cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teacher Support, School Goal Structures, and Teenage Mothers' School Engagement.

This study investigates how perceptions of teacher support and achievement goal structures in the school environment correlate with school engagement, and whether depressive symptoms mediate or moderate this association, among 64 low-income teenage mothers. Controlling for prior grades, perceptions of teacher support correlate with higher levels of positive affect and lower levels of negative affect about school. Perceptions of an emphasis on mastery goals in the school environment correlate with higher levels of positive affect and lower levels of school alienation. In contrast, perceptions of an emphasis on performance goals in the school environment correlate with higher levels of negative affect and school alienation. Perceptions of performance goals are especially detrimental to teenage mothers with higher levels of depressive symptoms.
SIMPLE guidelines for developing a computer-based laboratory

Information relevant to setting up a computer-based psychology research laboratory is reviewed. The pros and cons of computer usage and of various hardware configurations are considered. Also, several approaches to program development are discussed. Guidelines for hardware and software development are put forth, and an example of a laboratory based on these principles is described.
Structure and Self-Assembly Properties of a New Chitosan-Based Amphiphile

A new chitosan-based amphiphile, octanoyl-chitosan-polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether (acylChitoMPEG), has been prepared using both hydrophobic octanoyl and hydrophilic polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether (MPEG) substitutions. The success of synthesis was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The synthesized acylChitoMPEG exhibited good solubility in either aqueous solution or common organic solvents such as ethanol, acetone, and CHCl3. The self-aggregation behavior of acylChitoMPEG in solutions was studied by a combination of pyrene fluorescence technique, dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy, and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The critical aggregation concentration (CAC) and hydrodynamic diameter were found to be 0.066 mg/mL and 24.4 nm, respectively. SAXS results suggested a coiled structure of the triple helical acylChitoMPEG backbone with the hydrophobic moieties hiding in the center of the backbone, and the hydrophilic MPEG chains surrounding ...
Persistent discontinuities in late replicating DNA during meiosis inLilium

DNA regions of chromosomes that are replicated during zygotene are not ligated to the body of nuclear DNA on completion of replication. The discontinuities are present only in the strands that are synthesized during premeiotic S and they persist through prophase until the interval of chromosome disjunction. The discontinuities are gaps rather than nicks, and must be shielded in vivo from repair activity during pachytene when gaps elsewhere in the DNA are being repaired. The gaps can nevertheless be cured in isolated prophase nuclei in the presence of added polymerase and ligase.
Analytic approach to the one-dimensional spin-Peierls system in the entire frequency range

We use the two cut-off renormalization group (RG) method to study the spin-Peierls model in one-dimension for the entire phonon frequency range. We integrate out the phonon and solve the effective Fermion system via mean field and RG methods. We make use of the symmetry that the Neel, dimerization, and spin current order parameters form an SU(2) triplet based on resolving the Fermion into left and right movers. We present the phase diagram and discuss its implications for the organic charge-transfer salt (TMTTF)$_2$PF$_6$.
Potentiating effect of iododeoxyuridine on MuLV replication in mouse embryo fibroblasts.

Abstract Treatment of mouse embryo fibroblasts with concentrations of 5-iododeoxyuridine (IUdR) too low to induce detectable replication of endogenous C-type viruses has been found to augment the susceptibility of permissive and nonpermissive cells to exogenous infection by murine leukemia viruses, without changing the kinetics of viral replication. No evidence could be obtained to support the hypothesis that this phenomenon results from induction of endogenous virus followed by complementation or recombination between endogenous and exogenous virus. Instead, the responsible mechanism seems likely to involve IUdR-induced DNA strand breakage, repair, and enhanced recombinational integration of the exogenous viral genome into cellular DNA.
Mathematical modeling of the fluid dynamics in the flow-through cell

The fluid dynamics in the flow-through cell (USP apparatus 4) has been predicted using the mathematical modeling approach of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The degree to which flow structures in this apparatus can be qualified as 'ideal' both spatially and temporally has been assessed. The simulations predict the development of the velocity field in this apparatus for configurations with and without beads during the discharge stroke of the pump. When the cell is operated only with the red ruby bead ('open column' mode), highly non-uniform flow is predicted just downstream of the bead in the latter stages of the pump's pulse. In contrast, a strong degree of profile uniformity and symmetry is predicted throughout the entire pulse in the region of the tablet holder for both standard configurations involving beads. However, noticeable differences in the tablet shear stress distribution are predicted at times when the same instantaneous inlet flow rates are being pumped through the apparatus. This effect is caused by flow separation in the velocity boundary layer formed around the tablet under the influence of an adverse pressure gradient, an effect not predicted with constant (non-pulsating) flow. While the degree of tablet erosion correlates with the average flow rate, during a particular pulse both the free-stream velocity and the boundary layer thickness are also influential.
Imaging. Follow-up of breast cancer reconstruction cases.

