cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
STIMULATION OF THYROCALCITONIN SECRETION BY PENTAGASTRIN AND CALCIUM IN TWO PATIENTS WITH MEDULLARY CARCINOMA OF THE THYROID.

The intravenous administration of pentagastrin (0.05 and 0.5 μg/kg) to two patients with metastatic medullary carcinoma of the thyroid was followed by a very rapid two- to tenfold rise in serum levels of immuno-assayable thyrocalcitonin (TCT). The administration of calcium, either orally or intravenously, produced rises in TCT that were slower and of much smaller magnitude. Oral calcium appeared to stimulate TCT secretion in these patients without producing a rise in serum calcium levels. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that gastrointestinal hormones may influence secretion of TCT in man.
A meta-analysis of the prognostic significance of sentinel lymph node status in Merkel cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND. Merkel cell carcinoma is an aggressive cutaneous neoplasm with a high propensity to metastasize to lymph nodes. OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to determine the prognostic significance of sentinel lymph node status in patients with Merkel cell carcinoma. METHODS. A meta-analysis of case series of patients with Merkel cell carcinoma managed with sentinel lymph node biopsy was performed. RESULTS. Forty of 60 patients (67%) had a biopsy-negative sentinel lymph node; 97% of this group had no recurrence at 7.3 months median follow-up. Twenty patients (33%) had a biopsy-positive sentinel lymph node; 33% of this group experienced local, regional, or systemic recurrence at 12 months median follow-up. Risk of recurrence or metastasis was 19-fold greater in biopsy-positive patients (odds ratio, 18.9; p = 0.005). None of 15 biopsy-positive patients who underwent therapeutic lymph node dissection experienced a regional recurrence; 3 of 4 who did not receive therapeutic lymphadenectomy experienced regional recurrence. CONCLUSION. Sentinel lymph node positivity is strongly predictive of a high short-term risk of recurrence or metastasis in patients with Merkel cell carcinoma. Therapeutic lymph node dissection appears effective in preventing short-term regional nodal recurrence. Aggressive adjuvant treatment should be considered for patients with positive sentinel lymph nodes.
Attacking the source: anti-PDX-1 responses in type 1 diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) develops as a consequence of abnormal responses against several self-antigens, eventually leading to the autoimmune attack and destruction of the insulin-producing β cells in the pancreas. In this issue of Laboratory Investigation, Li et al propose the transcription factor Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX-1) as a T1D autoantigen by demonstrating autoreactivity to this pancreas-specific protein in both the NOD mouse model and patients with T1D. Because of the known roles of PDX-1 in pancreatic development as well as β cell maintenance and function, targeting of PDX-1 expressing cells may result in the elimination of not only β cells but also the progenitor cells required for regeneration of insulin-producing cells.
Amphetamine-induced place preference in humans.

Background The conditioned place preference procedure is a widely used animal model of rewarding drug effects that, to date, has not been tested in humans. In this study, we sought to demonstrate that humans, like nonhumans, would exhibit a preference for a place previously associated with amphetamine. Further, we investigated the relationship between conditioned place preference and the mood-altering effects of the drug. Methods Thirty-one healthy individuals participated in a five-session procedure during which they experienced the effects of d-amphetamine (20 mg) or placebo on two occasions in two distinctive environments (sessions 1–4). One group of subjects (paired group, n = 19) received amphetamine consistently in one room and placebo in another room, whereas a second group (unpaired group, n = 12) received amphetamine and placebo without regard to room. During the sessions, participants completed questionnaires to rate their mood. On the fifth session, they rated their preference for the two rooms. Results Individuals in the paired group rated their liking of the amphetamine-paired room significantly higher than the placebo-associated room, whereas there was no difference between ratings of the two rooms for individuals in the unpaired group. In the paired group, drug-liking ratings during the conditioning sessions positively predicted preference for the drug-associated room, whereas reports of amphetamine-induced anxiety and dysphoria negatively predicted room-liking scores. Conclusions This study demonstrates that humans, like nonhumans, prefer a place associated with amphetamine administration. These findings support the idea that subjective responses to a drug contribute to its ability to establish place conditioning.
The Effect of Surfactants on the Wave Growth and Transition to Slug Flow

In this work the effects of the surfactants on the wave growth is investigated analytically and experimentally. It is found that short waves are damped by surfactants quite effectively and since the natural wave growth begins with short waves, the transition to slug is shifted to higher gas velocities by a substantial amount. Slugs, in fact, form on level liquid surface. However, when long waves are produced by a wave maker, the slugs form in the usual manner.
MITOCHONDRIAL CHANGES INDUCED BY POTASSIUM AND SODIUM IN THE DUODENAL ABSORPTIVE CELL AS STUDIED WITH THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

Duodenal absorptive cells from animals fed large amounts of sodium or potassium contain many mitochondria with internal granules. Many mitochondrial granules are also present in cells which transport large amounts of cation. The hypothesis is advanced that the mitochondrial granule represents cation segregated within the mitochondrion. A mechanism is suggested for the segregation of excessive intracellular potassium, and for the transport of cations across cells.
Proton inventory study of the general base-catalyzed hydrolyses of trifluoroacetanilides by imidazole

