cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mouse uterine glands during the peri‐implantation period: Fine structure

Mouse uterine glands, obtained during the peri-implantation period of pregnancy, were investigated using light and electron microscopy. From day 4 to day 6 of pregnancy, there was a progressive luminal dilation and an accumulation of dense homogeneous material in the gland lumina. Although numerous large electron-lucent vesicles were present in the apical portion of the glandular cells on day 4, their number decreased by days 5 and 6 of pregnancy. Dense granules were present along the apical border of many glandular cells on day 6. In addition, there was an increase in the number and more orderly arrangement of RER cisternae by day 6 of pregnancy. Cytochemical studies on days 4, 5, and 6 of pregnancy, using the periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate method for the ultrastructural localization of carbohydrate material, showed specific staining of the multivesicular bodies and the saccules of the concave surface of the Golgi complex, but not the dilated saccules of the convex surface. Specific staining was also observed over both the luminal material and apical granules present on day 6 of pregnancy. The cytochemical evidence suggests that the secretory product of the uterine glands has carbohydrate components and that carbohydrate material accumulates in the Golgi complex. In addition, the morphological changes observed imply increased secretory activity of the uterine glands during the peri-implantation period. Thus, the uterine glands must be considered an important source of uterine fluid components during the peri-implantation period.
Sand Transport in a Two Pass Internal Cooling Duct With Rib Turbulators

A two pass stationary square duct with rib turbulators subjected to sand ingestion is studied using Large Eddy Simulations (LES). Each pass has ribs on two opposite walls and aligned normal to the main flow direction. The rib pitch to rib height (P/e) is 9.28, the rib height to channel hydraulic diameter (e/Dh) is 0.0625 and calculations have been carried out for a bulk Reynolds number of 25,000. Particle sizes in the range 0.5–25 μm are considered, with the same size distribution as found in Arizona Road Dust (medium). Large Eddy Simulation (LES) with wall-model is used to model the flow and sand particles are modeled using a discrete Lagrangian framework. 220,000 particles are injected at the inlet and perfectly elastic collisions with the wall are considered. Results quantify the distribution of particle impingement density on all surfaces. Highest particle impingement density is found in the first quarter section of the second pass after the 180° turn, where the recorded impingement is more than twice that of any other region. It is also found that the average particle impingement per pitch is 28% higher in the second pass than the first pass. Results show lower particle tendency to hit the region immediately behind the rib in the first pass compared to the second pass where particle impingement is more uniform in the region between two ribs. The smooth walls do not show much particle impingement except the wall in second pass where the flow impinges after the turn. The rib face facing the flow is by far is the most susceptible to impingement and hence deposition and erosion. The results of this simulation were also compared with results obtained from experiments conducted on an identical two pass geometry with Arizona Road Dust particles. The particle impingement pattern is recorded by using a sticky tape on all surfaces to capture the particles. The numerical predictions showed good qualitative agreement with experimental measurements. These results help identifying the damage prone areas in the internal cooling passages of a turbine blade under the influence of sand ingestion. This information can help modify the geometry of the blade or location of film cooling holes to avoid hole blockage and degradation of heat transfer at the walls.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Efficacy of naltrexone and acamprosate for alcoholism treatment: a meta-analysis.

Background: Renewed interest in medications to prevent relapse in alcoholics (i.e., antidipsotropics) resulted in approval by the Food and Drug Administration of naltrexone to treat alcohol dependence. Acamprosate, although not approved in the United States, is used in alcoholism treatment in many other parts of the world. In the absence of studies that compare the effects of these medications, we used a meta-analytic approach to the literature to compare their efficacy in alcoholism treatment. Methods: All published placebo-controlled trials of naltrexone or acamprosate for alcohol dependence were examined, and, when suitable, data were extracted for calculation of a mean effect size. A sample of studies of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for treatment of major depression conducted over the last two decades served as a comparator for the antidipsotropics. Results: Both antidipsotropics exerted significant, but modest, effects on treatment retention and/or drinking outcomes. There was significant variability among the studies for the measure on which the largest effect was exerted by each of these medications. Based on limited comparisons of the two medications, there appears to be no statistical difference in their efficacy in the treatment of alcohol dependence. In contrast, there was a consistent effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on depressive symptoms in major depression, which was significantly greater than the effects observed for the antidipsotropics. Conclusions: Both naltrexone and acamprosate are efficacious in reducing alcohol consumption in alcoholics. However, their specific role in alcoholism treatment remains to be more clearly defined. New approaches to the use of these medications and development of new medications are needed if pharmacotherapy is to play a substantial role in the treatment of alcoholism.
Configuration biased Monte Carlo and Brownian dynamics simulations of semiflexible polymers in extensional flows

