cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A modular method for evaluating the performance of picture archiving and communication systems

The authors investigate the use of stochastic activity networks (SANs) and reduced base model construction techniques in evaluating picture archiving and communication systems (PACSs). Construction and solution of the models is done using UltraSAN, a graphically oriented software tool for model specification, analysis, and simulation. The method is illustrated via the evaluation of a realistically sized PACS for a typical US hospital of 300-400 beds, and the derivation of system response times and component utilizations. The approach is modular, in the sense that SAN models of individual PACS components can be reused when investigating alternative system configurations. >
Errors by the American Psychiatric Association, the American Psychological Association, and the National Educational, Association in representing homosexuality in amicus briefs about Amendment 2 to the U.S. Supreme Court.

In October 1995, consortiums of psychiatric and educational professional organizations, including the American Psychological Association and the American Psychiatric Association and the National Ed...
"Fleximers". Design and synthesis of a new class of novel shape-modified nucleosides(1).

A new class of shape-modified nucleosides is introduced. These novel “fleximers” feature the purine ring systems of adenosine, inosine, and guanosine split into their individual imidazole and pyrimidine components (as in 1−3). This structural modification serves to introduce flexibility into the nucleoside while still retaining the elements essential for recognition. As a consequence, these novel fleximers should find use as bioprobes for investigating enzyme−coenzyme binding sites as well as nucleic acid and protein interactions. Their design and synthesis are described.
Quantitatively Imaging Chromosomes by Correlated Cryo-Fluorescence and Soft X-Ray Tomographies

Soft x-ray tomography (SXT) is increasingly being recognized as a valuable method for visualizing and quantifying the ultrastructure of cryopreserved cells. Here, we describe the combination of SXT with cryogenic confocal fluorescence tomography (CFT). This correlative approach allows the incorporation of molecular localization data, with isotropic precision, into high-resolution three-dimensional (3-D) SXT reconstructions of the cell. CFT data are acquired first using a cryogenically adapted confocal light microscope in which the specimen is coupled to a high numerical aperture objective lens by an immersion fluid. The specimen is then cryo-transferred to a soft x-ray microscope (SXM) for SXT data acquisition. Fiducial markers visible in both types of data act as common landmarks, enabling accurate coalignment of the two complementary tomographic reconstructions. We used this method to identify the inactive X chromosome (Xi) in female v-abl transformed thymic lymphoma cells by localizing enhanced green fluorescent protein-labeled macroH2A with CFT. The molecular localization data were used to guide segmentation of Xi in the SXT reconstructions, allowing characterization of the Xi topological arrangement in near-native state cells. Xi was seen to adopt a number of different topologies with no particular arrangement being dominant.
The effect of menthol vapor on nasal sensitivity to chemical irritation.

Introduction Among other effects, menthol added to cigarettes may modulate sensory response to cigarette smoke either by masking "harshness" or contributing to a desirable "impact." However, harshness and impact have been imprecisely defined and assessed using subjective measures. Thus, the current experiments used an objective measure of sensitivity to chemical irritation in the nose to test the hypothesis that menthol vapor modulates sensitivity to chemical irritation in the airways. Methods Nasal irritation thresholds were measured for 2 model compounds (acetic acid and allyl isothiocyanate) using nasal lateralization. In this technique, participants simultaneously sniff clean air in one nostril and chemical vapor in the other and attempt to identify the stimulated nostril. People cannot lateralize based on smell alone but can do so when chemicals are strong enough to feel. In one condition, participants were pretreated by sniffing menthol vapor. In a control condition, participants were pretreated by sniffing an odorless blank (within-subjects design). Results Pretreatment with menthol vapor decreased sensitivity to nasal irritation from acetic acid (participants required higher concentrations to lateralize) but increased sensitivity to allyl isothiocyanate (lower concentrations were required). Conclusions The current experiments provide objective evidence that menthol vapor can modulate sensitivity to chemical irritation in the upper airways in humans. Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture of chemicals and particulates, and further work will be needed to determine exactly how menthol modulates smoking sensation. A better understanding could lead to treatments tailored to help menthol smokers quit by replacing the sensation of mentholated cigarettes.
‘‘I Think I’m Gonna Throw up...’’: Toward a Cultural Theory of Shock Radio

Focusing on the period 1999–2003, this study examines the cultural content of the Howard Stern Show in order to develop a theory of shock radio. We argue that while Stern's sexist and anti-feminist agenda framed his treatment of women's bodies, his broader obsession with bodily excess reflected the particular cultural moment of the late 20th century and the long-term problem of embodiment via the radio medium. We draw on Linda William's concept of body genres, M. M. Bakhtin's grotesque body, and recent radio scholarship in order to conceptualize the relationship among the voice, the body, and the medium in shock radio.
Learning with Compressible Priors

