cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ImageBox 2 - Efficient and Rapid Access of Image Tiles from Whole-Slide Images Using Serverless HTTP Range Requests.

Background: Whole-slide images (WSI) are produced by a high-resolution scanning of pathology glass slides. There are a large number of whole-slide imaging scanners, and the resulting images are frequently larger than 100,000 × 100,000 pixels which typically image 100,000 to one million cells, ranging from several hundred megabytes to many gigabytes in size. Aims and Objectives: Provide HTTP access over the web to Whole Slide Image tiles that do not have localized tiling servers but only basic HTTP access. Move all image decode and tiling functions to calling agent (ImageBox). Methods: Current software systems require tiling image servers to be installed on systems providing local disk access to these images. ImageBox2 breaks this requirement by accessing tiles from remote HTTP source via byte-level HTTP range requests. This method does not require changing the client software as the operation is relegated to the ImageBox2 server which is local (or remote) to the client and can access tiles from remote images that have no server of their own such as Amazon S3 hosted images. That is, it provides a data service [on a server that does not need to be managed], the definition of serverless execution model increasingly favored by cloud computing infrastructure. Conclusions: The specific methodology described and assessed in this report preserves normal client connection semantics by enabling cloud-friendly tiling, promoting a web of http connected whole-slide images from a wide-ranging number of sources, and providing tiling where local tiling servers would have been otherwise unavailable.
Temporal transitions in post-mitotic neurons throughout the C. elegans nervous system

In most animals, the majority of the nervous system is generated and assembled into neuronal circuits during embryonic development. However, during juvenile stages, nervous systems still undergo extensive anatomical and functional changes to eventually form a fully mature nervous system by the adult stage. The molecular changes in post-mitotic neurons across post-embryonic development and the genetic programs that control these temporal transitions are not well understood. Using the model organism C. elegans, we comprehensively characterized the distinct functional states (locomotor behavior) and corresponding distinct molecular states (transcriptome) of the post-mitotic nervous system across temporal transitions from early post-embryonic periods to adulthood. We observed pervasive changes in gene expression, many of which are controlled by the developmental upregulation of the conserved heterochronic miRNA lin-4/mir-125 and the subsequent promotion of a mature neuronal transcriptional program through the repression of its target, the transcription factor lin-14. The functional relevance of these molecular transitions are exemplified by a temporally regulated target gene of the lin-14 transcription factor, nlp-45, a neuropeptide-encoding gene. We found that nlp-45 is required for temporal transitions in exploratory activity across larval stages, across sexual maturation, and into a diapause arrest stage. Our studies provide new insights into regulatory strategies that control neuron-type specific gene batteries to modulate distinct behaviors states across temporal, sex and environmental dimensions of post-embryonic development, and also provides a rich atlas of post-embryonic molecular changes to uncover additional regulatory mechanisms.
Community, Complicity, and Critique: Christian Concepts in Secular Bioethics

McCarthy, Homan, and Rozier’s (2020) call for a renewal of open and honest dialogue between secular and theologically grounded bioethics is admirable. Yet, their essay argues for more than mere dia...
Modeling and Design of Planar-Spiral Merged-LC Resonators in a Standard CMOS Process

The realization of fully-integrated power management remains limited by the integration of passive components, particularly inductors. In this paper we describe a silicon-integrated merged-LC resonant structure that overcomes limitations of air-core spirals through the benefits of embedded capacitance and loss reduction techniques. Fundamental structure and design optimizations are discussed and experimental performance is verified in a resonant switched-capacitor (ReSC) converter achieving 85.5% peak efficiency in a 0.18 µ m bulk CMOS process.
Conclusion: What Trump’s Presidency Teaches Us About Presidential Power (and Presidential Power)

This concluding chapter reflects on the lessons Neustadt and the Trump presidency teach, and what both mean for presidential studies. Models or ideas like Neustadt’s help us understand the presidency, but also need to be adaptable to changes in the real world. Perhaps the unprecedented presidency of Donald Trump will help us to see which analytic tools are useful and which are not, and how important a deviant individual is to both the presidency and political science. It concludes by arguing that we need presidents to persuade, for presidential governance without persuasion—as Trump’s tenure seems to embody—is problematic for the US political system.
Courts and Civil Justice in the Time of COVID: Emerging Trends and Questions to Ask (preprint)

COVID-19 is a highly infectious virus that has caused worldwide disruption, large numbers of deaths, and economic dislocation. Since its appearance in 2019, containment of COVID-19 has depended, in part, upon forms of social distancing that have strained and made impossible traditional forms of judicial and legal practice. This Article focuses on how state and federal courts in the United States so far have adapted to the COVID-19 pandemic. We argue that the judiciary's initial responses to COVID-19 were constrained by political decisions of the President and Congress that tended to magnify, rather than mitigate, some of the pandemic’s worst effects. We further show that the ability of the judiciary to make a quick transition to virtual practice drew from the courts' experience with legal technology, investments in electronic infrastructure, changes in legal education, and flexible procedural rules. These emergency measures are testing the limits of what it means to be in court and to have one’s day in court. By their nature, these measures do not address the extreme economic and racial inequalities that pre-existed but were exacerbated by political responses to the pandemic and that threaten the principle of equal justice under law. Whether these emergency judicial adaptations prove to be expedient and transient, or permanent and seismic, remains uncertain. We argue that the judiciary's response to the pandemic, although impressive, may not provide an appropriate blueprint for post-COVID court reforms.
Integrative genomic and epigenomic analyses identified IRAK1 as a novel target for chronic inflammation-driven prostate tumorigenesis

