cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impedance of an induction coil at the opening of a borehole in a conductor

The electromagnetic field of a cylindrical eddy current probe coil near the open end of a borehole in a conductor has been calculated analytically accounting for edge effects. Calculations of the coil impedance as a function of position and excitation frequency have been made allowing theoretical results to be compared with experimental measurements. Comparisons have been carried out for special cases in which a cylindrical coil has its axis either perpendicular or parallel to the axis of the hole. In the approach used, the field is expressed in terms of transverse electric and transverse magnetic potentials defined with respect to the axis of the hole. The domain of the problem is truncated in the axial direction in order to express the solution in the form of eigenfunction expansions. The truncation modifies the original unbounded domain problem, but the additional boundaries can be made as remote from the coil as desired so that they have a negligible effect on numerical estimates of the coil field. Th...
Mutational analysis of the subunit C (Vma5p) of the yeast vacuolar H+-ATPase.

Subunit C is a V1sector subunit found in all vacuolar H+-ATPases (V-ATPases) that may be part of the peripheral stalk connecting the peripheral V1 sector with the membrane-bound V0 sector of the enzyme (Wilkens, S., Vasilyeva, E., and Forgac, M. (1999)J. Biol. Chem. 274, 31804–31810). To elucidate subunit C function, we performed random and site-directed mutagenesis of the yeast VMA5 gene. Site-directed mutations in the most highly conserved region of Vma5p, residues 305–325, decreased catalytic activity of the V-ATPase by up to 48% without affecting assembly. A truncation mutant (K360stop) identified by random mutagenesis suggested a small region near the C terminus of the protein (amino acids 382–388) might be important for subunit stability. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that three aromatic amino acids in this region (Tyr-382, Phe-385, and Tyr-388) in addition to four other conserved aromatic amino acids (Phe-260, Tyr-262, Phe-296, Phe-300) are essential for stable assembly of V1 with V0, although alanine substitutions at these positions support some activityin vivo. Surprisingly, three mutations (F260A, Y262A, and F385A) greatly decrease the stability of the V-ATPase in vitro but increase its k cat for ATP hydrolysis and proton transport by at least 3-fold. The peripheral stalk of V-ATPases must balance the stability essential for productive catalysis with the dynamic instability involved in regulation; these three mutations may perturb that balance.
Combination of imaging mass spectrometry and electron microscopy for quasi nondestructive surface analysis

Abstract We report on a combination of imaging mass spectrometry (MS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) developed in a custom designed time-of-flight (TOF) MS instrument with laser post-ionization of sputtered atoms. Elemental (by MS) and topographical (by SEM) mapping of surfaces of heavily contaminated Si collectors from the NASA Genesis sample return mission enabled obtaining much more accurate and detailed depth distribution of the Solar Wind Mg and Ca implanted in these collectors. This is because the cleanest areas were identified by the SEM/MS mapping, and high resolution sputter depth profiling at these locations revealed near-surface (0–15 nm) depth distribution of Mg and Ca, that were used for more accurate fluence calculations of these Solar Wind species. MS imaging was virtually nondestructive at primary ion fluence 1012 cm-2, causing no effect on accuracy and precision of quantitative depth profiling that followed the imaging. We also demonstrate importance of such an approach by directly comparing high resolution depth profiles measured on clean areas versus arbitrarily selected areas.
Cultural Neuroscience: Progress and Promise

The nature and origin of human diversity has been a source of intellectual curiosity since the beginning of human history. Contemporary advances in cultural and biological sciences provide unique opportunities for the emerging field of cultural neuroscience. Research in cultural neuroscience examines how cultural and genetic diversity shape the human mind, brain and behavior across multiple time scales: situation, ontogeny and phylogeny. Recent progress in cultural neuroscience provides novel theoretical frameworks for understanding the complex interaction of environmental, cultural and genetic factors in the production of adaptive human behavior. Here, we provide a brief history of cultural neuroscience, theoretical and methodological advances, as well as empirical evidence of the promise of and progress in the field. Implications of this research for population health disparities and public policy are discussed.
Influence of lactation length on sow productivity

Abstract Associations between sow lactation length, the productivity of individual sows at their subsequent farrowings, and annual breeding productivity were analyzed using a data base including 14925 farrowing records from 39 swine herds. Longer lactation lengths were associated with higher subsequent litter sizes (both total-born and born-alive), shorter weaning-to-service intervals, longer farrowingto-service intervals, and longer farrowing-to-farrowing intervals ( P P > 0.2). The observation that reducing lactation length from 30 to 17 days does not significantly affect pigs per sow per year is attributed to the compensatory effects of shorter lactation on pigs born per litter and litters per sow per year. This range of lactation length is commonly employed by American swine producers and appears to incorporate the optimal range for breeding herd productivity as measured in terms of pigs weaned/sow/year. Nevertheless, the optimal lactation length for an individual herd likely will be influenced by its particular management, environmental and financial characteristics.
WICS: A Model of Leadership in Organizations

In this article I present a model of leadership—WICS—that encompasses wisdom, intelligence, and creativity, synthesized. I open with a general discussion of issues in models of leadership, then dis...
Words, shape, visual search and visual working memory in 3-year-old children.

