cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Local modes in a DNA polymer with hydrogen bond defect

Vibrations of a homopolymer DNA with localized hydrogen bond defects have been examined using the recently developed decaying mode theory for long-chain polymers with local structural defects. For a poly(dA)-poly(dT) homopolymer having perturbed hydrogen bonds in one base pair, a localized mode at 63.2 cm-1 has been found. This mode has a very nearly pure H-bond stretch or "breathing" character, although the backbones do not separate. This agrees in frequency with a similar result found by other authors using a different approach. We search the full microwave frequency range for other local modes for several models of weakened H bonds. Besides the local mode with breathing characteristics, local modes with other characteristic motions were found, but only for asymmetrically perturbed bonds. We find in general that local modes are not very robust, requiring quite specific, narrow ranges in parameter space. They are also not abundant, there being only three in our most prolific model.
The application of queueing models to strategies for reducing prison population size

This article examines the use of well known queueing theory models to investigate the effectiveness of strategies for reducing prison population size. These strategies are (1) reduced or zero inmate admissions, (2) immediate release of some inmates, and (3) a reduction of the average time incarcerated. The usefulness of the quantitative models presented lies in their being able todetermine for any one of the strategies the likelihood of obtaining a prescribed reduction in prison population size within a preselected time interval. Parameter values can be changed in the model, allowing examination of a wide range of possibilities.
Retrovirus receptor PiT-1 of the Felis catus

We isolated a cDNA encoding a feline homolog of human PiT-1, a sodium-dependent phosphate symporter which is utilized by gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV) as a receptor for entry into host cells. The overall homology between the human and feline receptors is 92 and 93% at the nucleotide and deduced amino acid levels, respectively. Hydropathy analyses implied ten potential membrane spanning regions and, in analogy to human and murine homologs, five extracellular and four intracellular loops. Strikingly, the amino acid sequence of the fourth extracellular loop, which is critical for GALV surface glycoprotein binding, has complete identity between the human and feline PiT-1s, while the mouse PiT-1, non-functional for GALV entry, is quite divergent. Ectopic expression of the feline PiT-1 in guinea pig cells, which are non-permissive to feline leukemia virus (FeLV), subgroup B virus, conferred susceptibility to FeLV-B infection confirming the functional ability of the cloned product to serve as a receptor for a natural retrovirus of the homologous species.
Optimizing Photodetectors for Digital Communication in Radiation Environments

A number of military applications require the operation of optoelectronic data links in ionizing environments. In a previous study, an analysis of the analog signal response of Si and other photodiode materials to light and to ionizing radiation for single-pass, two-pass, and multipass optical detectors was presented. The purpose of this paper is to extend the analysis to treat the digital signal response of single-pass and multipass Si and other PIN photodiode structures. The input optical power P0 required to give a signal-to-noise ratio of one is determined as a function of junction depletion width and ionizing dose rate. These calculations show that optimized photodiode structures require moderately low values of P0 to give a signal-to-noise ratio of one. For example, at dose rates of 106 rads/sec and a bandwidth of 7.5 MHz, values for P0 of 4.7 × 10-7 to 1.8 × 10-6 W are expected for realistic optimized photodiodes. In addition, the use of high optical absorption coefficient materials or multipass detector designs show two important improvements over single-pass Si photodiodes. First, the radiation-induced current is reduced, decreasing the possibility of saturating the following amplifier stage and, thus, relaxing constraints on amplifier design. Second, the dynamic response to ionizing radiation is significantly less. Responding to a change from zero to 107 rads/sec, the required input optical signal P0 increases only one to five times compared to single-pass Si photodiodes which require P0 increases of 10 to 100 times. Experiments are in progress to support the theoretical modelling.
Is repair of aortic valve regurgitation a safe alternative to valve replacement

Abstract Objective To assess outcome of valve repair in patients with aortic valve regurgitation with emphasis on incidence and risk of reoperation. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 160 consecutive patients (127 men) who underwent aortic valve repair between 1986 and 2001. Ages ranged from 14 to 84 years (mean 55 ± 17 years). Patients were categorized according to the main etiology of valve disease; 63 patients (39%) had annular dilation leading to central leakage, 54 (34%) had bicuspid valve, 34 (21%) with tricuspid valve had cusp prolapse, and 9 (6%) had cusp perforation. Repair methods included commissural plication (n = 154, 96%), partial cusp resection with plication (n = 47, 29%), resuspension or cusp shortening (n = 44, 28%), and closure of cusp perforation (n = 10, 6%). Results There was 1 early death (0.6%). Two patients required re-repair of the aortic valve during initial hospitalization. During a mean follow-up of 4.2 years, there were 16 late deaths. Overall, 16 of 159 hospital survivors had late reoperation on the aortic valve (mean interval 2.8 years) without early mortality. Risks of reoperation on the aortic valve were 9%, 11%, and 15% at 3, 5, and 7 years, respectively. Conclusions Aortic valve repair can be performed with low risk and excellent freedom from valve-related morbidity and mortality. Late recurrence of aortic valve regurgitation led to reoperation in 8.8% of patients, but mortality associated with subsequent procedures is low. Aortic valve repair appears to be a good option for selected patients, particularly young patients who wish to avoid chronic anticoagulation with warfarin.
The Drosophila BTB domain protein Jim Lovell has roles in multiple larval and adult behaviors.

