cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Natural language processing and machine learning to identify alcohol misuse from the electronic health record in trauma patients: development and internal validation

Objective Alcohol misuse is present in over a quarter of trauma patients. Information in the clinical notes of the electronic health record of trauma patients may be used for phenotyping tasks with natural language processing (NLP) and supervised machine learning. The objective of this study is to train and validate an NLP classifier for identifying patients with alcohol misuse. Materials and methods An observational cohort of 1422 adult patients admitted to a trauma center between April 2013 and November 2016. Linguistic processing of clinical notes was performed using the clinical Text Analysis and Knowledge Extraction System. The primary analysis was the binary classification of alcohol misuse. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test served as the reference standard. Results The data corpus comprised 91 045 electronic health record notes and 16 091 features. In the final machine learning classifier, 16 features were selected from the first 24 hours of notes for identifying alcohol misuse. The classifier's performance in the validation cohort had an area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve of 0.78 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72 to 0.85). Sensitivity and specificity were at 56.0% (95% CI, 44.1% to 68.0%) and 88.9% (95% CI, 84.4% to 92.8%). The Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test demonstrates the classifier fits the data well (P = .17). A simpler rule-based keyword approach had a decrease in sensitivity when compared with the NLP classifier from 56.0% to 18.2%. Conclusions The NLP classifier has adequate predictive validity for identifying alcohol misuse in trauma centers. External validation is needed before its application to augment screening.
Punish the Dissidents: The Selective Implementation of Stability Preservation in China

ABSTRACTAuthoritarian regimes face a dilemma in punishing dissidents. They need extralegal punishments to ensure social stability, but they also want to legalize punishment decisions to sustain an ...
A Systematist’s Guide to Estimating Bayesian Phylogenies From Morphological Data

Phylogenetic trees are crucial to many aspects of taxonomic and comparative biology. Many researchers have adopted Bayesian methods to estimate their phylogenetic trees. In this family of methods, a model of morphological evolution is assumed to have generated the data observed by the researcher. These models make a variety of assumptions about the evolution of morphological characters, and these assumptions are translated into mathematics as parameters. The incorporation of prior distributions further allows researchers to quantify their prior beliefs about the value any one parameter can take. How to translate biological knowledge into mathematical language is difficult, and can be confusing to many biologists. This review aims to help systematics researchers understand the biological meaning of common models and assumptions. Using examples from the insect fossil record, I will demonstrate empirically what assumptions mean in concrete terms, and discuss how researchers can use and understand Bayesian methods for phylogenetic estimation.
Management of Pediatric Adhesive Small Bowel Obstruction: Do Timing of Surgery and Age Matter?

Abstract Background Adhesive small bowel obstruction (ASBO) in children is generally managed with initial observation. However, no clear guidelines exist regarding indications to operate. Our purpose was to compare outcomes of ASBO management to determine whether timing of surgery and patient age should affect management. Materials and methods A retrospective review of children admitted to a tertiary care children's hospital for ASBO between 2011 and 2015 was performed. Data included demographics, imaging, operative findings, and clinical management, which were analyzed using χ2 test, Fischer's exact test, t-test, analysis of variance, or logistic regression when appropriate. Results We identified 258 admissions for 202 patients. Urgent operation was performed in 12% and the rest had nonoperative management (NOM), which was successful in 54%. Patients younger than 1 y of age were more likely to require operation (odds ratio 3.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.69-8.15; P Conclusions In children with adhesive small bowel obstruction, NOM can be successful, but when failure is suspected, early operation before 48 h should be considered to avoid bowel loss, especially in children younger than 1 y of age.
Anatomic and Physiologic Principles of Pain

Pain is the most frequent cause of suffering and disability and is the most common reason that people seek medical attention. It is a major symptom in many medical conditions, significantly interfering with a person’s quality of life and general functioning. To understand the physiology and the mechanism of pain as well as optimal methods of control, one must appreciate the anatomical pathways that transmit nociceptive information to the brain. For a better comprehension of the anatomical pathways we divided it into four parts: the peripheral system, the spinal and medullary dorsal horn system, and the ascending and supraspinal system.
The Use of TCR Vβ Spectratype Analysis in Allogeneic Blood and Marrow Transplantation.

