cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emotional abuse of children : issues for intervention

This study is an examination of the emotional abuse of children, where it is the main or sole form of abuse. The ultimate aim of this applied social work project is to make a contribution to intervention in cases of psychological maltreatment. Intervention lacks credibility without some definition of the problem and an understanding of its prevalence, location and manifestation, as well as an appreciation of the type of intervention required. At the outset of the current project, an exploration of professional concerns, the wider context of child abuse and a review of the relevant literature revealed that, although defining emotional abuse has been partially addressed, there are substantial gaps and deficiencies in the knowledge of the prevalence, location, manifestation and intervention relating to emotional abuse. In order to facilitate intervention, these deficiencies were addressed in the current project. Both quantitative and qualitative data was required in order to address different aspects of the issues to be explored. Triangulation was therefore an integral part of the design, information being obtained from three sources: semi-structured interviews with child protection professionals, a population survey and in-depth interviews with adult emotional abuse survivors. The main outcome of the study was an increase in empirical knowledge in the areas of deficit and, consequently, a contribution to credible intervention. Specifically, a suggested operational definition and an indication of prevalence were both provided. Emotional abuse was found to occur in a broad range of families although it was more frequently located in those exposed to multiple stressors. It was most clearly manifested through behaviours which constituted a misuse of power. Concerning intervention itself, a notable contribution of the study was the identification of important life-lines for emotionally abused children. These provided the children with unconditional, positive regard and countered their sense of isolation and rejection
Neutrino tests of general and special relativity

Abstract We review the status of testing the principle of equivalence and Lorentz invariance from atmospheric and solar neutrino experiments.
Design and implementation of the Stony Brook Video Server

The system architecture of the Stony Brook Video Server (SBVS), which guarantees end-to-end real-time video playback in a client-server setting, is presented. SBVS employs a real-time network access protocol, RETHER, to use existing Ethernet hardware as the underlying communications media. The video server tightly integrates the bandwidth guarantee mechanisms for network transport and disk I/O. SBVS's stream-by-stream disk scheduling scheme optimizes the effective disk bandwidth without incurring significant scheduling overhead. To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed architecture, we have implemented a prototype called SBVS-1, which can support five concurrent MPEG-1 video streams on an Intel 486DX2/EISA PC. To our knowledge, this system is the first video server that provides an end-to-end performance guarantee from the server's disks to the each user's display over standard Ethernet. This paper describes the implementation details of integrating network and I/O bandwidth guarantee mechanisms, and the performance measurements that drive and/or validate our design decisions. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extragalactic radio sources

Abstract Some recent observational results on extended and compact extragalactic radio sources are described. Theoretical interpretations are critically examined.
Combinatorial realizations of crystals via torus actions on quiver varieties

Let V(?) be a highest-weight representation of a symmetric Kac---Moody algebra, and let B(?) be its crystal. There is a geometric realization of B(?) using Nakajima's quiver varieties. In many particular cases one can also realize B(?) by elementary combinatorial methods. Here we study a general method of extracting combinatorial realizations from the geometric picture: we use Morse theory to index the irreducible components by connected components of the subvariety of fixed points for a certain torus action. We then discuss the case of $\widehat{\mathfrak{sl}}_{n}$ , where the fixed point components are just points, and are naturally indexed by multi-partitions. There is some choice in our construction, leading to a family of combinatorial realizations for each highest-weight crystal. In the case of B(? 0) we recover a family of realizations which was recently constructed by Fayers. This gives a more conceptual proof of Fayers' result as well as a generalization to higher level crystals. We also discuss a relationship with Nakajima's monomial crystal.
Multi-excitons in self-assembled InAs/GaAs quantum dots: A pseudopotential, many-body approach

We use a many-body, atomistic empirical pseudopotential approach to predict the multi-exciton emission spectrum of a lens-shaped InAs/GaAs self-assembled quantum dot. We discuss the effects of i) the direct Coulomb energies, including the differences of electron and hole wave functions, ii) the exchange Coulomb energies and iii) correlation energies given by a configuration interaction calculation. Emission from the ground state of the N exciton system to the N − 1 exciton system involving e0 → h0 and e1 → h1 recombinations are discussed. A comparison with a simpler single-band, effective mass approach is presented.
Revisiting the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test Criterion for the Diagnosis of Diabetes

OBJECTIVE: The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes retained the 2-hour glucose concentration on an oral glucose tolerance test of ≥11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) as a criterion to diagnose diabetes. Since glycated hemoglobin levels have emerged as the best measure of long-term glycemia and an important predictor of microvascular and neuropathic complications, we evaluated the distribution of hemoglobin A1C (Hb A1C) levels in individuals who had undergone an oral glucose tolerance test to determine how well 2-hour values could identify those with normal versus increased Hb A1C levels.
A General Method for the Suzuki−Miyaura Cross-Coupling of Sterically Hindered Aryl Chlorides: Synthesis of Di- and Tri-ortho-substituted Biaryls in 2-Propanol at Room Temperature

