cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Livedoid and Purpuric Skin Eruptions Associated With Coagulopathy in Severe COVID-19.

Importance Despite several recent reports on the elevated risk of bullous pemphigoid in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with dipeptidyl peptidase–4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, evidence on the absolute risk and comparative safety against other antidiabetics is limited. Objective To characterize the incidence rate of bullous pemphigoid associated with DPP-4 inhibitor use compared with second-generation sulfonylureas. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study used data from 2 large commercial insurance claims databases (Optum Clinformatics Data Mart from October 17, 2006, to December 31, 2018, and IBM MarketScan Research Database from October 17, 2006, to December 31, 2017) and Medicare data from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2016. Patients with type 2 diabetes who initiated treatment with DPP-4 inhibitors or second-generation sulfonylurea were included. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome of the study was bullous pemphigoid, identified using diagnosis codes. After 1:1 propensity score matching, the incidence rates of bullous pemphigoid and the hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs comparing patients who initiated DPP-4 inhibitor and second-generation sulfonylurea therapy were estimated. Subgroup analyses by age, sex, race, and individual DPP-4 agents were performed. The results from each database were pooled using inverse-variance fixed-effects meta-analysis. Results A total of 1 664 880 patients who initiated DPP-4 inhibitors (51.0% female; mean [SD] age, 63.9 [9.7] years) and sulfonylurea (50.4% female; mean [SD] age, 63.9 [9.9] years) were included. The incidence rate of bullous pemphigoid per 1000 person-years was 0.42 in the DPP-4 inhibitor group vs 0.31 in the sulfonylurea group (HR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.17-1.72). Higher rates per 1000 person-years for DPP-4 inhibitor vs sulfonylurea groups were seen in those who were 65 years or older (0.79 vs 0.49; HR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.32-1.99), white (0.93 vs 0.54; HR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.30-2.24), and treated with linagliptin (1.20 vs 0.55; HR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.16-2.43). Conclusions and Relevance This study found that patients who initiated DPP-4 inhibitor therapy had higher risk of bullous pemphigoid than those who initiated second-generation sulfonylurea therapy. Clinicians should be aware of this rare adverse effect of DPP-4 inhibitors in subgroups of patients who are older, white, and linagliptin users.
Transhumanist’s search for immortality vs. Christianity

Transhumanism, with its wish to transform the essence of human being, challenges anew the perennial discussion regarding the essence of human beings. If this transformation touches only the biological level of human existence, can we still talk about transformation? The idea of bringing humans to a higher level is also well-known in Christianity, not in terms of transformation, but in terms of salvation, which extends beyond the boundaries of biological existence. A Christian transformation does not approach human sin, pain, suffering, and death as external enemies, but as something that makes part of human existence without having the final word.
Formation of turbulence via an interaction potential

In a recent work, we proposed a hypothesis that the turbulence in gases could be produced by particles interacting via a potential - for example, the interatomic potential at short ranges, and the electrostatic potential at long ranges. Here, we examine the proposed mechanics of turbulence formation in a simple model of two particles, which interact solely via a potential. Following the kinetic theory approach, we derive a hierarchy of the velocity moment transport equations, and then truncate it via a novel closure based on the high Reynolds number condition. While standard closures of the velocity moment hierarchy of the Boltzmann equation lead to the compressible Euler and Navier-Stokes systems of equations, our closure leads to a transport equation for the velocity alone, which is driven by the potential forcing. Starting from a large scale laminar shear flow, we numerically simulate the solutions of our velocity transport equation for the electrostatic, gravity, Thomas-Fermi and Lennard-Jones potentials, as well as the Vlasov-type large scale mean field potential. In all studied scenarios, the time-averaged Fourier spectra of the kinetic energy clearly exhibit Kolmogorov's "five-thirds" power decay rate.
Reaction Time Task Performance in Concussed Athletes over a 30-Day Period: An Observational Study.

OBJECTIVE Reaction time is a common deficit following concussion, making its evaluation critical during return-to-play protocol. Without proper evaluation, an athlete may return-to-play prematurely, putting them at risk of further injury. Although often assessed, we propose that current clinical testing may not be challenging enough to detect lingering deficits. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine reaction time in concussed individuals three times over a 30-day period through the use of a novel reaction time device consisting of simple, complex, and go/no-go reaction time tasks. METHODS Twenty-three concussed subjects completed simple, complex, and go/no-go reaction time tests at three different timepoints: within 7-, 14-, and 30-days of injury, and 21 healthy controls completed the three reaction time tasks during a single session. RESULTS Independent t-tests revealed that for the simple reaction time task, concussed participants were only significantly slower at session 1 (p = .002) when compared to controls. Complex reaction time task results showed concussed participants to be significantly slower at session 1 (p = .0002), session 2 (p = .001), and session 3 (p = .002). Go/no-go results showed concussed participants to be significantly slower than controls at session 1 (p = .003), session 2 (p = .001), and session 3 (p = .001). CONCLUSIONS Concussed individuals display prolonged reaction time deficits beyond the acute phase of injury, illustrated using increasingly complex tasks.
COMFORT communication in the ICU: Pilot test of a nurse-led communication intervention for surrogates

