cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Salmonella Serotypes: A Novel Measure of Association with Foodborne Transmission

Most nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) illnesses in the United States are thought to be foodborne. However, transmission routes likely vary among the different serotypes. We developed a relative ranking of NTS serotypes according to the strength of their association with foodborne transmission. We used Laboratory-based Enteric Disease Surveillance data to estimate the proportion of infections for each Salmonella serotype reported from 1998 to 2015 and Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System data to calculate the proportion of foodborne outbreak-associated Salmonella illnesses caused by each serotype. We calculated the ratios of these proportions to create a foodborne relatedness (FBR) measure for each serotype. Of the top 20 serotypes, Saintpaul (2.14), Heidelberg (1.61), and Berta (1.48) had the highest FBR measures; Mississippi (0.01), Bareilly (0.13), and Paratyphi B variant L(+) tartrate(+) (0.20) had the lowest. The FBRs for the three most prevalent serotypes were 1.22 for Enteritidis, 0.77 for Typhimurium, and 1.16 for Newport. This method provides a quantitative approach to estimating the relative differences in the likelihood that an illness caused by a particular serotype was transmitted by food, which may aid in tailoring strategies to prevent Salmonella illnesses and guide future research into serotype-specific source attribution.
The Explanation of Laws: Two Neglected and Radically Different Theories. One Inspired by D. Hilbert; the Other Inspired by F. Ramsey

Norman Campbell rightly set the task. It is the business of science not only to discover laws, but to explain them. And he added his voice to a philosophical tradition going back to Aristotle, of taking on the task of explaining what laws are, and explaining as well what explanations of laws are. Ever since the renewed interest spurred by seminal paper of Hempel and Oppenheim on scientific explanation, philosophers have been inspired to do better on scientific explanation. But it became painfully clear, from the counter-example offered in their paper, that their account of scientific explanation could not cover the explanation of laws. It is clear that although this is the business of philosophers, it is still unfinished business.
School counselors’ use of SBIRT for substance use screening

Substance use among high school age youth is pervasive and troublesome. School counselors serve in ideal roles to intervene and prevent substance-related problems; however, school counselors often ...
Sympathy for Cecil: gender, trophy hunting, and the western environmental imaginary

This article draws from political ecology and ecofeminism to examine sympathy, expressed by record-breaking donations from North Americans, for the death of Cecil the Lion. The overlapping normative critique offered by these two perspectives together demonstrates how sympathy is disclosive of power relations. Sympathy reveals, relies upon, and reinforces different forms of gender, racial, and neocolonial domination; especially when western sympathy remains ignorant of the power relations, including their politics and histories, that shape attitudes toward non-human animals and grant them status as members of the (western) moral community. Keywords: sympathy, ecofeminism, trophy hunting, wildlife conservation, Cecil the Lion
United Statistical Algorithms and Data Science: An Introduction to the Principles

Developing algorithmic solutions to tackle the rapidly increasing variety of data types, by now, is recognized as an outstanding open problem of modern statistics and data science. But why does this issue remain difficult to solve programmatically? Is it merely a passing trend, or does it have the potential to radically change the way we build learning algorithms? Discussing these questions without falling victim to the big data hype is not an easy task. Nonetheless, an attempt will be made to better understand the core statistical issues, in a manner to which every data scientist can relate.
Wear mechanisms of a sintered tribofilm in boundary lubrication regime

Abstract A research effort was conducted to investigate wear mechanisms of a sintered tribofilm formed by a zirconia nanoparticle antiwear additive. Spherical five nanometer diameter zirconium oxide (ZrO2) nanoparticles were dispersed in polyalphaolefin (PAO) synthetic base oil and used to generate approximately 120 nm thick tribofilms on AISI 52100 steel counterfaces in a ball-on-disk tribometer under boundary lubrication conditions. The sintered tribofilms were subsequently worn using the same conditions without the nanoparticle additive. Semi-in situ measurements of tribofilm thickness were conducted with an optical interference-measuring device to observe tribofilm growth and subsequent tribofilm wear. A rapid initial wear process was observed, however, a thinner tribofilm provided enduring protection of the substrate steel for the 120 min test duration. Without nanoparticles to replenish the tribofilm, the wear was deconvoluted from growth. Comparatively, lack of a tribofilm would result in scuffing within 10 min when testing the unadditized PAO base oil. Scanning electron microscopy and profilometry suggest the tribofilms were smoothened by the wear process. Evidence of crack formation between pores of the tribofilm illustrate a wear mechanism for the tribofilms. The cracks were concentrated where the contact pressure was the largest. Mild abrasive wear appeared as minor furrows in the sliding direction throughout the full width of the tribofilm.
Single molecule studies reveal branched pathways for activator-dependent pre-initiation complex assembly

