cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CRITICAL VALUES FOR EVALUATING CELF-R RECEPTIVE AND EXPRESSIVE LANGUAGE SCORE DISCREPANCIES '

Psychoeducational evaluation of school-aged children may involve a comparison of examinees' language comprehension and production skills. To facilitate the diagnostic process, this paper presents a table of critical values for the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals--Revised, which can be used to evaluate the statistical significance of observed-score discrepancies. Theoretical implications of such discrepancies are also discussed.
A Solution for Solution-Produced β-FeSe: Elucidating and Overcoming Factors that Prevent Superconductivity

A new low-temperature solvothermal synthesis of superconducting β-FeSe has been developed using elemental iron and selenium as starting materials. We have shown that syntheses performed in aerobic conditions resulted in the formation of nonsuperconducting antiferromagnetic β-FeSe, whereas syntheses performed in ultra-dry and oxygen-free conditions produced superconducting β-FeSe. Detailed characterization of both types of samples with magnetometry, resistivity, Mossbauer spectroscopy, synchrotron X-ray and neutron powder diffraction, and pair-distribution function analysis uncovered factors that trigger the loss of superconductivity in β-FeSe. Vacancies in the iron sublattice and the incorporation of disordered oxygen-containing species are typical for nonsuperconducting antiferromagnetic samples, whereas a pristine structure is required to preserve superconductivity. Exposure to ambient atmosphere resulted in the conversion of superconducting samples to antiferromagnetic ones. This synthetic method creat...
Predictable type-2 fuzzy mobile units for energy balancing in wireless sensor networks

Several studies have examined mobility to improve the performance of ad hoc networks and to provide intermittent connectivity in a disconnected ad hoc network. However, the mobility application is new to the current wireless sensor network domain. Latency and energy efficiency are two crucial parameters for evaluating wireless sensor networks. We considered the tradeoffs between the delay performance and the energy efficiency offered by using the fuzzy analysis model. In our study, we used the following factors to improve the system performance: the energy, distance, mobility, and interference time between nodes. In addition, to verify our system rules, we used a questionnaire to obtain linguistic knowledge from a group of experts. The contribution of this study is twofold. First, we propose a role-based mobility-aware inference mechanism for determining the energy, distance, speed, and identity of wireless network system performance. Second, we applied the type-2 fuzzy inference system to the decision making process, and the simulation results indicate that the scheme may extend the lifetime of networks and achieve optimal energy balance.
(3H/14C)beta-methylheptadecanoic acid subcellular distribution and lipid incorporation in mouse heart.

Beta-methylfatty acids are transported into myocardial cells as other fatty acids would be, but are incapable, for example, of undergoing complete catabolism. Our previous studies have established the structure-location relationship and the imaging characteristics of these analogs. In the present study in mouse myocardium, microautoradiography and electron microscopy were used to show the distribution of [7,8-3H] beta-methylheptadecanoic acid ([3H]BMHA) in mitochondria and lipid droplets. Thin-layer chromatography demonstrated the presence of [1-14C] beta-methylheptadecanoic acid ([14C]BMHA) and its metabolites in various lipid pools. These studies complement our earlier findings which showed that similarities exist in the initial metabolic fate of BMHA and physiological fatty acids.
Gas-retention and cosmic-ray exposure ages of lunar rock 15555.

Conclusions are presented regarding the age of formation and exposure to cosmic rays of rock 15555 (a large rock from near the rim of Hadley Rille presumed to be a fragment of the local bedrock), based on isotopic dilution K/Ar and Ar-40/Ar-39 methods. Comparisons are made with other investigators' findings, and some cases of agreement and divergence are discussed.
A database for mucositis induced by cancer chemotherapy

Ulcerative mucositis has become an increasingly important toxicity of antineoplastic therapy. In an effort to establish mucositis risk prediction for specific cancer chemotherapy regimens, a 25 field database was developed. This paper describes the rationale and methodology for creation of the database and instructions for access to it via the Internet.
Distribution of messenger RNAs for the orphan nuclear receptors Nurr1 and Nur77 (NGFI-B) in adult rat brain using in situ hybridization

Nurr1 and Nur77 (NGFI-B) are orphan nuclear receptors, belonging to the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor gene superfamily. They have conserved amino acid sequence in the zinc-finger DNA binding domains and similar COOH-terminal regions, but have no known ligands. However, different expression patterns during brain development and tissue distributions of these messenger RNAs imply that they might reflect a different transcriptional role in the brain. In this study, the regional and cellular expression of messenger RNAs encoding these two proteins in rat brain has been determined by in situ hybridization. Nurr1 messenger RNA is highly expressed in the piriform and entorhinal cortices, hippocampus, medial habenular and paraventricular thalamic nuclei. Moderate labeling was detected in layers II-V of most of the cerebral cortex, and in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, substantia nigra (pars compacta and reticularis) and interpeduncular nucleus. No Nurr1 hybridization signal was seen in the rhombencephalon. In the cerebellum, Nurr1 messenger RNA is present in the internal granular cell layer and Purkinje cell layer. In contrast, Nur77 has a widespread distribution, with the highest level of expression in the cerebral cortex. Moderate hybridization signals were detected in the hippocampus, the lateral dorsal and posterior nuclei, reuniens thalamic nuclei, and paraventricular and supraoptic hypothalamic nuclei. In the rhombencephalon, higher signals were present in the medial and lateral vestibular, dorsal cochlear and facial, and raphe magnus nuclei. Nur77 signal was also detected in the nucleus of the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve. In the cerebellum, Nur77 messenger RNA is highly expressed in the Purkinje cell layer and lateral deep nucleus of the cerebellum. Our results show that Nurr1 and Nur77 messenger RNAs have both overlapping and different distribution patterns within the brain, suggesting that they might regulate different sets of responsive genes.
Preparation and photoelectron spectrum of the CH3I− anion: rare gas cluster mediated synthesis of an ion–radical complex

