cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The federal response to the AIDS epidemic.

The response of the U.S. government to the AIDS epidemic is reviewed within the context of health policy making in the U.S.A. in general and the reduced role of the federal government in domestic social programs in particular. This review involves multiple levels of government, the relationship of government to the private sector, the diffusion of authority within a federal system, the long delays in policy implementation because of the absence of mechanisms to deal with emergency situations, the tendency to fund the response to AIDS from reallocation of appropriated funds, thereby creating financial distress for existing programs. The federal response to AIDS is considered uncoordinated, insufficient and inadequate in particular with respect to the support of public health education and the financing of health care for AIDS patients. These are needed while a vaccine may still be years away.
Optimal Collection of High Resolution Aerial Imagery with Unmanned Aerial Systems

Remote sensing applications are an emerging topic for Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs). Unlike many remote sensing image collection methods, UASs have several advantages when it comes to on demand data acquisition. Relatively low operating costs, high portability and low flight altitudes make UASs excellent tools for researchers to collect high resolution imagery where satellites or manned aircraft are inefficient. In particular areas, such as in rangelands, the use of UASs to aid in management practices could have significant benefit. However, in these areas, current methodologies of remote sensing utilizing spectral reflectance data for vegetation analysis have performed poorly due to the high spatial and low spectral heterogeneity of the area. One of the root causes of the poor performance can be traced to the negative effect of shadows that are interspersed in the spectral reflectance data. The unique advantage of low infrastructure and minimal downtime for UASs enables researchers to exert greater control over the precise time of data collection. In this paper, it is demonstrated that the time of imagery collection can be optimized with regards to the minimization of shadows found in the imagery. The process described in this paper utilizes a high resolution digital elevation map (DEM) that can be generated through photogrammetry techniques to create an estimate of shadows given a time of day at a known location. Furthermore, the results of estimated shadow map can be utilized for improving classification techniques without additional equipment.
A novel assay of neuronal cell adhesion.

Intact cells can be made to adhere to a glass surface which is derivitized with γ-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane, and then treated with glutaraldehyde. Such cells remain fully viable and a monolayer of such cells can be formed within 1 hour after the cells are removed from an embryo. The rate of binding of radioactively labeled single cells to such a monolayer can be used as a measure of intercellular adhesion (Walther, Ohman and Roseman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 70, 1569–1573 (1973). The lack of toxicity of this surface is shown by the fact that it supports normal growth of C-6 rat glial cells.
Face fly control experiments.

Dusting cattle with 4% and 25% malathion, 5% and 50% methoxychlor and 25% ronnel, and spraying with suspensions of 0.25% and 0.5% coumaphos were unsuccessful for control of the face fly, Musca autumnalis De- Geer. Seven- to 10-gram face brushings of 0.5% and 2.0% dichlorvos syrup bait, and 0.5% naled syrup bait applied to dairy cows after morning milking were effective during the day of application and sometimes I day subsequently. 8% and 16% butoxy polypropylene glycol plus pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide gave fair but erratic protection. 1% and 2% dimethoate face wipes also reduced face fly populations, but not consistently. Ineffective at rates tested were repellents 3-chloropropyl n-octyl sulfoxide (MGK Repellent 1207®), di-n-propyl isocinchomeronate (MGK Repellent 326®), dibutyl succinate (Tabatrex®); and the toxicants ronnel, barthrin, trichlorfon, and coumaphos.
Bonding and reliability assessment of 30 μm pitch solder micro bump interconnection with various UBM structure for 3D chip stacking

With the increased demand of multifunction in electronic device, downscaling of interconnection pitch presents an important role for the next generation electronics with high performance, small form factor, low cost and heterogeneous integration. In the current types of interconnects, solder micro bumps have received much attention due to its low cost of material and process. For fine pitch solder micro bump interconnections, selection of under bump metallurgical material is a crucial issue because the solder micro bump joints with different kinds of UBM material will present varied reliability performances. However, which structure of solder micro bump joint shows the better reliability properties is not concluded yet until now. In this study, three-dimensional (3D) chip stacking using 30μm pitch interconnects with lead-free solder bumps and two types of UBM material is described. The reliability of solder micro bump interconnection with varied UBM material is also discussed. Assembly of the chip-on-chip test vehicle with a micro bumps diameter of 18 μm and a pitch of 30 μm was conducted. There were more than 3000 micro bumps with Sn2.5Ag solder material on both the silicon chip and carrier. Two kinds of UBM layer on Si chip were selected in this study: one was single copper layer with a thickness of 8 μm and the other was Cu/Ni layer with a total thickness of 8 μm. The UBM was electro-plated on Al trace and then the Sn2.5Ag solder with a thickness of 5 μm was deposited. During bonding process, the micro joints were formed at a peak temperature of 250 °C and the microgaps between chips were then filled by a capillary underfill cured at 150°C for 30 min. In this study, we evaluate the effect of fluxless bonding on the joining ability of solder micro bumps. The influence of underfill on the reliability of solder micro bump interconnections was estimated also. Subsequently, the chip-stacking modules were inspected by an X-ray and a scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) to determine the quality of micro joints including bonding accuracy, formation of interconnections and the percentage of voids within the underfill. Afterwards, the moisture sensitivity level 3 pre-conditioning test and temperature cycle test for 1000 cycles were performed to evaluate the reliability of solder micro bump interconnects. The results of reliability test revealed that the introduction of underfill could apparently enhance the reliability performance of micro joint under mechanical evaluation.
Studies on the Carcinogenicity of Pentachloroethane in Rats and Mice

