cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Machine learning methods for probabilistic locked-mode predictors in tokamak plasmas

A rotating tokamak plasma can interact resonantly with the external helical magnetic perturbations, also known as error fields. This can lead to locking and then to disruptions. We leverage machine learning (ML) methods to predict the locking events. We use a coupled third-order nonlinear ordinary differential equation model to represent the interaction of the magnetic perturbation and the plasma rotation with the error field. This model is sufficient to describe qualitatively the locking and unlocking bifurcations. We explore using ML algorithms with the simulation data and experimental data, focusing on the methods that can be used with sparse datasets. These methods lead to the possibility of the avoidance of locking in real-time operations. We describe the operational space in terms of two control parameters: the magnitude of the error field and the rotation frequency associated with the momentum source that maintains the plasma rotation. The outcomes are quantified by order parameters that completely characterize the state, whether locked or unlocked. We use unsupervised ML methods to classify locked/unlocked states and note the usefulness of a certain normalization of the order parameters. Three supervised ML classifiers are used in suite to estimate the probability of locking in the region of control parameter space with hysteresis, i.e., the set of control parameters for which both locked and unlocked states can exist. The results show that a neural network gives the best estimate of the locking probability. An analogy of the present locking model with the van der Waals equation of state is also provided.
Combating Arbitrary Jurisprudence by Addressing Anchoring Bias

Anchoring is a powerful behavioral bias that significantly affects decisions. Numerous studies have shown that juries and even judges are susceptible to its effects. This article contributes to the existing research by measuring how even subtle, irrelevant anchors in the legal system affect decisions, thus filling a gap in the literature in this area. Additionally, the article proposes potential solutions to combat anchoring effects, with the goal of providing more equality in legal outcomes.
Genetic and environmental variation in acyl glucose ester production and glandular and nonglandular trichome densities in Datura wrightii

Natural populations of Datura wrightii in southern California are dimorphic for trichome type. Some plants within populations produce greater than 85% glandular trichomes, whereas other produce mainly nonglandular trichomes. Glandular trichome exudates in D. wrightii consist of glucose esterified with straight chain C6–C9 acids. These exudates, and similar exudates in other species, confer resistance to several insect herbivore species. We tested the hypothesis that water was limiting sugar ester production and examined the extent to which trichome density was determined by environmental factors by measuring the concentrations of sugar esters and the densities of trichomes on leaves of plants grown under different irrigation treatments. Water did not limit sugar ester production, as unwatered plants produced 36% more millimoles of glucose esters per square centimeter of leaf surface than did watered plants. Although the addition of water increased leaf size, densities of both nonglandular and glandular trichomes did not change with leaf length or area, suggesting that plants having larger leaves initiated more trichomes in order to maintain nearly constant densities. Millimoles of sugar esters produced did not correlate with densities of glandular trichomes, suggesting that other factors in addition to glandular trichome number govern the production of sugar esters for plant defense.
Measuring the Advantage of Kalman-Weighted Averaging for Auditory Brainstem Response Hearing Evaluation in Infants

Purpose The purposes of this study were to (a) measure the effects of Kalman-weighted averaging methods on auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold, latency, and amplitude; (b) translate lab findings to the clinical setting; and (c) estimate cost savings when ABRs can be obtained in nonsedated infants. Method ABRs were recorded in 40 adults with normal hearing during induced motor noise conditions using the Kalman-weighted averaging method implemented on a commercial system, the Vivosonic Integrity (Vivosonic Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada). The device was then used to test 34 infants in awake and asleep states. The advantages of the Kalman-weighted averaging method were modeled in terms of time saved for conducting an ABR evaluation. Results Kalman-weighted ABR threshold estimates were 6–7 dB lower than with conventional methods during induced motor noise. When used to obtain ABRs in infants who were awake, the number of sweeps required to obtain a result was significantly greater than that required f...
Hayek, Mill and the Liberal Tradition

Introduction, Andrew Farrant, 1.Hayek and the Liberal Tradition, 1. Is Friedrich Hayek rowing Adam Smith's boat, Leon Montes, 2. F. A. Hayek's Sympathetic Agents, David M. Levy and Sandra Peart, 3. Discussion and the Evolution of Institutions in a Liberal Democracy: Frank Knight Joins the Debate, Ross Emmett, 2. Pushing the Boundaries of the Liberal Tradition?, 4. Hayek, Mill, and the Problem of Institutional Change?, Andrew Farrant, 5. A Socialist Spontaneous Order, Theodore A. Burczak, 6. Hayek and Philanthropy: A Classical Liberal Road Not (Yet) Taken, Robert Garnett
Reviewing for Privacy in Internet and Web Standard-Setting

The functionality of the Internet and the World Wide Web is determined in large part by the standards that allow for interoperable implementations, as a result, the privacy of our online interactions depends on the work done within standard-setting organizations. But how do the organizational structure and processes of these multistake holder groups affect the engineering of values such as privacy? This paper reviews the history of considerations for security and privacy in Internet and Web standard-setting, the impact of Snowden surveillance revelations and reactions to them, and some trends in how we review for privacy in Internet and Web standards.
Recent advances in matrix and operator theory

