cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems

Welcome to San Jose, California, for the Twelfth International Conference on Architecture Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS-XII), the premiere interdisciplinary conference that brings together researchers from three research disciplines, namely Computer Architecture, Programming Languages, and Operating Systems.The ASPLOS conference began in 1982 and helped usher in more than a decade of highly vibrant computer architecture research and innovation. During this period, we witnessed the emergence of the single-chip microprocessor as the dominant computing engine deployed in almost all forms of computer systems, including servers, workstations, and personal computers. However, by the late 1990's some were uncertain about the relevance and continuance of ASPLOS. In 1998, at ASPLOS-VIII, there was a panel discussion organized for the purpose of assessing the future of ASPLOS. I recall one panelist made the statement that ASPLOS is no longer needed. He argued that there is only one instruction set architecture (x86), one compiler (GCC), and one operating system (Windows), and that it will remain that way for quite a while.ASPLOS has continued, is currently thriving, and can potentially usher in another golden decade of computer architecture research and innovation. 2006 marks the 60th anniversary of ENIAC, the first modern digital electronic computer. During these 60 years, we have seen a number of significant paradigm shifts in the architecture and implementation of computers. What is the next dominant form for computing systems? We are witnessing a powerful digital convergence. Both computing and communication have become all digital and wireless based. We see the convergence of high-end, main-stream, and embedded computing. There is no longer just one ubiquitous ISA. Managed run-time environments go far beyond static compilation. Virtualization facilitates multiple concurrent runtimes and operating systems. ASPLOS's distinctive focus on the interfaces and interactions between computer architecture, programming systems and runtime/operating systems will once again allow it to play a pivotal role in the next era of computing.
pH regulation in non-neuronal brain cells and interstitial fluid

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the mechanisms, by which non-neuronal cells, such as Glia, regulate both pHi and pHECF. It examines some of the basic principles of cellular pH regulation. The chapter evaluates the relationship between pH and neuronal activity, and the involvement of glial cells. It describes the cellular and molecular physiology of the specific acid–base transport mechanisms identified in glia. These mechanisms include three of the most powerful acid–base transporters glia used to regulate pHi and pHECF: the Na-H exchanger, the Na/HCO3 cotransporter, and the Cl–HCO3 exchanger. The chapter discusses that pH regulation in brain is important, because the changes in brain pH can influence neuronal activity, synaptic transmission, and possibly memory and learning. The pH of the cerebrospinal fluid bathing the brain is determined by the mechanisms that regulate intracellular pH (pHi) in the choroid plexus epithelium and capillary endothelium. The chapter also examines how some of the acid–base transporters found in the choroid plexus and the capillary endothelium contribute to the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Alcohol and Other Drug Addictions Among Native Americans

Abstract Native Americans have the highest addiction rate of any group in the United States as well as one of the most difficult treatment records. Part of the problem is a long history of contravening U.S. Indian policies that contributed greatly to the phenomenon known as psychocultural marginality. In addition to alcoholism, notably fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and fetal alcohol effect (FAE), inhalation abuse is also rampant among this population. Incarceration, and not treatment, has long been the official federal reaction merely exacerbating these problems. It has only been since the mid-1980s that a cultural perspective has been taken toward Native American addiction. Here, the premise is that one needs to foster a positive cultural ethnic identity before one can effectively address the root causes of addiction.
"Gradual entrainment lake inverter" (GELI): A novel device for experimental lake mixing

A Gradual Entrainment Lake Inverter (GELI) designed to destroy thermal stratification was constructed and used to destratify a darkly stained humic lake. The GELI was developed to gain insight to the effects of altered lake-mixing regimes, but has utility in other mixing applications. The GELI comprises an 8.25 m diameter rubber membrane with a tubular inflatable ring around its circumference that can be raised and lowered repeatedly through the water column using compressed air to control the buoyancy of the ring. Three mixing mechanisms for the GELIs were observed: (i) the increase of high-frequency internal waves (ii), shear and circulation resulting from lateral exchange flows, and (iii) generation of turbulence via both surface spreading and a trailing wake. Field experiments of the GELI reset vertically stratified variables to a near-homogeneous state. As the surface to bottom water column temperature differential changed from 19.2°C to 0.2°C, dissolved oxygen concentrations increased transiently from below detection to 2.8 mg L−1 in the hypolimnion and decreased from 7.0 to 3.2 mg L−1 in the epilimnion. Results demonstrate that the GELI is an efficient lake-mixing device that can minimize gas exchange associated with traditional mixing methods, and the GELI is particularly useful when circumstances require nondisruption of this parameter. The GELI can also be useful in hydrodynamic studies as an internal wave generation device.
Communicating Finite State Machines with Priority Channnels