Do words cue children’s visual attention, and if so, what are the relevant mechanisms? Across four experiments, 3-year-old children (N = 163) were tested in visual search tasks in which targets were cued with only a visual preview versus a visual preview and a spoken name. The experiments were designed to determine whether labels facilitated search times and to examine one route through which labels could have their effect: By influencing the visual working memory representation of the target. The targets and distractors were pictures of instances of basic-level known categories and the labels were the common name for the target category. We predicted that the label would enhance the visual working memory representation of the target object, guiding attention to objects that better matched the target representation. Experiments 1 and 2 used conjunctive search tasks, and Experiment 3 varied shape discriminability between targets and distractors. Experiment 4 compared the effects of labels to repeated presentations of the visual target, which should also influence the working memory representation of the target. The overall pattern fits contemporary theories of how the contents of visual working memory interact with visual search and attention, and shows that even in very young children heard words affect the processing of visual information.
Respondents, Nonrespondents, and Population Surveys: A Note.

Abstract This research note examines respondent‐nonrespondent bias in a statewide population survey. The findings indicate general support for using master lists in the selection of respondents for participation in a large mail questionnaire survey. A call is made for other researchers in possession of statewide lists of members of a population to calculate similar estimates in order to assess the accuracy and general representativeness of final samples.
SURFACE X-RAY EMISSION FROM NEUTRON STARS

S>Analytic estimates of the surface properties as a function of age of neutron stars are presented. The results for the total thermal energy, neutrino rate loss, photon luminosity, surface temperature, cooling time, and optimum wavelength are tabulated for several neutron core temperatures. (L.B.S.)
Ultra-deep anisotropic etching of (110) silicon

The anisotropic etching behavior of (110) silicon wafers in KOH and TMAH was studied with emphasis on ultra-deep microchannels. Effects which degrade the etching behavior when etching to a depth of the order of a millimeter were encountered and investigated. In particular, oxygen precipitates and their growth during high temperature processing apparently strongly affect the etching of the (111) and (110) planes and reduce the achievable anisotropy ratio. A new 1300 °C high temperature step significantly reduces these negative effects by dissolving oxygen precipitates back into the crystal. Additionally, the influence of pattern alignment, solution concentration and the solution dissolved silicon content as well as the influence of varying masking layers on the achievable anisotropy ratio were investigated and optimized.
Measurement of microbicide acceptability among U.S. adolescent girls.

Background and Objective: Topical microbicides will only be effective if they are acceptable to potential users. The purpose of this study is to develop a scale to evaluate characteristics and aspects of topical microbicides that are important to adolescent girls. Study Design: Girls (n = 207) completed a questionnaire on perceptions of microbicide-like products. Results: A principal components factor analysis with a varimax rotation produced a 6-factor solution. The mean factor scores suggested that girls saw the products positively. Age was positively correlated with "comparison to condoms" and "comfort while using" factor scores and inversely correlated with "negative impact on interpersonal relationships" factor score. Sexually transmitted infection (STI) history was related to higher scores on the "health benefits" and "pleasure" factors. Age, race/ethnicity, and STI history were not related to the other factor scores. Conclusion: The current scale shows promise in assessment of microbicide acceptability, and in general, girls expressed positive views about microbicides.
Design and experimental implementation of a hybrid zero dynamics-based controller for planar bipeds with curved feet

This paper extends the use of virtual constraints and hybrid zero dynamics HZD, a successful control strategy for point-foot bipeds, to the design of controllers for planar curved foot bipeds. Although the rolling contact constraint at the foot-ground interface increases complexity somewhat, the measure of local stability remains a function of configuration only, and a closed-form solution still determines the existence of a periodic orbit. The formulation is validated in experiment using the planar five-link biped ERNIE. While gaits designed for point feet yielded stable walking when ERNIE was equipped with curved feet, errors in both desired speed and joint tracking were significantly larger than for gaits designed for the correct radius curved feet. Thus, HZD-based control of this biped is shown to be robust to some modeling error in the foot radius, but at the same time, to require consideration of foot radius to achieve predictably reliable walking gaits. Additionally, under HZD-based control, this biped walked with lower specific energetic cost of transport and joint tracking errors for matched curved foot gait design and hardware compared to matched point-foot gait design and hardware.
Women's discourse and political communication: A case study of congressperson Patricia Schroeder

This essay argues that Congressperson Patricia Schroeder's political discourse reflects a gendered approach to decision making that manifests prototypic characteristics of women's culture. Feminist concepts provide a framework for understanding Schroeder's voice on the political stage in that Schroeder's discourse emphasizes cooperation, context, and personal experience in making decisions. Finally, this essay proposes that Schroeder's voice—as reflective of women's culture—provides direction for vital transformations in political decision making.
Fast and robust generation of city-scale seamless 3D urban models

