cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toxic leukoencephalopathy–When a Boxer's fracture requires an MRI and LP

Abstract This case report describes a young patient presenting to the ED with altered mental status several days after being diagnosed with a Boxer's fracture and ultimately discovered to have toxic leukoencephalopathy. We review the clinical features in his presentation leading to his diagnosis, as well as MRI imaging findings frequently found in his condition.
Application of Mezirow’s Transformative Learning Theory to Simulation in Healthcare Education

Abstract Theory is a vital component of teaching, providing both systematic ways in which to view the learning process and frameworks for designing educational experiences. There is growing interest in identifying theory specific to simulation-based learning (SBL). We assert that the ten phases of Mezirow’s Transformative Learning Theory (TLT) closely mirror the simulation process of prebriefing, scenario, and debriefing in preparation for future experiences. The assumptions of TLT may help SBL facilitators understand how simulation fosters transformative adult learning. However, limitations to the theory must also be considered when applying TLT to the SBL arena.
Behavioral responses following repeated bilateral frontal region closed head impacts and fear conditioning in male and female mice.

Abstract The frontal lobes are among the most vulnerable sites in traumatic brain injuries. In the current study, a balanced 2 × 2 × 2 design (n = 18 mice/group), female and male C57Bl/6J mice received repeated bilateral frontal concussive brain injury (frCBI) and underwent fear conditioning (FC) to assess how injured mice respond to adverse conditions. Shocks received during FC impacted behavior on all subsequent tests except the tail suspension test. FC resulted in more freezing behavior in all mice that received foot shocks when evaluated in subsequent context and cue tests and induced hypoactivity in the open field (OF) and elevated zero maze (EZM). Mice that sustained frCBI learned the FC association between tone and shock. Injured mice froze less than sham controls during context and cue tests, which could indicate memory impairment, but could also suggest that frCBI resulted in hyperactivity that overrode the rodent’s natural freezing response to threat, as injured mice were also more active in the OF and EZM. There were notable sex differences, where female mice exhibited more freezing behavior than male mice during FC context and cue tests. The findings suggest frCBI impaired, but did not eliminate, FC retention and resulted in an overall increase in general activity. The injury was characterized pathologically by increased inflammation (CD11b staining) in cortical regions underlying the injury site and in the optic tracts. The performance of male and female mice after injury suggested the complexity of possible sex differences for neuropsychiatric symptoms.
Walking Meeting Effects on Productivity and Mood Among White-Collar Workers: Evidence From the Walking Meeting Pilot Study.

Objective Walking Meetings (WaM) have shown to be acceptable, feasible, and implementable among white-collar workers. This pilot study examines the effects of WaM on worker mood, productivity, and physical activity. Methods Eighteen white-collar workers were recruited from a university in Florida. Participants wore accelerometers for 3 consecutive weeks. During baseline week, participants continued their normal seated meetings. In weeks 2 and 3, participants conducted one walking meeting in groups of two to three people. Results Increased moderate occupational physical activity was correlated with increased productivity measured by decreased work time missed due to health reasons (r = -0.59; P = 0.03) and decreased impairment while working due to health reasons (r = -0.61; P = 0.02). In week 3, very vigorous physical activity was significantly correlated with negative mood (r = 0.69, P = 0.01). Conclusion WaM affected worker mood and productivity and increased occupational physical activity-levels.
Feminine honor endorsement and young women's STI screenings.

Research has identified stigma as a significant barrier to seeking out STI screenings. Such stigma for women typically includes perceptions of sexual promiscuity or lack of loyalty to one's partner, which may ultimately lead women to be reluctant to receive an actual screening. The current study analyzed whether feminine honor endorsement, which is centered around maintaining a reputation of sexual chastity, might decrease women's likelihood to seek out an STI screening. Using a sample of 228 college women in the Southern United States, the researchers assessed levels of feminine honor endorsement, likelihood to seek out an STI screening, STI screening stigma, and STI screening shame. Results indicate that feminine honor endorsement does decrease the likelihood to seek out STI screenings for young women, and that this association is mediated by sexual purity stigma and shame (Mediated Effect-ME = -.02, SE = .01, 95% CI [-.045, -.003], p < .05). These findings reveal a culturally specific barrier for women who are soon to be in an age group where STIs occur most frequently, perhaps making this cultural mindset particularly problematic for this population. Implications for programs to increase STI screening rates in higher-risk populations are discussed.
The cornea IV immunology, infection, neovascularization, and surgery chapter 1: Corneal immunology.

