cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Writing as software development: making meaning before, after, and of the code

This paper presents some thoughts on redefining a technical writer's role in the software development process. It outlines ways in which writers can use their writing skills to collaborate with and add value to the HCI (human computer interaction) and software architecture functions. It also points to areas that writers need to explore further to discover the ways in which they can contribute meaningfully to information, and therefore product, development throughout the life cycle of the software product. It uses real-life examples to illustrate ways in which writers can transform documentation from an item on the laundry list of deliverables into an effective design and development tool.
Rethinking climate refugees and climate conflict: Rhetoric, reality and the politics of policy discourse

This paper critically examines the perceived threat of ‘climate refugees’ and ‘climate conflict’. It locates the ideological roots of these concepts in development theories and policy narratives about demographically induced migration, environmental refugees and environmental security. While alarmist rhetoric around climate refugees and conflict has been deployed by a variety of actors, including U.N. agencies, development NGOs, national governments, security pundits and popular media, the paper concentrates on its strategic use by U.S. defence interests. It raises the question of how the portrayal of climate change as a security threat could further militarise the provision of development assistance and distort climate policy. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neoasterophora megasilvestrensis n. gen., n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Actinocephalidae: Pileocephalinae) Parasitizing Cheumatopsyche analis (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in the Texas Big Thicket

Neoasterophora megasilvestrensis n. gen., n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Actinocephalidae: Pileocepha- linae) is described from the larvae of the little sister sedge caddisfly, Cheumatopsyche analis (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) collected from Harmon Creek, Sam Houston State University Center for Biological Field Studies, Walker County, Texas, U.S.A. Neoasterophora is distinguished from known genera of Pileocephalinae by distinct fusiform oocysts lacking polar plugs, an epimerite in the form of an apical ovoidal tumidus, and a diamerite with a milled toroidal disk. This is the first description or report of a septate gregarine infecting larval Trichoptera from the New World.
Evaluation of a model of blocking probability in all-optical mesh networks without wavelength changers

We describe the design and performance of a wide-area all-optical network. An improved model of the benefits of wavelength changers in all-optical mesh networks is presented and comparisons are made to simulations. The model is shown to be accurate for a moderate number of wavelengths and a small blocking probability for a variety of networks.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Consensus clustering: The Filtered Stochastic Best-One-Element-Move Algorithm

The consensus clustering problem is to find a clustering partition that has minimum average distance to a set of given partitions, generated from a number of different clustering algorithms or different runs of the same clustering algorithm. Different definitions of partition distance and different optimization methods lead to many consensus clustering algorithms. In this paper, a new algorithm is proposed for solving the median partition problem, combining the idea of the Best One Element Move (BOEM) algorithm and stochastic gradient descent (SGD) with a filtering step. Simulation results demonstrate that this new algorithm converges faster than the vanilla version of BOEM and performs competitively with other algorithms. Moreover, it sheds some light on how to use SGD methods in discrete domain problems, and on the efficacy of introducing memory in estimation of local gradients.
From landscapes to waterscapes: A PSE for landuse change analysis

We describe the design and implementation of L2W – a Problem Solving Environment (PSE) for landuse change analysis. L2W organizes and unifies the diverse collection of software typically associated with ecosystem models (hydrological, economic and biological). It provides a web-based interface for potential watershed managers and other users to explore meaningful alternative land development and management scenarios and view their hydrological, ecological, and economic impacts. A prototype implementation for the Upper Roanoke River Watershed in Southwest Virginia, USA is described.
Reduction in Tobacco Pollen Germination and Tube Elongation, Induced by Low Levels of Ozone

Pollen of the ozone-sensitive tobacco variety Bel W-3 undergoes a reduction in germination rate and tube elongation when exposed to ozone. As little as 0.1 part of ozone per million for a 5.5-hour exposure period is sufficient to cause a 40 to 50 percent reduction in germination and a 50 percent reduction in pollen-tube elongation. Ozone causes these effects to approximately the same degree whether the pollen is exposed to ozone in vitro or agar disks, or in vivo when the intact plant is exposed. Exposure to ozone at a concentration of 1.0 part per million for more than 3 hours in vitro completely prevents germination of Bel W-3 pollen.
Distinguishing features of self-limiting adult small-bowel intussusception identified at CT.

