cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fueling the Heart: Multiple Roles for Cardiac Metabolism

The heart requires an uninterrupted supply of energy for contraction, and this energy is derived from oxidative metabolism of fuels. The product of oxidative metabolism is adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The heart makes energy by oxidative phosphorylation of adenosine diphosphate (ADP). In the postprandial state, and under resting conditions, long chain fatty acids and glucose are the main fuels for respiration. Inborn errors in myocardial fatty metabolism are increasingly recognized as causes of cardiomyopathy and sudden death in children. Myocardial metabolism is an integral part of the function of the heart, as both a consumer and a provider of energy. Energy transfer is impaired in the failing heart. Few cardiologists consider the heart a metabolic organ (the biochemistry of myocardial ischemia is a notable exception). Yet, energy substrate metabolism provides the energy currency needed for normal contractile function of the heart, and metabolic dysregulation is considered both cause and consequence of contractile dysfunction of the heart.
MRI and fMRI Optimizations and Applications

This article reviews state-of-the-art MR acquisition strategies for brain imaging including sequences for imaging anatomy and morphometry, microstructure particularly in the white matter, and functional imaging. Recent developments in terms of acquisition strategies are reviewed for each of these topics, and the trade-offs made with some of the different strategies are discussed.
‘Artist as Activist’: promoting collections, outreach and community learning

Inspired by their new university president's call for global outreach and a desire for community partnerships, several libraries at the Ohio State University worked with the Columbus Museum of Art on a proposal for exhibitions and public programming. Called 'Artist as Activist' this exhibition and educational program proposed a dynamic collaboration between the institutions, with the goal of broadening the audience for the museum's and the libraries' collections and developing an inclusive educational and dissemination model.
Epilogue: Does One Know Better—Understand More?

The most obvious and direct way to assess the significance of a scientist is by the kind of public and professional honors he receives. Even if this does not tell the whole story, it has the advantage that there is visible documentation of the esteem in which the scientist is held by his peers. It has the disadvantage that what is public and even conspicuous is not necessarily felt as most important either by the profession or the individual. Thus, the zenith of Kramers’ career was undoubtedly his election in 1946 as Chairman of the Scientific and Technological Subcommittee of the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission. Still, this election came at a time when Kramers had doubts and worries about his scientific status and future. He himself attributed this election to his linguistic skill rather than his scientific importance. Important as this election was, it was to him most assuredly not the highlight of his scientific career. Still, something can be learned about a person and his life by examining the recognition and rewards he received for his professional activities. In chess terms, Kramers would undoubtedly be classified as a grandmaster. His many awards and the important functions that the profession entrusted to him all testify to that classification.
Using Social Media to Teach Social Media Advertising: How to Leverage Student Prior Knowledge and Word Press Blogs:

Social Media not only present advertisers with new and interactive ways to connect with customers but they are quickly becoming a fixture of the modern college/university class environment. Social ...
Towards an Autonomous Temperature Feedback Microwave Oven with Thermal Imaging

When food is warmed in a microwave oven, the user guesses the estimated time for the heating. This cognitive process of guessing can be incorrect - resulting the final food temperature to be too hot or still cold. In this research, a novel closed-loop temperature feedback microwave oven is designed. The proposed microwave takes the target food temperature from the user and then stops the heating automatically when the food temperature reaches the target temperature. The temperature is sensed using a non-contact infrared temperature sensor grid and no physical contact with the food is necessary. The microwave contains a graphical liquid crystal display (LCD) with touchscreen and it shows the colored thermal image of the food while heating. A prototype of the proposed microwave is developed using a microcontroller based system and tested.
Trends in the Causes of Death among Kidney Transplant Recipients in the United States (1996-2014).

Background Death with graft function remains an important cause of graft loss among kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). Little is known about the trend of specific causes of death in KTRs in recent years. Methods We analyzed United States Renal Data System data (1996-2014) to determine 1- and 10-year all-cause and cause-specific mortality in adult KTRs who died with a functioning allograft. We also studied 1- and 10-year trends in the various causes of mortality. Results Of 210,327 KTRs who received their first kidney transplant from 1996 to 2014, 3.2% died within 1 year after transplant. Cardiovascular deaths constituted the majority (24.7%), followed by infectious (15.2%) and malignant (2.9%) causes; 40.1% of deaths had no reported cause. Using 1996 as the referent year, all-cause as well as cardiovascular mortality declined, whereas mortality due to malignancy did not. For analyses of 10-year mortality, we studied 94,384 patients who received a first kidney transplant from 1996 to 2005. Of those, 22.1% died over 10 years and the causative patterns of their causes of death were similar to those associated with 1-year mortality. Conclusions Despite the downtrend in mortality over the last 2 decades, a significant percentage of KTRs die in 10-years with a functioning graft, and cardiovascular mortality remains the leading cause of death. These data also highlight the need for diligent collection of mortality data in KTRs.
The Impact of Hand Carried Ultrasound on the Management of Acute Heart Failure with Chronic Kidney Disease