We describe a set of probability distributions, dubbed compressible priors, whose independent and identically distributed (iid) realizations result in p-compressible signals. A signal x ∈ ℝN is called p-compressible with magnitude R if its sorted coefficients exhibit a power-law decay as |x|(i) ≲ R · i-d, where the decay rate d is equal to 1/p. p-compressible signals live close to K-sparse signals (K ≪ N) in the lr-norm (r > p) since their best K-sparse approximation error decreases with O (R · K1/r-1/p). We show that the membership of generalized Pareto, Student's t, log-normal, Frechet, and log-logistic distributions to the set of compressible priors depends only on the distribution parameters and is independent of N. In contrast, we demonstrate that the membership of the generalized Gaussian distribution (GGD) depends both on the signal dimension and the GGD parameters: the expected decay rate of N-sample iid realizations from the GGD with the shape parameter q is given by 1/ [qlog (N/q)]. As stylized examples, we show via experiments that the wavelet coefficients of natural images are 1.67-compressible whereas their pixel gradients are 0.95 log (N/0.95)-compressible, on the average. We also leverage the connections between compressible priors and sparse signals to develop new iterative re-weighted sparse signal recovery algorithms that outperform the standard l1-norm minimization. Finally, we describe how to learn the hyperparameters of compressible priors in underdetermined regression problems by exploiting the geometry of their order statistics during signal recovery.
Compounded disturbances in sub-alpine forests in western Colorado favour future dominance by quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides)

Question As the extent, magnitude and/or frequency of various forest disturbances are increasing due to climate change, it is becoming increasingly likely that forests may be affected by more than one type of disturbance in short succession. We studied how compounded disturbances and pre-fire composition influence post-fire tree regeneration. Specifically, do compounded disturbances reduce overall regeneration and favour initial dominance of species that regenerate vegetatively? Location Sub-alpine forests in northwestern Colorado. Methods The study region was affected by a severe outbreak of Dendroctonus rufipennis in the 1940s, a severe wind storm in 1997 and severe fires in 2002. Permanent plots to monitor regeneration were established in 2003 and were re-measured in 2004, 2005 and 2010. Plots were located in stands that varied in long-term disturbance history (stands that originated following fires in 1879 or 1880 vs older stands), recent disturbance history (fire only; outbreak then fire; blowdown then fire) and pre-fire forest dominance (Populus tremuloides, Pinus contorta, or Picea engelmannii–Abies lasiocarpa). Results Combined density of regeneration of all tree species was highest in stands dominated by P. tremuloides prior to the 2002 fires. In P. contorta stands that were affected only by the 2002 fires, regeneration density was higher in stands that were younger prior to the fire (those that originated in the 1880s), in which cone serotiny is more prevalent, than in older stands (those that originated >200 yr ago). However, the advantage of relatively young P. contorta stands to regenerate following fire was inhibited by compounded disturbances of wind and then fire. Similarly, following compounded disturbances the combined density of conifer seedlings of all species was lower than following only fire. In contrast, the density of P. tremuloides was not lower following compounded disturbances than following fire only, and was higher than that of other species. Conclusions Pre-fire forest composition and disturbance history influence the abundance and composition of post-fire regeneration. Compounded disturbances generally reduce the regeneration of conifers, which regenerate exclusively from seed, and appear to favour initial stand dominance by P. tremuloides, which regenerates both sexually and asexually. Such differential effects may thereby alter trajectories of post-fire regeneration. As P. tremuloides are less susceptible than conifers to fires, bark beetle outbreaks and wind disturbances, increased dominance by P. tremuloides may contribute to a negative feedback that may diminish the probability and/or severity of future disturbances and thus increase overall forest ecosystem resiliency.
Wallflower: principles and practice of background maintenance

Background maintenance is a frequent element of video surveillance systems. We develop Wallflower, a three-component system for background maintenance: the pixel-level component performs Wiener filtering to make probabilistic predictions of the expected background; the region-level component fills in homogeneous regions of foreground objects; and the frame-level component detects sudden, global changes in the image and swaps in better approximations of the background. We compare our system with 8 other background subtraction algorithms. Wallflower is shown to outperform previous algorithms by handling a greater set of the difficult situations that can occur. Finally, we analyze the experimental results and propose normative principles for background maintenance.
Age-related and individual differences in the use of prediction during language comprehension

During sentence comprehension, older adults are less likely than younger adults to predict features of likely upcoming words. A pair of experiments assessed whether such differences would extend to tasks with reduced working memory demands and time pressures. In Experiment 1, event-related brain potentials were measured as younger and older adults read short phrases cuing antonyms or category exemplars, followed three seconds later by targets that were either congruent or incongruent and, for congruent category exemplars, of higher or lower typicality. When processing the less expected low typicality targets, younger – but not older – adults elicited a prefrontal positivity (500–900 ms) that has been linked to processing consequences of having predictions disconfirmed. Thus, age-related changes in prediction during comprehension generalize across task circumstances. Analyses of individual differences revealed that older adults with higher category fluency were more likely to show the young-like pattern. Experiment 2 showed that these age-related differences were not due to simple slowing of language production mechanisms, as older adults generated overt responses to the cues as quickly as – and more accurately than – younger adults. However, older adults who were relatively faster to produce category exemplars in Experiment 2 were more likely to have shown predictive processing patterns in Experiment 1. Taken together, the results link prediction during language comprehension to language production mechanisms and suggest that although older adults can produce speeded language output on demand, they are less likely to automatically recruit these mechanisms during comprehension unless top-down circuitry is particularly strong.
A Heuristic Approach to Fiber Optics

