cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Components of Bull Semen Responsible for Tonicity-Induced Turbidity Changes

Abstract Turbidity of semen diluted with saline was increased markedly by dialyzing it against distilled water and thereby decreasing the concentration of diffusible substances in the semen. The turbidity returned to normal when the reverse dialysis against 0.9% saline was employed. Separation of whole semen into sperm cells, seminal plasma, filtered plasma, and protoplasmic droplets revealed that seminal plasma was primarily responsible for the change in turbidity. Droplets were disrupted as the osmolarity of the suspending fluid decreased, but this in itself caused little change in tubidity. Turbidity of seminal plasma diluted with water was highly correlated with plasma protein concentration (r=0.80), indicating that protein is a major cause of turbidity under these conditions. Thus, when estimating sperm cell concentration in semen by turbidimetric procedures physiological diluting solutions should be used to avoid possible interference by seminal plasma.
Cleaning the medical electronic environment: how you can contribute.

There is a renewed and concerted movement in the United States to acknowledge and decrease the quantity of hazardous electronic materials entering the environment through the electronic waste, or e-waste, process. This movement is credited to the European Union (EU), which has adopted two important policies since 2002: the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment directive (WEEE) and the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS—pronounced “Ross”) directive in July 2006. The two directives require that all 27 EU member states adopt and enforce these policies as law. To comply, they must set up programs for the collection, recycling, and recovery of six hazardous materials used in the manufacture of electronic and electrical equipment, including medical devices. Current policies are also in place to eliminate the use of these substances in the manufacture of new products. The materials covered under WEEE and RoHS are: • Lead (Pb): A heavy metal used in batteries, solder, and fusible alloys that acts as a potent neurotoxin on the body. • Mercury (Hg): A heavy liquid transition metal used in thermometers, switches, and fl uorescent lighting and established as a biological toxin to humans and wildlife. • Cadmium (Cd): A transitional metal found as an impurity in zinc that is used in batteries and printed circuit boards; it is identifi ed as a carcinogen. • Hexavalent chromium (Cr6+): A carcinogenic corrosion inhibitor used in the manufacture of stainless steel and chrome. Exposure is usually established during working with or handling this material (grinding, cutting, skin contact, etc.). • Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs): A manufactured chemical added to plastics to be used as a fl ame retardant; it is linked to various health problems. Current study data of the health effects of PBBs warranted inclusion on the RoHS list. • Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE): A group of halogenated bromides used in electronic manufacturing found to be absorbed in fi sh and wildlife populations. Studies on the absorption of these compounds found that they may possess liver, thyroid, and neurodevelopmental toxicity.
Demonstrating the feasibility of monitoring the molecular-level structures of moving polymer/silane interfaces during silane diffusion using SFG.

In this paper, the feasibility of monitoring molecular structures at a moving polymer/liquid interface by sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy has been demonstrated. N-(2-Aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (AATM, NH2(CH2)2NH(CH2)3Si(OCH3)3) has been brought into contact with a deuterated poly(methyl methacrylate) (d-PMMA) film, and the interfacial silane structure has been monitored using SFG. Upon initial contact, the SFG spectra can be detected, but as time progresses, the spectral intensity changes and finally disappears. Additional experiments indicate that these silane molecules can diffuse into the polymer film and the detected SFG signals are actually from the moving polymer/silane interface. Our results show that the molecular order of the polymer/silane interface exists during the entire diffusion process and is lost when the silane molecules traverse through the thickness of the d-PMMA film. The loss of the SFG signal is due to the formation of a new disordered substrat...
Use of Infliximab, an Anti-Tumor Necrosis Alpha Antibody, for Inflammatory Dermatoses

Background: Infliximab is a monoclonal antibody against tumor necrosis factor alpha currently approved by the U.S. FDA for the treatment of Crohn’s disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Recently, a controlled trial reported its effectiveness for psoriasis. Objective: The object of our study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of infliximab for inflammatory or autoimmune cutaneous disorders. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed for patients who received infliximab at the University of Miami, Cedars Medical Center. Results: Patients with various disease, including panniculitis, pityriasis rubra pilaris, eosinophilic fasciitis, discoid lupus erythematosus, and necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum, received infliximab infusion at a dose of 5 mg/kg. All patients had refractory disease or adverse effects to previous therapy, which included cyclosporine, systemic steroids, azathioprin, clofazimine, mycophenolate mofetil, acitretin, UVB, and thalidomide. Six out of the seven patients improved after treatment. Conclusions: Infliximab was well tolerated in most patients and the majority benefited from the use of infliximab.
A 12-year experience with prehospital cricothyrotomies.

