cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decarboxylations of β-Keto Acids and Related Compounds

The transfer of a proton from one atom to another is one of the most fundamental processes in chemistry and biochemistry. The detailed mechanism of this reaction has been given much attention both for proton transfers to and from carbon and the more electronegative oxygen and nitrogen.(1) An important class of proton transfers involves those reactions in which another bond is made or broken in addition to the proton transfer itself. Two extreme conditions may occur. The two steps of the reaction may be concerted (all bond breaking and making simultaneous) or stepwise (formation or cleavage of one bond leading to a true intermediate, followed by further bond making and/or breaking). We shall use the definition of a “true intermediate” proposed by Bauer,(2) that is, any species with a lifetime of greater than one molecular vibration: in other words a species with restoring forces for all of its vibrational motions.
Extremely scaled silicon nano-CMOS devices

Silicon-based CMOS technology can be scaled well into the nanometer regime. High-performance, planar, ultrathin-body devices fabricated on silicon-on-insulator substrates have been demonstrated down to 15-nm gate lengths. We have also introduced the FinFET, a double-gate device structure that is relatively simple to fabricate and can be scaled to gate lengths below 10 nm. In this paper, some of the key elements of these technologies are described, including sublithographic patterning, the effects of crystal orientation and roughness on carrier mobility, gate work function engineering, circuit performance, and sensitivity to process-induced variations.
Macrophage's proinflammatory response to a mycobacterial infection is dependent on sphingosine kinase-mediated activation of phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C, protein kinase C, ERK1/2, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.

Previous studies have shown that the ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to block a Ca 2+ flux is an important step in its capacity to halt phagosome maturation. This affect on Ca 2+ release results from M. tuberculosis inhibition of sphingosine kinase (SPK) activity. However, these studies did not address the potential role of SPK and Ca 2+ in other aspects of macrophage activation including production of proinflammatory mediators. We previously showed that nonpathogenic Mycobacterium smegmatis and to a lesser extent pathogenic Mycobacterium avium , activate Ca 2+ -dependent calmodulin/calmodulin kinase and MAPK pathways in murine macrophages leading to TNF-α production. However, whether SPK functions in promoting MAPK activation upon mycobacterial infection was not defined in these studies. In the present work we found that SPK is required for ERK1/2 activation in murine macrophages infected with either M. avium or M. smegmatis . Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) and conventional protein kinase C (cPKC) were also important for ERK1/2 activation. Moreover, there was increased activation of cPKC and PI3K in macrophages infected with M. smegmatis compared with M. avium . This cPKC and PI3K activation was dependent on SPK and PI-PLC. Finally, in macrophages infected with M. smegmatis compared with M. avium , we observed enhanced secretion of TNF-α, IL-6, RANTES, and G-CSF and found production of these inflammatory mediators to be dependent on SPK, PI-PLC, cPKC, and PI3K. These studies are the first to show that the macrophage proinflammatory response following a mycobacterial infection is regulated by SPK/PI-PLC/PKC activation of ERK1/2 and PI3K pathways.
DESIGN OF A ROBOTIC GRIPPER BASED ON A PSITTACUS ERITHACU BEAK

A high versatility, low degrees-of-freedom (DOF) gripper was designed based on avian morphology. Grasping mechanisms for robotic manipulators are often developed for application-specific tasks, such as manipulating a single part or performing a repetitive action. In contrast, more dexterous grippers are complex, multiple-DOF mechanisms. A simple, minimal-DOF, versatile gripper has been developed based on the morphology of the Psittacus Erithacu (African Grey Parrot) beak shape. This species is highly intelligent and uses its beak for digging, gripping, climbing, and foraging. Giving a robot a similar capability would allow the platform to pick up targets such as single, small seeds, liquids, large irregular rocks and soft Robocup style balls. By using the beak as a model for a grasping mechanism the design maintains its versatility without the need for a complex system and allows a large range of targets to be gripped. This gripper is intended for use in the new open-source humanoid robot DARwIn-OP.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
P02.36. Meditation or exercise for preventing acute respiratory infection: a randomized controlled trial

Methods Community-recruited adults aged ≥ 50 years were randomized to one of three conditions: 8-week training in mindfulness meditation; matched 8-week training in moderate intensity sustained exercise; or wait-list observational control. The primary outcome was area-under-the-curve global illness severity over one cold and flu season, using the Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey (WURSS24) to assess severity. Significance was set at p=0.025. Health care visits and days-of-missed-work were counted. Nasal wash collected during ARI illness was assayed for neutrophils, interleukin-8, and viral nucleic acid.
Cobalt-dithiolene complexes for the photocatalytic and electrocatalytic reduction of protons in aqueous solutions

