cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The US military’s future in operations other than war

The end of the Cold War, the proliferation of “troubled states” and the rise of new kinds of transnational problems is forcing the USA and others to reappraise the nature of national security. This article explores the role of the US military in responding to these new challenges, specifically focusing on military operations other than war (OOTW), ie deterring war, resolving conflict, peacekeeping, nation building, disaster relief and humanitarian assistance. Through a consideration of driving forces and the construction of four scenarios (Turbulent Third Wave, The Dark Side, Global Mind Change and Technology Transformation), the article highlights key findings. Across all scenarios, demand for involvement in OOTW was found to increase substantially between now and 2020.
Localization of herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus DNA in human ganglia

Human dorsal root ganglia from 14 randomly autopsied adults and 1 infant (all seropositive for both herpes simplex virus [HSV] and varicella zoster virus [VZV]) were examined for latent HSV-1 and VZV DNA by polymerase chain reaction. Thoracic ganglionic DNA from all subjects and trigeminal ganglionic DNA from 11 adults were analyzed. HSV-1 DNA was detected in trigeminal ganglia from 8 of 11 (73%) adults and in thoracic ganglia from 2 of 14 (14%) adults. VZV DNA was detected in trigeminal ganglia from 10 of 11 (91%) adults and in thoracic ganglia from 12 of 14 (86%) adults. None of the DNA samples were positive with primers specific for HSV-2. These findings indicate the presence of latent HSV-1 and VZV DNA in trigeminal ganglia and latent VZV DNA in thoracic ganglia of most seropositive adults. Furthermore, although HSV-1 latency most commonly develops in trigeminal ganglia, we also show for the first time the presence of HSV-1 latency in thoracic ganglia. Finally, both viruses can become latent in the same trigeminal ganglion.
Students’ understanding of trigonometric functions

In this article students’ understanding of trigonometric functions in the context of two college trigonometry courses is investigated. The first course was taught by a professor unaffiliated with the study in a lecture-based course, while the second was taught using an experimental instruction paradigm based on Gray and Tall’s (1994) notion of procept and current process-object theories of learning. Via interviews and a paper-and-pencil test, I examined students’ understanding of trigonometric functions for both classes. The results indicate that the students who were taught in the lecture-based course developed a very limited understanding of these functions. Students who received the experimental instruction developed a deep understanding of trigonometric functions.
THE SUPERSYMMETRIC CURCI-PAFFUTI RELATION AND VANISHING OF THE DILATON BETA FUNCTION IN THE N=2 SUSY SIGMA MODEL

We extend the Curci-Paffuti relation of bosonic sigma models to the supersymmetric case. In the N=1 model, a similar relation is found, while in the N=2 model, a vanishing result ensues for the dilaton β-function. One contribution to the dilaton β-function in the N=2 model is identified as a previous result of Grisaru and Zanon; however, if we remain within a minimal subtraction scheme, other terms coming from finite subtractions appear which precisely cancel that and give a vanishing result. This is in agreement with a recent result of Jack and Jones.
Two tests of a neural attention hypothesis for auditory psychophysics

A theory of neural attention is presented, and it is argued that intensity attention bands and critical bands of frequency are simply two manifestations of it. This suggests studying it by taking observations on the one variable while manipulating the other over a large range. The first experiment is a conventional magnitude estimate experiment, except that on any trial one of two different signal frequencies are presented at random. Using as measures relative variability in the ratio of successive responses and the correlation between them, it appears that a large change in intensity at the same frequency on successive trials is equivalent to a large change in frequency on those trials. The second experiment is a simple two-frequency identification experiment, except that the stimulus intensity varies randomly from trial to trial according to a predetermined distribution in which there is a tight cluster of intensity as well as two outliers. Identification is better when the stimulus intensity is chosen from the cluster than when it is an outlier, which is what one would expect if the attention band is located to encompass the cluster.
Recent advances in RNA interference research in insects: Implications for future insect pest management strategies

Abstract The manipulation of the posttranscriptional gene silencing phenomenon known as RNA interference (RNAi), demonstrated more than a decade ago in the genetic model systems Caenorhabditis elegans Maupas ( Fire et al., 1998 ) and Drosophila melanogaster Meigen ( Kennerdell and Carthew, 1998 ), has provided a powerful reverse genetic tool for the elucidation of gene function. Since its discovery, myriad reports have been published describing efforts to apply RNAi approaches in insect species lacking well developed genetics or characterized genomes. Here we review recent progress in this area, focusing in particular on several recent landmark studies that demonstrate the potential practical value of this gene silencing technique for the development of new tools for the management of insect pests of agriculture.
On the isolation of elemental carbon for micro-molar 14 C accelerator mass spectrometry; evaluation of alternative isolation procedures, and accuracy assurance using a hybrid isotopic particulate carbon reference material