SUMMARY RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcription reconstituted from purified factors suggests pre-initiation complexes (PICs) can assemble by sequential incorporation of factors at the TATA box. However, these basal transcription reactions are generally independent of activators and co-activators. To study PIC assembly under more realistic conditions, we used single-molecule microscopy to visualize factor dynamics during activator-dependent reactions in nuclear extracts. Surprisingly, Pol II, TFIIF, and TFIIE can pre-assemble on enhancer-bound activators before loading into PICs, and multiple Pol II complexes can bind simultaneously to create a localized cluster. Unlike TFIIF and TFIIE, TFIIH binding is singular and dependent on the basal promoter. Activator-tethered factors exhibit dwell times on the order of seconds. In contrast, PICs can persist on the order of minutes in the absence of nucleotide triphosphates, although TFIIE remains unexpectedly dynamic even after TFIIH incorporation. Our kinetic measurements lead to a new branched model for activator-dependent PIC assembly. HIGHLIGHTS Single molecule microscopy reveals unexpected dynamics of RNA Pol II and GTFs Multiple Pol IIs cluster on UAS/enhancer-bound activators before binding the core promoter Pol II, TFIIF, and TFIIE, but not TFIIH, can pre-assemble at the UAS/enhancer Activators increase the rates of Pol II and GTFs association with DNA
Tweaking a Tutoring Program: Reflections on a Yearlong Process of Reinvention

Running or even witnessing a tutoring program was not something I previously encountered in legal education. Imagining how one would work effectively, navigating the faculty buy in required, and harnessing the power of motivated students with a desire to help were just a few of my initial considerations as I sought to enhance an already established tutoring program. This article will explore the evolution of our tutoring program over a year, drawing upon the lessons learned both prior to and during the pandemic.
Direct Comparison of Angiogenesis in Natural and Synthetic Biomaterials Reveals Matrix Porosity Regulates Endothelial Cell Invasion Speed and Sprout Diameter

Vascularization of large, diffusion-hindered biomaterial implants requires an understanding of how extracellular matrix (ECM) properties regulate angiogenesis. Sundry biomaterials assessed across many disparate angiogenesis assays have highlighted ECM determinants that influence this complex multicellular process. However, the abundance of material platforms, each with unique parameters to model endothelial cell (EC) sprouting presents additional challenges of interpretation and comparison between studies. In this work we directly compared the angiogenic potential of commonly utilized natural (collagen and fibrin) and synthetic dextran vinyl sulfone (DexVS) hydrogels in a multiplexed angiogenesis-on-a-chip platform. Modulating matrix density of collagen and fibrin hydrogels confirmed prior findings that increases in matrix density correspond to increased EC invasion as connected, multicellular sprouts, but with decreased invasion speeds. Angiogenesis in synthetic DexVS hydrogels, however, resulted in fewer multicellular sprouts. Characterizing hydrogel Young’s modulus and permeability (a measure of matrix porosity), we identified matrix permeability to significantly correlate with EC invasion depth and sprout diameter. Although microporous collagen and fibrin hydrogels produced lumenized sprouts in vitro, they rapidly resorbed post-implantation into the murine epididymal fat pad. In contrast, DexVS hydrogels proved comparatively stable. To enhance angiogenesis within DexVS hydrogels, we incorporated sacrificial microgels to generate cell-scale pores throughout the hydrogel. Microporous DexVS hydrogels resulted in lumenized sprouts in vitro and enhanced cell invasion in vivo . Towards the design of vascularized biomaterials for long-term regenerative therapies, this work suggests that synthetic biomaterials offer improved size and shape control following implantation and that tuning matrix porosity may better support host angiogenesis.
A Bacterial Factor Cross-Reacting with Anti-CG

In the present communication, data will be presented to show that a strain of Streptococcus faecalis produces a factor having immunoreactivity to antiserum raised against the β-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). The partially purified factor displaces the β-subunit in the homologous CGs radioimmunoassay (RIA) system. In addition, the expression of CG/CGs, as well as of CGα immunoreactive substances in the microorganism, was demonstrated by immunohistochemical techniques.
Kinase hinge binding scaffolds and their hydrogen bond patterns

