cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is TMMC a Sine-Gordon System?

It is by now widely accepted [1] that the magnetic salt TMMC ((CH3)4NMnCl3) is very well described by the one-dimensional. Hamiltonian $$\operatorname{H} = - 2J\sum\limits_n {{{\vec S}_{n + 1}}} g{\vec S_{n + 1}} - 2D\sum\limits_n {S_n^z} S_{n + 1}^z - H\sum\limits_n {S_n^x} $$ (1) where J =−6.7K, δ = n/∣J∣ = 0.016, S = 5/2 and H is the applied external (transverse) field. Mikeska [2] has given a derivation of the intuitively appealing result that the continuum limit of (1) is a sine-Gordon system for sufficiently large easy plane anisotropy parameter δ. For the particular case of TMMC, however, δ is actually rather small. It has been argued that the sine-Gordon picture may nevertheless be valid for TMMC [3], at least for kT ≪ JS2 (which is the temperature range of interest) because the strong antiferromagnetic coupling keeps neighboring spins almost antiparallel, so significant out-of-plane deviations necessarily involve many spins and consequently cost substantial amounts of energy. The purpose of this note is to point out that although the sine-Gordon model is valuable in providing a physical understanding of many features of TMMC, its numerical predictions do not accord well with the experimental results, and the main reason for this is the neglect of out-of-plane fluctuations. The two sine-Gordon predictions considered here are the specific heat as a function of temperature, and the magnitude of the (in-plane) magnon mass renormalization at zero temperature. Both can be found very accurately in the sine-Gordon model, and both correspond poorly with what is observed in TMMC. For the magnon mass renormalization,, we have shown explicitly to second order in S−1 that the out-of-plane fluctuations account for the discrepancy between sine-Gordon predictions and experimental observations for TMMC.
ADDITION POLYMERIZATION AND RELATED MODELS

We present a review of growth models involving the successive union of linear objects in the form of “walks.” Two different types of models exist: those having one walk and those with many walks. We concentrate on the polymerization transitions which occur in the second case.
High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis

In the previous chapter, we presented various causes of high anion gap (AG) metabolic acidosis. For discussion purpose, these causes can be conveniently divided into the following categories: 1. Acidosis due to kidney injury Acute kidney injury Chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 4–5 2. Acidosis due to accumulation of organic acids l-Lactic acidosis d-Lactic acidosis Diabetic ketoacidosis Alcoholic ketoacidosis Starvation ketoacidosis 3. Acidosis due to toxins Methanol Ethylene glycol Propylene glycol Isopropyl alcohol Salicylates 5-Oxoproline (pyroglutamic acid) Paraldehyde
The Aldol Reaction: Group III Enolates

Over the past two decades the chemistry of boron-mediated aldol reactions has been the subject of intense studies and a wealth of information essential for mechanistic elucidation and synthetic applications is now available. Some general comments which highlight the differences between boron- and lithiummediated aldol reactions are appropriate at the outset of this chapter. (i) The reacting boryl (boron) enolate species in solution appears to be homogeneous and uncomplicated in terms of aggregation, while the lithium counterparts exist in dimeric, tetrameric and hexameric forms. Characterization of the lithium species involved in product formation for some reaction systems is still required.1 (ii) The BO and BC bonds are significantly shorter than the LiO and LiC bonds,2 respectively, and the nucleophilicity of boryl enolates is generally less pronounced than that of the lithium enolates. These characteristics would predict a comparatively tight and organized transition state for the boron-mediated aldol reaction and, in fact, the stereochemical information embedded in the boryl enolates is ‘faithfully’ expressed in the aldol products on many occasions. These findings have provided incentive to explore the boron aldol methodology for the total synthesis of polyketide-type natural products such as macrolide and ionophore antibiotics. Many successful examples are recorded in the recent literature.
Origin of tendon stem cells in situ

Adult stem cells are surveillance repositories capable of supplying a renewable source of progenitors for tissue repair and regeneration to maintain tissue homeostasis throughout life. Many tissue-resident stem cells have been identified in situ, which lays the foundation for studying them in their native microenvironment, i.e. the niche. Within the musculoskeletal system, muscle stem cells have been unequivocally identified in the mouse, which have led to considerable advances in understanding their role in muscle homeostasis and regeneration. On the other hand, for bone and tendon progenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells have been used as the main in vitro cell model as they can differentiate into osteogenic, chondrogenic and tenogenic fates. Despite considerable efforts and employment of modern tools, the in vivo origins of bone and tendon stem cells remain debated. Tendon regeneration via stem cells is understudied and deserves attention as tendon damage is noted for a bleak, time-consuming recovery and the repaired tendon seldom regains the structural integrity and strength of the native, uninjured state. Here we review the past efforts and recent studies toward defining adult tendon stem cells and understanding tendon regeneration instead of tendon development. The focus is on adult tendon resident cells in situ and the uncertainty of their roles in regeneration. A systematic literature search using the Pubmed search engine was conducted encompassing the seminal papers in the tendon field. Investigation of tendon stem cells in situ is in its infancy mainly due to lack of necessary tools and standardized injury model. We propose a concerted effort toward establishing a comprehensive cell atlas of the tendon, making genetic tools and choosing a reliable injury model for coordinated studies among different laboratories. Increasing our basic understanding should aid future therapeutic innovations to shorten and enhance the tendon repair/regeneration process.
HCMV Infection and Apoptosis: How Do Monocytes Survive HCMV Infection?

