cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biosynthesis of tryptophan and gramine in young barley shoots

Abstract Shikimic acid-G-C14 (i.e. generally labelled), anthranilic acid-G-C14, indole-2-C14, serine-3-C14 and indolyllactic acid-β-C14 were found to be a good precursor of bound tryptophan in young barley shoots. It is likely that tryptophan is formed in barley by the same route established for Escherichia coli.1–5 Tryptophan was readily converted to gramine in agreement with the prior observations of Marion et al.10–13 and compounds converted readily to tryptophan were fairly good precursorsof gramine. Serine-3-C14 gave gramine with about twice as much C14 in the methyl groups as in the rst of the molecule, whereas gramine formed from indole-2-C14 or anthranilic acid-G-C14 was not labelled in the methyl groups. Indolylacetic acid, indolylacetonitrile, indolylacetaldehyde, indolylacrylic acid and tryptamine were not readily converted to either tryptophan or gramine. Gramine was not converted back to tryptophan. None of the compounds tested appeared to be intermediates in the formation of gramine from tryptophan.
Effective Attenuation of Cellular Glutathione Reductase Activities by Transgenic Expression of Dominant Negative Mutants

Effective Attenuation of Cellular Glutathione Reductase Activities by Transgenic Expression of Dominant Negative Mutants
On the Spectra of Left-Definite Operators

If A is a self-adjoint operator that is bounded below in a Hilbert space H, Littlejohn and Wellman (J Diff Equ 181(2):280–339, 2002) showed that, for each r > 0, there exists a unique Hilbert space H r and a unique self-adjoint operator A r in H r satisfying certain conditions dependent on H and A. The space H r and the operator A r are called, respectively, the rth left-definite space and rth left-definite operator associated with (H, A). In this paper, we show that the operators A, A r , and A s (r, s > 0) are isometrically isomorphically equivalent and that the spaces H, H r , and H s (r, s > 0) are isometrically isomorphic. These results are then used to reproduce the left-definite spaces and left-definite operators. Furthermore, we will see that our new results imply that the spectra of A and A r are equal, giving us another proof of this phenomenon that was first established in Littlejohn and Wellman (J Diff Equ 181(2):280–339, 2002).
Rapid repeated cloning of mutant lac repressor genes.

Abstract We have developed a procedure to efficiently recover lac represser mutations ( lacI − ) from F' lac onto a single-stranded M13 phage vector. The recovery is based on homologous recombination between F' lac and an M13 lac vector. This vector, mRS81, carries the entire Escherichia coli lacI gene as well as the adjacent a-complementation region of the lacZ gene, inserted in the Aval site of the M13 ori region. It also carries a single point mutation in lacZ − α which abolishes its α-complementing ability. Recovery of lacI − genes from F is based on the conversion of this lacI + Z − α. phage to lacI − Z + a by recombination with F' lacI − Z + . This double exchange restores its a-complementing ability in the absence of any inducer of the lac operon. Detection requires a lacI − α-complementation host, which was also constructed in this study. The procedure was developed to obtain rapid nucleotide sequence information on large collections of lacI mutants for the purpose of studying mutational mechanisms and specificities.
The genetic potential for key biogeochemical processes in Arctic frost flowers and young sea ice revealed by metagenomic analysis

Newly formed sea ice is a vast and biogeochemically active environment. Recently, we reported an unusual microbial community dominated by members of the Rhizobiales in frost flowers at the surface of Arctic young sea ice based on the presence of 16S gene sequences related to these strains. Here, we use metagenomic analysis of two samples, from a field of frost flowers and the underlying young sea ice, to explore the metabolic potential of this surface ice community. The analysis links genes for key biogeochemical processes to the Rhizobiales, including dimethylsulfide uptake, betaine glycine turnover, and halocarbon production. Nodulation and nitrogen fixation genes characteristic of terrestrial root-nodulating Rhizobiales were generally lacking from these metagenomes. Non-Rhizobiales clades at the ice surface had genes that would enable additional biogeochemical processes, including mercury reduction and dimethylsulfoniopropionate catabolism. Although the ultimate source of the observed microbial community is not known, considerations of the possible role of eolian deposition or transport with particles entrained during ice formation favor a suspended particle source for this microbial community.
Contour resolution of the EyeSys Corneal Analysis System

We investigated the accuracy of a conventional videokeratography instrument (Corneal Analysis System, EyeSys Laboratories) to measure contour information using specialized software developed by the manufacturer. Seven calibrated spheres were measured and the results tabulated. A contour resolution for all spheres for all reflected rings was found to be ±0.0047 mm, representing a 95% confidence interval. This level of resolution is high enough to obtain clinical value from using the EyeSys instrument as a contour measuring device.
Stability of Rice Grain and Whole Kernel Milling Yield is Affected by Cultivar and Date of Planting

