cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU-E-T-524: Effects On Dose and RBE From High Density Materials in Proton Therapy

Purpose: To evaluate the maco and micro‐dosimetric impact of metal inhomogeneities (as seen in patients who have undergone reconstructive surgery) in proton therapy Methods: Monte Carlo simulations were performed of 3.1mm CP Grade 4 titanium and 3.4mm thick 316 stainless steel plates in a water phantom. Analogous experimental proton dose data was collected in a water phantom using GAFCHROMIC EBT2 radiochromic film (Ashland, Wayne, NJ) and a PTW Markus Ionization Chamber. Beam energy (157 and 225 MeV) and plate placement (eg, at center of modulation) were chosen to be clinically relevant to para spinal and prostate irradiations in the presence of spinal and hip implants, respectively. Film was scanned on an Epson 10000XL scanner and dose maps were calculated from three channel data using FilmQAPro software (Wayne, NJ). Macroscopic dose around the implant was evaluated and impact on proton range was determined and compared to clinical treatment planning system parameters. Dose equivalent and average quality factor distributions around the implant were also studied using Monte Carlo and microdosimetric methods. Results: Ion chamber data revealed range shifts due to titanium (316 stainless steel) plates of 6.4 to 6.9mm (15.0 to 15.5mm) corresponding to an effective relative density of 3.03 to 3.21 (5.46 to 5.59). Ion chamber data did not show small scale dose redistribution upstream of plates. However, dose data collection and analysis using film (which has higher spatial resolution) is ongoing. In addition, analysis of Monte Carlo simulations will investigate microdosimetric changes and corresponding fluctuations of RBE in plate vicinity. Conclusion: The presence of high‐density materials can introduce changes in the spatial distribution of dose in the vicinity of an implant. This can introduce uncertainty in the dose distribution predicted by proton treatment planning software directly, or due to more subtle consequences of changes in RBE near the material. Department of Defense (DOD# W81XWH‐BAA‐10‐1)
Effects of ethanol on reinforced variations and repetitions by rats under a multiple schedule.

Response sequences emitted by five Long-Evans rats were reinforced under a two-component multiple schedule. In the REPEAT component, food pellets were contingent upon completion of a left-left-right-right (LLRR) sequence on two levers. In the VARY component, pellets were contingent upon variable sequences (i.e., a sequence was reinforced only if it differed from each of the previous five sequences). The rats learned to emit LLRR sequences in the REPEAT component and variable sequences in VARY. Intraperitoneal injections of ethanol (1.25, 1.75, and 2.25 g/kg) significantly increased sequence variability in REPEAT, thereby lowering reinforcement probability, but had little effect on sequence variability in the VARY component. These results extend previous findings that alcohol impairs the performance of reinforced repetitions but not of reinforced variations in response sequences.
Semiclassical calculations of line broadening in plasmas: Comparison with quantal results

We here report the resolution of (factor of 2) discrepancies in electron broadening of isolated ion lines between semiclassical nonperturbative and fully quantal close-coupling and convergent close-coupling calculations. The major reason for these discrepancies was the neglect of penetration by the semiclassical calculations. This, however, is not an inherent shortcoming of semiclassical calculations and has now been included. As a result the discrepancies between quantal and semiclassical calculations are much smaller. The most serious remaining discrepancy is due to the neglect of back-reaction by semiclassical calculations (which again may be included in principle, though doing so would be much harder). Further tests for hydrogen and H-like lines, for which back-reaction is not an issue, would be interesting.
Almost complemented Π 0 1 classes

We explore an analogue of major subset for Π01 classes, which leads to the definition and characterization of almost complemented Π01 classes.
Creative idea generation: harmony versus stimulation

The literature on maintaining versus changing membership of groups has generally favored stable membership, not only for more cohesion and morale but for better performance via comfort and shared experiences. On the other hand, research on the stimulating properties of dissent, debate and diversity would argue for a change in membership in that it would provide access to differing views and stimulate more divergent and creative thought. The present study investigated idea generation when membership was maintained versus completely changed. We predicted and found that maintaining membership increases comfort and also the perception of creativity but not actual creative behavior whereas changing membership results in a less comfortable experience but also an increase in the number and creativity of the ideas generated. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Fluxoid Quantization on Transitions of Superconducting Films

