cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A consumer behavior approach to modeling monopolistic competition.

Abstract In this paper, we attempt to integrate research on consumer information processing and the consumer choice process with the goal of proposing a general framework for modeling consumer behavior in monopolistically competitive industries. Following a pattern of inductive reasoning, we posit a set of consumer behavior propositions that is consistent with observed results from context effects experiments and the phased decision-making literature. We propose that, faced with many competing brands in a monopolistically competitive environment, consumers can be said to construct consideration sets on the basis of non-compensatory rules and subsequently to choose from among competing brands within a consideration set on the basis of compensatory rules. We identify five product–market characteristics that consumers use as heuristics to maximize the probability of making the optimal brand choice while minimizing the cost of acquiring and processing information about competing brands. We propose that consumers use memory and stimuli based information to evolve their unique perceptions of these product–market characteristics. As a follow-up to our inductive approach, we show that the empirically documented context effects are consistent with our behavioral propositions. Finally, we use the propositions to explain several classic cases of consumer behavior observed in the beer, ice cream, and automobile industries.
Efficient congestion mitigation using congestion-aware steiner trees and network coding topologies

In the advent of smaller devices, a significant increase in the density of on-chip components has raised congestion and overflow as critical issues in VLSI physical design automation. In this paper, we present novel techniques for reducing congestion and minimizing overflows. Our methods are based on ripping up nets that go through the congested areas and replacing them with congestion-aware topologies. Our contributions can be summarized as follows. First, we present several efficient algorithms for finding congestion-aware Steiner trees that is, trees that avoid congested areas of the chip. Next, we show that the novel technique of network coding can lead to further improvements in routability, reduction of congestion, and overflow avoidance. Finally, we present an algorithm for identifying efficient congestion-aware network coding topologies. We evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms through extensive simulations.
Environmental quality and reproductive health in developing countries

Women’s reproductive health plays a crucial role in sustaining population health. This is because as women’s health improves they are more likely to make healthy choices and promote the health and well-being of their children (Rapport et al., 1998). This paper utilises a sustainability perspective on reproductive health (Subramaniam, 1999). We argue that social and economic factors have direct positive effects on reproductive health in developing countries. However, the effect of environmental degradation, as indicated by levels of carbon dioxide emissions, is likely to be curvilinear. Data from 74 developing countries are used in this paper. It is found that social development and reproductive rights, both have a positive effect on reproductive health. In addition, the curvilinear effect of environmental development on reproductive health is significant. However, economic development has no significant effect on reproductive health. Future research implications and limitations are discussed.
Pion Absorption and Re-Scattering

Abstract Pion absorption is a large fraction of the total pion-nucleus total cross section. Studies of pion absorption with large solid angle detectors have shown that the pion energy is typically distributed among three to four nucleons. The implications for neutrino interaction Monte Carlos is discussed.
Operations planning and mission readiness testing for the THEMIS spacecraft constellation

THEMIS - a five-spacecraft constellation - is a NASA Medium Explorer mission that was launched in 2007 and maneuvered into synchronized, highly elliptical Earth orbits to study magnetospheric physics leading to the appearance of the aurora borealis. THEMIS operations are conducted from the multi-mission control center at the University of California, Berkeley. After a successful completion of the prime mission phase in fall of 2009, all five spacecraft and the ground systems are still performing very well. The excellent flight and ground systems performance can in part be traced back to a carefully designed and meticulously executed mission readiness test program, as well as operations planning and extensive operator training. This paper describes the methodology of the mission readiness test program, its organization from box level to full systems level end-to-end testing, and includes lessons learned that may be directly applicable towards future missions. 1 2
Subunit structure of human prostatic acid phosphatase.

Abstract Human prostatic acid phosphatase I is composed of subunits of 50 000 ± 2000 molecular weight. By gel filtration, sodium dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and tryptic peptide mapping these subunits are indistinguishable, indicating the α2-type of structure of the native enzyme molecule. Evidence is presented for the dissociation of the enzyme into two subunits without the cleavage of any of the covalent bonds. Dissociation is accompanied by aggregation of the denatured and unfolded subunits.
String-dual F1-function in the three parameter model

Abstract The computation of the holomorphic F 1 -function describing one-loop gravitational couplings of vectormultiplets is shown to confirm the string-string duality of the proposed dual pair consisting of the heterotic string on K 3 × T 2 with gauge group U (1) 4 and the type IIA string on the Calabi-Yau WP 1,1,2,8,12 4 (24).
The Role of Lumbar Puncture in the Evaluation of Dementia: The University of Pittsburgh Study

