cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
POST-TRANSFUSION HEPATITIS IN RECIPIENTS OF BLOOD SCREENED BY NEWER ASSAYS

Abstract To assess the efficacy of screening blood with sensitive hepatitis-B-antigen (HBAg) assays to reduce the incidence of post-transfusion hepatitis, 6399 units of blood, previously found to be negative for HBAg when tested by counterelectrophoresis (C.E.P.), were rescreened for HBAg by red-blood-cell agglutination (R.C.A.) and radioimmunoassay (R.I.A.). Of these units, 2·2% were positive. The recipients of these HBAg-positive units were followed, as were 19 age and sex matched controls who received the same number of units of HBAg-negative blood. Among 63 recipients of HBAg-positive blood (C.E.P. negative, R.I.A. or R.C.A. positive), 24 (38%) developed hepatitis. In addition, 5 others developed hepatitis-B antibody (HBAb) (8%), and 1 other became an HBAg carrier without evidence of hepatitis. 1 control patient developed HBAb without hepatitis, and 9 (47%) control recipients developed hepatitis. The R.I.A. test was frequently associated with false-positive results (no hepatitis, HBAg carrier state, or HBAb seroconversion resulting), and was not more sensitive that R.C.A. in predicting the occurrence of hepatitis or seroconversion. When each test (R.C.A. or R.I.A.) was compared to the clinical outcome, a positive R.C.A. test correlated more closely with the development of hepatitis or seroconversion (94%).
Castration fails to prevent prenatally programmed hypertension in male rats

Male offspring of rats that were modestly protein restricted during pregnancy become hypertensive as adults, whereas their female littermates remain normotensive. The purpose of this study was to d...
Analysis of trial-by-trial variability in stimulus-evoked neural activity

Using standard dimensionality reduction analysis we examined the stimulus-evoked neural activity over time and their variability across trials. Consistent with earlier results, we found that odor pulses evoked spatio-temporal responses distributed throughout an ensemble of simultaneous recorded neurons. Responses clustered based on odor identity despite the presence of a relatively small amount of trial-by-trial variability. We found that this scatter across trials can be reduced using a simple linear projection of the data.
Spectral analysis of the EEG in hepatic encephalopathy treated with levodopa

Abstract A marked increase in the low frequencies is the hallmark of the EEG changes in hepatic encephalopathy (HE). These changes are the best known correlates to the clinical state. In many cases with HE, dramatic clinical and electroencephalographic improvement were observed in response to levodopa treatment. In this study frequency analysis of EEG records that had been taken in acute HE was performed and EEG power values before treatment were compared to power values during lactulose-neomycin-levodopa treatment, when clinical and EEG improvement occured. Nine cases were recorded both before and during treatment, six were recorded only before and one case only during treatment. The power-spectral calculations were performed on long time segments with overlaying and averaging, and a special data window (Blackman-Harris 4 sample window) was used, in order to increase resolution. As expected it was found that there was a marked and significant decrease in the low-frequencies power in response to treatment, which also correlated well with the clinical improvement. It was found, contrary to the impression one may get from the clinical EEG records, that the alpha and beta frequencies power was not affected either by the HE dysmetabolic state, or by the treatment and did not correlate at all with the clinical improvement. These findings suggest that the slow-wave generating processes are in fact activated by the hepatic encephalopathy dysmetabolic states, and that this phenomenon may not be due to ‘slowing’ of the alpha and the beta generating processes. These last processes did not respond to the dysmetabolic state, nor did they respond to the treatment with high doses of levodopa. This might also suggest that the alpha and beta generating processes are neither dopaminergic nor serotoninergic. In addition it seems that the slow-wave generating processes are levodopa responders. This last conclusion is somewhat weaker than the others, as all our cases were treated with lactulose and neomycin as well as levodopa, and one may attribute the reduction of slow waves to the metabolic improvement and not to the direct effect of levodopa.
From tradition to emerging practice: A hybrid computational production model for Interactive Documentary

Abstract This paper introduces Interactive Documentary as a new production paradigm. Research objectives are (1) to engage documentary practice with emerging media technologies in an open data space; (2) to prototype tools to facilitate cyclical authoring among a contributors’ community. Interactive Documentary is here defined as a media production model with interactive author functions for constructing a narrative voice as a document of reality itself. The proposed system is envisioned for applications beyond motion picture genres, supporting the creation of living documents used in educational and collaborative project settings. Three types of users are anticipated: Authors, Contributors, and Observers. A formalization of traditional documentary production provides workflow analysis and modeling. The process of authoring is discussed in detail as well as system requirements and design specifications. A computational architecture hosts an author function; documentary authoring is implemented as query-display-edit facilitated by an inference engine. The system supports real-time enactive query across heterogeneous media resources, parallel media signal processing, and multi screen presentation and display formats. A use case takes upon a regional architectural history as an example of data design with domain sensitive ontology engineering. Ontology supports heterogeneous cross-referential capacity; its structure is reflected in a GUI designed to facilitate concept-based navigation across 2D graphics, 3D models, video, and audio resources. A dual-root-node data design links ontological reasoning with metadata, which provides a method for defining hybrid semantic–quantitative relationships.
Symposium on Primary and Secondary Education

