cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organ culture of human endometrium: Effect of ovarian steroids☆☆☆

Abstract Glycogen turnover was determined in 86 normal and 52 sterility patients through the chemical analysis of endometrial glycogen content, glycogen synthetase and glycogen phosphorylase activities. Specimens from 38 of these normal patients as well as 31 sterility patients were also subjected to the organ culture process. These studies suggest to us that (1) an organ culture system is an ideal avenue of approach for the study of this glandular epithelial tissue and (2) that estradiol is not solely responsible for the increase in glycogen deposition in human endometrium, but that progesterone following estrogen priming is essential for a complete response of glycogenesis. This study further demonstrates in organ culture that estradiol-induced proliferative changes in the tissue, while progesterone not only caused cellular alterations but also induced an increase in glycogen deposition. Preliminary studies with the enzyme systems in organ culture suggest a role of progesterone in phosphorylase activity, particularly during the secretory phase where a controlled breakdown of glycogen is desired.
Intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas: an analysis of in situ and invasive carcinomas in 28 patients.

BACKGROUND Intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) of the pancreas are intraductal tumors with variable amounts of papilla formation, mucin production, and cytoarchitectural atypia. Associated invasive carcinomas, reported to occur in up to 30% of patients, often are mucinous and clinically indolent. METHODS The clinical and pathologic features of 28 IPMNs resected at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center between 1983 and 1997 were reviewed. RESULTS There were 16 females and 12 males with a mean age of 68 years (range, 44–79 years) and a mean tumor size of 4.5 cm (range, 1.5–11.0 cm). The head of the gland was the predominant tumor site (89%). Abdominal pain, weight loss, and acholic stool were the most common symptoms at presentation. According to histology, two types of papillae were identified: intestinal (22 patients) and pancreatobiliary (6 patients). In the intraductal component, cytologic atypia was minimal (i.e., intraductal papillary-mucinous [IPM] adenoma) in 2 patients and moderate (IPM borderline tumor) in 5 patients, and severe atypia (IPM carcinoma in situ) was seen at least focally in 21 patients. In addition, invasive carcinoma was identified in 15 patients (53%), 4 of whom had only microscopic foci. Invasive carcinoma was of the mucinous type (colloid) in six patients and of the tubular type (conventional ductal adenocarcinoma) in nine patients. At a median follow-up of 35 months, four patients died of disease; two of these patients had only borderline atypia with no identified in situ or invasive carcinoma in the sections submitted. Eighteen patients had no evidence of disease, 1 patient was alive with recurrent disease, and 5 patients died of other causes. The actuarial 5-year disease free survival rate was 78%. Of the 14 patients with invasive carcinoma, 5 of 6 patients with colloid type tumors were free of tumor at a mean of 55 months. Of the patients with tubular type invasive carcinoma, two patients died of their disease (at 4 years and 7 years), three patients died of other causes, and four patients were alive (three were free of disease, and one experienced disease recurrence) at an average follow-up of 7.5 years. CONCLUSIONS Two distinct patterns of intraductal papillae are seen in patients with IPMNs: intestinal and pancreatobiliary. Both in situ and invasive carcinoma may be encountered more commonly than previously recognized. Tubular type invasive carcinomas occur as well as mucinous type (colloid) carcinomas. Although the neoplasms are less aggressive as a group than conventional pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, patients with IPMNs may pursue a deadly course, even in the absence of identifiable invasive carcinoma. Conversely, patients with tubular type invasive carcinoma arising in the background of IPMN may follow a more favorable course than patients with conventional ductal adenocarcinoma without IPMN, emphasizing the importance of recognizing the IPMN component in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Cancer 2002;94:62–77. © 2002 American Cancer Society.
MARRIAGE: CIVIL, RELIGIOUS, CONTRACTUAL, AND MORE*

Although it is increasingly common to speak of “civil marriage,” that label falls far short of capturing the complexities of marriage. This Essay asks what might it mean for U.S. law to take seriously the civil and religious, contractual and covenantal, individual and communal claims about marriage. Muslims, Jewish, and Christian claimants alike struggle to navigate their religious beliefs about marriage and divorce and the expectations (and requirements) of the state regarding family law. The Essay suggests a way forward through a more explicitly pluralist approach that takes the interplay between law and religion seriously. Key Points for Family Court Community: • Many legal discussions wrongly break marriage into simple categories of “civil marriage” and “religious marriage” and mistakenly assume that these elements of marriage can be separated. • For many people, the religious aspects of marriage and divorce are more important than the civil aspects. • Recent controversies over shari’a tribunals for family law in the United Kingdom and Canada will not remain isolated, and more controversies about marriage and divorce will soon arise in the United States for religious individuals. • We should be “conscious pluralists” regarding family law and consider both religious and civil aspects of marriage and divorce in law-creating and decision-making.
Transnational white-collar crime and risk: Lessons from the global trade in electronic waste

