cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Caracterização da Evolução dos Estudos Bibliométricos em Business, Management and Accounting da Base de Dados Scopus

A bibliometria vem sendo utilizada como uma ferramenta para o avanco e o desenvolvimento dos estudos cientificos. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi caracterizar os estudos bibliometricos em Administracao da base de dados Scopus, identificando e analisando as escolhas e propositos dos pesquisadores. Para atingir o objetivo proposto foi desenvolvido um estudo com abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa, de objetivo exploratorio e descritivo, por meio de uma pesquisa bibliografica. Foram encontrados e analisados 201 artigos, utilizando-se como estrategia de busca, “Bibliometry” or “Bibliometric” somente no titulo do documento, sendo a Area de Conhecimento “Business, Management and Accounting” e tipo de documento “Artigos”, portanto, nao se aplicou nenhum recorte temporal. Os resultados apontam que a bibliometria continua sendo uma forma de suporte para o desenvolvimento e identificacao dos estudos cientificos, onde os autores utilizam das suas metricas para monitorar as atividades cientificas. Desta forma, conclui-se que apesar da popularidade das tres leis bibliometricas, muitas outras aplicacoes vem sendo utilizadas pelos autores, novas metricas e metodos estao emergindo e complementando os estudos bibliometrico
The effect of simulated trunk splits, pruning, and cabling on sways of quercus rubra L.

Cabling co-dominant stems at different heights and tensions altered neither frequency nor damping ratio, but the location and proportion of pruned crown mass significantly influenced both frequency and damping ratio. Amenity trees provide many benefits, but can damage property and injure persons. Arboricultural treatments like pruning and cabling intend to reduce the likelihood of tree failure, but the effect of such treatments on tree sways is not well known. We measured the sway response (frequency and damping ratio) of seven Quercus rubra L. before and after consecutive arboricultural treatments, including the addition a climber swaying freely or secured rigidly to the tree. We also quantified crown architecture and tree mass. Cabling two co-dominant stems did not influence sway response, but pruning increased frequency and decreased damping ratio. The effect of pruning depended on the proportion and location of pruned crown mass. Adding a climber predictably affected frequency and damping ratio in accordance with physical principles. This work adds novel insights to the understanding of tree sways, since previous studies have been limited by single trees, pruning types, or pruning severities.
Does it Matter Who Pays for Auto Injuries

In many states, auto insurers rather than health insurers pay for a substantial fraction of the medical care following auto crashes. We examine whether payer identity affects the care received by auto injury patients. A 2003 Colorado reform shifted a large fraction of auto injury patients from coverage through auto insurers to the traditional health insurance system. Despite negligible changes in auto injury characteristics during this period, treatment supply increased following the reform. Procedure use rose by 5–10 percent and billed charges rose by 5 percent. These changes reflect an increase in resources devoted to treatment, yet do not improve mortality.
Discrete twin evolution in Mg alloys using a novel crystal plasticity finite element model

Abstract This paper implements the image-based crystal plasticity FE model with explicit twin evolution, developed in [1, 2], to study mechanisms of deformation and twinning in polycrystalline microstructures of the Mg alloy AZ31. The physics of twin nucleation, propagation and interaction with slip systems are represented in the constitutive formulation and implemented in a FE code. Image-based simulations are conducted for statistically equivalent representative volume elements, for which the morphological and crystallographic parameters are statistically equivalent to those observed in EBSD data of experimental samples. Validation studies show satisfactory agreement of the stress-strain response with experiments. Analyses of deformation in AZ31 reveal various deformation mechanisms captured by the model. An important contribution of this paper is in the exploration of various twin-related local phenomenon and deformation mechanisms using tricrystalline and polycrystalline models. Several underlying mechanisms are revealed through these simulations.
Synthesis and Assembly of Designer Styrenic Diblock Polyelectrolytes

Harnessing molecular design principles toward functional applications of ion-containing macromolecules relies on diversifying experimental data sets of well-understood materials. Here, we report a simple, tunable framework for preparing styrenic polyelectrolytes, using aqueous reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization in a parallel synthesis approach. A series of diblock polycations and polyanions were RAFT chain-extended from poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) using (vinylbenzyl)trimethylammonium chloride (PEO-b-PVBTMA) and sodium 4-styrenesulfonate (PEO-b-PSS), with varying neutral PEO block lengths, charged styrenic block lengths, and RAFT end-group identity. The materials characterization and kinetics study of chain growth exhibited control of the molar mass distribution for both systems. These block polyelectrolytes were also demonstrated to form polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) driven self-assemblies. We present two simple outcomes of micellization to show the importance of polymer...
Environmental Grain, Organism Fitness, and Type Fitness

