cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preventing catheter-related bacteriuria : Should we? Can we? How?

Up to 25% of hospitalized patients undergo urinary catheterization, and about 5% develop bacteriuria each day of catheterization. Catheter-related bacteriuria is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. We performed an evidence-based synthesis of the literature on preventing catheter-associated urinary tract infections (UTIs) to develop recommendations for clinicians. Catheterization should be avoided when not required and when needed, should be terminated as soon as possible. Use of suprapubic and condom catheters may be associated with a lower risk of UTI than use of urethral catheters. Aseptic catheter insertion and a properly maintained closed drainage system are crucial to reducing the risk of bacteriuria. Instillation of antimicrobial agents into the bladder or urinary drainage bag and rigorous meatal cleansing seem to be of little benefit. Use of urinary catheters coated with silver alloy may reduce the risk of UTI. Systemic antimicrobial drug therapy seems to prevent UTIs, but primarily for patients catheterized for 3 to 14 days. Antibiotic drug prophylaxis is especially valuable in patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate or renal transplantation. Using these methods, urinary catheter‐associated UTI can often be prevented for weeks, but not longer terms. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:800-808 Each year, millions of Americans undergo catheterization of the urinary bladder. 1 Although often a necessary intervention, indwelling urinary catheters are a leading cause of nosocomial infection in short- and long-term care settings. Forty years ago, Beeson 2 was among the first to recognize the complications consequent to urethral catheterization, making “the case against the catheter.” Two decades ago, an editorial in Lancet 3(p1003) opined that “replacement of open urine collection by closed drainage systems was a big advance but progress has been slow: there have been no well-controlled studies of the prevention of catheter-associated urinary infection.” In the past 20 years, numerous trials have evaluated methods to decrease the risk of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (UTI). How far have we come? How much farther can we go? This evidence-based synthesis of the literature on preventing catheter-associated UTI will provide clinicians with an overview of the advances made in the past 2 decades and highlights where further research is especially needed. METHODS
Shared subjects, divergent epistemologies: Sociology, social work, and social problems scholarship

This essay considers the relationship between social problems scholarship in social work and sociology. Though often focused on the same or similar issues, the divergent epistemological commitments of these two traditions have resulted in a division of labor that largely separates critique and action, to the detriment of both fields. Drawing on Noel Timm’s A Sociological Approach to Social Problems and the literatures on intimate partner violence and substance abuse, I argue for greater attention to unstated assumptions about the relationship between the generation of academic knowledge and concrete efforts to address social problems. Better integration of theory-driven critique and the development of interventions is critical if we are to move toward solutions to complex social problems.
Damage and plastic deformation of reservoir rocks: Part 2. Propagation of a hydraulic fracture

The aim of part 2 is to understand the development of complex hydraulic fractures (HFs) that are commonly observed in the field and in experiments but are not explained by most models. Our approach uses finite element simulations and a numerical rheology developed in part 1 to model damage fracturing, the fracturing process by damage propagation in a rock with elastic–plastic damage rheology. Using this rheology and a dynamic solution technique, we investigate the effect of far-field stresses and pressure distribution in the fracture on the geometric complexity of the fractures. The model is for the vertical propagation of an HF segment into an overlying bed located far from borehole effects. The layer is 2.3 m (7.5 ft) tall, has elastic–plastic damage rheology, and contains a 0.3-m (1-ft)–tall initial vertical fracture. Vertical and horizontal tectonic loads of 50 MPa (7252 psi) and 10 to 45 MPa (1450–6527 psi) are established, and then an internal fracture pressure of 10 MPa/s (1450 psi/s) is applied until the layer fails. The simulated fracturing is sensitive to the stress state and generated patterns range from single straight fractures to treelike networks. Reducing differential stress increases the injection pressure required to fracture and promotes off-plane damage, which increases fracture complexity. Consecutive periods of nonuniform weakening followed by unstable rupture generate multiple branches and segments. We find that the processes that form HF complexity occur under a range of in-situ reservoir conditions and are likely to contribute to complex far-field fracture geometry and enhanced network connectivity.
Model-data synthesis of diurnal and seasonal CO2 fluxes at Niwot Ridge, Colorado

