cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF GROWTH RATE AND LIMITING SUBSTRATE ON GLUCOSE METABOLISM IN ESCHERICHIA COLI.

Abstract Wright, D. N. (Iowa State University, Ames), and W. R. Lockhart. Effects of growth rate and limiting substrate on glucose metabolism in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 89:1082–1085. 1965.—Escherichia coli was grown in continuous culture at various rates in a defined medium with either glucose of (NH4)2SO4 as the rate-limiting substrate. Cellular content of polysaccharide (“glycogen”) is greater in cells grown under nitrogen limitation with glucose available in excess, and is greater in rapidly grown than in slowly grown cells. The ability of cells to carry on endogenous respiration, as measured by tetrazolium reduction, can be correlated with their glycogen content. In carbon-limited cultures, the proportion of substrate glucose diverted to glycogen production is least for cells grown slowly, which may reflect greater energy requirements for cell maintenance in such cultures. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (indicating function of a C-1 preferential pathway for glucose degradation) is greater in rapidly grown cells, confirming earlier observations in batch cultures. Activity of this enzyme is also greater in nitrogen-limited than in carbon-limited cells, suggesting that there may be catabolic repression of the Embden-Meyerhoff pathway when glucose is available in excess.
From segmentation to fragmentation

Attempts to contribute to the growing literature on postmodernism and marketing by addressing the changes in the market and the corresponding changes that have to take place in marketing strategies. Assesses the implications of postmodernism for marketing managers and other marketing practitioners, and proposes the marketing strategies that are needed to respond to the changes in the market with the growing influence of postmodernity. Discusses directions for future research.
Teachers’ Pedagogical Content Knowledge of Scientific Argumentation: The Impact of Professional Development on K–12 Teachers

One of the hallmarks of science and science education is the production of new knowledge about the natural world through objective argument and critique. Teach- ers' understanding of scientific argumentation impacts how they incorporate this important scientific practice into science classrooms. This study examined how three professional de- velopment workshop series grounded in authentic practice impacted 70 elementary, middle, and high school teachers' pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) for scientific argumen- tation. Data sources included pre- and postsurveys, videotapes of the workshops, artifacts produced by the teachers, and samples of student writing. Results from the analysis suggest that the workshops were successful in teachers' development of PCK for argumentation in relation to the structural components of students' science writing. However, the teachers also had a number of challenges. Specifically, teachers struggled with analyzing classroom discussions for both structural and dialogic characteristics of argumentation, had difficulty applying the reasoning component of argumentation to classroom practice, and found de- signing argumentation questions to be challenging. Finally, elementary teachers connected argumentation to other disciplines whereas high school teachers focused more on the sci- ence content. These challenges and differences between teachers should be considered in the design of future professional development and preservice teacher education. C � 2013
CHRONIC ANTIDEPRESSANT ADMINISTRATION INCREASES THE EXPRESSION OF CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN (CREB) IN RAT HIPPOCAMPUS

The present study demonstrates that chronic, but not acute, adminstration of several different classes of antidepressants, including serotonin- and norepinephrine-selective reuptake inhibitors, increases the expression of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) mRNA in rat hippocampus. In contrast, chronic administration of several nonantidepressant psychotropic drugs did not influence expression of CREB mRNA, demonstrating the pharmacological specificity of this effect. In situ hybridization analysis demonstrates that antidepressant administration increases expression of CREB mRNA in CA1 and CA3 pyramidal and dentate gyrus granule cell layers of the hippocampus. In addition, levels of CRE immunoreactivity and of CRE binding activity were increased by chronic antidepressant administration, which indicates that expression and function of CREB protein are increased along with its mRNA. Chronic administration of the phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors rolipram or papaverine also increased expression of CREB mRNA in hippocampus, demonstrating a role for the cAMP cascade. Moreover, coadministration of rolipram with imipramine resulted in a more rapid induction of CREB than with either treatment alone. Increased expression and function of CREB suggest that specific target genes may be regulated by these treatments. We have found that levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and trkB mRNA are also increased by administration of antidepressants or PDE inhibitors. These findings indicate that upregulation of CREB is a common action of chronic antidepressant treatments that may lead to regulation of specific target genes, such as BDNF and trkB, and to the long-term effects of these treatments on brain function.
Systematic Screening for Abnormal Urinary Constituents

A scheme is described for the systematic screening for amino acids and sugars in urine. High-voltage electrophoresis is used to separate amino acids, and thin-layer chromatography is used for sugar separation. In each case the separated constituents are stained and scanned in a densitometer, and a profile is constructed for comparison against normal profiles.
Alpha 4 integrin-induced cytokine production and eosinophil function.