Abstract Purpose of Review: This review offers an informed and up-to-date insight on the immune profile of the cornea and the factors that govern the regulation of such a unique immune environment. Summary The cornea is a unique tissue that performs the specialized task of allowing light to penetrate for visual interpretation. To accomplish this, the ocular surface requires a distinct immune environment that is achieved through unique structural, cellular and molecular factors. Not only must the cornea be able to fend off invasive infectious agents but also control the inflammatory response as to avoid collateral, and potentially blinding damage; particularly of post-mitotic cells such as the corneal endothelium. To combat infections, both innate and adaptive arms of the inflammatory immune response are at play in the cornea. Dendritic cells play a critical role in coordinating both these responses in order to fend off infections. On the other side of the spectrum, the ocular surface is also endowed with a variety of anatomic and physiologic components that aid in regulating the immune response to prevent excessive, potentially damaging, inflammation. This attenuation of the immune response is termed immune privilege. The balance between pro and anti-inflammatory reactions is key for preservation of the functional integrity of the cornea. Recent findings The understanding of the molecular and cellular factors governing corneal immunology and its response to antigens is a growing field. Dendritic cells in the normal cornea play a crucial role in combating infections and coordinating the inflammatory arms of the immune response, particularly through coordination with T-helper cells. The role of neuropeptides is recently becoming more highlighted with different factors working on both sides of the inflammatory balance.
Challenges in the Further Development of Dairy Herd Health and Management Programs

Paper presented at the 13th World Congress on Cattle Diseases, Durban, South Africa, Sept. 17-21, 1984.
Health Behavior Survey Among People Who Use Opioids: Protocol for Implementing Technology-Based Rapid Response Surveillance in Community Settings.

Background: In 2018, 2 million Americans met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition diagnostic criteria for an opioid use disorder, and 9.9 million Americans had misused prescription pain relievers the previous year. Despite a rapid increase in opioid misuse, opioid use disorders, and overdoses, data are limited on the behavioral and contextual risks as well as the protective factors fueling the opioid epidemic in some hard hit US cities—Atlanta, Los Angeles, and Las Vegas. Opioid use also contributes to the risk of other health problems such as HIV and hepatitis C virus infections or mental health disorders and is linked to behavioral and environmental risks (eg, homelessness, experiences of violence, involvement in the justice system). Knowledge of the relationships between these linked vulnerabilities and how they influence service utilization is critical to effective policy and interventions. Objective: This survey explores the relationships between demographic and economic characteristics, behavioral and environmental risk factors, and service utilization of people who use opioids to inform public health practice, policy, and future efforts to mitigate the risks faced by this population experiencing multiple health, social, and economic vulnerabilities. The results of this survey will be used to identify needs and intervention points for people who use drugs currently served by public health organizations. Methods: We implemented a community-engaged strategy that involved development and execution of a two-stage purposive sampling plan involving selection of partner organizations (syringe exchange programs in urban settings) and recruitment and enrollment of participants aged 18-69 years served by these organizations in Atlanta, Los Angeles, and Las Vegas from 2019 to 2020. The recruited participants completed a survey, including a variety of measures to assess health (physical and mental) and health behaviors such as sexual behavior, vaccine receipt, and HIV/ hepatitis C virus infection testing. Additional items assessed drug use and misuse, syringe exchange and health service utilization, sex exchange, histories of interpersonal violence, and vaccine confidence. Results: This protocol was successfully implemented despite challenges such as real-time technology issues and rapidly finding and surveying a difficult-to-reach population. We sampled 1127 unique participants (248 in Atlanta, 465 in Los Angeles, and 414 in Las Vegas). Conclusions: The establishment and utilization of strong community partnerships enabled the rapid collection of data from a typically difficult-to-reach population. Local efforts such as these are needed to develop policies and practices that promote harm reduction among people who use opioids.
Initiation and entrainment of multicellular automaticity via diffusion limited extracellular domains.

ABSTRACT Electrically excitable cells often spontaneously and synchronously depolarize in vitro and in vivo preparations. It remains unclear how cells entrain and autorhythmically activate above the intrinsic mean activation frequency of isolated cells with or without pacemaking mechanisms. Recent studies suggest that cyclic ion accumulation and depletion in diffusion limited extracellular volumes modulates electrophysiology by ephaptic mechanisms (non-gap junction or synaptic coupling). This report explores how potassium accumulation and depletion in a restricted extracellular domain induces spontaneous action potentials in two different computational models of excitable cells without gap junctional coupling: Hodgkin Huxley and Luo-Rudy (LRd). Importantly, neither model will spontaneously activate on its own without external stimuli. Simulations demonstrate that cells sharing a diffusion limited extracellular compartment can become autorhythmic and entrained despite intercellular electrical heterogeneity. Autorhythmic frequency is modulated by the cleft volume and potassium fluxes through the cleft. Additionally, inexcitable cells can suppress or induce autorhythmic activity in an excitable cell via a shared cleft. Diffusion limited shared clefts can also entrain repolarization. Critically, this model predicts a mechanism by which diffusion limited shared clefts can initiate, entrain, and modulate multi-cellular automaticity in the absence of gap junctions.
Flexible reprogramming of Pristionchus pacificus motivation for attacking Caenorhabditis elegans in predator-prey competition