Aim This study was designed to investigate the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a nurse-led communication intervention among surrogates in the intensive care unit (ICU) guided by the COMFORT (Connect; Options; Making meaning; Family caregivers; Openings; Relating; Team) communication model. Background As frontline communicators, nurses experience communication difficulties with surrogates who face complex informational and emotional barriers when making decisions for critically ill patients in the ICU. However, research on effective nurse communication focusing on both curative and end-of-life (EOL) care is lacking in the literature. Design A single-centre two-group pretest-posttest quasi-experiment. Method The total sample included 41 surrogates of adult ventilated patients. Twenty participants were allocated to the intervention group who received a daily 20-min telephone call with content based on the COMFORT communication model. Twenty-one participants comprised the control group who received usual care. Participants completed a questionnaire before and after the study measuring satisfaction, anxiety and depression, decisional conflict, and quality of communication. The Transparent Reporting of Evaluations with Nonrandomized Designs (TREND) checklist was followed for nonrandomised controlled trials. Result The intervention was feasible, with 19 of 20 surrogates completing the follow-up surveys, and 48 telephone conversations completed (48% of the planned phone calls). Surrogates' satisfaction was higher in the intervention group than in the control group after adjusting for the selected covariates (25.43 and 24.15, respectively; p = .512). Preliminary efficacy outcomes favouring the intervention included quality of communication with healthcare providers, but not surrogates' perceived depression/anxiety and decisional conflicts. Conclusion Implementation of the intervention is feasible, acceptable, and favourable among surrogates to improve quality of communication with healthcare providers in the ICU. Further research is needed to determine whether the intervention could be implemented by nurses to improve surrogates' outcomes in other ICUs.
Institutional Review Board (IRB) Approval

The Institutional Review Board (IRB) has to approve most studies that involve human subjects. This chapter first discusses the origin of the Institutional Review Board, which goes back as far as World War II when experiments were conducted on prisoners, to illustrate how different historical events resulted in an official review being required for experimentation on human subjects. Then, the components of the information submitted for review are discussed. This includes the study rationale, its design and how data are to be gathered and published. In addition, special attention is paid to the need for the study participants to provide informed consent. For participants to be able to give such consent the researcher needs to provide all necessary information, participants need to be able understand it and then need to agree to taking part in the study. This process is not without its consequences and has been shown to affect the timeliness of research, the study’s recruitment success and also the representativeness of the study sample.
Hmm...What's That? How Categories Can Help Your Company Be a Tempo Mover in Nascent Industries

What’s in a name? Although Shakespeare claimed that a rose “by any other name would smell as sweet,” over the last five to ten years, significant research on category labels has shown the opposite to be true. This research finds that a company’s labeling strategy can have important performance implications for products in nascent markets. As part of our research in this growing field we followed the more than 200 category labels that smartphone producers used to introduce new products since roughly the beginning of the 21st century. We also studied the labels used in almost a dozen other industries. What we found may surprise you.
Speaking up, being heard: registered nurses' perceptions of workplace communication.

garon m. (2012) Journal of Nursing Management 20, 361–371 Speaking up, being heard: registered nurses’ perceptions of workplace communication Aims The aim of the present study was to explore nurses’ perceptions of their own ability to speak up and be heard in the workplace. Background Nurses are central to patient care and patient safety in hospitals. Their ability to speak up and be heard greatly impacts their own work satisfaction, team work as well as patient safety. Method The present study utilized a qualitative approach, consisting of focus group interviews of 33 registered nurses (RNs), in staff or management positions from a variety of healthcare settings in California, USA. Data were analysed using thematic content analysis. Results Findings were organized into three categories: influences on speaking up, transmission and reception of a message and outcomes or results. The present study supported the importance of the manager in setting the culture of open communication. Implications for Nurse Managers It is anticipated that findings from the present study may increase understandings of nurse views of communication within healthcare settings. The study highlights the importance of nurse managers in creating the communication culture that will allow nurses to speak up and be heard. These open communication cultures lead to better patient care, increased safety and better staff satisfaction.
Unsupervised Consonant-Vowel Prediction over Hundreds of Languages

In this paper, we present a solution to one aspect of the decipherment task: the prediction of consonants and vowels for an unknown language and alphabet. Adopting a classical Bayesian perspective, we performs posterior inference over hundreds of languages, leveraging knowledge of known languages and alphabets to uncover general linguistic patterns of typologically coherent language clusters. We achieve average accuracy in the unsupervised consonant/vowel prediction task of 99% across 503 languages. We further show that our methodology can be used to predict more fine-grained phonetic distinctions. On a three-way classification task between vowels, nasals, and nonnasal consonants, our model yields unsupervised accuracy of 89% across the same set of languages.
Dissociating Syntax from Morphology in a Divergent L2 End-State Grammar.

