cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A rapid procedure for detection of bacterial amino acid decarboxylases.

Abstract The detection of decarboxylases of arginine, glutamic acid, histidine, lysine, ornithine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine in bacteria by thin-layer chromatography on polyamide sheets is described. The bacteria were grown on agar medium plates supplemented with eight amino acids at pH 5.5 for induction of amino acid decarboxylases, then transferred to amine-production media. The decarboxylation products in the spent media (amines and/or γ-amino-n-butyric acid) were dansylated and the dansyl derivatives were separated by thin-layer chromatography on polyamide sheets. This method requires only two separate incubations of the decarboxylase-induced bacteria in amine-production media for 1 h at 37°C for simultaneous detection of eight bacterial amino acid decarboxylases using 0.4 μl of the spent media.
ADP and platelets: the end of the beginning

Along with thrombin and collagen, ADP has long been recognized for its contribution to the propagation of platelet activation at sites of vascular injury. However, recent studies have brought a new appreciation of the extent of that contribution and identified the two G protein–coupled receptors that appear to be largely responsible for platelet responses to ADP: P2Y1, which activates phospholipase C (1), and P2Y12, which suppresses cAMP formation so that activation can occur (Figure ​(Figure1)1) (2, 3). P2Y12 (also known as P2T, P2Yac, and SP1999) was identified last year by two teams of investigators using distinctly different strategies (2, 3). Now, in this issue of the JCI, Carolyn Foster and her colleagues at Schering-Plough Research Institute describe the consequences of deleting the gene encoding P2Y12 in mice (4). Their results help to validate parts of the current model for platelet activation by ADP. They also bring to a conclusion a phase of research in which platelet responses to ADP were initially characterized, the contribution of heterotrimeric G proteins was recognized, and the existence of more than one class of ADP receptor was established. Given the growing use of antiplatelet agents that target P2Y12 in patients with cardiovascular disease, this is a good opportunity to review the role of ADP in platelet activation and consider some of the questions that have yet to be answered. Figure 1 ADP and platelet activation. Platelet activation by potent agonists such as thrombin or collagen causes the release of secondary agonists such as thromboxane A2 (TxA2) and the secretion of ADP from platelet dense granules. Platelet responses to ADP require ...
Robust solutions of the Yvon-Born-Green equation at very high densities.

The Yvon-Born-Green equation under the Kirkwood superposition closure is solved for a system of hard spheres at very high densities, using a robust (second-order) convergence routine. In this paper, the range of the pair correlation function solutions is extended to 100 and 200 diameters. The several solution branches found in an earlier paper (Jangkamolkulchai, A., Green, K. A., and Luks, K. D., 1989, Molec. Phys., 68, 791) were incompletely mapped. These branches are completed for 50 and 100 diameters up to values of λ0 = 4πnσ3 = 20, where the ‘close packing’ value of λ0 is 17·77, and yield multiple results for values of the density parameter λ = λ0 g (2) (1 +) on each branch. The interpretation of our results is presented in light of the analysis of solution multiplicity put forth by Lovett for approximate density functional theories.
Effect of Supplemental Dietary Zinc on the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Signaling Pathway in Skeletal Muscle and Liver from Post-absorptive Mice

Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element that functions in cellular signaling. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) regulates the initiation of protein synthesis. The objective of this study was to determine whether Zn could stimulate protein phosphorylation in the mTOR pathway in vivo. Mice (C57BL/6J, n = 30) were fed Zn marginal diets (ZM, 5 mg/kg) for 4 weeks, followed by fasting (F) and/or refeeding with ZM or Zn supplemental (300 mg/kg, ZS) diets for 3 or 6 h. Plasma insulin was greater (P < 0.05) in refed animals as compared to F animals. Protein phosphorylation was detected using multiplex analysis and Western blotting. Multiplex analysis indicated greater (P < 0.05) p70 S6 kinase (p70S6K) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3 α/β) phosphorylation in livers from 6-h refed ZS animals as compared to F animals. Western blots indicated increased (P < 0.05) Akt (Ser 473) phosphorylation in skeletal muscle from animals refed ZS diets for 3 and 6 h as compared to F animals. The ZS diet affected phosphorylation of GSK-3 (α/β) in liver, as 3-h ZS refed animals had greater (P < 0.01) phosphorylation than F animals. These findings indicate that Zn may contribute to the initiation of protein synthesis as a signaling molecule in vivo.
Mass Customization in Videotape Duplication and Conversion: Challenges of Flexible Duplication Systems, Fast Delivery, and Electronic Service