Purpose Inpatient management of patients with heart failure (HF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is challenging. We studied the role of hand carried ultrasound (US) in directing clinical care. Methods We conducted a prospective non-randomized study of patients admitted with acute heart failure with chronic kidney disease between January, 2017 and August of 2018. Patients were divided into two groups; US-guided management group and standard of care group. Multivariate linear regression analyses were used to compare length of stay and percent change in eGFR. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to compare HF readmission between the two groups. Models were adjusted for age, sex, race, BMI, hypertension and diabetes. Results We included 221 patients (mean age 67±14, 42% females, 69% HFrEF and 31% HFpEF). 71 (32%) patients underwent US-guided management and 150 (68%) had standard of care management. The US-guided group had less reduction in eGFR (-1%, 95% CI: -9.1, 7.1) compared to standard of care group (-11.2%, 95% CI: -16.7, 5.7, p=0.04). No significant difference in the length of stay was observed (6.4±1.2 days vs 6.6±0.8, p=0.7). Finally, no significant difference in HF readmission between the two groups (HR 0.9, 95% CI: 0.51, 1.6, p=0.73) (Figure). Conclusion US-guided management of patients admitted with acute HF exacerbation and chronic kidney disease may be beneficial in preserving kidney function. Multi-center studies with longer follow up time are needed to evaluate the impact of hand carried US on hospital readmissions.
Graphene-enabled, spatially controlled electroporation of adherent cells for live-cell super-resolution microscopy

Abstract The incorporation of exogenous molecules into live cells is essential for both biological research and therapeutic applications. In particular, for the emerging field of super-resolution microscopy of live mammalian cells, reliable fluorescent labeling of intracellular targets remains a challenge. Here, utilizing the unique mechanical, electrical, and optical properties of graphene, a single layer of bonded carbon atoms, we report a facile approach that enables both high-throughput delivery of fluorescent probes into adherent live cells and in situ super-resolution microscopy on the same device. ∼90% delivery efficiencies are achieved for free dyes and dye-tagged affinity probes, short peptides, and whole antibodies, thus enabling high-quality super-resolution microscopy. Moreover, we demonstrate excellent spatiotemporal controls, which, in combination with the ready patternablity of graphene, allow for the spatially selective delivery of two different probes for cells at different locations on the same substrate. We thus open up a new pathway to the microscopic manipulation and visualization of live cells.
Risk Factors for Medication Nonadherence to Self-Injectable Biologic Therapy in Adult Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

BACKGROUND In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), nonadherence to biologic therapy increases risk of disease flare. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for nonadherence. METHODS This was a single-center retrospective study evaluating patients with IBD treated at a tertiary care center and prescribed self-injectable biologic therapy using the center's specialty pharmacy. Adherence was defined using medication possession ratio (MPR). Nonadherence was defined as MPR <0.86. RESULTS Four hundred sixty patients (n = 393 with CD and n = 67 with UC) were evaluated with mean MPR (interquartile range) equaling 0.89 (0.48-1). Overall, 69% of patients were adherent (defined as MPR ≥0.86), 66% of patients with CD and 87% of patients with UC. In univariate analysis, several factors increased risk of nonadherence: CD diagnosis, insurance type, psychiatric history, smoking, prior biologic use, and narcotic use (P < 0.05). In multivariable analysis, Medicaid insurance (odds ratio [OR], 5.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.85-15.6) and CD diagnosis (OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.3-6.0) increased risk of nonadherence. In CD, as the number of risk factors increased (narcotic use, psychiatric history, prior biologic use, and smoking), the probability of nonadherence increased. Adherence was 72% in patients with 0-1 risk factors, decreasing to 62%, 61%, and 42% in patients with 2, 3, and 4 risk factors, respectively (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study identified risk factors for nonadherence to biologic therapy. In patients with CD, the probability of nonadherence increased as the number of risk factors increased.
Hepatitis C Care Continuum in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Positive Cohort: Data From the HIV Atlanta Veterans Affairs Cohort Study.

Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection is associated with accelerated progression to cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease, and liver-associated death. It is fortunate that curative direct-acting antivirals for the treatment of HCV are widely available in the VA healthcare system. We attempted to identify, evaluate, and treat all HIV/HCV-coinfected persons at the Atlanta VA Healthcare System. Methods Human immunodeficiency virus/HCV-coinfected persons at Atlanta VA between 2015 and 2018 were identified using the HIV Atlanta Veterans Affairs Cohort Study and Hepatitis C VA Clinical Case Registry. Retrospective reviews of each electronic medical record were conducted by the hepatitis C clinical team for validation. The primary end point was achieving sustained virologic response. Results One hundred thirty-eight veterans with HIV and hepatitis C viremia were identified. One hundred twenty-five (90%) were evaluated for treatment and 113 (91%) were initiated on direct-acting antiviral therapy. Median age at initiation of treatment was 60 years and the majority were black race (90%). Genotype 1a was most common (70%) and 41% had compensated cirrhosis. One hundred eight completed treatment and 96% achieved sustained virologic response. Six veterans had virologic relapse; 4 had treatment-emergent resistance mutations in the NS5a gene. Mean CD4 was 580 cells/mm3 with HIV viral suppression in 82% of the cohort. In those not treated, unstable housing (25%), active substance use (31%), and psychiatric conditions (42%) were identified barriers to care. Conclusions Through a concerted, systematic effort, over 80% of HIV/hepatitis C persons in the Atlanta VA have been initiated on treatment for hepatitis C, 96% of which have been cured.
Characterization of the Quality of Electroconvulsive Therapy Among Older Medicare Beneficiaries.

