cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Small and Neutral TcvO BAT, Bisaminoethanethiol (N2S2) Complexes for Developing New Brain Imaging Agents

Bisaminoethanethiol (BAT) ligands with various gem-dimethyl and amide groups were prepared, and the corresponding neutral Tc-99m complexes were prepared and evaluated for their relative stabilities by ligand-exchange reactions. It was demonstrated that technetium complexes containing gem-dimethyl substituents have higher lipophilicities, whereas those with an amide group possess greater stability, which enhances ligand-exchange reaction. The most interesting observation was that the brain uptake in rats is not determined only by lipophilicity. Apparently, Tc-99m complexes with an amide functional group display lower brain uptakes in rats compared to those without an amide group. The brain uptake was strongly influenced by substituents on the BAT ligand. These factors are critically important and should be taken into consideration when designing Tc-99m-labeled agents for CNS receptor imaging.
THE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT OF SMALL-SCALE FRESHWATER PRAWN (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) PROCESSING USING DATA FROM KENTUCKY

Freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) culture in Kentucky is an example of a small-scale aquaculture industry that is totally dependent on retail, restaurant, and direct outlets. Since processing of prawns is required in some of these markets, small-scale processors rely on hand processing techniques using low-cost facilities to produce frozen prawn tails. This article investigates economics and management parameters for small-scale prawn processing in Kentucky, and discusses how the costs of processing underscore the marketing options, and long-term survival of this industry. Using a processing management model and enterprise budgets, the article investigated the operations of two representative processing facilities: a site-built plant and a mobile processing trailer. The results showed that the whole prawn-weight daily processing capacity was 550 kg for the site-built plant and 664 kg for the mobile processing trailer. The optimal output was frozen unpeeled tails, of which 270 kg (site-built pla...
A Proposed Model for the Investigation of Teacher Morale

This paper discusses certain factors which are considered basic to an understanding of the morale concept. Particularly does It endeavour to show a difference between job‐satisfaction and morale. Morale is to be understood in terms of forward‐looking and confident striving towards the achievement of a shared and vital purpose or goal. Arising from a wider study being carried out by the author, significance is found in individual teacher's differing perceptions of the same situation. A simple paradigm is suggested as the basis for further hypothesizing and research.
Contributions by blank vendors to critical dimension and defect errors

As wafer fab technology proceeds into smaller images over larger field sizes, there is a need for tighter critical dimension (CD) uniformity and smaller allowable defect sizes. The maskmaker is required to reduce these sources of error as much as possible at the reticle level. As the lithography and process contributions are reduced, contribution from the mask blank itself becomes significant. Selection of the best vendor for optimum CD and defect performance becomes critical. Unfortunately, the best vendor for CD uniformity may not be the best for defect density on certain product types, and vice versa. An additional complication is that the most critical specifications are required over larger areas of 6 multiplied by .250 substrates which have not yet been optimized by blank suppliers.
Pharmacological Intervention Studies Using Mouse Models of the Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Translating Preclinical Data into New Drug Therapies

Most therapeutic agents used in clinical practice today were originally developed and tested in animal models so that drug toxicity and safety, dose-responses, and efficacy could be determined. Retrospective analyses of preclinical intervention studies using animal models of different diseases demonstrate that only a small percentage of the interventions reporting promising effects translate to clinical efficacy. The failure to translate therapeutic efficacy from bench to bedside may be due, in part, to shortcomings in the design of the clinical studies; however, it is becoming clear that much of the problem resides within the preclinical studies. One potential strategy for improving our ability to identify new therapeutics that may have a reasonable chance of success in clinical trials is to identify the most immunologically-relevant mouse models of IBD and pharmacologic strategies that most closely mimic the clinical situation. This review presents a critical evaluation of the different mouse models and pharmacological approaches that may be used in intervention studies as well as discuss emerging issues related to study design and data interpretation of preclinical studies.
Edward Miner Gallaudet's “remarks on the combined system”: An analysis of the “preservative” function of rhetoric of education

Despite considerable effort by scholars in rhetoric to explore the epistemological dimensions of the art, few attempts have been made to apply rhetorical epistemology to education. This essay examines Edward Miner Gallaudet's speech, “Remarks on the Combined System,” in an effort to illustrate the power of the rhetorical knowledge thesis to account for paradoxes in Gallaudet's discourse on educating the deaf student. We contend that Gallaudet offered his remarks, not so much to persuade his immediate audience, but to preserve his ideas for a later age, when those ideas could receive sympathetic treatment. Implications of the study are suggested for education, contemporary rhetorical theory, and criticism.
Cdk2-dependent Phosphorylation and Functional Inactivation of the pRB-related p130 Protein in pRB(−), p16INK4A(+) Tumor Cells

