cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulating protein degradation by ubiquitination

Abstract Ubiquitination and ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation play key roles in many cellular processes, including cell-cycle progression, gene vanscription and signal transduction. Dysregulated ubiquitination contributes to malignant transformation, and oncogenic counterparts of normally ubiquitinated protects are resistant to ubiquitination. Here, Allan Weissman summarizes recent advances in our understanding of this modification, emphasizing developments in higher eukarytoles.
Benign encephalopathy of pregnancy. Preliminary clinical observations.

– A survey of 67 pregnancies in 51 professional women (physicians, psychologists, nurses, administrators, etc.) revealed the occurrence of symptoms of cognitive dysfunction such as forgetfulness, disorientation, confusion and reading difficulties in 28 pregnancies occurring in 21 women. These were unrelated to such factors as age of delivery, percentage weight gain, the baby's sex or birth weight, alcohol consumption, smoking, a history of migraine or allergy or other symptoms occurring during pregnancy such as sleepiness and lack of concentration, irritability, loss of interest in job or nightmares. Nor was there any correlation with hypertension, proteinuria, glycosuria, ketonuria, anemia, or morning sickness. Furthermore, these cognitive disturbances were not related to depression or sleep deprivation. Despite these symptoms, none of the women suffering from them were forced to interrupt their professional activities during pregnancy. The syndrome of benign encephalopathy of pregnancy should be recognized so that simple precautions can be taken to prevent any interference with professional or other activities. The etiology of the syndrome is unknown.
Photoreceptors of Bryozoan Larvae (Cheilostomata, Cellularioidea)

The ultrastructure of potential photoreceptors in larvae of Tricellaria occidentalis and four species of Bugula is described and compared with previously reported photoreceptors in larvae of Bugula neritina and Scrupocellaria bertholetti. A single sensory cell forms the functional unit of each photoreceptor. This cell is distinguished by a concentration of pigment vesicles in its apical part, a direct connection with the nervous system, and a large number of cilia that form the photoreceptoral organelle. These cilia have axonemes morphologically identical to those of motile cilia. The membranes of sensory cilia are unbeaded and qualitatively less osmophilic than those of the motile cilia of adjacent accessory and coronal cells. Three photoreceptor types are designated based on topological complexity: Type I, in which the sensory cell is flush with adjacent coronal cells and the photoreceptoral organelle is unprotected; Type II, in which the apical surface of the sensory cell is invaginated, forming a lumen containing the photoreceptoral organelle; and Type III, in which the sensory cell is at the base of an epidermal invagination and the photoreceptoral organelle is protected in a lumen formed by the sensory cell and accessory cells. There is a greater range of morphological variation among photoreceptors in larvae of Bugula spp. than between those of two species of the related genera Scrupocellaria and Tricellaria.
Identification and Estimation of Econometric Models with Group Interactions, Contextual Factors and Fixed Effects

This paper considers identification and estimation of structural interaction effects in a social interaction model. The model allows unobservables in the group structure, which may be correlated with included regressors. We show that both the endogenous and exogenous interaction effects can be identified if there are sufficient variations in group sizes. We consider the estimation of the model by the conditional maximum likelihood and instrumental variables methods. For the case with large group sizes, the possible identification can be weak in the sense that the estimates converge in distribution at low rates.
The Value of Unit Price Information

When unit prices were posted on separate shelf tags in a supermarket, consumer expenditures decreased by 1%. When unit prices were displayed also on an organized list, consumer savings were 3%. In ...
An unusual position of a Swan-Ganz catheter.

Placement of a Swan-Ganz catheter can cause many complications. This case report presents a new complication of Swan-Ganz catheter insertion-placement of the Swan-Ganz catheter tip in the coronary sinus.
Knowledge-driven interactions with services across ad hoc networks

Service oriented computing, with its aim of unhindered interoperability, is an appropriate paradigm for ad hoc networks, which are characterized by physical mobility of heterogenous hosts and by the absence of standardized application level protocols. The decoupled nature of computing in ad hoc networks can result in disconnections at inopportune times during the client-service interaction process. We introduce the notion of a priori selection of services to reduce the likelihood of disconnection during service usage. A client may specify the times when it requires certain services. A knowledge base of the physical motion profiles of various service providers is used to select instances of a service that are co-located with the client at the required time and least likely to disconnect. A system for constructing the knowledge base is presented in this paper, along with the implementation details and the algorithm used to determine the service usage pattern.
Fusion rings and geometry

