cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparing ex vivo and in vitro translocation of silver nanoparticles and ions through human nasal epithelium.

Abstract Silver nanomaterials are widely used in clinically approved devices, consumer goods, and over-the-counter nutraceutical products. Despite the increase in silver nanomaterial research, few investigations have specifically distinguished the biological effects resulting from silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) versus silver ions released from AgNPs. This is in part, due to the complex analytical methods required to characterize silver ion release from AgNPs in biological media. This study sought to analyze silver ion release from AgNPs in biological media, compare silver transport from soluble AgNO3 and AgNPs through ex vivo full thickness sinus human tissue explants and human nasal epithelium and determine fractional AgNP internalization by human nasal epithelial cells. Rapid silver ion release is observed from AgNPs in human nasal epithelial cell medium over 3 h (9.6% of total silver mass). Significantly lower translocation of AgNPs is observed through human nasal epithelial cell monolayers and ex vivo human sinus tissue explants compared to silver ion (AgNO3). AgNP internalization is directly observed in AgNP-exposed human nasal epithelial cell monolayers by live cell scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), providing one potential mechanism for AgNP transcytosis. However, in vitro AgNP dissolution experiments suggest that silver in human nasal epithelium is primarily silver ion. Ionic AgNO3 produces significantly higher silver translocation, supporting previous results claiming silver ion as primarily responsible for biological effects of AgNPs.
Entfernung von Störpartikeln aus Zellstoff

Bei der Produktion von Papieren mit hochwertigen Beschichtungen verursachen Schmutzpartikel, die sich im Zellstoff befinden, Qualitatsprobleme. Dies sind sehr haufig Quarzpartikel mit einer Grose von 30–300 µm und fuhren zu Produktreklamationen, da die Beschichtungen durch die hervorstehenden Quarzpartikel beschadigt werden und somit undicht sind. Der Projektpartner, die Zellstoff Pols AG, plant in naher Zukunft die Errichtung einer neuen Papiermaschine. Vor dem Bau der neuen Papiermaschine sind Masnahmen zu treffen, um diese Partikel aus dem Prozess auszuscheiden. Das Ziel war es zu untersuchen, was die Quelle der Quarzpartikel ist, Losungsmoglichkeiten zu erarbeiten und eine geeignete Anlage zu finden, um die Storstoffe aus dem Prozess zu entfernen. Dazu wurden, basierend auf einer Literaturrecherche zum Thema Aufbereitung in der Zellstoff- und Rohstoffindustrie, Aggregate und Verfahren gegenubergestellt und durch einen Versuchsaufbau deren Eignung getestet. Da Hydrozyklone, auch Cleaner genannt, bevorzugt in der Zellstoffindustrie verwendet werden, wurde das Augenmerk auf Cleaneranlagen gelegt. In einer Versuchsreihe bei einem bekannten Lieferanten von Papieranlagen wurden ausgewahlte Cleaner getestet und anschliesend das Endprodukt im Labor der Zellstoff Pols AG ausgewertet. Anhand der Ergebnisse erfolgte die Auswahl eines geeigneten Aggregats mit den dazugehorigen Systemparametern.
The Influence of Ethanol on Retinal Oscillatory Potentials

This study confirms the already reported electroretinographic effects of alcohol. It furthermore demonstrates that the e-wave, or first positive component of the oscillatory potential subsequent to the b-wave, is selectively attenuated. following ethanol injection. In the chronic situation the e-wave is completely extinguished. Subsequent to the removal of ethanol the ERG is transiently increased, becomes faster and then diminishes somewhat to a new steady-state. The e-wave reappears after several days.
Nonmarket Strategy in Ghana

Ghana boasts a GDP of over $121 billion in purchasing power parity; its per capita GDP of $4400 makes it one the wealthiest nations in West Africa. Ghana was the first sub-Saharan country to earn independence and it has been a relatively stable democracy for more than two decades. Its economy flourished for years due to a competitive business environment but has struggled recently because of government’s mismanagement of fiscal and monetary policy and double-digit inflation. With a score of 56.0, Ghana ranks 122 in the Heritage Index (see Table 13.1). Compared to its 47 sub-Saharan neighbors, Ghana’s economy ranks 19, a few points below the world’s average score in the Index (Miller et al. 2018). Other assessments are more favorable, however, as US-based Freedom House gave Ghana the highest ranking in mainland Africa, recognizing the nation for halving the proportion of its population in extreme poverty well ahead of UN goals (White and Ward 2017).
Health literacy assessment and patient satisfaction in surgical practice.

