cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Converting the Masses: Advertising Nature and Gender in the Post #MeToo Movement Era

Drawing on the work of Naomi Wolf who described a transition in commercial advertising inspired by the feminist movement, I examine the ways commercial marketing strategies have changed in the wake of the election of Donald Trump and the #MeToo movement. This shift illuminates the ideological functions of advertisements with regard to understandings of gender and nature. Employing Benson Saler’s family resemblances approach, and further drawing on the work of David Chidester and Katheryn Lofton I show that advertisements function in religion-resembling ways in pop culture. By examining a number of corporate advertisements between 2004 and 2019, I show a shift in some corporations’ marketing strategies in light of political tensions concerning sexual harassment and climate change in the United States. These changing strategies also represent a call to action by forming community around shared causes, urging consumers to choose wisely and think about something bigger than themselves.
Summary and Future Work

With more diseases and health related issues being attributed to genetics, it is imperative to improve our knowledge of gene regulation within the biological system. While single-point measurement of gene expression/detection is relatively simple using micro-arrays or gene chips, measuring or determining the dynamic characteristics of genes in the lab is time and labor intensive, and even impossible in many cases. Understanding the dynamic interaction of genes is essential in the medical field to study and control cancer and other genetic diseases.
Proximity to coal mines and mortality rates in the Appalachian Region of the United States: a spatial econometric analysis

Over the last several years, a body of the scholarly literature has emerged analysing the effects of proximity to coal mines and various human health indicators in the United States. These studies ...
Relationships Between Household Income and Functional Independent Behavior for Children With Autism

Children in lower income households are less likely to be diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and diagnosis is often delayed. Lack of or delayed identification of ASD minimizes a child's ability to receive effective early intervention services that support development of functional independence skills. Research has yet to identify relationships between functional independence and household income for children with ASD. A cross-sectional national survey with 231 caregivers of children with autism aged 2-12 years was conducted. Caregivers completed a 90-min survey examining family demographics, intervention services, autism symptom severity, and children's functional behavioral outcomes. Significant differences in functional independence behavior scores were identified for children from the highest and lowest income categories when controlling for autism symptom severity, age of diagnosis, and receipt of intervention services. This study provides preliminary evidence to support the association between income and functional independent behavior for children with ASD.
Gastrojejunocolic fistula: case report of a rare late complication of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and review of the literature.

Abstract Introduction Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) is known as the weight loss surgery to which other bariatric procedures are compared. While morbidity and mortality of this procedure are low, serious complications do exist which can be life-threatening and sometimes require surgical correction. Case presentation A 63-year-old woman underwent LRYGB outside of the United States, later complicated by biliary colic treated with cholecystectomy and upper gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to H. pylori-related ulcer at her gastrojejunostomy. Following adequate treatment of the patients marginal ulcer, the patient experienced several months of progressive severe abdominal pain, frequent vomiting and diarrhea, and unintentional weight loss refractory to pharmacologic therapy. The patient underwent multiple medical and endoscopic evaluations unrevealing of an organic cause of her symptoms. At presentation, the patient was found to be profoundly weak, dehydrated and malnourished with metabolic derangements and was subsequently diagnosed with a gastrojejunocolic fistula via upper endoscopy and radiography. We provided excluded stomach gastrostomy tube feeding to the patient for three months to improve the patients nutritional status before definitive surgical correction was successfully performed. Discussion Large bowel fistulas are a rare and highly morbid late complication following LRYGB and are likely secondary to marginal ulcers and/or instrumentation such as endoscopy. Surgery represents the definitive treatment. Conclusion LRYGB is typically a safe and effective intervention for obesity. Large bowel fistulas are rare complications following this surgery. We highlight difficulties in diagnosing and treating this condition.
The Data Assembly Synthesis Report and Responsible Re-Use Framework

The Data Assembly is an initiative from The GovLab supported by the Henry Luce Foundation to solicit diverse, actionable public input on data re-use for crisis response in the United States. The initiative began in the summer of 2020 with an initial focus on the response to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City. The GovLab, New York Public Library, and Brooklyn Public Library co-hosted remote deliberations with three “mini-publics” featuring data holders and policymakers, representatives of civic rights and advocacy organizations, and New Yorkers from across the five boroughs. These deliberations yielded five key takeaways regarding the responsible re-use of data for COVID-19: 1. match urgency with accountability; 2. support and expand data literacy; 3. center equity; 4. engage legitimate, local actors; 5. develop positions for responsible data re-use.
Tensile and Fatigue Behavior of a Silicon Carbide/Silicon Carbide Composite at 1300°C

Monotonic and fatigue properties of a silicon carbide/silicon carbide composite were studied at 1300°C in tension. All tests were conducted in nitrogen (N 2 ) to eliminate oxidation. Because of the composite architecture and the differences between matrix and fiber properties, the composite failure under both monotonic and cyclic loads took place in stages. In a monotonic test, the composite failure occurred by the creep of bridging fibers, and thus, fibers displayed nonbrittle fracture features. In fatigue tests, although creep was also occurring under cyclic loads, the fracture surface analysis showed that final fracture took place in a brittle manner.
INHIBITION OF CELL DIVISION: A CRITICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS.

