cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms That Produce Fractals

Fractals help us understand physiological systems in two different ways. First, they provide a phenomenological description. Since fractals have qualitatively different properties than nonfractals, just the realization that we are working with a fractal is important. This realization can actually be difficult, even if the pattern is “obvious.” Thus, it has been a significant surprise each time yet another physiological system was found to be fractal, such as the branching of the airways in the lung, or the distribution of blood flow in the heart, or the kinetics of ion channels.
Retinoic Acid Synthesis in the Developing Retina

Neuronal information in the vertebrate brain is represented in the form of topographical maps: there are multiple topographical representations in the brain of the visual world, of auditory space, of the tactile body surface and of movement directions. Information processing in the framework of maps is a general feature of the nervous system throughout vertebrates and even in lower species. The main advance through evolution is not in the principle of mapping, but in the number and specialization of maps. The maps are formed in the embryonic brain due to a capacity of neuronal processes from one brain area to search out precisely their address in the next area. The molecular basis of this neuronal specificity is still largely unknown. The main working hypothesis, formulated for the example of the visual system, postulates two sets of cell-surface markers, one graded in the antero-posterior, the other in the dorso-ventral axis of the retinal maps, which enable optic growth cones to match up with corresponding markers in their targets (Sperry, 1963). The expression of such graded markers needs to be preceded by an asymmetry in gene transcription. The enzymes described here provide a direct access to this early step of neuronal specification in the retina, as their product, retinoic acid, regulates gene transcription through nuclear receptors (Chambon et al., 1991).
Hayek's Theory of Business Cycles: Theory That Will Remain Obscure

Hayek’s theory of business cycles has been criticized for its unfeasible policy prescriptions, weak empirical support, and lack of technical rigor. Although the theory can be defended against these criticisms, it violates the rational expectations hypothesis, a criterion by which economists tend to judge the quality of economic arguments. Since Hayek and his followers failed to remedy or justify the violation, the theory cannot capture the interest of the economics profession today. To change this outcome, Hayek’s theory either needs a satisfactory restatement, or it has to wait until economists change the criteria for judging the quality of arguments.
How to estimate the effect of treatment duration on survival outcomes using observational data.

When using observational data, quantifying the effect of treatment duration on survival outcomes is not straightforward because only people who live for a long time can receive treatment for a long time. This problem doesn’t apply to randomised trials because people are classified based on the treatment duration they are assigned, rather than the treatment duration that they achieve. This approach accepts that dead people do not deviate from their assigned treatment strategy. By transferring this insight to the analysis of observational data, we can follow three steps to estimate the effect of treatment duration from observational data without the bias of naive comparisons between long term and short term users. The first step is cloning people to assign them to multiple treatment strategies. The second step is censoring clones when they deviate from their assigned treatment strategy. The third step is performing inverse probability weighting to adjust for the potential selection bias introduced by censoring. The procedure can be used to compare any treatment strategies that are sustained over time. Cloning, censoring, and weighting eliminates immortal time bias in the estimates of absolute and relative risk, which helps researchers focus their attention on other biases that may be present in observational analyses and are not so easily eliminated.
An Angle-Sensing Infrared Detector Using a Two-Element Biomimetic Antenna Array

We present a technique for designing the angle-sensing infrared detectors with subwavelength dimensions. The proposed detector is composed of a two-element long-wave infrared (LWIR) biomimetic antenna array. The detector consists of two closely spaced and strongly coupled IR antennas whose natural mutual coupling is augmented by using an external coupling network. Each antenna is connected to a microbolometer to detect the incoming IR radiation. By controlling the mutual coupling between the antennas and designing an optimum coupling network, the ratio of the power absorbed in the two bolometers is made to a one-to-one function of the incidence angle. This allows for determining the angle of incidence of the incoming IR light by measuring the changes of the dc currents passing through the bolometers when the antennas are biased with a dc voltage source. A prototype of the proposed angle-sensing detector is designed to operate at $10.6~\mu \text{m}$ in the LWIR band. The prototype is fabricated and characterized. Measurement results show that the device has a one-to-one response function for transverse electric waves within a field of view of ±60°. The response of the device for incident waves having the transverse magnetic or random polarizations was also simulated and measured. In all cases, the measurement results are found to be in good agreement with the theoretical predictions.
A 75-Year-Old Man with Slowly Progressive Leg and Hand Weakness

Sporadic inclusion body myositis (sIBM) is a unique type of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM). It mainly affects men over age 50 years. The disease is characterized by prominent knee extensor and finger flexor weakness, normal or mildly elevated serum creatine kinase level, mixed myopathic and neurogenic motor unit potentials on electromyography, association with an autoantibody against cytosolic 5′-nucleotide 1A (cN1A; NT5C1A), and lack of a favorable response to immunosuppressive therapies. Muscle biopsy plays an essential role in the diagnosis of sIBM. It typically shows the combination of primary endomysial inflammation, rimmed vacuoles, tubulofilamentous inclusions, excessive cytochrome c oxidase (COX)-deficient myofibers, and diffuse upregulation of class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC1). Here we present a case of IBM to illustrate the clinical and pathological features.
Associations between PRF1 Ala91Val polymorphism and risk of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: a meta-analysis based on 1366 subjects.