This article introduces the 'Symposium on Primary and Secondary Education.' It points out that considerable controversy surrounds the issues treated by the articles in the symposium: the effect of the level of resources invested in education on student outcomes, and the educational financing structure that would optimize desirable outcomes of the system, including allocative and productive efficiency and equity. Given rising wage inequality in the labor market associated with increasing demands for skill, concerns over slow U.S. productivity growth, and burgeoning public school enrollments, resolving these issues has become increasingly important.
Endogenous nitric oxide promotes ileal absorption.

Background/aims. Nitric oxide (NO) is generated in vascular endothelium and enteric neural plexuses from L-arginine by the action of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). This study tested the hypothesis that NO is a modulator of ileal water and ion transport. Methods. NADPH diaphorase staining was performed on fixed frozen sections of canine ileum. Absorption studies (n = 80) were performed in five dogs with 25-cm ileal Thiry-Vella fistulas (TVF). Perfusion with [ 14 C]PEG was used to calculate absorption of water, ions, and glucose from the TVF. Experiments comprised three 1-hr periods : basal, drug infusion, and recovery. Drugs infused luminally at 5 X 10 -4 mol/liter included L-ARG (NOS substrate), L-NAME (NOS inhibitor), L-ARG/L-NAME combination, D-ARG (inactive enantiomer of L-ARG), L-LYS (basic amino acid control for L-ARG), and SNAP (NO donor). Results. NADPH diaphorase staining indicated NOS activity in the ileal mucosa and submucosa. L-ARG and SNAP caused significant increases in water and ion absorption, whereas L-NAME caused significant decreases. The prosecretory effect of L-NAME was completely reversed by synchronous L-ARG. D-ARG and L-LYS had no significant effects. No infused agent influenced [ 14 C]PEG recovery. Conclusions. Inhibition of endogenous NO synthesis by L-NAME causes a prosecretory response for water and ions, which can be reversed by the administration of NOS substrate L-ARG. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that endogenous NO maintains a proabsorptive influence on water and ion transport in the ileum.
What Works for Them? Preservice Teachers' Perceptions of Their Learning from Video Cases

Abstract Although much has been written about the use of video cases—particularly, video cases in teacher preparation programs in the United States—little is known about what the consumers of video cases (i.e., preservice teachers) think about such cases and how they are implemented in teacher education courses. This research investigated preservice teachers' perceptions of the influence of video cases on their learning and how such cases were implemented in a literacy methods course—namely, using two approaches: Scaffolded and open-ended. Interviews and a survey formed the sources of data. Results indicate that preservice teachers had a positive learning experience from the video cases and that the majority of them thought that the scaffolded implementation of video cases was more beneficial than the open-ended. Implications and directions on the use of video cases in teacher education are offered.
Shell-type micromechanical actuator and resonator

Dome-shaped radio-frequency micromechanical resonators were fabricated by utilizing the buckling of a prestressed thin polysilicon film. The enhanced rigidity of the dome structure leads to a significant increase of its resonant frequency compared to a flat plate resonator. The shell-type geometry of the structure also provides an imbedded actuation mechanism. Significant out-of plane deflections are actuated by mechanical stress introduced within the plane of the shell. We demonstrate that thermomechanical stress generated by a focused laser beam, or microfabricated resistive heater, provides an effective and fast mechanism to operate the dome as an acoustic resonator in the radio-frequency range. All-optical operation of the shell resonator and an integrated approach are discussed.
Inclusive pion double charge exchange in He-4 at intermediate energies

A systematic experimental study of inclusive pion double charge exchange in {sup 4}He has been undertaken. The reaction {sup 4}He({pi}{sup +},{pi}{sup -})4p was observed at incident energies of 120, 150, 180, 240, and 270 MeV; the {sup 4}He({pi}{sup -},{pi}{sup +})4n reaction was observed at incident energies of 180 and 240 MeV. At each incident energy, the doubly differential cross section was measured at three to five outgoing pion laboratory angles between 25 deg. and 130 deg. At each angle, cross sections were measured over the range of outgoing pion energies from 10 MeV to the kinematic limit for the reaction in which the final state consists of the oppositely charged pion plus four free nucleons. The spectra of outgoing pions are strikingly different from those observed for the inclusive double charge exchange reaction in heavier nuclei but resemble those observed in the ({pi}{sup -},{pi}{sup +}) reaction in {sup 3}He. The forward-angle spectra in the {sup 3}He and {sup 4}He reactions exhibit a prominent peak at high outgoing pion energies. Interpretation of the peaks in {sup 3}He ({sup 4}He) as a three-nucleon (four-nucleon) resonance is ruled out by kinematic analysis. The results of a calculation, wherein the double charge exchange reactionmore » is assumed to proceed as two sequential single charge exchange interactions, suggest that the high-energy peak is naturally explained by this double scattering mechanism. Nonstatic treatment of the {pi}N interactions and the inclusion of nuclear binding effects appear to be important in reproducing the shape of the energy spectra at forward angles.« less
Quark Based Phenomenology of Strong and Electromagnetic Particle Mixing

