cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time domain-nuclear magnetic resonance study of chars from southern hardwoods

Chars from the thermal degradation of silver maple (Acer saccharinum), red maple (Acer rubrum), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), and white oak (Quercus spp.), performed at temperatures from 250 to 350 °C, were examined using time domain-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Prior to analysis, the chars were equilibrated under conditions insuring the presence of bound water only and both bound water and free water. Transverse relaxation times were found to be related to the moisture content of the chars, which varied with temperature. At elevated temperatures the number of signals assigned to free water decreased, indicative of an increase in pore size within the chars.
Kaersutite-peridotite inclusions and kindred megacrysts in basanitic lavas, Grand Canyon, Arizona

Essentially two types of ultramafic inclusions occur in the basanitic lavas and ejecta deposits of the northwestern Grand Canyon, Arizona. Abundant, olivine-rich nodules contain an emerald green, chrome-rich diopside and chrome-rich spinels. A much less common group of inclusions generally containing poikilitic kaersutite have more variable modal compositions, more variable but iron-rich and chrome-poor mineral compositions, and are characterized by the presence of a titaniferous clinopyroxene which appears black in hand specimen. The nature and petrologic significance of these black clinopyroxene-bearing inclusions, together with megacrysts of kaersutite and black clinopyroxene, are discussed in this paper. Petrographic aspects indicate an origin as cumulates of fractionating basaltic magma. Compositions of pyroxenes suggest high pressures of crystallization. The co-precipitation of orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, olivine and Mg-spinel from what in all probability was under-saturated magma, together with the total absence of feldspar as a cumulate or intercumulate phase, is compatible with crystallization near 10 kb, on the basis of quite limited experimental data on anhydrous basaltic compositions. Pressures of this sort are attained at depths close to the mantle-crust boundary in the western Grand Canyon. By way of comparison, cumulate-textured inclusions from central Nevada containing rare orthopyroxene, widespread plagioclase, and more Fe-enriched clinopyroxenes, kaersutites, olivines and spinels are postulated to have crystallized at lower temperatures (or at a more advanced stage of fractionation) and possibly at lower pressures. Numerous occurrences, worldwide, of kaersutite-bearing inclusions, always in undersaturated host rocks, have recently been reported. Compositionally, the kaersutites are quite uniform, whether coexistent with pyropic garnet-clinopyroxene (Kakanui, New Zealand), with ortho-pyroxene-clinopyroxene-olivine-Mg spinel (Grand Canyon), or with plagioclase-clinopyroxene-olivine-magnetite. The last assemblage is found in shallow-seated igneous bodies of alkalic, mafic composition, as well as in inclusions within basaltic rocks. These occurrences imply the precipitation of kaersutite amphibole over a broad range of pressures, and as high as those prevailing in the upper mantle.
The tobacco transcription activator TGA1a binds to a sequence in the 5' upstream region of a gene encoding a TGA1a-related protein.

We have isolated and characterized a tobacco gene, designated G13, encoding a leucine zipper DNA-binding protein related to the transcription activator TGA1a. The G13 coding region is divided into eight exons and the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein (PG13) shows 76% homology to TGA1a. Their putative DNA-contacting regions (basic domains) are identical and they both bind to the same target sequences in vitro. By contrast, some differences are apparent between these proteins at the carboxyl end of the dimerization region (leucine zipper). The basic and leucine zipper domains are encoded on separate small exons. Analysis by DNAse I footprinting, gel shift and competition experiments revealed that TGA1a and PG13 synthesized in Escherichia coli, and the tobacco nuclear factor ASF-1 all bind to at least one site in the 5′ upstream region of G13. The presence of a TGA1a binding site in the upstream region of a TGA1 a-related gene suggests that transcription of this gene is autoregulated.
Optimum harvest time in Aquaculture: an application of economic principles to a Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), growth model

A simple method is presented for determining the optimum time to harvest fish and the effect of fertilization type on optimum harvest time for Aquaculture. Optimum harvest time was similar for either maximizing fish yield or maximizing profit of fish harvested (price of fish times fish yield minus fish production cost), because the daily change in fish production cost was low for the low-input Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), production system in Thailand. At a harvest time of 150 days for an organic fertilization treatment compared to an inorganic fertilization treatment fish yield increased from l-505 t/ha to 2-295 t/ha, and profit of fish harvested increased from 15657·1 baht/ha (US$ 590-8/ha) to 25127·5 baht/ha (US$ 948-2/ha). For the organic treatment, optimum harvest time occurred at 191 days, with a fish yield of 2·328 t/ha and a profit of 25520·5baht/ha (US$ 963·0/ha), compared to the inorganic treatment where optimum harvest time occurred at 105 days with a fish yield of 1·536 t/ha and a profit of 16035·4baht/ha (US$ 605·1/ha).
Is there really a link between exact-number knowledge and approximate number system acuity in young children?

