cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Small Loop in the Capsid Protein of Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus Controls Assembly of Spherical Cores

We report the identification of a novel domain in the Gag protein of Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoLV) that is important for the formation of spherical cores. Analysis of 18 insertional mutations in the N-terminal domain of the capsid protein (CA) identified 3 that were severely defective for viral assembly and release. Transmission electron microscopy of cells producing these mutants showed assembly of Gag proteins in large, flat or dome-shaped patches at the plasma membrane. Spherical cores were not formed, and viral particles were not released. This late assembly/release block was partially rescued by wild-type virus. All three mutations localized to the small loop between α-helices 4 and 5 of CA, analogous to the cyclophilin A-binding loop of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 CA. In the X-ray structure of the hexameric form of MLV CA, this loop is located at the periphery of the hexamer. The phenotypes of mutations in this loop suggest that formation of a planar lattice of Gag is unhindered by mutations in the loop. However, the lack of progression of these planar structures to spherical ones suggests that mutations in this loop may prevent formation of pentamers or of stable pentamer-hexamer interactions, which are essential for the formation of a closed, spherical core. This region in CA, focused to a few residues of a small loop, may offer a novel therapeutic target for retroviral diseases.
Interrelation between end-systolic pressure-volume and pressure-wall thickness relations.

We predicted the shape of the end-systolic pressure-thickness relationship (ESPTR) by modeling the left ventricle as thick-walled sphere. To test the validity of the predicted relationships, we the...
A Growing Issue in Church and State

■ Many policy issues are involved in considering the relationship between government and voluntary agencies. Since many voluntary sectarian agencies receive considerable tax funds, one such issue pertains to the principle of church-state separation. In the field of social welfare, the accepted policy seems to be one of co-operation between church and state. The effect that this has on the nation's over-all church-state principle is significant. ■
Highly Sensitive Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering Substrates Based on Filter Paper Loaded with Plasmonic Nanostructures

We report a novel surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate platform based on a common filter paper adsorbed with plasmonic nanostructures that overcomes many of the challenges associated with existing SERS substrates. The paper-based design results in a substrate that combines all of the advantages of conventional rigid and planar SERS substrates in a dynamic flexible scaffolding format. In this paper, we discuss the fabrication, physical characterization, and SERS activity of our novel substrates using nonresonant analytes. The SERS substrate was found to be highly sensitive, robust, and amiable to several different environments and target analytes. It is also cost-efficient and demonstrates high sample collection efficiency and does not require complex fabrication methodologies. The paper substrate has high sensitivity (0.5nM trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethene (BPE)) and excellent reproducibility (∼15% relative standard deviation (RSD)). The paper substrates demonstrated here establish a novel pla...
Prevalence and clinical features of human metapneumovirus infection in hospitalized children with lower respiratory tract infection

Objective To elucidate the prevalence and clinical characteristics of human metapneumovirus(hMPV)in hospital- ized children with respiratory infection.Methods A total of 452 hospitalized children with lower respiratory tract infection were observed from Aug 2004 to Jan 2005.Respiratory tract aspirates were collected from all patients within 48 hours after admis sion.The specimens were routinely tested for respiratory syncytial virus,influenza virus A and B,parainfluenza virus 1 to 3 and adenovirus by direct fluorescent assay(DFA).The 245 specimens negative by DFA were tested for hMPV by RT-PCR. PCR products of hMPV M gene from some patients were randomly selected for sequencing analysis.Results hMPV was identi- fied in 59(24.1%)of the 245 specimens tested,hMPV infection alone accounted for 13.1% of the infections in the 452 chil- dren under study,The prevalence of hMPV was higher than other respiratory viruses in winter.The mean age of hMPV-infec- ted children(n=59)was 27.7 months.There was no significant difference between age groups in terms of the prevalence of hMPV(P＞0.05).There were no statistically significant difference in demographics and clinical symptoms between hMPV in- fection and other common respiratory virus infection.Genotyping for the hMPV M gene from 23 Shanghai patients showed two distinct hMPV genotypes.Sequence analysis of these hMPV M genes showed 82.8%-100% homology to the registered se- quence in GenBank.There was no significant difference in clinical characteristics between the 2 genotypes.Conclusions hMPV plays an important pathogenic role in lower respiratory tract infection of children,hMPV prevailed in the winter of 2004.Clini- cally,hMPV infection can not be discriminated from the infection of other respiratory viruses.Clinical manifestation is similar between the two hMPV genotypes.
Analysis of Measurement of Heat Stress under new Standard in A Unit

