cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Zincosilicate CIT-6: A Precursor to a Family of *BEA-Type Molecular Sieves

Zincosilicate CIT-6 (California Institute of Technology number 6) that has the *BEA-type structure is synthesized at hydrothermal conditions in the presence of tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAOH), Li+, and Zn2+. As opposed to zeolite beta, TEA cations can be easily extracted with acetic acid containing solution from CIT-6 because the interaction between the TEA cations and CIT-6 framework is weak. The extraction at 135 °C simultaneously removes TEA cations and zinc and forms a highly hydrophobic Si−CIT-6 with very little defects. Al-containing CIT-6 can be prepared by either extracting TEA cations from as-made Al-containing CIT-6 or inserting aluminum into CIT-6 extracted at 60 °C. 29Si NMR and water adsorption data indicate that the aluminum-containing materials are different from zeolite beta prepared via direct synthesis. CIT-6 is thus shown to be a useful precursor to prepare a wide range of new molecular sieve materials that are of the *BEA type.
Interleukin-10 inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced upregulation of tissue factor in canine peripheral blood monocytes.

Abstract The potentially fatal hemostatic disorder of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is initiated in bacterial sepsis by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tissue factor (TF) expression on monocytes. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a potent inhibitory cytokine that downregulates monocyte inflammatory and procoagulant responses. We hypothesized that canine recombinant IL-10 ( r IL-10) would inhibit LPS-induced TF upregulation on canine monocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), obtained by double-density gradient centrifugation, and monocytes, purified from PBMC by immunomagnetic bead separation with an anti-canine CD14 antibody (Ab), were stimulated in suspension with LPS (0.1–1000 ng/mL) for various times. Recombinant IL-10 (10–5000 pg/mL) was added with LPS or up to 2 h later. Tissue factor procoagulant activity was measured by cleavage of a chromogenic substrate by activated Factor X generated by the TF-factor VII complex. We found that r IL-10, when given concurrently or 1 h after LPS, strongly inhibited LPS-induced TF procoagulant activity in canine PBMC and monocytes. This inhibition was dose-dependent and blocked by an anti-canine IL-10 Ab. Our results indicate that r IL-10 effectively inhibits LPS-induced TF upregulation in canine monocytes and could potentially be useful in limiting the development of DIC in dogs with endotoxemia.
Pathophysiology of Fibromyalgia

This article reviews the biologic, genetic, and environmental factors that may contribute to the pathophysiology of fibromyalgia. As an affective spectrum disorder, fibromyalgia may share these causal factors with a number of related and co-occurring pain conditions, such as irritable bowel syndrome or temporomandibular disorder. There is strong evidence that cardinal pain symptoms of fibromyalgia may be due to alterations in central processing of sensory input, along with aberrations in the endogenous inhibition of pain. Genetic research has shown familial aggregation of fibromyalgia and other related disorders such as major depressive disorder. Exposure to physical or psychosocial stressors, as well as abnormal biologic responses in the autonomic nervous system and neuroendocrine responses, may also contribute to dysfunctional pain processing. As fibromyalgia research continues to progress, it is expected that the pathophysiology of this disorder will be further elucidated, leading to more rational and targeted strategies for the treatment of patients with this condition.
Impact of recovery on fraction unbound using equilibrium dialysis

Historically, recovery had been used to evaluate the data quality of plasma protein binding or tissue binding obtained from equilibrium dialysis assays. Low recovery was often indicative of high nonspecific binding, instability, or low solubility. This study showed that, when equilibrium was fully established in the dialysis assay, low recovery due to nonspecific binding had no impact on the determination of fraction unbound. The conclusion was supported by the principles of the equilibrium dialysis assay, experimental data, and mathematic simulations. The results suggested that the use of recovery as an acceptance criterion for the equilibrium dialysis assay in drug discovery was too restrictive, and introduced the additional burden of repeating studies unnecessarily.
An expert system framework for automated storage and retrieval system control

Abstract Expert systems (ESs) have demonstrated an ability to solve difficult problems of a specific domain and achieve quality performance. Although ESs originated in medical diagnosis and chemical analysis, the technology has been applied in many different engineering problems. In this paper, an expert system framework for the control of an automated storage and retrieval system (AS/RS) is presented. The expert system based control uses a hierarchical control structure which partitions the AS/RS control decision process into strategic, tactical, and process control levels, and employs a multipass simulation technique to tactically adapt control policies to system changes. The initial results have demonstrated the ability of the system to include control flexibility to adapt the system to fluctuations in demand and maintain quality performance.
Tocopherol succinate, but not α-tocopherol or other vitamin E analogs, stimulates prolactin release from rat anterior pituitary cells in vitro

