cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The biological functions of low-frequency vibrations (phonons). 4. Resonance effects and allosteric transition.

Abstract Based on the internal structure of oligoprotein as well as the basic physical characterics of vibrations, it is deduced that the low-frequency vibrations possess some exceptional functions in transmitting biological information at the molecular level. In particular, according to the viewpoint of energy exchange and intramolecular displacement, it is demonstrated that the low-frequency resonance plays a very significant role during the dynamic process of allosterism of an oligomeric protein molecule. Furthermore, the cooperative reaction between hemoglobins and ligands is taken as an example, through which it is seen that some observed phenomena, whose dynamic principle has thus far been unclear, can be explicitly interpreted in terms of the concept of low-frequency resonance.
Modeling of Service-Level Agreements for Composed Services

As Web services are increasingly accepted and used, the next step for them is the development of hierarchical and distributed services that can perform more complex tasks. In this paper, we focus on how to develop guarantees for the performance of an aggregate service based on the guarantees provided by the lower-level services. In particular, we demonstrate the problem with an example of an e-commerce Web site implemented using Web services. The example is based on the Transaction Processing Performance Council (TPC) TPC-W Benchmark [8], which specifies an online store complete with a description of all the functionality of the site as well as a description of how customers use the site. We develop models of the site's performance based on the performance of two sub-services. The model's results are compared to experimental data and are used to predict the performance of the system under varying conditions.
Case report: fatal soft-tissue infection complicating pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae

ABSTRACT A patient with pulmonary arteriovenous (A V) fistulae presented with an ultimately fatal anaerobic soft tissue infection. This represents the first report of such a complication, but the association of intracerebral anaerobic abscess with pulmonary AV fistulae suggests the possibility of a common pathophysiologic mechanism.
Metal-ion-specific screening of charge effects in protein amide H/D exchange and the Hofmeister series.

In this study, protein charge ladders and mass spectrometry were used to quantify how metal cations in the Hofmeister series (Na+, K+, Li+, Mg2+, and Ca2+) permute the effects of lysine acetylation on the rate of amide H/D exchange in a representative protein (myoglobin, Mb). The successive acetylation of up to 18 Lys-e-NH3+ groups in Mb caused a linear decrease in its global rate of amide H/D exchange (as measured by mass spectrometry), despite also decreasing the thermostability of Mb by >10 °C. The ability of a metal cation to screen kinetic electrostatic effects during H/D exchange—and to abolish the protective effect of acetylation against H/D exchange—was found to depend on the position of the cation in the Hofmeister series. Na+ and K+ cations did not fully equalize the rates of H/D exchange among each “rung” of the charge ladder, whereas Mg2+ and Ca2+ did equalize rates without eliminating the hydrophobic core of the protein (i.e., without unfolding Mb); Li+ exhibited intermediate effects. The abi...
A Study of Embedded Piezoelectric Layers in Composite Cylinders

A power series solution is presented for the static equilibrium equations of an axisymmetric composite cylinder under loadings due to surface mounted or embedded piezoelectric laminae. Both uniform and nonuniform distributions of the piezoelectric effect are studied and results are verified using a finite element model based on axisymmetric two-dimensional elasticity theory equations. A cylindrical truss element actuator is developed which may be used for damping vibrations of truss-type structures. Finally, the effects of a piezoelectric patch have been investigated. The axial forces generated at the fixed ends of a cylinder are found to be proportional to the length of the patch.
Redefining the Pediatric Phenotype of X-Linked Monocarboxylate Transporter 8 (MCT8) Deficiency: Implications for Diagnosis and Therapies

X-linked monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) deficiency results from a loss-of-function mutation in the monocarboxylate transporter 8 gene, located on chromosome Xq13.2 (Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome). Affected boys present early in life with neurodevelopment delays but have pleasant dispositions and commonly have elevated serum triiodothyronine. They also have marked axial hypotonia and quadriparesis but surprisingly little spasticity early in their disease course. They do, however, have subtle involuntary movements, most often dystonia. The combination of hypotonia and dystonia presents a neurorehabilitation challenge and explains why spasticity-directed therapies have commonly produced suboptimal responses. Our aim was to better define the spectrum of motor disability and to elucidate the neuroanatomic basis of the motor impairments seen in MCT8 deficiency using clinical observation and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a cohort of 6 affected pediatric patients. Our findings identified potential imaging biomarkers and suggest that rehabilitation efforts targeting dystonia may be more beneficial than those targeting spasticity in the prepubertal pediatric MCT8 deficiency population.
Stopping Guidelines for Harm in a Study Designed to Establish the Safety of a Marketed Drug

In a study designed to establish the safety of a marketed drug, interim analyses performed to detect harm can protect trial participants and the wider public before the final analysis occurs. Monitoring for harm within a safety study is different from monitoring for benefit, so techniques commonly used in an efficacy study of an experimental drug may not apply. We propose potentially more suitable techniques in this setting, including a novel spending function and conditional power. These techniques have reasonable operating characteristics in a simulation. The appropriate technique to implement will depend on circumstances of specific to the individual safety study.
Unique ergodicity for horocycle foliations

