cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of media supplements on growth and survival of Campylobacter pylori.

Experiments were designed to determine the role of heme and the importance of other factors in the growth ofCampylobacter pylori. Campylobacter pylori strains were tested for their ability to synthesize porphyrin, for their ability to grow and be maintained on basal medium and basal medium supplemented with blood or blood products, and for the influence of bovine serum albumin and catalase on viability. Results indicated thatCampylobacter pylori does not require heme as a source of porphyrin. Growth ofCampylobacter pylori could not be sustained on media containing starch or hemoglobin, but was sustained on media containing erythrocytes, serum, bovine serum albumin or catalase. The ability to grow on media containing bovine serum albumin and catalase suggests that protection from toxic fatty acids and the prevention of toxic product formation may be important factors in the growth and survival ofCampylobacter pylori in vitro. Both bovine serum albumin and catalase combined provide the minimum requirements which allow the spectrum ofCampylobacter pylori present in a single culture to grow on blood-free media.
Toward functional proteomics of alveolar macrophages

Alveolar macrophages (AM) belong to a phenotype of macrophages with distinct biological functions and important pathophysiological roles in lung health and disease. The molecular details determining AM differentiation from blood monocytes and AM roles in lung homeostasis are largely unknown. With the use of different technological platforms, advances in the field of proteomics have made it possible to search for differences in protein expression between AM and their precursor monocytes. Proteome features of each cell type provide new clues into understanding mononuclear phagocyte biology. In-depth analyses using subproteomics and subcellular proteomics offer additional information by providing greater protein resolution and detection sensitivity. With the use of proteomic techniques, large-scale mapping of phosphorylation differences between the cell types have become possible. Furthermore, two-dimensional gel proteomics can detect germline protein variants and evaluate the impact of protein polymorphisms on an individual's susceptibility to disease. Finally, surface-enhanced laser desorption and ionization (SELDI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry offers an alternative method to recognizing differences in protein patterns between AM and monocytes or between AM under different pathological conditions. This review details the current status of this field and outlines future directions in functional proteomic analyses of AM and monocytes. Furthermore, this review presents viewpoints of integrating proteomics with translational topics in lung diseases to define the mechanisms of disease and to uncover new diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
Co-opting Cooperation in Sri Lanka

For almost a century, there have been officially recognized cooperative institutions--consumer societies, industrial cooperatives, credit unions, and more--in Sri Lanka. These institutions are referred to collectively as the "cooperative movement," even though, paradoxically, they usually are extensions of government programs and subject to supervision by government officials. This paper examines the local-level effects of that paradox by briefly reviewing the history of the Sri Lankan state's use of cooperatives since independence in 1948 and by looking at the rise and fall of one particular pottery production and marketing cooperative over that same 50-year period. In the process, we see that the effects of state economic policies are not determinative but, rather, inherently uncertain because: 1) the ideological apparatus of which the policies are a part shifts over time; and 2) center policies interact in unpredictable ways with local agents, discourses, and agendas. These findings help us to better u...
Importin-mediated nuclear transport in neurons

The polarized morphology of neurons poses a particular challenge to intracellular signal transduction. Local signals generated at distal sites must be retrogradely transported to the nucleus to produce persistent changes in neuronal function. Such communication of signals between distal neuronal compartments and the nucleus occurs during axon guidance, synapse formation, synaptic plasticity and following neuronal injury. Recent studies have begun to delineate a role for the active nuclear import pathway in transporting signals from axons and dendrites to the nucleus. In this pathway, soluble cargo proteins are recognized by nuclear transport carriers, called importins, which mediate their translocation from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. In neurons, importins might serve an additional function by carrying signals from distal sites to the soma.
The Emergence of Stem Cell Therapy for Patients With Congenital Heart Disease

Stem cell therapy has emerged as one of the most highly investigated new therapies for cardiovascular disease. Given the enormous health care and economic burden imposed by congestive heart failure on the United States and worldwide, the primary objective of the vast majority of preclinical and clinical research in stem cell therapy for heart disease has been aimed at the recovery or regeneration of ischemic myocardium in adult patients. Less well studied, however, is the growing epidemic of pediatric heart failure. The causes of pediatric heart failure are not homogenous as mostly seen in adult heart failure but include multiple causes related to pressure and volume overload, dysrhythmias, and ischemia triggering ventricular dysfunction.1 On the basis of promising early results in adult patients, the application of stem cell therapy to patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) could potentially offer a new treatment paradigm. Research efforts to this end have been limited to a few number of relevant preclinical animal models and scattered clinical case reports. In this issue of Circulation Research , the Transcoronary Infusion of Cardiac Progenitor Cells in Patients with Single Ventricle Physiology (TICAP) trial, published by Ishigami et al2 represents an effort in the budding field of stem cell therapy for patients with CHD. Their preliminary findings are certain to garner optimism for patients with CHD but more extensive clinical and preclinical studies are needed to validate safety, mechanism, and efficacy. Article, see p 653 It is estimated that in the past decade >5000 patients worldwide have received some form of stem cell therapy for a variety of cardiovascular diseases. Among numerous stem cell types and formulations, 3 stem cell therapy candidates have emerged with promising results in early phase human clinical trials. Backed by a decade of preliminary work in large animal models, bone …
Sprouting of potatoes inhibited by plant hormones