[Objective] To confirm the position of heat stress,strengthen the protective measures and protect workers health through measuring and analyzing on heat stress in the employing units.[Methods]Field investigation,field measurement,classification look-up table of occupational hygiene was adopted to conduct analysis.[Results]The average of WBGT index in the workplace of paint for the post of pothook was 31.3 ℃,30.8 ℃ in picking hook,30.9 ℃ in paint throwing and dipping,30.4 ℃ in paint spraying.[Conclusion]Pothook,picking hook,paint throwing and dipping,paint spraying were the posts for the heat stress in the workplace of paint.The average WBGT index in these positions exceeds the limit of national standards.Corresponding measures should be taken on the protection for workers with heat stress exposure to prevent heat stroke.
Hidden Obstacles in the Mass Culture of American Legal Education: An Empirical Analysis

In 1978, Edward E. Jones and Steven Berglas developed the term "self-handicapping" to describe a process wherein individuals protect their self-image of competence by proactively arranging for adversity in specific performances. Jones and Berglas described self-handicapping as a set of behavioral strategies employed before a performance that permits the individual to avoid receiving information that threatens self esteem. Empirical studies of competitive athletes validated Jones and Berglas' suggestion that "self-handicappers are legion in the sports world, from the tennis player who externalizes a bad shot by adjusting his racket strings, to the avid golfer who systematically avoids taking lessons or even practicing on the driving range." In their 1984 empirical study assessing twenty-seven members of the Princeton University Men's Swimming Team, Frederick Rhodewalt, Andrew Saltzman, and Jerry Wittmer described self-handicapping through the hypothetical of a tennis player:Consider the tennis player who is so busy that he or she fails to find time to practice before an important match. This individual is trading on the belief that practice is a contributing cause of good performance. In the face of defeat, it is difficult to question the person's tennis ability because of the equally plausible excuse of lack of practice. In other words, we discount the extent to which we infer that any lack of ability caused the loss because of the presence of the inhibitory cause - lack of practice. In the event of a victory, the attribution to the player's ability is augmented because it occurred in spite of the fact that the person failed to practice.
Teaching Inquiry to High School Teachers Through the Use of Mathematics Action Research Projects

AbstractThis paper describes the use of Mathematics Action Research Projects (ARPs) as a capstone experience in lieu of a Master’s Thesis in a Master’s program for in-service secondary teachers. The ARPs include two primary components: (i) each teacher participant conducts mathematical research that is new to them on a topic that is connected in some way to the material they teach in one of their classes; and (ii) each teacher participant also creates an in-class innovation related to the mathematical research they have been doing, and implements it in their own classroom. Ten teacher participants have completed such ARPs with the author over the last 3 years. In completing their ARPs, teacher participants not only learn how to conduct mathematical inquiry themselves, but also most often choose to implement some kind of inquiry-based classroom innovation that allows them to share some of this experience with their own students. This course structure has had the effect of encouraging teachers to decide to ...
The New Lay of the Land

At the end of 1979, WAP was the dominant organization in a national movement increasingly focused on pornography. This transition was aided by internal shifts within WAVAW and WAVPM, particularly the loss of charismatic organization leaders, which diminished the capacity of the older groups to participate on the national stage and to influence movement direction. With Julia London stepping down from WAVAW and Laura Lederer leaving WAVPM, leadership of the anti-media violence movement fell to WAP. In the years following the East Coast conference and the March on Times Square, WAP became well known as an influential feminist organization speaking out on behalf of women. “Every feminist in the New York metropolitan area has heard of Women Against Pornography,” the author Paula Webster observed in 1981. Indeed, WAP had attracted attention not only in New York, but also throughout the country for its commitment to fighting pornography. During this period, WAP actively sought media attention and tried to communicate a specifically feminist (as opposed to conservative-moralist) objection to pornography, namely that it was a point on the continuum of male violence and functioned as a key mechanism in the subordination of women. Pornography taught women to accept and even desire domination and objectification, and men to deny women's autonomy and subjectivity. Pornography actively reduced women to sexual objects ripe for humiliation and abuse.
Interobserver and Intraobserver Agreement on Qualitative Assessments of Right Ventricular Dysfunction With Echocardiography in Patients With Pulmonary Embolism.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate observer agreement using qualitative goal-directed echocardiographic criteria for right ventricular (RV) dysfunction prognostication in submassive pulmonary embolism (PE). METHODS Two emergency physicians and 2 cardiologists independently reviewed 31 packets of goal-directed echocardiographic video clips consisting of at least 3 windows obtained by emergency physicians from normotensive patients with PE. Nine packets were repeated to assess for intraobserver agreement. Right ventricular dysfunction criteria on goal-directed echocardiography were as follows: RV enlargement was present, with a right-to-left ventricular basal diameter ratio of 1.0 or higher and blunting of the apex of the RV in 2 or more different windows; RV systolic dysfunction was present if the tricuspid annulus moved toward the apex 10 mm or less and there was RV free wall hypokinesis; and septal deviation was present with any flattening or deviation of the ventricular septum toward the left ventricle. RESULTS Among the 4 participants, there was 83.9% agreement on the presence or absence of RV enlargement (κ = 0.84), 74.2% agreement on the presence or absence of RV systolic dysfunction (κ = 0.69), and 71.0% agreement on the presence or absence of septal deviation (κ = 0.59). Intraobserver agreement was 100% for each RV dysfunction variable for each observer (κ = 1.0). CONCLUSIONS Agreement was substantial for both severe RV enlargement and RV systolic dysfunction and moderate for septal deviation. Right ventricular dysfunction assessment with qualitative goal-directed echocardiographic criteria is reproducible for PE risk stratification.
The Regulatory Climate Governing the Disposal of Liquid Wastes in Deep Geologic Formations: A Paradigm for Regulations for the Subsurface Storage of CO2?