BACKGROUND Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an important therapy for treatment-resistant depression and is especially effective for elderly individuals with depression. This is the first US nationally representative description of ECT in the elderly. METHODS Using 2014-2015 Medicare claims data, we compared elderly individuals with major depressive disorder (using ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes) who received ECT with those who did not on demographic and clinical measures. We characterized treatment patterns by setting and the proportion of individuals receiving index and continuation/maintenance courses, subtherapeutic courses of ECT, and post-ECT follow-up care. RESULTS Of all Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years and older diagnosed with depression in 2014-2015, 7,817 (0.41%) received 1 or more ECT sessions. Compared to the general population of elderly Medicare beneficiaries with depression, recipients of ECT were slightly younger and more likely to be male, non-Hispanic, and white and live in a zip code with a higher median income. Among those who received any ECT, 33.7% received < 5 total treatments. Of those who received an index ECT treatment, 33.7% received a continuation/maintenance course of ECT, while 60.9% received some form of post-ECT follow-up treatment (additional ECT or new psychotropic medication). Receipt of psychotherapy was the strongest predictor of those who received ≥ 5 ECT treatments (adjusted odds ratio = 1.43; 95% CI, 1.22 to 1.67). CONCLUSIONS Despite substantial evidence of efficacy, ECT use remains rare among elderly patients with depression. Findings suggest a potential need for efforts to increase the proportion of patients receiving adequate courses of ECT and evidence-based post-ECT follow-up care.
CSCMAC - Cyclic Sparsely Connected Neural Network Manycore Accelerator

This paper presents an energy-efficient, domain-specific manycore accelerator also referred to as the “CSCMAC” - Cyclic Sparsely Connected Neural Network Manycore Accelerator, which effectively maps and executes deep neural networks (DNNs) compressed with cyclic sparsely connected (CSC) architectures. CSC layers are architectures that structurally compress and sparsify DNNs, which can reduce the memory footprint of fully connected (FC) layers from $O(N^{2})$ to $O(N\log N)$ with respect to layers nodes, and is shown to be hardware implementable-friendly. We implement CSC layers for inference on a manycore unit, take advantage of their cyclic architecture, and show that their implementation in software even for a parallel-computing processor is affable. To further take advantage of their implementation simplicity, we propose customized instructions for the manycore that fuse frequently used sequences of machine codes and evaluate the optimization gained by the customization. Our experimental results using a LeNet300100 on MNIST and a Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) on Physical Activity Monitoring indicate that by replacing FC layers with CSC layers, we can achieve $46\times$ and $6\times$ compression respectively within a margin of 2% accuracy loss. A 64-cluster architecture of the CSCMAC is fully placed and routed using $65\mathrm{nm}$ , TSMC CMOS technology. The layout of each cluster occupies an area of $0.73\ mm^{2}$ and consumes $230.2 \mathrm{mW}$ power at 980 MHz clock frequency. Our proposed CSCMAC achieves $1.48\times$ higher throughput and $1.49\times$ lower energy compared to its equivalent predecessor manycore (PENC). Also, the CSCMAC achieves $85\times$ higher throughput and consumes $66.4\times$ lower energy compared to CPU implementation of the NVIDIA Jetson TX2 platform.
Max-min Fairness-based IRS-aided SWIPT

The performance of an intelligent reflecting surface (IRS)-assisted time-switching simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) system is investigated from a maxmin user-fairness perspective. A series of optimization problems is formulated to maximize the minimum harvested energy and the achievable user rates via jointly optimizing the transmit powers at the base-station (BS) and phase-shifts at the IRS. The underlying optimization problems are non-convex, and thus, the efficient alternating optimization algorithms are developed to obtain sub-optimal solutions. A combination of geometric programming and convex optimization techniques has been employed in an iterative manner to solve the transmit power allocation and IRS phase-shift optimization problems, respectively. Max-min based common/system-wide harvested energy and achievable user rate are characterized when the BS adopts linear/conjugate precoding. Thereby, a max-min fairness-based energy-rate trade-off is quantified. Our numerical results validate the proposed optimization solutions and reveal the underlying performance gains of the optimized system.
The Ethics of Inpatient Consultative Dermatology

There is a significant burden of skin disease among hospitalized patients and it is our ethical responsibility, as a specialty, to address this need. Performing inpatient care exposes consulting dermatologists to ethical considerations that parallel those of other hospital-based providers and challenges consultants to juggle moral standards of patient autonomy, collegiality, nonmaleficence, beneficence and justice in allocation of care. As inpatient consultative dermatology grows as a subspecialty, it is paramount that providers consider their ethical obligations and the specific vulnerabilities of this patient population.
Identification and Management of Phytophthora Aerial Blight Caused by Phytophthora nicotianae on Catharanthus roseus.

