cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plant gene expression in response to pathogens.

Introduction 389 A note on terminology 389 Gene expression in plant defence responses 392 (1) The targeted approach 392 (2) The shotgun approach 392 Defence responses involving secondary plant metabolism 394 (1) Phytoalexins 394 (a) Parsley (Petrose/inum crispum) 394 (b) French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) 395 (c) Soybean (Glycine max) 396 (d) Castor bean (Ricinus communis) 396 (2) Lignification Plant cell wall modification other than lignification Hydrolytic enzymes (1) Chitinase (2) {3-1,3-glucanase Pathogenesis-related proteins Proteinase (protease) inhibitors Other proteins The hypersensitive reaction (HR) Conclusions Acknowledgments References 396 397 398 398 398 398 399 399 399 401 403 403
Multiple Sites of Spike Initiation in a Bifurcating Locust Neurone

Recordings were made from the metathoracic dorsal unpaired median neurone to the extensor tibiae muscle (DUMETi) in the locust. This is a bifurcating neurone with axons exiting both sideS of the ganglion, whose soma can support a full action potential. Four different spike types were recorded in the soma, each of which we associate with a different region of the neurone. These were (1) a soma (S) spike of 70-90 mV, (2) a neurite (N) spike of 20-40 mV, occurring between the axon hillock and axon branch point, (3) and (4) axon (A) spikes of 8–15 mV, occurring distal to the branch point on the left and right axons. Each of these regions must therefore have its own spike initiation site. At spike frequencies greater than about 10 Hz at room temperature or 1-5 Hz at 32 °C (the preferred environmental temperature of the locust) the S-spike may fail, revealing A-spikes, or more rarely N-spikes. A-spikes usually consist of two more-or-less separate components, A l and A r , which can be correlated with action potentials in the left and right axon branches by recording spikes extracellularly in the peripheral nerves on each side. Occasionally single component A-spikes occur when an action potential is initiated in only one axon, and fails to propagate across the branch point to the contralateral axon. Thus, action potentials may occur independently in the branches of this bifurcating neurone. After unilateral axotomy only S-spikes and N-spikes are recorded, indicating that action potentials no longer fail to propagate across the branch point. Anatomical asymmetries in the axon branches of DUMETi have been correlated with physiological asymmetries recorded in the soma of the same neurone.
Hotspot diagnosis on logical level

Hotspots in data center have been attributed to an increase in equipment failures, which causes system down time and business loss. In maintenance of IT equipment, removing hotspot with minimal cooling power cost is both ecological and financial benefits. Thus, identifying root cause of hotspots in data center is essential. A variety of factors can cause the issue, and therefore, diagnosing root cause of hotspot for removing and preventing it becomes complicated. This paper proposes a technique which supports diagnose the hotspot from logical level relative to physical conditions. In the proposed technique, performance and configuration data of each potential factor are analyzed with hotspot trochoid automatically. Effect and impact of the factor are synthesis evaluated for each component to diagnose whether it is related to the hotspot emerging or not. The diagnosis results are collected for suspects of creating hotspot in the target ambient, and then, the suspects in the whole system can be ranked for helping to identify the root cause. Hotspot diagnosis from the logical level is also useful to improve the hotspot diagnosis on other external physical conditions factors, when the logical causes are excluded by the proposed approach.
Link-level measurements from an 802.11b mesh network

This paper analyzes the causes of packet loss in a 38-node urban multi-hop 802.11b network. The patterns and causes of loss are important in the design of routing and error-correction protocols, as well as in network planning.The paper makes the following observations. The distribution of inter-node loss rates is relatively uniform over the whole range of loss rates; there is no clear threshold separating "in range" and "out of range." Most links have relatively stable loss rates from one second to the next, though a small minority have very bursty losses at that time scale. Signal-to-noise ratio and distance have little predictive value for loss rate. The large number of links with intermediate loss rates is probably due to multi-path fading rather than attenuation or interference.The phenomena discussed here are all well-known. The contributions of this paper are an understanding of their relative importance, of how they interact, and of the implications for MAC and routing protocol design.
Exposing Chat Features through Analysis of Uptake between Contributions

Understanding distributed learning and knowledge creation requires multi-level analysis of local activity and of how this local activity gives rise to larger phenomena in a network. Computational support is needed for such analyses due to the size of the data and distributed nature of interaction. This paper reports on one step towards implementing an analytic framework that addresses these needs. Contingencies, defined as observed relationships between contributions that evidence contextual relevance, are computed according to automatable rules, and combined to infer uptake relations between contributions. The resulting uptake structure is then analyzed through various network-analytic methods and is also transformed into a graph of uptake between actors for social network analysis. Our initial results show that a simple contingency analysis based on temporal factors, actor addressing, and lexical overlap provides structures of sufficient quality for identification of major features of a discussion and the roles of actors. The results are expected to improve as semantic analysis is added.
Investigating the performance of audio/video service architecture I: single broker

