cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trends in stroke incidence and mortality in Hawaiian Japanese men.

Vital statistics show a sharp decline in stroke mortality since the late 1960s. It is not clear whether this has been associated with a decline in stroke incidence.Since 1966 the Honolulu Heart Program has monitored the incidence and mortality of coronary heart disease and stroke in a target population of 11,136 men of Japanese ancestry living on Oahu. Trends were analyzed from January 1, 1969, through December 31, 1988.Of 7893 men aged 45 to 68 years and free of stroke at entry examination, 530 developed first episodes of stroke in the period 1969 to 1988 (389 cases of thromboembolic stroke, 124 cases of hemorrhagic stroke, and 17 cases of stroke of unknown type). Age-adjusted annual stroke incidence declined from 5.1 per 1000 person-years in 1969 to 1972 to 2.4 in 1985 to 1988. The incidences of thromboembolic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, and total stroke decreased 3.5%, 4.2%, and 4.4% per year, respectively. The 1-month case-fatality rates for thromboembolic stroke decreased moderately; those for hemorr...
Developing formal object-oriented requirements specifications: a model, tool and technique

Abstract The creation of a requirements specification for systems development has always been a difficult problem and continues to be a problem in the object-oriented software development paradigm. The problem persists because there is a paucity of formal, object-oriented specification models that are seamlessly integrated into the development cycle and that are supported by automated tools. Here, we present a formal object-oriented specification model (OSS), which is an extension of an object-oriented analysis model (OSA), and which is supported by a tool (IPOST) that automatically generates a prototype from an OSA model instance, lets the user execute the prototype, and permits the user to refine the OSA model instance to generate a requirements specification. This technique leverages the benefits of a formal model, an object-oriented model, a seamless model, a graphical diagrammatic model, incremental development, and CASE tool support to facilitate the development of requirements specifications.
The First Enantioselective Halo Aldol Reaction of Ethyl Propiolate and Aldehydes

The first enantioselective halo aldol reaction of ethyl propiolate with aldehydes has been established by using Jacobsen’s chiral cyclohexylsalen ligand. The reaction was conducted at −20 °C in dichloromethane with Et2AlI as the source of halogen and Lewis acid promoter. Excellent geometric selectivity (only the Z isomer) has been achieved for all 14 examples examined. The reaction works well with aromatic aldehydes; it also works with aliphatic aldehydes and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, albeit with diminished yields and ee. This method provides the first enantioselective synthesis of β-iodo Morita−Baylis−Hillman (MBH) esters. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Pounds That Kill:: The External Costs of Vehicle Weight

Heavier vehicles are safer for their own occupants but more hazardous for other vehicles. Simple theory thus suggests that an unregulated vehicle fleet is inefficiently heavy. Using three separate identification strategies we show that, controlling for own-vehicle weight, being hit by a vehicle that is 1000 pounds heavier generates a 40-50% increase in fatality risk. These results imply a total accident-related externality that exceeds the estimated social cost of US carbon emissions and is equivalent to a gas tax of $0.97 per gallon ($136 billion annually). We consider two policies for internalizing this external cost, a weight-varying mileage tax and a gas tax, and find that they are similar for most vehicles. The findings suggest that European gas taxes may be much closer to optimal levels than the US gas tax. Language: en
Eigenvalues of majorized Hermitian matrices and Littlewood–Richardson coefficients

Abstract Answering a question raised by S. Friedland, we show that the possible eigenvalues of Hermitian matrices (or compact operators) A, B, and C with C⩽A+B are given by the same inequalities as in Klyachko's theorem for the case where C=A+B , except that the equality corresponding to tr (C)= tr (A)+ tr (B) is replaced by the inequality corresponding to tr (C)⩽ tr (A)+ tr (B) . The possible types of finitely generated torsion modules A, B, and C over a discrete valuation ring such that there is an exact sequence B→C→A are characterized by the same inequalities.
Plasma Structure of Miniature Ring-Cusp Ion Thruster Discharges

Previous miniature ion thruster studies have demonstrated impressive performance using ring-cusp discharges. These studies suggest that the magnetic field must be sufficiently strong to increase primary electron confinement times for ionization, but weak enough to allow plasma electrons to escape and maintain the plasma potential necessary for ionization. To investigate these phenomena, an experiment was developed to allow detailed measurements of the internal structure and characteristics of a miniature ring-cusp discharge. These measurements provide spatially resolved values for plasma density, electron temperature, and plasma potential along a meridian plane. The magnetic field configuration is arranged as a quasi-periodic domain in order to generalize the findings to all multipole discharges. The results show that the magnetic field strength drives the plasma structure, and the dependence on discharge power can be removed with proper scaling of the plasma parameters. The stronger magnetic field result...
MOIST: a scalable and parallel moving object indexer with school tracking

