cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Species‐specific metabolism of naphthalene and phenanthrene in 3 species of marine teleosts exposed to Deepwater Horizon crude oil

The 2 most abundant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) measured in Deepwater Horizon crude oil, naphthalene and phenanthrene, and their associated homologs have both been shown to be acutely toxic in fish. Although fish have a relatively high metabolic capacity for PAHs, hydroxylated PAH (OH-PAH) derivatives formed during the initial metabolic response can negatively impact the health of fish. Species-specific metabolism of naphthalene and phenanthrene was evaluated in 3 marine teleosts, red drum (Scianops ocellatus), Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus), and southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma). Fish were exposed to Deepwater Horizon crude oil by intraperitoneal injections at time 0 and 48 h, with bile sampling events at 24 and 72 h post injection. The data suggested metabolic induction in Florida pompano and red drum, whereas southern flounder may have demonstrated metabolic fatigue. By 24 h post injection, overall profiles of red drum and southern flounder were dominated by hydroxylated phenanthrene metabolites; conversely, the Florida pompano profiles were dominated by monohydroxylated naphthalenes. In addition, Florida pompano had faster overall relative biotransformation rates, suggesting their potential decreased susceptibility to adverse effects. Red drum and southern flounder had much lower relative biotransformation rates, indicating their probable susceptibility to adverse outcomes after naphthalene and phenanthrene exposures. To our knowledge, the present study is the first to investigate monohydroxylated PAHs in fish exposed to Deepwater Horizon oil. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:3168-3176. © 2017 © 2017 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
Impact of timing on the proximity services (ProSe) synchronization function

Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) introduces a new feature called Proximity Services (ProSe) that enables device-to-device (D2D) communication between User Equipment (UE), including the capability to operate out-of-coverage. In order to establish a D2D communication link the UEs need to be synchronized. In out-of-coverage scenarios, the synchronization is performed in a distributed manner by the UEs. In this paper, we studied problems associated with the simultaneous execution of the synchronization procedure by LTE-A D2D-enabled UEs operating out-of-coverage. In particular, we focused on detection and convergence problems resulting from the half-duplex constraint and periodic scheduling. We showed that if two transmitter UEs are acting as synchronization references and they perform the procedure too close in time, convergence to a synchronized state is not possible. Moreover, the periodic triggering of the procedure will make the problematic condition persistent in time. We proposed an effective algorithm that prevent these problems, or resolve them in a reasonable time. We considered the protocol and requirements specified in the LTE-A standard, and we evaluated the performance of the proposed algorithm using system level simulations.
Impacts of El Niño and La Niña on interannual snow accumulation in the Andes: Results from a high-resolution 31 year reanalysis

We present new insights on extratropical Andean snow climatology (27°S to 37°S) based on the results from a 31-year high-resolution reanalysis. The snow water equivalent (SWE) estimates were generated by integrating observed snow depletion data from Landsat together with a snow model forced by the Modern-era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA). The spatial resolution (180 m), geographic extent (175000 km2) and temporal span (1984-2015) constitute an unprecedented dataset for the region. SWE reaches annual peak volumes between 13 and 66 km3, with a climatological average of 27.7 km3. A positive correlation between SWE and the Oceanic Nino Index (R2 = 0.35) exists for the region, with a strengthening of the signal from North to South, peaking at 34°S. Although the correlation between El Nino and positive SWE anomalies is significant, La Nina was not found to drive negative anomalies beyond what is observed during non-La Nina years.
The balance between immunity and inflammation

Lungs execute two critical functions that can be at odds with one another: eliminating harmful toxins, particulates, and microbes; and exchanging gas through uninflamed structures—alveoli—to collect oxygen and discharge carbon dioxide. Lungs have a multilayered response to unwanted invaders, offering physical barriers as well as arranging immune cells at airway surfaces. Yet, lungs have the “Goldilocks” challenge of deploying this armory with just the right amount of inflammation. Consequently, lung immunity must be choreographed so that invaders are purged quickly, inflammation tempered, and homeostasis preserved. In this issue, two papers reveal how lung immunity handles these tasks and what happens when things go awry. Shlezinger et al. ( 1 ) on page 1037 unveil a clever trick that neutrophils play on inhaled fungal spores to resist life-threatening infections. This may reveal new treatment strategies. On page 1014, Sinclair et al. ( 2 ) report metabolic derangements in dendritic cells (DCs) that reprogram the allergic response to inhaled particulates, with implications for asthma.
From swimming pool to collaborative learning studio: Pedagogy, space, and technology in a large active learning classroom

To promote student learning and bolster student success, higher education institutions are increasingly creating large active learning classrooms to replace traditional lecture halls. Although there have been many efforts to examine the effects of those classrooms on learning outcomes, there is paucity of research that can inform the design and implementation process. This study investigates how spatial and technological features of a large collaborative classroom support active learning based on the Pedagogy-Space-Technology framework. The findings from our study suggest short lecture and class-wide discussion are essential in framing learning content before group activities, and connecting group outputs to the learning content after group activities. Through interviews, surveys, and focus groups, we found that-while small group activities are generally well-supported in large active learning classroomsfacilitating short lecture and class-wide discussion is key to the success of active learning in large classrooms. Technology should be carefully laid out in the space to accommodate those activities. Specific design and implementation suggestions and implications are provided.
Developmental exposure to an organophosphate flame retardant alters later behavioral responses to dopamine antagonism in zebrafish larvae.

