cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differentially localized incorporation of amino acids in relation to epidermal keratinization in the newborn rat

Incorporation of tritiated methionine, phenylalanine, leucine, glycine and histidine into protein in the epidermis of the newborn rat was studied by autoradiography. Methionine, phenylalanine and leucine behaved similarly. Thirty minutes after injection, radioactivity was detected in both nucleus and cytoplasm of the basal, spinous and granular cells with a greater intensity over the cells of the lower layer as compared with that observed over the upper layer. The label appeared over the cornified cells at 24 hours after injection probably as a result of the migration of cells into the cornified layer. In the case of glycine and histidine, the label was detected in eachof the three layers at 30 minutes after injection but the labeling was higher in the upper part of the epidermis as compared with the lower part. The label appeared in the cornified layer six hours after injection. Processes possibly involved in formation of the cornified layer are discussed.
Rev. of The Generation of Postmemory: Writing and Visual Culture After the Holocaust, by MARIANNE HIRSCH

Marianne Hirsch's The Generation of Postmemory: Writing and Visual Culture After the Holocaust is as difficult as it is rewarding. It is difficult, that is, for the acts of connecting to and grievi...
Abstract T P6: Is HbA1c a Predictor of Outcome in Ischemic Stroke Patients Who Undergo Intra-Arterial Treatment?

Objective: Elevated blood glucose levels adversely affect the outcome of patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). We sought to study the predictive value of admission hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in AIS patients’ outcomes following intra-arterial stroke treatment (IAT). METHODS: We reviewed records of AIS patients who underwent IAT at our center from July 2012 - July 2013. The following data were collected and analyzed: patients’ demographics, baseline characteristics, treatment times and methods, rate of symptomatic and asymptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage, and favorable clinical outcome defined as modified Rankin score (mRS) ≤ 2 at 90 days or at last observation for patients treated within the last 90 days. HbA1c level was checked as part of routine stroke admission orders on all patients. RESULTS: Seventy consecutive patients who underwent IAT were identified. There were 42 (60%) females with mean cohort age of 64.4. The median ASPECT score was 9 (IQR 8-9) and baseline median National Institute of Health ...
The Future of Psychology in Medicaid's Health Delivery System for People with Disabilities

State Medicaid programs are rapidly converting fee-for-service health delivery systems to managed care for people with disabilities. In theory, managed care models of health delivery will substantially improve the quality of care for people with disabilities, but in reality, few successful models exist. This period of transition holds both opportunities and challenges for psychologists in medical settings. Because Medicaid reforms for people with disabilities may herald similar reforms for both the public and the private sectors, psychology's response will determine its role in the future of health care delivery for this population. Changes in training and increased attention to outcomes research, innovations in practice, and advocacy will be the keys to success.
Boko Haram, Asylum, and Memes of Africa

This opinion piece examines evidence that Boko Haram is being invoked in asylum and refugee contexts. The author suggests that Boko Haram has emerged a meme of contemporary Africa, insofar as it appears to have become a cultural reference tool for wider anxieties and jeopardies, one that is transmitted by repetition and replication. The Boko Haram meme may benefit asylum-seekers and refugees who struggle to document their experiences or sustain their narratives of persecution, and has implications well beyond Nigeria and the continent of Africa.
Proton: Neutron yield ratios in the exciton model

Abstract The factors in the two-component exciton model which can influence the relative yields of neutrons and protons; various options for treating them; and their importance in different mass/energy domains are discussed, The preferred descriptions are being evaluated through comparisons with experimental energy spectra.
Fusion materials science and technology research needs: Now and during the ITER era

The plasma facing components, first wall and blanket systems of future tokamak-based fusion power plants arguably represent the single greatest materials engineering challenge of all time. Indeed, the United States National Academy of Engineering has recently ranked the quest for fusion as one of the top grand challenges for engineering in the 21st Century. These challenges are even more pronounced by the lack of experimental testing facilities that replicate the extreme operating environment involving simultaneous high heat and particle fluxes, large time varying stresses, corrosive chemical environments, and large fluxes of 14-MeV peaked fusion neutrons. This paper will review, and attempt to prioritize, the materials research and development challenges facing fusion nuclear science and technology into the ITER era and beyond to DEMO. In particular, the presentation will highlight the materials degradation mechanisms we anticipate to occur in the fusion environment, the temperature-displacment goals for fusion materials and plasma facing components and the near and long-term materials challenges required for both ITER, a fusion nuclear science facility and longer term ultimately DEMO.
Overview of baryon resonances - Present status and perspectives

