cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Highly Conductive Optical Quality Solution-Processed Films of 2D Titanium Carbide

MXenes comprise a new class of solution-dispersable, 2D nanomaterials formed from transition metal carbides and nitrides such as Ti3C2. Here, it is shown that 2D Ti3C2 can be assembled from aqueous solutions into optical quality, nanometer thin films that, at 6500 S cm−1, surpass the conductivity of other solution-processed 2D materials, while simultaneously transmitting >97% of visible light per-nanometer thickness. It is shown that this high conductivity is due to a metal-like free-electron density as well as a high degree of coplanar alignment of individual nanosheets achieved through spincasting. Consequently, the spincast films exhibit conductivity over a macroscopic scale that is comparable to the intrinsic conductivity of the constituent 2D sheets. Additionally, optical characterization over the ultraviolet-to-near-infrared range reveals the onset of free-electron plasma oscillations above 1130 nm. Ti3C2 is therefore a potential building block for plasmonic applications at near-infrared wavelengths and constitutes the first example of a new class of solution-processed, carbide-based 2D optoelectronic materials.
Some Effects of Quench Rate on The Properties and Microstructures of Amorpous and Crystalline Materials Produced by Spark Erosion

Spark erosion provides a means for producing fine particles (5 nm to 75 um) of metals, alloys, and semiconductors. Since the powders are formed from liquid droplets solidified in a liquid dielectric, the rate of solidification of the particles can be very high, varying according to particle size and the dielectric used. This paper examines some effects of different dielectrics on the microstructures, magnetic properties,and crystallization characteristics of amorphous and crystalline metals. It is seen that these properties depend upon the quench rate provided by the dielectric. In the case of the organic dielectrics, the quench rate appears to be associated with specific properties of the dielectric.
How to manage secondary pulmonary hypertension. Recognizing and treating cor pulmonale and chronic thromboembolism

PREVIEWPulmonary hypertension is often difficult to diagnose, because it presents with nonspecific cardiorespiratory findings that reflect abnormal pulmonary vasculature and not the underlying cause. Knowledge of normal pulmonary vascular physiology is imperative in determining possible sources of the hypertension. The authors describe the three major categories of secondary pulmonary hypertension and management of two specific forms. Part 2 of this article, which describes primary pulmonary hypertension, will appear in the March issue.
Seasonal variation in the pregnancy test using Rana pipiens.

Since the publications of Wiltberger and Miller and Robbins and Parker in 1948, the male frog, Rana pipiens, has gained wide usage in testing for pregnane}'. Many of the questions that have arisen during the development of the test have centered about the possibility of a seasonal variation in reactivity of this frog to chorionic gonadotropin. An inquiry was therefore made into this problem. The results of 211 tests of the urine of patients in whom there was a question of pregnancy were then analyzed. Since April 1948 we have made approximately 700 tests for pregnancy, utilizing Rana pipiens. Initially 2 to 5 ml. of unconcentrated urine was utilized but many of the frogs died following the injections. Eighteen tests were invalidated on this basis during the first 14 months. During this period 11 false negative results were also encountered. Because of these difficulties the Scott concentration technic was instituted initially using 10 ml. of urine. While no more frogs died, false negative reactions continued to appear. In many of these early tests, one frog was injected repeatedly. We then experimentally concentrated 20 ml. of urine and we no longer reused frogs that gave a positive test. In several instances we found that a 20-ml. concentrate yielded a positive result while a 10-ml. concentrate gave a negative result. An occasional doubtful or positive test was obtained in women who were reported to be nonpregnant. In early 1950 we explored the possibility of using frogs for quantitative studies. Korotrin,J a highly purified chorionic gonadotropin, was obtained and the minimal reactive dose for the frog determined. To determine if a constant level of reactivity would prevail, injections of gonadotropin were continued at regular intervals throughout the spring, summer and fall. The following report includes the results of this seasonal quantitative study. These results have been applied to a study of pregnancy tests done on patients in the Mary Hitchcock Memorial Hospital and the Hitchcock Clinic. Tests on this group of patients were selected for detailed study from the total series because they composed a uniform group in which follow-ups were reliable and the specimens received were satisfactory.
The Effectiveness of Various Pesticides against Resistant Two-Spotted Spider Mites on Greenhouse Roses

