cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sodium Ion Internalized within Phospholipid Membranes

Seven phospholipids, modified with ester groups in their hydrophobic chains, were synthesized and examined for their ability to promote sodium ion flux across vesicular membranes. It was found by 23Na NMR that only the phospholipids having short chain segments beyond their terminal ester groups catalyze sodium ion transfer by up to 2 orders of magnitude relative to a conventional phospholipid, POPC. The rates increase with the concentration of the ester−phospholipid admixed with POPC in the bilayer. More surprisingly, the rates increase with the time allowed for the vesicles to age. This was attributed to ester−phospholipid migrating in the bilayers to form domains that solubilize the sodium ion within the hydrocarbon interior of the membrane. Such membrane domains explain why shift reagent-modified NMR spectra display three 23Na signals representing sodium outside the vesicles, sodium within the vesicular water pools, and sodium within the membranes themselves.
Electrically induced automatically in ventricular myocardium

Abstract Pacemaker-like activity can be induced in ventricular myocardial fibers by small depolarizing currents. Diastolic depolarization occurs at physiologic temperatures and pH and is partially membrane potential dependent. It is slowed by inhibitors of Na and Ca currents and can be abolished by a combination of both types of inhibitors. Such automaticity is a potential source of arrhytmias which might be resistant to conventional antiarrhythmic drugs.
Targeting ALK, ROS1, and BRAF Kinases

Cancer cells demonstrate numerous genetic aberrations. Despite this genetic complexity, it is hypothesized that cancer cells are often addicted to a single oncogenic driver such that inhibition of this single target would lead to cell death.1 Data collected from patients with adenocarcinoma by the Lung Cancer Mutation Consortium (LCMC) demonstrate a significant number of patients harboring distinct oncogenic drivers, many of which may be amenable to targeted therapies.2 Two current areas of intense investigation are to match targeted therapies to a growing list of selected oncogene aberrations in patients with NSCLC and also to understand mechanisms of resistance to these targeted therapies so that resistance can be overcome or potentially delayed with new drugs or drug combinations.
The “Frozen in Time” Effect in Evaluations of the Dead

Two experiments tested the hypothesis that evaluations of the dead are more resistant to change than are evaluations of the living. In Experiment 1, perceivers formed an impression of a target person who performed either a moral or an immoral action and then either died or remained alive. Perceivers were later given new inconsistent information about the target's morality. The results revealed that perceivers’ original impressions of the target were significantly less likely to change in response to the inconsistent information when the target was believed to be dead than when she was believed to be alive. Experiment 2 replicated the effect in impressions of real-world targets. The implications of these findings for research on posthumous impression processes are discussed.
Local properties of undermatched steel weld metal

Samples from two undermatched, multipass welds on 50.8-mm-thick HY-100 steel were tested using a novel microtensile test machine and the local material properties were investigated using a chemical analysis, metallography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The microtensile test technique allowed samples from individual weld beads and weldmetal heat-affected zones to be tested in three orthogonal directions. Relationships between local microhardness and tensile properties were established. The filler metals for the two welds were MIL-70S and MIL-100S. The MIL-70S weld formed ferritic microstructures; the weld-metal heat-affected sites were predominantly polygonal ferrite, while the as-deposited regions were a mixture of lath and polygonal ferrite. This weld showed a large variation in properties from the central weld bead to the outer ones. The outermost site exhibited significant anisotropy in strength that was not revealed by microhardness measurements. The yield strength specification was 483 MPa, while the average at the center of the weld was 675 MPa and the outer sites had an average of 445 MPa. Elongation for the samples from the center was significantly lower as well, 5 pct as compared to 18 pct for the outer sites. The yield strength showed a strong correlation with the size of inclusions measured by TEM. Microprobe analysis found no dilution of the base metal alloying additions into the weld metal. The MIL-100S filler formed predominantly fine acicular ferrite throughout the weld. The strength was much more uniform; the yield strength specification was 690 MPa, while the center of the weld was 756 MPa and the outer sites had an average of 616 MPa. The inclusion size did not play an important role in the variation in mechanical properties.
Detection of DNA Damage in Transcriptionally Active Genes by RT–PCR and Assessment of Repair of Cisplatin-Induced Damage in the Glutathione S-Transferase-π Gene in Human Glioblastoma Cells☆