Sprouting of potatoes stored above 21° C. (70°C F.) has been prevented for some time by treatments with the plant hormone, methyl ester of alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid.
Isolation, growth requirements, cloning, prostacyclin production and life-span of human adult endothelial cells in low serum culture medium

Endothelial cells from autopsy and biopsy specimens from a variety of adult human vascular tissue were harvested by collagenase treatment and gentle swabbing of the lumenal surface. Nutrient medium MCDB 107 containing a partially purified brain-derived growth factor (5 micrograms/ml), epidermal growth factor (10 ng/ml) and only 2% (v/v) fetal bovine serum supported clonal and long-term serial culture (17.6 to 26.1 cumulative population doublings) of endothelial cells from vena cava, thoracic aorta and tibial arteries at a 70% rate of success. Cumulative doublings of the cell population from eight cultures were inversely proportional to age of donor of the vascular tissue from which cells were isolated. Heparin had an enhancing effect on cell growth that varied with cell strain. Prostacyclin production of human adult endothelial cell cultures was stimulated by arachidonate and thrombin by 17 to 20 and 2 to 3-fold respectively. Endogenous and stimulated rates of prostacyclin production by human adult endothelial cells were 2 to 3 times that of human adult smooth muscle cells and 20 to 30 times that of human fibroblasts.
The Perceived Prayers of Others, Stress, and Change in Depressive Symptoms Over Time

The purpose of this study was to see if believing that others are praying for them reduces the noxious effect of living in a rundown neighborhood on change in depressive symptoms among older people. Findings from a longitudinal nation- wide survey of older adults reveal that the deleterious effect of living in a dilapi- dated neighborhood on depressive symptoms is significantly reduced for older individuals who believe others often pray for them. Further analyses suggest that the stress-buffering properties of beliefs about being prayed for by others remain vir- tually unchanged after emotional support from family members and close friends is taken into account. The findings have potentially important implications for studying church-based prayer groups as well as assessing the ways in which indi- viduals might support each other during difficult times.
Measurement Properties of the Revised Job Diagnostic Survey: More Promising News from the Public Sector

This field study extended research on the measurement properties of the revised Job Diagnostic Survey (JDS). Responses from 219 employees performing jobs in the public-sector and LISREL VII confirmatory factor analysis were used to examine the revised JDS's factor structure. Results supported the revised JDS's hypothesized 5-factor structure but indicated the scales' 3-anchor 7-point response format produced a weak artifactor. Results also demonstrated that the revised JDS exhibited strong criterion-related validity for affective but not behavioral outcomes. Suggestions for further improving the measurement properties of revised JDS are discussed.
Beauty or beast: Does stereotypical thinking about foods contribute to overeating?

Abstract Due to the efforts of the modern health media and food industry some foods have been praised as healthful while at the same time others have been criticized as promoters of disease and obesity. Does this categorical thinking concerning foods influence judgements of the weight-enhancing properties of foods? In the present study, a group of snack names that were shown to possess positive reputations for health (e.g., raisins) along with snack names that were more disreputable in terms of wholesomeness (e.g., potato chips) were rated in terms of their capacity to promote weight gain. The results indicated that lower-calorie-disreputable snacks were always perceived to promote greater weight gain than much higher-calorie-reputable snacks. Further, fat content rather than sugar or carbohydrate content best predicted the respondents’ ratings. The good versus bad message that we have assimilated concerning food may be contributing to our weight troubles.
Capacity cost measures and decisions: Two field studies

To control performance, a firm has to understand productive capacity and its use. This article reports a field study where two manufacturing firms examined the implications of using theoretical versus practical capacity—in particular, how managers interpreted and formulated plans to respond to the alternative ways of defining and measuring capacity. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
White matter hyperintensities in healthy older adults: A longitudinal study

A 3-year longitudinal study was conducted using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to determine the progression of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) and ventricle-to-brain ratio (VBR) in 16 healthy older adults. We found that, as a group, the subjects' WMH showed little progression over a 3-year period, but their VBR significantly increased during that same period of time. This increase occurred in healthy older adults who did not develop serious medical problems during the course of the 3-year study. In two of the subjects, with the largest increases in both WMH and VBR, there was a change in their health status.
Research capacity building in international health: definitions, evaluations and strategies for success.