The quest to understand the physics of any system cannot be said to be complete as long as one cannot predict and fully understand its resonance spectrum. Despite this, due to the experimental challenge of the required double polarization measurements and the difficulty in achieving unambiguous, model-independent extraction and interpretation of the nucleon resonance spectrum of many broad and overlapping resonances, understanding of the structure and dynamics of the nucleon has suffered. The recent improvement in statistical quality and kinematic range of the data made available by such full-solid-angle systems as the CB and TAPS constellation at MAMI, coupled with the high flux polarized photon beam provided by the Glasgow Photon Tagger, and the excellent properties of the Mainz Frozen Spin Target, when paired with new developments in Partial Wave Analysis (PWA) methodology make this a very exciting and fruitful time in nucleon resonance studies. Here the recent influx of data and PWA developments are summarized, and the requirements for a complete, unambiguous PWA solution over the first and second resonance region are briefly reviewed.
Quantum-dot-based nanosensors designed for proteolytic monitoring

We have previously assembled QD-based fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) sensors specific for the sugar nutrient maltose and the explosive TNT. These sensors utilize several inherent benefits of QDs as FRET donors. In this report, we show that QD-FRET based sensors can also function in the monitoring of proteolytic enzyme activity. We utilize a QD with multiple dye-labeled proteins attached to the surface as a substrate for a prototypical protease. We then demonstrate how this strategy can be extended to detect protease activity by utilizing a dye-labeled peptide attached to the QD as a proteolytic substrate. Self-assembly of the peptide-dye on the QD brings the dye in close proximity to the QD and result in efficient FRET. Addition of a proteolytic enzyme that specifically recognizes and cleaves the peptide alters the FRET signature of the sensor in a concentration-dependent manner. Both qualitative and quantitative data can be derived from these sensors. The potential benefits of this type of QD sensing strategy are discussed.
Explicit Load Flow Series and Functions

When expressed in rectangular coordinates, the basic load flow equations consist of n quadratic equations for power in: terms of n voltage variables. In this paper, a series reversion technique is employed to express the-n voltage variables as an explicit-power series in the power variables. Two different series are presented. The first is a Taylor series for voltage in terms of power while the second has a fixed point iteration origin with near Newton properties. The series have the potential to generate explicit load flow functions which can evaluate alternate loading conditions very rapidly.
System for high-speed image sequence acquisition

A system for high speed capture of image sequences and real- time filed flattening has been designed and implemented. This system is useful for applications where the objects of interest in a scene are moving or changing, since it provides a means for obtaining the images as the objects move, as well as compensating for lighting variations. The system is implemented on a Datacube MV200 hosted by a SUN Sparc 5 workstation. The system has been successfully used to capture image sequences as part of a system to develop algorithms for dynamic face recognition.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Soviet Jews in the United States: an analysis of their linguistic and economic adjustment.

This article reviews the literature and analyzes 1980 Census data to study English language fluency and earnings among Soviet Jews [in the United States]. The literature review reveals: 1) the importance of employment and attaining premigration occupational status for self-esteem; 2) the difficulty of adjusting to the wide range of choices in the United States; 3) the greater difficulty and economic importance of learning English; and 4) the rapid linguistic and economic mobility. The multivariate analysis supports the latter two points. Soviet Jews have a difficult initial adjustment but after five years in the United States they achieve parity in English fluency and earnings with other European immigrants ceteris paribus. (EXCERPT)
Isospin fluctuations from a thermally equilibrated hadron gas

Partition functions, multiplicity distributions, and isospin fluctuations are calculated for canonical ensembles in which additive quantum numbers as well as total isospin are strictly conserved. When properly accounting for Bose-Einstein symmetrization, the multiplicity distributions of neutral pions in a hadronic gas are significantly broader as compared to the nondegenerate case. Inclusion of resonances compensates for this broadening effect. Recursion relations are derived, which allow calculation of exact results with modest computer time.
Optimal Replacement with Semi-Markov Shock Models Using Discounted Costs

Consider a system that is subject to a sequence of randomly occurring shocks; each shock causes some damage of random magnitude to the system. Any of the shocks might cause the system to fail, and the probability of such a failure is a function of the sum of the magnitudes of damage caused by all previous shocks. When the system fails, it must be immediately replaced and a failure cost is incurred. If the system is replaced before failure, a smaller replacement cost is incurred, and that cost may depend upon the state of the system at replacement time. The purpose of this paper is to determine the optimal replacement policy among the class of policies that replace at shock times. The main assumption is that the cumulative damage process is a semi-Markov process. The cost criterion is to minimize the discounted cost of replacement. See Feldman [Feldman, R. M. 1976. Optimal replacement with semi-Markov shock models. J. Appl. Probab.13 108--117; Feldman, R. M. 1977. The maintenance of systems governed by semi-Markov shock models. Proceedings of the Conference on the Theory and Applications of Reliability with Emphasis on Bayesian and Nonparametric Methods. Edited by C. P. Tsokos. Academic Press.] for the average cost criterion case. The general approach will be to apply optimal stopping theory to the replacement problem.
Mass recovery methods for trichloroethylene in plant tissue

