cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Benzene oxidation perturbed by NO2 addition

By altering the O, H and OH radical concentrations through the addition of NO2 to benzene oxidation studies in a flow reactor, it has been shown that the predominate route to the formation of the important intermediate phenoxy radical is by the reaction of phenyl with O2. These studies have also shown that O atom addition to benzene to form phenol which then reacts with radicals is not an important route to the formation of phenoxy. Further, the fate of the cyclopentadienyl radical, another important intermediate, has been shown to be determined not by reactions with O2, but with members of the OH, H and O radical pool.
Stereo-photogrammetry for the determination of patient surface geometry.

A stereo‐photographic system has been developed with which surface contours of a human subject may be obtained rapidly and objectively. Nonmetric cameras are used and the results are obtained from direct measurements of the photographs. Software has been developed for interpretation of the photographic data with the asistance of a small computer and desk‐top digitizer such as those routinely used in radiotherapytreatment planning. With this system the coordinates of a point on the subject may be determined with an accuracy of ±1–2 mm.
A developmental and cross-cultural study of the influences of rule structure and problem composition on the learning of conceptual classifications

Abstract Five experiments were conducted permitting direct comparisons in the way S s of different ages and cultures solved conceptual problems. One group of problems (Traditional) could be solved using a reference rule of conjunction or disjunction. Another group of problems (Intradimensional) could be solved either by one of the reference rules, or by a structurally simpler rule. Analysis of American performance confirmed that older S s not only solved using the simpler rule more often than younger S s, but when they did so they solved faster. For both American age groups, solution using the simpler rule led to no difference in performance between conjunctive and disjunctive Intradimensional problems. Conjunction proved easier than disjunction only for the Traditional problems. Unlike Americans, the Kpelle of Liberia did not solve using the simpler rule, and found conjunction easier than disjunction for both Traditional and Intradimensional problems. When a memory aid was provided the Kpelle showed a pattern of performance exactly like Americans.
A Scalable Datalogging System with Serial Interfaces and Integrated GPS Time Stamping

Abstract A scalable datalogging system for micrometeorological, fast-response, in situ, and remote sensing applications is presented. The system is based on a standard x86 MINI-ITX computer and the open-source operating system Linux. Real-time access for debugging and remote system control is implemented via a network interface. A 160-GB, 2.5-in. hard disk drive provides extended local storage. The recorded data can alternately be stored at a remote location using the Network File System (NFS) included in Linux. Accurate time stamping of collected data points is implemented using the open-source software Network Time Protocol (NTP) and a global positioning system (GPS) receiver. The operational capability of the system is demonstrated over a period of several weeks with data from seven ultrasonic anemometer–thermometers and a barometer.
Advanced Practice in Nursing: Conceptual Issues.

The issue of defining advanced practice nursing roles is increasingly a subject of national discussion and debate. Central to this discussion has been the issue of merging nurse practitioner (NP) and clinical nurse specialist (CNS) roles and the tendency for the term "nurse practitioner" to replace that of "clinical nurse specialist" in denotation of these roles. The authors note the lack of any attempt to use a broader conceptual approach in these discussions. In this article, the development of each role is reviewed, and the strengths and weaknesses of each role in current practice and education are evaluated. The authors conclude that inadequate justification exists for continuing both roles, but that the answer is not in simply replacing the CNS with the NP. Ongoing careful and thoughtful dialogue should be used to guide the merging of these two roles.
Refiguring Authenticity in Irina Liebmann’s Biography Wäre es schön? Es wäre schön! Mein Vater Rudolf Herrnstadt

This article analyzes Irina Liebmann’s 2008 biography as it reframes the life of her father, Rudolf Herrnstadt, GDR pressman and politician. Although a departure from fictionalized treatments of his life, this biography nonetheless makes great use of the novelist’s tools to heighten our understanding of Herrnstadt. Specifically, I suggest that underlying formal and thematic approaches common to Ware es schon? and post-Holocaust literature is a shared concern for exploring notions of authenticity in historical retelling. The generational divide that demands the meticulous, critical treatment of an individual’s past simultaneously elicits questions unexplorable with authenticating facts alone. This alternative kind of authenticity admits to the value of traces that may be inconsistent with long-proclaimed truths, and to the mediated quality of evidence. This form of authenticity supports Liebmann in her quest to characterize her father’s story in terms of the world as she—both daughter and interlocutor—understands it. (MRB)
Angiogenesis is controlled by miR-27b associated with endothelial tip cells

In this issue of Blood , Biyashev and colleagues report their findings about the critical role of miR-27b in controlling endothelial tip cell fate, branching and venous specification through down-regulation of the newly described miR-27b targets, Spry2 and Dll4.[1][1] Angiogenesis is a fundamental
Surface stresses in atomic reconstructions of lead on silicon (111)