The catalytic formation of di- and trisubstituted ortho biaryl junctions has been achieved using a palladacylce pre-catalyst bearing a N-heterocyclic carbene ligand. This transformation is performed at room temperature in technical grade 2-propanol.
Double ore extensions

Abstract A double Ore extension is a natural generalization of the Ore extension. We prove that a connected graded double Ore extension of an Artin–Schelter regular algebra is Artin–Schelter regular. Some other basic properties such as the determinant of the DE-data are studied. Using the double Ore extension, we construct 26 families of Artin–Schelter regular algebras of global dimension four in a sequel paper.
Possible valence-bond condensation in the frustrated cluster magnet LiZn2Mo3O8

The emergence of complex electronic behaviour from simple ingredients has resulted in the discovery of numerous states of matter. Many examples are found in systems exhibiting geometric magnetic frustration, which prevents simultaneous satisfaction of all magnetic interactions. This frustration gives rise to complex magnetic properties such as chiral spin structures, orbitally driven magnetism, spin-ice behaviour exhibiting Dirac strings with magnetic monopoles, valence-bond solids and spin liquids. Here we report the synthesis and characterization of LiZn(2)Mo(3)O(8), a geometrically frustrated antiferromagnet in which the magnetic moments are localized on small transition-metal clusters rather than individual ions. By doing so, first-order Jahn-Teller instabilities and orbital ordering are prevented, allowing the strongly interacting magnetic clusters in LiZn(2)Mo(3)O(8) to probably give rise to an exotic condensed valence-bond ground state reminiscent of the proposed resonating valence-bond state. Our results also link magnetism on clusters to geometric magnetic frustration in extended solids, demonstrating a new approach for unparalleled chemical control and tunability in the search for collective, emergent electronic states of matter.
Microsaccades Counteract Visual Fading during Fixation

Our eyes move continually, even while we fixate our gaze on an object. If fixational eye movements are counteracted, our perception of stationary objects fades completely, due to neural adaptation. Some studies have suggested that fixational microsaccades refresh retinal images, thereby preventing adaptation and fading. However, other studies disagree, and so the role of microsaccades remains unclear. Here, we correlate visibility during fixation to the occurrence of microsaccades. We asked subjects to indicate when Troxler fading of a peripheral target occurs, while simultaneously recording their eye movements with high precision. We found that before a fading period, the probability, rate, and magnitude of microsaccades decreased. Before transitions toward visibility, the probability, rate, and magnitude of microsaccades increased. These results reveal a direct link between suppression of microsaccades and fading and suggest a causal relationship between microsaccade production and target visibility during fixation.
Catalytic Enantioselective Allyl–Allyl Cross-Coupling with a Borylated Allylboronate

Catalytic enantioselective allyl–allyl cross-coupling of a borylated allylboronate reagent gives versatile borylated chiral 1,5-hexadienes. These compounds may be manipulated in a number of useful ways to give functionalized chiral building blocks for asymmetric synthesis.
Diabetic peripheral neuropathies.

Introduction Limb amputations are among the most dramatic of medicial events from an individual and social perspective. Annually in the United States, there are approximately 85,000 limb amputations caused by a non-traumatic condition. Diabetes and diabetic foot ulcers are responsible for about 87% of these amputations, and the cost of care for this one complication alone exceeds $10 billion per year. Diabetic neuropathy, which is the most common form of neuropathies in the world, is the major cause and contributing factor to the development of foot ulcers and joint deformities (Figure 1), as well as limb threatening ischemia. With the alarming and increasing rate of obesity and diabetes across all ages, ethnic groups, genders, and educational levels, the global health care cost associated with this disease and its chronic complications is very high and rising. It is estimated that a 15- to 20-pound weight gain increases an individual’s risk of developing diabetes by approximately 120%. This view is enforced by the increasing recognition that individuals with even mild diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose, and metabolic syndrome may be at a greater risk for developing diabetic complications. The current diagnostic threshold for diabetes, however, may have limited sensitivity for early identification of individuals with the disease and its complications, and future revision in these criteria may be necessary. Accordingly, the prevention, early recognition, and treatment of diabetes and its complications, of which neuropathies are the most frequent, assumes a major role in the management of patients with diabetes.
Highly Diastereo- and Enantioselective Reagents for Aldehyde Crotylation

Two new, crystalline solid, storable, and highly enantioselective reagents for aldehyde crotylation have been developed. Both (cis and trans) crotylsilane reagents are easily prepared in bulk, require trivial reaction conditions, and provide the homoallylic alcohol products with near diastereo- and enantiospecificity in many cases.
On Pleijel's Nodal Domain Theorem

A slight improvement of Pleijel's estimate on the number of nodal domains is obtained, exploiting a refinement of the Faber-Krahn inequality and packing density of discs.
The sensitivity of MLE to measurement error