Abstract Introduction: Maintaining cricothyrotomy skills is difficult for air medical crewmembers because the procedure is performed infrequently. The purposes of this study were to review our program's experience with cricothyrotomies and use this pilot study to guide an industry-wide study. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of all cricothyrotomies performed by our flight crew during the past 12 years. The flight logs were reviewed for patient demographics, scene information, clinical data, and procedure data. Results: During this period, 8833 patients were transported: 1589 required intubation (18%), and eight of the 1589 required a cricothyrotomy (0.5%). Five nurses (14% of the total employed during the study) and one physician attempted this procedure. All patients had at least one intubation attempt before the cricothyrotomy (average 3.6, range 1-6 attempts). Six (75%) patients had airway edema, four (50%) had an unstable trachea, and one patient (12.5%) had an airway obstruction. Five (62.5%) of the cricothyrotomy attempts were successful. The remaining three patients were managed with bag-valve mask ventilation. Three patients arrived at the receiving hospital with a perfusing rhythm. Conclusion: Cricothyrotomy, rarely performed by our flight crews, is successful in 62.5% of cases. These preliminary data suggest current training practices should be re-evaluated. An industrywide survey is planned to determine the optimal training program.
Identical twin sisters with Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome associated with Chiari malformations and syrinx.

Chiari malformations are multifactorial and heterogeneous entities, characterized by abnormalities in the posterior fossa. They have been identified in association with various genetic syndromes in recent years. Two previous studies have noted an association of Chiari malformations with Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome (RTS). In this clinical report, we highlight identical twins with RTS caused by a mutation in CREBBP that presented with slightly different Chiari malformations in association with an extensive multiloculated syrinx and scoliosis. RTS has been found to be associated with craniocervical abnormalities in literature review, and this clinical report demonstrates the prudent consideration of the physician who cares for patients impacted by RTS to effectively screen via symptomatology and physical examination for Chiari pathology or other craniocervical abnormalities. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How does mother's schooling affect family health, nutrition, medical care usage, and household sanitation?

Abstract A mother's education is widely posited to affect positively her own and her children's health and nutrition in developing economies. We estimate a LISREL system of production functions for maternal and child health and reduced-form relations for nutrition, medical care usage, and household water and sanitation, with latent variable representations of these dependent variables and of community and maternal endowments. If the maternal endowment is excluded, mother's schooling appears to have strong positive effects on health and nutrition. But this effect evaporates when the maternal endowment (i.e., abilities, habits, and health status related to childhood family background) is included, thus raising doubts about standard estimates of the impact of maternal schooling on health and nutrition.
The Number of m -ary Search Trees on n Keys

Problems associated with m-ary trees have been studied by computer scientists and combinatorialists. It is well known that a simple generalization of the Catalan numbers counts the number of m-ary trees on n nodes. In this paper we consider τm, n, the number of m-ary search trees on n keys, a quantity that arises in studying the space of m-ary search trees under the uniform probability model. We prove an exact formula for τm, n, both by analytic and by combinatorial means. We use uniform local approximations for sums of i.i.d. random variables to study the asymptotic development of τm, n for fixed m as n→∞.
Hysteresis with Regard to Cassie and Wenzel States on Superhydrophobic Surfaces

Cassie and Wenzel formulas have been used extensively to model the apparent contact angles on rough surfaces. Theoreticians and experimentalists, alike, have noted that such formulas that are based on homogenization theories, while useful, do not capture hysteresis which is determined by the details of contact line motion. Thus, it is of immediate interest to model hysteresis in the context of Cassie and Wenzel type formulas. To address this issue, we consider an ad-hoc generalization of the theory for hysteresis by Joanny and de Gennes.(1) We establish its applicability by reanalyzing the contact angle data from literature for drops in Cassie states on pillar-type roughness geometries. Using this theoretical framework, it is possible to focus on advancing and receding contact line motions separately unlike the analyses of drop motion on inclined planes that quantify the combined effects of advancing and receding fronts. We show how information about the details of contact line motion, during advancing or...
Transport of winter resort injuries to regional trauma centers.

Introduction: This study examined the epidemiology of winter resort injuries presenting to regional trauma centers by helicopter (HEMS) or ground (GEMS) ambulance. Methods: Five hundred seventy-five patients (GEMS 289; HEMS 286) were identified from trauma registries and HEMS transport records. Demographic data, hospital interventions, and discharge status were examined. Results: HEMS patients had a significantly lower Glasgow coma score (GCS) and trauma score (TS), longer intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS), and more deaths than did GEMS patients ( P P P Conclusion: HEMS patients had a higher acuity and different injury pattern when compared to GEMS patients. Approximately 24.5% of HEMS patients were discharged home from the ED. This reflects significant overtriage of patients to HEMS. A prospective study examining the initial triage of patients injured at winter resorts would help to determine which subset of patients are best served by HEMS transport.
Frequency analysis of stress relaxation dynamics in model asphalts

