cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Issues and Advances in Segmentation Research

The author reviews the current status and recent advances in segmentation research, covering segmentation problem definition, research design considerations, data collection approaches, data analys...
Binuclear NMR Shift Reagents. An Apparent Anomalous Effect with Vinclozolin

Abstract The 60 MHz 1H NMR spectra of racemic vinclozolin, 1, have been studied at 28° in CDC13 solution with the chiral reagent tris[3-(heptafluoropropylhydroxymethylene)-d-camphorato]europium(III), 2, by incremental additions of (6,6,7,7,8,8,8-heptafluoro-2,2-di-methyl-3,5-octanedionato)silver(I), 3. Although the solution of 1 with 2 displayed substantial downfield lanthanide-induced shifts, Δδ, and enantiomeric shift differences, ΔΔδ, for selected nuclei, relative to the spectrum of unshifted 1, additions of 3 to the solution of 1 and 2 were unexpectedly found to dramatically reduce the magnitudes of both Δδ and ΔΔδ.
Synthesis of α1-acid glycoprotein by the isolated perfused rat liver

Abstract The isolated rat liver has been shown to incorporate glucose-C14 into the galactose, mannose, and glucosamine, and leucine-C14 into the protein, of plasma α1-acid glycoprotein. Only negligible incorporation of these C14 precursors into α1-acid glycoprotein was observed in control experiments in which comparable amounts of blood and radioactivity were circulated without the presence of the liver. Leucine-C14 was incorporated into the protein of α1-acid glycoprotein 2.2 times more rapidly than into albumin of blood perfusing the liver. These data provide direct evidence that the mammalian liver is a site of synthesis of both the carbohydrate and protein moieties of α1-acid glycoprotein.
Methane Abundance on Titan, Measured by the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph

Abstract Although methane is the dominant absorber in Titan's reflection spectrum, the amount of methane in the atmosphere has only been determined to an order of magnitude. We analyzed spectra from the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph, looking at both a bright surface region (700-km radius) and a dark surface region. The difference between the spectra of the two regions is attributed to light that has scattered off the surface, and therefore made a round-trip through all of Titan's methane. Considering only absorption, the shape of the difference spectrum provides an upper limit on methane abundance of 3.5 km-am. Modeling the multiple scattering in the atmosphere further constrains the methane abundance to 2.63±0.17 km-am. In the absence of supersaturation and with a simplified methane vertical profile, this corresponds to a surface methane-mole fraction near 3.8% and a relative humidity of 0.32. With supersaturation near the tropopause, the surface methane mole fraction could be as low as 3%.
Spectral cluster estimates for metrics of Sobolev regularity

We investigate spectral cluster estimates for compact manifolds equipped with a Riemannian metric whose regularity is determined by its inclusion in a Sobolev space of sufficiently high order. The problem is reduced to obtaining L P estimates for the wave equation which are shown by employing wave packet techniques.
Late vitreous hemorrhage in patients with regressed retinopathy of prematurity

Purpose To describe the characteristics of eyes with late vitreous hemorrhage in children with a history of regressed retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Methods The medical records of consecutive patients with regressed ROP presenting to our institution with late vitreous hemorrhage between 1995 and 2006 were reviewed. Results Thirteen patients (14 eyes) were identified. All patients had stage 3 or higher ROP. Prior treatments included cryotherapy in three eyes, laser ablation in eight eyes, and laser followed by vitrectomy for retinal detachment in two eyes. Three eyes had had no prior ocular surgery. Age at late vitreous hemorrhage ranged from 10.8 months to 15 years (mean, 8.4 years). At the time of late vitreous hemorrhage, no eyes had active neovascularization, three eyes had a history of trauma, and three eyes had concurrent retinal detachment; eight eyes were observed (57%) and six (43%) were treated with vitrectomy. Conclusions Late vitreous hemorrhage can occur in patients with regressed ROP years after the vascularly active phase of the disease. It likely results from abnormal vitreoretinal traction on otherwise normal retinal vessels or from a normal amount of traction on residual cicatricial tissue. Vitreous hemorrhage may occur in the absence of trauma, retinal tears, retinal detachment, or active neovascularization. With appropriate management, most patients maintained their baseline vision.
Temperature dependent reappearance of variable PSII fluorescence of apple cultivars and rootstocks

Abstract The temperature sensitivity of PSII fluorescence recovery was identified for six different apple (Malus domestica L. Borkh) cultivars and rootstocks. Optimal temperatures ranged from 15–20 °C for ‘Yellow Transparent’ and ‘Beverly Hills’ to 20–30 °C for ‘Delicious’. Seedling rootstock had a broad optimal range of 15–25 °C whereas both M 26 and M 9 had more narrow optima centered on 20 °C. Rootstock had no effect on the optimum of the grafted scion, nor did the presence or absence of the scion shoot have any effect on the temperature optimum of the rootstock. It appears the scion/rootstock combination acts as two independent entities, each with its own characteristic optimum temperature for PSII fluorescence recovery.
The taxonomy of binding sites in proteins