The retinoblastoma family proteins pRB, p107, and p130 are phosphorylated and released from E2Fs in the late G1 phase of the cell cycle. This phosphorylation is thought to contribute to the derepression of E2F-responsive genes and to be mediated, in part, by Cdk4 and Cdk6. Evidence that Cdk4/6 activity is inhibited by p16INK4A in most pRB(−) cells suggests that p107 and p130 may be underphosphorylated and remain associated with E2Fs during G1-S progression in cells that lack pRB. To examine this, we evaluated the cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation and E2F binding abilities of p107 and p130 in pRB(−), p16(+) Saos-2 osteosarcoma cells. p130, but not p107, was phosphorylated and released from E2F-4 in late G1 and S phase cells, although p130 phosphorylation differed qualitatively in these and other pRB(−), p16(+) cells as compared with pRB(+), p16(−) cell types. p130 phosphorylation occurred in the absence of cyclin D-Cdk4/6 complexes, coincided with cyclin E- and Cdk2-associated kinase activity, and was prevented by expression of dominant negative Cdk2. Moreover, dominant negative Cdk2 prevented the dissociation of endogenous p130-E2F-4 complexes and inhibited E2F-4-dependent transcription. These findings show that p130 can be phosphorylated and functionally inactivated in a Cdk2-dependent process, and they highlight the involvement of distinct Cdks in the regulation of different pRB family proteins.
Regulation of β1C and β1A Integrin Expression in Prostate Carcinoma Cells

β1C and β1A integrins are two splice variants of the human β1 integrin subfamily that act as an inhibitor and a stimulator of cell proliferation, respectively. In neoplastic prostate epithelium, both these variants are down-regulated at the mRNA level, but only β1C protein levels are reduced. We used an experimental model consisting of PNT1A, a normal immortalized prostate cell line, and LNCaP and PC-3, two prostate carcinoma cell lines, to investigate both the transcription/post-transcription and translation/post-translation processes of β1C and β1A. Transcriptional regulation played the key role for the reduction in β1C and β1A mRNA expression in cancer cells, as β1C and β1A mRNA half-lives were comparable in normal and cancer cells. β1C translation rate decreased in cancer cells in agreement with the decrease in mRNA levels, whereas β1A translation rate increased more than 2-fold, despite the reduction in mRNA levels. Both β1C and β1A proteins were degraded more rapidly in cancer than in normal cells, and pulse-chase experiments showed that intermediates and/or rates of β1C and β1A protein maturation differ in cancer versus normal cells. Inhibition of either calpain- or lysosomal-mediated proteolysis increased both β1C and β1A protein levels, the former in normal but not in cancer cells and the latter in both cell types, albeit at a higher extent in cancer than in normal cells. Interestingly, inhibition of the ubiquitin proteolytic pathway increased expression of ubiquitinated β1C protein without affecting β1A protein levels in cancer cells. These results show that transcriptional, translational, and post-translational processes, the last involving the ubiquitin proteolytic pathway, contribute to the selective loss of β1C integrin, a very efficient inhibitor of cell proliferation, in prostate malignant transformation.
Corrosion studies of a copper–beryllium alloy in a simulated polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell environment

Abstract Bipolar plates play an important role in the performance, and cost of fuel cell. The properties of copper–beryllium alloy were studied in simulated fuel cell environment. Corrosion studies of the alloy were carried out by using Tafel extrapolation, and potentiodynamic polarization plots at various temperatures. The conditions selected were 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 with varying pH in the range of 3–5 and 5% (v/v) HCl + 5% (v/v) Na 2 SO 4 with the bubbling of oxygen, and argon. The corrosion rate for the alloy was found to be 0.05, and 0.28 μm year −1 at 25 and 70 °C, respectively. A similar range of corrosion rates was reported in literature for other copper alloys. Due to their good corrosion resistance and high conductivity the alloy can be considered as a candidate material for bipolar plates. Use of copper alloy in bipolar plate will reduce the contact resistance in cell stack due to their high conductivity.
Active Vegetations Can Be Differentiated from Chronic Vegetations by Visual Inspection of Standardized Two-Dimensional Echocardiograms

The ability to differentiate active from chronic valvular vegetations (VEGs) by digital image processing and by visual observation was evaluated in 18 patients with a clinical diagnosis of infective endocarditis (IE). Two-dimensional echocardiographic (2-DE) examinations were performed on all patients at diagnosis and after a mean period of 52 days. Two comparable images (active and chronic) from the same patient and in the same phase of the cardiac cycle were digitized, magnified, and displayed on a high resolution monitor. The mean pixel intensity (MPI) was 72+/-14 in the active stage and 143 +/-23 in the chronic stage (P<0.0001). The VEG size was 0.64+/- 0.15 cm(2) in the active stage and decreased to 0.46+/-0.17 cm(2) in the chronic stage (P<0.001). Two experienced echocardiographers, who were blinded to the age of the VEGs, identified each echocardiographic image as active or chronic based on visual observation of density of the VEGs. The VEGs were correctly identified as active or chronic in 17 out of the 18 patients. In summary, although digital image processing of 2-DE may be useful, the density of VEGs assessed by visual inspection will help differentiate between active and chronic VEGs of IE. The standardization procedure at the time of the initial study and use of identical gain settings in subsequent studies are key factors in making this distinction.
Behavior of Li-Ion Cells in High-Intensity Radiation Environments