Location-Based Service (LBS) is rapidly becoming the next ubiquitous technology for a wide range of mobile applications. To support applications that demand nearest-neighbor and history queries, an LBS spatial indexer must be able to efficiently update, query, archive and mine location records, which can be in contention with each other. In this work, we propose MOIST, whose baseline is a recursive spatial partitioning indexer built upon BigTable. To reduce update and query contention, MOIST groups nearby objects of similar trajectory into the same school, and keeps track of only the history of school leaders. This dynamic clustering scheme can eliminate redundant updates and hence reduce update latency. To improve history query processing, MOIST keeps some history data in memory, while it flushes aged data onto parallel disks in a locality-preserving way. Through experimental studies, we show that MOIST can support highly efficient nearest-neighbor and history queries and can scale well with an increasing number of users and update frequency.
Short-period InAs/GaSb superlattices for mid-infrared photodetectors

Using a newly developed envelope function approximation model that includes interface effects, several InAs/GaSb type-II superlattices (SLs) were designed for uncooled mid-infrared detector applications. The 4 micron cutoff could be achieved with several SL designs. Superlattices with shorter periods have larger intervalence band separations than larger-ones, which could increase the optical signal and reduce the detector noise, thus making room temperature operation possible. To test these possibilities, several short-period SLs were grown by molecular-beam epitaxy and their optical properties with reducing SL period were studied by band-edge absorption, photoconductivity and photoluminescence measurements. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ancestor controlled submodule inclusion in design databases

A paradigm is proposed for representing hierarchically specified design data in CAD database systems in which there are alternate expansions of hierarchically specified modules. The paradigm uses an ancestor-based scheme to control which instances of submodules are to be placed in the expansion of each instance of a given module and is formalized using a versioned directed acyclic multigraph (VDAG). The approach is aimed at reducing storage space in engineering design database systems and at providing a means for designers to specify alternate expansions of a module. The VDAG model is defined, and a mechanism by which a VDAG generates an exploded forest of design trees is described. Algorithms are provided to generate a design forest from a given VDAG, determine whether one module is contained by a larger module, extract a version from a VDAG, test whether two VDAGs are equivalent, and try to reduce the size of a VDAG. The problems of module containment and VDAG inequivalence are shown to be NP-complete, and the problem of finding a minimum sized VDAG equivalent to a given VDAG is shown to be NP-hard. >
Gravity Effects on Fluid Front Dynamics during Mold Filling

The effect of gravity on free surface shape during the filling of a disk-shaped cavity is experimentally studied. A disk-shaped mold cavity is constructed to measure spreading of the fluid front due to gravity. Fluid front sensors are mounted on the top and bottom mold walls at three radial locations. The time the fluid front reaches these sensor locations is recorded. This data is used to calculate the radial distance between the top and bottom of the fluid front at each sensor location. The important parameters that govern the fluid front dynamics are identified as the Reynolds, Bond, and Capillary numbers. Spreading is found to be mainly dependent on the Bond number, such that a large change in spreading is observed due to a small change in Bond number. Spreading increases with decreasing Capillary number and remains nearly constant over the range of Reynolds numbers studied.
Timing, togetherness and time windfalls

With appropriate data the analysis of time use, labor supply and leisure can move beyond the standard questions of wage and income elasticities of hours supplied. I present four examples: 1) American data from 1973 through 1997 show that the amount of evening and night work in the U.S. has decreased. 2) The same data demonstrate that workers whose relative earnings increase experience a relative diminution of the burden of work at unpleasant times. 3) U.S. data for the 1970s and 1990s demonstrate that spouses' work schedules are more synchronized than would occur randomly; synchrony among working spouses diminished after the 1970s; and the full-income elasticity of demand for it was higher among wives than among husbands in the 1970s but equal in the 1990s. 4) Dutch time-budget data for 1990 show that the overwhelming majority of the windfall hour that occurred when standard time resumed was used for extra sleep.
Zircon-scale insights into the history of a Supervolcano, Bishop Tuff, Long Valley, California, with implications for the Ti-in-zircon geothermometer

Zircon has the outstanding capacity to record chronological, thermal, and chemical information, including the storage history of zoned silicic magma reservoirs like the one responsible for the Bishop Tuff of eastern California, USA. Our novel ion microprobe approach reveals that Bishop zircon rims with diverse chemical characteristics surround intermediate domains with broadly similar compositions. The highest Y, REE, U, and Th concentrations tend to accompany the largest excesses in Y + REE3+:P beyond what can be explained by xenotime substitution in zircon. Apparent Ti-in-zircon temperatures of <720°C for zircon rims are distinctly lower than most of the range in eruption temperatures, as estimated from FeTi-oxide equilibria and zircon solubility at quench. While permissive of crystallization of zircon at near-solidus conditions, the low Ti-in-zircon temperatures are probably better explained by sources of inaccuracy in the temperature estimates. After apparently nucleating from different melts, zircons from across the Bishop Tuff compositional spectrum may have evolved to broadly similar chemical and thermal conditions and therefore it is possible that there was no significant thermal gradient in the magma reservoir at some stage in its evolution. There is also no compelling evidence for punctuated heat ± chemical influxes during the intermediate stages of zircon growth. Judging by the zircon record, the main volume of the erupted magma evolved normally by secular cooling but the latest erupted portion is characterized by a reversal in chemistry that appears to indicate perfusion of the magma reservoir by—or zircon entrainment in—a less evolved melt from the one in which the zircons had previously resided.
A new method for the synthesis of nitriles from amides under non-acidic conditions

