cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Survival in Men With High Grade Prostate Cancer: A Comparison Between Conservative Treatment, Radiation Therapy and Radical Prostatectomy—A Propensity Scoring Approach

Purpose: We performed a retrospective cohort study using propensity score analysis to calculate long-term survival in patients with prostate cancer with Gleason score 8 or greater who were treated with conservative therapy, radiation therapy and radical prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: Between January 1, 1980 and December 31, 1997, 3,159 patients in the Henry Ford Health System were diagnosed with clinically localized prostate cancer. Of these patients 453 had a Gleason score of 8 or greater in the biopsy specimen and they were the cohort. The end points were overall and prostate cancer specific survival. Propensity score analysis was used to more precisely compare the 3 treatments of observation, radiation and radical prostatectomy. Median patient followup was longer in the radical prostatectomy arm than in the conservative treatment and radiation therapy arms (68 months vs 52 and 54, respectively).Results: Of the 453 patients 197 (44%) were treated conservatively, 137 (30%) received radiation therap...
Dormancy Is Not Necessary or Sufficient for Bacterial Persistence

The antibiotic tolerances of bacterial persisters have been attributed to transient dormancy. While persisters have been observed to be growth inhibited prior to antibiotic exposure, we sought to determine whether such a trait was essential to the phenotype. Furthermore, we sought to provide direct experimental evidence of the persister metabolic state so as to determine whether the common assumption of metabolic inactivity was valid. Using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), a fluorescent indicator of cell division, a fluorescent measure of metabolic activity, and persistence assays, we found that bacteria that are rapidly growing prior to antibiotic exposure can give rise to persisters and that a lack of replication or low metabolic activity prior to antibiotic treatment simply increases the likelihood that a cell is a persister. Interestingly, a lack of significant growth or metabolic activity does not guarantee persistence, as the majority of even "dormant" subpopulations (>99%) were not persisters. These data suggest that persistence is far more complex than dormancy and point to additional characteristics needed to define the persister phenotype.
Neuroimaging in perinatal hypoxic‐ischemic injury

Neuroimaging has considerable potential for assessing the severity of brain damage in neonates who have suffered hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. This article reviews the recent literature concerning the concepts of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury as they relate to patterns of brain injury and thus to neuroimaging. In addition, the temporal changes of brain injury—as detected by transfontanel sonography, x-ray computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging—are discussed. The discussions of these modalities include new techniques such as Doppler sonography, quantitative sonographic feature analysis, diffusion magnetic resonance imaging, and perfusion magnetic resonance imaging. Finally and where applicable, the prognostic implications of the imaging findings are discussed. MRDD Research Reviews 3:28–41, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The relationship between Mexican drug trafficking organizations and corruption in the Mexican criminal justice and political systems: a review essay

This research addresses the implications associated with the illegal activities performed by drug trafficking organizations (DTOs) and the impact it creates on governmental institutions. The study ...
Correlation of the solubility of volatile liquids in molten polymers

The solubility of volatile liquids at infinite dilution (i.e., in the Henry's law region) in poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) and polystyrene (PS) at elevated temperatures has been correlated by plotting ln(1/Kp) against (Tc/T)2, where Tc is the critical temperature of the solute and Kp is Henry's constant at temperature T and a total pressure of approximately at 1 atm, defined as P1 = KpV10, where P1 is the partial pressure of the solute in the vapor phase and V10 is the solubility (cm3 solute per g polymer at 273.2 K and 1 atm). For this correlation, we have used experimental data available in the literature for 16 solutes covering 81 data points for PVAc and 17 solutes covering 82 data points for PS. We have calculated values of 1/Kp from the literature data reported in terms of the retention volume Vg0, weight-fraction Henry's constant H1, and activity coefficient at infinite dilution Ω1∞. We have made the following observations: (1) for PVAc, ln(1/Kp) = −1.564 + B(Tc/T)2; and (2) for PS, ln(1/Kp) = −2.028 + B(Tc/T)2. In both cases, we found that values of B, the slope in the ln(1/Kp) versus (Tc/T)2 plots, vary with the acentric factor ω of the solutes. It has been found that, in both PVAc and PS at the same value of ω, values of B for slightly polar aromatic solutes are larger than those for nonpolar aliphatic solutes. Further, in PS at the same value of ω, values of B are smaller for strongly polar solutes than for slightly polar solutes, whereas in PVAc the opposite trend holds. This observation may be interpreted as that the solubility of strongly polar solutes in a polar polymer (e.g., PVAc) is greater than that of slightly polar and nonpolar solutes, whereas the solubility of strongly polar solutes in a nonpolar polymer (e.g., PS) is less than that of slightly polar solutes but greater than that of nonpolar solutes. The dependence of B on ω, observed in this investigation, is at variance with the correlations reported by Tseng, Lloyd, and Ward for PVAc and by Stiel and Harnish for PS.
Identification of dnaX as a High-Copy Suppressor of the Conditional Lethal and Partition Phenotypes of the parE10 Allele