The eosinophil α4 integrin receptor is likely to play an important role in eosinophil adhesion as well as signal transduction. In vitro studies have shown that triggering eosinophil α4 integrin induces GM-CSF and IL-3 release by eosinophils [5]. In vivo studies have shown that the eosinophil α4 integrin acts not only as a firm adhesion receptor, but also as a rolling receptor [68]. Preliminary studies of α4 models of asthma suggest that neutralizing antibodies to α4 inhibit eosinophil migration into the airway in some [52], but not all [1] models of asthma. Neutralizing antibodies to α4 improve airway function in some animal models of asthma in which eosinophil migration is only partially inhibited [1]. This suggests that the α4 antibodies may not only be inhibiting recruitment, but also activation of eosinophils. For example, in a sheep model of allergen-induced asthma, the anti-α4 integrin antibody HP 1/2 blocked late-phase airway changes and post-challenge airway hyperresponsiveness, but did not consistently alter the composition of leukocytes (including eosinophils) recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage is [1]. Because the anti-α-4 integrin antibody was also effective in reducing airway responsiveness following airway (as opposed to intravenous) administration, it may have functioned by inhibiting integrin-mediated cellular activation as opposed to inhibiting integrin-mediated adhesion. It is likely that several adhesion receptors other than VLA-4 are important to the pathogenesis of allergic inflammation. For example, in animal models of asthma, neutralizing antibodies to the adhesion molecules E-selectin [33] and ICAM [79] significantly reduce the airway inflammatory response. Therefore, future studies will determine the clinical utility of targeting α-4 integrin receptors in diseases associated with eosinophilic inflammation.
A Psychometric Review of Measures of Irrational Beliefs: Implications for Psychotherapy

In this study, measures of irrational beliefs based on the principles of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) were reviewed and contrasted based on psychometric characteristics and quality of guidelines for interpretation. The use of measures of irrational beliefs is an important component of the assessment of presenting problems in psychotherapy and may inform clinical decision making. Additionally, these measures are a helpful way to identify change in irrational beliefs and to measure the effectiveness of specific interventions to facilitate such change. While there are a number of measures of beliefs, there is considerable variability in their psychometric properties and utility for assessment. The majority of the tests are not produced by a publishing company, nor do they provide test manuals. The reliability and validity evidence presented in the publications varies considerably as do the size and quality of standardization samples, which impacts upon the ability to draw normative conclusions. Analyses demonstrated that most measures of irrational beliefs do not provide the evidence needed to adequately address the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing (Standards; American Educational Research Association [AERA], American Psychological Association [APA], National Council on Measurement in Education [NCME] 1999). Discussion of the implications of this review for the development of future measures of irrational thinking by researchers as well as recommendations in the test selection process for an REBT practitioner is offered.
An amplified mosquito dihydrofolate reductase gene: ampiicon size and chromosomal distribution

The dihydrofolate reductase amplicon in methotrexate-resistant mosquito cells provides an amplified gene in insects that can be compared directly to the corresponding amplified locus in mammalian cells. A cloned Aedes albopictus dihydrofolate reductase gene was used as a probe to examine the structure of dihydrofolate reductase alleles in sensitive and resistant cells. In wild type cells, two distinct alleles could be distinguished by restriction fragment length polymorphisms, one of which was amplified in methotrexate-resistant cells. Subsequent to amplification, an additional polymorphism at a ten base-pair XmnI recognition site indicated that the amplified mosquito gene is subject to genetic changes similar to those that have been described in amplified genes from mammalian cells. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used to determine that the minimum size of the mosquito dihydrofolate reductase amplicon was 140 kilobases; ethidium bromide staining patterns suggested a size of at least 233 kilobases. Dihydrofolate reductase probes hybridized to distinct locations in five of the thirteen chromosomes in Mtx-5011-128 cells, indicating that the amplified DNA probably occurs as tandem direct or inverted repeats.
Sparse disjointed recovery from noninflating measurements

Abstract We investigate the minimal number of linear measurements needed to recover sparse disjointed vectors robustly in the presence of measurement error. First, we analyze an iterative hard thresholding algorithm relying on a dynamic program computing sparse disjointed projections to upper-bound the order of the minimal number of measurements. Next, we show that this order cannot be reduced by any robust algorithm handling noninflating measurements. As a consequence, we conclude that there is no benefit in knowing the simultaneity of sparsity and disjointedness over knowing only one of these structures.
Treatment of benign positional vertigo using the semont maneuver: efficacy in patients presenting without nystagmus.

Objective: To evaluate and compare the efficacy of the Semont liberatory maneuver on objective benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) defined as vertigo with geotropic nystagmus in Dix-Hallpike positioning versus subjective BPPV defined as vertigo without nystagmus in Dix-Hallpike positioning. Study Design: Retrospective chart review. Methods: One hundred sixty-two patients with positional vertigo during Dix- Hallpike positioning were identified. Patients were evaluated for the presence or absence of nystagmus. All patients underwent the Semont liberatory maneuver. The patient's condition at follow-up was documented at 3 weeks as complete, partial, or failure. Repeated procedures were performed if necessary. Results: There were 127 cases of objective BPPV and 35 cases of subjective BPPV. Overall, 90% of all patients tested had significant improvement of their vertigo after 1.49 maneuvers on average. Improvement was seen in 91% of patients with objective BPPV after 1.59 maneuvers on average, compared with 86% in subjective BPPV after 1.13 maneuvers on average (X 2 test, not significant [P =.5]). Patients with a history of traumatic origin or cause had an overall success rate of 81% compared with 92% for nontraumatic causes or origins (X 2 test, not significant [P =.1]). Recurrences were seen in 29% of patients after a successful initial maneuver; however, 96% of these patients responded to further maneuvers. Four patients with persistent symptoms after conservative management underwent posterior semicircular canal occlusion with resolution of symptoms. Conclusion: The Semont liberatory maneuver provides relief of vertigo in patients with positional vertigo, even in patients without objective nystagmus.
Communication as an Aid to Resocialization: A Case Study of a Men’s Anger Group

