cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SCORHE: A novel and practical approach to video monitoring of laboratory mice housed in vivarium cage racks

The System for Continuous Observation of Rodents in Home-cage Environment (SCORHE) was developed to demonstrate the viability of compact and scalable designs for quantifying activity levels and behavior patterns for mice housed within a commercial ventilated cage rack. The SCORHE in-rack design provides day- and night-time monitoring with the consistency and convenience of the home-cage environment. The dual-video camera custom hardware design makes efficient use of space, does not require home-cage modification, and is animal-facility user-friendly. Given the system’s low cost and suitability for use in existing vivariums without modification to the animal husbandry procedures or housing setup, SCORHE opens up the potential for the wider use of automated video monitoring in animal facilities. SCORHE’s potential uses include day-to-day health monitoring, as well as advanced behavioral screening and ethology experiments, ranging from the assessment of the short- and long-term effects of experimental cancer treatments to the evaluation of mouse models. When used for phenotyping and animal model studies, SCORHE aims to eliminate the concerns often associated with many mouse-monitoring methods, such as circadian rhythm disruption, acclimation periods, lack of night-time measurements, and short monitoring periods. Custom software integrates two video streams to extract several mouse activity and behavior measures. Studies comparing the activity levels of ABCB5 knockout and HMGN1 overexpresser mice with their respective C57BL parental strains demonstrate SCORHE’s efficacy in characterizing the activity profiles for singly- and doubly-housed mice. Another study was conducted to demonstrate the ability of SCORHE to detect a change in activity resulting from administering a sedative.
Local martingales, arbitrage, and viability Free snacks and cheap thrills

We revisit a standard model of security prices as Ito processes, and provide some new economic insights about the role of arbitrage and credit limits within such a model. We show that the standard assumptions of a positive state prices and existence of an equivalent martingale measure exclude prices that are viable models of competitive equilibrium and that are potentially useful for modeling actual financial markets. These models have been dismissed in the past as allowing arbitrage, but in fact an agent who prefers more to less and who has limited access to credit may have an optimum.
An Active Role for the Ribosome in Determining the Fate of Oxidized mRNA

Chemical damage to RNA affects its functional properties and thus may pose a significant hurdle to the translational apparatus; however, the effects of damaged mRNA on the speed and accuracy of the decoding process and their interplay with quality-control processes are not known. Here, we systematically explore the effects of oxidative damage on the decoding process using a well-defined bacterial in vitro translation system. We find that the oxidative lesion 8-oxoguanosine (8-oxoG) reduces the rate of peptide-bond formation by more than three orders of magnitude independent of its position within the codon. Interestingly, 8-oxoG had little effect on the fidelity of the selection process, suggesting that the modification stalls the translational machinery. Consistent with these findings, 8-oxoG mRNAs were observed to accumulate and associate with polyribosomes in yeast strains in which no-go decay is compromised. Our data provide compelling evidence that mRNA-surveillance mechanisms have evolved to cope with damaged mRNA.
Serological detection of H-Y antigen in humans with a cellular radioimmunobinding assay and monoclonal antibody

A sensitive and reliable serological assay for the detection of H-Y antigen is described which uses monoclonal H-Y antibody and a cellular radioimmunobinding assay on cultured human fibroblasts. Cell lines from 2 normal human females, 2 normal human males and one XX human male were tested in 3 separate assays. Cells from XY and XX males were found to contain H-Y antigen; however, the reaction against the XX male cells was found to be intermediate between the XY male and normal XX female cells.
FINE STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN RESPONSE TO HORMONAL STIMULATION OF THE PERFUSED CANINE PANCREAS

