cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
U. N. international treaty on children's rights

Since 1946, the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) has been helping to increase the world's awareness of the plight of children and contributing to efforts aimed at the defense and survival of children facing dehumanizing situations. This paper discusses one of the United Nations' major initiatives in meeting these goals in the form of an international treaty on children's rights. Rights included in the treaty and outlined in the paper include the right to basic services (nutrition, health, education), the right to be protected against dangerous and exploitive conditions, and the right to participate in social and cultural life. Ratification of this treaty will be an important step in providing all those concerned with child welfare a firmer base from which to advocate the rights of children.
Model Reduction in Structural Analysis Using a Multiresolution Analysis

A method is presented to reduce the size of models used in analysis of elastic systems. The reduction is accomplished using a multiresolution analysis applied to elasticity operators to average fine scale properties and behavior while limiting loss of information. In discretized form, the method results in smaller matrices that can be used as building blocks to construct larger systems. The principal application envisioned is in design problems involving complex structural systems, such as crash-worthiness design, where very intensive computations demand computational efficiency.© 2002 ASME
Oxidation Products of α-Farnesene Associated with Superficial Scald Development in d'Anjou Pear Fruits Are Conjugated Trienols

Conjugated triene (CT) oxidation products of the acyclic sesquiterpene (E,E)-α-farnesene are thought to induce development of the physiological storage disorder superficial scald in apple and pear fruits of susceptible cultivars. CTs that accumulate in peel tissues of Granny Smith and Delicious apples after several weeks of cold storage are known to be conjugated trienols (CTols) rather than the corresponding hydroperoxides produced by in vitro autoxidation of α-farnesene. Here, it is shown that CTols are also the predominant in vivo oxidation products of α-farnesene in cold-stored pear fruit of the highly scald-susceptible d'Anjou cultivar. Analysis by octadecylsilane reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection, gas chromatography with flame ionization detection, gas chromatography−mass spectrometry, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy identified 3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-1,3(E),5(E),10-tetraen-7-ol as the major CT in hexane extracts of peel tissue from d'...
A targeted supradose cisplatin chemoradiation protocol for advanced head and neck cancer

Background: Hypothesizing that cisplatin (DDP) drug resistance is dose dependent and the radiosensitizing effect of DDP is clinically beneficial, we conducted a chemoradiation protocol using extremely high doses of DDP delivered intra-arterially (IA) to locally advanced head and neck tumors. Patients and Methods: Twenty-nine patients with untreated stage IV disease received 4 weekly infusions of 150 mg/m 2 , simultaneous systemic DDP neutralization with intravenous (IV) bolus sodium thiosulfate, and concomitant radiotherapy (180 to 200 cGy/day × 35 fractions). Results: The complete response rate of the 24 evaluable patients as determined with repeat biopsies was 23/24 (96%). Of the 29 patients evaluable for toxicity, central nervous system complications related to the infusion technique occurred with 2/110 infusions, both of which were reversible. The rate of grade III to IV chemotoxicity was 13%. The median length of follow-up was 22 months. There have been 6 recurrences: 1 local; 3 regional; and 2 at distant sites. The projected overall and disease-free 3-year survival was 88% and 53%, respectively. Conclusion: We conclude that the combination of rapid selective delivery of supradose DDP/IV thiosulfate neutralization and concomitant radiotherapy can be safely and effectively applied to patients with advanced head and neck cancer. Preliminary survival analysis indicates that this approach may improve the prognosis for patients with an otherwise devastating disease.
Long-Term Survivors on Peritoneal Dialysis

To obtain information about predialysis characteristics and long-term outcome of patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) for more than 4 years, we reviewed all patients starting PD who performed continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and were at risk for more than 4 years. Sixty-two patients started; 42% were diabetic and 35% over age 60. Three recovered renal function, seven received transplants, and 12 switched to hemodialysis. Nineteen survived more than 4 years (long-term survivors, LTS), eight diabetic and 12 male. Twenty-one died on CAPD in less than 4 years (short-term survivors, STS). In comparison to STS, LTS were younger, with less prior cardiac disease, yet had higher predialysis serum creatinine values and lower hematocrits. LTS were observed for a mean of 65.3 ≥ 3 months (48 to 91 months), and STS for a mean of 21 ≥ 2 months. When compared to STS, LTS had fewer hospital days, hospital days for peritonitis, and a lower peritonitis rate, although the incidence of Staphylococcus aureus peritonitis was greater in LTS. Cardiovascular and thromboembolic events were less frequent in LTS, but bone fractures were seen more often in the LTS diabetic patients. Weight gain, especially in males, and hernias were noted in both groups. BP improved, and vision was maintained in both groups. Non-PD-related infections causing hospitalization were low in both groups. Improved mean hematocrit and hemoglobin A, values were seen only in LTS. Mean serum cholesterol values increased with time in LTS. This study reveals that potentially high-risk patients such as diabetics and the elderly can have prolonged survival on PD. Prior cardiac disease is a risk factor, as is older age in diabetic patients. The poor outcome of short-term survivors and the increased incidence of cardiovascular and thromboembolic events may be related to underlying illness, but it also is possible the increased incidence of peritonitis as well as failure to improve hematocrits and glucose control in diabetics may be contributory.
Governing equations, experiments, and the experimentalist

