cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Continuous monitoring of tissue pH with a fiberoptic conjunctival sensor

To assess the relationship between conjunctival pH (pHcj), arterial pH (pHa), and cardiorespiratory variables during normal and low-flow conditions, hemorrhagic hypotension was induced in eight dogs. Conjunctival pH became significantly less than control values after a hemorrhage volume of 15 mL/kg ( P
Management of pediatric maxillary fractures.

Background:Maxillary trauma in pediatric patients is a challenge to health care professionals. The successful treatment and extended care of pediatric maxillary fractures requires multiple considerations.Methods:This review of the current literature investigates all components of management to provi
The development of ideas about the effect of DNA repair on the induction of gene mutations and chromosomal aberrations by radiation and by chemicals.

Abstract An historical overview is given of the development of ideas about chromosomal and DNA repair as they relate to the induction of mutations, chromosomal aberrations, and sister-chromatid exchanges by radiations and chemicals. The genetic and molecular bases of the various repair pathways are reviewed whenever possible. work on both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is included. Mention is made, when deemed appropriate, of major developments in other areas that served as essential background for the repair work, but no attempt is made to cover these background developments in any detail. Near the end, a brief review is given of factors affecting polymerase fidelity. The history is subdivided into approximately 10-year intervals. For the most part, references are to reviews and symposia in which the ideas of the time were brought together. The implications of these findings for some practical problems in genetic toxicology and for our understanding of the maintenance of the genome are discussed at the end.
Historically grounded spatial population projections for the continental United States

Large-scale spatial population projections are of growing importance to the global change community. Spatial settlement patterns are a key determinant of vulnerability to climate-related hazards as well as to land-use and its consequences for habitat, energy use, and emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants. Few projections exist of spatial distribution at national or larger scales, and while recent efforts improve on earlier approaches that simply scaled or extrapolated existing spatial patterns, important methodological shortcomings remain and models have not been calibrated to nor validated against historical trends. Here we present spatially explicit 100-year projections for the continental United States consistent with two different scenarios of possible socio-economic development. The projections are based on a new model that is calibrated to observed changes in regional population distribution since 1950, corrects for distorting effects at borders, and employs a spatial mask for designating protected or uninhabitable land. Using new metrics for comparing spatial outcomes, we find that our projections anticipate more moderate trends in urban expansion and coastal settlement than widely used existing projections. We also find that differences in outcomes across models are much larger than differences across alternative socio-economic scenarios for a given model, emphasizing the importance of better understanding of methods of spatial population projection for improved integrated assessments of social and environmental change.
Physician Assistants And Nurse Practitioners Perform Effective Roles On Teams Caring For Medicare Patients With Diabetes

One approach to the patient-centered medical home, particularly for patients with chronic illnesses, is to include physician assistants (PAs) and nurse practitioners (NPs) on primary care teams. Using Medicare claims and electronic health record data from a large physician group, we compared outcomes for two groups of adult Medicare patients with diabetes whose conditions were at various levels of complexity: those whose care teams included PAs or NPs in various roles, and those who received care from physicians only. Outcomes were generally equivalent in thirteen comparisons. In four comparisons, outcomes were superior for the patients receiving care from PAs or NPs, but in three other comparisons the outcomes were superior for patients receiving care from physicians only. Specific roles performed by PAs and NPs were associated with different patterns in the measure of the quality of diabetes care and use of health care services. No role was best for all outcomes. Our findings suggest that patient characteristics, as well as patients' and organizations' goals, should be considered when determining when and how to deploy PAs and NPs on primary care teams. Accordingly, training and policy should continue to support role flexibility for these health professionals.
DEPLOYMENT OF MEMBRANE FUSION PROTEIN DOMAINS DURING FUSION

