cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scandal as norm entrepreneurship strategy: Corruption and the French investigating magistrates

The sociological and legal scholarship on norm entrepreneurship focuses almost exclusively on the creation and promotion of new norms. Much of norm entrepreneurship is, however, oriented towards the solidification of existing yet under-enforced norms. Such entrepreneurship, which legal officials as well as social and political actors can undertake, often involves creating scandals: publicizing the real or alleged transgressions of high status actors. Scandals entail the exercise of popular justice and their logic is collectivistic. These two characteristics underlie the strategic recourse to scandal that often combines norm entrepreneurship and status-enhancement. This article discusses the use of scandal by the French investigating magistrates in the 1990s. Exploiting the declining prestige of the political elite, the low status French investigating magistrates targeted high status political actors and publicized their corruption investigations. The use of scandal circumvented the political pressures in the judicial process and the niceties of criminal procedure, discredited the political elite as a whole, and forced the latter to adopt various anti-corruption measures. Traditionally subordinate to the executive, the French judiciary mobilized around the corruption scandals against the political elite and, for the first time since the Revolution, acquired relative independence and enhanced status.
Hydrodynamic screening and diffusion in entangled polymer solutions.

The concentration and molecular-weight dependence of the self-diffusion coefficient for polymer solutions as well as of the cooperative-diffusion coefficient is given in the dilute and semidilute regimes. The method takes into account the gradual screening of both hydrodynamic and excluded-volume interactions as well as the entanglement constraint. The results fit well to the experimental data over the entire regime.
A novel framework for analysis of cross-media environmental effects from agricultural conservation practices

Abstract Agricultural ecosystems are a source of greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions and losses of nutrients to waterways. Several studies have recognized this and have documented the potential to reduce GHG fluxes and nutrient loss to waterways by using carbon offsets to fund the implementation of land retirement and afforestation. However, the ability to use land for both agricultural production and environmental conservation is also important. This study develops a novel analytical framework that is used to examine the cross-media (water and air) environmental effects of implementing offset-funded conservation practices in a working-lands setting. The framework is applied to a case study which examines the extent to which carbon pricing can affect practice implementation costs and the optimal distribution of these practices throughout an agricultural watershed. Results indicate that carbon offsets can reduce conservation practice implementation costs and have the potential to reduce greater amounts of nonpoint source pollution for a given cost of implementation. This conclusion has significant implications for policymaking, particularly with regard to using markets for GHG emissions to achieve water quality improvements where water quality trading or government conservation programs have historically been unsuccessful.
Race and the Reproduction of Factory Labor in Malaysia

Eager for a rapid increase in labor productivity, the governments of the Third World are turning increasingly to capitalist models of development and to Western and Japanese multinational firms for investment. The recent branch plant industrialization of Malaysia exemplifies a program of statist capitalism intended, among other things, to resolve internal political and social crises. Malaysia's New Economic Policy (NEP) encourages industrial investment in large-scale labor-intensive enterprises as a principal means of providing jobs for the urban poor while bolstering the economy in general. Although the NEP purportedly strives to achieve racial integration and equality at the modern industrial workplace, data from a rapidly urbanizing area suggest that the reality is one of increasing spatial and structural segregation of groups among various large and small-scale activities. The restructured local economy, on the one hand, conserves established sectors dominated by Chinese capital and labor, while, on t...
Technological Advancements and Error Rates in Radiation Therapy Delivery

Purpose Technological advances in radiation therapy (RT) delivery have the potential to reduce errors via increased automation and built-in quality assurance (QA) safeguards, yet may also introduce new types of errors. Intensity-modulated RT (IMRT) is an increasingly used technology that is more technically complex than three-dimensional (3D)–conformal RT and conventional RT. We determined the rate of reported errors in RT delivery among IMRT and 3D/conventional RT treatments and characterized the errors associated with the respective techniques to improve existing QA processes. Methods and Materials All errors in external beam RT delivery were prospectively recorded via a nonpunitive error-reporting system at Brigham & Women's Hospital/Dana Farber Cancer Institute. Errors are defined as any unplanned deviation from the intended RT treatment and are reviewed during monthly departmental quality improvement meetings. We analyzed all reported errors since the routine use of IMRT in our department, from January 2004 to July 2009. Fisher's exact test was used to determine the association between treatment technique (IMRT vs. 3D/conventional) and specific error types. Effect estimates were computed using logistic regression. Results There were 155 errors in RT delivery among 241,546 fractions (0.06%), and none were clinically significant. IMRT was commonly associated with errors in machine parameters (nine of 19 errors) and data entry and interpretation (six of 19 errors). IMRT was associated with a lower rate of reported errors compared with 3D/conventional RT (0.03% vs. 0.07%, p = 0.001) and specifically fewer accessory errors (odds ratio, 0.11; 95% confidence interval, 0.01–0.78) and setup errors (odds ratio, 0.24; 95% confidence interval, 0.08–0.79). Conclusions The rate of errors in RT delivery is low. The types of errors differ significantly between IMRT and 3D/conventional RT, suggesting that QA processes must be uniquely adapted for each technique. There was a lower error rate with IMRT compared with 3D/conventional RT, highlighting the need for sustained vigilance against errors common to more traditional treatment techniques.
Inflammation and neurogenic hypertension: a new role for the circumventricular organs?