By employing simple heuristic arguments based on the ray model of light it is possible to gain significant physical insight into light propagation mechanisms of optical fibers. Specifically, the optical fiber can be treated as an idealized waveguide in order to obtain qualitatively correct dependence of the mode density and power transmission characteristics on the V parameter of the optical fiber. In addition, the ray trajectories for optical fiber modes can be compared through a simple correspondence which links the del operator to the ray propagation vector.
Alveolar recruitment in the delivery room

Most preterm babies with a gestational age less than 23–27 weeks need a respiratory support in the delivery room (DR); the aim of ventilation is to create and maintain a functional residual capacity (FRC); to facilitate gas exchange and to minimize acute lung injury. The application of a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) from the first breaths helps in obtaining a lung volume stabilization. Efficacy and safety of the application of a sustained lung inflation (SLI) at birth is still under careful evaluation. The prompt increase of the hearth rate and oxygen saturation in the preliminary studies at the moment available in the literature are signs of the good efficacy of the manoeuvre but the effects of the SLI on oxygenation and hemodynamics are undetermined. When preterm infants need respiratory assistance in the DR, respiratory function monitoring is desirable to apply adequate and gentle resuscitation manoeuvres. Clinical large trials taking place in the DR are needed but they are also extremely...
A nonassociative aspect of overshadowing

A light overshadowed a noise in a conditioned fear paradigm. There was less fear of the noise if it had been compounded with the light when paired with shock than if the noise alone had been paired with shock. However, a high level of fear to the noise was found in rats that subsequently underwent extinction of the fear conditioned to the light. This finding suggests that overshadowing is not due just to the noise not being associated with shock; it suggests that overshadowing is due in part to a failure of the noise-shock association to be expressed in behavior.
Concerted regulation in vitro of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from Escherichia coli.

Abstract Fructose 1,6-diphosphate, in low concentration, activates phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from Escherichia coli synergistically, with either acetyl coenzyme A or laurate. The same combinations, in high concentration, do not show this effect, but synergistically relieve aspartate inhibition. Acetyl-CoA and laurate, together, show neither effect. These findings are consistent with a changing need for the enzyme in response to metabolic conditions. Also reported are the kinetic parameters of these activators, corrected for nonactivated velocities. Maximum activations by laurate and acetyl-CoA, between pH 7.0 and 8.5, are about the same in magnitude and independent of pH. Activation by acetyl-CoA shows positive cooperativity that is quantitatively independent of pH. Laurate curves are not cooperative. Fructose 1,6-diphosphate shows positive cooperativity at pH 7.0, but not at pH 7.3 or above. Maximum activation velocity by fructose 1,6-diphosphate decreases at higher pH. Aspartate is a competitive inhibitor to each of the three activators, with positive cooperativity profiles obtained in each instance.
Fluorescein dermofluorometry for the assessment of diabetic microvascular disease.

Background/aims: Fluorescein dermofluorometry can be used to relate the uptake of fluorescein in the skin to blood flow. We have characterized the uptake of the dye by a wash-in time constant that is inversely proportional to the local blood flow. The purpose of this study was to explore the use of dermofluorometry in the assessment of patients with diabetic microvascular disease. Methods: Fluorescein dermofluorometry was performed in four groups of patients: non-diabetic control patients, diabetic control patients, diabetic patients with chronic foot ulcers, and diabetic patients with acute foot ulcers. The outcomes of the patients with foot ulcers were documented 4–14 months after participation. Following an intravenous injection of sodium fluorescein, the change in the fluorescein signal with time was continuously measured at the plantar surface of the foot. Both the initial slope of the signal and the wash-in time constant were calculated in each subject. Results: Significant differences in the wash-in time constant were found between diabetic and non-diabetic subjects and between diabetic subjects with and without foot ulcers. Of the eight patients with foot ulcers, two of them did not display an early wash-out in the dermofluorometer signal and later both required amputations. Conclusion: The fluorescein wash-in time constant demonstrated better correlation with the presence of diabetic microvascular disease than did the initial slope of the signal. Differences in the wash-in time constants of non-diabetic and diabetic subjects support the hemodynamic hypothesis for the development of microvascular disease. The indication of early wash-out of the fluorescein signal may also be useful in the prediction of ulcer healing.
Justice Scalia's Fundamentally Flawed Confrontation Clause Analysis Continues in Melendez-Diaz: It's Time to Begin Again

This article argues that the five opinions authored by Justice Scalia taken together unfortunately clearly evidence a theoretically unsound, inconsistent, confused and illogical interpretation of the Sixth Amendment right of a criminal defendant to confront witnesses against him.
Coupling Effect of Water and Proteoglycans on the In Situ Toughness of Bone.

