cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen incorporation in plagioclase

Abstract We conducted experiments at high pressure (P) and temperature (T) to measure hydrogen solubility in plagioclase (Pl) with a range of compositions (An15 to An94). Experiments were run at 700–850 °C, 0.5 GPa, and f O 2 close to either the Ni-NiO (NNO) or iron-wustite (IW) oxygen buffers. Experiments at 700 °C on An15 (containing 0.03 wt% FeO) reveal no dependence of H solubility on f O 2 between IW and NNO, but experiments at 800–850 °C on other compositions (with 0.3–0.5 wt% FeO) demonstrate that H solubility is enhanced by a factor of ∼2–3 at IW compared to NNO, consistent with previous experiments by Yang (2012a) on An58. By analogy with synthetic hydrogen feldspar (HAlSi3O8), we infer that the predominant mechanism for H incorporation in Pl is through bonding to O atoms adjacent to M-site vacancies, and we propose likely O sites for H incorporation based on M O bond lengths in anhydrous Pl structures. Increased uptake of structurally bound H at low f O 2 is explained by the formation of defect associates resulting from the reduction of Fe3+ in tetrahedral sites to Fe2+, allowing additional H to be incorporated in adjacent M-site vacancies. This mechanism counteracts the expected effect of water fugacity on H solubility. We also speculate on possible substitutions of H on tetrahedral vacancies, as well as coupled H-F substitution. Enhanced incorporation of H in Pl at low f O 2 may have implications for estimating the water content of the lunar magma ocean. However, mechanisms unrelated to low f O 2 are needed to explain high H contents in terrestrial Pl xenocrysts, such as those found in basalts from the Basin and Range.
La réforme financière internationale: un programme plus vaste

Dans cet article,l 'auteur postule que le programme relatif a la reforme financiere internationale devrait evoluer au moins dans deux directions.En premier lieu,l 'action devrait aller au-dela de la prevention et de la resolution des crises financieres pour aborder egalement les questions associees au financement du developpement des pays pauvres et petits, ainsi que la «maitrise » ((«propiedad »/ownership )des politiques economiques et de developpement par ces pays. En second lieu,cette action devrait prendre en ligne de compte non seulement le role des institutions mondiales mais aussi celui des organismes regionaux et definir explicitement les espaces dans lesquels il conviendrait de preserver l 'autonomie nationale.Toutes ces questions devraient etre inscrites a l 'ordre du jour d 'un processus de negociation representatif et equilibre,susceptible de contribuer a contourner certains des ecueils qui caracterisent le debat actuel en matiere d 'economie politique.Apres une analyse preliminaire de la nature des problemes rencontres dans le systeme actuel et de certains aspects de l 'economie politique, l 'article aborde les themes suivants:i)les reformes associees a la prevention et a la resolution d 'une crise financiere;ii)le role du financement du developpement,y compris celui que peut jouer le financement multilateral,pour favoriser une participation accrue des pays a faible revenu et des petits pays a revenu moyen sur les marches financiers prives,ainsi que le financement de reseaux de securite sociale durant les periodes de crise;iii)la necessite de negocier un nouvel accord international portant sur les limites de la conditionnalite et la pleine reconnaissance du caractere essentiel de la «maitrise » des politiques macro--economiques et de developpement par les pays en developpement;iv)la contribution des institutions regionales et sous-regionales a une offre accrue de «biens publics mondiaux » et d 'autres services dans le domaine des finances internationales;et v) la necessite de preserver l 'autonomie nationale dans divers domaines,notamment en matiere de regulation du compte de capital et le choix du regime de change.L 'article souligne l 'importance particuliere des institutions regionales et de l 'autonomie nationale pour les acteurs les moins influents sur le plan international,qui beneficieraient ainsi notablement de la concurrence au niveau des facilites financieres dont ils ont besoin et d 'une plus grande liberte d 'action dans ce contexte d 'offre imparfaite de biens publics mondiaux.
NDTNet: Optical Nondestructive Evaluation with Compact Convolutional Neural Network

The inspection of high volume parts is critical for quality assurance in manufacturing industries. In this article, we put forth NDTNet, a compact convolution neural network (CCNN) based surface flaw inspection of metallic components. The compactness of CNN is achieved by model compression techniques like parameter pruning and quantization, which reduces its size by a factor of 18. In order to account for loss due to model compression, the CNN is trained with iterative parameter pruning and simulated quantization. The compact CNN is trained on over 120,000 images of size 224-by-224-by-3. The statistical evaluation of the proposed compact CNN shows it can achieve accuracy, precision and recall in the range of 96-98% for different compression techniques. The total evaluation time i.e. image acquisition and inference is about 10 seconds. Therefore, the proposed compact CNN is suitable for high volume metallic component inspection in real-time with high accuracy and speed.
The Finance of Unemployment Compensation and its Consequence

A vast literature considers the influence of unemployment benefits on labor supply, but little has been done to understand the consequences of the unique tax that finances benefits in the United States. We present new evidence on the statutory incidence of the tax along the income distribution, across industries, by geography, and over the business cycle. This labor policy presents several fascinating questions for economists: Do the penalties produced by experience rating reduce layoffs amid recessions? What impact do tax increases have on hiring and recovery? We provide a handrail for analysts to understand the institutions and engage outstanding questions.
Common Ground: Shared Textuality and Visuality in China and Latin America