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights inhibition of cell division. It is assumed that all of the biochemical and physiological events involved in the process of cell division can be dissociated from one another by selective experimental inhibition. By focusing on the behavior of the chromosomes, three major physiological events that occur during cell division can be established: chromosome reproduction, chromosome movement, and cytoplasmic cleavage. If chromosome reproduction is inhibited, chromosome movement and cytoplasmic cleavage will not take place. If chromosome movement is inhibited, the third event will not occur; and if cytoplasmic cleavage is blocked, the end result of cell division, the formation of two daughter cells will not be achieved. Thus, all three events normally occur with strict continuity, are interdependent, and can be dissociated from one another by appropriate inhibitors. An independent, continuous, and dissociable biochemical event involves the cyclic increase in respiration that occurs during interphase. This can be demonstrated in sea urchin eggs, where the normal rhythmic increase in oxygen consumption persists even though cell division is blocked at metaphase.
Unclear Repugnancy: Antitrust Immunity in Securities Markets After Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC v. Billing

For over a century, American antitrust laws have sought to promote competitive conduct in the market place, and to protect consumers from price discrimination, price fixing, and other ill effects of monopolistic behavior. The application of antitrust laws to industries subject to federal regulation presented a difficult issue, since an activity otherwise prohibited by the antitrust laws may be permitted or even required by a regulatory statute enacted by Congress. A court must determine whether a regulatory 1 Burton D. Garland, Jr. & Reuven R. Levary, The Role of American Antitrust Laws in Today’s Competitive Global Marketplace, 6 U. MIAMI BUS. L.J. 43, 43 (1997) (stating that the twin goals of American antitrust law are “the promotion of competitive conduct and consumer welfare”); see also United States v. Topco Assocs., Inc., 405 U.S. 596, 610 (1972) (“The Sherman Act is the ‘Magna Carta of free enterprise.’ ”); Hawaii v. Standard Oil Co., 405 U.S. 251, 262 (1972) (“Every violation of the antitrust laws is a blow to the free-enterprise system envisaged by Congress. This system depends on strong competition for its health and vigor, and strong competition depends, in turn, on compliance with antitrust legislation.”).
Roots and Radicals

This chapter discusses the concept of roots and radicals. Most of the radical expressions involve square roots. Occasionally, one encounters higher roots. Finding the square root of a number is the reverse of raising a number to the second power. The main ideas necessary for success are the properties of exponents and operations on polynomials. There are many roots of numbers besides square roots, although square roots seem to be the most commonly used. The cube root of a number is the number one cubes (raise to the third power) to get the original number. A radical expression is any expression containing a radical, whether it is a square root, cube root, or higher root. Simplified form for a radical expression is the form that is easiest to work with. The first step in putting a radical expression in simplified form is to take as much out from under the radical sign as possible. A radical expression is in simplified form if (1) there are no perfect squares that are factors of the quantity under the square root sign, no perfect cubes of the quantity under the cube root sign, and so on; (2) there are no fractions under the radical sign; and (3) there are no radicals in the denominator. A radical expression that has these three characteristics is said to be in simplified form.
Transonic propulsion aerodynamics research at NASA Langley Research Center

The Propulsion Aerodynamics Branch (and its predecessors) at the NASA Langley Research Center has been conducting propulsion aerodynamics research since 1941. During that time, branch research has had an impact on almost every aircraft flown. Before 1982, the primary contribution was in the form of experimental data obtained in the 16-Foot Transonic Tunnel and an associated static test facility. During the last decade, computational fluid dynamics research has played an increasing role in branch contributions. This paper provides an overview of the propulsion/airframe integration activities conducted in the branch during the last several years and some indication of the direction of future research.
The Notion of Context in Organisational Memories

Moving from implicitly modelling context to explicit context models allows to regard contextual information throughout the whole lifecycle. Explicit context models created at information production time (i.e. the context of the information producer) may be stored together with the information itself. The explicit retrieval context model may then be matched against the stored model, enhancing retrieval. We define our understanding of context, show how context models change the information flow within an OM, and present ideas on how to construct, represent, and use explicit context models.
Support Theory in Negotiation: How Unpacking Aspirations and Alternatives Can Improve Negotiation Performance

