cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional Outcomes, Morbidity, Mortality, and Fracture Healing in 58 Consecutive Patients with Geriatric Odontoid Fracture Treated with Cervical Collar or Posterior Fusion

Controversy exists as to the most effective management option for elderly patients with type II odontoid fractures. The purpose of this study is to evaluate outcomes associated with rigid cervical collar and posterior fusion surgery. Patients with ≥ 50% odontoid displacement were treated with posterior fusion surgery including C1–2 (PSF group, n = 25, average age = 80 years). Patients with n = 33, average age = 83 years). These inhomogeneous groups were followed for an average of 14 months. Fracture healing rates were higher in the operative group (28% versus 6%). Neck Disability Index scores were slightly lower in the nonoperative group (13 versus 18.3, p = 0.23). Analogue pain scores were also slightly lower in the nonoperative group (1.3 versus 1.9, p = 0.26). The mortality rate was 12.5% in the collar group and 20% in the operative group. Complications were higher in the operative group (24% versus 6%). Rates of type II odontoid facture healing and stability appear to be higher in geriatric patients treated with posterior fusion surgery. Fracture healing and stability did not correlate with improved outcomes with respect to levels of pain, function, and satisfaction. Mortality and complication rates are lower in those patients with lesser-displaced fractures who are treated with a cervical collar and early mobilization.
An Investigation of Anisotropic Behavior on 5083 Aluminum Alloy Using Electric Current

Due to more stringent environmental regulations, the demand for strong, lightweight metal alloys, such as AA 5083, has increased. In sheet metal forming, aluminum is preferred over higher density steels to manufacture such parts; however the in-plane anisotropic behavior of AA 5083 alloy greatly affects its formability. Previous researchers have found that mechanical properties of metallic materials can be influenced by DC electrical current, a research area known as Electrically-Assisted Manufacturing (EAM). The research herein is focused on characterizing the in-plane anisotropic behavior of AA 5083 alloy with and without DC current application, while it is loaded in the uniaxial direction. Furthermore, the effects of EAM on Lueder’s banding will also be investigated.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Investigations on selenium in wheat

Abstract Pronase hydrolysates of crude gluten preparations from naturally seleniferous wheat seeds were subjected to ion-exchange chromatography and the eluates were examined chemically for selenium. Almost half of the selenium in the hydrolysate was accounted for as selenomethionine, but selenocystine was not detected. More detailed studies were then made on wheat gluten, seeds and straw from plants grown on soil to which 75Se-selenate had been added. On pronase hydrolysis of the seeds or the gluten, about half of the selenium could again be accounted for as selenomethionine. On examining protein-free, hot-water extracts of the seeds or straw of these plants, no free selenomethionine could be detected, suggesting the rapid incorporation of this amino acid into protein. Neither selenocystine, the seleno-half-cystine moiety nor Se-methylselenocysteine was detected in the hydrolysates or in the water extracts. The results suggest, however, the presence of selenocysteic acid in significant amounts in the gluten, the seeds and the straw. Over half of the selenium in the straw could be accounted for as selenate, but selenite was not found. Selenium compounds eluted shortly after selenite, selenate and cysteic acid, suggesting the presence of oxides of selenomethionine.
Deuterium and oxygen-18 correlation: Clay minerals and hydroxides in Quaternary soils compared to meteoric waters

Abstract δD and δO 18 of clay minerals and hydroxides in Quaternary soils of the United States correlate directly with δD and δO 18 of corresponding present-day meteoric waters. Samples from Montana and Idaho are much lower in both δD and δO 18 than those from coastal areas. The Hawaiian and Gulf Coast samples are highest in δD and δO 18 . Soils rich in gibbsite or Al-Fe-Si hydroxides are isotopically distinct from clay-rich soils. These systematics indicate that isotopic equilibrium is approximately attained between the weathering products and their coexisting waters. Isotopic fractionation factors estimated from the data for kaolinite-H 2 O and montmorillonite-H 2 O at earth surface temperatures are very similar, with α clay - H 2 O hy ≈ 0.970 and α clay - H 2 O ox ≈ 1.027, whereas for gibbsite-H 2 O α hy ≈ 0.985 and α ox ≈ 1.018.
Effect of time of administration on the pharmacokinetics and tolerance of doxazosin in healthy male volunteers.

A randomized, open-label, two-way crossover study of 24 normotensive, healthy male volunteers with nocturia was conducted to compare morning and evening administration of doxazosin in terms of pharmacokinetics and tolerance. In both the morning and evening phases, participants received doxazosin 1 mg once daily for 10 days, followed by 2 mg once daily for 5 days. Pharmacokinetic data were evaluated from blood samples serially collected for 72 hours after drug administration on the last day of each phase. Vital signs and adverse events were recorded throughout the study. Mean peak plasma concentrations (C(max)) were 16.98 and 15.76 ng/mL after morning and evening administration, respectively. Corresponding mean values of area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-24) were 227.90 and 253.66 ng.hr/mL, respectively. Statistical analysis of the log-transformed values for C(max) and AUC0-24 indicated that morning and evening administration of doxazosin were bioequivalent. There were no statistically or clinically significant differences between phases for mean apparent half-life (t1/2) or total body clearance. There were no clinically relevant differences in blood pressure or in pulse rate between phases, and no occurrences of orthostatic hypotension. The incidence of adverse experiences during morning and evening administration was similar. Morning and evening administration of doxazosin are equivalent and have similar tolerance profiles.
PUF Protein-mediated Deadenylation Is Catalyzed by Ccr4p