Conservation of polypeptide fold and mode of ligand binding is frequently found within proteins of related function. Examples illustrating this phenomenon are taken from NAD linked enzymes, nucleotide binding proteins, polysaccharide binding proteins, heme binding proteins and enzymes with essential Fe-S complexes or zinc atoms.
Novel Diffusion-Barrier Materials Against Oxygen for High-Density Dynamic Random Access Memory Capacitors

A new design concept for diffusion barriers in high-density memory capacitors is suggested, and both RuTiN (RTN) and RuTiO (RTO) films are proposed as sacrificial oxygen diffusion barriers. The newly developed RTN and RTO barriers show a much lower sheet resistance than various other barriers, including binary and ternary nitrides (reported by others), up to 800 °C, without a large increase in the resistance. For both the Pt/RTN/TiSix/n++poly-plug/n+ channel layer/Si and the Pt/RTO/RTN/TiSix/n++poly-plug/n+ channel layer/Si contact structures, contact resistance—the most important electrical parameter for the diffusion barrier in the bottom electrode structure of capacitors—was found to be as low as 5 kohm, even after annealing up to 750 °C. When the RTN film was inserted as a glue layer between the bottom Pt electrode layer and the TiN barrier film in the chemical vapor deposited (Ba,Sr)TiO3 (CVD–BST) simple stack-type structure, the RTN glue layer was observed to be thermally stable to temperatures 150 °C higher than that to which the TiN glue layer is stable. Moreover, the capacitance of the physical vapor deposited (PVD)–BST simple stack-type structure adopted TiN glue layer initially degraded after annealing at 500 °C, and, thereafter, completely failed. In the case of the RTN and RTO/RTN glue layers, however, the capacitance continuously increased up to 550 °C. Thus, the new RTN and RTO films, which act as diffusion barriers to oxygen, are very promising materials for achieving high-density capacitors.
Mechanisms of Summertime Subtropical Southern Indian Ocean Sea Surface Temperature Variability: On the Importance of Humidity Anomalies and the Meridional Advection of Water Vapor*

Abstract It is well known that some austral summertime subtropical Indian Ocean sea surface temperature (SST) variability correlates with rainfall over certain regions of Africa that depend on rainfall for their economic well-being. Recent studies have determined that this SST variability is at least partially driven by latent heat flux variability, but the mechanism has not been fully described. Here, the mechanism that drives this SST variability is reexamined using analyses of operational air–sea fluxes, ocean mixed layer modeling, and simple atmospheric boundary layer physics. The SST variability of interest is confirmed to be mainly driven by latent heat flux variability, which is shown, for the first time, to be mainly caused by near-surface humidity variability. This humidity variability is then shown to be fundamentally driven by the anomalous meridional advection of water vapor. The meridional wind anomalies of interest are subsequently found to occur when the subtropical atmospheric anticyclone ...
Hypothalamus und Schilddrüse

Man hat lange vermutet, das die Schilddruse in einem bestimmten Mase unter der Kontrolle des Zentralnervensystems steht. Gewisse Merkmale der Hyperthyreose, zum Beispiel Tremor, Schweisausbruche, Hyperaktivitat und Tachykardie konnen durch einen rein nervosen Mechanismus entstehen. Weiter stellten viele Beobachter fest, das einer klinischen Hyperthyreose oft hochgradige emotionale Storungen vorausgehen. Man hat daher immer wieder die Frage aufgeworfen, ob nicht die Basedowsche Krankheit psychosomatischer Natur sei.
Electron-beam-controlled high-power semiconductor switches

Theoretical and experimental studies on electron-beam-controlled high-power semiconductor switches are discussed. By using cathodoluminescence as a means to ionize the bulk of the semiconductor switch, it seems to be possible-according to the results of a rate equation model-to control current densities of several hundred amperes per square centimeter with electron-beam current densities in the tens of milliamperes per square centimeter. In experiments on semi-insulating gallium arsenide switches with a zinc-doped cathodoluminescent layer, switch current densities of 53 A/cm/sup 2/ were obtained with an electron-beam current density of 36 mA/cm/sup 2/. The resistance of the switch was lowered by more than four orders of magnitude after the electron-beam was turned on. The closing and opening times were 400 ns, determined by the temporal rise and fall of the thermionically generated electron current. By using laser-generated photoelectrons, closing and opening times in the nanosecond range are achievable. >
Lipid Microenvironment Influences the Processivity of Adsorbed Fibrin(ogen): Enzymatic Processing and Adhesivity of the Bound Protein