This book expands the lectures given at IWOTA’05 (International Workshop on Operator Theory and Applications) which was held at the University of Connecticut, Storrs, USA, July 24–27, 2005. Many developments on the cutting edge of research in operator theory, matrix theory, coding theory, system theory, control theory and numerical linear algebra are reflected in this collection of original articles. The volume is of a cross-disciplinary nature. A number of papers are devoted to the analysis and algorithms for matrices with quasiseparable structure which is an active area of concurrent research in numerical linear algebra.
The Trial of Sheriff Joseph Shipp et al.: An Account

Only once in its history has the United States Supreme Court conducted a criminal trial. The trial, taking place in both Tennessee and the District of Columbia in 1907 and 1908, resulted in the conviction of a sheriff, a deputy sheriff, and four members of a Chattanooga lynch mob. Outraged justices ordered the trial on criminal contempt charges after an almost certainly innocent black man, having been convicted of raping a white woman, was lynched less than a day after word reached Chattanooga that his scheduled execution had been stayed by the U. S. Supreme Court. The trial of Joseph F. Shipp et al. is a story of tragedy and heroism that had been all but forgotten until Mark Curriden, a Dallas reporter, and Leroy Phillips, Jr., a Chattanooga attorney, published their 1999 book, "Contempt of Court: The Turn-of-the-Century Lynching that Launched a Hundred Years of Federalism." Now, with the success of "Contempt of Court" - and a movie based on the book - it appears that the Shipp trial may assume its rightful place as one of the famous trials in American history.
Abstracting Program Dependencies Using the Method Dependence Graph

While empowering a wide range of software engineering tasks, the traditional fine-grained software dependence (TSD) model can face great scalability challenges that hinder its applications. Many dependence abstraction approaches have been proposed, yet most of them either target very specific clients or model partial dependencies only, while others have not been fully evaluated for their accuracy with respect to the TSD model, especially in approximating forward dependencies on object-oriented programs. To fill this gap, we present a new dependence abstraction called the method dependence graph (MDG) that approximates the TSD model at method level, and compare it against a recent TSD abstraction, called the Static-Exectue-After (SEA), concerning forward-dependence approximation. We also evaluate the cost-effectiveness of both approaches in the application context of impact analysis. Our results show that the MDG can approximate TSD safely, for method-level forward dependence at least, with little loss of precision yet huge gain in efficiency, and for the same purpose, while both are safe, the MDG can achieve significantly higher precision than SEA at practical costs.
Mild cold stress resulting from standard housing conditions for laboratory mice influences baseline dendritic cell properties (TUM2P.896)

The ability of dendritic cells (DC) to stimulate and regulate T cells is critical for effective anti-tumor immunity. Therefore, it is important to recognize any inherent factors which may influence DC function under experimental conditions, especially in laboratory mice which are commonly used to model anti-tumor immunity. Recent data shows that CD8+ T cell frequency within the tumor microenvironment and anti-tumor function is dependent upon the ambient temperature used to house laboratory mice. As DC function is crucial for CD8+ T cell activation, we hypothesized that DC function is also dependent upon housing temperature. We observed increased numbers of splenic DCs (CD11c+ ) in tumor-bearing mice at housed at standard temperature (ST; 22°C) vs. mice housed at a thermoneutral temperature (TT; 30°C) which alleviates the mild cold stress experienced at ST. Despite increased frequency, DCs from mice at ST primarily display immature phenotypes (MHC II+CD86- ), likely rendering them tolerogenic and unable to activate T cells. Further, splenocytes from tumor-bearing mice at ST were unable to induce T cell proliferation following tumor inoculation while DCs from mice at TT elicited T cell activation. These findings likely contribute to faster tumor growth observed in mice at ST vs. TT. This data strongly suggests that the housing temperature can affect fundamental properties of DC function which in turn influence the ability of DCs to regulate the anti-tumor immune response.
Thermal hysteresis in quartz resonators-A review (frequency standards)

The subject of thermal hysteresis is reviewed. A review of the literature which deals with frequency vs pressure and frequency vs. temperature hysteresis is presented. Typical hysteresis curves are shown. Hysteresis mechanisms such as contamination redistribution, strain changes, and changes in the quartz are discussed. The results seem to indicate that lattice defects are somehow related to thermal hysteresis. Stress relief in the mounting structure can also produce significant hysteresis. >
The Stellar Halo and Tidal Streams of Messier 63

