cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A hydroelastic model of macromechanics in the endolymphatic vestibular canal

A hydroelastic model describing the mechanics of the human semicircular canal is presented that extends previous work to address the influence of the shape of the labyrinth and the interaction between the endolymph and the cupula. The analysis is based extensively on the three-dimensional geometry and structure of the system and exploits the slender toroidal geometry to obtain an asymptotic solution describing the velocity distribution of the endolymph, the pressure distribution and the deflection of the cupula. All parameters appearing in the model are explicitly defined in terms of physical properties and the geometry. Results for the structure of an infant human endolymphatic canal agree well with experimental measurements of the end-organ velocity gain and phase over the entire physiological range of angular head frequencies. From 0.09 to 1.5 Hz the mechanical response relative to head velocity is essentially constant and the end-organ acts as an angular velocity transducer. Below 0.09 Hz the velocity gain is diminished and above 1.5 Hz the velocity gain is enhanced. For a 1 rad sinusoidal rotation of the head, the analysis predicts an average cupula displacement for the infant canal of approximately 8 × 10−5 cm at 0.09 Hz and 2 × 10−3 cm at 2.0 Hz.
New minority religions as heresies

It is an obvious fact that all religions must begin as minorities. Equally obviously, existing religions must consider the new religion as a heresy. Either the religious movement is not new or it differs in its belief and practice from established groups. If it did not, there would be no need for the leader to separate him or her self off and call for the formation of a new order. Of course, no existing major religion remains always the same. The question is how the inevitable change takes place. If the established body maintains order internally and can control the pressure exerted on it to change, the reforming minority can stay within the traditional group and still accomplish its purposes. Like the difference between democratic change within the provisions of a constitutional framework versus a revolution which overthrows an existing order and substitutes a new one with different laws, the issue is one of the internal moderation of change versus the disruption of the existing order by a dissident group. Even a modest knowledge of religious history reveals that there are periods of relative calm, when existing religions go largely unchallenged, and then times of considerable disruption when a number of new religious groups may be born and separated off. To one aware of the internal workings of any major religion, it is obvious that a wide variety of beliefs and practices are tolerated within every sizeable religious body. Only small groups can hope to retain conformity and enforce a purity of practice and belief. Dissidents who stay inside may be ignored and sometimes even remain largely unknown. The persons or groups who separate themselves from an established community become highly visible and thus are a greater source of irritation. Of course, religions vary, and some are by nature less concerned with conformity of practice and orthodoxy of belief. Hinduism and Buddhism are often pointed to as being more easily able to accept a wide variety of beliefs than either Western Christianity or Judaism can tolerate. As the classical definition of 'cult' explains, most new groups split off because they become critical of the religious life from which they originate. They seek a purer form of practice or a revised belief. The odds are that the new minority
New Approaches to Targeted Therapy in Lung Cancer

This brief report summarizes Dr. Pao's talk at the 54th Annual Meeting of the Thomas L. Petty Aspen Lung Conference, in Aspen, Colorado, on June 11, 2011. In this talk, Dr. Pao discussed three main topics: (1) DETECT (DNA Evaluation of Tumors for Enhanced Cancer Treatment), (2) MyCancerGenome.org (web-based decision support), and (3) DIRECT (DNA-mutation Inventory to Refine and Enhance Cancer Treatment).
Suppression of serum adrenal cortex hormones by chronic low-dose polychlorobiphenyl or polybromobiphenyl treatments.

Studies evaluate serum adrenal cortical hormones during chronic intoxication with low levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and polybrominated biphenyl (PBB). Serum levels of corticosterone (B) (the principal glucocorticoid in rats), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) (an androgen), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHS) were assessed at regular intervals over 5–7 months treatment in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Aroclors® 1254, 1242, 1016 or hexabromobiphenyl (Fire master BP-6®) were supplemented in the food at following concentrations: 0, 1, 5, 10 or 50 ppm wt/wt in the food. Corticosterone in the serum decreased at all levels during PCB or PBB treatment. Decreases were cumulative and dose-dependent. Serum B in the 50 ppm Aroclor 1254 treated group were depressed by 5-fold below controls and pre-treatment levels. Groups treated with 1, 5, and 10 ppm had serum B levels reduced by one-half. Hexabromobi phenyl decreased serum B levels to one-half of control and pre-treatment levels, but overall the decreases were not as dramatic as Aroclor 1254 treatment. Serum dehydroepiandrosterone levels were decreased by approximately one-half compared to controls and pretreatment levels by day 140 of PCB or PBB treatment. Corticosterone levels began to decrease only after the first month of PCB or PBB treatment. Control DHS levels increased steadily during the 5–7 month study period, but PCB and PBB treated did not increase similarly. In conclusion, PCB and PBB intoxication exerted profound reductions in circulating adrenal cortex hormones, as well as reductions in adrenal weights, suggesting toxicity to the adrenal. Rather than responding to the “stress” of PCB or PBB by increasing the release of glucocorticoids, the opposite seems to have occurred. Data suggests that damage to the adrenal cortex may have occurred in such a manner as to decrease the serum levels of Corticosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate.
New Evaluation Horizons: Transportation Issues for the 21st Century

