cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrophoresis of DNA in Oriented Agarose Gels

Oriented agarose gels were prepared by applying an electric field to molten agarose while it was solidifying. Immediately afterwards, DNA samples were applied to the gel and electrophoresed in a constant unidirectional electric field. Regardless of whether the orienting field was applied parallel or perpendicular to the eventual direction of electrophoresis, the mobilities of linear and supercoiled DNA molecules were either faster (80% of the time) or slower (20% of the time) than observed in control, unoriented gels run simultaneously. The difference in mobility in the oriented gel (whether faster or slower) usually increased with increasing DNA molecular weight and increasing voltage applied to orient the agarose matrix. In perpendicularly oriented gels linear DNA fragments traveled in lanes skewed toward the side of the gel; supercoiled DNA molecules traveled in straight lanes. If the orienting voltage was applied parallel to the direction of electrophoresis, both linear and supercoiled DNA molecules migrated in straight lanes. These effects were observed in gels cast from different types of agarose, using various agarose concentrations and two different running buffers, and were observed both with and without ethidium bromide incorporated in the gel. Similar results were observed if the agarose was allowed to solidify first, and the orienting electric field was then applied to the gel for several hours before the DNA samples were added and electrophoresed. The results suggest that the agarose matrix can be oriented by electric fields applied to the gel before and probably during electrophoresis, and that orientation of the matrix affects the mobility and direction of migration of DNA molecules. The skewed lanes observed in the perpendicularly oriented gels suggest that pores or channels can be created in the matrix by application of an electric field. The oriented matrix becomes randomized with time, because DNA fragments in oriented and unoriented gels migrated in straight lanes with identical velocities 24 hours later.
The Electronic Cataloging in Publication Cataloging Partnership Program: A Model for Cooperative Cataloging for the Twenty-First Century

The Library of Congress’ Cataloging in Publication (CIP) Program has been in existence for forty years. During this time, the CIP Program has moved from a model where the Library of Congress created all pre-publication metadata for publishers to a partnership where other libraries share in the creation of metadata. This article documents the evolution of the Electronic Cataloging in Publication (ECIP) Cataloging Partnership Program. The ECIP Cataloging Partnership Program can be used as a model to leverage limited resources across libraries to the benefit of library users nationwide.
Nornicotine, a nicotine metabolite and tobacco alkaloid: desensitization of nicotinic receptor-stimulated dopamine release from rat striatum.

Nornicotine, a major tobacco alkaloid and nicotine metabolite, accumulates in rat brain in pharmacologically relevant concentrations following repeated nicotine administration. Nornicotine-evoked striatal dopamine release is Ca2+-dependent, stereoselective and sensitive to nicotinic receptor antagonists, indicating nicotinic receptor-mediation. The present study determined if S-(−)-nornicotine desensitizes nicotinic receptors and if cross-desensitization to S-(−)-nicotine occurs. S-(−)-Nicotine (10 and 100 nM) diminished [3H]overflow from [3H]dopamine-preloaded rat striatal slices following subsequent superfusion with 10 μM S-(−)-nicotine (46% and 74%, respectively) or 10 μM S-(−)-nornicotine (59% and 81%, respectively). S-(−)-Nornicotine (1 and 10 μM) diminished the response to subsequent superfusion with 10 μM S-(−)-nornicotine (85% and 97%, respectively) or 10 μM S-(−)-nicotine (82% and 88%, respectively). Thus, similar to S-(−)-nicotine, S-(−)-nornicotine desensitizes nicotinic receptors, but with ∼12-fold lower potency. Cross-desensitization suggests involvement of common nicotinic receptor subtypes. Therefore, S-(−)-nicotine metabolites, such as nornicotine, have neuropharmacologically relevant effects.
Mechanisms of Gas Permeation through Single Layer Graphene Membranes

Graphene has enormous potential as a unique molecular barrier material with atomic layer thickness, enabling new types of membranes for separation and manipulation. However, the conventional analysis of diffusive transport through a membrane fails in the case of single layer graphene (SLG) and other 2D atomically thin membranes. In this work, analytical expressions are derived for gas permeation through such atomically thin membranes in various limits of gas diffusion, surface adsorption, or pore translocation as the rate-limiting step. Gas permeation can proceed via direct gas-phase interaction with the pore, or interaction via the adsorbed phase on the membrane exterior surface. A series of van der Waals force fields allows for the estimation of the energy barriers present for various types of graphene nanopores. These analytical models will assist in the understanding of molecular dynamics and experimental studies of such membranes.
MIXING DIFFERENT RANDOM DEPOSITIONS IN NONEQUILIBRIUM SURFACE GROWTH MODELS

An exact solution is presented for mixing two or more different types of Random Deposition (RD) nonequilibrium surface growth processes. The depositions may be made in a sequential mode, or in a random mode by first randomly choosing the lattice site for deposition. The results hold in all dimensions d. Simulations are presented in d = 1 for comparison. Furthermore, a mean-field type of approach to mixing RD with other surface growth processes is tested against the exact solution.
HISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF KETOSTEROIDS IN ADRENAL CORTICAL TUMORS WITH OR WITHOUT AN ASSOCIATED CUSHING’S SYNDROME1

