cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Outlier Identification in Model-Based Cluster Analysis

In model-based clustering based on normal-mixture models, a few outlying observations can influence the cluster structure and number. This paper develops a method to identify these, however it does not attempt to identify clusters amidst a large field of noisy observations. We identify outliers as those observations in a cluster with minimal membership proportion or for which the cluster-specific variance with and without the observation is very different. Results from a simulation study demonstrate the ability of our method to detect true outliers without falsely identifying many non-outliers and improved performance over other approaches, under most scenarios. We use the contributed R package MCLUST for model-based clustering, but propose a modified prior for the cluster-specific variance which avoids degeneracies in estimation procedures. We also compare results from our outlier method to published results on National Hockey League data.
Mass Murder at School and Cumulative Strain : A Sequential Model

To explain the genesis of mass murder committed by students at their schools, the authors propose a five-stage sequential model in which several criminological theories (strain theory, control theory, and routine activities theory) are brought to bear collectively to demonstrate their cumulative effect. These stages are as follows: chronic strain, uncontrolled strain, acute strain, the planning stage, and the massacre. Long-term frustrations (chronic strains) experienced early in life or in adolescence lead to social isolation, and the resultant lack of prosocial support systems (uncontrolled strain) in turn allows a short-term negative event (acute strain), be it real or imagined, to be particularly devastating. As such, the acute strain initiates a planning stage, wherein a mass killing is fantasized about as a masculine solution to regain lost feelings of control, and actions are taken to ensure the fantasy can become reality. The planning process concludes in a massacre facilitated by weapons that enable mass destruction in schoolrooms and campuses, where students are closely packed together. Based on this analysis, prevention strategies are suggested.
Cyclin D3 is essential for intestinal epithelial cell proliferation.

Intestinal epithelium is a complex organ that undergoes continuous proliferation. D-type cyclins bind cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk4 and Cdk6) and are expressed during the transition from Go into the S phase. Previously, we reported that cyclins Dl and D3 are induced by growth factors in two rat intestinal epithelial cell lines, IEC-6 and RIE-1. However, transforming growth factor beta induces G 1 arrest in both intestinal cell lines without inhibiting cyclin D3, suggesting that cyclin D3 may not have essential functions in the gut. In the present study, we determined whether cyclin D3 is required for the transition from Go into the S phase in intestinal epithelial cells. Microinjection of anti-cyclin D3 antiserum inhibited quiescent IEC-6 and RIE-1 cells from entering the S phase, while cells microinjected with a nonspecific mouse immunoglobin G continued to progress into the S phase. We also examined the expression of cyclin D3 in ratjejunal mucosa after fasting and refeeding. Cyclin D3 levels were not altered by fasting and refeeding; however, Cdk4 expression was suppressed by fasting and returned to control levels after refeeding. Our results suggest that cyclin D3 is essential for intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, although its expression is not regulated by dietary restriction.
AN ANALYSIS OF MEN WITH CLINICALLY LOCALIZED PROSTATE CANCER WHO DEFERRED DEFINITIVE THERAPY

ABSTRACTPurpose: We evaluated expectant management of prostate cancer with definitive treatment deferred until evidence of cancer progression in men with low risk, localized cancers.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed prospectively entered data base records. Patients with low risk cancer who were eligible for definitive therapy but chose deferred management between 1984 and 2001 composed the cohort. Followup included regular evaluations to detect progression by prostate specific antigen (PSA), digital rectal examination, transrectal ultrasound and prostate biopsy. Objective progression was defined by a point scale of changes in prognostic factors. Definitive treatment was recommended in patients with objective progression.Results: The cohort comprised 88 patients with clinical stages T1–2, NX0, M0 prostate cancer, a mean age of 65.3 years and a mean initial PSA of 5.9 ng/ml. Systematic biopsy, which was repeated after the initial diagnostic biopsy, showed no cancer in 61% of cases. During a...
The significance of heating rate on char yield and char properties in the pyrolysis of cellulose

Abstract The carbonization of powdered cellulose was investigated in the temperature range 200–950°C by measuring weight loss, carbon and hydrogen content, BET-adsorption of nitrogen and carbon dioxide, mercury penetration and particle-size distribution. Evidence is presented in support of a kinetic model according to which cellulose decomposition is controlled by dehydration at low temperature and by cleavage/scission at high temperature. Increased char yield and lower O C ratio at low heating rate, as well as kinetic investigations into the effect of potential catalysts, support this model. The difference in reaction mechanism according to the heating rate appeared to influence the char properties considerably. Yield in micropore volume and surface area of slowly carbonized cellulose is up to four times larger than that of rapidly heated cellulose. Mercury pore volume, density and particle diameter depend on the heating rate, also. By adsorption of various gases, differences in relative size of the pore openings of different chars can be discerned. Micropore volumes measured with carbon dioxide were as much as seventy times larger than the corresponding volume measured with nitrogen. Thus, it is possible to obtain chars with molecular sieve properties by simple pyrolysis heating schemes.
Laterality and sex differences for visual recognition of emotional and non-emotional words ☆

Abstract Clinical and experimental evidence indicate that the right hemisphere possesses a special capacity for emotional non-verbal material. The possibility that this ability would extend to language was tested with a lexical decision paradigm using tachistoscopic double simultaneous presentation of emotional and non-emotional words. Male subjects showed an overall right visual field superiority with the predicted effect of emotional words in the left visual field. In contrast, the field advantages for females were more variable and showed evidence of a larger effect of emotional words in the right visual field. The imageability potential of words also appeared to influence the female performance.
Effects of lindane upon transmitter release and end-plate responsiveness in the neuromuscular junction of the frog.