Monitoring expenses form a significant fraction of the costs associated with remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater sites. A novel monitoring method that could result in significant cost savings is the use of plants as monitoring devices; previous work indicates that plant tissue samples, especially trunk (core) and branch samples, can be used to delineate soil and groundwater plumes at phytoremediation sites. An important factor in reducing the uncertainty associated with this sampling method is development of a technique to analyze, both consistently and accurately, the chemicals stored in plant tissue samples. The present research presents a simple, robust, and inexpensive technique to recover most of the contaminant in plant branch tissue, irrespective of the age or species of the plant. Tricholoroethylene (TCE) was the chemical analyzed. A number of headspace and solvent extraction techniques in the literature were evaluated, including headspace extraction at different incubation times and temperatures and solvent extraction using hexane or hot methanol. Extraction using hot methanol was relatively fast, simple, and reliable; this method recovered more than 89% of the TCE present in branches of five different tree species.
In situ measurements of seawater pCO2

A new instrument for studying seawater pCO 2 dynamics is described. The Submersible Autonomous Moored Instrument for CO 2 (SAMI-CO 2 ) operates by equilibration of ambient seawater pCO 2 with a colorimetric pH indicator contained in a gas-permeable membrane. The indicator is periodically renewed to improve the stability and sensitivity typically reported for similar indicator-based pCO 2 sensors. The design combines off-the-shelf optical components, a miniature solenoid pump and valve, a low power data logger, and a fiber-optic flow cell to achieve low power consumption and easy assembly. SAMI-CO 2 is designed to operate down to 100 m and contains sufficient batteries and reagent for deployment up to 6 months while making 48 measurements per day. Extensive in situ field tests have been performed, including deployment in Woods Hole Harbor for >30 d (May-June 1994). The field evaluation has confirmed that SAMI-CO 2 is capable of measuring seawater pCO 2 with exceptional long-term stability (no detectable drift in 1 month) and sensitivity comparable to ship-based equilibrator-infrared methods (±1 μatm). The time-series data obtained from this study show that pCO 2 can be highly variable in nearshore environments with up to 100-μatm changes detected over a 4-h period. The structurally rich data highlight the need for continuous mooring-based measurements of pCO 2 for understanding carbon cycling in natural waters.
Comment on coronal magnetic field models

A long-standing misconception about the mathematical validity of utilizing Green's function solutions to coronal magnetic fields is discussed. Although this type of solution does not fit the observed line-of-sight component of the photospheric magnetic field, but rather the net flux in a region, the solution does obey Laplace's equation in the inner corona.
Functional Improvement with Vitamin D Replenishment in a Cohort of Frail, Vitamin D‐Deficient Older People

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate functional improvement in a population of frail, homebound older persons with low vitamin D status as vitamin D stores improve. DESIGN: Randomized, controlled intervention study. SETTING: Subjects' homes and a nursing facility in Baltimore, Maryland. PARTICIPANTS: The first 32 subjects (community-dwelling, homebound older subjects from the Johns Hopkins Elder Housecall Program and nursing home residents from the Johns Hopkins Geriatrics Center) entered in a longitudinal study of vitamin D replacement. MEASUREMENTS: Baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were measured and repeated at least 1 month after therapy with either placebo or vitamin D (ergocalciferol). Subjects were also administered the Frail Elderly Functional Assessment (FEFA) questionnaire, an instrument demonstrated to be reliable, valid, and sensitive to small increments of functional change in this population. MAIN RESULTS: All subjects started with 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels less than 15 ng/mL. Those subjects whose levels improved by at least 3 ng/mL (> assay coefficient of variation) also demonstrated improvement in FEFA score. Regression analysis between change in FEFA score compared with change in 25-hydroxyvitamin D was significant (r = .4; P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of homebound older people, improvement in vitamin D status was associated with functional improvement as measured by the FEFA questionnaire.
Screening for depression in the postpartum period: a comparison of three instruments.

ABSTRACT Objectives: Postpartum depression, the most prevalent complication of childbirth, is often unrecognized. Our objective was to compare the effectiveness of three screening instruments—Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and the 7-item screen of the Postpartum Depression Screening Scale (PDSS)—for identifying women with postpartum depression in the first 6 months after delivery. Methods: We administered the three instruments via telephone to women who were ≥18 years and had delivered infants 6–8 weeks earlier. We arranged home interviews to confirm DSM-IV criteria current major depressive disorder (MDD) in women who had an above-threshold score on any of the instruments. For women who screened negative on the 6–8 week call, we repeated the screening at 3 months and 6 months to identify emergent symptoms. The primary outcome measures were the screening scores and DSM-IV diagnoses. Results: Of 135 women reached, 123 (91%) were screened, 29 (24%) had home...
Agentic and Communal Personality Traits: Their Associations with Depression and Resilience among Transgender Women