Research Summary Business transactions have increasingly been crossing national borders, thereby presenting greater opportunities for white-collar crime and for the externalization of risk. The global economic crisis, resulting in part from the subprime mortgage scandal, is a prime example of this potential. To develop theoretical perspectives and practical interventions to prevent and respond to the global financial crisis, we consider similar issues of risk and white-collar crime associated with global transactions in electronic waste (E-waste). Policy Implications Smart (or responsive) regulation is a promising approach for addressing both E-waste and the current economic crisis. This response includes crime prevention, third-party- and self-regulation, and the threat of strong state intervention. Future research should explore the extent to which smart regulation reduces specific forms of white-collar crime and risk, as well as whether these interventions generalize to other transnational problems.
A ticket-based access control architecture for object systems

The design and implementation of authorization services for distributed object systems are hindered by the semantic diversity of object models, the brittleness of access control mechanisms, and the lack of design and analysis tools. This paper presents a primitive ticket-based access control architecture that can model a variety of authorization policies. The access control architecture is integrated within a primitive distributed object model that can capture most distributed object languages and systems. The integration provides a common foundation for access control in heterogeneous distributed object systems, instrumental to achieving high assurance secure interoperability.
Media synchronization in ATM network-based distributed multimedia systems

This paper exploits the impact of the asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) transport standard on the mutual synchronization of multiple media servers in a distributed multimedia system. On the basis of a bursty traffic model, we develop and analyze an effective media synchronization scheme. In our scheme the media terminal (MT), which receives continuous streams of data from different media servers, acts as the coordinator for mutual synchronization of the media servers. The correlation between the time skew of clocks in the media servers and the network transmission behavior is analyzed, with the bursty traffic of the ATM network taken into account. We quantify the correlation between the resynchronization time interval, the clock drift rate, the time skew of servers, and the network jitter. Our results suggest that in allocation of ATM network resources to virtual channels (VC), the transmission delay, cell loss probability and synchronization of clocks are equally important in distributed multimedia systems. >
Definition of a minimal plasmid stabilization system from the broad-host-range plasmid RK2

The stable inheritance of the broad-host-range plasmid RK2 is due at least in part to functions within a region located at coordinates 32.8 to 35.9 kb, termed the RK2 par locus. This locus encodes four previously identified genes in two operons (parCBA and parD; M. Gerlitz, O. Hrabak, and H. Schwab, J. Bacteriol. 172:6194-6203, 1990, and R. C. Roberts, R. Burioni, and D. R. Helinski, J. Bacteriol. 172:6204-6216, 1990). The parCBA operon is functional in resolving plasmid multimers to monomers. Analysis of the plasmid stabilization capacity of deletions within this region, however, indicates that this multimer resolution operon is required for stabilization only in certain Escherichia coli strains and under specific growth conditions. The deletion analysis further allowed a redefinition of the minimal functional region as 790 bp in length, consisting of the parD gene (243 bp) and its promoter as well as sequences downstream of parD. This minimal region stabilizes an RK2-derived minireplicon in several different gram-negative bacteria and, at least in E. coli, in a vector-independent manner. By insertional mutagenesis, both the parD gene and downstream (3') regions were found to be required for plasmid stabilization. The downstream DNA sequence contained an open reading frame which was subsequently shown by transcriptional and translational fusions to encode a protein with a predicted size of 11,698 Da, designated ParE. Since the parDE operon requires the presence of the parCBA operon for efficient stabilization under certain growth conditions, the potential role of multimer resolution in plasmid stabilization was tested by substituting the ColE1 cer site for the parCBA operon. While the cer site did function to resolve plasmid multimers, it was not sufficient to restore stabilization activity to the parDE operon under growth conditions that require the parCBA operon for plasmid stability. This suggests that plasmid stabilization by the RK2 par locus relies on a complex mechanism, representing a multifaceted stabilization system of which multimer resolution is a conditionally dispensable component, and that the function(s) encoded by the parDE operon is essential.
Spherical Luneburg lens antennas: engineering characterizations including air gap effects

The performance of the spherical Luneburg lens with varying parameters such as air gaps, size, number of shells has been investigated with a previously developed full 3D code utilizing the eigenfunction expansion method. With the fixed size lens, the gain increases as the number of shells increases. However, it has been shown that the gain rapidly drops as the air gap increases with a large number of shells. Also, the side-lobe levels are shown to be higher with larger air gaps or with a fewer number of shells. The near-field patterns help understand the collimating actions of Luneburg lenses associated with various parameters.
Current indications for neuromodulation.