Abstract We have measured the intrinsic surface stresses associated with reconstructions of Pb adsorbed on Si(111). By measuring the stress in two different √3 × √3 reconstructions having 1 3 and 1 6 ML Pb coverage, we find that both Pb and identical surface stresses of 1.75 ± 0.20 eV/1 × 1 cell. This value is in excellent agreement with theoretical calculations for Si adatoms in the √3 × √3 reconstruction. A comparison with calculations for Ga √3 × √3 adatoms shows that the electronic hybridization of the adsorbate atoms is more important than the adatom size in determining the surface stress. We also determine that the rotated incommensurate phase having ~ 1 ML of Pb on Si(111) has a surface stress of 1.24 ± 0.10 eV/1 × 1 cell, which is comparable to that of an incommensurate reconstruction of Ga on Si(111). The similarities in these stresses, despite differences in the two incommensurate structures, indicate that the overlayer is effectively decoupled from the substrate in both incommensurate reconstructions.
Adventure Camp Programs, Self-Concept, and Their Effects on Behavioral Problem Adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an adventure camp program on the self-concept of adolescents with behavioral problems. Subjects in the study included 61 randomly selected male and female adolescents ranging in age from 9 to 17 years with behavioral problems. The treatment group of 31 adolescents was randomly selected from a population (N = 85) of behavioral problem adolescents who voluntarily attended an adventure camp. The control group of 30 adolescents was randomly selected from a population (N = 80) that underwent treatment for behavioral problems. Analysis of variance was utilized to determine if significant differences existed between the treatment and control groups. The paired t test was utilized to determine within group differences between pretest and posttest scores on both groups. Alpha for both tests was set at the .05 level. Analysis demonstrated a significant difference between the experimental and control 9- to 11-year-old age group's self-concept.
Gamma-ray mirrors for direct measurement of spent nuclear fuel

Abstract Direct measurement of the amount of Pu and U in spent nuclear fuel represents a challenge for the safeguards community. Ideally, the characteristic gamma-ray emission lines from different isotopes provide an observable suitable for this task. However, these lines are generally lost in the fierce flux of radiation emitted by the fuel. The rates are so high that detector dead times limit measurements to only very small solid angles of the fuel. Only through the use of carefully designed view ports and long dwell times are such measurements possible. Recent advances in multilayer grazing-incidence gamma-ray optics provide a possible means of overcoming this difficulty. With a proper optical and coating design, such optics can serve as a notch filter, passing only narrow regions of the overall spectrum to a fully shielded detector that does not view the spent fuel directly. We report on the design of a mirror system and a number of experimental measurements.
Population Dynamics of Woolly Apple Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) in West Virginia Apple Orchards

Woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann), populations were studied in eastern West Virginia from 1985 to 1989. In an unsprayed orchard, peak abundance of arboreal populations was 22-24 colonies per tree in early June each year. Spraying the orchard with a pyrethroid three times during 1989 had little effect on the population behavior, demonstrating the resilience of the woolly apple aphid and its natural enemy guild. Nearly 20% of the aphid colonies in June had syrphid larvae present and parasitism by Aphelinus mali (Haldeman) was > 50% in July. Age structure of arboreal woolly apple aphid colonies varied through the summer with a significant reduction in first instars in July, signaling a return of aphids to the edaphic from the arboreal environment at that time. Samples of arboreal populations were not useful for predicting year-to-year population abundance or the extent of root infestations in a managed orchard. Microhabitat preference of arboreal colonies during the spring was for wound sites and other protected feeding sites on the tree branches and trunk. Leaf axils were the predominant microhabitat (51% of the colonies observed) from the end of May through August. Cicada oviposition sites were also highly preferred, with one orchard having 98% of the colonies in cicada oviposition scars. Woolly apple aphid colonies were observed more often in wounds and protected sites on branches in sprayed orchards and in high density populations than in unsprayed or low density populations. We suggest that these protected sites act as refugia for woolly apple aphid populations in apple orchards.
Study on the Surface Infiltration Rate of Permeable Pavements

Asphalt surfaces have greatly increased the amount of pollutant-carrying runoff entering surface waters. To counteract this, permeable pavement can be installed to allow water to infiltrate, thus reducing runoff and acting as a filter. This study tested the surface infiltration rate of 27 permeable pavement sites in North Carolina, Maryland and Delaware. One of these sites in North Carolina was monitored to compare pollutant loads of asphalt runoff to those in infiltrate. Concrete grid pavers (CGP) and permeable interlocking concrete pavers (PICP) were tested with pavement ages ranging from six months to 20 years. Two infiltration tests were run on 14 CGP lots filled with sand. The initial test was on the existing condition of the surface and second test was run after the removal of the top layer of residue (1.3 - 1.9 cm) to simulate maintenance. Maintenance improved the infiltration rate on 13 of 14 sites. Analysis of the data showed that maintenance improves surface permeability at a confidence level of 99.8%. The median average infiltration rate increased from 5.0 cm/hr., for existing conditions, to 8.0 cm/hr after maintenance. Eleven PICP sites were also tested. Sites built in close proximity to loose fine particles had infiltration rates significantly less than sites free of loose fines. Averages of each condition are 60 cm/hr and 2000 cm/hr respectively. Even the minimum existing infiltration rates were comparable to those of a grassed sandy loam soil. Water quality data included in this study shows the results of six storms from June to October, 2003. With only a few storms to compare, only Zinc has been identified as having a statistically significant difference between infiltrate and runoff.
Respiratory modulation of sympathetic activity is attenuated in adult rats conditioned with chronic hypobaric hypoxia