Perforin (PRF1) gene mutation can cause the onset of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). It has reported that PRF1 Ala91Val polymorphism was related with HLH risk. In the meta-analysis, we aim to evaluate the association between PRF1 Ala91Val polymorphism and HLH risk. We accomplished a meta-analysis of six published case–control studies including 391 patients with HLH and 975 controls. We evaluated the quality of each study through Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS). Data analysis was performed with Stata software. In general, all studies were of high quality (NOS score higher than 7). There were statistically significant between the PRF1 Ala91Val polymorphism and HLH risk though the pooled analysis [for Ala/Val vs. Ala/Ala: pooled odds ratio (OR) = 3.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08–9.56, P = 0.035, random model; for Ala/Val + Val/Val vs. Ala/Ala: pooled OR = 2.96, 95% CI 1.14–7.69, P = 0.025, random model]. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis also revealed a relationship between PRF1 Ala91Val polymorphism and HLH risk (for Ala/Val vs. Ala/Ala: pooled OR = 5.236, 95% CI 2.72–10.08, P < 0.000, I2 = 12.1%, Pheterogeneity = 0.332; for Ala/Val + Val/Val vs. Ala/Ala, pooled OR = 4.856, 95% CI 2.66–8.85, P < 0.000, I2 = 5.9%, Pheterogeneity = 0.373). Funnel plot and Egger’s test did not indicate obvious published bias (P = 0.841 for Ala/Val vs. Ala/Ala; P = 0.284 for Ala/Val + Val/Val vs. Ala/Ala). This meta-analysis indicated that PRF1 Ala91Val polymorphism affects the factor for developing HLH and future studies of PRF1 Ala91Val on the onset of HLH will be guaranteed.
Abstract 20: Targeting difficult targets with lysine-covalent ligands: Expanding the druggable space for covalent drugs

Oncology drugs osimertinib, ibrutinib, neratinib, and afatinib have all been approved in very recent years by the FDA, and all target a cysteine that is present in proximity to the binding site of their respective targets. More recently, Amgen reported on AMG 510 as a first-in-class investigational drug designed to selectively and irreversibly target the KRAS G12C protein. These drugs rely on acrylamides moieties strategically incorporated in their chemical structures to selectively and efficiently react with binding site cysteine residues. Obviously, the approach is limited to drug targets that present a cysteine residue in proximity to the binding site, which often is not the case. This druggable target space for covalent drugs is called the Cysteinome. My laboratory has been developing and applying novel strategies aimed at deriving potent, selective, cell-permeable, and efficacious covalent therapeutics by designing agents that can selectively react with lysine residues (1,2). The approach relies on introducing stable aryl-fluorosulfates or sulfonyl-fluorides in drug leads to selectively and efficiently react with lysine residues. Because lysines are more ubiquitously found within the binding pocket of the target oncogenes, the approach defines a much larger target space for covalent drugs: the Lysinome. In addition, I will demonstrate that the approach is amenable also to tackle difficult targets such as those involving protein-protein interactions (PPIs). Hence, our work widens the available target space beyond cysteine and also allows the development of novel drug candidates against PPIs, which represent an untapped large class of therapeutic targets in oncology. Examples will include potent and selective Lys-covalent agents targeting antiapoptotic proteins in the IAP and Bcl-2 families of proteins, including particularly exciting, yet to be published results. References: 1. Gambini L, Baggio C, Udompholkul P, Jossart J, Salem AF, Perry JJP, Pellecchia M. Covalent inhibitors of protein-protein interactions targeting lysine, tyrosine, or histidine residues. J Med Chem 2019;13;62(11):5616-27. 2. Baggio C, Udompholkul P, Gambini L, Salem AF, Jossart J, Perry JJP, Pellecchia M. Aryl-fluorosulfate-based lysine covalent pan-inhibitors of apoptosis protein (IAP) antagonists with cellular efficacy. J Med Chem 2019;Oct. 8. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01108. Citation Format: Maurizio Pellecchia. Targeting difficult targets with lysine-covalent ligands: Expanding the druggable space for covalent drugs [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advancing Precision Medicine Drug Development: Incorporation of Real-World Data and Other Novel Strategies; Jan 9-12, 2020; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2020;26(12_Suppl_1):Abstract nr 20.
Methohexital-Induced Seizure in a Patient Undergoing Conscious Sedation.

