cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strong energy condition in R + R 2 gravity

In this paper we study Raychaudhuri's equation in the background of $R+\ensuremath{\beta}{R}^{2}$ gravity with phenomenological matter [$\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\propto}a{(t)}^{\ensuremath{-}n}$]. We conclude that even though the strong energy condition (SEC) for Einstein's gravity (which guarantees singularity) is $ng~2$ for $\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\propto}a{(t)}^{\ensuremath{-}n}$, a perturbative analysis of Raychaudhuri's equation reveals that the big bang singularity may not be guaranteed in $R+\ensuremath{\beta}{R}^{2}$ gravity for $ng4$. We derive the following strong energy conditions for $R+\ensuremath{\beta}{R}^{2}$ gravity ($\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\ne}0$): (1) For the $kl0$ FRW metric, the SEC is $0l~nl~4$, i.e., $\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{n}l~{p}_{n}l~\frac{1}{3}{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{n}$; (2) for the $k=0$ FRW metric, the SEC is $1l~nl~4$, i.e., $\ensuremath{-}\frac{2}{3}{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{n}l~{p}_{n}l~\frac{1}{3}{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{n}$; (3) for the $kg0$ FRW metric, the SEC is $2l~nl~4$, i.e., $\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{3}{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{n}l~{p}_{n}l~\frac{1}{3}{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{n}$.
The Practice Community Meets the Ivory Tower: A Health Department/Academic Partnership to Improve Public Health Preparedness

When the local health department of Montgomery County, Maryland, was chosen to participate in Project Public Health Ready and was charged with the daunting task of providing a comprehensive emergency preparedness plan, training all 600 employees to carry out that plan, and conducting exercises to demonstrate the department's competency, it realized it couldn't do it alone. The department sought the assistance of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. The first challenge for these unlikely partners, one a bastion of research and the other firmly immersed in the practice world of public health, was to figure out how to work together. This article describes the development of their partnership; outlines the preparedness plan, training, and exercises that resulted from the partnership; summarizes the challenges and benefits for each entity; and enumerates lessons learned that could be useful to other public health entities planning to undertake similar partnerships.
Cybersecurity issues in robotics

Cybersecurity is not highly prioritized during the design and manufacture of robots. As with other embedded systems a higher priority is placed on development costs and delivering functionality to consumers. In the future greater attention to cybersecurity will need to be given as the use of robots continues to grow in the manufacturing, military, medical, eldercare and the automated vehicle markets. This work identifies current and potential cyber threats to robotics at the hardware, firmware/OS, and application levels. Attack scenarios at each level are presented and discussed. Additionally, the economic and human safety impact of a cyber attack on robots is examined. Finally, possible countermeasures are suggested.
simUfish: An Interactive Application to Teach K-12 Students About Zebrafish Behavior.

Abstract As the zebrafish is rapidly becoming a species of choice in preclinical research, several efforts are being placed toward creating educational programs for K-12 students based on this promising model organism. However, as any other model organisms, the use of zebrafish in classroom settings requires additional experimental resources and poses ethical challenges related to animal use. To mitigate these factors, we have developed an application (app), simUfish, which implements a mathematical model of zebrafish behavior for generating multiple fish trajectories and animating their body undulations. simUfish is developed using a multiplatform game engine and is expected to promote the knowledge of zebrafish behavior to both K-12 students and the general public. Specifically, it demonstrates basic principles of fish individual and social behaviors, including environment interaction; fear response toward a predator; shoaling; and attraction toward a stimulus, which can be a food source or simply a fin...
THE HARVARD RADIO ASTRONOMY STATION AT FORT DAVIS, TEXAS

The Harvard Radio Astronomy Station at Fort Davis, Texas, came into operation in 1956 as a radio extension of the U.S. Air Force Sacramento Peak Observatory. The location near Fort Davis was chosen for the low level of man-made radio signals. Initially the receiving equipment at the site included a 28-ft diameter antenna and covered the range 100-580 MHz. The receivers swept through this band approximately three times per second, recording the spectrum of solar radio activity. In subsequent years the frequency range was extended to cover all or parts of 10 MHz to 4 GHz. All recorded solar bursts were identified according to five principal spectral types, and lists including times, durations, and frequency ranges of all solar activity were published. Studies of the bursts included analyses of their relationships to flares and other optical solar phenomena, and also their relationships to geophysical phenomena, including magnetic storms and polar blackouts. An 85-ft diameter antenna was installed in 1963, which during 1970-1974 was used for solar observations in the range 580 MHz to 4 GHz. Otherwise this antenna was used for non-solar radio astronomy, including lunar occultations of radio sources, measurements of flux densities at 5 GHz, investigations of the Galactic Center, and similar projects. The solar program was closed in late 1982 after 26 years of continuous operation. After 1974 the 85-ft antenna was used mainly in a program of VLBI network observations conducted by astronomers from Caltech and NRAO. In 1991 it was replaced by an antenna of the VLBA program of the NRAO. This paper describes some details of the antennas and receivers, and results of the solar studies. It also includes a brief discussion of the non-solar observations other than the VLBI program.
Comparison of 3 corneal cytology collection methods for evaluating equine ulcerative keratitis: Cytobrush, kimura platinum spatula, and handle edge of scalpel blade.