Summary Animals with diverse diets must adapt their food priorities to a wide variety of environmental conditions. This diet optimization problem is especially complex for predators that compete with prey for food. Although predator-prey competition is widespread and ecologically critical, it remains difficult to disentangle predatory and competitive motivations for attacking competing prey. Here, we dissect the foraging decisions of the omnivorous nematode Pristionchus pacificus to reveal that its seemingly failed predatory attempts against Caenorhabditis elegans are actually motivated acts of efficacious territorial aggression. While P. pacificus easily kills and eats larval C. elegans with a single bite, adult C. elegans typically survives and escapes from bites. However, nonfatal biting can provide competitive benefits by reducing access of adult C. elegans and its progeny to bacterial food that P. pacificus also eats. We show that P. pacificus considers costs and benefits of both predatory and territorial outcomes to decide which food goal, prey or bacteria, should guide its motivation for biting. These predatory and territorial motivations impose different sets of rules for adjusting willingness to bite in response to changes in bacterial abundance. In addition to biting, predatory and territorial motivations also influence which search tactic P. pacificus uses to increase encounters with C. elegans. When treated with an octopamine receptor antagonist, P. pacificus switches from territorial to predatory motivation for both biting and search. Overall, we demonstrate that P. pacificus assesses alternate outcomes of attacking C. elegans and flexibly reprograms its foraging strategy to prioritize either prey or bacterial food.
The Role of the PI3K Pathway in Anti-IgM (Anti-µ) -Sensitive and -Resistant B-cell Lymphomas

We and others have firmly established that surface IgM receptor (sIgM-R) crosslinking leads to growth arrest and apoptosis in a series of well characterized B lymphomas. This requires ablation of c-Myc protein expression and the concomitant induction of the CKI, p27Kip1. The signaling mechanisms regulating c-Myc and p27Kip1 protein expression are poorly understood. However, we recently established that sIgM-R mediated down-modulation of the PI3K pathway directly affected c-Myc and p27Kip1 expression and accurately predicted growth arrest or apoptosis in the ECH408 B lymphoma line. Moreover, p27-TAT fusion protein (which is rapidly taken up by these lymphoma lines) disappeared rapidly in growing B-lymphoma lines, but it persisted in the presence of anti-m. We have now extended these studies to the well-characterized CH12 B-lymphoma cell line, which is resistant to anti-m induced growth arrest and apoptosis, despite its sIgM-Rhigh phenotype. The results show that failure to inactivate p70S6K and to activate GSK3-b, results in anti-m resistance. Blockade of PI3K, or an upstream regulator of p70S6K, mTOR, reconstitutes or mimics all negative sIgM receptor signaling in these cells. Finally, anti-m or PI3K blockade induces PTEN protein expression especially in the WEHI-231 B-cell line. Together, these results reveal apparently fundamental mechanisms for inducing immune tolerance (PI3K suppression leading to anergy or deletion), or activation (stimulation of or maintenance of PI3K activity), or lymphomagenesis (failure to disengage PI3K signaling).
Preventing and Treating Missing Data in Longitudinal Clinical Trials: A Practical Guide

Recent decades have brought advances in statistical theory for missing data, which, combined with advances in computing ability, have allowed implementation of a wide array of analyses. In fact, so many methods are available that it can be difficult to ascertain when to use which method. This book focuses on the prevention and treatment of missing data in longitudinal clinical trials. Based on his extensive experience with missing data, the author offers advice on choosing analysis methods and on ways to prevent missing data through appropriate trial design and conduct. He offers a practical guide to key principles and explains analytic methods for the non-statistician using limited statistical notation and jargon. The book's goal is to present a comprehensive strategy for preventing and treating missing data, and to make available the programs used to conduct the analyses of the example dataset.
China's Progression Toward Currency Convertibility : A Review and Assessment

This article takes a closer look at the process of China's foreign exchange reform since 1979. It describes major policy changes, assesses their effects, and identifies challenges in furthering the process of capital account liberalization. The paper concludes that the core of China's foreign exchange reform since 1979 has been a gradual transformation of its exchange allocation mechanism, from one that was governed by central planning to one in which market forces play a significant role. The entire reform process is characterized by substantial trade liberalization, initial official exchange-rate adjustments, exchange-market development, easing restrictions for current international transactions, and the establishment of a capital account control framework. China has moved to the last frontier of its exchange reform. Prior reforms had generally focused on the gradual liberalization of the current account and inward direct investment, aimed at strengthening the real sector and export capacity of the economy.
Contiguous triplexer based on combining method of two filtering circuits using CRLH and RH isolation circuits

