cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of haploids and isozyme markers for genetic analysis in the polysomic polyploid potato -Ie

Hapluids (sporophytes with lhe gametic chrom06(Jme number) f,um polysomk: p(.Jlyploid~ represem a random gameti'c sample from the parenl and can be used 10 map genes that affect quantltat,ve trai! vmiation (OTV) with the aid of moleculm' markers (isozymes or RFLPs). The objel;ljvc: of (his work was to analyze QTV using isozyme markers in four potato (tetrasomic p0lyploid) haploid populations, Almost 200 haploids from lhe cvs. "Atlantic", "Chippewa'", "M,TrimRck'" and the advanced S('kction "W-231" were: evaluated ph~notypicaJJy for eight different agronomic traits and scored for 13 isozyme nll\rkers distributed in the 12 different linkage groups ot potatO, Eighl (lIZLI!,US "ere linked 10 quanlolatilJ(' trait loci (QT~) affecting QTV on the traits evaluated, HOW(;:lcT, lhere welt: difference" between haploid pupuJations for QTLs a.. . paren/. Three out of four QTLs for tuber yield and two out or lour QTLs tor avcrage tuber wci~ht, linked (0 isozyme markers in tht' Atlantic haploid population, had overdOnlmance as the main lypt: 01 g'.:Jjt' ;, ~osity on the phenotype and explains why the loss of parental heterozygosity, 01' the CliltiviJf Atlantic, results in lower than o.pcded tuber yield in its haploid progen)'. Key \\'()rds: Double reduction, Linkage maps, Molecular markers, QTLs, Solallum Il,beroswrl.
Person-centered Feeding Care: A Protocol to Re-introduce Oral Feeding for Nursing Home Patients with Tube Feeding.

Although the literature on nursing home (NH) patients with tube feeding (TF) has focused primarily on the continuation vs. discontinuation of TF, the reassessment of these patients for oral feeding has been understudied. Re-assessing patients for oral feeding may be better received by families and NH staff than approaches focused on stopping TF, and may provide an opportunity to address TF in less cognitively impaired patients as well as those with end-stage conditions. However, the literature contains little guidance on a systematic interdisciplinary team approach to the oral feeding reassessment of patients with TF, who are admitted to NHs. This project had two parts that were conducted in one 170-bed intermediate/skilled, Medicare-certified NH in Honolulu, Hawai‘i. Part 1 consisted of a retrospective observational study of characteristics of TF patients versus non-tube fed patients at NH admission (2003-2006) and longitudinal follow-up (through death or 6/30/2011) with usual care of the TF patients for outcomes of: feeding and swallowing reassessment, goals of care reassessment, feeding status (TF and/or per oral (PO) feedings), and hospice status. Part 2 involved the development of an interdisciplinary TF reassessment protocol through working group discussions and a pilot test of the protocol on a new set of patients admitted with TF from 2011-2014. Part 1: Of 238 admitted patients, 13.4% (32/238) had TF. Prior stroke and lack of DNR status was associated with increased likelihood of TF. Of the 32 patients with TF at NH admission, 15 could communicate and interact (mild, moderate or no cognitive impairment with prior stroke or pneumonia); while 17 were nonverbal and/or bedbound patients (advanced cognitive impairment or terminal disease). In the more cognitively intact group, 9/15 (60%) were never reassessed for tolerance of oral diets and 10/15 (66.7%) remained with TF without any oral feeding until death. Of the end-stage group, 13/17 (76.5%) did not have goals of care reassessed and remained with TF without oral feeding until death. Part 2: The protocol pilot project included all TF patients admitted to the facility in 2011-2014 (N=33). Of those who were more cognitively intact (n=22), 21/22 (95.5%) had swallowing reassessed, 11/22 (50%) resumed oral feedings but 11 (50%) failed reassessment and continued exclusive TF. Of those with end-stage disease (n=11), 100% had goals of care reassessed and 9 (81.8%) families elected individualized oral feeding (with or without TF). Using findings from our retrospective study of usual care, our NH’s interdisciplinary team developed and pilot-tested a protocol that successfully reintroduced oral feedings to tube-fed NH patients who previously would not have resumed oral feeding.
Leukemic Vasculitis: A Feature of Leukemia Cutis in Some Patients

Cutaneous involvement is common in certain subtypes of acute leukemia and may be a reflection of a capacity of these tumors for tissue infiltration. We have recently noted that leukemia cutis can be accompanied by vasculitis in a subset of patients. We describe six cases of such leukemic vasculitis with findings ranging from mild microvascular injury to necrotizing arteritis. All cases were seen in patients with acute leukemia with myelomonocytic or monocytic features. In one patient, cutaneous leukemic vasculitis represented the initial manifestation of leukemia. In most cases, leukemic infiltration of the dermal blood vessels was the predominant pattern of involvement with minimal dermal infiltration. Vascular injury seemed to be mediated by leukemic blasts and not by reactive inflammatory cells. We propose the term leukemic vasculitis to describe such lesions.
Veterans Affairs Health System Enrollment and Health Care Utilization After the Affordable Care Act: Initial Insights