See related article, pages 263–270 The brain renin–angiotensin system (RAS) plays a critical role in maintaining blood pressure regulation and volume homeostasis. Components of the RAS, including angiotensinogen, renin, angiotensin (Ang)-converting enzymes, and Ang receptors, are expressed in various nuclei located between the anteroventral region of the third ventricle (AV3V) and the brain stem.1,2 Accordingly, formation of the various Ang peptides, notably Ang II and Ang(1-7) can take place in the brain, independently of the endocrine RAS, and participate in the regulation of water intake, salt appetite, cardiac baroreflex and autonomic functions. Upregulation of Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptors in these nuclei has been shown to reduce baroreflex sensitivity and increase sympathetic tone, thus contributing to the development and maintenance of hypertension and heart failure, ultimately leading to end-organ damage.3 On the other hand, treatment with ACE inhibitors and Ang receptor blockers can prevent RAS overactivity and restore a normal cardiovascular function. In addition to Ang II generated in the brain, blood-borne Ang peptides can also enter the central nervous system via the circumventricular organs (CVOs) and contribute to the regulation of blood pressure and volume homeostasis.4 The CVOs are represented by the OVLT (organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis), the subfornical organ (SFO), the median eminence and the neurohypophysis, …
A packet classification and filter management system

Packet classification and fast filter matching have been an important field of research. Several algorithms have been proposed for fast packet classification. We first present a new filter matching scheme called entry-pruned tuple search and discuss its advantages over previously presented algorithms. We then show how this algorithm blends very well with an earlier packet classification algorithm that uses markers and precomputation, to give a blended entry-pruned tuple search with markers and precomputation (EPTSMP). We present performance measurements using several real-life filter databases. For a large real-life database of 1777 filters, our preprocessing times were close to 9 seconds; a lookup takes about 20 memory accesses and the data structure takes about 500 K bytes of memory. Then, we present scenarios that will require various programs/modules to automatically generate and add filters to a filter processing engine. We then consider issues in enabling this. We need policies that govern what filters can be added by different modules. We present our filter policy management architecture. We then show how to support fast filter updates. We present an incremental update algorithm based on maintaining an event list that can be applied to many of the previously presented filter matching schemes which did not support incremental updates. We then describe the event list based incremental update algorithm as it applies to EPTSMP. To stress the generality of the approach, we also describe how our update technique can be used with the packet classification technique based on crossproducing. We conclude with an outline of a hardware implementation of EPTSMP that can handle OC192 rates with 40 byte minimum packet lengths.
Retrograde aortic dissection with bilateral renal artery occlusion after repair of infrarenal aortic aneurysm

After aortic aneurysmectomy, early postoperative anuric renal failure developed when a retrograde aortic dissection occluded both renal arteries in a 71-year-old woman. Preoperative renal function was retrieved by use of prompt angiography and reconstruction. We are aware of no other reports describing retrograde aortic and bilateral renal artery dissection after aortic aneurysm repair. The case is presented to call attention to this unusual complication and to provide a discussion of acute postoperative renal failure and recommendations for the management of the described complication.
Green and black tea extracts inhibit HMG-CoA reductase and activate AMP kinase to decrease cholesterol synthesis in hepatoma cells.

Recent studies have demonstrated that green and black tea consumption can lower serum cholesterol in animals and in man, and suppression of hepatic cholesterol synthesis is suggested to contribute to this effect. To evaluate this hypothesis, we measured cholesterol synthesis in cultured rat hepatoma cells in the presence of green and black tea extracts and selected components. Green and black tea decreased cholesterol synthesis by up to 55% and 78%, respectively, as measured by a 3-h incorporation of radiolabeled acetate. Inhibition was much less evident when radiolabeled mevalonate was used, suggesting that the inhibition was mediated largely at or above the level of HMG-CoA reductase. Both extracts directly inhibited HMG-CoA reductase when added to microsomal preparations, although the extent of inhibition was considerably less than the decrease in cholesterol synthesis observed in whole cells. As HMG-CoA reductase activity also can be decreased by enzyme phosphorylation by AMP kinase, the phosphorylation state of HMG-CoA reductase and AMP kinase, which is activated by phosphorylation, was determined in lysates from cells treated with tea extracts. Both extracts increased AMP-kinase phosphorylation and HMG-CoA reductase phosphorylation by 2.5- to 4-fold, but with different time courses: maximal phosphorylation with green tea was evident within 30 min of treatment, whereas with black tea phosphorylation was slower to develop, with maximal phosphorylation occurring ≥3 hours after treatment. These results suggest that both green and black tea decrease cholesterol synthesis in whole cells by directly inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase and by promoting its inactivation by AMP kinase.
A Comparison of Biochemical and Histopathologic Staging in Cats With Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is prevalent in elderly cats. Frequently, a diagnosis is made in later stages of disease, by which time many renal lesions are irreversible. As such, little headway has been made in identifying an etiology and preventing this common disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence and severity of both reversible and irreversible histopathologic changes in the kidneys of cats at each stage of CKD and, in addition, to determine if lesion prevalence and character were different between stages. A total of 46 cats with CKD were classified according to the International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) as stage I (3 cats), stage II (16 cats), stage III (14 cats), and stage IV (13 cats). Eleven young, nonazotemic and 10 geriatric, nonazotemic cats were included as controls. The severity of tubular degeneration, interstitial inflammation, fibrosis, and glomerulosclerosis was significantly greater in later stages of CKD compared with early stages of disease. Proteinuria was associated with increased severity of tubular degeneration, inflammation, fibrosis, tubular epithelial single-cell necrosis, and decreased normal parenchyma. Presence of hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, fibrointimal hyperplasia, or other vascular lesions were not found to be significantly different between hypertensive and normotensive cats. The greater prevalence and severity of irreversible lesions in stage III and IV CKD implies that therapeutic interventions should be targeted at earlier stages of disease.
Curriculum-based measurement of oral reading: Passage equivalence and probe-set development