The dog pancreas isolated in situ was perfused with oxygenated dog blood and stimulated with pancreozymin, secretin, or both. There were no significant changes in the fine structure of the acinar, centroacinar, or duct cells attributable to the perfusion. Combined glutaraldehyde and osmium fixation gave good preservation of the secretory products of the acinar cell. Before stimulation, the lumen of the acini is filled with material similar in texture to the content of the zymogen granules, but of somewhat lower density. Release of secretion commonly takes place by coalescence of the limiting membrane of zymogen granules with the plasmalemma, but one granule opening at the surface may frequently be joined by others coalescing with its membrane and forming an interconnected series all with contents having the same texture as the released zymogen. Such a mechanism seems to permit a more rapid release of secretory product than discharge of individual granules. Pancreozymin stimulation caused marked depletion of zymogen granules, but no obvious changes in the Golgi apparatus. It is clear, therefore, that this hormone exerts its effect upon release of granules rather than upon their formation. Secretin stimulation of water and bicarbonate secretion caused a marked washing out of the luminal contents, but had little detectable effect on cellular structure.
EFFECT OF ANGULAR LOCALIZATION ON DIRECT NUCLEAR REACTIONS

Some interesting effects of the angular localization of reaction sites caused by the damping of the incident and exit particle waves by the nuclear optical potential are described. Using the reactions ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}(p,2p){\mathrm{He}}^{6}$ and ${\mathrm{Be}}^{9}(p,2p){\mathrm{Li}}^{8}$, as examples, we show that, due to the angular localization, the total reaction cross section is different for aligned than for unaligned target nuclei. For the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ target in $j\ensuremath{-}j$ or $L\ensuremath{-}S$ coupling the fractional change, $f$, in the cross section for an incident energy of 6 BeV was given by $f=0.165(2x\ensuremath{-}1)$, where $x$ is the fractional population of ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ in the $M=|\frac{3}{2}|$ substates. At 140 MeV the value of the constant in the above expression was slightly but not significantly smaller. For the reaction ${\mathrm{Be}}^{9}(p,2p){\mathrm{Li}}^{8}$ the fractional change in the cross section is one half of and of the opposite sign of the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ value for the same amount of target alignment. Another result of angular localization of reaction sites in the nucleus is that $J\ensuremath{\ne}0$ product nuclear states will be oriented with respect to the incident beam. Using ($p,pn$) and ($p,2p$) reactions on ${\mathrm{O}}^{16}$ and ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{58}$ as examples, the amount of product nuclear state alignment was computed for the $1{p}_{\frac{3}{2}}$ and $1{f}_{\frac{7}{2}}$ excited hole states of ${\mathrm{O}}^{15}$, ${\mathrm{N}}^{15}$, and ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{57}$. The population ratios obtained for the substates in ${\mathrm{O}}^{15}$ or ${\mathrm{N}}^{15}$ were $|\frac{3}{2}|:|\frac{1}{2}|=0.58:0.42$ and for ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{57}$, $|\frac{7}{2}|:|\frac{5}{2}|:|\frac{3}{2}|:|\frac{1}{2}|=0.34:0.25:0.21:0.20$. The angular anisotropies, $\frac{[W(\frac{\ensuremath{\pi}}{2})\ensuremath{-}W(0)]}{W(\frac{\ensuremath{\pi}}{2})]}$, expected from gamma decay of these states were computed to be -0.125 assuming an $M1$ transition for the ${\mathrm{O}}^{15}$ or ${\mathrm{N}}^{15}$ $\frac{3}{2}$-states and 0.162 assuming an $E2$ transition for the ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{57}$ $\frac{7}{2}$-state.
CT diagnosis of diaphragm injuries

Admission supine chest radiographs are the initial and most commonly performed imaging study to evaluate the thorax following trauma. Whenever the chest radiograph is ambiguous or suggestive of a diagnosis of acute diaphragmatic injury, CT is the next study of choice since it is generally available and often used to examine other body regions of the polytraumatized patient. CT is usually diagnostic, particularly if supplemented by multiplanar reformations obtained using a thin slice thickness. Currently MR imaging is used at our trauma center to evaluate the diaphragm in patients with an indeterminate diagnosis after spiral CT. A limited MR imaging examination with T1-weighted sagittal and coronal imaging has been extremely accurate in establishing or excluding diaphragm injury.
Detection of a sinusoid in white noise by autoregressive spectrum analysis