Federal and state regulations covering the deep injection disposal of liquid waste have evolved over the past several years in response to legislation designed to protect underground sources of drinking water (USDW). These regulations apply to so-called Class I wells (wells injecting below the lowest aquifer containing a potential source of drinking water) and address issues relating to the confinement of hazardous and nonhazardous wastes below the lowermost USDW. They have been made progressively more stringent with time, and are now quite effective in protecting USDWs. The deep injection disposal of compressed carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) into similar environments will undoubtedly require similar regulation. This chapter reviews the history and resulting regulations relating to the development of legislation to protect groundwater supplies. The conclusions are drawn regarding the extent to which these regulations might eventually be applied to CO 2 injection.
Hip joint mobility in free-ranging rhesus macaques.

Objectives We aimed to test for differences in hip joint range of motion (ROM) between captive and free-ranging rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), particularly for hip joint abduction, which previous studies of captive macaques have found to be lower than predicted. Materials and methods Hip ROM was assessed following standard joint measurement methodology in anesthetized adult free-ranging rhesus macaques (n = 39) from Cayo Santiago, and compared with published ROM data from captive rhesus macaques (n = 16) (Hammond, , American Journal of Physical Anthropology). Significant differences between populations were detected using one-way analysis of variance (p Results In a sample of pooled sexes and ages, free-ranging macaques are capable of increased hip abduction, flexion, and internal rotation compared with captive individuals. These differences in joint excursion resulted in free-ranging individuals having significantly increased ROM for hip adduction-abduction, rotation, flexion-extension, and the distance spanned by the knee during hip abduction. When looking at data for a smaller sample of age-matched males, fewer ROM differences are significant, but free-ranging males have significantly increased hip abduction, internal rotation, range of flexion-extension, and distance spanned by the knee during hip abduction compared with captive males of similar age. Discussion Our results suggest that a spatially restrictive environment results in decreased hip mobility in cage-confined animals and ultimately limits the potential limb postures in captive macaques. These results have implications for selection of animal samples in model validation studies, as well as laboratory animal husbandry practices. KEYWORDS caging, Cayo Santiago, hip abduction, Macaca mulatta, nonhuman primate captive care.
Assessing Radiographic Knee Osteoarthritis: An Online Training Tutorial for the Kellgren-Lawrence Grading Scale.

Abstract Introduction Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative form of arthritis commonly diagnosed in older adults. It presents clinically with patient complaints of pain and impaired function, ...
Innovative methods to generate clean sugar stream from biomass feedstocks for efficient fermentation

Sorghum stalks were evaluated to generate clean sugars; enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of acid pretreated biomass was significantly low (12.3 g sugar/g pretreated biomass) compared to alkali method (49.1 g sugar/g pretreated biomass). Inhibitory compounds derived from acid pretreatment, such as hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) and furfural, were effectively removed using an appropriate detoxification method using 1% (w/v) activated charcoal. The resin mixture containing cationic exchangers (DOWEX 50WX8) and anionic exchangers (IRA 743) in 7:3 ratio at pH 2.7 completely removed HMF, acetic acid and formic acid with less than 2% (w/w) sugar loss, leading to efficient detoxification of inhibitory compounds.
Operative Fixation Options for Elective and Diabetic Ankle Arthrodesis

Ankle arthrodesis remains one of the most definitive treatment options for end-stage arthritis, paralysis, posttraumatic and postinfectious conditions, failed total ankle arthroplasty, and severe deformities. The general aims of ankle arthrodesis are to decrease pain and instability, correct the accompanying deformity, and create a stable plantigrade foot. Several surgical approaches have been reported for ankle arthrodesis with internal fixation options. External fixation has also evolved for ankle arthrodesis in certain clinical scenarios. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of midterm to long-term outcomes for ankle arthrodesis using internal and/or external fixation each for elective and diabetic conditions.
A marshalled data format for pointers in relocatable data blocks

As future computing hardware progresses towards extreme-scale technology, new challenges arise for addressing heterogeneous compute and memory resources, for providing application resilience in the presence of more frequent failures, and for working within strict energy constraints. While C++ has gained popularity in recent years within the HPC community, some concepts of object-oriented program design may be at odds with the techniques we use to address the challenges of extreme-scale computing. In this work, we focus on the challenges related to using aggregate data structures that include pointer values within a programming model where the runtime may frequently relocate data, and traditional serialization techniques are not practical. We propose and evaluate a marshalled encoding for relocatable data blocks, and present a C++ library and other tools to simplify the work of the application programmer developing new applications or porting existing applications to such emerging programming models.
Cardiac Cell Therapy 3.0: The Beginning of the End or the End of the Beginning?