Various papers presented at the 1989 Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association discussed research capacity building in international health. They highlighted the leading challenges of the largest supporters of health and social science in developing countries and the strategies they sued to be successful. The social science programs alone equaled >US$50 million over 5 years. Concern for program planning finance common sense and curiosity motivate social scientists to evaluate these programs. Research capacity building is hard to define because it is subjective context specific mobile and short lived and researchers and research institutions are overcommitted. Thus it is an unstable development goal since research needs funding a network of colleagues a career path a set of personal and financial incentives and a political commitment to support or at least tolerate it as a sound and significant undertaking. Researchers need to think about how best to evaluate research capacity. For example they should address how much time after initial training should they begin the evaluation. Scientists in developing countries tend to depend on international research funding sources. The goals and designs of foreign scientists who speak write and read English better than them eclipse their goals and designs. They want to research and design their own research and not that of those from developed countries. This use of scientists from developing countries as implementors of other research is called scientific colonialism. Many sketchy and fast research projects on AIDS have taken place in Africa (safari research) which prompted some countries to enforce regulations on export of data. Scientists need also to work on problem formulation theoretical foundations and appropriate dissemination to policymakers and/or to colleagues. The next collection of papers about research capacity building should include papers form authors form developing countries.
Generation of gene-modified T cells reactive against the angiogenic kinase insert domain-containing receptor (KDR) found on tumor vasculature.

The destruction of newly forming tumor vasculature is a promising approach to inhibit tumor growth. The goal of the present study was to investigate whether human lymphocytes gene modified to express a chimeric receptor specific for the angiogenic endothelial cell receptor, KDR, could react against KDR+ cells. Gene-modified lymphocytes specifically lysed KDR+ cells and secreted cytokines in response to KDR+ target cells including human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Anti-KDR lymphocytes induced HUVECs to secrete the chemokine interleukin 8 and upregulate the adhesion molecules VCAM and E-selectin, which may be important in the recruitment of further immune effector cells to tumor. These KDR-specific lymphocytes may be useful in the adoptive immunotherapy of a broad range of cancers by inducing immune-mediated destruction of tumor neovasculature.
Sex pheromone of the armyworm,Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

(Z)-11-Hexadecen-1-ol acetate (Z11–16∶Ac) free of theE isomer (<1%), hexadecan-1-ol acetate (16∶ Ac), and a hexadecen-1-ol [the (Z)-11 isomer based on the retention time on a Carbowax capillary column] were identified in extracts of the sex pheromone glands of adult virgin female armyworms,Pseudaletia unipuncta. Also, gas Chromatographic retention times on polar and nonpolar columns indicated the possible presence of (Z)-9-hexadecen-1-ol acetate (Z9–16∶Ac). The ratioZ11–16∶Ac/16∶Ac/Z11–16∶OH/Z9–16∶Ac was 1∶0.15∶0.13∶0.02. Infield testsZ11–16∶ Ac was attractive alone, and the addition ofZ9–16∶Ac,Zll–16 ∶ OH, or 16 ∶ Ac singly or in combination in ratios found in the gland did not increase trap capture.
Do students studying therapy have more problems

This study examined several questions on whether graduate students studying therapy reported more personal counseling or traumas than other students. The 66 students studying therapy did not report significantly different experiences or attitudes than 52 students in other areas, indicating that they did not seem to have more emotional problems or traumas than others.
Proton and deuteron induced reactions on 21Ne

Abstract The 21 Ne(d, d) 21 Ne, 21 Ne(d, p) 22 Ne, 21 Ne(p, p) 21 Ne and 21 Ne(p, d) 20 Ne reactions have been studied using deuterons of 12.2 and 14.5 MeV and protons of 14.1 MeV with an enriched 21 Ne gas target. The results have been analyzed with DWBA and coupled-channel calculations. The transfer reaction results are compared with previous work and with both the Nilsson-model and shell-model results. In general, reasonable agreement is found. The inelastic studies have been used to deduce deformation parameters. These studies indicate the need for a hexadecapole deformation in order to obtain agreement between the experimental and calculated cross sections.
Carrier Synchronization and Detection of QASK Signal Sets

A carrier regeneration loop which generates highly coherent quadrature reference signals for quadrature amplitude-shift keying (QASK) demodulation is presented. The loop employs the principle of decision feedback and has a structure analogous to a decision feedback loop for quadriphase signals suggested earlier in the literature. The error probabihty performance of QASK is computed in the presence of the noisy carrier reference signals provided by the above loop. It is demonstrated that when the ratio of data rate to loop bandwidth is 50 or greater, then for all practical purposes, ideal QASK error probability performance is achieved.
TEMPERATURE OF PYREX AND PORCELAIN IN SUNLIGHT1