Abstract It is argued that the most important test of the understanding of any experiment is whether or not the results are consistent with the equations and boundary conditions believed to govern the flow. If they are not, then either the measurements are incorrect, the equations or boundary conditions are wrong, or the experiment performed was not the one believed to have been done. It is suggested that many apparently contradictory experimental results are, in fact, the result of the latter and have not been recognized as such because of a failure to apply the governing equations to the data. The arguments are supported by examples from turbulent shear flow experiments.
Differential strain susceptibility following 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) administration acts in an autosomal dominant fashion: quantitative analysis in seven strains of Mus musculus.

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) has been used as a potent neurotoxin to approximate, in animals, the pathology that is observed in human Parkinson's disease. In this study, we examine the toxicity of MPTP in seven strains of mice, spanning a genetic continuum of Mus musculus as a prelude to uncovering complex traits associated with MPTP toxicity. Seven days following injection of 80 mg/kg MPTP (4x20 mg/kg every 2 h), we find that the individual mouse strains exhibit dramatic differences in SNpc neuron survival, ranging from 63% cell loss in C57BL/6J mice to 14% cell loss in Swiss-Webster (SW) mice. In order to determine if the susceptibility trait was dominant, additive or recessive, we crossed C57Bl/6J mice with either SWR/J or AKR/J mice and examined the effect of MPTP on F1 C57BL/6JxSWR/J or F1 C57BL/6JxAKR/J animals. We find that all of the F1 animals were phenotypically identical to the C57BL/6J animals. In addition, no gender differences were noted in any of the MPTP-treated inbred mice or in the F1 animals. These results suggest that susceptibility to cell loss following MPTP is autosomal dominant and this polymorphism is carried on the C57BL/6J allele.
Infrared spectra, photochemistry, and ab initio calculations of matrix isolated methanethiol/sulfur dioxide complex

Abstract Intermolecular complexes of methanethiol with sulfur dioxide have been prepared by condensing the reagents diluted in argon and in nitrogen at 12–14 K. The 1:1 CH 3 SH/SO 2 complexes were identified from the infrared spectra of the mixtures of methanethiol with sulfur dioxide in argon and nitrogen matrices. Perturbations to the vibrational energy spaces of some vibrational modes were identified and assigned. Ab initio calculations with the 6-311G ∗∗ basis set have been performed to get some information about the structure, binding energy, dipole moment, and potential function governing the internal rotation of SO 2 for the complex. The calculated results have suggested that the dipole/dipole interaction held the constituent species together to form the complex. Photochemical reactions were performed by exposing the matrix mixtures to UV irradiation. The appearance of new bands indicated the presence of more than one photochemical reaction product.
Obligation of clinicians to treat unwilling children and young people: an ethical discussion

The refusal of a child or young person to comply with a clinician's recommendations for treatment creates a challenging ethical problem. We describe an approach that seeks to balance the clinician's duty of care to their patient with the need to respect and indeed foster the developing sense of autonomy in young people. Central to this approach is a theory in which the standard of competence required of a patient is flexible and commensurate with the level of medical risk inherent in the decision. High-risk situations require an exacting standard for the determination of competence whereas a lower standard may be accepted where risk is relatively minor. The argument also allows that levels of competence may fluctuate as a result of illness itself and be influenced by social and cultural factors to which a child is perhaps particularly prone. The obligations of treating clinicians in these circumstances are complex but we believe that a moral framework can be offered that clinicians will find useful in the treatment of unwilling children.
Tables of Critical Values for a k-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test Statistic

Abstract Let x 1j , x 2j , ···, xnj ; j=1, 2, ···, k be k independent random samples drawn, respectively, from the distributions with cdf's Fj (x). Let F* j (x) denote the empirical distribution function of the jth sample. Conover [3] and Wolf [6] derive the null distribution for the statistic sup x;i < k [F* i (x) – F* i+1(x)]. This article presents tables of exact probabilities for this statistic for k = 3(1)10, and n = 5(1)20. An approximation based on Conover's limiting distribution for the statistic is evaluated, and its range of usefulness explored. Certain alternatives are described for which the test has reasonable power relative to parametric and distribution-free competitors.
CAUSE AND CLINICAL–NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL PICTURE OF PERONEAL NEUROPATHY