Prescriptions for improving negotiation performance, including developing alternatives to negotiated agreements or setting high aspirations, often fail to consider the inherent uncertainty in such deliberations. Across three studies, this paper demonstrates that negotiators who address this uncertainty by unpacking their positive alternatives and aspirations (e.g., the likelihood of attaining an alternative job offer from Firm #1, Firm #2, or any other firm) judge these outcomes to be more likely to occur and achieve better negotiation outcomes compared with negotiators who consider these same outcomes as a single package (e.g., the likelihood of attaining an alternative job offer from any firm). Unpacking is not uniformly beneficial: unpacking potential negative outcomes (e.g., not receiving another job offer) leads negotiators to demand less in the current negotiation and claim less value as a result.
Model Checking the IBM Gigahertz Processor: An Abstraction Algorithm for High-Performance Netlists

A common technique in high-performance hardware design is to intersperse combinatorial logic freely between level-sensitive latch layers (wherein one layer is transparent during the "high" clock phase, and the next during the "low"). Such logic poses a challenge to verification - unless the two-phase netlist N may be abstracted to a full-cycle model N′ (wherein each memory element may sample every cycle), model checking of N requires at least twice as many state variables as would be necessary to obtain equivalent coverage for N′. We present an algorithm to automatically obtain such an abstraction by selectively eliminating latches from both layers. The abstraction is valid for model checking CTL* formulae which reason solely about latches of a single phase. This algorithm has been implemented in IBM's model checker, RuleBase, and has been used to enable model checking of IBM's Gigahertz Processor, which may not have been feasible otherwise. This abstraction has furthermore allowed verification engineers to write properties and environments more efficiently.
PANCREATIC ISLET CELL ANTIBODIES (ICSA) IN FAMILIES OF CHILDREN WITH TYPE I DIABETES MELLITUS (IDDM): DOMINANT INHERITANCE

PANCREATIC ISLET CELL ANTIBODIES (ICSA) IN FAMILIES OF CHILDREN WITH TYPE I DIABETES MELLITUS (IDDM): DOMINANT INHERITANCE
Permitted and Prohibited Desires: Mothers, Comics, and Censorship in Japan

Permitted and Prohibited Desires: Mothers, Comics, and Censorship in Japan. Anne Allison. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996. 225 pp.
Valvular Regurgitation Using Portable Echocardiography in a Healthy Student Population: Implications for Rheumatic Heart Disease Screening

Background There is increasing use of portable echocardiography as a screening test for rheumatic heart disease (RHD). The prevalence of valvular regurgitation in healthy populations as determined using portable echocardiography has not been well defined. Minimal echocardiographic criteria for RHD have recently been clarified, but the overlap of normal and abnormal valvular regurgitation warrants further study. The aim of this study was to determine the spectrum of echocardiographic findings using portable echocardiography in children from a population with low prevalence of RHD. Methods Screening echocardiography was conducted in 396 healthy students aged 10 to 12 years using portable echocardiographic equipment. Echocardiograms were assessed according to 2012 World Heart Federation criteria for RHD. The prevalence of physiologic valvular regurgitation was compared with that found in previous studies of children using large-platform machines. Results Physiologic mitral regurgitation (MR) was present in 14.9% of subjects (95% CI, 11.7%–18.7%) and pathologic MR in 1.3% (95% CI, 0.6%–2.9%). Two percent (95% CI, 1.0%–3.9%) had physiologic aortic regurgitation, and none had pathologic aortic valve regurgitation. Physiologic tricuspid regurgitation was present in 72.7% of subjects (95% CI, 68.1%–76.9%) and physiologic pulmonary regurgitation in 89.6% (95% CI, 85.7%–91.8%). After cardiology review, no cases of definite RHD were found, but 0.5% of patients (95% CI, 0.1%–1.8%) had pathologic MR meeting World Heart Federation criteria for borderline RHD. Two percent (95% CI, 1.4%–4.6%) of the cohort had minor forms of congenital heart disease. Conclusions The spectrum of physiologic cardiac valvular regurgitation in healthy children as determined using portable echocardiography is described and is within the range of previous studies using large-platform echocardiographic equipment. The finding of two children with pathologic-grade MR, likely representing the upper limit of physiologic regurgitation, has implications for echocardiographic screening for RHD in high-prevalence regions.
Genetic and haematological significance of haemoglobin H.

LATE in 1954, I discovered two adult Filipino men unrelated to each other with a thalassaemia-like blood picture. Electrophoretic examination of haemoglobin at pH. 8.6 and 6.0 revealed a major component of normal haemoglobin and a minor component with electrophoretic mobility faster than normal haemoglobin A; further work led to identification of the new fraction as haeoglobin H. Detailed studies on these patients will be published elsewhere.
Evolutionary Affinities among Southwestern Long-Eared Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

The systematics and evolutionary affinities of long-eared Myotis in the southwestern U.S. and Baja California were examined using morphological, karyotypic, and starch-gel electrophoretic techniques. Species examined included M. auriculus , M. evotis , M. milleri , and M. thysanodes ; M. yumanensis was used as an outgroup. Considerable morphological overlap exists between M. auriculus and M. evotis , but they are distinct from one another genically. Myotis milleri differs from the other long-eared Myotis in its possession of a smaller skull and dentary. Genically, M. milleri shows close affinities with M. evotis. Cladistic analysis of the electrophoretic data supports the idea that those long-eared Myotis examined belong to a monophyletic clade. These data further suggest that M. thysanodes shared a common ancestor with M. evotis after the divergence of M. auriculus . The high degree of morphological similarity between M. auriculus and M. evotis may be the result of shared primitive characters and ecological similarity.
Response of mutagen-sensitive Drosophila melanogaster to hyperthermia and radiation