In a retrospective study of 80 patients over 55 years old, the efficacy of lumbar puncture in evaluating elderly demented patients was examined. Despite a cost of $381 per procedure, in addition to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) evaluation, no diagnosis was made on the basis of the information obtained in any of the patients (53 per cent) who underwent lumbar puncture. The only abnormalities found were 11 cases of nonspecific elevations in CSF protein and one case of abnormal cellularity not related to bacterial infection. An additional 422 cases of dementia from other series were reviewed, and only four patients were found whose diagnosis could have been made by lumbar puncture—one patient had neurosyphilis, and the other three were postencephalitic. In addition, the literature on complications of lumbar puncture was reviewed. There were no serious complications of lumbar puncture in the present study. The authors concluded that although it is low-risk, lumbar puncture cannot currently be recommended for routine use in the evaluation of elderly demented patients, but should be used in evaluating demented patients under 55 years of age, patients with rapid onset or progression of dementia, patients with syphilis serology in suspected cases of viral encephalitis, and patients with signs and symptoms of fungal meningitis. J Am Geriatr Soc 33:397, 1985
Note-Modeling Semirational Competitive Behavior

Management Science recently printed an exchange of views between Kadane and Larkey Kadane, J. B., P. D. Larkey. 1982. Subjective probability and the theory of games. Management Sci.28 113-120; Kadane, J. B., P. D. Larkey. 1982. Reply to Professor Harsanyi. Management Sci.28 124. and Harsanyi Harsanyi, J. C. 1982. Subjective probability and the theory of games: comments on Kadane and Larkey's paper. Management Sci.28 120-124; Harsanyi, J. C. 1982. Rejoinder to Professors Kadane and Larkey. Management Sci.28 124-125. on the relative usefulness of game theory and decision theory for analyzing decisions in competitive situations. This note comments on some of the arguments used in that exchange with particular emphasis on bidding theory. It then proposes the development of models in which both rational analysis of a model of the competitive situation as well as other factors influence the competitors. Two such models are described.
PM-02DIACYLGLYCEROL KINASE ALPHA INHIBITION PROLONGS SURVIVAL OF MICE WITH PRIMARY AND METASTATIC BRAIN TUMORS

Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) are a family of highly conserved enzymes that are promiscuously responsive to growth factors and other mitogenic signaling cascades. DGKs are activated by binding of Ca2+ and phosphoserine, and catalyze conversion of diacylglycerol (DAG) to phosphatidic acid (PA). PA has multiple effects on downstream cellular signaling, while activated DGKs can associate with scaffolding proteins, or undergo degradation or translocation to the nucleus through atypical localization signals and thereby promote cell division and survival. A repurposed small-molecule inhibitor of DGKα activity is shown here to antagonize tumor growth in xenografts of primary and metastatic brain tumors and syngeneic mouse tumor grafts. Based on recent prior research and in this work in xenograft models, DGKα inhibition may arrest or kill tumors through cancer addiction to DGKα activity. Here, in syngeneic tumor models of primary and metastatic brain tumors, an additional anti-tumor effect of DGKα inhibition via up-regulation of normal immune function is possibly present. This work uses two syngeneic in vivo tumor models to compare DGKα inhibition with the monoclonal antibody immunotherapy anti-CTLA-4, and also tests the effect of combination of the two treatments on survival, tumor size, and immunologic activity. The anti-tumor activity of the DGKα inhibitor and the contribution of other DGK family members is shown using cell-based toxicity and flow cytometry assays. Direct interaction between the inhibitor and DGKα is shown with biochemical reconstitution of inhibitor-enzyme interactions These early results suggest that DGKα inhibition may be a promising strategy for patients with glioblastoma and melanoma brain metastasis.
Anatomy of flexor pollicis longus vinculum system

The vinculum breve of the flexor pollicis longus is a strong structure able to supply bony attachment and transmit some flexion force even after a laceration of the tendon at the interphalangeal joint. About 90% of the thumbs studied had a vinculum breve. After laceration of the flexor pollicis longus at the level of the interphalangeal joint, an intact vinculum attached to the proximal end of the tendon can transmit flexion to the joint. An opposed resistance flexion test will differentiate an intact flexor pollicis longus from a lacerated tendon held only by the vinculum. A maximum excursion of 24.5 ± 8 mm of a lacerated flexor pollicis longus tendon is possible while the vinculum breve remains intact.
Raman and far infrared spectra, structural parameters, and ab initio calculations on acetyl chloride

The Raman spectra (3100–10 cm−1) of gaseous, liquid and solid acetyl chloride (CH3CClO) and acetyl-d3 chloride (CD3CClO) were recorded and qualitative depolarization values were obtained for the liquid. Additionally, the infrared spectra (3100–50 cm−1) of the gas and solid were recorded. A complete vibrational assignment is proposed for both isotopomers. The assignments are supported by normal coordinate calculations utilizing force constants from the ab initio calculations. The methyl torsion is observed at 162.8 cm−1 from which a threefold barrier of internal rotation of 622 cm−1 (1779 cal mol−1) is calculated. Utilizing the frequencies for the isolated CH stretching frequencies from the CHD2CClO molecule, r0 parameters of 1.093 and 1.096 A were obtained for the CHs and CHa bond distances. The heavy atom r0 structural parameters were obtained from previously reported rotational constants from ten isotopomers. Ab initio calculations were carried out employing the RHF/3–21G*, RHF/6–31G* and MP2/6–31G* basis sets to obtain the vibrational frequencies, force constants, infrared and Raman intensities, structural parameters and barriers to internal rotation. The theoretical results were compared with the experimental quantities when appropriate.
Use of lacosamide in children with refractory epilepsy.