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection of peripheral blood monocytes plays a key role in the hematogenous dissemination of the virus to multiple organ systems following primary infection or reactivation of latent virus in the bone marrow. Monocytes have a short life span of 1–3 days in circulation; thus, HCMV must alter their survival and differentiation to utilize these cells and their differentiated counterparts—macrophages—for dissemination and long term viral persistence. Because monocytes are not initially permissive for viral gene expression and replication, HCMV must control host-derived factors early during infection to prevent apoptosis or programmed cell death prior to viral induced differentiation into naturally long-lived macrophages. This review provides a short overview of HCMV infection of monocytes and describes how HCMV has evolved to utilize host cell anti-apoptotic pathways to allow infected monocytes to bridge the 48–72 h viability gate so that differentiation into a long term stable mature cell can occur. Because viral gene expression is delayed in monocytes following initial infection and only occurs (begins around two to three weeks post infection in our model) following what appears to be complete differentiation into mature macrophages or dendritic cells, or both; virally-encoded anti-apoptotic gene products cannot initially control long term infected cell survival. Anti-apoptotic viral genes are discussed in the second section of this review and we argue they would play an important role in long term macrophage or dendritic cell survival following infection-induced differentiation.
TD-03 Convolutional neural networks identify in situ adaptive immune cell architectures in human lupus

Background Adaptive immunity is driven by antigen-restricted cell:cell interactions. In mice, two-photon excitation microscopy (TPEM) has revolutionized our understanding of immune cell architectures. However, TPEM has several limitations: most notably it can only be used to study manipulated animal model systems and not human disease. Previously, we demonstrated that by quantifying the distance between B cells and T cells in multichannel confocal images of human tissue (Cell Distance Mapping, CDM) we could identify cognate interactions. However, CDM used fixed filters and could not accurately capture cell shape. We postulated that this might be important as T cells adopt different shapes when scanning for antigen and after recognizing MHC class II-restricted peptides. Methods We implemented a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) that accurately identified both cell position and shape. The DCNN output was then analyzed with a tuned convolutional neural network (TNN) to identify distance and cell shape features that best discriminated between different T cell populations relative to dendritic cells (DCs). We refer to this analysis pipeline as CDM3. Results In mice, CDM3 discriminated between cognate and non-cognate T cell interactions with DCs with a sensitivity and specificity similar to most TPEM measures. In human lupus nephritis, CDM3 both confirmed that myeloid DCs present antigen to CD4+ T cells in situ and identified plasmacytoid DCs as an important antigen presenting cell in severe inflammation. Conclusions CDM3 provides a novel tool for quantifying in situ adaptive immune cell networks broadly applicable to the study of human diseases including autoimmunity and cancer. Acknowledgements Funded by the NIH including the Autoimmunity Centers of Excellence.
Bootstrap ICC estimators in analysis of small clustered binary data

Survey data are often obtained through a multilevel structure and, as such, require hierarchical modeling. While large sample approximation provides a mechanism to construct confidence intervals for the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) in large datasets, challenges arise when we are faced with small-size clusters and binary outcomes. In this paper, we examine two bootstrapping methods, cluster bootstrapping and split bootstrapping. We use these methods to construct the confidence intervals for the ICCs (based on a latent variable approach) for small binary data obtained through a three-level or higher hierarchical data structure. We use 26 scenarios in our simulation study with the two bootstrapping methods. We find that the latent variable method performs well in terms of coverage. The split bootstrapping method provides confidence intervals close to the nominal coverage when the ratio of the ICC for the primary cluster to the ICC for the secondary cluster is small. While the cluster bootstrapping is preferred when the cluster size is larger and the ratio of the ICCs is larger. A numerical example based on teacher effectiveness is assessed.
Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations

Traditionally all the macroscopic phenomena observed in nature have been studied via solutions of differential equations (DE) which are described by smooth and continuous curves. This approach works very well for a class of problem like the planetary motion where the orbits are regular geometric objects (namely, ellipse). However, there is a class of problems like the fluid turbulence which involves growth of objects of irregular shape (fractals and multi-fractals, see Chaps. 6 and 9) and cannot be studied via smooth solutions of DE’s.
Spin self-force