Abstract We assessed the processivity of fibrin(ogen) adsorbed to unmodified, and to lecithin-coated (160 A 2 · molecule -1 ), polystyrene-divinylbenzene beads. At saturation, lecithin-coated beads bind ∼22% less fibrinogen than do unmodified beads, a consequence of the protein being excluded from the area occupied by the hydrophilic head group of the lipid on the lecithin-coated surface. Despite this reduced capacity, lecithin-coated beads saturated with fibrinogen aggregate in the presence of thrombin at a rate and to an extent both greater than those of saturated unmodified beads. These differences cannot be due to inhibition of thrombin activity by the unmodified beads since liberation of fibrinopeptides A and B from both beads is quantitative. Whereas the action of thrombin on bound fibrinogen is indifferent to the lipid film, fibrinogenolysis is much more rapid and complete when fibrinogen is bound to the lecithin-coated surface than when it is bound to unmodified polystyrene-divinylbenzene. We attribute this to greater accessibility of plasmin-labile sites when the fibrinogen is coadsorbed with the phospholipid. Based on several results and observations, including thrombin-initiated aggregation of heads, and patterns of fibrinogenolysis and transamidation of adsorbed fibrin, we hypothesize that flexible, elongate fibrin(ogen) molecules bind to the hydrophobic regions of these surfaces in near end-on fashion, an orientation that appears to be preserved by lecithin. We propose further that the study of fibrin(ogen) on surfaces, lipid surfaces in particular, should provide information relevant to a host of physiologic/pathophysiologic processes where fibrin(ogen) deposition on surfaces occurs.
The effect of adult influence on children's preferences: Compliance versus opposition

The present study examined the effects of adult influence on the choice preferences of first and fifth grade girls and boys. It was found that when the adult directed the children as to which choice alternative to choose, all children (both grades and both sexes) preferred that alternative advocated by the adult. When, however, the adult's influence attempt was followed by another adult's stating that the child should choose whatever he/she wanted, first graders displayed oppositional behavior (preferring the alternative not urged by the first adult), while fifth graders continued to comply with the first adult's influence. These results suggested that oppositional behavior in first grade children may occur as a function of conflict between adults regarding adult control over the child.
Systematics of evaporation

Beginning with rather basic principles, general relations are obtained for evaporative rate constants. These are established both as a function of energy and of temperature. In parallel with this, expressions are developed for the kinetic energy distribution of the separating species. Explicit evaluation of the rate constants in the case of “chemical” evaporation from an entity containingn monomeric units yields as a typical result $$k(T)(s^{ - 1} ) = 3 \cdot 10^{13} n^{{2 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {2 3}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 3}} \exp [6/n^{{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 3}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 3}} ]\exp ( - \Delta E_a (n)/k_B T)$$ Experimental evidence in support of this relation is cited. Applications to thermionic emission are also noted.
Interleukin-1, Nitric Oxide and Reactive Astrocytes

Recent work in many laboratories has revealed that cytokines are important mediators of inflammation, host defense, and tissue injury in a variety of neurological diseases. A role for astrocytes and microglia in these diseases has been considered pivotal, since both cell types readily produce and respond to cytokines in vitro and show morphologic and immunocytochemical evidence for activation in vivo. Although much of the work documenting these events has been generated in rodent systems, our laboratory has focused on human cell culture systems to define the nature of the activating signals for human microglia and astrocytes and their responses to activating cytokines and growth factors and evidence for activation. The results have shown that interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a potent activator of human astrocytes and induces cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6, and is a potent activator of nitric oxide generation in astrocytes. Astrocytes also promote microglial growth and differentiation through production of colony-stimulating factors, an activity that is enhanced following activation with IL-1. This review will summarize the human glia data generated in this and other laboratories and present hypotheses how glia may participate in certain human central nervous system diseases.
Enhanced Contrast Dual Polymer Electrochromic Devices

The ability to match two complementary polymers constitutes an important step forward in the design of electrochromic devices (ECDs). Here we show that the necessary control over the color, brightness, and environmental stability of an electrochromic window can be achieved through the careful design of anodically coloring polymers. For this purpose, we have constructed ECDs based on dimethyl substituted poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene) (PProDOT-Me2) as a cathodically coloring layer, along with poly[3,6-bis(2-ethylenedioxythienyl)-N-methyl-carbazole] (PBEDOT-NMeCz) and N-propane sulfonated poly(3,4-propylenedioxypyrrole) (PProDOP−NPrS) as anodically coloring polymers. Comparison of the results shows that using PProDOP−NPrS as the high band gap polymer has several advantages over the carbazole counterpart. The main benefit is the opening of the transmissivity window throughout the entire visible spectrum by moving the π−π* transition of the neutral anodically coloring material into the ultraviolet region. ...
Cybersecurity Strategies: The QuERIES Methodology

QuERIES offers a novel multidisciplinary approach to quantifying risk associated with security technologies resulting in investment-efficient cybersecurity strategies. R esearchers can use the QuERIES methodology to rigorously determine, for the first time, appropriate investment levels and strategies for the protection of intellectual property in complex systems. As a result, it can have a significant and immediate impact on the protection of critical IP, including weapons systems and chip designs, complex computer software, and databases containing personal and financial information. In this paper, initial testing of QuERIES in small-scale, realistic scenarios, were performed with results that suggest the methodology can significantly improve risk assessments in complex systems under attack by rational and capable adversaries. Such systems include software, hardware, and data critical to national security and industrial competitiveness. Consequently, it is believed that QuERIES has wide applicability within both the DoD and private sectors.
Coatings in Dentistry—A Review of Some Basic Principles