Increasing network bandwidth and computing power provide new opportunities for videoconferencing systems over Internet. The number of homes and small offices with broadband Internet connections are increasing rapidly. Even cell phones have broadband Internet access in the near future. Therefore, it is not inconceivable to imagine that the trend in the increasing usage of videoconferencing systems continue by accelerating. This requires universally accessible and scalable videoconferencing systems that can deliver thousands of concurrent audio and video streams. However, developing videoconferencing systems over Internet is a challenging task, since audio and video distribution requires high bandwidth and low latency. Current videoconferencing systems such as IP-multicast and H.323 can not fully address the problem of scalability and universal accessibility. We propose service oriented architecture for videoconferencing, GlobalMMCS, and use an event brokering middleware, NaradaBrokering, to deliver real-time audio and video streams to high number of users. The performance of the event brokering network is critical to the success of this videoconferencing system. In this paper, we provide comprehensive analysis of a NaradaBrokering broker in the context of audio/video delivery. The results provide guidelines for the deployment of GlobalMMCS in particular, and they provide useful insights for the feasibility of using software based audio/video delivery systems in general
CommCube 1 and 2: A CubeSat series of missions to enhance communication capabilities for CubeSat

CubeSats and small satellites are becoming a way to explore space and to perform science more affordably. As the goals for these spacecraft become more ambitious in terms of physical distance (moving from Low Earth Orbit (LEO) to Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) or further), and of the amount of data to relay back to Earth (from Kbits to Mbits), the communication systems currently implemented will not be able to fully support those missions. Two of the possible strategies to solve this issue are the following: 1. Increasing the time available to communicate to the ground by using existing satellite networks as communication relays. 2. Equipping the satellite with a more powerful antenna compatible with the volume and mass constraints imposed by CubeSats and small satellites.
Drawing on Experience: How Domain Knowledge Is Reflected in Sketches of Scientific Structures and Processes

Capturing the nature of students' mental representations and how they change with learning is a primary goal in science education research. This can be challenging in spatially intense domains, such as geoscience, architecture, and engineering. In this research, we test whether sketching can be used to gauge level of expertise in geoscience, using new technology designed to facilitate this process. We asked participants with differing levels of geoscience experience to copy two kinds of geoscience images—photographs of rock formations and causal diagrams. To permit studying the process of sketching as well as the structure and content of the sketches, we used the CogSketch system (Forbus et al. 2011, Topics in Cognitive Science 3:648-666) to record the time course of sketching and analyze the sketches themselves. Relative to novices, geoscience students included more geological structures and relational symbols in their sketches of geoscience materials and were more likely to construct their sketches in a sequence consistent with the order of causal events. These differences appear to stem from differences in domain knowledge, because they did not show up in participants'sketches of materials from other fields. The findings and methods of this research
Regulation of dynein localization and centrosome positioning by Lis-1 and asunder during Drosophila spermatogenesis

Dynein, a microtubule motor complex, plays crucial roles in cell-cycle progression in many systems. The LIS1 accessory protein directly binds dynein, although its precise role in regulating dynein remains unclear. Mutation of human LIS1 causes lissencephaly, a developmental brain disorder. To gain insight into the in vivo functions of LIS1, we characterized a male-sterile allele of the Drosophila homolog of human LIS1. We found that centrosomes do not properly detach from the cell cortex at the onset of meiosis in most Lis-1 spermatocytes; centrosomes that do break cortical associations fail to attach to the nucleus. In Lis-1 spermatids, we observed loss of attachments between the nucleus, basal body and mitochondria. The localization pattern of LIS-1 protein throughout Drosophila spermatogenesis mirrors that of dynein. We show that dynein recruitment to the nuclear surface and spindle poles is severely reduced in Lis-1 male germ cells. We propose that Lis-1 spermatogenesis phenotypes are due to loss of dynein regulation, as we observed similar phenotypes in flies null for Tctex-1, a dynein light chain. We have previously identified asunder (asun) as another regulator of dynein localization and centrosome positioning during Drosophila spermatogenesis. We now report that Lis-1 is a strong dominant enhancer of asun and that localization of LIS-1 in male germ cells is ASUN dependent. We found that Drosophila LIS-1 and ASUN colocalize and coimmunoprecipitate from transfected cells, suggesting that they function within a common complex. We present a model in which Lis-1 and asun cooperate to regulate dynein localization and centrosome positioning during Drosophila spermatogenesis.
CT coronary angiography: new risks for low-risk chest pain

Widespread conservative management of low-risk chest pain has motivated the development of a rapid triage strategy based on CT coronary angiography (CTCA) in the Emergency Department (ED). Recently, three prominent trials using this technology in the ED setting have presented results in support of its routine use. However, these studies fail to show the incremental prognostic value of CTCA over clinical and biomarker-based risk-stratification strategies, demonstrate additional downstream costs and interventions, and result in multiple harms associated with radio-contrast and radiation exposure. Observing the widespread overdiagnosis of pulmonary embolism following availability of CT pulmonary angiogram as a practice pattern parallel, CTCA use for low-risk chest pain in the ED should be advanced only with caution.
Mutations in the fourth EGF-like domain affect thrombomodulin-induced changes in the active site of thrombin.