The algebraic structure of fusion rings in rational conformal field theories is analyzed in detail in this paper. A formalism which closely parallels classical tools in the study of the cohomology of homogeneous spaces is developed for fusion rings, in general, and for current algebra theories, in particular. It is shown that fusion rings lead to a natural orthogonal polynomial structure. The rings are expressed through generators and relations. The relations are then derived from some potentials leading to an identification of the fusion rings with deformations of affine varieties. In general, the fusion algebras are mapped to affine varieties which are the locus of the relations. The connection with modular transformations is investigated in this picture. It is explained how chiral algebras, arising inN=2 superconformal field theory, can be derived from fusion rings. In particular, it is argued that theories of the typeSU(N) k /SU(n−1) are theN=2 counterparts of Grassmann manifolds and that there is a natural identification of the chiral fields with Schubert varieties, which is a graded algebra isomorphism.
Social security and the labor supply of older married couples

Abstract This paper provides estimates of the impact of social security benefits on the labor force behavior of older married couples in the United States, with the ‘spouse benefit’ provision receiving particular attention. The empirical results using data from the Retirement History Survey show that the spouse benefit provision has a moderately small negative impact on labor force participation by older married women and a small positive impact on the labor force participation of older married men. The results are used to evaluate the potential labor supply impact of a proposal to eliminate spouse benefits and replace them with earnings sharing.
Axial dispersion and heat transfer in liquid‐liquid spray towers

A radioptracer technique was utilized to measure axial dispersion in both phases in spray towers operated at and near flooding. A new method that exhibits certain advantages over methods employed in the past is presented for reducing such data. It is demonstrated that axial dispersion in flooded and near-flooded spray towers is sufficiently severe to control completely their performance as heat exchangers.
Allocentric cues do not always improve whole body reaching performance

The aim of this investigation was to gain further insight into control strategies used for whole body reaching tasks. Subjects were requested to step and reach to remembered target locations in normal room lighting (LIGHT) and complete darkness (DARK) with their gaze directed toward or eccentric to the remembered target location. Targets were located centrally at three different heights. Eccentric anchors for gaze direction were located at target height and initial target distance, either 30° to the right or 20° to the left of target location. Control trials, where targets remained in place, and remembered target trials were randomly presented. We recorded movements of the hand, eye and head, while subjects stepped and reached to real or remembered target locations. Lateral, vertical and anterior–posterior (AP) hand errors and eye location, and gaze direction deviations were determined relative to control trials. Final hand location errors varied by target height, lighting condition and gaze eccentricity. Lower reaches in the DARK compared to the LIGHT condition were common, and when matched with a tendency to reach above the low target, help explain more accurate reaches for this target in darkness. Anchoring the gaze eccentrically reduced hand errors in the AP direction and increased errors in the lateral direction. These results could be explained by deviations in eye locations and gaze directions, which were deemed significant predictors of final reach errors, accounting for a 17–47% of final hand error variance. Results also confirmed a link between gaze deviations and hand and head displacements, suggesting that gaze direction is used as a common input for movement of the hand and body. Additional links between constant and variable eye deviations and hand errors were common for the AP direction but not for lateral or vertical directions. When combined with data regarding hand error predictions, we found that subjectsȁ9 alterations in body movement in the AP direction were associated with AP adjustments in their reach, but final hand position adjustments were associated with gaze direction alterations for movements in the vertical and horizontal directions. These results support the hypothesis that gaze direction provides a control signal for hand and body movement and that this control signal is used for movement direction and not amplitude.
Emission cross section of NII lines produced by electron impact on nitrogen

Abstract Cross sections have been measured for the emission of the NII lines when excited by electron impact on N 2 in the energy range 150 eV to 4 KeV. The energy behavior of all the lines is the same and is similar to the total ionization cross section of N 2 and the N + 2 first negative band emission cross section above 600 eV electron energy.
Glaciers melt as mountains warm: a graphical case study

For the 2006 ASA Data Exposition we created graphics that, in the legacy of John Tukey, tried to “force the unexpected upon us” (Tukey in Proceedings of the 18th conference on design of experiments in Army research and development I, Washington, 1972). The data were geographic and meteorological measurements taken every month for 6 years on a coarse 24 by 24 grid covering Central America. Using conventional static graphics and some less conventional interactive graphics, we were able to find expected features in the data, such as seasonal patterns, spatial correlations, and El Nino events, as well as some more surprising results, several of which were corroborated by stories in the news.
Muscarinic antagonists attenuate dizocilpine-induced hypermotility in mice.

Pretreatment of mice with the muscarinic receptor antagonists scopolamine and atropine attenuated the hypermotility (but not the depression of rearing) induced by a low dose of dizocilpine maleate [(+)-MK-801; 0.1 mg/kg, i.p.], a non-competitive NMDA antagonist. In contrast, the muscarinic blockers failed to affect hypermotility induced by equieffective doses of phencyclidine (1 mg/kg, i.p.) or d-amphetamine (2 mg/kg, i.p.). These results suggest differences between the mechanism of behavioral activation produced by dizocilpine and phencyclidine, and demonstrate the potential of muscarinic blockade for diminishing the behavioral toxicity of NMDA antagonists.
Negative K -theory of derived categories