We present new near-infrared (NIR) observations of M63 from the Extended Disk Galaxy Exploration Science (EDGES) Survey. The extremely deep 3.6 $\mu$m mosaic reaches 29 AB mag arcsec$^{-2}$ at the outer reaches of the azimuthally-averaged surface brightness profile. At this depth the consequences of galactic accretion are found within a nearby tidal stream and an up-bending break in the slope of the surface brightness profile. This break occurs at a semi-major axis length of $\sim$8', and is evidence of either an enhanced outer disc or an inner stellar halo. Simulations of galaxy evolution, along with our observations, support an inner halo as the explanation for the up-bending break. The mass of this halo component is the largest found in an individual galaxy thus far. Additionally, our observations detect a nearby tidal stream. The mass of the stream suggests that a handful of such accretion events are necessary to populate the inner stellar halo. We also find that the accretion rate of the galaxy from the stream alone underestimates the accretion rate required to build M63's inner stellar halo.
Defibrillation success with high frequency electric fields is related to degree and location of conduction block

Background We recently demonstrated that high frequency alternating current (HFAC) electric fields can reversibly block propagation in the heart by inducing an oscillating, elevated transmembrane potential (V m ) that maintains myocytes in a refractory state for the field duration and can terminate arrhythmias, including ventricular fibrillation (VF). Objectives To quantify and characterize conduction block (CB) induced by HFAC fields and to determine whether the degree of CB can be used to predict defibrillation success. Methods Optical mapping was performed in adult guinea pig hearts (n = 14), and simulations were performed in an anatomically accurate rabbit ventricular model. HFAC fields (50–500 Hz) were applied to the ventricles. A novel power spectrum metric of CB—the loss of spectral power in the 1–30 Hz range, termed loss of conduction power (LCP)—was assessed during the HFAC field and compared with defibrillation success and VF vulnerability. Results LCP increased with field strength and decreased with frequency. Optical mapping experiments conducted on the epicardial surface showed that LCP and the size of CB regions were significantly correlated with VF initiation and termination. In simulations, subsurface myocardial LCP and CB sizes were more closely correlated with VF termination than surface values. Multilinear regression analysis of simulation results revealed that while CB on both the surface and the subsurface myocardium was predictive, subsurface myocardial CB was the better predictor of defibrillation success. Conclusions HFAC fields induce a field-dependent state of CB, and defibrillation success is related to the degree and location of the CB.
Dephosphorylation of Translation Initiation Factor 2α Enhances Glucose Tolerance and Attenuates Hepatosteatosis in Mice

The molecular mechanisms linking the stress of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER stress) to glucose intolerance in obese animals are poorly understood. In this study, enforced expression of a translation initiation factor 2alpha (eIF2alpha)-specific phosphatase, GADD34, was used to selectively compromise signaling in the eIF2(alphaP)-dependent arm of the ER unfolded protein response in liver of transgenic mice. The transgene resulted in lower liver glycogen levels and susceptibility to fasting hypoglycemia in lean mice and glucose tolerance and diminished hepatosteatosis in animals fed a high-fat diet. Attenuated eIF2(alphaP) correlated with lower expression of the adipogenic nuclear receptor PPARgamma and its upstream regulators, the transcription factors C/EBPalpha and C/EBPbeta, in transgenic mouse liver, whereas eIF2alpha phosphorylation promoted C/EBP translation in cultured cells and primary hepatocytes. These observations suggest that eIF2(alphaP)-mediated translation of key hepatic transcriptional regulators of intermediary metabolism contributes to the detrimental consequences of nutrient excess.
Hemodynamic studies of dogs under pentobarbital and morphine chloralose anesthesia

Summary Some hemodynamic functions under pentobarbital and morphine-chloralose anesthesia in dogs are described and compared. Under pentobarbital, neither the cardiac output nor the oxygen uptake was related to body weight. These correlations in the dogs that had received morphine-chloralose were somewhat better. With pentobarbital there was a significantly greater cardiac rate and lower stroke volume than with morphine-chloralose. The two agents did not have significantly different effects upon systemic blood pressure, arteriovenous oxygen difference or cardiac output. Changes in cardiac output over a single hour were of sufficient magnitude to account for failure to arrive at a “normal” cardiac output per kg. for the dog anesthetized with pentobarbital or morphine-chloralose. The principal advantage of morphine-chloralose over pentobarbital was the absence of pronounced tachycardia.
A note on the correlation structure of transformed Gaussian random fields

Summary Transformed Gaussian random fields can be used to model continuous time series and spatial data when the Gaussian assumption is not appropriate. The main features of these random fields are specified in a transformed scale, while for modelling and parameter interpretation it is useful to establish connections between these features and those of the random field in the original scale. This paper provides evidence that for many ‘normalizing’ transformations the correlation function of a transformed Gaussian random field is not very dependent on the transformation that is used. Hence many commonly used transformations of correlated data have little effect on the original correlation structure. The property is shown to hold for some kinds of transformed Gaussian random fields, and a statistical explanation based on the concept of parameter orthogonality is provided. The property is also illustrated using two spatial datasets and several ‘normalizing’ transformations. Some consequences of this property for modelling and inference are also discussed.
A Minor for Zimmun (Y. Ber. 7:2, 11c) and Recensions of Yerushalmi