Natural selection is the result of organisms’ interactions with their environment, but environments vary in space and time, sometimes in extreme ways. Such variation is generally thought to play an important role in evolution by natural selection, maintaining genetic variation within and between populations, increasing the chance of speciation, selecting for plasticity of responses to the environment, and selecting for behaviors such as habitat selection and niche construction. Are there different roles that environmental variation plays in natural selection? When biologists make choices about how to divide up an environment for the sake of modeling or empirical research, are there any constraints on these choices? Since diverse evolutionary models relativize fitnesses to component environments within a larger environment, it would be useful to understand when such practices capture real aspects of evolutionary processes, and when they count as mere modeling conveniences. In this paper, I try to provide a general framework for thinking about how fitness and natural selection depend on environmental variation. I’ll give an account of how the roles of environmental conditions in natural selection differ depending the probability of being experienced repeatedly by organisms, and how environmental conditions combine probabilistically to help determine fitness. My view has implications for what fitness is, and suggests that some authors have misconceived its nature.
Ferrioxamine iron in rabbit reticulocyte heme synthesis.

Ferrioxamine B, a naturally occurring sideramine, serves as an iron transport agent and iron donor for heme synthesis in micro organisms. It is unable to effectively replace transferrin in iron delivery for rabbit reticulocyte hemoglobin formation.
Surgeon-associated variation in breast cancer staging with sentinel node biopsy

Abstract Background Sentinel lymph node biopsy is the gold standard for axillary staging in early-stage, clinically node-negative breast cancer, so it is paramount that this operation be both precise and accurate, because excessive sentinel lymph node removal increases morbidity, whereas understaging risks inadequate treatment. The goal of this study was to assess surgeon variation in the number of sentinel lymph nodes removed and the oncologic yield of sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer. Methods All patients in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results–Medicare database who underwent operative treatment for breast cancer from 2007–2011 were eligible for inclusion. Deidentified provider codes were used to track operations performed by individual surgeons. Only records in which an individual surgeon could be linked to a specific breast cancer operation were analyzed. The total number of sentinel lymph nodes removed and the number that were pathologically positive (oncologic yield) were recorded. Surgeon variation by T stage was analyzed using linear mixed-effects regression and logistic mixed-effects regression models. Results Query of the database identified 15,571 patients who met inclusion criteria, representing 2,478 providers. The mean number of sentinel lymph node procedures performed per provider per year was 1.3 (range 1–103). The lowest quartile of providers performed 1 or fewer sentinel lymph node procedures per year. The highest quartile of providers performed >8 sentinel lymph node procedures per year. The average number of sentinel lymph node removed per operation increased with increasing T stage for all providers (P Conclusion This study found surgeon-associated variation in axillary sentinel lymph node staging of breast cancer patients, which suggests the need to improve standardization of surgical practices to optimize the oncologic yield of these procedures and ensure accurate staging.
Combination systemic therapies with immune checkpoint inhibitors in pancreatic cancer: overcoming resistance to single-agent checkpoint blockade

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have demonstrated broad single-agent antitumor activity and a favorable safety profile that render them attractive agents to combine with other systemic anticancer therapies. Pancreatic cancer has been fairly resistant to monotherapy blockade of programmed cell death protein 1 receptor, programmed death ligand 1, and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4. However, there is a growing body of preclinical evidence to support the rational combination of checkpoint inhibitors and various systemic therapies in pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, early clinical evidence has begun to support the feasibility and efficacy of checkpoint inhibitor-based combination therapy in advanced pancreatic cancer. Despite accumulating preclinical and clinical data, there remains several questions as to the optimal dosing and timing of administration of respective agents, toxicity of combination strategies, and mechanisms by which immune resistance to single-agent checkpoint blockade are overcome. Further development of biomarkers is also important in the advancement of combination systemic therapies incorporating checkpoint blockade in pancreatic cancer. Results from an impressive number of ongoing prospective clinical trials are eagerly anticipated and will seek to validate the viability of combination immuno-oncology strategies in pancreatic cancer.
Stasimon/Tmem41b localizes to mitochondria-associated ER membranes and is essential for mouse embryonic development.

Abstract Stasimon (also known as Tmem41b) is an evolutionarily conserved transmembrane protein first identified for its contribution to motor system dysfunction in animal models of the childhood neurodegenerative disease spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Stasimon was shown to be required for normal neurotransmission in the motor circuit of Drosophila larvae and proper development of motor axons in zebrafish embryos as well as to suppress analogous neuronal phenotypes in SMA models of these organisms. However, the subcellular localization and molecular functions of Stasimon are poorly understood. Here, we combined immunoprecipitation with mass spectrometry to characterize the Stasimon interactome in mammalian cells, which reveals association with components of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria, and the COPI vesicle trafficking machinery. Expanding on the interaction results, we used subcellular fractionation studies and super-resolution microscopy to identify Stasimon as an ER-resident protein that localizes at mitochondria-associated ER membranes (MAM), functionally specialized contact sites between ER and mitochondria membranes. Lastly, through characterization of novel knockout mice, we show that Stasimon is an essential gene for mouse embryonic development. Together, these findings identify Stasimon as a novel transmembrane protein component of the MAM with an essential requirement for mammalian development.
Do Lenders Price Tax Risk in the Debt Contract

