cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery: the Role of Clinical Resources and Variation in Performance of Hospitals Located in "Distressed" Communities.

The USA has one of the largest known income-based health disparities, with low-income adults being up to five times more likely to report being in poor health. We evaluated the association of hospital zip-code-based distressed communities index (DCI) with post-surgical outcomes following hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) surgery. Adults undergoing HPB surgery were identified in the National Inpatient Sample. The association between hospital socioeconomic distress and outcomes including complications, mortality, failure to rescue (FTR), and never events were compared between high-distress facilities (HDF) and low-distress facilities (LDF). A total of 11,119 (37.8%) patients underwent an operation at an HDF. Patients treated at HDF were younger (18–39 years, HDF: n = 1261, 11.3% vs. LDF: n = 966, 9.0%; p < 0.001), Black/Hispanic (HDF: n = 2060, 18.5% vs. LDF: n = 1440, 11.4%; p < 0.001) and in the lowest income quartile (HDF: n = 2825, 25.4% vs. LDF: n = 1116, 10.8%; p < 0.001). While complications were comparable at HDF versus LDF (HDF: n = 2483, 22.3% vs. LDF: n = 2370, 22.0%; p = 0.28), patients treated at HDF had higher odds of in-hospital mortality (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.07–1.59), FTR (OR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.02–1.52), and a never event (OR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.29–2.39; all p < 0.001). Hospitals having advanced internal medicine services had reduced odds of mortality (OR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47–0.80) whereas high nurse-to-patient ratio was associated with reduced odds of a complication (OR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.81–0.98). Approximately 40% of patients were admitted to HDF. These patients were more likely to be Black/Hispanic and underinsured. Perioperative outcomes were worse at HDF following HPB surgery.
Blue galaxies: modelling nebular He ii emission in high redshift galaxies

Using cosmological simulations to make useful, scientifically relevant emission line predictions is a relatively new and rapidly evolving field. However, nebular emission lines have been particularly challenging to model because they are extremely sensitive to the local photoionization balance, which can be driven by a spatially dispersed distribution of stars amidst an inhomogeneous absorbing medium of dust and gas. As such, several unmodeled mysteries in observed emission line patterns exist in the literature. For example, there is some question as to why He II $\lambda 4686$/H$\beta$ ratios in observations of lower-metallicity dwarf galaxies tend to be higher than model predictions. Since hydrodynamic cosmological simulations are best suited to this mass and metallicity regime, this question presents a good test case for the development of a robust emission line modeling pipeline. The pipeline described in this work can model a process that produces high He II $\lambda 4686$/H$\beta$ ratios and eliminate some of the modeling discrepancy for ratios below 3% without including AGNs, X-ray binaries, high mass binaries, or a top-heavy stellar initial mass function. These ratios are found to be more sensitive to the presence of 15 Myr or longer gaps in the star formation histories than to extraordinary ionization parameters or specific star formation rates. This work also charts a path forward for the next generation of nebular emission line modeling studies.
Solution of the heawood map-coloring problem—Case 4

Abstract This paper gives a proof of the fact that the chromatic number of an orientable surface of genus p is equal to the integral part of ( 7 + 1 + 48 p ) / 2 whenever the latter is congruent to 4 modulo 12.
Oral HIV Self-Implemented Testing: Performance Fidelity Among African American MSM.

Oral-Self Implemented HIV Testing (Oral-SIT) offers a low-cost way to extend the reach of HIV testing systems. It is unclear, however, if high risk populations are able to perform the test with high fidelity. Using a simulation-based research design, we administered desensitized Oral-SIT kits to African American MSM (AAMSM; 17–24 years, N = 178). Participants were HIV negative or never tested, and had never self-administered an Oral-SIT kit. We assessed performance fidelity, and hypothesized antecedents. High levels of social stigma were associated with lower levels of training knowledge (Range = No Errors: 51.9%, 4 Errors: 0.6%) and performance fidelity (Range = No Errors: 39.9%, 3 Errors: 1.7%). Training knowledge and prior testing history were positively associated with performance fidelity. The present work extends research on HIV-related social stigma and suggests that social stigma inhibits knowledge acquisition and task performance. The Oral-SIT training materials were understood by individuals with a wide-range of educational backgrounds. Interventions are needed, however, to further improve Oral-SIT performance fidelity.
Cypress Lane Estate: Human or Mechanical Harvesting?

Anthony Decker (name disguised at his request), director of farming at Cypress Lane Estate in Lake County, CA, was excited to harvest a newly developed 210-acre vineyard of sought-after Cabernet Sauvignon. This vineyard was expected to deliver Napa Valley-quality fruit at a fraction of the Napa Valley price. However, Decker approached the harvest with some trepidation, as increasing labor shortages were exerting financial pressure on vineyard operations, while the business was already hampered by narrow margins. Decker wondered how he could save on labor costs. Could mechanical farming reduce costs without damaging the quality of the fruit? This case explores the approximate scale at which financial benefits will be realized from long-term mechanical harvesting. Analysts can compare the costs of hand labor to machine labor, and assess the financial implications of either scenario, as well as identify the qualitative impacts. This case also discusses California’s ongoing wage legislation, agricultural overtime labor laws, and immigration issues.
Associations of objectively measured sleep characteristics and incident hypertension among police officers: The role of obesity.

