cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Karl Popper and Lamarckism

The article discusses Karl Popper’s account of Lamarckism. In this article I use Popper’s published and unpublished statements regarding Lamarckism as well as his correspondence with the Australian immunologist Edward Steele and other biologists to examine why Popper was interested in Lamarckism, how his account of Lamarckism can be understood in the context of his philosophy, and what, if any, new context Popper provided for the discussion of this abandoned doctrine. I begin by discussing Popper’s frame of reference regarding Lamarckism, examining how it changed following his involvement with different “transitory groups” of biologists concerned with redefining the boundaries between traditional disciplines. I then discuss Popper’s account of Lamarckism in positioning it in relation to three aspects of his philosophy: his distinction between the principles of induction/instruction and deduction/selection, his distinction between scientific and teleological concepts, and his concept of progress in science. Then, I follow the debate concerning Steele’s Lamarckian experiments with a closer look at Popper’s role and his position in this controversy. I conclude that Popper’s writings provided a new context for the discussion of Lamarckism in the 1970s and 1980s, thus making it “scientifically acceptable” again. I preface this discussion by a brief outline of Steele’s Lamarckian hypothesis and Popper’s comments on Steele’s work.
Transesophageal Echocardiographic Assessment of Papillary Muscle Rupture

Background In some patients with papillary muscle rupture, the ruptured head may not prolapse into the left atrium, which makes diagnosis by transthoracic or transesophageal echocardiography difficult. Methods and Results In an attempt to find additional or more definite diagnostic echocardiographic features, we analyzed intraoperative transesophageal echocardiograms of 21 consecutive patients with papillary muscle rupture (20 involved the left ventricle and 1 involved the right ventricle) confirmed at surgery. In 7 (35%) of 20 patients with left ventricular papillary muscle rupture, the ruptured head was not seen to prolapse into the left atrium. In these patients, examination of the left ventricle proved most useful. Abnormal, large-amplitude erratic motion (1 to 5 cm in 17 patients; 0.5 cm in 1 patient) of a large echo density in the left ventricle consistent with the ruptured head was noted in 18 (90%) of these 20 patients. This included all 7 patients with nonprolapse of the ruptured papillary muscle head into the left atrium. Less prominent erratic motion or flutter of the papillary muscle still attached to the left ventricular wall was also noted but was less sensitive in the diagnosis of papillary muscle rupture. The single patient with right ventricular papillary muscle rupture showed erratic motion as well as prolapse of the ruptured head into the right atrium. Conclusions Transesophageal echocardiographic examination of the left ventricle is useful in the diagnosis of papillary muscle rupture, especially in those patients in whom the ruptured head does not prolapse into the left atrium. The left ventricle should be scrutinized thoroughly during transesophageal echocardiographic examination for erratic papillary muscle motion in all patients with suspected rupture.
DISCRIMINATING GILA ROBUSTA AND GILA CYPHA: RISK ASSESSMENT AND THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT

Several sympatric Colorado River basin cyprinid fishes of the genus Gila are federally protected, yet difficulty in identifying individuals to species has limited recovery efforts. Using five characters easily scored in the field, we quantified morphological variation in G. robusta and G. cypha from eight localities, comparing discriminatory power of these data to that of a previous multivariate truss analysis of the same specimens. Significant between-species differences existed in four characters; three displayed patterns consistent with typological differences between species. Success of post hoc identification of specimens exceeded 70% for these three characters and increased to >82% by incorporating variables into a discriminant function. Nevertheless, potentially diagnostic features were relatively uncorrelated within individuals, and little congruence existed between different characters. Multivariate analyses clearly discriminated between sympatric species pairs despite considerable variation amon...
Development of Graphical Indices for Viewing Building Energy Data: Part II

Graphs are an effective way of displaying quantitative and statistical information. Unfortunately, only a few studies have systematically looked at presenting building energy data in forms which are both informative, visually efficient, and easy to comprehend. Recent advancements in computing, including the development of sophisticated graphing packages and powerful indices more timely than ever before. In this two part paper, graphical displays or indices are reviewed and discussed that can be used to analyze several years of hourly data (20,000 to 30,000 data points). The purpose of these papers is to show how graphical indices can be used to help a building energy analyst view large amounts of hourly building energy consumption data in order to quickly and efficiently analyze the data, check for errors, or establish time and temperature related trends over a large period of time. Data from case study buildings in Texas are used to demonstrate the indices. Part 1 reviews the literature on graphical presentations of building energy use data and graphical perception and presents two graphical indices. Part 2 provides four additional graphical indices in use in the data review process for the Texas LoanSTAR program.
Benchmarking production system, process energy, and facility energy performance using a systems approach