High-gallonage sprays were applied to greenhouse roses heavily infested with two-spotted spider mites ( Tetranychlls telarius (L.)) to determine the extent of resistance and what groups of compounds might afford practical control. The results indicate that resistance has developed to most of the materials previously used for mite control; these include Aramite® (2-( p-tert -butylphenoxy) isopropy! 2-chloroethyl-sulphite), chlorobenzilate, tetradifon, tepp, malathion, and schradan. There is also evidence that cross resistance has developed to numerous pesticides, for many that have not previously been used were nevertheless ineffective. It is apparent from this study that compounds unrelated to previously used acaricides are effective against these resistant mites. Binapacryl, Eradex® (2,3-quinoxalinedithiol cyclic trithiocarbonate), and Bayer 36205 (6-methyl-2,3-quinoxalinedithiol cyclic carbonate) can be placed in this category but cannot be used at effective dosages because of phytotoxicity on roses. Pentac (bis(pentachloro-2,4-cyclopentadien-5-yl), and Bidrin® (3-hydroxy- -N,N -dimethyl- cis -croton-amide dimethyl phosphate) represent two dissimilar materials that show promise for control of resistant mites on roses. Pentac, with its low mammalian toxicity and lack of phytotoxicity, has already proven to be a highly practical and effective control.
Imaging Fate of Stem Cells at a Cellular Resolution in the Brains of Mice

Transplantation of genetically engineered cells into the central nervous system (CNS) offers immense potential for the treatment of several neurological disorders. Monitoring expression levels of transgenes and following changes in cell function and distribution over time is critical in assessing therapeutic efficacy of such cells in vivo. We detail a unique method to visualize the fate of human neural stem cells (NSC) and tumor cells at a cellular resolution in glioma bearing brains in vivo by using intravital-scanning microscopy in real-time. The ability to monitor fate of stem cells in disease models enables studies aimed at evaluating the efficacy of their treatment for CNS disorders.
Caustic injuries to the esophagus in children.

Caustic ingestions can cause significant injury to the esophagus in children. This article details the agents responsible and the consequences of serious ingestions. An approach to the medical management of caustic injuries in children is discussed.
BLM Sagebrush Managers Give Feedback on Eight Climate Web Applications

AbstractSagebrush ecosystems have endured fragmentation and degradation from multiple disturbances. Climate change poses an additional threat that can exacerbate current stresses. Web-based climate applications can provide information to help land managers prepare for challenges. To develop useful and usable tools for land managers’ needs, the collaboration of scientist, web tool developer, and user is needed. Climate scientists and web tool developers at Conservation Biology Institute (CBI) worked with Oregon and Idaho Bureau of Land Management (BLM) sagebrush land managers assessing managers’ needs and defining criteria for useful and usable web-based climate applications. During phone interviews, land managers evaluated a series of climate-related web applications and provided insight on how future applications can best meet their needs. They identified climate variables associated with their management activities, such as the seasonality of precipitation and temperature. They provided feedback about w...
Understanding Boards of Directors: A Systems Perspective

In this essay my goal is to explore why, despite the tireless efforts of talented people, research on corporate governance has been slow and uneven, and where that research should turn to next to be most valuable to practitioners. My belief is that the most fruitful work thus far has recognized that corporate boards are dynamic social systems, has identified all the forces that shape those systems, and has acknowledged that boards should seek to represent a wide variety of stakeholders, not just shareholders. The best way for me to establish this argument is to trace the history of research on corporate boards and analyze the trends in that research, including the relative value of the types of data that researchers in this field have used. Ultimately, I identify what I consider to be the best path forward in studying these complex social systems. I have made a deliberate choice to focus primarily on research that reflects firsthand experience with boards rather than on research that utilizes data derived from questionnaires and other secondary sources. Not everyone will agree with my choices, but my hope is that my perspective will nonetheless provide some guidance for people working in this evolving field to understand the true complexity of corporate boards.
Consuming the Other and the Ethics of “Eating”: Dominant Desire in Tanuki Ichiban and the Mother of All Eating

This chapter considers the ethics involved in “eating,” considering the term in a broad sense as a negative iteration of desire referring to eating, sexuality, culture, and government corruption. The first half looks at Zinaid Meeran’s Tanuki Ichiban and considers the logics of consumption and biopolitical concerns operating in characters’ relationship with animals and with other humans. As in this chapter, Meeran’s novel features a scene of interspecies sexuality that invokes questions of species, race, ethics, and biopolitics. After briefly returning to the question of eating in The Whale Caller, a novel discussed in the previous chapter, it concludes with a discussion of corruption in Zakes Mda’s short play The Mother of All Eating.
The Structure of Matthew’s Antitheses in Light of Early Jewish, Christian and Rabbinic Sources:

In this article I seek to advance our understanding of the compositional logic behind the Matthean antitheses by arguing that the juxtaposition of themes underlying the last three antitheses parallels a related grouping of topics in the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Testament of Gad and rabbinic sources. I suggest that just as Mt. 5.33-48 links a discussion of oaths to a reworked interpretative tradition on Lev. 19.17-18, the Damascus Document, Testament of Gad and later rabbinic works juxtapose the topic of oaths and these biblical verses. Although the various sources employ divergent rationales for linking these topics, the persistent presence of a connection between them speaks to a shared tradition that may have informed the order and organization of the Matthean antitheses.
Rice Bodies and a Partial Flexor Tendon Rupture in a Patient with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Case: We present a case of rice-body formation and partial flexor tendon rupture in a 3-year-old child with seronegative juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), which presented as a painless soft-tissue mass of the volar aspect of the hand. The diagnosis was not confirmed until histologic examination. The patient was managed with a tenosynovectomy and oral medication; he made a full recovery. Conclusion: JIA is one of the most common rheumatologic conditions of childhood. Establishing the diagnosis can be challenging in very young children, particularly when clinical presentation is atypical and serology is negative. Surgical intervention may be warranted in the appropriately selected patient with JIA.
Long-Lived Charge Separation at Heterojunctions between Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Perylene Diimide Electron Acceptors