Configuration Biased Monte Carlo (CBMC) and Non-Equilibrium Brownian Dynamics (NEBD) simulations are used to understand the dynamics of semi-flexible macromolecules undergoing extensional flow. The mathematical model utilizes a discretized version of the Kratky-Porod wormlike (or persistent) chain as the building block, and using kinetic theory, generalized to include flow. In steady, potential flows, the solution of the Fokker-Planck equation exists and is used in the generation of trial and acceptance moves in the CBMC scheme. For the NEBD, the Fokker-Planck equation is converted to a Stochastic Differential Equation (SDE) from which the simulation algorithm is obtained. Various conformational quantities are monitored, under both steady-state and transient conditions, with the primary independent variable being the flexibility parameter β, the bending constant of the chain. It is found that the model is able to describe qualitatively many of the experimentally observed effects in such systems. In particular, we find that there is a direct link between the molecular flexibility and its birefringence response in an elongational flow field. We are able to draw conclusions by considering the behavior of molecular-conformational quantities such as the radius of gyration and the moment of inertia.
Distributed open manufacturing environment (DOME): a manufacturing controller integration toolkit

Modern computer controlled manufacturing systems demand tight integration between machines distributed across the factory floor. Despite wide industry demand for simple and powerful integration between heterogeneous machines, such capabilities are still missing from current systems. The objective of this paper is to describe a toolkit, the Distributed Open Manufacturing Environment (DOME), that will allow developers to easily create such a system. The toolkit builds upon the standardized Java Platform and Java Jini distributed system. A reference implementation will be created to both prove the DOME toolkit, as well as to investigate novel distributed control methods.
Self-Consistent Model of Magnetospheric Electric Field, Ring Current, Plasmasphere, and Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Waves: Initial Results

Further development of our self-consistent model of interacting ring current (RC) ions and electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves is presented. This model incorporates large scale magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling and treats self-consistently not only EMIC waves and RC ions, but also the magnetospheric electric field, RC, and plasmasphere. Initial simulations indicate that the region beyond geostationary orbit should be included in the simulation of the magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling. Additionally, a self-consistent description, based on first principles, of the ionospheric conductance is required. These initial simulations further show that in order to model the EMIC wave distribution and wave spectral properties accurately, the plasmasphere should also be simulated self-consistently, since its fine structure requires as much care as that of the RC. Finally, an effect of the finite time needed to reestablish a new potential pattern throughout the ionosphere and to communicate between the ionosphere and the equatorial magnetosphere cannot be ignored.
A miniature continuous adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator with compact shielded superconducting magnets

ABSTRACT Cryogenic detectors for astrophysics depend on cryocoolers capable of achieving temperatures below 100 mK.In order to provide continuous cooling at 50 mK for space or laboratory applications, we are designing a miniatureadiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (MADR) anchored at a reservoir at 5 K. Continuous cooling is obtainedby the use of several paramagnetic pills placed in series with heat switches. All operations are fully electronic andthis technology can be adapted fairly easily for a wide range of temperatures and cooling powers. We are focusingon reducing the size and mass of the cooler. For that purpose we have developed and tested magnetoresistiveheat switches based on single crystals of tungsten. Several superconducting magnets are required for this coolerand we have designed and manufactured compact magnets. A special focus has been put on the reduction ofparasitic magnetic elds in the cold stage, while minimizing the mass of the shields. A prototype continuousMADR, using magnetoresistive heat switches, small paramagnetic pills and compact magnets has been tested.A design of MADR that will provide 5 µW of continuous cooling down to 50 mK is described.Keywords: Cryogenics, ADR, Heat switches, Magnetic Shielding
The exchangeability of calcium and strontium of bone in vitro.

The reactivity of rat bone of low- or of high-strontium content was investigated by the technique of radioisotopic exchange under well-defined conditionsin vitro. Analyses of curves depicting the uptake from solution of45Ca by low- and by high-strontium bone powders, and of85Sr by high-strontium bone powder only, were performed. Both exponential and power function expressions were derived. The interpretation of results of these experiments is that strontium of solution reaches exchange-equilibrium with bone of high-strontium content over a period of about eight hours, but that calcium continues to approach a state of equilibrium. Further, it is suggested that diffusion and surface exchange reactions of the hydrated solid phase are the dominant processes operating during the periods of these experiments.
Theory of spontaneous mode locking in lasers using a circuit model

A theory is presented of mode locking in lasers with dispersion in the resonator and a saturable absorber, using as a starting point a circuit representation of the physical processes in the system. A set of equations for mode amplitudes and phases is obtained that entails no significant approximations and is suitable in form for an iterative method of solution. The specific advantages of the method include 1) treating the problem without limiting the order of interaction in the absorber, and 2) introducing a circuit model that allows some intuitive approximations. A general expression for mode phases in a certain situation is developed as an example and the results are compared with published material.
Numerical Simulation of Pulsed Laser Bending

