cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The distribution of prostaglandins A, E, and F in the human kidney

Abstract Using recently developed radioimmunoassay techniques, prostaglandin concentrations were measured in two human cadaver kidneys which had been processed for transplantation but for which no recipient patients could be obtained. Portions of cortex, medulla, papilla, and ureter were obtained from each kidney. Concentrations of prostaglandin, expressed as the mean for tissues from both kidneys, in nanograms per gram wet tissue, were as follows: PGA cortex, 4.5; medulla, 18.5; papilla, 63.3; ureter, 4.6; PGE cortex, 11.6; medulla, 126.8; papilla, 226.8; ureter, 4.6; PGF cortex, 7.0; medulla, 25.0; papilla, 94.8; ureter, 3.3. Thus, steep concentration gradients exist within the human kidney for all three types of prostaglandins, with the papilla containing heaviest concentrations — the cortex the least. Prostaglandin E is present in greatest concentrations in all tissue. The presence of prostaglandins in human kidneys is consistent with a variety of proposed physiologic roles for these substances, including regulation of renal blood flow and sodium and water transport.
Flip-Flops in Students' Conceptions of State

The authors conducted a qualitative interview-based study to reveal students' misconceptions about state in sequential circuits. This paper documents 16 misconceptions of state, how students' conceptions of state shift and change, and students' methodological weaknesses. These misconceptions can be used to inform and direct instruction. This study revealed a need for the development and adoption of standard terminology and a need to focus digital logic instruction upon a central concept of information encoding. In addition, these misconceptions will serve as the basis for the creation of standard assessments called concept inventories. A concept inventory will provide rigorous and quantitative metrics to assess the effectiveness of new teaching methods.
Vibration isolation technology: An executive summary of systems development and demonstration

A program was organized to develop the enabling technologies needed for the use of Space Station Freedom as a viable microgravity experimental platform. One of these development programs was the Vibration Isolation Technology (VIT). This technology development program grew because of increased awareness that the acceleration disturbances present on the Space Transportation System (STS) orbiter can and are detrimental to many microgravity experiments proposed for STS, and in the future, Space Station Freedom (SSF). Overall technological organization are covered of the VIT program. Emphasis is given to the results from development and demonstration of enabling technologies to achieve the acceleration requirements perceived as those most likely needed for a variety of microgravity science experiments. In so doing, a brief summary of general theoretical approaches to controlling the acceleration environment of an isolated space based payload and the design and/or performance of two prototype six degree of freedom active magnetic isolation systems is presented.
THE USE OF SEPARATE ANSWER SHEETS BY PRIMARY AGE CHILDREN1

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects on test scores of employing a separate answer sheet using the California Test of Mental Maturity with 117 pupils in the primary grades of one through three. The CTMM was administered twice to all students; once employing the usual answer marking format contained in the test booklet and once employing a separate answer sheet. A counterbalanced design was used to control for order effects. The mean raw differences between marking format conditions decreased from 23.67 to 10.79 to 3.32 for students in grades one through three respectively, indicating that the need for the test booklet marking format decreases sharply as the grade level of the Ss increases.
Formative Research on Perceptions of Biobanking: What Community Members Think

Preparing healthy community members with timely communications prior to engaging them in a request to donate biospecimens promises to improve the experience of biobanking participation. To this end, a qualitative study was conducted to assess community member knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and informational needs about cancer-related biospecimen collection in a large metropolitan area in southwest Florida. The study utilized purposive sampling techniques to recruit a total of 95 participants to participate in 12 focus groups, segmented by race/ethnicity and language preference (mixed race, African American only, and Spanish speaking) and age (18–29, 30–54, and 55 and older). Focus group interviews were analyzed using content analysis to identify emergent themes. Overall, participants in the 30 years and older groups were favorable toward participating in biobanking if their concerns were addressed, such as confidentiality and consent issues, in contrast to participants aged 18–29 who were more skeptical. For all participants, the desire to participate in research that seeks new cancer treatments outweighed mistrust. Moreover, many cited the potential scientific benefit for future generations as a primary motivator. Finally, in some groups a therapeutic misconception was expressed, where participants expressed a willingness to forego confidentiality of their health status in exchange for therapeutic benefit. This study contributes to the literature on community perceptions of the benefits and barriers of biobanking and adds to the development of meaningful education communication priming tools to advance understandings about biobanking.
THYROID SUPRESSION TESTS DURING DRUG TREATIMENT OF HYPERTHYROIDISM

In fifteen hyperthyroid patients treated for 5 or more consecutive years with propylthiouracil four or more yearly prognostic 'suppression' tests (Cassidy & VanderLaan, 1960) were done. In nine of the fifteen patients there was a progressive diminution over a period of 3-6 years in the values of these suppressed uptakes to 20% or below. Eight of these nine patients have remained euthyroid off therapy for 1-8 years (average 3-1 years). None have become hypothyroid. The data suggest a gradual continuing change in thyroid function over the course of years in some hyperthyroid patients on antithyroid therapy. This may be a long-term effect of the drug and may have prognostic significance.
HIPAA Privacy Rule compliance: An interpretive study using Norman's action theory