OBJECTIVES Lacosamide was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2008 for adjunctive therapy for focal onset seizures in patients 17 years of age and older. The efficacy of this agent...
Protecting and respecting the vulnerable: existing regulations or further protections?

Scholars and policymakers continue to struggle over the meaning of the word “vulnerable” in the context of research ethics. One major reason for the stymied discussions regarding vulnerable populations is that there is no clear distinction between accounts of research vulnerabilities that exist for certain populations and discussions of research vulnerabilities that require special regulations in the context of research ethics policies. I suggest an analytic process by which to ascertain whether particular vulnerable populations should be contenders for additional regulatory protections. I apply this process to two vulnerable populations: the cognitively vulnerable and the economically vulnerable. I conclude that a subset of the cognitively vulnerable require extra protections while the economically vulnerable should be protected by implementing existing regulations more appropriately and rigorously. Unless or until the informed consent process is more adequately implemented and the distributive justice requirement of the Belmont Report is emphasized and operationalized, the economically disadvantaged will remain particularly vulnerable to the harm of exploitation in research.
Purchasing processes and characteristics of industrial service buyers in the U.S. and Japan

Abstract Despite the prominence of industrial services in the global economy, few studies have addressed the characteristics and purchasing processes of buyers in business-to-business markets or for services. Cross-national data is used to explore the extent to which national culture (based on the firms’ national origin and its location of operation) and network relationships (organization buying experience, types of referral sources used) are related to the use of direct versus indirect purchasing processes for various types of industrial services. Our results show the presence of three unique market segments based on purchasing process—“networkers” who are heavy referral users, “opportunists” who purchase services both directly and indirectly, and “independents” who are heavy direct purchasers of certain types of services. Interestingly, the segments are comprised of companies that are both American and Japanese, located in both Japan and the U.S., with and without previous buying experience. Furthermore, we identify the types of referral sources consulted depending on who and where buyers are and what services are being purchased. Implications for targeting national and global commercial service customers are discussed.
Active and biomimetic nanofilters for selective protein separation

Selective protein channels in cell and nuclear membranes act as gateways to control the passage of molecules across. The selectivity of these channels stems from attractive potentials of the binding sites in the transmembrane proteins. These channels can filter out small volume of solutions with high precision. Motivated from this phenomenon, we report biomimetic facilitated transport modality to selectively separate a target molecule from a mixture of molecules. The attractive potential is generated by specific antibodies immobilized inside 15 nm diameter polycarbonate nanochannels. Two proteins with similar physicochemical properties (Bovine Serum Albumin 66 kDa, and Human Hemoglobin 65 kDa) are chosen as model molecules. The protein molecules are mixed in ratios of 1:1, 1:20 and 1:40 (Hb:BSA), and separation of molecules is demonstrated. The selectivity of membrane can be switched from Hb to BSA by changing the immobilized antibody inside the membrane channels. This approach can be used to selectively enrich any target molecule from a complex sample to enhance signal-to-noise ratio for early disease diagnosis.
Less Bang for the Buck? Cultural Capital and Immigrant Status Effects on Kindergarten Academic Outcomes

Abstract Using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K), a nationally representative sample of kindergarteners in 1998–99, we examine how participation in extracurricular activities varies by race and immigrant status. While all minority children have lower levels of participation, we find that Asian, Hispanic, and Black children of immigrants are particularly disadvantaged even after accounting for differences in parent income and educational background. Teachers rate non-White children of immigrants lower on reading test scores even after controlling for their socioeconomic status and their test scores. Surprisingly, Asian children of immigrants fare especially badly, in contrast to often-cited academic successes for this group. Teacher evaluations of reading ability are also correlated with some forms of extracurricular activity participation, even after adjusting for children's test scores. Results suggest modest interaction effects between immigrant status and cultural capital within racial groups. We conclude that teachers may use evidence of activity participation to signal academic mobility and promise but that these effects vary by race and immigrant status.
On the properties of the Vostokov and Parshin pairing in higher local class field theory

Let k be a finite extension of Qp which contains the roots of unity μq, where q = pu, p ≠ 2. Vostokov has generalized the norm residue symbol for mixed characteristic n-dimensional local fields Xn = k t1 tn−1. We show here that the Vostokov pairing on Xn commutes with the Parshin pairing defined on its residue field. We also show that the Parshin pairing defined on the n-dimensional local field Xn = Fq((t1))…((tn)) commutes with the Parshin pairing defined on its residue field.
On the partial quotients of algebraic integers

Abstract It is shown that there are algebraic integers, with degree greater than 2, having infinitely many large partial quotients in their simple continued fraction expansions. This generalizes an earlier result of Davenport for algebraic numbers.
Regular incidence quasi-polytopes and regular maps

We define incidence quasi-polytopes and give a procedure for constructing regular incidence quasi-polytopes. We use this procedure to construct a finite map of type {a,b} for all even a and b, and infinitely many such maps when a or b is divisible by 4 and both are greater than or equal to 4.
Time-resolved three-dimensional magnetic resonance velocity mapping of aortic flow in healthy volunteers and patients after valve-sparing aortic root replacement.