Abstract Background Limited health literacy has been associated with poorer health outcomes and increased morbidity and mortality. Though caring for surgical patients requires communication about complex topics, there is limited literature on health literacy competency in this population. The objective of this study was to assess health literacy in an adult surgical outpatient clinic population, to explore potential determinants of adequate health literacy, and to assess patient satisfaction with physician-patient communication. Materials and methods A prospective cross-sectional study was performed and anonymous data including health literacy, demographics, and patient satisfaction with provider communication were collected. The study population included adult patients who visited an outpatient surgical practice over a one-month period. Health literacy was assessed using the Newest Vital Sign while the satisfaction questions came from the Outpatient Satisfaction Survey (Press-Ganey Associates, Chicago, IL). Results 148 patients participated in the study. The mean age was 49 years, 41% of those who gender identified were male, and 76% were White/Caucasian. 34 (27%) of those who answered the question had received a four-year undergraduate/university degree. 55 (37%) of the patients were identified as having low health literacy. More years of education was significantly associated with adequate health literacy and those patients who were more educated and had adequate health literacy were more satisfied with provider communication. Conclusion Patients on average were highly satisfied with provider communication in this outpatient surgical clinic. Higher education levels were associated with better health literacy and patients with both characteristics were more satisfied with provider communication.
Laughing and Learning Together: Intersections of Socioemotional Activity with Science Talk

Culturally sustaining and science education theorists advocate that children need to have opportunities to use personal experiences and background knowledge in dialogue with peers as they make sense of phenomena in the natural world. Practically, this is a challenge to orchestrate—both in classrooms and in out-of-school learning spaces—as teachers and learners navigate the personal, interpersonal, and structural components of talk. What is not well understood, are the multitudes of social interactions that support rigorous and responsive talk. In this paper, I examine how a group of nineteen middle school young women fell into naturally occurring forms of friendship-talk as they learned science concepts and learned to take a stand against a toxic lake next door to their school. This multiple case study examined moment-to-moment discourse and interactions between students including facial expressions and body movements to explore the connection between everyday human social activity and productive science. Analysis revealed patterns of strangely familiar forms of friendship and how they were instrumental in constructing a nature walk and an animated film about saving the local lake for community members. This research indicates the need for structured opportunities in science classrooms to share ideas that are also linked to student social and emotional connections.
Oxidation-Resistant, Cost-Effective Epoxide-Modified Polyamine Adsorbents for CO2 Capture from Various Sources Including Air.

CO2 adsorbents based on the reaction of pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA) or tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) with propylene oxide (PO) were easily prepared in "one pot" by impregnation on a silica support in water. The starting materials were readily available and inexpensive, facilitating the production of the adsorbents on a large scale. The prepared polyamine/epoxide adsorbents were efficient in capturing CO2 and could be regenerated under mild conditions (50-85 °C). They displayed a much-improved stability compared with their unmodified amine counterparts, especially under oxidative conditions. Leaching of the active organic amine became minimal or nonexistent after treatment with the epoxide. The adsorption as well as desorption kinetics were also greatly improved. The polyamine/epoxide adsorbents were able to capture CO2 from various sources including ambient air and indoor air with CO2 concentrations of only 400-1000 ppm. The presence of water, far from being detrimental, increased the adsorption capacity. Their use for indoor air quality purposes was explored.
The photoactive site modulates current rectification and channel closing in the natural anion channelrhodopsin GtACR1

ABSTRACT The crystal structure of GtACR1 from Guillardia theta revealed an intramolecular tunnel predicted to expand to form the anion-conducting channel upon photoactivation (Li et al. 2019). The location of the retinylidene photoactive site within the tunnel raised the question of whether, in addition to triggering channel opening by photoisomerization, the site also participates in later channel processes. Here we demonstrate the involvement of the photoactive site in chloride conductance and channel closing. Electrostatic perturbation of the photoactive retinylidene Schiff base region by glutamate substitutions alters the rectification of the photocurrent as well as channel closing kinetics. Substitutions on opposite sides of the photoactive site causes opposite changes, with channel closing kinetically correlated with Schiff base deprotonation, and the extent of these effects closely correlate with distance of the introduced glutamyl residue from the photoactive site.
A smart decision: smartphone use for operative data collection in arthroscopic shoulder instability surgery.

OBJECTIVE This study tested validity, accuracy, and efficiency of the Orthopaedic Minimal Data Set Episode of Care (OME) compared with traditional operative report in arthroscopic surgery for shoulder instability. As of November 2017, OME had successfully captured baseline data on 97% of 18 700 eligible cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study analyzes 100 cases entered into OME through smartphones by 12 surgeons at an institution from February to October 2015. A blinded reviewer extracted the same variables from operative report into a separate database. Completion rates and agreement were compared. They were assessed using raw percentages and McNemar's test (with continuity correction). Agreement between nominal variables was assessed by unweighted Cohen's kappa and a concordance correlation coefficient measured agreement between continuous variables. Efficiency was assessed by median time to complete. RESULTS Of 37 variables, OME demonstrated equal or higher completion rates for all but 1 and had significantly higher capture rates for 49% (n = 18; P 0.61) for 51% (n = 17) for the 33 nominal variables. All continuous variables assessed (n = 4) demonstrated poor agreement (concordance correlation coefficient <0.90). Median time for completing OME was 103.5 (interquartile range, 80.5-151) seconds. CONCLUSIONS The OME smartphone data capture system routinely captured more data than operative report and demonstrated acceptable agreement for nearly all nominal variables, yet took <2 minutes to complete on average.
Effect of Corticosteroid Dose and Duration on Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction in Cardiac Sarcoidosis