Curriculum-based measurement of reading (CBM-R) is used to estimate oral reading fluency. Unlike many traditional published tests, CBM-R materials are often comprised of 20 to 30 alternate forms/ passages. Historically, CBM-R assessment materials were sampled from curricular materials. Recent researchhasdocumentedthepotentiallydeleteriouseffectsofpoorlycontrolledalternateformsonCBMR outcomes. The purpose of this study was to examine alternate procedures for the selection of passages thatcompriseCBM-Rpassage-sets.Thestudyexaminedfourproceduresfortheevaluationandselection of passages, including random sampling, Spache readability formula, mean level of performance evaluation, and Euclidean Distance evaluation. The latter two procedures relied on field testing and evaluation of student performance. Each of eighty-eight students in second- and third-grade were administered 50 CBM-R passages. Generalizability and dependability studies were used to examine students' performance on these passages and evaluate CBM-R passage selection procedures. Results provide support for the use of field testing methods (i.e., calculating performance means and Euclidean Distances) for passage selection. Implications are discussed for future research and practice. © 2008 Society for the Study of School Psychology. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Using ground-based stereo cameras to derive cloud-level wind fields

Upper-level wind fields are obtained by tracking the motion of cloud features as seen in calibrated ground-based stereo cameras. By tracking many cloud features, it is possible to obtain horizontal wind speed and direction over a cone area throughout the troposphere. Preliminary measurements were made at the Mauna Loa Observatory, and resulting wind measurements are compared with winds from the Hilo, Hawaii radiosondes.
Streaky Hitting in Baseball

The streaky hitting patterns of all regular baseball players during the 2005 season are explored. Patterns of hits/outs, home runs and strikeouts are considered using different measures of streakiness. An adjustment method is proposed that helps in understanding the size of a streakiness measure given the player's ability and number of hitting opportunities. An exchangeable model is used to estimate the hitting abilities of all players and this model is used to understand the pattern of streakiness of all players in the 2005 season. This exchangeable model that assumes that all players are consistent with constant probabilities of success appears to explain much of the observed streaky behavior. But there are some players that appear to exhibit more streakiness than one would predict from the model.
Nice‐Nastiness and Other Raced Social Interactions on Public Transport Systems

Research on public transportation systems has often focused on racialized and institutionalized dynamics that result in poor and ethno–racial minority neighborhoods being underserved. Few scholars ...
Frictional heating and pore pressure rise due to a fault slip

Summary. Accurate estimation of frictional stress is crucial to determining the bounds of pre- and post-earthquake states of stress. A long-term average value of 10 MPa, deduced from heat flow data in the San Andreas fault zone, is frequently cited, but it may or may not represent the resistive stress of an individual slip event. Based on 1-D modelling, this paper deals with frictional heating, pore pressure rise, and migration of fluid, and speculates upon their consequences for triggering of earthquakes and emission of earthquake light. Analytic solutions are obtained for temperature and pore pressure rises due to frictional heating. Results are obtained for three heating models: 1, instantaneous heating; 11, constant heating rate; and 111, heating rate proportional to inverse square root of time. For the same total heat generation and physical parameters, solutions indicate that, for times less than twice the slip duration or distances with two thermal diffusion distances, temperature and pressure distributions are sensitive to heating models; at greater times and distances, they are insensitive to models. Though temperature rise due to I-m slip under 10MPa frictional stress may reach 200K or more on the slip surface, the rise is not measurable in practice at a distance beyond about 10 m from the slip surface. Estimates of pore pressure rise (0.2-2MPa) depends crucially upon permeability and slip duration. Darcy flow may exceed lO-'m s-' at one thermal diffusion distance; and immediately after the slip ends, reverse flow towards slip surface develops. Because the pore pressure front can advance beyond the temperature front by 100-1000 times, measurement of pore pressure variation is an alternative to temperature measurement for estimating frictional stress. A rise of 500Pa is measurable at 330m within 30 days for a fault slip with frictional heat production of 10MJm-2. It is speculated that the propagating pressure front created by an initial slip, rather than the fluid flow itself, may weaken the frictional strength elsewhere and lead to additional minor slips and perhaps a larger earthquake. With large frictional stress and displacement, heating may also
Reciprocal regulation of glucose and glutamine utilization by cultured human diploid fibroblasts