We have previously reported the isolation of a vitamin E analog ( α -tocopherol succinate) from a green barley leaf extract, which stimulates the release of prolactin and growth hormone from rat anterior pituitary cells in vitro. In the present study, we tested the commercially available forms of a-tocopherol and also succinic acid. Normal anterior pituitary cells were treated with different commercially available forms of tocopherol (100 μ g/ml) and succinic acid (50 to 100 μ g/ml). Only α -tocopherol succinate caused a significant increase ( P α -tocopherol, δ-tocopherol, α -tocopherol acetate, α -tocopherol nicotinate, succinic acid disodium salt, and succinic acid butenedoic acid did not affect the prolactin release in vitro. The data demonstrate that of all the biologically active forms of vitamin E, only α -tocopherol succinate possesses the ability to enhance anterior pituitary hormone release in vitro.
Rebate, returns and price protection policies in channel coordination

We study channel coordination policies for products subject to midlife price declines during their short product life cycles. Using a two-period supply chain model consisting of one supplier and on...
Cardiovascular complications of malignant carcinoid disease

Carcinoid tumors are endocrinologic malignancies often associated with a characteristic syndrome-the malignant carcinoid syndrome. Cardiovascular manifestations of this rare illness result from unique pathophysiologic characteristics, are associated with poor prognosis, and are difficult to treat medically. The hemodynamic consequences of this disease present unique management problems perioperatively. New pharmacologic and surgical therapies for malignant carcinoids have improved quality of life for patients to the extent that carcinoid heart disease now has more impact on morbidity and mortality rates. Cardiologists may be called on to diagnose and treat this rare cardiac disease. We review, for consulting cardiologists, the pathophysiologic characteristics, cardiovascular manifestations, and management of this disease.
Triangle rafts — extended Zachariasen schematics for structure modeling

Abstract A systematic method is described for generating arrays of triangles equivalent to extended Zachariasen schematics. The resulting “triangle rafts” are convenient tools for visualizing ideal random network structures and structural defects in a similar way to the utility of bubble rafts for demonstrating crystal structures and crystal defects. The ideal random network structure (especially the ring statistics) is conveniently characterized by a log-normal probability distribution function (PDF). Defect structures such as channels (continuous strings of large interstices) or non-bridging oxygens (in a sodium-modified glass) drive the ring statistics away from the simple log-normal PDF. For a multicomponent glass, the “clustering” of modifier ions can be visualized in the framework of a randomly generated ring structure.
Determination of stress field in buried thin pipelines resulting from ground subsidence due to longwall mining

Abstract When a pipeline is laid across a subsidence-prone area as a result of underground longwall mining, it is not always necessary to take measures to protect the full length of the pipe. In this paper, some guidelines are proposed for partial or full protection in order to prevent possible damage to the pipeline. The techniques of determining the magnitudes and locations of the maximum tensile and compressive stresses on the pipeline are developed. They are based on the assumptions that the pipelines are thin and that the ground subsidence can be predicted by the probability function integration method fairly well. Also, two computer programs are developed to assist in the determination of the optimal control parameters of a subsidence profile and to evaluate the stresses on the pipeline.
Determination of metallothionein in tissues by radioimmunoassay and by cadmium saturation method

The diversity of reported basal metallothionein (MT) values in animal tissues has made it necessary that the presently available methods be further developed and compared for their accuracy, reproducibility, sensitivity, and specificity. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) to quantitate MT in animal tissues was developed and its performance compared to that of a cadmium saturation method. The procedure is more accurate and reliable but no more time-consuming than other techniques in current use. It offers the advantages of greater specificity and sensitivity thus enabling the determination of basal levels of MT in tissues and the analysis of small samples, for example, biopsies, cultured cells, in vitro protein synthesis, etc. The use of a polyclonal antiserum is advantageous in that total MT can be determined in any tissue from a variety of animal species. Both nonspecific and specific interference in the assay can be eliminated by heat treatment of the sample followed by a short preincubation with cadmium. The sensitivity of the RIA is 10 ng MT/g tissue. The cadmium saturation assay is unsuitable for the measurement of low levels of MT due to its nonspecific nature and its detection limit (10 micrograms MT/g tissue) but it is useful where large amounts of the protein are present in a tissue. Difficulties arising in the analysis of MT by both methods are discussed and solutions are offered. The basal levels of MT in the brain, kidney, liver, lung, muscle, pancreas, small intestine, and spleen of rats are determined by RIA and are shown to be generally lower than the currently accepted values measured by other techniques.
Primary ion beam energy effects on secondary ion emission from Ni(001)c(2 × 2)-CO: Classical dynamics calculations and sims