The primary objective of the research reported here has been the development of an hybrid reference material (RM) to serve as a test of accuracy for elemental carbon (EC) isotopic (14C) speciation measurements. Such measurements are critically important for the quantitative apportionment of fossil and biomass sources of ''soot'' (EC), the tracer of fire that has profound effects on health, atmospheric visibility, and climate. Previous studies of 14C-EC measurement quality, carried out with NIST SRM 1649a (Urban Dust), showed a range of results, but since the ''truth'' was not known for this natural matrix RM, one had to rely on isotopic-chemical consistency evidence (14C in PAH, EC) of measurement validity (Currie et al., 2002). Components of the new Hybrid RM (DiesApple), however, have known 14C and EC composition, and they are nearly orthogonal (isotopically and chemically). NIST SRM 2975 (Forklift Diesel Soot) has little or no 14C, and its major compositional component is EC. SRM 1515 (Apple Leaves) has the 14C content of biomass-C, and it has little or no EC. Thus, the hybrid RM can serve as an absolute isotopic test for the absence of EC-mimicking pyrolysis-C from SRM 1515 in the EC isolate of the hybrid RM, together with testing for conservation of its dominant soot fraction through the isolation procedure.
Nanophase semiconductors embedded within transparent conductive oxides matrices as optical sensitizers for photovoltaic applications

ABSTRACT The optical absorption of a transparent condu ctive oxide (TCO), which is often used as the basis for junction or contact layers in thin film photovoltaics, can be tailored by incorporating a nanophase semiconductor (SC) component. Using a, dual-source, sequential R.F. magnetron sputter deposition tec hnique, we manipulate the opti cal and electronic properties of SC:TCO composites by varying the local and extended nanophase assembly and composition. The present study explores nanocomposite systems based on Ge:ZnO and Ge:I TO. The impact of host material (ITO vs. ZnO) on the evolution of nanostructure is investigated. Heat treatment of th e as-deposited films results in an increased crystallinity of the TCO and SC components, confirmed by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectro scopy studies. The presence of the SC phase is found to influence TCO grain growth and crystallographic orientation, and modification of the SC phase distribution is coincident with the morphological development of the TCO phas e in both composite systems. Upon heat-treatment, the high-energy optical absorption edge of the nanocomposite is blue-shifted compared to that of the corresponding as-deposited material. This indicates the development of quantum-confinement conditions for photocarriers within the Ge phase which leads to an increase d energy gap over that expected for the more bulk-like, as-deposited Ge material. Under the deposition and thermal treatment conditions used in the present study, the spectral absorption response is consistent between the ZnO and ITO-based thin films examined. This suggests that carrier confinement conditions are med iated by the development of similar Ge-phas e local spatial extent and Ge:TCO interfacial structures in both systems, regardless of TCO identity. Keywords: Nanocomposite; thin-film; transp arent conductive oxides; quantum-confined semiconductor
Environmental impacts of roundwood supply chain options in Michigan: life-cycle assessment of harvest and transport stages

Here, we analyze greenhouse gas emissions and fossil energy demand for roundwood supply chain activities (harvesting and transport) within the state of Michigan. A life-cycle assessment was completed, relying on a combination of peer-reviewed literature, national databases, and primary data collected from Michigan loggers and truckers. Several equipment configurations and operating scenarios for roundwood harvesting have been considered. Results indicated that a full processor/forwarder is the best combination of harvesting equipment, with greenhouse gas emissions of 9.9–14.7 kg CO2eq/green tonne, due to relatively low inputs and high reported productivity, although environmental impacts of harvesting depend strongly on the intensity of harvest being conducted. Bimodal truck + rail transport has environmental burdens roughly one third to half that of typical log truck transport at longer transport distances, directly related to the increased fuel efficiency of rail transport. Aggregated results for roundwood supply within Michigan are comparable to similar studies in other regions, although the mechanization of the harvesting industry and large size of Michigan log trucks are factors in the smaller environmental burden. A sensitivity analysis indicated that a variety of factors related to truck transport (distance, fuel economy, load factor, truck capacity) are the most influential for overall environmental impacts of the forest biomass supply chain. Environmental impacts associated with roundwood supply are quite low in comparison to the carbon content and embodied energy of delivered wood, implying that roundwood supply activities do not preclude beneficial use of this feedstock in biofuels or bioenergy applications.
Sub-doppler infrared absorption spectroscopy of Ar-HF [(1000) ← (0000)] in a linear supersonic jet

Abstract Ultra-sensitive tunable difference frequency IR absorption spectroscopy in a slit supersonic jet has been used to observe sub-Doppler spectra of Ar-HF in the (1000) HF stretch and (1110) HF stretch plus van der Waals bend modes. Linewidths yield a lower limit of 3 × 10−9 s for the predissociation lifetime in the vibrationally metastable upper state. The sensitivity of these direct absorption methods (≲ 2 × 109 molecules/cm3 per quantum state), in conjunction with the wide tunability of the difference frequency laser (2.2–4.2 μm) permit high-resolution studies of a large class of van der Waals complexes.
Cefoperazone plus piperacillin versus mezlocillin plus tobramycin as empiric therapy for febrile episodes in neutropenic patients