This paper presents an elementary theory for the transition of a superconducting film in the presence of a perpendicular magnetic field. The theory is based on the Ginzburg-Landau theory, with emphasis on the qualitatively important consequences of fluxoid quantization. The theory predicts that the transition occurs at a field ${H}_{T}(T)=\frac{4\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\lambda}_{e}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}(T)H_{\mathrm{cb}}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}(T)}{{\ensuremath{\phi}}_{0}}$, where ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{e}(T)$ and ${H}_{\mathrm{cb}}(T)$ are the usual penetration depth and bulk critical fields, respectively, and ${\ensuremath{\phi}}_{0}$ is the flux quantum $\frac{\mathrm{hc}}{2e}$. Experimental data agree very well with this result if the transition is determined by measuring thermal conductivity or flux penetration. The resistive critical field for full normal resistance appears to be about twice this value, probably because of a residual filamentary structure. The theory also predicts that the angular dependence of the transition field should be given by $(\frac{{H}_{T}sin\ensuremath{\theta}}{{H}_{T\ensuremath{\perp}}})+{(\frac{{H}_{T}cos\ensuremath{\theta}}{{H}_{T\ensuremath{\parallel}}})}^{2}=1$. This unusual form agrees with the thermal conductivity measurements of Morris.The same theory leads in an elementary way to a quantitative interpretation of the periodic variation of ${T}_{c}$ with flux through a cylinder in the experiments of Little and Parks. The result for the maximum change is $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}{T}_{c}}{{T}_{c}}=\frac{\ensuremath{\phi}_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{[32{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}{R}^{2}\ensuremath{\lambda}_{e}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}(0)H_{\mathrm{cb}}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}(0)]}$. This agrees with their experimental value if ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{e}(0)=4700$ \AA{}, whereas from the limited mean free path in the sample one would estimate ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{e}(0)\ensuremath{\approx}2000$ \AA{}. The agreement is probably within the uncertainties as to the details of the transition region. It should be noted that the present theory predicts a change larger by a factor of order $(\frac{{T}_{F}}{{T}_{c}})(\frac{l}{{\ensuremath{\xi}}_{0}})$ than the theory given by Little and Parks. The present theory also gives a semiquantitative account of the parabolic background effect observed by Little and Parks.
Verifying Reification With Application to a Rainfall–Runoff Computer Simulator

Deterministic computer models or simulators are used regularly to assist researchers in understanding the behavior of complex physical systems when real-world observations are limited. However, simulators are often imperfect representations of physical systems and may introduce layers of uncertainty into model-based inferences that are hard to quantify. To formalize the use of expert judgment in assessing simulator uncertainty, Goldstein and Rougier in J. Stat. Plan. Inference 139:1221–1239 (2009) propose a method, called reification, that decomposes the discrepancy between simulator predictions and reality by an improved, hypothetical computer model known as a “reified simulator”. One criticism of reification is that validation is, at best, challenging; only expert critiques can validate the subjective judgments used to specify a reified simulator. For this paper, we develop a procedure to quantify the advantages of reification for fast, modular simulators. The procedure is explained and implemented within the context of a rainfall-runoff that was developed by Iorgulescu, Beven, and Musy in Hydrol. Process. 19:2557–2573 (2005). We show that reification leads to informed judgments of simulator uncertainty
A far-infrared mapping spectrometer for SOFIA

We present a concept for a far-IR integral field spectrograph for SOFIA, the Cornell Mapping Spectrometer (CMS). CMS takes advantage of the next generation of large bolometer arrays to deliver moderate resolution spectroscopy in the wavelength range between 40 μm and 220 μm over a large field of view. Two separate wavelength channels with each employing six SCUBA-2-like bolometer arrays will provide 64 element spectra over a 10 × 12 spatial pixel footprint. By matching the pixel size to the beam size the field of view obtained is 190" × 160" at the important [CII] line in the long-λ channel and 77" × 64" at the [OI] line in the short-λ channel. The sliced image is fed into an R2 echelle spectrometer of modest resolving power (R ≈ 2000). The grating will operate in 4th order at 158 μm in the long-λ channel and 4th order at 63 μm in the short-λ channel. This results in nearly matching orders for other important fine-structure lines of [NII] and [OIII]. Filterwheels are placed right in front of the detector arrays to separate the orders. By subdividing the detector assemblies and appropriately placing the 3 × 1 detector sub-assemblies it is possible to observe four fine-structure lines simultaneously. CMS combines the advantages of a FIFI-LS design (instantaneous spatial and spectral coverage) with the sensitivity advantage of bolometers over photo-conductors. This will make CMS the instrument of choice for deep spectroscopic integrations of extended regions in galaxies.
Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Rats

Background Type 1 diabetes mellitus in children may be associated with neurocognitive deficits of unclear cause. A recent retrospective study in children suggested possible associations between diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and decreased memory. The current investigation was undertaken to determine whether cognitive deficits could be detected after a single episode of DKA in an animal model.
Sex-specific patterns in creative literary fantasy1

Summary A panel of judges rated the creative excellence of 72 works of fantasy written for children of 8–12 since 1930 Formal dimensions, needs, themes and stylistic characteristics of the books were described by rater-analysts Overall, books by men and women differed very little, though creative books as a group had distinctive features, and creative books by men and by women showed “sex-appropriate” characteristics On the basis of cluster analyses, three types of creative fantasy by male authors were identified the heroic, the tender, and the comic. Two types by women authors were identified, one emphasizing independence and the other contact with the irrreal and tender emotion The less creative books did not fit these types The patterns are interpreted in terms of relationships between the ego and unconscious, and interactions with the maternal matrix, archetypes, and society.
Designing Projects to Promote Student Teacher Inquiry: An Evolutionary Approach

