cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perioperative tobacco use treatments: putting them into practice

Treatment for tobacco use is efficacious and beneficial to health. Although guidelines recommend that all patients who use tobacco are offered treatment as a part of their clinical care, implementing treatment has proven challenging. In the case of surgical patients, this lack of treatment is particularly unfortunate, as the benefits of abstinence from tobacco are immediate in terms of reducing the risk of surgical complications, including cardiovascular, respiratory, and wound related complications. Surgery also presents an opportunity for patients to quit for good and reduce the long term health risk. This review examines the principles of tobacco use treatment, the rationale for tobacco use treatment in the perioperative period, and how treatment can be incorporated into the routine care of surgical patients. The discipline of implementation science helps to frame these efforts by seeking to better understand how changes in clinical practice occur, and it has the potential to guide an evidence based approach to embedding tobacco treatment into the routine clinical care of surgical patients. This review uses the consolidated framework for implementation research, which includes five major domains, as a representative conceptual framework. A basic understanding of factors potentially important to successful implementation can help to guide clinicians who accept the challenge of implementing tobacco use treatment in surgical care.
Proactive Postdoc Mentoring

Abstract Early career advantages in academia tend to accumulate, providing future advantages to postdocs as their careers continue. Cumulative advantages can begin as early as in the training stage, where opportunities for success are primarily influenced by whether or not trainees have access to be engaged, positive and supportive mentoring relationships. Strong postdoc–faculty relationships have been demonstrated to influence the postdoc's career satisfaction and success (Davis, 2005) but can be challenging to establish and maintain. The nature of the postdoc position itself is a paradox of autonomy (Trevelyan, 2001), with expectations of both training and independence that can be a hard balance for postdocs and faculty mentors to mutually attain. Though lack of structured mentorship is a commonly reported mentoring challenge that limits postdoc advancement (Fetzer, 2008; Committee on Science, 2014), micromanaged postdocs also face limitations in developing the skill sets required for their next career step (Laudel & Glaser, 2008). Faculty mentors are also increasingly under strain due to pressures within the overall training system (Alberts et al., 2014). These challenges affect the postdoc–mentor relationship in many ways: (1) Juggling many of their own responsibilities limits the time faculty can commit to career mentoring and professional development; (2) Faculty have limited knowledge and experience of nonacademic careers, even though many of their postdocs will transition into those pathways; (3) Increased competition for research funding lowers faculty morale and increases the pressure on their trainees. In this chapter, we review the research-based mentoring literature and identify strategies that institutions and faculty can employ to mitigate some of the overarching challenges that negatively impact faculty mentoring practices and the postdoc–faculty relationship. Through case studies, we highlight critical aspects of positive postdoc–faculty mentoring relationships—establishing expectations, clear communication, fostering independence, and creating inclusive research and teaching environments.
Near-optimal energy allocation for self-powered wearable systems

Wearable internet of things (IoT) devices are becoming popular due to their small form factor and low cost. Potential applications include human health and activity monitoring by embedding sensors such as accelerometer, gyroscope, and heart rate sensor. However, these devices have severely limited battery capacity, which requires frequent recharging. Harvesting ambient energy and optimal energy allocation can make wearable IoT devices practical by eliminating the charging requirement. This paper presents a near-optimal runtime energy management technique by considering the harvested energy. The proposed solution maximizes the performance of the wearable device under minimum energy constraints. We show that the results of the proposed algorithm are, on average, within 3% of the optimal solution computed offline.
Claudia Piñeiro’s Elena Knows: How Parody in the Crime Novel Explores Disability and Feminism

In this chapter, Varas studies how parody has shaped the Latin American crime novel. Parody’s most subversive aspect, “appropriation,” is a concept that encourages the creative process in the region in general and, in particular, in the crime genre. The Argentinian Claudia Pineiro’s novel, Elena Sabe (Elena Knows) depicts the subversive and enriching aspects of parody in different ways. By revising the traditional detective novel formula, incorporating a gender critique, and including a discussion of disability, the novel opens new forms of reading gender and disability within the crime novel.
Supramolecular Arrays for The Efficient Conversion of Light into Chemical Energy in the Solid State

We recently solved the problem of achieving high quantum yield charge separation in the solid state using porphyrin-based donor-acceptor molecules. This has lead us to prepare supramolecular systems that are capable of high quantum yield, long-lived charge separation in the solid state. We report here on a pair of photosynthetic reaction center models consisting of a zinc porphyrin primary electron donor, ZP, positioned between a naphthoquinone electron acceptor, NQ, and an N,N,N,N-tetraalkyl-p-phenylenediamine secondary electron donor, TAPD. The resulting rigid structures place the TAPD donors at fixed 23 A and 18 A center-to-center distances from the NQ acceptors. Moreover, the orientation of the π systems of TAPD and NQ differ substantially between the two molecules. Excitation of ZP within each molecule in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran at 5 Κ results in two-step sequential electron transfer: TAPD-1*ZP-NQ -> TAPD-ZP+-NQ- -> TAPD+-ZP-NQ-. The final TAPD+-ZP-NQ- radical pairs each live for several milliseconds and exhibit spin-polarized EPR spectra characteristic of spin-correlated radical pairs. The EPR spectra of these long-lived, spin-polarized radical ion pairs closely mimic the bacteriochlorophyll dimer cation - quinone anion radical pair produced in photosynthetic reaction centers. One of these molecules stores 1.85 eV of energy for 4 ms with a 67% quantum yield in the solid state.
Growth and Synthesis of Nanostructured Thin Films