Although everyone perceives approximate numerosities, some people make more accurate estimates than others. The accuracy of this estimation is called approximate number system (ANS) acuity. Recently, several studies have reported that individual differences in young children's ANS acuity are correlated with their knowledge of exact numbers such as the word 'six' (Mussolin et al., 2012, Trends Neurosci. Educ., 1, 21; Shusterman et al., 2011, Connecting early number word knowledge and approximate number system acuity; Wagner & Johnson, 2011, Cognition, 119, 10; see also Abreu-Mendoza et al., 2013, Front. Psychol., 4, 1). This study argues that this correlation should not be trusted. It seems to be an artefact of the procedure used to assess ANS acuity in children. The correlation arises because (1) some experimental designs inadvertently allow children to answer correctly based on the size (rather than the number) of dots in the display and/or (2) young children with little exact-number knowledge may not understand the phrase 'more dots' to mean numerically more. When the task is modified to make sure that children respond on the basis of numerosity, the correlation between ANS acuity and exact-number knowledge in normally developing children disappears.
A Role for an Alternatively Spliced Id3 Isoform in Vascular Lesions

Alterations in proliferation, migration, and function of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are important in the formation of atherosclerotic and restenotic lesions.1 Although of tremendous clinical importance, the precise molecular mechanisms controlling the proliferation and differentiation of SMCs are not completely understood. Regulation of growth and differentiation in skeletal and cardiac muscle involves a class of transcription factors called helix-loop-helix (HLH) proteins, but the situation in smooth muscle is less clear. The study by Matsumura et al2 in this issue of Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology investigates a particular HLH protein in vascular SMCs in culture and in vivo after vascular injury. HLH transcriptional regulatory proteins are implicated in control of cell growth and terminal differentiation in a number of cell types.3 The HLH motif mediates dimer formation among HLH proteins. Most HLH proteins contain a region of basic amino acids adjacent to the HLH domain that constitutes the DNA-binding domain; heterodimers or homodimers of basic HLH (bHLH) proteins generally bind to a conserved DNA binding site (E-box). A subfamily of HLH proteins ( I nhibitor of D NA binding [Id] proteins) contain an HLH dimerization domain but lack the basic region and thus are not able to bind DNA.4 Id proteins interact with selected DNA-binding bHLH proteins and negatively regulate their transcriptional activity by preventing formation of functional DNA-binding dimers. Although other potential Id protein functions and interactions have been described,4 this dominant …
CAD tools for variation tolerance

Process variability greatly affects power and timing of nanometer scale CMOS circuits, leading to parametric yield loss due to both timing and power constraint violations. This parametric yield loss will continue to worsen in future technologies as a result of increasing process variations (Nassif, 2000) and the increased importance of leakage power. Hence, statistical techniques are required to maximize parametric yield under given power and frequency constraints. Recently, much progress has been reported in the area of statistical modeling of leakage power (Rao et al., 2004) and circuit timing. These techniques are useful in analyzing the impact of process variations on performance and power in nanometer CMOS designs. In this extended abstract, we outline the need for statistical optimization methods.
β-Adrenoceptor-linked protein kinase a (PKA) activity in human fibroblasts from normal subjects and from patients with major depression

Human fibroblasts from normal subjects and from patients with major depression are cultured and their beta-adrenoreceptor-cyclic AMP-protein kinase A (PKA) system characterized. The results indicate that the beta-adrenoreceptor-mediated activation of PKA in the 900 g supernatant fraction of human fibroblasts is mediated via beta-adrenoreceptors. The activation of PKA by isoproterenol is very rapid with maximal stimulation occurring at 5 seconds. The time course of PKA activation by isoproterenol in fibroblasts from patients with major depression is identical to that in fibroblasts from normal subjects but the magnitude of activation is significantly reduced in fibroblasts from patients with major depression. Dose-response curves on cyclic AMP mediated activation of PKA confirmed the previously reported reduction in activation of PKA in patients with major depression but demonstrated that this reduction occurs without a change in the EC50 values of cyclic AMP (approximately 20 nmol/L). The blunted beta-adrenoceptor-linked PKA responses in patients with major depression occur without a change in the expression of the PKA catalytic subunit C alpha. The studies suggest that the beta-adrenoceptor-coupled adenylate cyclase PKA system in human fibroblasts may represent a valid model to explore possible abnormalities in the fine tuning of the beta-adrenergic transduction cascade in patients with affective disorders.
Fifty State Series: LLC Charging Order Statute Table

This table reflects the statutory charging order language of all fifty states. It also classifies the charging order statutes in four separate categories in order to account for language variances. In all cases, all links are live to Westlaw. The table is updated as new legislative activity occurs.
Molecular characterization of the erythromycin resistance plasmid pPV142 from Staphylococcus simulans

