cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The New Landscape of Adult Life: Road Maps, Signposts, and Speed Lines

This article highlights how much adult life has changed in the decades since the publication of landmark works on adult development and explores what these great shakeups mean for understanding adulthood today. It points to the need for renewed attention to what is unique and what is shared in different life periods, the changing significance of age, the growing uncertainties and certainties of modern life, the expanding demands and dwindling protections of jobs, the fragility of marriage, and the need to rearchitect social institutions and policies. The new terrain of adult life demands new responses from governments, families, and individuals—as well as from scientists who must treat it in ways that do right by its contemporary complexities and realities.
Surgical resection improves survival in the treatment of early gastric lymphomas.

Gastric lymphomas are a relatively rare form of malignancy and controversy about their optimum treatment still exists. To date, there have been no studies directly comparing results of medical therapy alone versus a combination of surgery plus medical therapy. We reviewed our experience in the three teaching hospitals of the University of Massachusetts Medical School to determine the role of surgery in the management of early gastric lymphoma. Statistics were evaluated by means of chi-square, log-rank, and Kaplan-Meier curve analysis where appropriate. Using tumor registry data, 39 patients were treated for early disease at our medical school from 1980 to 1998. Patients treated with surgery plus chemotherapy and radiation had a 90% 5-year survival compared to patients who received chemotherapy and radiation alone (55% 5-year survival; P < 0.01). When we compared all patients on an intention-to-treat basis (patients preoperatively thought to have early-stage disease), there was still a significant survival benefit with the addition of surgery to their management. Because this is an uncommon disease, there are no large prospective studies examining treatment. Based on our retrospective experience, surgical resection should be considered an important adjunct in the treatment of gastric lymphomas in early-stage disease.
Sensornet 2.0: The New Frontier

Feng Zhao (http://research.microsoft.com/~zhao) is a Principal Researcher at Microsoft Research, where he manages the Networked Embedded Computing Group. He received his PhD in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from MIT and has taught at Stanford University and Ohio State University. Dr. Zhao was a Principal Scientist at Xerox PARC and directed PARC?s sensor network research effort. He serves as the founding Editor-In-Chief of ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks, and has authored or co-authored more than 100 technical papers and books, including a recent book published by Morgan Kaufmann, "Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach." He has received a number of awards, and his work has been featured in news media such as BBC World News, BusinessWeek, and Technology Review.
β-glucuronidase as a marker for clonal analysis of tomato lateral roots

In higher plants, the root-shoot axis established during embryogenesis is extended and modified by the development of primary and lateral apical meristems. While the structure of several shoot apical meristems has been deduced by combining histological studies with clonal analysis, the application of this approach to root apical meristems has been limited by a lack of visible genetic markers. We have tested the feasibility of using a synthetic gene consisting of the maize transposable elementActivator (Ac) inserted between a 35S CaMV promoter and the coding region of a β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene as a means of marking cell lineages in roots. The GUS gene was activated in individual cells byAc excision, and the resulting sectors of GUS-expressing cells were detected with the histochemical stain X-Gluc. Sectors in lateral roots originated from bothAc excision in meristematic cells and from parent root sectors that bisect the founder cell population for the lateral root initial. Analysis of root tip sectors confirmed that the root cap, and root proper have separate initials. Large sectors in the body of the lateral root encompassed both cortex and vascular tissues. The number of primary initial cells predicted from the size and arrangement of the sectors observed ranged from two to four and appeared to vary between roots. We conclude that transposon-based clonal analysis using GUS expression as a genetic marker is an effective approach for deducing the functional organization of root apical meristems.
Review: Minimal interventions (e.g., a letter) reduce long-term benzodiazepine use in primary care

Source Citation Mugunthan K, McGuire T, Glasziou P. Minimal interventions to decrease long-term use of benzadiazepines in primary care: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Gen Pract. 2011;6...
Preventing HIV infection: lessons from Mwanza and Rakai.

The impact of enhanced syndromic diagnosis of symptomatic sexually transmitted infections (STIs) upon the incidence of HIV infections was evaluated in 8 paired villages in Mwanza Tanzania over a 2-year period. Shortly thereafter a study was conducted in Ugandas Rakai district which focused upon treating all members of 5 clusters of paired communities including those with symptomatic and asymptomatic STIs. In August 1995 the results of the Mwanza study showed that almost 40% of HIV infections had been prevented in the communities receiving the intervention. No other HIV intervention has had such a major effect upon infection rates. In contrast however no HIV infections were prevented in the Rakai intervention communities. The Mwanza results could reflect the short-term impact of STD prevention and control in an immature epidemic while the Rakai study reflects the short-term impact in a mature epidemic. The probability of transmission the duration of infectiousness and the number of sex partners are discussed as factors which influence the generation of an HIV epidemic in a susceptible population. The 2 studies results indicate that STD prevention and control is feasible effective and affordable.
The effects of geometry and material properties on the fracture of single lap-shear joints