The relative temperatures of Pyrex glass insulators and porcelain insulators in sunlight are determined in three ways. A computation using the radiation and convection heating equations gives a value of 93 °C as a maximum surface temperature of porcelain in sunlight, with an assumed shade temperature of 40°C. In a similar way 46.5° C was determined for the Pyrex insulator. Measurements are given of the rise in temperature under natural conditions of Pyrex and porcelain insulators mounted on pins. Temperature measurements were made by means of thermocouples cemented to the surface of the insulators. Extreme conditions were further obtained by means of tin reflectors. Under such conditions the experiments show that the temperature of the porcelain insulator increases on the average about three and one-half times that of the Pyrex glass insulator.
Vena cava filters for management of venous thromboembolism: A clinical review

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the common cause of morbidity and mortality. Vena cava filters (VCF) represent an important alternative to anticoagulation for management of VTE. VCF use has increased dramatically with the availability of retrievable filters. Since indiscriminate use of VCF can be associated with net patient harm, knowledge of the risks and benefits of these devices is essential to optimal evidence-based practice. In this review, we will examine the characteristics of available permanent and optional VCF, their efficacy and safety in management of VTE and discuss appropriate, extended and unsubstantiated indications for VCF use. We will also review the clinical outcomes of VCF in alternative placement sites (supra-renal inferior vena cava and superior vena cava) and in specialized patient populations (bariatric surgery, cancer, etc.), recommendations regarding anticoagulation for prevention of thrombosis as well as recommended follow up for patients with VCF.
Blood-brain barrier changes with kainic acid-induced limbic seizures

Rats were treated with kainic acid (KA) i.v. to produce increasingly severe limbic seizures that were monitored with a behavioral rating scale. At various times after the induction of seizures, the animals' blood-brain barriers (B-BB) were studied with α-[14C]aminoisobutyric acid ([14C]AIBA) autoradiography. Using optical density ratios, a coefficient was devised to assess the functional integrity of the B-BB in discrete anatomic regions and to quantitatively compare these measurements among different groups of experimental animals. In animals that exhibited only mild seizures, the B-BB was not different from controls. Animals with severe limbic seizures, however, showed alterations. For as long as 2 h after delivery of KA, the B-BB appeared normal; from 2 to 24 h, the permeability to [14C]AIBA was markedly increased throughout the brain, especially in limbic regions; from 24 h to 7 days the B-BB returned to normal except for a small residual change in limbic structures. These findings were confirmed with Evans blue dye studies of the B-BB. A correlation between focal accentuation of B-BB alterations and neuropathologic changes was found. These experiments indicated that recurrent limbic seizures may lead to a breakdown in the B-BB independent of systemic metabolic derangements. Marked focal metabolic and electrical changes, however, occurred in several limbic structures several hours before the blood-brain barrier was altered.
Preservice teachers’ sense of preparedness and self-efficacy to teach in America’s urban and suburban schools: Does context matter?

Abstract The researcher examined the influence that school contextual factors have on American preservice teachers’ sense of preparedness to teach and culturally responsive teaching self-efficacy appraisals. The findings suggest that preservice teachers in this study felt more prepared and confident to teach in a suburban school compared to an urban school. Additionally, preservice teachers felt less prepared and confident to teach English Language Learners regardless of their enrolment in an urban or suburban school. This study has implications for the preparation of teachers who are self-efficacious in their ability to teach in both urban and suburban educational settings.
Vertical Motions in Precipitation Bands in Three Winter Cyclones

Abstract The University of Alabama in Huntsville Mobile Integrated Profiling System 915-MHz profiler was deployed in January and February of 2004 to measure vertical air velocities in finescale precipitation bands in winter cyclones. The profiler was placed to sample the “wraparound” quadrant of three winter cyclones in the central and southern United States, and it obtained high-resolution measurements of the vertical structure of a series of bands in each storm. The data revealed bands that were up to 6 km deep, 10–50 km wide, and spaced about 5–20 km apart. Measurements of vertical air motion w within these bands were retrieved from the Doppler spectra using the lower-bound method, adapted to account for the effects of spectral broadening caused by the horizontal wind, wind shear, and turbulence. Derived vertical air motions ranged from −4.3 to 6.7 m s−1, with an uncertainty of about ±0.6 m s−1. Approximately 29% of the 1515 total derived values were negative, 35% exceeded 1 m s−1, and 9% exceeded 2.0 ...
Communicating the HIV/AIDS Risk to Hispanic Populations: A Review and Integration:

The HIV/AIDS epidemic has disproportionately affected Hispanics in the United States. Additionally, HI V/A IDS prevention programsforHispani cs have encountered diffi culties with cultural appropriateness. Using McGuire 's popular communication/persuasion model as a framework the goal of this article is to review and integrate past research on communication factors affecting HIVIAIDS prevention among Hispanics. More specifically, the study has two main objectives: (a) to review research on input variables related to HIV/AIDS prevention in Hispanic populations. In particular, it analyzes past empirical research investigating source, message, channel, and receiverfactors associated with HlVprevention, and (b) to address the implications of the findings on output variables induding design, implementation, and evaluation of culturally appropriate HI V/A1DS prevention campaigns for Hispanic populations.
Cerebrovascular effects of nebulized nitroprusside (Neb-NP) during hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in piglets ♦ 336