We investigate the relation between tax risk and the cost of private debt. Tax risk can lead to significant negative outcomes, including penalties, interest and additional tax payments, which in turn can increase the uncertainty of future cash flows and make it costlier for a firm to borrow. Consistent with our hypothesis, we find a significant, positive relation between the cost of borrowing and tax risk. In terms of economic significance, a one percent increase in our tax risk measure implies an interest rate increase of 4.04 basis points. We also find that lenders are more likely to require collateral, include more covenants, and issue smaller loans when borrowers have higher tax risk.
Independence day: Post-fledging movements and behavior of adult Eastern Towhees ( Pipilo erythrophthalmus ) in landscapes managed for American Woodcock ( Scolopax minor )

ABSTRACT Umbrella species management offers a potential solution to the financial and logistical challenges of managing for the many declining species in early-successional forests, a habitat that ...
Characterization of 9 gas chromatography columns by Kovats and Lee retention indices for dioxin analysis.

Abstract Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans offer a complex separation challenge due to their chemical similarity and 5020 possible congeners, including the Br/Cl congeners. Not only are these compounds difficult to separate, but they are also difficult to identify. Expensive reference materials are needed for conventional “dioxin analysis”, usually requiring 13C labeled and native compounds. A retention index database offers a potential solution to lower the difficulty and cost to identify dioxins. This study describes the use of Kovats and Lee retention indices for the identification of chlorinated dioxins and furans as well as their brominated and mixed chloro/bromo counterparts. Eight columns were characterized with all 136 tetra through octa substituted chlorinated dioxins and furans as well as 32 brominated and mixed chloro/bromo congeners. Columns were then compared to identify which stationary phases provided the best resolution for critical congeners, like the 2,3,7,8 substituted compounds. Column phase selectivity was also investigated to identify best commercially-available column pairings for confirmatory analyses and GC × GC separations. The Rtx-Dioxin2 and Rxi-17SilMS showed unique selectivity for dioxins and furans and could be used as confirmatory columns or as a powerful GC × GC column set.
MouseCircuits.org: An online repository to guide the circuit era of disordered affect

Affective disorders rank amongst the most disruptive and prevalent psychiatric diseases, resulting in enormous societal and economic burden, and immeasurable personal costs. Novel therapies are urgently needed but have remained elusive. The era of circuit-mapping in rodent models of disordered affect, ushered in by recent technological advancements allowing for precise and specific neural control, has reenergized the hope for precision psychiatry. Here, we present a novel whole-brain cumulative network and critically access the progress made to-date on circuits mediating affective-like behaviors in rodents to seek unifying principles of this cumulative data. We identified 106 original manuscripts in which optogenetics or chemogenetics were used to dissect behaviors related to fear-like, depressive-like or anxiety-like behaviors in rodents. Focusing on the 60 manuscripts that investigated pathways rather than regions, we identified emergent themes. We found that while a few pathways have been validated across similar behaviors and multiple labs, the data is mostly disjointed, with evidence of bidirectional effects of several pathways. Additionally, there is a need for analysis informed by observation prior to perturbation. Given the complex nature of brain connectivity, we argue that the compartmentalized viewpoint that develops as a consequence of fragmented pathway-specific manipulations does not readily lend itself to an integrative picture. To address this, we launched an interactive online consortium, MouseCircuits.org, an open-source platform for consolidated circuit data. This tool aims to support the shared vision of informed circuit dissection that ultimately leads to prevention and treatment of human disorders.
Research and Teaching with the Oregon Petrarch Open Book

The Oregon Petrarch Open Book (OPOB) is a database-driven hypertext in and around Francesco Petrarca’s Rerum vulgarium fragmenta (Rvf) that allows the digital reader to approach the text in an unpr...
Exploring Issues of Gender Equity in Girls' Out-of-School Time STEM Engagement

Inequitable STEM participation among minoritized girls is a current and critical problem. Prior research has highlighted the importance of the middle-school age years as an important time for youth for interest identity development in science and math. Middle-school is often the stage at which youth begin their journey towards STEM careers. However, girls' STEM participation can be thwarted by gender discrimination, lack of external support, and socio-economic factors. Out-of-school-time (OST) activities are often designed to overcome these barriers. While the research on the barriers and challenges to participation are clear, less is known about how program designers and researchers can act on these insights to design individual programs as well as the overall ecosystem. This paper highlights key findings from current research on barriers to broadening participation in STEM among minorized girls and explores key insights from research for engaging program designers and researchers in designing OST experiences that are affirming and inclusive for minoritized girls.
Dendritic Spine Remodeling and Synaptic Tau Levels in PS19 Tauopathy Mice.