Abstract In an attempt to understand the mechanism of hyperthermia sensitization of radiation-induced damage, males of 5 mutant mutagen-sensitive strains: mei-41 A1 , w mus(1)101 D1 , w mus(1)104 D1 , y mei-9 a , and w mus(1)102 D2 , representing at least 3 different defects in the DNA-repair pathways were exposed to hyperthermia (38°C for 1 h) and to 1000 R of X-rays. In all of the mutagen-sensitive strains, the radiation-induced dominant lethals were enhanced by the hyperthermia treatment in the 6–8 day brood, which included the meiotic division at the time of radiation, and in the postmeiotic broods. The radiation-induced recessive lethals were also significantly increased by hyperthermia treatment in all the mutagen-sensitive mutants except mei-41 A1 in 4–6 day brood. However, mei-41 A1 males produced a significant increase of lethals in earlier broods, 0–2 and 2–4 day. The hyperthermia which apparently sensitizes radiation-induced damage by inhibiting DNA and probably chromosome-repair systems, is not specific, at least for 3 different Drosophila repair pathways.
Towards an information infrastructure for the grid

In this paper we present our vision of an information infrastructure for grid computing, which is based on a service-oriented architecture. The infrastructure supports a virtualized view of the computing and data resources, is autonomic (driven by policies) in order to meet application goals for quality of service, and is compatible with the standards being developed in the technical community. We describe how we are implementing this vision in IBM today and how we expect the implementation to evolve in the future.
Scanning near-field microscopies

Optical images whose resolution is not limited by diffraction can be created by recording the radiation from a point-like (subwavelength size) probe light source while raster scanning it across an object in immediate proximity. An imaging capability with resolution in the range from 1 to 50 nm has been demonstrated with various types of light sources including luminescence from an STM junction in transmission as well as in reflection emission and in a topographic mode. This paper gives a brief overview of the underlying principles followed by a discussion of a few selected results.
Oxygen detoxification in algal-invertebrate symbioses from the Great Barrier Reef

Examination of 34 species of symbiotic invertebrates in four phyla has confirmed the generality of a direct relationship between chlorophyll concentration and the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase, two enzymes involved in the detoxification of active oxygen. On a finer scale, activities of these enzymes also depend on the localization of the algal symbions (intracellular or extracellular) and hence on the extent to which photosynthetic O2 actually contacts animal cytoplasm, and on the solar irradiance experienced by the symbionts. Differences in SOD activity among organs of Tridacna crocea are not fully explained by local O2 levels but are further related to organ-specific retes of O2 consumption. This result is discussed in terms of known mechanisms of superoxide radical production in mitochondria and differences in O2 utilization concentrations among various organs in bivalve molluscs.
Keeping requirements on track via visual analytics

For many software projects, keeping requirements on track needs an effective and efficient path from data to decision. Visual analytics creates such a path that enables the human to extract insights by interacting with the relevant information. While various requirements visualization techniques exist, few have produced end-to-end values to practitioners. In this paper, we advance the literature on visual requirements analytics by characterizing its key components and relationships. This allows us to not only assess existing approaches, but also create tool enhancements in a principled manner. We evaluate our enhanced tool supports through a case study where massive, heterogeneous, and dynamic requirements are processed, visualized, and analyzed. In particular, our study illuminates how increased interactivity of requirements visualization could lead to actionable decisions.
Nonlinear Truss Analysis by One Matrix Inversion

A new method for nonlinear structural analysis has been developed. The novelty of the method is that only one stiffness matrix inversion is required without the need for updating and reinverting the matrix at every load increment. This stiffness matrix is not necessarily the real stiffness matrix of the structure. Instead any stiffness matrix compatible with the geometry and the constraints of the truss can be used. The advantage of this option is that if the design of some members is revised the already inverted and stored matrix is used for the analysis of the revised structure. Nonlinearities due to strain hardening, strain softening, buckling, breaking, and stiffness degradation are handled by iterations involving only multiplications of the banded matrix with a transformed force vector. The inversion of the half-banded original stiffness matrix is done using Gauss elimination performed on the half-banded matrix without destroying the bandedness, and the inverted matrix replaces the original without the need for additional storage. The coefficients for the transformation of the force vector are stored permanently in a new matrix of size equal to the size of the half-banded original. Thus, the total storage needed is equal to the storage for the banded original stiffness. Because, after the Gauss elimination, only multiplications of a matrix with a vector are involved, the method is computationally efficient. The method is not a step-by-step procedure. Any load increment can be applied, therefore, proportional, nonproportional, and cyclic loads are treated in a unified way. The energy dissipation and the residual stresses and strains after one or more cycles are readily available, and thus the method can be used in quasi-dynamic analysis (e.g. pushover) for an evaluation of the dynamic parameters of the structure.
Reflectance, fluorescence yield, and photoelectron spectroscopy of CaF2 in the 10 to 100 eV range