We retrospectively analysed 40 patients with peroneal neuropathy (PN) referred to our EMG laboratory during the last 4 years. Aim of the study was to evaluate the incidence and causes of PN. Moreover, the relationship between causes and clinical-neurophysiological picture was assessed and a follow-up was performed. Preliminary results showed that, in most cases, association between PN and surgical event was present (27,5%): unexpectedly, the higher occurrence of PN was observed in patients who underwent operation in the hip region (prosthesis). In 20% of cases, a damaging event was not identified. Erroneous postures (kneeling and crossing leg) caused PN in 12% of cases. Prolonged allurement was related in 10% of PN (50% of these in intensive care unit admission ). PN was not significantly related to gender. The age range of the patients was extremely wide: from 7 to 80 years (mean 50 years). In more than 50% of cases, neuroapraxic block was demonstrated to neurophysiological evaluation.
Narrative inquiry into life experiences of refugee women and men

Background: Africa is the site of many refugee camps, and non-governmental agencies are often responsible for providing programmes and services to improve refugees’ quality of life and health in temporary encampments. Rwanda hosts three refugee camps as a result of the 1994 genocide. Aim: This research examines meaningful life experiences as narrated by women and men Congolese refugees residing in a refugee camp in Rwanda. Methods: Two in-depth interviews were conducted with 15 refugee men and 14 refugee women. Content in the research text was analysed separately by gender. Findings: Wo men’s experiences revealed themes of leaving the good life behind, worrying about their daughters, feeling ambivalent about marriage and lacking hope. Men’s experiences revealed themes of leaving the good life behind, having no peace in the heart and fearing the future. Conclusions: Listening to refugee voices in narrated life experiences provides an opportunity for nongovernmental organizations to create programmes and services that pertain closely to refugees’ life experiences.
Optical Approach to Avionic Platforms Based on OCDMA

We built scalable OCDMA platform under DARPA contract and delivered to Lockheed-Martin for additional testing. Demonstrated platform enables secure communications among users using an optical XOR gate at OC-24 with 10-12 or better raw BER.
The Long Arm of Expectancies: Adolescent Alcohol Expectancies Predict Adult Alcohol Use

Alcohol expectancies are strong concurrent predictors of alcohol use and problems, but the current study addressed their unique power to predict from adolescence to midlife.Long-term longitudinal data from the national British Cohort Study 1970 (N = 2146, 59.8% female) were used to predict alcohol use and misuse in the mid-30s by alcohol expectancies reported in adolescence.Cohort members with more positive alcohol expectancies at age 16 reported greater alcohol quantity concurrently, increases in alcohol quantity relative to their peers between ages 16 and 35, and a higher likelihood of lifetime and previous year alcohol misuse at age 35, independent of gender, social class in family of origin, age of alcohol use onset, adolescent delinquent behavior and age 16 exam scores.Alcohol expectancies were strong proximal predictors of alcohol use and predicted relative change in alcohol use and misuse across two decades into middle adulthood.
Propositional Attitudes in Modern Philosophy

Les philosophes de la periode moderne sont souvent presentes comme ayant commis une erreur elementaire: celle de confondre la force propositionnelle avec le contenu propositionnel. Par l'examen de deux cas saillants, a savoir les philosophes de Port-Royal et John Locke, je montre que l'accusation n'est pas fondee, et que Locke en particulier a les ressources requises pour construire une theorie des attitudes propositionnelles.
Invisible colleges as science elites

An intensive investigation of the American science advisory system failed to find indications of elite structure in the selection or patterns of service of advisors. Advisory groups cannot act as elements of the invisible college circuits thatPrice refered to. The only long term advisors areex officio members. Advisory committee growth and activity is marked by three periods: 1951 to 1957, slow growth; 1957 to 1966, rapid growth; and 1967 to 1972, no growth. Combined with the pattern of growth in numbers of eligible scientists, a perception of elite control may have been created.
Proton pumping by vesicles reconstituted from two fractions of solubilized rose-cell plasma membrane ATPase

Abstract Two forms of K + -stimulated ATPase, which can be solubilized from purified plasma membrane preparations of suspension-cultured rose cells and separated by molecular sieve chromatography, both catalyze the ATP-dependent accumulation of protons into artificial phospholipid/cholesterol vesicles. The higher-molecular weight form of ATPase is highly sensitive to ultraviolet light, and the proton pumping ability of this form is similarly sensitive.
Anatomic Extent of Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection: Impact on Long-term Cancer-specific Outcomes in Men With Positive Lymph Nodes at Time of Radical Prostatectomy

