cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-invasive prediction of blood lactate response to constant power outputs from incremental exercise tests

We determined the ability of gas exchange analyses during incremental exercise tests (IXT) to predict blood lactate levels associated with a range of constant power output cycle ergometer tests. Twenty-seven healthy young men performed duplicate IXT and four 15-min constant power output tests at intensities ranging from moderate to very severe, before and after a training program. End-exercise blood lactate levels were approximated from superficial venous samples obtained 60 s after each constant power output test. From IXT, the power outputs corresponding to peak oxygen uptake (Wmax) and lactic acidosis threshold (WLAT), were determined. We examined the ability of four measures of exercise intensity to predict blood lactate levels for power outputs above the LAT: (1) power output (W), (2) power difference (W-WLAT), (3) power fraction (W/Wmax) and (4) power difference to delta ratio [(W-WLAT)/(Wmax-WLAT)]. Correlation coefficients were r = 0.38, 0.69, 0.75, and 0.81, respectively. The best linear regression prediction equation was: lactate (mmol.l-1) = 12.2[(W-WLAT)/(Wmax-WLAT)] + 0.7 mmol.l-1. This relationship was not significantly affected by training, despite increased values of LAT and peak oxygen uptake. Normalizing exercise intensity to the range of power outputs between WLAT and Wmax provided an estimate of blood lactate response to constant power outputs with a standard error of the estimate of 1.66 mmol.l-1.
The Vital Role of Psychology's History in Introductory Courses: An Interview with Ludy T. Benjamin, Jr.:

C. James Goodwin (CJG) is Professor and Chair of the Psychology Department at Wheeling Jesuit University (Wheeling, WV). He has published research on human memory processes, the history of psychology, and the teaching of psychology. He has written Research in Psychology: Methods and Design (Wiley, 1995) and is currently completing A History of Modem Psychology (Wiley, in press). Ludy T. Benjamin, Jr. (LTB) holds a chair in Distinguished Teaching at Texas A & M University (College Station, TX) where he teaches courses in general psychology, history of psychology, and a graduate course on the teaching of psychology. His research interests are in the history of psychology, especially the history of American-applied psychology. Currently, he is working on a book on the history of psychology in American business. He is a recipient of the Distinguished Teaching Award from the American Psychological Foundation and several teaching awards from his university.
Runway hazard detection in poor visibility conditions

More recently, research on enhancing the situational awareness of pilots, especially in poor visibility flight conditions, gains more and more interests. Since pilots may not be able to spot the runway clearly in poor visibility conditions, such as fog, smoke, haze or dim lighting conditions, aviation landing problem can occur due to the (unexpected) presence of objects on the runway. Complicated and trivial instruments, switches, bottoms, plus sudden happenings are enough for the pilots to take care of during landing approach. Therefore, an automatic hazard detection approach that combines non-linear Multi-scale Retinex (MSR) image enhancement, edge detection with basic edge pattern analysis, and image analysis is investigated. The effect of applying the enhancement method is to make the image of the runway almost independent from the poor atmospheric conditions. The following smart edge detection process extracts edge information, which can also reduce the storing space, the comparison and retrieval time, and the effect of sensor noise. After analyzing the features existing in the edge differences occurring in the runway area by digital image processing techniques, the existing potential hazard will be localized and labeled. Experimental results show that the proposed approach is effective in runway hazard detection in poor visibility conditions.
Hemostatic toxicity of poly I-C

Abstract Intravenous therapy in beagles with Poly I-C resulted in a dose-related toxicity. In animals receiving 3.0 mg/kg, the clinical and pathological evidence indicated that disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) led directly to their death. In animals receiving 0.3 mg/kg evidence for DIC was present both by clinical and pathological studies; however, the DIC seemed to be “compensated,” since animals survived the entire treatment schedule. Animals receiving 0.03 mg/kg displayed coagulation abnormalities only without postmortem evidence of thrombotic lesions.
Effect of inventory method on niche models: Random versus systematic error

Abstract Data from large-scale biological inventories are essential for understanding and managing Earth's ecosystems. The Forest Inventory and Analysis Program (FIA) of the U.S. Forest Service is the largest biological inventory in North America; however, the FIA inventory recently changed from an amalgam of different approaches to a nationally-standardized approach in 2000. Full use of both data sets is clearly warranted to target many pressing research questions including those related to climate change and forest resources. However, full use requires lumping FIA data from different regionally-based designs (pre-2000) and/or lumping the data across the temporal changeover. Combining data from different inventory types must be approached with caution as inventory types represent different probabilities of detecting trees per sample unit, which can ultimately confound temporal and spatial patterns found in the data. Consequently, the main goal of this study is to evaluate the effect of inventory on a common analysis in ecology, modeling of climatic niches (or species-climate relations). We use non-parametric multiplicative regression (NPMR) to build and compare niche models for 41 tree species from the old and new FIA design in the Pacific coastal United States. We discover two likely effects of inventory on niche models and their predictions. First, there is an increase from 4 to 6% in random error for modeled predictions from the different inventories when compared to modeled predictions from two samples of the same inventory. Second, systematic error (or directional disagreement among modeled predictions) is detectable for 4 out of 41 species among the different inventories: Calocedrus decurrens , Pseudotsuga menziesii , and Pinus ponderosa , and Abies concolor . Hence, at least 90% of niche models and predictions of probability of occurrence demonstrate no obvious effect from the change in inventory design. Further, niche models built from sub-samples of the same data set can yield systematic error that rivals systematic error in predictions for models built from two separate data sets. This work corroborates the pervasive and pressing need to quantify different types of error in niche modeling to address issues associated with data quality and large-scale data integration.
Theory of Metal Surfaces: Charge Density and Surface Energy