Cisplatin is an anticancer agent frequently used as an alternative to the nitrosoureas in brain tumor chemotherapy. We describe the use of a technique of quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to examine the damage induced in the glutathione S-transferase (GST)-pi gene by cisplatin and the subsequent repair of this damage in cells of the MGR3 human glioblastoma multiforme cell line. The relationship between cisplatin dose and the extent of damage in the GST-pi gene was determined over cisplatin concentrations (0-10 microM) within the clinically achievable range. Total RNA was purified from control and cisplatin-treated cells, and both the full-length GST-pi cDNA and control 200-bp beta-actin cDNA were amplified by RT-PCR. The cDNA reaction products were electrophoresed, Southern hybridized, and quantitated densitometrically. A decrease in GST-pi mRNA representing damage to the GST-pi gene was observed with increasing cisplatin concentrations, up to a maximum of 75% at 10 microM cisplatin. Repair of the GST-pi gene in cells treated with cisplatin, assessed as recovery of transcriptional activity of the gene, was shown to occur even after 48 hr following drug removal. A potent RNA polymerase II inhibitor, alpha-amanitin, was used to show that the GST-pi mRNA quantitated in this RT-PCR assay resulted from de novo RNA transcription of the GST-pi gene with little contribution from preexisting GST-pi transcripts. The results demonstrate that the GST pi gene, which is actively transcribed and often overexpressed in human glioma cells, is a target for cisplatin, but that the damage to the gene is efficiently repaired in these cells. The RT-PCR assay has the potential for use in the detection of DNA damage induced by genotoxic agents in other actively transcribed genes and for assessing the repair of gene-specific DNA lesions in cells.
On the complexity of posets

The purpose of this paper is to discuss several invariants each of which provides a measure of the intuitive notion of complexity for a finite partially ordered set. For a poset X the invariants discussed include cardinality, width, length, breadth, dimension, weak dimension, interval dimension and semiorder dimension denoted respectively X, W(X), L(X), B(X), dim(X). Wdim(X), Idim(X) and Sdim(X). Among these invariants the following inequalities hold. B(X)=
Molecular beam epitaxial regrowth of InAs/AlSb/GaSb heterostructures on patterned substrates

The molecular beam epitaxial growth of InAs/AISb/GaSb heterostructures on GaSb epilayers patterned by dry etching is investigated. Faceted growth occurs at pattern edges, depending on the adatom species, crystallographic planes and growth parameters. The morphology of the overgrown structure is determined by (111), (110), and (100) Planes near the edges of the patterned stripes, oriented in the [011], [001 ], or [0 11] direction. During the regrowth of InAs, additional (311)A planes are formed at the edges for stripe orientations in the [0 11] direction. Utilizing the faceted growth behavior at pattern edges, resonant interband tunneling diodes with a room temperature peak-to-valley current ratio of 13 have been fabricated on patterned substrates. The results indicate that this approach has the potential of realizing advanced devices with higher complexity.
EPIBIOTIC SPONGES ON THE SCALLOPS CHLAMYS HASTATA AND CHLAMYS RUBIDA : INCREASED SURVIVAL IN A HIGH-SEDIMENT ENVIRONMENT

The small free-swimming scallops, Chlamys hastata and Chlamys rubida, are frequently encrusted by the sponges Mycale adhaerens and Myxilla incrustans. It is unclear why this association exists. We hypothesized that living on scallop valves increases sponge survival by reducing the effects of sediment accumulation. Scallops were collected to measure correlations between sediment load and encrusting sponge mass. In the laboratory, the survival of sponges on living scallops and empty scallop valves was measured. Time-lapse video was used to quantify spontaneous swimming and clapping of C. hastata. In the field, both scallop size and sponge mass were significantly greater in high turbidity sites. In the laboratory, sponges on empty scallop valves experienced near complete mortality after five weeks. Manually clearing sediments increased survival but did not duplicate the high survival of sponges on living scallops, which regularly swam or clapped their valves.
Neurosurgical notes: World War II.

THIS CONCERNS MY activities as a neurosurgeon in the European Theater of Operations and the North African, Tunisian campaign, during World War II. Action during the Battle of the Bulge came later. Our mobile tent hospital, the 9th Evacuation Hospital, was similar to that depicted in the television show M * A * S * H. To lend flavor to these comments, I have referred to medical and surgical matters in other units as well as our own, mentioned global aspects of the war, and included vignettes of life off-duty. The story begins after induction into the Army Medical Corps as a volunteer in July 1942 and ends with honorable discharge in April 1946.
Role of Complex Energy Landscapes and Strains in Multiscale Inhomogeneities in Perovskite Manganites

Perovskite manganites have attracted considerable attention recently due to inhomogeneities in multi-functional properties, observed by various high resolution probes. We present an analysis of the essential role played by complex energy landscapes in the nanometer to micron-scale inhomogeneities observed in perovskite manganites using a model expressed in terms of symmetrized atomic-scale lattice distortion modes. We also discuss the origin for the stability of large metal and insulator domains in the absence of defects. We demonstrate that an intrinsic mechanism, which specifically involves longrange interactions between strain fields, the Peierls-Nabarro energy barrier, and complex energy landscapes with multiple metastable states is responsible for the inhomogeneities in perovskite manganites. This is in contrast to an extrinsic mechanism such as chemical randomness. We highlight experimental results which support our intrinsic, rather than extrinsic, mechanism.
Low level exposure to cadmium increases the risk of chronic kidney disease: analysis of the NHANES 1999-2006