Planetary exploration missions to Jupiter and its moons require that the power system components, including batteries, be tolerant to high intensities, about 4 Mrad, of γ-radiation. In view of the several polymeric materials used as separators and binders and the use of organic electrolyte solutions in Li-ion cells, it is difficult to predict their response to such radiation environments. Therefore, a detailed experimental evaluation was undertaken to determine the performance of Li-ion cells after exposure to various levels of cumulative radiation levels up to 25 Mrad, at different levels of intensities. Prototype cells, obtained from two domestic sources for aerospace lithium-ion batteries and consisting of two different chemistries, were used as test articles. Discharge performances, at ambient and low temperatures, as well as, electrical impedance spectroscopy responses were determined after each exposure, and analyses were made for the impedance characteristics and their changes upon irradiation. Postradiation cycling tests were carried out on these cells to assess their cyclability subsequent to radiation exposure. Although control measurements were not made on cells without radiation, these studies reveal that the lithium-ion cells display good tolerance to radiation, with only marginal decline in their capacity, and with no significant change in capacity fade rate during subsequent cycling.
Recent observations and simulations of the Sun‐Earth system, Grand Hotel Varna, Bulgaria, 17–22 September 2006

ISROSES: International Symposium on Recent Observations and Simulations of the Sun-Earth System. Important challenges for solar-terrestrial physics research are to advance our understanding of the Sun-Earth system (SES) and to develop models to the level where timely and accurate predictions of space weather can be made that result in benefits to society. As more advanced technologies are placed into the space environment, our need to forecast space weather becomes more urgent. To achieve such a goal, an integrated understanding of the physical processes of the coupled Sun-Earth system must be developed.
An intervening sequence in the gene coding for 25S Ribosomal RNA of Tetrahymena pigmentosa

An intervening sequence of approximately 400 bp has been discovered in the 25S ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) from macronuclei of Tetrahymena pigmentosa strain 6UM. Another strain, 8ALP, lacks the intervening sequence in its macronuclear rDNA. The presence of the intervening sequence was first suggested by a comparison of the restriction endonuclease maps of the rDNA from each strain. A region which differed in size between the two strains was shown to lie within the region coding for 25S ribosomal RNA by hybridization of the restriction fragments to labeled 25S rRNA. Direct visual evidence for the existence of the intervening sequence in 6UM and its absence from 8ALP was obtained by electron microscopy of R loop hybrids formed between the rDNA and 25S rRNA. The size and position of the intervening sequence within the gene were further defined by detailed restriction analyses of cloned fragments of the rDNA from each strain. The rDNA within the macronucleus of each of these strains is homogeneous, and thus the intervening sequence in the rDNA of strain 6UM must not interfere with transcription of the gene. Furthermore, the presence or absence of the intervening sequence has no obvious functional importance, since both strains can survive and grow equally well.
The pressure dependence of elastic moduli of NiF2 to 10 kbar

Abstract At room temperature, the pressure dependence of the elastic stiffness moduli of NiF2 have been measured by pulse superposition method to 10 kbar. The observed strong decreasing behavior in the modulus C s = 1 2 (C 11 − C 12 ) is discussed.
Prognosis of primary thyroid lymphoma: Demographic, clinical, and pathologic predictors of survival in 1,408 cases

Background There is a paucity of data regarding prognosis of primary thyroid lymphoma (PTL), with only case reports and institutional series reported. This is the first population-based study of PTL in the United States. Methods PTL patients were identified in the SEER database. Bivariate (χ2, Kaplan-Meier, and log rank) and multivariate (Cox proportional hazards) analyses were used to assess the associations between patient characteristics and survival. Results A total of 1,408 patients were identified over 32 years of follow-up (median, 3.75 years). Mean age was 66 years; 75% were female and 93% white. Overall, 98% had non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; 68% had diffuse large B-cell, 10% follicular, 10% marginal zone, and 3% small lymphocytic. A total of 88% had stage I-II disease. Median survival was 9.3 years. On bivariate analysis, older age, single marital status, stage II–IV disease, histology (large B-cell, follicular, or other non-Hodgkin's), earlier year of diagnosis, lack of prior malignancies, and no radiation/surgery predicted worse survival. Age ≥80 years, advanced stage, no radiation/surgery, and large B-cell or follicular histology predicted worse prognosis in multivariate analysis. Conclusion Older age, advanced stage, histologic subtype, and lack of radiation/surgical treatment are associated with worse survival. Thyroid resection offers benefit only for patients with stage I disease. Management of PTL requires multidisciplinary collaboration.
Synthetic-Aperture Radar Based on Nonsinusoidal Functions: II-Pulse Compression, Contrast, Resolution, and Doppler Shift