Abstract Studies were carried out to determine whether the insecticide, lindane, influenced calciummediated electrical activity or release of neurotransmitter in vitro. In neuroblastoma cells, lindane (1–100 μM) did not appreciably modify action potentials elicited in normal or sodium-free solutions nor did it have a significant effect upon either transient or sustained-type calcium channels. Exposure of cutaneous pectoris neuromuscular junctions of the frog to 100μM lindane increased spontaneous release of transmitter. In neuromuscular junctions perfused with 0.5 mM Ca ++ 6 mM Mg++ Ringer (low quantal release conditions), lindane increased evoked release of transmitter. The absolute increase amounted to just less than one quanta and the extent of the increase was inversely proportional to the mean number of quanta released by the nerve terminal before exposure to lindane. No effect on release of transmitter could be demonstrated when neuromuscular junctions were perfused in normal Ringer. Exposure of neuromuscular junctions to 100 μM lindane also decreased the amplitudes of miniature end-plate potentials. Amplitudes of responses to iontophoretically-applied acetylcholine (ACh) were similarly affected, suggesting that the decrease in amplitudes of miniature end-plate potentials was a reflection of decreased sensitivity of the end-plate to ACh. At neuromuscular junctions of the cutaneous pectoris of the frog, lindane appeared to produce two major effects. Presynaptically, it produced changes in spontaneous and evoked release of transmitter that were consistent with a small increase in free intracellular concentration of Ca++. Postsynaptically, it reduced the sensitivity of the end-plate to ACh.
Carcinoid-islet cell tumor of the duodenum and associated multiple carcinoid tumors of the ileum. An electron microscopic study.

Light and electron microscopic studies were done on a carcinoid-islet cell tumor of the duodenum and 8 carcinoid tumors of the ileum which were surgically excised from a patient with achalasia and a duodenal ulcer. By light microscopy, the duodenal tumor resembled both an islet cell tumor and a carcinoid of the type found in tissues of foregut origin; the ileal tumors had the typical characteristics of carcinoids of midgut origin. On electron microscopy, some cells of the duodenal tumor contained small round granules, which resemble the delta cell granules of the normal islets of Langerhans and the granules present in gastric carcinoid tumors. Other cells in the duodenal tumor contained large granules of low electron density. The ileal tumors contained polymorphic elongated secretory granules that were believed to contain serotonin. The association of this duodenal tumor, which had morphological characteristics of both a carcinoid and an islet cell tumor, with multiple carcinoids of the ileum and with a duodenal ulcer can be interpreted as giving further support to the concept that such duodenal tumors are related both to carcinoid and islet cell tumors.
Characterization of HCT116 human colon cancer cells in an orthotopic model.

Background Colorectal cancer metastases result in a significant number of cancer related deaths. The molecular mechanisms underlying this complex, multi-step pathway are yet to be completely elucidated. In the absence of any transgenic models of colon cancer metastases, an in vivo model system that fulfills the rate limiting steps of metastasis (local invasion and distant colony formation) is needed. The purpose of this study was to characterize the behavior of a human colon cancer cell line, HCT116 in an orthotopic model. Materials and methods HCT116 cells were transfected with green fluorescence protein and subcutaneously injected into BALB/c nude male mice. Once xenografts were established, they were excised and orthotopically implanted into 32 other male BALB/c nude mice using microsurgical techniques. Animals were serially imaged and euthanized at 6–8 weeks post-implantation. Tissues were procured and processed for hematoxylin and eosin analysis. Results All 32 animals demonstrated primary tumor growth, invasion and peritoneal spread. Liver metastases were identified in 15/32 (47%), and lung metastases were confirmed in 13/32 (41%). In total, 19/32 (59%) animals demonstrated distant metastatic colony formation. Conclusions This orthotopic model of colon cancer fulfills the rate limiting steps of local invasion and distant colony formation in the process of metastases. HCT116 human colon cancer cell line in this in vivo model system provides a tool to dissect the molecular mechanism involved in the metastatic cascade.
Office-based care of dermatologic disease