Protein kinases constitute a major class of intracellular signaling molecules, and describe some of the most prominent drug targets. Kinase inhibitors commonly employ small chemical scaffolds that form hydrogen bonds with the kinase hinge residues connecting the N- and C-terminal lobes of the catalytic domain. In general the satisfied hydrogen bonds are required for potent inhibition, therefore constituting a conserved feature in the majority of inhibitor-kinase interactions. From systematically analyzing the kinase scaffolds extracted from Pfizer crystal structure database (CSDb) we recognize that large number of kinase inhibitors of diverse chemical structures are derived from a relatively small number of common scaffolds. Depending on specific substitution patterns, scaffolds may demonstrate versatile binding capacities to interact with kinase hinge. Afforded by thousands of ligand-protein binary complexes, the hinge hydrogen bond patterns were analyzed with a focus on their three-dimensional configurations. Most of the compounds engage H6 NH for hinge recognition. Dual hydrogen bonds are commonly observed with additional recruitment of H4 CO upstream and/or H6 CO downstream. Triple hydrogen bonds accounts for small number of binary complexes. An unusual hydrogen bond with a non-canonical H5 conformation is observed, requiring a peptide bond flip by a glycine residue at the H6 position. Additional hydrogen bonds to kinase hinge do not necessarily correlate with an increase in potency; conversely they appear to compromise kinase selectivity. Such learnings could enhance the prospect of successful therapy design.
Association between Repair Functions and Interlocutor Relationship

0. Introduction Schegloff and his colleagues (1977) proposed the idea that the operation of repair is a communication phenomenon that facilitates the collaborative construction of conversations. Following this proposal, many studies have revealed various aspects of repair in English and other languages, as well as in crosslinguistic studies (e.g., Drew 1997; Fox et al. 1996; Geluykens 1989; Hayashi 1994; Ito 1991; Jefferson 1987; Schegloff 1987, 1992; Weeks 1985; Zahn 1984). However, the vast majority of previous studies are not concerned with the relationship difference among the interlocutors, and how that difference may affect the repair use. Moreover, despite their in-depth analysis, their results are not presented with statistical support. This study demonstrates operational and functional aspects of repair in two sets of conversations, which differ in terms of the relationship between the participants. In the following section (section 1), previous studies on repair and those on the linguistic manifestation of participant relationship differences in conversations are discussed. It is followed by the discussion of the data (section 2) and methodology (section 3) of the present study. The results are discussed in the subsequent section (section 4).
Wearable telemonitoring systems designed with interoperability in mind

Human and animal state-of-health monitoring can improve dramatically in the next ten years if spurred by the development and subsequent adoption of standards-based technologies that facilitate the rapid assembly of wearable systems. Far more flexible than traditional "telemedicine" products, component-based infrastructures can be put in place that allow monitoring systems to be configured 'on-the-fly.' This paper describes recent efforts in the Medical Component Design Laboratory at Kansas State University to develop wearable physiologic monitoring platforms that utilize interoperability standards such as Bluetooth wireless technology and the medical information bus (IEEE 1073). These prototype systems have provided starter platforms for undergraduate honors research projects and material for engineering courses.
MONET 2006 PC co-chairs' message

In recent years the research area of social mobile and networking technologies has made rapid progress, due to the increasing development of new mobile technologies and the widespread usage of the Internet as a new platform for social interactions. Social applications of mobile and networking technologies serve groups of people in shared activities, in particular geographically dispersed groups who are collaborating on some task in a shared context An important characteristic of those social applications is the continuous interaction between people and technology to achieve a common purpose Again social applications tend to be large-scale and complex, involving difficult social and policy issues such as those related to privacy and security access.
Design methodology for software radio systems

The design of software radio systems faces many challenges due to demands on high bandwidth processing. In order for system designers to tackle the problems more easily, we propose a complete, efficient, and flexible design methodology. The proposed method not only considers software radios from front-ends to baseband but also includes the performance and power models. This methodology is efficient in the way that the whole system and constraints are described by mathematical equations and inequalities such that it becomes an optimization problem which is easier to solve. By replacing the equations and with different combination of the models, various architectures can be simulated. In this paper, design considerations and procedure for software radios are described, and the constraints are formulated in the form of equations and inequalities. Examples are also given to demonstrate the methodology.
Finite Element Methods of Structural Analysis

This chapter presents an overview of two widely used numerical methods for structural analysis. The Rayleigh–Ritz method employs a global perspective of approximation, while the finite element method (of Galerkin form), employs a local approximation basis. Both methods are introduced via a simple truss example. For the finite element method, the construction of element stiffness matrices and loading vectors are shown starting from the general differential equations for truss response, through developing a weak form of the equations, to the Galerkin approximation method and then to specific choices of assumed solutions. Finite element generation, element assembly and global solution techniques are articulated. The generality of the finite element approach is demonstrated by application to beam bending theory. Keywords: finite element method; Rayleigh–Ritz method; structural analysis; approximation methods
DC bias effects on bulk silicon and porous silicon substrates

The relationship between attenuation and biasing for CPW architectures on bulk and porous silicon films is investigated. Biasing effects on low resistivity silicon can have loss variations as high as 34 dB/cm under negative bias (0 to -10 V) and 2 dB/cm for positive bias (0 to 10 V) conditions. While the inclusion of an oxide film substantially reduces loss variation (< 0.1 dB/cm), the use of a 68% porous silicon film can provide further stability (< 0.01 dB/cm) in addition to lowered attenuation in the range of 1.3 to 3 dB/cm from 5 to 20 GHz.
Dynamic equilibrium between closed and partially closed states of the bacterial Enzyme I unveiled by solution NMR and X-ray scattering