Objective To evaluate the impact of an extended pelvic lymph node (LN) dissection (EPLND) on the oncologic outcomes of men with LN-positive prostate cancer. Methods Patients were identified who underwent an open radical prostatectomy by one of two surgeons at the Johns Hopkins Hospital between 1992 and 2003. The first surgeon routinely performed a limited pelvic LN dissection (LPLND), whereas the second performed an EPLND. Men with positive LNs from each cohort were compared for differences in oncologic outcomes. Results Positive LNs were found in 94 men (2.2%), 21 (22.3%) with an LPLND and 73 (77.7%) with an EPLND. On average, LPLND and EPLND yielded 11.4 and 14.6 nodes, respectively ( P = .022). The two groups were similar in terms of the number of positive LNs (1.4 vs 1.8, P = .223) and the proportion of patients with P = .300). At a median follow-up of 10.5 years, patients who underwent an EPLND had superior oncologic outcomes compared with the LPLND group: 5-year biochemical recurrence-free survival of 30.1% vs 7.1% ( P = .018), 10-year metastasis-free survival of 62.2% vs 22.2% ( P = .035), and 10-year cancer-specific survival of 83.6% vs 52.6% ( P = .199). This analysis demonstrated an augmented improvement in biochemical recurrence-free survival in men with Conclusion In addition to affording valuable staging information, an EPLND may confer a therapeutic benefit to patients found to have positive LNs at the time of radical prostatectomy.
Emerging chronic illness: women and lupus in Ecuador.

This article reports on an ethnographic investigation of the experiences of urban Ecuadorian women suffering from the chronic illness, lupus. Chronic illness is “emerging” in Ecuador, and cultural models and the health care delivery system are struggling to adapt to the increasing burdens brought by life-long illness. Based on extensive qualitative interviewing of lupus patients and doctors and participant observation, we identify three areas of concern including a weak health infrastructure and unequal access to care, gender models that increase the emotional burdens, and cultural understandings about illness and morality that add to social stress.
Regulation of Gene Expression in Flux Balance Models of Metabolism

Genome-scale metabolic networks can now be reconstructed based on annotated genomic data augmented with biochemical and physiological information about the organism. Mathematical analysis can be performed to assess the capabilities of these reconstructed networks. The constraints-based framework, with #ux balance analysis (FBA), has been used successfully to predict time course of growth and by-product secretion, e!ects of mutation and knock-outs, and gene expression pro"les. However, FBA leads to incorrect predictions in situations where regulatory e!ects are a dominant in#uence on the behavior of the organism. Thus, there is a need to include regulatory events within FBA to broaden its scope and predictive capabilities. Here we represent transcriptional regulatory events as time-dependent constraints on the capabilities of a reconstructed metabolic network to further constrain the space of possible network functions. Using a simpli"ed metabolic/regulatory network, growth is simulated under various conditions to illustrate systemic e!ects such as catabolite repression, the aerobic/anaerobic diauxic shift and amino acid biosynthesis pathway repression. The incorporation of transcriptional regulatory events in FBA enables us to interpret, analyse and predict the e!ects of transcriptional regulation on cellular metabolism at the systemic level. ( 2001 Academic Press
Determination of measurement limit for open solder bumps on a flip-chip package using a laser ultrasonic inspection system

The adoption of surface-mount technology has spurred a rapid decrease in the size of electronic packages. Advanced active component packages, such as flip-chips, chip scale packages (CSPs), and ball grid arrays (BGAs), are attached to a printed wiring board (PWB) with small solder bumps between the bottom of the device and the board. The attachment method reduces package size, but the solder connections are no longer visible for inspection. Although lead frame packages can be inspected using automated camera equipment, other techniques, such as scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) and automated X-ray inspection (AXI), have been used for screening these advanced packages for missing and shorted solder joints online in a manufacturing facility. However, they have trouble identifying open solder joints, especially when applied on-line. An inspection system based on laser-generated ultrasound and interferometric techniques has been developed. The system uses short pulses of high-intensity infrared energy from an Nd:YAG laser to excite the bulk of a chip into vibration through the principle of laser-generated ultrasound. The vibration response of a reference good chip attached to the substrate is measured and compared with vibration responses from other chips. Changes in the vibration response indicate a change in the quality of the chip or its attachment to the PWB. Previously, this system has been used to identify misalignment in CSPs and flip-chips, to identify missing solder bumps, and for detecting structural cracks in chips. In this paper, the ability of the current inspection system to identify open solder joints is investigated. Peripheral array, 48-bump daisy-chain flip-chips (PB18) without underfill were used as a test vehicle. This flip-chip has a higher I/O count and smaller, more closely spaced bumps than previous flip-chip specimens. Individual solder pads were removed from the PWB design, and test specimens with zero to seven adjacent open solder bumps were created. After exciting the chips with laser pulses, the impulse responses at 48 points on the surface of each chip were recorded. Data analysis is performed to compare the responses from reference chips and chips with open solder joints. Results show that the system has the ability to detect open joints for the flip-chip package, and statistical analysis of the results from repeated comparisons between the good and defective chips is employed to establish a detection threshold.
Inferring Population Mutation Rate and Sequencing Error Rate Using the SNP Frequency Spectrum in a Sample of DNA Sequences