Abstract Aryl carboxamides and other electron rich amides were converted to the respective nitriles in good yields by treatment with Ag 2 O and C 2 H 5 I in benzene at reflux.
Computational complexity of functions

Abstract Below is a translation from my Russian paper. I added references, unavailable to me in Moscow. Similar results have been also given in [9] (see also [6]). Earlier relevant work (classical theorems like Compression, Speed-up, etc.) was done in [15,13,2,1,14,7]. I translated only the part with the statement of the results. Instead of the proof part, I appended a later (1979, unpublished) proof sketch of a slightly tighter version. The improvement is based on the results of Meyer and Winklmann [8] and Sipser [12]. Meyer and Winklmann extended earlier versions to machines with a separate input and working tape, thus allowing complexities smaller than the input length (down to its log). Sipser showed the space-bounded Halting Problem to require only additive constant overhead. The proof in the appendix below employs both advances to extend the original proofs to machines with a fixed alphabet and a separate input and working space. The extension has no (even logarithmic) restrictions on complexity and no overhead (beyond an additive constant). The sketch is very brief and a more detailed exposition is expected later [11].
Securing the Sustainability of Global Medical Nuclear Supply Chains Through Economic Cost Recovery, Risk Management, and Optimization

In this paper, we develop a new generalized network model for the optimization of the complex operations of medical nuclear supply chains in the case of the radioisotope molybdenum, with a focus on minimizing the total operational cost, the total waste cost, and the risk associated with this highly time-sensitive and perishable, but critical, product used in health-care diagnostics. Our model allows for the evaluation of transitioning the production and processing of the radioisotope from highly enriched uranium targets to low enriched uranium targets. A case study for North America demonstrates how our model and computational framework can be applied in practice.
A Bayesian-Estimated Model of Inflation Targeting in South Africa

This paper estimates a small dynamic macroeconomic model for the South African economy with Bayesian methods. The model is tailored to assessing the impact of domestic as well as external shocks on inflation within an inflation-targeting framework, by incorporating forward-looking behavior of private agents and of the monetary authority. The model is able to display important empirical features of the monetary transmission mechanism that have been found in other studies. It helps to integrate the short-term inflation outlook into a consistent medium-term framework and to design the policy response for various shocks that affect inflation.
Rapid current transition in a crossed-field diode

The transmitted current in a crossed‐field gap has been characterized analytically by a number of authors. Using a one dimensional PIC simulation, we explore the behavior of the crossed‐field diode at B=BHull. For mono‐energetic (cold) emission, a rapid reduction of transmitted current is observed when the injected current exceeds the critical current by just 1%. The addition of a small electron temperature normal to the cathode eliminates the transition, even for kT/V∼10−5 (V=10 kV, gap = 1 cm, B=337 G, J=1.69 A/cm2), while an isotropic velocity distribution accelerates the transition.
RPS strategies to enable NASA's next decade robotic Mars missions

Abstract NASA's proposed roadmap for robotic Mars exploration over the next decade is influenced by science goals, technology needs and budgetary considerations. These requirements could introduce potential changes to the succession of missions, resulting in both technology feed forward and heritage. For long duration robotic surface missions at locations, where solar power generation is not feasible or limited, Radioisotope Power Systems (RPS) could be considered. Thus, RPSs could provide enabling power technologies for some of these missions, covering a power range from 10s of milliwatts to potentially a kilowatt or even higher. Currently, NASA and DoE with their industry partners are developing two RPSs, both generating about 110 W(e) at BOL. These systems will be made available as early as 2009. The Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (MMRTG)—with static power conversion—was down-selected as a potential power source for the MSL mission. Development of small-RPSs is in a planning stage by NASA and DoE; potentially targeting both the 10s of milliwatts and 10s of watts power ranges. If developed, Radioisotope Heat Unit (RHU) based systems—generating 10s to 100s of milliwatts—could power small adjunct elements on larger missions, while the GPHS module-based systems—each generating 10s of watts—could be stacked to provide the required power levels on MER class surface assets. MMRTGs and Stirling Radioisotope Generators (SRGs) could power MSL class or larger missions. Advanced Radioisotope Power Systems (ARPS) with higher specific powers and increased power conversion efficiencies could enhance or even enable missions towards the second half of the next decade. This study examines the available power system options and power selection strategies in line with the proposed mission lineup, and identifies the benefits and utility of the various options for each of the next decade launch opportunities.
Imaging systems and materials characterization

Abstract This paper provides a broad background for the historical development and modern applications of light optical metallography, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, field-ion microscopy and several forms of scanning probe microscopes. Numerous case examples illustrating especially synergistic applications of these imaging systems are provided to demonstrate materials characterization especially in the context of structure-property-performance issues which define materials science and engineering.
Second order modeling of boundary-free turbulent shear flows