This article is a case study of a men’s treatment group for batterers. The central question of the study asks how traditionally socialized men participate in a communicatively productive treatment ...
Cytokinin- and wound-inducible cytochrome P450 from Nicotiana plumbaginifolia

Two Nicotiana plumbaginifolia cDNA clones, CYP72A2 and npl2, with high sequence similarity to cytochrome P450 monooxygenases were isolated using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. CYP72A2 has an open reading frame of 1524 nucleotides and its deduced 508 amino acid sequence has 45% identity to Catharanthus roseus P450 CYP72A1. npl2 is similar to CYP72A2, except for an 82-nucleotide deletion within its coding region and an internal stop codon. Southern blot analysis indicated that there are at least 3 copies of the CYP72A2 gene and that they are induced at the RNA and protein levels by mechanical wounding, insect chewing (Manduca sexta) and cytokinin application. The response to feeding larvae and wounding was systemic. In N. plumbaginifolia plants transformed with a wound-inducible cytokinin biosynthesis gene construct (PI-II-ipt), gene induction in response to wounding and feeding insects occurred sooner and was generally higher than in untransformed plants. The modulation of CYP72A2 expression by cytokinins and the possible role of P450 in plant defense responses are discussed.
Temperature Ranges, Growth Optima, and Growth Rates of Spiroplasma ( Spiroplasmataceae , class Mollicutes ) Species

A new method was developed for determination of the doubling times of spiroplasmas. In this procedure, the time required for medium acidification of tubes in tenfold dilution series was recorded. Sixty-four spiroplasma strains, representing 24 groups and 11 subgroups, were studied. Eight strains representing putative new groups were also included in the study. Doubling times at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 32, 37, 41, and 43°C were determined. The range of temperatures for spiroplasma growth was 5°-41°C. Twenty-three spiroplasmas had optima of 30°C, 29 had optima of 32°C, and 13 had optima of 37°C. The fastest growing spiroplasma was the MQ-4 strain (group XI), with a doubling time at optimal temperature of 0.6 h. The slowest was the Jamaican corn stunt strain B655 (subgroup I-3), with an optimal doubling time of 36.7 h. Spiroplasma strain B31 (group IV) had the widest range (5°-41°C), while the DW-1 strain and some subgroup I-3 strains had the narrowest, growing only at 25° and 30°C. Some spiroplasmas grew well at 41°C, but none grew at 43°C. The ability of spiroplasmas to withstand a wide range of temperatures may reflect the conditions to which they are exposed in nature, including the temperatures of the insect, tick, and/or plant hosts in which they are carried and the plant surfaces from which they may be acquired by arthropods.
Pulmonary Cholesterol Crystal Embolization

Background Cholesterol crystal embolization (CCE) has been documented to affect nearly every organ system. However, CCE involving the lung is distinctly uncommon and has been documented only in the setting of an aortocaval fistula. Design A case at the Massachusetts General Hospital and a MEDLINE search of English-language medical articles published between 1966 and 1997 provide the basis for this report. Results The precipitants of CCE include invasive vascular procedures, anticoagulant therapy, and thrombolysis. The most common symptoms include claudication of the calf, gastrointestinal bleeding, and weight loss. The most common signs include livedo reticularis, gangrene, and ulcers. Azotemia, proteinuria, normocytic anemia, and eosinophilia often are found. Herein is described the first pathologically confirmed case of CCE to the lung in the absence of an arteriovenous fistula. Conclusion Pulmonary hemorrhage should now be included in the diverse list of presenting signs of CCE. Moreover, CCE should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary-renal syndromes.
Cornell and the Future of the Big Deal: An Interview with Ross Atkinson

Cornell University recently issued a faculty senate resolution that describes a “crisis in the cost of journals in the sciences and social sciences” that are unsustainable, due in large part to “the growing commercialization of scholarly publishing.” In this interview, Ross Atkinson, associate university librarian for collections at Cornell, discusses the reasons for and origin of the resolution and what Cornell's future plans are.
Navigating the Road to Autonomous Orbital Rendezvous