The problem of detecting a sinusoid of unknown frequency and random phase in white noise is essentially a problem in spectral analysis. The conventional approach is to utilize a Periodogram. This paper examines the merits of a detector based on the auto-regressive spectral estimator. Some advantages of the autoregressive detector are that the performance is independent of the unknown frequency, and the false alarm rate is independent of the noise level. Also, for the first order AR model investigated, the computational and storage requirements needed to compute the test statistic are less than those of the Periodogram. The performance of the AR detector with a model order of one is, however, inferior to that of the Periodogram.
Importance of mammalian sperm metalloendoprotease activity during the acrosome reaction to subsequent sperm‐egg fusion: Inhibitor studies with human sperm and zona‐free hamster eggs

We have previously shown that each of the metalloendoprotease (MEP) inhibitors phosphoramidon, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, and carbobenzoxy-L-phenylalanine, when present only during the human sperm acrosome reaction (AR), will not inhibit the AR or sperm motility but will decrease the number of sperm that penetrate zona-free hamster eggs. The present study was designed to investigate whether this inhibition of penetration is due to an effect on sperm binding to the egg plasma membrane and/or to an effect on the actual membrane fusion event. In these studies we used ionomycin to initiate the AR and assayed binding in a Ca(2+)-free medium and fusion in Ca(2+)-containing medium in the same experiment. Eggs were loaded with the fluorescent dye Hoechst 33342, and the appearance of fluorescence in a sperm head indicated that fusion had occurred. The three MEP inhibitors reduced binding only slightly but inhibited the actual fusion step by 50-60% (determined with an equation that corrected for any inhibition of fusion due to inhibition of binding). MEP inhibitors present only during gamete interactions had little or no effect on fusion. We also found that phosphoramidon-inhibitable MEP activity was released during the ionomycin-initiated AR. Incubation of AR supernatant containing MEP activity with previously acrosome-reacted, phosphoramidon-treated sperm resulted in a large reversal of the phosphoramidon-inhibitory effect on sperm-egg fusion. These results support the hypothesis that the acrosomal phosphoramidon-inhibitable MEP released during the AR acts directly or indirectly during that event to increase the fusibility of the sperm plasma membrane region required for subsequent sperm-egg fusion.
A parallel search algorithm for CLNS addition optimization

We present analytical formulas for the calculation of the memory requirements for a system using the complex logarithmic number system (CLNS). Certain properties of the CLNS addition algorithm allow replacement of a large memory by smaller multiple memories and combinational circuitry. The multiple memories combined with a parallel search algorithm offer memory savings up to 90% at the cost of extra hardware. However, depending on the particular case, there is a tradeoff between memory and combinational logic used.
Natural-language processing support for developing policy-governed software systems

Organizations are policy-driven entities. Policy bases can be very large and the relationships between policies can be complex. In addition, policy can change on a frequent basis. Checking for gaps in policy or analyzing the ramifications of changing policy is necessary to both identify and rectify gaps or unintended policy prior to the policy base being refined into requirements for a system. A policy workbench is an integrated set of computer based tools for developing, reasoning about, and maintaining policy. A workbench takes as input a computationally equivalent form of policy statements. We have developed a prototype of a tool that maps natural language policy statements to an equivalent computational form. The authors describe the architecture of a natural language input-processing tool (NLIPT). It has an extractor, which generates a meaning list representative of the natural language input; an index-term generator, which identifies the key terms used to index relevant policy schema in the policy base; a structural modeler, which structures a schema for input; and a logic modeler, which maps the schema to an equivalent logical form. We experimented with a prototype of the extractor which successfully parsed a sample of ninety-nine Naval Postgraduate School security policy statements with ninety-six percent accuracy.
Phospholipid biosynthesis in protozoa.

Because of the diverse nature of the organisms which are all classed as 'protozoa' (and because of the lack of detailed information on phospholipid metabolism about most of them), it will probably never be possible to generalize phospholipid metabolism to the degree that it has been possible to characterize a mammalian metabolism. Nonetheless, patterns have begun to emerge (i.e. the similarities among the ciliates Entodinium, Paramecium and Tetrahymena) and will not doubt be expanded upon in the future.
Making Something of Herself: Embodiment in Life and Death at Playa de los Muertos, Honduras

