cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early detection of pancreatic cancer using DNA-based molecular approaches.

Due to its poor prognosis and the late stage at which it is typically diagnosed, early detection of pancreatic cancer is a pressing clinical problem. Advances in genomic analysis of human pancreatic tissue and other biospecimens such as pancreatic cyst fluid, pancreatic juice and blood have opened the possibility of DNA-based molecular approaches for early detection of pancreatic cancer. In this Review, we discuss and focus on the pathological and molecular features of precancerous lesions of the pancreas, including pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm and mucinous cystic neoplasm, which are target lesions of early detection approaches. We also discuss the most prevalent genetic alterations in these precancerous lesions, including somatic mutations in the oncogenes KRAS and GNAS as well as tumour suppressor genes CDKN2A, TP53 and SMAD4. We highlight the latest discoveries related to genetic heterogeneity and multifocal neoplasia in precancerous lesions. In addition, we review specific approaches, challenges and clinically available assays for early detection of pancreatic cancer using DNA-based molecular techniques. Although detection and risk stratification of precancerous pancreatic neoplasms are difficult problems, progress in this field highlights the promise of molecular approaches for improving survival of patients with this disease. Pancreatic cancer is typically diagnosed at a late stage and early detection is a priority. This Review focuses on precancerous lesions of the pancreas, describing their pathological and molecular features and highlighting different DNA-based molecular approaches for early detection and their clinical utility.
A Critique of the Case for Paleoindian Caribou Hunting on the Submerged Alpena-Amberley Ridge

A series of papers has developed the claim that stone features on the submerged Alpena-Amberley Ridge (AAR) in Lake Huron provides unique insight into the Paleoindian caribou-hunting economies of t...
Chapter 7 Remembering Ourselves

Publisher Summary Claiming that we can remember ourselves implies that there are selves to be remembered. The author's perspective is that there is no one stable self or collection of selves to be remembered; instead, the author believes that one composes oneself anew through a process of remembering that is constrained by historical, sociocultural, emotional, psychological and momentary inter- and intrapersonal factors, especially the flow of affect in-between people that creates intersubjectivity. This chapter distinguishes (autobiographical) memory as a faculty from remembering as an adaptive process. The chapter presents recent research on autobiographical memory, with an emphasis on relationships between theory and data. The concept of autobiographical memory is discussed and elaborated in a theoretical argument that claims autobiographical memories are memories that have acquired personal significance and meaning through embodied experiences—for example, movements associated with feelings that are interpreted within the context of cultural models that provide explanatory systems for understanding our everyday experiences and emotions. These memories not only objectify self but are the fabric of self-knowledge. The chapter explores the consequence of conceptualizing remembering oneself as the objectification of autobiographical memories. The chapter also examines the notion of an essential self or existential selves with a special concern for the historical and sociocultural conditions that yield coherent or “divided selves.” The case of Holocaust victims is used to illustrate the notion of potentially divided and incoherent selves.
Immune response in experimentally induced uremia: VI. Uremic macrophages are defective in their ability to present antigen to T cells

The ability of uremic lymphocytes to respond to antigens was examined. We have found that (1) The ability of uremic unfractionated lymph node cells to respond to antigens is severely diminished when compared to the response of control cells; (2) Uremic macrophages are defective in their ability to present antigen to T cells; (3) Treatment of control splenic macrophages with monoclonal anti-Ia antibodies diminishes these macrophages' ability to present antigen, while uremic macrophages so treated show little change in their already diminished accessory cell function; and (4) The uremic splenic macrophage population has more small cells and less Ia determinants per cell than do control splenic macrophages as determined by cytofluorographic analysis. The percentage of Ia+ splenic macrophages is similar in control and uremic rats. It appears that the diminished response of uremic cells to antigens is due to the inability of uremic macrophages to present antigen to T cells. This may play a role in the increased rate of infections seen in uremic patients.
A bezeless-enabling antenna for ultra-thin tablet computer applications

A novel antenna for wireless local-area-network (WLAN) applications is presented to enable bezeless antenna-integration to ultra-thin tablet computers. Unlike conventional antennas that require wide plastic-bezels, this 37.5×10-mm2 antenna sits on the LCD metal frame with a gap of only 3.5 mm. Even with such small gap, excellent RF performance is demonstrated. The efficiency is as high as 83% and the bandwidth is about 100 MHz at 2.4 GHz. This antenna concept may eliminate the long-hated plastic-bezel around the LCD display and improve industrial/mechanical designs of tablet computers.
Eukaryotic mutagenesis and translesion replication dependent on DNA polymerase ζ and Rev I protein