Abstract The major complications of allogeneic blood and marrow transplantation (BMT) include graft failure, opportunistic infections, leukemic relapse and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). The incidence of the first three complications is diminished by the presence of mature donor T cells in the transplant inoculum. Unfortunately, the transplantation of mature alloreactive donor T cells also directly induces the latter complication of acute GVHD, which can be directed against either HLA or minor histocompatibilty antigen (miHA) disparities. Efforts to deplete donor marrow inoculum of T cells have been successful in minimizing the development of disease but have been associated with increased leukemic relapse. Thus, one approach to solve this problem would be to identify and then selectively deplete alloreactive donorT cells while allowing the residual T cells to provide protection against infection and to mediate a leukemia-specific GVL response. In this regard, TCR Vβ repertoire analysis by CDR3-size spectratyping can be a powerful tool to characterize the alloreactive T cell response. As an initial test of this capability, we studied lethal GVHD in the B6->CXB-2 MHC-matched murine model, expressing multiple miHA differences. Herein, we determined the correlation between the in vitro alloreactive-specific CD8+ T cell response and their actual involvement in the development of GVHD. The results indicated a high correlation in the Vβ CDR3-size skewing patterns between the in vitro and in vivo spectratype histograms, and laid the foundation for the potential clinical application of this approach. We proceeded to test the predictive value of the in vitro spectratyping assays of donor anti-host mixed lymphocyte reactions with GVHD outcome in the clinical BMT setting. The results again indicated a high association of overlapping CDR3-size skewing. Thus, in vitro spectratyping analysis may be useful in guiding the manipulation of the donor T cell inoculum in order to provide improved BMT outcomes.
A Reconfigurable In Vitro Model for Studying the Blood-Brain Barrier.

Much of what is currently known about the role of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) in regulating the passage of chemicals from the blood stream to the central nervous system (CNS) comes from animal in vivo models (requiring extrapolation to human relevance) and 2D static in vitro systems, which fail to capture the rich cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions of the dynamic 3D in vivo tissue microenvironment. In this work we have developed a BBB platform that allows for a high degree of customization in cellular composition, cellular orientation, and physiologically-relevant fluid dynamics. The system characterized and presented in this study reproduces key characteristics of a BBB model (e.g. tight junctions, efflux pumps) allowing for the formation of a selective and functional barrier. We demonstrate that our in vitro BBB is responsive to both biochemical and mechanical cues. This model further allows for culture of a CNS-like space around the BBB. The design of this platform is a valuable tool for studying BBB function as well as for screening of novel therapeutics.
JESSIE: Synthesizing Social Robot Behaviors for Personalized Neurorehabilitation and Beyond

JESSIE is a robotic system that enables novice programmers to program social robots by expressing high-level specifications. We employ control synthesis with a tangible front-end to allow users to define complex behavior for which we automatically generate control code. We demonstrate JESSIE in the context of enabling clinicians to create personalized treatments for people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) on a Kuri robot, in little time and without error. We evaluated JESSIE with neuropsychologists who reported high usability and learnability. They gave suggestions for improvement, including increased support for personalization, multi-party programming, collaborative goal setting, and re-tasking robot role post-deployment, which each raise technical and sociotechnical issues in HRI. We exhibit JESSIE’s reproducibility by replicating a clinician-created program on a TurtleBot 2. As an open-source means of accessing control synthesis, JESSIE supports reproducibility, scalability, and accessibility of personalized robots for HRI.CCS CONCEPTS •Computer systems organization →Robotic control;• Applied computing →Health informatics. ACM Reference Format: Alyssa Kubota1, Emma I. C. Peterson2, Vaishali Rajendren1, Hadas KressGazit3, Laurel D. Riekl. 2020. JESSIE: Synthesizing Social Robot Behaviors for Personalized Neurorehabilitation and Beyond. In Proceedings of the 2020 ACMlIEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI’20), March 23-26, 2020, Cambridge, United Kingdom. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 10 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3319502.3374836
Where to go from here

In the four parts of this book we’ve introduced foundational concepts from computer science in the context of biology. We had a good time writing it, and hope you’ve enjoyed using it. Over the course of the book you’ve learned some powerful and fundamental techniques that are used throughout computational biology. You’ve also learned a valuable general skill – how to design computational solutions and implement them in your own programs. Like other skills, computational problem-solving and programming benefit from practice. As you do more, you’ll get even better at it. With that in mind, we hope that you come away from this book with the confidence to take on new problems. These might range from writing a short program to do some quick analysis, to interfacing with existing programs, to solving altogether new research problems. The key is to find ways to use these tools to further your own interests. In the process, perhaps you’ll join us in the excitement that arises when computational techniques are used to explore the many mysteries of life on Earth.
Farming in the Spanish Caribbean: Rural Identity, Culture, and Food Production in the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Cuba

Food is not a trivial issue in the Caribbean. The islands of the Caribbean are usually characterized as densely populated and dependent on food imports as a result of their colonial history as producers of sugar in large plantations and under conditions of slavery. The story is largely true. Hundreds of years ago, on most of these islands, imported rice, beans, and salt cod became dietary staples; and the islands have remained dependent on food imports ever since. But this paper will argue that the Dominican Republic stands out in the Caribbean as a producer of food. To substantiate this claim, I will use primarily Food and Agriculture Organization data to compare the countries that make up the Greater Antilles – the four largest islands of the Caribbean – in terms of their ability to produce food and feed their citizens. Subsequently I will examine how the history of the Dominican Republic differed from that of Cuba and Haiti to result in a country that is proud to farm.
Parameter Tuning and Simulation Analysis of PSS Function in Excitation System with Suppression of Low Frequency Oscillation

