cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Authentication theory/coding theory

We consider a communications scenario in which a transmitter attempts to inform a remote receiver of the state of a source by sending messages through an imperfect communications channel. There are two fundamentally different ways in which the receiver can end up being misinformed. The channel may be noisy so that symbols in the transmitted message can be received in error, or the channel may be under the control of an opponent who can either deliberately modify legitimate messages or else introduce fraudulent ones to deceive the receiver, i.e., what Wyner has called an "active wiretapper" [1]. The device by which the receiver improves his chances of detecting error (deception) is the same in either case: the deliberate introduction of redundant information into the transmitted message. The way in which this redundant information is introduced and used, though, is diametrically opposite in the two cases.For a statistically described noisy channel, coding theory is concerned with schemes (codes) that introduce redundancy in such a way that the most likely alterations to the encoded messages are in some sense close to the code they derive from. The receiver can then use a maximum likelihood detector to decide which (acceptable) message he should infer as having been transmitted from the (possibly altered) code that was received. In other words, the object in coding theory is to cluster the most likely alterations of an acceptable code as closely as possible (in an appropriate metric) to the code itself, and disjoint from the corresponding clusters about other acceptable codes.
A New Approach to Abstract Data Types II: Computation on ADTs as Ordinary Computation

A notion of abstract computational procedure is introduced here which meets the criteria for computation over ADTs, for the general theory of such presented in Part I of this paper. This is provided by a form of generalized recursion theory (g.r.t.) which uses schemata for explicit definition, conditional definition and least fixed point (LFP) recursion in partial functions and functionals of type level ≤2 over any appropriate structure. It is shown that each such procedure is preserved under isomorphism and thus determines an abstract procedure over ADTs. The main new feature of the g.r.t. developed here is that abstract computational procedures reduce to computational procedures in the ordinary sense when confined to data structures in a recursion-theoretic interpretation.
Epidemiology of low-grade serous ovarian cancer.

Objective The objective of the study was to determine whether the epidemiology of low-grade ovarian serous cancers is distinct from that of high-grade ovarian serous cancers. Study Design The National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program reports incidence, and survival, data from representative population based cancer registries. The SEER data are analyzed to compare the descriptive epidemiologies of low- and high-grade lesions. Results Mean survival (99 vs 57 months) and age (55.5 vs 62.6 years) trends in annual incidence rate (−3.8% vs 1.4%), rate ratio of advanced to early disease (1.9 vs 10.2), rate ratio of post- to premenopausal incidence (5.0 vs 13.0). and difference in average age between advanced and early stage (none vs 2.5 years) are significantly different for patients with low-grade, compared with high-grade, disease. Conclusion Epidemiology of low-grade tumors appears sufficiently different from that of high-grade lesions to support the concept that low-grade ovarian serous cancers constitute a distinct clinical, and perhaps biologic, entity.
Descending connections from hypothalamus

Abstract Large lesions were placed in the caudal preoptic region of cats and the resulting degeneration studied by the Nauta technic. The degenerated fibers passed medially in the upper mesencephalon and terminated on midline structures in the caudal mesencephalon and rostral pons. In another series of cats enormous lesions were placed in the medial mesencephalon and upper pons, which totally destroyed the region of termination of the degeneration as seen in the first group of animals. In these animals the autonomic functions, usually considered to be integrated in higher brain stem, were intact, but the temperament of the cats was drastically altered. These results and other reports in the literature indicate that there are two distinct descending pathways from the hypothalamus. These pathways differ in localization and in function. One is the classical pathway for autonomic functions that passes caudad in the dorsolateral reticular formation. The other, which has been demonstrated only by degeneration techniques, extends caudally and medially to terminate on midline structures in the caudal mesencephalon and rostral pons. After large lesions that destroy this area, the usual autonomic functions remain intact, but there are marked changes in temperament of the cats.
Looking at prospect theory

This paper demonstrates that prospect theory's (PT) predictions differ dramatically from what strategy scholars have inferred. PT's value function predicts negative risk-return associations for high performers and positive for low performers, directly contrary to the strategy literature. In addition, PT's isolation assumption means most firm choices should appear as mixed gambles. Prior PT-based theorizing in strategy implicitly assumed that the firm faced unmixed gambles. Finally, it demonstrates that PT does not make the general predictions most strategy researchers have assumed, but rather PT's predictions depend on a full range of parametric and choice characteristics that strategy scholars have ignored. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contraceptive Method Choice Among Youth in the United States: The Importance of Relationship Context

We examine the relationship characteristics associated with contraceptive method choice within young people’s nonmarital sexual relationships, using data from retrospective relationship histories available in the third wave (2001–2002) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Data-reduction techniques produce a detailed multidimensional characterization of relationship commitment for nonmarital sexual relationships. We then use multilevel analysis to estimate associations between two key relationship characteristics—relationship commitment and couple heterogamy—and the type of contraceptive method used at last sexual intercourse within each relationship. Results indicate that for a given individual, contraceptive method choice varies across relationships as a function of these characteristics, even after we account for important individual and family characteristics and prior relationship experiences.
Shared Control in Haptic Systems for Performance Enhancement and Training

