cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pentylenetetrazol Seizure Threshold in Meprobamate- and Phenaglycodol-Treated Mice*

The pentylenetetrazol infusion technique was tested for usefulness in the detection of tolerance and withdrawal hyperexcitability induced in mice by the chronic administration of meprobamate (Miltown, Equanil) and phenaglycodol (Ultran). The data obtained by this graded response procedure are remarkably similar to those previously obtained by a quantal electroshock method and suggest that the chemoshock technique may prove useful as a routine procedure for screening certain drugs for physical dependence liability.
ARR6, a response regulator from Arabidopsis, is differentially regulated by plant nutritional status

Abstract The ARR6 gene, which has sequence similarity to bacterial response regulators, was isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana . The gene encodes a protein which is predicted to have two distinctive domains: a receiver domain and an output domain. The ARR6 mRNA was predominantly expressed in rosettes and it is almost undetectable in roots. Immunodetection of the ARR6 protein revealed that it responded to the nutritional status of the plant. It increased considerably, in both roots and rosettes, when the plants were deprived of an external phosphorus, nitrogen or potassium supply. ARR6 exhibited a sharp and transient increase in the roots within 2–4 days of deprivation for phosphorus, nitrogen or potassium. In rosettes from nutrient-deprived plants, the ARR6 protein rose to a maximum 6 days after deprivation, the last day it was measured. The somewhat parallel responses in ARR6 protein to nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium deprivation suggest that ARR6 responds to signals from a variety of nutrient sensors.
A MODEL OF SILICATE GRAIN NUCLEATION AND GROWTH IN CIRCUMSTELLAR OUTFLOWS

Based on its abundance, high bond energy, and recent measurements of its vapor pressure SiO is a natural candidate for dust nucleation in circumstellar outflows around asymptotic giant branch stars. In this paper, we describe a model of the nucleation and growth of silicate dust in such outflows. The sensitivity of the model to varying choices of poorly constrained chemical parameters is explored, and the merits of using scaled rather than classical nucleation theory are briefly considered. An elaboration of the model that includes magnesium and iron as growth species is then presented and discussed. The composition of the bulk of the grains derived from the model is consistent with olivines and pyroxenes, but somewhat metal-rich grains and very small, nearly pure SiO grains are also produced.
Insider-outsider forces in wage and employment determination: The case of Sweden

This paper applies a statistical approach used by Andersen & Hylleberg (1993) in their study of insider-outsider effects in wage-employment determination in the Danish manufacturing sector, to analyse insider-outsider effects in the Swedish private sector. Focusing on the univariate and multivariate trend properties of the data, a bivariate wage-employment error correction model is used as an explicit test-bed for the theoretical predictions of adjustments to anticipated and unanticipated shocks. According to the Blanchard & Summers (1986) insider-outsider model, the former changes are absorbed entirely by wages while the latter changes are reflected fully in employment. As in the case of analysis on Danish manufacturing data, it is found that the evidence based on data related to the Swedish private sector also fails to accept the Blanchard & Summers insider-outsider model in its unqualified version. Nonetheless several important traits of insider-outsider mechanisms seem to be in accordance with the observed evolution of the data.
Effects of Ir Substitution and Processing Conditions on Thermoelectric Performance of p-Type Zr 0.5 Hf 0.5 Co 1−x Ir x Sb 0.99 Sn 0.01 Half-Heusler Alloys

A series of samples with the composition Zr0.5Hf0.5Co1−x Ir x Sb0.99Sn0.01 (x = 0.0 to 0.7) were synthesized by high-temperature solid-state reaction at 1173 K. High-density pellets of the powders were obtained using hot press (HP) and spark plasma sintering (SPS) techniques. The thermoelectric properties of the pellets were measured from 300 K to 750 K. Independently of the pressing conditions, all Ir-containing samples (x > 0) showed p-type semiconducting behavior. At 300 K, the electrical conductivity and thermopower of Zr0.5Hf0.5Co1−x Ir x Sb0.99Sn0.01 materials surprisingly increased with increasing Ir concentration. The largest electrical conductivity and thermopower values of 150 S/cm and 140 μV/K, respectively, were observed at 300 K for x = 0.7. The thermal conductivity of the synthesized materials decreased with increasing Ir content, went through a minimum value (x = 0.3), and increased thereafter with further addition of Ir. Pellets fabricated by SPS showed smaller thermal conductivity than pellets of the same composition obtained from uniaxial hot pressing. A thermal conductivity value of ∼2.0 W/m K was observed at 300 K for an SPS pellet with the com- position Zr0.5Hf0.5Co0.5Ir0.5Sb0.99Sn0.01. The thermal conductivity of Zr0.5Hf0.5- Co1−x Ir x Sb0.99Sn0.01 decreased with rising temperature, and the smallest value of ∼1.5 W/m K was observed at 750 K for the SPS specimen with x = 0.5.
Learning mobile security with android security labware

