cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IRACproc: a software suite for processing and analyzing Spitzer/IRAC data

We have developed a post-Basic Calibrated Data pipeline processing software suite called "IRACproc". This package facilitates the co-addition of dithered or mapped Spitzer /IRAC data to make them ready for further analysis with application to a wide variety of IRAC observing programs. In acting as a wrapper for the Spitzer Science Center's MOPEX software, IRACproc improves the rejection of cosmic rays and other transients in the co-added data. In addition, IRACproc performs (optional) Point Spread Function (PSF) fitting, subtraction, and masking of saturated stars. The under/critically sampled IRAC PSFs are subject to large variations in shape between successive frames as a result of sub-pixel shifts from dithering or telescope jitter. IRACproc improves cosmic ray and other transient rejection by using spatial derivative images to map the locations and structure of astronomical sources. By protecting sources with a metric that accounts for these large variations in the PSFs, our technique maintains the structure and photometric reliability of the PSF, while at the same time removing transients at the lowest level. High Dynamic Range PSFs for each IRAC band were obtained by combining an unsaturated core, derived from stars in the IRAC PSF calibration project, with the wings of a number of bright stars. These PSFs have dynamic ranges of ~10 7 and cover the entire IRAC field of view. PSF subtraction can drastically reduce the light from a bright star outside the saturated region. For a bright star near the array center it is possible to detect faint sources as close as ~15-20" that would otherwise be lost in the glare. In addition, PSF fitting has been shown to provide photometry accurate to 1-2% for over-exposed stars.
Relative Toxicity at High Percentages of Insect Mortality

DOSAGES of toxic materials sufficient to ensure complete mortality of a given population have not been determined very precisely in the past, because of the nature of the S-shaped toxicity curve. Numerous estimates of relative toxicity, based on dosages to kill only 50 per cent of a population, have been published. Precision thus obtained is often of distinct advantage in theoretical studies of various factors which influence toxicity. It is obvious, however, that, depending upon the percentage of mortality taken as a basis for comparison, the toxicity relations of two compounds may vary. For example, 50 per cent of a population of rice weevils (Sitophilus oryzae L.) are killed by a dosage of 23 mgm. per litre of carbon disulphide or by one of 35 mgm. of ethylene dichloride. If comparisons are made at 75 per cent mortality, the curves are found to be sharply divergent, the respective dosages being 27 and 62 mgm. per litre. No simple factor, therefore, can be used with which to multiply the median lethal dose, and to obtain the amount to kill approximately 100 per cent.
Photochemical transformations. 49. Solvent effects on singlet ionic and triplet photoreactions of some bridged polycyclic chlorides: Comparison with ground-state reactions†‡

Direct irradiations of 2-chloro-6,7 : 8,9-dibenzotricyclo [3.2.2.02,4] nona-6,8-diene (5-Cl) were conducted in cyclohexane, acetic acid and wet acetonitrile. The products are 1-methylfluoranthene (8) in all three solvents, the allylic chlorides 8-chloro-7-methylene-2,3 : 5,6-dibenzobicyclo [2.2.2] octa-2,5-diene (3-Cl) and 7-chloromethyl-2,3 : 5,6-dibenzobicyclo [2.2.2] octa-2,5,7-triene (2-Cl) in acetic acid and acetonitrile and solvolysis product amides in wet acetonitrile. Compound 5-Cl had previously been shown to be the product of triplet sensitization of 2-Cl and 3-Cl, so that the singlet reaction reverses that of the triplet. The formation of 8 from 5-Cl was quenched with piperylene, whereas that of the allylic chlorides was not. Quantum yields of products and singlet lifetimes in the three solvents were measured. The solvent effects are discussed. Deuterium-labeling results on the formation of 5-Cl from 2-Cl and of 8 from 5-Cl are reported.
Mineral matter removal from anthracite by high-temperature chlorination

Mineral matter was removed from anthracite by heating in 0.1 MPa Cl2 at 600–1400°C. The mineral matter undergoes carbothermic reduction, followed by chlorination of metals to volatile chlorides. Removal of mineral matter increases the porosity of the coal and enhances the accessibility of additional mineral matter to Cl2. Exposure to Cl2 results in the fixation of chlorine on the anthracite, thereby affecting the electrical resistivity of the resulting carbon.
Mid-Infrared Detection of the L Dwarf DENISP J0255–4700

We have observed DENISP J0255.0-4700 in four mid-infrared photometric passbands at the Gemini South observatory using OSCIR. The photometry indicates that a temperature ≤1400 K fits the data reasonably well. This temperature is consistent with previously derived values using optical and near-infrared data and also with our evolutionary parameter estimates of log(L/L☉) = -4.62 at a distance of 5 pc and an age of 2-4 Gyr. The implied mass is 60MJ-70MJ. While it is somewhat problematic to fit existing models to the mid-infrared spectrum of DENISP J0255.0-4700, the 10 and 11 μm photometric data appear to be impacted by NH3 absorption. A full spectrum and better models of dwarfs at the L- to T-type transition are required to confirm this.
Inequality and the Self: Exploring Connections from an Interactionist Perspective