We define negative K-groups for exact categories and for ``derived categories'' in the framework of Frobenius pairs, generalizing definitions of Bass, Karoubi, Carter, Pedersen-Weibel and Thomason. We prove localization and vanishing theorems for these groups. Devissage (for noetherian abelian categories), additivity, and resolution hold. We show that the first negative K-group of an abelian category vanishes, and that, in general, negative K-groups of a noetherian abelian category vanish. Our methods yield an explicit non-connective delooping of the K-theory of exact categories and chain complexes, generalizing constructions of Wagoner and Pedersen-Weibel. Extending a theorem of Auslander and Sherman, we discuss the K-theory homotopy fiber of e⊕→ e and its implications for negative K-groups. In the appendix, we replace Waldhausen's cylinder functor by a slightly weaker form of non-functorial factorization which is still sufficient to prove his approximation and fibration theorems.
Assessing Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior Toward Charismatic Megafauna: The Case of Dolphins

Using concept maps, a Kellert-type (S. R. Kellert, 1985) inventory, and self-report behavioral items, this cross-age study assessed public knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors toward bottlenose dolphins. Results suggest that this important megafaunal species is poorly understood by the public at large, and that negative "utilitarian" attitudes and potentially harmful behaviors are widespread, except among well-educated college students who have benefited by direct instruction. Researchers are encouraged to undertake companion studies on other species.
The Presence of a Therapy Dog Results in Improved Object Recognition Performance in Preschool Children

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to determine whether the presence of a dog would have an impact on object recognition memory performance of preschool children. This work represents an extension of previous research which found that preschoolers require fewer instructional prompts to complete this type of memory task when in the presence of a dog. If children require fewer instructional prompts it is possible that they are better able to focus on the task itself and as a result, improved memory performance is likely. Because the earlier experiment utilized a very simple version of the task that was readily completed by the preschool children, the overall performance data were at ceiling. The current study, involving 20 preschool children, included a manipulation of task difficulty through varying the number of distracters (one versus four) present at test. Increasing the number of distractors in a simple recognition task is known to make that task more challenging, and thus performance was expected t...
High CRP with “normal” cognition A resilient phenotype in old age

Most persons exhibit some degree of cognitive decline in old age. This has led to intense efforts to identify factors that distinguish persons who are at higher or lower risk for developing dementia. C-reactive protein (CRP), synthesized in the liver, was first identified as a nonspecific acute phase reactant to a wide range of …
Structure and Properties of Li+(Cryptand [2.1.1])e-, an Electride with a 1D “Spin-Ladder-like” Cavity-Channel Geometry

The title electride crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbcn with a = 10.060(4) A, b = 23.134(8) A, c = 8.380(4) A, and z = 4. A second powdered phase of unknown structure, but with rather different properties, forms when rapidly precipitated “seed” powder is used. The crystalline phase contains electron-trapping cavities, each of approximate diameter 4.3 A, connected in zigzag fashion along the c axis by rather open channels of minimum diameter 2.4 A (center-to-center distance 7.9 A). Each cavity is also connected to next-neighbor cavities, 8.2 A away along c, by channels of diameter 1.5 A. Inter-chain channels are <1.0 A in diameter so that the cavity-channel structure is well-described as “ladder-like”. Replacing the trapped electron by Na- in the corresponding sodide, Li+ (cryptand [2.1.1])Na-, results in an orthorhombic structure (space group Pna21). Although the anionic sites in the sodide are only slightly bigger than those in the electride, the channel structure is markedly different, for...
A note on Burgers' equation with time delay : Instability via finite-time blow-up

Abstract Burgers' equation with time delay is considered. Using the Cole–Hopf transformation, the exact solution of this nonlinear partial differential equation (PDE) is determined in the context of a (seemingly) well-posed initial-boundary value problem (IBVP) involving homogeneous Dirichlet data. The solution obtained, however, is shown to exhibit a delay-induced instability, suffering blow-up in finite-time.
An evaluation of reclamation success on Idaho's phosphate mines