As smart mobile devices grow increasingly in popularity, so do the incentives for attackers. Recent surveys on mobile security describe the rapidly increasing number and sophistication of mobile attacks. Newer sources of risks are being introduced or explored in the mobile computing paradigm where traditional security threats are also evolving. The prevalence of mobile devices and the rapid growth of mobile threats have resulted in a shortage of mobile security personnel. Educational activities are needed to promote mobile security education and to meet the emerging industry and education needs. This paper presents our initial effort on exploring a learning approach to mobile security, which aims at taking advantages of the benefits of mobile devices and the best practices in learning information security, promoting students' interests, and improving students' self-efficacy. An Android security labware is designed to implement the environment and materials for the learning approach. We integrated the pilot modules of the labware into two security courses in two semesters. The majority of the students provided positive feedback and enjoyed the Android security practices.
Distribution and activity of diazotrophs in the Eastern Equatorial Atlantic.

The gene abundance and gene expression of six diazotroph populations from the Eastern Equatorial Atlantic in June 2007 were examined using nifH gene quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q PCR) methods. Of all the diazotrophs, Trichodesmium spp. was the most abundant with the highest number of gene copies in the Gulf of Guinea. Trichodesmium also had the highest nitrogenase gene transcript abundance overall with the maximum in samples collected at the equator and in waters influenced by the Congo River plume (> 105 cDNA nifH copies l−1). Both cyanobacterial unicellular groups (A and B) were detected, where group A was the second most abundant in surface samples, in particular at the stations along the equator. Transcript abundance for group A, however, was at the detection limit and suggests that it was not actively fixing N2. Trichodesmium and group B nifH gene abundances co-varied (P 104nifH copies l−1) were found north-west of the Congo River plume. In contrast, the Calothrix symbionts (het-3) of Chaetoceros had low abundances at the surface, but were present at 3.7 × 104nifH copies l−1 at 40 m depth in the equatorial upwelling. This is the first report of the Calothrix symbiont in the Atlantic Ocean. This is also the first report of nifH gene copy and transcript abundance in an Equatorial upwelling zone. Although the number of gene copies for Richelia associated with Rhizosolenia were the lowest, the transcript abundance were high (9.4 × 101−1.8 × 104 cDNA nifH copies l−1) and similar to that of Trichodesmium. The distribution of the diazotroph groups, especially the three strains of symbiotic cyanobacteria, was different, and appeared largely controlled by riverine inputs and upwelling.
Response of mouse jejunum to multiffaction radiation

Abstract The dose survival curve for clonogenic jejunal crypt cells appears to bend continuously until doses of at least 1100 rad. This suggests that a proportion of cells has a large capacity for repair of sublethal injury and that the survival curve is better described by a quadratic16 than a multitarget function. Repair of sublethal injury is dose-dependent. Quantitative estimates of repair per fractionation interval, expressed as (D N -D L (N-1) , when related to size of the dose/fraction, suggest that the repair capacity of most jejunal crypt cells may not be appreciably different from that of the cells of many other tissues. After low doses ( There appears to be some extra sparing of the crypt cells due to repair of sublethal damage even when doses/fraction of 200 rad or less are further fractionated. Determining accurately the dose below which repair is maximal, and all cell killing results from “single-event” nonrepairable injury, is difficult using present assays. Regeneration of surviving jejunal crypt cells is rapid after radiation injury. Its onset and rate may depend upon degree of injury (size of dose), and is probably facilitated by lengthening the fractionation interval, even if the overall treatment time is unchanged. No general formula can be applied to relate number of dose fractions and treatment duration to the total dose needed for an iso-effect in jejunal mucosa. Thus, the NSD formula,17 for example, should not be considered relevant to the response of intestinal mucosa to multifraction radiation.
Expanding the Specialty of Occupational and Environmental Medicine: The Role of the Chief Health Officer

Passage of the Occupational Safety and Health Act in 1971 represented a major milestone for occupational and environmental medicine. Creation of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) flowed directly from the legislation, and the specialty of occupational medicine entered a new era. As the 25th anniversaries of OSHA and NIOSH are celebrated, consideration of the future of the specialty of occupational and environmental medicine seems timely. In this lecture, an expanded role for the specialty is proposed, based on an analysis of the forces shaping the practice of public health and the opportunities that these forces present. This analysis suggests considering the concept of a "Chief Health Officer" serving the broad health needs of the workplace.
Southwestern (U.S.A.) Archaeological Tree-Ring Dating: 1930-1942

Dendrochronology, the science of assigning precise and accurate calendar dates to annual growth rings in trees (Stokes and Smiley 1968), was the first independent dating technique available to prehistorians. Ar­chaeological tree-ring dating came of age at a time when North American archaeologists concerned them­selves primarily with time/space systematics (Willey and Sabloff 1980) and yet had no absolute and inde­pendent dating techniques available to guide their analyses. Histories of archaeology typically have not considered the development of archaeological tree-ring dating in detail. Willey and Sabloff (1980:12) devote one paragraph to the development of Southwestern archaeological tree-ring dating, as does Steibing (1993:261). Trigger (1989:305) considers dendrochronology (in the sense of the Douglass method) only in light of radiocarbon dating. Textbooks and regional histories of archaeology do a little better in their treat­ment of dendrochronology, though discussions typically focus on the interpretation of tree-ring dates and not on the developmental history of the technique itself (e.g. Cordell 1984:88-90; Fagan 1991:129-133; Lyon 1996:46; Michels 1973:116; Thomas 1979:190-194). Scott (1966:9) argues that 'the story of the discovery of archaeological tree-ring dating by A E. Douglass and others has been told and retold and is now familiar to scientists and laymen alike'. I beg to differ.
Enhanced Carbon Enrichment in Parasitoids (Hymenoptera): A Stable Isotope Study