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) was signed into law in 2010 and its individual mandate and expanded health care coverage options were implemented in 2014. These provisions may affect Veterans Affairs (VA) enrollment and health care utilization. Using data from two VA regional networks, we examined recent patterns in the number of new VA enrollees and their primary care use. Trends were assessed by enrollment priority group (based on the veteran's severity of service-connected disabilities, exposures, and income level) and a state's Medicaid expansion status. Compared to the same time period in the previous year, the number of new enrollees from low-income priority groups was higher during the open enrollment period and the increase was sharper in Medicaid non-expansion states (25-42%) than in expansion states (20-32%). In addition, low-income patients with a copay requirement who enrolled in the VA during the ACA open enrollment had a lower average number of primary care visits than counterparts who had enrolled in prior time periods (1.73 versus 1.87, p < 0.0001). Although this study is an initial step, more research is required to better understand veterans' decision making and behavior in regard to health care coverage through the ACA and related impacts on VA and non-VA health care utilization and care coordination.
Rehabilitation medicine for the patient with arthritis.

Summary An individualized physical therapy program can be helpful in preparing a patient with arthritis for surgery. The therapy program can minimize fibrositis, muscle tightness, and muscle atrophy of immobilization and help to maintain the range of joint motion and muscle strength. Postoperatively the patient with arthritis should have physical therapy as soon as indicated for the type of surgery done. This therapy is given not only to the area operated on but also to other joints involved if maximal functional results are to be maintained. Each patient's therapy program will vary depending on the goals desired, the stage of the disease, and the surgery performed. The treatments should be simple but effective so that the patient can carry them out in his home with minimal help after dismissal from the hospital. Successful, effective, rehabilitative therapy depends on an alert, intelligent, cooperative, informed patient. The physician's interest, optimism, encouragement, thoroughness, follow-up, and guidance can mean the difference between success and failure in the overall rehabilitation of the patient with arthritis.
THEORY OF SPECTROSCOPY OF POINT DEFECTS IN SOLIDS:Cr IMPURITIES

A general method for the study of point and extended defects in non-metals has been formulated and a substantial computer program generated. This method requires only a single ansatz; this is the effect of the defect in question is appreciable only in the immediate proximity of the defect. Beyond this region, the influence of the defect may be obtained from a simple response theory, which may be linear but is not required to be so. This response is manifested as a displacement of the ion cores and by the polarization of these atoms. The region including the defect and its immediate vicinity is termed the cluster, while the remainder of the system is termed the environment. The cluster is studied in its entirety using Quantum Physics, whereas the environment is studied using atomistic techniques, where the potentials are quantum derived. The interaction of the cluster and the environment uses the rigorous Kunz-Klein localizing potential to partition the system into cluster and environment. Correlation corrections are directly incorporated in the quantum calculation by use of Many Body Perturbation Theory (MBPT) methods. The benefit of this inclusion is demonstrated here in the calculation of the potential energy surface of KrF2. Other illustrative calculations involving the Cr impurity in MgO and Al2O3 are included as well.
Bottom Up Eco-Innovation in a Dynamic World: A Multilevel Model and Quantitative Case Study

This study has designed and tested a multilevel model of bottom-up eco- innovation, which examines middle managers' attitudes and beliefs and organizational culture upon line-level managers'promoti...
Perceptions of cardiovascular health in underserved communities

Introduction Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of deaths and illnesses in US adults, and the prevalence is disproportionately high in underserved populations. In this study, we assessed respondents' understanding of context-specific differences in knowledge and perceptions of disease, risk, and prevention in 6 underserved communities, with the longer-term goal of developing appropriate interventions. Methods Thirty-nine small-group sessions and 14 interviews yielded data from 318 adults. Each site's researchers coded, analyzed, and extracted key themes from local data. Investigators from all sites synthesized results and identified common themes and differences. Results Themes clustered in 3 areas (barriers to cardiovascular health, constraints related to multiple roles, and suggestions for effective communications and programs). Barriers spanned individual, social and cultural, and environmental levels; women in particular cited multiple roles (eg, competing demands, lack of self-care). Programmatic suggestions included the following: personal, interactive, social context; information in language that people use; activities built around cultural values and interests; and community orientation. In addition, respondents preferred health-related information from trusted groups (eg, AARP), health care providers (but with noticeable differences of opinion), family and friends, and printed materials. Conclusion Interventions to decrease barriers to cardiovascular health are needed; these strategies should include family and community context, small groups, interactive methods, culturally sensitive materials, and trusted information sources. New-immigrant communities need culturally and linguistically tailored education before receiving more substantive interventions.
Intraoperative Angiography for Arteriovenous Malformation Resection in the Prone and Lateral Positions, Using Upper Extremity Arterial Access