Respiratory modulation of sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) depends on numerous factors including prior experience. In our studies, exposing naive adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats to acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH) enhanced respiratory-modulation of splanchnic SNA (sSNA); whereas conditioning them to chronic hypobaric hypoxia (CHH) attenuated modulation. Further, AIH can evoke increased SNA in the absence phrenic long-term facilitation. We hypothesized that AIH would restore respiratory modulation of SNA in CHH rats. In anesthetized, CHH-conditioned (0.5 atm, 2 wks) rats (n=16), we recorded phrenic and sSNA before during and after AIH (8% O2 for 45s every 5min for 1h). At baseline, sSNA was not modulated with respiration. The sSNA was not recruited during a single brief exposure of hypoxia nor after 10 repetitive exposures. Further, the sSNA chemoresponse was not restored 1h after completing AIH. Thus, CHH-conditioning blocked the short-term plasticity expressed in sympatho-respiratory efferent activities and this was associated with reduced respiratory modulation of sympathetic activity and with attenuation of the sympatho-respiratory chemoresponse.
High Average Power, Rare-Gas Halogen-Pumped Iodine Laser For Fusion Applications

The rare-gas halogen and diatomic halogen molecular gases are relatively efficient, narrowband radiators in the ultraviolet spectral region when excited by electron beams. We have recently demonstrated production of 1.315 micron stimulated emission in atomic iodine by photolyzing C3F7I vapor with fluorescence emission from the XeBr exciplex. The use of spontaneous and superfluorescent emission from selected rare gas halogen exciplex systems to pimp high average power atomic iodine lasers for fusion applications is explored with emphasis on the pump source kinetics in relation to amplifier design.
High frequency of K-ras mutations in pink salmon embryos experimentally exposed to Exxon valdez oil

Previous studies demonstrated reduced survivorship of pink salmon embryos from populations in Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA, that were exposed to Exxon Valdez–released oil compared with populations from matched nonoiled streams. Survivorship was also significantly decreased in embyros from lineages that were oiled in Prince William Sound and reared in clean water under controlled hatchery conditions compared with the descendants of nonoiled lineages. This suggests that the effect of oiling on pink salmon populations was persistent and could be transmitted intergenerationally. However, the ability of environmentally released oil to cause DNA sequence alterations in natural populations has yet to be demonstrated. We used polymerase chain reaction analysis to screen for alterations in the K-ras oncogene in DNA from pink salmon embryos that were exposed under controlled laboratory conditions to weathered Prudhoe Bay crude oil. Polymerase chain reaction and direct DNA sequence analyses were used to identify mutational hotspots within exons 1 and 2 of K-ras, and 3′ primer mismatch analysis was used to determine the frequency of mutations in the 40 offspring of two families of pink salmon that were experimentally exposed to oiled or clean gravel. Mutations were only observed at codons 12, 13, and 61 of K-ras, sites that are frequently mutated in animal and human tumors. All mutations resulted in deduced amino acid substitutions. As expected, in all individuals exhibiting mutations, the copy number of the normal allele exceeded that of the mutated allele. The frequencies of mutations in oiled embryos at K-ras exons 1 and 2 were 68 and 41%, respectively. K-ras mutations were not observed in siblings that were exposed to clean gravel or in the parents of the two experimental matings. These results indicate that exposure of pink salmon embryos to weathered Prudhoe Bay crude oil under controlled laboratory conditions can elicit somatic cell mutations in high frequency at mutational hotspots in genes such as K-ras. However, the frequency of these events in oiled natural populations of pink salmon and other vulnerable species in Prince William Sound and the heritability of these mutations within oiled lineages have yet to be evaluated.
Risk Factors for Tardive Dyskinesia in Adults with Intellectual Disability, Comorbid Psychopathology, and Long-Term Psychotropic Use.