Eddy covariance records hold great promise for understanding the processes controlling the net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE). However, NEE is the small difference between two large fluxes: photosynthesis and ecosystem respiration. Consequently, separating NEE into its component fluxes, and determining the process-level controls over these fluxes, is a difficult problem. In this study, we used a model-data synthesis approach with the Simplified PnET (SIPNET) flux model to extract process-level information from 5 years of eddy covariance data at an evergreen forest in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. SIPNET runs at a twice-daily time step, and has two vegetation carbon pools, a single aggregated soil carbon pool, and a soil moisture submodel that models both evaporation and transpiration. By optimizing the model parameters before evaluating model-data mismatches, we were able to probe the model structure independent of any arbitrary parameter set. In doing so, we were able to learn about the primary controls over NEE in this ecosystem, and in particular the respiration component of NEE. We also used this parameter optimization, coupled with a formal model selection criterion, to investigate the effects of making hypothesis-driven changes to the model structure. These experiments lent support to the hypotheses that (1) photosynthesis, and possibly foliar respiration, are down-regulated when the soil is frozen and (2) the metabolic processes of soil microbes vary in the summer and winter, possibly because of the existence of distinct microbial communities at these two times. Finally, we found that including water vapor fluxes, in addition to carbon fluxes, in the parameter optimization did not yield significantly more information about the partitioning of NEE into gross photosynthesis and ecosystem respiration.
Spoken Language and Written Expression—Interplay of Delays

Children with histories of early phonology disorders were assessed at school age for both spoken language and written expression skills. Results showed that children with a history of a phonology disorder performed more poorly on writing tasks than siblings developing normally. Children with histories of phonology disorders + additional language disorders performed more poorly on writing tasks than children with histories of phonology disorders alone. Spoken language abilities, as measured by the CELF-R, best predicted written expression skills for both groups of children with phonology disorders. However, measures of the semantic and syntactic capacity of spoken language abilities did not correlate with corresponding aspects of written expression.
Two Instructional Approaches to the Development of Aural and Instrumental Performance Skills.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether beginning instrumental students taught with a modeling (aural and kinesthetic) mode of instruction would develop better aural musicianship and instrumental performance skills than would beginning instrumental students taught with a comprehensive (aural, kinesthetic, and visual) mode of instruction. The author randomly assigned students from four intact instrumental classes (N = 76) to either a modeling or a comprehensive treatment. The instructional activities for these treatments consisted of a sequence of imitation, discrimination, and association activities. The primary difference between the groups was that the comprehensive treatment included music reading activities but the modeling treatment did not. Test score analyses indicated that differences between the groups were not significant on the ear-to-hand coordination test and the performance test but were significant, favoring the comprehensive treatment, on the verbal association test and the sigh...
Identity and Liberal Nationalism

A number of liberal defenders of nationalism argue that cultural-national membership is a vital component of individual identity. Notable among these liberal “identity nationalists” is Will Kymlicka, who defends minority national and cultural rights on the basis of the importance of such membership for persons' sense of identity. Kymlicka's conception of the liberal autonomous self, however, is radically at odds with his views concerning the importance of cultural–national membership. It also privileges national identity in such a way as to lend support to an extreme and illiberal form of nationalism, one that bases the priority of national obligations on the priority of national identity. By prioritizing national identity as Kymlicka does, other nonnational sites of identity formation, such as religious communities, may receive inadequate protection in a pluralistic nation-state.The author would like to thank three anonymous reviewers and the editor of the American Political Science Review for their many helpful comments and suggestions.
Major Depression and PTSD in Pregnant Smokers Enrolled in Nicotine Gum Treatment Trial

Background and Objectives Pregnant women face considerable barriers to smoking cessation. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and response to smoking cessation treatment in pregnant smokers participating in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of nicotine gum. Methods Participants were 194 low-income, ethnically diverse pregnant smokers. Results Utilizing a structured interview, 45% and 18% of the subjects met criteria for a lifetime diagnosis of MDD and PTSD, respectively. There was no difference in response to treatment, based on the presence of either of these psychiatric disorders. Conclusions Cumulatively, these findings provide evidence of the high degree of unmet mental health needs in pregnant smokers. Scientific Significance Pregnant women with a history of MDD and PTSD appear to be as likely to benefit from smoking cessation treatment as those without such a history. (Am J Addict 2013;22:54-59)
Effect of Frontal Gusts on Flexible Wings in Forward Flapping Flight

The response of a flexible wing and a rigid wing in flapping forward flight, at Re=10,000, subjected to frontal gusts is investigated. The impact of a gust of chosen phasing and duration on the various unsteady mechanisms are analyzed within a single flapping cycle. The gust is characterized by a step function with integral length scale much larger than that of the physical dimension of the MAV and with time scale much smaller than the flapping time period. The instantaneous lift and thrust were observed to be influenced by a combination of the effective angle of attack, chosen kinematics, transient Leading Edge Vortex(LEV) structures, and the dynamic cambering in the case of the membrane wing. The effect of the gust on the lift profile is observed to have opposite effects for the rigid vs. flexible case while the thrust behaves in a similar profile. Nomenclature C = Airfoil chord length CL = Coefficient of lift CT = Coefficient of thrust h = wing thickness J = Advance ratio; U ∞/U f ; Ratio of the flight velocity to the flapping velocity Nξ = pre-stress along the chord Nζ = pre-stress along the span Nξζ = pre-stress in shear p = Pressure Re = Reynolds number; UfC/ν Re t = Inverse of the turbulent viscosity U∞ = Free stream velocity; Forward flight velocity Uf = Flapping velocity; 2 �fR w = Out of plane deformation x = Physical space coordinate
Antitrust Sanctions and a Firm's Ability to Pay