After beginning as a clinical psychologist, through an unlikely series of events and circumstances, I am currently involved in transportation research and policy. Traditionally, highway transportation has been dominated by professionals with technical backgrounds, primarily engineering, and the focus of concern has been vehicles and highways. Today, transportation issues are increasingly interfacing with other major societal concerns, and it is in this arena that technology and technological training are not enough. Perhaps it is because the phenomena with which psychologists deal are not so precise as those in the physical or biological sciences, but whatever the reason, I believe that training in the social sciences provides a rigor that has special relevance for grappling with many of the emerging societal issues and problems in transportation. Currently I am involved in a number of transportation areas that are dominated by engineers. I have no technical background whatsoever, and whether that is an advantage or disadvantage could be debated--certainly I often wish I knew much more than I do. Yet a background in the social sciences may be more relevant than is first apparent. While technology is an essential component of solving our transportation problems, it is not sufficient. In witnessing how public policy develops, I am increasingly impressed by what I will refer to as "The Ink Blot Phenomenon." By this I mean that, while technical expertise and technical data are useful, even essential, in arriving at public policy decisions, the final conclusions and recommendations developed are inevitably based on intuitive, informed intuitive, but intuitive nonetheless, interpretations that are not too terribly different from the process of interpreting ink blots. By this I do not mean in any way to derogate either process. Certainly the interpretation of ink blots is determined to a large extent by the background and
Miscibility determination from gas-oil interfacial tension and P-R equation of state

Recently a new experimental technique of vanishing interfacial tension (VIT) has been developed to enable rapid and cost-effective deterination of miscibility in gas-oil systems. In this study, VIT experiments have been extended to two standard gas-oil systems of n-decane-CO 2 and live decane-CO 2 at elevated pressures and temperatures. The VIT miscibilities of the two standard gas-oil systems and the two reservoir crude oil-gas systems, namely Rainbow Keg River (RKR) and Terra Nova, were compared with Peng-Robinson (P-R) equation of state (EOS) calculations. The close match of VIT miscibilities with other conventional experimental techniques in the standard gas-oil systems, as well as the reasonable match obtained with untuned PR-EOS calculations for several systems studied, clearly demonstrates the sound conceptual basis of VIT technique to determine fluid-fluid miscibility in multi-component hydrocarbon systems.
Testing for Citizenship: The U.S. Naturalization Test

Although the United States has had a language requirement for citizenship (through the naturalization process) since the first decade of the 20th century, very little research and discussion has taken place in academic circles about this requirement, which has been enforced for the past two decades through a test and testing practice to which millions of citizenship applicants have been subjected. Overall, the requirement (and the test) is said to promote “civic integration,” “political allegiance,” “social cohesion,” and/or “social harmony.” The main question addressed in this article is whether the requirement (and the test), its purpose, content, administration, and consequence provide the impetus for citizenship applicants to integrate or develop a civic nationalism. I will apply the Test Context Framework (Kunnan, 2008) to the U.S. Naturalization Test and testing practice. This framework argues for the examination of the wider context of testing including the political, economic, and legal contexts i...
Boundary Layer Control For Large Optics

The uncontrolled thermal boundary layers associated with optical surfaces exposed to high power laser radiation can significantly degrade optical performance. The thermal boundary layers associated with the centrally obscured primary mirror or exit window of an on axis beam expander can be controlled by placing a radial array of gas jets in the central obscuration. The resulting momentum and thermal boundary layers were experimentally investigated, and the results are used to predict both time-averaged and time-varying optical path differences through the boundary layer of a 3.5 m diameter heated optical surface.
pcdr, a novel gene with sexually dimorphic expression in the pigment cells of the Drosophila eye.

We report the molecular cloning and characterization of pcdr (pigment cell dehydrogenase reductase), a Drosophila visual system-specific gene with novel properties of spatial, temporal and sexual regulation. Short chain dehydrogenase/reductases are a family of proteins that catalyze mechanistically conserved dehydrogenase/reductase reactions in a wide range of cells and tissues. These enzymes are required in a variety of reactions ranging from steroid metabolism and prostaglandin synthesis to alcohol detoxification. The Drosophilapcdr gene encodes a new member of this family, displaying 42% amino acid sequence identity to the mammalian prostaglandin dehydrogenase. pcdr expression is restricted to the visual system with very high levels found in the pigment cells. Interestingly, expression of pcdr mRNA is sexually dimorphic with males showing higher levels of expression than females. This sexual dimorphism is under the control of the sex differentiation cascade as transformer and transformer 2 mutations shift females to a male-like level of expression. Finally, we demonstrate that a region of 335 nucleotides including sequences upstream and just downstream of the transcription start is sufficient to reproduce the normal expression pattern.
Reef corals bleach to survive change.