Symbolic interactionism provides a major contribution to understanding inequality by illuminating the various manifestations and contexts of inequality at the micro, everyday level of social life. Drawing on a spectrum of symbolic interactionist theory and research, we examine the range of symbolic and interactional manifestations of social inequality, the consequences of being the object of patterned interactional affronts, and the strategies people use to negotiate interactional stigmatization in everyday life. We argue that symbolic interaction’ s unique contribution to understanding inequality results from two of the perspective’ s central features. First, symbolic interactionism emphasizes the necessity of investigating social life in situated social interaction. Second, it highlights social actors’ capacities to interpret and construct lines of action rather than respond directly to the stimuli they encounter. Symbolic interactionist research and theory thus contribute to a more complex understanding of social stratie cation than that provided by perspectives focused exclusively on macroscopic structural factors. The study of social inequality in mainstream sociology traditionally has been approached from a macroscopic structural vantage point with an emphasis on politicaleconomic factors. This focus has clearly advanced understanding of the structural dimensions, precipitants, and correlates of the array of topics associated with inequality and stratie cation, such as class differences, poverty, mobility, the occupational structure, and wage and salary differences. Yet this structural focus misses much of relevance to understanding the real-life implications of inequality for the everyday functioning and psychology of social actors. From this vantage point, a host of insufe ciently examined questions arise: What are the different ways in which systems of stratie cation manifest themselves at the micro, interactional level of so
Effect of Lactobacillus fermentum, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas maltophilia Singly and in Combination on the Relative Nutritive Value of Fermented Corn Meal

Combined Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas maltophilia used to ferment corn meal over 4 days at 37°C produced a significant increase (P < 0.02) in % RNV (relative nutritive value) of fermented corn meal (96.3%) when compared to nonfermented corn meal (82.2% RNV). Other combinations which caused a significant increase in % RNV for fermented corn meal were: P. maltophilia and B. subtilis (P < 0.04, 95.0% RNV), B. subtilis and B. cereus (P < 0.05, 94.4% RNV). Single microorganisms used to ferment corn meal did not cause significant increases in % RNV.
Higgs-boson production via bremsstrahlung from heavy quarks.

We estimate the rate of Higgs-boson (H) production via bremsstrahlung in the decay of a heavy fermion (h) with mass in excess of 100 GeV. The basic reaction studied is h..-->..l+W+H where l is a light fermion and W is the usual weak gauge boson. This is a ''radiative correction'' to the usual decay of a heavy quark h..-->..l+W. For sufficiently heavy quarks this process has a very substantial branching ratio with a rate comparable to that for h..-->..l+W signaling the breakdown in the perturbation expansion in the Higgs-boson--fermion coupling.
Depression and Defensiveness in Self-Descriptive Moods of Alcoholics:

MMPI Depression scales (D and D30), Social Desirability scales from Edwards (SD) and from Marlowe-Crowne (MC-SD) were administered to 61 alcoholic patients together with a set of mood scales. An elevation for D and MC-SD was found. Somatic depression (D) did not correlate significantly with depression of the phenomenological transparent mood scales, but with mood scales indicating inertia. SD correlates considerably with all mood factors, but MC-SD only with some of them. Alcoholics were characterized as being depressive and defensive in terms of giving a high approval-seeking self-image but not deviant by following socially desirable self-descriptions.
Synthesis of [2H]gibberellins from steviol using the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi

Abstract [2H]Steviol (ent-13-hydroxykaur-16-en-19-oic acid) was synthesized from steviol acetate norketone (ent-13-acetoxy-16-oxo-17-norkauran-19-oic acid) by the Wittig reaction using (methyl-d3)triphenylphosphonium bromide. A mixture of steviol analogs was produced containing from one to four 2H/molecule. [2H]Steviol was fed to strain LM-45-399 of the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi which was grown on synthetic medium (ICI, 0% N) in the presence of the growth retardant CCC. [2H]GA1, [2H]GA18, [2H]GA23 and [2H]GA53 were isolated from the fungal medium after 4 days. This strain converted steviol to 13-hydroxy GAs in the highest yields of the four Gibberella strains tested, and in amounts suitable for metabolic studies with higher plants.
A high sensitivity DC thermometric circuit using operational amplifiers and a hybrid combination of NTC and PTC thermistors

Abstract Equations predicting the response of thermometric circuits constructed from operational amplifiers with NTC and NTC—PTC hybrid thermistors are derived and tested. Sensitivities and time constants were determined experimentally and are compared with theoretical predictions. The circuit with the NTC—PTC hybrid is characterized by greater sensivity than a NTC circuit and greater linearity than a PTC circuit.
Robust and efficient overset grid assembly for partitioned unstructured meshes