A review of the mechanics of lap-shear joints is followed by a detailed analysis of the problem using a cohesive-zone approach. The cohesive-zone model allows not only the influence of geometry to be considered, but also allows the cohesive properties of the interface and plastic deformation of the adherends to be included in the analysis. The first part of the paper examines the strength of elastic joints, with an emphasis on the effects of geometry, the cohesive strength of the adhesive, and mode-mixedness. The cohesive-zone models show a transition to the predictions of linear-elastic fracture mechanics under conditions where these are expected to apply. The second part of the paper examines the effect of plasticity in the adherends, and looks at the transition between the elastic and plastic regimes. The final part of the paper makes comparisons between the predictions of the numerical calculations and experimental observations for a model system consisting of a commercial adhesive used to bond an aluminum alloy. Using cohesive-zone parameters previously determined for this particular combination of materials, the numerical predictions show excellent agreement with the experimental observations.
Differential effect of haloperidol on release of neurotensin in extrapyramidal and limbic systems

The effect of the antipsychotic drug haloperidol on extracellular neurotensin-like immunoreactivity was investigated by microdialysis and compared with the time-dependent response of tissue neurotensin-like immunoreactivity content in brain structures containing dopamine nerve cell bodies and terminals. A single administration of haloperidol (1 mg/kg) increased the extracellular neurotensin-like immunoreactivity levels in nucleus accumbens as measured by microdialysis, but decreased its extracellular concentration in the caudate regions surrounding the probe. The same treatment increased the tissue content of neurotensin-like immunoreactivity in both the nucleus accumbens core and all caudate regions examined within 24 h after the injection. Interestingly, although the neurotensin-like immunoreactivity concentration in the substantia nigra was not altered by the haloperidol treatment, neurotensin-like immunoreactivity levels decreased significantly in the ventral tegmental area. These findings suggest that varied neurotensin systems are associated with nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopamine pathways and these systems have different responses to haloperidol. The changes in the release of neurotensin may contribute to altered caudate and accumbens neurotensin-like immunoreactivity tissue content induced by haloperidol treatment, but other factors, such as variation in synthesis also likely influence these effects. Differential actions of haloperidol on neurotensin release might be due to regional differences in dopamine or sigma receptor subtypes associated with the neurotensin-containing neurons.
The Denigration of Rights and the Persistence of Rights Talk: A Cultural Portrait

The following two themes emerge in an investigation of legal culture in the United States: (1) a denigration of rights and yet (2) a persistent notion that rights are important and should be salvaged. The discourse of rights continues to act as an important frame of reference throughout legal culture. The open-ended nature of rights discourse plus the powerful cultural resonance of rights encourage the use of rights talk to frame issues even when the framers are severely critical of the use of rights. Even if many people agree, however, there are reasons to assess this consensus negatively.
Intrahepatic hepatitis C virus–specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity and response to interferon alfa therapy in chronic hepatitis C

Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) have been shown to play a role in host defense and pathogenesis of chronic HCV infection. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that intrahepatic HCV-specific CTL activity may impact subsequent response to interferon alfa (IFN-alpha) therapy. Of the 37 patients that we have prospectively evaluated for HCV-specific CTL activity in liver, 21 received IFN therapy, and 19 completed a 6-month course and attended 6 to 18 months of follow-up. Intrahepatic CD8+ cells were isolated from liver biopsy tissue and tested against target cells expressing HCV antigens to determine intrahepatic CTL activity. The relationship between treatment response and HCV-specific CTL activity and other factors known to associate with response (genotype, viremia, histology) was analyzed. HCV-specific CTL activity was detected in 9 of 21 patients (and 9 of 19 who completed therapy). After 6 months of IFN therapy, 8 of 19 (42%) patients had normal serum alanine transaminase (ALT) (complete responders). After 18 months of follow-up, only 3 patients (16%) had a sustained biochemical response. Of the 9 patients with detectable HCV-specific CTL activity in their liver before treatment, 7 (78%) developed a complete response. In contrast, only 1 of the 10 patients with no detectable HCV-specific CTL activity developed a complete response to IFN (P < .01). In 6 of 8 patients with a complete response, including the 3 sustained responders, the CTL response appeared to be directed predominately to the HCV core region. These data suggest that the host immune response, particularly that mediated by CD8+ CTL, may be important in determining the outcome of IFN therapy for chronic HCV infection. Further understanding of the mechanism of action of IFN should impact the design of better therapeutic strategies against chronic HCV infection.
TH‐E‐217BCD‐07: Quantitative Comparison of Noise Texture Across CT Scanners from Different Vendors