Abstract This article describes four inquiry projects that were used with undergraduate student teachers in order to facilitate their development as inquiring practitioners. In addition to describing student teacher reactions to the projects and the products that they produced, we share the process by which these assignments were developed and revised over time. Our own action research on the elements of effective inquiry experiences for student teachers led us to conclude that such projects: (1) must be created jointly by teacher educators and student teachers; (2) must include elements of choice; (3) must result in a product that is shared with other educators; (4) must encourage host teacher involvement; and (5) must fit student teachers' conception of their role in the classroom. Our experience may provide guidelines for teacher educators wishing to design such experiences for teacher education students.
A New Curia Regis : The Judicature of the House of Lords in the 1620s

On I9 March i 62 I the Lord Chancellor of England, Francis Bacon, Baron Verulam and Viscount St Albans, was charged with corruption by the House of Commons before the House of Lords. Eight weeks later the House of Lords was presented with a writ of error in a suit of common law involving land in Ireland. Later in the same session SirJames Cunningham, a Scottish adventurer, petitioned the House for help in his dispute with the Muscovy Company over rights to fish for Greenland whales. During the fall session of the same Parliament, SirJohn Bouchier tried to have the House alter a decision of Bacon's successor asjudge in Chancery. Finally, throughout the session the House, while enforcing its privileges, released the servants of various lords who were arrested during ordinary litigation. Thus, within one parliamentthat of i 62 1 the House of Lords received cases posing the problems that provided the history of the judicature of the House for the rest of the seventeenth century. Impeachments, appeals (both common law and equity), privilege claims, and causes not previously decided elsewhere were included in these instances, as were Englishmen, Irishmen and Scotsmen. The parliament of i 62 I was the first in which all such matters appeared together in the House of Lords. The definition of judicature usually included all of these disputes in the early seventeenth century. This communication will describe and analyse the judicature of the House of Lords in the I 620S in order to cast some light on the House's claim, which historians have accepted, to be, as a court, 'the Highest from whence others ought to draw their light... '.I An investigation of the House's judicature will also give an indication of what lords did with some of their time and energy during a parliament such a study is a step in the process of remedying the over-concentration of historians' attention on the House of Commons. However, this paper makes a modest claim because judicature was not the sole reason for a lord to come to a parliament, and the judicature of the I620S was only occasionally of great importance to the politics or the law of that decade. While the focus will be on the events of the I620S, the foundations were being laid for later developments, most importantly during the reign of Charles II and the nineteenth century. As a word, 'judicature' is not easily defined and men of the I62os did not use it consistently. Perhaps, short of a complete description of the House's activities, Sir
Determinants and stability of demand for M2 in Malaysia

Abstract This paper analyzes the long-run demand for M2 in Malaysia using monthly observations from August 1973 to December 1995. Based on the weak-exogeneity test results, short-run dynamic error-correction models (ECMs) are also specified and estimated. The results indicate that the long-run income elasticity is close to one and the opportunity cost variables (own-rate and alternative return on money, including expected inflation rate) exhibit correct signs and acceptable magnitudes. Both the long- and short-run models are well-specified with the external events exerting a certain degree of influence on the stability.
Measuring work organization exposure over the life course with a job-exposure matrix

In most epidemiologic studies of occupational stress, work exposure is measured at only one point in time. This article presents a methodology for measuring the intensity and duration of work organization exposure over a lifetime. A job-exposure matrix for work organization was developed from data on a random sample (N = 12,084) of the Swedish labor force. The matrix consisted of mean exposure estimates for work control, social support, psychological and physical job demands, and job hazards for 261 occupations. Several validations of the matrix were undertaken. The matrix scores were found to be significantly correlated with individual self-report scores, and a similar increase in chronic disease prevalence with decreasing work control was found for both the matrix and the individual scores. The matrix was applied to occupational history data to construct lifetime exposure profiles. Potential problems in using attribution systems for exposure assessment are discussed.
Laboratory Studies on the Relative Contact and Residual Toxicity of Ten Test Insecticides to Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk.

The spray-tunnel application method was adapted for fast determining of the contact toxicity of insecticides to bark beetles. The Douglas-fir beetle ( Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk.) was used as the test insect. The relative contact toxicity of 10 test insecticides at the LD50 and LD90 levels, listed in decreasing order, was as follows: at LD50: Lindane>Thiodan®(6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachlor-1,5,5a, 6,9, 9a-hcxahydro-6, 9-methano-2, 4, 3- benzodioxathiepin-3- oxide)> isodrin> endrin>Sevin®( N -methyl-1-naphthyl carbamate) > heptllchlor> aldrin and dieldrin> DDT >chlordane; at LD90: Thiodan> endrin > lindane> isodrin> Sevin> aldrin > heptachlor> dieldrin> DDT> chlordane. All insecticides showed greater toxicity to the males than to the females except Sevin, which was more toxic to females. Treated wood fiber surfaces were used for studying the residual toxicity under constant laboratory conditions for a 13-week period. In contrast to the gradual decline in residual toxicity of endrin, Thiodan, and to a lesser degree isodrin, a rapid decrease was shown by lindane, aldrin, heptachlor, and chlordane. DDT exhibited the most gradual decline.
Student and instructor experiences in the inverted classroom