Abstract The hydrolyses of substituted trifluoroacetanilides were catalyzed by neutral imidazole. The effect of five phenyl substitutents (H, m -Cl, p -Cl, m -NO 2 , and p -NO 2 ) on the hydrolyses was examined and proton inventory studies were carried out. Catalyses by neutral imidazole exhibited a positive ϱ(+0.84) and multiproton transfer in the transition state. This reaction involves general base-catalyzed formation of the tetrahedral intermediate by neutral imidazole followed by its breakdown catalyzed by water.
Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in a Primary Care Pediatric Clinic

Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are a common problem in pediatric patients and can affect quality of life. However, the extent of these disorders may vary in different subpopulations of children. This study investigated the prevalence of FGIDs in an inner-city primary care practice. Healthy patients between the ages of 9 and 17 were administered a validated questionnaire that assessed for FGIDs and other somatic complaints. Eleven of 145 patients (7.5%) met criteria for FGIDs based on Rome III Diagnostic Criteria. Raynaud-like symptoms tended to occur more often in patients meeting criteria for FGIDs, although this association was not statistically significant (P = .07). The lower prevalence of FGIDs in this population compared with earlier studies may suggest a link between socioeconomic status and the prevalence of FGIDs. Larger population-based studies consisting of a heterogeneous cohort from a variety of socioeconomic backgrounds are necessary to further elucidate the true connection between FGIDs and socioeconomic status.
Multiplexer design for the BASS Rake acoustic transducer array

The BASS Rake is an acoustic current meter designed to measure velocity profiles through the continental shelf wave bottom boundary layer. The instrument uses BASS electronics with a new transducer geometry to resolve the primary spatial and temporal flow scales of the wave boundary layer. The necessary characteristics of an interface satisfying the requirements of both the BASS transmit/receive circuit and the BASS Rake sensor design are extremely low through resistance, O(1 /spl Omega/), rapid switching, O(10 /spl mu/s), flexible cross connection of the transducers, and strong isolation between channels, >40 dB. The layered multiplexer described is designed to meet these requirements.
Approach to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension

The causes of pulmonary hypertension can be divided into two categories, secondary and primary. The diagnosis of primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) requires the demonstration of pulmonary artery hypertension in the absence of a demonstrable cause. Pathophysiologically, we can further divide the etiologies of pulmonary hypertension into two groups
TRIM5αrh expression restricts HIV-1 infection in lentiviral vector-transduced CD34+-cell-derived macrophages

Abstract Species-specific innate resistance against viral infections offers novel avenues for antiviral therapeutic and prophylactic approaches. The retroviral and lentiviral restriction factors Ref1 and Lv1 are variants of the tripartite motif protein TRIM5α, a component of cytoplasmic bodies. TRIM5α severely restricts productive retroviral infections at the postentry and preintegration steps by destabilizing the incoming viral capsid via ubiquitination. Using this approach, resistance to HIV-1 infection could be conferred by TRIM5α rh expression in otherwise susceptible cells. Here we show that stable expression of simian TRIM5α rh via a lentiviral vector in a permissive cell culture line, Magi-CXCR4, conferred resistance to HIV-1. To translate these findings into a stem cell gene therapy setting, the TRIM5α rh transgene was stably introduced into CD34 + hematopoietic progenitor cells to derive transgenic macrophages. Upon viral challenge, TRIM5α rh -expressing macrophages were highly resistant to HIV-1 infection compared to control cells. Human macrophages expressing TRIM5α rh were also found to be phenotypically and functionally normal, expressing the characteristic surface markers CD14, CD4, CCR5, CXCR4, MHC II, and B7.1. These results demonstrate that the species-specific restriction factor TRIM5α rh is effective in conferring HIV-1 resistance in a stem cell setting, thus paving the way for its application in AIDS gene therapy.
Some behaviors of shallow vibrated beds across a wide range in particle size and their implications for powder classification

Abstract Vertical sinusoidal vibration (25 Hz) was imposed upon two-dimensional beds of particulate matter (30-mm bed average depth), particle sizes ranging from ∼1 to 707 μm. Behaviors of coarse- and fine-powders are in sharper contrast than in gas-fluidized beds. A vibrated-bed powder classification, analogous to Geldart's for fluid beds, will be complex; yet the present work suggests opportunities for refining fluid-bed powder classification. Before lift-off, 707- and 177-μm alumina ‘Beads’ pull in gas during a “lift-off-delay interval”, creating an absolute porosity increase of ∼0.13% and ∼0.8%, respectively. For ‘Beads’ of size 177-μm and larger, a high-speed cinematograph of a bed–floor collision discloses passage of a compaction front reversing the earlier porosity increase. No front can be seen in 88-μm ‘Beads’ (although other data indicate its existence); in these ‘Beads’, porosity waxes and wanes during each vibration cycle by an absolute 2%. Evidence is given for further bed expansion during flight. In non-aeratable powders, all circulation is stop–go: particles move only during flight. An aeratable powder (Geldart Group A) “breathes”: it imbibes gas over many cycles and then quickly releases it in the form of bubbles. In aeratable and cohesive powders (Geldart A, A–C, and C), a spout can be created by extending a vertical pipe from near the floor to beyond the bed surface. Such a spout appears to be suitable for controlled feeding of matter as small as ∼1 μm.
Resistance of mTAL Na+-dependent transporters and collecting duct aquaporins to dehydration in 7-month-old rats.

