cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cocaine selectively increases proliferation in the adult murine hippocampus

Cocaine abuse continues to be a significant problem in the USA and elsewhere. Cocaine is an indirect agonist for dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin with numerous potential downstream effects, including processes and signals associated with adult neurogenesis. Since drug addiction is associated with brain plasticity, we hypothesized that cocaine exposure would alter cellular proliferation in two adult neurogenic regions (the subventricular and subgranular zones). We used bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) to track newly generated cells in the brains of adult mice after chronic cocaine or saline exposures. No differences were found in the number or migration patterns of BrdU-labeled cells in the forebrain neurogenic areas. However, cocaine produced a significant increase in the number of hippocampal BrdU-labeled cells.
Decade in review-imaging: a decade in image-guided prostate biopsy.

The prostate is still largely assessed by random biopsy, but developments in prostate MRI and fusion with transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) have made targeted biopsy of the prostate a reality. MRI/TRUS techniques promise to address the issues of overdiagnosis and underdiagnosis in prostate cancer.
Molluscicidal quinoline alkaloids from Galipea bracteata.

Abstract Four quinoline alkaloids were isolated from stems of Galipea bracteata . In addition to one new compound, 2-(3′,4′-methylenedioxyphenylethyl)-quinoline, three were identified as the known compounds 2- n -propylquinoline, 2- n -pentylquinoline and 2-(1′-pentenyl)-quinoline. However, this is the first report of their isolation from a natural source. All alkaloids showed an inhibitory effect on shoot and root growth of lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ). Three of them also showed molluscicidal activity against the aquatic snail, Biomphalaria glabrata , involved in the transmission of schistosomiasis.
Pathology of Amphimerus elongatus (Digenea: Opisthorchiidae) in the liver of the double-crested cormorant.

A Double-crested Cormorant, Phalacrocorax auritus, was found infected with the opisthorchiid trematode, Amphimerus elongatus. The liver was badly riddled with a massive infection of thousands of these parasites. Histologically, trematodes were found in the bile ducts of almost all the lobules of the liver. These were completely occluded and there was hyperplasia or complete desquamation of the epithelium of the duct walls. In areas which contained numerous parasites there was extensive fibrosis. In lobules which were free of the parasites the hepatic cells exhibited cloudy swelling, their nuclei were karyolytic in areas adjacent to fibrosis, and there was a considerable increase in the periportal tissue. A localized inflammatory response was noted with lymphocytes and eosinophils as the main cellular components. This is the first record of A. elongatus from the Double-crested Cormorant.
The mechanical properties, dislocation sub-structure and density in niobium single crystals deformed at high strain rates

Abstract Mechanical properties of single crystals of niobium have been measured in the strain-rate range 103-104 see−1 where flow is thermally activated and is probably controlled by the Peierls stress. Dislocation configurations and densities have been measured as a function of strain at strain rates of 6·5 × 103 sec−1 and 2·7 × 10−4 sec−1. The flow stress is a square root function of the dislocation density at both strain rates and the rate of increase of dislocation density with increasing strain is independent of strain rate. It was found that the work-hardening rate decreased with increasing strain rate and the dislocation configurations observed are consistent with a work-hardening mechanism based on dislocation interactions of the type .
Visualizing Prolog: a "jigsaw puzzle" approach

At Bridgewater State College, Prolog serves as a student's first introduction to programming in a declarative language. Students often find it difficult to understand how Prolog implements logical deduction and handles variable bindings as it processes a query. The authors show snapshots of the deduction process and present a graphical ("jigsaw puzzle") representation of the emerging logical relationships, which our students find to be helpful. Typical parent-child predicate relationships are used as introductory examples.
Are labor abnormalities more common in shoulder dystocia

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine the asociation between labor abnormalities and shoulder dystocia. STUDY DESIGN: All consecutive cases of shoulder dystocia from January 1986 to August 1994 were reviewed ( n = 276). For purposes of comparison a control group of vaginally delivered patients was randomly selected in a 2:1 ratio ( n = 600). Charts were reviewed for demographic information, labor and delivery events, and neonatal outcome. RESULTS: Labor abnormalities were comparable in the shoulder dystocia and control groups, both in the active phase and in the second stage. When patients with diabetes and those with macrosomic infants were analyzed separately, no significant differences in labor abnormalities were identified. The rate of operative vaginal delivery was significantly higher in the shoulder group, and one third of the operative deliveries were midpelvic. In addition, the induction rate was higher in the shoulder group. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that labor abnormalities may not serve as clinical predictors for subsequent development of shoulder dystocia, thus emphasizing the unpredictability of this condition.
Gas fires with pool-like boundary conditions