Isoscalar quark-annihilation diagrams mediated by gluon exchanges are assumed to be the origin of particle mixing. Without specifying the detailed dynamics, the ${0}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${0}^{+}$, ${1}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${1}^{+}$, and ${2}^{+}$ meson U(3) nonets are systematically diagonalized and compared with quadratic mixing-angle and meson-decay predictions at the semistrong level. The scheme is then extended to higher U(3) nonets, to the charmed sector, and to electromagnetic quark-annihilation diagrams in conjunction with SU(2) meson mass splittings and nonphotonic ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{3\ensuremath{\pi}}$, ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{2\ensuremath{\pi}}$, and ${\ensuremath{\psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\psi}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ meson decays. Finally, the phenomenologically deduced quark-annihilation strengths are classified in quark-model language and used to qualitatively justify the gluon-exchange QCD picture.
Treating older adults with interpersonal psychotherapy for depression

Interpersonal psychotherapy for depression (IPT) is a brief psychotherapy that has been found to be effective in treating major depressive disorder (MDD) and other problems in younger adults. In recent years, IPT has been used as a psychotherapy for depressed elderly. With its emphasis on addressing interpersonally relevant problems, IPT appears especially well suited to the life changes that many people experience in their later years. Consistent with results of research studies, I have found in clinical practice that IPT is effective in treating depression in older adults. In this article I describe IPT treatment of an elderly woman who developed MDD following the onset of dementia in her husband and the challenges she faced in making transitions in her role as caregiver. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 55: 949–960, 1999.
Effects of patulin on adenosine triphosphatase activities in the mouse.

Abstract Patulin (4-hydroxy-4H-furol3,2clpyran-2(6H)-one), a toxic metabolite of various species of Aspergillus and Penicillium , differentially inhibited ( in vitro ) the Na + K + -activated and the oligomycin-sensitive and insensitive Mg 2+ -adenosine triphosphatase activities of mouse brain, kidney, and liver fractions containing nerve endings, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum (B), and microsomal preparations (C) from these tissues. A dose-dependent inhibition of Na + K + -ATPase activity in brain and kidney tissue fractions B and C was observed with corresponding ID50 (50% inhibition) values of 3.0 and 3.7 × 10 −4 m patulin for brain and kidney B fractions and 3.4 and 2.0 × 10 −4 m patulin for brain and kidney C fractions, respectively. Oligomycin-sensitive mitochondrial Mg 2+ -ATPase of brain, kidney, and liver also were inhibited by patulin in both preparations but less drastically than by the Na + K + -ATPase system. Oligomycin-insensitive Mg 2+ activities of brain and kidney were only slightly affected with computed ID50 values of 1.0 and 2.0 × 10 −3 m patulin for B fractions and 3.0 and 6.0 × 10 −3 m patulin for C fractions, respectively. In vivo oligomycin-sensitive Mg 2+ ATPase activities in B preparations from liver and kidneys of mice pretreated with 7.5 mg/kg were inhibited 52 and 28%, respectively, after 48 hr. Furthermore, kidney Na + K + -ATPase activity from the same preprations was significantly correspondingly inhibited. Although oligomycin-sensitive and Na + K + -ATPase activities were not affected in brain, oligomycin-insensitive ATPase activity was slightly reduced in vivo . Thus, in vitro and in vivo results suggest possible patulin-mediated effects in the mouse through disruption of adenosine triphosphatase systems.
Ten Years' Follow-Up of a Family With Myokymia and Muscle Cramps Without Ataxia.

We report 10 years’ follow-up of the previously described family with a novel mutation of the KCNA1 gene. The family consisted of 3 affected boys (first seen at ages 3, 11, and 12) and their affected mother and asymptomatic father and sister. They clinically presented with diffuse myokymia, muscle cramps, and lower limb spasticity without ataxia, but episodic ataxia developed later during adolescence and early adulthood. Long-term follow-ups of families with known KCNA1 gene mutation are rarely mentioned in the literature. Treatment with carbamazepine, 600 to 800 mg daily resulted in cessation of muscle cramps and marked improvement of lower leg symptoms. In the youngest child, after 2 years carbamazepine had to be changed to oxcarbazepine because of side effects. Carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine are both effective in treatment of symptoms related to KCNA1 gene mutation. Symptoms will reoccur if treatment is stopped and there is variability of symptom severity between family members.
Sunspot pair formation by the photospheric dynamo process

Abstract It is suggested that the formation of a pair of sunspots results from amplification of the weak, largescale fields in the photosphere, rather than from emergence of a hypothetical magnetic flux “tube” from beneath the photosphere.
Young's Modulus as a Function of Wire Diameter