AHISTOCHEMICAL method for demonstrating carbonyl groups in frozen sections of formalin-fixed tissue by the formation of a blue azo dye in reactive sites has been described (Seligman and Ashbel, 1949; Ashbel and Seligman, 1949, and Seligman, Friedman and Herz 1949). This method also demonstrates carbonyl groups in a poorly soluble proteolipid- like substance in myelin (Ashbel and Seligman 1949, Seligman and Ashbel 1951). Lipoids with active carbonyl groups were stained in various endocrine tissues (Ashbel and Seligman 1949), in virilizing tumors of the human adrenal cortex (Seligman and Ashbel 1951a) and in interstitial and Sertoli cell tumors of the dog’s testis (Ashbel, Cohen, and Seligman 1951). Evidence was presented for considering the carbonyl groups in the lipoid of these tumors to be ketonic rather than aldehydic and all the evidence in favor of the thesis that ketosteroids are responsible for the staining reaction has been summarized (Ashbel, Cohen and Seligman 1951). The reaction is by no means s...
Simulation of Three-Dimensional Dusty Plasmas

The structure and dynamics of dust particles in a 3-D dusty plasma is characterized using a Langevin molecular dynamics simulation with a Yukawa potential. Conditions are set appropriate for a liquid-like strongly coupled plasma. The positions of dust particles are shown in an image. The thermal motion of particles is decomposed into the longitudinal wave spectrum, showing a distinctive dispersion relation.
Textbank: text searching and retrieval

Textbank is a full‐text retrieval package that makes use of the structure inherent in most text files. It offers powerful, rapid searching capabilities and is very easy to use. Results of searches can be sorted, stored, printed, temporarily hidden or permanently deleted. Existing machine‐readable text can be converted into a Textbank database by letting the package do automatic indexing. Organisations that have large procedure manuals, litigation support files and other text collections will find Textbank an excellent vehicle for providing access to their information.
Mesoscale modeling of Central American smoke transport to the United States: 2. Smoke radiative impact on regional surface energy budget and boundary layer evolution

[1] During 20 April to 21 May 2003, large amounts of smoke aerosols from Central American Biomass Burning (CABB) fires were transported to southeastern United States. Using a coupled aerosol, radiation, and meteorology model built upon the heritage of the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) with new capabilities called the Assimilation and Radiation Online Modeling of Aerosols (AROMA), this paper, the second of a two-part series, investigates smoke radiative impact on the regional surface energy budget, temperature and relevant boundary layer processes. Comparisons with limited ground-based observations and MODIS aerosol optical thickness (AOT) showed that model consistently simulated the smoke AOT and smoke radiative impacts on the 2 m air temperature (2mT) and downward shortwave irradiance (DSWI). Over 30 days the 24-hour mean smoke AOT was 0.18 (at 0.55 μm) near the smoke source region (Yucatan Peninsula and southern Mexico), and 0.09 in downwind region (e.g., southern Texas), both showing a diurnal variation of 24%. Maximum AOT occurred during late afternoon and minimum during early morning in smoke source region. The smoke radiative effects were dominant mostly during the daytime and resulted in the decrease of DSWI, sensible heat and latent heat by 22.5 Wm−2, 6.2 Wm−2, and 6.2 Wm−2, respectively, near the source region, in contrast to 15.8 Wm−2, 4.7 Wm−2, and 7.9 Wm−2, respectively, in downwind regions. Both maximum and minimum 2mT were decreased, and the overall diurnal temperature range (DTR) was reduced by 0.31°C and 0.26°C in the smoke source and downwind regions, respectively. The smoke absorption of solar radiation increased the lapse rate by 0.1–0.5 K/day in the planetary boundary layer (PBL), thus warming the air over the ocean surface. However, over the land surface where the coupling between the lower PBL and the cooler land surface is strong, such warming only occurred in the upper PBL and is amendable to the diurnal variation of smoke emission. The simulation numerically verifies the smoke self-trapping feedback mechanism proposed by Robock (1988), where the increase of the atmospheric stability in the PBL caused by the smoke radiative effects further traps more smoke aerosols in the lower PBL. Such feedbacks, when coupled with favorable synoptic systems, may have important implications for air quality modeling and hydrological processes.
Ultradian oscillations of leptin secretion in humans.