PURPOSE To compare corneal cytology samples from three common sampling techniques: cytobrush (CB), Kimura platinum spatula (KS), and the handle edge of a scalpel blade (SB). METHODS Equine patients presenting to the University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine with ulcerative keratitis were included. Following diagnosis of corneal ulcer and sampling for microbial culture, two cytology samples per technique were collected with sterile CB, KS, and SB in a randomized order. Cytologic evaluation was performed by two observers masked to collection method. Objective measures of sample cellularity, quality, distribution, and identification of infectious organisms were recorded per 10 monolayer cell populations using 50× magnification with oil immersion which were compared to culture results. Variables were compared using ANOVA with Student's t test when appropriate and Cohen's kappa (k) to evaluate inter- and intra-observer agreement (IOA) between observers and techniques. RESULTS Twenty equine patients (120 samples) were included. The IOA between observers was substantial (k = 0.75 ± 0.06) for cytological parameters. SB provided the most cellular samples (P < .01). There was a trend toward agreement (k = 0.12 ± 0.16) in technique for sample quality (P = .08). CB and SB had significantly poorer cell distribution than KS (P < .05). Infection was confirmed in 12 of 20 patients with SB and CB techniques having a significantly higher diagnostic yield than KS (P < .05) and was most consistent with infection confirmed on culture. CONCLUSIONS The SB provided the most diagnostic samples but all three techniques are clinically useful in evaluating equine ulcerative keratitis.
Interstate Competition and State Regulation Variations in Commercial Drone Industry

Regulations vary when diffusing across states. Prior studies explain the variations with intrastate power struggles, but this paper argues that interstate competition to attract enterprises or dete...
Psychoneuroendocrinology of Stress

Psychoneuroendocrinology is an interdisciplinary field of research that is at the interface of endocrinology, neuroscience, and psychology. Psychoneuroendocrinology of stress mainly aims at describing and understanding psychological influences on the neuroendocrine systems that are activated by stressors. It also examines the way stress hormones and neuropeptides impact on behavior, cognition, and affect.
Phase Separation and Finite Size Scaling in La2-xSrxCuO4+ delta

A study of the phase diagram and magnetic susceptibility \ensuremath{\chi}(x,\ensuremath{\delta},T) of the title system is reported. For \ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\simeq}0.03, macroscopic phase separation, below \ensuremath{\simeq}300 K into ${\mathrm{superconductingLa}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4+\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$(\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\simeq}0.08) and ${\mathrm{nonsuperconductingLa}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4+{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{''}}}}$(\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{''}\ensuremath{\simeq}0.00) phases, known to occur forx=0, disappears by x\ensuremath{\simeq}0.03. The behaviors of the N\'eel temperature ${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{N}}$(x) and \ensuremath{\chi}(x,T) of the antiferromagnetic phase (0\ensuremath{\simeq}x\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.02,\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{''}\ensuremath{\simeq}0.00) reveal a novel microscopic segregation of the doped holes in this phase into walls of hole-rich material separating undoped domains. \textcopyright{} 1993 The American Physical Society
DESIGN OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT BUILDINGS IN CLEAR SKY CONDITIONS TO ENHANCE NATURAL LIGHTING THROUGH MAXIMIZING THE EXTERNAL REFLECTED COMPONENT

The importance of natural lighting cannot be overstated, especially when one considers the numerous health benefits and performance enhancements associated with those working or dwelling in well-lit spaces relying predominantly on daylight. Natural lighting, or daylighting, had been the subject of many previous research papers, but with emphasis on the Sky Component (SC) and the Internal Reflected Component (IRC), as the main contributing factors to the total luminance levels inside a given interior space. The third component; External Reflected Component (ERC) had been neglected by most researchers, architects, engineers and scientists, possibly because of its smaller weight in comparison with the other components. In today’s age of high-rise towers and dense urban societies where the number of floors in a given building often reaches the order of 20’s or 30’s, bottom floor levels that are obstructed from natural lighting due to the surrounding tall structures, require further studies. In such cases, where the accessibility to natural lighting from the SC and IRC factors is small, it is important to find ways to maximize the capture and use of the ERC reflected from opposite buildings. This is the core subject of this Research which aims at providing a full analysis of ERC and how it changes with varying parameters which in turn provides a much-needed better understanding of how it performs under varying conditions, especially under clear skies. Computer simulations will be carried out in sequence and results will be recorded and analyzed to find trends and establish logical patterns of how ERC changes. The study will then provide an analysis of the Egyptian Building Code to determine whether daylighting was considered in its numerous equations and stipulations that regulate development and construction activities. This includes maximum building height requirements, fenestration design and dimensions, and internal lighting-service channels in urban settings. يرکز البحث على إمکانية الزيادة من الإعتماد على الإضاءة الطبيعية داخل تصميم المساحات الداخلية بالمبانى بإستخدام معامل (ERC) و ذلک لضمان نفوذ الإضاءة الطبيعية إلى کافة الأدوار بالمبنى تحت التصميم، و بصفة خاصة الأدوار السفلية. و يقدم البحث عدد من البيانات التخطيطية (نوموجراف) التى تمکن المصمم من تقدير الإضاءة الطبيعية إعتمادا بشکى رئيسى على معامل الانعکاس الخارجى.
EOSINOPHILIC MASSES: CARDIAC MANIFESTATIONS IN EOSINOPHILIC GRANULOMATOSIS WITH POLYANGIITIS