This paper presents a shared-control interaction paradigm for haptic interface systems, with experimental data from two user studies. Shared control, evolved from its initial telerobotics applications, is adapted as a form of haptic assistance in that the haptic device contributes to execution of a dynamic manual target-hitting task via force commands from an automatic controller. Compared to haptic virtual environments, which merely display the physics of the virtual system, or to passive methods of haptic assistance for performance enhancement based on virtual fixtures, the shared-control approach offers a method for actively demonstrating desired motions during virtual environment interactions. The paper presents a thorough review of the literature related to haptic assistance. In addition, two experiments were conducted to independently verify the efficacy of the shared-control approach for performance enhancement and improved training effectiveness of the task. In the first experiment, shared control is found to be as effective as virtual fixtures for performance enhancement, with both methods resulting in significantly better performance in terms of time between target hits for the manual target-hitting task than sessions where subjects feel only the forces arising from the mass-spring-damper system dynamics. Since shared control is more general than virtual fixtures, this approach may be extremely beneficial for performance enhancement in virtual environments. In terms of training enhancement, shared control and virtual fixtures were no better than practice in an unassisted mode. For manual control tasks, such as the one described in this paper, shared control is beneficial for performance enhancement, but may not be viable for enhancing training effectiveness.
When something goes wrong and no one is around: non‐internet self‐service technology failure and recovery

Purpose – This paper aims to focus on non‐internet‐based self‐service technologies through the presentation of failure and recovery strategies employed by service firms using self‐service forms of interaction.Design/methodology/approach – The paper employs the critical incident technique using 508 customer responses to present nine failures and nine recovery strategies used by self‐service technology firms. It presents data on post‐recovery satisfaction levels and propensity to switch behavior. The paper also compares findings in the non‐internet self‐service technology context to findings from e‐tail and bricks and mortar settings.Findings – Findings indicate that: non‐internet self‐service technology customers experience different types of service failure relative to traditional retail and e‐tail settings; non‐internet self‐service technology firms employ a different series of recovery strategies relative to traditional retail and e‐tail settings; and post‐recovery switching by customers can be high eve...
AntMesh: An efficient data forwarding scheme for load balancing in multi-radio infrastructure mesh networks

Load balancing in wireless mesh networks (WMNs) is one of the major design goals for any routing protocol. In this paper, we propose AntMesh, an efficient data forwarding scheme, specifically designed for load balancing in multi-radio infrastructure WMNs. As the foundation of AntMesh, we use Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) in which artificial ants (agents) perform the routing and data forwarding to stochastically solve a dynamic network optimization problem. We extend the ACO framework by implementing two estimation modules, i.e., a link and a path estimation module to effectively utilize the space/channel diversity typically common in multi-radio WMNs. The link estimation module measures the cost of a node's local links in terms of the packet delay taking into account the queuing delay of a node to realistically capture load. The path estimation module captures inter/intra flow interference by selecting a reduced interference path with increased channel diversity thus resulting in improved load balancing. Simulation studies comparing AntMesh to competing approaches are provided. We demonstrate that under high loads, AntMesh provides increased throughput and decreased end-to-end delay compared to these other approaches.
Investigating the mechanism(s) underlying switching between states in bipolar disorder.

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a unique disorder that transcends domains of function since the same patient can exhibit depression or mania, states with polar opposite mood symptoms. During depression, people feel helplessness, reduced energy, and risk aversion, while with mania behaviors include grandiosity, increased energy, less sleep, and risk preference. The neural mechanism(s) underlying each state are gaining clarity, with catecholaminergic disruption seen during mania, and cholinergic dysfunction during depression. The fact that the same patient cycles/switches between these states is the defining characteristic of BD however. Of greater importance therefore, is the mechanism(s) underlying cycling from one state - and its associated neural changes - to another, considered the 'holy grail' of BD research. Herein, we review studies investigating triggers that induce switching to these states. By identifying such triggers, researchers can study neural mechanisms underlying each state and importantly how such mechanistic changes can occur in the same subject. Current animal models of this switch are also discussed, from submissive- and dominant-behaviors to kindling effects. Focus however, is placed on how seasonal changes can induce manic and depressiv es tates in BD sufferers. Importantly, changing photoperiod lengths can induce local switches in neurotransmitter expression in normal animals, from increased catecholaminergic expression during periods of high activity, to increased somatos- tatin and corticotrophin releasing factor during periods of low activity. Identifying susceptibilities to this switch would enable the development of targeted animal models. From animal models, targeted treatments could be developed and tested that would minimize the likelihood of switching.
Apparent Anisotropy Field of Continuous Magnetic Films Subjected to Inhomogeneous Drive Fields