With the rapid development of smart grid and regional interconnection grid, the research on the stability of modern power system is becoming more and more important. When the power system is disturbed, there will be low frequency oscillations in the system, if not suppressed; it may lead to the loss of stability of the system. Therefore, the excitation system of generator should be put into power system stabilizer (PSS).This article proposes an optimization scheme of power system stabilizer (PSS) of excitation system based on-line frequency response characteristic analysis. The mathematical model of excitation system of generator is established by using power system analysis comprehensive program (PSASP7), and the parameters of PSS model are optimized. Through simulation and performance measurement, it is verified that PSS has a good suppression effect on the low frequency oscillation of power grid frequency between 0.1Hz and 2.0Hz.
Schrödinger Dispersive Estimates for a Scaling-Critical Class of Potentials

We prove a dispersive estimate for the evolution of Schrodinger operators H = −Δ + V(x) in \({{\mathbb R}^3}\) . The potential should belong to the closure of \({C^c_b(\mathbb{R}^3)}\) with respect to the global Kato norm. Some additional spectral conditions are imposed, namely that no resonances or eigenfunctions of H exist anywhere within the interval [0, ∞). The proof is an application of a new version of Wiener’s L1-inversion theorem.
Uncertainty on the Advent of a 'New Economy'

The rapid U.S. economic growth in the second half of the 1990s was unusual as it was characterized by a substantial increase in productivity growth. After two decades' sluggish growth, this stunning acceleration of productivity growth suggested a significant advance in technological innovations, making the sense of entering a "new economy" ever plausible. In this paper, we examine how such a belief can affect the stock market. We develop a simple model for the technological innovation process and incorporate the possible belief that a structure break happened since 1995. Our Bayesian investor updates his belief with actual macroeconomic data and valuates the stock market correspondingly. We use the total factor productivity (TFP) data to calibrate the model. We find that starting with a small prior probability, investor's belief on a "new economy" increases steadily, peaks in 1999, and then drops substantially. This belief evolution is consistent with the well documented views on the U.S. economy in the late 1990s and does seem to reflect investors' real experiences in that period. We show such a belief evolution plays a significant role in explaining the dramatic stock market movements from 1995 to 2001: based on a single TFP series, our model replicates the stock market boom as well as the high volatilities, and predicts the "bubble burst" in 2000.
Comonomer effects on co-permeation of methanol and acetate in cation exchange membranes

Abstract Co-permeation in hydrated, dense polymer membranes is crucial to many applications from energy conversion (i.e. photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction cells) to liquid separation (i.e. pervaporation), where such membranes are challenged with complex mixtures of species. For instance, a major challenge to the realization of efficient CO2 reduction cells is the design of ion exchange membranes with sufficient conductivity and minimal permeation of CO2 reduction products (e.g. methanol and acetate), such that understanding permeation and co-permeation behavior of these solutes in ion exchange membranes is needed. Previously, the transport behavior of Nafion® 117 and crosslinked cation exchange membranes prepared with poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA, crosslinker) and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS, sulfonated comonomer) to methanol and sodium acetate was investigated and distinct changes in permeabilities of these membranes to sodium acetate was observed in co-permeation with methanol. To further investigate this co-permeation behavior, we modify the PEGDA-AMPS structure by varying the negatively-charged AMPS content with three different comonomers, acrylic acid (AA, n = 0), 2-hydroxylethyl methacrylate (HEMA, n = 1), and poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA, n = 5), where n represents the number of ethylene oxide repeat units in each comonomer. While the observed permeability to sodium acetate in co-permeation with methanol was increased for membranes with comonomers with short pendant groups (PEGDA-AMPS/AA and PEGDA-AMPS/HEMA), it remained relatively consistent for PEGDA-AMPS/PEGMA membranes. While the underlying causes of this type of behavior remains unresolved, we propose a combination of assisted transport by methanol and disruption of electrostatic interactions by pendant ethylene oxide repeat units based on our experiments. Overall, such differences in transport behavior underscore the need for increased understanding of emergent co-permeation behavior in hydrated, dense polymer membranes.
Improving the rate of anthropometric measurements in the pediatric intensive care unit

BACKGROUND Malnutrition occurs in approximately 25% of pediatric intensive care patients and correlates with increased length of stay, prolonged ventilation, and mortality. Anthropometric measurements should be obtained at admission and throughout hospitalization to evaluate nutrition status. We aimed to increase documentation, reporting, and discussion of anthropometric measurements, including height/length, weight, and occipital frontal circumference (OFC) within 24 hours of admission and weekly. METHODS A multifaceted process improvement model was implemented over 1 month. Interventions included education, recruiting nurse champions, process mapping, new equipment, and formal discussion of nutrition status during rounds. A proportions hypothesis test compared frequency of anthropometric measures obtained during each study phase: preintervention, postintervention, and sustainment. RESULTS In terms of admission metrics over respective study phases, the PICU had fluctuation in weights (91%, 98%, and 97%) and height (49%, 73%, and 71%) and increased rates in OFC (36%, 61%, and 65%). The cardiovascular intensive care unit (CVICU) had stable weights (100%, 100%, and 100%) and increased rates in height (87%, 94%, and 95%) and OFC (28%, 64%, and 86%), respectively. In terms of weekly metrics over study phases, the PICU had fluctuation in weights (91%, 89%, and 93%) and increased rates in heights (38%, 69%, and 76%) and OFC (45%, 76%, and 100%). The CVICU had increased rates in weights (98%, 100%, and 100%) and fluctuations in heights (50%, 83%, and 75%), and OFC (48%, 84%, and 75%). CONCLUSIONS Interventions increased rates of measurements. During the sustainment phase, there was regression in rates, although these remained above baseline. Additional interventions may increase compliance and foster change in unit culture.
Robust chronic convulsive seizures, high frequency oscillations, and human seizure onset patterns in an intrahippocampal kainic acid model in mice