Purpose: To quantitatively compare noise texture across CTscanners from different vendors using the Noise Power Spectrum (NPS). Methods: The American College of Radiology CT accreditation phantom (Gammex 464, Gammex, Inc., Middleton, WI) was imaged on two scanners: Discovery CT 750HD (GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI), and SOMATOM Definition Flash (Siemens Healthcare, Germany), using a consistent acquisition protocol (120 kVp, 5 mm slice thickness, 250/200 mAs, and 22 cm field of view). Images were reconstructed using filtered backprojection and a wide selection of reconstruction kernels. For each image set, the 2D NPS were estimated from the uniform section of the phantom. The spectra were normalized by their integral value, radially averaged, and filtered by the human visual response function. A systematic kernel‐by‐kernel comparison across vendors was performed by computing the peak locations of the spectra and the root mean square error (RMSE) between the filtered NPS of each kernel. GE and Siemens kernels were compared and kernel pairs that minimized the RMSE and the spectra peak location difference were matched. Results: The RMSE between the NPS of GE and Siemens kernels varied from 0.01 to 0.30 mm2. The GE kernels ‘Soft’, ‘Standard’, ‘Chest’, and ‘Lung’ closely matched the Siemens kernels ‘B35f’, ‘B43f’, ‘B46f’, and ‘B80f’ (RMSE<0.03 mm2, peak difference<0.02 cycles/mm). The GE ‘Bone’, ‘Bone+’, and ‘Edge’ kernels were all matched to Siemens ‘B75f’ kernel but with sizeable RMSE and peak differences up to 0.20 mm2 and 0.47 cycles/mm respectively. These sizeable RMSE and peak differences corresponded to visually perceivable differences in the noise texture of the images. Conclusions: It is possible to use the NPS to quantitatively compare noise texture across CT systems. The degree to which similar texture across scanners could be achieved varies and is limited by the kernels available on each scanner.
Bax-deficient mice with lymphoid hyperplasia and male germ cell death

BAX, a heterodimeric partner of BCL2, counters BCL2 and promotes apoptosis in gain-of-function experiments. A Bax knockout mouse was generated that proved viable but displayed lineage-specific aberrations in cell death. Thymocytes and B cells in this mouse displayed hyperplasia, and Bax-deficient ovaries contained unusual atretic follicles with excess granulosa cells. In contrast, Bax-deficient males were infertile as a result of disordered seminiferous tubules with an accumulation of atypical premeiotic germ cells, but no mature haploid sperm. Multinucleated giant cells and dysplastic cells accompanied massive cell death. Thus, the loss of Bax results in hyperplasia or hypoplasia, depending on the cellular context.
Open Access in 2013: Reaching the 50% Milestone

This article reports a 2013 study on the percentage of Open Access (OA) journal articles. Following the 2009 Bjork et al. (2010) model, this study generated 2,655 random sample articles published in 2012 from Scopus. It found that 37.8% of Scopus samples have free full text on the Internet, a significant increase from 20.4% recorded by the Bjork et al. study. Because the vast majority of the 9,900 OA journals listed by DOAJ are not indexed by Scopus, this study projects with caution that human history is reaching a milestone; either the percentage of OA articles published in the previous year is very close to 50% or it has passed that mark.
Physiological differences between cyclopropane fatty acid-deficient mutants and the parent strain of Streptococcus faecalis.

Abstract Cyclopropane fatty acids are a major fatty acid component of Streptococcus faecalis (ATCC 8043). The effect on the cell of the presence or absence of cyclopropanes is unknown. Comparative studies were made using mutants of S. faecalis which lacked cyclopropane fatty acids and the parent strain (SF/+), which contained cyclopropanes in normal quantities. Thin-layer chromatography studies confirmed that the cyclopropanes were associated with the cellular phospholipids. Factors which coincided with the initiation of cyclopropane fatty acid synthesis were investigated. The decline in medium pH as the culture grew coincided with the increased synthesis of cyclopropanes. When the normal decline in pH was retarded by growth in a more highly buffered medium, the synthesis of cyclopropanes still correlated with the medium pH and not with culture turbidity or nutritional changes in the medium. Growth studies were made using a rich medium which contained optimum amounts of thymidine and folic acid, and which contained no amethopterin. The maximum turbidities of the amethopterin-resistant strains and SF/ + were determined. The ratio of the maximum turbidity of SF/+ divided by the average maximum turbidity of the amethopterin-resistant mutants was 1.37 for normal growth at 37°C. For growth at 47°C, with 3.5% NaCl at 37 °C, with 3.5% NaCl at 47°C, or with 200 μg of sodium deoxycholate per ml, the ratio of growth turbidities was 6.42, 1.76, 9.70 and 6.75, respectively. The viability of SF/+ and the amethopterin-resistant strains was studied in a pH 4.0 sodium lactate medium. After 8 h exposure at 37 °C, at least 84% of the cyclopropane-deficient cells had lost viability, whereas SF/+ lost only 15%. In sodium lactate at pH 7.2 there was much less loss in viability with the mutants. NaCl at 47°C was shown to have a more deleterious effect on the amethopterin-resistant strains than on SF/+. In viability studies, over 95% of the cyclopropane-deficient cells died after 8 h exposure to 3.5% NaCl at 47°C, while SF/+ lost 10% over the same period. Uptake and/or retention of Na 2 35 SO 4 and NaH 2 32 PO 4 in the presence of 3.5% NaCl at 47°C was also lower in the amethopterin-resistant mutants than in SF/+. Viability studies showed that the mutant strains were much more susceptible to 400μg of sodium deoxycholate per ml than was the parent strain. Over 99% of the cyclopropane-deficient cells were dead after a 4-h exposure at 37°C, while 49% of the SF/+ cells retained viability under these conditions. These differences in susceptibility indicate that there may be a membrane-related physiological difference between SF/+ and the amethopterin-resistant mutants as a result of their cyclopropane fatty acid deficiency.
Coronal loop detection from solar images