Consider a network of two communicating finite state machines which exchange messages over two one-directional, unbounded channels, and assume that each machine receives the messages from its input channel based on some fixed (partial) priority relation. We address the problem of whether the communication of such a network is deadlock-free and bounded. We show that the problem is undecidable if the two machines exchange two types of messages. The problem is also undecidable if the two machines exchange three types of messages, and one of the channels is known to be bounded. However, if the two machines exchange two (or less) types of messages, and one channel is known to be bounded, then the problem becomes decidable. The problem is also decidable if one machine sends one type of message and the second machine sends two (or less) types of messages; the problem becomes undecidable if the second machine sends three types of messages. The problem is also decidable if the message priority relation is empty. We also address the problem of whether there is a message priority relation such that the priority network behaves like a FIFO network. We show that the problem is undecidable in general, and present some special cases for which the problem becomes decidable.
Assessing the People's Diplomacy and its impacts on the US-Japan

Durante anos, en lo que respecta a la guerra fria de Asia oriental y la politica exterior china, los estudiosos se han centrado mas en la confrontacion entre China y los EE.UU. o en las dificiles relaciones chino-sovieticas, pero ignoraron la politica de China hacia Japon. En realidad, de forma distinta a linea dura hacia los Estados Unidos, la politica China hacia Japon durante la guerra fria fue en gran parte flexible y suave, que se muestra normalmente en su Diplomacia Popular basado en contactos no-gubernamentales. Este trabajo no solo analiza los origenes y desarrollo de este nuevo enfoque diplomatico, pero tambien explora su impacto en Japon y en la alianza de seguridad Estados Unidos-Japon. Segun fuentes chinas, americanas, japonesas y de los documentos disponibles recientemente, se argumenta que la Diplomacia Popular, de tono suave y una gran flexibilidad, de hecho, minaba la alianza de Estados Unidos y Japon durante la guerra fria. __________ ABSTRACT: For years, in regard to the East Asia cold war and the Chinese foreign policy, scholars have focused more on the Sino-American confrontation or tough Sino-Soviet relations but ignored China's policy toward Japan. Actually, different from its tough policy toward the United States, the Chinese Japan policy during the cold war was largely flexible and soft, which was typically shown in its People's Diplomacy with emphasis on non-governmental contacts. This paper not only discusses the origins and development of this new diplomatic approach but also explores its impacts on Japan and the US-Japan security alliance. Based on Chinese, American, and Japanese sources recently available, it argues that the People's Diplomacy, with its soft tone and great flexibility, effectively undermined the US-Japan cold war security alliance.
Characteristics of magma-driven hydrothermal systems at oceanic spreading centers

[1] We use one- and two-limb single-pass models to de termine vent field characteristics such as mass flow rate Q, bulk permeability in the discharge zone kd, thickness of the conductive boundary layer at the base of the system δ, magma replenishment rate, and residence time in the discharge zone. Data on vent temperature, vent field area, heat output, and the surface area and depth of the subaxial magma chamber (AMC) constrain the models. The results give Q ~ 100 kg/s, kd ~ 10−13 m2, and δ ~ 10 m, essentially independent of spreading rate, and detailed characteristics of the AMC. In addition, we find no correlation between heat output at individual vent fields and spreading rate or depth to the AMC. We conclude that high-temperature hydrothermal systems are driven by local magma supply rates in excess of that needed for steady state crustal production and that crustal permeability enables hydrothermal circulation to tap magmatic heat regardless of AMC depth. Using data on partitioning of heat flow between focused and diffuse flow, we find that 80–90% of the hydrothermal heat output is derived from high-temperature fluid, even though much of the heat output discharges as low-temperature fluid. In some cases, diffuse flow fluids may exhibit considerable conductive cooling or heating. By assuming conservative mixing of diffuse flow fluids at East Pacific Rise 9°50′N, we find that most transport of metals such as Fe and Mn occurs in diffuse flow and that CO2, H2, and CH4 are taken up by microbial activity.
Automatically utilizing secondary sources to align information across sources

XML, web services, and the semantic web have opened the door for new and exciting information-integration applications. Information sources on the web are controlled by different organizations or people, utilize different text formats, and have varying inconsistencies. Therefore, any system that integrates information from different data sources must identify common entities from these sources. Data from many data sources on the web does not contain enough information to link the records accurately using state-of-the-art record-linkage systems. However, it is possible to exploit secondary data sources on the web to improve the record-linkage process.We present an approach to accurately and automatically match entities from various data sources by utilizing a state-of-the-art record-linkage system in conjunction with a data-integration system. The data-integration system is able to automatically determine which secondary sources need to be queried when linking records from various data sources. In turn, the record-linkage system is then able to utilize this additional information to improve the accuracy of the linkage between datasets.
Relaxation for Insomnia

