cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolated computed tomography diagnosis of pulmonary contusion does not correlate with increased morbidity.

Abstract Background Increased utilization of computed tomography (CT) has led to a rise in the diagnosis of pulmonary contusion. Its clinical significance, in the absence of findings on chest radiograph (CXR), has not been defined. This study examines the clinical course of patients with CT-only diagnosis of pulmonary contusion and compares it with that of patients with CXR-proven pulmonary contusion. Methods The trauma database identified all children undergoing chest CT for blunt thoracic trauma during a 3-year period. Records were reviewed for age, mechanism of injury, Injury Severity Score (ISS), length of hospital stay (LOS), need for intensive care unit admission, and need for endotracheal intubation. A pediatric radiologist reviewed all films in a blinded fashion. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance and Fisher's Exact test for 2 × 3 tables. Results Eighty-two patients were identified. There were no CXR-positive, CT-negative cases. A CT diagnosis of pulmonary contusion was made in 46 patients. Of these, 31 had a contusion on CXR as well (CXR+ group) and 15 had a normal CXR (CT+ only group). Mean ISS score did not differ significantly between the two groups (27 ± 12.3 and 22 ± 10.3, respectively). Thirty-six patients had a normal CT (control). Mean LOS was significantly longer in the CXR+ group (13 ± 12.0 days) than in the CT+ only and control groups (5 ± 3.6 and 9 ± 9.5 days, respectively; P Conclusion The finding of pulmonary contusion by CT alone does not increase patient morbidity and appears to be of limited clinical significance.
The Crisis in Criminal Justice Education: Constructive Reappraisal or Intellectual Masochism

This is an in-depth study of the two decades of growth and controversy in criminal justice education. While hundreds of programs have proliferated at colleges through-out the country, problems of goals, content, and standards have intensified. In this regard, the problems of criminal justice education developed here mirror the growing problems in higher education in general. The article develops the major considerations by analyzing the landmark Police Foundation Report and the history of John Jay College of Criminal Justice, a pioneer institution.
Locating the Social and Political in Secondary School Literacy

The authors suggest a number of possible futures for research on adolescent literacy issues. They emphasize the importance of the social and political with respect to the teaching and learning of older students, and pose numerous questions for those working in this shifting field.
Disruptive behaviour disorders and disruptive symptoms after severe paediatric traumatic brain injury

Objective: To determine pre-injury prevalence and post-injury incidence of DSM-III-R oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD), increase in disruptive symptoms after severe paediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) and risk factors associated with development of these disturbances.Methods: Ninety-four children were followed 1 one year after severe TBI. Assessments of pre-injury and 1-year psychiatric status were ascertained by parent report. The 1-year incidence of disruptive behaviour disorders/symptoms was the main outcome measure.Results: The pre-injury prevalence of ODD and CD in the TBI sample was 6% and 8%, respectively, the prevalence of pre-injury CD being significantly higher than in a reference population. The incidence of new-onset ODD and CD 1-year post-injury was 9% and 8%, respectively, the incidence of new-onset CD being significantly higher than in a reference population. ODD symptoms and total number of disruptive symptoms increased significantly over the first post-inju...
Treatment of Proper Name Retrieval Deficits in an Individual with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy.

Purpose Studies investigating language deficits in individuals with left temporal–lobe epilepsy have consistently demonstrated impairments in proper name retrieval. The aim of this Phase I rehabili...
Mechanical bending property of YBCO coated conductor by IBAD/PLD

Abstract We investigated the dependence of critical current, Ic, of YBCO tapes on the mechanical bending strain in order to apply them to solenoid and pancake type magnets. The tensile and compressive bending strains were applied to the YBCO tapes. The thickness of the YBCO layer on the CeO2 and Y2O3 buffer layers was 0.5 and 1.0 μm, respectively. The Ag cap layer has thickness of 10, 20, and 30 μm respectively. In every sample, no degradation of the normalized critical current, Ic/Ic0, was observed up to the first tensile and compressive strains of approximately 0.4% and 0.5%, respectively. The strain property of the YBCO tapes that were deposited with the 20 and 30 μm thick Ag cap layers showed an improvement over the tape that was deposited with the 10 μm thick Ag cap layer in terms of the tensile and compressive strains of approximately 0.5% and 0.6%, respectively. Cracks were observed on the YBCO film surface under a tensile bending strain of over 0.5%. The generation of the crack appears to be the primary reason for the Ic/Ic0 degradation. The heat cycle test was performed 10 times by applying the tensile strains of approximately 0%, 0.3% and 0.5%. The degradation of Ic/Ic0 was not observed in every sample.
Bullous emphysema in childhood tuberculosis

Bullous emphysematous lesions were observed in the roentgenograms of five children during the healting phase of pulmonary tuberculosis and while they were receiving specific antituberculous therapy.
Prostatic secretion and urethral flow. New concepts and preliminary data.