The impacts of many inflammatory genes in prostate tumorigenesis remain understudied despite the increasing evidence that associates chronic inflammation with prostate cancer (PCa) initiation, progression, and therapy resistance. The overarching goal of this study was to identify dysregulated inflammatory genes that correlate with PCa progression and decipher their molecular mechanisms as well as clinical significance in PCa using integrative genomics, transcriptomics, and epigenomics approach. Our Weighted Gene Co-expression Analysis (WGCNA) and multivariate analysis identified 10 inflammatory genes: IRAK1, PPIL5/LRR1, HMGB3, HMGB2, TRAIP, IL1F5/IL36RN, ILF2, TRIM59, NFKBIL2/TONSL, and TRAF7 that were significantly associated with PCa progression. We explored the potentials of IRAK1 and other inflammatory genes as diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarkers by performing both KM survival and AUROC curve analyses. Our results indicate the clinical significance of these inflammatory genes in predicting the development and progression of PCa. IRAK1 was found to be overexpressed and hypomethylated in most PCa samples. A significantly high percentage of castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) and neuroendocrine PCa (NEPC) samples display copy number variations, especially amplification of the IRAK1 gene compared to the indolent prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD) samples. Furthermore, we identified missense and frameshift mutations of IRAK1 in a few PRAD samples with potential functional implications. In conclusion, the results from this study suggest that IRAK1 dysregulation may be an important contributor to chronic prostatitis (inflammation) and PCa progression.
Idiographic personality coherence: A quasi experimental longitudinal ESM study

Personality is a study of persons. However, persons exist within contexts, and personality coherence emerges from persons in contexts. But persons and environments bidirectionally influence each ot...
Can event study methods solve the currency exposure puzzle

Abstract Prior empirical evidence on the stock price response of exposed firms to contemporaneous changes in exchange rates is weak. This paper avoids many problems encountered in previous work by using event-study methods to examine the daily stock price reactions of exposed U.S. multinationals to large, bilateral declines in the Mexican peso and Thai baht. We find a contemporaneous price response but interpret the magnitude of the response to say that the currency puzzle is not primarily due to methodological weaknesses in prior studies. Several findings suggest that effective financial and operational hedging may be the chief reason exchange rate changes do not affect stock prices more dramatically.
'Where Are All the Women Who Used to be Good Athletes in Their School Days?': Sports and the Gendering of Leisure Time in West Cameroon, 1961-1972

This paper explores gendered nation-building in the former federated State of West Cameroon. Because women were signified as symbols of the nation, I assert that their gendered expressions of nationalism as reflected in athletic and leisure activities were not trivial concerns, but were closely connected to larger nation-building projects. State officials encouraged women to be “modern” by collectively uniting and devoting their leisure hours to athletic activities (e.g. soccer teams). Indeed, political figures had legitimate concerns for improving women’s health. However, the government attempted to manage women’s leisure time for their own purposes — as political tools to demonstrate that the nascent state was “modern” and politically advanced like their Western counterparts. Determining the significance of sports and the use of women’s leisure time in a post-colonial African nation reveals much about conflicting and contradictory viewpoints about “traditions”, “modernity”, and gendered citizenship at local and national levels. Athletic and leisure activities were primary sites for the public (de)construction and performance of gender, particularly of ideal Cameroonian femininity and womanhood. By examining the political significance of women and sports, we can learn how the uses of women’s leisure time have contributed to gendered nation-building processes.
Measurements of best, worst, and average socket comfort are more reliable than current socket comfort in established lower limb prosthesis users.

Abstract Objective To evaluate test-retest reliability and related measurement properties of items developed to assess best, worst, and average prosthetic socket comfort. Design Methodological research to assess test-retest reliability of four individual socket comfort survey items. Socket comfort items were included in a self-report paper survey, which was administered to participants 2-3 days apart. Setting General community. Participants A minimum convenience sample of 63 participants was targeted for this study; 72 lower limb prosthesis users (>1-year post-amputation) completed the survey and were included in the final dataset. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure The Expanded Socket Comfort Score (ESCS) was adapted from the original Socket Comfort Score (SCS). The original SCS is a single-item self-report instrument developed to assess a lower limb prosthesis user's current socket comfort. Three additional items were designed to assess the user's best, worst, and average socket comfort over the previous seven days. Results Best, worst, and average socket comfort items demonstrated better reliability, as indicated by higher intra-class correlation coefficients. As such, these items also exhibited lower measurement error and smaller minimal detectable change values than the item that measured current socket comfort. However, test-retest coefficients for all four items were below the level desired for evaluation of within-individual changes of socket comfort. Conclusions Items that assess best, worst, and average comfort provide a more stable measurement of socket fit than the existing SCS instrument. While administration of all four items may provide more comprehensive assessment of a lower limb prosthesis user's socket fit, administrators should expect variations in scores over time due to the variable nature of the underlying construct over time. Future research should examine whether a multi-item socket comfort scale provides an improved overall assessment of socket fit.
Impact of DHA status on serum markers of obesity and inflammation in pregnant women (1001.4)