Intrahippocampal kainic acid (IHKA) has been widely implemented to simulate temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), but evidence of robust seizures is usually limited. To resolve this ambiguity, we slightly modified previous methods and employed continuous wideband video-EEG monitoring from 4 recording sites to best detect and characterize chronic epilepsy outcomes in both male and female mice. We found many more convulsive seizures than most studies have reported. Mortality was low. Analysis of convulsive seizures at 2-4 and 10-12 wks post-IHKA showed a robust frequency (2-4 per day on average) and duration (typically 20-30 sec) at each time. Comparison of the two timepoints showed that seizure burden became more severe in approximately 50% of the animals. We show that almost all convulsive seizures could be characterized as either low-voltage fast or hypersynchronous onset seizures, which has not been reported in a mouse model of epilepsy and is important because these seizure types are found in humans. In addition, we report that high frequency oscillations (>250 Hz) occur, resembling findings from IHKA in rats and TLE patients. Pathology in the hippocampus at the site of IHKA injection was similar to mesial temporal lobe sclerosis and reduced contralaterally. In summary, our methods produce a model of TLE in mice with robust convulsive seizures, and there is variable progression. HFOs are robust also, and seizures have onset patterns and pathology like human TLE.
Color in Industrial Wastes

Problem of mental and physical hazards resulting from discoloration of streams by dye wastes; pertinent theories of color formation; part chemical structure plays; possibilities of technique whereby color of typical azo dye was altered by utilizing methods based on theoretical consideration of dye's chemical structure; reduction with SnCl 2 and salting with NaCl were most effective in reducing and changing color of methyl orange, monoazo dye.
Error robust video transmission over wireless IP networks with multiuser detection

Error control and power allocation for transmitting wireless video over CDMA networks are considered in conjunction with multiuser detection. We map a layered video bitstream to several CDMA fading channels and inject multiple source/parity layers into each of these channels at the transmitter. At the receiver, we employ a linear minimum mean-square error (MMSE) multiuser detector in the uplink and two types of blind linear MMSE detectors in the downlink, for demodulating the received data. For given constraints on the available bandwidth and transmit power, the transmitter determines the optimal power allocation among different CDMA fading channels and the optimal number of source and parity packets to send that offer the best video quality. Simulation results show a performance gain of up to 3.5 dB with joint optimization over with rate optimization only.
Satellite observations of flood-driven Mississippi River plume in the spring of 2008

[1] Satellite measurements from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on Aqua were used to quantify the Mississippi River plume following the intense rainfall and massive flood along the Mississippi River and its tributaries during the spring of 2008. The shortwave infrared (SWIR) atmospheric correction algorithm has been used to derive the total suspended matter (TSM) concentration and the spectral optical features of the Mississippi River plume. Following a significantly increased river discharge, the observed Mississippi River plume was considerably large relative to climatological monthly Mississippi River plume data, which were derived from the six-year MODIS-Aqua time series from 2002–2008. The areal coverage of the Mississippi River plume was double compared to the six-year mean value, with plume areal coverage of 5859, 4984, 4366, and 3050 km2 for the months of April, May, June, and July in 2008, respectively. Within the plume, significantly elevated TSM concentration was observed with the pronounced normalized water-leaving reflectance at the green, red, and near-infrared wavelengths in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Near the coast, the satellite-observed TSM concentration in April had increased approximately from the 20 mg/l six-year mean value to over 30 mg/l in the April of 2008.
Influence of activation frequency on cellular signalling pathways during fatiguing contractions in rat skeletal muscle.