Abstract Acid phosphatase content of saline voided after bladder lavage and posterior urethral cleansing show that the enzyme need not rest in the urethra to enter into the urinary flow and is compatible with the concept that posterior urethral urinary flow aspirates prostatic secretions. Discussion and more sophisticated investigation of urethral-prostatic flow dynamics, vital to understanding urethral and prostatic problems, are urged.
Cytokines and Lipopolysaccharide Induce Nitric Oxide Synthase in Cultured Rat Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle

In the current study, we describe cytokine and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induction of nitric oxide (NO) synthase mRNA levels in cultured smooth muscle from rat pulmonary artery (RPASM). Exposure of RPASM to interleukin-1β, interferon-γ, or LPS alone did not significantly affect NO synthesis, as determined by nitrite concentrations in media. Exposure to tumor necrosis factor-α caused a modest (2×) increase in nitrite production. In contrast, exposure to a combination of the above three cytokines and LPS caused a large increase in NO synthesis. Exposure of RPASM to this combination caused an increase in mRNA levels of NO synthase (as described by Northern blot analysis with 32P-cDNA probe to an inducible form of NO synthase present in murine macrophages) that was apparent as early as 4 h. Expression of the induced gene product after exposure to the cytokine and LPS mixture was evident by significant increases in nitrite production at 12 h. Production of nitrite was completely abolished in th...
Translational repression by bacteriophage MS2 coat protein does not require cysteine residues.

Abstract Previous studies implicated cysteine residues in the translational repressor (i.e. RNA binding) activity of the coat protein of bacteriophage MS2. It has been proposed that a protein sulfhydryl forms a transient covalent bond with an essential pyrimidine in the translational operator by a Michael addition reaction. We have utilized codon-directed mutagenesis methods to determine the importance of each of the two coat protein cysteines for repressor function in vivo. The results indicate that cys46 can be replaced by a variety of amino acids without loss of repressor function. Cys101, on the other hand, is more sensitive to substitution. Most position 101 substitutions inactivate the repressor, but one (arginine) results in normal repressor activity. Although the possibility of a transient covalent contact between cys101 and RNA is not categorically ruled out, construction of double mutants demonstrates that cysteines are not absolutely required for translational repression by coat protein.
Direct Evidence That the Reaction Intermediate of Metallo-β-lactamase L1 Is Metal Bound

In an effort to probe the structure of the reaction intermediate of metallo-β-lactamase L1 when reacted with nitrocefin and other β-lactams, time-dependent absorption and rapid-freeze-quench (RFQ) ...
Surveillance for foodborne-disease outbreaks, United States, 1988-1992

Data collected by the CDC through a collaborative surveillance program for collection and periodic reporting of data concerning the occurrence and causes of foodborne disease outbreaks (FBDOs) are reviewed for the period from January 1988 through December 1992. An FBDO is defined as the occurrence of two or more cases of a similar illness resulting from the ingestion of a common food. Before 1992 only one case of intoxication by chemical or other nonbacterial toxin, marine toxin, or Clostridium botulinum toxin as a result of the ingestion of food was required to constitute an FBDO. Since 1992 two or more cases have been required. State and local public health departments have primary responsibility for identifying and investigating FBDOs. State and territorial health departments report these outbreaks to CDC on a standard form. During the 1988-1992 period a total of 2,423 outbreaks of foodborne disease were reported (451 in 1988, 505 in 1989, 532 in 1990, 528 in 1991, and 407 in 1992). These outbreaks caused a reported 77,373 persons to become ill. Among outbreaks for which the etiology was determined, bacterial pathogens caused the largest percentage of outbreaks (79%) and the largest percentage of cases (90%). Salmonella serotype Enteritidis accounted for the largest number of outbreaks, cases, and deaths; most of these outbreaks were attributed to eating undercooked, infected eggs. Chemical and other nonbacterial agents caused 14% of outbreaks and 2% of cases; parasites, 2% of outbreaks and 1% of cases; and viruses, 4% of outbreaks and 6% of cases. The number of FBDOs reported per year did not change substantially during the first four years but declined in 1992 as a result of the revised definition of an outbreak. During this reporting period S. Enteritidis continued to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality. In addition, multistate outbreaks caused by contaminated produce and outbreaks caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7 became more prominent.
The effect of trench-gate-oxide structure on EPROM device operation

A floating-gate erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) cell with a thin trench-gate-oxide (TGO) structure near the drain region was fabricated using electron-beam lithography technology. Several promising advantages were found for the TGO cell. The writing time was measured to be 100 faster than conventional devices of the same dimensions. Two-dimensional (2-D) simulation of the TGO structure indicated that longitudinal and transverse channel electric fields are generated which simultaneously increase the hot-electron population in the channel and the injection efficiency into the floating gate. The devices exhibit high-transconductance, fast programming, good-tolerance to unintentional writing during readout, and potential for flash-erase application. >
Osteoarthritis and Social Embarrassment: Risk, Pain, and Avoidance