Objective To provide more complete characterization of ascending aortic blood flow, including vortex formation behind the valve cusps, in healthy subjects and patients after valve-sparing aortic root replacement (David reimplantation). Methods Time-resolved 3-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging velocity mapping was performed to analyze pulsatile blood flow by using encoded 3-directional vector fields in the thoracic aortas of 10 volunteers and 12 patients after David reimplantation using a cylindrical tube graft (T. David I) and two versions of neosinus recreation (T. David-V and T. David-V-S mod ). Aortic flow was evaluated by using 3-dimensional time-resolved particle traces and velocity vector fields reformatted onto 2-dimensional planes. Semiquantitative data were derived by using a blinded grading system (0–3: 0, none; 1, minimal; 2, medium; 3, prominent) to analyze the systolic vortex formation behind the cusps, as well as retrograde and helical flow in the ascending aorta. Results Systolic vortices were seen in both coronary sinuses of all volunteers (greater in the left sinus [2.5 ± 0.5] than the right [1.8 ± 0.8]) but in only 4 of 10 noncoronary sinuses (0.7 ± 0.9). Comparable coronary vortices were detected in all operated patients. Vorticity was minimal in the noncoronary cusp in T. David-I repairs (0.7 ± 0.7) but was prominent in T. David-V noncoronary graft pseudosinuses (1.5 ± 0.6; P = .035). Retrograde flow ( P = .001) and helicity ( P = .028) were found in all patients but were not distinguishable from normal values in the T. David-V-S mod patients. Conclusions Coronary cusp vorticity was preserved after David reimplantation, regardless of neosinus creation. Increased retrograde flow and helicity were more prominent in T. David-V patients. These novel magnetic resonance imaging methods can assess the clinical implications of altered aortic flow dynamics in patients undergoing various types of valve-sparing aortic root replacement.
Thermoregulatory trade‐offs result from vegetation removal by a harvester ant

1. Analyses of ecological trade-offs help to explain how organisms balance competing demands. Harvester ants (Pogonomyrmex occidentalis), are conspicuous residents of shortgrass prairie in western North America; worker P. occidentalis actively clear all vegetation from the immediate vicinity of their large gravel mounds. This study is based on the prediction that vegetation clearing yields a thermal trade-off by increasing soil temperatures; during cool periods the resulting increase in soil temperature opens new time windows for activity, while during hot periods the soil temperature is more likely to exceed the maximum thermal tolerance for this species. To test the hypothesis that daily and seasonal trade-offs in ant activity result from vegetation removal, the effects of experimentally applied shade on activity patterns were measured. 2. Harvester ant activity correlated highly with ground temperature; experimental shading of ant mounds shifted daily activity patterns by lowering ground temperature. Shading in the morning significantly delayed the onset of ant activity by preventing solar warming of the mound. In contrast, mid-day experimental shading prevented elevation of ground temperatures to above 50 °C and allowed ants to remain active when lethally high temperatures would normally force them inside the mound. 3. A model derived from field data predicted surface ground temperature (and therefore ant activity) based on air temperature and solar radiation, under conditions of sun and shade. For each of six seasons modelled, shade removal yielded a net gain of activity time. These results indicate that vegetation removal by harvester ants produces an advantageous thermoregulatory effect by helping to maximise activity time.
Hydrogen-bonding between a dichroic dye and a liquid crystal-forming molecule, for application to LCDs

Abstract The performance of guest–host type liquid crystal displays (LCDs) is governed by the solubility and dissolution stability of dichroic dyes in the liquid crystal medium in guest–host kind of LCDs. The solubility and stability is influenced by hydrogen-bonding between the dye and the liquid crystal host. An earlier work was carried out to study the hydrogen-bonding behavior of 4-pentyl-4′-cyanobiphenyl (5CB) (liquid crystal), benzonitrile, and acetonitrile, with 1-hexanol in CCl4 using FTIR spectroscopy, ab initio and equation of state calculations [Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 42 (2003) 1129]. To gain further thermodynamic understanding, hydrogen-bonding behavior of 5CB (liquid crystal), benzonitrile, and acetonitrile, with a dichroic dye Disperse Red 1 (DR1) {2-[ethyl[4-[(4-nitrophenyl)azo]phenyl]amino]ethanol} in CCl4 were studied in this work. In all three mixtures, -OH acts as a hydrogen-bond donor and -CN acts as hydrogen-bond acceptor. Based on FTIR analysis for DR1/acetonitrile, DR1/benzonitrile, and DR1/5CB, the enthalpies of hydrogen-bond formation are −24.2, −23.7, and −3.7 kJ/mol, respectively; and the entropies of hydrogen-bond formation are −58.9, −58.1, and −0.4 J/(mol K), respectively. Though, for DR1/5CB, enthalpy of H-bonding is not too negative, the entropy of H-bonding is more favorable; hence the H-bonding appears to be entropically driven. Lattice fluid hydrogen-bonding (LFHB) parameters obtained from the spectroscopic data were observed to match well with the experimental trends. LFHB equation of state was then used to predict hydrogen-bonding for a wider range of conditions.
Weakest preconditions and cumulative subgoal fulfillment