Abstract The variation of the SIMS spectra of Ni(001)c(2 × 2)-CO induced by bombardment of Ar + primary ions with kinetic energy between 300 and 1200 eV has been examined in detail. The purpose of the study is to examine the influence of primary ion energy on a number of experimental observables and to test the accuracy of classical dynamics calculations for neutral particles in predicting the experimental results for ejected ions. The calculations were performed using two extreme forms of the Ar + -substrate interaction potential to examine the sensitivity of the results to the parameters that need to be included in the model. We find excellent agreement between the NiCO + /Ni + ion yield ratio measured between 300–1200 eV Ar + ion energy and the computational results if the Moliere form of the ion-substrate potential is used and if the calculated results are corrected by including an image force. The calculated angular distributions of the ejected particles also agree well with those observed experimentally. From the calculations we see that the extent of CO fragmentation relative to the amount of molecular CO ejection is roughly constant in the 300–1200 eV beam energy range with a slight increase seen at lower (~ 300 eV) energies. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of our ability to study the chemistry and structure of surfaces with SIMS.
Amphibians and Reptiles of the Madrean Archipelago of Arizona and New Mexico

The Madrean Archipelago in southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico consists of 22 mountain ranges south of the Mogollon Rim. Herpetofaunal lists for these ranges and a segment of the rim were constructed based on museum specimens from Madrean evergreen woodland, petran montane conifer forest, and interior chaparral. Few or no species have been recorded from these communities in the Sierrita, Little Dragoon, and Big Hatchet mountains, emphasizing the need for additional sampling in the archipelago. A total of 83 species are found in the remaining 20 ranges, with lizards (28) and snakes (35) predominating. No two mountain ranges had the same herpetofauna. Species richness varies from 15 to 44 (mean 28.1). Phenetic analyses of herpetofaunal similarity among the ranges identify three groups: a northern group with eight ranges from the Rincon Mountains to the Pinaleno Mountains to the Sierra Ancha; a southwestern group consisting of the Baboquivari, Santa Rita, Pajarito, and Patagonia mountains; and a southeastern group with seven ranges from the Huachuca and Whetstone mountains to the Animas Mountains; the Mogollon Rim segment is placed as the first “branch” of the phenogram. The analyses place the Patagonia Mountains in the SW group and the Huachuca Mountains in the SE group, although the two are connected by woodland. The Madrean line separating the northern group from the two southern groups approximates the southern limit of interior chaparral. The ranges of the southwestern group are in contact with semitropical Sonoran desert scrub at low elevations, whereas Chihuahuan desert scrub and semidesert grassland surround the southeastern ranges. With few exceptions, published studies of phylogeography within species suggest that divergence among montane populations in the archipelago does not predate the Pleistocene. Phylogeographic
Intratubular germ cell neoplasia in testicular teratomas and epidermoid cysts. Correlation with prognosis and possible biologic significance

The clinicopathologic features of 4 testicular teratomas in infants, 13 testicular epidermoid cysts in adults, and 8 pure teratomas in adults were compared. Intratubular germ cell neoplasia (ITGCN, carcinoma in situ) was observed in 88% of the teratomas in adults; 63% of the patients in this group had metastases and 37% died. No ITGCN was observed in infant testes with teratomas or adult testes with epidermoid cysts; all of the neoplasms in the latter two groups behaved as benign tumors. ITGCN is associated with malignant potential (P = 0.0004; Fisher's exact test). These tumors comprise a spectrum of clinicopathologic entities that probably reflect differences in pathogenesis.
Irreducibility in the Total Ring of Quotients

Let R be a ring whose total ring of quotients Q is von Neumann regular. We investigate the structure of R when it admits an ideal that is irreducible as a submodule of the total ring of quotients. We characterize those rings which contain a maximal ideal that is irreducible in its total ring of quotients Q. An integral domain has a Q-irreducible ideal which is a maximal ideal if and only if R is a valuation domain. We show that when the total ring of quotients of R is von Neumann regular, then having a maximal ideal that is Q-irreducible is equivalently to certain valuation like properties, including the property that the regular ideals are linearly ordered.
Building Kinship and Community: Relational Processes of Bicultural Identity Among Adult Multiracial Adoptees

To read this article's abstract in both Spanish and Mandarin Chinese, please visit the article's full-text page on Wiley InterScience (http://interscience.wiley.com/journal/famp). This study uses the case of transracially adopted multiracial adults to highlight an alternative family context and thus process of African American enculturation. Interpretive analyses of interviews with 25 adult multiracial adoptees produced 4 patterns in their bicultural identity formation: (1) claiming whiteness culturally but not racially, (2) learning to “be Black”—peers as agents of enculturation, (3) biological pathways to authentic Black kinship, and (4) bicultural kinship beyond Black and White. Conceptualizing race as an ascribed extended kinship network and using notions of “groundedness” from bicultural identity literature, the relational aspects of participants' identity development are highlighted. Culturally relevant concepts of bicultural identity are proposed for practice with multiracial adoptees who have multiple cultures of origin and for whom White mainstream culture is transmitted intrafamilially as a first culture. RESUMEN En este estudio se utiliza el caso de personas multirraciales adoptadas interracialmente para destacar un contexto familiar alternativo y, por consiguiente, un proceso de endoculturacion afronorteamericana. Los analisis interpretativos de entrevistas con 25 adultos multirraciales adoptados presentaron cuatro patrones en su formacion de identidad bicultural: (1) declararse blancos culturalmente pero no racialmente, (2) aprender a “ser negros” (pares como agentes de endoculturacion), (3) busqueda biologica del parentesco negro autentico, y (4) parentesco bicultural mas alla de la raza negra y blanca. Se destacan los aspectos relacionales del desarrollo de la identidad de los participantes mediante la conceptualizacion de la raza como una red extendida de parentescos atribuidos y la utilizacion de nociones de “groundedness” (“sentirse conectado”) tomadas de la literatura de identidad bicultural. Se proponen conceptos de identidad bicultural relevantes culturalmente para poner en practica con personas multirraciales adoptadas que tienen varias culturas de origen, y para quienes la cultura blanca dominante se transmite intrafamiliarmente como primera cultura. Palabras clave: Adopcion interracial; socializacion bicultural; persona multirracial; identidad; “sentirse conectado” culturalmente; endoculturacion
Immediacy in the classroom: Student immediacy