The objectives of this study were to evaluate rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar stability and to characterize different planting dates for their consistency in grain yield and milling. Eight rice cultivars and seven planting dates were evaluated from 2003 to 2005 for a total of 19 yr x planting date environments. The coefficient of variation of cultivars and planting dates, a measure of relative variation that approximates stability, were compared along with mean performance to demonstrate a new method for interaction between the genotype x environment (GEI) evaluation of multi-environment datasets. Planting date was the most significant component of the total variation in grain yield due to environment while year, as a source of variation, was more significant for whole kernel milling yield. 'Jupiter,' a medium-grain type, was the highest yielding cultivar in the study but was also one of the least stable as evidenced by a large coefficient of variation. 'Cypress' and 'CL161' were among the most stable cultivars and exhibited high grain and whole kernel milling yields suggesting that they would be ideal cultivar selections for planting at less than optimum times or when abnormal conditions occur for rice planted during the recommended timeframe. Based on high grain and milling yields and consistent performance across years and cultivars, the optimum date for planting rice at this location was PD4. The methods and statistics we demonstrated in this study do not require expensive commercial software packages, are simple to compute and easily interpreted, and should have widespread applicability across most crops and locations.
Tree-ring dated landslide movements and their relationship to seismic events in southwestern Montana, USA

To determine periods of incremental landslide movement and their possible relationship to regional seismic events, the tree-ring records of 32 tilted and damaged conifers at three sites on landslides in the Gravelly Range of southwestern Montana were examined. Several signs of disturbance in the tree-ring record indicating landslide movement were observed. Commonly, the tree-ring record displayed a marked reduction in annual ring width and/or the reaction wood formation. The tree-ring records from the three landslide sites indicate multiple periods of movement during the 20th century. Many of the periods of movement indicated by the strongest signals (most trees) at the sites occurred the year following significant earthquakes in the region. Those seismic events for which evidence in the tree-ring record was found at one or more of the three sites are the 1983 Borah Peak, 1959 Hebgen Lake, 1935 Helena, 1925 Clarkson, and 1908 Virginia City earthquakes. This study suggests that many of the landslide movements were triggered by, or are coincident with, earthquakes as much as 200 km from the study area.
A general theory of the development of finite-amplitude disturbances in the unstable laminar wake behind plane bodies at hypersonic speeds.

Finite amplitude disturbance development in unstable laminar wake behind plane bodies at hypersonic speed described by generalized theory
Dominant-negative inhibition of receptor-mediated endocytosis by a dynamin-1 mutant with a defective pleckstrin homology domain

Abstract The dynamins are 100 kDa GTPases involved in the scission of endocytic vesicles from the plasma membrane [1]. Dynamin-1 is present in solution as a tetramer [2], and undergoes further self-assembly following its recruitment to coated pits to form higher-order oligomers that resemble ‘collars' around the necks of nascent coated buds [1,3]. GTP hydrolysis by dynamin in these collars is thought to accompany the ‘pinching off' of endocytic vesicles [1,4]. Dynamin contains a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain that binds phosphoinositides [5,6], which in turn enhance both the GTPase activity [5,7,8] and self-assembly [9,10] of dynamin. We recently showed that the dynamin PH domain binds phosphoinositides only when it is oligomeric [6]. Here, we demonstrate that interactions between the dynamin PH domain and phosphoinositides are important for dynamin function in vivo . Full-length dynamin-1 containing mutations that abolish phosphoinositide binding by its PH domain was a dominant-negative inhibitor of receptor-mediated endocytosis. Mutated dynamin-1 with both a defective PH domain and impaired GTP binding and hydrolysis also inhibited receptor-mediated endocytosis. These findings suggest that the role of the PH domain in dynamin function differs from that seen for other PH domains. We propose that high-avidity binding to phosphoinositide-rich regions of the membrane by the multiple PH domains in a dynamin oligomer is critical for dynamin's ability to complete vesicle budding.
A Drosophila Microsomal Triglyceride Transfer Protein Homolog Promotes the Assembly and Secretion of Human Apolipoprotein B IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMAN AND INSECT LIPID TRANSPORT AND METABOLISM

The assembly and secretion of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in vertebrates requires apolipoprotein B (apoB) and the endoplasmic reticulum-localized cofactor, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP). Invertebrates, particularly insects, transport the majority of their neutral and polar lipids in lipophorins; however, the assembly of lipophorin precursor particles was presumed to be MTP-independent. A Drosophila melanogaster expressed gene sequence (CG9342), displaying 23% identity with human MTP, was recently identified. When coexpressed in COS cells, CG9342 promoted the assembly and secretion of apoB34 and apoB41 (N-terminal 34 and 41% of human apoB). The apoB34-containing particles assembled by human MTP and CG9342 displayed similar peak densities of ∼1.169 g/ml and similar lipid compositions. However, CG9342 displayed differential sensitivities to two inhibitors of human MTP and low vesicle-based lipid transfer activity, in vitro. In addition, important predicted structural distinctions exist between the human and Drosophila proteins suggesting overlapping but not identical functional roles. We conclude that CG9342 and human MTP are orthologs that share only a subset of functions, consistent with known differences in intracellular and extracellular aspects of vertebrate and invertebrate lipid transport and metabolism.
Rotavirus NSP1-Mediates Degradation of Interferon Regulatory Factors Through Targeting of the Dimerization Domain