Enzyme I (EI) is the first component in the bacterial phosphotransferase system, a signal transduction pathway in which phosphoryl transfer through a series of bimolecular protein–protein interactions is coupled to sugar transport across the membrane. EI is a multidomain, 128-kDa homodimer that has been shown to exist in two conformational states related to one another by two large (50–90°) rigid body domain reorientations. The open conformation of apo EI allows phosphoryl transfer from His189 located in the N-terminal domain α/β (EINα/β) subdomain to the downstream protein partner bound to the EINα subdomain. The closed conformation, observed in a trapped phosphoryl transfer intermediate, brings the EINα/β subdomain into close proximity to the C-terminal dimerization domain (EIC), thereby permitting in-line phosphoryl transfer from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) bound to EIC to His189. Here, we investigate the solution conformation of a complex of an active site mutant of EI (H189A) with PEP. Simulated annealing refinement driven simultaneously by solution small angle X-ray scattering and NMR residual dipolar coupling data demonstrates unambiguously that the EI(H189A)–PEP complex exists in a dynamic equilibrium between two approximately equally populated conformational states, one corresponding to the closed structure and the other to a partially closed species. The latter likely represents an intermediate in the open-to-closed transition.
Response of conifer species from three latitudinal populations to light spectra generated by light-emitting diodes and high-pressure sodium lamps

Light-emitting diode (LED) technology shows promise for supplementing photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in forest nurseries because of the potential reduction in energy consumption and an ability to supply discrete wavelengths to optimize seedling growth. Our objective was to examine the effects of light spectra supplied by LED and traditional high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps on growth and physiology of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) seedlings. We used three latitudinal sources for each species: British Columbia (BC), Idaho (ID), and New Mexico (NM). Container seedlings were grown for 17 weeks in the greenhouse under an 18 h photoperiod of ambient solar light supplemented with light delivered from HPS or LED. In general, seedlings grown under LED had significantly greater growth, gas exchange rates, and chlorophyll contents than those seedlings grown under HPS. The growth and physiological responses to supplemental light...
Modality-specific experience with female feedback increases the efficacy of courtship signalling in male wolf spiders

A male displaying to attract a mate faces the problem of effectively communicating through a complex and variable signalling environment. Many solutions to this problem include flexible adjustments of signaller behaviour that result in improved signal transmission, yet the mechanisms underlying these solutions remain unknown. We propose that males can optimize signal transmission by attending to female feedback cues and adjusting their signalling position accordingly. We test this hypothesis with males of the wolf spider Schizocosa rovneri, which court females with seismic signals transmitted through substrates on the forest floor. In response, receptive S. rovneri females perform a slow pivot display, producing visual and seismic cues. We mimic female receptivity using puppets, manipulated remotely, and ask whether males alter their signalling position, in terms of substrate use, with female feedback. We further ask if adjustment depends upon receiving cues in particular sensory modalities. We found that males receiving visual and/or seismic feedback cues from puppet females increased overall signalling effort. However, only males that received seismic feedback cues altered substrate use when subsequently signalling. Ultimately, males optimized their signal transmission by altering their use of signalling substrate in response to seismic female receptivity cues. Our results demonstrate a behavioural mechanism for how males effectively position themselves in the signalling environment: experience with female feedback.
Two- and three-dimensional transient heat conduction and thermoelastic analyses by BEM via efficient time convolution

Abstract Efficient re-integration based convolution algorithms are presented for a large class of problems involving transient two- and three-dimensional heat conduction and uncoupled thermoelastic analyses based on the earlier works of Dargush and Banerjee [G.F. Dargush, P.K. Banerjee, Application of boundary element method to transient heat conduction, Int. J. Numer. Methods Engrg. 31 (1991) 1231–1248; G.F. Dargush, P.K. Banerjee, Development of a boundary element method for time-dependent planar thermoelasticity, Int. J. Solids Struct. 25 (1989) 999–1021]. The main motivation behind the current development is the fact that the storage based convolution approach used in earlier developments was not found to be very suitable for solving large scale practical problems, because of substantial computer disk space requirement and the inability to handle time-dependent boundary conditions. In this paper, a re-integration based “full convolution” as well as an efficient and simplified re-integration based “fast convolution” algorithms are presented, in which, all of the time convolution steps have been calculated by preserving the energy balance as expressed in the convolution while assuming equivalent values of variables to represent the total effect. The accuracy and efficiency of the developed algorithms are demonstrated via numerical examples.
Ethylene Homopolymerization and Copolymerization with Functionalized 5-Norbornen-2-yl Monomers by a Novel Nickel Catalyst System