Artificial photosynthesis (AP) is a promising method of converting solar energy into fuel (H(2)). Harnessing solar energy to generate H(2) from H(+) is a crucial process in systems for artificial photosynthesis. Widespread application of a device for AP would rely on the use of platinum-free catalysts due to the scarcity of noble metals. Here we report a series of cobalt dithiolene complexes that are exceptionally active for the catalytic reduction of protons in aqueous solvent mixtures. All catalysts perform visible-light-driven reduction of protons from water when paired with Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) as the photosensitizer and ascorbic acid as the sacrificial donor. Photocatalysts with electron withdrawing groups exhibit the highest activity with turnovers up to 9,000 with respect to catalyst. The same complexes are also active electrocatalysts in 11 acetonitrile/water. The electrocatalytic mechanism is proposed to be ECEC, where the Co dithiolene catalysts undergo rapid protonation once they are reduced to CoL(2)(2-). Subsequent reduction and reaction with H(+) lead to H(2) formation. Cobalt dithiolene complexes thus represent a new group of active catalysts for the reduction of protons.
Alternate pole materials for MR tape heads

We have investigated the suitability of a number of magnetic films for use as a pole material in MR tape heads. These include nickel iron, cobalt tantalum zirconium, and two cobalt iron alloys. Heads were fabricated using these alloys as pole materials. The heads were tested both for their electrical performance and for their wear characteristics.
Nisoldepine inhibits formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMet-Leu-Phe) receptor-coupled calcium transport in human neutrophils.

The formyl-methlonyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMet-Leu-Phe)dependent Ca2 + uptake by human neutrophilsconsistsof at leasttwo components, one of which is sensitive to dihydropyridinederivatives.Inhibitionby dlhydropyridlnederivativesshowed the rank order of nisoldepine > nitrendipine> nimodepine > IBay K 8644. The nisoldepinesensitivecalcium uptake exhibitedan lD�,of 1.5 �M and maximal inhibitionwere observed at 5 �M. Neithercalcium effluxor t3HJfMet-Leu-Phebinding was affected by nisoldepineup to 10 1LM. The inhibitionby nisoldepinewas inverselyproportionaltothe extracellularcalcium concentration.Unlabeled nisoldepineand other dihydropyridine derivativqsdisplacedthe specificbindingof (3HJPN 200-110to human neutrophiis.Our data suggest a relationship between dihydropyrldinebindingand the inhibitionoffMetLeu-Phe-dependent Ca2 + uptake.
Nonsquamous neoplasms of the larynx.

While nonsquamous neoplasms of the larynx are encountered infrequently, the laryngologist must be aware of their presentation and the spectrum of pathology. A review of 40 nonsquamous neoplasms indicates the spectrum of pathology, signs, symptoms, suggestions for handling biopsy material, and management.
Clinical Aspects of Juvenile Polyposis

Juvenile polyposis (JP) is a hamartomatous polyposis syndrome, characterized by autosomal dominant transmission. Patients with JP have a propensity to develop polyps throughout the large bowel, and some will also develop these in the upper GI tract. The polyps can be numerous or few, and are not adenomas, as seen in familial adenomatous polyposis. The disease can be familial or sporadic (non-familial), and there is an increased risk for cancer of the GI tract. In this chapter, we will review the history, clinical features, histopathology, risk of malignancy, therapeutic options, and genetics of JP.
Depression among Muslims in the United States: Examining the Role of Discrimination and Spirituality as Risk and Protective Factors

Depression is a widespread challenge that affects people in all cultures. Yet, despite the growth of the Muslim population in the United States, little research has been conducted on this topic with members of this cultural group. To address this gap in the literature, the present study examines the effect of discrimination and spirituality on depression with a sample of self-identified Muslims (N = 269). Consistent with our expectations, discrimination was a risk factor and spirituality was a protective factor. For instance, Muslims who reported being called offensive names were more likely (odds ratio [OR] = 3.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.82, 6.32) to report clinically significant levels of depressive symptoms compared with those who were not called offensive names, whereas saying daily prayers was associated with a lower likelihood of reporting elevated levels of symptoms (OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.55, 0.97). The article concludes with a discussion of the implication of the results as they intersect social work practice and of avenues for future research.
363 School-Based Obesity and Related Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Interventions Improve Weight and Academic Performance over a Three-Year Study

Background Childhood obesity and related health consequences continue to be major clinical and public health issues in the US and abroad. Healthier Options for Public Schoolchildren (HOPS) was a school-based obesity prevention intervention with nutrition and physical activity components implemented in the elementary school setting and targeting 6–12 year olds. Methods HOPS was implemented in August, 2004 through December 2009, and included approximately 3,200 children (48% Hispanic) attending four elementary schools in Florida. Demographic, anthropometric (height, weight, body mass index [BMI]) and academic (Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test [FCAT]) were collected during the school year. Interventions included modified dietary offerings, nutrition and lifestyle educational curricula, school gardens, and other school-based wellness projects. Results Repeated measures analysis showed over a three year study period the intervention Z weight scores decreased significantly among boys (0.81 to 0.71, P Conclusions School-based obesity prevention interventions including nutrition and physical activity components show promise in improving health and academic performance in elementary-aged children longitudinally, especially among Hispanics.
Spoilage of Washed Eggs 3. A Survey of Ranch Practices and Results