Termination of DNA replication, complete topological unlinking of the parental template DNA strands, partition of the daughter chromosomes, and cell division follow in an ordered and interdependent sequence during normal bacterial growth. In Escherichia coli, topoisomerase IV (Topo IV), encoded by parE and parC, is responsible for decatenation of the two newly formed chromosomes. In an effort to uncover the pathway of information flow between the macromolecular processes that describe these events, we identified dnaX, encoding the tau and gamma subunits of the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme, as a high-copy suppressor of the temperature-sensitive phenotype of the parE10 allele. We show that suppression derives from overexpression of the gamma, but not the tau, subunit of the holoenzyme and that the partition defect of parE10 cells is nearly completely reverted at the nonpermissive temperature as well. These observations suggest a possible association between Topo IV and the replication machinery.
Note on hepatic function one to three decades after an episode of jaundice during childhood.

Summary Hepatic function was evaluated in 14 unselected young men who had had episodes of jaundice during childhood 12 to 31 years prior to testing, and was found to be normal.
Detailed magnetic and structural analysis mapping a robust magnetic C 4 dome in Sr 1 − x Na x Fe 2 As 2

The authors present a careful phase diagram determination of the hole-doped Sr${}_{1-x}$Na${}_{x}$Fe${}_{2}$As${}_{2}$ iron-based superconductors, with special attention paid to the region around $x$=0.36, where they recently found the existence of a magnetic $C$4 phase. This phase has already proven instrumental in settling longstanding questions in these materials. In contrast to the two previous hole-doped Ba-based materials exhibiting this phase, here they find the $C$4 phase to be more robust, existing over a larger range of compositions. This should prove useful for future studies.
Association of Different Measures of Gun Ownership over Time

Summary.-A study of indirect measures of Firearm ownership in the USA from 1967 to 1983 yielded three dusters of measures: (a) the use of guns for suicide and gun magazine subscriptions, (b) estimates of ownership of all guns, and (c) the use of guns for homicide. Lester (2) has shown that a variety of indirect measures of gun ownership in the states of America are positively associated. The present analysis sought to explore the association of indirect measures of gun ownership in the USA as a whole from 1767 to 1783. Eleven measures were used: per capita circulation of Shooting Times and Guns G. Ammo obtained from the Audit Bureau of Circulation, estimates of ownership of guns/household for total guns, handguns, rifles, and shotguns estimated from Gallup and NORC polls (I), and the accidental, homicidal, and suicidal death rates from guns and the percentage of suicides and homicides using guns from the Vital Staristics of the United States, published annually. Year was also included in the factor analysis (a principal components extraction and a varimax rotation using SPSSX). Three factors were extracted. Factor I had high loadings from year (0.72), the suicide rate by guns (0.85), the percentage of suicides using guns (0.91), subscriptions to Shooting Times and Guns & Ammo (0.96 and 0.981, household ownership of handguns (0.88), and had a negative loading by the gun accidental death rate (-0.71). Factor I1 had loadings from household ownerships of all guns, rifles, and shotguns (0.78, 0.92, and 0.73, respectively). Factor I11 had loadings from the homicide rate by gun and the percentage of homicides using guns (0.82 and 0.92). No accurate counts of gun ownership are available to vahdate these measures; however, the extraction of three factors suggests the possibility of rival measures, not all of which may be valid. In addition, the accidental death rate by gun appears to be invalid as a measure of availability of guns since it correlates negatively with most of the other measures. Perhaps it is the accessibility of guns which is relevant in accidental death, this being different (less secure) than availability within the household.
Synthesis of Dendridic NLO Chromophores for the Improvement of Order in Electro-optics

Previous research in organic electro-optics has shown dramatic increases in the hyperpolarizablity of NLO chromophores. However, this large microscopic activity has not been translated to the macroscopic domain. The polymeric electro-optic (E-O) materials continue to lack the high noncentrosymmetric order of the poled chromophores within the matrix necessary for high E-O response (r33 ). This deficiency of order represents one major obstacle that must be overcome before E-O device commercialization can be achieved. This lack of order is partially due to the large dipole moments of high μβ chromophores, which cause the chromophores to align in a centrosymmetric fashion through intermolecular electrostatic interactions. However, quantum calculations show that when the aspect ratio between the width and length of the chromophore system is adjusted to be greater than 1.4:1 by adding bulky side groups around the center of the chromophore, it would prevent side on pairing of the chromophores. This would cause a decrease in the large areas of centrosymmetric aggregation and thus allow for easier poling of the system. Here we report the synthesis of a nanoscale NLO architecture in which dendritic moieties have been incorporated around the center of the chromophore to give a three dimensional structure in order to achieve the 1.4:1 aspect ratio and maximize the macroscopic order of the system.
A combined kinetic push and thermodynamic pull as driving forces for outer membrane protein sorting and folding in bacteria