Asphalt is an amorphous or semi-crystalline material whose mechanical performance relies on viscoelastic responses to applied strain or stress. Chemical composition and its effect on the viscoelastic properties of model asphalts have been investigated here by computing complex modulus from molecular dynamics simulation results for two different model asphalts whose compositions each resemble the Strategic Highway Research Program AAA-1 asphalt in different ways. For a model system that contains smaller molecules, simulation results for storage and loss modulus at 443 K reach both the low and high frequency scaling limits of the Maxwell model. Results for a model system composed of larger molecules (molecular weights 300–900 g/mol) with longer branches show a quantitatively higher complex modulus that decreases significantly as temperature increases over 400–533 K. Simulation results for its loss modulus approach the low frequency scaling limit of the Maxwell model at only the highest temperature simulated...
A practice course for engineering students

To better prepare the young engineers to make the transition from college to industry, new courses have been designed in which the students are assigned practical engineering projects in the fields in which they have had no previous course work.
Molecular mapping of signals in the Qa-2 antigen required for attachment of the phosphatidylinositol membrane anchor

Abstract Proteins anchored in the membrane by covalent linkage to phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) can be released by treatment with purified PtdIns-specific phospholipase C (Ptd-Ins-PLC). A recent survey of leukocyte antigens using flow cytometry has shown that staining of certain Qa antigens was diminished after PtdIns-PLC treatment, but staining of structurally related H-2 antigens was not affected. Therefore, in this study, the sensitivity of cell-surface Qa-2, H-2Kb, and H-2Db to hydrolysis by PtdIns-PLC was investigated biochemically by immunoprecipitation of radioiodinated molecules from cell lysates or supernatants. Qa-2, but not H-2Kb, was released from the surface of PtdIns-PLC-treated C57BL/10 mouse spleen cells and recovered in the cell supernatants. Similar analysis of thymoma cells transfected with cloned C57BL/10 genes showed that cell-surface Qa-2 molecules encoded by a Q7b cDNA and the Q7b or Q9b gene were sensitive to hydrolysis by PtdIns-PLC, whereas the H-2Kb and H-2Db gene products were resistant. Using thymoma cells transfected with hybrid genes constructed by exchanging exons between Q7b and H-2Db, the signals for PtdIns modification were localized to a defined region of Qa-2. This region differs from H-2Db most significantly by the presence of a central aspartate residue in the transmembrane segment and in the length of the cytoplasmic portion.
A Rogers-Ramanujan bijection

Abstract In this paper we give a bijection between the partitions of n with parts congruent to 1 or 4 (mod 5) and the partitions of n with parts differing by at least 2. This bijection is obtained by a cut-and-paste procedure which starts with a partition in one class and ends with a partition in the other class. The whole construction is a combination of a bijection discovered quite early by Schur and two bijections of our own. A basic principle concerning pairs of involutions provides the key for connecting all these bijections. It appears that our methods lead to an algorithm for constructing bijections for other identities of Rogers-Ramanujan type such as the Gordon identities.
Individual Differences in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms and Associated Executive Dysfunction and Traits: Sex, Ethnicity, and Family Income

The goal of the present investigation was to investigate sex, ethnic, and socioeconomic status (SES) influences on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and risk markers, including executive dysfunction and temperament traits. Participants were 109 children who were 3 to 6 years old (64% male; 36% ethnic minority) and their primary caregivers and teachers who completed a multistage, multi-informant screening, and diagnostic procedure. Parents completed a diagnostic interview and diagnostic and temperament questionnaires, teachers completed questionnaires, and children completed cognitive control tasks. Because of targeted overrecruitment of clinical cases, 56% of children in the sample were diagnosed with ADHD. Results suggested minimal sex differences, but prominent ethnic differences, in ADHD symptoms and temperament and executive function risk markers. Further, low family income was associated with increased ADHD symptoms and more temperament and executive function risk markers, and low family income explained many ethnic differences in ADHD symptoms and these risk markers. There were prominent interactions among child sex, ethnicity, and family income. Thus, study results suggest that children with multiple individual difference demographic risk factors (e.g., such as being male and ethnic minority) are at highly increased risk of ADHD symptoms and associated risk markers in the temperament and executive function domains.
Cholesterol-regulated Translocation of NPC1L1 to the Cell Surface Facilitates Free Cholesterol Uptake

Although NPC1L1 is required for intestinal cholesterol absorption, data demonstrating mechanisms by which this protein facilitates the process are few. In this study, a hepatoma cell line stably expressing human NPC1L1 was established, and cholesterol uptake was studied. A relationship between NPC1L1 intracellular trafficking and cholesterol uptake was apparent. At steady state, NPC1L1 proteins localized predominantly to the transferrin-positive endocytic recycling compartment, where free cholesterol also accumulated as revealed by filipin staining. Interestingly, acute cholesterol depletion induced with methyl-β-cyclodextrin stimulated relocation of NPC1L1 to the plasma membrane, preferentially to a newly formed "apical-like" subdomain. This translocation was associated with a remarkable increase in cellular cholesterol uptake, which in turn was dose-dependently inhibited by ezetimibe, a novel cholesterol absorption inhibitor that specifically binds to NPC1L1. These findings define a cholesterol-regulated endocytic recycling of NPC1L1 as a novel mechanism regulating cellular cholesterol uptake.
Clinical trials in post-marketing surveillance of drugs