Abstract Background Methohexital is a short-acting barbiturate used for procedural sedation in the emergency department (ED). As with other sedatives, adverse effects with methohexital include excess sedation and hypotension, but this agent can also lower the seizure threshold. We report a patient who developed a generalized seizure after administration of methohexital. Case Report A 60-year-old man presented to the ED by ambulance with chest pain and shortness of breath. Paramedics had administered adenosine for supraventricular tachycardia without conversion before arrival to the ED. He had no history of seizures. His initial vital signs in the ED included heart rate of 189 beats/min with a supraventricular rhythm, blood pressure 137/108 mm Hg, respiration 22 breaths/min, and oxygen saturation of 98% on room air. It was decided to attempt synchronized electrical cardioversion, and methohexital 1 mg/kg (120 mg) was administered over 2 min for moderate sedation. Within 15 s of methohexital administration, the patient developed a generalized seizure that lasted for 90 s. After seizure termination, he was successfully cardioverted, returned to his previous baseline level of consciousness within 20 min, and discharged without further problems with a follow-up referral to neurology. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Methohexital is a short-acting barbiturate used for moderate sedation. Its adverse effects are unique in that it can lower the seizure threshold in some patients. Alternative agents for sedation should be considered in individuals with possible seizure disorders.
Navigating the job market with gender research

The marketing job market can cause feelings of uncertainty and fear among young scholars who are studying gender and sexuality dynamics in the marketplace. In this commentary, I provide recommendat...
Agency Preemption and the Shimer Analysis: Unmasking Strategic Characterization By Agencies and Giving Effect to the Presumption Against Preemption

Key federalism concerns are raised by the specter of preemption of state products liability actions by federal regulatory schemes. For example, the FDA has recently taken the position that its approval of the labeling on prescription drugs preempts civil tort claims grounded in a manufacturer's failure to warn. Using the FDA's recent stance on the issue of preemption, this Article demonstrates that federal agencies can engage in "strategic characterization" by pointing to Congress as the source of preemption, rather than the agency itself. In doing so, agencies avoid political and judicial scrutiny of agency action. This Article proposes that courts use a more realistic, totality of the circumstances approach when deciding whether Congress or an agency is the source of preemption. Further, the Article demonstrates that properly identifying a case as one of preemption by the agency can result in a type of "hard look" review of the agency activity which purportedly preempts state law. Use of a hard-look review can serve as a proxy - in cases of agency preemption - for the "presumption against preemption" which is used in all other categories of preemption analysis.
Communication across the Electronic Resources Lifecycle: A Survey of Academic Libraries

The objective of this study was to identify common communication issues that arise during the electronic resource lifecycle and identify communication strategies academic libraries are using effect...
Referral of PLHIV to Community Economic Strengthening Services: Investigating Associations with Health Outcomes

From 2015–2017, the Livelihoods and Food Security Technical Assistance II (LIFT II) project established referral systems connecting health facilities to community services in Zambia’s Kitwe and Mkushi Districts. Referrals targeted people living with HIV, and program data were collected to determine whether referrals to community services and adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) were associated. We conducted a retrospective, observational review of ART adherence for a matched sample of clients who received a referral from a facility or were not referred (N=192). Matching was based on sex, age, ART initiation, and adherence at the time the referral client was referred. Four focus groups with service providers were conducted. We calculated the proportion of medication refill months missed and used a generalized linear mixed model to assess whether the likelihood of missing a refill between two time points differed between the two groups. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine whether time to first missed refill post-referral differed between the groups. The mean proportion of months missed was low (3–4%) in both groups both pre-/post-referral. We found no significant difference in the odds ratio of missing a refill over time for the referral group compared to the comparison group [OR=1.2, 95% CI: 0.5,3.2]. In the Cox proportional hazards Model, we found no significant difference in time to first missed refill between the groups (HR=0.62, p=0.28). Clinical and community service providers felt the integrated referral networks helped improve access, engagement and retention in HIV care. Both client groups were highly adherent; however, sample sizes were too small to determine any association between receiving the community service and adherence to treatment. Clinical and community service providers nonetheless perceived the referrals increase engagement and retention in HIV care, as well as adherence to ART.
Keep Distance Education for Law Schools: Online Education, the Pandemic, and Access to Justice (preprint)

While distance education made inroads throughout higher education, law schools kept their distance—until a global pandemic forced them all online for a time. Then the gatekeepers to the profession at the American Bar Association and state bars temporarily dropped their limits on distance learning. Now as American law schools prepare to return to normalcy, should distance learning remain an option? This essay argues that it should because it has potential to improve access to justice: distance education can reduce the costs of law school, increasing the supply of lawyers who can afford to provide less expensive legal services. Now is the time for legal regulators to make permanent what they allowed temporarily during the pandemic: distance-education-friendly accreditation and bar admission standards.
A radiocarbon chronology of Holocene climate change and sea-level rise at the Delmarva Peninsula, US Mid-Atlantic Coast:

Radiocarbon dates from 176 sites along the Delmarva Peninsula record the timing of deposition and sea-level rise, and non-marine wetland deposition. The dates provide confirmation of the boundaries...
Role of Renal Sympathetic Nerves in GLP-1 (Glucagon-Like Peptide-1) Receptor Agonist Exendin-4-Mediated Diuresis and Natriuresis in Diet-Induced Obese Rats.