Neuromodulation is becoming a part of the clinical armamentarium for treatment of a variety of lower urinary tract conditions. Its increased usage stems from the needs of patients who have exhausted all other therapeutic options. Currently, neuromodulation may consist of the use of nerve stimulation and injectable therapies. This article concentrates on nerve stimulation.
Aplotaxene derivatives from Cirsium arvense

Abstract Two new aplotaxene derivatives, 8,9-epoxyheptadeca-1,11,14-triene and 8,9-dihydroxyheptadeca-1,11,14-triene, were isolated from roots of Cirsium arvense (Canada thistle).
Closed-form approximations for the angle-of-arrival variance of plane and spherical waves propagating through homogeneous and isotropic turbulence

The calculation of the aperture-averaged angle-of-arrival variance, observed with a telescope with a circular aperture, of a plane or spherical wave propagating through homogeneous and isotropic turbulence is one of the classical problems in the theory of wave propagation through random media. We present and discuss approximate closed-form solutions on the basis of the Rytov approximation. For both plane and spherical waves, the accuracy of the approximations is better than 0.25% for all ratios of aperture diameter and Fresnel length.
Protein s-glutathionylation in retinal pigment epithelium converts heat shock protein 70 to an active chaperone

A disulfide bond between key redox-sensitive cysteine residues and glutathione is one mechanism by which redox related allosteric effectors can regulate protein structure and function. Here we test the hypothesis that glutaredoxin-1 (Grx-1), a member of the oxidoreductase family of enzymes, may be a critical component of redox-sensitive molecular switches by mediating reversible protein S-glutathionylation and enzymatic catalysis of thiol/disulfide exchange. Deglutathionylation of a 70 kDa protein by Grx-1 was detected using a monoclonal antibody specific to protein S-glutathionylation. Heat shock cognate protein 70 (Hsc70) was identified as a substrate of Grx-1 through mass spectrometry. Recombinant Hsc70 was glutathionylated in vitro, and protein S-glutathionylation reversed by Grx-1. Glutathionylated Hsc70 was more effective in preventing luciferase aggregation at 43°C than reduced Hsc70 in a dose dependent fashion. ATP did not effect the chaperone activity of Hsc70-SG but did increase the activity of reduced Hsc70-SG. Reversible glutathionylation of Hsc70 may provide a mechanism for post-translation regulation of chaperone activity.
Tracheostomy: a risk factor for mediastinitis after cardiac operation

Abstract Background . We studied whether tracheostomy after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is associated with higher incidence of mediastinitis and mortality, and whether shorter intervals between median sternotomy and tracheotomy are associated with higher incidence of mediastinitis. Methods . Patients (n = 6,057) undergoing CABG since March 1977 were reviewed. Patients requiring tracheostomy and those developing mediastinitis were identified. Mediastinitis diagnosis required positive culture of mediastinal tissue or fluid. Results . After CABG, 88 patients had tracheostomy performed (1.45%). Seven patients receiving tracheostomy after developing mediastinitis were excluded. Of the remaining 81 patients, 7 developed mediastinitis (8.6%) compared with 44 of 5,969 (0.7%) who did not require tracheostomy ( p p p = 0.141). Conclusions . Tracheostomy after CABG is associated with increased incidence of mediastinitis and mortality. In this review, the time interval between CABG and tracheostomy was not predictive of mediastinitis. A larger sample size would be required to be confident that there is no correlation.
A dual strategy for deliberate social change in cities

Abstract Given the deeply vested interest in the status quo, how can urban transformation occur in a non-revolutionary situation? This article suggests a dual strategy (combining theory and practice) for discovering, supporting and accelerating progressive urban innovation. It lays out the challenges and opportunities of global urbanization; shows how the Megacities Project is responding to these; and presents the early findings on urban innovation and the transfer process among the world's largest cities.
The Paradoxes of Humor and the Burdens of Despair

SUMMARY People today often express considerable despair about old age and the aging process. Older adults who experience frequent losses of connections with important persons can feel considerable despair in old age. Nevertheless, many older people retain hope in the face of situations that elicit despair and demonstrate what gerontologists call the “paradox of well being” in later life. Often, their hope is expressed in humor. This paper traces the connections among humor, hope, and religious faith in older adults. It argues that even persons who suffer from dementia can continue to express what Viktor Frankl called the “defiant power of the human spirit” through their humor.
The synthesis and characterization of platinum monodithiolene complexes containing 1,3-dithiole-2-oxo-4,5-dithiolate (dmid2−) and 1,3-dithiole-2-thione-4,5-dithiolate (dmit2−)

Abstract The platinum monodithiolene complexes (COD)Pt(dmid) (1), (COD)Pt(dmit) (2), (Ph3P)2Pt(dmid) (3) and (Ph3P)2Pt(dmit) (4) (where COD = 1.5-cyclooctadiene, dmid = 1,3-dithiole-2-oxo-4,5-dithiolate, dmit = 1,3-dithiole-2-thione-4,5-dithiolate) have been synthesized and characterized. We report here their 1H NMR, 195Pt NMR, UV-Vis spectra and electrochemistry. The X-ray crystal structures are also reported. 2: orthorhombic, Cmcm, a = 10.8535(6), b = 16.8503(7), c = 7.3622(3)A, Z = 4, 3: triclinic, P 1 ¯ , a = 11.2051(4), b = 11.4409(5), c = 15.2212(9)A, α = 71.882(4), β = 73.125(4), γ = 84.589(6)°, Z = 2. 4·CHCl3: triclinic, P 1 ¯ , a = 10.2521(5), b = 13.9387(14), c = 15.6884(18)A, α = 67.154(9), β = 89.380(15), γ = 83.570(13)°, Z = 2. The crystal structure of 2 exhibits a molecular stacking pattern which has alternating Pt and S(thione) atoms forming a one-dimensional chain which suggests the presence of a weak axial interaction between the Pt and S(thione). A correlation exists between the 195Pt NMR chemical shifts and the one-electron oxidation potentials of these complexes. In addition, it is shown that the carbonyl of the dmid2− ligand is not susceptible to alkoxide attack when coordinated to platinum.
Coherence and radiant intensity in scalar wave fields generated by fluctuating primary planar sources