We consider the motion of charged and spinning bodies on the symmetry axis of a non-extremal Kerr-Newman black hole. If one treats the body as a test point particle of mass, $m$, charge $q$, and spin $S$, then by dropping the body into the black hole from sufficiently near the horizon, the first order area increase, $\ensuremath{\delta}A$, of the black hole can be made arbitrarily small, i.e., the process can be done in a ``reversible'' manner with regard to the change of parameters of the black hole. At second order, there may be effects on the energy delivered to the black hole---quadratic in $q$ and $S$---resulting from (i) the finite size of the body and (ii) self-force corrections to the energy. Sorce and Wald have calculated these effects for a charged, non-spinning body on the symmetry axis of an uncharged Kerr black hole and showed that, when these effects are included, ${\ensuremath{\delta}}^{2}A$ also can be made arbitrarily small, i.e., this process remains reversible to second order. We consider the generalization of this process for a charged and spinning body on the symmetry axis of a Kerr-Newman black hole, where the self-force effects have not been calculated. A spinning body (with negligible extent along the spin axis) must have a mass quadrupole moment $\ensuremath{\gtrsim}{S}^{2}/m$, so at quadratic order in the spin, we must take into account quadrupole effects on the motion. After taking into account all such finite size effects, we find that the condition ${\ensuremath{\delta}}^{2}A\ensuremath{\ge}0$ yields a nontrivial lower bound on the self-force energy, ${E}_{SF}$, at the horizon. In particular, for an uncharged, spinning body on the axis of a Kerr black hole of mass $M$, the net contribution of spin self-force to the energy of the body at the horizon is ${E}_{SF}\ensuremath{\ge}{S}^{2}/8{M}^{3}$, corresponding to an overall repulsive spin self-force. A lower bound for the self-force energy, ${E}_{SF}$, for a body with both charge and spin at the horizon of a Kerr-Newman black hole is given. This lower bound will be the correct formula for ${E}_{SF}$ if the dropping process can be done reversibly to second order.
The Impact of Tris-Hydroxymethyl Aminomethane on Electrolytes During Treatment of Severe Acidosis in ARDS

Background: Rapid infusion of THAM is known to cause severe alterations in serum electrolytes at higher doses and in the presence of either severe respiratory acidosis or renal impairment. THAM can cause hyponatremia and hyperkalemia, as well as hypoglycemia, and hypophosphatemia associated with increased insulin release and activity. We inquired as to the incidence and severity of electrolyte disturbances during the treatment of acidosis in severe ARDS. Methods: The SFGH ARDS quality assurance database was queried to identify subjects treated with THAM from September 2006-August 2016. Of the 97 subjects identified, 82 met inclusion criteria: 1) standard bolus infusion of at least 1 full dose of THAM (150 mmol), and 2) pre-post electrolyte panels measured Results: A total of 143 discreet treatments met inclusion criteria. THAM was infused at 2.04 [1.61, 2.36] mmol/kg/h over 60 [60, 60] min. Paired comparisons in electrolytes were made within a total pre-post time difference (h:min) of 5:45 [4:00, 7:40]. Differences in the primary variables of interest such as potassium (K+), glucose and phosphate (PO4-) were not statistically significant. However, in 15% of comparisons K+ increased > 1 mEq/L and in 6% of these cases post-treatment K+ was > 6 mEq/L. Glucose decreased by > 100 mg/dL in 9% of comparisons and by 50-99 mg/dL in an additional 9%. In 32% of comparisons, chloride decreased > 4 mEq/L which mirrored an increased serum CO2 of > 4mEq/L in 33% of comparisons. Paradoxically, serum lactate increased despite decreasing anion gap. This may have reflected the clinical trajectory in the subset of moribund subjects in whom THAM was used as rescue therapy. Conclusions: At recommended infusion rates (ie, 1. Nahas GG, Sutin KM, Fermon C. Guidelines for the treatment of acidemia with THAM. Drugs 1998;55:191-224.
Insights into Boron-Based Polyanion-Tuned High-Nickel Cathodes for High-Energy-Density Lithium-Ion Batteries

Ultrahigh-Ni layered oxide cathodes (Ni content >90%) are at the forefront for potentially enabling higher-energy-density lithium-ion batteries. Unfortunately, they suffer from rapid capacity fade,...
Troponin Testing and Coronary Syndrome in Geriatric Patients With Nonspecific Complaints: Are We Overtesting?