Intra-pulmonary administration of nitric oxide (iNO) or nitric oxide analogs such as nitroprusside produces selective pulmonary vasodilation. However, nitric oxide has been implicated in control of the cerebral as well as the pulmonary circulation. We tested the hypothesis that Neb-NP (a user-friendly analog of iNO) would adversely affect the cerebral circulation while improving pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) during hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in piglets.
Metal implant standards for surface analysis by TOF-SIMS and dynamic SIMS: comparison with TRIM simulation

Abstract A comprehensive set of ion implanted standards has been prepared and extensively characterized by dynamic and TOF-SIMS. It is shown that the distinct shape of ion implant distribution provides various means to account for measurement artifacts. The results of depth profiling have been compared with theoretically modeled distributions. It has been found that measured projected ranges of light elements are 30–40% less than theoretically predicted by Monte Carlo simulations. Chemical segregation is proposed to have played a role in this shift. The experimental data obtained using three different SIMS techniques demonstrates that prepared set of relevant metallic implants provide adequate calibration reference for accurate surface and near-surface trace metal analysis.
Calphostin C as a rapid and strong inducer of apoptosis in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells.

Abstract Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play a major role in the development of atherosclerotic and restenotic lesions. The apoptotic process has been implicated in the development of this pathology. In this study, we characterized the induction of apoptosis by calphostin C (CC), a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, in primary human coronary artery smooth muscle cells in the presence and absence of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). Additionally, we investigated the signal transduction pathways important for IGF-I mediated protection. Calphostin C induced apoptosis, as measured by terminal deoxy-UTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL), in a time- and dose-dependent manner, approaching 20% within 6 h of 50 nM calphostin C treatment. The amount of apoptosis increased to 44.58±8.08%, 47.54±1.66% and 78.1±11.9% after 8, 10 and 12 h of treatment, respectively ( p p p =0.06). Apoptosis was further qualitatively confirmed by time-lapse video microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Interestingly, inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI-3-K), p38 and extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) activation significantly ( p
Lie algebras of unbounded derivations

Abstract In this paper some new results on analytic domination of operators and on integrability of Lie algebras of operators are proved and then our methods are applied to the study of Lie algebras of unbounded derivations in C ∗ algebras.
Vector Specificity of Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV) Transmission: Identification of Potential Cellular Receptors Binding BYDV-MAV in the Aphid, Sitobion avenae

Two proteins (SaM35 and SaM50) isolated from head tissues of the aphid vector, Sitobion avenae, were identified as potential receptors for barley yellow dwarf virus MAV isolate (Luteoviridae) based on MAV virus overlay assays and immunoblots of urea SDS 2-D gels. An anti-idiotypic antibody (MAV4 anti-ID) that mimics an epitope on MAV virions and competes with MAV in antibody binding assays also bound to SaM50 and SaM35 and to six additional proteins including a GroEL homolog. No MAV-binding proteins were detected from the nonvector aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis, although MAV4 anti-ID did react with four proteins from R. maidis. It is hypothesized that SaM35 and SaM50 may be MAV receptors involved in MAV transmission based on their high affinity for MAV and their unique association with the vector, S. avenae. The additional aphid proteins binding the MAV4 anti-ID may represent less specific virus-binding proteins facilitating transmission through different aphid tissues.
Commentary: HIV Infection and Family Processes: Toward the Next Generation of Research

psychosocial adjustment (or psychoeducational performance) and have attempted to identify mechanisms that may explain these associations (e.g., predominant coping strategies, caregiver attitudes and practices, caregiver emotional distress). In an attempt to encourage further research on these mechanisms, this commentary will focus on factors identified by the four investigations that may hold promise for future intervention research. The findings of Coscia et al. are particularly noteworthy in that they identify both a mediating and a moderating mechanism in the relationship between HIV infection and cognitive functioning in children. As highlighted by the authors, the literature has identified a variety of central nervous system (CNS) outcomes associated with pediatric HIV infection. These outcomes include both changes in the structural integrity of the infected CNS (Campbell, 1997), as well as changes in neurochemical processes within the CNS of infected individuals (Kraiselburd, 1995). Yet, despite these biological differences, reports in the literature on the cognitive functioning of children with HIV/AIDS are varied (e.g., Bisiacchi, Suppiej, & Laverda, 2000; Fishkin et al., 2000; Loveland et al., 2000). Perhaps contributing to the explanation of the varied findings, Coscia et al. have identified home environment as a mediator between HIV infection and neurocognitive outcomes. These results suggest a need for prevention efforts (i.e., prior to significant disease progression), as well as specialized intervention for families once the child’s illness has progressed. A number of issues resulting from this finding will require further investigation, including whether, how, and when Journal of Pediatric Psychology, Vol. 26, No. 6, 2001, pp. 363–366
Mouse Ly-49A Interrupts Early Signaling Events in Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity and Functionally Associates with the SHP-1 Tyrosine Phosphatase