PUF proteins control gene expression by binding to the 3′-untranslated regions of specific mRNAs and triggering mRNA decay or translational repression. Here we focus on the mechanism of PUF-mediated regulation. The yeast PUF protein, Mpt5p, regulates HO mRNA and stimulates removal of its poly(A) tail (i.e. deadenylation). Mpt5p repression in vivo is dependent on POP2, a component of the cytoplasmic Ccr4p-Pop2p-Not complex that deadenylates mRNAs. In this study, we elucidate the individual roles of the Ccr4p and Pop2p deadenylases in Mpt5p-regulated deadenylation. Both in vivo and in vitro, Pop2p and Ccr4p proteins are required for Mpt5p-regulated deadenylation of HO. However, the requirements for the two proteins differ dramatically: the enzymatic activity of Ccr4p is essential, whereas that of Pop2p is dispensable. We conclude that Pop2p is a bridge through which the PUF protein recruits the Ccr4p enzyme to the target mRNA, thereby stimulating deadenylation. Our data suggest that PUF proteins may enhance mRNA degradation and repress expression by both deadenylation-dependent and -independent mechanisms, using the same Pop2p bridge to recruit a multifunctional Pop2p complex to the mRNA.
Actin-based organelle movement

Evidence for actin-dependent organelle movement was first obtained from studies of cytoplasmic streaming in plants. These studies, together with cell-free organelle motility studies and biophysical analyses of muscle myosin, support a model whereby organelle-associated motor molecules utilize the energy of adenosine triphosphate binding and hydrolysis to drive movement along F-actin tracks Recent studies indicate that this mechanism for organelle movement may be responsible for organelle and vesicle movement during secretion, endocytosis and mitochondrial inheritance in a variety of eukaryotes.
Unusual forehead tremor in a patient with essential tremor

Voice and head (neck) tremor commonly occur in patients with essential tremor (ET), but involvement of cranial musculature is generally limited to these specific cranial structures, and action tremor of the forehead has not been reported. We describe a patient with ET who had forehead tremor. The tremor seemed to be task-specific, and neurophysiological features suggested that the forehead tremor was dystonic. The presence of forehead tremor in a patient with ET probably indicates an additional pathophysiologic process. The explanation for the specificity of involvement of cranial musculature in ET is not known, but this clinical observation might help guide investigators who are interested in the underlying pathophysiology of this condition. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
Portal vein blood flow determination in the unanesthetized human by umbilicoportal cannulation

Abstract A direct method for quantitation of portal vein flow in the unanesthetized, unsedated human being is described. In patients with normal livers, portal flow decreases following exercise and increases in the postprandial period. In patients with alcoholic cirrhosis there is a trend toward a decreased response of the portal flow to exercise and to oral stimulus of hypertonic glucose. This method is proposed to provide improved preoperative characterization of portal hemodynamics and allow better selection of patients and procedures for decompression of portal venous hypertension in the patient with esophageal variceal hemorrhage.
Topological and Developmental Gradients of Calbindin Expression in the Chick's Inner Ear

Mobile intracellular calcium buffers play an important role in regulating calcium flux into mechanosensory hair cells and calbindin D-28k is expressed at high levels in the chick's basilar papilla. We have used RT-PCR, in situ hybridization, and immunohistology to demonstrate that calbindin expression varies systematically according to hair cell position and developmental age. RT-PCR using microdissected quarters of the posthatch basilar papilla showed that mRNA levels were lowest in the (low frequency) apex and higher in basal quadrants. In situ hybridization revealed calbindin mRNA in posthatch hair cells and supporting cells, with more intense labeling of hair cells from basal (high frequency) positions. A similar topology was obtained with calbindin antibodies. Neither calbindin riboprobe nor calbindin antibody labeled cochlear neurons. In contrast, a subset of large vestibular neurons and their calyciform endings onto Type I vestibular hair cells were strongly labeled by the calbindin antibody, while vestibular hair cells were negative for calbindin immunoreactivity. Likewise, calbindin in situ hybridization was negative for vestibular hair cells but positive in a subset of larger vestibular neurons. Calbindin mRNA was detected in hair cells of the basal half of the papilla at embryonic day 10 (E10) and calbindin immunoreactivity was detected at E12. Hair cells in the apical half of the papilla had equivalent calbindin expression two days later. Immunoreactivity appeared in abneural supporting cells days later than in hair cells, and not until E20 in neurally located supporting cells. These results demonstrate that calbindin message and protein levels are greater in high-frequency hair cells. This "tonotopic" gradient may result from the stabilization of a basal-to-apical developmental gradient and could be related at least in part to calcium channel expression along this axis.
An Organ Culture System for the Study of Programmed Cell Death in the Rat Ventral Prostate