Background Corticosteroids are the therapeutic mainstay in cardiac sarcoidosis (CS). However, optimal dose and duration of therapy and predictors of patient response are not known. We aimed to describe the change in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and impact of prednisone regimen on LVEF in patients with CS. Methods Patients with CS treated with prednisone underwent echocardiographic assessment of LVEF prior to (EFpre) and at approximately 1 year after therapy initiation (EFpost). Details about prednisone regimen (initial burst dose [BD] and duration of burst therapy [DT]) were collected from the medical record. We calculated 1-year change in LVEF (EFpost - EFpre = Δ EF1 yr). We compared patients with 10% or greater LVEF increase to those without (Δ EFINC ≥ 10% vs Δ EFINC Results Of 29 patients (31% female, 38% African American, age 53±11 years), 11 (38%) had Δ EFINC ≥ 10% and 6 (21%) had Δ EFDEC ≥ 10% (Figure A). Compared with patients with Δ EFINC 60 days (20% vs 43%; p=0.06). There was no difference in the use of heart failure medications or steroid sparing agents between these groups. Compared to patients with Δ EFDEC 60 days (48% vs 67%, p=0.65). Among patients with EFpre Conclusions Patients with CS who had a clinically meaningful improvement in LVEF after prednisone therapy had lower pretreatment LVEF, higher burst prednisone dose, and a shorter burst dose duration. Patients with CS who had a clinically meaningful decrease in LVEF had higher pretreatment LVEF. A larger prospective study is needed to better understand optimal immunosuppressive strategies in CS and effect on LVEF.
Single Shot Needle Tip Localization in 2D Ultrasound

We present a novel real-time technique for dynamic localization of the needle tip in 2D ultrasound during challenging interventions in which the tip is imperceptible or shaft information is unavailable. We first enhance the needle tip from time-series ultrasound data through digital subtraction of consecutive frames. The enhanced tip image is then fed to a cascade of similar convolutional neural networks: a tip classifier and a tip location regressor. The classifier ascertains tip motion and the regressor directly outputs the coordinates of the tip. Since we do not require needle shaft information, the method achieves efficient localization of both in-plane and out-of-plane needles. Our approach is trained and evaluated on an ex vivo dataset collected using two different ultrasound machines, with in-plane and out-of-plane insertion of 17G and 22G needles in bovine, porcine and chicken tissue. We use 12, 000 frames extracted from 40 video sequences for training and validation, and 500 frames from 20 sequences as test data. The framework achieves a tip localization error of \(0.55\,\pm \,0.07\) mm, and overall processing time of 0.015 s (67 fps). Validation studies against state-of-the-art achieved \(29\%\) and \(509\%\) improvement in accuracy and processing rate respectively. Because of the real-time execution time and accurate tip localization, we believe that our approach is potentially a breakthrough for real-time needle tip localization in challenging ultrasound-guided interventions.
An outbreak of acute gastroenteritis caused by Sapovirus in a community of Guangdong province

Objective: To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and clinic symptoms of an outbreak of infectious diarrhea caused by Sapovirus, in CT community, Zhaoqing, Guangdong province. Methods: Retrospective study of field epidemiology investigation was carried out and Chi-square test was used enteroviruses were detected by RT-PCR in swab, fecal specimens and water samples. Results: A total of 422 cases were identified in this outbreak, with the prevalence as 11.95%. Cases mainly concentrated between 21 and 24, December, with curves noticed by point- source and peaked on the 22(nd). Symptoms mainly appeared as vomiting, with watery stool. Patients were founded in every village, with the highest prevalence appeared in the elderly (25.20%) but involved in every age group. Sapovirus infection was most frequently seen in the population under 25 years of age, with overall prevalence as 16.41%. People older than 50 years of age took the second place (12.05%), and the lowest was seen between 25 to 49 years age group (8.42%). Sapovirus was detected in both swab and fecal specimens, with the positive rate as 38.78%. Both general and heat- resistant coliformed-bacteria were detected in the 24 monitored water samples, with the qualification rates as 95.83%, 45.83% and 50.00%, respectively. However, Sapovirus was not detected in any of the water samples. Conclusions: Our findings confirmed that an outbreak, caused by sapovirus infection in CT community was most likely related to the central water supply. The surveillance system for infectious diarrheal diseases should be improved and both public health awareness and surveillance programs on drinking water should be strengthened.
Suspension Jams in a Leaky Microfluidic Channel

Inspired by the jamming in leaky systems that arises in many physiological and industrial settings, we study the propagation of clogs in a leaky microfluidic channel. By driving a colloidal suspension through such a channel with a fluid-permeable wall adjoining a gutter, we follow the formation and propagation of jams and show that they move at a steady speed, in contrast with jams in channels that have impermeable walls. Furthermore, by varying the ratio of the resistance from the leaky wall and that of the gutter, we show that it is possible to control the shape of the propagating jam, which is typically wedge shaped. We complement our experiments with numerical simulations, where we implement an Euler-Lagrangian framework for the simultaneous evolution of both immersed colloidal particles and the carrier fluid. Finally, we show that the particle ordering in the clog can be tuned by adjusting the geometry of the leaky wall. Altogether, the leaky channel serves both as a filter and a shunt with the potential for a range of uses.
IFT-A deficiency in juvenile mice impairs biliary development and exacerbates ADPKD liver disease

