induction of apoptotic cell death at malignant sites. In many cases the lipophilic {Au(PPh3 )}+ moiety delivers a desirable toxic L to the specific cellular target in addition to exhibiting its own beneficial activity. Further research and utilization of this synthon in drug design could lead to novel chemotherapeutics for treatment of drug-resistant pathogens and cancers.
Improved Air Spacer for Highly Scaled CMOS Technology

We report an improved air spacer (AS) integration scheme to overcome problems with the conventional AS process. The new scheme is fully compatible with other emerging CMOS technology elements such as self-aligned contact (SAC) and contact over active gate (COAG). Using a fan-out3 (FO3) ring oscillator (RO) on a 10-nm FinFET platform, we experimentally demonstrate that the new AS provides 15% reduction in the effective capacitance ( ${C}_{{\text {eff}}}{)}$ . Such a ${C}_{{\text {eff}}}$ reduction translates to 21% performance gain at the constant power (iso-power) or 36% power reduction at the constant performance (iso-speed). The benefits provided by AS exceed the benefits of a full CMOS node scaling from 7 to 5 nm. Clearly, AS is a viable technological element for continuing CMOS scaling.
Performance analysis of target parameters estimation using multiple widely separated antenna arrays

Target parameter estimation performance is investigated for a radar employing a set of widely separated transmitting and receiving antenna arrays. Cases with multiple extended targets are considered under two signal model assumptions: stochastic and deterministic. The general expressions for the corresponding Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) and the asymptotic properties of the maximum-likelihood (ML) estimator are derived for a radar with Mt arrays of Lt transmitting elements and Mr arrays of Lr receiving elements for both types of signal models. It is shown that for an infinitely large product MtMr, and a finite Lr, the ML estimator is consistent and efficient under the stochastic model, while the deterministic model requires MtMr to be finite and Lr to be infinitely large in order to guarantee consistency and efficiency. Monte Carlo simulations further investigate the estimation performance of the proposed radar configuration in practical scenarios with finite MtMr and Lr, and a fixed total number of available receiving antenna elements, MrLr. The numerical results demonstrate that grouping receiving elements into properly sized arrays reduces the mean
Implicit large Eddy simulation of the NASA CRM high-lift configuration near stall

Abstract Recent progress in adaptive high-order numerical methods, high-order mesh generation, and scalable implicit time integration approaches has made large eddy simulation (LES) more affordable than ever before. In the present study, we demonstrate the progress by performing implicit LES of a benchmark problem from the 3rd AIAA High-Lift Prediction Workshop: NASA's Common Research Model (CRM) high-lift configuration. The LES tool, hpMusic, is based on the flux reconstruction method capable of handling high-order mixed unstructured meshes. P-refinement studies are used to assess the mesh-dependence of the numerical solutions. Comparisons are also made with available experimental data, and a very good agreement was obtained in lift and drag coefficients between the present computation and wall-corrected experimental data.
Grumpy old vets revisited

Veterinarians can thrive in large-scale dairies by positioning themselves to be a part of the management team. There appear to be a number of common characteristics of veterinarians who succeed in management teams. They tend to "own" herd performance data. They are more likely to advise decision-making processes, and are less likely to position themselves as holding the answers. They work with outside consultants, but position themselves alongside management to evaluate and implement the proposals. These roles contrast with the traditional expectations of veterinary medicine.
How to Treat The WTO's Problem with Precedent

This Article argues that the World Trade Organization’s Appellate Body (AB), or a successor body, must become more transparent in justifying its decision to rely (or not) on prior decisions. The AB’s practice of precedent — which the United States cited as a cause of its decision to paralyze the AB by blocking new appointments — is similar to how it has approached “likeness” in nondiscrimination cases. It placed a lot of weight on whether two cases (or products) are sufficiently similar to be compared, and it spent relatively less time substantively justifying its treatment of prior cases. Because the WTO does not have a system of stare decisis, the AB and WTO panels generally must explain why they find prior decisions persuasive, rather than simply relying on similarity to justify carrying prior interpretations forward. The Article begins by examining and evaluating the results of a new study from Jeffrey Kucik and Sergio Puig, the first study to use a large dataset to study the AB’s use of precedent. The Article then advances a framework for how WTO dispute panels should evaluate the relevance of prior cases in future disputes. The proposed approach would treat the comparison of cases as merely a threshold inquiry. If two cases are sufficiently alike and one party contests the applicability of the prior decision, then a tribunal must substantively justify its treatment of the prior decision in light of a variety of factors. In some instances, the result may be that the AB or a panel acknowledges that a prior interpretation was wrong and should not be followed. Openly analyzing the persuasive value of prior cases, and acknowledging when those cases should not be followed, would better promote the goals of relying on prior decisions — promoting predictability, transparency, and coherence in the law’s application — as compared to deference to prior decisions based only on the similarity of two disputes.
Mexico 'Under Siege': The Drug Narrative About Mexico and U.S. Imperialism