Abstract Based on a literature review, the value of clinical trials as a method for satisfying the objectives of a post-marketing drug surveillance (PMS) system is discussed. Although clinical trials serve an important role in this system, it is shown that other methods must also be incorporated to meet all of the objectives of PMS.
Adsorption and reactions of diethylsilane on Si(100)

Abstract The adsorption and thermal decomposition of diethylsilane on the Si(100)2 × 1 surface was studied using temperature programmed desorption mass spectrometry and high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy. Diethylsilane dissociatively adsorbed to a saturation coverage of ≈ 0.25 ML. Adsorbate thermal decomposition produced ethylene and hydrogen which desorbed at 700 and 800 K, respectively. Hydrogen desorption occurred exclusively from the 2 × 1 monohydride state. Thermal decomposition proceeded by β-hydride elimination which facilitated the clean removal of the ligand groups, resulting in a carbon-free layer of silicon. An additional adsorption process, which eliminated H2 during the dissociative adsorption, occurred at surface defect sites.
Integrating the audience into a theatre performance using mobile devices

Purpose – Theatre Engine is a three-phase project exploring the integration of mobile devices such as smart phones and tablet computers as user interaction mechanisms for live theatrical performances. This paper aims to describe the technical details for the first performance in the series: transitions, including system design, user interface details, and lessons learned. Design/methodology/approach – The Theatre Engine project consists of a network of mobile Android-based devices that communicate with a server managing a live theatrical performance. Additional systems provide projected graphics within the performance space, dynamic instructions to live musicians, and control of theatrical equipment including robotic lighting. The system is under the live control of a stage managers and show runner. The first phase produced the performance transitions, where live and virtual dancers interacted with audience members. Findings – The user activities are described in the context of manipulations and the effec...
On the value of user preferences in search-based software engineering: a case study in software product lines

Software design is a process of trading off competing objectives. If the user objective space is rich, then we should use optimizers that can fully exploit that richness. For example, this study configures software product lines (expressed as feature maps) using various search-based software engineering methods. As we increase the number of optimization objectives, we find that methods in widespread use (e.g. NSGA-II, SPEA2) perform much worse than IBEA (Indicator-Based Evolutionary Algorithm). IBEA works best since it makes most use of user preference knowledge. Hence it does better on the standard measures (hypervolume and spread) but it also generates far more products with 0% violations of domain constraints. Our conclusion is that we need to change our methods for search-based software engineering, particularly when studying complex decision spaces.
Study on Wireless Mesh Network Technology Applied to the Monitoring and Control System for the Large-Scale Solar Power Station

According to the development status of large-scale PV power station, this paper expatiates the requirements of the monitoring and control system for the large-scale solar power station, and presents the method of wireless mesh network technology applied to the system. This paper analyses the architecture of the monitoring and control system, the technical characteristics of wireless mesh network and the communication band selection to present the system program design. The whole system is flexible and reliable, and will promote the efficiency of operation and maintenance of large-scale solar power station.
Neoplastic expression in murine cells induced by halogenated hydrocarbons.

The neoplastic expression in mouse embryo fibroblasts exposed to 1,2-dibromoethane and its chloroanalogue, 1,2-dichloroethane in vitro, was examined. Both substances are widely used as fumigants for carpet and upholstery, as gasoline additives, and as organic solvents. Both are known to be highly toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic agents. C3H10T1/2 cells treated with these haloalkanes exhibited altered morphology and were selected further by cloning in soft agar. Soft agar clones were found to induced a 100% multitumor occurrence in the nude mouse model. These results suggest that this pair of mutagens have altered the normal phenotype of mouse embryo cells, and these cells have become neoplastic. These neoplastic cell lines will be useful as an in vitro model to study the role of genetic changes in the transformation processes induced by halogenated hydrocarbons.
Purification and characterization of vertebrate interferons

General methods for the purification, and characterization of vertebrate interferons are presented. Zinc precipitation and gradient ion-exchange column chromatography can be combined to give chick interferon preparations of significantly higher purity and in higher yield than previously reported. Similar molecular charge, size and chemical characteristics allow these methods of purification to be applied to all types of interferon studied (chick, mouse, human). Interferon produced in response to different viruses by the same cell species in vivo or in vitro behaves in an identical fashion during co-chromatography, clearly demonstrating that the type of interferon produced depends not on the virus but on the host cell. Our studies demonstrate chick interferon to be a covalently bonded structure of about 30,000 molecular weight, which is slightly acidic in charge and composed of one or more polypeptide chains connected by and/or containing disulfide bridges. These disulfide bridges can be reduced with concomitant loss of biological activity. The cell-species specificity of these three interferons appears to be absolute.
Timeless Principles or Today's Fashion? Testing the Stability of the Linkage between Ideology and Foreign Policy in the Senate