Translesion replication is a mechanism that employs specialized DNA polymerases for promoting continued nascent strand extension at forks blocked by the presence of unrepaired DNA damage. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae at least, this process contributes only modestly to the ability of cells to tolerate DNA damage, but is a major source of DNA-damage-induced substitutions and frameshifts, and of spontaneous mutations. Translesion replication past many types of DNA damage in yeast depends on the activities of DNA polymerase ζ (pol ζ) and Revlp. Pol ζ is found in most, but not all, eukaryotes investigated, whereas Revlp appears to be universal. Genes encoding these enzymes are found in humans, and appear to perform functions similar to those in yeast.
Pathophysiology of Canine Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by the failure of the beta cell to secrete insulin normally. In this article, the author discusses possible mechanisms involved in beta cell dysfunction that have emerged from recent studies in human diabetic patients and animal models. As diabetes mellitus in the dog seems to be diagnosed rather late in the disease process, future work should emphasize the identification of early markers of beta cell dysfunction.
Mammalian GC content is very close to mutational equilibrium

I show that the equilibrium GC content of sequences evolving according to substitution trends estimated from human–chimp nongenic DNA polarized with baboon is essentially identical to the average GC content of the alignments from which the substitutions were retrieved. The same is found when using substitution trends estimated from mouse–rat coding regions polarized with human. I retrieved 80,207 substitutions from 3155 alignments of human, chimp, and baboon nongenic DNA sequences curated and kindly provided by Julien Meunier (Meunier and Duret 2004). The alignments were sorted by the average GC content of the human and chimp sequences in each alignment (almost identical to the baboon s), and five groups of adjacent alignments of increasing average GC were defined, each containing about 20,000 substitutions (i.e., some overlapping between groups was necessary). Substitutions to human or chimp were then retrieved from sites at which the baboon base and the base in one of the two nonbaboon sequences were identical but different from the base in the other nonbaboon sequence. At every site without gaps, the base appearing twice or three times was scored as ancestral. Five 4·4 substitution matrices were estimated from each of the five groups of alignments: The changes from complementary nucleotides were pooled, i.e., T-to-G changeswere added to A-to-C changes, ancestral A s to ancestral T s, etc., and substitution rates were estimated by dividing each of the six resulting groups of changes by the number of applicable ancestral T-or-A s or C-or-G s. The equilibrium GC content under each of the five different substitution matrices was estimated by generating 10,00
Skull-Photo Superimposition and Border Deaths: Identification Through Exclusion and the Failure to Exclude

We report on the application of video skull-photo superimposition as an identification method in a case from Ajo, Arizona in which five individuals died after crossing into southern Arizona from Mexico. Initial analyses at the Pima County Forensic Science Center in Tucson, Arizona determined that the disarticulated skeletal remains represented two adult Hispanic males and three adult Hispanic females. Based on biological profiles, both the males and one of the females were tentatively identified and assigned names. The other two females were too similar in age and height, making skeletal separation and identification difficult. As a result, the Michigan State University Forensic Anthropology Laboratory assisted in the identification efforts by performing video skull-photo superimposition on the two unknown females. The skulls were compared to a photograph reported to be one of the missing females. By evaluating facial proportionality and by comparing a number of morphological features of the face and skulls, one skull was excluded as a possible match and one skull was not excluded as a match to the antemortem photo. Because this case was presumed to be a closed disaster, the exclusion of one skull and the failure to exclude the other represented circumstantial identifications.
Facing an uncertain reception: young citizens and political interaction on Facebook

This article explores how the social ambiguities concerning audience and reception of posts on Facebook shape the forms of political interaction among young citizens on the site. Two sets of in-depth interviews are used to illustrate the ways that uncertainties about audience reception on Facebook inspire strategies for ‘inventing’ modes of political interaction on the one hand, and, for others, suppress opinion expression by creating the sense that talking politics on the site is a high risk endeavor.
Origins of chemiluminescent emission in low-pressure flames of sulfur-containing compounds*

Flames of K or Na vapor with SCl 2 or SOCl 2 have been compared spectroscopically to flames of CS 2 or COS with O 2 . S 2 emission is prominent in all cases. Strong similarities are found between emission from K-SOCl 2 and from CS 2 −O 2 or COS−O 2 . The spectroscopic evidence, coupled with arguments regarding reaction mechanisms, suggests that S atoms play a key role not only in producing excited S 2 , but also in producing other excited species through energy transfer from S-atom recombination or from S 2 * . Observations of emission from levels of S 2 ( B 3 Σ − u ) above the predissociation limit support a two-body excitation mechanism for those levels. Disproportionation of SO appears to be an important source of S atoms and to be a fast reaction at temperatures of about 1000°K or higher. Emission from SO 2 * has been seen for the first time in CS 2 −O 2 flames. Its character provides support for the report that O atoms are scarce in O 2 -lean CS 2 −O 2 flames.
Improving Heart Failure Disease Management in Skilled Nursing Facilities Lessons Learned