The first part of this paper deals with the jellium model of a metal surface. The theory of the inhomogeneous electron gas, with local exchange and correlation energies, is used. Self-consistent electron density distributions are obtained. The surface energy is found to be negative for high densities (${\mathcal{r}}_{s}\ensuremath{\le}2.5$). In the second part, two corrections to the surface energy are calculated which arise when the positive background model is replaced by a pseudopotential model of the ions. One correction is a cleavage energy of a classical neutralized lattice, the other an interaction energy of the pseudopotentials with the electrons. Both of these corrections are essential at higher densities (${\mathcal{r}}_{s}\ensuremath{\le}4$). The resulting surface energy is in semiquantitative agreement with surface-tension measurements for eight simple metals (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Mg, Zn, Al), typical errors being about 25%. For Pb there is a serious disagreement.
Current concepts in minimally invasive discectomy.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the various minimally invasive procedures available or the treatment of lumbar disc disease. METHODS: A review of the literature, as well as my personal experience with minimally invasive approaches to the lumbar discs, was performed. This review included the percutaneous and open surgical approaches currently available and used for the treatment of lumbar disc disease. RESULTS: The primary minimally invasive procedures for the treatment of lumbar disc disease include the following: 1) chemonucleolysis, introduced by Lyman Smith in 1964; 2) percutaneous manual mucleotomy, introduced by Hijikata in 1975; 3) micro-discectomy, first performed by Yasargil in 1968; 4) automated percutaneous lumbar discectomy, introduced by Onik in 1984; 5) laser discectomy, first performed by Ascher and Choy in 1987; 6) endoscopic discectomy, first used by Schreiber and Suezawa in 1986 and improved by Mayer, Brock, and Mathews; 7) microendoscopic discectomy, introduced by Smith and Foley in 1995; and 8) intradiscal electrothermy, first reported by Saal and Saal in 2002. CONCLUSION: Although all percutaneous techniques have been reported to yield high success rates, to date no studies have demonstrated any of these to be superior to microsurgical discetomy, which continues to be regarded as the standard with which all other techniques must be compared.
Service behaviors that lead to satisfied customers

Examines service provider behaviors that influence customer evaluation of service encounters. Develops a list of service provider behaviors relevant to customer evaluation of a service encounter. Examines performance of these behaviors in specific restaurant and medical transactions. Then examines the relationship between performance of each behavior and encounter satisfaction. Behaviors are grouped, using factor analysis from consumer surveys, into three dimensions: concern, civility, and congeniality. Each is defined using multiple behavioral measures. Measures include concepts not widely addressed in current services literature, including conversation, respect, genuineness, attitude, and demeanor. These dimensions and constituent behaviors provide a framework for future research and service training and management.
CNN, the Gulf War, and Journalistic Practice

This article considers how journalists have turned stories about the Gulf War into a forum for discussing satellite-fed technology, real-time reportage, and other issues of concern to the professional community. In focusing on the Cable News Network (CNN) and Peter Arnett, reporters have turned the Gulf War into a critical incident that helps them consider consensual notions of professional practice.
Effects of hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) on renal function and renal organic ion transport in the rat

Abstract 1,3-Hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) has been suggested to cause nephrotoxicity In addition, it is eliminated to a large extent in the urine. This study was designed to examine the effects of HCBD on overall renal function and specific renal transport systems in the rat. A single i.p. dose of 100 mg HCBD/kg caused a reduction in urine osmolality and body weight. Urine flow rate increased slightly and marked increases in urinary protein, glucose and ketones were observed. Renal slices after the same dose showed a reduced PAH accumulation. The transport of other organic compounds was affected only slightly. After daily administration on 4 successive days with various doses a graded response was observed on both transport and overall renal function. Glutathione administered in a 2.5-fold molar excess did not obtund the effects of HCBD on renal function or transfort.
Resistance and virulence in the soybean- Aphis glycines interaction