Using Reason's GEMS typology to analyze publicly available reports of privacy breaches in the United States shows human error as the cause of a significant number of violations of HIPAA Privacy Rule. An interpretive study based on interviews of 15 privacy officers of major U.S. healthcare organizations reinforces this finding. Applying the Rating Scale Model to analyze these officers' ranking of the underlying causes of human error suggests that such organizational factors as high workload and low morale impede HIPAA Privacy Rule compliance more than either poor skills or availability of technology resources. Contrary to the common belief that human error may be attributed primarily to an individual, the results suggest that the work environment is critical and that systemic limitations underlie errors made by employees. By applying a cognitive taxonomy of human errors based on Norman's action theory, this paper gives healthcare organizations a framework for managing compliance with HIPAA Privacy Rule and operational strategies that help enforce this compliance, especially among the clinical staff.
Regulation of bacterial abstraction of lead by cell surface charge and chemical equilibria

Abstract Micrococcus luteus cells greatly enhanced the abstraction of lead contained within pouches made of dialyzing tubing. The amount of soluble lead abstracted and subsequently interacting with the cells intertied with the concentration of negative surface charge of the cells. The chemical form of the soluble lead removed from the pouches by bacterial cells existed within the narrow limits of lead solubility through a cyclic phenomenon involving culture pH and carbonate and phosphate equilibria. The initiation of the transfer of lead by the surface charge of cells with a concomitant shift in the solubility equilibrium exerting control over the system illustrated a metal translocation system that should not be uncommon in nature.
A New Approach to Fracture Toughness Analysis and its Application to ABS Polymers

A new approach is proposed to analyze the fracture behavior with crack tip plasticity by the use of three independent measurements: {ital E}{sub 0} is the energy required per unit length of crack front to prepare the crack just before propagation; the {ital E}{sub {ital f}}-curve is a plot of the energy required to produce a unit area of fractured surface versus the crack length; and the {ital K}{sub {ital a}}-curve is a plot of applied stress intensity factor {ital K}{sub {ital Iapp}} versus the crack length. For ABS polymers, the prefracture energy {ital E}{sub 0} is 33 Jm{sup {minus}1}; the {ital E}{sub {ital f}}-curve is a horizontal line of 5.2{times}10{sup 4} Jm{sup {minus}2}; and the {ital K}{sub {ital a}} curve has three different regions which depend on the development of the plastic zone during fracture.
The Recovered Memory/False Memory Debate

Childhood Trauma and Memory: G.S. Goodman, J.A. Quas, J.M. Batterman-Faunce, M.M. Riddlesberger, and J. Kuhn, Predictors of Accurate and Inaccurate Memories of Traumatic Events Experienced in Childhood. M.R. Harvey and J.L. Herman, Amnesia, Partial Amnesia, and Delayed Recall among Adult Survivors of Childhood Trauma. C. Cameron, Comparing Amnesic and Nonamnesic Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse: A Longitudinal Study. L. Terr, True Memories of Childhood Trauma: Flaws, Absences, and Returns. N.J. Cohen, Functional Retrograde Amnesia as a Model of Amnesia for Childhood Sexual Abuse. The Development of Self and Autobiographical Memory: M. Tessler and K. Nelson, Making Memories: The Influence of Joint Encoding on Later Recall by Young Children. M.L. Howe, M.L. Courage, and C. Peterson, How Can I Remember When 'I' Wasn't There: Long-Term Retention of Traumatic Experiences and Emergence of the Cognitive Self. R. Fivush, Young Children's Event Recall: Are Memories Constructed through Discourse? N.L. Stein, Children's Memory for Traumatic Events: Implications for Testimony. Childhood Memory: Distortion and Suggestibility: K. Pezdek and C. Roe, Memory for Childhood Events: How Suggestible Is It? P.A. Ornstein and J.T. Myers, Contextual Influences on Children's Remembering. S.J. Ceci, M.L.C. Huffman, E. Smith, and E.F. Loftus, Repeatedly Thinking about a Non-event: Source Misattributions among Preschoolers. K.J. Saywitz and S. Moan-Hardie, Reducing the Potential for Distortion of Childhood Memories. Repressed Memory and Recovered Memory: D.S. Lindsay, Contextualizing and Clarifying Criticisms of Memory Work in Psychotherapy. J.W. Schooler, Seeking the Core: The Issues and Evidence Surrounding Recovered Accounts of Sexual Trauma. J.F. Kihlstrom, The Trauma-Memory Argument and Recovered Memory Therapy. M.P. Toglia, Recovered Memories: Lost and Found? J.L. Alpert, Professional Practice, Psychological Science, and the Recovered Memory Debate. L.S. Brown, On the Construction of Truth and Falsity: Whose Memory, Whose History. C.A. Courtois, Informed Clinical Practice and the Delayed Memory Controversy. Interim Report of the Working Group on Investigation of Memories of Childhood Abuse, American Psychological Association, Recovered Memories: The Report of the Working Party of the British Psychological Society. Index.
Career aspirations of youth: Untangling race/ethnicity, SES, and gender