This study investigated the associations of baseline sleep onset latency, wake after sleep onset, longest wake episode, number of awakenings, sleep efficiency and sleep duration with incident hypertension during a 7-year follow-up (n = 161, 68% men) and the joint effect of insufficient sleep and obesity on incident hypertension. Sleep parameters were derived from 15-day actigraphy data. Relative risks and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using a robust Poisson regression model. Each 10-min increase in sleep onset latency was associated with an 89% higher risk of hypertension (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.12-3.20). Each 10-min increase in longest wake episode was associated with a 23% higher risk of hypertension (95% CI = 1.01-1.50) and each 10% decrease in sleep efficiency was associated with a 50% higher risk of hypertension (95% CI = 1.02-2.22). These associations were independent of demographic and lifestyle characteristics, depressive symptoms, shift work, sleep duration and body mass index. Having <6 hr of sleep and a body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 increased the risk of hypertension (relative risk = 2.81; 95% CI = 1.26-6.25) compared with having ≥6 hr of sleep and a body mass index <30 after controlling for confounders. Relative excess risk due to interaction was 3.49 (95% CI = -1.69-8.68) and ratio of relative risk was 3.21 (95% CI = 0.72-14.26). These results suggest that poor sleep quality is a risk factor for hypertension. Longitudinal studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to examine the joint effect of insufficient sleep and obesity on development of hypertension.
Behavior of light weight reinforced concrete beam under elevated temperature

This paper presents an experimental investigation on the behavior of six weight reinforced concrete beams under elevated temperature. An expanded clay aggregate (LECA) was used in six reinforced concrete beams with cross sectional dimensions of 150mm ×240 mm (width× height); and 1250mm total length. All RC beam specimens were designed according to ACI Committee 318-2014 and exposed to different elevated temperatures. The experimental test results have revealed that the lightweight reinforced concrete beams have more fire endurance than the normal weight reinforced concrete beams under same elevated temperature. Analysis of the test results has also indicated that when the exposed temperature increases, the failure mode of all beam specimens transforms from flexure to combined shear and flexure.
"At the End of the Day Facebook Does What ItWants": How Users Experience Contesting Algorithmic Content Moderation

Interest has grown in designing algorithmic decision making systems for contestability. In this work, we study how users experience contesting unfavorable social media content moderation decisions. A large-scale online experiment tests whether different forms of appeals can improve users' experiences of automated decision making. We study the impact on users' perceptions of the Fairness, Accountability, and Trustworthiness of algorithmic decisions, as well as their feelings of Control (FACT). Surprisingly, we find that none of the appeal designs improve FACT perceptions compared to a no appeal baseline. We qualitatively analyze how users write appeals, and find that they contest the decision itself, but also more fundamental issues like the goal of moderating content, the idea of automation, and the inconsistency of the system as a whole. We conclude with suggestions for -- as well as a discussion of the challenges of -- designing for contestability.
Almost-Euclidean subspaces of l 1 N via tensor products: a simple approach to randomness reduction

It has been known since 1970's that the N-dimensional l1- space contains almost Euclidean subspaces whose dimension is Ω(N). However, proofs of existence of such subspaces were probabilistic, hence non-constructive, which made the results not-quite-suitable for subsequently discovered applications to high-dimensional nearest neighbor search, error-correcting codes over the reals, compressive sensing and other computational problems. In this paper we present a "low-tech" scheme which, for any γ > 0, allows us to exhibit almost Euclidean Ω(N)- dimensional subspaces of l1N while using only Nγ random bits. Our results extend and complement (particularly) recent work by Guruswami-Lee-Wigderson. Characteristic features of our approach include (1) simplicity (we use only tensor products) and (2) yielding almost Euclidean subspaces with arbitrarily small distortions.
Impact of Simulation-based Mastery Learning on Resident Skill Managing Mechanical Ventilators.

Background: Caring for patients requiring mechanical ventilation is complex, and residents may lack adequate skill for managing these patients. Simulation-based mastery learning (SBML) is an educat...
Fecal microbial transplant abates tolerance to methylone-induced hyperthermia

The microbiome-gut-brain axis has been implicated in multiple bodily systems and pathologies, and intentional manipulation of the gut-microbiome has yielded clinically significant results. Here, we examined the effects of bi-directional fecal microbial transplants (FMT) between methylone-induced hyperthermic tolerant (MHT) and methylone-naive (MN) rats. Rats treated with methylone once per week developed tolerance to methylone-induced hyperthermia by the fourth week. Once tolerant, daily bi-directional FMT between the two groups were performed for seven days prior to the next methylone treatment. The FMT abated the developed tolerance in the MHT group. When treated with methylone for the first time following FMT, recipient MN rats displayed significant tolerance to hyperthermia despite it being their initial drug treatment. Post-FMT, MHT rats displayed elevations in norepinephrine and expression of UCP1, UCP3 and TGR5 in brown adipose tissue, with reductions in expression of TGR5 and UCP3 in skeletal muscle. The pre- and post-FMT methylone tolerance phenotypes of transplant recipients are concurrent with changes in the relative abundance of several Classes of Proteobacteria, most evident for Gammaproteobacter and Alphaproteobacter. MHT recipients demonstrated a marked increase in the relative proportion of the Firmicutes Class Erysipelotrichia. These findings suggest that transplantation of gut-microbiomes can confer phenotypic responses to a drug.
Attenuated strain of CVB3 with a mutation in the CAR-interacting region protects against both myocarditis and pancreatitis

Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), is commonly implicated in myocarditis, which can lead to dilated cardiomyopathy, in addition to causing acute pancreatitis and meningitis. Yet, no vaccines are currently available to prevent this infection. Here, we describe the derivation of a live attenuated vaccine virus, termed mutant (Mt) 10, encoding a single amino acid substitution H790A within the viral protein 1, that prevents CVB3 infection in mice and protects from both myocarditis and pancreatitis in challenge studies. We noted that animals vaccinated with Mt 10 developed virus-neutralizing antibodies, predominantly containing IgG2a and IgG2b, and to a lesser extent IgG3 and IgG1. Furthermore, by using major histocompatibility complex class II dextramers and tetramers, we demonstrated that Mt 10 induces antigen-specific T cell responses that preferentially produce interferon-γ. Finally, neither vaccine recipients nor those challenged with the wild-type virus revealed evidence of autoimmunity or cardiac injury as determined by T cell response to cardiac myosin and measurement of circulating cardiac troponin I levels, respectively. Together, our data suggest that Mt 10 is a vaccine candidate that prevents CVB3 infection through the induction of neutralizing antibodies and antigen-specific T cell responses, the two critical components needed for complete protection against virus infections in vaccine studies.
Cardiac surgery in the afternoon is not associated with increased operative morbidity and mortality.

BACKGROUND Time of day for surgical procedures has been a topic of considerable controversy, with some suggesting that later operating times are associated with worse outcomes. METHODS All patients who underwent open cardiac surgery from 2011 to 2018 were included. Patients that had ventricular assist devices, heart transplant, transcatheter aortic valves, aortic dissections, and emergent operations were excluded. Primary outcomes included postoperative mortality and survival; secondary outcomes included postoperative complications and readmission. RESULTS The initial patient population consisted of 7883 patients who underwent index cardiac surgery. Following propensity matching (3:1), there were 2569 patients in the a.m. cohort (7-11 a.m.) and 860 patients in the p.m. cohort (3-11 p.m.). All baseline characteristics were matched to equivalent proportions. Total intensive care unit time following surgery was longer for the a.m. cohort (46.5 vs. 40.0 h; p<.001). Otherwise, there was no significant difference between cohorts including operative mortality (1.83% vs 2.21%; p= .48). On multivariable analysis, p.m. surgery was not significantly associated with 30 days mortality (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.96 [0.60, 1.53]; p= .86] or mortality over the study follow-up (HR: 0.87 [0.73, 1.03]; p= .10]. For propensity-matched cohorts, Kaplan-Meier survival at 30 days (97.9% vs. 97.4%; p= .44), 1 (93.4% vs 93.9%; p= .51), and 5 years (80.9% vs. 80.2%; p= .84) was not significantly different between cohorts. CONCLUSION Short- and long-term mortality, hospital readmission, and postoperative complications were not significantly different between patients that underwent cardiac surgery starting in the a.m. versus patients who had cases that started in the afternoon.
Esther in Ancient Jewish Thought

Introduction Part I. The Provocation: Conventional Wisdom in Early Second Temple Judaism: 1. Setting the stage: the theological challenge of political stability 2. The movement of Ezra and Nehemiah 3. Authoring/editing: Joseph, Daniel, and God 4. Identity of a hero: Mordecai the Yehudi, scion of the house of Saul Part II. Entering the Fray: Esther as a Political Book: 5. Persian law and Persian king in the Book of Esther 6. Modeling heroes: Daniel, Esther, and Mordecai 7. Hero models: Joseph and Saul 8. Diaspora revisions: rethinking the Exodus and rethinking God Part III. Early Reactions: Rejection, Subversion, Correction: 9. A tense embrace: the reception of Esther in hellenistic Alexandria 10. Subvert or ignore: canonical re-contextualization and outright rejection of Esther 11. Criticism by adaptation: rewriting Esther in Hellenistic and Roman times 12. Adoption: Esther in the eastern diaspora and in the canon Part IV. Rabbinic Readings: Moving Esther from the Periphery to the Center: 13. Introduction to the rabbinic literature on Esther 14. Biblicizing Esther 15. Restoring God and Torah.
Introduction to Part Five: Screening for Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death

Sudden cardiac death a clinical catastrophe that appears unpredictable in individual cases occurs in many clinical subsets described in this section of the book. The difficulty in identifying patients at increased risk derives from the reciprocal relationship between the risk in different patient subsets and the size of the subset. Screening methods must be evaluated from the points of view of sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values in the relevant subsets as well as from the point of view of cost effectiveness. Receiver operator characteristic curves may be used to compare screening methodologies and in deciding what decision criterion (cut-off) to be used.
Scaling relationships and evolution of distributary networks on wave-influenced deltas