Imaging a breast that has had cancer and been reconstructed has inherent problems, mostly because the reconstruction and the implant may be obscuring recurrence. It should, therefore, be emphasized that such patients require frequent follow-up. Perhaps every 6 months they also need skillful palpation as well as mammography with proper techniques that image as much of breast tissue as possible with the implant displaced as much as possible
Organizational issues in the development of geographical information systems: a case study of UJS. Army topographic information automation

Abstract This paper is a case study of issues that have frustrated and slowed the development of a geographical information system for automation of topographic information processing within the U.S. Army. The findings, which are universal to all large organizations attempting to develop an initial capability, reinforce the notion that today most problems in the development of geographical information systems are rooted in organizational rather than technological issues. An iterative prototyping approach is suggested as a means of preventing similar situations when introducing such technology into large organizations. This ‘hands-on’ approach allows the organization and the people to adopt and evolve in parallel with the technology and improves the chances for success.
Evidence that the Laschamp polarity event did not occur 13 300–30 400 years ago

Abstract No evidence for a geomagnetic reversal between 30 400 and 13 300 yr ago has been found in a paleomagnetic study of sediments from Mono Lake, California, with ages controlled by 14 C dating. If the Laschamp reversed event occurred during this time, its duration can have been no longer than 1700 yr. The sediments record a well-defined excursion in the direction of the field 24 000 yr ago with a peak-to-peak amplitude of 25 deg and a period of 600 yr. This is attributed to geomagnetic secular variation due to local eastward drift of the nondipole field.
Chromatographic resolution of a racemic substance on a microporous resin

Abstract A microporous polymer of ethylvinylbenzene and divinylbenzene was chloromethylated and then aminated with (—)-α-phenethylamine to produce an optically active weak-base ion-exchange resin. Partial resolutions of mandelic acid were achieved with water and methanol as solvents but no resolution was observed with ethanol or chloroform. Some postulations are presented to explain the limited resolution that was observed and the structure of a more effective resolving resin is proposed.
Multichannel averaging phasemeter for picometer precision laser metrology

The Micro-Arcsecond Metrology (MAM) team at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory has developed a precision phasemeter for the Space Interferometry Mission (SIM). The current version of the phasemeter is well-suited for picometer accuracy distance measurements and tracks at speeds up to 50 cm/sec, when coupled to SIM's 1.3 micron wavelength heterodyne laser metrology gauges. Since the phasemeter is implemented with industry standard FPGA chips, other accuracy/speed trade-off points can be programmed for applications such as metrology for earth-based long-baseline astronomical interferometry (planet finding), and industrial applications such as translation stage and machine tool positioning. The phasemeter is a standard VME module, supports 6 metrology gauges, a 128 MHz clock, has programmable hardware averaging, and a maximum range of 232 cycles (2000 meters at 1.3 microns).
Age-Related Changes in Neural Activation During Working Memory Performance

Changes in frontal lobe functions are a typical part of aging of the brain. There are age-related declines in working memory performance, a skill requiring frontal lobe activation. This study examined neural activation, using [15 O] water positron emission tomography (PET) methodology, during performance on two verbal working memory tasks in younger and older participants. The results demonstrated the typical areas of activation associated with working memory performance (e.g., dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and inferior parietal cortex) in both groups. However, the younger participants utilized the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus significantly more than the older participants. In turn, the older participants used the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex significantly more than the younger participants and maintained material-specific lateralization in their pattern of activation. These findings are consistent with a previous report of different age-related patterns of fro...
Improved MODIS aerosol retrieval using modified VIS/MIR surface albedo ratio over urban scenes

In this paper, we focus on the use of simultaneous MODIS and AERONET sky radiometer data to refine the surface albedo models regionally and improve on the current AOD operational retrieval. In particular, over New York City, we show that the correlation coefficient assumption used in the MODIS Collection (5) model between the VIS and MIR channels used for surface reflection parameterization are still severely underestimated in comparison with high spatial imagery data from Hyperion thereby leading to an underestimate in the VIS ground albedos and explaining the subsequent overestimate of the VIS optical depth. Furthermore, we find that the VIS/MIR ratios depend only weakly on the scattering geometry allowing us to generate a regional VIS/MIR surface reflectance correlation coefficient map at spatial resolutions down to 1.5km. When applying the new VIS/MIR surface reflectance ratio model, we show the MODIS and AERONET derived optical thickness agreement is significantly improved for the operational 10km resolution product. Moreover, we also show the high resolution surface model allows us to improve the resolution of the retrieved AOD to 3km. Although direct comparisons for a given day can only be made at the AERONET site, we find the AOD spatial variability from the improved MODIS retrievals is in far better agreement with temporal statistics seen in the AERONET time series retrievals. In addition to that, we also process and validate with another urban area, Mexico City, and the result is also significantly improved by using refined regional VIS/MIR surface reflectance ratio model.
It Seems Good to the Holy Spirit and to Us: The Ecclesial Vocation of the Pentecostal Scholar