From 1974 to 1981 the number of visits to office-based physicians for dermatologic complaints remained relatively constant. During this period, dermatologists increased their share of patients with such complaints from one third to one half. As a result of the growth in the number of practicing dermatologists, the average number of visits per dermatologist fell during this period. Nearly half of all visits to dermatologists in the 1980–1981 period were for one of three diagnoses: diseases of the sebaceous glands (principally acne), warts, and skin tumors. Competition between dermatologists and other physicians for patients with these three diagnoses is likely to increase. Changes in medical practice structure, a projected increase in the numberof dermatologists, and an aging population may make it difficult for dermatologists to preserve the volume of patients they currently see.
A good approximation of pulse compression degradation due to adaptive cancellation

An exact expression for the perturbed sidelobe level of a compressed pulse that has been preprocessed through an adaptive canceler was derived by the author (see ibid., vol.27, no.2, p.331-42, 1991). This exact expression requires computer assistance in order to be evaluated. A rule of thumb expression is derived which is a good approximation to the exact expression. This same approximation can be used to derive a good approximation for the canceler noise power level which is induced by having a desired signal present in the canceler weight calculation. An expression for the number of independent samples necessary to equalize the signal-induced power with the quiescent interference level is derived. >
How Effective Is Data Survey and Feedback as a Technique of Organization Development? An Experiment:

The specific purpose of this experiment was to test the effectiveness of the Data Survey and Feedback method of Organization Development. A pre-post experimental design was utilized with an experim...
Feeling Music: Integration of Auditory and Tactile Inputs in Musical Meter Perception

Musicians often say that they not only hear, but also “feel” music. To explore the contribution of tactile information in “feeling” musical rhythm, we investigated the degree that auditory and tactile inputs are integrated in humans performing a musical meter recognition task. Subjects discriminated between two types of sequences, ‘duple’ (march-like rhythms) and ‘triple’ (waltz-like rhythms) presented in three conditions: 1) Unimodal inputs (auditory or tactile alone), 2) Various combinations of bimodal inputs, where sequences were distributed between the auditory and tactile channels such that a single channel did not produce coherent meter percepts, and 3) Simultaneously presented bimodal inputs where the two channels contained congruent or incongruent meter cues. We first show that meter is perceived similarly well (70%–85%) when tactile or auditory cues are presented alone. We next show in the bimodal experiments that auditory and tactile cues are integrated to produce coherent meter percepts. Performance is high (70%–90%) when all of the metrically important notes are assigned to one channel and is reduced to 60% when half of these notes are assigned to one channel. When the important notes are presented simultaneously to both channels, congruent cues enhance meter recognition (90%). Performance drops dramatically when subjects were presented with incongruent auditory cues (10%), as opposed to incongruent tactile cues (60%), demonstrating that auditory input dominates meter perception. We believe that these results are the first demonstration of cross-modal sensory grouping between any two senses.
Noise-induced cycle slips in a PLL: computing the average time to first cycle slip

Well-know phase-lock loop (PLL) models exist which include a reference input signal that is embedded in white Gaussian noise. Under stationary phase-locked conditions, these models describe a Markov state vector that remains in a neighborhood of a stable equilibrium point for a random and finite period of time to before suffering a noise-induced cycle slip whereby closed-loop phase increases or decreases by 2/spl pi/. The average time E[t/sub a/] cannot be computed exactly except for an extremely limited class of PLLs. More generally, E[t/sub a/] must be approximated numerically, and a new method for doing so is outlined. The approximation technique is applied to a simple second-order system, and numerical results are given.
Spinophilin/neurabin reciprocally regulate signaling intensity by G protein-coupled receptors

Spinophilin (SPL) and neurabin (NRB) are structurally similar scaffolding proteins with several protein binding modules, including actin and PP1 binding motifs and PDZ and coiled-coil domains. SPL also binds regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins and the third intracellular loop (3iL) of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to reduce the intensity of Ca2+ signaling by GPCRs. The role of NRB in Ca2+ signaling is not known. In the present work, we used biochemical and functional assays in model systems and in SPL−/− and NRB−/− mice to show that SPL and NRB reciprocally regulate Ca2+ signaling by GPCRs. Thus, SPL and NRB bind all members of the R4 subfamily of RGS proteins tested (RGS1, RGS2, RGS4, RGS16) and GAIP. By contract, SPL, but not NRB, binds the 3iL of the GPCRs α1B-adrenergic (α1BAR), dopamine, CCKA, CCKB and the muscarinic M3 receptors. Coexpression of SPL or NRB with the α1BAR in Xenopus oocytes revealed that SPL reduces, whereas NRB increases, the intensity of Ca2+ signaling by α1BAR. Accordingly, deletion of SPL in mice enhanced binding of RGS2 to NRB and Ca2+ signaling by αAR, whereas deletion of NRB enhanced binding of RGS2 to SPL and reduced Ca2+ signaling by αAR. This was due to reciprocal modulation by SPL and NRB of the potency of RGS2 to inhibit Ca2+ signaling by αAR. These findings suggest a novel mechanism of regulation of GPCR-mediated Ca2+ signaling in which SPL/NRB forms a functional pair of opposing regulators that modulates Ca2+ signaling intensity by GPCRs by determining the extent of inhibition by the R4 family of RGS proteins.
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome and Postural Tachycardia Syndrome: a relationship study.