It is clear that both viral and intracellular membrane fusion proteins contain a minimal set of domains which must be deployed at the appropriate time during the fusion process. An account of these domains and their functions is given here for the four best-described fusion systems: influenza HA, sendai virus F1, HIV gp120/41 and the neuronal SNARE core composed of synaptobrevin (syn), syntaxin (stx) and the N- and C-termini of SNAP25 (sn25), together with the Ca2+binding protein synaptotagmin (syt). Membrane fusion begins with the binding of the virion or vesicle to the target membrane via receptors. The committed step in influenza HA- mediated fusion begins with an aggregate of HAs (at least eight) with some of their HA2 N-termini, a.k.a. fusion peptides, embedded into the viral bilayer (Bentz, 2000 a). The hypothesis presented in Bentz (2000 b) is that the conformational change of HA to the extended coiled coil extracts the fusion peptides from the viral bilayer. When this extraction occurs from the center of the site of restricted lipid flow, it exposes acyl chains and parts of the HA transmembrane domains to the aqueous media, i.e. a hydrophobic defect is formed. This is the ‘transition state’ of the committed step of fusion. It is stabilized by a ‘dam’ of HAs, which are inhibited from diffusing away by the rest of the HAs in the aggregate and because that would initially expose more acyl chains to water. Recruitment of lipids from the apposed target membrane can heal this hydrophobic defect, initiating lipid mixing and fusion. The HA transmembrane domains are required to be part of the hydrophobic defect, because the HA aggregate must be closely packed enough to restrict lipid flow. This hypothesis provides a simple and direct coupling between the energy released by the formation of the coiled coil to the energy needed to create and stabilize the high energy intermediates of fusion. Several of these essential domains have been described for the viral fusion proteins SV5 F1 and HIV gp120/41, and for the intracellular SNARE fusion system. By comparing these domains, we have constructed a minimal set which appears to be adequate to explain how the conformational changes can produce a successful fusion event, i.e. communication of aqueous compartments.
Prediction of essential proteins using topological properties in GO-pruned PPI network based on machine learning methods

The prediction of essential proteins, the minimal set required for a living cell to support cellular life, is an important task to understand the cellular processes of an organism. Fast progress in high-throughput technologies and the production of large amounts of data enable the discovery of essential proteins at the system level by analyzing Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) networks, and replacing biological or chemical experiments. Furthermore, additional gene-level annotation information, such as Gene Ontology (GO) terms, helps to detect essential proteins with higher accuracy. Various centrality algorithms have been used to determine essential proteins in a PPI network, and, recently motif centrality GO, which is based on network motifs and GO terms, works best in detecting essential proteins in a Baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae PPI network, compared to other centrality algorithms. However, each centrality algorithm contributes to the detection of essential proteins with different properties, which makes the integration of them a logical next step. In this paper, we construct a new feature space, named CENT-ING-GO consisting of various centrality measures and GO terms, and provide a computational approach to predict essential proteins with various machine learning techniques. The experimental results show that CENT-ING-GO feature space improves performance over the INT-GO feature space in previous work by Acencio and Lemke in 2009. We also demonstrate that pruning a PPI with informative GO terms can improve the prediction performance further.
Scanning Hall Probe Microscopy on Laser Striated Multifilament Coated Conductor

A 12-filament laser striated coated conductor is studied using Scanning Hall Probe Microscopy (SHPM). Remanent field is measured and critical current density distribution is calculated according to the measured field map. The results show that the SHPM technique is very sensitive to defects. A point-like defect can be readily discerned in the magnetic field map, even when the drop in critical current density is small. We also found that the choice of a proper filter is important for obtaining accurate critical current density values, especially for the multifilament superconducting tapes.
Maternal Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression in Pediatric Primary Care Association With Child Maltreatment and Frequency of Child Exposure to Traumatic Events

IMPORTANCE Maternal posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be associated with increased risk for child maltreatment and child exposure to traumatic events. Exposure to multiple traumatic events is associated with a wide range of adverse health and social outcomes in children. OBJECTIVE To examine the association of probable maternal depression, PTSD, and comorbid PTSD and depression with the risk for child maltreatment and parenting stress and with the number of traumatic events to which preschool children are exposed. DESIGN Cross-sectional observational design. We used analysis of variance to determine whether probable maternal psychopathology groups differed on child maltreatment, parenting stress, and children’s exposure to traumatic events. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to examine the unique and interactive effects of depression and PTSD severity scores on these outcomes.
Enhancing magnetic resonance imaging with contrast agents for ultra-high field strengths

Contrast agents are diagnostic tools that often complement magnetic resonance imaging. At ultra-high field strengths (≥7 T), magnetic resonance imaging is capable of generating desirable high signal-to-noise ratios, but clinically available contrast agents are less effective at ultra-high field strengths relative to lower fields. This gap in effectiveness demands the development of contrast agents for ultra-high field strengths. In this minireview, we summarize contrast agents reported during the last three years that focused on ultra-high field strengths.
PATHWAYS TO EDUCATIONAL HOMOGAMY IN MARITAL AND COHABITING UNIONS

There is considerable disagreement about whether cohabitors are more or less likely to be educationally homogamous than married couples. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I reconcile many of the disparate findings of previous research by conducting a “stock and flow” analysis of assortative cohabitation and marriage. I find that cohabitors are less likely to be educationally homogamous than married couples overall, but these differences are not apparent when cohabiting and marital unions begin. Instead, the results suggest that differences in educational homogamy by union type are driven by selective exits from marriage and cohabitation rather than by differences in partner choice. Marriages that cross educational boundaries are particularly likely to end. The findings suggest that although cohabitors place greater emphasis on egalitarianism than married couples, this does not translate into greater educational homogamy. The findings are also consistent with a large body of research on cohabitation and divorce questioning the effectiveness of cohabitation as a trial marriage.
Discriminative, Informational, Eliciting, and Contiguous Stimuli as Secondary Reinforcers for Human Subjects