The notion of unique ergodicity is extended to multidimensional foliations, and it is shown that ifg is the strong stable or strong unstable foliation of a topologically mixing basic set Ωκ for an Axiom A diffeomorphism or flow theng is uniquely ergodic.
Observations on concept generation and sketching in engineering design

The generation of ideas is an essential element in the process of design. One suggested approach to improving the quality of ideas is through increasing their quantity. In this study, concept generation is examined via brainstorming, morphology charts and sketching. Statistically significant correlations were found between the quantity of brainstormed ideas and design outcome. In some, but not all, experiments, correlations were found between the quantity of morphological alternatives and design outcome. This discrepancy between study results hints at the role of project length and difficulty in design. The volume of dimensioned drawings generated during the early-to-middle phases of design were found to correlate with design outcome, suggesting the importance of concrete sketching, timing and milestones in the design process.
Catecholamine-induced hypertension in lumbosacral paraplegia: Five case reports

Hypertension in the patient with SCI is relatively rare and generally restricted to patients with high-level injuries where autonomic dysreflexia can occur. Resting blood pressure in individuals with SCI has been described as lower than that in the normal population. This report describes five previously normotensive teenagers with subsequent paraplegia as a result of gunshot wounds who presented with hypertension secondary to idiopathic elevation of plasma or urinary catecholamine levels. A clonidine suppression test was used as a neuroprobe to inhibit centrally mediated sympathetic outflow, excluding the probability of an extra-axial autonomous catecholamine-secreting tumor as the possible source of hypertension. Positive suppression was achieved in four patients (41%, 37.2%, 4.8%, and 37.2% decreases). One patient had values corresponding to orthostatic changes (an increase of 63%) because of poor compliance with the test. This patient was lost to follow-up; in the remaining four, hypertension resolved at 12, 8, 9, and 6 weeks postinjury. The increased circulating catecholamine level appears to be promoted by a centrally mediated response to the SCI. Elevated blood pressure probably results from an upgraded receptor regulation or an increased receptor sensitivity on the affected cells in the absence of restraining spinal reflexes. The pathophysiology of such hypertension seems to be secondary to autonomic dysfunction and, although it may be transient, it should be treated promptly and reevaluated periodically until stabilization is achieved.
An Early Muslim Daniel Apocalypse

Cette apocalypse de Daniel tient une place a part dans le genre de la litterature apocalyptique musulmane. Il s'agit d'une composition litteraire populaire, probablement composee a Bagdad au 10e siecle bien qu'il soit possible qu'elle soit basee sur des documents et des idees plus anciens.
Coupling of interface kinetics and transformation-induced strain during pressure-induced solid solid phase changes

Abstract Kubo et al. (Science 281 (1998b) 85) show that during the pressure-induced transformation of single crystal cubes of San Carlos olivine to its dense spinel phase, interface kinetics and transformation-induced strain are coupled. In experiments at common applied temperature and pressure, they find that conversion of an anhydrous sample stops after the formation of a spinel rim, whereas samples in which creep is accelerated by hydration convert completely. To model those experiments, we analyse a solid–solid phase change in a sphere of rheologically isotropic Maxwell solid with elastic rigidity μ and viscosity η; the sample surface is kept at a constant pressure P + Δ P exceeding the coexistence pressure P . We take the high-pressure phase of density ρ+Δρ to have nucleated as a negligibly thin shell coating the sample, and predict the subsequent growth of that shell into the core of low-pressure phase of density ρ. The process is determined by the equations of motion for the phases, the interfacial jump conditions, and a kinetic equation relating the phase interface speed dR/dt to the difference between the core pressure P(t), and P . The problem reduces to a pair of differential equations for P(t) and R(t) whose solution depends on two parameters. One, e= Δ P/(μ Δ ρ/ρ) , depends only on known properties, but the other τ=tK/tη depends on the ratio of the time-scale tK set by kinetics to the unknown scale tη set by creep. The set of behaviours seen in experiments is displayed by the model as τ is varied from zero to infinity, and the data can be fitted by adjusting τ. For one case, the effective viscosity of the spinel rim can be estimated from this fit; the transformation is thus used as rheometer, as first proposed by Morris (Proc. R. Soc. London A 436 (1992) 203). Transformations that stop on the laboratory time-scale correspond to the case τ→0, in which tK⪡tη. The solution then has an inner and outer structure in time. On the fast scale tK, elasticity and kinetics interact to set dR/dt, but stress accumulation stops the reaction before the sphere is fully converted; that effect is seen in experiments. Conversion is completed on the slow scale tη, so that the overall growth rate is set by creep, not kinetics. Existing theories of Liu et al. (J. Geophys. Res. B 103 (1998) 23 897), and Morris (1992) are unified by showing that they describe, respectively, the inner and outer limits of the new model for τ→0. Lastly, in the limit τ→0, growth of an isolated dense spinel core proves similar to shell growth, in that dR/dt varies strongly with time. However, there is now a critical value ec, and according as e
Combining Transportation Network Models with Kernel Density Methods to Measure the Relative Spatial Accessibility of Pediatric Primary Care Services in Jefferson County, Kentucky