Abstract IN PAPER 1 of this series (Lorenz and Starr, 1952; referred to here as 1) studies of the relation of various egg-washing practices to subsequent spoilage was described. Warm water was shown to produce less spoilage than cold water, confirming several previous reports (see 1 for references) and fresh sprayed water yielded better results than static water. In paper 2 (Starr, Lorenz and Ogasawara, 1952; referred to here as 2) these conclusions were further confirmed with one or two exceptions, but how limited the validity of these conclusions was, was clearly pointed up by the results of washing eggs from the same source on the ranch. Serious spoilage followed a washing practice that should have given favorable results as indicated by data obtained in the laboratory. The present paper describes the results of a survey of some 28 ranches in Sonoma County, California, that was made in an attempt to . . .
Tunable Second-Harmonic Studies of Gan Films Near the Fundamental Bandedge

Tunable second-harmonic (SH) transmission measurements were performed on a series of GaN films epitaxially deposited onto (OOOl)-oriented sapphire. Analysis of the nonlinear response showed an increase in the second-order nonlinear susceptibility (χ(2)ijk) when the photon energy of the SH field was tuned above the absorption edge in each respective film. Specifically, the magnitude of the χ(2)zxx element in χ(2)ijk reached a maximum of 0.5 × 10-7 e.s.u. just above the the fundamental bandgap with a dispersion similar to the predicted nonlinear response in wide-bandgap cubic zincblende II-VI semiconductors such as ZnSe.
Validating the Psychological Climate Scale in Voluntary Child Welfare.

Objective: Organizational climate has emerged as an important factor in understanding and addressing the complexities of providing services in child welfare. This research examines the psychometric...
Effect of pH change upon influx of anions and cations into mitochondria.

SummaryChange in the pH of the incubation medium has been shown to have opposite effects upon influx rates of cations and of anions into mitochondrial substance. Alkalinization was associated with increase in influx of Na+ and K+; and conversely, acidification resulted in more rapid influx of Br- and Cl-. Increased sensitivity to pH change was observed in the presence of the buffer ion imidazole. At pH 7 imidazole carries a positive charge and inhibition to influx of Na+ was observed. The inhibition was absent at pH 8.5 with conversion to the uncharged free base.
EFFECT OF THE WETTABILITY OF DRILLING FLUID ON I AND II INTERFACES IN CEMENTING JOB

Used self-designed HTHP core filtration simple apparatus, similarly simulated borehole conditions to form mud cake, and examined shear cementing strength between core and cement slurry innot cleaning, cleaning, cleating and cleaning conditions. Moreover, used metal stick to simulate easing and did corresponding experiment. The result was shown that the effect of the wettability of drilling fluid on cementing.strength of Ⅰ and Ⅱ interfaces in cementing job was enormous; compared to water-base drilling fluid, the interface cementing strength formed from oil-base drilling fluid decreased by 15%. Consequently, it is very necessary to use wettability reversal agent when designing pad fluid.
Intestinal Flora Modification of Arthritis Pattern in Spondyloarthropathy.

BackgroundThe reactive form of spondyloarthropathy appears inducible by exposure to agents of infectious diarrhea, but do those organisms represent the tip of the iceberg, as indicated by renewed interest in gastrointestinal flora? Prevalence of spondyloarthropathy (20% of chimpanzees [Pan] and 28%
Differential binding of erythroid and myeloid progenitors to fibroblasts and fibronectin

Using a novel coverslip-transfer culture technique, we recently demonstrated that primitive erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E) can migrate, proliferate, and differentiate in intimate association with stromal fibroblastoid cells in the presence of serum proteins and erythropoietin. No other exogenous hemopoietic growth factors are required. Most of the colonies that develop in this system are very large erythroid bursts, and very few granulocyte-macrophage (GM) colonies are observed. In this report, we present data indicating that the predominance of erythroid burst colonies in this culture system is due to preferential binding of primitive erythroid progenitors to the stromal fibroblastoid cells and not to differential stimulation of these erythroid progenitors by these cells. We next show that the binding of BFU-E to stromal cells is blocked by anti-fibronectin antibodies. Finally, we demonstrate the preferential binding of BFU-E to fibronectin by using glass coverslips or Petri dishes coated with purified human plasma fibronectin. The binding is blocked by a monoclonal antibody specific for the cell-binding domain of fibronectin. We conclude that: primitive erythroid progenitors bind strongly whereas G and/or M progenitors (CFU-G/M) bind only weakly to fibronectin; primitive erythroid progenitors bind to the cell-binding domain on the fibronectin molecule; and erythroid progenitors and precursors remain bound to fibronectin throughout differentiation.
Characterization of osteoarthritic human knees indicates potential sex differences