Proteoglycans (PGs) are one type of noncollagenous proteins in the extracellular matrix of bone that primarily contain a core protein and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). GAGs are highly polar and negatively charged, thus have a strong tendency to attract water molecules into the matrix. We hypothesized in this study that PGs in bone play a pivotal role in sustaining the toughness of the tissue only when water is present. To test the hypothesis, we used a novel nanoscratch test to measure the in situ toughness of human cadaveric bone treated with and without peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGase F), an enzyme that specifically removes the N-linked oligosaccharides of GAGs from core proteins. Cortical bone specimens were prepared from the posterior aspect of mid-diaphyseal femurs of six (n = 6) male human donors between 51.5 ± 5.17 years old. Biochemical and histochemical assays were used to verify whether N-linked oligosaccharides were removed from bone matrix by PNGase F. By testing wet and dehydrated bone specimens, the coupling effect between water and PGs on the in situ toughness of bone was investigated. The two-way ANOVA analyses showed that removal of GAGs had significant effects on the in situ toughness of wet bone samples. In contrast, the removal of GAGs did not show significant effects on the toughness of dry bone. The results of this study, for the first time, suggest that GAGs play a pivotal role in the in situ toughness of bone only when water is present, and vice versa, water functions as a plasticizer in bone only when GAGs are present. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Evaluation and management of pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum.

Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum (PA/IVS) is a spectrum of diseases with varying severity of right ventricle hypoplasia and potential for biventricular, univentricular, or hybrid repairs. Pessimistic outcome measures for PA/IVS may give way to optimism with the refinement of early diagnosis and early intervention to encourage right ventricle flow and optimize growth. To this end, PA/IVS has become a focus of innovative interventions (e.g., fetal surgery) and new catheter-based and surgical techniques.
Treatment of hypertension in diabetes: a contemporary approach with a focus on improving cardiovascular outcomes

Diabetes mellitus and hypertension are interrelated conditions that predispose patients to cardiovascular disease. The 2015 American Diabetes Association guidelines recommend a blood pressure goal of <140/90 but indicates that a lower goal can be set for some individuals if this can be achieved without undue burden. Renin angiotensin system blockers remain the main stay of treatment in hypertensive diabetics together with lifestyle interventions. Guidelines indicate that combination therapy may be initiated in patients who have a blood pressure 20/10 over the target BP. As discussed in this review, there are several diabetic medications that have antihypertensive effects. Management of hypertension in diabetes mellitus is an important factor in reducing cardiovascular disease in conjunction with other cardiovascular disease prevention strategies such as use of stains and aspirin. Patients will benefit from multidisciplinary team expertise including a primary care provider, endocrinologist, hypertension specialist, diabetic educator and dietician.
Geometry of epitaxial GaAs/(Al,Ga)As quantum dots as seen by excitonic spectroscopy

It is shown that exciton and multiexciton emission lines (``spectral barcode'') of a quantum dot conceal nontrivial structural information on the shape and size of the dot, information which can be uncovered by comparison with atomistic many-body theory. Application to the newly established strain-free GaAs quantum dots grown via ``droplet epitaxy'' onto AlGaAs matrix reveal the shape and size as ``seen'' by spectroscopy. The results show that the previously determined dot height ($\ensuremath{\sim}14$ nm) as ``seen'' by cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy (XSTM) could not possibly be consistent with the excitonic signature (1.7--1.9 eV), as the latter must reflect dot height of 1--4 nm. Multiexciton ``barcode'' and fine structure spitting suggest GaAs/AlGaAs dots are in Gaussian-shape in agreement with XSTM measurement. Both spectroscopy and XSTM measurements were done on GaAs dots capped by the Al${}_{0.3}$Ga${}_{0.7}$As barrier layer. The fact that XSTM sees tall dots and spectroscopy sees short dots is thus not because the dot change its height in one experiment relative to the other but because different dots must have been used. This was uncovered by theoretical simulation of the experiment showing that the two experiments could not possibly correspond to the same dot.
How organizational and global factors condition the effects of energy efficiency on CO2 emission rebounds among the world's power plants

The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the International Energy Agency (IEA), and several nations suggest that energy efficiency is an effective strategy for reducing energy consumption and associated greenhouse gas emissions. Skeptics contend that because efficiency lowers the price of energy and energy services, it may actually increase demand for them, causing total emissions to rise. While both sides of this debate have researched the magnitude of these so-called rebound effects among end-use consumers, researchers have paid less attention to the conditions under which direct rebounds cause CO2 emissions to rise among industrial producers. In particular, researchers have yet to explore how organizational and global factors might condition the effects of efficiency on emissions among power plants, the world's most concentrated sources of anthropogenic greenhouse gases. Here we use a unique dataset containing nearly every fossil-fuel power plant in the world to determine whether the impact of efficiency on emissions varies by plants' age, size, and location in global economic and normative systems. Findings reveal that each of these factors has a significant interaction with efficiency and thus shapes environmentally destructive rebound effects.
Differential effects of interferon‐γ and glucocorticoids on FcγR gene expression in murine macrophages

Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) was shown previously to increase Fc gamma receptor (Fc gamma R)-mediated binding and phagocytosis of immunoglobulin G-opsonized erythrocytes in mouse peritoneal exudate macrophages. Glucocorticoids potentiated this effect. We have extended these observations to an investigation of the effects of IFN-gamma and glucocorticoids on steady-state mRNA levels of the three Fc gamma R genes expressed on murine macrophages: Fc gamma RI, Fc gamma RII, and Fc gamma RIII alpha. Fc gamma RI mRNA was present at a barely detectable level in unstimulated cells but was induced 5- to 10-fold by IFN-gamma. Fc gamma RIII alpha mRNA was expressed constitutively and was induced significantly but very modestly (1.5-fold) by IFN-gamma. Fc gamma RII mRNA also exhibited high constitutive expression, but it was not altered by IFN-gamma treatment. Dexamethasone (DEX) significantly increased the expression of IFN-gamma-induced Fc gamma RI mRNA but had no effect on the expression of Fc gamma RII or Fc gamma RIII alpha transcripts in untreated or IFN-gamma-treated cells. The effect of DEX on Fc gamma RI mRNA was seen after about 10 h of simultaneous treatment with IFN-gamma, was dose-dependent, and was glucocorticoid specific. DEX did not modulate the rate of decay of the Fc gamma RI mRNA, suggesting that the up-regulatory effect of DEX may occur, in part, at the level of transcription. In the same culture system, the steady-state level of IFN-gamma-induced Ia mRNA was concurrently inhibited by DEX. The up-regulation of the IFN-gamma-induced high-affinity Fc gamma RI mRNA, the failure to modulate the expression of the two low-affinity Fc gamma R mRNA species, and the down-regulation of IFN-gamma-induced Ia mRNA by DEX in the same cell population illustrate the diverse, gene-specific influence of glucocorticoids on the expression of IFN-gamma-inducible genes.
Civic engagement and political participation among American Indians and Alaska natives in the US.

ABSTRACTWithin the growing literature seeking to understand civic and political engagement among racial and ethnic minorities, our understanding of political behavior among American Indian and Alaska Natives (AI/AN) remains limited. We use the Current Population Survey Civic Engagement and Voting and Registration supplements (2006–2012) to compare AI/AN voter registration, voting, and overall civic engagement to other racial and ethnic groups and to assess whether factors that predict higher levels of civic engagement vary across these populations. We find a few key socioeconomic status indicators that predict civic and political engagement uniquely for AI/ANs, but they are not consistently significant across all years or all types of political participation. We find marital status, age, household size, education, and veteran status to be important in predicting civic engagement for AI/ANs. However, for voting and registration, we find that family income, age, marital status, household size, and residenti...
Differences in relative abundance and size structure of the sea stars Pisaster ochraceus and Evasterias troschelii among habitat types in Puget Sound, Washington, USA

We surveyed patterns in the relative abundance and size structure of the sea stars Pisaster ochraceus and Evasterias troschelii in five habitat types of varying structural complexity and prey availability (sand/cobble, boulder, and rocky intertidal; pilings; and floating docks) in Puget Sound and the San Juan Islands, Washington. For both species, small sea stars were most abundant in the most structurally complex habitat type (boulder), where they occurred almost exclusively under boulders during low tide. Larger individuals became more abundant as structural complexity decreased, occurring more frequently in open habitat types (rocky shores, pilings, and docks) known to have greater abundances of prey resources. Gull foraging observations and experiments demonstrated that exposed small sea stars of both species were highly vulnerable to predation, suggesting that small sea stars require structural complexity (crevice microhabitat) as a predation refuge. Large sea stars, once attaining a size refuge from predation, appear to migrate to more exposed habitat types with more abundant food resources. These results suggest parallel ontogenetic habitat shifts in two co-occurring consumer species related to a shared predation risk at early life stages and demonstrate how the relative importance of top-down and bottom-up processes may differ with ontogeny.
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE MYENTERIC PLEXUSES

This chapter discusses the structure and functions of the myenteric plexuses. A large percentage of the nerve fibers in the wall of the bowel come from the extrinsic nerves and disappear after degenerative section of these nerves. It is possible to distinguish between the smooth vagus fibers, with their uniform diameter, and the varicose and thinner fibers of other origins. Hill's impression from her work and from that of others was that nearly all of the sympathetic fibers in the intestine are postganglionic, with their cell stations in the celiac ganglions. These fibers enter the wall of the bowel with the blood vessels, in the walls of which many of them terminate. There are differences in the appearance of the myenteric plexuses in different parts of the digestive tract—differences in the size and shape of the spaces enclosed by the fiber bundles, and differences in the number of ganglion cells.
SRAM voltage stacking