Evaluating overall energy performance of a manufacturing system requires accurate information on how, when, and where energy is being used. Collecting and tracking energy data is necessary for determining performance benchmarks and reducing energy consumption. Optimizing energy efficiency in manufacturing systems is difficult to achieve since energy management is typically performed separately from the production monitoring and control systems. Further, low-level equipment energy data collection is costly to do, and, if done, is often not well-linked to production data.The smarter integration of production system, process energy, and facility energy data is a significant opportunity to improve manufacturing sustainability. This paper will examine the issues related to the linking of these three types of data as well as develop a methodology for jointly modeling and evaluating production, process energy, and facility energy performance. A case study of a sand casting production line will be discussed to better understand the integration issues, validate the methodology, test performance benchmarks, and investigate sustainable manufacturing opportunities.
The body politic: the relationship between stigma and obesity-associated disease

Background It is commonly believed that the pathophysiology of obesity arises from adiposity. In this paper, I forward a complementary explanation; this pathophysiology arises not from adiposity alone, but also from the psychological stress induced by the social stigma associated with being obese.
Glycemic control in gestational diabetes mellitus-How tight is tight enough: Small for gestational age versus large for gestational age?

The relationship between optimal levels of glycemic control and perinatal outcome was assessed in a prospective study of 334 gestational diabetic women and 334 subjects matched for control of obesity, race, and parity. All women with gestational diabetes mellitus were instructed in the use of a memory-based reflectance meter. They were treated with the same metabolic goal according to a predetermined protocol. Three groups were identified on the basis of mean blood glucose level throughout pregnancy (low, less than or equal to 86 mg/dl; mid, 87 to 104 mg/dl; and high, greater than or equal to 105 mg/dl). The low group had a significantly higher incidence of small-for-gestational-age infants (20%). In contrast, the incidence of large-for-gestational-age infants was 21-fold higher in the mean blood glucose category than in the low mean blood glucose category (24% vs. 1.4%, p less than 0.0001). An overall incidence of 11% small-for-gestational-age and 12% large-for-gestational-age infants was calculated for the control group. A significantly higher incidence of small-for-gestational-age infants (20% vs. 11%, p less than 0.001) was found between the control and the low category. In the high mean blood glucose category an approximate twofold increase was found in the incidence of large-for-gestational-age infants when compared with the control group (p less than 0.03). No significant difference was found between the control and mean blood glucose categories (87 to 104 mg/dl). Our data suggest that a relationship exists between level of glycemic control and neonatal weight. This information is helpful in targeting the level of glycemic control while optimizing pregnancy outcome in gestational diabetes comparable to the general population.
Cavity resonances for a spherical earth with a concentric anisotropic shell

Abstract A boundary-value problem of a concentric spherical system involving anisotropic media is considered. Rather gross simplifications are made in order to achieve tractability and yield physical insight. The principal idealization is the representation of the concentric plasma layer by a thin shell of ionization. The derived results have some relevance to the phenomenon of resonance in the concentric cavity formed by the earth and the ionosphere. For example, it is shown that the earth's magnetic field and the electron collisions both contribute to the damping of the cavity resonances.
New surgical treatments for recurrent colorectal cancer

Currently, only two areas of recurrence in patients with colorectal cancer are potentially surgically curable: isolated liver and isolated lung metastases. Regional recurrence from rectal cancer, although probably not resectable for cure, offers an appropriate palliative goal because symptoms in such patients are intolerable. We review several new diagnostic and therapeutic techniques that have allowed wider application of surgical approaches for cure or palliation in patients with recurrent colorectal cancer.
Choices for Innovation‐Minded Corporations

A growing number of companies have used joint alliances, acquisitions, and venture teams to maintain competitive advantage and respond to rapidly changing environments. But not all have been able to manage the people and design issues that ensure success.
Promotores and The Chronic Care Model: An Organizational Assessment

Although promising research is developing related to promotores and the Chronic Care Model (CCM), studies of the effectiveness of the integration of these two system innovations in addressing health disparities are limited. This article reports on an organizational assessment and analysis of promotores working in a system of federally-sponsored community health clinics along the United States-Mexico border where the CCM has been operationalized. The work of promotores was found to be largely invisible within the CCM. This highlights the need for further investigation if the potential of these combined system innovations to address health disparities among Hispanics is to be realized.
Low-frequency process for silicon-on-insulator deep reactive ion etching

Due to the inherently non-uniform etching effects in the standard DRIE (Deep Reactive Ion Etch) process, a new technique has been developed specifically for SOI (silicon on insulator) etching. The new system embodies a separate LF power supply that is pulsed when being applied to the platen during the etch cycle. This lends itself to assisting in the reduction of ionic charging at the insulator layer in deep trenches. Consequently, notching or footing of Si structures is disallowed. From this a decrease in over etch sensitivity emerges, with the end result being the ability to produce high-quality, large aspect ratio structures. Si etch rates in the same DRIE process may differ due to three basic effects: Aspect ratio dependent etch (ARDE), microloading (RIE-lag), and the general loading effect by which edges of the substrate etch faster than the center. When etching to a buried insulating layer these effects tend to indirectly encourage footing. The purpose of the research involved was to find optimal process parameters that would minimize footing. Factorial design of experiment technique was used to accomplish this in a two step process. First, main and second order effects on etch-rate uniformity were studied. Then, once supplied with process parameters that minimize uniformity effects, parameter settings that minimize footing were found. The end result is a purse of optimized DRIE-SOI recipes that produce superb high-aspect ratio Silicon structures.
Multilateralism and/or Bilateralism: the Settlement of British Trade Balances with ‘The North’, c. 1700