In the literature on coherence theory one almost invariably specifies any correlations that may exist in the source region by means of a correlation function of the field variable. However, when the source is a primary one, it seems more appropriate to specify the correlations by means of a correlation function of the source variable. In the present paper some basic formulas are derived, relating to coherence and radiant intensity in fields generated by primary sources in terms of a source correlation function. A number of results are obtained that exhibit the connection between the “field description” and the “source description.” Several illustrative examples are given relating to Gaussian-correlated sources and to Lambertian sources.
Pyrrole‐Imidazole Polyamides Distinguish Between Double‐Helical DNA and RNA

Groove specificity: Pyrrole-imidazole polyamides are well-known for their specific interactions with the minor groove of DNA (see scheme). However, polyamides do not show similar binding to duplex RNA, and a structural rationale for the molecular-level discrimination of nucleic acid duplexes by minor-groove-binding ligands is presented.
Comments on “Abrupt-Interface Solution for Carbon dioxide Injection into Porous Media” by M. Dentz and D. Tartakovsky

Several numerical simulations were conducted to compare the results with analytical solutions given by “Abrupt-Interface Solution for Carbon Dioxide Injection into Porous Media” by M. Dentz and D. Tartakovsky, “Injection and Storage of CO2 in Deep Saline Aquifers: Analytical Solution for CO2 Plume Evolution During Injection” by J. M. Nordbotten et al.
On the “physical reality of electromagnetic potentials?”

Abstract Based on a recent proposal of de Beauregard [1] one expects a shift, proportional to electrostatic potential, in the resonant frequency of an atom in a magnetic field. Data are presented with fail to show this shift.
Intracellular Detection and Evolution of Site-Specific Proteases Using a Genetic Selection System

Development of endoproteases, programmed to promote degradation of peptides or proteins responsible for pathogenic states, represents an attractive therapeutic strategy, since such biocatalytic agents could be directed against a potentially unlimited repertoire of extracellular proteinaceous targets. Difficulties associated with engineering enzymes with tailor-made substrate specificities have, however, hindered the discovery of proteases possessing both the efficiency and selectivity to act as therapeutics. Here, we disclose a genetic system, designed to report on site-specific proteolysis through the survival of a bacterial host, and the implementation of this method in the directed evolution of proteases with a non-native substrate preference. The high sensitivity potential of this system was established by monitoring the activity of the Tobacco Etch Virus protease (TEV-Pr) against co-expressed substrates of various recognition level and corroborated by both intracellular and cell-free assays. The genetic selection system was then used in an iterative mode with a library of TEV-Pr mutants to direct the emergence of proteases favoring a nominally poor substrate of the stringently selective protease. The retrieval of mutant enzymes displaying enhanced proteolytic properties against the non-native sequence combined with reduced recognition of the cognate hexapeptide substrate demonstrates the potential of this system for evolving proteases with improved or completely unprecedented properties.
An ultrasonic head position interface for wheelchair control.

To give quadriplegics independent mobility, a “smart” microprocessor-based electric wheelchair has been developed by the Palo Alto Veterans Administration Medical Center and Stanford University. Ultrasound distance-ranging technology is employed to track the user's head position in two-dimensional space. These data are then used to determine the chair's direction and speed. A working prototype vehicle using this type of motion control has been successfully demonstrated. Obstacle detection, wall-following, and cruise control modes are other implemented features of the current design.
Deep-water sedimentologic conditions and models