The aim of this work is to develop an efficient method for computing pulsed laser bending. During pulsed laser bending, thousands of laser pulses are irradiated onto the target. Simulations of the thermomechanical effect and bending resulted from all the laser pulses would exceed the current computational capability. The method developed in this work requires only several laser pulses to be calculated. Therefore, the computation time is greatly reduced. Using the new method, it is also possible to increase the domain size of calculation and to choose dense meshes to obtain more accurate results. The new method is used to calculate pulsed laser bending of a thin stainless-steel plate. Results calculated for a domain with a reduced size are in good agreement with those obtained by computing all the laser pulses. In addition, experiments of pulsed laser bending are performed. It is found that experimental data and computational results are consistent. ©2002 ASME
A new genus and eight new species of the subtribe Anillina (Carabidae, Trechinae, Bembidiini) from Mexico, with a cladistic analysis and some notes on the evolution of the genus

One new genus and eight new species of anilline carabids are described from southern Mexico. The new genus, Zapotecanillus gen. n., is established for Z. oaxacanus (type species) sp. n., Z. nanus sp. n., Z. iviei sp. n., Z. ixtlanus sp. n., Z. montanus sp. n., and Z. kavanaughi sp. n. from the Sierra Madre de Oaxaca, Z. pecki sp. n. from the Sierra Madre del Sur, and Z. longinoi sp. n. from the Sierra Madre de Chiapas. A taxonomic key for all described species of Zapotecanillus and a cladistic analysis, based on morphological data, are provided. Morphological, behavioral and biogeographical aspects of the speciation in the genus obtained from the resulting cladogram are discussed.
In vitro evaluation of the effects of candidate immunosuppressive drugs: flow cytometry and quantitative real-time PCR as two independent and correlated read-outs

Abstract Background : Immune monitoring may use flow cytometry or molecular biology techniques. Flow cytometry assays cells that are phenotypically characterized, whereas TaqMan® RT-PCR starts with RNA extraction from unfractionated heterogeneous cell populations. We therefore wondered how the effects of immunosuppressive drugs on cytokine production in stimulated whole blood, as determined by flow cytometry, would correlate with those obtained with quantitative real-time PCR (TaqMan® RT-PCR). Methods : Blood drawn from naive cynomolgus monkeys was exposed to incremental amounts of cyclosporine (CsA; 300, 600, 900 and 1200 ng/ml) or tacrolimus (TRL; 8, 20, 40 and 80 ng/ml) before lectin stimulation in vitro. Blood was then either stained for CD3, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, and TNF-α and analyzed on a flow cytometer with various gating strategies, or submitted to RNA extraction for analysis of the above mentioned cytokines mRNA transcripts using TaqMan® RT-PCR. Results : Both methods revealed a parallel dose-dependent inhibition of cytokine production in stimulated blood. The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC 50 's) ranged from 511–771 ng/ml (CsA) and 15–29 ng/ml (TRL) with flow cytometry, and from 275–529 ng/ml (CsA) and 11–48 ng/ml (TRL) with TaqMan® RT-PCR for T-helper 1 cytokines. Both assays correlated well with a Pearson product moment correlation of 0.76. Extending gating from a CD3 + gate to a lymphocyte gate improved correlation ( r =0.85) for all cytokines investigated (except IL-2; unchanged) whereas further extending gating resulted, to the contrary, in lower correlations. Independent of gating strategy a high correlation ( r =0.97) was observed when drug IC 50 's were considered. Conclusions : Flow cytometry and TaqMan® RT-PCR may be used interchangeably to monitor the effects of candidate immunosuppressive drugs on cytokine mRNA production in lectin-stimulated whole blood.
Imaging Activity in Neurons and Glia with a Polr2a-Based and Cre-Dependent GCaMP5G-IRES-tdTomato Reporter Mouse

New strategies for introducing genetically encoded activity indicators into animal models facilitate the investigation of nervous system function. We have developed the PC::G5-tdT mouse line that expresses the GCaMP5G calcium indicator in a Cre-dependent fashion. Instead of targeting the ROSA26 locus, we inserted the reporter cassette nearby the ubiquitously expressed Polr2a gene without disrupting locus integrity. The indicator was tagged with IRES-tdTomato to aid detection of positive cells. This reporter system is effective in a wide range of developmental and cellular contexts. We recorded spontaneous cortical calcium waves in intact awake newborns and evaluated concentration-dependent responses to odorants in the adult olfactory bulb. Moreover, PC::G5-tdT effectively reports intracellular calcium dynamics in somas and fine processes of astrocytes and microglial cells. Through electrophysiological and behavioral analyses, we determined that GCaMP5G expression had no major impact on nervous system performance. PC::G5-tdT will be instrumental for a variety of brain mapping experiments.
A heuristic approach to optimum experimental design

