cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Engineering Considerations Regarding Withdrawal, Testing, Treatment, Distribution, and Reuse of Water

The supply and management of water resources throughout the world has gained considerable attention over the last century. Concerns for sufficient supplies of potable water are not new, however large-scale shortages of usable water are a growing concern in many countries. During the twentieth century, industrialization has generated waste streams that threaten virtually all drinking water resources on earth with long-lived contaminants. These contaminants have caused and continue to cause significant damage to human health and the environment. A general understanding of the engineering considerations regarding the withdrawal, testing, treatment, distribution, and reuse of water is important, particularly for nations that are just beginning to develop such systems. The need to fund the development of advanced water supply technology and reliable infrastructure compounds these issues. It is important to consider each issue independently and to develop a broad understanding of the interactions among them in order to establish a system of sustainable water use and reuse. This paper explores those issues and identifies some key components that can assist the Central Asian region in developing and managing water systems. The information presented is not intended to provide an exhaustive analysis of each component but rather to present examples that can be used as starting points for more detailed evaluation.
Efficacy of radioactive iodine treatment of graves' hyperthyroidism using a single calculated 131I dose.

To evaluate the success rate of therapeutic administration of a single calculated 131I activity for eliminating hyperthyroidism due to Graves’ disease. Patients with Graves’ hyperthyroidism underwent pinhole thyroid imaging, 24-h radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) measurements and clinical examination and received a calculated 131I activity of 0.2 mCi per estimated gram of thyroid tissue, adjusted for the 24-h RAIU. The goal of RAI treatment was to achieve hypothyroidism within 3–6 months of 131I administration. Response to RAI therapy was assessed at 7 weeks and 3 months by clinical and biochemical follow-up. The study included 316 hyperthyroid patients with Graves’ disease (F238:M78, mean age 42.1 ± 16 y, 4–94). 179 patients (56.6%) had no prior therapeutic intervention (treatment-naive patients), whereas 6 patients had prior thyroid surgery, and 131 (41.5%) had been treated with anti-thyroid medications. The mean estimated thyroid gland size was 50.2 g ± 18, range 15–100. Mean RAIU was 0.57 ± 0.17 (normal 0.07–0.30). RAI doses ranged from 5 to 70 mCi (mean dose = 18.1 mCi). Successful treatment of hyperthyroidism at our institution was obtained after a single therapeutic 131-I activity administration in 295 of 316 (93.3%) patients. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that failure of 131I therapy was associated with previous PTU therapy (p 90%) of patients, adjusting for the thyroid size and 24 h uptake measurement.
Racial Representation in Brazilian Soap Operas

This paper aims to investigate racial representation in Brazilian Soap Operas broadcasted by the main TV channel – Globo – in the past 5 years. In order to do so the number of total characters and the number of black characters for each soap opera was counted, as well as the number of black writers and directors. The analyses show that racial representation continues to be an issue in Brazilian soap operas, with just over 15% of all characters in the soap operas analyzed being black. Furthermore, it is possible to see that there is even less representation of black people in the production of soap operas. This study finishes with a discussion of how racial representation affects socialization and acculturation in Brazil.
‘The wardrobe diet’: teaching sustainable consumption through experience with undergraduates in the USA

Fast fashion retailers provide consumers with low quality, inexpensive, and trendy clothing. Fast fashion items are attractive to young consumers who have limited budgets yet want to be in trend. T...
Chemical and α-chymotrypsin-mediated proteolytic degradation of insulin in bile salt-unsaturated fatty acid mixed micellar systems

The proteolytic degradation of porcine zinc insulin by α-chymotrypsin was previously found to depend markedly on the state of insulin aggregation (Pharm. Res. 9:864–869, 1992). In this study, the effect of bile salt-unsaturated fatty acid mixed micelles on α-chymotryptic degradation of insulin was further characterized. The incorporation of linoleic acid has greatly accelerated insulin degradation with the apparent first order rate constant being linearly related to the concentration of linoleic acid. At a 10 mM linoleic acid concentration solubilized in 10 mM sodium glycocholate, the proteoly tic degradation rate constant increased by 16 times, which could not be explained solely by the mechanism of insulin oligomer dissociation. Further, this effect is significantly reduced when the free carboxylic group of linoleic acid is methylated. The catalytic role of mixed micelles on chemical degradation of insulin was found to depend on the concentration of linoleic acid incorporated. When solubilized in the form of mixed micelles, linoleic acid chemically catalyzes peptide bond cleavage in a concentration-dependent manner.
Abstract LB-289: Genomic instability and the development of high-grade gliomas