[1] No genetic model can explain the variability in distributary network pattern on modern deltas. Here we derive scaling relationships for two processes known to create distributary channels and, with these laws, construct a simple model for distributary network evolution. The first process is mouth-bar deposition at the shoreline and subsequent channel bifurcation; the second is avulsion—the wholesale abandonment of a channel in favor of a new path. The former creates relatively small networks with power-law distributions of channel length; the latter generates relatively few, backwater-scale distributaries. Frequency-magnitude plots of channel length on natural deltas agree with theoretical predictions and show a clear separation in scale that reflects these processes: Mouth-bar distributary lengths scale with the width of the parent channel, and avulsive distributary lengths scale with the backwater length; intermediate channel lengths are relatively rare. Wave energy controls network topology by suppressing mouth-bar development, thereby preferentially eliminating smaller-scale distributaries.
Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Stimulation of Neuronal Delayed-Rectifier Potassium Current Involves Phospholipase A2 and Arachidonic Acid

Angiotensin II (Ang II) elicits an Ang II type 2 (AT2) receptor-mediated increase in delayed-rectifier K+ current (IK) in neurons cultured from newborn rat hypothalamus and brainstem. This effect involves a pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive Gi protein and is abolished by inhibition of serine and threonine phosphatase 2A (PP-2A). Here, we determined that Ang II stimulates [3H]arachidonic acid (AA) release from cultured neurons via AT2 receptors. This effect of Ang II was blocked by inhibition of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and by PTX. Because AA and its metabolites are powerful modulators of neuronal K+ currents, we investigated the involvement of PLA2 and AA in the AT2 receptor-mediated stimulation of IK by Ang II. Single-cell reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR analyses revealed the presence of PLA2 mRNA in neurons that responded to Ang II with an increase in IK. The stimulation of neuronal IK by Ang II was attenuated by selective inhibitors of PLA2 and was mimicked by application of AA to neurons. Inhibition of lipoxygenase (LO) enzymes significantly reduced both Ang II- and AA-stimulated IK, and the 12-LO metabolite of AA 12S-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12S-HETE) stimulated IK. These data indicate the involvement of a PLA2, AA, and LO metabolite intracellular pathway in the AT2 receptor-mediated stimulation of neuronal IK by Ang II. Furthermore, the demonstration that inhibition of PP-2A abolished the stimulatory effects of Ang II, AA, and 12S-HETE on neuronal IK but did not alter Ang II-stimulated [3H]-AA release suggests that PP-2A is a distal event in this pathway.
History of Behavioral Learning Theories

Instrumental responding is said to occur when a response made in the presence of a discriminative stimulus produces a reinforcer. In this chapter, theorizing about instrumental learning by such influential historical figures as Thorndike, Hull, Guthrie, and Tolman is compared and contrasted with contemporary ideas along four dimensions. The dimensions chosen were the processes involved in making a stimulus a reinforcer, the nature and type of discriminative stimuli controlling instrumental responding, the nature of the instrumental response itself, and the processes that underlie the extinction of instrumental responses.
RAGS, RICHES, AND BOOTSTRAPS: Beliefs about the Causes of Wealth and Poverty

Specific beliefs pertaining to wealth and poverty emanate from metatheories about socioeconomic inequalities. As cognitions, these metatheories filter social perceptions and generate beliefs about the specific causes of wealth and poverty. Four metatheories coexist in American culture and compete for public support. The four are individualism, culturalism, structuralism/situationalism, and fatalism. Using public opinion data on beliefs about 38 often-mentioned causes of wealth and poverty, the degree of support for each metatheory was determined. Individualism was the metatheory of choice in specifying the causes of poverty, whereas culturalism and individualism vied for superiority in identifying the causes of wealth.
Reduced parameter Volterra filters

To reduce the number of parameters in the Volterra filter a tensor product basis approximation is considered. The approximation can be implemented much more efficiently than the original Volterra filter. In addition, because the design methods are based on partial characterization of the Volterra filter, the approximations are also useful in reducing the complexity of identification and modelling problems. Useful bounds are obtained on the approximation error.
Comparison of Small Molecule and Polymeric Urethanes, Thiourethanes, and Dithiourethanes: Hydrogen Bonding and Thermal, Physical, and Mechanical Properties

The hydrogen bonding behavior of a homologous series of small molecule and polymeric urethanes, thiourethanes, and dithiourethanes was investigated in solution, melt, and solid states. The relative hydrogen bonding strengths in both small molecule and polymer systems were evaluated, and the results were compared to theoretical calculations of hydrogen bonding strength. The results for NMR and FTIR analysis of the small molecule models indicated that the NH protons on the carbamate and thiocarbamates have greater hydrogen bonding strengths than the NH protons of the dithiocarbamate. The polyurethane and polythiourethanes were found to have approximately equivalent physical and mechanical properties as a result of a similar extent of hydrogen bonding, whereas the polydithiourethane, due to a lower degree of hydrogen bonding, has reduced thermal and mechanical transition temperatures as well as lower hardness values. The polythiourethane and polydithiourethane networks exhibit narrower glass transitions comp...
TNM Staging of Lung Cancer: A Quick Reference Chart