Abstract The paper explains how to compute a simple summary measure of the sensitivity of maximum likelihood and related non-linear estimates to measurement error in exogenous variables. The proposed measure is a first-order approximation, and its implications for probit and censorship type models are shown to be quite different from ordinary least squares.
Total Synthesis of Ustiloxin D

The total synthesis of ustiloxin D, a highly potent inhibitor of microtubule assembly, has been achieved. Notable features are the use of nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) for the construction of a chiral tertiary alkyl-aryl ether linkage, Sharpless asymmetric aminohydroxylation for the formation of the beta-hydroxytyrosine moiety, macrolactamization, and regioselective methylation.
On the Jones polynomial of closed 3-braids

In [J, 2] Vaughan Jones introduced a new polynomial VL(t ) which is an invariant of the isotopy type of an oriented knot or link L c S 3. The polynomial can be computed from an arbitrary representation of L as a closed braid, i.e. from an element in one of the Artin braid groups B,, n = 1, 2, 3 . . . . . It is very powerful, distinguishing the trefoil and its mirror image, the unknot and the Kinoshita-Terasaka knot, and any two members of the infinite sequence of Whitehead links, all of which have homeomorphic complements. In an early version of [J, 2] (before the results reported here were complete) Jones had conjectured that his polynomial was injective on closed 3-braids. In this note we use trace identities in the Burau matrix representation of B 3 to construct myriad counterexamples to that conjecture. At the same time, we also disprove a second conjecture of Jones from [J, 23, that a link L is amphicheiral if VL(t)= VL(t-1). The 2-variable generalized Jones polynomial introduced in [ F Y H L M O ] also fails to distinguish any of our link pairs. Finally, our examples answer in the negative a question of Morton, who asked whether the Alexander polynomial is a complete invariant of the link obtained by adjoining the braid axis to a closed 3-braid link. In the monograph [Mu] Murasugi began a classification of closed 3-braid links, work which was extended by Hartley in [H]. From the partial results in [Mu] and [H] it seemed reasonable to conjecture that, omitting various obvious exceptional cases (links with braid index <3, composite links and torus links) the link type of a closed 3-braid is determined by its conjugacy class in Bj, up to the equivalences which correspond to orientation changes. This conjecture remains open. When we began this work we had hoped to settle it, expecting that the conjugacy class of a braid was determined by the Jones or Alexander polynomial of the associated closed braid. However, this is far from the truth. The problem of characterizing all of the 3-braids whose closures have a given Jones or Alexander or 2-variable polynomial seems to be very non-trivial and possibly even to be too complicate to have an interesting solution.
POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF RECENT BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH IN TRANSPORTATION DEMAND MANAGEMENT

Transportation planners are increasingly adopting policies aimed at changing travel choices made by citizens. Rather than trying to solve transportation problems by building highways and transit routes, transportation demand management relies on incentives and disincentives to promote carpooling, van-pooling, transit use, and changed work hours. These approaches attempt to accommodate travel demand by more efficiently utilizing existing facilities. Although many argue that transportation behavior cannot be changed, this review demonstrates that many years of behavioral science research on travel show otherwise. Commuters respond to differences in travel time and travel cost and to changes in work hours and other attributes of travel in systematic ways that are quite predictable. As a consequence, travel demand management is a promising approach to regional transportation planning.
Microscopic Optical Potentials for Helium-6 Scattering off Protons

The differential cross section and the analyzing power are calculated for elastic scattering of 6He from a proton target using a microscopic folding optical potential, in which the 6He nucleus is described in terms of a 4He-core with two additional neutrons in the valence p-shell. In contrast to previous work of that nature, all contributions from the interaction of the valence neutrons with the target protons are taken into account.
Hydrogen: The ultimate fuel and energy carrier☆

Abstract The various methods used in the production, storage, transmission, and application of hydrogen as a fuel are presented. Many of the questions regarding the utilization of hydrogen fuel are presented and explained.
Observational similarities and potential connections between luminous ultrasoft NLS1s and BALQSOs

Abstract Luminous ultrasoft NLS1s and low-ionization BALQSOs share many properties, and they both represent important extremes of the active galaxy phenomenon. We briefly discuss their observational similarities as well as potential physical connections between them, concentrating on the X-ray point of view. We present several ways by which potential connections might be further tested.
Solar events and their influence on the interplanetary medium