Cardiovascular manifestations of EGPA are prevalent, often asymptomatic, and are associated with poor prognosis. A 53-year-old man with a 3-year history of chronic cough presented from an outside hospital with acute renal insufficiency, a 3-month history of a nodular rash, and lower extremity edema
Comparison of reversed-phase, anion-exchange, and hydrophilic interaction HPLC for the analysis of nucleotides involved in biological enzymatic pathways

Nucleotides and other phosphate-containing compounds are integral to enzymatic reactions such as those of the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway and glycolysis. Traditional chromatographic an...
Promoting early achievement in low-income preschoolers in the United States with educational apps

The present study examined the potential of educational apps for mobile devices as a home-based learning tool to promote preliteracy and emergent math development among preschool-aged children. A r...
Suppression of iron mobilization from lysosomes to mitochondria attenuates liver injury after acetaminophen overdose in vivo in mice: Protection by minocycline.

Abstract Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose causes hepatotoxicity involving mitochondrial dysfunction. Previous studies showed that translocation of Fe2+ from lysosomes into mitochondria by the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) promotes the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) after APAP. Here, our Aim was to assess protection by iron chelation and MCU inhibition against APAP hepatotoxicity in mice. C57BL/6 mice and hepatocytes were administered toxic doses of APAP with and without starch-desferal (an iron chelator), minocycline (MCU inhibitor), or N-acetylcysteine (NAC). In mice, starch-desferal and minocycline pretreatment decreased ALT and liver necrosis after APAP by >60%. At 24 h after APAP, loss of fluorescence of mitochondrial rhodamine 123 occurred in pericentral hepatocytes often accompanied by propidium iodide labeling, indicating mitochondrial depolarization and cell death. Starch-desferal and minocycline pretreatment decreased mitochondrial depolarization and cell death by more than half. In cultured hepatocytes, cell killing at 10 h after APAP decreased from 83% to 49%, 35% and 27%, respectively, by 1 h posttreatment with minocycline, NAC, and minocycline plus NAC. With 4 h posttreatment in vivo, minocycline and minocycline plus NAC decreased ALT and necrosis by ~20% and ~50%, respectively, but NAC alone was not effective. In conclusion, minocycline and starch-desferal decrease mitochondrial dysfunction and severe liver injury after APAP overdose, suggesting that the MPT is likely triggered by iron uptake into mitochondria through MCU. In vivo, minocycline and minocycline plus NAC posttreatment after APAP protect at later time points than NAC alone, indicating that minocycline has a longer window of efficacy than NAC.
The News Interview: Journalists and Public Figures on the Air

The news interview has become a major vehicle for presenting broadcast news and political commentary, and a primary interface between the institutions of journalism and government. This much-needed work examines the place of the news interview in Anglo-American society and considers its historical development in the United States and Britain. The main body of the book discusses the fundamental norms and conventions that shape conduct in the modern interview. It explores the particular recurrent practices through which journalists balance competing professional norms that encourage both objective and adversarial treatment of public figures. Through analyses of well-known interviews, the book explores the relationship between journalists and public figures and also how, in the face of aggressive questioning, politicians and other public figures struggle to stay 'on message' and pursue their own agendas. This comprehensive and wide-ranging book will be essential reading for students and researchers in sociolinguistics, media and communication studies.
Cochlear detoxification: Role of alpha class glutathione transferases in protection against oxidative lipid damage, ototoxicity, and cochlear aging

Age-related hearing loss (AHL) is the most common form of hearing impairment. AHL is thought to be a multifactorial condition resulting from the interaction of numerous causes including aging, genetics, exposure to noise, and exposure to endogenous and exogenous toxins. Cells possess many detoxification enzymes capable of removing thousands of cytotoxic xenobiotics and endogenous toxins such as 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), one of the most abundant cytotoxic end products of lipid peroxidation. The cellular detoxification system involves three phases of enzymatic detoxification. Of these, the glutathione transferase (GST) detoxification system converts a toxic compound into a less toxic form by conjugating the toxic compound to reduced glutathione by GST enzymes. In this review, we describe the current understanding of the cochlear detoxification system and examine the growing link between GST detoxification, oxidative lipid damage, ototoxicity, and cochlear aging with a particular focus on the alpha-class GSTs (GSTAs). We also describe how exposure to ototoxic drugs, exposure to noise, or aging results in increased 4-HNE levels, how 4-HNE damages various cell components under stress conditions, and how GSTAs detoxify 4-HNE in the auditory system.
Deconstructing Anesthesia Handoffs During Simulated Intraoperative Anesthesia Care