Human diploid fibroblasts utilize both glucose and glutamine as energy sources. The utilization of glutamine by fibroblasts is regulated by glucose, and vice versa. This conclusion is supported by the following observations: (1) essentially identical growth rates were observed in Eagle's minimum essential medium (MEM)3 in which the glucose concentration was either 5.5 mM or was maintained between 25 and 40 micrometer, (2) the total glutamine utilization by fibroblasts increase at least 30% in medium with 25 micrometer to 70 micrometer glucose compared to medium with 5.5 mM glucose, while the rate of glutamine-1 or 5-14C oxidation to CO2 increased 5-fold as the glucose concentration was decreased to zero, (3) 2 mM glutamine inhibited glucose-6-14C oxidation by 88% and stimulated glucose-1-14C by 77% in log phase cells and (4) glutamine oxidation in normal medium contributed approximately 30% of the energy requirement of human diploid fibroblasts.
Lipoproteins in the Central Nervous System

Although the synthesis and metabolism of plasma lipoproteins are well characterized, little is known about lipid delivery and clearance within the central nervous system (CNS). Our work has focused on characterizing the lipoprotein particles present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the nascent particles secreted by astrocytes. In addition to carrying lipids, we have found that beta-amyloid (A beta) associates with lipoproteins, including the discoidal particles secreted by cultured astrocytes and the spherical lipoproteins found in CSF. We believe that association with lipoproteins provides a means of transport and clearance for A beta. This process may be further influenced by an interaction between A beta and apoprotein E (apoE), the primary protein component of CNS lipoproteins. Specifically, we have investigated the formation and physiologic relevance of a SDS-stable complex between apoE and A beta. In biochemical assays, native apoE2 and E3 (associated with lipid particles) form an SDS-stable complex with A beta that is 20-fold more abundant than the apoE4:A beta complex. In cell culture, native apoE3 but not E4 prevents A beta-induced neurotoxicity by a mechanism dependent on cell surface apoE receptors. In addition, apoE and the inhibition of apoE receptors prevent A beta-induced astrocyte activation. Therefore, we hypothesize that the protection from A beta-induced neurotoxicity afforded by apoE3 may result from clearance of the peptide by SDS-stable apoE3:A beta complex formation and uptake by apoE receptors.
Optimal design of pressure relieving piping networks by discrete merging

Refinery relief-header network design can be optimized by a new discrete optimization technique which requires no rounding of decision variables, no initial guesses for the solution, and no artificial termination criteria; it produces parametric solutions when the optimum is attained. The method is also faster and more compact than the alternative continuous optimization methods.
Rogue proliferation versus restorative protection: Where do we draw the line for Wnt and Forkhead signaling?

Background: Disease entities such as diabetes, neurodegeneration and cardiovascular disorders affect a significant portion of the world's population. Objective: Given that cellular survival and longevity in multiple disorders are tied to oxidative stress, apoptotic cell injury and immune system deregulation, the development of robust therapeutic strategies rests heavily upon the ability to balance each of these parameters. Methods: Here we discuss two exciting signaling pathways, namely Wnt and mammalian forkhead transcription factors predominantly of the O class superfamily, which can share integrated cytoprotective pathways during oxidative stress but may also adversely influence cellular survival and promote cancer cell proliferation. Conclusion: Future investigations must elucidate the cellular determinants that govern the ability of Wnt and forkhead proteins to promote cellular longevity and possible disease remission but also allow for detrimental biological consequences and clinical compromise.
Developing a Touchscreen-based Domotic Tool for Users with Motor Disabilities

Domotics refers to the set of informatics and electronics systems able to automate, control and monitor a home. Accessibility can be defined as the users' potential for interaction, regardless of their technical, cognitive or physical abilities. Domotics usually focuses on the "intelligent home" concept, without explicitly considering the benefits that accessible services can provide for people with special needs. The paper presents the developing process of a domotic tool prototype that allows users with motor disabilities to control the surrounding artifacts of their home through the use of a touch screen-based mobile device. The prototype was developed using a user-centered design process, which explicitly includes usability and accessibility issues. The validation of the tool was conducted through analysis that involved (1) usability specialists, (2) physical therapists, and (3) real users from Teleton Foundation, a Chilean institution focused on rehabilitation and integration into society of children and adolescents who have motor disabilities.
Temozolomide in combination with other cytotoxic agents