We report the preparation of the bare and argon-solvated anion of CH3I, and characterize this species using negative ion photoelectron spectroscopy at 3.495 eV. The photoelectron spectrum consists of a narrow band appearing 0.11±0.02 eV above the binding energy of isolated iodide. Such behavior is similar to that displayed by iodide-(closed shell) solvent molecule complexes, indicating that photodetachment does not access the bound region of the CH3I potential. These observations suggest that CH3I− rearranges (after electron capture) to an ion-radical complex. We advance the hypothesis that this complex adopts a C2v structure where the ion is hydrogen bonded to the methyl radical.
Proportional odds frailty model and stochastic comparisons

In this paper, we present some distributional properties of the survival and frailty distribution involved in the proportional odds (PO) frailty model. Stochastic orderings are studied for this proportional odds frailty model. It is showed that negative dependence arises in the PO frailty model as opposed to the proportional hazard frailty model.
Coupled motoneurones are part of the crayfish swimmeret central oscillator

SWIMMERETS in the crayfish are the paired ventral abdominal appendages which beat in a metachronal rhythm during behaviours such as swimming and burrow ventilation. Each swimmeret is driven by alternating bursts of impulses in antagonistic power- and return-stroke motoneurones. Although proprioceptive input affects the detailed structure of the rhythm, the basic motor programme can be elicited from the deafferented abdominal central nervous system (CNS) by tonic stimulation of single ‘command fibres’ in the ventral nerve cord1–3. Each swimmeret is controlled by a hemiganglion capable of generating the rhythm in isolation, although normally the most posterior swimmeret ganglion (the 5th) acts as a pacemaker, regulating the activity of the other ganglia through a series of coordinating fibres located in the medial region of the ventral nerve cord4. I report here the preliminary results of an investigation into the structure of the central neural oscillator controlling swimmeret movements in crayfish. The results suggest that motoneurones in this system do not act merely as output elements which passively relay the activity of an oscillator formed from pre-motor neurones within the CNS, but that the motoneurones themselves are an integral part of the pattern generating circuits. There is both excitatory and inhibitory central coupling between motoneurones mediated either by electrical or graded chemical synapses. Furthermore, the activity of some motoneurones can directly influence the intensity, period, and phase of the oscillation.
Dual-beam histotripsy: a low-frequency pump enabling a high-frequency probe for precise lesion formation

Histotripsy produces tissue fractionation through dense energetic bubble clouds generated by short, high-pressure, ultrasound pulses. When using pulses shorter than 2 cycles, the generation of these energetic bubble clouds only depends on where the peak negative pressure (P-) exceeds the intrinsic threshold of the medium (26 to 30 MPa in soft tissue with high water content). This paper investigates a strategic method for precise lesion generation in which a low-frequency pump pulse is applied to enable a sub-threshold high-frequency probe pulse to exceed the intrinsic threshold. This pump-probe method of controlling a supra-threshold volume can be called dual-beam histotripsy. A 20-element dual-frequency (500-kHz and 3-MHz elements confocally aligned) array transducer was used to generate dual-beam histotripsy pulses in red blood cell phantoms and porcine hepatic tissue specimens. The results showed that when subintrinsic- threshold pump (500-kHz) and probe (3-MHz) pulses were applied together, dense bubble clouds (and resulting lesions) were only generated when their peak negative pressures combined constructively to exceed the intrinsic threshold. The smallest reproducible lesion varied with the relative amplitude between the pump and probe pulses, and, with a higher proportion of the probe pulse, smaller lesions could be generated. When the propagation direction of the probe pulse relative to the pump pulse was altered, the shape of the produced lesion changed based on the region that exceeded intrinsic threshold. Because the low-frequency pump pulse is more immune to attenuation and aberrations, and the high-frequency probe pulse can provide precision in lesion formation, this dual-beam histotripsy approach would be very useful in situations in which precise lesion formation is required through a highly attenuative and aberrative medium, such as transcranial therapy. This is particularly true if a small low-attenuation acoustic window is available for the high-frequency probe transducer.
First Report of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus on Melon in the United States.