In vitro folding studies of outer membrane beta-barrels have been invaluable in revealing the lipid effects on folding rates and efficiencies as well as folding free energies. Here, the biophysical results are summarized, and these kinetic and thermodynamic findings are considered in terms of the requirements for folding in the context of the cellular environment. Because the periplasm lacks an external energy source the only driving forces for sorting and folding available within this compartment are binding or folding free energies and their associated rates. These values define functions for periplasmic chaperones and suggest a biophysical mechanism for the BAM complex.
In vivo visualization using MRI T2 mapping of induced osteochondrosis and osteochondritis dissecans lesions in goats undergoing controlled exercise

In vivo visualization of subclinical osteochondrosis (OC) lesions, characterized by necrosis of epiphyseal growth cartilage, is necessary to clarify the pathogenesis of this disease. Hence, our objectives were to demonstrate induced necrosis of the epiphyseal cartilage in vivo using MRI and to monitor progression or resolution of resulting lesions. We also aimed to improve the goat model of OC by introducing controlled exercise. Vascular supply to the epiphyseal cartilage was surgically interrupted in four 5-day-old goats to induce ischemic cartilage necrosis in a medial femoral condyle. Starting 3 weeks postoperatively, goats underwent daily controlled exercise until euthanasia at 6, 10, 11 (n = 2) weeks postoperatively. T2 maps of operated and control femora were obtained in vivo at 3 (n = 4), 6 (n = 4), 9 (n = 3), and 11 (n = 2) weeks postoperatively using a 3 T MR scanner. In vivo MRI findings were validated against MRI results obtained ex vivo at 9.4 T in three goats and compared to histological results in all goats. Surgical interruption of the vascular supply caused ischemic cartilage necrosis in three out of four goats. T2 maps obtained in vivo at 3 T identified regions of increased relaxation time consistent with discrete areas of cartilage necrosis 3-11 weeks postoperatively and demonstrated delayed progression of the ossification front at 9 (n = 1) and 11 (n = 2) weeks postoperatively. In vivo MRI findings were confirmed by ex vivo MRI at 9.4 T and by histology. Identification of cartilage necrosis in clinical patients in the early stages of OC using T2 maps may provide valuable insight into the pathogenesis of this condition. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:868-875, 2017.
Electron/Ion Transport Enhancer in High Capacity Li-Ion Battery Anodes

Magnetite (Fe3O4) was used as a model high capacity metal oxide active material to demonstrate advantages derived from consideration of both electron and ion transport in the design of composite battery electrodes. The conjugated polymer, poly[3-(potassium-4-butanoate) thiophene] (PPBT), was introduced as a binder component, while polyethylene glycol (PEG) was coated onto the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The introduction of PEG reduced aggregate size, enabled effective dispersion of the active materials and facilitated ionic conduction. As a binder for the composite electrode, PPBT underwent electrochemical doping which enabled the formation of effective electrical bridges between the carbon and Fe3O4 components, allowing for more efficient electron transport. Additionally, the PPBT carboxylic moieties effect a porous structure, and stable electrode performance. The methodical consideration of both enhanced electron and ion transport by introducing a carboxylated PPBT binder and PEG surface treatment l...
(Un)Disciplined futures: Women of color feminism as a disruptive to white affect studies

The aim of this article is to demonstrate how women of color feminism predates and disrupts dominant dialogues in the field of White affect studies. I introduce the concept of White affect studies as an arena of inquiry that draws from Western-European theories and literatures and architects a sociopolitical structure of affect that positions White affects as universal. Scholars contributing to the field of White affect studies posit theories of affect, embodiment, subjectivity, phenomenology, violence, war, and more, while disregarding the theoretical contributions made by women of color feminism in thinking through these notions and social issues. This is done by engaging in a citational practice that results in an epistemic erasure of women of color feminist thought. The voices of women of color feminists are thus disqualified, and their theoretical contributions are not acknowledged as significant or relevant in conceptualizing affect, affective economies, and the social. By turning to the writings of women of color feminists, I demonstrate how their theories on embodiment, subjectivity, and social structures predate the institutionalization of White affect studies. Feminists of color from the past and present have and continue to theorize through a language of self their experiences as subjects embedded within matrices of violence, power, and pleasure. Lorde, Martinez, and Chinchilla write about the ways in which lesbian and queer women of color institute different affects that counter dominant structures of emotion, systems of power, and heterosexual modes of being. In developing conceptual methodologies, Lorde, Martinez, and Chinchilla are able to weave into the dominant discursive logic a language of self that both introduces new queer subjectivities, while reinterpreting existing forms of thought, thereby contesting mainstream economies of White affects and White affect studies. It is through a language of self that Lorde, Martinez, and Chinchilla develop an ethic of survival that countermobilizes against White hegemonic apparatuses.
Poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) Brushes on High-κ Metal Oxide Dielectric Surfaces for Bioelectrical Environments