Background Intraoperative angiography is routinely utilized for aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) to verify complete occlusion and resection. Surgery for spinal and posterior fossa neurovascular lesions is usually performed in prone position. Intraoperative angiography in the prone position is challenging and there is no standardized protocol for this procedure. Objective To describe our experience with intraoperative angiography in the prone and lateral positions, using upper extremity arterial access. Methods We reviewed our experience with intraoperative angiography in the prone position between 2014 and 2015, where vascular access was obtained via the upper extremity arteries. Patients were treated in a hybrid endovascular operating room. High cervical and intracranial lesions were studied via brachial or radial access. All accesses were obtained using ultrasonographic guidance and a small caliber arterial sheath (4F). Results Five patients were treated in the prone and lateral positions using brachial/radial artery access. Patients harbored cerebellar AVM, lateral medullary AVM, cervical arteriovenous fistula (AVF), tentorial dural AVF, and tentorial-incisural dural AVF. Patients were positioned prone (n = 2), semiprone (n = 2), and lateral (n = 1) for the surgery. Three patients were treated via right brachial artery access. Two patients were treated via radial arteries access. All patients tolerated the procedures without technical or clinical complications. Intraoperative angiography verified complete occlusion and resection in all cases prior to surgical closure. Conclusions Intraoperative angiography in the prone and lateral positions using upper extremity access is an important adjunct. Brachial or radial access can be obtained safely and provides comfortable and quick approaches.
The spread of Caulerpa cylindracea in Calabria (Italy) and the effects of shipping activities

A survey to state the spread of Caulerpa cylindracea in the Calabrian Tyrrhenian coasts has been undertaken. The research aims to value the role of shipping activities in the ten-year's study from 1999 to 2009, as a vector in the spreading of the species. The outcome of this study has shown that, during the last ten years, the species has colonized most of the regional coastline, on all kinds of substrata, in areas closed to harbours and subjected to high rate of sedimentation. The main effects of Caulerpa cylindracea colonization have resulted in a gradual decrease of crustose species while the turf ones have increased their abundance, altering the native structure of the macroalgal assemblages. These results confirm the extremely invasive behaviour of this strain in the Calabrian Tyrrhenian coasts and, more generally, in the Mediterranean Sea.
Exceptional points in hybridized plasmonic systems

We present evidence of the existence of exceptional points (EPs) in three-dimensional (3D) plasmonic nanostructures. The systems are composed of coupled plasmonic nanoresonators and can be judiciously driven to EPs by controlling symmetry-compatible modes.
Normal-phase liquid chromatography retention behavior of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and their methyl-substituted derivatives on an aminopropyl stationary phase

Retention indices for 124 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 62 methyl-substituted (Me-) PAHs were determined using normal-phase liquid chromatography (NPLC) on a aminopropyl (NH2) stationary phase. PAH retention behavior on the NH2 phase is correlated to the total number of aromatic carbons in the PAH structure. Within an isomer group, non-planar isomers generally elute earlier than planar isomers. MePAHs generally elute slightly later but in the same region as the parent PAHs. Correlations between PAH retention behavior on the NH2 phase and PAH thickness (T) values were investigated to determine the influence of non-planarity for isomeric PAHs with four to seven aromatic rings. Correlation coefficients ranged from r = 0.19 (five-ring peri-condensed molecular mass (MM) 252 Da) to r = −0.99 (five-ring cata-condensed MM 278 Da). In the case of the smaller PAHs (MM ≤ 252 Da), most of the PAHs had a planar structure and provided a low correlation. In the case of larger PAHs (MM ≥ 278 Da), nonplanarity had a significant influence on the retention behavior and good correlation between retention and T was obtained for the MM 278 Da, MM 302 Da, MM 328 Da, and MM 378 Da isomer sets.
A column-generation algorithm for evacuation planning with elementary paths

Evacuation planning algorithms are critical tools for assisting authorities in orchestrating large-scale evacuations while ensuring optimal utilization of resources. To be deployed in practice, these algorithms must include a number of constraints that dramatically increase their complexity. This paper considers the zone-based non-preemptive evacuation planning problem in which each evacuation zone is assigned a unique evacuation path to safety and the flow of evacuees over time for a given zone follows one of a set of specified response curves. The starting point of the paper is the recognition that the first and only optimization algorithm previously proposed for zone-based non-preemptive evacuation planning may produce non-elementary paths, i.e., paths that visit the same node multiple times over the course of the evacuation. Since non-elementary paths are undesirable in practice, this paper proposes a column-generation algorithm where the pricing subproblem is a least-cost path under constraints. The paper investigates a variety of algorithms for solving the subproblem as well as their hybridization. Experimental results on a real-life case study show that the new algorithm produces evacuation plans with elementary paths of the same quality as the earlier algorithm in terms of the number of evacuees reaching safety and the completion time of the evacuation, at the expense of a modest increase in CPU time.
Utilizing Machine Learning for Smart Starting Guesses for Phase Retrieval

Traditional wavefront-sensing phase retrieval problems with large amounts of wavefront error often do not converge without a good starting point. We use machine learning in an attempt to produce better starting guesses for these problems.
In search of a counter you can count on: relative efficacy of human visual and automated colony counting.