Musculoskeletal pain from osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent concern for older adults. Despite recommendations from providers to be physically active, some people with OA fear physical activity and must decide whether it is safe or harmful to undertake physical activity. In this article, we examined the narratives of 10 people living with OA knee pain and the roles that pain and embarrassment played in their activity-related behavior. When asked about their physical activity, 6 of the 10 participants reported some type of embarrassment-related experience. Responses fell into two key categories: (a) embarrassment-related experience from engaging in activity or (b) embarrassment-related experience from avoiding activity. These categories contained subgroups of those seeking to avoid embarrassment and those seeking to avoid pain. Response clusters helped to contextualize the activity behavior of people with knee OA pain as it relates to social identity by providing examples of individuals resisting life disruption.
Transferable Total Energy Parametrization for Metals

We have investigated total energy expressions that consist of a term describing the eigenvalue sum and a pair potential term. Such expressions can be used to fit the results of first principles total energy calculations at given structures, and then obtain the total energy of another configuration of atoms avoiding the complexity of further ab initio calculations. In this work we present a method of fitting APW total energy results to a non-orthogonal tight-binding Hamiltonian from which the sum of the eigenvalues is derived and to a pair potential represented by a 5th order polynomial. We fit total energies for the fee and bcc structures and we then obtain the elastic constants in good agreement with both full potential LAPW calculations and experiment. We present results of this method for Ir.
Rousseau's Politic Argument in the Discourse on the Sciences and Arts

Rousseau's arguments often turn on a correct understanding of the relationship between cause and effect. We argue that the principal cause-effect argument of the Discourse is actually the opposite of the one Rousseau appears to posit in his work. Whereas he initially seems to argue that the sciences and arts corrupt morals, his ultimate argument is that the corruption of morals is the cause of the advancement of the sciences and arts and of their corrupting effects. Behind both moral corruption and the advancement of the sciences and arts lies a more remote cause: human pride and the unequal social and political conditions that result from pride and then foster it. Rousseau takes advantage of this complex causal relationship by simultaneously presenting an initial causal argument that gives his essay its paradoxical character and obscuring the ultimate causal argument of the work because of its implications as a critique of political authority and inequality.
Real-world acoustic event detection

Acoustic Event Detection (AED) aims to identify both timestamps and types of events in an audio stream. This becomes very challenging when going beyond restricted highlight events and well controlled recordings. We propose extracting discriminative features for AED using a boosting approach, which outperform classical speech perceptual features, such as Mel-frequency Cepstral Coefficients and log frequency filterbank parameters. We propose leveraging statistical models better fitting the task. First, a tandem connectionist-HMM approach combines the sequence modeling capabilities of the HMM with the high-accuracy context-dependent discriminative capabilities of an artificial neural network trained using the minimum cross entropy criterion. Second, an SVM-GMM-supervector approach uses noise-adaptive kernels better approximating the KL divergence between feature distributions in different audio segments. Experiments on the CLEAR 2007 AED Evaluation set-up demonstrate that the presented features and models lead to over 45% relative performance improvement, and also outperform the best system in the CLEAR AED Evaluation, on detection of twelve general acoustic events in a real seminar environment.
Design tradeoffs for BLAS operations on reconfigurable hardware

Numerical linear algebra operations are key primitives in scientific computing. Performance optimizations of such operations have been extensively investigated and some basic operations have been implemented as software libraries. With the rapid advances in technology, hardware acceleration of linear algebra applications using FPGAs (field programmable gate arrays) has become feasible. In this paper, we propose FPGA-based designs for several BLAS operations, including vector product, matrix-vector multiply, and matrix multiply. By identifying the design parameters for each BLAS operation, we analyze the design tradeoffs. In the implementations of the designs, the values of the design parameters are determined according to the hardware constraints, such as the available area, the size of on-chip memory, the external memory bandwidth and the number of I/O pins. The proposed designs are implemented on a Xilinx Virtex-II Pro FPGA.
The Ways of Coping Checklist: Revision and psychometric properties.

This study examined the psychometric properties of the "original" seven factored scales derived by Aldwin et al. from Folkman and Lazarus' Ways of Coping Checklist (WCCL) versus a revised set of scales. Four psychometric properties were examined including the reproducibility of the factor structure of the original scales, the internal consistency reliabilities and intercorrelations of the original and the revised scales, the construct and concurrent validity of the scales, and their relationships to demographic factors. These properties were studied on three distressed samples: 83 psychiatric outpatients, 62 spouses of patients with Alzheimer's disease, and 425 medical students. The revised scales were consistently shown to be more reliable and to share substantially less variance than the original scales across all samples. In terms of construct validity, depression was positively related to the revised Wishful Thinking Scale and negatively related to the revised Problem-Focused Scale consistently across samples. Anxiety was also related to these scales, and in addition, it was positively related to the Seeks Social Support Scale across samples. The Mixed Scale was the only original scale that was consistently related to depression and anxiety across the three samples. Evidence for concurrent validity was provided by the fact that medical students in group therapy had significantly higher original and revised scale scores than students not participating in such groups. Both sets of scales were shown to be generally free of demographic biases.
Cholesterol Is Superior to 7-Ketocholesterol or 7α-Hydroxycholesterol as an Allosteric Activator for Acyl-coenzyme A:Cholesterol Acyltransferase 1