The literature on the role of ideology in congressional voting argues that congressional preferences are driven by a commitment to coherent sets of ideas and principles. These ideologies imply related positions on a variety of domestic and foreign policy issues. Using data on voting in the U.S. Senate between 1947 and 1993, we present evidence that although commitment to a liberal or conservative ideology is strongly related to senators' positions on foreign policy issues, this relationship is not stable over time. Conservatives tended to back "nationalist" policy positions prior to 1965, while liberals generally supported "internationalist" positions until 1963. After these dates, conservatives became strong supporters of internationalist positions while liberals moved toward a nationalist posture. This finding suggests that ideology should not be understood as a coherent set of ideas with consistent policy implications over time.
PRIMARY PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF BACTERIORHODOPSIN: COMPARISON OF FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED DIFFERENCE SPECTRA WITH RESONANCE RAMAN SPECTRA

—Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) difference spectra of the BRrK transition in bacteriorhodopsin at 77K are compared with analogous resonance Raman difference spectra obtained using a spinning sample cell at 77K. The vibrational frequencies observed in the FTIR spectra of native purple membrane and of purple membrane regenerated with 15-deuterioretinal are in good agreement with the frequencies observed in the Raman spectra, indicating that the lines in the FTIR difference spectra arise predominantly from retinal chromophore vibrations. This agreement confirms that the spinning cell method for obtaining resonance Raman spectra of K minimizes potential contributions from unwanted photoproducts. The unexpected similarity between the resonance Raman scattering intensities and the FTIR absorption intensities for BR and K is discussed in terms of the delocalized electronic structure of the chromophore. Finally, comparison of the Schiff base regions of the K Raman and FTIR spectra provide additional information on the assignment of its Schiff base vibration.
Hypercalcemia: Mechanisms, differential diagnosis, and remedies

The urgency for treatment of hypercalcemia is assessed by determining the severity of symptoms and complications and the degree of elevation of serum calcium. Increased bone resorption is the most common pathophysiologic mechanism for hypercalcemia, and several agents are used to inhibit this resorption, including calcitonin and bisphosphonates. However, inhibition of bone resorption controls hypercalcemia for only a limited time, and prompt definitive treatment of the underlying cause, such as primary hyperparathyroidism or malignancy, is essential.
Perceptions of Childhood Family of Origin Well-Being, Self-Esteem, and Attitudes toward the Divorced Single Mother.

The contributions of perceptions of childhood family of origin well‐being and self‐esteem to attitudes toward the divorced single mother among 170 college students were investigated. Participants came from two family types, including those who lived only with their biological parents (i.e., biological parents group), and those who lived at some time in their lives with a divorced single mother (i.e, divorced single mother group). In all hierarchical regression models tested, the control variables of participants’ gender, age, socioeconomic status, and family income, as well as the predictor variable of family type made no significant contributions to their attitudes toward the divorced single mother. Childhood perceptions of family of origin well‐being, however, significantly predicted more positive attitudes toward the divorced single mother, particularly for the biological parents group. On the other hand, self‐esteem made no significant contributions. In addition, forthe biological parents group, amoun...
Couples undergoing treatment for infertility: dimensions of life satisfaction.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceived life, marital, and sexual satisfaction of married couples undergoing treatment for infertility. A survey research design was utilized involving the responses of 4.3 husband-wife pairs. The findings indicated that wives had a significantly lower level of satisfaction with life than their husbands and that there were significant relationships between husband-wife pairs for both marital and sexual satisfaction. In comparison to paired wives, the responses of 17 wives whose husband chose not to respond to the survey indicated higher levels of dissatisfaction in all three dimensions of life satisfation. Furthermore, a majority of the scores f o r this group indicated clinical levels of depression. It was evident that individuals, especially females, undmgoing treatment for infertility experienced stress in various areas of their lives. Hence, suggestions are given to assist caregivers in their endeavor to enhance the quality of life for infert...
Effects of transient carbon deposition on the sodium sulfate-induced corrosion of nickel-base alloys

The role of solid carbon in accelerating the Na2SO4-induced corrosion of nickel-base alloys at high temperature has been investigated. Corrosion rates of salt-coated IN 738 alloy in an oxidizing atmosphere containing 0.1 pct SO2 were much increased when the alloy was initially exposed to a low concentration of methane for a short time at 1273 K (1000°C). Crucible tests carried out with Ni-5 Al, Ni-30 Al, Ni-20Cr-15 Al and IN 738 specimens immersed in Na2SO4-carbon mixtures showed that corrosion of these alloys was dramatically enhanced if the carbon persisted long enough to form a Na2S phase by reaction with the Na2SO4. In an oxidizing environment a graphitic carbon had a more pernicious effect on alloy corrosion resistance than a finely dispersed carbon black which burnt away more readily. Corrosion rates in air were also accelerated in the presence of carbonized crude oil residue such as might be formed as a result of incomplete fuel combustion in a gas turbine.
Creativity gaps and gender gaps: women, men and place in the United States

This article situates Florida's (2002) work on creative regions in the United States in the context of a critical discussion of place and gender and investigates the gender–class structure of his most and least creative regions. It analyzes the distribution of creative class, working class and service class occupations by gender within those 21 regions as well as earnings, household income, poverty and educational attainment using data from the US Census 2000. Women and men are compared within and across the two categories of most and least creative regions. The major finding is that the gender gap in earnings within categories of regions is larger than the creativity gap, i.e. the earnings gap within genders across regions. As new technology industries have been layered over old industries, altering spatial divisions of labor, gendered labor remains integrated in largely traditional ways.
Percutaneous intracranial stent placement for aneurysms.