Resistance of mTAL Na + -dependent transporters and collecting duct aquaporins to dehydration in 7-month-old rats. Background Aging is associated with a defect in urinary concentration in both human and experimental animals. The purpose of these studies was to examine the urinary concentrating ability, the expression of kidney water channels [aquaporins (AQP1 to AQP3)], and medullary thick ascending limb (mTAL) Na + -dependent transporters in old but not senescent versus young animals in response to water deprivation. Methods Two-month-old and 7-month-old rats were placed in metabolic cages and deprived of water for 72hours. Kidney tissues were isolated and examined for the expression of AQP1 to AQP3 and mTAL, peptide-derived polyclonal antibody specific to kidney apical Na + -K + -2Cl - cotransporter (BSC1), Na + /H + exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3), and Na + pump using semiquantitative immunoblotting and Northern hybridization. Results After 72hours of water deprivation, urine osmolality increased from 1269 to 3830 mOsm/kg H 2 O in 2-month-old rats, but only from 1027 to 2588 mOsm/kg H 2 O in 7-month-old rats. In response to water deprivation, AQP2 and AQP3 expression increased significantly in the cortex and medulla of 2-month-old rats but remained unchanged in the medulla or slightly increase in the cortex of 7-month-old animals. AQP1 expression was not altered by dehydration in both groups. The protein abundance of mTAL BSC1, NHE3, and Na + pump increased significantly in young but remained unchanged in 7-month-old rats subjected to water deprivation. Conclusion Age-related decrease in urinary concentrating ability is an early event, developed before the onset of senescence. This defect results from reduced responsiveness of cortical AQP2 and AQP3 and a blunted response of medullary AQP2 and mTAL BSC1, NHE3, and Na + pump to dehydration in aging kidneys.
Effects of juvenile hormone on the programming of postembryonic development in eggs of the silkworm,Hyalophora cecropia

Summary Juvenile hormone applied to eggs ofHyalophora cecropia has delayed effects on postembryonic development. Early application, i.e., during the formation of the embryo, produces abnormalities in larval development. Late application, i.e., during the period when the larva differentiates within the egg, has latent effects that first appear at metamorphosis. Apparently, the exposure of the egg to juvenile hormone interferes with the sequential “programming” of postembryonic development.
After the diagnosis.

PREVIEWWhen the words “Alzheimer's disease” are first used regarding a patient with increasing memory and judgment problems, the person involved and his or her family members usually leave the office with sinking hearts. However, Dr Ham believes that using the term is important, because it gives structure to management and can be the impetus to seek information about the disease and learn about local support organizations. Clarifying the diagnosis is but the first of many ways that primary care physicians can assist families in deciding about home care, intensity of treatment, and long-term placement.
Mundane cash management policies in the American states: a preliminary assessment using the political economy model

Abstract A political economy model, incorporated curved and interactive terms, is used to explain levels of five dimensions of cash management policies in the American states. Results point to a predominant role for economics, political culture, and interest groups as the explanation for policy levels. Further, the explanations are, in many instances, curved and conditional.
Abdominal computed tomography prolongs length of stay and is frequently unnecessary in the evaluation of acute pancreatitis.

ABSTRACT Background Computed tomography (CT) can play a vital role in the diagnosis and staging of patients with acute pancreatitis. However, according to current guidelines, a CT examination should not be performed in all patients. We assessed the use of CT scanning in the evaluation of patients with acute pancreatitis at an urban teaching hospital. Methods Retrospective review of patients admitted with the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis from October 1999 to October 2001. We recorded demographics, laboratory values, severity of illness, length of stay, indication for CT, ordering physician, and outcome. Results Overall, 108 patients met our inclusion criteria. Of these, 58 (54%) underwent CT examination. There was no difference (all P > 0.60) in markers of severity of illness in patients undergoing CT versus no CT. The only significant difference was length of stay (P = 0.003). Patients not undergoing CT were discharged a mean of 3 days sooner. Most appropriate CTs were ordered by the gastroenterology consultants as opposed to the emergency room and medical groups; however, this group’s length of stay was longest (P = 0.035). Conclusions In 1 teaching institution, physicians ordering CT for the evaluation of acute pancreatitis frequently do so without regard to the severity of patient illness. These examinations may prolong the length of hospitalization. Continued refinement and dissemination of guidelines for the diagnostic evaluation of acute pancreatitis is needed.
Prenatal sonographic detection of basilar aneurysm