Abstract Human exposure to organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) is widespread, including pregnant women and young children with whom developmental neurotoxic risk is a concern. Given similarities of OPFRs to organophosphate (OP) pesticides, research into the possible neurotoxic impacts of developmental OPFR exposure has been growing. Building upon research implicating exposure to OP pesticides in dopaminergic (DA) dysfunction, we exposed developing zebrafish to the OPFR tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), during the first 5 days following fertilization. On day 6, larvae were challenged with acute administration of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor antagonists and then tested in a light-dark locomotor assay. We found that both developmental TDCIPP exposure and acute dopamine D1 and D2 antagonism decreased locomotor activity separately. The OPFR and DA effects were not additive; rather, TDCIPP blunted further D1 and D2 antagonist-induced decreases in activity. Our results suggest that TDCIPP exposure may be disrupting dopamine signaling. These findings support further research on the effects of OPFR exposure on the normal neurodevelopment of DA systems, whether these results might persist into adulthood, and whether they interact with OPFR effects on other neurotransmitter systems in producing the developmental neurobehavioral toxicity.
Family food involvement is related to healthier dietary intake in preschool-aged children.

Children in the United States fall far short of meeting federal dietary recommendations. The unhealthy diets common amongst young children are of crucial public health concern, given that they can inhibit healthy development and are predictive of chronic diseases in adulthood. Research investigating behaviors that are related to dietary habits is crucial to allow a better understanding of the causes of unhealthy dietary practices. Involvement in food preparation is known to be associated with healthy dietary behaviors in school-aged children, but little is known about these behaviors and their correlates in younger children. The present study sought to examine the influences and correlates of involvement in family food preparation in children at ages three and four. Parents of preschool aged children (n = 497) completed surveys including information about demographic background, their children's family food involvement, dietary intake, mealtime routines, and problematic eating behaviors. Data were collected when children were three (wave one of the survey) and four years of age (wave two). Findings from this study indicate that family food involvement at age three is predictive of healthier dietary intake at age four (increased consumption of fruits and vegetables, decreased consumption of fast food). These findings indicate that family food involvement is predictive of healthier dietary behaviors in young children, and that outreach efforts focused on family food involvement in early childhood may improve children's dietary habits.
Semantical Games and Transcendental Arguments

Kant had the right idea in his theory of mathematics, but he was misled by an antiquated philosophical dogma.1 Following his general transcendental point of view, he maintained that our ways of reasoning about existence (especially inferences from the existence or nonexistence of an individual to the existence or nonexistence of a different individual) must be grounded in the human activities through which we come to know the existence of individuals. This is a deep and intriguing idea, and Kant’s identification of the types of reasoning in question as mathematical rather than logical marks only a difference in terminology between Kant and contemporary philosophers of logic. What Kant was dealing with is unmistakably such logical reasoning as is now codified in the modern logic of quantification theory — not anything we would any longer consider distinctively mathematical reasoning.
DYE-BINDING METHODS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses dye-binding methods. The earliest evidence for the interaction of dyes with proteins was the observation of indicator errors in protein solutions. It has also long been known that acidic and basic dyes are effective protein precipitants. The chapter mainly focuses on the information about proteins which can be obtained from dye-binding methods and the analytical procedures which have been based on them. The highly specific interactions of dye happens with antibodies and the extensive studies of dye binding by insoluble proteins such as wool will be mentioned only incidentally. The experimental methods which will be discussed in detail are those which have been most widely used and have the most general application. Any treatment of dye binding by proteins must take into account the fact that it is possible for more than one dye molecule to be bound by a protein molecule. If the dye molecules are charged, successive dye molecules are less strongly bound because of the electrostatic repulsion of ions already on the protein. The situation can be treated in terms of an electrostatic term in the free energy of binding or by multiplying the intrinsic constant by an exponential factor.
Composition and Scaling Challenges in Sensor Networks: An Interaction-Centric View