A number of alanine and more conservative mutants of residues in the fourth domain of thrombomodulin (TM) were prepared and assayed for protein C activation and for thrombin binding. Several of the alanine mutations appeared to cause misfolding or structural defects as assessed by poor expression and/or NMR HSQC experiments, while more conservative mutations at the same site appeared to allow correct folding and preserved activity. Several of the conservative mutants bound more weakly to thrombin despite the fact that the fourth domain does not directly contact thrombin in the crystal structure of the thrombin-TM complex. A few of the mutant TM fragments bound thrombin with an affinity similar to that of the wild type but exhibited decreases in kcat for protein C activation. These mutants were also less able to cause a change in the steady state fluorescence of fluorescein-EGR-chloromethylketone bound to the active site of thrombin. These results suggest that some residues within the fourth domain of TM may primarily interact with protein C but others are functionally important for altering the way TM interacts with thrombin. Residues in the fourth domain that primarily affect kcat for protein C activation may do this by changing the active site of thrombin.
Global temperature as a regulator of climate predictability

Abstract The possibility of changes in the dynamical behavior of our climate system as the global temperature fluctuates is investigated by considering the large climate variation of the Pacific ocean-atmosphere system associated with Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and modern methods of time series analysis. First the nonlinear structure of SOI is probed by estimating local Lyapunov exponents. We obtain the sum of all positive Lyapunov exponents (Kolmogorov entropy) as a function of time for the period between June 1882 and May 1987. We then demonstrate that this time series and global temperature records are coherent over the Nyquist frequency band from 0.0 to 0.25 cycles/year thus establishing linear relationship between many of their oscillatory components. Since the inverse of the Kolmogorov entropy is a measure of predictability this result indicates that global temperature may affect predictability with higher temperatures corresponding to lower predictability. We discuss how this result may eventually lead to the development of strategies for improved long-term predictions.
Mass transfer in drag reducing fluid systems

The effect of drag reducing agents on mass transfer in fluid systems was studied. The mass transfer was determined by an electrochemical technique which involved transport of mass from the fluid to the tube wall. It was found that the drag reducing agents retarded mass transfer in turbulent but not in laminar systems. The effect on mass transfer was shown to be comparable to that on heat transfer. The Wells correlation for heat ransfer was shown to be comparable to that on heat transfer. The Wells correlation for heat transfer reducing systems was empolyed for mass transfer. In addition, correlations for Stanton number were determined for mass transfer in drag reducing systems. Text Table Text. Role Indicator Terms D Drag reducing agents E Drag reduction H Mass transfer J Electrochemical technique D Polyox solutions H Turbulent systems H Laminur systems H Schmidt number H Prandtl number H Momentum transfer H Heat transfer H Stanton number H Mass transfer entry region
Medicine as Patriarchal Religion

This article demonstrates, by use of specific theological paradigms, how medicine functions as religion. In doing so, medicine promotes anti-feminist beliefs, symbols, social memories, and churchly structures. The essay then examines the enhancement of women's health from a feminist philosophical perspective. It argues against fetishizing in health promotion to the extent that everything comes to be regarded as therapeutic. Medicine has advanced the ideology that life itself is a disease to be cured or, at best, prevented. Alternative ethics of health promotion could revise this tendency of regular medicine to appropriate all of life into the medical domain, advocating that all sorts of simple daily activities are profoundly therapeutic in some way. Rather, health must be viewed as the constant attempt to re-create a female environment that is Self-defined on the boundary of an environment that is man-made.
Multidisciplinary creativity: the case of Herbert A. Simon

In the twentieth century, no person epitomized more dramatically the “Renaissance mind” than Herbert A. Simon (1916–2001). In a working life spanning over 60 years, Simon made seminal contributions to administrative theory, axiomatic foundations of physics, economics, sociology, econometrics, cognitive psychology, logic of scientific discovery, and artificial intelligence. Simon’s life of the mind, thus, affords nothing less than a “laboratory” in which to observe and examine at close quarters the phenomenon of multidisciplinary creativity. In this paper, we attempt to shed some light on the nature of Simon’s creativity and the nature of his particular Renaissance mind. In particular, we have attempted here to articulate the cognitive style underlying Simon’s multidisciplinary creativity. © 2003 Cognitive Science Society, Inc. All rights reserved.
Acute suggestibility in police interrogation: Self-regulation failure as a primary mechanism of vulnerability.