Rotavirus nonstructural protein NSP1 can inhibit expression of interferon (IFN) and IFN-stimulated gene products by inducing proteasome-mediated degradation of IFN-regulatory factors (IRFs), including IRF3, IRF5, and IRF7. All IRF proteins share an N-terminal DNA-binding domain (DBD), and IRF3, IRF5, and IRF7 contain a similar C-proximal IRF association domain (IAD) that mediates IRF dimerization. An autoinhibitory domain (ID) at the extreme C terminus interacts with the IAD, burying residues necessary for IRF dimerization. Phosphorylation of serine/threonine residues in the ID induces charge repulsions that unmask the IAD, enabling IRF dimerization and subsequent nuclear translocation. To define the region of IRF proteins targeted for degradation by NSP1, we generated IRF3 and IRF7 truncation mutants and transiently expressed each with simian SA11-4F NSP1. These assays indicated that the IAD represented a necessary and sufficient target for degradation. Because NSP1 did not mediate degradation of truncated forms of the IAD, NSP1 likely requires a structurally intact IAD for recognition and targeting of IRF proteins. IRF9, which contains an IAD-like region that directs interactions with signal inducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins, was also targeted for degradation by NSP1, while IRF1, which lacks an IAD, was not. Analysis of mutant forms of IRF3 unable to undergo dimerization or that were constitutively dimeric showed that both were targeted for degradation by NSP1. These results indicate that SA11-4F NSP1 can induce degradation of inactive and activated forms of IAD-containing IRF proteins (IRF3 to IRF9), allowing a multipronged attack on IFN-based pathways that promote antiviral innate and adaptive immune responses.
Spinal anaesthesia for a paediatric patient undergoing an image guided invasive procedure in the Open Configuration Magnetic Resonance Imaging Unit.

I would like to report, the first use of spinal anaesthesia for an invasive image guided interventional magnetic resonance procedure for a patient (in this case a paediatric patient) in an Open Interventional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Unit (OIMRIU).
Incorporating trauma-informed care into evidence-based sex offender treatment

AbstractAs we move forward in the field of sex offender treatment, clinicians should consider incorporating principles of trauma-informed care (TIC) into evidence-based sex offender treatment models. Early adverse experiences are prevalent in the general population and more so in criminal and sex offender populations. Early trauma paves the way for maladaptive coping and interpersonal deficits, which can lead to abusive behaviour. Content-oriented sex offender treatment models emphasising cognitive-behavioural skills should integrate process-oriented components that address the ways in which early trauma shapes adult cognitions and behaviour. Relational approaches to therapy can enhance clients' interpersonal skills and improve general well-being. This type of personal growth would be expected to mitigate future offending as the client adopts and successfully practices healthier, non-destructive strategies for meeting emotional needs.
GIS: A new component of public services

Focuses on the major roles of academic libraries in public services as they establish geographic information systems. Developments of collections to incorporate GIS; Provision of access to spatial information and software tools; Facilitation of intellectual access to GIS concepts and applications.
Quality Child Care Supports the Achievement of Low-Income Children: Direct and Indirect Pathways Through Caregiving and the Home Environment

Existing studies of child care have not been able to determine whether higher quality child care protects children from the effects of poverty, whether poverty and lower quality child care operate as dual risk factors, or whether both are true. The objective of the current study was to test two pathways through which child care may serve as a naturally occurring intervention for low-income children: a direct pathway through child care quality to child outcomes, and an indirect pathway through improvements in the home environment. Children were observed in their homes and child care settings at 6, 15, 24, and 36 months. An interaction between family income-to-needs ratio and child care quality predicted School Readiness, Receptive Language, and Expressive Language, as well as improvements in the home environment. Children from low-income families profited from observed learning supports in the form of sensitive care and stimulation of cognitive development, and their parents profited from unobserved informal and formal parent supports. Policy implications are discussed.
SARS-Coronavirus Open Reading Frame-9b Suppresses Innate Immunity by Targeting Mitochondria and the MAVS/TRAF3/TRAF6 Signalosome