The prevalence of osteoarthritis is higher in women than in men in every age group, and overall prevalence increases with advancing age. Sex-specific differences in the properties of osteoarthritic joint tissues may permit the development of sex-specific therapies. Sex hormones regulate cartilage and bone development and homeostasis in a sex-dependent manner. Recent in vitro studies show that the vitamin D3 metabolite 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1α,25(OH)2D3] also has sex-specific effects on musculoskeletal cells, suggesting that vitamin D3 metabolites may play a role in osteoarthritis-related sex-specific differences. The purpose of this study was to determine if sex-specific differences exist in synovial fluid and knee tissues isolated from male and female patients with severe knee osteoarthritis. We determined the presence of vitamin D3 metabolites, inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in synovial fluid and assessed responses of articular chondrocytes and subchondral osteoblasts to 17β-estradiol, dihydrotestosterone, and 1α,25(OH)2D3. Samples from knee joints of 10 Caucasian male and 10 Caucasian female patients with advanced osteoarthritis aged 65 to 75 years were obtained from total knee arthroplasty. Vitamin D metabolites, cytokines, MMPs, and growth factors in the synovial fluid were measured. Primary cultures of chondrocytes were isolated from fibrillated articular cartilage adjacent to osteoarthritis lesions and minimally affected cartilage distal to the lesion. Osteoblasts were isolated from the subchondral bone. Expression of receptors for 17β-estradiol and 1α,25(OH)2D3 was assessed by real-time PCR. Chondrocytes and osteoblasts were treated with 10−8 M 17β-estradiol, dihydrotestosterone, or 1α,25(OH)2D3 and effects on gene expression and protein synthesis determined. Histology of the articular cartilage confirmed advanced osteoarthritis. Sex differences were found in synovial fluid levels of vitamin D metabolites, cytokines, and metalloproteinases as well as in the cellular expression of receptors for 17β-estradiol and 1α,25(OH)2D3. Male cells were more responsive to 1α,25(OH)2D3 and dihydrotestosterone, whereas 17β-estradiol-affected female cells. These results demonstrate that there are underlying sex differences in knee tissues affected by osteoarthritis. Our findings do not address osteoarthritis etiology but have implications for different prevention methods and treatments for men and women. Further research is needed to better understand these sex-based differences.
Presence in, and release of, nanomaterials from consumer products.

Widespread use of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in consumer products has led to concerns about their potential impact on humans and the environment. In order to fully assess the impacts and release of ENMs from consumer products, this chapter provides an overview of the types of consumer products that contain nanomaterials, the potential release mechanisms of these ENMs from consumer products, and the associated human exposure. Information from two large datasets on consumer goods associated with ENMs, namely, the U.S.-based Project for Emerging Nanotechnologies from the Woodrow Wilson International Center, and the European-based National Institute for Public Health and the Environment of Netherlands, have been summarized. These databases reveal that silver, titanium, carbon-based ENMs are the major nanomaterials associated with consumer products. The presence and potential release of silver, titanium, carbon-based, and other nanomaterials from consumer goods available in published literature are also summarized, as well as the potential human exposure scenarios of inhalation, ingestion, dermal, and combination of all means. The prospecting of nanomaterial in water and biosolids provides further evidence of ENM occurrence, which could be linked to the use of nanomaterials containing consumer goods. Finally, this overview provides guidelines on toxicity studies, which calls for further efforts to analyze the biological effects of ENMs on human beings and their exposure pathways in consumer products.
WE-AB-202-11: Radiobiological Modeling of Tumor Response During Radiotherapy Based On Pre-Treatment Dynamic PET Imaging Data

Purpose: To evaluate the ability of a multiscale radiobiological model of tumor response to predict mid-treatment hypoxia images, based on pretreatment imaging of perfusion and hypoxia with [18-F]FMISO dynamic PET and glucose metabolism with [18-F]FDG PET. Methods: A mechanistic tumor control probability (TCP) radiobiological model describing the interplay between tumor cell proliferation and hypoxia (Jeong et al., PMB 2013) was extended to account for intra-tumor nutrient heterogeneity, dynamic cell migration due to nutrient gradients, and stromal cells. This extended model was tested on 10 head and neck cancer patients treated with chemoradiotherapy, randomly drawn from a larger MSKCC protocol involving baseline and mid-therapy dynamic PET scans. For each voxel, initial fractions of proliferative and hypoxic tumor cells were obtained by finding an approximate solution to a system of linear equations relating cell fractions to voxel-level FDG uptake, perfusion (FMISO K1) and hypoxia (FMISO k3). The TCP model then predicted their evolution over time up until the mid treatment scan. Finally, the linear model was reapplied to predict each lesion's median hypoxia level (k3[med,sim]) which in turn was compared to the FMISO k3[med] measured at mid-therapy. Results: The average k3[med] of the tumors in pre-treatment scans was 0.0035 min−1, with an inter-tumor standard deviation of σ[pre]=0.0034 min−1. The initial simulated k3[med,sim] of each tumor agreed with the corresponding measurements within 0.1σ[pre]. In 7 out of 10 lesions, the mid-treatment k3[med,sim] prediction agreed with the data within 0.3σ[pre]. The remaining cases corresponded to the most extreme relative changes in k3[med]. Conclusion: This work presents a method to personalize the prediction of a TCP model using pre-treatment kinetic imaging data, and validates the modeling of radiotherapy response by predicting changes in median hypoxia values during treatment. Variations from predicted response may be a useful biomarker, which should be further explored. Partially supported by NIH grant #1 R01 CA157770-01A1 and a grant from Varian Corporation.
Effects of fire frequency on long-term development of an oak-hickory forest in Missouri, U.S.A.