Abstract Objective This study examines a possible relationship between Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome (EDS) and Postural Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS). Design/methods We retrospectively reviewed 109 medical records of patients suffering from autonomic dysfunction exhibiting at least one POTS symptom from one urban clinic for EDS and POTS diagnoses between 2006 and 2013. The presence of EDS within the POTS and non-POTS populations was calculated and compared to that of the general population. Results The review revealed 39 (36F:3M) patients with POTS (mean ± SD age, 32.5 ± 11.8 years) with 7 cases of EDS yielding a prevalence of 18% (95% exact CI: 8%, 34%), a statistically significant difference from the suggested prevalence of EDS in the general population of 0.02% (p Conclusion The presence of EDS may be significantly higher in patients with POTS than that of the general population and in autonomic patients without POTS. We suspect an additional underlying mechanism of POTS caused by EDS.
Osteoprotegerin and rank ligand expression in prostate cancer.

Abstract Objectives. To investigate the expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and RANK ligand (RANKL) in human prostatic tissues. The factors regulating the increased turnover associated with prostate cancer (CaP) bone metastasis are unknown. OPG and RANKL are recently identified regulators of bone resorption and bone remodeling. Methods. Tissues from 28 patients with CaP and from 4 normal organ donors were analyzed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry for the expression of OPG and RANKL. Results. OPG and RANKL messages were detected in both normal and cancerous prostate samples. In the normal prostate, OPG protein was detected in luminal epithelial and stromal cells (5% to 65% and 15% to 70%, respectively) and RANKL immunoreactivity was observed in 15% to 50% of basal epithelial cells, 40% to 90% of luminal epithelial cells, and 70% to 100% of stromal cells. OPG was not detected in 8 of 10 primary CaP specimens; RANKL was heterogeneously expressed in 10 of 11 CaP specimens. The percentage of tumor cells expressing OPG and RANKL was significantly increased in all CaP bone metastases compared with nonosseous metastases or primary CaP. Conclusions. CaP bone metastases were consistently immunoreactive for both OPG and RANKL compared with nonosseous metastases or primary CaP. The presence of these crucial bone resorption regulators in CaP bone metastases suggests a mechanism whereby CaP cells may modulate bone turnover and has profound implications for the establishment and development of CaP bone metastases in advanced disease.
A 60-Year Old Man Presenting With Yellow Nail Syndrome

Yellow nail syndrome is a rare disorder of unclear etiology. Since its original description by Samman and White,[1][1] many other reports and associations have been described. Current evidence suggests that its pathologic mechanism is based on lymphatic dysfunction, which is thought to be acquired
Improving Software-Quality Predictions With Data Sampling and Boosting

Software-quality data sets tend to fall victim to the class-imbalance problem that plagues so many other application domains. The majority of faults in a software system, particularly high-assurance systems, usually lie in a very small percentage of the software modules. This imbalance between the number of fault-prone (fp) and non-fp (nfp) modules can have a severely negative impact on a data-mining technique's ability to differentiate between the two. This paper addresses the class-imbalance problem as it pertains to the domain of software-quality prediction. We present a comprehensive empirical study examining two different methodologies, data sampling and boosting, for improving the performance of decision-tree models designed to identify fp software modules. This paper applies five data-sampling techniques and boosting to 15 software-quality data sets of different sizes and levels of imbalance. Nearly 50 000 models were built for the experiments contained in this paper. Our results show that while data-sampling techniques are very effective in improving the performance of such models, boosting almost always outperforms even the best data-sampling techniques. This significant result, which, to our knowledge, has not been previously reported, has important consequences for practitioners developing software-quality classification models.
Constrained Cartesian motion control for teleoperated surgical robots

This paper addresses the problem of optimal motion control for teleoperated surgical robots, which must maneuver in constrained workspaces, often through a narrow entry portal into the patient's body. The control problem is determining how best to use the available degrees of freedom of a surgical robot to accomplish a particular task, while respecting geometric constraints on the work volume, robot mechanism, and the specific task requirements. We present a method of formulating desired motions as sets of task goals in any number of coordinate frames (task frames) relevant to the task, optionally subject to additional linear constraints in each of the task frames. Mathematically, the kinematic control problem is posed as a constrained quadratic optimization problem and is shown to be computable in real time on a PC. We will present experimental results of the application of this control methodology to both kinematically deficient and kinematically redundant robots. Specifically, we will discuss the control issues within the context of a representative set of tasks in robot-assisted laparoscopy, which includes (but is not limited to) teleoperated navigation of a laparoscopic camera attached to a surgical robot. A system based on this control formalism has been used in preclinical in vivo studies at the Johns Hopkins University Medical Center and the early experience with the system will be summarized.
Removal and recovery of furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, and acetic acid from aqueous solutions using a soluble polyelectrolyte