The first of this series of papers derived geometric relations for a synthetic-aperture radar that used either a moving antenna or stationary antenna arrays in one or two dimensions. This second paper deals with additional concepts that are required to make the geometric relations practically useful. The sections on pulse compression and c and contrast carry these well-known concepts from sinusoidal to certain nonsinusoidal functions. The section on resolution shows that the resolution can be increased either by increasing the signal band-width ?f or the signal power P, and that this exchange is possible according to the very favorable relation ?fpl/2 = constant. Very little mathematics is used to derive this result which is contrary to experience although fully in line with basic theory; a simple derivation helps one avoid hidden assumptions and other sources of mistakes. The section on Doppler shift shows that this effect can be used to separate moving targets -from stationary ones; such a discrimination is not possible with the conventional synthetic-aperture radar since it uses the Doppler shift to produce the synthetic aperture.
Helices VII and X in the lactose permease of Escherichia coli: proximity and ligand-induced distance changes.

By using functional lactose permease devoid of native Cys residues with a discontinuity in the periplasmic loop between helices VII and VIII (N7/C5 split permease), cross-linking between engineered paired Cys residues in helices VII and X was studied with the homobifunctional, thiol-specific cross-linkers 1,1-methanediyl bismethanethiosulfonate (3 A), N,N′-o-phenylenedimaleimide (6 A) and N,N′-p-phenylenedimaleimide (10 A). Mutant Asp240 → Cys (helix VII)/Lys319 → Cys (helix X) cross-links most efficiently with the 3 A reagent, providing direct support for studies indicating that Asp240 and Lys319 are in close proximity and charge paired. Furthermore, cross-linking the two positions inactivates the protein. Other Cys residues more disposed towards the middle of helix VII cross-link to Cys residues in the approximate middle of helix X, while no cross-linking is evident with paired Cys residues at the periplasmic or cytoplasmic ends of these helices. Thus, helices VII and X are in close proximity in the middle of the membrane. In the presence of ligand, the distance between Cys residues at positions 240 (helice VII) and 319 (helix X) increases. In contrast, the distance between paired Cys residues more disposed towards the cytoplasmic face of the membrane decreases in a manner suggesting that ligand binding induces a scissors-like movement between the two helices. The results are consistent with a recently proposed mechanism for lactose/H+ symport in which substrate binding induces a conformational change between helices VII and X, during transfer of H+ from His322 (helix X)/Glu269 (helix VIII) to Glu325 (helix X).
Audio and Video Processing to Enhance Homeland Security

Audio and video processing promise significant enhancements to current human intensive tasks such as transportation and border surveillance. Operational solutions are now emerging that promise effective, objective, and affordable systems that provide automation of missions ranging from broad area surveillance to close in deception detection. This paper summarizes challenges and exemplifies operational solutions in both audio and video processing. Included is a detailed capability description of several operational systems and their applicability to homeland security missions.
Maternal Fever During Labor — What Does It Mean?

Background Several studies have shown maternal fever to be associated with chorioamnionitis and neonatal sepsis if at least two of the following five criteria are also present: maternal tachycardia, purulent or foul-smelling amniotic fluid, fetal tachycardia, uterine tenderness, or maternal leukocytosis. Less is known about the risk of neonatal sepsis when the presence of maternal fever in labor is the only criterion. Methods A retrospective medical record review searching for women who had a fever greater than 100.4 degrees F while in the active phase of labor during a 1-year period at the University of Michigan was undertaken to investigate the relation between isolated maternal fever in labor and neonatal sepsis. Eighty-two cases of maternal fever were found. Results Forty-six women met the clinical criteria for chorioamnionitis, and 6 of the 7 neonates with sepsis diagnosed were born to these mothers. There were no significant differences found in admission or intrapartum factors between women who did and did not meet clinical criteria for chorioamnionitis, and there was no association between these factors and neonatal sepsis. Epidural anesthesia was administered to 91 percent of these women and might be associated with maternal fever during labor. Using maternal clinical criteria for chorioamnionitis and a neonatal band cell-total neutrophil ratio of 0.2 or greater instead of the current system to determine the need for newborn antibiotic administration would improve the positive predictive value (12.5 percent versus 9.3 percent) and specificity (34.6 percent versus 16 percent) without compromising sensitivity (100 percent). All septic and probably septic newborns would be treated, and neonatal antibiotic administration would be reduced by 17 percent. Conclusions The addition of the maternal clinical criteria for chorioamnionitis to the criteria already used for diagnosing and treating neonatal sepsis could prove useful in decisions regarding the selective administration of intrapartum antibiotics and prediction of risk of neonatal sepsis.
Reputation in Auctions: Theory, and Evidence from eBay ∗