To evaluate reclamation success on the Wooley Valley phosphate mine in southeastern Idaho, we compared vegetation structure and soil physical, chemical, and elemental properties of several different reclamation treatments with those of a nearby reference area (a native Artemisia tridentata vaseyana/Festuca idahoensis association) after 14 years. Vegetation data had been collected four years after reclamation, and we were able to compare differences in biomass and species composition between dates on the reclaimed area. Four years after reclamation there were no differences in total biomass between topsoil or spoil or between seed only, seed + mulch, or control treatments on the different soil types. Most treatments were dominated by seeded perennial grasses. Fourteen years after reclamation there were no differences in biomass or cover between spoil and topsoil plots, but on spoil plots the seeded and mulched treatment had higher total biomass and vegetation cover than on control or seed-only treatments. The seeded perennial legume Medicago sativa was codominant with the seeded forage grasses on all of the treatments. High initial fertilization rates probably facilitated the early establishment and dominance of the forage grasses; once nutrient levels, especially nitrogen, began to decline, the legume increased in abundance. Similarity between the reclaimed area and the reference or native area was low. Reclaimed treatments had higher biomass but lower species richness. The topsoil and spoil plots had similar soil texture, bulk density, pH, cation exchange capacity, electrical conductivity, and phosphorus. Differences in organic carbon, total nitrogen, carbon: nitrogen ratios, and available moisture were related more to treatments than to soil type. High biomass and, thus, litter input on the seed + mulch treatment on spoil plots resulted in both higher OC and TN than any on other soil/treatment combination. The reclaimed area had lower OC, TN, and available moisture than did the reference area on all but seed + mulch spoil plots. Bulk density was higher on reclaimed plots. The long-term differences observed between the reclaimed and reference areas parallel those obtained for other western reclamation sites. Although successional trajectories depend on the attribute measured, similarity to native reference areas depends on the initial reclamation methods. We discuss reclamation methods that would increase the structural and functional similarity of reclaimed and reference areas on the Wooley Valley phosphate mine.
Study Abroad Programs: A Golden Opportunity for Academic Library Engagement

ABSTRACT Study abroad programs in higher education increasingly play a major role in training students for global citizenship. This case study, conducted in a large research university in the United States, identifies the information needs of students and faculty in study abroad programs. Of particular interest is how awareness of library resources and services enrich students' study abroad experiences. This essay also looks at study abroad in terms of engagement, where the libraries could join with study abroad programs and develop a common vision.
Design for Orientation of Balloon-Borne Equipment

Presents the design of a system to orientate a balloon‐borne instrument package about a vertical axis. Pointing accuracy obtained is ±1.5°. An independent photographic recording system measures the azimuth angle with respect to the star Polaris to ±0.1°. The instrument package is rotated against a light‐weight reaction wheel, which is designed for maximum moment of inertia. A pulse‐width modulation system is used to drive the orientation motor. A flux‐gate magnetometer, used for the sensor element, causes the instrument package to be orientated with respect to the horizontal component of the earth's field. The instrument, a gamma‐ray telescope, is oriented in the north‐south plane and is tilted at an angle with the vertical which will correspond with the elevation of the suspected gamma‐ray source when the source crosses the local meridian.
Complement is activated in kidney by endotoxin but does not cause the ensuing acute renal failure

Complement is activated in kidney by endotoxin but does not cause the ensuing acute renal failure. Background Acute renal failure (ARF) in sepsis occurs when the release of multiple inflammatory mediators is induced by bacterial endotoxins. C3 mRNA is markedly up-regulated in mouse kidney after exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We hypothesized that LPS could induce tubular synthesis and secretion of C3, leading to activation of the complement cascade and direct renal tubular injury. Methods ARF was induced in mice by intravenous injection of LPS and was confirmed by an acute rise in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and histologically by acute tubular necrosis. Three separate strategies were used to investigate the role of the complement system in this model of ARF: ( 1 ) Crry-Ig, a recombinant protein containing the potent murine complement C3 activation inhibitor Crry was injected at the same time as LPS ( N = 8). ( 2 ) LPS was injected into transgenic mice overexpressing Crry in glomeruli and tubules ( N = 8), and ( 3 ) LPS was injected into C3-deficient mice ( N = 5). Results Compared with unmanipulated mice, C3 staining by immunofluorescence (IF) microscopy in mice injected with LPS was greater in renal cortical tubular cells (IF score of 2.1 ± 0.1 vs. 1.4 ± 0.2 in controls, P = 0.013), most prominently at the basolateral surface. LPS injection led to a 16- to 42-fold increase in urinary C3 excretion. Despite reduction or complete elimination of renal C3 with maneuvers suppressing complement activation, BUN values were not statistically different across all groups. In no experiment did BUN values correlate with the extent of C3 staining. Conclusion Although LPS up-regulates renal C3 synthesis, resulting in basolateral tubular C3 deposition, this is not responsible for LPS-induced ARF in mice.
Development of olfactory glomeruli: Temporal and spatial interactions between olfactory receptor axons and mitral cells in opossums and rats