Environmental factors have been associated with the outbreak of chronic kidney disease (CKD). We evaluated the association of Cadmium (Cd) exposure with the risk of CKD in U.S. adults who participated in the 1999-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). 5426 subjects ≥ 20 years were stratified for values of urinary and blood Cd and a multivariate logistic regression was performed to test the association between blood and urinary Cd, CKD and albuminuria (ALB) after adjustment for age, gender, race/ethnicity, body mass index and smoking habits. Subjects with urinary Cd > 1 mcg/g and subjects with blood Cd > 1 mcg/L showed a higher association with ALB (OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.23, 2.16; P = 0.001). Subjects with blood Cd > 1 mcg/L showed a higher association with both CKD (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.01, 2.17; P = 0.046) and ALB (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.10, 1.82; P = 0.007). An interaction effect on ALB was found for high levels of urinary and blood Cd (P = 0.014). Moderately high levels of urinary and blood Cd are associated with a higher proportion of CKD and ALB in the United States population.
A novel wavelet transform-based transient current analysis for fault detection and localization

Transient current (IDD) testing has been often cited and investigated as an alternative and/or supplement to quiescent current (IDDQ) testing. In this correspondence, we present a novel integrated method for fault detection and localization using wavelet transform-based IDD waveform analysis. The time-frequency resolution property of wavelet transform helps us detect as well as localize faults in digital CMOS circuits. Experiments performed on measured data from a fabricated 8-bit shift register, and simulation data from more complex circuits show promising results for both detection and localization. Wavelet-based detection method shows better sensitivity than spectral and time-domain methods. Effectiveness of the localization method in presence of complex power supply network, measurement noise, and process variation is also addressed.
Crystal structure of quinone reductase 2 in complex with cancer prodrug CB1954

CB1954 is a cancer pro-drug that can be activated through reduction by Escherichia coli nitro-reductases and quinone reductases. Human quinone reductase 2 is very efficient in the activation of CB1954, approximately 3000 times more efficient than human QR1 in terms of k(cat)/K(m). We have solved the three-dimensional structure of QR2 in complex with CB1954 to a nominal resolution of 1.5A. The complex structure indicates the essentiality of the two nitro groups: one nitro group forms hydrogen bonds with the side-chain of Asn161 of QR2 to hold the other nitro group in position for the reduction. We further conclude that residue 161, an Asn in QR2 and a His in QR1, is critical in differentiating the substrate specificities of these two enzymes. Mutation of Asn161 to His161 in QR2 resulted in the total loss of the enzymatic activity towards activation of CB1954, whereas the rates of reduction towards menadione are not altered.
Use of an ultrasonically activated scalpel for splenectomy in 10 dogs with naturally occurring splenic disease.

Objective— To evaluate the safety and efficacy of an ultrasonically activated scalpel for performing splenectomy, with minimal ligation, in dogs. Study Design— Prospective clinical study. Animals— Dogs (10) with naturally occurring splenic disease. Methods— Between October 2003 and February 2004, splenectomy was performed using an ultrasonically activated scalpel and a double seal method, in 10 dogs with naturally occurring splenic disease. Time for splenectomy and number of ligatures required were recorded. Intraoperative hemostasis, device ease of use, postoperative hemorrhage, and short-term survival were evaluated. Results— Mean operative time for splenectomy, exclusive of celiotomy and closure, was 18 minutes (range, 8–25 minutes). The mean number of ligatures needed to perform splenectomy was 1 (range, 0–2 ligatures). One dog hemorrhaged from the splenic vein after ultrasonic scalpel transection of a vessel >5-mm diameter and required a ligature. The ultrasonic scalpel was easy to use, with a minimal learning curve. None of the dogs had postoperative abdominal hemorrhage; 9 dogs were discharged and 1 dog was euthanatized because of septicemia. Conclusion— Ultrasonic activated scalpel may be used to achieve efficient and safe hemostasis of the splenic vascular pedicle in dogs with minimal need for vascular ligation. Clinical Relevance— Ultrasonic scalpels can be used to perform splenectomy in dogs with naturally occurring splenic disease.
Some effects of role overload and role underload

Abstract Role overload and role underload are relatively common features of American origanizational life. The present investigation involves the simulation of these work conditions in a laboratory setting, and it examines some of the effects which they exert upon individuals' behavior, attitudes, and physiology. In addition, the study traces some differences which obtain among individuals who differ in nAchievement and test anxiety in their reactions to these environmental conditions. The data suggest that role overload is stressful to the overloaded persons and that the effects of this stress are most severely experienced by individuals with specific personality constellations. In addition, the data indicate that the effects of variations in objective work load may be substantially different from the effects of variations in subjective (experienced) work load.
Restricted and repetitive behaviors in young children with autism spectrum disorders.

Restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs) on the Autism Diagnostic Interview– Revised (ADI-R: Lord, Rutter, & Le Couteur (1994) were examined in 165 children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), 49 children with non-spectrum developmental disorders (DD), and 65 children with typical development (TD) at approximately 2 years of age. A factor analysis found evidence for a repetitive sensorimotor (RSM) factor and an insistence on sameness (IS) factor. Behaviors that loaded on the RSM factor were prevalent in children with ASD and significantly more common and severe than in children with DD or TD. On average, children with ASD had more RSM behaviors. Behaviors that loaded on the IS factor were relatively uncommon and did not differ in prevalence or severity across groups.
Higher Risk of Severe Drug-Induced Liver Injury among Hispanic HIV-Infected Patients after Initiation of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

Background: Little is known about differences across ethnicities in the development of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) initiation. Methods: This is a retrospective, longitudinal, comparative, pilot study. DILI within the first year of HAART was evaluated in 50 HIV-infected Hispanics without viral hepatitis who initiated HAART between 2000 and 2009. It was compared to white and black patients (1:1:1) matched by age and CD4 counts. Results: HAART-related DILI of any grade occurred in 30 of 150 (20%) patients and was associated with nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) use (OR 4.49 [95%CI 1.5-13.8]). Severe DILI was significantly more frequent among Hispanics compared to other groups (6% vs. 0%; P = .04). Of the 3 patients with severe DILI, 2 underwent liver imaging and had hepatic steatosis. Conclusions: Severe DILI within the first year of HAART initiation was infrequent and restricted to Hispanics. Additional studies are needed to determ...
A nonlinear fuzzy controller with linear control rules is the sum of a global two-dimensional multilevel relay and a local nonlinear proportional-integral controller

Abstract The author analytically proves that a nonlinear fuzzy controller with linear control rules and N members for input fuzzy sets is the sum of a global two-dimensional multilevel relay and a local nonlinear proportional-integral (PI) controller which adjusts the control action generated by the global multilevel relay. As N increases, the resolution of the global multilevel relay is enhanced but the role of the local nonlinear PI controller in total control action is decreased. As N approaches ∞, the global multilevel relay approaches a regular linear PI controller while the control action from the local nonlinear PI controller approaches zero. The role of the global multilevel relay and the local nonlinear PI controller in total control action is quantitatively described, as is the degree of nonlinearity of the fuzzy controllers with different N.
Kinetics, Dynamics and Mutual Interactions of Defects on Si(001)

This article gives a critical review of the recent progress in the understanding of the physical properties of defects on Si(001). Mainly two classes of defects will be considered: point defects, including adatoms, ad-dimers, atom vacancies and dimer vacancies; and line defects, including steps, dimer strings, antiphase boundaries and vacancy lines. The focus will be on the kinetic and dynamic properties of the defects. Also discussed are their mutual interactions. A combination of extensive theoretical and experimental studies has provided clear answers to several fundamental questions about defect energetics and dynamics, and in some other cases has resulted in plausible solutions. In surveying some open or controversial issues, likely future directions will be discussed as well.
Grandmothers, hunters and human life history

This paper critiques the competing “Grandmother Hypothesis” and “Embodied Capital Theory” as evolutionary explanations of the peculiarities of human life history traits. Instead, I argue that the correct explanation for human life history probably involves elements of both hypotheses: long male developmental periods and lives probably evolved due to group selection for male hunting via increased female fertility, and female long lives due to the differential contribution women’s complex foraging skills made to their children and grandchildren’s nutritional status within groups provisioned by male hunting.
Personality differences related to smoking and adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) scores are compared for three groups of adults: (a) current smokers with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHDSmk, n = 14); (b) current smokers without ADHD (NonADHDSmk, n = 21); and (c) ADHD never smokers (ADHDNevSmk, n = 17). The ADHDSmk participants started smoking at a significantly younger age than NonADHDSmk participants. On the TPQ Novelty Seeking (NS) scale, all groups scored more than a standard deviation above the norm, and ADHDSmk participants scored significantly higher than NonADHDSmk participants. The earlier onset of smoking in ADHD adults suggests that smoking prevention efforts may be particularly important for ADHD children. Previous studies have reported that both smokers and ADHD patients have elevated NS scores; this study suggests an additive effect for smokers with ADHD. This exaggerated tendency towards thrill seeking in ADHDSmk participants may complicate smoking-cessation treatment in this population, because the health consequences of smoking may be of less concern to ADHD smokers.
Sympathoadrenal and Hemodynamic Effects of Isoflurane, Halothane, and Cyclopropane in Dogs

The sympathoadrenal response and its relation to the hemodynamic effects of isoflurane, halothane, and cyclopropane were studied in ten dogs. Each animal was used as its own control. At weekly intervals, the changes in plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations and in cardiac output (), wh
The Tropical Atmospheric Energy Budget from the TRMM Perspective. Part II: Evaluating GCM Representations of the Sensitivity of Regional Energy and Water Cycles to the 1998–99 ENSO Cycle

Abstract The impact of clouds and precipitation on the climate is a strong function of their spatial distribution and microphysical properties, characteristics that depend, in turn, on the environments in which they form. Simulating feedbacks between clouds, precipitation, and their surroundings therefore places an enormous burden on the parameterized physics used in current climate models. This paper uses multisensor observations from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) to assess the representation of the response of regional energy and water cycles in the tropical Pacific to the strong 1998 El Nino event in (Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project) AMIP-style simulations from the climate models that participated in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC’s) most recent assessment report. The relationship between model errors and uncertainties in their representation of the impacts of clouds and precipitation on local energy budgets is also explored. With the exception of cloud...
Solubilization and characterization of an angiotensin II binding protein from liver.