To evaluate comparative efficiency of traditional vs automated colony counting methods, cultures of Escherichia coli (ATCC 25945), Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12225), Streptococcus pyogenes (ATCC19615) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (ATCC49619) were prepared as pure cultures and mixed cultures at 0·5 McFarland standard and serial dilutions were performed. Plates were inoculated in triplicate with 50, 125, 250 and 500 colony forming units and counted by four researchers, visually and using each of the automated counters. Colony count and counting time were recorded. The pattern of efficiency for all bacterial species was similar: plates with low counts were accurate and quick to count for all methods, with an increase in time and a decrease in accuracy and precision as counts rose. Higher counts of single round colonies required less time and had greater precision with automated counters than human visual counting counts with no loss of accuracy; however, counts were reduced in accuracy and increased in time for species with less regular morphology or when plates had mixed species. Surprisingly, a free phone application was only slightly less precise and more time consuming than the high-end professional counter indicating that automation may be achievable at lower cost than expected. Significance and impact of the study Colony quantification is essential in clinical and research settings as well as pedagogy at the college level. Human visual (HV) counting, the most common method, is time consuming and fraught with errors. The time, accuracy and precision of HV counting were compared to a high-end professional automated counter, an inexpensive phone application and a free phone application. Low cost benefits of increased speed and accuracy with automated counting are maximized when counting single round colonies; but much reduced if colonies have irregular morphology or demonstrate haemolysis.
Grid impacts of utility-scale solar PV systems installed at both subtransmission and distribution levels simultaneously

This paper examines the grid impacts of utility-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) systems when they are installed on both the transmission/subtransmission and distribution systems simultaneously. A baseline analysis is performed to characterize grid performance using actual data from an operating 32 MW solar PV system installed at the subtransmission system, and a 1MW solar PV system installed on a neighboring distribution system. The analysis is performed by developing computer models of the combined systems using an OpenDSS software platform. Various penetration levels of solar PV are then examined by adding “virtual” solar PV generation to the system to examine the grid impacts of different penetration levels of solar PV. The use of smart grid inverters to provide ancillary grid services is also examined as a means of mitigating grid impacts caused by the solar PV systems.
Markovian model for photoinduced charge separation in dendritic molecules

Abstract We study theoretically electron-transfer reactions in families of dendrimers D P m ⊃ P y 2 F n which have been studied experimentally by Li et al. (2006). For these families, and for additional architectures, we consider two limiting scenarios depending on the number of bipyridines (with one, two, or three fullerenes) ligated around the core D P m dendritic molecule. Using the theory of finite Markov processes, our results show that electron transfer on the largest dendrimer D P 48 ⊃ P y 2 F 3 is the most efficient.
Emerging technology and intra-war escalation risks: Evidence from the Cold War, implications for today

Will emerging technologies increase the risk of conflict escalation? This paper develops a framework for evaluating the role of technology in different types of intra-war escalation. It then uses t...
Silicone Oil Particles in Prefilled Syringes With Human Monoclonal Antibody, Representative of Real-World Drug Products, Did Not Increase Immunogenicity in In Vivo and In Vitro Model Systems.

Abstract Silicone oil is a lubricant for prefilled syringes (PFS), a common primary container for biotherapeutics. Silicone oil particles (SiOP) shed from PFS are a concern for patients due to their potential for increased immunogenicity and therefore also of regulatory concern. To address the safety concern in a context of manufacturing and distribution of drug product (DP), SiOP was increased (up to ∼25,000 particles/mL) in PFS filled with mAb1, a fully human antibody drug, by simulated handling of DP mimicked by drop shock. These samples are characterized in a companion report (Jiao N et al. J Pharm Sci. 2020). The risk of immunogenicity was then assessed using in vitro and in vivo immune model systems. The impact of a common DP excipient, polysorbate 80, on both the formation and biological consequences of SiOP was also tested. SiOP was found associated with (1) minimal cytokine secretion from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, (2) no response in cell lines that report NF-κB/AP-1 signaling, and (3) no antidrug antibodies or significant cytokine production in transgenic Xeno-het mice, whether or not mAb1 or polysorbate 80 was present. These results suggest that SiOP in mAb1, representative of real-world DP in PFS, poses no increased risk of immunogenicity.
Natural Transmission of Helicobacter saguini Causes Multigenerational Inflammatory Bowel Disease in C57/129 IL-10 -/- Mice