Mitral cells are the primary output neurons of the vertebrate olfactory bulb and are major recipients of sensory input from the periphery. The morphogenesis of mitral cell dendrites was followed to elucidate their early spatial and temporal interactions with olfactory receptor neurons and glia during the construction of olfactory glomeruli. Monodelphis domestica, a marsupial born at an extremely immature stage, and rats were examined. Mitral cells were retrogradely labeled by application of the lipophilic dye 1,1′dihexadecyl-3,3,3′3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) to the lateral olfactory tract. In double-labeling experiments, olfactory receptor neurons were stained with 3,3′ dihexadecyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate (DiO), or olfactory nerve Schwann cells were visualized using S-100 protein immunohistochemistry. Tissue was examined with a confocal laser scanning microscope. Some preparations were subsequently investigated with an electron microscope. In Monodelphis, differentiation of mitral cells starts with an outgrowth of numerous, uniform, and widespread dendrites. As soon as terminals of olfactory receptor axons coalesce into glomerular knots within the presumptive glomerular layer, dendrites of individual mitral cells innervate several adjacent glomeruli where they receive sensory synaptic input. With maturation, supernumerary mitral cell dendrites retract, leaving one primary dendrite bearing a terminal glomerular tuft. Simultaneously, secondary dendrites begin to arise. The formation of glomeruli begins earlier and progresses faster in the rat compared to Monodelphis. Nevertheless, mitral cell differentiation in both species follows a common sequence: overproduction of dendrites, selection of usually one primary apical dendrite, and elimination of supernumerary processes. Since olfactory receptor neurons form synaptic contacts with the widespread mitral cell dendrites, considerable synaptic rearrangement must occur within the olfactory glomeruli during maturation. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On the edge‐connectivity vector of a graph

L'analyse de la fiabilite et de la vulnerabilite dans les reseaux pose le probleme de la connectivite du graphe sous-jacent. On definit le vecteur de connectivite d'arete et on presente des theoremes
MOS amplifier gain-bandwidth enhancement using body signals

A technique for increasing the gain-bandwidth product (GBW) of integrated MOS amplifiers is presented. The scheme consists in simultaneously applying signals to the gate and to the body (substrate) terminals of the input MOSFETs. The 'body effect' is thereby used to advantage, which is generally regarded as a nonideal effect to be avoided. The proposed method provides improvement over the traditional two-stage cascading technique and offers the additional advantage of distortion reduction.
Sexual migration, cross-cultural sexual encounters, and sexual health

Sexual migration, a concept developed recently in the sexuality studies literature, is defined as international relocation that is motivated, directly or indirectly, by the sexuality of those who migrate. I argue that to conceptualize sexual migration fully, we need to consider a number of dimensions associated with this kind of transnational movement, including sexual immigrants’ transportation of practices across international borders, their lives in their places of origin, their exposure to local and foreign sexual ideologies prior to migrating, their agency in adapting and appropriating ideologies and practices prevalent in both home and host countries, and the transformations in sexual identities and behaviors that they experience after migration. I present two case studies that illustrate these points, analyze the conceptual relationship between sexual migration and sex tourism, and discuss the effects of sexual migration on immigrants’ sexual health.
On quark confinement in a condensate of non-abelian vortices

Abstract It is shown how a condensate of infinitely extended non-abelian vortex sheets can lead to quark confinement.
Spiritual Transformation: A Phenomenological Study Among Recovering Substance Abusers

As a complement to an earlier quantitative investigation, this qualitative study was concerned with describing the lived experience of spiritual transformation within the context of a 12-month resident substance abuse recovery program called the Lazarus Project, which is sponsored by a southern U.S. Pentecostal-based congregation. We conducted phenomenological interviews with 10 participants (eight European-Americans; two African-Americans) who had been in the program from six to nine months and asked that they describe their most important spiritual experiences that brought about change. A hermeneutical analysis found that a pattern of five overlapping themes emerged consistently across all 10 protocols to describe the meaning of the experience of spiritual transformation for these participants. The themes were: (1) “Sick and Tired”, (2) Unmerited Love, (3) “I’m Changing,” (4) Fast/Gradual, and (5) Destiny. The themes are discussed from an existential perspective and related to the literature on spiritual transformation as well as the earlier quantitative study at the Lazarus Project.
The lattice vibrations of the diazines

Abstract The laser Raman polarization spectra of the lattice vibrational region of the diazines pyrazine, pyrazine- d 4 , pyrimidine and pyrimidine- d 4 are reported for single crystals. The lattice region for polycrystalline pyridazine is also reported. Assignments are suggested based on results of the polarization and deuterium substitution studies.
Heat-capacity and magnetic measurements on the Y(Ni 2-x Co x )B 2 C system

We have performed field- and temperature-dependent magnetization, resistivity, and heat-capacity measurements on polycrystalline samples of the Y(${\mathrm{Ni}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Co}}_{\mathit{x}}$)${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$C system with 0.0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.4. Values of ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$,${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}_{0}$,${\mathit{H}}_{\mathit{c}2}$,${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Theta}}}_{\mathit{D}}$, \ensuremath{\lambda}, and N(${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{d}}$) were determined for various samples. We observe that ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Theta}}}_{\mathit{D}}$ increases with x, while all the other parameters decrease with x. The ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ vs x data can be described using the BCS theory and the measured values of N(${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{f}}$) and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Theta}}}_{\mathit{D}}$. The results suggest that the decrease in ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ is due to the decrease in N(${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{f}}$), in agreement with the results from band structure calculations. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Regeneration by fragmentation in tropical montane forest shrubs