This article addresses current proposals in the literature suggesting that thematic verb-raising is optional in the grammars of L2 acquirers, due either to failure to acquire verbal agreement morphology or to an impairment of the mechanism relating the ‘richness’ of morphological agreement paradigms to syntactic feature strength. I examine naturalistic longitudinal production data from Patty, a native Chinese speaker whose L2 English grammar has ‘fossilized’ with regard to verbal agreement morphology. The data show that, despite the omission of regular agreement suffixation in about 96% of obligatory contexts, thematic verbs are never raised in Patty's English,thus showing no optionality of raising.The results indicate that even in cases where regular verbal morphology is neveracquired,it is still possible for the learner to determine feature strength and the status of verb-raising in the target language.
Minor/major element variation within and among diogenite and howardite orthopyroxenite groups

Diogenites are orthopyroxenites that may contain chromite and olivine as accessory minerals. Howardite breccias contain orthopyroxenite clasts with similar properties compared to monomict diogenites. We used statistical methods and variation plots of major and minor elements in orthopyroxene and chromite to show whether or not howardite orthopyroxenites are related to monomict diogenites, and to assess their petrogenesis. Our results fail to establish any evidence that monomict diogenites are significantly different from howardite orthopyroxenites in terms of major and minor elements. We also found no differences between Antarctic diogenites and non-Antarctic diogenites. Although element variation plots show compelling evidence that most diogenites originated by igneous fractionation, linear trends among the various diogenites and howardite orthopyroxenite clasts are either non-existent or ill-defined. This militates against an origin from a single magma body, but suggests an origin from multiple magma bodies in the parent planetoid.
Mental Retardation: A Review of the Past 10 Years. Part II

Objective To review the literature over the past decade on mental retardation, particularly with respect to genetics and behavioral phenotypes. Method A computerized search was performed for articles published in the past decade, and selected papers were highlighted. Results The study of mental retardation has benefited considerably by advances in medicine generally, and by developments in molecular neurobiology in particular. These advances in genetics have led to new insights regarding the causes of mental retardation, as well as a growing appreciation of behavioral phenotypes associated with some mental retardation syndromes. Conclusions Although the study of developmental disorders has advanced significantly over the past decade, considerable work remains. Mental retardation should remain the model for the utility of the biopsychosocial approach in medicine.
Decay of the Velocity Autocorrelation Function

Molecular-dynamic studies of the behavior of the diffusion coefficient after a long time $s$ have shown that the velocity autocorrelation function decays as ${s}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for hard disks and as ${s}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{3}{2}}$ for hard spheres, at least at intermediate fluid densities. A hydrodynamic similarity solution of the decay in velocity of an initially moving volume element in an otherwise stationary compressible viscous fluid agrees with a decay of ${(\ensuremath{\eta}s)}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{d}{2}}$, where $\ensuremath{\eta}$ is the viscosity and $d$ is the dimensionality of the system. The slow decay, which would lead to a divergent diffusion coefficient in two dimensions, is caused by a vortex flow pattern which has been quantitatively compared for the hydrodynamic and molecular-dynamic calculations.
Hormonal regulation of trehalose metabolism in the blowfly Phormia Regina Meig.: effects of cardiacectomy and allatectomy at the subcellular level.

1. 1. Kinetic properties of adult Phormia fat body glycogen synthetase were studied and compared to other animals. The KM for UDPG is 2.82 mM, decreasing to 0.58 mM in the presence of G-6-P. 2. 2. The specific activity of fat body glycogen synthetase shows a reduction of 30% within 2 days after allatectomy. 3. 3. Fat body T-6-P synthetase activity decreases to 70% of the control value after cardiacectomy. 4. 4. Corpus cardiacum homogenate fails to induce higher T-6-P synthetase activity in cell-free preparations from cardiacectomized flies. 5. 5. Interactions between corpus cardiacum and corpus allatum in regulating carbohydrate metabolism are discussed.
Food abundance determines distribution and density of a frugivorous bird across seasons