Abstract The carcinogenicity of chronically administered (41 to 103 weeks) technical-grade pentachloroethane (PCE) was assessed in groups of 50 male and female Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F 1 mice. The major contaminant in the PCE sample used for the chronic study was hexachloroethane (4.2%). Prechronic studies (two and 13 weeks repeated dose) employing gavage doses of from 5.0 to 1000 mg/kg/day of PCE failed to reveal specific target organ toxicity in these species. In the absence of treatment-related pathological changes during the prechronic tests, the doses for the chronic studies were set on the basis of survival and body weight gains during the 13-week repeated dose study. During the chronic studies dose levels of 75 and 150 mg/kg for rats and 250 and 500 mg/kg for mice were administered, by gavage, five days per week. The survival of high-dose rats (both sexes) was significantly reduced as compared to the survival of control animals and that of the low-dose males was slightly, but not significantly, reduced. Although the administration of PCE to rats did not increase the incidence of primary tumors, it did produce a significant dose-related increase in the incidence of chronic renal inflammation among males. The survival times of all treated groups of mice were significantly shortened by PCE administration. Despite this reduced survival time, the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma was significantly increased in all treated groups. With the exception of a dose-related increase in the incidence of hepatocellular adenoma among females, there were no other significant increases in primary tumor incidence in mice. Neither renal lesions in rats nor hepatocellular carcinoma in mice were considered to be adequate explanations for the decreased survivals. Complete histopathological examinations failed to reveal the cause of decreased survival. The results of the study show that technical-grade PCE, like numerous other chlorinated ethanes, is an hepatocarcinogen for B6C3F 1 mice. This interpretation for PCE per se , however, must be tempered because the major contaminant, hexachloroethane, has been shown to produce hepatocellular carcinoma in mice. While the results obtained in rats suggest a species difference in susceptibility, the reduced survival in this species may have contributed to the absence of a carcinogenic effect.
Reaction of FeB1m with DNA: Fe(II)B1m-NO

Abstract The structure of the iron bleomycin nitric oxide complex is altered in the presence of calf thymus DNA as determined from epr studies. This altered structure predominates for one iron bleomycin nitric oxide molecule per coil of the DNA helix. In the absence of nitric oxide, as the pH is lowered, iron bleomycin dissociates in two steps, supporting the hypothesis that in-plane nitrogens may be easily perturbed.
Superconducting Magnets - Applications to the Mössbauer Effect

The possibility of utilizing superconductivity—the vanishing of electrical resistance which occurs in many metals at sufficiently low temperatures—to produce magnetic fields was realized by Kamerlingh Onnes shortly after his initial discovery of the phenomenon in 1911, Until recent times all such efforts were defeated by the inability of superconducting materials to carry high currents in the presence of large magnetic fields. It was not until about 1957 that G. Yntema built the first practical superconducting solenoid by wrapping niobium wire around an iron core to produce a field of 8 kOe, and it is only in the last three years that superconducting magnets have been developed to a stage such that for many purposes they excel conventional magnets. The new era in superconducting technology [1,2] resulted from the discovery by B. Matthias of high-field Nb—Zr alloys and the intermetallic compound Nb3Sn [3].
Biology, Society, and Culture in Human Ecology

Human ecology seeks to understand man and his problems by studying individuals and populations as biological entities profoundly modified by human society and culture and by studying the effects of physical, biological, and cultural environments upon man and those of man upon his environments. The viewpoint of ecology is at once statistical and typological (8). The observational reality is always a set of tolerances pertinent to the physics and chemistry of an individual's metabolism and behavior and to those of his behavioral
The coming impact of gene expression profiling on the diagnosis and treatment of HCV-associated liver disease

Gene expression profiling allows the level of activity of thousands of genes to be monitored simultaneously. Profiling is often carried out on specialized chips or slides, which have microarrays of gene targets at predetermined addresses. In the immediate future, microarrays promise to yield new insights into hepatitis C virus (HCV) pathogenesis and to produce 'signatures' that can be used in molecular diagnostics. In the longer-term, they may aid the development of serological tests by identifying genes encoding secretory proteins produced by HCV-infected livers, and they may suggest new avenues for disease intervention by detecting genes whose products are retained in the infected liver.
Inhibition of progressing primary esophageal peristalsis by pharyngeal water stimulation in humans