This article offers a sharp comparative reading of recent cultural products developed in China and Latin America. By focusing on how minority voices (indigenous) in both regions are represented in audiovisual, literary, and visual arts, this piece shows the collateral damage caused by the equation of nation building and economic growth under neoliberalism. Methodologically, Rojas-Sotelo embraces a cultural, economic, and environmental approach. ‘Common Ground’ examines works by visual artists Libia Posada (Colombia) and Qin Ga (Mongolia/China); poetry by contemporary Wayuu writers, Vito Apushana and Estercilia Simanca; and films by Zhao Liang (Behemoth, 2016), Lixin Fan (Last Train Home, 2009), Cary Fukunaga (Without a Name, 2009), and Oscar Quemada-Diez (The Golden Cage, 2014).
Marijuana Legalization and Rates of Crashing Under the Influence of Tetrahydrocannabinol and Alcohol.

ObjectiveTo determine if statewide marijuana laws impact upon the detection of drugs and alcohol in victims of motor vehicle collisions (MVC).MethodsA retrospective analysis of data collected at tr...
Structural basis for the stereospecific inhibition of the dual proline/hydroxyproline catabolic enzyme ALDH4A1 by trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline.

Aldehyde dehydrogenase 4A1 (ALDH4A1) catalyzes the final steps of both proline and hydroxyproline catabolism. It is a dual substrate enzyme that catalyzes the NAD+ -dependent oxidations of L-glutamate-γ-semialdehyde to L-glutamate (proline metabolism), and 4-hydroxy-L-glutamate-γ-semialdehyde to 4-erythro-hydroxy-L-glutamate (hydroxyproline metabolism). Here we investigated the inhibition of mouse ALDH4A1 by the six stereoisomers of proline and 4-hydroxyproline using steady-state kinetics and X-ray crystallography. Trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline is the strongest of the inhibitors studied, characterized by a competitive inhibition constant of 0.7 mM, followed by L-proline (1.9 mM). The other compounds are very weak inhibitors (approximately 10 mM or greater). Insight into the selectivity for L-stereoisomers was obtained by solving crystal structures of ALDH4A1 complexed with trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline and trans-4-hydroxy-D-proline. The structures suggest that the 10-fold greater preference for the L-stereoisomer is due to a serine residue that hydrogen bonds to the amine group of trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline. In contrast, the amine group of the D-stereoisomer lacks a direct interaction with the enzyme due to a different orientation of the pyrrolidine ring. These results suggest that hydroxyproline catabolism is subject to substrate inhibition by trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline, analogous to the known inhibition of proline catabolism by L-proline. Also, drugs targeting the first enzyme of hydroxyproline catabolism, by elevating the level of trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline, may inadvertently impair proline catabolism by the inhibition of ALDH4A1.
Predicting Breastfeeding Intentions: A Test and Extension of the Theory of Normative Social Behavior with African American Social Identity.

Breastfeeding is a health promoting social behavior but statistics suggest a persistent disparity of lower rates among African American mothers. The Theory of Normative Social Behavior (TNSB) expla...
Managers’ Responses to Online Reviews for Improving Firm Performance: A Text Analytics Approach

In the era of electronic word-of-mouth, firms are under the pressure to respond to online reviews strategically to maintain and enhance the reputation and financial viability. Guided by service recovery theory and affect theory, this study develops a framework that classifies management responses to seek actionable opportunities to improve firm performance. Using 37,896 managerial responses to online reviews for 390 hotels in three U.S cities, we employ text mining techniques such as sentiment analysis and topic modeling to develop an “AAAA” framework that classifies the responses into four categories: Acknowledgment, Account, Action, and Affect. We evaluate the effectiveness of this framework on subsequent reviews and hotel revenue. Among the management response characteristics, we find that Acknowledgment and Action are significantly associated with future review ratings. The relationships between these characteristics and hotel revenue can be further moderated by hotel class. This study provides implications on how to effectively utilize firm resources to manage responses to online consumer reviews toward increased financial performance.
Quantifying the chronic effect of low DO on the nitrification process.

Abstract Our previous study indicated that a low dissolved oxygen (DO) could enrich and shift nitrifier community, making complete nitrification feasible under long-term low DO conditions. This research determined nitrifier kinetic constants, and quantified the chronic effect of low DO on the overall nitrification process. For ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB), the half-velocity constants of DO on the growth ( K DO-g ) and decay ( K DO-d ) were 0.29 and 0.48 mg L −1 , respectively. For nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB), those values were 0.08 and 0.69 mg L −1 , respectively. The low K DO-g values for both AOB and NOB suggest that a DO of greater than 1 mg L −1 does not provide further benefit to nitrification, and the lower K DO-g value for NOB suggests that nitrite oxidation is less impacted by a low DO. The K DO-d values of 0.48 and 0.69 mg L −1 for AOB and NOB, respectively, suggest that a low DO of less than 1 mg L −1 significantly inhibits the decay of both AOB and NOB, resulting in their enrichment. The relationship between the operational DO and required SRT for complete nitrification was developed to provide a theoretical foundation for operating an advanced wastewater treatment plant under low DO, to significantly improve aeration energy efficiency.
Complex Phosphate Regulation by Sequential Switches in Bacillus subtilis