The fundamental techniques and approaches to orbital rendezvous have predominantly been defined by the United States and Russian space programs. Although both programs were initially pursuing the same goal, they chose two very distinct paths. Themanualmethod pursued by theUnited States has given it the capability to handle a variety of complex rendezvous and docking missions, whereas the Russians’ automated approach has come to symbolize efficiency and reliability. What is the reason that these two storied programs chose such different paths? How have these pioneering decisions affected the course of orbital rendezvous?Where is orbital rendezvous heading in the future? This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the programs,missions, and techniques that have set the standards for orbital rendezvous. In particular, it reveals the rationale and events behind the early engineering decisions regarding orbital rendezvous navigation systems, how they have come to influence ensuing programs, and why these traditional methods are beginning to be replaced by new autonomous approaches for current and future missions.
Seasonal acclimation to temperature and light in Laminaria longicruris de la Pyl. (Phaeophyta)

Abstract Growth and reproduction of Laminaria longicruris de la Pyl. gametophytes and growth of young sporophytes were investigated every 2 months under crossed gradients of light (5–70 μmol · m −2 · s −1 ) and temperature (5–25 °C). The primary factor regulating the germination of meiospores, vegetative growth of gametophytes and sporophytes, and sexual reproduction in gametophytes was temperature. Seasonal acclimation responses were observed. Germination of meiospores at 5°C decreased from 85–93% in January to 50–61 % in July. Germination at 25 °C (1–3% throughout the year) increased in July (16–68%) as ambient water temperatures increased. Optimal growth temperatures for gametophytes were 10–15 °C in March, increasing to 15–20 °C in July. Male and female gametophytes only grew at 25 °C in July. Growth of sporophytes was optimal at 10–15 °C in all months; lowest growth occurred in January, July and October with highest growth occurring in December and March. Sporophytes were produced at 20 °C in all months except January. Specific growth rates of 5 °C-acclimated sporophytes were highest (13–14% · day −1 ) at 10–15 °C; optimal growth of 15 °C-acclimated plants occurred at 5 °C (10% · day −1 ). The upper temperature limit for reproduction in gametophytes was higher in gametophytes derived from recently released meiospores than for material that had been maintained in storage culture for a period of time.
Serine319 and 321 Are Functional in Isocitrate Lyase from Escherichia coli

With site-directed mutagenesis, Ser319 and Ser321 in conserved stretch 3 of tetrameric isocitrate lyase from Escherichia coli were each substituted with alanine, cysteine, asparagine, or threonine in addition to simultaneous alanine/alanine substitutions. Besides their absolute conservation in all aligned isocitrate lyase sequences, the location of these serine residues, which flank a completely conserved proline, had been suggested in the active site in previous research by studies of photoinactivation of the enzyme by vanadate [Ko et al. (1992) J Biol Chem 267:91]. All substitutions for Ser321 and 319 except by threonine appreciably reduced the kcat of E. coli isocitrate lyase relative to that for wild-type (100) as follows: S319A, 0.4; S319C, 0.05; S319N, 0.01; S319T, 32.3; S321A, 2.9; S321C, 0.3; S321N, 0.1; S321T, 0.3; and S319A/S321A, 0, with little or no effect on the Km for the substrate Mg2+-Ds-isocitrate. The most active variant S319T exhibited threefold less activity than the wild-type enzyme; all variants assembled into tetramers. The S319T mutant isocitrate lyase was 100-fold more active than the S321T variant. This observation suggests that the requirement for a β-hydroxymethyl group of serine in catalysis is less important at position 319 than at position 321. Although most singly substituted variants had very low isocitrate lyase activity, all variants harboring mutant isocitrate lyase of very low activity did grow on acetate as a sole carbon source albeit with longer doubling times and lag phases. Substitution of Pro320 by Ala, Asp, Gly, or His was highly detrimental to activity and increased the Km for substrate 3.5- to 8-fold; this suggests that Pro fixes the location of adjacent Ser OH groups and facilitates substrate binding and catalysis. From these collective results, it is proposed that Ser319 and Ser321 are involved in E. coli isocitrate lyase catalysis, perhaps by stabilizing the postulated reaction intermediate succinate trianion in the aci-carboxylate form and the related transition state via hydrogen bonding.
Design and optical performance of beryllium assessment mirrors

Beryllium mirrors, approximately 19.8 cm x 8.8 cm in size, were designed, procured, and evaluated. The mirrors are off-axis rectangular segments of an f/1 paraboloid. These segments, which are the primary mirrors in a Cassegrainian telescope design, are lightweighted and incorporate a stress-free mounting technique which minimizes post-assembly alignment. Upon delivery, the mirrors were characterized to determine their compliance with the figure, scatter, reflectance, and dimensional specifications.
Uptake and Release of d‐Aspartate, GABA, and Glycine in Guinea Pig Brainstem Auditory Nuclei