A body of literature produced through the decades overwhelmingly supports the assertion that nonverbal immediacy plays a vital role in communication. The present study reviewed a substantial portion of the nonverbal immediacy research focusing primarily on communication in the classroom. Research has shown that teacher nonverbal immediacy in the classroom context produces positive learning outcomes for students. The present study examined perceived student nonverbal immediacy behaviors in the classroom with regard to their potential relationship with teachers level of positive affect toward those students. The results of this research found that teachers who perceived their students to be more nonverbally immediate with them in their classrooms expressed more positive affect for the students than did teachers who perceived their students as engaging in less nonverbally immediate behaviors.
Species-specific perceptual processing of vocal sounds by monkeys

Monkeys of four species were trained to discriminate between sets of natural tonal calls of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) by the position of a frequency-inflection peak or by initial pitch. The Japanese macaques consistently performed best on peak position and the other species on pitch. The results imply special strategies for perceptional processing of vocal sounds and suggest parallels with human speech perception.
Management of the Maxilla After Alveolar Ridge Augmentation With Hydroxylapatite When Opposed by Mandibular Implants

Maxillary ridge augmentation and vestibuloplasty are often adjuncts to mandibular implant reconstructions. Careful management of the augmented ridge after surgery is critical to the success of the maxillary prosthesis and osseointegration of the mandibular implant. A technique is described for alteration of an existing maxillary complete denture after ridge augmentation. Precautions regarding prosthesis function during the osseointegration phase of different types of mandibular reconstructions are noted. Technique and rationale for denture flange modification when a prosthesis is rebased for a patient who received simultaneous vestibuloplasty and ridge augmentation are described.
Osmotically driven intracellular transport phenomena

A theory of cell–volume response to abrupt or gradual changes in extracellular osmotic conditions is outlined. The coupled transport of water and impermeable and semipermeable solutes is considered. Semipermeable solutes, including relatively small lipophilic molecules, like glycerol or urea, are permitted to absorb to the membranes of internal organelle bodies, where they diffuse with a configuration–specific lateral diffusion coefficient. Impermeable solutes (such as salts) are excluded from internal organelles, resulting in a significant osmotically inactive cell–volume fraction. Cell–volume expansion or contraction in response to anisosmotic conditions is shown to depend strongly on the internal absorption behaviour of semipermeable solutes, as well as upon membrane permeation parameters. The results of the analysis lay the foundations for accurate determination of membrane permeability variables, of importance to a variety of cellular transport processes, including those involved in cell cryopreservation.
An inertial navigation system for small autonomous underwater vehicles

A Small AUV Navigation System (SANS) is being developed at the Naval Postgraduate School. The SANS is an integrated GPS/inertial navigation system composed of low-cost, small-size components. It is designed to demonstrate the feasibility of using a low-cost inertial measurement unit to navigate between intermittent GPS fixes. This paper reports recent improvements to the SANS hardware, latest testing results and development of an asynchronous Kalman filter for improved position estimation.
Zipping up fullerenes into polymers using rhodium(II) acetate dimer and N(CH2CH2)2NC60 as building blocks

The reaction of Rh2(O2CCH3)4 with the functionalized fullerene N(CH2CH2)2NC60 can produce a linear, crystalline polymer or can trap free C60 or C70 molecules between similar chains.
Postmenopausal Estrogen Therapy (ET) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD): Effect modificiation by smoking