When considering access to healthcare, the question of whether the provider is available and accessible must be answered before the question of cost. Most contemporary techniques of estimating the spatial accessibility of healthcare cannot simultaneously take into account transportation times and the spatially distributed service capacity of healthcare providers. This paper creates the Comprehensive Spatial Accessibility Rank (CSAR) model to calculate a relative estimate of spatial accessibility that can account for both public and private transportation and the spatial distribution of a service provider's capacity for service in relation to the distribution of a study area's population. It uses data for Jefferson County, Kentucky to show how the CSAR model could be used to identify possible disparities in accessing pediatric primary healthcare services. The CSAR model is able to detect relative disparities between defined subpopulations and or geographic regions, allowing for the comparison of the effects of physical infrastructure in access.
Non-contact, Point-to-point Methods for Measuring Freeform Optics

This work presents an overview of the positioning systems and probe architectures for non-contact measurements of freeform optics. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using this methodology for measuring freeform optics.
Donatello's decapitations and the rhetoric of beheading in Medicean Florence*

While Donatello's bronze sculptures of Judith and David are stylistically discrete, and may have been originally created in and for different contexts, they are firmly connected to one another through their content: both figures clearly are characterized as active agents of decapitation. As this article argues, the Medici fostered a familial association with the iconographic, symbolic and practical language of decapitation in Florence since the Albizzi coup of 1433–4, when the family came to be associated with the feast of St John the Baptist's martyrdom, through the placement of the Donatello sculptures in the family palace in the 1460s. Although rarely mentioned in the vast art-historical literature on the Medici, visual allusions to beheadings in paint, performance and sculpture served a rhetorical function in Florence to describe the shifting political status of Cosimo de'Medici and his family. By outlining a cultural map by which this visual rhetoric of decapitation may be charted in relation to the Medici family, this article contributes yet a further layer of meaning to the Donatello sculptures within the larger context of early Medici patronage and politics and offers a new methodological approach for the investigation of early modern Florentine visual culture.
Future possibilities for doppler and magnetic field measurements in the extended solar atmosphere: Dissecting the transition region

Abstract For the first time, a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) telescope can be built to rapidly observe the magnetic fields, plasma flows, and heating events in the Sun’s atmosphere. These observations can provide key data for space weather models. The vacuum ultraviolet region allows remote sensing of the upper levels of the solar atmosphere where the magnetic field dominates the physics. A VUV Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) will allow us to observe the magnetic field, flows, and heating events in the mid-transition region (between the chromosphere and corona). Observations of this region are needed to directly probe the magnetic structure and activity at the base of the corona where the magnetic field is approximately force-free, i.e., where gas pressures are very small. This is a key element in developing accurate models of the Sun’s dynamics for space weather. The specific region of interest is the 100 km thick transition region, between the chromosphere and the much hotter corona, which strongly emits at 155 nm from triply ionized carbon (C 3+ ) at 100,000 K. This is best observed by an imaging interferometer that combines the best attributes of a spectrograph and an imager. We present the latest results from the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) FPI. The major elements of the tunable C iv VUV FPI are the 35 mm MgF 2 etalon plates with a plate finesse of F > 25 at 155 nm, the π -dielectric coatings, a Hansen mechanical mount in a pressurize canister, and the piezoelectric control system. The control system for the etalon is a capacitance-stabilized Hovemere Ltd. standard system. The special Cascade Optical Corporation reflectance coatings are 25 pi-multilayers of high–low refractive layers paired in phase. This C iv interferometer, when flown above Earth’s atmosphere, will obtain narrow-passband images, magnetograms, and Dopplergrams of the transition region in the C iv 155 nm line at a rapid cadence. We recently measured the MSFC VUV FPI using the University of Toronto’s fluoride excimer laser as a proxy for C iv 155 nm. The test demonstrated the first tunable interferometer with the passband required for a VUV filter magnetograph. The measured values have a full-width half-maximum (FWHM) passband of 10 pm, a free-spectral range (FSR) of 61 pm, and a transmittance of 58% at 157 nm. The resulting VUV interferometer finesse is 5.9. With this success, we are developing an instrument suitable for a flight on an orbiting solar observatory. A description of the interferometer for this mission is described.
In Vitro translation of cucumoviral satellites II. CARNA 5 from cucumber mosaic virus strain S and SP6 transcripts of cloned (S)CARNA 5 cDNA produce electrophoretically comigrating protein products