The consumption rate of a burning pool of liquid fuel is controlled by heat transfer to the liquid from the reaction zone, presumed to be in the gas phase. The object of this work was delineation of important heat transfer mechanisms and determination of dependence of heat transfer on fuel vapour properties. As an approximation to the burning pool, the burning of gas issuing uniformly from cool, horizontal, porous surfaces of 5, 10 adn 19 cm diameter has been studied. Heat transfer to the cooled porous surface was the basic measurement. The use of gaseous fuel makes possible much greater experimental flexibility than the use of liquid fuel. The basic experiment and characteristic data patterns are described. The effects of burner geometry variations and of inert diluents are summarized. It is shown that the general magnitude of the heat transfer, and its variation with burner geometry, are consistent with corresponding data from burning pools. The radiative heat transfer component was determined by methods described in an Appendix. The basic radiation measurement was the output of a radiometer installed in the centre of each burner. This was supplemented by direct radiative heat transfer measurements, which were sometimes possible with a special burner configuration and with bolometer traverses of remotely projected images of the fires. The results suggest that fuel consumption rates, for the diameter range of interest, are determined primarily by non-radiative rather than radiative heat transfer.
The academic/industry gap in systems programming and operating systems

The results of a survey of individuals working in the systems programming and operating systems areas are presented in an attempt to characterize the academic/industry “gap” in this area. The implications of this gap are then presented for both the present curriculum in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Pittsburgh and for college/university curricula in general.
Notes on the Natural History and Ecology of Inflectarius magazinensis (Pilsbry and Ferriss, 1907) (Gastropoda: Polygyridae), the Magazine Mountain Shagreen

Abstract: Inflectarius magazinensis (Pilsbry and Ferriss, 1907), the Magazine Mountain Shagreen, is an endemic land snail found only on Magazine Mountain, Arkansas, U.S.A. This species was given the status of threatened in 1989, but was removed from the threatened list by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service in June 2013 due to apparent stability of the population within its known habitat. Inflectarius magazinensis is a rupicolous species inhabiting talus areas of Savanna sandstone. Populations occur from approximately 670 m to 790 m on the north and west sides of Magazine Mountain. Our study was designed to gather information regarding basic natural history and ecology knowledge for this species. We examined both known localities and sites where there were no historical records for the presence of I. magazinensis but suitable habitat was present. We found that this species is restricted to only the north- and west-facing slopes of Magazine Mountain. Due to its restricted habitat preferences, the t...
IGF2R Polymorphisms and Risk of Esophageal and Gastric Adenocarcinomas

The mannose-6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (M6P/IGF2R) encodes a protein that plays a critical role in tumor suppression, in part by modulating bioavailability of a potent mitogen, insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF2). We tested the hypothesis that the common nonsynonymous genetic variants in M6P/IGF2R c.901C > G (Leu > Val) in exon 6 and c.5002G > A (Gly > Arg) in exon 34 are associated with risk of esophageal and gastric cancers. Study participants in this population-based study comprise 197 controls and 182 cases, including 105 with esophageal-gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (EGA), 57 with noncardia gastric adenocarcinoma and 20 with esophageal squamous (ES) cell carcinoma. Among white males, odds ratios (ORs) were elevated in relation to carrying at least 1 c.901C > G allele for EGA [OR = 1.9; 95% confidence intervals (CIs) = 1.0–3.6] and noncardia gastric cancer (OR = 2.5; 95% CI = 1.2–5.5), but not ES. Exploratory subgroup analyses suggested that associations between EGA and this variant were stronger among irregular or nonusers of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (OR = 2.3; 95% CI = 1.2–4.2) and cigarette smokers (OR = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.0–4.2). An association between carrying the c.5002G > A genotype and EGA was not evident. These findings suggest that nonsynonymous polymorphisms in M6P/IGF2R may contribute to the risks of EGA and noncardia adenocarcinomas. Larger studies are required to confirm these findings. © 2009 UICC
Quantum mechanical calculations on cellulose–water interactions: structures, energetics, vibrational frequencies and NMR chemical shifts for surfaces of Iα and Iβ cellulose

Periodic and molecular cluster density functional theory calculations were performed on the Iα (001), Iα (021), Iβ (100), and Iβ (110) surfaces of cellulose with and without explicit H2O molecules of hydration. The energy-minimized H-bonding structures, water adsorption energies, vibrational spectra, and 13C NMR chemical shifts are discussed. The H-bonded structures and water adsorption energies (ΔEads) are used to distinguish hydrophobic and hydrophilic cellulose–water interactions. O–H stretching vibrational modes are assigned for hydrated and dry cellulose surfaces. Calculations of the 13C NMR chemical shifts for the C4 and C6 surface atoms demonstrate that these δ13C4 and δ13C6 values can be upfield shifted from the bulk values as observed without rotation of the hydroxymethyl groups from the bulk tg conformation to the gt conformation as previously assumed.
Dietary lipid, fatty acid synthesis and cholesterol metabolism in aging rats.