Abstract “Cumulative subgoal fulfillment” (CSF) is a method for the construction of correct algorithms. We show how it formalizes and extends work of Dijkstra, Gries, and others to create loops by accumulating loop invariants. CSF's relationship with weakest preconditions is explored. An example of Cohen and Monin is used as illustration.
Lhermitte's sign as a presenting symptom of primary spinal cord tumor

We describe a previously healthy 29 year-old man who developed Lhermitte's sign, a shock-like or electric sensation, transmitted down the spine, which occurred during neck flexion or rotation. Evaluation demonstrated an intrinsic, fusiform mass extending from c5 to c7. At operation, the mass was completely removed and found to be a low-grade ependymoma. The sensory phenomena of Lhermitte's sign were most likely caused by tumor-induced distortion and demyelination of cervical dorsal column sensory axons. Lhermitte's sign is most prevalent in patients with multiple sclerosis, cervical spondylotic myelopathy, cisplatin neurotoxicity, cervical radiation injury, and neck trauma. Rarely, Lhermitte's sign occurs with spinal cord compression from epidural or subdural tumor. This patients is the first reported case of an intrinsic spinal cord tumor to present with Lhermitte's sign.
Nonobstructive coronary thrombosis in sudden cardiac death.

Abstract Careful histologic studies were performed on the coronary arteries, myocardium and conduction system of the hearts of six men aged 32 to 44 years who died suddenly with no history of heart disease. All six hearts demonstrated coronary atherosclerosis without evidence of complete obstruction or myocardial Infarction. A nonobstructing mural coronary thrombus was found in all six hearts; in four, the thrombus was located in the left anterior descending coronary artery. Distal microthrombi were found in four hearts. In these six men, the terminal event, often a ventricular arrhythmia, may have been related to the mural coronary thrombus. Small fragments originating from such lesions can obstruct the microcirculation producing sudden lethal arrhythmias. Nonobstructing mural coronary thrombosis may be more prevalent and more significant than previously suspected and should be considered In cases of sudden cardiac death.
Shadow cones formed by target atoms bombarded by 1 to 3 keV He+, Li+, Ne+ and Na+ ions

The shadow cones of 1 to 3 keV He + , Li + , Ne + and Na + ions scattered from a variety of target atoms ranging from C to Pb are calculated by classical scattering theory using the Thomas-Fermi-Moliere interatomic potential. These shadow cones are useful in the study of surface structures by the ICISS technique.
Use of controlled vignettes in evaluation: does type of response method make a difference?

Abstract Two studies were performed using vignettes as a method in program evaluation. One study used a rating scale method. The second study used a forced choice decision method. The two studies were performed with students from the pre-Occupational Therapy (pre-OT) program, the Occupational Therapy (professional OT) program and the College of Business at Colorado State University. Students were asked to respond to a questionnaire about how a hypothetical job applicant with a cognitive disability would perform in one of three types of job settings: a segregated, sheltered workshop setting; an integrated supported employment setting; or an integrated competitive employment setting. The students in the Professional Occupational Therapy program had been part of a training grant, ‘An integrated approach to personnel preparation for transition’, which focused on the integration of transition competencies into an occupational therapy curriculum. The forced choice vignette method resulted in statistically significant positive outcomes toward supported employment and the influence of the training grant. The discussion focused on the different outcomes of the two studies relative to the methods applied and the use of vignettes as an evaluation tool to assess the impact of a modified curriculum. Attention was directed toward the problem of external validity when using vignettes (Gorman, C.D., Clover, W.H. & Doherty, M.E., (l978). Can we learn anything about interviewing real people from ‘interviews’ of paper people? Two studies of the external validity of a paradigm. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance , 22, 165–192.)
Transmission Electron Microscope Observations of Lattice Defects Produced During Diffusion Induced Grain Boundary Migration

In a TEM study of diffusion induced grain boundary migration (DIGM) we have found that it is very common for lattice defects to be ejected into the grains adjoining a migrating boundary. The defects may be point defects or dislocations, or both. Dislocation ejection occurs both ahead of and behind moving boundaries, but vacancy deposition appears to occur only behind a moving boundary.
Perceived need and help-seeking in adults with mood, anxiety, or substance use disorders.