Genome stability is crucial for normal mammalian development. Broadly, genome maintenance is carried out by two distinct mechanisms; functional integration of DNA replication and DNA damage response signaling. Neural cells are particularly sensitive to DNA strand breaks and defective DNA damage responses can result in detrimental effects to the nervous system, including neurodegenerative disease and cancer. It remains unclear which DNA repair pathways are critical for preventing DNA damage accumulation in stem and progenitor cells. The same mechanisms that protect progenitor genomes also suppress DNA mutations that can result in cancer. A primary objective of the current study is delineation of key factors for genome stability that prevent tumorigenesis during cortical neurogenesis. We have compared the differential effects of inactivation of homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) towards tumorigenesis by directing their deletion specifically to early cortical progenitors in mouse models. We recently found that coincident loss of either of these repair pathways result in high-grade glioma formation. Furthermore, modelling histone H3 mutations found in human high-grade glioma, specifically the H3.3 K27M mutation, we found that gliomagenesis was accelerated after defective HR (Brca2 loss) or NHEJ (Lig4 loss), although the resultant cancers showed distinct differences in penetrance and diffusion throughout the cortex. Interestingly, gliomas resulting from NHEJ inhibition were more penetrant and diffuse than brain tumors subsequent from HR loss. Gene expression analysis through RNA sequencing is currently being used to identify causative events that drive these individual tumor identities. Embryonic analysis has further shown that inhibition of these repair pathways in combination with the H3.3 K27M mutation results in distinct spatiotemporal DNA damage early in cortical development. Our recent discoveries support cortical progenitor susceptibility to genomic damage is not only influenced by a critical early period of development but also the suppression of specific tumorigenic mutations involving DNA damage repair pathways and histone modifications during neurogenesis. Citation Format: Lee J. Pribyl, Susanna M. Downing, Cristel V. Camacho, Jon D. Larson, Suzanne J. Baker, Peter J. McKinnon. Genomic instability and the development of high-grade gliomas [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-289.
Patent Grant Delays and Future Innovative Activities

While patents are one of the most widely used levers to protect intellectual property of firms, delays in obtaining a patent can reduce its perceived value. We hypothesize that delays, operationali...
The Lure of Ethiopia and the Saga of Colonel John Robinson, 1935–1937

This essay is centered on the Ethiopian resistance to the Italian invasion of 1935–1936. Among other impacts, this war greatly disturbed African-American activists. They perceived in this uneven contest an extension of their own struggle against white domination, both at home and abroad. Despite forbidding obstacles, John Charles Robinson—black aviation pioneer from deep Dixie—journeyed to Ethiopia. There he led its small air force in battle against Italian conquest. In fighting for an African nation, he also advanced the cause of civil rights in the United States. Woven into this essay are ideas and interpretations developed by W. E. B. Du Bois in his famous study—The Souls of Black Folk—helpful to framing and grasping the Robinson tale. Overall, the essay sits at the intersection of African-American history, aviation history, and the international politics/U.S. foreign relations of the mid-1930s.
An Investigation of the Effects of Spatial, Thermal, and Velocity Inhomogeneities on Two-Phase, Single Component Cryogenic Choked Flow

The analytical expositive development presented here is centered on the choked flow premise applied to two-phase, gas-liquid flow. Choked flow is a compressible fluid characteristic associated with situations where upstream conditions are decoupled from downstream conditions, e.g., the pressure at a vent is only a function of the upstream fluid state. A verbal description of choked flow is the maximization of mass transport with respect to pressure $$ \frac{{\partial G}}{{\partial P}} \equiv 0$$ (1) .
Logophoricity and Locality: A View from French Anaphors

In many unrelated languages, the same anaphor is either subject to Condition A of the binding theory, or exempt from it but with specific interpretive properties. On the basis of French data and cr...
Nanosensor networks for health-care applications

Abstract Functionalized transistors provide effective sensors for a variety of viruses (Zika, severe acute respiratory syndrome), toxins (botulinum), cancers (breast and prostate), and disease or injury biomarkers (troponin, cerebrospinal fluid). A hallmark of this approach is high specificity, rapid response (
Treatment strategy of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia in children

Congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia(CPT) is one of the most challenging diseases confronting pediatric orthopedic surgeon.The goal of the treatment is to achieve primary union and minimize the incidence of refracture and residual deformities.An optimal surgical treatment for the management of CPT is currently unavailable.Combined surgery can obtain good results.However, duo to heterogeneity of the disease, variable patients require individua-lized treatment to get a better prognosis. Key words: Congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia; Treatment strategy; Child
Objective validation of YouTube™ educational videos for the instruction of regional anesthesia nerve blocks: a novel approach.