Current delivery is a major challenge in chip design. Reduction of the nominal voltage due to technology scaling has worsened the problem. Voltage stacking has been proposed as a way to alleviate the problem by delivering power in a serial rather than the conventional parallel way. Several studies have proposed techniques to stack logic designs. This paper applies the voltage stacking technique to SRAMs. By dividing the SRAM into two logic domains, we are able to double the supply voltage VDD while reducing the current draw significantly. Since SRAMs have a predictable activity pattern, each stack consumes the same amount of power, therefore, the stack voltage 2VDD will distribute evenly between the stacks and the current demand will decrease up to 44%. The combined effects of increasing VDD and decreasing current allow the design of Voltage Regulators to be 10%–15% more efficient.
A case of renal cell carcinoma with an extensive inferior vena cava thrombosis

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most prevalent primary renal malignant neoplasm in adults. Most of the cases are usually found incidentally. It is commonly associated with venous thrombosis. We demonstrate a case of a RCC which was associated with an extensive thrombus that reached the upper part of the inferior vena cava (IVC). We also perform a brief literature review about the association between RCC and IVC thrombosis.
ECN or Delay: Lessons Learnt from Analysis of DCQCN and TIMELY

Data center networks, and especially drop-free RoCEv2 networks require efficient congestion control protocols. DCQCN (ECN-based) and TIMELY (delay-based) are two recent proposals for this purpose. In this paper, we analyze DCQCN and TIMELY using fluid models and simulations, for stability, convergence, fairness and flow completion time. We uncover several surprising behaviors of these protocols. For example, we show that DCQCN exhibits non-monotonic stability behavior, and that TIMELY can converge to stable regime with arbitrary unfairness. We propose simple fixes and tuning for ensuring that both protocols converge to and are stable at the fair share point. Finally, using lessons learnt from the analysis, we address the broader question: are there fundamental reasons to prefer either ECN or delay for end-to-end congestion control in data center networks? We argue that ECN is a better congestion signal, due to the way modern switches mark packets, and due to a fundamental limitation of end-to-end delay-based protocols, that we derive.
Hip Pathology: Overload Syndromes

It is our belief that overload syndromes of the hip joint occur due to abnormal anatomy, which results in mechanical changes of motion and the displacement of force. There are several anatomical and pathologic processes (both intra- and extra-articular) that result in an abnormal hip joint. Due to the variety of initiating pathology, overload syndromes of the hip can present in a multitude of complaints and subsequent diagnoses involving both the hip (labral tears, instability, subluxation) and surrounding structures (osteitis pubis, lumbar spine pain, unilateral sacroiliac joint pain). Regardless of the inciting cause, these symptoms occur because the patient’s anatomy allows for too much movement within the hip joint (laxity) and/or not enough movement (impingement or stiffness). As the patient repetitively stresses their hip, they not only develop symptoms but an accumulative effect that can ultimately result in additional pathology. This chapter thus demonstrates a “unified hip theory,” exhibiting how overload of the hip may result in a multitude of pathologies and subsequently a variety of symptoms.
A retrospective evaluation of furosemide and mannitol for prevention of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.

SummaryWhat is known and objective Nephrotoxicity is a recognized side effect of cisplatin chemotherapy. However, the optimal strategy for preventing cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity, if any, remains unclear. The primary objective for this study was to determine whether mannitol or furosemide provides better nephroprotection when administered with hydration prior to weekly, low-dose cisplatin concurrently with whole pelvic radiotherapy. Methods Clinical data were abstracted from all women who underwent chemoradiation for FIGO IB2-IVA cervical cancer at a regional safety net health system between January 2009 and December 2014. Creatinine clearance was estimated using the IDMS-traceable MDRD Study Equation. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize patient demographics. Cox proportional hazard models were used to identify factors associated with hypomagnesemia and survival. Results and discussion A total of 133 women received 656 weekly doses of single-agent cisplatin (40 mg/m2) concomitant with whole pelvic radiation. Furosemide (20 mg) was administered intravenously prior to 341 cisplatin doses, whereas mannitol (24 g) was administered prior to 315 doses. Significant magnesium wasting was observed after the second weekly cisplatin infusion regardless of whether furosemide or mannitol was utilized. Repetitive low-dose cisplatin infusion had no impact on measured levels of serum creatinine or estimated glomerular filtration rate. Prior history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hepatitis C infection and acute gastrointestinal toxicity were each associated with early onset of hypomagnesemia. What is new and conclusions Repetitive administration of low-dose cisplatin concurrent with whole pelvic radiation is associated with magnesium wasting. However, choice of diuretic with pretreatment hydration had no significant impact on the severity of this adverse effect.
Relational Distancing and Termination between Online Friends: An Application of the Investment Model