both the net number of leaves and total stem length declined initially. Mortality was concentrated in a 10-month period (that included the first dry season), in which 35% of the fragments (average by species) and 85% of the species survived. Species' survivorship then was steady or declined slowly. Fourteen species, representing seven genera in three families (Piperaceae, Rubiaceae, and Acanthaceae) persisted for all 5 years of the study. A fragment's original size did not affect the likelihood that it would survive. Although there was continuous production of new leaves, few fragments showed a net gain in leaf number by 5 years. In contrast, most fragments showed a net gain in stem length (up to five-fold), with vertical growth accounting for the gain. By the third year, most surviving fragments were upright plants and some had flowered and borne fruit. Several, broken again by falling branches, fragmented naturally. Regrowth from fragments is likely to be important in the persistence of individuals and in the structure and dynamics of populations of shrubs in tropical wet forests.
Observations of collisionless drift waves

Velocity distribution functions of both the electron and the proton component of the magnetospheric plasma are measured in 62 logarithmically spaced steps from 50 eV to 50 keV by an instrument carried upon the ATS-5 spacecraft in circular synchronous orbit (6.6 earth radii). Oscillations which appear to be collisionless drift waves having periods of several minutes or longer are found in this data. Linearized wave theory can be used to predict the theoretical perturbation distribution function in terms of the perturbing fields and the equilibrium distribution function. The functional dependence of the theoretical perturbation distribution function upon particle energy can then be compared with that of the measured perturbation.
Lower Trabecular Volumetric BMD at Metaphyseal Regions of Weight-Bearing Bones is Associated With Prior Fracture in Young Girls

Understanding the etiology of skeletal fragility during growth is critical for the development of treatments and prevention strategies aimed at reducing the burden of childhood fractures. Thus we evaluated the relationship between prior fracture and bone parameters in young girls. Data from 465 girls aged 8 to 13 years from the Jump-In: Building Better Bones study were analyzed. Bone parameters were assessed at metaphyseal and diaphyseal sites of the nondominant femur and tibia using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to assess femur, tibia, lumbar spine, and total body less head bone mineral content. Binary logistic regression was used to evaluate the relationship between prior fracture and bone parameters, controlling for maturity, body mass, leg length, ethnicity, and physical activity. Associations between prior fracture and all DXA and pQCT bone parameters at diaphyseal sites were nonsignificant. In contrast, lower trabecular volumetric BMD (vBMD) at distal metaphyseal sites of the femur and tibia was significantly associated with prior fracture. After adjustment for covariates, every SD decrease in trabecular vBMD at metaphyseal sites of the distal femur and tibia was associated with 1.4 (1.1–1.9) and 1.3 (1.0–1.7) times higher fracture prevalence, respectively. Prior fracture was not associated with metaphyseal bone size (ie, periosteal circumference). In conclusion, fractures in girls are associated with lower trabecular vBMD, but not bone size, at metaphyseal sites of the femur and tibia. Lower trabecular vBMD at metaphyseal sites of long bones may be an early marker of skeletal fragility in girls. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
A class of modified log-spiral antennas

Modifications are made on log-spiral structures with the view of obtaining a larger class of frequency independent antennas. Measurements taken on some of the structures give desirable results.
Caloric Restriction Mimetics Metabolic Interventions

Caloric restriction (CR) retards diseases and aging in laboratory rodents and is now being tested in nonhuman primates. One way to apply these findings to human health is to identify and test agents that may mimic critical actions of CR. Panel 2 focused on two outcomes of CR, reduction of oxidative stress and improved glucoregulation, for which candidate metabolic mimics exist. It was recommended that studies on oxidative stress should emphasize mitochondrial function and to test the efficacy of nitrone and other antioxidants in mimicking CR’s effects. Studies should also focus on the long-term effects of compounds known to lower circulating glucose and insulin concentrations or to increase insulin sensitivity. Also, four other developing areas were identified: intermediary metabolism, response to infection, stress responses, and source of dietary fat. These areas are important because either they hold promise for the discovery of new mimetics or they need to be explored prior to initiation of CR trials in humans. Other recommendations were that transgenic approaches and adult-onset CR should be emphasized in future studies.
The Love Attitudes Scale: Short Form:

The Love Attitudes Scale (LAS) is a well-standardized measure of six of Lee's (1973) love styles. The LAS has six sub-scales, each with seven items. Several researchers have selected subsets of the items to create very brief versions of the LAS; however, no brief version has been fully validated. To satisfy the need for brief love scales, we selected the best four of seven items per subscale, using a large data collection, and began the process of restandardization. Three studies, with over 2700 participants, are reported that yielded two new short forms of the LAS, one with 4-item and one with 3-item subscales. The data indicate that these versions have even stronger psychometric properties than the original scale. The LAS: Short Form should be suitable for researchers who need a brief love scale as part of a battery of relationship measures.
Further MRPP Applications