Psychotropic medications are commonly used as an adjunct treatment in large-scale residential care facilities for adults with developmental disabilities. While the benefits of medication are noted, there are very severe conditions that can result from long term medication use. Tardive dyskinesia (TD) manifests as a variety of involuntary, repetitive movements caused by a history of neuroleptic medication use. Due to the serious nature of this disorder, it is necessary to find predisposing factors for TD in a population of adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities. The current study seeks to expand the literature related to TD utilizing a measure of medication side effects, the Matson evaluation of drug side effects (MEDS). Results and implications for assessment and practice are discussed.
End Effects of Rated Life Quality: The James Dean Effect

In three studies, we explored how the ending of a life influences the perceived desirability of that life. We consistently observed that participants neglected duration in judging the global quality of life. Across all the studies, the end of life was weighted heavily, producing ratings that contradict a simple hedonic calculus in which years of pleasure and pain are summed. Respondents rated a wonderful life that ended abruptly as better than one with additional mildly pleasant years (the "James Dean Effect"). Similarly, a terrible life with additional moderately bad years was rated as more desirable than one ending abruptly without those unpleasant years (the "Alexander Solzhenitsyn Effect"). Finally, embedding moderately intense years in the middle of life did not produce effects as strong as adding those years to the end of life, suggesting that a life's ending is weighted especially heavily in judging quality of life.
An outer-product decomposition algorithm for multichannel blind identification

Blind channel identification and equalization have attracted a great deal of attention due to their potential application in mobile communications and digital HDTV systems. We present a new algorithm based on channel parameter outer-product decomposition. This new algorithm can be viewed as a generalization of a proposed linear prediction algorithm. It produces more accurate channel estimates and is more robust to over-modeling errors in the channel order estimate.
Advances in the Understanding of Clinical Manifestations and Therapy of Severe Sepsis: An Update for Critical Care Nurses

Severe sepsis is a major public health concern and a burden on the healthcare system. Despite improvements in efforts to control the source of infection and increased recognition by healthcare providers of patients with the disease, the mortality rate remains unacceptably high, from 30% to 50%. The systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria are used as diagnostic indicators of sepsis when they occur in patients with known or suspected infection. The outcome of a patient with severe sepsis is often related to the occurrence of sepsis-induced multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome appears to result from a cascade of organism-related factors, inflammatory mediators, endothelial injury, disturbed hemostasis, and microcirculatory abnormalities. In patients with severe sepsis, derangements of inflammation and coagulation are tightly linked. Although numerous clinical trials focused on interventions in one or the other of the inflammatory and coagulation systems failed to show reduced mortality due to sepsis, a member of a new class of drugs called "cogins" was effective. In its active form, protein C has anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, and profibrinolytic properties that can reduce organ injury associated with severe sepsis. A recombinant form of activated protein C, drotrecogin alfa (activated), significantly reduces 28-day mortality due to all causes in patients with severe sepsis and has an acceptable safety profile. This review provides an overview of severe sepsis, highlighting recent advances in treatment of the disease and the role of critical care nurses.
Raza, género y espacio: las mujeres negras y mulatas negocian su lugar en La Habana durante la década de 1830

Black and mulatto women “negotiated” their place in Havana’s society in the 1830s and 40s. They negotiated their insertion in every space of the city, from the most public ones, like the spaces of the law, to the most intimate ones, like those forged through their own sexuality. To a great extent, these negotiations were framed within their decisive role as mediating agents between blacks and whites: as wives, lovers, teachers, wet nurses, caretakers and servants, but also as property owners, entrepreneurs and pursuers of their own legal causes. They negotiated their social and economic inclusion by means of their daily activities, often at the margins of urban regulations and social traditions. These practices engaged in a continuous and tense “dialog” with the discourses of the Creole and Peninsular modernizing elites. These reformers, who considered these women’s growing participation in the daily life of the city one of the most worrisome and disorderly elements in the city, developed strong discourses of social order and urban reforms to discipline the growing city. Many of these discourses were oriented to establish clearer and more rationalized social and racial boundaries that would try to contain, if not the activities of these women, at least their infl uence on the population. It was within this dialog, never equal and often violent, that the modern geography of Havana was drawn.
A Convenient Preparation of Phosphate Diester Monoanions

Abstract A convenient method is described for the preparation of phosphate diester monoanions. The method uses readily available starting materials and does not require the isolation and handling of highly toxic phosphate triesters. The title compounds are useful as models of aged (poisoned) acetyl cholinesterase systems.
Computer simulation of chains in solution and bulk state

Abstract We briefly describe the results of preliminary tests of Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations of static and dynamic properties of a simplified continuum model of polymer chain systems in solution and in bulk melts in the context of other studies in this field. In particular, reptation Monte Carlo studies of these continuum multichain systems at reduced chain densities of 0.3 and 0.5 for chains of up to 70 segments give the same exponent for the segment dependence as found by De Vos and Bellemans for chains on lattices.
An exact general remeshing scheme applied to physically conservative voxelization