Advances in electronics and life sciences have generated interest in “lab-on-a-chip” systems utilizing complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) circuitry for low-power, portable, and cost-effective biosensing platforms. Here, we present a simple and reliable approach for coating “high-κ” metal oxide dielectric materials with “non-fouling” (protein- and cell-resistant) poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (POEGMA) polymer brushes as biointerfacial coatings to improve their relevance for biosensing applications utilizing advanced electronic components. By using a surface-initiated “grafting from” strategy, POEGMA films were reliably grown on each material, as confirmed by ellipsometric measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The electrical behavior of these POEGMA films was also studied to determine the potential impact on surrounding electronic devices, yielding information on relative permittivity and breakdown field for POEGMA in both dry and hydrated stat...
Multicolor Flow Cytometry and Multigene Next-Generation Sequencing Are Complementary and Highly Predictive for Relapse in Acute Myeloid Leukemia after Allogeneic Transplantation

Abstract Minimal residual disease (MRD) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is typically measured using multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC). Detection of leukemia mutations using multigene next-generation sequencing (NGS) can potentially be used to measure residual disease. We used a targeted 28-gene NGS panel to detect mutations and different-from-normal 10-color MFC to measure MRD in AML patients before allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT). Residual disease was defined when any abnormal blast population was detected using MFC and when any leukemia allele was detected with a variant allele frequency (VAF) ≥ 5% using NGS. We tracked the clearance of leukemia alleles between AML diagnosis and immediately before HCT and found that mutations in DNMT3A, TET2, and JAK2 were less likely to be cleared than NPM1, IDH 1/2, and FLT3-ITD. Despite varying sensitivities, the concordance rate of residual disease detection before HCT using the 2 assays was 44 of 62 (71%) evaluable cases. Discordance could be explained by residual mutations in DNMT3A and TET2 that were not detected by MFC and presence of residual leukemia mutations with VAF below the established thresholds for mutation calling. Presence of flow MRD and residual mutations immediately before HCT using the 2 assays was associated with relapse risk (MFC: hazard ratio, 4.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.32 to 16.09; P = .016 and NGS: hazard ratio, 4.35; 95% CI, 1.63 to 11.6; P = .003) and survival (MFC: hazard ratio, 2.44; 95% CI, 1 to 5.97; P = .05 and NGS: hazard ratio, 2.1; 95% CI, .97 to 4.55; P = .059) after HCT. Residual disease detected concurrently by MFC and NGS conferred the highest relapse risk compared with patients who were either negative by both assays or had discordant status (overall, P = .008). Although MFC is universally applicable, a multigene NGS approach to measuring residual disease in AML provides additional information on differential clearance of disease alleles and can assess clonal architecture before transplantation.
It Comes Down to Institutions

This paper aims to answer the question of why several nations are yet to develop. Many economists have embarked on numerous missions to understand why some poor countries have developed over the years yet others continue to struggle. Some have attributed the failures of struggling nations to inherent attributes such as geography while others have faulted assistance mechanisms such as foreign aid for creating a culture of dependence. I, however, find that despite crippling exogenous conditions, countries with robust institutions are able to prosper.
The rebirth of Chinggis Khaan: state appropriation of Chinggis Khaan in post-socialist Mongolia

A massive monument of Chinggis Khaan (Chinggis Khaan’s name is spelt differently depending on the language in which it was written and on conventions of transliteration. Among the most common are Chinggis, Genghis, Genghiz, or Jengiz. For the purpose of the paper, the Mongolian transliteration is used.) imposingly gazes down from the government palace in Ulaanbaatar, the capital city of Mongolia. The monument was erected in 2006 in commemoration of the 800-year anniversary of the establishment of “the Great Mongolian State.” Occupying arguably the most prominent national space, the monument serves as an arresting emblem of the state. With its silent yet triumphant symbolization, the monument articulates the state’s new ideology in the post-Soviet era. The monument is one of countless symbolic and material grand-scale state expressions appropriating Chinggis Khaan. In this article, I examine the state’s appropriation of Chinggis Khaan as the marker of Mongolian post-socialist national identity. In doing so...
Understanding Patient Preferences in Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Surgery for Osteoarthritis: A Conjoint Analysis

Purpose We sought to compare preferences for arthroplasty versus arthrodesis among patients with proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint osteoarthritis (OA) by quantifying the patient-assigned utility of each operation's attributes. Methods We undertook a multistep process to identify relevant surgical attributes, including a literature review, surgeon survey, and pretest patient pilot test to build a set of discrete choice experiments. Patients with PIP joint osteoarthritis were identified using a single university electronic medical record and were recruited via electronic message or postcard. Participants completed a demographic survey and 11 discrete choice experiments designed using Sawtooth Software's Discover tool. Utility and importance scores were generated for each attribute. Results Pretest analysis identified out-of-pocket cost, joint stiffness, need for future surgery, change in grip strength, and total recovery time as the most important surgical attributes. Initial response rate to the conjoint survey was 75% and survey completion rate was 61%. The study sample was predominantly white (91%) and female (72%), mean age 64.3 years (range, 34–90 years), and mean daily pain score was 4.32 (range, 0–10). Attribute importance scores demonstrated that joint stiffness (32%) and grip strength (29%) were most important to patients. Cost (17%) and need for future surgery (19%) were intermediate patient-preference drivers. Recovery time was the least important attribute (2%). Conclusions In aggregate, patients prefer surgical attributes characteristic of arthroplasty (ability to preserve joint motion and grip strength) relative to those associated with arthrodesis (decreased need for reoperation, lower costs, and shorter reoperation times). Type of study/level of evidence Economic/Decision Analysis III.
Bipolar Disorder (Including Hypomania and Mania)