This chapter examines the failure of police, attorneys, judges, and juries to appreciate the magnitude of acute impairments of will and cognition in interrogation. The authors explore sources of enhanced susceptibility to interrogative influence triggered by the nature of the suspect’s immediate circumstances, rather than by chronic personal characteristics, which they call “acute interrogative suggestibility.” The authors consider the role of “interrogation-related regulatory decline” or IRRD in producing acute interrogative suggestibility -- that is, the decline in self-regulation resources necessary to control thinking and behavior in service of resisting interrogative influence. In particular, the authors concentrate on three common but underappreciated sources of IRRD in police interrogation, one or more of which are present in most cases involving claims of involuntary or false confession: acute emotional distress, fatigue and sleep deprivation, and glucose depletion. The chapter concludes by arguing that much more weight should be given to issues of acute sources of vulnerability to influence and suggestion than is presently the case.
Pituitary-adrenal response to bacterial endotoxin in developing rats.

The neonatal rat is very sensitive to the lethal effects of bacterial endotoxin. Because of the adaptive importance of pituitary-adrenal secretions to stress, this study examined the ontogeny of th...
Metabolic microscopy of head and neck cancer organoids

Studies for head and neck cancer have primarily relied on cell lines or in vivo animal studies. However, a technique that combines the benefits of high-throughput in vitro studies with a complex, physiologically relevant microenvironment would be advantageous for understanding drug effects. Organoids provide a unique platform that fulfills these goals. Organoids are generated from excised and digested tumor tissue and are grown in culture. Fluorescence microscopy provides high-resolution images on a similar spatial scale as organoids. In particular, autofluorescence imaging of the metabolic cofactors NAD(P)H and FAD can provide insight into response to anti-cancer treatment. The optical redox ratio reflects relative amounts of NAD(P)H and FAD, and the fluorescence lifetime reflects enzyme activity of NAD(P)H and FAD. This study optimizes and characterizes the generation and culture of organoids grown from head and neck cancer tissue. Additionally, organoids were treated for 24 hours with a standard chemotherapy, and metabolic response in the organoids was measured using optical metabolic imaging. Ultimately, combining head and neck cancer organoids with optical metabolic imaging could be applied to test drug sensitivity for drug development studies as well as treatment planning for cancer patients.
Demonstration of Eaton's agent in tissue culture.

SummaryThe Eaton agent was localized in secondary monkey kidney cell cultures by means of fluorescent antibody staining employing either human atypical pneumonia convalescent sera or rabbit antiserum. Morphologic study of material stained by the Giemsa method revealed the occurrence of extracellular growths resembling colonies with an average diameter of 10 micra. These findings plus other characteristics of the agent summarized suggest an intimate relationship to organisms of the genus Mycoplasma.
Nurses' Roles in Healthcare Legal Partnerships

In health care settings that serve low-income populations, healthcare legal partnerships (HLPs) are becoming a necessity in order to maximize clients’ opportunities for health. Medical-Legal Partnerships (MLPs), also known as Healthcare Legal Partnerships (HLPs), add the power of law to reduce individual legal barriers and negative social determinants of health. The terms HLP and MLP are used interchangeably, though HLPs can and do include specialties and disciplines, such as dentistry, nursing, and social work, beyond those usually considered medicine. HLPs offer academic centers opportunities to enhance collaborative practice by jointly educating law and healthcare students for partnership. In the U.S., nurses are the most trusted profession in society and the largest healthcare profession. Nursing can use its diffuse presence and power to actualize the growing research suggesting HLPs can help society achieve the concurrent goals of improved care, better health, and lower per capita healthcare costs. Erratum Issued June 10, 2016. The following citations should be included in the reference list: Beck, A. F., Klein, M. D., Schaffzin, J. K., Tallent, V., Gillam, M., & Kahn, R. S. (2012). Identifying and treating a substandard housing cluster using a medical-legal partnership. Pediatrics, 130(5), 831-838. Klein, M. D., Beck, A. F., Henize, A. W., Parrish, D. S., Fink, E. E., & Kahn, R. S. (2013). Doctors and Lawyers Collaborating to HeLP Children: Outcomes from a Successful Partnership between Professions. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 24(3), 1063-1073. Nightingale, F. (1859). Notes on Nursing. London: Duckworth Pettignano, R., Bliss, L. R., Caley, S. B., & McLaren, S. (2013). Can access to a medical-legal partnership benefit patients with asthma who live in an urban community? Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 24(2), 706-717.
Measuring key X-ray parameters from simulated spectra of Seyfert galaxies