Background Elderly patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with nonspecific complaints (NSCs) often undergo troponin testing to assess for atypical acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, the rate of ACS and utility of troponin testing in this population is unknown. We sought to determine the rate of ACS and diagnostic yield of troponin testing in elderly patients with NSCs. Methods We retrospectively identified all patients aged ≥ 65 years triaged in the ED with NSCs from January 1, 2017, to June 30, 2017. NSCs were defined a priori and included complaints such as weakness, dizziness, or fatigue. NSCs were verified in ED provider notes by trained abstractors blind to testing results. Exclusions were focal chief complaint in provider notes, fever, and no troponin ordered. ACS was strictly defined and independently adjudicated by two trained physician researchers blind to the study hypothesis. We calculated the proportion of patients with ACS within 30 days and the test characteristics of troponin to diagnose ACS. Results Screening identified 1,146 encounters, and 552 were excluded for fever or focal chief complaints in the provider notes. Of the remaining 594 patients, troponin was ordered in 412 (69%), comprising the study cohort. The mean (±SD) age was 78.7 (±8.3) years, with 58% female and 75% admitted. Troponin elevation occurred in 81 patients (20%). ACS occurred in 5 of 412 (1.2%). Troponin was 100% sensitive (95% confidence interval [CI] = 48% to 100%) and 81% specific (95% CI = 77% to 85%) for ACS. Of patients with elevated troponin, 93.8% were false positives (no ACS). All patients with troponin elevation were admitted, but only one underwent angiography and no patients received reperfusion therapy. Conclusions While consideration for ACS is prudent in selected elderly patients with NSCs, ACS was rare and no patients received reperfusion therapy. Given the false-positive rate in our study, our results may not support routine troponin testing for ACS in this population.
Thermogravimetry as a Tool for Determining Combustion Efficiency and Calcium Utilization of a Fluidized Bed Combustion Furnace

Coal, the most abundant natural fossil fuel, is projected to be a major source of energy well into the next century. Because of this, much experimentation and development has been directed toward using this fossil fuel effectively. Coal's disadvantage is that much of it is high in sulfur. Consequently, its use in fossil fuel power plants poses a major emissions problem. This work was performed to learn how thermogravimetry can be used to determine the combustion and sulfur scrubbing efficiency of a fluidized bed combustion furnace used in these power plants. In this furnace design, a fuel mixture of coal and limestone is used. The limestone is added to remove the sulfur through an in situ scrubbing technique. The fluidized bed design employs high pressure air to both feed the fuel and provide oxygen for combustion. This method causes the fuel to levitate, essentially simulating a fluid mass. This levitation of the fuel mixture provides for more efficient combustion and also enhances the reaction of the calcium oxide with the sulfur oxides that evolve from the coal. Analysis of both the fly ash and bed ash resulting from the combustion should provide a measure of the effectiveness of sulfur oxide removal and combustion efficiency. The Perkin-Elmer TGA 7 [1] was employed to analyze these ashes for unburned fuel and unreacted calcium oxide. These analyses were performed using three different atmospheresnitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide. Nitrogen was used to remove water and any calcium carbonate. Oxygen was used to oxidize and thereby determine the amount of any unburned fuel. Carbon dioxide was used to recombine calcium carbonate from any unreacted calcium oxide and thereby determine the calcium oxide content.
Sexual Health Programs for Latinx Adolescents: A Meta-analysis.

CONTEXT: Latinx adolescents are at risk for negative sexual health outcomes, and many interventions have been developed to reduce this risk. OBJECTIVE: In this meta-analysis, we synthesized the literature on sexual health interventions for Latinx adolescents and examined intervention effects on 3 behavioral outcomes (abstinence, condom use, number of sex partners) and 3 psychological outcomes (safer sex knowledge, intentions, self-efficacy). Moderators of intervention success were explored. DATA SOURCES: A systematic search of studies published through January 2019 was conducted by using PubMed, PsycINFO, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature databases. STUDY SELECTION: All studies included a US-based sample of Latinx adolescents, evaluated sexual health intervention by using an experimental or quasiexperimental design, included a behavioral outcome, and were in English. DATA EXTRACTION: Standardized mean difference (d) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were meta-analyzed by using random-effects models. RESULTS: Effect sizes from 12 studies, sampling 4673 adolescents, were synthesized. Sexual health interventions improved abstinence (d = 0.15, 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.28), condom use (d = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.18 to 0.70), number of sex partners (d = −0.19, 95% CI: −0.37 to −0.001), and sexual health knowledge (d = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.10 to 0.70), compared with control conditions. Effects were consistent across a number of demographic and clinical characteristics, although culturally tailored interventions produced greater change in condom use than nontailored interventions. LIMITATIONS: There was variation across studies in measures of sexual behavior, and some elements of individual study quality were unclear. CONCLUSIONS: Sexual health interventions have a small but significant impact on improving safer sexual behavior among Latinx adolescents. Health educators should consider the importance of cultural tailoring to program success.
Subcycle Overvoltage Dynamics in Solar PVs

In 2017 and 2018, bulk power system (BPS) connected solar photovoltaic (PV) inverters tripped after grid disturbances in South California, causing large-scale power loss. One cause of PV tripping is subcycle overvoltage experienced by PV inverters when the grid suffers voltage dip and PVs enter into momentary cessation. This paper examines the underlying mechanism of the subcycle overvoltage dynamics. A $dq$ -frame analytical model is built for a PV grid-integration system with a focus on the grid side converter (GSC) and grid interaction. PV's dc circuit dynamics and controls are ignored. Eigenvalue analysis indicates that two modes cause the subcycle overvoltage. The modes are associated with shunt compensation, grid electromagnetic dynamics, and PV inverter controls. Furthermore, a more insightful explanation of subcycle overvoltage is offered relying on $s$ -domain admittance models. The $dq$ -frame admittance is derived for the PV viewed from the point of common coupling (PCC). A circuit model relying on the derived admittance can demonstrate subcycle overvoltage due to momentary cessation. Impacts of grid strength, phase-locked-loop (PLL) parameters and converter current control parameters are all examined. It is found that the inherent LC dynamics due to shunt compensation and grid inductance are the main dynamics that can cause overvoltage, and momentary cessation excites overvoltage dynamics.
Avoiding expectancy violations: Starting with course content on day 1

When we spend the first class period focusing on the syllabus and letting students leave early, we miss an opportunity to expose them to the course content. What happens to those who drop that day?...
Development and validation of the Tool for Pharmacists to Predict 30-day hospital readmission in patients with Heart Failure (ToPP-HF).