Summary.-128 humans (8 groups of 16 Ss) were used to test the efficacy of operations proposed for establishing a neutral stimulus (SN) as a secondary reinforcer (Sr) by the discriminative, eliciting, informational and contiguous stimulus hypotheses. Phase 1 was a factorial design composed of 2 levels of consistency OF pairing SN with verbal reinforcement (experimental vs control Ss) and 4 treatments (S" presented as a discriminative stimulus vs as a trace vs as a forward vs as a backward conditional stimulus). In Phase 11, SN was rested as an S' in a verbal condirioning paradigm. The analyses showed that all treatmenrs established SN as an Sr for the experimenml 5s only, thus supporting the contiguous stimulus hypothesis. It was suggested chat an Sr is a confirmational stimulus and that discriminative, eliciting, or ~nformational stimuli be considered secondary motivators insofar as such stimulr conuol emission of an operant. There are four major positions about the condition necessary to establish a neutral st.imulus (SN) as a secondary reinforcer (Sr). The discriminative stimulus hypothesis (Schoenfeld, Antonitis, & Bersh, 1950) posits that this condition is operant discrimination training rather than contiguity of SN with reinforcement. The informational stimulus hypothesis (Egger & Miller, 1962) proposes that SN must be established as a nonredundant predictor of forthcoming reinforcement. A discriminative stirnidus (SD) is informational as is a conditional stimulus (CS) whether established by trace, delayed or forward classical conditioning. The eliciting scimulus hypothesis (e.g., Bolles, 1967) states that secondary reinforcement is an artifact due to elicitation of the operant by Sr. Assuming a conditioned decrement in primary drive strength (Hull, 1943), the contiguity hypothesis states that close and consistent contiguity of S" with reinforcement is necessary co establish SS as an Sr. If this decrement involves a long latency respondent, then backward conditioning will be an effective Sr establishing procedure (Champion & Jones, 1961); otherwise, the contiguity and informational stimulus hypotheses make the same predictions. The validity of these hypotheses was tested by determining the effectiveness of SN as an Sr after estzblishing S" as an S" or as a CS with trace, forward or backward conditioning procedures. By excluding delayed classical conditioning, the physical characteris:ics of SN were kept identical for all groups in both 'A preliminary version of this paper was read at the Rocky Mountain Psychological Asso
Localization Using Triangulation in Swarms of Autonomous Rescue Robots

A challenge for autonomous rescue robots is determining their position in an unstructured environment. Landmarks are rarely useful since any floor plan for a structure that predates a disaster scenario is likely to have been disrupted by the event that necessitated the rescue response. Navigational aids useful for outdoor navigation, like GPS, are not generally useful in a structure and aids like beacons require too much manual setup. To address this problem, we have been researching methods for localizing rescue robots in a robot swarm, using triangulation between cells of three robots. This paper describes the real-world problem of localization in unstructured environments and some of the approaches taken by other researchers to address the problem. The approach we have been researching is then described in some detail, together with simulation results. There have been three attempts to implement this approach on small rescue robots at Utah State University. These implementations and the lessons learned from them are described. Finally, an implementation that addresses the issues with the earlier implementations is proposed.
Phycocyanin detection from LANDSAT TM data for mapping cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Erie

Abstract Algorithms were developed from LANDSAT 7 ETM+ data for the July 1, 2000 overpass and LANDSAT 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) data for the September 27, 2000 overpass for Path 20 Row 31 (including Toledo, OH) to measure relative phycocyanin content (PC) and turbidity in the western basin of Lake Erie. Water samples were collected from discrete hydrographic stations arranged in a 20×4 km grid adjacent to the Ohio shoreline during a 6-h period spanning each of the two LANDSAT overpasses. The samples were analyzed for chlorophyll (chl) a content and turbidity. In addition, the concentration of phycocyanin, a light-harvesting pigment associated with cyanobacteria, was estimated from the ratio of phycocyanin/chl a in vivo fluorescence (IVPF/IVCF). A dark-object-subtracted, spectral ratio model derived from the July 1, 2000 data was found to be the most robust, when applied to the September 27, 2000 data. The same July 1, 2000 model (or algorithm) for PC was then applied to LANDSAT 7 ETM+ frames for July 16 and August 1, 2002 of the Path 19 Row 31 frame (including Cleveland, OH) and to the August 8, 2002 frame of Path 20 Row 31. Moderate, very low, and high PC values were detected in the western basin of Lake Erie on July 16, August, 1, and August 8, 2002, respectively. On September 17, 2002, local media reported a large Microcystis bloom in the western basin. The high PC values on August 8, 2002 may have represented early stage detection of the large Microcystis bloom that was reported 5 weeks later. The PC algorithm derived in this study will improve our understanding of the temporal and spatial dynamics of cyanobacterial bloom formation in Lake Erie and other systems. It may also serve to alert municipalities to the presence of potentially toxic bloom events.
On the Performance of Commit-Time-Locking Based Software Transactional Memory