Abstract Repeated prescribed burning over long timescales has some predictable effects on forest structure and composition, but multi-decadal patterns of stand dynamics and successional change with different fire frequencies have rarely been described. We used longitudinal data from a prescribed burning study conducted over a 63-year period to quantify stand structure (stem density, basal area, and stocking) by species group, ingrowth during the first 15 years of the study, and mortality during the first 35 years within an oak-hickory forest of the Missouri Ozarks. The study included an unburned control treatment (Control), burning with one-year return intervals (Annual), and burning with four-year return intervals (Periodic) throughout the study duration. At the stand level, stem density decreased through time across all treatments. Periodic burning increased the rate at which mortality occurred for small-diameter stems, but after 35 years, the mortality of small-diameter stems exceeded 70% across all treatments. There was little evidence of ingrowth for either burn treatment, but ingrowth increased the prevalence of non-oak species through time on the Control plots. On burned plots, basal area was maintained (Periodic) or slightly increased (Annual) during the study, primarily due to growth of trees that were present at the start of the study. However, stand stocking decreased with prescribed burning and increased in the Control plots, moving burned plots towards woodland structure while unburned plots remained as forests. Repeated burning without a fire-free interval can approximate structural conditions associated with woodlands, but suspends tree regeneration and recruitment processes necessary for canopy replacement.
Nucleation of Salt Crystals in Clay Minerals: Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Nucleation of salt crystals in confined media occurs in many processes of high importance, such as injection of CO2 in geological formations for its sequestration. In particular, salt precipitation in clays, a main component of sedimentary rock, is an important phenomenon. The crystals precipitate on the pores’ surface, modify the pore space morphology, and reduce its flow and transport properties. Despite numerous efforts to understand the mechanisms of nucleation of salt crystals in confined media, the effect of the clay’s chemistry on the growth, distribution, and properties of the crystals is not well understood. We report the results of extensive molecular dynamics simulation of nucleation and growth of NaCl crystals in a clay pore using molecular models of two types of clay minerals, Na-montmorillonite and kaolinite. Clear evidence is presented for the nucleation of the salt crystals that indicates that the molecular structure of clay minerals affects their spatial distribution, although the nucleat...
Properties of Enzymes from Clostridium Thermoaceticum and Clostridium Formicoaceticum

Clostridium thermoaceticum and Clostridium formicoaceticum are obligate anaerobic organisms, with terminal spores and a morphology and metabolism that are very similar. They carry out a homoacetate fermentation of sugars with acetate as the only product, and almost three moles of acetate are formed per mole of hexose (1,2,3). The fermentation proceeds via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway to pyruvate, which is further metabolized to yield two moles of acetate. The third mole of acetate is formed by reduction of CO2 to a methyl group, which is carboxylated to yield acetate in a transcarboxylation reaction involving the carboxyl group of pyruvate (4). An outline is shown in Figure 1 of the reactions involved in the homoacetate fermentation by C. thermoaceticum.
Exploiting hardware obfuscation methods to prevent and detect hardware Trojans

Due to the globalized semiconductor supply chain, integrated circuits suffer from hardware security attacks. Among various attacks, hardware Trojan insertions have emerged as a major security concern. An adversary modifies the original circuit to accomplish the malicious intentions through the hardware Trojan. Hardware obfuscation has been demonstrated as a promising technique to strengthen hardware implementation against hardware Trojan insertion in the late stage of the supply chain. This work reviews the state-of-the-art hardware obfuscation methods, with the special emphasis on the corresponding efforts made for hardware Trojan prevention and detection. Furthermore, we summarize the evaluation metrics utilized in literature to assess the effectiveness of hardware obfuscation methods. Future directions for hardware obfuscation against hardware Trojans are discussed in this work, as well.
Exploring Document Retrieval Features Associated with Improved Short- and Long-term Vocabulary Learning Outcomes

A growing body of information retrieval research has studied the potential of search engines as effective, scalable platforms for self-directed learning. Towards this goal, we explore document representations for retrieval that include features associated with effective learning outcomes. While prior studies have investigated different retrieval models designed for teaching, this study is the first to investigate how document-level features are associated with actual learning outcomes when users get results from a personalized learning-oriented retrieval algorithm. We also conduct what is, to our knowledge, the first crowdsourced longitudinal study of long-term learning retention, in which we gave a subset of users who participated in an initial learning and assessment study a delayed post-test approximately nine months later. With this data, we were able to analyze how the three retrieval conditions in the original study were associated with changes in long-term vocabulary knowledge. We found that while users who read the documents in the personalized retrieval condition had immediate learning gains comparable to the other two conditions, they had better long-term retention of more difficult vocabulary.
The Mean-Squared-Error of autocorrelation sampling in coprime arrays