MRPP is an effective procedure for analyzing data in a wide variety of contexts. The ability to vary weighting and commensuration, utilize a variety of distance functions, include an excess group, measure agreement, accommodate extreme values, and incorporate both univariate and multivariate data make MRPP a powerful and versatile analysis technique. In this chapter, additional applications of MRPP are described. Included are applications of MRPP to autoregressive patterns, two-way contingency tables, agreement measures, cyclic data, generalized runs tests, and rank-order data.
New transduction materials and their application in sonar transducers

Piezoelectric ceramic-polymer composites having connectivity patterns of both the 0-3 and the 1-3 types were investigated for applications in the development of large-area hydrophones for future hull-mounted conformal sonar arrays. The ceramic phase included the conventional lead zirconate titanate and new lead titanates. Different epoxy and polyurethane resins, as well as conventional neoprene rubber, have been used as the polymer phase in the composites. Prototype hydrophones as large as 15 cm*15 cm were fabricated and incorporated into small arrays for the evaluation of their acoustical performance. The free-field voltage sensitivities of these large-area hydrophones were found to be satisfactory for sonar applications over a broad acoustic frequency range. The performance of composite hydrophones was also shown to be independent of pressure up to at least 20 MPa. The advantages of using these composite materials in meeting the design requirements of affordable and reliable large conformal arrays are also discussed. >
Role of α2-Adrenergic Receptor Subtypes in the Acute Hypertensive Response to Hypertonic Saline Infusion in Anephric Mice

Abstract —Experimental evidence suggests that the acute hypertensive response induced in anephric animals by infusion of a hypertonic saline solution is mediated by disinhibition of the presynaptic sympathoinhibitory α2-adrenergic receptors (α2-AR) of the central nervous system. The purpose of the present experiments was to dissect the role of the 3 distinct α2-AR subtypes (α2A-, α2B, - and α2C-AR) in this response. Groups of genetically engineered mice deficient in each one of these α2-AR subtype genes were submitted to bilateral nephrectomy followed by a 0.4-mL infusion of 4% saline over a 2-hour period, with constant direct blood pressure (BP) monitoring. The α2A-AR–deficient and α2C-AR–deficient mice responded with significant BP elevations (by 11.8±2.5 and 16.7±1.7 mm Hg, respectively), and so did their wild-type counterparts (17.8±2.5 and 11.8±2.0 mm Hg, respectively) and the wild-type α2B +/+ (13.1±2.4 mm Hg). However, the α2B-AR–deficient mice were unable to raise their BP and had a slightly lowered BP (by −3.0±4.0 mm Hg) at the end of the infusion period. All 6 groups exhibited elevated plasma norepinephrine levels ranging between 0.8 and 1.8 ng/mL at the end of the infusion. In all cases, the α2-AR–deficient groups tended to have higher norepinephrine levels than their wild-type counterparts. Surprisingly, this difference was significant only in the α2B-AR–deficient mice, which, despite the elevated norepinephrine, were unable to raise their BP. The data suggest that a full complement of the α2B-AR is needed to mediate the hypertensive response to acute saline load, even though its absence does not prevent the release of norepinephrine under these conditions.
Evaluation of the translational free energy in a melting temperature calculation by simulation.

We present two methods suitable for controlling the translational degrees of freedom of a system when evaluating directly the free energy difference between the liquid and the solid phases by thermodynamic integration along a reversible path connecting these two phases. Such a constraint is crucial for an accurate prediction of the melting point by means of simulation. In one of the methods, the free energy difference was calculated by fixing one of the particles of the system at the center of the simulation box. In the second method, the free energy difference was calculated by constraining the center of mass of the system to a small region taken around the center of the simulation box. The correction to the free energy difference due to each constraint must be evaluated by a direct simulation. Both methods give consistent results when applied to a truncated and shifted Lennard-Jones system with cutoff radius of $2.5\ensuremath{\sigma}$. However, the fixed particle constraint method is found to be more efficient computationally.
Potential Error in the Reuse of Nilsson's A Algorithm for Path-finding in Military Simulations:

We were recently asked to evaluate the Footprint-to-Pathfinder1 path-finding implementation for possible reuse in OneSAF Objective System. The Footprint-to-Pathfinder path-finding code implements a variation of an algorithm described by Nils Nilsson called the A Algorithm. The A Algorithm can guarantee the optimal, lowest cost path between two points when it uses an “admissible” evaluation function. It is then called the A* (A-Star) Algorithm. The Footprint-to-Pathfinder implementation uses a simplification to the A Algorithm that preserves optimality when a particular condition exists. The condition that enables the simplification—the monotone restriction—is neither well known nor explained with most references for the A Algorithm. In fact, most references imply that an admissible evaluation function is sufficient. However, there are admissible evaluation functions that will cause the simplified implementation to return a path that is sub-optimal. OneSAF Objective System does not restrict admissible eval...
Optical Links and RF Distribution for Antenna Arrays

An array of three antennas has recently been developed at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory capable of detecting signals at X and Ka band. The array requires a common frequency reference and high precision phase alignment to correlate received signals. Frequency and timing references are presently provided from a remotely located hydrogen maser and clock through a combination of commercially and custom developed optical links. The selected laser, photo-detector, and fiber components have been tested under anticipated thermal and simulated antenna rotation conditions. The resulting stability limitations due to thermal perturbations or induced stress on the optical fiber have been characterized. Distribution of the X-band local oscillator includes a loop back and precision phase monitor to enable correlation of signals received from each antenna
Sports injuries in adolescents.