Different dietary fatty acids impact disease prevention and susceptibility. Among these, the N-3 (omega-3) long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are essential nutrients and are proposed to be health promoting while saturated fatty acids are often associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. Omega-3 fatty acids are critical for fetal and newborn neurodevelopment and must be acquired from the mother by placental transfer. The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of omega-3 fatty acid status in pregnant women on biomarkers of obesity and inflammation. RBC fatty acid composition and a complete dietary assessment was employed to determine DHA status and intake. Total fatty acid analysis was also performed on blinded maternal plasma samples. The levels of specific fatty acid species were then compared with the levels of the targeted biomarkers of obesity and inflammation. We found significant correlations between: palmitate and leptin levels; palmit...
Reduction of Adenosine-5′-Phosphosulfate Instead of 3′-Phosphoadenosine-5′-Phosphosulfate in Cysteine Biosynthesis by Rhizobium meliloti and Other Members of the Family Rhizobiaceae

We have cloned and sequenced three genes from Rhizobium meliloti (Sinorhizobium meliloti) that are involved in sulfate activation for cysteine biosynthesis. Two of the genes display homology to the Escherichia coli cysDN genes, which code for an ATP sulfurylase (EC 2.7.7.4). The third gene has homology to the E. coli cysH gene, a 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) reductase (EC 1.8.99.4), but has greater homology to a set of genes found in Arabidopsis thaliana that encode an adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (APS) reductase. In order to determine the specificity of the R. meliloti reductase, the R. meliloti cysH homolog was histidine tagged and purified, and its specificity was assayed in vitro. Like the A. thaliana reductases, the histidine-tagged R. meliloti cysH gene product appears to favor APS over PAPS as a substrate, with a Km for APS of 3 to 4 microM but a Km for PAPS of >100 microM. In order to determine whether this preference for APS is unique to R. meliloti among members of the family Rhizobiaceae or is more widespread, cell extracts from R. leguminosarum, Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234, Rhizobium fredii (Sinorhizobium fredii), and Agrobacterium tumefaciens were assayed for APS or PAPS reductase activity. Cell extracts from all four species also preferentially reduce APS over PAPS.
Assessment issues in elementary numerical analysis [education]

Summary form only as given. Many ideas presented in elementary numerical analysis do not lend themselves well to traditional "by the clock" examination questions. Students are often given theoretical and/or applied projects to investigate advanced ideas. Examples include case studies of numerical methods applied to specific problems and mathematical derivations or proofs. By thinking about complicated problems over time, it is hoped that students gain some "sense" of how numerical analysis works. Problems can arise in the assessment of these projects. Students have a natural tendency to talk to one another about homework assignments, and it is often not clear when healthy discussion crosses the line to unauthorized collaboration. Instructors can change assignments from term to term, but an increasing number of solved problems have appeared on the Web and in solution manuals, further complicating the task of assessment. The author outlines a strategy in which collaboration on homework assignments is encouraged, and insight gained (from whatever source) is welcomed. In-class examinations are structured to pinpoint individual thinking and initiative. This approach to assessment in numerical analysis has been used for several years at a large state university in the USA with positive results. Several examples of examination questions, and guidelines on how to grade them, are given. Comparisons with other popular approaches are also made.
Efficient Distributed Reinforcement Learning Through Agreement

Distributed robotic systems can benefit from automatic controller design and online adaptation by reinforcement learning (RL), but often suffer from the limitations of partial observability. In this paper, we address the twin problems of limited local experience and locally observed but not necessarily telling reward signals encountered in such systems.We combine direct search in policy space with an agreement algorithm to efficiently exchange local rewards and experience among agents. We demonstrate improved learning ability on the locomotion problem for self-reconfiguring modular robots in simulation, and show that a fully distributed implementation can learn good policies just as fast as the centralized implementation. Our results suggest that prior work on centralized RL algorithms for modular robots may be made effective in practice through the application of agreement algorithms. This approach could be fruitful in many cooperative situations, whenever robots need to learn similar behaviors, but have access only to local information.
Management of psoriasis in pregnancy

Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disorder not uncommonly seen in pregnant patients. Several drugs have been approved for its treatment in non-pregnant patients, but special precautions are necessary when selecting a treatment plan during pregnancy to prevent harm to the fetus and child. This article reviews the treatment options for the treatment of psoriasis in the pregnant and lactating patient.
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test

The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) is an individually administered, norm-referenced test of single-word receptive (or hearing) vocabulary. Originally published in 1959, the PPVT has been revised several times and currently exists in its fourth edition (PPVT-4; Dunn & Dunn, 2007). In addition to assessing receptive vocabulary, test authors report that the PPVT-4 may be used as a means of estimating verbal development (Dunn & Dunn, 2007). Normed with a sample of 3,540 individuals ages 2½ to 90 representative of March 2004 U.S. census data, the PPVT-4 features two parallel forms (Form A and Form B), each consisting of 228 test items. Items consist of two stimuli, a word spoken by the examiner and four pictures on a single card; the examinee selects the picture that best represents the examiner's spoken word. Raw scores may be translated into age-based standard scores (i.e., M = 100; SD = 15), percentile ranks, stanines, age equivalents, and grade equivalents. Keywords: receptive language; language screener
Two-Stream Approximations to Radiative Transfer in Planetary Atmospheres: A Unified Description of Existing Methods and a New Improvement

Existing two-stream approximations to radiative transfer theory for particulate media are shown to be represented by identical forms of coupled differential equations if the intensity is replaced by integrals of the intensity over hemispheres. One set of solutions thus suffices for all methods and provides convenient analytical comparisons. The equations also suggest modifications of the standard techniques so as to duplicate exact solutions for thin atmospheres and thus permit accurate determinations of the effects of typical aerosol layers. Numerical results for the plane albedos of plane-parallel atmospheres are given for conventional and modified Eddington approximations, conventional and modified two-point quadrature schemes, the hemispheric-constant method and the delta-function method, all for comparison with accurate discrete-ordinate solutions. A new two-stream approximation is introduced that reduces to the modified Eddington approximation in the limit of isotropic phase functions and to the exact solution in the limit of extreme anisotropic scattering. Comparisons of plane albedos and transmittances show the new method to be generally superior over a wide range of atmospheric conditions (including cloud and aerosol layers), especially in the case of nonconservative scattering.
First Results from a Sea-Level Search for Supermassive Magnetic Monopoles

The authors describe a search for supermassive, slowly moving magnetic monopoles, employing a single thick slab of naphthalene-doped acrylic scintillator. Slow, massive particles produce scintillation pulses of unusually long duration in the thick slab and can thus be distinguished from the large flux of relativistic muons that penetrate the detector at sea level. The current limit on the flux of monopoles is 4.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ ${\mathrm{sr}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ${\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ($1\ensuremath{\sigma}$) for velocities $6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}c\ensuremath{\lesssim}Vl2.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}c$.
TAB1β (Transforming Growth Factor-β-activated Protein Kinase 1-binding Protein 1β), a Novel Splicing Variant of TAB1 That Interacts with p38α but Not TAK1 *

The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play an important role in a variety of biological processes. Activation of MAPKs is mediated by phosphorylation on specific regulatory tyrosine and threonine sites. We have recently found that activation of p38α MAPK can be carried out not only by its upstream MAPK kinases (MKKs) but also by p38α autophosphorylation. p38α autoactivation requires an interaction of p38α with TAB1 (transforming growth factor-β-activated protein kinase 1-binding protein 1). The autoactivation mechanism of p38α has been found to be important in cellular responses to a number of physiologically relevant stimuli. Here, we report the characterization of a splicing variant of TAB1, TAB1β. TAB1 and TAB1β share the first 10 exons. The 11th and 12th exons of TAB1 were spliced out in TAB1β, and an extra exon, termed exon β, downstream of exons 11 and 12 in the genome was used as the last exon inTAB1β. The mRNA of TAB1β was expressed in all cell lines examined. The TAB1β mRNA encodes a protein with an identical sequence to TAB1 except the C-terminal 69 amino acids were replaced with an unrelated 27-amino acid sequence. Similar to TAB1, TAB1β interacts with p38α but not other MAPKs and stimulates p38α autoactivation. Different from TAB1, TAB1β does not bind or activate TAK1. Inhibition of TAB1β expression with RNA interference in MDA231 breast cancer cells resulted in the reduction of basal activity of p38α and invasiveness of MDA231 cells, suggesting that ΤΑΒ1β is involved in regulating p38α activity in physiological conditions.
Genetic Control of B‐Cell Alloantigens: Evidence for Gene(s) Linked to the HLA—A Locus

Families with known HLA recombinant individuals were typed for B-lymphocyte alloantigens. The B-cell alloantigens were found to be inherited with the intact HLA haplotypes. However, the results of the typing of the recombinant individuals indicated that specific antigens are associated with the HLA-A locus and/or with the HLA-B locus. These studies indicate that more than one gene initiates the expression of these antigens and that some of these genes may map between the HLA-A and HLA-B loci.
Morphological Profile of Femtosecond Laser-induced Periodic Grooves on Metals