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Sensory impulses initiated from the pharynx exert differing effects on the deglutitive apparatus. They have an inhibitory effect on the lower esophageal sphincter but an excitatory effect on the upper esophageal sphincter. The aim of this study was to systematically investigate the effect of pharyngeal sensory impulses evoked by water stimulation on the progressing esophageal peristalsis. METHODS: Sixteen healthy young volunteers were studied in the supine position. The presence of normal peristalsis was verified. Esophageal peristalsis was recorded 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 cm above the lower esophageal sphincter. Pharyngeal stimulation was performed by injecting a predetermined threshold volume into the pharynx 2 cm above the upper esophageal sphincter, directed posteriorly. The injections were timed to coincide with the arrival of the peristaltic wave induced by dry swallows at respective recording sites. RESULTS: Injection of the threshold volume (0.5 +/- 0.1 mL) stopped the progression of peristalsis at both the striated and smooth muscle esophagus. Topical pharyngeal anesthesia blocked this inhibitory effect (P CONCLUSIONS: Sensory impulses initiated from the pharynx evoked by water injection inhibit the progression of primary esophageal peristalsis. Although the clinical significance of these findings is not determined, they may explain the mechanism of some of the failed esophageal peristalsis. (Gastroenterology 1996 Feb;110(2):419-23)
Freehand versus navigated glenoid anchor positioning in anterior labral repair

Purpose Anchor placement on the glenoid rim is challenging with the angle of insertion critical to achieving satisfactory results. Incorrect anchor placement is a common problem.
Value and limitations of Doppler ultrasound in the evaluation of aortic stenosis: a statistical analysis of 70 consecutive patients.

Abstract Continuous-mode Doppler ultrasound and cardiac catheterization were performed within 1.4 ± 2.0 days in 70 patients, aged 26 to 84 (mean 67 ± 11) years, with suspected aortic stenosis. Optimal Doppler spectral display signal was recorded from the apical window in 43% of the patients, the second or third right parasternal area in 34%, and from the suprasternal notch view in 20% of the patients. Aortic valve gradients by Doppler ultrasound were calculated by the simplified Bernoulli equation: pressure gradient=4X (velocity) 2 . There was an overall fair correlation between the peak gradient by Doppler technique and both the maximal instantaneous ( r = 0.66) and peak-to-peak aortic pressure gradient ( r = 0.68) obtained at catheterization and a good correlation ( r = 0.75) between mean gradient by Doppler technique and catheterization. These correlation coefficients improved significantly in the last 51 patients as compared to the initial 19 patients of the study. Of the last 51 patients, correlation was better in those in normal sinus rhythm as compared to those in atrial fibrillation, and in patients with no or insignificant coexistent AR as compared to those with ≥2+ AR. The age of the patient and the status of cardiac output did not significantly affect the accuracy of correlations. We conclude that measurements of aortic valve gradient by continuous-mode Doppler ultrasound may not correlate closely with those by catheterization when the experience with the Doppler technique is limited and when patients in atrial fibrillation or with significant coexistent AR are studied.
Towards a micromachined system for mechanical characterization of osteoblasts

Measurement of the Young's modulus of bone cells (osteoblasts) is considered to be of paramount importance to investigate and find a more efficient cure for osteoporosis, an illness that is impacting a significant portion of the world's senior population. MEMS technology is an ideal platform to build a better testing system with the desired qualities. Some microdevices based on MEMS technology have been developed for this purpose, but most of them are still in the initial stages of development. In this paper, a BioMEM system for testing the mechanical properties of a biological cell is designed and fabricated which include an electrothermal actuator for the cultured cell compression, a temperature sensor for measuring the temperature in the cell medium, a cell-positioning system and a force sensor for measuring the force applied to the cell.
Use of durapatite for the rehabilitation of resorbed alveolar ridges

Durapatite is evaluated for augmentation of deficient alveolar ridges in 398 patients for 24 months. For maximum efficiency, should durapatite be combined with autogenous bone marrow?
Retransplantation for hepatitis C: implications of different policies.

Key Points 1. Approximately 20% of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-positive liver transplant recipients develop evidence of allograft cirrhosis by year 5. 2. The prevalence of HCV infection in patients undergoing retransplantation has significantly increased since 1990. 3. Retransplantation for recurrent HCV is associated with poor long-term survival. 4. Preoperative hyperbilirubinemia (billirubin ≥5 mg/dL) and renal failure predict poor outcome after retransplantation. 5. Retransplantation is the only viable option for patients in whom allografts fail because of recurrent HCV disease.
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and the Cardiometabolic Syndrome

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now considered to be the most common liver disease in the United States and involves a spectrum of progressive histopathologic changes. Common risk factors associated with NAFLD include obesity, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. Although most patients with NAFLD have simple hepatic steatosis, a significant number develop nonalcoholic steatohepatitis , which may progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis, or end-stage liver disease. There is increasing evidence that NAFLD is a common feature in patients with the cardiometabolic syndrome, a constellation of metabolic , cardiovascular, renal, and inflammatory abnormalities in which insulin resistance is thought to play a key role in end-organ pathogenesis. NAFLD is usually diagnosed after abnormal liver chemistry results are found during routine laboratory testing. No therapy has been proven effective for treating NAFLD/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Expert opinion emphasizes the importance of exercise, weight loss in obese and overweight individuals, treatment of hyperlipidemia, and glucose control.
Osteoporosis in Men Treated With Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer

Purpose: We surveyed the growing literature on osteoporosis secondary to androgen deprivation therapy and provide suggestions regarding its identification and treatment.Materials and Methods: We reviewed pertinent studies of male osteoporosis, osteoporotic fracture incidence or bone mineral density loss as a possible side effect of prostate cancer treatment and potential therapies for this side effect.Results: Hypogonadism is a well-known cause of secondary osteoporosis in men. There is evidence of decreased bone mineral density with all types of androgen deprivation therapy, presumably due to its anti-testosterone effect. Bone mineral density loss is 3% to 5% yearly in the first few years of androgen deprivation therapy with an increase in osteoporotic fracture incidence. There are little data on potential treatments, although bisphosphonates and intermittent androgen deprivation therapy may have salutary effects.Conclusions: Osteoporosis is an important and debilitating side effect of androgen deprivati...
Compound formation and ionic association in the poly(ethylene oxide)-potassium triflate system

Results of a spectroscopic study in the high molecular weight PEO−potassium triflate system indicates the presence of a crystalline compound with a 1:1 stoichiometry, (PEO)KCF3SO3, which has also b...
Asymptotic scaling of the mass gap in the two-dimensional O(3) nonlinear sigma model: A numerical study.

For the two-dimensional standard O(3) nonlinear \ensuremath{\sigma} model with the Hamiltonian H=-\ensuremath{\beta} ${\mathcal{J}}_{\mathrm{〈}\mathit{i}\mathit{j}\mathrm{〉}}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{\mathit{i}}$\ensuremath{\cdot}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{\mathit{j}}$, we report a bulk correlation length (${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\infty}}}$) up to \ensuremath{\beta}=2.7 (where the corresponding ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\infty}}}$\ensuremath{\simeq}15 000) obtained based on a finite-size-scaling Monte Carlo technique. We find that asymptotic scaling starts to set in around \ensuremath{\beta}=2.3, and that the analytical prediction on ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\infty}}}$ by Hasenfratz, Maggiore, and Niedermayer agrees better with data as \ensuremath{\beta} increases.
Cognitive neuroscience of emotional memory

LaBar and Cabeza review the powerful effects of emotion on memory. These influences are mediated by the amygdala and its interactions with medial temporal and prefrontal regions, and affect memory from the encoding and consolidation stages through to long-term retrieval.
Statistical Retrieval of Humidity Profiles from Precipitable Water Vapor and Surface Measurements of Humidity and Temperature

Abstract A new method is presented of statistical retrieval of humidity profiles based on measurements of surface temperature ξ1, surface dewpoint ξ2, and integrated water vapor ξ3. In this method the retrieved values of humidity depend nonlinearly on predictors ξ1,2,3. A self-training algorithm was developed to obtain the values of parameters that enter into the retrieval algorithm. The data from two years of measurements in eight different locations were used for training. The method was applied to an independent dataset (including nonmonotonic profiles) of one month of surface measurements and integrated water vapor obtained from microwave radiometers. Three constraints were imposed: 1) the integrated retrieved humidity profiles had to be equal to the measured values ξ3, 2) the retrieved surface humidity had to coincide with the measured value, and 3) the retrieved humidity had to be positive. The rms deviations of restored humidity values from measured profiles were approximately two times less than n...
Growth of nursery-raised Macaca nemestrina infants: Effects of feeding schedules, sex, and birth weight.

Ponderal growth, caloric intake, growth velocity, and growth efficiency were studied from birth through 90 days in 523 nursery-raised pigtailed macaque infants. The male and female subjects ranged in birth weight from the 1st through 100th centiles of the colony distribution and were all judged to be clinically healthy. One group of infants was fed on an ad lib schedule, with formula continuously available from dispensers which were replenished every 8 h. A second group was fed on a distributed regimen, with formula available on a 4-h-on/4-h-off schedule. The latter schedule was instituted because of bacterial growth in the milk after 4 h. Infants fed the distributed diet had 20-25% lower caloric intake than those fed ad lib, but equaled or exceeded ad lib infants in body weight, growth velocity, and grams gained per 100 kilocalories (growth efficiency). The poorer utilization of calories by the ad lib group was attributed to a combination of bacteria in the milk, which caused diarrhea, and inability to metabolize the excess nutrients gained from overconsumption of fluids. The effects of the distributed diet occurred for both males and females, and across the full range of birth weights. Peak velocity and growth efficiency for both males and females occurred at 2 weeks after birth for high-birth-weight (HBW) infants and at 3 weeks for low-birth-weight (LBW) infants. However, the growth efficiency of LBW infants was equal to, or greater than, that of HBW infants after postnatal day 2. Descriptive statistics and regression equations based on this large sample are presented for quantitative comparisons of growth parameters with those of other primate species reared in laboratory or field settings. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hypersonic Blunt Body Thermophysics Using a Unified Kinetic/Continuum Solver