Abstract The members of the Society for Pentecostal Studies have made significant contributions to ecumenical reconciliation, to the promotion of the intellectual life in the Pentecostal and Charismatic communities, and to service to the classical Pentecostal churches in their development from a movement into mature churches in the community of Christians. For this leadership we are grateful. The Pentecostal scholar in whatever church has a calling to be of service to the whole people of God and to the churches in their task of preaching, handing on the faith and nurturing the faithful. This Society has been a place where this ecclesial vocation has been and can be nurtured. There are many intellectual challenges before the Pentecostal community as it moves into its second century as a renewal movement among Christians worldwide. This presidential address suggests three of these challenges: (1) a renewed understanding of the two thousand years of Christian history and the role of renewal movements within it, including the last century of Pentecostal service; (2) an understanding of the sacramental character of Pentecostal worship, using the example of healing as a ritual where Pentecostals have unique gifts to offer other Christians and a long heritage of sacramental thinking from which to learn; and (3) the doctrine of the church and its call to visible unity, as the institutions that serve the Pentecostal churches mature into their second century and begin to become more theologically grounded, self-reflective, and ecumenical.
A 10-pJ/instruction, 4-MIPS micropower DSP for sensor applications

We describe a micropower DSP intended for medium bandwidth microsensor applications (such as acoustic sensing and tracking) which achieves 4 MIPS performance at 40 muW (10 pJ per instruction). Architectural optimizations for energy efficiency include a custom CPU instruction set, miniature instruction cache, hardware accelerator cores for FIR filter and FFT operations, and extensive power gating of both logic and memory.
Stimulation of phosphorylase phosphatase activity of protein phosphatase 2A1 by protamine is ionic strength dependent and involves interaction of protamine with both substrate and enzyme.

The effects of protamine on the phosphorylase phosphatase activity of porcine cardiac protein phosphatase 2A1 (PP2A1) were complex and ionic strength dependent. Under ionic strength conditions that...
Proposed explanation of the anomalous doping characteristics of III–V nitrides

Abstract Anomalous doping characteristics of III-V nitrides are explained on the basis of experimental methods. To our knowledge, this is the first successful experimental attempt to address the doping difficulties with the p- and n-type Iii-V nitrides. GaN is used as the test system. Our results strongly suggest that N vacancies (VN), creating donor-like states at or very near the conduction-band edge, are responsible for natural n-type doping characteristics of undoped samples. The samples cannot be doped p type even by introducing a large content of p-type dopant atoms, unless the natural n-type character is nullified by minimizing the presence of VN . This can be done by increasing the ammonia flow rate significantly during epitaxial growth. However, excessive flow of ammonia leads to the generation of donor-like N antisites. Compensation of holes of the acceptor states by electrons of these donor-like states, and he high binding energy of the acceptor atoms hinder the realization of high p-type doping.
A statistical technique for comparing heuristics: an example from capacity assignment strategies in computer network design

An analysis of variance (ANOVA) model is developed for determining the existence of significant differences among strategies employing heuristics. Use of the model is illustrated in an application involving capacity assignment for networks utilizing the dynamic hierarchy architecture, in which the apex node is reassigned in response to changing environments. The importance of the model lies in the structure provided to the evaluation of heuristics, a major need in the assessment of benefits of artificial-intelligence applications. A nested three-factor design with fixed and random effects provides a numerical example of the model.
ANTIBODIES TO HUMAN A1 HEMOGLOBIN AND THEIR REACTION WITH A2, S, C, AND H HEMOGLOBINS.

Abstract Antibodies with specificity toward A 1 human hemoglobin have been produced in rabbits. The antisera were identified as anti-hemoglobin by use of agar diffusion and immunoelectrophoresis, the demonstration of the dependence of complete serologic reactivity on the presence of hematin, and the quantitative recovery of hematin in the immune precipitate. The anti- A 1 sera distinguish the mutant hemoglobins S and C from A 1 by micro-complement fixation but not by quantitative precipitation. The antigenic difference in the abnormal hemoglobins is probably a result of a change in conformation at the N -terminus of the β chain. The quantitative reaction of human A 2 and H was also studied. A 2 hemoglobin was less effective serologically than S or C . Hemoglobin H reacted with anti- A 1 as measured by inhibition of A 1 -anti- A 1 . Variable amounts of antibodies directed toward the β chain were found in the three antisera.
Retrospective simulation of a storm event: A first step in coupled climate/hydrologic modeling

Global and regional climate models are valuable tools for assessing the effects of natural and anthropogenic perturbations to climate and hydrology. Results of a coupled regional climate and hydrologic model system, designed for the integrated assessment of climate-hydrologic impacts at regional scales demonstrate that (a) simulated precipitation in a storm event is sensitive to the spatial resolution of the regional climate model and (b) spatial variability of precipitation and hydraulic variables must be accounted for in order to realistically capture the basin-scale hydrologic response to a storm event. The regional climate model (with a spatial resolution of 4 to 36 km) can be driven either by global climate model output (with resolutions at the order of 100 km) or by observed climate data. The meteorological fields simulated over the mid-Atlantic region of the USA were disaggregated to drive the basin-scale hydrologic model (with a resolution of 1 km). With the improved treatment of spatial variability, the simulated streamflow at the basin outlet compares well with observations. These results from coupled climate-hydrologic models at regional scales suggest that climate-hydrology modeling studies that do not allow for spatial variability may be misleading.
Structural Distortion of the TpCo-L Fragment (Tp = tris(pyrazolyl)borate). Analysis by X-ray Diffraction and Density Functional Theory