Although food abundance is a principal determinant of distribution and abundance of many animals, most previous studies have not quantitatively assessed its importance relative to other factors that may also determine species distributions. We estimated frugivorous phainopepla Phainopepla nitens occupancy and density, food density, and vegetation structure on transects in fragmented mesquite and acacia woodlands over three years in non-breeding and breeding seasons. Using an AIC framework and controlling for detection probability, we determined relative impacts of food abundance, vegetation structure, and habitat fragmentation on patch occupancy and density, and concomitant extinction and colonization probabilities of phainopeplas. Initial occupancy in winter 2002 was high (0.87 ± 0.047), and primarily positively correlated with food abundance and woodland area (Akaike weights w i = 0.998 and 0.750 respectively). Woodland area more strongly influenced occupancy where food was scarcer. Phainopepla density in both seasons was strongly positively correlated with food abundance, especially in the 2002 drought when density was higher (w i = 1.0 for food and year). Density was higher in acacia than mesquite woodlands (w i = 1.0), and moderately negatively correlated with elevation (w i = 0.789). Extinction probability (patches vacated) was low (0.078 ± 0.040), and principally influenced by phainopepla density (w i = 0.968) and tree height (w i = 0.749). Colonization probability was low (0.15 ± 0.034) and determined by vegetation structure (w i = 1.0). Much recorded colonization was reoccupancy of woodlands previously occupied by single males in winter, then vacated in a breeding season. These results suggest that for an animal occupying a highly fragmented landscape, distributions and densities at the habitat patch scale are driven by food abundance, are moderately affected by habitat fragmentation, and are slightly influenced by vegetation structure.
What Counselors Should Know About the Use and Interpretation of Psychological Tests

The effective use of tests in counseling depends on the choice of appropriate tests for the particular individual and problem under consideration, as well as the proper interpretation of test scores and their integration within the total assessment process. The knowledge needed for these purposes is discussed with reference to, first, statistical and technical knowledge about tests, and second, substantive psychological knowledge about the behavior domain that the tests assess. Because of the rapid accumulation of knowledge in both areas, counselors need to keep abreast of current developments through continuing efforts to update their knowledge.
The nature of the transitions comprising the optical absorption spectra of solvated electrons

Abstract The theory of photoejection spectra of molecular anions is adapted for application to analyses of optical absorption data of solvated electrons in a number of different solvents. The results obtained generally support the identification of solvated electron optical absorption spectra entirely as bands of bound-to-continuum transitions and not as bound-to-bound transitions. Analyses of the absorbance behavior near the threshold for absorption lead to the conclusion that the solvated electron ground state deviates appreciably from spherical symmetry. Alternatively, the solvated electron ground state in ND 3 may be nearly spherically symmetric with a thermally accessible excited state of lower symmetry.
Discussions in Cyberspace: Promoting Interactivity in an Asynchronous Sociology Course

Asynchronous courses (taught exclusively via computer-mediated communication) present particular pedagogical dilemmas. This article builds on the assumption that interactivity (regular patterns of written communication between the instructor and students and among students) is an important strategy to facilitate learning and reduce isolation in asynchronous courses. Based on my experiences as an instructor in this medium, I discuss my attempts to initiate and promote discussion. Data from three semesters of my asynchronous course reflect a general increase in interactivity as well as a decrease in problematic patterns of interaction.
Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia: The Severity of Premorbid Course

ABSTRACT Objective To review the premorbid histories of 23 children meeting DSM-III-R criteria for schizophrenia with onset before age 12 years and to compare these with childhood data of later-onset schizophrenics. Method Premorbid features up to 1 year before onset of first psychotic symptoms were rated from hospital and clinic records, clinical interviews, rating scales, and tests. Results In keeping with previous studies, specific developmental disabilities and transient early symptoms of autism, particularly motor stereotypies, were common. Comparison with the childhood of later-onset schizophrenics showed greater delay in language development, and more premorbid speech and language disorders, learning disorders, and disruptive behavior disorders. (Sixty percent had received or were estimated to meet criteria for one or more clinical diagnoses.) Conclusions Childhood-onset schizophrenia may represent a more malignant form of the disorder, although selection and ascertainment bias cannot be ruled out. The presence of prepsychotic language difficulties focuses attention on the importance of early temporal and frontal lobe development; early transient motor stereotypies suggest developmental basal ganglia abnormalities and extend previous findings seen in the childhood of later-onset patients.
Evaluation of High Oil Corn and Corn Silage for Lactating Cows

Abstract Forty multiparous Holstein cows in early lactation were used to compare their responses to high oil corn and corn silage with responses to control corn and corn silage. Treatments were total mixed diets containing: 1) 50% control concentrate, 50% control corn silage; 2) 50% high oil concentrate; 50% control corn silage; 3) 50% control concentrate, 50% high oil corn silage; and 4) 50% high oil concentrate, 50% high oil corn silage on a DM basis. Cows fed high oil corn had greater DM intake (21.9 vs. 19.6 kg/d) and ruminal acetate:propionate ratio (2.3 vs. 2.0) than animals fed control corn. Fiber digestibility and yield and composition of milk were similar among grain and silage types. Apparent digestibility of DM was lower for animals on high oil corn than for those fed control corn (69.7 vs. 73.3%). Apparent digestibility of ether extract was lower for animals consuming high oil corn silage than for those fed control corn silage (82.2 vs. 85.9%). De novo synthesized fatty acids in milk fat were reduced, but preformed fatty acids of dietary origin were increased on all diets. Efficiency of milk production was lower for diets containing high oil corn or corn silage. Postpartum body weight recovery was greater for cows fed high oil corn than cows fed control corn, indicating a more favorable energy status for these animals. High oil corn and corn silage allowed both high milk production and the deposition of body tissue.
Enterprise resource planning systems: A physical manifestation of administrative evil