Abstract The past two decades have been a time of major reorientation in the geologist's view of the Earth and of the processes that operate on a variety of scales and frequencies to produce the hierarchy of forms, fluid and solid, that compose the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere. Quantitative and qualitative models, both numerical and graphical, have been developed to explain the effects of crustal plate motions, chemical budgets, changes in paleo-oceanography and paleoclimatology, paleoecologic variations and the influence of these in various combinations on the resulting stratigraphy that is the fragmental history upon which these models are tested. Progress has been uneven and many gaps remain. We need more complete and longer cored sections of the contemporary ocean sedimentary deposits to provide data for areas of the oceans shallower than 1 km, deeper than 3 km and at high latitudes. Until the very recent advent of hydraulic piston coring devices, the recovered cores were incomplete and badly deformed. Attention tended to stress the younger high sedimentation rate portions of the deposits, and the continental margins have been sparsely sampled due in great part to potential damage to hydrocarbon reservoirs, and to political problems. Better cores will permit study of the sedimentary structures, fine-scale sedimentologic—geochemical characteristics and the important in-situ properties of sediment strength and water content needed to predict and define the previous and future behavior of these deposits under loading and other stresses. More complete records will permit refining of mass budgets that, in turn, can provide the constraints on models of the changing relationships of terrigenous and biogenous components with time and with changes in land area, shelf area, surface relief and climate. It is now generally accepted that the primary factors driving the entire system are thermal; variations in the thermal gradient within the Earth and in the distribution of solar insolation over the surface of the Earth. These primary factors control relief and climate, which are the more direct controls on sediment production and delivery over the Earth's surface. These combine to produce complex sea-level changes over a range of frequencies and the position of sea level relative to the edge of the continental blocks (the shelf edge) is a major factor in the nourishment or starvation of the deep-ocean basins. These factors produce two distinctive deep-ocean environments: the oceanic and margin-affected basin types. We are just entering the interpretative phase of the current revolution in geologic thought and a flood of hypotheses is flowing into the literature. It is likely that the next five years will see the development of well-tuned global models of ocean sedimentation that will provide the questions for future field studies.
On the computation of ℓ ∞ gains of switched systems

In this paper we compute l ∞ and l 1 induced norm bounds of switched linear systems. In particular, we concentrate on certain types of such systems, namely output switching, input switching, and combinations thereof, and we provide exact gains for the worst case switching. As an application of the input output approach of the paper, we consider the problem of sensitivity minimization and show that it is convex in the Youla et.al.-Kucera parameter.
7 lessons from fellowship.

In my office at the University of Michigan Cardiovascular Center is a plaque—one accorded to me at the end of my cardiology fellowship. At the very bottom is inscribed “June 20, 2012.” As on numerous occasions since then, I now close my eyes, turn my mind inward and relive the days of
Prevalence-based decisions undermine visual search

In visual search, observers make decisions about the presence or absence of a target based on their perception of a target during search. The present study investigated whether decisions can be based on observers’ expectation rather than perception of a target. In Experiment 1, participants were allowed to make target-present responses by clicking on the target or, if the target was not perceived, a target-present button. Participants used the target-present button option more frequently in difficult search trials and when target prevalence was high. Experiment 2 and 3 employed a difficult search task that encouraged the use of prevalence-based decisions. Target presence was reported faster when target prevalence was high, indicating that decisions were, in part, cognitive, and not strictly perceptual. A similar pattern of responses were made even when no targets appeared in the search (Experiment 3). The implication of these prevalence-based decisions for visual search models is discussed.
Vascular differentiation of bone marrow stem cells is directed by a tunable three-dimensional matrix

Microenvironmental cues are critical in regulating cell behavior and fate. The roles that matrix mechanical signals play in regulating cell behavior have recently been elucidated. An artificial matrix that can maintain the appropriate characteristics for transplanted stem cells is therefore needed to achieve a desired cell phenotype. The objective of this study was to develop a three-dimensional (3-D) matrix with tunable physical and mechanical properties and investigate their effects on mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation towards vascular cell types. In this study we developed an extracellular microenvironment by modifying fibrinogen with various polyethylene glycol (PEG) derivatives. We hypothesized that adjusting the type of PEG derivative to modify the resultant physical and mechanical characteristics of fibrin would allow us to create a tunable system for use in culture or in vivo in conjunction with a regenerative medicine strategy. Human MSC (hMSC) were entrapped into PEGylated fibrin matrices at a density of 50,000 cells ml(-1). Cell phenotypes were confirmed by immunofluorescent staining as well as the use of oligonucleotide arrays. Vascular phenotypes were correlated with measured mechanical properties and fiber diameters of the PEGylated fibrin matrices. Blocking studies were performed to identify mechanistic factors controlling MSC differentiation through selected blocking of matrix degradation or cell contraction. Cell-matrix interactions were also examined in vivo. Our results demonstrate that transdifferentiation of MSC towards an endothelial cell phenotype is profoundly affected by the 3-D matrix microenvironment. Our work provides a predictive road map for the creation of fibrin-based matrices that support robust endothelial cell gene expression and tubulogenesis.
Prehospital endotracheal intubation for severe head injury in children: a reappraisal.

Controversy exists regarding the efficacy of prehospital assisted ventilation by endotracheal intubation (ETI) versus bag-valve-mask (BVM) in serious pediatric head injury. The National Pediatric Trauma Registry (NPTR-3) data set was analyzed to examine this question. NPTR-3 (n = 31,464) was queried regarding the demographics, injury mechanism, injury severity, prehospital interventions, transport mode, mortality rate, injury complications, procedure and equipment failure or complications, and functional outcome of seriously head-injured patients (n = 578) with comparable injury mechanisms and injury severity who received endotracheal intubation (ETI) (n = 479; 83%) versus those who received BVM (n = 99; 17%). Mortality rate was virtually identical between the 2 groups (ETI = 48%, BVM=48%), although children receiving ETI were significantly older ( P P P P
Synthesis of 2‐aza analog of rosoxacin