Nanostructured thin film (NSTF) is composed of thin layers of nanostructured objects such as nanoparticles, nanorods, nanotubes, nanowires, and nanoporous networks. Fabrication and synthesis of those nanostructured thin films are essential for exploring their properties and creating advanced applications. This chapter gives an overview of a range of synthesis methods for NSTFs, such as thermal vapor transport methods, catalyst-assisted fabrication methods, physical vapor deposition methods, chemical vapor deposition methods, sol–gel methods, diblock copolymer methods, spin coating methods, electrochemical deposition/etching methods, electrospinning methods, and template-based synthesis techniques. In the end, we have detailed an emerging nanofabrication method, the glancing angle deposition method, and its capability to design NSTF with different geometry and compositions.
How are Bright Galaxies Embedded within their Dark Matter Halos

Recent studies suggest that the orientations of large, bright galaxies within their dark matter halos are related to the morphologies of the galaxies themselves. Elliptical galaxies tend to be oriented such that, in projection on the sky, the mass (i.e., the dark matter) is well-aligned with the luminous galaxy. On the other hand, disk galaxies tend to be oriented such that their angular momentum vectors are aligned with the angular momenta of their halos. This results in a misalignment of mass and light, and has important implications for future studies that seek to measure the shapes of the dark matter halos that surround disk galaxies. 1. Bright Galaxies and Dark Matter Halos The idea that large, bright galaxies reside within massive, invisible halos of dark matter is well-accepted. In fact, if the currently-favored theory of structure formation, known as Cold Dark Matter (CDM), is correct, then the dark matter halos of galaxies like our own Milky Way are expected to completely dwarf the visible galaxies that reside within them. High-resolution computer simulations of CDM universes suggest that the dark matter halos of large, bright galaxies should extend to radii that are at least a factor of 10 larger than the radii of the visible galaxies (see, e.g., [1] and references therein). In addition, the simulations suggest that the dark matter halos should be 100 to 200 times more massive than the sum total of the visible material contained within the galaxies (i.e., the stars, the gas, and the dust). For all intents and purposes, then, the “mass” of a galaxy is the mass of its dark matter halo. Although the existence of dark matter halos is well-accepted, relatively few direct constraints exist for the sizes and shapes of the halos that surround the galaxies we observe in our Universe. The reason for this is simple: at present we cannot directly detect the dark matter halos at any wavelength of light. (In the future, however, it may be possible to detect the gamma rays that are produced when CDM particles in the dark matter halos annihilate.) If we wish to place strong constraints on the nature of the dark matter halos, we need a way to “see” that which is invisible. In the past, a number of different techniques have been used to study the dark matter halos of galaxies, and in all cases the techniques use some type of luminous material as a “tracer” of the gravitational potentials of the halos. Here I will focus on recent work that has been carried out with two of these techniques: satellite galaxies that orbit large “primary” galaxies, and weak gravitational lensing. Observationally, the most poorly constrained property of the dark matter halos is their overall shape distribution. CDM predicts that the halos are not spherical. Rather, they
Hormones and the Pilosebaceous Apparatus

Hair does not exist as an isolated structure: it is part of the total pilosebaceous unit. All of the components of the pilosebaceous unit are under endocrine control and, therefore, must be discussed together.
KINETICS OF HYDROGEN SEPARATION FROM REFINERY OFF-GAS

Adsorption and desorption kinetic curves for equimolar hydrogen – methane mixture on molecular sieve type 5A were experimentally obtained for pressure range 0.122 – 3.546 MPa.The linear driving force rate expression model was used to simulate the dynamic of adsorption and desorption in adiabatic fixed bed adsorber. The model takes into account the interference effects for non-linear isotherms and non-isothermal system. The equations were solved by backward finite difference method with a fixed gridding technique. The individual mass transfer parameters were obtained by matching the theoretical with the experimental data and found to be equal to 8.510 s-1 and 0.783 s-1 for hydrogen and methane, respectively.The predicted effluent histories were shown to be in close agreement with the experimental data for the system. The lowest relative capacity of the bed for methane was almost approximately 95% of that predicted equilibrium capacity. The predicted temperature profiles tracked the experimental temperature data points, but with higher values. Furthermore, the maximum temperature increasing was observed for the adsorption of methane onto 5A molecular sieve at 35 atmospheres and was recorded as 44 K.
The development and evaluation of a statewide training center for home visitors and supervisors