A set of realizable second order models for boundary-free turbulent flows is presented. The constraints on second order models based on the realizability principle are re-examined. The rapid terms in the pressure correlations for both the Reynolds stress and the passive scalar flux equations are constructed to exactly satisfy the joint realizability. All other model terms (return-to-isotropy, third moments, and terms in the dissipation equations) already satisfy realizability. To correct the spreading rate of the axisymmetric jet, an extra term is added to the dissipation equation which accounts for the effect of mean vortex stretching on dissipation. The test flows used in this study are the mixing shear layer, plane jet, axisymmetric jet, and plane wake. The numerical solutions show that the unified model equations predict all these flows reasonably. It is expected that these models would be suitable for more complex and critical flows.
Comparison of advanced reduced-basis methods for transient structural analysis

Two advanced reduced-basis methods for linear, transient structural analysis, the force-derivative method and the Lanczos method, are compared to two widely-used modal methods, the mode-displacement method and the mode-acceleration method. Comparisons are made for two linear example problems: a proportionally-damped cantilevered beam subject to a discrete tip load which varies linearly with time, and a discretely-damped multispan beam subject to a uniformly distributed load which varies as a quintic function of time. Results from the methods are compared in terms of the number of basis vectors required to obtain a desired level of accuracy and the associated computational times. The results are problem dependent, and it is shown that for the cantilevered beam problem, the mode-acceleration and force-derivative methods are the most efficient in terms of the number of basis vectors and computational time. The force-derivative method is shown to be the most effective method for solving the multispan beam problem with closely-spaced frequencies. In general, the force-derivative method is shown to produce an accurate solution using very few basis vectors and to require less computational time as compared to the other methods studied.
A New Parallel Test Approach for Large Memories

Memory test times?and thus test costs?are increasing rapidly as the size of the memories grows each year. Testability techniques therefore must be developed to reduce the test time without compromising the test quality. This article presents an approach that meets this goal using parallel signature analyzers (PSAs). PSAs can access more data cells in parallel than I/O pins can, and the approach's parallelism reduces the test time. The proposed method is analyzed with respect to test time, test quality, and silicon area penalty.
Phase closure with rotational shear interferometers

Abstract Using two rotational shear interferometers, one shear angle being twice larger than the other, phase closure relations can be obtained enabling complete reconstruction of an incoherent object through unknown aberrations.
A New Class of Scannable Millimeter-Wave Antennas

The complexity usually associated with scanning arrays at millimeter wavelengths produces fabrication difficulties, so that alternative methods are needed that employ simpler structures. This paper describes such an alternative scanning approach, and presents a group of new and simpler radiating structures suitable for millimeter-wave applications. Additional significant advantages are that the radiation has negligible cross polarization, no blind spots and no grating lobes. The theoretical analyses for all of the antenna structures are accurate and yield dispersion relations in closed form for most of them; the array analyses take all mutual coupling effects into account. For two of the antennas, measurements have also been taken that show very good agreement with the theory.
Low-voltage infrared free-electron laser with gyrotron powered rf wigglers

Designs are presented for infrared free electron lasers (FELs) with rf wigglers and relatively low voltage electron beams. Both Quasi-optical and cavity gyrotrons are considered as sources for the wiggler. One of the most promising designs is the use of a quasi-optical gyrotron, where the radiation is coupled into a corrugated waveguide. This allows focusing of radiation, and propagation over relatively long paths, so that the FEL can be generated with fairly large wiggler parameter and gain.
Denoising as well as the best of any two denoisers

Given two arbitrary sequences of denoisers for block lengths tending to infinity we ask if it is possible to construct a third sequence of denoisers with an asymptotically vanishing (in block length) excess expected loss relative to the best expected loss of the two given denoisers for all clean channel input sequences. As in the setting of DUDE [1], which solves this problem when the given denoisers are sliding block denoisers, the construction is allowed to depend on the two given denoisers and the channel transition probabilities. We show that under certain restrictions on the two given denoisers the problem can be solved using a straightforward application of a known loss estimation paradigm. We then show by way of a counter-example that the loss estimation approach fails in the general case. Finally, we show that for the binary symmetric channel, combining the loss estimation with a randomization step leads to a solution to the stated problem under no restrictions on the given denoisers.
Distributed algorithms for scheduling on line and tree networks