Innate behaviors have their origins in the specification of neural fates during development. Within Drosophila, BTB (Bric-a-brac,Tramtrack, Broad) domain proteins such as Fruitless are known to play key roles in the neural differentiation underlying such responses. We previously identified a gene, which we have termed jim lovell (lov), encoding a BTB protein with a role in gravity responses. To understand more fully the behavioral roles of this gene we have investigated its function through several approaches. Transcript and protein expression patterns have been examined and behavioral phenotypes of new lov mutations have been characterized. Lov is a nuclear protein, suggesting a role as a transcriptional regulator, as for other BTB proteins. In late embryogenesis, Lov is expressed in many CNS and PNS neurons. An examination of the PNS expression indicates that lov functions in the late specification of several classes of sensory neurons. In particular, only two of the five abdominal lateral chordotonal neurons express Lov, predicting functional variation within this highly similar group. Surprisingly, Lov is also expressed very early in embryogenesis in ways that suggests roles in morphogenetic movements, amnioserosa function and head neurogenesis. The phenotypes of two new lov mutations that delete adjacent non-coding DNA regions are strikingly different suggesting removal of different regulatory elements. In lov47, Lov expression is lost in many embryonic neurons including the two lateral chordotonal neurons. lov47 mutant larvae show feeding and locomotor defects including spontaneous backward movement. Adult lov47 males perform aberrant courtship behavior distinguished by courtship displays that are not directed at the female. lov47 adults also show more defective negative gravitaxis than the previously isolated lov91Y mutant. In contrast, lov66 produces largely normal behavior but severe female sterility associated with ectopic lov expression in the ovary. We propose a negative regulatory role for the DNA deleted in lov66.
Optimization of spanning tree adders

This paper compares several designs of spanning tree adders for 16 and 32 bit widths. The carry select part of the spanning tree is done using ripple carry and carry skip adders (4, 8 and 16 bits) and compared in terms of delay, complexity and power consumption. The spanning tree design is also compared with that of a conventional carry lookahead adder. All the designs are done using only 2 input NAND and NOR gates and inverters in 0.18 μm CMOS technology. The delay and power consumption is determined by use of simulations performed with Synopsys and Cadence design tools. The spanning tree adder realized with carry skip adders is about 40% faster than the carry lookahead adder with an approximate increase of 17% in complexity and 22% in power.
Denitrification and N2O production in near-shore marine sediments

Abstract Methods were developed for determining rates of denitrification in coastal marine sediments by measuring the production of N2 from undisturbed cores incubated in gas-tight chambers. Denitrification rates at summer temperatures (23°C) in sediment cores from Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, were about 50μmol N2m−2 hr−1. This nitrogen flux is equal to approximately one-half of the NH+4flux from the sediments at this temperature and is of the magnitude necessary to account for the anomalously low N/P and anomalously high O/N ratios often reported for benthic nutrient fluxes. The loss of fixed nitrogen as N2 during the benthic remineralization of organic matter, coupled with the importance of benthic remineralization processes in shallow coastal waters may help to explain why the availability of fixed nitrogen is a major factor limiting primary production in these areas. Narragansett Bay sediments are also a source of N2O, but the amount of nitrogen involved was only about 0.2 μmol m−2 hr−1 at 23°C.
Recent Advances in Alcoholic Liver Disease IV. Dysregulated cytokine metabolism in alcoholic liver disease

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) remains a leading cause of death from liver disease in the United States for which there is no FDA-approved therapy. Abnormal cytokine metabolism is a major feature of ALD. Elevated serum concentration levels of TNF-α and TNF-α-inducible cytokines/chemokines, such as IL-6, -8, and -18, have been reported in patients with alcoholic hepatitis and/or cirrhosis, and levels correlated with markers of the acute phase response, liver function, and clinical outcome. Studies in animal models support an etiologic role for cytokines in the liver injury of ALD. Cytokines, such as transforming growth factor-β, play a critical role in the fibrosis of ALD. Multiple new strategies are under investigation to modulate cytokine metabolism as a form of therapy for ALD.
Expectations and the nonneutrality of Lucas

Abstract This paper was written to kick off the conference celebrating the anniversary of Lucas's ‘Expectations and the Neutrality of Money’. It recalls the state of macroeconomics in the late 1960's, cites some technical and substantive precursors of Lucas's idea, and explores the legacies of the equilibrium concept, monetarism, fiscalism, and standards proposed in Lucas's paper.
Plasma Oxygen Permeability May be a Factor in Atherosclerosis