Publisher Summary Relaxation methods are used when heightened somatic and/or cognitive arousal interferes with sleep. As most people with insomnia experience some form of arousal, relaxation techniques are appropriate for most people with insomnia. There are no serious contraindications for relaxation therapy. Patients who do not have time to practice will not profit from this approach. A small percentage of patients will experience paradoxical increased anxiety during relaxation. There are dozens of methods of relaxation that may be collectively referred to as quiescent self inquiry. The variants of relaxation are numerous. Beginning with meditative forms of Hindu yoga dating to some 5000 years ago, continuing with autogenics and progressive relaxation introduced about 100 years ago, through more recent methods such as guided imagery, passive body focusing, and some aspects of mindfulness, and including machine guided relaxation (i.e., biofeedback), the core processes and effects of relaxation have changed little over the millennia.
Successful management of a giant angiomyolipoma with partial nephrectomy

Renal angiomyolipoma (AML) is largely defined as a benign tumor with 3 components: adipose tissue, abnormally thick-walled blood vessels and smooth muscle. Varying sizes of AML has been reported in the literature, with the general consensus that a size greater than 10 cm can be termed a giant AML and are associated with increased complications. This report discusses a case of giant AML with a diameter of up to 24 cm that underwent a successful partial nephrectomy without prior embolization.
Structure mapping and relational language support children's learning of relational categories.

Learning relational categories—whose membership is defined not by intrinsic properties but by extrinsic relations with other entities—poses a challenge to young children. The current work showed 3-, 4- to 5-, and 6-year-olds pairs of cards exemplifying familiar relations (e.g., a nest and a bird exemplifying home for) and then tested whether they could extend the relational concept to another category (e.g., choose the barn as a home for a horse). It found that children benefited from (a) hearing a (novel) category name in a relational construction and (b) comparing category members. The youngest group—3-year-olds—learned the category only when given a combination of relational language and a series of comparisons in a progressive alignment sequence.
Advanced FIB applications for product analysis

Focused Ion Beam (FIB) systems have become a workhorse of the modem semiconductor Product Analysis Lab. They have proved invaluable in applications like specific area cross-sectioning for defect identification and process control, for materials analysis sample preparation, for e-beam and mechanical probing preparation and for design debug and fix prototyping. New generation FIB systems, with increased beam current and control have enabled new applications of the tool. This paper aims to discuss these new applications but the data is presented as it was gathered, as a series of case studies, where a particular problem encountered was overcome by innovative use of the FIB.
Immunotherapy of Basal Cell Carcinoma: Evolving Approaches

Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is one of the most common types of cancer in the world. There is strong evidence that ultraviolet (UV) light plays a central role in the molecular pathogenesis of NMSC development. UV light causes DNA damage and loss of activity of tumor suppressor genes and overexpression of oncogenes and other genes related to enhanced growth and survival as well as tissue invasion. Also, UV light impairs the cutaneous immune response, especially Langerhans cell antigen-presenting function, resulting in immune tolerance to developing tumor cells. Standard treatments for NMSC include surgical excision, curettage and electrodessication, and Moh's micrographic surgery. Immunotherapy of NMSC has been attempted in the form of dinitrobenzene sensitization followed by topical application on the tumor, intralesional interferon injections, or perilesional interleukin-2. These treatments, although showing promise, have not been developed because of lower efficacy compared with surgical approaches, morbidity associated with treatments, as well as the expense of using recombinant cytokine treatments. The topical immune response modifier imiquimod is being developed as a novel local treatment for selected NMSC. Studies of the mechanism of action of imiquimod in NMSC indicate the presence of activated, natural killer cells (innate immunity), T-lymphocytes (adaptive immunity), antigen-presenting cells, and cytokines consistent with a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction (Th1-lymphocyte cytokine pattern). This agent has been associated with a high response rate for the treatment of superficial basal cell carcinoma, with clearance rates ranging from 70% to 90% in a number of clinical trials. This novel immunotherapy represents a new, nonsurgical treatment option in the care of patients with NMSC.
The Use of Categories Affects Classification

Abstract Once an item is classified as a member of a category, knowledge about that category may be used. Most research has focused on classification rather than the use of category knowledge. Seven experiments show that in learning to classify and use categories, the use may affect later classifications. Five of the experiments employed a common classification paradigm in which symptom sets were classified into disease categories. After each classification, subjects used the category to decide what treatment should be given. The symptoms that were important for the treatments were later classified more accurately, generated earlier from the disease, and judged to have occurred more frequently. The last two experiments extended this work to new paradigms in which the category use required simple problem solving. Again, the use affected later classifications. The discussion addresses the implications of these results for classification theories and for the study of categories.
Using mixed methods designs in the Journal of Business Research, 1990–2010

Abstract The purpose of this article is to examine the uses of mixed method research designs published in the Journal of Business Research . This study involves a content analysis of 2072 articles published between 1990 and 2010 in the Journal of Business Research . Seventeen mixed method studies implemented data collection procedures sequentially (68%), six implemented them concurrently (24%), and two combined both sequential and concurrent procedures (8%). On the whole, priority skews more toward quantitative strands with ten articles prioritizing quantitative data (40%), three articles prioritizing qualitative data (12%), and twelve articles prioritizing both equally (48%). Business scholars recognize the benefit of mixing qualitative and quantitative research; however, as a discipline, we are not demonstrating knowledge of the mixed method literature or procedures; none of the articles recognized or mentioned knowledge of mixed method procedures or cited mixed method research. This study provides guidance for researchers in identifying design types appropriate for various research objectives as well as the models of different design types appearing in the Journal of Business Research .
Characterization of a novel endonuclease from Crithidia fasciculata.