Abstract This study examined the influence of gender, socioeconomic status, and race/ethnicity on the career aspirations of over 22,000 8th and 10th grade youth. The top five occupations identified by youth as aspirations included artist, lawyer, musician, FBI agent, and actor/actress. Top occupations were also reported for each gender × socioeconomic status × race/ethnicity group. Aspirations were coded by social prestige level, minimum education requirements, and median salary. Results revealed significant main effects for socioeconomic status and race/ethnicity as well as significant interaction effects. Further, significant gender main effects and a significant gender × ethnicity interaction were found for occupational prestige and educational requirements.
Patellar complications following distal femoral replacement after bone tumor resection.

Background: Patellar complications following endoprosthetic reconstruction can occur as a result of anatomic, physiologic, and surgical reasons. Patellar impingement on tibial polyethylene is a complication of distal femoral replacement, and it is frequently related to inaccurate restoration of the joint line and to soft-tissue contracture. The purpose of our study was to determine the prevalence and type of patellar complications following distal femoral replacements after excisions of bone tumors. Methods: The results of reconstruction with use of a rotating-hinge endoprosthesis following excision of a distal femoral tumor in forty-three patients were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were followed clinically and radiographically for a minimum of forty-eight months or until death. Pain status, functional scores, and the range of motion were determined from a prospectively maintained database. The ratio of the patellar tendon length to the height of the patellar tendon insertion, as described by Insall and Salvati, was calculated. In addition, we attempted to determine whether the position of the patella was associated with anterior knee pain or with the functional scores derived with use of the International Society of Limb Salvage (ISOLS) scoring system. Results: Thirty-five patellar complications, including eleven cases of impingement, occurred in twenty-seven patients (63%). We found no difference, on the basis of our sample size, with regard to the presence of patellar pain, the range of motion, or the Insall-Salvati ratio between the patients with and those without impingement. The ratio of the patellar tendon length to the height of the patellar tendon insertion averaged 0.9 in the group with impingement and 1.4 in the group without impingement (p = 0.07). The ISOLS score averaged 21.2 points in the group with impingement compared with 24.2 points in the group without impingement (p = 0.01). Patella baja occurred in nine patients. The average ISOLS score (and standard deviation) was 20.1 ± 4.4 points for the patients with patella baja compared with 24.8 ± 3.9 points in the group with a normal patellar position (p = 0.004). Patellar fracture occurred in two patients, and osteonecrosis occurred in two patients. These patients were treated nonoperatively. Conclusions: Patellar complications are common after distal femoral resection and endoprosthetic reconstruction. Patellar impingement on the polyethylene tibial bearing surface is a more common and important complication of distal femoral replacement than has been reported to date. Patella baja is also a relatively common complication, which has a negative impact on knee function. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Vegetation Feedbacks to Climate in the Global Monsoon Regions

AbstractVegetation feedbacks on climate, on the subannual time scale, are examined across six monsoon regions with a fully coupled atmosphere–ocean–ice–land model with dynamic vegetation. Initial value ensemble experiments are run in which the total vegetation cover fraction across the six monsoon regions is reduced and the climatic response assessed. Consistent responses among the regions include reductions in leaf area index, turbulent fluxes, and atmospheric moisture; enhanced subsidence; and increases in ground and surface air temperature. The most distinct changes in vertical motion, precipitable water, and precipitation occur along the flanks of the monsoon season, with small changes in midmonsoon rainfall. Unique responses to reduced vegetation cover are noted among the monsoon regions. While the monsoon is delayed and weaker over north Australia owing to diminished leaf area, it occurs earlier over China and the southwest United States. The subtropical monsoon regions are characterized by a larger...
Hormonal control of courtship behaviour in the pigeon (Columba livia).

Castration and steroid hormone replacement were used to investigate courtship behaviour in unmated male pigeons (Columba livia). Sexual behaviour was eliminated by castration. Displacement preening was markedly reduced but not absent in castrated birds. Exogenous testosterone in pellet form induced normal levels of sexual behaviour in castrated males. Progesterone alone was ineffective. When testosterone and progesterone were simultaneously present, control levels of sexual behaviour were not exceeded. Progesterone inhibition of androgen-induced behaviour appears to occur at the level of the central nervous system since development of the ductus deferens in response to testosterone or to progesterone in concert was equivalent. It is proposed that a progesterone-mediated reduction in sexual behaviour enhances development of parental behaviour in both sexes during the normal reproductive cycle.
Two (or More) Heads Are Better Than One