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortalities. TNM Staging, which has recently been revised, remains an important guide to treatment and prognosis of lung cancer. In this article, we propose a simple chart that can be used as a quick reference consolidating all the information necessary to obtain an accurate staging.
SMN mRNA and protein levels in peripheral blood Biomarkers for SMA clinical trials

Background: Clinical trials of drugs that increase SMN protein levels in vitro are currently under way in patients with spinal muscular atrophy. Objective: To develop and validate measures of SMN mRNA and protein in peripheral blood and to establish baseline SMN levels in a cohort of controls, carriers, and patients of known genotype, which could be used to follow response to treatment. Methods: SMN1 and SMN2 gene copy numbers were determined in blood samples collected from 86 subjects. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR was used to measure blood levels of SMN mRNA with and without exon 7. A cell immunoassay was used to measure blood levels of SMN protein. Results: Blood levels of SMN mRNA and protein were measured with high reliability. There was little variation in SMN levels in individual subjects over a 5-week period. Levels of exon 7-containing SMN mRNA and SMN protein correlated with SMN1 and SMN2 gene copy number. With the exception of type I SMA, there was no correlation between SMN levels and disease severity. Conclusion: SMN mRNA and protein levels can be reliably measured in the peripheral blood and used during clinical trials in spinal muscular atrophy, but these levels do not necessarily predict disease severity.
Simulation of Dynamic Performance for Hydro-Hybrid Spindle-Bearing System of Superhigh Speed Grinder

Spindle-bearing system plays a crucial role in superhigh speed grinding, which directly affects machining precision, but it is complex and difficult to get the dynamic performance in experiment. This leads to study how to accurately simulate dynamic performance of spindle-bearing system. So a method which springs and damping units imitate bearing support is proposed in this paper. The proposed method can predict the regular pattern which bearing stiffness and damping ratio affect natural frequency and harmonic response. The research demonstrates that the method predicts well the dynamic performance of the spindle-bearing system and it is close to actual condition, therefore, it can be a reference for dynamic optimization design of spindle-bearing system in superhigh speed grinding.
Influence, sincerity, and pareto optimality under utility value voting

A decision procedure called utility value voting is considered in which each of several voters provides utility values for each of several candidates. These utility values from each voter are normalized by a positive linear transformation so that a largest normalized value is unity and the smallest is a preassigned nonnegative number less than unity. This number is called the “influence” for the voter. The decision is made using a probability mixture that maximizes the geometric mean of the expected utilities for the voters. It is shown that the procedure is Pareto optimal (efficient), and that the size of the effective minority increases with the influence value. Examples are included to show that insincere voting is not generally advantageous when the insincere voter has no information about the utilities and voting strategies of the other voters. The procedure and its results are illustrated by an engineering design example, where ten teams of scientists were the voters, and by a personnel selection example, where the 27 attributes of each candidate were the voters. The system can be used by a single person, as in the personnel selection example, or by an organization of any size, as in the ten-voter engineering design example.
Free energy of formation of Cs3PuCl6 and CsPu2Cl7

Abstract The free energy, enthalpy and entropy of formation of the compounds Cs3PuCl6 and CsPu2Cl7 have been determined by measuring the sublimation pressures for the reactions CsCl(s) /aiCsCl(g), 2 5 Cs 3 PuCl 6 (s) /ai 1 5 CsPu 2 Cl 7 (s) + CsCl(g) , and CsPu2Cl7(s) /ai 2PuCl3(s) + CsCl(g). The pressures are measured using Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry over the temperature range 600 to 850 K. For the formation of Cs3PuCl6 from CsCl and PuCl3, ΔG0298 = −77.3 ± 8.5 kJ/mol, ΔH0298 = −82.1 ± 7.8 kJ/mol, and ΔS0298 = −16.2 ± 10.9 J/Kmol. For CsPu2Cl7, ΔG0298 = −39.4 ± 3.5 kJ/mol, ΔH0298 = −40.8 ± 3.2 kJ/mol, and ΔS0298 = −4.6 ± 4.2 J/Kmol.
Limits of Free Energy Computation for Protein−Ligand Interactions

A detailed error analysis is presented for the computation of protein−ligand interaction energies. In particular, we show that it is probable that even highly accurate computed binding free energies have errors that represent a large percentage of the target free energies of binding. This is due to the observation that the error for computed energies quasi-linearly increases with the increasing number of interactions present in a protein−ligand complex. This principle is expected to hold true for any system that involves an ever increasing number of inter- or intramolecular interactions (e.g., ab initio protein folding). We introduce the concept of best-case scenario errors (BCSerrors) that can be routinely applied to docking and scoring studies and that can used to provide error bars for the computed binding free energies. These BCSerrors form a basis by which one can evaluate the outcome of a docking and scoring exercise. Moreover, the resultant error analysis enables the formation of an hypothesis that...
Communal Nursing in Mice: Influence of Multiple Mothers on the Growth of the Young

Female mice will combine their litters into a communal nest. The young raised in a communal nest show faster rates of growth during the first 20 days than young raised by single females, even when the ratio of mothers to young is the same.
Cation concentrations in fluid from the oviduct ampulla and isthmus of cows during the estrous cycle.