Research reports the perpetuation of communal traits by transgender women, possibly to affirm their core gender identity. Transgender women in the United States are nearly 6 times more likely than the general population to experience significant depressive symptoms. Studies among non-transgender individuals in the United States demonstrate that agentic traits are associated with less depressive symptoms, while studies on communal traits are more inconsistent in their association with indicators of depression. Our study’s central objective was to examine the associations of agency and communion with depression and resilience (i.e., personal competence and acceptance of self and life) among transgender women living part-time and full-time in the female gender role. Participants in the United States were recruited through online and offline purposive sampling. One hundred and twenty-two transgender women (primarily Caucasian; ages ranging from 22 to 75) completed a web-based questionnaire. Results indicated that agentic and communal traits were significantly associated with decreased symptoms of depression and increased levels of resilience. One component of resilience – acceptance of self and life – mediated the relationship between agentic/communal traits and depression, however, for communal traits this pattern was only found for transgender women living in the female role full-time. There were no significant differences on depressive symptoms and one component of resilience - personal competence – among transgender women living full-time compared to transgender women living in the female role part-time. Transgender women living full-time in the female gender role reported higher levels of agentic/communal traits and acceptance of self and life compared to those living part-time in the female gender role. Our findings are discussed in the context of mental health among transgender women.
The reaction π− p → π+ Δ− at CMS energies 1640–1760 MeV☆

Abstract A partial wave analysis of the quasi-two body reaction π− p → Δ−π+ has led to two solutions. In both solutions, A and B, the total ππN decay of the N∗(D15) is accounted for by the Δπ channel whereas only in solution B does the Δπ channel correspond to the total ππN decay of the N∗(F15). The relative sign of the couplings of the resonances to Δπ is also different between solutions, being negative in solution A and positive in solution B. The results are used to predict the decay rates of other members of the octets.
Exponential projectile charge dependence of Ar K and Ne K X-ray production by fast, highly ionized argon beams in thin neon targets.

Yields of projectile and target $K$ x rays from collisions between \ensuremath{\sim} 80-MeV argon ions and thin neon targets increase dramatically as the projectile charge is increased from +6 to +17. Although incrementing the projectile charge state amounts to "tuning" projectile $L$-shell energy through target $K$-shell energy, the 60-fold (\ensuremath{\sim}exponential) increase in target yield and the more than 1000-fold (gexponential) increase in projectile yield can be partially understood as the effect of a rapidly changing fluorescence yield, but not as an energy-level-matching effect.
A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Description of the Oral Uptake, Tissue Dosimetry, and Rates of Metabolism of Bromodichloromethane in the Male Rat☆

Bromodichloromethane (BDCM), a trihalomethane (THM) and water chlorination by-product, induces cancer in several tissues in experimental animals, including target tissue sites where increased incidences of human cancer have been linked to consumption of chlorinated water. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of vehicle of administration on the pharmacokinetics of orally administered BDCM and to further develop and validate a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to describe BDCM absorption, tissue dosimetry, and rates of metabolism for both oil and 10% Emulphor vehicles. Estimates of oral absorption rate constants were determined by fitting blood and exhaled breath chamber concentration-time curves obtained following gavage of male F344 rats with 50 or 100 mg BDCM/kg in corn oil or 10% Emulphor using a previously published multicompartmental gastrointestinal tract submodel (Semino et al., Toxicology 117, 25-33, 1997) linked to a PBPK model. Independently estimated oral uptake and metabolic rate constants accurately described kidney BDCM concentrations and plasma bromide ion levels without adjustment. This observation increases our confidence in model structure and values of parameter estimates. Liver BDCM concentrations were simulated, but with less accuracy than kidney dosimetry simulations, following incorporation of BDCM loss to metabolism during sample preparation. This model describes BDCM tissue dosimetry and metabolism following oral gavage and can be utilized in estimating rates of formation of reactive metabolites in target tissues. Estimates of tissue dosimetry and levels of toxic intermediates can be incorporated into a risk assessment model for BDCM-induced toxicity and carcinogenicity.
Y Receptor-mediated Induction of CD63 Transcripts, a Tetraspanin Determined To Be Necessary for Differentiation of the Intestinal Epithelial Cell Line, hBRIE 380i Cells

Peptide YY (PYY) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are peptides that coordinate intestinal activities in response to luminal and neuronal signals. In this study, using the rat hybrid small intestinal epithelial cell line, hBRIE 380i cells, we demonstrated that PYY- and NPY-induced rearrangement of actin filaments may be in part through a Y1α and/or a nonneuronal Y2 receptor, which were cloned from both the intestinal mucosa and the hBRIE 380i cells. A number of PYY/NPY-responsive genes were also identified by subtractive hybridization of the hBRIE 380i cells in the presence or absence of a 6-h treatment with PYY. Several of these genes coded for proteins associated with the cell cytoskeleton or extracellular matrix. One of these proteins was the transmembrane-4 superfamily protein CD63, previously shown to associate with β1-integrin and implicated in cell adhesion. CD63 immunoreactivity, using antibody to the extracellular domain, was highest in the differentiated cell clusters of the hBRIE 380i cells. The hBRIE 380i cells transfected with antisense CD63 cDNA lost these differentiated clusters. These studies suggest a new role for NPY and PYY in modulating differentiation through cytoskeletal associated proteins.
Model systems for neurofibroma and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor

Although clinically benign, neurofibromas that form in type 1 neurofibromatosis (NF1) require surgical removal when disfiguring or causing morbidity. Surgery is not always feasible, and no successful molecular therapy has been identified. Plexiform neurofibromas associated with large deep nerves show increased risk for transformation to life threatening malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST). In vitro, in vivo and in silico models of neurofibromas and MPNST are being used to develop a preliminary molecular model of peripheral nerve tumor progression in NF1. Although each neurofibroma or MPNST model has strengths and limitations, together the models provide a platform to analyze tumor pathogenesis, and guide drug discovery for NF1.
Model porphyrin precursors: 1,2,4,5-tetrakis(cyanomethyl)benzene, methyl 3,4,5-triacetoxybenzoate and 2-(N-phthalimidomethyl)benzoic acid.

In the crystalline state, the centrosymmetric mol­ecule 1,2,4,5-tetrakis­(cyano­methyl)­benzene, C14H10N4, has one cyano­methyl group in the benzene plane and one cyano­methyl group rotated 67.2 (2)° out of the benzene plane. Molecules of methyl 3,4,5-tri­acetoxy­benzoate, C14H14O8, form chains with each mol­ecule twisted \pm89.6 (1)° from the preceding mol­ecule. In this orientation, a close C—H⋯O contact is formed, with an H⋯O distance of 2.34 A. The structure of 2-(N-phthalimido­methyl)­benzoic acid, C16H11NO4, reveals hydrogen-bonded dimers linked by the carboxyl groups of adjacent mol­ecules. The O4⋯O3 distance is 2.636 (2) A and the O4—H⋯O3 angle is 171 (2)°.
Optical coherent-transient true-time-delay regenerator.

We propose a novel all-optical true-time-delay regeneration technique that is well suited for control of phased-array antennas with time-delay beam steering. Using coherent transients, this versatile technique has the ability to regenerate a variable delay onto an optical waveform of arbitrary shape and high bandwidth. We performed simulations indicating that future research could extend the delay resolution to the subpicosecond regime. We also present proof-of-concept experimental results for a true-time-delay regenerator combined with signal processing.
Comparative performance of albino and normally pigmented channel catfish in tanks, cages, and ponds.

Albino (A) and normally pigmented (N) channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) hatched from the same or different egg masses were grown in tanks, ponds, and cages to be compared for spawn characteristics, growth, survival, and dress-out percentages. N fish were superior to A fish in body weight and total length when they were cultured in tanks, ponds, and cages. A × A fish required 11 days longer to spawn and produced smaller egg masses that contained eggs of lighter weight with poorer hatchability than did N × N fish. The A fish had lower survival rates than did the N fish but dress-out percentages were nearly equal. The A fish produced from N × N parents and reared with their N siblings in the same tank were superior in growth to A fish produced from A × A parents and reared with their A siblings. However, N fish reared with their A siblings were comparable in growth to the N fish from the all-N families. Heritability estimates of body weight and total length fluctuated with the age of the fish and varied from moderate to high in magnitude indicating that selection will be effective, regardless of the skin coloration.
Calcium isotopic evidence for rapid recrystallization of bulk marine carbonates and implications for geochemical proxies

Abstract Strontium and calcium isotopic data for bulk carbonate solids and pore fluids from ODP Sites 1170 and 1171 are presented. The data suggest that bulk carbonate sediments actively exchange with coexisting pore fluids over tens of millions of year time scales. Recrystallization rates constrained by Sr isotopes and Sr elemental data are ∼3% per Ma at 1170A and ∼7% per Ma at 1171A. The pore fluid chemistries at both sites are affected by advection, which occurs in the downwards direction at 1170 (∼−25 m/Ma) and upwards at 1171A (∼250 m/Ma). Both the direction and the rate of advection are reflected by the width of the diffusive boundary layer for Sr at both 1170A (∼300 m) and 1171A (∼50 m), compared to ODP Site 807A (∼150 m) where no chemically-detectable advection is occurring. Recrystallization is supported not only by interpretations of pore fluid data, but also by the alteration of the bulk solid. This is especially true at 1171A, where advection drives significant alteration of Sr/Ca, Mg/Ca, and 87Sr/86Sr. Numerical simulations of pore fluid geochemical and isotopic evolution over tens of millions of years, conducted with a depositional, time-dependent reactive transport model, suggest that recrystallization rates in the upper tens of meters of the sedimentary section at both sites are more rapid than suggested by the Sr geochemical data. When the Sr-constrained rates are applied to the pore fluid Ca isotope data, the model does not predict pore fluid δ44Ca within analytical uncertainty. The simulations indicate rates that are initially ∼20% to 40% per Ma in young,
The effect of density of states, work function and exchange integral of polycrystalline and single crystal surfaces on the hydrogen evolution reaction