Abstract Retrospective reviews document the infrequency of intracranial aneurysms in the first decade of life, with an even greater rarity in the first 2 years. Intracranial aneurysms are not known to be associated with trisomy 18. An infant is reported who was diagnosed at 32 weeks gestation as having trisomy 18. Prenatal ultrasonography identified a large cystic lesion in the posterior cerebral circulation. This small-for-gestational-age infant was born at term by dates, but renal maturation suggested a gestational age of 35–36 weeks. He survived 5 days. This is the first report of prenatal sonographic imaging of a basilar artery aneurysm confirmed by autopsy.
Hardness of Approximately Solving Linear Equations Over Reals.

In this paper, we consider the problem of approximately solving a system of homogeneous linear equations over reals, where each equation contains at most three variables. Since the all-zero assignment always satisfies all the equations exactly, we restrict the assignments to be “non-trivial”. Here is an informal statement of our result: assuming the Unique Games Conjecture, it is NP-hard to distinguish whether there is a non-trivial assignment that satisfies 1− δ fraction of the equations or every non-trivial assignment fails to satisfy a constant fraction of the equations with a “margin” of Ω( √ δ). We develop linearity and dictatorship testing procedures for functions f : R 7→ R over a Gaussian space, which could be of independent interest. Our research is motivated by a possible approach to proving the Unique Games Conjecture.
Effect of diabetogenic hormones on blood sugar and pancreas of sulfonylurea treated animals.

Studies have been conducted on the diabetogenic effectiveness of growth hormone in 50% partially pancreatectomized dogs and of cortisone in rabbits, which received tolbutamide prior to and during hormone administration. The degree of diabetes which was observed in each species was similar to that found in animals receiving hormones alone. Furthermore, the degree of B cell destruction was similar in clogs treated with growth hormone alone to that observed in those who received both the sulfonylureas and the growth hormone. This destruction of B cells has been interpreted to be a response to hyperglycemia through some unknown mechanism, but not due to functional stimulation of the B cells. This viewpoint was supported by the fact that chronic stimulation of the B cells by the sulfa drugs causes degranulation and enlargement of nuclei and Golgi apparatus but no other changes. Furthermore, pretreatment with sulfonylurea drugs did not measurably alter the pancreatic morphologic response of the rabbits or dogs ...
Short utterance recognition using a network with minimum training

Abstract A feedforward network is used to recognize short, digitized, isolated utterances. A high, multispeaker recognition rate is achieved with a small vocabulary with a single training utterance. This approach makes use of the pattern recognition property of the network architecture to classify different temporal patterns in the multidimensional feature space. The network recognizes the utterances without the need of segmentation, phoneme identification, or time alignment. We train the network with four words spoken by one single speaker. The network is then able to recognize 20 tokens spoken by 5 other speakers. We repeat the above training and testing procedure using a different speaker's utterances for training each time. The overall accuracy is 97.5%. We compare this approach to the traditional dynamic programming (DP) approach, and find that DP with slope constraints of 0 and 1 achieve 98.5% and 85% accuracies respectively. Finally we validate out statistics by training and testing the network of a four-word subset of the Texas Instruments (Tl) isolated word database. The accuracy with this vocabulary exceeds 96%. By doubling the size of the training set, the accuracy is raised to 98%. Using a suitable threshold, we are able to raise the accuracy of one network from 87% to 98.5%. Thresholding applied to all networks would then raise the overall accuracy to well over 99%. This technique is especially promising because of the low overhead and computational requirements, which make it suitable for a low cost, portable, command recognition type of application.
The reproductive cycle in female macaques

Among long-living primates the attainment of fertile menstrual cycles requires concerted and sequential interactions between the hypothalamus, pituitary, ovaries, and uterus over many years. The longitudinal progression of these reproductive events during fetal development, infancy, menarche, adulthood, and menopause are discussed. The utility of laboratory primates for the study of this ontogeny, as well as their application for investigation of fertility problems afflicting women is well documented. Interactions within the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis in the menstrual cycle and interdependencies between the maternal and feto-placental compartments in pregnancy are of great importance.
A Multiple Comparisons Procedure for Comparing All Arms in Three-Arm Clinical Trials

In three-arm studies, there are often multiple hypotheses to be tested among the arms. In this article, we describe a multiple comparisons procedure that controls the familywise error rate in the strong sense. The procedure is appropriate when one of the arms is a control, and both treatment arms will be compared to the control as well as to each other. The procedure is shown to be consistent and the asymptotic relative efficiency (compared to the uniformly most powerful test for the individual comparisons) is close to 1 in many scenarios. Furthermore, the special case where the arms are placebo, active control, and test drug with one goal of showing noninferiority is examined.
Loss in a rectangular optical waveguide induced by the crossover of a second waveguide