Male and female rats were fed diets containing 2% of calories as corn oil or that plus 40% of calories as beef tallow or corn oil. After 3, 6, 12 and 18 months groups were given 4-14C-cholesterol ip, and feces were collected for 9 days. Just prior to necropsy3H-acetate was administered ip. Samples of serum, liver, heart and carcass were obtained for analysis. Concentrations of fatty acids and cholesterol, synthesis of those and recovery of ring-labeled steroid are reported. Mortality from acute respiratory disease was very high in male rats fed beef tallow or low fat diets and very low in those fed the corn oil diet. In females, only beef tallow diet resulted in a high mortality rate, and this was lower and at a later age than in males. The most notable effects of age were in relation to fatty acid synthesis and presence of14C-acidic steroid in the carcass. In 3-month-old rats both fats depressed fatty acid synthesis in comparison to the low fat diet. At later ages beef fat ceased to depress fatty acid synthesis in both sexes. Corn oil continued to depress fatty acid synthesis up to 12 months in males and 18 months in females. The presence of14C-acidic steroid in carcass was substantial in 6-month-old rats and constituted ca. 40% of recovered14C in 18-month-old rats. The possibility that the increase in acetate incorporation into fatty acids with age in fat feeding is related to chain elongation rather than de novo synthesis is discussed. Both the presence and amount of acidic steroid in the carcass are notable and may be of importance in constructing models of cholesterol turnover.
Systemic Lupus-Like Syndrome Induced by Methyldopa Therapy

Pleural pericarditis, fever, and a positive reaction for antinuclear antibody developed in a 50-year-old white woman while she was receiving methyldopa (500 mg daily). After withdrawal of the drug, there was complete resolution of the clinical signs and symptoms, as well as normalization of the patient's antinuclear antibody titer. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a clinical lupus-like syndrome induced by therapy with methyldopa.
Refractive Index of Silicon

The refractive index of silicon was measured at room temperature over the range 1.1–2.0 μ by autocollimation in an ~12° wedge. The image was observed by sweeping it across a slit in front of a lead sulfide cell whose output was displayed vertically on an oscilloscope while the sweep frequency was displayed horizontally. The problems of measuring the refractive index of silicon are discussed, and it is concluded that the refractive index is not known absolutely to better than the third decimal.
Acceptance, mindfulness, and cognitive reappraisal as longitudinal predictors of depression and quality of life in educators

Abstract This longitudinal study used psychological process measures derived from Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Cognitive Therapy (CT) models to prospectively predict depression and quality of life. Participants included 93 K-12 education employees who repeatedly completed surveys over the course of 4 months. Both the ACT and CT regression models were predictive of depressive symptoms after controlling for baseline depression. These models differed in their success at predicting life quality over time. In the CT models, only automatic thought frequency had predictive value while dysfunctional attitudes and cognitive reappraisal did not make unique contributions. In the ACT models, both psychological flexibility and present moment awareness made unique contributions while thought believability did not contribute. The role of awareness was moderated by psychological flexibility, suggesting that present moment sensitivity can either be a strength or a weakness depending upon one's level of openness to experience. Strengths and weaknesses of both the ACT and CT models are noted, as areas for future research.
Production and dynamics of ultrafine and fine particles in contained detonations of aluminium energetics

Abstract Several experiments were conducted to improve understanding of the properties of airborne particles generated by detonation of conventional charges and explosives prepared from nanophase aluminum-powder materials. We believe this is the first time that the time-dependent behavior of ultrafine particles produced by explosions are reported. Based on our analysis of the measurement data, it appears that the initial peak diameter of particles produced by the detonation of test charges in the experiments, irrespective of the original formulations, is in the proximity of 40 nm. The particles eventually grew to the size range between 100 and 300 nm within 30 min. Charges prepared from the nanophase powders (50- and 100-nm) produced significantly higher number concentration values than those from conventional formulation and 15- μ m powder material. The differences were two orders of magnitude higher by 50-nm powder, one order by the 100-nm, and 2 times higher by the 15- μ m powder charge in comparison to the conventional formulation. The reduction of total number concentration of particles over time produced by detonation of the four charges appears to follow a pseudo-first-order chemical kinetics—linear functional on a semi-log plot. Employing this functional, the particle removal rates estimated for the four charges ranged from 0.014 to 0.026 min - 1 . The removal rates were found to be statistically different (at the 95% confidence interval), and in the following order: the rate for charge A B C D .
Maximizing Parameter Identifiability of an Equivalent-Circuit Battery Model Using Optimal Periodic Input Shaping

This paper shapes the periodic cycling of a lithium-ion battery to maximize the battery’s parameter identifiability. The paper is motivated by the need for faster and more accurate lithium-ion battery diagnostics, especially for transportation. Poor battery parameter identifiability makes diagnostics challenging. The existing literature addresses this challenge by using Fisher information to quantify battery parameter identifiability, and showing that test trajectory optimization can improve identifiability. One limitation is this literature’s focus on offline estimation of battery model parameters from multi-cell laboratory cycling tests. This paper is motivated, in contrast, by online health estimation for a target battery or cell. The paper examines this “targeted estimation” problem for both linear and nonlinear second-order equivalent-circuit battery models. The simplicity of these models leads to analytic optimal solutions in the linear case, providing insights to guide the setup of the optimization problem for the nonlinear case. Parameter estimation accuracy improves significantly as a result of this optimization. The paper demonstrates this improvement for multiple electrified vehicle configurations.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Extended theory of tandem electron capture detectors