Since the introduction of the concept of "Digital Earth", almost every major international city has been re-constructed in the virtual world. A large volume of geometric models describing urban objects has become freely available in the public domain via software like ArcGlobe and Google Earth. Although mostly created for visualization, these urban models can benefit many applications beyond visualization including city scale evacuation planning and earth phenomenon simulations. However, these models are mostly loosely structured and implicitly defined and require tedious manual preparation that usually takes weeks if not months before they can be used. Designing algorithms that can robustly and efficiently handle unstructured urban models at the city scale becomes a main technical challenge. In this paper, we present a framework that generates seamless 3D architectural models from 2D ground plans with elevation and height information. These overlapping ground plans are commonly used in the current GIS software such as ESRI ArcGIS and urban model synthesis methods to depict various components of buildings. Due to measurement and manual errors, these ground plans usually contain small, sharp, and various (nearly) degenerate artifacts. In this paper, we show both theoretically and empirically that our framework is efficient and numerically stable. Based on our review of the related work, we believe this is the first work that attempts to automatically create 3D architectural meshes for simulation at the city level. With the goal of providing greater benefit beyond visualization from this large volume of urban models, our initial results are encouraging. Highlights? We show the first work for creating large-scale seamless urban models for simulation. ? Model integration is based on k -way boolean with adaptively adjusted precision. ? Model repair is based on the Minkowski sum operation using the reduced convolution.
Impact of country-of-origin dimensions on product quality and design quality perceptions

Abstract This article examines the multidimensional constructs of the country concept and how they impact consumer evaluations of product and design qualities. Specifically, country-of-assembly, country-of-design, and parts-source country are incorporated into the research design. The results reveal that whereas country-of-assembly and country-of-parts only affect the product quality perception and country-of-design only affects the design quality perception, parts-source country moderates the design quality perception effect when the product is indicated as assembled in Mexico. This result has significant implications for manufacturers and marketers of hybrid products, particularly when outsourcing of different aspects of the production process were to be considered.
Growth and division kinetics of asymmetrically dividing Tetrahymena thermophila

Abstract The growth and division kinetics of the asymmetrically dividing mutant strain conical of Tetrahymena thermophila are discussed in terms of a simple mathematical model which predicts the relationship between the division times of the asymmetric daughter cells and the doubling time of the cell population as a whole. The average protein and RNA content per cell can be obtained from a knowledge of the time-dependence of polymer biosynthesis during the cell cycle.
An optimal broadcasting schema for multidimensional mesh structures

We present a local broadcasting schema for the multidimensional mesh structures, which will transmit a message to all the nodes within the minimal amount of time. We will also study the average amount of time it takes for such a schema to send a message to an arbitrary but fixed node in the structure.
Progressive and self-induced relaxation training: their relative effects on subjective and autonomic arousal to fearful stimuli.

Compared progressive relaxation training (PRT), self-induced relaxation training (SRT), and a rest quietly (RQ) control condition on measures of tonic physiological arousal and phasic physiological and subjective reactions to fearful stimuli. The Mutilation Anxiety Questionnaire was used to identify 48 male and female participants for the two trainig assessment sessions. Evaluation of tonic reductions in sympathetic arousal indicated: In session one, PRT and SRT were equivalent; in session two, PRT was superior to SRT. Evaluation of subjective response to fearful stimuli favored PRT/SRT over RQ for low, moderately stressful stimuli; PRT was superior to SRT for the most stressful stimuli. An analysis of reported practive between sessions indicated a negative relationship between practive of relaxation skills and response to stressful stimuli. It was concluded that live PRT is the treatment of choice for reducing tonic physiological arousal and attenuating subjective response to stressful stimuli. The interaction between the cognitive and physiological systems and its implication for therapy are discussed.
Villar’s nodule: A case report and systematic literature review of endometriosis externa of the umbilicus

We report a case of umbilical endometriosis externa and systematically review the literature regarding this finding. In our case report, a 47-year-old woman with cyclic umbilical bleeding, pelvic pain, and no previous umbilical surgery developed a spontaneous umbilical endometrioma, cured by surgical resection and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. In our review, 122 patients with documented umbilical endometriomas from 1966 to the present and 109 cases reported before 1953 were analyzed. Procedures used for diagnosis and/or therapeutic intervention included umbilical biopsy or resection, abdominal wall repair, diagnostic and/or operative laparoscopy, adhesiolysis, hysterectomy, and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Variables included patient age; race; medical and surgical history; past use of oral contraceptives; history of umbilical pain, bleeding, or swelling; duration of signs and symptoms; size and color of the lesion; diagnostic evaluations; and medical or surgical management. Mean age of the study population was 37.7 +/- 0.98 years. Up to 40% of patients with extrapelvic endometriosis present with umbilical endometriomas, with symptoms occurring an average of 17.8 +/- 3.9 months before presentation. Lesions averaged 2.3 +/- 0.2 cm in diameter; were predominantly brown (19.1%), blue (13.2%), or purple (10.3%); and patients frequently had with pain (77.93%), cyclical bleeding (47.1%), and swelling (88.2%). Most patients had no history of endometriosis (73.1%), and laparoscopic, umbilical trocar-related seeding was identified in only 5 patients. Three patients received medical management, and surgical management was invariably curative, though 1 patient required repeat surgical therapy. Umbilical endometriosis is a common manifestation of external endometriosis, representing primary or secondary endometriosis, with a typical presentation that has little variation. Laparoscopic endometrioid tissue excision can result in iatrogenic seeding to the umbilicus. Historical and physical findings are pathognomonic, thus justifying a formal name--Villar's nodule, after the initial reporting physician. Surgical intervention is recommended, but medical therapy may result in long-term symptom control with minimal malignancy risk.
Feature selection for automatic visual inspection of solder joints