During I949-5I, Mr Charles Wilson and the late Professor Heckscher in a number of articles in this journal exchanged views on the relative importance of the mechanisms through which trade balances were normally settled in 'the period commonly described as "mercantilist"'. 1 The discussion or controversy centred on two questions: (a) to what extent were coin and bullion shipments rather than bills of exchange used to settle international accounts; and (b) were trade balances ordinarily settled bilaterally or multilaterally. The general drift of the argument associated bilateral settlement with specie shipments and multilateral settlement with the exchange mechanism. Abstractly, of course, this association is not necessary. The bilateral use of the exchange mechanism, however convenient to individual merchants, could not of course redress a trade imbalance between two nations; but specie transfers might be multilateral. Country A having an unfavourable trade balance with country B, a merchant in A, with debts to pay in B and unwilling to take the characteristic loss by the exchange, orders his correspondent in C to ship specie to B, reimbursing that correspondent either by specie shipment from A, by exchange, or by goods in trade. Though such multilateral specie shipments can be conceived of abstractly (and actually occurred, as will be shown below), it was convenient for Mr Wilson to associate specie shipments with bilateral settlements inasmuch as he used, in his original article, the actual necessity for bilateral specie settlements as a justification or explanation of the advocacy by many mercantilist publicists and policy makers of the necessity of individually balanced trades (as distinct from the liberal satisfaction with an overall national balance of trade). Mr Wilson and Professor Heckscher based their argument in very great part on contemporary controversial literature with supporting references to modern scholarship and contemporary statistics and estimates. Evidence was used from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries, suggesting that the normal modes of settlement had remained essentially the same for at least several centuries. Since there has never been any question in modern scholarship about the heavy use of coin and bullion in European trade with the East Indies, argument centred on the degree to which such shipments were used in settling English trade mbalances with Scandinavia and the Baltic a classic area of deficit
Hypothalamitis: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge

To report an unusual case of biopsy-proven autoimmune hypophysitis with predominant hypothalamic involvement associated with empty sella, panhypopituitarism, visual disturbances and antipituitary antibodies positivity. We present the history, physical findings, hormonal assay results, imaging, surgical findings and pathology at presentation, together with a 2-year follow-up. A literature review on the hypothalamic involvement of autoimmune hypophysitis with empty sella was performed. A 48-year-old woman presented with polyuria, polydipsia, asthenia, diarrhea and vomiting. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a clear suprasellar (hypothalamic) mass, while the pituitary gland appeared atrophic. Hormonal testing showed panhypopituitarism and hyperprolactinemia; visual field examination was normal. Pituitary serum antibodies were positive. Two months later an MRI documented a mild increase of the lesion. The patient underwent biopsy of the lesion via a transsphenoidal approach. Histological diagnosis was lymphocytic “hypothalamitis”. Despite 6 months of corticosteroid therapy, the patient developed bitemporal hemianopia and blurred vision, without radiological evidence of chiasm compression, suggesting autoimmune optic neuritis with uveitis. Immunosuppressive treatment with azathioprine was then instituted. Two months later, an MRI documented a striking reduction of the hypothalamic lesion and visual field examination showed a significant improvement. The lesion is stable at the 2-year follow-up. For the first time we demonstrated that “hypothalamitis” might be the possible evolution of an autoimmune hypophysitis, resulting in pituitary atrophy, secondary empty sella and panhypopituitarism. Although steroid treatment is advisable as a first line therapy, immunosuppressive therapy with azathioprine might be necessary to achieve disease control.
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia with natural killer cell phenotype

To determine the type and proportion of cases within that type of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) that has a natural killer (NK) cell phenotype, we examined leukemic blasts from 31 children with ALL (14 with T-ALL, 17 with non-T-ALL) for expression of antigens detected by NK-specific monoclonal antibodies Leu 11b, Leu 7, and 1G2 (an antibody we have developed that cross-reacts with Leu 7). None of the patients had leukemic blasts that reacted with Leu 11b. However, leukemic blasts from four T-ALL patients were 1G2+ and/or Leu 7+. Blasts from two of these had spontaneous lytic activity against standard NK target cell line K562; blasts from one killed K562 only when incubated with interferon; blasts from the other had no lytic activity against K562 but did manifest antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against antibody-coated cells from NK-resistant cell line SB. Blasts from all four Leu 7+ patients had L2 morphology. In one, the leukemic blasts had azurophilic cytoplasmic granules similar to those found in NK-enriched normal populations of large granular lymphocytes. These findings suggest that a significant proportion of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias may be malignancies of NK cell origin.
The effects of family‐of‐origin alcohol abuse on the self‐perceived communication competence of the children