Aphis glycines Matsumura, the soybean aphid, first arrived in North America in 2000 and has since become the most important insect pest of domestic soybean, causing significant yield loss and increasing production costs annually in many parts of the USA soybean belt. Research to identify sources of resistance to the pest began shortly after it was found and several sources were quickly identified in the USDA soybean germplasm collection. Characterization of resistance expression and mapping of resistance genes in resistant germplasm accessions resulted in the identification of six named soybean aphid resistance genes: Rag1, rag1c, Rag2, Rag3, rag4, and Rag5 (proposed). Simple sequence repeat markers flanking the resistance genes were identified, facilitating efforts to use marker-assisted selection to develop resistant commercial cultivars. Saturation or fine-mapping with single nucleotide polymorphism markers narrowed the genomic regions containing Rag1 and Rag2 genes. Two potential NBS-LRR candidate genes for Rag1 and one NBS-LRR gene for Rag2 were found within the regions. Years before the release of the first resistant soybean cultivar with Rag1 in 2009, a soybean aphid biotype, named biotype 2, was found that could overcome the resistance gene. Later in 2010, biotype 3 was characterized for its ability to colonize plants with Rag2 and other resistance genes. At present, three biotypes have been reported that can be distinguished by their virulence on Rag1 and Rag2 resistance genes. Frequency and geographic distribution of soybean aphid biotypes are unknown. Research is in progress to determine the inheritance of virulence and develop DNA markers tagging virulence genes to facilitate monitoring of biotypes. With these research findings and the availability of host lines with different resistance genes and biotypes, the soybean aphid-soybean pest-host system has become an important model system for advanced research into the interaction of an aphid with its plant host, and also the tritrophic interaction that includes aphid endosymbionts.
The Effect of Cholesterol on the Morphology of Mixed Phosphatidylinositol/Phosphoinositide/ Phosphatidylethanolamine Model Membranes

Although phosphoinositides (PIPs) comprise only a small amount of the total lipids in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, they have been shown to play an integral role in many membrane trafficking events. As a precursor to PIPs, Phosphatidylinositol (PI) is also involved in these signaling events. In previous studies we have observed binary mixtures of PI/PC and PI(4,5)P2/ PC did not yield macroscopically discernible domains, but upon the addition of cholesterol, the mixture was condensed. In addition, we have also observed the cholesterol independent domain formation in ternary mixtures of PI/PI(4,5)P2/PC. Currently, we believe that PI causes a “dilution” of the negatively charged headgroup of PI(4,5)P2, allowing this condensation effect to occur. We have extended this study to include fluorescence microscopy measurements of GUVs and monolayers at the air/water interface ternary mixtures of PC/PI/P(4,5)P2. To better mimic the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, we will then move ternary mixtures including PE/PI/PI45P2, PE/PI/Cholesterol, and PE/PI(4,5)P2/ Cholesterol.
The effects of postconditioning revaluation of CS1 and UCS following pavlovian second-order electrodermal conditioning in humans

An experiment is described which uses various inferential post-conditioning revaluation techniques in order to clarify the associative substructure underlying Pavlovian electrodermal conditioning in human subjects. This study established a second-order skin conductance response (SCR) by pairing a CS1 with an aversive 115 dB tone (UCS), and then pairing a different stimulus (CS2) with CS1. The second-order SCR survived post-conditioning extinction of the response to CS1, but was abolished when (i) a post-conditioning habituation procedure resulted in a favourable revaluation of the tone UCS, or (ii) when subjects were given instructions which informed them that there would be no more UCS presentations. These results suggest that in the second-order electrodermal conditioning paradigm described, CR2 is not mediated by S-R links–-as it appears to be in second-order aversive conditioning in nonhuman animals–-but is affected by manipulations which modify the subject's cognitions concerning the UCS.
A computer-controlled laser Raman spectrophotometer with interactive-graphics data analysis

Abstract The computerization of a laser Raman spectrophotometer is described which permits automated operation of the instrument for signal averaging. The use of an interactive-graphics computer terminal for the rapid reduction of digitized data is discussed and illustrated by the acquisition and analysis of the Raman spectrum from the enzyme, protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase.
Anion transport in embryonic and adult chicken red blood cells.

Abstract The rates of Cl and SO4 transport at 0° and 37°C, respectively, have been measured under exchange conditions for red blood cells of embryonic and adult chickens. It was found that the rate of self-exchange of SO4 in embryonic red cells decreases as the embryo matures, and that the SO4 transport rate was lower in adult compared to embryonic red cells. In contrast, no difference in the rate of Cl self-exchange was found between adult and embryonic red cells.
Magnetic relaxation and correlating effective magnetic moment with particle size distribution in maghemite nanoparticles