Abstract This report shows that (S)CARNA 5, the satellite of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) strain S, directs the synthesis of two small proteins in a wheat germ cell-free translation system. The two proteins are produced by the translation of both (S)CARNA 5 purified from CMV virions and the (+) strand purified from double-stranded (S)CARNA 5. In addition, two protein products that comigrate electrophoretically with those above are produced when transcripts synthesized in vitro from full-length (S)CARNA 5 CDNA cloned in the plasmid pSP65 are substituted for (S)CARNA 5 in the translation system. The two proteins therefore must derive from a single (S)CARNA 5 sequence.
Equilibration in Aqueous Methanol Increases the Resolution of Two-Dimensional Polyacrylamide Gels

Abstract Equilibrating cylindrical isoelectrofocusing gels in 55% methanol rather than in aqueous buffer before starting the SDS dimension substantially increased the resolution obtained on 2-D gels. This effect may result from the in situ precipitation of focused proteins eliminating band diffusion prior to the second dimension.
Phases and physical properties of carbon nitride thin films prepared by pulsed laser deposition

Pulsed laser deposition combined with atomic beam techniques have been exploited to grow carbon nitride thin films with controlled nitrogen composition. The nitrogen composition in the thin films was found to increase as the laser fluence was decreased for laser ablation at both 532 and 248 nm wavelengths. Analysis of these carbon nitride materials shows that over a wide range of conditions the film growth rate determines the overall nitrogen composition, although at the lowest growth rates the composition saturates at a value close to 50% nitrogen. Infrared spectroscopy indicates that a cyanogen-like impurity is present in all of the films with nitrogen composition greater than 30%, and that the amount of this impurity increases with increasing nitrogen content. However, the cyanogen-like impurity phase was eliminated by a thermal annealing process to yield a single phase material. Systematic studies of the carbon nitride film electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity as a function of nitrogen composition will be discussed.
A deployable cross LPD array on a conducting cone

A deployable cross log periodic dipole (LPD) array on a conducting cone has been designed and tested at M.I.T. Lincoln Laboratory as part of the RSP (Reentry Systems Program) flight program. This paper presents a brief mechanical description and an electrical performance of this LPD array. The electrical property of the antenna was fouud to be quite good within the frequency band designed. The ground test has indicated that the structure is able to deploy under a Nike-Hydac launch environment. The antenna has demonstrated a potential application to a space or missile body which may require a frequency-independent antenna in VHF-UHF band.
The factor which aggregates nematode, yeast and liver phosphoglycerate kinase is tRNA

Abstract 1. 1. A factor isolated from the free-living nematode, Turbatrix aceti and from yeast, causes aggregation of phosphoglycerate kinase from nematodes, yeast and rat liver. The rat muscle enzyme is not affected. 2. 2. The aggregation factor is either identical to or very similar to tRNA. Pure tRNA from yeast or Escherichia coli , when mixed with nematode, yeast or rat liver phosphoglycerate kinase causes the enzyme to aggregate to higher mol. wt forms. Both the natural factor and tRNA bring about similar changes in the behavior of nematode phosphoglycerate kinase. 3. 3. The tRNA does not remain bound to the enzyme though it appears to cause a sequential aggregation from monomer to tetramer. 4. 4. No conclusion could be reached as to whether the factor plays a physiological role or if it is simply tRNA fortuitously present during purification of the enzyme.
Spiropyran-based photochromic polymer nanoparticles with optically switchable luminescence.

Polymer nanoparticles of 40−400 nm diameter with spiropyran−merocyanine dyes incorporated into their hydrophobic cavities have been prepared; in contrast to their virtually nonfluorescent character in most environments, the merocyanine forms of the encapsulated dyes are highly fluorescent. Spiro−mero photoisomerization is reversible, allowing the fluorescence to be switched “on” and “off” by alternating UV and visible light. Immobilizing the dye inside hydrophobic pockets of nanoparticles also improves its photostability, rendering it more resistant than the same dyes in solution to fatigue effects arising from photochemical switching. The photophysical characteristics of the encapsulated fluorophores differ dramatically from those of the same species in solution, making nanoparticle-protected hydrophobic fluorophores attractive materials for potential applications such as optical data storage and switching and biological fluorescent labeling. To evaluate the potential for biological tagging, these optica...
Reduction of Raman scattering in a plasma to convective levels using induced spatial incoherence

We present measurements of the Raman backscatter produced by laser-plasma interaction where the laser focal profile was smoothed by induced spatial incoherence (ISI). The Raman backscatter with the ISI beam is much smaller than that with an ordinary beam. The onset of Raman backscattering with ISI followed the predictions of a convective gain model to within 30% in intensity.
Integration of source-charge constraints in quantum chromodynamics with fixed quark and antiquark sources

I study the problem of satisfying the source-charge constraints in operator-symmetrized quantum chromodynamics (QCD) with static sources. I show that the color-charge algebras generated by the QCD outer product P/sup A/(u,v) = (i/2) f/sup A/BC(u/sup B/v/sup C/+v/sup C/u/sup B/) can always be put in the form P/sup A/(w/sub a/,w/sub b/) =iC/sub a/bcw/sub c/, with structure constants C/sub a/bc which are totally antisymmetric, but which do not in general satisfy the Jacobi identity. However, total antisymmetry of the C's is enough for the corresponding overlying classical field equations to be derivable from a Lagrangian and to possess a conserved stress-energy tensor, involving a finite number of undetermined constants of integration. I postulate conditions for determining the integration constants when the sources are in a color-singlet state, and use them to fix the overlying classical theory in the qq-bar and the qqq (q-barq-barq-bar) cases.
Exploring Community Health Through the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework

Health disparities are a major concern in the United States. Research suggests that inequitable distribution of money, power, and resources shape the circumstances for daily life and create and exacerbate health disparities. In rural communities, inequitable distribution of these structural factors seems to limit employment opportunities. The Sustainable Livelihoods framework, an economic development model, provides a conceptual framework to understand how distribution of these social, economic, and political structural factors affect employment opportunities and community health in rural America. This study uses photo-elicitation interviews, a qualitative, participatory method, to understand community members' perceptions of how distribution of structural factors through creation and maintenance of institutional practices and policies influence employment opportunities and, ultimately, community health for African Americans living in rural Missouri.
The kiss of death.

The programmed cell death (PCD) of neurons is generally thought to be cell autonomous and not to require a death signal from other cells. A recent study by Marin-Teva et al., in this issue of Neuron, brings this theory into question and suggests that neighboring microglia actively participate in the PCD of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum.
The defect in delayed‐type hypersensitivity of young adult SJL mice is due to a lack of functional antigen‐presenting cells

SJL mice exhibit a strain-specific age-dependent delay in the maturation of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responsiveness. They do not attain "adult" levels of DTH responsiveness until the 10th week of age, which is 4 to 6 weeks later than the other strains of mice tested. In this report we demonstrate that spleen cells, resident peritoneal cells and thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal exudate cells are all able to transfer DTH responsiveness from naive 12-week-old DTH responders to 6-week-old nonresponders. Transfer prior to immunization was more efficient at eliciting a response than transfer after immunization. As few as 5 X 10(4) cells from 12-week-old SJL mice can adoptively transfer responsiveness to unresponsive 6-week-old animals. The active cell was found to be adherent, radiation (2000 rds) resistant, I-A+, Thy-1- and Mac-1+. I-A compatibility between the adoptively transferred population and the nonresponder mice is required. These data suggest that young adult SJL mice lack a functional population of antigen-presenting cells specific for DTH and that the appearance of these cells is under maturational control.
Comparison of graph-based and logic-based multi-relational data mining

We perform an experimental comparison of the graph-based multi-relational data mining system, Subdue, and the inductive logic programming system, CProgol, on the Mutagenesis dataset and various artificially generated Bongard problems. Experimental results indicate that Subdue can significantly outperform CProgol while discovering structurally large multi-relational concepts. It is also observed that CProgol is better at learning semantically complicated concepts and it tends to use background knowledge more effectively than Subdue. An analysis of the results indicates that the differences in the performance of the systems are a result of the difference in the expressiveness of the logic-based and the graph-based representations. The ability of graph-based systems to learn structurally large concepts comes from the use of a weaker representation whose expressiveness is intermediate between propositional and first-order logic. The use of this weaker representation is advantageous while learning structurally large concepts but it limits the learning of semantically complicated concepts and the utilization background knowledge.
Voice outcomes following adult cricotracheal resection.

Objectives: Cricotracheal resection (CTR) is an effective treatment for moderate-to-severe laryngotracheal stenosis (LTS) in adults. However, one of the potentially significant sequela of this procedure is postoperative dysphonia and permanent voice alteration. The objective of this study is to characterize voice changes in adult patients with subglottic stenosis who have undergone CTR. Study Design: Retrospective case-series. Methods: Acoustic, aerodynamic, and consensus auditory-perceptual evaluation of voice (CAPE-V) data were reviewed for consecutive adult patients undergoing CTR and perioperative voice evaluation from 2000 to 2010. Results: Sixteen patients (median age 44 years, 94% female) underwent CTR and voice evaluation during the study period. Thirteen patients underwent postoperative evaluation and had a mean overall CAPE-V score of 47.5/100, mean fundamental frequency (F0) of 156.7 Hz, average estimated subglottic pressure of 10.0 cm H2O, and an average airflow of 224 mL/sec. Seven patients underwent pre- and postoperative evaluations and had a significant reduction in mean F0 (206.5 vs. 151.1 Hz, P = .002) and mean F0 for connected speech (194.9 vs. 152.7 Hz, P = .047), but not in median intensity, range, estimated subglottic pressure, or airflow. Median overall CAPE-V scores worsened, but did not reach statistical significance (12 vs. 61.5, P = .28). Seventy-one percent of patients underwent an increase in acoustic signal typing postoperatively. Conclusions: Although CTR is an effective treatment for adult LTS, it results in significant alteration of the adult voice. In particular, CTR decreases the fundamental frequency of connected speech and vowel phonation and changes the acoustic signal type. Patients should be counseled about these likely voice alterations prior to undergoing surgery.
Comet Austin (1989c1) O(1D) and H2O production rates