Employing a procedure suggested by a simple theoretical model of auctions in which bidders and sellers have observable and heterogenous reputations for default, we examine the effect of reputation on price in a data set drawn from the online auction site eBay. Our main empirical result is that seller's, but not bidder's, reputation has an economically and statistically significant effect on price.
Secure MIMO Communications in a System with Equal Numbers of Transmit and Receive Antennas

Secure communications in a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) system in which the eavesdropper's channel is inherently superior to that of the legitimate receiver is described. Both the legitimate receiver and the eavesdropper are assumed to have equal knowledge and comparable computational capabilities and there is no "secret key" known only to the legitimate receiver. The combination of artificial noise added at the transmitter, parallelization of the legitimate channel using the singular value decomposition, and low density parity check (LDPC) codes can overcome the superiority of the eavesdropper's channel and enable secure communications. The effectiveness of the method is greater for larger numbers of antennas and larger modulation constellations.
Voluntary and Involuntary Minorities: A Cultural‐Ecological Theory of School Performance with Some Implications for Education

This article has three objectives. First, it describes Ogbu's classification of minorities: autonomous, voluntary or immigrant, and involuntary or nonimmigrant minorities. Second, it explains Ogbu's cultural-ecological theory of minority school performance. Finally, it suggests some implications of the theory for pedagogy. The authors regard the typology of minority groups as a heuristic device for analysis and interpretation of differences among minority groups in school experience.
CASE STUDY OF TWO SMALL‐SCALE TILAPIA PROCESSING OPERATIONS

Preliminary case studies indicate that a wide range of labor efficiencies may exist among tilapia processing operations. Efficient use of personnel on the processing line seems to be as important as skill or experience in improving labor efficiency. Processing rate and dressout percentage are used with information on costs and prices from the literature to estimate the minimum quantity of tilapia necessary to support a processing plant and the unit cost of processing at that level. The implications are discussed with respect to the integration of tilapia into existing fish farming, processing, and marketing practices in the southeastern United States.
Characterization of acute appendicitis in diabetic children

article i nfo Purpose: Children with diabetes mellitus (DM) who develop acute appendicitis can present a diagnostic and clinical challenge. No studies have examined this population since the advent of multiple dose insulin therapy, computed tomography, and laparoscopic surgery. We sought to characterize these children to identify their differences and how to best care for them. Methods: We retrospectively examined the medical records of children with a preexisting diagnosis of DM treated for acute appendicitis. Values are presented as the mean ± the standard error of the mean, and Student's t-test was used for statistical comparison. Results: We identified18diabeticchildrentreatedfor acute appendicitis, making this thelargest seriesofits kind. These children had similar presentations compared to non-diabetics, with the exception of often presenting without fever (83.3% with an initial temperature b38 C). All children developed significant postoperative hyperglycemia (average high 382 ± 18 mg/dL), and most had glycemic control for ≤50% of the hospitalization (14/18, 77.8%), but they otherwise had typical postoperative courses. Conclusions: Diabetic children with appendicitis are often afebrile at presentation and have serum glucose levels that are difficult to control. Collaboration with pediatric endocrinologists is needed to appropriately manage these children during their hospitalization.
"Terms of engagement: The collaborative representation of Alutiiq identity"

Le livre et l’exposition Looking Both Ways: Heritage and Identity of the Alutiiq People (Regards croises: patrimoine et identite du peuple alutiiq) presentent une perspective a la fois alutiiq et anthropologique d’une societe autochtone d’Alaska. Ce projet, fonde sur un partenariat communautaire et mene par la Smithsonian Institution et le Musee alutiiq de Kodiak, est considere sous plusieurs angles: identite culturelle et revitalisation de la region alutiiq, nouveau paradigme de l’anthropologie en collaboration et opposition des modeles essentialistes et constructivistes du changement culturel. On propose l’existence d’une «logique culturelle» alutiiq de liens ancestraux, de parente, de lieu et d’un milieu riche qui agissent comme fondements de la permanence de l’identite a travers deux siecles de transformations culturelles. L’entente de collaboration dans le cadre de projets sur le patrimoine autochtone est presentee comme un engagement complexe mais indispensable a l’anthropologie contemporaine.
Thermodynamics of Tri- and Pentabromide Anions in Aqueous Solution

Formation constants for the tribromide and pentabromide anions were measured by a vapor partitioning method from 5 to 80°C. The molal thermodynamic parameters for these respective species at 25°C are: K3−16.73, ΔHo=−5.90 kJ-mol−1, ΔCpo=−29 J-K−1-mol−1, and ΔSo=3.6 J-K−1-mol−1; K5=37.7, ΔHo=−13.0 kJ-mol−1, ΔSo=−13.6 J-K−1-mol−1, with ΔCpo assumed zero. These results are used to reevaluate published emf results for the bromine/bromide couple.
Letter from America: the political economics of US healthcare reform.