One challenge of analyzing samples of DNA sequences is to account for the nonnegligible polymorphisms produced by error when the sequencing error rate is high or the sample size is large. Specifically, those artificial sequence variations will bias the observed single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) frequency spectrum, which in turn may further bias the estimators of the population mutation rate θ=4Nμ for diploids. In this paper, we propose a new approach based on the generalized least squares (GLS) method to estimate θ, given a SNP frequency spectrum in a random sample of DNA sequences from a population. With this approach, error rate e can be either known or unknown. In the latter case, e can be estimated given an estimation of θ. Using coalescent simulation, we compared our estimators with other estimators of θ. The results showed that the GLS estimators are more efficient than other θ estimators with error, and the estimation of e is usable in practice when the θ per bp is small. We demonstrate the application of the estimators with 10-kb noncoding region sequence sampled from a human population and provide suggestions for choosing θ estimators with error.
The ethics of geoengineering: Moral considerability and the convergence hypothesis

Although it could avoid some harmful effects of climate change, sulphate aerosol geoengineering (SAG), or injecting sulphate aerosols into the stratosphere in order to reflect incoming solar radiation, threatens substantial harm to humans and non-humans. I argue that SAG is prima facie ethically problematic from anthropocentric, animal liberationist, and biocentric perspectives.This might be taken to suggest that ethical evaluations of SAG can rely on Bryan Norton's convergence hypothesis, which predicts that anthropocentrists and non- anthropocentrists will agree to implement the same or similar environmental policies. However, there are potential scenarios in which anthropocentrists and non-anthropocentrists would seem to diverge on whether a particular SAG policy ought to be implemented.This suggests that the convergence hypothesis should not be relied on in ethical evaluation of SAG. Instead, ethicists should consider the merits and deficiencies of both non-anthropocentric perspectives and the ethical evaluations of SAG such perspectives afford. However, while the convergence hypothesis has many virtues and is worth considering in the context of geoengineering, I argue that it is plausible to expect anthropocentric and non-anthropocentric evaluations of some geoengineering policies to diverge in certain realistic scenarios. Accordingly, the question of which (if any) non-humans deserve moral consideration is relevant for ethical evaluations of geoengineering strategies, given that some such strategy might be morally acceptable by anthropocentric lights but not by non-anthropocentric lights. This article examines geoengineering in the form of injecting sulphate aerosols into the Earth's stratosphere. In the first section, I sketch the science of sulphate aerosol geoengineering (SAG) and briefly discuss how SAG could avert some of the effects of anthropogenic climate change. In the second section, I consider some of the specific impacts and risks of SAG, including its potential to harm human beings and non-human bs_bs_banner
Irreducible Symmetric Group Characters of Rectangular Shape

We give a new formula for the values of an irreducible character of the symmetric group S_n indexed by a partition of rectangular shape. Some observations and a conjecture are given concerning a generalization to arbitrary shapes.
Extracting transcription factor targets from ChIP-Seq data

ChIP-Seq technology, which combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel sequencing, is rapidly replacing ChIP-on-chip for the genome-wide identification of transcription factor binding events. Identifying bound regions from the large number of sequence tags produced by ChIP-Seq is a challenging task. Here, we present GLITR (GLobal Identifier of Target Regions), which accurately identifies enriched regions in target data by calculating a fold-change based on random samples of control (input chromatin) data. GLITR uses a classification method to identify regions in ChIP data that have a peak height and fold-change which do not resemble regions in an input sample. We compare GLITR to several recent methods and show that GLITR has improved sensitivity for identifying bound regions closely matching the consensus sequence of a given transcription factor, and can detect bona fide transcription factor targets missed by other programs. We also use GLITR to address the issue of sequencing depth, and show that sequencing biological replicates identifies far more binding regions than re-sequencing the same sample.
Physical and biological characterization of linear DNA plasmids of the yeast Pichia inositovora.

Abstract Three cryptic DNA plasmids have been identified in a strain of the yeast Pichia inositovora that are 18, 13, and 10 kbp in size. All are sensitive to digestion by DNase I, restriction endonucleases, and exonuclease III, but are resistant to the activities of RNase A and λ exonuclease. These results indicate that each plasmid is a linear DNA molecule whose 5′ ends are protected. A restriction map has been developed for each of the plasmids, demonstrating that each is unique and confirming their linear nature. The plasmids are a major constituent of DNA prepared from whole cells, but are absent from DNA preparations of purified mitochondria and nuclei, indicating that the plasmids are located in the cytoplasm. These plasmids share many of the physical characteristics described for the linear plasmids of the yeasts Kluyveromyces lactis and Saccharomycopsis crataegensis . Unlike the linear plasmids of K. lactis , however, they appear not to be capable of killer toxin production.
A delay dependent queue discipline

Queue disciplines studied in the past have not given the system designer sufficient freedom with which to alter the relative waiting times of the various priority groups. In this paper, results are derived for a delay dependent priority system in which a unit's priority is increased, from zero, linearly with time in proportion to a rate assigned to the unit's priority group. The utility of this new priority structure is that it provides a number of degrees of freedom with which to manipulate the relative waiting times for each priority group.
Factor Structure of the Clinical Research Appraisal Inventory (CRAI)