Activation frequency as a regulator of physiological responses in skeletal muscle, independent of contractile force, has received little attention. Here, the length–tension and force–frequency relationships were employed to keep active contractile force equal, despite a twofold difference in stimulation frequency (15 versus 30 Hz). Rat tibialis anterior muscles were tested in situ using 15 Hz stimulation at optimal length (15 Hz) and 30 Hz stimulation at shortened and lengthened positions (30 Hzsub and 30 Hzsupra). Muscles were subjected to 1, 15, 30 and 80 Hz stimulation trains before and after 2 min of fatiguing stimulation. The principal findings were that the two 30 Hz protocols produced greater 38 kDa MAPK (p38) phosphorylation than the 15 Hz protocol (1.4- to 1.5-fold versus 1.1-fold), as well as greater fatigue (65–78 versus 43% decline in contraction force). In contrast, c-jun amino terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation appeared most responsive to total (active plus passive) tension such that the changes followed the pattern: 30 Hzsupra > 15 Hz > 30 Hzsub, while 44 and 42 kDa extracellular regulated kinase (ERK1/2) phosphorylation was not significantly increased in response to any of the protocols studied. Neither glycogen depletion nor myofibre damage accounted for any of the findings, but a decline in muscle excitation (m-wave) may have contributed to the greater fatigue seen at higher frequencies. These data suggest that neuromuscular activation frequency can influence certain signalling pathways in skeletal muscle, independent of force production.
Abstract 14680: Relationship of Insulin Resistance with Impaired Endothelial Function & Coronary Atherosclerosis among High Risk Individuals Enrolled in a Web-Based Lifestyle Intervention Study: Baptist Employee Healthy Heart Study (BEHHS)

Introduction: Insulin resistance (IR) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of vascular dysfunction and consequent atherosclerosis however this relationship has been shown to vary with age, population demographics and cardiometabolic risk. We examined the relationship between IR and endothelial function, and coronary atherosclerosis in a relatively young, high risk population free from known CVD. Methods: The Baptist Employee Healthy Heart Study (BEHHS) is an ongoing lifestyle intervention study examining the effects of web-based interventions on reducing CVD risk in individuals with metabolic syndrome and type II diabetes mellitus. In addition to administering lifestyle and medical history questionnaires, participants had their Reactive hyperemia index (RHI), a measure endothelial dysfunction (ED) assessed using the EndoPAT 2000 device (Itamar Medical, Israel). Participants older than 35years underwent coronary calcium (CAC) scanning. Results: The population consisted of 182 participants, 74% women, 49% Hispanic, with a mean age of 52 ± 9 years (range: 34-72 years). RHI was significantly correlated with HOMA-IR (r = -0.17, p=0.02). Individuals with ED (RHI 2.67) was associated with 3-fold increased risk in ED, whereas no such association was noted with CAC presence. Conclusions: The independent relationship of IR with ED in this high CVD risk population supports the assertion that IR is implicated in the development of vascular disease. However, IR does not appear to be associated with burden of coronary atherosclerosis in relatively young high-risk populations. Nonetheless, our findings stress the importance of assessing the impact of lifestyle interventions on IR and to determine if such reductions are associated with improvement in endothelial function.
A Study of the Mechanism of O-Phosphorylhydroxylamine Synthesis Catalyzed by Pyruvate Kinase

Abstract The non-nucleotide product formed in the hydroxylamine kinase reaction, previously shown to be catalyzed by pyruvate kinase, has been identified as O-phosphorylhydroxylamine. The reaction exhibits an absolute requirement for bicarbonate, a nucleoside triphosphate (which cannot be replaced by phosphoenolpyruvate), and a divalent metal (Mn++ or Zn++, but not Mg++ ions). N-Methylhydroxylamine and, to a lesser extent, N,N-dimethylhydroxylamine also undergo phosphorylation, whereas the O-methyl derivative does not. The Michaelis constants of adenosine triphosphate, bicarbonate, and hydroxylamine for pyruvate kinase from rabbit skeletal muscle are 1.7 x 10-3 m, 1.9 x 10-2 m, and 2.4 x 10-2 m, respectively. A study of the effects of bicarbonate and hydroxylamine on the kinetics of the pyruvate kinase reaction showed that these compounds are apparently bound at the site which binds pyruvate or phosphoenolpyruvate but do not interact with the site which binds adenosine diphosphate or adenosine triphosphate. Bicarbonate, which is significantly inhibitory at physiological concentrations, is a competitive inhibitor with respect to phosphoenolpyruvate in the presence of either Mg++ or Mn++ ions. With the latter metal the Ki of bicarbonate is 0.02 m. Hydroxylamine exhibited mixed inhibition with respect to phosphoenolpyruvate with Mg++ ions present and uncompetitive inhibition with Mn++ ions, whereas an equimolar mixture of hydroxylamine and bicarbonate gave mixed inhibition kinetics with either of these metals. On the other hand, hydroxylamine, bicarbonate, or both compounds together showed no significant inhibitory kinetic effects with respect to adenosine diphosphate, with either metal present. No evidence was obtained that N-hydroxycarbamate, formed by the reaction of bicarbonate with hydroxylamine, serves as the substrate in the hydroxylamine kinase reaction. It is proposed that bicarbonate and hydroxylamine occupy the pyruvate-binding site of the enzyme and that Zn++ or Mn++ ions form a complex with the nitrogen atom of hydroxylamine, thereby polarizing the N—O bond and increasing the likelihood of a nucleophilic attack on the terminal phosphorus atom of adenosine triphosphate by the oxygen atom of hydroxylamine with the formation of O-phosphorylhydroxylamine and adenosine diphosphate.
Invisible Men: The Secret Lives of Police Constables in Liverpool, Manchester and Birmingham, 1900-1939

This book provides a comprehensive study of English police constables walking the beat in the early part of the twentieth century. Joanne Klein has mined a rich seam of archival evidence to present a fascinating insight into the everyday lives of these working-class men. The book explores how constables influenced law enforcement and looks at the changing nature of policing during this period.
Sustained restoration of autonomic balance with long- but not short-acting metoprolol in patients with heart failure.