Cardiac cell therapy (CCT) holds great promise as a regenerative medicine approach for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).1 The first generation of CCTs tested various adult cell types, including skeletal myoblasts, bone marrow (BM)–derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs). More recently, the advent of induced pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) led to the much-anticipated second generation of CCTs with bona fide, PSC-derived CPCs and cardiomyocytes.1 The bad news is that, to date, both adult and PSC-based CCTs have failed to meet their promise of directly remuscularizing and repairing the heart to a therapeutically meaningful extent.2,3 The good news is that some cell types clearly demonstrate encouraging results in terms of efficacy and safety and, more importantly, reveal a previously underestimated key role of CCT, to indirectly promote repair by regulating mechanisms of endogenous cardiac regeneration in the host.1,4 Article, see p 113 The increasingly high burden of CVDs, coupled with the limited efficacy seen in both adult and PSC-based CCTs, and incomplete mechanistic understanding of adult human heart regeneration, have fueled disappointment, skepticism, and polarized the field.5 This schism has been particularly apparent in the area of adult CCTs, which also faces a current crisis of scientific distrust.5 However, the interpretation that a possible stumble in research progress is proof that CCT is broken would be unscientific. As Daniel Wegner noted, “…tipping the balance toward skepticism can eradicate ideas faster than we can generate them. Eventually, we arrive at a vacuous chasm, with no theory standing and no idea left without serious wounds.”6 Under this prism, it is worth exploring how the field of adult CCTs fares, compared with other regenerative medicine approaches. PSC-based CCTs offer perhaps the …
Making Self-Help Finance Work

Because of the stagnation of federal money for new transportation infrastructure, local jurisdictions have increasingly found the need to fund capital projects themselves through transportation voter initiatives, known as local option taxes. Localized funding decisions make coordination across jurisdictions more difficult despite growing needs to solve regional problems, such as air quality, economic growth, and transport of the economically disadvantaged. In an effort to self-finance new projects while building an integrated regional system, some regions have taken the ambitious step of developing multijurisdictional self-help taxes and asking voters across multiple counties to support their proposals. However, few states authorize such taxes, and in some cases, advocates have had to lobby for legislative permission to hold a referendum. Although local obstacles are significant, legislative ones may stop such proposals before they can even begin. This study looks at seven cases that have occurred in four...
Examining Binding to Nanoparticle Surfaces Using Saturation Transfer Difference (STD)-NMR Spectroscopy

The interaction of molecules with the surface of nanoparticles is important in many fields of study, including drug delivery and nanoparticle toxicity. Solution-state NMR has the potential to provide structural as well as dynamic information regarding molecules adsorbed to the nanoparticle surface. Here, we use Saturation-Transfer Difference NMR (STD-NMR) to examine small molecules binding to the surface of polystyrene nanoparticles. Binding constants for this nonspecific adsorption are determined from the initial slope of the STD buildup curve at several ligand concentrations. We also use the STD-NMR technique to quantify the association of solvent water molecules with the nanoparticle surface. The results presented here will be useful to future studies involving peptides and proteins adsorbed on nanoparticle surfaces.
Home Bias in Online Employment

We study the nature of home bias in online employment, wherein the employer prefers workers from his/her own home country. Using a unique large-scale dataset from one of the major online labor platforms, we identify employers’ home bias in their online employment decisions. Moreover, we investigate the cause of employers’ home bias using a quasi-natural experiment wherein the platform introduces a monitoring system to facilitate employers to keep track of workers’ progress in time-based projects. After matching comparable fixed-price projects as a control group using propensity score matching, we employ the difference-in-difference model to show that the home bias does exist in online employment, and at least 54.0% of home bias is driven by statistical discrimination.
Effectiveness of Coloring Mandala Designs to Reduce Anxiety in Graduate Counseling Students

An exploration of the role that creativity can play in anxiety reduction was conducted using a quantitative study design. Participants completed the State Anxiety Inventory (SAI) before and after c...
Impedance computations and beam-based measurements: A problem of discrepancy