We compared the abilities of cholesterolversus various oxysterols as substrate and/or as activator for the enzyme acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT), by monitoring the activity of purified human ACAT1 in response to sterols solubilized in mixed micelles or in reconstituted vesicles. The results showed that 5α,6α-epoxycholesterol and 7α-hydroxycholesterol are comparable with cholesterol as the favored substrates, whereas 7-ketocholesterol, 7β-hydroxycholesterol, 5β,6β-epoxycholesterol, and 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol are very poor substrates for the enzyme. We then tested the ability of 7-ketocholesterol as an activator when cholesterol was measured as the substrate, andvice versa. When cholesterol was measured as the substrate, the addition of 7-ketocholesterol could not activate the enzyme. In contrast, when 7-ketocholesterol was measured as the substrate, the addition of cholesterol significantly activated the enzyme and changed the shape of the substrate saturation curve from sigmoidal to essentially hyperbolic. Additional results show that, as an activator, cholesterol is much better than all the oxysterols tested. These results suggest that ACAT1 contains two types of sterol binding sites; the structural requirement for the ACAT activator site is more stringent than it is for the ACAT substrate site. Upon activation by cholesterol, ACAT1 becomes promiscuous toward various sterols as its substrate.
Adaptive learning control for robots

A simple adaptive algorithm for learning control is proposed, which generates suitable input for a class of nonlinear systems, such as robotic manipulators, to track a desired trajectory after repeated trials. As the number of trials increases, the error between the desired trajectory and that of the system is guaranteed to approach zero. The design is based on the combination of direct adaptive control and the learning process. This method does not require any knowledge of the dynamic parameters of the system and can easily be implemented by using inexpensive microcomputers. >
Variance of residence time spent by diffusing particle in a sub-domain: Path integral based approach

Path integral based approach is used to analyze the variance of the residence time spent in a sub-domain by a particle diffusing in the presence of an arbitrary potential in a larger domain containing the sub-domain. It is assumed that there is no absorption of the particle within the domain or at its boundaries. Because of the ergodisity, the mean residence time in the sub-domain is a product of the observation time and the equilibrium probability of finding the particle in the sub-domain. We show that the variance also grows linearly with the observation time at large times and explain how the slope of this linear dependence can be found. The general approach is illustrated by simple examples, in which explicit formulas for the variance can be obtained.
Methylmercury production in sediment from agricultural and non-agricultural wetlands in the Yolo Bypass, California, USA

As part of a larger study of mercury (Hg) biogeochemistry and bioaccumulation in agricultural (rice growing) and non-agricultural wetlands in California's Central Valley, USA, seasonal and spatial controls on methylmercury (MeHg) production were examined in surface sediment. Three types of shallowly-flooded agricultural wetlands (white rice, wild rice, and fallow fields) and two types of managed (non-agricultural) wetlands (permanently and seasonally flooded) were sampled monthly-to-seasonally. Dynamic seasonal changes in readily reducible 'reactive' mercury (Hg(II)R), Hg(II)-methylation rate constants (kmeth), and concentrations of electron acceptors (sulfate and ferric iron) and donors (acetate), were all observed in response to field management hydrology, whereas seasonal changes in these parameters were more muted in non-agricultural managed wetlands. Agricultural wetlands exhibited higher sediment MeHg concentrations than did non-agricultural wetlands, particularly during the fall through late-winter (post-harvest) period. Both sulfate- and iron-reducing bacteria have been implicated in MeHg production, and both were demonstrably active in all wetlands studied. Stoichiometric calculations suggest that iron-reducing bacteria dominated carbon flow in agricultural wetlands during the growing season. Sulfate-reducing bacteria were not stimulated by the addition of sulfate-based fertilizer to agricultural wetlands during the growing season, suggesting that labile organic matter, rather than sulfate, limited their activity in these wetlands. Along the continuum of sediment geochemical conditions observed, values of kmeth increased approximately 10,000-fold, whereas Hg(II)R decreased 100-fold. This suggests that, with respect to the often opposing trends of Hg(II)-methylating microbial activity and Hg(II) availability for methylation, microbial activity dominated the Hg(II)-methylation process, and that along this biogeochemical continuum, conditions that favored microbial sulfate reduction resulted in the highest calculated MeHg production potential rates. Rice straw management options aimed at limiting labile carbon supplies to surface sediment during the post-harvest fall-winter period may be effective in limiting MeHg production within agricultural wetlands.
The relationship between spirituality and depressive symptom severity, psychosocial functioning impairment, and quality of life: examining the impact of age, gender, and ethnic differences

Research has documented the contribution of spirituality on overall health and mental health among college students. However, very few studies have explored the impact of cultural and ethnic differences on the effect of spirituality on mental health outcomes in this population. The aims of this study were to examine the relationships among spirituality, depressive symptom severity, psychosocial functioning impairment, and quality of life in a large multi-ethnic sample of college students and explore the impact of age, gender, and ethnicity on these relationships. The sample consisted of Latino, African-American, Caucasian, and Caribbean/West Indian college students. Findings indicated that spirituality, believing in God's presence, age, gender, and ethnicity were significantly related to depressive symptoms. These factors were also associated with impairment in psychosocial functioning and quality of life related to depression.
Immunisation practice in developed countries.