The media and the government in the U.S. both have a long history of constructing and perpetuating a negative narrative and discourse about Mexico. Currently Mexican drugs, drug cartel related violence and anti-drug efforts have become the primary issue of concern between the two countries. A strategic report put out by the Department of Defense goes so far as to call Mexico a potential failing state. This type of narrative does specific work and allows for particular policy actions on behalf of the United States. It becomes a veil for an imperial encounter that allows the U.S. to economically penetrate Mexico, while making it seem as though it is merely helping Mexico deal with it's social problems.
TU-CD-210-04: Sonication and Feedback Control Strategies for MRg Hyperthermia with the Insightec Prostate Array

Therapeutic ultrasound technology offers the ability to achieve non-invasive and non-ionizing treatments for soft-tissue disease throughout the body. The bio-effects in tissue caused by ultrasound energy can be thermal in nature (ranging from mild heating to tissue ablation) or can utilize the mechanical energy associated with acoustic waves. Ultrasound energy can be delivered from external devices and focused to a region of a few millimeters in the body. It can also be delivered from body cavities or from devices inserted directly into tissue. One challenge with designing therapeutic ultrasound systems is the need to consider wave propagation and distortion as energy passes through tissues. Consequently, therapeutic ultrasound systems are usually designed to target specific anatomic sites to optimize the delivery of ultrasound to these locations. In this session a number of advanced therapeutic ultrasound delivery systems will be described for the treatment of breast, brain, and prostate tissue. In addition the talks will describe both thermal and non-thermal applications of ultrasound energy. Specific topics addressed in this symposium include: (1) Advances in Focused Ultrasound Brain Therapies, (2) Breast MR guided Focused Ultrasound Hardware Design and Treatment Strategies, (3) The Role of Pulsed Focused Ultrasound in Cancer Therapy, and (4) Sonication and Feedback Control Strategies for MR guided Hyperthermia with the Insightec Prostate Array. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the technical issues important in the design of therapeutic ultrasound systems 2. Learn about therapeutic ultrasound systems under development for brain, breast and prostate applications 3. Learn about different treatment approaches with therapeutic ultrasound including tissue ablation, hyperthermia, and drug delivery Lili Chen: Funding: FUS Foundation, DOD (PC073127,BC102806) Allison Payne: Funding: NIH (R01EB013433,R01CA178727) Vasant Salgaonkar: Funding: FUS Foundation, NIH (R01CA122276, R01CA111981)
Formate Dehydrogenase from Clostridium acidiurici

Partial purification of formate dehydrogenase from Clostridium acidiurici has been accomplished, and some properties of the enzyme have been determined. The molecular weight of the protein is at least 200,000 daltons. The enzyme showed marked instability to freezing and thawing and was inhibited strongly by oxygen and by light. Such inhibition was not reversed by incubation in the presence of thiol compounds. Cyanide inhibited the enzyme 90% at 0.1 mm concentrations, but ethylenediaminetetraacetate produced only slight inhibition at concentrations as high as 50 mm. The purified enzyme showed no ferredoxin activity in the Clostridium pasteurianum clastic system during pyruvate oxidation. Crude preparations of the enzyme could be coupled through ferredoxin to the reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide during formate oxidation, but the purified enzyme could not catalyze the reduction of pyridine nucleotides by formate in the presence of ferredoxin. Formate oxidation with the purified enzyme was readily coupled to benzyl viologen reduction, in which case ferredoxin was not required. An exchange between formate and bicarbonate was catalyzed by both crude and purified preparations of the enzyme, but the net synthesis of formate from CO 2 was not accomplished.
Sirolimus-eluting stents for the treatment of stenoses in small coronary arteries: what have we learned?