Abstract The influences of work function and density of states on the kinetics of the hydrogen evolution reaction on polycrystalline surfaces are reviewed. Work function data for single crystal surfaces are compared to the exchange current for the hydrogen evolution reaction through consideration of surface density. Correlation between the density of states and electrochemical kinetic parameters is reviewed and compared to calculated data.
Characterization of Interleukin-17–Producing Regulatory T Cells in Inflamed Intestinal Mucosa From Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Background & Aims Interleukin (IL)-17–producing CD4 + helper T cells (Th17) mediate mucosal immunity and are involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). They are believed to arise from the same precursor population as regulatory T (Treg) cells, but little is known about how these T-cell subsets interact under chronic inflammatory conditions. We studied Th17 and Treg cells isolated from intestinal lamina propria of patients with IBD to investigate their role in pathogenesis. Methods FoxP3 expression (a marker of Treg cells) and IL-17 production were assessed in CD4 + lamina propria lymphocytes isolated from IBD patients and healthy subjects. IL-17 + FoxP3 + and IL-17 + CD4 + T-cell clones were generated by limiting dilution. An in vitro suppression assay was performed to assess the functional capacity of derived T-cell clones. Results IL-17 + FoxP3 + T cells were identified in inflamed intestinal mucosa of patients with Crohn disease (CD), but not in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) or healthy controls. These cells shared phenotypic characteristics of Th17 and Treg cells, and showed potent suppressor activity in vitro. Transforming growth factor-β was necessary and sufficient to induce development of an IL-17 + FoxP3 + cell population in CD4 + lamina propria lymphocytes derived from patients with UC. Conclusions The inflammatory environment in the intestinal mucosa of patients with CD contributes to the generation of a distinct population of Treg cells that are FoxP3 + and produce IL-17. These cells are likely to arise during differentiation of Th17 and Treg cells. Specific microenvironmental cues from tissues are likely to determine their commitment to either lineage and affect the balance between regulation and inflammation in the intestine.
Intracardiac echocardiography-guided biopsy of intracardiac masses

A 69-year-old man diagnosed with lung cancer had a transesophageal echocardiogram performed because of suspicion of intramyocardial tumor. The transesophageal echocardiogram confirmed the presence of both a right and left atrial mass. The lung cancer was believed to be potentially resectable if this mass did not represent tumor; therefore, biopsy of the intracardiac mass was requested. Intracardiac ultrasound was used to guide the biopsy procedure. Using intracardiac ultrasound guidance, a successful biopsy was performed that revealed the presence of tumor cells.
Toward a more accurate and extensible colorimetry. Part Iii. Discussion (continued)

The instrument used to gather the data of this article, a bright split-field visual colorimeter coupled by quartz light pipe to a spectroradiometer, generated many pairs of lights visually-matching to one of six normal human observers. an accurate absolute spectral power distribution (SPD) was obtained for every such viewed light. Three disparate primary-sets were used. Large errors in chromaticity and brightness (represented by luminance), computed by the 1964 CIE Standard Observer, were found to pervade the results. Problems are introduced by the use of maximum-saturation CMFs, by transformation of primaries, by the structure of the CIE chromaticity diagram, and by measurement inaccuracies of the far past. In Part III, alternative derivations of weighting functions, multiplied against the absolute SPDs of the visually-matching lights to obtain what are called tristimulus values, are shown to reduce errors in computed chromaticity. an alternative brightness function, of complexity commensurate with that of the three-input normal human visual system, is shown to correlate considerably better to perceived brightness of white and colored lights than does computed luminance. an alternative chromaticity diagram is constructed of two chromatic terms of the brightness function, as a constant-perceived-brightness plane (which conventional diagrams are not), and avoids problems inherent in the conventional diagram.
Exposure to prenatal infection and risk of schizophrenia.

We provide a brief review of findings supporting a role for prenatal infection in the etiology of schizophrenia. Our group and others have conducted birth cohort studies to address whether in utero exposure to infectious agents, prospectively documented by biomarker assays of archived maternal sera, and by detailed obstetric records, confer an increased risk of schizophrenia in adult offspring. Prenatal exposure to influenza, elevated toxoplasma antibody, rubella, genital-reproductive infections, and other infections have been associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia among offspring. Animal models have supported these epidemiologic findings by revealing that maternal immune activation cause phenotypes analogous to those found in patients with schizophrenia. Given that exposure to microbial agents are preventable or treatable, they suggest that interventions to diminish the incidence of infection during pregnancy have the potential to prevent an appreciable proportion of schizophrenia cases. In our view, future studies should include investigations of interactions between prenatal infection and susceptibility genes in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
L'étiologie des conjonctivites purulentes du nourrisson et de l'enfant

Resume 50 enfants presentant une conjonctivite et 42 sujets controle de meme âge ont ete etudies. Les Haemophilus sont significativement associes a la maladie (44 % contre 2 %), ainsi que Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae . Trois Branhamella ont egalement ete cultivees. La repartition des Haemophilus selon les biotypes montre une grande dispersion des souches. Les souches capsulees sont rares. Les caracteres cliniques et epidemiologiques de l'infection sont revus.
Mast cell turn-over in adult mice.