The literary and historical study of rabbinic literature increases our understanding of rabbinic texts and enables us to isolate different stages in the history of traditions. Amoraic teachings, in particular, have undergone a complex process of enunciation, interpretation, transmission, adaption, and application prior to their incorporation into their present contexts. They have likewise received literary enrichment and suffered recasting in the course of their integration into wider units and of the overall compilation of gemara. Accordingly, the extant versions may not reflect the most fundamental or original use and import of a tradition. Once aware of these processes we can, moreover, better appreciate the concerns which elicited and shaped the early stages of the teachings as well as the later ones which may have contributed to the transformations.
Theory of Liquid PropelIant Rocket Combustion Instability and Its Experimental Verification

A straightforward theoretical formulat ion of the longitudinal h igh frequency rocket stability criteria is presented. Based on Crocco's sensitive combust ion t i m e lag theory, the derivation ii considerably simpler, a l though somewhat less rigorous, than previously published detailed treatm e n t s . A series of rocket motor experiments is described, demonstrat ing t h a t there exists ar upper l imit to the chamber length at which each mode of longitudinal h igh frequency pressure oscil lations will occur, and that this l imit is accurately predicted by the theory over a wide rang* of mixture ratios on two different injectors. The method used to compare experimental result! wi th the theoretical stability l imit predictions ( including a s imple experimental technique fo] determinat ion of the sensitive t i m e lag) is described.
Fulminant hepatic failure: a rare presentation of T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia

Fulminant hepatic failure: a rare presentation of T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia
Acute passive vibration reduces arterial stiffness and aortic wave reflection in stroke survivors

Purpose Impaired leg arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity, PWV) and vasodilatory function are found after stroke. Acute passive vibration (PV) decreases leg PWV (legPWV) and pressure wave reflection (aortic augmentation index, aAIx) in healthy men. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of acute PV on aAIx and PWV in the paretic and non-paretic sides in stroke survivors.
Differential effect of marrow adiposity and visceral and subcutaneous fat on cardiovascular risk in young, healthy adults.

Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ that influences many metabolic processes and accumulates in different depots, including the bone marrow. While the negative associations between visceral fat (VF) or subcutaneous fat (SF) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks are well known, the relation between marrow fat (MF) and metabolic risk is unexplored. We examined the relations between these three fat depots and whether CVD risks are associated with marrow adiposity. Observational cross-sectional study. Computed tomography was used to measure VF, SF and MF depots in 131 healthy young adults (60 females, 71 males; 16–25 years of age). Weight, body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumferences, blood pressure (BP), carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and serum levels of lipids, glucose and insulin were also measured. Regardless of gender, MF was not associated with values of VF or SF, anthropometric measures, or lipid or carbohydrate serum levels (P>0.05 for all). In contrast, VF was associated with SF (r values=0.74 for females, 0.78 for males; both P-values <0.0001) and these depots were related to anthropometric parameters (r values between 0.69 and 0.87; all P-values <0.0001) and to most measures of lipids, glucose or insulin (r values between 0.25 and 0.62). Marrow adiposity in young men and women is independent of VF and SF, and is not associated with CVD risk. These findings do not support the concept that marrow adiposity is involved in the comorbidities related to fat accumulation in other compartments.
Systems approach to vaginal delivery of drugs I: Development of in situ vaginal drug absorption procedure

Abstract In the framework of the development of drug delivery systems for locally administered contraceptive drugs, a reliable method that can afford quantitative evaluation of drug absorption behavior was explored using the rabbit doe. A system was constructed based upon perfusing the drug solution in the vaginal tract. For this purpose, a "rib‐cage"‐type cell was constructed and surgically implanted in the rabbit prior to an experiment. The primary purpose of the present paper is to evaluate the method, including the surgical operation and the perfusion system. The absorption experiments were carried out using n ‐butanol‐1‐ 14 C as the model solute to survey the reproducibility of the absorption behavior. Experiments were conducted with a number of rabbits on several successive days to determine the day‐to‐day and animal‐to‐animal variations. The drug disappearance in the reservoir followed first‐order kinetics from which the apparent permeability coefficient was calculated. The results indicated that a set of experiments may be carried out on a single animal and that the method generally affords rather high precision.
Atomic structure of Ge{111} and reactions with Al

Abstract The c (2 × 8) reconstructed surface of Ge{111} can be impurity-stabilized with Al into a structure characterized by regions, seven or eight atoms long, inside which there is a 2 × 1 reconstruction. It is suggested that this so-called 2 × 1–8 superstructure is the same as that reported by Ichikawa and Ino to occur above room temperature up to 700°C on clean Ge{111}. Epitaxial growth of Al{111} can be attained at room temperature upon deposition of several Al layers onto the c (2 × 8) structure. Annealing of the epitaxial layer produces a 1 × 1 structure subdivided into 10 × 10 regions. Possible ways of determining the 1 × 1 structure and the intermediate 2 × 1 structure are suggested.
Real-time observation of single-molecule fluorescence in microdroplet streams.