I THANK Dr. Bonyhard for his comments and agree that the net total torque caused by stray fields due to the film can never be zero. I was originally led to this erroneous conclusion in the search for a general theory independent of the nature of the coupling and by thinking that the dictum “action and reaction are equal and opposite” applied to any pair of torques as well as any pair of forces. However, the analysis of the increase in effective anisotropy field still holds: it is merely necessary to introduce the limitation that cos θ ≃ cos θ0 = 1, already used to integrate equation (4), when equating equations (1) and (4). So long as changes in cos θ are small over the range of the stray fields the balance of torques can still be used.
Platelets trigger a CD40-dependent inflammatory response in the microvasculature of inflammatory bowel disease patients

Abstract Background & aims: Platelets circulate in an activated state in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but their role in the pathogenesis of IBD is unclear. The recent demonstration that activated platelets express CD40 ligand (L) provides a mechanism of interaction with CD40-positive endothelial cells, inducing them to produce proinflammatory mediators. We investigated whether platelets from patients with IBD express enhanced levels of CD40L and induce human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (HIMEC) to up-regulate cell adhesion molecule (CAM) expression and secrete chemokines. Methods: CD40L expression was assessed in resting and thrombin-activated platelets by flow cytometry and in mucosal microthrombi by confocal microscopy. Platelet-HIMEC cocultures were used to study CAM up-regulation, and interleukin (IL)-8 and RANTES production by HIMEC. Results: IBD platelets expressed significantly higher CD40L levels than those of healthy subjects, and CD40L-positive platelets were detected in IBD-involved mucosa. Activated platelets up-regulated expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 as well as production of interleukin 8 by HIMEC in a CD40-dependent fashion. High levels of RANTES were present in platelet-HIMEC cocultures and platelets were identified as the source of this chemokine, which mediated T-cell adhesion to HIMEC. Conclusions: These results show that platelets can actively contribute to mucosal inflammation and represent a previously unrecognized component of IBD pathogenesis.
Sampling of flow systems at atmospheric pressure

Abstract A simple, direct method for sampling reactions occurring at atmospheric pressure in a heatable flow tube is presented. The tube passes through the ion source of a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Species in the tube effuse through a laser-drilled orifice into the ionizing electron beam. The sampling system has been used to study low temperature flames. These studies as well as addition al applications will be discussed.
Interaction of amelogenin with hydroxyapatite crystals: An adherence effect through amelogenin molecular self‐association

At the secretory stage of tooth enamel formation the majority of the organic matrix is composed of amelogenin proteins that are believed to provide the scaffolding for the initial carbonated hydroxyapatite crystals to grow. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the interaction between amelogenins and growing apatite crystals. Two in vitro strategies were used: first, we examined the influence of amelogenins as compared to two other macromolecules, on the kinetics of seeded growth of apatite crystals; second, using transmission electron micrographs of the crystal powders, based on a particle size distribution study, we evaluated the effect of the macromolecules on the aggregation of growing apatite crystals. Two recombinant amelogenins (rM179, rM166), the synthetic leucine-rich amelogenin polypeptide (LRAP), poly(L-proline), and phosvitin were used. It was shown that the rM179 amelogenin had some inhibitory effect on the kinetics of calcium hydroxyapatite seeded growth. The inhibitory effect, however, was not as destructive as that of other macromolecules tested. The degree of inhibition of the macromolecules was in the order of phosvitin > LRAP > poly(L-proline) > rM179 > rM166. Analysis of particle size distribution of apatite crystal aggregates indicated that the full-length amelogenin protein (rM179) caused aggregation of the growing apatite crystals more effectively than other macromolecules. We propose that during the formation of hydroxyapatite crystal clusters, the growing apatite crystals adhere to each other through the molecular self-association of interacting amelogenin molecules. The biological implications of this adherence effect with respect to enamel biomineralization are discussed.
Glycoconjugates of the Avian Eye: The Development and Maturation of the Neural Retina as Visualized by Lectin Binding

The distribution of binding sites for four rhodamine-conjugated lectins has been examined in paraffin-embedded tissue sections of the developing and mature avian neural retina. The method of fixation employed here (95% ethanol:glacial acetic acid) is shown to conserve substantially more in vivo labeled 3H-glycoprotein or 3H-ganglioside than fixation with either 3.7% formaldehyde or 2% glutaraldehyde. Each lectin was shown to be optimally active by direct hemagglutination and inhibitable by the appropriate hapten in the cytochemical assay. Staining with wheat germ agglutinin (leads to N-acetylglucosamine) occurs predominantly to each of the anuclear retinal layers and progressively disappears from each of the nuclear layers. By adulthood, the inner nuclear layer is stained in a gradient which is highest adjacent to the inner nuclear layer while the nuclear layers are virtually unstained. Although similar to wheat germ agglutinin, staining with concanavalin A (leads to mannose) is less intense and persists in the adult nuclear layers. Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (leads to N-acetylgalactosamine) predominantly stains the embryonic ganglion cell layer. With development, this lectin demonstrates profound differences between the major cell types of the inner nuclear layer and the inner (negative) and outer (positive) plexiform layers. Differences between the principal synaptic layers are further accentuated by Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (leads to fucose): Binding sites are virtually absent from the 12th day embryonic retina, but are abundant throughout the retina by the 18th day and persist after hatching. However, in the adult retina staining persists in the outer plexiform layer but is lost from the inner plexiform and nerve fiber layers. In contrast to Dolichos biflorus agglutinin, Ulex europaeus agglutinin I stains the inner nuclear layer uniformly. Temporal differences in the characteristic lectin binding patterns exhibited by each of the major nuclear and anuclear layers of the developing avian neural retina are thus documented.
Zygmunt Bauman: Culture in a Liquid Modern World. Cambridge: Polity, 2011