Polycystic liver disease (PLD) is characterized by the growth of numerous biliary cysts and presents in patients with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD), causing significant morbidity. Interestingly, deletion of intraflagellar transport-B (IFT-B) genes in adult mouse models of ADPKD attenuates severity of PKD and PLD. Here we examine the role of deletion of IFT-A gene, Thm1 , in PLD of juvenile and adult Pkd2 conditional knock-out mice. Perinatal deletion of Thm1 results in disorganized and expanded biliary regions, biliary fibrosis, shortened primary cilia on CK19+ biliary epithelial cells, and reduced Notch signaling. In contrast, perinatal deletion of Pkd2 causes PLD, with multiple CK19+ biliary epithelial cell-lined cysts, fibrosis, lengthened primary cilia, and increased Notch and ERK signaling. Perinatal deletion of Thm1 in Pkd2 conditional knock-out mice increased hepatomegaly and liver necrosis, indicating enhanced liver disease severity. In contrast to effects in the developing liver, deletion of Thm1 in adult mice, alone and together with Pkd2, did not cause a biliary phenotype nor affect Pkd2-mutant PLD, respectively. However, similar to juvenile PLD, Notch and ERK signaling were increased in adult Pkd2-mutant cyst-lining cholangiocytes. Taken together, Thm1 is required for biliary tract development, likely by enabling Notch signaling, and proper biliary development restricts PLD severity. Unlike IFT-B genes, Thm1 does not affect hepatic cystogenesis, suggesting divergent regulation of signaling and cystogenic processes in the liver by IFT-B and IFT-A. Notably, increased Notch signaling in cyst-lining cholangiocytes may indicate that aberrant activation of this pathway promotes hepatic cystogenesis, presenting as a novel potential therapeutic target.
Children's sleep, impulsivity, and anger: shared genetic etiology and implications for developmental psychopathology.

Background Prior research has established links between poor sleep and problems in emotion regulation. Impulsivity and anger/frustration are core features of child psychopathology. Further, sleep problems are commonly associated with psychopathology. This study examined shared and unique genetic and environmental influences on sleep, impulsivity, and anger/frustration in the middle childhood period with potential ramifications for psychopathology. Methods Families (29.9% monozygotic, 38.6% same-sex dizygotic, 31.5% opposite-sex dizygotic) from a longitudinal twin study participated (N = 613 twins). Twins (Mage = 8.37, SD = 0.66; 49% female; 58% non-Latinx European American, 30% Latinx) wore actigraph watches for seven days to assess sleep. Primary caregivers (95.3% mothers) completed standardized questionnaires to assess twins' temperament (impulsivity, anger/frustration). Results Univariate ACE twin structural equation models indicated strong genetic influences (76%) on impulsivity, whereas the largest proportion of variance in anger/frustration was attributed to the shared environment (56%). Bivariate model fitting indicated that sleep-impulsivity and sleep-anger/frustration associations in children are genetic; thus, a mutual underlying genetic factor likely contributes to the commonality in these associations. Conclusions Given evidence that sleep problems, impulsivity, and anger/frustration are mechanisms associated with psychopathology, our findings suggest a genetic commonality and the need to focus on shared and unique risk factors when understanding etiology. Early intervention and prevention efforts should target both sleep problems and high levels of impulsivity and anger/frustration in children, which may have implications for later psychopathology.
The Carbon Suite in the Hotel California: 'We are all Prisoners Here, of our Own Device'

As in the Eagle’s classic album and song “Hotel California,” California became a legal “prisoner of its own device,” amid a suite of legal challenges for exceeding the U.S. Constitution’s limits on state power. What distinguished California is not the large suite of recent legal challenges, but the fact that they are initiated by all stakeholders -- environmental, low-income, and industry groups. California was declared to have acted illegally on some basis, or it capitulated through settlement, in the majority of these challenges. This article charts more than a half dozen recent and often successful challenges to California regulation based on (1) state law, (2) the Supremacy Clause of the Constitution, and/or (3) the dormant Commerce Clause of the Constitution. California lost or settled many of these recent carbon challenges. There were plenty of legal signposts of what could not be done legally.1 This article slides California sustainable energy laws under the legal microscope. In 7 significant legal challenges raised pursuant to state law: California either settled in favor of challengers or lost 3 of the 4 of these which proceeded to a decision, while 1 other case was sidetracked on procedural grounds without reaching the merits of the claim, and 3 others were still pending a decision at the time of this article’s publication. California also was challenged pursuant to the Supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution regarding regulation of its electric power generation facilities and liquid fuels in 6 significant suits. This article documents California regulation under a legal microscope, both in terms of the procedure of challenges and the substantive issues of excessive state regulation.
Association of Sonic Hedgehog with the extracellular matrix requires its zinc-coordination center

Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) has a catalytic cleft characteristic for zinc metallopeptidases and has significant sequence similarities with some bacterial peptidoglycan metallopeptidases defining a subgroup within the M15A family that, besides having the characteristic zinc coordination motif, can bind two calcium ions. Extracellular matrix (ECM) components in animals include heparan-sulfate proteoglycans, which are analogs of bacterial peptidoglycan and are involved in the extracellular distribution of Shh. We found that the zinc-coordination center of Shh is required for its association to the ECM as well as for non-cell autonomous signaling. Association with the ECM requires the presence of at least 0.1 μM zinc and is prevented by mutations affecting critical conserved catalytical residues. Consistent with the presence of a conserved calcium binding domain, we find that extracellular calcium inhibits ECM association of Shh. Our results indicate that the putative intrinsic peptidase activity of Shh is required for non-cell autonomous signaling, possibly by enzymatically altering ECM characteristics.
The ANES Child Rearing Scale: Is It a Measure of Authoritarianism?

Objective: The objective of the research reported in this paper is to determine the meaning of the scores yielded by an administration of the ANES Child Rearing Scale. Methods: An argument is developed that the CRS is scale is measuring “Autonomy versus Conformity”. In support of this claim, scores on the CRS scale for a national sample of United States adults are analyzed using Gutman scaling, correlation, factor, and regression analyses. The overall sample is divided into White respondents on one hand, and Black, Hispanic, and Asian-American respondents on the other on the basis of evidence that CRS scores have different meaning for White respondents in contrast to minority respondents. Results: The results point to the conclusion that the CRS is not a measure of authoritarianism for either White or minority respondents. The results are consistent with the alternative conjecture that the CRS is a measure of “Autonomy versus Conformity.” Results also point to the conclusion that the scores on the CRS have different meanings for White respondents on one hand and minorities on the other. It is concluded that White and minority respondents be treated separately when using the CRS. It is also argued-with supporting empirical evidence-that the CRS is actually measuring liberal/conservatism. Conclusion: It is concluded that the CRS scale is surplus to the analysis of individual differences in attitudes and behaviors with the possible exception of certain circumstances. *The data used for the research reported in this paper are drawn from the ANES 2016 time series study. All calculations were completed using Stata 13. Any errors are the responsibility of the author alone.
Genetic risk, adherence to a healthy lifestyle, and cognitive decline in African Americans and European Americans.

Introduction We investigated the role of genetic risk and adherence to lifestyle factors on cognitive decline in African Americans and European Americans. Methods Using data from the Chicago Health and Aging Project (1993-2012; n = 3874), we defined the genetic risk based on presence of apolipoprotein E (APOE) e 4 allele and determined a healthy lifestyle using a scoring of five factors: non-smoking, exercising, being cognitively active, having a high-quality diet, and limiting alcohol use. We used linear mixed-effects models to estimate cognitive decline by genetic risk and lifestyle score. Results APOE e 4 allele was associated with faster cognitive decline in both races. However, within APOE e 4 carriers, adherence to a healthy lifestyle (eg., 4 to 5 healthy factors) was associated with a slower cognitive decline by 0.023 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.004, 0.042) units/year in African Americans and 0.044 (95% CI 0.008, 0.080) units/year in European Americans. Discussion A healthy lifestyle was associated with a slower cognitive decline in African and European Americans.
How to Use LI-RADS to Report Liver CT and MRI Observations.

Because the diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are largely determined with imaging, it is essential that imaging findings in patients who are at risk for HCC are reported cle...
The Blueprint Applied

The Entrepreneurial Mindset Teaching Blueprint offers a standardized approach for integrating the entrepreneurial mindset into existing curriculum across campus. The blueprint comprises four essential curriculum design aspects: the first three design attributes (entrepreneurial integration, professional skill development, and mindset cultivation) are central to the vision, as they directly relate to the entrepreneurial mindset, and the last design attribute (teaching with intention) directly connects to the teaching and learning, playing more of a supporting role but important nonetheless. As the blueprint is a curriculum planning tool for instructors to make the course design or redesign more efficient and effective, it is one of many tools and resources that can be placed in the entrepreneurial educator’s toolbox. The blueprint offers a wealth of autonomy. The user-friendly and flexible format can be adapted and used across many content areas, from general education to computer science to political science courses. Moreover, the blueprint can be used across age levels; although this book highlights the use of the blueprint in higher education, where instructors have a bit more freedom to modify the curriculum, the blueprint can be just as useful in the K–12 space. The purpose of this chapter is to describe how the Entrepreneurial Mindset Teaching Blueprint can be used and understand how the blueprint is applied using an example of introduction statistics.
Experiments on Interaction of Shock Waves and Cylindrical Bodies at Supersonic Speeds