This paper presents a method to perform efficient and automated Overset Grid Assembly (OGA) on a system of overlapping unstructured meshes in a parallel computing environment where all meshes are partitioned into multiple mesh-blocks and processed on multiple cores. The main task of the overset grid assembler is to identify, in parallel, among all points in the overlapping mesh system, at which points the flow solution should be computed (field points), interpolated (receptor points), or ignored (hole points). Point containment search or donor search, an algorithm to efficiently determine the cell that contains a given point, is the core procedure necessary for accomplishing this task. Donor search is particularly challenging for partitioned unstructured meshes because of the complex irregular boundaries that are often created during partitioning. Another challenge arises because of the large variation in the type of mesh-block overlap and the resulting large load imbalance on multiple processors. Desirable traits for the grid assembly method are efficiency (requiring only a small fraction of the solver time), robustness (correct identification of all point types), and full automation (no user input required other than the mesh system). Additionally, the method should be scalable, which is an important challenge due to the inherent load imbalance. This paper describes a fully-automated grid assembly method, which can use two different donor search algorithms. One is based on the use of auxiliary grids and Exact Inverse Maps (EIM), and the other is based on the use of Alternating Digital Trees (ADT). The EIM method is demonstrated to be more efficient than the ADT method, while retaining robustness. An adaptive load re-balance algorithm is also designed and implemented, which considerably improves the scalability of the method.
We (sometimes) know not how we feel: Predicting job performance with an implicit measure of trait affectivity.

In this study we examined relationships between trait affectivity and work performance. However, because trait affectivity is believed to operate primarily outside awareness, we assessed it using techniques designed to measure content at explicit and implicit levels. Although results were consistent across the explicit and implicit measures (i.e., positive affectivity was positively related to task performance and citizenship behavior, whereas negative affectivity was negatively related to task performance and positively related to counterproductive behavior), the implicit measure predicted greater proportions of variance in supervisor-rated criteria and did so incremental to the explicit measure. We discuss the implications of these results for theory and practice, and highlight the potential usefulness of implicit measures for applied research.
Simulation methods for looping transitions.

Abstract Looping transitions occur in field-swept electron magnetic resonance spectra near avoided crossings and involve a single pair of energy levels that are in resonance at two magnetic field strengths, before and after the avoided crossing. When the distance between the two resonances approaches a linewidth, the usual simulation of the spectra, which results from a linear approximation of the dependence of the transition frequency on magnetic field, breaks down. A cubic approximation to the transition frequency, which can be obtained from the two resonance fields and the field-derivatives of the transition frequencies, along with linear (or better) interpolation of the transition-probability factor, restores accurate simulation. The difference is crucial for accurate line shapes at fixed angles, as in an oriented single crystal, but the difference turns out to be a smaller change in relative intensity for a powder spectrum. Spin- 3 2 Cr3+in ruby and spin- 5 2 Fe3+in transferrin oxalate are treated as examples.
The moon - Composition determined by nebular processes

The Ganapathy-Anders seven-component model is used as the basis for an analysis of conditions in the early solar nebula as they pertain to the formation of the moon. Calculations incorporating improved geological data and petrological constraints are presented in terms of a model moon which meets trace element restrictions and conforms to known parameters of heat flow, density, and moment of inertia ratio, ie., 40 ppb U, and a core of 2% by weight. It is noted that a melt of the model composition approximates that of Apollo 15 green glass, together with a residuum of olivine, plus 3-4% spinel.
Hot deontology and cold consequentialism – an empirical exploration of ethical reasoning among climate change negotiators

Philosophers, political theorists and cognitive scientists have applied the traditional distinction between deontology and consequentialism to determine ethical responsibilities – usually of states – to take action in response to climate change. Most of this work is either purely conceptual or based on experiments with individuals, who are not part of the global political process. This paper makes two contributions to this debate. First, based on interview data I describe existing patterns of ethical reasoning among global political actors rather than groups selected for lab experiments. Integrating theories of risk perceptions, international relations and moral philosophy, I identify both deontological and consequentialist cognitive patterns, and examine their constitutive elements. My second contribution concerns the role of emotion in moral reasoning. Using the same qualitative data, I offer support for a controversial argument about the emotional nature of deontological reasoning. Further, I argue that many negotiators experience climate change not as an impersonal threat posed by the environment, but rather as an “up, close and personal” threat, over which other negotiation participants have significant control.
A throughput-maximizing facility planning and layout model

This paper presents a throughput-maximizing algorithm for facility planning and layout of flexible manufacturing systems. It uses a computationally efficient mean-value analysis model to analyse system configurations, and extends the methodology of CRAFT in layout planning.
Circadian Control of Global Gene Expression by the Cyanobacterial Master Regulator RpaA

