cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correlative roentgenography and morphology of the longitudinal epiphyseal bracket

Detailed examination of a complete chondro-osseous specimen from a patient with duplication of the first ray of the foot revealed the involved metatarsal had a trapezoid-shaped, diaphyseal-metaphyseal osseous unit that was longitudinally bracketed along the lateral side by a functioning physis, epiphysis, and secondary (epiphyseal) ossification center. The physis extended as an arc from the medial proximal side toward and along the lateral side and then back to the medial side distally. The medial side of the diaphysis had a normal periosteum. The longitudinal epiphyseal ossification bracket was a composite of initially separate proximal and distal secondary ossification centers that had progressively extended toward each other and finally coalesced along the laterally placed epiphyseal cartilage. We have termed this deformity the “longitudinal epiphyseal bracket” (LEB). The macroscopic and microscopic anatomy relevant to initial diagnosis and evaluation of sequential roentgenographic changes will be considered.
Two-dimensional speckle strain and dyssynchrony in single right ventricles versus normal right ventricles.

Background Patients with single–right ventricle (RV) physiology are at increased risk for myocardial dysfunction and mechanical dyssynchrony. Newer echocardiographic modalities may be better able to quantitate right ventricular function in this unique population. The aim of this study was to use two-dimensional speckle analysis of strain and strain rate to quantify systolic function and dyssynchrony in single-RV post-Fontan patients and compare them with values for controls. Methods Patients with single RV who underwent Fontan palliation and patients with normal biventricular anatomy were studied. Two-dimensional speckle echocardiography was used to measure strain, strain rate, time to peak, and longitudinal displacement in a 6-segment model of the RV. Independent t tests were used to compare group means. P values Results Thirteen patients were studied in each group. There was no significant difference in age between single-RV patients and controls (6.60 ± 2.07 vs 5.75 ± 1.83 years, respectively). Single-RV strain values were significantly lower in all 6 segments compared with values in controls (basal interventricular septum [IVS], −14.28 ± 7.78% vs −22.00 ± 2.36%; mid IVS, −17.70 ± 4.54% vs −22.99 ± 2.71%; apical IVS, −19.46 ± 4.97% vs −25.42 ± 4.06%; basal RV, −22.40 ± 5.7% vs −41.42 ± 5.42%; mid RV, −21.20 ± 3.21% vs −39.67 ± 6.04%; apical RV, −20.70 ± 4.90% vs −33.68 ± 3.90%). Systolic strain rate and longitudinal displacement were also lower in the free wall and apical IVS in single-RV patients compared with controls. The modified Yu index for strain time to peak was longer in the single-RV patients (43.16 ± 13.63 vs 21.72 ± 7.25 ms). Conclusion Significant differences in strain analysis between single-RV patients and patients with biventricular physiology exist at a relatively young age. Future studies are needed to determine the clinical significance of these differences.
Water Vapor‐Enhanced Diffusion in Alumina

Experimental results indicate effective faster diffusion of oxygen in polycrystalline alumina when exposed to water vapor at high temperatures. α-Al2O3 containing Ni metal particles was exposed to dry air or humid environments at 1300°C for up to 20 h. Oxidation of Ni in α-Al2O3 to form NiAl2O4 was used to determine oxygen diffusion depth from the surface. The apparent kinetic rate constant for oxygen diffusion in the presence of water vapor was 79% higher compared with that in a dry atmosphere at 1300°C (1.4 × 10−13 m2/s for 0.2 atm PH2O versus 7.9 × 10−14 m2/s for dry air). (OH)− ions are smaller and more polarizable than O2−, which would be expected to lead to faster diffusion. This effect may impact sintering, creep, corrosion, oxidation, and the performance of thermal barrier coatings (TBC).
“A SPECIAL KIND OF MAGIC”: CHANGES IN FAMILY DYNAMICS ARISING FROM PARENT PARTICIPATION IN A CONDUCTIVE EDUCATION PROGRAM FOR CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY

This paper reports on five families whose parents described the stress arising from their child's disability and the additional stress and reward of participation in a Conductive Education program. The reports support the Conductive Education thesis, that children with physical disabilities respond well to integrated management which weaves medical insights and therapeutic practice into the fabric of daily life through a program which has an educational rather than a therapeutic bias. Parents also appreciate personal support from a non-intimidating, professionally comprehensive resource. An attempt was made to identify the elements which produced parental self-confidence and family cohesion.
VERBAL RECOGNITION AND NON-VERBAL REASONING OF RETARDATES