The lytic activity of natural killer (NK) cells is inhibited by the expression of class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens on target cells. In murine NK cells, Ly-49A mediates inhibition of cytotoxicity in response to the class I MHC antigen H-2Dd. In this report, we studied the function of mouse Ly-49A in both the rat NK cell tumor line, RNK-16, transfected with Ly-49A cDNA, and in primary NK cells. We show that ligation of Ly-49A by H-2Dd inhibits early signaling events during target cell stimulation, including polyphosphoinositide turnover and tyrosine phosphorylation. We also show that Ly-49A directly associates with the cytoplasmic tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1, and that Ly-49A function is impaired in NK cells from SHP-1 mutant viable motheaten mice and from SHP-1–deficient motheaten mice. Finally, we demonstrate that mutational substitution of the tyrosine within the proposed SHP-1 binding motif in Ly-49A completely abrogates inhibition of NK cell cytotoxicity through this receptor. These results demonstrate that Ly-49A interrupts early activating signals in NK cells, and that SHP-1 is an important mediator of Ly-49A function.
Happiness, Eudaimonia, and The Principle of Descriptive Adequacy

Historically, philosophers have identified happiness with, among other things, pleasure, contentment, desire satisfaction, and, if we count the Greek eudaimonia as happiness, the life of virtue. When faced with competing theories of happiness, we need a way to decide which theory is more accurate. According to Larry Wayne Sumner's principle of descriptive adequacy, the best theory of happiness is the theory that best describes our ordinary, pretheoretical beliefs and intuitions. The chief aim of this article is to show that the principle of descriptive adequacy is mistaken. To do this, it shows how the principle breaks down when applied to Aristotle's theory of eudaimonia, a theory Sumner claims to be descriptively inadequate as a theory of happiness. The article argues that we should reject descriptive adequacy as a metaphilosophical principle on the grounds that our intuitions and beliefs about happiness are too inchoate for any theory adequately to describe.
T4 and ultrasensitive TSH immunoassays using luminescent enhanced xanthine oxidase assay.

The use of xanthine oxidase in immunoanalysis has never been reported. We describe here a procedure in which the xanthine oxidase dependent luminescence of luminol is enhanced in the presence of Fe–EDTA complex, providing an highly sensitive assay (3 amol of enzyme) and a long-term signal. This specific amplification has been applied to T4 and ultrasensitive TSH solid phase immunoassays, with T4–XO and anti-TSH monoclonal antibody-XO conjugates as tracers. The performances of these assays are at least equivalent to those obtained with iodinated tracers, using the same solid phases and the same calibrators. The major advantages of these immunoassays are: (1) the long-term signal which can be repeatedly recorded over several days, (2) the high detection sensitivity, (3) the long-term stability of the luminescence reagent and (4) the stability of the conjugates.
A brief self-affirmation study to improve the experience of minority patients.

Background There is evidence that Black patients may experience stereotype threat--apprehension about being negatively stereotyped--in healthcare settings, which might adversely affect their behavior in clinical encounters. Recent studies conducted outside of healthcare have shown that a brief self-affirmation intervention, in which individuals are asked to focus on and affirm their valued characteristics and sources of personal pride, can reduce the negative effects of stereotype threat on academic performance and on interpersonal communication. Methods This randomised controlled trial examined whether a self-affirmation (SA) intervention would decrease the negative effects of stereotype threat (negative mood, lower state self-esteem, greater perceptions of racial discrimination) and increase communication self-efficacy among Black primary care patients. Self-affirmation was induced by having patients complete a 32-item values affirmation questionnaire. Results Patients in the SA condition had lower levels of performance self-esteem and social self-esteem than patients in the control. There were no differences between the SA and the control groups on negative mood, communication self-efficacy, and perceptions of discrimination. Conclusions Our SA intervention lowered state self-esteem among Black patients. Future research is needed to determine the type of SA task that is most effective for this population.
Child labor and agricultural shocks

This paper examines the relationship between household income shocks and child labor. In particular, we investigate the extent to which transitory income shocks lead to increases in child labor and whether household asset holdings mitigate the effects of these shocks. Using data from a household panel survey in Tanzania, we find that both relationships are significant. We investigate mechanisms that could account for these results, including buffer stocks and borrowing.
Characteristics of preflashover light emission from dielectric surfaces in vacuum