Plasma oxygen permeability measures how easily oxygen dissolves in and diffuses through blood plasma. There has long been evidence that artery wall hypoxia plays a role in atherogenesis. This paper reviews the influence that plasma oxygen permeability has on artery wall oxygenation and presents experimental evidence for a relationship between plasma oxygen permeability and clinically significant obstructive coronary artery disease. Thirty-eight inpatients referred for diagnostic cardiac catheterization were scored for active coronary artery disease, and their plasma oxygen permeabilities were measured. There was a statistically significant (p = 0.04) correlation between active coronary artery disease and plasma oxygen permeability. There were also statistically significant differences in mean plasma oxygen permeability both between patients who did and did not have actively progressing coronary artery disease (p = 0.01) and between patients who did and did not have clinically significant obstructive coronary artery disease, whether it was actively progressing or not (p = 0.02). These findings suggest that a decline in plasma oxygen permeability may be one of the many factors associated with progression of atherosclerosis and that substances which increase oxygen permeability might offer a useful adjunct to current therapeutic measures.
Isolation and identification of mosquito bite deterrent terpenoids from leaves of American (Callicarpa americana) and Japanese (Callicarpa japonica) beautyberry.

Essential oil extracts from Callicarpa americana and Callicarpa japonica were investigated. Bioassay-guided fractionation of C. americana extracts using the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, led to the isolation of α-humulene, humulene epoxide II, and intermedeol and a newly isolated terpenoid (callicarpenal). Similar work involving C. japonica resulted in the isolation of an additional compound, spathulenol, as well as the four compounds isolated from C. americana. Structure elucidation was performed on all isolated compounds using a combination of gas chromatography−mass spectrometry−electron ionization, high-resolution liquid chromatography−MS−electrospray ionization, and one- and two-dimensional NMR experiments. Heretofore, 13,14,15,16-tetranorclerodane, callicarpenal, has never been identified from natural sources. Complete 1H and 13C NMR assignment data are provided for this compound. In bite deterrent studies, spathulenol, intermedeol, and callicarpenal showed significant repellent activity aga...
Origin of emitting species in the plasma deposition of a‐Si:H alloys

The power dependence of the emission intensities for the species Si, SiH, H, H2, and added N2 in the rf glow discharge decomposition of silane (SiH4) was studied. It was found that H and the emitting excited states of Si and SiH are primary products of the silane decomposition.
Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Processing Parameters on the Flow Behavior and Break-through Phenomenon in Co-Injection Molding

Abstract In this work, a three-dimensional finite element flow analysis code is used to study the flow behavior during sequential co-injection molding. Non-Newtonian, non-isothermal flow solutions are obtained by solving the momentum, continuity and energy equations. Two additional transport equations are solved for tracking polymer/air and skin/core polymers interfaces. Solutions are presented for the filling of a spiral-flow mould for which experimental measurements are available. The numerical approach is shown to predict the core advance stage during which the core flow front catches up on the skin flow front and the core expansion phase when the flow fronts of core and skin materials advance together without breakthrough. The breakthrough phenomenon is also predicted and the numerical solution is in good agreement with the experiment. Those phenomena are hard to predict numerically and to our knowledge this is the first attempt at simulating the three-dimensional melt behavior during core expansion a...
Pulmonary and Cardiac Function in Sickle Cell Lung Disease: Preliminary Report

(1) Pulmonary thrombosis in sickle subjects appears to be a consequence of mechanical obstruction of small pulmonary vessels by sickled cells. Such cells may gain entrance into the pulmonary vascular bed in high concentration because of abnormally low oxygen concentrations in the venous blood. This desaturation is the end-result of several independent factors. Fever and an acid pH of venous blood also may potentiate sickling. Vessels in hypoventilated areas of the lung may constrict under the influence of abnormal alveolar oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions, rendering them especially susceptible to thrombotic occlusion by the sickled cells. (2) If thrombotic events involve a large area of the pulmonary vascular bed, cardiopulmonary abnormalities may develop. These include fixation of pulmonary vascular resistance, pulmonary hypertension, increased right ventricular work and diffusion insufficiency for oxygen. The high cardiac output imposed by anemia in these patients tends to exaggerate these abnormalities. However, the extent of vascular loss may become apparent only when the pulmonary blood flow is raised, as by exercise. (3) The variability in extent of pulmonary thrombotic involvement among patients with S-S hemoglobin remains unexplained, though a number of possibilities exist. (4) Effective prophylaxis and therapy in these patients awaits the discovery of satisfactory methods for preventing or reversing the sickling phenomenon in vivo.
FANCL, as in ligase

Biochemical purification has identified a new component of the Fanconi anemia complex. The protein has ubiquitin ligase activity and may be the long-sought enzyme responsible for monoubiquitination of FANCD2.
Regression Modeling of Particle Size Distributions in Urban Storm Water: Advancements through Improved Sample Collection Methods