This paper discusses our ongoing experiences with teaching software engineering through an inverted classroom. This course format moves traditional lectures out of in-class hours and into the student's personal study time with prerecorded lectures. We support the inverted classroom with complementary techniques, such as structured discussions, weekly quizzes to ensure students watch the lectures before discussion, an innovative Lego-based workshop, a term project, and guest lectures by industry professionals. The inverted classroom allows the students to have an effective educational experience that encompasses both traditional lectures and an active learning environment. To evaluate the efficacy of this format, we use surveys and interviews of both instructors and students. We examine the time commitment of teaching with this method, from both the instructors' perspective and the students'. We also discuss the time commitment for instructor preparation, and quantitative measures of how the inverted classroom helps smooth the variance in the quality of each instructor's teaching. We also analyze the effectiveness of this technique and our methods for mitigating unintended consequences, such as students having an inexact understanding of the material. Through this evaluation, we distill the effects on student learning and instructor teaching.
Differential effects of pharmacologic agents on the reverse passive Arthus reaction in guinea pigs.

Five different pharmacologic agents were examined for their effects upon edema, hemorrhage, and vascular infiltration by neutrophils in the reverse passive Arthus reaction (RPAR) in guinea pigs. Two agents, colchicine (3.0 mg/kg p.o.) and ibuprofen (100 mg/kg p.o.) significantly inhibited all three parameters of RPAR. Cobra venom factor (100 units/kg i.p.) inhibited edema and hemorrhage but it did not inhibit neutrophil infiltration. Aminophylline and sulfinpyrazone (100 mg/kg p.o.) inhibited only hemorrhage; they did not inhibit edema or neutrophil infiltration. The results from these studies with five chemically or biologically unrelated pharmacologic agents suggest that the RPAR in guinea pigs can be separated into its basic components (edema, hemorrhage, and neutrophilic infiltration) by selective inhibitors. inhibition of edema and hemorrhage, or hemorrhage alone of the two-hour RPAR in guinea pigs is not dependent upon inhibition of neutrophilic infiltration.
Semiclassical quantization of the shell model

Abstract The classical limit of the nuclear shell model is shown to be a many-dimensional hamiltonian system in which the coordinates and momenta are the coherent-state parameters of the original quantum system. Several methods for semiclassical quantization of this system are discussed, including surfaces of section and the Birkhoff-Gustavson transformation to action-angle variables. Application to a schematic three-level shell model indicates some of the new problems involved in requantizing multi-dimensional systems which are not present in one-dimensional examples. These include difficulties in finding periodic orbits and the onset of stochasticity.
Effects of neophobia sensitization on the rat's preference for earned food.

Two experiments investigated the effects of noncontingent poisoning on the rat's preference for earned food. Subjects were trained to earn food by pressing a lever. They were then given three free food sessions in which free food was provided in a glass dish, followed by seven earned food sessions in which earned food was dispensed into a wall-mounted hopper. During test sessions, the glass dish contained free food and the hopper was connected to a lever-operated pellet dispenser that enabled subjects to earn identical food. In Expt 1 those subjects poisoned 12 hr prior to the first test session consumed more earned food during two subsequent test sessions than did nonpoisoned controls. In Expt 2 those subjects poisoned 12 hr prior to the second test session consumed more earned food during the second test session than did non-poisoned controls. The results, which are consistent with the view that the neophobia of rats can be sensitized or enhanced by toxicosis, indicate that the relative novelty of the two food sources is a significant determinant of preference in the earned food paradigm.
Clinical variability and female penetrance in X-linked familial FTD/ALS caused by a P506S mutation in UBQLN2.

AbstractAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a degenerative motor neuron disease leading to progressive paralysis that is generally fatal. Only 10% of cases are familial, a subset of which overlaps with frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Up to half of ALS patients have cognitive impairment, with 15% meeting the criteria for FTD. Clinical sequencing of UBQLN2 in a family with X-linked FTD/ALS with suspected incomplete penetrance, manifesting in both genders, revealed a P506S mutation in. Affected individuals were diagnosed with various conditions including hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), bulbar palsy and multiple sclerosis. The mutation in UBQLN2 was first identified in a 35-year-old female who presented with one year of progressive dysarthria, dyspnea, dysphagia, and cognitive decline. EMG suggested early motor neuron disease with prominent bulbar involvement. Her cognition declined rapidly and she developed extremity weakness. Her brother, initially diagnosed with HSP, and her second cousin, with prim...
A preparative method for the enzymatic 5'-monophosphorylation of nucleosides.