Background A majority of adults with common mental disorders do not seek professional help. To better understand why not, we examined the correlates of various stages of help-seeking, including perceived need for professional help, seeking such help, and from which professionals participants sought help. Methods The sample for this study comprised 1792 participants in the National Comorbidity Survey, conducted from 1990-1992, who were diagnosed with a 12-month DSM-III-R mood, anxiety, or substance disorder. In this sample, we assessed correlates of perceived need for professional help, seeking professional help among those with a need, and, among those who did seek professional help, seeking help from mental health professionals. Results Mood disorders, comorbid mood and anxiety disorders, and mental disorders associated with impairment in role functioning or suicidality were strong predictors of perceived need. Psychopathology was also associated with the decision to seek help from mental health professionals, but not with the decision to seek professional help overall. After controlling for the nature and severity of psychopathology, various sociodemographic and attitudinal factors appeared to be associated with perception of need, help-seeking, and participants' choices of professionals. Conclusions Unmet need for mental health care is a serious public health problem. Meeting this need requires expanding our attention beyond psychopathology to various evaluations and decisions that affect help-seeking. Our results suggest the importance of attitude and behavior change strategies in reducing the gap between need and care.
Critical evaluation of the flow rate-pressure drop relation assumed in permeability models

There are two types of porous medium models for predicting permeability: network and statistical models. Networks of cylindrical tubes were proposed by Fatt (1956), Probine (1958), Josseling de Jong (1958), Ksenzhek (1963), Nicholson and Petropoulous (1971), Simon and Kelsey (1971, 1972), and Dullien (1975), whereas Payatakes et al. (1980) developed model networks in which the nodes are connected by constricted unit cells, rather than cylindrical tubes. In statistical models, as proposed by several workers (Saffman, 1960; Haring and Greenkorn, 1970; Guin et al., 1971; Payatakes and Neira, 1977), the flow channels are also randomly sized and oriented but not interconnected in any prescribed fashion. For each unit cell of known geometry and orientation, there are two unknowns, namely, the flow rate through the cell q/sub uc/ and the pressure drop along its length ..delta..P/sub uc/. It is customary in statistical models to assume that ..delta..P/sub uc/ is equal to the value obtained by assuming that the porous medium is a structureless continuum even at the microscopic scale, that is ..delta..P/sub uc/ = -h/sub uc/ x P = -exclamation P exclamationh/sub uc/ cos..cap alpha... The advantage of this assumption is its simplicity. The disadvantage is that the effect of interaction amongmore » unit cells is omitted. Furthermore, even though continuity is satisfied at the macroscopic level, in the case of networks it is violated at the microscopic level, since the flow rates through the unit cells connected to a node usually do not add up to nil. In this work, the validity of the foregoing equation is examined. To fix ideas, we perform the analysis using the network model proposed by Payatakes et al.« less
A fault-tolerant digital artificial neuron

A simple fault-tolerant digital artificial neuron is introduced. Two digital implementations based on two different adders are examined. Reliability, fault coverage, and hardware redundancy analyses are carried out to characterize the proposed fault-tolerant digital neural module. These analyses reveal that, for a 114% increase in hardware, a 92.07% fault detection coverage and a 21.15% fault recovery coverage are attained for a four-input neural module. >
Is voice rest never indicated

Summary A retrospective review of 127 microlaryngeal surgical cases was undertaken to determine the incidence of prolonged postoperative dysphonia and to investigate some of the factors responsible for the development of such dysphonia. Patients in the study had undergone removal or ablation of vocal fold mucosa only. The incidence of prolonged postoperative dysphonia was 37%. Vocal abuse patterns in the postoperative period were associated with a high incidence of prolonged postoperative dysphonia. Preoperative voice therapy by a trained speech pathologist was generally an effective preventative. Absolute voice rest provided no greater protection against postoperative dysphonia than did an alternate program of voice conservation.
Arrested Histories: Tibet, the CIA, and Memories of a Forgotten War

Arrested Histories: Tibet, the CIA, and Memories of a Forgotten War, by Carole McGranahan, Durham, Duke University Press, 2010, 328 pp., US$23.95 (paperback), ISBN 978-0-822-34771-2 The romantic im...
Posterior Chorioretinopathy and Retinal Detachment After Organ Transplantation

• Four patients, three after renal transplantation and one after heart-lung transplantation, developed visual loss in both eyes associated with geographic zones of disruption and coarse clumping of the pigment epithelium in the posterior fundi. Secondary retinal detachment occurred bilaterally in three patients. Localized choroidal intravascular coagulation is the suspected but unproven cause.
Woven World: Neotraditional Symbols of Unity in Vanuatu

The importance of kastom to national identity in Vanuatu has been recognized. In this paper I identify plaiting technology in general and basketry in particular — which once served to distinguish ethnic groups in Vanuatu — as emerging symbols of ni-Vanuatu unity. I argue that unlike these kastom traditions often discussed in the literature, plaiting and basketry need not be reinvented. Plaiting is a customary practice which has rich contemporaneous expressions. Plaited products may be fully elaborated in local detail and yet, as shared productions of a technology with common features, can simultaneously represent ni-Vanuatu identity.
Calbindin-like immunoreactivity in the central auditory system of the mustached bat, Pteronotus parnelli