Different coatings are used in dentistry in an attempt to prevent caries, improve bonding of restorative materials to tooth tissues, and coat implant surfaces in efforts to speed up osseointegration. These are just a few of the many coating applications used in dentistry. The intention of this review is not to cover the entire field of different coatings used in dentistry, because that topic is just too big to be covered in one single paper. Therefore, this review aims to highlight some fundamental coating principles and present these principles to an audience consisting mainly of dentists. To do so, this review will focus on the fundamental principles of coatings, namely surface properties/adhesives in general, since these topics form the foundation for most coating procedures used in dentistry.
Sonography as a diagnostic aid in the evaluation of abdominal masses in infants and children.

Abstract Diagnostic ultrasound is helpful in evaluating abdominal masses in infants and children. Palpable masses may be localized and their size accurately measured. Solid masses can be differentiated from cystic masses. Occult masses may be detected. The procedure has the distinct advantage that it is safe and noninvasive, is not painful, and requires no ionizing radiation.
Identification of flight aerodynamics for flapping-wing microrobots

Experimentally collected flight dynamics data of flapping-wing microrobots reveals several characteristics that cannot be captured by the information gathered from static experiments. For an insect-sized flapping-wing micro air vehicle with air dampers, we show that a physics-based quasi-steady aerodynamic model is able to predict the flight dynamics with reasonable accuracy. The proposed model is optimized for the vehicle of interest through the use of learning algorithms. The identified model demonstrates the potential for future use in control applications.
Optical and Electrical Properties of Copper Sulfide Films of Variable Composition

Abstract Four kinds of copper sulfides of different chemical compositions were chemically deposited and examined for their optical and electrical characteristics. Electroless chemical deposition from aqueous copper thiosulfate baths in acidic media was used to deposit thin films of Cn2S, Cu1.8S, Cu1.4S, and CuS on glass, polyester, or metal substrates. Rutherford back scattering analysis was used to determine the chemical composition of the films. The optical characteristics of the films were studied in the UV-VIS-NIR region, between 0.3 and 2.5 μm. Cu2S films were found to be highly transmissive throughout the spectral region 0.5-2.5 μm. The transmission in the near-infrared region (0.8-2.5 μm) decreased as the chemical composition approached the stoichiometry of CuS, which was found to be highly absorptive for the near-infrared radiation. All films displayed high electrical conductivity, with the CuS film being the most conductive and conductivity decreasing toward the copper-rich phase, Cu2S. All films were found to be p-type semiconductors. The optical energy band gaps of the films were also studied and it is shown that the values can differ, depending on the method of determination. Some practical applications of these films are also discussed.
Stability analysis and optimal tuning of EWMA controllers – Gain adaptation vs. intercept adaptation

Abstract Exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) controllers are the most commonly used run-to-run controllers in semiconductor manufacturing industry. An EWMA controller can be implemented in two different ways. One way is to keep the process gain as its off-line estimate and update the intercept term at each run, which is termed EWMA with intercept adaptation; the other is to keep the intercept term as its off-line estimate and update the process gain at each run, which is termed EWMA with gain adaptation. Despite the fact that gain variation and adaptation is typical in semiconductor industry, most EWMA formulations are for intercept adaptation and few results exist on the stability and sensitivity of EWMA with gain adaptation. In this paper, we propose a general formulation to analyze the stability of both EWMA controllers. The proposed state-space representation not only reveals the similarities and differences between two types of EWMA controllers, but also explains why the stability conditions for both types of EWMA controllers are independent of process disturbances. In addition, we propose a general framework that unifies the analysis of the optimal control performance for both types of EWMA controllers. The proposed framework is different from existing approaches in that it decouples the state estimation from the control law, and derives the optimal weighting based on the state estimation performance. The proposed framework significantly simplifies the analysis procedure, especially for EWMA with gain adaptation. Using this framework, we derive the optimal EWMA weighting through solving the discrete-time algebraic Riccati equation (DARE) for various process disturbances that are encountered in semiconductor manufacturing industry. Simulation examples are given to illustrate the optimality of the EWMA weighting derived using the framework. Some practical aspects of controller tuning are also discussed based on the simulation results.
An extension of a confined space evacuation model to human geography

Human geography is a phrase that is used to indicate the augmentation of standard geographic layers of information about an area with behavioral variations of the people in the area. In particular, the actions of people can be attributed to both local and regional variations in physical (i.e., terrain) and human (e.g., income, political, cultural) variables. For example, in disaster planning, response, and relief, it is important to understand how individuals and groups of people will move in the environment. Different groups may have different objectives, the time scales are longer, and other factors like food and mobility need to be addressed. Mathematical models with graphics realizations, particularly agent-based models, are an important way to simulate human response to stress. In this paper, we extend a standard mathematical model of agent evacuation to people on an island under the threat of a hurricane.
Fragrance material review on ω-6-hexadecenlactone