The formation of two cell types with differing developmental fates, a small forespore and a large mother cell, is the first morphological indication of early sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. The study of phosphate metabolism in Bacillus species in general and in B. subtilis in particular has been complicated by two facts that reflect the potential importance of this process. First, APase, the usual enzyme of choice as a reporter of phosphate starvation-regulated gene expression, is encoded by a multigene family composed of at least five genes. Second, APases are induced under phosphate starvation conditions, but they are also expressed during sporulation development, independent of phosphate concentration. When B. subtilis experiences phosphate depletion, APases, which are dependent on PhoP and PhoR for expression, are synthesized. Mutations in the gene-encoding response regulator, ResD, or both the response regulator and the sensor kinase, ResE, caused decreased phoPR transcription and decreased production of phosphate starvation-induced APases to levels approximately 10% of the parent strain. In B. subtilis, the SpoOA/PhoP-PhoR system provides evidence that the relationship of the individual regulatory systems is dependent on the developmental state of the cell. In the vegetative cell type during phosphate-limiting conditions, SpoOA~P represses autoinduction of the operon encoding the Pho regulon regulators, shutting down the Pho response.
Gamma-ray burst spectral diagnostics in the GLAST era

The spectra obtained above 100 MeV by the EGRET experiment aboard the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory for a handful of gamma-ray bursts has given no indication of any spectral attenuation that might preclude detection of bursts at higher energies. With the discovery of optical afterglows and counterparts to bursts in the last few years, enabling the determination of significant redshifts for these sources, it is anticipated that profound spectral attenuation will arise in the GLAST energy band of 30 MeV-300 GeV for many if not most bursts. An important goal will be to discriminate between such extrinsic absorption, due to the cosmic infra-red background, and that which arises internally in GRBs. This paper explores expectations for the spectral properties in the GLAST band for bursts, in particular how attenuation of photons by pair creation internal to the source modifies the spectrum to produce distinctive signatures. The energy of spectral breaks and the associated spectral indices provide valuable information that can constrain the bulk Lorentz factor of the GRB outflow at a given time. Moreover, distinct temporal behavior is present for internal attenuation, and is easily distinguished from extrinsic absorption. These characteristics define palpable observational goals for both the GLAST mission and ground-based Cerenkov telescopes, and strongly impact the observability of bursts above 1 GeV.
Comment on astro-ph/0507588 and astro-ph/0508483

Guidorzi has now written two papers (astro-ph/0507588 and astro-ph/0508483, both accepted to MNRAS) on the GRB variability-luminosity correlation in which he finds that expanded samples of L vs. V data are not well described by a power law because the scatter of the data around such a model is more than can be accounted for by the data's statistical errors alone (sample variance) -- "in contrast with the original findings by Reichart et al. (2001)" -- but then proceeds to model these data with a power law anyway and finds significantly shallower L vs. V relationships than Reichart et al. (2001) found. However, as Reichart & Nysewander (2005; astro-ph/0508111) pointed out after Guidorzi's first posting but before his second, Reichart et al. (2001) never modeled their L vs. V data with a power law. Instead, they used a power law with a distribution around it to accommodate and measure this sample variance. Ignoring sample variance in a fit that requires it very easily results in incorrect fitted parameter values due to increased sensitivity to outliers, as well as significantly underestimated uncertainties in these fitted parameter values. Fitting to Guidorzi's own data, Reichart & Nysewander (2005) showed that when sample variance is included in the model, L ~ V^3.4(+0.9,-0.6) with a sample variance of sigma_logV = 0.20(+0.04,-0.04), which is in excellent agreement with the original finding of Reichart et al. (2001) -- L ~ V^3.3(+1.1,-0.9) with a sample variance of sigma_logV = 0.18(+0.07,-0.05) -- when the sample was approximately one-third its current size.
Delay and Probability Discounting of Sexual and Monetary Outcomes in Individuals with Cocaine Use Disorders and Matched Controls

Individuals with cocaine use disorders are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS, partly due to higher rates of unprotected sex. Recent research suggests delay discounting of condom use is a factor in sexual HIV risk. Delay discounting is a behavioral economic concept describing how delaying an event reduces that event’s value or impact on behavior. Probability discounting is a related concept describing how the uncertainty of an event decreases its impact on behavior. Individuals with cocaine use disorders (n = 23) and matched non-cocaine-using controls (n = 24) were compared in decision-making tasks involving hypothetical outcomes: delay discounting of condom-protected sex (Sexual Delay Discounting Task), delay discounting of money, the effect of sexually transmitted infection (STI) risk on likelihood of condom use (Sexual Probability Discounting Task), and probability discounting of money. The Cocaine group discounted delayed condom-protected sex (i.e., were more likely to have unprotected sex vs. wait for a condom) significantly more than controls in two of four Sexual Delay Discounting Task partner conditions. The Cocaine group also discounted delayed money (i.e., preferred smaller immediate amounts over larger delayed amounts) significantly more than controls. In the Sexual Probability Discounting Task, both groups showed sensitivity to STI risk, however the groups did not differ. The Cocaine group did not consistently discount probabilistic money more or less than controls. Steeper discounting of delayed, but not probabilistic, sexual outcomes may contribute to greater rates of sexual HIV risk among individuals with cocaine use disorders. Probability discounting of sexual outcomes may contribute to risk of unprotected sex in both groups. Correlations showed sexual and monetary results were unrelated, for both delay and probability discounting. The results highlight the importance of studying specific behavioral processes (e.g., delay and probability discounting) with respect to specific outcomes (e.g., monetary and sexual) to understand decision making in problematic behavior.
Metabolic Cardioprotection by Pyruvate: Recent Progress:

Pyruvate, a natural metabolic fuel and antioxidant in myocardium and other tissues, exerts a variety of cardioprotective actions when provided at supraphysiological concentrations. Pyruvate increases cardiac contractile performance and myocardial energy state, bolsters endogenous antioxidant systems, and protects myocardium from ischemia-reperfusion injury and oxidant stress. This article reviews and discusses basic and clinically oriented research conducted over the last several years that has yielded fundamental information on pyruvate's inotropic and cardioprotective mechanisms. Particular attention is placed on pyruvate's enhancement of sarcoplasmic reticular Ca2+ transport, its antioxidant properties, and its ability to mitigate reversible and irreversible myocardial injury. These research efforts are establishing the essential foundation for clinical application of pyruvate therapy in numerous settings including cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, myocardial stunning, and cardiac failure.
Entailment and the disjunctive syllogism

‘Entailment’ we use for a connection between statements corresponding to there being a valid argument from one to the other, and we invoke the witness of two thousand years to sanction our putting on this connection the requirements of relevance and necessity. More locally, we rely on the tradition depending from Ackermann [1], and summarized in Anderson and Belnap [2] (1975, henceforth, AB75).
Adaptation of a career portfolio at Georgia Tech: A case study

This chapter describes the planning, development, testing, and implementation of Georgia Tech's online career portfolio, as well as the challenges associated with adaptation of the program.
Demonstration of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) localized to areas of palmar skin injected with 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and pre-treated with a fractionated CO2 laser prior to topically applied ALA

Summary Background Several techniques designed to enhance ALA delivery into subcorneal layers of palmar skin are described. Methods Six palms from three subjects were treated with topical ALA, iontophoresis enhanced delivery of ALA, intradermal injections of ALA solution, or fractionated CO2 laser (with or without erbium:YAG surface ablation). The relative efficacy of each technique was determined using Wood's lamp illumination for the presence of fluorescent PpIX. Results Palms treated with topically applied ALA alone or with iontophoresis pre-treatment failed to exhibit fluorescence. The palm treated with intradermal injections of ALA and the palms pre-treated with fractionated CO2 laser with or without erbium:YAG laser surface ablation exhibited fluorescence at treatment areas. Conclusion Both intradermal injections and fractionated CO2 laser (with or without erbium:YAG laser pre-treatment) may provide an effective means for delivery of ALA into subcorneal layers of palmar skin. Numerous potential clinical applications of these techniques (including treatment of localized palmar hyperhidrosis) exist.
Characterization of the hierarchical structures of a dry nanopowder in a polymer matrix by X-ray scattering techniques

There are many material properties benefits that can be realized by adding nano-sized filler particles to a polymeric resin, such as improvements in strength, modulus and optical transparency. However, the relative amount of improvement is highly dependent on the degree of particle dispersion or homogeneity within the nanocomposite. In this study, a commercially available dry titania nanopowder with a mean primary particle diameter of approximately 30 nm was mixed into an epoxy resin/hardener system to produce nanocomposite samples. Processing techniques such as ultrasonication and particle surface modification were used to produce nanocomposites with varying degrees of particle mixture homogeneity. The extent of nanoparticle dispersion was characterized by a combination of small-angle X-ray scattering and ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering. The measurement length scale ranged between 1 nm and several micrometres. Both measurement techniques provided information on the size distribution of primary particles, aggregates or particle agglomerates in the polymer nanocomposites, depending on the length scale (q region) of interest. Using this combination of processing and characterization techniques, a decrease in average particle cluster size of two orders of magnitude was observed between samples of varying particle mixture homogeneity.
The objective and subjective rationalization of war

Perhaps the most engaging theories in historical sociology have been those pertaining to the rationalization of Western society. In particular, both Max Weber and Michelle Foucault point to the unique nature of societal rationalization in the early modern period, a thorough-going upheaval both in forms of social organization and in individual subjectivity. These correlative changes led to the nature of the modern state and its citizens. One example used by both is the rationalization of warfare. Close attention to the question of rationalization and the history of infantry warfare, however, suggests that far from representing a watershed change from non-rationalized to rationalized war, the early-modern period was more like other rapid expansions of armies based on recruitment of commoners, and had little to do with the distinctive characteristics of the emerging nation-states.
Experimental measures of cognitive privilege/deprivation and some of their correlates