Diazotization of 2-nitro-4-(4-pyridinyl)aniline (4) in hydrobromic acid gave the corresponding bromo derivative 5 which was treated with cuprous cyanide to give the benzonitrile derivative 6 which in turn was converted to 2-nitroacetophenone derivative 9. Reduction of 9 followed by diazotization of the resulting amine 10 gave 7-(4-pyridinyl)cinnolin-4(1H)-one (11) which was subsequently converted to 1-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(4-pyridinyl)cinnoline-3-carboxylic acid (14) in three steps.
Self-control in school children: Stringency and leniency in self-determined and externally imposed performance standards

This experiment was designed to investigate the capacity of stringent and lenient performance standards to elicit and maintain academic performance when self-determined or externally imposed. The ability of stringency instructions and social reinforcement to prompt the enduring self-selection of stringent standards was also examined Children in two contingent reinforcement conditions were allowed to self-determine performance standards with one group given stringency instructions and social reinforcement, while the same requirements were externally imposed upon yoked children in two other contingent reinforcement conditions. Control subjects performed in the absence of reinforcement. Subjects allowed to self-determine performance standards performed significantly better during reinforcement on one dependent measure than did subjects whose standards were externally imposed, while on the other dependent measure the groups performed equally well. Stringency instructions and social reinforcement were effective in eliciting and maintaining the self-selection of stringent standards. On both dependent measures, stringent standards (whether self-determined or externally imposed) were more effective than lenient standards in eliciting performance during reinforcement.
Multicenter randomized clinical trial of home uterine activity monitoring: pregnancy outcomes for all women randomized.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to evaluate the impact of home uterine activity monitoring on pregnancy outcomes among women at high risk for preterm labor and delivery. STUDY DESIGN: Women at high risk for preterm labor at three centers were randomly assigned to receive high-risk prenatal care alone (not monitored) or to receive the same care with twice-daily home uterine activity monitoring without increased nursing support (monitored). There were 339 women with singleton gestations randomized with caregivers blinded to group assignment. The two groups were medically and demographically similar at entry into the study. RESULTS: Women in the monitored group had prolonged pregnancy survival ( p = 0.02) and were less likely to experience a preterm delivery (relative risk 0.59; p = 0.04). Infants born to monitored women with singleton gestations were less likely to be of low birth weight ( p = 0.003), and were less likely to be admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (relative risk 0.5, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: These data show, among women with singleton gestations at high risk for preterm delivery, that the use of home uterine activity monitoring alone, without additional intensive nursing care, results in improved pregnancy outcomes, including prolonged gestation, decreased risk for preterm delivery, larger-birth-weight infants, and a decreased need for neonatal intensive care. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;175:1281-5.)
Import of palaeoethnobotanical facts

By the year 2000, palaeoethnobotany will have been functional as an integral part of archaeology for somewhat less than 100 yr. Initially admired for the longevity of their persistence, archaeological plant remains gradually came to be an indication of the diet of prehistoric people. In some species, the archaeological plant remains also indicate the developmental history of the cultivated plant. For others, no wild ancestor is known or revealed by the archaeological plant remains. As greater knowledge is assembled of the plants useful for man, patterns of prehistoric distribution are revealed. The more exact location of the area of origin of cultivated species will become increasingly important to a population faced with chronic food shortages as this will guide botanists to ancestral species and their close relatives. From this reservoir will come desirable plant attributes that can be bred into high-yielding, but genetically depauperate strains of crop plants. The predicted scarcity of petroleum about the year 2000 will lead to high cost or lack of petrochemicals whose use may be substituted for by disease and insect-resistant strains found in the area of a crop’s origin. That area may also offer biological controls, which will offset the lack of insecticides and fungicides. Although it is unlikely that early man overlooked useful plants that might be brought into cultivation, areas of diversity of crop plants are also prime areas to be investigated for new crop plants.
Transformation is an alternative to normal skeletal muscle development.

Abstract The differentiation of skeletal muscle is characterized by cessation of proliferation and fusion of single myoblasts to form non-replicating multinucleate fibers (myotubes). If termination of proliferation is an obligate requirement for further differentiation, myoblasts defective in this stage of development should fail to fuse or exhibit any further characteristics of myotubes. Furthermore, myoblasts which have lost the ability to control and cease proliferation may represent a transformed, potentially tumorigenic population. Formation of the neoplastic state may therefore be viewed as an alternate path, antithetical to the normal differentiation of skeletal muscle. To test this hypothesis, we isolated 13 clones of non-fusing cells from the myogenic L8 line of rat myoblasts. In contrast to the L8 line, all of the non-fusing clones maintain their proliferative capacity, do not form myotubes, nor elevated creatine kinase activity nor increased myosin, but do develop into tumors when injected into athymic mice. L8 cells do not produce tumors in these mice. Analysis of cell growth and serum requirements, plasminogen activator, hexose transport, adhesiveness, LETS protein and growth in soft agar, indicates that these non-fusing cells are transformed and clearly distinguished from the parent L8 cells. Whereas the L8 line maintains a near diploid complement of chromosomes, all non-fusing clones were polyploid. In addition, 12 of 13 non-fusing clones (but not the L8 cells) express an endogenous type C virus. Although all clones defective in differentiation formed tumors, no single in vitro characteristic was found to be a constant index of this tumorigenic capacity. We conclude that cessation of proliferation is an obligate requirement for skeletal myogenesis, that transformation is an alternative to normal skeletal muscle development and that the phenotype of these transformed cells may be quite varied.
Assessment of tumor control probability for high-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy implants