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of ω-6-hexadecenlactone when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented. ω-6-Hexadecenlactone is a member of the fragrance structural group macrocyclic lactone and lactide derivatives. The fragrance ingredient described herein is one of 12 structurally diverse C14, C15 and C16 compounds that include (7) saturated mono-and (2) saturated di-ester lactones and (3) unsaturated lactones. For the latter, the double bond is not adjacent to (in conjugation with) the ester group. This review contains a detailed summary of all available toxicology and dermatology papers that are related to ω-6-hexadecenlactone and is not intended as a stand-alone document. All available data were evaluated then summarized. The data set includes: physical properties; acute toxicity; skin irritation; skin sensitization; and phototoxicity data. A safety assessment of the entire macrocyclic lactone and lactide derivatives will be published simultaneously with this document. Please refer to Belsito et al., 2011 for an overall assessment of the safe use of this material and all macrocyclic lactone and lactide derivatives in fragrances. Belsito, D., Bickers, D., Bruze, M., Calow, P., Dagli, M., Fryer, A.D., Greim, H., Hanifin, J.H., Miyachi, Y., Saurat, J.H., Sipes, I.G., 2011. A toxicologic and dermatologic assessment of macrocylic lactones and lactide derivatives when used as fragrance ingredients.
Investigation of the Impact of Increased Dietary Insoluble Fiber through the Feeding of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) on the Incidence and Severity of Brachyspira-Associated Colitis in Pigs

Diet has been implicated as a major factor impacting clinical disease expression of swine dysentery and Brachyspira hyodysenteriae colonization. However, the impact of diet on novel pathogenic strongly beta-hemolytic Brachyspira spp. including “B. hampsonii” has yet to be investigated. In recent years, distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), a source of insoluble dietary fiber, has been increasingly included in diets of swine. A randomized complete block experiment was used to examine the effect of increased dietary fiber through the feeding of DDGS on the incidence of Brachyspira-associated colitis in pigs. One hundred 4-week-old pigs were divided into five groups based upon inocula (negative control, Brachyspira intermedia, Brachyspira pilosicoli, B. hyodysenteriae or “B. hampsonii”) and fed one of two diets containing no (diet 1) or 30% (diet 2) DDGS. The average days to first positive culture and days post inoculation to the onset of clinical dysentery in the B. hyodysenteriae groups was significantly shorter for diet 2 when compared to diet 1 (P = 0.04 and P = 0.0009, respectively). A similar difference in the average days to first positive culture and days post inoculation to the onset of clinical dysentery was found when comparing the “B. hampsonii” groups. In this study, pigs receiving 30% DDGS shed on average one day prior to and developed swine dysentery nearly twice as fast as pigs receiving 0% DDGS. Accordingly, these data suggest a reduction in insoluble fiber through reducing or eliminating DDGS in swine rations should be considered an integral part of any effective disease elimination strategy for swine dysentery.
Materials issues in high power accelerators

High power accelerators present a broad array of materials issues for scientists and design engineers. Some materials considerations are unique to accelerators per se, or to a particular accelerator. For example, high intensity stress waves and the resulting cavitation erosion in heavy liquid metal targets may occur where the sharpness of the beam pulse produces shock by thermal expansion. Other irradiation environment properties and materials response are similar to those for fission or fusion reactors. For example, the high displacement doses in the target structures of high power accelerators, produced by the impinging beam and the spallation neutrons, are of similar magnitude to those in high flux reactor cores and first walls of future fusion reactors. In addition to the central issue of radiation effects in metallic structural alloys, designers will be concerned with radiation effects in polymers and ceramics, which may be employed as seals, sensors, or insulators. Other applications place demands on materials that are not related to radiation but to other aspects of aggressive environments, such as compatibility of materials with special purpose fluids. Examples are discussed of problems, materials research and development solutions and recent experimental and calculational results.
Serum ionic calcium: Changes with large volume blood transfusions in the infant

Abstract The serial changes in serum ionic calcium and serum citrate concentrations during extensive surgery with massive blood transfusions were studied in eight infants under 2 years of age, including three infants undergoing right hepatic lobectomy. High serum citrate levels (above 50 mg/100 ml) were seen only during hepatic lobe resection and were accompanied by precipitous falls in serum ionic calcium levels to levels below 0.50 mM/liter. The current practice of administering 1 ml of 10% calcium gluconate per 200 ml of citrated blood infused was found to be inadequate in overcoming the calcium-chelating effect of citrate during rapid transfusion. Direct monitoring of the serum ionic calcium with the calcium activity flow-through system will measure the fall in the ionic fraction of serum total calcium, and provide a guide to calcium replacement during massive transfusions of citrated blood in the young infant.
Abnormalities in synaptonemal complexes in pollen mother cells of a lily hybrid