This study compared the self‐perceived communication competency of children raised in a family where alcohol was abused and children raised in a family where alcohol was not abused. Results indicated that, in general, adult children of alcoholics perceive that they are less competent communicators than adult children of nonalcoholics; however, compared to male children of nonalcoholics, children of alcoholics perceive that they pretend to listen more and are more supportive and cooperative listeners. Contrary to prior research, results indicated no significant differences between male and female adult children of alcoholics with respect to their self‐perceived communication competence. Implications of these results are discussed with regards to how they reflect the environment of families where alcohol is abused.
Textures, microstructures and deformation of ultramafic xenoliths from San Quintin, Baja California

Abstract The spinel lherzolite xenoliths from San Quintin, Baja California show evidence of plastic deformation in the upper-mantle conditions prior to their inclusion by the host alkali basalt. This is reflected by stretching and flattening of all the four constituent minerals — olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and spinel. Deformed clinopyroxene porphyroclasts are a conspicuous feature of the more lherzolitic xenolith population. Spinel and orthopyroxene define strong lineation. The microstructures of the mylonitic xenoliths such as kink bands, polygonization, subgrain structures, serrated grain boundaries and grain aggregates suggest that such structures are caused by plastic flow, recovery and recrystallization processes. The textures of the xenoliths are divided into four types. The coarse granular texture, considered to be the most primitive type, is relatively undeformed; it grades into the porphyroclastic type with increasing degree of deformation. The porphyroclastic texture further grades into the tabular and equigranular mosaic types which are considered to be the most deformed in the xenolith suite. This progressive variation of the textural types is similar to those found in the high-temperature peridotite massif of Mt. Albert where the relatively undeformed core grades into the more deformed varieties towards the margin. The orthopyroxenes show many features of deformation and recrystallization that are rarely seen, or some of which have not yet been reported from xenolilhs in basaltic or kimberlitic suites. A detailed description of these features is given. Lamellar orthopyroxenes show a variation of 1–12 in their length: width ratios measured on the plane of foliation. The increase in this ratio corresponds with decreasing pressure—temperature conditions of equilibration. The textures and microstructures of the constituent minerals of the xenoliths suggest the following deformational history: plastic deformation → recrystallization → rupture and ductile fracture → brittle fracture (during unloading). Although the four textural types show overlapping relationship in pressure—temperature space, there is a strong correspondence between texture, bulk composition (indicated by spinel chemistry and modal amount of clinopyroxene), degree of deformation and the pressure—temperature condition of equilibration. The more deformed rocks show lower pressure—temperature conditions than the less deformed ones. The most deformed rocks are also most refractory in terms of the (Cr/Cr + Al) ratios of the spinels and the modal amounts of clinopyroxenes. It is suggested that the growth of thermal diapirs by plastic flow in the lithosphere possibly provides the mechanism for the origin of the tectonite textures and fabrics of the xenoliths.
Small nuclear RNA variants of three Bombyx mori strains

The spliceosome is a high molecular weight cellular complex responsible for the removal of non-protein coding introns from pre-mRNA to form mature mRNA transcripts. It comprises five major uridine (U)-rich small nuclear (sn)RNAs, to which a number of proteins bind and interact. Variant snRNAs have been identified in several organisms, although it remains to be seen whether or not these isoforms have distinct cellular roles. Nevertheless, many of these sequences have spatiotemporal trends in expression, suggesting that the variant snRNAs are not functionally equivalent. In this report, we examine and contrast the available data on snRNAs in two strains of Bombyx mori : European 703 and Nistari from India. In addition, the genomic snRNA sequences from the p50T strain are described. Thus far, isoforms of U1, U2, U4 and U6 have been characterized in B. mori European 703 and/or Nistari strains using expression libraries. In this study, an in silico approach was used to identify the genomic counterparts of the U snRNA variants in the 6X Whole Genome Shotgun (WGS) of the B. mori p50T strain. The present study is the first comparison of snRNAs in different B. mori strains. Overall, we found that 46 full length U snRNA loci and 76 suspected truncated genes are present in the B. mori genome of the p50T strain. A total of 14 full length genes match previously identified snRNAs in either the Nistari and/or the European 703 strains. Multiple sequence alignments of upstream controlling elements revealed conserved boxes in a subset of U snRNA genes. The presence of divergent promoters within specific snRNA 5 ′ -flanking sequences suggests that these loci may be transcribed from different controlling elements or are not expressed. The number of nucleotide differences within a given type of U snRNA is strongly correlated with its copy number in the genome (r 2 = 77.8%) and it may reflect a relaxation of selection pressure on genes of higher copy number. The multiplicity in gene copy may provide for numerous, full length snRNA loci with variable sequences that adopt unique roles in pre-mRNA splicing, possibly by modulating protein‐RNA and/or RNA‐RNA interactions and in doing so affecting gene expression and development.
A Versatile Fiber Coupled CCD/Echelle Spectrograph System