DECONSTRUCTING ANESTHESIA HANDOFFS DURING SIMULATED INTRAOPERATIVE ANESTHESIA CARE By Jason S. Lowe, Ph.D., CRNA A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2015. Major Director: Clarence Biddle, PhD, CRNA Department of Nurse Anesthesia Anesthesia patient handoffs are a vulnerable time for patient care and handoffs occur frequently during anesthesia care. Communication failures contribute to patient harm during anesthesia patient handoffs. The Joint Commission has recognized the potential for communication failure during patient handoffs and has recommended processes to improve handoff safety. Handoffs are made more difficult by latent conditions such as time constraints, pressure and distractions, which often result in incomplete or inaccurate handoff reports. This nonexperimental, correlation study identified the latent conditions that occur during the handoff process and their relationship to the quality of the handoff. This research shows an inverse relationship between latent conditions and anesthesia patient handoff scores. The number of latent
Embolization of hemorrhage from a ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma via the false lumen of an aortic dissection using transradial access.

Background and aims Transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) has been repeatedly shown as an effective method of controlling acute hemorrhage. Arterial access for TAE in the emergent setting is typically trans-femoral, though other routes are routinely used. The presence of abnormal vasculature such as an aortic dissection increases the difficulty of TAE. Case report This report details a case of acute hemorrhage likely from a ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma in which the celiac artery originated from the false lumen of a type B aortic dissection. Conclusion The false lumen was catheterized via left radial artery access and the bleeding hepatic arterial branch was successfully embolized.
Longitudinal Gender Presentation and Associated Outcomes Among Adopted Children with Lesbian, Gay, and Heterosexual Parents

Appearing culturally “gender-normative” represents one of the ways that gender identity is salient to others. In the context of continued controversy surrounding children’s gender role development ...
Palmitic acid negatively regulates tumor suppressor PTEN through T366 phosphorylation and protein degradation.

Abstract Chronic elevated free fatty (FFA) levels are linked to metabolic disorders and tumorigenesis. However, the molecular mechanism by which FFAs induce cancer remains poorly understood. Here, we show that the tumor suppressor PTEN protein levels were decreased in high fat diet (HFD) fed mice. As palmitic acid (PA, C16:0) showed a significant increase in the HFD fed mice, we further investigated its role in PTEN down regulation. Our studies revealed that exposure of cells to high doses of PA induced mTOR/S6K-mediated phosphorylation of PTEN at T366. The phosphorylation subsequently enhanced the interaction of PTEN with the E3 ubiquitin ligase WW domain-containing protein 2 (WWP2), which promoted polyubiquitination of PTEN and protein degradation. Consistent with PTEN degradation, exposure of cells to increased concentrations of PA also promoted PTEN-mediated AKT activation and cell proliferation. Significantly, a higher level of S6K activation, PTEN T366 phosphorylation, and AKT activation were also observed in the livers of the HFD fed mice. These results provide a molecular mechanism by which a HFD and elevated PA regulate cell proliferation through inactivation of tumor suppressor PTEN.
Advanced machine learning applications to modern power systems

Abstract With the development of smart grid techniques, big data in power systems makes it possible to provide new solutions to power system operations by artificial intelligence (AI). AI technologies have contributed in various power system control and optimization problems. In this chapter, two state-of-the-art AI subfields, namely, ensemble learning and deep learning, are introduced. To demonstrate their applications in power systems, two groups of ensemble learning, that is, competitive and cooperative ensemble learning, are developed to provide short-term wind forecasting in both deterministic and probabilistic manner. In addition, a deep learning gated recurrent network is proposed to solve a network reconfiguration problem. At last, an advanced deep learning configuration with a convolutional neural network and a long short-term memory network is developed to automatically detect smart building occupancy condition by using advanced metering infrastructure data. Three sets of case studies showed that the developed ensemble learning and deep learning methodologies outperformed benchmarks. The success of the three AI applications promotes the grid integration of renewable energy and smart buildings.
Evaluation of Infectious Disease Test Ordering and Positivity Rates in Illicit Fentanyl Users.