The paper describes a completed and independent module of a large-scale system, the Quasi-Optimizer (QO). The QO system has three major objectives: (i) to observe and measure adversaries' behavior in a competitive environment, to infer their strategies and to construct a computer model, a descriptive theory, of each; (ii) to identify strategy components, evaluate their effectiveness and to select the most satisfactory ones from a set of computed descriptive theories; (iii) to combine these components in a quasi-optimum strategy that represents a normative theory in the statistical sense. The program discussed here, QO-3, is the third module of the QO system. Its role is to model strategies (response generators) in the form of decision trees according to a dynamically evolving statistical design. It starts with a (loosely) balanced incomplete block design for the exploratory experiments. Subsequently, the levels of the decision variables in any single experiment and the length of the whole sequence of experiments depend on the responses obtained in previous experiments. In general, QO-3 is an on-line, dynamic generator of experimental design that, in the heuristic sense, minimizes the total number of experiments performed for a predetermined level of precision.
Centre of dilatation and thermal stresses in an elastic plate

The elastic field caused by a centre of dilatation in a plate is given in terms of Galerkin vectors. The field caused by a thermal inhomogeneity is obtained by a method which is based on the integration of properly weighted centres of dilatation over the volume occupied by the plate. The potential functions for the problem solved are the harmonic potential functions of attracting matter filling the element of volume and its mirror images. One of the applications, the thermal elastic stresses due to an expanding (or contracting) inclusion of any shape embedded in the plate, is given as an example. Numerical results for a spherical inclusion with pure dilatation eigenstrain are also presented.
Genotype-treatment interaction between amantadine and chlorpromazine in the mouse.

Abstract 1. Repeated administration of amantadine prior to chlorpromazine to two different strains of mice altered both locomotor activity, concentrations of brain biogenic amines and selected major metabolites as a function of mouse strain. 2. Amantadine antagonized chloropromazine effect on motility which was associated with increases in whole brain levels of homovanillic acid in the CDF-1 but not C57BL/6 mice. 3. Conversely, the treatment with amantadine prior to chlorpromazine reduced whole brain normetanephrine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels from respective controls in the C57BL/6 and CDF-1 mice, respectively. 4. The results suggest that genetic factors underly differential alteration of brain dopamine and serotonin which may underly the mechanism of amantadine efficacy in neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal disorders and to the variable responses to amantadine therapy.
Digital Facsimile: Columbia Law Library and Pacific Northwest Library Facsimile Network

With recent developments in digital facsimile technology, its use for interlibrary communication is being re‐examined by some librarians. Faster communications speeds, better quality of reproduction, and increased standardization of equipment are among the advantages of the new generation digital equipment. These two reports from Columbia University's Law Library and the Pacific Northwest Library Facsimile Network focus on different concerns. Tracy's study emphasizes equipment selection criteria while DeJohn's describes operational problems and considerations in actual use.
Pollution and the immune response: atopic diseases - are we too dirty or too clean?

The effect of pollutants on the immune system has filled tomes and is almost always controversial whether the topic is disinfectants in drinking water or particulates and lung cancer. Even whether outdoor and indoor air quality is improving or declining has been a source of considerable investigation, consultation and often litigation. Few areas, however, yield so much uncertainty and debate as the role of airborne pollutants in atopy. Atopy is defined as an immunoglobulin E- (IgE) mediated allergic response to environmental antigens and can be manifested as rhinitis, asthma or atopic dermatitis. While there is some debate over whether there has been a real increase in atopy over the last decades, it is indisputable that there has been a dramatic change over the last 200 years. While isolated cases of anaphylaxis had been noted before, allergies were unheard of until the early 19th century. Only 54 years after the first description of hay fever in England in 1819, it was considered an epidemic and a clear association with urbanization had been reported.1 What aspect of urbanization is involved has been much debated. There has been much discussion amongst both experimental immunologists and epidemiologists over whether pollutants are responsible for increased allergic sensitization and/or severity.2,3 In the last few years new studies have supported an alternative explanation, namely the decline in infectious diseases in industrialized countries.4,5 Does this ‘hygiene theory’ toll the death knell for the ‘pollution theory’? In this review I will argue that there is a compelling case to be made for both theories and that even this is not the entire picture.
Colonial Savages and Heroic Tricksters: Native Americans in the American Tradition

Once the city was free from them (the Aztec survivors) Cortes went out to inspect (the city). We found the houses full of corpses, and some poor Mexicans still in them who could not move away. Their excretions were the sort of filth that thin swine pass which have been fed on nothing but grass. The city looked as if it had been plowed up .... There was no fresh water to be found; all of it was brackish .... There had been no live births for a long time, because they had suffered so much from hunger and thirst and continual fighting. (407)
THE 3' UNTRANSLATED REGION OF |[alpha]|-STRIATED TROPOMYOSIN INDUCES MUSCLE DIFFERENTIATION IN FIBROBLASTS INDEPENDENT OF KNOWN MUSCLE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. |[bull]| 172