YouTube™ (“YouTube”) is often used as an educational tool to instruct anesthesia providers on regional anesthesia nerve blocks. However, there is no current objective standard to assess the educational quality of these user-uploaded videos. A new approach was used to objectively validate these videos by comparing them to high quality educational sources for the seven most commonly used nerve blocks. We sought to evaluate the educational quality of user-uploaded videos when compared to the highest quality anesthesia society websites (NYSORA, ACEP, USRA). After reviewing the instructional material available for the seven most frequently conducted nerve blocks on high-quality reference websites, we documented the educational characteristics present including such things as indications, volume, anatomy, etc. Next we reviewed the five most popular videos on YouTube for each block (by views) and documented the presence or absence of these educational characteristics. Eighteen educational characteristics were documented in the “high-quality” anesthesia society reference material. Correlation was sought between this material and YouTube videos. Although there were varying degrees of correlation between the high quality sources and the videos, rarely did YouTube videos contain as high a percentage of these educational characteristics as the well-established sources. Some videos contained very few of these important educational characteristics. Although YouTube has been used an educational tool, we recommend that only high quality sources be used to teach or illustrate regional anesthesia nerve blocks.
Stiffness Perception using Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation during Active and Passive Prosthetic Control

Haptic feedback allows an individual to identify various object properties. In this preliminary study, we determined the performance of stiffness recognition using transcutaneous nerve stimulation when a prosthetic hand was moved passively or was controlled actively by the subjects. Using a 2x8 electrode grid placed along the subject’s upper arm, electrical stimulation was delivered to evoke somatotopic sensation along their index finger. Stimulation intensity, i.e. sensation strength, was modulated using the fingertip forces from a sensorized prosthetic hand. Object stiffness was encoded based on the rate of change of the evoked sensation as the prosthesis grasped one of three objects of different stiffness levels. During active control, sensation was modulated in real time as recorded forces were converted to stimulation amplitudes. During passive control, prerecorded force traces were randomly selected from a pool. Our results showed that the accuracy of object stiffness recognition was similar in both active and passive conditions. A slightly lower accuracy was observed during active control in one subject, which indicated that the sensorimotor integration processes could affect haptic perception for some users.
Interstitial lung disease in a veterans affairs regional network; a retrospective cohort study.

Background The epidemiology of Interstitial Lung Diseases (ILD) in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) is presently unknown. Research question Describe the incidence/prevalence, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of ILD patients within the Veteran’s Administration Mid-Atlantic Health Care Network (VISN6). Study design and methods A multi-center retrospective cohort study was performed of veterans receiving hospital or outpatient ILD care from January 1, 2008 to December 31st, 2015 in six VISN6 facilities. Patients were identified by at least one visit encounter with a 515, 516, or other ILD ICD-9 code. Demographic and clinical characteristics were summarized using median, 25th and 75th percentile for continuous variables and count/percentage for categorical variables. Characteristics and incidence/prevalence rates were summarized, and stratified by ILD ICD-9 code. Kaplan Meier curves were generated to define overall survival. Results 3293 subjects met the inclusion criteria. 879 subjects (26%) had no evidence of ILD following manual medical record review. Overall estimated prevalence in verified ILD subjects was 256 per 100,000 people with a mean incidence across the years of 70 per 100,000 person-years (0.07%). The prevalence and mean incidence when focusing on people with an ILD diagnostic code who had a HRCT scan or a bronchoscopic or surgical lung biopsy was 237 per 100,000 people (0.237%) and 63 per 100,000 person-years respectively (0.063%). The median survival was 76.9 months for 515 codes, 103.4 months for 516 codes, and 83.6 months for 516.31. Interpretation This retrospective cohort study defines high ILD incidence/prevalence within the VA. Therefore, ILD is an important VA health concern.
Voltage Regulation of Photovoltaic System with varying Loads

The photovoltaic system is generally intermittent in nature because of instability in weather such as irradiance and temperature. Therefore it is critical to stabilize the output voltage when a PV module supplies power to wide range of loads. In order to address this issue, boost converter under variable irradiance has been used to extract maximum power from photovoltaic panels applying the conventional Perturb and Observe maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm in this paper. The unregulated boost converter output considered as input to a buck converter which is controlled by a Proportional Integral controller in order to stabilize the output voltage for different resistive loads. It has been shown that the controller has been successfully capable of regulating the output voltage for wide variation of loads and varying irradiance. The integrated system is built and analyzed in MATLAB/Simulink environment.
En el ojo del huracán: Sobre las tretas de la dignidad puertorriqueña en los documentales Candlelight y After Maria

Este estudio se centra sobre los significados que adquiere la palabra dignidad en el Puerto Rico contemporaneo a traves de un analisis de las politicas esteticas y eticas de representacion en dos documentales sobre las consecuencias inmediatas del huracan Maria: Candlelight: Life After the Storm (Veronica Ortiz Calderon 2018) y After Maria (Nadia Hallgren 2019). El argumento propone que, en el entretejido de acciones y discursos en torno a quienes ocupan lo digno y lo indigno, se enfatizan las jerarquias raciales y economicas en Puerto Rico y entre la isla y la diaspora, no solo el contexto inmediato al huracan Maria, sino tambien el perenne escenario de la deuda colonial y neoliberal. Especificamente, como se aprecia en las producciones examinadas, hay dos lineas en contienda sobre el valor intrinseco de la vida humana. Por una parte, la dignidad humana es portada solo por quienes, a pesar de todos los escollos, no cesan de trabajar para alcanzar un bienestar minimo a niveles individual, familiar y comunitario en la isla. Por otra, la dignidad se inscribe en quienes optan por seguir afirmando su simple derecho a existir. Ambos documentales presentan estrategias filmicas y narrativas disimiles para afectar y efectuar los cuerpos atrapados en las tretas de la dignidad.
Somatostatin Neurons in the Mouse Pontine Nucleus Activate GABAA Receptor Mediated Synaptic Currents in Locus Coeruleus Neurons.