Temozolomide (Temodar in the United States, Temodal globally; Schering Corporation, Kenilworth, NJ) has several characteristics that make it appealing for combination therapies: broad-spectrum antitumor activity, the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, a good safety profile with nonoverlapping toxicities, an oral formulation, and the ability to overcome resistance to nitrosoureas. Preclinical and phase I trials have shown the additive or synergistic activity of temozolomide combined with carmustine against solid tumors, including malignant glioma, and the sequence-dependent effects of the combination. Toxicity is lower and the maximum tolerated dose is higher when carmustine is given before temozolomide. Studies also have examined the combination of temozolomide with the topoisomerase I inhibitor irinotecan (CPT-11), an alkaloid derivative of camptothecin that has shown activity against malignant glioma. Temozolomide followed by CPT-11 was more effective than either agent alone. A major issue facing investigators now is determining which of the several schedules of temozolomide and CPT-11 are optimal. Completed and ongoing studies of temozolomide in combination with carmustine, including polifeprosan carmustine implant (Gliadel wafers; Aventis Pharmaceuticals, Parsippany, NJ), and CPT-11 are described.
Precision of Telescope Pointing for Outdoor Targets

The probable error of a single pointing (PEs) is measured for a single telescope with a variety of targets. This investigation shows that, although some change in PEs with distance does occur, the distribution of PEs as a function of distance can usually be neglected and a value of 0.62 second assigned as a practical average. The values of PEs for an indoor target usually show a small variation from one experienced observer to another, and from right to left eye of the same observer. There is also a measurable systematic difference in pointing between the right and left eyes of the same observer. In outdoor pointing a long period error or drift is usually superposed upon the short period errors.
Hot‐Pressing and Mechanical Properties of Al2O3 with an Mo‐Dispersed Phase

Compositions of alumina with a molybdenum dispersed phase were investigated in the 0 to 5 vol% Mo range. These compositions were also prepared with a 0.5 wt% MgO addition. All specimens were fabricated by hot-pressing, and near theoretical densities were achieved. Specimens were characterized by metallographic and X-ray diffraction analyses, and microhardness, elastic moduli, tensile strength, and fracture energy were determined. Results revealed that Mo additions did not affect grain growth; in contrast, MgO additions significantly inhibited grain growth. However, Mo additions did reduce the elastic moduli and microhardness but did not measurably affect the tensile strength. Tensile strength was dependent on grain size and fitted the G−1/3 relation. The fracture energy of Al2O3+5% Mo was 50% greater than that of Al2O3. Specimens were successfully hot-pressed with a micro-structure graded from that of Al2O3 to that of the 5% Mo composition.
New Directions in Critical Television Studies: Exploring Text, Audience, and Production in Communication Scholarship

In his work on the history of the communication discipline, Eadie (2011) explains that the discipline evolved through a convergence of traditional speech communication, journalism, and other releva...
Nonadiabatic rate constants for proton transfer and proton-coupled electron transfer reactions in solution: Effects of quadratic term in the vibronic coupling expansion

Rate constant expressions for vibronically nonadiabatic proton transfer and proton-coupled electron transfer reactions are presented and analyzed. The regimes covered include electronically adiabatic and nonadiabatic reactions, as well as high-frequency and low-frequency proton donor-acceptor vibrational modes. These rate constants differ from previous rate constants derived with the cumulant expansion approach in that the logarithmic expansion of the vibronic coupling in terms of the proton donor-acceptor distance includes a quadratic as well as a linear term. The analysis illustrates that inclusion of this quadratic term in the framework of the cumulant expansion framework may significantly impact the rate constants at high temperatures for proton transfer interfaces with soft proton donor-acceptor modes that are associated with small force constants and weak hydrogen bonds. The effects of the quadratic term may also become significant in these regimes when using the vibronic coupling expansion in conjunction with a thermal averaging procedure for calculating the rate constant. In this case, however, the expansion of the coupling can be avoided entirely by calculating the couplings explicitly for the range of proton donor-acceptor distances sampled. The effects of the quadratic term for weak hydrogen-bonding systems are less significant for more physically realistic models that prevent the sampling of unphysical short proton donor-acceptor distances. Additionally, the rigorous relation between the cumulant expansion and thermal averaging approaches is clarified. In particular, the cumulant expansion rate constant includes effects from dynamical interference between the proton donor-acceptor and solvent motions and becomes equivalent to the thermally averaged rate constant when these dynamical effects are neglected. This analysis identifies the regimes in which each rate constant expression is valid and thus will be important for future applications to proton transfer and proton-coupled electron transfer in chemical and biological processes.
Evidence for active dipeptide transport in isolated proximal straight tubules