Obama's proposals are incremental and reflect the lesson learned by Hilary Clinton: that small steps are required to address big problems and the fact that there are no simple ‘magic bullet’ solutions to improving its performance. Lack of universal coverage and uncontained costs lie at the heart of the ‘broken’ American healthcare system and the current reforms do not offer an easy or assured approach to reducing both in the near term. Despite high expectations, the proposed investments are likely to be inflationary and any cost savings are likely to be longer term. Aspiring to universal coverage is more feasible than reducing costs that require some stakeholders to lose in order for the government to achieve its savings. The economic price attached to the current reforms is considerable and so controversy is inevitable. Nevertheless, Obama's election and his proposed reforms mark a significant political milestone. It was small step from the free market ideology of Friedman, Hayek and others to the assertion by President Gerald Ford that ‘a government big enough to give you everything you want is a government big enough to take from you everything you have’ and President Ronald Reagan's later claim that ‘government is the problem not the solution’. So long was the shadow cast by this stance that President Bill Clinton subsequently felt obligated to maintain that ‘the era of big government is over’. In his November 2008 victory speech President Obama told Americans that ‘we have never just been a collection of individuals’, signalling that the political pendulum might be swinging away from the dominant conservative ideology of recent decades that has emphasized the self-interested individual. During his inauguration he went further, to declare that the ‘stale political arguments … no longer apply’ and in respect of healthcare that, ‘the question today is not whether our government is too big or too small, but whether it works, whether it helps families … find care they can afford’. There is increasing consensus that the need for government regulation of the financial markets is a matter of degree. This was given voice by Obama during his inauguration speech when he stated that despite its strengths, ‘without a watchful eye, the market can spin out of control’. Though it is not clear how far-reaching health reforms will eventually be, it is reasonable to assume they involve stronger state involvement and the time when the US healthcare system has been an open playing field for free market ideology may now be passing.
SWIFT: SYSTEM WORKBENCH FOR INTEGRATING AND FACILITATING TEAMS

There have been many R&D efforts in recent years to develop computer environments that directly enhance group problem-solving productivity. An example of such efforts is the computer-based Virtual Teaming Technology (VTT) currently being developed at the Knowledge-based Engineering Systems Research Laboratory (KESRL). The core software environment for KESRL's VTT is called SWIFT (System Workbench for Integrating and Facilitating Teams) and is based on the knowledge processing technology (KPT) previously developed at KESRL to support various engineering design tasks. SWIFT is a flexible environment which enables the rapid development of collaborative applications, linking workers in distributed environments, of many domains. This paper presents the overall system architecture of SWIFT, and introduces the current and future R&D efforts at KESRL in realizing SWIFT for significant industrial applications.
Density, distribution, and orientation of water molecules inside and outside carbon nanotubes

The behavior of water molecules inside and outside 1.1, 2.8, 6.9, and 10.4 nm diameter armchair carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is predicted using molecular dynamics simulations. The effects of CNT diameter on mass density, molecular distribution, and molecular orientation are identified for both the confined and unconfined fluids. Within 1 nm of the CNT surface, unconfined water molecules assume a spatially varying density profile. The molecules distribute nonuniformly around the carbon surface and have preferred orientations. The behavior of the unconfined water molecules is invariant with CNT diameter. The behavior of the confined water, however, can be correlated to tube diameter. Inside the 10.4 nm CNT, the molecular behavior is indistinguishable from that of the unconfined fluid. Within the smaller CNTs, surface curvature effects reduce the equilibrium water density and force water molecules away from the surface. This effect changes both the molecular distribution and preferred molecular orientations.
Historical Semantic Chaining and Efficient Communication: The Case of Container Names

Semantic categories in the world's languages often reflect a historical process of chaining: A name for one referent is extended to a conceptually related referent, and from there on to other referents, producing a chain of exemplars that all bear the same name. The beginning and end points of such a chain might in principle be rather dissimilar. There is also evidence supporting a contrasting picture: Languages tend to support efficient, informative communication, often through semantic categories in which all exemplars are similar. Here, we explore this tension through computational analyses of existing cross-language naming and sorting data from the domain of household containers. We find (a) formal evidence for historical semantic chaining, and (b) evidence that systems of categories in this domain nonetheless support near-optimally efficient communication. Our results demonstrate that semantic chaining is compatible with efficient communication, and they suggest that chaining may be constrained by the functional need for efficient communication.
Principles and Techniques for Assessing Erythrocyte Deformability

Erythrocyte deformation is a function of the extrinsic deforming stress as well as the intrinsic cell deformability, which is in turn determined by the internal fluid viscosity, cell geometry, and viscoelastic properties of the membrane. Erythrocyte membrane exhibits different rheological properties depending upon whether its surface area remains constant during deformation. Therefore, tests of erythrocyte deformability should be performed under controlled rheological conditions. Erythrocyte deformability can be deduced from the stress-strain (and stress-rate of strain) relations of (a) suspensions of cells in controlled shear flow, (b) dilute cell suspensions or individual cells passing through or entering into a narrow channel, and (c) individual cells subjected to shear force while being restrained in a flow channel. The general principles and relative merits of these three categories of methods have been discussed. An improvement of our understanding of erythrocyte deformability in health and disease necessitates the appropriate application of a combination of several of these methods and the proper interpretation of the results.
Biological cell manipulation by magnetic nanoparticles