The Workshop on Solar Events and Their Influence on the Interplanetary Medium very successfully met its goal “to foster interactions among colleagues, leading to an improved understanding of the unified relationship between solar events and interplanetary disturbances.” Organized by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Space Environment Laboratory and funded by the national Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Solar Maximum Mission Principal Investigators and the Space Environment Laboratory, this meeting was held held September 8—11, 1986, in Estes Park, Colo. A total of 94 scientists, including representatives from Argentina, Germany, Japan, France, Scotland, England, Australia, Poland, Israel, Greece, China and the United States attended. A novel meeting schedule was adopted, with no formal presentations other than a keynote address by Rainer Schwenn of the Max Planck Institut fur Aeronomie (Federal republic of Germany), entitled “Transients on the Sun and Their Effects on the Interplanetary Medium: An Interdisciplinary Challenge”; a Gordon A. Newkirk Memorial talk on “Early History of the Coronagraph” by John Eddy of the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research Office of Interdisciplinary Earth Studies (Boulder, Colo.); and introductory and summary statements by working group leaders. Instead, there were three working groups, which met either independently or with one of the other groups according to a prearranged plan. Suggested roundtable discussion topics were distributed in advance to the members of each group, but primarily, each group was expected to think of questions for the other groups and respond to requests for information from them. As may be expected, for some topics there was group consensus. Other topics were contentious.
OBSERVATIONAL EVIDENCE FOR SMALL-SCALE MIXTURE OF WEAK AND STRONG FIELDS IN THE QUIET SUN

Three different maps of the quiet Sun, observed with the Advanced Stokes Polarimeter (ASP) and the Diffraction-Limited Stokes Polarimeter (DLSP), show evidence of strong (1700 G) and weak (<500 G) fields coexisting within the resolution element at both network and internetwork locations. The angular resolution of the observations is of 1'' (ASP) and 06 (DLSP). Even at the higher DLSP resolution, a significant fraction of the network magnetic patches harbor a mixture of strong and weak fields. Internetwork elements that exhibit kG fields when analyzed with a single-component atmosphere are also shown to harbor considerable amounts of weak fields. Only those patches for which a single-component analysis yields weak fields do not show this mixture of field strengths. Finally, there is a larger fractional area of weak fields in the convective upflows than in the downflows.
Systematic review of functional training on muscle strength, physical functioning, and activities of daily living in older adults

Exercise programs are often recommended for preventing or delaying late-life disability. Programs that incorporate functional training, which uses movements similar to performing activities of daily living, may be suitable for such recommendation. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the effects of functional training on muscle strength, physical functioning, and activities of daily living in older adults. Studies in three electronic databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus) were searched, screened, and appraised. Thirteen studies were included in the review. These studies vary greatly in participant recruitment criteria, functional training content, and selection of comparison groups. Mobility exercises were the most common element in functional training across studies. Results show beneficial effects on muscle strength, balance, mobility, and activities of daily living, particularly when the training content was specific to that outcome. Functional training may be used to improve functional performance in older adults.
Which tax rate do people use: Average or marginal?

Abstract I investigate by experiment the tax rate used by individuals when making marginal economic decisions. I find that there are at least as many individuals who use the average tax rate ‘as if’ it is the marginal tax rate, as individuals who use the true marginal tax rate. The cause of the widespread use of the average tax rate is shown to be the presentation of the tax table: almost all individuals use the true marginal tax rate if the tax table is redesigned to stress the marginal rate. However, the misperception is socially beneficial: using reasonable parameter estimates, it lowers the excess burden of a typical household by 43%, and is likely to make all households better-off.
Elements of a Distributed Programming System

A previous paper proposed and described a high-level, application-independent framework for the construction of distributed systems within a resource-sharing computer network. The framework implements a simple procedure call model in which distant processes invoke procedures in one another by exchanging the necessary arguments and results. The present paper explores some of the ways in which this simple model might be extended to provide the programmer with a more comprehensive distributed programming system. Among the extensions proposed are coroutine linkages and other forms of communication between caller and callee, the propagation of notices and requests up the thread of control that results from nested procedure calls, the reading and writing of data objects within the remote program, and the creation and manipulation of arbitrarily complex process hierarchies and more general inter-process control paths.
Time Evolution of Wouthuysen-Field Coupling

We study the Wouthuysen-Field (W-F) coupling at early universe with numerical solutions of the integrodifferential equation describing the kinetics of photons undergoing resonant scattering. The numerical solver is developed based on the weighted essentially nonoscillatory (WENO) scheme for the Boltzmann-like integrodifferential equation. This method has perfectly passed the tests of the analytic solution and conservation property of the resonant scattering equation. We focus on the time evolution of the Wouthuysen-Field (W-F) coupling in relation to the 21 cm emission and absorption at the epoch of reionization. We especially pay attention to the formation of the local Boltzmann distribution, , of photon frequency spectrum around resonant frequency ν0 within width ν l , i.e., |ν – ν0| ≤ ν l . We show that a local Boltzmann distribution will be formed if photons with frequency ~ν0 have undergone a 10,000 or more times of scattering, which corresponds to the order of 103 yr for neutral hydrogen density of the concordance ΛCDM model. The time evolution of the shape and width of the local Boltzmann distribution actually do not depend on the details of atomic recoil, photon sources, or initial conditions very much. However, the intensity of photon flux at the local Boltzmann distribution is substantially time dependent. The timescale of approaching the saturated intensity can be as long as 105-106 yr for typical parameters of the ΛCDM model. The intensity of the local Boltzmann distribution at time less than 105 yr is significantly lower than that of the saturation state. Therefore, it may not be always reasonable to assume that the deviation of the spin temperature of 21 cm energy states from cosmic background temperature is mainly due to the W-F coupling if first stars or their emission/absorption regions evolved with a timescale equal to or less than Myr.
Congruence ABC implies ABC