We have a set of processors (or agents) and a set of graph networks defined over some vertex set. Each processor can access a subset of the graph networks. Each processor has a demand specified as a pair of vertices ‹u, v›, along with a profit; the processor wishes to send data between u and v. Towards that goal, the processor needs to select a graph network accessible to it and a path connecting u and v within the selected network. The processor requires exclusive access to the chosen path, in order to route the data. Thus, the processors are competing for routes/channels. A feasible solution selects a subset of demands and schedules each selected demand on a graph network accessible to the processor owning the demand; the solution also specifies the paths to use for this purpose. The requirement is that for any two demands scheduled on the same graph network, their chosen paths must be edge disjoint. The goal is to output a solution having the maximum aggregate profit. Prior work has addressed the above problem in a distibuted setting for the special case where all the graph networks are simply paths (i.e, line-networks). Distributed constant factor approximation algorithms are known for this case. The main contributions of this paper are twofold. First we design a distributed constant factor approximation algorithm for the more general case of tree-networks. The core component of our algorithm is a tree-decomposition technique, which may be of independent interest. Secondly, for the case of line-networks, we improve the known approximation guarantees by a factor of 5. Our algorithms can also handle the capacitated scenario, wherein the demands and edges have bandwidth requirements and capacities, respectively.
Regio- and stereoselective dimerization of terminal alkynes to enynes catalyzed by a palladium/imidazolium system

A Palladium/imidazolium chloride system has been used to mediate the dimerization of terminal alkynes to enynes. The combination of 1 mol % Pd(OAc)2 and 2 mol % IMes·HCl in the presence of Cs2CO3 as base shows high activity and high regio- and steroselectivity for the dimerization of aryl and aliphatic terminal alkynes to enynes.
An improved human display model for occupant crash simulation programs

Abstract Presented is an improved three-dimensional display model of a human being which can be used to display the results of three-dimensional simulation programs that predict the positions of an occupant during impact of a vehicle. The model allows the user to view the occupant from any orientation in any position during the crash. The display model assumes the usual break up of the body into rigid segments, which is normal for occupant-crash simulation programs, but the shape of the segments in the display model are not necessarily the same as those used in the crash simulation. The display model is proportioned so as to produce a realistic drawing of the human body in any position. Joints connecting the seqments are also drawn to improve realism.
A Swan-like theorem

Richard G. Swan proved in 1962 that trinomials x^8^k+x^[email protected]?F"2[x] with 8k>m have an even number of irreducible factors, and so cannot be irreducible. In fact, he found the parity of the number of irreducible factors for any square-free trinomial in F"2[x]. We prove a result that is similar in spirit. Namely, suppose n is odd and f(x)=x^[email protected]?"i"@?"Sx^[email protected]?F"2[x], where [email protected]?{i:iodd,0
Script: a communication abstraction mechanism

In this paper, we introduce a new abstraction mechanism, called a script, which hides the low-level details that implement patterns of communication. A script localizes the communication between a set of roles (formal processes), to which actual processes enroll in order to participate in the action of the script. The paper discusses the addition of scripts to the languages CSP and Ada, as well as to a shared-variable language with monitors.
Isovalent doping strategy for manganese introduction into III-V diluted magnetic semiconductor nanoparticles : InP:Mn

III−V based diluted magnetic semiconductor (DMS) nanoparticles of In(1-x)MnxP (x ≤ 0.0135) have been prepared by slow heating of the reagents in trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) or by high-temperature injection of reagents dissolved in trioctylphosphine (TOP) into hot TOPO. The materials were prepared using either Mn(II) or Mn(III) salts as dopants and the resulting nanoparticles have diameters ranging from 2.95 ± 0.39 to 4.77 ± 0.73 nm, as determined from transmission electron micrographs. Chemical analysis of surface-exchanged samples revealed the incorporation of Mn into the crystal lattice with up to 6 Mn atoms per 3.4-nm diameter particle, or the equivalence of ∼1020 Mn atoms/cm3 in a zinc blende bulk lattice. The InP:Mn nanoparticles exhibited a red shift in the room-temperature photoluminescence of 0.02−0.03 eV relative to that for pure InP nanoparticles. Electron paramagnetic resonance studies suggest that the Mn atoms mostly reside near the surface and are Mn2+, regardless of the oxidation state of...
SnowSTAR2002 transect reconstruction using a multilayered energy and mass balance snow model

Abstract The lateral and vertical variability of snow stratigraphy was investigated through the comparison of the measured profiles of snow density, temperature, and grain size obtained during the Snow Science Traverse—Alaska Region (SnowSTAR2002) 1200-km transect from Nome to Barrow with model reconstructions from the Snow Thermal Model (SNTHERM), a multilayered energy and mass balance snow model. Model profiles were simulated at the SnowSTAR2002 observation sites using the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis (ERA-40) as meteorological forcing. ERA-40 precipitation was rescaled so that the total snow water equivalent (SWE) on the SnowSTAR2002 observation dates equaled the observed values. The mean absolute error (MAE) of measured and simulated snow properties shows that SNTHERM was able to produce good simulations for snowpack temperature but larger errors for grain size and density. A spatial similarity analysis using semivariograms of measured profiles shows that there ...
Design and synthesis of a tetrahydropyran-based inhibitor of mammalian ribonucleotide reductase

A tetrahydropyran-based inhibitor (2) of mammalian ribonucleotide reductase (mRR) has been designed and synthesized based on the heptapeptide, N-AcFTLDADF (1), corresponding to the C-terminus of the R2 subunit of mRR. Inhibition studies revealed that 2 is indeed a competent inhibitor, albeit less potent than 1.
Uncertainty principle on weighted spheres, balls and simplexes