The 2.5-kb erythromycin resistance (EmR) plasmid pPV142 of Staphylococcus simulans 13044 was isolated and characterized. Sequence analysis identified ORF1 and ORF2 encoding a 158-residue replication protein (Rep142) and a 244-residue erythromycin resistance protein (Erm, rRNA adenine N-6-methyltransferase), respectively. Structural analysis and Southern hybridization showed that the rep and ermM genes in pPV142 shared homology with the EmR plasmid pPV141 (2.4 kb) of S. chromogenes 3688 and other EmR plasmids known to exist in staphylococci and bacilli. Based on the presence of a 61-bp repeat upstream of the ermM gene, pPV142 is apparently a unique member of the pSN2 family of EmR plasmids able to express erythromycin resistance constitutively.
Zirconium Doping in Titanium Oxide Photocatalytic Films Prepared by Atomic Layer Deposition

Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) photocatalytic films can be excited only by UV light which is about 4-5% of the overall solar spectrum and the activity under visible light irradiation is very limited. In this study, atomic layer deposition was used to deposit ZrO 2 -doped TiO 2 films which had better visible light response. X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy and Raman, X-ray photoelectron, and UV-visible spectroscopy were used to characterize the films. The photocatalytic activities were measured by decomposition of stearic acid coating. ZrO 2 -doped TiO 2 retained the anatase crystal phase when zirconium substitution was below 10%. The doped film with 9:1 Ti:Zr pulse ratio has greater visible light absorption and a bandgap reduction of 0.2 eV. The photocatalytic decomposition efficiency under visible light irradiation was increased by 50% compared to undoped TiO 2 .
An analysis of exponentiation based on formal languages

A recoding rule for exponentiation is a method for reducing the cost of the exponentiation ae by reducing the number of required multiplications. If w(e) is the (hamming) weight of e, and e the result of applying the recoding rule A to e, then the purpose is to reduce wA(e) as compared to w(e). A well-known example of a recoding rule is to convert a binary exponent into a signed-digit representation in terms of the digits { 1;1; 0 } where 1 = -1, by recoding runs of 1's. In this paper we show how three recoding rules can be modelled via regular languages to obtain precise information about the resulting weight distributions. In particular we analyse the recoding rules employed by the 2k-ary, sliding window and optimal signed-digit exponentiation algorithms. We prove that the sliding window method has an expected recoded weight of approximately n/(k +1) for relevant k-bit windows and n-bit exponents, and also that the variance is small. We also prove for the optimal signed digit method that the expected weight is approximately n/3 with a variance of 2n/27. In general the sliding window method provides the best performance, and performs less than 85% of the multiplications required for the other methods for a majority of exponents.
Extracting the Silicate Mineral Fraction from Ancient Carbonate: Assessing the Geologic Record of Dust

Abstract The climatic influence of eolian dust (particles < 63 μm) is well recognized in the Cenozoic earth system, but less so for the pre-Cenozoic. In ancient carbonate rocks that formed isolated from fluvio-deltaic influx, the silicate mineral fraction can, in some cases, represent atmospheric dust. Here we present a methodology for sequential extraction of carbonate, organic matter, pyrite, and iron oxide from pre-Cenozoic carbonate strata to isolate the eolian fraction, and illustrate the application to stratigraphic sequences from a late Paleozoic carbonate buildup and ramp setting.
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Modulates Cytosolic Redox Status and Contractile Phenotype in Adult Cardiomyocytes

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated cell injury contributes to the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease and myocardial dysfunction. Protection against ROS requires maintenance of endogenous thiol pools, most importantly, reduced glutathione (GSH), by NADPH. In cardiomyocytes, GSH resides in two separate cellular compartments: the mitochondria and cytosol. Although mitochondrial GSH is maintained largely by transhydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase, the mechanisms responsible for sustaining cytosolic GSH remain unclear. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) functions as the first and rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, responsible for the generation of NADPH in a reaction coupled to the de novo production of cellular ribose. We hypothesized that G6PD is required to maintain cytosolic GSH levels and protect against ROS injury in cardiomyocytes. We found that in adult cardiomyocytes, G6PD activity is rapidly increased in response to cellular oxidative stress, with translocation of G6PD to the cell membrane. Furthermore, inhibition of G6PD depletes cytosolic GSH levels and subsequently results in cardiomyocyte contractile dysfunction through dysregulation of calcium homeostasis. Cardiomyocyte dysfunction was reversed through treatment with either a thiol-repleting agent (L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid) or antioxidant treatment (Eukarion-134), but not with exogenous ribose. Finally, in a murine model of G6PD deficiency, we demonstrate the development of in vivo adverse structural remodeling and impaired contractile function over time. We, therefore, conclude that G6PD is a critical cytosolic antioxidant enzyme, essential for maintenance of cytosolic redox status in adult cardiomyocytes. Deficiency of G6PD may contribute to cardiac dysfunction through increased susceptibility to free radical injury and impairment of intracellular calcium transport. The full text of this article is available online at http://www.circresaha.org.
How Structural Factors Cause Turnout Variations at European Parliament Elections

The June 1999 elections to the European Parliament were the fourth to show lower turnout, suggesting to some a decline in support for the European project. This paper shows, however, that turnout d...
Signaling mechanisms in infantile hemangioma.