Reflectivity, fluorescence and photoelectron spectra from CaF2 single crystals have been measured using synchrotron radiation in the 10 to 100 eV range. The spectra contain features ascribed to excitons and to the band structure. Peaks due to conduction-band states derived from the 3d atomic levels are prominent in all three spectra.
THE LIBRARY REHABILITATION PROGRAMME OF THE AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION

The question before us is the programme of the American Library Association and I shall try to stick to that. I must ask permission, however, to widen the base slightly and now and then to mention similar related activities in other fields even if not carried out exclusively by the Association.
Stability analysis for closed-loop management of a reservoir based on identification of reduced-order nonlinear model

This objective of this study is to analyze the stability of an oil producing reservoir under closed-loop control. Given a five-spot pattern reservoir as an example, a nonlinear reduced-order model is identified and an asymptotically stabilizing controller is proposed based on the circle criterion.
Cooperative breeding and long-distance dispersal: a test using vagrant records.

Cooperative breeding is generally associated with increased philopatry and sedentariness, presumably because short-distance dispersal facilitates the maintenance of kin groups. There are, however, few data on long-distance dispersal in cooperative breeders—the variable likely to be important for genetic diversification and speciation. We tested the hypothesis that cooperative breeders are less likely to engage in long-distance dispersal events by comparing records of vagrants outside their normal geographic range for matched pairs (cooperatively vs. non-cooperatively breeding) of North American species of birds. Results failed to support the hypothesis of reduced long-distance dispersal among cooperative breeders. Thus, our results counter the conclusion that the lower rate of speciation among cooperative breeding taxa found in recent analyses is a consequence of reduced vagility.
Evaluation of gratings for the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer

Extensive grating calibration facilities have been developed at the Space Sciences Laboratory at Berkley, which are now being used for the evaluation of the gratings for the spectrometer on the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer. Measurements of efficiency scattering and imaging quality can be made at wavelengths from 44A to 2500A.
An Assessment of Desolvation on Rates of Acetyl Transfer: Insights into Enzyme Catalysis

Enzymes greatly enhance the rate of reactions by a variety of physical organic mechanisms. One of the more contentious of these has been desolvation. To get a quantitative assessment of this contribution, we examined acetyl transfer to oxydianions. This is a model reaction for enzymes in which a high-energy acyl phosphate is formed. The aqueous reaction of phosphate or phosphonates with p-nitrophenyl acetate (pNPA) shows a substantial negative deviation from the Bronsted correlation obtained with monoanionic nucleophiles and from the reactivity of other, larger, oxydianions (molybdate, arsenate and vanadate). This, and other data, suggests a significant contribution of desolvation to the activation energy. To further investigate this we studied the effect of various DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide)/H_2O mixtures on the reaction of chloromethylphosphonate, and of molybdate, on the reaction with pNPA. Increasing the DMSO concentration from 1% to 90% (v/v) increases the second-order rate constant for each of these reactions by over a factor of 5000. This is over a 1000 times greater than the enhancing effect on the reaction of phenoxides and over 105 times the (inhibiting) effect on the reaction with neutral nucleophiles (imidazole). Extrapolation to pure DMSO yields a rate enhancement of ∼10^5, relative to the reaction in water, for the oxydianions. This enhancement is over 3 orders of magnitude greater than that seen with monoanionic phenoxide nucleophiles. This suggests a significant role for desolvation in the reactions in the enzyme-catalyzed nucleophilic reactions of inorganic phosphate but a modest role in reactions with less highly charged nucleophiles.
Mechanical evaluation of two canine iliac fracture fixation systems.

Twenty-three canine pelves were tested bilaterally to determine the stiffness and strength of intact ilium and stabilized oblique iliac osteotomies that simulated a common clinical fracture. Fixation systems tested were three 4.0 mm cancellous screws inserted ventral to dorsal across the osteotomy site and one laterally placed five hole 3.5 mm dynamic compression plate. Specimens were mechanically tested to failure under torsional, axial, or axial plus bending loads. Lag screw fixation was stiffer and stronger than plate fixation in all testing modes. The differences were statistically significant (p less than .05) in the torsional and axial plus bending loading modes. Fatigue testing was performed on implanted specimens with low-level cyclic loading under axial plus bending loading conditions. Physiologic loading conditions failed to produce mechanical failure of either fixation system after 100,000 cycles.
IgG heavy‐chain (Gm) allotypes in demyelinating polyneuropathy associated with MAG‐binding monoclonal IgM autoantibodies