Abstract A simple procedure to prepare a stable preparation of bovine liver adenosine kinase was developed. The adenosine kinase was used to phosphorylate a variety of purine nucleosides using ATP or [γ-32P]ATP as the phosphoryl donor. A convenient scheme to purify the nucleotides was also developed.
Semimicrodetermination of oxalate with a lead-specific electrode

Summary A procedure for the semimicrodetermination of oxalate is described. Oxalate is titrated potentiometrically with standard lead perchlorate in 40% p -dioxane solution at pH 3.5 to 10.5. A lead-ion specific electrode in conjunction with an expanded-scale pH meter is used to monitor the emf. Anions forming insoluble lead salts interfere. An excess of formate, acetate, propionate, and phthalate does not interfere.
Cardiovascular Genetics and Genomics for the Cardiologist

Victor J. Dzau, Choong-Chin Liew, eds. 308 pp., illustrated. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Futura; 2007. $144.95. ISBN 978–1-4051–3394-4. Given the rapidly growing knowledge in the field of genetics and genomics and the furious pace of translational research, the average cardiologist today is faced with information overload and a discipline that is changing in fundamental ways. The challenges are further magnified by the fact that training curricula for cardiologists have not yet bridged the gap between conventional practice of cardiovascular medicine and the futuristic trends in the discipline. In this context, this book fills a unique void, and is a must read for cardiologists, including fellows and faculty. The …
Perspective: Measurements and Analyses of Nonlinear Wave Interactions With Higher-Order Spectral Moments

In fluid flows, fluid-structure interactions and other fluids-related problem, nonlinear dynamics play an important role in determining the development, response or output. Understanding these dynamics is essential for development of analytical models and prediction and control purposes. Higher-order statistical analysis has been shown to be an effective tool that can be applied to identify nonlinear couplings and measure energy transfer rates. These techniques have been applied by our group and others to investigate transition of shear flows, energy cascading in turbulence, oceanographic and geophysical flows, and fluid-structure interactions. The results of these investigations revealed important nonlinear characteristics regarding these problems. In this paper, we review these techniques and explain their usefulness in identification and quantification of nonlinear dynamics.
Computer simulation of growth of thick layers from solutions of finite solute concentration without convection

A computer code is given for growth of thick layers on a planar substrate without convection for finite solute concentrations, finite interface kinetics, and variable properties with a linear cooling rate. A parametric study was performed for constant properties. For diffusion controlled growth, the rate Vc is nearly proportional to the square root of time for short times, while for very slow interface kinetics, Vc tends to increase linearly with time. For rapid interface kinetics, Vc is proportional to Dfrs ol|1/2 and to the cooling rate, but more than proportional to the solubility. For very low interface kinetics, Vc is proportional to the cooling rate, but nearly independent of D. A simple general relationship was discovered for the concentration profile, valid for all times, weakly dependent on solubility, and independent of the other growth parameters.
Scheduling policies to support distributed 3D multimedia applications

We consider the problem of scheduling the rendering component of 3D multimedia applications on a cluster of workstations connected via a local area network. Our goal is to meet a periodic real-time constraint.In abstract terms, the problem we address is how best to schedule tasks with unpredictable service times on distinct processing nodes so as to meet a real-time deadline, given that all communication among nodes entails some (possibly large) overhead. We consider two distinct classes of schemes, static, in which task reallocations are scheduled to occur at specific times, and dynamic, in which reallocations are triggered by some processor going idle. For both classes we further examine both global reassignments, in which all nodes are rescheduled at a rescheduling moment, and local reassignments, in which only a subset of the nodes engage in rescheduling at any one time.We show that global dynamic policies work best over a range of parameterizations appropriate to such systems. We introduce a new policy, Dynamic with Shadowing, that places a small number of tasks in the schedules of multiple workstations to reduce the amount of communication required to complete the schedule. This policy is shown to dominate the other alternatives considered over most of the parameter space.
Leukocyte Oxidase: Defective Activity in Chronic Granulomatous Disease

The intact leukocytes of two children with chronic granulomatous disease fail to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium during phagocytosis. This is due to defective operation of an oxidase of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide that is insensitive to cyanide and that indirectly stimulates the oxidation of glucose-6-phosphate in leukocytes. Such leukocytes undergo no increase in oxygen consumption or in activity of the hexose monophosphate shunt during phagocytosis, although lactate production is normal. The addition of nitroblue tetrazolium to a leukocyte suspension appears to provide a sensitive diagnostic screening test for this disease.
Single and combination chemotherapy for primary murine bladder cancer