PURPOSE: To determine if clinical or computed tomographic (CT) findings can be used to distinguish self-limiting cases of adult small-bowel intussusception from those requiring surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-seven cases of adult small-bowel intussusception were identified by a retrospective computerized search of 69,040 abdominopelvic CT examinations performed over a 4-year period. Two independent readers recorded CT features. Clinical findings and outcomes were determined by review of all available medical records. Outcome was classified as either surgical or self-limiting. Association between predictive variables and outcome was assessed by the Fisher exact test and logistic regression models. A multivariate, stepwise, logistic regression model was used to determine the best predictors of outcome. RESULTS: Six patients (16%) underwent surgery, and all had lead-point tumors. Thirty-one patients were cared for conservatively (84%) and none required surgery at a mean follow-up of 5.2 months (range, 0-46 months). Multivariate, stepwise, logistic regression analysis showed intussusception length was the only variable that was independently predictive of outcome. All 20 patients with an intussusception length of 3.5 cm or less, as measured by either reader, had cases that were self-limiting. Seventeen patients had an intussusception length greater than 3.5 cm, as measured by either reader. Eleven patients had an intussusception that was self-limiting, and six patients had an intussusception that required surgery. CONCLUSION: Intussusception length is the main factor in distinguishing the majority of small-bowel intussusceptions detected at CT that are self-limiting from the minority that require surgery. An intussusception that is shorter than 3.5 cm is likely to be self-limiting.
Second messenger systems in human gliomas.

Abstract Context.—Patients with glioblastoma (astrocytoma, World Health Organization grade IV) exhibit 2-year survival rates of less than 20% despite significant advances in therapeutic options ava...
Combined inhibition of heat shock proteins 90 and 70 leads to simultaneous degradation of the oncogenic signaling proteins involved in muscle invasive bladder cancer

Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) plays a critical role in the survival of cancer cells including muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). The addiction of tumor cells to HSP90 has promoted the development of numerous HSP90 inhibitors and their use in clinical trials. This study evaluated the role of inhibiting HSP90 using STA9090 (STA) alone or in combination with the HSP70 inhibitor VER155008 (VER) in several human MIBC cell lines. While both STA and VER inhibited MIBC cell growth and migration and promoted apoptosis, combination therapy was more effective. Therefore, the signaling pathways involved in MIBC were systematically interrogated following STA and/or VER treatments. STA and not VER reduced the expression of proteins in the p53/Rb, PI3K and SWI/SWF pathways. Interestingly, STA was not as effective as VER or combination therapy in degrading proteins involved in the histone modification pathway such as KDM6A (demethylase) and EP300 (acetyltransferase) as predicted by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data. This data suggests that dual HSP90 and HSP70 inhibition can simultaneously disrupt the key signaling pathways in MIBC.
E.P.R. of a mixed metal two-dimensional system: Mn1-fCof(HCOO)2·2H2O

Abstract An X -band E.P.R. study of Mn 1− f Co f (HCOO) 2 ·2H 2 O has been carried out for 0.0 ⩽ f ⩽ 0.99. Although some temperature dependent effects were noted, the dominant result was a strong inverted U -shaped dependence in the Mn(II) resonant linewidth with increasing Co(II) concentration. The data suggest the presence of both isotropic and anisotropic exchange interactions between the dissimilar metal ions. A phenomenological theoretical model is proposed which requires only one adjustable parameter to fit the linewidth vs concentration data.
Balancing Employment and Fatherhood: A Systems Perspective

Fathers in dual-earner families (N = 447) participated in three studies. The first two studies were designed to devise a brief measure of stress experienced by employed men in dual-earner families. The resulting Workplace/Family Stress Scale was found to be a reliable and valid measure of this construct. An ecological systems framework was utilized for study design and analyses in the third study. This study explored contributions from various system levels to the work/family stress dynamic. Results indicated that all system levels examined (the individual, the family microsystem, and the workplace microsystem) contributed to experienced stress, with the greatest contribution coming from the family microsystem. Implications of these findings for fathers involved in multiple roles and for their families are discussed.
Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for gender and development

This paper focuses on the use of geographic information system (GIS) in gender research and argues for the possibility that the tool has inherent biases with regard to data collection and representation.
3D vector gravity potential and line integrals for the gravity anomaly of a rectangular prism with 3D variable density contrast

Three-dimensional rectangular prisms are building blocks for calculating gravity anomalies from irregular 3D mass bodies with spatially variable density contrasts. A 3D vector gravity potential is defined for a 3D rectangular prism with density contrast varying in depth and horizontally. The vertical component of the gravity anomaly equals the flux of the 3D vector gravity potential through the enclosed surface of the prism. Thus, the 3D integral for the gravity anomaly is reduced to a 2D surface integral. In turn, a 2D vector gravity potential is defined. The vertical component of the gravity anomaly equals the net circulation of the 2D vector gravity potential along the enclosed contour bounding the surfaces of the prism. The 3D integral for the gravity anomaly is reduced to 1D line integrals. Further analytical or numerical solutions can then be obtained from the line integrals, depending on the forms of the density contrast functions. If an analytical solution cannot be obtained, the line-integral method is semianalytical, requiring numerical quadratures to be carried out at the final stages. Singularity and discontinuity exist in the algorithm and the method of exclusive infinitesimal sphere or circle is effective to remove them. Then the vector-potential line-integral method can calculate the gravity anomaly resulting from a rectangular prism with density contrast, varying simply in one direction and sophisticatedly in three directions. The advantage of the method is that the constraint to the form of the density contrast is greatly reduced and the numerical calculation for the gravity anomaly is fast.
Shoot Meristem Formation in Vegetative Development.