The purpose of the study was to design and evaluate an improvement project that implemented HF management in four skilled nursing facilities (SNFs). Kotter's Change Management principles were used to guide the implementation. In addition, half of the facilities had an implementation coach who met with facility staff weekly for 4 months and monthly for 5 months. Weekly and monthly audits were performed that documented compliance with eight key aspects of the protocol. Contextual factors were captured using field notes. Adherence to the HF management protocols was variable ranging from 17% to 82%. Facilitators of implementation included staff who championed the project, an implementation coach, and physician involvement. Barriers were high staff turnover and a hierarchal culture. Opportunities exist to integrate HF management protocols to improve SNF care.
An Axe to Grind: Class Relations and Silicosis in a 19th‐Century Factory

In 19th-century New England textile mills and manufacturing industries produced new goods, new class relations, and new industrial environments that exposed workers to new or more widespread occupational diseases. The Collins Company of Connecticut, founded in 1826, was the first large axe manufacturer in the United States. The process of grinding the axes caused silicosis in many of the workers. An analysis of the documents that remain from the first 20 years of the company's existence shows how class relations structured management's and workers' perceptions of and reactions to this deadly occupational disease.
Differences in knee flexion between the Genium and C-Leg microprocessor knees while walking on level ground and ramps.

Abstract Background Microprocessor knees have improved the gait and functional abilities of persons with transfemoral amputation. The Genium prosthetic knee offers an advanced sensor and control system designed to decrease impairment by: allowing greater stance phase flexion, easing transitions between gait phases, and compensating for changes in terrain. The aim of this study was to determine differences between the knee flexion angle of persons using the Genium knee, the C-Leg knee, and non-amputee controls; and to evaluate the impact the prostheses on gait and level of impairment of the user. Methods This study used a randomized experimental crossover of persons with transfemoral amputation using the Genium and C-Leg microprocessor knees (n=25), with an observational sample of non-amputee controls (n=5). Gait analysis by 3D motion tracking of subjects ambulating at different speeds on level ground and on 5° and 10° ramps was completed. Findings Use of the Genium resulted in a significant increase in peak knee flexion for swing (5°, p d =0.34) and stance (2°, p d =0.19) phases relative to C-Leg use. There was a high degree of variability between subjects, and significant differences still remain between the Genium group and the control group's knee flexion angles for most speeds and slopes. Interpretation The Genium knee generally increases flexion in swing and stance, potentially decreasing the level of impairment for persons with transfemoral amputation. This study demonstrates functional differences between the C-Leg and Genium knees to help prosthetists determine if the Genium will provide functional benefits to individual patients.
McCleery syndrome: etiology and outcome.

Objectives:Patients presenting with swelling of the upper extremity without thrombosis have McCleery syndrome or intermittent compression of the subclavian vein. The purpose of this study was to de...
EAST TIMOR'S FOUNDING ELECTIONS AND EMERGING PARTY SYSTEM

East Timor’s statehood was launched with two U.N.-supervised elections, one in August 2001 to elect the Constituent Assembly (which became the parliament) and the second in April 2002 to elect the head of state. Analysis of district-level returns from the Assembly election reveals two types of strategic voting, three lines of political cleavage in the electorate, and two legacies of Indonesian rule. This article analyzes East Timor’s first two elections, with particular focus on the bases of voting choice and on the nascent party system. There are three main findings: (1) a higher level of political savvy among the citizenry than expected, given their poverty and lack of formal education; (2) three political cleavages, one generational and two regional—one that divides the eastern from the western region and one that distinguishes the central mountain region from the rest of the country; and (3) areas that under Indonesian rule had voted heavily for the “opposition” party have now switched to FRETILIN, the new predominant party.
Blue-green Capital, Biotechnological Circulation and an Oceanic Imaginary: A Critique of Biopolitical Economy

Examining the rise and fall of a public–private marine biotechnological enterprise in Hawaii, this article analyses how promises to make products and profits from marine microbes in archipelagic waters drew upon peculiarly American sentiments about the sea as a politically uncontested treasure-chest of biodiversity. I argue that attention to the material process by which lab and legal instruments are calibrated to one another to generate biotech exchange-value must be joined by consideration of how scientists and their interlocutors imagine the meaning of biology—as discipline and as corporeal substance and process. Without such symbolic analysis, theorizations of biocapital remain incomplete. To discuss the genre of capitalism evidenced in marine biotechnological endeavors in Hawaii, I develop the concept of blue-green capitalism, where blue stands for a vision of the freedom of the open ocean and for speculative sky-high promise, and green for belief in ecological sustainability as well as biological fecundity. I show that this vision, dominant in industry–university settings, ran into direct conflict with Native Hawaiian legal epistemologies of the sea.
Comparison of effects on left ventricular filling pressure of intravenous nesiritide and high-dose nitroglycerin in patients with decompensated heart failure.