Using femtosecond laser irradiation, we create laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSSs) on metals. For the first time, the morphological profiles of LIPSSs created at various incident beam angles are studied.
Proof of a conjecture of R. Kannan

R. Kannan conjectured that every non-deterministic two-way finite automaton can be positionally simulated by a deterministic two-way finite automaton. The conjecture is proved here by reduction to a similar problem about finite semigroups. The method and the result are then generalized to alternating two-way finite automata.
Laser-induced native fluorescence (LINF) imaging of serotonin depletion in depolarized neurons

Since certain neurotransmitters exhibit native fluorescence we can monitor this property to disclose intracellular changes that result from neurotransmitter release. Isolated Retzius neurons of the leech are known to release serotonin (5-HT) during depolarization. Using intensified CCD technology coupled with UV laser (305 nm) excitation we observed depolarization and calcium-dependent reductions in native fluorescence in the axon, as well as in the cortex of the cell body. When taken together with data obtained from single-cell capillary electrophoresis, we demonstrate that this laser-induced native fluorescence can be reliably used to study spatial and temporal changes in intracellular transmitter content that accompany calcium-dependent secretion.
Bone stress adaptation models.

The basic concepts employed in formulating models of the process of stress adaptation in living bone tissue are reviewed. A purpose of this review is to define and separate issues in the formulation of bone remodeling theories. After discussing the rationale and objective of these models, the concepts and techniques involved in the modeling process are reviewed one by one. It is concluded that some techniques will be more successful than others in achieving the goals of computational bone remodeling. In particular, rationale is given for the preference of surface bone remodeling approaches over internal bone remodeling approaches, and for interactive multi-scale level, rather than mono-scale level, computational strategies
Characterization of the protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor interactive-sites of protein Z

Abstract Background Protein Z (PZ) has been reported to promote the inactivation of factor Xa (FXa) by PZ-dependent protease inhibitor (ZPI) by about three orders of magnitude. Previously, we prepared a chimeric PZ in which its C-terminal pseudo-catalytic domain was grafted on FX light-chain (Gla and EGF-like domains) (PZ/FX-LC). Characterization of PZ/FX-LC revealed that the ZPI interactive-site is primarily located within PZ pseudo-catalytic domain. Nevertheless, the cofactor function and apparent Kd of PZ/FX-LC for interaction with ZPI remained impaired ~ 6–7-fold, suggesting that PZ contains a ZPI interactive-site outside pseudo-catalytic domain. X-ray structural data indicates that Tyr-240 of ZPI interacts with EGF2-domain of PZ. Structural data further suggests that 3 other ZPI surface loops make salt-bridge interactions with PZ pseudo-catalytic domain. To identify ZPI interactive-sites on PZ, we grafted the N-terminal EGF2 subdomain of PZ onto PZ/FX-LC chimera (PZ-EGF2/FX-LC) and also generated two compensatory charge reversal mutants of PZ pseudo-catalytic domain (Glu-244 and Arg-212) and ZPI surface loops (Lys-239 and Asp-293). Methods PZ chimeras were expressed in mammalian cells and ZPI derivatives were expressed in Escherichia coli. Results The PZ EGF2 subdomain fusion restored the defective cofactor function of PZ/FX-LC. The activities of PZ and ZPI mutants were all impaired if assayed individually, but partially restored if the compensatory charge reversal mutants were used in the assay. Conclusions PZ EGF2 subdomain constitutes an interactive-site for ZPI. Data with compensatory charge reversal mutants validates structural data that the identified residues are part of interactive-sites. General significance Insight is provided into mechanisms through which specificity of ZPI–PZ–FXa complex formation is determined.
Preparation and reactivity of mononuclear (η5-cyclopentadienyl)cobalt carbene complexes

Preparation d'un complexe carbene par reaction de (η 5 -C 5 H 5 )CO(CO) 2 avec le bis(dimethyl-1,3 imidazolinyl-2idene). Structure moleculaire et reactivite
Study of the localization lengths in non-periodic GaAs/Al0.3Ga0.7As superlattices

Electronic states and the wavefunction localization lengths for non-periodic GaAs/Al0.3Ga0.7As superlattices are calculated and also studied experimentally using photoluminescence. Non-periodicity causes the first bound state to shift down in energy. A relation between the shift in energy from the periodic case and the wavefunction localization length is derived and used to obtain the localization length experimentally from photoluminescence measurements. The localization length thus obtained is compared with the results from a direct calculation of the wavefunction. Elektronische Zustande und Wellenfunktions-Lokalisierungslangen in nicht-periodischen GaAs/Al0.3Ga0.7As ubergittern werden berechnet und durch Photolumineszenzmessungen experimentell untersucht. Die Aperiodik verursacht, das der erste gebundene Zustand zu niederen Energien verschoben wird. Eine Beziehung zwischen der Energieverschiebung vom periodischen Fall und der Lokalisierungslange der Wellenfunktion wird hergeleitet und zur experimentellen Bestimmung der Lokalisierungslange durch Photolumineszenzmessungen verwendet. Die so erhaltene Lokalisierungslange wird mit den Ergebnissen einer direkten Berechnung der Wellenfunktion verglichen.
Sequence and evolutionary history of the length polymorphism in intron 1 of the human red photopigment gene