IT was observed that, during annealing, the modulus of elasticity of copper wires may be appreciably lowered1. This phenomenon has been explained by Barrett2 as resulting from alterations in their textures. As has been shown by Schmid and Wassermann3, most metals with a face-centred cubic structure such as copper, silver or gold exhibit a double fibre structure when cold drawn. This double texture consists of crystals the [111] or [100] directions of which are parallel to the axis of the wire. In copper, for example, 40 per cent of the grains are oriented in the [100] and 60 per cent in the [111] direction. Body-centred cubic metal wire, such as iron, tungsten and molybdenum, was found to have a simple [110] texture4,5.
Patterns of polydrug use in adolescent alcohol abusers.

It is clear that alcohol abuse by adolescents rarely exists today without the concurrent use of other drugs. Little is known, however, about the extent and patterns of polydrug use in clinical samp...
Who is responsible for what? Examining strategic roles in social media management

This study examines the strategic roles associated with social media management through the lens of role theory. By analyzing the responses from participants in two focus groups and a survey of public relations and human resources practitioners, we identified nine strategic roles and the associated responsibilities including policy maker, internal collaborator, technology tester, communications organizer, issues manager, relationship analyzer, master of metrics, policing, and employee recruiter. Public relations lead most of these activities, but human resources are a close collaborator. Study findings also provide specific insights into online reputation management processes, exact content of social media policies, and the most common metrics used for social media channels.
Pasch's axiom and projective spaces

Let @p be a generalized projective geometry and i @e Z^+ such that some i-dimensional subspace of @p contains finitely many (i - 1) dimensional subspaces. We give a characterization of the incidence structure formed by the (i - 1)-dimensional and i-dimensional subspaces of @p (where the incidence relation is set inclusion). The specialization of this characterization to projective geometries follows. Let @q be a connected incidence structure with more than one point and line, and let two lines have at most one point in common. If (i) both @q and the dual of @q satisfy Pasch's Axiom, (ii) for all points x and lines m of @q not containing x, the number of points of m collinear with x is not 1 or 2, (iii) some line has finitely many points, then @q is the incidence structure having the (i - 1)-dimensional and i-dimensional subspaces (for some finite i) of some projective geometry of finite order as its points and lines respectively.
Carboxyl methylation of rab3D is developmentally regulated in the rat pancreas: correlation with exocrine function.

Abstract Several GTPases of the rab family, including rab3A, are methylesterified on their carboxy-terminal prenylcysteine residue. The significance of this reversible posttranslational modification for the function of rab proteins is unknown, although it has been postulated that carboxyl methylation facilitates the membrane association of prenylated proteins through a hydrophobic mechanism. We here demonstrate, that pancreatic rab3D undergoes developmentally regulated carboxyl methylation concurrently with the maturation of the regulated secretory apparatus in pancreatic acinar cells: in fetal glands, which are refractive to hormone stimulation, the majority of the rab3D protein was methylated, whereas in neonatal and adult glands, which are secretory competent, only 50 % was methylated. The methylated form of rab3D was also predominant in a transplantable acinar cell tumor which displays impaired secretory responsiveness and morphological characteristics reminiscent of the fetal pancreas. In addition, treatment of AR42J pancreatic acinar tumor cells with dexamethasone to induce a regulated secretory pathway, led to a significant increase in the size of the unmethylated pool of a rab3-Jike protein. Strikingly, membrane preparations from adult pancreata and parotid glands contained both methylated and unmethylated forms of rab3D indiscriminately. These results suggest that the acquisition of stimulus-secretion coupling by the exocrine pancreas correlates with the methylation state of rab3D, and that carboxyl methylation plays no significant role in enhancing the membrane association or determining the subcellular distribution of rab3D.
Do pharmacists have a right to refuse to fill prescriptions for abortifacient drugs

PIP: Some pharmacists opposed to abortion on moral ground are concerned by having to fill prescriptions for abortifacient drugs like mifepristone (RU-486). The issue of the right of pharmacists to refuse to fill such prescriptions depends on the model of the physician-pharmacist-patient relationship. The libertarian model of pharmacy practice holds that physicians, pharmacists, and patients are bound only by the contract that they freely negotiate with one another, thus the pharmacist has no moral obligation to fill a prescription for mifepristone unless he or she has expressly contracted to do so. The American Pharmaceutical Association's 1981 Code of Ethics does not specify what a pharmacist ought to do in particular circumstances. The right to refuse is strongly supported by the principles of nonmaleficence and respect for autonomy. These are principles of the libertarian model of the pharmacist-patient relationship but are also present in the guild or societal models stressing the duty to avoid harming others. Justification for pharmacists right of refusal appeals to their autonomy rights as members of the moral community rather than the profession of pharmacy. Since the professional right to autonomy is not absolute, moral consideration circumscribe it: it is difficult to argue that a pharmacist who believes that homosexuality is immoral has the right to refuse to fill a prescription for AZT. Even if a person who presents such a prescription is homosexual there is no causal relationship between filling a prescription for AZT and participating in a homosexual act. At the opposite end the libertarians reject the notion of even a basic right to health care. A woman in the above situation would not have a right to the abortifacient drug, so a pharmacist has no duty to dispense it. According to the technician model of professionalism, the pharmacist's personal values do not matter, so a pharmacist has a duty to provide the service.
Ordinary Life, Festival Days: Aesthetics in the Midwestern County Fair