Estimates place participants in organized youth sports around 30 million. 24 Many more participate in recreational sports. Sport participation carries with it an inherent risk for injury, albeit at different degrees depending on multiple variables. Most sports injuries (80%) involve the musculoskeletal system. 34 This article reviews the epidemiology of sports injuries in adolescents, factors unique to adolescents, and selected sports injuries.
Working Toward Freedom from Violence The Process of Change in Battered Women

This article explores the utility of applying the Transtheoretical Model of behavior change to the problems facing battered women with a goal of understanding and systematically measuring how battered women work to overcome the abuse in their lives. The central constructs of the Transtheoretical Model—stages of change, processes of change, decisional balance, self-efficacy—are described with supporting research, and the relevance of this model for the issues with which battered women deal is discussed. An awareness of the process and stages of change may be useful for members of the criminal justice system and the helping professions in their dealings with victims of abuse.
Potential Impact of Context Effects on the Scoring and Equating of the Multistage GRE® Revised General Test

Both theoretical and practical considerations have led the revision of the Graduate Record Examinations® (GRE®) revised General Test, here called the rGRE, to adopt a multistage adaptive design that will be continuously or nearly continuously administered and that can provide immediate score reporting. These circumstances sharply constrain the available options for equating or linking together the thousands of unique test forms that will need to be administered each year. The only practical method is to pre-equate each form through item response theory (IRT) methods. Unfortunately, doing so means that item position and context effects are both vitally important and potentially difficult to control. This study examines item position effects in a GRE context and attempts to assess the extent to which they may affect the rGRE. It was found that position effects are in fact present in GRE data and that they can be particularly troublesome under multistage testing. Pretest strategies are able to mitigate effects to some degree, but complete control will require careful attention be paid to the time limits and associated test configuration details in the design of the rGRE.
Studies of surface phonons by inelastic electron scattering; A brief review

Abstract Recently electron energy loss spectroscopy has been employed to study the dispersion relation of surface phonons, on clean Ni(100) and on this surface covered with ordered adsorbate overlayers. This paper reviews aspects of this recent work, with emphasis on a comparison between the conditions required to observe scattering events with momentum transfer sufficient to reach the zone boundary, and earlier near specular energy loss studies.
Identification of a dedicated recycling pathway for anhydro-N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine derived from Escherichia coli cell wall murein.

Turnover and recycling of the cell wall murein represent a major metabolic pathway of Escherichia coli. It is known that E. coli efficiently reuses, i.e., recycles, its murein tripeptide, L-alanyl-gamma-D-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelate, to form new murein. However, the question of whether the cells also recycle the amino sugar moieties of cell wall murein has remained unanswered. It is demonstrated here that E. coli recycles the N-acetylglucosamine present in cell wall murein degradation products for de novo murein and lipopolysaccharide synthesis. Furthermore, E. coli also recycles the anhydro-N-acetylmuramic acid moiety by first converting it into N-acetylglucosamine. Based on the results obtained by studying mutants unable to recycle amino sugars, the pathway for recycling is revealed.
Three dimensional adaptive mesh refinement on a spherical shell for atmospheric models with lagrangian coordinates

One of the most important advances needed in global climate models is the development of atmospheric General Circulation Models (GCMs) that can reliably treat convection. Such GCMs require high resolution in local convectively active regions, both in the horizontal and vertical directions. During previous research we have developed an Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR) dynamical core that can adapt its grid resolution horizontally. Our approach utilizes a finite volume numerical representation of the partial differential equations with floating Lagrangian vertical coordinates and requires resolving dynamical processes on small spatial scales. For the latter it uses a newly developed general-purpose library, which facilitates 3D block-structured AMR on spherical grids. The library manages neighbor information as the blocks adapt, and handles the parallel communication and load balancing, freeing the user to concentrate on the scientific modeling aspects of their code. In particular, this library defines and manages adaptive blocks on the sphere, provides user interfaces for interpolation routines and supports the communication and load-balancing aspects for parallel applications. We have successfully tested the library in a 2-D (longitude-latitude) implementation. During the past year, we have extended the library to treat adaptive mesh refinement in the vertical direction. Preliminary results are discussed. This research project is characterized by an interdisciplinary approach involving atmospheric science, computer science and mathematical/numerical aspects. The work is done in close collaboration between the Atmospheric Science, Computer Science and Aerospace Engineering Departments at the University of Michigan and NOAA GFDL.