Abstract The ABC conjecture of Masser and Oesterle states that if ( a , b , c ) are coprime integers with a + b + c = 0, then sup (¦a¦, ¦b¦, ¦c¦) ϵ ( rad (abc)) 1 + ϵ for any ϵ > 0. In [2], Oesterle observes that if the ABC conjecture holds for all ( a , b , c ) with 16¦ abc , then the full ABC conjecture holds. We extend that result to show that, for every integer N , the ‘congruence ABC conjecture’ that ABC holds for all ( a , b , c ) with N¦abc implies the full ABC conjecture.
Ironies of Sovereignty: The European Union and the United States

The concept of sovereignty can help us understand contemporary policy disagreements between Europe and the United States. Ironically, the US, from which the first republican critique of the concept of sovereignty emanated, has now become one of its staunchest defenders. Meanwhile, the European Union has moved away from the classical conception of external sovereignty. The success of the European Union could enable it to serve as a model for more troubled regions, for which insistence on classical sovereignty is a source of conflict. More ominously, transatlantic differences over sovereignty could increase tension and conflict between democracies, thus undermining world order in the long run.
Experimental and Theoretical Study for Nonlinear Aeroelastic Behavior of a Flexible Rotor Blade

The purpose of this paper is to study the flutter instability and forced response of a nonrotating flexible rotor blade model with a geometrical structural nonlinearity and a freeplay structural nonlinearity. The ONERA stall aerodynamic model is used. External excitations are provided by base harmonic excitations in the pitch angle and the chordwise direction, respectively. Two cases are considered in this paper. Case A is for a nonlinear blade structure with an unstalled unsteady aerodynamic model. Case B is for the nonlinear blade structure with a large effective mean angle of attack. The effects of the structural and aerodynamic nonlinearities and initial disturbance on instability and forced response behavior are discussed. A wind-tunnel test has also been carried out in the Duke University low-speed wind tunnel. The wind-tunnel tests show generally good agreement between theory and experiment for both static and dynamic behavior. Although the mathematical and experimental model of the nonrotating blade is different from the operational rotating hingeless rotor blade, the results from the experimental-theoretical correlation study provide fundamental understanding of the nonlinear aeroelastic behavior for a flexural-flexural-torsional hingeless rotor blade.
Design of Low-Voltage Digital Building Blocks and ADCs for Energy-Efficient Systems

Increasing number of energy-limited applications continue to drive the demand for designing systems with high energy efficiency. This tutorial covers the main building blocks of a system implementation including digital logic, embedded memories, and analog-to-digital converters and describes the challenges and solutions to designing these blocks for low-voltage operation.
Changing Noise Levels and Housing Prices Near the Atlanta Airport

Using hedonic models, we analyze the effects of proximity and noise on housing prices in neighborhoods near Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport during 1995–2002. Proximity to the airport is related positively to housing prices. We address complications caused by changes over time in the levels and geographic distribution of noise and by the fact that noise contours are measured infrequently. A general decline in noise boosted housing prices during 1995–2002. After accounting for proximity, house characteristics, and demographic variables, houses in noisier areas sold for less than houses subjected to less noise. Also, the noise discount is larger during 2000–2002 than 1995–1999.
Direct Tests of Index Arbitrage Models

Previous tests of stock index arbitrage models have rejected the no-arbitrage constraint imposed by these models. This paper provides a detailed analysis of actual S&P 500 arbitrage trades and directly relates these trades to the predictions of index arbitrage models. An analysis of arbitrage trades suggests that i) short-sale rules are unlikely to affect the cashfutures mispricing, ii) the opportunity cost of arbitrage funds exceeds the Treasury bill rate, and iii) the average price discrepancy captured by arbitrage trades is small. Tests of the models provide some support for a version ofthe arbitrage model that incorporates an early liquidation option. The ability of these models to explain arbitrage trades, however, is surprisingly low.
The Seiberg-Witten Kähler potential as a two-sphere partition function