In July 2013, a melon (Cucumis melo var. Saski) field in Yolo County, California, was inspected as part of a phytosanitary inspection for seed production. The leaves of the plants showed mosaic, green mottle, and blotches. When plant sap was examined using a transmission electron microscope, rigid rod-shaped particles were observed. Melon plant samples were analyzed by both CDFA and USDA APHIS PPQ laboratories and tested positive using DAS-ELISA against Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) (Agdia, Elkhart, IN). To confirm the presence of CGMMV, total RNA was analyzed by RT-PCR using primers CGMMV-F5370 5′-CTAATTATTCTGTCGTGGCTGCGGATGC-3′ and CGMMV-R6390 5′-CTTGCAGAATTACTGCCCATA-3′ designed by PPQ based on 21 genomic sequences of CGMMV found worldwide. The 976-bp amplicon was sequenced (GenBank Accession No. KJ453559) and BLAST analysis showed the sequence was 95% identical to MP and CP region of CGMMV isolates reported from Russia (GQ495274, FJ848666), Spain (GQ411361), and Israel (KF155231), and 92%...
Combining Supported Housing and Partial Hospitalization to Improve Eating Disorder Symptoms, Perceived Health Status, and Health Related Quality of Life for Women With Eating Disorders

This pilot study examines outcomes obtained from a combined treatment approach, Eating Disorders Partial Hospitalization (EDPHP) plus supported housing (Sage House) for adult women with eating disorders versus EDPHP alone. The combined treatment group (n = 16) showed numerous improvements from admission to discharge over and above the group receiving only EDPHP (n = 19) after controlling for age, duration of eating disorder, and length of partial hospitalization stay. Study findings support the notion that for a subgroup of women with eating disorders, supported housing in concert with EDPHP may be a more effective approach than EDPHP alone because of the increased amount of support to apply treatment skills in the community during high risk times after program hours.
Analysis of a Truncated Form of Cathepsin H in Human Prostate Tumor Cells

Increased expression of proteases has been correlated with the malignant progression of a variety of tumors. We found a significant increase in cathepsin H expression in high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and carcinoma of the prostate. Two forms of cathepsin H, the full-length form (CTSH) and a truncated form with a 12-amino acid deletion in its signal peptide region (CTSHΔ10–21), were identified by cDNA sequence analysis. This deletion occurred not at the genomic level but likely at the RNA processing level. Both forms are expressed in prostate tissues as well as LNCaP, PC-3, and DU-145 prostate cancer cell lines. The deletion within the signal peptide region affected the trafficking of cathepsin H. Fluorescence microscopy, subcellular fractionation, and activity data indicated that the truncated form was perinuclear and secreted and had a reduced lysosomal association as compared with the full-length cathepsin H. Furthermore, the truncated cathepsin H was enzymatically active. Therefore, an increase in overall cathepsin H expression, particularly in the truncated form with a high secretion propensity, may affect cell biological behaviors such as those associated with tumor progression.
Melatonin phase shifts human circadian rhythms in a placebo-controlled simulated night-work study

There has been scant evidence for a phase-shifting effect of melatonin in shift-work or jet-lag protocols. This study tested whether melatonin can facilitate phase shifts in a simulated night-work ...
Development of an airgun device for particle bombardment

Construction and operation of an airgun device for transient gene-expression studies in monocots is described. Compressed air in a cylinder of an airgun was used as the source of propulsion for DNA-coated gold or tungsten particles. Under a partial vacuum of 700 mm Hg, velocity of the macrocarrier was measured at 520 m sec−1 and 432 m sec−1 at atmospheric pressure. Optimum distance from the stopping plate to different target cells during bombardment ranged from 4 to 7 cm. Mean transformation efficiency of the GUS-gene marker was estimated at 350 transformants per 65 mg fresh weight of the maize cultured cells. Up to 200 GUS transformed cells were detected per 100 mg of embryogenic rice callus. Use of gold flakes or tungsten powder as microcarriers resulted in similar transformation rates. No transformation was observed in any cells when DNA constructs contained prokaryotic translation initiation sequences for the GUS gene. Based on transient GUS assays, further modification of the airgun device will likely be necessary to obtain high stable transformation rates.
Monoclonal antibody anti-type I and anti-zebrin II labelling in siluriform fishes: the role of shared lineage versus shared function in polypeptide co-distributions

Two monoclonal antibodies (mabs), the newly generated mab anti-type I and the previously described mab anti-zebrin II, were reacted with brainstem sections of two ostariophysan siluriforms, the gymnotoid Rhamphichthys rostratus and the siluroid Ictalurus punctatus. Mab anti-type I recognizes a 47 kDa polypeptide present in the dendrites and soma of projection neurons. Mab anti-zebrin II recognizes a 36 kDa polypeptide present throughout the neuronal cytoplasm, including the axon. Strongly type I immunopositive cells include: all cerebellar Purkinje cells; pyramidal cells of the nucleus medialis, electrosensory lateral line lobe and tectum; pacemaker relay cells; Mauthner neurons; lateral line ganglion cells; cells of the inferior olive; and large neurons of the reticular formation and lateral reticular nucleus. Weakly reactive type I cells include: neurons in the torus semicircularis, medial and efferent octavolateralis nuclei, the magnocellular and lateral tegmental nuclei; and the motor neurons of the Vth, VIIth and Xth cranial nerves. Most type I positive cells are brainstem projection neurons. Zebrin II expression is restricted to subsets of two cell types which also express the type I antigen - Purkinje cells and acousticolateralis pyramidal cells. Both of these neuronal types develop from the region of the rhombic lip. While the mutual expression of the type I antigen can be explained by the shared function of projection neurons, the common expression of the zebrin II antigen is most likely due to a shared embryological and/or phylogenetic lineage.
Indicators of sustainability: challenges and opportunities at the interface of science and policy.