We present an exact general remeshing scheme to compute analytic integrals of polynomial functions over the intersections between convex polyhedral cells of old and new meshes. In physics applications this allows one to ensure global mass, momentum, and energy conservation while applying higher-order polynomial interpolation. We elaborate on applications of our algorithm arising in the analysis of cosmological N-body data, computer graphics, and continuum mechanics problems.We focus on the particular case of remeshing tetrahedral cells onto a Cartesian grid such that the volume integral of the polynomial density function given on the input mesh is guaranteed to equal the corresponding integral over the output mesh. We refer to this as "physically conservative voxelization."At the core of our method is an algorithm for intersecting two convex polyhedra by successively clipping one against the faces of the other. This algorithm is an implementation of the ideas presented abstractly by Sugihara 48], who suggests using the planar graph representations of convex polyhedra to ensure topological consistency of the output. This makes our implementation robust to geometric degeneracy in the input. We employ a simplicial decomposition to calculate moment integrals up to quadratic order over the resulting intersection domain.We also address practical issues arising in a software implementation, including numerical stability in geometric calculations, management of cancellation errors, and extension to two dimensions. In a comparison to recent work, we show substantial performance gains. We provide a C implementation intended to be a fast, accurate, and robust tool for geometric calculations on polyhedral mesh elements.
Constriction of carotid arteries by urokinase-type plasminogen activator requires catalytic activity and is independent of NH2-terminal domains

Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) is expressed at increased levels in stenotic, atherosclerotic human arteries. However, the biological roles of uPA in the artery wall are poorly understood. Previous studies associate uPA with both acute vasoconstriction and chronic vascular remodeling and attribute uPA-mediated vasoconstriction to the kringle − not the catalytic − domain of uPA. We used an in-vivo uPA overexpression model to test the hypothesis that uPA-induced vasoconstriction is a reversible vasomotor process that can be prevented − and uPA fibrinolytic activity preserved − by: 1) removing the growth factor and kringle domains; or 2) anchoring uPA to the endothelial surface. To test this hypothesis we constructed adenoviral vectors that express: wild-type rabbit uPA (AduPA); a uPA mutant lacking the NH2-terminal growth-factor and kringle domains (Adu- PAdel); a mutant lacking catalytic activity (AduPAS→A), and a cell-surface anchored mutant (AdTMuPA). uPA mutants were expressed and characterised in vitro and in carotid arteries in vivo. uPAS→A had no plasminogen activator activity. Activity was similar for uPA and uPAdel, whereas AdTMuPA had only cell-associated activity. AduPAS→A arteries were not constricted. AduPA, AduPAdel, and AdTM-uPA arteries were constricted (approximately 30% smaller lumens; p≤0.008 vs. AdNull arteries). Papaverine reversed constriction of AduPA arteries. uPA-mediated arterial constriction is a vasomotor process that is mediated by uPA catalytic activity, not by the NH2-terminal domains. Anchoring uPA to the endothelial surface does not prevent vasoconstriction. uPA catalytic activity, generated by artery wall cells, may contribute to lumen loss in human arteries. Elimination of uPA vasoconstrictor activity requires concomitant loss of fibrinolytic activity.
The need for more efficient trial designs

The development lifecycle of most clinical products eventually includes the requirement of clinical trials. The objective of the clinical trials usually is the demonstration of the safety and efficacy of the product. The standard methods for sample size determination of these trials have the potential to be extremely inefficient. Adaptive techniques, in certain circumstances, have the potential to result in much more efficient designs. This would then result in the reduction of unnecessary additional exposure of study subjects to experimental products, and help minimize the costs and time to arrive at a statistically appropriate answer to the primary study questions.
Speeding up tandem mass spectrometry database search: metric embeddings and fast near neighbor search

Motivation: Due to the recent advances in technology of mass spectrometry, there has been an exponential increase in the amount of data being generated in the past few years. Database searches have not been able to keep with this data explosion. Thus, speeding up the data searches becomes increasingly important in mass-spectrometry-based applications. Traditional database search methods use one-against-all comparisons of a query spectrum against a very large number of peptides generated from in silico digestion of protein sequences in a database, to filter potential candidates from this database followed by a detailed scoring and ranking of those filtered candidates. Results: In this article, we show that we can avoid the one-against-all comparisons. The basic idea is to design a set of hash functions to pre-process peptides in the database such that for each query spectrum we can use the hash functions to find only a small subset of peptide sequences that are most likely to match the spectrum. The construction of each hash function is based on a random spectrum and the hash value of a peptide is the normalized shared peak counts score (cosine) between the random spectrum and the hypothetical spectrum of the peptide. To implement this idea, we first embed each peptide into a unit vector in a high-dimensional metric space. The random spectrum is represented by a random vector, and we use random vectors to construct a set of hash functions called locality sensitive hashing (LSH) for preprocessing. We demonstrate that our mapping is accurate. We show that our method can filter out >95.65% of the spectra without missing any correct sequences, or gain 111 times speedup by filtering out 99.64% of spectra while missing at most 0.19% (2 out of 1014) of the correct sequences. In addition, we show that our method can be effectively used for other mass spectra mining applications such as finding clusters of spectra efficiently and accurately. Contact: tingchen@usc.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Neighborhood Influences on the Academic Achievement of Extremely Low Birth Weight Children