Glandular epithelial cells of the rat ventral prostate undergo programmed cell death in vivo following androgen ablation. Fragmentation of the prostatic DNA is an irreversible commitment step in this programmed cell death process. The amount of prostatic DNA fragmentation thus is a quantitative measure of the number of androgen-dependent prostatic glandular cells undergoing programmed death. An in vitro organ culture system was devised for determining rates of prostatic programmed cell death based upon the daily percentage of prostatic DNA fragmentation. To do this, rats were castrated and 2 weeks later treated in vivo for 3 days with exogeneous androgen replacement to maximally stimulate DNA synthesis {i.e. proliferation) of the ventral prostatic glandular cells. in vitro organ cultures were established from these ventral prostates and the DNA of these explants was 125I-labeled by incubation in media containing [125I]iododeoxyuridine ([125I]IDU). Using this in vivoin vitro DNA labeling technique, greater...
Role of c-Abl Kinase in DNA Mismatch Repair-dependent G2 Cell Cycle Checkpoint Arrest Responses

Current published data suggest that DNA mismatch repair (MMR) triggers prolonged G2 cell cycle checkpoint arrest after alkylation damage from N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) by activating ATR (ataxia telangiectasia-Rad3-related kinase). However, analyses of isogenic MMR-proficient and MMR-deficient human RKO colon cancer cells revealed that although ATR/Chk1 signaling controlled G2 arrest in MMR-deficient cells, ATR/Chk1 activation was not involved in MMR-dependent G2 arrest. Instead, we discovered that disrupting c-Abl activity using STI571 (Gleevec™, a c-Abl inhibitor) or stable c-Abl knockdown abolished MMR-dependent p73α stabilization, induction of GADD45α protein expression, and G2 arrest. In addition, inhibition of c-Abl also increased the survival of MNNG-exposed MMR-proficient cells to a level comparable with MMR-deficient cells. Furthermore, knocking down GADD45α (but not p73α) protein levels affected MMR-dependent G2 arrest responses. Thus, MMR-dependent G2 arrest responses triggered by MNNG are dependent on a human MLH1/c-Abl/GADD45α signaling pathway and activity. Furthermore, our data suggest that caution should be taken with therapies targeting c-Abl kinase because increased survival of mutator phenotypes may be an unwanted consequence.
Possible Mars brines: Equilibrium and kinetic considerations

To determine the fate of postulated near surface brines on Mars, the rate of H2O mass loss from subsurface brines was calculated as a function of latitude, depth, regolith porosity, eutectic temperature, and pore size. A model for a chemically reasonable brine that could reproduce Martian radar results was developed, and the escape rate of H2O molecules from such a brine was estimated. It is suggested that the presence of a low-permeability duricrust may be required to preserve such a brine for reasonable periods, and to prevent detection of an extensive subsurface system by the Viking MAWD instrument.
The Historiography of Difference

Within the truly prodigious outpouring of self-consciously “post-colonial” scholarship on colonial India since 1980, it is little exaggeration to state that the ontology of colonialism has been figured as difference: its production, its management, its transgression, and its obtrusion. This is the case whether the scholar's disciplinary affiliation has been anthropology, history, literary studies, politics, or sociology and whether or not the scholar has been formally associated with the now-famous Subaltern Studies series. This is also the case whether the specific subject at hand has been caste or gender, nationalism or communalism, peasants or workers, state or non-state practices, elite or non-elite discourses, formal or informal knowledges, histories or memories.
The presence of delta-crystallin in the plasma membrane of chick lens fiber cells.

Abstract Analyses by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of plasma membranes isolated from a rebion of the chick lens (outer cortex) where little or no (
Do patients need more frequent colonoscopic surveillance after liver transplantation

Abstract Background Solid-organ transplant recipients are at higher risk for developing malignancies believed to be due to the use of immunosuppression. The aim of our study was to determine the risk of development of colon polyps with advanced features and colon carcinoma in liver transplant (LT) recipients when compared to individuals with chronic liver disease (CLD) and individuals without liver disease. Methods Case-control analyses of 82 LT recipients who underwent posttransplant colonoscopy, matched for age, gender, and year of colonoscopy, were compared to 82 patients with chronic liver disease and 82 patients without liver disease undergoing screening colonoscopy. Incidence of advanced adenomas (polyps >1 cm, high-grade dysplasia, villous histology) and colon carcinoma was documented. Results The groups were similar in age and gender, but there were more Hispanic patients in the LT group. Six patients (7.3%) of the LT group, 3 patients (3.6%) of the chronic liver disease group, and 1 patient (1.2%) of the no-liver-disease group had the outcome of interest, but the P value was not significant. Immunosuppression used was tacrolimus and mycophenolate in 2 patients, tacrolimus-only in 2 patients, and cyclosporine in 2 patients. Conclusions There is a trend toward increased incidence of advanced colon polyps and colon carcinoma in immunosuppressed patients after liver transplantation. Larger studies are needed to determine whether posttransplant colon cancer surveillance should be more frequent than currently recommended for nontransplant patients.
Modeling reformulation using query distributions