Purpose To investigate the association between ET and AD in postmenopausal women using a population-based case-control study design. Methods Case patients were all postmenopausal women who developed AD from 1985–1989 in Rochester, MN (n = 277). One control subject from the same population and free of dementia was matched to each case patient by age (± 1 year; n = 277). Estrogen exposure was defined as any form of estrogen (oral, parenteral, topical, suppository) used for at least 6 months after the onset of menopause and before the year of onset of AD (or corresponding year in matched control subject). A history of ET, duration of use, and cumulative dose was ascertained by a detailed review of the complete medical records archived in the records linkage system of the Rochester Epidemiology Project. Results Among women with natural menopause, the frequency of ET use (≥6 months) was similar in AD cases (11.6%) and controls (14.3%; OR = 0.80; 95% CI = 0.45 to 1.41). However, among women treated with ET, cases had an earlier age at start of treatment (median = 50 versus 53 years; p = 0.05), and a shorter lag time between menopause and initiation of ET (median = 1 years versus 4 years; p = 0.11) than controls. Smoking (ever vs. never) was not associated with the risk of AD overall; however, we observed an interaction between smoking and ET. The OR for AD in ET users was 1.93 (95% CI = 0.65 to 5.74) among smokers, but was 0.54 (95% CI = 0.27 to 1.09) in non-smokers (p value for interaction = 0.06). For women who never smoked, the inverse association of ET with AD reached statistical significance for duration of ET longer than 3 years (OR = 0.33; 95% CI = 0.12 to 0.95). The possible interaction with smoking was also observed with cumulative dose of ET. Conclusion Although we failed to show a significant overall association between ET and AD, our findings suggest that early ET use may predict AD in postmenopausal women. In addition, our findings suggest that ET may be protective for AD in women who have never been smokers.
Long term consumption of flaxseed enriched diet decreased ovarian cancer incidence and prostaglandin E2 in hens

Abstract Objective Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy. Prevention may be the best approach to reduce ovarian cancer. Flaxseed is the richest vegetable source of omega-3 fatty acids which may be effective in the prevention of ovarian cancer. Prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) is the most pro-inflammatory ecoisanoid and one of the downstream products of two isoforms of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes: COX-1 and COX-2. Our objective was to determine if long-term consumption of a flaxseed enriched diet decreased ovarian cancer severity and incidence in the laying hen and to investigate its potential correlation with the expression of COX enzymes and PGE 2 concentration. Methods White Leghorn hens were fed 10% flaxseed-enriched or standard diet for 4years. The severity and incidence of ovarian cancer were determined by gross pathology and histology. COX-1 and COX-2 protein and mRNA expression and PGE 2 concentrations in ovaries were measured by Western blot, quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA, respectively. Results The results demonstrated that there was a reduction in ovarian cancer severity and incidence in hens fed flaxseed diet. In correlation with decreased ovarian cancer severity and incidence, concentration of PGE 2 and expression of COX-2 were diminished in ovaries of hens fed flaxseed. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the lower levels of COX-2 and PGE 2 are the main contributing factors in the chemo-suppressive role of long-term flaxseed consumption in ovarian cancer in laying hens. These findings may provide the basis for clinical trials of dietary intervention targeting prostaglandin biosynthesis for the prevention and treatment of ovarian cancer.
Locke's Political Anthropology and Lockean Individualism

Locke's anthropological accounts do not depict isolated individuals whose behavior is governed by rational calculations of their interests. He is not an "atomistic" individualist; he acknowledges what communitarian critics of liberalism claim that liberals do not acknowledgethe extent to which men are social beings. Nonetheless, his political theory is individualistic as a normative theory of individual natural rights. Locke seeks to combat authoritarianism by altering the relation between admittedly powerful social forces and political rights. The combination of his individualistic political theory and his recognition of the anthropological record of traditional authority gives rise to difficulties in his work concerning consent, the rule of law, and party politics. Locke was fascinated with travelers' accounts of exotic places, and his library contained a substantial collection of travel journals (Dunn, 1967, n. 77; Laslett, 1963, pp. 149-61). He was interested in tales of the lives and customs of primitive peoples, but not merely as a collector of exotic facts. He made use of this material in two important disputes: first, he used the variety of forms of early political organization as evidence against the patriarchalists, and second, he used the variety of customs to be found in different societies as evidence against the doctrine of innate ideas. In the political dispute, Locke's anthropological evidence illustrates how political societies develop from pre-political family groups.' In the epistemological dispute, the anthropological evidence serves to show not only the variety of customs to be found in different societies, but also the strength of custom everywhere in shaping the opinions that govern men's behavior. In neither case does Locke's anthropology depict isolated individuals whose behavior is governed by rational calculations of their interests. Instead, Locke's descriptions of primitive societies acknowledge the strength of traditional social bonds and of traditional social norms in our common life. Yet Locke is generally characterized both as a political individualist and as a kind of intellectual individualist, an advocate of the independent use of the faculty of reason against * An earlier version of this paper was delivered at the American Political Science Association
Xylazine-induced Hyperglycemia in Cattle: A Possible Involvement of a2-Adrenergic Receptors Regulating Insulin Release

The mechanism by which xylazine raises plasma glucose but lowers insulin concentrations was examined in Holstein cows. Intravenous injection of xylazine (15–150 μg/kg) induced a dose-dependent hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia for 3–4 h. An α2-adrenergic blocking agent, yohimbine, and an α1 and α2-adrenergic blocking agent, phentolamine, at 500 μg/ kg each reduced or abolished xylazine-induced hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia. The α1-adrenergic blocking agents, prazosin and phenoxybenzamine, at 500 μg/kg each did not exert such antagonism. Prazosin at the dose studied even prolonged xylazine-induced hypoinsulinemia. The α-adrenergic blocking agents alone at 500 μg/kg each did not change either plasma glucose or insulin concentrations. The present study suggests that xylazineinduced hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia are mediated by α2-adrenergic receptors, possibly in β-cells of pancreatic islets which inhibit the release of insulin. The present study further suggests the use of xylazine as a pharmacologi...
Cost analysis of the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program: selected states, 2003 to 2004.