Gallo et al. (1994) analyze the sanctions imposed on firms convicted of criminal price-fixing under the antitrust laws. An element not included explicitly in their model is the ability of the firm to pay. Does the firm's ability to pay influence the amount of the fine levied in criminal price-fixing cases? Data on the amount of fines are matched to seven accounting measures of the ability to pay for a sample of 386 firms convicted of price fixing between 1955 and 1993. Measures of ability to pay range from fund flows from current operations to total equity (technical bankruptcy). Most firms had the ability to pay the actual fines imposed. In many instances, firms had the ability to pay a Beckerian optimal fine. The ease with which actual fines can be paid brings into question the adequacy of deterrence even in those cases where the crime is detected.
Somatotopic organization of the second somatosensory area (SII) in the cerebral cortex of the mouse.

The somatotopic organization of the parietal cortex of barbiturate-anesthetized, adult mice was studied using tungsten microelectrodes. A complete representation of the contralateral face and body occupying approximately 4.0-4.5 mm2 was found immediately posterior and lateral to the representation of the face in the first somatosensory area (SI). Within this second somatosensory area (SII), the following findings were made: A relatively large region is devoted to representations of the paws and face, especially the sinus hairs associated with the anterior upper lip and mystacial vibrissae. Receptive fields on these body regions are among the smallest found in SII, though larger than corresponding receptive fields in SI. In particular, vibrissae receptive fields always include at least several adjacent whiskers, and paw receptive fields always include at least two adjacent digits. In regions representing proximal body parts, receptive fields are considerably larger, may include both contralateral and ipsilateral limb or trunk surfaces, and sometimes include the entire body and face. Responses to both somatosensory and auditory stimulation were consistently found in the body (i.e., trunk and limb) representation, but rarely found in the face region. The face is represented most anteriorly, and the hindlimb and tail most posteriorly. Forepaw and hindpaw digits and anterior aspects of the face (e.g., perioral sinus hairs and the incisors) are represented laterally, while the back, caudal head, and mystacial vibrissae are represented medially. Within SII, therefore, a "musculus" can be viewed as having an upright body orientation with the face area bordering the face representation within SI. By comparison with SI, SII is characterized by a less pronounced layer IV, which is of irregular thickness and packing density, and by less uniformity in the layering of pyramidal cells in lamina V. In addition, SII is generally thicker from pia to white matter than SI. These results are in general accord with earlier findings from evoked potential studies in mice, but are at variance with recent reports in mice and rats that the mystacial vibrissae have only a minimal, or no, representation within SII. Indeed, the present findings suggest that the representation of the whiskers in SII may have a specialized function paralleling that in SI.
Mysteries Without Mysticism, Correlations Without Correlata, Epistemology Without Ontology, and Probability Without Causality

This chapter considers the nonclassical version of Bohr’s interpretation of quantum phenomena and quantum mechanics as complementarity, developed by him in terms of his concepts of phenomena and atomicity following his exchange with EPR, and the view of probability arising from this interpretation or, more generally, from the nonclassical epistemology of quantum theory. Section 10.1 offers a commentary on “quantum mystery.” Section 10.2 addresses the nature of quantum correlations as “correlations without correlata.” Section 10.3 is a discussion of quantum epistemology as epistemology without ontology via the irreducible role of measuring instruments in the constitution of quantum phenomena, and Bohr’s concepts of phenomena and atomicity. Section 10.4 considers quantum probability as a nonclassical form of Bayesian probability. It includes a discussion of Einstein’s arguments concerning the incompleteness of quantum mechanics as, in his view, only a statistical theory of ensembles rather than a theory describing individual quantum processes.
Functional Organosulfide Electrolyte Promotes an Alternate Reaction Pathway to Achieve High Performance in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have recently received great attention because they promise to provide energy density far beyond current lithium ion batteries. Typically, Li-S batteries operate by conversion of sulfur to reversibly form different soluble lithium polysulfide intermediates and insoluble lithium sulfides through multistep redox reactions. Herein, we report a functional electrolyte system incorporating dimethyl disulfide as a co-solvent that enables a new electrochemical reduction pathway for sulfur cathodes. This pathway uses soluble dimethyl polysulfides and lithium organosulfides as intermediates and products, which can boost cell capacity and lead to improved discharge-charge reversibility and cycling performance of sulfur cathodes. This electrolyte system can potentially enable Li-S batteries to achieve high energy density.
An implementation and evaluation of the MPI 3.0 one-sided communication interface