The crystal structures of coordinatively unsaturated [(TpNpCo)2(μ-N2)] and TpNpCo(CO) show “bent” molecules, in which the fourth ligand (N2, CO) is bent away from the pseudo-threefold axis of the TpCo-moiety by 27−38°. Magnesium reduction of Tpt-Bu,MeCo(CO) yielded [Tpt-Bu,MeCo(μ-CO)]2Mg(THF)4 which was also structurally characterized; the reduced carbonyl is “linear”. Extended Huckel theory (EHT) and density functional theory (DFT) have been used to analyze the electronic structures and structural preferences of the TpCo-L fragment with L = CO (CoI, d8), COLi (Co0, d9), and I (CoII, d7). The actual and theoretical structure determinations were in good agreement. Based on these results we suggest that d8 TpCo-L complexes and, by analogy, isoelectronic CpM-L complexes assume “bent” structures.
Theoretical prediction of phase relations among aqueous solutions and minerals: Salton Sea geothermal system

Abstract Thermodynamic calculations of compositional relations among aqueous solutions and minerals in the system Na2O-K2O-CaO-MgO-Fe2O3 Al2O3-SiO2-H2O-CO2 HCl at pressures and temperatures corresponding to liquid-vapor equilibrium of H2O permit quantitative description and interpretation of phase relations among rock forming minerals and aqueous solutions in magma-hydrothermal systems. The extensive data base on the Salton Sea geothermal system provides an exemplary case for predicting the chemical characteristics of geothermal fluids associated with metasomatic mineral zones observed in deep drillhole samples. Near the Elmore No. 1 well aqueous species activity ratios of a Na + a H + and a K + a H + vary several tenths of a log unit with increasing depth and temperature from ∼ 0.6 km and ∼250°C to ∼ 2.2 km and ∼350°C, whereas a Ca 2+ a 2 H + decreases ∼ 2 orders of magnitude for a comparable range in depth and temperature. The fugacity of CO2 gas is ∼1.5–6 bars at ≲ 310°C. Calculated values of a Sio 2( aq ) , a Na + a K + , a Ca 2+ a Mg 2+ and fCO2(g), in the fluid phase coexisting with observed mineralogic phase relations are in remarkably close agreement with measured solute concentrations in geothermal fluids produced from deep drillholes near the Salton Sea. Hydrolysis reactions representing observed phase relations and written with alkali and alkaline earth cations as products have negative standard molal enthalpies (ΔH0P,T,r) and volumes (ΔV0P,T,r) of reactions; consequently, a Na + a H + , a K + a H + , a Ca 2+ a 2 H + , and a Mg 2+ a 2 H + decrease with increasing temperature at constant pressure, but increase with increasing pressure at constant temperature. An approximate linear relationship exists among these activity ratios and the reciprocal of absolute temperatures because ΔH0P,T,r varies only slightly with increasing temperature at ≲ 250 to 300°C. However, at ≳300°C, ΔH0P,T,r and ΔV0P,T,R decrease dramatically as a consequence of extrema in the thermodynamic and electrostatic properties of the solvent near the critical region of H2O. Hence, empirical solute geothermometers based on linear regressions of geothermal fluid compositions at ≲250–300°C cannot be confidently extrapolated to higher temperature systems.
Are "Improper Benefits" Really Improper? A Study of College Athletes' Views Concerning Amateurism

This study was an attempt to assess the degree to which college athletes support various facets of the NCAA's amateur code. Data gathered from 644 male and female basketball players indicate that many athletes, especially males from lower class backgrounds, see nothing wrong with violating NCAA rules regarding the financial compensation of athletes. Black athletes were far more likely than others to think they deserve the same benefits as other workers, such as workmen's compensation, the right to form unions, and the right to a share of TV revenue. Division I athletes in general, and blacks in particular, were far less likely than others to report that they compete for the sheer fun of it. The higher the Division, the more instrumental and extrinsic were the motives for sport participation. Female athletes were far less likely than males to approve of accepting improper financial benefits for such things as travel and living expenses.
A re-examination of the analysis of toughening in brittle-matrix composites

Abstract The effect of interfacial friction on the use of the J -integral for calculating the toughness of a brittle-fibre reinforced composite has been examined. A simple micro-mechanical model that includes friction as the only dissipative mechanism yields a lower bound on the toughness. When the same constitutive equations are used with a J -integral formulation, an upper bound is obtained which incorporates other energy losses associated with the mechanics of fibre failure. Finally, a method is provided by which the J -integral can be correctly combined with statistical models of fibre failure to incorporate the effects of fibre pull-out on the toughness of a composite.
Rigid fixation of maxillary osteotomies: A preliminary report and technique article