Rising global interest in sustainability has triggered attention in indicators as a means of achieving a more sustainable world. Although the search for indicators has led to the development of criteria for good indicators, it has also been dominated by scientific elites. The consequences of such dominance leads to significant social and policy implications, particularly with regard to how the search for sustainability has become defined primarily as a technical/scientific exploration when it is actually a moral and ethical issue. Our discussion about sustainability and appropriate indicators centers on what constitutes the public interest, a question that requires inclusiveness and centers on the interface of science and policy. The paper reviews the rationale for selecting indicators, the functions they serve, and the implications and consequences involved when one sector—science—dominates the debate. The paper concludes with suggestions about appropriate roles of science, policy and the public in the indicator selection process.
Heterogeneous modeling of chemical-looping combustion. Part 2: Particle model

Abstract The objective of this work is to investigate the influence of particle properties on the reactivity of Ni-based oxygen carriers in chemical-looping reduction. On the basis of a particle model, which considers the effects of internal, interparticle and external diffusion and reaction kinetics for Ni-based chemical-looping systems, thermogravimetric reactivity investigations are analyzed and interpreted. The challenge addressed is to quantify the contribution of variations in particle size, microstructure, and chemical deactivation on oxygen carrier reactivity. For a range of particle sizes, intraparticle diffusion is quantified and shown to be accurately captured by the model. Therefore, optimal oxygen carriers can be designed to minimize diffusion limitations, while satisfying fluidization and pressure drop requirements. The effect of gradual changes in the oxygen carrier microstructure due to redox cycling is analyzed through case studies and sensitivity analyses of their effect on reactivity. The framework of this analysis assumes that by incorporating these measured changes, it is possible to explain chemical-looping performance over the lifespan of the oxygen carrier and eventually design optimal systems. Experimental data from the literature and obtained in this work are utilized to provide insights on the contributions of particle size, pore size, spinel formation and surface area changes on reactivity. Experimental controversies in terms of the effect of redox cycling on chemical-looping performance are analyzed and shown to be the natural consequence of the transient changes in oxygen carrier properties.
Mitotic Figures in the Median Eminence of the Hypothalamus

The median eminence of the hypothalamus is part of the avenue by which neurosecreted hormones from the hypothalamic nuclei reach the pars nervosa (neural lobe) of the pituitary and eventually the bloodstream. Lithium treatment and osmotic stress increases the transport of neurosecretory hormones to the pituitary in the adult rat. Specialized astrocytes termed pituicytes in the pars nervosa of the pituitary participate in the secretory process and also develop considerable mitotic activity. The present work reveals similar mitotic figures in cells within the median eminence following 3 days of lithium treatment. The location and appearance of these mitoses add to the evidence that pituicytes are present in the median eminence. Moreover, mitoses occur within the ependymal (tanycyte) layer of the median eminence. Thus, the present results suggest that the tanycyte layer may contain pituicytes, indicating that the hypothalamus possesses specialized cells for modulating neurosecretion in response to osmotic challenges.
Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibits Tumor Necrosis Factor α-mediated Apoptosis in Renal Glomerular Mesangial Cells

Renal mesangial cell apoptosis is a crucial repair mechanism in glomerular nephritis (GN). These cells express receptors to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), a cytokine with proapoptotic properties implicated in the resolution of GN. Progression to proliferative GN is accompanied by cyclooxygenase-mediated formation of prostaglandins and inefficient apoptosis of mesangial cells. The aims of this study were to quantify TNFalpha-mediated apoptosis in renal mesangial cells and to determine whether expression of the inducible form of cyclooxygenase, cylooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inhibits this apoptosis. By 24 h significant levels of apoptosis were induced by TNFalpha (100 ng/ml) or etoposide control (100 microm), as shown by phosphatidylserine externalization, caspase-3 activation, development of a sub-G(0)/G(1) region, and distinct chromatin condensation. Using adenoviral-mediated delivery of the COX-2 gene (AdCOX-2) apoptotic features were prevented from appearing in AdCOX-2 cells treated with TNFalpha, whereas etoposide-treated AdCOX-2 cells were not protected. Furthermore, COX-2 expression, induced by the vasoconstrictor peptide ET-1 or the cytokine interleukin-1beta also inhibited TNFalpha-mediated but not etoposide-mediated apoptosis, to an extent, similar to adenoviral COX-2 infection. Selective COX-2 inhibition by NS-398 restored TNFalpha-mediated apoptosis. Prostaglandin (PG) E(2) and PGI(2) were shown to be the major prostaglandin metabolites in AdCOX-2 cells. The addition of PGE(2) and PGI(2) protected against TNFalpha-mediated apoptosis. These results demonstrate COX-2 anti-apoptotic activity via a death receptor route and suggest that selective COX-2 inhibition may augment TNFalpha apoptosis in chronic inflammatory conditions.
The Vapor Pressure, Critical Point, Heat of Vaporization, and Entropy of Liquid He 3