In this paper, we make an overview of a methodology for the automatic retrieval of images with coronal loops from the solar image data captured by the extreme-ultraviolet imaging telescope (EIT) onboard the spacecraft SOHO (Solar and Heliospheric Observatory). Our image retrieval system provides relevant data to astrophysicists who need such data to study the coronal heating problem. As part of building this system, we investigated various image preprocessing techniques, image based features, and classifiers to automatically detect coronal loops and to indicate their locations on the images. Despite many challenges related to the coronal loop characteristic, we obtained promising results, namely, 78% precision and 80% recall in loop retrieval.
Minimize aspect interaction re-evaluation due to software evolution

Detection of interaction among individually built software modules, such as aspects in AOSD, is one of the most complex problems in software engineering. In addition, software is very dynamic and ever evolving. Software evolution should not annul existing aspect interaction analyses. Changes made to the core module in AOSD should only result in reevaluating interaction analysis of the aspects that depend on the specific changes that were made, changes should not impact aspects that depend on the invariant sub-module.
Bisexual Students in Secondary Schools: Understanding Unique Experiences and Developing Responsive Practices

Increased attention is being paid to the experiences of sexual minority students in schools. However, little is known about the unique needs of students who identify as bisexual or effective strategies to support these students. In an effort to begin to examine school practices that are responsive to bisexual students, this article first provides a summary of bisexual identity development. Next, by reviewing the research that is available and extrapolating from the literature that addresses sexual minority students as a whole, suggestions are made for educators in regards to addressing issues of bisexuality in schools, including policy development, staff and student education, classroom climate and school–community collaboration. This article also addresses the significant gaps in research on how school practices affect bisexual students.
Women Inmate Substance Abusers’ Reactivity to Visual Alcohol, Cigarette, Marijuana, and Crack-Cocaine Cues: Approach and Avoidance as Separate Dimensions of Reactivity

Despite the growing recognition for multidimensional assessments of cue-elicited craving, few studies have attempted to measure multiple response domains associated with craving. The present study evaluated the Ambivalence Model of Craving (Breiner et al. Alcohol Research and Health 23:197–206, 1999; Stritzke et al. 2007) using a unique cue reactivity methodology designed to capture both the desire to use (approach inclination) and desire to not consume (avoidance inclination) in a clinical sample of incarcerated female substance abusers. Participants were 155 incarcerated women who were participating in or waiting to begin participation in a nine-month drug treatment program. Results indicated that all four substance cue-types (alcohol, cigarette, marijuana, and crack cocaine) had good reliability and showed high specificity. Also, the validity of measuring approach and avoidance as separate dimensions was supported, as demonstrated by meaningful clinical distinctions between groups evincing different reactivity patterns and incremental prediction of avoidance inclinations on measures of stages of change readiness. Taken together, results continue to highlight the importance of measuring both approach and avoidance inclinations in the study of cue-elicited craving.
Rituximab-induced acute severe thrombocytopenia.

A 73-year-old woman with a past medical history of hypertension was evaluated haematologically because of lymphocytosis found on a routine blood count. Her only complaint was of progressive fatigue for a few months. Physical examination showed pallor, right posterior cervical lymphadenopathy and moderate splenomegaly. A full blood count showed a white cell count of 18AE2 · 10/l with 82% lymphocytes and a normocytic normochromic anaemia with haemoglobin concentration of 100 g/l. A computed tomography scan of the abdomen showed an enlarged spleen (25 cm). Bone marrow biopsy showed mantle cell lymphoma. The patient was treated with a modified Hyper-CVAD-R (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, dexamethasone, rituximab) regimen. She developed chills without fever or hypotension during the rituximab infusion on day 1 of cycle 1. Her platelet count dropped from a preinfusion level of 85 · 10/l to 14 · 10/l the next day but there were no signs of bleeding. Three days later, her platelet count had increased to 118 · 10/l. She did not require platelet transfusion and was discharged home in good condition. She developed acute severe thrombocytopenia following each dose of rituximab during subsequent cycles of chemotherapy (Figure). The thrombocytopenia improved spontaneously over 2–3 d on each occasion.
Characterization of a four-member psbA gene family from the cyanobacterium Anabaena PCC 7120.