To detect variations in oviduct fluid cation concentrations, Ca++, Mg++, K+, and Na+ were determined for daily samples of blood serum and bovine oviduct fluid collected from indwelling isthmic and ampullary catheters. Isthmic oviduct fluid Ca++ concentration was significantly greater than that in ampullary fluid, particularly around estrus and ovulation. Maximum Ca++ concentrations found in isthmic oviduct fluid at estrus (2.57 +/- .22 mM) and at ovulation (2.50 +/- .29 mM) were similar to those of medium used for in vitro capacitation of bovine sperm. Concentrations of Mg++ in oviduct fluid differed significantly by estrous cycle stage, but not by oviduct region, and were consistently lower than those detected in serum. No relationships were found for K+ or Na+ with respect to region or stage, but K+ was generally higher in oviduct fluid than in serum. The concentration of K+ averaged over stage and region (4.46 +/- .13 mM) and the K+:Na+ ratio (.032 +/- .002) were similar to those reported in bovine in vitro capacitating and fertilizing media. Concentrations of Ca++ and Na+ from peritoneal fluid from nonstaged cows were similar to those of oviduct fluid or serum. The Mg++ concentration was greater, and K+ concentration was less, in peritoneal than in oviduct fluid.
The Golden Mean and the Golden Hammer: Phronesis and Method in Contemporary Political Science

The Aristotelian concept of phronesis or practical wisdom has played a prominent role in the long and deep wake of the Perestroika controversy in political science, where a diverse group of practitioners rallied in opposition to the perceived hegemony of quantitative methods in the discipline. As scholars like Bent Flyvbjerg have proposed the contours of a post-Perestroikan social science, political scientists and theorists have taken his use of the idea of practical wisdom to herald the dawning of a new social science, less beholden to notions of method. This paper examines the post-Perestroikan appropriation of Aristotle using Hans-Georg Gadamer’s interpretation of phronesis as a starting point. Viewed from this vantage, contemporary uses of phronesis seem less like the foundations for a new social science, and more like a new spin on the old arguments about method that have characterized social science since the mid-1800s.
The U.S. supreme court 1969‐1992: A shift toward an individualistic style of judging

Prior research has noted the increase of concurrent and dissenting opinions issued by the U.S. Supreme Court. It has been argued that the proliferation of concurrent and dissenting opinions is symptomatic of an “individualistic” style of judging. This paper seeks to answer the question of whether individualism has also become manifest among the sitting Justices on the Supreme Court. It is argued that the number of personal references in Court opinions offers a linguistic clue as to how the Justices see themselves and the Court as an institution. The key issue is whether the sitting Justices see the current Court (and themselves) as an institutional body or as a fractionalized collection of individuals. A content analysis of Court opinions offers some support that an individualistic style of judging has increased over time.
Hyperfine splitting of B mesons and B s production at the Υ(5 S )

Using the Columbia University--Stony Brook (CUSB-II) detector we have studied the inclusive photon spectrum from 2.9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{4}$ \ensuremath{\Upsilon}(5S) decays. We observe a strong signal due to ${\mathit{B}}^{\mathrm{*}}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}B\ensuremath{\gamma} decays. From this we obtain (i) the average ${\mathit{B}}^{\mathrm{*}}$-B mass difference, 46.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4 MeV, (ii) the photon yield per \ensuremath{\Upsilon}(5S) decay, 〈\ensuremath{\gamma}/\ensuremath{\Upsilon}(5S)〉=1.09\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06, and (iii) the average velocity of the ${\mathit{B}}^{\mathrm{*}}$'s, 〈\ensuremath{\beta}〉=0.156\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.010, for a mix of nonstrange (B) and strange (${\mathit{B}}_{\mathit{s}}$) ${\mathit{B}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ mesons from \ensuremath{\Upsilon}(5S) decays. From the shape of the photon line, we find that both B and ${\mathit{B}}_{\mathit{s}}$ mesons are produced with nearly equal values for the hyperfine splitting of the B and ${\mathit{B}}_{\mathit{s}}$ meson systems.
Behaviors of southern red oak hemicelluloses and lignin in a mild sulfuric acid hydrolysis

Removal and modification of southern red oak hemicelluloses and lignin in a 0.05%(w/v) sulfuric acid hydrolysis were investigated. The hydrolysis profile was to raise the reaction from room temperature to 150 degrees C for in 38 min and to extend the hydrolysis at 150 degrees C for 1 h. At the end of the hydrolysis, 25.5% of red oak components were dissolved, of which 58% was xylose and 17% lignin. As the hydrolysis proceeded from room temperature to 150 degrees C, a part of red oak xylan was removed to yield an oligomer fraction having maximal yield and average molecular weight of 3460 at 150 degrees C. This fraction and the bulk xylan extracted during the first 30 min at 150 degrees C were further degraded to give a lower molecular weight oligomer fraction, of which the yield and average molecular weight (2610) were highest at the end of the bulk removal of xylan. Red oak lignin, syringyl and guaiacyl units in particular, was increasingly removed with the progress of the hydrolysis. Lignin derivatives and a part of red oak extractives soluble in the hydrolysate were identified.
Transnational domestication: state power and Indonesian migrant women in Saudi Arabia