Designing contiguous channel multiplexer has always been a challenge due to the strong interaction between the channels. In this paper, we present a contiguous triplexer based on combining method of two filtering circuits (CMTC) using isolation circuits. A triplexer based on CMTC consists of two isolation circuits. One is composed of a conventional transmission line (TL) for a diplexer, and another comprises a composite right/left handed (CRLH) TL connected to a filter. There are two significant advantages of using CMTC. One is that a designer does not need to modify the design of a stand-alone filter and diplexer and there is no limitation in the choice of filtering circuits. Also, 3-D full-wave optimization is not necessary, because of a simple and straightforward design concept. For verifying the concept, a triplexer prototype having 1 GHz, 1.125 GHz, and 1.25 GHz center frequencies, is designed and fabricated. The measured results show good agreement with the simulation results.
A new human retinal pigment epithelial cell model for interrogating the protective functions of xanthophylls in retinopathies (39.2)

Purpose: Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is fundamental for vision and xanthophyll transport from the circulation to photoreceptors. RPE dysfunction occurs in numerous eye diseases, especially isc...
An oocyte donation protocol using the GnRH antagonist ganirelix acetate, does not compromise embryo quality and is associated with high pregnancy rates.

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of the GnRH antagonist, ganirelix acetate, on oocyte quality. Methods: Stimulation characteristics, implantation rates and clinical pregnancy rates were compared between 29 oocyte donors 21–31 years of age who underwent 31 cycles of ovarian stimulation with gonadotropins and ganirelix acetate, and 36 infertile couples of similar age range who underwent 51 cycles of ovarian stimulation using the same protocol. Results: A significantly lower number of embryos were transferred in the donor/recipient group as compared to the infertile group (2.32±0.54 vs. 2.82±0.71, P<0.05). In contrast, implantation and clinical pregnancy rates per transfer, were significantly higher in the donor/recipient group (38.1% vs. 10.4%, P<0.01) and (61.3% vs. 23.1%, P<0.05) respectively, as compared to the infertile group. Conclusions: Incorporation of ganirelix acetate for pituitary suppression in stimulation protocols for oocyte donation is associated with high pregnancy rates suggesting that ganirelix acetate does not exert an adverse effect on oocyte or embryo quality.
Antares Beam Alignment System

The Antares CO2 laser system is a 200-TW, 100-kJ, gas laser for the investigation of inertial confinement fusion. The light energy produced is transmitted in 72 beams extending from the input sections of the power amplifiers through the target system optics and finally focused on the target. The 72 independently-controlled beams originate from 6 power amplifiers, each having an annular array of 12 quasi-trapezoidal apertured sectors. Each of the 72 beam lines must be independently aligned and the beams independently focused on the target. The beam alignment system requirements and the physical and operational constraints are detailed and explained in reference to the Antares system design. Two beam-alignment schemes which satisfy the technical and operational requirements and are cost-effective with respect to hardware and integration costs are outlined and compared. The first scheme, the Flip-In Detector technique, can use CO2 or visible alignment lasers. A series of beam centering detectors are sequentially centered at appropriate mirrors throughout the 72 beam lines. The beams are finally centered at the target position on a centering detector. The second scheme, the See-Through Imaging Technique, has a visible-imaging, electro-optic centering and pointing system whose optical axis is colinear with the front-end amplifier driver pulse. The imaging system can be centered on each mirror throughout the optical train. The target can be viewed and the beam pointed and focused at any part of the target.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Nonlinear vibrations of moderately thick orthotropic shallow spherical shells

This paper deals with the effects of large amplitude on the flexural vibrations of shallow spherical shells. A shallow shell theory is presented for the geometrically nonlinear dynamic analysis of moderately thick orthotropic spherical shells. Transverse shear deformation and rotatory inertia effects are incorporated into the nonlinear equations of motion by means of tracing constants. The coupled set of nonlinear equations of motion are solved using Galerkin's method and solutions are obtained by employing the numerical Runge-Kutta integration procedure. Numerical results are presented for several cases of shallow spherical shells with various geometric and material properties. While the results indicate the well-known softening type behavior between nonlinear frequency and amplitude, certain interesting conclusions are presented for orthotropic shells. The general governing equations presented here can be readily specialized for isotropic shells, and linear vibration cases and they are in agreement with those available in the literature.
Programmable diffraction gratings and their uses in displays, spectroscopy, and communications

Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) and optics are a natural match. There are several reasons: MEMS devices have dimensions and achievable actuation distances comparable to the wavelength of light; smooth-surfaced dielectrics, semiconductors, and metals can be used in various combinations; and, photons don't weigh anything, so relatively feeble MEMS actuators can easily manipulate them. Many optical MEMS devices are based on mirror arrays that can be tilted using electrostatic actuation. This paper, however, focuses on programmable diffraction gratings and their uses for projection displays, spectroscopy, and wavelength management in modern optical telecommunication systems.
Chris Wrigley, ed., British Trade Unions, 1945–1995. New York: Manchester University Press, 1997. vi + 221 pp. $24.95 paper.