We calculate the loss induced in a single-mode rectangular optical waveguide by the presence of a second waveguide, perpendicular to the first, which crosses over the first waveguide at a variable distance d. Our calculation is applied to the analysis of several doped silica waveguides of practical importance for optical circuit design.
Independent mechanisms produce visually perceived eye level (VPEL) and perceived visual pitch (PVP)

Two aspects of the perception of extrapersonal space undergo systematic changes with variations in the pitch of the visual environment: (1) the physical elevation perceived to correspond to eye level (VPEL); and (2) the perception of the pitch of the visual environment (PVP). Thus, one might assume that both discriminations are controlled by a common mechanism utilizing visual information from the pitched surface. In fact this assumption has been made frequently, and - in different forms - underlies three substantial but very different historical streams in the literature. A quantitative theoretical development shows that two of these streams, although derived from very different viewpoints and appearing very different themselves (it is assumed that the basis for both PVP and VPEL is information about the pitch of the visual field in one, and information about the location of the subject's eye level within the visual field in the other), make identical predictions: each requires that the weighted sum of PVP and VPEL equal the magnitude of physical pitch and that the weighted sum of their first derivatives equal a constant. The third stream, which assumes that an internal representation of the visual field gives rise to both PVP and VPEL, requires that a weighted difference of PVP and VPEL be proportional to physical pitch and that the weighted difference of their derivatives equal a constant. In an experiment designed to examine the relation between VPEL and PVP, psychophysical measurements of VPEL and PVP were made on 20 subjects across a range of pitches from -30 degrees to +20 degrees. Contrary to the predictions from all three interpretations, we find no significant correlation between the two perceptual variables when the influence of pitch itself is removed, despite the fact that VPEL and PVP each increased systematically with increasing visual field pitch. The results not only rule out the specific predictions derived from all three historical streams, they also rule out any theoretical viewpoint that requires control of both perceptual responses by a single mechanism. The statistical independence between VPEL and PVP implies independence between the mechanisms that give rise to them. The correlation observed here and elsewhere between individual PVP and VPEL settings when the influence of the systematic variation of pitch is not eliminated is a consequence of the way in which variations in the two perceptions are generated experimentally, and not on an identity of the mechanisms mediating the generation of the two perceptual variables themselves.
Pay More for McLocal? Examining Motivators for Willingness to Pay for Local Food in a Chain Restaurant Setting

The current study assessed guest perceptions regarding the use of local foods in U.S. chain or multiunit restaurants. The study analyzed diners’ willingness to pay for local food, as well as perceived local food attributes that motivate the conduct. The attributes examined included food safety, environment, nutrition, community support, social responsibility, freshness, and taste. The study data indicated that chain restaurant patrons are willing to pay more for menu items made with local foods. Social/community and fresh/taste were the two strongest motivators of consumers’ willingness to pay more for local foods in chain restaurants. Market and scholarly implications are discussed.
Asian Pacific Americans and Critical Race Theory: An Examination of School Racial Climate

(2002). Asian Pacific Americans and Critical Race Theory: An Examination of School Racial Climate. Equity & Excellence in Education: Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 144-154.
On the Kramers-Kronig Relation for the Phase Spectrum

Abstract The accepted result for the Kramers-Kronig relation for the phase spectrum ψ(ω) of the complex reflection coefficient at normal incidence r(ω) is shown to contain an error. Previously, phase shifts computed from reflectance data using Kramers-Kronig analysis have in some cases been shifted by ± π with no basic justification other than a claim that this provides agreement with accepted values and consistency with the incomplete Stokes treatment. The theoretical basis for this shift is provided in this short note. We derive the correct formula, and show that well-known model dielectrics are consistent with our result and not the accepted result.
Thermal Applications of Open-Cell Metal Foams

The key structural and thermo-physical properties of reticulated metal foams (RMF) are reviewed. Analytical expressions relating such properties to basic structural parameters are developed through mathematical modeling and experimental studies. Conductive and convective aspects of thermal energy transfer through RMF-based heat exchangers are reviewed. A mathematical model is developed that calculates maximum thermal performance for such heat exchangers. Results of experimental and finite element analysis predicting thermal performance of test module using a thermal base plate, power device, RMF heat exchanger, and off-the-shelf external cold plate were compared. The superior performance of RMF-based heat exchangers is shown.
Riblet drag at flight conditions

This paper describes perforated and nonperforated riblet tests on the fuselage of a modified Learjet model 28/29 twin-engine business jet at Reynolds numbers of 1.0-2.75 x 10/ft and Mach numbers of 0.3-0.7. Drag reductions of the order of 6% at nondimensional wall spacings of 12 were obtained using boundary-layer rakes and direct drag balances. At the measurement locations, the Reynolds number based on distance was 12-46 xlO. The nondimensional wall spacing for maximum drag reduction was well predicted by low-speed wind-tunnel data, but the maximum drag reduction was lower. The low drag is tentatively ascribed to various instrumentation difficulties and the flowfield on the aircraft. Riblets with 0.010-in. perforations at center spacings of 0.25 in. were found to give the same drag reduction as nonperforated riblets.
Split-plot designs: discussion and examples