In the cellulosic ethanol process, furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and acetic acid are formed during the high temperature acidic pretreatment step needed to convert biomass into fermentable sugars. These compounds can inhibit cellulase enzymes and fermentation organisms at relatively low concentrations (≥ 1 g/L). Effective removal of these inhibitory compounds would allow the use of more severe pretreatment conditions to improve sugar yields and lead to more efficient fermentations; if recovered and purified, they could also be sold as valuable by-products. This study investigated the separation of aldhehydes (furfural and HMF) and organic acid (acetic acid) inhibitory compounds from simple aqueous solutions by using polyethyleneimene (PEI), a soluble cationic polyelectrolyte. PEI added to simple solutions of each inhibitor at a ratio of 1 mol of functional group to 1 mol inhibitor removed up to 89.1, 58.6, and 81.5 wt% of acetic acid, HMF, and furfural, respectively. Furfural and HMF were recovered after removal by washing the polyelectrolyte/inhibitor complex with dilute sulfuric acid solution. Recoveries up to 81.0 and 97.0 wt% were achieved for furfural and HMF, respectively. The interaction between PEI and acetic acid was easily disrupted by the addition of chloride ions, sulfate ions, or hydroxide ions. The use of soluble polymers for the removal and recovery of inhibitory compounds from biomass slurries is a promising approach to enhance the efficiency and economics of an envisioned biorefinery.
Using Information Processing Theory to Teach Social Stratification to Pre-Service Teachers

Information in context has meaning for the student, easily understood, easily retrieved, and successfully moves to long term memory. If information is not in context, rote memorization occurs with the less meaningful information, and information is not easily retrieved or successfully stored in long term memory. The purpose of this study was to determine if using a teaching simulation to teach social stratification can improve the students’ knowledge of culture and knowledge of effective instructional practices using 21 incoming freshman students. This study used a mixed methods approach with journal entries and inventories. The results indicated the pre-service teachers felt the simulation allowed them to apply the classroom content within a direct learning experience.
Mammals with a long diastema typically also have dominant masseter and pterygoid muscles

A few orders of mammals contain many individuals with dominant masseter and pterygoid muscles that pull up and forward as they close the jaw. A dominant temporalis muscle that pulls the jaw up and to the rear is the more common condition in mammals. A long toothless region (diastema) is present in almost all mammals with a large masseter/pterygoid complex. The presence of a diastema, when few teeth have been lost and their size has not changed significantly over evolutionary time, implies that the jaws have lengthened, as in horses and selenodont artiodactyls. (A long jaw with a shorter diastema will also form if very long incisors develop as in rodents.) The sum of the forces of all the jaw muscles (represented by an arrow) typically divides the jaw into a posterior, toothless region and an anterior region where the teeth are located. In most mammals, the sum of all the bite forces at the teeth is maximized when the lengths of the projections of these two regions, onto a line perpendicular to the arrow, are in the ratio of 3 : 7. If the tooth-bearing region of the jaws becomes longer over evolutionary time this ratio will obviously be disturbed. A change in the location of some basic bony features of the jaw mechanism could maintain this ratio, but this requires major disruption of the skull and jaws. Alternatively, simply changing the masses of the muscles that close the jaw (smaller temporalis, larger masseter and/or pterygoid, or some combination), so that the lower jaw is pulled up and forward, rather than backward, also maintains the ratio. According to this view, if the jaw lengthens over evolutionary time, the relative sizes of the jaw muscles will change so that the masseter/pterygoid complex will become dominant. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 153, 625–629.
Supracondylar femur fracture fixation: Mechanical comparison of the 95° condylar side plate and screw versus 95° angled blade plate

The best way to stabilize supracondylar femur fractures remains debatable. Previous studies have compared internal fixation to intramedullary fixation, but none have compared the stiffness characteristics and strength of the 95° angled blade plate (ABP) with the 95° condylar side plate and screw (DCS). 14 synthetic femora were cut in half and the proximal pole of the distal fragment was made secure. A 1 cm gap was made parallel to the femoral condylar weightbearing surface to create an extraarticular supracondylar femur fracture (OTA 33-A3). 7 femora were stabilized with an ABP and 7 with a DCS. Using an MTS compression/torsion servohydraulic testing machine, each femur was tested in 7 modes of loading: (1) axial compression; (2) anterior compression; (3) posterior compression; (4) medial compression; (5) lateral compression; (6) torsion in external rotation; and (7) torsion in internal rotation. The stiffness of the construct in each mode, the "maximum load in axial compression", and the fatigue characte...
Sv40‐induced transformation of cells of the lizard Gekko gecko