This study attempts to determine if the medial (MSO) and lateral superior olive (LSO), medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB), ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL), and central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICc) contain glutamatergic synaptic endings. Micropunch and microdissection procedures provided fresh samples of these auditory nuclei for the measurement of the high-affinity uptake and electrically evoked release of exogenous D-[ 3 H] ASP. The study also determined if the LSO and MSO contain glycinergic synaptic endings by measuring uptake and release of [ 14 C]Gly in these nuclei, and whether the MNTB, VNLL, and ICc contain GABAergic endings by assessing the uptake and release of [ 14 C]GABA in these structures. Several strategies optimized the evoked Ca 2+ -dependent release of the labeled amino acids. These included the enhancement of high-affinity uptake during loading of the markers into the tissues, inhibition of uptake during the subsequent measurement of release, and use of an electrical stimulus current that evoked maximal Ca 2+ -dependent release. Each of these nuclei manifested the high-affinity uptake and the evoked Ca 2+ -dependent release of D-[ 3 H]Asp, suggesting the presence of synaptic endings that may use Glu or Asp as a transmitter. Similar findings suggest the presence of glycinergic synaptic endings in the LSO and MSO, and of GABAergic synaptic endings in the MNTB, VNLL, and ICc
Efficacy of diclofenac in osteoarthritis experience in the United States

The role of diclofenac sodium in patients with symptomatic osteoarthritis of the hip or knee has been evaluated in five prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled trials with placebo, aspirin, and naproxen conducted in the United States. The objectives were to evaluate efficacy, tolerability, and safety. In these trials, diclofenac, 100 or 150 mg daily, was more effective than aspirin, 2.4 or 3.6 g daily, and as effective as naproxen, 500 mg daily. In individual trials, there were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of adverse effects between treatment groups. For all trials combined, the dropout rate due to adverse effects was similar for each treatment group. The dropout rate because of an unsatisfactory response was lowest for patients treated with diclofenac.
Base composition heterogeneity of Euglena gracilis chloroplast DNA

Euglena gracilis chloroplast DNA has an average buoyant density of 1.685 gm/cm3, corresponding to 25 mol% G . C base pairs. To test for base compositional heterogeneity within this 130 kilobase pairs (kbp) genome, previously mapped restriction endonuclease fragments were isolated, and characterized by equilibrium buoyant density centrifugation. The chloroplast DNA can be characterized as containing two major buoyant density components. A segment of 17 kbp, representing 13% of the genome and containing the rRNA genes is 43--44 mol% G . C. The remaining 113 kbp, accounting for 87% of the genome, has an average 20--21 mol% G . C content.
Ionization of Organic Molecules Using Coherent Vacuum Ultraviolet Light

Third harmonic generation in xenon was used to produce vacuum ultraviolet light at a fixed wavelength of 118 nm. These photons were able to ionize a number of organic molecules with negligible yields of fragmentation ions. This method yielded far simpler mass spectra than those utilizing electron impact ionization. Absolute photoionization cross sections were measured for six organic compounds at 118.2 nm.
Paralysis by analysis: Is your planning system becoming too rational?

During the past three years, we have been involved in a study of strategic planning processes in several financial and commercial organizations. Our findings, when combined with insight gathered from consulting relationships, reveal a disconcerting trend. With increasing frequency we have observed a variety of bureaucratic processes within organizations and technical developments from without that are causing many planning processes to become too rational. By this we mean a condition in which the strategic planning process has become inflexible, formalized and excessively quantitative. In this state, the planning system seems to develop an inertia all of its own that can stifle creative thought and frustrate the most able managers. It appears to be a major contributor to the disenchantment experienced by many line and staff members for whom planning has lost its glow.
Comparison of properties of collected cells and cells from the culture vessel during continuous culture of Streptococcus mutans Ingbritt.

In continuous-culture studies chemostat effluents are usually collected into a receiving flask in an ice bath to obtain enough cells for an experiment. It is assumed that the properties of these are not significantly different from those of the culture in the chemostat vessel. This assumption has been tested for the dental pathogen Streptococcus mutans Ingbritt. Collected supernatant fluid and cells were compared with supernatant fluid and cells taken directly from the culture vessel, for four major groups of culture properties: viability and biomcss, concentrations of metabolites and nutrients, activities of selected enzymes, and glycolytic rates. The assumption held true except for glycolytic rate during endogenous metabolism. It is suggested that comparison of collected and culture vessel cells is an important control which should be done in all continuous culture studies of microbial physiology and biochemistry, but that the properties of Strep, mutans cells collected on ice up to 16 h do reflect those of cells actively growing in the chemostat.
Comparison of the effects of combination diuretic therapy with oral hydrochlorothiazide or intravenous chlorothiazide in patients receiving intravenous furosemide therapy for the treatment of heart failure.