1,3-5 . Prior to drug-eluting stents (DES), a strong correlation between restenosis and vessel size was recognized, with an inverse association between vessel size and angiographic restenosis; this was attributed to the disproportionately greater amount of neointimal hyperplasia (NIH) relative to the vessel caliber in including lesion complexity and stent size.) At follow-up, late lumen loss (LLL), restenosis and NIH area were signifi cantly reduced with SES; also, a 3.5-fold decrease in target lesion revascularization (TLR) was found in SES compared to BMS, a difference that did not reach statistical signifi cance. The performance of SES in small vessels has been evaluated in several randomized clinical trials and registries (Table 1). LLL, a surrogate of NIH, was signifi cantly decreased with SES compared to BMS in "small vessels" by 98.7%, 78.8%, 81%, 88.2%, and 82.2% in RAVEL, SIRIUS, E-SIRIUS, C-SIRIUS, and SES-SMART, respectively 2,5,7-10 . In Devito's study, LLL was decreased by 77.5%, p<0.001
Clinical Trials in Economics

The gold standard for scientific research is reproducible controlled experiments. In the last two or three decades economics has made much progress in implementing experiments in both the laboratory and in the field. I propose that the NSF should set up a program to fund field experiments/clinical trials in a variety of areas in economics. These clinical trials should be designed to resolve fundamental debates in economics. Proposals for experimental designs should be submitted to a special program and be reviewed by referees and a panel of experts, as with current experiments. Unlikely current proposals, we would expect some iteration with respect to the experimental design. When a consensus (or a significant majority) is reached about experimental design, funding would be offered to the researchers. It would be helpful to involve researchers from public health and other fields who are familiar with the problems involved with large clinical trials.
Influence of experience on age differences in cognitive functioning

To the extent that adult age differences in measures of cognitive performance have implications for functioning outside the psychological laboratory, the question of the role of experience as a potential moderator of these differences becomes extremely important. Three categories of research relevant to this issue are reviewed, and methodological limitations of each type of research are discussed. Although it is frequently asserted that experience minimizes cognitive differences associated with aging, the evidence currently available does not appear consistent with a strong experiential moderation of age-related effects in cognitive performance. However, the paucity of relevant studies and the methodological weaknesses of those that do exist preclude a definitive conclusion at the present time. Additional research with improved methodology is necessary before strong conclusions can be reached concerning effects of experience on age differences in cognition.
Near-IR Absorbing Solar Cell Sensitized With Bacterial Photosynthetic Membranes

Current interest in natural photosynthesis as a blueprint for solar energy conversion has led to the development of a biohybrid photovoltaic cell in which bacterial photosynthetic membrane vesicles (chromatophores) have been adsorbed to a gold electrode surface in conjunction with biological electrolytes (quinone [Q] and cytochrome c; Magis et al. [2010] Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1798, 637-645). Since light-driven current generation was dependent on an open circuit potential, we have tested whether this external potential could be replaced in an appropriately designed dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). Herein, we show that a DSSC system in which the organic light-harvesting dye is replaced by robust chromatophores from Rhodospirillum rubrum, together with Q and cytochrome c as electrolytes, provides band energies between consecutive interfaces that facilitate a unidirectional flow of electrons. Solar I-V testing revealed a relatively high I(sc) (short-circuit current) of 25 μA cm(-2) and the cell was capable of generating a current utilizing abundant near-IR photons (maximum at ca 880 nm) with greater than eight-fold higher energy conversion efficiency than white light. These studies represent a powerful demonstration of the photoexcitation properties of a biological system in a closed solid-state device and its successful implementation in a functioning solar cell.
Optimal aerodynamic energy capture strategies for hydrostatic transmission wind turbine

In this paper, we propose a control strategy for a wind turbine that employs a hydrostatic transmission system for transmitting power from the wind turbine rotor via hydraulic transmission line to a ground level generator. Wind turbine power curve tracking is achieved by controlling the hydraulic pump volumetric displacement and, at the other end of the hydraulic line, the hydraulic motor volumetric displacement is controlled so that the overall transmission loss is minimized. Control strategy and system efficiency of a double wind turbine system sharing hydraulic pipes, a hydraulic motor, and a generator are also studied.
Scattering Properties of Lunar Dust Analogs