Purpose of reviewInfantile hemangioma is a common vascular tumor with a unique lifecycle: rapid growth in infancy, followed by a period of involution, leading to complete regression. This review summarizes recent studies of molecular mechanisms of hemangioma formation and places new findings and hyp
Phase-scan analysis results for the first drift tube linac module in the Ground Test Accelerator: data reproducibility and comparison to simulations

The Ground Test Accelerator (GTA) had the objective of producing a high-brightness, high-current H/sup -/ beam. The major accelerator components were a 35 keV injector, a Radio Frequency Quadrupole, an intertank matching section, and a drift tube linac (DTL), consisting of 10 modules. This paper discusses the phase-scan technique which was used to experimentally determine the rf operating parameters for the commissioning and routine operation of the first DTL module.
“Exploration Seismology” by R. E. Sheriff and L.P. Geldart

This second edition is a significantly updated and expanded version of a successful, multivolume first edition. The single volume format is an improvement and contains 15 chapters, the last of which provides background mathematics. It is well illustrated, although many diagrams are too small, and in some cases the reproduction leaves a little to be desired. The color plates are very nice, however, and are really essential to a truly modern presentation. Although targeted for undergraduate students and nongeophysical professionals desiring a basic background in applied seismology, it certainly could serve as a textbook for a first-year graduate course. This versatility springs from the structure of the book, which allows for several levels of mathematical rigor depending on the interest and background of the reader. The level of presentation is, in fact, fairly advanced in that topics such as anisotropy and diffraction are introduced in a fashion similar to more...
Stochastic mapping using forward look sonar

This paper investigates the problem of concurrent mapping and localization (CML) using forward look sonar data. Results are presented from processing of an oceanic data set from an 87 kHz US Navy forward look imaging sonar using the stochastic mapping method for CML. The goal is to detect objects on the seabed, map their locations, and concurrently compute an improved trajectory for the vehicle. The resulting trajectory is compared with position estimates computed with an inertial navigation system and Doppler velocity sonar. The results demonstrate the potential of concurrent mapping and localization algorithms to satisfy the navigation requirements of undersea vehicles equipped with forward look sonar.
SNDR Analysis for Transceiver Nonlinearities in AWGN Channels

Nonlinear effects can significantly degrade the performance of communication systems. We propose a signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio (SNDR) analysis framework for the general case when nonlinearities exist at both the transmitter and the receiver. In some cases, the nonlinearities can be modeled by polynomials, and closed-form expressions for the SNDR are possible. We provide examples to illustrate the usefulness of the analysis and the insight that closed-form SNDR analysis provides.
Crystal Field Effects and the Co-Operative State. II. The Cubic LnNi$_2$ Compounds

The theory of the preceding paper is applied to the cubic LnNi$\_2$ compounds, and shown to give a satisfactory explanation of the observed saturation moments and Curie temperatures. The overall crystal field splitting is between 100 and 300$^\circ$K for all ions (except Gd$^{3+}$), and the exchange interaction -2 $\mathscr{J} S\_i.S_j$ requires values between $\mathscr{J}/k$ = 2 and 6$^\circ$K.
The Voting Behavior of the Supreme Court, 1941-42

The essential nature of the task of a Supreme Court Justice is not unlike that of a Congressman. Each is confronted periodically with important issues of public policy, upon which he must formulate a conclusion and register his vote. Theoretically, the Justice is adjudicating current disputes between named parties, whereas the legislator is adopting general rules for the future, but in each instance the product is law, whether case or statute. Theoretically, a Congressman speaks as the representative of his constituents, while the responsibility of the Justice is to reason, truth, and the law. Yet it is not so long since the Supreme Court was almost wrecked by its failure to interpret the popular will in its decisions. Theoretically, the legislator's discretion is much wider than that of the judge, who is more obligated to achieve a pattern of consistency in his votes. However, from the accumulation of 150 years, precedents can be found to support almost any judicial decision. Particularly in the high peaks of public law where the Supreme Court moves, the fences are few and the Justices are largely free to vote their convictions. Thomas Reed Powell recently wrote: "When the newspapers repeat the line-ups of Supreme Court justices in case after case and tot up their various votes as they do the votes of Senators, the general public becomes inevitably aware of the vital forces in constitutional interpretation." 1 But something more than a mere "totting up" of votes is required to get an understanding of the forces that Powell is talking about. A real analysis of the voting behavior of the Justices in terms of alignments and issues is necessary if their respective attitudes, as revealed in their answers to the legal questions propounded to the Court, are to be discovered. It is the purpose of this article to present such
Spin glass transitions in the absence of chemical disorder for the pyrochlores A2Sb2O7 (A=Mn, Co, Ni)