Coalition Politics and Cabinet Decision Making: A Comparative Analysis of Foreign Policy Choices. By Juliet Kaarbo. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2012. 340 pp., $85.00 hardcover (ISBN-13: 978-0-472-11824-3). As Juliet Kaarbo points out at the outset, “our knowledge of foreign policy decision making was and still is myopically based on the US system” (p. ix). I would refer to this more broadly as an Anglo-American bias. The United States and UK dominate today's social science literature, and scholars (and policymakers) in both countries tend to assume, based on their own countries' systems, that a “normal” government is led by one leader from one party. Without even noting their biased assumption, authors tend to automatically treat governments as rational, unitary actors. If they do introduce the notion of leaders having to balance varied interests in a cabinet, it is usually in the sense of varying personal ideologies (“hawks” versus “doves”) or different bureaucratic actors (as in the classic model of Graham Allison's Essence of Decision ). If authors do touch on the role of coalition governments in foreign policy, it is generally only to denigrate this model as inferior to the Anglo-American “one leader” ideal. Coalition governments are seen as either unable to reach decisions or prone to lurch from one extreme to the other, depending on the whim of the parties involved. The image of coalitions seems to be based on that of Italy or of France in the Third and Fourth Republics. This biased image is not merely an intellectual …
Effects of soman on calcium influx into rabbit aorta.

Abstract The acute addition of 10 μM soman to rabbit aorta rings did not increase resting 45Ca2+ influx significantly in the absence or presence of 10 μM norepinephrine or 80 mM potassium (P >; 0.05). However, agonist-induced 45Ca2+ influx into aorta rings from rabbits that received soman daily for 7 days was significantly reduced (P ; 0.05). The depression by soman of norepinephrine- and K+-induced 45Ca2+ influx may be due to adaptive changes resulting from the 7-day administration of soman.
A3-4: Recreational Physical Activity and Gestational Weight Gain in Women with Gestational Diabetes.

Background/Aims Excess gestational weight gain (GWG) is associated with several adverse perinatal outcomes, including increased infant size at birth and postpartum weight retention. These outcomes are particularly problematic for women with gestational diabetes (GDM), who are already at risk for delivering a large infant and developing type 2 diabetes later in life. Participation in recreational physical activity during pregnancy may mitigate excess GWG, but the association has not been previously examined in a large cohort of women with GDM.
Biophysical responses of red cell-membrane systems to very low concentrations of inorganic mercury.

Changes in red blood cell size, deformability, and osmotic fragility are indicators of altered condition and/or altered regulatory processes at the whole cell and membrane levels. An agent, such as HgCl2, that brings about specific changes of this kind can therefore serve as a selective probe of such cell condition and regulatory state. Conversely, for a health-threatening agent "active" in this way, the cell-membrane responses serve to clarify the more fundamental bases of its toxicity, as well as to permit identification and characterization of its early and low-level actions on living systems. Taking advantage of recent advances in the technique of "resistive pulse spectroscopy," we present a coordinated study of these three interrelated biophysical properties for the interactions of HgCl2 with human red cells. We thereby are able to extend previous studies of this kind into domains of shorter time (instantaneous exposures), lower level exposures (down to 10(-9) M, well below the level of acute human toxicity), as well as to additional kinds of responses (e.g., "dynamic osmotic hemolysis"). For conditions ranging from 10(-4) to 10(-9) M in HgCl2, for instantaneous to 90-min-incubated exposures, for medium osmolarities from 120 to 300, the matrix of observed cell responses includes relative swelling as well as shrinkage, changes in deformability, and both enhancement of and protection against osmotic hemolysis. Some unexpected short-term effects of time and temperature of storage of blood cell stock samples, with respect to increasing and decreasing osmotic fragility, are also reported. These apparently disparate results are interpreted in terms of mercury interactions with cell and membrane SH groups, and a reasonable rationale is presented for most of the responses in terms of disruption of passive and active Na+-K+, gradient controls, plus interactions with cellular proteins.
The developmental paradigm, reading history sideways, and family change.

The developmental paradigm, reading history sideways, and cross-cultural data have converged to exert a profound influence on social scientists and ordinary people. Through the use of these tools, social scientists of the 1700s and 1800s concluded that family patterns in northwest Europe had undergone many substantial changes before the early 1800s. These conclusions were accepted until the last several decades of the 1900s, when almost all were seriously challenged; many were declared to be myths. Further, the developmental paradigm, reading history sideways, and the conclusions of generations of social scientists created a package of ideas—developmental idealism—that subsequently became a powerful influence for family change in many parts of the world during the past two centuries. This developmental idealism has been a substantial force for changing living arrangements, marriage, divorce, gender relations, intergenerational relationships, and fertility.
The challenges of achieving good electrical and mechanical properties when making structural supercapacitors