Abstract High intensity of particle beams is crucial for high-performance operation of modern electron–positron storage rings, both colliders and light sources. The beam intensity is limited by the interaction of the beam with self-induced electromagnetic fields (wake fields) proportional to the vacuum chamber impedance. For a new accelerator project, the total broadband impedance is computed by element-wise wake-field simulations using computer codes. For a machine in operation, the impedance can be measured experimentally using beam-based techniques. In this article, a comparative analysis of impedance computations and beam-based measurements is presented for 15 electron–positron storage rings. The measured data and the predictions based on the computed impedance budgets show a significant discrepancy. Three possible reasons for the discrepancy are discussed: interference of the wake fields excited by a beam in adjacent components of the vacuum chamber, effect of computation mesh size, and effect of insufficient bandwidth of the computed impedance.
Evolution of mixing in a microfluidic reverse-staggered herringbone micromixer

Microfluidic platforms offer a variety of advantages including improved heat transfer, low working volumes, ease of scale-up, and stronger user control on operating parameters. However, flow within microfluidic channels occurs at low Reynolds number (Re), which makes mixing difficult to accomplish. Adding V-shaped ridges to channel walls, a pattern called the staggered herringbone design (SHB), alleviates this problem by introducing transverse flow patterns that enable enhanced mixing. Building on our prior work, we here developed a microfluidic mixer utilizing the SHB geometry and characterized using CFD simulations and complimentary experiments. Specifically, we investigated the performance of this type of mixer for unequal species diffusivities and inlet flows. A channel design with SHB ridges was simulated in COMSOL Multiphysics® software under a variety of operating conditions to evaluate its mixing capabilities. The device was fabricated using soft-lithography techniques to experimentally visualize the mixing process. Mixing within the device was enabled by injecting fluorescent dyes through the device and imaging using a confocal microscope. The device was found to efficiently mix fluids rapidly, based on both simulations and experiments. Varying Re or species diffusion coefficients had a weak effect on the mixing profile, due to the laminar flow regime and insufficient residence time, respectively. Mixing effectiveness increased as the species flow rate ratio increased. Fluid flow patterns visualized in confocal microscope images for selective cases were strikingly similar to CFD results, suggesting that the simulations serve as good predictors of device performance. This SHB mixer design would be a good candidate for further implementation as a microfluidic reactor.
Scalable tracing of electron micrographs by fusing top down and bottom up cues using hypergraph diffusion.

A novel framework for robust 3D tracing in Electron Micrographs is presented. The proposed framework is built using ideas from hypergraph diffusion, and achieves two main objectives. Firstly, the approach scales to trace hundreds of targets without noticeable increase in runtime complexity. Secondly, the framework yields flexibility to fuse top down (global cues as hyperedges) and bottom up (local superpixels as nodes) information. Subsequently, a procedure for auto-seeding to initialize the tracing procedure is proposed. The paper concludes with experimental validation on a challenging large scale tracing problem for simultaneously tracing 95 structures, illustrating applicability of the proposed algorithm.
Smoking and the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis begins in childhood as arterial intimal lipid deposits and progresses to occlusive arterial lesions in middle age or later. Dyslipoproteinemia, hypertension, and male sex are major risk factors for atherosclerotic disease and also contribute to atherogenesis. Tobacco smoking is well established as a contributor to atherosclerotic disease, particularly to coronary heart disease and peripheral vascular disease. Smoking augments atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries and probably also increases the risk of thrombosis independently of mural atherosclerosis. Smoking greatly augments atherosclerosis of the abdominal aorta, and is the major cause of abdominal aortic aneurysms. There are many physiologic responses of the body to tobacco smoking that may mediate its effects on atherosclerosis and atherosclerotic disease, but there is little evidence to indicate the importance of these relative to one another. We may anticipate the discovery of many smoking-genetic interactions in the future and these are likely to be helpful in resolving these questions of etiology and pathogenesis.
Identification of a F.VIII epitope recognized by a human hemophilic inhibitor.

Hemophilia A, one of the most common of the inherited bleeding disorders, results from a deficiency or abnormality of factor VIII (F.VIII). In approximately 15% of persons with hemophilia, treatment with exogenous F.VIII is complicated by the development of anti-F.VIII antibodies which block F.VIII coagulant activity. These antibodies have been termed inhibitors. To localize epitopes recognized by inhibitors, we used a lambda gt11 library which expresses small random fragments of F.VIII as fusion proteins. One epitope has been mapped to the 25-amino acid sequence lys-338 through asp-362 of F.VIII (E338-362). Immunoaffinity-purified antibodies that react with this epitope neutralize F.VIII:C activity. E338-362 is adjacent to an enzymatic cleavage site at arg-372 which is important in F.VIII activation. Hence, an antibody binding to E338-362 would probably block this cleavage and thereby block activation of F.VIII.
TETRACHLOROHYDROQUINONE OXIDASE ACTIVITY IN BEEF HEART MITOCHONDRIA.