We report a manipulation of biological cells (erythrocytes) by magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles in the presence of a magnetic field. The experiment was accomplished on the top of a micro-electromagnet consisting of two magnetic field generating contours. An electric current flowing through the contour(s) produces a non-uniform magnetic field, which is about 1.4 mT/μm in strength at 100 mA current in the vicinity of the current-carrying wire. In responses to the magnetic field, magnetic nanoparticles move towards the systems energy minima. In turn, magnetic nanoparticles drag biological cells in the same direction. We present experimental data showing cell manipulation through the control of electric current. This technique allows us to capture and move cells located in the vicinity (10-20 microns) of the current-carrying wires. One of the most interesting results shows a periodic motion of erythrocytes between the two conducting contours, whose frequency is controlled by an electric circuit. The obtained r...
Beyond Client-Centered Interviewing: Improving Attorney-Client Interactions through Therapeutic Jurisprudence and Multi-Cultural Training

Therapeutic Jurisprudence courses are offered in a multitude of shapes and forms around the globe, each course as unique as the individual that teaches it. This paper describes the author’s creation of a therapeutic jurisprudence course designed around the impact of externalities on attorney-client communication and professional satisfaction. In the paper she explains how she teaches students to better communicate with clients by bringing awareness to how linguistic, cultural and social reasons affect what we say and how we say it. The ultimate goal of the course is to teach students to identify communication roadblocks as they occur, and then apply therapeutic techniques to dissolve them. Issues of control, ethics, and other difficult topics are present and discussed, but they are the subtext of the course. In turn, the course encourages students to reconsider traditional notions of the legal profession, by exposing them to alternative roles and modes of legal representation that promote a professional refocus from a legal culture obsessed with conflict, into a culture concerned with the wellbeing of the client and of the attorney.
Scope, Focus, and Relevance of Ophthalmology Grand Rounds

Purpose The aim of the study is to analyze the scope, focus, and educational relevance of resident grand presentations in relation to the community prevalence and impact of the diseases discussed. Design This study is a retrospective review of grand rounds (GR) presentations at Tulane University School of Medicine's Department of Ophthalmology over a 3-year period. Methods The topic of each GR presentation between 2009 and 2012 was categorized by subject matter, prevalence, and impact in a retrospective review of saved PowerPoint files and surgical videos. Results Two hundred and eighty-four presentations were analyzed. Retina, glaucoma, cornea and external disease, and neuro-ophthalmology each comprised approximately one-sixth (17%) of topics discussed. Cataract and oculoplastics each comprised 9%, with the remaining cases distributed among other subjects. Sixty-five percent of discussed diseases were rare, while 19% were uncommon and 15% were common. Seventy-eight percent of diagnoses had impact on life (30%) or vision (48%). While diseases with minimal impact were distributed fairly evenly across prevalence categories, 64% of vision-threatening and 79% of life-threatening diseases were rare. Conclusions Our cohort of residents spontaneously divided their topics across most subjects within ophthalmology fairly evenly. Rare diseases comprised a majority of the GR discussions, so the average GR session did not address diagnoses likely seen in an average clinic. However, these rare diseases were much more likely to be vision- or life threatening. Encouraging a greater emphasis on more commonly encountered pathology could improve GR's daily clinical relevance for resident education, but care must be taken to continue discussion of rare diseases of critical importance.
Marketing Adjustment and Extension Education

D UURING the past year we have devoted considerable time and effort at Iowa State College to adjustment problems in production and marketing. This adjustment problem has implications for extension workers in marketing. We are all familiar with the forces that have operated to induce adjustment. On the one hand consumer disposable incomes have been increasing since the 1930's. This rise in personal income has resulted in an increased demand for services such as freezing, packaging, precooking and restaurant meals. Also there has been an increase in the quality level demanded.
The Missed Jurisdictional Argument in 'U.S. v. Woods'

In U.S. v Woods, the Supreme Court settled an important jurisdictional question related to tax penalties -- or so it seemed. Although the Court held that the district court enjoyed jurisdiction, the taxpayer missed an argument that could have led to the opposite conclusion. And given the wide latitude that parties enjoy in bringing jurisdictional challenges, the lower courts may find themselves reconsidering the issue purportedly resolved by the Court in Woods. This short Article explains.
Deposition of Oxide Based Advanced Electronic and Optical Materials by Rapid Isothermal Processing (RIP) Assisted Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD)

Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) is an ideal technique for the deposition of conducting and non-conducting oxide based thin film materials. In this paper we present our study of RIP assisted MOCVD for the low temperature deposition of a number of oxide based advanced materials which are useful for the development of the next generation of microelectronic and optoelectronic devices. We have designed several experiments to understand the role of photoeffects in RIP assisted MOCVD. The vacuum ultraviolet, ultraviolet and visible (λ ≤ 0.7-;0.8μm) photons can have several beneficial effects including the enhancement of the surface reactions of the absorbed molecules through the perturbation of the electronic state of binding between the absorbed molecules and the solid surface. We have shown a direct relationship between the structural and electrical characteristics of the deposited oxide and the spectral contents of the energy source.
Integrating Organic Molecules to Silicon Surfaces

We present a general strategy for the efficient assembly of organic molecules directly onto the silicon surface via Si-N and Si-O linkages. This is achieved from the reaction between an amine or an alcohol functional group and a chlorinated Si surface. The resulting organic monolayers are thermally stable. These methods are applicable for the assembly of a variety of functional organic molecules in both vacuum environment and solution phases.
Seven Principles in Software Engineering

The author puts forward seven principles which should be followed in software engineering. They are division principle,synthesis principle,abstract principle,member principle,reusability principle,changeability principle and relation principle.
Progress in research on ticks

Tick is a common blood-sucking ectoparasite and also a primary vector for transmitting many important diseases between humans and animals. In 2010, a novel bunyavirus was discovered in Henan province, China, and it is considered to be closely related to ticks. This paper summarizes the biological characteristics, taxonomy, geographical distribution, and pathogen carriage of ticks and the prevention and treatment of tick-borne diseases, thus providing a reference for the control of ticks and tick-borne diseases.
Mary Nyangweso Wangila, Female Circumcision: The Interplay of Religion, Culture, and Gender in Kenya (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2007), xv, 206pp.

In the midst of pauperization, persecution, and patriarchy, African women are providing new narratives for challenging normative paradigms in religion, culture, ethics, and health. In the parlance of liberation theology, they have engendered an irruption that seeks to valorize wholeness, abundance, and dignity. They seek to understand the African worldview from the underside of history and also reinterpret tradition. This is an approach that challenges subordination in its various forms and manifestations. African women are confronted with the “triple bind” of race, class, and gender. Yet they provide fresh interpretations that shed light on these three categories. Our global landscape demands new moral discourse that challenges oppressive models and practices. This is a radical hermeneutic that challenges oppressive cultural norms and practices. By utilizing the power of naming, African women identify, categorize, and label cultural practices that subject people, especially women to dehumanizing and oppr...
Perioperative Management of Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a global public health problem. It is increasingly being recognized as a progressive disease in which intrinsic pathophysiologic processes and systemic secondary insults aggravate the primary brain damage. The perioperative period is crucial in the continuum of the management of TBI. This review summarizes current anesthetic strategies to optimize TBI outcomes. Perioperative data on TBI management are limited. However, recent findings indicate that intraoperative secondary insults are common and are associated with worse outcomes after intracranial as well as extracranial surgery in patients with TBI. The choice of anesthetic agents has not been shown to impact that the neurologic outcomes are TBI. Perioperative therapeutic goals for patients with TBI include facilitating early cerebral decompression, providing balanced anesthesia for surgery, maintaining adequate cerebral perfusion by optimizing systemic and intracranial hemodynamics, and aggressively avoiding secondary insults. Intensive multimodal monitoring of the brain provides vital information that may be helpful in individualizing therapy; such monitoring should be continued in the perioperative period, particularly during extracranial surgery in TBI patients with polytrauma. While further investigation to characterize the impact of anesthetic agents on the injured brain and their effect on clinical outcomes is awaited, perioperative management should focus on adherence to consensus guidelines.
Drilling-Induced Near-Wellbore Formation Damage: Drilling Mud Filtrate and Solids Invasion and Mud Cake Formation

Under- and overbalance drilling, near-wellbore formation damage, vertical versus horizontal wells, formation damage caused by drilling and completion fluids, effect of drilling fluids on shale stability, and mitigation of formation damage induced by completion fluids and crude oil emulsions are discussed. The fundamental processes and their mathematic formulation necessary to develop prediction and simulation models are reviewed for assessment of the damaged zone, filtrate and fines concentrations, fluid saturations, filter-cake thickness, and mud loss during drilling. The models for prediction of damage depth, simulation of the single- and two-phase flow situations in the formation with water- or oil-based drilling mud cases, and mud invasion into naturally fractured formations are described. External particle invasion prior to filter cake buildup and its effect on the formation damage by particle invasion and retention and filter cake formation are explained. These models are demonstrated by various applications, including the estimation of the near-wellbore fluid saturations and resistivity profiles, which are necessary for accurate well-log interpretation, and the drilling mud loss into naturally fractured formations.
Renata von Stoephasius, Die Gestalt des Pilatus in den mittelalterlichen Passionsspielen: Würzburg: Konrad Triltsch Verlag, 1938. 108 pp.

(1940). Renata von Stoephasius, Die Gestalt des Pilatus in den mittelalterlichen Passionsspielen. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 148-151.