We have recently demonstrated the nocturnal increase in leptin secretion in humans. In the present study we have examined the pulsatile pattern of leptin secretion using two different experimental protocols. The first protocol utilized blood samples withdrawn at 30 minute intervals immediately after meals, at 1 hour intervals between meals, and at 2 hour intervals during the night from 4 lean, 11 obese, and 5 obese NIDDM subjects. Analysis of circulating leptin levels by ULTRA algorithmic program and using matched intra-assay coefficient of variations demonstrated 1 to 7 ultradian oscillations with a mean of 3.25 +/- 0.36 (SEM) pulses per 24 hour period (period: 10.0 +/- 1.5 hours; mean relative amplitude: 0.52 +/- 0.06, n = 20). Significant positive correlations were observed for changes in absolute amplitude with body mass index (p < 0.025) and fasting leptin levels (< 0.0001). In the second series of experiments utilizing 15 minute blood sampling from 10 overnight fasted obese subjects (BMI 35.9 +/- 2.0 kg/m2), ultradian oscillations for leptin were more frequent, i.e., 2 to 7 oscillations (4.20 +/- 0.59), over a 12 hour duration (period: 3.44 +/- 0.49; mean relative amplitude: 0.28 +/- 0.03). The number of oscillations over a 12 hour period correlated significantly with BMI (p < 0.001), fasting leptin levels (p < 0.01), and absolute amplitude (p < 0.005) in a 15 minute sampling protocol. In summary, similar to other hormones, ultradian oscillations of leptin are observed in humans, although the physiological significance in relation to obesity or feeding behavior is not yet understood.
The resilience of gesture in talk: gesture in blind speakers and listeners

Spontaneous gesture frequently accompanies speech. The question is why. In these studies, we tested two non-mutually exclusive possibilities. First, speakers may gesture simply because they see others gesture and learn from this model to move their hands as they talk. We tested this hypothesis by examining spontaneous communication in congenitally blind children and adolescents. Second, speakers may gesture because they recognize that gestures can be useful to the listener. We tested this hypothesis by examining whether speakers gesture even when communicating with a blind listener who is unable to profit from the information that the hands convey. We found that congenitally blind speakers, who had never seen gestures, nevertheless gestured as they spoke, conveying the same information and producing the same range of gesture forms as sighted speakers. Moreover, blind speakers gestured even when interacting with another blind individual who could not have benefited from the information contained in those gestures. These findings underscore the robustness of gesture in talk and suggest that the gestures that co-occur with speech may serve a function for the speaker as well as for the listener.
Development and evaluation of a thermal display for material identification and discrimination

The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a thermal display that assists in object identification in virtual environments by simulating the thermal cues associated with making contact with materials with different thermal properties. The thermal display was developed based on a semi-infinite body model. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the display. The first experiment compared the ability of subjects' to identify various materials, which were presented physically or simulated with the thermal display. The second experiment examined the capacity of subjects to discriminate between a real and simulated material based on thermal cues. In the third experiment, the changes in skin temperature that occurred when making contact with real and simulated materials were measured to evaluate how these compare to theoretical predictions. The results indicated that there was no significant difference in material identification and discrimination when subjects were presented with real or simulated materials. The changes in skin temperature were comparable for real and simulated materials and were related to the contact coefficient of the material palpated, consistent with the semi-infinite body model. These findings suggest that a thermal display is capable of facilitating object recognition when visual cues are limited.
Latency-Optimized Networks for Clustering FPGAs

The data-intensive applications that will shape computing in the coming decades require scalable architectures that incorporate scalable data and compute resources and can support random requests to unstructured (e.g., logs) and semi-structured (e.g., large graph, XML) data sets. To explore the suitability of FPGAs for these computations, we are constructing an FPGAbased system with a memory capacity of 512 GB from a collection of 32 Virtex-5 FPGAs spread across 8 enclosures. This paper describes our work in exploring alternative interconnect technologies and network topologies for FPGA-based clusters. The diverse interconnects combine inter-enclosure high-speed serial links and wide, single-ended intra-enclosure on-board traces with network topologies that balance network diameter, network throughput, and FPGA resource usage. We discuss the architecture of high-radix routers in FPGAs that optimize for the asymmetry between the interand intra-enclosure links. We analyze the various interconnects that aim to efficiently utilize the prototype's total switching capacity of 2.43 Tb/s. The networks we present have aggregate throughputs up to 51.4 GB/s for random traffic, diameters as low as 845 nanoseconds, and consume less than 12% of the FPGAs' logic resources.
Aliphatic nitro compounds from Astragalus species

Abstract Miserotoxin, the poisonous constituent of Astragalus miser , has been shown to be 3-nitro-1-propyl β- d -glucopyranoside. From A. cibarius , 3-nitropropanoic acid was the major isolate from an ethanol extraction, but a diester of 3-nitropropanoic acid with glucose was the major product from an acetone extraction. From a small plant sample of A. curvicarpus , 3-nitropropanoic acid and KNO 3 were isolated. Minor non-nitro compounds were also isolated from A. cibarius , including (for the first reported time as a natural product) N , N -dimethylformamide.
New concepts of molecular communication among neurons