Abstract Synapse or dendritic spine loss is the strongest correlate of cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), but not amyloid-β plaques, associate more closely with transition to mild cognitive impairment. Yet, how dendritic spine architecture is affected by hyperphosphorylated tau is still an ongoing question. To address this, we combined cell and biochemical analyses of the Tau P301S mouse line (PS19). Individual pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) were targeted for iontophoretic microinjection of fluorescent dye, followed by high-resolution confocal microscopy and 3D morphometry analysis. In the hippocampus, PS19 mice and non-transgenic (NTG) littermates displayed equivalent spine density at 6 and 9 months, but both genotypes exhibited age-related thin spine loss. PS19 mice exhibited significant increases in synaptic tau protein levels and mean dendritic spine head diameter with age. This suggests that CA1 pyramidal neurons in PS19 mice may undergo spine remodeling in response to tau accumulation and age. In the mPFC, spine density was similar among PS19 mice and NTG littermates at 6 and 9 months, but age-related reductions in synaptic tau levels were observed among PS19 mice. Collectively, these studies reveal brain region-specific changes in dendritic spine density and morphology in response to age and the presence of hyperphosphorylated tau in the PS19 mouse line.
Finding Your Way Back: Comparing Path Odometry Algorithms for Assisted Return

We present a comparative analysis of inertial-based odometry algorithms for the purpose of assisted return. An assisted return system facilitates backtracking of a path previously taken, and can be particularly useful for blind pedestrians. We present a new algorithm for path matching, and test it in simulated assisted return tasks with data from WeAllWalk, the only existing data set with inertial data recorded from blind walkers. We consider two odometry systems, one based on deep learning (RoNIN), and the second based on robust turn detection and step counting. Our results show that the best path matching results are obtained using the turns/steps odometry system.
Variability of Microbial Particulate ATP Concentrations in Subeuphotic Microbes Due to Underlying Metabolic Strategies in the South Pacific Ocean

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the primary energy storage molecule in metabolic pathways. It is common in marine studies to use particulate ATP (PATP) concentrations as representative of microbial biomass. However, there is growing evidence from culture studies, models, and transcriptional data that PATP concentration varies across microbes and conditions, thus compromising interpretations in environmental settings. Importantly, there is a lack of open ocean studies assessing variations in PATP concentrations and thus a deficiency of information on the key biogeochemical drivers for variability in microbial PATP independent of biomass. In sampling the U.S. GO-SHIP P06E zonal transect (32.5° S) across the eastern South Pacific, from the subtropical gyre to the upwelling waters off Chile, we conducted the first comprehensive transect survey quantifying PATP. PATP concentrations increased toward the upwelling region of the transect, but varied vertically when normalized against three measures of biomass: particulate phosphorus, microbial abundance, and microbial biovolume. Generally, greater biomass-normalized PATP concentrations were observed below the deep chlorophyll maximum. Subdividing the P06E transect into four biogeochemical regimes highlighted distinct metabolic strategies used by microbes. Between these regimes, we found PATP concentrations were representative of biomass in upper surface waters. However, below the deep chlorophyll maximum we observed higher biomass normalized PATP concentrations that we hypothesize were due to less availability of energy sources in those subeuphotic zone waters and abundances of chemoautotrophs in the microbial community. This finding suggests that stored energy was more important for these deeper microbes.
Theory of ultrafast photoinduced low-to-high spin crossover in divalent iron systems

A theory is developed for the ultrafast low-to-high spin transition in divalent iron. Following the photoinduced metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT), the $^{1}A_{1}$ MLCT state decays on a sub-100-fs timescale into the $^{5}T_{2}$ MLCT using a $^{3}T_{1}$ MLCT state as intermediary. Damping of nuclear motion is crucial in obtaining a full singlet-to-quintet transition mediated by the spin-orbit interaction. Destructive interference suppresses transitions to metal-centered (MC) states. The relaxation to the MC $^{5}T_{2}$ is a result of Coulomb scattering with the surroundings.
Studying droplet adhesion to fibers using the magnetic field: a review paper

This paper presents a brief overview of the use of magnetic field in studying droplet adhesion to a fiber or a fibrous surface. The paper starts by discussing ways to quantify the force required to detach a droplet from a fiber for its applications in coalescence filtration, i.e., removal of dispersed droplets from a gaseous or liquid flow using a fibrous filter. It then continues to discuss droplet detachment from a fibrous surface or penetrating into a thin fibrous coating. The emphasis is put on a recently develop magnetic approach for measuring force of detachment and on its novel simplicity and non-intrusive nature in the context of existing droplet detachment methods. Our review also includes a discussion on force of detachment for multiphase droplets comprised of two immiscible liquids, i.e., compound droplets. Atomistic- and continuum-level numerical simulations pertaining to droplet detachment are also discussed throughout the paper when appropriate.
Specialized mechanosensory epithelial cells in mouse gut intrinsic tactile sensitivity