The results of this study showed an advantage of nesiritide compared with high-dose nitroglycerin in the treatment of patients with decompensated heart failure. Nesiritide resulted in an early decrease in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (≤15 minutes), which was sustained throughout the study period (24 hours) without the need for up-titration. In contrast, the onset of the nitroglycerin-mediated hemodynamic effect was delayed, and despite aggressive up-titration, the decrease in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was gradually attenuated because of the early development of tolerance.
Monte Carlo based electronic structure techniques: analysis and applications

Abstract Monte Carlo based variational electronic structure techniques are examined. The nature of the convergence of such methods, associated extrapolation methods and techniques for wavefunction optimization are discussed. These techniques are illustrated with an application to the H + 3 system. Compact and accurate correlated wavefunctions for this system are reported.
Longitudinal associations between children's understanding of emotions and theory of mind

Theory of mind competence and knowledge of emotions were studied longitudinally in a sample of preschoolers aged 3 (n=263) and 4 (n=244) years. Children were assessed using standard measures of theory of mind and emotion knowledge. Three competing hypotheses were tested regarding the developmental associations between children's theory of mind abilities and their knowledge of emotions. First, that an understanding of emotion develops early and informs children's understanding of others’ thinking. Alternatively, having a basic theory of mind may help children learn about emotions. Third, that the two domains are separate aspects of children's social cognitive skills such that each area develops independently. Results of hierarchical regressions supported the first hypothesis that early emotion understanding predicts later theory-of-mind performance, and not the reverse.
DNA orientation during gel electrophoresis and its relation to electrophoretic mobility

Intensities of polarized fluorescence from ethidium bound to phage λ DNA undergoing agarose gel electrophoresis were measured. The intensities were strongly field dependent at voltage gradients of 8 V/cm, consistent with a partial orientation of DNA helices in the direction of electrophoresis about 500 times larger than seen in the same field in solution. Such an orientation was predicted by a reptation model of gel electrophoresis advanced by Lumpkin et al. [(1985) Biopolymers, 24, 1573–1593]. The present results can be fit successfully to this theory with a single adjustable parameter, the gel–DNA contact distance. Also, λ DNA electrophoretic mobilities in the same concentration gel were determined using the same buffer system. Both orientation and mobility measurements can be fit to the reptation theory within a factor of two using the same values of two parameters, the gel–DNA contact distance and the ratio of DNA charge to frictional coefficient.
The Zeitraffer phenomenon, akinetopsia, and the visual perception of speed of motion: A case report

The Zeitraffer phenomenon is the altered perception of the speed of moving objects. A single case is reported using the subject’s own description of a transient alteration of the visual perception of motion. The literature on the subject is reviewed. The Zeitraffer phenomenon probably arises from dysfunction of brain networks subserving visual perception of speed. It shares characteristics with akinetopsia, the loss of visual ability to perceive motion.
Using equity analyst coverage to determine stock similarity

With the observation that equity analysts tend to cover similar stocks, we propose a simple, intuitive method to convert their coverage sets into pairwise similarity values among stocks. These values are shown to have a strong positive relationship with future stock-return correlation. Further, these values are easily combined with historical correlation. Together, they produce more accurate predictions of future correlation than either does separately. Using an agglomerative clusterer and a genetic algorithm in a pipeline approach, we use the pairwise values to form clusters of similar stocks. We compare these clusters against a leading industry classification system, GICS, finding that the clusters from the combined analyst and correlation pairwise values tend to perform at least as well as GICS and often better. In an application of our pairwise values, we consider a hypothetical scenario where an investor wishes to hedge a long position in a single stock. Our results indicate that using the analyst similarity values to select a hedge portfolio leads to greater risk reduction than using GICS or hedging with a broad-market index. Using a combination of historical correlation with the analyst values leads to even greater improvements.
Supply-and-Demand Discrepancy in Academic Pigmented Lesion Clinics: A Case for a New Health Care Delivery Model