The paper presents results associated with the electro-mechanical characterization of a composite material with power storage capability, identified throughout the paper as a structural supercapacitor. The structural supercapacitor uses electrodes made of carbon fiber weave, a separator made of Celgard 3501, and a solid PEG-based polymer blend electrolyte. To be a viable structural supercapacitor, the material has to have good mechanical and power storage/electrical properties. The literature in this area is inconsistent on which electrical properties are evaluated, and how those properties are assessed. In general, measurements of capacitance or specific capacitance (i.e. capacitance per unit area or per unit volume) are made, without considering other properties such as leakage resistance and equivalent series resistance of the supercapacitor. This paper highlights the significance of these additional electrical properties, discusses the fluctuation of capacitance over time, and proposes methods to improve the stability of the material’s electric properties over time.
Derivation of a master equation for charge-transfer processes in atom-surface collisions

The time-dependent Anderson model for multiple levels interacting with a continuum is studied using the slave-boson Green's-function technique, with an eye to understanding charge-transfer phenomena for an atomic species moving outside a metallic surface. It is shown that in the finite-temperature and low-velocity limit, the equations for the occupation numbers satisfy a master equation. Application to charge-exchange processes in atom-surface-scattering experiments shows that the presence of strong intra-atomic correlation effects can drastically change the charge-transfer dynamics.
Thermal distribution studies of helical coil microwave antennas for interstitial hyperthermia

Abstract An implantable 915 MHz helical coil antenna was developed for improved localization and control of interstitial microwave hyperthermia. The radiating element consisted of a fine wire coil wound back over the inner conductor of a miniature semi-rigid coaxial cable in place of the terminal portion of outer conductor. The power deposition profiles from single helical coil antennas were studied both in homogeneous phantom and in muscle tissue in vivo and compared to those of single half-wavelength linear dipole antennas. The effects of variable coil length, turn density, and antenna insertion depth in tissue were characterized. The helical coil antennas produced a well-localized heating pattern with a sharp falloff of temperature in both directions axially from the coil element. One of the best heating patterns was obtained with a 35 turn, 35 mm long helical coil element which was separated from the antenna feedline outer conductor by a 1 mm gap (HCS-35(1)/36). This antenna showed a marked shift of the effectively heated volume toward the antenna tip and essentially no dependence of the heating pattern on insertion depth. In contrast, the axial power deposition profiles of dipole antennas were strongly affected by insertion depth and exhibited an inadequately heated area at the antenna tip even with 14−34 wavelength insertion. Thermal distribution studies showed that the single helical coil microwave antenna provided more predictable, well-localized heating of deep-seated tissues, with minimal requirement for over-implanting of the treatment volume.
Patient knowledge about hormone replacement therapy: implications for treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether women's global self-assessment of their knowledge about hormone replacement therapy (HRT) corresponds to their performance on an explicit knowledge test about HRT and to measure associations among knowledge, personal characteristics, decision conflict, and intention to use HRT. DESIGN: Preintervention telephone survey of 156 women enrolled in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of HRT decision aids. RESULTS: The mean rating of menopause knowledge, on a scale from 1 to 10, with 10 indicating being "extremely knowledgeable," was 5.6 (range = 0-10) and of HRT was 4.2 (range = 0-9). The mean summary score for the explicit HRT knowledge test, on a 16-point scale, was 7.8 (range = 0-15). After adjustment for demographic characteristics and exposure to a provider conversation, higher income, white race, and the provider discussion were significant correlates of knowledge. Explicit knowledge was positively correlated with self-assessed menopause knowledge and HRT knowledge (Spearman's correlation coefficient = 0.39 and 0.52, respectively; p < 0.0001). Greater knowledge was not associated with intention to use HRT 1 year later. Women who had greater knowledge reported less conflict about the HRT decision (Spearman's correlation coefficient = -0.32; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: A global question about level of knowledge is an effective clinical tool for identifying patients who are in need of additional education about HRT and menopause in this managed care population. Increased knowledge may decrease women's conflict about the HRT decision. Having had a previous conversation about menopause with a primary care provider is associated with greater knowledge about HRT.
Characterization of styrene-acrylamide copolymers prepared in various solvents by intrasequence cyclization☆

Abstract A procedure for converting adjacent acrylamide units in polymers to acrylimide units, with minimal interference from hydrolysis reactions was developed and used to characterize monomer unit sequence distributions in styrene-acrylamide copolymers that were prepared in a variety of solvents. It was found that copolymers having the same composition could be cyclized to the same extent irrespective of the solvent used for their preparation. This result indicates that styrene-acrylamide copolymers having a given composition have the same structure, even though formed under conditions that are characterized by considerably different monomer reactivity ratios. It is believed that these different reactivity ratios are artifacts that result from a neglect of partitioning of monomers between free solvent and the domains of growing polymer radicals during copolymerization reactions.
Biometry data from caucasian and african-american cataractous pediatric eyes.