With the emergence of electronic commerce technology, marketers gained new methods for personalizing electronic advertisements, automating marketing research, and customizing product designs. These developments suggest that production operations also must be redesigned to support contemporary marketing objectives via mass customization. Yet, operations management research historically has focused on mass production systems buffering the customer from production operations. As such, the literature provides relatively few insights about managing mass customization operations. Thus, in this paper, we consider a previously unexamined type of mass customization production operations. The paper presents a case study of a manufacturer's videotape duplication and conversion system, consisting of a flexible network of heterogeneous, parallel machines used to duplicate and convert videotapes and other multimedia. We describe the characteristics of this flexible duplication system, discuss parallels between these systems and mass customization, and identify issues regarding flexibility, speed of delivery, and electronic service.
Cortical Thinning in Cingulate and Occipital Cortices in First Episode Schizophrenia

Background Postmortem studies examining discrete regions show reduced cortical thickness in schizophrenia. Computational image analysis methods allow spatially detailed cortical thickness measurements across the entire cortex in 3D, but have not addressed thickness changes in cingulate or other cortices bordering the medial walls of the cerebral hemispheres in first episode schizophrenia. Methods Magnetic resonance images and cortical pattern matching methods were used to compare gray matter thickness, measured at sub-voxel resolution at thousands of spatially equivalent locations on the medial hemispheric surfaces, between 72 (51m/21f) first episode schizophrenia patients and 78 (37m/41f) healthy controls similar in age. Group differences were mapped in 3D, and their overall significance was confirmed by permutation testing. Results Patients with little or no prior antipsychotic medication treatment showed significant cortical thinning within cingulate, occipital and frontopolar cortices with no significant increases in any cortical location. Regional sex differences were observed with pronounced thinning in the left paracentral lobule and right posterior cingulate in male and female patients respectively compared to same sex controls. Conclusions Cortical thinning may correspond to cytoarchitectural and neurochemical abnormalities observed in similar anatomic locations and may underlie systems-wise disturbances that include heteromodal association cortices, where cortical thinning has been previously observed in first episode schizophrenia.
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae histone chaperone Rtt106 mediates the cell cycle recruitment of SWI/SNF and RSC to the HIR-dependent histone genes.

BACKGROUND In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, three out of the four histone gene pairs (HTA1-HTB1, HHT1-HHF1, and HHT2-HHF2) are regulated by the HIR co-repressor complex. The histone chaperone Rtt106 has recently been shown to be present at these histone gene loci throughout the cell cycle in a HIR- and Asf1-dependent manner and involved in their transcriptional repression. The SWI/SNF and RSC chromatin remodeling complexes are both recruited to the HIR-dependent histone genes; SWI/SNF is required for their activation in S phase, whereas RSC is implicated in their repression outside of S phase. Even though their presence at the histone genes is dependent on the HIR complex, their specific recruitment has not been well characterized. In this study we focused on characterizing the role played by the histone chaperone Rtt106 in the cell cycle-dependent recruitment of SWI/SNF and RSC complexes to the histone genes. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using GST pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation assays, we showed that Rtt106 physically interacts with both the SWI/SNF and RSC complexes in vitro and in vivo. We then investigated the function of this interaction with respect to the recruitment of these complexes to HIR-dependent histone genes. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays (ChIP), we found that Rtt106 is important for the recruitment of both SWI/SNF and RSC complexes to the HIR-dependent histone genes. Furthermore, using synchronized cell cultures, we showed by ChIP assays that the Rtt106-dependent SWI/SNF recruitment to these histone gene loci is cell cycle regulated and restricted to late G1 phase just before the peak of histone gene expression in S phase. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Overall, these data strongly suggest that the interaction between the histone chaperone Rtt106 and both the SWI/SNF and RSC chromatin remodeling complexes is important for the cell cycle regulated recruitment of these two complexes to the HIR-dependent histone genes.
A pretest for choosing between logrank and wilcoxon tests in the two-sample problem

Two commonly used tests for comparison of survival curves are the generalized Wilcoxon procedure of Gehan (1965) and Breslow (1970) and the logrank test proposed by Mantel (1966) and Cox (1972). In applications, the logrank test is often used after checking for validity of the proportional hazards (PH) assumption, with Wilcoxon being the fallback method when the PH assumption fails.
Stability of gas bubbles rising in inviscid fluids

Abstract A variational approach, based upon the principle of minimum total energy, is used to study the interfacial stability of small ellipsoidal gas bubbles moving upwards in liquids of small viscosity because of their buoyancy. Viscous and inertia effects are neglected, while the effects of gravity are taken into consideration in the stability analysis. Critical Weber and Bond numbers were determined at which the interface becomes unstable. The theoretical results are in good agreement with the experimental observations on air bubbles moving in filtered water.
A thermohydrodynamic solution for finite journal bearings under dynamic loading conditions

Abstract A numerical solution is developed for the equations governing the thermohydrodynamic flow in a finite journal bearing. Both wedge and squeeze pressure contributions are considered. Lubricant viscosity is taken as a function of the temperature distribution in the fluid film. Computer programs are devised to obtain numerical solutions for the prescribed journal centre locus. Thermal effects are shown to be pronounced in laminar flow bearing under dynamic loading conditions.
Plasma sheet formation during long period of northward IMF