Summary Aim The study was designed to propose a novel concept of biologically effective equivalent uniform dose to calculate tumor control probability for HDR implants. Materials and Methods The expression of biologically effective equivalent uniform dose was derived for non-uniform dose distribution in HDR implants using quality indices and voxel-based tumor control probability. Results The results of this study show that high dose regions of the implant have higher tumor control probability. But these regions may also have a large number of normal cells and consequently may lead to severe normal tissue complications. If tumor coverage was not proper then the overall tumor control probability would be low and might result in tumor recurrence. Higher values of external volume index, dose non-uniformity ratio and overdose volume index were related to higher normal tissue complication rates outside and inside the implants. Conclusion The present concept may provide an alternative approach to calculate tumor control probability for HDR implants.
Screening Criteria for Application of Carbon Dioxide Miscible Displacement in Waterflooded Reservoirs Containing Light Oil

In conjunction with a joint Texaco/DOE research project, the LSU Department of Petroleum Engineering developed an improved method of screening reservoirs for the application of the carbon dioxide miscible enhanced oil recovery (EOR) process. This method, which can be applied to a large number of reservoirs, considers both the technical and economic feasibility of the EOR process. The technical parameters of each reservoir are first compared to those of an ideal reservoir ; and from that comparison, each reservoir is assigned a technical ranking. The technical ranking is used to estimate expected recovery. Key technical parameters used in the screening process are remaining oil in place, minimum miscibility pressure, reservoir depth, oil API gravity, and formation dip angle. The reservoirs are subsequently screened for economic feasibility based on standardized capital costs and operation expenses that are representative of the reservoirs under consideration. The reservoirs are finally ranked based on the present worth value of revenues to costs ratio. Using this method, we screened a database containing 197 light-oil reservoirs in Louisiana. The database includes three reservoirs where CO 2 miscible floods are ongoing ; these reservoirs ranked first, fifth, and thirtieth. The high ranking of these reservoirs, which were identified based on detailed and comprehensive reservoir studies, validates the screening method. Different application options in a specific reservoir can be screened, if warranted, by using CO 2 -PROPHET, a PC compatible software. CO 2 -PROPHET is a relatively simple numerical model capable of simulating water and gas floods. An example of its application is included.
MBE growth and device applications of lattice-matched and strained heterostructures on (n11)-oriented and patterned substrates

Abstract The epitaxy of lattice-matched and strained semi-conducting films on patterned and misoriented substrates has led to new growth phenomena, material properties and device applications. Our work on InP- and GaAs-based heterostructures on (111)- and (311)-oriented substrates and strained heterostructures on planar and patterned (small area) substrates is described in this paper. The possibility of reliable and reproducible p-type doping of (311)A GaAs by Si during molecular-beam epitaxial growth and the application of such doping in the realization of high-performance electronic devices have been investigated. It is seen that p-type doping up to a free hole concentration of 4 × 10 19 cm −3 is obtained at low (⪕ 500°C) growth temperature and high As 4 flux. The incorporation of Si atoms into electrically active As sites is at least 95%. n-p-n heterojunction bipolar transistors grown by all-Si doping exhibit excellent current voltage characteristics and a common emitter current gain β = 240. Doped channel p-type heterojunction field-effect transistors have transconductance g m = 25 mS/mm. We have experimentally and theoretically studied piezo-electric field effects in InP-based In x Ga 1 − x As/In 0.52 Al 0.48 As pseudomorphic quantum wells grown by molecular-beam epitaxy on (111)B InP substrates. The electro-optic coefficients of this material were measured and found to be much larger than that of GaAs. We have also investigated the consequences of altered growth modes on the epitaxy of highly strained InGaAs on patterned small area (001) GaAs substrates. Al 0.15 Ga 0.85 As/In 0.25 Ga 0.75 As pseudomorphic modulation-doped field-effect transistors and strained In x Ga 1 − x As/GaAs p-i-n photodiodes have been fabricated on patterned (100)-GaAs substrates and characterized. Compared with devices made on planar substrates, small area growth improves the dc transconductance by 40% and current gain cutoff frequency by 50% in the transistors. Photodiodes grown in small recesses (∼30 μm) exhibit 2–4 times higher quantum efficiency than those on planar substrates.
Characterization of the TMV encapsidatlon initiation site on 18S rRNA