The 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) of α-striated tropomyosin(αTM) promotes differentiation of nonmuscle mesenchymal cells into a muscle phenotype. The extent of this response is cell-type specific, with fibroblasts being able to differentiate further along the muscle pathway than osteoblasts when transfected with the 3' UTR of αTM. Transfected fibroblasts elongate, become multinucleate, and express the muscle-specific proteins titin, tropomyosin, and myosin heavy chain in a sarcomeric distribution. These characteristics are highly reminiscent of striated muscle, and are not observed in untransfected and vector-transfected fibroblasts. To investigate whether the mechanism of this differentiation event involves the production of myogenic transcription factors, RNA was harvested from avian embryonic fibroblasts that were transfected with the 3' UTR of αTM, contained within a eukaryotic expression vector. Control RNA was harvested from vector-transfected and untransfected fibroblasts. RNA was reverse-transcribed and the resultant cDNA was used as template for PCR amplification. RT-PCR analysis reveals the presence of the muscle-specific transcription factors MyoD and myogenin in untransfected, vector-transfected, and 3'UTR transfected groups. This suggests that the 3'UTR of αTM promotes differentiation of fibroblasts into muscle via a mechanism that is not dependent on de novo production of the muscle transcription factors MyoD and myogenin, unless it acts by increasing the amount of these factors present within transfected cells. We speculate that cell types containing low levels of muscle transcription factors (e.g. fibroblasts) are poised to enter the muscle differentiation pathway when transfected with the 3' UTR of αTM.
Similarity Evaluation between Query and Retrieved Masses using a Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) CADx System for Characterization of Breast Masses on Ultrasound Images: An Observer Study

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the similarity between the query and retrieved masses by a Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) computer-aided diagnosis (CADx) system for characterization of breast masses on ultrasound (US) images based on radiologists' visual similarity assessment. We are developing a CADx system to assist radiologists in characterizing masses on US images. The CADx system retrieves masses that are similar to a query mass from a reference library based on automatically extracted image features. An observer study was performed to compare the retrieval performance of four similarity measures: Euclidean distance (ED), Cosine (Cos), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), and Bayesian Neural Network (BNN). For ED and Cos, a k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) algorithm was used for retrieval. For LDA and BNN, the features of a query mass were combined first into a malignancy score and then masses with similar scores were retrieved. For a query mass, three most similar masses were retrieved with each method and were presented to the radiologists in random order. Three MQSA radiologists rated the similarity between the query mass and the computer-retrieved masses using a nine-point similarity scale (1=very dissimilar, 9=very similar). The average similarity ratings of all radiologists for LDA, BNN, Cos, and ED were 4.71, 4.95, 5.18 and 5.32. The ED measures retrieved masses of significantly higher similarity (p<0.008) than LDA and BNN. Although the BNN measure had the best classification performance (Az: 0.90±0.03) in the CBIR scheme, ED exhibited higher image retrieval performance than others based on radiologists' assessment.
A Study of Selected Characteristics of Hens’ Egg Yolk.I. Influence of Albumen and Selected Additives,,

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to test the influence of increasing amounts of albumen and selected additives on selected characteristics of liquid egg yolk. Yolks were blended with albumen at levels of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% and tested for emulsifying capacity, viscosity, pH and solids content. The emulsifying properties decreased significantly with increased amounts of albumen. At 20% albumen, emulsifying power of yolk was reduced by 50%. Viscosity of liquid egg yolk decreased nearly 80% when diluted with only 10% albumen. There was only a slight increase in pH with addition of up to 25% albumen. The percent solids decreased linearly from 53.2% to 42.4%, as the albumen level increased from 0 to 25%. Since 20% albumen dilution reduces egg yolk emulsifying capacity by nearly 50%, it is suggested that for commercial operations, where emulsifying properties are important, that every effort be made to limit the level of albumen contamination to below 20% and, preferably, to 15%. Addition of sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate at 0.05% significantly (P
Conversion of the FokI endonuclease to a universal restriction enzyme: cleavage of phage M13mp7 DNA at predetermined sites

Endonuclease FokI belongs to class IIS of restriction enzymes, for which the DNA cut points lie outside the enzyme-recognition sites. This permitted conferring new cleavage specificities by combining FokI with tailored oligodeoxynucleotide adapters. Such adapters carry a single-stranded (ss) target-recognition domain, complementary to the selected ss target DNA, and a double-stranded (ds) enzyme-recognition site. Neither enzyme nor adapter alone has endonucleolytic activity toward phage M13mp7 ss DNA, whereas the enzyme-adapter complex cleaves this ss target DNA at the particular sites foreordained by the sequence of the ss domain of the adapter. Two kinds of adapters (32 and 34 nucleotides long), with opposing orientations of the asymmetric FokI recognition site, were constructed and shown to direct specific cleavage under a variety of conditions. In addition to FokI, other class IIS enzymes, HphI, MboII and BbvI, which alone do not cleave ss DNA, are suitable for construction of tailored enzyme-adapter complexes with predictable cleavage specificities. This report provides a preliminary experimental confirmation for the proposal of Szybalski [Gene 40 (1985) 169-173] for the design of adapter-enzyme complexes with novel and predictable specificities. Theoretically, using this approach any sequence could be precisely cleaved at a predetermined point.
Using Academic Integrity to Teach Engineering Ethics