The vapor pressure of pure liquid ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ was measured from 1.025\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 3.35\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, and the data are represented accurately by the equation ${log}_{10}{p}_{\mathrm{mm}}=\frac{\ensuremath{-}0.97796}{T}+2.5{log}_{10}T+0.000302{T}^{3}+1.91594$. The normal boiling point is 3.195\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.001\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The critical temperature and pressure were determined to be 3.35\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and 890\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}20 mm Hg, respectively. The calculated heat of vaporization has a maximum value of 11.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4 cal. ${\mathrm{mole}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at 2.1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, and the extrapolated value at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is 4.47 cal. ${\mathrm{mole}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The calculated entropy of liquid ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$, excluding the nuclear spin entropy, is 0.75\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 cal. ${\mathrm{deg}.}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ${\mathrm{mole}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at 1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, and the extrapolated value at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is 0.42\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 cal. ${\mathrm{deg}.}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ${\mathrm{mole}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. This extrapolated value of the entropy suggests that below 1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K there is either a triple point or an anomaly in the heat capacity.
Enhanced size-dependent piezoelectricity and elasticity in nanostructures due to the flexoelectric effect

Crystalline piezoelectric dielectrics electrically polarize upon application of uniform mechanical strain. Inhomogeneous strain, however, locally breaks inversion symmetry and can potentially polarize even nonpiezoelectric (centrosymmetric) dielectrics. Flexoelectricity\char22{}the coupling of strain gradient to polarization\char22{}is expected to show a strong size dependency due to the scaling of strain gradients with structural feature size. In this study, using a combination of atomistic and theoretical approaches, we investigate the ``effective'' size-dependent piezoelectric and elastic behavior of inhomogeneously strained nonpiezoelectric and piezoelectric nanostructures. In particular, to obtain analytical results and tease out physical insights, we analyze a paradigmatic nanoscale cantilever beam. We find that in materials that are intrinsically piezoelectric, the flexoelectricity and piezoelectricity effects do not add linearly and exhibit a nonlinear interaction. The latter leads to a strong size-dependent enhancement of the apparent piezoelectric coefficient resulting in, for example, a ``giant'' 500% enhancement over bulk properties in $\mathrm{Ba}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ for a beam thickness of $5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$. Correspondingly, for nonpiezoelectric materials also, the enhancement is nontrivial (e.g., 80% for $5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ size in paraelectric $\mathrm{Ba}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ phase). Flexoelectricity also modifies the apparent elastic modulus of nanostructures, exhibiting an asymptotic scaling of $1∕{h}^{2}$, where $h$ is the characteristic feature size. Our major predictions are verified by quantum mechanically derived force-field-based molecular dynamics for two phases (cubic and tetragonal) of $\mathrm{Ba}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$.
Sensory and autonomic innervation of the rat eyelid: Neuronal origins and peptide phenotypes

Neuronal origins, peptide phenotypes and target distributions were determined for sensory and autonomic nerves projecting to the eyelid. The retrograde tracer, Fluoro-Ruby, was injected into the superior tarsal muscle and meibomian gland of Sprague-Dawley rats. Labelled neurons were observed within the pterygopalatine (31 +/- 6 of a total of 8238 +/- 1610 ganglion neurons), trigeminal (173 +/- 43 of 62,082 +/- 5869) and superior cervical ganglia (184 +/- 35 of 21,900 +/- 1741). Immunostaining revealed vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactivity (VIP-ir) in nearly all Fluoro-Ruby-labelled pterygopalatine ganglion neurons (86 +/- 5%) but only rarely in trigeminal (0.3 +/- 0.3%) or superior cervical (1.4 +/- 1.4%) ganglion neurons. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-ir was not observed in pterygopalatine or superior cervical ganglion somata, but was present in 24 +/- 4% of trigeminal neurons. Bright dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) immunofluorescence was observed in the majority of eyelid-projecting neurons within the superior cervical ganglia (65 +/- 5%) and lighter staining was detected in pterygopalatine neurons (63 +/- 3%), but no DBH-ir was observed in trigeminal neurons. Examination of eyelid sections revealed dense VIP-ir innervation of meibomian gland acini and vasculature and modest distribution within tarsal muscle. CGRP-ir fibers surrounded ductal and vascular elements of the meibomian gland and the perimeter of tarsal muscle. DBH-ir fibers were associated with meibomian gland blood vessels and acini, and were more densely distributed within tarsal muscle. This study provides evidence for prominent meibomian gland innervation by parasympathetic pterygopalatine ganglion VIP-ir neurons, with more restricted innervation by sensory trigeminal CGRP-ir and sympathetic neurons. Tarsal muscle receives abundant sympathetic innervation, as well as moderate parasympathetic and sensory CGRP-ir projections. The eyelid contains substantial non-CGRP-ir sensory innervation, the targets of which remain undetermined. The distribution of identified autonomic and sensory fibers is consistent with the idea that meibomian gland function, as well as that of the tarsal muscle, is regulated by peripheral innervation.
The importance of formative assessment in science and engineering ethics education: some evidence and practical advice.