The majority of the plant body is derived from the activities of groups of specialized cells, known as apical meristems, at the growing tips. In a typical flowering plant, the shoot apical meristem (SAM) gives rise to the bulk of the above-ground portion of the plant, whereas root meristems give rise to the bulk of the subterranean plant body. Of course, not all plants are typical, and numerous exceptions to these broad generalizations are found in nature. For example, aerial roots are a common feature, and rhizomes or other subterranean shoot systems have SAMs that remain beneath the soil. Whether or not a plant is typical, the apical meristems of the plant represent the site at which organs are initiated and the pattern of the shoot and root system is established. In this review, we focus on meristem formation in the vegetative shoots of flowering plants. Although the term “meristem” can be used in a broad sense to refer to any actively growing portion of the plant, we limit our discussion to those portions of the plant that generate new lateral organs. Shoot and root meristems behave in different ways. The
Predictors of expressed partner and non-partner violence among patients in substance abuse treatment

This study examined reports of expressed partner and non-partner violence among men (n=126) and women (n=126) in the 12 months prior to substance abuse treatment. Rates of violence were 57% for partner, 53% for non-partner, and 75% collapsing across partner and non-partner relationships. Factors associated with partner and non-partner violence severity differed substantially. Partner violence was predicted by age, marital status, and drug problem severity. Non-partner violence was predicted by gender, income, alcohol and drug problem severity. The results highlight that individuals in substance abuse treatment are at high risk for violence, and targeted screening and intervention approaches should be routine in addictions treatment.
Morphological evidence for phages in Xylella fastidiosa.

Presumptive phage particles associated with Xylella fastidiosa strain Temecula-1 grown in PW broth were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in ultrathin sections of bacterial cell-containing low speed centrifugation pellets and in partially purified preparations from CsCl equilibrium centrifugation density gradients. Ultrathin-sectioned cell pellets contained icosahedral particles of about 45 nm in diameter. Samples collected from CsCl density gradients revealed mostly non-tailed icosahedral but also tailed particles. The icosahedral particles could be divided into two types: a large type (about 45 nm) and a small type (about 30 nm). Filamentous phage-like particles (17 × 120 to 6,300 nm) were also observed. The presence of different types of phage-like particles resembling to those in several bacteriophage families provides new physical evidence, in addition to X. fastidiosa genomic information, that X. fastidiosa possesses active phages. This is the first report of phage particles released in X. fastidiosa cultures.
Optimal amplify and forward strategy for two-way relay channel with multiple relays

An iterative algorithm is proposed to achieve the optimal rate region in a two-way relay channel, where two nodes want to exchange data with each other using multiple relays, and each relay employs an amplify and forward strategy. The iterative algorithm solves a power minimization problem at every step, subject to minimum signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio constraints, which is non-convex, however, for which the Karush Kuhn Tucker conditions are sufficient for optimality. Using simulations, the achievable rate region of the iterative algorithm is compared with the cut-set upper bound; the gap is shown to be quite small for most cases.
A Swarm-Based Approach to Learning Phase-Type Distributions for Continuous Time Bayesian Networks

The use of phase-type distributions is an established method for extending the representational power of continuous time Bayesian networks beyond exponentially-distributed state transitions. In this paper, we propose a method for learning phase-type distributions from known parametric distributions. We find that by using particle swarm optimization to minimize a modified KL-divergence value, we are able to efficiently obtain good phase-type approximations for a variety of parametric distributions. Our experiments show that particle swarm optimization outperforms genetic algorithms and hill climbing with simulated annealing. In addition, we investigate the trade-off between accuracy and complexity with respect to the number of phases in the phase-type distribution. Finally, we propose and evaluate an extension that uses informed starting locations during optimization, which we found to improve convergence rates when compared to random initialization.
Religion and regionalism: Congregants, culture, and city -county consolidation in Louisville, Kentucky