Abstract The role of particle size distribution inherently present in magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) is examined in considerable detail in relation to the measured magnetic properties of oleic acid-coated maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) NPs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the sol–gel synthesized γ-Fe2O3 NPs showed a log-normal distribution of sizes with average diameter 〈D〉=7.04 nm and standard deviation σ=0.78 nm. Magnetization, M, vs. temperature (2–350 K) of the NPs was measured in an applied magnetic field H up to 90 kOe along with the temperature dependence of the ac susceptibilities, χ′ and χ″, at various frequencies, fm, from 10 Hz to 10 kHz. From the shift of the blocking temperature from TB=35 K at 10 Hz to TB=48 K at 10 kHz, the absence of any significant interparticle interaction is inferred and the relaxation frequency fo=2.6×1010 Hz and anisotropy constant Ka=5.48×105 erg/cm3 are determined. For T TB, the data of M vs. H up to 90 kOe at several temperatures are analyzed two different ways: (i) in terms of the modified Langevin function yielding an average magnetic moment per particle μp=7300(500) μB; and (ii) in terms of log-normal distribution of moments yielding 〈μ〉=6670 µB at 150 K decreasing to 〈μ〉=6100 µB at 300 K with standard deviations σ≃〈μ〉/2. It is argued that the above two approaches yield consistent and physically meaningful results as long as the width parameter, s, of the log-normal distribution is less than 0.83.
Boguta tungsten deposit

(1979). Boguta tungsten deposit. International Geology Review: Vol. 21, No. 10, pp. 1213-1222.
Response of polyurea-coated flat composite plates to underwater explosive loading:

An experimental and numerical study has been conducted to evaluate the underwater blast response of E-Glass/epoxy composite plates with polyurea coatings. The goal of the study is to determine the effects of these elastomeric coatings on the dynamic response of the plates, specifically the influence of coating thickness, location, and plate natural frequency. The composite material is a 0°/90° biaxial layup and the coatings are applied to either the loaded or non-loaded faces. A conical shock tube facility which produces shock loading conditions representative of the underwater detonation of an explosive charge is used to impart the shock loading to the plates during the experiments. The transient response of the plates is recorded using a three-dimensional (3D) digital image correlation system, consisting of high-speed photography and specialized post processing software. Computational models of the experiments are developed using the LS-DYNA finite element code. The simulations are shown to have a high ...
Sonar waveform design for optimum target detection: The impact of object burial state

The design of transmit waveforms in sonar and radar that optimize the probability of detection of a known target is an area of active interest. Previous research has demonstrated the benefits of optimal transmit waveforms for enhanced target detection, versus the transmission of more conventional waveforms such as broadband LFM pulses. For maximum benefit, the scattering function or frequency response of the target to be detected must be known, along with the spectral or statistical properties of the environment. In this paper, we examine the impact of a mismatch between the expected frequency response of the target, for which the optimal transmit waveform was designed, and the actual frequency response of the target. In particular, we design the optimal sonar transmit waveform based on the free-field response of the target, and then examine the effects on detection performance of burial of the target in sediment. Simulations of the sonar backscatter from a steel sphere in the water column and at various stages of burial demonstrate that the impact of mismatch becomes increasingly detrimental as the target becomes increasingly buried. For fully buried targets, the impact is such that transmitting a simple broadband LFM pulse can yield improved detection relative to “optimal” waveform design wherein there is a mismatch between the expected (free-field) and actual (buried) frequency response of the target.
Disruption of BMP Signaling in Osteoblasts Through Type IA Receptor (BMPRIA) Increases Bone Mass

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are known as ectopic bone inducers. The FDA approved BMPs (BMP2 and BMP7) for clinical use. However, direct effects of BMPs on endogenous bone metabolism are not yet well known. We conditionally disrupted BMP receptor type IA (BMPRIA) in osteoblasts during weanling and adult stages to show the impact of BMP signaling on endogenous bone modeling and remodeling. Cre recombination was detected in immature osteoblasts in the periosteum, osteoblasts, and osteocytes but not in chondrocytes and osteoclasts after tamoxifen administration. Bmpr1a conditional knockout mice (cKO) showed increased bone mass primarily in trabecular bone at P21 and 22 wk as determined by H&E staining. Vertebrae, tails, and ribs showed increased radiodensity at 22 wk, consistent with a significant increase in BMD. Both μCT and histomorphometry showed an increase in trabecular BV/TV and thickness of cKO adult bones, whereas osteoclast number, bone formation rate, and mineral apposition rate were decreased. Expression levels of bone formation markers (Runx2 and Bsp), resorption markers (Mmp9, Ctsk, and Tracp), and Rankl were decreased, and Opg was increased in adult bones, resulting in a reduction in the ratio of Rankl to osteoprotegerin (Opg). The reduction in osteoclastogenesis through the RANKL–OPG pathway was also observed in weanling stages and reproduced in newborn calvaria culture. These results suggest that Bmpr1a cKO increased endogenous bone mass primarily in trabecular bone with decreased osteoclastogenesis through the RANKL–OPG pathway. We conclude that BMPRIA signaling in osteoblasts affects both bone formation and resorption to reduce endogenous bone mass in vivo.
Monopolistic price adjustment and aggregate output