Abstract Recent efforts to elaborate a feminist geopolitics have centered on challenging and expanding classical spatializations of “the political”. Building on this growing body of work, this article explores the gender politics of state power as refracted in struggles over women’s transnational migration and domestic labor. Specifically, it analyzes the Indonesian and Saudi states’ involvement in shaping the migration and working conditions of Indonesian domestic servants employed in Saudi Arabia. It examines key aspects of both states’ direct and indirect influences on the feminization of the migrant labor force, the limitations of their policies for protecting overseas migrant women, and the political strategies that activists are employing to broaden the states’ spaces and scales of jurisdiction. It points up gender-specific limits to the internationalization of state labor regulation, as well as possibilities that NGOs have identified for improving the protection of migrant workers in this transnational context. It thus identifies some particular ways in which contestations around women’s transnational labor migration and gendered constructions of domestic labor are interlinked with the changing geographies of state power.
Investigation of soluble indium chelates for groundwater and hydrothermal fluid tracing

Abstract Indium is an excellent tracer with a unique combination of good activation analysis sensitivity retaining most of the advantages of radioactive tracers without creating health or environemental risk, and low background concentration in surface and subsurface fluids. The organic chelating agents ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) were selected to enhance the solubility of In as a tracer within the pH range of groundwater and hydrothermal fluids. The thermal stability of indium chelates of EDTA and NTA was investigated at temperatures from 22 to 240°C. Degradation of In(III)-EDTA, observed at and above 200°C, is attributed to metal dissociation followed by thermal decomposition of the organic ligand. Degradation of In(III)-NTA, observed at temperatures greater than 150°C, is probably due to significant decrease of the thermodynamic formation constant. The results suggest that soluble indium chelates can be used effectively as tracers for surface and groundwater flow and transport studies. The applicability of In(III)-EDTA as a conservative tracer can be extended to low-temperature geothermal reservoirs where ionic chemical tracers are not fully conservative.
Fabrication and properties of graphite fiber reinforced magnesium

Graphite fiber reinforced magnesium composites have been fabricated by infiltration and liquid phase hot pressing techniques. Although pure magnesium does not wet graphite, weting and bonding were achieved by precoating the graphite fibers with titanium. Tensile strengths and elastic moduli of flat rectangular composite specimens were measured and compared with Rule of Mixtures strengths. Significant strengthening and stiffening were achieved. Tensile strength was increased by 170 pct and the elastic modulus by 100 pct. Measured elastic moduli were in good agreement with Rule of Mixtures values. The highest tensile strength was about 83 pct of the Rule of Mixtures strength. It is believed that specimen porosity and fiber misalignment account for the bulk of this difference and that an improved fabrication technique will yield specimens with higher strengths. Fracture modes are presented and discussed.
Optimal dive recovery maneuvers of a supermaneuvering jet fighter aircraft

Abstract This paper describes an investigation of dive recovery maneuvers of a jet fighter aircraft capable of flying at angles of attack in the post-stall region. In a dive recovery maneuver, the pilot attempts to return the aircraft to level flight at an airspeed such that level flight can be maintained afterward. This maneuver is needed after either an intentional dive or an unintentional dive, or as the terminal recovery stage from some unusual attitude, namely, combination of extremely low airspeed and very high flight path angle. The optimization criterion is the minimization of the maximum loss of altitude during the dive recovery; hence, the optimization problem is a minimax problem of optimal control. The flight dynamics model accounts for all of the factors necessary to accurately characterize the aircraft motion. The results show that the optimal dive recovery trajectories consist of one to three segments, depending on the initial speed and flight path angle. For relatively high initial speed, the optimal trajectory consists of a single segment: a pitch-up at the limiting load factor. For very low initial speed, the optimal trajectory consists of two segments: a supermaneuver flown at very large angles of attack, followed by a pitch-up at the limiting load factor. For unusual attitude recovery from the combination of very low initial speed and very high initial flight path angle, the optimal trajectory consists of three segments: a dive initiation segment, followed by a supermaneuver at very large angles of attack, followed by a pitch-up at the limiting load factor. For aircraft without supermaneuver capability, the supermaneuver segment is to be replaced by a maximum angle of attack segment. The paper concludes with a discussion of the design benefits accrued via supermaneuver capability as well as the operational benefits accrued via afterburner usage.
Norepinephrine uptake inhibitors as biochemically and behaviorally selective antagonists of the locomotor stimulation induced by indirectly acting sympathomimetic amines in mice

Pretreatment with the selective noradrenergic uptake inhibitors nisoxetine and desipramine antagonized the locomotor stimulant effect of d-amphetamine without reducing the drug's stereotypy-inducing action. A similar antagonism was observed with imipramine but not with fluoxetine, a selective serotonin uptake inhibitor and structural analog of nisoxetine. The order of potency of antagonism was desipramine > nisoxetine > imipramine. Nisoxetine also selectively reduced the locomotor activity induced by maximally effective doses of cocaine, d-N-ethylamphetamine, and methylphenidate, but not that induced by morphine. Biochemically, nisoxetine blocked the selective reduction in cerebral cortical endogenous and 3H-norepinephrine produced by amphetamine without itself significantly altering either measure. These data support the involvement of norepinephrine in the locomotor stimulant action of indirectly acting sympathomimetic amines.
Regulation of Hox Gene Activity by Transcriptional Elongation in Drosophila