Phytophthora nicotianae is the most common pathogen in nurseries and gardens, infecting both woody and herbaceous ornamental plants. Phytophthora aerial blight symptoms such dull water-soaked lesions on shoot tips and leaf petioles, girdling on the main stem, necrosis, and wilting of annual vinca were observed in a commercial greenhouse in Warren Co., Tennessee, USA in May 2016. The objective of this study was to identify the causal agent of Phytophthora aerial blight and develop a fungicide management recommendation for ornamental producers. Attempts to isolate the pathogen from symptomatic leaf tissue were conducted and excised leaf pieces were embedded in the V8 agar medium. Morphological characterization, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), sequencing, and pathogenicity test of the isolate FBG2016_444 were conducted to confirm the pathogen identification. The sequence identity was 100% identical to Phytophthora nicotianae, and a combined phylogenetic tree (internal transcribed spacer [ITS]), the large subunit [LSU] of rDNA, and ras-related protein gene [Ypt1]) grouped isolate FBG2016_444 within the clade of P. nicotianae. In the pathogenecity study, all inoculated annual vinca plant showed the Phytophthora aerial blight symptoms and P. nicotianae was re-isolated whereas non-inoculated annual vinca plant remained symptomless. These findings confirmed P. nicotianae as the causal agent of Phytophthora aerial blight of annual vinca. In addition, two rates (0.078 and 0.156 mL·L-1) and three application intervals (7, 14 and 21 days before inoculation [DBI]) of oxathiapiprolin (Segovis®) were evaluated for their ability to reduce the Phytophthora aerial blight severity on annual vinca plants. The control groups were positive (non-treated inoculated) and negative (non-treated non-inoculated) plants. Both rates and application timings of oxathiapiprolin significantly reduced Phytophthora aerial blight severity and disease progress (area under disease progress curve [AUDPC]) on annual vinca plants compared to the positive control. However, 0.078 and 0.156 mL·L-1 of oxathiapiprolin applied at 7 or 14 DBI were the most effective treatments in reducing the disease severity and AUDPC on annual vinca plants. The plant growth parameters such as increase in height and width, total plant weight, and root weight were not influenced by the application of oxathiapiprolin. The finding reported in this study will help ornamental growers with better management of Phytophthora aerial blight of annual vinca.
Engineering Privacy in an Age of Information Abundance

We now live in an age of information abundance. A near-infinite supply of information presents unique opportunities to tackle the most difficult contemporary social problems. The fields of medicine, energy and the environment, finance, governance, and even agriculture have already been transformed by information technology and are about to hit a second inflection point. The opportunities for improving the world are infinite, but a particular challenge is posed for individual privacy: much of the relevant information is inherently about people's behavior in society. In this paper we offer a conceptualization of privacy within the context of information abundance and present a set of engineering challenges that must be overcome to achieve it.
Ureteropyeloscopic Treatment of Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Malignancy

The treatment of upper urinary tract urothelial malignancy has paralleled similar therapies in the lower urinary tract. The majority of bladder tumors that are superficial, non-invasive, and low grade in histology are treated endoscopically, not with extirpative surgery. Prohibitive factors historically with regard to treating upper tract lesions endoscopically have been the large size and poor directability of the original ureteroscopes and the limited efficacy and availability of energy sources to treat these lesions. This has evolved as endoscopic instrumentation has improved. Endoscope miniaturization with improved mechanics have allowed for complete inspection of the entire upper urinary tract, and the application of various wavelengths of laser light energy employed to both coagulate and resect upper tract urothelial tumors have remarkably changed how these lesions are treated.
Artificial Intelligence: Connectionist and Symbolic Approaches

This article describes the two competing paradigms of artificial intelligence: connectionist and symbolic approaches. Each paradigm has its strengths and weaknesses. No single existing paradigm currently can fully address all major issues concerning intelligence and cognition. This condition indicates the need to integrate these existing paradigms.
Problems in Cool-Down of Cryogenic Systems

At the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory the facilities and technology for handling large quantities of liquid hydrogen are being developed. This project is in support of the Rover program which is a joint endeavor of the Atomic Energy Commission and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to develop nuclear- powered rocket engines. Since the power for propulsion is to be obtained from the nuclear reaction, the hydrogen, rather than undergoing combustion, is heated by the nuclear reactor and then exhausted through the nozzle. In this manner a specific impulse of about 750 seconds is obtained which can be compared with numbers like 300 seconds obtained when the propellant gas is the product of a chemical reaction. To date three successful tests have been made with reactors using hydrogen gas. Since the weight of containers per pound of propellant can be about 1000 times smaller for liquid storage than gas storage, it is advantageous that the hydrogen be transported as a liquid in a flyable reactor engine. To this end, facilities providing for the testing of reactors with liquid hydrogen are being constructed.
Boundary-Spanning Marketing Organization: A Theory and Insights from 31 Organization Theories