The homopolymerization and the copolymerization of ethylene with functionalized 5-norbornen-2-yl derivatives by the nickel catalyst system L(iPr2)Ni(η1-CH2Ph)(PMe3) (1) [L = N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2-(2,6-diisopropylphenylimino)propanamide] and Ni(COD)2 (bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)nickel) produces polymers with high molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions. A typical ethylene polymerization reaction proceeds under 100 psi of ethylene and at 20 °C, using 1 (0.34 mM) and Ni(COD)2 (0.83 mM). Likewise, under similar conditions, the copolymerization of ethylene with 5-norbornen-2-yl acetate (3) (0.15 M) for 90 min by 1 (0.67 mM) and Ni(COD)2 (1.67 mM) produced a high molecular weight functionalized polyethylene bearing ester functionalities. 5-Norbornen-2-ol (0.15 M) underwent a similar copolymerization with ethylene for 20 min to yield a hydroxy-functionalized polyethylene. Narrow molecular weight distributions, coupled with the increase of polymer molar mass with time, are consistent with a ...
The conditions for tool use in primates: implications for the evolution of material culture.

In order to identify the conditions that favored the flourishing of primate tool use into hominid technology, we examine inter- and intraspecific variation in manufacture and use of tools in extant nonhuman primates, and develop a model to account for their distribution. We focus on tools used in acquiring food, usually by extraction. Any model for the evolution of the use of feeding tools must explain why tool use is found in only a small subset of primate species, why many of these species use tools much more readily in captivity, why routine reliance on feeding tools is found in only two species of ape, and why there is strong geographic variation within these two species. Because ecological factors alone cannot explain the distribution of tool use in the wild, we develop a model that focuses on social and cognitive factors affecting the invention and transmission of tool-using skills. The model posits that tool use in the wild depends on suitable ecological niches (especially extractive foraging) and the manipulative skills that go with them, a measure of intelligence that enables rapid acquisition of complex skills (through both invention and, more importantly, observational learning), and social tolerance in a gregarious setting (which facilitates both invention and transmission). The manipulative skills component explains the distribution across species of the use of feeding tools, intelligence explains why in the wild only apes are known to make and use feeding tools routinely, and social tolerance explains variation across populations of chimpanzees and orang-utans. We conclude that strong mutual tolerance was a key factor in the explosive increase in technology among hominids, probably intricately tied to a lifestyle involving food sharing and tool-based processing or the acquisition of large, shareable food packages.
SMALL SAMPLE SIZE DOES DECREASE THE STABILITY OF DENDROGRAMS CALCULATED FROM ALLOZYME-FREQUENCY DATA.

Stabilite des arbres phylogenetiques deduits des frequences allozymiques a partir d'echantillons de petite taille etudiee par reexamen de donnees de la litterature et par simulation sur ordinateur
A wavelet-based two-stage near-lossless coder with L∞- error scalability

We present a wavelet-based near-lossless coder with L∞-error scalability. The method presented consists of a wavelet-based lossy layer encoder followed by multiple stages of residual refinements for L∞-error scalability. We introduce a successive refinement scheme in L∞-error sense for residual layers reminiscent of popular set-partitioning algorithms for embedded coding. The initial near-lossless error bound is attained by our previously proposed two-stage scheme which determines the bit-rate for the lossy layer 'on-the-fly' without any iteration. The resulting residual which is defined by the difference between the original and the initial near-lossless reconstruction is then further refined in L∞-error sense up to lossless reconstruction. This scheme provides a combination of L 2 -error embedded lossy reconstruction up to an automatically determined high-fidelity plus optional layers of scalable L∞-error. This may turn out to be particularly useful for scalable archival applications where the fidelity of reconstructions on the high-bit end needs to be strictly controlled.
Shallow seismic investigation of surface deformation associated with the Kilmichael dome, Montgomery County, Mississippi, USA

The Kilmichael dome structure is a circular feature exposed in unconsolidated early Tertiary sediments of north-central Mississippi, USA. The structural complexity of the area, including zones of intense faulting and uplifted strata, has led to several suggested origins for the formation of the Kilmichael dome, including meteorite impact and regional tectonics; however, the origin remains unknown. As part of an undergraduate student research project, we acquired shallow shear-wave seismic reflection data over a complex zone of surface faults on the northern flank of the Kilmichael dome, with the goal of imaging the subsurface expression of deformation associated with faulting expressed along an exposed road cut. We also collected multi-component downhole seismic data in a nearby borehole to analyse the shear-wave velocity structure of the shallow sediments and observe possible anisotropy. Polarization analysis of the downhole data identified shear-wave anisotropy consistent with structural alignments in the area. Interpretation of the reflection profile and particle motion plots from the downhole data allowed correlation with shallow structural features of the Kilmichael dome.
The therapeutic utility of lung irradiation for Hodgkin's disease patients with large mediastinal masses☆☆☆