Single and combination chemotherapy was evaluated for antitumor activity against N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl] formamide (FANFT)-induced bladder carcinoma in syngeneic mice. Two hundred fifty C3H/He mice having ingested FANFT for 10 months were randomly divided into groups of 30, and the following regimens initiated: cyclophosphamide (Cy), cis-diam-minedichloroplatinum (cis-Pt-II), dactinomycin, adriamycin, Cy plus cis-Pt-II, Cy plus 5-fluorouracil, and Cy plus adriamycin. The drugs were administered for 3 weeks. Each regimen was capable of producing a significant reduction in the mean bladder weight (MBW) when compared to a groups not receiving therapy (108.3 mg). Adriamycin (MBW equal 69.5), dactinomycin (49.6), and cyclophosphamide (42.9) were the best single agents, but the greatest inhibition of tumor growth was achieved by the combination of cyclophosphamide with 5-fluorouracil (38.3) or adriamycin (37.3). These combination chemotherapeutic regimens were able to effect a significant reduction in the number of bladders with Stage C tumors. It is hoped that information gained from this new animal model which allows evaluation of many antitumor drugs within a relatively short period of time will lead to therapeutic trials in patients with locally advanced or metastatic bladder cancer.
Chlorophyll variability in the oligotrophic gyres: mechanisms, seasonality and trends

A 16-year (1998-2013) analysis of trends and seasonal patterns was conducted for the five subtropical ocean gyres using satellite data: chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) retrievals from ocean color, sea surface temperature (SST), and sea-level anomaly (SLA). Trend analysis was also performed on mixed-layer data derived from ocean model gridded temperature and salinity profiles (1998-2010). The Chl-a monthly composites were constructed from the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) and Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on Aqua using two different algorithms: the standard algorithm (STD) that has been in use since the start of the SeaWiFS mission in 1997, and a more recently developed Ocean Color Index (OCI) algorithm with improved accuracy in low Chl-a waters. Trends were obtained for all gyres using both STD and OCI algorithms, which demonstrated generally consistent results. The North Pacific, Indian Ocean, North Atlantic and South Atlantic gyres showed significant downward trends in Chl-a, while the South Pacific gyre has a much weaker upward trend with no statistical significance. Time series of satellite-derived net primary production (NPP) showed downward trends for all the gyres, while all five gyres exhibited positive trends in SST and SLA. The seasonal variability of Chl-a in each gyre is tightly coupled to the variability in mixed layer depth (MLD) with peak values in winter in both hemispheres when vertical mixing is more vigorous, reaching depths approaching the nutricline. On a seasonal basis, Chl-a concentrations increase when the MLD approaches or is deeper than the nutricline depth, in agreement with the concept that vertical mixing is the major driving mechanism for phytoplankton photosynthesis in the interior of the gyres. The combination of surface warming trends and biomass reduction over the 16-year period has the potential to reduce atmospheric CO2 uptake by the gyres and therefore influence the global carbon cycle.
Mixed-Order Sturdy MASH Δ-Σ Modulator

An enhanced version of Sturdy MASH (SMASH) (Maghari et al., 2006) delta-sigma modulator is proposed. This structure takes advantage of the well-known stability of the MASH structure while greatly reducing its sensitivity to imperfect circuit blocks. Furthermore, no digital noise cancellation filters are needed. Hence there is no matching requirement for the analog and digital paths. With the proposed enhancement in noise shaping, the first and second stage quantization noise experience different (thus mixed) orders of noise shaping, and the accuracy of this modulator is comparable of that of the MASH structure. Simulations results and mathematical analysis demonstrate the effectiveness of this structure.
Effect of culture conditions on the phenotype of THP-1 monocyte cell line

Problem Macrophage function has many implications in a variety of diseases. Understanding their biology becomes imperative when trying to elucidate immune cell interactions with their environment and in vitro cell lines allow researchers to manipulate these interactions. A common cell line used is THP-1, a promyeloid cell line suggestive to outside factors, and therefore sensitive to culture conditions. In this study we describe how culture conditions can alter THP-1 morphology and in turn affect their response to differentiation stimuli.
Cholestanol and chenodeoxycholic acid: metabolites of injected cholesterol-4- 14 C in pigeon bile.

Es gelang, in Tauben die Umwandlung von injiziertem Cholesterol-C14 in Gallen-Cholestanol nachzuweisen, wobei Chenodeoxycholinsaure als Hauptmetabolit des Cholesterols-C14 in der Galle ermittelt wurde.
A hybrid MAC protocol design for energy-efficient very-high-throughput millimeter wave wireless sensor communication networks

Millimeter-wave communication is an advantageous frequency range because it is unlicensed and it is viable for high-throughput short-range transmission applications. This work focuses on an energy-efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for very-high-throughput millimeter-wave (mm-wave) wireless sensor communication networks (VHT-MSCNs) based on a hybrid multiple access technique.
Molecular taxonomy of major neuronal classes in the adult mouse forebrain