Abstract A new endonuclease activity has been identified in whole cell lysates of the trypanosomatid Crithidia fasciculata. This activity, termed endonuclease A (Endo A), introduces single-strand breaks at highly preferred sites in double stranded DNA substrates Physical analysis of this enzyme indicates that it has a sedimentation coefficient S20,W of 4.9 and a Stokes radius of 59A and thus, a native molecular weight of 125,000 and a frictional coefficient of 1.8. A monomeric structure is suggested for the enzyme based on the recovery of Endo A activity associated with a polypeptide with a molecular weight of 116,000-120,000, following electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels. Endo A shows an absolute requirement for Mg2+ or Mn2+ and exhibits activity over a broad pH and temperature range, with optimal conditions for activity at pH 8.0 and 30 degrees C.
Evaluating collimator designs for nuclear breast imaging with High-Purity Germanium detectors

Nuclear breast imaging with specifically designed semiconductor gamma cameras can improve breast cancer detection. One benefit of semiconductor-based imaging systems is their superior Energy Resolution (ER). In previous simulation work, we observed that the superior ER of High-Purity Germanium (HPGe) could offer potential improvements in sensitivity and scatter rejection compared to Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT). In this work we conducted simulations with various collimation schemes to evaluate the possible imaging performance of an HPGe system with 1% ER at 140 keV. The objective was to investigate the influence of the collimation scheme on sensitivity and spatial resolution, and how these would translate to imaging performance. Using the Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP5) simulation package, we modeled a 10 mm thick HPGe detector with hexagonal-hole and registered square-hole collimators for the imaging of a breast/torso phantom with three spherical tumors. Simulated energy spectra were generated, and images were created with a ±1.25% energy window around the 140 keV photopeak. Scatter and torso fractions were calculated along with tumor contrast and relative sensitivity. Our results agree with previous literature suggesting that utilizing registered collimators yields large increases in sensitivity with similar resolutions and image quality to standard hexagonal-hole collimators.
Further experience with distal aortic perfusion and motor-evoked potential monitoring in the management of extent I-III thoracoabdominal aortic anuerysms

Background Prior studies indicated improved early mortality and paraplegia rates in a small cohort of patients with type I-III thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (TAAs) treated with atriofemoral bypass (AFB) and motor-evoked potentials (MEVPs) when compared with a propensity-matched cohort of patients treated with the clamp and sew (CS) method, wherein epidural cooling was the principal spinal cord protective adjunct. The use of AFB/MEVP increases the complexity of TAA repair and in this study, we address whether the early benefits will be sustained when this is applied to a general population with type I-III TAAs. Methods Consecutive patients undergoing repair of nonruptured Crawford extent I-III TAAs from 1/1987 to 12/2011 were identified. Patients were stratified according to operative approach (AFB/MEVP vs CS). Endpoints included long-term survival, and the composite outcome of perioperative death and paraplegia. A multivariate, risk-adjusted model was then created to determine if operative approach independently influenced outcome. Results There were 485 patients (CS = 385 [79%]; AFB/MEVP = 100 [21%]). The cohorts differed in that the AFB/MEVP group was younger (65.8 ± 12.5 years vs 70.9 ± 9.7 years; P P = .005), and had more chronic dissections (30.3% vs 18.9%; P = .018). Operative variables differed in that the AFB/MEVP cohort had longer operative times (434 ± 112 minutes vs 324 ± 98 minutes; P P P = .50), length of intensive care unit stay (AFB/MEVP = 9.6 ± 8.6 days vs CS = 9.5 ± 12.3 days; P = .95) or hospital length of stay (AFB/MEVP = 19.9 ± 12.6 days vs CS = 21.6 ± 23.5 days; P = .49). The composite perioperative death and paraplegia rate was lower in the AFB/MEVP cohort (7% vs 19%; P = .004). The multivariate model for predictors of the composite outcome showed that AFB/MEVP was protective (odds ratio, 0.39; 95% confidence interval, 0.17-0.9; P = .028). Long-term (4-year) survival was improved in the AFB/MEVP group as well (73 ± 6% vs 60 ± 3%; P = .004). Conclusions AFB/MEVP is an independent predictor of improved perioperative death and paraplegia rates as well as long-term survival in patients undergoing repair of type I-III TAAs and is the preferred operative strategy.
Assessing blood-pressure measurement in tablet-based mHealth apps