Immunization practice in 32 countries in Europe North America Japan and Australia is reviewed. in most countries immunization practices are set by the federal government which sometimes works with the private sector. Almost all countries routinely immunize against diphtheria tetanus whooping cough polio and measles. About half try to prevent rubella several try to prevent mumps usually in combination with measles and rubella (MMR). More than half use bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BGG) vaccine to prevent tuberculosis and a few give Hemophilus Influenza type B polysaccharide. Poliomyelitis vaccine comes in 2 forms: 1) oral live attenuated (OPV) or injectable inactivated (IPV). OPV is more used but there is a new "enhanced potency IPV." All countries except Japan give DPT in 3 doses during the 1st year of life. OPV is usually given at the same time that DPT is. Measles vaccine or MMR is usually given between 12 and 18 months of age. Primary vaccine failure occurs in 2-5% of people who get measles vaccine but this may be enough to "sustain transmission." In most countries the government provides for immunizing children. An exception in the US. In the UK low coverage has taken place because of concern for adverse reactions (whooping cough) or lack of appreciation of the diseases impact (measles). Coverage against both measles and pertussis has improved in the UK lately. In each developed country vaccines have had "spectacular" effects. However there are too many contraindications and there is "undue fear of adverse events." Also there are surveillance deficiencies a lack of coordination and countries vary in their commitment to "reduction/elimination targets." Varicella vaccine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine and rotavirus vaccine are being considered for universal use. Attempts are being made to improve the safety of some vaccine.
The Six Dimensions of Wellness and Cognition in Aging Adults

Objective: Examine how wellness in six dimensions (occupational, social, intellectual, physical, emotional, and spiritual) protects cognition in aging adults. Background: cognitive impairment increases with age. Baby boomers represent a significant percent of the population at risk for cognitive impairment. Cognitive impairment has a negative impact on nursing resources, health care finances, patient mortality, and quality of life. Wellness and prevention is one focus of Institute of Medicine’s vision for the future of nursing. Method: Literature was retrieved from Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and MEDLINE. Research that examined the affect of wellness in each of the six dimensions on cognition in older adults was included. Results: One or more of the following may protect cognition in aging: midlife occupation complexity, marriage, social networks, formal education, intellectual activities, physical activity, healthy nutrition, motivational ability, purpose in life, and spiritu...
Climate Change and Societal Response: Livelihoods, Communities, and the Environment

Climate change may be considered a natural disaster evolving in slow motion on a global scale. Increasing storm intensities, shifting rainfall patterns, melting glaciers, rising sea levels, and other manifold alterations are being experienced around the world. Climate has never been constant in any location, but human-induced changes associated with greenhouse gases and fossil fuel use are new and rapidly shifting conditions for rural communities and regions across the planet. Rural sociologists have long been carving out the contours of this topic through research on family well-being, rural livelihoods, community, and the environment. Now climate change and subsequent policy responses present a new and fundamental source of social change. The purpose of this article is to assess lines of research and theory that consider and direct our understanding of the impacts of climate change, the ways it might be mitigated, and the coping strategies of rural people and communities that are both victims and perpetrators in the global realignment. As climate-change impacts and policy responses begin to impinge on rural populations, the first line of resistance and participation will be the rural community. The distribution of rewards from climate-change mitigation is broad and diffuse; the distribution of costs, compromised livelihoods, and community disruption often is focused.
Evaluation of Piperonyl Butoxide as a Deltamethrin Synergist for Pyrethroid-Resistant Bed Bugs

An understanding of the mechanisms of insecticide resistance in the bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., has the potential to lead to new approaches for the control of resistant populations. We used the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) inhibitor piperonyl butoxide (PBO) to assess the role of P450s in deltamethrin resistance in three field-collected bed bug strains, LA-1, CIN-1 and WOR-1. In addition, we exposed two highly resistant strains, CIN-1 and WOR-1 (resistance ratio [RR] >2,500-fold), to dry residues of piperonyl butoxide-synergized pyrethroid formulations to determine the utility of synergism by PBO. Piperonyl butoxide synergized deltamethrin in all three strains, but its impact was variable. The synergistic ratio varied from 40 in CIN-1 to 176 in WOR-1. Because the resistance ratio for each strain after piperonyl butoxide treatment was 174 and 39, respectively, our results suggest that P450s have some involvement in deltamethrin resistance, but other resistance mechanisms must be involved as well. No significant synergistic effect of formulated deltamethrin was observed with the addition of synergized pyrethrins or formulated piperonyl butoxide in the CIN-1 strain, but synergism occurred in the WOR-1 strain. Addition of PBO to pyrethroids is not a comprehensive solution to pyrethroid resistance because strains vary in both overall resistance level and the proportion of that resistance attributable to P450s.
External inverse-Compton emission from jetted tidal disruption events