A Versatile Fiber Coupled CCD /Echelle Spectrograph SystemLawrence W. Ramsey and David P. HuenemoerderDepartment of Astronomy, The Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PA 16802 USAAbstractWe have developed a versatile echelle spectrograph capable of moderate to high resolutionprecision spectroscopy. This highly stable instrument is in a temperature and humiditycontrolled room and is coupled to our 1.6 meter telescope via an optical fiber. Moderateresolution (X /AX = 10000) spectra with near total spectral coverage from 400 -900 nm are doneat a Quasi -Littrow focus with no anamorphic magnification. A 200 mm f/2 camera focusesthirty -four orders of prism cross dispersed spectra onto a RCA SID501 CCD. A simple gratingtilt can switch the beam to a cross -dispersing grating and long focus cameras allowingresolutions up to 80000. The high resolution beam has a more typical geometry withanamorphic magnification greater than one. Either small fibers or an image slicer can beused to obtain the highest resolution spectra. Observations conducted since Winter 1985have shown the system to have excellent photometric and radial velocity characteristics; itis especially suited to long term, high signal -to -noise monitoring programs.IntroductionThe utility of step index, multimode, fused silica core fibers has been increasinglyexploited in coupling telescopes to instrumentation for a variety of purposes. Hill et al.
Extinguishing agents for hydrocarbon fuel fires

This paper is a review of the extinguishing agents available for combating hydrocarbon fuel fires. The original work was done to set the state for a proposed laboratory test procedure to evaluate all known fire extinguishing agents that have been recommended for use in controlling and extinguishing aircraft fuel fires.
Selective retinal pigment epithelial cell lipid metabolism and remodeling conserves photoreceptor docosahexaenoic acid following phagocytosis.

Retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) actively retrieve and recycle docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) from phagosomal phospholipids back to photoreceptor cells. Here we studied the fate of DHA in primary culture rat RPE cells after feeding with a suspension of rod outer segments (ROS) for 4 hr. Phospholipids (PLs), triacylglycerols (TAG), and free fatty acids were isolated from cells and media by thin layer chromatography (TLC), and their acyl groups quantified by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). In RPE cells, DHA-PLs increased 3.5-fold by 4 hr, decreasing thereafter to 1.6-fold above basal by 24 hr. In contrast, 18:1-PLs were decreased by 13%–18% below RPE basal values by 8–24 hr, respectively. DHA-TAG showed the highest increase (21-fold) by 8 hr. Free DHA displayed a small increase in the cells with a preferential release and accumulation into the media by 24 hr. These results show that in rat RPE cells, photoreceptor cell DHA is transiently incorporated into TAG prior to its release and uptake into 18:1-PLs. These metabolic pathways and remodeling may be critical in the conservation of this essential, photoreceptor cell fatty acid. J. Neurosci. Res. 57:479–486, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Validation of Dynamic Models in the Time-Scale Domain

Model validation is the procedure whereby the fidelity of a model is evaluated. The traditional approaches to dynamic model validation consider model outputs and observations as time series and use their similarity to assess the closeness of the model to the process. A common measure of similarity between the two time series is the cumulative magnitude of their difference, as represented by the sum of squared (or absolute) prediction error. Another important measure is the similarity of shape of the time series, but that is not readily quantifiable and is often assessed by visual inspection. This paper proposes the continuous wavelet transform as the framework for characterizing the shape attributes of time series in the time-scale domain. The feature that enables this characterization is the multiscale differential capacity of continuous wavelet transforms. According to this feature, the surfaces obtained by certain wavelet transforms represent the derivatives of the time series and, hence, can be used to quantify shape attributes, such as the slopes and slope changes of the time series at different times and scales (frequencies). Three different measures are considered in this paper to quantify these shape attributes: (i) the Euclidean distance between the wavelet coefficients of the time series pairs to denote the cumulative difference between the wavelet coefficients, (ii) the weighted Euclidean distance to discount the difference of the wavelet coefficients that do not coincide in the time-scale plane, and (iii) the cumulative difference between the markedly different wavelet coefficients of the two time series to focus the measure on the pronounced shape attributes of the time series pairs. The effectiveness of these measures is evaluated first in a model validation scenario where the true form of the process is known. The proposed measures are then implemented in validation of two models of injection molding to evaluate the conformity of shapes of the models' pressure estimates with the shapes of pressure measurements from various locations of the mold.
Robot Assisted Extended Pelvic Lymphadenectomy at Radical Cystectomy: Lymph Node Yield Compared With Second Look Open Dissection