Recently a number of complex electrophysiological responses to neurotransmitters have been observed that cannot be described as simple excitation or inhibition. These responses are often characterized as modulatory, although there is no consensus on what defines modulation. Morphological studies reveal certain neurotransmitters stored in what might be release sites without synaptic contact. There is no direct evidence for nonsynaptic release from CNS sites, although such release does occur in the periphery and in invertebrates. Nonsynaptic release might provide a basis for diffuse one-cell-to-many communication, but it might also simply be a means of sending the transmitter to a broader area of a single neuron than occurs in typical synapses. Several kinds of macromolecules have been found to be transported in a retrograde direction – and in some cases transsynaptically. There have been suggestions that some neurons may release more than one type of transmitter. Particularly intriguing is the possibility of release of substances that modulate actions of a primary transmitter. Taken together this range of evidence suggests that neurons may use a variety of forms of molecular communication in addition to traditionally described synaptic transmission.Several authors have suggested modes of communication distinct from classical synaptic transmission and have classified released substances using terms such as neurohumor, neurohormone, neuroregulator, and modulator. These suggestions have the heuristic value of drawing together diverse kinds of data, but it remains to be established that the pieces fit together in that fashion – for example, that complex electrophysiological effects are associated with substances released nonsynaptically. In order to reduce confusion, a flexible, generic approach to nomenclature for substances released from neurons and for hypothetical modes of communication is recommended. Some behavioral implications of nonconventional transmission are considered.
Elevated red blood cell/plasma choline ratio in dimentia of the Alzheimer type: Clinical and polysomnographic correlates

In a prospective study we have observed a shift in distribution of red blood cell (RBC)/plasma choline ratios among patients with probable dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT), compared with healthy controls and depressed patients. Fifteen of 22 DAT patients (68%) showed RBC/plasma choline ratios greater than 1.9, in contrast to 9 of 26 healthy controls (35%) and 7 of 20 depressives (35%). These significant differences confirm and expand earlier observations. The subgroup of DAT patients with elevated RBC/plasma choline ratios is older and more cognitively impaired, shows later onset of dementia, and has less rapid eye movement (REM) sleep than the DAT subgroup with normal RBC/plasma choline ratios. Within the entire group of DAT patients, moreover, the RBC/plasma choline ratio shows a significant inverse correlation with REM sleep latency. These findings are discussed in relation to abnormalities in other nonneural Alzheimer tissues and within the context of cholinergic involvement in both DAT and the timing of REM sleep.
Cutaneous Vascular Disorders Associated with Internal Malignancy

This article provides a detailed review of the vascular manifestations affecting the skin in relationship to internal malignancies. Vascular abnormalities heralding internal malignancies can be divided into three main categories, consisting of disorders related to vascular dilatation (flushing, palmar erythema, and telangiaectasia), and disorders related to vascular occlusion or hypercoagulability states (purpura, cutaneous ischemia, and thrombophlebitis). Entities are discussed according to etiology. The treatment of these entities is mostly related to treating the underlying malignancy. The goal of this article is to enlighten the practicing dermatologist about the association of these vascular manifestations with internal malignancy, thus leading to prompt initiation of the proper workup and management.
Positive bias temperature instability induced positive charge generation in P+ Poly/SiON pMOSFET's

We have investigated positive bias temperature instability characteristics in P+ Poly/SiON pMOSFET's. Similar to NBTI, PBTI also shows positive charge generation. From the LV-SILC characteristics, we observed D it generation at both the Poly/SiON and Si/SiON interfaces after PBTI stress, with D it generation at the Poly/SiON interface influencing trap creation at the Si/SiON interface.
Your mobility can be injurious to your health: Analyzing pervasive health monitoring systems under dynamic context changes

The advent of smart phones has enabled health care anywhere and anytime. With pervasive health care, a person can perform necessary day to day tasks while his health is recorded, controlled, and processed continuously using on body sensors and actuators to capture abnormalities, trends, and causes. In such a scenario, seamless operation of the pervasive health management system (PHMS), given dynamic changes in the context induced by mobility of the user is of utmost importance. Such context changes dynamically affect many aspects such as the processing requirements of the health management application, the available energy sources, the interaction between a medical device with the human body. For social acceptability of PHMSes, they have to be tested and verified for their safe, energy sustainable (long term) and reliable operation under such dynamically changing environment. This paper proposes a novel technique to analyze PHMSes under mobility induced dynamic changes in the context and constant interaction of the medical device with the human body. Results show that human mobility induced context changes can cause unsafe conditions such as drug overdose.
Postoperative abdominopelvic radiation therapy for ovarian cancer

From 1963 through 1984, 74 patients with Stage I, II, or III epithelial ovarian cancer who completed a total hysterectomy and debulking procedure and had less than 2 cm residual disease were treated with whole abdominal and pelvic boost radiation therapy (WAP) at Yale-New Haven Hospital. WAP consisted of a whole abdominal dose of 1750 to 2500 cGy (at 100-160 cGy per fraction) and a total pelvic dose of 4000-4600 cGy. Based on stage, amount of residual disease, pathologic type, and grade of tumor, the 74 patients were classified into a favorable group (FG) and an unfavorable group (UG) using the classification scheme developed at the Princess Margaret Hospital (PMH). The actuarial survival at 10 years for the FG patients was 77% (+/- 10%, 95% confidence limits) and for the UG patients was only 7% (+/- 13%). Local control of disease in the abdomen and pelvis was 87% in the FG and only 36% in the UG. Severe long-term complications occurred in 7% of the patients and consisted of small bowel obstruction. Our results strongly indicate that the PMH classification of FG and UG is useful in our patient population in determining which subgroup of patients should be offered WAP.
Adjoint inverse modeling of black carbon during the Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment

[1] An adjoint model is used for inverse modeling of black carbon during the Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-Asia). We use the four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) approach to optimally recover spatially resolved anthropogenic and biomass-burning emissions and initial and boundary conditions of black carbon. Boundary conditions and biomass-burning emissions are assigned daily scaling factors. Anthropogenic emissions are scaled by a combination of daily and monthly scaling factors. Simulation results are compared to various observations of black carbon concentrations during the campaign. Measurements at five islands and on board the research vessel Ronald H. Brown are used for inverse modeling. Different levels of constraints are examined for inversion, and a case with 62% reduction in the total square errors is chosen. The assimilated results are compared with the observations on board the Twin Otter aircraft that were not used for assimilation. Among the scaled variables, anthropogenic emissions are the most significant, followed by the boundary conditions. The domain-wide emissions inventory does not change significantly as a result of the assimilation, but sizable changes occur on the subregional level. Most noticeably, anthropogenic emissions over southeastern China are reduced while those in northeast China and Japan are increased.
Fully depleted strained-SOI n- and p-MOSFETs on bonded SGOI substrates and study of the SiGe/BOX interface

Fully depleted strained-Si n- and p-MOSFETs have been demonstrated on bonded-SiGe-on-insulator (SGOI) substrates. The fully depleted devices show significant electron and hole mobility enhancements of 60 and 35%, respectively, demonstrating that high material quality, thin SGOI substrates can be fabricated by a wafer bonding approach. The bottom SiGe/buried-oxide interface in the SGOI structure and its impact on fully depleted device performance are also investigated.
Continuous automatic speech recognition by lipreading

This study describes the design and implementation of a novel continuous speech recognizer that uses optical information from the oral-cavity shadow of a speaker. The system uses hidden Markov models (HMMs) trained to discriminate optical information and achieves a recognition rate of 25.3 percent on 150 test sentences. This is the first system to accomplish continuous optical automatic speech recognition (OASR). This level of performance--without the use of syntactical, semantic, or any other contextual guide to the recognition process--indicates that OASR may be used as a major supplement for robust multi-modal recognition in noisy environments. Additionally, new features important for OASR were discovered, and novel approaches to vector quantization, training, and clustering were utilized. This study contains three major components. First, it hypothesize 35 static and dynamic optical features to characterize the shadow of the oral-cavity for the speaker. Using the corresponding correlation matrix and a principal component analysis, the study discarded 22 oral-cavity features. The remaining 13 oral-cavity features are mostly dynamic features, unlike the static features used by previous researchers. Second, the study merged phonemes that appear optically similar on the speaker's oral-cavity region into visemes. The visemes were objectively analyzed and discriminated using HMM and clustering algorithms. Most significantly, the visemes for the speaker, obtained through computation, are consistent with the phoneme-to-viseme mapping discussed by most lipreading experts. This similarity, in a sense, verifies the selection of oral-cavity features. Third, the study trained the HMMs to recognize, without a grammar, a set of sentences having a perplexity of 150, using visemes, trisemes (triplets of visemes), and generalized trisemes (clustered trisemes). The system achieved recognition rates of 2 percent, 12.7 percent, and 25.3 percent using, respectively, viseme HMMs, triseme HMMs, and generalized triseme HMMs. The study concludes that methodologies used in this investigation demonstrate the need for further research on continuous OASR and on the integration of optical information with other recognition methods. While this study focuses on the feasibility, validity, and segregated contribution of exclusively continuous OASR, future highly robust recognition systems should combine optical and acoustic information with syntactic, semantic and pragmatic aids.
Development and validation of a SUPG finite element scheme for the compressible Navier–Stokes equations using a modified inviscid flux discretization

This paper considers the streamline-upwind Petrov–Galerkin (SUPG) method applied to the unsteady compressible Navier–Stokes equations in conservation-variable form. The spatial discretization, including a modified approach for interpolating the inviscid flux terms in the SUPG finite element formulation, and the second-order accurate time discretization are presented. The numerical method is discussed in detail. The performance of the algorithm is then investigated by considering inviscid flow past a circular cylinder. Validation of the finite element formulation via comparisons with experimental data for high-Mach number perfect gas laminar flows is presented, with a specific focus on comparisons with experimentally measured skin friction and convective heat transfer on a 15° compression ramp. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fish Oil and Fishy Flavor of Eggs and Carcasses of Hens