Abstract BACKGROUND AND AIMS The gastrointestinal (GI) tract extracts nutrients from ingested meals while protecting the organism from infectious agents frequently present in meals. Consequently, most animals conduct the entire digestive process within the GI tract while keeping the luminal contents entirely outside the body, separated by the tightly sealed GI epithelium. Therefore, like skin and oral cavity, the GI tract must sense luminal contents’ chemical and physical properties to optimize digestion. Specialized sensory enteroendocrine cells (EECs) in GI epithelium intimately interact with luminal contents. A subpopulation of EECs expresses the mechanically gated ion channel Piezo2 and are developmentally and functionally like the skin’s touch sensor: the Merkel cell. We hypothesized that Piezo2+ EECs endow the gut with intrinsic tactile sensitivity. METHODS We generated transgenic mouse models with optogenetic sensors in EECs and Piezo2 conditional knockouts. We used a range of gold-standard and novel techniques from single cells to living animals, including single-cell RNA sequencing and opto-electrophysiology, opto-organ baths with luminal shear forces, and in vivo studies that assayed GI transit while manipulating physical properties of luminal contents. RESULTS Piezo2+ EECs have transcriptomic features of synaptically connected mechanosensory epithelial cells. EEC activation by optogenetics and forces led to Piezo2-dependent alterations in colonic propagating contractions driven by intrinsic circuitry, with Piezo2+ EECs detecting small luminal forces and luminal contents’ physical properties to regulate transit times in the small and large bowel. CONCLUSION The GI tract has intrinsic tactile sensitivity that depends on Piezo2+ EECs and allows it to detect luminal forces and physical properties of luminal contents to modulate physiology.
Navigating the Instructional Design Field as an Afro-Latinx Woman: A Feminist Autoethnography

In this paper, using a feminist autoethnographical approach, I explore personal experiences as an Afro-Latinx woman studying, teaching, and researching in the instructional design and technology (IDT) field. This feminist autoethnography serves to self-reflect on how, as a woman of color, I have navigated the IDT field as a graduate student and faculty member. In order to challenge, oppose, and dissent against the many oppressive behaviors that women of color like me face in academia, I embraced an intersectional feminist approach in my career as a scholar. In this paper, I dissect intersectional feminism and its influence on me and, therefore, influence on my IDT teaching and scholarship.
Equilibrium Thickness of Ice Jams

By equating the kinetic energy of ice floes carried by a stream to the potential energy they acquire when submerged, a relationship was derived between the mean velocity of the approach flow and the average thickness of the stable ice jam formed only by accumulation and transport of floes. This relationship was verified by experiments conducted in a refrigerated laboratory flume using real ice and plastic floes. The experiments also confirmed the theoretical prediction that there exists a maximum velocity of the approach flow beyond which no stable jam can exist. For deep channels, the corresponding maximum jam thickness was found to be approx 36% of the upstream flow depth.
Family Spirastrellidae Ridley & Dendy, 1886

Spirastrellidae Ridley & Dendy (Demospongiae, Hadromerida) is reduced from its traditional definition by excluding massive sponges, such as Spheciospongia and part of Spirastrella sensu lato, with rare and minute spirasters or amphiasters which are now placed in the Family Clionaidae. The new definition applies to primarily encrusting sponges with prominent layers of relatively large spirasters, amphi-asters or diplasters at the surface and the base or throughout the entire body. In contrast to clionaids, tylostyles in spirastrellids are quantitatively unimportant and occur in bouquets or simple tracts perpendicular to the substrate, without forming dense networks or tangential layers. Two genera represent the family, Diplastrella and Spirastrella, with several species that are common in shaded tropical and subtropical shallow-water habitats including coral reefs.
Interaction of a positive regulatory factor(s) with a 106-base pair upstream region controls transcription of metallothionein-I gene in the liver.

Abstract The differential transcription of the cloned mouse metallothionein-I (MT-I) gene in tissues was studied in unfractionated and fractionated nuclear extracts from rat liver and brain. MT-I gene transcription was 10-fold greater in liver nuclear extract than in brain nuclear extract, whereas the level of transcription of the histone H4 gene was almost identical in both tissue extracts. 5' Deletion analysis of upstream sequences revealed that a 106-base pair (bp) region located between the -148- and -42-bp positions with respect to the transcription start site was responsible for the higher level of expression of the MT-I gene in the liver. Preincubation of the liver extract with the 106-bp fragment resulted in a significant decrease in MT-I gene transcription in the liver extract. In contrast, MT-I gene transcription in the brain nuclear extract was not altered by preincubation with the 106-bp upstream sequence. Mixing liver and brain extract did not diminish MT-I gene transcription normally occurring in liver nuclear extract. Preincubation of brain nuclear extract with the MT-I gene had no inhibitory effect on transcription of MT-I gene in liver nuclear extract. These studies suggest that neither an inhibitor nor a negative trans-acting factor in the brain is responsible for the differential transcription of MT-I gene; rather a positive regulatory factor(s) in the liver which interacts with the 106-bp upstream region contributes to the higher level of MT-I gene expression in this tissue.
Quenching of DNA cross-link precursors of chloroethylnitrosoureas and attenuation of DNA interstrand cross-linking by glutathione.