Purpose: Robot assisted radical cystectomy outcomes show feasibility and potential benefits for patient recovery. However, it is difficult to judge the completeness of extended robot assisted vs open pelvic lymph node dissection using only the lymph node count and template description. We performed a prospective protocol in which radical cystectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection done in robot assisted fashion were followed by second look open pelvic lymph node dissection. Our primary objective was to determine the fraction of lymph nodes yielded by robot assisted pelvic lymph node dissection.Materials and Methods: Patients with pure transitional cell carcinoma and no locally advanced features were selected for robot assisted radical cystectomy. A team of 2 urological oncologists performed radical cystectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection in robot assisted fashion, followed by second look open pelvic lymph node dissection. Lymph nodes from robot assisted dissection were submitted in up to 8 separate sp...
Response of Three Hymenopteran Parasitoids Introduced for Fruit Fly Control to a Gall-Forming Tephritid,Procecidochares alani(Diptera: Tephritidae)

The response of three larval‐pupal parasitoids, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead), Diachasmimorpha tryoni (Cameron), and Tetrastichus giffardianus Silvestri, to the Hamakua pamakani gall fly, Procecidochares alani L., was determined in the laboratory. We also observed responses of these parasitoids to their normal rearing hosts, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) andCeratitis capitata(Weidemann).D. tryoni landed on pamakani galls or on dishes containing P. alani larvae as frequently as on dishes containing C. capitata. In contrast, D. longicaudata only rarely landed on the galls. D. tryoni and D. longicaudata oviposited in galls in fewer than 1% of our observations. D. longicaudata probed P. alani larvae as frequently as B. dorsalis larvae, but no parasitoid offspring were observed. D. tryoni oviposited more frequently in C. capitata than P. alani. No D. tryoni developed in P. alani larvae. T. giffardianus landed on pamakani galls and P. alani larvae more frequently than any other host substrate. In contrast, T. giffardianus entered galls with artificially opened windows one time in 10 observations. We observed 12% parasitism of P. alani larvae dissected from the galls and 20% of parasitism P. alani in the windowed galls. We discuss the implications of our results for future augmentative or classical biological control studies. r 1997 Academic Press
In vivo incorporation of unnatural amino acids to probe structure, dynamics and ligand binding in a large protein by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy

In vivo incorporation of isotopically labeled unnatural amino acids into large proteins drastically reduces the complexity of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. Incorporation is accomplished...
Factors Affecting Differences Between Milk Fat Tests Obtained in the Production Testing Programs and from Semimonthly Composited Samples

Abstract Differences between the herd average Production Testing Program milk fat percentages (Official Dairy Herd Improvement, Dairy Herd Improvement Registry, and Owner-Sampler) and corresponding dealers' composite milk fat percentages were studied on 257 Holstein herds for 19 months. The milk fat test comparisons were: a) monthly Production Testing Program test versus composite test closest to Production Testing Program test day; b) Production Testing Program test versus weighted (by length of compositing period) composite for the month. Mean differences between the two sources of tests were 0.12 and 0.15%, respectively, with the Production Testing Program test being the higher in each case. Range tests were run on the least-squares means. Significant differences were found for: Official Dairy Herd Improvement and Owner-Sampler herds over Dairy Herd Improvement Registry herds; contract testing labs (smaller plants) over plant testing labs (larger plants); summer and early winter over late winter and spring; smaller herds over larger herds. The results indicated that real and important differences existed between these two sources of tests, with the Production Testing Program tests being higher in all comparisons. Absolute biases could not be determined. However, the consistent direction of bias and the magnitude of biases associated with some of the sources of variation indicated that critical study of absolute biases in each source of test is needed.
Coloring graphs with stable cutsets

Abstract This paper proves that if a graph G has a stable cutset S such that no vertex of S lies on a hole, then G is k -colorable if and only if the G i US are k -colorable, where G i are the components of G − S and a hole is a chordless odd-length (≥5) circuit. This result shows that critical hole-free perfect graphs cannot contain stable cutsets.
GRAPHS WITH A KNOT OR 3-COMPONENT LINK IN EVERY SPATIAL EMBEDDING

We describe a family of graphs that contain a knot or a non-split 3-component link in every spatial embedding. We exhibit a graph in this family that has a knotless embedding, and a 3-component linkless embedding.
Novel tree-based method to generate markers from rare variant data

Existing methods for analyzing rare variant data focus on collapsing a group of rare variants into a single common variant; collapsing is based on an intuitive function of the rare variant genotype information, such as an indicator function or a weighted sum. It is more natural, however, to take into account the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) interactions informed directly by the data. We propose a novel tree-based method that automatically detects SNP interactions and generates candidate markers from the original pool of rare variants. In addition, we utilize the advantage of having 200 phenotype replications in the Genetic Analysis Workshop 17 data to assess the candidate markers by means of repeated logistic regressions. This new approach shows potential in the rare variant analysis. We correctly identify the association between gene FLT1 and phenotype Affect, although there exist other false positives in our results. Our analyses are performed without knowledge of the underlying simulating model.
Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Has Extensive Oncolytic Activity against Human Sarcomas: Rare Resistance Is Overcome by Blocking Interferon Pathways