Moore’s law, automation considerations, and the pervasive need for timely information lead to a next generation of distributed systems that are open, highly interconnected, and deeply embedded in the physical world by virtue of pervasive sensing and sensor-based decision-making. These systems offer new research challenges that stem from scale, composition of large numbers of components, and tight coupling between computation, communication, and distributed interaction with both physical and social contexts. These growing challenges span a large spectrum ranging from new models of computation for systems that live in physical and social spaces, to the enforcement of reliable, predictable, and timely end-to-end behavior in the face of high interactive complexity, increased uncertainty, and imperfect implementation. This chapter discusses the top challenges in composing large-scale sensing systems and conjectures on research directions of increasing interest in this realm.
Directions in Clinical Research on VTOS

This chapter summarizes some of the steps that should be taken to facilitate future clinical research in venous thoracic outlet syndrome (VTOS). Standardization of nomenclature and classification of disease are a first priority. An example of possible classification scheme is proposed. This could then be followed by with multi-institutional observational data collection to solidify our understanding of the disease process. Following this, specific questions that remain unclear could be answered by undertaking prospective randomized study. Lastly, with a more thorough understanding of VTOS, rational basic science research could be performed.
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract

Publisher Summary The primary function of the large intestine in both species humans and mice is to dehydrate and store fecal material. Extensive reabsorption of water and salt occurs in the right/proximal colon and continues throughout. Movement of the increasingly solid colonic contents from proximal to distal is supported by abundant mucus-secreting goblet cells that serve to lubricate and protect the colonic mucosa from trauma. Both species have abundant bacterial flora within the colon, which carry out a rumen-like function that is more prominent in mice.
Opening India’s Legal Market: the Madras High Court Cracks the Door for Foreign Lawyers

Until 2012 India, barred foreign lawyers from formally practicing law in the country. On February 21, 2012, however, the Madras High Court, in A.K. Balaji v. Gov’t of India, handed a victory to international law firms keen on entering the Indian market alongside their globalizing clients. The Balaji decision marked the Indian judiciary’s first concerted effort to carve back the blanket prohibition, by permitting foreign lawyers to enter India on a temporary basis to conduct arbitrations, or advise clients on matters of foreign and international law. Although many practitioners and scholars alike applaud the Madras Court’s decision, the case also exposes the numerous regulations governing India’s legal profession, thus raising concerns about domestic lawyers’ ability to compete in a now increasingly global market.
The Second Slavery and World Capitalism: A Perspective for Historical Inquiry

The concept of the second slavery radically reinterprets the relation of slavery and capitalism by calling attention to the emergence of extensive new zones of slave commodity production in the US South, Cuba, and Brazil as part of nineteenth-century industrialization and world-economic expansion. This article examines the conceptual framework and methodological procedures that inform this interpretation. It reformulates the concept of the capitalist world-economy by emphasizing the mutual formation and historical interrelation of global–local relations. This open conception of world-economy permits the temporal-spatial specification of the zones of the second slavery. In this way, it is possible both to distinguish the new zones of the second slavery from previous world-economic zones of slave production and to establish the ways in which they are formative of the emerging industrial world division of labor. From this perspective, analysis of sugar production in Jamaica, Guyana, and Cuba discloses spatial-temporal differences between what would otherwise be taken as apparently similar historical-geographical complexes. This comparison demonstrates how world-economic processes produce particular local histories and how such histories structure the world-economy as a whole. This approach locates the crisis of slavery during the nineteenth century in the differentiated response to processes of world accumulation, rather than the incompatibility of slave production with industrialization and open, competitive markets. More generally, it calls attention to the continuity of forms of forced labor in the historical development of the capitalist world-economy and to the ways that processes of capitalist development produce social-economic differentiation and hierarchy on a world scale.
From Cyber Situational Awareness to Adaptive Cyber Defense: Leveling the Cyber Playing Field

In the cyber security landscape, the asymmetric relationship between defender and attacker tends to favor the attacker: while the defender needs to protect a system against all possible ways of breaching it, the attacker needs to identify and exploit only one vulnerable entry point in order to succeed. In this chapter, we show how we can effectively reverse such intrinsic asymmetry in favor of the defender by concurrently pursuing two complementary objectives: increasing the defender’s understanding of multiple facets of the cyber landscape – referred to as Cyber Situational Awareness (CSA) – and creating uncertainty for the attacker through Moving Target Defense (MTD) or Adaptive Cyber Defense (ACD) techniques. This chapter provides a brief overview of contributions in these areas, and discusses future research directions.
Ten-year trends in traumatic brain injury: a retrospective cohort study of California emergency department and hospital revisits and readmissions