This paper informs practice in community-based home visiting workforce development by describing the development and evaluation of a university-based training certificate program for home visitors and supervisors. The Interactive Systems Framework for Dissemination and Implementation (ISF; Wandersman et al., 2008) guides our conceptualization and paper organization. The ISF describes the components involved in translating research findings into effective implementation of prevention programs. We describe implementation and lessons learned from seven development activities: (a) review of the literature, (b) survey of other training initiatives across the country, (c) focus groups with home visitors and supervisors, (d) consultation with individual home visitors, (e) creation of a state advisory board of home visiting providers and stakeholders, (f) evaluation of two pilot trainings, and (g) video development. We then present evaluation data from 49 home visitors and 23 supervisors who completed the training certificate program after the pilot trainings. Both home visitors and supervisors rated training satisfaction highly, reported significant increases in self-efficacy related to the training topics, and reported extensive use of motivational communication techniques, which are the foundational skills of the training content. These and other favorable results reflect the benefits of building on advances in theory and science-based practice and of involving providers and stakeholders repeatedly throughout the development process.
Unsupervised physics-based neural networks for seismic migration

AbstractWe have developed a novel framework for combining physics-based forward models and neural networks to advance seismic processing and inversion algorithms. Migration is an effective tool in ...
In Situ Deposition of Pd during Oxygen Reduction YieldsHighly Selective and Active Electrocatalysts for Direct H 2 O 2 Production

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a commodity chemical that serves as an oxidant and disinfectant for a number of historically important chemical end-use applications. Its synthesis can be made more sust...
The influence of the invasive process on behaviours in an intentionally introduced hybrid, Xiphophorus helleri–maculatus

Both intentionally and unintentionally introduced populations vary greatly in their ability to succeed as invasive species. What causes this extreme variability in success largely remains controversial. Understanding the extent to which these differences are due to aspects of the invasive process could lead to better mitigation of invasive species. We investigated the effect of the invasive process in selecting for individual behaviours and behavioural syndromes in the Xiphophorus helleri–maculatus hybrid, an intentionally introduced fish species. We measured three behaviours (boldness, aggression and exploration) known to play a role in invasive success across three populations representing different stages of invasion: fish from commercial breeding pools, from pet stores and from an established invasive population in Hawaii. We detected significant differences in boldness across populations, with a significant decrease from the breeding pool to the pet store and a significant increase from the pet store to the established invasive population. In addition, we detected behavioural syndromes between either two or all three behaviours that were significantly different across populations. Overall variation in behaviours was similar between breeding pool and pet store fish but appeared to decrease in the invasive population when compared to the pet store population, potentially leading to a more defined behavioural syndrome between exploration and aggression. Our results suggest that while aspects of the invasive process influenced boldness and behavioural syndromes, the increased variation, produced either through hybridization or relaxed selection in the pet trade, is at least partly responsible for the success of X. helleri–maculatus as an invasive species. Additional studies are needed to examine the source of the variation in the pet trade and its influence on the formation of behavioural syndromes in invasive populations.
Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) polymorphisms and prostate cancer risk

4908 Background: Nitric oxide synthases (NOS) are a family of enzymes responsible for the generation of nitric oxide produced during chronic inflammation and other mechanisms involving oxidative stress, which may play an important role in prostate carcinogenesis. Also, NOS are expressed in the human prostate. We investigated the association between selected genetic polymorphisms in NOS3 (endothelial NOS) and NOS2 (iNOS) and prostate cancer. Method: Cases and controls were selected from male participants in the screening arm of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer (PLCO) Screening Trial, with prostate cancer cases (n= 484) frequency matched to controls (n= 617), by age, race (whites, 1:1.2 and blacks, 1:4), time since initial screening, and year of blood draw. Cases included 277 with clinically significant disease (Stage III - IV or Gleason’s Grade>=7). Four SNPs were genotyped: (NOS3 Ex8-63G>T (E298D), NOS3 IVS7-26A>G, NOS2 IVS20+524G>A, NOS2 Ex16+14T>C (S608L), by TaqMan assay. Conditional logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between genetic polymorphisms and prostate cancer. Results: Overall, no statistically significant associations were observed between the four polymorphisms and prostate cancer. The NOS3 IVS7-26 G allele was associated with clinically significant prostate cancer in white men (OR=1.55, 95% CI = 1.10 - 2.19), compared to the AA genotype. Risk for clinically significant prostate cancer also increased among white men with NOS3 Ex8-63 GG genotype (OR=1.32, 95% CI=0.97-1.81). Carriers of both the NOS3 IVS7-26 G allele and the NOS3 Ex8-63 GG genotype had 1.7 fold increased risk of clinically significant prostate cancer (95% CI = 1.13 - 2.55). Conclusions: These results suggest that genetic polymorphisms of NOS3 are associated with risk of prostate cancer, particularly with clinically important disease.
Application of Amplon in combination with peroxyacetic acid for the reduction of nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Reading on skin-on, bone-in tom turkey drumsticks.