Abstract A theoretical model based on second-order kinetics describes the operation of the tandem electron capture detector as an absolute gas-phase coulometer in the fixed pulse model. The previous assumption that linear operation requires the electron concentration to be far in excess of solute is found invalid. Initial growth of electron concentration is independent of sample concentration because of the short ionization interval. Pseudo first-order kinetics therefore apply to sample concentrations up to several orders of magnitude larger than the electron concentration. Equations for coulometric analysis are developed to accommodate tandem detectors having different source strengths, carrier gas and column bleed impurities, and different ion recombination rates.
Culture, Cosmopolitanism, and Risk Management

Most cultural approaches to risk management deal with the connections between the forms of social relations within groups and the risk concerns of those groups. According to these theories, a certain limited set of different relational forms (usually three, four, or five) lead to specific, different and conflicting, risk concerns. In contrast to these theories, cosmopolitanism is an approach to culture that focuses, not on forms of sociality, but on changes among forms—expansions and contractions in the inclusivity of forms and movement by persons from one form of sociality to another. Relative to other cultural theories, cosmopolitanism thus is much more concerned with the solution of risk management problems than with their origins. Cosmopolitanism can be thought of as a cultural continuum, with cosmopolitanism at one end and pluralism at the other. Cosmopolitan persons are more open to cultural change—and thus the solution of risk management problems. In this article, we outline our new theory of cosmopolitanism, describe a method for measuring it and present an experimental study that tests some implications of the theory. Results from the study support the theory by showing that, compared to pluralistic respondents, cosmopolitan respondents are more inclusive in their risk management judgments—that is, they express equal concern for a local and a national issue, whereas the pluralistic respondents express greater concern in the local case. We discuss the risk management implications of a cosmopolitan approach to culture.
ANION AND SOLVENT EFFECTS ON THE RATE OF REDUCTION OF TRIPLET EXCITED THIAZINE DYES BY FERROUS IONS

— The lifetimes of the triplet excited states of thionine and methylene blue were measured in aqueous and 50 v/v% aqueous acetonitrile solutions acidified with 0.01 N sulfuric or trifluoromethyl-sulfonic acid. The rate constants for reaction of the triplet excited dyes with ferrous ions were measured in the same solutions. The triplet lifetimes in the absence of added quenchers were insensitive to a change in acid from trifluoromethylsulfonic to sulfuric or to a change in solvent from water to 50v/v% aqueous acetonitrile (τ for triplet thionine ˜7.5 μs, τ for triplet methylene blue ˜4.5 μs). In contrast, the rate constant for reaction of the triplet dyes with ferrous ions increased by nearly a factor of 10 with a change in acid from trifluoromethylsulfonic to sulfuric. In solutions containing sulfate ions this reaction rate constant increased with increasing sulfate concentration and with a change in solvent from water to 50 v/v% aqueous acetonitrile. The results are discussed in terms of the possibility of association of the positively charged reactive ions with sulfate anions. Quenching of the triplet excited dyes by ferric ions or by ground state dye molecules was shown to be negligible at the concentration used for the ferrous ion quenching study.
Urban and rural temperature trends in proximity to large US cities: 1951–2000

This paper presents a study of urban and rural temperature trends in proximity to the most populous metropolitan areas of the US. As data from urban meteorological stations are typically eliminated or adjusted for use in continental and global analyses of climate change, few studies have addressed how temperatures are changing in the areas most vulnerable to the public health impacts of warming: large cities. In this study, temperature data from urban and proximate rural stations for 50 large US metropolitan areas are analysed to establish the mean decadal rate of change in urban temperatures, rural temperatures, and heat island intensity over five decades. The results of this analysis find the mean decadal rate of change in the heat island intensity of large US cities between 1951 and 2000 to be 0.05 °C and further show a clear division in temperature trends between cities situated in the northeastern and southern regions of the country. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Shimmering Reality: The Question of Metaphysical Relativity in Mystical Theology