This paper studies the consequences for the behaviour of aggregate output of the perception on the part of firms that changing prices is costly. The rational expectations equilibrium of an economy with many such firms is constructed. It is shown that in this economy nominal shocks have a persistent effect on aggregate output. Furthermore, the real wage is demonstrated to move procyclically in such an economy. There have been two major attempts to build a microeconomic foundation for the existence of fluctuations in aggregate output. The first one is associated with the work of Barro and Grossman (1976) in which prices are assumed to be fixed or else to follow some slow path towards their equilibrium values. The economic agents then proceed to maximize their objective functions subject to the fixed prices and to the rationing that naturally emerges in those markets in which supply is not equal to demand at the going prices. The second attempt is associated with the seminal papers by Lucas (1972, 1975). He built an equilibrium model of the business cycle. In his model the prices are such that people succeed in carrying out the transactions they desire to carry out at these prices. However, agents are assumed to misperceive profitable opportunities. This is due to their inability to observe the value of aggregate statistics like the current levels of prices and of the money supply. Instead monetary injections are momentarily perceived as good opportunities by everybody. Therefore they are followed by increases in aggregate output which dissipate as people learn about the old monetary injections. This paper presents a new attempt at building a model which accounts for the existence of fluctuations in aggregate output in response to nominal disturbances, like an unpredicted injection of money into the economy. Like Lucas' model it is an equilibrium model, albeit not a competitive one. Economic agents maximize their objective functions taking the prices set by the other agents as given. They make the best use of current information in the computation of facts about their current and future economic environment. In fact, the producers, who in this model produce differentiated products, have full information about the present. Namely, they know the prices charged by their suppliers, the price level, and the economy-wide level of nominal money balances. Furthermore they observe their demand and cost functions before they set their prices. These assumptions about the information available to producers sets this model apart from Lucas' and in my view constitute a theoretical advantage. In this model it is the assumption that it costs resources to change prices, possibly due to the difficulties changing prices impose on consumers, that introduced the "rigidity" necessary for the existence of correlated responses in output to uncorrelated nominal shocks. The model is therefore a relative of the Barro-Grossman model in that it is the slow response of prices which is placed at the centre of the explanation of business cycles.
Beam-beam effects of gear changing in ring-ring colliders

In ring-ring colliders, the collision frequency determines the bunch structures, e.g., the time between the bunches in both rings should be identical. Because of relatively low relativistic speed of the hadron beam in sub-TeV hadron-hadron- and electron-ions colliders, scanning the hadron beam's energy would require either a change in the circumference of one of the rings, or a switching of the bunch (harmonic) number in a ring. The later would cause so-called gear changing, i.e., the change of the colliding bunches turn by turn. In this article, we study the difficulties in beam dynamics in this gear-changing scheme.
Dissecting HDAC3-mediated tumor progression

Commentary to:HDAC3 impacts multiple oncogenic pathways in colon cancer cells with effects on Wnt and vitamin D signalingCassandra A. Godman, Rashmi Joshi, Brendan R. Tierney, Emily Greenspan, Theodore P. Rasmussen, Hsin-wei Wang, Dong-Guk Shin, Daniel W. Rosenberg, Charles Giardina
A source of error in the fluorometric determination of protein in human placental microsomes.

When protein is assayed in human placental microsomes by the fluorescamine procedure, 25–30% of the observed fluorescence results from labeling of phospholipids.
Liver Transplantation Improves Survival of Rats Bearing Hepatoma-3924A☆

There was interest in developing a rat model of hepatocellular carcinoma with tumor dissemination that would respond to liver transplantation. Thus, a model of intrahepatic hepatoma implantation with micrometastases was developed by modifying a previously reported technique in the ACI rat. The pattern of tumor growth permits surgical resection with liver transplantation if done early in the course of disease. In addition, this model results in a reproducible rate of pulmonary metastatic disease. The pulmonary metastatic rate (number of rats developing pulmonary metastases) was 45.5% (n = 11) 2 weeks following intrahepatic tumor implantation and rose to 100% at the fifth week (n = 7). To examine the long-term outcome of animals with tumor, 46 animals were followed until death or 100 days after tumor implantation. Of these animals, 67.4% died from tumor within 100 days, all with pulmonary metastases. Several of the animals that were followed long term had advanced liver tumor as well, with intraperitoneal spread and ascites. To evaluate the effect of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTX) in this model, syngeneic OLTX was performed 16 days after intrahepatic tumor implantation (n = 11). OLTX improved the 100-day survival of the recipients from 32.6% (control group) to 80.0% (P < 0.05). None of the long-term survivors had evidence of tumor on postmortem examination. The mechanisms responsible for decreased metastases following syngeneic liver transplantation are being investigated. The influence of immunosuppression, more advanced stage of tumor at the time of OLTX, and chemotherapeutic agents on this survival benefit could be be investigated with this model.
Negative pressure wound therapy with off-the-shelf components