Compared with lock-based synchronization techniques, Software Transactional Memory (STM) can significantly improve the programmability of multithreaded applications. Existing research results have demonstrated through experiments that current STM designs have slower execution speed than the locks. This paper develops a theoretical explanation for the performance difference. In particular, commit-time-locking (CTL) based STMs are analyzed. A queuing theory based statistical model is developed to quantify the performance of lock-based and STM-based schemes. Analytical results obtained from the model are validated by simulations. Our study shows that (1) lock-based synchronization outperforms CTL-based STMs, and (2) when the contention level becomes low, locks and CTL-based STMs exhibit similar performance. Furthermore, we show that the performance of CTL-based STMs is sensitive to the number of threads, transaction issue rate, and bandwidth of the interconnect. Our results are expected to be useful in the early stages of designing parallel programs, especially on the selection of design schemes for STMs.
Executive control and dimensions of problem behaviors in preschool children.

Background: Despite the widespread recognition of the importance of executive control (EC) in externalizing psychopathology, the relation between EC and problem behavior has not been well characterized, particularly in typically developing preschoolers. Method: Using the sample, battery of laboratory tasks, and latent variable modeling methods described in Wiebe, Espy, and Charak (2008), systematic latent dimensions of parent-rated problem behavior, measured by integrating scales from developmental and clinical traditions, were determined empirically, and then were related to EC. Results: Substantial relations between EC and problem behaviors were revealed by extracting the common variance of interest and eliminating extraneous variance, which were robust to estimated child intelligence and differed somewhat in preschool boys and girls. Conclusion: Preschool EC measured by laboratory tasks appears to tap abilities that strongly and robustly support broad control processes enabling behavioral regulation across cognitive and emotional domains.
Circadian oscillation of hippocampal MAPK activity and cAMP: Implications for memory persistence

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signal transduction pathways have critical roles in the consolidation of hippocampus-dependent memory. We found that extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 MAPK phosphorylation and cAMP underwent a circadian oscillation in the hippocampus that was paralleled by changes in Ras activity and the phosphorylation of MAPK kinase and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). The nadir of this activation cycle corresponded with severe deficits in hippocampus-dependent fear conditioning under both light-dark and free-running conditions. Circadian oscillations in cAMP and MAPK activity were absent in memory-deficient transgenic mice that lacked Ca2+ -stimulated adenylyl cyclases. Furthermore, physiological and pharmacological interference with oscillations in MAPK phosphorylation after the cellular memory consolidation period impaired the persistence of hippocampus-dependent memory. These data suggest that the persistence of long-term memories may depend on reactivation of the cAMP/MAPK/CREB transcriptional pathway in the hippocampus during the circadian cycle.
A Review of: “Audrey Kurth Cronin and James M. Ludes, (eds.). Attacking Terrorism: Elements of a Grand Strategy.”

In the aftermath of September 11, numerous strategies have been advanced by academics, blue ribbon panels, and government agencies to confront the threat from the “new terrorism.” Editors Audrey Ku...
Sensors applications in 21st century fossil-fuel based power generation

The primary mission of the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) is to assure U.S. fossil energy resources can meet increasing demand for affordable energy without compromising the quality of life for future generations of Americans. In this mission, NETL has historically focused on the development of advanced technologies as part of or in support of larger programs, such as the Clean Coal Power Initiative, FutureGen, the Solid State Energy Conversion Alliance (SECA), and the Turbines program. Power generation research at NETL covers many areas, including coal and oil gasification and gas cleanup, turbine combustion, high temperature fuel cells, internal combustion engines for stationary power, and hybrid fuel-cell turbine power systems. Advancement in these areas either requires or would benefit from advances in sensor technology for harsh environments. This presentation discusses opportunities for sensors in modern fossil-fuel based power generation, challenges posed by the operating environments, and summarizes research at NETL on a sensor for in-situ monitoring of gas turbine combustors.
Mediators of the Relationship Between Internalized Oppressions and Lesbian and Bisexual Women’s Psychological Distress