The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT; Dunn, 1965) and the Figure Reasoning Test (FRT; Daniels, 1966) are widely differing tests of intelligence. The PPVT is a measure of the child's word-recognition ability. This reflects awareness of the surround and the extent to which the child has benefitted from exposure to verbal experiences. This is one aspect of intelligence. The FRT is a non-verbal problem-solving completion rest similar to the Raven Progressive Matrices. It attempts to assess judgment based on the progression of concrete events, viz., designs, to a solution embedded among four alternatives. Thus, as with the PPVT, the testee needs to recognize a solution presented visually. Both tests involve the principle of belongingness. Both may be considered tests of different aspects of intelligence. As such the relationship between these rwo cests should be positive, but not significantly so. Twenty-six mentally retarded children with emotional problems were administered both cests in an AB-BA order to reduce position effect. The mean CA for the group was 15 yr., 3 mo. The mean PPVT IQ was 66 (SD = 9.4), mildly retarded category, with the mean MA at 8 yr., 3 mo. (SD = 19 mo.). The Pearsonian correlation was .30, non-significant (.20 level). The major implication of this statistic is affirmation of the above statement. Inferentially, then, the PPVT and the FRT are tapping different intellective processes and should tzot be substituted for each other. Rather, they are complementary insofar as the EMR person is concerned. These tests have little in common beyond the comprehension of the original oral instructions.
Sensitivity and specificity of electrodiagnostic criteria for CIDP using ROC curves: comparison to patients with diabetic and MGUS associated neuropathies.

Abstract Introduction Electrodiagnostic testing plays a key role in the characterization of neuropathies. To this end, sets of electrodiagnostic criteria have been proposed to define chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). These criteria sets differ because of the number of data points within the sets, the number of required abnormal measures within a criterion, and the cutoff value of each measure. Objective To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the published criteria for defining CIDP in comparison to diabetic polyneuropathy (DMPN) and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance associated neuropathies (MGUS-PN). Design/Methods Electrodiagnostic studies of 21 patients with biopsy proven CIDP, 35 patients with MGUS-PN, and 82 patients with DMPN were analyzed. Data were compared against 4 different published criteria sets. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine the ideal threshold values for individual electrodiagnostic parameters. Results/Conclusion None of the currently published criteria sets could adequately separate CIDP from DMPN and MGUS-PN. Analysis of our data using ROC curves shows that the best discrimination was achieved using the following criteria: (1) FWL>145%ULN in one nerve or 110%ULN in two nerves in separate nerve roots. (2) Motor CV Furthermore, proximal-to-distal amplitude ratio alone is not adequate to define conduction block. Although electrodiagnostic studies are important for evaluating CIDP, these studies by themselves cannot be used to define this neuropathy.
Shrinkage of cutaneous specimens: formalin or other factors involved?

Background: Shrinkage of cutaneous tissue during processing is a source of controversy. This study was designed to prospectively determine tissue shrinkage at two intervals: 1 min after excision and after 24 to 48 h of formalin fixation. Secondarily, gender, age, site, prior biopsy scar and solar elastosis were evaluated with respect to shrinkage. Methods: Ninety-seven cutaneous specimens were measured prior to excision, 1 min after removal and after 24 to 48 h of formalin fixation. Width of prior biopsy scar, damage to elastic fibers and solar elastosis were subjectively quantified. Results: Significant tissue shrinkage occurred immediately after excision, prior to formalin fixation. Mean shrinkage (95% confidence interval): length 20.66% ± 2.15% and width 11.79% ± 2.35%. Range of shrinkage: length 0 to 41.18% and width −18.75% (indicating expansion) to 37.50%. Patient age was significant; shrinkage decreased 0.3% per year of increasing age. Site was less significant; trunk excisions measured 5% greater shrinkage than head/neck excisions. As solar elastosis increased, shrinkage decreased. Conclusions: Cutaneous tissue shrinkage following excision is primarily because of intrinsic tissue contractility. Increasing patient age and solar elastosis correlate with less shrinkage. The clinicians and dermatopathologists must be cognizant of the expected shrinkage of submitted specimens for settling discrepancies within the medical record.
Laboratory Measurement of Impulse Voltages

A brief description is given of impulse generators and the discharge circuit constants involved in obtaining impulse voltages of the desired wave shapes. The relative influences of these constants are recognized and simplified discharge circuits are given. The variations in the wave shape and the reasons for the differences in sparkover values obtained with the three test waves, ?/5, 1/10 and 1?/40, are discussed. The degree of accuracy of the sphere gap for use in measuring impulse voltages is outlined. The resistance-capacitance and the resistance-cable voltage dividers for the connection of the cathode ray oscillograph are described and their operation analyzed in detail. Both dividers are shown to be satisfactory when properly arranged. Data are given showing that the same kilovolts per millimeter on the oscillogram for widely different wave shapes can be obtained. A specimen table for recording of complete test data is suggested which, it is thought, will tend to eliminate a lack of uniformity and completeness in data previously reported.
Facts and artifacts of TEM specimen preparation for YBa2Cu3O7-x superconductors