The pyrochlores in the series A{sub 2}Sb{sub 2}O{sub 7} have been synthesized and characterized as exhibiting spin glass transitions at T{sub SG}=41, 4.5, and 2.6 K (for A=Mn{sup 2+}S=5/2 , Co{sup 2+}S=3/2 and Ni{sup 2+}S=1, respectively) despite the lack of chemical disorder. Since the Curie-Weiss temperature remains essentially constant for all members in the series ({theta}{approx}-40K), the frustration index for these materials increases significantly as the moment size is reduced from f=|theta|/T{sub SG}=1.1 (Mn{sup 2+}), to 9.3 (Co{sup 2+}) to 14.6 (Ni{sup 2+}). There is also a corresponding change in the spin dynamics measured by the shift in the AC susceptibility signal as a function of frequency. These new materials provide an avenue to investigate the effect of quantum fluctuations on the Heisenberg pyrochlore lattice in the low spin limit, and show there is a dramatic change in the spin dynamics as the quantum regime is approached. - A comparison of the spin glass ordering temperature, T{sub SG}, and the frustration index f as a function of the spin for the pyrochlore series A{sub 2}Sb{sub 2}O{sub 7}. In the limit of low spin, the frustration index increases by an order of magnitude.
Cryopreserved saphenous vein allograft for infragenicular bypass in the presence of foot infection

We report our distal bypass experience with cryopreserved saphenous vein allograft (CSVA) in 12 patients presenting with infection and no autologous saphenous vein available. Twelve patients underwent 13 arterial reconstructions. The mean age of the cohort was 68.4 years. Ninety-two percent (92%) of the patients presented with Rutherford Class 5 or 6 disease which required wide debridement and copious irrigation of all infected tissue beds. All distal anastomoses were to infragenicular vessels. Two patients died with patent grafts during follow-up for an 83% survival rate. Three grafts failed during follow-up between one and 36.3 months, of which two underwent amputation for an 82% limb salvage rate. The primary and primary assisted patency rate was 40% and 60% at 18 months follow-up, respectively, and no recurrent infections. In patients who have complex risk factors and the presence of infection, CSVA appears to be a reasonable option for limb salvage.
Threatening Sanctions When Engagement Would Be More Effective: Attaining Better Human Rights in China

Leaders use both coercion and engagement as leverage against other nations. Recent literature suggests economic sanctions are more effective than deployed sanctions to attain intended foreign policy goals. This paper examines a case of threatened coercion—the threat to remove China's most favored nation (MFN) status following the Tiananmen Square massacre in 1989—where engagement would have produced better human rights in China. We show that the American threats to sanction China were counterproductive, while cooperative statements and MFN renewal proved to have a more beneficial impact on Beijing's human rights policies. This paper suggests that economic sanction threats are not directly linked to China's human rights behaviors. Instead, China uses accommodations to manipulate diplomatic relations with the U.S. As a result, engagement with China would have been a more productive policy when dealing with human rights issues.
Near Surface Defect Distribution in Silicon Under Etching

The distribution of hydrogen penetrated inton-type silicon crystals during chemical etching is described mathematically. The depth profiles of the defects passivated by hydrogen and of defect-hydrogen complexes are also calculated. Comparison with the experimental data obtained on the silicon crystals with radiation defects and doped with transition metals reveals that the model adequately describes the processes in the crystal. By comparing the parameters of the depth profiles, the passivation and appearance of different defects are shown to be caused by the same diffusing species. The number of hydrogen atoms contained in the defect-hydrogen complexes and the distance of the hydrogen-defect interaction are determined from the characteristic length of the defect distribution. The diffusion length (1 to 3 νm) and diffusivity (> 5-10−9 cm2s−1) of hydrogen at room temperature are found indirectly based on the other defect distribution.
Continuing the Aldersonian Research Tradition

Wroe Alderson was the leading figure in marketing theory from the early fifties up to his death in 1965, at the age of 68. He defined marketing thought and helped to launch and shape the careers of other leaders of theory and practice in the field, including Paul Green. Very few marketing educators are aware of Wroe’s writings and his accomplishments as a deep thinker in marketing theory, as well as a pragmatic consultant who easily worked in both theory and marketing practice.
Programming strategies to improve energy efficiency and reliability of ReRAM memory systems