Importance There is an increasing demand for a limited number of pigmented lesion clinic (PLC) visits at dermatology centers. Objective To determine the proportion of visits to PLCs that are more frequent (“additional screening”) than the recommended (“standard”) follow-up schedule and to determine if certain patient characteristics correlate with the demand for these visits. Design, Setting, and Participants A retrospective medical chart review of all PLC visits at an academic dermatology center from October 2010 to January 2012. A total of 609 patients associated with 1756 visits were identified. Of these, 25 patients associated with 26 visits were excluded owing to lack of melanoma diagnosis or risk factors, leaving 584 patients and 1730 visits. Diagnoses of these patients included in situ and invasive melanoma, dysplastic nevi, Spitz nevi, atypical nevus syndrome, family history of melanoma only, and other risk factors. The mean (SD) age was 48 (16) years, and 235 (40.2%) of the patients were male. Main Outcomes and Measures The proportion of additional screening visits compared with standard visits. Standard visits were defined as occurring at the following frequencies: annually for mildly dysplastic nevi, Spitz nevi, or solely family history of melanoma; biannually for the first year, then annually thereafter for moderately dysplastic nevi or atypical nevus syndrome; biannually for up to 3 years, then annually thereafter for severely dysplastic nevi or melanomas in situ; every 3 months for 2 years, biannually for the following 2 years, then annually thereafter for invasive melanoma. Results A total of 1400 visits (80.9%) were standard, 257 (14.9%) were for additional screening, and 73 (4.2%) were “problem focused.” Thirty percent of patients had at least 1 additional screening visit. The distribution of diagnoses among standard vs additional screening visits differed significantly, with “family history only” and “other risk factors” taking up a larger percentage of standard visits (15.1%) than the percentage of additional screening visits (8.9%), and all other diagnoses being better represented among additional screening visits ( P = .04). No particular patient characteristic described those who sought additional screening visits. Conclusions and Relevance A substantial proportion of additional screening PLC visits exist and are desired by all patients with pigmented lesions. We propose alternative clinic models, such as diagnosis-specific, adjunctive fee-for-additional-service, and teledermatology clinics to meet patient needs while creating resources to expand PLC visits.
Experiencing a word can prime its accessibility and its associative connections to related words

This paper reports the results of manipulations of word features for the magnitude of priming effects. In Experiment 1, the printed frequency of the target words and the number of connections among their associates were varied, and during testing participants were given cues and asked to produce the first word to come to mind as rapidly as possible in implicit free association. Priming effects were greater for low-frequency words and for those with many connections among their associates. In Experiments 2 and 3, target words were presented under incidental or intentional learning conditions during study, and the presence of direct preexisting connections from target to cue and from cue to target was varied. Priming effects were greater when either connection was present, with each connection having additive effects. In Experiments 4 and 5, priming effects for indirect links (shared associates and mediators) were examined. The results of these experiments indicate that priming in free association depends on both the general accessibility of the target as a response and the strengthening of direct target-to-cue connections. These findings raise problems for theories that attribute priming only to target accessibility or only to target-to-cue association.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS

There are no good data providing frequency of congenital and genetic disorders occuring in those from Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. Life threatening diseases and malnutrition; injury or death due to warfare exhausted health resources. Because of these realities, a population study has been started to determine those genetic and/or congenital disorders occuring in the Vietnamese, Cambodian, Lao and Hmong. Preliminary data from birth, death, hospital records(*), and screening of a random sample of population for thalassemia reveals following. Screening for hemoglobinopathies reveals approximately 10% of Vietnamese population to be carriers for thalassemia. In comparison with Black and Hispanic, those from Southeast Asia and from Asia have fewer births prior to 20 years of age, but more frequently continue reproduction after 35 years of age. The numbers and types of malformations reveal some ethnic/racial variation. Thalassemia may require increased medical attention.
The use of chemical potentials to express nutrient availabilities

Abstract The absorption of an ion is balanced, electrically, by either an uptake of an equivalent amount of counter ions or an exchange for ions of the same charge. An ion such as phosphate can be removed from a many-component solution in different ways, e.g., together with potassium, calcium, or magnesium, or in exchange for hydroxyl ions. In each individual case the status of the nutrient in the soil is expressed by a different chemical potential, and without further knowledge it is not possible to say which potential best expresses the availability. Schofield's phosphate potential implies phosphate uptake associated with calcium. This potential, like Woodruff's potassium potential, has been chosen arbitrarily and does not apply to the general process of phosphate uptake. A physiologically meaningful nutrient potential must be selected relative to the uptake process. Thus, if nutrient A is taken up with counter ion B, then AB's chemical potential is of interest. The fact that uptake processes are not sufficiently understood and proposed mechanisms are not generally accepted puts serious limitations on the usefulness of the potential concept. A few possibilities for selecting nutrient potentials are discussed. Since the nutrient capacity is the differential between nutrient content and potential, the above problem of selection is also inherent in the capacity.
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia

Red blood cell (RBC) autoantibodies are a relatively uncommon cause of anemia. However, autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) must be considered in the differential diagnosis of hemolytic anemias, especially if the patient has a concomitant lymphoproliferative disorder, autoimmune disease, or viral or mycoplasmal infection. Classifications of AIHA include warm AIHA, cold agglutinin syndrome, paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria, mixed-type AIHA, and drug-induced AIHA. Characteristics of the autoantibodies are responsible for the various clinical entities. As a result, diagnosis is based on the clinical presentation and a serologic work-up. For each classification of AIHA, this review discusses the demographics, etiology, clinical presentation, laboratory evaluation, and treatment options.
Bandwidth selection for power optimality in a test of equality of regression curves