Abstract We propose that enterprise resource planning systems (ERPs) inherently embody the tenets of administrative evil. First, we situate the discussion within a critical theory framework. Then, we provide a brief introduction to ERPs. Next, we present the ERP implementation process as a harbinger for organizational change and standardization. Because of the system's power and inclusiveness, the organization is molded in the image of the ERP. Management justifies ERP implementations, and the related hardships, by appeals to instrumental rationality, technological determinism, and capital market demands. ERPs are a physical manifestation, and facilitator, of instrumental rationality within hierarchical control structures. As such, ERPs embody significant potential for administrative evil because of their influence in constituting organizational climate, structures, and roles. Conscience is viewed as inferior to instrumental logic. Morality is recast as following the instrumentally rationalized and legitimized rules. A sense of individual responsibility diminishes as the distance between the object and the action increases. This detachment is greatly enhanced with the implementation of an ERP, and we discuss how this may take place. Ultimately, technical responsibility replaces moral responsibility and the totalizing influence of the ERP facilitates and expedites the process.
New high optical band gap window p layer contact development

We developed new hydrogenated boron doped amorphous silicon oxide window p layer for thin film solar device on the commercial SnO 2 :F TCO. With improved optical band gap (OBG), low refraction index and low defect density, the tandem junction top cell blue response is improved as well as the overall current. Devices with the optimized film have shown higher efficiency comparing with the baseline process.
Structure-function analysis of the streptokinase amino terminus (residues 1-59).

Streptokinase (SK) binds to plasminogen (Pg) to form a complex that converts substrate Pg to plasmin. Residues 1-59 of SK regulate its capacity to induce an active site in bound Pg by a nonproteolytic mechanism and to activate substrate Pg in a fibrin-independent manner. We analyzed 24 SK mutants to better define the functional properties of SK-(1-59). Mutations within the alphabeta1 strand (residues 17-26) of SK completely prevented nonproteolytic active site induction in bound Pg and rendered SK incapable of protecting plasmin from inhibition by alpha2-antiplasmin. However, when fibrin-bound, the activities of alphabeta1 strand mutants were similar to that of wild-type (WT) SK and resistant to alpha2-antiplasmin. Mutation of Ile1 of SK also prevented nonproteolytic active site induction in bound Pg. However, unlike alphabeta1 strand mutants, the functional defect of Ile1 mutants was not relieved by fibrin, and complexes of Ile1 mutants and plasmin were resistant to alpha2-antiplasmin. Plasmin enhanced the activities of alphabeta1 strand and Ile1 mutants, suggesting that SK-plasmin complexes activated mutant SK.Pg complexes by hydrolyzing the Pg Arg561-Val562 bond. Mutational analysis of Glu39 of SK suggested that a salt bridge between Glu39 and Arg719 of Pg is important, but not essential, for nonproteolytic active site induction in Pg. Deleting residues 1-59 rendered SK dependent on plasmin and fibrin to generate plasminogen activator (PA) activity. However, the PA activity of SK-(60-414) in the presence of fibrin was markedly reduced compared with WT SK. Despite its reduced PA activity, the fibrinolytic potency of SK-(60-414) was greater than that of WT SK at higher (but not lower) SK concentrations due to its capacity to deplete plasma Pg. These studies define mechanisms by which the SK alpha domain regulates rapid active site induction in bound Pg, contributes to the resistance of the SK-plasmin complex to alpha2-antiplasmin, and controls fibrin-independent Pg activation.
Nutritional problems in surgery.

I have attempted to present the broad impact of nutrition in the surgical field, which at times is faced with problems requiring instant solution, as an immediate threat to life, and at times demanding long-term planning lest the patient be lost by default. The surgeon has a right to be proud of those contributions he himself has made. But as we all know, a very great part of the safety and efficiency of modern surgery must be attributed to the advances in nonoperative fields, and of these, nutrition is among the most stimulating and important.
Noise generation by a lifting wing/flap combination at Reynolds numbers to 2.8 x 10 to the 6th

Measurements relating to the noise source location and intensity within various frequency bands were made for an 0.75 m-chord wing/flap model installed in the Ames 7 x 10-foot wind tunnel. A directional microphone system, located outside the open-wall tunnel was scanned in a two-dimensional array of aiming points about the positive-pressure side of the model to determine the principal locations of noise production, and the intensity of each of these. It was found for the case of the flaps being differentially deflected (0 deg, 35 deg) at the half-span station that noise production was concentrated in the immediate region of the resultant surface discontinuity. For equal deflection of the halves (0 deg, 0 deg or 35 deg, 35 deg), noise was produced uniformly along the length of the gap between the wing and the flap. Simulated flap-mounting brackets generated considerable noise in certain cases, but reduced the noise in others. Trailing edge noise did not appear to be important in comparison with other sources.
INFLUENCE OF MATURITY, STORAGE AND HEATING ON THE FLAVOR OF MUSHROOM (AGARICUS BISPORUS) CAPS AND STEMS