Now more than ever, marketing has a key boundary-spanning role — a role that has also redefined the composition of the marketing organization. In this SpringerBrief, the marketing organization’s integrative and mutually reinforcing components of marketing activities, customer value-creating processes, networks, and stakeholders are delineated within their boundary-spanning roles as a particular emphasis — labeled “marketing organization theory” or abbreviated as MOR to capture the first letter of “marketing” and the first two letters of “organization.” This SpringerBrief builds on and is an extended and more elaborate version of Hult (2011b), also published in a Springer publication (Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science). Thematic marketing insights from a collection of 31 organization theories are used to advance knowledge on the boundary-spanning marketing organization within four areas: strategic marketing resources, marketing leadership and decision making, network alliances and collaborations, and the domestic and global marketplaces.
Electoral Choice, Ideological Conflict, and Political Participation

Generations of democratic theorists argue that democratic systems should present citizens with clear and distinct electoral choices. Responsible party theorists further argued that political participation increases with greater ideological conflict between competing electoral options. Empirical evidence on this question, however, remains deeply ambiguous. This article introduces new joint estimates of citizen preferences and the campaign platforms chosen by pairs of candidates in U.S. House and Senate races. The results show that increasing levels of ideological conflict reduce voter turnout, and are robust across a wide range of empirical specifications. Furthermore, the findings provide no support for existing accounts that emphasize how ideology or partisanship explains the relationship between ideological conflict and turnout. Instead, I find that increasing levels of candidate divergence reduce turnout primarily among citizens with lower levels of political sophistication. These findings provide the strongest evidence to date for how mass political behavior is conditioned by electoral choice.
A reasoned action approach to physicians' utilization of drug information sources.

Purpose. The effects of attitude and subjective norm were investigated on physicians' intention to use seven drug information sources: the PDR, medical textbooks, medical journals/newsletters, pharmaceutical manufacturers' literature, pharmaceutical manufacturers' representatives, other physicians, and pharmacists. The effects of past behavior and practice characteristics were also examined.
Neoliberalism, Piven and Cloward's Bargaining Theory, and Wages in the United States, 1965-2006

The political economy of the United States during the last thirty years has been described as neoliberal. Part of the neoliberal turn involves reducing or eliminating income support programs such as AFDC/TANF, waging war against organized labor, and increasingly conservative (i.e., neoliberal) public policies. Following an analysis by Lewis (2001) which showed that wages increased in response to higher average monthly AFDC payments, I update and expand this test of Piven and Cloward's bargaining power theory of wages by looking at other factors which may influence worker bargaining power: unions, interest rates, policy liberalism, and economic growth. I use time-series data on the U.S. covering 1965-2006 and find that AFDC/TANF benefits have a short-term positive effect on private-sector wages while declining union membership, punitive interest rate shocks, and increasingly conservative public policies have reduced the bargaining power of private-sector workers.
Synthesis of RNA complementary to potato spindle tuber viroid using Qβ replicase

Abstract Qβ replicase accepts potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV) as template for RNA synthesis under two different sets of conditions. Comparatively high concentrations of unmodified PSTV template in the presence of Mn 2+ direct the synthesis of a heterogeneous mixture of RNAs. The largest products appear by polyacrylamide gel analysis to be nearly complete copies of PSTV. Primer-dependent polynucleotide phosphorylase can be used to add a poly(cytidylic acid) sequence to the 3′-terminus of PSTV. When this modified RNA is used as template for Qβ replicase in the presence of Mg 2+ , a high-molecular-weight RNA product is synthesized. The poly(guanylic acid) sequence at the 5′-terminus of the product provides a potential means for separating template and product. Both methods yield an RNA product that is complementary to PSTV, as measured by RNA · RNA hybridization. The specificity of the product containing the 5′terminal poly(guanylic acid) sequence is also indicated by its poor hybridization to a variety of unrelated viral RNAs. The apparent sequence complexities of the various complementary RNA products are identical and approximately eightfold greater than the estimated molecular weight of PSTV.
Best mean approximation by splines satisfying generalized convexity constraints

Abstract A characterization of the best L 1 -approximation to a continuous function by classes of fixed-knot polynomial splines which satisfy generalized convexity constraints is presented and uniqueness is shown. Included is the possibility of specifying the positivity, monotonicity, or convexity of the class. The proof of uniqueness uses recently developed results for Hermite-Birkhoff interpolation by splines.
White pan bread and sugar-snap cookies containing wheat starch phosphate, a cross-linked resistant starch.