Abstract Background The KCI Wound VAC system (Kinetic Concepts, Inc, San Antonio, TX) for providing negative-pressure therapy for wounds is expensive and may not be available for patients without insurance. We have examined the feasibility of using off-the-shelf components to provide comparable negative pressure therapy at less cost. Methods Adhesive iodine-impregnated drape, a flat Jackson-Pratt drain (Cardinal Health, McGaw Park, IL), and foam prep sponges stapled together are used to assemble a dressing connected to wall suction (negative 75–100 mm Hg) to create negative pressure wound therapy that is relatively inexpensive ( Results We have used this system in more than 40 cases with results that seem comparable to the commercial system and have not seen bleeding or other complications. Conclusion Off-the-shelf components can be safely employed to provide effective negative pressure therapy for wounds and skin grafts.
A replicated Unix file system

An implementation of a replicated Unix file system for use via the NFS protocol is reported. The replication method is intended to support the following goals: when used via NFS, the system should provide the same semantics as an unreplicated NFS server, and it should be usable with whatever NFS client code exists at the client machine; the system should not depend on proprietary information; the system should continue to provide service even when one replica is crashed or inaccessible, but have only two copies of each file; the system should perform as reliably as a single, unreplicated NFS server; and the system should provide response time comparable to that provided by a single NFS server. In particular, the delay observed by the client in doing a read or write should be no greater than with a single server. The system organization, replication method, performance, and Unix issues are discussed. >
DNA Adducts Formed By Peroxidase Activation of Benzene Metabolites

Abstract DNA adduct formation was examined in HL-60 cells treated with the benzene metabolites p-benzoquinone (p-BQ), hydroquinone (HQ), catechol (CAT), and 1,2,4-benzenetriol (BT). p-BQ was 13-fold more effective at forming DNA adducts than HQ, which was 7-9-fold more effective than CAT and BT. The DNA adduct formed in human bone marrow (HBM) treated with HQ was the same as that in HL-60 cells. Combination treatment of HL-60 cells with HQ and either CAT or BT increased DNA adduct formation 2.2–6.4-fold. In vitro activation of HQ by myeloperoxidase produced the same DNA adduct in purified DNA as in HL-60 cells and HBM treated with HQ. Reaction of calf thymus DNA with p-BQ produced three adducts. The DNA adduct formed in HL-60 cells treated with p-BQ did not correspond to any of the principal adducts formed in DNA reacted with p-BQ. These results suggest that peroxidase enzymes activate benzene metabolites to form DNA adducts in HBM.
Distance Until Charge prediction and fuel economy impact for Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles

For a Plug-in Hybrid-Electric Vehicle (PHEV) a close to linear battery depletion profile is near optimal in terms of fuel economy, given that the driven Distance Until Charge (DUC) is known. However the intended driven distance until charge is not always known. We propose a pattern recognition method to predict the DUC based on the key-on time and day observations and the on-board stored data in vehicle. We review the energy management strategy and we show a fuel economy improvement despite prediction errors.
Mining diversity of the natural biorefinery housed within Tipula abdominalis larvae for use in an industrial biorefinery for production of lignocellulosic ethanol

Although they are the largest taxonomic group of animals, relatively few insects have been examined for symbiotic relationships with micro-organisms. However, this is rapidly changing because of the potential for examination of the natural insect–microbe–lignocellulose interactions to provide insights for biofuel technology. Micro-organisms associated with lignocellulose-consuming insects often facilitate the digestion of the recalcitrant plant diet; therefore these microbial communities may be mined for novel lignocellulose-degrading microbes, or for robust and inexpensive biocatalysts necessary for economically feasible biofuel production from lignocellulose. These insect–microbe interactions are influenced by the ecosystem and specific lignocellulose diet, and appreciating the whole ecosystem–insect–microbiota–lignocellulose as a natural biorefinery provides a rich and diverse framework from which to design novel industrial processes. One such natural biorefinery, the Tipula abdominalis larvae in riparian ecosystems, is reviewed herein with applications for biochemical processes and overcoming challenges involved in conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fuel ethanol. From the dense and diverse T. abdominalis larval hindgut microbial community, a cellulolytic bacterial isolate, 27C64, demonstrated enzymatic activity toward many model plant polymers and also produced a bacterial antibiotic. 27C64 was co-cultured with yeast in fermentation of pine to ethanol, which allowed for a 20% reduction of commercial enzyme. In this study, a micro-organism from a lignocellulose-consuming insect was successfully applied for improvement of biomass-to-biofuel technology.
Effect of probe-site mismatches on detection of virulent Newcastle disease viruses using a fusion-gene real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction test