Query reformulation modifies the original query with the aim of better matching the vocabulary of the relevant documents, and consequently improving ranking effectiveness. Previous models typically generate words and phrases related to the original query, but do not consider how these words and phrases would fit together in actual queries. In this article, a novel framework is proposed that models reformulation as a distribution of actual queries, where each query is a variation of the original query. This approach considers an actual query as the basic unit and thus captures important query-level dependencies between words and phrases. An implementation of this framework that only uses publicly available resources is proposed, which makes fair comparisons with other methods using TREC collections possible. Specifically, this implementation consists of a query generation step that analyzes the passages containing query words to generate reformulated queries and a probability estimation step that learns a distribution for reformulated queries by optimizing the retrieval performance. Experiments on TREC collections show that the proposed model can significantly outperform previous reformulation models.
Removal of Bisphenol A and its Reaction-Intermediates from Aqueous Solution by Ozonation

In this study, the oxidation of Bisphenol A (BPA) and its reaction-intermediates in aqueous solution by ozonation was investigated. The results of the study indicated that ozonation is effective in oxidizing BPA. Catechol, resorcinol, acetone, formaldehyde and organic acids, acetic, formic, maleic, and oxalic acid, are identified as reaction-intermediates. Ozonation of 51 μM (770 μM C) of BPA resulted in peak concentrations of 16.3, 8.7, 6.8, and 2.0 μM C of catechol, resorcinol, acetone, and formaldehyde, respectively. These concentrations correspond to 2.1, 1.1, 0.9, and 0.3% of the initial concentration of BPA in terms of total organic carbon for catechol, resorcinol, acetone, and formaldehyde, respectively. It was observed that BPA's reaction-intermediates were resistant to ozonation compared to the parent compound and complete mineralization of BPA may need extended ozonation.
AN EMPIRICAL TEST OF THE COMMODITY OPTION PRICING MODEL USING GINNIE MAE CALL OPTIONS

This paper tests the ability of Black's commodity option pricing model to provide prices for over-the-counter Ginnie Mae call options, which are not significantly different from actual market prices. The test is applied to a unique data set on option prices and Ginnie Mae forward contracts, furnished by a brokerage house specializing in trading government-backed securities. The model generates prices close to those actually available when trading is reasonably active.
Receptor-bound conformation of an alpha(5)beta(1) integrin antagonist by (15)N-edited 2D transferred nuclear overhauser effects.

We report the results of 15N-edited 2D transferred NOE experiments of the partially 15N-labeled α5β1 antagonist c[Mpa15N-Arg-15N-Gly-15N-Asp-15N-Asp-15N-Val-Cys]-NH2 (Mpa denotes mercaptopropionic ...
Operation Breakthrough for Continuous Self-Systems Improvement

A comprehensive approach to teacher preparation involving the development of the five habits of the agile learner
The effect of H1 on mononucleosome conformation

Mononucleosomes, with an average DNA size of 200 base pairs and a H1,H5 content somewhat below whole nuclei, have been isolated from chicken erythrocyte nuclei. These mononucleosomes have a circular dichroism molar ellipticity, (theta)/sub 283/, of 4100 deg.cm/sup 2//dmol and show a biphasic thermal denaturation profile, with T/sub m(I) = 58/sup 0/C and T/sub m(II) = 71.5/sup 0/C. Dissociation of H1 + H5 from the mononucleosomes by 0.6 M NaCl causes (theta)/sub 283/ to rise to 5200 deg.cm/sup 2//dmol and the melting profile to shift to lower temperatures, with T/sub m(I) = 46/sup 0/C and T/sub m(II) = 68/sup 0/C. When (H1,H5)-depleted mononucleosomes are reconstituted with H1 to H1/nucleosome mole ratios (r) from 0 to 3.2, several parameters change progressively, reaching endpoints at r = 2: (theta)/sub 283/ decreased from 5200 to 3300 deg.cm/sup 2//dmol, the large melting band at 46/sup 0/C had disappeared, and the biphasic melting profile become monophasic, with T/sub m/ = 73/sup 0/C. Further addition of H1 increased the T/sub m/ to 76/sup 0/C at r = 3.2. The significance of the role of H1 in condensing DNA is discussed.
Factors contributing to tornadogenesis in landfalling Gulf of Mexico tropical cyclones

Tropical cyclone tornadoes (TCTs) are brief and often unpredictable events that can produce fatalities and create considerable economic loss. Given these uncertainties, it is important to understand the characteristics and factors that contribute to tornado formation within tropical cyclones. This research analyses this hazardous phenomenon, examining the relationships among tropical cyclone intensity, size and tornado output. Furthermore, the influences of severe weather parameters on tornado output near the time of tornado formation were assessed between two phases of a tropical cyclone's life cycle: during hurricane and tropical storm intensity, termed tropical cyclone tornadoes (TCTs), and during tropical depression and remnant low intensity, termed tropical low tornadoes (TLTs). Results show that tornado output is significantly influenced by tropical cyclone intensity. Values for storm relative helicity, energy helicity index, and severe weather threat index are significantly higher within TCT environments, thus resulting in more tornadoes.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Rehabilitation Program with Continuation on an Outpatient Basis