PURPOSE Pharmacists are well positioned to provide transitions of care (TOC) services to patients with heart failure (HF); however, hospitalizations for patients with HF likely exceed the capacity of a TOC pharmacist. We developed and validated a tool to help pharmacists efficiently identify high-risk patients with HF and maximize their potential impact by intervening on patients at the highest risk for 30-day all-cause readmission. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study including adults with HF admitted to a health system between October 1, 2016, and October 31, 2019. We randomly divided the cohort into development (n = 2,114) and validation (n = 1,089) subcohorts. Nine models were applied to select the most important predictors of 30-day readmission. The final tool, called the Tool for Pharmacists to Predict 30-day hospital readmission in patients with Heart Failure (ToPP-HF) relied upon multivariable logistic regression. We assessed discriminative ability using the C statistic and calibration using the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test. RESULTS The risk of 30-day all-cause readmission was 15.7% (n = 331) and 18.8% (n = 205) in the development and validation subcohorts, respectively. The ToPP-HF tool included 13 variables: number of hospital admissions in previous 6 months; admission diagnosis of HF; number of scheduled medications; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease diagnosis; number of comorbidities; estimated glomerular filtration rate; hospital length of stay; left ventricular ejection fraction; critical care requirement; renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitor use; antiarrhythmic use; hypokalemia; and serum sodium. Discriminatory performance (C statistic of 0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.65-0.73) and calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow P = 0.28) were good. CONCLUSIONS The ToPP-HF performs well and can help pharmacists identify high-risk patients with HF most likely to benefit from TOC services.
Philo T. Farnsworth: The Father of Television by Donald G. Godfrey. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2001. 360 pp

(2003). Philo T. Farnsworth: The Father of Television by Donald G. Godfrey. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2001. 360 pp. American Journalism: Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 105-106.
The Memoir of General Toussaint Louverture

In April 1803, Toussaint Louverture died in the French prison of Fort de Joux. The memory of the former slave who led the Haitian Revolution before becoming the governor of Saint-Domingue would, ho...
Practice, Policy, and Pedagogy in a Mandatory Environmental Law Course

All students at the University of Richmond School of Law are required to complete a first-year course in Environmental Law, as an introduction to the strategies and technicalities of statutory and regulatory regimes. This requirement poses special pedagogical challenges for the instructors. How, for example, is the class to address pollution questions regarding diverse media? Which of the many federal and nonfederal statutory provisions deserve the most (and least attention)? How does the instructor hold the attention of, and gain the most effective work product from, students whose major interests lie outside the area of Environmental Law? What is the proper mix of statutory, regulatory, and judge-made (pre- and post-regulatory) law?
Systematic vs intuitive decision making and the Pareto principle: Effective decision-making for project teams

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss some of the primary factors that inhibit efficient decision-making in teams and propose some methods to help facilitate the process more effectively. Teams often have a difficult time navigating the decision-making process. Even with a well-defined process, decision-making can be derailed by failing to set and maintain priorities or by ineffectively evaluating the significance of individual decisions that need to be made within the larger project scope. Design/methodology/approach – This article reviews some of the applicable literature related to decision-making and synthesizes it into an approach that can be used by teams to facilitate their decision-making processes. Findings – There are three major impediments to efficient and effective decision-making in teams. Using methods for diagnosing and triaging the nature of decisions, teams can become more effective and efficient in their decision-making processes. Originality/value – This article synthesizes...
Group theory approach to potential scattering with supersymmetry

Starting from some Lie groups, we construct the raising and lowering (ladder) operators which when multiplied together in two different orders give us the supersymmetric partner Hamiltonians. We develop an iterative procedure to construct the scattering matrix algebraically.
An IIEC-2 Low-Emission Concept Car

This paper reports an effort to integrate into an engine/catalyst system the best available technologies in electronic engine controls, fuel systems, and catalysts for the purpose of developing a 4000 to 4500 lb vehicle that combines good fuel economy with the ability to meet the 0.41/3.4/0.40 gm/mi emission objectives for HC/CO/NOx. The system has been installed in a 1977 Ford Granada and tested under CVS-CH conditions with two different combinations of catalysts. The results of these experiments, along with analyses of the performance of major electronic and catalytic subsystems, are presented and discussed. /SAE/
A Decision Between Life and Death During TNF-α-Induced Signaling