Theda Skocpol once wrote that it is only the “truly blessed” among sociologists who can publish their reading notes as books (Skocpol 1978, p. 415). Among the truly blessed we might include the Zygmunt Bauman of Culture in a Liquid Modern World. This book comprises a collection of impressionistic sketches—and I do not mean this pejoratively—of the present status and permeations of a concept central to theory and the discipline at large. In contrast to Skocpol’s target, Bauman acknowledges the preliminary character of his work, the first chapter of which is titled “Some Notes on the Historical Peregrinations of the Concept of Culture.” But this acknowledgment renders the book difficult to evaluate, as does the fact that the genre of theory Bauman produces is received so differently on opposite sides of the Atlantic, and again across the Pacific. The opening chapter of Culture in a Liquid Modern World locates the concept of culture historically, tracing its emergence in France as the yardstick of civilization—something around which real and symbolic missions were organized, domestically and abroad. Culture here included both cultural productions— painting, sculpture, literature—and the ways of thinking, feeling, and being that were associated with emerging national identities. Of course these spheres of culture were not discrete social phenomena—the two were entangled with one another and essential to the formation of modern national states, and so to the justification of colonial rule. But over time these spheres tended in different directions, with cultural producers asserting independence from the national projects, eventually founding a (somewhat) autonomous sphere of artistic striving. Having noted its establishment, Bauman traces how this sphere gradually cedes independence to the spell of market forces. Indeed, by the final chapter, “Culture Between State and Market,” we see the apogee of this process, such that cultural production moves not to its own rhythms but to those of fashion, at which point Bauman ponders whether art as such can survive its fate. Theor Soc (2012) 41:635–640 DOI 10.1007/s11186-012-9182-8
Isolation, identification and quantitation of serum 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione and its relationship to progesterone in the pregnant mare

Abstract 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione was isolated from pooled pregnant mare serum using Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and identified by the use of radioimmunoassay, gas-liquid chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses. 5β-pregnane-3,20-dione was not cross-reactive with the radioimmunoassay system and was not detected by gas-liquid chromatography. Peripheral blood levels of progesterone and 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione were determined by radioimmunoassay in four Quarter Horse mares for the first 150 days of gestation. Progesterone and 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione declined from a range of 6 to 15 ng/ml at day 10 to a range of 2 to 8 ng/ml at day 40. After day 40 there was an increase in progesterone and 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione concentration. Toward the end of 150 days of gestation progesterone tended to decline whereas, 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione levels were maintained or increased to levels as high as 35 ng/ml. Neither source nor function of 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione is known.
Actual electricity savings and audit predictions for residential retrofit in the pacific northwest

Abstract An important and unresolved issue concerning home energy audit programs is the accuracy of the engineering calculations. That is, the accuracy of audit predictions of energy savings for recommended retrofit measures is generally unknown. Data available from a recent evaluation of the Bonneville Power Administration Residential Weatherization Pilot Program allow comparison and analysis of the relationships between actual electricity savings and audit estimates of likely savings. The BPA program offered free home energy audits to identify cost-effective conservation measures to reduce space and water heating electricity use. The program also offered zero-interest, deferred-payment loans for installation of measures recommended during the audit. The actual reduction in annual electricity use averaged 4130 kWh across participant households. The cost of the retrofits that yielded this saving averaged $2100. The median ratio of actual-to-estimated saving is 0.66. Thus, on average, two thirds of the expected saving is actually realized. However, there is substantial variation in this ratio. Actual electricity use increases in the second year for more than 10% of these homes. On the other hand, actual savings are more than double the audit estimates in more than 10% of the homes.
Microanalysis of ambient particles from Lexington, KY, by electron microscopy

Abstract Analytical transmission electron microscopy has been used for in-depth characterization of the individual submicron (physical size The combined use of these analytical techniques is capable of revealing much new information on the microcharacteristics of individual submicron particles; such information should be relevant to toxicological, epidemiological, and source apportionment studies.
Exploring Latino College Students’ Sexual Behaviors in Relation to Their Sexual Attitudes, Religiousness, and Spirituality