Split-plot designs and the appropriate statistical analysis of the resulting data are frequently misunderstood by industrial experimenters. The objective of this tutorial paper is to review split-plot designs for full and fractional factorial experiments, explain why they often arise in industrial experiments, and provide several illustrative examples.
Evidence for Late Cretaceous crustal thinning in the Santa Rosa mylonite zone, southern California

The Santa Rosa mylonite zone is part of a 100-km-long belt of deformation along the eastern margin of the northern Peninsular Ranges batholith, southern California. In the northern Santa Rosa Mountains, complexly deformed mylonitic plutonic and metasedimentary tectonites are cut by a stacked sequence of five low-angle faults. Evidence from field relationships and the analysis of minor structures, microstructures, and textures (preferred orientation) suggest that the coaxial component of deformation (“pure shear”) dominated over a noncoaxial (“simple shear”) component. It is proposed that mylonitic deformation and low-angle faulting, which appear to be kinematically associated, are the result of Late Cretaceous extension and thinning of the continental margin.
Photomasks today and tomorrow

Successive generations of semiconductors have necessitated increasingly more complex technologies to produce the desired densities, speeds and other functions. The requirements placed on the photomasks used to produce large-scale integrated circuits have concurrently increased. These changing requirements have dictated photomask technology shifts from optical steppers to electron-beam and laser pattern generators, more tightly controlled processes, as well as the investigation of techniques such as phase-shifting. The outlook for the future indicates that requirements will continue to grow more complex. This presentation describes projected roadmaps for photomask specifications and some suggested strategies to meet these enhanced requirements. Potential problem areas are highlighted, as well as related issues pertaining to the mask equipment and materials industry. A brief overview is also given on the current challenges associated with photomasks with particular emphasis on half-micron DUV lithography, and the 0.35-, 0.25- and 0.18-micron challenges. Techniques such as optical proximity correction and phase-shifting are also discussed in terms of their applicability and insertion into manufacturing. The current status of X- ray masks, as well as projections for the technical requirements and capabilities associated with their manufacture, is included. An outline of the Microlithographic Mask Development (MMD) contract objectives is also presented.
Measurement of Information Transfer in Retinal Ganglion Cells of Cat

The paper deals with questions concerning the meaning of single spikes and the information capacity of sensory channels. In order to obtain useful data, measurements were made, in cats, of the transinformation of retinal ganglion cell responses, using methods provided by information theory. It is concluded that there seems to be less information reduction (or loss) in the pathways from the retina to the cortex than has hitherto been assumed, especially by those authors who calculated information capacity by means of the Weber constant.
Compliant Plate Seals: Testing and Validation

Compliant Plate Seals are being developed for various turbomachinery sealing applications including gas turbines, steam turbines, aircraft engines and oil & gas compressors. These seals consist of compliant plates attached to a stator in a circumferential fashion around the rotor. The compliant plates have a slot that extends radially inwards from the seal outer diameter, and an intermediate plate extends inwards into this slot from stator. This design is capable of providing passive hydrostatic feedback forces acting on the compliant plates that balance at a small tip–clearance. Due to this self–correcting behavior, this seal is capable of providing high differential pressure capability and low leakage within a limited axial span, and non-contact operation even in the presence of large rotor transients. In this paper, we have reported leakage test results for Compliant Plate Seals and visually demonstrated robust non-contact operation for different assembly clearances and interferences, stator deflections, high frequency rotor transients, different pressure conditions and rotational speeds.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Infective endocarditis in obstetric and gynecologic practice

Infective endocarditis is an important but uncommon complication in obstetric or gynecologic practice; we found only 124 cases reported in English and selected European papers during the last 40 years. The majority of cases (74%) were caused by streptococci; viridans streptococci predominated, while enterococci and group B streptococci were uncommon except after abortion. The overall mortality rate was 29%, while the mortality rate for the fetus when the mother developed infective endocarditis was 23%. The incidence of endocarditis in this setting is low and seems to be decreasing. Therefore, the risk-benefit ratio may not favor routine use of prophylaxis for endocarditis. We conclude that antibiotics need not be given for prevention of endocarditis before most common obstetric and gynecologic procedures. These include uncomplicated vaginal deliveries, uncomplicated spontaneous or induced abortions, dilatation and curettage, insertion or removal of intrauterine contraceptive devices (in the absence of pelvic infection), and biopsies of the cervix. For patients in whom both the underlying heart lesion and the obstetric or gynecologic procedure seem to pose significant risk for endocarditis, prophylaxis should be given. Two parenteral regimens for patients at highest risk are recommended: ampicillin plus gentamicin or vancomycin plus gentamicin. For lower-risk situations, one oral regimen is suggested: amoxicillin.
Opportunity Cost Algorithms for Combinatorial Auctions