This study examined the relationship of internalized oppressions to the psychological distress of 304 lesbian and bisexual women. In addition, it investigated whether self-esteem and social support mediated the relationship between internalized oppressions and mental health. Results indicate that after controlling for education, internalized sexism (IS) and internalized heterosexism/internalized homophobia (IH) are significant predictors of psychological distress and account for 17% of the variance. The interactions between IS and IH are not significant predictors of psychological distress. Furthermore, results reveal that self-esteem and social support fully mediate the relationships between IH and psychological distress. Social support was also found to fully mediate the relationship between IS and psychological distress. However, no support was found for the mediational role of self-esteem in the link between IS and psychological distress. Research and practice implications are discussed.
Millimeter-scale self-assembly and its applications

Self-assembly is a concept familiar to chemists. In the molecular and nanoscale regimes, it is often used as a strategy in fabricating regular 3D structures—that is, crystals. Self-assembly of components with sizes in the µm-to-mm range is less familiar to chemists; this type of self-assembly may, however, become technologically important in the future. In this size range, self-assembly offers methods to form regular 3D structures from components too small or too numerous to be manipulated by other means, and methods to incorporate function into these structures; it also offers simplicity and economy. This paper focuses on the use of self-assembly to build functional systems of compo- nents with sizes in the range from microns to millimeters. It compares the principles of self- assembly at the molecular and millimeter scales, reviews the possible applications of meso- scale, self-assembled systems, and outlines some of the most important issues in the use of self-assembly to build functional systems.
The smaller engineering school and its industrial advisory board: an effective partnership?

The Industrial Advisory Board (IAB) is a significant stakeholder in an engineering educational program and hence can fulfill a key role in assessment activities. smaller (non-Ph.D. granting) schools of engineering have the opportunity to interact with their Boards on a more personal level than do major research institutions, with a concomitantly more immediate impact on how academic programs are constructed and operated. The present paper examines how IABs can fruitfully work with these programs to help realize their goals and objectives. It also presents survey results culled from academic leaders of over 50 such programs, which elucidate the present status nationwide of JAB interactions, as well as the level of interaction sought by engineering administrators. Several practical suggestions for integrating JAB personnel in an engineering program's assessment activities are presented, in the interest of forging a mutually advantageous partnership, and (not just incidentally) with a view to strengthening a program's standing with respect to accreditation criteria.
Dangerous Dualisms or Murky Monism? A Reply to Jim Garrison

Jim Garrison’s recent criticisms of what he refers to as ‘dangerous dualisms’ in my theory of critical thinking are unsuccessful. They fail, in large part, because of misinterpretations of my view, but also because of Garrison’s systematic reliance on problematic aspects of Dewey’s terminology and philosophy.
The Semi-stochastic Ski-rental Problem

In this paper, we introduce the semi-stochastic model for dealing with input uncertainty in optimization problems. This model is a hybrid between the overly pessimistic online model and the highly optimistic stochastic (or Bayesian) model. In this model, the algorithm can obtain only limited stochastic information about the future (i.e. about the input distribution)---as the amount of stochastic information we make available to the algorithm grows from no information to full information, we interpolate between the online and stochastic models. The central question in this framework is the trade-off between the performance of an algorithm, and the stochastic information that it can access. As a first step towards understanding this trade-off, we consider the ski-rental problem in the semi-stochastic setting. More precisely, given a desired competitive ratio, we give upper and lower bounds on the amount of stochastic information required by a deterministic algorithm for the ski-rental problem to achieve that competitive ratio.
Laser ablation in liquids of germanium in externally applied electric fields

Ultraviolet light from a XeF excimer laser was used to ablate a germanium target which was immersed in either distilled water or ethanol. Two electrodes in the processing container were used to produce an electric field with the strength ranging from 0 to 9.5 V/cm. The effect of externally applied electric fields on the fabricated nanoparticles was studied. The size and morphology of the obtained products were investigated using transmission electron microscopy. In each liquid, spherical nanoparticles were fabricated. It was observed that the electric field affects their size distribution. With increased electric field strength, the fabricated particles were smaller. However, in the same electric field, particles obtained in water were larger than those in ethanol, except for the 9.5 V/cm field. Additionally, spindle-shaped ablation products have been observed for ablation in ethanol under an electric field of 9.5 V/cm, while ablation in water in all studied fields resulted in filamentary webs.
The 2001 Recession and the States of the 8th District