The bleaching of coral reefs, in which symbiotic algae are lost from reef-building invertebrates, is usually considered to be a drastic and damaging response to adverse environmental conditions1,2. Here I report results from transplant experiments involving different combinations of coral host and algal symbiont that support an alternative view, in which bleaching offers a high-risk ecological opportunity for reef corals to rid themselves rapidly of suboptimal algae and to acquire new partners. This strategy could be an advantage to coral reefs that face increasingly frequent and severe episodes of mass bleaching as a result of projected climate change2,3.
Sodium Benzoate, a Metabolite of Cinnamon and a Food Additive, Upregulates Neuroprotective Parkinson Disease Protein DJ-1 in Astrocytes and Neurons

DJ-1 (PARK7) is a neuroprotective protein that protects cells from oxidative stress. Accordingly, loss-of-function DJ-1 mutations have been linked with a familial form of early onset Parkinson disease. Mechanisms by which DJ-1 level could be enriched in the CNS are poorly understood. Recently we have discovered anti-inflammatory activity of sodium benzoate (NaB), a metabolite of cinnamon and a widely-used food additive. Here we delineate that NaB is also capable of increasing the level of DJ-1 in primary mouse and human astrocytes and human neurons highlighting another novel neuroprotective effect of this compound. Reversal of DJ-1-inducing effect of NaB by mevalonate, farnesyl phosphate, but not cholesterol and ubiquinone, suggests that depletion of intermediates, but not end products, of the mevalonate pathway is involved in the induction of DJ-1 by NaB. Accordingly, either an inhibitor of p21ras farnesyl protein transferase (FPTI) or a dominant-negative mutant of p21ras alone was also able to increase the expression of DJ-1 in astrocytes suggesting an involvement of p21ras in DJ-1 expression. However, an inhibitor of geranyl geranyl transferase (GGTI) and a dominant-negative mutant of p21rac had no effect on the expression of DJ-1, indicating the specificity of the effect. Similarly lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an activator of small G proteins, also inhibited the expression of DJ-1, and NaB and FPTI, but not GGTI, abrogated LPS-mediated inhibition. Together, these results suggest that NaB upregulates DJ-1 via modulation of mevalonate metabolites and that p21ras, but not p21rac, is involved in the regulation of DJ-1.
Patterns of performance for two age groups of normal adults on a test of oral form discrimination.

Abstract Two age groups of 12 normal adult subjects were tested to determine patterns of performance on a test of oral form discrimination. All subjects were asked whether or not two consecutively presented unseen forms were identical, by pointing to a “yes” or “no” response printed on a card. The younger subject group performed significantly better than the older group on oral form discrimination and, with few exceptions, were classified within their proper age group. In addition, the number of subjects discriminated from each other and assigned to their respective age groups using selected response categories was comparable to that using total, within-class, and between-class scores. This established the possible use for a shortened form of the test.
Mechanism of action of lignins and lignin model compounds with horseradish peroxidase

Abstract Horseradish peroxidase displayed a ping-pong kinetic reaction mechanism with lignin model compounds and lignins. Oxidation of the α carbon on acetosyringone or acetovanillone failed above pH 6.5, while conversion of α-methylsyringyl (or guaiacyl) alcohol to acetosyringone (or vanillone) occurred optimally at pH 7.8. Small MW fragments were not formed from lignins at pH 6.4 and 7.8. These observations provide evidence for the growing concept that freely soluble peroxidase is not a lignolytic enzyme.
The state of the art and the fate of the earth.

A recent review by Nevin of Jonathan Schell's The Fate of the Earth applies a “behavioral perspective” to the problem of species survival in a nuclear age. It is suggested that no perspective, in this context as in others where less is at stake, should dismiss prematurely some useful ideas from other perspectives. A sampling of “cognitive” concepts is offered to illustrate what actions, aimed at resisting species extinction, might follow from them—not instead of, but in addition to, the guidelines for action a behavioral perspective provides.
Visualization of message passing parallel programs with the TOPSYS parallel programming environment

Abstract Parallel programming is orders of magnitudes more complex than writing sequential programs. This is particularly true for programming distributed memory multiprocessor architectures based on message passing programming models. Apart from understanding the sequential parts of the parallel program, new degrees of freedom lead to additional problems. Understanding the synchronization and communication behavior of parallel programs is the most critical issue in programming distributed memory multiprocessors. The paper describes methods and tools for visualization and animation of the dynamic execution of parallel programs. Based on an evaluation and classification of existing visualization environments, the visualization and animation tool VISTOP (VISualization TOol for Parallel Systems) is presented as part of the integrated tool environment TOPSY S (TOols for Parallel SYStems) for programming distributed memory multiprocessors. VISTOP supports the interactive on-line visualization of message passing programs based on various views; in particular, a process graph based concurrency view for detecting synchronization and communication bugs.
An Inviscid-Viscous Interaction Approach to the Calculation of Dynamic Stall Initiation on Airfoils

An interactive boundary-layer method is described for computing unsteady incompressible flow over airfoils, including the initiation of dynamic stall. The inviscid unsteady panel method developed by Platzer and Teng is extended to include viscous effects. The solutions of the boundary-layer equations are obtained with an inverse finite-difference method employing an interaction law based on the Hilbert integral, and the algebraic eddy-viscosity formulation of Cebeci and Smith. The method is applied to airfoils subject to periodic and ramp-type motions and its abilities are examined for a range of angles of attack, reduced frequency, and pitch rate.
Structural characterization of corn fiber gums from coarse and fine fiber and a study of their emulsifying properties.