Recent research in ethics education shows a potentially problematic variation in content, curricular materials, and instruction. While ethics instruction is now widespread, studies have identified significant variation in both the goals and methods of ethics education, leaving researchers to conclude that many approaches may be inappropriately paired with goals that are unachievable. This paper speaks to these concerns by demonstrating the importance of aligning classroom-based assessments to clear ethical learning objectives in order to help students and instructors track their progress toward meeting those objectives. Two studies at two different universities demonstrate the usefulness of classroom-based, formative assessments for improving the quality of students’ case responses in computational modeling and research ethics.
The Evaluation of Internal Elemental Discriminators for Pink Bollworm by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry:

In recent years, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) has been applied to a variety of samples including agricultural, biological, environmental, and geochemical. Due to its increased sensitivity and versatility, ICP-AES offers the analytical chemist low detection limits, a linear dynamic range covering several orders of magnitude, relatively few matrix effects, and simultaneous multi-element capability.
Binge eating before the onset of dieting: a distinct subgroup of bulimia nervosa?

Objective While most individuals with bulimia nervosa begin dieting prior to the onset of binge eating, some individuals begin binge eating prior to dieting. The purpose of this study was to assess the differences between these two groups. Methods Participants (N = 120) in a treatment study for bulimia nervosa were separated into two groups (Binge First vs. Diet First) based on the ages they reported for the onset of binge eating and of dieting and then compared across a number of variables. Results Individuals in the Binge First group reported higher weight, higher shape and weight concern, lower age of onset of eating disorder symptoms, and an altered relationship of binge eating to vomiting when compared to individuals in the Diet First group. Discussion The differences between the two groups suggest that there may be subgroups of individuals with purging bulimia nervosa and that individuals in the Binge First group more closely resemble individuals with binge eating disorder than do those in the Diet First group. © 1999 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 25: 151–157, 1999.
Almost rimcompact spaces

Abstract A 0- space is a completely regular Hausdorff space possesing a compactification with zero-dimensional remainder. Recall that a space X is called rimcompact if X has a basis of open sets with compact boundaries. It is well known that X is rimcompact if and only if X has a compactification which has a basis of open sets whose boundaries are contained in X . Thus any rimcompact space is a 0-space; the converse is not true. In this paper the class of almost rimcompact spaces is introduced and shown to be intermediate between the classes of rimcompact spaces and 0-spaces. It is shown that a space X is almost rimcompact if and only if X has a compactification in which each point of the remainder has a basis (in the compactification) of open sets whose boundaries are contained in X .
“Flying” Female Sex Workers Perceptions of HIV Risk and NGOs Sexual Health Outreach Projects: A Case Study of HIV Prevention in Kolkata, India

Based on my 7 months of ethnographic research with “flying” or mobile female sex workers (FSWs) in the eastern metropolitan city of Kolkata, India, I argue that the human immunodeficiency virus (HI...
Oscillator strengths for atomic sulfur

A new laboratory atomic sulfur beam source has been developed which has allowed the measurement of relative oscillator strengths for three prominent dipole-allowed SI transitions: 3p{sup 4} {sup 3}P {yields} 4s {sup 3}S{sup 0} (1814 {angstrom}), 3p{sup 4} {sup 3}P {yields} 4s{prime} {sup 3}D{sup 0} (1479 {angstrom}), and 3p{sup 4} {sup 3}P {yields} 3d {sup 3}D{sup 0} (1429 {angstrom}). The method of forward electron scattering was used. The oscillator strength ratios are found to be: f{sub 1479}/f{sub 1814} = 1.12 {plus minus} 0.06 and f{sub 1429}/f{sub 1814} = 1.69 {plus minus} 0.08. If f{sub 1814} is normalized to the National Bureau of Standards reference value of 0.12, then: f{sub 1479} = 0.134, f{sub 1429} = 0.202 (both {plus minus} 30%). These results are significant for the understanding of SI emissions observed from Io and the Io torus as well as from certain comets.
Acceleration of flowering of the long-day plant Arabidopsis by 8-azaadenine.