AbstractA new sample collection system was developed to improve the representation of sediment entrained in urban storm water by integrating water quality samples from the entire water column. The depth-integrated sampler arm (DISA) was able to mitigate sediment stratification bias in storm water, thereby improving the characterization of suspended-sediment concentration and particle size distribution at three independent study locations. Use of the DISA decreased variability, which improved statistical regression to predict particle size distribution using surrogate environmental parameters, such as precipitation depth and intensity. The performance of this statistical modeling technique was compared to results using traditional fixed-point sampling methods and was found to perform better. When environmental parameters can be used to predict particle size distributions, environmental managers have more options when characterizing concentrations, loads, and particle size distributions in urban runoff.
Identification of the major human hepatic and placental enzymes responsible for the biotransformation of glyburide

One of the factors affecting the pharmacokinetics (PK) of a drug during pregnancy is the activity of hepatic and placental metabolizing enzymes. Recently, we reported on the biotransformation of glyburide by human hepatic and placental microsomes to six metabolites that are structurally identical between the two tissues. Two of the metabolites, 4-trans-(M1) and 3-cis-hydroxycyclohexyl glyburide (M2b), were previously identified in plasma and urine of patients treated with glyburide and are pharmacologically active. The aim of this investigation was to identify the major human hepatic and placental CYP450 isozymes responsible for the formation of each metabolite of glyburide. This was achieved by the use of chemical inhibitors selective for individual CYP isozymes and antibodies raised against them. The identification was confirmed by the kinetic constants for the biotransformation of glyburide by cDNA-expressed enzymes. The data revealed that the major hepatic isozymes responsible for the formation of each metabolite are as follows: CYP3A4 (ethylene-hydroxylated glyburide (M5), 3-trans-(M3) and 2-trans-(M4) cyclohexyl glyburide); CYP2C9 (M1, M2a (4-cis-) and M2b); CYP2C8 (M1 and M2b); and CYP2C19 (M2a). Human placental microsomal CYP19/aromatase was the major isozyme responsible for the biotransformation of glyburide to predominantly M5. The formation of significant amounts of M5 by CYP19 in the placenta could render this metabolite more accessible to the fetal circulation. The multiplicity of enzymes biotransforming glyburide and the metabolites formed underscores the potential for its drug interactions in vivo.
Layered Boron Carbide-Aluminum Composites with Large Changes in Microstructure

Melt infiltration of preforms prepared by sequential centrifugal casting and by tape casting and lamination has been accomplished using a short-time infiltration process that significantly suppresses reaction product formation. For layered materials produced via infiltration of laminated ceramic tapes, of particular interest is the effect that a large change in microstructure has on infiltration, phase formation and mechanical properties.
Dynamics of Rydberg wave packets generated by half-cycle pulses.

Wave packets comprising a superposition of very-high-lying Rydberg states have been created using a half-cycle pulse (HCP). The properties of the wave packet are probed using a second HCP that is applied following a variable time delay. The second pulse ionizes a fraction of the atoms and the survival probability exhibits pronounced oscillations that are associated with the quasiperiodic evolution of the wave packet. Good agreement is found between the experimental data and the results of a classical trajectory Monte Carlo simulation demonstrating that, for the times investigated, classical-quantum correspondence holds and quantum corrections are negligible. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Downward Mobility of Women from White‐Collar Employment: Determinants and Timing by Race

This study uses data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to assess the minority vulnerability thesis, which maintains there are racial differences among women in the determinants of, and timing to, downward mobility from white-collar employment. In accord with the theory, a racialized continuum emerges along both issues. The route to downward mobility for African Americans is relatively broad based and unstructured by traditional stratification-based causal factors, that is, human capital, background socioeconomic status, and job/ labor-market characteristics, and they are quickest to experience downward movement. The route to downward mobility for whites is relatively narrow and structured by stratification-based causal actors, and they are the slowest to experience downward movement. Along both issues, Latinas occupy an intermediate position between African Americans and whites. Implications of the findings for understanding of racial inequality in white-collar employment are discussed.
Sjögren's syndrome: a possible pathogenetic mechanism involving somatostatin.

Sjogren's syndrome is a chronic systemic disease that primarily affects the salivary and lacrimal glands. The pathogenesis of Sjogren's syndrome is unknown. We hypothesize that reduced somatostatin activity is an important factor in promoting immune dysregulation in patients affected by Sjogren's syndrome. Somatostatin is a multifunctional peptide with potent immunomodulatory properties. Its effects include reduced lymphocytic activity, reduced gastric and intestinal secretions, activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, and anti-inflammatory action, all opposite to the general presentation in Sjogren's syndrome. We suggest that the activity of somatostatin is low in patients affected by this disease, and this contributes significantly to the pathology observed.
Intrauterine stress and male cohort quality: The case of September 11, 2001