The Clinical Research Appraisal Inventory (CRAI) is a 92 item measure covering 10 domains of research self-efficacy. A known behavioral antecedent, reliable and valid measures of self-efficacy represent a potentially useful tool in the evaluation of research training program efficacy. However, few formal psychometric studies of this instrument exist. Using exploratory factor analysis, we examine the CRAI’s dimensional structure in a new sample of clinical research trainees. In contrast to the multidimensional solutions reported previously, CRAI responses in the present sample were unambiguously one-dimensional (as suggested by a dominant single eigenvalue and parallel analysis). This discrepant finding may reflect sample differences in research experience, as unlike previous studies, participants had all already obtained a professional degree. The CRAI’s dimensional structure may coalesce into a smaller number of factors as research experience is acquired, and investigators should be mindful of this possibility in future studies of the instrument.
Multi-level Schema Extraction for Heterogenous Semi-structured Data

Heterogeneous information sources are organized in various different degrees from well-structured data, to unstructured and semi-structured data. Such information sources do not have rigid schema available in advance or even if each source has its own schema, there are no enforced modeling constraints or formats for data across information sources. In this paper, we propose a novel method for abstracting schemas for heterogeneous information sources. At the most detailed level, information sources are represented in a labeled directed graph. We develop several abstraction operations for label generalization and aggregation. One of more of these operations can be applied to a labeled directed graph to "levelize" schemas. Each such level of the schemas is a potentially useful paradigm for query formation and optimization.
Modeling Human Decision Making in Generalized Gaussian Multiarmed Bandits

In this paper, we present a formal model of human decision making in explore-exploit tasks using the context of multiarmed bandit problems, where the decision maker must choose among multiple options with uncertain rewards. We address the standard multiarmed bandit problem, the multiarmed bandit problem with transition costs, and the multiarmed bandit problem on graphs. We focus on the case of Gaussian rewards in a setting where the decision maker uses Bayesian inference to estimate the reward values. We model the decision maker's prior knowledge with the Bayesian prior on the mean reward. We develop the upper-credible-limit (UCL) algorithm for the standard multiarmed bandit problem and show that this deterministic algorithm achieves logarithmic cumulative expected regret, which is optimal performance for uninformative priors. We show how good priors and good assumptions on the correlation structure among arms can greatly enhance decision-making performance, even over short time horizons. We extend to the stochastic UCL algorithm and draw several connections to human decision-making behavior. We present empirical data from human experiments and show that human performance is efficiently captured by the stochastic UCL algorithm with appropriate parameters. For the multiarmed bandit problem with transition costs and the multiarmed bandit problem on graphs, we generalize the UCL algorithm to the block UCL algorithm and the graphical block UCL algorithm, respectively. We show that these algorithms also achieve logarithmic cumulative expected regret and require a sublogarithmic expected number of transitions among arms. We further illustrate the performance of these algorithms with numerical examples.
Genetic Effective Size in Populations of Hatchery-Raised Red Drum Released for Stock Enhancement

Abstract Genetic analysis of progeny from 13 spawning events occurring over a 2-week period in a Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) hatchery for red drum Sciaenops ocellatus during the spring of 2002 and hatchery spawning and release records over the 2003 spawning season were used to estimate the average genetic effective size of an average spawn and an average hatchery-released population. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential for a Ryman-Laikre effect in the TPWD red drum stock enhancement program. Genetic analysis revealed that 16 of 27 dams (59.2%) and 16 of 18 sires (88.9%) spawned at least once. The average effective size (Ne ) for a single spawn was 2.59, approximately 43% less than the maximum Ne (4.55) predicted if all possible mating (dam × sire) combinations had occurred and family size per mating combination had been equivalent. The reduction in Ne stemming from the actual number of mating combinations was approximately 34% and appeared to be due primarily to nonspawnin...
Geriatric Depression: Physicians' Knowledge, Perceptions, and Diagnostic Practices

An evaluation of physicians' (medical residents) knowledge revealed that whereas they considered detection and treatment of comorbid depression to be important, they knew few of the diagnostic criteria and etiological factors, rarely screened their patients for depression, and viewed current treatments as only marginally efficacious. Implications for graduate training are discussed.
The Use of Occupation-Based Treatment With a Person Who Has Shoulder Adhesive Capsulitis: A Case Report

This article describes a case report of the occupational therapy management of a 53-year-old woman diagnosed with primary shoulder adhesive capsulitis. The occupation-based interventions are described through the framework of occupation-as-means. Compensatory occupation, preparatory methods, and purposeful activities are demonstrated as being critical to minimizing connective tissue deformation associated with this condition. This case report indicates that occupation-based intervention should be initiated as soon as a diagnosis is identified to prevent the downward spiral of forced disuse associated with the affected upper extremity. As illustrated by the case report, occupation-based treatment that was provided in a timely manner immediately decreased pain, improved range and quality of motion, and enhanced occupational performance.
Chemically induced aneuploidy in mammalian cells: Mechanisms and biological significance in cancer