����� ��� It can be argued that what most clearly sets “mystical theology” apart from ordinary religious consciousness and rational 1 or apologetic theology is its treatment of the relationship between the Ultimate Reality and the non-Ultimate. In fact, mysticism tends to combine the strictest concept of the Absolute, one that points to transcending any polarity, duality, and distinction, and a vision of relativity that both denies the reality of the world of manifestation, when considered independently from its Source, and affirms an essential continuity or unity between the Ultimate and that which is not in an ultimate sense. The Absolute is literally ab-solutum, which means that it is “unbound,” “detached,” and “free.” Although most often understood as “complete” and “selfsufficient,” and therefore also the “cause of itself,” the Absolute must also and consequently be approached in terms of its perfect freedom, which is itself a dimension of its transcendence vis-a-vis any “relationality.” In this connection “relationality” entails an aspect of “obligation” or “reciprocity” by virtue of the “relationships” and “relations” it involves. Therefore, our understanding of “absoluteness” as utter freedom immediately brings the central question of this inquiry to the fore by highlighting the apparent logical impossibility of positing concurrently the ontological reality of both the Absolute and “non-absolute realities” — including ourselves. In other words, is the Absolute conceivable side by side with the existence of a myriad of “non-absolute” realities given that such a mode of “co-being” or “co-existence” would perforce imply some sort of “relationality” between the former and the latter, and thereby run contrary to the notion of an ab-solutum? It is this question that we would like to ponder in this essay through a liminal survey of some of the most rigorous concepts of the Absolute provided by a cross-religious spectrum of teachings from “mystical theology,” or rather “mystical metaphysics.” We readily acknowledge that the term “mystical” is approximative, possibly even misleading and given to likely misunderstandings. We nonetheless consider the use of this term suitable as a distinct indication that we will be considering doctrines and teachings that are not just understood by their proponents as mere conceptual descriptions of Reality, but are also intimately associated by them with ways of spiritual realization, thereby highlighting the vital coalescence of epistemology, ontology, and soteriology. Within the manifold tradition of Hinduism, the Advaitin or nondual perspective of Shankara (788– a.d. 820) provides a fitting starting point for an analysis of the ontological status of relativity, or “other-than-the-Ultimate,” when characterizing Māyā — w hich has been variously translated as “veil,” “illusion,” “art,” “wonder” or
Growth Characteristics of Rcovirus Type 2 Actinomycin D and the Preferential Synthesis of Viral RNA. ()

SummaryThe effect of varying concentrations of actinomycin D on the synthesis of viral and cellular ribonucleic acids and on the replication of reovirus type 2 has been investigated. At low concentrations of the antibiotic (0.05 μg to 0.1 μg per ml) which allow maximal yields of infectious virus, the treated cultures exhibited a preferential synthesis of reovirus RNA and a suppression of cellular RNA activity.
Factor Analysis as Numerical Induction: How to Judge a Book by its Cover1

The use of some forms of data in factor analysis for purposes of numerical induction has recently been questioned (Sackett 1969). The nature of “qualitative” and “quantitative” data and the assumptions of the factor analysis model are discussed in this paper. Results of a plasmode—a worked example with relatively well understood data—confirm the robustness of factor analysis under varying degrees of violation of the model More and more examples of the usefulness of factor analysis as a general numerical method of induction are accumulating.
2-Fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography imaging is predictive of pathologic response and survival after preoperative chemoradiation in patients with esophageal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND The current study was performed to assess the value of 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in predicting the pathologic response and survival of patients with esophageal carcinoma treated with preoperative chemoradiation (CRT) and tumor resection. Preliminary reports suggest that FDG-PET may be predictive of the response of esophageal carcinoma patients to preoperative CRT. METHODS Eighty-three patients with resectable esophageal carcinoma who underwent preoperative CRT and FDG-PET and tumor resection were evaluated for pathologic response to CRT, percent residual tumor, and survival. RESULTS The majority of patients in the current study were men (74 of 83 patients; 89%). Most tumors were adenocarcinomas (73 of 83 tumors; 88%) and clinical EUST3/4 (69 tumors; 83%) or N1 (46 tumors; 55%). FDG-PET after preoperative CRT identified pathologic responders but failed to rule out microscopic residual tumor in 13 of 73 cases (18%). Pathologic response was found to correlate with the post-CRT FDG-PET standardized uptake value (SUV) (P = 0.03) and a post-CRT FDG-PET SUV of ≥ 4 was found to be the only preoperative factor to correlate with decreased survival (2-year survival rate of 33% vs. 60%; P = 0.01). On univariate Cox regression analysis, only post-CRT FDG-PET was found to be correlated with post-CRT survival (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Post-CRT FDG-PET was found to be predictive of pathologic response and survival in patients with esophageal carcinoma who undergo preoperative CRT. Esophagectomy should still be considered even if the post-CRT FDG-PET scan is normal because microscopic residual disease cannot be ruled out. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
LIPID EXTRACTION AND DISTRIBUTION STUDIES OF EGG YOLK LIPOPROTEINS

The three lipoproteins of egg yolk, α- and β-lipovitellin and the low-density fraction (LDF), have been isolated and their lipid compositions determined. α- and β-lipovitellin comprise 22 to 26% li...
Risk of Tendon Entrapment Under a Dorsal Bridge Plate in a Distal Radius Fracture Model

Purpose To determine the risk of iatrogenic damage to the extensor tendons and sensory nerves under a bridge plate along the second versus third metacarpal. Methods Using 6 paired (left–right) cadaver forearms–wrists and via a volar approach, we created a distal radius fracture with metaphyseal comminution. We then applied a dorsal distraction plate to either the second or third metacarpal. We next performed dorsal dissection of the hand and wrist over the zone of injury to determine the position of the plate relative to the extensor tendons and sensory nerves. Results The bridge plate on the third metacarpal entrapped tendons of the first and third compartment in all 6 specimens. When the plate was applied to the second metacarpal there were no cases of tendon entrapment. There were no instances of nerve entrapment in plating to either the second or third metacarpal. Conclusions Distraction plating has been proposed for use in the second and third metacarpals for unstable comminuted distal radius fractures. We recommend formal exposure of the extensor tendons over the zone of injury when applying a distraction bridge plate to the third metacarpal. Clinical relevance Plating to the second metacarpal decreases the risk of entrapment of extensor tendons compared with plating to the third metacarpal.
Alteration in substrate specificity of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase by an acyclic nicotinamide analog of NAD(