In this paper, three successive feature reduction methods are employed to select good features for the automatic visual inspection of solder joints. This reduction strategy includes (1) a stability test to remove the features with unstable performance, (2) a separability examination to select the features with good classification capabilities, (3) a correlation analysis to delete the redundant features. Three sets of features are implemented in this feature reduction work: (1) a circular sub-area feature set is related to the intensity conditions within distinct areas in the joint image, (2) a moment of inertia feature set is based upon the intensity of pixels and their relative position in the image plane, (3) a surface curvature feature set analyses the three-dimensional joint topology. Initially 50 features are formulated based on the above strategy. The reduction technique deletes 39 features from this set because of instability, poor performance, and high correlation with other features. Finally, the remaining 11 feature are tested and shown to be superior to state-of-the-art identification methods.
Anchoring conditions for the sequential gradient-restoration algorithm and the modified quasilinearization algorithm for optimal control problems with bounded state

In Refs. 1–2, the sequential gradient-restoration algorithm and the modified quasilinearization algorithm were developed for optimal control problems with bounded state. These algorithms have a basic property: for a subarc lying on the state boundary, the state boundary equations are satisfied at every iteration, if they are satisfied at the beginning of the computational process. Thus, the subarc remains anchored on the state boundary. In this paper, the anchoring conditions employed in Refs. 1–2 are derived.
Individual variations of prostanoid agonist responses in rabbit aorta: evidence for the independent regulation of prostanoid receptor subtypes

Abstract 1 The frequency and selectivity of individual variations of prostanoid agonist responses in aortic strips from a population of male rabbits was studied. Three levels of responsiveness to the thromboxane mimetic U46619 occurred: responders (R), intermediate responders (IR), and non-responders (NR). R could be subdivided into R1 and R2 based on an enhanced potency of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) in R2. In the total population (n = 92), the phenotype frequency was: R, 69%; IR, 11%; and NR, 20%. In a subgroup of this population in which R1 and R2 phenotypes were determined (n = 63), the phenotype frequency was: R1, 54%; R2, 19%; IR, 6%; and NR, 21%. 2 The four rabbit aorta phenotypes, R1, R2, IR, and NR, were characterized with respect to the rank orders of prostanoid agonist potency, agonist intrinsic activities, and the effects of the thromboxane receptor antagonist SQ29548. The rank order of prostanoid agonist potency was U46619 greater than PGF2 alpha greater than PGE2 in R1 and R2, and PGF2 alpha greater than or equal to PGE2 greater than U46619 in IR and NR. For each prostanoid agonist, the intrinsic activity was highest in R (R1 congruent to R2), intermediate in IR, and lowest in NR. In R1, SQ29548 inhibited all prostanoid agonist responses equally. The contractile effects of PGF2 alpha and PGE2 were partially resistant to inhibition by SQ29548 in R2. Prostanoid agonist responses were not inhibited by SQ29548 in IR. 3 The potency of histamine was equivalent in R1, R2, IR, and NR. 4 It is concluded that there are individual variations in the functional expression of thromboxane receptor sensitivity, i.e., prostanoid agonist responses inhibited by SQ29548. Also, there are individual variations in the functional expression of the sensitivity of a non-thromboxane receptor or receptors, i.e., prostanoid agonist responses not inhibited by SQ29548. It has been proposed by others that prostanoid receptors be termed P-receptors and that the prostanoid agonist to which they are most sensitive be indicated by a preceding letter, e.g., TP- for thromboxane receptor and FP- for PGF2 alpha-selective receptor. Accordingly, we proposed a working hypothesis that suggests the four phenotypes could result from the independent regulation of the functional expression of TP- and FP-receptor subtypes with (a) R2 containing both the TP- and FP-receptor subtypes in a fully functional state; (b) R1 containing only the functional TP-receptor; (c) IR containing only the functional FP-receptor; and (d) NR containing only a low efficacy FP-receptor system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Breast cancer as heterogeneous disease: contributing factors and carcinogenesis mechanisms.