Coronaviruses (CoV) have recently emerged as potentially serious pathogens that can cause significant human morbidity and death. The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV was identified as the etiologic agent of the 2002-2003 international SARS outbreak. Yet, how SARS evades innate immune responses to cause human disease remains poorly understood. In this study, we show that a protein encoded by SARS-CoV designated as open reading frame-9b (ORF-9b) localizes to mitochondria and causes mitochondrial elongation by triggering ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of dynamin-like protein 1, a host protein involved in mitochondrial fission. Also, acting on mitochondria, ORF-9b targets the mitochondrial-associated adaptor molecule MAVS signalosome by usurping PCBP2 and the HECT domain E3 ligase AIP4 to trigger the degradation of MAVS, TRAF3, and TRAF 6. This severely limits host cell IFN responses. Reducing either PCBP2 or AIP4 expression substantially reversed the ORF-9b-mediated reduction of MAVS and the suppression of antiviral transcriptional responses. Finally, transient ORF-9b expression led to a strong induction of autophagy in cells. The induction of autophagy depended upon ATG5, a critical autophagy regulator, but the inhibition of MAVS signaling did not. These results indicate that SARS-CoV ORF-9b manipulates host cell mitochondria and mitochondrial function to help evade host innate immunity. This study has uncovered an important clue to the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV infection and illustrates the havoc that a small ORF can cause in cells.
ARTIFICIAL RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF LICHENS IV. COMPARISON BETWEEN NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC THALLI OF USNEA STRIGOSA*

Synthetic thalli of Usnea strigosa produced the same fibril morphology and secondary compounds as natural thalli. The outer cortex of synthetic lichens was covered with crystals of usnic acid and compounds related to norstictic acids. The common presence on the fibrils of lichen acids suggests that these compounds have a functional role in the symbiosis. During alcohol dehydration, crystals of usnic acid dissolved and left impressions in the mucilage around the symbionts. The impressions were valuable indicators of the position of crystals in the lichen thallus. Crystal impressions of usnic acid were common on the cortical hyphae and were seen also on the surface of algal cells. The crystal impressions were larger in the synthetic lichen than in natural thalli. Impressions of norstictic acid and related compounds were not seen.
Explaining Increasing Turnover Rates among Presidential Advisers, 1929-1997

The transformation of the presidential electoral process from a party-controlled to a media-driven candidate-centered system has made it increasingly difficult for presidents to meld governing and campaigning expertise within a single White House-centered advisory organization. This is because the skills needed to win office are increasingly divorced from those needed to govern effectively. As presidential priorities shift from campaigning to governing (or vice versa), then, presidents must reorganize their advisory system to maximize the usefulness of those aides possessing the requisite talents and experiences. The findings from a logistic regression analyzing the causes of staff turnover during the period 1929-1997 are consistent with the claim that higher rates of presidential staff turnover are linked to changes in the presidential selection process.
Synthesis of Vertically Aligned Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Copper Substrates for Applications as Thermal Interface Materials

Vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs) grown on bulk copper substrate are of great importance for CNT real-life applications as thermal interface materials in microelectronic packaging. However, their reproducible synthesis has been a great challenge so far. In this study, by introducing a well-controlled conformal Al2O3 support layer on the bulk copper substrate by atomic layer deposition (ALD) prior to the deposition of the iron catalyst layer, we reproducibly synthesize VACNTs of good alignment and high quality on the copper substrate, using a conventional thermal chemical vapor deposition process. The alignment and the quality are characterized by scanning electronic microscopy and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. The roles of the conformal Al2O3 support layer are discussed. A kinetics-controlled growth mechanism is shown. This progress provides a viable VACNT commercial application for thermal management, on the basis of which, we show a recent progress on a state-of-art Si/VACNT/Cu assembling process, named “chemical anchoring”. The high quality of the VACNTs on the copper growth substrate and the covalent bonding formed between the VACNTs and the silicon mating substrate greatly reduces the thermal resistance of the VACNT-mediated thermal interface.
Conformational stability of 1-pentyne from temperature dependent FT-IR spectra of liquid rare gas solutions and ab initio calculations

Abstract Variable temperature studies of the infrared spectra (3500–400 cm −1 ) of 1-pentyne, CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 C CH, dissolved in liquid xenon (−55 to −100°C) and liquid krypton (−105 to −150°C) have been recorded. These data indicate that the anti (methyl group trans to the acetylenic group) and gauche conformers have relative concentrations that vary with the temperature, i.e. enthalpy nonzero. Utilizing seven sets of conformer pairs for the xenon solution and ten sets of conformer pairs for the krypton solution, the enthalpy difference has been determined to be 50±6 cm −1 (0.60±0.07 kJ/mol) and 45±4 cm −1 (0.54±0.05 kJ/mol) , respectively, with the anti conformer the more stable form. Because of two equivalent gauche forms, this conformer is estimated to be in higher abundance at 61±1% in the xenon solution and 62±1% in the krypton solution. Optimized geometries and conformational stabilities have been obtained from ab initio calculations with basis sets 6-31G(d), 6-311+G(d,p), 6-311+G(2d,2p) and 6-311+G(2df,2pd) with full electron correlation by the perturbation method to second order (MP2). All of the calculations predict the gauche rotamer to be the more stable form with a high value of 181 cm −1 from the MP2/6-311+G(d,p) calculations and a low value of 107 cm −1 from the MP2/6-311+G(2d,2p) calculation. The r o adjusted structural parameters have been obtained from a combination of the microwave rotational constants and ab initio predicted parameters. The values are compared to the recently reported values from an electron diffraction study where the value for the C C bond distance appears to be too long. The results are discussed and the conformational stability is compared to those obtained for some similar molecules.
Appropriate Use of Antimicrobials for Drug-Resistant Pneumonia: Focus on the Significance of β-Lactam—Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae

The beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillins and cephalosporins) are commonly prescribed for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. However, Streptococcus pneumoniae, the most common etiologic agent of community-acquired pneumonia, has become increasingly resistant to beta-lactams over the past decade. The results of several studies suggest that penicillins remain effective for streptococcal pneumonia when the infecting pathogen has a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) /=4 microgram/mL, increased rates of mortality (for patients who survive their first 4 days of hospitalization) may occur. Currently, 3.5%-7.8% of S. pneumoniae clinical isolates have MICs that fall in this latter class, but these rates may rise in the future. The clinical relevance of in vitro resistance may be related to at least 3 factors: concordance of antimicrobial therapy, severity of illness, and virulence.
Combined flow origin of edgewise intraclast conglomerates: Sellick Hill Formation (Lower Cambrian), South Australia

Unusually thick, coarse grained edgewise intraclast conglomerates occur at eight or more horizons within subtidal nodular and ribbon bedded wackestones and packstones of the Lower Cambrian Sellick Hill Formation, South Australia. The intraclast beds are flat based and laterally discontinuous, forming bar-like structures that must have exhibited bathymetric relief of as much as 1 m. The internal fabrics of these beds are variable. Thinner beds are dominated by flat-lying intraclasts; thicker beds contain both chaotic, randomly oriented, steeply inclined intraclasts and clusters of fan-shaped, vertically stacked edgewise intraclasts. The Sellick Hill Formation intraclast conglomerates are inferred to have been formed by intense, storm-generated combined flows on a broad, subtidal carbonate ramp. Superimposition of wave-induced oscillatory motions on geostrophic bottom flows during large storms generates short-lived, but exceptionally high instantaneous shear stresses in the bottom boundary layer. Entrainment of the relatively large intraclasts occurs through sliding, rather than pivoting. Edgewise fabrics are a product of asymmetric acceleration and deceleration of intraclasts during passage of waves and the chaotic nature of collisions between intraclasts moving within the boundary layer. Collisions between intraclasts impart a rotating moment, causing intraclasts to tip up during maximum fluid shear stress. Lodgement or packing of clasts in vertical or steeply inclined positions occurs within scours, where intraclasts can wedge between other vertically inclined clasts, or where intraclasts are pinned in steep orientations by collisions with shallowly inclined intraclasts. Differential erosional resistance of the intraclast deposits probably led to the development of sharp lateral changes in thickness. The Sellick Hill Formation intraclast conglomerates record erosion and reworking of subtidal, subfairweather wave base environments by exceptionally intense and presumably rare storm flows. The intraclast horizons represent a substantial loss in stratigraphic resolution due to widespread erosion of the ramp.
Molecular Delivery to Cells Facilitated by Corona Ion Deposition

A novel method of inducing the delivery of nonpermeant molecules to the cytosol of cells is presented in this paper. Corona discharge in air was utilized to produce ions that in turn were deposited onto the liquid surface of media containing cultured cells. Murine B16 melanoma cells were used to demonstrate the molecular delivery of fluorescent dye calcein, the drug bleomycin, and a nucleic acid stain SYTOX-green. None of these molecules penetrate cells with intact membranes. Following the corona treatment, cells were observed to admit significant quantities of these molecules from the culture media, relative to control samples. Further, greater than 95% viability of treated cells was observed by Trypan Blue assay. This method may provide an attractive alternative to electroporation where a physical contact between electrodes and cells is needed to deliver molecules to the cytosol.
Palaeomagnetism and Magnetic–Polarity Zonation in some Oligocene Volcanic Rocks of the San Juan Mountains, South–western Colorado

Summary Palaeomagnetic results have been obtained from thirty sites in intrusive and extrusive rocks of Oligocene age from the San Juan Mountains, south-western Colorado. All specimens from each site were subjected to af demagnetization, and the reliability of each site determined. Twenty-three sites gave reliable results. Because five sites from the thick intracaldera part of the La Jara Canyon Member of the Treasure Mountain Tuff appear to have become magnetized during the same small interval of geological time, their results were combined and their mean pole and direction used in the final calculations. The eighteen remaining reliable sites yielded an average Oligocene palaeomagnetic pole at 85·6° N and 298·0° E (δp= 8°, δm= 11°, k= 24·1). A stratigraphic sequence is given for the major San Juan ash-flow sheets and selected additional units with their corresponding magnetic polarities and mean K-Ar ages.
The Role of Individual Characteristics in Predicting the Stability of Party Identification: A Cross-Cultural Study

The present study examined political partisanship stability in the context of transitional and consolidated democracies. We hypothesised that (a) in both democratic systems, personality differences as well as socialisation patterns and socioeconomic factors would be related to the stability of party identification directly, and that (b) the relationship between individual factors and party identification patterns would be moderated by democracy type and by socialisation strength. A total of 521 participants (293 American, 228 Romanian) completed surveys assessing partisanship stability, individual dispositions, socialisation strength, and socioeconomic status. In support of hypothesis (a), the stability of party identification was significantly predicted by socialisation, desire for control, and positive economic perceptions. In support of hypothesis (b), type of democracy moderated the relationship between economic perceptions and partisanship stability, and parental socialisation moderated the relationship between desire for control/self-consciousness and the stability of party identification.
What makes relational reasoning smart? Revisiting the perceptual-to-relational shift in the development of generalization.