Through an analysis of hand-modelled human figurines created in the Ulua River Valley of northern Honduras between 900 and 200 bc, this article explores the recursive links between crafting representations of bodies and crafting physical bodies. ‘Playa de los Muertos’-style figurines are characterized by extremely detailed treatment of hair and ornaments. They have been treated as unique portraits, each individualized, and have resisted broader archaeological interpretation. Drawing on recent excavation data, this article explores the treatment of bodies and representations of bodies within a single set of interconnected villages as material media of embodiment.
Wilfred Cantwell Smith on faith and belief

In a series of important and influential books, Wilfred Cantwell Smith has convincingly argued that religious traditions are misunderstood if one does not grasp the faith which they express, that these traditions are not static but fluid, and that as a result of greater knowledge and increased contact between members of different traditions, we have entered a period in which it is no longer possible for the traditions to develop in relative isolation. This paper is devoted to an important aspect of Smith's thought – his distinction between faith and propositional belief.
Five-channel surface-normal wavelength-division demultiplexer using substrate-guided waves in conjunction with a polymer-based Littrow hologram

We report on a five-channel wavelength-division demultiplexer using substrate-guided waves in conjunction with a polymer-based Littrow hologram operating at 700, 710, 720, 730, and 740 nm. An average cross talk of −40 dB between adjacent channels is measured. Diffraction efficiencies of 69%, 78%, 83%, 77%, and 69% are both experimentally and theoretically confirmed for the five-channel device. We also present further study aimed at reducing the wavelength channel separation to 1 nm and find that achieving such a goal requires a device length of 6.4 cm corresponding to a propagation distance of 9.05 cm.
Feature space trajectory distorted object representation for classification and pose estimation

The feature space trajectory (FST) neural net is used for clas- sification and pose estimation of the contents of regions of interest. The FST provides an attractive representation of distorted objects that over- comes problems present in other classifiers. We discuss its use in re- jecting clutter inputs, selecting the number and identity of the aspect views most necessary to represent an object, and to distinguish between two objects, temporal image processing, automatic target recognition, and active vision. © 1998 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. (S0091-3286(98)01403-2)
Strain Localization in a Molecular-Dynamics Model of a Metallic Glass

Molecular dynamics simulations of a two-dimensional amorphous solid exhibit strain localization when loaded in uniaxial tension with free boundaries. The degree of localization depends sensitively on the rate of loading and on the existence of surface defects. Regions of both dilation and contraction arise during the shear band slip process. These dilation and contraction events correspond to dynamic free-volume generation and annihilation during shear. Correlations of the dilation and contraction of the material reveal a length scale of 1–4 atomic diameters associated with this physical process. Dilation is observed to result in nanometer scale cavitation.
Adaptation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex, subjective tilt, and motion sickness to head movements during short-radius centrifugation

Head movements made while the whole body is rotating at unusually high angular velocities (here with supine body position about an earth-vertical axis) result in inappropriate eye movements, sensory illusions, disorientation, and frequently motion sickness. We investigated the acquisition and retention of sensory adaptation to cross-coupled components of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) by asking eight subjects to make headturns while being rotated at 23 rpm on two consecutive days, and again a week later. The dependent measures were inappropriate vertical VOR, subjective tilt, and motion sickness in response to 90 degrees yaw out-of-plane head movements. Motion sickness was evaluated during and following exposure to rotation. Significant adaptation effects were found for the slow phase velocity of vertical nystagmus, the reported magnitude of the subjective tilt experienced during head turns, and motion-sickness scores. Retention of adaptation over a six-day rest period without rotation occurred, but was not complete for all measures. Adaptation of VOR was fully maintained while subjective tilt was only partially maintained and motion-sickness scores continued to decrease. Practical implications of these findings are discussed with particular emphasis on artificial gravity, which could be produced in weightlessness by means of a short-radius (2 m) rotator.
Quality of back vowels before /r/ in the American Inland North