Abstract IN THE United States as well as in many other countries, there is some concern about the use of fish products in the rations of broilers and laying hens because of possible off-flavors. Much disputed is the so-called fishy flavor in broiler meat and in eggs as a result of feeding of fish meals and oils. Recently Edwards and May (1965) investigated the effects of feeding of menhaden fish oil on the flavor of broiler meat. They determined that the addition of as little as 2 percent menhaden fish oil to the ration imparted off-flavors to the meat of chickens fed this ration. Carlson et al. (1957) and Hardin et al. (1964) reported similar results except that lower levels of menhaden fish oil were detected (1.5 and 1.8% dietary menhaden oil respectively) in broiler meat. Relatively few authors have investigated the effects of feeding of fish products on the flavor …
An extension of play against the random past strategy. Choosing the right experts on IBM forecasts

In sequential plays with two players, the players have the opportunity to use information on opponents’ past moves in selecting a move for the current stage. Strategies for Player II are considered in our study, in particular, play against the random past (PRP) strategy. In this paper, PRP strategy will be reviewed and discussed. Hannan consistency of PRP strategy in term of regret (difference in average loss and an envelope loss) on k-extended Bayes envelope risk problem in matching binary bits game will be shown. The simulation of two-experts selection problem on real experts’ forecasting data of IBM share earnings confirms the consistency of PRP strategy.
The social competence of Latino kindergartners and growth in mathematical understanding.

We know that social competence contributes to young children's adaptation to, and cognitive learning within, classroom settings. Yet initial evidence is mixed on the social competencies that Latino children bring to kindergarten and the extent to which these skills advance cognitive growth. Building from ecocultural and developmental-risk theory, this paper shows children's social competence to be adaptive to the normative expectations and cognitive requirements of culturally bounded settings in both the home and classroom. Latino socialization in the home may yield social competencies that teachers value rather than reflect "risk factors" that constrain children's school readiness. We draw on the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, kindergarten cohort (N = 19,590) to detail 5 social competencies at entry to school--self-control, interpersonal skills, approaches to learning, internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors--and to examine variability among Latino subgroups. We then test the extent to which baseline variation in social competence accounts for children's cognitive growth during the kindergarten year. We find that Latino children from poor, but not middle-class, families display weaker social competencies vis-a-vis White children (all relationships p < or = .05). Social competence levels contribute to Latino children's cognitive growth, which is shaped most strongly by positive approaches to learning. The disparities in competencies observed for Latino children from poor families, relative to White children, are significant yet much smaller than gaps in baseline levels of mathematical understanding. We discuss how the consonance or mismatch between competencies acquired at home and those valued by teachers must consider cultural differences, social-class position, and variation among diverse Latino subgroups.
THE MEASUREMENT OF RESIDUAL ACUTE INJURY FROM SINGLE EXPOSURES BY SURVIVAL FOLLOWING DAILY IRRADIATION

A method is described for examining recovery kinetics in irradiated biological systems. Independent samples of animals are first subjected to different single whole-body doses of radiation; then, after some chosen tirae interval, all the samples are exposed to a constant daily dose of gamma radiation for the duration of life. The daily exposure level is chosen to cause a selected acute or subacute radiation syndrome, wherein death occurs between about 15 and a20 days from the start of exposure. The mean after-survival from the start of daily exposure is the endpoint statistic. The results of this method in studies in mice are compared with certain existing data, and some advantages and disadvantages of the method are discussed. (C.H.)
Instrument design simulations for synthetic aperture microwave radiometric imaging of wind speed and rain rate in hurricanes

The measurement of peak winds in hurricanes is critical to forecasting intensity and direction prior to landfall. To date, the NOAA stepped frequency microwave radiometer, SFMR, is the best tool for providing this information. NASA is now developing the hurricane imaging radiometer, HIRad, which is a candidate follow-on instrument to improve on the SFMR. HIRad will use synthetic thinned array technology to provide wide swath images, adding to the nadir profiles of the SFMR New developments in radiative transfer modeling for hurricane force winds and large incidence angles are required for HIRad. This paper describes modeling and simulations for HIRad, some of the applications in HIRad design to date, and end-to-end performance simulations.
Discovery and utilization of Bemisia argentifolii patches by Eretmocerus eremicus and Encarsia formosa (Beltsville strain) in greenhouses

The ability of two species of aphelinid parasitoids to find and attack Bemisia argentifolii was determined. Experiments were conducted with whitefly patches on single leaf poinsettia plants randomly distributed in canopies of four commercially grown poinsettia crops at an early and late stage of plant growth. Eretmocerus eremicus found experimental patches in canopies of small and large plants more quickly and frequently, and killed more nymphs following patch discovery than Encarsia formosa (Beltsville strain). E. eremicus exhibited a Type I functional response in small and large canopies while E. formosa (Beltsville strain) showed a Type II functional response in small canopies and a weak linear response in large canopies. In greenhouses treated with E. eremicus, canopy size increased 4.6× and nymphs per plant increased 14.2× between small and large canopy experiments. Consequently, area of search for this parasitoid increased 83%, number of wasps counted on patches decreased 74%, and proportion of nymphs killed in artificial patches decreased 47% between small and large canopies. In greenhouses treated with E. formosa Beltsville strain, canopy size increased 7.3× and nymphs per plant increased 25.4× between small and large canopy experiments. Consequently for E. formosa Beltsville strain, area of search increased 11%, number of wasps counted on patches decreased 86%, and proportion of nymphs killed in artificial patches decreased 47% between small and large canopies.
A Review of the Analytical Models and Experimental Investigations for the Electromagnetic and Thermophysical Properties of Metamaterials and Negative Refraction