Supermassive black hole (SMBH) accretion is an important topic of astro-physical research for a variety of fields. However, literature shows that precisely modelling the X-ray reflection component of an accretion disk around a SMBH is challenging. We test how reliably we can measure key active galactic nuclei (AGN) X-ray reflection parameters by simulating the spectra of average Seyfert 1 galaxies and then fitting those spectra using common modelling techniques. The AGN spectra were created from 0.01–300.0 keV using XMM-Newton pn responses and with (3.75±0.10)×106 counts in the 2–10 keV band. The model RELXILL was used to create all spectra with a reflection fraction (ratio of reflected flux over primary flux from 0.1–100 keV) of R = 1. The values of six key parameters were generated randomly within given ranges to simulate the spectra: photon index (Γ), inner emissivity index (q 1), black hole spin (a), disk inclination angle (θ), ionization (ξ), and iron abundance in solar units (A Fe). Once the simulated spectra were created, they were autonomously fit with RELXILL from 2.5–10.0 keV. All six key parameters were allowed to vary throughout the modelling process, with a gradual thawing of model parameters to mimic manual fitting procedure. We find that we can successfully measure key AGN spectral components in this scenario, but some conditions apply: Γ, θ, and A Fe are well constrained, however they are also consistently overestimated. Only black hole spin (a) measurements that are in extrema, a > 0.9, can be considered reliable. Lastly, ξ and q 1 cannot be measured and these parameters – along with intermediate spin values – should be verified using other techniques. (© 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A new estimation method of battery SOC based on Kalman filter

SOC is a main parameter for battery performance,and the exactly estimation of SOC can prevent battery over-charge or over-discharge,and extend battery life.The several existing estimation methods were analyzed in this paper,a battery model based on Kalman filter was set up,and the SOC estimation of minimum mean square de-viation was realized.The software flow and test result prove the method is feasible.
Can Small-scale Tomato Farmers Flourish in Benue State, Nigeria?

This study employed Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier analysis to examine the ability of small-scale tomato farmers to flourish in Benue state, Nigeria from technical efficiency point of view. Evide...
Environments of Aeolian Deposition in South-Central Nebraska During the Last Glacial Maximum

The Peoria loess of south-central Nebraska, deposited approximately during the last Glacial Maximum, can be subdivided into three zones: an upper laminated loess and a lower massive loess, separated by a dark gley zone in which bison bones and spruce charcoal are found. The lower Peoria unit is characterized by high organic matter content, relatively high bulk density, and common root channels. The upper Peoria unit has rhythmic patterns of two orders: strongly gleyed and weakly gleyed zones alternating in couplets about 2-5 m thick, and coarse- and fine-grained laminae of second order, about 2-4 mm thick. The strongly gleyed zones are relatively low in magnetic susceptibility and contain lenses with abundant fossil plant debris. They may have formed in active zones on top of permafrost during relatively cold and probably moist intervals, with magnetic susceptibility secondarily lowered in the redox environment. Magnetic susceptibility also indicates the possible existence of first-order rhythmic patterns in the lower massive loess. Each of the ten susceptibility oscillations within Peoria loess has a mean duration of about 1000 years, assuming that the loess was deposited between approximately 20,000-22,000 and 10,000-10,500 yr BP. The second-order laminae, close to the expected mean annual accumulation rate of Peoria loess, may be due to seasonal variation in wind intensity or to secondary grain sorting of niveoeolian deposits.
Abstract IA18: Gut microbiota-host immunomodulatory interactions

Adaptive co-evolution has formed a complex network of inextricable bonds between the resident microbes and the mammalian host. These symbiotic microbes are now believed to have critical impacts on human health. One of the most common gut symbionts, Bacteroides fragilis, produces an outersurface polysaccharide (PSA) that possesses immunomodulatory effects on the host. We adapted a metabolic labeling approach to study the microbiota communication with the host in real-time. We labeled PSA and detected B. fragilis in vivo associated with immune cells and organs. We extended this labeling approach to commensals from diverse phyla in order to study their effects on the host. This method has the potential to enhance our understanding of microbiota colonization as well as to define a set of characteristics of protective cells whose stimulation by previously undiscovered commensal-derived molecules may represent an important new approach to the treatment and prevention of diseases. Citation Format: Naama Geva-Zatorsky, David Alvarez, Jason E. Hudak, Nicola C. Reading Mans, Deniz Erturk-Hasdemir, Suryasarathi Dasgupta, Ulrich von Andrian, Dennis Kasper. Gut microbiota-host immunomodulatory interactions [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Second CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; 2016 Sept 25-28; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2016;4(11 Suppl):Abstract nr IA18.
Human-Like Morality and Ethics for Robots