A total of 187 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were treated in a rehabilitation program, initially as inpatients and then scheduled to continue 6 months or more in an outpatient clinic. The mean age was 61 (range, 28-76 years). Changes shown by participants in the outpatient program were compared to those shown by the nonparticipants. For both groups, the mortality rates were similar to published figures, and were strongly related to the levels of forced expiratory volume/sec (FEV 1.0). The FEV 1.0 declined significantly within one year in both groups. Psychologic test scores were unchanged. There was a sharp increase in unemployment. Although rehabilitative therapy must be continued, high priority should be given to early detection of COPD in patients who have airway obstruction but are otherwise asymptomatic. Possibly, at that stage, the elimination of cigarette smoking may slow the process.
Gate oxide integrity dependence on substrate characteristics and SiO2 thickness

Abstract Gate oxide integrity (GOI) has been investigated for a wide range of oxide thicknesses, from 5 to 50 nm. Silicon substrates containing voids of number densities along with defect-free (perfect) polished and epitaxial wafers were tested. Oxide reliability was monitored by linear ramped field tests at variable ramp rate and by constant current and field tests using a doped polysilicon gate as the cathode. The field and time parameters characterizing the distributions of each breakdown mode have been extracted by Weibull analysis. In general, more than one mode of breakdown is found in a given sampled substrate type. The average field of the breakdown shifts to higher fields with decreasing oxide thickness. In the void-related mode, a constant countable number of defects for a given substrate type are “activated” at sufficiently high fields independent of oxide thickness. Void-free epi and “perfect” substrates show a single, non-intrinsic breakdown mode. This mode is also found in the void containing materials in the part of their distribution, unaffected by voids.
Inhibition of polyphosphoinositide phosphodiesterase by aminoglycoside antibiotics

The calcium-activated phosphodiesteratic hydrolysis of32P-labeled phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate in prelabeled nerve ending membranes is inhibited by the aminoglycosides neomycin and gentamicin, and to a lesser extent, by streptomycin. The inhibition is overcome by increasing concentrations of Ca2+, indicating that the aminoglycosides exert their effect by displacing Ca2+ from lipid.
Sources of boron for foliar fertilization of cotton and soybean

Abstract Recent introduction of new boron (B) fertilizer materials prompted an examination of the efficacy of B uptake by cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) from foliar‐applied B originating from various sources. Conducted as a greenhouse study at four participating universities, cotton (Deltapineland 90) and soybean (Pioneer 9761) were sprayed at a rate equivalent to 0.22 kgha‐1 B when plants were 6 weeks old. Sources of B were: 1) boric acid (17.5% B), 2) sodium borate (Solubor® 20.5% B), 3) Solubor® at the pH of boric acid, 4) Traco Liquid B (10% B), and, 5) Smith and Ardussi Liquid B (10% B). Control plants that did not receive B were sprayed with water. Four plants were grown in each pot in sandy loam soils with a pH greater than 6.0. Plants were harvested during the eighth week. To determine if the solvents used to prepare the foliar liquids affected B absorption, two of the harvested plants per pot were washed with distilled water and two plants were left unwashed. All plan...
Neurobehavioral assessment of children and adolescents attending a developmental disabilities clinic.

Summary.-Although the risk of the eventual development of tardive dyskinesia and other persistent adverse effects of neuroleptics is high, among adults with mental retardation and other developmental disabilities, neuroleptics may ameliorate dyskinesias, aggression, and inattention. The effects of traditional neuroleptics on a comparable population of children and adolescents with mental retardation and other developmental disabilities are unknown. The objective of this study was to develop an assessment battery to describe the effects of traditional neuroleptics on the behavior and movements of a small sample of children and adolescents with mental retardation and other developmental disabilities. 13 children and adolescents aged 6 to 16 years attending a developmental disabilities clinic were evaluated utilizing a Movement Assessment Battery to measure behavior and motions. Five subjects took traditional neuroleptic medications. Trained raters can reliably assess the movements and behaviors of children and adolescents with multiple handicaps. Children and adolescents with developmental disabilities may be vulnerable to experience functional impairment and akathisia, tics, and other dyskinesias when administered traditional neuroleptic medications.
Occurrence of Poliomyelitis Virus in Autopsies, Patients, and Contacts.

1. Poliomyelitis virus has been recovered in monkeys from 50 per cent of spinal cords, 10 per cent of olfactory bulbs, 50 per cent of tonsil-adenoid tissue, and from 26 per cent of the colon contents of autopsies; from the stools of 20 per cent of patients, and of 5 per cent of the contacts examined in this series. 2. Other materials as indicated in Table I were tested without success. 3. In autopsies with positive cords, tonsil-adenoid tissues, or colon contents were positive in 73 per cent. 4. 22 per cent of stools from patients with paralysis yielded virus and 19 per cent of the stools from patients without paralysis yielded virus. 5. 20 per cent of the stools from males and 22 per cent of the stools from females yielded virus. 6. 40 per cent of 35 stools from patients under 16 years yielded virus while 8 per cent of 38 stools from patients above the age of 15 yielded virus. 7. 71 per cent of the cords of 35 autopsies under 16 years yielded virus while 31 per cent 16 years and over yielded virus. 8. Repeat stools from 5 positive cases, 1 month after the first positive stool, were negative. The stool of one contact was positive the 2nd month after first recovery but was negative the 3rd month.
Sensitivity of the photon structure function F2 to the QCD scale parameter Λ