Nonfullerene electron acceptors have facilitated a recent surge in the efficiencies of organic solar cells, although fundamental studies of the nature of exciton dissociation at interfaces with nonfullerene electron acceptors are still relatively sparse. Semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWCNTs), unique one-dimensional electron donors with molecule-like absorption and highly mobile charges, provide a model system for studying interfacial exciton dissociation. Here, we investigate excited-state photodynamics at the heterojunction between (6,5) s-SWCNTs and two perylene diimide (PDI)-based electron acceptors. Each of the PDI-based acceptors, hPDI2-pyr-hPDI2 and Trip-hPDI2, is deposited onto (6,5) s-SWCNT films to form a heterojunction bilayer. Transient absorption measurements demonstrate that photoinduced hole/electron transfer occurs at the photoexcited bilayer interfaces, producing long-lived separated charges with lifetimes exceeding 1.0 μs. Both exciton dissociation and charge recombinat...
Chapter Eleven – Evaluation

This chapter explains why evaluation is a crucial step in delivering great game characters, and it provides tips for incorporating evaluation into the development process in reasonable and sustainable ways. The chapter also includes interviews with two forward-thinking game usability experts.
Migraine Pain Location and Measures of Healthcare Use and Distress: An Observational Study.

Introduction. Lateralized pain is a core diagnostic feature of migraine. In previous research, left-sided spinal pain was more frequent and associated with greater emotional distress and healthcare use than right-sided pain. We hypothesized therefore that patients with left-sided head pain might experience higher levels of distress or healthcare use than those with right-sided or bilateral pain. Methods. Medical record information was extracted for 477 randomly selected patients with migraine seen in 2011 in a tertiary headache clinic. This included demographic data, pain location, handedness, comorbid psychiatric diagnoses, medical and emergency department visits, and use of selected headache medications. Results and Discussion. Two hundred twenty-eight of four hundred seventy-seven (47.8%) patients reported lateralized pain, of which 107 (47.9%) patients were right sided compared with 65 (28.5%) left-sided patients ( ), while 56 (24.5%) reported unilateral pain with no side predominance. Contrary to expectations, with the exception of self-reported posttraumatic stress disorder, there were no statistically significant differences between left and right in measures of psychiatric distress, emergency department visits, or healthcare use. Conclusion. Although unilateral pain location can be helpful in making a migraine diagnosis, it does not appear to have additional clinical implications. Additionally, its absence does not rule out a diagnosis of migraine since more than half of migraineurs have bilateral head pain.
Data Talks: Obesity-Related Influences on US Mortality Rates

Background: In the US, obesity is an epidemiologic challenge and the population fails to comprehend this complex public health issue. To evaluate underlying obesity-impact patterns on mortality rates, we data-mined the 1999-2016 Center for Disease Control WONDER database’s vital records. Methods: Adopting SAS programming, we scrutinized the mortality and population counts. Using ICD-10 diagnosis codes connected to overweight and obesity, we obtained the obesity-related crude and age-adjusted causes of death. To understand divergent and prevalence trends we compared and contrasted the tabulated obesity-influenced mortality rates with demographic information, gender, and age-related data. Key Results: From 1999 to 2016, the obesity-related age-adjusted mortality rates increased by 142%. The ICD-10 overweight and obesity-related death-certificate coding showed clear evidence that obesity factored in the male age-adjusted mortality rate increment to 173% and the corresponding female rate to 117%. It also disproportionately affected the nation-wide minority population death rates. Furthermore, excess weight distributions are coded as contributing features in the crude death rates for all decennial age-groups. Conclusions: The 1999-2016 data from ICD-10 death certificate coding for obesity-related conditions indicate that it is affecting all segments of the US population.
Conducting Measurement Validation with Experimental Data: Cautions and Recommendations

In this paper, the authors highlight several problems associated with conducting measurement validation using pooled experimental data. Beginning with a simple two-variable data set, the authors illustrate that pooling data can bias correlation and alpha coefficients, even when the data exhibit homogeneous covariance structures across treatment cells. They then introduce a data set that includes multiple measures for three latent constructs and extend the examination to include the effect of pooling bias on exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Three alternative approaches to conducting measurement validation that control for pooling bias are examined.
Simulating Wave Propagation in SHPB with Peridynamics