Development of reasoning is often depicted as involving increasing use of relational similarities and decreasing use of perceptual similarities (‘the perceptual-to-relational shift’). We argue that this shift is a special case of a broader developmental trend: increasing sensitivity to the predictive accuracy of different similarity types. To test this hypothesis, we asked participants (3-, 4-, 5-year-olds and adults) to generalize novel information on two types of problems ‐ offspring problems, where relational matches yield accurate generalizations, and prey problems, where perceptual matches yield accurate generalizations. On offspring problems, we replicated prior findings of increasing relational matches with age. However, we observed decreasing relational matches on prey problems. Provided feedback on their responses, 3-year-olds showed the same trend. Findings suggest that the relational shift commonly observed in categorization and analogical reasoning may reflect a general increase in children’s sensitivity to cue validity rather than an overall preference to generalize over perceptual similarity.
Passive Bilateral Teleoperation of a Hydraulic Actuator using an Electrohydraulic Passive Valve

A passive control scheme for the bilateral teleoperation of an electrohydraulic actuator and a motorized joystick is proposed. The overall system enables a human operating a motorized joystick to feel as if he is manipulating a rigid mechanical tool with which the work environment is also in contact. By ensuring that the closed loop system behaves like a passive two port device, safety and stability when coupled to other systems are improved. The control scheme is developed by first using previously developed active feedback to passify a four way proportional directional control valve, and then by the design of an intrinsically passive teleoperation controller. The coordination error between the joystick and the hydraulic actuator converges to zero for sufficiently low manipulation bandwidth. Experimental results verify the characteristics of the control scheme.
Interventional Radiology in Pregnancy Complications: Indications, Technique, and Methods for Minimizing Radiation Exposure

Interventional radiology procedures for treating various complications of pregnancy, and methods for minimizing maternal and fetal radiation exposures during these procedures, are described.
Upper esophageal and pharyngeal cancers

Concise summary Given that the laryngopharynx is more susceptible to damage by gastric refluxate compared to the esophagus and the lack of intrinsic defense mechanisms present in their esophageal counterparts (such as peristalsis, saliva, and bicarbonate production), it is plausible that chronic uncontrolled laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) could not only cause inflammatory, but perhaps also neoplastic, pathologies in the laryngopharynx, as it does in the esophagus. Patients with LPR have pepsinmediated laryngeal mucosal injury, including dilation of intracellular spaces and mitochondrial damage. Pepsin is taken up by laryngeal epithelial cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Receptors and their ligands are typically sorted in late endosomes and the transreticular Golgi (TRG). Using immunoelectron microscopy, colocalization of pepsin with Rab-9 and TRG-46, markers of late endosomes, and the transreticular Golgi, respectively, was documented. These findings reveal an entirely novel mechanismforpepsin-induced cellular injury and may explain why many patients with reflux-attributed laryngeal injury and disease often have persistent symptoms despite maximal acidsuppression therapy and association with nonacid reflux. Thus, the activity/stability data and finding of pepsin uptake and intracellular pepsin reveal a role for pepsin in extraesophageal reflux, where the acidity of the refluxate may not be as clinically relevant.
ESTIMATING THE TECHNOLOGY FRONTIER FOR PERSONAL ELECTRIC VEHICLES

The personal electric vehicle (PEV) emerged as a new category of transportation device in the late 1990s. PEVs transport a single passenger over trip distances of 1–10 km and employ electricity as the motive energy source. The category is principally comprised of electric-powered scooters and cycles. Personal electric vehicles offer several potential benefits to consumers and to society including lower transportation costs, reduced trip times, and lower environmental impact. The PEV therefore offers many intriguing possibilities for extending the human range of mobility from about 1 km (via walking) to 10 km or more. However, the full potential of the category has not been realized, to a large extent because the vehicles are not yet light enough, do not go far enough, and cost too much. The main question addressed by this article is what are the technological limits on personal electric vehicle design? And more specifically, How light can PEVs be? How far can they go? How little can they cost? What are the trade-offs across these dimensions of performance at the efficient frontier? The methodological approach of the paper is to combine a technology assessment of the major subsystems of a PEV with a technical model of vehicle performance in order to estimate the cost and mass of a vehicle for a given set of functional requirements.
A visual exploration process for the analysis of Internet routing data