Peroxyacetic acid (PAA) has become an important component of pathogen reduction in poultry processing, but there are potential concerns for continued exposure. The objective was to evaluate the effects of PAA and Amplon (AMP) used alone or in the combination. Bone-in tom turkey drumsticks (N = 100, n = 10, k = 5, 0 and 24 h) per study were obtained and inoculated with either nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium or Salmonella Reading (64 μg/mL). The inocula were allowed to adhere to the drums at 4°C for 60 min for a final attachment of 108 and 107 cfu/g per S. Typhimurium and S. Reading, respectively. Drumsticks were treated with a no-treatment control; tap water, pH 8.5 (TW); TW+500 ppm PAA, pH 3.5 (PAA); TW+500 ppm AMP, pH 1.3 (AMP); TW + PAA + AMP (PAA + AMP). Treatments were applied as short duration dips (30 s) and allowed to drip for 2 min. After treatment, drums were stored at 4°C until microbial analyses at 0 and 24 h. Drums were rinsed in neutralizing buffered peptone water and spot plated for total aerobes and Salmonella. Bacterial counts were log10 transformed and analyzed using n-way ANOVA. All treatments reduced S. Reading on turkey legs at both 0 and 24 h (P < 0.0001; P < 0.0001). At 24 h, drums treated with PAA + AMP (3.92 log10 cfu/g) had less S. Reading than no-treatment control, TW, and AMP. Treatment by time interactions were observed for total aerobes among drums in both studies (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001) and Salmonella among drums inoculated with S. Typhimurium (P < 0.0001). During the S. Reading and S. Typhimurium study, all treatments reduced Salmonella and total aerobes on drums. During the S. Typhimurium study, drums treated with PAA + AMP had the lowest numerical load of S. Typhimurium and total aerobes. The combination of AMP + PAA may exhibit a synergistic effect in reducing Salmonella on turkey drums, thus increasing the safety of turkey products for consumers.
Dentate Nucleus Neuronal Density: A Postmortem Study of Essential Tremor Versus Control Brains

Background Essential tremor involves the cerebellum, yet quantitative analysis of dentate nucleus neurons has not been conducted. Objectives To quantitatively compare neuronal density or neuronal number in the dentate nucleus of essential tremor versus age-matched controls. Methods Using a 7-μm thick Luxol fast blue hematoxylin and eosin-stained paraffin section, dentate nucleus neuronal density (neurons/mm2 ) was determined in 25 essential tremor cases and 25 controls. We also applied a stereological approach in a subset of four essential tremor cases and four controls to estimate total dentate nucleus neuronal number. Results Dentate nucleus neuronal density did not differ between essential tremor cases and controls (P = 0.44). Total dentate nucleus neuronal number correlated with neuronal density (P = 0.007) and did not differ between essential tremor cases and controls (P = 0.95). Conclusions Neuronal loss, observed in the Purkinje cell population in essential tremor, did not seem to similarly involve the dentate nucleus in essential tremor. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Personality Assessment Inventory Clinical Scales in Relation to Patient and Therapist Rated Alliance Early in Treatment.

We examined relationships between the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) clinical scales (e.g., Somatic Complaints [SOM]) and subscales (e.g., Conversion [SOM-C]) with patient- and therapist-ra...
Persepsi Mahasiswa Tingkat Dasar dalam Membedakan Nada Kedua dan Ketiga Bahasa Mandarin

Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis persepsi mahasiswa tingkat dasar dalam membedakan nada kedua dan ketiga dalam bahasa mandarin, apakah tergolong jenis category perception atau continuum perception. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode tes yang terbagi menjadi tes penggolongan stimulus bunyi dan tes penentuan sama atau tidaknya sepasang stimulus bunyi yang diperdengarkan. Peserta dari penelitian ini adalah 18 orang mahasiswa semester 1 dengan tingkat kemampuan bahasa Mandarin dasar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan jenis persepsi mahasiswa dengan kemampuan berbahasa Mandarin tingkat dasar tergolong persepsi kontinuitas ( continuum perception). Ini dikarenakan hasil tes penggolongan bunyi menunjukkan mahasiswa mempersepsi adanya batasan kategori antara nada kedua dan ketiga, namun tidak signifikan. Pada tes, ketepatan jawaban mahasiswa dalam membedakan sama atau tidaknya nada yang didengar sangat rendah. Selain itu, tingkat kepekaan mahasiswa dalam membedakan stimulus-stimulus bunyi turun-naik yang menjadi ciri nada kedua dan ketiga dalam bahasa Mandarin juga masih rendah. Kata Kunci - Kategori Persepsi ; S econd-tone; T hird-tone; Bahasa Cina
Soft Tissue Tumors