Objective To describe visits and visit rates of adults presenting to emergency departments (EDs) with a diagnosis of traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI is a major cause of death and disability in the USA; yet, current literature is limited because few studies examine longer-term ED revisits and hospital readmission patterns of TBI patients across a broad spectrum of injury severity, which can help inform potential unmet healthcare needs. Design We performed a retrospective cohort study. Setting We analysed non-public patient-level data from California’s Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development for years 2005 to 2014. Participants We identified 1.2 million adult patients aged ≥18 years presenting to California EDs and hospitals with an index diagnosis of TBI. Primary and secondary outcome measures Our main outcomes included revisits, readmissions and mortality over time. We also examined demographics, mechanism and severity of injury and disposition at discharge. Results We found a 57.7% increase in the number of TBI ED visits, representing a 40.5% increase in TBI visit rates over the 10-year period (346–487 per 100 000 residents). During this time, there was also a 33.8% decrease in the proportion of patients admitted to the hospital. Older, publicly insured and black populations had the highest visit rates, and falls were the most common mechanism of injury (45.5% of visits). Of all patients with an index TBI visit, 40.5% of them had a revisit during the first year, with 46.7% of them seeking care at a different hospital from their initial hospital or ED visit. Additionally, of revisits within the first year, 13.4% of them resulted in hospital readmission. Conclusions The large proportion of patients with TBI who are discharged directly from the ED, along with the high rates of revisits and readmissions, suggest a role for an established system for follow-up, treatment and care of TBI.
Las ordenanzas municipales: entre la regulación y la sanción de la prostitución en España

This article aims to analyze the content of some Spanish municipal ordinances that regulate the practice of prostitution in public space, as well as the impact and consequences of its application on sex workers. The impact is analyzed from the perspective of the main victims, sex workers and other actors involved in the implementation of these ordinances, such as professionals from entities and associations linked to the issue, municipal techniques, municipal political representatives, police bodies and experts in the theme Both the "generic" municipal ordinances of "civility" and the specific ones of prostitution, with the sanctions to the exercise of sex work, seek to make invisible, clandestinize, persecute and criminalize sex workers with the excuse of "citizen security", "civility" and "citizen coexistence" erroneously understood as "public order" instead of guaranteeing the rights of women sex workers.
Black hole entropy without microstates

I argue that black hole area should be thought of as an ``entropy-like quantity'' rather than an entropy. This precludes the need for a statistical mechanical description of black hole thermodynamics in terms of microstates.
Master regulator analysis of paragangliomas carrying SDHx , VHL , or MAML3 genetic alterations

Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) loss and mastermind-like 3 (MAML3) translocation are two clinically important genetic alterations that correlate with increased rates of metastasis in subtypes of human paraganglioma and pheochromocytoma (PPGL) neuroendocrine tumors. Although hypotheses propose that succinate accumulation after SDH loss poisons dioxygenases and activates pseudohypoxia and epigenomic hypermethylation, it remains unclear whether these mechanisms account for oncogenic transcriptional patterns. Additionally, MAML3 translocation has recently been identified as a genetic alteration in PPGL, but is poorly understood. We hypothesize that a key to understanding tumorigenesis driven by these genetic alterations is identification of the transcription factors responsible for the observed oncogenic transcriptional changes. We leverage publicly-available human tumor gene expression profiling experiments (N = 179) to reconstruct a PPGL tumor-specific transcriptional network. We subsequently use the inferred transcriptional network to perform master regulator analyses nominating transcription factors predicted to control oncogenic transcription in specific PPGL molecular subtypes. Results are validated by analysis of an independent collection of PPGL tumor specimens (N = 188). We then perform a similar master regulator analysis in SDH-loss mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to infer aspects of SDH loss master regulator response conserved across species and tissue types. A small number of master regulator transcription factors are predicted to drive the observed subtype-specific gene expression patterns in SDH loss and MAML3 translocation-positive PPGL. Interestingly, although EPAS1 perturbation is detectible in SDH-loss and VHL-loss tumors, it is by no means the most potent factor driving observed patterns of transcriptional dysregulation. Analysis of conserved SDH-loss master regulators in human tumors and MEFs implicated ZNF423, a known modulator of retinoic acid response in neuroblastoma. Subsequent functional analysis revealed a blunted cell death response to retinoic acid in SDH-loss MEFs and blunted differentiation response in SDH-inhibited SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. The unbiased analyses presented here nominate specific transcription factors that are likely drivers of oncogenic transcription in PPGL tumors. This information has the potential to be exploited for targeted therapy. Additionally, the observation that SDH loss or inhibition results in blunted retinoic acid response suggests a potential developmental etiology for this tumor subtype.
Parametric Gaussian process regression for big data

This work introduces the concept of parametric Gaussian processes (PGP), which is built upon the seemingly self-contradictory idea of making Gaussian processes parametric. The resulting framework is capable of encoding massive amount of data into a small number of “hypothetical” data points. Moreover, parametric Gaussian processes are well aware of their imperfections and are capable of properly quantifying the uncertainty in their predictions associated with such limitations. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated using three illustrative examples, including one with simulated data, a benchmark with dataset in the airline industry with approximately 6 million records, and spatio-temporal sea surface temperature maps in Massachusetts and Cape Cod Bays and Stellwagen Bank for the year 2015.
Study on the relationship between metabolic syndrome and intima-media thickness