Transport of the dipeptide glycylsarcosine (Gly-Sar) was examined in isolated proximal straight tubules of the rabbit kidney by an in vitro microperfusion technique to determine whether it can be actively transported intact. The unidirectional lumen-to-bath flux of Gly-Sar was measured by two separate methods, namely its appearance rate (JA) in the bathing fluid and its disappearance rate (JD) from the luminal fluid. In addition, the cell Gly-Sar concentration was measured immediately after the last flux period. Mean luminal fluid Gly-Sar concentration was 0.22 mM. Transepithelial Gly-Sar flux (260.0 fmol.min-1.mm-1) was greater than could be accounted for by passive leakage, whereas cellular Gly-Sar accumulation (2.72 mM) was greater than could be attributed to passive equilibration across the luminal membrane. High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of cellular extract indicated that 63% of the transported Gly-Sar was hydrolyzed within the cell. Analysis of the bath solution revealed that 47% of the radioactivity that crossed the tubule cell was in the form of intact dipeptide, whereas the remainder of the radioactivity was in the form of hydrolytic and metabolic products of Gly-Sar. This indicates that the dipeptide Gly-Sar is actively transported intact at the luminal membrane into the cytosol of proximal straight tubule cells with subsequent hydrolysis. It then exits across the basolateral membrane as intact Gly-Sar and its hydrolytic and metabolic products.
A diagrammatic definition of Uq(2)

We give a diagrammatic definition of Uq(&#x1d530;&#x1d529;2) when q is not a root of unity, including the Hopf algebra structure and relationship with the Temperley–Lieb category.
New Sources for the Social and Economic History of Ethiopia: The Case of the Archives of Maqale Madhane-Alam Church

In the past, and to a degree still today, the northern Ethiopian Orthodox churches were the major and, often, the sole depositories of manuscripts and documents dealing with property transactions of private persons. All kinds of property ranging from slaves to residential sites to houses to land to coffee are treated in these documents. In the case of Madhane-Alam church in the town of Maqale, which will be explored in this paper, private transactions in livestock were also recorded besides the familiar transactions in land. This paper will explore the economic and social function of livestock in early twentieth century Ethiopia based on the valuable records of the Madhane-Alam church. Another purpose of this paper is to call for the use of property documents in church archives in the study of the social history of Ethiopia. Property documents help to counter the bias of narrative accounts which commonly deal with social elites and practically ignore ordinary people. Thus, church archives which are our only source of information on ordinary farmers can help us to broaden the evidentiary basis of Ethiopian history which until recently rested primarily on narrative sources.
EPIG-09GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC TUMOR EVOLUTION IN GLIOMATOSIS CEREBRI

Gliomatosis cerebri (GC) is a rare and aggressive cancer (fewer than 100 cases diagnosed in the United States each year). GC is an extensively infiltrating high-grade glial tumor to at least three lobes in the brain (median length of survival is 9.5 months). Accumulating evidence suggests that epigenetic dysregulation may play an important role in tumor progression, and epigenetic modulators have begun to show promise as therapeutic options in other pediatric and adult malignancies. However, the evolution of GC tumor genetics and epigenetic dynamics have not been well studied. Here we describe the GC somatic mutation spectrum of 12 patients and an intra-tumor evolution pattern between lower and higher grade areas in three patients. We performed exome-capture sequencing, and reduced representation bisulfite sequencing to examine the genetic and epigenetic dynamics for the GC samples. Recurrent mutations were found in genes related to Cell cycle, p53 signaling, Wnt signaling, and MAPK signaling pathways. Furthermore, we found increased epigenetic heterogeneity in tumor samples with enhancement compared to the normal brain samples, which suggests that epigenetic dynamics permits a superior evolutionary trajectory leading to GC progression. These findings may help explain tumor evolution and target mechanism for therapeutic diversification. By understanding the driver events, one may eventually provide more accurate diagnosis of the disease and define clinical targets for improvement of the treatment and survival rate of GC patients.
Tractable locomotion planning for RoboSimian

This paper investigates practical solutions for low-bandwidth, teleoperated mobility for RoboSimian in complex environments. Locomotion planning for this robot is challenging due to kinematic redundancy. We present an end-to-end planning method that exploits a reduced-dimension rapidly-exploring random tree search, constraining a subset of limbs to an inverse kinematics table. Then, we evaluate the performance of this approach through simulations in randomized environments and in the style of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Robotics Challenges terrain both in simulation and with hardware. We also illustrate the importance of allowing for significant body motion during swing leg motions on extreme terrain and quantify the trade-offs between computation time and execution time, subject to velocity and acceleration limits of the joints. These results lead us to hypothesize that appropriate statistical ?investment? of parallel computing resources between competing formulations or flavors of random planning algorithms can improve motion planning performance significantly. Motivated by the need to improve the speed of limbed mobility for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Robotics Challenge, we introduce one formulation of this resource allocation problem as a toy example and discuss advantages and implications of such trajectory planning for tractable locomotion on complex terrain.
The Crownpoint, New Mexico, earthquakes of 1976 and 1977