Object. Intracranial stent placement combined with coil embolization is an emerging procedure for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms. The authors report their results using intracranial stents for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms. Methods. A prospectively maintained database was reviewed to identify all patients with intracranial aneurysms that were treated with intracranial stents. Ten lesions, including eight broad-based aneurysms and two dissecting aneurysms, were treated in 10 patients. Four lesions were located in the cavernous segment of the internal carotid artery, two at the vertebrobasilar junction, two at the basilar trunk, one at the basilar apex, and one in the intracranial vertebral artery. Attempts were made to place stents in 13 patients, but in three the stents could not be delivered. Altogether, intracranial stents were placed in 10 patients for 10 lesions. Results that were determined to be satisfactory angiographically were achieved in all 10 lesions. Two patients suffered p...
AVO Modeling Using One-return Approximation

In this paper we apply elastic thin-slab propagator, which is based on one-return approximation and scattering theory, to AVO forward modeling. For medium perturbation of about 20%, such as shale/oil sand and shale/gas sand cases, the re ection coe cients are accurate up to 450 incident angle for P waves and 200 incident angle for S wave, which can meet the requirement in most AVO analyses. Numerical results show that thin-slab propagator can easily handle thin-bed e ects as well as lateral variations in lithology.
Electromagnetic field components: their measurement using linear electrooptic and magnetooptic effects

Vector components of alternating electric and magnetic fields can be measured with excellent sensitivity and time resolution using a laser system employing Pockels effect or Faraday effect materials as field sensors. This technique offers the advantages of being passive and remote; the sensor material requires no power source and can be interrogated by a remotely located laser transmitter and receiver with no connecting wires or electrodes. This paper analyzes the sensitivity of the electrooptic and magnetooptic methods and derives new figures of merit for materials used as sensors in these applications. Experiments evaluating the temperature coefficients of sensitivity and demonstrating that sensitivities of 0.06 V/cm and 0.5 G can be achieved easily are described.
Isolation and Characterization of Novel Iron-Oxidizing Autotrophic and Mixotrophic Bacteria from Boiling Springs Lake, an Oligotrophic, Acidic Geothermal Habitat

Previous molecular surveys indicated Acidimicrobium sp. were abundant in samples from hot (52˚C), acidic (pH 2), oligotrophic Boiling Springs Lake (BSL) in Lassen Volcanic National Park. We isolated and characterized Acidimicrobium sp. and functionally related bacteria from BSL. The pH and temperature optima of all isolates correlate with the average summer conditions of BSL suggesting these organisms are capable of active growth in BSL. Acidimicrobium isolates were capable of oxidizing iron when grown mixotrophically or autotrophically. The isolates also oxidized iron after growth cessation, suggesting a possible role of iron oxidation in maintaining homeostasis in the absence of population growth.
Distance- and Wavelength-Dependent Dielectric Function of Au Nanoparticles by Angle-Resolved Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging

The optical properties of nanoparticles (NPs) near metal surfaces must be better understood in order to fully exploit their signal-enhancing capabilities in optical biosensors, such as in surface plasmon resonance studies. We use angle-resolved SPR imaging and a modified Maxwell−Garnett model to determine the optical properties of 10-nm-diameter gold NPs deposited on planar Au coated with various thicknesses of SiO2. We investigate how the intrinsic NP dielectric constants and extinction coefficients vary as a function of particle-to-metal-substrate distance (dP−S) for short distances that span the dimension of the NP (0−26 nm) and as a function of excitation wavelength (λexc) for values that span the NP absorbance spectrum. When the NPs are deposited almost directly onto the Au substrate, the NP dielectric function shows anomalous dispersion. At distances far from the planar Au, normal dispersion is observed. The distance dependence, viewed in terms of extinction coefficients, is consistent with a red sh...
The missing wetlands: using local ecological knowledge to find cryptic ecosystems