The incorporation of 8-azaadenine (2×10-5M) to the aseptic culture medium reduced the time required for developing macroscopically visible flower primordia and the number of leaves appearing before the first flower buds to about half under 8 hrs daily illuumination in both wild type and a late monogenic mutant. In the presence of equimolar amount of adenine the flowering was not accelerated by the analog.
Revisiting Magnetic Net and a Bouncing Magnetic Ball

Recently the author reported the feasibility of envisioning a scenario where a massive permanent magnetic dipole bounces off and oscillates about an invisible horizontal magnetic net in the presence of gravity. The scenario has been revisited, modifying its physical contents. The modification embodies analysis of the impact of the induced current due to the falling magnetic dipole. The induced current counteracts the conduction current and alters the dynamics and kinematics of the motion. This rapid communication reports the recent advances.
Effects of Maternal Ethanol Consumption and Buspirone Treatment on Dopamine and Norepinephrine Reuptake Sites and D1 Receptors in Offspring

Previously, it was shown that in utero ethanol exposure results in decreased serotonin (5-HT) and altered concentrations of 5-HT reuptake sites and 5-HT 1A receptors in fetal and/or postnatal rats. Because fetal 5-HT is an essential trophic factor, this laboratory previously investigated the hypotheses that the early ethanol-associated 5-HT deficit contributed to subsequent development abnormalities in the serotonergic system and that the effects of the fetal 5-HT deficit could be prevented by maternal treatment with buspirone, a 5-HT 1A receptor agonist. The present report determined the effects of maternal treatment with buspirone on two other neurotransmitter systems in the developing offspring of ethanol-fed dams: dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine reuptake sites and D1 receptors in postnatal day 19 offspring of control and ethanol-fed dams, that received daily injections of saline or 4.5 mg/kg buspirone. These investigations found that in utero ethanol exposure significantly decreased norepinephrine reuptake sites in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus and anteroventral thalamic nucleus. There was also an ethanol effect in the dorsal raphe. D1 receptors were moderately increased (5-10% increase) in the striatum, and DA reuptake sites were unchanged in PN19 ethanol-exposed offspring. No other significant ethanol-related effects were noted. Maternal buspirone treatment did not adversely affect the concentration of DA reuptake sites or D1 receptors in control rats. Thus, whereas buspirone exerts protective effects on the developing 5-HT system of ethanol-exposed rats, it does not appear to damage the development of the DA system. Matemal buspirone produced only one significant abnormality in control offspring; it resulted in a significant reduction of norepinephrine reuptake sites in the DR.
Intra-abdominal Hemorrhage Caused by Segmental Arterial Mediolysis of the Inferior Mesenteric Artery: Report of a Case

This article reports a patient with acute intra-abdominal hemorrhage secondary to a rare vascular disease, segmental arterial mediolysis The patient was a 56-year-old female who presented with severe acute abdominal pain. An abdominal and pelvic computed tomogram demonstrated suggestion of an intra-abdominal hemorrhage. Visceral angiography illustrated aneurysms in the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery. The patient underwent a left hemicolectomy with resection of the diseased artery. The angiographic and histologic findings were consistent with a diagnosis of segmental arterial mediolysis involving only the inferior mesenteric artery. This is the first known reported case of intra-abdominal hemorrhage related to segmental arterial mediolysis requiring emergent hemicolectomy.
Structurally controlled “polysoaps” via RAFT copolymerization of AMPS and n-dodecyl acrylamide for environmental remediation

A series of micelle-forming, amphiphilic copolymers or “polysoaps” with potential as dispersants for oil spill remediation has been synthesized via statistical RAFT copolymerization of specific molar ratios of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) and n-dodecyl acrylamide (DDAM). Control over composition, degree of polymerization, polydispersity, and reaction kinetics was attained by conducting the copolymerizations at 60 °C in dimethylformamide with AIBN and CEP as initiator and chain-transfer agent, respectively. Molecular weight, hydrodynamic dimensions, composition- and concentration-dependent associative properties, and hydrophobic domain characteristics in water for copolymers with 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 mol% feed of DDAM have been studied utilizing NMR, SEC/MALLS, DLS, SLS, surface tensiometry, and fluorescence spectroscopy. It was found that the lower hydrophobic content (10%, 20%, and 30%) polysoaps form multimeric associations as indicated by increasing hydrodynamic dimensions as concentration is increased. On the other hand, the higher hydrophobic content (40%, 50%, and 60%) polysoaps form unimolecular micelles with consistent sizes and with distinct hydrophobic cores over the entire concentration range probed. UV/Vis absorbance experiments provided additional insight into the association and sequestration properties of the polysoaps. The higher hydrophobic content polysoaps show increased capabilities for dissolution of pyrene as compared to SDS above its CMC. Finally, the cytotoxicity of these polysoaps was determined utilizing KB cell lines. The polysoaps of this study exhibited up to 60× less cytotoxicity than SDS as measured by IC50 values. It was also found that as the molecular weight of the polysoap increased, the cytotoxicity decreased. The results of this study point to potential of unimolecular micelles for oil spill remediation, allowing sequestration and subsequent hydrocarbon break-down by endogenous bacteria in the marine environment.
Can Antacids Affect the Heart

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are U.S. Food and Drug Administration–approved medications for the treatment of gastric acid–related disorders and one of the most commonly prescribed drug types. They are the most potent inhibitors of gastric acid secretion because they irreversibly inhibit the
Unlabeled data: Now it helps, now it doesn't