The cyanobacterial circadian clock generates genome-wide transcriptional oscillations and regulates cell division, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we show that the response regulator RpaA serves as the master regulator of these clock outputs. Deletion of rpaA abrogates gene expression rhythms globally and arrests cells in a dawn-like expression state. Although rpaA deletion causes core oscillator failure by perturbing clock gene expression, rescuing oscillator function does not restore global expression rhythms. We show that phosphorylated RpaA regulates the expression of not only clock components, generating feedback on the core oscillator, but also a small set of circadian effectors that, in turn, orchestrate genome-wide transcriptional rhythms. Expression of constitutively active RpaA is sufficient to switch cells from a dawn-like to a dusk-like expression state as well as to block cell division. Hence, complex global circadian phenotypes can be generated by controlling the phosphorylation of a single transcription factor.
Effective quasiparticle lifetime in superconducting Sn

Abstract The effective quasiparticle lifetime in superconducting Sn has been determined from measurements on conventional oxide-barrier tunnel junctions biased at the energy gap and exposed to optical radiation. The result is in agreement with the value obtained by Sai-Halasz et al. from microwave surface impedance measurements.
Late Cretaceous–early Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the southern California margin inferred from provenance of trench and forearc sediments

During the Late Cretaceous to early Cenozoic, southern California was impacted by two anomalous tectonic events: (1) underplating of the oceanic Pelona-Orocopia-Rand schists beneath North American arc crust and craton; and (2) removal of the western margin of the arc and inner part of the forearc basin along the Nacimiento fault. The Pelona-Orocopia-Rand schists crop out along a belt extending from the southern Sierra Nevada to southwestern Arizona. Protolith and emplacement ages decrease from >90 Ma in the northwest to <60 Ma in the southeast. Detrital zircon U-Pb ages imply that metasandstones in the older schists originated primarily from the western belt of the Sierran–Peninsular Ranges arc. Younger units were apparently derived by erosion of progressively more inboard regions, including the southwestern edge of the North American craton. The oldest Pelona-OrocopiaRand schists overlap in age and provenance with the youngest part of the Catalina Schist of the southern California inner continental borderland, suggesting that the two units are broadly correlative. The Pelona-OrocopiaRand-Catalina schists, in turn, share a common provenance with forearc sequences of southern California and the associated Salinian and Nacimiento blocks of the central Coast Ranges. This observation is most readily explained if the schists were derived from trench sediments complementary to the forearc basin. The schists and forearc units are inferred to record an evolution from normal subduction prior to the early Late Cretaceous to flsubduction extending into the early Cenozoic. The transition from outboard to inboard sediment sources appears to have coincided with removal of arc and forearc terranes along the Nacimiento fault, which most likely involved either thrusting or sinistral strike slip. The strike-slip interpretation has not been widely accepted but can be understood in terms of tectonic escape driven by subduction of an aseismic ridge, and it provides a compelling explanation for the progressively younger ages of the PelonaOrocopia-Rand schists from northwest to southeast.
Synthesis of Dual-Rail Adiabatic Logic for Low Power Security Applications

Programmable reversible logic is emerging as a prospective logic design style for implementation in low power, low frequency applications where minimal impact on circuit heat generation is desirable, such as mitigation of differential power analysis attacks. Adiabatic logic is an implementation of reversible logic in CMOS where the current flow through the circuit is controlled such that the energy dissipation due to switching and capacitor dissipation is minimized. Recent advances in dual-rail adiabatic logic show reduction in average and differential power, making this design methodology advantageous in applications where security is the primary design metric and operating frequency is slower, such as Smart Cards. In this paper, we present an algorithm for synthesis of adiabatic circuits in CMOS. Then, using the ESPRESSO heuristic for minimization of Boolean functions method on each output node, we reduce the size of the synthesized circuit. Our approach correlates the horizontal offsets in the permutation matrix with the necessary switches required for synthesis instead of using a library of equivalent functions. The synthesis results show that, on average, the proposed algorithm represents an improvement of 36% over the best known reversible designs with the optimized dual-rail cell libraries. Then, we present an adiabatic S-box which significantly reduces energy imbalance compared to previous benchmarks. The design is capable of forward encryption and reverse decryption with minimal overhead, allowing for efficient hardware reuse.
Dietary and physical activity correlates of long-term weight loss

Covariations in body mass index (BMI), physical activity, macronutrient intake, and the frequency of consumption of specific foods were examined among 82 men and 75 women participating in a behavioral weight loss program over a period of 18 months. Results of repeated measures analyses of covariance showed that BMI change was inversely related to change in physical activity and change in frequency of vegetable consumption. BMI change was positively related to change in calorie intake from fat and change in frequency of consumption of beef, hot dogs, and sweets. Change in fat calories predicted BMI change better than change in total calories. In addition, change in the frequency of consumption of specific foods accounted for a larger percentage of the variance in BMI change than did change in macronutrients (10.4% vs. 5.2%). No differences were found between predictors of weight loss vs. weight maintenance.
Recommended Practice for Voice-Frequency Electrical Noise Tests of Distribution Transformers