Study Objective To compare the effects of combination diuretic therapy with oral hydrochlorothiazide or intravenous chlorothiazide added to background intravenous loop diuretic therapy among patients hospitalized with heart failure. Design Single-center, retrospective review. Setting Cardiovascular hospital within a university-affiliated teaching institution. Patients Eighty-two patients hospitalized for heart failure between September 1, 2009, and August 31, 2011, who were receiving background intravenous furosemide therapy (total daily dose ≥ 160 mg); of those patients, 28 patients also received oral hydrochlorothiazide (median dose 25 mg [interquartile range 25–50 mg]), and 54 patients also received intravenous chlorothiazide (median dose 500 mg [interquartile range 250–750 mg]). Measurements and Main Results The primary outcome was change in 24-hour urine output. Urine output was recorded from the 24 hours before and after the first administration of either oral hydrochlorothiazide or intravenous chlorothiazide. Baseline characteristics, with the exception of female sex (p=0.01) and home loop diuretic dose (p=0.03), were similar between groups. Twenty-four–hour urine output before administration of the thiazide diuretic was not significantly different between groups. After treatment, 24-hour urine output increased in both groups; however, urine output increased to a lesser extent with oral hydrochlorothiazide (from mean ± SD 2104 ± 830 ml to 3038 ± 917 ml) than with intravenous chlorothiazide (from 2342 ± 978 ml to 4128 ± 1755 ml) (p=0.005). Hypokalemia occurred frequently in both groups: 71.4% and 83.3% in the oral hydrochlorothiazide and intravenous chlorothiazide groups, respectively (p=0.21). Conclusion Among hospitalized patients with heart failure receiving intravenous loop diuretics, the addition of either oral hydrochlorothiazide or intravenous chlorothiazide augmented diuresis. Urine output increased to a greater extent with intravenous chlorothiazide compared with oral hydrochlorothiazide. However, given the positive response observed, ease of administration, and lower drug cost, oral hydrochlorothiazide should still be considered as an option for combination diuretic therapy in this patient population.
The sources of oxidative stress in the vessel wall

The sources of oxidative stress in the vessel wall. The activities of multiple oxidases, including Nox oxidases, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), xanthine oxidase, cytochrome P450, cyclooxygenase, and mitochondria can contribute to the generation of oxidant species in the vessel wall. Each of these systems has specific mechanisms controlling oxidase activity and roles in physiologic or pathophysiologic regulation. The NAD(P)H cellular redox systems have major roles in controlling oxidase activities, the metabolism of oxidant species, and signaling systems regulated by these species. The Nox oxidases have unique roles in oxidant signaling because they are a basal source of superoxide production in vascular cells, which are subject to regulation by receptor activation, stimuli such as stretch, and metabolic stress such as hypoxia.
'De Kleene Soll Tanzen!' The Death of the Dancer in Gerhart Hauptmann's Und Pippa Tanzt!

AbstractThis article focuses on the figure of the dancer and her dance in Gerhart Hauptmann's 1906 play Und Pippa tanzt. A close consideration of the play's two dance scenes is necessary to understand the title figure and the tragic ending of the play. Dance is connected both to the erotic and to the creative process, and both connections serve as possible motivations for Pippa's death. As the dancer becomes an alternative artist figure to the poet-seer Michel Hellriegel, the play reflects on the relationship of the material and the imagination, as well as on aesthetic tendencies at the beginning of the twentieth century.
Intranuclear glycogen deposits in human cardiac muscle cells: ultrastructure and cytochemistry.

Abstract Ultrastructural and cytochemical studies of myocardial biopsies disclosed the presence of glycogen deposits within nuclei of hypertrophied and normal-sized cardiac muscle cells in 6 (7%) of 90 patients with various cardiac diseases. Intranuclear glycogen appeared as β-particles, 160 to 360 A in diameter, which either formed small aggregates or were dispersed in the nucleoplasm. Cells containing intranuclear glycogen did not show damage or degeneration. Glycogen particles in the cytoplasm of these cells were of the same size and appearance as those in the nuclei. Criteria for the ultrastructural identification of intranuclear glycogen are proposed, and it concluded that under certain conditions the nuclei of cardiac muscle cells can acquire the capacity to synthesize glycogen.
Career and Technical Education as Pathways: Factors Influencing Postcollege Earnings of Selected Career Clusters

This study investigated the relationship between student characteristics such as gender, race/ethnicity, program of study, degree completion, and earnings outcomes for students enrolled in career and technical education (CTE) programs within the business, information technology (IT), and marketing career clusters in community colleges to determine which variables lead to improved earnings for these students. It draws upon data from the Iowa Department of Education (IDE), Iowa Workforce Development (IWD), and the National Student Clearinghouse (NSC). The study found that gender has the strongest influence on earnings for all three of the career clusters, with women earning less in all three. However, this plays out differently between the three clusters. Women who complete degrees in business and marketing earn less even than men who enroll in these programs without completing degrees. However, women who complete associate degrees in IT have an increase in earnings that is higher than that of men and have ...
Selective cell-cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis in proliferating neural cells by ganglioside GM3.

Abstract Control of cell proliferation and cell survival is critical during development of the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS). Much of the cell death seen during early stages of CNS development occurs through apoptosis; however, the factors that induce this early apoptosis are not clearly understood. Gangliosides, sialylated glycosphingolipids, are expressed in the CNS and have been proposed to regulate cell growth and differentiation. Here we show that the simple ganglioside GM3 selectively inhibits the proliferation of and induces apoptosis of actively dividing astrocyte precursors and other neural progenitors. The inhibition of astrocyte precursor proliferation by GM3 appears to be mediated in part by the cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p27 Kip1 . During neonatal development there is extensive cell proliferation and little apoptosis in the ventricular and subventricular zones of the CNS. This proliferation was dramatically inhibited and the degree of apoptosis dramatically increased following intraventricular administration of GM3. These data suggest that GM3, a simple ganglioside, may regulate cell proliferation and death in the CNS and as such may have potential for brain tumor therapy.
Arthritic syndromes that defy diagnosis.