Two abnormalities, one in lateral elements of synaptonemal complexes the other involving whole complexes, have been studied with the electron microscope in pollen mother cells of the lily hybrid, Lilium aureliensis × L. henryi, which with the light microscope showed almost complete bivalent formation at metaphase. Brief water treatment of pollen mother cells prior to fixation, revealed that the aberrant configurations in lateral elements arose by breakage and subsequent folding of severed fragments up to about 0.8 μm long. The abnormality ocurred at recognisable heterologous regions, apparently immediately after pairing. The folded fragments were eliminated from the chromosomes at some time during pachytene. Pseudo pairing was observed after synapsis between either more than one pair of homologues or one pair bent back on themselves, so as to produce polycomplexes. Seemingly, central elements could develop between lateral elements on their outer face under these conditions.
Effect of Mars analogue dust deposition on the automated detection of calcite in visible/near-infrared spectra

Abstract We have developed an artificial neural net detector for use on board Mars rovers that correctly identifies calcite under Mars analogue dust (JSC Mars-1 regolith simulant) layers up to ∼ 100 μm thickness and 80% aerial coverage. Both the detector output and the band depth of the ∼ 2300 nm CO=3 absorption are linearly related to the surface area of exposed calcite. This detector provides a means for rapid and robust automated recognition of calcite on Mars in areas of active aeolian erosion.
Surface modifications and first stages of heteroepitaxial diamond growth on iridium

Abstract Nucleating diamond on iridium buffer layers by the bias enhanced nucleation procedure causes a characteristic roughening of the Ir(0 0 1) surface. Shape, dimensions and crystallographic alignment of the formed structures can be controlled by the methane concentration in the plasma. Different processes are discussed which contribute to their formation. After a short growth step, epitaxial diamond crystals are found with areal densities of 1011 cm−2. Transmission electron microscopy images show that coalescence of these grains starts already after few minutes of growth at a film thickness of 10 nm. By using epitaxial iridium films consisting of a mixture of (0 0 1)- and (1 1 1)-oriented iridium domains, it was possible to show that (0 0 1)- and (1 1 1)-oriented epitaxial diamond grains can be nucleated with similar high densities under exactly identical process conditions.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENT THEORY AND TERRORISM STUDIES: THE ROLE OF LEADERSHIP, MEMBERSHIP, IDEOLOGY AND GENDER

This article demonstrates the relationship between new social movement theory and terrorism studies. The revolutionary dimension of new social movements can be correlated to terrorist groups. This article also uses new social movement theory to develop a fuller understanding of the leadership, membership, personal ideology and gender within a new social movement; these then can be used to follow the development of a politically violent group. This article uses the example of the American movement and its by-product—the Weather Underground.
Proposal to Bring Nursing Into the Information Age

Purpose: To address issues related to documentation of nursing care and propose a model that illustrates how nursing practice data, collected through the use of standardized languages, are useful to staff nurses, nurse administrators, researchers, and policy makers. Significance: Obtaining information about nursing practice is critical in times of health care change and reform. Conclusions: There are three main challenges: the level of detail to document, the inclusion of nursing language in critical paths, and the need for articulation among different nursing classifications. Implications: With recent advances in nursing classifications, the documentation systems in nursing can now be improved and much of the previous waste and redundancy eliminated.
Judge Shigeru Oda: A Tribute to an International Treasure

According to classical legal positivism, the prerequisite to being selected as a judge on the International Court of Justice is legal expertise and high moral character–the personality of the judge is therefore merely the subject of idle curiosity. American Legal Realists understood that one could not explain past decisions or predict future decisions merely by extrapolating rules; account needed to be taken of history, culture, politics, economics, and the personality of the judge. As a person, Judge Oda is famous for his self-control in personal comportment. As a judge he is a study in independence, having produced an unmatched number of dissents and separate opinions. His contribution to international law will continue to influence us.
Uniformity of ionization response of structurally diverse analytes using a chip‐based nanoelectrospray ionization source

The major drawback of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) for the analysis of mixtures is the non-quantitative nature of these studies. The ionization efficiency of the various components in the mixture (e.g., a compound and its metabolites) can vary greatly and, therefore, relative intensities of signals cannot be related to relative abundance. A chip-based nanoelectrospray ionization source was used to compare the ionization efficiencies of compounds with different physical-chemical characteristics. The data indicate that the ionization efficiencies vary much less with the chip-based device than by LC/MS. This was ascribed to the generation of a much higher electric field around the nozzles, which supplies a large excess of protons to the small droplets and reduces/eliminates the differences in the ionization efficiency for the analytes.
A Pitfall of Propidium Iodide Staining in Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting Cell Cycle Analysis?