The Message Passing Interface MPI 3.0 standard includes a significant revision to MPI's remote memory access RMA interface, which provides support for one-sided communication. MPI-3 RMA is expected to greatly enhance the usability and performance of MPI RMA. We present the first complete implementation of MPI-3 RMA and document implementation techniques and performance optimization opportunities enabled by the new interface. Our implementation targets messaging-based networks and is publicly available in the latest release of the MPICH MPI implementation. Using this implementation, we explore the performance impact of new MPI-3 functionality and semantics. Results indicate that the MPI-3 RMA interface provides significant advantages over the MPI-2 interface by enabling increased communication concurrency through relaxed semantics in the interface and additional routines that provide new window types, synchronization modes, and atomic operations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Upper Bounds on Arc Length

(1974). Upper Bounds on Arc Length. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 81, No. 4, pp. 385-387.
Barter in Mexican Cotton—A New Concept in International Trade?:

The United States Department of Agriculture has resorted to limited “dumping” activities in the overseas market in order to dispose of its cotton surplus. This action has had adverse effects on sev...
Discussion on Problems in Site Setting Test of Power System Stabilizer

Aiming at problems in site setting test of power system stabilizer(PSS) of generating sets in each power plant in Guangdong province,the paper discusses selection of PSS model parameter,lag of excitation system and parameter setting,magnification of PSS and solutions,as well as counter-modulation and the measures.
Use of the Yeast Two-Hybrid System to Identify Targets of Fungal Effectors

The yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) system is a binary method widely used to determine direct interactions between paired proteins. Although having certain limitations, this method has become one of the two main systemic tools (along with affinity purification/mass spectrometry) for interactome mapping in model organisms including yeast, Arabidopsis, and humans. It has also become the method of choice for investigating host-pathogen interactions in fungal pathosystems involving crop plants. This chapter describes general procedures to use the GAL4-based Y2H system for identification of host proteins that directly interact with proteinaceous fungal effectors, thus being their potential targets. The procedures described include cDNA library construction through in vivo recombination, library screening by yeast mating and cotransformation, as well as methods to analyze positive clones obtained from library screening. These procedures can also be adapted to confirmation of suspected interactions between characterized host and pathogen proteins or determination of interacting domains in partner proteins.
Probing the near fields of plasmonic and 2D materials with photo-induced gradient force imaging(Conference Presentation)

Nanophotonic systems such as plasmonic and 2-D materials and metamaterials serve as excellent platforms to study and control several optical and chemical phenomena such as spontaneous emission, absorption, Raman scattering and photocatalysis. Techniques such as atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy enable the imaging of nanoscale features, while other techniques such as scanning tunneling microscopy and scanning near-field optical microscopy, enable the near-field optical characterization of nanoscale materials. However, most of these techniques do not allow for simultaneous imaging of topographical features and spectroscopic characterization with high spectral selectivity and temporal resolution. Here, we make use a new imaging technique called photo-induced force microscopy [1,2], which enables imaging and optical characterization of nanoscale materials with very high spatial and temporal resolution. In this technique, a nanoscale tip is brought in the vicinity of the sample, which is optically excited. The photo-induced gradient forces between the tip and the sample can be detected with nanometer-scale spatial resolution, along with topographical information, akin to an atomic force microscope. The photo-induced gradient forces, which are very sensitive to polarization and the distance of the tip from the sample, can be read out and converted to electric fields [2]. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, we image the transverse and longitudinal resonances in gold nanorods and compare their field enhancements to gap plasmons of gold dimers. [1] J. Jahng et al. Gradient and scattering forces in photo-induced force microscopy. Phys. Rev. B 90, 155417 (2014). [2] F. Huang et. al., Imaging nanoscale electromagnetic near-field distributions using optical forces, Sci. Rep. 5, 10610 (2015).
Manipulating the architecture of Pd@Pt nanostructures through metal-selective capping agent interactions

Pluronic F127 and NaBr were used during co-reduction of Pd and Pt precursors to achieve octopodal and dendritic Pd@Pt nanoparticles selectively through preferential capping interactions. Our findings demonstrate that two capping agents can be used to independently manipulate the growth regimes of metals in the synthesis of bimetallic nanostructures.
A Computer-Based Game that Promotes Mathematics Learning More than a Conventional Approach

Excitement about learning from computer-based games has been papable in recent years and has led to the development of many educational games. However, there are relatively few sound empirical studes in the scientific literature that have shown the benefits of learning mathematics from games as opposed to more traditional approaches. The empirical study reported in this paper provides evidence that a mathematics educational game can provide superior learning opportunities, as well as be more engaging. In a study involving 153 students from two middle schools, 70 students learned about decimals from playing an educational game-Decimal Point-whereas 83 students learned the same content by a more conventional, computer-based approach. The game led to significantly better gain scores in solving decimal problems, on both an immediate d =.43 and delayed d =.37 posttest and was rated as significantly more enjoyable d =.95. Low prior knowledge students especially benefitted from the game. This paper also summarizes the game's design characteristics.
Evolving Multi-level Graph Partitioning Algorithms