The catalogue of diseases and syndromes that af ict the supporting structures of the body contains more than 100 diagnoses. Many of these are names of convenience, grouping seemingly related symptoms and signs that often occur in conjunction as a single diagnostic entity. Rheumatoid arthritis, the sine qua non of rheumatology, and osteoarthritis, the most prevalent joint disorder, are cases in point. Common features on presentation account for the classi cations, but for rheumatoid arthritis, the cause or causes remain puzzling and the differences in course, prognosis, and ages of patients may suggest different etiologies. For osteoarthritis, the  nal common pathway of af ictions of the joints, the contentious issue remains why only a proportion develops symptoms of a severity that requires intervention. Some others among the rheumatic diseases are more distinct, united by shared epiphenomena and immunologic or molecular abnormalities. However, the most prevalent rheumatic symptoms remain self-reported chronic pains and associated self-reported features, such as cognitive dysfunction, sleep disturbances, tiredness bordering on fatigue and a variety of bowel dysfunctions. There are no organic  ndings to back up these contentions, but they assuredly are self-perceived by those reporting them and have resulted in some labels:  bromyalgia, myofascial pain syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, and others that may include Gulf War illnesses. In many cases, physicians diagnose the disorders by these labels and may succumb to post hoc ergo propter hoc reasoning to assign causation. The event preceding the onset, whether it be an accident, a breast implant or problematic exposure to vaccines or chemicals, de nes the complaints and is assumed to be responsible for them. For this conclusion there is enthusiastic acclamation from so-called support groups that usually have the category in their name and in
Legislation Targeting Sex Offenders: Are Recent Policies Effective in Reducing Rape?

In recent years, several pieces of state and federal legislation have imposed new restrictions on convicted sex offenders, including registration with law enforcement agencies, community notification provisions, and sexually violent predator designations permitting civil commitment following a prison sentence. This paper uses panel data for the American states for the years 1970–2002 to assess the impact of these policies on the rate at which rapes occur. Our research finds no evidence that our current policies reduce the incidence of rape.
Production of a white wine and a protein-rich soy flour by yeast fermentation of soybean slurry, soybean milk and the whey from tofu production

A dry white wine with an alcoholic content of 10 to 14% v/v was produced by yeast fermentation of slurried ground soybeans, soybean milk and whey from tofu production. Wines from whey and soybean milk were judged by a 20 member taste panel to be acceptable and comparable to a commercial chablis control. Chemical analysis indicated that the high fat and protein contents of soybeans do not cause a problem in the production of wines from soybeans as the lipids and proteins are precipitated by the acid and alcohol formed during the fermentation. The less recovered following fermentation were dehydrated and ground to a flour having an enriched protein content due to the yeasts and an improved flavor resulting from the yeast fermentation.
The effect of ionizing radiation on the interfering property of influenza virus.

Abstract The inactivation of the interfering property of the Melbourne strain of influenza virus by 2 Mev electrons, 4.18 Mev deuterons, and 8.1 Mev alpha particles has been studied. All samples were irradiated dry and target theory applied to determine the radiation-sensitive volume associated with this activity. When so analyzed the interfering unit has a radiation-sensitive volume of approximately 2 × 106 A3. The equivalent molecular weight is 1,600,000. It is a very small part of the virus and appears to have one thin dimension. There is no difference in radiation sensitivity between the interfering unit in “standard passage” virus and “second undiluted passage” virus. Radiation parameters were the same whether active Mel, NWS, or Lee virus were used as the challenging agent, and whether interference was assayed by measuring the rate of intramembranous hemagglutinin or complement fixing antigen production, or the liberated virus.
Multisite-multivariable sensitivity analysis of distributed watershed models: Enhancing the perceptions from computationally frugal methods

This paper assesses the impact of different likelihood functions in identifying sensitive parameters of the highly parameterized, spatially distributed Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) watershed model for multiple variables at multiple sites. The global one-factor-at-a-time (OAT) method of Morris was used for sensitivity analysis of streamflow, combined nitrate (NO3) and nitrite (NO2) fluxes, and total phosphorous (TP) at five gage stations in a primarily agricultural watershed in the Midwestern United States. The Morris method was analyzed for 36 combinations of informal likelihood functions, gage stations, and SWAT model output responses, including relative error mass balance (BIAS), Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) coefficient, and root mean square error (RMSE) for peak and low fluxes, and one formal likelihood function that aggregates information content from multiple sites and multiple variables using 65 SWAT parameters. The correlation between sensitivity measures from different likelihood functions was also assessed using the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Sensitivity of parameters using different likelihood functions was highly variable, although sensitivity of streamflow and TP showed a high correlation. A stronger correlation between sensitivity of nutrient fluxes at the upstream stations as well as the stations closer to the watershed outlets was evident. Comparison of the combined rank of parameters from informal likelihood functions and the ranks obtained from the formal likelihood function confirmed formal likelihood function ability to effectively identify both sensitive and insensitive parameters with less computational and analysis burden. Uncertainty analysis of the Morris results using bootstrap replications showed that both formal and informal likelihood functions identified sensitive parameters with high confidence.
The Determinants of Human Behavior