The double beta-lactam combination of cefoperazone plus piperacillin was compared with an aminoglycoside-containing regimen of mezlocillin plus tobramycin in a prospective, randomized trial of empiric therapy for febrile neutropenic patients (neutrophils no more than 1,000/mm3). Thirty febrile episodes were treated with cefoperazone plus piperacillin and mezlocillin plus tobramycin, respectively. There was no significant difference between the two groups with respect to age, sex, pretherapy neutrophil count, and mean duration of therapy. The majority of patients had neutrophil counts of no more than 200/mm3 at the initiation of therapy. Only microbiologically and clinically documented infections were evaluated for efficacy. The cefoperazone plus piperacillin regimen appeared to have a comparable response rate with the mezlocillin plus tobramycin regimen (20 of 24 patients [83 percent] versus 16 of 23 patients [70 percent]). Gram-positive micro-organisms were seen predominantly in this study, with the cefoperazone plus piperacillin regimen achieving a bacteriologic response in 84 percent, as opposed to 60 percent for those organisms treated with the mezlocillin plus tobramycin regimen. Neither regimen was totally effective against coagulase-negative staphylococci. Eight superinfections occurred in the cefoperazone plus piperacillin arm, whereas 11 superinfections occurred in the mezlocillin plus tobramycin arm. Although fungal superinfections were most common, the number of gram-positive superinfections in the mezlocillin plus tobramycin arm exceeded those seen in the cefoperazone plus piperacillin arm. The incidence of antibiotic-related side effects was similar in the two groups. Hypokalemia was most frequently seen. Both skin rashes and nephrotoxicity were more common with mezlocillin plus tobramycin. Cefoperazone plus piperacillin was found to be effective empiric therapy in febrile neutropenic patients. This double beta-lactam combination may be particularly useful for patients who have or are at high risk for the development of renal insufficiency.
Guest Editors' Introduction: Verification and Validation in Computational Science and Engineering

An encompassing goal of contemporary scientific computing is to provide quantitatively accurate predictions that can help society make important decisions. The span of this intended influence includes such widely different fields as astrophysics, weather and climate forecasting, quantitative economic policy, environmental regulation, and performance certification of complex engineered systems such as nuclear power plants. To the degree that we believe accurate computational science and engineering (CSE) will have an increasingly greater impact on problems of societal importance, we must also be concerned about the consequences of inaccurate or wrong CSE. Human life need not necessarily be at risk, but it is highly likely that money, time, environmental quality, and other factors will be.
Laboratory implementation of partially coherent beams with super-Gaussian distribution

We conduct an initial experimental study of implementing partially coherent beams with super-Gaussian far-field intensity distributions with the help of a reflection-type spatial light modulator. Using a recently proposed random screen approach for any Schell model type of beam, various super-Gaussian far-field intensity patterns are generated, although with an expected diffraction limited core (bright spot) in the center of each pattern. It is demonstrated that the experimental results agree well with the theoretical predictions. Our work is beneficial for creating and implementing exotic beams in various applications and can be useful for improving link performance in free-space optical communications.
Phonemic recoding of figural information and memory span

The purpose of the present study was to verify the effect of phonemic recoding of figurai items on memory span in two individual subjects who, prior to the experiment proper, learned a phonemic code allowing them to recode bivariate figurai items into pronounceable two-phoneme syllables. Memory span was determined with the use of a phonemic code and with the use of the natural language where subjects in a memory span task read the items aloud in terms of the phonemic code or the natural language, respectively, and reproduced the items in figurai form in both cases. The hypothesis that reduction in the length of verbal representation with the use of phonemic recoding would increase the memory span was supported by the results. Phonemic recoding was compared with the traditional phonetic mnemonic system.
Regulation of ADMP and BMP2/4/7 at Opposite Embryonic Poles Generates a Self-Regulating Morphogenetic Field

Embryos have the ability to self-regulate and regenerate normal structures after being sectioned in half. How is such a morphogenetic field established? We discovered that quadruple knockdown of ADMP and BMP2/4/7 in Xenopus embryos eliminates self-regulation, causing ubiquitous neural induction throughout the ectoderm. ADMP transcription in the Spemann organizer is activated at low BMP levels. When ventral BMP2/4/7 signals are depleted, Admp expression increases, allowing for self-regulation. ADMP has BMP-like activity and signals via the ALK-2 receptor. It is unable to signal dorsally because of inhibition by Chordin. The ventral BMP antagonists Sizzled and Bambi further refine the pattern. By transplanting dorsal or ventral wild-type grafts into ADMP/BMP2/4/7-depleted hosts, we demonstrate that both poles serve as signaling centers that can induce histotypic differentiation over considerable distances. We conclude that dorsal and ventral BMP signals and their extracellular antagonists expressed under opposing transcriptional regulation provide a molecular mechanism for embryonic self-regulation.
Cannabinoid receptor-G protein interactions: G(alphai1)-bound structures of IC3 and a mutant with altered G protein specificity.