Ordinary Life, Festival Days: Aesthetics in the Midwestern County Fair. Leslie Prosterman. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Instltution Press, 1995. xi + 220 pp., photographs, notes, Index.
Demographic change in nonmetropolitan America, 1980 to 1990

Between 1980 and 1990, the nonmetropolitan population grew by 3.7 percent. Natural increase accounted for the entire population gain, offsetting a small migration loss (1.7%). A significant net loss of young adults from nonmetropolitan areas was only partially offset by an influx of older adults. The net gain through natural increase was small by historical standards and natural decrease became more common. The demographic trends of the 1980s were neither a repeat of the turnaround of the 1970s nor a reversion to historical patterns. Rather, they straddled the trends of the two preceding periods. These findings provide the demographic groundwork for future theoretical development. The policy implications of such population redistribution and demographic compositional shifts also are considered.
Is child saving dead? Attitudes toward juvenile rehabilitation in Illinois

In recent times, juvenile rehabilitation has been attacked both by liberals seeking to insert greater due process rights and protections into the juvenile justice system and by conservatives calling for more stringent handling of serious youthful offenders. The apparent pervasiveness of this attack raises the question, Is the philosophy of child saving dead? Data drawn from a survey conducted in Illinois suggest, however, that juvenile rehabilitation continues to receive support both from the public and from various groups associated with criminal justice practice and policy making. At the same time, there is also support for the notion that young criminals are responsible for their actions and are currently being treated too leniently by our courts. Finally, child saving is embraced most firmly by judges, lawyers, correctional administrators, and prison inmates and least strongly by legislators, prison guards, and the general public.
The expansion of the potential of a homogeneous ellipsoid in a series of tesseral harmonics

The Newtonian potential of a homogeneous triaxial ellipsoid is expanded in a series of tesseral harmonics (cf. Equation (1)) and the coefficients (cf. Equation (2)) are calculated (cf. Equation (25)). An integral formula of Legendre involving Legendre polynomials is generalized to associated Legendre functions (cf. Equation (16), (16*)).
Integral Skin Friction Prediction for Turbulent Separated Flows

On presente une methode integrale de calcul du frottement superficiel bidimensionnel incompressible pour des ecoulements decolles a l'aide de la theorie des variables internes
A Viscoelastic Earthquake Simulator with Application to the San Francisco Bay Region

Earthquake simulation on synthetic fault networks carries great potential for characterizing the statistical patterns of earthquake occurrence. I present an earthquake simulator based on elastic dislocation theory. It accounts for the effects of interseismic tectonic loading, static stress steps at the time of earthquakes, and postearthquake stress readjustment through viscoelastic relaxation of the lower crust and mantle. Earthquake rupture initiation and termination are determined with a Coulomb failure stress criterion and the static cascade model. The simulator is applied to interacting multifault systems: one, a synthetic two-fault network, and the other, a fault network representative of the San Francisco Bay region. The faults are discretized both along strike and along dip and can accommodate both strike slip and dip slip. Stress and seismicity functions are evaluated over 30,000 yr trial time periods, resulting in a detailed statistical characterization of the fault systems. Seismicity functions such as the coefficient of variation and a - and b -values exhibit systematic patterns with respect to simple model parameters. This suggests that reliable estimation of the controlling parameters of an earthquake simulator is a prerequisite to the interpretation of its output in terms of seismic hazard.
The influence of business strategies on the frames of health news: a comparison of health news in two Korean newspapers

This study examines how an adoption of a spin-off publication, which is a subsidiary of a parent company, might be associated with changes in the frames of health news. A content analysis of two Korean newspapers showed that reporters at the spin-off relied more on health news sources from potential advertisers, such as pharmaceutical companies and doctors who work at private clinics and hospitals, and that the frames emphasized medical treatments rather than the promotion of healthy lifestyles, which was the focus of frames before the spin-off. These findings suggest that news associated with spin-offs may be framed to emphasize services offered by potential advertisers. Because framing and sources impact readers' perceptions of medical problems and their choices about what action to take, this study also raises questions about possible long-term effects on individual health care preferences. In addition, these findings illustrate the emerging, critical role that business spin-offs play in the constructi...
Maintenance of glial plasticity with aging in C‐6 glial cells and normal astrocytes in culture: Responsiveness to opioid peptides