The Internet pervades many aspects of our lives and is becoming indispensable to critical functions in areas such as commerce, government, production and general information dissemination. To maintain the stability and efficiency of the Internet, every effort must be made to protect it against various forms of attacks, malicious users, and errors. A key component in the Internet security effort is the routine examination of Internet routing data, which unfortunately can be too large and complicated to browse directly. We have developed an interactive visualization process which proves to be very effective for the analysis of Internet routing data. In this application paper, we show how each step in the visualization process helps direct the analysis and glean insights from the data. These insights include the discovery of patterns, detection of faults and abnormal events, understanding of event correlations, formation of causation hypotheses, and classification of anomalies. We also discuss lessons learned in our visual analysis study.
Testing principles for severity index construction with application to burn injuries

A basic principle of severity indexes is that they define groups of patients with the expectation of similar outcomes given some standard of medical care. This principle is tested in an analysis of 933 burn patients where the injury descriptors themselves are used as an index. This form of analysis defines the capability of the data to detect differences which may be judged clinically significant and provides a means for testing severity indexes in terms of their contribution to increased group variation. The results showed that while patient injury descriptors succeeded in reducing variability in outcome (length of hospital stay), substantial variation remained. Also, age and total body surface area burn were the most powerful variables with respect to reducing outcome variability. Full thickness burn, respiratory involvement and burn type contributed less to defining homogeneous patient groupings. The results suggest that large relative differences in hospital stay are needed in comparative outcome studies to be statistically significant and this required difference is likely to increase with externally developed severity indexes.
Adsorbed layers and the origin of static friction

Analytic results and experiments in ultrahigh vacuum indicate that the static friction between two clean crystalline surfaces should almost always vanish, yet macroscopic objects always exhibit static friction. A simple and general explanation for the prevalence of static friction is proposed. “Third bodies,” such as small hydrocarbon molecules, adsorb on any surface exposed to air and can arrange to lock two contacting surfaces together. The resulting static friction is consistent with experimental behavior, including Amontons9 laws.
Teaching Difficult History: Eric Williams' Capitalism and Slavery and the challenge of critical pedagogy in the contemporary classroom

A fear of the past can inhibit the freedoms of the present as pedagogic practices that deny complex, and even contradictory, histories bind learners to normative narratives. The failure to recognize the complexities of difficult historical themes – presenting and representing them as something so much simpler so that they may fit in with dominant ways of being – disempowers both the ‘ordinary’ people who shaped history and those whose lives emerge from those histories: if we do not know where we came from, how can we know who we are? The authors examine this concern here through the teaching of the transatlantic slave trade and, in particular, through Eric Williams' seminal book Capitalism and Slavery (1944). Williams released a petrified history into the present and the authors argue that his engagement with history provides a model of post-colonial pedagogy that is urgently relevant to today's classroom. Moreover, his work is highly pertinent to the teaching of the histories of subjugated and even subve...
Joint uplink and downlink optimal mobile association in a wireless heterogeneous network

Many technologies ranging from advanced physical layer antenna transmission schemes to efficient air-interface resource management schemes have been developed for spectrum efficiency improvement for the future wireless networks. However, most of these technologies quickly reach their theoretical limits without much room for further improvement. In order to meet capacity demands from the explosive data traffic growth, heterogeneous networks with base stations of diverse coverage and transmission powers are expected to achieve a high spectral and energy efficiency. Compared to the traditional homogeneous networks, issues such as mobile association, load balancing and interference coordination need to be studied carefully in order to realize the performance gain in a wireless heterogeneous network. In this paper, we propose a new mobile association scheme that jointly maximizes downlink system capacity and minimizes the mobile station (MS) uplink transmitting power. Simulation results show that a significant performance gain on the defined objective function is achieved.
Mig-14 is an inner membrane-associated protein that promotes Salmonella typhimurium resistance to CRAMP, survival within activated macrophages and persistent infection

Summary Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium) infects a wide variety of mammalian hosts and in rodents causes a typhoid-like systemic disease involving replication of bacteria inside macrophages within reticuloendothelial tissues. Previous studies demonstrated that the mig-14 and virK genes of Salmonella enterica are important in bacterial resistance to anti-microbial peptides and are necessary for continued replication of S. typhimurium in the liver and spleen of susceptible mice after orogastric inoculation. In this work we report that inflammatory signalling via interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is crucial to controlling replication of mig-14 mutant bacteria within the liver and spleen of mice after oral infection. Using a Salmonella persistence model recently developed in our laboratory, we further demonstrate that mig-14 contributes to long-term persistence of Salmonella in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes of chronically infected mice. Both mig-14 and virK contribute to the survival of Salmonella in macrophages treated with IFN-γ and are necessary for resistance to cathelin-related anti-microbial peptide (CRAMP), an anti-microbial peptide expressed at high levels in activated mouse macrophages. We also show that both Mig-14 and VirK inhibit the binding of CRAMP to Salmonella, and demonstrate that Mig-14 is an inner membrane-associated protein. We further demonstrate by transmission electron microscopy that the primary locus of CRAMP activity appears to be intracytoplasmic, rather than at the outer membrane, suggesting that Mig-14 may prevent the penetration of the inner membrane by CRAMP. Together, these data indicate an important role for mig-14 in anti-microbial peptide resistance in vivo, and show that this resistance is important to the survival of Salmonella in systemic sites during both acute and persistent infection.
Regioselective Lithium-Halogen Exchange and Palladium-CatalyzedCross-Coupling Reactions of 2,4-Dihaloquinolines