Literature on religious involvement in public affairs typically examines the national scene, particularly public opinion and political behavior in presidential elections. Few scholars examine religious actors in urban politics and policymaking. Those who do study local politics emphasize morality policy and ignore issues of metropolitan governance and institutional design, central concerns of the urban politics field. This dissertation fills that gap by studying Louisville, Kentucky, site of the first large-scale city-county consolidation since 1969. I ask: does religion affect how people vote in a consolidation referendum and shape their opinions about merged government? I employ a survey instrument (N=807), collected randomly across Louisville Metro in 2006, and use multiple linear and binary logistic regression to predict religiosity, “culture war” stances, and consolidation referendum participation and support. I control for socio-economic status, demographics, residence, and political ideology. I operationalize religion as a variable in two ways: as a factor score index measuring level of religiosity, combining behavior, belief, and salience items; and as religious affiliation, predominately Roman Catholic and Southern Baptist in Louisville. I also employ the 2006 General Social Survey for comparison with the nation and several additional religion databases to better understand Louisville’s religious ecology. I find that religiosity did not significantly affect one’s turnout or vote but is positively related to opinions of the merged government. Religious affiliation did not significantly affect turnout but significantly affected one’s vote and opinions. Regression results show that Catholics were 37 percent more likely to support consolidation than Southern Baptists. I downplay theories that differences over redistribution to central cities and political trust may be driving differences over consolidation. I posit a theory labeled “polity replication” based in the institutional and organizational theory and sociology of religion literatures. I argue that participation in a religious denomination’s organizational structure conditions members to prefer similar structures in other societal institutions. Two forms of metropolitan governance, monocentrism and polycentrism, parallel the poles of church polity (i.e., denominational governance): episcopal/centralized (Catholic) and congregational/decentralized (Baptist). In conclusion, I present recommendations and implications for research, religious practice, and politics/policymaking.
NextOne Player: A Music Recommendation System Based on User Behavior.

We present a new approach to recommend suitable tracks from a collection of songs to the user. The goal of the system is to recommend songs that are favored by the user, are fresh to the user’s ear, and fit the user’s listening pattern. We use “Forgetting Curve” to assess freshness of a song and evaluate “favoredness” using user log. We analyze user’s listening pattern to estimate the level of interest of the user in the next song. Also, we treat user behavior on the song being played as feedback to adjust the recommendation strategy for the next one. We develop an application to evaluate our approach in the real world. The user logs of trial volunteers show good performance of the proposed method.
The effect of hypoxia and epinephrine infusion on arginine induced insulin release.

SummaryThe rapid phase insulin release induced by arginine in the puppy, was inhibited significantly by hypoxia, but not by epinephrine infusion. Based on these data we conclude that elevated epinephrine levels were not a major factor in the inhibition of the arginine effect caused by hypoxia. On the other hand, in the puppy, epinephrine may not produce sufficient alpha adrenergic stimulation to inhibit insulin release.
EFFICIENT MULTI-GRID METHOD FOR THE STEADY HEAT DIFFUSION EQUATION

An accurate and efficient multi-grid boundary element method is developed to solve steady heat diffusion problems. This novel method extends the pioneering work of Brandt and Lubrecht on multi-level multi-integration in several important ways to address problems with mixed boundary conditions. We utilize bi-conjugate gradient methods and implement the multi-level multi-integration approach for fast matrix and matrix transpose multiplication for e very iteration loop. Furthermore, by introducing a C-c ycle multigrid algorithm, we find that the number of iterations for the bi-conjugate gradient methods is independent of the boundary element mesh discretization.
Contributions of Solar Wind and Micrometeoroids to Molecular Hydrogen in the Lunar Exosphere

We investigate the density and spatial distribution of the H2 exosphere of the Moon assuming various source mechanisms. Owing to its low mass, escape is non-negligible for H2. For high-energy source mechanisms, a high percentage of the released molecules escape lunar gravity. Thus, the H2 spatial distribution for high-energy release processes reflects the spatial distribution of the source. For low energy release mechanisms, the escape rate decreases and the H2 redistributes itself predominantly to reflect a thermally accommodated exosphere. However, a small dependence on the spatial distribution of the source is superimposed on the thermally accommodated distribution in model simulations, where density is locally enhanced near regions of higher source rate. For an exosphere accommodated to the local surface temperature, a source rate of 2.2 g s-1 is required to produce a steady state density at high latitude of 1200 cm-3. Greater source rates are required to produce the same density for more energetic release mechanisms. Physical sputtering by solar wind and direct delivery of H2 through micrometeoroid bombardment can be ruled out as mechanisms for producing and liberating H2 into the lunar exosphere. Chemical sputtering by the solar wind is the most plausible as a source mechanism and would require 10-50 of the solar wind H+ inventory to be converted to H2 to account for the observations.
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): an interim report of carriage and conversion rates in nursing students.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and characterize MRSA and staphylococci carriage and conversion rates in nursing students across clinical semester rotations and to describe risk factors. DESIGN: A prospective, longitudinal cohort design (interim report) with three times of measurement. Data collected between August 2010 and May 2011 (ongoing longitudinal study to May 2012). Institutional Review Board approval (2010F5693). SETTING: Texas State University, San Marcos, TX. PARTICIPANTS: Eighty-seven nursing students. INTERVENTIONS: A positive MRSA swab represented an end-point for a participant. Intervention offered was bactroban (mupirocin) for nasal decolonization and an oral antibiotic, doxycycline; post-treatment collection to verify decolonization prior to next clinical rotation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Screening for Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA identification; confirmation and antibiotic susceptibility by Vitek 2. Self-administered questionnaires collected demographics and risk factors. Generalized estimating equations calculated population-averaged panel logistic regression models allowing for an AR(1) error by Stata version 12. RESULTS: MRSA colonization did not increase. S. aureus prevalence (20-26%). Species prevalence other than S. aureus increased (9.2% to 80%). The following associations were found to be statistically significant: boil or skin infection odds with S. aureus (OR= 2.43, p CONCLUSIONS: MRSA colonization did not increase. Knowledge and understanding of MRSA (risks) may play a role in compliance and barrier precautions. S. aureus colonization remained stable (25-30%). Species colonization other than S. aureus (e.g. S. epidermis, S. haemolyticus) increased to significant levels. ABBREVIATIONS:MRSA= Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus; CA-MRSA=Community-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus; HA-MRSA=Healthcare-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus; CLS = Clinical Laboratory Science; OR = Odds Ration; CI = Confidence Interval; HCWs = Healthcare Workers; Healthcare associated infections = HAIs.
High Speed Data Converters