Abstract An operational definition of intellectual privilege and deprivation was used to develop measures of that construct in each sex from information furnished by 10th-grade students in Project Talent about their family and health background. Information such as reports of high school grades that directly reflected the ability of the students was excluded. The correlation between the experimental measure and the Talent intelligence composite is about .65 in contrast to the usual value of about .40 for a traditional measure of socioeconomic status. Sex differences in the items keyed are minimal. Using a similar definition, measures were also developed for Vernon's mechanical-spatial major group factor (1960), but the level of validity achieved is lower. The measures of privilege/deprivation developed for the two criteria show some degree of differential validity, but there is more generality in the two kinds of privilege than in tested abilities. The measures of intellectual privilege are almost congeneric measures of general intelligence, but there are significant departures from parallel profiles of relationships with other cognitive tests in Talent. The measures of intellectual privilege for both sexes add to the accuracy of prediction obtained from the intelligence criterion of scores on verbal academic and aesthetic information, but add nothing in predicting scores on measures of spatial visualization and rote memory. The possibility of constructing a test of general intelligence using item types that would minimize the correlation with privilige/deprivation is discussed.
Von Willebrand Factor, Red Cell Fragmentation, and Disease Activity in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus:

This study sought to determine whether the plasma levels of Von Willebrand factor (vWf) and the degree of red blood cell (RBC) fragmentation on peripheral smear correlate with disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Forty consecutive patients who fulfilled the criteria for SLE were studied prospectively for 1 year. Patients were categorized according to the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) as either active (>2) or inactive disease and followed up monthly (active) or quarterly (inactive). At each visit, patients were examined fully and had complete blood count, tests on antibodies to double-stranded DNA, C3, and C4 levels, and urinalysis. Citrated plasma was analyzed for vWf antigen by standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A Wright’s stained blood smear was obtained and schistocytes were quantitated on blood smear. The number of schistocytes per 500 RBCs was determined and a schistocyte index (SI) was calculated. At baseline, vWf correlated with SLEDAI (r = 0.64, p < 0.01), SI correlated with SLEDAI (r = 0.62, p < 0.01), and vWf and SI correlated with each other (r = 0.41, p = 0.01). There was an inverse correlation between baseline C3 levels and vWf (r = 0.49, p = 0.0013) and C3 levels and SI (r = 0.40, p = 0.01). Over time, there was also a correlation of SLEDAI with vWf (r = 0.53, p = 0.002) and SI (r = 0.57;p = 0.002). The relation of vWf with SI approached but did not reach statistical significance (r = 0.37, p = 0.06). We found that the plasma levels of vWf and the degree of RBC fragmentation correlate with lupus disease activity over time. Therefore, inflammation in SLE may be associated with endothelial injury.
Formation of passivation and adhesion layers for Cu via nitridation of Cu-Ti in an ammonia ambient

Abstract Passivation and adhesion layers for Cu have been formed by nitridation of Cu(90 nm)/Ti(20 nm)/SiO 2 (90 nm) bilayers and 163 nm thick Cu(Ti 27 at.%) alloys at 400–700 °C for 30 min in an ammonia ambient. In both systems Ti segregated during annealing to the free surface to react with the NH 3 and formed an oxygen-rich Ti nitride passivation layer. The thickness of these layers was ~ 12 nm for the bilayers and ~ 20 nm for the alloys. Evaluation of the Ti nitride surface layers as diffusion barriers for Al and Cu showed stability up to 500 °C. The interfacial reaction between Ti and SiO 2 substrate resulted in the formation of a Ti 5 Si 3 /TiO w structure. Adhesion results obtained from a scratch test showed that the bilayers exhibited good adhesion in the as-deposited state and were stable up to 400 °C, but displayed only fair adhesion above that temperature. The alloys exhibited poor to fair adhesion in the as-deposited condition and at 400 °C, but adhesion improved considerably after a 500 °C anneal. The behavior of the adhesion properties of both the bilayer and alloy system were related to the interfacial reaction.
Optimal battery configuration in a residential home with time-of-use pricing

Residential energy consumption shows significant diurnal patterns that can be leveraged by energy storage devices. Batteries can store energy from either local renewable sources or from the grid when the electricity is cheaper, and provide it when the prices are higher. However, batteries are chemical devices and their efficiency and lifetime highly depends on the usage patterns. In this paper, we develop a framework that considers the physical properties of batteries, tests the feasibility of a battery deployment and finds the best battery types and configurations for a particular residential configuration. We validate the outcomes our framework through simulations that are informed by measurements. Our framework shows that up to 43% savings can be obtained with batteries, which may be lower or completely eliminated if the batteries are not used in specific configurations.
Classic Russet: A Potato Cultivar with Excellent Fresh Market Characteristics and High Yields of U.S. No. 1 Tubers Suitable for Early Harvest or Full-Season Production