Attempts to infect four cell lines of reptilian origin, GL1 (Gekko gecko), IgH-2 (Iguana iguana) and VH2 and VSW (both Vipera russelli), with SV40 led to successful infection of the lizard cell line GL1 only. SV40 infection, indicated by acquisition of persisting T antigen in 100% of the cell population, was obtained in cells inoculated and maintained at 23, 30 or 35°C. (The optimal temperature for GL1 cell growth is 30°C). In early passages, infected GL1 cells exhibited a more orderly growth pattern and a more uniform cell morphology than did control cells. However, at about the 50th passage level after infection, a more exuberant growth pattern developed, characterized by cell saturation densities exceeding those of control cell cultures approximately threefold. Infectious virus in low titer was recovered from cells and media of infected cell lines tested during the first 21 passages post infection. At subsequent passage levels, virus could be rescued from cells maintained at each of the three different incubation temperatures by co-cultivation with AGMK cells, but not directly from the cultures. The presence of SV40 tumor-specific transplantation antigen was demonstrated by experiments in which hamsters inoculated with infected GL1 cells received marked protection against SV40 tumor induction. Further evidence of the altered state of the SV40-infected cells was provided by demonstration of increased resistance to inhibition of cell growth by dextran sulfate, and an enhanced ability of the cells to multiply at supraoptimal temperatures. The evidence indicates that cells of a poikilothermic vertebrate have been transformed in vitro by the mammalian papovavirus SV40. This is the first demonstration of which we are aware of viral transformation of poikilothermic cells in vitro.
Effect of system components on electrical and thermal characteristics for power delivery networks in 3D system integration

In this paper, parameterized electrical-thermal co-analysis for power delivery networks (PDN) in 3D system integration is carried out. A 3D integrated system including glass-ceramic substrate, single and stacked dies, power delivery network, through-silicon vias (TSVs), controlled collapse chip connections (C4s), underfill material, and thermal interface material (TIM) is analyzed with several variable parameters. The analysis results show that temperature effects on DC IR drop can not be neglected. The TIM thermal conductivity, C4 density, stacking order of stacked dies, and voltage source location affect the final IR drop and hot spot temperature in the system.
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis mucosal T cells are stimulated by intestinal epithelial cells: Implications for immunosuppressive therapy☆☆☆

Background. Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are chronic inflammatory diseases, and their pathogenesis is attributed, in part, to alterations of the mucosal immune system. This study was designed to define the possible contribution of epithelial cells to the activation of lamina propria T lymphocytes (LPTs) in CD and UC. Methods. LPTs isolated from CD, UC, and control surgical specimens were cocultured with freshly isolated allogeneic or autologous epithelial cells or epithelial cell lines. Resulting T-cell proliferation was evaluated by tritiated thymidine incorporation on day 5. Results. When intestinal epithelial cells were used to stimulate mucosal T-cell proliferation, CD and UC LPTs were less responsive than conrol LPTs (p < 0.05 and p < 0.03, respectively). This difference between inflamed and control T cells was consistently observed by using a variety of different intestinal epthelial cell types. Conclusions. CD and UC mucosal T cells are hyporesponsive to activation by intestinal epithelial cells when compared with control LPTs. Elucidating the mechanism underlying the differential activation of CD and UC LPTs may help to better understand the immunopathogenesis of these conditions.
Vegetation profile estimates from multialtitude, multifrequency radar interferometric and polarimetric data

Forest vegetation profiles are key inputs to biomass determination and ecosystem modeling. With the advent of radar interferometry, microwave remote sensing is directly sensitive to the distribution of vegetation in the vertical direction. Polarimetry and polarimetric interferometry further enhance vertical-profile determination. Parameter estimation driven by simple physical models of vegetation scattering yields quantitative estimates of parameteres such as vegetation height and the dimensions of vegetation layers and their relative scattering strengths. The analysis of a JPL TOPSAR data set collected in April 1998 over Central Oregon focuses on the relative contributions of interferometric, polarimetric, and multifrequency data types to improving vegetation parameter-estimate accuracy. This data set consists of vertical-polarization interferometry at three radar altitudes, 8 km, 4 km, and 2 km at C-band (5-cm wavelength) and L-band (25 cm), and full polarimetry at C-, L-, and P-(80 cm) bands. After a brief description of the data set, a description of the simple physical model used to estimate vegetation profile parameters is followed by a description of the data set and the results.
Voice, Identity, and Mathematics: Narratives of Working Class Students

In this paper, we present an analysis of student interview data focusing on students’ ideas about mathematics and their experiences learning mathematics. We draw on the idea of personal identity (Cobb, Gresalfi, & Hodge, 2009) to capture the differences and similarities in students’ views of math and themselves as math learners, although all student participants would be considered members of the same broad, identifiable community. The purpose of our analysis is to contribute to ongoing educational research efforts that challenge processes of essentializing and to use the construct of identity in informing how we design learning experiences and resources for working class students as they learn mathematics.
Phenomenology and Psychobiology of the Intergenerational Response to Trauma

The literature describing the effects of the Holocaust on offspring of survivors has developed in a parallel fashion to the literature describing the effects of the Holocaust on its survivors. Early descriptions of the “Survivor Syndrome” arose as clinicians began to realize that classical psychoanalytic views of depression, mourning, and responses to trauma did not provide an adequate framework for understanding and treating Holocaust survivors. The classic observations describing severe symptomatology, maladjustment, and impairment of functioning were made on treatment-seeking individuals, many of whom were being evaluated for compensation or reparations, who did not benefit from psychoanalytic therapy (e.g., Chodoff, 1963; Eitinger, 1961; Krystal, 1968; Neiderland, 1969).
Polishing Step Purification of High-Strength Wastewaters by Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis.