Split Hopkinson’s pressure bar (SHPB) is commonly used for characterizing materials at high strain rates. In obtaining an admissible stress–strain curve at a specific strain rate, force equilibrium through the specimen is required. Due to the blunt collision between the striker bar and the incidence bar in SHPB, a strain wave with a blunt wave front is usually obtained in SHPB test. Unfortunately, the blunt wave front can damage the specimen prematurely, resulting in an inconclusive test. Hence, a gradual loading ramp, such as that commonly practiced in quasi-static characterizations is preferred. In order to achieve a gradual loading fashion, a shaper made of a softer material should be placed in between the striker bar and the incidence bar. The selection of the shaper material and its dimension and thickness, however, is not trivial. Numerous trial-and-errors are usually required. This study presents the simulation of wave propagation in SHPB based on peridynamics. In addition to striker bar, incidence bar and transmission bar, the one-dimensional peridynamic simulation can also accommodate a shaper. Hence, it can be used for shaper design.
Performance Evaluation of State Estimators for Airborne Target Tracking Using Multi Sensor Data Fusion

The main function of range sensory systems under a given dynamic environment is to detect, discriminate and track a particular target for surveillance in case of a friendly target or an enemy target interception. The combination of two or more sensors will provide better position estimate than a single sensor. In this paper, the advantages of the multi sensor data fusion is presented and compared over conventional single sensor tracking. The state estimation techniques are utilized to enhance position accuracy in a single and multi-sensor environment. The performance of each state estimator is evaluated by considering different target motions along with their nonlinear characteristics. The state estimators presented here varies from simple linear filters such as fixed gain and Kalman filters to complex nonlinear filters such as Particle filter. Two widely used Extended Kalman filter based fusion architectures such as measurement fusion and state vector fusion are explored. The data is simulated from two ground based sensors RADAR and FLIR (forward looking infra red) to examine the fusion process. The RMS error is computed in range, azimuth, and elevation angles. A complete mathematical modeling and simulation is implemented in MATLAB. It is found that fusion architectures have demonstrated better performance in tracking accuracy.
A Novel Modular Headmount Design for non-invasive Scalp EEG Recordings in Awake Animal Models*

We have designed and developed a novel, noninvasive modular headmount to be used for awake animal scalp electroencephalography (EEG). The design is based on a developing rat that will accommodate rapid head growth. Desired characteristics include non-invasiveness, adjustable quantity and positioning, light weight, and tolerability by the animal. Axial Dependent Modular Electrode Mount (ADMEM), as designed here, addresses the aforementioned constraints by using light-weight and adjustable materials. The initial prototype of ADMEM has been tested in vivo with rat pups, using the open field test to assess for stress and anxiety at two post-installation time-points: one day after ADMEM installation (acute time-point) and four days after ADMEM installation (sub-acute time-point). There was no significant difference in normal developmental weight gain between Control and ADMEM rat groups. Although no significant difference was found in the level of anxiety between groups at the acute time-point, the ADMEM group spent significantly less time in the center of the open field test, suggesting higher anxiety. The test also showed no difference in the measured traveled distances between Control and ADMEM groups on either time-points.
Perceived Brand Luckiness: Scale Development and Validation: An Abstract

Luck-related concepts such as luck, belief in luck, beliefs about luck, personal luck, and luck beliefs along with their impacts have been widely researched by psychologists and personality researchers (Langer 1975; Presson and Benassi 1996; Andre 2006; Bridgstock et al. 2011; Maltby et al. 2008; Young et al. 2009; Thompson and Predergast 2013; Darke and Freedman 1997; Wohl and Enzle 2002; Wohl et al. 2011). However, individual’s luck-related beliefs and their impacts on consumer preferences and decision-making have received little attention. The lack of investigation regarding luck-related beliefs is more surprising given their significant influences in the discipline (Kramer and Block 2008). Consumers interact with thousands of products and brands in their lives and tend to associate products and brands with the outcomes of certain events on a day-to-day basis (Hamerman and Johar 2013).
Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of CF3AuCNR Precursors for Focused Electron Beam-Induced Deposition of Gold.

The Au(I) complexes CF3AuCNMe (1a) and CF3AuCNtBu (1b) were investigated as Au(I) precursors for focused electron beam-induced deposition (FEBID) of metallic gold. Both 1a and 1b are sufficiently volatile for sublimation at 125 ± 1 mTorr in the temperature range of roughly 40–50 °C. Electron impact mass spectra of 1a–b show gold-containing ions resulting from fragmenting the CF3 group and the CNR ligand, whereas in negative chemical ionization of 1a–b, the major fragment results from dealkylation of the CNR ligand. Steady-state depositions from 1a in an Auger spectrometer produce deposits with a similar gold content to the commercial precursor Me2Au(acac) (3) deposited under the same conditions, while the gold content from 1b is less. These results enable us to suggest the likely fate of the CF3 and CNR ligands during FEBID.
The opioid crisis: Origins, trends, policies, and the roles of pharmacists.