In this study we used as glial cell models, early and late passage C-6 glial cells, 2B clone, and advanced passages of glial cells derived from aged mouse cerebral hemispheres (MACH) to examine responsiveness to opioids. We have previously reported that early passage C-6 glial cells, 2B clone, are bipotential and can be geared toward oligodendrocyte or astrocytic expression, whereas late passage C-6 glial cells are astrocytic. In addition, MACH cultures have been previously characterized and consist of astrocytes type 1 and 2, some oligodendrocytes, and few glial precursors. In this study, early passage (17–20) and late passage (106–108) C-6 glial cells or MACH cells of passages 16–19 were grown from plating time until harvesting, day 7 or 8, in DMEM + 10% FBS in the presence or absence of opioid peptides, Leu-enkephalin (10−8 to 10−10 M) or its synthetic analog, dalargin (Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg; 10−8 to 10−10 M). We examined for the activities of glutamine synthetase (GS) and cyclic nucleotide phosphohydrolase (CNP), enzyme markers for astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, respectively. We found that CNP activity was markedly increased in the early passage following opioid treatment, indicative of a shift to oligodendrocytic expression. In the late passage cells, already committed to astrocytic expression, opioid treatment enhanced GS activity suggesting that astrocytes respond to opioids. GS activity was markedly increased in MACH cultures grown in the presence of opioids with no changes in CNP. Thus, type 1 astrocytes, the predominant glial type in MACH cultures, responded to opioids. We conclude from these findings derived from two different glial models that regulation of astrocytes by microenvironmental signals appears to be maintained with aging. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Income, race/ethnicity, and exposure to violence in youth: Results from the national survey of adolescents

This study examined the associations between household income, race/ethnicity, and exposure to violence in a nationally representative sample of youth. Participants included a national probability sample of adolescents (ages 12-17), who completed a telephone interview that assessed lifetime occurrences of witnessing violence, receipt of physically abusive punishment, physical assault, and sexual assault. Results indicated that as household income increased prevalence of witnessing violence, receipt of physically abusive punishment, physical assault, and sexual assault decreased for Caucasian but not African-American or Hispanic youth. In addition to the interaction of household income with race/ethnicity, a main effect of race/ethnicity across income groups was apparent for witnessing violence. More specifically, African-American and Hispanic youth reported significantly higher rates of witnessing violence at each income level relative to their Caucasian counterparts. Findings from this nationally representative sample of youth suggest that it may be simplistic to interpret high rates of violence exposure among minority youth as due to their disproportionate representation among the economically disadvantaged in the United States. This study illustrates the importance of examining risk and protective factors separately for each type of violence experienced by youth, and underscores the need to assess the generalizability of risk and protective factors across racial/ethnic groups. � 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
CONSERVATION OF FILTERING IN MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS

Abstract This paper addresses the issue of reliable satisfaction of customer demand by unreliable production systems. Using a simple Production-Storage-Customer model, we show that this can be accomplished by filtering out production randomness. The filtering of randomness is ensured by finished goods buffers (filtering in space) and shipping periods (filtering in time). The following question is considered: How are filtering in space and in time interrelated? As an answer, we show that there exists a conservation law: In lean manufacturing systems, the amount of filtering in space multiplied by the amount of filtering in time (both measured in appropriate dimensionless units) is practically constant.
Schopenhauer on the antipathy of aesthetic genius and the charming

L'A. etudie la conception schopenhauerienne d'un genie esthetique consistant dans la capacite a se detacher totalement de sa volonte ou de son desir envers un objet de representation -que cela soit au niveau du createur (peintre) ou du spectateur dans sa contemplation desinteressee-. Il examine la critique de l'imagination et le «platonisme» de Schopenhauer dans son desir de parvenir a l'idee du beau
Structure of neutron-rich even-even Cd Nuclei. I. Decay of /sup 1/22Ag

The decay of mass-separated $^{122}\mathrm{Ag}$ to levels in $^{122}\mathrm{Cd}$ has been studied. The half-life was measured to be 0.48 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.08 sec in disagreement with earlier work. Of six $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays observed, five were placed in a $^{122}\mathrm{Cd}$ level scheme with excited states at 569, 1329, 1368, and 1979 keV. The results are compared with the systematics of other even-even Cd nuclei and predictions from a rotation-vibration model.
Effects of Experience and Cage Enrichment on Predatory Skills of Black-Footed Ferrets (Mustela nigripes)

We studied ontogeny of predatory skills of growing black-footed ferrets ( Mustela nigripes ) raised under different captive conditions. To test effects of maturation, experience, and cage enrichment on predatory behavior, we exposed 70 juvenile black-footed ferrets to different numbers of live hamsters ( Mesocricetus auratus ) throughout development. Both maturation and experience increased the likelihood of a black-footed ferret making a successful kill. Black-footed ferrets exposed to greater environmental complexity (enriched cage, including encouragement of food-searching behaviors) also were more likely to kill than ferrets raised in a deprived environment. Behavioral studies of captive-raised black-footed ferrets can help refine current breeding techniques and ultimately enhance efforts to recover this endangered carnivore.
Obesity among Latino children within a migrant farmworker community.