Summary Hox genes control the anterior-posterior patterning of most metazoan embryos. Their sequential expression is initially established by the segmentation gene cascade in the early Drosophila embryo [1]. The maintenance of these patterns depends on the Polycomb group (PcG) and trithorax group (trxG) complexes during the remainder of the life cycle [2]. We provide both genetic and molecular evidence that the Hox genes are subject to an additional tier of regulation, i.e., at the level of transcription elongation. Both Ultrabithorax ( Ubx ) and Abdominal-B ( Abd-B ) genes contain stalled or paused RNA polymerase II (Pol II) even when silent [3, 4]. The Pol II elongation factors Elongin-A and Cdk9 are essential for optimal Ubx and Abd-B expression. Mitotic recombination assays suggest that these elongation factors are also important for the regulation of Notch-, EGF-, and Dpp-signaling genes. Stalled Pol II persists in tissues where Ubx and Abd-B are silenced by the PcG complex. We propose that stalling fosters both the rapid induction and precise silencing of Hox gene expression during development.
Magneto-acoustic sensors for measurement of liquid temperature, viscosity and density

Abstract We report on a novel acoustic method for measurement of liquid temperature, viscosity and density using magneto-acoustic sensors. The sensors are comprised of free-standing magnetoelastic thick films that oscillate in response to an externally applied time-varying magnetic field; depending upon the physical geometry and surface roughness of the film these mechanical deformations launch an acoustic wave that can be detected remotely from the test area. These oscillations are strongest at the characteristic resonant frequency of the sensor, which shifts linearly in response to temperature and, when immersed in a liquid, the damping forces associated with liquid viscosity and density.
Mars and Jupiter: Radio emission at 1.35 cm

Abstract We report observations of the radio disk temperatures of Mars and Jupiter made during October 1971, at a wavelength of 1.35 cm. The mean disk temperature of Jupiter is 136 ± 5°K, in good agreement with the value 139 ± 6°K obtained by Wrixon et al. (1971) with the same instrument three years earlier. The disk temperature of Mars is 181 ± 11°K, consistent with an essentially wavelength independent disk temperature for Mars at radio wavelengths. The ratio of the two disk temperatures, 1.33 ± .07, is largely free of the systematic uncertainties: antenna gain, pointing, and atmospheric extinction.
The autistic brain: thinking across the spectrum

Much autism scholarship is published in high-caliber scientific journals, deals in technical jargon, such as ‘de novo mutations’ and ‘copy number variants,’ and is difficult if not impossible for o...
Autism in DSM-5 under the microscope: Implications to patients, families, clinicians, and researchers

A B S T R A C T The changes in the diagnostic classification of the pervasive developmental disorders from the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) to DSM-5 are expected to affect patients with autism, their families, as well as clinicians and researchers in the field of autism. This article reviews the new DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Social Communication Disorder (SCD), and discusses potential consequences in the perspectives of major stakeholders.
Transferrin receptor is inversely correlated with estrogen receptor in breast cancer.

The transferrin receptor (TfR) has been identified as a marker for proliferation in cells in culture and can be accurately quantitated by specific radioimmunoassay. This study directly quantifies levels of TfR and compares them to levels of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR) in biopsy material obtained from patients with infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast. A comparison of ER and TfR levels displayed an exponential distribution which was log-normalized to yield a linear inverse relationship (r = −.44). Although ER was strongly correlated with PgR, there was no correlation pattern between TfR and PgR. Multiple regression analysis indicated that 73% of ER levels could be predicted by a combination of the other two markers, PgR (representing degree of differentiation) and TfR (representing growth rate). Transferrin receptor levels were also found to be correlated (p<.05) with menopausal status, with tumors from premenopausal patients exhibiting higher levels, whereas the opposite pattern was shown for estrogen receptor levels (p<.02). Neither steroid receptor nor transferrin receptor levels were correlated to stage of disease or presence of nodal involvement. Addition of TfR level as an independent marker for proliferation may facilitate the decision-making process in the treatment of individual cases of carcinoma of the breast.
Observation of spectral broadening caused by self-phase modulation in highly multimode optical fiber.

We observed spectral broadening caused by self-phase modulation in 400-and 600-µm core diameter fibers using amplified, Q -switched, Nd:YAG laser pulses with peak powers to 150 kW. The degree of spectral broadening was not dependent linearly on the fiber length as in single-mode fibers because of the more complicated modal evolution in highly multimode fiber. Furthermore, even slight stress near the input end of the fiber reduced the observed broadening. The results have significant implications for the delivery of high-peak-power laser beams through optical fiber with high-output beam quality for industrial applications.
A Simple Illustration for the Need of Multiple Comparison Procedures

Summary Statistical adjustments to accommodate multiple comparisons are routinely covered in introductory statistical courses. The fundamental rationale for such adjustments, however, may not be readily understood. This article presents a simple illustration to help remedy this.