The cyanobacterium Anabaena PCC 7120 contains a multigene family that encodes the D1 polypeptide of Photosystem II. This family consists of four members denoted psbAI-IV that are each unique but highly homologous. psbAII, III and IV are more closely related to each other than to psbAI. These three copies encode identical polypeptides that differ from the psbAI product by 21 amino acids. The transcription initiation site for psbAI has been mapped to 64–65 nucleotides upstream from the coding region. Primer extension assays performed with an oligonucleotide specific for psbAII, III and IV transcripts suggest that one or more of these genes is also expressed. Genomic mapping and chromosome walking experiments demonstrate that none of the four psbA copies is within 20 kbp of another member of the gene family.
Detection of Hohlraum target position for laser fusion experiments

A hohlraum is a cylindrical structure that holds a laser fusion target at the National Ignition Facility. It must be aligned properly for all the 192 laser beams to hit the target and cause a fusion reaction. Video images of the hohlraum are used to align the hohlraum to the required position. A matched filtering based approach is used to locate the circular alignment fiducial of the hohlraum. One of the challenges of the automatic alignment algorithm is the presence of a number of nearly concentric features from which only one will provide the valid position information. The problem is compounded by blurring of relevant features by defocus or insufficient illumination and amplification of non-relevant features. It is shown that to identify the appropriate fiducial; the shape (or size) in addition to amplitude of correlation peak must be considered.
Optical implementation of a constant-time multicomparand bit-parallel magnitude-comparison algorithm using wavelength- and polarization-division multiplexing with application to parallel database processing

We present a word- and bit-parallel magnitude-comparison architecture that permits multiple comparands to be compared with multiple relations in constant time. The proposed magnitude-comparison algorithm uses a novel polarization and wavelength-encoding scheme to achieve a fast, scalable realization. Distinctive features of the proposed architecture include (1) the use of a multiple-wavelength encoding scheme to increase processing parallelism and (2) multiple-comparand word- and bit-parallel comparison with an execution time that is independent of the data or word size.
Metabolized energy of the big brown bat Eptesicus fuscus (Chiroptera)

Abstract 1. 1. Captive Eptesicus fuscus utilize similar amounts of energy (0·15–0·16 kcal/g per day (at 9 and 14·C while maintaining constant weight. 2. 2. Total maintenance energy and efficiency of utilization are similar determinations spanning 1-, 2- and 3-day periods at 9°C, and 1- and 2-day periods at 14°C, providing the bat is torpid and arouses for a single feeding. 3. 3. Measurements of maintenance energy at 20°C (0·22 kcal/g per day) and 27°C (0·27 kcal/g per day) are lower than similar published measurements of energy requirements of larger and smaller bats. 4. 4. Efficiency of energy utilization did not differ significantly between 9, 14 and 20°C, but was higher at 27°C.
The second intron of the K-ras gene contains regulatory elements associated with mouse lung tumor susceptibility.

Abstract We have previously demonstrated the preferential activation of the K-ras gene from the susceptible A/J parent in lung tumors from F1 mouse hybrids. In the present study, the mechanism of this observation is further investigated. Higher levels of expression of A/J K-ras allele were detected in lung adenomas (30 of 30) from the C3A mouse. In addition, three K-ras alleles, designated as susceptible (Ks), intermediate (Ki), or resistant (Kr), were identified by sequence analysis of the second intron of the K-ras gene from 32 strains of mice. These K-ras alleles are associated with differences in mouse lung tumor susceptibility. All Kr alleles have a tandem 37-bp direct repeat (nt 282-355) in the second intron of the K-ras gene. Ks and Ki alleles have only one copy of the 37-bp sequence (nt 282-318). Ks strains have three base variations at nt 288, 296, and 494, and Ki strains have two base variations at nt 288 and 494 in the second intron of the K-ras gene. Differential protein-binding patterns were observed in gel-mobility-shift experiments between the duplicated 37-bp sequence of the Kr allele and the single 37-bp sequence of the Ks and Ki alleles. DNase I footprinting assay revealed protein binding sites in the second intron of the K-ras gene that correspond to the tandem repeat sequences. Our data suggest that higher expression of the A/J allele relative to C3H allele may be responsible for the allele-specific activation of the K-ras gene in lung tumors from F1 hybrid mice.
Effects of Prudhoe bay crude oil on primary production and zooplankton in arctic tundra thaw ponds

Abstract The effects of Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, crude oil on the indigenous phytoplankton and zooplankton of tundra thaw ponds were studied under controlled conditions in situ during the summer of 1976. These effects were compared with uncontrolled oil spills on Pond Omega (a year previously) and Pond E (six years previously). In the uncontrolled spills, the phytoplankton species composition of both ponds remained appreciably different compared with control Pond C, although phytoplankton biomass did not differ greatly. Primary production remained low in Pond Omega but had recovered to control levels in Pond E. In controlled subpond experiments, oil caused a decrease of about 90–100% in primary production in five days but recovered to 40–50% of the control level within fifteen days. During that time, phytoplankton biomass decreased initially but recovered within fifteen days. Oil caused a shift in phytoplankton species composition from a predominance of cryptophytes to chrysophytes. Subponds containing two Daphnia middendorffiana and one Brachinecta paludosa per litre of pondwater were also affected by oil, causing zooplankton death within three or four days. After that time, changes in the phytoplankton species composition were similar to control subponds without zooplankton. Oil toxicity to zooplankton or experimental removal resulted in a loss of grazing pressure which caused the elimination of the cryptophyte Rhodomonas sp. This species was still absent from Pond Omega, but was seen in Pond E for the first time, when zooplankton also reappeared after six years. Oil perturbation of tundra thaw ponds causes a loss of zooplankton and a reduction in primary production. Phytoplankton primary production recovers somewhat but algal species composition remains changed because of the loss of zooplankton grazing pressure and the selective effects of oil.
Transcriptional and post-transcriptional activation of genes in salt-tolerant alfalfa cells