The structure of the C-terminal region of the third cytoplasmic loop (IC3) of the cannabinoid receptor one (CB1) bound to Gαi1 has been determined using transferred nuclear Overhauser effects (NOEs). The wild-type IC3 sequence is helical when associated with Gαi1. In contrast, a peptide containing the amino-acid inversion, Ala341-Leu342 adopts a single turn. These findings correlate with the attenuated Gi association of CB1 with the Ala341-Leu342 mutation previously observed in vivo and the diminished stimulation of Gαi1 GTPase activity by the corresponding peptide demonstrated in vitro here. These results, the first to report the structure of a GPCR domain while associated with G protein, imply the C-terminus of CB1 IC3, a region with high-sequence conservation among G-protein coupled receptors, must be helical for efficient coupling and activation of the Gi protein.
Prior Occupational Experience, Anticipatory Socialization, and Employee Retention:

Research on organizational socialization processes has not firmly established the relationships among prior work experience, preentry variables, and postentry attitudes and behavior. Using a longitudinal sample of 218 newcomers, a survival model was developed to test whether the relationship between prior occupational experience and retention is mediated by such preentry variables as person-job (P-J) fit, value congruence, and organizational expectations. Results indicate that prior occupational work experience significantly affects retention in the short run, and this relationship is mediated by preentry P-J fit and value congruence.
Stimulation of Diesel Fuel Biodegradation by Indigenous Nitrogen Fixing Bacterial Consortia.

Successful stimulation of N2 fixation and petroleum hydrocarbon degradation in indigenous microbial consortia may decrease exogenous N requirements and reduce environmental impacts of bioremediation following petroleum pollution. This study explored the biodegradation of petroleum pollution by indigenous N2 fixing marine microbial consortia. Particulate organic carbon (POC) in the form of ground, sterile corn-slash (post-harvest leaves and stems) was added to diesel fuel amended coastal water samples to stimulate biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons by native microorganisms capable of supplying a portion of their own N. It was hypothesized that addition of POC to petroleum amended water samples from N-limited coastal waters would promote the growth of N2 fixing consortia and enhance biodegradation of petroleum. Manipulative experiments were conducted using samples from coastal waters (marinas and less polluted control site) to determine the effects of POC amendment on biodegradation of petroleum pollution by native microbial consortia. Structure and function of the microbial consortia were determined by measurement of N2 fixation (acetylene reduction), hydrocarbon biodegradation (14C hexadecane mineralization), bacterial biomass (AODC), number of hydrocarbon degrading bacteria (MPN), and bacterial productivity (3H-thymidine incorporation). Throughout this study there was a consistent enhancement of petroleum hydrocarbon degradation in response to the addition of POC. Stimulation of diesel fuel biodegradation following the addition of POC was likely attributable to increases in bacterial N2 fixation, diesel fuel bioavailability, bacterial biomass, and metabolic activity. Toxicity of the bulk phase water did not appear to be a factor affecting biodegradation of diesel fuel following POC addition. These results indicate that the addition of POC to diesel-fuel-polluted systems stimulated indigenous N2 fixing microbial consortia to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons.
Decreased Myogenic Reactivity in Skeletal Muscle Arterioles after Hypothermic Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is associated with a generalized defect in the intrinsic control of vascular smooth muscle. To determine if myogenic reactivity of skeletal muscle arterioles was altered by CPB, sheep (n = 7) were placed on hypothermic CPB (27°C) for 90 min and hearts were arrested by cold blood cardioplegia ([K + ] = 25 mM) for 60 min. Arterioles (70-180 μm) were isolated from the gracilis muscle before (control) and 15 min after CPB. In vitro arteriolar responses were studied with video-microscopy. Myogenic reactivity was examined to stepwise increases in intraluminal pressure from 10 to 100 mm Hg. Mean arterial pressure was decreased from 80 ± 15 prior to CPB to 55 ± 4 mm Hg (P < 0.01) 15 min after CPB. Myogenic contraction was observed in control vessels and was markedly attenuated by the protein kinase C inhibitor staurosporine (P < 0.01). CPB decreased myogenic contraction and shifted the pressure-diameter relation upward, suggesting a decrease in the intrinsic tone (both P < 0.05 vs control). CPB reduced contractile responses to the α 1 -adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine from -43 ± 7% to -23 ± 5% (P < 0.01) and the protein kinase C activator 12-deoxyphorbol 13-isobutyrate 20-acetate (phorbol ester) from -64 ± 6% to -38 ± 16% (P < 0.01). CPB-associated decrease in myogenic reactivity of skeletal muscle arterioles is likely due to alterations in protein kinase C and/or downstream signal transduction. This may account in part for reduction in systemic vascular resistance and hypotension associated with CPB.
Trading and hedging in S&P 500 spot and futures markets using genetic programming

In this study, genetic programming, an optimization technique based on the principles of natural evolution, was used to generate trading and hedging rules in Standard & Poor’s 500 spot and futures markets. I adopted a realistic trading process that included reasonable transaction costs, obtainable execution prices, and all the unique features of futures trading. The results suggested that the spot market was quite efficient with most genetically generated trading rules duplicating the buy-and-hold strategy. Most of the trading activities of these trading programs were in the futures market, where transaction costs were substantially lower. The out-of-sample performance of these trading rules varied from year to year, indicating that genetic programming could not consistently find outperforming technical trading rules. Some evidence was found for the superior market-timing abilities of these rules. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 20:911–942, 2000
Emergency department personnel accuracy at estimating patient satisfaction.