Objective To discuss the relationship between metabolic syndrome (MS) and intima-media thickness (IMT). Methods Three-hundred and forty-eight elderly male patients with MS were considered as MS group, while 75 cases without MS as a control. The metabolite components, including body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), were compared between groups. The related factors of IMT were analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis and multiple factors Logistic regression. Results In MS group the incidences of carotid artery atherosclerosis [71.6%(249/348) vs. 45.3%(34/75), χ2=19.155, P=0.000], plaque [53.7%(187/348) vs. 33.3%(25/75), χ2=10.274, P=0.001]and unstable plaques [33.0%(115/348)vs. 16.0%(12/75), χ2=8.534, P=0.003]were significantly higher than those in the control group. Furthermore, Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors for IMT were SBP (OR=1.782, 95%CI: 1.447-2.195), TG (OR=1.815, 95%CI: 1.528-2.156), FPG (OR=1.921, 95%CI: 1.389-2.657) and HDL-C (OR=0.624, 95%CI: 0.511-0.762). Conclusions The metabolic components can increase the risk of carotid atherosclerosis in elderly male patients with MS, and the risk increases with the degree of carotid artery atherosclerosis. Key words: Metabolic syndrome X; Atherosclerosis; Carotid arteries; Obesity
What Is Nietzschean Nihilism

In this chapter, I examine three recent accounts of Nietzschean nihilism: those of Van Tongeren (Friedrich Nietzsche and European Nihilism. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2018), Reginster (The Affirmation of Life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006), and Huddleston (Philosopher’s Imprint 19 (11): 1–19, 2019). Though each of these accounts serves as a crucial addition to the scholarship on Nietzschean nihilism, I argue below that none of them, taken alone, offers a wholly satisfying account of that in which Nietzschean nihilism consists. While Reginster and Van Tongeren each offer an account illuminating a particular form of Nietzschean nihilism, thus construing the problem of nihilism too narrowly, Huddleston’s account is overly broad. By aiming to offer “a unifying thread linking together the main forms of nihilism [Nietzsche] targets,” Huddleston succeeds at presenting an accurate and somewhat illuminating answer, but fails to offer a sufficiently robust account. Thus, his interpretation requires supplementing.
Effects of Transspinal Direct Current Stimulation on Cycling Perception of Effort and Time to Exhaustion.

In the past decade, researchers have investigated the efficacy of transspinal direct current stimulation (tsDCS) on the central nervous system and afferent neuron function in humans. Recently, data have suggested it may be possible for such tsDCS-induced changes in neuromuscular function to enhance performance. This study used noninvasive thoracic spine tsDCS to determine if cycling performance and perception of effort could be modulated by tsDCS. In 3 different stimulation conditions, anodal, cathodal, and sham, subjects cycled at 80% of their maximal aerobic capacity until exhaustion and reported their rating of perceived exertion (RPE) every minute. From this period, we compared the RPE responses over the first 3 minutes and time to exhaustion. There was no significant difference in time to exhaustion between anodal (408 +/- 121 seconds), cathodal (413 +/- 168 seconds), and sham (440 +/- 189 seconds) conditions (p = 0.58). There was no significant difference in RPE from minutes 1-3 (collapsed across time) between anodal (12.9 +/- 2.4 arbitrary units (AUs)), cathodal (13.3 +/- 2.2 AUs), and sham (12.9 +/- 2.1 AUs) conditions (p = 0.51). These data suggest tsDCS condition did not influence cycling performance or perception of effort during high-intensity cycling. Therefore, thoracic spine and lower abdominal montage delivering a current density of 0.071 mA[middle dot]cm-2 for 20 minutes likely does not substantially improve high-intensity cycling work capacity. Therefore, more research is needed to investigate the efficacy of tsDCS and which stimulation methods may and may not enhance human performance.
Early life stress sensitizes youth to the influence of stress-induced cortisol on memory for affective words.