Soft tissue pathology remains one of the great difficulties of surgical pathology. In this area, a combination of remarkable morphologic variety, relative rarity of many individual entities, simulation between benign, intermediate, and malignant entities, and rapidly expanding understanding of the molecular pathogenesis conspire to render an entire diagnostic field challenging to study, follow, and practice. In particular, the accelerating discovery of molecular alterations, many pathognomonic of or at least characteristic to a given lesion, forms a double-edged sword. While each molecular discovery brings translational potential to enable personalization of diagnosis, prognosis, or therapeutic prediction (often, in soft tissue tumors these latter parameters emanating from precision of diagnosis), the sheer number of entities and the proliferation of molecular features grows ever more dizzying. For instance, a very recent, magisterial review on the role of cytogenetics and molecular diagnostics in soft tissue pathology noted that of the well over 100 lesions in the Fourth Edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Tumors of Soft Tissue and Bone, published in 2013 [1], nearly half show recurrent genetic abnormalities [2].
Is a Merchandise Credit Strategy a Boon or Bane? Effect of Customer Loyalty on Firms' Returns Policy

Return policies are ubiquitous, and customer-friendly returns policies benefit retailers through greater customer demand. However, offering such policies also increases the cost of returns handling, impacting retailers' profitability negatively. Therefore, firms need to design optimal returns policies. Cash refund and merchandise credit are two policies commonly used by retailers, and understanding the factors influencing the choice between these returns policies is vital from an industry perspective. Although there is a vast literature on returns policies, this facet of returns policy choice has not been addressed in the extant literature. In this paper, we attempt to fill this important research gap by exploring the effect of heterogeneity among consumers (whether they are loyal to the retailer or not) on the choice of returns policy (full cash refund vs. merchandise credit). Interestingly, our analysis shows that a full cash refund policy could be more profitable under some given conditions. Further, we highlight the conditions under which a merchandise credit policy could simultaneously benefit consumers and firms relative to a cash refund policy. Our analysis suggests that the proportion of loyal consumers, salvage value, product trial value, and product fit are significant determinants of the optimal returns policy. The results and insights presented in our paper provide valuable guidance to retailers and policymakers.
Posterior Slope Reducing Osteotomy With Concomitant Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Background:Modern techniques for graft choice, preparation, and fixation for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction demonstrate excellent longevity and return-to-play rates; however, up to...
Characterization of Phycocyanin from Chroomonas Species

Abstract Phycocyanin, a chromoprotein from Chroomonas sp., is characterized in regard to its size, subunit structure, amino acid composition, and spectroscopic properties. It is a monodisperse protein of 50,000 daltons and is composed of two polypeptide chains of 10,000 and two chains of 16,000 daltons. The proposed structure of the "native" protein is α2β2. The s020,w is 4.4 S, and the partial specific volume is 0.73. Unlike C-phycocyanin, a functionally related chromoprotein from blue-green and red algae, phycocyanin does not form a number of different aggregates. We suggest that the absence of these larger aggregates is related to its in vivo location. The amino acid composition of phycocyanin from Chroomonas sp. differs extensively from that of C-phycocyanin, with much greater amounts of serine, half-cystine, and lysine. Likewise, the circular dichroism and fluorescence spectra are very different, indicating major functional modifications.
The J. Golden Kimball Stories

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Eric A. Eliason Year: 2007 Pages: 208 Publisher: University of Illinois Press ISBN: 978-0-252-03196-0 (hard cover). Prices: $50.00 USD(hard cover).
Supporting the Requirements for Multilevel Secure and Real-Time Databases in Distributed Environments

Conflicts in database systems with both real-time and security requirements can sometimes be unresolvable. We attack this problem by allowing a database to have partial security in order to improve on real-time performance when necessary. By our definition, systems that are partially secure allow security violations between only certain levels. We present the ideas behind a specification language that allows database designers to specify important properties of their database at an appropriate level. In order to help the designers, we developed a tool that scans a database specification and finds all unresolvable conflicts. Once the conflicts are located, the tool takes the database designer through an interactive process to generate rules for the database to follow during execution when these conflicts arise. We briefly describe the BeeHive distributed database system, and discuss how our approach can fit into the BeeHive architecture.
Trigonometric Series and Set Theory

This is a short historical survey concerning the interactions between the theory of trigonometric series and descriptive set theory. We concentrate here on the area related to problems of uniqueness for trigonometric series. Detailed historical and bibliographical references can be found in the books and survey papers listed at the end.
Until People Are Given the Right to Be Human Again: Voices of American Indian Men on Domestic Violence and Traditional Cultural Values

Domestic violence is a serious social problem in contemporary American Indian communities and research is critical to create and evaluate prevention and intervention strategies. This small qualitative study sought to discover the ways in which men from a single reservation community with histories of domestic violence define and perceive domestic violence within the cultural context. The narratives held themes of intergenerational family violence and dysfunction, alcoholism, racism, isolation, deep grief, and remorse. Each of the narratives also revealed themes of healing and hope through connecting with elders, learning spiritual traditions and strengthening cultural identity as a means for achieving sobriety and lives of nonviolence.
Improving 3D Reconstruction from STEM Data