Abstract In this study, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) specimens of polycrystalline YBa2Cu3O7−x (YBCO) superconductors were prepared by a variety of common techniques: crushing, ion beam thinning, and electrochemical-jet-polishing. Experimental techniques employed in the characterization of these specimens were SQUID measurements, transmission electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) analysis, and secondary ion mapping. In addition, a Monte Carlo computer simulation, known as transport of ions in matter (TRIM), was implemented to model the damage introduced during ion milling. Not surprisingly, the results suggest that oxygen stoichiometry of YBCO depends heavily upon the TEM specimen-preparation technique utilized. Crushing is the most optimal technique. The next most favorable technique is ion beam thinning at liquid-nitrogen temperature with low ion energy. Electrochemical-jet-polishing is promising, but care must be taken to remove residual surface contaminants deposited by the electrolyte solution. These results suggest the need for post-TEM specimen-preparation treatments, such as ozone annealing, to facilitate reoxygenation of the as-prepared TEM specimens.
Automotive Enhanced Vision Systems - Issues arising from placing users in the loop

It is well known that Enhanced Vision Systems (EVS) improve pilot situational awareness and assist flight task performance, making them a firmly established flight deck technology in the Avionics domain. While similar technologies hold the promise ofbringing parallel benefits to the everyday driver, Automotive EVS is current a nascent technology for numerous reasons. In this presentation, a unique Automotive EVS system will be described and several concept applications will be reviewed. Subsequently, a set ofissues that emerge from the nature ofuser­ system interaction, the unique features of the automotive domain and associated system -ilities. Included in this discussion are aspects of system reliability, system availability, user acceptability, user adaptability and the important task ofbuilding user trust through reliable and hierarchical importance ranking and management of information presented on Automotive EVS. Speaker: Tom is the Lab Group Manager ofthe Human Machine Interface group within the Vehicle Development Research Lab at GM in Warren Michigan. He is responsible for developing next generation interfaces that enable safer, more efficient and pleasurable human interactions with GM vehicle interiors. This technical domain is comprised of User Centered Design process development, use of Design Language for brand differentiation and harmonious experience, in addition to the traditional focus of information management, display and control, and user human factors/usability testing. In addition to holding a PhD in Physical Chemistry from Northwestern University, Tom has an MBA from the University of Iowa. He began his career at the Rockwell Science Center where he developed high energy density materials for use as propellants and chemical laser fuels. From there he transferred to Rockwell Collins to lead organizations in the development ofavionics HMI and display technologies. There, he ascended to the position of Air Transport Director ofTechnology and Product Planning. Tom then joined Guardian Industries Science Center as the Director of Sputtered Films Technology, leading an organization charged with developing thin film optics technologies and products. Finally, he was the Director ofAdvanced Technology at Guardian prior to joining GM in 2006.
Desynchronized sleep deprivation: learning deficit and its reversal by increased catecholamines.

Abstract Four days of desynchronized sleep (D) deprivation (island technique) produced a significant deficit in subsequent acquisition of an active avoidance task in the rat. Four days of repeated stress resulting in similar adrenal and thymus changes had no effect on acquisition. L-dopa 200 mg/kg in normals produced a significant deficit in acquisition, but L-dopa after four days of D-deprivation resulted in normal acquisition. (Thus L-dopa reversed the learning deficits produced by D-deprivation, an effect we have shown previously for MAO inhibitors and imipramine.) Alpha-methylparatyrosine also produced a deficit in avoidance acquisition, and L-dopa significantly reduced this deficit, suggesting that the catecholamine increase produced by L-dopa is involved. We suggest that D-deprivation produces defects in the functioning of central catecholaminergic neuronal systems, and that the defects are reversible by increasing the availability of catecholamines.
Numerical simulation of optical coupling and light propagation in coupled optical resonators with size disorder

We use a discontinuous spectral element method for the study of optical coupling via whispering gallery modes between two size mismatched dielectric microresonators, the building block of coupled resonator optical waveguides, and light propagation through chains of size mismatched dielectric microresonators. It is shown that such optical coupling does not depend monotonically on the size dispersion, and on the other hand, such light propagation is highly sensitive to the size dispersion in the coupled resonator optical waveguides.
Inhibition of aldose reductase attenuates endotoxin signals in human non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells

Abstract Chronic inflammatory diseases such as autoimmune and bacterial infections are associated with an elevated risk of ocular inflammation. Ciliary epithelial cells that play an important role in maintaining aqueous humor dynamics and homeostasis of anterior segment of eye are continuously exposed to inflammatory markers during infections and injury. Lipopolysachharide (LPS), a Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, dysregulates aqueous humor (AqH) homeostasis by inducing inflammatory changes. We have investigated how inhibition of a polyol pathway enzyme, aldose reductase (AR), alters LPS-induced inflammatory changes in human non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells (hNPECs). The stimulation of hNPECs with LPS (1 μg/ml) caused increased secretion of inflammatory markers such as PGE 2 and NO in the culture medium as well as increased expression of COX-2 and iNOS proteins in cell extracts. LPS also increased phosphorylation of MAPKs (ERK1/2) and SAPK/JNK and activation of redox-sensitive transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1 in hNPECs and inhibition of AR by zopolrestat and sorbinil ameliorated these changes. Further, LPS-induced decrease in the expression of Na/K-ATPase in hNPECs was restored by AR inhibitors. Similar results were observed in ciliary bodies of LPS-injected rats. Taken together, our results suggest that AR plays an important role in the LPS-induced inflammatory changes in hNPECs and that inhibition of AR could be a novel therapeutic approach for ocular inflammation.
Clinical and microbiological evaluation of therapy for juvenile periodontitis.