We propose a new method to record contextual information associated with a blood-pressure reading using a tablet's touchscreen and accelerometer. This contextual information can be used to verify that a patient's lower arm remained well-supported and stationary during her blood-pressure measurement. We found that a binary support vector machine classifier could be used to distinguish different types of lower-arm movements from stationary arms with 90% accuracy overall. Predetermined thresholds for the accelerometer readings suffice to determine whether the tablet, and therefore the arm that rested on it, remained supported. Together, these two methods can allow mHealth applications to guide untrained patients (or health workers) in measuring blood pressure correctly.
On the mechanism of cuprizone-induced formation of megamitochondria in mouse liver

The livers of mice maintained on a diet containing 1% cuprizone for periods up to 18 days formed giant (mega) mitochondria equaling of exceeding the size of the nucleus. The megamitochondria were isolated from the liver and shown to be competent in respect to oxidative phosphorylation, although the P/O ratio and respiratory control index were somewhat reduced. When cuprizone was deleted from the diet, the size and function of the liver mitochondria returned to normal. Electron microscopic studies have made it possible to demonstrate the intermediate steps by which the membranes of paired mitochondria fuse and defuse to form megamitochondria, and from these studies a general mechanism may now be proposed for processes in which one continuous membrane splits into two separate membranes or by which two separated membranes fuse to form one continuous membrane.
Changing attitudes toward chydorid anomopods since 1769

The first mention of the chydorids in the literature was by O.F. Muller in 1769, although he did not use any names for the taxa that he described. The first century after O. F. Muller's first paper was concerned almost exclusively with the cladocerans of Europe. The second century saw European scientists looking at cladocerans from other continents and frequently placing the European names on them. Species had not been described adequately, and the persons looking at the non-European taxa seldom made any detailed comparisons to document their claim of conspecificity. Consequently, the names became distributed everywhere for look-alike taxa, and scientists routinely regarded the chydorid anomopods as cosmopolitan. During the past two decades, scientists are finding through detailed comparisons, that cognate taxa of chydorids on different continents, or even on the same continent, usually are not the same. Attitudes are shifting away from cosmopolitanism (presumably brought about by the passive dispersal of resting eggs), to vicariant events as one of the major mechanisms affecting the evolution of the chydorids and involved in controlling their distributions.
Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus dynamics during leaf decay in nutrient‐enriched stream microecosystems

Summary We investigated the effects of long-term enrichment with nitrate, phosphate, and nitrate+phosphate on the first 5 weeks of leaf detritus processing in laboratory stream microecosystems. Enrichment with nitrate+phosphate accelerated leaf weight loss and increased rates of respiration associated with the leaves. However, whole-system respiration was little changed from that observed in the control stream since respiration in the water was greatly reduced. Enrichment with phosphate alone had little effect except to lower respiration associated with leaf discs. Enrichment with nitrate alone also decreased leaf-disc respiration but resulted in a greatly increased rate of respiration in the water. Net leaching and fragmentation of carbon from the leaves was also increased by nitrate enrichment. Nitrogen and phosphorus levels in leaf material were little affected by enrichment with nitrate or phosphorus alone. Leaves in those streams and in the control stream released nitrogen and phosphorus to the water. In contrast, percent nitrogen and phosphorus increased greatly in the leaves in the stream enriched with both nitrate and phosphate. The leaves in this system immobilized both nitrogen and phosphorus from the water. We also studied the importance of nitrogen fixation as a vector for nitrogen incorporation associated with leaf decomposition in streams. Somewhat surprisingly, fixation by microbes associated with the leaves and by microbes suspended in the water occurred under all three experimental enrichment treatments as well as in the control, casting doubt on the effectiveness of nitrate in inhibiting nitrogenase synthesis in nature. However, N2-fixation is only a minor source of nitrogen for leaves decaying under the conditions studied.
Evaluating silicon concentrations in biofuel feedstock crops Miscanthus and switchgrass

Abstract Silicon (Si) concentrations in biofuel feedstock crops have a critical role in combustion processes. The purpose of this study was to quantify Si concentrations in plant biomass samples and to evaluate the contributing factors for Si concentrations. We determined total Si concentrations in Miscanthus × giganteus ( M . × giganteus ) collected from various research trial plots in the eastern U.S. and in Miscanthus spp. and Panicum virgatum , ‘Cave-in-Rock’ (switchgrass) from an additional eight trial plots established across Illinois. Whole aboveground plant biomass at each site were air-dried and ground. Total Si concentrations in plant samples were determined by dry-ashing plant tissue in a muffle furnace, followed by alkaline fusion and then colorimetric analysis. Average Si concentrations in statewide M . × giganteus plant samples ranged from 0.72% to 1.6% and samples from within Illinois ranged from 0.55% to 2.4%. The overall median value of concentrations in M . × giganteus samples among all sites was 1.08%. The median value in switchgrass samples (1.5%) was 1.4 times higher than that for M . × giganteus . Among six other Miscanthus spp. samples from the Urbana trial plot in Illinois, Si concentrations were about 1/3 that of M . × giganteus . Variation in Si concentrations tended to be associated with temperature and precipitation of the location where the biofuel crops are being grown. We did not find any relationship between soil type and plant Si concentrations. Long-term evaluations of soil mineral concentrations and additional environmental factors are required to better understand the contributing factors for Si concentrations.
Enantioselective hydroborations catalyzed by rhodium(+1) complexes