The practice described herein provides instruction on the testing of distribution transformers as voice-frequency noise generators, to measure the degree to which they may contribute to electrical noise in communication circuits that are in parallel with the power supply circuits serving the transformers. Transformers have a characteristic common to other iron-core devices of causing harmonic currents at voice-frequencies to flow in supply circuits to the transformers. The magnitudes of these currents, and of interference that may result, vary according to design of the transformer as well as excitation voltage. The tests described in this practice provide a standard method for use by the transformer manufacturer, user and others in industry for the purpose of better evaluating the design choices available and moving toward industry objectives as to levels of harmonic exciting current expressed as I . T [current × telephone influence factor (TIF)].
Principles of disaster planning for the pediatric population

Unique physiological, developmental, and psychological attributes of children make them one of the more vulnerable populations during mass-casualty incidents. Because of their distinctive vulnerabilities, it is crucial that pediatric needs are incorporated into every stage of disaster planning. Individuals, families, and communities can help mitigate the effects of disasters on pediatric populations through ongoing awareness and preventive practices. Mitigation efforts also can be achieved through education and training of the healthcare workforce. Preparedness activities include gaining Emergency Medical Services for Children Pediatric Facility Recognition, conducting pediatric disaster drills, improving pediatric surge capacity, and ensuring that the needs of children are incorporated into all levels of disaster plans. Pediatric response can be improved in a number of ways, including: (1) enhanced pediatric disaster expertise; (2) altered decontamination protocols that reflect pediatric needs; and (3) minimized parent-child separation. Recovery efforts at the pediatric level include promoting specific mental health therapies for children and incorporating children into disaster relief and recovery efforts. Improving pediatric emergency care needs should be at the forefront of every disaster planner's agenda. Language: en
Microfluidic serial dilution ladder

Serial dilution is a fundamental procedure that is common to a large number of laboratory protocols. Automation of serial dilution is thus a valuable component for lab-on-a-chip systems. While a handful of different microfluidic strategies for serial dilution have been reported, approaches based on continuous flow mixing inherently consume larger amounts of sample volume and chip real estate. We employ valve-driven circulatory mixing to address these issues and also introduce a novel device structure to store each stage of the dilution process. The dilution strategy is based on sequentially mixing the rungs of a ladder structure. We demonstrate a 7-stage series of 1 : 1 dilutions with R2 equal to 0.995 in an active device area of 1 cm2.
Spume Drops Produced by the Wind Tearing of Wave Crests

The wind tearing of breaking wave crests produces spume drops. The authors report preliminary laboratory data from direct and unambiguous observation of this process under various wind conditions using a video imaging technique. Results include the size distribution and production rates of these drops. The curves for production rates at different wind speeds merge effectively when normalized by the number of breaking events. This confirms that wave breaking occurrence, not the wind speed, is a dominant factor in spume production.
Asthma attacks and thunderstorms.

This letter was previously published in the April issue, but the references were unfortunately omitted. We reproduce the entire letter here, with apologies to Dr Paulley. Sir, The hard evidence provided by Anderson et al .1 for increased asthma admissions during thunderstorms is important, as was their finding that it was unrelated to …
The Heat of the Hearth: The Process of Kinship in a Malay Fishing Community

The Heat of the Hearth: The Process of Kinship in. Malay Fishing Community. JANET CARSTEN. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. ix. 314 pp., figures, maps, bibliography, index.
Return from insects in the clear-air convective boundary layer

The Microwave Remote Sensing Laboratory (MIRSL) at the University of Massachusetts operated its S- band Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radar during the International H20 Project (IHOP_2002) over the months of May and June 2002. The radar operates at very high spatial and temporal resolutions, 2.4 m and 5 s, respectively, which allows the segregation of scatter from different scattering mechanisms. Rayleigh scattering from particulate scatterers (i.e. dust and insects) dominated the return, however Bragg scattering from turbulence was also significant, especially at the top of the afternoon convective bounday layer (CBL). Scattering from insects was isolated using a 5x5 median high-pass filter. The majority of reflectivity measurements from particulate scatterers ranged from -30 dBZ to -10 dBZ, however intense point-scatterers (> 0 dBZ) skewed the distribution which resulted in mean values much greater than the median values. There is a strong diurnal signal in the backscatter: minima in the morning and at dusk and a maximum mid-afternoon and in the nocturnal boundary layer. The strong diurnal signal suggests that with targeted allocation of radar resources return from insects can be used to monitor the clear-air CBL of the central Great Plains of North America.
Estimating self-diffusion in polymer melts: how long is a long enough molecular simulation?