We consider the bandwidth selection in a test of equality of regression curves given by King et al. (1991). We propose two sub-sample methods that determine data-based bandwidths maximizing the power while keeping the asymptotic size of the test to be fixed at a given level. The optimality is proved and some simulation results are presented.
Coal mining along the Warfield Fault, Mingo County, West Virginia: a tale of ups and downs

Abstract Mine development along a 15-mile (24 km) section of the Warfield Fault in Mingo County, West Virginia has broadened the geological understanding of the fault and its related structures. The fault has been exposed in two new road cuts, one in the northeast-trending segment at Neely Branch and one in the eastern east-trending segment at the head of Marrowbone Creek. Both exposures show a well-defined normal fault with a 45° to 55° N dip, juxtaposing sandstone/shale packages from the roof and the floor of the Coalburg seam. The fault is associated with a thin gouge zone, some drag folding, and parallel jointing. Its trace tends to run parallel to the crest of the adjacent Warfield Anticline. Based on underground mine development and detailed core drilling, the vertical offset along the fault plane ranges from a maximum of 240 ft (73 m) in the central part of the area near the structural bend to less than 100 ft (30 m) in western and eastern directions. The fault is located along the relatively steeply dipping (locally in excess of 25%) southern limb of the Warfield Anticline, and appears related to a late phase of extension involving folded Pennsylvanian strata. On a regional scale, the lithological variations across the fault do not suggest any appreciable strike-slip component. Underground room and pillar mines in the Coalburg seam north and south of the fault have been greatly impacted by the Warfield structures. Due to the combined (and opposite) effects of the folding and faulting, the northern mines are located up to 400 ft (125 m) higher in elevation than the southern ones. Overland conveyor belts connect mining blocks separated by the fault. The practical mining limit along the steep slopes toward the fault is around 15%. Subsidiary normal faults with offsets in the 5- to 15-ft (1.5–4.5 m) range are fairly common and form major roof control and production hurdles. Overall, the Warfield structures pose an extra challenge to mine development in this part of the Appalachian Coalfields.
Application of frequency domain line edge roughness characterization methodology in lithography

A frequency domain 3 sigma LER characterization methodology combining the standard deviation and power spectral density (PSD) methods is proposed. In the new method, the standard deviation is calculated in the frequency domain instead of the spatial domain as in the conventional method. The power spectrum of the LER is divided into three regions: low frequency (LF), middle frequency (MF) and high frequency (HF) regions. The frequency region definition is based on process visual comparisons. Three standard deviation numbers are used to characterize the LER in the three frequency regions. Pattern wiggling can be detected quantitatively with a wiggling factor which is also proposed in this paper.
Utilization of Services by Abused, Low-income African-American Women

BACKGROUND: Little is known about health care and service utilization patterns among low-income African-American women, particularly those who report intimate partner violence (IPV).
A dynamic programming approach to the complete set partitioning problem

The complete set partitioning (CSP) problem is a special case of the set partitioning problem where the coefficient matrix has 2 m −1 columns, each column being a binary representation of a unique integer between 1 and 2 m −1,m⩾1. It has wide applications in the area of corporate tax structuring in operations research. In this paper we propose a dynamic programming approach to solve the CSP problem, which has time complexityO(3 m ), wheren=2 m −1 is the size of the problem space.
Central nervous system effects of bombesin on the cardiovascular response to cold exposure

The effects of cold exposure on mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and oxygen consumption (VO2) were examined in conscious, unrestrained rats receiving intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections of bombesin or appropriate control solutions. Cold exposure elicited significant elevations of MAP, HR and VO2 in control-treated rats. I.c.v. administration of bombesin produced dose-related suppressions of cold-induced elevations of HR and VO2, but not MAP. The central nervous system (CNS)-selective somatostatin analog, ODT8-SS, injected i.c.v., reversed the effects of bombesin on HR and VO2 during cold exposure. Intravenous administration of atropine methyl nitrate did not antagonize the effects of bombesin on HR and VO2 during cold exposure. HR and VO2 were strongly correlated in bombesin-treated rats suggesting that this peptide may prevent cold-induced elevations of VO2 through a CNS action on cardiac function.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Obesity during the Transition to Adulthood: The Contingent and Nonlinear Impact of Neighborhood Disadvantage.