Eight patients (mean age 15.6 yrs) with severe molar-incisor bone loss and pocket formation characteristic of juvenile periodontitis were entered into a clinical protocol of three sequential stages: (1) scaling and root planing (S/RP); (2) S/RP concurrent with systemic tetracycline therapy (1 gm/day for 28 days); (3) periodontal surgery concurrent with systemic tetracycline therapy. Clinical and microbiological examinations were scheduled at baseline, at 1 to 2 months after Stage I, at 1 to 2 months after completion of tetracycline therapy in Stages II and III, and during recall. A decision to progress to the next stage or to place the patient on a 3-month recall was based solely on clinical findings (suppuration, bleeding upon probing and pocket depth) at the deepest site in each patient. Paperpoint subgingival plaque samples from representative affected sites were analyzed for percentage of total cultivable microflora composed of black-pigmented Bacteroides species (BPB), surface translocating bacteria ...
Aseptically Packaged Papaya and Guava Puree: Changes in Chemical and Sensory Quality During Processing and Storage

ABSTRACT Effects of storage temperature and time on the quality of aseptically processed, “bag-in-box” packaged guava and papaya puree were investigated. During aseptic processing of guava puree there was virtually no loss of ascorbic acid (AA) and flavor but significant losses in color. After 6 months ambient storage the AA loss was about 30% and further color changes and flavor losses occurred. Samples stored at 38°C for 3 months showed an AA loss of about 47% and losses in color and flavor. For papaya puree AA losses of about 6% and 56% occurred during aseptic processing and after 6 months ambient storage, respectively. Color changes during aseptic processing and the first month of storage was characterized by a hypsochromic shift of the carotenoids' absorption spectra. After the first month of storage further color changes were attributed to the products of nonenzymatic browning. Papaya flavor was stable during both aseptic processing and 6 months ambient storage. Flavor of papaya puree stored at 38°C for 3 months changed significantly and AA retention was 39%. SUMMARY ASEPTIC PROCESSING of guava puree had no effect on its AA content and flavor but did cause a significant loss of color. After 6 months ambient storage, AA loss was small, 30%, and slight additional color and flavor changes occurred. Papaya flavor was stable during both aseptic processing and 6 months ambient storage. However, small losses of AA occurred during processing and larger losses, 56%, after 6 months ambient storage. Initial color changes in papaya puree during aseptic processing and the first month of storage were attributed to changes in carotenoids. Further color changes were attributed to the product of nonenzymatic browning.
Polybrene inhibits human mesenchymal stem cell proliferation during lentiviral transduction.

Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) can be engineered to express specific genes, either for their use in cell-based therapies or to track them in vivo over long periods of time. To obtain long-term expression of these genes, a lentivirus- or retrovirus-mediated cell transduction is often used. However, given that the efficiency with these viruses is typically low in primary cells, additives such as polybrene are always used for efficient viral transduction. Unfortunately, as presented here, exposure to polybrene alone at commonly used concentratons (1–8 µg/mL) negatively impacts hMSC proliferation in a dose-dependent manner as measured by CyQUANT, EdU incorporation, and cell cycle analysis. This inhibition of proliferation was observable in culture even 3 weeks after exposure. Culturing the cells in the presence of FGF-2, a potent mitogen, did not abrogate this negative effect of polybrene. In fact, the normally sharp increase in hMSC proliferation that occurs during the first days of exposure to FGF-2 was absent at 4 µg/mL or higher concentrations of polybrene. Similarly, the effect of stimulating cell proliferation under simulated hypoxic conditions was also decreased when cells were exposed to polybrene, though overall proliferation rates were higher. The negative influence of polybrene was, however, reduced when the cells were exposed to polybrene for a shorter period of time (6 hr vs 24 hr). Thus, careful evaluation should be done when using polybrene to aid in lentiviral transduction of human MSCs or other primary cells, especially when cell number is critical.
Physician-child interaction: When children answer physicians' questions in routine medical encounters §

Abstract Objective The objective of the study is to examine predictors of children answering questions during primary care pediatric visits. Methods Relying on a sample of 322 video-taped community practice encounters, this study identifies predictors of when children answer physicians’ questions. Multi-level multivariate regressions were used to model the relationships among communication and socio-demographic variables and whether or not children answered questions pediatricians asked them. Results Whereas race and education predict whether physicians select children to answer questions, these factors are not associated with whether children answer physicians’ questions. Instead, a child's performance is associated with communication practices specific to physician–child interaction such as the grammatical type of question and doctor gaze. Conclusion Children are less responsive to physicians’ questions than their parents but their failure to answer is predictable and thus can be improved. By increasing their participation in the visit, physicians may (a) secure more information about children's health and (b) socialize children to be more pro-active patients. Practice implications Physicians can improve the likelihood that children will answer their questions by (a) asking them social questions early in the visit, (b) phrasing their questions as yes–no questions, and (c) and directing their gaze at the children during each question.
Corticotrophin-releasing hormone and CRH-binding protein. Differences between patients at risk for preterm birth and hypertension.