Resistive RAM (ReRAM) has fast access time, ultra-low stand-by power and high reliability, making it a viable memory technology to replace DRAM for main memory. The 1-transistor-1-resistor (1T1R) ReRAM array has density comparable to that of a DRAM array and the advantages of lower programming energy and higher reliability compared to the ultra-high density ReRAM cross-point array. In this paper, we propose several novel write strategies for 1T1R ReRAM aiming at high performance, low power and high reliability. We reduce the write latency significantly compared to the baseline scheme by using the same WL voltages and improve energy consumption and endurance by choosing proper set line, bit line and word line settings. The SPICE simulation results demonstrate that appropriate choice of circuit operation parameters can help obtain 10× improvement in lifetime with 33.6% reduction in energy compared to the baseline. Also, among all proposed systems, configurations which consume higher write energy also have higher endurance. We evaluate the system-level parameters of a 1GB ReRAM memory using CACTI and GEM5. We show that all the proposed ReRAM systems can achieve a lifetime of 30 years by employing error control coding (ECC). Finally, we show that the ReRAM based main memory can outperform DRAM main memory with respect to IPC (5.5% higher) and energy consumption (39.4% lower) through proper choice of write scheme configurations.
Detecting spam in VoIP networks

Voice over IP (VoIP) is a key enabling technology for the migration of circuit-switched PSTN architectures to packet-based networks. The problem of spam in VoIP networks has to be solved in real time compared to e-mail systems. Many of the techniques devised for e-mail spam detection rely upon content analysis and in the case of VoIP it is too late to analyze the media after picking up the receiver. So we need to stop the spam calls before the telephone rings. From our observation, when it comes to receiving or rejecting a voice call people use social meaning of trust and reputation of the calling party. In this paper, we describe a multi-stage spam filter based on trust, and reputation for detecting the spam. In particular we used closed loop feedback between different stages in deciding if the incoming call is a spam or not. For verifying the concepts, we used a laboratory setup of several thousand soft-phones and a commercial grade proxy server. We verified our filtering mechanisms by simulating the spam calls and measured the accuracy of the filter. Results show that multistage feedback loop fares better than any single stage. Also, the larger the network size, the harder to detect a spam call. Further work includes understanding the behavior of different controlling parameters in trust and reputation calculations and deriving meaningful relationships between them.
Ceramic Production in Early Hispanic California: Craft, Economy, and Trade on the Frontier of New Spain

Prior to the arrival of the first permanent Spanish colonists in 1769, Alta California was a land largely devoid of ceramics. To be sure, native people living in the southern deserts and adjacent c...
Business innovation and diffusion of off-grid solar technologies in India

Abstract India is a country where 300 million people still live without access to formal electricity, and where hundreds of millions more live with irregular supply through the existing grid network. This paper examines business innovation in the diffusion of off-grid solar technologies in India. An in-country survey of off-grid solar energy providers from across the nation was conducted and coupled with extensive field interviews. Findings reveal that most off-grid solar energy enterprises are not operating in the government subsidy market and that more than half are not offering any form of financing to their customers when selling their products. Also, more than half of the enterprises are selling their products in areas where the electric grid is present. Analysis of data collected suggests that an increase in product categories (lanterns, solar home lighting systems (SHS), micro-grids, etc.) negatively affects unit scaling for a firm but increases the likelihood that the firm is offering financing for its products. In areas without the electricity grid, the number of off-grid solar technology options decreases because the firms operating in the area have fewer categories of technology options. This study finds that off-grid solar technology enterprises that focus on fewer technology categories are more likely to achieve unit scaling. This finding must be balanced with the fact that the extent of the grid has not inhibited the market for off-grid solar technologies, but rather affects the number of categories of technologies that can be offered in those regions. Development programs should thus recognize that those who need electricity access the most may be the ones with the most limited technology options.
Epicardial Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Heart Development and Disease

The epicardium is an epithelial monolayer that plays a central role in heart development and the myocardial response to injury. Recent developments in our understanding of epicardial cell biology have revealed this layer to be a dynamic participant in fundamental processes underlying the development of the embryonic ventricles, the coronary vasculature, and the cardiac valves. Likewise, recent data have identified the epicardium as an important contributor to reparative and regenerative processes in the injured myocardium. These essential functions of the epicardium rely on both non-cell autonomous and cell-autonomous mechanisms, with the latter featuring the process of epicardial Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). This review will focus on the induction and regulation of epicardial EMT, as it pertains to both cardiogenesis and the response of the myocardium to injury.
Gaming for Science: A Demo of Online Experiments on VolunteerScience.com

New information technologies are changing the way science is done. Programs like Zooniverse, Fold.It, and SciStarter demonstrate the power of recruiting online volunteers as participants and contributors to research. Platforms like Project Implicit and Volunteer Science confirm that a wide range of social scientific research can be conducted with volunteers in online laboratories. This demonstration will enable attendees of CSCW 2016 a chance to interact with the Volunteer Science system by participating in experiments, browsing the experiment creation platform, and discuss online experiments with the designers and developers of the system.
Contradictions and Complexity: International Comparisons in the Training of Foreign Scientists and Engineers