[1] We have studied the entry paths of solar wind plasma into the magnetosphere during an extended period of northward IMF using an OpenGGCM MHD simulation of the cold dense plasma sheet (CDPS) event observed on October 23, 2003 by the Cluster spacecraft. We find that high-latitude reconnection occurs tailward of both cusps between the IMF and geomagnetic field. The newly created closed magnetic flux tubes capture magnetosheath plasma, and subsequently sink and shrink into the magnetosphere, while convecting tailward. The plasma that enters near the reconnection site is driven sunward and toward the low latitude region initially; it then drifts to the flanks. The captured plasma is characterized by small flow velocity, and it is moderately heated in the reconnection region. In the present case study we find the cold plasma enters the plasma sheet in the near Earth tail where it is observed by Cluster.
Sulfuric acid on Europa and the radiolytic sulfur cycle

A comparison of laboratory spectra with Galileo data indicates that hydrated sulfuric acid is present and is a major component of Europa's surface. In addition, this moon's visually dark surface material, which spatially correlates with the sulfuric acid concentration, is identified as radiolytically altered sulfur polymers. Radiolysis of the surface by magnetospheric plasma bombardment continuously cycles sulfur between three forms: sulfuric acid, sulfur dioxide, and sulfur polymers, with sulfuric acid being about 50 times as abundant as the other forms. Enhanced sulfuric acid concentrations are found in Europa's geologically young terrains, suggesting that low-temperature, liquid sulfuric acid may influence geological processes.
Optical properties of astronomical silicates

Correct interpretation of a vast array of astronomical data relies heavily on understanding the properties of silicate dust as a function of wavelength, temperature, and crystallinity. We introduce the OPASI-T (Optical Properties of Astronomical Silicates with Infrared Techniques) project to address the need for high fidelity optical characterization data on the various forms of astronomical dust. We use two spectrometers to provide extinction data for silicate samples across a wide wavelength range (from the near infrared to the millimeter). New experiments are in development that will provide complementary information on the emissivity of our samples, allowing us to complete the optical characterization of these dust materials. In this paper, we present initial results from several materials including amorphous iron silicate, magnesium silicate and silica smokes, over a wide range of temperatures, and discuss the design and operation of our new experiments.
Cross-Cultural Public Relations: A Review of Existing Models With Suggestions for a Post-Industrial Public Relations Pyramid

Public relations is impacted by globalism, prompting new models of public relations adapted to specific cultures. In this treatise, the author reviews current models constructed by U.S. scholars and those practicing internationally, and offers suggestions for a cross-cultural, overbridging approach to managing organization-public relationships entitled the “Post-Industrial Public Relations Pyramid.” The theoretical framework for the presentation is that of relationship management, the perspective that sees the study, teaching, and practice of public relations flourishing when practices generate benefit for both organizations and their interacting publics.
Excited States of H2O using improved virtual orbitals

Abstract A technique for solving the Hartree-Fock equations is proposed which has the property that the virtual orbitals from the ground state wavefunction are variationally correct approximations to the self-consistent orbitals for the excited states. This allows a whole series of excited wavefunctions to be obtained from one calculation. This method was applied to a number of low-lying singlet and triplet excited states of H2O, and found to lead to good results.
Nonsymmetric Markov processes and hypothesis (H)

Let (X(t),P x) and (X(t))},PP}x) be two Hunt processes in duality with respect to an excessive measure ξ and having resolvents that commute. The main result of this article is that if there is an e with 0<e<1 so that (U 1 U 1 f,f)⩾−e‖U 1 f‖2 for everyf in ℒ2(ξ), thenX(t) satisfies Hunt's hypothesis (H): every set that is semipolar forX(t) is polar forX(t).
Intracisternal thyrotropin‐releasing hormone‐induced vagally mediated gastric protection against ethanol lesions: Central and peripheral mechanisms

The vagus is involved in mediating gastric cytoprotection and adaptive cytoprotection. However, the central and peripheral mechanisms through which the vagus expresses its action are still poorly known. Medullary thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) plays an important role in the vagal regulation of gastric function. The stable TRH analogue, RX 77368, micro-injected into the cisterna magna or the dorsal motor nucleus (DMN) of the vagus at a dose that did not influence gastric acid secretion prevented gastric injury induced by intragastric administration of 60% ethanol in conscious or urethane-anaesthetized rats. The cytoprotective action of TRH is mediated through vagal cholinergic release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Prostaglandin E2 action is unrelated to changes in gastric mucosal blood flow (GMBF). In addition, other peripheral mechanisms involve calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) contained in capsaicin sensitive afferent fibres and nitric oxide, both of which mediate the associated increase in GMBF induced by intracisternal injection of RX 77368. These data indicate that medullary TRH induces vagally mediated gastric protection against ethanol lesions. Its action is expressed through the muscarinic dependent release of PGE2 and nitric oxide, and efferent function of capsaicin-sensitive afferent fibres releasing CGRP.
Activist Culture and Transnational Diffusion: Social Marketing and Human Rights Groups in Russia