Standard direction-of-arrival estimation using coprime arrays samples the entries of the estimated physical-array autocorrelation matrix, organizes them in a matrix structure, and conducts multiple-signal classification (MUSIC) with singular vectors of the resulting matrix. A majority of the existing literature samples the physical-array autocorrelations by selection, retaining only one of the samples that correspond to each element of the difference coarray. Other more recent works conduct averaging of all samples that relate to each coarray element. Even though the two methods coincide when applied on the nominal/true physical-array autocorrelations, their performance differs significantly when applied on finite-snapshot estimates. In this paper, we present for the first time in closed form the mean-squared-error of both selection and averaging autocorrelation sampling and clarify/establish the superiority of the latter.
Clinical Profile, Electrophysiological Characteristics, and Outcome after Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of Atypical Atrial Flutter

Although radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation is well accepted as the treatment of choice for typical atrial flutter, there is limited experience with its use in the treatment of atypical atrial flutter (AAF).
Improved Learning with N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Antagonist After Global Cerebral Ischemia

Activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors by ischemia-induced glutamate release results in the entry of ionic calcium into neurons, followed by progressive neuronal damage by calcium-activated enzyme systems and delayed cell death. Earlier studies using excitatory neurotransmitter antagonists have demonstrated neuronal protection against ischemia, raising the possibility that these drugs can be used effectively in the therapy of acute stroke. When evaluating the effectiveness of a drug for use in cases of acute stroke however, it is important to demonstrate functional as well as histological improvement.
Translation of avian sarcoma virus RNA in Xenopus laevis oocytes.

Evidence for the synthesis and processing of Pr76 (precursor to group-specific antigens p27, p19, and p1215, upon injection of avian sarcoma virus 70S or 35S RNA into Xenopus oocytes has been presented. Further, we show that tRNAtrp primer, bound to 35S RNA, does not block translation of virion RNA under these conditions.
Parameters of Partial Orders and Graphs: Packing, Covering, and Representation

This paper surveys results concerning packing/covering parameters and representation parameters of graphs and posets. We start from the poset param¬eters known as width and dimension. We consider generalizations, related ques¬tions, and analogous parameters for graphs and/or directed graphs.
Resíduos agrícolas incorporados a substrato comercial na produção de mudas de repolho

In the production of quality vegetables, the formation of seedlings is one of the most important phases for the crop cycle, directly influencing the final performance of the plant, both from a nutritional and productive point of view. One of the decisive factors to obtain seedlings with quality and consequent increase in productivity is the type of substrate used. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of increasing proportions of residues from the drying of coffee beans (chaff) on alternative substrates constituted by coconut fiber, eggshell and commercial substrate, in the growth variables of cabbage seedlings. The experiment was conducted under a completely randomized design, with five treatments and ten replicates, with the following treatments: T0: commercial substrate (control); T1: 10% chaff (CH) + 15% coconut fiber (CF) + 5% eggshell (ES) + 70% commercial substrate (CS); T2: 20% CH + 15% CF + 5% ES + 60% CS; T3: 30% CH + 15% CF + 5% ES + 50% CS; T4: 40% CH + 15% CF + 5% ES + 40% CS. The evaluated variables were substrate electrical conductivity, collection diameter, number of leaves, height of plants and dry matter of shoot, root, and total plant. The highest values obtained from the variables analyzed were obtained in the treatment 4, in which 40% of woodwool + 15% coconut fiber + 5% eggshell + 40% commercial substrate were used.
The Role of Prostaglandins in Disrupted Gastric Motor Activity Associated With Type 2 Diabetes.

Patients with diabetes often develop gastrointestinal motor problems, including gastroparesis. Previous studies have suggested this gastric motor disorder was a consequence of an enteric neuropathy. Disruptions in interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) have also been reported. A thorough examination of functional changes in gastric motor activity during diabetes has not yet been performed. We comprehensively examined the gastric antrums of Lepob mice using functional, morphological, and molecular techniques to determine the pathophysiological consequences in this type 2 diabetic animal model. Video analysis and isometric force measurements revealed higher frequency and less robust antral contractions in Lepob mice compared with controls. Electrical pacemaker activity was reduced in amplitude and increased in frequency. Populations of enteric neurons, ICC, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor α+ cells were unchanged. Analysis of components of the prostaglandin pathway revealed upregulation of multiple enzymes and receptors. Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase-2 inhibition increased slow wave amplitudes and reduced frequency of diabetic antrums. In conclusion, gastric pacemaker and contractile activity is disordered in type 2 diabetic mice, and this appears to be a consequence of excessive prostaglandin signaling. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis may provide a novel treatment for diabetic gastric motility disorders.
Impact of non-cardiovascular disease burden on thirty-day hospital readmission in heart failure patients.