Purpose: To report the biometry data of pediatric cataractous eyes (randomly selected single eye in bilateral cases; cataractous eye in unilateral cases) and to compare the biometry data of the unilateral cataractous eye with the data of the corresponding noncataractous fellow eye. Methods: The study was a chart review/analysis of immersion A-scan biometry measurements, excluding traumatic cataract or lens subluxation. Results: Three hundred ten eyes were examined at surgery. The mean age was 45.30 +/- 48.10 months; globe axial length (AL), 20.52 +/- 2.87 mm; anterior chamber depth (ACD), 3.29 +/- 0.60 mm; and lens thickness (LT), 3.62 +/- 0.86 mm. During the first 6 months of life, AL increased 0.62 mm/mo, 0.19 mm/mo from 6 to 18 months, and 0.01 mm/mo during 18 months to 18 years of age. The girls had shorter ALs than did the boys (P = 0.090), and the African-American subjects had longer ALs than did the Caucasians (P 5 years of age, LT was significantly greater in eyes with unilateral cataract than in those with bilateral cataract. AL of the unilateral cataractous eye was significantly shorter than that of the fellow noncataractous eye before 6 months of age (P = 0.001). Conclusions: This study begins to lay the groundwork for calculating pediatric IOL power in cataractous eyes by using pediatric ocular measurements.
Depression of Forage Quality of Alfalfa Leaves and Stems by Acyrthosiphon kondoi (Homoptera: Aphididae)

ABSTRACf ACYTthosiphon kondoi Shinji is a major pest of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Susceptible seedling plants are killed by A. kondoi, and established plants suffer yield loss by stunting. Information is meager on the influence of A. kondoi infestation or host plant resistance on forage quality of alfalfa leaves and stems. In a controlled environment, the forage quality (including phenolic monomers)of alfalfa germplasmsKSI53P4and KS153BA3P4 (susceptible and resistant to A. kondoi, respectively) with and without A. kondoi infestation was compared. Leaves infested with A. kondoi had lower concentrations of crude protein and true in vitro digestible dry matter (TIVDDM) than uninfested leaves of controls, but infested stems had higher crude protein concentration. Stems and leaves infested with A. kondoi had higher neutral detergent fiber concentrations than did those of uninfested controls. Infested stems of KS153BA3P4had more syringic acid than did infested stems of KS153P4 and uninfested controls. However, A. kondoi infestation did not alter TIVDDM or digestible neutral detergent fiber of stems. The A. kondoi-resistant KS153BA3P4had more neutral detergent fiber in leaves but lower TIVDDM and digestible neutral detergent fiber in stems than susceptible KS153P4.Infestation of alfalfa for short time periods by A. kondoi decreased the nutritive value of leaves and stems.
The Effects of Haloperidol and Clozapine on Extracellular GABA Levels in the Prefrontal Cortex of the Rat: An in vivo Microdialysis Study

Recent electrophysiological and pharmacological data indicate that dopamine enhances the activity of interneurons in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and induces the release of GABA from these cells. We used in vivo microdialysis to examine the effects of two dopamine receptor antagonists on GABA release in the prefrontal cortex of awake, freely moving rats. Depolarization accomplished by local perfusion of potassium chloride or veratradine markedly increased extracellular GABA levels in the PFC. In contrast, local perfusion of TTX reduced extracellular GABA levels in the PFC. These data indicate that extracellular GABA is derived in part from neurons, and that extracellular levels of the inhibitory amino acid are impulse dependent. The acute administration of haloperidol weakly but significantly decreased extracellular GABA levels in the PFC; no effect of haloperidol on striatal extracellular GABA levels was observed. Systemic administration of the atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine markedly reduced extracellular GABA levels in the PFC, but did not alter striatal GABA levels. Thus, release of GABA from interneurons in the PFC is inhibited by two antipsychotic drugs. These data may suggest that different D2-like dopamine receptors are localized to pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons in the cortex.
Iron-binding ligand production and copper speciation in an incubation experiment of Antarctic Peninsula shelf waters from the Bransfield Strait, Southern Ocean

Abstract The evolution of dissolved iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) speciation was followed through a simulated spring bloom event in a 15-day incubation experiment of natural seawater collected during austral winter from high macronutrient high Fe waters of Bransfield Strait in the Southern Ocean. The incubation experiment included unamended bottles as well as Fe additions using the stable isotope of Fe, 57Fe, as inorganic (57FeCl3) and organic (57Fe-aerobactin, 57Fe-desferrioxamine B) amendments. Exposure to summer light conditions resulted in substantial growth for all treatments, mimicking the initiation of a spring bloom. The addition of Fe resulted in a 30% increase in phytoplankton biomass over unamended controls by day 15, indicating that the unamended waters became Fe limited despite initially elevated dissolved Fe concentrations. Dissolved Cu and Cu speciation remained largely unchanged for all treatments of the incubation, with Cu speciation dominated by exceedingly strong Cu-binding ligands (log KCuL1,Cu2+cond ~ 16) and low resultant Cu2+ concentrations (10− 16.3 ± 0.3 mol L− 1). In only the unamended light bottles, strong Fe-binding ligands were produced over the course of the experiment. The observed production of strong Fe-binding ligands in the control bottles that became Fe-limited supports the important role of biologically produced siderophore-type natural ligands in the marine Fe cycle.
The essential Schizosaccharomyces pombe gpi1+ gene complements a bakers' yeast GPI anchoring mutant and is required for efficient cell separation