In Response: We thank Franz Buchegger and coworkers for their interest in our article. They raise a valid point about the pitfalls of propidium iodide staining in fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) cell cycle analysis. Fortunately, we provide a control cell line that does not show 5-fluoro-
Spectral analysis of fluid flows using sub-Nyquist-rate PIV data

Spectral methods are ubiquitous in the analysis of dynamically evolving fluid flows. However, tools like Fourier transformation and dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) require data that satisfy the Nyquist–Shannon sampling criterion. In many fluid flow experiments, such data are impossible to acquire. We propose a new approach that combines ideas from DMD and compressed sensing to accommodate sub-Nyquist-rate sampling. Given a vector-valued signal, we take measurements randomly in time (at a sub-Nyquist rate) and project the data onto a low-dimensional subspace. We then use compressed sensing to identify the dominant frequencies in the signal and their corresponding modes. We demonstrate this method using two examples, analyzing both an artificially constructed dataset and particle image velocimetry data from the flow past a cylinder. In each case, our method correctly identifies the characteristic frequencies and oscillatory modes dominating the signal, proving it to be a capable tool for spectral analysis using sub-Nyquist-rate sampling.
Structure of the globular tail of nuclear lamin

The nuclear lamins form a two-dimensional matrix that provides integrity to the cell nucleus and participates in nuclear activities. Mutations in the region of human LMNA encoding the carboxyl-terminal tail Lamin A/C are associated with forms of muscular dystrophy and familial partial lipodystrophy (FPLD). To help discriminate tissue-specific phenotypes, we have solved at 1.4-A resolution the three-dimensional crystal structure of the lamin A/C globular tail. The domain adopts a novel, all beta immunoglobulin-like fold. FPLD-associated mutations cluster within a small surface, whereas muscular dystrophy-associated mutations are distributed throughout the protein core and on its surface. These findings distinguish myopathy- and lipodystrophy-associated mutations and provide a structural framework for further testing hypotheses concerning lamin function.
Mechanisms of Soluble Cytokine Receptor Generation

Soluble cytokine receptors regulate inflammatory and immune events by functioning as agonists or antagonists of cytokine signaling. As such, they act within complex receptor systems that include signaling receptors, nonsignaling decoy receptors, receptor-associated proteins, and soluble receptor antagonists. Soluble cytokine receptors can be generated by several mechanisms, which include proteolytic cleavage of receptor ectodomains, alternative splicing of mRNA transcripts, transcription of distinct genes that encode soluble cytokine-binding proteins, release of full-length receptors within the context of exosome-like vesicles, and cleavage of GPI-anchored receptors. Furthermore, the important role of soluble cytokine receptors in regulating host defense mechanisms is evidenced by viruses that encode soluble homologues of mammalian receptors and thereby evade innate host immune responses via the sequestration of essential cytokines.
Analysis of the Weinbaum-Jiji Model of Blood Flow in the Canine Kidney Cortex for Self-Heated Thermistors

The Weinbaum-Jiji equation can be applied to situations where: 1) the vascular anatomy is know; 2) the blood velocities are known; 3) the effective modeling volume includes many vessels; and 4) the vessel equilibration length is small compared to the actual length of the vessel. These criteria are satisfied in the situation where steady-state heated thermistors are placed in the kidney cortex. In this paper, the Weinbaum-Jiji bioheat equation is used to analyze the steady state response of four different sized self-heated thermistors in the canine kidney. This heat transfer model is developed based on actual physical measurements of the vasculature of the canine kidney cortex. In this model, parallel-structured interlobular arterioles and venules with a 60 microns diameter play the dominant role in the heat transfer due to blood flow. Continuous power is applied to the thermistor, and the instrument measures the resulting steady state temperature rise. If an accurate thermal model is available, perfusion can be calculated from these steady-state measurements. The finite element simulations correlate well in shape and amplitude with experimental results in the canine kidney. In addition, this paper shows that the Weinbaum-Jiji equation can not be used to model the transient response of the thermistor because the modeling volume does not include enough vessels and the vessel equilibration length is not small compared to the actual length of the vessel.
Coupling single NV centers in diamond to optical microcavities

Coupling of the NV- ZPL to a silica microcavity and tapered fiber is demonstrated at cryogenic temperatures. Coupling to a high-Q cavity should enhance the usefulness of the NV- for quantum information applications.
Suicidal Behavior Among Low-Income, African American Female Victims of Intimate Terrorism and Situational Couple Violence

This study examined risk of suicidal behavior among low-income, African American women (N = 369) in three types of male intimate relationships— intimate terrorism (IT) (i.e., physical violence used within a general pattern of coercive control), situational couple violence (SCV; i.e., episodic physical violence that is not part of a general pattern of coercive control), and nonviolent (NV; i.e., no physical violence). IT victims had more than double the odds of suicidal behavior compared to SCV victims and this association remained significant after controlling for physical violence severity, depression symptoms, and alcohol and drug abuse. Risk of suicidal behavior was not significantly different for SCV victims compared to women in NV relationships. Findings emphasize the need for researchers and practitioners to distinguish between types of male partner violence when examining its context and consequences for female victims.
Application of the integral equation-asymptotic phase method to two-dimensional scattering