The dual-etalon Fabry-Perot spectrometer of Kitt Peak's McMath solar telescope has been used to conduct Comet Austin observations with spectral scan resolutions of 0.21 A; this sufficed for resolution of cometary forbidden O I 6300 A emissions from nearby NH2, as well as telluric emissions of the same type. For these data, an O(1D) production rate is obtained which is noted to be nearly model-independent. The H2O production rate is determined by taking into account the photodissociation of H2O and OH as sources of O(1D).
Migrants as a Crime Problem: The Construction of Foreign Criminality Discourse in Contemporary Japan

The way in which society responds to crime does not directly correspond to the extent of actual crime conduct. Intergroup perspective, resource expansion perspective and symbolic politics perspective suggest demographic structure and administrative and political interests shape the societal response to crime. Japan's recent policies on foreigner‐perpetrated crime present an interesting case from non‐Western society. The Japanese police began active involvement with immigration control at the turn of the century, claiming that migrants were a new criminal threat to the country. This paper argues that the law enforcers’ occupational logic links immigration with criminality by interpreting characteristics of migrants as signs of high propensity to crime. It further suggests that institutional changes in the Japanese police and heightened social anxiety during this period gave political leverage to police discourse that associated immigration with crime.
A comparison of interactivity in the Linux 2.6 scheduler and an MLFQ scheduler

We implemented a simple multilevel feedback queue scheduler in the Linux 2.6 kernel and compared its response to interactive tasks with that of the new Linux 2.6 scheduler. Our objectives were to evaluate whether Linux 2.6 accomplished its goal of improved interactivity, and to see whether a simpler model could do as well without all of the special cases and exceptions that the new Linux 2.6 scheduler acquired. We describe the two algorithms in detail, report their average interactive response times under different kinds of background workloads, and compare their methods of deciding whether a task is interactive. The MLFQ scheduler performs comparably to the Linux 2.6 scheduler in all response time tests and displays some inadvertent improvements in turnaround time, while avoiding the complex task of explicitly defining interactivity. We maintain an inverse relationship between priority and time slice length, and this seems to be the primary reason that the MLFQ remains simple, yet performs comparably to the Linux 2.6 scheduler. These results may provide some guidelines for designers of new scheduling systems. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of triptycene-based surface-mounted rotors

We have used computer simulations to investigate the potential of triptycene-based rotors mounted on the Si(100)-2 × 1 surface. Two concepts are explored for attaching the triptycene to the Si surface: –COOH and –OH groups. We find the –COOH produces an axle with too many degrees of freedom, creating too flexible a coupling to the substrate. By contrast, the calculations suggest that the –OH coupling should provide a useful stiff axle.
Late Palaeozoic Glacial Facies and the Origin of the South Atlantic Basin

IN an attempt to add detail to the established picture of glaciation in the southern hemisphere during the Late Palaeozoic, we have studied tillites and associated rocks in Antarctica, Africa, South America and the Falkland Islands in the past few years1–4. As well as determining the direction of ice movement from directional properties of the rocks, we have subdivided the strata into several environmentally significant facies. These distinct lithological types are further restricted geographically in such a way that their distributions add information on palaeogeography. For example, linear sand bodies interpreted as glacial eskers are interbedded with tillite in the western Falkland Islands5. These deposits pass laterally into a thick, massive envelope of tillite and associated turbidites in the eastern portion of the Falklands, which suggests that terrestrial ice occupied the west while, farther east, glacial-marine accumulation took place in deeper water. Similar approximate palaeogeographic reconstructions from tillite facies can now be made for widely scattered parts of the glaciated continent of Gondwanaland.
Advanced negative resists using novel aminoplast crosslinkers

Current negative tone resists based on poly(4- hydroxystyrene) and aminoplast crosslinkers suffer from the limited solubility of commercially available crosslinkers in the most common casting solvents. The aminoplast crosslinkers also increase the dissolution rate of the base resin in aqueous alkaline developer. The lithographic performance of these resists is often limited by microbridging at high resolution. In this paper, synthesis of a series of glycoluril based aminoplast crosslinkers is described and the lithographic performance of resist formulations incorporating such compounds is discussed.
Sum‐frequency generation on dye‐coated surfaces using collinear and noncollinear excitation geometries

Resonantly enhanced surface second‐harmonic generation and sum‐frequency generation has been demonstrated on rhodamine 6G coated glass substrates using different excitation geometries. The collinearly excited, doubly‐resonant sum‐frequency signal is enhanced by more than two orders of magnitude relative to resonantly enhanced second‐harmonic generation. For noncollinear excitation, the relative efficiency of nonlinear generation as a function of the angular dependence of the input beams is calculated and compared with experiment.
Children's Sense of Genre: A Study of Performance on Parallel Reading and Writing Tasks.