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of immediate-release (IR) metoprolol and extended-release (XL) metoprolol on measures of heart rate variability in chronic systolic heart failure patients. Methods and Results Thirteen metoprolol-treated heart failure patients were randomized to a 2-way crossover study of equal daily doses of metoprolol IR and metoprolol XL, each administered for 3 weeks. After each 3-week interval, patients underwent 24-hour Holter and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Over the entire 24-hour period, the ratio of high to total variability (normalized measure of parasympathetic activity) was significantly greater ( P P P P Conclusion These data suggest that with twice daily dosing, metoprolol IR is inferior to metoprolol XL in its effects on heart rate variability, autonomic balance, and blood pressure in patients with heart failure.
Trace metal distribution and mobility in drill cuttings and produced waters from Marcellus Shale gas extraction: Uranium, arsenic, barium

Abstract Development of unconventional shale gas wells can generate significant quantities of drilling waste, including trace metal-rich black shale from the lateral portion of the drillhole. We carried out sequential extractions on 15 samples of dry-drilled cuttings and core material from the gas-producing Middle Devonian Marcellus Shale and surrounding units to identify the host phases and evaluate the mobility of selected trace elements during cuttings disposal. Maximum whole rock concentrations of uranium (U), arsenic (As), and barium (Ba) were 47, 90, and 3333 mg kg−1, respectively. Sequential chemical extractions suggest that although silicate minerals are the primary host for U, as much as 20% can be present in carbonate minerals. Up to 74% of the Ba in shale was extracted from exchangeable sites in the shale, while As is primarily associated with organic matter and sulfide minerals that could be mobilized by oxidation. For comparison, U and As concentrations were also measured in 43 produced water samples returned from Marcellus Shale gas wells. Low U concentrations in produced water ( Geochemical modeling to determine mobility under surface storage and disposal conditions indicates that oxidation and/or dissolution of U-bearing minerals in drill cuttings would likely be followed by immobilization of U in secondary minerals such as schoepite, uranophane, and soddyite, or uraninite as conditions become more reducing. Oxidative dissolution of arsenic containing sulfides could release soluble As in arsenate form under oxic acidic conditions. The degree to which the As is subsequently immobilized depends on the redox conditions along the landfill flow path. The results suggest that proper management of drill cuttings can minimize mobilization of these metals by monitoring and controlling Eh, pH and dissolved constituents in landfill leachates.
Induction of Smectic Layering in Nematic Liquid Crystals Using Immiscible Components. 2. Laterally Attached Side-Chain Liquid-Crystalline Poly(norbornene)s and Their Low-Molar-Mass Analogues with Hydrocarbon/Oligodimethylsiloxane Substituents

In contrast to their hydrocarbon analogues which exhibit only nematic mesophases, poly{5-[[[2‘,5‘-bis[(4‘‘-(n-(dimethylsiloxyl)alkoxy)benzoyl)oxy]benzyl]oxy]carbonyl]bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene}s and their low-molar-mass model compounds exhibit smectic C mesophases. Since nematic liquid crystals can be forced into layers by terminating their hydrocarbon substituents not only with fluorocarbon segments but also with flexible siloxane segments, this supports the hypothesis that the smectic mesomorphism of amphiphilic molecules containing linear fluorocarbon segments is due primarily to the immiscibility of the hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon segments, rather than to a shape persistence of “mesogenic perfluoroalkyl rods”. The 2,5-bis[(4‘-(n-(oligodimethylsiloxyl)alkoxy)benzoyl)oxy]toluenes mimic both the phases formed by the polymers and the general temperatures of their transitions and are thereforeexcellent models of the polymers. The 5-{[[2‘,5‘-bis[(4‘‘-(n-(oligodimethylsiloxyl)alkoxy)benzoyl)oxy]benzyl]oxy]car...
Water Supply Performance and Fire Suppression during the World Trade Center Disaster

This paper describes the New York City water supply performance and suppression of fire during the World Trade Center (WTC) disaster. The water losses sustained by damaged water distribution pipelines are discussed and their impacts on emergency response and telecommunications and transportation infrastructure are noted. The results of hydraulic network analyses are presented to quantify the performance of hose and engine relay systems from fireboats to the WTC site. The results of an analytical study of firefighting relay systems are summarized to provide guidance on the most effective selection of hose size, number of hose lines, and engines for future use of fireboats for landside fire protection. The fire department response to the WTC disaster is compared with similar response to the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Drawing on lessons from both events, recommendations are made for improved emergency planning and services.
Nucleation and relaxation from meta-stability in spatial ecological models.