By considering the magnitude of isotope enrichment associated with trophic transfers in biologically important elements such as carbon (13C/12C) and nitrogen (15N/14N), it is possible to infer trophic interactions in systems where direct observations are logistically difficult. Several recent reviews have estimated that consumers become enriched in the heavy nitrogen isotope on the order of 2.3 to 3.4‰ with each trophic transfer. Furthermore, these same reviews have estimated that consumers become enriched in the heavy carbon isotope between 0.4 and 0.5‰ per trophic transfer. Although these estimates have been used to infer trophic interactions in a variety of taxa, the applicability of these estimates for studies of arthropod community ecology is poorly understood. Specifically for insect parasitoid communities, estimates of nitrogen and carbon isotope enrichment from a comprehensive study have yet to be published. Here, we present the results of nitrogen and carbon stable isotope analyses for a suite of hymenopteran parasitoids that attack the gall-making midge, Rhopalomyia californica Felt (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), on coyote bush, Baccharis pilularis (Compositae), in northern California. Mean carbon enrichment for all parasitoids developing on R. californica was considerably higher than expected, based on recent reviews. In fact, discrimination among trophic levels was possible, based on carbon enrichment values alone. Mean nitrogen isotope enrichment was slightly lower than values reported in recent reviews. However, the variation associated with our estimate of nitrogen enrichment falls well within the range of values reported in the reviews. Mechanisms behind the greater than expected enrichment in carbon are currently unknown and will require further investigation.
Effects of a Spring Flushing Flow on the Distribution of Radio-Tagged Juvenile Rainbow Trout in a Wyoming Tailwater

Abstract The controlled release of dammed water, designed to produce a flushing flow that would remove fine sediments from spawning habitat in a flow-regulated river, did not displace juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (20–25 cm total length) downstream. Of eight naturally spawned (wild) and nine hatchery fish that were radio-tagged, only one wild fish and two hatchery fish were found in different locations after an eightfold increase in flow. These three fish moved upstream and the greatest movement was 96 m. Cobble and boulder substrates in main-channel pools were thought to provide slow-water-velocity refuges during the flushing flow. Our findings and the findings of other researchers suggest that flushing flows can be conducted to enhance spawning habitat for rainbow trout without causing extensive downstream movements or habitat displacement of small fish in regulated rivers.
Enhanced objective quantitative cystometric analysis of compliance and contractility

OBJECTIVE To show, for pressure-time data from cystometrography (CMG), the potential practical clinical application of automatically identified, displayed, analysed and quantified compliance and contractility, as undesirable high-pressure detrusor storage may be caused by inefficient compliance or uninhibited contractions (UNC). MATERIAL AND METHODS Bladder contractility was measured by UNC and compliance by relaxed-state detrusor pressure (RSDP), i.e. the detrusor (bladder-abdominal) pressure with all UNC removed. Forty-one CMG examinations were used retrospectively to: (i) validate the separation and identification, by comparing the resulting separate graphs (data) of UNC and RSDP with an expanded time scale for raw vesical and rectal data; (ii) show that the separation is correct by examples; and (iii) show the potential practical utility by results for typical cases. RESULTS Separation into RSDP and UNC was correctly identified and plotted. The examples showed the utility and four types of UNC (‘high’, contractions of >25 cmH2O of long duration; ‘medium’, >25 cmH2O of short duration; ‘low’, 4–25 cmH2O of short duration; and ‘frequent’, of 2–6 cmH2O). CONCLUSIONS UNCs as small as 2 cmH2O can be detected and measured. The explicit enhanced estimate of compliance and contractility will be useful in the follow-up when comparing different patients and studies, and assist in more appropriate diagnosis and treatment. Because the treatment for bladders with poor contractility differs greatly from those with detrusor instability, the ability to reliably and accurately differentiate between these causes is important.
Chemical and photooxidation of thiothixene (Navane): structure of the thiothixene fluorophor.

The spontaneous photooxidation of thiothixen (Navane) to 2-(N,N-dimethyl-sulfonamido)-9-thioxanthone is described. The corresponding sulfoxide is demonstrated to be the fluorescent species obtained upon permanganate oxidation of thiothixene in the fluorometric assay procedure of Mjorndal and Oreland.
Expression of the catalase and superoxide dismutase genes in mature pollen in maize.