This article explores children's notions of what stories and reports are, how they can be organized, and when to use them as revealed in the stories and reports they wrote or recalled, and in their responses to questions about each. There were 67 high achieving children in grades 3,6 and 9 who read and wrote similar kinds of stories and reports. This permitted comparison of ways in which they organized their knowledge across genre (story and report) and domain (reading and writing). Findings indicate the following: (1) Children have strongly differentiated notions of stories and reports and structure stories and reports in different ways from early on; (2) They use these structures in the pieces they read and retell as well as in the pieces they write; (3) Both stories and reports grow in complexity along a variety of measures; and (4) Both stories and reports show increased student control of genre-related organizational structures.
Films of Mn12-acetate by pulsed laser evaporation

Abstract Films of the molecular nanomagnet, Mn 12 -acetate, have been deposited using pulsed laser deposition and its novel variant, matrix assisted pulsed laser evaporation. The films have been characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and magnetic hysteresis. The results indicate that an increase in laser energy and/or pulse frequency leads to fragmentation of Mn 12 -acetate, whereas its chemical and magnetic integrity is preserved at low laser energy (200 mJ). This technique allows for the fabrication of patterned thin films of molecular nanomagnets for fundamental and applied experiments.
Relationships between IFNγ, IL-6, Corticosterone, and Listeria monocytogenes Pathogenesis in BALB/c Mice

Abstract The relationships between Listeria monocytogenes (LM) pathogenesis, based on bacterial load, and serum levels of IL-6, IFNγ, and corticosterone (CORT) were quantified. Serum IFNγ levels increased along with the LM burden; however, with LM burdens ≥3 × 106 CFU per spleen, the serum IFNγ level decreased along with a decrease in splenic weight. Serum IL-6 levels exponentially increased with increases of LM, and the CORT level positively correlated with the increase in IL-6 and LM. The serum level of IFNγ appeared to be a good biomarker of the host's ability to combat the infection only when the LM burden did not exceed a critical level (>3 × 106 CFU per spleen). Interestingly, the LM load at which the IFNγ level began to decline was near the dose at which the IL-6 concentration exponentially increased, suggesting a transition point shift from stress (assessed as CORT level) being immunoenhancing to becoming immunosuppressive. The IL-6:IFNγ ratio may be a good indicator of disease severity and/or the ability to cope with an infection.
Management of hyperbilirubinemia: quality of evidence and cost.

Kernicterus is associated with early hospital discharge, reduced concern about jaundice in otherwise healthy newborns, and breastfeeding.1–3 To compensate for early discharge, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that newborns be seen by a qualified health professional by 5 days of age (see “Recommendation 6.1.2” in ref 4). Providing this rapid follow-up to the estimated 70% of all infants now discharged before 48 hours of age would probably cost more than $10 million to prevent 1 case of kernicterus, as Suresh et al5 describe in this issue of Pediatrics . Here I address 2 questions: (1) Is the evidence sufficient to justify the recommendation? (2) Is the cost too high? Of the 30 recommendations on the management of hyperbilirubinemia for which the AAP guidelines indicated “evidence quality,” none were in the highest category (“well-designed, randomized, controlled trials or diagnostic studies on relevant populations”4(p308)), 10 were in the lowest category (“expert opinion, case reports, reasoning from first principles”4(p308)), and 15 …
Incidental Pituitary Adenomas

Because adenomas of the pituitary are present in 10% to 20% of healthy individuals, the finding of incidental sellar lesions on computed tomography scanning or magnetic resonance imaging has become relatively common. Hyperfunctioning of such lesions can be excluded clinically and by hormonal screening. Hypopituitarism must be excluded only in lesions more than 10 mm in diameter. Although most such lesions are pituitary adenomas, other lesions such as craniopharyngiomas, meningiomas, and metastatic disease also must be considered. In the absence of visual field defects or hypothalamic/stalk compression, it may be appropriate to follow these patients with repeat imaging. If tumors enlarge, surgery is indicated.
Measurements of Trace Metal (Fe, Cu, Mn, Cr) Oxidation States in Fog and Stratus Clouds

The oxidation state of four transition metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, and Cr) in cloudwater has been investigated during several cloud events at Whiteface Mountain (NY), one cloud event at San Pedro Hill (CA), and one fog event at Bakersfield (CA). Samples were collected and immediately analyzed for the oxidation states of four transition metals: Fe(II) [44 measurements], Cu(I) [30 measurements], Mn(IV) [27 measurements], and Cr(III) [3 measurements]. Extreme care was taken to minimize contamination and interferences when measuring these oxidation states. Particulate and dissolved concentrations of these metals were also determined. Other measurements performed—relevant to the redox chemistry of these metals—included pH, total elemental concentrations (Fe, Cu, Mn, Cr, Al, K, Ca, Na, and Mg), organic anions (formate, acetate, glycolate, oxalate), inorganic anions (chloride, sulfate, nitrate, sulfite), cations (sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium), peroxides, and formaldehyde. These measurements were then used in thermodynamic-speciation models to understand the speciation of ambient fog and cloudwater. From this analysis, two different cases were found for Fe(III)soluble speciation. Fe(III) was found to exist either as Fe(OH)_2 ^+ or Fe(Oxalate)_2. However, an unidentified strong chelating ligand with Fe(III) was also suggested by the data. Cu(I) and Cu(II) were calculated to be predominantly Cu^+ and Cu^(2+) (with less than 10% as Cu(II)-oxalate complexes). A chemical kinetic model was also used to investigate the transition-metal chemistry. The model results indicate that Fe(II) should be the predominant chemical form of Fe during daylight conditions. This prediction is in agreement with the field measurements in which the highest ratios of Fe(II)/Fe total were found in samples collected during the day. The model results also indicated that Fe(III) should be the predominant form of Fe during nighttime conditions, which is also in agreement with the field measurements. In the model, Cu(II) and Mn(II) were the predominant oxidation states during daylight and nighttime conditions with Cu(I) and Mn(III) increasing during daylight conditions. Mn(III) concentrations were never high enough to influence the redox chemistry of Cr. Overall, Cr(VI) in cloudwater is predicted to be reduced to Cr(III) if free S(IV) is present.
A motif found in propeptides and prohormones that may target them to secretory vesicles.