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between religiosity, spirituality, sexual attitudes, and sexual behaviors among Latino and non-Latino college students. The sample included 230 undergraduate college students enrolled at a mid-sized University in the western USA. Sexual behaviors among Latinos were significantly correlated with sexual attitudes and spiritual disclosure in close relationships. However, sexual behaviors for non-Latino respondents were only significantly related to sexual attitudes, not indices of religiousness or spirituality. Sexual educators, health educators, college-level instructors, and counselors can use these results to help Latino and non-Latino students alike understand the relationship between their religious and spiritual beliefs, sexual attitudes, and sexual behaviors.
Location of the non-tidal current null zone in northern San Francisco Bay

Abstract Variations in Sacramento-San Joaquin River discharge into northern San Francisco Bay causes shifts in location of the bottom density current null zone. At a river flow of 2000 m 3 /s this null zone is approximately 20 km from the seaward end of the estuary, whereas at a river flow of 100 m 3 /s it is 80 km from the seaward end; the corresponding distances of salinity penetration are approximately 40 and 90 km from the seaward end. Seaward of the null zone, during low (summer) river discharge conditions, the inward-flowing bottom density current appears typically strong (5–15 cm/s) relative to the outward-flowing river current (river discharge per unit cross-channel area) of
Endothelial Cdkn1a (p21) Overexpression and Accelerated Senescence in a Mouse Model of Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy

Purpose Stress of the endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stress play critical roles in the pathogenesis of Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy (FECD). In the normal aging cornea, cellular stress has been associated with a loss in proliferative capacity (premature senescence) of corneal endothelial cells (CECs). The present study used a transgenic Col8a2(Q455K/Q455K) knock-in mouse model of early-onset FECD to identify the endothelial expression profile of specific cellular stress response-related targets, which may be relevant to late-onset FECD. Methods The differential endothelial mRNA levels of cellular stress response-related genes were determined in 12-month-old homozygous Col8a2(Q455K/Q455K) mutant and wild-type mice using customized PCR arrays. Result validation and analysis of additional senescence-related transcripts was performed by real-time PCR. Expression of p53 and p21 was assessed by immunofluorescence. Senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) activity was investigated by histochemical labeling. Human FECD samples and normal controls were examined for p21 expression by immunohistochemistry. Results PCR-array analysis showed greater than 2-fold and/or significantly altered endothelial regulation of 19 cellular stress response-related transcripts in Col8a2(Q455K/Q455K) mutant mice; real-time PCR documented statistically significant upregulation of senescence-associated targets Cdkn1a (p21), Serpine1 (PAI-1), Tagln (Sm22), Fn1 and Clu (ApoJ). Immunofluorescence revealed increased expression of nuclear p53 and p21 in mutant animals. SA-β-Gal staining detected increased proportions of senescent CECs in mutant mice. Human FECD endothelium exhibited increased levels of nuclear p21 protein. Conclusions Our results identify endothelial Cdkn1a (p21) upregulation in a mouse model of early-onset FECD, confirm overexpression of p21 in late-onset human FECD endothelium, and suggest a role for premature senescence in FECD.
Workshop 6: Microglial Activators and Inactivators

Microglia and macrophages are important antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the central nervous system (CNS). By virtue of their ability to express class II MHC antigens and costimulatory molecules such as CD40 and B7, microglia/macrophages promote Th1 cell activation and subsequent immune/inflammatory responses within the CNS. We have previously demonstrated that IFN-γ is the most potent inducer of CD40 expression on microglia. Our more recent studies have focused on the molecular basis of IFN-γ induced CD40 expression, and mechanisms by which this gene can be inhibited. The suppressive effects of IL-4 on CD40 expression will be discussed, as will the involvement of SH2 containing proteins called SOCS (for Suppressors Of Cytokine Signalling). Expression of CD40 by activated microglia/macrophages may contribute to the complex neuroimmunologic cascades that result in inflammation, demyelination and neuronal dysfunction. As such, understanding the mechanisms of inhibition of this molecule will be beneficial in diseases such as multiple sclerosis, HIV-1 associated dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
Preparation and properties of methyl esters of beef tallow

Tallow methyl esters were prepared from edible beef tallow using the process of esterification. The presence of mono-, di- and triglycerides and free fatty acids were determined by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Gas chromatography (GC) was used to determine the fatty acid compositions of raw beef tallow and its esters. Some important physical and fuel properties, including specific gravity, API gravity, melting point, cloud point, pour point, distillation properties, calculated cetane index (CCI) and energy content, were determined for tallow methyl esters and their blends with ethanol in different ratios ranging from 100:0 to 55:45% (v/v) of tallow methyl esters and ethanol. TLC analyses showed that methyl esters of beef tallow were free from impurities. The major constituents observed by GC were palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0) and oleic acid (18:1). The melting point, cloud point, pour point, specific gravity and CCI decreased with increased ethanol content. The energy content of the methyl esters was 12% less than No.2 diesel fuel and it decreased with increases in ethanol content of the blends.
Toxicity of ionic thiocyanate-amended soil to the wireworm Limonius californicus (Coleoptera: Elateridae).