Early life stress (ELS) is a well-established risk factor for psychopathology across the lifespan. Cognitive vulnerability to stress-induced cortisol may explain risk and resilience. The current study aimed to elucidate a psychobiological pathway linking stress to altered memory for affective words among youth with and without exposure to ELS. One hundred and fifteen youth (ages 9-16, 47% female) were randomized either to a psychosocial stressor or a control condition. Immediately following the stress or control condition, participants completed a memory task for affective words. Change in salivary cortisol from immediately before to 25 min after stress onset were used to predict memory for affective words. Exposure to the acute laboratory stressor led to activation of the HPA axis. Greater cortisol reactivity was associated with less accurate recognition of negative valence words. Among youth exposed to ELS, greater cortisol reactivity to acute stress was associated with poorer recognition of dysphoric and neutral words. Acute increases in cortisol may interfere with negatively-valenced information processing that has implications for memory. Youth exposed to high ELS may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of cortisol, which may explain one pathway through which stress leads to psychopathology among at-risk youth.
Maternal rank acquisition in a primate with low aggression and coalition rates

For many group-living animals, acquiring adult dominance rank is an important social transition. In species with maternal rank “inheritance,” juveniles appear to acquire their adult rank by receiving coalitionary support from kin and by altering patterns of aggressive behavior as they age. Previous studies of rank acquisition, however, have focused on species with high rates of aggression and coalitionary support. We studied rank acquisition in blue monkeys, a species with relatively low aggression and coalition rates, hypothesizing that individualistic changes in agonistic behavior would accompany rank acquisition while the presence of potential coalition partners would be relatively unimportant. Focusing on juvenile females in a wild population, we evaluated latency to reach maternal status and assessed how agonistic behavior changed with age. We also compared rank acquisition in orphaned vs. non-orphaned juveniles. Females from higher ranking matrilines and those in larger groups took longer to reach their maternal status and having more kin did not accelerate rank acquisition. As they aged, subjects were more likely to show aggression to individuals that they were expected to outrank as adults. Female juveniles also appeared to work their way up the hierarchy by overturning ranks with groupmates sequentially. Most orphans reached their matrilineal rank, though orphans were less likely to reach their matrilineal rank than non-orphans, suggesting that in some cases mothers do play an important role in rank acquisition. Orphans with more or high-ranking kin were not more likely to reach their matrilineal rank. These results support the hypothesis that age-related changes in agonistic behavior accompany rank acquisition in blue monkeys while the availability of kin as coalition partners often has little effect on the process. Behavioral mechanisms underlying maternal rank acquisition may vary between closely related species in conjunction with other patterns of social behavior, such as aggression and coalition rates. In group-living animals with matrilineal hierarchies, individuals are born low-ranking, but eventually acquire a rank similar to their mother’s. In species with high rates of aggression and coalition formation, juveniles reach their mother’s rank by receiving support from kin in aggressive interactions, and by selectively directing aggression to groupmates from lower ranking families. We studied maternal rank acquisition in blue monkeys, hypothesizing that the process might occur differently in a species with low rates of aggression and coalitions. Indeed, the availability of kin appeared to have limited effects on rank acquisition. Maternal rank acquisition was, however, associated with age-related changes in juvenile behavior. We concluded that in some species with matrilineal hierarchies, rank acquisition might occur relatively independent of support from kin.
Identifying Non-Control Security-Critical Data in Program Binaries with a Deep Neural Model

As control-flow protection methods get widely deployed it is difficult for attackers to corrupt control data to build attacks. Instead, data-oriented exploits, which modify non-control data for malicious goals, have been demonstrated to be possible and powerful. To defend against data-oriented exploits, the first fundamental step is to identify non-control, security-critical data. However, previous works mainly rely on tedious human efforts to identify critical data, which cannot handle large applications nor easily port to new programs. In this work, we investigate the application of deep learning to critical data identification. This work provides non-intuitive understanding about (a) why straightforward ways of applying deep learning would fail, and (b) how deep learning should be applied in identifying critical data. Based on our insights, we have discovered a non-intuitive method which combines Tree-LSTM models and a novel structure of data-flow tree to effectively identify critical data from execution traces. The evaluation results show that our method can achieve 87.47% accuracy and a F1 score of 0.9123, which significantly outperforms the baselines. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work using a deep neural model to identify critical data in program binaries.
Perceptions Regarding Optimal Breast Imaging Education for Radiology Residents: Results of a National Survey.

Abstract Objectives To assess perceptions among breast radiologists regarding optimal breast imaging rotation organization and educational activities for radiology residents. Methods An IRB-exempt anonymous questionnaire was developed in REDCap and distributed as a member survey email by the Society of Breast imaging to 2188 members June 2019. A form with 33 questions asked questions about opinions related to resident rotation composition, read-out strategies, study/procedure volume, simulation and educational materials specific to breast imaging. Results A total of 109/2,188 (4.98%) complete survey responses were received. Of the responders, 69/109 (62%) work in academic practice, 16/109 (15%) work in private practice with residents, and 24/109 (22%) work in private practice without residents. There was no significant variation in opinion between those who have >10 years of experience teaching breast imaging 49/109(42.2%) to those with less Conclusions The results from this survey show varied opinions regarding perceived best practices for resident breast radiology rotations . Further research is needed to determine training outcomes related to rotation organization. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Acoustic Characterization of Inhomogenous Layers using Finite Element Method