This paper examines and compares the recent business cycle experiences of the seven states that lie partly or wholly within the Eighth Federal Reserve District (Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, and Tennessee). For the period surrounding the 1990-91 NBER recession, six of the seven states had recessions that were much shorter than for the country as a whole. For the period surrounding the 2001 NBER recession, four statesArkansas, Indiana, Kentucky, and Tennesseeentered and exited recession earlier than the country as a whole. Recessions in the other three states began earlier and ended later than for the country as a whole.
Alternate strategies to obtain mass balance without the use of radiolabeled compounds: application of quantitative fluorine (19F) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in metabolism studies.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is playing an increasingly important role in the quantitation of small and large molecules. Recently, we demonstrated that 1H NMR could be used to quantitate drug metabolites isolated in submilligram quantities from biological sources. It was shown that these metabolites, once quantitated by NMR, were suitable to be used as reference standards in quantitative LC/MS-based assays, hence circumventing the need for radiolabeled material or synthetic standards to obtain plasma exposure estimates in humans and preclinical species. The quantitative capabilities of high-field NMR is further demonstrated in the current study by obtaining the mass balance of fluorinated compounds using 19F-NMR. Two fluorinated compounds which were radio-labeled with carbon-14 on metabolically stable positions were dosed in rats and urine and feces collected. The mass balance of the compounds was obtained initially by counting the radioactivity present in each sample. Subsequently, the s...
Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and Atomic Emission Spectrometry Coupled to High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for Speciation and Detection of Organotin Compounds

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) is utilized as a detector for several organotin species separated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Detection limits obtained by ICP/MS are 3 orders of magnitude lower than those obtained with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP/AES) detection under the same chromatographic conditions. Chromatographic detection limits are higher than conventional solution nebulization for the same compound by a factor of 20. Ion-exchange chromatography yields linear response over 3 orders of magnitude, while ion pair chromatography gives a linear response of only 2 orders of magnitude as a result of poor resolution. The relative standard deviation for the injection of 20 ng of tin compounds is less than 10%.
Multiple Functions of the Douglas Fir Beetle Pheromone 3-Methyl-2-Cyclohexen-1-0ne ,

The known differences in response by Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins to its pheromone 3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one (MCH) correspond with differences in concentration of the substance. When combined with other pheromones of D. pseudotsugae and host-plant volatiles, a low concentration of MCH elicits increased arrestment and stridulation of males and increased flight attraction of both sexes, whereas a high concentration of MCH inhibits the normal positive response of both sexes to these other pheromones and host plant volatiles. Since differential release of MCH apparently occurs during natural beetle behavior, these effects are suggested as multiple functions of the pheromone.
The Degrees of Freedom of Full-Duplex Bidirectional Interference Networks With and Without a MIMO Relay

In a full-duplex bidirectional interference network with $2K$ transceivers, there are $K$ communication pairs: each user transmits a message to and receives a message from one intended user and interferes with and experiences interference from all other users. All nodes may interact, or adapt inputs to past received signals, and may thus co-operate with each other. We derive a new outer bound, and use interference alignment to demonstrate that the optimal degrees of freedom (DoF, also known as the multiplexing gain) is $K$ : full-duplex operation doubles the DoF, but interaction and co-operation does not further increase the DoF. We next characterize the DoF of a full-duplex bidirectional interference network with a MIMO full-duplex relay. If the relay is noncausal/instantaneous (at time $k$ forwards a function of its received signals up to time $k$ ) and has $2K$ antennas, we demonstrate a one-shot scheme where the relay mitigates all interference to achieve the interference-free $2K$ DoF. In contrast, if the relay is causal (at time $k$ forwards a function of its received signals up to time $k-1$ ), we show that a full-duplex MIMO relay cannot increase the DoF of the full-duplex bidirectional interference network beyond $K$ , as if no relay or interaction is present.
A 2D Pseudodynamic Rupture Model Generator for Earthquakes on Geometrically Complex Faults

Abstract Geologic observations indicate that faults are fractally rough surfaces, with deviations from planarity at all length scales. Fault roughness introduces complexity in the rupture process and resulting ground motion. We present a 2D kinematic rupture generator that emulates the strong dependence of earthquake source parameters on local fault geometry observed in dynamic models of ruptures on nonplanar faults. This pseudodynamic model is based on a statistical analysis of ensembles of 2D plane strain rupture simulations on fractally rough faults with rate‐weakening friction and off‐fault viscoplasticity. We observe strong anticorrelation of roughness‐induced fluctuations in final slip, rupture velocity, and peak slip velocity with the local fault slope for right‐lateral strike‐slip ruptures. Spatial variability in these source parameters excites high‐frequency seismic waves that are consistent with observed strong‐motion records. Although accurate modeling of this high‐frequency motion is critical to seismic‐hazard analysis, dynamic rupture simulations are currently too computationally inefficient to be of practical use in such applications. We find that the seismic waves excited by the pseudodynamic model have similar intensity and spectral content to the corresponding dynamic model. Although the method has been developed in 2D, we envision that a similar approach could be taken for the 3D problem, provided that computational resources are available to generate an ensemble set of 3D dynamic rupture simulations. The resulting methodology is expected to find future application in efficient earthquake simulations that accurately quantify high‐frequency ground motion.
Stress and Absenteeism in Civilian Employees Supervised by Army Sergeants: Empirical Evidence from Fort Belvoir, Virginia