Abstract Interstrand DNA cross-linking is essential for the antitumor activity of chloroethylnitrosoureas (CENUs). The critical cross-links have been proposed to involve a rapid O6-guanine chloroethylation on one DNA strand, followed by a rearrangement of the O6-(2-chloroethyl)guanine and slow alkylation of the second DNA strand. In view of the relative intracellular abundance of glutathione (GSH) and nucleophilicity of its thiolate ion, the ability of GSH to react with and to inactivate 2-chloroethylated DNA and the possibility that this interaction decreases net DNA cross-linking by CENUs were investigated. Chloroethylated calf thymus DNA was reacted with GSH, the DNA was precipitated and redissolved, and subsequent DNA interstrand cross-linking was determined. The DNA cross-link index was compared for both GSH-treated and 2-chloroethylated untreated DNA. Simultaneously, Col E1 plasmid DNA was chloroethylated and reacted with GSH, and the extent of DNA interstrand cross-linking was determined by agarose gel electrophoresis and compared with controls. The results show both a time- and GSH concentration-dependent quenching of chloroethylated DNA, with a corresponding decrease in the DNA cross-link index. Using [methyl-3H] GSH, it was also demonstrated that 56% of the total GSH was bound to quenched 2-chloroethylated Col E1 DNA and 25% to quenched 2-chloroethylated calf thymus DNA. GSH binding to cross-linked DNA and native DNA was insignificant. It is concluded that, in addition to direct inactivation of reactive cytotoxic CENU species, GSH may also modulate cellular response to CENUs by quenching chloroethylated DNA, thereby decreasing the formation of potentially lethal DNA cross-links.
Diagnostic significance and sequelae of cone biopsy.

Abstract All cone biopsies from our institution over a 10-year period were reviewed. Two hundred seveny-one patients underwent 274 procedures. Preoperative colposcopie evaluation markedly reduced the proportion of patients with residual cervical epithelial neoplasia (CIN). No patient in our series required conization for dignosis of frankly invasive carcinoma. Following colposcopy and conization, 8% of patients had disease extending to the surgical margins; eight of 11 such patients (72%) with adequate follow-up had no further CIN. Colposcopy and cytology underestimate the final pathologic diagnosis in many patients with incomplete visibility of the transformation zone, so conization is mandatory in this circumstance. Conization in pregnancy was associated with increased hemorrhage; colposcopy has reduced the need for this operation in gravid patients.
The pH sensitivity of -NH exchange in LnDOTA-tetraamide complexes varies with amide substituent.

The amide proton exchange rates in various lanthanide(III) DOTA–tetraamide complexes were investigated by CEST as a function of variable chemical structures and charges on the amide substituents. Comparisons were made between YbDOTA–(gly)4− (Yb-1), YbDOTA–(NHCH2PO3)45− (Yb-2) and YbDOTA–(NHCH2PO3Et2)43+ (Yb-3). The general shapes of the CEST vs pH profiles were similar for the three complexes but they showed maximum CEST intensities at different pH values, pH 8.3, 8.8 and 6.9 for Yb-1, Yb-2 and Yb-3, respectively. This indicates that a more negatively charged substituent on the amide helps stabilize the partial positive charge on the amide nitrogen and consequently more base is required to catalyze proton exchange. The chemical shifts of the –NH protons in Yb-1 and Yb-2 were similar (−17 ppm) while the –NH proton in Yb-3 was at −13 ppm. This shows that the crystal field produced by the amide oxygen donor atoms in Yb-3 is substantially weaker than that in the other two complexes. In an effort to expand the useful range of pH values that might be measured using these complexes as CEST agents, the shapes of the CEST vs pH curves were also determined for two thulium(III) complexes with much larger hyperfine shifted –NH proton resonances. The ratio of CEST from –NH exchange in Tm-1 compared with CEST from –NH exchange in Tm-3 was found to be linear over an extended pH range, from 6.3 to 7.4. This demonstrates a potential advantage of using mixtures of lanthanide(III) DOTA–tetraamides for mapping tissue pH by use of ratiometric CEST imaging. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elastic and plastic properties of Mo3Si measured by nanoindentation

Single crystal Mo3Si specimens were grown and tested at room temperature using established nanoindentation techniques at various crystallographic orientations. The indentation modulus and hardness were obtained for loads that were large enough to determine bulk properties, yet small enough to avoid cracking in the specimens. From the indentation modulus results, anisotropic elastic constants were determined. As load was initially increased to approximately 1.5 mN, the hardness exhibited a sudden drop that corresponded to a jump in displacement. The resolved shear stress that was determined from initial yielding was 10-15% of the shear modulus, but 3 to 4 times the value obtained from the bulk hardness. Non-contact atomic force microscopy images in the vicinity of indents revealed features consistent with {100}(010) slip.
Resistivity and Induced Polarization Response for a Borehole Model