The expression of the Cat and Sod genes encoding the multiple catalases and superoxide dismutases in maize has been studied in maize pollen at anther dehiscence. Pollen from three catalase activity variant inbred lines was examined. Zymorgram analysis, immunoassays, and RNA blots show that, in the lines used, only the CAT-1 catalase isozyme is expressed in mature pollen; the CAT-2 and CAT-3 isozymes are not. The data presented further demonstrate that the Cat1 gene is transcribed and translated after tetrad formation. The relative protein levels of the various superoxide dismutase (SOD) isozymes appear to be similar in pollen and scutella, and correspond to the relatively low levels observed for the different Sod transcripts in these tissues. The presence of “double” transcripts for Sod3 and Sod4A is discussed.
Recurrent PAX3 - MAML3 fusion in biphenotypic sinonasal sarcoma

Biphenotypic sinonasal sarcoma (SNS) is a newly described tumor of the nasal and paranasal areas. Here we report a recurrent chromosomal translocation in SNS, t(2;4)(q35;q31.1), resulting in a PAX3-MAML3 fusion protein that is a potent transcriptional activator of PAX3 response elements. The SNS phenotype is characterized by aberrant expression of genes involved in neuroectodermal and myogenic differentiation, closely simulating the developmental roles of PAX3.
Eine moderne Fassung der klassischen Thermodynamik

Nach Erlauterung des Unterschieds zwischen Thermostatik und Thermodynamik werden die Grundbergriffe der Thermodynamik aufgestellt. Sodann wird der Nullte Hauptsatz so formuliert, das durch ihn die Temperatur als primitiver Begriff eingefuhrt wird. Der ungleichformige Zustand bei thermischen Vorgangen wird durch Gradienten der Zustandsgrosen dasrgestellt, die als innere Variablen in die thermodynamischen Gleichungen eingehen. Der Zweite Hauptsatz erscheint als Stz von der Integrierbarkeit einer Pfaffschen Differentialgleichung, wobei die zugehorigen Integrationsbedingungen als einschrankende Gleichungen fur die moglichen Eigenschaften thermodynamicscher Korper gedeutet werden. Sie erscheinen als Kopplungsgleichungen mit einer universellen Funktion, welche die naturliche (fuhlbare) Temperatur mit der thermodynamischen Temperatur verbindet und in der Differentialgleichung fur den integrierenden Nenner der Pfaffschen Gleichung auftritt. Der Zweite Hauptsatz last nur solche Losungen fur den integrierenden Nenner zu, in denen dieser eine universelle Funktion der fuhlbaren Temperatur allein ist. Mit dessen Hilfe ergibt die Integration der Pfaffschen Gleichung die Flachen konstanter Entropie, auf denen die umkehrbaren adiabaten Prozesse mit Temperatur- und Geschwindigkeitsgradienten verlaufen. Nichtumkehrbare Prozesse stellen einen Ubergang von einer Flache konstanter Entropie zu einer anderen dar und werden von einem Variationsprinzip mit Nebenbedingung beherrscht.
Choke-based switching algorithm in stochastic P2P networks to reduce file download duration

Content Delivery Networks download performance is dependent on byte-based or time-based switching algorithms. To overcome an extended relationship with a poor performing server, a client based choking algorithm was developed that enables clients to preemptively depart poor performing servers to decrease download duration. The choking algorithm employees a client based choke threshold that enables individual clients to determine when a server's performance degrades to an unacceptable level. Two separate experiments were run through a peer-to-peer simulator: single-client and multi-client scenarios. Temporal fluctuations were incorporated as well as a stochastic AR-1 random process to closely mimic expected server loads. In both instances, the choking algorithm reduces download duration.
Air toxics concentrations, source identification, and health risks: An air pollution hot spot in southwest Memphis, TN

Abstract Southwest Memphis is a residential region surrounded by fossil fuel burning, steel, refining, and food processing industries, and considerable mobile sources whose emissions may pose adverse health risks to local residents. This study characterizes cancer and non-cancer risks resulting from exposure to ambient air toxics in southwest Memphis. Air toxics samples were collected at a central location every 6 days from June 5, 2008 to January 8, 2010. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were collected in evacuated stainless-steel canisters and aldehydes by DNPH cartridges, and samples were analyzed for 73 target compounds. A total of 60 compounds were detected and 39 were found in over 86% of the samples. Mean concentrations of many compounds were higher than those measured in many industrial communities throughout the U.S. The cumulative cancer risk associated with exposure to 13 carcinogens found in southwest Memphis air was 2.3 × 10−4, four times higher than the national average of 5.0 × 10−5. Three risk drivers were identified: benzene, formaldehyde, and acrylonitrile, which contributed 43%, 19%, and 14% to the cumulative risk, respectively. This is the first field study to confirm acrylonitrile as a potential risk driver. Mobile, secondary, industrial, and background sources contributed 57%, 24%, 14%, and 5% of the risk, respectively. The results of this study indicate that southwest Memphis, a region of significant income, racial, and social disparities, is also a region under significant environmental stress compared with surrounding areas and communities.
Some observations on semiconductor technology and the architecture of large digital modules