Background During pregnancy in the second and third trimester there is a progressive rise in plasma CRH thought to be secreted by the placenta. Plasma CRH-BP inactivates CRH, which may prevent its peripheral action on the maternal pituitary and myometrium. In the last few weeks of pregnancy CRH-BP decreases, thereby causing an increase in free CRH or a CRH/CRH-BP complex available to play a role in the onset of parturition. Objective We tested the hypothesis that differences in CRH, CRH-BP, or a CRH/CRH-BP complex in patients at risk for preterm birth (PTB) and hypertension (HYP) account for the differences in the timing of parturition. Methods From a Behavior in Pregnancy Study database, we identified 18 patients who had spontaneous PTB and 23 patients who developed HYP. Both groups were case controlled and matched with patients who delivered at term (Normal). Maternal plasma samples had been appropriately collected from these patients at 18-20, 28-30, and 35-36 weeks gestational age. CRH levels were measured by double antibody RIA kit and the CRH-BP by a immunoradiometric technique. A CRH-BP/CRH dimer complex index was calculated. Statistical analysis was done using Kruskal-Wallis test for two cases. Results Maternal CRH (pg/ml) in the PTB cases compared to the HYP cases was significantly elevated at all three time periods. Maternal CRH-BP (pg/ml) in the PTB versus HYP cases was significantly lower at all three time periods in the PTB cases compared to the HYP cases. Maternal CRH-BP/CRH dimer complex index was significantly lower in the PTB cases at all three time periods than either the controls or the HYP cases, suggesting excessive CRH. The mean GA at delivery for the PTB cases was significantly lower than the control or HYP cases. Conclusions These results suggest that those patients at risk for PTB have significantly elevated CRH, lower CRH-BP, and a reduced CRH-BP/CRH dimer complex index at all three time periods of assessment.
Correlations of Beck Depression Inventory and Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale.

The scores of 15 adolescents who had a primary diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, 21 of Conduct Disorder, and 23 control subjects on the Beck and Reynolds depression scales were correlated .58 over-all, .73 for the Posttraumatic group, .48 for the Conduct Disordered group, but .37 for controls. The Reynolds scale did not identify depression in these adolescents as effectively as did the Beck scale.
X-RAY DIFFRACTION CHARACTERIZATION OF ELASTIC STRAIN IN COMPOSITION MODULATED LAYERED STRUCTURES

X-ray diffraction techniques are utilized to characterize the biaxial state of stress in thermal vapor deposited, composition modulated layered structures. Thin film systems, as Au-Ni, Cu-Pd, Ag-Pd, Cu-Ni and Cu-NiFe, have manifested the ‘supermodulus effect’ as a mechanical property. The concept of interlayer coherency gives rise to the notion of accommodating misfit strains between the layers. In turn, such large elastic strains have been shown to cause large increases in the elastic moduli (the ‘supermodulus effect’) of noble metals. In the present work, pole figures are used to determine the texture and crystallographic orientations of these foils, and standard x-ray methods are then used to quantify this strain with lattice parameter measurements and diffraction peak profiles.
On rotten flint pebbles in the Palaeogene of Southern England

Abstract This note discusses the occurrence at certain horizons in the Palaeogene beds of the south of England of flint pebbles which are porous and friable. Such pebbles may contain microfaunas which can be extracted and identified. From these identifications the pebbles may be dated and new stratigraphical information may be forth-coming. A case is recorded of a pebble which has yielded a microfauna of Upper Maestrichtian age, indicating derivation from Cretaceous beds which are considerably younger than any now known from southern England. The author speculates on possible causes of the alteration of such pebbles.
Solubility and stability investigation of Titan aerosol analogs: New insight from NMR analysis

Abstract We investigated the solubility and thermal stability of Titan aerosol analogs (tholins) to understand the potential properties of organics on Titan and susceptibility to chemical modification upon in situ sampling. The tholin generated by AC discharge in CH4/N2 (5/95) mixture preferentially dissolves in polar solvents over non-polar solvents, as determined by solute isolation and independently by solubility from the integration of quantitative 1H NMR spectra. The 1H and 13C NMR spectra of respective deuterated solutions determine the structural identification of soluble tholin components in each solvent and confirm the large percentage of polar species in tholins, including amines, nitriles and N-heteroaromatics. The solubility study implies that most of Titan aerosols should be rarely present in low temperature non-polar hydrocarbon lakes or oceans on the Titan surface, and also helps to select solvents and develop methods for potential liquid-based in situ analysis. Thermal stability studies indicate significant structural changes of the tholin when heated beyond 150 °C for only 5 min in inert atmospheres. Several molecules are identified as 300 °C-pyrolysis products of the tholin. This study demonstrates tholin thermal lability and the requirement of non-destructive instruments and methods for structural analysis, such as NMR and LC/MS. This study is critical to ongoing discussion regarding the development of in situ, low bias analysis methods and instruments for Titan missions and other outer planet exploration.
Serial learning of nonsense shapes as a function of instructions controlling labeling