BACKGROUND. The National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP) was established by the U.S. Congress in 1990. In recent years, there has been an emphasis on ascertaining the NBCCEDP's costs of delivering screening and diagnostic services to medically underserved, low-income women. The objective of this report was to address 3 economic questions: What is the cost per woman served in the program, what is the cost per woman served by program component, and what is the cost per cancer detected through the program? METHODS. The authors developed a questionnaire to systematically collect activity-based costs on screening for breast and cervical cancer from 9 participating programs. The questionnaire was developed based on well established methods of collecting cost data for program evaluation. Data were collected from July 2003 through June 2004. RESULTS. With in-kind contributions, the cost of screening services to women in 9 programs was estimated at $555 per woman served. Without in-kind contributions, this cost was $519. Among the program components, screening and coalitions/partnerships accounted for the highest and lowest cost per woman served, respectively. The median cost of screening a woman for breast cancer was $94, and the cost per breast cancer detected was $10,566. For cervical cancer, these costs were $56 and $13,340, respectively. CONCLUSIONS. Costs per woman served, screened, and cancers detected are needed for programs to accurately determine the resources required to reach and screen eligible women. With limited program resources, these cost estimates can provide useful information to assist programs in planning and implementing cost-effective activities that could maximize the allocation of program resources. Cancer 2008. Published 2007 by the American Cancer Society
Laparoscopic assisted ERCP in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery patients

Performing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in patients with prior Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery is challenging. Despite advancements in endoscopic technology, reaching the duodenum and entering the bile duct is still difficult. Laparoscopic assisted ERCP (LAERCP) allows the duodenum to be accessed through the excluded stomach. The objective of this study is to evaluate the success rates and complications in patients with prior RYGB anatomy who underwent LAERCP in a tertiary care center. Consecutive patients undergoing LAERCP between 2005 and 2010 were used for this study. Biliary/pancreatic cannulation, endoscopic/laparoscopic interventions, postprocedure complications, postprocedure hospital stay, and procedure time were observed in this study. Fifteen patients with post-RYGB surgery underwent LAERCP. Endoscopic antegrade access to the papilla was achieved through the gastric remnant in all. Cannulation and interventions in the pancreaticobiliary tree were successful in all cases. Therapeutic interventions included biliary sphincterotomy in 14 and pancreatic sphincterotomy in two patients. There were no postoperative complications related to the endoscopic portion of the procedure. The mean duration of the procedure and the median postprocedure hospital stay were 45 min and 2 days, respectively. Laparoscopic assisted ERC is a useful approach in the diagnosis and treatment of pancreaticobiliary conditions in patients with RYGB.
Kindling does not cause persistent changes in firing rates or transmitter sensitivities of substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons.

Abstract These studies were undertaken to determine whether the kindling process induces persistent alterations in the functional status of neurons of the substantia nigra pars reticulata, a brain area identified previously as a site important in regulating the expression of generalized motor seizures. Extracellular, single-unit recordings of pars reticulata neurons were made in chloral hydrate-anesthetized, fully kindled rats (2–3 weeks after the last seizure), or unkindled control rats of the same age and weight. Kindling caused no alterations in several electrophysiological parameters examined. For instance, neither the number of active pars reticulata cells encountered, nor their firing rates, were significantly different between kindled and control groups. In addition, kindling failed to alter the sensitivities of pars reticulata neurons to iontophoretic application of two inhibitory transmitters, γ-aminobutyric acid and glycine, and two transmitters that excite these cells, glutamate and acetylcholine. These results suggest that while kindling produces enduring increases in seizure susceptibility, it causes no persistent interictal changes in either basal activity or several measures of transmitter sensitivity of substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons.
From mechanism to mouse: a tale of two bioorthogonal reactions.

Bioorthogonal reactions are chemical reactions that neither interact with nor interfere with a biological system. The participating functional groups must be inert to biological moieties, must selectively reactive with each other under biocompatible conditions, and, for in vivo applications, must be nontoxic to cells and organisms. Additionally, it is helpful if one reactive group is small and therefore minimally perturbing of a biomolecule into which it has been introduced either chemically or biosynthetically. Examples from the past decade suggest that a promising strategy for bioorthogonal reaction development begins with an analysis of functional group and reactivity space outside those defined by Nature. Issues such as stability of reactants and products (particularly in water), kinetics, and unwanted side reactivity with biofunctionalities must be addressed, ideally guided by detailed mechanistic studies. Finally, the reaction must be tested in a variety of environments, escalating from aqueous medi...
Evaluation of TRICAL-336 Triticale, Maton Rye and Kentucky-31 Fescue as Winter Pasture for Meat Goats.