Binding sites with high affinity for angiotensin II were solubilized from hepatic membranes by treatment with digitonin. Binding of radioiodinated angiotensin II was assayed by gel filtration and independently by a technique exploiting the failure of activated charcoal to adsorb the bound ligand. The binding protein was partially purified using ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by gel filtration, and in the presence of protease inhibitors, the isolated binding protein preparation did not catalyze degradation of the angiotensin II. Binding to the membranes as well as to the solubilized preparation was specific and saturable. The membranes exhibited a single set of high-affinity binding sites with a Kd of 0.5 nM. The solubilized preparation, also showed the presence of a single class of high-affinity binding sites (Kd= 10.5 nM). Displacement studies using angiotensin I as well as various fragments, agonists and antagonists of angiotensin II disclosed a structure-activity profile similar to that found with intact membranes. Dissociation of angiotensin II from the soluble macromolecular complex was slow but was enhanced at non-physiological pH values or in the presence of 4.5 M urea, or 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. Covalent binding of the radioiodinated angiotensin II to a single, specific macromolecular component was achieved by treatment with disuccinimidyl suberate. The apparent molecular weight of this reduced, denatured radioactive protein was estimated at about 68000 by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
718-2 Functional Effects of TNFα Gene Expression in the Heart

TNFα, a proinflammatory cytokine, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of septic shock, viral myocarditis, and congestive heart failure. While the activated macrophage is thought to be the 1° source for TNFα production, a recent report showed that TNFα mRNA was expressed in the heart. However, the significance of this finding is not known. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to determine: (1) which cell types in the heart produce TNFα mRNA and protein; and (2) whether the TNFα which is produced is active biologically. Protocol we stimulated isolated, buffer perfused cat hearts (n = 8) with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) — a classical stimulus for TNFα production; control hearts (n = 5) were stimulated with diluent. Northern blot analysis showed that mRNA for TNFα was detected within 30 min and peaked at 90 min after LPS stimulation; mRNA forTNFα was not detectable in control hearts. TNFα protein (g 500 U/ml) was detectable by bioassay 60 min after LPS treatment and peaked by 120 min; TNFα protein was not detectable in control hearts. TNFα contained in the effluent (1:2 dilution) from the LPS treated hearts produced negative inotropic effects in isolated contracting feline cardiac myocytes. Immunohistochemical studies of LPS treated hearts localized TNFα to the cardiac myocytes, endothelial cells and to vascular smooth muscle cells; control hearts were negative for TNFα immunostaining. Subsequent studies employing myocytes and non-myocyte cell types isolated from LPS stimulated hearts showed that TNFα mRNA and protein were produced by myocytes and non-myocytes. Conclusion these data show for the first time that myocyte and non-myocyte cell types in the heart can rapidly produce biologically active TNFα which is capable of causing negative inotropic effects.
Phosphonate analogues of cytosine arabinoside monophosphate

Phosphonate derivatives of cytidine and cytosine arabinoside have been prepared from the corresponding nucleoside aldehydes and tested for their ability to serve as substrates for nucleotide monophosphate kinase and for their toxicity to K562 leukemia cells.
Biogas in Kyrgyzstan

The status of biogas technology research in the Kyrgyz Republic is considered. Priority directions of its development are determined.
Repressor and rex product of coliphage lambda: lack of collaboration and joint controls.

Exposure to 41° C for 10 to 100 minutes rapidly inactivates λ repressor bearing several ts mutations in the A or B region of gene cI, but does not result in simultaneous rapid loss of the rex function, which restricts phage T4 rII. One may conclude that the rex product does not directly collaborate with the repressor protein. Immediate loss of the rex activity at 47.5° C, observed with most of the λ cIts mutants and even λ cI+, appears to be unrelated to the repressor inactivation. In tof+ lysogens carrying nonlethal cIts prophage mutants, the prolongation of induction at 41° C ultimately results in irreversible loss of the rex function, but only after about six cell generations. In similar experiments with tof deficient lysogens, loss of the rex activity requires about eleven cell generations and the rex function is regained in less than 30 minutes after return of the lysogen to 30° C. Two methods of rex assay, the more sensitive “phage yield method” and the “infective center method”, were employed.
Systematic study of the ion beam mixing of oxide markers into alumina

Abstract A systematic study of ion beam mixing of thin marker layers into amorphous alumina has been completed. The degree of mixing was found to be controlled by thermodynamic factors, the nature of the marker (oxidation state), and matrix crystallinity. Ballistic mixing was observed for all markers, but the mixing of some oxide markers exhibits a thermally activated regime at higher temperatures. The experiments were conducted from a low temperature of −170°C to a maximum temperature of 750°C. 210 keV Ar was used to ion beam mix the marker layer at the various temperatures. The marker spreading was analyzed using Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy. The mixing of one marker (Fe2O3) into crystalline alumina (sapphire) was compared with that of amorphous alumina. It was found that the marker mixed asymmetrically into the two matrix materials, with a higher degree of mixing into the amorphous matrix. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy results verify that there is a preference for the marker to mix into the amorphous alumina layer rather than the crystalline layer.
A Time of Paradox: America Since 1890 – By Glen Jeansonne, with David Luhrssen