High- or low-complexity nonsense shapes were used in a serial learning task involving a recognition response. Ss were instructed either to provide their own labels as a learning aid or to learn the shapes (with no mention of labels), or they were inhibited from labeling by a simultaneous shadowing task. Shadowing retarded learning of the serial task, but there were no reliable differences among the other four groups. No reliable differences among groups were observed on a subsequent mediation task. Within each group, those shapes which Ss denied labeling had no more errors than those which Ss reported labeling. The effectiveness of shadowing as a means of inhibiting labeling was attested to by the large number of Ss in these groups who denied the use of labels.
Critical Test For The Possibility Of A Solid State Travelling Plasma Wave Amplifier

AbstractInstabilities in solid state plasmas can potentially be used in a solid state analogue of the travellingwave amplifier. In this device, a direct transfer of energy from a constant current into plasma oscillationstakes place. An experimental test will be proposed to determine whether or not this effect is possible in amodulation -doped superlattice. This test is based on calculations of the Raman spectrum of a layeredelectron gas in the presence of a constant current.IntroductionIn travelling wave amplifiers, a direct transfer of energy takes place from a constant current into theplasma oscillations of an electron gas.- This energy transfer can take place only if the drift Velocity ofthe electrons, udr, exceeds the phase velocity of a plasma mode upl. This amplification effect is alsoexpected to be possible in solid state plasmas. A good candidate is the modulation -doped GaAs -GaAlAs super -lattice. In this superlattice, the electrons form stacked layers of a two -dimensional gas of very highmobility, which are separated by dielectriq layers. It has been shown that the velocity condition(udr >upl) can be fulfilled in this system. However, there is still no experimental evidence of this effect,and the question arises: To what extent do scattering effects affect the dynamics of plasmons in suchsystems? In this report we investigate this problem, and propose an experimental test to determine whetheror not the amplification effect is possible in this system.The testWe propose a Raman scattering experiment in the presence of a constant current to be the critical testof whether or not the plasmons can survive when a strong current is present. There are two reasons for
Kafkas auffassung von freiheit

(1974). Kafkas auffassung von freiheit. Studia Neophilologica: Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 105-119.
Patterns of Iridoid Glycoside Production and Induction in Plantago lanceolata and the Importance of Plant Age

Induction of allelochemicals is one way that plants efficiently deploy defenses against herbivory. In two separate experiments we investigated the time course of this inductive response and the importance of the timing of herbivory for Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae). We found a localized induced response of catalpol and the ratio of catalpol to total iridoid glycosides in damaged leaves that was evident at d 6 after caterpillars of the specialist Junonia coenia were put onto the plants. On the whole plant level, we detected small, but significant changes in the iridoid glycoside metabolism of P. lanceolata on several different days following herbivory. We also found considerable change in the amounts of allelochemicals produced during P. lanceolata's ontogeny. This ontogenetic effect might help to explain some of the reasons why induction may be difficult to detect in P. lanceolata. We also investigated the importance of the timing of herbivory on P. lanceolata's inductive response, but neither herbivory after 5 wk of growth nor after 6 or 7 wk of growth induced an increase in aucubin or catalpol.
Modulation of gastric mucosal inflammatory responses to Helicobacter pylori via ghrelin-induced protein kinase Cδ tyrosine phosphorylation

A peptide hormone, ghrelin, plays a key role in modulation of gastric mucosal inflammatory responses to Helicobacter pylori by controlling the activation of constitutive nitric oxide synthase via Src/Akt-dependent phosphorylation that requires phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) participation. Here, we examined the relationship among PI3K; its upstream effector, protein kinase C (PKC); and cSrc. We show that stimulation of gastric mucosal cells with H. pylori LPS leads to the activation and membrane translocation of Ser-phosphorylated PKCδ, while the effect of ghrelin is reflected in the phosphorylation of membrane-associated PKCδ on Tyr. Further, we demonstrate that in response to the LPS-induced PKCδ activation both PI3K and Src show a marked increase in their Ser phosphorylation, while the effect of ghrelin is manifested in the phosphorylation of PI3K and cSrc at Tyr. Moreover, whereas Tyr phosphorylation of PKCδ exhibited susceptibility to cSrc inhibitor (PP2), the inhibitor of PKC (GF109203X) but not that of cSrc (PP2) blocked the Tyr phosphorylation of PI3K, while ghrelin-induced cSrc phosphorylation at Tyr was subject to inhibition by the inhibitors of PKC and PI3K. Thus, our findings stipulate the prerequisite of PKCδ in the activation of PI3K as well as cSrc, and imply that PI3K activation provides an essential platform for ghrelin-induced cSrc activation through autophosphorylation at Tyr416. We also reveal that ghrelin-elicited up-regulation in PKCδ activation by Tyr phosphorylation shows dependence on cSrc activity.
Abstract 1954: Synthesis and self-assembly of highly PEGylated dendron-coils: A potential nanocarrier platform