Classic Russet is a medium maturing potato cultivar with rapid tuber bulking making it suitable for early harvest, as well as full-season production. Classic Russet is notable for its attractive tubers with medium russet skin and excellent culinary characteristics. It resulted from a 1995 cross between Blazer Russet and Summit Russet and was released in 2009 by the USDA-ARS and the Agricultural Experiment Stations of Idaho, Oregon and Washington and is a product of the Northwest Potato Variety (Tri-State) Development Program. Classic Russet also shows potential as an early season processing cultivar, with fry color comparable to Russet Burbank and Ranger Russet. Classic Russet total yields were comparable to Russet Norkotah and Ranger Russet in early harvest trials and comparable to Ranger Russet and Russet Burbank in full season trials. When averaged across sites in early harvest or full season trials, U.S. No. 1 yields of Classic Russet were generally greater than those of Russet Norkotah, Ranger Russet, and Russet Burbank. Protein content for Classic Russet is relatively high, averaging 22% higher than Ranger Russet, 32% higher than Russet Burbank and 24% higher than Russet Norkotah. Specific gravity of Classic Russet in early harvest trials was comparable to Russet Norkotah but lower than Ranger Russet and was similar to Russet Burbank in full season trials. The incidence of hollow heart in Classic Russet is low, similar to that of Ranger Russet. It is less susceptible to blackspot bruise than Russet Burbank, Ranger Russet and Russet Norkotah but shatter bruise can be a concern if not matured properly prior to harvest. Classic Russet is moderately resistant to common scab and dry rot and is moderately susceptible to foliar and tuber infections of early blight and symptoms of corky ringspot. It is susceptible to Verticillium wilt, soft rot, foliar and tuber late blight, PLRV and PLRV net necrosis, and the common strain of potato virus Y (PVY°).
Microscope laser light scattering spectroscopy of single biological cells.

A microscope laser light scattering setup was developed, allowing us to do intensity autocorrelation spectroscopy on the light scattered from a volume as small as (2 μm)3. This non-invasive technique makes cytoplasmic studies possible inside single live biological cells. The effect of osmotic swelling and shrinking on the diffusion coefficient of hemoglobin inside intact red blood cells is shown as an illustrative example of the applicability and sensitivity of this new experimental method.
PCE I: The effects of three reward magnitude shifts

Six groups of rats were run in a straight alley. Groups were given 46 trials to large (L) or small (S) reward. This was followed by multiple shifts so that groups given reinforcement patterns LLLL, LSSL, SLSL, SSSS, SLLS, and LSLS were formed. A significant PCE was achieved on the second and third shifts to L. In extinction, groups terminating in L were least resistant to extinction.
Acute torsion of uterine remnant leiomyoma with Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome.

Objective To report a case of acute abdomen secondary to torsion of uterine remnant leiomyoma and ipsilateral adnexa in a woman with Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome and known history of bilateral uterine remnant leiomyomas. Design Case report. Setting Tertiary care center. Patient(s) A 40-year-old nulligravid woman with MRKH syndrome and a known history of bilateral uterine remnant leiomyomas with a surgical abdomen. Intervention(s) Surgery: right salpingo-oopherectomy, excision of right and left hemiuteri with pedunculated leiomyomas, and left salpingectomy. Main Outcome Measure(s) Definitive therapy with preservation of premenopausal state. Result(s) First known case of acute surgical presentation secondary to torsion of uterine remnant leiomyoma and ipsilateral adnexa in a woman with MRKH syndrome and bilateral voluminous uterine remnant leiomyomas without any plan for elective surgical intervention. Conclusion(s) Elective surgical removal of uterine remnant leiomyoma for women with MRKH syndrome can prevent the complication of torsion as well as prevent ovarian resection in premenopausal women. Torsion should be considered in the differential diagnosis in a woman with MRKH syndrome and known history of leiomyomas who presents with acute abdomen.
Control of thermal runaway—some mathematical insights

Abstract The model problem of a heat generating fluid flowing through a finite length pipe is investigated analytically to study means of controlling the onset and development of thermal runaway. The heat source Q within the fluid is modeled as a linear function of the temperature and it is shown that, when Q is sufficiently large, the temperature will, in general, grow exponentially in time, i.e., thermal runaway will occur. However, even when this is the case, it is shown that thermal runaway can be prevented by imposing certain conditions on: (1) the initial temperature distribution; (2) the time dependent temperature of the ambient fluid surrounding the pipe; or (3) the time dependent boundary conditions. The results are discussed and are illustrated by several examples.
Psychoanalysis and Its Resistances in Michel Foucault's The History of Sexuality: Lessons for Anthropology

This article argues that Foucauit's influential The History of Sexuality, Volume 1 embodies a tension between an explicit theory of the discursive production of "the subject" and an implicit resistance to the reality of this same revelation. This tension is shown to parallel the organization of desire understood in psychoanalytic terms—that is to say, desire is an emergent effect linked to our resistances to the social worlds that produce us. Consequently, despite The History of Sexuality's antipathy to psychoanalysis, its most redeeming interpretation may be a psychoanalytic one. Anthropological interest in the "cultural construction" of personhood, emotions, and similar categories bears important affinities to Foucauit's discursive productivity. Consequently, the concept of culture manifest in such notions requires incorporating desire's resistances. Moreover, complicating our understanding of culture in these terms facilitates understanding both human commonalities and the character of cultural differences.
Determinants and Consequences of Creativity in a Cohort of Gifted Women