Long before America achieved preeminence among the world's civilizations in the twentieth century, Benjamin Franklin, at the conclusion of the Constitutional Convention in 1787, looked at the carvi...
Predictors of Gambling Behaviors in Filipino Americans Living in Honolulu or San Francisco

This study compared the prevalence and predictors of gambling behaviors between Filipino Americans who live in San Francisco (S.F.) or Honolulu. Data from the 1998–1999 Filipino American Community Epidemiological Survey were used to answer two research questions: (1) What are the prevalence and types of gambling behaviors among Filipino Americans and (2) What are the protective/risk factors of heavy gambling for Filipino Americans in S.F. and Honolulu? Overall, S.F. Filipino Americans had a higher level of participation in gambling, and the odds of gambling increased among older age groups, males, those who were US-born, and those with more health problems. Multinomial logistic regression analyses revealed that factors associated with infrequent and regular gambling participation were different between the S.F. group (older, male, higher education) and Honolulu group (male, US-born, more health concerns). Differential gambling environments, i.e., wide open gambling in S.F. and the restrictive gambling in Honolulu, may contribute to gambling participation and predictors of risk gambling Filipino Americans living in Honolulu and S.F. Policy makers and health professionals need to be aware of these differences to serve this population more effectively.
Assessment of three devices used in shear tests of cooked breast meat

Abstract Methods that increase processing efficiency to save energy costs and to improve yield and volume must be evaluated in terms of maintaining or improving final product quality. Shear tests measure the force to cut through fibers of cooked samples. They are the simplest and most common tests used to document cooked meat texture. However, information obtained from shearing devices that perform in a similar way may not be interchangeable. In this study, three shearing devices were assessed. Eight treatments were imposed on broiler breasts processed under commercial conditions to represent ranges of texture characteristics. Treatments included electrical stimulation (S), or no stimulation (NS) of carcasses; postchill deboning at 2 or 6 h; and marination (M), or no marination (NM). Shear force values of cooked breasts were obtained from the benchtop Warner-Bratzler (BT-WB) machine, the Warner-Bratzler blade attachment (TA-WB) and a 45 degrees chisel-end blade attachment (TA-WD). The TA-WB and TA-WD were attached to Model TA.XT2 texture analyzer. For each device, shear value differences were significant (P
Ultrasonic Lesions in Mammalian Central Nervous System

The ultrasonic dosages given in W. J. Fry et al., "Ultrasonic lesions in the mammalian central nervous system" [Science122, 517 (1955)] should be corrected as follows: For the lesion illusrated in Fig. 1, the dosage was 40 atm acoustic pressure amplitude and 3.9(102) cm/sec acoustic particle velocity amplitude. For the lesions illustrated in Figs. 2 and 3, the dosage was 41 atm acoustic pressure amplitude and 4.0(102) cm/sec acoustic particle velocity amplitude.
Effects of butylated hydroxyanisole on hepatic glucuronidation capacity in mice

The present study has examined biochemical mechanisms by which butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) increases the glucuronidation of xenobiotics. Male and female Swiss Webster mice received BHA in the diet (1% w/w) for 10 days (600 to 800 mg/kg/day). Hepatic UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activities were increased toward specific substrates in native and detergent-activated microsomes. In general, BHA increased glucuronidation toward group 1 substrates (1-naphthol and 4-nitrophenol) 36 to 141% whereas no changes were found with a group 2 (chloramphenicol) or a group 3 substrate (digitoxigenin monodigitoxoside). Also, activities toward unclassified substrates (estrone, acetaminophen, and diethylstilbestrol) were increased (29 to 139%) by BHA. BHA treatment also increased hepatic UDP-glucuronic acid content (two- to threefold) by increasing UDP-glucose concentration (30 to 50%) and enhancing UDP-glucose dehydrogenase activity (300 to 400%). BHA had a more pronounced effect in female than male mice when data were expressed as activity or amount per liver because BHA treatment selectively increased the liver weight in female mice. In conclusion, BHA increases the capacity for glucuronidation in mice by elevating both UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activities and UDP-glucuronic acid concentration in liver.
Defect microstructures in epitaxial PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3 films grown on (001) SrTiO3 by pulsed laser deposition

Transmission electron microscopy has been used to investigate the character and distribution of the microstructural features in epitaxial (001) ferroelectric PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3 films grown on (001) SrTiO3 substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The TEM observations revealed that the films were predominantly c-oriented with embedded a 1- and a 2-oriented domains lying on {101} planes. The substrate/film interfaces contained arrays of edge-type misfit dislocations and there were extraordinarily high densities ( $$ \gg 10^{10} \,{\rm cm}^{ - 2}$$ ) of threading dislocations in the films. The character and distribution of these features are consistent with the following relaxation sequence. Firstly, the lattice misfit between the phases is accommodated at the growth temperature by the introduction of misfit dislocations at the edges of island nuclei, and some of these dislocations are forced away from the interface to form threading segments upon island coalescence. Next, the film adopts the c-orientation upon cooling through the Curie temperature with a 1- and a 2-oriented domains being formed to ameliorate the self-strain of the transformation. Finally, some redistribution of the embedded domains and misfit dislocations occurs in response to stresses caused by expansion coefficient differences. The impact of these defects on the electrical and electromechanical properties of epitaxial ferroelectric properties is discussed.
Union Heartland: The Midwestern Home Front during the Civil War. Edited by Ginette Aley and J. L. Anderson. Forward by William C. Davis. (Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2013. Pp. xvi, 224. $39.50.)