High speed data converters represent one of the most challenging, important and exciting analog and mixed-signal systems. They are ubiquitous in our modern and highly connected world. Understanding and designing this class of converters require proficiency in analog circuit design, digital design, and signal processing. This book covers high speed data converters from the perspective of a leading high speed ADC designer and architect, and with a strong emphasis on high speed Nyquist A/D converters. Topics covered include an introduction to high-speed data conversion; performance metrics; data converter architectures; sampling; comparators; amplifiers; pipelined A/D converters; time-interleaved converters; digitally assisted converters; evolution and trends The book is intended for engineers and students who design, evaluate or use high speed data converters. A basic foundation in circuits, devices and signal processing is required. The book is meant to bridge the gap between analysis and design, theory and practice, circuits and systems. It covers basic analog circuits and digital signal processing algorithms. There is a healthy dose of theoretical analysis in this book, combined with the practical issues and intuitive perspectives.
Diagnostic and Nosological Issues in Psychotherapy Research

This chapter considers the manifold ways in which syndromal diagnosis—epitomized by DSM-III, the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—impacts on psychotherapy research and psychotherapy researchers. Since syndromal diagnosis, or diagnosis from coherent signs and symptoms, has been the principal basis for classifying psychiatric and psychological disorders through recorded history, the chapter provides, when appropriate, historical perspective on the recent evolution of syndromal diagnosis through the successive editions of the DSM. But DSM-III also represents a marked departure, in important ways, from what has gone before. Hence, much of our focus will be prospective, in anticipation of what DSM-III and its new departures will mean for psychotherapy research in the future.
Relation of Pericardial Fat, Intrathoracic Fat, and Abdominal Visceral Fat With Incident Atrial Fibrillation (from the Framingham Heart Study).

Obesity is associated with increased risk of developing atrial fibrillation (AF). Different fat depots may have differential associations with cardiac pathology. We examined the longitudinal associations between pericardial, intrathoracic, and visceral fat with incident AF. We studied Framingham Heart Study Offspring and Third-Generation Cohorts who participated in the multidetector computed tomography substudy examination 1. We constructed multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazard models for risk of incident AF. Body mass index was included in the multivariable-adjusted model as a secondary adjustment. We included 2,135 participants (53.3% women; mean age 58.8 years). During a median follow-up of 9.7 years, we identified 162 cases of incident AF. Across the increasing tertiles of pericardial fat volume, age- and gender-adjusted incident AF rate per 1,000 person-years of follow-up were 8.4, 7.5, and 10.2. Based on an age- and gender-adjusted model, greater pericardial fat (hazard ratio [HR] 1.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03 to 1.34) and intrathoracic fat (HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.45) were associated with an increased risk of incident AF. The HRs (95% CI) for incident AF were 1.13 (0.99 to 1.30) for pericardial fat, 1.19 (1.01 to 1.40) for intrathoracic fat, and 1.09 (0.93 to 1.28) for abdominal visceral fat after multivariable adjustment. After additional adjustment of body mass index, none of the associations remained significant (all p >0.05). Our findings suggest that cardiac ectopic fat depots may share common risk factors with AF, which may have led to a lack of independence in the association between pericardial fat with incident AF.
Perception of primary care physicians on the impact of comprehensive geriatric assessment: what is the next step?