It is well known to readers of this journal that the British labor movement is in a state of precipitous decline. A recent government White Paper, for example, reports that since 1990 alone the percentage of workplaces with no union members at all has risen from 36 percent to 47 percent. Perhaps more ominously, the percentage of workplaces that recognize trade unions has dropped from 66 percent in 1984 to 45 percent in 1998. From 1979, when trade union density was estimated at over 55 percent of the workforce, it is now hovering somewhere between 30 and 35 percent. It is safe to say that this low level has not been seen in Britain since before World War Two. Chris Wrigley's contribution to Manchester University Press's fine series on contemporary British history offers a timely collection of documents on the origin and development of these events. By design, this collection focuses on documents generated by the government, political parties, and private interest groups, most notably the Trades Union Congress (TUC). Thus six of the book's nine chapters provide a chronological overview of the vagaries of the British government's industrial relations policies during the postwar era, adequately supplemented with extracts from official TUC responses. Wrigley himself provides an effective and thoughtful editorial introduction that emphasizes not only just how precarious the trade unions' former position actually was, but also just how deep resentments against unions ran among certain sections of the Conservative party.
Electron microscopic studies of rat leukemia induced with mouse leukemia virus.

Summary1. Ultrathin sections of bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, and mediastinal tumors from 11 rats with leukemia induced by mouse leukemia virus (Gross), were examined in the electron microscope. 2. In organs of all 11 leukemic rats, 2 types of particles could be observed. One type, described as virus particles (990 A average diameter), with an electrondense center (630 A average diameter), surrounded by a less dense zone, and limited by another membrane, not always clearly defined. 3. The other type, described as vesicular or doughnut-type particles, with an electronlucent center, surrounded by an inner membrane or ring staining strongly with uranyl acetate (490 A average diameter) and an outer ring or membrane (840 A) reacting less with the uranyl acetate stain. Frequently, but not always, another membrane (580 A diameter) could be seen between the inner and outer membranes. 4. Both types of particles were found in megakaryocytes of bone marrow and spleen. 5. Virus particles were also observed in int...
Experimental investigation of underwater turbulence effect on BER for orthogonal OOK modulation

Underwater laser communication is a very attractive and efficient way to communicate in oceanic environment without disturbing the marine life. Though acoustic communication is very popular in this kind of communication system, the laser communication would be the best way for transmitting and receiving signal or data in deep oceanic environment due to higher bandwidth and security. This system would be suitable to transfer intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) data between ships and from ship to shore, and could be used by the Navy and the US Marine Corps. In this paper, we investigate the turbulence effect of sea water and clean water on underwater laser propagation for different temperatures and other variables. As the underwater laser links are being considered for naval applications, we demonstrate a novel Orthogonal On-Off Keying modulation technique [8], which is also bandwidth efficient. At the received side, the data is recovered by means of code correlation. The proposed technique offers error control coding and synchronization on the same platform. Experimental results, based on LabVIEW and MATLAB simulation, are presented in terms of Fourier analysis to illustrate the concept.
Relationships among loneliness, communication competence, and career success in a state bureaucracy: A field study of the ‘lonely at the top’ maxim

This field study investigates associations among loneliness, career success, and communication competence in an effort to account for the finding of Bell, Roloff, Van Camp, and Karol (1990) that individuals who occupy low positions in organizational hierarchies may be more prone to loneliness. Subjects were 182 employees at a state government agency. Each subject's level in the organization was assessed by assigning him or her to one of five ordinal categories, ranging from Clerical (Level 1) to Director (Level 5). In addition, the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale and a measure of communication competence were completed. Hypothesis 1, which predicted a negative relationship between organizational level and loneliness, was supported for male subjects only. The second hypothesis, which anticipated a positive correlation between organizational level and communication competence, was again supported only for males. The third prediction that loneliness would be inversely related to competence received strong supp...
Imaging Electrically Evoked Micromechanical Motion within the Organ of Corti of the Excised Gerbil Cochlea