Glucosinolates contained in cruciferous plant tissues are hydrolyzed to a variety of biologically active products that are potentially useful for control of soil-borne pests. Isothiocyanates have been shown to be toxic and repellent to wire worms, but little is known about the toxicity of another important glucosinolate degradation product, ionic thiocyanate (SCN). This study reports on bioassays assessing acute and sublethal toxicity and repellency of soil amended with SCN- (supplied as KSCN) to the sugar beet wire worm, Limonius californicus (Mannerheim). Wire worms exposed to 0, 150, and 300 nmol SCN-/g soil for 7 d showed little mortality and no significant differences in mortality among treatment levels. There were no significant differences in mortality among treatments for surviving wire worms maintained in untreated soil with germinating wheat seeds for an additional 35 d, suggesting no sublethal effects from the initial 7-d exposure. An LC50 of 12.36 × 104 nmol SCN-/g of soil, a concentration 600-fold greater than that generated from defatted Brassica napus L. (Brassicaceae) seed meal, was estimated for wire worms exposed to SCN- for 24 h. Laboratory bioassays also indicated that wire worms were not repelled by SCN -treated soil. Thus, at concentrations generated from Brassica tissues, SCN- does not appear to play a major role in reducing wire worm populations.
Expression and function of three cytochrome P-450 isozymes in rat extrahepatic tissues.

Abstract Western blots using a polyclonal and a monoclonal antibody raised against rat liver cytochrome P-450b indicate tissue-specific expression of low levels of cytochrome P-450's b and e. P-450b and P-450e were expressed very selectively in, respectively, lung and adrenal microsomes of untreated rats but neither isozyme was detected in the corresponding kidney or small intestine microsomes. The regioselectivity of microsomal metabolism of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) as well as the sensitivity to inhibition by anti P- 450 b e IgG established that low levels of “b-like” P-450's are functional in lung and adrenal microsomes from uninduced rats, but not in microsomes from the kidney or small intestine. Functional P-450c was also detected at low levels in liver, lung, kidney, and adrenals of untreated rats. Among the extrahepatic tissues examined, DMBA metabolism was the highest in rat adrenal microsomes. However, only 30% of this activity was due to P-450′s b, e, or c. Phenobarbital (PB) treatment of rats increased microsomal DMBA metabolism in all extrahepatic tissues examined. The selectivity of this increase for 12-methyl hydroxylation of DMBA and the near complete inhibition by anti- P- 450 b e are consistent with induction of P-450e even though P-450b was preferentially induced in each of the extrahepatic tissues examined. The levels of expression of P-450b were increased by PB in all sets of adrenal, lung, and intestinal microsomes and in three out of six sets of kidney microsomes. The levels of P-450e were also increased by PB in all sets of adrenal microsomes. Following PB treatment, P-450e became immunoquantifiable (>2 pmol/mg protein) in three of six sets of lung and kidney microsomes but remained below detection in all sets of intestinal microsomes. Based on the activity of purified P-450e, undetectable levels ( P- 450 b e . A protein comigrating with P-450e was well above detection (6–7 pmol/mg) in two of six preparations of lung microsomes that showed highest induction of this activity. PB treatment, therefore, increases both P-450's b and e in each of the extrahepatic tissues examined, consistent with hepatic induction although far less effectively. 3-Methylcholanthrene induced P-450c (>50-fold) in all tissues except the adrenal (only 3-fold) but with the exception of the latter, the associated activities were typically 10-fold lower than anticipated. These studies demonstrate that very small and even undetectable levels of individual forms of cytochrome P-450 play a major role in PAH metabolism in extrahepatic tissues.
Optimum filter design for distribution feeders with multiple harmonic sources

Abstract A procedure is developed for selection and placement of optimum filters on distribution feeders that have distributed and balanced or unbalanced harmonic sources and variable compensating capacitors. The objective is to minimize voltage harmonic distortion for all buses on the feeder. Analysis of an example feeder system shows that optimum filters chosen and placed in this manner may produce results superior to the filter designed to reduce distortion at a single bus and other multibus filter design procedures.
Untreated syphilis in the male negro; background and current status of patients in the Tuskegee study.