Recently it has been shown that the two-sphere partition function of a gauged linear sigma model of a Calabi-Yau manifold yields the exact quantum Kahler potential of the Kahler moduli space of that manifold. Since four-dimensional $\mathcal{N}=2$ gauge theories can be engineered by non-compact Calabi-Yau threefolds, this implies that it is possible to obtain exact gauge theory Kahler potentials from two-sphere partition functions. In this paper, we demonstrate that the Seiberg-Witten Kahler potential can indeed be obtained as a two-sphere partition function. To be precise, we extract the quantum Kahler metric of 4D $\mathcal{N}=2$ SU(2) Super-Yang-Mills theory by taking the field theory limit of the Kahler parameters of the $\mathcal{O}$ (−2, −2) bundle over ${{\mathbb{P}}^1}\times {{\mathbb{P}}^1}$ . We expect this method of computing the Kahler potential to generalize to other four-dimensional $\mathcal{N}=2$ gauge theories that can be geometrically engineered by toric Calabi-Yau threefolds.
Periselectivity in the base-catalyzed intramolecular [2+2]-cycloaddition reaction of 3-phenylsulfonyl-substituted propynes

Abstract Phenylsulfonyl-substituted allenes containing a tethered π -bond are conveniently prepared reagents that can serve as substrates for intramolecular [2+2]-cycloaddition chemistry.
The dimensional reduction transition

Abstract If there are more than four space-time dimensions, dimensions small today may have been dynamically important in the evolution of the early universe. The transition to four space-time dimensions may have produced physically significant phenomena observable today.
Matrix generalizations of some dynamic field theories

Abstract We introduce matrix generalizations of the Navier-Stokes (NS) equation for fluid flow, and the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) equation for interface growth. The underlying field, velocity for the NS equation, or the height in the case of KPZ, is promoted to a matrix that transforms as the adjoint representation of SU ( N ). Perturbative expansions simplify in the N → ∞ limit, dominated by planar graphs. We provide the results of a one-loop analysis, but have not succeeded in finding the full solution of the theory in this limit.
Population adaptation for genetic algorithm-based cognitive radios

Genetic algorithms are best suited for optimization problems involving large search spaces. The problem space encountered when optimizing the transmission parameters of an agile or cognitive radio for a given wireless environment and set of performance objectives can become prohibitively large due to the high number of parameters and their many possible values. Recent research has demonstrated that genetic algorithms are a viable implementation technique for cognitive radio engines. However, the time required for the genetic algorithms to come to a solution substantially increases as the system complexity grows. In this paper, we present a population adaptation technique for genetic algorithms that takes advantage of the information from previous cognition cycles in order to reduce the time required to reach an optimal decision. Our simulation results demonstrate that the amount of information from the previous cognition cycle can be determined from the environmental variation factor, which represents the amount of change in the environment parameters since the previous cognition cycle.
Women and Addiction: The Importance of Gender Issues in Substance Abuse Research

Substance use was considered to be primarily a male problem, and many substance abuse studies are conducted with a predominance of male participants. However, recent substance abuse research indicates significant gender differences in the substance-related epidemiology, social factors and characteristics, biological responses, progressions to dependence, medical consequences, co-occurring psychiatric disorders, and barriers to treatment entry, retention, and completion. The epidemiology of women's drug use presents challenges separate from those raised by men's drug use. A convergence of evidence suggests that women with substance use disorders are more likely than men to face multiple barriers affecting access and entry to substance abuse treatment. Gender-specific medical problems as a result of the interplay of gender-specific drug use patterns and sex-related risk behaviors create an environment in which women are more vulnerable than men to human immunodeficiency virus. Individual characteristics and treatment approaches can differentially affect outcomes by gender. All of these differences have important clinical, treatment, and research implications.
Toward the end of time

The null-brane space-time provides a simple model of a big crunch/big bang singularity. A non-perturbative definition of M-theory on this space-time was recently provided using matrix theory. We derive the fermion couplings for this matrix model and study the leading quantum effects. These effects include particle production and a time-dependent potential. Our results suggest that as the null-brane develops a big crunch singularity, the usual notion of space-time is replaced by an interacting gluon phase. This gluon phase appears to constitute the end of our conventional picture of space and time.
The folding mechanics of a knotted protein.

Abstract An increasing number of proteins are being discovered with a remarkable and somewhat surprising feature, a knot in their native structures. How the polypeptide chain is able to “knot” itself during the folding process to form these highly intricate protein topologies is not known. Here we perform a computational study on the 160-amino-acid homodimeric protein YibK, which, like other proteins in the SpoU family of MTases, contains a deep trefoil knot in its C-terminal region. In this study, we use a coarse-grained Cα-chain representation and Langevin dynamics to study folding kinetics. We find that specific, attractive nonnative interactions are critical for knot formation. In the absence of these interactions, i.e., in an energetics driven entirely by native interactions, knot formation is exceedingly unlikely. Further, we find, in concert with recent experimental data on YibK, two parallel folding pathways that we attribute to an early and a late formation of the trefoil knot, respectively. For both pathways, knot formation occurs before dimerization. A bioinformatics analysis of the SpoU family of proteins reveals further that the critical nonnative interactions may originate from evolutionary conserved hydrophobic segments around the knotted region.
Extremal Approximately Convex Functions and the Best Constants in a Theorem of Hyers and Ulam

Abstract Let n ⩾1 and B ⩾2. A real-valued function f defined on the n -simplex Δ n is approximately convex with respect to Δ B −1 if f ∑ i=1 B t i x i ⩽ ∑ i=1 B t i f(x i )+1 for all x 1 ,…, x B ∈ Δ n and all ( t 1 ,…, t B )∈ Δ B −1 . We determine the extremal function of this type which vanishes on the vertices of Δ n . We also prove a stability theorem of Hyers–Ulam type which yields as a special case the best constants in the Hyers–Ulam stability theorem for e -convex functions.
Preparation of various C-2 branched carbohydrates using intramolecular radical reactions.