Forty women who had been selected by Lewis Terman in 1921 for his study of intellectually gifted California school children were reinterviewed in 1987 (Mean = 77 years, SE ± 1). These women had been prospectively followed by questionnaire over the intervening 65 years. Their capacity for creativity—putting something in the world that was not there before—was assessed by review of their prospectively gathered questionnaires and by retrospective interview. The 20 women viewed as most creative (usually for literary publication, art, music, or starting an organization) were more likely in the past to have manifested generativity, and at the present to have adjusted well to old age. Although the ego defenses of sublimation, humor, and altruism were more frequent among the creative women, no differences were noted in the happiness of their childhoods or their mental health prior to the present.
Analytic approximations of statistical quantities and response of noisy oscillators

Abstract Nonlinear oscillators have been utilized in many contexts because they encompass a large class of phenomena. For a reduced phase oscillator model with weak noise forcing that is necessarily multiplicative, we provide analytic formulas for the stationary statistical quantities of the random period. This is an important quantity which we term ‘response’ (i.e., the spike times, instantaneous frequency in neuroscience, the cycle time in chemical reactions, etc.) that is often analytically intractable in noisy oscillator systems. The analytic formulas are accurate in the weak noise limit so that one does not have to numerically solve a time-varying Fokker–Planck equation. The steady-state and dynamic responses are also analyzed with deterministic forcing. A second order analytic formula is derived for the steady-state response, whereas the dynamic response with time-varying forcing is more complicated. We focus on the specific case where the forcing is sinusoidal and accurately capture the frequency response with an analytic approximation that is obtained with a rescaling of the equation. By utilizing various techniques in the weak noise regime, this work leads to a better understanding of how the random period of nonlinear oscillators are affected by multiplicative noise and external forcing. Comparisons of the asymptotic formulas with a full oscillator system confirm the qualitative accurateness of the theory.
Phototoxicity induced by hematoporphyrin derivative in C5-deficient, mast cell-deficient and leukopenic mice.

— The phototoxic response induced by hematoporphyrin derivative and irradiation was evaluated in mice congenitally deficient in the fifth component of complement (C5), those congenitally deficient in mast cells, and in cyclophosphamide-treated, leukopenic mice. Hematoporphyrin derivative, 10 mg/kg, was injected intraperitoneally, and 6 h later, the animals were irradiated (6.5 kj/m2 at396–407 nm). Phototoxicity was quantified by measurement of the increase in ear-thickness. In control mice, at the end of the irradiation (0 h), an increase in the ear-thickness of28–37% was noted; it reached a peak of51–81 % at 24 h. The phototoxic response in C5-deficient mice was markedly suppressed both at 0 h and at 24 h (P vs control, < 0.02 and < 0.05, respectively), while mast cell-deficient mice has a suppressed response at 24 h (P vs control, < 0.001). In both groups of mice, the intensity of dermal mononuclear and polymorphonuclear infiltrates was not different from that of the respective controls. The response in leukopenic mice was suppressed at both 24 h and 48 h (P < 0.001). These results indicate that intimate and complex interactions among the complement system, mast cells, and leukocytes are necessary for the complete manifestation of the phototoxic response.
Remark on Algorithm 566

We report the development of second-derivative FORTRAN routines to supplement Algorithm 566 developed by J. More´ et al. (ACM Trans. Math. Softw. 7, 14-41, 136–140, 1981). Algorithm 566 provides function and gradient subroutines of 18 test functions for multivariate minimization. Our supplementary Hessian segments enable users to test optimization software that requires second derivative information. Eigenvalue analysis throughout the minimization is now possible, with the goal of better understanding progress by different minimization algorithms and the relation of progress to eigenvalue distribution and condition number.
A pattern-centered approach to evaluating substance use prevention programs.

Substance use develops along distinct pathways during adolescence. This chapter describes an approach to testing how prevention programs may influence these pathways.
Access to cigarettes by daily smokers in Florida's public middle schools and high schools.

INTRODUCTION Youth who smoke daily have diverse methods for obtaining cigarettes, which range from commercial sources to essentially black market transactions. This study examines access to cigarettes, attitudes toward tobacco, and the demographic characteristics of youth who are daily cigarette smokers. METHODS Biennial data from the Florida Youth Tobacco Survey, a representative sample of Florida public middle- and high-school students, were used. Daily smoking was categorized into ordinal categories of increasing intensity. Analysis was done with a logistic partial proportional odds model, which allowed the effects of the independent predictors to vary according to smoking intensity. RESULTS The multivariate analysis revealed that males and females have different methods of obtaining cigarettes. Moreover, certain modes of access to cigarettes were related to daily smoking intensity. Males who obtained cigarettes from their parents or stole them from a store were much more likely to have a higher intensity of daily smoking. Females who gave someone money to buy their cigarettes or bought them from a person were more likely to smoke more cigarettes per day. Males, but not females, also perceived that increasing the number of cigarettes smoked per day provides social benefits in the form of more friends. CONCLUSIONS Understanding how daily youth smokers obtain cigarettes is necessary if effective antitobacco policies are to be developed for these individuals. Daily youth smokers are at increased risk of becoming addicted to nicotine, making them more likely to transition to daily adult smoking.
l-Nipecotic Acid-Porphyrin Derivative: A Chiral Host with Introverted Functionality for Chiral Recognition