INTRODUCTION While two-dimensional shock-wave reflections have received much attention, in most applications either the shock surface or the reflecting surface is curved. Elements of nonviscous theory for three-dimensional shock reflections by two of the present authors indicated the likelihood of anomalous reflection for configurations such as that of a plane shock impinging on a cylinder aligned with the free stream. This paper presents the highlights of the experimental investigation of this three-dimensional shock-cylinder configuration conducted in the University of Michigan Supersonic Wind Tunnel at a Mach Number of 1.90. One general result is the striking boundary-layer cross flow induced by the sharp pressure gradients across the reflection line on body surfaces. For the present configuration, the cross flow, in and outside of the boundary layer, results in a separated region on the lee side of the body. The effects of boundary-layer character and thickness and of shock strength on the overall flow and pressure fields are studied by means of body-pressure distributions and several visualization techniques. Implications of the present findings for practical applications are discussed.
Editorial: Is It Time to End Surgeon-Industry Consulting?

The relationship between our profession and the device industry is an awkward topic for many orthopaedic surgeons. Perhaps some of our squeamishness derives from the chronic, often-sensationalized overexposure the subject receives in the lay press [2, 3, 14].
Metabolic syndrome in TLR5 deficient mice is associated with microbiota dependent MUFA enriched hepatic lipids (133.6)

Obesity (leptin deficiency) is associated with elevated monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) specifically palmitoleate (C16:1) and oleate (C18:1) in tissue neutral lipids. Toll Like Receptor 5 (TLR5), an innate immune receptor for bacterial flagellin is required for gut microbiota homeostasis. Accordingly, mice lacking TLR5 (TLR5KO) develop spontaneous low-grade gut inflammation and metabolic syndrome, which are microbiota dependent. Here, we examined whether metabolic syndrome in TLR5KO mice is associated with elevated MUFA levels. We analyzed fatty acid composition of total lipid (TL), triglycerides (TG), cholesterol esters (CE) and phospholipid (PL) fractions of the tissue lipids in age and gender matched TLR5KO and their WT littermates. We also analyzed MUFA levels in high-fat fed, TLR2 or 4 deficient TLR5KO, calorie restricted, microbiota ablated, germ-free (GF) and conventionalized GF-WT mice transplanted with either WT or TLR5KO microbiota. TLR5KO mice displayed elevated hepatic TG and CE and substan...
Localized Bowel Distension in the Newborn: A Review of the Plain Film Analysis and Differential Diagnosis

Neonatal abdominal plain films were prospectively analyzed over a 41-month period in order to generate a differential diagnosis for focal bowel distension during the first 6 weeks of life. A total of 31 examples of locally distended bowel were collected. The study discredits the concept that asymmetrically distended bowel in the newborn is usually caused by necrotizing enterocolitis (only 9/31 cases) and indicates that distended bowel in the lower abdomen or left upper quadrant is often caused by air trapping in normal but redundant rectosigmoid (11 cases) or in distal transverse colon (three cases). Five other pathologic conditions not normally specified in differential diagnoses of focally distended bowel included inguinal hernia (three cases), small bowel atresia (two cases), midgut volvulus (one case), Hirschsprung's disease (one case), and small left colon (one case). The study emphasizes the value of sequential supine and prone filming for distinguishing normal from pathologic dilated loops of bowel.
DOES ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY DEPEND ON PLACE OF RESIDENCE? ASSET POVERTY ACROSS THE RURAL-URBAN CONTINUUM

This paper uses Panel Study of Income Dynamics data for 1989, 1994, and 1999 to examine why some U.S. households are asset poor; that is, why households have insufficient resources to invest in their future or to sustain household members at a basic level during times of economic disruption. The study contributes to an improved understanding of asset poverty's correlates by examining the influence of place of residence; the extant literature has focused on individual-level explanations. We estimate a random-effects logistic model of the probability that an individual is asset poor at a given point in time as a function of household-level (e.g. age, gender, race of the household head and family structure) and place-level (regional and rural-urban continuum) variables. The central finding of the paper is that place of residence is an important determinant of asset poverty, above and beyond the influence of household characteristics. We find that living in a central metropolitan county and in a nonmetropolitan area is associated with a higher risk of being asset poor, all else being equal. Implications for future research are discussed.
The effects of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) coating on magnesium degradation and cytocompatibility with human embryonic stem cells for potential neural applications