ABSTRACT Because of their cold tolerance and double-cropping potential, small grains such as triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) and rye (Secale cereale) can play an important role in sustainable agriculture in Tennessee. A grazing trial was conducted to evaluate TRICAL-336 (triticale), Maton (rye) and Kentucky-31 fescue (control) for meat goats. Maton and TRICAL-336 were 78 and 74% higher in crude protein, 33 and 44% lower in acid-detergent fiber, and 49 and 51% lower in neutral-detergent fiber, respectively, than Kentucky-31. Net energy, total digestible nutrient, relative feed value, Ca, Mg, K and P contents were also significantly higher (P < 0.01) for Maton and TRICAL-336. Average daily gain and live weight gain per ha of does grazing Maton (74.0 g d−1 and 12.38 kg ha−1) and TRICAL-336 (78.9 g d−1 and 11.77 kg ha−1, respectively) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of Kentucky-31 does which lost weight (−19.4 g d−1 and −2.6 kg ha−1, respectively) during the same period. Boneless major ret...
Traveling planetary waves in the stratosphere

This paper reviews the theory and observations of some traveling planetary waves in the stratosphere. Two categories of waves which appear prominently in the literature are discussed: westward propagating waves of periods in the range 3–7 days (the ‘5-day wave’) and in the range 10–20 days (the ‘16-day wave’). Although the observations seem to indicate that these waves are waves of the Rossby type (planetary waves), the evidence is less clear regarding (1) the question of whether these waves are forced internal waves or free (resonant) external waves, and (2) the identification of the observed waves with specific theoretical waves of the Rossby type. When recent observations are compared with theory, the evidence seems to favor the notion that the 5-day and 16-day waves of longitudinal wave number 1 may be identified, respectively, with the gravest and next gravest symmetric free Rossby modes. However, the observational evidence seems to be less clear regarding the nature of the 16-day wave than the 5-day wave.
Functional interactions between Lmo2, the Arf tumor suppressor, and Notch1 in murine T-cell malignancies

LMO2 is a target of chromosomal translocations in T-cell tumors and was activated by retroviral vector insertions in T-cell tumors from X-SCID patients in gene therapy trials. To better understand the cooperating genetic events in LMO2-associated T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), we investigated the roles of Arf tumor suppressor loss and Notch activation in murine models of transplantation. Lmo2 overexpression enhanced the expansion of primitive DN2 thymocytes, eventually facilitating the stochastic induction of clonal CD4+/CD8+ malignancies. Inactivation of the Arf tumor suppressor further increased the self-renewal capacity of the primitive, preleukemic thymocyte pool and accelerated the development of aggressive, Lmo2-induced T-cell lympholeukemias. Notch mutations were frequently detected in these Lmo2-induced tumors. The Arf promoter was not directly engaged by Lmo2 or mutant Notch, and use of a mouse model in which activation of a mutant Notch allele depends on previous engagement of the Arf promoter revealed that Notch activation could occur as a subsequent event in T-cell tumorigenesis. Therefore, Lmo2 cooperates with Arf loss to enhance self-renewal in primitive thymocytes. Notch mutation and Arf inactivation appear to independently cooperate in no requisite order with Lmo2 overexpression in inducing T-ALL, and all 3 events remained insufficient to guarantee immediate tumor development.
Circulating IgSF proteins inhibit adhesion of antibody targeted microspheres to endothelial inflammatory ligands.

Proposed methods for detecting circulatory system disease include targeting ultrasound contrast agents to inflammatory markers on vascular endothelial cells. For antibody-based therapies, soluble forms of the targeted adhesion proteins of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) reduce adhesion yet were left unaccounted in prior reports. Microspheres labeled simply with a maximum level of antibodies can reduce the diagnostic sensitivity by adhering to proteins expressed normally at a low level, while sparsely coated particles may be rendered ineffective by circulating soluble forms of the targeted proteins. A new microdevice technique is applied to simultaneously measure the adhesion profile to a series of IgSF-protein-coated surfaces. In this investigation, we quantify the in vitro binding characteristics of 5-μm microspheres to oriented intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) protein-coated surfaces in the presence of human serum at physiological concentrations. Defined regions of a slide were coated with recombinant chimeric Fc-human ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in variable ratios but constant total concentration. Monoclonal human anti-ICAM-1 or anti-VCAM-1 antibodies in competition with non-binding mouse anti-rabbit antibodies coat the microsphere surface at a constant surface density with variable yet controlled surface activities. Using multiple slide surface IgSF protein and microsphere antibody concentrations, an adhesion profile was developed for the microspheres with and without IgSF proteins from human serum, which demonstrated that exposure to serum reduced microsphere binding, on average, more than 50% compared to the no-serum condition.. The serum effects were limited to antibodies on the microsphere, since binding inhibition was reversed after rinsing serum from the system and fresh antibody-coated microspheres were introduced. This analysis quantifies the binding effects of soluble IgSF proteins from human serum on antibody-based targeted ultrasound detection and drug delivery methods.
Discriminative stimulus properties of pizotifen maleate (BC105): a putative serotonin antagonist.