Abstract A new and efficient method for the facile synthesis of C-2 branched carbohydrates has been developed using an intramolecular radical cyclization–fragmentation reaction. The desired C-2 branched glucopyranosides were isolated in 40–84% yield. Additionally, an unexpected furanoside was obtained from a tributyltin iodide-promoted rearrangement of the radical intermediate. The C-2 formyl glycal was also isolated in good yield using tris(trimethylsilyl)silane (TTMSS) as the reducing agent. This method was extended to synthesize a β C-2 branched glucopyranoside, a C-2 branched galactoside and a C-2 cyano glucopyranoside.
Product Market Competition in Transition Economies: Increasing Varieties and Consumer Loyalty

This paper analyzes product market competition between foreign entrants and former SOEs in transition markets with respect to expansion of product variety and consumer loyalty formation. While the market share motive induces the more efficient foreign entrant to price aggressively, the extent of this behavior depends critically on its relative efficiency vis-a-vis the local incumbent. If the efficiency gap exceeds some threshold value, the entrant exploits increasingly its cost advantages by raising price rather than investing in market share. Our result suggests that immediate restructuring of former SOEs is important to realize fully the competitive benefits of opening local markets.J. Comp. Econom., December 2000, 28(4), pp. 700–715. International Monetary Fund, 700 19th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20431.
Public Service Motivation and Interpersonal Citizenship Behavior in Public Organizations: Testing a Preliminary Model

ABSTRACT A good deal of research has demonstrated how public service motivation (PSM) facilitates desirable organizational attitudes and behaviors such as job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and work effort. Other research has demonstrated that PSM predicts higher levels of social capital and altruistic behavior in society. Between these two strands of PSM research, there is a gap in knowledge about whether PSM matters to citizenship behavior internal to the organization. This article tests the direct and indirect relationship between individual levels of PSM and interpersonal citizenship behavior using a structural equation model. We also account for the effect of organizational environment by incorporating a measure of co-worker support. We find that PSM has a direct and positive effect on interpersonal citizenship behavior in public organizations, even when accounting for the significant role of co-worker support.
Measurement of separator contact forces in ball bearings using a derotation prism

A derotation prism was used to produce a stationary image of balls deflecting a portion of the separator. Ball to cage contact forces in a 110 mm bearing at speeds to 12,000 rpm were found to be 25 N (five lb) maximum. Inner race land contact force was found to vary up to 20 N (four lb).
Mechanical Properties of β‐Si3N4‐Whisker/Si3N4‐Matrix Composites

Composites containing 30 vol% β-Si 3 N 4 whiskers in a Si 3 N 4 matrix were fabricated by hot-pressing. The composites exhibited fracture toughness values between 7.6 and 8.6 MPa•m 1/2 , compared to 4.0 MPa•m 1/2 for unreinforced polycrystalline Si 3 N 4 . The improvements in fracture toughness were attributed to crack wake effects, i.e., whiskerbridging and pullout mechanisms.
Using lazy evaluation to simulate realistic-size repertoires in models of the immune system.

We describe a method of implementing efficient computer simulations of immune systems that have a large number of unique B-and/or T-cell clones. The method uses an implementation technique called lazy evaluation to create the illusion that all clones are being simulated, while only actually simulating a much smaller number of clones that can respond to the antigens in the simulation. The method is effective because only 0.001–0.01% of clones can typically be stimulated by an antigen, and because many simulations involve only a small number of distinct antigens. A lazy simulation of a realistic number of clones and 10 distinct antigens is 1000 times faster and 10 000 times smaller than a conventional simulation—making simulations of immune systems with realistic-size repertoires computationally tractable.
AN EFFICIENT GENERAL SYNTHESIS OF 1-(BENZOTRIAZOL-1-YL)ALKYL ESTERS

1-(Benzotriazol-1-yl)alkyl esters 2a-u were obtained in yields averaging 86% by the direct reaction of various aldehydes with the corresponding N-acylbenzotriazoles in the presence of a catalytic amount of potassium carbonate (10–25 mole %). The procedure was optimized by evaluating the effects of solvent, catalyst, temperature and other parameters.
What floats your boat? Preference revelation from lotteries over complex goods.