This research examined the relational maintenance versus termination of online friendships in Facebook. Guided by Rusbult's [33] investment model (IM), the study constructed a model to examine 55 matched pairs of Facebook friends consisting of one "primary user" and one "annoyer." Results indicated that primary users' judgments of relational satisfaction with annoyers were influenced by annoyers' narcissistic personality and their overall propensity for posting overly self-focused content. Commitment affected primary users' use of both passive "unfollowing" and active "unfriending" in response to annoyers' behavior. Decisions to maintain or terminate online friendships are related to judgments and actions of both partners. Overall, these results emphasize the dyadic nature of relational maintenance and termination processes in online environments, and the importance of studying them as such.
Fault-Tolerant Control of Process Systems: Integrating Supervisory and Feedback Control Over Networks

Abstract This work proposes a methodology for the design of fault-tolerant control systems for nonlinear processes with actuator constraints. The proposed approach is predicated upon the idea of integrating supervisory and feedback control over networks. Initially, a family of candidate control configurations, characterized by different manipulated inputs, are identified. For each control configuration, a bounded nonlinear feedback controller, that enforces asymptotic closed-loop stability in the presence of constraints, is designed, and the constrained stability region associated with it is explicitly characterized. A switching policy is then derived, on the basis of the stability regions, to orchestrate the activation/deactivation of the constituent control configurations in a way that guarantees closed-loop stability in the event of control system failures. The switching laws are implemented by a higher-level supervisor that constantly monitors the process and communicates with the various control configurations over a network. The effects of delays in fault-detection, network communication and actuator activation are taken explicitly into account in executing the switching logic. The efficacy and implementation of the proposed approach are demonstrated through a chemical process example.
Elastocaloric cooling capacity of shape memory alloys – Role of deformation temperatures, mechanical cycling, stress hysteresis and inhomogeneity of transformation

Abstract Elastocaloric (EC) effect refers to the rapid cooling in shape memory alloys (SMAs) during reverse transformation from martensite to austenite under adiabatic conditions. We present a very comprehensive study of the EC response far extending the existing literature by studying the effect of loading states (tension and compression), long-term cycling, strain localization, and deformation temperatures in several SMAs including CuZnAl, NiTi, NiTiCu, Ni 2 FeGa and NiTiHf 13.3 . We found a temperature change of 14.2 °C in CuZnAl, 18.2 °C in NiTi, 15.2 °C in NiTiCu, 13.5 °C in Ni 2 FeGa, and 6.95 °C in NiTiHf 13.3 upon reverse transformation depending on the entropy change (as high as 60 J/kg K), the stress hysteresis, the inhomogeneity of the transformation and the number of superelastic cycles. A gradual deterioration of the EC effect in tension develops, while in compression the EC effect can be sustained much longer (in excess of 10 4 cycles). The Ni 2 FeGa SMAs possess an operational EC temperature window of nearly 200 °C, which is the widest among the chosen SMAs. With over one hundred experiments reported in one study, this paper represents an authoritative summary of the EC capabilities of a wide range of SMAs.
Nasal rustle: An evidence-based description

“Nasal rustle” (also known as “nasal turbulence”) is a loud nasal distortion that can be heard during speech production in certain children with velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI). It occurs when there is a leak of airflow into the nasal cavity through a small velopharyngeal opening. While the perception of audible nasal emission—including nasal rustle—is a standard means for the diagnosis of VPI, there is no consensus on the sound generation mechanism. Current hypotheses include aerodynamic turbulence, velar flutter, and bubbling of mucus secretion. This study investigates the correlation between the acoustic signal of nasal rustle and physical movement at the superior velopharyngeal port. Several pediatric VPI patients were recorded via high-speed video nasopharyngoscopy and simultaneous nasometry during production of speech sounds susceptible to nasal rustle. Instances of perceived nasal rustle in the acoustic signal were identified and compared with the high-speed video. A high correlation was found between the bubbling frequency of mucus secretion above the velopharyngeal port and frequencies in the nasal acoustic signal, suggesting that secretion bubbling is a mechanism for generating nasal rustle. From this analysis, an integrated description of nasal rustle invoking physiological, physical, and acoustic principles is proposed.“Nasal rustle” (also known as “nasal turbulence”) is a loud nasal distortion that can be heard during speech production in certain children with velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI). It occurs when there is a leak of airflow into the nasal cavity through a small velopharyngeal opening. While the perception of audible nasal emission—including nasal rustle—is a standard means for the diagnosis of VPI, there is no consensus on the sound generation mechanism. Current hypotheses include aerodynamic turbulence, velar flutter, and bubbling of mucus secretion. This study investigates the correlation between the acoustic signal of nasal rustle and physical movement at the superior velopharyngeal port. Several pediatric VPI patients were recorded via high-speed video nasopharyngoscopy and simultaneous nasometry during production of speech sounds susceptible to nasal rustle. Instances of perceived nasal rustle in the acoustic signal were identified and compared with the high-speed video. A high correlation was found b...
Recent Results from PHOBOS