Abstract Sorting of prohormones and propeptides into secretory vesicles at the trans-Golgi face probably depends on a signal contained within the amino acid sequence of the peptide. To date no consensus sequence has been identified in prohormones or propeptides that might serve such a targeting function. In this report, we have analyzed the amino acid sequences and secondary structures of 15 prohormones and propeptides that have been shown experimentally to be sorted to secretory vesicles when the corresponding cDNA is transfected into mouse pituitary AtT20 cells. From these analyses, we have identified a motif that is shared by all of these diverse propeptides and might serve as a vesicular targeting sequence. This motif is degenerate and consists of two or more leucines occupying one side of a highly amphipathic α-helix with a serine (or rarely threonine) positioned N-terminal to the leucines and projecting to the same side of the helix.
A study of wave motion in fiber-reinforced medium

Abstract Measurements, both macroscopic and microscopic, of longitudinal wave motions propagating in the direction of reinforcing fibers were made on laboratory fabricated fiber-reinforced composites. Two waves with different propagation speeds and amplitudes were observed. Results are in good agreement with the predictions based on the mixture theory and the effective stiffness theory.
Characterization of extracellular matrix-associated glycosaminoglycans produced by untransformed and transformed bovine corneal endothelial cells in culture.

A cloned bovine corneal endothelial cell line was transformed in vitro by simian virus 40, and the subendothelial extracellular matrix-associated sulfated glycosaminoglycans synthesized by the cells were isolated and compared with their untransformed counterpart. The transformed endothelial cells grew at faster rates to higher stationary cell densities in the absence of fibroblast growth factor than did the untransformed cells. On a per-cell basis, the transformed cells produced slightly lower amounts of sulfated glycosaminoglycans. The rate of production of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in extracellular matrix increased during seven days of culture. At confluency the extracellular matrix-associated sulfated glycosaminoglycans synthesized by the untransformed endothelial cells consisted of about 80% heparan sulfate and about 20% chondroitin sulfate. Extracellular matrix-associated sulfated glycosaminoglycans of transformed endothelial cells were composed of about 70% heparan sulfate and about 30% chondroitin sulfate plus dermatan sulfate. High-speed gel permeation chromatography profiles on Fractogel TSK HW-55(S) of matrix-associated heparan sulfate from untransformed and transformed endothelial cells were very similar, and gave single peaks (Kav= 0.19). Apparent Mr estimated from the eluting position of the peaks were approximately 47000. Heparan sulfate from both untransformed and transformed endothelial cells was degraded by incubation with a metastatic B16 melanoma cell lysate containing heparanase (heparan-sulfate-specific endo-β-glucuronidase). The eluting position of the heparan sulfate degradation products on gel permeation column were similar (Kav= 0.43). Size analysis and anion-exchange chromatography of the degradation products after nitrous acid deamination at low pH indicated that the degree of N-sulfation of heparan sulfate was similar in untransformed and transformed endothelial cells. The results indicated that transformation of endothelial cells only slightly changes the molecular nature of subendothelial matrix-associated sulfated glycosaminoglycans.
A Multi-Dimensional Model for Conceptualizing the Design of Child Behavior Therapy

Four dimensions thought to be basic to all child behavior therapy are specified. These are: (a) manipulation of the consequences of inappropriate behavior; (b) short-term prevention by ecological change; (c) teaching more appropriate alternatives and (d) long-term prevention by remedying more fundamental behavioral deficits. It is proposed that all four dimensions are needed for the design of any clinical treatment. The model therefore illustrates how ostensibly opposing intervention strategies in behavior therapy are really complementary. Since children's clinical problems rarely occur as isolated behaviors, and since behavioral psychotherapy involves development of more adaptive skills that influence the target problems indirectly, the dimensional model allows cross-referencing of the interrelated target behaviors in the child-client's repertoire. This is illustrated by describing typical intervention designs for two children with behavior problems. By formally specifying the realities of clinical treatment design, the relevance of therapy outcome research to clinical practice should be enhanced.