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Dendron-based amphiphilic copolymers possess unique features such as well-defined structure, self-assembling capability, and precise controllability over functionalities and high hydrophilicity. To assess the ability of dendron-based copolymers for use in drug delivery, we have synthesized novel, highly PEGylated dendron-coils (PDC) with controlled hydrophilic-lipophilic ratios (HLs) ranging from 52:48 to 91:9. We then systematically compared their self-assembly properties with those of linear-block copolymer (LBC) counterparts at similar HLs. PDCs were synthesized via a multistep synthetic procedure. A hydroxyl-terminated generation 3 (G3) polyester dendron bearing a focal acetylene moiety was conjugated with poly(α-caprolactone) (PCL) by ‘click’ chemistry followed by PEGylation of the dendron surface with multiple methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG) moieties. Four types of both PCL-G3-mPEG PDCs and PCL-mPEG LBCs with different block lengths were prepared and their structures were confirmed using 1H NMR, FT-IR, and GPC. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of PDCs varied from 6.50 × 10-8 to 3.52 × 10-7 M. The CMC values of the LBCs were up to 2 orders of magnitude higher than those of the PDCs at the same HLs demonstrating superior thermodynamic stability of PDC micelles. TEM images revealed that the PDCs formed spherical micelles with diameters less than 100 nm with narrow size distributions, which was further supported by dynamic light scattering measurements. To understand in molecular detail the differences in self-assembly between PDCs and LBCs we utilized atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Individual PDC copolymers were observed to adopt a stable conical shape in water, which is ideal for precise packing into spherical structures. Interestingly, the core was more completely covered by PEG in PDC micelles. The higher PEG surface coverage of PDC micelles may result in longer circulation half-lives due to decreased opsonization and enhanced accumulation at the therapeutic target site. Each micelle formulation was found to exhibit controlled release properties over 3 days using indomethacin as a model drug. PDCs exhibited no apparent toxicity up to concentrations as high as 100 μM evaluated by MTS assay. The low CMC of the PDCs at high HLs, controlled micelle morphologies, controlled release properties, and high PEG surface coverage all indicates their superiority over LBC counterparts. We expect PDCs to play a sizeable role in the future of targeted nanomedicine. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1954. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1954
[+wh] complementizers drive phonological phrasing in Fukuoka Japanese

Evidence from the intonation of wh questions in the Fukuoka dialect of Japanese is used to explore a recent proposal by Richards that the syntax-prosody interface includes a requirement for wh elements and their associated complementizers to be contained in the same phonological phrase. An examination of multiple wh questions and nested wh questions determines that this phrasing requirement originates with the complementizer, not with the wh element.
Current and future agricultural meteorology and climatology education needs of the US extension service

Abstract A national system of extension programming that meets the basic meteorology needs of all agriculture with additional regional programming for particular crops is needed. Such a national system could be developed to optimize the capabilities of Federal and State agencies, and private sector entities. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and State Cooperative Extension Services should be lead agencies in this system by designating agricultural meteorology as a programming area and providing leadership for state programs. The agricultural industry needs educational programs to improve the use of existing meteorological information and to prepare to use new information and technologies as they become available. Many agricultural producers and related agribusiness managers lack a complete understanding of the data analyses and forecast products that are now available. They do not know how to access these products or how to apply them in their management systems. Agricultural producers need to learn how to use weather-driven models as a component in their daily decision making. Extension personnel should work cooperatively with research counterparts and private sector agricultural meteorologists to improve linkages that bring agricultural weather information to the agribusiness community.
Effects of central nervous system lesions on leg lift learning in the cockroach, P. americana

When headless and intact cockroaches were trained to keep their prothoracic legs flexed to avoid electric shock, headless animals reached an asymptote more quickly than intact animals. Three behavioral measures were examined for experimental and yoked control animals to analyze differences between headless and intact animals. When cycloheximide (CXM) was injected before leg lift training, cycloheximide-injected headless animals reached an asymptote more slowly than control headless animals. However, cycloheximide did not impair leg lift learning in intact animals.
Application of Statistical Linearization and LQG Design to Position Control

Nonlinear Quadratic Gaussian control is applied to a position servomechanism with backlash. It is shown that as more nonlinearities are included in the system that the NQG predictions degrade. This is due to the increasingly nongaussian character of the statistics. A method for alleviating this problem is briefly mentioned. Experimental implementation of the control is shown.
Integrin affinity modulation in angiogenesis

Integrins, transmembrane glycoprotein receptors, play vital roles in pathological angiogenesis, but their precise regulatory functions are not completely understood and remain controversial. This s...
Sleep reactivity and insomnia: genetic and environmental influences.