Three American English diphthongs involving onsets in the back of the vowel space were investigated by means of acoustic measurements, discriminant analysis, and perceptual experiments. These diphthongs, termed DOOR/WAR, TOY, and STAR, were observed in the speech of ten young women residing in southern Michigan. The diphthongs were elicited in a variety of /b/-, /g/-, and /h/-initial words (e.g. board, Boyd, and barred). Words with similar consonantal margins but different nuclei (e.g. bode, baud, and bod) were elicited, as well. The DOOR/WAR and TOY words were compared with bode and baud (and similar words with initial /g/ and /h/), while the STAR words were compared with baud and bod (and similar words with initial /g/ and /h/). All three methods of investigation showed that the initial part of the DOOR/WAR and TOY diphthongs more closely resembles that of bode than baud. On the other hand, the initial part of the STAR diphthong was shown to be intermediate between that of baud and that of bod.
Hybrid of Method of Moments and Cylindrical Eigenfunction Expansion to Study Substrate Integrated Waveguide Circuits

A hybrid method that combines method of moments (MOM) and cylindrical eigenfunction expansion is presented to study a substrate integrated waveguide circuit that consists of metallic and dielectric circular cylinders. The problem is considered as a 2-D electromagnetic problem assuming no field variation normal to the dielectric substrate. The scattered field from each circular cylinder is expanded by cylindrical eigenfunctions, and the equivalent current densities at a waveguide port are expanded using the MOM. After enforcing boundary conditions and applying the additional theorem of Bessel and Hankel functions, a set of linear equations are constructed using the orthogonality of the exponential function. With matrix manipulation and sub-ports combination, the S matrix can then be obtained. Four examples are analyzed by using the hybrid method and verified by using Ansoft Corporation's commercial High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software package. It is shown that the hybrid method runs faster than HFSS and requires less memory. It is also pointed out that the method can be used to study a circuit with noncircular cylinders.
Genus extinction, origination, and the durations of sedimentary hiatuses

Abstract Short-term variations in rates of taxonomic extinction and origination in the fossil record may be the result of true changes in rates of turnover, variable rates of fossil preservation, or some combination of the two. Here, positive extinction and origination rate excursions among Phanerozoic marine animal genera are reexpressed in terms of the amount of normal, background time they represent. In addition to providing a background-adjusted calibration of rate intensities, this reexpression determines the durations of sampling gaps that would be required to explain entirely all observed rate excursions as sampling artifacts. This possibility is explored by analyzing a new compilation of the timing and duration of sedimentary hiatuses in North America. Hiatuses spanning more than approximately one million years (Myr) in the marine sedimentary rock record have a mean duration of 73 Myr. There are two major hiatus types—those that form in response to long-duration tectonic cycles and that bound the ...
The time course of saccadic eye movements in goldfish.

Abstract Spontaneous saccadic eye movements (2–25°) made by goldfish have an initial brief acceleration, followed by a more prolonged deceleration, and occasionally a terminal phase during which the velocity reverses sign following overshoot of the final position. Overshoots by the individual eyes are independent events. The duration and the maximum velocity increase monotonically with the size of the saccade. Goldfish saccades have greater durations and slightly smaller maximum velocities than mammalian saccades of similar size.
Effects of silicon carbide (SiC) power devices on HEV PWM inverter losses

The emergence of silicon carbide (SiC) based power semiconductor switches with their superior features compared with silicon (Si) based switches has resulted in substantial improvements in the performance of power electronics converter systems. These systems with SiC power devices are more compact, lighter, and more efficient, so they are ideal for high-voltage power electronics applications, including hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) traction drives. In this paper, the effect of SiC-based power devices on HEV traction drive losses are investigated. Reductions in heat sink size and device losses with the increase in the efficiency will be analyzed using an averaging model of a three-phase PWM inverter (TPPWMI). For more accurate results, device physics is taken into consideration to find the loss equations for the controllable switches.
Brief An iterative learning algorithm for boundary control of a stretched moving string

In this paper, iterative learning control technique is applied for the first time to a class of flexible systems. Specifically, learning control of a material transport system is considered. The system consists of a stretched string and a transporter. The motion of transporter is subject to such external disturbances as imperfect wheels and can cause string vibrations. The control objective is to damp out any string oscillation during transportation using iterative control applied at the boundaries. The control is designed using both discrete and continuous time Lyapunov functions. The proposed result is new and significant as it demonstrates that iterative learning control methodology is an effective technique for controlling distributed parameter systems.
High-resolution analysis of metabolic cycles in the intertidal mussel Mytilus californianus