Salt-tolerant cell lines of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) selected in this laboratory showed increased mRNA accumulation for both nuclear- and chloroplastencoded genes involved in photosynthesis as well as in several non-photosynthetic related functions. The basis for this constitutive and salt-dependent gene activation was investigated by measuring both nuclear and plastid run-on transcription from the salt-sensitive parent line and from selected salt-tolerant lines. Plastids from tolerant cells showed a 2.5-fold increase in transcription rate over those from sensitive cells and a 4.5-fold increase if isolated from tolerant cells grown in salt. Nuclei isolated from salt-tolerant cells grown on normal medium showed higher transcription of the photosynthesis-related genes rbcS, cab1 and cab4 than those from salt-sensitive cells, confirming that the salt-tolerant cells had acquired altered transcriptional regulation of these genes. However, the major salt-induced increase in steady-state mRNA accumulation, from photosynthesis-related and other genes (alfin1, pA18 and histone H3cI and H3cII genes), was not reflected in run-on assays from these same cells. These results indicated that salt-dependent post-transcriptional mRNA stabilization led to the steady-state mRNA accumulation. The mRNA stabilization appears to be transcript specific, since transcripts of a constitutively-expressed gene (Msc27) remained unaffected by growth of the tolerant cells in 171 mM NaCl.
The determination of toxaphene in environmental samples by negative ion electron capture high resolution mass spectrometry

Abstract A method is described for the analysis of toxaphene in environmental samples by high resolution gas chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry in selected ion electron capture negative ion mode. Toxaphene is detected by monitoring [M–Cl] − fragments ions of chlorobornanes (Cl 6 –Cl 10 ) and chlorobornenes (Cl 6 –Cl 7 ) using formal ion ratio criteria. The method shows high sensitivity and excellent specificity for the detection of chlorobornanes with negligible interference from of a wide range of common environmental organochlorines including chlordanes, PCBs and PCB-oxygen adducts. The analytical scheme is applicable to sediment and biological tissue samples and typically provide sample detection limits of less than 0.2 ng/g technical toxaphene for a 10 g sample.
Sintering of Metal(100) Homoepitaxial Islands: Kink Rounding Barriers, Modified Size Scaling, and Experimental Behavior

Near-square islands form during sub-monolayer homoepitaxial growth on metal (100) surfaces. Diffusion of these islands after deposition leads to collision of island pairs, typically corner-to-corner creating dumbbell-shaped clusters. Subsequent coalescence (or sintering) recovers a near-square equilibrium shape. This process is mediated by periphery diffusion (PD) and its study can provide detailed insight into the underlying dynamic processes and energetics. Atomistic modeling reveals that the size scaling of the characteristic relaxation time, τ, depends on the detailed energy barriers of various hopping processes that contribute to PD. Simulations without an extra kink or corner rounding barrier for PD reveals τ ∼ L 4, while behavior approaching τ ∼ L 3 is observed with a significant extra kink rounding barrier for PD. The latter is consistent with experimental observations for Ag/Ag(100) at 300 K.
Phase II study of risk-adapted therapy of newly diagnosed, aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma based on midtreatment FDG-PET scanning.

Abstract In newly diagnosed aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), a positive midtreatment fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) scan often carries a poor prognosis, with reported 2-year event-free survival (EFS) rates of 0% to 30% after standard therapy. To determine the outcome of early treatment intensification for midtreatment PET-positive disease, a phase II trial of risk-adapted therapy was conducted. Fifty-nine newly diagnosed patients, 98% with B cell lymphoma, had PET/CT performed after 2 or 3 cycles of first-line chemotherapy. Those with negative PET on semiquantitative visual interpretation completed standard therapy. Those with positive PET received platinum-based salvage chemotherapy, high-dose therapy, and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Midtreatment PET was positive in 33 (56%); 28 received ASCT with an actuarial 2-year EFS of 75% (95% confidence interval, 60%-93%). On intention-to-treat analysis, 2-year EFS was 67% (53%-86%) in all PET-positive patients and 89% (77%-100%) in PET-negative patients. No association was found between the International Prognostic Index category and the midtreatment PET result. The favorable outcome achieved here in historically poor-risk patients warrants further, more definitive investigation of treatment modification based on early PET scanning.
The effect of bovine serum albumin on the in vitro inhibition of chemotaxis by anti-inflammatory agents

The anti-inflammatory agents, phenylbutazone, naproxen and niflumic acid inhibited in vitro rabbit peritoneal neutrophil chemotactic responsiveness toEscherichia coli derived chemotactic factor/s when added to cells suspended in 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA). Inhibition of chemotaxis by these drugs was markedly diminished as the BSA concentration was increased to 2%. Experiments with phenylbutazone demonstrated that inhibition of chemotaxis could be observed using neutrophils suspended in 2% BSA by either increasing the drug concentration or by preincubating the cells suspended in 0.1% with the drug prior to the addition of the additional BSA. These data suggest that protein binding can prevent in vitro inhibition of neutrophil chemotaxis by anti-inflammatory agents.
Acute myocardial infarction and posttraumatic stress disorder: the consequences of cumulative adversity