For a family of weight functions h ? that are invariant under a reflection group, the uncertainty principle on the unit sphere in the form of min 1 ? i ? d ? S d - 1 ( 1 - x i ) | f ( x ) | 2 h ? 2 ( x ) d ? ? S d - 1 | ? 0 f ( x ) | 2 h k 2 ( x ) d ? ? c is established for invariant functions f that have unit norm and zero mean, where ? 0 is the spherical gradient. In the same spirit, uncertainty principles for weighted spaces on the unit ball and on the standard simplex are established, some of them hold for all admissible functions instead of invariant functions.
Noncommutative recursions and the Laurent phenomenon

We exhibit a family of sequences of noncommutative variables, recursively defined using monic palindromic polynomials in Q [ x ] , and show that each possesses the Laurent phenomenon. This generalizes a conjecture by Kontsevich.
ALTERNATE SCHEME FOR OPTICAL CLUSTER-STATE GENERATION WITHOUT NUMBER-RESOLVING PHOTON DETECTORS

We design a controlled-phase gate for linear optical quantum computing by using photodetectors that cannot resolve photon number. An intrinsic error-correction circuit corrects errors introduced by the detectors. Our controlled-phase gate has a 1/4 success probability. Recent development in cluster-state quantum computing has shown that a two-qubit gate with non-zero success probability can build an arbitrarily large cluster state only with polynomial overhead. Hence, it is possible to generate optical cluster states without number-resolving detectors and with polynomial overhead.
Coupling of alkynyl organometallics with 4-acetoxy-1,3-dioxanes: Synthesis of propargylic and allylic anti-1,3-diols

Abstract Alkynyl diethylalanes and stannanes couple with 4-acetoxy-1,3-dioxane 1 in the presence of BF 3 ·OEt 2 to give acetal protected propargylic anti -1,3-diols 2 in high yield, with exquisite diastereoselectivity and little acetal epimerization. These propargylic dioxanes 2 are useful intermediates for further diastereoselective reactions.
Quantitative Interpretation of Quasar Microlensing Light Curves

We develop a general method for analyzing the light curves of microlensed quasars and apply it to the OGLE light curves of the four-image lens Q2237+0305. We simultaneously estimate the effective source velocity, the average stellar mass, the stellar mass function, and the size and structure of the quasar accretion disk. The light curves imply an effective source-plane velocity of 10,200 km s-1 vehM/M?-1/2 39,600 km s-1 (68% confidence). Given an independent estimate for the source velocity, found by combining estimates for the peculiar velocity of the lens galaxy with its measured stellar velocity dispersion, we obtain a mean stellar mass of M 0.037 h2 M? (0.0059 h2 M? M 0.20 h2 M?). We were unable to distinguish a Salpeter mass function from one in which all stars had the same mass, but we do find a strong lower bound of ?*/? 0.5 on the fraction of the surface mass density represented by the microlenses. Our models favor a standard thin accretion disk model as the source structure over a simple Gaussian source. For a face-on, thin disk radiating as a blackbody with temperature profile Ts R-3/4, the radius rs where the temperature matches the filter pass band [2000 ? or Ts(rs) 7 ? 104 K] is 1.4 ? 1015 h-1 cm rs 4.5 ? 1015 h-1 cm. The flux predicted by the disk model agrees with the observed flux of the quasar, so nonthermal or optically thin emission processes are not required. From the disk structure we estimate a black hole mass of MBH 1.1 ? 109 h-3/2?(L/LE)-1/2 M?, consistent with the mass estimated under the assumption that the quasar is radiating at the Eddington luminosity (L/LE = 1).
Cartilage interstitial fluid load support in unconfined compression.

Abstract Under physiological conditions of loading, articular cartilage is subjected to both compressive strains, normal to the articular surface, and tensile strains, tangential to the articular surface. Previous studies have shown that articular cartilage exhibits a much higher modulus in tension than in compression, and theoretical analyses have suggested that this tension–compression nonlinearity enhances the magnitude of interstitial fluid pressurization during loading in unconfined compression, above a theoretical threshold of 33% of the average applied stress. The first hypothesis of this experimental study is that the peak fluid load support in unconfined compression is significantly greater than the 33% theoretical limit predicted for porous permeable tissues modeled with equal moduli in tension and compression. The second hypothesis is that the peak fluid load support is higher at the articular surface side of the tissue samples than near the deep zone, because the disparity between the tensile and compressive moduli is greater at the surface zone. Ten human cartilage samples from six patellofemoral joints, and 10 bovine cartilage specimens from three calf patellofemoral joints were tested in unconfined compression. The peak fluid load support was measured at 79±11% and 69±15% at the articular surface and deep zone of human cartilage, respectively, and at 94±4% and 71±8% at the articular surface and deep zone of bovine calf cartilage, respectively. Statistical analyses confirmed both hypotheses of this study. These experimental results suggest that the tension–compression nonlinearity of cartilage is an essential functional property of the tissue which makes interstitial fluid pressurization the dominant mechanism of load support in articular cartilage.
Vascular Neuro-Ophthalmology