Humans need morality and ethics to get along constructively as members of the same society. As we face the prospect of robots taking a larger role in society, we need to consider how they, too, should behave toward other members of society. To the extent that robots will be able to act as agents in their own right, as opposed to being simply tools controlled by humans, they will need to behave according to some moral and ethical principles. Inspired by recent research on the cognitive science of human morality, we propose the outlines of an architecture for morality and ethics in robots. As in humans, there is a rapid intuitive response to the current situation. Reasoned reflection takes place at a slower time-scale, and is focused more on constructing a justification than on revising the reaction. However, there is a yet slower process of social interaction, in which both the example of action and its justification influence the moral intuitions of others. The signals an agent provides to others, and the signals received from others, help each agent determine which others are suitable cooperative partners, and which are likely to defect. This moral architecture is illustrated by several examples, including identifying research results that will be necessary for the architecture to be implemented.
Izumenolide—A novel β-lactamase inhibitor produced by micromonospora—III: The structure of izumenolide

Abstract Izumenolide, a β-lactamase inhibitor isolated from fermentations of Micromonospora chalcea subsp. izumensis, was shown by spectroscopic methods and chemical degradation to be a novel macrolide having structure 1.
An investigation and evaluation of computer-aided design model complexity metrics

Computer-aided design (CAD) tools are vital to the modern product commercialization process. CAD models and modeling activities are evaluated for various industrial, educational, and research purpo...
Statistical reliability of wind power scenarios and stochastic unit commitment cost

Probabilistic wind power scenarios constitute a crucial input for stochastic day-ahead unit commitment in power systems with deep penetration of wind generation. To minimize the cost of implemented solutions, the scenario time series of wind power amounts available should accurately represent the stochastic process for available wind power as it is estimated on the day ahead. The high computational demands of stochastic programming motivate a search for ways to evaluate scenarios without extensively simulating the stochastic unit commitment procedure. The statistical reliability of wind power scenario sets can be assessed by approaches extended from ensemble forecast verification. We examine the relationship between the statistical reliability metrics and the results of stochastic unit commitment when implemented solutions encounter the observed available wind power. Lack of uniformity in a mass transportation distance rank histogram can eliminate scenario sets that might lead to either excessive no-load costs of committed units or high penalty costs for violating energy balance when the committed units are dispatched. Event-based metrics can help to predict results of implementing solutions found with the remaining scenario sets.
Admissions to Acute Care Within 30 and 90 Days of Discharge Home From a Pediatric Post-acute Care Hospital

OBJECTIVES: Of all hospitalized children, those with medical complexity have the highest likelihood of hospital readmission. Post-acute hospital care could potentially help stabilize the health of these children. We examined the frequency of acute care hospital admissions after discharge home from a post-acute care hospital (PACH). METHODS: A retrospective cohort analysis of 448 children with medical complexity discharged from a PACH from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2015, with the main outcomes of acute care hospital readmissions 0 to 30 and 31 to 90 days after discharge home from a PACH. Demographic and clinical characteristics were compared between children with and without acute care readmission and between the 2 readmission groups. RESULTS: Ninety-nine children (22%) had a readmission to the acute care hospital. Of these readmissions, 61 (62%) occurred between 0 and 30 days and 38 (38%) between 31 and 90 days after PACH discharge. A higher percentage of children readmitted had high medical severity (>3 systems involved or ventilator dependent) compared with children not readmitted (68% vs 31%, P = .04). No differences were found between children who were readmitted and those who were not by sex, race, payer, length of stay, or age at PACH discharge. Additionally, no differences were found between children readmitted within 30 days and children readmitted 31 to 90 days after PACH discharge. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of children discharged home from a PACH do not require an acute care hospitalization within the first 3 months. Children with greater medical severity are readmitted more often than others.
Teaching Polymer Chemistry through Cultural Heritage

Polymers are present in most organic materials in the field of cultural heritage science and art conservation. This makes the study of polymer chemistry necessary in art conservation graduate training programs. Given each program approaches this important topic in different ways, the present paper describes areas of common ground and problems we, as faculty in two of the programs in North America, have found, and how we have addressed them: from stressing the importance of polymer science as part of a holistic educational model to emerging art conservators, to addressing the characterization and degradation of polymers in cultural heritage. While they are seemingly different, both approaches successfully accomplish our overall goal: instill scientific curiosity and problem solving using the extremely ubiquitous class of materials we know as polymers. Consequently, our strategies and the practical exercises we are describing can be easily applied to other areas where polymers are present.
The Evolution of Parallel Visual Pathways in the Brains of Primates