Small, temporally dynamic, biologically diverse isolated wetlands are among the most imperiled ecosystems, yet their conservation is hindered by lack of protective legislation and mapping. As part of an effort to better understand isolated wetland ecology in an area undergoing dramatic land use change, we mapped isolated wetlands in South Carolina’s Piedmont and Blue Ridge regions using remote sensing and local ecological knowledge (LEK). Remote detection of isolated wetlands was limited by digital resource resolution, topography, and wetland size. LEK was the most useful tool for locating small isolated wetlands. We sampled 10% of the study area using LEK and discovered 44 wetlands with “isolated” characteristics, none of which had been identified by remote sensing. Only 8 of 44 wetlands found through LEK could be identified using remote sensing after their discovery. LEK fills a gap in cryptic ecosystem detection when adequate remotely sensed data are not available. Though effective, using LEK is neither as rapid nor as repeatable as remote sensing. We suggest a two-pronged approach for finding cryptic ecosystems: remote sensing coupled with LEK where data resolution is inadequate. For remote detection of isolated wetlands, we suggest a minimum resolution of 0.33 m for Color Infrared, leaf-off, high-water photography. Despite great advances in remote sensing, data are not uniformly available worldwide and LEK may serve as an effective tool for locating cryptic resources for biodiversity conservation. Mapping cryptic resources will allow for more accurate resource and biodiversity conservation planning under current and future climate scenarios.
The classical versus the quantum mechanical model of mobility degradation due to the gate field in MOSFET inversion layers

The current equation based on the classical model of mobility degradation due to the gate field fails at V_{GS} - V_{T} = 11, 7.5, and 4.5 V for MOSFET's with t OX = 450, 350, and 250 A, respectively, at room temperature and at very low VDS. The failure is believed to be caused by the quantization of inversion carriers in the deep potential well and the populating of the upper subbands in
Dynamical symmetry breaking in 2+1 dimensions

Abstract The U(n)v×U(n)A four-Fermi model in 2+1 dimensions is renormalizable and exhibits dynamical symmetry breaking. We prove Goldstone's theorem to all orders in 1/Nf expansion. We calculate the low energy interactions of fermions and Goldstone bosons, and explicity verify the Goldberger-Trieman relation.
The timing of caldera collapse at Mount Katmai in response to magma withdrawal toward Novarupta

Several thin layers of nonjuvenile lithic-rich tephra from Mount Katmai are intercalated with 1912 plinian pumice-fall deposits that originated at Novarupta 10 km away, demonstrating that caldera collapse at Katmai and eruption at Novarupta were synchronous. Emplaced by phreatic explosions and avalanche-generated dustclouds, each Katmai-derived layer is thickest and coarsest at the caldera rim and pinches out within 5–8 km. In contrast, thicknesses and clast sizes of plinian Layers A-G decrease radially away from Novarupta. The first Katmai-derived layer lies between Novarupta-derived Layers B2 and B3, indicating that collapse began after release of ∼6.9 km³ of magma at Novarupta. The first major earthquake (Ms=6.5) at 2356 h on 6 June, ∼11 hours after the eruption began, may have marked the onset of collapse. The Katmai River landslide and several debris-flow deposits are also sandwiched within the plinian deposits, indicating that they too were emplaced during the eruption.
Mechanistic Insights into Catalytic H2 Oxidation by Ni Complexes Containing a Diphosphine Ligand with a Positioned Amine Base

The mixed-ligand complex [Ni(dppp)(PPh2NBz2)](BF4)2, 3, (where PPh2NBz2 is 1,5-dibenzyl-3,7-diphenyl-1,5-diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctane and dppp is 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane) has been synthesized. Treatment of this complex with H2 and triethylamine results in the formation of the Ni0 complex, Ni(dppp)(PPh2NBz2), 4, whose structure has been determined by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. Heterolytic cleavage of H2 by 3 at room temperature forms [HNi(dppp)(PPh2NBz(μ-H)NBz)](BF4)2, 5a, in which one proton interacts with two nitrogen atoms of the cyclic diphosphine ligand and a hydride ligand is bound to nickel. Two intermediates are observed for this reaction using low-temperature NMR spectroscopy. One species is a dihydride, [(H)2Ni(dppp)(PPh2NBz2)](BF4)2, 5b, and the other is [Ni(dppp)(PPh2NBz2H2)](BF4)2, 5c, in which both protons are bound to the N atoms in an endo geometry with respect to nickel. These two species interconvert via a rapid and reversible intramolecular proton exchange betw...
Lifetime Increased Cancer Risk in Mice Following Exposure to Clinical Proton Beam–Generated Neutrons

Purpose To evaluate the life span and risk of cancer following whole-body exposure of mice to neutrons generated by a passively scattered clinical spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) proton beam. Methods and Materials Three hundred young adult female FVB/N mice, 152 test and 148 control, were entered into the experiment. Mice were placed in an annular cassette around a cylindrical phantom, which was positioned lateral to the mid-SOBP of a 165-MeV, clinical proton beam. The average distance from the edge of the mid-SOBP to the conscious active mice was 21.5 cm. The phantom was irradiated with once-daily fractions of 25 Gy, 4 days per week, for 6 weeks. The age at death and cause of death (ie, cancer and type vs noncancer causes) were assessed over the life span of the mice. Results Exposure of mice to a dose of 600 Gy of proton beam–generated neutrons, reduced the median life span of the mice by 4.2% (Kaplan-Meier cumulative survival, P =.053). The relative risk of death from cancer in neutron exposed versus control mice was 1.40 for cancer of all types ( P =.0006) and 1.22 for solid cancers ( P =.09). For a typical 60 Gy dose of clinical protons, the observed 22% increased risk of solid cancer would be expected to decrease by a factor of 10. Conclusions Exposure of mice to neutrons generated by a proton dose that exceeds a typical course of radiation therapy by a factor of 10, resulted in a statistically significant increase in the background incidence of leukemia and a marginally significant increase in solid cancer. The results indicate that the risk of out-of-field second solid cancers from SOBP proton-generated neutrons and typical treatment schedules, is 6 to 10 times less than is suggested by current neutron risk estimates.
An Investigation of the Effects of Water on Rate and Selectivity for the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis on Cobalt-Based Catalysts