Cotton-top tamarins (CTTs) are an ideal model of human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) because these animals develop multigenerational, lower bowel cancer. We previously isolated and characterized a novel enterohepatic Helicobacter species, Helicobacter saguini, from CTTs with IBD and documented that H. saguini infection in germfree C57BL IL-10-/- mice recapitulates IBD, suggesting that H. saguini influences IBD etiopathogenesis. In this study, we utilized a germfree IL-10-/- model to illustrate that H. saguini infection can naturally transmit and infect four generations and cause significant intestinal inflammatory pathology. Additionally, whole-genome sequencing of representative H. saguini isolates from each generation of IL-10-/- mice revealed gene mutations suggestive of multigenerational evolution. Overall, these results support that specific bacterial species with pathogenic potential, like H. saguini, are transmissible microorganisms in the etiopathogenesis of IBD in CTTs and reinforces the importance of specific microbiota in the pathogenesis of IBD in humans.IMPORTANCE While family history is a significant risk factor for developing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), it is unclear whether the microbiome from parents is a transmissible influence on disease in their offspring. Furthermore, it is unknown whether IBD-associated microbes undergo genomic adaptations during multigenerational transmission and chronic colonization in their hosts. Herein, we show that a single bacterial species, Helicobacter saguini, isolated from a nonhuman primate species with familial IBD, is transmissible from parent to offspring in germfree IL-10-/- mice and causes multigenerational IBD. Additionally, whole-genome sequence analysis of H. saguini isolated from different mouse generations identified microevolutions in environmental interaction, nutrient metabolism, and virulence factor genes that suggest that multigenerational transmission may promote adaptations related to colonization and survival in new hosts and chronic inflammatory environments. The findings from our study highlight the importance of specific bacterial species with pathogenic potential, like H. saguini, as transmissible microorganisms in the etiopathogenesis of IBD.
Chapter 14 – Overview of Optimization

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the tool of optimization and how it aids in in the systematic solution of process integration problems. Optimization refers to the identification of the “best” solution from among the set of candidate solutions. An optimization formulation typically involves the minimization or maximization of an objective function subject to a number of constraints. Mathematical programming deals with the formulation, solution, and analysis of optimization problems or mathematical programs. The vector x is referred to as the vector of optimization variables, and if it satisfies all the constraints, it is called a feasible point. An optimization problem in which the objective function as well as all the constraints are linear is called a linear program (LP); otherwise, it is termed a nonlinear program (NLP). To formulate an optimization model it is necessary to determine the objective function, develop constraints, and improve formulation. In properly formulating an optimization problem, it is necessary to establish a model that accurately describes the task using mathematical relationships that capture the essence of the problem. When the solution of a mathematical program is implemented using computer-aided tools, it is possible to effectively examine what-if scenarios and conduct sensitivity analysis. LINGO is an optimization software that solves linear, nonlinear, and mixed integer linear and nonlinear programs. If the line for minimizing or maximizing an objective function is not included, LINGO will solve the model as a set of equations provided that the degrees of freedom are appropriate. The use of set formulations is attractive in dealing with large problems with repetitive constraints. The generic set formulation is developed once different scenarios can be run by altering the data.
Who is to Blame for Fraud? Lawyer Perspectives on Auditor Liability

This study examines how disclosures impact lawyers’ perceptions of independent auditors being sued for failure to detect fraud; specifically whether the auditor’s opinion and disclosures required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 may be deemed to be red flags and deter litigation. A 3x1 between-subjects experiment was conducted using 100 lawyers specializing in securities or business law. The lawyers reviewed a case in which the auditor had issued an unqualified audit opinion on financial statements of a company that ended up declaring bankruptcy. The lawyers reviewed the auditor’s opinion on internal controls which was manipulated as unqualified, unqualified with description of significant deficiencies, or adverse with description of material weakness. Results of this study indicate that the auditor’s report on controls has the potential to decrease the litigation exposure of auditors, as auditors providing an adverse opinion on internal controls were assessed most favorably by lawyers. However, voluntary disclosures of significant deficiencies in internal controls did not significantly influence auditor litigation exposure, indicating that the stronger message provided by an adverse Section 404 opinion is necessary to decrease litigation exposure. Overall, results of this study provide valuable insights on how audit disclosures influence potential litigators’ decisions and recommendations concerning auditor negligence lawsuits.
Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Children.