The successful implementation of spherical aberration correction in the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) is one of the most significant accomplishments in electron optics in the last few decades. Correction of magnetic lens aberrations to the third order has led to significant improvements in point resolution and signal-to-noise ratio, expanding the range of accessible lattice spacings into the sub-Angstrom regime [1]. The greatly reduced depth of field of the aberrationcorrected STEM probes has also enabled three-dimensional imaging by optical sectioning [2]. Fig. 1 shows a 3D rendered STEM data set of a (Pt, Au)/TiO2 catalyst sample. The data has been acquired using a VG Microscopes HB603U STEM at ORNL. The metal particles appear elongated in the depth direction, reflecting the defocus spread of the STEM probe. Deconvolution techniques similar to those used in confocal optical microscopy can help achieve closer correspondence with the real structure of the material [2].
Low Frequency Motions of a Carboxylesterase and their Relation to Substrate Selectivity and Catalytic Activity

Carboxylesterase (CEs) are ubiquitous enzymes responsible for the detoxification of xenobiotics. CEs can metabolize and hydrolyze a variety of esterified drugs, including the anticancer agent CPT-11. The specificity of CEs for a particular substrate or inhibitor depends on the enzyme's molecular structure and the dynamics of conformational substructures when a substrate is bound. We have used computational techniques to understand differences in substrate selectivity of CEs. First, we used 10ns molecular dynamics simulations (MD) to identify the loop region of high fluctuation in a CE from B. subtilis - pnbCE. Then we used normal mode analysis to find the lowest frequency mode which represented the largest global motion of pnbCE. Both computational methods were able to identify these two flexible loop regions. Our hypothesis is that the molecular dynamics of this loop region is correlated with substrate conversion efficiency for selected CEs. These experiments provide the first data toward testing this hypothesis.
Bisexuality: A Contemporary Paradox for Women

The cultural construction of ‘lesbian’ and ‘heterosexual’ women in late-nineteenth-century European cultures created both the possibility of conceiving the “bisexual” woman and the belief that bisexuality cannot exist. Social scientists have suggested several alternatives to dichotomous constructions of sexuality to facilitate the conceptualization of, and therefore empirical research on, bisexuality. This article reviews these alternatives and summarizes the current state of researchon bisexuality, including research on ‘situational homosexuality’ (behavioral bisexuality), recent national probability studies on sexual behaviors and identities in the United States, the meanings of bisexual self-identities among women, masculinist biases in methods of assessing and theorizing sexual self-identities, and prejudice against bisexuals. The article concludes with suggestions for future social scientific research on bisexuality.
Diffusion into rat brain of contrast and shift reagents for magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy

A sensitive radiotracer technique was used to measure transfer constants (Kis) for blood to brain diffusion of the MR contrast reagent gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (GdDTPA2-) and the MR shift reagent dysprosium triethylenetetraminehexaacetate (DyTTHA3-) across the normal and the ischemically injured blood-brain barrier (BBB) of rats. In rats with a normal BBB mean Kis (nL/g/s) for these reagents ranged from 0.3 to 1.4 across eight brain regions and were significantly lower in each region than Kis for sucrose (1.5-3.2), a substance known to be a poor permeant of the intact BBB. Kis measured 6 h after a 10 min period of normothermic forebrain ischemia were increased to 4.0-6.2 (reagents) and 6.6-7.5 (sucrose) in two brain regions, striatum and hippocampus, known to be especially vulnerable to ischemic injury. Measurements of BBB permeability to DyTTHA3- after osmotic opening of the barrier with hypertonic arabinose gave Kis of 25-30 in forebrain regions. Estimates of reagent concentrations in brain interstitial fluid 30 min after dosing the animals indicated that both an extremely high dose of DyTTHA3- and severe disruption of the BBB would be required to shift the resonance frequency of extracellular Na+ appreciably. With the moderate degrees of BBB injury produced by short-term ischemia, a dose of GdDTPA2- about 25 times the usual clinical dose of 0.1 mmol/kg would be required to quantify the injury by dynamic MRI.
Neuroimmunological Blood Brain Barrier Opening in Experimental Cerebral Malaria

Plasmodium falciparum malaria is responsible for nearly one million annual deaths worldwide. Because of the difficulty in monitoring the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria in humans, we conducted a study in various mouse models to better understand disease progression in experimental cerebral malaria (ECM). We compared the effect on the integrity of the blood brain barrier (BBB) and the histopathology of the brain of P. berghei ANKA, a known ECM model, P. berghei NK65, generally thought not to induce ECM, P. yoelii 17XL, originally reported to induce human cerebral malaria-like histopathology, and P. yoelii YM. As expected, P. berghei ANKA infection caused neurological signs, cerebral hemorrhages, and BBB dysfunction in CBA/CaJ and Swiss Webster mice, while Balb/c and A/J mice were resistant. Surprisingly, PbNK induced ECM in CBA/CaJ mice, while all other mice were resistant. P. yoelii 17XL and P. yoelii YM caused lethal hyperparasitemia in all mouse strains; histopathological alterations, BBB dysfunction, or neurological signs were not observed. Intravital imaging revealed that infected erythrocytes containing mature parasites passed slowly through capillaries making intimate contact with the endothelium, but did not arrest. Except for relatively rare microhemorrhages, mice with ECM presented no obvious histopathological alterations that would explain the widespread disruption of the BBB. Intravital imaging did reveal, however, that postcapillary venules, but not capillaries or arterioles, from mice with ECM, but not hyperparasitemia, exhibit platelet marginalization, extravascular fibrin deposition, CD14 expression, and extensive vascular leakage. Blockage of LFA-1 mediated cellular interactions prevented leukocyte adhesion, vascular leakage, neurological signs, and death from ECM. The endothelial barrier-stabilizing mediators imatinib and FTY720 inhibited vascular leakage and neurological signs and prolonged survival to ECM. Thus, it appears that neurological signs and coma in ECM are due to regulated opening of paracellular-junctional and transcellular-vesicular fluid transport pathways at the neuroimmunological BBB.
Desmoid-type fibromatosis-associated Gardner fibromas: prevalence and impact on local recurrence.