The education of foreign scientists and engineers (S&Es) has emerged as a significant policy issue as host countries debate how many should be educated and at what cost, and sender countries such as China struggle with problems of brain drain and political insubordination. In general, the mobility of foreign S&Es has worked well, reinforcing the international openness of science, creating an expert work force, contributing to diversity and knowledge, among other benefits. However, information has come to be equated with property and S&Es themselves as a form of intellectual capital. Research universities now more tightly coupled to industry or in some instances, the military, are being asked to justify their policies concerning the education of foreign S&Es. This paper examines the practices and policies of five industrialized countries in an increasingly complex policy area.
Constitutive Modeling of the Stress-Stretch Behavior of Biological Membranes Containing Folded Domains

The mechanical behavior of the red blood cell membrane is governed by the lipid bilayer which resists changes in surface area and the underlying spectrin network which resists changes in shape. The spectrin network can be modeled as an idealized triangulated network. Each spectrin chain consists of folded domains along the length of the chain which can unfold during stretching of the chain. A domain will completely unfold under the application of a chain force of 20 to 35 pN depending on the rate of imposed chain stretch. During macroscopic stretch of a network, individual chains within the network will experience different levels of chain stretch since the network chains will collectively stretch and rotate to accommodate the imposed stretch. Hence, the stretch on any individual chain will depend on the magnitude and state of macroscopic strain. A microstructurally informed continuum level constitutive model is developed which tracks individual chain deformation behavior as a function of macroscopic strain and also determines the overall macroscopic network stress-strain behavior. Using the introduced continuum approach and statistical mechanics based models of individual chain force-extension behavior, the stress-stretch behavior of the membrane under uniaxial tension is simulated at large stretches and the behavior of the constituent chains is monitored. Domain unfolding occurs within constituent chains during network deformation and the effects of this domain unfolding on the overall macroscopic stress-strain behavior of the network subject to deformation at different strain rates is revealed.
Object-Oriented Television

In search of more compression, researchers have recently sought to describe digital video of real scenes not as sequences of frames but rather as collections of objects that are rendered and combined according to scripting information. Depending upon the application and the scene analysis tools available, representations may range from two-dimensional layers to full three-dimensional computer-graphics-style data bases. The significance of these more meaningful representations goes beyond compression, however, enabling new forms of interactivity and personalization, as well as new degrees of freedom in post-production. This paper proposes a computational framework for a television receiver that can handle digital video in forms from traditional motion-compensated transform coders to sets of three-dimensional objects and discusses the requirements for a scripting language to control such a receiver. It is also noted that the concept of scalability can be expanded to include intelligently resizable video, where the originator of a video sequence can specify how the scene is to be composed and cut for displays of differing sizes and aspect ratios.
Computational study of the propagation of the longitudinal velocity in a polymer melt contained within a cylinder using a scale-bridging method.

The ``constitutive equation''--free scale-bridging method connecting nonequilibrium molecular dynamics and continuum fluid mechanics, that had hitherto been applied only to a parallel-plates geometry, is extended to study the flow of a polymer melt in a cylindrical pipe subject to a velocity in the direction parallel to the cylinder's axis. The system, initially at rest, is given a velocity at the cylinder's surface, and the evolution of the velocity profile within the fluid is studied, along with the time taken for the velocity to propagate toward the cylinder's axis. The said time of propagation is found to increase with the boundary velocity---a fact in contrast with the case of a Newtonian fluid for which the time of propagation is expected to be independent of the boundary velocity. For a fixed value of the boundary velocity, the propagation time is found to increase with the cylinder radius according to a power law with an exponent that is smaller than the corresponding exponent for a Newtonian fluid. For the lower values of the boundary velocity and the lower values of the radius studied, a velocity overshoot is observed at the cylinder's axis---a manifestation of elastic behavior of the fluid.
Comparison of Swimming Speed and Hydrodynamic Drag in Two Species of Idotea (Isopoda)

Swimming speed and hydrodynamic drag were measured on several individuals of two species of valviferan isopods: Idotea resecata and Idotea wosnesenskii. Isopods were allowed to swim freely in the laboratory and their swimming speeds were timed over a known distance. Idotea resecata swam significantly faster (0.208 m/s) than I. wosnesenskii (0.121 m/s); the speed showed no correlation with body mass. The difference in swimming speed suggested that I. resecata might have lower drag. To test this hypothesis, the isopods were killed and preserved, and the drag on their bodies was measured in a flow tank. Drag data were converted to drag coefficients (based on wetted area), which revealed that I. resecata had a significantly lower CD (mean = 0.059) than I. wosnesenskii (mean = 0.084). These drag coefficients are high compared with vertebrate swimmers, but are similar to those of other arthropods. The difference between the species in CD is of the correct sign, but not sufficient to explain entirely the difference in speed. Factors affecting muscle performance must be at least as important as drag. The evidence suggests that selection for body drag reduction may have interacted with selection for other morphological attributes (such as camouflage) to produce the differences in swimming speed and drag.
Some Notes on the Social Psychology of Regionalism