The outer hair cell (OHC) of the mammalian inner ear exhibits an unusual form of somatic motility that can follow membrane-potential changes at acoustic frequencies. The cellular forces that produce this motility are believed to amplify the motion of the cochlear partition, thereby playing a key role in increasing hearing sensitivity. To better understand the role of OHC somatic motility in cochlear micromechanics, we developed an excised cochlea preparation to visualize simultaneously the electrically-evoked motion of hundreds of cells within the organ of Corti (OC). The motion was captured using stroboscopic video microscopy and quantified using cross-correlation techniques. The OC motion at approximately 2-6 octaves below the characteristic frequency of the region was complex: OHC, Deiter's cell, and Hensen's cell motion were hundreds of times larger than the tectorial membrane, reticular lamina (RL), and pillar cell motion; the inner rows of OHCs moved antiphasic to the outer row; OHCs pivoted about the RL; and Hensen's cells followed the motion of the outer row of OHCs. Our results suggest that the effective stimulus to the inner hair cell hair bundles results not from a simple OC lever action, as assumed by classical models, but by a complex internal motion coupled to the RL.
Robotic Mammary Artery Harvest and Anastomotic Device Allows Minimally Invasive Mitral Valve Repair and Coronary Bypass

We report the case of a 60-year-old man requiring combined mitral valve repair and coronary artery bypass grafting. A unique minimally invasive approach was used combining robotic internal mammary artery harvesting, partial lower sternotomy, and single vessel coronary artery bypass grafting using an automated distal coronary artery anastomotic device. Issues in approaching the commonly encountered patient with mitral valve disease and coronary artery disease using minimally invasive techniques are discussed.
Near-millimeter spectrum of the microwave background

A description is given of a method for the measurement of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) spectrum. A helium-cooled, balloon-borne spectrophotometer was used to measure the emission spectrum of the night sky over the frequency range 1.7-40/cm. The apparatus was calibrated using a blackbody source at a variety of temperatures both before and after the flight. It is shown that the spectrum of the CMB peaks at 6/cm and is approximately that of a blackbody out to several times that frequency. The measured flux is also found to be equivalent to that from a blackbody in the temperature range from 2.88 to 3.09 K. The data set resulting from the combination of these measurements with previous observations of the CMB covers three decades in frequency, and is compared with various CMB models.
Water Soluble Carbohydrates in Forage Crops and Their Relation to the Production of Silage

Summary Leguminous and non-leguminous plants were collected and were analyzed for their water-soluble carbohydrates. Plants of different stages of maturity were collected. They were taken around midday and the analysis started immediately. The tabulated results show the percentages of fermentable carbohydrates in the sap of the plant, in the fresh and dry weight of the plant and in the moisture calculated for each sample to a uniform basis of 80 per cent. Notes that might have some bearing on the production of silage from these crops were made. The wide difference in the water-soluble carbohydrates of these two types of forage crops suggested that the legumes are deficient in fermentable carbohydrates and thus fail to produce a silage of satisfactory quality. Acting on this suggestion, silages were made by supplementing the fermentable sugars in the legumes with sueh substances as corn sugar and molasses. Since these carbohydrates are converted into organic acids both organic and mineral acids were also employed to reduce the pH of the freshly cut material to a point which reduced materially the microbial activity. It was found that silages of superior quality could be made by these methods. In the discussion it was suggested that phosphoric acid might be employed profitably to preserve the fodders; to increase the phosphorus content for animals and to increase the fertilizing value of the farm manure.
The spread of attention to hidden portions of occluded surfaces.

We report two experiments in which the two-rectangles method of Egly, Driver, and Rafal (1994) was used to test whether object-specific attentional cuing advantages can spread to hidden portions of occluded objects. Displays began with portions of two rectangles hidden by a third, occluding object. One end of one of the two rectangles was cued, after which the occluder rotated around its center point and target stimuli were presented. In one condition, the occluder was removed from in front of the other objects, either by rotating away from them (Experiment 1B) or by rotating and then slipping behind them (Experiment 1B). In another condition, the occluder first rotated away but then returned to its original position. In both experiments, an object-specific cuing advantage occurred in the occluderremoved condition for targets that appeared in what had been hidden locations of the cued object. No analogous advantage occurred in the occluder-returned condition.
Indirectness in Pronominal Usage in Akan Discourse

This article discusses the pragmatic import of Akan personal pronouns by examining different personal pronouns and showing their address and referential values and meanings. It also discusses how i...
Use of a β-trimethylsilylethoxymethyl ester as a protecting group. A facile preparation of 1-hydroxycyclopropanecarboxylic acid phosphate

Abstract The potential use of β-trimethylsilylethoxymethyl (SEM) est??? for temporary carboxyl blocking is illustrated in a preparation of the title compound.
Factors that affect the amplitude of El Nino in global coupled climate models