Background The emergence of illicit fentanyl use has resulted in considerable morbidity and mortality. Although illicit use of other opioids has been associated with transmission of viral and bacterial infections, limited data exist for the prevalence of infectious diseases among illicit fentanyl users. The purpose of this study was to assess the likelihood of infectious disease testing and infection prevalence among illicit fentanyl users. Methods Results from urine drug screens (UDSs) performed from August 13, 2019, to October 16, 2019, were obtained from the laboratory information system with concurrent microbial testing. Patients were categorized based on UDS results, and illicit drug use was inferred from physician encounter notes in the electronic medical record. Results Suspected illicit drugs users with fentanyl detected by UDS were more likely to be screened [odds ratio (OR): 1.7; 95% CI, 1.26-2.4] and test positive for hepatitis C virus (HCV) by immunoassay (OR: 5.89; 95% CI, 2.93-11.31) than patients without drugs detected. Patients with suspected illicit fentanyl use who were discharged from the emergency department (ED) were less likely to be tested for HCV than patients in outpatient settings (OR: 3.47; 95% CI, 1.05-10.4) and inpatient settings (OR: 17.43; 95% CI, 6.53-45.88). Patients with suspected illicit fentanyl use were more likely to have infected abscesses or wounds (OR: 5.12; 95% CI, 2.07-13.7) and Staphylococcus aureus infections (OR: 4.5; 95% CI, 1.59-12.28) than patients without drugs detected. Conclusions Patients with a positive UDS for fentanyl and suspected illicit use were more likely to test positive for HCV, were rarely screened for HCV in the ED, and had an increased risk of invasive S. aureus wound or abscess infection. These findings may represent considerable barriers to care for patients who use fentanyl illicitly.
Data-Centric Operations Design for Disseminating a Biomedical Screening Technology: A Case Study

Social ventures in low- and middle-income countries face a myriad of challenges when scaling operations to expand their impact. Irrespective of the sector, the business model, and the geography, every venture needs to be attuned and responsive to customer and market needs in an ever-changing operating environment. Fledgling ventures that make decisions based on real stakeholder data are more likely to meet customer needs, pivot as necessary, and ultimately succeed in scaling operations. At the same time, integrating rigorous and reliable data collection, digitization, aggregation, analysis, visualization, and reporting into venture operations can be onerous for early-stage ventures. This paper presents a case study on the data-centric model developed and implemented by Ukweli Test Strips, a social enterprise that integrates low-cost urinalysis test strips to screen women for urinary tract infection and preeclampsia into the healthcare system of Sierra Leone. Ukweli uses a lean data approach and free tools such as Google Forms and Google Sheets to integrate data-driven reporting and decision-making into its entire operations. These practical insights on building a data backbone are highly transferable to social ventures in low-resource settings.
A Method for Checking Recombinant Protein Quality to Troubleshoot for Discordant Immunoassays

Discordant results of recombinant protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and other antigen detection tests are a common and vexing problem in scientific research and clinical laboratories. The reproducibility of immunoassays based on antibody specificity can be adversely affected by cryptic changes in the composition of the analyte (e.g., the protein antigen). By use of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry analyses, we found varying levels of purity and the extent of post-translational modifications (PTMs), particularly of N-linked glycosylation and phosphorylation, among varied lots of recombinant glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) expressed in Escherichia coli. We expect these lot-to-lot variabilities of both purity and PTMs led to inconsistent results stemming from ELISA assays that measured GRP78 autoantibody levels in patient plasma specimens. We present these analyses to draw readers attention to a potentially common, yet seldom appreciated problem, in laboratory assays using recombinant proteins as antigens for antibody detection, and propose a workflow to detect and troubleshoot for this typical problem.
Global Teacher Education: Challenges and Possibilities

This special issue of The Teacher Educator aims to broaden the conversation about teacher education into a global context. Understanding the successes and the plight of teacher educators around the...
Examining young children's information practices and experiences: A child-centered methodological approach

Abstract Researchers interested in children and youth's engagement with information have developed participatory, multi-method approaches of collecting and analyzing data directly with children and youth. However, examples of this approach in studies specifically focused on young children in library and information science are scarce. This article describes the methodological approach used in a study of 5- to 7-year-old children's information practices and experiences related to their individual interests. Drawing on conceptual frameworks from both library and information science and childhood studies, this study used multiple methods of data collection in understanding young children's own perspectives of their information activities. Namely, data was collected through parent surveys, book discussions, poster activities, participant-generated photography using the mobile app PixStori, and photo-elicitation conversations. Participants also contributed to a child-driven content analysis of their photographs. Recommendations for researchers working with young children are provided.
"What Are My Injuries?" Health Literacy and Patient Comprehension of Trauma Care and Injuries.

ABSTRACT Background Trauma patients often have complex injuries treated by multidisciplinary providers with wide-ranging expertise. We hypothesized that trauma patients would frequently incorrectly identify both their injuries and care teams. We also hypothesized that low health literacy level would be correlated with low levels of comprehension about injuries or care teams. Materials and methods We performed a prospective study of adult trauma inpatients >18 years. Participants were surveyed to report on 1) injured body regions 2) their care teams, and 3) health literacy via a validated survey. Self-reported injuries and care teams were compared to the patient's medical record. We also studied whether health literacy was associated with patient knowledge of injuries and care teams. Results Fifty participants were surveyed; thirty-two percent could not identify ≥50% of their injuries. Patients reliably identified injuries to the head, but injuries to other body areas were often misidentified. Forty-two percent of patients were not able to identify ≥50% of their medical teams, and 28% could not identify ≥75% of their medical teams. Patients often did not recognize teams such as nutrition, physical/occupationalt, or social work as part of their care. Thirteen participants reported adequate health literacy. Health literacy was not related to participant knowledge of injuries or care teams (both P = 0.9). Conclusion Many trauma inpatients were unable to correctly identify their injuries and care teams despite a range of self-reported health literacy scores.
Three-Dimensional Visualization and Quantitative Characterization of Cerebral Microvasculature in Mice

We present a method for visualizing cerebral microvasculature in three-dimensions using an exogenous fluorescent label, tissue clearing, and confocal microscopy. A segmentation algorithm was developed for quantitative analysis of microvasculature.
Diffusible neurotrophic factors for thalamic neurons are released from target neocortex and non-target cerebellum.