Abstract We investigated the congruence between emergency department (ED) personnel estimations of patient satisfaction and actual patient satisfaction. Actual patient satisfaction was assessed via telephone interview. Before the findings were disseminated, ED personnel were asked to “predict” the results by estimating the average rating they believed patients gave for each of the 22 indicators. Surveys were obtained from 478 of 1,139 (42.1%) patients and 59 of 76 (77.6%) ED personnel. ED personnel consistently estimated average satisfaction scores to be significantly lower than what patients actually reported across 19 of the 22 indicators. ED personnel grossly overestimated average patient length of stay (LOS) (5.7 h vs. 3.5 h actual). Results suggest that ED personnel consistently estimated patients to be less satisfied than they actually were across multiple domains. Moreover, ED personnel estimated average LOS to be more than 2 h longer than patients’ actual LOS. Hypotheses for why this bias occurred are discussed.
Matrix reactions of P4 and P2 with O3 molecules

Abstract Matrix reaction of P 4 and P 2 with isotopic ozone molecules have been studied using both heated GaP and discharge of P 4 from white phosphorus as sources of P 2 . Isotopic shifts and multiplets support identification of P 4 O terminal and bridged isomers, PO, PO 2 , P 2 O, P 2 O 2 , P 2 O 3 , P 2 O 4 , and P 2 O 5 in these experiments.
Characterization of a Labile Naloxone Binding Site (λ Site) in Rat Brain

A high-affinity binding site selective for naloxone and other 4,5-epoxymorphinans (lambda site) has been previously described in rat brain. Following homogenization of freshly dissected brain, the lambda sites convert from a high-affinity to a low-affinity state. When measured with [3H]naloxone, the decay is very rapid at 20 degrees C (t 1/2 less than 2 min), whereas it is progressively slowed at lower temperatures. Proteinase inhibitors, antoxidants, and sulfhydryl group-protecting agents failed to prevent this conversion. Kinetic measurements of mu and lambda binding at varying temperatures demonstrated that the decrease in lambda binding does not coincide with the concurrent increase in mu binding and that the loss of high-affinity lambda binding at 20 degrees C can be partially restored when the temperature is lowered to 0 degrees C. The low-affinity state of the lambda site is rather stable in the Tris buffer homogenates and is susceptible to digestion by a protease. The (-)-isomer of WIN 44,441, a benzomorphan drug, binds to lambda sites with moderate affinity (dissociation constant, KD = 63 nM), whereas the (+)-isomer does not (KD greater than 10,000 nM), thus establishing stereoselectivity of the binding process. Neither the high-affinity nor the low-affinity state of lambda binding is significantly affected by the presence of 100 mM sodium chloride or 50 microM Gpp(NH)p, (a GTP analog), which is in contrast to the dramatic effect of these agents on the established opioid receptor system. Naltrexone, naloxone, nalorphine, and morphine (in this order of decreasing potency) bind to the lambda site in vivo in intact rat brain over dosage ranges that are commonly employed in pharmacological studies.
Trust in government: Personal ties that bind?

Objective. This research note compares the views of the federal government held by federal government workers, their family members, their close friends, and state and local government workers to the views held by other U.S. citizens. Methods. We analyze data from a 2000 survey of Washington, D.C. metropolitan-area residents. Results. Respondents employed at any level of government-not only federal but also state and local-trust the federal government more than respondents with no ties to government. Being the family member or friend of a federal government employee has no impact on trust in government. Conclusions. A confidence gap divides government employees from the rest of the public.
A DYNAMICAL THEORY OF POLAR ELASTIC DIELECTRICS.

Abstract Basic axioms of the theory of continuous media are employed to obtain the field equations, jump conditions, and constitutive equations of a polar elastic dielectric subject to large deformations and electromagnetic fields. The theory is dynamical and includes such polar effects as stress moments and electric quadrupole moments. Relativistic effects associated with large material velocities are not incorporated into the theory. Electromechanical interaction forces and their energies are calculated by assuming a distributed Lorentz force on the bound charges within the volume element. The conservation of mass, balance of momenta, conservation of energy, Faraday's Ampere's and Gauss' laws are then postulated in integral form, from which the field equations and jump conditions are obtained systematically. An equation of entropy production is given which is used to derive a nondissipative constitutive theory. Part II will give a properly invariant second order constitutive theory and some illustrative solutions.
Cellular origins of tenascin in the developing nervous system.