Abstract 1.1. A study of the comparative incidence of the morphologic lesions found among ninety-two untreated syphilitic patients and thirty-two control patients examined at autopsy is presented. 2.2. The gross and microscopic findings on the individuals included in this study indicate that the lesions characteristic of syphilitic involvement in the Negro male are to be found for the most part in the cardiovascular system. For this reason, a detailed analysis of the cardiovascular abnormalities, including the relationship of clinical and autopsy findings, is included. 3.3. Linear striation of the thoracic aorta was found to be the most reliable gross sign of syphilitic aortitis, while thickening of the aorta wall and necrosis of the media were found to be pathognomonic of syphilitic aortitis in the microscopic examination. 4.4. In thirty-seven (41.6 per cent) of the eighty-seven syphilitic patients in whom the aorta was examined grossly and microscopically, there was no evidence of syphilitic aortitis by either examination, and in twenty-five (28.1 per cent) of the patients, aortitis was diagnosed by both gross and microscopic findings. 5.5. On the basis of the findings in this study, it is estimated that a Negro male with syphilis of more than ten years' duration for which he had received no treatment (or less than 12 units of routine treatment) and with sustained seropositivity prior to death would have, roughly, a 50-50 chance of demonstrating syphilitic cardiovascular involvement at autopsy. 6.6. The unusually high prevalence of cardiac hypertrophy in this study group is believed to be due to the presence of compensatory hypertrophy caused by hypertension and/or myocardial degeneration. 7.7. The similarity of the clinical signs and symptoms of syphilitic and arteriosclerotic aortitis reduces the efficiency of clinical methods in the detection of syphilitic aortitis. 8.8. The brain was examined in forty-six of the ninety-two syphilitic patients autopsied. The two patients showing clinical symptoms of central nervous system involvement (paresis and meningovascular syphilis) were among the group examined. The patient diagnosed with meningovascular syphilis showed microscopic cortical atrophy at autopsy, and both patients were found to have opacity of the pia-arachnoid and perivascular and meningeal cellular infiltration. 9.9. In the respiratory, digestive, hematopoietic, endocrine, urinary, and reproductive systems of the human body, the incidence of abnormalities among syphilitic patients was not significantly different from that among the control patients. 10.10. In twenty-eight (30.4 per cent) of the ninety-two syphilitic patients examined at autopsy, syphilitic involvement of the cardiovascular or the central nervous system was established as the primary cause of death. The distribution of the causes of death among the syphilitic patients, aside from syphilis itself, was not different from that in the nonsyphilitic group.
The development of a static voltage regulator for aircraft A-C generators

THE purpose of this paper is to describe the development of a static aircraft voltage regulator for constant- and variable-speed a-c generators. This type of regulator is one which utilizes components which are static in nature as a means of control. The development was started in an effort to develop a new and better regulator to meet more rigid specification requirements. The regulator that has resulted not only meets these requirements but promises inherent reliability and long life.
Kinetics of the olivine→spinel transition: Implications to deep-focus earthquake genesis

Abstract The rate of the olivine→spinel transition at high overpressure increases with diminishing grain size, or increasing shear stress, temperature, and possibly pressure. The transition rate is higher in Fe-rich compositions than in Mg-rich compositions, and it can be greatly increased by adding water or other mineralizers. Of all variables controlling the kinetics of the olivine→spinel transition in the mantle, temperature is the most critical. The olivine→spinel transition can be suppressed below 500°C in Mg-rich compositions, even in geological period of time. Since the temperature within a downgoing slab varies greatly according to different models of calculation, it is not clear at this stage whether the temperature is low enough to suppress the olivine→spinel transition. If the olvine→spinel transition cannot be suppressed, it may not be responsible for the genesis of deep-focus earthquakes. However, the rise of the olivine-spinel boundary in the cold interior of downgoing slabs provides an additional driving force for the plunging of these slabs. The distortion of the olivine-spinel boundary may also control the stress distribution in downgoing slabs and may be responsible for the observed alignment of principal stress axes of deep-focus earthquakes.
Rituals in stone: early Greek grave epigrams and monuments

The goal of this paper is to increase our understanding of what archaic verse epitaphs meant to contemporary readers. Section I suggests their fundamental message was praise of the deceased, expressed in forms characteristic of poetic encomium in its broad, rhetorical sense, i.e., praise poetry. In section II, the conventions of encomium in the epitaphs are compared to the iconographic conventions of funerary art. I conclude that verse inscriptions and grave markers, not only communicate the same message of praise, but do so in a formally parallel manner. Section III, drawing on Pindar as a preserver of archaic thinking, attributes the parallelism between verse epitaph and grave marker to their common debt to funerary ritual. The epigrams will be seen to share with their monuments the goal of memorializing this ritual.
Microstylolites, Bedding, and Dolomitization: ABSTRACT