Magnesium (Mg) is a promising conductive metallic biomaterial due to its desirable mechanical properties for load bearing and biodegradability in human body. Controlling the rapid degradation of Mg in physiological environment continues to be the key challenge toward clinical translation. In this study, we investigated the effects of conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) coating on the degradation behavior of Mg substrates and their cytocompatibility. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) were used as the in vitro model system to study cellular responses to Mg degradation because they are sensitive and can potentially differentiate into many cell types of interest (e.g., neurons) for regenerative medicine. The PEDOT was deposited on Mg substrates using electrochemical deposition. The greater number of cyclic voltammetry (CV) cycles yielded thicker PEDOT coatings on Mg substrates. Specifically, the coatings produced by 2, 5, and 10 CV cycles (denoted as 2×-PEDOT-Mg, 5×-PEDOT-Mg, and 10×-PEDOT-Mg) had an average thickness of 31, 63, and 78 µm, respectively. Compared with non-coated Mg samples, all PEDOT coated Mg samples showed slower degradation rates, as indicated by Tafel test results and Mg ion concentrations in the post-culture media. The 5×-PEDOT-Mg showed the best coating adhesion and slowest Mg degradation among the tested samples. Moreover, hESCs survived for the longest period when cultured with the 5×-PEDOT-Mg samples compared with the non-coated Mg and 2×-PEDOT-Mg. Overall, the results of this study showed promise in using PEDOT coating on biodegradable Mg-based implants for potential neural recording, stimulation and tissue engineering applications, thus encouraging further research. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 25–37, 2015.
The titanium–thiolate complex [Li(C4H8O)4][Ti2(SC6H5)9]

In the title compound, tetrakis­(tetra­hydro­furan)­lithium(I) tri-μ-phenyl­thiol­ato-bis­[tris­(phenyl­thiol­ato)­titanate(IV)], [Li(C4H8O)4][Ti2(C6H5S)9], (I), the central structural motif of the [Ti2(SC6H5)9]− anion features a face-sharing bi-octa­hedron. The charge is balanced with a [Li(C4H8O)4]+ cation. The asymmetric unit contains Ti, Li and a heavily disordered tetra­hydro­furan mol­ecule on a threefold axis, and two terminal and a bridging thio­phenolate moiety and a slightly disordered tetra­hydro­furan mol­ecule on general positions.
CD1c(+) myeloid dendritic cells in myeloid neoplasia

We determined the normal level and phenotype of CD1c(+) myeloid dendritic cells (MDCs) in blood and bone marrow and evaluated the level of CD1c(+) MDCs in 295 myeloid neoplasms. CD1c(+) MDCs were increased above the mean level of non-neoplastic hospital controls in 18.0% (53/295) of myeloid malignancies, increased three standard deviations above the control mean in 14.2% (42/295) with a 10-fold or more increase compared to mean in 6.8% (20/295). Increased CD1c(+) MDCs were associated with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) (12/24, 50%) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (31/140, 22%) with a strong association with AML with the inv(16) cytogenetic abnormality. The cells were not increased in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and rarely increased in non-CML myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Immunohistochemical staining of cases with increased CD1c(+) MDCs did not reveal clustering of the cells unlike that observed with myeloid neoplasms associated with increased plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Our findings indicate CD1c(+) MDC elevations are not uncommon in myeloid leukemias and are associated with CMML and AML, particularly AML with inv(16). © 2015 International Clinical Cytometry Society.
Epidemiology of International Adoption

After reaching a peak in 2004 the number of children being adopted internationally into the United States has declined. Over time, there have also been changes in the age, gender and country of origin of adoptees largely driven by changes in attitudes regarding inter-country adoption and laws governing the process.Understanding the trends in inter country adoption helps the pediatric provider support children and their families as they transition from their country of origin to their new country.
Licentious Gotham: Erotic Publishing and Its Prosecution in Nineteenth‐Century New York – By Donna Dennis

The author of this book, a professor of law and justice, has gone beyond the notorious Anthony Comstock crusades to find defining moments of both censorship and pornography throughout the nineteent...
The role of Z-pinches and related configurations in magnetized target fusion

Magnetically driven z-pinch liners coupled with z-pinch plasma formation schemes may make the achievement of controlled fusion conditions in the laboratory possible in a shorter time frame and at much lower cost than with any other approach.
Deductive Echocardiographic Analysis in Infants with Congenital Heart Disease

A step-by-step approach to cardiac diagnosis utilizing a chest X-ray and echocardiography is described and used to study a normal infant and six infant patients with angiocardiographically-proven complex congenital heart malformations. The heart is divided into three major anatomical segments in order to localize the atrial and ventricular chambers and determine the relationship of the great arteries. The atrial chambers are localized by noting the position of the liver on the X-ray. The right atrium is on the same side as the liver with few exceptions. The ventricular chambers are localized by echocardiographically identifying the tricuspid and mitral valves. They are a part of the morphologically right and left ventricles, respectively. As a general rule, the atrioventricular valve whose anterior leaflet is continuous with the posterior margin of a semilunar valve is the mitral valve. The atrioventricular valve whose anterior leaflet is not continuous with a posterior semilunar valve margin is the tricu...
An Individualized Inpatient Diabetes Education and Hospital Transition Program for Poorly Controlled Hospitalized Patients with Diabetes