Research on transnational activism has identified conditions under which advocacy strategies and tactics are likely to diffuse across borders. Two experts on Russian society emphasize a variable that has not received sufficient attention: the predominant culture of local activists. They draw on results from a project undertaken from spring 2002 to summer 2004 designed to introduce social marketing, a strategic communications technique, to human rights activists in Russia. In addition to expanding the theoretical understanding of transnational advocacy, this study suggests that more research is needed on the decision-making processes of activists and, specifically, the organizational cultures shaping choices and decisions.
Angular momentum convergence of Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker Green's function methods

The convergence of multiple-scattering-theory-based electronic structure methods (e.g. the Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker (KKR) band theory method), is determined by lmax, the maximum value of the angular momentum quantum number l. It has been generally assumed that lmax = 3 or 4 is sufficient to ensure a converged ground state and other properties. Using the locally self-consistent multiple-scattering method, which facilitates the use of very high values of lmax, it is shown that the convergence of KKR Green's function methods is much slower than previously supposed, even when spherical approximations to the crystal potential are used. Calculations for Cu using 3≤lmax≤16 indicate that the total energy is converged to within ~0.04 mRyd at lmax = 12. For both face-centred cubic and body-centred cubic structures, the largest error in the total energy occurs at lmax = 4; lmax = 8 gives total energies, bulk moduli, and lattice constants that are converged to accuracies of 0.1 mRyd, 0.1 Mbar, and 0.002 Bohr respectively.
Formation of natural pH gradients in sequential moving boundary systems with solvent counterions II. Predicted and experimental properties

Sequential moving boundary electrophoresis with protons and hydroxyl ions as the sole counterions, consisting solely of six acids (system A) and of six bases (system B), gives rise to natural steady-state pH gradients similar to those predicted by theory (pH 2.4–5.5 for system A, pH 10.3–12.2 for system B). Mixtures of the constituents in system A and system B gave rise to a natural pH gradient spanning the pH range between the terminal electrolytes (pH 2.4 and 12.2) predicted for systems A and B. The predicted boundary displacement is negligibly small. Experimentally the boundary displacement could not be determined in view of the difficulty of separating it from the initial transient state in which the pH gradient is formed, and a final state in which the pH gradient decays.
Can Community Colleges Continue to Do More with Less

In ShortCost-cutting policies have hurt community college student outcomes and weakened the capacity of those colleges to produce returns to students and taxpayers.Many colleges are instituting ref...
SU‐FF‐T‐449: A Monte Carlo Study of Stray Neutron Background Produced in Ocular Therapy

Purpose: To study the neutron spectral fluence and neutrondose equivalent as a function of the off axis distance to isocenter in an ocular therapy beam line using the Monte Carlo technique and to compare the simulated neutrondose equivalent values with the measurements presented in X.Yan et al, Nuclear Instruments and Methods A 476, 2002. Methods and Materials: A Monte Carlo simulation of an ocular nozzle (Newhauser et al, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2005) and a cylindrical Lucite phantom were carried out using the FLUKA radiationtransport code. Mean initial kinetic energy of protons was 159 MeV. The range of the proton beam was 2.5 cm in water. The neutron track length fluencies were tallied in 8 spherical cells of air of diameter 25.4 cm. The off axis distance to the tallies from the isocenter were between 25 cm and 75 cm. The neutron track length fluencies were converted in to ambient dose equivalent using the conversion coefficient given in ICRP 74. Results: The energy weighted neutron fluence spectra demonstrated characteristic low energy evaporation peak and high energy peak. The strengths of both peaks decreased as the distance from the isocenter increased. The neutrondose equivalent values decreased as the off axis distance from the isocenter increased. At a distance of 65 cm away from the isocenter, the neutrondose equivalent value was about 50% of that of at 25 cm. The neutrondose equivalent values from this study are roughly factor of 2 higher than that of measurements from Yan et al (Reported uncertainty of the measured data is 40%). Contribution to total neutrondose equivalent from high energyneutrons is higher than that from low energyneutrons.Conclusions: A detailed study of neutron background produced in ocular proton therapy is presented.
The 20th century cooling trend over the southeastern United States