The authors review their experiences with seventy cases of maxillary osteotomy rigidly stabilized with bone plates and minimal or no maxillomandibular fixation. The surgical technique, which allows consistent placement of plates in dense bone without endangering root apices, is described in detail. Orthodontic management has been started as early as 3 weeks postoperatively. A disadvantage of small plates is the possible need for their removal, which requires a second surgical procedure. Plates have been removed or replaced in five patients in this series.
General Anesthesia in Horses on Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy

The purpose of this article is to update the community of veterinarians performing general anesthesia in horses on fluid therapy. The rationale behind intraoperative fluid therapy, fluid dynamics, and various fluid options (crystalloids, hypertonic saline, colloids) is discussed. Additionally, electrolytes (calcium, potassium, and sodium) are included in the discussion in relation to general anesthesia and intraoperative fluid management.
Democracy, Voting, and Disenfranchisement in the United States: A Social Psychological Perspective

Autonomy, engagement, and equality are defining features of democracy. Each of these features illuminates the challenge or incompleteness of our democratic aspirations: Autonomy or self-governance is too easily surrendered, disengagement is evident when roughly half of eligible adults choose not to vote, and the inequality of our political voices is manifest in many ways, including a self-perpetuating relationship between socioeconomic status and political participation. In addition to introducing the present collection of articles on the social psychology of voting, I argue that several concepts drawn from psychological measurement may contribute to making elections more fair. A signal detection framework may be used to assess the soundness of election reforms, with fraud and disenfranchisement conceptualized as two forms of error. The replacement of the Electoral College by a single aggregate national popular vote would not only be more democratic but would substantially reduce the likelihood of controversial outcomes in future presidential elections.
Interpreting the lung microvascular filtration coefficient

since its introduction in the classic paper by Gaar et al. ([2][1]), determination of the microvascular filtration coefficient, K f, has become a popular approach for quantifying the lung microvascular barrier. The method entails establishing a sustained step increase of the left atrial pressure to
MOSFET modeling for RF IC design

High frequency (HF) AC and noise modeling of MOSFETs for radio frequency (RF) integrated circuit (IC) design is discussed. Equivalent circuits representing both intrinsic and extrinsic components in a MOSFET are analyzed to obtain a physics-based RF model. Modeling of the intrinsic device and the extrinsic components is disussed by accounting for the important physical effects at both DC and HF. Based on the Y-parameter analysis of the equivalent circuit model, procedures of the HF model parameter extraction are also developed. With the discussed approaches, a sub-circuit RF model incorporating the modeling of parasitics is presented. This model is compared with the measured data for both y parameter and fr characteristics. Good model accuracy is achieved against the measurements for a 0.25μm RF CMOS technology. The non-quasi-static (NQS) modeling issue has also been discussed by using the BSIM3v3 based RF model to predict the HF characteristics of devices with serious NQS effects. Further, noise modeling issues are discussed by analyzing the theoretical and experimental results in both the flicker noise and thermal noise modeling. Modeling efforts to in corporate new physical effects are needed to predict better the flicker noise characteristics in today's MOSFETs. A detailed analysis of the HF noise parameters has been conducted to establish the relationship between the noise parameters preferred by circuit designers and obtained by HF noise measurement. Analytical calcultion of the noise parameters has also been discussed to understand the noise characteristics with/without some parasitic components such as gate and substrate resistances as well as the influence of the induced gate noise. The HF noise predictivities of several HF noise models are also examined with the measured data. The results show that the BSIM3v3 based RF model can predict the channel thermal noise better than the other models.
The effect of mixer design on the efficiency of a pump‐mix mixer‐settler

The mixing efficiency of simple and pitched paddles, marine propellers, and centrifugal and disk impellers was determined by a heat-transfer method in a single stage of a large pump-mix mixer-settler. The mixing devices were from 3 to 5 in. in diameter and were tested with a refined kerosene as the organic phase and water as the aqueous phase. A heat conductance was calculated from flow parameters and the efficiency and was correlated against impeller design and speed variables. For centrifugal and disk impellers, UA was propontional to n/ sup 1.2/L/sup 3/Lb/sup 0.3/; for t he paddies, UA was propontional to n/sup 1.6// sup 7/L/sup 2.5/b/sup 0.4/ >s/sup 2/. At normal operating speeds controlled variation of the internal recirculation of mixed phases through a centrifugal impeller did not change the efficiency. (auth)
Reduction of Nitrite and Nitrate to Ammonium on Pyrite

An important constraint on the formation of the building blocks of life in the Hadean is the availability of small, activated compounds such as ammonia (NH(3)) relative to its inert dinitrogen source. Iron-sulfur particles and/or mineral surfaces have been implicated to provide the catalytic active sites for the reduction of dinitrogen. Here we provide a combined kinetic, spectroscopic, and computational modeling study for an alternative source of ammonia from water soluble nitrogen oxide ions. The adsorption of aqueous nitrite (NO(2)(-)) and nitrate (NO(3)(-)) on pyrite (FeS(2)) and subsequent reduction chemistry to ammonia was investigated at 22°C, 70°C, and 120°C. Batch geochemical and in situ Attenuated Total Reflection - Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy experiments were used to determine the reduction kinetics to NH(3) and to elucidate the identity of the surface complexes, respectively, during the reaction chemistry of NO(2)(-) and NO(3)(-). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations aided the interpretation of the vibrational data for a representative set of surface species. Under the experimental conditions used in this study, we detected the adsorption of nitric oxide (NO) intermediate on the pyrite surface. NH(3) production from NO(2)(-) occurred at 70 and 120°C and from NO(3)(-) occurred only at 120°C.
Opioid preconditioning: myocardial function and energy metabolism.