With the aid of a polyclonal antibody specific for Calbindin D-28k, we studied the distribution of this calcium-binding protein in the central auditory system of the mustached bat, Pteronotus parnellii. Components of the cochlear nucleus (CN) that were calbindin-positive (cabp(+)) included the root of the auditory nerve, multipolar and globular bushy cells in the anteroventral CN, multipolar and octopus cells in the posteroventral CN, and small and medium-size cells in the dorsal CN. Not stained were spherical bushy cells of the anteroventral CN and pyramidal/fusiform cells in the dorsal CN. In the superior olivary complex, labeled cells were found in the lateral and medial nuclei of the trapezoid body, the ventral and ventromedial periolivary nuclei, and the anterolateral periolivary nucleus. No cellular labeling was seen in the lateral superior olive. In the medial superior olive, only marginal cells were cabp(−). Labeled fibers could be seen surrounding the ghosts of unlabeled cells in both the latter nuclei. Most cells in the intermediate nucleus and the columnar division of the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus were cabp(+). However, the dorsal nucleus was cabp(−). A group of cabp(+) cells was also seen in the paralemniscal zone. The inferior colliculus had a relatively low density of cabp(+) cells. Labeled cells were more common in the caudal half of the central nucleus, and in the external nucleus and dorsal cortex. In the auditory thalamus, nearly every cell in the medial geniculate body was cabp(+), but those in the suprageniculate nucleus and in the posterior group did not stain. Small cells in the intermediate layer and giant cells in the deep layers of the superior colliculus were densely cabp(+). In the pons, cabp(+) cells and neuropil could be seen in the medial and lateral pontine nuclei (pontine gray). In conclusion, calbindin-like immunoreactivity was found in most of the brainstem auditory system, as well as in regions associated with acoustic orientation or control of vocalization. However, except for a minority of cells of the medial superior olive, it is conspicuously absent from the nuclei receiving binaural input below the level of the inferior colliculus.
Current Trends in X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

Calculation methods for quantitative analysis, energy dispersion, and inhomogeneous samples are current areas in x-ray analysis which offer hope of reducing analysis costs. Other areas which extend the capabilities of x-ray analysis include improved analyzer crystals, diffraction gratings, and effects of valence on spectral lines. Electron spectrometry promises to be a valuable technique for low atomic number elements.
A histologic comparison of continuous and interrupted microarteriorrhaphy.

Abstract Interrupted and continuous microsuturing techniques were compared 3 weeks after microarteriorrhaphy in the rat femoral artery using light microscopy, and internal luminal diameter determinations were measured with a Bio Quant II Digitizer. The histologic appearance of the arteries of both groups was similar, with intimal hyperplasia, intimal incorporation of suture projections into the lumen, minimal inflammatory response to suture material, and restoration of the media. No significant difference was demonstrated between internal diameters at the anastomosis site for the continuous (N = 11, mean diameter 804 +/- 60 microns) and interrupted (N = 11, mean diameter 901 +/- 45 microns) groups. However, the experimental arteries in both continuous and interrupted groups were significantly dilated when compared to their controls (513 +/- 41 microns and 621 +/- 44 microns, respectively). This study indicated that interrupted and continuous suture techniques in laboratory microarteriorrhaphy result in similar histologic and morphologic characteristics, and that the repaired vessels were dilated compared to intact vessels.
Johari-Goldstein secondary relaxation in methylated alkanes

Dielectric relaxation measurements of the methylated alkanes, 3-methylpentane, 3-methylheptane, 4-methylheptane, 2,3-dimethylpentane, and 2,4,6-trimethylheptane by S. Shahriari, A. Mandanici, L-M Wang, and R. Richert [J. Chem. Phys. 121, 8960 (2004)] have found a primary $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ relaxation of these glass-forming liquids and a slow secondary $\ensuremath{\beta}$ relaxation that are in close proximity to each other on the frequency scale. These glass formers have one or more methyl groups individually attached to various carbons on the alkane chain. They cannot contribute to such a slow secondary relaxation. Hence the observed secondary relaxations is not intramolecular in origin and, similar to secondary relaxations found in rigid molecules by Johari and Goldstein, they are potentially important in the consideration of a mechanism for the glass transition. These secondary relaxations in the methylated alkanes are special and belong to the class of Johari-Goldstein in a generalized sense. The coupling model has predicted that its primitive relaxation time should be approximately the same as the relaxation time of the secondary relaxation if the latter is of the Johari-Goldstein kind. This prediction has been shown to hold in many other glass formers. The published data of the methylated alkanes provide an opportunity to test this prediction once more. The results of this work confirm the prediction.
Microdetermination of alkyl-aryl sulfonates

A micromethod for the gravimetric determination of alkyl-aryl sulfonates in commercial samples is presented. The method is based on the precipitation of the benzidine salt of alkyl-aryl sulfonates. The operation is carried out in a centrifuge cone and the precipitate is separated by the use of an inverted filterstick after centrifuging. A linear relationship exists between the weight of the alkyl-aryl sulfonate and the weight of the collected precipitate. The precision of the method varies from 4 to 8 parts per thousand.
Conserved Motifs in Somatostatin, D2-dopamine, and α2B-Adrenergic Receptors for Inhibiting the Na-H Exchanger, NHE1