The PHOBOS Collaboration has measured charged particles emitted over the range −5.4<η<5.4 for Au+Au collisions at energies of $$\sqrt {s_{NN} } = 19.6$$ , 62.4, 130 and 200 GeV. In this contribution I will present recent results on the pseudorapidity distributions, total charged-particle production, and collective flow of particles obtained from these measurements.
A strategic approach to workforce analytics: Integrating science and agility

Abstract Workforce analytics is a major emerging trend in human resource management. Yet, despite the enthusiasm, there exists a misunderstanding of how organizations can successfully use workforce analytics to achieve important organizational outcomes. This article proposes ways to overcome this execution dilemma and achieve organizational success with workforce analytics through the integration of agile development with scientific research. We use a number of company examples to outline five key parts of an agile workforce analytics process: (1) prioritizing issues, (2) integrating deductive and inductive approaches, (3) preparing and validating data, (4) applying multiple methods in concert to support decisions, and (5) transforming insight into action to improve business outcomes.
Multiple myeloma - a cure within reach.

In this issue of Leukemia and Lymphoma, Chari and colleagues expand the armamentarium for the treatment of multiple myeloma to include the Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor (BTK) ibrutinib. In this ...
In vivo lipid ‘tag and track’ approach shows acyl editing of plastid lipids and chloroplast import of phosphatidylglycerol precursors in Arabidopsis thaliana

In plant lipid metabolism, the synthesis of many intermediates or end products often appears overdetermined with multiple synthesis pathways acting in parallel. Lipid metabolism is also dynamic with interorganelle transport, turnover, and remodeling of lipids. To explore this complexity in vivo, we developed an in vivo lipid 'tag and track' method. Essentially, we probed the lipid metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana by expressing a coding sequence for a fatty acid desaturase from Physcomitrella patens (Δ6D). This enzyme places a double bond after the 6th carbon from the carboxyl end of an acyl group attached to phosphatidylcholine at its sn-2 glyceryl position providing a subtle, but easily trackable modification of the glycerolipid. Phosphatidylcholine is a central intermediate in plant lipid metabolism as it is modified and converted to precursors for other lipids throughout the plant cell. Taking advantage of the exclusive location of Δ6D in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and its known substrate specificity for one of the two acyl groups on phosphatidylcholine, we were able to 'tag and track' the distribution of lipids within multiple compartments and their remodeling in transgenic lines of different genetic backgrounds. Key findings were the presence of ER-derived precursors in plastid phosphatidylglycerol and prevalent acyl editing of thylakoid lipids derived from multiple pathways. We expect that this 'tag and track' method will serve as a tool to address several unresolved aspects of plant lipid metabolism, such as the nature and interaction of different subcellular glycerolipid pools during plant development or in response to adverse conditions.
Diffusion in Block Copolymers and Isotopic Polymer Mixtures

We present here a forward recoil spectrometry (FRES) study of “thermodynamic slowing down” of mutual diffusion in isotopic polymer mixtures and of the diffusion of homopolymers into symmetric diblock copolymer structures. The measurements of “thermodynamic slowing down” were performed on binary mixtures of normal and deuterated polystyrene (PS). Both the Flory interaction parameter, χ, and the upper critical solution temperature (UCST) of the d-PS/PS system were obtained from these measurements. In addition, measurements of the temperature and molecular weight dependence of the diffusion of deuterated polystyrene (d-PS) and of deuterated polymethylmethacrylate (d-PMMA) homopolymer chains into a series of symmetric diblock copolymers of PS and PMMA were compared with the diffusion of d-PS and d-PMMA chains into their respective homopolymer analogues.
Forensic aspects of juvenile violence.

Abstract When working with juveniles who have been charged with or convicted of violent offenses, a working knowledge of the juvenile justice system is an essential tool for the child and adolescent psychiatrist. This article is designed to provide necessary background so that the physician is properly equipped to perform psychiatric evaluations which are relevant to the legal issue at hand and to testify competently, if called upon to do so.
Commentaries and Notes to the Biographical Sketch

The best book containing biographical materials on Chaadaev is still Charles Quenet’s. Tchaadaev et les lettres philosophiques (Paris, 1931). See also Mikhail O. Gershenzon, P. Ya. Chaadaev: Zhizn i myshlenie (St. Petersburg, 1908); Alexander von Schelting, Russland und Europa im russischen Geschichtsdenken (Bern, 1948); Martin Winkler, Peter Jakolevic Caadaev, Ein Beitrag zur russischen Geistesgeschichte des 19. Jahrhunderts (Berlin-Koenigsberg, 1928); Heinrich Falk, Das Weltbild Peter J. Tschaadajews nach seinen acht “Philosophischen Briefen” (Munich, 1954); Eugene Moskoff, The Russian Philosopher Chaadayev, His Ideas and His Epoch, Columbia University dissertation (New York, 1937); P. S. Shkurinov, P. Ia. Chaadaev. Zhizn, Deiatelnost, Mirovozzrenie (Moscow, 1960).