Optimal graph partitioning is a foundational problem in computer science, and appears in many different applications. Multi-level graph partitioning is a state-of-the-art method of efficiently approximating high quality graph partitions. In this work, genetic programming techniques are used to evolve new multi-level graph partitioning heuristics that are tailored to specific applications. Results are presented using these evolved partitioners on traditional random graph models as well as a real-world computer network data set. These results demonstrate an improvement in the quality of the partitions produced over current state-of-the-art methods.
On the Intelligibility of our Present History: The Contemporary Relevance of the Critique of Dialectical Reason and some other Sartrian Texts

Jean-Paul Sartre is the writer who gave the most trenchant formulation of existentialism and tried to do the same for a version of Marxism, and as a philosopher of history who got it wrong about history and then, in his last "philosophical manifesto" - volume III of the Idiot (English version volume V) - got it brilliantly right. But Sartre did not write the second volume of the Critique. Or, more exactly, he wrote it but he did not publish it. The Critique, as Sartre himself admitted, grew like a hernia on the body of the book on Flaubert, so that it had to be surgically removed and given a life of its own; but a sort of symbiosis persisted, and when it came to the continuation of the argument, Sartre seems to have sensed that volume II was a dead end, and that the route to the alternative would prove to lie after all in the Flaubert project itself. In order to understand Sartre's position, the author analyzes his conception of history, especially of the intelligibility of history by mean of the dialectical reason as a movement of totalization of practical seriality, and shows its actuality.
Disruption of the gut microbiota by antibiotics exposure during early life promotes spontaneous Th2 responses and loss of tolerance to dietary antigens

Allergic disorders, manifest by T helper 2 (Th2) type immune responses to environmental antigens, are rapidly increasing in children. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) limit Th2 responses, and Treg deficiencies are seen in children with allergic disorders, implying that Treg deficiencies or dysfunction underlie the pathogenesis of Th2 mediated disease. What incurs Treg deficiency and its relationship to the increasing incidence of allergy is unknown, however, studies have shown that the intestinal microbiota plays an important role in regulating Treg differentiation during early life. With this in mind we explored whether oral exposure to specific antibiotics in early life altered Treg populations and predisposed to Th2 responses. We found that exposure of mice to a combination of broad spectrum oral antibiotics between days 10 and 20 of life abrogated tolerance to a dietary antigen, ovalbumin (Ova). Exposure of mice to single antibiotics of varying spectra between days 10 and 20 of life had a range of effects from abrogation of oral tolerance to the spontaneous development of Th2 responses manifested by increased levels of IL-13 in the serum in the absence of challenge. Ongoing studies are evaluating the effect of the respective antibiotic regimens on the intestinal microbial community using 16S bacterial DNA sequencing, with the aim to link alterations in the microbial composition to the immunological profile of the respective treatment groups. In summary, our results show that disruption of the intestinal microbiota by exposure to specific antibiotics during a period in early life results in loss of Tregs, promotes Th2 immunity, and impair establishment of oral tolerance to dietary antigen.
The Effects of Choice on Reading Engagement and Comprehension for Second- and Third-Grade Students: An Action Research Report.

Poor literacy rates contribute to low school performance for children across America. In particular, low-income schools continue to struggle with declining literacy rates. Issues with literacy are often attributed to lack of reading comprehension. This study tested the effects of choice on reading comprehension in second- and third-grade students at a high-income school and a low-income school. Students were observed while reading silently and aloud to see if either method affected reading comprehension. Data were collected from 32 students before, during, and after reading to determine whether students’ comprehension levels were higher when given opportunities to choose their own books or when they read assigned books. Trials were performed while students read silently and then aloud. Results indicated that students had higher comprehension levels both when they could choose their own books and when they read silently.
Obesity As An Epidemic: Facing the Challenge

Abstract Obesity has reached what some scientists see as epidemic proportions. Clearly, a rethinking of the medical nutritional therapeutic approach is needed. Treatment programs must include a variety of health professionals to facilitate the lifestyle changes needed to treat this condition. There is a role in obesity management for registered dietitians, behaviorists, physicians, exercise physiologists, and geneticists. A chronic disease treatment model is being proposed. Are dietitians ready for the challenge? J Am Diet Assoc. 1998;98(suppl 2):S6–S8 .
Principles of Distributive Justice