Purpose The purpose of this review is to (1) provide information concerning the opioid crisis including origins, trends, and some important related laws/policies; and (2) summarize the current involvement and impact of pharmacists in helping to address the crisis, as well as examine practices in other healthcare disciplines from which pharmacists might derive guidance and strategies. Summary Contributors to the opioid crisis included campaigns to treat pain as a fifth vital sign and to use opioids in treatment of non-cancer-related pain, as well as aggressive marketing of opioid analgesics by pharmaceutical companies. To address the crisis, numerous strategies have been implemented at the policy/legislative, health-system, and patient levels, such as prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs), increased regulation of pain clinics, and expanded use of naloxone. Pharmacists have a critical role to play in interventions to address opioid misuse and reduce harm resulting from misuse. Such interventions include patient screening and risk stratification, patient and community education and outreach concerning appropriate pain management, medication reviews/medication therapy management, education on safe storage and disposal, distribution of naloxone/opioid rescue kits and training on their proper use, and referral of patients to addiction treatment, among other strategies. Conclusion Pharmacists have multiple, complex roles in addressing the opioid crisis. Outcomes of several studies provide substantial evidence that pharmacists can make an impact through appropriate pain management, use of PDMPs, opioid overdose prevention training, and medication reviews and counseling, among other interventions.
Generation of 17 Fs Pulses Form a Mamyshev Oscillator with Intra-Cavity Photonic Crystal Fiber

A few cycle pulses $(\sim 5$ cycles) with broad spectrum $(\sim 400$ nm) are generated from a Mamyshev oscillator. Such a broad spectrum can be stabilized in the cavity by a self-similar attractor in the gain fiber. © 2019 The Author(s)
Más allá de "identidad"

La hipotesis de este articulo es que las ciencias sociales y humanas se han rendido a la palabra "identidad"; que esto tiene costos tanto intelectuales como politicos; y que es posible mejorar. "Identidad" tiende a significar demasiado (cuando se entiende en un sentido fuerte), demasiado poco (cuando se entiende en un sentido debil) o nada (por su total ambiguedad). Los autores realizan el raconto de la labor conceptual y teorica que se supone que "identidad" debe hacer y sugieren que este trabajo podria hacerse mejor en otros terminos, menos ambiguos, y menos sobrecargados por las connotaciones reificadas de "identidad".
Assessment of Best Practices for Mitigation of Rapid Voltage Change due to Transformer Inrush

The penetration of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) on the power system has come with its own set of problems, especially in the power quality domain. As DERs continue to be integrated at the transmission and sub-transmission voltage level, power quality engineers are faced with the unique situation of having to regulate a source of generation rather than a load. One of the important outcomes of such integration has been the concern about increase in cases of rapid voltage change (RVC). While there is evidence to indicate that DERs themselves do not contribute much to voltage fluctuations in the power grid, there have been recorded instances where the energization of transformers used to integrate DERs to the grid has led to an RVC event. This paper presents the current status of research on RVCs, particularly in terms of regulation, and then outlines the various methods and strategies that can be used to counter the problem of RVC that results from energization of transformers on the utility grid. A case study from an RVC event caused by transformer energization is presented and then used as a baseline, to study the effect of various mitigation techniques, using EMTP simulations. Various techniques have been contrasted and compared in terms of cost and effectiveness. The paper finally closes with a discussion of the future avenues and expected work with regards to Power Quality in this field.
Exploring the Stability of Communication Network Metrics in a Dynamic Nursing Context.

Abstract Network stability is of increasing interest to researchers as they try to understand the dynamic processes by which social networks form and evolve. Because hospital patient care units (PCUs) need flexibility to adapt to environmental changes ( Vardaman et al., 2012 ), their networks are unlikely to be uniformly stable and will evolve over time. This study aimed to identify a metric (or set of metrics) sufficiently stable to apply to PCU staff information sharing and advice seeking communication networks over time. Using Coefficient of Variation, we assessed both Across Time Stability (ATS) and Global Stability over four data collection times (Baseline and 1, 4, and 7 months later). When metrics were stable using both methods, we considered them “super stable.” Nine metrics met that criterion (Node Set Size, Average Distance, Clustering Coefficient, Density, Weighted Density, Diffusion, Total Degree Centrality, Betweenness Centrality, and Eigenvector Centrality). Unstable metrics included Hierarchy, Fragmentation, Isolate Count, and Clique Count. We also examined the effect of staff members’ confidence in the information obtained from other staff members. When confidence was high, the “super stable” metrics remained “super stable,” but when low, none of the “super stable” metrics persisted as “super stable.” Our results suggest that nursing units represent what Barker (1968) termed dynamic behavior settings in which, as is typical, multiple nursing staff must constantly adjust to various circumstances, primarily through communication (e.g., discussing patient care or requesting advice on providing patient care), to preserve the functional integrity (i.e., ability to meet patient care goals) of the units, thus producing the observed stability over time of nine network metrics. The observed metric stability provides support for using network analysis to study communication patterns in dynamic behavior settings such as PCUs.
3D Multiscale Unconditionally Stable Time-Domain Modeling of Nonlinear RF Thin Film Magnetic Devices