Identifying the neuronal cell types that comprise the mammalian forebrain is a central unsolved problem in neuroscience. Global gene expression profiles offer a potentially unbiased way to assess functional relationships between neurons. Here, we carried out microarray analysis of 12 populations of neurons in the adult mouse forebrain. Five of these populations were chosen from cingulate cortex and included several subtypes of GABAergic interneurons and pyramidal neurons. The remaining seven were derived from the somatosensory cortex, hippocampus, amygdala and thalamus. Using these expression profiles, we were able to construct a taxonomic tree that reflected the expected major relationships between these populations, such as the distinction between cortical interneurons and projection neurons. The taxonomic tree indicated highly heterogeneous gene expression even within a single region. This dataset should be useful for the classification of unknown neuronal subtypes, the investigation of specifically expressed genes and the genetic manipulation of specific neuronal circuit elements.
Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Directed against MAIDS-Associated Tumors and Cells from Mice Infected by the LP-BM5 MAIDS Defective Retrovirus

The LP-BM5 retrovirus, a complex containing ecotropic helper, recombinant MCF, and defective retroviruses, causes an immunodeficiency-termed mouse AIDS (MAIDS). Many disease features of MAIDS resemble those of AIDS, including terminal B cell lymphomas. Previously we generated from MAIDS-susceptible C57BL/6 mice cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) specific for MAIDS-associated B cell lymphomas. Data of the present study (1) exclude MCF and establish a role for defective virus in generating C57BL/6 CTL to MAIDS-associated tumors by experiments involving in vitro stimulation with cells from LP-BM5, ecotropic, or ecotropic-rescued defective virus-infected mice and (2) confirm that such CTL are specific for tumors of MAIDS origin. Several approaches testing for direct involvement of defective virus or its gag-encoded polyprotein, however, did not provide evidence that MAIDS tumor-specific CTL were directed to structural virion proteins, suggesting the possibility that such CTL are specific for nonvirion antigens whose expression depends on the action of the defective genome in the MAIDS disease process.
Counseling Supervisors: Standards for Preparation and Practice

The emergence of counseling supervision as a professional specialty is reviewed, the need for standards of training and practice is explained, and the process by which the “Standards for Counseling Supervisors” came into existence is described. Current and potential options for their implementation are discussed.
A New Framework for Systematic Reviews: Application to Social Skills Interventions for Preschoolers With Autism

This review presents a novel framework for evaluating evidence based on a set of parallel criteria that can be applied to both group and single-subject experimental design (SSED) studies. The authors illustrate use of this evaluation system in a systematic review of 67 articles investigating social skills interventions for preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder. Results characterize the types of treatments and research designs, the quality of studies, and effect sizes. In contrast to prior reports, this review revealed strong evidence of treatment efficacy, with group designs receiving lower ratings than SSED studies. Because this framework provides a comprehensive and transparent approach to judging the quality of studies individually and collectively, it holds promise for improving methods for identifying and implementing evidence-based practices.
Effect of Eccentric Strengthening After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction on Quadriceps Strength

Clinical Scenario: Interventions aimed at safely overloading the quadriceps muscle after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction are essential to reducing quadriceps muscle weakness that often persists long after the rehabilitation period. Despite the best efforts of clinicians and researchers to improve ACL rehabilitation techniques, a universally effective intervention to restore preinjury quadriceps strength has yet to be identified. A muscle’s force-producing capacity is most optimal when an external force exceeds that of the muscle while the muscle lengthens. Hence, the potential to improve muscle strength by overloading the tissue is greater with eccentric strengthening than with concentric strengthening. Traditionally, the application of early postoperative high-intensity eccentric resistance training to the ACL-reconstructed limb has been contraindicated, as there is potential for injury to the ACL graft, articular cartilage, or surrounding soft-tissue structures. However, recent evidence ...
It did not mean anything (about me) Cognitive dissonance theory and the cognitive and affective consequences of romantic infidelity

Perpetrating romantic infidelity is discrepant with how most individuals see themselves and theoretically should produce cognitive dissonance. Accordingly, perpetrators of infidelity should experience symptoms of dissonance (e.g. self-concept discrepancy, psychological discomfort, poor affect) and employ tactics that reduce these symptoms (e.g. trivialization). These hypotheses were tested in four experiments. In each experiment, participants were given bogus feedback indicating that they had acted either faithfully or unfaithfully during a prior romantic relationship (this manipulation was evaluated in experiment 1). Participants who received unfaithful feedback reported higher levels of self-concept discrepancy, psychological discomfort, and poor affect (experiments 2 and 4) and trivialized to a greater extent the importance of their ostensive infidelities (experiments 3 and 4). Experiment 4 further showed that trivialization significantly reduced self-concept discrepancy and psychological discomfort bu...
Programmable valves: a solution to bypass deadband problem of electro-hydraulic systems