Older adults are at high risk of developing multimorbidity, and the high levels of clinical and psychosocial complexity in this population pose special challenges for primary care physicians (PCPs). As a way to improve the care for the older adults, a number of health systems have developed programs to provide comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA), which generally refers to an intensive interprofessional evaluation and management of geriatric syndromes with the goals of maximizing health in aging. Sternberg and Bentur examined the impact of CGA as perceived by PCPs, the PCPs attitude toward CGA, and their satisfaction with CGA. In this commentary, we seek to provide additional context to the current state of outpatient consultative CGA and how it relates to the findings in the study by Sternberg and Bentur. The knowledge gained from this study begs for future investigations, especially in the areas of PCPs’ understanding of outpatient consultative CGA, the perceived benefit in health outcomes and actual health outcomes, perceived needs in geriatric consultation, preference in management of complex geriatric syndromes, and interests in continuing education in geriatrics. Insight into these factors could allow for improvement of the current outpatient consultative CGA model and allow for adaption of the model to local needs.
Atomically precise organomimetic cluster nanomolecules assembled via perfluoroaryl-thiol SNAr chemistry

The majority of biomolecules are intrinsically atomically precise, an important characteristic that enables rational engineering of their recognition and binding properties. However, imparting a similar precision to hybrid nanoparticles has been challenging because of the inherent limitations of existing chemical methods and building blocks. Here we report a new approach to form atomically precise and highly tunable hybrid nanomolecules with well-defined three-dimensionality. Perfunctionalization of atomically precise clusters with pentafluoroaryl-terminated linkers produces size-tunable rigid cluster nanomolecules. These species are amenable to facile modification with a variety of thiol-containing molecules and macromolecules. Assembly proceeds at room temperature within hours under mild conditions, and the resulting nanomolecules exhibit high stabilities because of their full covalency. We further demonstrate how these nanomolecules grafted with saccharides can exhibit dramatically improved binding affinity towards a protein. Ultimately, the developed strategy allows the rapid generation of precise molecular assemblies to investigate multivalent interactions.
The Empty Idea of 'Equality of Creditors'

For two hundred years, the equality of creditors norm — the idea that similarly situated creditors should be treated similarly — has been widely viewed as the most important principle in American bankruptcy law, rivaled only by our commitment to a fresh start for honest but unfortunate debtors. I argue in this Article that the accolades are misplaced. Although the equality norm once was a rough proxy for legitimate concerns, such as curbing self-dealing, it no longer plays this role. Nor does it serve any other beneficial purpose.Part I of Article traces the historical emergence and evolution of the equality norm, first in the federal bankruptcy laws that applied to individuals and small businesses, and then as it diffused (much later) into large scale corporate reorganization practice. Part II describes how easy it has become to circumvent the norm, focusing on five strategies for giving a favored group of creditors a higher payout than other unsecured creditors. Although these evasions could and in some cases should be halted (as shown in Part III), it turns out that equality of creditors is a distraction (Part IV). It contributes nothing to an assessment of the relevant doctrines, and in several contexts seems to have had a pernicious effect. Elsewhere in the law, equality language can provide valuable benefits, such as “telling us that different treatment of people does matter.” Because none of these benefits is present in bankruptcy (Part V), the equality principle should be discarded.
Synchronous Collaborative Writing in the Classroom: Undergraduates' Collaboration Practices and their Impact on Writing Style, Quality, and Quantity

Group activities that use Google Docs for simultaneous collaborative writing and editing are increasingly common in higher education. Although studies show that synchronous collaboration can bring multiple benefits, such as enhanced productivity and writing quality, little is known about these writing practices in classrooms and their impact on students' writing. Using a mixed method approach, we conducted an empirical study that explores the different styles of synchronous collaboration in 45 Google Docs documents produced by 82 undergraduate students, and how students' practices affect the specific dimensions of the final text including quality. The results suggest that (a) out of four styles, Divide and Conquer style tended to produce better quality text whereas Main Writer had the lowest quality scores, and that (b) balanced participation and amount of peer editing led to longer texts with higher quality scores for content, evidence, but not organization or mechanics. Given these results, we suggest several design features for collaborative writing systems and propose guidelines for instructional practices.
Forward modeling to investigate inversion artifacts resulting from time-lapse electrical resistivity tomography during rainfall simulations

Abstract Time-lapse electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is commonly used as a minimally invasive tool to study infiltration processes. In 2014, we conducted field studies coupling variable intensity rainfall simulation with high-resolution ERT to study the real-time partitioning of rainfall into surface and subsurface response. The significant contrast in resistivity in the subsurface from large changes in subsurface moisture resulted in artifacts during the inversion process of the time-lapse ERT data collected using a dipole-dipole electrode array. These artifacts, which are not representative of real subsurface moisture dynamics, have been shown to arise during time-lapse inversion of ERT data and may be subject to misinterpretation. Forward modeling of the infiltration process post field experiments using a two-layer system (saprolite overlain by a soil layer) was used to generate synthetic datasets. The synthetic data were used to investigate the influence of both changes in volumetric moisture content and electrode configuration on the development of the artifacts identified in the field datasets. For the dipole-dipole array, we found that a decrease in the resistivity of the bottom layer by 67% resulted in a 50% reduction in artifact development. Artifacts for the seven additional array configurations tested, ranged from a 19% increase in artifact development (using an extended dipole-dipole array) to as much as a 96% decrease in artifact development (using a wenner-alpha array), compared to that of the dipole-dipole array. Moreover, these arrays varied in their ability to accurately delineate the infiltration front. Model results showed that the modified pole-dipole array was able to accurately image the infiltration zone and presented fewer artifacts for our experiments. In this study, we identify an optimal array type for imaging rainfall-infiltration dynamics that reduces artifacts. The influence of moisture contrast between the infiltrating water and the bulk subsurface material was characterized and shown to be a major factor in contributing to artifact development. Through forward modeling, this study highlights the importance of considering array type and subsurface moisture conditions when using time-lapse resistivity to obtain reliable estimates of vadose zone flow processes during rainfall-infiltration events.
Neighborhoods, Race, and the Twenty-first-century Housing Appraisal Industry:

The history of the U.S. housing market is bound up in systemic, explicit racism. However, little research has investigated whether racial inequality also persists in the contemporary appraisal indu...
An application of bootstrap method for analysis of particle size distribution

Abstract The Bootstrap method, which is used widely in statistics, is a very powerful method that can be applied to the analysis of particle size distribution. For a number based measurement, this method can estimate the statistic uncertainty or confidence interval for any statistical quantities of interest from the distribution, with very simple protocol and without any parametric assumptions. This paper gives a demonstration to introduce the method to the community of particle size analysis.
Major Depressive Disorder in the African American Population

Depression is a common mental disorder that presents with depressed mood. It can become chronic or recurrent and lead to substantial impairment in an individual's ability to function. At this level, it is identified as major depressive disorder (MDD). Depression and MDD occur across all racial and ethnic groups. Although many depressed patients are treated in primary care, depression in these settings has been underdetected and undertreated. African Americans, especially, who suffer from depression are frequently underdiagnosed and inadequately managed in primary care due to patient, physician, and treatment setting factors. Patient factors include being poor, uninsured, restrictive insurance policies, biological-genetic vulnerability, nonre-sponsiveness to traditional pharmacological interventions, and stigma (ie, attitudes and perceptions of mental illness). Physician factors include diagnosis and assessment, physician characteristics, physician bias, and culture; and treatment setting factors include systemic variables such as lack of or poor access to health care, racism, environment, and patient management. African Americans are less likely to receive proper diagnosis and treatment, more likely to have depression for long periods of time, and more likely to suffer greater disability from depression. Understanding patient, physician, and treatment setting factors as contributing barriers that impede effective diagnosis and treatment of depression and MDD in African Americans is critical to effective patient management and discovery. Greater African American participation in clinical research trials also is needed to effectively improve, diagnose, and treat depression in African Americans. This article examines depression among African Americans in the context of gender, culture, and psychosocial determinants, and their engagement in clinical trials.
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF BORON UPTAKE IN EXCISED SAMPLES OF HUMAN RHEUMATOID SYNOVIUM

Use of the 10B(n,α)7Li nuclear reaction to treat rheumatoid arthritis is currently under investigation at MIT1. This paper will describe experimental studies which demonstrate that very large concentrations of 10B are readily taken up by joint tissues, in vitro. Boron concentrations 5 – 25 times larger than those typically observed in BNCT research are easily obtained. The requirements for further experimental work are described. Also discussed are the potential advantages of treating rheumatoid arthritis via the neutron capture reaction, including the requirement for substantially smaller neutron flux and the correspondingly smaller healthy tissue dose.
Wright, Joseph (1855–1930)

Joseph Wright was illiterate until he was a teenager but eventually earned a doctorate in Germanic philology and became a professor at Oxford. He worked extensively on historical Germanic linguistics, publishing handbooks of Gothic, Middle High German, and Old English, among others, as well as in dialectology. He served as editor of the English Dialect Dictionary. A number of his students became eminent philosogists in their own right, including his wife Mary and J.R.R. Tolkein.
Die Deutschen in Pennsylvanien

Der Haupteinfahrtshafen fur die deutsche Einwanderung vor dem Unabhangigkeitskriege war Philadelphia. Einige Deutsche landeten, wie wir sehen werden, in den nordlichen Hafen. New-York indessen wahlten nach den bosen Erfahrungen der Pfalzer wenige; eine grosere Rolle spielten schon Baltimore1 und Charleston, obschon sich hier genaue Zahlen schwer feststellen lassen; aber alle anderen Hafen zusammen erreichten wohl kaum die Bedeutung Philadelphias als Landungsort. Die Einwanderungen vor dem Unabhangigkeitskriege lassen sich in drei Perioden gliedern. Die fruheste, von 1683 bis 1710, ist die wenigst zahlreiche und stellt den Anfang der Bewegung dar. Groser war der Zuzug zwischen den Jahren 1710 und 1727. In letzterem Jahr begann man die amtlichen Aufzeichnungen uber die Einwanderung mit Angabe der Personennamen und meistens auch der Heimat der Ankommlinge. Den Anlas hierzu gab die grose Zunahme der Einwanderung — handelte es sich doch zuweilen um 8000 bis 10000 Personen im Jahr — und die daraus entspringende Befurchtung, diese immer mehr anwachsende deutsche Bevolkerung konne, mit der grosen schottisch-irischen Einwanderung zusammen, den Charakter des Staates in politischer wie in sozialer Hinsicht verandern. Obschon indessen unter den Eingebornen von Zeit zu Zeit eine fremdenfeindliche Bewegung einsetzte, geschah nichts, um die Einwanderung zu verhindern.
Effect of Spin-Polarized Electrons on THz Emission from Photoexcited GaAs(111)