The synthesis and chiral recognition properties of a porphyrin host with introverted functionality is reported. The host is a hybrid of tetraphenyl zinc porphyrin and the N-phenylamide derivative of (S)-nipecotic acid. The chiral recognition properties of the porphyrin host with chiral carboxylate-containing guests is described. UV/vis and 1H NMR spectroscopic results indicate the host shows enantioselectivity for (S)-mandelate tetrabutyl ammonium salt.
Observations of the Aleutian North Slope Current, Bering Sea, 1996–2001

[1] Cyclonic circulation dominates flow in the Bering Sea basin. The eastward flowing Aleutian North Slope Current (ANSC) flows along the north slope of the Aleutian Islands, turning northwestward in the southeast corner of the basin to form the Bering Slope Current (BSC). During the period 1997 to 2007, a pair of hydrographic lines was occupied 14 times in the southeastern portion of the basin. One transect was across the ANSC, and the second was across the BSC. In addition, a series of five yearlong moorings was deployed in a water depth of 1000 m in the ANSC, and a single yearlong mooring was deployed to the northeast in a water depth of 2200 m. At the primary mooring site, strong variability in temperature and salinity occurred at fortnightly and annual periods, while strong variability in the currents occurred at fortnightly and semiannual periods. The mean geostrophic flow relative to 1500 m, calculated from the 14 occupations of the hydrographic lines, was 3.1 × 106 m3 s−1 in the ANSC and 3.3 × 106 m3 s−1 in the BSC. A significant barotropic component, measured by the current meters, adds ∼3 × 106 m3 s−1 to the transport.
Meta-Analysis of School-Based Childhood Obesity Interventions in the U.K. and U.S.:

This study conducted a meta-analysis on the outcome indicator of body mass index from published school-based childhood obesity interventions done in the United States and the United Kingdom between 2000 and 2007. Electronic databases were searched for school-based childhood obesity interventions and a total of five studies were analyzed. The results of the pooled estimate of reviewed studies were not significant for the outcome measure body mass index at p < 0.05 level for fixed (effect estimate –0.0649 (95% CI: –0.29, 0.16)) as well as random effects (effect estimate 0.179 (95% CI: –0.38, 0.72)) models. In conclusion, it can be said that current school-based childhood obesity interventions do not seem to modify body mass index.
Mesh stretch effects on convection in flow simulations

Staggered grids have been widely used with finite difference approaches for incompressible flow simulation. They retain conservation properties that stabilize the flow field, and avoid odd-even decoupling in the pressure field. On a non-uniform mesh, however, the accuracy of finite difference schemes is degraded to the order of the mesh stretch, if all the conservation properties are to be upheld. This study shows how a non-uniform numerical mesh creates short wavelength errors in convective terms, especially when the grid spacing varies in the streamwise direction. The conservation properties of convective schemes on a non-uniform mesh can conflict with aspects of numerical accuracy. It is crucial to employ an area-weighted average for the convection velocity in order to impose mass conservation in the presence of mesh stretching. Truncation error analysis indicates that energy conserving schemes produce anti-diffusion error if the mesh is stretched, or positive diffusion if it is narrowed. An alternative convection scheme that minimizes the mesh-stretch error is proposed and evaluated through numerical simulations. The nature of mesh stretch error is illustrated by a direct numerical simulation of turbulent channel flow.
MEMS oxygen transporter to treat retinal ischemia

For the first time, a paradigm shift in the treatment of retinal ischemia is proposed: providing localized supplemental oxygen to the ischemic tissue via an implanted MEMS device. A passive MEMS oxygen transporter is designed, built and tested in both artificial eye models and porcine cadaver eyes to confirm various hypotheses. The finite element modeling results predict that the proposed approach can treat complete retinal ischemia.
EMPLOYEE OWNERSHIP: ONE ROAD TO PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT

Many American companies in mature industries have become uncompetitive because restrictive work practices and labor costs have outstripped productivity. One answer to the dilemma may lie in employee ownership of the business.
Use of Stress To Produce Highly Oriented Tetragonal Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT 40/60) Thin Films and Resulting Electrical Properties

Thin films of Pb(Zr0.4TiO.6)O3 produced by chemical solution deposition were used to study the effects of stress from different platinized single-crystal substrates on film orientation and resulting electrical properties. Films deposited on MgO preferred a (001) orientation due to compressive stress on the film during cooling through the Curie temperature (TC). Films on Al2O3 were under minimal stress at TC, resulting in a mixture of orientations. Those on Si preferred a (111) orientation due to templating from the bottom electrode. Films oriented in the 〈001〉 direction demonstrated lower dielectric constants and higher Pr and −d31 values than (111) films.
Methicillin-Associated Thrombocytopenia

Excerpt Thrombocytopenia in patients with leukemia is usually due to marrow involvement with malignant blasts or to the effects of chemotherapy. Failure to achieve count increments after platelet t...