1. Elizabeth A. Berg, MD* 2. Julie Khlevner, MD* 1. *Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is the physiologic process of gastric contents transferring upward, past the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), and into the esophagus. GER occurs naturally in more than 25% of infants, peaks at approximately 3 to 4 months of age, and usually self-resolves with time without pathologic consequences. When reflux symptoms become severe or complications such as esophagitis, refusal to eat, or weight loss develop, GER progresses to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Intractable GERD occurs when symptoms or complications of GERD persist despite optimal medical treatment. The prevalence of GERD is less than 5% in early school-aged children and approximately 10% in children older than 10 years. GERD is an umbrella term for a spectrum of manifestations that can be classified into categories based on symptoms, endoscopic findings, reflux monitoring, and underlying pathophysiology. The 4 major subtypes of GERD are 1) erosive reflux disease, 2) nonerosive esophageal reflux disease, 3) reflux hypersensitivity, and 4) functional heartburn. Functional heartburn is the most prevalent phenotype in children. Identifying a patient’s distinct GERD phenotype aids in selection of more effective treatment. GERD management should be based on the best available evidence, consistent with practice guidelines from the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (NASPGHAN) and the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN). Nutritional management is the mainstay of nonpharmacologic treatment of GER in infants younger than 1 year. The initial approach involves …
Genetic incompatibilities do not snowball in a demographic model of speciation

Two populations evolving in isolation can accumulate genetic differences over time that cause incompatibilities in their hybrid offspring. These "Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities" (DMIs) are predicted to accumulate at a rate faster than linear as the number of incompatible gene interactions "snowballs". Here we show that this snowball prediction is an artifact of two unrealistic modeling assumptions that stem from ignoring demography. We introduce a new alternative "demographic speciation model" in which the rate of DMI accumulation between populations is affected by the efficiency of purifying selection to remove incompatibilities that arise within populations. This model yields new testable predictions for understanding the tempo and mode of speciation based on population demographic parameters. A large-scale empirical analysis of bird and mammal datasets supports a unique prediction of our model: a negative relationship between effective population sizes and speciation rates. Our results challenge views of the snowball theory, and of ecological speciation models rooted in positive selection, showing instead that purifying selection may play a major role in mediating speciation rates.
From the Editor: Preprint or Not—The Role of Peer Review

As noted in the "Sincere Thanks" page of the last IJMC issue, in addition to the fine work of the IJMC Advisory and Board of Review, we often use additional metalcasting industry personnel to assist in peer review of technical paper submissions "So, should we migrate to all preprint and online based papers with no traditional peer review but perhaps a blog of post-posting comments?" So, should we migrate to all preprint and online based papers with no traditional peer review but perhaps a blog of post-posting comments? [Extracted from the article] Copyright of International Journal of Metalcasting is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use This abstract may be abridged No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract (Copyright applies to all Abstracts )
Transgender Identity and Cardiovascular Disease

Objectives: As of 2016, 1.4 million people in the United States were identified as transgender. Transgender people face health disparities and may be at high risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). ...
Sequence variation characteristics of D-loop, rRNA, tRNA, and polypeptide coding region of bovine mitochondrial DNA

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop and rRNA coding regions of two Holstein cows from each of 18 maternal lineages were cloned and sequenced to determine the presence of hypervariable sites and the existence of heteroplasmic mtDNA. Seventeen sites of nucleotide sequence variations were observed within D-loop and rRNA coding regions. The hypervariable sites in the D-loop and rRNA coding regions were located at nt 169, 216, and 1594 and between nt 352 to 364. Heteroplasmic mtDNA was detected within D-loop and rRNA coding regions of mtDNA within independent maternal lineages. The presence of heteroplasmic mtDNA in cattle of the same maternal lineages suggests that mtDNA of one genotype could have been maintained for at least 11 generations in their respective maternal lineages. Because heteropiasmy was observed frequently and seemingly is persistent, selected amplification of specific mtDNA may not be a part of mtDNA inheritance. The mechanism of mtDNA deletions and insertions is proposed.
Quantitative Echocardiographic Evaluation of Cardiac Function

Echocardiographic imaging has made major contributions to the noninvasive diagnosis of cardiac structure and function. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has extended the clinical utility of cardiac ultrasound to the operating room and the bedside of the critically ill patient by providing high quality two-dimensional images and Doppler data. Continued improvements in computer technology have also enabled the introduction of novel techniques to improve the quantitative analysis of cardiac function. This discussion will review traditional Doppler assessment of cardiac function by TEE, and the new technologies of automated border detection (ABD) and tissue Doppler (TD) echocardiography to assess regional and global ventricular function.
The Manic-Depressive Psychosis

Sullivan asserted that, in some unclear fashion, depression is closely related to manic and hypomanic states. In these states, there is said to be a great outburst of fleeting impulses to integrate situations with others, and a great variety of abbreviated integrations. There is a great volubility, which usually has low communicative value, because there is also great distractability of attention and “flight of ideas.” The manic or hypomanic person manifests a corresponding acceleration of physiological processes and a remarkable increase in bodily movements. “The manic person is preoccupied with nothing; it is as if his attention shifted as frequently as possible, without rhyme or reason excepting the availability of some new distraction” (Sullivan, 1953).
Theoretical Estimation of Shear Rate during the Oral Phase of Swallowing: Effect of Partial Slip