Abstract In 1976 and 1977, two unusually deep earthquakes of M L 4.6 and 4.2, respectively, occurred near the town of Crownpoint in northwestern New Mexico. Both events were felt extensively in the Four Corners region with maximum reported Modified Mercalli intensities of VI. These earthquakes are two of the larger earthquakes observed within the Colorado Plateau and are among the strongest earthquakes reported in New Mexico outside the Rio Grande rift. Relocations of the events placed them within the Chaco slope along the southern portion of the San Juan basin—an area that appears to have exhibited a low level of historical seismicity and tectonism possibly since Laramide times. The most significant aspect of the 1976 and 1977 Crownpoint earthquakes is their focal depths of 41 and 44 km, respectively. Such depths would locate the events in the lowermost crust in the vicinity of the Moho in sharp contrast to the upper crustal origin of most intraplate earthquakes. Although located within the Colorado Plateau, revised fault plane solutions exhibit normal faulting along northwest-trending planes and northeast-southwest-trending minimum compression, which are characteristic of Basin and Range-Rio Grande rift extension. This observation suggests that this portion of the Colorado Plateau is located within a tectonic transition zone between the Basin and Range-Rio Grande rift and Colorado Plateau stress provinces.
Efficiency of assisted ambulation determined by oxygen consumption measurement.

The energy used for walking with crutches and canes was determined by measuring oxygen consumption in ten normal subjects who used Lofstrand and axillary crutches with four different gaits. For all assisted gaits the self-selected velocity was less than that for normal walking and the energy used was greater than for normal walking. Use of each crutch type required the same amount of energy. Use of a cane or crutches with twqoint alternating and three-point partial-weight-bearing gaits required about 33 per cent more energy than normal walking. The swing-through and the three-point non-weight-bearing gaits required about 78 per cent more energy than normal walking. It is suggested that these energy requirements be considered when prescribing an assistive device.
Improving QoS-based Routing by Limiting Interference in Lossy Wireless Sensor Networks

Many new routing protocols have been proposed for wireless sensor networks to maximize throughput, minimize delay or improve other QoS metrics in order to solve the problems of resource-constrained sensor nodes in large networks. However, many of them are based on flooding or its variants. Many routing messages are propagated unnecessarily and may cause different interference characteristics during route discovery phase and in the actual application data transmission phase. As a result, incorrect routes may be selected. Epidemic algorithms have been used to limit flooding in the field of wireless sensor networks. Directed diffusion has been commonly used in wireless sensor networks because it is designed to improve energy efficiency and scalability. However, the intrinsic flooding scheme for interest subscriptions prevents it from achieving the maximal potential of these two goals. We propose a routing protocol that uses ID-free epidemic flooding to limit interference in conjunction with metrics for increasing throughput and reducing delay. Simulation results in ns2 show that there is an optimal number of neighbors to achieve the best throughput and delay performance. For a fixed topology of a certain size, there exists an optimal percentage of neighbors that forward the flooding message to achieve the best throughput and delay performance.
Photophysics of Polyatomic Species Ejection Following Uv Laser Ablation of Single Crystal Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2O8

A series of experiments have been conducted which probe the origin of the polyatomic ions (e.g., Sr2O+, BiCu+) measured following the low fluence, pulsed UV laser irradiation of crystalline Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 (BiSrCaCuO). The photoejection of polyatomic species presents a problem for the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique. The deposition of polyatomic products could limit epitaxial growth during thin film material processing. Our results indicate that the polyatomic species are not the consequence of a gas phase recombination, but are in fact directly produced. All experiments are done at laser fluences below that required for above surface plasma formation. As such, our results do not address the formation of large clusters within the dense plume in high fluence laser ablation.
Regulation of cell lipid metabolism and accumulation. VII. Increase by glycerol of the polar lipid and triglyceride content of cultured cells.

SummaryGlycerol, at the concentrations used in cell freezing and storage procedures, causes a large increase in the lipid content of cultured mammalian cells. Column chromatography on silicic acid of the isolated lipid indicates that the increase is due primarily to increases in polar lipids and triglycerides. The homologues of glycerol, ethylene glycol and erythritol, also increase cell lipid.
Autonomic closure for turbulence simulations

A new approach to turbulence closure is presented that eliminates the need to specify a predefined turbulence model and instead provides for fully adaptive, self-optimizing, autonomic closures. The closure is autonomic in the sense that the simulation itself determines the optimal local, instantaneous relation between any unclosed term and resolved quantities through the solution of a nonlinear, nonparametric system identification problem. This nonparametric approach allows the autonomic closure to freely adapt to varying nonlinear, nonlocal, nonequilibrium, and other turbulence characteristics in the flow. Even a simple implementation of the autonomic closure for large eddy simulations provides remarkably more accurate results in a priori tests than do dynamic versions of traditional prescribed closures.
Molecular cloning, purification and in situ localization of human colon kallikrein

We have cloned and characterized a full-length cDNA encoding tissue kallikrein from a human colon carcinoma cell line (T84). The nucleic acid sequence of the colon kallikrein cDNA is identical to that of renal/pancreatic or tissue kallikrein cDNA. Reverse-transcription PCR followed by Southern-blot analysis using specific oligonucleotide probes showed expression of tissue kallikrein in human colon, pancreas and kidney. Tissue kallikrein mRNA was localized in glandular epithelial cells (goblet cells) in colon by in situ hybridization histochemistry. Human colon kallikrein was purified to apparent homogeneity by DEAE-Sepharose Cl-6B, aprotinin-affinity, and HQ/M perfusion chromatography. The purified colon kallikrein migrated as a broad, 40-45 kDa band in SDS/PAGE and was recognized by antibodies to human tissue kallikrein. The linear displacement curves for the colon kallikrein in an RIA were parallel with the human tissue kallikrein standard curve, indicating their immunological identity. The N-terminal sequence of the purified colon kallikrein matches completely with that of purified urinary or tissue kallikrein. These results indicate that human colon kallikrein is transcribed from the tissue kallikrein gene.
Neutrophil granule constituents and their release in health and disease.