We report real-time observation of fluorescence bursts from individual Rhodamine 6G molecules in streams of microdroplets (peak signal-to-noise ratios, ≈30) whose trajectories are constrained with a linear electric quadrupole. This approach offers a reasonable dynamic range in droplet size (3–12-µm diameter) with <1% shot-to-shot size fluctuations and sensitivity comparable with that of droplet levitation techniques with at least 103 higher analysis rates. Applications to the study of single-molecule microcavity effects and stimulated emission are discussed.
Age at type 2 diabetes onset and glycaemic control: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2010

Aims/hypothesis We tested the hypothesis that age younger than 65 years at type 2 diabetes diagnosis is associated with worse subsequent glycaemic control.
Applied feline oral anatomy and tooth extraction techniques: an illustrated guide.

Practical relevance:Tooth extraction is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures in small animal practice.Clinical challenges:The clinician must be familiar with normal oral anatomy, ...
Heat Build-Up and Blowout of Rubber Blocks

Abstract The phenomenon of explosive “blowout” of thick rubber blocks, under repeatedly applied, severe compressive loads, is due entirely to the development of high internal temperatures. If the compound is electrically conductive, the phenomenon can be duplicated in a microwave oven without imposing any mechanical loads. Blowout appears to consist of the expansion to burst of pressurized cavities within the rubber. Pressure appears to be generated internally by a volatile constituent or decomposition product of the rubber compound. Expansion is restrained by elastic stresses set up in the rubber as the cavity expands. Bursting is made easier in some compounds because they soften markedly at high temperatures and thus lose resistance to cavity expansion. Different elastomers have strikingly different blowout temperatures. Butyl rubber compounds blow out at relatively low temperatures, about 180°C, whereas NR and SBR compounds blow out at temperatures of about 200°C or higher. Also, different vulcanizate ...
Multiwavelength nephelometer measurements in Los Angeles smog aerosols. II. Correlation with size distributions, volume concentrations

Abstract Light scattering was measured in Los Angeles smog aerosols with two broad-band and one multiwavelength (360, 463, 546, 675 nm) integrating nephelometers. The major findings were: (i) Broad wavelength band (Δλ = 50 to 100 nm at 500 nm) light scattering correlated very highly ( r > 0.9) with monochromatic light scattering. The four narrow-band coefficients were also highly correlated ( r > 0.9). (ii) A least-squares fit to a power-law size distribution was made, and the exponent (ν) correlated with the exponent (α) of a power-law approximation of the wavelength dependence of scattering. The various regression equations compared well with the theoretical relationship α = ν − 3, and the correlation coefficient between α and ν ranged over 0.83 ≦ r ≦ 0.93. This result strongly supports the use of this technique for rapidly obtaining an index of size distribution. (iii) Calculated volume concentration and measured light-scattering coefficients had correlation coefficients around 0. 8. The calculated volume concentration: light scattering ratio is about one third of that determined empirically.
Cytotoxic Mechanism of XK469: Resistance of Topoisomerase IIβ Knockout Cells and Inhibition of Topoisomerase I

Abstract Topoisomerase IIβ knockout mouse cells (β−/−) were found to have only slight resistance to m -AMSA, a dual topoisomerase IIα-IIβ poison, as compared to wild-type cells (β+/+) during 1 h or 3 day exposures to the drug. In contrast, the β−/− cells were greater than threefold resistant to XK469, a selective topoisomerase IIβ poison during three day drug exposures (β+/+ IC 50 = 175 μM, β−/− IC 50 = 581 μM). Short term (1 h) exposure to XK469 was not cytotoxic to either β−/− or β+/+ cells, suggesting that anticancer therapy with XK469 may be more efficacious if systemic levels can be prolonged. During studies on topoisomerase activity in nuclear extracts of the β+/+ and β−/− cells, we found evidence that XK469 is a weak topoisomerase I catalytic inhibitor. The high IC 50 for topoisomerase I inhibition (2 mM) suggests that topoisomerase I is not a significant target for XK469 cytotoxicity.
Cathepsin A regulates chaperone-mediated autophagy through cleavage of the lysosomal receptor

Protective protein/cathepsin A (PPCA) has a serine carboxypeptidase activity of unknown physiological function. We now demonstrate that this protease activity triggers the degradation of the lysosome-associated membrane protein type 2a (lamp2a), a receptor for chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Degradation of lamp2a is important because its level in the lysosomal membrane is a rate-limiting step of CMA. Cells defective in PPCA show reduced rates of lamp2a degradation, higher levels of lamp2a and higher rates of CMA. Restoration of PPCA protease activity increases rates of lamp2a degradation, reduces levels of lysosomal lamp2a and reduces rates of CMA. PPCA associates with lamp2a on the lysosomal membrane and cleaves lamp2a near the boundary between the luminal and transmembrane domains. In addition to the well-studied role of PPCA in targeting and protecting two lysosomal glycosidases, we have defined a role for the proteolytic activity of this multifunctional protein.
Size and ultrastructure of the H-viruses as determined with the use of specific antibodies.