Abstract Since Hodgkin's disease patients with large mediastinal masses frequently relapse in the intrathoracic area after regular mantle field irradiation, the feasibility and utility of low dose lung irradiation as an initial part of the supradiaphragmatic field was examined. Fifteen newly diagnosed patients with Hodgkin's disease and large mediastinal masses were treated with 1000–2000 rad to the lung as a part of extended field radiotherapy. All patients received radiotherapy aloe. Results of treatment were compared with those in 20 similar patients who were treated only with extended field irradiation. With a minimum follow-up of 24 months, only 2 patients (13%) who received lung irradiation have recurred and only one of these recurred in the Lung. In contrast 15 (79%) of the 19 complete responders who were treated without lung irradiation had relapsed by 24 months, 9 in the intrathoracic region. Recurrence-free survival was significantly longer in patients who received Lung irradiation. No increased frequency in serious complications has been experienced to date with low dose whole lung irradiation, compared with regular mantle field treatment. This study suggests that lung irradiation may be a feasible alternative to adjuvant combination chemotherapy when treating patients with Hodgkin's disease and large mediastinal masses.
Two-dimensional dictionary matching

Abstract Most traditional pattern matching algorithms solve the problem of finding all occurrences of a given pattern string P in a given text T . Another important paradigm is the dictionary matching problem. Let D ={ P 1 ,…, P k } be the dictionary . We seek the locations of all dictionary patterns that appear in a given text T . Previous dictionary matching algorithms have all involved exact matching of a set of strings. In this paper, we present an algorithm for the Two-Dimensional Dictionary Problem . The two-dimensional dictionary problem is that of finding each occurrence of a set of two-dimensional patterns in a text. Our algorithm runs in time O(¦ D ¦log k ) preprocessing, O(¦ T ¦log k ) text processing.
Atom-field interactions with a frequency-dependent reservoir

Owing to the frequency dependence of the vacuum density of states, the spontaneous emission decay rate varies as the cube of a frequency. The actual frequency that enters into the decay rate depends to some extent on the physical system under investigation. We show that, in the weak-field limit and the rotating-wave approximation, the decay parameters associated with Ralyleigh scattering are evaluated at the field frequency, while the transient response following the turn-on of the field has a decay rate evaluated at the atomic frequency. The optical Bloch equations are modified to include additional coupling between populations and coherences, both in bare and dressed-state pictures.
"Replicated" genome wide association for dependence on illegal substances: genomic regions identified by overlapping clusters of nominally positive SNPs.

Declaring “replication” from results of genome wide association (GWA) studies is straightforward when major gene effects provide genome-wide significance for association of the same allele of the same SNP in each of multiple independent samples. However, such unambiguous replication may be unlikely when phenotypes display polygenic genetic architecture, allelic heterogeneity, locus heterogeneity and when different samples display linkage disequilibria with different fine structures. We seek chromosomal regions that are tagged by clustered SNPs that display nominally-significant association in each of several independent samples. This approach provides one “nontemplate” approach to identifying overall replication of groups of GWA results in the face of difficult genetic architectures. We apply this strategy to 1M SNP Affymetrix and Illumina GWA results for dependence on illegal substances. This approach provides high confidence in rejecting the null hypothesis that chance alone accounts for the extent to which clustered, nominally-significant SNPs from samples of the same racial/ethnic background identify the same chromosomal regions. There is more modest confidence in: a) identification of individual chromosomal regions and genes and b) overlap between results from samples of different racial/ethnic backgrounds. The strong overlap identified among the samples with similar racial/ethnic backgrounds, together with prior work that identified overlapping results in samples of different racial/ethnic backgrounds, support contributions to individual differences in vulnerability to addictions that come from both relatively older allelic variants that are common in many current human populations and newer allelic variants that are common in fewer current human populations.
Pulmonary Complications of Orthotopic Liver Transplantation

We retrospectively reviewed the pulmonary complications and associated morbidity and mortality of 44 consecutive patients who underwent 52 orthotopic liver transplantations (OLTs) at the Mayo Clinic during 1987. All survivors participated in follow-up for 1 year after OLT. Of the five deaths in the study group, three were associated with pulmonary infections. On postoperative chest roentgenograms, 24 cases of pulmonary infiltrates were noted; 12 were caused by infections. Ten opportunistic pulmonary infections developed in nine patients: four cytomegalovirus, three Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and one each of Cryptococcus, Aspergillus, and Candida. All except one of the opportunistic infections were diagnosed after the sixth postoperative week. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy was helpful for diagnosing opportunistic pulmonary infections in six patients. One Aspergillus pulmonary infection was diagnosed by transthoracic needle aspiration. Bacterial pneumonia occurred in five patients. Preoperative pulmonary function tests, performed in 40 patients, revealed a restrictive ventilatory defect in 28% and impaired gas transfer in 52%. Pleural effusion was present in 18% of patients preoperatively and in 77% during the first week after OLT. Preoperative severity of liver disease and results of arterial blood gas determinations, pulmonary function tests, and chest roentgenography were not associated with postoperative mortality and pulmonary infections. Infectious and noninfectious pulmonary complications are common in liver transplant recipients. Attempts to decrease the frequency and severity of pulmonary complications by early diagnosis and effective treatment may diminish the morbidity and mortality associated with OLT.
Atomic clock accuracy needed