The length of intron 1 of the red pigment gene is dimorphic among Africans but not among Caucasians or Asians. This dimorphism was found to result from the presence or absence of a block of 1,284 bp comprised of three Alu elements and 328 bp of intervening unique-sequence DNA. This additional sequence in the "long" intron 1 of the red pigment gene was shown to have inserted into a fourth and older Alu element present in the "short" from of intron 1. Furthermore, the size and sequence of the "short" intron 1 of the red pigment gene is equivalent to that of the adjacent green pigment gene. The block containing the three Alu elements was not found in intron 1 of the red or green pigment genes of Old World monkeys and orangutans but was present in intron 1 of both the green and red pigment genes of gorillas and chimpanzees. The nucleotide sequence of this block in Old World primates and the estimated ages of the three elements suggest that their insertion occurred sequentially in the Old World monkey lineage prior to duplication of the ancestral X-chromosome-linked pigment gene. After gene duplication, deletion of the entire block containing the three Alu elements from one of the genes created the "short" intron variant. Unequal recombination between the adjacent and highly homologous red and green pigment genes may have resulted in the formation of the "short" intron variant of the other gene.
Parameter and configuration optimization of flotation circuits, part I. A review of prior work

Abstract Prior work in configuration and parameter optimization of flotation circuits is reviewed. The papers are split into two groups on the basis of problem formulation and solution strategies. Both groups employ a structural parameters approach to represent circuit configuration alternatives, which, without care, may result in solutions involving complicated circuit configurations. The group I authors have found an effective way to deal with problem nonlinearities in a direct search optimization approach, and the latter work of this group appears to have overcome earlier problems with configuration complexity. The group II authors have dealt with the nonlinearity by a two-stage optimization approach that first determines optimum configuration, then optimum component flows. However, the optimality of the resulting configurations is questionable since individual species flows and product grade have not been considered. Moreover, there are questions as to whether the separation behavior of the flotation cells can be accurately represented in their procedure.
Quantitative Bone Assessments: Applications and Expectations

: Although, with the newer and more sophisticated radiologic methods the precision of bone mass measurement has been greatly improved, it is still impossible to predict the imminence of osteoporotic fractures, for two main reasons. First, current radiologic methods measure bone mass accurately only in appendiceal bone (largely cortical and regularly shaped) and not in axial bone (largely trabecular and irregularly shaped). However, most clinically significant fractures occur in the axial skeleton and involve trabecular bone, which is more prone than cortical bone to resorptive losses. Second, because of large differences in body habitus, the normal range of bone densities varies widely in any cohort of the same sex and race. Thus, although bone density measurements cannot be used to predict osteoporotic fractures, they have an important application in monitoring changes in skeletal mass for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes.
Relativistic and strong-distortion effects in proton-proton parity violation.

The proton-proton parity-violating analyzing power is calculated for laboratory energies up to 1200 MeV using relativistic strong and weak potentials derived consistently from meson field theory. We calculate the parity-violating {ital t}-matrix elements with strong distortions generated by the static momentum-space one-boson-exchange Bonn potential. The weak, parity-violating potential, which is derived from parity-violating rho and omega exchanges, employs Desplanques-Donoghue-Holstein weak coupling parameters and Bonn-model coupling parameters and form factors. Below 200 MeV, the results differ very little from a nonrelativistic calculation using the {ital r}-space Bonn potential, but at 800 MeV, the analyzing power increases by 44 percent. A calculation with nonstatic, energy-dependent potentials is included for energies below pion-production threshold. The result is larger than for the static calculation, by an amount increasing from 3 percent at 15 MeV to 14 percent at 300 MeV.
Analysis of tooth contact and load distribution of helical gears with crossed axes

Abstract This paper presents an approach for the analysis of tooth contact and load distribution of helical gears with crossed axis. The approach is based on a tooth contact model that accommodates the influence of tooth profile modifications, gear manufacturing errors and tooth surface deformation on gear mesh quality. In the approach the tooth contact load is assumed to be distributed along the tooth surface line that coincides with the relative principal direction of the contacting tooth surfaces. As compared with existing tooth contact (TCA) analysis model that assumes rigidity for the contacting surfaces, the model in this paper provides a more realistic analysis on gear transmission errors, contact patterns and the distribution of contact load. As a numerical example, the contact of a pair of helical gears with a small crossing angle is analyzed by the computer program that implements the approach. It is found from the analysis that helical gears with small crossing angles have meshing characteristics and load distribution similar to those of parallel-axis gears. The approach may be extended to other types of gearing.
Summary report: computational issues in the mechanical behavior of metals and intermetallics

Abstract This report is a summary of a workshop held September 30 to October 3, 1991, in Williamsburg, VA to discuss computational issues in the mechanical behavior of metals and intermetallics. Its objective was to identify the critical research projects to be pursued if we are to make progress in the prediction of mechanical behavior of materials.
The role of local populations within a landscape context: defining and classifying sources and sinks.