Background Childhood obesity has increased substantially among Latino children, placing them at risk for its related health consequences. Limited attention has been given to childhood obesity among Latino migrant farm-working communities. Purpose To examine, within a migrant farm-working community, (1) the prevalence of obesity among Latino children and parents and (2) parent perceptions of children's weight status and intentions to take corrective action. Methods Structured interviews were completed with the parents of 495 children seen for well-child office visits in the pediatric department of a community health center during a 15-month period between 2010 and 2011. Medical chart reviews were completed for each child participant. Results Forty-seven percent of the children were overweight (20%) or obese (27%). In comparison to preschool-aged children, those in elementary and middle school were more likely to be obese. In elementary school, girls were more likely than boys to be overweight or obese. Child obesity was associated with parent obesity. Parental concern about their child's weight was associated with child obesity but not with child overweight. Parental concern was associated with parent intention to address the child's weight, particularly in older children. Analysis was completed in 2012. Conclusions Interventions are needed that address both childhood obesity and parent weight status among Latino migrant farmworkers. Prevention programs that address the weight status of Latino children who are overweight, but not necessarily obese, are also needed, as their parents tend to be no more concerned about a child who is overweight than one who is normal weight.
Inhibition of neuroblastoma adenylate cyclase by cannabinoid and nantradol compounds

Abstract This study was undertaken to ascertain the effects of cannabinoid drugs on prostanoid-stimulated adenylate cyclase in neuroblastoma cells. This report demonstrates that Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and levonantradol could decrease initial rate cyclic AMP accumulation in response to prostacyclin in intact cells. Basal accumulation was also diminished. Prostanoid-stimulated adenylate cyclase in a membrane preparation from these cells was inhibited by cannabinoid and nantradol compounds. However, this inhibition was not competitive with prostaglandin E1 or prostacyclin. Further, inhibition was also observed when the enzyme was stimulated by peptide hormones at the secretin receptor. In contrast, enzyme activated by NaF was not inhibited by cannabinoid compounds. Cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity in subcellular fractions was unaltered by these agents. These data demonstrate that cannabinoid and nantradol compounds decrease cyclic AMP accumulation in neuronally derived cells, and that this results from an inhibition of basal and hormone-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity.
Electronic spin susceptibility in superconducting YBa2Cu3O7 from nuclear spin-spin coupling☆

Abstract Spin-spin and spin-lattice relaxation rates of Cu(2) were measured on YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 in the normal and superconducting states. The spin-spin relaxation data are interpreted within the framework of the antiferromagnetic Fermi liquid theory of Millis, Monien and Pines, and the temperature dependence of the antiferromagnetic correlation length in the normal state is found to be consistent with that obtained from the spin-lattice relaxation data. In the superconducting state the spin-spin relaxation time becomes significantly longer. This indicates that the real part of the spin susceptibility at large momenta is reduced in the superconducting state.
Children's Rights and Voices in Research: Cross-National Perspectives

Human rights and social justice perspectives frame this special cross-nationally comparative issue. Human rights, as set out in international legal frameworks such as the Universal Declaration on H...
The Perceived Impact of Outsourcing on Organizational Performance

Outsourcing is the strategic use of outside resources to perform activities that are usually handled by internal staff and resources. By using a well‐managed outsourcing agreement, companies can gain in markets that would otherwise be uneconomical. This study was designed to explore why companies are undertaking outsourcing projects and identifies factors that may facilitate or impede outsourcing projects. In addition, this article examines the relationships between outsourcing strategies and organizational performance. The results show that organizations generally considered themselves successful at outsourcing. However, while they achieved significant improvement in organizational performance, they have not reached the magnitude of improvements ascribed to outsourcing.
Idaho Explosives Detection System: Development and Enhancements

The Idaho Explosives Detection System (IEDS) was developed at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) to respond to threats imposed by delivery trucks carrying bulk explosives into military bases. The system consists of two platforms, one on each side of a subject vehicle. Each platform includes a neutron generator and an array of sodium iodide (NaI) detectors. The two neutron generators are pulsed and synchronized. A computer connects to the system via Ethernet and is able to control the system remotely. The system was developed to detect bulk explosives in a medium size truck within a 5-min measurement time. In 2004, a full-scale prototype IEDS was built for testing and continued development. System performance was successfully tested at the INL from November 2005 to February 2006 using different types of real explosives with a variety of cargo. Recently, the first deployable prototype system was installed at Wright–Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio and has been in operation since May 2007. The capability of passively detecting radiological material within a delivery truck has also been added.
A Kinetics Model for Predicting the Accumulation of PCBs in Phytoplankton