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), formerly The National Bureau of Standards, has been working with atomic clocks for over forty years. They have come a long way since they developed the world's first atomic clock. NIST has also introduced NIST-7, one of the most accurate clocks to date and is expected, after full evaluation, to show an accuracy of one part in 10/sup 14/, equivalent to one second in three million years. Atomic clocks are based on natural resonances in atoms, which involve highly stable and periodic events at very high frequencies. >
Beyond the concrete: Accounting for ecosystem services from free-flowing rivers

People derive benefits from river networks under free-flowing conditions, through ecosystem services such as fishery yield, floodplain agriculture, desirable geomorphic form, and the cultural significance of native riverine biodiversity. However, water management decisions have historically emphasized the production of ecosystem services such as hydropower and irrigation that depend on the construction of extensive infrastructure. Such decisions typically impose tradeoffs that reduce benefits from free-flowing services, yet neither these losses nor the costs of future ecosystem rehabilitation have been well represented in decision support analyses. Ecosystem service assessments can and should account for benefits in the absence of water infrastructure to inform balanced water policy and watershed management.
AUSTEMPERING OF A SILICON MANGANESE CAST STEEL

The influence of austempering on the microstructure and mechanical properties of an alloyed cast steel containing high silicon (3.00%) and high manganese (2.00%) was studied. The influence of microstructure on the plain strain fracture toughness of this new steel was also examined. The test results show that by using a suitable austempering process, i.e., by austenitizing at 1010°C (1850°F) for 2 hr and then subsequently austempering at 316°C (600°F) for 6 hr, it is possible to produce more than 80% austenite in the matrix of the material. Such a large percentage of austenite in the matrix made the steel almost nonmagnetic. Austempering resulted in a significant improvement in mechanical properties as well as fracture toughness of the material. The potential applications of this steel are in naval structural components, aircraft, and automotive components.
Stimulus and response prediction in choice reaction time: Free vs. forced reactions

Verbal predictions were combined in a 1:many mapping in order to analyze the contribution of response preparation to both stimulus and response prediction effects in choice reaction time (RT). Using a three-stimulus, two-response task in which two of the stimuli were mapped 1:1 to separate responses (forced-choice) and the third stimulus was mapped to both responses (free-choice), response frequencies and latencies were compared in two experiments. The results indicated that (1) free-choice response selections were not influenced by forced-choice stimulus predictions; (2) free-choice RTs were reduced only when the free-choice stimulus was correctly predicted; (3) free-choice responses were generally consistent with the response predicted, but RT did not depend on response prediction; (4) on forced-choice trials, the RT difference between correct and incorrect predictions was similar for stimulus and response predictions; and (5) under no-prediction conditions, no difference was found between free and forced RTs. A stimulus anticipation component was the only apparent contribution to the stimulus prediction effect, while the response prediction data suggest some prior response selection with no associated decrease in latency
Get by With a Little Help From a Word: Multimodal Input Facilitates 26-Month-Olds' Ability to Map and Generalize Arbitrary Gestural Labels

In the early stages of word learning, children demonstrate considerable flexibility in the type of symbols they will accept as object labels. However, around the 2nd year, as children continue to gain language experience, they become focused on more conventional symbols (e.g., words) as opposed to less conventional symbols (e.g., gestures). During this period of symbolic narrowing, the degree to which children are able to learn other types of labels, such as arbitrary gestures, remains a topic of debate. Thus, the purpose of the current set of experiments was to determine whether a multimodal label (word + gesture) could facilitate 26-month-olds' ability to learn an arbitrary gestural label. We hypothesized that the multimodal label would exploit children's focus on words thereby increasing their willingness to interpret the gestural label. To test this hypothesis, we conducted two experiments. In Experiment 1, 26-month-olds were trained with a multimodal label (word + gesture) and tested on their ability...
P‐type doping and devices based on ZnO