This paper presents a review of the analytical and experimental advances made in metamaterials research to-date, and highlights our research goals in this emerging field. Negative refraction is perhaps one of the most fascinating characteristics that have been proven to be achievable with artificially constructed metamaterials. Current literature focuses mainly on trying to understand the physics behind negative refraction, as well as the calculation of properties of metamaterials such as absorption, transmission, reflection, and extinction cross-sections. However, very few efforts have been directed towards the determination of the effects on thermophysical properties of metamaterials.
Computational modeling of the forward and reverse problems in instrumented sharp indentation

A comprehensive computational study was undertaken to identify the extent to which elasto- plastic properties of ductile materials could be determined from instrumented sharp indentation and to quantify the sensitivity of such extracted properties to variations in the measured indentation data. Large deformation finite element computations were carried out for 76 different combinations of elasto-plastic properties that encompass the wide range of parameters commonly found in pure and alloyed engineering metals: Young's modulus, E, was varied from 10 to 210 GPa, yield strength, sy, from 30 to 3000 MPa, and strain hardening exponent, n, from 0 to 0.5, and the Poisson's ratio, n, was fixed at 0.3. Using dimensional analysis, a new set of dimensionless functions were constructed to characterize instrumented sharp indentation. From these functions and elasto-plastic finite element computations, analytical expressions were derived to relate inden- tation data to elasto-plastic properties. Forward and reverse analysis algorithms were thus established; the forward algorithms allow for the calculation of a unique indentation response for a given set of elasto-plastic properties, whereas the reverse algorithms enable the extraction of elasto-plastic properties from a given set of indentation data. A representative plastic strain er was identified as a strain level which allows for the construction of a dimensionless description of indentation loading response, independent of strain hardening exponent n. The proposed reverse analysis provides a unique solution of the reduced Young's modulus E*, a representative stress sr, and the hardness pave. These values are somewhat sensitive to the experimental scatter and/or error commonly seen in instrumented indentation. With this information, values of sy and n can be determined for the majority of cases considered here, provided that the assumption of power law hardening adequately represents the full uniaxial stress-strain response. These plastic properties, however, are very strongly influenced by even small variations in the parameters extracted from instrumented indentation experiments. Comprehensive sensitivity analyses were carried out for both forward and reverse algorithms, and the computational results were compared with experimental data for two materials.  2001 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
A Recirculation Aerosol Wind Tunnel for Evaluating Aerosol Samplers and Measuring Particle Penetration through Protective Clothing Materials

A recirculation aerosol wind tunnel was designed to maintain a uniform airflow and stable aerosol size distribution for evaluating aerosol sampler performance and determining particle penetration through protective clothing materials. The oval-shaped wind tunnel was designed to be small enough to fit onto a lab bench, have optimized dimensions for uniformity in wind speed and particle size distributions, sufficient mixing for even distribution of particles, and minimum particle losses. Performance evaluation demonstrates a relatively high level of spatial uniformity, with a coefficient of variation of 1.5-6.2% for wind velocities between 0.4 and 2.8 m s(-1) and, in this range, 0.8-8.5% for particles between 50 and 450 nm. Aerosol concentration stabilized within the first 5-20 min with, approximately, a count median diameter of 135 nm and geometric standard deviation of 2.20. Negligible agglomerate growth and particle loss are suggested. The recirculation design appears to result in unique features as needed for our research.
Automated determination of total sugars in sugar crops grown for energy

A fast, accurate method for determining total sugars in sugar crops was developed. Sugars were quantitatively removed from the tissue by homogenisation and hot water extraction. Lead acetate was used to clarify the extract by precipitating any interfering non-sugar reducing substances. Lead was then removed by precipitation with sodium oxalate. The extract was hydrolysed to convert sucrose into glucose and fructose. After neutralising, total sugars were determined as total reducing sugars by automated colorimetry using a Technicon Auto-Analyzer. Data presented show optimum conditions for extraction, clarification and acid hydrolysis of sucrose to reducing sugars. The method has a precision of 2.1% coefficient of variation for 10 consecutive analyses of a sweet sorghum sample with a mean total sugar concentration of 14.2±0.3%.
Carcinoma of the tonsillar region: A multivariate analysis of 243 patients treated with radical radiotherapy