Although Gardner fibroma is a precursor lesion of desmoid tumor, the prevalence and prognostic importance of Gardner fibroma associated with desmoid tumors has not been systematically studied in adults. From 129 patients with desmoid-type fibromatosis, 170 specimens were re-examined for the presence of an associated Gardner fibroma. Clinicopathologic features of Gardner fibroma-associated desmoid-type fibromatosis were compared to desmoid tumors without associated Gardner fibroma. Recurrence-free survival was compared using multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression to account for known confounding factors. Of 104 evaluable primary desmoid tumor resections, 25 (24%) had an associated Gardner fibroma. When previous incisional biopsies and resection specimens of locally recurrent desmoid tumors were also examined, the overall prevalence of associated Gardner fibroma was 37%. Desmoid tumors arising in high risk anatomic sites (extremities or deep soft tissues of the back and chest wall) were more often associated with Gardner fibroma than tumors at other sites. Median recurrence-free survival for patients with Gardner fibroma-associated desmoid-type fibromatosis was 3.2 years, whereas median survival for patients without associated Gardner fibroma was >25 years (hazard ratio 2.8; P = 0.001). Although the presence of Gardner fibroma had no impact on the recurrence rate of desmoid tumors arising at high risk anatomic sites, associated Gardner fibroma increased the risk of recurrence 4-fold for desmoid tumors at low risk anatomic sites. Associated Gardner fibroma is under-recognized in desmoid-type fibromatosis and increases the risk of local recurrence for a subgroup of patients.
Plaque radiotherapy for juxtapapillary choroidal melanoma: tumor control in 650 consecutive cases.

Purpose To evaluate treatment of juxtapapillary choroidal melanoma with plaque radiotherapy and to investigate the role of supplemental transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT). Design Retrospective, comparative case series. Participants We included 650 consecutive eyes with juxtapapillary choroidal melanoma within 1 mm of the optic disc. Methods Eyes with juxtapapillary choroidal melanoma receiving plaque radiotherapy over a 31-year period from October 1974 to November 2005 were included in the study. The TTT and no TTT groups were analyzed separately and compared. Main Outcome Measures Local tumor control, metastasis, and tumor-related mortality. Results The median basal tumor diameter was 10 mm (range, 1.5–21) and median thickness was 3.5 mm (range, 0.5–14.8). In 481 eyes (74%), the tumor was directly adjacent to the optic disc and in 169 eyes (26%) the posterior tumor margin was between 0.1 and 1.0 mm from the optic disc. The circumpapillary extent of the tumor was 8 clock-hours in 79 eyes (12%). Plaque radiotherapy using iodine-125 in 616 eyes (95%), cobalt-60 in 19 eyes (3%), iridium-192 in 12 eyes (2%), and ruthenium-106 in 3 eyes ( P P P P = 0.020). Conclusions Plaque radiotherapy for juxtapapillary melanoma provides local tumor control in approximately 80% of eyes at 10 years. In subjects who received TTT, there was slight but nonsignificant improved local tumor control and lower metastatic rate. Financial Disclosure(s) The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any of the materials discussed in this article.
Protected paste volume in concrete: Extension to internal curing using saturated lightweight fine aggregate

Abstract One difficulty in the field use of high-performance concrete is the extensive self-desiccation and autogenous shrinkage that may occur due to its low water/cement ratio and the addition of silica fume to the mixture proportions. Several researchers have proposed the use of saturated lightweight aggregates to provide “internal” curing for the concrete. In this communication, simple equations are developed to estimate the replacement level needed to ensure adequate water for complete curing of the concrete. Additionally, a three-dimensional concrete microstructural model is applied to determine the fraction of the cement paste within a given distance from the lightweight aggregate surfaces. The simulation results are compared with analytical approximations developed previously. This new concept for curing is similar to the protected paste volume concept conventionally applied to characterizing air void systems in air-entrained concrete.
Effects of treadmill exercise on behavioral recovery and neural changes in the substantia nigra and striatum of the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-lesioned mouse.