Bipolar (manic-depressive) disorder is a severe syndrome involving episodic shifts of mood between mania and depression. Associated risks are high rates of psychosis, substance abuse, and suicide. Mortality is increased not only due to suicide, but also accidents and medical complications of abuse of alcohol and drugs, as well as stress-sensitive medical disorders. There is a strong genetic predisposition but no identified cause; some cases arise in association with neurological or metabolic disorders or in reaction to drugs. Lifetime prevalence is probably more than two percent of the general population, affecting men and women similarly; half of all cases begin before age 20, and include children. There is a tendency toward worsening with time and successive recurrences. Treatment involves antimanic, antipsychotic, anticonvulsant, or sedative medicines for mania, with antidepressants or electroconvulsive treatment for depression, and maintenance treatment with lithium salts or certain anticonvulsants to avoid long-term recurrences. Psychosocial and rehabilitative interventions are additional components of comprehensive care.
Medical Association Guidelines, Post-2002/Women’s Health Initiative Findings

The findings of the NIH’s Women’s Health Initiative Study in 2002 changed forever the way that HT had been understood to work and the wide range of benefits it was thought to have provided. In the decade since, researchers and practitioners have come to understand safer ways to prescribe estrogen and estrogen plus progesterone replacement therapy so that women seeking relief from menopause symptoms can access a safe hormone therapy that relieves symptoms without suffering from unwanted and dangerous side effects.
Breast milk transmission of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection.

Human CMV is highly species-specific, and humans are believed to be its only reservoirs1. Seroepidemiologic surveys have found CMV infection in every population that has been tested including remote Indian tribes in the Amazon basin who lacked evidence of past measles or influenza infections2,3. CMV infection is endemic and without seasonal variation. Climate does not affect the prevalence of the infection, and there are no known vectors in the natural transmission cycle. The prevalence of CMV infection increases with age, but according to geographic, ethnic, and socioeconomic factors. The pattern of acquisition of this infection varies widely among populations4. CMV is acquired earlier in life in developing countries and among the lower socioeconomic segments in developed countries. Differences between populations can be particularly striking during childhood, with rates of seropositivity in four to six year old children varying from less than 10 percent in Great Britain and certain populations in the United States, to nearly 100 percent in Africa and the South Pacific4. Presumably, these significant differences are the reflection of factors that account for increased exposure to CMV such as crowding, breastfeeding, sexual practices, and certain child rearing practices. Transmission occurs by direct or indirect person to person contact. Sources of virus include urine, oropharygeal secretions, cervical and vaginal secretions, semen, milk, tears, and blood5,6. CMV is not very contagious; the spread of infection requires close or intimate contact with infected secretions.
Searching for planning operators with context-dependent and probabilistic effects

Providing a complete and accurate domain model for an agent situated in a complex environment can be an extremely difficult task. Actions may have different effects depending on the context in which they are taken, and actions mayor may not induce their intended effects, with the probability of success again depending on context. We present an algorithm for automatically learning planning operators with context-dependent and probabilistic effects in environments where exogenous events change the state of the world. Empirical results show that the algorithm successfully finds operators that capture the true structure of an agent's interactions with its environment, and avoids spurious associations between actions and exogenous events.
The sunray venus clam, Macrocallista nimbosa, exhibits asynchronous spawning

Abstract The reproductive cycle of the sunray venus (SRV) clam, Macrocallista nimbosa, was initially described over 40 years ago and was labeled as a “fall spawner” based on that study. Interest in the SRV clam as an alternative bivalve species for Florida shellfish aquaculture was established a decade ago but due to it’s reputation as an unreliable spawner, production of this clam has stalled. This study was conducted to provide a more thorough description of the reproductive cycle, including detail-oriented reproductive staging in an effort to determine the cause of reported spawning difficulties. Regardless of sex, M. nimbosa follicles were observed to be continual spawners. It was not uncommon to observe follicles in four of the six gametogenic stages simultaneously. Spawning was generally protracted with no long period of inactivity. A single hermaphrodite suggested possibility of protandry. Although spawning and gametogenesis were continuous, bimodal spawning peaks were seen; however, these peaks occurred asynchronously. These observations lend credence to reports of unreliable spawning and limited egg production during thermal induction. Continuously collected environmental data indicated that spawning in females followed increased turbidity (used as a phytoplankton proxy). This observed increase in spawning in females reiterates the role of diet in gametogenic production. It may be necessary to adjust currently established hard clam feeding practices during maturation in order to increase egg production and optimize spawning potential in this species. Further research into the optimization of temperature, concentration and types of microalgal species fed during maturation is suggested.
Lowering the Ankle Brachial Index Threshold in Blunt Lower Extremity Trauma May Prevent Unnecessary Imaging