Between October 1964 and June 1990, 243 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsillar region were treated with continuous-course radical radiotherapy at the University of Florida. All patients had a minimum 2-year follow-up. Patients were staged according to the AJCC system; stage IV was stratified into two subsets: favorable, IVA (T1-T3 or N2A-N3A); and unfavorable, IVB (T4 or N3B). The initial and ultimate local control rates (including surgical salvage) according to T stage were as follows: T1, 87% and 100%, T2, 79% and 92%; T3, 71% and 76%; and T4, 44% and 48%. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that anterior extension of the primary tumor (p = .0001) and T stage (p = .014) were the most significant parameters affecting local control after radiotherapy. For T4 lesions, twice-daily irradiation significantly improved local control (p = .04). The 5-year absolute and cause-specific survival rates as a function of modified AJCC stage were as follows: 1, 37% and 100%; 11, 55% and 90%; 111, 55% and 85%; IVA, 35% and 60%; and IVB, 23% and 38%. The probability of a severe complication was 3% for the entire group of patients.
Biotechnology: 2008 and Beyond

The emergence of molecular medicine and genomics is transforming health care in ways unimaginable 50 years earlier. Traditional medical practice is often empiric and reactive; the future of medicine will involve a detailed understanding of the role each individual’s genetics plays on their susceptibility to disease and their response to medications. Furthermore, new types of drugs that allow much more specific therapy for diseases and disorders with genetic components are in development. This chapter examines how the genomics era and biotechnology are changing biomedical science and health care.
Hydrospire meshwork of the Carboniferous blastoid Pentremites Say

Synopsis of the British Fauna (New Series), 17:64 p. Linnean Society and Academic Press, London. DAVDSON, T. 1861. On Recent Terebratulidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 3, 3:24-40. ELLtoTr, G. F. 1947. The development of a British Aptian brachiopod. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, 58:144-159. HoLMER, L. E., AND L. E. PoPov. 1994. Revision of the type species of Acrotreta and related lingulate brachiopods. Journal of Paleontology, 68:433-450. JEFFREYS, J. G. 1859. Gleanings in British conchology. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 3, 3:106-120. JOHANSEN, M. G. 1987. Brachiopods from the Maastrichtian-Danian boundary sequence at Nye Kl0v, Jylland, Denmark. Fossils and Strata, 20:1-99. KING, W. 1859. On Gwynia, Dielasma, and Macandrevia, three new genera of Palliobranchiata Mollusca, one of which has been dredged in the Strangford Lough. Proceedings of the Dublin University Zoological and Botanical Association, 1:256-262. MASSY, A. L. 1925. The Brachiopoda of the coasts of Ireland. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, B37:37-46. NIELSEN, C. 1988. Brachiopoda, 445-446. In R. P. Higgins and H. Thiel (eds.), Introduction to the Study of Meiofauna. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. PHORSON, J. E. 1988. Small brachiopods. Porcupine Newsletter, 4:3234. SuRLYK, F. 1972. Morphological adaptations and population structures of the Danish Chalk brachiopods (Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous). D t Kongelige Danske Videnskaberes Selskab, Biologiske Skrifter, 19:57 p. SWEDMARK, B. 1959. On the biology of sexual reproduction of the interstitial, Part 2 fauna of marine sands. Proceedings of the 15th International Congress on Zoology, London, 327-329. --. 1964. The interstitial fauna of marine sand. Biological Reviews, 39:1-42.
Enhanced ethanol production via electrostatically accelerated fermentation of glucose using Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The global demand for ethanol as an alternative fuel continues to rise. Advancement in all aspects of ethanol production is deemed beneficial to the ethanol industry. Traditional fermentation requires 50–70 hours to produce the maximum ethanol concentration of 7–8% (v/v). Here we demonstrate an electrostatic fermentation method that is capable of accelerating the fermentation of glucose using generic Saccharomyces cerevisiae as the fermenting microorganism to produce ethanol. The method, when applied to the batch fermentation of 1 liter fermenting mixture containing dry yeast without pre-culture, is able to achieve ethanol yield on the high gravity level (12.3% v/v) in 24 hours. The fermentation results in almost complete consumption of glucose. With pre-cultured yeast, ethanol yield can reach 14% v/v in 20 hours. The scale-up capability of the method is demonstrated with 2 liter fermenting mixture. The method does not consume external energy due to its electrostatic nature. Our results indicate the applicability of the fermentation technique to industry applications.
The Agaric Flora of Texas. II. New Taxa of White- and Pink-Spored Agarics

(1958). The Agaric Flora of Texas. II. New Taxa of White- and Pink-Spored Agarics. Mycologia: Vol. 50, No. 4, pp. 514-523.
Alcoholic hepatitis: Yes to prednisolone and no to pentoxifylline

An evaluation of a recent study by Thursz MR, Richardson P, Allison M et al . “ Prednisolone or Pentoxifylline for Alcoholic Hepatitis ”. N Engl J Med 2015;372:1619-28. PubMed PMID: 25901427. EudraCT number, 2009-013897-42. Current Controlled Trials number ISRCTN88782125.