Historically, El Nino-like events simulated in global coupled climate models have had reduced amplitude compared to observations. Here, El Nino-like phenomena are compared in ten sensitivity experiments using two recent global coupled models. These models have various combinations of horizontal and vertical ocean resolution, ocean physics, and atmospheric model resolution. It is demonstrated that the lower the value of the ocean background vertical diffusivity, the greater the amplitude of El Nino variability which is related primarily to a sharper equatorial thermocline. Among models with low background vertical diffusivity, stronger equatorial zonal wind stress is associated with relatively higher amplitude El Nino variability along with more realistic east–west sea surface temperature (SST) gradient along the equator. The SST seasonal cycle in the eastern tropical Pacific has too much of a semiannual component with a double intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) in all experiments, and thus does not affect, nor is it affected by, the amplitude of El Nino variability. Systematic errors affecting the spatial variability of El Nino in the experiments are characterized by the eastern equatorial Pacific cold tongue regime extending too far westward into the warm pool. The time scales of interannual variability (as represented by time series of Nino3 SSTs) show significant power in the 3–4 year ENSO band and 2–2.5 year tropospheric biennial oscillation (TBO) band in the model experiments. The TBO periods in the models agree well with the observations, while the ENSO periods are near the short end of the range of 3–6 years observed during the period 1950–94. The close association between interannual variability of equatorial eastern Pacific SSTs and large-scale SST patterns is represented by significant correlations between Nino3 time series and the PC time series of the first EOFs of near-global SSTs in the models and observations.
A relation between θ 13 and the leptonic Dirac CP phase in SO ( 10 ) lopsided models

Abstract It is shown that in SO ( 10 ) models where the large solar and atmospheric neutrino angles come from the charged-lepton mass matrix being “lopsided”, there is a characteristic relation between the 13 mixing angle of the neutrinos and the size of the Dirac CP-violating phase in the lepton sector. This is illustrated in a recently proposed realistic and predictive model.
Thiazide-induced hypercholesterolemia: sex differences.

Abstract Thiazide diuretics are used commonly to treat hypertension. Unfortunately, they also are known to elevate serum cholesterol levels. Because serum lipid fraction levels differ between the sexes, possible sex-related differences in thiazide-induced changes in serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were examined. Four groups of male and female hamsters were treated for a minimum of 3 months with hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) at zero, 1, 2 or 4 mg/kg/day. At zero dose, there was no difference in TG levels between the sexes; however, females had significantly higher TG concentrations than did males at 1, 2 and 4 mg HCTZ (all p
A Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS) Framework for Adjusting System Availability Levels

Presents a new approach to adjust system availability levels which is based on the integration of total quality management principles with mathematical models for system availability. It is shown here that system availability levels can be improved and operating costs reduced if teams are used to evaluate and modify the operations of a system. The technique used here encourages continuous improvement and evaluation of systems, and demonstrates how coherent and consistent team judgements may be reached. A real case study that involves six engineers from a worldwide manufacturer of business computer systems is used to illustrate the application of the approach.
Sea level data by satellite

During 1974–1975 a network of sea level stations was installed on islands in the tropical Pacific Ocean to monitor the changing topography of the sea surface for the study of ocean dynamics and short-term climatic variations. Data from this network provided conclusive evidence for the large adjustments of the sea surface during the 1976 and the 1982–1983 El Nino events. They also demonstrated the large space and time scales associated with low-frequency sea level changes and the potential of monitoring ocean current by means of sea level differences was established. This project was started with grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF) and is currently being continued with joint funding from NSF and the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
The tree property is fundamental for query processing

One can partition the class of relational database schemas into tree schemas and cyclic schemas. In this paper we examine query processing implications of the partitioning; other areas impacted include dependency theory, schema design and graph theory.We consider a class of queries that compute the join of all relations in the database projected onto a prescribed set of attributes. We show that solving such queries (using the join, project and semijoin operators) is tantamount to creating an "embedded" tree schema which we call a tree projection. This lends further credibility to the pivotal nature of the tree/cyclic partitioning.Using the tree projection concept we analyze the problem of determining how many joins are needed to solve a query.
The development of Q-meter methods of impedance measurement

The Q-meter (or magnification factor meter) has become the recognized instrument for all kinds of r.f. impedance measurement. The resonant measuring circuit which forms the basis of such instruments may be excited from the oscillator source in different ways. In this paper, instruments have been classified into low-impedance and high-impedance injection types, according to the systems employed. The low-impedance resistance injection type has proved very satisfactory for use at frequencies below about 20 Mc/s. The various causes of error have been analysed and the difficulties of design for accuracy at the higher frequencies outlined. An instrument based on a novel principle of high-impedance injection has been developed, and it is possible to extend the range of accurate measurement to the region of 150 Mc/s. Slightly different technique is necessary when using the new principle, and illustrations of the use for various classes of measurement are given. A section of the paper is devoted to the definition of Q and the relationship between the quantities obtained on differing bases clarified. It is shown that the definitions of Q by frequency selectivity, by decrement, or by relation between energy storage and mean rate of dissipation are equivalent in the general case of a resonant system at a simple resonance. The essential difference between Q-value and magnification factor, as measured by a Q-meter, is discussed in detail.
A case for caching file objects inside internetworks