Abstract A new, acyclic NAD-analog, acycloNAD + has been synthesized where the nicotinamide ribosyl moiety has been replaced by the nicotinamide (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl moiety. The chemical properties of this analog are comparable to those of β-NAD + with a redox potential of −324 mV and a 341 nm λ max for the reduced form. Both yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (YADH) and horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (HLADH) catalyze the reduction of acycloNAD + by primary alcohols. With HLADH 1-butanol has the highest V max at 49% that of β-NAD + . The primary deuterium kinetic isotope effect is greater than 3 indicating a significant contribution to the rate limiting step from cleavage of the carbon–hydrogen bond. The stereochemistry of the hydride transfer in the oxidation of stereospecifically deuterium labeled n -butanol is identical to that for the reaction with β-NAD + . In contrast to the activity toward primary alcohols there is no detectable reduction of acycloNAD + by secondary alcohols with HLADH although these alcohols serve as competitive inhibitors. The net effect is that acycloNAD + has converted horse liver ADH from a broad spectrum alcohol dehydrogenase, capable of utilizing either primary or secondary alcohols, into an exclusively primary alcohol dehydrogenase. This is the first example of an NAD analog that alters the substrate specificity of a dehydrogenase and, like site-directed mutagenesis of proteins, establishes that modifications of the coenzyme distance from the active site can be used to alter enzyme function and substrate specificity. These and other results, including the activity with α-NADH, clearly demonstrate the promiscuity of the binding interactions between dehydrogenases and the riboside phosphate of the nicotinamide moiety, thus greatly expanding the possibilities for the design of analogs and inhibitors of specific dehydrogenases.
On the use of rotating electrodes in the measurement of the diffusion coefficient of aluminum fluoride in cryolitic melts

Abstract Discussed is the use of rotating cylinder and disc electrodes to study mass transfer in cryolitic melts. In particular the effect of a thin liquid film at the surface of a rotating cylinder on the value of the diffusion coefficient deduced from the experiments is described. The thinness of the liquid aluminum film and the substantial interfacial tension of an aluminum—bath interface make the actual diffusion coefficient lie within experimental error of the deduced diffusion coefficient. Also presented are a theoretical calculation of the current distribution on a rotating disc used in cryolitic melts and a calculation of the effect of a non-uniform current distribution on the measured apparent diffusivity. If the reference electrode is far from the edge of the disc, the apparent and actual diffusion coefficients measured in cryolitic melts are nearly equal.
Purification and characterization of an endogenous inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase from maize root

Abstract An inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) in the maize root has been purified by a stepwise method consisting of gel filtration, ion-exchange and hydroxylapatite chromatography. The molecular weight of the inhibitor is approx. 10 000 as estimated by gel filtration and ultrafiltration techniques. The inhibitor is sensitive to heat although boiling for 5 min does not completely destroy its activity. The inactivation of ADH by the inhibitor is dependent on the level of substrate ADH and the level of the inhibitor. The reaction is also time dependent. The inhibitor shows its optimum activity in the neutral pH range and appears to be located in the cytoplasmic fraction. The purified inhibitor is sensitive to trypsin but not sensitive to neuraminidase suggesting that the inhibitor is probably a protein molecule but does not contain carbohydrate, or the carbohydrate moiety is not essential for the inhibitor activity. The inactivation of maize ADH by the inhibitor is irreversible. Furthermore, the antigenic reactivity of ADH is destroyed by the inhibitor. This result may indicate that the inhibitor is a specific proteolytic enzyme. Yeast ADH is sensitive to the inhibitor but purified horse liver ADH, maize malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and maize catalase are not affected.
The Birth of Consciousness out of Conscience in Giordano Bruno’s Heroic Frenzies and Shakespeare’s Hamlet

AbstractThis essay historicizes Hamlet’s consciousness, which has so often been read as modern consciousness avant-la-lettre, by considering the link of early modern consciousness to conscience. Through a rereading of Hamlet alongside Protestant treatises on conscience and Giordano Bruno’s Heroic Frenzies, I demonstrate that consciousness in Hamlet is indebted both to medieval conceptions of conscience and to emerging Protestant discourses. I trace the transformation of “conscience” in Post-Reformation England, and its link to consciousness, which is also designated by the word “conscience” prior to 1632, when it receives its first OED entry. Turn-of-the-seventeenth-century Protestant treatises on conscience increasingly define it as self-knowledge instead of knowledge shared with God, exemplifying the growing importance of consciousness within the concept of conscience. Giordano Bruno’s model of a consciousness that is born out of man’s connection to God sensitizes us to its connection to conscience. Thu...
Assessing the Competitive Impact of Type, Timing, Frequency, and Magnitude of Retail Promotions