ABSTRACT Pup-loaf bread was made with 10, 30, and 50% substitution of flour with wheat starch phosphate, a cross-linked resistant starch (XL-RS4), while maintaining flour protein level at 11.0% (14% mb) by adding vital wheat gluten. Bread with 30% replacement of flour with laboratory-prepared XL-RS4 gave a specific volume of 5.9 cm3/g compared with 6.3 g/cm3 for negative control bread (no added wheat starch), and its crumb was 53% more firm than the control bread after 1 day at 25°C, but 13% more firm after 7 days. Total dietary fiber (TDF) in one-day-old bread made with commercial XL-RS4 at 30% flour substitution increased 3–4% (db) in the control to 19.2% (db) in the test bread, while the sum of slowly digestible starch (SDS) plus resistant starch (RS), determined by a modified Englyst method, increased from 24.3 to 41.8% (db). The reference amount (50 g, as-is) of that test bread would provide 5.5 g of dietary fiber with 10% fewer calories than control bread. Sugar-snap cookies were made at 30 and 50% ...
Global Ozone Observations from the UARS MLS: An Overview of Zonal-Mean Results

Global ozone observations from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) aboard the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) are presented, in both vertically resolved and column abundance formats. The authors review the zonal-mean ozone variations measured over the two and a half years since launch in September 1991. Well-known features such as the annual and semiannual variations are ubiquitous. In the equatorial regions, longer-term changes are believed to be related to the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), with a strong semiannual signal above 20 hPa. Ozone values near 50 hPa exhibit an equatorial low from October 1991 to June 1992, after which the low ozone pattern splits into two subtropical lows (possibly in connection with residual circulation changes tied to the QBO) and returns to an equatorial low in September 1993. The ozone hole development at high southern latitudes is apparent in MLS column data integrated down to 100 hPa, the MLS data reinforce current knowledge of this lower-stratospheric phenomenon by providing a height-dependent view of the variations. The region from 30 deg S to 30 deg N (an area equal to half the global area) shows very little change in the ozone column from year to year and within each year. The most striking ozone changes have occurred at northern midlatitudes, with the October 1992 to July 1993 column values significantly lower than during the prior year. The zonal-mean changes manifest themselves as a slower rate of increase during the 1992/93 winter, and there is some evidence for a lower fall minimum. A recovery occurs during late summer of 1993; early 1994 values are significantly larger than during the two previous winters. The timing and latitudinal extent of the northern midlatitude decreases appear to rule out observed ClO enhancements in the Arctic vortex, with related chemical processing and ozone dilution effects, as a unique cause. Local depletion from ClO-related chemical mechanisms alone is also not sufficient, based on MLS ClO data. The puzzling asymmetric nature of the changes probably requires a dynamical component as an explanation. A combination of effects (including chemical destruction via heterogeneous processes and QBO phasing) apparently needs to be invoked. This dataset will place constraints on future modeling studies, which are required to better understand the source of the observed changes.
A localized version of the method of Lagrange multipliers and its applications

This paper describes a novel version of the method of Lagrange multipliers for an improved modeling of multi-point constraints that emanate from contact-impact problems, partitioned structural analysis using parallel computers, and structural inverse problems. It is shown that the classical method of Lagrange multipliers can lead to a non-unique set of constraint conditions for the modeling of interfaces involving more than two or multi-point substructural interface nodes. The proposed version of the method of Lagrange multipliers leads not only to unique construction of constraints but also encounters no singularity in modeling an arbitrary number of multi-point constraints. An important utilization of the present method is in the regularized modeling of interfaces whose rigidities are radically different from one to another. The present approach is demonstrated via several examples for its simplicity in modeling constraints, ease of implementation and computational advantages.
Permeation of hydrogen through alpha iron

The permeation rate of hydrogen through two alpha iron specimens was measured by means of a low pressure steady-state permeation technique under conditions such that diffusion was the rate controlling process for permeation. The observed permeation rate in these samples can be described by the equation: J=5.55 ±.52 × 10-9 p 1/2 exp - 8095 ± 88/RT mole s-1 cm-1 torr-1/2 over a range of hydrogen pressures from 21 torr to 766 torr and over a temperature range of 342 to 619 K. Variation of permeation rate with the square root of hydrogen pressure was used as evidence that the permeation process was diffusion rather than surface reaction controlled. The permeation data were used in conjunction with the solubility expression of Gonzalez1 to determine the diffusivity of hydrogen through alpha iron as:D = 1.01 × 10-3 exp - 1595/RT cm2/s
The Leishmania tarentolae Spliced Leader Contains Determinants for Association with Polysomes

In kinetoplastids, every nuclear-derived mRNA contains an identical 39-nucleotide (nt) spliced leader at its 5'-terminus. The spliced leader is derived from substrate spliced leader RNA and joined to pre-mRNA by trans-splicing, thus providing mature mRNAs with an m7G cap and additional methylations referred to as cap 4. It was shown previously that mutations spanning nucleotides 10-39 of the spliced leader did not affect substrate spliced leader RNA transcription or trans-splicing in Leishmania tarentolae (Saito, R. M., Elgort, M. G., and Campbell, D. A. (1994) EMBO J. 13, 5460-5469). In this study we examined these sequences for a possible role in translation by assaying the association of mRNAs, which possess mutated spliced leaders, with polysomes. For the nt 28-39 mutated spliced leaders, both the substrate spliced leader RNA and the spliced leader demonstrated a wild-type methylation pattern; spliced nt 28-39 mRNA was found in polysomes. Thus, the nt 28-39 region conserved primary sequence is not a determinant of polysome association. An undermethylated cap 4 structure was present on substrate and mRNA spliced leaders in nt 20-29 mutated exons; nt 20-29 mRNA was not present in polysomes. A differential pattern of cap 4 methylation was seen between the nt 10-19 substrate spliced leader RNA and the nt 10-19 spliced leaders found in the poly(A)+ population of RNA; the nt 10-19 mRNA was not seen in polysomes. Undermethylated spliced leaders did not associate efficiently with polysomes, suggesting a requirement for the cap 4 and/or primary sequence of the spliced leader in translation. This is the first report demonstrating that the spliced leader contains critical structural or sequence determinants for association with polysomes and, hence, translation.
Convection in the Moon and the Existence of a Lunar Core