Vision is the dominant sense in primates. This article attempts to reconstruct a reasonable scenario as to how parallel visual pathways might have evolved in primates by comparing key factors that might distinguish this group evolutionarily. The focus is on visual information channels from the eye through the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus to cortex since these pathways may have become uniquely specialized in primate evolution. We defend the position that magnocellular (M) and parvocellular (P) retinogeniculocortical pathways are homologous across primates and therefore probably existed in the mammalian common ancestor of primates. Whether homologues to these visual pathways can be found in extant mammals remains controversial, but evidence suggests that functionally similar pathways can be identified in a range of mammals. Even for the less well-researched koniocellular (K) pathway, data exist suggesting an early evolutionary history. Only among primates, however, is the evidence strong enough to support homology. We also present data suggesting that the common ancestor to primates was dichromatic and that early primates may even have been diurnal given the existence of genes for at least two cone types in all primates. We also review evidence for homologies between ocular dominance pathways and other properties. In addition, we review evidence for the evolutionary history of cortical hierarchies of visual areas and conclude that only a few areas can be considered homologous across primates and even fewer across mammals. In the final section, we provide a summary and also outline questions that should be addressed in order to arrive at more definitive conclusions concerning the evolution of parallel visual pathways. We also outline some practical strategies for answering some of these questions.
Controlled Release Systems Using Swellable Random and Block Copolymers and Terpolymers

Recent advances on the use of N-isopropyl acrylamide-containing random and block copolymers and terpolymers are presented. Such systems are shown to be dependent on temperature and pH (if acrylic acid is an added comonomer). Their temperature-dependence is significantly increased in the presence of block domains prepared by co- or terpolymerization. They are suited for release of fibrinolytic enzymes and antithrombotic agents. Ultrapure polyvinyl alcohol) gels are also studied for release of ketansarin and related wound healing enhancers.
Acute Coronary Syndrome in African Americans and Hispanic Americans

Among African Americans and Hispanics in the United States, coronary heart disease (CHD) is highly prevalent and is the single most frequent cause of myocardial infarction and death in that population [1]. However, multiple factors contribute to overall poorer care and worse outcomes among African Americans and Hispanics when compared with whites. These factors include difference in disease manifestation, socioeconomic status, access to care, patient perception of the health care system and of providers, attitudes of health care providers toward minority patients, therapeutic modalities and responses to treatment, and patient education. Although race-specifi c CHD data are sparse among black and Hispanic persons, rates of death among African Americans are among the highest in the industrialized world. This may be due to the complexities of race as a health factor or to controversies regarding whether health issues should even be considered in terms of race, as race is inextricably linked with socioeconomic status in the United States. Nevertheless, current data indicate that there are increasing disparities in cardiovascular health care among African Americans and Hispanics [1–3]. Compared with whites, African Americans are more likely to present with CHD at an earlier age, have higher out-ofhospital coronary death rates, and are more likely to have sudden cardiac death as the initial clinical presentation of CHD. Although the reasons for these differences are not well understood, it is possible that these health consequences are explained by signifi cant heterogeneity in acute coronary syndrome manifestation among African Americans. A high prevalence of certain coronary risk factors, delays in identifi cation and treatment of high-risk individuals, limited access to cardiovascular care, and lack of compliance and trust in the health care system appear to contribute to the burden of CHD among African Americans.
Chapter 3 Growth of Group III–A Nitrides by Reactive Sputtering

Publisher Summary This chapter explores thin film studies of AIN, GaN, and InN prepared by reactive sputtering techniques, with an emphasis on nucleated growth and device applications. Sputtering is a vacuum-based process whereby atoms or ions of a solid material target are ejected into the gas phase by momentum exchange with energetic particles. Positive ions are accelerated toward the cathode where they strike the attached target material and eject (typically) atomic species into the gas phase. The substrate, mounted onto the anode, is coated with target material (desirable) and bombarded with energetic electrons (and other species) from plasma (generally undesirable). The net result of this process is a thin film coating of target material onto the substrate. The physics of reactive sputtering is quite similar to inert gas sputtering in which plasma is maintained in an electrical discharge and positive ions are accelerated to the target, dislodging material.
THE FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE COMPONENT PARTS OF AN INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the functional organization of the component parts of an instrumentation system. To help understand and analyze complex data collection and analysis schemes, it has been found helpful to classify each component of that scheme according to its function within the system rather than according to the method by which a particular function is accomplished. This type of organization results in fewer component classifications and produces a convenient guide to an orderly system planning. The chapter discusses the concepts of physical quantity, sensing and transducing, signal modification, recording, record processing, computing, and interpretation. It also describes the process by which instrumentation systems become more complex.
Microcontroller Compiler-Assisted Software Fault Tolerance

Commercial off-the-shelf microcontrollers can be useful for noncritical processing on spaceborne platforms. These microprocessors can be inexpensive and consume small amounts of power. However, the software running on these processors is vulnerable to radiation upsets. In this paper, we present a fully automated, configurable, software-based tool to increase the reliability of microprocessors in high-radiation environments. This tool consists of a set of open-source LLVM compiler passes to automatically implement software-based mitigation techniques. We duplicate or triplicate computations and insert voting mechanisms into software during the compilation process, allowing for runtime error correction. While the techniques we implement are not novel, previous work has typically been closed source, processor architecture dependent, not automated, and not tested in real high-radiation environments. In contrast, the compiler passes presented in this paper are publicly available, highly customizable, and are platform independent and language independent. We have tested our modified software using both fault injection and through neutron beam radiation on a Texas Instruments MSP430 microcontroller. When tested by a neutron beam, we were able to decrease the cross section of programs by $17-29\times $ , increasing mean-work-to-failure by $4-7\times $ .
Introduction to: From Maimonides to Microsoft: The Jewish Law of Copyright Since the Birth of Print מבוא לספר-מהרמב