The pontine nuclei comprising the locus coeruleus (LC) and Barrington's nucleus (BRN) amongst others form the neural circuitry(s) that coordinates arousal and voiding behaviors. However, little is known about the synaptic connectivity of neurons within or across these nuclei. These include corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF+) expressing neurons in the BRN that control bladder contraction and somatostatin expressing (SST+) neurons whose role in this region has not been discerned. To determine the synaptic connectivity of these neurons, we employed optogenetic stimulation with recordings from BRN and LC neurons in brain stem slices of channelrhodopsin-2 expressing SST or CRF neurons. Optogenetic stimulation of CRF+ BRN neurons of Crf Cre ;chr2-yfp mice had little effect on either CRF+ BRN neurons, CRF- BRN neurons, or LC neurons. In contrast, in Sst Cre ;chr2-yfp mice light-activated inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) were reliably observed in a majority of LC but not BRN neurons. The GABAA receptor antagonist, bicuculline, completely abolished the light-induced IPSCs. To ascertain if these neurons were part of the neural circuitry that controls the bladder, the trans-synaptic tracer, pseudorabies virus (PRV) was injected into the bladder wall of Crf Cre ;tdTomato or Sst Cre ;tdTomato mice. At 68-72 h post-viral infection, PRV labeled neurons were present only in the BRN, being preponderant in CRF+ neurons with few SST+ BRN neurons labeled from the bladder. At 76 and 96 h post-virus injection, increased labeling was observed in both BRN and LC neurons. Our results suggest SST+ neurons rather than CRF+ neurons in BRN can regulate the activity of LC neurons.
Single-session therapy : maximizing the effect of the first (and often only) therapeutic encounter

Foreword. 1. When the First Session Is the Only Session. 2. The First Phone Call: Presession Screening and Preparation. 3. Effective Single-Session Therapy: Step-by-Step Guidelines(in collaboration with Michael F. Hoyt and Robert Rosenbaum). 4. Empowering Your Patient. 5. Single-Session Therapy in Action: A Case Example(in collaboration with Michael F. Hoyt). 6. Learning from Failures. 7. Attitudes That Facilitate Single-Session Therapy. Resources A: Follow-Up Interview. Resources B: Tips for Managing Time and Money.
SU‐E‐P‐11: Comparison of Image Quality and Radiation Dose Between Different Scanner System in Routine Abdomen CT

Purpose To evaluate image quality and radiation dose of routine abdomen computed tomography exam with the automatic current modulation technique (ATCM) performed in two different brand 64-slice CT scanners in our site. Materials and Methods A retrospective review of routine abdomen CT exam performed with two scanners; scanner A and scanner B in our site. To calculate standard deviation of the portal hepatic level with a region of interest of 12.5 mm x 12.5mm represented to the image noise. The radiation dose was obtained from CT DICOM image information. Using Computed tomography dose index volume (CTDIv) to represented CT radiation dose. The patient data in this study were with normal weight (about 65–75 Kg). Results The standard deviation of Scanner A was smaller than scanner B, the scanner A might with better image quality than scanner B. On the other hand, the radiation dose of scanner A was higher than scanner B(about higher 50–60%) with ATCM. Both of them, the radiation dose was under diagnostic reference level. Conclusion The ATCM systems in modern CT scanners can contribute a significant reduction in radiation dose to the patient. But the reduction by ATCM systems from different CT scanner manufacturers has slightly variation.more » Whatever CT scanner we use, it is necessary to find the acceptable threshold of image quality with the minimum possible radiation exposure to the patient in agreement with the ALARA principle.« less
Reconstruction of the Medial Patellofemoral Ligament: How I Do It

Reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) has been described utilizing a myriad of fixation techniques. We have elected to utilize a technique that secures the graft to the femur with an interference screw and secures the graft to the patella by suturing it to itself after threading it through bone tunnels. This allows for easy tensioning of the graft while not sacrificing fixation.
Clinical Effect of ‘Pure’ Heart Rate Slowing with a Prototype I f Current Inhibitor: Placebo-Controlled Experience with Ivabradine

Heart rate slowing is generally accepted as effective for angina prevention but this approach has not been rigorously evaluated as no pure heart rate slowing treatment has been available. With the i
A Clinic-Based, Comprehensive Care Model for Studying Late Effects in Long-Term Survivors of Pediatric Illnesses