Receptor subtypes within families of G protein-coupled receptors that are activated by similar ligands can regulate distinct intracellular effectors. We identified conserved motifs within intracellular domains 2 and 3 of selective subtypes of several G protein-coupled receptor families that confer coupling to the Na-H exchanger, NHE1. A T(s,p)V motif within intracellular domain 2 and a QQ(r) motif within intracellular domain 3 are shared by the somatostatin receptor subtypes SSTR1, -3, and -4, which couple to the inhibition of NHE1, but not by SSTR2 and -5, which do not signal to NHE1. Only the collective substitution of cognate SSTR2 residues with these two motifs conferred the ability of mutant SSTR2 to inhibit NHE1. Both motifs are present in D2-dopamine receptors, which inhibit NHE1, and in α2B-adrenergic receptors, which couple to the inhibition of NHE1, but not in α2A-adrenergic receptors, which do not regulate NHE1. These findings indicate that motifs shared by different subfamilies of G protein-coupled receptors, but not necessarily by receptor subtypes within a subfamily, can confer coupling to a common effector.
Comparison of residual stresses in Inconel 718 simple parts made by electron beam melting and direct laser metal sintering

Residual stress profiles were mapped using neutron diffraction in two simple prism builds of Inconel 718: one fabricated with electron beam melting (EBM) and the other with direct laser metal sintering. Spatially indexed stress-free cubes were obtained by electrical discharge machining (EDM) equivalent prisms of similar shape. The (311) interplanar spacings from the EDM sectioned sample were compared to the interplanar spacings calculated to fulfill stress and moment balance. We have shown that applying stress and moment balance is a necessary supplement to the measurements for the stress-free cubes with respect to accurate stress calculations in additively manufactured components. In addition, our work has shown that residual stresses in electron beam melted parts are much smaller than that of direct laser metal sintered parts most likely due to the powder preheating step in the EBM process.
Refining the meaning and measurement of acculturation: Revisiting a novel methodological approach☆

Abstract The Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican-Americans (ARSMA) of Cuellar, Harris, and Jasso (1980) is a widely used instrument of high reliability. Attempts to refine and validate the measure have been limited largely to factor analytic techniques. Typically three to four orthogonal factors are extracted from this measure. However, these factors usually are ignored in practice, and a single summed acculturation score is calculated across all items. The present research illustrates the dangers of factoring scales of extremely high internal consistency, and suggests an alternative. This alternative, applied to the responses of 790 Hispanic Americans, successfully reduces the ARSMA by half while maintaining its high internal consistency. The reduced measure is clearly single factored, strongly relates to the full scale, and replicates earlier results. The results of this scale construction/ refinement suggest a strong link between communication and acculturation.
Building Smart Machines by Utilizing Spiking Neural Networks; Current Perspectives

In this paper we survey the current state of the art in spiking neural networks research and outline our approach to building smart machines. A thorough understanding of the history, open questions, and limitations of these networks can help the research community to gain a better grip on this new technology and to bridge the missing gaps. It is necessary to look at various aspects of spiking neural networks, such as the different modeling approaches, encoding schemes, simulators and learning techniques in order to efficiently make use of these networks. One paramount characteristic of spiking neural networks is the precise timing of inputs and outputs. As a dynamic system itself, it naturally lends itself to solving problems in the continuous domain such as time series analysis. This will be the focal point of our efforts to develop a smart machine utilizing spiking neural networks
Origin of amphibian premelanosomes and their relation to microtubules

In amphibian melanophores, premelanosomes appear to be formed in fenestrated cisternae of the Golgi complex. The premelanosomes may develop within the cisternae or vesicles containing melanoprotein may bud from the cisternae to form premelanosomes. Some micrographs also demonstrate a close association between microtubules and either premelanosomes or melanosomes. The microtubules themselves may originate from electron dense particles in the centrosphere region of the cell.
Computerised provider order entry combined with clinical decision support systems to improve medication safety: a narrative review

Background Adverse drug events (ADEs) are a major cause of morbidity in hospitalised and ambulatory patients. Computerised provider order entry (CPOE) combined with clinical decision support systems (CDSS) are being widely implemented with the goal of preventing ADEs, but the effectiveness of these systems remains unclear. Methods We searched the specialised database Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Patient Safety Net to identify reviews of the effect of CPOE combined with CDSS on ADE rates in inpatient and outpatient settings. We included systematic and narrative reviews published since 2008 and controlled clinical trials published since 2012. Results We included five systematic reviews, one narrative review and two controlled trials. The existing literature consists mostly of studies of homegrown systems conducted in the inpatient setting. CPOE+CDSS was consistently reported to reduce prescribing errors, but does not appear to prevent clinical ADEs in either the inpatient or outpatient setting. Implementation of CPOE+CDSS profoundly changes staff workflow, and often leads to unintended consequences and new safety issues (such as alert fatigue) which limit the system's safety effects. Conclusions CPOE+CDSS does not appear to reliably prevent clinical ADEs. Despite more widespread implementation over the past decade, it remains a work in progress.