Inhabitants of the marine rocky intertidal live in an environment that alternates between aquatic and terrestrial due to the rise and fall of the tide. The tide creates a cyclical availability of o...
No Justice, No Ships Get Loaded: Political Boycotts on the San Francisco Bay and Durban Waterfronts

Using a comparative methodology, this essay examines how and why longshore workers in both the San Francisco Bay area and Durban demonstrate a robust sense of working-class internationalism and solidarity. Longshore workers are more inclined than most to see their immediate, local struggles in larger, even global, contexts. Literally for decades, workers in both ports used their power to advocate for racial justice at home and in solidarity with social movements globally. While such notions might seem outdated in the twenty-first century, as unions have been on the decline for some decades, longshore workers grounded their ideals in the reality that they still occupied a central position in global trade. Hence, they combined their leftist and anti-racist ideological beliefs with a pragmatic understanding of their central role in the global economy. While not the norm, these longshore workers’ attitudes and actions demand attention, as they challenge the notion that workers in recent decades are powerless to shape their world.
Radiosurgery in Patients with “Radioresistant” Brain Metastases: Outcomes and Prognosis

was 90. The median tumor volume treated was 1.0 cm 3 (range, 0.03 - 14.2 cm 3 ). The distribution of DS-GPA scores was 0.5 (n = 7), 1.0 (n = 21), 1.5 (n = 19), 2.0 (n = 22). Baseline DS-GPA recorded was based on presentation at the time of brain metastasis diagnosis.All patientswere followed until death or for at least 12 months.Between the melanomaand RCC groups, therewere no statistically significant differences in gender, ethnicity, age, liver mets, bone mets, primary controlled disease, extracranial disease, baseline KPS, total tumor volume, and largest site of treated volume. Results:Themedianoverallsurvival,mediandistantbraincontrol,andoneyearlocalcontrolwere11.41months,5.3months,and 84.8%,respectively. Forthese parameters,no statisticallysignificantdifferencewas found for the melanomaand RCC subgroups. DS-GPA proved to be a clear indicator of overall survival. Median survival was 3.95 months for patients with 0.5 points, 7.53 months for 1.0 points, 10.49 months for 1.5 points, and the median was not reached for 2.0 points ( p= 0.0011). One year survival rates after radiosurgery were 14.3% for 0.5 points, 35.9% for 1.0 points, 47.4% for 1.5 points, and 68.2% for 2.0 points. DS-GPA did not predict control for local brain tumor ( p= 0.5439) or control of distant brain metastasis ( p= 0.3124).
The use of a weighted vest to increase on-task behavior in children with attention difficulties.

Objective Children described as having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder often demonstrate inability to sustain visual attention during classroom fine motor activities. This study investigated the effect of wearing a weighted vest (deep-pressure sensory input) on children's on-task behavior in the classroom. Method Four students with documented attention difficulties and hyperactivity were timed with a stopwatch to measure their on-task behavior during fine motor activities in the classroom. All 4 students were timed for six 15-min observations without wearing a weighted vest and for six 15-min observations while wearing a weighted vest. Results On-task behavior increased by 18% to 25% in all 4 students while wearing the weighted vest. Additionally, 3 of the 4 students frequently asked to wear the vest other than during the observation times. Conclusion These preliminary findings support the hypothesis that wearing a weighted vest to apply deep pressure increases on-task behavior during fine motor activities.
Memories of Things Unseen

New findings reveal more about the malleability of memory. Not only is it possible to change details of memories for previously experienced events, but one can sometimes also plant entirely false memories into the minds of unsuspecting individuals, even if the events would be highly implausible or even impossible. False memories might differ statistically from true ones, in terms of certain characteristics such as confidence or vividness, but some false memories are held with a great degree of confidence and expressed with much emotion. Moreover, false memories can have consequences for later thoughts and behaviors, sometimes rather serious ones.
Hysteresis-loop representation for strain energy calculation and fatigue assessment

Improvements have been made to the cyclic strain energy density expression used in a fatigue life prediction method. The theory behind the prediction method is based on the understanding that the s...
Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D and osteopenia are prevalent in persons > or =55 yr with fracture at any site: a prospective, observational study of persons fracturing in the community.