A growing body of evidence from human and animal cancer cytogenetics indicates that aneuploidy is an important chromosome change in carcinogenesis. Aneuploidy may be associated with a primary event of carcinogenesis in some cancers and a later change in other tumors. Evidence from in vitro cell transformation studies supports the idea that aneuploidy has a direct effect on the conversion of a normal cell to a preneoplastic or malignant cell. Induction of an aneuploid state in a preneoplastic or neoplastic cell could have any of the following four biological effects: a change in gene dosage, a change in gene balance, expression of a recessive mutation, or a change in genetic instability (which could secondarily lead to neoplasia). To understand the role of aneuploidy in carcinogenesis, cellular and molecular studies coupled with the cytogenetic studies will be required. There are a number of possible mechanisms by which chemicals might induce aneuploidy, including effects on microtubules, damage to essential elements for chromosome function (ie, centromeres, origins of replication, and telomeres), reduction in chromosome condensation or pairing, induction of chromosome interchanges, unresolved recombination structures, increased chromosome stickiness, damage to centrioles, impairment of chromosome alignment, ionic alterations during mitosis, damage to the nuclear membrane, and a physical disruption of chromosome segregation. Therefore, a number of different targets exist for chemically induced aneuploidy. Because the ability of certain chemicals to induce aneuploidy differs between mammalian cells and lower eukaryotic cells, it is important to study the mechanisms of aneuploidy induction in mammalian cells and to use mammalian cells in assays for potential aneuploidogens (chemicals that induce aneuploidy). Despite the wide use of mammalian cells for studying chemically induced mutagenesis and chromosome breakage, aneuploidy studies with mammalian cells are limited. The lack of a genetic assay with mammalian cells for aneuploidy is a serious limitation in these studies.
Molecular mimics can induce novel self peptide-reactive CD4+ T cell clonotypes in autoimmune disease.

It has been postulated that infectious agents may precipitate autoimmune disease when T cell responses raised against the pathogen cross-react with self-peptides, a phenomenon known as molecular mimicry. However, there are very little data available characterizing the similarity between the repertoire of the cross-reactive self-specific T cell population compared with the pathogen-specific T cell repertoire. In this study, we use immunoscope analysis to identify the T cell populations induced upon priming SJL/J mice with a pathogen-derived mimic of the immunodominant encephalitogenic myelin peptide PLP 139–151 , which is contained within the protease IV protein of Haemophilus influenzae (HAE 574–586 ). We describe an IFN-γ-producing Vβ19 + T cell population in HAE 574–586 -primed mice that appears to be the “public clonotype” as it expanded in response to peptide in all mice tested. Critically this Vβ19 + T cell population is not expanded in mice primed with the self-peptide PLP 139–151 , indicating that mimics can induce the expansion of new self-reactive populations not initially present in the periphery of a host. This is the first description of the use of immunoscope analysis to characterize the cross-reactive anti-self T cell response induced by a molecular mimic.
Detecting single Bacillus spores by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Detection of Bacillus spores is of considerable importance to the food industry since they can survive standard processing procedures and sanitation treatments. Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) coupled with gold SERS-active substrates was used to detect and discriminate among five Bacillus spores (B. cereus ATCC 13061, B. cereus ATCC 10876, B. cereus sp., B. subtilis sp., and B. stearothermophilus sp.). Tremendously enhanced Raman signals of Bacillus spores deposited onto the gold substrates were detected, allowing the limit of detection (LOD) of SERS to reach the level of a single spore. Distinct spectral differences were observed between different Bacillus spores. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principle component analysis (PCA) show clear data segregations at the species level between five Bacillus spores. Principle component (PC) values indicate that the Raman shift range between 900 and 1200 cm−1 contributed significantly to the total data variance in the PCA results. In particular, a prominent band of dipicolinic acid (DPA) was observed at 998 cm−1 and served as a biomarker for bacterial spores. This study demonstrates that SERS coupled with gold nanosubstrates is able to detect and discriminate single Bacillus spores non-destructively and with minimum sample preparation. SERS method is a promising tool for rapid, ultra-sensitive, and selective detection of bacterial spores, potentially in foods and other complex biological matrices.
Effects of energy supplementation in pasture forages on in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics in continuous cultures1

ABSTRACT A dual-flow, continuous-culture system was used to assess the effects of energy supplementation with 4 pasture forages on in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics. Twelve dietary treatments were tested in a split-plot design: energy supplementation (no concentrate, 30% ground corn, or 30% dried distilled grains with solubles) as a whole plot and pasture forages [tall fescue (TF) without N fertilizer, TF with N fertilizer (TF+NF), TF-alfalfa mixture, and TF-birdsfoot trefoil mixture (TF+BFT)] as a subplot. Three replicated runs lasted 9 d each, with 7 d for adaptation period and 2 d for data collection. The greatest total VFA and propionate concentrations (P
Assessing the Value of Volunteer Activity