Vascular neuro-ophthalmology includes visual symptoms and signs found in stroke patients as well as numerous primary vascular disorders involving the eye and the optic nerves. Cerebrovascular diseases are commonly associated with neuro-ophthalmologic symptoms or signs, which mostly depend on the type, size, and location of the vessels involved, and the mechanism of the vascular lesion. Funduscopic examination allows direct visualization of the retinal circulation, which shares many common characteristics with the cerebral microcirculation, and can be used as a marker of vascular disease.
The Chase Family of Detection Algorithms for Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Channels

We introduce a new family of detectors for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels. These detectors are called Chase detectors because they can be interpreted as a translation of the Chase error-control decoding algorithm from time to space. The Chase detector is parameterized by only four parameters; nevertheless, it reduces to a wide range of previously reported MIMO detectors as special cases, including the maximum-likelihood and decision-feedback detectors. The Chase detector defines a simple framework for not only comparing existing MIMO detection algorithms but also proposing new ones. For example, based on the Chase framework, we propose a new detector called B-Chase that performs well on fading channels. Specifically, on a four-input four-output Rayleigh-fading channel with uncoded 16-QAM inputs, one instance of the B-Chase detector falls only 0.4 dB short of the performance of the maximum-likelihood sphere detector while reducing complexity by 68%. Another instance of the B-Chase detector outperforms the BLAST-ordered decision-feedback detector by 4.4 dB while increasing complexity by only 17%.
The quest for an OCO (Orbiting Carbon Observatory) re-flight

The objective of the OCO (Orbiting Carbon Observatory) mission was to make the first space-based measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide with the accuracy needed to quantify sources and sinks of this important greenhouse gas. Unfortunately, the observatory was lost as a result of a launch vehicle failure on 24 February 2009. The JPS (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) was directed to assess the options for the re-flight of the OCO instrument and recovery of the carbon-related measurement, and to understand and quantitatively asses the cost, schedule, and technical and programmatic risks of the indentified options. The two most likely solutions were (1) a shared platform with the TIRS (Thermal Infrared Sensor) instrument and (2) a dedicated OSC(Orbital Sciences Corporation) LEOStar-2 spacecraft bus similar to the utilized for the original OCO mission. A joint OCO-TIRS mission study was commissioned and two specific options were examined. However, each presented technical challenges that would drive cost. It was determined that the best option was to rebuilt the OCO observatory to the extent possible including another LEOStar-2 spacecraft bus. This lower risk approach leverages the original OCO design and provides the shortest path to launch, which is targeted for no later than February 2013 timeframe.
Operating envelopes of particle sizing instrumentation used for icing research

The Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe and the Optical Array Probe are analyzed in terms of their ability to make accurate determinations of water droplet size distributions. Sources of counting and sizing errors are explained. The paper describes ways of identifying these errors and how they can affect measurement.
The global economy in the Bush era

This essay reviews three recent books on the global economy against the backdrop of the Bush Administration's adoption of a militarized and unilateralist foreign policy that led to the US war against Saddam Hussein's regime in Iraq. The argument is that the shift in US foreign policy is a response to both domestic and global challenges. However, there is little reason to believe that this new direction represents a realistic response to the considerable fragilities of the current global economy. On the contrary, the new US foreign policy might better be understood as a symptom of a deepening global crisis.
1,2-BIS-(TRIALKYLSILYL)ETHANES : SYNTHONS FOR VICINAL DICATIONS?

Abstract Anodic oxidation of 1,2- bis -(trimethylsilyl)-1,2-diphenylethane in methanol affords a 65:35 mixture of 1,2-dimethoxy-1,2-diphenylethane ( dl:meso = 10:1 and diphenylacetaldehyde dimethylacetal. The results can be interpreted in terms of a 1,2-diaryl-2-methoxyethyl cation, which can undergo either nucleophilic attack by solvent or rearrangement to a 2,2-diaryl-1-methoxyethyl cation. Experiments testing the generality of the reaction are described.
H-coloring tori