A hybrid-procedure called the integral equation-asymptotic phase (IE-AP) method is investigated for scattering from perfectly conducting cylinders of arbitrary cross-section shape. The IE-AP approach employs an asymptotic solution to predict the relatively rapid phase dependence of the unknown current distribution, to leave a slowly varying residual function that can be represented by a coarse density of unknowns. In the present investigation, the current density appearing within the combined-field integral equation is replaced by the product of a rapidly varying phase function obtained from the physical optics current and a residual function. The resulting equation is discretized by the method of moments, using subsectional quadratic polynomial basis functions defined on curved cells to represent the residual function. Results show that the required density of unknowns can often be as few as one per wavelength on average without a significant loss of accuracy in the computed current density, even for scatterers with corners. >
A Control-Oriented Charge Mixing and Two-Zone HCCI Combustion Model

A control-oriented engine model is often used in the hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation environment for developing and validating the corresponding control strategies. For homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion, mixture heterogeneity should be considered in the control-oriented model to provide accurate combustion phase prediction. This paper describes a two-zone HCCI combustion model, where the in-cylinder charge is divided into the well-mixed and unmixed zones as the result of charge mixing. Simplified fluid dynamics is used to predict the residual gas fraction before the combustion phase starts, which defines the mass of the unmixed zone, during real-time simulations. The unmixed-zone size determines not only how well the in-cylinder charge is mixed, which affects the start of HCCI combustion, but also the resulting peak in-cylinder pressure and temperature during the combustion process. The developed model was validated in the HIL simulation environment. The HIL simulation results show that the proposed charge mixing and HCCI combustion model provides better agreement with the corresponding GT-Power simulation results than the previously developed one-zone model.
Switchgrass Leaf Area Index and Light Extinction Coefficients

Much of recent interest in biofuel species modeling has been for switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). Such modeling requires accurate simulation of light interception. We investigated the stability of the light extinction coefficient (k) in Beer's Law with data from Temple, TX; Lincoln, NE; and Elsberry, MO. Variability in k values was not related to fraction of light intercepted, time of day, or incident solar radiation. Only the magnitude of leaf area index (LAI) showed a significant impact on the k value. The mean k value (-0.37) for the 'Alamo' switchgrass data at Temple was similar to the previously published k value (-0.33) and similar to Alamo k values in Nebraska (-0.38) and Missouri (—0.31). Compared to Alamo, other switchgrass cultivars had similar k values in Nebraska but were higher in Missouri. This study gave guidance as to which factors are important for quantifying k with Beer's Law for light interception of switchgrass.
Indeno[1,2-c]pyrazolone Acetic Acids as Semirigid Analogues of the Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs

A series of 3-substituted indeno[1,2-c]pyrazol-4(1H)-one-2-acetic acids (3a–e) and 3-substituted indeno[1,2-c]pyrazol-4(1H)-one-1-acetic acids (4a–e) were synthesized as semirigid analogues of tolmetin (1). These compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory action by investigating their ability to block arachidonic acid metabolism in vitro as well as the ability to block carrageenan-induced rat foot edema in vivo. No consistent pattern of biological activity was noted.
Diabetic neuropathic foot ulcers and amputation

A neuropathic foot ulcer is a severe complication of diabetes that can result in a more severe complication, a lower extremity amputation. We conducted a cohort study of 24,616 individuals with a diabetic neuropathic foot ulcer treated within a multicenter wound care network. A total of 1653 (6.7%) individuals had an amputation and 46.3% of these amputations were of a toe or ray (minor amputation). In the more than 10-year follow-up period that we studied, the percentage of those who had an amputation varied between 5.6% and 8.4%. Of those who had an amputation, the percentage that had a minor amputation increased over time from 4.0% in the earliest years to more than 60% in the later years of observation. The single most important determinant of amputation was the observation of fascia, tendon, and bone at the initial assessment. In conclusion, about 7% of those with a diabetic neuropathic foot ulcer will have an amputation and in the past 10 years there has been a remarkable increase in the number of minor as compared to major amputations.
Changing a culture: a brief program analysis of a social learning program on a maximum-security forensic unit

This report presents outcome data collected for a three-year period from a maximum-security forensic psychiatric program. Admission and discharge variables, restraint/seclusion, and client abuse/neglect data are presented from a one-year period that preceded the advent of the Behavior Management Treatment Program's (BMTP's) Social Learning Diagnostic Program to two years after implementing the Social Learning Diagnostic Program. Significant overall progress and improvement was observed in all variables analyzed after instituting a social learning program paradigm. This report provides a brief summary of the BMTP's Social Learning Diagnostic Program along with a discussion of the role played by Dangerousness Management Plans in the treatment of patients within the social learning milieu. Additionally the patient population served, and the rationale for implementation of a program based in social learning theory, are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en