Portions of the southern and southeastern United States, primarily Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia, have experienced century-long (1895–2007) downward air temperature trends that occur in all seasons. Superimposed on them are shifts in mean temperatures on decadal scales characterized by alternating warm (1930s–1940s, 1990s) and cold (1900s; 1960s–1970s) regimes. Regional atmospheric circulation and SST teleconnection indices, station-based cloud cover and soil moisture (Palmer drought severity index) data are used in stepwise multiple linear regression models. These models identify predictors linked to observed winter, summer, and annual Southeastern air temperature variability, the observed variance (r2) they explain, and the resulting prediction and residual time series. Long-term variations and trends in tropical Pacific sea temperatures, cloud cover, soil moisture and the North Atlantic and Arctic oscillations account for much of the air temperature downtrends. Soil moisture and cloud cover are the primary predictors of 59.6 % of the observed summer temperature variance. While the teleconnections, cloud cover and moisture data account for some of the annual and summer Southeastern cooling trend, large significant downward trending residuals remain in winter and summer. Comparison is made to the northeastern United States where large twentieth century upward air temperature trends are driven by cloud cover increases and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) variability. Differences between the Northeastern warming and the Southeastern cooling trends in summer are attributable in part to the differing roles of cloud cover, soil moisture, the Arctic Oscillation and the AMO on air temperatures of the 2 regions.
Family patterns and child abuse in a nationally representative American sample

Abstract Data on 1, 146 families with a child age 3 through 17 at home are presented. Child abuse information was obtained for a randomly selected child in each family. Child abuse was defined as an attack by a parent involving punching, kicking, biting, hitting with an object, “beating up,” or using a knife or gun. Over 14 out of every 100 American children 3–17 are subjected to abusive violence each year. These figures are at least 26 times greater than those of the National Center For Child Abuse and Neglect. Even so, for reasons outlined in the paper, they are underestimates. Families in which child abuse occurred are compared with other families. The results suggest that child abuse is brought about by the very nature of the society and its family system. This has profound implications for the prevention and treatment of child abuse. Although psychotherapy may be appropriate in some cases, a more fundamental approach lies in such things as a more equal sharing of the burdens of child care, replacement of physical punishment with non-violent methods of child care and training, eliminating the stresses and insecurity which now characterize our economic system, and strengthening the ties of individual families to the extended family and the community.
Coleridgean Polarity and Theological Vision

This essay concerns two closely related subjects: the religious philosophy of Samuel Taylor Coleridge and the need for a new vision in Christian theology today. Though it is the second, more ambitious and adventurous topic that deserves the more sensitive treatment, it is rather to Coleridge himself that I have given the greater part of my attention. The reasoning behind this procedure is based upon a fairly simple fact: Coleridge's religious thought is still largely unknown to most people in the philosophical and theological communities. During the past twenty years or so, as many of Coleridge's hitherto unpublished notebooks and other manuscripts have been brought to light, a number of scholars of English literature have begun to study his thought, including his theology, with greater care. But it is still rare to find a researcher outside literature per se who knows much of Coleridgean philosophy, beyond (perhaps) a few phrases from his theory of the imagination in the Biographia Literaria.
Character sum analogues of constant term identities for root systems

Certain identities connected with root systems provide explicit constant terms in Laurent series expansions of multivariable functions. Character sum analogues of these identities are given.
Administration of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate on the day of mifepristone for medical abortion: a pilot study.

Abstract Objective We sought to evaluate satisfaction with timing of administration and continuation rates of depot medroxyprogesterone (DMPA) when given on the initial visit for first-trimester medical abortion. Study design In this pilot study, we administered DMPA within 15 min of mifepristone administration. Participants were followed up in the clinic 7 days after enrollment and were contacted at 14 days, 28 days and 3, 6, 9 and 12 months by telephone. We assessed satisfaction with contraception timing, DMPA continuation, bleeding patterns and abortion completion. Results Twenty women were enrolled. At 7-day follow-up, 18 of 19 contacted participants (94.7%) were satisfied with timing of DMPA administration. Ten of 19 participants (52.6%) discontinued DMPA after the first injection. At 1 year, 3 participants out of 19 were continuing DMPA (15.7%). The median number of bleeding days after abortion was 19. Three participants had medical abortion failure. In the first year after abortion, there were four known repeat pregnancies. Conclusions The timing of initiation of DMPA on the initial visit for medical abortion is satisfactory to women, but its influence on medical abortion efficacy requires further study. Continuation rates for DMPA were low in our sample. Implications This pilot study provides groundwork for future larger studies to assess initiation of the injectable contraceptive DMPA on the day of mifepristone for medical abortion, but low continuation rates of DMPA in our sample emphasize the importance of access to intrauterine devices and implants after abortion.
Shaved or Saved? Disciplining Women's Bodies

Proponents of sexual liberation and abstinence-until-marriage advocates appear to be on opposing ends of the sociopolitical spectrum; however, both are invested in the regulation of women's vaginas...
Toleration: Is There a Paradox?