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), a proinflammatory cytokine, exerts its biological activity by signaling via its two receptors, TNF-RI and TNF-RII, and by activating NF-κB. NF-κB is essential for survival of many cell types; however, TNF-α also induces cell death. In this article, both the survival and cell death signaling by TNF-α and the role of caspases in turning off NF-κB survival signal are reviewed. Furthermore, a role of DAP kinase in TNF-induced apoptosis is discussed. Finally, the molecular basis of the effect of age on TNF-α-induced apoptosis in human T cells is reviewed.
Interstellar Scattering: Radio Sensing of Deep Space Through the Turbulent Interstellar Medium

Diffraction and refraction of radio waves by irregularities in the interstellar electron density produce a wide range of phenomena that allow inferences of the wavenumber spectrum of the irregularities, anisotropies of the fluctuations, the strength of the variations as a function of location in the Galaxy, and characteristic velocities. I summarize the empirical constraints on these aspects of density microstructure on length scales from about 100 km up to ∼ 1 pc. As an astronomical seeing phenomenon, interstellar scattering is a hindrence to discerning spatial and temporal structure in radio sources. However, analogous to optical and infrared speckle techniques, appropriate analyses allow much to be inferred about radio sources themselves, including pulsars, gamma-ray burst counterparts, and active galactic nuclei. I review the importance of seeing effects that are relevant to high-angular resolution radio observations, such as those that might be made from low-frequency (≤100 MHz) space interferometers.
Straining of colloidal particles in saturated porous media

[1] Straining may influence the mobility of colloid-sized particles within groundwater aquifers as well as within granular filters that are used in wastewater treatment. We conducted column transport experiments using latex microspheres as the colloids and quartz sand as the porous medium to investigate the response of colloid straining to changes in colloid diameter (dp) and sand grain diameter (dg). For these experiments the negatively charged microspheres were suspended in deionized water, and the quartz sand was thoroughly cleaned to minimize physicochemical deposition (attachment), which permitted the determination of straining in an unambiguous way. The measurements of strained (immobile phase) and effluent (aqueous phase) colloid concentrations could be described with a transport model that accounted for an exponential decline in straining rates with increasing concentrations of strained colloids. Best fit values of the model coefficient that quantified clean bed straining rates (ko) were negligibly small for dp/dg < 0.008 and, above this threshold, varied linearly with dp/dg. Our findings suggest that accurate inferences on the mobility of colloid-sized particles will require consideration of the effects of straining when dp/dg exceeds 0.008.
Anticipating public reaction to the use of genetic engineering in infant nutrition

Public acceptance of new food products will be the major determinant of their commercial success. I present selected findings from two national social science research projects aimed at gauging consumer knowledge of and understanding consumer attitudes about biotechnology, as well as about the specific use of genetic engineering in milk production. People are more willing to accept products if they understand them and are assured by credible sources that such products are safe and effective. Perceived health concerns and ethical issues will be important to many people and are an important challenge to acceptance. Women tend to be more skeptical about these new products than are men. I make recommendations for more-effective educational efforts, based on social science research, that could increase acceptance by key consumer groups and, ultimately, the commercial success of bioengineered food products.
The cysP promoter of Salmonella typhimurium: characterization of two binding sites for CysB protein, studies of in vivo transcription initiation, and demonstration of the anti-inducer effects of thiosulfate.

Abstract The cysPTWA operons of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium encode components of periplasmic transport systems for sulfate and thiosulfate and are regulated as part of the cysteine regulons. In vitro transcription initiation from the cysP promoter was shown to require both CysB protein and either O-acetyl-L-serine or N-acetyl-L-serine, which act as inducers, and was inhibited by the anti-inducer sulfide. Thiosulfate was found to be even more potent than sulfide as an anti-inducer. DNase I protection experiments showed two discrete binding sites for CysB protein in the presence of N-acetyl-L-serine. CBS-P1 is located between positions -85 and -41 relative to the major transcription start site, and CBS-P2 is located between positions -19 and +25. Without N-acetyl-L-serine, the CysB protein protected the region between positions -63 and -11, which was designated CBS-P3. In gel mobility shift assays, the mobility of CysB protein-cysP promoter complexes was increased by O-acetyl-L-serine, N-Acetyl-L-serine had no effect in gel shift experiments, presumably because its anionic charge results in its rapid removal from the complex during electrophoresis. Comparison of DNA fragments differing with respect to binding site position indicated that complexes with CysB protein contain DNA that is bent somewhere between CBS-P1 and CBS-P2 and that O-acetyl-L-serine decreases DNA bending. Binding studies with fragments containing either CBS-P2 alone, CBS-P1 alone, or the entire cysP promoter region suggest a model in which the complex of bent DNA observed in the absence of O-acetyl-L-serine contains a single CysB protein molecule bound to CBS-P3. At relatively low CysB protein concentrations, O-acetyl-L-serine would cause a single CysB protein molecule to bind tightly to CBS-P1, rather than to CBS-P3, thereby decreasing DNA bending and increasing complex electrophoretic mobility. At higher CysB protein concentrations, O-acetyl-L-serine would cause a second molecule to bind at CBS-P2, giving a more slowly migrating complex.
New results on the Erdös–Szemerédi sum-product problems