Abstract We examine a type of lottery used to distribute some publicly held resource access rights. The lottery provides participants with the opportunity to choose among a set of simple gambles over multi-attribute goods. Participant choices result in an endogenous distribution of success rates over gambles that reflects tradeoffs between the relative desirability of the available goods and the probability of winning. When lottery winnings are multi-attribute goods, lottery outcomes provide sufficient information to estimate hedonic prices, marginal utility, and marginal rates of substitution among attributes. We develop a model for characterizing preferences from this information set. We apply our model to Idaho׳s Four Rivers Whitewater Recreation Lottery, which allows applicants to apply for one permit among a large set of alternative river/day combinations that provide varying river and weather characteristics. This lottery structure shows promise as a foundation for economic experiments for preference revelation.
Rate-optimal and reduced-complexity sequential sensing algorithms for cognitive OFDM radios

Sequential sensing algorithms are developed for OFDM-based hierarchical cognitive radio (CR) systems. Secondary users sense multiple sub-bands simultaneously for possible spectrum availabilities under hard miss-detection constraints to prevent interference to the primary users. Accounting for the fact that the sensing time overhead can often be significant, a performance metric is developed based on the effective achievable data rate. An optimization problem is formulated in the framework of optimal stopping problems to maximize the average effective data rate by determining the best time to stop taking samples for sensing, as well as the best set of channels to use for data transmission. A basis expansion-based sub-optimal algorithm is derived to reduce the prohibitive complexity of the optimal solution.
Hybrid Uranium-Oxalate Fullerene Topology Cage Clusters

Inorganic–organic hybrid cage clusters containing 36 and 60 uranyl peroxide polyhedra and 6 or 30 oxalate groups self-assemble in aqueous solution under ambient conditions. These clusters, which are derivatives of fullerene topologies, were crystallized for structure analysis, and are readily dissolved intact in water.
Bad for Euroland, Worse for Germany — the ECB’s Record

This chapter assesses the contribution of the ECB to Germany’s ongoing economic crisis and reflects on the prospects for the euro’s long-term survival in view of the experiences so far. The analysis begins with a reminder of the important fact that the Maastricht regime of EMU is essentially based on German (or Bundesbank) wisdom and policy traditions. From a German perspective, EMU was only acceptable to begin with if the country’s institutions and traditions were expanded to Europe, thus safeguarding Germany’s cherished ‘stability culture’. The underlying presumption in all this was that, by exporting Germany’s ‘success story’, this model would work even better, both for Europe and for Germany itself. It is argued that this premise was flawed, since it is based on a thorough misperception of why the German model worked in the past — for Germany, that is. Essentially, EMU created a huge economic area that forgoes proper demand management, instead relying on exports as its growth engine.
Infinitary Logics and Very Sparse Random Graphs

Let be the infinitary language obtained from the first-order language of graphs by closure under conjunctions and disjunctions of arbitrary sets of formulas, provided only finitely many distinct variables occur among the formulas. Let p(n) be the edge probability of the random graph on n vertices. It is shown that if p(n) ≪ n−1 satisfies certain simple conditions on its growth rate, then for every , the probability that σ holds for the random graph on n vertices converges. In fact, if p(n) = n−α, α > 1, then the probability is either smaller than for some d > 0, or it is asymptotic to cn−d for some c > 0, d ≥ 0. Results on the difficulty of computing the asymptotic probability are given.
The Effect of Chronic Illness on Participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance and Medicaid Programs

We examine enrollment in the U.S. Medicaid and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Programs (SNAP) and find that while SNAP-eligible adults in poor physical health and with multiple chronic conditions are more likely to jointly enroll in SNAP and Medicaid, they are less likely to enroll in SNAP alone. We also find that the conditional probability of SNAP enrollment given Medicaid participation is higher for individuals with multiple chronic conditions. As a result, the expansion of Medicaid and state policies that promote enrollment coordination between SNAP and Medicaid are expected to increase the number of individuals in SNAP with chronic medical conditions.
On black hole thermodynamics of 2-D type 0A

Wepresentadetailedanalysisofthethermodynamicsoftwodimensionalblack hole solutions to type 0A with q unitsof electric andmagnetic ∞ux. We compute the free energyandderivedquantitiessuchasentropyandmassforanarbitrarynon-extremalblack hole. Thefree energy is non-vanishing, in contrast to the case of dilatonic 2-d black holes withoutelectric andmagnetic ∞uxes. Theentropyoftheextremalblackholesisobtained, and we flnd it to be proportional to q 2 , the square of the RR ∞ux. We compare these thermodynamicsquantities withthose fromcandidate matrix modelduals.
Grain‐Boundary Sliding During Creep of MgO

The magnitude of grain-boundary sliding in 6 specimens of polycrystalline MgO of 2 grain sizes (33 and 52 μm) was measured by interferometry after compressive creep at 1200°C uner stresses from 34.4 to 103.3 MN m-2. Grain-boundary sliding increases in importance with decreasing stress and/or grain size, although the largest strain contributed by sliding under these experimental conditions was only 20% of the total strain.