This article examines the experiences of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients who are at high risk for reinfarction or sudden death to determine the impact of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), accumulated burden of adversity, and trauma spectrum disorder on subsequent AMI care-seeking. Individuals experiencing an AMI have been studied with regard to depression and anxiety disorders, but negligible attention has been given to the PTSD potential of the total cardiovascular disease experience. Yet, growing evidence suggests the traumatogenic potential of AMI, with its sudden and unexpected onset, dramatic changes in life circumstance, and the additive effect of comorbid life events, is significant in producing impaired and extended coping during subsequent ischemic events. Consideration of PTSD and a continuum of cumulative adversity provides a more complex and fully drawn understanding of the circumstances surrounding AMI coping and reasons for delayed access to thrombolysis.
Thrombospondin-2 influences the proportion of cartilage and bone during fracture healing.

Thrombospondin-2 (TSP2) is a matricellular protein with increased expression during growth and regeneration. TSP2-null mice show accelerated dermal wound healing and enhanced bone formation. We hypothesized that bone regeneration would be enhanced in the absence of TSP2. Closed, semistabilized transverse fractures were created in the tibias of wildtype (WT) and TSP2-null mice. The fractures were examined 5, 10, and 20 days after fracture using μCT, histology, immunohistochemistry, quantitative RT-PCR, and torsional mechanical testing. Ten days after fracture, TSP2-null mice showed 30% more bone by μCT and 40% less cartilage by histology. Twenty days after fracture, TSP2-null mice showed reduced bone volume fraction and BMD. Mice were examined 5 days after fracture during the stage of neovascularization and mesenchymal cell influx to determine a cellular explanation for the phenotype. TSP2-null mice showed increased cell proliferation with no difference in apoptosis in the highly cellular fracture callus. Although mature bone and cartilage is minimal 5 days after fracture, TSP2-null mice had reduced expression of collagen IIa and Sox9 (chondrocyte differentiation markers) but increased expression of osteocalcin and osterix (osteoblast differentiation markers). Importantly, TSP2-null mice had a 2-fold increase in vessel density that corresponded with a reduction in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Glut-1 (markers of hypoxia inducible factor [HIF]-regulated transcription). Finally, by expressing TSP2 using adenovirus starting 3 days after fracture, chondrogenesis was restored in TSP2-null mice. We hypothesize that TSP2 expressed by cells in the fracture mesenchyme regulates callus vascularization. The increase in vascularity increases tissue oxemia and decreases HIF; thus, undifferentiated cells in the callus develop into osteoblasts rather than chondrocytes. This leads to an alternative strategy for achieving fracture healing with reduced endochondral ossification and enhanced appositional bone formation. Controlling the ratio of cartilage to bone during fracture healing has important implications for expediting healing or promoting regeneration in nonunions.
Pathways of Power: The Dynamics of National Policymaking

Pathways of Power is an exceptional contribution to our understanding of the policy process, one that students new to public policy as well as advanced scholars will appreciate. For new students, t...
Implementation of telemanagement for full-field digital mammography (FFDM)

The purpose of this project is to study the feasibility of remotely managing mammography examinations in real time. To do so, the remotely located expert mammo-grapher needs to view newly generated images and communicate with on-site technologist before a patient leaves the examination room. A telemammography test-bed has been setup between two UC San Francisco clinical facilities. In the current system, the overhead of network and disk I/O delays the image availability at the remote expert workstation. We modified the communication software to enable memory-to-memory image transfer. Besides, we optimized the data flow between the hosts to enable images be directly transmitted from the digital mammography console to the remote display workstation. In this paper, we present the implementation of fast telemanagement in digital mammography environments. The preliminary results show the feasibility of adding telemanagement protocol into the current telemammography system.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Strain differences in simple operant barpress acquisition to an auditory stimulus by rats

Response rates during operant acquisition of a leverpress to an auditory stimulus with food reinforcement were obtained for 491 rats from 12 inbred strains: ACI, A990, A35322, F344, INR, IR, MNR/Har, MNRA, MR/Har, TS1, TS3, WAG. The results provide parametric data for methodological use and add to the standardization of these strains as behaviorally defined lines.
Spectra of sonoluminescent rare-Gas bubbles

Sonoluminescence spectra of the heavy rare gases are calculated by combining the Hilgenfeldt et al. model of sonoluminescence [Phys. Fluids 11, 1318 (1999)] with quantum line-shape calculations of electron--neutral-atom bremsstrahlung spectra [L. Frommhold, Phys. Rev. E 58, 1899 (1998)]. Good agreement between theoretical and experimental spectra is obtained by choosing values of the ambient radius ${R}_{0}$ and acoustic pressure amplitude ${P}_{a}$ that are compatible with diffusive equilibrium calculations.
Design and implementation of a simple nuclear power plant simulator