Abstract : The report summarizes the discussion of a workshop on the Architecture and Application of Digital Modules that was held on June 7-8, 1973 at Carnegie-Mellon University. The purpose of the workshop was to identify the major influences that continuing advancements in semiconductor technology will have on the next generation of digital systems. The workshop, and this report, can be approximately partitioned into three main topics: discussion of current register-transfer level module sets and what can be learned from their development and use; the state of semiconductor technology and its current trends; and finally, discussion of current efforts to define or build computer structures that may become prototypes of the next generation of digital systems. (Author)
A novel integrated method realizing iteratively optimized modeling for proximity field patterning nanolithography

Processing methods used in photonics and nanotechnology have many limitations hindering the ability to realize devices and restricting the actual number of applications. An ideal processing method should require low-cost equipment, be able to produce very fine details, and be scalable to process large area specimens in an acceptable amount of time. Proximity field nanopatterning (PnP) is a lithography method possessing these features. By using interference patterns produced by a two-dimensional phase mask, the technique is able to generate a submicron detailed exposure on a millimeter-size slab of light sensitive photopolymer, which is then developed like a photographic plate to reveal three-dimensional interference patterns from the phase mask. While it is possible to use computer aided simulations to obtain the interference patterns produced by a mask with a certain pattern, the inverse problem of producing a mask for a desired interference pattern cannot be solved in the same way due to the intricacies of light interactions involved in producing the final interference pattern. An alternative method is to iteratively optimize the phase mask so that the interference patterns obtained converge to the desired pattern. The method is elaborated in this article.
The Effect of Resident Physician Stress, Burnout, and Empathy on Patient-Centered Communication During the Long-Call Shift

During the long-call shift medical residents experience a number of stressors that could compromise the quality of care they provide to their patients. The aim of this study was to investigate how perceived stress and burnout affect changes in empathy over the long-call shift and how those changes in empathy are associated with patient-centered communication practices. Residents (n=93) completed self-report measures of stress, burnout, and empathy at the start of their long-call shift and then completed measures of empathy and patient-centered communication at the end of the same shift. There was a significant decline in physician empathy from the beginning to the end of the long-call shift. Perceived stress was significantly associated with higher burnout, which was, in turn, significantly associated with declines in empathy from pre- to posttest. Declines in empathy predicted lower self-reported patient-centered communication during the latter half of the shift. This study suggests that residents who perceive high levels of stress are at risk for burnout and deterioration in empathy toward their patients, both of which may compromise the quality of their interactions with patients.
A generalization of column generation to accelerate convergence

This paper proposes a generalization of column generation, reformulating the master problem with fewer variables at the expense of adding more constraints; the sub-problem structure does not change. It shows both analytically and computationally that the reformulation promotes faster convergence to an optimal solution in application to a linear program and to the relaxation of an integer program at each node in the branch-and-bound tree. Further, it shows that this reformulation subsumes and generalizes prior approaches that have been shown to improve the rate of convergence in special cases.
Mechanical properties and structure of rapidly solidified high-titanium-stabilized 316 stainless steel

Abstract Prime Candidate Alloy (PCA) has been rapidly solidified and its composition has been modified by increasing carbon and titanium content. Rapidly solidified Path A alloy, with a fine grain size (approximately 5 μm) and controlled TiC dispersion, showed good room temperature tensile properties and favorable rupture strength and ductility at 923 K in the preirradiated condition. Structural modifications which include a reduction of grain size, an increase in TiC content and a control of dislocation structure are expected to have a beneficial effect on high temperature strength and swelling of Path A alloys under irradiation.
ANALYSIS OF FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF BOVINE EMBRYOS

Abstract Recent progress, briefly reviewed here, has led to utility of bovine in vitro oocyte maturation (IVM), in vitro fertilization (IVF), embryo culture and embryo transfer (ET) technologies in commercial and research endeavors. Undefined conditions incorporating selected serum, hormones and other active agents, and cellular constitutents or their contributions to support the in vitro production (IVP) of bovine embryos have enabled our achievement of IVF (cleavage) of 85% and blastocyst development of 40% of oocytes selected for IVM. Conditions for IVM have profound influence on subsequent events in IVP of embryos. Defined conditions for IVM coupled with semidefined conditions for IVF and cell-free embryo culture enable IVF of 74% and blastocyst development of 28% of immature oocytes selected for IVM. Efforts to understand a pronounced positive influence of LH during IVM on oocyte to blastocyst development in vitro led to recognition of variable hormonal effects on metabolism of bovine oocytes. Thus, LH markedly stimulates glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle while TSH was found to increase glucose oxidation via the pentose cycle and FSH caused no change in metabolism of cumulus-enclosed oocytes (CEOs) in comparison to medium alone. Metabolic activities of CEOs is attributed primarily to the cumulus cells (CCs) but presence of the oocyte is necessary for hormonal responses observed. From ongoing research clues are anticipated to allow further understanding of important mechanisms and for development of improved methodologies for IVP of bovine embryos.
Computer-based determination of size and shape in living cells.