We performed molecular simulations of polymer melts of three different molecular weights, with 1000 polymers for simulation run time , where is the relaxation time, using the bond-fluctuation model. We computed the mean-squared displacement, and applied weighted least squares with statistical bootstrap to infer the self-diffusivity and the associated uncertainty from these long simulations. We investigated the effect of limited simulations by using only a subset of these long simulations. We found that using and was a safe choice that led to relatively stable estimates of the mean self-diffusivity. We considered simulations of much poorer quality, and , and found that the proposed method accurately reflected the uncertainty even in the shortest simulations. This is in contrast with the standard practice of using 2–3 independent simulation runs to characterise uncertainty, which not only underestimates the true uncertainty in poor data-sets, but is also computationally more demanding.
Free Appropriate Public Education for Handicapped Children: Congressional Intent and Judicial Interpretation

The precise meaning of the legal term free appropriate public education has become the subject of increasing litigation throughout the United States. An analysis of the Supreme Court decisions in Hendrick Hudson District Board of Education v. Rowley (1982) and Irving Independent School District v. Tatro (1984) reveals that the obligation of the schools to provide free appropriate public education does not require that special education services be sufficient to maximize the potential of a handicapped child. Rather, the law requires only that a basic floor of opportunity be provided which consists of access to specialized instruction and related services which are individually designed to provide educational benefit. Subsequent rulings of the Supreme Court uniformly have adhered to the legal precedents established in these two landmark judicial decisions.
Detection of doxepin and its major metabolite desmethyldoxepin in hair following drug therapy.

Doxepin is a tricyclic antidepressant that is widely prescribed for the treatment of mild depression. In this study, hair samples collected from a patient receiving 25 mg of doxepin daily were analyzed. Doxepin was administered to the patient for 4 months (June 15 to October 15, 1996). Five hair samples were collected: 1 and 3 months after doxepin therapy began and 1, 3, and 5 months after drug therapy ended. Solid-phase extraction was employed to isolate doxepin and its major metabolite desmethyldoxepin from the hair matrix, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for quantitation of both drugs. Six-point standard curves (0.25-20 ng/mg) were prepared for both compounds with an internal standard (doxepin-d 3 ). The standard curves for doxepin and desmethyldoxepin were linear over the range reported and had correlation coefficients of 0.984 and 0.985, respectively. The limit of quantitation for both analytes was 0.25 ng/mg of hair. In addition, the replicate analysis of control hair preparations was performed at two levels (2 ng/mg and 15 ng/mg) to determine intra- and interday variability. Doxepin and desmethyldoxepin were not detected in the patient's sample collected 1 month after doxepin therapy began. The samples collected 3 months after doxepin therapy began and 5 months after drug therapy was terminated had detectable amounts of doxepin and desmethyldoxepin. The highest concentrations of doxepin (mean, 0.59 ng/mg) and desmethyldoxepin (mean, 0.40 ng/mg) were found 5 months after doxepin therapy began, which was also 1 month after the patient had stopped using the drug. Five months after doxepin therapy was terminated, the drug and its metabolite were still present in the patient's hair. The concentration of doxepin in hair was always significantly higher than the concentration of desmethyldoxepin.
Veiled yet vulnerable. Breast cancer screening and the Muslim way of life.

objectives: While multiple reports have been published in the literature that describe the effect of religion and spirituality on healthcare practices, few have been reported that attempt to describe the effect of the fundamental beliefs and customs of the followers of Islam. A qualitative study aimed toward gaining an understanding of the degree to which Islamic beliefs and customs influence followers' breast cancer screening practices was, therefore, undertaken. materials and methods: The study was designed with semistructured focus groups as the primary means of gathering data. A purposefully selected sample of nine Muslim women were recruited to participate in the study. Throughout the focus group, attempts were made to engage the women in a manner that stimulated in-depth discussion of the beliefs and customs influencing breast cancer screening. results: Data revealed that the religious beliefs and customs of the Muslim women participating in the focus group significantly influenced their participation in breast cancer screening. Despite their knowledge of the benefits of regular breast cancer screening, the women indicated that they choose not to participate in available breast cancer screening programs, given that they were not structured in a manner that was consistent with the beliefs and customs of Islam. conclusions: This study illustrates the manner and degree to which Islamic beliefs and customs can influence the breast cancer screening behavior of Muslim women and the importance of carefully designing breast health programs tailored to the needs of this population of women.
Focal neuronal dysfunction resulting in subclinical status epilepticus in von gierke's disease

Glycogen storage disease type I (GSD I) is an uncommon GSD that is associated with a defect of the glucose-6-phosphatase complex. Defects in this enzyme interfere with glycogenolysis and gluconeoge...
Release of endothelial cell lipoprotein lipase by plasma lipoproteins and free fatty acids.