IgG heavy-chain (Gm) allotypes were determined in 11 Caucasian patients with the syndrome of demyelinating polyneuropathy associated with monoclonal IgM autoantibodies with affinity for myelin-associated glycoprotein. The frequency of Gm phenotypes in the patient group was significantly different from that seen in a normal Caucasian population.
Mercury accumulation in barred sand bass (Paralabrax nebulifer) near a large wastewater outfall in the Southern California Bight

Mercury (Hg) concentrations were measured in muscle tissue of barred sand bass (Paralabrax nebulifer; Serranidae) from several locations in the Southern California Bight, including a site adjacent to a large wastewater outfall, to test the null hypothesis that there are no differences between near-outfall and other areas in growth-normalized Hg burdens. Fish otoliths were used for aging, and Hg concentrations in dorsal muscle tissue were evaluated relative to the age of individual fish and between sites. Mercury concentrations were positively correlated with length and age. Significant differences between sites (ANCOVA; p < 0.05) in tissue Hg concentrations were also found. However, length-normalized Hg concentrations in near-outfall fish were not significantly different from those at an adjacent area or from a site largely removed from the effects of wastewater discharges. These results suggest that regional differences in tissue Hg concentrations may be unrelated to the effects of wastewater discharges.
A perturbation method for the approximation of the inertial collection efficiency for fibrous filters with electrical enchancement

Abstract One of the important problems in the theoretical study of fibrous air filters is the determination of the fiber collection efficiency for submicron particles where particle inertia is significant. Because this efficiency cannot, in general, be given by a closed formula, numerical methods are required. One approach is to use the dynamic equations of particle motion and the method of shooting. However, this requires considerable computing time when extensive parameter studies are carried out. In this paper, a perturbation method is developed for the numerical approximation of the inertial efficiency. Example cases are given which show that for particles of radius one micron or less the observed error is approximately 7 % or less as compared to that given by a shooting method. Furthermore, the average computation time is approximately one-twentieth of that required for the shooting method.
Piezoelectric wind turbine

In past few years, there has been significant focus towards developing small scale renewable energy based power sources for powering wireless sensor nodes in remote locations such as highways and bridges to conduct continuous health monitoring. These prior efforts have led to the development of micro-scale solar modules, hydrogen fuel cells and various vibration based energy harvesters. However, the cost effectiveness, reliability, and practicality of these solutions remain a concern. Harvesting the wind energy using micro-to-small scale wind turbines can be an excellent solution in variety of outdoor scenarios provided they can operate at few miles per hour of wind speed. The conventional electromagnetic generator used in the wind mills always has some cogging torque which restricts their operation above certain cut-in wind speed. This study aims to develop a novel piezoelectric wind turbine that utilizes bimorph actuators for electro-mechanical energy conversion. This device utilizes a Savonius rotor that is connected to a disk having magnets at the periphery. The piezoelectric actuators arranged circumferentially around the disk also have magnets at the tip which interacts with the magnetic field of the rotating disk and produces cyclical deflection. The wind tunnel experiments were conducted between 2-12 mph of wind speeds to characterize and optimize the power output of the wind turbine. Further, testing was conducted in the open environment to quantify the response to random wind gusts. An attempt was made towards integration of the piezoelectric wind turbine with the wireless sensor node.
Visual discrimination of flux-equated figures by cats with brain lesions.

Abstract Cats with various brain lesions were compared in their abilities to learn or relearn for food reward to a strict performance criterion a simple dark-light discrimination and 3 sets of discriminations between pairs of triangles equated for overall luminous flux. The results revealed a spectrum of deficits in visual learning by cats with different lesions and indicate: (1) cats with bilateral lesions of the superior colliculus-pretectum can learn dark-light and geometric figure discriminations in approximately the same number of training trials as unoperated cats or as cats with bilateral lesions of the lateral-posterolateral and splenial gyri; (2) cats with bilateral lesions of the superior colliculus-pretectum can learn to discriminate from a distance between geometric figures equated for overall luminous flux; (3) cats with bilateral lesions of the suprasylvian and ectosylvian gyri in addition to the lateral-posterolateral and splenial gyri require more training to learn both types of visual discriminations than unoperated cats or cats with lesions either of the superior colliculus-pretectum or of the lateral-posterolateral and splenial gyri; (4) cats require either an intact superior colliculus-pretectum or intact lateral-posterolateral and splenial gyri in order to discriminate between geometric figures; (5) cats with bilateral lesions of the posterior two-thirds-three-fourths of the neocortex and most of the superior colliculus-pretectum can learn a simple dark-light discrimination after prolonged training.
Blood pressure, atherosclerosis, and albuminuria in 10 113 participants in the atherosclerosis risk in communities study.