Water, the primary oxygen-containing product in Co-catalyzed Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS), increases CO conversion rates and the selectivity to olefins and to C5+ products. These marked rate and selectivity enhancements can reflect changes in the density or reactivity of the active Co surface atoms available during FTS. Kinetic isotope effects and in situ infrared spectroscopy were used to probe possible mechanisms for these water effects. Kinetic isotope effects (rH/rD) measured from CO/H2 and CO/D2 were less than unity for both CO conversion and C5+ formation rates, suggesting that hydrogen adsorption–desorption thermodynamics and C–H bond formation are involved in kinetically relevant FTS steps. The presence of varying amounts of water (H2O or D2O) did not influence the measured kinetic isotope values, even though water in concentration range led to marked changes in FTS rate and selectivity. Thus, the isotopic identity of the water molecules does not influence the rate of kinetically relevant steps, the identity of which appears to remain unchanged by the presence of water. No new pathways are apparently introduced by the presence of water in H2/CO reactant streams. The intensity and vibrational frequency of adsorbed CO bands were also not influenced by the concentration of water in the reactant stream. These in situ infrared spectroscopic studies showed that water does not influence the density or structure of adsorbed CO intermediates or the number of exposed Co atoms, which bind CO at near-monolayer coverages during Fischer–Tropsch synthesis reactions. These spectroscopic studies also suggest that neither CO transport restrictions nor their removal via the formation of water-rich intrapellet liquids at high water concentrations are responsible for the observed effects of water. These studies are silent about a possible effect of water on the concentration of reactive carbon species, which may be present as minority but kinetically relevant intermediates during FTS.
Differential scanning calorimetric measurements on human lenses

Differential scanning calorimetric measurements were performed between −30°C and 15°C. The cortical sections of normal human lenses usually show one endotherm at the melting point, while the nucleus indicates a composite endotherm that can be separated into two endotherms with two melting points. Cataractous human lenses usually have composite endotherms from the cortical, intermediate as well as nuclear regions. We interpret the different endotherms as representing different kinds of freezable water contents: free water and partially bound water. Both in normal and cataractous human lenses, there is an appreciable amount of non-freezable water” The amount of non-freezable water is less in cataractous lenses than in normal lenses, indicating a syneretic process as a cause of cataract formation.
Efficient process interaction with threads in parallel discrete event simulation

Parallel discrete event simulation (PDES) decreases a simulation's runtime by splitting the simulation's work between multiple processors. Many users avoid PDES because it is difficult to specify a large and complicated model using existing PDES tools. In this paper we describe how the PARASOL PDES system uses migrating user level threads to support the process interaction world view. The process interaction world view is popular in sequential simulation languages and is a major departure from the logical process view supported by most PDES systems.
Hyaluronate-cell interaction. Effects of exogenous hyaluronate on muscle fibroblast cell surface composition.

Abstract Evidence that exogenous hyaluronate (HA) binds to the surface of muscle fibroblast cultures was obtained by incubating confluent fibroblasts with 14C-HA purified from fibroblast cell surfaces. Surface-bound 14C-HA was operationally defined as material resistant to six saline washes and solubilized by brief trypsinization. All of the surface-bound radioactivity remains as authentic HA. Exposure of fibroblasts to 100 μg/ml cold HA caused a nearly 3-fold ‘reduction’ in incorporation of isotopic precursors into glycosaminoglycan (GAG); but when intracellular 14C precursors to GAG were quantitated, the entire ‘reduction’ could be accounted for by decreased precursor uptake. Exposure to exogenous HA altered the distribution of newly synthesized GAG by stimulating an increase in total GAG secreted to the medium at the expense of that bound to the culture surface. Qualitatively, the cell surface ratio of 14C-HA: 14C-sulfated GAG (SGAG) of HA-treated cells is about 2.5 times greater than that of untreated cells and the medium ratio is correspondingly reversed. This is primarily the result of stimulated 14C-SGAG release to the culture medium. Addition of cold HA to prelabeled cultures also stimulates the selective turnover of SGAG from the culture surface. Thus, exposure to HA alters the fibroblast surface by accumulation of exogenous HA as well as by stimulation of SGAG turnover.