Abstract This article is based on a descriptive approach to translation studies and on the assumption that the existence of so many different kinds of translating activities is due to the variable nature of the factors of translation. Therefore a translator must be aware of the precise nature of the operative factors in each assignment. This article is an attempt to create a greater awareness of the factors involved in dubbing television comedies, without losing a wider perspective of general factors that must be taken into account in all translating activities. Studies of dubbing will thus contribute to general theories of translation. Dubbing deserves more objective, empirical research and fewer anecdotes that do little to farther our understanding of the true facts of both dubbing and translation in general.
Artifacts caused by collection of soil solution with passive capillary samplers

Soil solution was collected with passive capillary samplers (PCAPS) and zero-tension samplers (ZTS) from A horizons of forested soils. The volume and chemistry of collected solutions were measured weekly during discrete seasonal collection periods. Acid-washed PCAPS increased alkalinity (3-fold), pH (1-3 units), and concentrations of Ca (2-fold), Na (8-fold), and Si (4-fold), relative to ZTS solutions. Aluminum concentrations were dramatically reduced in PCAPS compared with ZTS samples. Differences in solution chemistry were attributed to leaching and weathering of fiberglass wicking material utilized in the PCAPS. In addition, PCAPS collected greater volumes (normalized by sampler area) of solution relative to ZTS in weak-structured sandy loam soil due to a preponderance of matrix flow. The results indicate that the PCAPS used in this study are not suitable for aqueous geochemical studies of dilute soil solutions.
Calibration of a broadband acoustic transducer with a standard spherical target in the near field

This paper investigates the applicability of calibrating a broadband acoustic system in the near field. The calibration was performed on a single transducer with a mono-static configuration using a single standard target, a 25-mm tungsten carbide sphere in the nearfield of both the transducer and the sphere. A theoretical model was developed to quantify the nearfield effect. Numerical simulations revealed that the frequency responses at different distances varied significantly, the null positions were essentially invariant—a unique characteristic for determination of the compressional and shear wave speeds in the calibration sphere. The calibration curves obtained in the near field could be applied to farfield once the nearfield effects were accounted for. Since the transducer was located in the near field, the signal-to-noise ratio was high, resulting in a much wider useable bandwidth than the nominal bandwidth. The resultant calibration uncertainty, i.e., root-mean-square uncertainty over the entire usable frequency band was 1.05 dB and reduces to 0.33 dB when the regions corresponding to nulls were excluded. The methods reported here could potentially be applied to the calibration of multibeam and broadband echosounder/sonar systems since it is difficult to meet the farfield condition for outermost beams when shipboard calibrations are needed.
Picking Their Spots: Minor Party Candidates in Gubernatorial Elections

Given the institutional bias against minor parties in the U.S., why do minor party candidates run for office? In this article, we seek to answer this question by developing a model of the choice to...
A cautionary note regarding safety of thyroidectomy in the elderly.

Archives of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery Geriatric Thyroidectomy: Safety of Thyroid Surgery in an Aging Population Melanie W. Seybt, MD; Sunny Khichi, MS; David J. Terris, MD Objective: To ascertain whether there are incremental risks associated with thyroid surgery in the elderly population. Design: Prospective analysis of a consecutive single-surgeon series of patients undergoing thyroid surgery at an academic health center. Setting: Tertiary care health center. Patients: The study included patients aged 21 to 35 years and patients 65 years and older who underwent thyroidectomy. Main Outcome Measures: Pathology reports, complications (including rates of temporary and permanent hypocalcemia and temporary and permanent true vocal fold [TVF] paralysis), and need for admission or readmission were included in the analysis. Results: There were 86 youthful patients who underwent thyroidectomy between November 2003 and December of 2007; 44 elderly patients underwent surgery during that same time frame. There were no deaths in either cohort, no hematomas, and no cases of permanent TVF paralysis. The elderly patients had a similar rate of complications when compared with the youthful patients, including transient hypocalcemia (12.5% vs 11.1%, respectively) and temporary TVF paresis (2.9% vs 3.9%), but a higher rate of readmission (4.5% vs 1.2%, P = .26). Conclusions: Thyroid surgeons will be faced more often with the prospect of elective thyroid surgery in patients of advanced age as an increasingly aged population emerges and the prevalence of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer increases. Thyroid surgery in elderly patients is safe and no more dangerous than surgery in youthful patients. There is a slightly higher rate of readmission.
1051-2 Use of the Internet and World Wide Web for Dissemination and Collection of Midwest Pediatric Pacemaker Registry Information