Both n-type and p-type ZnO will be required for development of homojunction light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes (LDs). It is easy to obtain strong n-type ZnO, but very difficult to create consistent, reliable, high-conductivity p-type material. The most natural choice of an acceptor dopant is N, substituting for O, and indeed several groups have been able to obtain p-type material by such doping. Surprisingly, however, other groups have also been successful with P and As, elements with much larger ionic radii than that of O. Although ZnO substrates are now available, most of the epitaxial p-type layers so far have been grown on sapphire, or other poorly-matched materials. The lowest p-type resistivity obtained up to now is about 0.5 Ω-cm, which should be sufficient for LED fabrication. In spite of the present availability of p-type ZnO, very few homojunction LEDs have been reported so far, to our knowledge; however, several good heterojunction LEDs have been demonstrated, fabricated with p-type layers composed of other materials. One such structure, with fairly strong 389-nm emission at 300 K, involves n-type ZnO and p-type AlGaN, grown on an SiC substrate. Also, an N + -ion implanted ZnO layer, deposited by chemical vapor deposition on Al 2 O 3 , exhibits 388-nm emission at 300 K and could be economical to produce.
Calcium Compounds to Improve Gel Functionality of Pacific Whiting and Alaska Pollock Surimi

The effect of calcium compounds during three thermal treatments with or without setting was studied. Formation of cross-linking was investigated using SDS-PAGE. Solubility varied. Calcium acetate, chloride, and caseinate were extremely soluble. Calcium lactate had good solubility at 0.2% or higher, then in descending order were phosphate, citrate, sulfate, and carbonate. Effects of temperature on solubility were not measurable except for caseinate. When 25°C setting was applied to surimi, calcium was most effective. Effect of calcium on shear stress was dependent on species, setting temperature, and specific compound. SDS-PAGE indicated that improved gel functionality was likely due to Ca ++ -dependent transglutaminase. Shear strain values were not affected by adding calcium compounds regardless of species or thermal treatments.
Genetic evidence for base pairing between U2 and U6 snRNA in mammalian mRNA splicing.

REMOVAL of introns from eukaryotic nuclear messenger RNA precursors is catalysed by a large ribonucleoprotein complex called the spliceosome, which consists of four small nuclear ribonu-cleoprotein particles (Ul, U2, U5, and U4/U6 snRNPs) and auxiliary protein factors1,2. We have begun a genetic analysis of mammalian U2 snRNA by making second-site mutations in a suppressor U2 snRNA3. Here we find that several mutations in the 5′ end of U2 (nucleotides 3–8) are deleterious and that one of these can be rescued by compensatory base changes in the 3′ end of U6 (nucleotides 92–95). The results demonstrate genetically that the base-pairing interaction between U2 (nucleotides 37–11) and U6 snRNA (nucleotides 87–95), originally proposed on the basis of psoralen photocrosslinking experiments4, can influence the efficiency of mRNA splicing in mammals. The U2/U6 interac-tion in yeast, however, is fairly tolerant to mutation5 (D. J. Field and J. D. Friesen, personal communication), emphasizing the potential for facultative RNA interactions within the spliceosome.
Respiration of aquatic insect larvae (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera) in acid mine water.

Ecotoxicology (Truhaut 1975) is the study of the harmful effects of natural substances and artificial pollutants experienced by organisms in the environment. The degree of response exhibited by an organism toward the presence of noxious substances can often be determined by monitoring a physiological parameter. One such parameter is respiration. The majority of studies dealing with the biological impact of acid mine drainage have been ecological surveys. No studies have been reported which deal with the physiological response of an organism to acid mine water other than acute toxicities of the various components expected in an effluent stream (Bell and Nebeker 1969; Kimmel and Hales 1973; Warnick and Bell 1969). These studies did not consider possible synergistic effects between individual components of acid mine water or the mode of action of pollutants involved. The work we report was undertaken to determine whether the toxic mode of action of an acid water effluent involves any aspect of the respiratory processes in three species of aquatic insect larvae. Although respirometry can be valuable in detecting signs of metabolic involvement, one must be aware that it is not a technique for the identification of specific toxic mechanisms.
Socialization and interpersonal environment in nurses' affective reactions to work☆

Abstract The dominant explanation of nurses' affective experience in work is the conflict between the beliefs and expectations developed during the formal training process (education) and the role definitions in the hospital work setting. Specifically, it is generally proposed that baccalaureate trained nurses experience this person-role conflict more than associate or diploma trained nurse because baccalaureate training instills more beliefs/expectations that conflict with the hospital nursing role. However, research has not sufficiently compared the effect of ‘socialization’ variables like education with other variables found to affect the work experience. This study uses path analysis to explore the relative effects of education, length of experience and the measured interpersonal work environment across types of person-role conflicts, on overall job satisfaction and on propensity to leave. The results show that the interpersonal factors are the paramount determinants of the measured person-role conflicts and, as well, have a greater effect than education and experience on job satisfaction. Also, education and length of experience have greater direct than indirect effects on propensity to leave, indicating that their effects are not via causality of job-related stress. Implications for programs designed to improve the nurse's work experience and effects are discussed.