BACKGROUND Albuminuria predicts cardiovascular risk, but its function as a marker of endothelial damage and atherosclerosis is uncertain, as is the complex relationship with hypertension and diabetes. OBJECTIVE To determine whether hypertension contributes to albuminuria across levels of atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes. METHODS Cross-sectional associations of cardiovascular risk factors and albuminuria were examined in 10,113 middle-aged participants in the atherosclerosis risk in communities study divided into four subgroups: type 2 diabetes with marked atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes without marked atherosclerosis, without diabetes with marked atherosclerosis, and without diabetes without marked atherosclerosis. Marked atherosclerosis was defined as high levels of carotid atherosclerosis or prevalent coronary heart disease. RESULTS Hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia were associated with albuminuria, but only among patients with type 2 diabetes. In multivariate models, increasing blood pressure levels (but not albuminuria) were significantly associated (P-trend <0.001) with carotid atherosclerosis when stratified by prevalent coronary heart disease. Excluding individuals on hypertension medication, higher blood pressure was associated with albuminuria in all groups (P-trend<0.05). The association was strong even for high-normal blood pressure among individuals without diabetes without marked atherosclerosis (odds ratio 2.7, 95% confidence interval 1.6-4.6) and patients with type 2 diabetes with marked atherosclerosis (12.0, 1.3-108.2). CONCLUSION Blood pressure, even at high-normal levels, is consistently associated with albuminuria across categories of type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. Our results suggest that the effects of blood pressure on albuminuria are not solely mediated through generalized vascular damage, as represented by degree of atherosclerosis.
Cryptic chromosomal variation in suni Neotragus moschatus (Artiodactyla, Bovidae)

Thirty-eight captive-born suni (Neotragus moschatus) had chromosomal complements of 2n = 52–56 (fn = 60). Variation in diploid number was the result of two centric fusion polymorphisms: a 4;19 fusion and a putative 18;22 fusion. Specimens that were descendants of wild-caught N. m. akeleyi and N. m. zuluensis were 2n = 52 and 56, respectively, but 2n = 53, 54, and 55 cytotypes were probably the result of hybridization in captivity between the two subspecies. Although populations of suni from different geographic regions are phenotypically indistinguishable, cytogenetic differences between N. m. akeleyi and N. m. zuluensis indicate that they should be recognized as distinct management units. Chromosomal variation among our panel of captive-born specimens and evidence of higher perinatal mortality in supposed hybrid cytotypes suggest that these two subspecies be managed as separate populations, particularly with regard to captive breeding, reintroductions, and animal translocations. Insofar as our findings are restricted to the captive population, the cytogenetics of natural populations of suni should be investigated to determine if indeed N. m. akeleyi and N. m. zuluensis have fixed chromosomal differences or if the centric fusion polymorphisms found in captive animals also occur in wild suni.
Facial feedback hypotheses: Evidence, implications, and directions.

This review evaluates four facial feedback hypotheses, each proposing a certain relation between the face and emotions. It addresses criticisms of the data, considers implications for emotional and social processes, and advises directions for future research. The current data support the following: Facial actions are sensitive to social context, yet correspond to the affective dimension of emotions; matches with specific emotions are unlikely. They modulate ongoing emotions, and initiate them. These two claims have received substantially improved support, in part due to studies controlling for effects of experimental demand and task difficulty. Facial action may influence the occurrence of specific emotions, not simply their valence and intensity. Facial action is not necessary for emotions. There are multiple and nonmutually exclusive plausible mechanisms for facial effects on emotions. Future work must focus on determining the relative contributions of these mechanisms, and the parameters of their effects on emotions.
When mixed options are preferred in multiple-trial decisions†

We report three studies showing that in prospective multiple-trial decisions people often select a mix of sure and risky options over pure bundles of either option. Such a preference is not ‘rational’ because a mixed option cannot be the EV-maximizing choice. Experiment 1 confirmed a mixed-option preference for gains but not for losses. Showing a graph of the multiple-trial outcome distribution reduced but did not eliminate this effect, suggesting that it is not due purely to a failure to aggregate correctly over the multiple trials. Experiment 2 replicated the mixed option preference using a wider range of problems. Experiment 3 compared choices in the trinary choice conditions used in Experiments 1 and 2 with binary choices between pairs of the multiple-trial sure, mixed, and risky options. In the binary choice condition the mixed option was no longer the modal choice, suggesting that the strong mixed option preference found in the trinary choice conditions is mainly due to a compromise effect. However, the binary choice probabilities did show violations of strong stochastic transitivity in a pattern that suggested a slight bias toward the mixed option. Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expanding network communities from representative examples