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate predictors of outcomes associated with an inpatient diabetes education and discharge support program for hospitalized patients with poorly controlled diabetes (glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c]>9%). Methods Patients participated in individualized diabetes education conducted by a certified diabetes educator (CDE) that included an exploration of barriers and goal setting during hospitalization with telephone follow-up and communication with primary providers at discharge. Predictors of HbA1c reduction, successful follow-up, and readmission were analyzed. Results There were 82 subjects, and 48% were insulin naive. Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D, n = 58) had a significant decrease in HbAlc at follow-up (-2.8%, P Conclusion The study suggests that an individualized inpatient diabetes education and transition program is associated with a significant reduction in HbA1c that is dependent on baseline HbA1c, older age, initiation of insulin, and earlier enrollment. Additional interventions are needed to ensure better continuity of care. (Endocr Pract. 2014;20:1265-1273)
INVESTIGATION OF BOND IN CONCRETE STRUCTURES STRENGTHENED WITH NEAR SURFACE MOUNTED CARBON FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER STRIPS

Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) materials are currently produced in different configurations and are widely used for the strengthening and retrofitting of concrete structures and bridges. Recently, considerable research has been directed to characterize the use of FRP bars and strips as near surface mounted reinforcement, primarily for strengthening applications. Nevertheless, in-depth understanding of the bond mechanism is still a challenging issue. This paper presents both experimental and analytical investigations undertaken to evaluate bond characteristics of near surface mounted carbon FRP (CFRP) strips. A total of nine concrete beams, strengthened with near surface mounted CFRP strips were constructed and tested under monotonic static loading. Different embedment lengths were used to evaluate the development length needed for effective use of near surface mounted CFRP strips. A closed-form analytical solution is proposed to predict the interfacial shear stresses. The model is validated by comparing t...
Patterns in children's fruit and vegetable consumption by meal and day of the week.

To assess differences in children's consumption of fruit and vegetables (F&V) by day of the week and meal of the day.Baseline data from two school based nutrition education studies were combined for analysis.2984 third grade students from 48 participating elementary schools in three school districts in the metropolitan Atlanta area.The frequency of consumption of F&V abstracted by trained registered dietitians from prompted 7-day food records. STATISTICAL-ANALYSES PERFORMED: Mixed model analysis with meals and days as terms, controlling for the within school correlation, gender and ethnic group.F&V were most frequently consumed at weekday lunch, and second most frequently at dinner. Participation in school lunch accounted for a substantial proportion of F&Vs consumed at lunch. Few F&Vs were consumed at breakfast or snack.School lunch makes an important contribution to elementary school students' F&V consumption. Dietary change programs should target parents to increase F&V consumption at dinner, and targe...
Magnetotransport in chemically derived thin films and multilayers of ferromagnetic perovskites

Abstract Epitaxial La2/3Ca1/3MnO3 thin films were prepared by a nontraditional solution-based metalorganic aerosol deposition technique. The specimens show a metal–insulator transition temperature TP=150–250 K and a maximal magnetoresistance ratio Δ R/R(5 T ) =160–1400%. A `colossal magnetoresistance’ of about 105% was observed in a La2/3Ca1/3MnO3/LaMnO3 (10 nm×10 nm) multilayer. Magnetotransport properties depend on the microstructure of the films.
The effects of atmospheric aging on a hybrid polymer matrix composite

Abstract The effect of thermal exposure in an atmospheric environment for up to 1 year on the flexural performance, under both static and fatigue loading, of a glass fiber/carbon fiber hybrid polymer matrix composite material was evaluated. It was found that exposure to a temperature near, but below, the glass transition temperature resulted in diminished flexure strength as well as reduced fatigue performance. The magnitude of property reduction was, in general, proportional to the amount of aging time, and was found to be dictated by the dominant aging mechanism. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the modest reduction in mechanical properties at intermediate aging times was predominantly attributed to thermal oxidation, while for longer aging times thermal aging (dimensional relaxation) was the primary cause for the substantial reduction. Dimensional relaxation of the composite was measured at several isothermal aging temperatures, from which, the activation energy of the aging process was determined. This work provides insight into the evolution of mechanical properties as a function of aging time in an atmospheric environment for a hybrid polymer matrix composite.
Extensive introgressive hybridization within the northern oriole group (Genus Icterus) revealed by three‐species isolation with migration analysis

Until recently, studies of divergence and gene flow among closely-related taxa were generally limited to pairs of sister taxa. However, organisms frequently exchange genes with other non-sister taxa. The “northern oriole” group within genus Icterus exemplifies this problem. This group involves the extensively studied hybrid zone between Baltimore oriole (Icterus galbula) and Bullock's oriole (I. bullockii), an alleged hybrid zone between I. bullockii and black-backed oriole (I. abeillei), and likely mtDNA introgression between I. galbula and I. abeillei. Here, we examine the divergence population genetics of the entire northern oriole group using a multipopulation Isolation-with-Migration (IM) model. In accordance with Haldane's rule, nuclear loci introgress extensively beyond the I. galbula–I. bullockii hybrid zone, while mtDNA does not. We found no evidence of introgression between I. bullockii and I. abeillei or between I. galbula and I. abeillei when all three species were analyzed together in a three-population model. However, traditional pairwise analysis suggested some nuclear introgression from I. abeillei into I. galbula, probably reflecting genetic contributions from I. bullockii unaccounted for in a two-population model. Thus, only by including all members of this group in the analysis was it possible to rigorously estimate the level of gene flow among these three closely related species.