The stabilities of orange oil emulsions stabilized with various concentrations of two different types of corn fiber gum (CFG-1 and 2) isolated from coarse (pericarp) and fine (endosperm) fiber from corn wet milling have been studied. The emulsion stabilities in all these studies increased with increasing gum concentration up to a gum-to-oil ratio of 0.05, and after that it either levels off or changes very slightly. These results indicate that only 0.25% of CFG is required to make stable emulsion containing 5% orange oil under the experimental conditions used in this study. At this CFG concentration, CFG-2 from each fiber source was found to be a superior emulsifier relative to the corresponding CFG-1 from each source in a 10-day emulsion stability study at room temperature. The emulsion stability was also investigated by confocal laser scanning microscopy measurement, and it was found that CFG-1 and 2 from both coarse and fine fiber made stable emulsions with an average particle size of less than 1 μm fo...
Measurement of the optical and thermal properties of biliary calculi using pulsed photothermal radiometry

The optical absorption coefficients for biliary calculi are important in understanding the mechanism of laser-induced stone fragmentation. However, the heterogeneous composition of calculi and difficulties in producing optically thin samples prevent conventional spectrophotometric measurement techniques from being used. To overcome these limitations, we used a pulsed photothermal radiometry system to measure the optical absorption coefficients and thermal diffusivities of various biliary calculi. In the wavelength range examined (350-1060 nm), there was strong optical absorption which was greater for pigment stones than for cholesterol stones. The data support the theory that the initiation of the plasma accompanying laser fragmentation of calculi is a thermal process.
Red-to-green up-conversion in Er-doped SiO2 and SiO2–TiO2 sol–gel silicate glasses

Abstract Monolithic Er-doped SiO 2 –TiO 2 binary glasses of high optical quality were used in an investigation of the effects of different annealing conditions and titanium content on fluorescence yields and decay times of the 4 S 3/2 level of Er 3+ . In addition, the characteristics of green upconverted fluorescence from the 4 S 3/2 level via excitation with red laser light (655 nm) were studied. Energy transfer up-conversion involving two ions in the 4 I 11/2 state was determined to be the dominant up-conversion mechanism. The glasses with TiO 2 showed enhanced up-conversion and required lower annealing temperatures for the up-conversion to be observed when compared to SiO 2 glasses doped with Al.
Analysis of a model that leads to the Pareto law of wealth distribution

In [ 11 Wold and Whittle (W-W) propose a mathematical model that exhibits the Pareto law of wealth distribution in a free economy. Roughly speaking, this law asserts that for large fortunes the density of wealth, w, varies as we*-’ for some o! > 0. The W-W model assumes a highly restrictive, and somewhat unrealistic, method by which estates are bequeathed or partitioned upon death. Cotter [2] has suggested a more general model, which allows a much wider class of methods of partitioning fortunes. The equation that results is a partial differential integro equation of rather unusual structure. Questions concerning existence and uniqueness of solutions and bounds on those solutions naturally arise. We investigate those matters. In Section 2 we provide a rather hasty derivation of the mathematical model, leaving the more economically relevant aspects to the forthcoming paper of Cotter. In fact, we deliberatedly avoid detailed discussion of the economic validity of various hypotheses made, confining our primary attention to the mathematical aspects of the model. We do provide a fairly detailed description of the properties of the estate partitioning function that occurs in the Cotter equation. It is shown that the original W-W model is obtained as a very special case by proper choice of this function. The mathematical problem is fully posed in Section 3, and the question of existence of the solution, in a suitable class of functions, is resolved. In the course of this analysis, an upper bound on the solution is derived. Section 4 is devoted to the question of uniqueness of the solution. Section 5 provides a lower bound on the solution. The upper and lower
EXPERIMENTAL INOCULATION OF MALARIA BY MEANS OF ANOPHELES LUDLOWI

Three persons were experimentally inoculated with malaria by means of Anopheles ludlowi reared from larvae and infected with a pure strain of subtertian plasmodium (Plasmodium falciparum), thus proving that there exists no mechanical impediment or obstacle to the free exit of sporozoites from the salivary ducts or proboscis. In the dissection of infected mosquitoes there were no evidences of degenerated zygotes. Sporozoites appeared promptly in the salivary glands (9 to 12 days). Inoculation occurred with ease either in an interrupted feeding or after mosquitoes had been fed twice previously. The period of incubation was 14 and 18 days. The clinical manifestations were more severe in the subject that had never been infected with malaria previously, while the splenic enlargement was most pronounced in the subject infected after a long interval of freedom from malaria. In a third subject already suffering from tertian malaria there was only the slightest evidence of physical illness elicited by the superimposed subtertian infection; his temperature, however, became duly elevated. The type of febrile reaction in the two uncomplicated cases was at first tertian, becoming quotidian later, and this phenomenon in a pure strain leads strongly to the supposition that Plasmodium falciparum possesses inherently both tertian (or subtertian) and quotidian tendencies, as well as its well known tendencies to cause fever of the irregularly remittent or continued type. The creation of a specific plasmodium to account for clinical forms of aestivo-autumnal or subtertian malaria having a quotidian periodidty is probably unwarranted. In consideration of the facility with which this species can be infected and man inoculated experimentally, the occurrence of naturally infected wild specimens, and the positive epidemiological evidence, there should no longer exist in the minds of sanitarians any doubt as to its being a malarial carrier. Operations against this species can therefore be recommended without reservation and should be carried out without delay.
Molecular chaperones in cilia and flagella: implications for protein turnover.