MAST cells are generally thought to be derived from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and perhaps heteroplastically from lymphocytes, plasma cells or histiocytes1. Various conditions can cause mast cell granules to be discharged in a manner that has led some investigators to believe the cell is destroyed in the process. Yet Padawer2 reported never having seen a mast cell in mitosis during his extensive investigation of these cells with colchicine and related substances. This does not preclude the possibility of mast cells being continually replaced by transformations from a population of proliferating precursor cells. Extensive mast cell degranulation occurs after administration of compound 48/80 and is followed within 4 days by the re-appearance of granulated mast cells3. This sequence of events was investigated radioautographically with sulphur-35 by Watson and Kennedy4. They observed sulphur-35 uptake within 24 hr. by ‘ghost cells’ which had a tissue distribution equivalent to that of the original granulated mast cells.
Vertical solidification of dendritic binary alloys

Three numerical techniques are employed to analyze the influence of thermosolutal convection on defect formation in directionally solidified (DS) alloys. The finite-element models are based on the Boussinesq approximation and include the plane-front model and two plane-front models incorporating special dendritic regions. In the second model the dendritic region has a time-independent volume fraction of liquid, and in the last model the dendritic region evolves as local conditions dictate. The finite-element models permit the description of nonlinear thermosolutal convection by treating the dendritic regions as porous media with variable porosities. The models are applied to lead-tin alloys including DS alloys, and severe segregation phenomena such as freckles and channels are found to develop in the DS alloys. The present calculations and the permeability functions selected are shown to predict behavior in the dendritic regions that qualitatively matches that observed experimentally.
Incinerator and cement kiln capacity for hazardous waste treatment

Abstract Estimates of incinerator and cement kiln capacities for hazardous waste treatment are required to evaluate the impacts of banning land disposal of hazardous wastes. Hazardous waste permit applications were reviewed to obtain information about incinerator design capacity, utilization, and the incinerated hazardous wastes. This study identified 208 incinerators within the regulatory program of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act that are presently destroying approximately 2 million metric tons of hazardous waste annually. The unused potential capacity of these units is estimated to be 1 million metric tons of waste per year. The estimated annual hazardous waste treatment capacity available in cement kilns ranges between 2 and 6 million metric tons. Less than 5% of the potential hazardous waste treatment capacity in cement kilns has been permitted under the appropriate regulations. Factors affecting this low utilization include the large geographic distances separating some major waste generation sites from cement kilns, marginal economic benefits, and the uncertainty of some kiln operators about regulatory requirements.
904–46 Current Trends in Pediatric Pacing: Report of the Midwest Pediatric Pacemaker Registry

The Midwest Pediatric Pacemaker Registry provides a large database from which to characterize the current state of pediatric pacing. Currently 692 patients are registered who have had 871 generators and 944 electrodes implanted. Data has been grouped into two-year periods, the most recent being information from 93–94. The most common indication for initial pacemaker implantation in 93–94 remains surgically induced complete heart block (CHB) accounting for 42% of initial implants. This has remained unchanged since 85–86. The most common structural lesions associated with surgical CHB in 93–94 were atrioventricular septal defect-30%, univentricular heart-21%, aortic valve replacement with annular enlargement (Konno Procedure)-21%. Closure of ventricular septal defects were still associated with surgical CHB (21%), but generally only for inlet septal defects. Surgically related sick sinus syndrome accounted for 20% of initial implants while 35% were due to congenital CHB. The remainder were due to non surgically induced sick sinus syndrome, control of tachyarrhythmias or for bradycardia secondary to antiarrhythmic drug therapy. Dual chamber generators accounted for 42% of generators implanted in 93–94. This is increased over prior periods. Of the single chamber pacemakers implanted, g95% were rate responsive units. Yet, not all were programmed to a rate variable mode. Only 55% were initially programmed to either VVIR or AAIR. The percentage of transvenous implantations has steadily increased reaching 42% of all implantations in 93–94. 52% of endocardial electrodes implanted used passive fixation (38% were steroid eluting) with 38% using active fixation and 10% unknown. 68% of endocardial electrodes were bipolar. 52% of epicardial electrodes implanted were “fishhook” electrodes and 37% were “corkscrew” electrodes. Surgical CHB following complex procedures continues to be the most common reason for pacemaker implantation. Surgically related sick sinus syndrome has shown a gradual increase. There has been a steady increase in the use of the transvenous approach, dual chamber pacemakers, and rate variable pacing.
Generation of small unsupported hydrogen clusters

Abstract Molecular hydrogen is a composite boson that is lighter than 3He and 4He, and a superfluid phase has been predicted for T BE K . Since hydrogen freezes at 14 K the challenge is to supercool the liquid at low enough temperature for superfluidity to occur. Much progress has been made towards this end, using one of the two approaches: the material is dispersed in a nanoporous host and/or it is made into unsupported microparticles. We discuss an approach based on a cryogenic “Wilson chamber”.
Nickel in high-alumina basalts