In recent years, Civil War scholarship has shifted increasingly away from examining military campaigns and the experiences of soldiers in the field to investigations of life on the home front. This...
Real-Time Price Discovery in Global Stock, Bond and Foreign Exchange Markets

Using a unique high-frequency futures dataset, we characterize the response of U.S., German and British stock, bond and foreign exchange markets to real-time U.S. macroeconomic news. We find that news produces conditional mean jumps; hence high-frequency stock, bond and exchange rate dynamics are linked to fundamentals. Equity markets, moreover, react differently to news depending on the stage of the business cycle, which explains the low correlation between stock and bond returns when averaged over the cycle. Hence our results qualify earlier work suggesting that bond markets react most strongly to macroeconomic news; in particular, when conditioning on the state of the economy, the equity and foreign
Crystal structures of arginine kinase in complex with ADP, nitrate, and various phosphagen analogs

Arginine kinase catalyzes the reversible transfer of a phosphoryl group between ATP and l-arginine and is a monomeric homolog of the human enzyme creatine kinase. Arginine and creatine kinases belongs to the phosphagen kinase family of enzymes, which consists of eight known members, each of which is specific for its own phosphagen. Here, the source of phosphagen specificity in arginine kinase is investigated through the use of phosphagen analogs. Crystal structures have been determined for Limulus polyphemus arginine kinase with one of four arginine analogs bound in a transition state analog complex: l-ornithine, l-citrulline, imino-l-ornithine, and d-arginine. In all complexes, the enzyme achieves a closed conformation very similar to that of the cognate transition state analog complex, but differences are observed in the configurations of bound ligands. Arginine kinase exhibits no detectable activity towards ornithine, citrulline, or imino-l-ornithine, and only trace activity towards d-arginine. The crystal structures presented here demonstrate that phosphagen specificity is derived neither from a lock-and-key mechanism nor a modulation of induced-fit conformational changes, but potentially from subtle distortions in bound substrate configurations.
Structural genomics of the barley Mla powdery mildew resistance complex

Powdery mildew of barley, caused by Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei, is a model system for investigating the mechanism of gene-for-gene interaction between large-genome cereals and obligate-fungal pathogens. A large number of loci that confer resistance to this disease 1 Reprinted with permission of Genetics, 1999, 153 (12), 1929-1948. 2 Interdepartmental Genetics Program; 3Department of Plant Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1020 4 Primary research and author 5 Com Insects and Crop Genetics Research, USDA-ARS, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1020 6Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K. 7Clemson University Genomics Institute, Clemson, SC 29634 8 Author for correspondence
Measuring Special Education Teacher Effectiveness

Teacher effectiveness in regular education classrooms has been widely examined and discussed. However, there is little research on teacher effectiveness in special education settings. This study focused on specific teacher behaviors associated with the academic achievement of mildly handicapped students. Two groups of teacher trainees found to be differentially effective in accomplishing student performance outcomes were contrasted on specific direct instruction variables. The results suggested that teacher trainees who maintained a high presentation rate with many correct pupil responses per minute were more successful in effecting pupil achievement than teachers with a slower presentation and correct rate. Implications for research and instructional practice are discussed.
Restless Legs Syndrome: An Early Clinical Feature of Parkinson Disease in Men

STUDY OBJECTIVE The association between restless legs syndrome (RLS) and Parkinson disease has been extensively studied, but the temporal relationship between the two remains unclear. We thus conduct the first prospective study to examine the risk of developing Parkinson disease in RLS. DESIGN Prospective study from 2002-2010. SETTING United States. PARTICIPANTS There were 22,999 US male health professionals age 40-75 y enrolled in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study without Parkinson disease, arthritis, or diabetes mellitus at baseline. MEASUREMENT AND RESULTS RLS was assessed in 2002 using a set of standardized questions recommended by the International RLS Study Group. Incident Parkinson disease was identified by biennial questionnaires and then confirmed by review of participants' medical records by a movement disorder specialist. We documented 200 incident Parkinson disease cases during 8 y of follow-up. Compared to men without RLS, men with RLS symptoms who had symptoms greater than 15 times/mo had higher risk of Parkinson disease development (adjusted relative risk = 1.47; 95% confidence interval: 0.59, 3.65; P = 0.41). This was statistically significant only for cases diagnosed within 4 y of follow-up (adjusted relative risk = 2.77; 95% confidence interval: 1.08, 7.11; P = 0.03). CONCLUSION Severe restless legs syndrome may be an early feature of Parkinson disease.
Integral control of PWM DC-DC buck-derived converters