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) bound to the lumenal surface of vascular endothelial cells is responsible for the hydrolysis of triglycerides in plasma lipoproteins. Studies were performed to investigate whether human plasma lipoproteins and/or free fatty acids would release LPL which was bound to endothelial cells. Purified bovine milk LPL was incubated with cultured porcine aortic endothelial cells resulting in the association of enzyme activity with the cells. When the cells were then incubated with media containing chylomicrons or very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), a concentration-dependent decrease in the cell-associated LPL enzymatic activity was observed. In contrast, incubation with media containing low density lipoproteins or high density lipoproteins produced a much smaller decrease in the cell-associated enzymatic activity. The addition of increasing molar ratios of oleic acid:bovine serum albumin to the media also reduced enzyme activity associated with the endothelial cells. To determine whether the decrease in LPL activity was due to release of the enzyme from the cells or inactivation of the enzyme, studies were performed utilizing radioiodinated bovine LPL. Radiolabeled LPL protein was released from endothelial cells by chylomicrons, VLDL, and by free fatty acids (i.e. oleic acid bound to bovine serum albumin). The release of radiolabeled LPL by VLDL correlated with the generation of free fatty acids from the hydrolysis of VLDL triglyceride by LPL bound to the cells. Inhibition of LPL enzymatic activity by use of a specific monoclonal antibody, reduced the extent of release of 125I-LPL from the endothelial cells by the added VLDL. These results demonstrated that LPL enzymatic activity and protein were removed from endothelial cells by triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (chylomicrons and VLDL) and oleic acid. We postulate that similar mechanisms may be important in the regulation of LPL activity at the vascular endothelium.
The Ethical Advantages of Free Will Subjectivism

Adopting meta-level Free Will Subjectivism is one among several ways to maintain that persons never experience moral freedom in their choices. The other ways of arguing against moral freedom I consider are presented by Saul Smilansky, Ted Honderich, Bruce Waller, Galen Strawson, and Derk Pereboom. In this paper, without arguing for the acceptance of free will subjectivism, I argue that subjectivism has some moral and theoretical advantages over its kindred theories.
Role for Complement in the Development of Seizures following Acute Viral Infection

Complement, part of the innate immune system, acts to remove pathogens and unwanted host material. Complement is known to function in all tissues, including the central nervous system (CNS). In this study, we demonstrated the importance of the complement system within the CNS in the development of behavioral seizures following Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection. C57BL/6 mice, deficient in complement component C3, developed significantly fewer behavioral seizures following TMEV infection, whereas mice depleted of complement component C3 in the periphery through treatment with cobra venom factor had a seizure rate comparable to that of control mice. These studies indicate that C3 participates in the induction of acute seizures during viral encephalitis.
Decolonizing Qualitative Research: Non-traditional Reporting Forms in the Academy

Im Rahmen qualitativer Sozialforschung wird zumeist angenommen, dass Wissenschaftler(inne)n, die sich mit kulturvergleichenden Studien befassen, ein intimes Wissen uber die Kultur(en) haben sollten, von denen sie berichten. In der Vergangenheit waren solche Arbeiten vornehmlich an den rezipierenden Kontexten und an einer uberwiegend westlichen Leserschaft orientiert. Die Brauchbarkeit solcher Berichte ist jedoch in einer globalisierten Welt sehr begrenzt, und mittlerweile mussen derartige Forschungsarbeiten nicht nur den Interessen westlicher Wissenschaftler(innen) genugen, sondern auch nationalen und lokalen Bedurfnissen vor Ort Rechnung tragen. Insoweit gewinnen Studien unterschiedlicher sprachlicher Herkunft, aus nicht-westlichen Kontexten und aus unterschiedlichsten Kulturen vermehrt Aufmerksamkeit und es wird zunehmend wichtiger, deren intrinsischen Gehalt zu verstehen mit der steigenden Zahl an Forschungsberichten (wie z.B. Dissertationen), die von internationalen Wissenschaftler(inne)n verfasst werden, und denen ein Potenzial der Entkolonialisierung von Wissenschaft zukommt. Eine so verstandene kulturvergleichende qualitative Forschung muss zumindest funf zentrale Themen beachten: die Arbeit mit zwei- oder mehrsprachigen Daten, die Beachtung nicht-westlicher kultureller Traditionen, multiple Perspektiven, multi-vokale und -linguale Texte sowie technische Aspekte, die die Zuganglichkeit der Materialien betreffen. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs060418
A comparison of machine-learning classifiers for selecting money managers: Research Articles

Machine-learning algorithms have performed well on noisy datasets that are typical of financial data. This paper compares the performance of three types of machine-learning classifier for selecting money managers. Naive Bayes, neural network and decision tree learners were applied to a dataset of US equity managers. Although other studies have suggested that the performance of classifiers appears to be highly dependent on the nature of the problem and the dataset, the learning algorithms each had similar predictive accuracy and all outperformed by a substantial margin simple manager selection rules that are typical of the ways in which money managers and mutual funds are selected by investors. The results indicate that machine learners can be used as a decision-support aid to improve the selection of money managers. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Serving several masters: conflicting responsibilities in health services research.