Background The gut‐derived hormone GLP‐1 (glucagon‐like peptide‐1) exerts beneficial effects against established risk factors for chronic kidney disease. GLP‐1 influences renal function by stimulat...
Depression and Suicidal Ideation in Undergraduate College Students: Risk Factors and Barriers to Treatment Present Within Universities

3 Acknowledgments 4 Introduction 5 Literature 7 Diagnosis 10 Risk Factors for Depression and Suicidal Ideation 14 Screening Methods 16 Treatment Methods 20 Barriers 21 Logistical Barriers 21 Attitudinal Barriers 21 Discussion 22 References 28 List of Figures, Tables, & Appendix Appendix A 36 Table 1. The symptoms and Definitions of Major Depressive Disorders 12 Figure 2. The Suicide Continuum 13 Figure 1. Attempts of Suicide per 100,000 by Age Range 10 Depression and Suicidal Ideation in Undergraduate College Students 3
Regenerating Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells to Cure Blindness: A Road Towards Personalized Artificial Tissue

Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a polarized monolayer tissue that functions to support the health and integrity of retinal photoreceptors (PRs). RPE atrophy has been linked to pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of blindness in elderly in the USA. RPE atrophy in AMD leads to the PR cell death and vision loss. It is thought that replacing diseased RPE with healthy RPE tissue can prevent PR cell death. Retinal surgical innovations have provided proof-of-principle data that autologous RPE tissue can replace diseased macular RPE and provide visual rescue in AMD patients. Current efforts are focused on developing an in vitro tissue using natural and synthetic scaffolds to generate a polarized functional RPE monolayer. In the future, these tissue-engineering approaches combined with pluripotent stem cell technology will lead to the development of personalized and “off-the-shelf” cell therapies for AMD patients. This review summarizes the historical development and ongoing efforts in surgical and in vitro tissue engineering techniques to develop a three-dimensional therapeutic native RPE tissue substitute.
Charpy Impact of Unidirectional Graphite/Aramid/Epoxy Hybrid Composites

This report discusses the impact properties of interply hybrids of Kevlar 49 aramid fibers and Thornel 300 graphite fibers in Narmco 5208 epoxy resin. The instrumented Charpy was used to characterize 20-ply unidirectionalcomposites with nine fiber ratios and three stacking sequences. It was observed that the maximum total energy per cross sectional area occurred in a symmetrically interleaved ten-ply Thornel/ten-ply Kevlar composite. However, the maximum crack initiation energy per area occurred in a three-ply Kevlar/fourteen-ply Thornel/three-ply Kevlar composite. There was no single hybrid system that was best in all categories discussed.
Germano-European and the phonetic plausibility theory

(1993). Germano-European and the phonetic plausibility theory. WORD: Vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 473-484.
Biosynthesis of complement.

Publisher Summary This chapter emphasizes the potential applications of studies of complement biosynthesis and presents a review of the historical aspects of work on this problem. The methods for studies of complement synthesis include tissue culture conditions (media and cells), assay systems, biosynthesis in vivo, and a criteria for establishing that a given cell or tissue is a site of synthesis of a complement protein. The sites of synthesis of the individual complement proteins are described based on the biosynthesis of C1, C2, C4, C3, C5 and C6, C7, C8, C9, and complement–associated proteins. The approaches to study fetal synthesis of complement are (1) synthesis of specific complement components in vitro by isolated fetal tissues; (2) demonstration of a maternal-fetal discordance of genetic type in those complement proteins exhibiting genetic polymorphisms; and (3) a method showing the presence of a complement component in sera of fetuses borne by genetically deficient mothers. Most of the complement proteins are synthesized early in fetal life, and in several species (man, rodents, and ungulates) the placenta is an effective barrier to passage of complement either from or to the fetal circulation. The chapter describes the genetically determined complement deficiencies such as C4 deficiency, C5 deficiency, C2 deficiency, and deficiency of C1 inhibitor in man and experimental animals. The advantage of using complement as a model system for genetic studies is the ease of detecting the gene product, the large number of well-characterized genetic abnormalities, and the availability of cell lines capable of synthesizing individual complement proteins. Finally, the chapter discusses the nongenetic control of complement biosynthesis.
Chemical Shift Tensors in Single Crystals

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 Nuclear Shielding and the Chemical Shift Tensor 3 The Single Axis Rotation Method 4 Single Axis 2D Chemical Shift Tensor Correlation Spectroscopy 5 Multiple Axis 2D Chemical Shift Tensor Correlation Spectroscopy 6 Assignment Techniques 7 Biographical Sketch Related Articles
A model of the directional selectivity circuit in retina: transformations by neurons singly and in concert

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a model vertebrate retinal circuit that accounts for the emergence of neurons that selectively respond to stimulus motion in a particular direction in the retina. It discusses three critical elements for directionality of neuron response: an asymmetric input-to-output distribution on the directionally selective neuron dendrite; intracellular resistivity of the dendrite, which allows on-path interactions that depend on stimulus direction; and inhibitory nonlinear shunting of sufficient duration to mask subsequent proximal excitation of the distal tip output. Simulations of morphometrically and biophysically detailed cell models will demonstrate model performance. The chapter also discusses the way this model may work in a developmental context and implications for more general multidimensional filtering within dendritic trees.
Approaches to Diagnostic Validity