Abstract Background . Opioid receptor agonists are involved in ischemic preconditioning and natural hibernation. The aim of this study was to determine whether pretreatment with d-Ala2-Leu5-enkephalin or morphine confers cardioprotection in large mammalian hearts. We assessed myocardial functional recovery and global energy metabolism after ischemic cold storage. Methods . After pretreatment with d-Ala2-Leu5-enkephalin, morphine sulfate, or saline (n = 6 each), swine hearts were excised and stored for 75 minutes at 4°C, then reperfused in a four-chamber isolated working heart apparatus. Serial myocardial biopsies were performed to assess cellular energy metabolism. Results . Improved systolic (cardiac output, contractility) and diastolic (tau) left ventricular functions were observed in hearts pretreated with d-Ala2-Leu5-enkephalin or morphine. These benefits were not correlated with changes in high-energy phosphate levels. Cardiac enzyme leakage (creatine kinase, troponin-I) was similar among treated and control groups. Lactate efflux increased significantly in controls, but not in opioid-pretreated hearts ( p Conclusions . d-Ala2-Leu5-enkephalin and morphine pretreatments improve postischemic function after cold storage of swine hearts. Postischemic lactate reduction, but not high-energy phosphate levels, may account for the observed cardioprotective effects.
Symptoms of nitrogen saturation in two central Appalachian hardwood forest ecosystems

By synthesizing more than twenty years of research at the Fernow Experimental Forest, we have documented 7 symptoms of nitrogen saturation in two adjacent watersheds. The symptoms include: 1) high relative rates of net nitrification, 2) long-term increases in stream-water concentrations of nitrate and base cations, 3) relatively high nitrate concentrations in solution losses, 4) little seasonal variability in stream-water nitrate concentrations, 5) a high discharge of nitrate from a young aggrading forest, 6) a rapid increase in nitrate loss following fertilization of a young aggrading forest, and 7) low retention of inorganic nitrogen when compared with other forested sites. These data support current conceptual models of nitrogen saturation and provide a strong, and perhaps the best, example of nitrogen saturation in the United States.
Spline function representations for computer solutions to fluid problems

Spline functions are used in the computation of several heat conduction and boundary layer problems. Three types of spline representations were investigated using both collocation and integral methods of solution. The difficulties to be expected in problem formulation, computer programming, ill-conditioning of the matrices, and computational times and accuracies are discussed for the various representations and methods. The B-spline basis was concluded to be superior when used in collocation methods. Splines are not competitive with finite-difference methods for many problems, but will be advantageous in situations where computer storage must be minimized. A discussion of two-dimensional spline representations is included.
A study of the perceptual orientation of community college students and their attitudes toward science as they relate to science achievement

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptual orientation and attitudes toward science of freshman community college students and the relationship of these characteristics toward science achievement. It was found that perceptual orientation (field independence-dependence) was related to attitudes toward science. In addition, it was found that students who were field independent and possessed a positive attitude toward science scored significantly higher on the science achievement test than students who were field dependent and possessed a negative attitude toward science.
Mechanism of interferon action. Partial purification and characterization of a low-molecular-weight interferon-mediated inhibitor of translation with nucleolytic activity.

Abstract A low-molecular-weight interferon-mediated ribosome-associated inhibitor of reovirus mRNA translation was purified from the 0.5 M KCl ribosomal salt-wash fraction of mouse L929 cells. The inhibitor possessed nucleolytic activity with reovirus [3H]mRNA as a substrate. Loss of translational inhibitory activity correlated with the thermal inactivation of the nuclease. A low-molecular-weight ( 10K) component present in the Bio-Gel P150 chromatography fractions which contained the interferon-mediated nucleolytic activity was labeled in vivo with [14C]valine; a smaller component present in the same fractions was phosphorylated in vitro with [γ-32P]ATP. The 10K components were resolved from ∼50K, ∼30K and ∼20K phosphorylatable proteins associated with ribosomes that possess the interferon-mediated inhibitor(s) of viral mRNA translation.
Flavonoids of Helianthus series Angustifolii

Leaf and ray flower flavonoids were investigated for the seven species of Helianthus series Angustifolii. Flavone aglycones occur in small glandular trichomes located on leaf undersurfaces of H. angustifolius, H. floridanus and H. simulans. Other species lacked both glandular trichomes and flavone aglycones. Flavonol glycosides occur in low concentrations in leaves of all species but were not characterized. Anthochlors (chalkones) occur in leaves of H. heterophyllus and H. longifolius. Ray flower flavonoids include anthochlor and flavonol glycosides and occur in the basal region of the ligule producing a band of UV A around the head. Anthochlors are the predominant ray flower flavonoids in H. angustifolius, H. heterophyllus and H. longifolius, whereas they are absent and quercetin 7-glucoside is present in H. carnosus and H. floridanus. Cladistic analysis of flavonoid and morphological characters indicates that evolution in the series has been a radiation from ancestral types rather than a linear sequence of progressively more derived species.
Lipid-rich metastatic balloon-cell melanoma: diagnosis by a multimodal approach to aspiration biopsy cytology.