Objective. Long-term survivors of several childhood illnesses are at risk for multiple late effects of their illness or therapy, and children with documented toxic exposures may also experience long-term health consequences. Clinical studies of these effects are difficult to conduct. The Cardiovascular Status in Childhood Cancer Survivors Study is an established study that highlights the ability to perform comprehensive clinical investigations when patients are cared for in a formal, long-term follow-up clinic. This clinic model facilitates long-term retention and recruitment of patients, allowing comprehensive clinical studies of late effects of illness or exposures, in this case, of cardiovascular complications of cancer treatment during childhood. Methods. The study is funded through the National Institute of Health Office of Cancer Survivorship. Participants are recruited from the Long-Term Survivors Clinic at the University of Rochester. The clinic provides care for all survivors of childhood cancer in the region. The Long-Term Survivors Clinic provides medical care and psychosocial and educational support to patients and facilitates coordination of care. Patients remain in close contact with clinic staff for extended periods. Results. We recruited a representative sample of this long-term survivor population, with a wide range of ages, diagnoses, and time since diagnosis. Longitudinal collection of detailed clinical data will enable us to conduct cohort studies of late effects as well as case-control studies of toxic exposures. Conclusions. The success of this study shows the advantages of formal programs for continued care of patients with chronic illnesses or treatment or toxic exposures. The Long-Term Survivors Clinic provides an excellent model for clinical care and research that is applicable to multiple pediatric and young adult populations.
Spaced stimuli stabilize MAPK pathway activation and its effects on dendritic morphology

Memory storage in mammalian neurons probably depends on both biochemical events and morphological alterations in dendrites. Here we report an activity-dependent stabilization of the MAP kinase (MAPK) pathway, prominent in hippocampal dendrites. The longevity of the signal in these dendrites was increased to hours when multiple spaced stimuli were used. Likewise, spaced stimuli and MAPK activation were critical for protrusion of new dendritic filopodia that also remained stable for hours. Our experiments define a new role for stimulus-specific responses of MAPK signaling in activity-dependent neuronal plasticity. The local biochemical signaling in dendrites complements MAPK signaling in gene expression. Together, these processes may support long-lasting behavioral changes.
Light Assisted Electrodeposition and Silicidation of Ni for Silicon Photovoltaic Cell Metallization

Light assisted electrodeposition of Ni films was studied on crystalline Si photovoltaic cells. The nucleation, film uniformity and silicidation behaviour were studied at different locations across the busbar and were found to strongly depend on the plating solution, plating current and annealing conditions. The photovoltaic diode can be operated at forward bias or reverse bias during the light assisted electroplating depending on the plating current and light intensity. Suns-Voc of the solar cells was examined at different stages along the process to evaluate the impacts of silicidation on the cell performance. Detailed microscopic analysis was conducted for the metallization stack. The post-silicide degradation in Suns-Voc was correlated with local shunting due to non-optimized silicidation condition. © The Author(s) 2015. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 License (CC BY-NC-ND, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is not changed in any way and is properly cited. For permission for commercial reuse, please email: oa@electrochem.org. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0081508jss] All rights reserved.
Copy Number Changes Are Associated with Response to Treatment with Carboplatin, Paclitaxel, and Sorafenib in Melanoma

Purpose: Copy number alterations have been shown to be involved in melanoma pathogenesis. The randomized phase III clinical trial E2603: carboplatin, paclitaxel, ± sorafenib (CP vs. CPS) offers a large collection of tumor samples to evaluate association of somatic mutations, genomic alterations, and clinical outcomes, prior to current FDA-approved therapies. Experimental Design: Copy number and mutational analysis on 119 pretreatment samples was performed. Results: CPS therapy was associated with improved progression-free survival (PFS) compared with CP in patients with tumors with RAF1 (cRAF) gene copy gains (HR, 0.372; P = 0.025) or CCND1 gene copy gains (HR, 0.45; P = 0.035). CPS therapy was associated with improved overall survival (OS) compared with CP in patients with tumors with KRAS gene copy gains (HR, 0.25; P = 0.035). BRAF gene copy gain and MET amplification were more common in samples with V600K versus V600E mutations (P Conclusions: We observed improved treatment response with CPS in patients with melanoma whose tumors have RAF1 (cRAF), KRAS, or CCND1 amplification, all of which can be attributed to sorafenib targeting CRAF. These genomic alterations should be incorporated in future studies for evaluation as biomarkers. Clin Cancer Res; 22(2); 374–82. ©2015 AACR.
Mechanical Properties of Highly Filled PVC/Wood-Flour Composites

The present article evaluates the effect of variation of WF on the tensile strength, modulus, and elongation at break. The pin-bearing properties usually correlate well with tensile properties. Tensile strength and pin-bearing strength decrease but tensile modulus increases on addition of WF. The tensile strength, pin-bearing strength, and mode of pin-bearing failure also depends on the void content. Increase in void content has a detrimental effect on all the mechanical properties. Wide variation is observed in impact strength because of unpredictable void content due to use of non-vented extrusion process. TGA indicates insignificant effect of WF on thermal stability of composites. Infrared spectroscopy indicates some interaction between PVC and WF.
Appraisal of Land's work on two-primary color projections.