The recent discoveries of Swift J1644+57 and J2058+05 show that tidal disruption events (TDEs) can launch relativistic jets. Super-Eddington accretion produces a strong radiation field of order Eddington luminosity. In a jetted TDE, electrons in the jet will inverse-Compton scatter the external radiation field from the accretion disk and wind. Motivated by observations of thermal optical-UV spectra in Swift J2058+05 and several other TDEs, we assume the spectrum of the external radiation field intercepted by the relativistic jet to be blackbody. Hot electrons in the jet scatter this thermal radiation and produce luminosities 10^45-10^48 erg/s in the X/gamma-ray band. This model of thermal plus inverse-Compton radiation is applied to Swift J2058+05. First, we show that the blackbody component in the optical-UV spectrum most likely has its origin in the super-Eddington wind from the disk. Then, using the observed blackbody component as the external radiation field, we show that the X-ray luminosity and spectrum are consistent with the inverse-Compton emission, under the following conditions: (1) the jet Lorentz factor is ~5-10; (2) electrons in the jet have a powerlaw distribution with minimum Lorentz factor ~1 and powerlaw index p = 2.4; (3) the wind is mildly relativistic (Lorentz factor >~1.5) and has isotropic-equivalent mass-loss rate ~5 M_sun/yr. We describe the implications for jet composition and the radius where jet energy is converted to radiation.
Initial Interest Confusion: Standing at the Crossroads of Trademark Law

While the benchmark of trademark infringement traditionally has been a demonstration that consumers are likely to be confused by the use of a similar or identical trademark to identify the goods or services of another, a court-created doctrine called initial interest confusion allows liability for trademark infringement solely on the basis that a consumer might initially be interested, attracted, or distracted by a competitor's, or even a non-competitor's, product or service. Initial interest confusion is being used with increasing frequency, especially on the Internet, to shut down speech critical of trademark holders and their products and services, to prevent comparative advertisements and to otherwise limit information and choices available to consumers. Contemporary trademark law is at a crossroads and the initial interest confusion doctrine stands at the center of this intersection. This article uses the troublesome doctrine as a prism to analyze three crucial issues that will decide the future of trademark law: The first is whether it is ever acceptable to trade off of the goodwill established by another. The second is whether trademark protection primarily serves to protect consumers from being duped by unethical competitors, or instead primarily serves to bolster the business of individual trademark holders. Finally, the article considers the fundamental question: are trademarks and trademark infringement actions about protecting property rights or about providing more limited rights akin to tort and unfair competition actions? The answers to these questions lead to the conclusion that the initial interest confusion doctrine must be eliminated and trademark infringement returned to its origins as a narrow cause of action primarily directed at protecting consumers from deceptive business practices.
Fluid compartments in hemorrhaged rats after hyperosmotic crystalloid and hyperoncotic colloid resuscitation

Postresuscitation organ failure may be associated with detrimental changes in body fluid compartments. We measured how shock and resuscitation acutely alters the interstitial, cellular, and plasma compartments in different organs. Nephrectomized, anesthetized rats were bled to 50 mmHg mean arterial pressure for 1 h, followed by 60 min of resuscitation to restore blood pressure using 0.9% normal saline (NS,n = 10), 7.5% hypertonic saline (HS,n = 8), 10% hyperoncotic albumin (HA, n = 8), or 7.5% hypertonic saline and 10% hyperoncotic albumin (HSA, n = 7). A 2-h 51Cr-EDTA distribution space estimated extracellular fluid volume (ECFV), and a 5-min 125I-labeled albumin distribution space measured plasma volume (PV). Total tissue water (TW) was measured from wet and dry weights; interstitial fluid volume (ISFV) and cell water were calculated. NS resuscitation required 7 times more fluid (50.9 +/- 7.7 vs. 8.6 +/- 0.7 for HA, 5.9 +/- 0.4 for HS, and 3.9 +/- 0.5 ml/kg for HSA), but there were no differences between solutions in whole animal PV, ECFV, or ISFV. Fluid shifts within tissues depended on resuscitation solution and type of tissue. TW was significantly reduced by hypertonic saline groups in heart, muscle, and liver (P < 0.05). ISFV was significantly reduced by HA groups in the skin. In all tissues, mean cell water in groups receiving HS was smaller; this was significant for heart, lung, muscle, and skin. In conclusion, 1) HS solutions mobilize fluid from cells while expanding both PV and ISFV, and 2) TW and cellular water increase with both isotonic crystalloids and hyperoncotic colloids in many tissues.
Risks Associated with Liquid Nitrogen Cryogenic Storage Systems

Laboratory staff should be aware of the potential for personnel exposure and cross-contamination of improperly stored samples in liquid nitrogen cryogenic storage systems. Published reports indicat...
Comparative Effects of Dinitrophenol and Thyroid on Pituitary-Gonadal Complex of Female Rats

ConclusionAlthough dinitrophenol apparently did raise the metabolic rate it had scarcely any effect on the pituitary-gonadal complex. The pathology in several ovaries and the slightly increased length of the estrous cycles appeared to be due to the toxicity of the drug. This strongly suggests that heightened metabolism per se does not lead to an increased rate of estrin elimination, and is, therefore, not sufficient explanation for the marked changes in the estrous cycles, ovaries, and pituitaries of thyroid-fed rats. While this experiment does not completely rule out the effect of increased metabolism on the pituitary-gonadal complex, it does seem to indicate that the thyroid hormone has a specific action on the pituitary and gonads as reflected by the morphological changes observed in these glands.
The methanol extraction residue of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin protects against 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene-induced rat mammary carcinoma.