The observed bimodal patterns of breast cancer incidence in the U.S. suggested that breast cancer may be viewed as more than one biological entity. We studied the factors potentially contributing to this phenomenon, specifically focusing on how disease heterogeneity could be linked to breast carcinogenesis mechanisms. Using empirical analyses and population-based biologically motivated modeling, age-specific patterns of incidence of ductal and lobular breast carcinomas from the SEER registry (1990–2003) were analyzed for heterogeneity and characteristics of carcinogenesis, stratified by race, stage, grade, and estrogen (ER)/progesterone (PR) receptor status. The heterogeneity of breast carcinoma age patterns decreased after stratification by grade, especially for grade I and III tumors. Stratification by ER/PR status further reduced the heterogeneity, especially for ER(+)/PR(−) and ER(−)/(−) tumors; however, the residual heterogeneity was still observed. The number of rate-limiting events of carcinogenesis and the latency of ductal and lobular carcinomas differed, decreasing from grade I to III, with poorly differentiated tumors associated with the least number of carcinogenesis stages and the shortest latency. Tumor grades play important role in bimodal incidence of breast carcinoma and have distinct mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Race and cancer subtype could play modifying role. ER/PR status contributes to the observed heterogeneity, but is subdominant to tumor grade. Further studies on sources of “remaining” heterogeneity of population with breast cancer (such as genetic/epigenetic characteristics) are necessary. The results of this study could suggest stratification rather than unification of breast cancer prevention strategies, risk assessment, and treatment.
Bordetella bronchiseptica fimbrial protein-enhanced immunogenicity of a Mannheimia haemolytica leukotoxin fragment.

Abstract Leukotoxin produced by Mannheimia ( Pasteurella ) haemolytica is an important virulence factor in shipping fever pneumonia in feedlot cattle and is a critical protective antigen. In this study, the immune response to a chimeric protein generated by combining a gene fragment encoding neutralizing epitopes of M. haemolytica leukotoxin and a fimbrial protein gene ( fim N ) from Bordetella bronchiseptica was evaluated. The recombinant gene was cloned in a bacterial expression vector under the control of the tac promoter and expressed as a fusion protein with glutathione- S -transferase (GST) in Escherichia coli. Immunization of mice with the recombinant protein, GST-LTXFIM elicited a significantly stronger anti-leukotoxin antibody response than comparable immunizations with GST-LTX fusion proteins lacking FIM N. The GST-LTXFIM was also more stable than GST-LTX during storage at −80 °C, thus alleviating a stability problem inherent to leukotoxin. This chimeric protein may be a candidate for inclusion in new generation vaccines against shipping fever pneumonia.
Finite-size effects in the Z 2 spin liquid on the kagome lattice

Motivated by the recent discovery of the ${Z}_{2}$ quantum-spin liquid state in the nearest-neighbor Heisenberg model on the kagome lattice, we investigate the ``even-odd'' effect occurring when this state is confined to infinitely long cylinders of finite circumference. We pursue a dual analysis, where we map the effective ${Z}_{2}$ gauge theory from the kagome lattice to a frustrated Ising model on the dice lattice. Unexpectedly, we find that the latter theory, if restricted to nearest-neighbor interactions, is insufficient to capture this effect. We provide an explanation of why further neighbor interactions are needed via a high-temperature expansion of the effective Hamiltonian. We then carry out projective symmetry group analysis to understand which second-neighbor interactions can be introduced while respecting the lattice symmetries. Finally, we qualitatively compare our results to numerics by computing the dimerization operator within our theory. Systems with odd circumferences exhibit a nonvanishing dimerization that decays exponentially with circumference.
Earthquakes near Parkfield, California: Comparing the 1934 and 1966 Sequences.

Moderate-sized earthquakes (Richter magnitude M L 5½) have occurred four times this century (1901, 1922, 1934, and 1966) on the San Andreas fault near Parkfield in central California. In many respects the June 1966 sequence was a remarkably detailed repetition of the June 1934 sequence, suggesting a recurring recognizable pattern of stress and fault zone behavior.
In vitro and ex vivo platelet interactions with hydrophilic-hydrophobic poly(ethylene oxide)-polystyrene multiblock copolymers.

Hydrophilic-hydrophobic multiblock copolymers synthesized from telechelic oligomers of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and polystyrene (PS) have been used to study the influence of hydrophilic and hydrophobic balance on interfacial interactions of these surfaces with blood components. In vitro coagulation assays show no inherent ability of these amphiphilic surfaces to affect contact activation or coagulation factors. In vitro platelet adhesion and release reactions from rabbit platelet-rich plasma were shown to be greatest on Biomer and PS homopolymer surfaces and least on cross-linked PEO surfaces, with the PEO–PS block copolymers demonstrating intermediate responses. These same substrates were tested in a new low-flow, low-shear arterio–artery shunt system in rabbits. Whole blood occlusion times were not a direct function of hydrophilic content as both PEO and PS homopolymers and Biomer showed short occlusion times, while PEO–PS block copolymers prolonged occlusion times considerably, depending on composition. Overall, results suggest that PEO–PS block copolymers promote unique whole blood responses in contrast to homopolymer and Biomer controls which are more complex than direct correlations to bulk hydrophilic and hydrophobic contents.
The Ocular Features of Down's Syndrome