Abstract Initial optimism that the photon structure function F2 would provide a sensitive measure of the QCD scale parameter Λ gave way to pessimism as the nature of the separation of point-like and hadronic parts of F2 was understood. Building on previous work, this paper presents a quantitative analysis of the sensitivity of F2 to Λ, and finds that at large Q2 and x much of the sensitivity to Λ which gave rise to the initial optimism in fact survives the more sophisticated analysis.
Shape instabilities of eutectic composites at elevated temperatures

Abstract A calculation of the growth of shape instabilities is presented for a rod composite microstructure. It is assumed that migration of the interface is driven by capillarity and controlled by diffusive transport in the matrix. If the interface is faceted or if the rod fraction exceeds 20 per cent, a two dimensional coarsening mode occurs more rapidly than spheroidization of the rods. The time for a significant number of rods to dissolve by two dimensional growth is found to depend on the initial distribution of rod sizes. If faults are present coarsening may also occur by fault migration. In the case of faults coarsening occurs most rapidly at the beginning and then slows down because of the increased rod size and because of fault annihilation. The effects of interface kinetics, surface energy anisotropy and stress on the coarsening of composite structures are discussed.
Fluency: Bridge Between Decoding and Reading Comprehension

A deep, developmental construct and definition of fluency, in which fluency and reading comprehension have a reciprocal relationship, is explicated and contrasted with superficial approaches to that construct. The historical development of fluency is outlined, along with conclusions of the U.S. National Reading Panel, to explore why fluency has moved from being “the neglected aspect of reading” to a popular topic in the field. A practical, developmental instructional program based largely on the theoretical framework and research findings of Linnea Ehri is delineated. The nine essential components of that program include building the graphophonic foundations for fluency; building and extending vocabulary and oral language skills; providing expert instruction and practice in the recognition of high-frequency vocabulary; teaching common word parts and spelling patterns; teaching, modeling, and providing practice in the application of a decoding strategy; using appropriate texts to coach strategic behaviors and to build reading speed; using repeated reading procedures as an intervention approach for struggling readers; extending growing fluency through wide independent reading; and monitoring fluency development through appropriate assessment procedures. The position is taken throughout that teaching, developing, and assessing fluency must always be done in the context of reading comprehension.
Profound Anemia From Duodenal Invasion of Metastatic Testicular Seminoma

Germ cell tumors arising in the testis involve the gastrointestinal tract in less than 5% of patients.1 This involvement of bowel, primarily the duodenum, is usually by direct extension from adjacent metastatic lymphadenopathy. The most common clinical manifestations are intestinal obstruction and gastrointestinal bleeding. However, profound anemia as a result of gastrointestinal bleeding is unusual. We report a case of duodenal invasion and ulceration by retroperitoneal extension of metastatic testicular carcinoma presenting as profound anemia. CASE REPORT A 20-year-old man was in good health until December 2002, when he experienced low back pain that worsened despite typical measures of rest, physical therapy, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and muscle relaxants. The patient was treated for mechanical low back pain for approximately 4 months, when he had development of weakness, fatigue and malaise. Laboratory analysis revealed significant hypochromic microcytic anemia. On repeat physical examination he had a tender mass in the right abdomen and a small right hydrocele. After urological consultation additional history of 10-pound weight loss and bright red blood per rectum was obtained. Testicular ultrasound demonstrated a small (0.5 cm) hypoechoic lesion in the right testis. Computerized tomography of the abdomen and pelvis showed a heterogeneous lobulated mass in the retroperitoneum spanning from the level of the pancreatic head to 4 cm below the aortic bifurcation (fig. 1). Tumor markers (human chorionic gonadotropin, -fetoprotein and lactate dehydrogenase) were within normal limits. Orchiectomy specimen revealed a 1 cm tumor histologically consistent with pure seminoma. An additional 0.6 cm focus of scar with calcification and hemosiderin laden macrophages was also found. To evaluate the profound anemia (hemoglobin 5.4 gm/dl [normal 13.8 to 17.0], hematocrit 16.5% [40% to 50%]) and gastrointestinal bleeding colonoscopy and esophagogastroduodenoscopy were performed .A5c mdeep friable ulcer and mass were seen in the second portion of the duodenum (fig. 2). Biopsy of the ulcer demonstrated cells consistent with embryonal carcinoma. On immunohistochemical analysis the duodenal tumor was strongly positive for pankeratin and CD30 (consistent with embryonal carcinoma), while the testicular seminoma showed dissimilar immunohistochemistry with no evidence of pankeratin or CD30 positivity (consistent with pure seminoma).
Crack behavior for sliding contact problems

Abstract A finite element analysis to simulate the behavior of cracks for the problem of contact with asperities in sliding wear is presented in this article. The results of the analysis show that due to the presence of a tensile stress field between the asperities, mode I fracture is active below the free surface and the tensile stress maxima are obtained near the trailing edge of each contacting asperity. The magnitudes of stress intensity factors increase with increasing friction forces. For a surface crack perpendicular to the contact surface, the stress intensity factor K I reaches its maximum value at a depth very close to the surface and the crack propagates in a direction opposite to the motion of the slider. Similar results are found for an embedded crack. The current analysis may facilitate further exploration of the wear mechanism by fracture mechanics.
Prostaglandin E2-induced hydrolysis of cholesterol esters in rat adrenocortical cells.