Neighborhood disadvantage in early adolescence may help explain racial and ethnic disparities in obesity during the transition to adulthood; however the processes may work differently for males and females and for minority groups compared to Whites. The present study examines the relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and young adult obesity and the extent to which it contributes to racial/ethnic disparities among males and females. Data are from waves I and III of The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), a nationally representative sample of adolescents administered between 1994 and 2002. The final sample of 5,759 adolescents was 54% female, 63% White, 21% African American, 16% Hispanic, and 14 years of age, on average, at wave I. Using hierarchical logit models and controlling for prior obesity status, findings indicate that, for females, adolescent neighborhood disadvantage partially explains racial/ethnic disparities in young adult obesity. Further, neighborhood disadvantage increases the odds of becoming obese for adolescent females in a curvilinear form, and this relationship significantly varies between Whites and Hispanics. Neighborhood disadvantage does not increase the risk of obesity for males, regardless of race/ethnicity. Implications for obesity prevention are discussed.
A GENDER COMPARISON OF PRISONER SELECTION FOR JOB ASSIGNMENTS WHILE INCARCERATED

ABSTRACT This paper examined prisoner rankings of what men and women thought to be the best jobs in prison. Using these rankings, data were analyzed by gender to see whether prisoners were officially selected for jobs based on demographics or merit. Findings indicated that men were more likely than women (specifically men who were African American) to believe that race was a factor over merit in prisoner work assignments. The regression analysis found that male prisoners were selected by corrections officials most often according to custody level, while women who served more time earned the best jobs. In either case, the study empirically showed that prisoners were selected according to earned status or seniority, and not extra-legal factors.
Effects of exercise training on peak performance and quality of life in congestive heart failure patients.

Background: Exercise programs for patients with heart failure have often enrolled and evaluated relatively healthy, young patients. They also have not measured the impact of exercise performance on daily activities and quality of life. Methods and Results: We investigated the impact of a 6-month supervised and graded exercise program in 33 elderly patients with moderate to severe heart failure randomized to usual care or an exercise program. Six of 17 patients did not tolerate the exercise program. Of those who did, peak oxygen consumption increased by 2.4 ± 2.8 mL/kg/min (P < .05) and 6-minute walk increased by 194 ft (P < .05). However, outpatient energy expenditure did not increase, as measured by either the doubly labeled water technique or Caltrac accelerometer. Perceived quality of life also did not improve, as measured by the Medical Outcomes Study, Functional Status Assessment, or Minnesota Living With Heart Failure questionnaires. Conclusion: Elderly patients with severe heart failure can safely exercise, with an improvement in peak exercise tolerance. However, not all patients will benefit, and daily energy expenditure and quality of life do not improve to the same extent as peak exercise.
Update on diagnostic classification in autism.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the lead up to and following the recent publication of the DSM-5, the diagnostic construct of autism has received intense scrutiny. RECENT FINDINGS This article briefly reviews the history of the diagnosis of autism, the changes that have occurred in the diagnosis over time, and the rationale for change. The most significant changes being introduced with the DSM-5 are highlighted, as well as some of the concerns that will be a focus of attention with respect to the potential impacts going forward. SUMMARY The categorical divisions that characterized the pervasive developmental disorders are now collapsed into a single entity, autism spectrum disorder. The final DSM-5 criteria have yet to be formally compared prospectively against prior criteria, but early indications suggest that the boundaries around the pervasive developmental disorders have not been substantially altered.
Isolation and Characterization of a Streptolydigin Resistant RNA Polymerase

THE RNA polymerase of Escherichia coli consists of two small subunits α, two larger subunits β and β′, and one subunit σ which aids initiation1. A question relevant to control of polymerase synthesis is whether genes coding for the various subunits are contiguous. Both rifampicin resistant RNA polymerase and streptovaricin resistant RNA polymerase map near the argH locus2,3. Here I report that (a) streptolydigin inhibits chain elongation by E. coli RNA polymerase as was found by Siddhikol et al.4 for the polymerase of B. megaterium, (b) mutants altering the polymerase to streptolydigin resistance also map near argH, and (c) that, as is the case of rifampicin resistance1,2, the “core” enzyme (the α2ββ′ structure which itself possesses enzymatic activity) is modified in the resistant mutant.
Kant and Feminism

Rejetant l'interpretation courante de la conception kantienne (et cartesienne) de la raison a l'origine de l'oppression des femmes, l'A. montre que la seconde formulation de l'imperatif categorique, dans les «Fondements de la metaphysique des moeurs» et dans la «Critique de la raison pratique», semble fournir le fondement d'un projet liberateur. Au-dela du conflit entre les remarques sexistes de Kant et sa conception officielle de l'action humaine, l'A. etudie la critique feministe de Kant qui s'inscrit dans son evaluation des capacites cognitives et des limites theoriques du sujet pratique
Ground viewing radiometer characterization, implementation and calibration applications - a summary after two years of field deployment