Abstract In this Note, we present several contributions (or solutions) to problems related to the sizes of sum sets and product sets of integers (or complex numbers), considered in [8]. We also introduce some new methods in this area of research. To cite this article: M.-C. Chang, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 336 (2003).
An investigation of several deoxynucleoside phosphoramidites useful for synthesizing deoxyoligonucleotides

Abstract Various deoxynucleoside N,N-dialkylaminomethoxyphosphines were examined for stability and reactivity in deoxyoligonucleotide synthesis. Of those examined, the N-morpholino and N,N-diisopropylamino derivatives most completely satisfied all criteria.
Factors determining normalization of pulmonary vascular resistance following successful balloon mitral valvotomy.

Abstract Balloon mitral valvotomy (BMV) provides improvement in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) in patients with severe mitral stenosis. Its normalization, however, remains questionable. We evaluated PVR before, after BMV, and at follow-up in 37 patients who had a previous successful BMV. Patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 had 21 patients with normalized PVR ( 5 ) either after BMV or at follow-up, and group 2 had 16 patients with persistently abnormal PVR. Patients in group 2 were older than patients in group 1 (55 ± 13 vs 43 ± 14 years, p=0.01) and had atrial fibrillation more frequently (10 [63%] vs 6 [29%], p=0.04). Age, cardiac rhythm, mitral valve area, pulmonary bed gradient, pulmonary artery pressure, and PVR before the procedure were significant univariate predictors for normalization of PVR. Age, echocardiographic score, systolic pulmonary artery pressure, and mitral regurgitation were all independent determinants of normalization of PVR in a multivariate logistic regression model. We conclude that PVR failed to return to normal in 16 patients (43%) after successful BMV; this can be predicted by baseline clinical and hemodynamic parameters.
A model of passive thermal nondestructive evaluation of composite laminates

Abstract : A numerical model of passive thermal nondestructive evaluation of composite laminates was developed. This model, based on a transient, three-dimensional, finite difference solution to the heat conduction equations, can be used to characterize in-plane defects in the laminates and to predict the laminate response to the thermal test. The model was experimentally verified using two material systems. A parametric study was then conducted to ascertain which variables were critical to the success of passive thermal NDE, and how flaw resolution might be improved. jg p.4
Chemical biology: cutting out the middle man.

Wouldn't it be nice if you could control the function of any protein with one small molecule? Unlikely as it sounds, this could become possible through a crafty process known as protein splicing.
Ocean Environment and Fisheries

Very few marine fisheries assessments use oceanic environmental information when estimating stocks for management purposes, exceptions being assessments of California sardines and northern Australian prawns, which use sea surface temperature. Instead, assessments are based on trends and indices of abundance, biomass, age composition, size at age, maturity, and so forth, as indicators of the health and trajectory of fish stocks. Recently, there have been many attempts to better understand the impact of the spatial and temporal variations of the physical ocean state on fish populations and to consequently enhance the efficacy of these stock assessments.
The impact of socially conveyed norms on the reporting of sexual behavior and attitudes by men and women

Abstract This study explored the impact of verbally-conveyed social norms on college students’ reports of sexual behavior and attitudes. Some participants overheard a staged conversation that enforced conservative or permissive social norms. Men and women in the permissive condition were more likely to report extradyadic involvement than those in the conservative condition. Men in the conservative condition reported an older age at first intercourse and fewer lifetime and one-time only sexual partners than did men who did not overhear a conversation. Men’s and women’s reports of sexual attitudes were unaffected by the manipulation. That a transient social norm had an impact on reports of sexual behavior lends support to the notion that some apparent sex differences in sexual behavior are at least partially reporting differences due to the influence of differential social norms. Sexual attitudes were less influenced by the social context, suggesting that attitudinal sex differences may be more robust.
Tissue-specific induction of the carcinogen inducible cytochrome P450 isoform, P450IAI, in colonic epithelium

Abstract The epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract have the capacity to engage in biotransformation of ingested chemicals. A principal component of phase I metabolism of xenobiotics is the family of hemeproteins referred to as cytochrome(s) P450. The presence of cytochrome P450 isoforms was examined by Western blot analysis in the epithelial cells of the colon and proximal small intestine of male rats following oral administration with either β-naphthoflavone or phenobarbital. The appearance of β-naphthoflavone-inducible cytochrome P450IAI was observed in the colon and small intestine. The appearance of this cytochrome P450 isoform was concurrent with increases (up to 150-fold) in cytochrome P450-related O -deethylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin and 7-ethoxyresorufin in both tissues. Following administration of phenobarbital, cytochrome P450IIBI was identified immunochemically in the small intestine. However, this isozyme could not be detected in colon. These data suggest that the epithelial cells of the proximal small intestine respond to β-naphthoflavone and phenobarbital in a manner similar to the liver, whereas colonic epithelial cells may have a greater capacity to respond to P450IAI-type inducers such as β-naphthoflavone. Evidence exists that differences in cytochrome P450 isozyme composition can affect the ultimate metabolic fate of ingested chemicals, including carcinogens, and thus a role for colonic P450-dependent monooxygenase activity in the biogenesis of cancer in this tumor-susceptible tissue is suggested.
Evidence for codon bias selection at the pre-mRNA level in eukaryotes