The specific reaction between the various H-viruses and their homologous antibodies can be recognized in the electron microscope by the formation of aggregates which stick to the grid surface; cellular debris which does not react with antibody can be removed by washing. Under proper conditions, the aggregated virus particles tend to be linked by fibrous strands, interpreted as antibody molecules, and to be arranged in linear chains in a two-dimensional manner on the grid. In such preparations, the fine structure of the individual particles can be studied readily at high magnifications. The data presented suggest that the basic capsid architecture for all H-viruses is an arrangement of 32 capsomeres in icosahedral symmetry. There appears to be some difference in size between the various H-virus types. H-1 and HT which belong to the same serotype have an average diameter of 215 A when the particle is measured from side to side rather than from vertex to vertex of the polyhedron. H-3 and RV, on the other hand, which are serologically related to one another, and HB, which is serologically distinct from any of the other types, are somewhat smaller and average 190 A in diameter when measured similarly.
Neuronal cell types and connectivity: lessons from the retina.

We describe recent progress toward defining neuronal cell types in the mouse retina and attempt to extract lessons that may be generally useful in the mammalian brain. Achieving a comprehensive catalog of retinal cell types now appears within reach, because researchers have achieved consensus concerning two fundamental challenges. The first is accuracy—defining pure cell types rather than settling for neuronal classes that are mixtures of types. The second is completeness—developing methods guaranteed to eventually identify all cell types, as well as criteria for determining when all types have been found. Case studies illustrate how these two challenges are handled by combining state-of-the-art molecular, anatomical, and physiological techniques. Progress is also being made in observing and modeling connectivity between cell types. Scaling up to larger brain regions, such as the cortex, will require not only technical advances but also careful consideration of the challenges of accuracy and completeness.
Real-time expert system diagnostics and monitoring for the High Resolution Microwave Survey Targeted Search

An automated monitoring and diagnostics system (MDS) using virtual real-time software was developed for NASA's High Resolution Microwave Survey (HRMS) Targeted Search System (TSS). The four main tasks required of the MDS were monitoring and recording system health, alerting operators of problems, diagnosing poor system performance, and performing an emergency system shutdown. The MDS was implemented using commercial expert system software tools in addition to interface hardware and software developed on site. The expert system used objects, rules, and schematics in its TSS knowledge representation. The MDS was successfully integrated into the HRMS computer environment, and its performance met or exceeded its requirements.
Ion conduction and selectivity in K+ channels

▪ Abstract Potassium (K+) channels are tetrameric membrane-spanning proteins that provide a selective pore for the conductance of K+ across the cell membranes. These channels are most remarkable in their ability to discriminate K+ from Na+ by more than a thousandfold and conduct at a throughput rate near diffusion limit. The recent progress in the structural characterization of K+ channel provides us with a unique opportunity to understand their function at the atomic level. With their ability to go beyond static structures, molecular dynamics simulations based on atomic models can play an important role in shaping our view of how ion channels carry out their function. The purpose of this review is to summarize the most important findings from experiments and computations and to highlight a number of fundamental mechanistic questions about ion conduction and selectivity that will require further work.
Unilateral testicular microlithiasis associated with a seminoma

Unilateral testicular microlithiasis is an uncommon entity that is important because of its association with malignancy. We describe a case in which the initial clinical presentation was that of metastatic cervical lymphadenopathy. Subsequent sonographic examination of the testes revealed right testicular microlithiasis and a small, hypoechoic, ill-defined mass, which proved to be a seminoma. Since testicular microlithiasis is highly associated with testicular malignancy, it cannot be considered a benign condition. Sonographic follow-up examinations are warranted in patients with testicular microlithiasis to detect the possible development of malignancy.
Gene-specific universal mammalian sequence-tagged sites: Application to the canine genome

We are developing a genetic map of the dog based partly upon markers contained within known genes. In order to facilitate the development of these markers, we have used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers designed to conserved regions of genes that have been sequenced in at least two species. We have refined the method for designing primers to maximize the number that produce successful amplifications across as many mammalian species as possible. We report the development of primer sets for 11 loci in detail:CFTR, COL10A1, CSFIR, CYP1A1, DCN1, FES, GHR, GLB1, PKLR, PVALB, andRB1. We also report an additional 75 primer sets in the appendices. The PCR products were sequenced to show that the primers amplify the expected canine genes. These primer sets thus define a class of gene-specific sequence-tagged sites (STSs). There are a number of uses for these STSs, including the rapid development of various linkage tools and the rapid testing of genomic and cDNA libraries for the presence of their corresponding genes. Six of the eleven gene targets reported in detail have been proposed to serve as “anchored reference loci” for the development of mammalian genetic maps [O'Brien, S. J.,et al., Nat. Genet. 3:103, 1993]. The primer sets should cover a significant portion of the canine genome for the development of a linkage map. In order to determine how useful these primer sets would be for the other genome projects, we tested the 11 primer sets on the DNA from species representing five mammalian orders. Eighty-four percent of the gene-species combinations amplified successfully. We have named these primer sets “universal mammalian sequence-tagged sites” because they should be useful for many mammalian genome projects.
Beta-Blocker Withdrawal Among Patients Presenting for Surgery from Home