An unconditionally stable three-dimensional (3D) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm has been proposed to solve simultaneously Maxwell’s equations and the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) equation with full nonlinear effects. The proposed algorithm can predict the dynamic interaction between magnetic spins and EM fields. The accuracy of the modeling has been validated by 1. Small signal simulation of a linear ferrite isolator and 2. Large signal simulation of the dispersive permeability of a continuous ferrite film. The simulations agree with the theoretical and experimental predictions, under both linear and nonlinear circumstances. Specifically, the algorithm has fully revealed that sufficiently large RF power can decrease the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) frequency and suppress the permeability.
Response to Comment on: Hernandez et al. Patterns of Glycemia in Normal Pregnancy: Should the Current Therapeutic Targets Be Challenged? Diabetes Care 2011;34:1660–1668

We appreciate Ryan's (1) thoughtful comments. The intent of our pooled analysis was to describe a normal pattern of glycemia in nonobese pregnant women according to the published data (2). We demonstrated that, similar to the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes (HAPO) study (3), glucose concentrations in normal pregnancy are lower than were previously appreciated. If the treatment goal for pregnancies affected by diabetes is to mimic patterns of glycemia in normal pregnancy, then a contemporary understanding of normo- or euglycemia is warranted. On the basis of our review, we suggested that prospective trials test whether 1- and 2-h postprandial (PP) targets of <122 and <110 mg/dL can attenuate incidence of fetal macrosomia and large-for-gestational-age (LGA) …
In situ structure determination at nanometer resolution using TYGRESS.

The resolution of subtomogram averages calculated from cryo-electron tomograms (cryo-ET) of crowded cellular environments is often limited owing to signal loss in, and misalignment of, the subtomograms. By contrast, single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (SP-cryo-EM) routinely reaches near-atomic resolution of isolated complexes. We report a method called ‘tomography-guided 3D reconstruction of subcellular structures’ (TYGRESS) that is a hybrid of cryo-ET and SP-cryo-EM, and is able to achieve close-to-nanometer resolution of complexes inside crowded cellular environments. TYGRESS combines the advantages of SP-cryo-EM (images with good signal-to-noise ratio and contrast, as well as minimal radiation damage) and subtomogram averaging (three-dimensional alignment of macromolecules in a complex sample). Using TYGRESS, we determined the structure of the intact ciliary axoneme with up to resolution of 12 A. These results reveal many structural details that were not visible by cryo-ET alone. TYGRESS is generally applicable to cellular complexes that are amenable to subtomogram averaging. The unique advantages of single-particle cryo-electron microscopy and cryo-electron tomography are combined in a method called TYGRESS, here applied to determine the structure of the intact ciliary axoneme at a resolution of 12 A.
Diffusion barrier properties of electroless Ni for electroless Cu using Cu plating employing hypophosphite as a reducing agent

A series of experiments have been conducted into the feasibility of a copper interconnection manufacturing scheme in which a nickel layer is employed as the patterning guide and the cushion to subsequent electroless copper deposition. It was found that with nickel as mediator and sodium hypophosphite as the reducing agent, the copper layer can be selectively deposited on Si wafers by an electroless plating process, which saves the conventional dry etching process to pattern the copper layer. Diagnostics on such copper interconnections, using Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), all indicated no diffusion of the deposited copper into the underlying nickel layer after going through 350 °C, one hour heat treatment. © 1998 Kluwer Academic Publishers
Study on Capacitive Leakage Error of Current Transformer in Distribution Network: Theory and Testing

Although there are several existing methods to test the capacitive leakage error of high voltage current transformer, these methods exert weak consistency on the testing results. The most usual one is the absolute value method recommended by standards of IEC. However, the method is not the real error, and whose results are far from working conditions. This paper studies the parameters which can influence the capacitive leakage error performance of high voltage current transformer in theoretical — an improved test method of amplitude and phase of leakage current. The experiment is conducted in compared new method with apply voltage and current method in different conditions. Finally, the effectiveness and consistency of new method are validated.
Stressful Life Events Among New Mothers in Georgia: Variation by Race, Ethnicity and Nativity.

Prior research has identified psychosocial stress as a risk factor for adverse maternal and infant outcomes for non-Hispanic Black and White women. However, whether psychosocial stress differs in its profile and association with preterm birth across diverse racial–ethnic–nativity groups in the Southeast remains unexamined. Both foreign-born and Hispanic women represent important proportions of new mothers in many Southeastern states. The objective of this paper is to describe the prevalence of categories of prenatal life events among Georgia mothers, the variation across race, ethnicity and nativity, and the association of prenatal stress with prevalence of preterm birth. We calculated racial–ethnic–nativity specific prevalence of stress categories (emotional/traumatic, financial, or partner-related) with data from the 2012 to 2015 Georgia PRAMS. Maternal race, ethnicity, and nativity were reported on birth certificates. We used logistic regression to examine the association of different categories of stress with preterm birth. We conducted a bias analysis to estimate the potential impact of recall bias on observed associations. The sample was 20.2% foreign born overall, 15.5% non-Hispanic White, 45.7% non-Hispanic Black, 32.3% Hispanic, and 6.5% non-Hispanic other. The prevalence of specific stressors varied by race–ethnicity–nativity. Women who experienced financial stress had a slightly elevated prevalence of preterm birth (prevalence ratio: 1.32 (0.97–1.79)). Prenatal and preconception stress were common among women who gave birth between 2012 and 2015 in Georgia and may have implications for preterm and postpartum maternal mental health.
Cost-effectiveness of polysomnography in the management of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea

Abstract Objectives At our institution, younger children require polysomnography (PSG) testing to confirm obstructive sleep apnea (OSA hereafter) before surgical intervention by adenotonsillectomy (T&A). Given that sleep studies can be costly, we investigated the cost-effectiveness of PSG as well as the possible role for symptom documentation in evaluation for T&A. Methods Pediatric patients age 1–3 years who received PSG testing between Jan. 2015 and Jan. 2016 who had not previously had T&A were identified for retrospective cost analysis. Cost data were obtained from institutional accountants. We defined a positive PSG as obstructive apnea-hypopnea index ≥1. Logistic regression analysis was used, and statistical significance was set a priori at p Results Of the 176 children who received polysomnography testing, 140 (80%) had a positive PSG indicative of OSA. Seventy-one (51%) children with OSA underwent T&A within 1 year of PSG, and 10 (7%) eventually received T&A after 1 year from PSG date. Of the children whose PSG results were negative (n = 36), 14 (39%) still underwent T&A within 1 year (n = 7, 19%) or later (n = 7, 19%). Children with positive sleep studies were significantly more likely to receive T&A within one year of PSG (p = 0.0006) and at any time after PSG (p = 0.04). Hospital costs for T&A varied widely while PSG costs were fairly consistent. Using average institutional costs of T&A and PSG, the total cost of a T&A was 17.7× the cost of PSG testing. Using number of recorded symptoms to diagnose OSA instead of PSG testing yielded low specificities. Conclusion Fifty-eight percent of patients with OSA and 39% of patients without OSA had a T&A within 1 year or later, although positive PSG was significantly associated with a higher likelihood of receiving T&A. Given costs at this institution and current decision-making practices, 147 PSGs would need to be done to account for the cost of one T&A, which in our cohort would occur after approximately 305 days.
The preservation of loyalty halo effects: An investigation of the post-product-recall behavior of loyal customers

Abstract This study examines the post-product-recall behaviors of previously loyal customers. Specifically, the study examines whether they stay with a product or leave it, and if they do stay, then how long they delay resumption of their regular purchase cycle. The investigation examines three types of influences on post-recall behavior: first, the behavioral characteristics of customers, including their levels of product loyalty and their strength of shopping habits; second, the use of post-recall promotions and loyal customers’ promotion sensitivity; and third, the recall characteristics, including its seriousness and its public announcement. Using 20,342 point-of-sale grocery scanner transactions by 1919 rewards card members, we found that loyal customers tended to stay with affected products while delaying repurchases of these products. Customers with strong shopping habits may leave the product but do not delay repurchases if they stay. The findings also suggest the differential effects of price promotions and non-price promotions on repurchase behaviors.
Physical literacy in children and adolescents: Definitions, assessments, and interventions:

Physical literacy has become a focus in school physical education and youth sports programs. Despite the global attention, physical literacy remains an elusive concept in regards to its definition,...
G119(P) The preterm quality of care (PQOC) group: using qi initiatives to improve patient care

Aim To continuously improve outcomes for preterm babies using the QI approach. Method The PQoC group is a team of neonatal doctors, ANNPs and nurses who audit the care of inborn babies less than 30 weeks gestation. The audit assesses multiple aspects of care, including: Frequency and indication for intubations Frequency and length of time for delayed cord clamping. Time for umbilical line placement, colostrum administration, and parent updates. The team presents the results through multiple forums including biannual ‘Awareness days’ which are a fun way to update and educate staff using presentations, competitions, simulations and bite-sized teaching. They are a platform for launching new initiatives and equipment and are accompanied by social media updates and emails for staff unable to attend. In December 2018 the PQoC group produced a lanyard card to help staff deliver more consistent care pre, during and post delivery. In October 2019, we have launched a re-useable ‘Checklist’ to be used at delivery with the aim to improve documentation and adherence to the guideline. If the guideline was not adhered to or documentation is incomplete, the care will be discussed with the team involved. Results The lanyard card was received very positively. 69% of colleagues reported that the lanyard card had changed the care they had provided to a preterm admission. In particular, the medical staff commented on how useful it is to have a prompt card to brief the team pre delivery and use for teaching. The nursing team reported feeling more confident at setting up the bedspace and getting umbilical lines ready. There was an improvement seen in the percentage of babies who received delayed cord clamping from 38% to 55% and the average time from 45 to 53 seconds. However, there were not significant improvements in other audited areas. We are awaiting results from the introduction of the ‘Checklist’. Conclusion The PQoC group are very passionate about providing preterm babies with optimal care from birth. We continuously strive to improve care through creating and evaluating different initiatives.
Maternal Harsh Parenting, SES, and Young Children’s Sleep