The Midwest Pediatric Pacemaker registry which provides a large data-base of information concerning pacemaker implantation in children relies upon printed articles and meeting presentations for dissemination of collected information and upon member institutions to complete and mail printed forms for data submission. This process increases the time necessary for data submission and slows dissemination of pooled data to the pediatric pacing community. With increasing Internet access by centers involved in pediatric pacing, and the development of the World Wide Web (WWW), use of the WWW was explored to evaluate its potential for information dissemination and acquisition. Hypertext mark-up language (HTML) documents of composite Registry statistics, patient demographics with initial implantation indication, and generator implantation and electrode utilization information were made available on the Internet by publishing it on the WWW. Documents presented data both in textual and graphical form and were organized by topic on different pages to allow selective access directly the data needed. The graphs presented can be downloaded in GIF format. Use of the easily prepared HTML documents allows for frequent updating of information with rapid access by centers involved in pediatric pacing. In addition utilizing the forms capability of WWW browsers, Pacemaker Registry information can be submitted on-line. The form page is displayed and the information directly entered. Information entry is accomplished byfilling in character fields, check boxes and free text fields. The form is then automatically sent to the WWW server which forwards it to the Registry Director for database entry. It is never stored on the public access WWW server, ensuring patient confidentiality. For users without a forms capable WWW browser, a file containing the submission forms is also provided that can be downloaded. Use of the WWW and Internet provides more rapid dissemination and collection of Registry information shortening the period between data collection and data review by centers involved in pediatric pacing which should improve the quality of care delivered to children requiring permanent pacing. Use of WWW can provide a rapid means of medical data dissemination and communication.
Blood:Bone Disequilibrium. VI. Studies of the Solubility Characteristics of Brushite: Apatite Mixtures and Their Stabilization by Noncollagenous Proteins of Bone

Recent evidence of the occurrence of brushite in newly formed bone mineral prompted a study of the solubility properties of brushite:apatite mixtures under physiological conditions and the influence on them of pH, lactate, pyruvate, and, particularly, noncollagenous bone proteins (NCBPs). Brushite alone was surprisingly stable in solution at pH 7.4, 37 degrees C. In the presence of increasing amounts of apatite, hydrolysis of brushite to an insoluble phase occurred. A decrease of 0.1 pH unit or the addition of 1.5 mM pyruvate or 10 mM lactate increased the ion activity product (Ca2+ x HPO4(2-) 3 or more times. However, within the loose envelope of bone such conditions so different from those in the circulation might be only local or temporary. NCBPs, on the other hand, stabilized brushite in solution alone as well as in the presence of apatite for days. They probably act by adsorbing strongly to the crystal surface and preventing nucleation by apatite. This brushite-apatite-bone protein system exhibits solubility characteristics that can resolve the old problems presented by the participation of the skeleton in extracellular calcium homeostasis on the one hand, and by the apparent insolubility of the apatite mineral of bone on the other.
The restricted three-body problem including radiation pressure

The force of radiation pressure is included in the restricted three-body problem by considering the major radial components of the pressure force for the case of a particle in the vicinity of two luminous massive bodies, as well as by introducing the Poynting-Robertson effect for the case of one luminous body. The positions of the Lagrangian points L4 and L5 are found as functions of the ratio of radiation to gravitational forces. The Poynting-Robertson effect renders the L4 and L5 points unstable on a time scale that is long compared to the period of rotation of the two massive bodies. Implications for space colonization and a mechanism for producing azimuthal asymmetries in the interplanetary dust complex are discussed.
Distribution and regulation of substance P-related peptide in the frog visual system.

Modulation of visual signal activity has consequences for both signal processing and for activity-dependent structuring mechanisms. Among the neuromodulatory agents found in visual areas are substance P (SP)-related peptides. This article reviews what is known about these substances in the amphibian retina and optic tectum with special emphasis on the leopard frog, Rana pipiens. It is found that the distribution of these SP-related peptides is remarkably similar to that seen in mammals. This suggests that study of model amphibian systems may significantly enhance our understanding of how neuropeptides contribute to visual system function and organization. Microsc. Res. Tech. 54:220–228, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An introduction to evolutionary psychology and its application to suicide terrorism

This article introduces evolutionary psychology to a general readership, with the purpose of applying evolutionary psychology to suicide terrorism. Some of the key concepts related to evolutionary psychology are discussed, as well as several misconceptions associated with this approach to psychology. We argue that one of the primary, but insufficient, motivating factors for suicide terrorism is strong religious belief. Evolutionary psychological theories related to religious belief, and supporting empirical work, are described, laying a foundation for examining suicide terrorism. Several promising directions for future research on suicide terrorism from an evolutionary psychological perspective are highlighted, particularly within the theoretical framework of kin selection, and the implications of applying evolutionary psychology to suicide terrorism are discussed.
Use of Lethal Short-Term Chlorine Exposures to Limit Release of Nonnative Freshwater Organisms