Past literature suggests that leadership style impacts employee attitudes and job performance in organizations. Given the broad scope of military operations, there are many situations in military where military managers supervise civilian employees. Our empirical study explores the effects of Army sergeant supervision of civilian employees at Fort Belvoir, Virginia. Eight themes in Army sergeants’ perceptions as supervisor of federal civilian employees were studied in-depth: (a) task, (b) education training, (c) family, (d) rules & regulations, (e) open communications, (f) last minute task, (g) direct leadership, and (h) experience. Our findings show that mismatch between leader perceptions and employee expectations lead to stress and absenteeism. Implications for future research and suggestions to reduce stress and absenteeism are discussed.
A comparison of methods for plate waste determinations

Plate waste studies have traditionally been used to evaluate behavior change in nutrition education programs. Identical menus are served both before and after the implementation of curriculum. Theoretically, students will internalize nutrition information, and there will be less waste in the post-test phase. In this study, two methods for determining plate waste were compared using 343 students from six schools in a pretest/post-test treatment vs. control group design. One method consisted of actual weighing of waste using gram scales. The second method utilized visual estimation of the waste expressed on a 6-point scale. Correlations between the two methods were high. However, when statistical analysis was done to determine differences between groups, it was found that the visual estimation method was not always so sensitive in detecting differences as was the weighed food method. The visual method was also found to be more difficult to interpret. It is suggested that while there are advantages to the visual estimation method, its use be limited to informal studies in which broad generalizations will not be made as to the effectiveness of nutrition education programs.
Materials synthesis: Two-dimensional gallium nitride.

Graphene is used as a capping sheet to synthesize 2D gallium nitride by means of migration-enhanced encapsulation growth. This technique may allow the stabilization of 2D materials that are not amenable to synthesis by traditional methods.
The Rise of Specialized Governance in American Federalism: Testing Links Between Local Government Autonomy and Formation of Special District Governments

In this article, I investigate whether the growth of special districts in the fifty states from 1972 to 2002 can be explained by choices made by local general-purpose governments in response to different degrees of government autonomy in the fiscal, institutional, and political system. Focusing on three dimensions of government autonomy—local government capacity, local government discretion, and local government importance—I find that the growth of certain types of special districts is in part a response to state laws constraining government autonomy of general-purpose governments. The findings also suggest that reliance on special districts by local general-purpose governments would decrease if they had stronger own-source revenue-raising capacities and more diversified tax revenue bases. In contrast with prior studies, the analysis provides limited evidence to support the notion that special districts are formed by general-purpose governments to circumvent fiscal restrictions, such as debt limits and tax and expenditure limitations.
Hypothesis Testing and Ambiguity Aversion

We study a model of non-Bayesian updating, based on the Hypothesis Testing model of Ortoleva (2012), for ambiguity averse agents. Agents ranks acts following the MaxMin Expected Utility model of Gilboa and Schmeidler (1989) and when they receive new information they update their set of priors as follows: If the information is such that all priors in the original set of priors assign to it a probability above a threshold, then the agent updates every prior in the set using Bayes’ rule. Otherwise: she looks at a prior over sets of priors; she updates it using a rule similar to Bayes’ rule for second order beliefs over sets; nally, she chooses the set of priors to which the updated prior over sets priors
Detection of Gait Modes Using an Artificial Neural Network during Walking with a Powered Ankle-Foot Orthosis.

This paper presents an algorithm, for use with a Portable Powered Ankle-Foot Orthosis (i.e., PPAFO) that can automatically detect changes in gait modes (level ground, ascent and descent of stairs or ramps), thus allowing for appropriate ankle actuation control during swing phase. An artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm used input signals from an inertial measurement unit and foot switches, that is, vertical velocity and segment angle of the foot. Output from the ANN was filtered and adjusted to generate a final data set used to classify different gait modes. Five healthy male subjects walked with the PPAFO on the right leg for two test scenarios (walking over level ground and up and down stairs or a ramp; three trials per scenario). Success rate was quantified by the number of correctly classified steps with respect to the total number of steps. The results indicated that the proposed algorithm’s success rate was high (99.3%, 100%, and 98.3% for level, ascent, and descent modes in the stairs scenario, respectively; 98.9%, 97.8%, and 100% in the ramp scenario). The proposed algorithm continuously detected each step’s gait mode with faster timing and higher accuracy compared to a previous algorithm that used a decision tree based on maximizing the reliability of the mode recognition.
Comparison of RF spectrum prediction methods for dynamic spectrum access