SUMMARY The properties of the oxidation of tetrachlorohydroquinone (THQ) by beef heart mitochondria are described. The addition of protamine is essential for enzymatic activity in mitochondria, although other mitochondrial preparations, such as electron transport particles, can catalyze the oxidation of THQ at maxi- mal rates in the absence of polycation. It is suggested that the addition of protamine to mitochondria which are in a partially open form converts them to a closed system similar to electron transport particles. Specificity studies show that only the tetrahalogenated hydro- quinones can serve as a substrate for the enzyme. Substances such as duroquinone are not enzymatically oxidized by mito- chondrial preparations. It is proposed that the addition of THQ to protamine results in a model cytochrome c compound in which the protein moiety is replaced by protamine, and the heme group by THQ. In mitochondrial preparations, it seems that the cytochrome c oxidase system is responsible for the oxidation of THQ. The effects of inhibitors and the rapid reduction of cytochromes a and u3 indicate that the primary site of interaction of THQ and the respiratory chain may be cytochrome a itself, or that the interaction is between cytochromes a and u3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. REFERENCES
Common sense knowledge in expert systems

Common sense forms a considerable part of a personfs knowledge and is involved in expert judgment whenever some non-technical domain is studied. To deal successfully with such domains, expert systems must have common sense knowledge. Common sense is an open domain. So every attempt of a symbolic representation is bound to be incomplete. Nevertheless, the presented examples show that there are some aspects that can be approached by Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods. Among them are: how to enhance predicate calculus to take into account type and relational knowledge about non-unifiable variables, and a suggestion of collecting independently positive and negative evidence which arose from experience from a legal and a medical expert system.
“That’s probably what my mama’s lungs look like”: how adolescent children react to pictorial warnings on their parents’ cigarette packs

Pictorial cigarette pack warnings discourage smoking, but most evidence comes from studies of adults. Our qualitative study explored adolescents’ reactions to pictorial warnings on their parents’ cigarette packs. We interviewed 24 adolescents whose parents received pictorial warnings on their cigarette packs as part of a randomized clinical trial. We conducted a thematic content analysis of the interview transcripts. Pictorial cigarette pack warnings led adolescents to imagine the depicted health effects happening to their parents, which elicited negative emotions. The warnings inspired adolescents to initiate conversations with their parents and others about quitting smoking. Adolescents believed the warnings would help smokers quit and prevent youth from starting smoking. Some current smokers said the warnings made them consider quitting. Conversations about the pictorial warnings may amplify their effectiveness for smokers, their adolescent children, and friends of the adolescent children. Cigarette pack warnings may reach a broad audience that includes adolescent children of smokers.
Is release of the posterior lamella enough? A cadaveric exploration of posterior component separation techniques

Abstract Background As posterior component separation techniques continue to gain popularity there is uncertainty regarding the degree of fascial advancement afforded by the various techniques. Our study seeks to compare the degree anterior rectus sheath translation seen in full transversus abdominus release compared to simple release of the posterior lamella of the rectus sheath. Methods Ten hemi-abdomens in five fresh cadavers were dissected. One hemi-abdomen underwent external oblique release. The contralateral hemi-abdomen underwent retrorectus dissection and initial release of the internal lamella of the internal oblique, followed by full transversus abdominus release. A 4 kg weight was suspended from the fascia and excursion was measured after 1) external oblique separation, 2) posterior lamella of the internal oblique separation, and 3) transversus abdominis separation. Results Average unilateral hemifascial translation after release of the external oblique provided an average unilateral hemi-fascial translation of 3.38 cm (+/- 0.69). Release of the posterior lamella of the internal oblique provided 3.98 cm (+/- 0.94). After transversus release the average translation increased to 4.31 cm (+/- 0.89). Conclusions In this cadaveric study, the majority (92%) of fascial advancement afforded by posterior component separation was achieved by an intermediate step in the transversus abdominus release operation: division of the posterior lamella of the internal oblique.
Detection of DDR2 mutations in malignant melanoma: A potentially targetable feature of advanced stage disease.

9100 Background: The discoidin domain receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (DDR2) gene is mutated in a subset of non-small cell carcinoma of the lung. In lung cancer, targeting of DDR2 with the inhibitor das...
Combining measures of risk exposure with injury incidence estimates to estimate nursery product injury rates.