Sensory data indicated that raw caps (Agaricus bisporus) had a higher degree of desirable mushroom aroma than raw stems, however, cooked caps and stems were judged to be the same in aroma. Medium sized mushrooms were generally found to have more desirable aroma than small or large mushrooms. Storage for up to 1 days was detrimental to raw and cooked cap and stem aromas. Gas chromatographic analysis revealed that the level of 1-octen-3-ol and 1-octen-3-one increased with maturity, storage and cooking with higher levels of both found in the caps as compared to the stems. Correlation of sensory and analytical data indicate that 1-octen-3-ol is associated with desirable mushroom aroma whereas 1-octen-3-orce is not. Information of this type should be useful in the harvesting and distribution of mushrooms.
Chemical Synthesis of all Naturally Occurring Phosphorylated Inositol Phospholipids

Studies of signal transduction pathways involving phosphoinositides constitute an important field of research in current cell physiology [1,2]. These compounds are now known to be involved in the transduction of the vast range of extracellular signals ranging from neurotransmission to vesicular trafficking [3]. Overall, of the eight major inositol phospholipids (PIPn) 1–8 (Figure 1) so far identified in cellular signaling pathways, only three, including phosphatidylinositol (1), phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (3) and 4,5- bisphosphate (7), are available in sufficient quantities by isolation from natural sources. Other phosphoinositides, while playing important roles in cell physiology, are formed either transiently, or are present in only very low concentrations, making their preparative isolation from natural sources impractical. Because of the above, the progress in unraveling the complex metabolic pathways involving inositol phospholipids has been reached largely after synthetic analogs of PIPn had become available [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13].
The Paradox of P re -Industrial Space Tourism Public Relations

The existence of a com mercial space tourism industry was investigated by the present study. Our purpose was to ascertain the magnitude of public relation s activity on behalf of this emergent recreation industry. At the time of writing of this paper, in mid -2008, we concluded th at there was not yet a viable commercial space tourism industry, despite encouraging and positive signs to the contrary. Nevertheless, we located more than 200 types of public relations tactics, and quantified more than 2,200 instances of space tourism pub lic relations activity.
Separation of the subunits of ovine luteinizing hormone by a chromatographic procedure and comparison with a countercurrent distribution procedure.

Abstract 1. 1. A chromatographic procedure is described for separating ovine luteinizing hormone into two dissimilar subunits. Preliminary preparation of the S-sulfonated derivative is required. 2. 2. Analytical data are presented showing amino acid, hexosamine, and neutral sugar composition of the separated subunits, and their composition is compared with that of subunits separated by the countercurrent distribution procedure of Papkoff and Samy 12 . 3. 3. COOH-terminal analyses were performed to aid in characterizing the subunits.
Pneumatic spring for legged walker

Over the years, scientists and artists alike have imagined walking mechanisms that mimic the natural gait of humans and animals. Only recently have engineers begun to unravel the mystery of animal locomotion. Several walking robots have been built in the past few years [1]. An ongoing research problem with these robots is their inefficiency. Whereas animal locomotion is quite efficient, our efforts to mimic it have not been, with a few notable exceptions [2]. In this paper, we present a design for efficient legged locomotion, and we show the initial concept demonstration.
Mutagenicity studies of p-substituted benzyl derivatives in the Ames Salmonella plate-incorporation assay

Abstract The mutagenicity of 24 benzyl derivatives, containing a variety of substituents and leaving groups, were assayed in strain TA100 using the Ames plate-incorporation assay. p-Nitrobenzyl chloride (12 000 revertants/μmole), p-nitrobenzyl tosylate (6100 revertants/μmole), and p-acetoxybenzyl chloride (100 revertants/μmole) were mutagenic; none of the remaining 21 compounds were mutagenic. p-Nitrobenzyl chloride was also found to be mutagenic in strain TA98 (700 revertants/μmole), but not in strain TA98NR (a strain deficient in nitro reductase activity). p-Acetoxybenzyl chloride was nonenzymatically hydrolyzed to p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol and p-acetoxybenzyl alcohol. These findings suggest that nitrobenzyl derivatives were mutagenic due to nitro reductive metabolism and that p-acetoxybenzyl chloride was mutagenic due to the intermediate formation of p-hydroxybenzyl chloride during the hydrolysis of p-acetoxybenzyl chloride.
Comment on ``Superfluid stability in the BEC-BCS crossover''