Ethics can be taught by using case studies to which students can relate. Since all students appreciate and understand problems of academic dishonesty, the nature of ethical problems in academics can be used to illustrate ethical problems encountered in professional engineering. If students can be sensitized to the value of ethical behavior while in school, they will carry this understanding over to their profession. The purpose of this paper is to suggest that academic integrity can be used to introduce the basic concepts of professional engineering ethics. A videotape and instructor's manual using this pedagogical technique is described.
Escherichia coli-based cell-free synthesis of virus-like particles.

Virus-like particles (VLP) have received considerable attention for vaccine, drug delivery, gene therapy and material science applications. Although the number of unique VLP and their applications are rapidly growing, the positive impact of VLP applications is limited by the current diverse, expensive, and typically low-yielding production technologies available. These technologies, when scaled, often result in structurally and compositionally inconsistent products. We present Escherichia coli-based cell-free protein synthesis as a production technology to overcome many of the limitations of current VLP production processes. Using this technique, the MS2 bacteriophage coat protein VLP was produced at a yield 14 times the best published production yield. Also, a C-terminally truncated Hepatitis B core protein VLP was produced at similarly high yields (6 × 1013 VLP/mL). These VLP were found to have comparable characteristics to those produced in vivo. The scalability of this technology was tested without loss in production yields. To our knowledge, this is the first time a prokaryote-based in vitro transcription/translation system has generated a virus-like particle. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;100: 28–37. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;100: 28–37. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and types of alcoholic beverages consumed among men and women.

OBJECTIVES. Differences by sex in the relationship between high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and consumption of alcoholic beverages were examined in 1516 individuals. METHODS. Questionnaires and blood-sample data from cross-sectional surveys were analyzed. RESULTS. Both beer and liquor were independently associated with increased HDL cholesterol in the total group, in men, and in women after covariates were controlled for. Wine was associated with a significant increase in HDL cholesterol in women only. CONCLUSIONS. Among women and men, amount may be more important than type of alcoholic beverage consumed. The independent effect of wine on HDL cholesterol among men remains unclear since few men in this population consumed wine exclusively or in large quantities.
Alzheimer's disease: Definition and therapy options

The author provides a concise picture of the history of the disease since its description in 1907 and the continued difficulty in diagnosing the disease process before the patient's death. Current pharmacological treatment efforts to treat the disease are dis cussed, with a focus on the treatment of the various episodic symptoms demonstrated by the Alzheimer's patient, including anxiety, depression, agitation, and insomnia. "Despite the progress that has been made in the past decade in understanding the pa thology of Alzheimer's disease, there is still much to learn .... There are no clear an swers."
Glauconema trihymene n. g., n. sp., a hymenostome ciliate from the Virginia coast.

SYNOPSIS. Glauconema trihymene n. g., n. sp., a marine hymenostome ciliate, is described from the Virginia coast. Morphologic studies were made on specimens treated with the Chatton-Lwoff silver impregnation technic and on animals observed with the phase microscope. Particular attention is given to the buccal ciliature and its importance to generic assignment in the order Hymenostomatida.
CODS: evolving data efficiently and scalably in column oriented databases

Database evolution is the process of updating the schema of a database or data warehouse (schema evolution) and evolving the data to the updated schema (data evolution). Database evolution is often necessitated in relational databases due to the changes of data or workload, the suboptimal initial schema design, or the availability of new knowledge of the database. It involves two steps: updating the database schema, and evolving the data to the new schema. Despite the capability of commercial RDBMSs to well optimize query processing, evolving the data during a database evolution through SQL queries is shown to be prohibitively costly. We designed and developed CODS, a platform for efficient data level data evolution in column oriented databases, which evolves the data to the new schema without materializing query results or unnecessary compression/decompression as occurred in traditional query level approaches. CODS ameliorates the efficiency of data evolution by orders of magnitude compared with commercial or open source RDBMSs.
A 62-kDa mitotic apparatus protein required for mitotic progression is sequestered to the interphase nucleus by associating with the chromosomes during anaphase.