Philosophers (Bernard Williams, for example) often talk of a paradox of toleration. They say that we can only be said to tolerate that which is acknowledged to be bad or wrong; but, thye continue, if something is acknowledged to be bad or wrong, the proper response is to suppress it or act against it. I think this appearance of paradox can very easily be dissolved. If something is bad or wrong, then the person who judges it so commits himself to avoiding it in his own actions and choices; but he does not by any logical implication of "bad" or "wrong," commit himself to acting coercively against it. Acting coercively is quite a distinctive response and it requires a myriad of reasons which are not generated by a simple moral condemnation. Practices of toleration flourish in the gap that this opens up. I also pursue a second line of argument which goes as follows: despite the philosophers' definitional announcement, it is not the case that we can only be said to tolerate that which we judge to be bad or wrong. The idea of toleration is much broader thnaa that. Philosophers tend to confine it stipulatively to the narrower sense in order to generate the alleged paradox. But since the paradox doesn't arisse anyway, there is no justification for the narrower definition.
Mechanistic studies of the effects of the retinoid N‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)retinamide on prostate cancer cell growth and apoptosis

To explore the mechanisms underlying the chemopreventive effects of the synthetic retinoid N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR) in prostate cancer, we evaluated the anti-proliferative and apoptosis-inducing effects of 4-HPR in the androgen-sensitive human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. 4-HPR decreased the number of viable LNCaP cells (as measured by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay) in a dose-dependent manner. Although 4-HPR exerted a modest G1 cell-cycle block (as determined by flow cytometry), its effect on reduced cell number appeared to result primarily from induction of apoptosis (as measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow-cytometric assays). The mitogenic effects of R1881, a non-metabolizable androgen that potently induces LNCaP cell proliferation, was completely blocked by greater than 0.5 microM 4-HPR. Furthermore, increasing the R1881 concentration in the presence of 2.0 microM 4-HPR increased apoptotic cell death. 4-HPR decreased prostate-specific antigen (PSA) protein levels in conditioned medium and decreased PSA mRNA expression. 4-HPR also decreased the ratio of bcl-2 to bax mRNA expression in LNCaP cells by approximately 45%, indicating that the apoptotic effects of 4-HPR may be mediated, at least in part, by alterations in the bcl-2/bax-regulated apoptotic pathway. N-acetylcysteine (4 mM) completely blocked the anti-proliferative and apoptotic-inducing effects of 4-HPR, suggesting that an oxidative mechanism may be involved. We concluded that (i) 4-HPR exerts growth-suppressive and apoptotic effects on LNCaP cells, (ii) 4-HPR can interact with androgen to suppress proliferation and induce apoptosis, (iii) the apoptotic effects of 4-HPR may be mediated in part by the bcl-2/bax pathway, and (iv) a pro-oxidant mechanism may contribute to the anti-proliferative and apoptotic-inducing effects of 4-HPR.
Strategic Voting In British Elections

In this paper we examine the extent to which voters engage in strategic behavior. Our contribution is accounting for the context in which voters have the opportunity to behave in a strategic fashion. We also demonstrate that previous measures of strategic voting significantly underestimated the willingness of voters to engage in strategic behavior when presented with the opportunity to do so. We use as cases for our study of strategic voting behavior two recent elections in Britain, the 1987 and 1997 general elections. Our analysis produces estimates of strategic voting in these elections that are substantially greater than reported in previous research.
The MPI parallelization of the diffusion-drift algorithm for quantitative analysis of breast tumor electric signals

Experimental measurements on MCF-7 cells, a standard breast cancer cell line, have demonstrated that the membrane potential varies with the different stages of cell division [1]. The membrane potential was found to depolarize, that is become more positive, at the beginning of the Gap 1 (G1) stage and hyperpolarize at the Gap 1/Synthesis (G1/S) transition. The extracellular electrical signals, electric current densities and biopotentials, generated due to these depolarizations and hyperpolarizations were calculated due to a single cell in [1].
Independent Publishing Today and Yesterday

The independent press movement is flourishing in America. Most of these independent presses have organized into the Committee of Small Magazine Editors and Publishers (COSMEP). The large commerical publishers continue to refuse financial support to independent presses, although these same commercial publishers often reap financial dividends from the creativity and experimentation fostered by the small presses. Despite nonsupport from the commercial establishment, the independent movement in this country has always prospered. Authors in this tradition include Thomas Paine, Parson Weems, Washington Irving, John Bartlett, Walt Whitman, Mary Baker Eddy, General Henry Robert, Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain), Stephen Crane, Edwin Arlington Robinson, Upton Sinclair, Carl Sandburg, Ezra Pound and Anais Nin. The small press movement continues today with several advantages not enjoyed in the past: associations like COSMEP, new distributors, open-minded review media and large bookstore chains that simplify distribution ...
The influence of network structure on neuronal dynamics

Understanding the influence of network structure on neural dynamics is a fundamental step toward deciphering brain function, yet presents many challenges. We show how networks may be described in terms of the occurrences of certain patterns of edges, and how the frequency of these motifs (see Figure ​Figure1)1) impacts global dynamics. Through analysis and simulation of neuronal networks, we have found that two edge directed paths (two-chains) have the most dramatic effect on dynamics. Our analytic results are based on equations for mean population activity and correlations that we derive using path integrals and moment hierarchy expansions. These equations reveal the primary ways in which the network motifs influence dynamics. For example, the equations indicate that the propensity of a network to globally synchronize increases with the prevalence of two-chains, and we verify this result with network simulations. Finally, we present ongoing work investigating when these second-order equations break down, and how they might be corrected by higher order approximations to the network structure, such as the prevalence of three edge chains beyond that predicted by the two-chains. Figure 1 The four second order edge motifs of reciprocal, convergent, divergent, and causal connections. The frequency of these motifs determine the second order statistics, or correlations, among the network connections.
Editorial: Assessing and Enhancing Clinical Significance/Social Validity of Intervention Research in Pediatric Psychology