What is a just distribution of economic benefits and burdens? Principles of distributive justice help us answer this and related questions about how we should design the economic system. Principles of distributive justice guide our perception and judgment by telling us what facts to care about and when and why these facts reveal justice or injustice in the distribution of some good or burden. Thus, these principles bridge the gap between basic normative categories of right and wrong and facts about our social world, guiding our attempts to build more just societies. This chapter presents and discusses the main principles of distributive justice—the principles of equality, sufficiency, liberty, utility, priority, merit, and equality of opportunity.
Direct Solution of General H2-Matrix with Controlled Accuracy and Change of Cluster Bases for Large-Scale Electromagnetic Analysis

Both dense and sparse matrices resulting from an electromagnetic analysis, in general, can be represented as an $\mathcal{H}^{2}$ matrix in controlled accuracy. In this paper, we develop a new direct solution of a general $\mathcal{H}^{2} -$matrix. The new solution possesses not only explicitly controlled accuracy, but also a change of cluster basis to efficiently account for the updates to the original matrix during the direct solution procedure. Comparisons with state-of-the-art direct solutions have demonstrated a much reduced CPU run time of the new solution, in addition to a significantly improved accuracy, which is also controllable. Rapid and accurate direct solutions of millions of unknowns have been obtained on a single CPU core.
Hospitalization following outpatient medical care for influenza: US influenza vaccine effectiveness network, 2011‐12—2015‐16

Over five seasons, we determined the proportion of outpatients with laboratory-confirmed, influenza-associated illness who were hospitalized within 30 days following the outpatient visit. Overall, 136 (1.7%) of 7813 influenza-positive patients were hospitalized a median of 4 days after an outpatient visit. Patients aged ≥ 65 years and those with high-risk conditions were at increased risk of hospitalization. After controlling for age and high-risk conditions, vaccination status and infecting influenza virus type were not associated with hospitalization risk among adults.
FinanViz: Visualizing Emerging Topics in Financial News

The explosion of social media has paved a way for big data in which entrepreneurs use this data to find out potential customers, market demands, individual behavior, thereby to improve existing products, to create new products according to users’ need, or to analyze and evaluate financial risks. The challenges of the heterogeneity and fragmentation of data make it difficult for analysts to fully exploit the benefit of deluge information. Available statistical software lacks customization and address unknown research questions. This paper proposes FinanViz, a visual analytics tool for analyzing financial news on social media. The principal aim of FinanViz is to observe the dynamic behavior of terms/words over time along with their proximity to other terms/words. The tool provides an intuitive, interactive exploration of the financial topics and what events are emerging in which we would argue that it will give hints for financial marketers in the decision making process.
A 28-GHz Flip-Chip Packaged Chireix Transmitter With On-Antenna Outphasing Active Load Modulation

This paper presents a packaged 28-GHz Chireix outphasing transmitter (TX) for power amplifier (PA) efficiency enhancement at both peak and back-off output power (PBO). The main objective is to investigate the possibility of employing a multi-feed antenna as a multi-port passive network to perform outphasing active load modulation. As a proof of concept, an outphasing TX architecture is proposed by leveraging a dual-feed loop antenna (DLA) to achieve high efficiency transmission of wideband complex modulated signals. Theoretical analysis and simulation results prove that the proposed DLA is electrically equivalent to an ideal differential series non-isolating power combiner, enabling superior on-antenna outphasing operation. Multi-functional signal processing is therefore achieved in a single loop-antenna footprint, including high-efficiency on-antenna power combining, outphasing active load modulation, and millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) signal radiation. Moreover, unlike conventional spatial vectorial combining techniques (e.g., spatial IQ or spatial outphasing), the antenna-level signal processing preserves the wide antenna unit field of view (FoV) and is particularly suitable for array or multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) applications. The proposed Chireix TX contains two phase-shifted sub-TXs simultaneously driving a DLA on package. The measurements demonstrate a 53%/43% PA drain/power-added efficiency (DE/PAE) at 17.1-dBm saturated output power ( $P_{\mathrm {sat}}$ ) and 36%/23% DE/PAE at 6-dB PBO. The high-efficiency Chireix TX supports up to 15 Gb/s 64-QAM with 10.4-dBm average output power and 34% average PA DE (19.2% average PAE) while maintaining EVM/ACLR better than −27.5 dBc/−28 dBc in a wireless radiation testing environment.
On-chip wireless interconnect paradigm