We present an approach to leverage a small subset of a coherent community within a social network into a much larger, more representative sample. Our problem becomes identifying a small conductance subgraph containing many (but not necessarily all) members of the given seed set. Starting with an initial seed set representing a sample of a community, we seek to discover as much of the full community as possible.We present a general method for network community expansion, demonstrating that our methods work well in expanding communities in real world networks starting from small given seed groups (20 to 400 members). Our approach is marked by incremental expansion from the seeds with retrospective analysis to determine the ultimate boundaries of our community. We demonstrate how to increase the robustness of the general approach through bootstrapping multiple random partitions of the input set into seed and evaluation groups.We go beyond statistical comparisons against gold standards to careful subjective evaluations of our expanded communities. This process explains the causes of most disagreement between our expanded communities and our gold-standards—arguing that our expansion methods provide more reliable communities than can be extracted from reference sources/gazetteers such as Wikipedia.
Formal or Informal? The Impact of Style of Dress and Forms of Address on Business Students' Perceptions of Professors

In this article, the authors examine the effects of style of dress, forms of address, and gender of the stimulus person on business students' perceptions of professors' attributes. Student participants (125 women, 132 men) rated the stimulus person on indexes of attractiveness, trustworthiness, credibility, and likeability. Style of dress and form of address resulted in significant differences in ratings of the professor's trustworthiness, expertise, and likeability. The authors also found significant Gender x Style of Dress and Gender x Form of Address interactions. Suggestions for future researchers include the use of additional stimulus person information and the inclusion of independent variables such as professor approachability, willingness of students to confide in professors, and students' willingness to participate in classroom discussions.
ADAPTING TO DEPRIVATION: AN EXAMINATION OF INFLATED EDUCATIONAL EXPECTATIONS

Many researchers argue that lower-class individuals adapt to their deprivation by lowering their aspirations for success. Data provide only limited support for this position, however, and suggest t...
A decision support model for optimal timing of investments in information technology upgrades

In an environment of continuous change, organizations are faced with the challenge of deciding when to invest in information technology upgrades. While investing frequently is costly and at times risky, waiting too long can lead to lost competitiveness. Further, investing at a given time can preclude a firm from taking advantage of better technologies in the future. In the context of software upgrades, this study proposes and illustrates a decision support model to determine the optimal timing and choice of upgrades. Analysis confirms that even if continuous upgrading is feasible, it is not an optimal strategy when adoption costs are significant. Simulations show that investments in upgrades are best made when the gap between new technology and current: technology reaches a critical threshold. Among other factors, this threshold is influenced by technology cost, change management cost and opportunity cost.
Reactions of Pyrene Excited States with Oxygen on the Surface of Porous Silica Gel and Similar Surfaces

Oxygen quenching of the singlet state of pyrene adsorbed on amorphous silica gel is studied by pulsed laser and rapid spectrophotometric methods. The quenching rate constant depends on the pore size of the silica and the method and temperature used to remove adsorbed water and surface silanol groups. The two possible mechanisms for O2 quenching of excited pyrene on an SiO2 surface are quenching by direct collision encounter on the excited state (Eley−Rideal) and quenching by surface adsorbed oxygen (Langmuir−Hinshelwood). In the present system, these two mechanisms are distinguished using temperature studies. Both mechanisms are operative in the current system: the Eley−Rideal mechanism dominates at temperatures greater than 30 °C, and the Langmuir−Hinshelwood mechanism dominates at lower temperatures, T < 10 °C. Several other surfaces are also briefly studied in order to add insight into the surface processes which are involved. One product of the oxygen quenching of the singlet excited state is the tri...
A Singles Studies Perspective on Mount Marriage

Singles Studies? What's that? It is an area of studies that should exist but does not (DePaulo, Moran, & Trimberger, 2007). We need perspectives grounded in single life for the same reasons that we...
The impact of firms' risk-taking attitudes on advertising budgets

Abstract This study investigates a hypothesis that a firm's advertising budget is an increasing function of its risk-taking attitude resulting from its realized poor performances. The measure of risk attitudes is based on prospect theory (Kahneman and Tversky, 1979). A longitudinal design is developed and data from U.S. brewing firms are used to test the hypothesis on a firm-by-firm basis. Results obtained using the partial least square (PLS) causal modeling technique show that a firm's previous poor performance leads to its risk-taking, which in turn leads to the firm's spending more on advertising.
Serum acid phosphatase determination

Summary o 1. Serum acid phosphatase activities were determined by three methods—onewith β-glycerophosphate as substrate and two with a-naphthyl phosphate as substrate. With the latter substrate two coupling agents for estimating the liberated a-naphthyl were used. 2. The procedure with a-naphthyl phosphate as substrate and diazotized 5-nitro-o-anisidine is a satisfactory, convenient method for the estimation of acid phosphatase activities. 3. It is shown that a linear correlation between results exists in the methods using the two substrates.
Hoagies and Tacos: Food and Men’s Unquenchable Hunger

This paper explores the relationship between men and food. Building on James E. Dittes’s work, it suggests that men’s desire for food is indicative not only of their hunger, but also of an unquenchable sense of hope and a longing for significant relationships. Based on the insights of several biblical scholars and pastoral theologians, this paper also suggests that a greater understanding of how and why men eat can contribute to a more pertinent pastoral ministry with men.