We study a model for competing species that explicitly accounts for effects due to discreteness, stochasticity and spatial extension of populations. If a species does better locally than the other by an amount epsilon, the global outcome depends on the initial densities (uniformly distributed in space), epsilon and the size of the system. The transition point moves to lower values of the initial density of the superior species with increasing system size. Away from the transition point, the dynamics can be described by a mean-field approximation. The transition zone is dominated by formation of clusters and is characterized by nucleation effects and relaxation from meta-stability. Following cluster formation, the dynamics are dominated by motion of cluster interfaces through a combination of planar wave motion and motion through mean curvature. Clusters of the superior species bigger than a certain critical threshold grow whereas smaller clusters shrink. The reaction-diffusion system obtained from the mean-field dynamics agrees well with the particle system. The statistics of clusters at an early time soon after cluster-formation follow a percolation-like diffusive scaling law. We derive bounds on the time-to-extinction based on cluster properties at this early time. We also deduce finite-size scaling from infinite system behavior.
Pornographic comics: A content analysis

Abstract The major purpose of this research is to document, through content analysis, the nature of pornographic themes found in a collection of pornographic comics usually called “eight‐pagers.” Pornographic categories developed by Kronhausen and Kronhausen (1961) were used in the analysis. Females are depicted as similar to males in carnal appetite and sexual aggression. Male chauvinism is apparent in many of the comics, and male fantasies are equally displayed and fulfilled. The comics visually portray numerous behaviors considered legally or morally deviant, but project “normative” sexuality by concentrating upon adult monogamous heterosexual behavior. Finally, a discussion of taxonomical, linguistic, and methodological problems in studying pornographic comics is offered.
“Impressive?” Credentials, family photographs, and the perception of therapist qualities

Abstract The impact of the number of displayed credentials (0, 2, 4, or 9) and the presence or absence of family photographs on participants' judgments of a therapist's qualities was assessed. In a between-participants design, 227 participants made these judgments after viewing a projected digital image of a therapist's office. The judgments of the characteristics yielded three factors, Qualifications, Friendliness, and Energy. Analyses indicated that in general, the greater the number of credentials, the more positive the judgment of the therapist's Qualifications and Energy. The presence of family pictures had no significant impact on judgments. Results are discussed in terms of recommendations for the counseling environment.
Post-silicon power characterization using thermal infrared emissions

Design-time power analysis is one of the most critical tasks conducted by chip architects and circuit designers. While computer-aided power analysis tools can provide power consumption estimates for various circuit blocks, these estimates can substantially deviate from the actual power consumption of working silicon chips. We propose a novel methodology that provides accurate, detailed post-silicon spatial power estimates using the thermal infrared emissions from the backside of silicon die. We theoretically and empirically demonstrate the inherent difficulties in thermal to power inversion. These difficulties arise from measurement errors and from the inherent spatial low-pass filtering associated with heat diffusion. To address these difficulties we propose new techniques from regularization theory to invert temperature to power. Furthermore, we propose new techniques to compute the emissivities and conductances required for any infrared to power inversion method. To verify our results, a programmable circuit of micro heaters is implemented to create any desired power pattern. The thermal emissions of different known injected power patterns are captured using a state-of-the-art infrared camera, and then our characterization techniques are applied to invert the thermal emissions to power. The estimated power patterns are validated against the injected power patterns to demonstrate the accuracy of our methodology.
The Relationship Between Culture, Personality, and Sexual Jealousy in Men in Heterosexual and Homosexual Relationships

This study proposes a new approach to sexual jealousy, that of attitude theory. Within that framework, it examines the roles of culture and personality in the development of sexual jealousy. Using 194 men representing 62 male homosexual couples and 81 heterosexual couples, three hypotheses were analyzed: (1) that jealousy measured by a standard attitude measure, the semantic differential technique, will significantly positively correlate with scores on a standard jealousy measure, Eugene Mathes' Interpersonal Jealousy Scale; (2) that men in heterosxual couples will have higher levels of sexual jealousy than men in homosexual couples; and (3) that sexual jealousy is inversely correlated with self-actualization personality. All three hypotheses were supported, suggesting that sexual jealousy, viewed as an attitude, is mediated by culture and personality.
Rates of hydrogen chloride oxidation

Rates of oxidation of hydrogen chloride (the Deacon process) were measured in a recycling reactor with chromic oxide catalysts. The temperatures were 325° to 355°C., and a wide range of reactant compositions was used. The reverse reaction was also explored at 355° to 370°C. The experimentation was carefully tested to be sure that the construction material did not affect the results and that diffusional effects were absent. An empirical equation is described which correlates well the rates of oxidation and fits the original observed data. It is capable of predicting reasonably well some of the observed rates of the reverse reaction.
Use of high doses of deferoxamine (Desferal) in an adult patient with acute iron overdosage.