A combined prospective and retrospective study of patients with Down's syndrome showed that these patients have narrowed and slanted palpebral fissures but that the fissures are of normal height. Patients with Down's syndrome also had increased prevalences (compared with control subjects) of blepharitis (23 of 53 patients or 46%), strabismus (23 of 53 patients or 43%), nystagmus (five of 53 patients or 9%), light-colored and spotted irides (46 of 53 patients or 87% and 43 of 53 patients or 81%, respectively), keratoconus (eight of 53 patients or 15%), cataracts (seven of 53 patients or 13%), severe myopia (13 of 48 patients or 27%), and astigmatism of more than 3 diopters (12 of 48 patients or 25%).
Erythroid hypoplasia associated with leptospirosis

Department of Microbiology, Adelaide-Meath Hospital Incorporating the National Children’s Hospital, Tallaght, Dublin 24, Ireland Department of Hematology, Adelaide-Meath Hospital Incorporating the National Children’s Hospital, Tallaght, Dublin 24, Ireland Department of Medicine, Adelaide-Meath Hospital Incorporating the National Children’s Hospital, Tallaght, Dublin 24, Ireland Department of Histopathology, Adelaide-Meath Hospital Incorporating the National Children’s Hospital, Tallaght, Dublin 24, Ireland
Secretagogue-induced oscillations of cytoplasmic Ca2+ in single β and α-cells obtained from pancreatic islets by fluorescence-activated cell sorting

Pancreatic islet cells from normal adult rats were purified by autofluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). A purification of islet beta-cells (greater than 90%) and alpha-cells (greater than 70%) was obtained after FACS separation. Dual-wavelength microfluorimetry was employed for measurements of cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration (Ca2+i) in single beta- and alpha-cells. In FACS-purified beta-cells, 11.8 mM glucose induced oscillations of Ca2+i with a frequency of 1 cycle per 2-4 min, whereas 20 mM glucose induced a rapid rise in Ca2+i followed by a sustained elevation in Ca2+i. In contrast, alpha-cells exhibited a decrease in Ca2+i following exposure to 20 mM glucose, and subsequent exposure to 20 mM arginine induced a large increase in Ca2+i with periodic fluctuations. FACS purification of a heterogeneous islet-cell population provides a unique model for characterizing secretagogue-induced changes in Ca2+i in single beta-and alpha-cells.
Intellectual transcendence: Karl Mannheheim's defence of the sociological attitude

(1981). Intellectual transcendence: Karl Mannheheim's defence of the sociological attitude. History of European Ideas: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 97-114.
An institutional approach to the dietary regulation of blood cholesterol in adolescent males

Abstract This study presents in detail an acceptable effective approach to initiate dietary modification to lower serum cholesterol in institutionalized, nonmotivated adolescent males. In order to simulate the traditional school menu pattern, considerable use was made of specially prepared food items to replace the ordinary market counterparts. During the Modified Diet periods, dietary fat intake was estimated to decrease from 39 (baseline) to 33% (modified diet) of total calories; saturated fatty acids decreased from 15 to 10% of total calories; and polyunsaturated fatty acids increased from 3 to 10% of total calories. The ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids rose from 0.2 in the baseline diets to 1.0 on the modified diets, and mean daily intake of dietary cholesterol was reduced from 540 to 300 mg, a decrease of about 44%. Initial mean serum cholesterol level was 178 mg/100 ml. This was decreased promptly by about 15% upon introduction of the Modified Diet and returned to baseline levels after a short midterm vacation period and again after the summer vacation. Thus, an interrelationship between diet and level of blood cholesterol does exist in males as early as the second decade of life. Recognition and alteration of this environmentally determined risk factor during the adolescent years may result in lessened atherosclerotic vascular disease in later life.
Production cross section and electroweak asymmetry of D* and D mesons produced in e+e− annihilations at 29 GeV

Abstract The production of D * and D mesons has been studied in e + e − annihilations at √s = 29GeV. The data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 300 pb −1 , were obtained using the HRS detector at PEP. The cross section is measured to be R (D 0 + D + ) = 2.40±0.35 and we determine the electroweak asymmetry to be −9.9 ± 2.7%, which corresponds to an axial vector coupling constant product g e g c = 0.26 ± 0.07.
Vocational Preferences and College Expectations: An Extension of Holland’s Principle of Self-Selection

Holland’s theory of vocational preferences provides a powerful framework for studying students’ college experiences. A basic proposition of Holland’s theory is that individuals actively seek out and select environments that are congruent with their personality types. Although studies consistently support the self-selection proposition, they have not examined the processes underlying students’ selections. It seems reasonable to presume that many students select academic majors because they believe or expect that the academic environments will be congruent with their personalities. Using data from 631 entering students, this research examined the possibility that self-selection is related to students’ college expectations. Results provided support for the role of expectations in the selection of academic majors.
First Report of White Leaf Spot of Dry Bean Caused by Pseudocercosporella albida in North America.