Objective To examine neighborhood effects on academic achievement of children with extremely low birth weight (ELBW <1000g) and normal birth weight (NBW) controls. Methods The study included 183 8-year-old children with ELBW born during 1992–1995 and 176 sociodemographically similar NBW controls. Academic achievement was measured via The Woodcock–Johnson III Academic Skills Cluster. Results Children with ELBW had significantly lower achievement scores (89 � 16 vs. 97 � 13). A multilevel estimation of predictors of academic achievement revealed that neighborhood poverty was significantly associated with lower achievement ( ¼� .17; 95% CI � .3, � .05; p<.01). Additional correlates included birth weight status, male sex, and parent ratings of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms. Family characteristics included maternal education and parent protection. Conclusions Neighborhood characteristics affect academic achievement of both children with ELBW and NBW controls, over and above individual and family influences. Interventions designed to address family and neighborhood factors may potentially improve these outcomes.
Standoff Reconnaissance Imagery: Applications And Interpreter Training

High quality LOROP (Long Range Oblique Photography) cameras are appearing increasingly in the international marketplace. This paper generalizes on some of their capabilities, advantages and applications. Stress is laid on the problems of training photo interpreters to fully utilize the potential of this type of reconnaissance imagery. Results of student exercises in descriptive image analysis and mensuration are presented and discussed. Final-ly, current work on computer programing of oblioue and panoramic mensuration tasks is summarized.
The structure of personality characteristics

The problem of assessing personality in terms of objective criteria has spurred psychologists to undertake extensive methodological investigations. Essentially objective criteria are those which satisfy the demands of reliability (consistency) and validity (being related to something besides the measures themselves). In this article the author examines many ramifications of the methodological problems involved in personality assessment.
Does Whitening Happen? Distinguishing between Race and Color Labels in an African-Descended Community in Peru

Published as "Does Whitening Happen? Distinguishing between Race and Color Labels in an African-Descended Community in Peru." Tanya Golash-Boza. Social Problems. Vol. 57, No. 1 (February 2010), pp. 138-156 . © 2010 by Society for the Study of Social Problems. Copying and permissions notice: Authorization to copy this content beyond fair use (as specified in Sections 107 and 108 of the U. S. Copyright Law) for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by Society for the Study of Social Problems for libraries and other users, provided that they are registered with and pay the specified fee via Rightslink® on [Caliber (http://caliber.ucpress.net/)] or directly with the Copyright Clearance Center, http://www.copyright.com.
Second‐order kinetics of enthalpy recovery in polystyrene

Second-order kinetics were found applicable to the isothermal enthalpy release after quenching from a high temperature. The kinetic behavior was unaffected by different amounts of initial excess enthalpy. The activation enthalpy obtained from the temperature dependence of the second order rate constant was 200 kcal/mol or 837 kJ/mol which could be compared with 736 kJ/mol for volume recovery in a similar temperature range relative to Tg.
Species-Related Differences in Steroid-Binding Specificity of Glucocorticoid Receptors in Lung*

The steroid-binding affinities and specificities of pulmonary glucocorticoid receptors have been examined in different mammalian species. The receptors of all species examined are highly specific for binding glucocorticoids, the order of binding affinity being similar to the order of their biological potency. Progesterone also binds significantly to the receptors with an affinity varying between 16% and 41% of the corresponding affinity of corticosterone in different species. The affinity of triamcinolone acetonide for the receptor is highest in the rabbit, lowest in the guinea pig, and intermediate in the rat, mouse, and man, suggesting an inverse relationship between the affinity of glucocorticoids for the receptors and the level of glucocorticoids in blood. Glucocorticoid receptors of cortisol-secreting species (man, guinea pig, rabbit) bind cortisol with a much higher affinity than corticosterone, whereas glucocorticoid receptors of corticosterone-secreting species (rat, mouse) bind corticosterone with a much higher affinity than cortisol. In addition to cortisol, other 17 alpha-hydroxylated steroids also bind receptors of cortisol-secreting species with a relatively higher affinity than receptors of corticosterone-secreting species. Thus, in a given species glucocorticoid receptors seem to bind steroids better that are normally secreted by that species than steroids that are not secreted. A change in the pattern of glucocorticoids secreted during development (e.g. the rabbit fetus secretes primarily cortisol whereas the adult rabbit secretes predominantly corticosterone) is not accompanied by a corresponding change in the binding specificity of glucocorticoid receptors.
Conspiracy theories in science.