Abstract Adrenocortical cells were prepared from rats maintained on essential fatty acid (EFA)-deficient diet for 16 weeks, and from control litter mates. These were incubated for 2 h at 37°C in the absence and presence of ACTH, PGE2 or PGF2x. Analyses included corticosterone output, cellular cyclic AMP levels and the content and composition of cholesteryl esters and phospholipids. The steroidogenic response of both types of cells to ACTH (0.71 nM) was comparable, although there were differences in the time at which maximal cyclic AMP levels were attained. ACTH had no effect on phospholipids in either type of cell. However, there was a marked hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters in both normal and EFA-deficient cells in response to ACTH, despite major differences in fatty acid composition. Incubations of either normal or EFA-deficient adrenal cells with PGE2 (30 μM) resulted in increases in cellular cyclic AMP levels which peaked at 30 min. Corticosterone output under these conditions was low, representing only 13–21% of the levels seen after incubations with ACTH. However, PGE2 stimulated hydrolysis of total and individual cholesteryl esters in both types of cells, and to the same extent as was observed with ACTH. The results suggest that prostaglandin E2 has a direct stimulatory effect on adenylate-cyclase of adrenocortical cells, and that hydrolysis of sterol esters is a major response to increased cyclic AMP levels. Furthermore, the findings suggest that the availability of the PGE2 precursor, arachidonate. may not be obligatory for the normal steroidogenic and hydrolytic responses of adrenocortical cells to ACTH.
1075 PLATELETS PROVIDE A SOURCE OF THROMBOXANE B2 (TXB2) DURING ENDOTOXEMIA

TXB2 the stable end product of TXA2 plays a central role in endotoxin shock in the animal (Cook, JCI 65: 227, 80). Plasma TXB2 is elevated following the infusion of endotoxin, and animals pretreated with a TX synthetase inhibitor are protected from its deleterious effects. The tissue source of TXA2 during endotoxemia has not however been delineated. Since one of the end products of platelet (plt.) Arachidonic Acid (A.A.) metabolism is TXB2, we studied the effects of endotoxin (E. Coli, lμg/ml) on plt. A.A. release and conversion to TXB2. In paired expts., in the presence of endotoxin, the addition of thrombin (0.5μ/ml) caused human plts to release 29.1 ± 3.4% (1S.E.) of 14C A.A. from plts. This value was increased (p<0.02) when compared to the release in the absence of endotoxin (21.9 ± 3.6%). Similarly, TXB2 production was elevated (p<0.01) when plts. were preincubated with endotoxin prior to the addition of thrombin (6.1 ± 0.6), compared to TXB2 formed in its absence (3.4 ± 0.5). Endotoxin thus facilitates the release of A.A. from plt. phospholipids, and enhances conversion of the released A.A. to TXB2 i.e. one of the sources of TXB2 during endotoxemia is the plt. Since TXA2 is a potent aggregator, this study also provides a mechanism for the thrombocytopenia observed in endotoxemia.
Constructing Trees in Graphs whose Complement has no K 2, s

We show that, if G is a graph of order n with maximal degree Δ(G) and minimal degree δ(G) whose complement contains no K2,s, s ≥ 2, then G contains every tree T of order n−s+1 whose maximal degree is at most Δ(G) and whose vertex of second-largest degree is at most δ(G). We then show that this result implies that special cases of two conjectures are true. We verify that the Erdos–Sos conjecture, which states that a graph whose average degree is larger than k−1 contains every tree of order k+1, is true for graphs whose complement does not contain a K2,4, and the Komlos–Sos conjecture, which states that every graph of median degree at least k contains every tree of order k+1, is true for graphs whose complement does not contain a K2,3.
The Human Cytomegalovirus IE86 Protein Can Block Cell Cycle Progression after Inducing Transition into the S Phase of Permissive Cells

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection of permissive cells has been reported to induce a cell cycle halt. One or more viral proteins may be involved in halting progression at different stages of the cell cycle. We investigated how HCMV infection, and specifically IE86 protein expression, affects the cell cycles of permissive and nonpermissive cells. We used a recombinant virus that expresses the green fluorescent protein (GFP) to determine the effects of HCMV on the cell cycle of permissive cells. Fluorescence by GFP allowed us to select for only productively infected cells. Replication-defective adenovirus vectors expressing the IE72 or IE86 protein were also used to efficiently transduce 95% or more of the cells. The adenovirus-expressed IE86 protein was determined to be functional by demonstrating negative autoregulation of the major immediate-early promoter and activation of an early viral promoter in the context of the viral genome. To eliminate adenovirus protein effects, plasmids expressing GFP for fluorescent selection of only transfected cells and wild-type IE86 protein or a mutant IE86 protein were tested in permissive and nonpermissive cells. HCMV infection induced the entry of U373 cells into the S phase. All permissive cells infected with HCMV were blocked in cell cycle progression and could not divide. After either transduction or transfection and IE86 protein expression, the number of all permissive or nonpermissive cell types in the S phase increased significantly, but the cells could no longer divide. The IE72 protein did not have a significant effect on the S phase. Since IE86 protein inhibits cell cycle progression, the IE2 gene in a human fibroblast IE86 protein-expressing cell line was sequenced. The IE86 protein in these retrovirus-transduced cells has mutations in a critical region of the viral protein. The locations of the mutations and the function of the IE86 protein in controlling cell cycle progression are discussed.
Impact of aerobic physical activity on cardiovascular and noncardiovascular outcomes: is anyone too old to exercise?