Abstract Fish hatcheries and other types of aquatic facilities are potential sources for the introduction of nonnative species of fish or aquatic invertebrates into watersheds. Chlorine has been suggested for use to kill organisms that might be released from the effluent of a facility. While acute LC50s (concentrations lethal to 50% of organisms exposed for up to 96 h) for chlorine are available for some species, short-term LC100s for chlorine have not been determined. The objective of this study is to establish concentrations of chlorine that are lethal to 100% of organisms after brief (1-, 5-, or 15-min) exposures. A total of 22 species were exposed to total residual chlorine concentrations (TRC) of 1, 10, or 25 mg TRC/L for 1, 5, or 15 min under static conditions followed by a 24-h postexposure recovery period in water without the addition of chlorine. Concentrations of chlorine resulting in 100% lethality of organisms were established for all of the species tested except for four species of mollusks o...
Beam shaping for srt/srs

Field shaping for stereotactic radiosurgery and stereotactic radiotherapy has evolved from static field shaping techniques applied to static or arc fields and now includes dynamic field shaping definition which can be dynamically modified during the arc. This allows greater conformation of dose to the target volume while minimizing dose to surrounding normal tissue. This results in treatment to a single isocenter, which simplifies the treatment planning and dose delivery, thereby minimizing treatment time and improving patient comfort and satisfaction during the treatment. A number of optimization techniques remain to be investigated.
Paying for Pollution? How General Equilibrium Effects Undermine the “Spare the Air” Program

Policy-makers have relied on non-coercive mechanisms to achieve socially preferred outcomes in a variety of contexts when prices fail to ration scarce resources. Amid heightened concern about environmental damage and climate change, public appeals for cooperation and pecuniary incentives are frequently used to achieve resource conservation and other prosocial behavior. Yet the relative effectiveness of these two instruments is poorly understood when pecuniary incentives are small. This paper examines the extent to which free transit fares and appeals for car trip avoidance reduce car pollution on smoggy days. Using data on freeway traffic volumes and transit ridership, public appeals for cooperation are shown to have no significant effect on car trip demand. Free transit fares, however, do have a significant effect on car trip demand. But the effect is perverse in that it generates an increase in car trips and related pollution. Free fares also increase transit ridership. These results suggest that free transit rides do not induce motorists to substitute to transit, but instead subsidize regular transit rides and additional trips. Appeals for cooperation have no affect on carpooling behavior.
Resonance features of a two-state model.

More complete heterostructure tunneling simulations often display unusual resonance features. Unfortunately, the complexity of these models often obscures the physics behind such behavior. In order to better understand these features we study the transmission of a simple, yet quite general, two-state scattering model. With this model we are able to reproduce all of the types of resonance behavior observed in multistate heterostructure tunneling simulations: resonances, antiresonances, and resonance-antiresonance pairs. We find that resonance-antiresonance pairs are possible when the incident state (state 1) is somewhat confined, the other state (state 2) is well confined, and the magnitudes of the state-2 intrastate transmission and the state-1--state-2 interstate transmission are both small. We also find that if the state-1 confinement is not too strong and the state-1 and state-2 resonances coincide then an antiresonance (notch) in the transmission peak at the common resonance can occur. These results should aid interpretation of the transmission graphs predicted by more complete multistate heterostructure tunneling models.
COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF RIVAROXABAN COMPARED TO WARFARIN FOR STROKE PROPHYLAXIS IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION

Rivaroxaban, an oral Factor Xa inhibitor administered once daily without the need for anticoagulation monitoring, was recently approved in the United States for the prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). The objective of this study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of
Efficacy and Safety of Cataract Extraction with Negative Power Intraocular Lens Implantation

Purpose: To evaluate the visual and refractive outcomes, lens power calculation accuracy, and safety of nega- tive power intraocular lenses (IOLs) implanted in highly myopic eyes at the time of cataract surgery. Design: Interventional case series. Methods: Sixteen consecutive highly myopic eyes implanted with IOLs from -1 D to -6 D were identified. IOL power; preoperative and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA); postoperative uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA); preoperative, intended, and achieved spherical equivalent (SE) refractive errors; and operative complications were re- corded. Results: Median UCVA improved from finger counting to 20/50-2. Median BCVA improved from 20/125-1 to 20/30+1. Mean axial length was 32.65 mm. The mean SE refractive error was -22.19 ± 5.4 D before surgery and -0.28 ± 1.4 D after surgery. The difference between the mean intended and mean achieved SE refractive errors was +1.16 D for the SRK/T, +1.2 D for the Holladay 1, and +1.60 D for the Hoffer Q formulas. Only 5 (33.3%) of 15 eyes in which postoperative measurements were possible were within 1 D of the intended SE postoperative refraction. Postoperative complications in- cluded a mildly hyperopic postoperative refractive error (+1.75 D) in one eye necessitating an IOL exchange and posterior capsule opacification in most eyes. There were no retinal detachments. Conclusions: The SRK/T formula had the greatest accuracy and predictability when immersion A-scan ultrasonography was used to measure axial length. The mean achieved postoperative refractive error was +1.16 D more hyperopic than predicted by this formula. We recommend targeting highly myopic eyes for -1.5 D using the SRK/T formula if a negative power IOL is calculated and emmetropia or mild residual myopia is the desired postoperative result.