Conspiracy theories are easy to propagate and difficult to refute. Fortunately, until a decade or so ago, few serious conspiracy theories haunted the natural sciences. More recently, however, conspiracy theories have begun to gain ground and, in some cases, have struck a chord with a public already mistrustful of science and government. Conspiracy theorists—some of them scientifically trained—have claimed that the HIV virus is not the cause of AIDS, that global warming is a manipulative hoax and that vaccines and genetically modified foods are unsafe. These claims have already caused serious consequences: misguided public health policies, resistance to energy conservation and alternative energy, and dropping vaccination rates. > Responding to conspiracy theories and ‘sceptics’ draws scientists into arenas where objective information matters less than emotional appeals… Responding to conspiracy theories and ‘sceptics’ draws scientists into arenas where objective information matters less than emotional appeals, unsupported allegations and unverified speculations. Scientists are understandably reluctant to get bogged down in such debates, but they are sometimes unavoidable when scientists need to voice their concerns in the public arena. It is thus both helpful and important to understand the logic of conspiracy arguments and the best ways to respond to them. ‘Conspiracy’ is an essentially contested rhetorical concept that people apply to different events depending on their point of view (Gallie, 1964). It is almost always pejorative. The Oxford English Dictionary defines conspiracy quite loosely as “an agreement between two or more persons to do something criminal, illegal or reprehensible”. While the law can precisely define the criminal act in any conspiracy, ‘reprehensible’ is in the eye of the beholder. When Hillary Clinton protested that her husband US President Bill Clinton was the victim of a “vast right‐wing conspiracy” and US President Lyndon B. Johnson accused the media and liberal activists of a “conspiracy” …
The Many Meanings of the Placebo Effect: Where They Came From, Why They Matter

The placebo effect is variously vilified as a basis for unethical medical practice, dismissed as the ephemeral product of gullible imaginations, sanctioned as key to the clinical trials process, and romanticized as evidence of the mind's quasi-miraculous power to heal the body. These many meanings of the placebo effect exist for a reason: they are products of multiple histories whose legacies continue to be upheld by various stakeholders in debates in which placebos and their effects figure today.
Growth performance and meat yields of broiler chickens fed diets containing low and ultra-low oligosaccharide soybean meals during a 6-week production period.

Two experiments were conducted to deter- mine the effects of diets containing low oligosaccharide soybean meals (SBM) on growth performance, meat yields, and physiological variables of broilers during a 6-wk production period. In experiment 1, six hundred Ross × Ross 708 male chicks were randomly distributed to 24 floor pens (25 birds per pen; 0.09 m 2 per bird at 1 d of age). Birds were fed corn-soybean meal-poultry by-product meal-based diets with either low oligosac- charide (LOSBM) or control SBM (CSBM) from 1 to 40 d of age. In experiment 2, one thousand five hundred Ross × Ross 708 male chicks were randomly distributed to 60 floor pens (25 birds per pen; 0.09 m 2 per bird at 1 d of age). Broilers were fed corn-soybean meal- poultry by-product meal-based diets containing 1 of 3 SBM sources (CSBM, LOSBM, or ultra-low oligosac- charide SBM (ULSBM)) and formulated with moder- ate or reduced AMEn concentrations (25 kcal/kg re- duction) resulting in a 3 × 2 factorial design. Diets were formulated using AMEn and digestible amino acid values determined from previous research utilizing the same SBM types. Variables measured consisted of BW gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality, car- cass weight and yield, abdominal fat percentage, total breast meat weight and yield, digesta viscosities and pH, plasma nonesterfied fatty acids, plasma glucose, and plasma triglycerides. In experiment 1, broilers fed diets containing LOSBM had increased BW gain (P = 0.020) and decreased (P < 0.001) feed conversion from 1 to 14 d of age. Abdominal fat percentage was higher (P < 0.001) for birds fed LOSBM vs. CSBM. In ex- periment 2, no differences were observed for interaction effects or main effects of energy concentration. Feed conversion ratio was lower (P < 0.001) for broilers fed diets containing ULSBM vs. LOSBM and CSBM from 1 to 28 and 1 to 42 d of age. Broilers fed diets formu- lated with ULSBM had higher (P < 0.05) carcass yield vs. birds fed diets with CSBM. Total breast yield was higher (P = 0.021) for birds fed diets containing LOS- BM and ULSBM vs. CSBM. Abdominal fat percentage was higher (P = 0.027) for broilers fed diets containing LOSBM vs. CSBM. Diets formulated with LOSBM and ULSBM required approximately 45% less supplemental fat, and broilers fed these diets exhibited no adverse ef- fects on growth performance and meat yields compared with broilers fed diets containing CSBM.
Management of pediatric patients with refractory constipation who fail cecostomy.