STUDY OBJECTIVES Determine the genetic and environmental contributions to sleep reactivity and insomnia. DESIGN Population-based twin cohort. PARTICIPANTS 1782 individual twins (988 monozygotic or MZ; 1,086 dizygotic or DZ), including 744 complete twin pairs (377 MZ and 367 DZ). Mean age was 22.5 ± 2.8 years; gender distribution was 59% women. MEASUREMENTS Sleep reactivity was measured using the Ford Insomnia Response to Stress Test (FIRST). The criterion for insomnia was having difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or nonrefreshing sleep "usually or always" for ≥ 1 month, with at least "somewhat" interference with daily functioning. RESULTS The prevalence of insomnia was 21%. Heritability estimates for sleep reactivity were 29% for females and 43% for males. The environmental variance for sleep reactivity was greater for females and entirely due to nonshared effects. Insomnia was 43% to 55% heritable for males and females, respectively; the sex difference was not significant. The genetic variances in insomnia and FIRST scores were correlated (r = 0.54 in females, r = 0.64 in males), as were the environmental variances (r = 0.32 in females, r = 0.37 in males). In terms of individual insomnia symptoms, difficulty staying asleep (25% to 35%) and nonrefreshing sleep (34% to 35%) showed relatively more genetic influences than difficulty falling asleep (0%). CONCLUSIONS Sleep reactivity to stress has a substantial genetic component, as well as an environmental component. The finding that FIRST scores and insomnia symptoms share genetic influences is consistent with the hypothesis that sleep reactivity may be a genetic vulnerability for developing insomnia.
Energy Hunting(tin)

Neurons are critically dependent on energy: Just 10 minutes without a blood supply to the brain is enough to damage human neurons. One reason neurons need constant energy is to support their axons, the long-distance connections to other neurons that propagate the brain’s electric and humoral signals. Now, Zada et al . have discovered that glycolysis serves as an auxiliary source of energy within axons and that huntingtin, the protein that is mutated in Huntington’s disease, is an essential part of this glycolytic machinery. Because some axons can be as long as 1 meter—a cosmic distance in cellular terms—axonal function is supported by a highly complex, fast axonal transport system. Vesicles rapidly move essential cargo such as trophic factors and neurotransmitters along the microtubule tracks. Operation of this lengthy transport route requires large amounts of adenosine 5´-triphosphate (ATP), a molecular ordinarily made by oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. But in axons, the authors demonstrate, mitochondria are not up to the task, and the power for fast axonal transport actually comes from a less-efficient (yet abundant) auxiliary ATP-producing system: the enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). This enzyme augments the ATP supply through local glycolysis within the axon itself. GAPDH is omnipresent around the axonal motor proteins dynein and kinesin and provides their main source of energy for moving vesicles. To keep GAPDH handy, the fast-moving vesicles use the protein huntingtin as a scaffold that localizes GAPDH to the vesicles. This central role of huntingtin in axonal energy metabolism may explain the axonal transport defect seen in neurons with the mutant form of huntingtin, a possible contribution to the disease. A futuristic application of this impressively elegant study could include artificially designed scaffolds that substitute for defective huntingtin and allow neurons to thrive and happily connect in patients with Huntington’s disease. D. Zala et al ., Vesicular glycolysis provides on-board energy for fast axonal transport. Cell 152 , 479–491 (2013). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674(12)01551-6
Freeform modelling using sweep differential equation with haptic interface

This paper presents the development of a virtual sculpting system and addresses the issues of interactive freeform solid modelling with haptic interface. A virtual reality (VR) approach is taken to make the developed system more intuitive and interactive. The virtual sculpting method is based on the metaphor of carving a primitive or imported solid model into a 3D freeform object. The geometric modelling is based on the sweep differential equation method to compute the boundary of the tool swept volume. The ray-casting method is used to perform Boolean operations to simulate the sculpting process. A new method of surface reconstruction from dexel data is presented. The PHANToM™ manipulator is used to provide the position and orientation data of the sculpting tool and also to provide haptic sensation to the user hand during the sculpting. An accuracy analysis is performed to determine the limitations on the sculpted geometric details.
Unitary formalism for scattering from a hard corrugated wall

Abstract We obtain two coupled integral equations for the diffraction of waves from a hard corrugated surface. This rearrangement is shown to be equivalent to the integral equation for the scattering amplitude obtained by an application of the Rayleigh method. The formalism presented here, analogous to K -matrix theory, makes the unitarity of the theory apparent at each stage of approximation.
Magnitude-dependent regulation of pulmonary endothelial cell barrier function by cyclic stretch.

Ventilator-induced lung injury syndromes are characterized by profound increases in vascular leakiness and activation of inflammatory processes. To explore whether excessive cyclic stretch (CS) dir...