The mechanisms of protein incorporation and turnover in 9+2 ciliary axonemes are not known. Previous reports of an HSP70-related protein, first in Chlamydomonas flagella and then in sea urchin embryonic cilia, suggested a potential role in protein transport or incorporation. The present study further explores this and other chaperones in axonemes from a representative range of organisms. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis proved identity between the sea urchin ciliary 78 kDa HSP and a constitutive cytoplasmic HSP70 cognate (pI = 5.71). When isolated flagella from mature sea urchin sperm were analyzed, the same total amount and distribution of 78 kDa protein as in cilia were found. Antigens of similar size were detected in ctenophore comb plate, molluscan gill, and rabbit tracheal cilia. Absent from sea urchin sperm flagella, TCP-1α was detected in sea urchin embryonic and rabbit tracheal cilia; the latter also contained HSP90, detected by two distinct antibodies. Tracheal cilia were shown to undergo axonemal protein turnover while tracheal cells mainly synthesized ciliary proteins. TCP-1α progressively appeared in regenerating embryonic cilia only as their growth slowed, suggesting a regulatory role in incorporation or turnover. These results demonstrate that chaperones are widely distributed ciliary and flagellar components, potentially related to axonemal protein dynamics. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 44:274–283, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Pressure Effects in Adsorbers and Adsorptive Reactors

Large transients and oscillations in pressure and flow rate were predicted by an adiabatic equilibrium-staged model when a concentrated strongly adsorbed propane feed was loaded onto zeolite 5A adsorbent initially presaturated with a nonadsorbed component. Oscillations were directly linked to the concentration front of the adsorbable component. When compared to published isothermal results, the adiabatic model produced transients of decreased magnitude in pressure and flow rate, and oscillations were damped. For the adiabatic case, initial breakthrough occurred at slightly earlier times. A parametric study confirmed that a strong finite sink for the adsorbable component and a highly concentrated amount of adsorbable component must be present for oscillations to occur within a staged model. Previous experimental work showed oscillations for columns connected in series with each column behaving as a stage. Adsorbate heat capacity, assumed to be a saturated liquid phase, was shown to be an important energy b...
Histidine utilization by the unicellular alga Dunaliella tertiolecta

The unicellular alga Dunaliella tertiolecta was cultivated axenically with histidine, or ammonium, or histidine and ammonium ions as nitrogen sources. In the presence of histidine as the sole source of nitrogen, cell growth is comparable to that observed with the same concentration of nitrogen in ammonium form. In the presence of both histidine and ammonium, histidine degradation is observed only when the concentration of ammonium falls below 4 mM. Under these conditions, the first two enzymes of histidine degradation pathway, histidase and urocanase, as well as histidine permease, are produced. Linear relationships are observed between histidase and urocanase and histidase and histidine permease, respectively, showing that, in D. tertiolecta enzyme, systems are coordinately regulated. Histidase activity is also controlled by succinate, glutamate and acetate as carbon sources. D. tertiolecta is unable to grow on a medium containing acetate and histidine together in the absence of ammonium.
Hydration profile and influence of beverage contents on fluid intake by women during outdoor recreational walking

This study examined hydration status, sweat losses, and the effects of flavoring and electrolytes on fluid intake for women (n = 27, age = 24 ± 4 years) walking at a self-selected pace for ~1 h on a 1 km outdoor path during summer mornings or evenings. Over five consecutive days, participants consumed ad libitum one non-caloric beverage containing: (1) water (W), (2) acidified water (AW), (3) acidified water with electrolytes (AWE), (4) acidified water with flavor (AWF), and (5) acidified water with flavor and electrolytes (AWFE) in a counter-balanced order during walks and a 1-h recovery period. Walk Wet bulb globe temperature (26.2 ± 1.8 °C) and pace (6.0 ± 0.5 km/h) did not differ among beverages (P > 0.05). Thirty-four percent of pre-walk urine specific gravity samples exceeded 1.020. Flavoring (AWF 700 ± 393 mL; AWFE 719 ± 405 mL) did not result in greater consumption (P > 0.05) over W (560 ± 315 mL), with all three beverages exceeding grand mean sweat losses (528 ± 208 mL). Addition of electrolytes did not influence (P > 0.05) the intake between AW versus AWE or AWF versus AWFE. The results of this study indicate that the majority of women will consume fluids in excess of their sweat losses within 1 h post-walk. Over half of consumption took place during walks, highlighting the importance of fluid availability during exercise. Great among-subjects variability in sweat losses and fluid intake support the need for promoting individualized hydration strategies based on the changes in body mass for athletic populations.
Friend or Foe: Government’s Role in Navigating the Paradox of Business Responsibility

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives are characterized by simultaneous existence of profit and social/environmental demands that can be in tension. Navigating this tension is difficult...
Perception of forearm angles in 3-dimensional space.