We point out an error in recent work by Pao, Wu, and Yip [Phys. Rev. B 73, 132506 (2006)], that stems from their use of a necessary but not sufficient condition [positive compressibility (magnetic susceptibility) and superfluid stiffness] for the stability of the ground state of a polarized Fermi gas. As a result, for a range of detunings their proposed ground-state solution is a local maximum rather than a minimum of the ground state energy, which thereby invalidates their proposed phase diagram for resonantly interacting fermions under an imposed population difference.
Adolescent patellofemoral pain: implicating the medial patellofemoral ligament as the main pain generator.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to define the clinical presentation of adolescent patellofemoral pain.
Host heterogeneity influences the impact of a non‐native disease invasion on populations of a foundation tree species

Invasive pathogens are becoming increasingly important in forested ecosystems, yet they are often difficult to study because of their rapid transmission. The rate and extent of pathogen spread are thought to be partially controlled by variation in host characteristics, such as when host size and location influence susceptibility. Few host-pathogen systems, however, have been used to test this prediction. We used Port Orford cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana), a foundation tree species in riparian areas of California and Oregon (USA), and the invasive oomycete Phytophthora lateralis to assess pathogen impacts and the role of host characteristics on invasion. Across three streams that had been infected for 13–18 years by P. lateralis, we mapped 2241 trees and determined whether they had been infected using dendrochronology. The infection probability of trees was governed by host size (diameter at breast height [DBH]) and geomorphic position (e.g., active channel, stream bank, floodplain, etc.) similarly across streams. For instance, only 23% of trees <20 cm DBH were infected, while 69% of trees ≥20 cm DBH were infected. Presumably, because spores of P. lateralis are transported downstream in water, they are more likely to encounter well-developed root systems of larger trees. Also because of this water-transport of spores, differences in infection probability were found across the geomorphic positions: 59% of cedar in the active channel and the stream bank (combined) were infected, while 23% of trees found on higher geomorphic types were infected. Overall, 32% of cedar had been infected across the three streams. However, 63% of the total cedar basal area had been killed, because the greatest number of trees, and the largest trees, were found in the most susceptible positions. In the active channel and stream bank, 91% of the basal area was infected, while 46% was infected across higher geomorphic positions. The invasion of Port Orford cedar populations by P. lateralis causes profound impacts to population structure and the invasion outcome will be governed by the heterogeneity found in host size and location. Models of disease invasion will require an understanding of how heterogeneity influences spread dynamics to adequately predict the outcome for host populations.
Changes in metabolic and enzymatic activities of monkey kidney cells after infection with adenovirus 2.

Abstract Primary cultures of monkey kidney were infected with type 2 adenovirus. The formation of infective virus was first detected at approximately 21 hours after infection. Final yields of 10–50 plaque forming units per cell were obtained at approximately 50 hours. The rate of DNA synthesis, as measured by the rate of incorporation of H3-thymidine into DNA, did not change after infection. The rates of incorporation of H3-uridine into RNA, and of H3-leucine into protein, however, were markedly inhibited in infected cells before infective virus appeared. A striking decrease in the activity of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase also occurred before virus maturation began. The effects of type 2 adenovirus infection of monkey kidney cells on the activities of deoxythymidine kinase, DNA polymerase, deoxycytidylate deaminase, and aspartate transcarbamylase were investigated. The deoxythymidine kinase activity began to increase at approximately 20 hours after infection, and at 50 hours the activity was four- to sixfold higher than that of the uninfected cells. At 40–60 hours, the deoxycytidylate deaminase and aspartate transcarbamylase activities were slightly but consistently greater than those of control cells by a factor of 1.6–2. The DNA polymerase activity was not changed. The increase in the deoxythymidine kinase activity induced after infection depended on de novo protein synthesis. The induced deoxythymidine kinase activity of the infected cells was more sensitive to feedback inhibition by dTDP, and dTTP, than the enzyme activity of the control cells.
Collapse of a Monolayer by Three Mechanisms

The collapse of monolayers of 2-hydroxytetracosanoic acid at the air/water interface has been examined by measurements of surface pressure−area isotherms and imaging with light scattering microscop...
Lattice thermodynamics for binary closed-loop equilibria: Ordinary and polymer systems

The incompressible lattice-gas model by ten Brinke and Karasz is adopted to introduce the effect of specific interactions into a recently-presented Monte-Carlobased lattice expression for the Helmholtz energy of nonrandom mixing. While the lattice remains incompressible, intermolecular forces consist of two types: London dispersion forces and specific (chemical) forces. The specific interactions between similar components, as well as those between dissimilar components, are incorporated in a systematic manner. Closed-loop temperature-composition phase diagrams are obtained. The theory is compared with experimental data for several binary systems, including polymer solutions, which exhibit closed-loop coexistence curves. Theoretical and experimental results are in good agreement.
The glyoxalase system in rat blood.