The purpose of this editorial is to renew the call for assessing and documenting clinical significance/social validity in our intervention research. Clinical significance/social validity needs to be documented at three levels: (1) the goals of our intervention studies are relevant to interested parties, such as children, parents, referral sources, and third party payers; (2) the intervention procedures are acceptable to interested parties and are therefore more likely to be adopted if effective; and (3) the effects of our interventions are satisfactory to consumers and meet some standard of achieving clinically significant effects. This editorial describes methods for assessing clinical significance/ social validity at all three levels. A statistically significant treatment effect gives us confidence that an effect is not due to chance. However, a statistically significant effect does not inform us about the size, importance, or clinical significance of the effect. Even ‘‘effect sizes’’ (using Cohen’s convention of r1⁄4 .10 as small, r1⁄4 .30 as medium, and r1⁄4 .50 as large; Cohen, 1988), do not determine if the threshold for clinical significance has been reached. For example, the effect size for low-dose aspirin used to prevent first heart attacks was r1⁄4 .02, which is less than a ‘‘small’’ effect size according to Cohen. However in that study, the sample size was large (22,071) and the risk reduction was 44% (p .00001). Consequently, the trial was prematurely stopped due to the obvious benefits of low-dose aspirin (Steering Committee of the Physicians’ Health Study Research Group, 1988). There have been previous admonitions published in this journal about the need to document clinical significance/social validity in intervention research in pediatric psychology (Drotar, 1997, 2008, 2009; Drotar & Lemanek, 2001). The purpose of this editorial is to renew that call for assessing and documenting clinical significance/social validity in our intervention research. My objectives are to (1) define clinical significance and social validity, and (2) describe ways to assess clinical significance and social validity using examples from the literature.
Emerging Advances in Mixed Methods: Addressing Social Justice

Mixed methods researchers are extending our understandings of how to understand complex social phenomenon, as well as how to use research to develop effective interventions to address complex social problems. This was evident in many of the presentations that were made at the International Congress on Qualitative Inquiry that was held at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, May 15-18, 2013. Researchers from many different countries raised questions and provided solutions to challenges they face in many different contexts. I highlight a few of these presentations as a way for us to see the progress that is being made in the use of mixed methods to enhance social justice and create better living conditions for marginalized members of society. The examples give us pause to think about the use of mixed methods to reach hard-to-reach populations, uncover inequities in access to education and health services, improve services that are provided to members of marginalized communities so that they are more culturally and linguistically appropriate, and use research results for social activism. The first example is taken from the health sciences. Cancer is an insidious disease that is being better understood as a result of genetic research. Medical research has revealed that cancer can be the result of an inherited genetic mutation that greatly increases the probability of developing either breast or prostate cancer. The BRCA gene is found in both women and men, yet the majority of attention in the media and the medical profession is focused on women and breast cancer. Hesse Biber (2013) used a mixed methods study first to investigate women with the BRCA gene; she conducted online surveys and personal interviews. The results of this study revealed that women with the BRCA gene expressed concern for the men in their families, brothers and sons, who had not been tested for the mutation. She then conducted a second sequential explanatory mixed methods study to determine how men’s and women’s experiences differ in terms of why they get tested, what they do with the information about their status, and what kinds of support networks they use. Given the lack of visibility and the stigma attached to men with the BRCA gene, Hesse Biber found it very challenging to find men who were willing to talk to her. She posted an online survey on various websites that ended with a pop-up that invited men who wanted to talk to her to send her an e-mail. This resulted in quantitative data from the survey that indicated that men got tested because of encouragement from their families and because they wanted to ensure that they would be able to fulfill their responsibilities to their children. In the phone interviews, the men explained that their doctors seemed uncomfortable talking about breast cancer and some even discouraged them from getting tested. Thus,
Analysis of interference cancellation for a multicellular CDMA environment

This paper considers the performance of adaptive interference cancellation applied to a CDMA microcellular environment, by employing a circular geometry and a closed form expression for the bit error rate of a CDMA system with interference cancellation to analyze the effect of out-of-cell interference. Results indicate that out-of-cell interference will severely limit the benefits of interference cancellation in a multicellular system. Attempts to cancel all out-of-cell interference will further degrade the performance. However, selective interference cancellation in which only the strongest out-of-cell interferers are cancelled may result in significant performance enhancement.
A CHROMATOGRAPHIC STUDY OF HYDROLYSIS IN THE FEULGEN NUCLEAL REACTION