Abstract Introduction: Nursery product hazards have been a frequent topic in the published literature. However, because information on the exposure to nursery product risks has not been generally available, there has been little evaluation of exposure-adjusted injury rates. Methods: A national survey of durable nursery product use, by nursery product type, was conducted in 2013. Two measures of risk exposure were developed for each nursery product type: the number used frequently (i.e., used every day or a few times a week) and the total number in use by households, regardless of usage frequency. These data were combined with national estimates of nursery product injuries treated in U.S. hospital emergency departments to determine exposure-adjusted injury rates. Results: For the 13 nursery products examined, there were an estimated 79.9 million in use; 81.6% were reportedly used frequently. When combined with injury estimates, there were an average of 104.1 injuries per 100,000 frequently used nursery products and 85.0 injuries per 100,000 in use. The exposure-adjusted injury rate rankings for the 13 products, from highest to lowest, varied substantially from rankings based on injury incidence alone. Although the injury rate rankings for the two risk exposure measures were not identical, they were highly correlated. Conclusions: The use of exposure-adjusted injury rates provides an enhanced understanding of product-related injury patterns, and can play an important role in program development and evaluation. Estimates of frequently used products may be preferable to products in use as a measure of risk exposure, because such estimates may better reflect intensity of use; both, however, represent valid alternatives that can result in improved program and policy analysis. Practical Applications: Exposure-adjusted injury rates can provide for a more comprehensive evaluation of injury patterns than incidence estimates alone. Analysts should, when possible, take risk exposure into account when evaluating safety programs and policy options.
Creating a cross-disciplinary hub for active student learning in the library: The card game

Two recent technology-driven tendencies in library-faculty collaboration – (1) embedding librarians in the online components of courses, and (2) repurposing certain library spaces to become makerspaces – often embrace the learning strategy of focusing on students as creators. Booth Library at Eastern Illinois University, in collaboration with a faculty-led Faculty Development office and a Humanities Center, has advanced both the leveraging of technology in learning and the creation of a library makerspace, and added a third component, (3) placing an active learning classroom (ALC) connected to a design lab as the first stage of a Center for Student Innovation (CSI). This process, grounded in research on learning spaces and universal design, had led us to ask: what space best encourages creativity in the learning process? We propose to showcase a “think-pair-share” card game to demonstrate how we are re-centering the library as a center for knowledge creation, and a space for promoting discovery, in a format that invites Creating Knowledge participants to fine-tune our model or advance alternatives. That is, the library is building collaborations for re-thinking space, and re-positioning the library as central to teaching and learning, to foster 21st century skills around information, communication, and ethical/social impact. The card game will demonstrate ways to help students and faculty to create knowledge, and how information as a product is modeled, remodeled and reinterpreted for pedagogically creative teaching and learning. The implementation of the CSI has stimulated larger discussions in the library and across campus about the role of a “future-present” library. How can faculty and students embrace discovery as a means rather than an end? What role does the library play in facilitating teaching and learning? What does the future library look like? The presentation and card game will answer these questions through audience feedback and participation.
BN-codoped CNT based nanoporous brushes for all-solid-state flexible supercapacitors at elevated temperatures

Abstract Porous graphitic carbon based nanostructured electrodes offer several advantages for energy storage applications, such as, high specific surface area, high active charge storage sites, suitable ion diffusion and excellent charge transport properties. Vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have widely been exploited for electrochemical energy storage in different architectures using various electrolytes. However, a 3D carbon based electrode with high mechanical flexibility, reliability along with high charge storage capacity with solid-state electrolyte have yet to be realized. Here we develop a simple spray pyrolysis process for synthesizing nanoporous brush-like CNTs grown radially on individual carbon fibers of a carbon cloth (CC) substrate and simultaneously codoping with boron (B) and nitrogen (N) heteroatoms. The obtained BNCNT-CC electrodes were utilized to fabricate highly flexible all solid state symmetrical supercapacitor cells. The cells demonstrated high aerial capacitance of 106.8 mF/cm2 (~21.4 F/cm3), excellent flexibility without any performance degradation, attractive capacitance retention (86.4%) even after 5000 charge/discharge cycles, stability above room temperature, 741.8 mWh/cm3 specific energy at 25 W/cm3 specific power and conservation of 56% of its initial energy at specific power of 1 kW/cm3. The results are distinctly better than previous reports as a whole in terms of different performance parameters and are attributed to the unique nanoporous structure, low combined series resistance, BN-codoping and diffusion controlled modulation in electrochemical energy storage characteristics.
Multi-model Markov Decision Processes

Markov decision processes (MDPs) have found success in many application areas that involve sequential decision making under uncertainty, including the evaluation and design of treatment and screeni...
Determination of Cyclohexene in workplace air by Solvent desorption gas chromatography