Diagnostic validity is the accurate organization, detection, and application of mental health diagnoses based on established criteria. Variations in diagnostic validity have changed over time. Early editions of the DSM prioritized clinical utility over validity; calls for empirical support for diagnostic descriptions fueled the publication of symptom lists for disorders in the DSM-III, thereby improving diagnostic validity. Alternative methods of diagnostic validity include prototype matching, in which clinicians match an individual's overall presentation to a paragraph description of each disorder. Additionally, arguments regarding dimensional versus categorical organization of psychopathology are ongoing. Ultimately, the presence of diagnostic validity is crucial to ensure that both research and treatment efforts for psychiatric illness are as informed by evidence as possible. Keywords: clinical utility; DSM; DSM-V; diagnosis; Kraepelin, Emil; psychopathology; statistical methods in psychology; validity
Risk Regulation, Endogenous Public Concerns, and the Hormones Dispute: Nothing to Fear But Fear Itself?

The dispute between the United States and the European Union (EU) regarding the EU ban on meat imports treated with hormones raises the question: How should regulators respond to public fears that are disproportionate to the risks as evaluated by experts in risk assessment? If regulators cannot eliminate public fears through education, then there is some social benefit from regulations that reduce the feared risks and thereby reduce public anxiety and distortions in behavior flowing from that anxiety. These considerations imply that we cannot simply ignore public fears that technocrats would deem "irrational." On the other hand, there is the danger that special interests may seek to generate consumer anxiety and lobby for regulations that serve their interests. I explore an approach that takes public fears seriously as social costs but also treats them as endogenous variables. I use this framework to evaluate risk regulations in terms of economic efficiency and suggest that the danger of inefficient regulation is most acute when domestic industries promote or sustain fears regarding imported products. From this perspective, the World Trade Organization ruling against the EU in the hormones dispute, based on the risk assessment requirements in the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, may represent a reasonable approach to guarding against the danger of regulatory protectionism, understood broadly to describe inefficient regulations that the importing country would not have adopted but for the foreign nationality of the producers disadvantaged by those regulations.
Double-gate SOI CMOS device DC & RF characterization

A variety of double gate (DG) MOSFET transistor structures are being developed to permit CMOS scaling to the sub-50nm regime. However, flexible dynamic threshold voltage control is urgently needed for ultralow power digital circuits, novel analog/RF circuits, and dynamically reconfigurable circuits. Independently double gated (IDG) FinFETs have recently been reported to have highly controllable Vt. However, a lithographically defined fin width of <10nm is required to achieve this. Other recently reported planar DG MOSFETs typically have oversized, non-self-aligned bottom gates and/or require epitaxial channel growth
Ontogeny and the effects of corticosteroid pretreatment on aquaporin water channels in the ovine cerebral cortex.

The aim of the present study was to determine the ontogeny and effects of corticosteroid pretreatment on aquaporin 4 (AQP4) channel mRNA and protein expression in the cerebral cortex of sheep during development. A portion of the cerebral cortex was snap-frozen from fetuses of dexamethasone- and placebo-treated ewes at 60%, 80% and 90% of gestation, dexamethasone- and placebo-treated newborn lambs and adult sheep. Cerebral cortical samples were obtained 18 h after the last of four 6 mg dexamethasone or placebo injections were given over 48 h to the ewes and adult sheep. Lambs were treated with 0.01 mg kg−1 dexamethasone or placebo in the same schedule as the ewes and adult sheep. Amplification of an ovine AQP4 cDNA fragment was accomplished by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction using primers based on a homologous bovine sequence. The resulting cDNA was used to determine AQP4 channel mRNA expression by Northern hybridisation using phosphorimaging. The relative abundance of AQP4 mRNA was normalised to the ovine ribosomal gene L32. A portion of the frontal cortex was also analysed for AQP4 protein expression by Western immunoblot. Densitometry was performed and the results expressed as a ratio to an adult brain pool. Aquaporin 4 channel mRNA and protein were detectable as early as at 60% gestation. There were no changes in AQP4 mRNA expression among the fetal, newborn and adult groups or after dexamethasone pretreatment in any age group. The expression of the AQP4 protein was higher (P < 0.05) in fetuses at 80% and 90% of gestation (2.9- and 3.3-fold, respectively), in lambs (3.2-fold) and in adult sheep (3.8-fold) compared with fetuses at 60% of gestation, as well as in adult sheep (1.3-fold) compared with fetuses at 80% of gestation. Dexamethasone pretreatment resulted in decreases (P < 0.05) in AQP4 protein expression in the lambs and adult sheep, but not in the fetal groups. We conclude that: (1) AQP4 mRNA and protein were expressed early in fetal and throughout ovine development; (2) protein, but not mRNA, expression increased between 60% and 80% of gestation and did not differ from adult levels by 90% of gestation; and (3) dexamethasone pretreatment resulted in decreases in AQP4 protein expression in lambs and adult sheep, but not in fetuses. The maturational increases in AQP4 protein expression and dexamethasone-related decreases in expression were post-transcriptional, because changes in AQP4 mRNA expression were not observed.
On Wiener-Hopf Determinants