This article reports findings on the use of nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) for secondary treatment of high-strength rendering facility wastewaters following an ultrafiltration step. These wastewaters present significant challenges to classical treatment technologies. Constant-pressure, direct-flow membrane filtration experiments were done to screen for flux and effluent water permeate quality of ten commercial NF and RO membranes. All membranes tested were effective in reducing total dissolved salts (TDS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD); however, only two membranes (Koch MPF-34 and Toray 70UB) gave sufficiently stable flux values to warrant longer term cross-flow filtration studies. Cross-flow flux measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) indicated that both membranes were eventually fouled by organic and inorganic foulants; however, the Toray 70UB RO membrane yielded a capacity of 1600 L/m2 prior to cleaning. A preliminary economic analysis compared the estimated costs of energy and consumables for a dual-stage UF/RO membrane process and dissolved air floatation (DAF) and found membrane process costs could be less than about 40% of the current DAF process.
An experimental study of confined multicell vortex flows

We describe the results of qualitative flow visualizations and quantitative measurements in a water tunnel model of an internally forced vortex (arc heater) tube. Flow visualization was used to study the vortical flow structure throughout the model. The dominant flow structure inside most of the 'constrictor' length, at high Reynolds numbers (about 10,000), was a gently meandering three-cell vortical flow. For low Reynolds numbers (about 5,000), flow in most of the constrictor was dominated by a single-cell vortex. A single component hot film probe was used to measure the three components of the flow structure at two stations for high and for low Reynolds numbers at two streamwise stations. Once the vortex core burst was achieved, various forcings were introduced at selected locations. The vortex core could be readily manipulated at any of the forcing stations, leading to local vortex breakdown with global effects. Forcing at various reduced frequencies for the purposes of enhancing the vortex core and delaying its burst position was not as successful as had been observed in a previous study. (Author)
The Perceptions of Rehabilitation Professionals Concerning Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (fasds)

Date Presented 4/17/2015 This study was aimed to explore the perceptions of rehabilitation professionals concerning fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Results suggest that although participants were able to demonstrate accurate knowledge of the signs and symptoms, they did not feel well prepared to manage/coordinate intervention plans.
Hypophosphatemia and Osteoblast Function in Human Bone Disease

There is experimental evidence from both.in vitro and in vivo studies for three main effects of hypophosphatemia and phosphate depletion on bone. These are — an increase in osteoclastic resorption,1,3 a decrease in the rate of collagen synthesis by osteoblasts, 3,4 and defective bone mineralization.3,5 Studies in the intact rat using tetracycline labeling were reviewed by Ivey and colleagues at a previous Phosphate Workshop.6 This paper summarizes the relationship between osteoblast function studied by double tetracycline labeling7 and plasma inorganic phosphate (P) in various human metabolic bone diseases associated with chronic hypophosphatemia.
Human-Like Understanding of Two-Line Figures

We describe a theory of perceptual understanding, implemented in Mathematica, that forms rich representations of very simple visual concepts. We suggest that this theory can represent any category distinction that a human is liable to make within its limited domain.
Tracking Where the O's Go.

Better epoxidation prediction models reported by Hughes et al. could help improve drug discovery.
The Highest Energy Cosmic Rays

The current data on the highest energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) is discussed and an understanding of the origin of these particles is reviewed. New and proposed facilities for measurement of UHECRs, neutrinos and γ-rays can interestingly and significantly constrain the physics of the source origin. Cosmic magnetic field strengths are the most uncertain physical parameter.
Use of the Collings knife electrode for percutaneous access in difficult endourology cases.

AbstractPercutaneous endourological techniques for the removal of upper urinary tract calculi and for the closed treatment of ureteropelvic junction obstruction are well described. These techniques are dependent on satisfactory percutaneous access and nephrostomy tract dilation. We used the Collings knife electrode for the creation of a nephrostomy tract in 17 patients (19 renal units) with difficult percutaneous access due to scarification, or the inability to advance a guide wire sufficiently for stabilization and dilation by conventional means. A nephrostomy tract was established successfully in all 19 procedures requiring an average of 12 minutes. Two major complications occurred that required blood transfusion and an open operation. Endourological treatment was successful in the remaining 17 cases. We believe that this technique provides an alternative to an open operation when standard access and dilation methods for endourological procedures are unsuccessful.
CRISPR-Cas9-AID base editor is a powerful gain-of-function screening tool.