On-chip wireless interconnects offer improved network performance due to long distance communication, additional bandwidth, and broadcasting capabilities of antennas. The on-chip wireless interconnect field is a thriving research frontier, with small (in-package) and large (across server racks) scale innovations. This talk will review the primary focus and the supporting periphery being researched for on-chip wireless interconnects. For instance, the recent discovery of a through-silicon via antenna (TSV_A) will be highlighted for adaptability to a wide range of packaging medium that includes silicon-interposer based multichip packages. Projections of TSV_As indicate up to 40 dB improved signal strength compared to other on-chip antennas, with an insertion loss of 3-5 dB up to a 30 mm distance. The keynote will also highlight the old and new challenges that lie in the path to prominence, and the striking persistence of these challenges in remaining unsolved, despite the research frontier moving forward. A band of usual suspects, spread over a variety of simulation and measurement based studies, will be put to the test of time. The innovations from physical limitation of on-chip antennas to integration challenges at the system-level will be examined under the spotlight and the hindsight of a couple decades of research.
Chapter 7 – Protozoa

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the classification, diversity, and methods of preservation of protozoa. The protozoa are significant components of the biota of diverse ecosystems; they exist in soils from polar regions to hot spring runoffs, in marine, estuary, or fresh water, at all altitudes, in sewage treatment systems, and in droplets trapped in flowers and banana plants. Most protozoa have attributes characteristic of “higher” animals—for example, motility, in at least some phase of their life cycle, and acquisition of nutrients by ingestion. Some, however, are capable of photosynthesis, active transport, or diffusion; and there are examples among the euglenoids and dinoflagellates of organisms capable of living both autotrophically and heterotrophically. As part of the complex microbial communities in sewage treatment they contribute to the reduction of organic matter and mineralization. Some species that enclose themselves in shells, or tests—containing silicon or calcium—after death of the cell, contribute to the formation of limestone. Among diseases caused by the flagellated protozoa are the sexually transmitted trichomoniasis, water-transmitted giardiasis, insect-transmitted kala-azar. Many protozoans can be maintained at room temperature or lower, by periodic transfer. However, drying, freeze-drying, and cryopreservation greatly reduce the labeling errors and the probability of the loss of desired attributes through change.
Indocyanine-green matching phantom for fluorescence-guided imaging systems: Updates, photostability, and a fully 3D-printed design

Fluorescence imaging for surgical guidance is a proven modality that allows for visualization of fluorescent markers in numerous biological imaging applications, from cancer margins to tissue oxygenation. As the field continues to develop there is an urgent need for fluorescence-imaging standards that enable system characterization and performance monitoring. Here, we present an update on the proposed indocyanine green (ICG) matching imaging standard. The proposed standard is composed of three different tests: a varying concentration sensitivity test (1 nM-1000 nM), a tissue-equivalent-depth sensitivity test (0.5 mm-6 mm), and a 1951 USAF fluorescence resolution test. The new version of the standard incorporates a fully 3D printed design, which in which includes fluorescent, tissue-equivalent, and optically opaque material. Furthermore we provide photostability and NIST-traceable radiometric measurements.
Problems and Risks Linked with Investment Supports in Agrarian Sector - The Czech Experience

The grant system under the RDP has been long prevailing for investment supports in the Czech agriculture. The current evaluation system of investment projects is based on financial plans that use normative data to simplify the administration. This limits applicants for supports, especially when their holdings have better performance than the normative approach. To the contrary, when the farms have worse performance, they obtain supports even if it is not real to repay back sources, before the end of lifetime of the investment. In the case of supports in food processing investments, the heterogeneity of products is high and, therefore, the farmers prepare the whole simplified financial plan by themselves, applying their own data. The only control is by the comparison with the average profitability of the food products. The normative values are usually low, and many projects would not pass. Therefore, the applicants can justify their real profitability. However, it requires additional assessment and complicates the evaluation procedures. Considering the above-mentioned and other problems with the grant system, it is desirable in the next programming period and for the so-called productive investments to apply other forms of supports, based mainly on financial instruments.
Health Literacy, Processing Capacity, Illness Knowledge, and Actionable Memory for Medication Taking in Type 2 Diabetes: Cross-Sectional Analysis.

Patient knowledge about the purpose of medications is crucial to ensure safe and correct use, so it is an important index of adherence in patients with chronic illness. We examined how health literacy and its components (processing capacity and knowledge about illness) influence memory for medication purposes. We conducted a cross-sectional study to examine memory for medication purposes in relation to health literacy, processing capacity, and illness knowledge among patients with diabetes in outpatient clinics. Six hundred seventy-four adults who were diagnosed with type II diabetes mellitus, age 40 years or older, taking 5 or more current medications, native speakers of English, and with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) of 6.0 or more, were recruited to the study. We included measures of processing capacity, illness knowledge, health literacy, and actionable memory for medication taking (memory for medication purpose). Results suggested an association between health literacy and both processing capacity and health knowledge, with some evidence that knowledge can compensate for limited processing capacity in order to maintain health literacy. Furthermore, health literacy was associated with memory for medication purposes, with processing capacity and health knowledge partly mediating this association. This pattern of results supports the process-knowledge model of health literacy. Our findings establish the role of health literacy in medication taking, in relation to broader cognitive abilities and knowledge. Implications for improving the learning of medication purpose among diverse older adults with chronic illness are discussed. NIH trial registry number: NCT01296633
Evaluation of Geranium Cultivars and Biorational Products to Control Botrytis Blight in the Greenhouse