ONE of the most confusing aspects of anthropology for both student and instructor in the social sciences is a lack of clear discrimination among the most basic and frequently used concepts. In particular, "social" and "cultural" are often employed as though they were close synonyms which might as well be used interchangeably, or replaced simply by "sociocultural" (e.g., Kroeber 1948: 7-10). The fact that "social structure" and "social system" refer in most texts to cultural constructs for group behavior plays no small part in maintaining the confusion. The continued general use of "social" for both concepts, even by some anthropologists, is reenforced by, and adds to, general vagueness. The attempt to be more precise, however, must be more than a mere reification of the historical interests of somewhat artificial departments. Precision should increase both the explanatory power and the objective independence of the categories. In this paper, then, a critical consideration of one of the most recent attempts to distinguish these concepts will be followed by a discussion of a possibly more useful set of distinctions. The distinction between culture and society agreed upon by Kroeber and Parsons (1958) seems currently accepted by many anthropologists. They feel that "culture" should be confined in meaning: ". .. restricting its reference to transmitted and created content and patterns of values, ideas, and other symbolic meaningful systems of factors in the shaping of human behavior and the artifacts produced through behavior." On the other hand they propose: "... society-or more generally, social system-be used to designate the specifically relational system of interaction among individuals or collectivities." But there is more hidden than exposed here. First, this definition includes implicitly the opinion of many sociologists and "structuralists" who see culture as referring only to the ideal patterns of behavior and not to the objective behavior itself (e.g., Williams 1951:33-34); and, secondly, the definition implies that culture is learned, while actual objective behavior is primarily biosocial, instinctive adaptation which, given a few variables, can be universalistically described. In this respect it is significant that Kroeber and Parsons go on to say: "One indication of the independence of the two [culture and society] is the existence of highly organized insect societies with at best a minimal rudimentary component of culture in our present narrower sense." Yet as Count (1958:1051-53, 1073-75) points out, insect societies are not at all of the same nature as vertebrate societies-the first consisting of physiologically defined complementary roles and the other primarily of learned complementary roles. For human beings, physiological differences in role determination seem confined to a rela-
The Development of Attitudes About Physical Punishment: An 8-Year Longitudinal Study

We examined young adolescents' endorsement of parental use of corporal punishment to elucidate processes underlying the intergenerational transmission of discipline strategies. The community sample was ethnically and socioeconomically diverse. Mothers completed interviews and questionnaires when the target children were entering kindergarten (n = 566) and in 6th and 8th grades. Adolescents completed questionnaires when they were in 8th grade (n = 425). Adolescents' attitudes about corporal punishment varied widely. Those adolescents who had been spanked by their own mothers were more approving of this discipline method, regardless of the overall frequency, timing, or chronicity of physical discipline they had received. However, there was no correlation among adolescents for whom physical maltreatment in early or middle childhood was suspected.
Herbicide treatments to renovate toxic endophyte infected tall fescue pastures with 'Jesup' MaxQ.

Forage producers need more efficient, less risky, and cost-effective strategies for replacing existing stands of toxic endophyte infected (E+) grass. This study addressed the efficacy of E+ tall fescue [Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh. = Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort =] control using available herbicides, differing herbicide application timings, and weed control techniques and assessed the survival of E+ seed during the summer after it was produced. Two small-plot experiments near Blairsville and Watkinsville, GA, evaluated herbicide chemistry and compared different application protocols for glyphosate at different time intervals (0, 2, 4, and 6 wk) to the use of a summer annual smother crop between split applications of glyphosate. Glyphosate allowed fewer E+ escapes than the other herbicides tested. Split applications of glyphosate at 6 wk before planting and again 1 d before planting resulted in successful eradication of the E+ tall fescue stand, fewer weeds, and a successfully established stand of nontoxic endophyte infected (NT) tall fescue. In a separate experiment at Blairsville and Watkinsville, 7.4 and 8.5 seeds per 100 seeds produced, respectively, were found to be germinable and with viable endophyte despite exposure to ambient conditions on the canopy floor in 2004. Thus, spring suppression of E+ tall fescue seedheads could reduce the risk of remnant toxic E+ seed. In field-scale tests of the developed protocol [spring suppression of seedheads and a split application of glyphosate (6-wk interval) before an autumn planting], E+ tall fescue stands were destroyed successfully and renovated with a NT tall fescue with a range of E+ escapes being only 0.5 to 2.5%.