Empirical evidence shows that in favorable situations semi-supervised learning (SSL) algorithms can capitalize on the abundance of unlabeled training data to improve the performance of a learning task, in the sense that fewer labeled training data are needed to achieve a target error bound. However, in other situations unlabeled data do not seem to help. Recent attempts at theoretically characterizing SSL gains only provide a partial and sometimes apparently conflicting explanations of whether, and to what extent, unlabeled data can help. In this paper, we attempt to bridge the gap between the practice and theory of semi-supervised learning. We develop a finite sample analysis that characterizes the value of un-labeled data and quantifies the performance improvement of SSL compared to supervised learning. We show that there are large classes of problems for which SSL can significantly outperform supervised learning, in finite sample regimes and sometimes also in terms of error convergence rates.
Powerful Persuasions: The Language of Property and Politics in Sabah, Malaysia (North Borneo), 1881–1996

In this article I examine the similarities between colonialism and postcolonialism in Sabah, Malaysia. I argue that the strategies of rule employed by the colonial and postcolonial states can be viewed as a sustained interaction in which the power of colonial discourses, institutions, and forms of rule still operate in postcolonial Sabah, particularly in terms of control over and access to natural resources. Drawing on archival and ethnographic data I present case studies from the colonial and postcolonial period that demonstrate that whether the focus of state rule is native land management systems and property rights or the conservation of biodiversity the result is the same: both states construct images of what types of agricultural practices and uses of forest resources are appropriate, what types of property regimes can persist, and how rural people should look and act in order to appear modern. I conclude that the colonial and postcolonial states share the following characteristics: 1) they control access to resources through legal institutions that privilege private property law over customary practices; 2) they invent discourses that justify centralized rule while obfuscating the realities of those who live on
Comparison of selected yersinia enterocolitica indicator tests for potential virulence

Three recently developed tests used to indicate virulence were performed on 34 strains of Yersinia enterocolitica. Agreement in virulence or nonvirulence prediction was found in (a) 29 of 31 strains when tested for calcium growth dependency at 35°C; (b) all 34 strains when tested for the ability to autoagglutinate in tissue culture medium at 35°C; and (c) among all 34 strains when tested for the presence of a 40–48 Mdal plasmid using a modification of the Hansen and Olsen method for plasmid analysis. The autoagglutination assay is recommended for testing potential pathogenicity of food-borne isolates. There are probably several virulence-determining factors for Y. enterocolitica, and no one in-vitro test will suffice. The analytical procedure described herein can be used to detect plasmids ranging in size from approximately 2 × 106 to 3 × 108 daltons.
Regulation of Fasted Blood Glucose by Resistin

The association between obesity and diabetes supports an endocrine role for the adipocyte in maintaining glucose homeostasis. Here we report that mice lacking the adipocyte hormone resistin exhibit low blood glucose levels after fasting, due to reduced hepatic glucose production. This is partly mediated by activation of adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase and decreased expression of gluconeogenic enzymes in the liver. The data thus support a physiological function for resistin in the maintenance of blood glucose during fasting. Remarkably, lack of resistin diminishes the increase in post-fast blood glucose normally associated with increased weight, suggesting a role for resistin in mediating hyperglycemia associated with obesity.
Fable Comprehension by Children with Learning Disabilities

Seven fables were read to 14 average learners and 14 children with learning disabilities, all of whom ranged in age from 10 to 13 years. They were presented with four possible moral choices: one correct, one related, and two incorrect. They were instructed to select the correct moral choice and were asked to explain their choice. The average learners' ability to select the correct moral was significantly better than that of the children with learning disabilities. In addition, even when they chose correct morals, the children with learning disabilities were less capable of explaining their choice.
Ethics in the Economy

Economic sociologists lack coherent theories concerning how ethical disputes arise within economic life, and what effects their management has on organizational performance. Using formal codes of ethics within firms as its disciplined focus, we can develop a preliminary conceptualization of ethics in organizations, a series of hypotheses about how codes work, and a preliminary sketch of a research program that follows from these principles.
Dendroecology and species co-existence in an old-growth Quercus-Acer-Tilia talus slope forest in the central Appalachians, USA

Abstract Dendroecological techniques were used to examine the disturbance history and patterns of species recruitment in an old-growth Quercus rubra L. (northern red oak)–Acer saccharum Marsh. (sugar maple)–Tilia americana L. (basswood) forest on a steep, talus slope in eastern West Virginia. The forest was uneven-aged as were the populations of red oak. Sugar maple dominated the sapling layer, which comprised little or no basswood and red oak. A compilation of major and moderate releases (indicative of disturbance) in 25 cores revealed single or multiple release events in every decade from 1870–1990. The high elevation of the forest coupled with a fertile sub-soil beneath the talus ameliorated the outwardly harsh conditions of the site, allowing for the domination of typically mesophytic, nutrient demanding tree species. We observed several fire scarred trees as well as extensive small-scale blow-down throughout the forest. Frequent disturbance events were probably crucial to the co-existence and continuous canopy recruitment of the relatively light demanding red oak with highly shade tolerant sugar maple and basswood. The strong successional replacement tendencies of red oak by northern hardwoods noted elsewhere in the eastern US may be less apparent on high elevation, rocky sites in the central Appalachians. Thus, this is a unique case study of long-term red oak domination with later successional species in an old-growth forest.