Abstract Background Antegrade continence enema (ACE) is a recognized therapeutic option in the management of pediatric refractory constipation. Data on the long-term outcome of patients who fail to improve after an ACE-procedure are lacking. Purpose To describe the rate of ACE bowel management failure in pediatric refractory constipation, and the management and long term outcome of these patients. Methods Retrospective analysis of a cohort of patients that underwent ACE-procedure and had at least 3-year-follow-up. Detailed analysis of subsequent treatment and outcome of those patients with a poor functional outcome was performed. Results 76 patients were included. 12 (16%) failed successful bowel management after ACE requiring additional intervention. Mean follow-up was 66.3 (range 35–95months) after ACE-procedure. Colonic motility studies demonstrated colonic neuropathy in 7 patients (58%); abnormal motility in 4 patients (33%), and abnormal left-sided colonic motility in 1 patient (9%). All 12 patients were ultimately treated surgically. Nine patients (75%) had marked clinical improvement, whereas 3 patients (25%) continued to have poor function issues at long term follow-up. Conclusions Colonic resection, either segmental or total, led to improvement or resolution of symptoms in the majority of patients who failed cecostomy. However, this is a complex and heterogeneous group and some patients will have continued issues.
A FRAMEWORK FOR COMPARING REQUIREMENTS TRACING EXPERIMENTS

The building of traceability matrices by those other than the original developers is an arduous, error prone, prolonged, and labor intensive task. Thus, after-the-fact requirements tracing is a process where the right kind of automation can definitely assist an analyst. Recently, a number of researchers have studied the application of various methods, often based on information retrieval after-the-fact tracing. The studies are diverse enough to warrant a means for comparing them easily as well as for determining areas that require further investigation. To that end, we present here an experimental framework for evaluating requirements tracing and traceability studies. Common methods, metrics and measures are described. Recent experimental requirements tracing journal and conference papers are catalogued using the framework. We compare these studies and identify areas for future research. Finally, we provide suggestions on how the field of tracing and traceability research may move to a more mature level.
Electronic nanotechnology and reconfigurable computing

Chemically assembled electronic nanotechnology (CAEN) is a promising alternative to CMOS for constructing circuits with feature sizes in the tens of nanometers range. In this paper we describe some of the recent advances in CAEN and how they influence the design of digital circuits. We show how reconfigurability supports inexpensive manufacturing. Finally, we describe a molecular latch that overcomes the lack of a viable CAEN-based transistor.
Perspectives on alternatives to current animal testing techniques in preclinical toxicology.

In ancient times, knowledge of the biological properties of natural substances, both medicinal and lethal, was a vital source of power for witch doctors and magician priests. Today, given the steady increase in public concern about the possible deleterious effects of chemicals in our environment, the information the toxicologist possesses is once again an important influence in society. Toxicologists are being asked to provide answers to ever more complex questions. Unfortunately, the knowledge base and the techniques currently being used to acquire that knowledge are often unequal to the task. In the early 1960s, both the thalidomide disaster (1) and the publication of Silent Spring by Rachel Carson (2) dramatized the possible negative impact of potent new pharmaceuticals and pesticides. As a result, government authorities throughout Europe, North America, and Japan responded to public concern by demanding a dramatic increase in the requirements for premarket testing of new products. Existing animal tests were refined and more animal tests were developed in an attempt to evaluate the safety of drugs, food additives,
DYNAMIC RESPONSE IN THE LOW-KHZ RANGE AND DELTA-E EFFECT IN FERROMAGNETIC SHAPE MEMORY NI-MN-GA

Recent work on ferromagnetic shape memory nickel-manganese-gallium (Ni-Mn-Ga) has demonstrated several characteristics which make this material attractive as an active element for the next generation of intelligent transducers. Alloys of martensitic Ni-Mn-Ga can strain up to 6% as a result of the rotation of twin variants and associated twin boundary motion which occur in these materials in response to magnetic fields. The magnetic actuation holds promise in transducer design because it can lead to enhanced frequency response compared with shape memory alloys with comparable strains. In this paper, we report on experimental measurements collected from a Ni50 Mn28.7 Ga21.3 sample which has been tested in a solenoid transducer by means of a novel drive configuration consisting of a collinear uniaxial field-uniaxial stress pair. We have observed that the elastic modulus of a Ni-Mn-Ga sample driven in these conditions changes substantially in response to varying bias field. In this paper, we further investigate the dependence of the elastic modulus on ac field intensity and mechanical load as well as bias field. Quasistatic, white noise, and swept-sine excitations were employed to examine the behavior of Ni50 Mn28.7 Ga21.3 driven under various combinations of magnetic fields and mechanical loads. Mechanically free quasi-static tests demonstrate reversible strains of 6300 μe which are consistent with prior measurements on samples with similar composition near the Heusler stoichiometry. Dynamic measurements reveal a significant stiffness increase, of up to 209%, with dc bias field. This frequency shift or ΔE effect is shown to originate in the Ni-Mn-Ga sample and is believed to stem from the reorientation of twin variants in response to varying dc field. These results might facilitate a new class of solenoid-based Ni-Mn-Ga transducers for tunable vibration absorber applications, and lay the ground work for developing methods and criteria for the implementation of broadband Ni-Mn-Ga transducer technologies.Copyright © 2003 by ASME