Explicit results for the electrical resistivity and the induced polarization responses are obtained for a four-electrode array on the axis of a fluid-filled borehole. Quasi-static theory is employed and all electromagnetic coupling effects are neglected, but the resistivities of the constitutive media may be complex and frequency dependent. We show that, in general, the frequency dependence of the apparent resistivity is a complicated function of the various parameters. In fact, even when the drill hole fluid is nonpolarizable, the masking effect involves both "dilution" and "distortion" of the intrinsic complex resistivity of the adjacent formation.
Effects of soil types and cultural practices on the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, in sugarcane

Abstract A two-year study (1984, 1985) conducted in South Louisiana sugarcane fields to investigate the effects of selected soil types and cultural practices on the abundance of the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), showed that the highest S. invicta populations were present in clayey fields. There was a several-fold difference in the number of S. invicta mounds between the early-harvested fields and late-harvested or plant fields. Additionally, S. invicta mounds were more abundant in fields where there was a greater amount of ground cover (weeds and crop residues). During the 1984 study, foraging by S. invicta on clayey soils was somewhat lower in harvested than in planted fields. However, there was a trend for higher foraging in harvested than in planted fields in 1985. Significantly higher amounts of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium and percent organic matter were found in clayey than in sandy fields during 1984 and 1985. The significantly higher moisture content and the lower bulk density in clayey than in sandy soils seemed potentially conducive to greater S. invicta abundance through elimination of the risk of colony desiccation, as well as enhancement of subterranean foraging tunnels and deeper colony expansion.
The war with Spain in 1898

"Remember the Maine!" The war cry spread throughout the United States after the American battleship was blown up in Havana harbor on February 15, 1898. Americans, already sympathetic with Cuba's struggle for independence from Spain, demanded action. Brief and decisive, not too costly, the Spanish-American War made the United States a world power. David F. Trask's "War with Spain in 1898" is a cogent political and military history of that "splendid little war." It describes the failure of diplomacy; the state of preparedness of both sides; the battles, including those of Theodore Roosevelt and his Rough Riders; the enlargement of conflict to rout the Spanish from Puerto Rico and the Philippines; and the misconceptions surrounding the war. Chief historian at the U.S. Army Center for Military History, David F. Trask is also the author of "The AEF and Coalition Warmaking, 1917-1918".
Diurnal and seasonal changes in abscisic acid of field-grown soybeans subjected to drought stress☆

Abstract Abscisic acid (AbA) was measured in leaves of drought-stressed soybeans (Glycine max [L.] Merill) grown in the field during two seasons. Two cultivars were studied; ‘Chippewa 64’ whose vegetative growth and seed yield were decreased less by drought stress than the second cultivar ‘Wilkin’. An inverse relation was found on a diurnal basis between AbA concentration and leaf water potential in both cultivars. However, late in the season less AbA was accumulated than early in the season, even though the leaf water potentials were more negative later in the season. These differences were associated with developmental changes mainly from the vegetative stage to the seed-filling stage. In both seasons ‘Chippewa 64’, the more drought-resistant cultivar, accumulated more AbA than ‘Wilkin’, the more drought-suscepbtible one.
Glucose enhances recovery of potassium ion homeostasis and synaptic excitability after anoxia in hippocampal slices

Hippocampal slices exposed to brief anoxia combined with elevated glucose exhibit greater postanoxic recovery of synaptic transmission. Glucose may have improved recovery of synaptic transmission by enhancing the production of metabolic energy during and after anoxia. This enhancement should provide more ATP for energy-requiring ion transport processes, and lead (1) to a delayed onset of complete depolarization of CA1 pyramidal cells during anoxia (anoxic depolarization) and (2) to greater ion transport activity following anoxia. A delay in anoxic depolarization would protect neurons from damage if the duration of anoxic depolarization was shortened. Greater postanoxic ion transport would allow the re-establishment of ion gradients supportive of neuronal and synaptic excitability. The effects of glucose and anoxia on ion homeostasis and synaptic transmission were examined in rat hippocampal slices exposed to different glucose concentrations (5-20 mM). The duration of anoxic depolarization was held constant so that postanoxic damage related to this duration was controlled. We found that K+ transport and recovery of synaptic transmission after anoxia in hippocampal slices improved as glucose concentration increased. Also, anoxic depolarization was delayed as glucose concentration increased. Thus, added glucose may improve postanoxic recovery of synaptic transmission by better supporting ion transport.
Validity of the 16PF Reasoning Ability Scale

The construct validity of the 16PF Reasoning Ability Scale was tested against the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Revised (WAIS–R) with 60 undergraduate students. Moderate correlations were obtai...
Differentiating DSM-IV alcohol dependence and abuse by course: Community heavy drinkers

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in short-term course between DSM-IV alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence in a community sample of men and women. Eight hundred seventy-six individuals were given a baseline interview that included DSM-IV criteria for alcohol use disorders, and were followed up with a similar interview approximately one year later. Group differences were compared with chi-square tests. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to test group differences controlling for potential confounders. The course of alcohol abuse and dependence differed significantly from each other, and from individuals with no alcohol diagnosis at baseline. Chronicity was the most common outcome for dependence but not for abuse. Most subjects with baseline diagnoses of abuse received the diagnosis with only one symptom, repeated drunk driving. While the validity of the alcohol dependence diagnosis was supported in this community sample, the results concerning alcohol abuse remain equivocal.
Catalyst separation in atom transfer radical polymerization