The purpose of this study was to determine a preferred coordinate system for representation of forearm orientation in 3-dimensional space. In one experiment, the ability of human subjects to perceive angles of the forearm in 3-dimensional space (forearm elevation and yaw — extrinsic coordinate system) was compared to their ability to perceive elbow joint angle (intrinsic coordinate system). While blindfolded, subjects performed an angle reproduction task in which the experimenter first positioned the upper limb in a reference trial. This was followed, after movement of the subject's entire upper limb to a different position, by an attempt to reproduce or match a criterior angle of the reference trial by motion of the forearm in elbow flexion or extension only. Note that matching of the criterion forearm angle in the new upper limb position could not be accomplished by reproducing the entire reference upper limb position, but only by angular motion at the elbow. Matching of all 3 criterion angles was accomplished with about equal accuracy in terms of absolute constant errors and variable errors. Correlation analysis of the perceptual errors showed that forearm elevation and elbow angle perception errors were not biased but that forearm yaw angle matching showed a bias toward elbow angle matching in 7 of 9 subjects. That is, errors in forearm yaw perception were attributed to a tendency toward a preferred intrinsic coordinate system for perception of forearm orientation. These results show that subjects can accurately perceive angles in both extrinsic and intrinsic coordinate systems in 3-dimensional space. Thus, these data conflict with previous reports of highly inaccurate perception of elbow joint angles in comparison to perception of forearm elevation. In an attempt to resolve this conflict with previous results, a second experiment was carried out in which perception of forearm elevation and elbow joint angles with the forearm motion constrained to a vertical plane. Results of this experiment showed that during a two-limb elbow angle matching task, four of five subjects exhibited a clear bias toward forearm elevation angle. During a one-limb angle reproduction task only two of five subjects exhibited such a bias. Perception of elevation angles show little bias toward elbow angle matching. These results indicate that use of tasks in which the limb is supported against gravity and motion is constrained to a vertical plane cause subjects to make perceptual errors during elbow angle matching such that the slopes of the forearms in a vertical plane (elevation angles) are more easily matched. It is concluded that human subjects can use both extrinsic and intrinsic coordinate systems in planning movements. Kinematic aspects may be planned in terms of an extrinsic coordinate system because of the use of vision in specifying location of external targets, but kinetic aspects of movement planning probably requires use of both forearm elevation angles and elbow joint angles to accurately specify forces and torques for muscles spanning the elbow.
Synovial Fluid Lubricant Properties are Transiently Deficient after Arthroscopic Articular Cartilage Defect Repair with Platelet-Enriched Fibrin Alone and with Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Background:Following various types of naturally occurring traumatic injury to an articular joint, the lubricating ability of synovial fluid is impaired, with a correlated alteration in the concentr...
Onset and recovery of neuromuscular blockade after two doses of rocuronium in children

Abstract Study Objective: To determine if 450 μg/kg (1.5 times the ED 95 ) of rocuronium would result in a comparable onset with a shorter duration of action when compared with 600 μg/kg (2 times the ED 95 ). Design: Randomized, single-blind study. Setting: Teaching hospital. Patients: 85 ASA physical status I and II children ages 2 through 12, undergoing elective surgery with an inhalation induction using halothane. Interventions: Group 1 received 600 μg/kg rocuronium, and Group 2 received 450 μg/kg rocuronium. Measurements and Main Results: The two groups were compared using a Student's t -test, with p 25 ) in Groups 1 and 2 were 28 ± 1.5 minutes (range 14 to 45 min) and 26 ± 1.6 minutes (range 10 to 55 min), respectively (NS). The differences between these two doses in onset of, and recovery from, block were not found to be statistically significant. The results, however, excluded 5% of the higher dose group and 31% of the lower dose group who did not achieve 95% suppression of twitch. Time to maximal suppression of neuromuscular blockade, however, was not statistically significant for the 85 patients with a time of 270 ± 28 seconds (range 91 to 605 sec) with a mean maximal suppression of 98.7% in Group 1 and 313 ± 25 seconds (range 91 to 899 sec) with a mean maximal suppression of 93.1% in Group 2. Conclusion: The two doses of rocuronium did not differ statistically in onset or duration. Rocuronium at 600 μg/kg offers more reliability than 450 μg/kg in achieving adequate muscle relaxation, and the lower dose may result in a significantly large number of patients who may have inadequate intubating conditions.
Serum cardiac glycoside assay based upon displacement of 3 H-ouabain from Na-K ATPase.