AbstractThe 3-carbon keto-aldehyde, methylglyoxal (MeG), inhibits growth in bacterial and mammalian systems. The glyoxalase enzyme system catalyzes the catabolism of the α,β-dicarbonyl to form d-lactate with glutathione (GSH) as a cofactor. Glyoxalase I (S-lactoyl-glutathione methylglyoxal-lyase, isomerizing; EC 4.4.1.5) and glyoxalase II (S-2-hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase; EC 3.1.2.6) are present in mammalian tissues and have a high specific activity in red blood cells. In order to determine possible changes in the glyoxalase system with growth, the various components of the glyoxalase system were measured in the blood of male Sprague–Dawley rats aged 20 to 89 days. Glyoxalase I and II kinetic parameters were determined in potassium phosphate buffer at pH 6.8. Glutathione reductase activity, blood concentration of GSH and protein, plasma concentration of d-lactate, and hematocrit were also measured. The mean V for glyoxalase I was 81 μmole·mhr-1·ml-1 of red blood cells as compared to the glyoxalase II...
Analysing preferences towards economic incentives in combating climate change: a comparative analysis of US states

In contrast to the federal government, some US states have taken an aggressive approach to curbing climate change. They use a variety of policy instruments to reduce greenhouse gases. These instruments can be categorized into two broad categories: economic incentives and command-and-control regulation. While the use of economic incentives has, on average, increased, some states employ them more than others. This article compares the propensity of different US states to employ economic incentives in the area of climate change. For this purpose, it analyses and tests four models: (i) a needs/responsiveness model, (ii) an interest group influence model, (iii) an innovation-and-diffusion model, and (iv) a combined model. Interestingly, this article finds that economic incentives are pushed out of the political agenda when states are confronted with a more severe problem in terms of carbon emissions and dependence on conventional energy. This article also finds support for the traditional, antagonistic view of...
The Genus Chlorotettix—a Study of the Internal Male Genitalia. including the Description of a New Species.

The species of Chlorotettix with the exception of size are very similar in appearance. As a rule the color is a uniform green or yellow and although somewhat variable within the species, there are very few color markings throughout the group to distinguish these forms. The only possible basis for distinguishing them has been by means of external genital characters such as the last ventral segment of the female and the plates of the male. Certain workers have expressed doubt regarding the specificity of these external characters preferring to believe that in many cases these were variations in the genital segment. This study of the internal structures of the male was undertaken largely to determine if possible, to what extent the external characters could be used as specific characters and in an attempt to correlate external structures with internal. In some cases the internal structures are even exposed beyond the external and can thus be used easily in systematic work.
Adolescent maltreatment and its impact on young adult antisocial behavior.

Abstract Statement of problem Childhood maltreatment is known to be a risk factor for a range of later problems, but much less is known about adolescent maltreatment. The present study aims to investigate the impact of adolescent maltreatment on antisocial behavior, while controlling for prior levels of problem behavior as well as sociodemographic characteristics. Methods Data are from the Rochester Youth Development Study, a cohort study of the development of problem behaviors in a sample of 1,000 urban youth followed from age 13 into adulthood. Subjects include 68% African American, 17% Hispanic, and 15% White youth. This analysis includes a maximum of 884 subjects, of whom 9.3% had substantiated maltreatment reports in adolescence. Among the maltreated adolescents, 14 experienced sex abuse, 36 experienced physical abuse, and 32 were neglected or emotionally abused. Outcomes explored in late adolescence (ages 16–18) and young adulthood (ages 20–22) include arrest, self-reported general and violent offending, and illicit drug use. Control variables include prior levels of these outcomes as well as sociodemographic characteristics like poverty, parent education, and caregiver changes. Results Logistic regression analysis determined that experiencing any substantiated maltreatment during adolescence increases the odds of arrest, general and violent offending, and illicit drug use in young adulthood, even controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and prior levels of problem behavior. Different types of adolescent maltreatment, including neglect, appear to produce similar adverse behavioral consequences. Conclusions Adolescent maltreatment necessitates increased attention in view of its enduring and potentially wide-ranging impact on the life span.
Serving our colleagues: reference and history of medicine services from the National Library of Medicine.

ABSTRACT Most biomedical librarians are frequent users of the major online services provided by the National Library of Medicine (NLM), part of the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland. These services include MEDLINE/PubMed, MedlinePlus, http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov, PubMed Central, document delivery, and other key biomedical resources. This article highlights less well-known services from reference, to historical information, to training and other services which librarians may not be aware the NLM offers to them. NLM encourages librarians to consider that NLM's unique and unsurpassed collection can help when local resources may be too limited to serve the needs of their patrons.
Multilevel Solvers for Unstructured Surface Meshes

Parameterization of unstructured surface meshes is of fundamental importance in many applications of digital geometry processing. Such parameterization approaches give rise to large and exceedingly ill-conditioned systems which are difficult or impossible to solve without the use of sophisticated multilevel preconditioning strategies. Since the underlying meshes are very fine to begin with, such multilevel preconditioners require mesh coarsening to build an appropriate hierarchy. In this paper we consider several strategies for the construction of hierarchies using ideas from mesh simplification algorithms used in the computer graphics literature. We introduce two novel hierarchy construction schemes and demonstrate their superior performance when used in conjunction with a multigrid preconditioner.