SUMMARY Measurement of cell volume in living epithelial cells has become an important technique in studies of membrane transport processes that function in cell volume regulation. Planimetry of video images of optical sections enables the measurement of the cross sectional area of each section. Cell volume is calculated from the measured area of each section and the known focus displacements. In the past the measurement of cross section area has been done by manual positioning of a cursor superimposed on the video image. Each experiment generates approximately 200 images in which two or more cells may be analysed. We have developed a computer-based method that uses one image as a template, and allows automated area determination of successive images by template matching and digital image processing. This new method is comparable to the older method in speed and accuracy, but requires much less effort from the experimenter.
Dormancy of inhibitory interneurons in a model of temporal lobe epilepsy

In humans temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is characterized by recurrent seizures, neuronal hyperexcitability, and selective loss of certain neuronal populations in the hippocampus. Animal models of the condition indicate that a diminution of inhibition mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) accounts for the altered function, and it has been hypothesized that the diminution arises because GABAergic basket interneurons are "dormant" as a result of their being disconnected from excitatory inputs. In hippocampal slices, inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) were elicited in CA1 pyramidal cells by activation of basket cells; responses from an animal model of TLE were compared to those from control tissue. IPSPs evoked indirectly by activation of terminals that then excited basket cells were reduced in the epileptic tissue, whereas IPSPs evoked by direct activation of basket cells, when excitatory neurotransmission was blocked, were not different from controls. These results provide support for the "dormant basket cell" hypothesis and have implications for the pathophysiology and treatment of human TLE.
Urban minstrels in late medieval southern France: opportunities, status and professional relationships*

By piecing together fragments of diverse archival evidence, it is possible to document a large minstrel population in urban settings in late medieval southern France that was able to support itself through a multiplicity of freelance activities and complex working relationships. Information concerning the urban minstrel in medieval Europe is usually drawn from city accounts and contracts providing details concerning the duties, function and wages of civic musicians. In order to create a multi-dimensional image of the urban minstrel, however, a wide variety of archival sources needs to be explored. Such sources – accounts of confraternities, university statutes, city statutes, tax records, property listings, private notarial contracts, among others – have offered glimpses into aspects of the minstrel community that have tended to remain elusive. This essay first establishes the nature of freelance activities, which were central to the urban minstrel's livelihood. Second, the socio-economic status of minstrels will be investigated, to determine how successful musicians were at supporting themselves in the medieval urban environment.
Secondary immune deficiencies associated with biological therapeutics

Biological therapeutics have been utilized in the past several years for the treatment of various autoimmune, cardiovascular, and neoplastic conditions. As these agents target both pathologic and physiologic components of inflammatory and immune systems, the scientific community has been challenged to identify potential secondary immune deficiencies associated with their use. This article will focus on biological agents used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, including tumor necrosis factor-a inhibitors, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4 Ig), rituximab, and interleukin-1 receptor agonist (IL-1Ra). Both clinical and in vitro studies have been done to explore the potential immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive effects of these agents.
Extraction of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons from groundwater at micromolar concentrations for isotopic analysis of chlorine.

Abstract A method is described for near-quantitative extraction of micromolar concentrations of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) from water for determination of chlorine (Cl) isotope ratios. A low pressure, carrier-gas procedure of extraction was proven to be applicable to CH 2 Cl 2 , CCl 4 , C 2 H 2 Cl 2 , and C 2 HCl 3 . The pH of the water was adjusted with NaOH to prevent extraction of CO 2 from air and/or dissolved inorganic carbonate species. Recoveries of CAH samples (∼15 μmol), added to and extracted from ∼340 ml of water, averaged ∼96%. Average changes in the δ 37 Cl values of the CAHs, attributable to the extraction process, were −0.01±0.06‰. Significant isotopic fractionation of Cl was measured during partial extraction of C 2 CHCl 3 from water, indicating that near-quantitative extraction is required for reliable stable Cl isotope analysis of CAHs. This method is also suitable for the extraction of dissolved CAH for gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometric measurements of hydrogen and carbon.
Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor contributes to hypoxia-induced skeletal muscle vasodilation in humans.

Systemic hypoxia causes skeletal muscle vasodilation, thereby preserving O2 delivery to active tissues. Nitric oxide (NO), adenosine, and prostaglandins contribute to this vasodilation, but other f...
Management of Clinical Stage I Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Testicular Cancer

The optimal management of patients who have clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumors remains controversial. Surveillance, retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND), and chemotherapy with two cycles of bleomycin-etoposide-cisplatin are established treatment options and all are associated with long-term cancer control rates of 97% or greater. Studies have consistently identified the presence of lymphovascular invasion and a predominant component of embryonal carcinoma in the primary tumor as risk factors for occult metastatic disease in these patients. Patients who do not have these risk factors are optimally managed by active surveillance given the low risk for relapse. For patients at high risk for relapse and who are not candidates for surveillance, we believe the evidence supports RPLND over primary chemotherapy.
Is P25L a “Real” VHL Mutation?