Empirical research and the theory of natural selection assert that male mortality more than female mortality responds to ambient stressors in utero. Although population stressors may adversely damage males that survive to birth, the rival culled cohort hypothesis contends that males born during stressful times may exhibit better health than males in other cohorts because fetal loss has "culled" the frailest males. We tested these hypotheses by examining child developmental outcomes in a U.S. birth cohort reportedly affected in utero by the September 11, 2001 attacks. We used as outcomes the Bayley cognitive score and child height-for-age from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort. Previous research demonstrates a male-specific effect of 9/11 on California infants born in December 2001. We, therefore, compared cognition and height of this cohort with males born prior to the 9/11 attacks. We controlled for unobserved confounding across gender, season, and region by using triple-difference regression models (N = 6950). At 24 months, California males born in December scored greater than expected in cognitive ability (coef = 9.55, standard error = 3.37; p = 0.004). We observed no relation with height. Results remained robust to alternative specifications. Findings offer partial support for the culled cohort hypothesis in that we observed greater than expected cognitive scores at two years of age among a cohort of males affected by 9/11 in utero. Contemporary population stressors may induce male-specific culling, thereby resulting in relatively improved development among males that survive to birth.
Root zone temperature, plant growth and yield of broccoli [Brassica oleracea (Plenck) var. italica] as affected by plastic film mulches

Abstract Plastic film mulches are often associated with increases in plant growth and yield of vegetable crops. Few studies, however, report on the effect of plastic film mulches on root zone temperature on broccoli. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of colored plastic mulches on root zone temperature and broccoli plant growth and yield Broccoli (‘Packman’) plants were grown using plastic film mulch and drip irrigation. The treatments consisted of plastic film mulch (black, blue, gray on black, red, silver on black, and white on black mulches) and bare soil. Colored plastic film mulches affected root zone temperature and the accumulation of soil degree-days. Mean daily RZT, maximal daily RZT and degree day accumulation in the soil were highest in dark-colored mulches (blue, black, red, and gray) and lowest in light-colored mulches (silver and white), while minimal daily RZT was highest in silver mulch and lowest in white mulch. Silver mulch showed the smallest diurnal fluctuations in RZT among plastic mulches, with the highest RZT during the night and among the lowest in the afternoon. Colored plastic mulches also affected broccoli plant growth and yield, although the effect of mulches was more dramatic in the spring than in the fall seasons. Broccoli yield was linearly related to both the vegetative top dry weight and root dry weight of mature plants. Broccoli yield was little affected at mean RZT of
Point representation versus solid representation of limb mass and its effect on the moment at a joint

Biomechanical models which assess spinal stresses require estimation of moments at various body articulations. One such moment is the moment due to a body segment mass at the segment's proximal joint. Traditionally, this moment is calculated by multiplying the body segment mass, assumed to be concentrated at the body segment's center of mass (point representation), by the distance of the center of mass from the proximal joint. This technical note describes a study undertaken to test the hypothesis that volumetric representation of a body segment's mass, which more accurately represents the distribution of the body segment's mass, would lead to a different moment at the proximal joint than the moment provided by the point representation of the body segment's mass. The hypothesis was tested on the forearm and moment at the elbow joint was calculated by both the point representation as well as the volumetric representation. No significant difference was found between the two values, thus indicating that traditional simplification to calculate such moments (point representation) is reasonable.
Role of ATP in Influenza Virus Budding

Influenza viruses bud from the plasma membrane of virus-infected cells. Although budding is a critical step in virus replication, little is known about the requirements of the budding process. In this report, we have investigated the role of ATP in influenza virus budding by treating influenza virus infected Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells with a number of metabolic inhibitors. When WSN virus-infected MDCK cells were exposed to antimycin A, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxy-phenylhydrazone, or oligomycin for a short time (15 min or 1 h) late in the infectious cycle, the rate of virus budding decreased. This inhibitory effect was reversible upon removal of the inhibitors. The role of ATP hydrolysis was analyzed by treating lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC)-permeabilized live filter-grown virus-infected MDCK cells with nonpermeable ATP analogues from the basal side and assaying virus budding from the apical side. In LPC-permeabilized cells, membrane-impermeable ATP analogues such as adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) or 5'-adenylylimidodiphosphate caused reduction of virus budding which could be partially restored by adding excess ATP. These data demonstrated that ATP hydrolysis and not just ATP binding was required for virus budding. However, inhibitors of ion channel (ATPases) and protein ubiquitinylation, which also required the ATP as energy source, did not affect influenza virus budding, suggesting that neither ion channel nor protein ubiquitinylation activity was involved in influenza virus budding. On the other hand, treatment with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), which decreases membrane viscosity, reduced the rate of virus budding, demonstrating that the physical state of membrane viscosity and membrane fluidity had an important effect on virus budding. Data presented in the report indicate that influenza virus budding is an active ATP-dependent process and suggest that reduced virus budding by ATP depletion and DMSO treatment may be partly due to decreased membrane viscosity.
Tests of continuum distorted waves