Virulent forms of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) are a major concern for poultry producers around the world and the rapid diagnosis of an outbreak is crucial to any control program. A validated real- time reverse transcription-PCR test (fusion test) directed at the fusion-cleavage site of NDV was developed to differentiate virulent Newcastle disease virus strains from those of low virulence, however one virulent isolate, Dove/Italy/2736/2000, escaped detection during the initial evaluation of the test. The objectives of this study were to determine how this isolate differed from other detectable isolates, to identify other isolates that may fail detection, and to characterize the effect of specific probe-site mutations on the fusion test at a range of annealing temperatures. Using a virulent NDV isolate (Game fowl/US(CA)/2002) as a backbone that has 100% identity to the fusion-test probe, specific changes were made to the fusion-test probe-site to reflect the unique mismatches found in Dove/Italy/2736/2000 and other selected regions of the probe. Mutated clones with mismatches unique to Dove/Italy/2736/2000 at positions 6, 13, and 14 were not detected until annealing temperatures were lowered to 50uC. Those detected at 58uC contained 1-2 mismatches (position 1 and 6, 13 and 14, or 14 only) although increased cycle threshold values compared to the parent clone indicated decreased sensitivity. Data from this study predicts that the fusion test may fail to detect some viruses among lineage 4b and potential solutions to identify this subset of viruses include lowering the annealing temperature or modifying the probe.
The Role of Natural Language and Discourse Processing in Advanced Tutoring Systems

and Keywords Computer learning environments of the future need to be sensitive to the social, cognitive, emotional, and motivational (SCEM) states of students as they learn in their social environment. Language and discourse plays a central role in tracking SCEM states and influencing how the computer responds to promote learning. This essay describes a number of computer tutors that are sensitive to these psychological factors and thereby help students learn. Computer agents are central to the design of these systems. These systems include one-on-one tutoring, conversational trialogs (a tutor agent and student agent conversing with a human student), and a mentor agent interacting with students in a multiparty serious game. All of these systems automatically analyze the language and discourse of the students as they interact with the learning environments. The missions of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) learning are likely to fail without the integration of SCEM.
Diabetes Causes Decreased Osteoclastogenesis, Reduced Bone Formation, and Enhanced Apoptosis of Osteoblastic Cells in Bacteria Stimulated Bone Loss

The most common cause of inflammatory bone loss is periodontal disease. After bacterial insult, inflammation induces bone resorption, which is followed by new reparative bone formation. Because diabetics have a higher incidence and more severe periodontitis, we examined mechanisms by which diabetes alters the response of bone to bacterial challenge. This was accomplished with db/db mice, which naturally develop type 2 diabetes. After inoculation of bacteria osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption was measured. Both parameters were decreased in the diabetic group. Diabetes also suppressed reparative bone formation measured histologically and by the expression of osteocalcin. The impact of diabetes on new bone formation coincided with the effect of diabetes on apoptosis of bone-lining cells. Within 5 d of bacterial challenge, apoptosis declined in the wild-type animals yet remained significantly higher in the diabetic group. Thus, diabetes may cause a net loss of bone because the suppression of bone formation is greater than the suppression of bone resorption. The uncoupling of bone formation and resorption may be due in part to prolonged apoptosis of bone lining cells.
Design Considerations for a Base-Isolated Demonstration Building

Abstract A base-isolated demonstration building (BIDB) was built in Indonesia as part of an ongoing effort by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization to promote the use of base isolation technology for common structures in earthquake-prone developing countries. The superstructure of the demonstration building is a four-story reinforced concrete frame with masonry infill walls, designed in accordance with the Indonesian Seismic Code. A specially developed isolation system for this project consisted of 16 high-damping natural rubber bearings, which were connected to the columns and foundation using recessed-type connections at the ground level. The seismic isolation provisions from the 1994 Uniform Building Code were adapted to complement the Indonesian Seismic Code requirements for this project, and site-specific spectra were developed and used for the design of the isolation system. This paper discusses the design considerations for the base-isolated demonstration building, the design and t...
Effect of an injectable trace mineral supplement containing selenium, copper, zinc, and manganese on immunity, health, and growth of dairy calves

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of 2 subcutaneous injections of a multimineral preparation, each containing 60 mg of zinc, 10mg of manganese, 5mg of selenium, and 15 mg of copper at 3 and 30 d after birth on immunity, health, and growth of dairy calves during the preweaning period. The study was conducted in upstate New York in 2 commercial dairy farms. A total of 790 Holstein heifer calves were randomly allocated at birth into 1 of 2 treatments: trace mineral supplement (TMS) treated or control. Blood samples were collected at 3, 14, and 35 d after birth to evaluate glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, haptoglobin, and neutrophil and monocyte function. Incidence of diseases and average daily gain was evaluated in the first 50 d of life. At 14 d of life, TMS-treated calves had increased neutrophil activity compared with control calves. Moreover, TMS-treated calves had greater GPx activity on d 14 after birth than control calves. The TMS treatment reduced the incidence of diarrhea (TMS=41.7% vs. control=49.7%) and combined incidence of pneumonia or otitis or both (TMS=41.7% vs. control=49.1%). Additionally, GPx was greater for calves diagnosed with otitis at d 35 after birth. However, calves diagnosed with pneumonia had decreased GPx activity at d 35 after birth. Serum SOD and haptoglobin concentrations were not affected by treatment or disease. Moreover, no effects were observed on average daily gain and survivability between TMS-treated and control calves during the preweaning period. Supplementation with trace minerals at 3 and 30 d of life increased neutrophil function and GPx activity and reduced the incidence of health disorders.
Role of intraoperative biopsies during radical retropubic prostatectomy.