Any extension of the “strong” limit theorem for Toeplitz determinants to continuous convolution operators requires an assumption that allows one to define the determinant in question. In this paper a natural assumption on a matrix-valued symbol is presented which guarantees that the regularized determinant det(p) is defined, and a limit theorem for it is proved.
Time domain adaptive integral method for the combined field integral equation

The time domain adaptive integral method is used to accelerate the process of solving a combined field integral equation (CFIE). To evaluate the magnetic field contribution to the CFIE, the vector potential is computed on an auxiliary mesh and spatial finite differences are used to evaluate its curl. Simulation results demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of this approach.
Combined H 2 /H ∞ Model Reduction

A model-reduction problem is considered which involves both L2 (quadratic) and H∞ (worst-case frequency-domain) aspects. Specifically, the goal of the problem is to minimize an L2 model-reduction criterion subject to a prespecified H∞ constraint on the model-reduction error. The principal result is a sufficient condition for characterizing reduced-order models with bounded L2 and H∞ approximation error. The sufficient condition involves a system of modified Riccati equations coupled by an oblique projection, i.e., idempotent matrix. When the H∞. constraint is absent, the sufficient condition specializes to the L2 model-reduction result given in Hyland and Bernstein, 1985. The full version of this paper can be found in Haddad and Bernstein, 1989.
Charatrization of Building Penetration Loss for GSM and UMTS Signals at 850 MHz and 1900 MHz Bands

Building penetration loss is one of the main points of interest in the outdoor-to-indoor propagation. This chapter describes measurements of the building penetration loss for mobile signals within 850 and 1900 MHz bands. Four buildings are studied aiming to provide first-order statistics of radio coverage inside buildings of signals transmitting from outdoor base stations. The effects of operating frequency, signal bandwidth, receive antenna height, and the presence of line of sight are investigated and numerically presented.
Naturally developing memory T cell xenoreactivity to swine antigens in human peripheral blood lymphocytes.

Naturally developing xenospecific Abs are well-documented barriers to xenograft transplantation in humans, but whether analogous xenoreactive T cell immunity develops is not known. We used an enzyme-linked immunospot assay to determine the frequency and cytokine profiles of xenoreactive PBLs from a panel of human volunteers. Because naive T cells produce only IL-2 in short term culture, IFN-γ production by this approach is a measure of a memory immune response. Stimulation of human PBLs or purified T lymphocytes with stimulator cells from inbred swine revealed a high frequency of IFN-γ producers with 5-fold fewer IL-2 producers. In contrast, lymphocytes obtained from neonatal umbilical cord blood contained swine-specific IL-2 producers but few IFN-γ producers, which is what one would expect to find with a naive phenotype. Moreover, PBLs from adults with a history of abstention from pork consumption responded to swine cells with a significantly lower frequency of IFN-γ producers than PBLs from adults with unrestricted diets did, suggesting that pork consumption may result in priming of swine-specific T cell immunity. Our findings provide the first evidence for naturally occurring xenospecific T cell immunity in humans. The detected strength of this memory response suggests that it will present a formidable barrier to transplantation of swine organs.
Electronic structure characterization and bandgap engineering of solar hydrogen materials

Bandgap, band edge positions as well as the overall band structure of semiconductors are of crucial importance in photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic applications. The energy position of the band edge level can be controlled by the electronegativity of the dopants, the pH of the solution (flatband potential variation of 60 mV per pH unit), as well as by quantum confinement effects. Accordingly, band edges and bandgap can be tailored to achieve specific electronic, optical or photocatalytic properties. Synchrotron radiation with photon energy at or below 1 keV is giving new insight into such areas as condensed matter physics and extreme ultraviolet optics technology. In the soft x-ray region, the question tends to be, what are the electrons doing as they migrated between the atoms. In this paper, I will present a number of soft x-ray spectroscopic study of nanostructured 3d metal compounds Fe 2 O 3 and ZnO.
Pionic 3d → 2p X-ray measurements in 50,52,54Cr, 45Sc, 51V, 55Mn and Fe

Abstract We report the measurement of the strong interaction shifts and widths of the pionic 3d → 2p transitions in separated isotopes of 50,52,54 Cr and natural Sc, V, Mn, and Fe. Using these new data in combination with earlier low- Z pionic data (6 ⩽ Z ⩽ 20) we have studied the phenomenological pion-nuclear potential. Employing nuclear structure information from measured charge densities and Hartree-Fock calculations, we have fitted the pion-nuclear potential parameters to the pionic-atom data. We have explored the sensitivity of these data to the value of the Lorentz-Lorenz parameter ξ. The addition of an isovector dependence to the s- and p-wave two-nucleon terms is shown to be unnecessary at the present level of experimental accuracy. We have used the deduced optical potentials to determine the neutron radii of the nuclei 20 ⩽ Z ⩽ 26 and find reasonable agreement with Hartree-Fock predictions and with the results of other hadronic probes for 20 ⩽ Z ⩽ 23 but poor agreement for 24 ⩽ Z ⩽ 26.
Measuring the Attentional Speed-up in the Motion Induction Effect