Background: The von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene has two translational initiation sites separated by 53 codons. Both proteins have been detected in cells and have equivalent activity. A mutation in the first 53 codons of the open reading frame has no effect on the structure of the smaller protein. As expected, the vast majority of VHL mutations are downstream of the second initiation site and alter both proteins. However, several candidate mutations have been found in the first 53 codons, including a substitution of leucine for proline at position 25 (P25L) of the larger protein.
Applications of boundary theory to the concept of service integration in the human services.

Abstract Service integration (SI) is an aspect of theorizing about organizations and governance. To discover questions for future practice and theory-building, the analysis here reframes the SI concept in the human services from the typical starting point of fragmentation-integration to the imperatives of boundary theory. Extant SI discourse is a confused array of descriptive, normative, and explanatory theory. An action-reflection interplay with conflicting and missing values is revealed. Boundary spanning and boundarylessness, defined in five metaphors, illustrate boundary theory. Selected literature on SI in the human services is translated into boundary theory (e.g., types of SI boundaries, SI boundary values and roles) and a research agenda is posed.
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Promote Osteoblast Maturation

HDIs are potential therapeutic agents for cancer and neurological diseases because of their abilities to alter gene expression, induce growth arrest or apoptosis of tumors cells, and stimulate differentiation. In this report, we show that several HDIs promote osteoblast maturation in vitro and in calvarial organ cultures. Introduction: Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDIs) are currently in phase I and II clinical trials as anticancer agents. Some HDIs are also commonly prescribed treatments for epilepsy and bipolar disorders. Although administered systemically, the effects of HDIs on osteoblasts and bone formation have not been extensively examined. In this study, we investigated the effect of histone deacetylase inhibition on osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. Materials and Methods: MC3T3-E1 cells, calvarial-derived primary osteoblasts, and calvarial organ cultures were treated with various commercially available HDIs (trichostatin A [TSA], sodium butyrate [NaB], valproic acid [VPA], or MS-275). The effects of these inhibitors on cell proliferation, viability, cell cycle progression, Runx2 transcriptional activity, alkaline phosphatase production, and matrix mineralization were determined. Expression levels of osteoblast maturation genes, type I collagen, osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, and osteocalcin in response to TSA were measured by quantitative PCR. Results: Concentrations of HDIs that caused hyperacetylation of histone H3 induced transient increases in osteoblast proliferation and viability but did not alter cell cycle profiles. These concentrations of HDIs also increased the transcriptional activity of Runx2. TSA accelerated alkaline phosphatase production in MC3T3-E1 cells and calvarial organ cultures. In addition, TSA accelerated matrix mineralization and the expression of osteoblast genes, type I collagen, osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, and osteocalcin in MC3T3-E1 cells. Conclusions: These studies show that histone deacetylase activity regulates osteoblast differentiation and bone formation at least in part by enhancing Runx2-dependent transcriptional activation. Therefore, HDIs are a potentially new class of bone anabolic agents that may be useful in the treatment of diseases that are associated with bone loss such as osteoporosis and cancer.
On the Use of Silicon Cells in Meteorological Radiation Studies.

Abstract To establish under what condition silicon cells can be used for the determination of albedo, measurements as well as calculations were undertaken. The results show that silicon cells (also sold as Sol-A-Meters) give “true” albedo values for rocks, concrete, sand and water, and slightly higher than true values for green plants (26% instead of 23%), but far too high values for snow fields (89% instead of 80% for freshly fallen snow), and, presumably, for clouds. This can be explained by the particular spectral response of these sensors. Hence, albedo measurements with silicon cells can be made for almost all natural surface materials with the exception of snow.
Obesity in a model of gpx4 haploinsufficiency uncovers a causal role for lipid-derived aldehydes in human metabolic disease and cardiomyopathy

Objective: Lipid peroxides and their reactive aldehyde derivatives (LPPs) have been linked to obesity-related pathologies, but whether they have a causal role has remained unclear. Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) is a selenoenzyme that selectively neutralizes lipid hydroperoxides, and human gpx4 gene variants have been associated with obesity and cardiovascular disease in epidemiological studies. This study tested the hypothesis that LPPs underlie cardio-metabolic derangements in obesity using a high fat, high sucrose (HFHS) diet in gpx4 haploinsufficient mice (GPx4 þ/� ) and in samples of human myocardium. Methods: Wild-type (WT) and GPx4 þ/� mice were fed either a standard chow (CNTL) or HFHS diet for 24 weeks, with metabolic and cardiovascular parameters measured throughout. Biochemical and immuno-histological analysis was performed in heart and liver at termination of study, and mitochondrial function was analyzed in heart. Biochemical analysis was also performed on samples of human atrial myocardium from a cohort of 103 patients undergoing elective heart surgery. Results: Following HFHS diet, WT mice displayed moderate increases in 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE)-adducts and carbonyl stress, and a 1.5-fold increase in GPx4 enzyme in both liver and heart, while gpx4 haploinsufficient (GPx4 þ/� ) mice had marked carbonyl stress in these organs accompanied by exacerbated glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, and liver steatosis. Although normotensive, cardiac hypertrophy was evident with obesity, and cardiac fibrosis more pronounced in obese GPx4 þ/� mice. Mitochondrial dysfunction manifesting as decreased fat oxidation capacity and increased reactive oxygen species was also present in obese GPx4 þ/� but not WT hearts, along with up-regulation of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic genes. Patients with diabetes and hyperglycemia exhibited significantly less GPx4 enzyme and greater HNE-adducts in their hearts, compared with age-matched non-diabetic patients. Conclusion: These findings suggest LPPs are key factors underlying cardio-metabolic derangements that occur with obesity and that GPx4 serves a critical role as an adaptive countermeasure.
TEXTS, PERFORMANCE, AND SPECTACLE: THE FUNERAL PROCESSION OF MARQUIS YI OF ZENG, 433 B.C.E.