A protein component of 62-kDa (p62) in the mitotic apparatus of the sea urchin embryo has been shown to be important for the proper progression of mitosis [Dinsmore and Sloboda, 1989: Cell 57:127–134]. To study the subcellular distribution of p62 during the cell cycle of sea urchin embryos, indirect immunofluorescence microscopy was used coupled to a modified detergent extraction procedure. The improved fluorescent images obtained by this procedure provide new information concerning the subcellular localization of p62 during the cell cycle that could not be obtained with previous conventional staining procedures [Johnston and Sloboda, 1992: J. Cell Biol. 119:843–854]. Using affinity purified antibodies to p62, we observed a cell cycle-dependent localization of p62 to the chromosomes/chromatin. Prior to nuclear envelope breakdown of the first or second cell cycle, p62 localizes to chromatin in the nucleus. During mitosis, p62 associates with the region of the spindle occupied by the microtubules of the mitotic apparatus. As anaphase proceeds, but before the nuclear envelope reforms, p62 becomes progressively associated with the chromosomes. Thus, p62 is incorporated into the forming interphase nucleus due to its association with chromosomes during late anaphase, rather than by active translocation into the newly formed daughter nuclei through the nuclear pores. The protein is not unique to marine embryos, as demonstrated by immunofluorescence of Y-1 cells, a mouse adrenal tumor cell line In these cells, the localization of p62 is similar to the localization of the protein in echinoderm embryos, suggesting its possible function in mitotic progression in mammalian somatic cells as well. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Brief Report on the Prevalence of Sleep Problems in Individuals with Mental Retardation Living in the Community

This study examined the sleep patterns and prevalence of sleep problems in adults with mental retardation living in community settings. Information was gathered from 67 staff members regarding 237 individuals with mental retardation (focus persons). Staff members provided information about each focus person's (a) demographics, (b) sleep patterns, and (c) sleep problems encountered in the last month. Persons with severe or profound mental retardation and persons taking medications were more likely to experience sleep problems. These findings clearly identify sleep as a critical area of health support for persons with mental retardation, and suggest areas for future analysis.
The Rutgers' Collection of Children's Literature

H E R U T G E R S Collection of Children's Literature is a repository for the original art of children's books and contains over 3,000 pieces of artwork spanning fifty years of American book illustration. The collection is housed at the Jane Voorhees Zimmerli Art Museum, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey. Although the emphasis is on New Jersey illustrators, the collection represents artists from all over the country who have generously donated their artwork. The collection is dedicated to furthering scholarly research and artistic creativity by documenting the production of children's books from the preparatory sketches to the full-color illustrations and the finished book. Original manuscripts are also collected and preserved by the Special Collections Department at the Archibald S. Alexander Library, the main library center for the university. By gathering together the written and visual material of children's books, the collection provides an invaluable archive for future research on this important genre. The director of the art museum, Phillip Dennis Cate, first became interested in the art for children's books in 1974 when he organized the exhibition "American Illustrators of Children's Books." The quality of the artwork in that exhibition inspired the university to respond to the growing interest in establishing an archive for manuscripts and illustrations of children's books. Harry Devlin, a prominent illustrator and member of the Advisory Council on Children's Literature, was the prime mover behind the concept of the repository. It was his concern that a wealth of artwork by New Jersey artists was leaving the state and being collected by other institutions. The collection was officially founded in 1979 and was quickly expanded to encompass artists from all parts of the United States, Europe, and Asia. A collection of the original art for the printed book complements the art
Neutralization Kinetics Study of Selected Reoviruses

Neutralization kinetic rates were compared between five avian and three human reoviruses and their specific antiserums. Antigenic similarities were not noted between the human and avian reoviruses studied. Antigenic similarities were found between a reovirus isolated from a chicken with Marek's disease, and the Fahey-Crawley virus, avian arthritis virus, and a turkey reovirus isolate designated as BC-3. The Fahey-Crawley virus was found to be antigenically similar to BC-3.
A fuel-constrained unit commitment method

A short-term fuel-constrained thermal unit commitment method which includes significant constraints such as take-or-pay gas contracts and limitations associated with the gas delivery system is described. The fuel constraints are explicitly considered in determining the short-term (e.g., daily, weekly) thermal unit commitment strategy. The method results from the extension of a novel iterative approach consisting of two phases: a sequential commitment phase and a parameter adjustment phase. The method is effective in both its computational requirements and its solution quality. Illustrative examples are presented. >
An Artificial Intelligence System Suggests Arbitrariness of Death Penalty

The arguments against the death penalty in the United States have centered on due process and fairness. Since the death penalty is so rarely rendered and subsequently applied, it appears on the surface to be arbitrary. Considering the potential utility of determining whether or not a death row inmate is actually executed along with the promising behavior of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) as classifiers led us into the development, training, and testing of an ANN as a tool for predicting death penalty outcomes. For our ANN we reconstructed the profiles of 1,366 death row inmates by utilizing variables that are independent of the substantive characteristics of the crime for which they have been convicted. The ANN's successful performance in predicting executions has serious implications concerning the fairness of the justice system.
Effects of ultraviolet radiation on plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations in corn snakes (Elaphe guttata)