Abstract Continuum distorted waves have proved useful for the computation of one-electron ion-atom collision processes. Despite this success, approximations based on these functions have not proved reliable for ionization processes involving electron collisions. Recently, it has been noted that if initial states that have the same form as the CDW final state are used in a balanced approach, improved agreement with experiment for ( e , 3 e ) processes is found. We have investigated the high energy limit of other double ionization processes, namely ( γ , γ ′ 2 e ) and ( γ , 2 e ) , and find that such agreement does not extend to the high energy limit. When the CDW initial state is improved, the high energy limit improves but agreement with experiment degrades at intermediate energies. The balanced approach, found useful for electron processes, does not work for Compton processes at high energy, while an unbalanced approximation works for photon processes at high energy, but not for ( e , 3 e ) at intermediate energies.
Job Access, Employment and Earnings: Outcomes for Welfare Leavers in a US Urban Labour Market

This article examines the effect of job access on employment outcomes for welfare recipients in Cleveland, Ohio, leaving assistance during 1998—2000. A rich longitudinal dataset is employed, combining administrative and survey data with multiple measures of access to and competition for jobs. The focus is on both a population and a range of measures of employment outcomes not previously studied in this context. Empirical ambiguity in the existing literature has resulted from the difficulty of modelling causality when employment and residential location are jointly determined. In this study, labour market outcomes are related to the residential locations of welfare leavers prior to employment, thus overcoming much potential endogeneity. Virtually no evidence is found that job access influences labour market outcomes for this population.
Landscape Ecology: Whence Came this Creature?

Wiens, John A., Michael R. Moss, Monica G. Turner, and David J. Mladenoff. 2007. Foundation papers in landscape ecology. Columbia University Press, New York. xi + 582 p. $95.00 (cloth), ISBN: 0-231-12680-8 (alk. paper); $45.00 (paper), ISBN: 0-231-12681-6 (alk. paper).
The Social Reality of Depression: DTC Advertising of Antidepressants and Perceptions of the Prevalence and Lifetime Risk of Depression

This study is rooted in the research traditions of cultivation theory, construct accessibility, and availability heuristic. Based on a survey with 221 subjects, this study finds that familiarity with direct-to-consumer (DTC) print advertisements for antidepressant brands is associated with inflated perceptions of the prevalence and lifetime risk of depression. The study concludes that DTC advertising potentially has significant effects on perceptions of depression prevalence and risk. Interpersonal experiences with depression coupled with DTC advertising appear to significantly predict individuals’ perceived lifetime risk of depression. The study ultimately demonstrates that DTC advertising may play a role in constructing social reality of diseases and medicine. The findings strongly suggest that the social cognitive effects of DTC advertising are far-reaching, impacting pharmaceutical marketing strategy as well as presenting issues regarding public health and the business ethics of advertising drugs to consumers.
Yellow nail syndrome: Report of five cases

Five patients with the yellow nail syndrome triad are described; all five had yellow nails, primary lymphedema, and respiratory tract involvement. Four of the patients noted the onset of the syndrome after an episode of pneumonia. Four patients had a chronic productive cough, two had bronchiectasis, two had chronic sinusitis, and one had chronic pleural effusion. Two of the five had spontaneous improvement of their yellow nails.
Time-resolved synchrotron diffraction and theoretical studies of very short-lived photo-induced molecular species

Definitive experimental results on the geometry of fleeting species are at the time of writing still limited to monochromatic data collection, but methods for modifications of the polychromatic Laue data to increase their accuracy and their suitability for pump–probe experiments have been implemented and are reviewed. In the monochromatic experiments summarized, excited-state conversion percentages are small when neat crystals are used, but are higher when photoactive species are embedded in an inert framework in supramolecular crystals. With polychromatic techniques and increasing source brightness, smaller samples down to tenths of a micrometre or less can be used, increasing homogeneity of exposure and the fractional population of the excited species. Experiments described include a series of transition metal complexes and a fully organic example involving excimer formation. In the final section, experimental findings are compared with those from theoretical calculations on the isolated species. Qualitative agreement is generally obtained, but the theoretical results are strongly dependent on the details of the calculation, indicating the need for further systematic analysis.
Oscillatory Tunnel Splittings in Spin Systems: A Discrete Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin Approach

Certain spin Hamiltonians that give rise to tunnel splittings that are viewed in terms of interfering instanton trajectories are restudied using a discrete WKB method, that is more elementary, and also yields wave functions and preexponential factors for the splittings. A novel turning point inside the classically forbidden region is analyzed, and a general formula is obtained for the splittings. The result is applied to the ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{8}$ system. A previous result for the oscillation of the ground state splitting with external magnetic field is extended to higher levels.
OPTIMAL POWER MANAGEMENT FOR A HYDRAULIC HYBRID DELIVERY TRUCK