The Unified Flow Solver (UFS) is used to simulate a Mach 10 flow of argon about a 2D cylinder at densities corresponding to Kn1 = 0.01 and Kn1 = 0.25. UFS is a hybrid kinetic/continuum solver implementing automatic domain decomposition and mesh refinement. A BGK model is used for the kinetic solver, coupled with an Euler solver. Solution results are compared to similar results from DSMC. Good agreement is obtained for surface pressure and shear stress (with total drag predictions for UFS being within 2% of those for DSMC), surface heating is over-predicted as compared to the DSMC solutions (with UFS predicting peak heating about twice that predicted by DSMC).
Network Benchmarking: A Happy Marriage between Systems and Synthetic Biology

In their new Cell paper, Cantone et al. (2009) present exciting results on constructing and utilizing a small synthetic gene regulatory network in yeast that draws from two rapidly developing fields of systems and synthetic biology.
The Impact of an Auditor's Initial Hypothesis on Subsequent Performance at Identifying Actual Errors*

. Previous work on hypothesis generation demonstrates that auditors tend to generate frequently occurring financial statement errors as their initial hypotheses to explain unexpected fluctuations. However, such work does not examine how the initially generated hypothesis affects subsequent performance at identifying an actual error. We hypothesized that the initially generated hypothesis would interfere with an auditor's ability to subsequently switch to a different hypothesis. Thus, if the initial hypothesis were incorrect, auditors would find it difficult to switch hypotheses in order to identify an actual error. Moreover, initially generating a frequent error would exacerbate this difficulty. Auditor-subjects were asked to generate an initial error hypothesis after seeing a pattern of fluctuations in which sales and accounts receivable were overstated. After they generated their initial hypothesis, half of the subjects were provided with additional information that was consistent with a very frequent error (sales cutoff) and the other half were provided with information consistent with an infrequent error (sales recorded twice). As expected, we found that initially generating the very frequent error (i.e., sales cutoff) versus some other less frequent error affected auditors' subsequent performance at identifying actual errors. Specifically, auditors who generated the very frequent error as their initial hypothesis performed best when it was the actual error, but performed worst when the infrequent error was the actual error. In contrast, auditors who generated a less frequent error as their initial hypothesis performed moderately well (i.e., between best and worst) both when the actual error was frequent and when it was infrequent. The implications of these results for audit efficiency and effectiveness are discussed.
Adiposity and Hot Flashes in Midlife Women: A Modifying Role of Age

Background: The nature of the relationship between adiposity and hot flashes has been debated, but it has not been examined using physiological measures of hot flashes. We examined associations between body size/composition and physiologically assessed hot flashes among women with hot flashes. Methods: A subcohort of women in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (n = 52; 25 African-American and 27 non-Hispanic Caucasian; ages, 54 to 63 yr) who reported hot flashes, had their uterus and ovaries, and were not taking medications impacting hot flashes were recruited in 2008–2009. Women completed anthropometric measures [bioimpedance analysis of total percentage of body fat, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference], a blood draw (estradiol, SHBG, FSH, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate), and 4 d of ambulatory sternal skin conductance monitoring with diary (physiological and reported hot flashes, respectively). Associations between anthropometrics and hot flashes were estimated with generalized estimati...
Complexes of Di-n-propylsulfoxide with lanthanide perchlorates

Abstract The syntheses and physical properties of a series of new compounds of the general formula Ln2(n-PSO)11(ClO)6 (where Ln = Gd, Dy and Er; n-PSO = di-n-propylsulfoxide) are reported. IR spectra show coordinated perchlorato groups, and indicate that coordination of n-PSO is through the oxygen. For all of the complexes the IR, Raman and visible spectra are reported, as well as the molar conductivities, X-ray powder patterns and molecular weights.
INFLUENCE OF FLANKING SEQUENCES ON THE DIMER STABILITY OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TYPE 1 PROTEASE

The maturation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease (PR) from the Gag−Pol polyprotein is dependent on the intrinsic proteolytic activity of the dimeric Gag−Pol. Herein, we report the kinetics and conformational stabilities of two unique fusion proteins of the protease. In one, X28−PR, a random sequence of 28 amino acids (X28) was linked to the N terminus of the mature protease. In the second construct, X28−ΔTF*PR*ΔPol, X28 is fused to the protease which is flanked at both its termini by short sequences (Δ) which correspond to the native sequences of the Gag−Pol precursor. Autoprocessing of the latter protein was prevented by inserting an Ala at the native protease cleavage sites. The measured kinetic parameters and the pH-rate profile of both enzymes are nearly identical to those of the mature protease. However, these fusion proteins are more sensitive to acid and urea denaturation than the mature protease. The decrease in the conformational stability of X28−PR and X28−ΔTF*PR*ΔPol is reflec...
Deep inelastic scattering: The early years

The 1990 Nobel Prize for Physics lecture is reprinted. The author discusses the early research at the High Energy Physics Laboratory at Stanford in the 1950's and the building of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center in the 1960's. (AIP)
Analgesia produced by microinjection of baclofen and morphine at brain stem sites.