Publisher Summary Neocortical and cerebellar cells release diffusible substance(s) that promote the survival of thalamic neurons. The neurotrophic effects of neocortical co-cultures have been stable when they are seeded at 2–8 × 10 5 per well, indicating that the neurotrophic effects of neocortical on thalamic cells appear to have plateaued. On the other hand, the effects of cerebellar co-cultures dramatically increases as seeding cell density increases, suggesting that at least one substance released from cerebellar cells is proportional to the number of cerebellar cells and is different from substance(s) released from neocortical cells. These neurotrophc factors (NTF) appear to be neuron-derived rather than glia-derived, because the co-cultures of astrocytes produce little neurotrophic effect on thalamic neurons. It is not known whether the NTF(s) promote thalamic neuronal survival directly or indirectly through stimulating astrocytes. Studies using pure neuronal co-cultures clarify the source and mechanism of the NTF(s).
Conflict in Russian Genitive Plural Assignment: A Solution Represented in DATR

Inflectional endings are assigned in languages by general principles, but these can come into conflict. We address the question of how such conflict is resolved. A particularly complex example is the Russian genitive plural, where we find that with soft-stem nouns there is a conflict between exponent assignment according to declension class and a default exponent assignment for soft-stem nouns. What is specially interesting is that the conflict here can be resolved by reference to subsystems over and above the paradigm, such as stress. We present an explicit account of the conflict and its mediation by basing our study on default inheritance. For this purpose we make use of the lexical knowledge representation language DATR. This allows us to demonstrate in the output provided that the correct forms are indeed predicted by our theory.
The Design and Construction of Wireless Spray Weeds Robot Controlled by Microcontroller

This paper presents the design and construction of wireless spray weeds robot controlled bymicrocontroller which can move and spray weeds in the desired environment and dangerous to human.It obtains a command from computer with C language controlled by keyboards. The signal to communicatebetween computer and robot is radio wave at 433.92 MHz through the parallel port. The robot usemicrocontroller PIC16F877 controlled by PICBASICPRO language for controlling the entirely system. In theactual test, the instruction can be sent from the computer keyboard to the robot which is away for 30 metersand the microcontroller able to receive the instruction from the computer for evaluating and controlling all therobot functions including move forward, move backward, stop, turn right, turn left, open pump, turn cameraleft, turn camera right and turn camera middle in the desired.
An algorithm of image fusion based on ICA and change detection

The fusion for multitemporal images is a kind of important problem in remote sensing image fusion. This paper proposes an algorithm of fusion for these images based on independent component analysis (ICA) and change detection. The algorithm can effectively embody contour and detailed structure of objects in both images. Simulation results show that the algorithm provides a better solution scheme for fusion of multitemporal images.
A Simple Implementation of the Stochastic Discrimination for Pattern Recognition

The method of stochastic discrimination (SD) introduced by Kleinberg ([6,7])is a new method in pattern recognition. It works by producing weak classifiers and then combining them via the Central Limit Theorem to form a strong classifier. SD is overtraining-resistant, has a high convergence rate, and can work quite well in practice. However, some strict assumptions involved in SD and the difficulties in understanding SD have limited its practical use. In this paper, we present a simple algorithm of SD for two-class pattern recognition. We illustrate the algorithm by applications in classifying the feature vectors from some real and simulated data sets. The experimental results show that SD is fast, effective, and applicable.
Consequences of flagellin export through the type III secretion system of Pseudomonas syringae reveal a major difference in the innate immune systems of mammals and the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana

Summary Bacterial flagellin is perceived as a microbe (or pathogen)-associated molecular pattern (MAMP or PAMP) by the extracellular pattern recognition receptors, FLS2 and TLR5, of plants and mammals respectively. Flagellin accidently translocated into mammalian cells by pathogen type III secretion systems (T3SSs) is recognized by nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptor NLRC4 as a pattern of pathogenesis and induces a death-associated immune response. The non-pathogen Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf0-1, expressing a Pseudomonas syringae T3SS, and the plant pathogen P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 were used to seek evidence of an analogous cytoplasmic recognition system for flagellin in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. Flagellin (FliC) was secreted in culture and translocated into plant cells by the T3SS expressed in Pf0-1 and DC3000 and in their ΔflgGHI flagellar pathway mutants. ΔfliC and ΔflgGHI mutants of Pf0-1 and DC3000 were strongly reduced in elicitation of reactive oxygen species production and in immunity induction as indicated by the ability of challenge bacteria inoculated 6 h later to translocate a type III effector–reporter and to elicit effector-triggered cell death. Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression in N. benthamiana of FliC with or without a eukaryotic export signal peptide, coupled with virus-induced gene silencing of FLS2, revealed no immune response that was not FLS2 dependent. Transiently expressed FliC from DC3000 and Pectobacterium carotovorum did notinduce cell death in N. benthamiana, tobacco or tomato leaves. Flagellin is the major Pseudomonas MAMP perceived by N. benthamiana, and although flagellin secretion through the plant cell wall by the T3SS may partially contribute to FLS2-dependent immunity, flagellin in the cytosol does not elicit immune-associated cell death. We postulate that a death response to translocated MAMPs would produce vulnerability to the many necrotrophic pathogens of plants, such as P. carotovorum, which differ from P. syringae and other (hemi)biotrophic pathogens in benefitting from death-associated immune responses.
Discussion on Constitution Supervision of Chinese Local People’s Congress: The Way out of the Nominal Constitution Supervision in China

Due to the vague rules of Chinese constitution on constitution supervision of Chinese local people’s congress, there is an argument in the academic world on whether local people’s congress has the constitution supervision power. To figure out whether Chinese local people’s congress has the constitution supervision power, we cannot just read the text of the Chinese Constitution. We need to make comprehensive analysis on the relationship between the power of central and local governments, the purpose of constitution draft, and the objective reality so that to form a well structured realistic basis for the operation of constitution supervision system. Of course, the constitution supervision power cannot be obtained by every local people’s congress. The constitution supervision power of local people’s congress is not the final say and it is different from the constitution supervision power of the national people’s congress and its standing committee. Key words: Chinese local people’s congress; Constitution supervision; Constitution supervision power
Functional polymers and sequential copolymers by phase transfer catalysis, 13. Thermotropic copolyethers from 4,4′‐dihydroxy‐α‐methylstilbene and α,ω‐dibromoalkanes

Synthese avec le dibromo-1,4 pentane et le dibromo-1,7 heptane. Influence de la composition du polymere et de la nature des groupes terminaux sur ses proprietes
Evidence of CSF Flow in Rostral Direction Through Central Canal of Spinal Cord in Rats

The movement of Evans blue dye (EBD) through the central canal of the spinal cord was investigated in rats. Following injection into the dorsal columns at T5–6, the marker moved centripedally into the central canal and drained rostrally, to exit through the outlets of the fourth ventricle within 90 min. A similar pattern of clearance was produced by freeze-lesioning the dorsal columns and injecting EBD intravascularly. When the marker was injected into the lateral ventricles, the cisterna magna, or the lumbar subarachnoid space, it failed to enter the central canal. Taken together, these findings are consistent with an intraluminal flow of fluid that moves in a rostral direction through the central canal of the spinal cord in rats.
Pediatric fractures of jaw and facial bones.

The author has reviewed the literature in the area of jaw and facial fractures in the pediatric patient. There are differences in incidence and treatment between the pediatric and adult patient. A review of the treatment principles for pediatric patient management is provided. Special attention is devoted to the use of "stock" trough splints in the treatment of mandibular fractures. The conservative treatment of condylar fractures is advocated.
From Darwin to Mars: desert varnish as a model for preservation of complex (bio)chemical systems

The search for life on Mars is an important goal of NASA and other space agencies. It is not known if chemical evolution on Mars produced the same or similar types of life as on Earth. If not, what would non-Earth biosignatures look like? If life has left its footprint on Mars, what chemical signatures can we recognize, and how can we prevent missing novel life signatures? Alternatively, chemical evolution on Mars may have produced complex chemical systems, which, however, did not lead to life. How can such systems be identified? We use as a model a complex inorganic-organic-biotic system on Earth, commonly called desert or rock varnish, which has been known to Darwin, and which is now also indicated on Mars. We describe unique complex chemical markers that are preserved in rock varnish on Earth. An intricate interaction between minerals, metals, and organic compounds is responsible for their preservation. We suggest some important types of organic compounds to look for in the Martian varnish, should it exist.
Diphosphazane supported platinum(II) triflate, amine, and amido complexes: synthesis and X-ray crystal structures

Abstract Treatment of L2PtCl2 (L2=MeN[P(OPh2)]2) with AgSO3CF3 gives the triflate complex L2Pt(SO3CF3)2 (1). Addition of 2,6-dimethylaniline to 1 in CH2Cl2 gives the monomeric diamine complex [L2Pt(NH2Ar)2](SO3CF3)2 (2, Ar=2,6-Me2C6H3), while reaction of 1 with lithium 2,6-dimethylanilide gives the dimeric bridging amido complex [L2Pt(μ-NHAr)]2(SO3CF3)2 (3 Ar=2,6-Me2C6H3). Cyclometalation is observed when 1 is treated with lithium 2,4,6-triphenylanilide yielding the neutral complex L2Pt{NH[2-(3,5-Ph2C6H2)C6H4]} (4). The structures of all four complexes were determined by X-ray diffraction methods. All display the expected four-coordinate square planar Pt geometry. The amine (2) and amido (3) complexes show NH hydrogen bonding to the triflate anions.
Roentgenographic Findings in Infants With Meconium Aspiration Syndrome