The Schizosaccharomyces pombe gpi1+ gene was cloned by complementation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae gpi1 mutant, which has temperature-sensitive defects in growth and glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI) membrane anchoring of protein, and which is defective in vitro in the first step in GPI anchor assembly, the formation of N-acetylglucosaminyl phosphatidylinositol (GlcNAc-PI). S. pombe gpi1+ encodes a protein with 29% identity to amino acids 87–609 of the S. cerevisiae protein, and is the functional homolog of the S. cerevisiae Gpi1 protein, for it restores [3H]inositol-labelling of protein and in vitro GlcNAc-PI synthetic activity to both S. cerevisiae gpi1 and gpi1::URA3 cells. Disruption of gpi1+ is lethal. Haploid Δgpi1+::his7+ spores germinate, but proceed through no more than three rounds of cell division, many cells ceasing growth as binucleate, septate cells with thickened septa. These results indicate that GPI synthesis is an essential function in fission yeast, and suggest that GPI anchoring is also required for completion of cytokinesis. The nucleotide sequence reported will appear in the GenBank Nucleotide Sequence database under the Accession Number U77355.©1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Gradient Projection-Multiplier Method for Nonlinear Programming.

This paper describes a gradient projection-multiplier method for solving the general nonlinear programming problem. The algorithm poses a sequence of unconstrained optimization problems which are solved using a new projection-like formula to define the search directions. The unconstrained minimization of the augmented objective function determines points where the gradient of the Lagrangian function is zero. Points satisfying the constraints are located by applying an unconstrained algorithm to a penalty function. New estimates of the Lagrange multipliers and basis constraints are made at points satisfying either a Lagrangian condition or a constraint satisfaction condition. The penalty weight is increased only to prevent cycling. The numerical effectiveness of the algorithm is demonstrated on a set of test problems.
Automatic SaaS test cases generation based on SOA in the cloud service

Cloud Computing is a popular solution that has been used in recent years to cooperate and collaborate among distributed applications over networks. Effective testing to ensure cloud service quality becomes a key for the cloud computing adoption. In this paper, we propose an efficient framework that generates test cases for cloud services based on SOA (Service-Oriented Architecture). This approach uses source code comments to create WSDL-Ss (Web Service Semantics) and upload these WSDL-Ss to third parties, e.g. UDDI (Universal Description Discovery and Integration). In the third parties, the WSDL-Ss are translated to ESGs (Event Sequence Graphs) to model the cloud services. Finally, test cases are created from the ESGs to verify the cloud services' accuracy. A prototype system with a cloud banking is provided to illustrate this framework.
Potential chemical defenses of Antarctic sponges against sympatric microorganisms

This study analyzed the bioactivity of extracts from 25 Antarctic demosponge species against 20 bacterial isolates and 1 diatom species collected from the waters off the western Antarctic Peninsula. All sponge species had lipophilic and hydrophilic extracts assayed at two concentrations (1× and 3× natural concentration) against 16 strains of Gamma Proteobacteria, 1 Flavobacterium, and 3 unidentified species of bacteria isolated from sympatric sponges. The majority of the bacterial isolates had no growth inhibition with only one isolate found to consistently have any growth inhibition due to sponge extracts. The sponges also had lipophilic and hydrophilic extracts assayed at three concentrations (0.3×, 1×, and 3× natural concentration) against the chain-forming pennate diatom Syndroposis sp. Almost every sponge’s lipophilic extract (96%) resulted in significant diatom mortality at the estimated natural concentration with the majority of the extracts (60%) still resulting in significant mortality at 30% of the natural concentration. The hydrophilic extracts of 60% of the sponges resulted in significant diatom mortality at the natural concentration. Even at 30% of the natural concentration, 24% of the hydrophilic sponge extracts resulted in significant diatom mortality. These sponges appear to have stronger defenses against diatom fouling than bacterial growth suggesting that there may be more selective pressure for chemical defenses against diatoms.
Flow karyology of serially cultured chinese hamster cell lineages

Flow karyology of serially cultured Chinese hamster cell lineages has been observed to be influenced by the degree of cellular heterogeneity in culture. The minimum coefficient of variation (CV) and debris fraction obtainable vary as a cell lineage evolves from a primary cell culture to an established cell line. The cell lineages pass through a stage of decreased cellular heterogeneity from which flow karyotypes can be obtained with lower CV and debris fraction. The influence of cellular heterogeneity on flow karyology is observed with constant preparative protocol and constant instrument performance, and can be an additional source of variability.
Short- and Long-Term Effects of the 9/11 Event: The International Evidence