Lunar core and convection in analysis of lunar principal moments of inertia and surface ellipticity
Dose-response relationships during aflatoxicosis in young chickens

Abstract Aflatoxin at 18 dosages ranging from 0 to 2.38 μg/g of feed was fed to eight groups of 10 White Leghorn chickens per treatment for 3 weeks. The body weights and the weights of the bursa of Fabricius, liver, and pancreas relative to the body weights were determined. Mathematical models were fitted to the data and from the appropriate equations the dose-response curves were predicted as continuous functions of aflatoxin concentration. Quadratic polynomial models were fitted to the body weight and relative bursal weight whereas linear-plateau models were fitted to the relative weights of liver and pancreas. The minimal effective doses of dietary aflatoxin in this experimental system were calculated from the modelling approach ( p
Treatment and Generalization of Complex Sentence Production in Agrammatism

The present study applies single-subject experimental design to examine (a) the acquisition and generalization of complex sentence production in agrammatism using Linguistic Specific Treatment (LST) and (b) the utility of syntactic theory in guiding hypotheses of treatment effects. LST trains construction and production of complex sentence structures. Four sentence types were selected for study: object clefts and object-extracted matrix and embedded questions (which are noncanonical with wh-movement), and embedded actives (which are canonical with no overt movement). All sentences contain overt material in the complementizer phrase (CP) of the syntactic tree. Three of five participants (1, 2, and 3) demonstrated generalization from object cleft treatment to production of matrix questions. Thus, LST was effective in improving their ability to generate less complex sentences with wh-movement. Once production of object clefts and matrix questions was acquired, all 5 participants demonstrated generalization from treatment to improved production of embedded questions and/or embedded actives. This generalization involved improved ability to generate embedded clausal structure to form complex sentences but continuing inability to express overt material in CP. Finally, direct treatment for embedded questions did not result in accurate production of embedded actives or vice versa. There were no trends across participants toward improved production of morphosyntactic behaviors in narrative. Persons 1, 2, and 3 showed generalization to increased informativeness and efficiency of expression and were judged by independent listeners to improve in content, coherence, and fluency of spontaneous production. The remaining two participants showed no change or a decline in performance in narrative language production (4 and 5, respectively). These participants demonstrated more severe Broca's aphasia at pretesting compared to Persons 1, 2, and 3, with greater impairments in auditory comprehension, naming, and reading. Etiology and size of lesion did not appear to account for the different behavioral patterns. This study supports the use of LST, which applies syntactic theory to predict patterns of generalization, as an effective treatment approach.
Coordination Chemistry of Stable Radicals: Homolysis of a Titanium−Oxygen Bond

Thermolysis of Cp2TiCl(TEMPO) (TEMPO = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl) at 60 °C in a benzene/CCl4 mixture generates Cp2TiCl2. Kinetic studies implicate a mechanism involving the reversible cleavage of a Ti−O bond to generate the TEMPO radical and Cp2TiCl, which is trapped by CCl4 to give Cp2TiCl2. The rate of this reaction is strongly inhibited by added TEMPO and increases with increasing CCl4 concentration, indicating that the coupling of TEMPO to Cp2TiCl is faster than chloride atom abstraction from CCl4.
Memory for spatial location in retarded and nonretarded persons.

. Item memory and memory for spatial location were examined in college students, mildly retarded persons and moderately retarded persons. They performed under semantic or nonsemantic encoding instructions to remember pictures presented in a large book. Recall and relocation (unexpected) tests followed immediately after studying the pictures and, again, 24 h later. Mildly retarded persons were deficient in memory for items (effortful processing), but not in memory for location (automatic processing). Moderately retarded persons were deficient in both types of memory. Additionally, there were IQ-related differences in the long-term memory of location information, as well as item information. Location memory, as opposed to item memory, was shown to be (1) sensitive to encoding instruction, (2) insensitive to differences in intelligence, and (3) more sensitive to long-term forgetfulness.
Does Social Studies Teaching Uphold the Citizenship Values to Which Students Should Aspire? Survey Findings from One State