Rats were trained to discriminate the putative serotonin (5-HT) antagonist, pizotifen maleate (BC105), from saline using a two-lever drug discrimination paradigm. Pizotifen maleate (6 mg/kg, 14.6 μmol/kg, IP) or saline was administered 55 min prior to the operant training session. The pizotifen discriminative stimulus (DS) had a rapid onset (less than 7 min) and was of long duration. The pizotifen DS was dose dependent. The pizotifen DS did not generalize to the putative 5-HT antagonists, methiothepin, xylamidine, and cinanserin. Partial generalization was observed to methysergide and metergoline, and complete generalization to cyrproheptadine and the phenothiazine antihistamine, promethazine. The pizotifen DS failed to generalize to the antipsychotic chlorpromazine, the ethanolamine antihistamine diphenhydramine, the CNS stimulant, d-amphetamine, and the putative 5-HT agonists, LSD and quipazine. LSD and quipazine failed to antagonize the pizotifen DS. The results of this study suggest that different DS properties are associated with the different putative 5-HT antagonists and that pizotifen and cyproheptadine, in addition to their reported 5-HT antagonist properties, share a common property that is also associated with promethazine, probably involving antihistaminergic activity.
Sensitivity of simulated salinity in a three‐dimensional ocean model to upper ocean transport of salt from sea‐ice formation

We show that explicit representation of sinking of salt rejected during sea-ice formation dramatically improves simulated salinity in an ocean general circulation model (OGCM). In our “control” simulation, rejected salt goes into the top model layer, and simulated salinities are typical of OGCMs: the deep ocean is too fresh, and the intermediate-depth salinity minimum associated with Antarctic Intermediate Water is absent. These problems are eliminated in our “test” simulation, in which we distribute rejected salt uniformly over the upper 160 m. Also, the strength of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current is more realistic in this simulation. These results show the need for, but do not provide, a better representation of sinking of rejected salt. The sensitivity of our model to sinking of rejected salt suggests that a similar sensitivity may exist in the real ocean, and that loss of Antarctic sea ice might have major effects.
Carotid dissection and stroke after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy

Carotid dissection and cerebral infarction are extremely rare complications of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. We describe a 12-year-old boy who presented with a right internal carotid dissection and right middle cerebral artery infarction, associated with tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. We discuss the risk factors that may predispose patients to these complications.
Solar energy and the steam Rankine cycle for driving and assisting heat pumps in heating and cooling modes

Abstract Various methods for reducing the purchased, resource energy consumption of vapor-compression heat pumps in both heating and cooling modes are analyzed and compared to conventional systems. The results are presented in detailed system analysis curves for the relevant range of major design parameters. One of the methods studied is the application of a solar-powered, fuel-superheated Rankine cycle incorporating a steam turbine. This cycle would drive the heat pump in the cooling mode. Fuel-fired, it would drive the heat pump in the heating mode, with system performance augmented by utilizing the waste heat from the cycle, as well as by solar energy. In the cooling mode, resource energy savings of 50–60% are obtained. In the heating mode, resource energy use is reduced 3 to 4 fold.
Extension growth and cold hardening of young ‘Valencia’ orange trees sprayed with AMO-1618

Rate of extension growth, as measured by height, of 2-month-old ‘Valencia’ orange trees (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) on rough lemon rootstock (C. limon Burm. f.) was reduced to 0.5 mm from 5.0 mm day−1 with 0.1% (w/v) sprays of the growth retardant AMO-1618 (4 hydroxy-5-isopropyl-2-methyl phenyl trimethyl-ammonium chloride, 1 piperdine carboxylate) every 2 weeks during 11 weeks under natural daylight in a glasshouse. Trees sprayed with AMO-1618 were 10-fold shorter, more compact in appearance, and leaves were greener and more oval shaped than those on untreated trees. There was no ‘chemical burn’. AMO-1618-sprayed trees were more cold hardy than untreated trees during controlled-temperature, cold-hardening regimes. Alone, AMO-1618 had no effect on freeze tolerance at -5.5° C. AMO-1618 also was associated with greater tree tolerance to freeze injury determined by O2 uptake in ‘Valencia’ leaves to as low as -6.7° C.
Analysis of prognostic factors impacting oncologic outcomes after neoadjuvant tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy for gastrointestinal stromal tumors.

Background Management of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) has been transformed with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). While data on optimal duration of adjuvant imatinib remains elusive, guidelines for administration of neoadjuvant TKIs remain unknown.