We report the dependence of optical rectification and shift currents in unbiased GaAs(111) on the excitation beam polarization using THz emission spectroscopy. When exciting slightly above bandgap with elliptically polarized light, the emission is strongly influenced by spin-polarized electrons.
A study of the intrinsic variability and the effect of environmental conditions on the formation of a postmortem root band

Abstract A postmortem root band (PMRB) is defined as “an opaque ellipsoidal band composed of a collection of parallel elongated air/gas spaces and is approximately 0.5 mm above the root bulb and about 2 mm below the skin surface” [1] . It is generally accepted that it can appear in the root of hairs attached to remains during decomposition [1] . This study aimed to investigate the underlying cause and mechanism of PMRB formation. This was done (i) by observing the overall frequency and the intrinsic variability in anagen hairs containing a PMRB collected across five regions of a human decedent’s scalp at three time points, and (ii) by determining if PMRB-like features can be induced via immersion in in-vitro controlled environments of anagen hairs plucked from the scalp of a human decedent (ex-situ postmortem hairs) not containing a PMRB. The results of the first objective illustrated that as time since death increased, the frequency of hairs containing a PMRB across the scalp sampling regions increased and the intrinsic variability decreased. The results of the second objective demonstrated that both an aqueous environment and microbial activity are essential for the formation of PMRB-like features. This study was the first to statistically analyze the intrinsic variability of PMRB formation, as well as the first to induce PMRB-like features in roots of ex-situ postmortem hairs.
Gravity with spin and electromagnetism with a nonsymmetric metric tensor

It is shown the antisymmetric part of the metric tensor is the potential for the spin field. Various metricity conditions are discussed and comparisons are made to other theories, including Einstein's. It is shown in the weak field limit the theory reduces to one with a symmetric metric tensor and totally antisymmetric torsion. It is also shown, due to gauge invariance, the electromagnetic field must be present.
Elucidating the pathogenesis of esophageal adenocarcinoma through meta-analysis of public data.

71Background: Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is the sixth most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. It commonly arises in the setting of reflux disease and Barett’s esophagus. It remai...
Commentary: The School Psychologist as Community-Focused, Public Health Professional: Emerging Challenges and Implications for Training

(2000). Commentary: The School Psychologist as Community-Focused, Public Health Professional: Emerging Challenges and Implications for Training. School Psychology Review: Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 557-559.
Effect of Reductants on the NOx Storage Performance of a Pd/CZO Low Temperature NOx Adsorber

Low temperature NOx adsorbers (LTNA) adsorb the NOx emissions from diesel engines during the cold start period and then thermally release the NOx when the downstream urea SCR system is operational. A degreened monolithic core sample of a LTNA with palladium on a ceria-zirconia washcoat (Pd/CZO) was evaluated for NOx storage performance under lean conditions using a reactor-based transient temperature test with and without different reductants [i.e., ethylene (C2H4), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), or a 3:1 CO:H2 mix]. Relative to tests without a reductant, all four reductants increased the amount of NOx stored on the LTNA. The NOx storage performance decreased gradually during consecutive tests. Lean methane (CH4) oxidation was used to probe the average oxidation state of the PdOx in the LTNA after the transient tests. The PdOx was reduced similarly on tests with NO alone and with NO and each reductant but significantly less with the reductant alone. NO alone reduced the PdOx by reacting with the PdOx to form NO2 between 200 and 210 °C. CH4 oxidation tests were also performed after the bed temperature exceeded 185 °C on transient tests with and without the reductants (i.e., after the NOx storage period). There was little PdOx reduction with NO alone or reductant alone, but there was significant and similar PdOx reduction with NO and each reductant. This supported a mechanism where NO and the reductant interacted to form a chemical intermediate on a PdOx site, reducing the PdOx in the process. The oxidation state of the PdOx was also determined as a function of time during transient tests with and without the reductants. CO and CO/H2 reduced the PdOx more rapidly than C2H4 or H2, which correlated with the superior NOx storage performance with CO and CO/H2. It is proposed that the PdOx reduction was responsible for the gradual drop in NOx storage efficiency on consecutive tests. Consistent with that, the maximum performance could be recovered by oxidizing the catalyst between 700 and 750 °C. Future work includes a similar assessment of zeolite-based LTNAs which are more sulfur tolerant than ceria-based LTNAs.