An analysis of the results of Land’s experiments with two-primary color projections has been carried out in terms of the known phenomena of object-color perception. It is shown that no new theory is required for the prediction of Land’s result that two-primary color projections can produce object-color perceptions of all hues; nor for his result that many choices of pairs of primaries yield substantially the same object-color perceptions. Land’s hypothesis that when the colors of the patches of light making up a scene are restricted to a one-dimensional variation of any sort, the observer usually perceives the objects in that scene as essentially without hue, is new; several special cases of it are supported by previous work as well as Land’s. This hypothesis deserves the serious attention of research workers in object-color perception.
Incidence of appropriate shock in implantable cardioverter-defibrillator patients with improved ejection fraction.

Abstract Background Heart failure with recovered ejection fraction (EF) is a recently described clinical entity. There is insufficient information on the management of implantable-cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) patients with improved EF at generator replacement. Methods and Results We examined the incidence of appropriate shocks in 91 consecutive patients with ICDs for primary prevention of sudden death who underwent generator replacement. Improved EF was defined as both EF >35% at generator replacement and increase in EF by ≥10% since original implantation. Patients were 70 ± 11 years old, and 76% had ischemic cardiomyopathy. At generator replacement, 25 patients (27%) had improved EF (0.49 ± 0.08 vs 0.31 ± 0.07 at baseline; P P = .51). Incidence of appropriate ICD shocks was similar between the two groups before ( P = .90) and after ( P = .97) generator replacement. Of the 9 improved EF patients with appropriate shock, 4 had shocks before generator replacement, 2 had shocks before and after generator replacement, and 3 patients, who never had shocks before, had their first shock after generator replacement. Conclusions Some ICD patients whose EF improves to >35% at generator replacement remain at risk for appropriate ICD shocks.
Flight Mechanics of Ram-Scram Transition

Among known air-breathing propulsion systems, the system that can be operated over the widest range of flight Mach numbers is the dual-mode ramjet-scramjet. In such an engine, either subsonic combustion or supersonic combustion can occur in a shared flowpath, and the mode of operation is determined by the flight condition and control inputs. Recent research has indicated that the steadystate thrust of such an engine is discontinuous across the transition from one mode to the other. This work discusses evidence for that discontinuity and discuss conditions and strategies required to maintain control through ram-scram transition.
On Reinforcement Learning in Genetic Regulatory Networks

The control of probabilistic Boolean networks as a model of genetic regulatory networks is formulated as an optimal stochastic control problem and has been solved using dynamic programming; however, the proposed methods fail when the number of genes in the network goes beyond a small number. Their complexity exponentially increases with the number of genes due to the estimation of model-dependent probability distributions, and the expected curse of dimensionality associated with dynamic programming algorithm. We propose a model-free approximate stochastic control method based on reinforcement learning thatmitigates the twin curses of dimensionality and provides polynomial time complexity. By using a simulator, the proposed method eliminates the complexity of estimating the probability distributions. The method can be applied on networks for which dynamic programming cannot be used owing to computational limitations. Experimental results demonstrate that the performance of the method is close to optimal stochastic control.
Using theoretical descriptors in structure–activity relationships: Solubility in supercritical CO2

The use of quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSAR) in correlating biological phenomena to chemical structure, and the use of linear free energy relationships (LFER) and linear solvation energy relationships (LSER) for correlating physical phenomena are becoming standard occurrences. In this work the empirical LSER solvatochromic descriptors were replaced with a computationally derived set to aid in a priori property prediction. This paper deals with the application of this descriptor set to correlating the solubilities of 22 compounds in super critical CO2. A reasonable correlation, consistent with previous correlations by other researchers, was found.
Cell types and neuronal connections in cultures of mammalian central nervous tissue

Various neuronal cell types surviving in cultures of cerebellum, brain stem and cerebral cortex of new-born rats and kittens were described. The regenerative power of neurons in these explants was expressed by the growth of new processes that reached a length of several millimeters. However, nerve fiber regeneration and growth followed an entirely erratic pattern as evidenced by sometimes extensive fiber convolutions.
Guide to the National Anthropological Archives: Smithsonian Institution, by James R. Glenn, National Anthropological Archives, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. 1993

The historian of archaeological science will find this volume an indispensable source for culling research materials from the National Anthropological Archives. The Guide is "an overview of the documentation in the Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, concerning Native Americans and other cultural groups."
Low-Temperature Recovery of Resistivity in Electron-Irradiated Gold