Objective This study sought to measure the prevalence of perioperative β-blocker noncompliance by patients who were prescribed long-term β-blocker therapy and presented for surgery from home. The effect of patient noncompliance on the presenting heart rate on the day of surgery also was examined. Design Prospective observational study with outcome data obtained from reviews of medical records. Setting The preoperative clinic and operating rooms of a Veterans Administration hospital. Participants Patients on long-term β-blocker therapy who presented from home for surgery. Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results Demographic and comorbidity data and data on self-reported compliance to β-blocker therapy, vital signs on the initial day of surgery, and recent ambulatory vital signs were collected. Ten of 50 subjects (20%; 95% confidence interval, 9-31) reported not taking their β-blocker on the day of surgery. These self-reported nonadherers exhibited a higher presenting heart rate on the day of surgery than adherent subjects (median, 78 v 65 beats/min; p = 0.02 by Wilcoxon rank-sum test). The difference-in-difference analysis in heart rate between baseline primary care and the day of surgery also was statistically significant between compliant and noncompliant subjects (−7 v + 12.5 beats/min; p Conclusions Patient self-report and physiologic data documented a failure to take β-blockers and possible β-blocker withdrawal in 20% of patients who presented for surgery from home. If these findings are confirmed in larger studies, improved patient understanding of and compliance with medication instructions during preoperative visits should be a focus of future quality improvement initiatives.
Correspondence between correlation functions and enhanced backscattering peak for scattering from smooth random surfaces.

We study theoretically the scattering of light from a smooth, two-dimensional, random metal surface, using perturbation theory. We find that there is a good correspondence between the enhanced backscattering intensity function and the cross-polarized amplitude-amplitude correlation function (or the resultant intensity-intensity correlation function). We argue on physical grounds that this mapping should also be valid in the rough surface limit. Such a mapping enables one to have another independent way to measure the information contained in the enhanced backscattering peak about the random rough surface, using correlations of speckle intensities away from the backscattering direction.
Intrinsic resistance to apoptosis of colon epithelial cells is a potential determining factor in the susceptibility of the A/J mouse strain to dimethylhydrazine-induced colon tumorigenesis.

Alterations in the delicate balance between cell proliferation and cell death disrupt colon homeostasis and serve as determining factors in colon tumorigenesis. The two mouse strains, AKR/J (resistant) and A/J (susceptible), have been widely used as models for dimethylhydrazine-induced colon tumorigenesis. This study examined whether the differential susceptibilities of the two mouse strains to the tumorigenic effect of dimethylhydrazine were associated with intrinsic differences in the apoptotic machinery of the colon epithelial cells. While acute exposure to dimethylhydrazine caused massive apoptosis of colon epithelial cells in AKR/J mice, the effect was considerably less in A/J mice. Apoptosis in AKR/J mice occurred not only in the luminal side of the mucosa but also deep in the colonic crypts. In addition, this apoptosis appeared to involve caspase-3. The increased sensitivity of AKR/J to dimethylhydrazine was associated with a persistent expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) but not of its receptors. After establishing a new method for isolating primary colon epithelial cells, we determined that cells derived from A/J mice were substantially more resistant to apoptosis in response to dimethylhydrazine or to a combination of TNF, cyclohexamide, and butyrate compared to cells from AKR/J mice. These results strongly suggest that a higher intrinsic resistance to apoptosis of colon epithelial cells may be an important determinant of predisposition to colon tumorigenesis in the A/J mouse strain. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Ubiquitous Learning Environment For Molecular Biology

There is widespread agreement on the need to integrate education in physical, mathematical, and life sciences. It is now feasible to create a ubiquitous learning and inquiry environment for providing a comprehensive introduction for biology to physical and mathematical scientists, which can be accessed from everywhere using a networked laptop. This paper proposes such an environment. The didactic portion is organized according to the flow of information among biomolecular systems, starting with the genome and continuing with the processes of transcription, translation, and post-translational modification, and the interaction of gene products to give rise to the cellular phenome and to interactions among cells. Reverse information flow via influence of the environment on the cell completes the information loop, with dynamic responses ranging in time scales from fractions of a second for an emergency response to thousands or millions of years for evolutionary change. The textbook level of understanding can be assembled from the NCBI bookshelf. The ability of students to dig deeper in all subjects is achieved through training in the use of Google Scholar and PubMed to assemble functional bibliographies beginning with seminal papers (early papers with many citations) leading up to the most recent advances, punctuated with review papers. Hands-on interaction with the concepts can be introduced with the use of bioinformatics and molecular modeling tools accessible online, leading to an early experience in computational research and in framing meaningful problems to be attacked experimentally. Physical and mathematical scientists also need an introduction to the granting systems in biology, by being guided through the grants and institutional databases other information at the NIH, NSF, DOE Office of Science, and foundations.
Static properties of 3He and 3H in the Skyrme model