For graphs G and H, an H-coloring of G is a function from the vertices of G to the vertices of H that preserves adjacency. H-colorings encode graph theory notions such as independent sets and proper colorings, and are a natural setting for the study of hard-constraint models in statistical physics. We study the set of H-colorings of the even discrete torus Z"m^d, the graph on vertex set {0,...,m-1}^d (m even) with two strings adjacent if they differ by 1 (mod m) on one coordinate and agree on all others. This is a bipartite graph, with bipartition classes E and O. In the case m=2 the even discrete torus is the discrete hypercube or Hamming cube Q"d, the usual nearest neighbor graph on {0,1}^d. We obtain, for any H and fixed m, a structural characterization of the space of H-colorings of Z"m^d. We show that it may be partitioned into an exceptional subset of negligible size (as d grows) and a collection of subsets indexed by certain pairs (A,B)@?V(H)^2, with each H-coloring in the subset indexed by (A,B) having all but a vanishing proportion of vertices from E mapped to vertices from A, and all but a vanishing proportion of vertices from O mapped to vertices from B. This implies a long-range correlation phenomenon for uniformly chosen H-colorings of Z"m^d with m fixed and d growing. The special pairs (A,B)@?V(H)^2 are characterized by every vertex in A being adjacent to every vertex in B, and having |A||B| maximal subject to this condition. Our main technical result is an upper bound on the probability, for an arbitrary edge uv of Z"m^d, that in a uniformly chosen H-coloring f of Z"m^d the pair ({f(w):w@?N"u},{f(z):z@?N"v}) is not one of these special pairs (where N"@? indicates neighborhood). Our proof proceeds through an analysis of the entropy of f, and extends an approach of Kahn, who had considered the case of m=2 and H a doubly infinite path. All our results generalize to a natural weighted model of H-colorings.
A Note on Classical Ground State Energies

The pair-specific ground state energy e g (N):=ℰ g (N)/(N(N−1)) of Newtonian N body systems grows monotonically in N. This furnishes a whole family of simple new tests for minimality of putative ground state energies ℰ (N) obtained through computer experiments. Inspection of several publicly available lists of such computer-experimentally obtained putative ground state energies ℰ (N) has yielded several dozen instances of ℰ (N) which failed one of these tests; i.e., for those N one concludes that ℰ (N)>ℰ g (N) strictly. Although the correct ℰ g (N) is not revealed by this method, it does yield a better upper bound on ℰ g (N) than ℰ (N) whenever ℰ (N) fails a monotonicity test. The surveyed N-body systems include in particular N point charges with 2- or 3-dimensional Coulomb pair interactions, placed either on the unit 2-sphere or on a 2-torus (a.k.a. Thomson, Fekete, or Riesz problems).
Quantitative Determination of the Deuteroxyl Content of Vitreous Silica

The molar extinction coefficient for bound water in the form of hydroxyl in vitreous silica has been determined by a thermogravimetric technique. The value obtained, 181 L/mol*cm, is believed to be considerably more accurate than the values now used. 9 refs.
A study of a queueing system with three-phase service

In this paper we consider a single server that serves customers, each of which requires three phases of service. The server alternates between two queues, a batch queue and an individual queue, giving priority to customers in the latter queue. Customers in the batch queue are served in batches whereas customers in the individual queue are served individually. The batches undergo two service phases. During the first phase, the non-gated phase, any customer entering the batch queue is allowed to joint the batch in service. However, once the batch enters the second phase, the gated phase, no other customer is allowed to enter service. At the completion of the gated phase, the customers then enter the individual queue where they acquire their third phase of service. Customers are individually served in the individual queue after which they depart the system. We derive an expression for the mean customer sojourn time under the assumption of Poisson arrivals, and general service times for each of the three phases.
Unified Theory of Nuclear Reactions

A new formulation of the theory of nuclear reactions based on the properties of a generalized “optical” potential is presented. The real and imaginary part of this potential satisfy a dispersion type relation while its poles give rise to resonances in nuclear reactions. A new derivation of the Breit-Wigner formula is given in which the concept of channel radius is not employed. This derivation is extended to the case of overlapping resonances. These results can then be employed to obtain the complex potential well model for pure elastic scattering. This potential well is shown to become real as the average width of the resonances increases. Reactions as well as elastic scattering are treated. Considering the former process in an isolated resonance, we obtain a nonresonant term analogous to the familiar potential scattering term of elastic scattering. This is just the direct interaction term which thus appears automatically in this formalism. Upon performing the appropriate energy averages over resonances, the complex potential well model is generalized so as to include inelastic scattering. The effects of the identity of nucleons is investigated. It is shown that our formalism is valid as long as the exit channels can at most contain one nucleon.
Predicting the Earth's future

Abstract The development of Earth system models that will simulate the past and present and provide predictions of future conditions is essential now that human activities have the potential to induce changes in the planetary environment. Critical aspects of global change include its pervasiveness and ubiquity, its distribution in several distinct time-scale bands, and the interactions between the atmosphere, ocean, land surface, and the terrestrial and marine biospheres. A model of the Earth System on the scale of decades to centuries, developed by the Earth System Science Committee (NASA) with the strategy of dividing by time scale rather than discipline, is presented and the requirements for observations to support the implementation of the model are reviewed.
NEW RAPID METHODS FOR MOISTURE AND FAT ANALYSIS: A REVIEW

Methodology for rapid moisture and fat analysis in food products has advanced. There are new systems on the market using microwaves, nuclear magnetic resonance, electro-optical scanners, or measuring differential capacitance; near infrared transmittance, reflectance or absorbance; or specific gravity of a solvent-sample mixture. Some of these systems offer rapid, accurate, and repeatable measurements.