Abstract Microinjection of either baclofen (1.5 μg) or morphine (2.5 μg), in equimolar doses (14 mM), at sites located in the caudal periaqueductal gray (PAG) resulted in a delay in tail flick latency (analgesia). The relative analgesic potency of baclofen among caudal PAG sites, however, did not correlate with that of morphine. Application of either drug into the caudal aspect of the cerebral aqueduct also produced analgesia, but neither agent caused analgesia when applied at PAG sites rostral to the interaural line. Baclofen alos produced analgesia when microinjected in the lower brain stem at sites lateral to the midline in or near the nucleus gigantocellularis, but did not produce analgesia when applied on the midline at sites located within or near the raphe magnus. Conversely, morphine produced analgesia when applied locally at midline sites but not at sites located lateral to the midline. These data suggest that the analgesia produced by systemic administration of baclofen and morphine involves activation of different neuronal substrates.
Virtual private networks: a model for assessing alternatives

Many companies are beginning to see the importance of virtual private networks (VPNs) as a corporate networking solution primarily because of the access, flexibility, cost and level of security these networks can offer. Rather than using dedicated leased lines or frame relay networking services, public internet based virtual private networks establish local internet connections through an internet service provider and rely on that provider to ensure that the organisation's packets are properly routed to the appropriate destination. VPN offers a great combination of characteristics that allow connections to be secure, high-speed, flexible and cheaper compared to alternatives. The primary appeal of VPNs to IT managers is their ability to offer access to corporate IT resources to geographically dispersed users with minimal operational costs and an adequate level of security. This paper will present a model to determine the appropriateness of VPN for an organisation and to identify potential roadblocks to successful implementation. First, an overview of virtual private networking is given including some general definitions, functions, characteristics and properties of VPNs. Second, the costs and benefits of VPNs relative to current alternatives are discussed. Third, there follows a discussion of the implicit requirements for VPNs used as an organisational resource. Fourth, various ways that have been used to classify VPNs are presented and discussed. Fifth, aspects of VPN feasibility for organisations are discussed. Sixth, a model for assessing VPN technology is presented. Finally, the future implications of virtual private networks will be considered.
The role of visual interference in producing the long-term modality effect.

Typically, recall of the last of a list of auditory items greatly exceeds recall of the last of a list of visual items. This modality effect has been found in serial recall, free recall, and recall using the distractor paradigm in which each to-be-remembered item is preceded and followed by distractor activity. One source of the auditory advantage may be visual interference that reduces recall of visual stimuli. In three experiments, sources of visual interference were minimized. Although this manipulation reduced the modality effect, it did not eliminate the effect.
Legal Regulation of Physician-Assisted Death — The Latest Report Cards

Over the past 17 years, the use of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide in the Netherlands has remained stable. Dr. Timothy Quill writes that in Oregon, legalization of physician-assisted death has resulted in more open conversation and careful evaluation of end-of-life options.
Modeling Interactions of Browsing Predation, Infaunal Activity, and Recruitment in Marine Soft-Sediment Habitats

In marine soft-sediment habitats, the sediment surface is altered by activities of sediment dwellers (infauna). Such biogenic disturbance can influence recruitment success if settling larvae and juveniles avoid disturbed sites or if juveniles die as a result of disturbance after settling. Because infauna commonly lose exposed body parts to browsing predators and disturb less sediment as a result, we developed a simulation model to examine the interactions between browsing predation, infaunal adult activity, and recruitment. Sediment disturbance in the model was based on data for the polychaete Abarenicola pacifica. We simulated the activity of two general types of predators: prey nippers, which damaged adults only, and sediment biters, which damaged adults and consumed settled juveniles. As both types of predation rates increased, habitat rejection by settlers decreased, but juvenile mortality increased as settlers landing near damaged adults were killed when those adults resumed activity. When prey nippers were active, the interaction between predation and infaunal activity determined recruitment success, and juvenile mortality was highest at intermediate predation rates. When sediment biters were active, they controlled recruitment success by directly consuming larvae. At low adult worm densities, habitat rejection by settlers and juvenile mortality were both low, and browsing predation did not affect recruitment success. At higher adult densities, net recruitment success increased with the rate of predation by prey nippers (the magnitude of increase depended on bite rate and the length of time juveniles were susceptible to mortality), but it was never enhanced by sediment biters.
The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF), A New Tool for Social Workers

Abstract The World Health Organization (WHO) ratified the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) in 2001. This followed a ten year period of international development which shifted emphasis from a system concerned with the consequences of disease to a system concerned with human functionality and health. Disability advocates contributed to this system which has potential as a tool for social work classification and assessment. Familiarity with the system also brings the profession in step with the disability studies movement which promotes a social model of disability.
Free-Market and Religious Fundamentalists versus Poor Relief