This research hypothesizes and tests the following propositions: (1) competitive performance of a brand varies across retail chains, driven by differences in retailers' promotion decisions for the brand, and (2) type, timing, frequency, and magnitude of retail promotions affects brands' competitive performance. Further, we illustrate the presence of asymmetry in brand competition and test the expectation that differences in market shares and price levels are major factors contributing to competitive asymmetry. A model of brand competition is formulated at the retail level. The results indicate that the competitive performance of brands are not uniform across pairs of brands and the retail chains in a market.
Single bubble formation in high pressure liquid—solid suspensions

Abstract Bubble formation from a single nozzle is investigated analytically and experimentally in nonaqueous liquid and liquid—solid suspensions at pressures up to 17.3 MPa. A mechanistic model is proposed to predict the initial bubble size in liquid—solid suspensions, by taking into account the various forces affecting the bubble growth including those induced by the presence of the particles, such as the suspension inertial force and the particle-bubble collision force. It is found that the initial bubble size in the suspensions is generally larger than that in the liquid mainly due to the inertia effect of the suspension. The initial bubble size increases with the solids holdup. The pressure has an insignificant effect on the initial bubble size in both the liquid and liquid—solid suspensions under the conditions of this study. The model can reasonably predict the initial bubble sizes obtained in this study and those reported in the literature.
Hybrid thin-slot algorithm for the analysis of narrow apertures in finite-difference time-domain calculations

A technique to incorporate a half-space aperture integral equation into a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) code based on the offset Yee mesh (see K.S. Yee, ibid., vol. AP-14, p.302-7, 1966) is presented. To introduce the technique, linear apertures that are electrically narrow in both width and depth are discussed. The method incorporates an independent time-marching solution for the aperture problem into the FDTD code so that the aperture formally does not exist within the main FDTD mesh. A feedback scheme is introduced so that full exterior and interior coupling is included in the aperture solution. The technique is particularly useful for the analysis of apertures that are narrow both in width and depth with regard to the FDTD spatial cell. Previous thin-slot methods are shown to significantly underestimate the transverse gap electric field for this case, and an explanation for this is provided with the aid of the hybrid algorithm. >
Geologic Processes in Evaporites in Northern Delaware Basin: ABSTRACT

Permian evaporites of the northern Delaware basin have been studied in detail for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP). The WIPP is proposed for the disposal of defense radioactive waste in the Salado Formation about 30 mi (48 km) east of Carlsbad. Boreholes in the northern part of the WIPP site confirm unusual bed thicknesses and attitudes in the Castile Formation. The Castile is ordinarily nearly flat and consists of three anhydrites and two interbedded halites with a total thickness of about 1,350 ft (411 m). WIPP 13 encountered 900 ft (274 m) between the top of Castile and total depth about 50 ft (15 m) into the lower anhydrite. The upper anhydrite dips as much as 40° and contains a small recumbent fold. The thinning and structure also occur in the lower Salado. The same stratigraphic interval in WIPP 11 is 1,230 ft (575 m) thick. The upper anhydrite at WIPP 11 is very thin (< 80 ft or 24 m) and arches; the halite below it is over 900 ft (274 m) thick. the lower Salado beds arch over the Castile. The top of the Salad Formation is not arched at either borehole. Other Castile beds in each hole vary in thickness to lesser degrees. The major hypotheses for the origin of these features are deposition, dissolution, and halokinesis. Laminated anhydrite does not form on 40° dips. Dissolution residues do not account for thin halite beds. Delicate primary halite structures in the upper Castile in WIPP 13 should not survive later massive halokinesis. Synsedimentary deformation is invoked as a possible explanation. Investigations continue. End_of_Article - Last_Page 767------------
Molecular Engineering of Liquid Crystalline Polymers by Living Polymerization. 9. Living Cationic Polymerization of 5-((4-Cyano-4'-Biphenyl) oxy)pentyl Vinyl Ethers and 7-((4-Cyano-4'-Biphenyl)oxy)heptyl Vinyl Ether, and the Mesomorphic Behavior of the Resulting Polymers

Abstract The synthesis and living cationic polymerization of 5-[(4-cyano-4′-biphenyl)oxy]pentyl vinyl ether ( 6-5 ) and 7-[(4-cyano-4′-biphenyl)oxy]heptyl vinyl ether ( 6–7 ) are present. The influence of molecular weight on the mesomorphic behaviour of poly( 6-5 ) and poly( 6–7 ) is discussed and compared to that of 5-[(4-cyano-4′-biphenyl)oxy]pentyl ethyl ether ( 8-5 ) and 7-[(4-cyano-4′-biphenyl)oxy]heptyl ethyl ether ( 8-7 ) which are models of the monomeric structural units of poly( 6-5 ) and poly( 6–7 ). Both ( 8-5 ) and ( 8-7 ) exhibit a monotropic nematic mesophase. Poly( 6-5 ) with degrees of polymerization equal to and lower than six exhibit an enantiotropic nematic mesophase. Poly( 6-5 )s with higher degrees of polymerization display both smectic A and nematic enantiotropic mesophases. Poly( 6–7 ) exhibits an enantiotropic smectic A mesophase over the entire range of molecular weights.
Response of native and introduced fishes to presumed antipredator secretions of Ozark hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi)