Background Current algorithms for the management of blunt lower extremity trauma recommend additional imaging in patients presenting with soft signs of vascular injury and an ankle–brachial index (ABI) less than 0.9. The aim of this study is to analyze lower extremity computed tomography angiographies (CTAs) to determine the incidence and characteristics of patients sustaining vascular injury from blunt lower extremity trauma. We hypothesized that a lower ABI threshold can avoid unnecessary imaging without missing clinically significant vascular injury. Methods A single-center, retrospective review of all consecutive patients who presented to a level 1 trauma center with blunt lower extremity trauma and underwent a CTA from January 2015 to December 2017 was conducted. Baseline demographics, clinical features, and outcomes were recorded. Patients without documented ABIs were excluded. A receiver operating characteristic curve was used to define the ABI threshold. Results One hundred twenty-five patients (133 injured limbs) met inclusion criteria. The mean age was 44 years (range 9–96), and 74% of the patients were male. A vascular abnormality was identified on CTA in 65 limbs (48.9%), of which only 8 (12%) required intervention. The ABIs in these 8 injured limbs were between 0 and 0.6. An ABI threshold of 0.6 maximized the balance between sensitivity (100%) and specificity (87%) and missed no injuries requiring revascularization. Conclusions The ABI remains useful in evaluating blunt lower extremity trauma. A lower ABI threshold in patients presenting with soft signs of vascular injury after blunt trauma may avoid unnecessary imaging without missing vascular injuries requiring intervention. Further prospective studies are needed to validate the safety and effectiveness of a lower ABI threshold.
TARGET-seq Takes Aim at Cancer Evolution through Multi-omics Single-Cell Genotyping and Transcriptomics.

In this issue of Molecular Cell, Rodriguez-Meira et al. (2019) present TARGET-seq, an elegant single-cell method that genotypes somatic mutations and captures whole transcriptomes in the same tumor cells, thus paving the way to directly link somatic mutations with resulting transcriptional phenotypes in clonally diverse cancer populations.
A new look at IgE beyond allergies.

Immunoglobulin E (IgE), though constitutively present at low levels, is most commonly studied in atopic disease where it plays a vital role in mast cell degranulation and in initiating a T helper 2 (Th2) response. With the advent of better detection assays, however, researchers are discovering the importance of IgE in actively contributing to many disease states and pathologies. This review will discuss the latest findings in IgE beyond its role in allergies and recently discovered roles for IgE in its cell-bound form on FceRI-expressing effector cells like monocytes and dendritic cells. In terms of parasites, we will discuss helminth-induced IgE that appears to protect the worms from immune recognition and a tick-borne illness that elicits an IgE response against red meat. Next, we describe recent findings of how auto-reactive IgE can contribute to the progression of lupus and induce organ damage. Finally, we summarize the emerging roles of IgE in tumor surveillance and antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. We additionally discuss recent or ongoing clinical trials that either target harmful IgE or use the unique characteristics of the isotype.
Genomic predictors of benefit of docetaxel (D) and next-generation hormonal therapy (NHT) in metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC).

5018Background: Predictive genomic biomarkers in mCRPC remain elusive. Prior studies suggest that tumor suppressor (TS) loss is prognostic, and may result in less benefit from NHT, but no impact on...
Arabyyah and Mexicana Co-Teaching-Learning "Testimonios" of Revolutionary Women: A Pedagogy of Solidarity.

AbstractManal, an Arabyyah feminist and Judith, a Mexicana feminista share our experience co-teaching a course titled Revolutionary Women and Decolonizing Platicas ~ Testimonios, at a university al...
On polyhedral and second-order cone decompositions of semidefinite optimization problems

Abstract We study a cutting-plane method for semidefinite optimization problems, and supply a proof of the method’s convergence, under a boundedness assumption. By relating the method’s rate of convergence to an initial outer approximation’s diameter, we argue the method performs well when initialized with a second-order cone approximation, instead of a linear approximation. We invoke the method to provide bound gaps of 0.5–6.5% for sparse PCA problems with 1000s of covariates, and solve nuclear norm problems over 500 × 500 matrices.
Geolocators reveal migration routes, stopover sites, and nonbreeding dispersion in a population of Cerulean Warblers