Our goal was to extend our understanding of the neural changes behind motor recovery with treadmill exercise in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-lesioned mouse. We determined the extent of dopamine (DA) terminal changes using western immunoblotting [striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)] and alterations in the mean number of DA cells/section by immunohistochemistry and Nissl staining [TH-labeled cells and thionin-stained cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SN-PC)]. We measured recovery of gait performance and amount of spontaneous physical activity using the parallel rod activity chamber (PRAC). We hypothesized that the decrease in TH-labeled neurons in the SN-PC due to MPTP will be partially reversed by treadmill exercise, leading to recovery of motor behavior as measured by the PRAC. Following MPTP or vehicle administration, mice ran on the treadmill for 1 hour per day at 18 cm/s, 5 days per week. Results showed that treadmill exercise improves gait performance and increases physical activity while promoting increased protein expression of striatal DAT and TH. Exercise was effective for all mice, however effects of early treadmill-based intervention appear to have an additional and unique benefit in mice who received MPTP. We are the first to show that, even following a nearly 50% decrease in the mean number of TH-labeled neurons/section in the SN-PC following MPTP, treadmill exercise leads to an increase of neurons in the SN-PC and improved motor behavior.
Fashion advertising: Does age, body type or ethnicity influence consumers' perceptions?

The effect that the image of the fashion model had on consumer perceptions of a product was explored. An image of models typically found in fashion advertisements (mainstream models) and three different images of fashion models (older, larger and African‐American peripheral models) which were less frequently used in fashion advertisements, were presented as the stimulus. Stimulus photographs and the Perception of Advertisement Scale were used to investigate the impressions consumers formed toward the model. Hypotheses 1, 2 and 3 were partially accepted. Results revealed that: (1) mainstream and African‐American models were rated far more favourably for attractiveness; (2) the product (a pair of gold earrings) was thought to reflect the personality of older, larger and African‐American models but not the mainstream model (respondents tended to be indifferent to the product); and (3) respondents tended to find the older model more credible than other models. Implications for peripheral market segments are given.
The historical trajectory of the black family: Ethnic differences in leaving home over the twentieth century

This article examines the historical trajectory of the Black family by documenting changes in leaving home among race and ethnic groups in the United States over the course of the twentieth century. The analysis uses data from the National Survey of Families and Households, a retrospective study of 13,008 US adults interviewed in 1987/88 about their past and current family experiences. A competing risks, proportional hazards statistical analysis allows an evaluation of the changing probabilities of leaving home by a given route (e.g., marriage, school, military). The article contrasts the effects of being Black, Hispanic, or non-Hispanic White on leaving home, distinguishing patterns early in the twentieth century (World War II or earlier) from those current during two periods later in the century (the baby boom years, Vietnam and after). There were major racial changes in ages at leaving home and in the routes taken out of the home. Trend data show convergences between White nonHispanics and Hispanics bu...
Epidemiology of drug overdose in children

Childhood drug overdoses are a continuing important public health problem. Although drug overdoses are no longer the important cause of childhood mortality they once were, such poisonings account for highly frequent and unacceptable instances of childhood injuries. These poisonings exact a high cost from society. They result in many emergency department visits and hospitalisations, with the attendant indirect costs of suffering, parental anxiety, and lost days of work or school. Childhood drug overdoses are preventable; those children and families at highest risk show identifiable characteristics, and the medications which pose the greatest hazard to children have already been identified. These injuries divert expensive and scarce medical resources from society's other health problems. Thus, clinicians must do more to prevent childhood drug overdoses whenever possible.
Increased affinity and number of insulin receptors in the fetus

Insulin has been implicated as a growth factor in fetal life. Clinical and experimental studies have shown that fetal hyperinsulinism leads to macrosomia. Studies in adult humans have demonstrated that changes in insulin binding to mononuclear cells mirror changes in other tissues. In an attempt to clarify the role of insulin in the fetus, we have studied insulin receptors on mononuclear leukocytes in cord blood from 12 normal newborns. Eight healthy young adults served as controls. The average specific binding in the absence of unlabelled insulin was 24.3 ± 3.5% and 4.7 ± 0.9% in newborns and adults respectively. This increase in binding is caused by an increase in number of receptor sites per cell, as well as by an increase in receptor affinity. The newborns had an average of 44600 receptor sites per cell compared with 7100 for the adult controls. An average affinity constant Ke was 5.9 × 108M−1 for newborns, and 2.9 × 108M−1 for the adults. This finding of markedly high concentrations of high affinity receptors for insulin on fetal cells may reflect the importance of insulin in intrauterine growth and development.
Gender and cardiovascular disease recent insights.

Cardiovascular disease is rare in premenopausal women compared with men in similar age groups. After menopause, however, the gender difference in cardiovascular disease diminishes, and there is an increased incidence of coronary risk and events in women. Although a number of factors contribute to the development of atherosclerotic disease in women, estrogen replacement therapy reduces cardiovascular risk. Potential molecular mechanisms for the antiatherosclerotic effects of estrogen are discussed here. It is proposed that lipid-lowering and antioxidant properties of estrogen synergize to elicit the observed vasoprotective effects. These processes are discussed in the context of balloon-injury models and hypercholesterolemia. (Trends Cardiovasc Med 1997;7:94-100). © 1997, Elsevier Science Inc.