Combining CRISPR-Cas9 with an enzyme that induces somatic hypermutations allows the rapid generation of diverse variants for gain-of-function screens.
Abstract A11: GIFT4-reprogrammed leukemic B cells for CLL immunotherapy.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the clonal proliferation and accumulation of typically CD5 positive B cells. Recently, we have developed a novel GM-CSF and IL-4 Fusion Transgene (named GIFT4), and found that GIFT4 protein triggers a robust anti-tumor B cell response (Deng et al. Cancer Research 2014). Considering CLL B cells broadly express the IL-4 receptor, we tested the immune function of human GIFT4 on CLL B cells, and discovered that GIFT4 protein possess a unique pharmaceutical property and reprograms leukemic B cells into anti-CLL effectors with T-helper features. We showed that GIFT4 protein led to hyper-phosphorylation of STAT5 in primary human CLL cells, which involed cluster of JAK1, JAK2 and JAK3 signaling. GIFT4 treated CLL B-cells up-regulated the expression of co-stimulatory molecules CD40, CD80 and CD86. Inhibition of JAK signaling with specific inhibitors suppressed the expression of the co-stimulatory molecules. GIFT4-reprogrammed CLL cells secreted IL-1β, IL-6, ICAM1 and substantial IL-2. GIFT4-CLL B cells further propelled the expansion of IFN-γ-producing autologous cytotoxic T cells and NK cells in vitro. Administration of GIFT4 protein in immune deficient NSG mice decreased the survival of primary CLL cells from patients in murine circulation. Altogether, our data demonstrate that GIFT4 has potent anti-CLL immune function by reprograming leukemic B cells into anti-CLL helper cells. We propose that the newly bio-engineered fusokine GIFT4 could serve as a potential therapeutic for CLL treatment, and GIFT4-reprogrammed leukemic B cells could provide an entirely novel B-cell driven therapeutic strategy for the potential personalized cellular immunotherapy for individuals with CLL. Citation Format: Jiusheng Deng, Jonathon Cohen, Andrea Pennati, Yuanqiang Wu, Shala Yuan, Christopher Flowers, Jacques Galipeau. GIFT4-reprogrammed leukemic B cells for CLL immunotherapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Hematologic Malignancies: Translating Discoveries to Novel Therapies; Sep 20-23, 2014; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2015;21(17 Suppl):Abstract nr A11.
Triazoles inhibit cholesterol export from lysosomes by binding to NPC1

Niemann–Pick C1 (NPC1), a membrane protein of lysosomes, is required for the export of cholesterol derived from receptor-mediated endocytosis of LDL. Lysosomal cholesterol export is reportedly inhibited by itraconazole, a triazole that is used as an antifungal drug [Xu et al. (2010) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:4764–4769]. Here we show that posaconazole, another triazole, also blocks cholesterol export from lysosomes. We prepared P-X, a photoactivatable cross-linking derivative of posaconazole. P-X cross-linked to NPC1 when added to intact cells. Cross-linking was inhibited by itraconazole but not by ketoconazole, an imidazole that does not block cholesterol export. Cross-linking of P-X was also blocked by U18666A, a compound that has been shown to bind to NPC1 and inhibit cholesterol export. P-X also cross-linked to purified NPC1 that was incorporated into lipid bilayer nanodiscs. In this in vitro system, cross-linking of P-X was inhibited by itraconazole, but not by U18666A. P-X cross-linking was not prevented by deletion of the N-terminal domain of NPC1, which contains the initial binding site for cholesterol. In contrast, P-X cross-linking was reduced when NPC1 contained a point mutation (P691S) in its putative sterol-sensing domain. We hypothesize that the sterol-sensing domain has a binding site that can accommodate structurally different ligands.
Abstract P252: Health Professional Shortage Areas and Their Association With Cardiovascular Risk Factor Prevalence, Awareness, and Control: Findings From the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study

Background: Over 65 million Americans live in Primary Care Health Professional Shortage Areas (HPSAs) which are associated with less preventive care, poorer general health and an increased risk for...
1965 Harry Harlow and Social Isolation in Monkeys

Social contact and particularly maternal care are essential for normal behavioral development in rhesus monkeys. By extension, the same level of importance of social contact in behavioral development applies in many birds and mammals.
A Correlation-Based Transition Model using Local Variables

A new correlation-based transition model has been developed, which is based strictly on local variables. As a result, the transition model is compatible with modern computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approaches, such as unstructured grids and massive parallel execution. The model is based on two transport equations, one for intermittency and one for the transition onset criteria in terms of momentum thickness Reynolds number. The proposed transport equations do not attempt to model the physics of the transition process (unlike, e.g., turbulence models) but from a framework for the implementation of correlation-based models into general-purpose CFD methods.
The instructional gestalt: A conceptual framework and design for educational research

The argument is advanced in this paper that the pattern of educational investigation wherein comparisons are made between so-called “ experimental” and “ conventional” instructional procedures tends to be defective on three counts: the criteria are often inappropriate or contaminated; the assumptions of homogeneity within and independence between “ experimental” and “ control” conditions are met only when these conditions are very grossly conceived; and the results reflect masking and cancellation effects, thereby revealing relatively little about what transpires in an instructional setting.
Indole-Diterpene Synthetic Studies.: 3. A Unified Synthetic Strategy For The Simple Indole Tremorgens

Abstract In this letter we record an efficient synthesis of tricyclic ketone5, a common advanced intermediate for construction of the simple indole-diterpene tremorgenic alkaloids.