This paper presents evidence that several, judiciously placed file caches could reduce the volume of FTP traffic by 42%, and hence the volume of all NSFNET backbone traffic by 21%. In addition, if FTP client and server software automatically compressed data, this savings could increase to 27%. We believe that a hierarchical architecture of whole file caches, modeled after the existing name server's caching architecture, could become a valuable part of any internet.We derived these conclusions by performing trace driven simulations of various file caching architectures, cache sizes, and replacement policies. We collected the traces of file transfer traffic employed in our simulations on a network that connects the NSFNET backbone to a large, regional network. This particular regional network is responsible for about 5 to 7% of NSFNET traffic.While this paper's analysis and discussion focus on caching for FTP file transfer, the proposed caching architecture applies to caching objects from other internetwork services.
Sill dynamics and fjord deep water renewal: Idealized modeling study

Abstract Fjord exchange circulation and its response to abrupt changes in forcing is examined by means of an idealized modeling experiment. Puget Sound, a fjord-type estuary in western North America (State of Washington), is the main context for this study. Parameters of the idealized model are representative of the entrance sill at Admiralty Inlet and the Main Basin of Puget Sound. Sensitivity to some of the model parameters relevant to a 3D realistic model is discussed. An idealized tidal forcing with fortnightly modulation drives a qualitatively realistic cycle of exchange circulation while the other boundary conditions are kept fixed in time. The cycle is characterized by fortnightly pulses of deep water intrusions with a sharp front at the leading edge and reversed circulation cells below the sill depth developing between the intrusions. This basic state is then perturbed and response of the circulation to abrupt changes in oceanic salinity and river discharge is examined.
Cotton Covered Nylon-Core Yarns and Greige Fabrics

Physical and mechanical properties of some specific cotton-rich, high tenacity, nylon- core yams and greige fabrics developed for military protective clothing are described. The core yams were produced on a modified ring spinning frame, and the fabrics were woven on a conventional dobby loom. The core yams and the fabrics developed from them contained approximately 70% cotton as cover and 30% high tenacity nylon filament as core. The core yams were about 25% stronger than comparable 70/30 cotton/nylon staple intimate blend or all-cotton yams, and the developmental greige fabrics were over 30% stronger. The developmental fabrics, after special finishing, may provide adequate flame retardancy as well as high strength retention. Properties of the finished fabrics will be reported separately.
An Infrared Investigation of the Structure of Langmuir-Blodgett Films of Dimethyldioctadecylammonium Bromide (DDOAB) on Silicon in Water

Abstract ATR FTIR spectroscopy has been used to study the structure of Langmuir-Blodgett DDOAB films deposited on a silicon ATR crystal. At 25°C the DDOAB film in contact with water is almost crystalline. With increasing temperature, from 25 to 50°C, the order parameter of the film decreases almost linearly and equals zero above the chain-melting temperature of 54°C. These results may be useful for understanding the origin of the forces between hydrophobic solids in water.
A compactness theorem for a fully nonlinear Yamabe problem under a lower Ricci curvature bound

Abstract We prove compactness of solutions of a fully nonlinear Yamabe problem satisfying a lower Ricci curvature bound, when the manifold is not conformally diffeomorphic to the standard sphere. This allows us to prove the existence of solutions when the associated cone Γ satisfies μ Γ + ⩽ 1 , which includes the σ k -Yamabe problem for k not smaller than half of the dimension of the manifold.
Lithium-aluminum-carbonate-hydroxide hydrate coatings on aluminum alloys: Composition, structure, and processing bath chemistry

A new corrosion resistant coating, being designed for possible replacement of chromate conversion coatings on aluminum alloys, was investigated for composition, structure, and solubility using a variety of techniques. The stoichiometry of the material, prepared by immersion of 1100 Al alloy into a lithium carbonate-lithium hydroxide solution, was approximately Li2Al4CO3(OH)12 · 3H2O. Processing time was shown to be dependent upon the bath pH, and consistent coating formation required supersaturation of the coating bath with aluminum. The exact crystal structure of this hydrotalcite material, hexagonal or monoclinic, was not determined. It was shown that both the bulk material and coatings with the same nominal composition and crystal structure could be formed by precipitation from an aluminum supersatured solution of lithium carbonate.
Functional redundancy in heterogeneous environments: implications for conservation

It has been argued that one of the best ways to conserve biological diversity is to maintain the integrity of functional processes within communities, and this can be accomplished by assessing how much ecological redundancy exists in communities. Evidence suggests, however, that the functional roles species play are subject to the influences of local environmental conditions. Species may appear to perform the same function (i.e. be redundant) under a restricted set of conditions, yet their functional roles may vary in naturally heterogeneous environments. Incorporating the environmental context into ecological experiments would provide a critical perspective for examining functional redundancy among species.