The aim of this review is to discuss the impact of physical activity on cardiovascular and noncardiovascular outcomes in the older adult population. While age, gender and family history are nonmodifiable risk factors of cardiovascular disease, physical inactivity is a modifiable risk factor at all ages. Regular physical activity throughout life is a key component in reducing chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease. This review specifically emphasizes walking as the preferred modality of physical activity, since it is known to have an effect on the traditional and nontraditional risk factors of cardiovascular disease.
Injection-Locked Clocking: A Low-Power Clock Distribution Scheme for High-Performance Microprocessors

We propose injection-locked clocking (ILC) to combat deteriorating clock skew and jitter, and reduce power consumption in high-performance microprocessors. In the new clocking scheme, injection-locked oscillators are used as local clock receivers. Compared to conventional clocking with buffered trees or grids, ILC can achieve better power efficiency, lower jitter, and much simpler skew compensation thanks to its built-in deskewing capability. Unlike other alternatives, ILC is fully compatible with conventional clock distribution networks. In this paper, a quantitative study based on circuit and microarchitectural-level simulations is performed. Alpha21264 is used as the baseline processor, and is scaled to 0.13 m and 3 GHz. Simulations show 20- and 23-ps jitter reduction, 10.1% and 17% power savings in two ILC configurations. A test chip distributing 5-GHz clock is implemented in a standard 0.18- m CMOS technology and achieved excellent jitter performance and a deskew range up to 80 ps.
In search of recollection and familiarity signals in the hippocampus

fMRI studies of recognition memory have often been interpreted to mean that the hippocampus selectively subserves recollection and that adjacent regions selectively subserve familiarity. Yet, many of these studies have confounded recollection and familiarity with strong and weak memories. In a source memory experiment, we compared correct source judgments (which reflect recollection) and incorrect source judgments (often thought to reflect familiarity) while equating for old-new memory strength by including only high-confidence hits in the analysis. Hippocampal activity associated with both correct source judgments and incorrect source judgments exceeded the activity associated with forgotten items and did so to a similar extent. Further, hippocampal activity was greater for high-confidence old decisions relative to forgotten items even when source decisions were at chance. These results identify a recollection signal in the hippocampus and may identify a familiarity signal as well. Similar results were obtained in the parahippocampal gyrus. Unlike in the medial temporal lobe, activation in prefrontal cortex increased differentially in association with source recollection.
Large-Scale Observational Study of Drivers' Cell Phone Use

This report details the 2012 observational study used to determine drivers' cell phone use in Massachusetts; the study was completed as a component of the annual seat belt observation study by the University of Massachusetts Traffic Safety Research Program. This study identified the magnitude of risky driving behavior throughout Massachusetts. The location, the time of day, and the direction of travel for each observation were determined by random selection with consideration given to the region's fatality rate and length of roadway. Throughout the state, the drivers' cell phone use at any given daylight hour was determined; the timing allowed for comparisons between different populations. The apparent cell phone use of 17,677 drivers was observed at 145 locations, with a finding of an average cell phone use of 7.0%, a handheld use of 5.6%, and a text messaging use of 1.4%. Females were observed having handheld conversations at a greater rate than males, but there was little difference in text messaging u...
A hybrid FDTD method for modeling complex objects with sub-cellular features

In recent years, emerging technologies have continued to provide us with increased computational power, and the well established FDTD algorithm has kept pace with its developments so as to enable us to rigorously simulate ever-increasing complex electromagnetic systems and devices. Although, in principle, almost any system can be modeled via the FDTD method provided we have access to adequate computational resources, the method can quickly become unattractive for a multiscale problem, in which the computational domain size is extremely large (on the order of tens of wavelengths) and several of the features within the model are much less than the wavelength (on the order of hundredths or thousandths of a wavelength). These scenarios frequently arise when attempting to model Body Area Networks (BANs) and similar systems that create a “bottleneck” effect in Finite Methods. To mitigate this problem we introduce a completely new approach to handling these sub-cellular features based on the dipole moment concept and provide some benchmark results for several canonical geometries to illustrate the application of the method to multiscale problems.
Optimal tight frames and quantum measurement

Tight frames and rank-one quantum measurements are shown to be intimately related. In fact, the family of normalized tight frames for the space in which a quantum-mechanical system lies is precisely the family of rank-one generalized quantum measurements on that space. Using this relationship, frame-theoretical analogs of various quantum-mechanical concepts and results are developed. The analog of a least-squares quantum measurement is a tight frame that is closest in a least-squares sense to a given set of vectors. The least-squares tight frame is found for both the case in which the scaling of the frame is specified (constrained least-squares frame (CLSF)) and the case in which the scaling is chosen to minimize the least-squares error (unconstrained least-squares frame (ULSF)). The well-known canonical frame is shown to be proportional to the ULSF and to coincide with the CLSF with a certain scaling.