Like many amphibian populations around the globe, populations of hellbenders ( Cryptobranchus alleganiensis ) have declined substantially in the past three decades. The cause(s) of the decline are unknown, but one hypothesis is that predation pressure by non-native fishes has played a role. Hellbenders produce a milky, frothy secretion when stressed, and this secretion is assumed to serve an antipredator function. In this study, we tested whether the presence of the secretion would deter foraging activity by native and introduced fishes. We found little evidence to support an antipredator function for the secretion, at least at the relatively low concentrations that we used in our study. Two species, non-native brown trout ( Salmo trutta ) and native walleye ( Sander vitreus ), were stimulated to approach prey by the presence of the hellbender secretions. In a palatability experiment, rainbow trout rejected food pellets soaked in hellbender secretion more often than control pellets whereas brown trout did not. Although our data indicate that the presence of the hellbender secretion does not deter fish predators from approaching hellbenders, it is possible that the strong concentration that would be experienced during an actual predation event, particularly on larger individuals, might serve a deterrent function.
999-116 Artificial Neural Networks Can Predict Significant Coronary Disease

In the era of health care reform, third party health payors are using decision support systems to justify the use of costly invasive procedures. In the field of cardiology, a technology that could predict significant coronary artery disease (CAD) from non-invasive data would be helpful. Artificial neural networks (ANN) have the potential to recognize subtle patterns in data and apply its training to a new set of data. We trained a personal computer-based ANN, using back propagation of errors through 23 hidden neurons, incorporating logistic transfer function, in a single layer, to identify patients with significant CAD based on non-invasive data. We trained the ANN by using non-invasive data from 276 consecutive patients who underwent cardiac catheterization. Input data included age, sex, history, physical exam, cardiac risk factors, exercise stress test data (with or without nuclear imaging). The ANN was trained to recognize significant CAD, defined as g 50% obstruction of the left main or other major epicardial vessels, The ANN was then applied to patients not used in training. Significant CAD was identified with a positive predictive accuracy of 80%, and a negative predictive accuracy of 92%. In conclusion, ANN can exclude patients without significant CAD with a high degree (92%) of confidence. This technique has the potential to limit the use of costly invasive procedures.
Theoretical studies of stereoselective hydroborations

Abstract Asymmetric hydroborations of alkenes are outstanding examples of reactions which proceed with high acyclic stereoselection to give synthetically useful functionality. We have undertaken com- putational studies of these reactions as a part of our more general studies of stereoselective organic reactions. We wish to develop understanding of those factors which control stereoselectivity in known cases, and to develop both qualitative and quantitative methods to predict stereoselectivities of cases not yet investigated. Here, we detail our progress in understanding hydroborations, and in subsequent publications, we will report similar studies for other types of organic reactions, such as intermolecular and intramolecular cycloadditions, epoxidations, radical reactions, nucleophilic additions, and aldol condensations.
A guide to children with acute and chronic headaches

Abstract Children with acute and chronic headaches are often seen by primary care providers. A complete, elaborate history, obtained from both the parents and child, is key in diagnosing and managing the child who presents with a headache. A thorough social and educational history may reveal significant school or family stresses. Historic features of concern must be explored immediately. A thorough physical examination with a focused neurologic examination must be done Focal neurologic findings may indicate serious organic problems. A comprehensive approach to the management of headaches in children consisting of reassurance, education, pharmacologic interventions, and nonpharmacologic interventions is presented. A two-tiered management plan is used in conjunction with medications. The aim of this article is to provide the novice or experienced practitioner with a comprehensive review of acute and chronic headache pathogenesis, assessment, and management. This review includes migraines and other nonmigraine types of headaches. J Pediatr Health Care. (2001). 15, 229-235.
Effects of aging and genotype on circadian rhythms, sleep, and clock gene expression in APPxPS1 knock-in mice, a model for Alzheimer's disease

Abstract Profound disruptions of circadian rhythms and sleep/wake cycles constitute a major cause of institutionalization of AD patients. This study investigated whether a rodent model of AD, APPNLH/NLH/PS-1P264L/264L (APPxPS1) mice, exhibits circadian alterations. The APPxPS1 mice were generated using CD-1/129 mice and Cre-lox knock-in technology to “humanize” the mouse amyloid (A)β sequence and create a presenilin-1 mutation identified in familial early-onset AD patients. APPxPS1 and WT mice of several ages (~ 4, 11, and 15 months) were monitored for circadian rhythms in wheel running, cage activity, and sleep:wake behavior. After rhythm assessment, the mice were euthanized at zeitgeber time (ZT) 2 or 10 (i.e., 2 or 10 h after lights-on) and brains were dissected. Amyloidβ levels were measured in cortical samples and brain sections of the hypothalamus and hippocampus were prepared and used for in situ hybridization of circadian or neuropeptide genes. The most significant effects of the APPxPS1 transgenes were phase delays of ~ 2 h in the onset of daytime wakefulness bouts (P