This study presents a finite element approach to estimate acoustic parameters of layers of arbitrary compositions using 2D and 3D models. In this approach the resonance frequency of a layer to be investigated is found by exciting the layer with plane waves and studying the reflected and transmitted sound pressure from the layer. Compressional and shear modes can be excited separately by varying the angle of incidence. A script for generating inhomogeneous layers with randomly distributed inclusions of arbitrary shape and size was developed for this study. A Matlab application was built for processing the result and comparison with analytical calculations. The 2D and 3D models were validated by comparing derived acoustic parameters of known materials with no more than 0.06% deviation from expected values. Estimated parameters for a layer of gold with 10.6% volume fraction of spherical inclusions of voids of 3 µm and 5 µm diameter was found to range from 2540 m/s to 2652 m/s for compressional sound speed and from 1039 m/s to 1067 for shear speed of sound.
Control of edaphic populations of woolly apple aphid using entomopathogenic nematodes and a systemic aphicide.

The effects of an entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser), and an experimental systemic aphicide, RH-7988, on edaphic populations of the woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (...
Multi-location Inventory Models for Retail Supply Chain Management

In this chapter, we provide a review of recent research on multi-location inventory systems that is related to retail supply chain management. Our review is restricted in scope in a number of ways. First, the focus is on papers that model multi-level inventory systems, since virtually all retail supply chains are multi-level. Second, attention is restricted to papers after 1993, and the reader is referred to the reviews in other papers for articles prior to 1993. Third, certain model formulations that are not typical of retail inventory management are excluded, such as serial systems, since they are not representative of typical retail chains, and are a special case of general multi-location multi-echelon systems. Also excluded are papers that assume deterministic demand, since demand uncertainty is a key aspect of most retail systems. Finally, the primary focus is on periodic review systems. We conclude with suggestions for future research in this area.
Bootstrap Confidence Intervals

This article surveys bootstrap methods for producing good approximate confidence intervals. The goal is to improve by an order of magnitude upon the accuracy of the standard intervals $\hat{\theta} \pm z^{(\alpha)} \hat{\sigma}$, in a way that allows routine application even to very complicated problems. Both theory and examples are used to show how this is done. The first seven sections provide a heuristic overview of four bootstrap confidence interval procedures: $BC_a$, bootstrap-t , ABC and calibration. Sections 8 and 9 describe the theory behind these methods, and their close connection with the likelihood-based confidence interval theory developed by Barndorff-Nielsen, Cox and Reid and others.
A Special Perturbation Method: m-Fold Runge-Kutta

Runge-Kutta methods of order p that utilize in derivatives of the equations of motion are presented. The results of applying these methods are compared to other special perturbation techniques for several test problems.
Interaction between TBP and Condensin Drives the Organization and Faithful Segregation of Mitotic Chromosomes

Genome/chromosome organization is highly ordered and controls various nuclear events, although the molecular mechanisms underlying the functional organization remain largely unknown. Here, we show that the TATA box-binding protein (TBP) interacts with the Cnd2 kleisin subunit of condensin to mediate interphase and mitotic chromosomal organization in fission yeast. TBP recruits condensin onto RNA polymerase III-transcribed (Pol III) genes and highly transcribed Pol II genes; condensin in turn associates these genes with centromeres. Inhibition of the Cnd2-TBP interaction disrupts condensin localization across the genome and the proper assembly of mitotic chromosomes, leading to severe defects in chromosome segregation and eventually causing cellular lethality. We propose that the Cnd2-TBP interaction coordinates transcription with chromosomal architecture by linking dispersed gene loci with centromeres. This chromosome arrangement can contribute to the efficient transmission of physical force at the kinetochore to chromosomal arms, thereby supporting the fidelity of chromosome segregation.
The Indies and the Medieval West: Thought, Report, Imagination. By Marianne O’Doherty

The medieval West had an ‘unresolved double image of India’. It was far away in the East on the extreme margin of the known world. Located close to the Terrestrial Paradise, India was marvellous fo...
Glacially Driven Cycles in Accumulation Space and Sequence Stratigraphy of a Stream-Dominated Alluvial Fan, San Joaquin Valley, California, U.S.A.