This article communicates results of data analysis from an online survey of teachers in the state of Illinois. The data were collected as part of the National Profile of Social Studies Teachers Project (NPSS), which concerned the status of social studies teaching. This article spotlights social studies education and the relationship of teaching conditions/practices with the values contained with the methods and content. This study found that respondents defined social studies’ importance and student learning in terms of content. The responses conveyed this view of content among respondents and were consistent with established relationships between state assessments and teacher views of social studies.
The Arnold cat map on prime lattices

We describe the time evolution of the discrete dynamical system consisting of the iterates of the Arnold cat map F(x, y) = (x + y mod 1, x + 2y mod 1), 0⩽x, y < 1, defined on prime lattices Lp = {(j/p, k/p)| 0⩽j, k<p} where p is prime. We show that on Lp for p a prime, p ≠ 5, all orbits (except the fixed point (0, 0)) have a common period. The form of this common period is determined. A discrete first integral (constant of motion) is given and used to determine the relationship between orbits as well as the orbit decomposition.
Lipolytic Activity of Synthetic Porcine Secretin

Synthetic porcine secretin is a potent lipolytic agent on the adipose tissue of the rat and on the free fat cells of the mouse. The minimal effective dose is 0.1 μg/ml for the rat epididymal adipose tissue slice and 0.001 μg/ml for the free fat cells (mesenteric + perirenal) of the mouse. Secretin has no lipolytic effect on the adipose tissue of hamster, guinea pig, rabbit or pigeon. Bovine glucagon, which is similar in structure to porcine secretin, is active on adipose tissue or free fat cells of rat, mouse, guinea pig and pigeon, and inactive on adipose tissue of hamster and rabbit. (Endocrinology 85: 214, 1969)
Dissociation of the effects of neuropeptide Y on feeding and memory: evidence for pre- and postsynaptic mediation.

In mice not deprived of food, centrally administered neuropeptide Y (NPY) increases feeding and improves retention. In this study, we examined the effect of C-terminal NPY fragments on feeding and on memory retention. Mice were trained to avoid footshock in a T-maze. After training NPY, NPY fragments (20–36 and 26–36) or saline were administered intracerebroventricularly. Food consumption was measured during the first hour after training and memory retention was measured one week after training. NPY elicited a 544% increase in feeding compared to the saline control. Neither NPY fragment significantly increased feeding. Both NPY and NPY(20–36) improved retention compared to the saline-treated group. NPY(26–36) did not improve retention. NPY administered to well-trained mice results in amnesia. As a further test of the differential effect of NPY on memory processing and eating, we determined in well-trained mice whether administration of NPY and NPY(20–36) resulted in amnesia. Both NPY and NPY(20–36) resulted in amnesia, but only NPY stimulated feeding. These results are compatible with NPY effects on feeding being mediated through postsynaptic (Y1) NPY receptors and effects on memory retention being mediated through presynaptic (Y2) NPY receptors.
Performance of Bi-Directional Blades for Tidal Current Turbines

Horizontal-Axis Tidal Current Turbines can utilize bi-directional blades which operate well in both directions in a reversing flow, avoiding the use of yaw or pitch mechanisms, thus reducing initial and maintenance costs. A “class” of bi-directional hydrofoil shapes was designed, and studied numerically using OpenFOAM, and one foil with favorable characteristics, named B3-351045, was tested experimentally in the University of New Hampshire High-Speed Cavitation Tunnel - HiCaT. The foils were designed with considerations for lift, drag, and cavitation inception. Simplified 2D simulations for a range of angles of attack for foils with different foil-geometry parameters were used to select a favorable hydrofoil. The selected hydrofoil was fabricated and tested in the HiCaT. Lift and drag were measured using a custom-designed force balance and cavitation inception was observed visually. Experimental and numerical data were compared. Bi-directional blades may be an economically-feasible option when addressing the reversing direction of tidal flows, since the decreased performance of the blades can be offset by the lower costs compared to unidirectional blades.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Exosomes from Hepatitis C Infected Patients Transmit HCV Infection and Contain Replication Competent Viral RNA in Complex with Ago2-miR122-HSP90

Antibodies targeting receptor-mediated entry of HCV into hepatocytes confer limited therapeutic benefits. Evidence suggests that exosomes can transfer genetic materials between cells; however, their role in HCV infection remains obscure. Here, we show that exosomes isolated from sera of chronic HCV infected patients or supernatants of J6/JFH1-HCV-infected Huh7.5 cells contained HCV RNA. These exosomes could mediate viral receptor-independent transmission of HCV to hepatocytes. Negative sense HCV RNA, indicative of replication competent viral RNA, was present in exosomes of all HCV infected treatment non-responders and some treatment-naive individuals. Remarkably, HCV RNA was associated with Ago2, HSP90 and miR-122 in exosomes isolated from HCV-infected individuals or HCV-infected Huh7.5 cell supernatants. Exosome-loading with a miR-122 inhibitor, or inhibition of HSP90, vacuolar H+-ATPases, and proton pumps, significantly suppressed exosome-mediated HCV transmission to naive cells. Our findings provide mechanistic evidence for HCV transmission by blood-derived exosomes and highlight potential therapeutic strategies.