Abstract Enantioselective hydroborations of alkenes 1 - 4 with catecholborane were performed via catalysis with complexes containing the chiral ligands DIOP, BINAP, CHIRAPHOS , DIPAMP , BDPP , 2-MeODIOP , and 3-McODIOP . Alkenes 1 - 3 were also hydroborated with catecholborane derivatives 5 - 8 in the presence of Rh(+l)/ DIOP catalysts. Trends in the observed optical purities are discussed.
Irreversible pressure losses in two-phase flow systems

Abstract An energy rate method is used to derive an equation for the irreversible pressure loss in two-phase flow. The pressure loss is found to be a function of the components' density, viscosity, quality, and the slip ratio or cross-sectional area fraction of the vapor; covers the entire quality range; and reduces to the proper equation for one-phase flow. The equation has a trend similar to the Martinelli-Nelson curve, but modifications have been incorporated to fit it to data with more accuracy. The equation, evaluated for steam-water, provides a method for calculation of interfacial losses and the individual losses in the vapor and liquid. Refitting of two factors to data is expected to allow extension to other two-phase, one-component flows, or to two-phase, two-component flows.
Metal-semiconductor interfaces: Magnetic and electronic properties and Schottky barrier in Fen/(ZnSe)m (001) superlattices.

Results of a systematic local-density study of the electronic and magnetic properties of ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{\mathit{n}}$/(ZnSe${)}_{\mathit{m}}$ [namely, ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{1}$/(ZnSe${)}_{1}$, ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}$/(ZnSe${)}_{1}$, and ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}$/(ZnSe${)}_{2}$] superlattices are presented. The effects of varying Fe and semiconductor layer thicknesses on the magnetic and electronic properties of the superlattice are analyzed. In particular, we found that (i) the enhanced Fe magnetism that characterizes the Fe-monolayer superlattice is suppressed as the Fe thickness is increased; (ii) some charge is transferred from the Fe layers into the ZnSe region; (iii) the interface effects are rapidly screened in the inner Fe layers; and (iv) a significant role on the Fe magnetism is played by the geometrical site coordination. Finally, for the thickest superlattice, the Schottky-barrier height is estimated.
CHAINED VI PERFORMANCE OF PIGEONS MAINTAINED WITH AN ADDED STIMULUS1

Pecks at a first (left) key were reinforced by a partial movement (advance) of the voltmeter behind the key toward the maximum position. When the meter reached maximum deflection, pecks at a second key were continuously reinforced with food. The schedule of reinforcement by which pecking the first key produced a deflection, as well as the size of the deflection, were varied in a series of experiments. The rate of responding on the first key was more affected by changes in the number of steps required to move the meter to the maximum position (the size of the deflection) than by the value of the variable-interval schedule by which pecking produced a meter deflection. The rate at which the bird pecked was low when the meter was near the null position, and high as the meter approached the maximum deflection.
Rethinking code blue in long-term care

Losing a loved one is often emotional and painful for families, and most aspects of death and dying are usually difficult for them to discuss. Our traditional view of death (as a failure) is being reassessed. Many residents' conditions place them at high risk for death, or they may have conditions considered terminal. Numerous facilities are rethinking their approach to Code Blue, and this is an ideal time to analyze the entire process, especially since death is a frequent occurrence in long-term care facilities. Approximately 10% of residents admitted under the Medicare benefit die, or are hospitalized and subsequently die, within 30 days of admission. In addition to simplifying rescue techniques, a movement is afoot to allow family members into scenes previously considered sacrosanct by medical care providers.
Copper(II) facilitates bleomycin-mediated unwinding of plasmid DNA

The unwinding of plasmid DNA by bleomycin A/sub 2/ (BLM A/sub 2/) was investigated by use of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. It was found that Cu/sup 2 +/ ions greatly facilitated the unwinding of topoisomers of plasmid DNA by BLM A/sub 2/ at concentrations where cupric ions along had no effect on DNA supercoiling. The concentration of BLM A/sub 2/ required for observable unwinding was reduced at least 100-fold in the presence of equimolar Cu/sup 2 +/. A plot of (Cu/sup 2 +/) vs extent of DNA unwinding in the presence of 10/sup -4/ M BLM A/sub 2/ gave a curve consistent with the action of cupric ions on BLM in an allosteric fashion, possibly rearranging the drug into a conformation that facilitates DNA unwinding. The participation of the metal center in enhancing DNA unwinding via direct ionic interaction with one or more negatively charged groups on the DNA duplex also seems possible. Further analysis of the structural factors required for BLM-mediated DNA unwinding was carried out with Cu/sup 2 +/ + BLM demethyl A/sub 2/, the latter of which differs from BLM A/sub 2/ only in that it lacks a methyl group, and associated positive charge, at the C-terminus. Cu(II)more » x BLM demethyl A/sub 2/ was found to be much less effective than Cu(II) x BLM A/sub 2/ as a DNA unwinding agent, emphasizing the strong dependence of this process on the presence of positively charged groups within the BLM molecule. These findings constitute the first direct evidence that the metal center of BLM can participate in DNA interaction, as well as in the previously recognized role of oxygen binding and activation.« less
Molecular Orbital Study of Crystalline p-Benzoquinone