The closed-center PDC/servo valves have over-lapped spools to prevent internal leakage so that the system can hold a position even when the power is off. However, the over-lapped spools also introduce deadbands, which are sandwiched by plant dynamics and valve dynamics. The sandwiched deadbands would degrade the achievable control performance and are very difficult to deal with. Instead of trying to solve this sandwiched deadband control problem via complicated advanced controls with limited improvement of achievable performance, this paper bypasses this problem with the use of both valve hardware redesign and advanced controls to overcome this deadband problem completely. Specifically, the hardware is based on the programmable valves, a unique combination of five independently controlled poppet type cartridge valves. This paper compares the programmable valves with traditional PDC/servo valves and demonstrate the ability of completely solving the deadband control problem of the electro-hydraulic systems using the programmable valves. A nonlinear model based adaptive robust controller with deadband compensation is designed for PDC/servo valve and a two-level coordinate controller is designed for programmable valves to maximize the achievable control performance of each. Experimental results show that the best tracking performance is achieved through the programmable valves.
Assimilating information technology innovations: strategies and moderating influences

This paper examines the process of new technology assimilation with an objective of understanding what specific organizational strategies facilitate the assimilation process. A four-cell conceptual framework is synthesized from prior research, which differentiates between two units of analysis responsible for assimilation-an individual or the organization. Depending on the specific location of an organization and a technology within this framework, as well as the desired location, a few "generic" assimilation strategies are described that allow an organization to move from one cell of the framework to another by influencing individual adoption behaviors. Recognizing that the outcomes of assimilation strategies are influenced by key moderating influences-such as the differences in the technology that is being assimilated, the characteristics of target adopters, and their perceptions toward that technology-prior research is again reviewed to study the impact of these moderating variables. The assimilation strategies, together with the effects of moderating variables, constitute a model of innovation assimilation. Adopting a process orientation, the model is used to perform a retrospective analysis of the efforts of nine major corporations as they attempted to assimilate new information technologies into their operations. The analyses yield a contingency framework for the choice of assimilation strategy that can be used as a guide for management action.
Design and manufacturing of the SNS accumulator ring and transport system dc magnets

The Spallation Neutron Source accumulator ring requires large aperture dipole magnets, strong focusing quadrupole and sextupole magnets, and low field corrector dipole, quadrupole, sextupole, and octopole magnets. All of these magnets will provide a fixed magnetic field throughout the accumulator's fill/storage/extraction cycle. Similar fixed field magnets are also being built for the beam transport lines from the linac and to the target. Because of the high intensity in the accumulator, the magnets must be built with tight tolerances for optimum field quality. Because some of the magnets are powered in strings, those magnets must have tight tolerances and consistent material properties to provide the same integral field from magnet to magnet. Radiation resistance, maintainability, and cost were other major factors in determining the magnets' design. The accumulator ring and transport line lattice design required 32 different magnet types out of the 312 magnets to be installed. This resulted in small quantity procurements that affected the cost of fabrication and testing of the magnets.
Tube Power Amplifiers

The main focus of this chapter is the basic design of guitar amplifier power output stages. Here, we will cover the important concepts behind transformer coupling and the determination of maximum amplifier output power. We will concentrate primarily on cathode biased, class A output stages, using both single-ended and push–pull amplifier configurations. The operation of parallel connected tubes and additional aspects of power supply design are also covered here.
Plasma corticosteroid concentrations during spironolactone administration: evidence for adrenal biosynthetic blockade in man.

Spironolactone, a mineralocorticoid antagonist, may also inhibit aldosterone biosynthesis. In vitro studies suggest that spironolactone and its major metabolites inhibit adrenal 18– and llβ-hydroxylase activity. We examined various adrenal corticosteroids and their precursors, plasma renin activity, aldosterone excretion rate, and serum and urine electrolytes in normal subjects before and on days 5 and 10 of spironolactone administration (400 mg/day). Plasma corticosteroids were also examined 60 min after ACTH (Cortrosyn) 0.25-mg iv bolus. RIAs were performed after extensive chromatography; there was no interference of spironolactone and its metabolites in the assays. All studies were performed in supine subjects in metabolic balance on a constant 120-meq sodium intake. Plasma renin activity was increased (P < 0.001) on both days 5 and 10 of spironolactone. Plasma aldosterone (PA) and the aldosterone excretion rate increased (P < 0.01) on day 5 of spironolactone but decreased (P < 0.01) from day 5 to 10. ...
Treatment for Alzheimer’s disease: has anything changed?

Current therapies for Alzheimer's disease do not modify the course of disease and are not universally beneficial. Clinical trials of drugs targeting amyloid and tau in established Alzheimer's disease have been unsuccessful as it is thought that treating established disease may be too late. Research has moved to the prodromal and pre-symptomatic phases of Alzheimer's disease, with a greater emphasis on the role of biomarkers in defining cases and monitoring response to therapy. Mixed pathologies predominate in the older population. The associations between biomarkers, neuropathology and clinical syndromes are weaker in older people and this is likely to pose a greater challenge in identifying effective therapies.
Live case demonstration of interventional cardiology procedures: a regulatory perspective.

Medical science progress requires a strong educational foundation, and the direct demonstration of knowledge and skills has been a traditional teaching method for practitioners. Advances in communication technology have provided unprecedented opportunities to show patient care in real time. As a