Abstract Motion induction is the illusory motion within an elongated stimulus, such as a bar or a line, when it is preceded by a priming stimulus next to one of its ends. Motion is away from this primer. The presentation of two priming spots at both ends of a stimulus bar results in motion away from both spots with a collision in the center of the bar. With a sufficiently long delay between the spots, motion will be seen only as away from the second spot. Similarly, in a bar with a luminance gradient an illusory motion is perceived as away from the high-luminance end, presumably due to the known dependence of neural processing speed on luminance. In the present study, these two illusory motions were made to oppose each other. The particular luminance gradient which would just cancel the motion induction effect when motion is seen optimally as away from the second spot (cancellation gradient) was determined, resulting again in a collision near the center of the bar. Furthermore, the luminance dependence of the reaction time to stimulus detection was measured in a separate experiment. Thus for each observer, the processing time difference associated with the cancellation gradient was established. This Δt then gives the amount of time by which processing is speeded up in motion induction due to the priming spot. In a simple model of motion processing it can also be identified as the built-in delay Δt of a typical Reichardt-type motion detector. With the present conditions, it varied between 14 and 19 msec for different observers for a bar length of 5.3 deg. In this way, we show not only that the priming effect in motion induction can be understood as a speed-up of neural processing, but also provide a way of measuring the times involved. In additional experiments, we examined the effect of bar length and luminance profile. These results allow us to estimate the gradients of the attentional fields. Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.
The Use of Between Session Assignments in ADHD Coaching With College Students

Objective: To provide an analysis of the use of between session assignments (BSA) in ADHD coaching with college students. The article provides a description of the structure and process of using BSA in an academic setting. Method: A brief survey of ADHD coaches is used to evaluate 13 coaching clients engaged in an 8-week structured program. A case study illustrates the process of using BSA with college students. Results: Overall progress in the ADHD coaching sessions was significantly correlated with coach’s rating of the client’s quality of BSA during treatment, the client’s positive attitude to BSA, and the usefulness of BSA. Treatment gain scores were significantly related to the client’s being motivated by a desire to please their parents. Conclusions: BSAs can be useful in the context of ADHD coaching with college students.
Dentists' technical competence, communication, and personality as predictors of dental patient anxiety

Previous research has found that many factors influence patients' dental anxiety, many of which are related to the practitioner's technical and interpersonal skill. Unfortunately, a confirmatory factor analysis of scales used in dental anxiety research revealed numerous problems with the measurement devices. The Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) split into two subscales: calmness and anxiety. The Corah Dental Anxiety Scale (CDAS) was unidimensional but was unable to detect relationships between anxiety and interpersonal or communication factors. Interestingly, patient satisfaction, dentist behavior, and empathy items did not load on independent scales, as previously reported in the literature. Instead, five clusters were detected: positive and negative communication, positive and negative interpersonalness, and perceived technical competence.
Buckling of Anisotropic Cylinders

The aim of this paper is to determine the buckling shapes and loads of an isotropic cylinders subjected to temperature and/or mechanical loads. First, the governing differential equations for buckling are derived. Second, their solution is presented. The buckling shapes are found to be trigonometrical functions in a skew coordinate system. With the aid of these functions, closed form solutions are developed for calculating the buckling loads. The paper presents some examples which illustrate unexpected results, e.g., unconstrained cylinders subjected to a change in temperature may buckle at a critical temperature, and may buckle either with increasing or with decreasing temperature.
The Lessons of Iceland's Inflation

The drastic inflation which Iceland experienced in the late-1970s to the mid-‘80s has lessons for the rest, of the world, Thrainn Eggertsson, Professor of Economics at the University of Iceland, examine the degree to which the Central Bank intervenes increasingly in the economy.
The Relationship Between Selected Personality Traits and Self-Esteem Among Female Nursing Students

For a sample of 75 female senior nursing students, responses to the need scales of the Adjective Check List (ACL) were correlated with Total P Scores from the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale. The measure of self-esteem exhibited statistically significant correlation coefficients of .30 (p < .02), .39 (p < .01), and .34 (p < .01) with the ACL scales of Endurance, Nurturance, and Affiliation. Statistically significant negative coefficients of -.31 (p < .01), and -.51 (p < .01) were found for the ACL scales of Aggression and Succorance.
Automated reuse of design plans

Abstract BOGART, part of the VEXED knowledge-based circuit design editor, partially automates circuit (re-)design by mechanically ‘replaying’ the recorded history of design decisions made in a previous design. We illustrate how it designs part of a content-addressable memory by replaying the design plan for a comparator, and how it helps implement several specification changes for a simple arithmetic and logic unit (ALU). We evaluate how well BOGART addresses five general issues raised by this approach to intelligent design automation. BOGART has been used by students in a VLSI course to help design simple NMOS digital circuits, and its techniques have been applied to mechanical design and algorithm design.
Circulating and storage neutrophil changes in experimental type II group B streptococcal sepsis.