English Abstract: In this book, Neil Netanel traces the historical development of Jewish copyright law. In so doing, he compares rabbinic reprinting bans with secular and papal book privileges and relays the stories of dramatic disputes among publishers of books of Jewish learning and liturgy, beginning with the early sixteenth century and continuing until today. He describes each dispute in its historical context and examines the rabbinic rulings that sought to resolve it. Remarkably, the rabbinic reprinting bans and copyright rulings address some of the same issues that animate copyright jurisprudence today: Is copyright a property right or just a right to receive fair compensation? How long should copyrights last? What purposes does copyright serve? While Jewish copyright law has borrowed from its secular counterpart at key junctures, it fashions strikingly different answers to those key questions. תקציר בעברית: בספר זה, פרופ' ניל נתנאל חוקר את תולדות זכות היוצרים במשפט העברי. הוא משווה בין הסכמות וחרמות הרבנים, אשר אסרו על הדפסה מחדש של ספרים עד שהמדורה הראשונה נמכרה, לבין פריבילגיות הספרים של רשויות אזרחיות ואפיפיוריות, אשר העניקו זכות הדפסה בלעדית למו"ל המבקש את הפריבילגיה. פרופ' נתנאל גם מתאר מספר סיכסוכים בין מו"לים של ספרי תפילה ולימוד תורה ומנתח פסקי ההלכה אשר רבנים הוציאו בענינם. כל סיכסוך ופסק הלכה מוצג בהקשר ההיסטורי שלו, תוך דגש על כיצד ההקשר היסטורי והתפתחות דיני זכות היוצרים האזרחיים השפיעו על פסקי ההלכה הרבנים. הספר גם חוקר את המחלוקת בין רבנים בן זמנינו מסביב השאלה האם ליוצר יש בעלות קנינית על יצירתו
Avant-Garde Films as Philosophy

The robust connections between philosophy and avant-garde cinema are investigated, and four strong senses in which avant-garde films can be “philosophical” are clarified: as illustrating philosophy, as originating philosophy, as enacting philosophy, and as occasioning philosophical reflection. While avant-garde cinema may only rarely, if ever, be able to create innovative philosophy, it excels at producing rich, philosophically informed perceptual experiences for viewers. Moreover, unlike works of verbal philosophy, which are evaluated in terms of their truth value and whose significance is primarily epistemic, avant-garde films like other avant-garde artworks are admired mainly for their artistic inventions, and the chapter highlights through a range of examples how avant-garde filmmakers have employed imaginative and often novel techniques to communicate philosophical meaning and generate philosophical ideas.
The dynamics of DNA methylation during epigenetic reprogramming of primordial germ cells in medaka (Oryzias latipes)

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are precursors of eggs and sperm. How the PGCs epigenetically reprogram during early embryonic development in fish is currently unknown. Here we generated a series of P...
Primal-dual analysis for online interval scheduling problems

Online interval scheduling problems consider scheduling a sequence of jobs on machines to maximize the total reward. Various approaches and algorithms have been proposed for different problem formulations. This paper provides a primal-dual approach to analyze algorithms for online interval scheduling problems. This primal-dual technique can be used for both stochastic and adversarial job sequences, and hence, is universally and generally applicable. We use strong duality and complementary slackness conditions to derive exact algorithms for scheduling stochastic equal-length job sequences on a single machine. We use weak duality to obtain upper bounds for the optimal reward for scheduling stochastic equal-length job sequences on multiple machines and C-benevolent job sequences on a single machine.
Brief Report: Association of Complicated Appendicitis in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders.

Appendicitis is the most common surgical emergency in children and can lead to significant complications. The aim of our study was to determine whether children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are at increased risk for appendicitis and its complications compared to neurotypical (NT) peers. From 2000 to 2013, 292,572 children were included (n = 48,762 ASD). ASD children exhibited an incidence of 8.66 appendicitis cases per 10,000 person-years, P > 0.05. There was an increased risk of perforation in ASD children age 15–17 years-old (OR 2.25; 95% CI 1.15–4.42) as well as an increased odds of sepsis (OR 3.44, 95% CI 1.43–8.27). Providers should display heightened awareness for the risk of complicated appendicitis in children with ASD.
Artificial Intelligence-Enabled ECG Algorithm to Identify Patients With Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction Presenting to the Emergency Department With Dyspnea.

Background: Identification of systolic heart failure among patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with acute dyspnea is challenging. The reasons for dyspnea are often multifactorial. ...