The goal of this study was to quantify the shear rate in a simplified model of the oral cavity during bolus ejection. Parallel plate squeezing flow was used to approximate the action of the tongue against the palate as a bolus is ejected from the mouth and into the pharynx during a swallow. The current work quantified variations in shear rate with respect to two main effects – the relative degree of boundary slip for Newtonian boluses of varying viscosity. The results suggest that a single shear rate that describes oropharyngeal swallowing is a too simplistic concept. Rather variation in bolus viscosity, level of lubrication as well as others may have a strong effect on shear rate. Practical Applications Mathematical modeling of oropharyngeal swallowing has the potential to play an important role in understanding the underlying mechanics of normal and abnormal swallowing, as well as in guiding the development and optimization of therapeutic strategies for swallowing disorders. The long-term objective of this research is to develop a robust methodology for prediction of bolus flow characteristics in response to motions of the oropharyngeal structures, such as the tongue and pharyngeal walls. In addition to furthering our understanding of the normal swallow, such models could probe the physical basis of biomechanical treatment strategies, such as postural changes (e.g., chin-tuck) or dietary medications (commonly referred to as “thickened liquids”), as well as optimizing such strategies or suggesting new strategies altogether.
Serous Psammocarcinoma of the Ovary in an Adolescent Female

A rare form of epithelial ovarian carcinoma in an adolescent female is reported. Serous psammocarcinoma is a type of ovarian cancer that is characterized by extensive psammoma body formation and has not been reported in this age group. Histopathologically, this tumor exhibits stromal invasion, vascular invasion, epithelial cells with low to moderate nuclear atypia, nests of solid epithelial cells less than 15 cells in diameter, and psammoma bodies that involve at least 75% of papillae or nests of cells. The patient underwent optimal surgical debulking and nine courses of adjuvant chemotherapy with carboplatinum and cyclophosphamide and is currently disease free. The prognosis for this type of ovarian cancer is unclear, but it appears to be better than other forms of epithelial ovarian cancer.
Adoption Agency Perspectives on Lesbian and Gay Prospective Parents: A National Study

ABSTRACT A nationwide survey of adoption agencies was conducted to examine their policies, practices, and attitudes with regard to lesbian and gay prospective adoptive parents. A total of 214 questionnaires were received, representing a return rate of 26 percent. Sixty-three percent of respondents indicated that their agency accepted applications from lesbian and gay individuals, and nearly 38 percent indicated that their agency had made at least one adoption placement with a lesbian or gay adult during the two-year period under study. Attitudes and practices regarding adoption by lesbian and gay individuals varied as a function of the religious affiliation (if any) of the agency, the type of children the agency predominantly placed for adoption, and the gender of the respondent. Overall, the results reveal that, while policies, practices, and attitudes vary across agencies, many adoption professionals are willing to work with lesbian and gay prospective parents, and, in fact, a substantial number have ex...
Particulates and Associated Emissions From Two Medium-Duty Diesel Engines

Experimental data were obtained from two medium-duty diesel engines derated to qualify for use in underground mines. Gaseous and particulate emissions from these engines were measured and results provide information on the effect of exhaust treatment devices on the emissions. The devices in the study were a catalyst, a particulate trap, and an exhaust gas cooler of the water scrubber type. Emission levels of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons were observed to be very low in comparison with emissions levels of comparable engines in full-rated operation. Oxides of nitrogen and benzo(a)pyrene content of the exhaust also were found to be somewhat low in comparison with previous findings. For particulate reduction, the combination of a particulate trap and a scrubber was observed to be the more effective of the combinations tried; in some cases over 60% particulate reduction was effected by the trap/scrubber combination.
Decoding effects of cognitive complexity, tolerance of ambiguity, and verbal–nonverbal inconsistency1

The effects of inconsistency between the verbal and nonverbal components of a message were investigated. Subjects were 72 females who rated the attitudes of encoding confederates who communicated either consistent or inconsistent messages. Verbal and nonverbal components were varied as either positive or negative and each of the four possible combinations served as an experimental condition. The nonverbal cues of amount of eye contact, postural orientation, forward–backward lean, and head nodding were found to influence the judgment of the total message. Verbal and nonverbal components were found to have interactive rather than additive effects. Inconsistent nonverbal cues had a stronger effect when accompanying a positive verbal message than when accompanying a negative verbal component. The effects of decoders' levels of cognitive complexity and tolerance of ambiguity were also assessed. Evidence suggests that both complexity and ambiguity tolerance have effects on the utilization of inconsistent nonverbal cues. Low complexity/low tolerance subjects were less influenced by nonverbal cues in the positive verbal–negative nonverbal condition. These subjects were also found to differentiate less between supplied rating dimensions than other groups.
SU‐GG‐J‐97: An MRI Study on the Use of External and Internal Surrogates for Lung Tumor Tracking