Aspiration of meconium produces respiratory distress of various severity and outcome. To evaluate whether the initial chest roentgenogram (0 to 8 hours of age) can be used to predict the outcome, an analysis of 80 cases with clinical and roentgenographic features of aspiration syndrome was undertaken. Infiltration was seen in 62, consolidation or atelectasis in 44, hyperinflation in 37, air leak in 25, pleural effusion in 16, and increased cardiothymic shadow in 16. Consolidation or atelectasis, most commonly associated with thick meconium aspiration, appeared to be the most significant determinant of poor outcome. Infants who had consolidation or atelectasis were more ill, had lower pH, higher fraction of inspired oxygen, higher alveolar-arterial oxygen gradients, and required longer duration of oxygen intake than those infants who had no consolidation or atelectasis. Thus, the initial chest roentgenogram can be used for predicting outcome in infants with meconium aspiration syndrome.
Mutation induction by proembryo irradiation

Abstract In mutation breeding programs for many cereal crops, pollen irradiation has not proved to be a practical method for mutation induction, although theoretically the method of choice. The more commonly used procedure, that of irradiating dry seeds containing fully differentiated, “mature” embryos, has as its principal drawback the small size of the isomutant-carrying sector which can be produced in the R-1 plant. As a consequence of the small R-2 isomutant populations thus available for testing, screening procedures must usually be delayed until the R-3 or later generations. In this study, irradiation of proembryo stages has been investigated with regard to the practicality of using this method for mutation induction in cereal crops such as barley. By using albino mutations as genetic sector markers, we find that irradiation of barley proembryos with a relatively low total dose will yield much larger isomutant-carrying sectors and consequently far greater number of isomutant R-2 plants, with a comparable mutation frequency and less sterility than can be obtained by dry seed irradiation. Of great importance to the plant breeder is the possibility that the screening for less drastic mutations and multiple testing can be carried out at least one generation earlier by virtue of the larger isomutant populations produced by proembryo irradiation. Despite the more cumbersome handling involved during radiation treatment, the advantages which proembryo irradiation affords over dry seed irradiation would seem to recommend this method for cereal crops in those situations wherein pollen irradiation is not practical.
Overview of EPRI research in structural integrity

This paper is an overview of the structural integrity research within the Nuclear Safety and Analysis Department of the Electric Power Research Institute. This research addresses structurally related safety issues in light water reactors. Five major technical areas are covered: Analysis/Design Methods, Seismic/Vibratory Response, Fluid/Structure Response, Impact/Impulse Response, and Structure/Component Performance. Each technical area is briefly described and research results are highlighted. This paper puts in perspective the research and development work described in this special issue of the journal in addressing such safety and licensing issues as soil-structure interaction, seismic response of piping systems, hydrodynamic loads in pipes and vessels, pipe rupture and whip, jet impingement, missile impact, and concrete containment integrity.
Dividing Lines and Bottom Lines: The Forces Shaping Local Development Patterns

Over the past decade, planners and policy makers have increasingly raised concerns about the undue influence of fiscal criteria on development patterns. However, realestate conditions, local practi...
Effects of Fetal Tracheal Occlusion (TO) on Alveolar Type 2 Cell Number and Maturation in the Rat

Effects of Fetal Tracheal Occlusion (TO) on Alveolar Type 2 Cell Number and Maturation in the Rat
New sniper assignment for a celebrity—role of endothelin-1 in diabetic cardiomyopathy

Summary Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a major threat to increased morbidity and mortality in population with diabetes. A number of hypotheses have been postulated for the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy including defective polyol pathway, reduced energy production due to decrease in mitochondrial respiration and pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, accumulation of advanced glycation end-product (AGE) and free radical species, activation of protein kinase C (PKC) as well as enhanced hexosamine flux. These culprit machineries may result in impaired intracellular Ca 2+ handling in cardiomyocytes due to compromised contractile and intracellular Ca 2+ regulatory proteins such as myosin, titin, sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca 2+ -ATPase (SERCA), phospholamban and Na + –Ca 2+ exchanger. Nevertheless, neither precise pathogenesis of the disease nor effective therapeutic remedy is available for diabetic cardiomyopathy. In this issue of JCRR, Ding et al. demonstrated an established role of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in diabetes-induced cardiomyocyte dysfunction using treatment of dual ET A /ET B receptor antagonist bosentan. Their results have conclusively consolidated the logic of ET-1 and its membrane receptors as a novel pathophysiological cue for the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Rotavirus vaccine and diarrhea mortality: quantifying regional variation in effect size.

Background Diarrhea mortality remains a leading cause of child death and rotavirus vaccine an effective tool for preventing severe rotavirus diarrhea. New data suggest vaccine efficacy may vary by region.