We investigated codon usage patterns across eukaryotic exons. We have shown that in humans codon preference varies with distance from the splice sites. This is consistent with the distribution of RNA elements involved in splicing regulation. Our results provide the first evidence that selection at the pre-mRNA level influences codon usage in humans. We also show that systematic trends in codon usage are found in other eukaryotes, suggesting that pre-mRNA level selection for codon usage could be a widespread phenomenon in organisms that undergo RNA splicing.
Integranular Fracture: The Effect of Grain Boundary Orientation and Crack Growth Directions

Intergranular fracture is a common failure mechanism for which many issues remain to be resolved. In this study we investigate intergranular fracture behavior of specially oriented symmetric tilt bicrystals of aluminum as well as the fracture behavior of a crack along the interface of a copper-sapphire bicrystal. We begin by describing briefly the structure of a symmetric tilt grain boundary which leads to a discussion of the types of issues related to intergranular fracture that can be addressed with symmetric tilt grain boundaries. We then discuss in detail one of these issues, that of the directional dependence of fracture, and present results of finite element simulations of a copper-sapphire bicrystal specimen that exhibits the directional dependence of fracture. The simulations account for the single crystal nature of the constituents and use a cohesive-zone model, for which the grain boundary energy can be varied, to simulate the fracture process along the interface. The directional dependence of fracture emerges from the simulations for a broad range of parameters in the constitutive models of both the single crystal constituents as well as the interfacial cohesive-zone.
University of Michigan Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Training Program.

One year before the 1918 founding of the American Society of Oral Surgeons and Exodontists, Chalmers J. Lyons, at the request of Cyrenius Darling, MD, Chief of Surgery at the University of Michigan Hospital and Dean of the College of Dentistry, founded an oral surgery training program at the University of Michigan Hospital. It was one of the two first training programs in the United States formed that year and is currently the oldest running US oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMS) training program. Since then, the University of Michigan has been at the forefront of the scope of practice and training in OMS in the United States and beyond (Fig 1). Dr Lyons was a central figure in the development of oral surgery at the University of Michigan and establishing its clinical focus. In 1915 Chalmers J. Lyons was appointed instructor of oral surgery at the University of Michigan College of Dentistry and consultant dentist to University Hospital. With the establishment of the training program, he served as chairman until 1935 (Fig 2). Dr Al Kany, a 1916 graduate of the University of Michigan College of Dentistry, became the first trainee in the 1-year program. By 1922, the length of training was increased to 2 years, and in 1923 a third year was added along with a master of science in oral surgery. In addition to performing exodontia and repairing facial fractures, Dr Lyons had a great interest in cleft lip and palate surgery, having been a student of Dr Truman Brophy in Chicago and Dr Cyrenius Darling, a general surgeon at the University of Michigan. His considerable skill in this arena helped him establish
Computer-generated graphics recorded on film extend minicomputer capabilities.

Abstract The memory limitations of minicomputers which commonly restrict continuous analysis of electrical signs of neural activity were overcome by increasing throughput. A computer interface consisting of (1) a 35-mm camera, (2) an oscilloscope, and (3) a photoelectric transducer permitted minicomputer-generated graphics to be recorded faster than data entry, thus allowing continuous analysis even with small core memories. Examples of multidimensional displays of spectral analysis and single unit wave forms are described.
The reward-support framework and faculty commitment to their university

The present study examined faculty commitment to their university across hard and soft sciences and across pure and applied fields. Within each field, faculty commitment was separately examined for each career stage and for each level of research productivity. Furthermore, this study assessed (separately for each field) the relative powers of rewards and support variables, derived from the exchange framework, in explaining faculty commitment. A stratified random sample of 40 U.S. research university departments, 10 each in physics, sociology, electrical engineering, and education, was surveyed by means of a questionnaire. The major findings of the study suggest that the reward-support framework plays a meaningful role, although distinctly different for hard and soft sciences, in determining faculty commitment to their university in each of the four fields. The relative power of rewards in explaining faculty commitment is stronger in hard sciences and weaker in soft sciences whereas a reversed pattern is found for support indicators. In addition, faculty commitment to their university varies across fields, career stages, and levels of research productivity (only for hard sciences).
Phenylene-perfluoralkylene silicones

This paper described the preparation and properties of a new class of silicone polymers, the phenylene-perfluoroalkylene silicones. A direct measure of ratios of copolymer units in silicone copolymers was developed during this work.