Abstract: The interaction of local populations has been the focus of an increasing number of studies in the past 30 years. The study of source‐sink dynamics has especially generated much interest. Many of the criteria used to distinguish sources and sinks incorporate the process of apparent survival (i.e., the combined probability of true survival and site fidelity) but not emigration. These criteria implicitly treat emigration as mortality, thus biasing the classification of sources and sinks in a manner that could lead to flawed habitat management. Some of the same criteria require rather restrictive assumptions about population equilibrium that, when violated, can also generate misleading inference. Here, we expand on a criterion (denoted “contribution” or \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \use...
Photostabilization of polypropylene. II. Stabilizers and hydroperoxides

The effects of various polyolefin photostabilizers on the thermal and photodecomposition of model and polymeric hydroperoxides have been investigated, both in the liquid and solid phases. Several extremely effective ultraviolet stabilizers belonging to the metal chelate class can cause the rapid thermal decomposition of model and polymeric hydroperoxides. Although stabilizers did not reduce the quantum yield for polypropylene hydroperoxide photolysis, several additives can scavenge hydroxyl and macroalkoxy radical products which result from hydroperoxide photolytic cleavage. Ultraviolet stabilizers which were found to trap radicals were able to prevent the photodegradation of polypropylene which already contained a significant concentration of hydroperoxide groups. Highly effective polypropylene ultraviolet stabilizers probably operate by a range of mechanisms including hydroperoxide decomposition, radical scavenging and singlet oxygen quenching.
Glycosaminoglycan synthesis by the apical ectodermal ridge of chick limb bud

The apical ectodermal ridge (AER) along the distal periphery of the embryonic chick limb bud seems to have a decisive influence on the development of subjacent mesenchymal cells, preventing cartilage differentiation but ensuring the outgrowth and formation of distal limb structures1–5. It has been suggested that when mesenchymal cells leave the AER's influence, they undergo an ultimate cell–cell interaction that triggers chondrogenic differentiation by elevating cyclic AMP levels6–8. Moreover, the AER may inhibit the differentiation of subjacent mesenchymal cells by causing them to secrete a considerable quantity of hyaluronate which by accumulating extracellularly may prevent the cell–cell interaction necessary to trigger differentiation9. Here, we have examined the synthesis of hyaluronate and other glycosaminoglycans by the AER and by limb and non-limb ectodermal tissues that do not promote limb bud outgrowth1,5,10,11. We find that there is a selective and substantial increase in the amount of hyaluronate produced by the AER compared with the non-inductive ectodermal tissues.
On the putative uniqueness of cancer pain: Do psychological principles apply?

A large volume of evidence has supported the important role of psychological principles and variables related to the perception of, and response to, nociceptive stimulation. On the basis of this research, a number of psychological interventions have been developed and used successfully with pain patients. Despite the evidence, there has been a tendency for practitioners to neglect the contributing role of cognitive, affective, and behavioral factors in reports of pain by cancer patients. Cancer seems to hold a unique status in medicine and society at large. In this paper, the cancer pain literature is briefly reviewed and evidence is presented for various psychological determinants of the pain report and response that may be extended to pain associated with cancer. The implications of these data for understanding and treatment of cancer patients are described.
The syntheses and properties of trichlorophosphazochloromethane and tris(chloromethyl)amine

Abstract The reaction between aminomethanesulphonic acid, H 2 NCH 2 SO 3 H, and phosphorus (V) chloride has been shown to yield either dimeric trichlorophosphazochloromethane, (Cl 3 PNCH 2 Cl) 2 , or tris(chloromethyl)amine, N(CH 2 Cl) 3 , depending upon the mole ratio of the reactants. The latter compound is obtained in better yield as a product of the reaction of trisodium nitrilotrimethylene-sulphonate, N(CH 2 SO 3 Na) 3 , with phosphorus (V) chloride. Certain of the physical and chemical properties of these new compounds are described.
Physics of Fundamental Symmetries and Interactions {PSI2010 A torsion pendulum based axion search

Abstract Despite two decades of experimental e_ort, the elusive axion has yet to be discovered. Nevertheless, it remains a well-motivated solution to the strong CP problem and a promising dark matter candidate. Most searches use the axion-two-photon coupling to probe for axions that are generated in the sun, remnants from the big-bang or created in the laboratory. Using techniques inspired by torsion pendulum based tests of gravity, we have constructed a new torsion pendulum experiment that looks for a macroscopic parity and time-violating force mediated by virtual axions. For an axion mass of 1 meV, we have improved the limit on this force by ten orders of magnitude, and thus, have opened another path to look for very heavy axions.
WAN Optimization Tools, Techniques and Research Issues for Cloud-Based Big Data Analytics