Abstract New analyses of high-alumina basalts reveal an average nickel content higher than previously indicated. Ni in high-alumina basalts correlates with magnesium in the same way as it does in other basalt types. There is therefore no reason, based on Ni contents, to hypothesize a special origin for high-alumina basalts and it is permissible (based on Ni contents) to form andesites by fractional crystallization from high-alumina basalts.
Learning stochastic functions by smooth simultaneous estimation

To learn, it suffices to estimate the error of all candidate hypotheses simultaneously. We study the problem of when this “simultaneous estimation” is possible and show that it leads to new learning procedures and weaker sufficient conditions for a broad class of learning problems. We modify the standard Probably Approximately Correct (PAC) setup to allow concepts that are “stochastic functions.” A deterministic function maps a set X into a set Y, whereas a stochastic function is a probability distribution on X x Y. We approach the simultaenous estimation problem by concentrating on a subset of all estimators, those that satisfy a natural “smoothness” constraint. The common empirical estimator falls within this class. We show that smooth simultaneous estimability can be characterized by a sampling-based criterion. Also, we describe a canonical estimator for this class of problems. This canonical estimator has a unique form: it uses part of the samples to select a finite subset of hypotheses that approximates the class of candidate hypotheses, and then it uses the rest of the samples to estimate the error of each hypothesis in the subset. Finally, we show that a learning procedure based on the canonical estimator will work in every case where empirical error minimization does.
Investigation of intra/inter-band cross-modulation in multiband radio-over-fiber systems

We theoretically and experimentally investigated the intra/inter-band cross-modulation (XM) induced by the nonlinearity of Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) in a multiband radio-over-fiber (RoF) system. A closed-form theoretical analysis was proposed to model and predict the nonlinear XM behaviors, for both single-band vector signals and multiband combination of scalar and vector signals. To verify the feasibility of the theoretical model, both simulation and experimental investigations were carried out, and according to the theoretical analysis, scalar signals only suffer from inter-band XM; whereas vector signals suffer from both intra- and inter-band XM. The signal quality degradation induced by MZM nonlinearity for a single-band 16QAM, QPSK, and two bands of OOK signals are investigated and characterized, and good agreement between theory and experiments was achieved. It was observed that QPSK shows superior performances compared with higher order QAM formats due to its intrinsic resistance to intra-band XM.
Benitez-Nelson Receives 2006 Ocean Sciences Early Career Award

Claudia Benitez-Nelson received the AGU Ocean Sciences Early Career Award at the 2006 AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, Calif, in recognition of significant contributions to and promise in the ocean sciences. It gives me great pleasure to introduce the AGU Ocean Sciences Early Career Award winner, Claudia Benitez-Nelson. Claudia grew up in Seattle and entered the University of Washington as a chemistry major at the age of 13. It was at UW that Claudia was introduced to oceanography, and by the time she finished, she had B.S. degrees in both physical chemistry and chemical oceanography. At UW, Claudia was a member of the women's soccer team, an interest she still pursues with great passion. Claudia went on to get a Ph.D. in 1999 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Joint Program where she studied phosphorus cycling under the tutelage of Ken Buesseler. Following a postdoc at the University of Hawaii, Claudia was hired as an assistant professor at University of South Carolina in 2002 and was promoted to associate professor with tenure in 2006.
Biochemical and Structural Basis for Inhibition of Enterococcus faecalis Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Synthase, mvaS, by Hymeglusin

Hymeglusin (1233A, F244, L-659-699) is established as a specific β-lactone inhibitor of eukaryotic hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase (HMGCS). Inhibition results from formation of a thioester adduc...
On the malignant transformation of cells during prolonged culture under hypoxic conditions in vitro..

Four independent series of mixed cultures of epithelial cells and fibroblasts, from the skin (mainly epidermis) of rat embryos, grown under a layer of fluid medium in stationary T-60 flasks, with or without free access of ambient air to the surface of the medium, eventually yielded malignant tumors, when the cultures were injected into rats of the same strain. These cultures were composed of both types of cell, and proved transplantable when injected subcutaneously or intraperitoneally, even into untreated rats of the same strain as the embryos. Exposure of the cells to a high concentration of readily available oxygen in the medium resulted in at least a delay, and probably the complete prevention, of the malignant transformation of the cells. Observations of the malignant transformation of cells grown for prolonged periods in vitro have become commonplace, but the cause of the phenomenon has remained obscure. Neither a virus nor any known physical or chemical carcinogenic agent has been proved to be the cause. The transformation of the cells was not reversed during 13 months of exposure of the cultures of malignant cells to a high concentration of oxygen in the medium. The experimental results of this investigation, as well as the theoretical considerations, suggest that intracellular hypoxia, due to the inadequate rate of diffusion of the oxygen in the ambient air through the stationary layer of liquid medium, acted at least as the initiating agent, with unknown (intrinsic or extrinsic) factors possibly acting as the promoting carcinogenic agent.