The interaction energies for the crystal of p-benzoquinone and aggregates from two to seven molecules have been calculated using Hartree−Fock and density functional theory methods with different basis sets at the experimental (crystallographic) geometries. After correction for basis set superposition error, all methods predict similar interaction energies. Periodic calculations using CRYSTAL92 and CRYSTAL 95 at the HF/6-21G** level produced values of −5.30 kcal/mol for the interaction energy of a two-dimensional slab. The calculation of the crystalline interaction energy is hampered by the inability of HF calculations to reproduce stacking interactions and the large basis set superposition errors associated with the HF/6-21G** molecular orbital method. The cooperative contributions to the interaction energies calculated for the aggregates imply that roughly half the crystalline interaction energy is due to cooperativity.
Progress, problems and prospects for network research: Investigating relationships in the age of electronic communication technologies

Abstract Here we look at the past accomplishments, present difficulties, and future potentials of network research, stressing the unique advantages of investigating the new interactive technologies. A positive assessment of the past scientific accomplishments of network research is tempered by serious epistemological problems: inadequate attention to network theory, network sampling problems that restrict the generalizability of results, an underemphasis upon data-gathering and measurement, and an analytical shortchanging of the message content that flows through links over time. Partial solutions to certain of these difficulties may be found in network research on the new interactive communication systems.
Nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the Newcastle disease virus fusion protein and comparisons of paramyxovirus fusion protein sequences

The nucleotide sequence of cloned cDNA copies of the mRNA encoding the Newcastle disease virus fusion protein was determined. A single open reading frame in the sequence encodes a hydrophobic protein of 553 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 58 978. The previously determined protein sequence of the amino terminus of the F1 (Richardson, G.D. et al. (1980) Virology 105, 205-222) was located within the predicted protein sequence. The predicted protein sequence contains a hydrophobic stretch of 29 amino acids near the carboxy terminal end and likely represents the membrane spanning region of the protein. The F2 portion of the sequence contains one glycosylation site while F1 contains four which are potentially used. The predicted sequence contains 13 cysteine residues. Comparison of the NDV fusion protein sequence with three other paramyxovirus fusion protein sequences reveals little homology common to all four viruses except for the amino terminus of the F1 proteins. However, the positions of the cysteine residues within the sequence are conserved, particularly among the members of the paramyxovirus subgroup, suggesting the importance of disulfide bond formation in the conformation of paramyxovirus fusion proteins.
On global and pointwise adaptive estimation

Let an estimated function belong to a Lipschitz class of order α . Consider a minimax approach where the infimum is taken over all possible estimators and the supremum is taken over the considered class of estimated functions. It is known that, if the order α is unknown, then the minimax mean squared (pointwise) error convergence slows down from n - 2α/(2α+1) for the case of the given α to [ n/ln(n)] - 2α/(2α+1) . At the same time, the minimax mean integrated squared (global) error convergence is proportional to n - 2α/(2α+1) for the cases of known and unknown α . We show that a similar phenomenon holds for analytic functions where the lack of knowledge of the maximal set to which the functioncan be analytically continued leads to the loss of a sharp constant. Surprisingly, for the more general adaptive minimax setting where we consider the union of a range of Lipschitz and a range of analytic functions neither pointwise error convergence nor global error convergence suffers an additional slowing down.
Invoking "The Family" to Legitimize Gender- and Sexuality-Based Public Policies in the United States: A Critical Discourse Analysis of the 2012 Democratic and Republican National Party Conventions

Women and sexual minorities in the United States continue to experience subordinate status, and the policy gains they have made in areas such as reproductive rights and marriage equality continue to be challenged in political discourse. We conducted a critical discourse analysis of texts from the 2012 Democratic and Republican national conventions in order to examine the extent to which ideological representations of the family were employed to legitimize public policy positions related to gender (e.g., abortion) and sexuality (e.g., same-sex marriage). We analyzed two forms of text (official party platform document, transcripts of speeches) with distinct intended audiences (i.e., party members, general audience). Findings revealed that an ideological representation of the traditional family ideal—featuring a heterosexual couple, their children, and asymmetric gender relations—was present within speeches given by both parties, particularly by the spouses of the presidential candidates (Michelle Obama and Ann Romney). Although this ideological representation was subsequently used within the Republican Party platform to legitimize positions against same-sex marriage and abortion, the Democratic Party platform challenged this representation of the family to instead advocate for policy positions in favor of same-sex marriage and women’s reproductive rights. We discuss this ambivalence within Democratic texts in light of the different audiences that party convention texts seek. Implications for gender- and sexuality-based policies are discussed, as well as the importance of examining political discourse across diverse forms and settings.
The displacement problem for elastic crystals