Abstract The identification of the I = 1 2 , J π = 1 2 + state of the quantized baryon-number-three multiskyrmion with the isodoublet nucleus (3He, 3H) is tested by a computation of its static electroweak properties. Matrix elements of the electromagnetic and axial currents are evaluated exploiting the unique tetrahedral symmetry of the B = 3 soliton solution. The computed magnetic moments agree with experiment but the axial moment and the various charge radii are approximately a factor of two smaller than their observed values.
Examination of reactor grade graphite using neutron powder diffraction

Graphite is of principal interest in Generation IV nuclear reactor concepts. In particular, graphite will be the moderator for the Very High Temperature Reactor. In support of experimental and computational investigations that aim at understanding the behavior of reactor grade graphite under operating conditions, neutron powder diffraction experiments have been performed at the North Carolina State University PULSTAR reactor. The collected diffraction patterns exhibit intense broadening of several of the reflections, characteristic of turbostratic stacking. In order to quantify this disorder structurally, a model combined with a Rietveld-like refinement approach was implemented, which includes several refinable parameters that aim at describing this type of structure. Stacking parameters representing the probabilities of a random and registered shift between stacking packages were defined. The results indicate that the studied reactor grade graphite specimens contain a small fraction of layer disorder. The inferred interlayer spacing for the specimens is slightly larger than the theoretical value for graphite of 0.335 nm and the lattice constant is slightly less than 0.246 nm. The developed methodology is found to be successful in fitting the neutron diffraction patterns of reactor grade graphite.
Hyperhomocysteinemia as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis

Hyperhomocysteinemia exists among patients both in end-stage renal disease and on dialysis and may represent an additional risk factor for increased cardiovascular disease. Supplementation with folic acid may reduce, but not correct, hyperhomocysteinemia. Evidence that lowering blood homocysteine will lessen cardiovascular risk is being sought.
HEAD INJURIES: COSTS AND CONSEQUENCES

Head injuries are costly in terms of lives lost, productivity losses, and health care expenditures. This article develops an economic model that is used to estimate the lifetime cost of all head injuries sustained in 1985 that resulted in hospitalization or death. Included are the costs of medical services, productivity lost because of illness and disability, and mortality costs resulting from premature death. These estimates are presented by age, gender, and severity of injury. The cost of head injuries is compared with the cost of all injuries. The need for better data on the incidence, health care needs, and service utilization of head-injured persons is noted.
H 3-HRP Analysis of the Nerve Supply to Primate Teeth

Sensory, sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia located in the head and neck of rhesus monkeys were histologically examined after injection of H3-HRP into the right mandibular premolars and molars. The results showed positive labeling of ganglionic cell bodies located in the ipsilateral trigeminal, superior cervical, and otic ganglia, plus the ipsilateral mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve.
Managing Gastrointestinal Complications of Uremia

Dogs and cats with uremia may display abnormalities of essentially all parts of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Abnormalities may be mild or severe. They may result from inflammation, edema, erosions, ulceration, and/or necrosis. Clinical signs of GI complications or uremia may include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and GI bleeding. This article discusses the GI manifestations of uremia according to anatomic sites and also describes the management of common clinical problems as they relate to uremic GI abnormalities.
Reliable Multicast Protocols and their Application on the Green Bank Telescope

The Green Bank Telescope (GBT) is under construction in Green Bank, West Virginia. The GBT is expected to be operational in mid 1999. Networking the GBT will require innovative application of network technologies. Distribution of data from the originating source to large groups of consumers can be accomplished in at least two ways. The first is to 'unicast' or communicate individually with each consumer on the net. The second is to 'multicast' to a group of consumers. Multicasting is a technology which seems to have merit for distribution of information, but it is inherently unreliable. In some cases, such as observational data, packets must be delivered reliably, while in other cases such as informational displays, reliable delivery is not essential. This paper introduces the basic concepts of multicasting, and also discusses the design approaches of reliable multicast protocols.
Up-regulation of LOX-1 expression by TNF-α promotes trans-endothelial migration of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells

Adhesion of cancer cell to endothelial cells and the subsequent trans-endothelial migration are key steps in metastasis. However, the identities of the molecules mediating cancer cell/endothelial cell interaction are still not fully understood. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that lectin-like oxidized-low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) receptor-1 (LOX-1), a key mediator of vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis expressed on endothelial cell surface, mediates breast cancer cell/endothelial cell interactions. We showed that up-regulation of endothelial LOX-1 by TNF-α promoted the adhesion and trans-endothelial migration of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Thus, endothelial LOX-1 could present a novel pathway in breast cancer metastasis.