Hydraulic hybrid propulsion and energy storage components demonstrate characteristics that are very different from their electric counterparts, thus requiring unique control strategies. This paper presents a methodology for developing a power management strategy tailored specifically to a parallel Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicle (HHV) configured for a medium-size delivery truck. The Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicle is modelled in the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment to facilitate system integration and control studies. A Dynamic Programming (DP) algorithm is used to obtain optimal control actions for gear shifting and power splitting between the engine and the hydraulic motor over a representative urban driving schedule. Features of optimal control signal trajectories are then studied to derive implementable rules. System behaviour demonstrates that the new control strategy takes advantage of high power density and efficiency characteristics of hydraulic components, and minimizes disadvantages of low energy density, to achieve enhanced overall efficiency. Simulation results indicate that the potential for fuel economy improvement of delivery trucks with hydraulic hybrid propulsion can be as high as 47%. (A)
Scholarship in Administration: Connecting With the University Culture

This phenomenological hermeneutic study explored the meaning found in the lived experience of producing scholarship for five higher education administrators from within the major areas of administration in higher education—academic affairs, business affairs, and student affairs—from a single research university. In the historical and recent scholarship about the three fields of higher education, one issue that has not been addressed is the meaning found in producing scholarship as an administrator. Thus, the challenges and rewards of producing scholarship as a practicing administrator, creating the first step toward a possible new era in the practice of scholarship on college campuses, were explored. Individual semistructured interviews were the primary source of data, and the authors used a three-step data analysis process to develop both an understanding of what producing scholarship means for each participant and an interpretation of the meaning of producing scholarship as a higher education administrator. Across all the lived experiences of the various scholarly endeavors, each administrator was more connected to education and contributed more to the educational environment by participating in scholarly activities. The administrators were found to be more connected to the people within the university, to their own field of practice, and to the university itself.
Detecting the Transient ENDOR Response

Abstract Free radicals at low temperature are sometimes difficult to study by electron-nuclear double-resonance spectroscopy with the commonly available detection schemes. In some cases, slow nuclear spin relaxation limits the steady-state ENDOR response. A detection scheme optimized for transient signals is described that circumvents this limitation on signal amplitude. The apparatus employs pulsed radiofrequency fields with advance of the radiofrequency between pulses. Some spectra of semiquinone and tyrosine radicals are presented to illustrate the utility of the technique.
Water adsorption and reactions on small sodium chloride clusters

Energetics, structures, and reactions of water with small sodium chloride clusters, Na4Cln, 2 ≤ n ≤ 4, and of OH-doped nonstoichiometric, Na4Cl3(OH), Na4Cl2(OH), and Na4Cl2(OH)2, clusters, are investigated employing electronic structure calculations using the local spin-density functional method with exchange-correlation gradient corrections in conjunction with norm-conserving nonlocal pseudopotentials, structural optimizations, and Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations. In OH-doped clusters an OH- is formed, substituting for the missing halide anion, and the hydroxyl anion is oriented approximately along the body diagonal of the cuboid structure of the cluster. Energetically and structurally, clusters in the sequence Na4Cl4-m(OH)l with m = 1, 2 and l ≤ l ≤ m, are similar to the corresponding undoped clusters, Na4Cl4-m+l. On the stoichiometric cuboid Na4Cl4 cluster, a water molecule adsorbs with the molecular plane tilted by ∼13° toward the chlorine anions with respect to the “(100) facet” of th...
Role of Fat Body Lipogenesis in Protection against the Effects of Caloric Overload in Drosophila

The Drosophila fat body is a liver- and adipose-like tissue that stores fat and serves as a detoxifying and immune responsive organ. We have previously shown that a high sugar diet leads to elevated hemolymph glucose and systemic insulin resistance in developing larvae and adults. Here, we used stable isotope tracer feeding to demonstrate that rearing larvae on high sugar diets impaired the synthesis of esterified fatty acids from dietary glucose. Fat body lipid profiling revealed changes in both carbon chain length and degree of unsaturation of fatty acid substituents, particularly in stored triglycerides. We tested the role of the fat body in larval tolerance of caloric excess. Our experiments demonstrated that lipogenesis was necessary for animals to tolerate high sugar feeding as tissue-specific loss of orthologs of carbohydrate response element-binding protein or stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 resulted in lethality on high sugar diets. By contrast, increasing the fat content of the fat body by knockdown of king-tubby was associated with reduced hyperglycemia and improved growth and tolerance of high sugar diets. Our work supports a critical role for the fat body and the Drosophila carbohydrate response element-binding protein ortholog in metabolic homeostasis in Drosophila.
Etomidate for procedural sedation in emergency medicine