This article describes the difficulties we encountered in carrying out research that proved socially sensitive. Although researchers have obligations to the individuals and institutions that their research may affect, duty to subjects, science, and personal integrity takes precedence. Compromise with powerful forces is permitted, however, so long as the basic goals of the work are not undermined. More thorough reporting would better enable readers to judge the validity of research conclusions. Documenting the concerns of individuals or institutions with a stake in the research may generate new questions and spur better solutions to pressing social problems.
Investigation and Determination of an Outbreak of Food Poisoning Due to Contamination with Proteus vulgaris

Objective To explore the pathogenic agent for an outbreak of food poisoning.Methods Epidemiological survey was performed on the poisoned persons and a site hygienic investigation was conducted.According to "Diagnostic Standards of Infectious Diseases and Food Poisoning",suspect leftover and anal swabs were collected for the pathogenic agent testing.Result Bacillus proteus was detected in the suspect leftover and anal swabs.Conclusion Sanitary surveillance and education for food hygiene security,legal system and moral should be strengthened to prevent the occurrence of food poisoning.
Fast Model Predictive Control-Based Fuel Efficient Control Strategy for a Group of Connected Vehicles in Urban Road Conditions

In this paper, we develop a fast model predictive control (MPC)-based fuel economic control strategy for a group of connected vehicles in urban road conditions. The proposed control strategy is decentralized in nature, as every vehicle evaluates its own strategy using only neighborhood information. Along with the vehicle-to-vehicle communication, we exploit the signal phase and timing information from traffic lights to develop computationally efficient MPC-based strategies that reduce stopping at red lights and improve the fuel economy for a group of vehicles. The simulation results indicate the improvement in group performance and computational advantages of our proposed method.
Tissue Spheroids Encaged Into Microscaffolds with Internal Structure to Increase Cell Viability

Abstract Aggregates of pre-sorted cells form structures called tissue spheroids that have been widely used in the field of tissue engineering. The greater contact of the cells with the culture medium is directly related to cell viability and to the increase of proliferation rate. Due to the characteristics of a 3D environment, at some zones within the tissue spheroids some cells are not equally exposed to the environment, impacting in the formation of microenvironments with decreased oxygen, nutrients and soluble factors produced by cellular metabolism leading to the formation of low proliferation areas and consequently necrosis (cell death). The fusion of cells also changes the catabolites flow, generating a very heterogeneous diffusion. The idea of this project is to develop and improve a microscaffold based on the concept of lockyballs that have cell support function for tissue engineering. Lockyballs have hooks and loops which attach each other assuring a 3D cellularized mesh. The model has a spherical outer structure and inner hollow microsphere constituted by pores with diameters smaller than the cell ones, whose function would be to prevent cell entry and provide an environment suitable to diffusion gradient necessary for the cell viability of the spheroid avoiding necrosis. The first stage of the work consisted in the generation of different three dimensional models by Computer Aided Design (CAD) software Rhinoceros 5.0. At the second stage, the CAD model was imported into finite element method (FEM) software (ANSYS R16 Static) to perform computational simulation, which consisted of structural analyses. Computational simulations were essential to predict the diffusion phenomenon inside the whole 3D structure. The development of new microscaffolds models can enhance the regenerative capacity and 3D tissues construction.
Enabling high-dimensional range queries using kNN indexing techniques: approaches and empirical results

Many modern search applications are high-dimensional and depend on efficient orthogonal range queries. These applications span web-based and scientific needs as well as uses for data mining. Although k-nearest neighbor queries are becoming increasingly common due to mobile and geospatial applications, orthogonal range queries in high-dimensional data remain extremely important and relevant. For efficient querying, data is typically stored in an index optimized for either kNN or range queries. This can be problematic when data is optimized for kNN retrieval and a user needs a range query or vice versa. Here, we address the issue of using a kNN-based index for range queries, as well as outline the general computational geometry problem of adapting these systems to range queries. We refer to these methods as space-based decompositions and provide a straightforward heuristic for this problem. Using iDistance as our applied kNN indexing technique, we also develop an optimal (data-based) algorithm designed specifically for its indexing scheme. We compare this method to the suggested naive approach using real world datasets. The data-based algorithm consistently performs better.
Chapter X Educational Endeavors

Design and construction of an industrial robot and its control system served as an ideal project in the first paper for a combined group of electrical and mechanical engineering senior students. Students were forced to appreciate and respond to some of the larger issues of interdisciplinary project work. In the second paper, an automated manufacturing laboratory for teaching concepts and techniques of computer integrated manufacturing systems are described. The educational concepts and implementation approach for a graduate level manufacturing systems engineering program jointly developed by the University of Pittsburgh School of Engineering and several industrial partners over a six-year period are described in the third paper. An internship requires the student to address an applied research problem in an industrial setting, working with real-world processes and equipment. In the fourth paper, the extensive use of teach pendants to program robots in both technician training as well as workspace programming for extended periods of time is of human factors interest. Design improvements are offered based on survey results and human factor principles.