This article analyzes the bamboo strips recovered from the northern chamber of the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng (d. 433 b.c.e.). It argues that the strips comprised at least two separate texts that were integral to the organization and performance of the Marquis's funerary cortege. One text lists on individual strips the chariots and horse teams used in the procession, as well as their donors, categorizing them under bureaucratic offices. A second text describes these same chariots one after another, along with their drivers, decorations, and armor. Counting marks next to each of the chariot names appear to have verified the written totals found in the text. This evidence demonstrates that the director of the cortege combined together donated materials from a vast geographic area in order to create a distinctive funerary spectacle that displayed the wealth, status, and power of the Marquis and the state of Zeng. The article further argues that characterizing the Zeng texts as “inventories” (qian'ce 遣策)—so often analyzed for evidence of ideas about the afterlife—hardly does justice to the complex role that the texts played in the funeral procession and Zeng royal display. It concludes that this political display function drove the production of the texts and the organization of the funeral, not least because Marquis Yi's heir and Zeng state officials would have wanted to ensure a smooth transfer of power.
The Information Content of Private Debt Placements

: Private placements of straight nonbank debt by publicly traded firms elicit a positive stock price reaction on average, consistent with a market perception that they confer significant certification and monitoring benefits on borrowers. However, long-run stock returns following the debt issues are significantly lower than benchmarks. Our results are consistent with the view that firms issue private debt prior to a decline in operating performance, and they disclose overly optimistic information in the pre-issue period which prevents information on the upcoming downturn from reaching the market in a timely manner. Lenders have private information on the post-issue performance decline prior to their lending decision, and take steps to protect their investment which do not benefit equity investors. Our results are inconsistent with certification and monitoring benefits accruing to equity investors from private nonbank debt.
Thermal Marking of Atlantic Salmon Otoliths

Abstract By exposing fry of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar to various temperature regimes, we determined conditions required to produce a readable thermal otolith mark. Marks were quantified by using a darkness index that represented the number of times darker the mark was than the background. Minimum requirements for a strong mark were 1 d at a relatively warm premark temperature of 9°C and 8 h at a lower marking temperature (1°C). Temperature decreases of 4°C (from 5°C to 1°C) resulted in strong marks if fish were held at the premark temperature for 4 d and at the marking temperature for at least 24 h.
Trends in wide area network development for inter-hospital consulting

Interhospital computer networks can assist rural areas and developing countries with health care via teleconsulting, teleradiology, and telepathology. According to recent sources there are several such citywide networks and eight statewide networks in the US and five notable networks in other countries. Satisfactory clinical consulting requires a multimedia approach whereby X-rays and other images are transmitted together with a standardized patient description form. The technical and clinical requirements are discussed for telecommunication assistance of underserved hospitals. In USA, the Veteran's Administration has developed a national system for exchange of patient data. The new database resources are accessible to all rural and urban physicians who find a way to access the Internet. The Internet is the preferred network for a rural health consortium or an international medical consortium. Even though nearly all US medical centers are on Internet, no major security violations have been reported. >
ACTH‐Induced Thymic Atrophy

Summary In 13 cases with a widening of the mediastinum, discovered in the course of roentgenologic examination, ACTH was administered to increase the possibilities of diagnosing the cause. In 11 cases there was a reduction of the width of the mediastinum. The decrease is considered to be due to the thymolytic effect of the adreno-corticosteroids. In one case the widening remained unchanged; in this case entirely too small a dose of ACTH was given. In another case the more circumscribed enlargement remained unchanged and the subsequent operation revealed that it was composed of a ganglioneuroma.
III. Party Politics, 1801–1802: George Canning and the Trinidad Question

On 23 November 1801 Henry Addington addressed the House of Commons on the financial affairs of the nation. The prime minister, in the course of his remarks, alluded briefly to the government's intention of selling certain Crown properties in the West Indies. The measure was planned, he explained, as a means of reducing arrears charged upon the Civil List. 1 Although Addington hoped to effect the sales without parliamentary opposition, the question soon became entangled in the meshes of political intrigue. With remarkable cunning the young Pittite, George Canning, sought to use the issue as a means of driving William Pitt into opposition to Addington's government and of creating a new opposition party with Pitt as its leader.