Luminescence from dielectric surfaces during preflashover in vacuum was observed under pulse excitation. By preflashover luminescence, we mean light emission under no flashover conditions. Study of light emission with respect to electrode configurations and spacing between the two electrodes shows that preflashover light emission is related to electron emission from the cathode and trapping/detrapping processes on the dielectric surface layer. Spectroscopic observations of the light emission indicate that the preflashover spectrum changes from one voltage shot to another voltage shot of the same amplitude and that the spectral distribution of the light emission depends on the dielectric material used. We believe that the light emission from preflashover is electroluminescence which may be attributed to de-excitation of excited species in the surface layers of the dielectric material. >
Biogeochemical Evidence for Dinoflagellate Ancestors in the Early Cambrian

Dinoflagellates are single-celled organisms that reflect the ecological conditions in modern oceans and lakes. Ultrastructural data and molecular phylogeny suggest that they originated in the Neoproterozoic, yet dinoflagellate ancestors are classified only to the Middle Triassic (∼240 million years ago). Examination of dinoflagellate-specific biological markers (dinosteranes and 4α-methyl-24-ethylcholestane) in concentrated microfossils with known morphology identified ancient dinoflagellate ancestors from the Early Cambrian (∼520 million years ago).
Comment on: ‘Determination of the angle of a Fisher distribution which will be exceeded with a given probability’ by P. L. McFadden

Discussion sur l'article de McFadden P.L. paru dans Geophys. J.R. astr. Soc., GBR, 1980, 60, 391-396
Dynamic Acoustic Radiation Force Retains Bone Structural and Mechanical Integrity in a Functional Disuse Osteopenia Model

Abstract Disuse osteopenia and bone loss have been extensively reported in long duration space mission and long term bed rest. The pathology of the bone loss is similar to osteoporosis but highly confined to weight bearing bones. The current anabolic and/or anti-resorptive drugs have systemic effects and are costly over extended time, with concerns of long term fracture risk. This study use Low Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound (LIPUS) as a non-invasive acoustic force and anabolic stimulus to countermeasure disuse induced bone loss. Four-month old C57BL/6 mice were randomized into five groups, 1) age-matched (AM), 2) non-suspended sham (NS), 3) non-suspended-LIPUS (NU), 4) suspended sham (SS), and 5) suspended-LIPUS (SU) groups. After four weeks of suspension, μCT analyses showed significant decreases in trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV) (− 36%, p
DNA Transposons and the Evolution of Eukaryotic Genomes

Transposable elements are mobile genetic units that exhibit broad diversity in their structure and transposition mechanisms. Transposable elements occupy a large fraction of many eukaryotic genomes and their movement and accumulation represent a major force shaping the genes and genomes of almost all organisms. This review focuses on DNA-mediated or class 2 transposons and emphasizes how this class of elements is distinguished from other types of mobile elements in terms of their structure, amplification dynamics, and genomic effect. We provide an up-to-date outlook on the diversity and taxonomic distribution of all major types of DNA transposons in eukaryotes, including Helitrons and Mavericks. We discuss some of the evolutionary forces that influence their maintenance and diversification in various genomic environments. Finally, we highlight how the distinctive biological features of DNA transposons have contributed to shape genome architecture and led to the emergence of genetic innovations in different eukaryotic lineages.
Moving beyond the Wall(s): Theorizing Corporate Identity for Global Cultural Studies

This article examines the set of research considerations that went into investigating the relationship between the Bertelsmann Music Group (BMG) and Czech music culture as a means of exploring alternative avenues and frameworks for understanding and doing global cultural studies. Outlining the theoretical and methodological trajectories, as well as some of the findings, underscores the necessity for both the field of cultural studies and us as scholars to reconfigure conceptions for investigating the complexities of global phenomena. More important, it seeks to draw attention to how we might construct new alliances, stimulate new forms of activism, and enact new engagements with the logics and reality of global capital, such that the project of cultural studies can be reinvigorated within our global age. The title of this article refers to two ideas, which I will address in what follows. The first is reconceptualizing the contested theoretical and methodological 'walls' that exist within cultural studies so that we might examine our contemporary global moment more effectively, especially with regard to specifically understanding the corporation as a primary entity within these processes. The second idea concerns the ideological impediments that serve to constrict how we as scholars and educators conceive and enact praxis. I believe these two issues are related and I will argue that expanded frameworks for investigating cultural phenomena - frameworks which cut across disciplinary politics, call attention to contextual distinctions, and acknowledge the transnational character of the cultural industries - are necessary for conceptualizing, analyzing, and understanding the structures, processes, and power relations within globalization, especially if we aim to impact them as global citizens. Furthermore, I will suggest that cultural studies can only be reinvigorated by utilizing such expanded frameworks if we truly seek to configure, articulate, and enact a meaningful political enterprise that effectively responds to the realities of global capitalism's expanding regime and logics, as well as contest the knowledge and geopolitical formations it (re)produces. These considerations stem from the 'walls' I myself have confronted in my own research and teaching experiences in Central Europe and the USA. Testing and excavating these boundaries has been instrumental in illuminating many theoretical discrepancies and methodological contradictions that remain yet embedded in the field of cultural studies. Thinking through these limitations has not only suggested avenues for new progressive practices which reconsider the normative corporate logics largely governing how we construct our lives, actions, and societies, but also suggests strategies and tactics for re-imagining and enacting a 'glocal' corporate cultural politics whereby the engines and logics of global capitalism are modified so as to produce outcomes which are more culturally sensitive and socially just.
Anthropogenic fire and bark thickness in coastal and island pine populations from Alta and Baja California