In 2011, three improved ground-viewing radiometers (GVRs) were built and deployed to support the Radiometric Calibration Test Site (RadCaTS) developed by the Remote Sensing Group (RSG) at the University of Arizona. The GVRs are filter-based radiometers with eight spectral channels covering a wavelength range of 400-1550 nm. They are automated, field-deployable instruments capable of long-term, standalone operation. The radiometers are temperature controlled and designed for greater stability and lower noise than their light emitting diode (LED) based predecessors. This work describes the deployment period of these radiometers with particular attention paid to the in-field performance, reliability, and results from these instruments. Using other RadCaTS inputs including meteorological station data and Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) Cimel sun photometer data, select vicarious calibration results are presented. With these results, an assessment of the calibration applications of the RadCaTS during new GVR deployment is discussed. In addition, GVR calibration and characterization results, including solar radiation based calibration (SRBC), are presented as another means of assessing the performance of the radiometers over deployment periods.
Integrating systematic cue exposure with standard treatment in recovering drug dependent patients

Repeated drug administration readily produces classically conditioned responses in animal and human experimental studies. The majority of patients applying for treatment of drug dependence show both autonomic and subjective responses when exposed to drug-related stimuli. These responses are presumed to have been conditioned during a period of active drug use, persist after traditional treatment for drug dependence, and may constitute one of several factors which predispose to relapse. Preliminary data are presented from a novel treatment approach which is designed to test whether drug-conditioned responses can be reduced or extinguished by systematic exposure to drug-related cues and whether such extinction improves the overall results of treatment.
Variable Catchability and Bias in Population Estimates for Northern Pike

Abstract The magnitude of biases introduced into population estimates by the varying catchability of fish was observed by employing several strategies for estimating population sizes of northern pike Esox lucius in six north-central Minnesota lakes. The strategies relied on commonly used sampling techniques for northern pike and differed in the degree to which they addressed differences in catchability among fish. Biases were measured as percent differences among population estimates. Estimates of known populations of tagged fish showed that the Petersen technique, which incorporated independent gear types for marking and recapture, was relatively unbiased. Biases from differences in catchability due to fish size were small. In contrast, large biases from differing fish behaviors and habitat uses were found in removal or multiple mark–recapture methods. Both method types relied on sampling nearshore movements of northern pike during early spring, and both severely underestimated population sizes. Removal ...
Residual feed intake studies in Angus-sired cattle reveal a potential role for hypothalamic gene expression in regulating feed efficiency

Mechanisms underlying variation in residual feed intake (RFI), a heritable feed efficiency measure, are poorly understood while the relationship between RFI and meat quality is uncertain. To address these issues, 2 divergent cohorts consisting of High (HRFI) and Low (LRFI) RFI individuals were created by assessing RFI in 48 Angus-sired steers during a 70 d feeding trial to identify steers with divergent RFI. The association of RFI with indices of meat quality and expression of genes within hypothalamic and adipose tissue was then determined in LRFI and HRFI steers. While on test, feed intake was recorded daily with BW and hip heights recorded at 14 d intervals. Ultrasound measurements of rib eye area (REA) and backfat (BF) were recorded initially and before harvest. Carcass and growth data were analyzed using a mixed model with RFI level (LRFI, HRFI) as the independent variable. The least-square means (lsmeans) for RFI were -1.25 and 1.51 for the LRFI and HRFI cohorts (P < .0001). Dry matter intake was higher for the HRFI individuals versus the LRFI steers (P < .0001) while on test BW gain was not different between the 2 groups (P < 0.73). There were no differences detected in marbling score (P < 0.93), BF (P < 0.61), REA (P < 0.15), yield grade (P < 0.85) or objective Hunter color measures between LRFI and HRFI steers indicating that there was no relationship between RFI and meat quality. Neuropeptide-Y (NPY), relaxin-3 (RLN3), melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R), and GnRH mRNA expression was 64%, 59%, 58%, 86% lower (P < 0.05), respectively, while gonadotropin inhibiting hormone (GnIH) and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA expression was 198% and 350% higher (P < 0.01) in the arcuate nucleus of LRFI steers. Expression of agouti-related protein (AGRP), relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 1 (RXFP1), and melanocortin 3 receptor mRNA was similar between LRFI and HRFI animals. Pituitary expression of FSHβ (P < 0.03) and LHβ (P < 0.01) was correlated to hypothalamic GnRH levels suggesting that changes in gene expression within the arcuate nucleus had functional consequences. Leptin mRNA expression was 245% higher in the adipose tissue of LRFI steers consistent with lower levels of NPY and higher expression of POMC in their hypothalami. These data support the hypothesis that differences in hypothalamic neuropeptide gene expression underlie variation in feed efficiency in steers while the gonadotropin axis may also influence feed efficiency.