In their stimulating "Poverty to Perversity," Somers and Block (2005:261) bring "market fundamentalism" from scattered academic and journalistic references (Giddens 1998:15; Soros 2002:4-10, 120-23; Stiglitz 2002:14-16, 230-31) into the pages of the American Sociological Review. They enlighten us by analyzing the role of Malthusian rhetoric as a causal mechanism in the generation of two epochal welfare retrenchments that advanced market fundamentalism in its era, the 1834 New Poor Law (NPL) of Britain and the 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunities Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) of the United States.1 They miss, however, a possibly indispensable, "religious fundamentalist" side of their story. Here, I extend and revise Somers and Block (2005) by addressing the historical conjunction of evangelicalism and "market fundamentalism." I propose that Christian evangelicals, plying variants of Malthusian rhetoric, crucially supported market fundamentalists in the generation of the 1834 and 1996 retrenchments.2 After describing the evangeli-
Clouds of High Contrast on Uranus

Near-infrared images of Uranus taken with the Hubble Space Telescope in July and October 1997 revealed discrete clouds with contrasts exceeding 10 times the highest contrast observed before with other techniques. At visible wavelengths, these 10 clouds had lower contrasts than clouds seen by Voyager 2 in 1986. Uranus' rotational rates for southern latitudes were identical in 1986 and 1997. Clouds in northern latitudes rotate slightly more slowly than clouds in opposite southern latitudes.
Functional Illiteracy and Nutritional Education in the United States: A Research-Based Approach to the Development of Nutritional Education Materials for Functionally Illiterate Consumers:

Nutritional education programs are at the intersection of two important macro-level issues; the rate of functional illiteracy among individuals in the United States and disturbing health and nutrition-related trends in the last two decades. Functionally illiterate consumers form a sizable portion of the population in the United States and a sizable portion of the likely target audience for nutritional education programs. However, until recently, research on functionally illiterate consumer behavior has essentially been nonexistent. This study’s analysis of materials currently used in nutritional education programs suggests that such materials should be modified to convey information in a more user-friendly manner. On the basis of a case study of a nutrition educational program and interviews and observations of teachers and clients, the authors develop and recommend educational materials using visual displays emphasizing the marketplace context rather than using verbal and numerical modes emphasizing abst...
Ontogeny of molecular forms of CCK-peptides in rat brain and gut.

Abstract COOH-terminal immunoreactive cholecystokinin (iCCK) in methanol and acid extracts of brain and gut in the developing rat between 3 and 28 days after birth and in the adult has been fractionated on Sephadex G50. The single peak observed in methanol extracts of brain has an elution volume identical to that of CCK8. Acid extracts of brain contain only 10% as much iCCK as methanol extracts in a molecular form that appears to be a larger precursor because its elution volume on Sephadex is earlier than that of CCK33 or 39. Methanol extracts of duodenum at all ages contain a molecular form which is larger than CCK12 and about equal in abundance to CCK8. Acid extracts of rat duodenum contain 3 peaks: one elutes in the region of a previously described precursor form, CCK58; another co-elutes with CCK33 or 39; the third peak appears to be lower in molecular weight and is most prominent in the 2 week rat duodenum. Whether the larger iCCK found in methanol extracts or the smaller form found in acid extracts is derived from a common CCK precursor is yet to be determined.
Human remains and the conservator's role

Abstract Little has been written about the roles of conservators in regard to the preservation of human remains. This article examines the new challenges that face conservators as we become more involved with human remains under the new laws and approaches that protect indigenous community rights. The authors explore three areas critical to this debate, namely conservation expertise, training and outreach. Three scenarios for the conservator's role are presented. The authors suggest conservators should aim for the third role, that of ‘contributing colleague’, especially in the multidisciplinary and highly sensitive area involving the study of human remains. Also presented is a case study involving teamwork with the Kennewick Man remains. Though the discussion is limited to applications of preservation issues to human remains, the concepts have wider applications in the conservation field in general.
The relationship of human papillomaviruses to anorectal neoplasia

This review begins with an overview of the anatomy of the anal canal, which is followed by a discussion of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in the anogenital tract. The organization of the HPV genome and the function of the encoded proteins is discussed in relation to the oncogenic potential of these viruses. Particularly stressed are interactions with known tumor suppressor genes. Then the interaction of HPV with the host cells and some growth factors is reviewed. An important consideration is the synergy between this virus and other known carcinogenic factors. These include smoking, immunologic status, and other factors. Finally, the pathologic features of anal warts and malignant lesions are summarized with respect to their histologic findings and expression of viral subtypes.
Effect of Si or Al interface layers on the properties of Ta and Mo contacts to p-type SiC