In a study on Feulgen hydrolysis of frozen-dried alcohol-fixed lily anthers, a chromatographic technique was developed to analyze the acid hydrolysate for some of the degradation products of nucleic acid. Hydrolysis was accomplished by 10 per cent perchloric acid at 20°C., and a typical hydrolysis time-Feulgen intensity curve was obtained, with maximum staining occurring at 19 hours. Microphotometric measurements indicated that the amount of stain per nucleus was no different from amount in nuclei fixed and hydrolyzed by more conventional procedures. Uracil-containing material (from ribonucleic acid) was almost completely separated from thymine-containing material (deoxyribonucleic acid) of tissue sections by acid treatment for 1½ hours. Adenine (purines), as the base, was effectively all removed from the deoxyribonucleic acid at the time of optimum hydrolysis. Detectable amounts of thymine-containing material appeared in the hydrolysate shortly after the onset of hydrolysis; and the amount increased rapidly with increased hydrolysis time. At the time of optimum hydrolysis approximately two-thirds of the total deoxyribonucleic acid thymine was lost. The removal of these thymine-containing fragments was linear with respect to time during the first 24 hours and occurred at a relatively high rate. Removal after 24 hours was also linear but was at a markedly lower rate. These results would suggest that two kinds of deoxyribonucleic acid exist in lily anthers; an acid-labile fraction amounting to approximately three-fourths of the total, and an acid-resistant fraction making up the remainder. In the Feulgen procedure much of the labile fraction is lost by the time of optimum hydrolysis and is not stained; most of the stable fraction remains in the tissue and is stained. In light of these findings the use of the Feulgen method as a means of determining cytochemically relative amounts of deoxyribonucleic acid in nuclei by measuring their Feulgen dye content was discussed.
Adaptive parallelism and Piranha

Desktop computers are idle much of the time. Ongoing trends make aggregate LAN "waste"-idle compute cycles-an increasingly attractive target for recycling. Piranha, a software implementation of adaptive parallelism, allows these waste cycles to be recaptured by putting them to work running parallel applications. Most parallel processing is static: programs execute on a fixed set of processors throughout a computation. Adaptive parallelism allows for dynamic processor sets which means that the number of processors working on a computation may vary, depending on availability. With adaptive parallelism, instead of parceling out jobs to idle workstations, a single job is distributed over many workstations. Adaptive parallelism is potentially valuable on dedicated multiprocessors as well, particularly on massively parallel processors. One key Piranha advantage is that task descriptors, not processes, are the basic movable, remappable computation unit. The task descriptor approach supports strong heterogeneity. A process image representing a task in mid computation can't be moved to a machine of a different type, but a task descriptor can be. Thus, a task begun on a Sun computer can be completed by an IBM machine. The authors show that adaptive parallelism has the potential to integrate heterogeneous platforms seamlessly into a unified computing resource and to permit more efficient sharing of traditional parallel processors than is possible with current systems. >
Four decades of terms-of-trade booms: A metric of income windfall

Abstract We study Latin America's history of terms-of-trade booms during the period 1970–2012 through the prisms of a metric that quantifies the associated exogenous income shock (‘income windfall’). We also document saving patterns during these episodes and propose a measure of how much of the income windfall was saved (i.e., the marginal saving rate). We find that Latin America's terms-of-trade shock of the last decade has not differed much in magnitude from that observed during the 1970s, but the associated income windfall has been substantially larger. While aggregate saving increased more than in past episodes, the share of the windfall saved has been lower, suggesting that greater aggregate savings reflect mainly the sheer size of the exogenous income shock rather than a greater effort to save it.
Synthesis of p-Type Gallium Nitride Nanowires for Electronic and Photonic Nanodevices

Magnesium-doped gallium nitride nanowires have been synthesized via metal-catalyzed chemical vapor deposition. Nanowires prepared on c-plane sapphire substrates were found to grow normal to the substrate, and transmission electron microscopy studies demonstrated that the nanowires had single-crystal structures with a 〈0001〉 growth axis that is consistent with substrate epitaxy. Individual magnesium-doped gallium nitride nanowires configured as field-effect transistors exhibited systematic variations in two-terminal resistance as a function of magnesium dopant incorporation, and gate-dependent conductance measurements demonstrated that optimally doped nanowires were p-type with hole mobilities of ca. 12 cm2/V‚s. In addition, transport studies of crossed gallium nitride nanowire structures assembled from p- and n-type materials show that these junctions correspond to well-defined p-n diodes. In forward bias, the p-n crossed nanowire junctions also function as nanoscale UV-blue light emitting diodes. The new synthesis of p-type gallium nitride nanowire building blocks opens up significant potential for the assembly of nanoscale electronics and photonics. Semiconductor nanowires (NWs) have demonstrated significant potential as fundamental building blocks for nanoelectronic and nanophotonic devices and also offer substantial