Abstract Objectives To determine the value of intraoperative biopsy during radical retropubic prostatectomy. Methods Between October 2000 and August 2002, 500 men with clinically localized prostate cancer underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy by a single surgeon. A 2 to 3-mm circumferential biopsy was routinely obtained from the apical and bladder neck soft-tissue margin and submitted for frozen section examination. In selective cases suspicious for capsular incision, a biopsy was sent from what was believed to be the contiguous neurovascular bundle/lateral pedicle. Results Prostate cancer was observed in 4.5%, 0.8%, and 1.6% of the intraoperative biopsies sent from the apical, bladder neck, and neurovascular bundle/lateral pedicle soft-tissue margins, respectively. Patient age, Gleason score, perineural invasion on diagnostic prostate biopsy, and clinical stage were not associated with prostate cancer at the apical soft-tissue margin. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of the surgical specimen to predict cancer in the apical soft-tissue margin was 57.7%, 98.2%, 62%, 97.7%, and 96%, respectively. Intraoperative biopsy of the apical soft-tissue margin reduced the positive margin rate by 3.8%. Conclusions The yield of intraoperative biopsy of the bladder neck and neurovascular bundle/lateral pedicle is too low to justify it in routine practice. Biopsy of the apical soft tissue should be routinely performed to reduce the positive surgical margin rate.
Try to Be Complete on Something: Tips on Building a Highly Specialized Subject Collection.

Special Libraries, Special Challenges is a column dedicated to exploring the unique public services challenges that arise in libraries that specialize in a particular subject, such as law, medicine, business, and so forth. In each column, the author will discuss public service dilemmas and solutions that arise specifically in given subject libraries, while drawing links to how such issues affect librarianship in general. Special or subject-matter librarians interested in authoring a piece for this column are invited to contact Melissa K. Aho at aho@umn.edu Tim Bottorff, MLIS, is Head Librarian at the Universal Orlando Foundation Library at the Rosen College of Hospitality Management, a branch campus of the University of Central Florida in Orlando, Florida, USA. (http://library.ucf.edu/rosen)
Reliability analysis of fault-tolerant systems with common-cause failures

This paper proposes two separable approaches for analyzing reliability of fault-tolerant systems that are possibly subject to both common-cause failures (CCF) and imperfect fault coverage (IPC). Almost all the existing reliability assessment methods either fail to consider CCF or fail to consider IPC. Both cases result in exaggerated system reliability. Our methods provide accurate reliability by incorporating both CCF and IPC into the reliability modeling for an arbitrary system. Further, the two methods have low computational complexity in that they separate the consideration of both IPC and CCF from the combinatorics of the solution. The methods are illustrated with a concrete analysis of a sample network system. A general illustration of those approaches in the context of two important classes of reliability problems: networks and fault trees, is also provided.
Evidence of impact: Transforming teacher education with preparing tomorrow's teachers to teach with technology (PT3) grants

Abstract This article uses the framework of technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK; Mishra & Koehler, 2006 ) to analyze findings across projects from the U.S. Department of Education's Preparing Tomorrow's Teachers to Use Technology (PT3) initiative. Approaches such as mentoring methods course faculty, teachers, and creating technology-rich instructional materials were associated with increases in preservice teachers' technological knowledge and their frequency of technology-rich instruction during field experiences. Lastly, the authors provide implications and directions for future analyses of technology integration efforts.
Proximity-Dependent Inhibition in Escherichia coli Isolates from Cattle

We describe a novel proximity-dependent inhibition phenotype of Escherichia coli that is expressed when strains are cocultured in defined minimal media. When cocultures of "inhibitor" and "target" strains approached a transition between logarithmic and stationary growth, target strain populations rapidly declined >4 log CFU per ml over a 2-h period. Inhibited strains were not affected by exposure to conditioned media from inhibitor and target strain cocultures or when the inhibitor and target strains were incubated in shared media but physically separated by a 0.4-μm-pore-size membrane. There was no evidence of lytic phage or extracellular bacteriocin involvement, unless the latter was only present at effective concentrations within immediate proximity of the inhibited cells. The inhibitory activity observed in this study was effective against a diversity of E. coli strains, including enterohemorrhagic E. coli serotype O157:H7, enterotoxigenic E. coli expressing F5 (K99) and F4 (K88) fimbriae, multidrug-resistant E. coli, and commensal E. coli. The decline in counts of target strains in coculture averaged 4.8 log CFU/ml (95% confidence interval, 4.0 to 5.5) compared to their monoculture counts. Coculture of two inhibitor strains showed mutual immunity to inhibition. These results suggest that proximity-dependent inhibition can be used by bacteria to gain a numerical advantage when populations are entering stationary phase, thus setting the stage for a competitive advantage when growth conditions improve.