One standard way to convert estimates of time volunteered into estimates of the dollar value of volunteered time is to multiply estimated hours by the average hourly compensation rate for paid labor. Economic theory suggests an alternative valuation strategy that acknowledges the importance of taxes, the provision of volunteer-assisted services at less- than-market prices, and the value of volunteer experiences captured by volunteers themselves. One conclusion is that the standard estimate overstates the value of volunteering to the recipients of volunteer-assisted services but understates the overall value of volunteering when the gains accruing to volunteers themselves are included.
Physiological assessment of pilot workload in simulated and actual flight environments

Recent advances in microcomputer technology make it possible to monitor the internal state of the human operator in exotic environments with an ease and accuracy not imagined 10 years ago. It is now economically and technically feasible for many psychophysiologists to move out of the laboratory and apply their expertise to real-world problems. Two applications of psycho physiological methods to the study of pilot workload are described, one in simulated flight and one in actual flight.
Generational status and duration of residence predict diabetes prevalence among Latinos: the California Men's Health Study.

Diabetes disproportionately affects Latinos. However, examining Latinos as one group obscures important intra-group differences. This study examined how generational status, duration of US residence, and language preference are associated with diabetes prevalence and to what extent these explain the higher prevalence among Latinos. We determined nativity, duration of US residence, language preference, and diabetes prevalence among 11 817 Latino, 6109 black, and 52 184 white participants in the California Men's Health Study. We combined generational status and residence duration into a single migration status variable with levels: ≥ third generation; second generation; and immigrant living in the US for > 25, 16-25, 11-15, or ≤ 10 years. Language preference was defined as language in which the participant took the survey. Logistic regression models were specified to assess the associations of dependent variables with prevalent diabetes. Diabetes prevalence was 22%, 23%, and 11% among Latinos, blacks, and whites, respectively. In age-adjusted models, we observed a gradient of risk of diabetes by migration status among Latinos. Further adjustment for socioeconomic status, obesity and health behaviors only partially attenuated this gradient. Language preference was a weak predictor of prevalent diabetes in some models and not significant in others. In multivariate models, we found that odds of diabetes were higher among US-born Latinos than US-born blacks. Generational status and residence duration were associated with diabetes prevalence among middle-aged Latino men in California. As the Latino population grows, the burden of diabetes-associated disease is likely to increase and demands public health attention.
Effects of Mercuric Chloride on the Reproductive Cycle of the Female Hamster

Cyclic female hamsters, given 1 mg of mercuric chloride per day on each day of the 4-day cycle, demonstrated alterations in histology of the reproductive tract, progesterone levels, and cyclicity. The ovaries of mercury-treated animals showed retarded follicular development and morphologically prolonged corpora lutea. Contrary to day 3 and day 4 controls, mercury-treated animals had no uterine hypertrophy. PMS, (50 IU), given daily to mercury-treated animals for 4 days, restored follicular development; the animals ovulated on day 1 of the following cycle. Plasma progesterone levels, determined by the competitive protein binding method, in mercury-treated animals were significantly lower on day 2 of the first cycle and day 1 of the second cycle. Treated animals also exhibited significantly different progesterone values for corpora lutea on days 2-4. Interstitial progesterone in treated animals was unchanged. These progesterone assays suggest that the corpus luteum is more sensitive to the direct or indirect effects of mercuric chloride than the interstitium. In order to study the role of renal damage, caused by HgCl/sub 2/, in altering the reproductive cycle, another nephrotoxin, uranyl nitrate, was administered in a regimen similar to that of the mercury-treated group; the cycle was normal. Also, nephrectomy failed to cause changesmore » in the reproductive cycle. N-Acetyl-DL-penicillamine, a chelating agent, counteracted the effects of HgCl/sub 2/ on the reproductive cycle. This study suggests that mercury affects the cycle at the hypothalamic or hypophyseal level of gonadotropin synthesis or release.« less
The Questionable Use of Custom in Intellectual Property

The treatment of customary practices has been widely debated in many areas of the law, but there has been virtually no discussion of how custom is and should be treated in the context of intellectual property (IP). Nevertheless, customs have a profound impact on both de facto and de jure IP law. The unarticulated incorporation of custom threatens to swallow up IP law, and replace it with industry-led IP regimes that give the public and other creators more limited rights to access and use intellectual property than were envisioned by the Constitution and Congress. This article presents a powerful critique of the incorporation of customs in IP law and provides a theoretical framework for future analysis of private ordering regimes in IP. The article also provides additional support to those who have criticized the incorporation of custom in other fields.
The Role of Ions in Reactive Ion Etching with Low Density Plasmas

Several studies of plasma-assisted etching were reported in the mid-1970s which demonstrated the importance of energetic ion bombardment [1–3]. In this work the terms chemical sputtering [2] and reactive ion etching RIE [3] were introduced. Subsequently, directed beam studies [4] showed more clearly the synergism between energetic ions and chemically reactive species incident on surfaces on which the reactive species can react with the surface to form volatile products.