T HERE is an occasional reference to certain vague "social psychological" aspects of regionalism in the rapidly growing literature on this subject, but almost nothing in the way of data or treatment of this aspect of the region.' A perusal of the eight most recent textbooks in social psychology, at the same time, shows that only one of them2 even makes mention of the region or any other geographic-economic setting for the culture group. So it may be said quite truthfully that the regionalists have not explored the social psychological aspects of their subject, and the social psychologists have not discovered the region as that areal unit which is so rapidly becoming a matter of general interest in social investigation, planning and administration. This brief paper claims to be only the most superficial reconnaissance of this new field. It will examine a few basic concepts and principles, try to determine what some of the chief social psychological aspects of the region may be, and, incidentally, suggest fields for further study.
What Drives Conspiratorial Beliefs? The Role of Informational Cues and Predispositions

Why do people believe in conspiracy theories? This study breaks from much previous research and attempts to explain conspiratorial beliefs with traditional theories of opinion formation. Specifical...
THE MODAL ANALYSIS FOR DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF THE TRANSMISSION WIRE OF CONTACT NET

The dynamic properties of the transmission wire of contact net were analysed and the stable response of the transmission wire was obtained by the modal analysis.
Proof Without Words: Monotonicity of on (0, π/2)

SummaryA visual proof that sin x/x is monotonically increasing on (0, π/2). For tan x/x, see p. 420.
Reliability, maintainability and development cost implications of variable camber wings

A computer assisted conceptual aircraft design methodology (CACAD) has been developed to size turbofan powered transport aircraft. New modules for predicting the maintenance costs of each airframe system and subsection of structure, were developed and incorporated into CACAD. Many aspects of variable camber wing technology (VCW) were modelled. These included different types of drag saving due to chordwise, as well as spanwise camber variation. Models were also derived for mass, maintenance cost, and extra development cost increments for wing trailing edge devices, flight control, and hydraulic systems. These were incorporated into CACAD, and then a multidisciplinary trade-off study resulted in predicted savings of up to 3·5% in direct operating cost (DOC). The technology was evaluated for DOC improvement against a number of existing, future, and derivative aircraft, under different sensitivity conditions. Reliability, maintainability, and development (R, M&D) predictions were shown to be decisive in determining the feasibility of VCW technology. The study showed that long range, low to medium capacity, derivative aircraft are the most suitable applications for VCW technology.
First principles study of carbon diffusion in GaN

Carbon is a readily incorporated impurity during growth in GaN and is known for deteriorating the electronic properties of devices. We study the diffusion of carbon in GaN employing Density Functional Theory. We compute the migration barriers of carbon interstitials and we propose possible mechanisms of diffusion in the wurtzite GaN crystal. The Minimum Energy Paths (MEP) and the migration barriers are obtained using the Nudged Elastic Band (NEB) method as well as the Dimer method. Apart from the neutral carbon interstitial, we also study the diffusion of carbon in the most relevant charged states of 1−, 1+ and 2+. Our results indicate that carbon interstitials are mobile at growth temperatures.
Pushing Medical Education Forward: Emphasizing Community-Based Approaches for Health Success

We are blessed to live in a time in which modernized medicine has significantly increased our lifespans. Nowadays, we have not only vaccines to immunize us against the myriad bacteria and viruses that probably would have killed us mere centuries ago but also CT-guided radiation surgery against dangerously located cancers. Yet, despite all our medical advances, disease is still rampant throughout all our communities throughout the world. Multidrug-resistant TB runs rampant throughout South Africa and India, obesity and diabetes are progressively impacting not only adults but children in the Middle East and “Western” countries like the USA, and maternal-child transmission of HIV and HBV continue to compromise individuals’ health from the moment they are born into this world. Essentially, we continue to live in a paradoxical world; despite cutting-edge medical advances, the overall health of the world is still extremely compromised.
Stranger Fear and Early Risk for Social Anxiety in Preschoolers with Fragile X Syndrome Contrasted to Autism Spectrum Disorder

This study investigated behavioral indicators of social fear in preschool boys with fragile X syndrome (FXS) with a low degree of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptoms (FXS-Low; n = 29), FXS with elevated ASD symptoms (FXS-High; n = 25), idiopathic ASD (iASD; n = 11), and typical development (TD; n = 36). Gaze avoidance, escape behaviors, and facial fear during a stranger approach were coded. Boys with elevated ASD symptoms displayed more avoidant gaze, looking less at the stranger and parent than those with low ASD symptoms across etiologies. The iASD group displayed more facial fear than the other groups. Results suggest etiologically distinct behavioral patterns of social fear in preschoolers with elevated ASD symptoms.