Abstract A simple PWR nuclear power plant simulator has been designed and implemented on a minicomputer system. The system is intended for students use in understanding the power operation of a nuclear power plant. A PDP-11 minicomputer calculates reactor parameters in real time, uses a graphics terminal to display the results and a keyboard and joystick for control functions. Plant parameters calculated by the model include the core reactivity (based upon control rod positions, soluble boron concentration and reactivity feedback effects), the total core power, the axial core power distribution, the temperature and pressure in the primary and secondary coolant loops, etc.
Recent Silts in the Santa Clara River Drainage Basin, Southern California: A Mineralogical Investigation of Their Origin and Evolution

ABSTRACT Analysis of 104 samples from the sediment of the Santa Clara River drainage basin in Southern California provides evidence that the silt fraction is more representative of total sediment composition than is either the sand or clay fraction. The mineralogy of the coarse silt (4-6 ) is similar to that of the sand fraction, whereas that of the fine silt (6-8 ) is closer to the clay fraction. Silt-size particles have resulted mainly from disintegration of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Fractured quartz and feldspars produced the light (density 2.89) silt-size. Two suites of silt-size, heavy minerals occur in the shelf samples. The mineral assemblage of one of the suites suggests that the basin's rock and soil are its source, that of the other suite that the source or sources are other than the basin. Certain components of the basin suite can be recognized by the soil-derived minerals (leucoxene and anatase), those derived from the Sespe Formation from South Mountains (hyacinth), and minerals from other sedimentary source rocks and soils (hematite-altered biotite, abraded zircon and apatite, weathered clinozoisite, and geothite), or from metamorphic source rocks (blue-green hornblende, actinolite, and sphene).
Developing Expertise With Classroom Assessment in K–12 Science: Learning to Interpret Student Work. Interim Findings From a 2-Year Study

This article reports findings on growth in 3 science teachers' expertise with interpretation of student work over 1 year of participation in a program. The program was designed to strengthen classroom assessment. Using a framework for classroom assessment expertise, we analyze patterns of teacher learning, and the roles of the professional program and the quality of the assessments provided with teachers' instructional materials.
SOLUTION OF ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL INITIAL VALUE PROBLEMS ON AN INTEL HYPERCUBE

Schemes for the solution of linear initial or boundary value problenm on a hypercube were developed by Katti and Neta (1) and tested and improved by Lustman, Neta and Katti (2). Amov.g other procedures for parallel computers, fully implicit Runge-Kutta methods were discussed by Jackson and Norsett (3) and Lie (4). Here, we develop a method based on extrapolation to the limit, which is useful even for nonlinear problesms. Numerical experiments show excellent accuracy when low order schemes are combined with polynomial extrapolation. In this paper, we discuss the numerical solution, on a parallel computer, of a system of first order ordinary differential equations with initial data. Fully implicit Runge-Kutta methods were discussed by Jackson and Norsett (3) and Lie (4). Lie assumes that each processor of the parallel computer has vector capabilities. Katti and Neta (1) have developed schemes for the solution of linear initial value and boundary problems. These schemes were tested and improved by Lustman et al. (1). Here, we consider the solution of Initial Value Problems (linear or not), based on extrapolation to the limit. The system is solved independently by each processor, using different step sizes, then the results are combined by extrapolation to obtain higher accuracy. In the next section, we describe the ordinary differential equation solution schemes and the extrapolation procedure. Section 3 will detail the parallel algorithm. Numerical experiments are summarized in the last section. 2. ODE-INTEGRATION AND EXTRAPOLATION There are numerous schemes for the solution of first order IVPs:
Videotaped Focus Groups: Transforming a Therapeutic Strategy Into a Research Tool

Focus groups have become a popular method of collecting data for research projects. The addition of using a videotaped approach has broad implications for researchers, as it allows constant replay of the session. Although on the surface this approach seems straightforward and easy to use, the authors caution that this is not an approach for the novice. Investigators planning to use a focus group method must be well versed in group process. There is an unpredictable nature to the focus group process, and researchers need to prepare for the inevitable mishaps that lead to lost opportunities for data collection.
Comparison between acceleration-enhanced adaptive filters and neural network filters for respiratory motion prediction

The prediction of respiration-induced organ motion is crucial in some applications such as dynamic delivery of radiation dose. In this paper, we have proposed the novel approach to construct an acceleration-enhanced (AE) filter that is comprised of two independent adaptive channels. The filters use the adapted position and adapted acceleration, together with a weight factor to provide prediction for respiratory motion. The proposed AE approach is universal and can be applied to the different filters. The performances of the adaptive normalized least mean square (nLMS) filter, the artificial neural network (ANN) filter, and their AE counterparts were compared for respiratory motion prediction during normal and irregular respiration. The results revealed that the adaptive ANN and nLMS filters were successful to perform predictions for normal and irregular respiration, respectively. AE filters showed more accurate prediction than their conventional counterparts. Implementing the AE approach, it was observed that the AE-ANN filter had the best performance in the prediction of normal respiratory motion, whereas the AE-nLMS filter excelled in the prediction of irregular respiratory motion.