Lithium–halogen exchange of 2,4-dibromoquinolines proceeds regioselectively at C-4 and affords 4-substituted quinolines on quenching with electrophiles. Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of 2-bromo-4-iodoquinoline provide 4-substituted 2-bromoquinoline derivatives.
Progress on a 94 GHz omniguide traveling-wave tube gain experiment

Compact, efficient, high-bandwidth and high-power mm-wave sources are essential for many applications in secure communications, environmental monitoring, imaging, spectroscopy for remote sensing in nonproliferation, and basic research such as radio astronomy. Commercial microwave tube amplifiers are available at frequencies up to only 100 GHz (W-band) and have to trade off maximum output power against bandwidth. A wide-band mm-wave traveling-wave tube (TWT) amplifier based on a slow-wave cylindrically-symmetric photonic band gap (PBG) structure, or an “omniguide” is being developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory. The omniguide represents a periodic system of concentric dielectric tubes. PBG TWT structures have great potential for very large bandwidth and linear dispersion.
Sibling Behaviors and Mexican origin Adolescents' After-School Activities

Families are theorized to influence adolescents’ participation in skill-based after-school activities, but research has focused on the role of parents while neglecting the role of siblings. Siblings might be especially critical for Mexican-origin youth, the fastest growing youth population in the United States, due to a high value of family as well as having a larger number of and spending more time with siblings compared with other groups. This mixed-method study of 34 Mexican-origin seventh-grade adolescents provides preliminary evidence for how siblings might influence adolescents’ skill-based organized and informal after-school activities. Qualitative findings suggest that siblings influenced adolescents’ activities through eight unique behaviors (i.e., support, provider of information, role modeling, comparison, negativity, babysitting, transportation, and activity co-participation). Follow-up quantitative analysis suggested some sibling behaviors were more likely to be mentioned based on sibling cha...
Modern Mass Spectrometric Techniques Applied to the Analysis of Steroids

In the late 1950’s, Reed reported the use of direct-insertion probe mass spectrometry (MS) for the study of steroid hydrocarbon structures, as an example of the application of MS in organic chemistry (1, 2). The importance of MS in biomedical analyses, however, emerged only with the development of the mixture analysis capabilities of combined gas chromatography (GC)-MS. Sjovall and Vihko (3) reported the first GC-MS of steroid derivatives shortly after the development of the jet separator by Ryhage (4).
Tocilizumab for treating juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Based on the known relevance of IL-6 in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) pathophysiology, tocilizumab has been investigated and approved for use in the treatment of systemic and polyarticular JIA. Tocilizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that inhibits signaling through both membrane bound and soluble IL-6R.Areas Covered: The purpose of this article is to summarize the available clinical data on the efficacy and safety of tocilizumab in JIA and to provide our opinion on the place of tocilizumab in current treatment regimens. A literature search for all relevant clinical trials and studies with regards to tocilizumab, JIA and IL-6 was performed through PubMed, in addition to a review of recent conference abstracts.Expert Opinion: Tocilizumab has an important and evolving role in controlling disease activity in patients with JIA. It has proven useful even in patients whose JIA has previously been refractory to other biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and a...
Behavioral Modification for the Management of Obesity

This article provides behavioral strategies for working with obese patients and families within a primary care context. A multifactorial model for the etiology of obesity from which to adopt treatment strategies is provided. Optimal views to set up effective patient encounters and specific recommendations to motivate and support patients are discussed. Multicomponent programs include a combination of nutritional, physical activity, and cognitive behavioral approaches to target overweight/obesity. The focus is on behavioral approaches and practical applications, such as motivational interviewing techniques.
The Influence of Adrenal Cortical Extract on Antibody Formation, Including the Nonspecific Anamnestic Reaction in the Rabbit

There have been many attempts to determine the effect of adrenal cortical hormones on the resistance of the host to various noxious and infectious agents.1 These studies generally have shown a beneficial effect of these hormones on the host's reactivity to harmful agents,1-2 but have not provided an understanding of the mechanisms involved. In 1945, Dougherty and White reported the results of studies on the physiological functions of these hormones.3-5 They noted that the injection of adrenal cortical steroids or pituitary ACTH into mice, rats, and rabbits was followed in several hours by a reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, presumably as a result of the dissolution of these cells in the lymphoid organs. A similar effect could be produced upon subjection of these animals to various stressful stimuli which caused increased adrenal cortical secretion. During the destruction of the lymphocytes portions of their cytoplasm were shed into the blood, producing an in-