Background: Little is known about the impact of non-cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden on 30- -day readmission in heart failure (HF) patients. The aim of the study was to assess the role of non-CVD burden on 30-day readmission in HF patients. \ Methods: We analyzed the effect of non-CVD burden by frequency of ICD-9 code categories on readmis­sions of patients discharged with a primary diagnosis of HF. We first modeled the probability of readmis­sion within 30 days as a function of demographic and clinical covariates in a randomly selected training dataset of the total cohort. Variable selection was carried out using a bootstrap LASSO procedure with 1000 bootstrap samples, the final model was tested on a validation dataset. Adjusted odds ratios and confidence intervals were reported in the validation dataset. Results: There were a total of 6228 HF hospitalizations, 1523 (24%) with readmission within 30 days of discharge. The strongest predictor for 30-day readmissions was any hospital admission in the prior year (p < 0.001). Cardiovascular risk factors did not enter the final model. However, digestive system diseases increased the risk for readmission by 17% for each diagnosis (p = 0.046), while respiratory diseases and genitourinary diseases showed a trend toward a higher risk of readmission (p = 0.07 and p = 0.09, respectively). Non-CVDs out-competed cardiovascular covariates previously reported to predict readmission. Conclusions: In patients with HF hospitalization, prior admissions predicted 30-day readmission. Diseases of the digestive system also increase 30-day readmission rates. Assessment of non-CVD burden in HF patients could serve as an important risk marker for 30-day readmissions.
Defeating the Executive Nondelegation Doctrine

The Supreme Court has held that Congress may delegate discretion to other branches of government so long as it is limited by some “intelligible principle.” Applying this standard, the Court has upheld delegations of authority to executive officials to make important decisions based on such vague and indeterminate factors as the public interest, fairness, or reasonableness. The Court’s refusal to seriously scrutinize such effectively standardless delegations prevents the non-delegation doctrine from fulfilling its important functions. Congress can preclude future non-delegation challenges by amending the Dictionary Act to establish a default rule of statutory construction providing that, unless a statute provides otherwise, any delegation of regulatory authority to federal officials outside the legislative branch shall be exercised in the public interest, so as to promote justice and any other purposes of the underlying statutory provision being implemented. These broad considerations arguably should already be implicit in federal laws. Such a background rule of statutory interpretation would limit otherwise potentially overbroad grants of statutory discretion by incorporating restrictions sufficient to satisfy the Supreme Court’s requirements.
Age attenuates noise and increases symmetry of head movements during sleep resting-state fMRI in healthy neonates, infants, and toddlers.

Abstract Newborns produce spontaneous movements during sleep that are functionally important for their future development. This nuance has been previously studied using animal models and more recently using movement data from sleep resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) scans. Age-related trajectory of statistical features of spontaneous movements of the head is under-examined. This study quantitatively mapped a developmental trajectory of spontaneous head movements during an rs-fMRI scan acquired during natural sleep in 91 datasets from healthy children from ∼birth to 3 years old, using the Open Science Infancy Research upcycling protocol. The youngest participants studied, 2–3 week-old neonates, showed increased noise-to-signal levels as well as lower symmetry features of their movements; noise-to-signal levels were attenuated and symmetry was increased in the older infants and toddlers (all Spearman's rank-order correlations, P
A Coupled/Uncoupled Computational Scheme for Deformation and Fatigue Damage Analysis of Unidirectional Metal-Matrix Composites

A fatigue damage computational algorithm utilizing a multiaxial, isothermal, continuum-based fatigue damage model for unidirectional metal-matrix composites has been implemented into the commercial finite element code MARC using MARC user subroutines. Damage is introduced into the finite element solution through the concept of effective stress that fully couples the fatigue damage calculations with the finite element deformation solution. Two applications using the fatigue damage algorithm are presented. First, an axisymmetric stress analysis of a circumferentially reinforced ring, wherein both the matrix cladding and the composite core were assumed to behave elastic-perfectly plastic. Second, a micromechanics analysis of a fiber/matrix unit cell using both the finite element method and the generalized method of cells (GMC). Results are presented in the form of S-N curves and damage distribution plots.
The Past, The Present

Humanity has arrived at a dramatically different level of well-being in 2019 than that which existed 50 years ago or that which characterized people worldwide at the outset of the twentieth century. And the current century is still young and continues to reveal itself daily. The advances we have the privilege to witness reflect changes in the quality of life of people everywhere, and the forward momentum we would like to focus on continues the promise of even more significant advances in the sciences, medicine, and technology in the decades just ahead. Although distinct drivers for both contemporary and future progress in well-being are not easy to discern with clarity, the rich tapestry of the multiple stakeholders and multisector collaborations needed to bring about these changes is not. We already know the mix of public–private partnerships that are needed to bring about dramatic changes in all areas of collective life (Estes & Zhou, 2014).
Pollen performance decreases with plant age for outcrosser but not selfer: evidence for cost of male performance.