A concept of integral control is applied to multi-operating-point, buck-derived, pulse-width-modulated (PWM) DC-DC converters. A large-signal circuit model of the power stage is introduced, allowing the load resistance to be eliminated from the system matrix. Two closed-loop, continuous-conduction-mode, push-pull converters are designed using the pole-placement technique: a conventional converter and a converter with a small inductor achievable by a bidirectional power flow. The large-signal dynamic performance of these converters is investigated by simulations in the time domain. The bidirectional power flow converter with integral control was found to be suitable in switched load applications, e.g., radar systems dot-matrix printers and power supplies for random-access computer memories. >
Heat Transfer Performance of a Roof-Spray Cooling System Employing the Transfer Function Method

Abstract : Roof-spray cooling systems have been developed and implemented to reduce the heat gain through roofs so that conventional cooling systems can be reduced in size or eliminated. Currently, roof-spray systems are achieving greater effectiveness due to the availability of direct digital controls. The objective of this thesis was to develop a mathematical model of the heat transfer through a roof-spray cooled roof that predicted heat transfer based on existing weather data and roof heat transfer characteristics as described by the Transfer Function Method. The predicted results of this model were compared to the results of existing experimental data from previously conducted roof-spray cooling experiments
The Methodist Response to Philippine Nationalism, 1899-1916

Le nationalisme philippin, des le debut de l'occupation americaine (1898), est plus vivace que jamais, et se manifeste, sur le plan religion, par le schisme catholique de Gregorio Aglipay (1902), fondateur de l'Iglesia Filipina Independiente, et par les schismes successifs, au sein du methodisme, de Manuel Aurora (1905), fondateur des Christianos Vivos Metodistas, et de Nicolas Zamora (1909), fondateur de La Iglesia Evangelica Metodista en las Islas Filipinas, toujours existante. L'attitude des missionnaires americains, d'abord aveugle envers le nationalisme philippin, devint plus comprehensive a partir de 1916 (victoire des Democrates aux Etats-Unis), mais resta foncierement paternaliste.
MR Assessment of Normal Fetal Lung Volumes: A Literature Review

OBJECTIVE. Fetal lung volume can be assessed from MR images by planimetric measurement and comparison with normal values. We review 10 MRI articles that report normal fetal lung volumes based on gestational age to assess reproducibility and application of data.CONCLUSION. The articles were analyzed for differences in methodology and disparities in reported normal lung volumes by gestational age. Overall, there is substantial variability among studies regarding reported normal fetal lung volumes as measured on MRI.
The steroid hormone-regulated gene Broad Complex is required for dendritic growth of motoneurons during metamorphosis of Drosophila.

Dendrites are subject to subtle modifications as well as extensive remodeling during the assembly and maturation of neural circuits in a wide variety of organisms. During metamorphosis, Drosophila flight motoneurons MN1–MN4 undergo dendritic regression, followed by regrowth, whereas MN5 differentiates de novo (Consoulas et al. [2002] J. Neurosci. 22:4906 – 4917). Many cellular changes during metamorphosis are triggered and orchestrated by the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone, which initiates a cascade of coordinated gene expression. Broad Complex (BRC), a primary response gene in the ecdysone cascade, encodes a family of transcription factors (BRC-Z1–Z4) that are essential for metamorphic reorganization of the central nervous system (CNS). Using neuron-filling techniques that reveal cellular morphology with very high resolution, we tested the hypothesis that BRC is required for metamorphic development of MN1–MN5. Through a combination of loss-of-function mutant analyses, genetic mapping, and transgenic rescue experiments, we found that 2Bc function, mediated by BRC-Z3, is required selectively for motoneuron dendritic regrowth (MN1–MN4) and de novo outgrowth (MN5), as well as for soma expansion of MN5. In contrast, larval development and dendritic regression of MN1–MN4 are BRC-independent. Surprisingly, BRC proteins are not expressed in the motoneurons, suggesting that BRC-Z3 exerts its effect in a non-cell-autonomous manner. The 2Bc mutants display no gross defects in overall thoracic CNS structure, or in peripheral structures such as target muscles or sensory neurons. Candidates for mediating the effect of BRC-Z3 on dendritic growth of MN1–MN5 include their synaptic inputs and non-neuronal CNS cells that interact with them through direct contact or diffusible factors. J. Comp. Neurol. 485:321–337, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Statistical image modeling using distribution of relative phase in the complex wavelet domain

In this paper, the probability density function of relative phase (fRP) is proposed for modeling natural images in the transform domain. We demonstrate that the fRP fits well with the behaviors of relative phase in the complex directional wavelet subband from different natural images. Moreover, a new image feature based on the fRP is proposed for texture image retrieval application. The fRP based feature yields a higher retrieval accuracy compared to the energy features, the relative phase features and the generalized Gaussian density based features (GGD). In addition to the GGD based features, the fRP phase information is also incorporated to further improve the performance.