The results of two electron irradiations and subsequent isochronal anneals of very pure gold wire, at 13 and 10.5 deg K, respectively, were described. The anneals were carried out in 1 or 2 degree steps from the lowest temperature up to 65 deg K, and, in addition, the second set of anneals was extended for 1 hr periods at 125, 170, 225, and 260 deg K. Each of the anneals produced some recovery. The slope of the isochronal recovery curve showed peaks and indicated a first stage in the annealing, extending up to 45 deg K, during which 28.5% of the resistivity increment annealed out. From 45 to 65 deg K no distinct processes were observed. This second stage apparently continued up to 240 deg K. From 45 to 250 deg K, 36% of the resistivity increment annealed out; 35.5% remained at this temperature. By assigning a suitable frequency factor K/ sub O/ to each process in the first stage and by assuming that the processes are first order (corresponding to recombination of close pairs of vacancies and interstitial), it was possible to calculate the activation enengies for each process. For K/sub O/ = 10/sup 10/ to 10/sup 13/ sec/supmore » -1/, these ran ged from 0.037 to 0.045 ev for the first peak to 0.11 to 0.13 ev for the fifth. An explanation was proposed for the major differences between the annealing behavior of gold and copper. (auth)« less
Crowd behaviour monitoring

We present a tool that automatically detects abnormal situations in crowded scenes in real time. The followed approach analyzes the general motion aspect, instead of tracking subjects one by one, by detecting abnormal optical flow patterns of tracked KLT points. The number of tracked points is reduced by using a learned mask. We define a measure that describes the situation abnormality based on crowd density, direction variance and distribution, mean velocity and sometimes trajectory matching. To demonstrate the interest of this approach, we present the results on the detection of collapsing events in real videos of airport escalator exits.
Languages of encoded line patterns

By treating patterns as statements in a two-dimensional language, it is possible to apply linguistic theory to pattern analysis and recognition. In this paper, line patterns are encoded into string form using the chain code developed by Freeman. A class of patterns, or pattern language, encodes to a set of strings that is examined using theory that exists for string languages and automata. Pattern languages formed on the basis of equations in two variables and various pattern properties are related to the hierarchy of string language classes. The known relationships between classes of string languages and classes of automata can then be applied to determine bounds on the time and memory required to recognize the various patterns. Results can be extended to other forms of pattern encoding provided that a suitable translator can be constructed.
The metabolic fate of orally administered quinidine gluconate in humans.

Abstract Oral administration of quinidine (I) preparations to humans has been shown by mass spectroscopy(ms),gas-liquid chromatography/ms(GLC/ms)and other analytical techniques to give a wide range of urinary metabolites. These are found as the free, or to a minor extent, as the β-glucosiduronate conjugates. The major metabolites isolated and characterized represent two oxidative modifications of (I), and of 2'-quinolone and hydroxyquinuclidine derivatives. Also found were polyoxygenated quinidine derivatives. Current supplies of quinidine were found consistently to contain 10 to 30 per cent of an impurity.
AN ENZYMATIC PROCESS FOR A PROTEIN‐CONTAINING BEVERAGE BASED ON SOYBEAN PROTEIN AND LEMON JUICE

SUMMARY —An acidic enzymatic process for a bland soybean protein hydrolysate is described. Cooked suspensions (5.0%) of isolated soybean protein are mixed with small amounts of an acid-protease preparation from Trametes sanguinea, adjusted to pH 3.3–3.5 with concentrated lemon juice and incubated at 50°C for 8–10 hr. After stopping the proteolysis by heat treatment, the clear supernatant is separated from any insoluble residue by centrifugation. A solubilized nitrogen recovery of 88–90% is obtained. All nitrogenous substances in the hydrolysate are 5% trichloroacetic acid-soluble, and the dehydrated hydrolysate easily reconstitutes to a clear solution with cold water. After being diluted about twice and sweetened with sugar, the hydrolysate constitutes a clear, slightly yellowish lemonade-like flavored beverage. The data on chemical analysis, gel-filtration and rheological behavior of the hydrolysate are also described and discussed.
Discontinuity of the exchange-correlation potential and the functional derivative of the noninteracting kinetic energy as the number of electrons crosses integer boundaries in Li, Be, and B

Accurate densities were determined from configuration interaction wave functions for atoms and ions of Li, Be, and B with up to four electrons. Exchange-correlation potentials, Vxc(r), and functional derivatives of the noninteracting kinetic energy, δK[ρ]/δρ(r), obtained from these densities were used to examine their discontinuities as the number of electrons N increases across integer boundaries for N = 1, N = 2, and N = 3. These numerical results are consistent with conclusions that the discontinuities are characterized by a jump in the chemical potential while the shape of Vxc(r) varies continuously as an integer boundary is crossed. The discontinuity of the Vxc(r) is positive, depends on the ionization potential, electron affinity, and orbital energy differences, and the discontinuity in δK[ρ]/δρ(r) depends on the difference between the energies of the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied orbitals. The noninteracting kinetic energy and the exchange correlation energy have been computed for integer and noninteger values of N between 1 and 4.
Triarylcarbenium ions as catalysts in the Mukaiyama Aldol addition: A mechanistic investigation