In August 2002, white leaf spot disease was observed on red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at three fields near Staples, MN. Disease incidence in these fields, calculated as the proportion of plants showing visible symptoms, ranged from 20 to 100%. Symptoms and signs consisted of abundant, white sporulation on the abaxial side of leaves that was limited by secondary veins, resulting in angular-shaped lesions. Corresponding with fungal growth, yellow, angular spots were observed on the upper leaf surface. In older leaves, lesions coalesced, covering most of their surface, while younger leaves were relatively free of symptoms. Heavily diseased plants senesced faster and defoliated earlier than nonsymptomatic plants. Identification of the pathogen was conducted by direct observation of infected plant tissues with light and electron microscopes. Conidia were hyaline, filiform, rounded at their apex, and with no visible scar at their point of attachment to the conidiophore. Conidia had one to four septa, ...
The effects of electromagnetic space-charge fields in RF photocathode guns

In high-brightness rf photocathode guns, the effects of space-charge are important for electron bunches with high bunch charge. In an effort to accurately simulate the effects of these space-charge fields without the presence of numerical grid dispersion, a Green's function based code called IRPSS (Indiana Rf Photocathode Source Simulator) was developed. In this paper, we show the results of numerical simulations of the Argonne Wakefield Accelerator photocathode gun using IRPSS, and compare them with the results of an electrostatic Green's function version of IRPSS.
Effect of sodium nitroprusside on growth and terpenoid indole alkaloid production in Catharanthus roseus hairy root cultures.

Nitric oxide (NO) is known as a signaling molecule involved in elicitor-induced defense responses of plants. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a donor of NO, stimulates catharanthine formation in Catharanthus roseus cells.1 Two important terpenoid indole alkaloids produced in small quantities within C. roseus are vinblastine and vincristine which are being used clinically as anticancer drugs. We are interested in engineering C. roseus hairy roots to increase the production of the TIAs. The present work investigates the effects of treating different concentrations of SNP to the hairy root cultures from line LBE-6-1. The alkaloid concentrations were analyzed 9, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, and 30 days after treatment of SNP on day 0. We also studied the transient effects of SNP treatment during the exponential phase in C. roseus hairy roots. Analysis of the results showed that treatment of 0.1-mM SNP did not affect the growth of hairy roots, whereas 1-mM SNP suppressed the growth significantly, and 10-mM SNP almost completely inhibited the growth of hairy roots. 0.1-mM SNP treatment on day 0 caused a significant increase in the concentration of serpentine, catharanthine, ajmalicine, lochnericine and tabersonine production. SNP treatment on day 12 stimulated the formation of serpentine, catharanthine, ajmalicine, horhammericine, lochnericine and tabersonine by day 21. After the initial stimulation, serpentine, horhammericine and lochnericine concentrations returned to the basal level by day 28. Treatment of 0.1-mM SNP on day 0 caused significant decrease in the mRNA levels for TDC, ASA, STR, ORCA3, ZCT1, and Crgbf1 on day 23. Treating 0.1-mM SNP on day 12 caused decreases in the expression levels of STR, ORCA3, ZCT1, and Crgbf1 on day 21 and day 28. Compared with day 28, the mRNA transcript of ZCT1 on day 21 is about twofold higher. Expression levels of G10H increased significantly. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011
Video game for monkeys.

Recent progress in neurophysiological recording has developed in two directions. One relies on multimicroelectrodes to study correlations in neuron firing. The other relies on sophisticated tasks to distinguish successive stages of neuronal processing. In this issue of Neuron , Shichinohe et al. take this second approach to analyze neuronal mechanisms of pursuit.
Chronic fatigue syndrome should not be diagnosed in children

The diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is based on inclusionary and exclusionary criteria.1 There are no known diagnostic markers for this condition. Different diagnostic criteria were developed in the US,2 Great Britain,3 and Australia.4 More recently an international panel has suggested a revised set of criteria5(Table). In all these cases, the diagnosis of CFS is limited to adults. Recently, the issue of diagnosing CFS in children has been raised.6 During the October 1996 meeting of the American Association for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in San Francisco, two separate panels were convened to discuss this issue. If CFS were a distinct disease process, there is no a priori reason why it should not occur in younger individuals. Diagnosing CFS in adolescents may not be difficult. The same criteria used in adults may be applied, or simply modified. It is an entirely different problem defining CFS in children less than 13 years of age. The clinical manifestations of CFS in younger individuals are impossible to predict. In young children fatigue-producing diseases often manifest paradoxical symptoms. Sleep deprivation …
Weathering and weathering rates of natural stone