An assay of serum digoxin and other cardiac glycosides by displacement of 3H-ouabain from Na-K ATPase is described. It is rapidly set up by any laboratory with a liquid scintillation counter. It can also assay digitalis leaf, digitoxin, and gitalin (Gitaligin), and has uncovered unsuspected administration of them. The assay takes less than 1 hour. No quench correction of counts is required. One technician can assay 30 samples/day with results that afternoon. No interfering compounds have been found in over 1,800 assays. It is unaffected by lung scans. Incidence of toxicity from digoxin is 10%, 25%, and 50% at serum levels of 1.4, 2.0, and 2.9 ng/ml, respectively. Toxic levels of digitalis and digitoxin are usually over 40 ng/ml. Serum digoxin levels are also highly correlated with computed total-body concentrations of digoxin, obtained from data of dosage, route of administration, and the patient's weight and renal function. Physicians may now select a serum digoxin level and computed total-body concentration of digoxin which are associated with an incidence of arrhythmias which they feel is reasonable for the urgency of each patient's clinical situation. These selected serum levels are associated with specific loading and maintenance dosage regimens, individualized to that patient's body weight, renal function, and route of digoxin administration.
Spatial patterns of soil organic carbon on hillslopes : Integrating geomorphic processes and the biological C cycle

Significant portions of the global soil organic carbon (SOC) pool must reside on sloping terrains where the spatial distribution of SOC reflects the combined effects of geomorphic processes and biological C cycling. Using a newly developed soil C mass balance model that explicitly includes soil production and sediment transport, we investigated the relative roles of sediment production/transport vs. biological C cycling in creating the observed spatial patterns of SOC storage within two grass-covered hillslopes in California. The study sites differed in bedrock geology, climate, and erosion rates. Measurements of SOC, soil texture, plant C inputs, and soil thickness were combined with topographic surveys and published soil erosion and production rates in the analysis. Soil thickness was found to be the key control on SOC storage, and soil thickness is balance between soil production and curvature-dependent erosional losses. Additionally, topographically varying rates of plant C inputs, decomposition rates, and SOC erosional losses or depositional inputs were found to only partially explain the observed SOC storage patterns. We used the measured relationships between SOC storage, soil thickness, and topographic curvature to create SOC storage maps of the two watersheds. At both sites, about 70% of the hillslope SOC is stored in depositional areas that are susceptible to episodic mass wasting. At the drier site, there was a larger SOC storage despite the lower soil C % because the clay-rich bedrock resulted in the development of relatively thick soils for a given slope curvature. We conclude that the geomorphic processes driving soil thickness provide fundamental mechanisms that control the spatial SOC patterns on vegetated hillslopes.
Strain-Driven Growth of Zinc Oxide Nanowires on Sapphire: Transition from Horizontal to Standing Growth

Recently, we showed large-scale fabrication of field-effect transistors from horizontal ZnO nanowires (NWs) on a-plane sapphire. Here, in examining the cross sections of such nanodevices, we use high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and large-angle, convergent-beam electron diffraction (LACBED). We show how horizontally grown ZnO NWs influence their underlying sapphire surface and how substrate influences the growth directionality of the NWs. As a NW grows on sapphire, the substrate experiences a compressive strain of ≈7% in its [0001]sap direction (along the width of a NW) to minimize its lattice mismatch with the ZnO NW. Accordingly, ZnO expands along its width to improve its lattice match with the sapphire. The growth direction of (1100) is suggested to be the direction that produces a lower lattice strain between ZnO and sapphire. Analyses of NW/sapphire interfaces show that single-crystal NWs grow epitaxially and semicoherently with many fewer misfit dislocations than theoreticall...
Determination of gravitational separation in dispersions from concentration profiles

Abstract A non-intrusive technique is used to investigate the gravitational sedimentation/creaming of particles in a dispersion. The velocity of ultrasound is measured over a series of heights in the dispersion, and the data are converted to concentration profiles which are collected over a period of time. Often the method detects sedimentation/creaming at a very early stage and can therefore predict long-term stability. Data are presented on a model suspension, and compared with theoretical predictions. In a polydisperse emulsion the creaming behaviour gives a good estimate of the particle size distribution. In an emulsion containing a depletion flocculant, coexistence of two phases is detected, and the compaction of the flocculated cream layer gives a measure of the strength of the network.
On conserved charges in quantum field theory

Abstract The existence of infinite sets of conserved charges is shown in a wide class of quantum field theories. The charges can be constructed to be diagonal on either the asymptotic in- or out-states of the theory. In the case of factorizable theories, the in- and out-charges coincide. A procedure is given for the systematic computation of the charges order-by-order in perturbation theory. The method is applied (through second order) to a general nonrelativistic hamiltonian in one space dimension with two-body interactions. It is shown that in the classical limit one regains the conserved charges of the monodromy approach.
A Procedure For The Frequency Analysis Of Telerobotic Tasks Data