Oncolytic viruses have been tested against many carcinomas of ectodermal and endodermal origin; however, sarcomas, arising from mesoderm, have received relatively little attention. Using 13 human sarcomas representing seven tumor types, we assessed the efficiency of infection, cytolysis, and replication of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and its oncolytically enhanced mutant VSV-rp30a. Both viruses efficiently infected and killed 12 of 13 sarcomas. VSV-rp30a showed a faster rate of infection and replication. In vitro and in vivo, VSV was selective for sarcomas compared with normal mesoderm. A single intravenous injection of VSV-rp30a selectively infected all subcutaneous human sarcomas tested in mice and arrested the growth of tumors that otherwise grew 11-fold. In contrast to other sarcomas, synovial sarcoma SW982 demonstrated remarkable resistance, even to high titers of virus (multiplicity of infection [MOI] of 100). We found no dysfunction in VSV binding or internalization. SW982 also resisted infection by human cytomegalovirus and Sindbis virus, suggesting a virus resistance mechanism based on an altered antiviral state. Quantitative reverse transcriptase (qRT)-PCR analysis revealed a heightened basal expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Pretreatment, but not cotreatment, with interferon attenuators valproate, Jak1 inhibitor, or vaccinia virus B18R protein rendered SW982 highly susceptible, and this correlated with downregulation of ISG expression. Jak1 inhibitor pretreatment also enhanced susceptibility in moderately VSV-resistant liposarcoma and bladder carcinoma. Overall, we find that the potential efficacy of VSV as an oncolytic agent extends to nonhematologic mesodermal tumors and that unusually strong resistance to VSV oncolysis can be overcome with interferon attenuators.
Age-dependent changes in cocaine sensitivity across early ontogeny in male and female rats: possible role of dorsal striatal D2(High) receptors.

Responsiveness to acute psychostimulant administration varies across ontogeny. The purpose of the present study was to determine if age-dependent changes in D2High receptors may be responsible for the ontogeny of cocaine sensitivity in preweanling, adolescent, and adult rats. [3H]-Domperidone/dopamine competition assays were used to determine ontogenetic changes in the proportion of D2High receptors in male and female preweanling [postnatal day (PD) 5, 10, 15, and 20], adolescent (PD 40), and adult (PD 80) rats. In the behavioral experiment, responsiveness to cocaine (2.5, 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg) was assessed on PD 20, PD 40, and PD 80 for 60 min. Male and female rats were habituated to the apparatus on the 2 days prior to testing. Distance traveled data were presented both untransformed and as percent of saline controls. Male and female preweanling rats (PD 5–PD 20) had a significantly greater percentage of dorsal striatal D2High receptors than adolescent or adult rats. Likewise, preweanling rats (PD 20) were more sensitive to the behavioral effects of cocaine than the two older age groups. Adolescent and adult rats responded in a generally similar manner; however, analysis of the untransformed locomotor activity data suggested that adolescent rats were hyporesponsive to 2.5 and 20 mg/kg cocaine when compared to adults. Data from the present study are consistent with the hypothesis that ontogenetic changes in D2High receptors are responsible for age-dependent differences in psychostimulant sensitivity.
Radioisotope assay for glutamine synthetase using thinlayer chromatography

Abstract A simple radiochemical method for the determination of glutamine synthetase activity by thin-layer chromatography is described. The assay involves the separation of glutamine from glutamic acid on anion-exchange resin (Dowex 1(CH 3 COO − ] coated plastic strips. The technique described is fast, reproducible and at least 50 times more sensitive than commonly used colorimetric methods. This method was used to determine the kinetic properties of glutamine synthetase and is applicable with either purified enzymes or crude tissue homogenates. K M values for glutamic acid, ATP and ammonia determined by the present assay were similar to the values obtained by colorimetric methods.
Production of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from cull potato using an algae culture process

Algal cultivation for converting cull potato to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was studied. Schizochytrium limacinum SR21 was selected as the better producing strain, compared with Thraustochytrium aureum because of higher cell density and DHA content. Used as both carbon and nitrogen source, an optimal ratio of hydrolyzed potato broth in the culture medium was determined as 50%, with which the highest production of 21.7 g/L dry algae biomass and 5.35 g/L DHA was obtained, with extra glucose supplemented. Repeat culture further improved the cell density but not fed batch culture, suggesting limited growth was most likely caused by metabolites inhibition.
Lipogenesis in the developing brain from intracranially administered [1-14C] acetate and [U-14C] glucose

Fifteen-day-old rats divided into two groups were given [1-14C]acetate or [U-14C] glucose by intracranial injection and were sacrificed after 1 hr. Analysis of lipids from the two groups showed differences in the incorporation of radioactivity in the polar lipids and cholesterol. Analysis of brain fatty acid showed that whereas radioactivity from acetate was incorporated into saturated, monoand polyunsaturated fatty acids, the radioactivity from [U-14C] glucose was found only in 16∶0, 18∶0, and 18∶1. No radioactivity was found in polyunsaturated fatty acids even after concentration of this fraction by AgNO3:SiO2 thin layer chromatographic method. This difference is discussed in hypothetical terms of nonhomogeneous acetyl CoA pool, formation of acetyl CoA from glucose exclusively inside the mitochondria, and activation of injected acetate to acetyl CoA.
Ultraviolet Spectra of BeH and BeH