Two general algorithms based on opportunity costs are given for approximating a revenue-maximizing set of bids an auctioneer should accept, in a combinatorial auction in which each bidder offers a price for some subset of the available goods and the auctioneer can only accept non-intersecting bids. Since this problem is difficult even to approximate in general, the algorithms are most useful when the bids are restricted to be connected node subsets of an underlying object graph that represents which objects are relevant to each other. The approximation ratios of the algorithms depend on structural properties of this graph and are small constants for many interesting families of object graphs. The running times of the algorithms are linear in the size of the bid graph, which describes the conflicts between bids. Extensions of the algorithms allow for efficient processing of additional constraints, such as budget constraints that associate bids with particular bidders and limit how many bids from a particular bidder can be accepted.
The neural correlates of moral decision-making in psychopathy

Neuroimaging studies have used classic moral dilemmas to identify the neural circuitry underlying moral decision-making in healthy individuals, but it is unknown how this circuit functions in immoral, psychopathic individuals. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we find that more psychopathic individuals showed reduced activity in the amygdala during emotional moral decision-making, with particularly conning and manipulative individuals showing reduced activity in the entire moral neural circuit. These results provide initial evidence that psychopaths exhibit deficits in brain regions essential to moral judgment in normal individuals. Psychopathy is a personality disorder involving severe disruption in moral behavior accompanied by pronounced deficits in emotion. Emotion is argued to be a critical component of moral behavior 1 . Highly emotional moral dilemmas have been found to evoke activity in the amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate, and angular gyrus 1,2 . It has been hypothesized that persistent immoral behavior may result from deficiencies in some components of the moral neural circuit 3 . We implemented a twice-replicated fMRI task involving classic moral dilemmas 1,2 to examine the relationship between psychopathy and brain activity. We also examined whether four different factors of psychopathy (Fig. 1, middle) were differentially related to neural activation during moral decision-making.
Henry's constants and second virial coefficients from perturbed-hard-chain theory

Abstract The perturbed-hard-chain theory for pure fluids is extended to asymmetric mixtures for two limiting regions of composition and density: Henry's constants H and second virial cross coefficients B 12 . The extension is made through a modified one-fluid theory approximation which accounts for non-randomness of the mixture. Final equations for H and B 12 require three pure-component parameters but only one binary constant, k 12 , characteristic of each molecular pair; k 12 is the same for both H and B 12 . The approximate partition function developed here is applicable to multi-component mixtures over the entire fluid density region and appears to be useful for mixtures of nonpolar (or slightly polar) molecules of arbitrary size and shape.
Immigrant influx and social cohesion erosion

If immigration causes a decrease in social cohesion, then it may also be an important contributing factor in the recent failure of financial institutions. The present analysis finds some evidence for a negative relationship between immigration and volunteering from the Current Population Survey 2004–2008 September Supplements. Various specifications confirm the tendency of immigrant inflows to decrease social cohesion, as measured by the tendency of native U.S. citizens to volunteer. Differences in effect by type of volunteering organization, country of origin of immigrants, functional form, and voting as the relevant measure of social cohesion are explored with similar patterns of results. Differences in effect by city size provide a counterpoint, lending support to the alternative idea that immigration does not in fact decrease social cohesion. H8; Z13; J61
Noguchi and His Patrons

A comprehensive biography of the Japanese microbiologist Hideyo Noguchi. The story of his triumph and eclipse is both a work of scholarship and a psychological study of a man who, in his own person, embodied many of the ironies and conflicts of 20th-century science and society.
German Policy Toward the Sharif of Mecca, 1914–1916

(1992). German Policy Toward the Sharif of Mecca, 1914–1916. The Historian: Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 303-314.
Renal Tubular Acidosis

Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) classically is defined as a normal anion gap hyperchloremic acidosis without impaired glomerular filtration. The three types of RTA are distal, proximal, and hyperkalemic and can be identified by laboratory and clinical findings. Treatment differs, based on the type of RTA. A case presentation illustrates the logical steps for diagnosis and treatment.
The importance of dedicated dermoscopy training during residency: A survey of US dermatology chief residents

Background Studies have shown low satisfaction levels among dermatology residents with respect to dermoscopy training. Many desire additional instruction. Objective We surveyed graduating chief residents to assess current education practices among US dermatology training programs with respect to the role of dermoscopy as an aid in the management of pigmented lesions. Methods An online survey was sent to 139 chief residents of US dermatology training programs. Results A 59% response rate was achieved. Of responding chief residents, 94% use dermoscopy. Although 92% of chief residents received dermoscopy training, only 48% trained with a pigmented lesion specialist. Among those training without a specialist, less than half received classroom or bedside teaching compared with 77% of those who trained with a specialist. Of those who trained with a specialist, 77% were satisfied with their training compared with only 30% who trained without a specialist ( P P = .0065). Limitations Response bias and limiting the survey to chief residents potentially limits our ability to generalize these results to all US dermatology trainees. Conclusion Although many residents use dermoscopy as a diagnostic tool, the lack of dedicated dermoscopy training remains a potential barrier to increasing residents' diagnostic confidence in the management of pigmented lesions. Increasing the amount of dedicated instruction on this topic is one possible approach to enhance resident satisfaction, potentially increasing their competency in the management of atypical nevi.
Multichannel Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy: Combining the Advantages of CCDs with Interferometry