The granules of the neutrophil are critical to its unique properties. Specific and secretory granules contribute receptors important in the control of adhesion and chemotaxis and membrane products necessary for the respiratory burst. The azurophilic granules supply enzymes for digestive and bactericidal functions. Knowledge of the mechanisms underlying granule release and the role of granules in amplifying neutrophil membrane events and function has implications in understanding and treating patients with neutrophil granule dysfunction.
1010-LB: C1Q-BINDING ANTIBODY REACTIVITY TOWARDS A MISMATCHED HLA-DPA1 EPITOPE IS ASSOCIATED WITH ACUTE RENAL ALLOGRAFT REJECTION

Abstract Aim To identify HLA antibody (Ab) reactivity in a patient undergoing acute Ab-mediated rejection (AMR) following renal transplantation from a zero-mismatched HLA-A/B/C/DR/DQ donor. Methods We report here a patient who received 3 transplants based on the negative flow crossmatch (FXM). HLA sequencing methods were used to retrospectively identify recipient and donor HLA alleles. Luminex-based single antigen bead (SAB) and SAB-C1q assays were used to measure HLA- and HLA-C1q-binding Ab. HLAMatchmaker was used to evaluate epitope reactivity. Results A pediatric patient was immunized by a 1st transplant with multiple class I/II HLA mismatches and blood transfusions; this transplant lasted 10 years and was lost to chronic nephropathy. The HLA-matched (except for DRB3*02:02) 2nd transplant failed within 1 year due to acute and chronic rejection. The 3rd transplant was matched for HLA-A/B/C/DR/DQ but mismatched for HLA-DPA1*02:01 and -DPB1*01:01, *04:02. Although prior to the 3rd transplant the patient had DPA1*02:01-reactive Ab (DSA) in SAB (3518 MFI) and SAB-C1q (4900 MFI) assays, the FXM results were negative. Within 10 days post-transplant, the patient had elevated creatinine (3 mg/dL) and C4d+ biopsy-confirmed AMR (Banff 2a). This correlated with reactivity against DPA1*02:01 in SAB (18483 MFI; Figure) and SAB-C1q+ (25940 MFI). During the next 4 months the patient had additional AMR episodes confirmed by DSA and C4d+ biopsy, and was treated with plasmapheresis, IVIg, and rituximab. HLAMatchmaker analysis revealed that the DSA reactivity [directed to one epitope (111R) on DPA1*02:01 shared by the 1st and 3rd donors] was present prior to and peaked during rejection episodes post-transplant. Although a historical serum had weak DPB1 Ab reactivity, there was none immediately pre-transplant. Post-transplant sera showed SAB-positive but SAB-C1q negative DPB1 Ab reactivity. Conclusions These findings suggest that SAB-C1q reactive DPA1-specific DSA may mediate acute AMR.
Mixed-norm estimates for a restricted X-ray transform in ℝ4 and ℝ5

The Radon transform found important applications in integral geometry and in the study of PDE’s. R1,d is often called the X-ray transform due to its applications in radiology, we denote it by Xfull. It is well-known [19], [12] that the sharp mixed norm estimates for the full X-ray transform implies the Kakeya conjecture and it is related to some of the main problems in the summability of Fourier transform, Fourier restriction and more generally to oscillatory integrals, non-linear P.D.E’s and number theory [7], [1], [2], [20], [3], [14]. For some mapping properties of Xfull, see, e.g., [6], [5], [19] and [12]. Note that G1,d is a 2d− 2-dimensional manifold, thus Xfull is overdetermined for d ≥ 3, and it is of interest to consider its restrictions to lower dimensional subspaces of G1,d. For the definition of the restricted X-ray transforms as part of a more general class of transformations and some of its properties, see [11]. One particular example is the restriction of Xfull to the space of light rays (lines in R making a 45 degree angle with the plane xd = 0). Recently, Wolff [21] obtained mixed norm estimates for this operator (almost sharp in R) and used this information to prove almost sharp bilinear cone restriction estimates in all dimensions. We are interested in the restriction of Xfull to d dimensional line complexes in R. Let d ≥ 3; the subspace Gd of G1,d we are interested in is defined as follows: Let γd be the curve {γd(t) : γd(t) = (1, t, t, ..., td−1), t ∈ (−1, 1)} in R. Let l(t, x) denote