A BeH band system analogous to the $B^{2}\ensuremath{\Pi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}X^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ MgH system is reported. Observed bands are the (0,0) at 1960A, (1,0) at 1882A and (1,1) at 1956A. Each consists of a single $Q$ branch (negligible spin doubling), $P$ and $R$ branch transitions being eliminated by predissociation from the $^{2}\ensuremath{\Pi}$ state into a neighboring unstable $^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ state. For the $^{2}\ensuremath{\Pi}$ state ${B}_{0}=10.65$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{e}\ensuremath{-}2{x}_{e}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{e}=2133.4$. The complex BeH spectrum from 3100A to 3600A consists only of an extension of the known $^{1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}^{+}\mathrm{rightarrow}^{1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}^{+}$ Be${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ system. Analyses of the principal Be${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ bands in this region yield revised values for the band constants.
The eigenvalues of steady flow in Mohr space

Abstract The eigenvalues of the velocity gradients tensor and of the position gradients tensor describing instantaneous flow or incremental deformations are easily determined in Mohr space as the points of intersection between a Mohr circle and the horizontal Mohr axis. Intersections occur only if the tensor has real eigenvalues. Eigenvectors associated with the eigenvalues are directions of no rotation. A line of material particles under an eigenvector does not rotate during steady flow, although the line is instantaneously stretching at a rate equal to its corresponding eigenvalue. For non-spinning steady sub-simple shearing there will always be two eigenvectors. The angle between the eigenvectors is dependent on the ratio of pure to simple shearing rates. This angle decreases as the pure shearing component decreases relative to the simple shearing component. Superimposed increments of pure shear and simple shear produce an equivalent set of non-rotated material lines but the deformation histories of these lines are rotational. The influence of eigendirections on geological structures is constrained by the rheology of a rock during deformation. In homogenous steady flow no influence may be obvious. Spatially periodic material softening along eigenvectors during bulk hardening may result in a complex fabric of intersecting shear zones. The geometry of the fabric elements provides important information on the bulk deformation of the rock, particularly on the bulk shear sense.
Trends and Determinants of Pharmacotherapy for Dyspepsia: Analysis of 3-Year Prescription Data in The Netherlands

(2003). Trends and Determinants of Pharmacotherapy for Dyspepsia: Analysis of 3-Year Prescription Data in The Netherlands. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology: Vol. 38, No. 6, pp. 676-677.
Effect of edge plasma radiation on erosion and damage to iter plasma facing and nearby components

Edge plasma behavior plays an essential role in the success of fusion devices by setting the boundary condition for the core plasma. Comprehensive understanding of tokamak edge plasma transport is important for several reasons including plasma stability and heat loads and lifetime of plasma-facing components (PFCs). During normal and disruptive operations in tokamak devices, radiation transport processes play important role in edge plasma dynamic and can be an indirect potential threat to the divertor and nearby components lifetime as well as the direct escaped core plasma impact. The recent upgraded HEIGHTS simulation package1,2 proved the necessity of integrated detail edge plasma transport in the whole SOL area domain. In particular, modeling of impurity contaminations drift with fine details of radiation transport to nearby component surfaces. In coupling with the earlier developed kinetic model of the core plasma escaping3, the radiation transport model was used for simulation of giant ELMs and disruptions in the current design of ITER device. This hybrid approach was enhanced using adaptive mesh refinement for mapping the complex 3D geometry of device walls and implementing nanoscale surface processes. The surfaces response to radiation fluxes from the evolving divertor plasma as a result of intense power deposition has been numerically modeled. Calculations show in agreement with previous studies2 the significant increase in radiation fluxes and damage risk of nearby divertor components during disruptions. From the same plasma core impact energy, the radiation fluxes from the developed divertor plasma increase with the material atomic number. The detailed radiation spectra were calculated and compared for carbon and tungsten as divertor plate materials. Significant damage risk was predicted for the open stainless steel legs of the dome in current ITER design during disruptions from tungsten-made divertor plates.
The Education of Librarians in an Electronically-Oriented Society

The changes accompanying the movement to an electronically- oriented society are seen as having a revolutionary influence on the nature of publishing and on library services. In professional circles there is much concern that library education programs prepare future librarians for work which may have little to do with formal communication limited to print on paper. The competencies favored by library leaders are reviewed, and the relationship of publishers, librarians, and library users is discussed in light of changes resulting from developing technologies. The ability of the profession to meet the library service needs of the next generation requires that library educators and practitioners join hands in educational programs, that these programs develop along interdisciplinary lines, and that organizational change in libraries respond to the changing nature of professional services.