Microstylolites are fine dissolution surfaces, with a relief of only 20-40 microns, on which a thin film of silicic-clastic clay and platy silt is concentrated. They commonly form in slightly shaly limestone during secondary (overburden) compaction. Two causes appear to inhibit microstylolite growth: the film concentrate of clay and silt chokes the dissolution surface as a pathway for fluid migration, and acts as a glide plane to relieve stress along the surface. Microstylolites can accentuate or distort primary sedimentary structures and appear to control the pattern of dolomitization. 1. They commonly accentuate stromatolitic or ripple laminations and outline limestone intraclasts. 2. Thinly-bedded, knobbly, nodular, lumpy, braided or boudinage limestones, characteristic of Paleozoic platform carbonates, appear to result from a microstylolitic induced distortion of originally thin, continuous beds of slightly shaly, pelleted lime muds interbedded with limy (now dolomitic) shale. "Swarms" of subhorizontal, interconnected microstylolites are present throughout both the dolomitic shale interbeds and the dolomitic areas between limestone knobbles. Thin swarms penetrate the sides of limestone knobbles, cutting off clots of limestone. The areas be ween adjacent knobbles have undergone 20-80% solution thinning, with tension fracturing of the brittle limestone knobbles and flowage along microstylolite surfaces into the area between knobbles. Overburden compaction with microstylolitic dissolution and flowage explains the knobbly bedding. 3. Zoned dolomite rhombs (less than 60 microns) are present in intimate association with microstylolites. In knobbly limestones these rhombs are much coarser than unzoned rhombs scattered throughout the limestone, and are so abundant that they cannot be explained as a simple stylolite solution concentration. Rather, some attribute of the microstylolites, i.e., permeability-controlled fluid migration, composition of concentrate, or differential pressure, provided preferential conditions for dolomitiza ion. Much of the fine-scale, primary or stratigraphic dolomite appears to be a product of preferential dolomitization along microstylolites. End_of_Article - Last_Page 811------------
Viscosity Sensing With Lamb-Wave Microsensor: Dimethylsulfoxide Solution Viscosity as a Function of Temperature

Recently, a new microsensor employing low-velocity ultrasonic Lamb waves was developed and demonstrated to be capable of measuring the viscosity of solutions in small volumes. The microsensor, when attached to a temperature-controlled stage, can measure viscosity as a function of temperature. In this investigation, the ultrasonic Lamb-wave oscillator is employed to experimentally measure the viscosity of dimethylsulfoxide (Me2SO) solutions as a function of temperature. The microsensor and the experimental procedure are described and results for 1M, 3M, and 5M Me2SO aqueous solutions are presented. Dimethylsulfoxide is a compound commonly employed as a cryoprotectant in cryopreservation, the low-temperature preservation of biological materials. The temperature dependence of viscosity obtained through this study can be used in determining the probability for ice nucleation in biological materials, a parameter of importance during cryopreservation.
The Transcription Factor GATA-3 Is Necessary and Sufficient for Th2 Cytokine Gene Expression in CD4 T Cells

CD4 T cells potentiate the inflammatory or humoral immune response through the action of Th1 and Th2 cells, respectively. The molecular basis of the differentiation of these cells from naive T cell precursors is, however, unclear. We found that GATA-3 was selectively expressed in Th2 cells. GATA-3 is expressed at a high level in naive, freshly activated T cells and Th2 lineage cells, but subsides to a minimal level in Th1 lineage cells as naive cells commit to their Th subset. Antisense GATA-3 inhibited the expression of all Th2 cytokine genes in the Th2 clone D10. GATA-3 directly activated an IL-4 promoter-luciferase reporter gene in M12 cells. In transgenic mice, elevated GATA-3 in CD4 T cells caused Th2 cytokine gene expression in developing Th1 cells. Thus, GATA-3 is necessary and sufficient for Th2 cytokine gene expression.
Extended table of angular-distribution coefficients for (gamma, particle) and (particle, gamma) reactions

Abstract Presented here is a tabulation of angular-distribution coefficients for photonuclear and radiative-capture reactions which extends the work of Carr and Baglin by listing cases involving M 1 and E 2 radiation not covered by the previous authors. In conjunction with the Carr and Baglin tabulation, the present work provides numerical values for reactions involving target and residual spins ≤ 5 2 , positive-parity particles of spin, 0, 1 2 , and 1, and radiation multipolarities through E 2. Notation is identical to the earlier tabulation. Cross references are given.
Comparison of ropivacaine-fentanyl patient-controlled epidural analgesia with morphine intravenous patient-controlled analgesia for perioperative analgesia and recovery after open colon surgery

Abstract Study objective To compare the effects of ropivacaine-fentanyl patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) with morphine intravenous (IV) patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). Design Prospective, randomized, multicenter trial. Setting Five university-affiliated hospitals. Patients 41 patients undergoing colon surgery. Interventions Patients were randomized to receive either standardized combined epidural/general anesthesia followed by PCEA with ropivacaine 0.2% and fentanyl (2 μg/mL) or standardized general anesthesia followed by morphine IV PCA. All patients participated in a standardized postoperative clinical pathway. Measurements and main results Analgesia was assessed with visual analog scale (VAS) scores. Postoperative recovery was assessed by completion of prospectively defined discharge milestones and time until discharge. Statistical analyses included nonparametric and contingency table analyses. The PCEA group had better analgesia (> 50% reduction in pain scores, assessed both at rest and during a cough) for the first 3 days after surgery (p Conclusions Ropivacaine-fentanyl PCEA provides superior analgesia, reduced opioid requirement, and more rapid recovery after colon surgery.