Abstract Tobacco Mosaic Virus capsid protein oligomers react with and encapsidate 18S rRNA from both plant and mammalian sources in vitro. The site (ei) in 18S rRNA which reacts with capsid protein to initiate the packaging reaction has been localized and partially characterized by testing the ability of transcripts from different regions of a cloned Cucurbita pepo rDNA repeat unit to become encapsidated. The 18S rRNA ei is found to react more slowly with capsid protein than does the functional virion ei and to lie within a 43 nucleotide region which starts at position 157 from the 5' terminus of 18S rRNA. When 6 nucleotides are removed from the 5' end, the remaining 37 nucleotide segment is still reactive, but with reduced efficiency. The primary structure of the reactive segment has limited similarity to the virion ei and can be folded into a stem-loop. The first 18 nucleotides of the ei region is highly conserved from an evolutionary standpoint and this may account for the ability of 18S rRNAs from both plant and mammalian sources to be encapsidated.
ENGINEERING AND ECONOMIC DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR AQUACULTURE FACILITIES

The steps in conducting a generalized engineering design analysis for flowing channel aquaculture systems are: 1) List all factors which can affect the design; 2) Develop numerous alternative engineering designs for the important flowing channel subsystems, such as the water containment subsystems, the energy subsystems, and the materials handling subsystems; 3) Examine the economic trade-offs using various combinations of subsystem components to determine the best system for a given set of conditions. This procedure is illustrated in an analysis of an aquaculture facility for Greece.
Ribonuclease activity in leucocytes of hyperimmunized rabbits.

Les leucocytes du sang peripherique de lapins hyper-immunises contreCoxiella burneti ont ete compare avec des leucocytes de lapins normaux. Par la methode cytochimique on a pu constater chez les animaux hyper-immunises un accroissement du taux des leucocytes polynucleaires, l'enzyme ayant une activite accrue ce qui s'accorde avec un titre eleve d'anticorps dans le plasma. L'auteur cherche a determiner la signification de cette augmentation de l'enzyme chez les animaux hyper-immunises et de son rapport avec la reaction immunogene.
With Culture in Mind: The Social Third Introduction: Writing the Clinical and the Social

This introduction introduces the reader to the symposium With Culture in Mind. It recounts the origin of these six essays in a writing group. It shows that these essays, each of which centers on a clinical moment when the psychic and the social meet, work on two other levels as well: the critique of social and psychoanalytic theory and the assessment of social forces. The introduction frames these otherwise diversely voiced essays by naming and defining a group of concepts from cultural theory and psychoanalysis that circulate among them: discourse, interpellation, resignification, intelligibility, nationalism, and the Third. The introduction notes that the symposium concludes with a discussion that opens new questions about the approaches the essayists take to the nexus of mind, culture, and power.
Trapped polarons, free polarons and triplet excitons in π-conjugated polymer films and light-emitting diodes

Abstract Recent optically detected magnetic resonance studies of poly ( p -phenylene vinylenes) (PPVs) and poly(3-alkyl thiophenes) (P3ATs) suggest that excitation at visible wavelengths λ ex largely generates trapped polarons and polaron pairs, but UV excitation and carrier injection in LEDs generate free polarons. The photoluminescence (PL)-enhancing polaron resonance at long λ ex is attributed to non-radiative recombination of trapped polaron pairs, which reduces their population and consequently the rate at which they non-radiatively quench singlet excitons. Interchain coupling, some defects induced by structural disorder, and sites adjacent to C 60 - counterions apparently enhance the generation of these trapped polarons as well as intersystem crossing from the singlet to the triplet manifold. At short λ ex a PL-quenching polaron resonance emerges, and is assigned to fusion of photogenerated free polarons to bipolarons, which also quench singlet excitons. These interpretations imply that the l 1 B u exciton binding energy, defined as its dissociation energy to free polarons, is the difference between the absorption edge and the excitation energy at which the PL-quenching polaron resonance emerges. This difference is ∼0.8 eV in poly(2,5-dioctoxy- p -phenylene vinylene) and poly (3-hexylthiophene).
Multiscale generalised linear models for nonparametric function estimation

SUMMARY We present a method for extracting information about both the scale and trend of local components of an inhomogeneous function in a nonparametric generalised linear model. Our multiscale framework combines recursive partitions, which allow for the incorporation of scale in a natural manner, with systems of piecewise polynomials supported on the partition intervals, which serve to summarise the smooth trend within each interval. Our estimators are formulated as solutions of complexity-penalised likelihood optimisations, where the penalty seeks to limit the number of intervals used to model the data. The actual calculation of the estimators may be accomplished using standard software routines for generalised linear models, within the context of efficient, tree-based, polynomial-time algorithms. A risk analysis shows that these estimators achieve the same asymptotic rates in the nonparametric generalised linear model as the classical wavelet-based estimators in the Gaussian 'function plus noise' model, for suitably defined ranges of Besov spaces. Numerical simulations show that the method tends to perform at least as well as, and often better than, alternative wavelet-based methodologies in the context of finite samples, while applications to gamma-ray burst data in astronomy and packet loss data in computer network traffic analysis confirm its practical relevance.