Objective: To establish a solvent desorption gas chromatography method for determination of cyclohexene in workplace air. Methods: Cyclohexene in the air of workplace was collected with carbon tube and desorbed by carbon disulfide. The target toxicant was separated with the GC column and analyzed with FID detector, identified by retention time, and quantified by peak area. Results: The linear range of cyclohexene in the air of workplace was 0.77~4 050.00 μg/ml, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9999. The limit of detection was 0.23 μg/ml. The lower limit of quantification was 0.77 μg/ml. The minimum detectable concentration was 0.15 mg/m(3) under1.5 L sampling volume and 1.0 ml extraction solution volume. The within-run precision of different cyclohexene concentrations was 0.62%~1.9% and the between-run precisions was 1.5%~3.5%; The average extraction efficiency was 96.4%; Penetration capacity (100 mg of carbon tube) was 29.4 mg; The average collection efficiency was 100%; The samples could be stored for 7 days at room temperature. When placed in 4 ℃ refrigerator, the samples could be stored for 14 days. The potential coexistence of cyclohexane, hexane, benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene with cyclohexene in the air did not interfere with the results of determination. Conclusion: This method has high sensitivity, precision, accuracy and lower limit of detection and it is applicable for determination of cyclohexene in workplace air.
Implementation of Physical Activity in US Elementary Schools: The Role of Administrative Support, Financial Resources, and Champions

The intentional integration of physical activity in elementary school classrooms—including brief instructional breaks for activity, or integration into lessons—can benefit children’s physical activity and education outcomes. Teachers are key implementation agents, but despite physical activity in the classroom being an evidence-informed practice, many teachers do not regularly implement it. The aim of this study was to obtain updated nationally representative prevalence estimates in United States public elementary schools, regarding four key outcomes: (1) school adoption of physically active lessons (PA lessons); (2) school adoption of physical-activity breaks (PA breaks); (3) penetration in the classroom, defined as ≥50% of teachers using PA breaks; and (4) dose, defined as an average of at least 50 min per week of PA breaks. We examined variations in outcomes by school demographic characteristics, and by three factors hypothesized to be implementation facilitators (administrative support, financial resources, and presence of a wellness champion at the school). In the 2019–20 school year, surveys were distributed to a nationally representative sample of 1010 public elementary schools in the US; responses were obtained from 559 (55.3%). The weighted prevalence of schools reporting adoption of PA lessons was 77.9% (95% CI = 73.9% to 81.9%), and adoption of PA breaks was nearly universal at 91.2% (95% CI = 88.4% to 94.1%). Few demographic differences emerged, although adoption of PA lessons was less prevalent at higher-poverty schools (73.9%) and medium-poverty schools (77.0%) as compared to schools with lower poverty levels (87.1%; p < 0.01). Across all four outcomes, associations emerged with facilitators in multivariable logistic regression models. The prevalence of adoption of PA lessons, adoption of PA breaks, and dose of PA breaks were all significantly higher at schools where administrative encouragement occurred more frequently. Financial support was associated with implementation outcomes, including adoption of PA lessons, and penetration and dose of PA breaks. Presence of a champion was associated with higher prevalence of reporting adoption of PA lessons. School leaders can play a crucial role in supporting teachers’ implementation of PA breaks and lessons in the classroom, through providing financial resources, encouragement, and supporting champions. Effective school-leadership practices have the potential to positively impact students at a large-scale population level by supporting implementation of PA lessons and breaks.
Theoretical analysis of acoustic pulse propagation through forest edges

Sound propagation through forest edges can be complicated due to the sudden and significant change in propagation environment. One approach to estimating the coherent and diffuse sound fields due to an acoustic pulse in or near a forest boundary is to use the energy-based radiative transfer (RT) theory [Muhlestein et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 143 (2018)]. This technique accounts for propagation from the source to scattering locations through an effective medium, single scattering, and propagation from the scattering locations to the measurement site. This paper applies the RT theory to two cases: an acoustic pulse source located within a forest and a receiver located outside, and vice versa. The results are compared with experimental data.
Hindsight 2020: Reflections of community visions from the past

This study retrospectively analyzes a dozen “Vision 2020” community plans, with critical analysis of their vision statements and subsequent implementation. Evaluation and appraisal review of plan i...
The Weight on Earnings in Incentive Contracting: Dynamic Response or Status Quo?

As firms evolve, the tasks required to generate firm value change, as does the ability of earnings to reflect changes in that value. To the extent earnings differentially captures managers’ effort toward desire tasks, contracting theory suggests its role in incentive pay should also change. However, anecdotal evidence suggests boards often fail to alter the weights on earnings in response to changes in the firm over time, relying instead on the status quo. In this study, we use a large longitudinal sample research design to investigate whether and how boards alter the weight on earnings in bonus contracts as its contracting usefulness changes over time. Our results suggest that although some contract evolution occurs, it often lacks timeliness. We find that boards often rely on contracting decisions made in prior periods, suggesting evidence of the status quo bias. Consistent with the status quo bias affecting board decisions, we document that process accountability mitigates a lack of concurrent contract evolution with shifts in firm evolution. Finally, we show that firms trade off earnings for other more idiosyncratic performance measures, suggesting alternate measures incrementally inform manager effort in early and late stages of firm development.