A number of space missions are planned to explore the lunar exosphere which may contain a small population of dust particles. The objective of this paper is to present preliminary results from scattering experiments on a suspension of lunar simulants to support one such mission. The intensity of the light scattered from a lunar simulant is measured with a commercial version of the spectrometer used in the forthcoming LADEE mission. Physical properties of the lunar simulant are described along with two similarly-sized reference microspheres. We confirm that micron-sized particles tend to form agglomerates rather than remaining isolated entities and that certain general characteristic of the target particles can be predicted from intensity measurements alone. These results can be used directly to assess general features of the lunar exosphere from LADEE instrument data. Further analysis of particle properties from such remote sensing data will require measurements of polarization signatures.
The Legal and Policy Implications of Third Party Reimbursement for Early Childhood Services

Public Law 99–457, the Supreme Court decision in Bowen v. Massachusetts, budgetary needs, and the creation of entities such as TAMES (Trans Allied Medical Educational Services) haue combined to lead agencies seming young children with disabilities to obtain third-party reimbursement for services from Medicaid, private insurance, and other sources. At first glance, third-party payments are the perfect resource for these programs. But an examination of the legal and policy implications of increased third-party billing reveals serious drawbacks in the form of loss of confidentiality, burdens on the exercise of informed consent, hidden costs to parents, and financial and administrative difficulties.
Comparison of optical measurement techniques for turbomachinery flowfields

A preliminary set of measurements were made of the flowfield in the Purdue Research Centrifugal Compressor using a laser two-focus (L2F) velocimeter and a laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV). After a review of the preliminary results, the LDV system was chosen to continue this research due to the advantages it demonstrated over the L2F system in making measurements in this flowfield. The L2F data are compared and contrasted to the LDV data. While this comparison is not to insinuate the local features of the LDV data are universally correct, an evaluation of the global features of the compressor flowfield based upon the LDV measurements demonstrate consistency, i.e. measurements at various planes in the flowfield demonstrate conservation of mass and a reasonable distribution of work in the compressor. In addition, methodologies to determine the effect of the measurement volume geometry for the two systems are presented. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of using the L2F system for turbomachinery flowfields is discussed in terms of measurement accuracy, applicability to general turbomachinery flowfields, and the capability to make measurements in regions of high noise due to stray reflections. Specific examples based upon this experimental work are presented. 12 refs.
Magnetic and superconducting phase diagrams of single crystal HoNi2B2C

In plane measurements of resistivity and magnetic properties are reported for HoNi2B2C. The superconducting transition as well as several magnetic phase transitions are observed with measurements of R(T,H), M(T,H), and χ(T,H). Three magnetic transitions occur below the superconducting transition temperature of 8 K. Two of these are field dependent while the other is relatively field independent. Phase diagrams constructed from the different measuring techniques will be discussed for the in-plane, 〈100〉 and 〈110〉, directions of the magnetic field and the out-of-plane, 〈001〉, direction.
Doorway States and the Super-Radiant Mechanism in Nuclear Reactions

Abstract In the early 1950s the possibility of forming a super-radiant (SR) state in a gas of atoms confined to a volume of a size smaller than the wave length of radiation was suggested by Dicke. The atoms are coupled through their common radiation field. This indirect interaction through the continuum leads to a redistribution of lifetimes among unstable intrinsic states. A rapidly decaying SR state is created at the expense of the rest of the states of the system that are robbed of their decay probability and become narrow. This mechanism is general and analogous phenomena should appear in many quantum systems when quasi-bound states are strongly coupled through common decay channels. Recently this mechanism was considered for generating doorway states in low-energy nuclear reactions. A discussion of the conditions for appearance of doorways in nuclear physics processes will is presented.
Cracks in the foundation: keratin filaments and genetic disease

In the past three years, defects in the genes that encode intermediate filament (IF) proteins have been found to be responsible for some inherited skin diseases, and others have been implicated in certain motor neuron diseases and cardiomyopathies. This article reviews how knowledge of IF structure led to the discovery of genetic disorders of IFs, and how the clinical manifestations of these diseases have confirmed the notion that IFs provide the mechanical strength of cells.
Temporal characteristics of amnesia induced by protein synthesis inhibitor: determination by shock level.

IT is widely accepted that cerebral protein synthesis is involved in “long term” but not “short term” memory. Evidence for this comes from experiments in which amnesia for a multiple-trial avoidance task is induced by administration of protein synthesis inhibitors before or shortly after training1–3. In mice4–6, the amnesia, which is permanent, does not appear until 3 h or more after training, leading to the notion of a “short term” memory, and is not produced if the criterion for learning is too severe. We have given mice a different learning task and used the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide to induce amnesia that has such different characteristics as to warrant a re-evaluation of the hypothesis.