Objective—To determine whether corn snakes exposed to UVB radiation have increased plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations, compared with control snakes. Animals—12 corn snakes (Elaphe guttata). Procedures—After an acclimation period in individual enclosures, a blood sample was collected from each snake for assessment of plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentration. Six snakes were provided with no supplemental lighting, and 6 snakes were exposed to light from 2 full-spectrum coil bulbs. By use of a radiometer-photometer, the UVA and UVB radiation generated by the bulbs were measured in each light-treated enclosure at 3 positions at the basking surface and at 2.54 cm (1 inch) below each bulb surface; the arithmetic mean values for the 3 positions at the basking surface and each individual bulb surface were calculated immediately after the start of the study and at weekly intervals thereafter. At the end of the study (day 28), another blood sample was collected from each snake to determine plasma 25-hydrox...
Personality and Leadership Developmental Levels as predictors of leader performance

Abstract This study is an empirical investigation of constructive-developmental theory as a theoretical framework for understanding leadership and as a predictor of 360-degree leader performance ratings. Constructive-developmental stage (conceptualized as Leadership Developmental Level) was found to predict performance ratings from all rater sources (superiors, peers, and subordinates). Furthermore, the predictive ability of Leadership Developmental Level is compared to that of Big Five personality dimensions in a model of 360-degree leader performance ratings. Leadership Developmental Level was found to account for a unique component of the variance in leader performance as rated by peers and subordinates, even above and beyond that which can be accounted for by personality.
Building a visual database for example-based graphics generation

Example-based graphics generation systems automatically create new information visualizations by learning from existing graphic examples. As part of the effort on developing a general-purpose example-based generation system, we are building a visual database of graphic examples. In this paper, we address two main issues involved in constructing such a database: example selection and example modeling. As a result, our work offers three unique contributions: First, we build a visual database that contains a diverse collection of well-designed examples. Second, we develop a feature-based scheme to model all examples uniformly and accurately. Third, our visual database brings several important implications to the area of information visualization.
Expression of Caulobacter dnaA as a function of the cell cycle.

Abstract The initiation of DNA replication is under differential control in Caulobacter crescentus. Following cell division, only the chromosome in the progeny stalked cell is able to initiate DNA replication, while the chromosome in the progeny swarmer cell does not replicate until later in the cell cycle. We have isolated the dnaA gene in order to determine whether this essential and ubiquitous replication initiation protein also contributes to differential replication control in C. crescentus. Analysis of the cloned C. crescentus dnaA gene has shown that the deduced amino acid sequence can encode a 486-amino-acid protein that is 37% identical to the DnaA protein of Escherichia coli. The gene is located 2 kb from the origin of replication. Primer extension analysis revealed a single transcript originating from a sigma 70-type promoter. Immunoprecipitation of a DnaA'-beta-lactamase fusion protein showed that although expression occurs throughout the cell cycle, there is a doubling in the rate of expression just prior to the initiation of replication.
The PULSE Initiative Scientific Priorities and Strategic Planning for Resuscitation Research and Life Saving Therapies

The Post-resuscitative and initial Utility in Life Saving Efforts (PULSE) Conference represented an initiative by leaders of the international scientific community who sought opportunities for major improvements in clinical outcomes after cardiopulmonary resuscitation and after resuscitation from serious traumatic injury.1 The experts focused on scientific research that would yield major advances in lifesaving care, including measurable increases in survival and functional recovery. However, unless research support is prioritized to address resuscitation, it is highly unlikely that these opportunities would soon be realized. We lose more than 1000 lives each day in the United States from sudden, unexpected death, a fatality rate comparable to the crash of two 747 aircraft without survivors.2–5⇓⇓⇓ Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among individuals aged greater than 65 years, the second leading cause of death among individuals aged 45 to 65 years, and the 5th leading cause of death among individuals aged 1 to 9 years.4,5⇓ Traumatic injuries in the United States were responsible for 147 891 deaths and 2.6 million hospitalizations, costing over $335 000 per death and resulting in 37 million emergency department visits in 1995.6,7⇓ Trauma is the leading cause of death among children and all individuals to age 34 years, the leading cause of loss of productive life-years of any disease, with societal costs (estimated by the National Safety Council) of $469 billion dollars annually, and the third leading cause of death among individuals aged 35 to 54 years. The Conferees anticipated that the availability of new intervention strategies with more effective diagnostic methodologies in the early post-injury time interval would not only save lives but also reduce morbidity.1 Accordingly, the PULSE participants cited current restraints and/or barriers to the delivery of more effective resuscitation interventions and reaffirmed that …
On residue number system decoding

The use of a residue number system (RNS) in digital systems and especially filter designs is facilitated by efficient algorithms for the conversion from RNS to binary numbers. The conversion is generally based on the Chinese remainder theorem or the mixed radix conversion. This correspondence describes another conversion algorithm which employs the direct pairwise solution of the Diophantine equations defining the number in the given moduli set. The algorithm provides a high degree of parallel computation.