Abstract Study Objective: We describe and analyze the effectiveness and safety of etomidate for procedural sedation and evaluate the patient's perspective on effectiveness, side effects, and satisfaction. Methods: We conducted an observational retrospective study of all patients who received etomidate for procedural sedation over 2 years in 3 affiliated suburban emergency departments of a large group-model health maintenance organization. Data were abstracted from the ED records. Additionally, a patient questionnaire was prospectively administered by telephone. Results: Etomidate was used for sedation in 134 patients between 6 and 93 years of age during 150 procedures. The mean cumulative dose was 0.20 mg/kg. Adjunctive medication was used in 36 (23%) procedures. Moderate sedation with verbal arousability was induced in 48 (32%) patients, and deep sedation with verbal unresponsiveness was induced in 102 (68%) patients. Full recovery to the preprocedural level of alertness was achieved within 30 minutes in 142 (95%) of procedures. Mean changes in systolic blood pressure, pulse rate, and oxygen saturation were clinically insignificant. There were 7 (4.7%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.9% to 9.4%) adverse events, including 5 (3.3%; 95% CI 1.1% to 7.6%) cases of oxygen desaturation below 94% in older patients (>55 years of age) who received slightly higher mean doses of etomidate (0.23 mg/kg). Four of these patients received brief assisted bag-valve-mask ventilation and recovered uneventfully; none required endotracheal intubation. The questionnaire was completed by 120 (90%) of 134 patients and involved 136 procedures. During 127 (93%) of these, etomidate was believed to be extremely effective in causing sleep, and for 127 (93%) it induced complete procedural amnesia. Only 5 (4%) patients experienced nausea or vomiting. Regarding willingness to receive etomidate for their next procedure, the patients' responses were favorable: extremely, 95%; moderately, 2%; slightly, 3%; and not at all, 1%. Conclusion: Etomidate is a useful agent for carefully conducted procedural sedation because it provides effective, brief, deep sedation with little hemodynamic compromise. Its safety may be jeopardized by the occurrence of respiratory depression in older patients receiving higher doses. Patients report a high degree of satisfaction with etomidate. [Vinson DR, Bradbury DR. Etomidate for procedural sedation in emergency medicine. Ann Emerg Med. June 2002;39:592-598.]
Public integrity, private hypocrisy, and the moral licensing effect

Researchers indicate that there are moral regulatory patterns in human behavior, such that individuals feel licensed to act unethically after establishing moral credentials and feel a need to compensate morally after committing transgressions. In the present study we examined how public or private context influences subsequent licensing and compensatory behavior. An online survey was administered to 99 undergraduates who were asked to recall moral credentials or deficits and then evaluate vignettes depicting public or private transgressions. Consistent with past research, credentialed participants were significantly more likely to behave unethically than were participants with moral deficits. However, this licensing effect occurred only for private transgressions and was absent when behavior was public. Our findings suggest that prior establishment of credentials and private context are both prerequisites to the moral licensing effect.
Synthesis of Novel Imidazole-4,5-Dicarboxamide Derivatives

Abstract Imidazolecarboxamide derivatives have been known to exhibit biological activity, especially antiparasitic activity.1 To date imidazole-4(5)-monocarboxamide derivatives and symmetrical imidazole-4,5-dicarboxamide derivatives have been investigated.1 However, unsymmetrical imidazole-4,5-dicarboxamide derivatives, having different carboxamide groups, have not been investigated. Therefore, the author was prompted to devise a synthetic method for unsymmetrical diamide derivatives.
Bridging of Spatial and Temporal Characterization in Superlattices and Periodic Thin-Film Structures Via the C- and F-Processes Heat Conduction Model

A relatively simple yet eective unified theory of heat conduction emanating from the physics of the Boltzmann Transport Equation (BTE) that bridges both spatial and temporal scales, namely, the socalled C- and F-Processes heat conduction model is used to analyze the heat transport phenomenon in thin film structures comprised of multi layers. The C- and F-processes model clearly demonstrates and characterizes the bridging of spatial and temporal scales in multilayer periodic thin film structures and superlattices for predicting the thermal conductivity, and describes how the interface conditions aect the thermal conductivity property. Numerical illustrations and validations are also demonstrated.
Waveform design for radar-embedded communications

This paper considers the embedding of a covert communication signal amongst radar backscatter by means of a tag/transponder that lies within the illuminated area of the radar. Past approaches have operated on an inter-pulse basis whereby a communication symbol/identifier is relayed to an intended receiver by imparting a Doppler-like phase-shift to each of a successive series of incident radar pulses. In contrast, the approach proposed in this paper operates on an intra-pulse basis whereby the incident radar waveform at the tag/transponder is "re-modulated" into one of a set of different waveforms each representing a different communication symbol. The particular design issues for these re-modulated waveforms are discussed and three general design methods are proposed. The effectiveness of the different methods is assessed in terms of the probability of communication error as a function of the respective powers of the embedded communication signal, the masking radar backscatter, and noise. The relative "covertness" of the resulting waveforms is also discussed.
Religion, Culture, and the Cold War: Bishop Fulton J. Sheen and America's Anti‐Communist Crusade of the 1950s

Cold War crusader Bishop Fulton J. Sheen used television to attract millions of viewers to his battle against communism. His prime‐time show enjoyed unprecedented popularity for all shows on the ne...