Abstract Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is a living radical polymerization process utilizing transition-metal complexes as catalysts to mediate the propagation of the polymerization. It is a very versatile process and can synthesize a wide spectrum of polymers with controlled structures. However, a high concentration of soluble catalyst is required in the ATRP process. These catalysts generally co-precipitate in the products as contaminants. Thus, a remaining challenge in ATRP is how to efficiently and economically remove/reduce the catalyst residue from its products, especially for large-scale industrial productions. Post-purification such as reprecipitation, washing, adsorbing with ion-exchange resins, and passing columns of alumina or silica gel has been used on small lab scales. Biphasic catalysis of liquid–liquid biphase (fluorocarbon–organic solvents, ionic liquid–organic solvents) and liquid–solid biphase (solid phase ATRP, solid-supported catalysts by physical adsorption and by covalent bonding, soluble/recoverable supported catalysts, immobilized/soluble hybrid system) has been explored for ATRP. In spite of the advantages of easy catalyst separation/recovery and possibility of scaling up, its control over the polymerization generally deteriorates compared with homogeneous catalysis. Finally, a reversible catalyst supporting concept that is homogeneous for catalysis but heterogeneous for separation/recovery is presented. The development and characters of each system are critically reviewed.
Distress Associated with Cancer as Measured by the illness Distress Scale

Over 400 cancer patients were given the Illness Distress Scale (IDS), a brief measure of the physical and emotional distress related to serious illness. Physical manifestations of the disease proved to be the source of greatest discomfort among these patients. Greater distress was reported by younger patients and by those who were unmarried. Also, patients with more advanced disease scored higher on the scale. The IDS appeared to measure four dimensions of distress related to the experience of illness, including loss of meaning, physical disease, medical treatment and social isolation. Scores on the instrument correlated highly with a measure of depression, the Beck Depression Inventory. The IDS appears to be a reliable and valid measure of distress associated with serious illness.
The conformal geometry of billiards

In the absence of friction and other external forces, a billiard ball on a rectangular billiard table follows a predictable path. As it reflects off the sides of the table, the ball will either (1) return to its original position and direction, or (2) travel all over the table, spending equal time in regions with equal area. Because of this dichotomy, we say the rectangular table is optimal: billiard trajectories define an easily understood dynamical system on the phase space of positions and directions. In this article, we ask:
Population Energetics and Ecology of the Rock Grasshopper, Trimerotropis Saxatilis

The ecology and bioenergetics of a population of Trinlerotropis saxatilis (Acrididae) were examined in field and laboratory studies. This grasshopper species occurs on harsh, desert-like rock outcrops in the southeastern United States and constitutes one of the important consumers in those ecosystems. The rock grasshopper population studied was located on Panola Mountain, 16 km southeast of Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Supplemental population data were collected from a nearby granite outcrop, Mt. Arabia. The energy budget equation used was: Production = Ingestion - Egestion - Respiration. Production, ingestion and respiration were measured, and egestion was determined by difference. The energy budget and population ecology parameters for T. saxatilis were compared with those reported for other orthopteran species. The parameters for T. saxatilis were smaller than for any other population studied, reflecting their adaptation to the harsh environment in which they live. Efficiencies, including production/ingestion and assimilation/ingestion, calculated for several orthopteran populations, were found to be relatively constant, indicating that herbivorous orthopterans function similarly in different ecosystems.
Changes in Professional Degree Programs in the USA: An Environmental Analysis of Professional Education Requirements

ABSTRACT American universities, colleges and schools are uniformly moving toward modernisation and innovation in their academic programs. Nowhere is this more evident than in professional degree programs. The impetus behind the move is overall to produce quality graduates prepared for the changing environment and its demands of the 21st century. Another impetus is survival in the academic competition for students and revenue. A force that affects both impetuses is technology, both the technology of professional practice and the technology of educational delivery. This paper is in two parts. The first part provides a comparison of changes in four professional degree programs in U.S. institutions, Accounting and Engineering at the baccalaureate level, and Business and Law at the graduate level. The second describes early efforts in the application of “total quality management” to curriculum planning and implementation.
Bulk core in a 360/67 time-sharing system

In the fall of 1965, Carnegie Institute of Technology decided to install Large Capacity Core Storage (LCS) as the auxiliary storage device on its IBM 360/67 Time-Sharing computer system. The bulk core will be used as a swapping device, replacing the drums of conventional configurations, and as an extension of main core memory. The decision was motivated by an analysis which yielded the following results:• The effective rate at which the system can deliver pages to user tasks is increased to its theoretical limit with LCS, representing a significant improvement over drum performance.• The potential response time to users is decreased because LCS has no rotational delay.• Less main core is needed for effective system operation.