Fine needle aspirates from one of multiple liver nodules revealed a large number of discohesive malignant cells with abundant vacuolated cytoplasm. The patient had had left eye enucleation the year before, for a melanoma with focal areas of clear cell change. Pap stained preparations from the liver FNA displayed well the nuclear features of balloon cell melanoma, including anisonucleosis, prominent nucleoli and intranuclear inclusions. Diff-Quik stain demonstrated best the cytoplasmic features such as distinct cell margins and finely dispersed and sharply delineated clear vacuoles. No pigmentation was noted but melanoma was suspected after the history prompted comparison with the enucleated specimen resected a year previously. A multimodal battery of ancillary methods including electron microscopy (EM) and immunocytochemistry (ICC) allowed the confirmation of balloon-cell melanoma, a rare variant not previously described in the eye. By EM, abundant lipids were identified along with melanin-containing structures resembling melanosomes. S-100 positivity along with negativity for epithelial, lymphohistiocyte and germ cell markers was compatible with melanoma, These findings are consistent with the view that cytologic detection of poorly cohesive, hypervacuolated cells does not exclude the possibility of melanoma. This rare example of a lipid-containing melanoma stresses the value of obtaining good clinical history, comparing FNAs to any pre-existing material and utilizing a multimodal approach to cytologic diagnosis in select cases.
Pomegranate Juice Metabolites, Ellagic Acid and Urolithin A, Synergistically Inhibit Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer Cell Growth via Distinct Effects on Cell Cycle Control and Apoptosis

Ellagitannins (ETs) from pomegranate juice (PJ) are bioactive polyphenols with chemopreventive potential against prostate cancer (PCa). ETs are not absorbed intact but are partially hydrolyzed in the gut to ellagic acid (EA). Colonic microflora can convert EA to urolithin A (UA), and EA and UA enter the circulation after PJ consumption. Here, we studied the effects of EA and UA on cell proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis in DU-145 and PC-3 androgen-independent PCa cells and whether combinations of EA and UA affected cell proliferation. EA demonstrated greater dose-dependent antiproliferative effects in both cell lines compared to UA. EA induced cell cycle arrest in S phase associated with decreased cyclin B1 and cyclin D1 levels. UA induced a G2/M arrest and increased cyclin B1 and cdc2 phosphorylation at tyrosine-15, suggesting inactivation of the cyclin B1/cdc2 kinase complex. EA induced apoptosis in both cell lines, while UA had a less pronounced proapoptotic effect only in DU-145. Cotreatment with low concentrations of EA and UA dramatically decreased cell proliferation, exhibiting synergism in PC-3 cells evaluated by isobolographic analysis and combination index. These data provide information on pomegranate metabolites for the prevention of PCa recurrence, supporting the role of gut flora-derived metabolites for cancer prevention.
Calculation of the amplitude matrix for a nonspherical particle in a fixed orientation.

General equations are derived for computing the amplitude matrix for a nonspherical particle in an arbitrary orientation and for arbitrary illumination and scattering directions with respect to the laboratory reference frame, provided that the scattering problem can be solved with respect to the particle reference frame. These equations are used along with the T-matrix method to provide benchmark results for homogeneous, dielectric, rotationally symmetric particles. The computer code is publicly available on the World-Wide Web at http://www.giss.nasa.gov/~crmim.
The Repersonalization of Presidential Campaigning in 2004

This article examines the evolution of presidential campaigning in a digital era. The authors contend that changes in political processes brought on by an extended caucus system, voting initiatives, and advances in communication technology are inspiring the repersonalization of presidential elections. Cyberpolitics draw candidates, parties, and citizens into a tighter web of connections that reinvigorates the personalized style of campaigning popular in earlier times in U.S. political history.
Record keeping to avoid or defend lawsuits: a defense attorney's perspective