SummarySprague-Dawley female rats were placed on a low-fat diet, a high saturated fat diet, or a high polyunsaturated fat diet at time of weaning (21 days of age). Half of the rats in each dietary group were given an intraperitoneal injection of MER (0.5 mg) on Day 28 and again on Day 35. On Day 50, all rats were given 10 mg of DMBA in 1 ml of stripped corn oil via stomach tube. Tumor incidence was determined weekly by palpation and confirmed by histological analysis upon completion of the experiment. In each dietary group, rats immunized with MER had a lower tumor incidence, a longer latent period, and smaller tumors compared to non-immunized rats. In other experiments, rats were placed on the high polyunsaturated fat diet at time of weaning, exposed to DMBA on Day 50, and maintained on this diet for either 3 or 4 weeks after DMBA. At those times, some rats were placed on the low-fat diet while other rats were maintained on the high polyunsaturated fat diet. Half of the rats from each group were treated ...
A Porous Metal−Organic Replica of α-PbO2 for Capture of Nerve Agent Surrogate

A novel metal-organic replica of α-PbO2 exhibits high capacity for capture of nerve agent surrogate.
51 CLC-3 IS REQUIRED FOR NADPH OXIDASE-DEPENDENT NUCLEAR FACTOR κB ACTIVATION BY SIGNALING ENDOSOMES.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are mediators of intracellular signals for a myriad of normal and pathologic cellular events, including differentiation, hypertrophy, proliferation, and apoptosis. NADPH oxidases are important sources of ROS that are present in diverse tissues throughout the body and activate many redox-sensitive signal transduction and gene expression pathways. To avoid toxicity and provide specificity of signaling, ROS production and metabolism necessitate tight regulation that likely includes subcellular compartmentalization. However, the constituent elements of NADPH oxidase-dependent cell signaling are not known. Here we show that activation of NADPH oxidase by inflammatory cytokines generates ROS within early endosomes and requires ClC-3, a member of the chloride channel (ClC) family. Nox1, one of multiple membrane-bound catalytic subunits of NADPH oxidase, colocalizes with ClC-3 in early endosomes. Both Nox1 and ClC-3 are necessary for tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-1β generation of ROS and subsequent activation of the transcription factor NF-κB. We propose that ClC-3 functions as a chloride-proton exchanger and thereby influences ROS production via charge neutralization of the electron flow generated by Nox1 in the endosome. These findings identify ClC-3 as a critical component of the signaling endosome and a novel intermediate in redox-dependent control of gene expression.
LOSARTAN REVERSES AGE-RELATED MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION

Aging, changes in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), and mitochondrial function are closely linked. We hypothesized that angiotensin AT1 receptor blockade modulate mitochondrial function in aging hearts. Young (20 wks old, n=8), aged (150 wks old, n=9) and losartan-treated aged C57Bl6 mice (n=9) were studied PGC1a was down regulated with aging (0.6+0.06 fold in the old, P<0.009) while NAMPT was increased (2.6+0.3 fold, P<0.009). Losartan treatment in aged mice increased PGC1a expression (1.5+0.06 fold, P<0.01), and NAMPT remained elevated at 2.46+0.49 fold (P<0.02). Total numbers (CytB /GAPDH ratio) of the mitochondria were slightly reduced in Losartan treated aged hearts (0.9+0.06 fold), despite increased PGC1a. The failure to increase total numbers of mitochondria despite increased formation may suggest increased breakdown of old damaged mitochondria (mitophagy) in Losartan treated aged mice. Losartan in older animals also reduced oxidative damage as evidenced by reduced nitrotyrosine staining score in cardiomyocytes (2.5±0.5 vs. 1.3±0.4, old versus old-treated, respectively, P<0.0009). Cardiac PCr/ATP was reduced in older animals (1.5±0.2) compared to young mice (2.0±0.3, P<0.0004). Losartan improved energy metabolism from 1.5±0.2 to 1.87±0.4, P<0.01). Our results indicate that AT1R blockade with Losartan in aging mice increased mitochondrial biogenesis, restored cardiac function, reduced oxidative stress and improved energy production.
A description of 200 consecutive admissions to an adolescent male treatment unit.

OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is to characterize patients admitted to a mental health Adolescent Male Treatment Unit (AMTU) over an 18-month interval. METHODS The study is a cross-sectional retrospective chart review. Data concerning medication management was abstracted along with age, psychiatric diagnoses, degree of impairment, length-of-stay (LOS), and episodes of locked seclusion/restraint. RESULTS Two hundred consecutive admissions were analyzed. It was common for a patient to be receiving multiple psychiatric medications. Multiple psychiatric diagnoses were the rule, and externalizing disorders were very frequent. Based on LOS, 4 distinct categories emerged. Patients in Categories I and II accounted for two-thirds of admissions to AMTU and had an LOS of 2 weeks or less. Patients in Category III and IV were one-third of admissions, were more ill, needed locked seclusion/restraint, and required a longer LOS to stabilize and treat them. Treatment tended to include a reduction in the number of psychiatric medications previously prescribed. CONCLUSIONS The majority of patients could be stabilized and discharged in 2 weeks or less. A minority required more intensive intervention including a long LOS. Receiving multiple psychiatric medications may not be of benefit for some patients. Psychiatric medications may induce behavioral adverse effects in at least a subset of patients.
The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine: status of the Federal Medical School after 25 years.

In its first 25 years, the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS) has become a quality institution of medical education that provides a steady flow of career physicians for the military. It compares favorably with U.S. medical school averages in all aspects of undergraduate medical education : faculty, teaching facilities, matriculants, curriculum, student performance, and cost. USUHS provides excellent medical education and adds unique preparation for uniformed public service. It also provides military-specific graduate education, graduate medical education, continuing health education, medical research, clinical services, consultation, public service, and ties with international military, medical, and research institutions.
Role of Reversible Histidine Coordination in Hydroxylamine Reduction by Plant Hemoglobins (Phytoglobins).

Reduction of hydroxylamine to ammonium by phytoglobin, a plant hexacoordinate hemoglobin, is much faster than that of other hexacoordinate hemoglobins or pentacoordinate hemoglobins such as myoglobin, leghemoglobin, and red blood cell hemoglobin. The reason for differences in reactivity is not known but could be intermolecular electron transfer between protein molecules in support of the required two-electron reduction, hydroxylamine binding, or active site architecture favoring the reaction. Experiments were conducted with phytoglobins from rice, tomato, and soybean along with human neuroglobin and soybean leghemoglobin that reveal hydroxylamine binding as the rate-limiting step. For hexacoordinate hemoglobins, binding is limited by the dissociation rate constant for the distal histidine, while leghemoglobin is limited by an intrinsically low affinity for hydroxylamine. When the distal histidine is removed from rice phytoglobin, a hydroxylamine-bound intermediate is formed and the reaction rate is dimini...
Mechanisms involved in the neurotoxic and cognitive effects of developmental methamphetamine exposure

Methamphetamine exposure in utero leads to a variety of higher-order cognitive deficits, such as decreased attention and working, and spatial memory impairments in exposed children (Piper et al., 2011; Roussotte et al., 2011; Kiblawi et al., 2011). As with other teratogens, the timing of methamphetamine exposure greatly determines its effects on both neuroanatomical and behavioral outcomes. Methamphetamine exposure in rodents during the third trimester human equivalent period of brain development results in distinct and long-lasting route-based and spatial navigation deficits (Williams et al., 2003; Vorhees et al., 2005, 2008, 2009;). Here, we examine the impact of neonatal methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity on behavioral outcomes, neurotransmission, receptor changes, plasticity proteins, and DNA damage. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 108:131-141, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mapping forest vegetation for the western United States using modified random forests imputation of FIA forest plots

Maps of the number, size, and species of trees in forests across the western United States are desirable for many applications such as estimating terrestrial carbon resources, predicting tree mortality following wildfires, and for forest inventory. However, detailed mapping of trees for large areas is not feasible with current technologies, but statistical methods for matching the forest plot data with biophysical characteristics of the landscape offer a practical means to populate landscapes with a limited set of forest plot inventory data. We used a modified random forests approach with Landscape Fire and Resource Management Planning Tools (LANDFIRE) vegetation and biophysical predictors to impute plot data collected by the US Forest Service's Forest Inventory Analysis (FIA) to the landscape at 30-m grid resolution. This method imputes the plot with the best statistical match, according to a “forest” of decision trees, to each pixel of gridded landscape data. In this work, we used the LANDFIRE data set for gridded input because it is publicly available, offers seamless coverage of variables needed for fire models, and is consistent with other data sets, including burn probabilities and flame length probabilities generated for the continental United States. The main output of this project is a map of imputed plot identifiers at 30 × 30 m spatial resolution for the western United States that can be linked to the FIA databases to produce tree-level maps or to map other plot attributes. In addition, we used the imputed inventory data to generate maps of forest cover, forest height, and vegetation group at 30 × 30 m resolution for all forested pixels in the western United States, as a means of assessing the accuracy of our methodology. The results showed good correspondence between the target LANDFIRE data and the imputed plot data, with an overall within-class agreement of 79% for forest cover, 96% for forest height, and 92% for vegetation group.