AbstractDeferoxamine, a specific chelator of ferric iron, has recognized efficacy in the treatment of acute iron overdosage. Toxicological references, however, vary in the preferred route of administration and recommended maximum dosage. A 19-year-old female patient ingested an estimated 50-60 ferrous sulfate tablets, representing approximately 9.8-11.7 g of elemental iron. At the time of admission, she had a serum iron level of 915 μg/dL and a total iron binding capacity of 515 μg/dL. She was treated with intravenous deferoxamine at 15 mg/kg/h via continuous infusion for a total dose of 37.1 g over a 52-h period until her urine exhibited no evidence of deferoxamine-iron chelation products for 24 consecutive hours. This paper supports the safety and efficacy of a slow IV infusion of deferoxamine in an adult patient, using a regimen recommended for pediatric patients.
Responsibility and the technological process

In a recent paper, “Technological Advance and Social Responsibility,” the authors argued that individual scientists and engineers do not, in principle, bear any special moral responsibility for the social consequences of technological innovation.’ That paper strongly rejected the notion that scientists and engineers are-or can be held-particularly accountable for the social consequences of their work in ways that other members of the labor force cannot be held responsible when their work affects the lives of other people. The basis for this rejection, ultimately, was an argument that technological innovation is an extremely complex social process of which the work of individual engineers is only one element. This argument was there reinforced by the observation that people are in fact always uncertain about the consequences to themselves and to others of non-trivial courses of action that they undertake; by the observation that, historically, scientists and engineers have often misconceived even the short-term developmental implications of their own work; and by a phenomenological analysis of the profession of engineering. But to conclude that engineers2 bear no s-er 2) to identify the proper responsibility of engineers,
High-resolution structural and functional MRI of hippocampal CA3 and dentate gyrus in patients with amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have observed hyperactivity in the hippocampal region in individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). However, the actual source of such hyperactivity is not well understood. Studies of aged rats observed similar hyperactive signals in the CA3 region of the hippocampus that correlated with spatial memory deficits and, in particular, with their ability to represent novel environments as being distinct from familiar ones (pattern separation). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that patients with amnestic MCI (aMCI) have deficits in pattern separation, along with hyperactive fMRI BOLD activity in the CA3 region of the hippocampus. We used high-resolution fMRI during a continuous recognition task designed to emphasize pattern separation. We conducted hippocampal subfield-level region of interest analyses to test for dysfunctional activity in aMCI patients. We found that patients showed impaired performance on trials that taxed their pattern separation abilities. We also observed hyperactive BOLD signals in the CA3/dentate and hypoactive signals in the entorhinal cortex during the separation condition. In a high-resolution morphometric analysis of hippocampal subfields, aMCI patients also had smaller CA3/dentate and CA1 volumes (no difference in the subiculum). The CA3/dentate region bilaterally also exhibited the largest shape deformations in aMCI patients, suggesting that this locus is affected early in the course of the disease. These findings suggest that structural and functional changes in the CA3/dentate region of the hippocampus contribute to the deficits in episodic memory that are observed in patients with aMCI. The functional hyperactivity may be evidence for a dysfunctional encoding mechanism, consistent with the predictions of computational models of hippocampal learning.
Organic molecular soft ferromagnetism in a fullerene c60.

The properties of an organic molecular ferromagnet [C(60)TDAE(0.86); TDAE is tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene] with a Curie temperature ;T(c) = 16.1 kelvin are described. The ferromagnetic state shows no remanence, and the temperature dependence of the magnetization below ;T(c) does not follow the behavior expected of a conventional ferromagnet. These results are interpreted as a reflection of a three-dimensional system leading to a soft ferromagnet.
Evidence for role of flagella as sensory transducers in mating of Chlamydomonas reinhardi

FLAGELLA and cilia are motility organelles of many cells. Modified cilia are present in most metazoan sensory cells1, and mechanosensory transduction by cilia is found in many protozoans and some invertebrates2. The question arises as to whether flagella used primarily for motility also have sensory functions. In the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardi, flagella act as organs of motility. It has been observed, however, that flagellar contact initiates the mating process when gametes of opposite mating types are mixed3–6. We have been studying this phenomenon and report here observations on the role of flagella in initiating the mating reaction.
Selection and preference of benthic habitat by small and large ammocoetes of the least brook lamprey (Lampetra aepyptera)

In this laboratory study, we quantified substrate selection by small (<50 mm) and large (100–150 mm) ammocoetes of the least brook lamprey (Lampetra aepyptera). In aquaria, ammocoetes were given a choice to burrow into six equally-available substrate types: small gravel (2.360–4.750 mm), coarse sand (0.500–1.400 mm), fine sand (0.125–0.500 mm), organic substrate (approximately 70% decomposing leaves/stems and organic sediment particles, and 30% silt and fine sand), an even mixture of silt, clay, and fine sand, and silt/clay (<0.063 mm). Fine sand was selected with a significantly higher probability than any other substrate. Fine sand habitat is limited in many streams, in part owing to geology, but also as a result of channelization and excessive silt/clay sedimentation, which is a conservation concern. Our results indicate that ammocoetes of least brook lampreys are habitat specialists that prefer fine sand habitat. Hence, availability of fine sand habitat may limit distributions and population sizes.