This study reports on the development and evaluation of a predictive model for the accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in phytoplankton which incorporates the kinetics of the process. The model includes a surface sorption term, uptake and loss rate coefficients, and a biomass dilution term. Laboratory data collected from the accumulation of 40 representative PCB congeners in four representative algal species were used to parameterize the model, and the performance of the model was evaluated on a set of independent laboratory data and a set of field data collected from Green Bay, Lake Michigan. Model predictions were compared to predictions from an equilibrium model. Under low growth conditions, the predictions of the kinetics model and the equilibrium model were similar. However, for data collected during periods of intense growth, equilibrium predictions deviated significantly from the observed values and from the kinetics model predictions by as much as 3 orders of magnitude. Concentrations...
Elastodynamic fundamental solutions for anisotropic solids

SUMMARY 3-D and 2-D time-domain elastodynamic fundamental solutions (or Green's functions) for linearly elastic anisotropic materials are obtained by the Radon transform. Fundamental solutions in the frequency domain follow directly by a subsequent evaluation of the Fourier transforms of the time-domain solutions. The solutions are in the form of a surface integral over a unit sphere for 3-D cases and in the form of a contour integral over a unit circle for 2-D cases. The integrals have a simple structure that can be interpreted as a superposition of plane waves. The wavefields can be separated into singular and regular parts. The singular parts correspond to the elastostatic fundamental solutions. The regular parts are bounded continuous functions. The integrals have been evaluated numerically for several examples. The results presented in this paper have direct applications to the formulation of boundary-integral equations for bodies of anisotropic materials and for the subsequent solution of these equations by the boundary-element method.
Science in a very large universe

As observers of the universe we are quantum physical systems within it. If the universe is very large in space and/or time, the probability becomes significant that the data on which we base predictions is replicated at other locations in spacetime. The physical conditions at these locations that are not specified by the data may differ. Predictions of our future observations therefore require an assumed probability distribution (the xerographic distribution) for our location among the possible ones. It is the combination of basic theory plus the xerographic distribution that can be predictive and testable by further observations.
EVA: an efficient vision architecture for mobile systems

The capabilities of mobile devices have been increasing at a momentous rate. As better processors have merged with capable cameras in mobile systems, the number of computer vision applications has grown rapidly. However, the computational and energy constraints of mobile devices have forced computer vision application developers to sacrifice accuracy for the sake of meeting timing demands. To increase the computational performance of mobile systems we present EVA. EVA is an application-specific heterogeneous multi-core having a mix of computationally powerful cores with energy efficient cores. Each core of EVA has computation and memory architectural enhancements tailored to the application traits of vision codes. Using a computer vision benchmarking suite, we evaluate the efficiency and performance of a wide range of EVA designs. We show that EVA can provide speedups of over 9x that of an embedded processor while reducing energy demands by as much as 3x.
AMINO ACID ACCUMULATION BY KIDNEY CORTEX SLICES AND INTESTINAL SEGMENTS OF RATS BEARING A TRANSPLANTABLE PITUITARY TUMOR.

In vitro studies of amino acid accumulation and incorporation into protein have been carried out in tissues from rats bearing a transplantable pituitary tumor (MtT) which produces growth hormone, prolactin and ACTH. The marked visceromegaly observed in these animals is associated with enhancement of amino acid accumulation by kidney cortex slices and jejunal segments, as well as stimulation of incorporation into protein. The effects on accumulation and incorporation are abolished by adrenalectomy, suggesting that elevated levels of circulating adrenal hormones in tumor-bearing rats are responsible for the changes observed. (Endocrinology 76: 267, 1965)
Gas Bubble Disease Due to Helicopter Transport of Young Pink Salmon

Abstract When 0.2-g pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha were carried by helicopter in Alaska, total gas pressure in the transport water reached 71.3 mm Hg (109.4% of barometric pressure). Gross and microscopic lesions in swim bladders of fish progressed during transport to tympanitic dilatation, then to separation of laminae and rupture. Other associated signs and lesions were exophthalmos, cranial swelling, edematous gill lamellae, hemoperitoneum, emphysema of the yolk sac, and distension and rupture of the yolk sac membrane. Rapid reduction of barometric pressure during the flight and the subsequent increase in dissolved-gas supersaturation caused gas bubble disease and tissue alterations that affected health and survival of the fish.
A Polymorphic Dynamic Network Loading Model

A polymorphic dynamic network loading (PDNL) model is developed and discretized to integrate a variety of macroscopic traffic flow and node models. The polymorphism, realized through a general node-link interface and proper discretization, offers several promi- nent advantages. First of all, PDNL allows road facilities in the same network to be represented by different traf- fic flow models based on the tradeoff of efficiency and realism and/or the characteristics of the targeted prob- lem. Second, new macroscopic link/node models can be easily plugged into the framework and compared against existing ones. Third, PDNL decouples links and nodes in network loading, and thus opens the door to parallel computing. Finally, PDNL keeps track of individual ve- hicular quanta of arbitrary size, which makes it possible to replicate analytical loading results as closely as desired. PDNL, thus, offers an ideal platform for studying both an- alytical dynamic traffic assignment problems of different kinds and macroscopic traffic simulation.