Cerulean Warblers (Setophaga cerulea) are among the fastest declining Nearctic-Neotropical migrant wood-warblers (Parulidae) in North America. Despite ongoing conservation efforts, little is known about their non-breeding distribution. In June 2016-2018, we deployed geolocators (n = 30) on adult male Cerulean Warblers in Indiana, USA, to track annual movements of individuals. Recovered geolocators (n = 4) showed that Cerulean Warblers occurred broadly throughout northern South America. Autumn migration lasted 44-71 days (n = 4), whereas spring migration lasted 37-41 days (n = 3). The average migration distance was 5268 km. During autumn migration, Cerulean Warblers made 1-4 stopovers (i.e., ≥2 days; n = 4) and 1-2 stopovers during spring migration (n = 3). When crossing the Gulf of Mexico during autumn migration, two birds stopped over after crossing, but not beforehand. Two others navigated through the Caribbean rather than crossing the Gulf of Mexico. During spring migration, one individual stopped after crossing, one individual stopped before crossing, and one individual stopped before and after crossing the Gulf of Mexico. No birds migrated through the Caribbean Islands during spring migration. These results represent novel information describing annual movements of individual Cerulean Warblers and will inform conservation efforts for this declining species.
Relations between Emotional Expressivity Dimensions and DSM-5 Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Clusters in a Trauma-Exposed Community Sample

Background and Objective. A growing body of literature indicates a significant contribution and role of positive and negative emotions (specifically expressivity) in post-traumatic stress disorder's (PTSD) symptomatology. The current study examined the facet-level relationships between emotional expressivity and PTSD. Specifically, we investigated which emotional expressivity dimension (impulse strength, negative emotional expressivity, and positive emotional expressivity) most strongly related to DSM-5 PTSD symptom clusters severity (intrusions, avoidance, negative alterations in cognition and mood, and alterations in arousal and reactivity). Methods. The sample of 123 trauma-exposed participants seeking mental health treatment completed the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) and the Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire (BEQ). Results. Results of multivariate multiple regression analysis indicated that only intensity of emotion and difficulty in controlling such emotions (i.e., impulse strength) was strongly related to all four PTSD symptom clusters. The valence of emotional expressivity (positive or negative) was not related to any of the PTSD symptom clusters. Conclusions. Study findings highlight the role of emotional expressivity, specifically impulse strength, in PTSD's symptomatology and may inform guidelines for emotion-focused clinical work for trauma-exposed individuals with PTSD symptoms.
Plumbing AmericaS Balance of Trade

By focusing only on the trade deficit, critics miss the full economic benefits of a more open American economy. This paper provides original analysis of the total inflow and outflow of dollars through numerous pipes that make up the plumbing of US commerce with the rest of the world. It explains how underlying macroeconomic factors determine the size and direction of Americas trade balance, why bilateral deficits with trading partners do not indicate a failure of US trade policy, and why efforts to employ trade policy to fix the overall trade deficit or bilateral deficits would be futile and self-damaging. Among the key policy conclusions: Americas net positive inflow of capital year after year indicates the continuing attractiveness of the United States as a destination for foreign investment; imports benefit US consumers as well as producers; and direct foreign investment abroad by US companies is not primarily a platform for importing goods and services back to the United States but for expanding sales to foreign customers.
Are Archaeological Parks the New Amusement Parks? UNESCO World Heritage Status and Tourism

In this chapter I address the concern that UNESCO World Heritage designation leads to unregulated tourism. I argue that heritage tourism not only has a negative impact on the site but may adversely impact local populations and descendant communities. I detail two related worries, UNESCO-cide and the Disneyfication of cultural heritage. The term ‘UNESCO-cide’ was coined by Marco d’Eramo to describe the role overtourism has played in the death of cities listed on UNESCO’s World Heritage list. Disneyfication is the process of sanitizing potentially controversial or seemingly negative narratives from the tourist site to make the experience more palatable. I focus my analysis on two UNESCO World Heritage sites: Angkor Archaeological Complex in Cambodia and George Town in Malaysia. After a discussion about the negative impacts World Heritage designation has had on these sites, I suggest some mitigating strategies for tourism.
The effect of pulmonary rehabilitation on physical performance and health related quality of life in patients with chronic lung disease.

Abstract Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is a multidisciplinary approach that improves exercise capacity and health-related quality of life in patients with chronic lung disease. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of the patients with chronic lung disease who participated in the PR program at University Medical Center in Lubbock, Texas, between 2014 and 2019. Clinical information, 6-min walk test (6 MW T) results, the number of emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations, and psychosocial questionnaires (CAT score, PHQ9 and mMRC dyspnea score) were recorded before and after the completion of the program. Multiple variable linear regression and logistic regression were used to analyze the relationships between patient characteristics and changes in the 6-min walk distance and the achievement of a minimal clinically important differences (MCID) in the 6-min walk distance, the CAT score, the PHQ-9, and the mMRC. 279 patients enrolled in pulmonary rehabilitation; 144 patients (52%) completed the program. After completion of the program, 84 patients increased their 6 MW T distance to exceed the MCID with a mean increase of 178 feet, and the number of ED visits and hospitalizations decreased from 0.80 ± 1.11 to 0.55 ± 0.87 (p The MCID helps evaluate patient outcomes following pulmonary rehabilitation and provide more definite assessment of benefits. The high dropout rate indicates that programs must continuously monitor patient participation and interest.
Aldo-Keto Reductases and Cancer Drug Resistance.