Abstract 1-Phenyl-2:3,6:7-dibenzosuberyl salts 5+ efficiently catalyze the aldol reaction between silyl enol ethers and benzaldehyde with moderate diastereoselectivity. Crossover experiments with doubly labeled silyl enol ethers, kinetic and stereochemical studies identify 5+ as the catalyst rather than a Lewis acidic R3SiX species in this transformation.
Patterns of caudal‐autotomy evolution in lizards

Using comparative techniques to account for phylogenetic effects, I examined patterns of evolution of caudal autotomy and foraging in 39 lizard species to test the hypothesis that caudal autotomy has co-evolved with morphology, locomotor performance, and foraging behaviour. There were significant positive associations between evolution of the point on the tail (distance from cloaca) at which tail loss occurs (an indirect measure of caudal autotomy) and evolution of each of the following: tail length, caudifemoralis longus (CFL) muscle length, and jump distance. The correlation with the evolution of sprint speed approached significance. These relationships primarily were due to the influence of tail-length evolution on autotomy-point evolution. With the effect of tail-length evolution removed, autotomy-point evolution was negatively correlated with the evolution of tail-loss frequency. The CFL restricts tail loss to portions of the tail posterior to the most distal point of its insertion in the tail. In addition, with the effect of tail-length evolution removed, CFL length co-evolved with sprint speed. These results indicate that tail morphology has co-evolved with caudal autotomy such that the evolution of the CFL has reduced caudal autotomy in certain groups of lizards. Ambush foraging, the ability to lose the tail, intermediate CFL length, and low locomotor performance (i.e. slow sprint speed and short jump distance) are hypothesized to be the ancestral conditions in lizards using outgroup rooting. The diversification of lizard taxa has resulted in some lineages moving away from ancestral character states (i.e. family Teiidae, superfamily Varanoidea), while others are very similar or identical to their ancestors (i.e. superfamily Iguania).
The Mythical Australian: Barry Humphries, Gough Whitlam and “New Nationalism”

Gough Whitlam's decision in 1974 to appear in Barry Humphries's film about a larrikin abroad, Barry McKenzie Holds His Own, marks a potent moment in Australia's post-imperial history — a moment when the politics of Australian theatre and the theatre of Australian politics directly coincided. In their different spheres, Humphries and Whitlam dramatised the waning British connection felt by Australians. Whitlam's own version of “new nationalism” was brash and confident enough to embrace the eccentricities and vulgarities of Humphries's satire. Yet Whitlam's “new nationalism”, like Humphries's satire, was highly ambivalent. Humphries's first film, The Adventures of Barry McKenzie, was a direct product of the new nationalist enthusiasm that had brought Whitlam to power. Although it was savaged by the critics, the film was a box-office success. Intellectuals such as Patrick White, Manning Clark and Geoffrey Dutton lavished praise on Humphries and his satirical portrayal of Australian anxieties about culture and national identity. Humphries portrayed the underlying dilemma that Whitlam faced in refashioning the image of modern Australia: how to throw off the symbols of colonialism and find meaningful symbols to replace them. In the process, both the politician and the humourist rediscovered a particular and enduring affection for the mother country.
Imaging Mechanical Force Transmission at Single Integrins in Living Cells

Mechanical interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) exert a profound influence on cell migration, proliferation, and stem-cell differentiation. However, how cells generate and detect mechanical force remains poorly understood, in part due to a lack of methods that visualize molecular-scale forces in living cells. Here we describe a Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based molecular tension sensor (MTS) that allows us to directly visualize cellular forces at the single molecule level. We designed a MTS that binds to a glass coverslip via avidin or covalent bond at one end and presents an integrin binding site at the other. Cellular integrins bind surface immobilized MTSs and transmit force to the FRET module, resulting in decreased FRET with increasing load. In agreement with previous work, we find that force generation is largely confined to dense integrin-containing assemblies termed focal adhesions (FAs). The enhanced spatial resolution of our measurement in comparison to previous techniques allows us to directly visualize the distribution of forces within FAs. We observe localized force generation that is only weakly correlated with paxillin recruitment, a standard marker for FA maturity, consistent with the proposal that FAs are structurally heterogeneous on the submicron length scale. FRET values measured for single MTS molecules are consistent with tensions ranging from 1 to 5 pN, substantially less than those required to rupture integrin-ligand bonds. These relatively modest tensions suggest that the collective contribution of numerous weak integrin-binding interactions can be sufficient to drive robust cell adhesion, and by extension mechanotransduction.
Analysis of anti-sperm sera for T/t locus-specific antibody

Abstract An objective antiglobulin radioimmunoassay for the analysis of anti-spermatozoa antisera has been used to characterize more than 30 alloantisera. Each of these antisera was raised against spermatozoa from mice carrying T/t region mutations. Whilst all of the antisera had considerable activity for mouse spermatozoa, none of them was found to contain antibodies specific for T/t region gene products. A detailed analysis of a single serum revealed that its activity is for antigens which are non-polymorphic, sperm-specific and species-specific. The failure in this study to detect antibodies specific for T/t region gene products is discussed.