Dynamic spectrum access (DSA) refers to the adaptive utilization of today’s busy electromagnetic spectrum. Cognitive radio/radar technologies require DSA to intelligently transmit and receive information in changing environments. Predicting radio frequency (RF) activity reduces sensing time and energy consumption for identifying usable spectrum. Typical spectrum prediction methods involve modeling spectral statistics with Hidden Markov Models (HMM) or various neural network structures. HMMs describe the time-varying state probabilities of Markov processes as a dynamic Bayesian network. Neural Networks model biological brain neuron connections to perform a wide range of complex and often non-linear computations. This work compares HMM, Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), and Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) algorithms and their ability to perform RF channel state prediction. Monte Carlo simulations on both measured and simulated spectrum data evaluate the performance of these algorithms. Generalizing spectrum occupancy as an alternating renewal process allows Poisson random variables to generate simulated data while energy detection determines the occupancy state of measured RF spectrum data for testing. The results suggest that neural networks achieve better prediction accuracy and prove more adaptable to changing spectral statistics than HMMs given sufficient training data.
The timing of leaf damage affects future herbivory in mountain sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata).

Many plants respond to herbivory by increasing expression of defensive traits. The defensive response of plants can vary depending on plant condition, seasonality, and time of day. Due to a lack of field-based studies, it is unclear how temporal variability in defensive response may alter future rates of herbivory within ecological communities. In a series of simulated herbivory experiments, I quantified how the timing of leaf damage in mountain sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana) affects future herbivory. An identical leaf damage treatment was applied across 12 time windows to test how the effectiveness of response to herbivore damage changes along 3 interacting temporal scales: diel, seasonal, and annual. In contrast to several studies demonstrating induced resistance to herbivory in sagebrush, prevention of future herbivory was only detected following summer afternoon leaf damage in one of three years. These findings suggest that the timing of experimental leaf damage is one of many factors contributing to variability in field-based plant defensive induction studies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Broadcasting upon a shooting star: investigating the success of Afreeca TV's livestream personal broadcast model

This study examined the increasingly popular social media platform and online personal broadcasting service, Afreeca TV. The website features a live stream self-broadcasting model accompanied by a live chat window. This study employed a qualitative content analysis of most popular shows on Afreeca TV to identify elements that make its model successful. We discuss following key elements that help understand Afreeca TV's success: 1) real-time audience participation/influence on broadcasts; 2) sociality offered through companionship and virtual community; 3) virtual celebrity arising from the platform's unique fan culture; 4) convenient expression of satisfaction through the unique 'star balloon' feature; 5) diversified content and structure fulfilling the changing needs of audiences; 6) livecast management system ensuring the quality of content and interactions. This study contributes to both research and practice by highlighting how audience behaviour on social broadcasting platforms are changing.
Far-Red-Emitting TEG-Substituted Squaraine Dye: Synthesis, Optical Properties, and Selective Detection of Cyanide in Aqueous Solution

A comprehensive study of the photophysical properties of triethylene glycol monomethyl ether (TEG)-substituted squaraine dye SQ1 is presented. SQ1 exhibits strong absorption and intense fluorescence emission in the far-red spectral region and high photostability. Interestingly, bis-tegylated SQ1 was characterized to exhibit properties different from its tetrahydroxy analog (SQ2), to which we ascribe attenuation of intermolecular interactions as a result of steric hindrance through introduction of two TEG chains adjacent to the squaraine core. The photophysical properties of SQ1 were also investigated as a function of temperature and pH. In cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) micellar media (1.0 mm), the fluorescence quantum yield of SQ1 increased dramatically to 0.22, compared with 0.02 in water. Based on this discovery, SQ1 was found to display excellent sensitivity and selectivity to the presence of cyanide ions (CN–), with a limit of detection of 1.7 µm. The hypothesized CN– sensing mechanism was probed, and visual test strips were developed. This work broadens the family of squaraine dyes and demonstrates SQ1 for use as a fluorescent or visual sensing probe.
Feuchtwanger's Jud Süß and the Ambiguities of Jewish Political Power

This reading reassesses Feuchtwanger's novel Jud Sus (1925) as historical fiction, focusing on the temporality of the events portrayed, rather than the era in which the author wrote. An examination of the motif of betrayal, intrinsic to the historical setting's characterization, lends insight into the novel's portrayal of Jewish political power as deeply ambivalent. Whereas previous scholarship has uncritically received Feuchtwanger's justification for writing the novel, I argue that the author's interest lay in his subject – the court Jew, Josef Sus Oppenheimer – precisely as a historical Jewish figure. Through his protagonist, Feuchtwanger sought to probe dilemmas that confronted Jews torn between religious community and civil society. Ultimately, the novel espouses a pessimistic view of Jewish political power, and as response to the “Jewish question,” it exposes the insincerity of the state's offer of equal rights to Jews in exchange for relinquishing Judaism.