ABSTRACT High-resolution sequence stratigraphy provides a framework to interpret unconformity-bounded depositional sequences in the stream-dominated Kings River alluvial fan, located near Fresno, California. Depositional units in the fan are analogous to systems tracts described from marine deposits. Fan sequences reflect changes in accumulation space (Blum and Tornqvist 2000) associated with Pleistocene glacial cycles in the Sierra Nevada and preservation space created by tectonic subsidence in the San Joaquin basin. Adjustments in accumulation space are driven by changes in the ratio of sediment supply to discharge during glacial advances and retreats. At the end of glacial periods and the beginning of interglacial periods, declines in the ratio of sediment supply to discharge led to fan incision, a basinward shift in the fan intersection point, and loss of accumulation space. In mid- and upper-fan settings, incised valleys and laterally extensive, moderately mature paleosols formed, marking the unconformable base of the depositional sequence. Throughout the interglacial period, relatively low accumulation space existed and deposition was confined to the distal areas of the fan. Rapid aggradation and, thus, accumulation space increase, in response to increased sediment supply during the next glacial event initially filled the incised valley with a fining-upward succession of relatively coarse-grained channel and overbank deposits that contain rare, immature paleosols. Upon filling of the incised valley, the intersection point stabilized near the fan apex. This led to unconfined, open-fan deposition, indicating that widespread accumulation space was available across most of the fan surface. These high-accumulation-space units consist of fluvial deposits from multiple, large glacial outwash channels that radiated outward from the proximally located intersection point. Sequence boundaries and units associated with accumulation-space cycles can be used to understand and predict facies distributions and stratigraphic packaging within glacially influenced fans similar to the Kings River alluvial fan.
An object-oriented model for image information representation

Efficient management of non-alphanumeric data (such as images, videos, and graphs) is essential to a large number of applications. This paper discusses the issues in pictorial information modeling, examines the suitability of traditional data modeling approaches, and then proposes a new objectoriented data modeling approach, called Modeling ObjectOriented Data Semantics (MOODS). A key idea in MOODS is to integrate the image processing component of an image information management system with the data modeling technique. In addition, a user may provide additional assistance in defining semantics at various stages. We argue that the data modeling technique must capture the sequence of transformations and allow a variety of semantics to be associated with the same data to accommodate different application domains. Additional salient features of MOODS include a notion of abstract function classes and dynamic binding of functions to data.
A method for delivery of precise doses of smoked cocaine-base to humans

Abstract Despite increasing smoked cocaine-base use, there have been relatively few parametric studies in this area. The major reason for the limited number of studies is the lack of a simple procedure for the administration of precise doses of smoked cocaine-base to human volunteers. This paper describes a new method that allows for the delivery of precise doses of smoked cocaine-base. A complete description of the method and the precision of the administration procedure are presented. Furthermore, a study is described which was undertaken to determine: 1) the reproducibility of peak blood cocaine levels when the same dose of cocaine was given on two separate occasions; and 2) the dose-related effects on smoking topography, biochemical, physiological and subjective measures. Subjects (N=5) were administered three doses of cocaine-base (10, 20 and 40 mg). Four subjects were given repeated doses of cocaine-base. Subjects were blind to the dose and in most cases randomly assigned to different doses. The results showed: 1) a significant correlation of peak whole blood cocaine concentrations among similar doses within subjects (r=.99); 2) no significant effects of dose on smoking topography; and 3) significant dose effects for whole blood cocaine concentrations, heart rate and systolic blood pressure.
Monoclonal antibodies against porcine LFA-1: Species cross-reactivity and functional effects of β-subunit-specific antibodies

As a first step in developing a porcine model system to study the effect of LFA-1-specific monoclonal antibodies on allograft rejection, we have identified anti-human LFA-1 monoclonal antibodies that cross-react with porcine leukocytes and have used one of these antibodies against the LFA-1 beta-subunit to purify porcine LFA-1. Immunization of Balb/c mice with the purified antigen yielded eight monoclonal antibodies directed against the beta-subunit of porcine LFA-1. These antibodies immunoprecipitated pig proteins corresponding to the human alpha-subunits of LFA-1 (CD11a), Mac-1 (CD11b) and LeuM5 (CD11c), and their common beta-subunit (CD18). Under both reducing and non-reducing conditions, the porcine beta-subunit showed a different electrophoretic mobility from that of the human beta-subunit. In addition, results of peptide mapping studies revealed structural differences between the beta-subunits of human and porcine LFA-1. The anti-LFA-1 beta-chain antibodies were found to cross-react with antigens expressed on rat, mouse, hamster, rabbit, dog, cow and human leukocytes, indicating that the beta-subunit contains highly conserved epitopes. Competitive binding studies showed that these antibodies and three anti-human LFA-1 antibodies defined at least four distinct epitopes on the porcine beta-subunit, three of which were also found on human beta-subunits. Whereas the cross-reactive anti-human beta-subunit antibody H52 profoundly inhibited mitogenic and allogenic stimulation of porcine T lymphocytes as well as cytotoxic T cell and natural killer (NK) cell function, the anti-porcine LFA-1 monoclonal antibodies had very limited effect on porcine lymphocyte function. Our results demonstrate that porcine leukocytes express the LFA-1 molecule and that this antigen is involved in T cell and NK cell functions, as has previously been shown in human and murine systems. We conclude that the pig may serve as a useful model in which to test the effect of anti-LFA-1 antibodies on allograft rejection.