Summary: The availibility of neutrophils is an important factor in host resistance to bacterial infection. Therefore, circulating and storage neutrophil quantification was carried out on groups of neonatal rats intranasally inoculated with type II group B streptococci. The dose of type II group B streptococci used produced 56% mortality in 48 neonatal rats with death being due to pneumonia and sepsis. Neutropenia (1300 ± 150/mm3 versus 2300 ± 170/mm3; mean ± S.D.; P < 0.01) and an elevation in band/polymorphonuclear ratio (0.98 ± 0.04 versus 0.30 ± 0.04: P < 0.01) were observed in infected neonatal rats 24 hr following inoculation. Femoral marrow as well as splenic and hepatic neutrophil storage compartment quantification revealed dimunition of postmitotic (polymorphonuclear, band, and metamyelocyte) neutrophils in the infected group (P < 0.01) with sparing of the proliferative neutrophils (myeloblasts, promyelocytes, and myelocytes). Repletion of the myeloid but not the splenic or hepatic neutrophil storage compartments with normalization of the neutrophil count and band/polymorphonuclear ratio occurred in animals surviving 72 hr. These studies establish that neutropenia and neutrophil storage pool depletion are prominent features of experimental type II group B streptococci infection in neonates. Speculation: Although neutrophil storage pool depletion is rare in infected adult animals or humans, its presence can be correlated with an increased mortality. It appears that neutrophil storage pool depletion is a prominent feature of experimental neonatal type II group B streptococci infection. The resulting deficiency of phagocytic cell supply probably represents diminution in the already compromised host defense mechanism of the neonate. Thus, it is postulated that neutrophil storage pool depletion represents a pathophysiologic factor contributing to the high mortality rate observed in neonatal type II group B streptococci infection.
Cell cycle staging of individual cells by fluorescence microscopy

Progression through the cell cycle is one of the most fundamental features of cells. Studies of the cell cycle have traditionally relied on the analysis of populations, and they often require specific markers or the use of genetically modified systems, making it difficult to determine the cell cycle stage of individual, unperturbed cells. We describe a protocol, suitable for use in high-resolution imaging approaches, for determining cell cycle staging of individual cells by measuring their DNA content by fluorescence microscopy. The approach is based on the accurate quantification by image analysis of the integrated nuclear intensity of cells stained with a DNA dye, and it can be used in combination with several histochemical methods. We describe and provide the algorithms for two automated image analysis pipelines and the derivation of cell cycle profiles with both commercial and open-source software. This 1-2-d protocol is applicable to adherent cells, and it is adaptable for use with several DNA dyes.
Sialyltransferase, sialic acid and sialoglycoconjugates in metastatic tumor and human liver tissue

Abstract 1. 1. The specific activities of sialyltransferase in metastatic tumor sites were 5–37% of those of uninvolved non-cancerous tissue. The non-cancerous host tissues had a slightly lower average sialyl-transferase activity than that of non-pathological control livers (986 vs 1194dpm/min/mg protein). 2. 2. The levels of total and bound sialic acid are increased 1.4 to 7.2-fold in homogenates, supernatants and resuspended pellets of metastatic tumor sites compared to non-cancerous and non-pathological control livers. For all these tissues. 24–29% of the bound sialic acid is found on soluble components (in the 16,300 g supernatant). 3. 3. Soluble sialoglycoconjugates from most metastatic tumor sites give gel filtration profiles different from those of non-cancerous and non-pathological control livers.
Rethinking health, development, and malaria: Historicizing a cultural model in international health

“When we consider… the wastage of the fruits of human effort in the rearing of children who will die before they are able to make any economic return to society and in the support by those adults who remain in good health, of a large proportion of invalids crippled by preventable disease, it is difficult to see how one can seriously question the importance of the contribution of public health to global prosperity.” (Winslow 1952:193)
Incorporating strongly triboluminescent europium dibenzoylmethide triethylammonium into simple polymers

As mankind continues to extend technological boundaries, sensors must be improved in order to keep pace. The current problem that engineers and scientists face is how to actively monitor structures for damage. One possible method is to embed a triboluminescent material into a composite structure. Nearby sensors would monitor these structures for structural failure or impacts. This paper reports on recently completed research that incorporated the strongly triboluminescent europium dibenzoylmethide triethylammonium (europium tetrakis) into a selection of polymers, such as poly(methyl methacrylate). Additional work was completed to determine if europium tetrakis could be mixed with Cytoseal 60 and 280 to form a durable triboluminescent polymer for small-area sensors. Using a custom-built drop tower, the triboluminescent light yield and decay times was measured for the newly created triboluminescent polymers. In this paper, we have studied the effects of increasing poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) concentration on the triboluminescent properties of europium dibenzoylmethide triethylammonium (EuD4TEA). The research shows that the amount of PMMA could be increased such that the EuD4TEA PMMA polymer could be sensitive to selective minimum energies. Thus, a functional triboluminescent polymer was successfully obtained for the first time.