We present our results on the role of Si or Al interface layers on the structure and electrical properties of tantalum and molybdenum contacts to p-type 6H-SiC. Thin films of Ta or Mo were deposited on p-type SiC with and without p-doped Si or Al interface layers. The Ta/p-SiC, Ta/p-Si/p-SiC, Ta/Al/p-SiC, Mo/p-SiC, and Mo/Al/p-SiC structures were annealed at high temperatures up to 1200°C using the rapid thermal annealing process, in Ar-H2 or N2-H2 ambient. X-ray diffraction analysis showed TaSi2 in both Ta/p-SiC and Ta/p-Si/p-SiC structures annealed in Ar-H2 ambient. For the N2-H2 ambient anneal tantalum nitride (TaN) was formed in Ta/p-SiC and Ta/Al/p-SiC, and TaN plus TaSi2 in Ta/p-Si/p-SiC. While there was evidence of interaction between Mo and Si or Al no intermetallic phases were observed. Electrical measurements revealed that both TaN in Ta/p-SiC and TaN + TaSi2 in Ta/p-Si/p-SiC structures made ohmic contacts, with specific contact resistances of about 2.13 × 10−3 and 1.47 × 10−1 Ω-cm2, respectively. The specific contact resistance for Ta/Al and Mo/Al layers on p-SiC decreases with increasing temperature and varies with anneal ambient. The values calculated for Ta/Al/p-SiC and Mo/Al/p-SiC were about 4.22 × 10−4 at 1100°C and 4.5 × 10−5 Ω-cm2 at 1200°C, respectively. The heavy surface doping provided by Al in Ta/Al/p-SiC and Mo/Al/p-SiC is responsible for the low specific contact resistance.
Validity of the “two‐state” hypothesis for conformational transitions of proteins

The theory, character, and properties of cooperative transitions are developed with special reference to the abrupt changes of state which occur in protein solutions. Comparisons of helix–coil processes and protein conformational reactions show that though cooperation dominates both of these processes, there are important differences. Tests of two types for the validity of the two-state approximation are presented with specific applications to proteins. Available experimental evidence demonstrates that the thermally induced reversible transitions of ribonuclease, α-chymotrypsin, and chymotrypsinogen A under conditions thus far examined are two-state processes.
Interleukin-4 regulates macrophage interleukin-12 protein synthesis through a c-fos mediated mechanism.

Abstract Background: Interleukin-4 (IL-4) treatment after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induction inhibits macrophage (Mφ) IL-12 synthesis; however, IL-4 pretreatment (PreTx) primes the Mφ for increased LPS-induced IL-12 production. In this study we study the role of c-fos in the IL-4 priming of Mφ IL-12 synthesis. Methods: With a murine in vitro peritoneal M φ model, we studied the effect of either c-fos deficiency (wild type, WT; homozygous c-fos knockout, Homo KO) or c-fos overexpression to study the role of c-fos in IL-4 priming of LPS-induced M φ IL-12 synthesis. Results: (1) We first show that IL-4 PreTx results in a 72% decrease in Mφ c-fos mRNA compared with vehicle PreTx. (2) With respect to IL-12 p70 protein, IL-4 PreTx in the WT group increased LPS-induced Mφ IL-12 p70 2.2-fold compared with vehicle PreTx. Compared with vehicle PreTx in the WT group, vehicle PreTx in the Homo KO group followed by LPS stimulation resulted in a 2.8-fold increase in IL-12 p70 in the Homo KO group. IL-4 PreTx did not significantly increase IL-12 p70 over vehicle PreTx in the Homo KO group. (3) We studied the effect of c-fos overexpression on LPS-induced Mφ IL-12 production when primed with IL-4. Overexpression of c-fos completely inhibited IL-4 primed LPS-induced IL-12 p70 protein synthesis. Conclusions: These data demonstrated that down-regulation of c-fos is an integral part of the IL-4 priming process for Mφ IL-12 production. (Surgery 2000;128:219-24.)
Case report of a serious adverse event following the administration of T cells transduced with a chimeric antigen receptor recognizing ERBB2

In an attempt to treat cancer patients with ERBB2 overexpressing tumors, we developed a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) based on the widely used humanized monoclonal antibody (mAb) Trastuzumab (Herceptin). An optimized CAR vector containing CD28, 4-1BB, and CD3ζ signaling moieties was assembled in a γ-retroviral vector and used to transduce autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) from a patient with colon cancer metastatic to the lungs and liver, refractory to multiple standard treatments. The gene transfer efficiency into autologous T cells was 79% CAR+ in CD3+ cells and these cells demonstrated high-specific reactivity in in vitro coculture assays. Following completion of nonmyeloablative conditioning, the patient received 1010 cells intravenously. Within 15 minutes after cell infusion the patient experienced respiratory distress, and displayed a dramatic pulmonary infiltrate on chest X-ray. She was intubated and despite intensive medical intervention the patient died 5 days after treatment. Serum samples after cell infusion showed marked increases in interferon-γ (IFN-γ), granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-10, consistent with a cytokine storm. We speculate that the large number of administered cells localized to the lung immediately following infusion and were triggered to release cytokine by the recognition of low levels of ERBB2 on lung epithelial cells.