Physical and chemical weathering were studied as separate processes in the past. Recent research, however, shows that most processes are physicochemical in nature. The rates at which calcite and silica weather by dissolution are dependent on the regional and local climatic environment. The weathering of silicate rocks leaves discolored margins and rinds, a function of the ricks permeability and of the climatic parameters. Salt action, the greatest disruptive factor, is complex and not yet fully understood in all its phases, but some of th causes of disruption are crystallization pressure, hydration pressure, and hygroscopic attraction of excess moisture. The decay of marble is complex, an interaction between dissolution, crack-corrosion, and the expansion-contraction cycles triggered by the release of residual stresses. Thin spalls of granites commonly found near the street level of buildings are generally caused by a combination of stress relief and salt action. To study and determine weathering rates of a variety of commercial stones, the National Bureau of Standards erected a Stone Exposure Test Wall in 1948. Of the many types of stone represented, only a few fossiliferous limestones permit a valid measurement of surface reduction in a polluted urban environment.
Effective elastic moduli of two-phase composites containing randomly dispersed spherical inhomogeneities

Based on the general micromechanical framework proposed in a companion paper, effective elastic moduli of two-phase composites containing randomly dispersedspherical inhomogeneities are investigated in this paper. At variance with existing micromechanical pairwise interaction models (accurate up to the second-order in particle volume fraction ϕ), the proposed approximate, probabilistic pairwise particle interaction formulationcoupled with the general ensemble-volume averaged field equations leads to a novel, higher-order (in ϕ), and accurate method for the prediction of effective elastic moduli of two-phase composites containing randomly located spherical particles. The relevant ensemble integrals in the proposed formulation are absolutely convergent due to a “renormalization” procedure employed in a companion paper. In accordance with the analogy between the effective shear modulus of an incompressible elastic composite with randomly dispersed rigid spheres and the effective shear viscosity of a colloidal dispersion with randomly dispersed rigid spheres (at high shear rates), the proposed ensemble-micromechanical approach is extended to predict effective shear viscosities of colloidal dispersions at the high-shear limit. Comparisons with experimental data, classical variational bounds, improved three-point bounds, the second-order particle interaction model, and other micromechanical models are also presented. It is observed that significant improvement in predictive capability for two-phase composites with randomly dispersed spheres can be achieved by using the proposed method.
Major flavonoids in grape seeds and skins: antioxidant capacity of catechin, epicatechin, and gallic acid.

Grape seeds and skins are good sources of phytochemicals such as gallic acid, catechin, and epicatechin and are suitable raw materials for the production of antioxidative dietary supplements. The differences in levels of the major monomeric flavanols and phenolic acids in seeds and skins from grapes of Vitis vinifera varieties Merlot and Chardonnay and in seeds from grapes of Vitis rotundifolia variety Muscadine were determined, and the antioxidant activities of these components were assessed. The contribution of the major monomeric flavonols and phenolic acid to the total antioxidant capacity of grape seeds and skins was also determined. Gallic acid, monomeric catechin, and epicatechin concentrations were 99, 12, and 96 mg/100 g of dry matter (dm) in Muscadine seeds, 15, 358, and 421 mg/100 g of dm in Chardonnay seeds, and 10, 127, and 115 mg/100 g of dm in Merlot seeds, respectively. Concentrations of these three compounds were lower in winery byproduct grape skins than in seeds. These three major phenolic constituents of grape seeds contributed catechin > epicatechin = gallocatechin > gallic acid = ellagic acid. The results indicated that dimeric, trimeric, oligomeric, or polymeric procyanidins account for most of the superior antioxidant capacity of grape seeds.
The use of case studies in public administrative education in the USA

In the USA, there is sustained interest in the use of case studies in public administrative education in management and administrative law dates from the 1940s. Public administration and law both turned to cases as teaching devices when their dominant intellectual traditions were no longer viable. Although it has since declined, a public management case study movement was very influential in the late 1940s and 1950s. Administrative law casebooks have remained popular, and there are several titles specifically intended for public administration programmes. Efforts to “reinvent” public administration are likely to generate renewed interest in management‐oriented cases.
Modifications of Processing Methods to Control Salmonella in Poultry

Salmonellae are ubiquitous in our environment. The organism seems to have adapted to changes in its environment; it has survived improvements in sanitation practices, chemical treatments, and antibacterial drugs. Salmonellae can be introduced into the poultry production cycle through the hatchery, feed, broiler house, rodents, and man. Once colonized in one broiler, the organism can be shared with other broilers, either internally or externally. The poultry transport container provides an avenue for organisms to transfer from one broiler's excrement to at least the feathers of other broilers. Much effort has been expended on research and development by equipment manufacturers and researchers to improve the microbiological quality of poultry carcasses. Innovations such as spray scalding, automation of eviscerating process, provision of handwash nozzles for manual work stations, immersion chilling, and cooling of carcasses packed in plastic bags offer possibilities for reducing microbial loads on carcasses.
Communications through time-varying subspace channels

We consider the problem of communicating through a time-varying channel whose parameters (gains, impulse response coefficients) are unknown, but have known statistics. Several detection schemes are developed for the signals received at the channel output. The performance of these detectors is evaluated as a function of the rank of the channel covariance matrix. It is demonstrated that effective communication can be achieved provided that the channel covariance matrix has a low rank.