PREMISE Declines in reproductive capabilities with increasing age are common across the tree of life. However, in plants, mating system traits have rarely been tested for signs of senescence. Since reproduction is often resource limited, we might expect outcrossing and selfing taxa to allocate these resources differently, especially as a plant ages. Compared with selfers, outcrossers are expected to produce showy, rewarding flowers that attract pollinators and high-quality pollen that can successfully compete for ovules. Yet, this resource-intensive strategy of outcrossers may result in declines in floral allocation and pollen performance metrics, relative to selfers. METHODS To explore age-related changes in reproduction, we measured flower size and pollen germinability over the flowering period for multiple populations of an annual sister species pair, Collinsia linearis (outcrosser) and C. rattanii (selfer), in a growth chamber experiment. RESULTS We found that flower size decreased significantly with age in both species. The outcrosser expressed a significant and dramatic (88%) decline in pollen germinability with age, while the selfer's pollen germinability decline was non-significant and low (17%). CONCLUSIONS Our results support the idea that the higher total cost of reproduction in outcrossers can deplete available resources more rapidly than in selfers, manifesting as a decline in male performance with plant age.
REBOA-Induced Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA)-induced ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) represents a complex pathophysiologic process involving dysfunction of intracellular and extracellular components responsible for metabolic, thrombotic, and inflammatory signaling and cellular function. Mitigation strategies following repair and re-establishment of end-organ perfusion include surgical and pharmacologic considerations and adjuncts. Currently, there is a paucity of clinical data concerning the incidence and associated clinical ramifications of IRI following REBOA deployment. Given this limitation, this chapter aims to review IRI as a result of REBOA and discuss the current literature on REBOA-associated IRI mitigation strategies.
Induced orders in free monoids of words

A family of partial orders in the free monoid of words, induced from a partial order in alphabet, is presented. The induced orders generalize the chronological posets that have been defined for the two-letter alphabet only, and the morphological order. We show that the induced orders are natural with respect to alphabet homomorphisms.
PROMOTING SAFE AND EFFECTIVE USE OF AEROSOL DEVICES IN COVID-19:RISKS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR VIRAL TRANSMISSION.

While aerosol devices play a crucial role in the treatment of pulmonary diseases, aerosol drug delivery is considered as a risk for viral transmission and cross-infection between patients, and heal...
Assessing the Effects of Service Variability on Consumer Confidence and Behavior

This research examines the effects of service variability on consumer confidence and behavior across multiple transactions in a service relationship. This article integrates discussions of service ...
Management practices for leaders to promote infection prevention: Lessons from a qualitative study.

Background Prevention of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) is critical to reduce preventable deaths and healthcare costs. Variable success with HAI prevention efforts has suggested that management practices are critical to support clinical infection prevention practices. This study examined hospital leaders’ management practices around the prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) and central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) to identify actions that leaders can take to promote HAI prevention efforts. Methods We conducted interviews with 420 key informants, including managers and frontline staff, in 18 hospitals across the United States. Interviewees were asked about management practices supporting HAI prevention. We analyzed interview transcripts using rigorous qualitative methods to understand how management practices were operationalized in infection prevention efforts. Results Across hospitals and interviewees, three management practices were characterized as important facilitators of HAI prevention: (1) engagement of executive leadership; (2) information sharing; and (3) manager coaching. We found that visible executive leadership, efficient communication, and frequent opportunities to provide and promote learning from feedback were perceived to promote and sustain HAI prevention efforts. Conclusions Our findings provide insight into management practices for leaders that support successful HAI prevention. In practice, these tactics may need to be adjusted to accommodate the current restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, in order to maintain HAI prevention efforts as a priority.
INFaaS: A Model-less and Managed Inference Serving System

Despite existing work in machine learning inference serving, ease-of-use and cost efficiency remain challenges at large scales. Developers must manually search through thousands of model-variants -- versions of already-trained models that differ in hardware, resource footprints, latencies, costs, and accuracies -- to meet the diverse application requirements. Since requirements, query load, and applications themselves evolve over time, these decisions need to be made dynamically for each inference query to avoid excessive costs through naive autoscaling. To avoid navigating through the large and complex trade-off space of model-variants, developers often fix a variant across queries, and replicate it when load increases. However, given the diversity across variants and hardware platforms in the cloud, a lack of understanding of the trade-off space can incur significant costs to developers. This paper introduces INFaaS, a managed and model-less system for distributed inference serving, where developers simply specify the performance and accuracy requirements for their applications without needing to specify a specific model-variant for each query. INFaaS generates model-variants, and efficiently navigates the large trade-off space of model-variants on behalf of developers to meet application-specific objectives: (a) for each query, it selects a model, hardware architecture, and model optimizations, (b) it combines VM-level horizontal autoscaling with model-level autoscaling, where multiple, different model-variants are used to serve queries within each machine. By leveraging diverse variants and sharing hardware resources across models, INFaaS achieves 1.3x higher throughput, violates latency objectives 1.6x less often, and saves up to 21.6x in cost (8.5x on average) compared to state-of-the-art inference serving systems on AWS EC2.