Botrytis blight caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea is an important disease of geranium, affecting leaves, stems, and flowers, and decreasing the crop’s marketability. Our objectives were to eval...
The Costumes of Professor Mordecai

Dear Ones. I am speaking to you from the top of the apple tree where I am a yellow apple hanging by a silk thread among the plastic leaves of your unnatural innocence. This is the beginning of wisdom: to be what no one else can be. It is eight o'clock. The morning class. I see you crouching in the hard chairs of a tangible reality, and I am amazed at the shapes of your flesh: you are not beau tiful at all. You are sick with a terrible youth.
Time Students Spend Reading Threaded Discussions in Online Graduate Courses Requiring Asynchronous Participation

The authors report the results of a study that provides bases for comparison between the time necessary to participate in courses delivered asynchronously online and courses delivered in a traditional classroom setting. Weekly discussion threads from 21 sections of six courses offered as part of online, degree-granting, accredited, graduate programs were examined. The purpose of this research is to determine whether students are spending more or less time participating in an online course than in a traditional classroom. The discussion size (i.e., the number of words per discussion) was determined using the automatic word count function in MS Word. Once the word counts for each course section were determined, the average words per discussion were calculated. The authors used 180 words per minute to calculate the average reading time, based on the work of Ziefle (1998) and Carver (1985, 1990), in order to determine the average minutes per week a student spent reading the discussions. The study indicates that a typical, graduate-level, online, asynchronous discussion requires about one hour a week of reading time, and the time commitment for participatory activity is similar to that of traditional, face-to-face courses, given that it takes under two hours to compose initial messages and responses to the discussion prompt. Although these findings are informative, further research is recommended in the area of time spent on online course activities in terms of student hours earned to enable a direct focus on various student characteristics, such as English language competency and student level.
Electric Power Distribution Reliability

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS Generation, Transmission, and Distribution Distribution Substations Primary Distribution Systems Secondary Distribution Systems Load Characteristics Distribution Operations RELIABILITY METRICS AND INDICES Power Quality, Reliability, and Availability Reliability Indices Customer Cost of Reliability Reliability Targets History of Reliability Indices INTERRUPTION CAUSES Equipment Failures Animals Severe Weather Trees Human Factors Most Common Causes COMPONENT MODELING Component Reliability Parameters Failure Rates and Bathtub Curves Probability Distribution Functions Fitting Curves to Measured Data Component Reliability Data SYSTEM MODELING System Events and System States Event Independence Network Modeling Markov Modeling Analytical Simulation for Radial Systems Analytical Simulation for Network Systems Monte Carlo Simulation Other Methodologies SYSTEM ANALYSIS Model Reduction System Calibration System Analysis Improving Reliability Storm Hardening Conversion of Overhead to Underground Economic Analysis Marginal Benefit-to-Cost Analysis Comprehensive Example SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION Overview of Optimization Discrete Optimization Methods Knowledge-Based Systems Optimization Applications Final Thoughts on Optimization Study Questions AGING INFRASTRUCTURE Equipment Aging Equipment Age Profiles Population Aging Behavior Age and Increasing Failure Rates Inspection, Repair, and Replacement State of the Industry Final Thoughts
Prevention and diagnosis of retained foreign bodies through the years: Past, present, and future technologies

Post operative retained foreign bodies are a rare but recalcitrant problem. We detail reports of interventions over the last two centuries and review the most current interventions using automated data identity capture and computer aided detection. This was one of earliest areas in which multidisciplinary collaboration was achieved in patient safety. This multidisciplinary collaboration was unique because most other initiatives had been internal: among the disciplines working in the OR i.e. surgeons, nurses and anesthesiologists; this collaboration, to achieve optimal patient safety at that point in time was between surgeons and radiologists to ensure a lack of post operative retained foreign bodies.
Where is Modern Education Going

(1933). Where is Modern Education Going? The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 4, No. 7, pp. 10-62.
Disaster Response in the United States of America: An Analysis of the Bureaucratic and Political History of a Failing System

Disaster Response in the United States is plagued by bureaucratic and political obstacles. This paper analyzes the complete history of disaster response in the United States from the 19th century to the present. Specific attention is given to the establishment of FEMA and the Department of Homeland Security. The conclusion offers one possible suggestion to improve American disaster response.
Prosthechea: a chemical discontinuity in Laeliinae

The chemistry of Prosthechea differs from other members of the subtribe. Williams (1979) was the first to report the unusual chemical properties of Prosthechea.