Human aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) catalyze the NADPH-dependent reduction of carbonyl groups to alcohols for conjugation reactions to proceed. They are implicated in resistance to cancer chemotherapeutic agents either because they are directly involved in their metabolism or help eradicate the cellular stress created by these agents (e.g., reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxides). Furthermore, this cellular stress activates the Nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (NRF2)-Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 pathway. As many human AKR genes are upregulated by the NRF2 transcription factor, this leads to a feed-forward mechanism to enhance drug resistance. Resistance to major classes of chemotherapeutic agents (anthracyclines, mitomycin, cis-platin, antitubulin agents, vinca alkaloids, and cyclophosphamide) occurs by this mechanism. Human AKRs also catalyze the synthesis of androgens and estrogens and the elimination of progestogens and are involved in hormonal-dependent malignancies. They are upregulated by antihormonal therapy providing a second mechanism for cancer drug resistance. Inhibitors of the NRF2 system or pan-AKR1C inhibitors offer promise to surmount cancer drug resistance and/or synergize the effects of existing drugs. Significance Statement Aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) are overexpressed in a large number of human tumors and mediate resistance to cancer chemotherapeutics and antihormonal therapies. Existing drugs and new agents in development may surmount this resistance by acting as specific AKR isoforms or AKR pan-inhibitors to improve clinical outcome.
Long-Range Respiratory and Theta Oscillation Networks Depend on Spatial Sensory Context.

Neural oscillations can couple networks of brain regions, especially at lower frequencies. The nasal respiratory rhythm, which elicits robust olfactory bulb oscillations, has been linked to episodic memory, locomotion, and exploration, along with widespread oscillatory coherence. The piriform cortex is implicated in propagating the olfactory-bulb-driven respiratory rhythm, but this has not been tested explicitly in the context of both hippocampal theta and nasal respiratory rhythm during exploratory behaviors. We investigated systemwide interactions during foraging behavior, which engages respiratory and theta rhythms. Local field potentials from the olfactory bulb, piriform cortex, dentate gyrus, and CA1 of hippocampus, primary visual cortex, and nasal respiration were recorded simultaneously from male rats. We compared interactions among these areas while rats foraged using either visual or olfactory spatial cues. We found high coherence during foraging compared with home cage activity in two frequency bands that matched slow and fast respiratory rates. Piriform cortex and hippocampus maintained strong coupling at theta frequency during periods of slow respiration, whereas other pairs showed coupling only at the fast respiratory frequency. Directional analysis shows that the modality of spatial cues was matched to larger influences in the network by the respective primary sensory area. Respiratory and theta rhythms also coupled to faster oscillations in primary sensory and hippocampal areas. These data provide the first evidence of widespread interactions among nasal respiration, olfactory bulb, piriform cortex, and hippocampus in awake freely moving rats, and support the piriform cortex as an integrator of respiratory and theta activity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Recent studies have shown widespread interactions between the nasally driven respiratory rhythm and neural oscillations in hippocampus and neocortex. With this study, we address how the respiratory rhythm interacts with ongoing slow brain rhythms across olfactory, hippocampal, and visual systems in freely moving rats. Patterns of network connectivity change with behavioral state, with stronger interactions at fast and slow respiratory frequencies during foraging as compared with home cage activity. Routing of interactions between sensory cortices depends on the modality of spatial cues present during foraging. Functional connectivity and cross-frequency coupling analyses suggest strong bidirectional interactions between olfactory and hippocampal systems related to respiration and point to the piriform cortex as a key area for mediating respiratory and theta rhythms.
Coastal Geology of Upolu, Western Samoa

Upolu is a volcanic island surrounded by fringing and barrier reefs. Maximum altitude of the rugged interior is about 1150 m. The volcanic rocks range in age from late Pliocene to Holocene and include basaltic lavas, scoria cones, pyroclastics, and tuffs. The coast of Upolu can be subdivided into the following three basic types based on reef characteristics, depositional features, and hinterland geology: wide fringing reef transitional to a shallow barrier reef; cliffed coast with little or no reef development; and fringing reef and narrow coastal strip consisting mostly of beaches, barrier spits, and coastal swamps associated with streams. Engineering structures such as seawalls and groins are common along many areas of the coastline, indicating a widespread coastal erosion problem. Causes for the erosion appear to be (a) possible relative rise of sea level enhanced by island subsidence, (b) reclaimed areas and engineering structures extending beyond the natural shoreline in areas prone to wave attack interrupting littoral transport of sediment, and (c) beach mining of sands and gravels for construction purposes. The well-developed fluvial drainage systems and the wide fringing and barrier reefs are conducive to the formation of numerous sites for potential nearshore construction materials. The potential for economically viable placer mineral resources appears to be limited because good source rocks are not present and the nearshore depositional systems are of relatively small size.