There is a need to better understand the influence of daytime parenting behaviors on children’s sleep. We investigated relations between maternal harsh parenting and young children’s sleep and consistent with health disparities and cumulative risk perspectives, socioeconomic status was considered as a moderator of these associations. Participants were 172 mothers of children between the ages of 2 and 5 years (mean age of children was 3.30 years) from diverse ethnic (47% of children were White/European American, 24% were Hispanic/Latino, 29% reported other ethnicities) and socioeconomic backgrounds. Mothers reported on children’s sleep/wake problems (insufficient sleep duration, night wakings, daytime sleepiness) and their own harsh parenting behaviors. After controlling for several covariates, more maternal harsh parenting was related to greater daytime sleepiness among children. Associations between maternal harsh parenting and insufficient sleep duration and night wakings were significant for children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. Results add to the growing literature that has considered children’s sleep in the family context and highlight the importance of contemporaneous considerations of the parenting and socioeconomic contexts.
A retrospective observational study of benign anthracotic lymphadenitis and its association with PET avid lymph nodes in patients undergoing cancer evaluation

Background Accurate staging of newly diagnosed or recurrent malignancy is essential for effective treatment. An important first step in staging involves the use of PET/CT to identify areas of FDG avidity. PET/CT however has limitations, including false positive FDG uptake from benign causes. In this paper we characterize an uncommon yet clinically important cause of false positive PET/CTs, that of benign anthracotic lymphadenitis (BAL). We examine the clinical, radiographic and histologic characteristics of BAL in patients referred for endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) guided biopsies and discuss its context in relation to existing literature. Methods We performed a retrospective observational case series of 20 patients who were referred for EBUS guided biopsies of PET positive mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes during the work-up or treatment of suspected malignancy. Results To be included, all patients received PET imaging as well as an EBUS guided biopsy of FDG avid lymph nodes which demonstrated anthracotic pigment as the only histologic abnormality. The key findings were that 90% of patients in this cohort were born outside of the US, 90% had bilateral FDG avid lymph nodes with an average standardized uptake value (SUV) of 7.9±2.2. Most patients, based on their history, had a likely exposure to biomass fuel or urban pollution. Conclusions BAL may be an underrecognized cause for PET positive lymph nodes in patients undergoing work-up for malignancy. These findings support the importance of sampling mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes even when SUVs are highly suggestive of malignancy.
Reactions of benzyltriphenylphosphonium salts under photoredox catalysis.

The development of benzyltriphenylphosphonium salts as alkyl radical precursors using photoredox catalysis is described. Depending on substituents, the benzylic radicals may couple to form C–C bonds or abstract a hydrogen atom to form C–H bonds. A natural product, brittonin A, was also synthesized using this method.
Health costs of women with chronic overlapping pain conditions by opioid and complementary and integrative health use.

OBJECTIVE To estimate differences in average annual health care expenditures of adult women with chronic overlapping pain conditions (COPCs) by pain treatment modality as follows: (1) no long-term opioid or complementary and integrative health (CIH) use; (2) CIH only use; (3) long-term opioid only use; and (4) long-term opioid and CIH use. DATA SOURCE Cross-sectional Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data (2012-2016). STUDY DESIGN We estimated differences between average annual expenditures of adult women with COPCs by their use of long-term opioids and CIH modalities. Generalized linear regression with a log link function was used to estimate adjusted marginal effects in annual expenditures. The distribution family was chosen based on Modified Park Tests. We controlled for pain severity, patient demographic characteristics, physical limitations, comorbidities, mental health, insurance status, physical therapy use, and census region. We also employed propensity-score based marginal mean weighting through stratification to balance our treatment groups on observed covariates. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS We identified adult women (>17 years) with one or more self-reported COPC using 3-digit International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9/10-Clinical Modification (CM) codes (N = 9169) and categorized their use of CIH and long-term opioids. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Compared to women without long-term opioid or CIH use, CIH only use was significantly associated with lower inpatient expenditures (-$947 [-$1699, -$196]; p-value < 0.01), higher office-based expenditures ($1345 [$944, $1746]; p-value < 0.001), and higher patient out-of-pocket expenditures ($628 [$409, $848]; p-value < 0.001). Long-term opioid use, alone or in combination with CIH, was significantly associated with higher expenditures (p-value < 0.05) in total and across all utilization categories compared to women without any long-term opioid or CIH use. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that CIH treatment approaches for chronic pain have the potential to be utilized without increasing overall costs. Future research should further examine the role of CIH modalities in achieving cost-effective pain management that reduces avoidable opioid use.