Increasing data volumes, data replication at offsite, and the greater than ever use of content-rich and Big Data, applications are mandating IT organizations to optimize their network resources. Trends such as Virtualization and Cloud computing further emphasize this requirement of this current era of Big data. To help with this process, companies are increasingly relying on a new generation of WAN optimization Techniques, Appliances, Controllers, Platforms and Products that are displacing standalone physical appliances by offering more scalability, flexibility, and manageability by additional inclusion of software to handle this Big data and bring valuable insights through big data analytics. An optimized WAN environment can increase network reliability, accessibility and availability and improve cost profiles. It also improves the performance and consistency of data backup, replication, and recovery processes. This paper covers the introduction to WAN optimization, prominent WAN optimization techniques, WAN optimization products used for Big data analytics and finally future trends and research Issues of WAN optimization in the ensuing era of Big data.
Absence of PTEN Repeat Tract Mutation in Endometrial Cancers with Microsatellite Instability

Abstract Objective. PTEN, a tumor suppressor gene shown to be frequently mutated in endometrial cancers, has been suggested to be a target of microsatellite instability (MSI)-driven mutagenesis. We set out to investigate the relationship between MSI and PTEN mutation in a large series of primary endometrial carcinomas. Methods. Thirty-nine MSI-positive endometrial cancers were evaluated by single-strand conformational variant analysis and direct sequencing to screen all nine PTEN exons for mutation. Results. Fifteen specimens (38%) demonstrated 16 PTEN mutations. We observed only one alteration in the poly-adenine repeat of exon 8 that is suggested to be a target for mutation in endometrial cancers with MSI. Seven of 16 (44%) mutations in our series were deletions of ≥3 bp, a class of mutation not usually associated with tumors with defective DNA mismatch repair. To determine the significance of this high frequency of deletion, 26 additional endometrial cancers without MSI were matched with the 39 MSI-positive cancers for the prognostic factors of tumor histology, stage, grade, and patient race. The MSI-positive tumors had a significantly higher frequency of deletions involving ≥3 bp when compared with the MSI-negative group (5/11 versus 0/10, P = 0.035). Conclusions. Repeat tract mutation in PTEN is an uncommon event in MSI-positive cancers. Deletion of ≥3 bp in this gene is more common in MSI-positive cancers when compared with tumors without MSI.
Fundamentals of optical design in rotating mirror cameras

Abstract The elementary optics of rotating-mirror high-speed cameras are analysed geometrically. The images in an off-axis scanning mirror are shown to lie on Pascal's limacon. The Miller principle by which shuttering is accomplished is described. A simple estimate of motion blurring is compared with the Rayleigh criterion.
Resource and Risk: Youth Sexuality and New Media Use

Some contemporary moral panics orbit around youth sexuality and new media use. This article addresses those moral panics by investigating teenagers’ practices regarding new media and sexuality. New media technologies are central parts of young people’s social, romantic, and sexual lives. These communication technologies are important in their practices of meeting, dating, and breaking up. New media technologies also provide important resources about sexual health and identities. However, these informational and relational resources are not equally available to all young people. Indeed use and access to new media technologies often mirrors the contemporary ordering of economic, racialized, and gendered power. Additionally, while youth are aware of online safety practices, some youth are more vulnerable to online risks than others.
Calculation of fault currents in industrial plants

A detailed example illustrates the application of a method of calculating fault currents, knowledge of which becomes increasingly important as the rate of industrial expansion accelerates
On the number of conjugacy classes in SL(2,Z)

Let H(t) be the number of conjugacy classes of elements in SL(2, L) with trace t, and let h(n) be the number of equivalence classes of binary quadratic forms with discriminant n. Then for t≠±2, H(t)=h(t2−4). For all real θ > 0 there is a T(θ) such that whenever |t|>T(θ), H(t)>|t|1−θ. There is a c>0 such that for those t such that t2−4 is squarefree, H(t)≤c|t|.
Miniaturization of top-loaded monopole antennas using Peano-curves

Many wireless applications require planar antennas but with monopole-like, vertically polarized radiation, a design challenge that cannot be easily achieved by using conventional microstrip patch or other types of printed antennas. In addition, while there have been significant advances in design of low-profile printed patch-type antennas in the frequency ranges of L-band and above, the patch antennas are not suitable for lower frequency applications, such as those in VHF and UHF bands, because of their relatively large dimensions. These requirements provide challenging problems in optimization and design of the future generation of low-profile reconfigurable antenna systems. In the present work, we discuss the use of printed metallic paths in the form of Peano and Hilbert space-filling curves (H. Sagan, 1994) to provide top-loading properties that miniaturizes monopole antenna elements. The full-wave simulation together with measured results shows that the proposed electrically small antenna results in a perfect mono-polar radiation pattern with relatively wideband characteristics. Some initial numerical results of this work were recently presented in J. McVay and A. Hoorfar, (2006)