This paper analyzes the short- and long-term effects of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on a comprehensive sample of stock market indices from 33 industrial and emerging economies. From a finance-theoretic point of view, we employ the international capital asset pricing model (ICAPM) to analyze the incidence of the 9/11 event. Consistent with expectations, we document statistically negative short-term stock market reactions to the 9/11 event for 28 countries. More importantly, we find increases in the level of systematic risk for 10 stock markets which attest to the presence of negative permanent effects emanating for the 9/11 event. However, a great many capital markets (including the US, Canada, Japan, China, Russia, and the largest European economies) did not experience statistically significant increases in systematic risk in the post-9/11 period. The decisiveness of the evidence clearly points in the direction of resilience and flexibility of the world capital markets.
Spatial vision thresholds in the near absence of attention

It is well known that attention increases the discriminability of some types of spatial information. To ascertain more specifically which types of spatial information benefit from attention, we have measured spatial vision thresholds both in the presence and in the near absence of attention. To obtain near absence of attention, we induce subjects to focus attention elsewhere in the display by means of a suitably demanding concurrent visual task. We measure contrast and orientation thresholds for sine-wave gratings, as well uni- and bidirectional offset thresholds for vernier targets. The results suggest that attention selectively lowers some thresholds but not others: orientation thresholds are far more affected than contrast thresholds, and bidirectional vernier thresholds are far more affected than unidirectional thresholds.
A novel actin mRNA splice variant regulates ACTG1 expression.

Cytoplasmic actins are abundant, ubiquitous proteins in nucleated cells. However, actin expression is regulated in a tissue- and development-specific manner. We identified a novel cytoplasmic-γ-actin (Actg1) transcript that includes a previously unidentified exon (3a). Inclusion of this exon introduces an in-frame termination codon. We hypothesized this alternatively-spliced transcript down-regulates γ-actin production by targeting these transcripts for nonsense-mediated decay (NMD). To address this, we investigated conservation between mammals, tissue-specificity in mice, and developmental regulation using C2C12 cell culture. Exon 3a is 80% similar among mammals and varies in length from 41 nucleotides in humans to 45 in mice. Though the predicted amino acid sequences are not similar between all species, inclusion of exon 3a consistently results in the in the introduction of a premature termination codon within the alternative Actg1 transcript. Of twelve tissues examined, exon 3a is predominantly expressed in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and diaphragm. Splicing to include exon 3a is concomitant with previously described down-regulation of Actg1 in differentiating C2C12 cells. Treatment of differentiated C2C12 cells with an inhibitor of NMD results in a 7-fold increase in exon 3a-containing transcripts. Therefore, splicing to generate exon 3a-containing transcripts may be one component of Actg1 regulation. We propose that this post-transcriptional regulation occurs via NMD, in a process previously described as “regulated unproductive splicing and translation” (RUST).
Analysis of Parent, Teacher, and Consultant Speech Exchanges and Educational Outcomes of Students with Autism during COMPASS Consultation.

The significant increase in the numbers of students with autism combined with the need for better trained teachers (National Research Council, 2001) call for research on the effectiveness of alternative methods, such as consultation, that have the potential to improve service delivery. Data from 2 randomized controlled single-blind trials indicate that an autism-specific consultation planning framework known as the collaborative model for promoting competence and success (COMPASS) is effective in increasing child Individual Education Programs (IEP) outcomes (Ruble, Dalrymple, & McGrew, 2010; Ruble, McGrew, & Toland, 2011). In this study, we describe the verbal interactions, defined as speech acts and speech act exchanges that take place during COMPASS consultation, and examine the associations between speech exchanges and child outcomes. We applied the Psychosocial Processes Coding Scheme (Leaper, 1991) to code speech acts. Speech act exchanges were overwhelmingly affiliative, failed to show statistically...
Rapid evaluation of the antibacterial activity of arylene-ethynylene compounds.

A series of oligo(arylene–ethynylene) (1–3 repeat units) compounds functionalized with quaternary ammonium groups was screened for their antibacterial activity in the dark and with activation by long-wavelength (365 nm) UV irradiation. Several of these compounds have effective bactericidal activity (>99.9% killing) at concentrations between 0.01 and 10 μg/mL. Our approach uses flow cytometry to rapidly screen and evaluate the susceptibility of bacterial populations. The rapidity, high information content, and accuracy of this approach make it an extremely valuable method for the study of antibacterial compounds.
Self-Reported Food Reactions and Their Associations with Asthma:

The role of food reactions in asthma has not been well described. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the types of self-reported reactions to foods in asthmatic patients, and to determine the association between self-reported food reactions and self-reported severity of asthma and asthma health care utilization. We characterized 914 patients, aged 3-55 years, in a large health maintenance organization. We characterized the patients according to demographic data (age, sex, occupation, SES, marital status) and their asthma according to duration, triggers, severity (symptoms, FEV1 percentage predicted) and presence of atopy. Overall, 414 (45.3%) participants, primarily women, reported adverse reactions to food, particularly milk, red wine, eggs, chocolate, and peanuts. Those with food reactions were more likely to report having ever been hospitalized for breathing problems than those without food reactions (31% vs. 22%, two-tailed p = 0.004) although their asthma was not worse. Self-reported food reactions, particularly in females, may be associated with increased asthma health care utilization, and such patients may require closer health care management.