Purpose: To compare the performance of external and internal surrogates for lungtumor tracking. Method and Materials: 5 healthy volunteers underwent a session of a single sagittal‐slice cine‐MRI with image acquisition frequency of 4Hz. A sagittal slice with a visible vascular structure was selected for imaging. The slice contained the target (vascular structure) and the surrogates (diaphragm, abdomen surface, and chest wall). Volunteers were asked to breathe under 4 different breathing conditions during the MRI session, each one of 5‐minute duration: 1) free breathing; 2) normal inspiration and elongated expiration; 3) irregular breathing; 4) regular inhale through the nose and impeded exhale through the mouth. Target's location was manually identified in all the frames, and the motions of diaphragm, abdomen, and chest wall were characterized using principal component analysis of a region of interest containing them. The correlation between the motion of the different surrogates (diaphragm, chest wall, abdomen) and the target motion was calculated and compared. Artificial neural network was used to estimate the error of using the different surrogates to obtain target motion. Performance of each surrogate has been evaluated in terms of the error at 95% confidence level e95. Results: Diaphragm is the surrogate that correlates best with target motion, even during irregular breathing patterns. The correlation of the abdomen surface with target motion is generally superior to that one obtained with the chest wall, except during some intervals in irregular breathing patterns. Diaphragm led to e95 of up to 1.4 pixels during regular breathing, and as large as 11 pixels during irregular breathing. Using abdomen and chest wall together improves individual tracking results, but does not achieve the performance of the diaphragm. Conclusion: Internal surrogates perform better than external surrogates. A combination of internal and external surrogates will be further investigated.
Attitudes about human papillomavirus vaccine in young women.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are under investigation, but little is known about attitudes regarding vaccination. The aims of this study were to identify attitudes about and intention to receive an HPV vaccine in young women using a theory-based model. Young women (n=52, mean age 25 years, range 18-30 years, 35% Black/Non-Hispanic) completed a survey assessing knowledge, attitudes about HPV vaccination, and risk behaviours. Associations between attitudes and intention to receive the vaccine were assessed using Mann-Whitney U or chi-square tests. Subjects reported positive attitudes about receiving an HPV vaccine and high intention to receive the vaccine both for themselves and their daughters. Variables associated significantly with intention included knowledge (P=0.004), personal beliefs about vaccination (P=0.004), belief that others would approve of vaccination (P=0.005), and higher number of sexual partners (P=0.028). Information on attitudes about HPV vaccination and predictors of intention to ...
Parathyroid hormone–related protein expression is correlated with clinical course in patients with glial tumors†‡

BACKGROUND Parathyroid hormone–related protein (PTHrP) expression modulates cell survival in a number of human solid tumors. Although PTHrP is expressed in normal developing and neoplastic central nervous system tissue, clinical data indicating the importance of this protein with respect to local control and/or survival in patients with glial tumors are scarce. METHODS Using a standard immunoperoxidase technique, the authors examined PTHrP expression in a population of 51 patients with Daumas–Duport Grade II–IV astrocytomas over a 15-year period. Both local control and survival were calculated from the date of definitive irradiation to the last time of known follow-up examination using the actuarial method. PTHrP expression was scored on examination under 40× magnification, with the incidence of cellular staining averaged over 10 high-power fields. The intensity and extent of staining were characterized semiquantitatively using the standard World Health Organization classification criteria. The median follow-up duration was approximately 5.5 years. Multivariate analyses were performed to ascertain the statistical significance of several standard clinicohistopatholgic factors (Karnofsky functional status, age, gender, extent of surgical resection, radiotherapy dose, grade, and PTHrP expression) with respect to local control and survival. P < 0.05 was considered indicative of statistical significance. RESULTS Patients with high levels of PTHrP expression had significantly lower glial tumor local control rates and corresponding decreases in progression-free and overall actuarial survival after definitive irradiation (P < 0.01). In a Cox 3-variable model, the PTHrP staining score was independent of tumor grade or Karnofsky functional status. It is notable that the strongest predictor of survival was tumor grade (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS PTHrP may be an important adjunct to standard immunopathologic criteria in the determination of glial tumor responses. A number of mechanisms were explored to derive a more mechanistic understanding of these translational results. Subsequent prospective studies involving larger patient populations will be necessary before findings can be translated to clinical practice. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Uptime of Systems Subject to Repairable and Nonrepayable Failures

Abstract Expressions are derived for the distribution and expected value of uptime for systems subject to both repairable and nonrepairable failures. The results are applicable to a wide range of situations, including the analysis of systems subject to major structural failure, product or process obsolescence, or failure of critical nonrepairable subsystems. Several examples are investigated, including multiple component series systems, systems containing standby redundant nonrepairable subsystems and systems containing standby redundant repairable subsystems.