Unfortunately, dentists are increasingly finding themselves as defendants in lawsuits. For most of us, it is easy to practice dentistry without giving much thought to being sued. This situation is in stark contrast to the practice of medicine, in which 1 in 4 physicians can expect to be sued, and the malpractice premiums for some specialties exceed $100,000 per year. Nevertheless, some dentists do get sued, and their lives can be seriously disrupted for several years after receiving a summons and a complaint. Good record keeping can often minimize the likelihood of being a defendant in a lawsuit, although it cannot eliminate it completely. Even though most dentists protect themselves economically with malpractice insurance, the effect of a lawsuit goes far beyond economic impact. An adverse verdict usually carries serious psychological considerations, and, in addition, a negative outcome will result in the dentist being reported to the National Practitioners Data Bank. Just the possibility of being reported to the National Practitioners Data Bank has increased the number of cases that go to trial or at least to extensive litigation, rather than being quietly settled by a payment to the patient. More than anything else, the quality of your records can make or break a successful legal defense. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to focus on records from a defense attorney’s perspective, rather than from a customary dental-use perspective. Of course, in an ideal world, both records would be identical. Every dentist knows that he or she should keep good records. From a practical perspective, however, what constitutes a “good” record depends on what it will be used for. For example, a record used to document actions just needs to have those actions recorded. A record to be used for actuarial studies might need only a description of the actions, their frequency and cost, plus appropriate statistical analysis. A record used for billing pur-
The international women's movement and women's political representation, 1893-2003

Women's political representation, once considered unacceptable by politicians and their publics, is now actively encouraged by powerful international actors. In this article, the authors ask how th...
Solid-phase synthesis of 2,3,5-trisubstituted indoles.

2,3,5-Trisubstituted indoles are synthesized in three steps starting from resin-bound aniline 2. R1 is introduced by a palladium-mediated coupling of the aryl iodide with terminal alkynes followed by intramolecular cyclization to form the indole core. Acylation at C-3 with an acid chloride in the presence of AlCl3 catalyst introduces R2. The indole C-5 position is then diversified either by Sonagashira or Suzuki couplings with the aryl bromide. Finally, indole N-1 can be modified by post-cleavage methylation.
The influence of stated organizational concern upon ethical decision making

This experimental study evaluated the influence of stated organizational concern for ethical conduct upon managerial behavior. Using an in-basket to house the manipulation, a sample of 113 MBA students with some managerial experience reacted to scenarios suggesting illegal conduct and others suggesting only unethical behavior. Stated organizational concern for ethical conduct was varied from none (control group) to several other situations which included a high treatment consisting of a Code of Ethics, an endorsement letter by the CEO and specific sanctions for managerial misconduct. Only in the case of suggested illegal behavior tempered by high organizational concern were managers influenced by organizational policy to modify the morality of their actions. However, the responses to the illegal scenarios were significantly “more ethical” than the reactions given to the unethical (but not illegal) situations. The implications of these findings are then discussed.
The Green-absorbing Drosophila Rh6 Visual Pigment Contains a Blue-shifting Amino Acid Substitution That Is Conserved in Vertebrates *

The molecular mechanisms that regulate invertebrate visual pigment absorption are poorly understood. Through sequence analysis and functional investigation of vertebrate visual pigments, numerous amino acid substitutions important for this adaptive process have been identified. Here we describe a serine/alanine (S/A) substitution in long wavelength-absorbing Drosophila visual pigments that occurs at a site corresponding to Ala-292 in bovine rhodopsin. This S/A substitution accounts for a 10–17-nm absorption shift in visual pigments of this class. Additionally, we demonstrate that substitution of a cysteine at the same site, as occurs in the blue-absorbing Rh5 pigment, accounts for a 4-nm shift. Substitutions at this site are the first spectrally significant amino acid changes to be identified for invertebrate pigments sensitive to visible light and are the first evidence of a conserved tuning mechanism in vertebrate and invertebrate pigments of this class.
Differential antagonism of cardiac actions of adenosine by theophylline

Objective: To determine the relative sensitivity of cardiac A1- and A2-adenosine receptor-mediated effects to antagonism by theophylline in man. Methods: Baseline measurements of the A-H interval (A1-adenosine receptor-mediated effect) and coronary blood flow (A2-adenosine receptor-mediated effect) were made in 10 patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries. Adenosine was then administered as a continuous intravenous infusion followed by a rapid intravenous bolus, and measurements repeated. Theophylline (5 mg/kg i.v.) was then administered, and the adenosine infusion repeated. To corroborate the results found in man, the cardiac A1- and A2-adenosine receptor-mediated effects were measured in guinea pig isolated hearts exposed to increasing concentrations of adenosine, in the absence and presence of theophylline (60 μM). Results: Compared to baseline, adenosine infusion and bolus caused significant prolongation of the A-H interval (109 ± 41 vs. 116 ± 44 vs. 168 ± 57 ms, respectively), and increase in coronary blood flow (46 ± 37 vs. 86 ± 71 vs. 172 ± 98 ml/min, respectively). Theophylline abolished the prolongation of the A-H interval during adenosine infusion and bolus (99 ± 36 and 107 ± 44 ms, respectively), yet had minimal effect on the increase in coronary blood flow (63 ± 51 and 136 ± 121 ml/min, respectively). In guinea pig isolated hearts, theophylline was shown to significantly antagonize the A2-adenosine receptor-mediated effects only when the concentrations of adenosine were ≤ 1.0 μM. Conclusions: In man, theophylline completely antagonizes the A1-adenosine receptor-mediated prolongation of the A-H interval, but has minimal effect on the A2-receptor-mediated coronary vasodilation, particularly when adenosine concentrations exceed 1.0 μM.