Aim Native American fire use influenced bark thickness of coastal and island Monterey pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) and bishop pine (Pinus muricata D. Don) populations. Methods Basal bark thickness and d.b.h. were measured in two common-garden pine plantations that included all five native Monterey pine populations and nine of 10 native bishop pine populations. One-factor analysis of covariance was used to determine if significant differences in bark thickness existed between island and coastal populations. Results Bark thickness was measured on 228 Monterey and 42 bishop pines. Bark thickness in coastal and island Monterey pine populations was significantly different. Bark thickness in coastal and island bishop pine populations was not significantly different. Main conclusions Basal bark was thick in populations where there was a history of Native American burning. Basal bark was thin in two island populations where Native Americans have been absent or distant from the pine populations. While other influences no doubt affect the evolution of lower-bole bark thickness, it appears that frequent anthropogenic fires may be a powerful selection force.
Post‐traumatic stress disorder and the MMPI‐2

This study compared the MMPI-2 profiles of 27 veterans diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder with a non-PTSD comparison group of 27 veteran patients receiving inpatient treatment for other mental disorders. Three multivariate analyses of variance were conducted comparing the two groups on the 10 traditional clinical scales, the 12 supplemental scales and the 15 new content scales on the MMPI-2. The PTSD group obtained a mean profile with peak elevations on the F validity scale and on clinical Scales 2 (D) and 8 (Sc). The multivariate analysis of variance comparing the PTSD and non-PTSD groups across the 10 traditional clinical scales was not significant. The multivariate analyses of variance comparing the two groups on the 12 supplemental scales and the 15 content scales were significant. Significant univariate supplemental scale differences were found on the Keane PTSD scale (PK) and the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PS) scale with the PTSD group scoring higher on PK and PS. Significant univariate content scale differences were found for the Anger (ANG) scale with the PTSD group scoring higher. A cut-off score of 28 on the PK scale correctly classified 76% of the overall sample, 67% of the PTSD group and 85% of the non-PTSD-comparison group.
Ph-Dependent Inhibition of Voltage-Gated H+ Currents in Rat Alveolar Epithelial Cells by Zn2+ and Other Divalent Cations

Inhibition by polyvalent cations is a defining characteristic of voltage-gated proton channels. The mechanism of this inhibition was studied in rat alveolar epithelial cells using tight-seal voltage clamp techniques. Metal concentrations were corrected for measured binding to buffers. Externally applied ZnCl 2 reduced the H + current, shifted the voltage-activation curve toward positive potentials, and slowed the turn-on of H + current upon depolarization more than could be accounted for by a simple voltage shift, with minimal effects on the closing rate. The effects of Zn 2+ were inconsistent with classical voltage-dependent block in which Zn 2+ binds within the membrane voltage field. Instead, Zn 2+ binds to superficial sites on the channel and modulates gating. The effects of extracellular Zn 2+ were strongly pH o dependent but were insensitive to pH i , suggesting that protons and Zn 2+ compete for external sites on H + channels. The apparent potency of Zn 2+ in slowing activation was ∼10× greater at pH o 7 than at pH o 6, and ∼100× greater at pH o 6 than at pH o 5. The pH o dependence suggests that Zn 2+ , not ZnOH + , is the active species. Evidently, the Zn 2+ receptor is formed by multiple groups, protonation of any of which inhibits Zn 2+ binding. The external receptor bound H + and Zn 2+ with pK a 6.2–6.6 and pK M 6.5, as described by several models. Zn 2+ effects on the proton chord conductance–voltage ( g H –V) relationship indicated higher affinities, pK a 7 and pK M 8. CdCl 2 had similar effects as ZnCl 2 and competed with H + , but had lower affinity. Zn 2+ applied internally via the pipette solution or to inside-out patches had comparatively small effects, but at high concentrations reduced H + currents and slowed channel closing. Thus, external and internal zinc-binding sites are different. The external Zn 2+ receptor may be the same modulatory protonation site(s) at which pH o regulates H + channel gating.