In the last few years, teleoperated tasks have been the subject of extensive research to determine the best combination of control modalities according to specific criteria. The operator's performance were compared on the basis of task completion time and of force and torque measurements during the tasks. This paper proposes a procedure for the spectral analysis of force and torque signals generated during teleoperation experiments. There are two main reasons for examining teleoperation data in the frequency domain: a spectral analysis of different tasks can validate the assumptions made in the design of the teleoperator, and a task's frequency signature can be a valuable measure of the operator's performance.
Overview of Symposium “Systems Genetics in Nutrition and Obesity Research”

Systems genetics is a novel approach for identifying the complex genetic architecture of quantitative traits and geneenvironment interactions via detection of connections from genetic variation through intermediate phenotypes to overlying systems level phenotypes. This symposium, conducted at the Experimental Biology 2010 conference, aimed at educating nutrition researchers about the use of systems genetics as a tool for linking genetic variation to nutrient metabolism and energy balance and their overlying effects on health and disease. Basic concepts of systems genetics and the analytical framework used in these studies were presented. Further, the utility of genetic reference populations for gene-environment interaction studies along with specific studies addressing genetic variation in responsiveness to nutrients were discussed. J. Nutr. doi: 10.3945/jn.110.130104.
Tricarbonyl[(2,3,4,5,6,7‐η)‐thiepin‐1,1‐dioxide]chromium(0)

[1452247-44-5] C9H6CrO5S (mw 278.201) InChI = 1S/C6H6O2S.3CO.Cr/c7-9(8)5-3-1-2-4-6-9;3*1-2;/h1-6H;;;; InChIKey = OCEVGPRCNDLBNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent used for promotion of [6+2], [6+4], [6+2+2], and [6+2+2+2] higher-order cycloaddition reactions) Physical Data: red solid; mp 173–174°C. Solubility: THF, ethyl acetate, CH2Cl2, CHCl3, and 1,2-dichloroethane. Form Supplied in: prepared from thiepin-1,1-dioxide and trisacetonitriletricarbonylchromium. Purification: flash column chromatography on silica gel using hexanes/ethyl acetate. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: the compound can be handled in air and is generally stable for several months when stored in the freezer. Preparative Methods: as shown below, thiepin chromium complex 1 is readily prepared via standard methods1 from thiepin-1,1-dioxide2 2 and trisacetonitriletricarbonylchromium(0)3 3. The reaction proceeds in 12 h at room temperature to give an 86% yield of the desired chromium complex 1 (eq 1).4 (1)
Electromagnetic Controls Over Biological Growth Processes

The growth processes demonstrated by living organisms are one of the most complex of all biological functions, having defied analysis and understanding for centuries. Physicians have long wished to...
Cycle cancellation and pregnancy after luteal estradiol priming in women defined as poor responders: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Study question Does a luteal estradiol (LE) stimulation protocol improve outcomes in poor responders to IVF? Summary answer LE priming is associated with decreased cycle cancellation and increased chance of clinical pregnancy in poor responders What is known already Poor responders to IVF are one of the most challenging patient populations to treat. Many standard protocols currently exist for stimulating these patients but all have failed to improve outcomes. Study design, size, duration Systematic review and meta-analysis including eight published studies comparing assisted reproduction technology (ART) outcomes in poor responders exposed to controlled ovarian hyperstimulation with and without LE priming. A search of the databases MEDLINE, EMBASE and PUBMED was carried out for studies in the English language published up to January 2012. Participants/materials, setting, methods Studies evaluating women defined as poor responders to ART were evaluated. These studies were identified following a systematic review of the literature and data were analyzed using the DerSimonian-Laird random effects model. The main outcomes of interest were cycle cancellation rate and clinical pregnancy. Although the definition of clinical pregnancy varied between studies, the principal definition included fetal cardiac activity as assessed by transvaginal ultrasonography after 5 weeks of gestation. Main results and the role of chance A total of 2249 publications were identified from the initial search, and the bibliographies, abstracts and other sources yielded 11 more. After excluding duplications, 1227 studies remained and 8 ultimately met the inclusion criteria. Compared with women undergoing non-LE primed protocols (n = 621), women exposed to LE priming (n = 468) had a lower risk of cycle cancellation [relative risk (RR): 0.60, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.45-0.78] and an improved chance of clinical pregnancy (RR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.02-1.72). There was no significant improvement in the number of mature oocytes obtained or number of zygotes obtained per cycle. Limitations, reasons for caution These findings are limited by the body of literature currently available. As the poor responder lacks a concrete definition, there is some heterogeneity to these results, which merits caution when applying our findings to individual patients. Furthermore, the increased clinical pregnancy rate demonstrated when using the LE protocol may be principally related to the decreased cycle cancellation rate. Wider implications of the findings The LE protocol may be of some utility in the poor responder to IVF and may increase clinical pregnancy rates in this population by improving stimulation and thereby decreasing cycle cancellation. Study funding/competing interests NIH K12 HD063086 (ESJ, MGT), NIH T32 HD0040135-11 (KAR), F32 HD040135-10 NIH (KRO), 5K12HD000849-25 (PTJ). No competing interests.