In this paper we obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of Lipschitz minimisers of a functional of the type where h is a convex function converging to infinity at zero and u is subjected to displacement boundary conditions. We provide examples of body forces f for which the infimum of J (.) is not attained.
A toolbox for calculating net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs (NANI)

The ''Net Anthropogenic Nitrogen Input'' (NANI) to a region represents an estimate of anthropogenic net nitrogen (N) fluxes across its boundaries, and is thus a measure of the effect of human activity on the regional nitrogen cycle. NANI accounts for the fluxes of atmospheric N deposition, fertilizer N application, agricultural N fixation, and net food and feed imports, each of which represents a potentially important source of nitrogen in watersheds. In watersheds of sufficient size for the accounting to make sense, NANI has been shown to have a strong relationship with riverine nitrogen export. Since its first introduction, it has been applied to various regions of the US and the world by numerous researchers. Comparison and synthesis of these studies have been somewhat problematic due to discrepancies in the data sources and assumptions applied in their calculations. To address this problem, it would be useful to have a set of tools for calculating NANI from a standardized dataset allowing the user to clearly see the assumptions behind the calculations and alter them to test their sensitivity. Here we present a prototype of such a toolbox, the NANI Calculator Toolbox. The toolbox comprises three sets of tools: (1) a GIS tool overlaying a watershed map with various data maps to calculate overlaying proportions, (2) a set of Excel-based tools extracting necessary data from various standardized datasets (Agricultural Census, Census, USGS fertilizer input estimates, and CMAQ N deposition estimates), and (3) an Excel-based tool calculating the NANI budget and other related components (e.g., animal excretion) from the extracted data. All the datasets are included in this package, allowing the user to calculate NANI anywhere in the US from the watershed map of interest. As a demonstration, we present county-scale NANI estimates for the entire continental US and also for all the US watersheds where NANI have been reported in the earlier literature. Possible improvements of the toolbox and extension to European datasets are discussed.
Posttranslational arginylation as a global biological regulator.

Posttranslational modifications constitute a major field of emerging biological significance as mounting evidence demonstrates their key role in multiple physiological processes. Following in the footsteps of protein phosphorylation studies, new modifications are being shown to regulate protein properties and functions in vivo. Among such modifications, an important role belongs to protein arginylation — posttranslational tRNA-mediated addition of arginine, to proteins by arginyltransferase, ATE1. Recent studies show that arginylation is essential for embryogenesis in many organisms and that it regulates such important processes as heart development, angiogenesis, and tissue morphogenesis in mammals. This review summarizes the key data in the protein arginylation field since its original discovery to date.
X-Efficiency in the US life insurance industry☆

Abstract Using six years of data, 1985–1990, we estimate hybrid translog cost functions for 561 life insurers. We examine the resulting residuals to determine the relative efficiency of insurers in the sample. We then test the residuals to see if they are related to so-called X-efficiencies because of internal and external monitoring, or to other factors related to rent-seeking. Results show a large degree of persistent inefficiency seems to exist among sample firms, the inefficiencies relate to some internal or external monitoring, and rent-seeking may be occurring.
The effect of step quenching on the microstructure and fracture toughness of aisi 4340 steel

The microstructure and fracture toughness of AISI 4340 steel in the direct and in the step quenched and tempered condition has been studied. Austenitizing temperatures of 1473 K followed by step quenching to either 1373 or 1143 K prior to oil quenching have been employed. A consistent drop in the fracture toughness values was observed as the intermediate holding temperature decreased or the holding time at this temperature in-creased. A concurrent increase in the amount of twinning was seen without any change in the amount and/or distribution of retained austenite. While direct evidence for segre-gation has not been found, the observed facts are consistent with segregation effects during the austenitizing treatment.
Second‐Order Designs in Two Stages

This study examines the comparative information intrinsic to each stage of a two-stage experiment. Aliasing at the first stage, possible confounding of effects between stages, and efficiency comparisons for the two stages are determined directly from the analysis. A practical advantage is that runs to be assigned prospectively to the first and second stages may be evaluated beforehand, independently of empirical data. Motivated by studies in the digestion of seafood wastes, a case study develops a central composite design in k = 3 regressors, first on augmenting a 2 3 design with center mn, then on augmenting a small composite design with center run. Other augmentations are considered as well. The study concludes with some minimal augmentations to a 2 3 design with center run, so as to ensure full estimability in a second-order model in three regressors.