A common-path (Sagnac) interferometer combined with a charge-coupled device (CCD) was evaluated for Raman spectroscopy in the near-infrared region. A spatial interferogram of the scattered light was projected onto the face of the CCD, and a Fourier transform of the intensity vs. pixel data yielded a Raman spectrum. This multichannel Fourier transform (MCFT) technique retains several advantages of FT spectroscopy, including high throughput, excellent frequency precision, and wide spectral coverage, while also retaining the multichannel, shot-noise-limited operation of the CCD. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the MCFT system was comparable to that for a dispersive spectrometer for the same laser power and integration time, and its frequency and intensity stability were excellent. Resolution is dictated by the number of CCD pixels, and was 25 cm-1 for the initial MCFT system. In addition to stability, a possibly important feature of the MCFT spectrometer is its large AO product (etendue), which results in a signal which is independent of laser beam diameter over the range of 60 μm to 1.3 mm.
Monolithic silicon photonic crystal slab fiber tip sensor

We demonstrate that monolithic photonic crystals (PCs) confined to the facet, or tip, of single-mode optical fibers can be designed as highly sensitive refractive index point sensors. Monolithic photonic-crystal slabs are fabricated on silicon wafers and subsequently released and micro-assembled on the tip of optical fibers. The PC slab's reflection spectrum is modulated by the refractive index of the environment and shows sensitivity comparable to Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs). The compact sensing element is located at the tip of a fiber and hence is a highly localized sensor. The sensor is made of robust, high-temperature dielectric materials and therefore has the potential to be used for many applications including measurements in harsh environments.
Working equations for piezoelectric actuators and sensors

A new solution to the force, displacements, and charges developed in piezoelectric beams is derived. Differing from previous solutions, this development determines the neutral axis where the bending strains are zero and results in a closed form solution (without matrix inversion). With the closed form, simplifications become evident which increase understanding and facilitate calculations. These equations are than expanded to account for axial, built-in strains in the beam. A design example where axial forces exerted by the piezoelectric layer are important is presented.
Effects of GK-101 (NMG) and Sodium Hypochlorite on Salivary Amylase Activity

A study was designed to assess the effects of the sodium salt of N-monochloroglycine (NMG) and sodium hypochlorite on the activity of salivary amylase. Concentrations of each agent were varied to determine the concentration at which the threshold and total inhibition of enzyme would be obtained. The data indicated that NMG at concentrations of 0.10% (w/v) does not affect amylase activity, whereas sodium hypochlorite at concentrations of 0.05% (w/v) totally inhibits salivary amylase activity.
The myopathy of statins

Statins are first-line drugs for prevention and treatment of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerotic disease. Despite the fact that statins are generally well tolerated and have a positive impact on human health, their myotoxic properties should keep physicians on alert. Mechanisms of statin-induced myopathy are still not fully understood. Phenotypic characteristics of patients, individual statin properties, and metabolic interaction with other drugs are important factors that may increase risk for statin myopathy. The lowest effective dose of statin should be used during treatment. Early recognition of myopathy and discontinuation of statin is critical in preventing serious sequelae such as rhabdomyolysis with all its complications.
Attempts to detect transgenic and endogenous plant DNA and transgenic protein in muscle from broilers fed YieldGard Corn Borer Corn

ABSTRACT Questions regarding the digestive fate of DNA and protein from transgenic grain have been raised in regard to human consumption and trade of animal products (e.g., meat, milk, and eggs) from farm animals fed transgenic crops. Using highly sensitive, fully characterized analytical methods, fragments of transgenic and endogenous plant DNA, as well as transgenic protein, were not detected in chicken breast muscle samples from animals fed YieldGard Corn Borer Corn event MON 810 (YG). Total DNA was extracted from breast muscle samples from chickens fed for 42 d with a diet including either 55 to 60% YG grain or 55 to 60% conventional corn grain. DNA preparations were analyzed by PCR followed by Southern blot hybridization for the presence of a 211-bp fragment of the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cry1Ab gene and a 213-bp fragment of the endogenous corn gene sh2 (encoding ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase). By using 1 microg of input DNA per reaction, none of the extracted samples was positive for cry1Ab or sh2 at the limit of detection for these PCR assays. A 396-bp fragment of the chicken ovalbumin (ov) gene, used as a positive control, was amplified from all samples showing that the DNA preparations were amenable to PCR amplification. By using a competitive immunoassay with a limit of detection of approximately 60 ng of CrylAb protein per gram of chicken muscle, neither the CrylAb protein nor immunoreactive peptide fragments were detectable in the breast muscle homogenates from chickens fed YG grain.