Abstract Ethnic diversity and lower socioeconomic populations are poorly captured in most studies of osteoporosis and fracture risk. This article describes a prospective, observational study designed to analyze risk factors for fracture in an ambulatory, ethnically diverse, urban population aged ≥55 yr. The goal of the study was to determine the number of fractures associated with hypovitaminosis D (#15 ng/mL serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D) and osteopenia (T-score
Boll Weevill Oviposition on Frego Bract Cotton

Oviposition and survivorship were determined of Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman on caged normal bract, frego bract, and frego bract-red leafed cotton. No differences were found. In field studies, when frego bract and normal bract plots were surrounded with a 3-m sudan barrier, released boll weevils damaged equal numbers of flower buds. Our conclusion was that frego bract offers no resistance to the boll weevil.
Leadership: The Teacher's Imperative.

There has been a great deal of discussion in recent years focusing on the need for teachers to have leadership responsibilities and to participate in the decision-making processes within their respective schools. Unfortunately, these discussions are often filled with suggestions and recommendations that completely miss the point about teacher leadership. Leadership for teachers has little to do with titles and responsibilities, yet it has everything to do with their performance in the classroom. A true teacher leader is one who can create a classroom environment that fosters high achievement among the students. Teachers that can influence and gain the respect of their students are in essence bona fide leaders.
Fluorescent Analogue of Batimastat Enables Imaging of α-Secretase in Living Cells

The ADAM family of metalloproteases cleave a diverse range of transmembrane substrates, resulting in the release of their soluble ectodomains. This process of protein shedding, termed α-secretase processing, is involved in many facets of both normal and disease related cellular function. While the processing of substrates has been well documented, the regulation and trafficking of the ADAMs are less well understood. Tools that allow for the study of ADAMs under their native environment will allow for a better understanding of their regulation and activity. Here we describe the design and evaluation of a novel fluorescent analogue of a well-characterized ADAM inhibitor, Batimastat. This probe exhibited similar activity for inhibiting α-secretase processing in cells as did Batimastat. Importantly, this probe specifically labeled ADAMs fluorescently in both fixed and living cells, enabling the possibility to study the trafficking of α-secretase proteins in a dynamic environment.
An Index to Measure Contingency of English Sentences

Several indexes to measure contingency of sentences were constructed by considering nouns, repeated nouns, and total number of words. Contingency was operationally defined as reconstructibility in order to test the several indexes against a criterion. The best form of the index was then selected and retested. The contingency ranking, based on the index, of ten sections of text correlated 0 84 with the reconstructibility ranking. It was concluded that the index is a valid initial approximation to a measure of contingency if contingency is defined as reconstructibility.
Pynchon's Angels and Supernatural Systems in Gravity's Rainbow

One of the ways Gravity's Rainbow refuses to cooperate in its own interpretation is by refusing to let the reader be confident about what he or she can "know" is "true" in the novel. That is, the reader is repeatedly confused about which events are supposed to be actually occurring in the world of the novel and which are not. The novel combines carefully researched facts about the rocket program, the V-2 blitz of London, and postwar Germany with pynchon's own fictional creations. In addition, the narrator swings wildly from being grittily realistic and intensely serious to being outrageously fantastic and sarcastically parodic. Pynchon often makes it impossible for us to judge the significance of those parts of the novel that fall between these extremes. Yet the amount of seriousness we grant these parts can affect our interpretation of the work as a whole. Among the novel's ambiguities are the mysterious, giant, supernatural beings who appear from time to time to observe the action. These beings, especially the Angel of Ldbeck, have usually been identified as Rilkean Angels. However, a study of the way these beings function in the novel and of other uses of "angel" imagery suggests instead that they are the ultimate manifestation of Them, the novel's ubiquitous controllers. This interpretation implies that the supernatural Other side is not a holistically unified realm free of the divisions and distinctions made and enforced by earthly controllers, as some of the characters claim, but rather the originary system of control that structures the entire life/death system.
Anogenital Papillomavirus Infection and Neoplasia in Immunodeficient Women: An Update

People with deficient cell-mediated immunity have an increased susceptibility to viral infections and certain cancers, particularly non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and cancers of the skin and anogenital region. These are linked to viral origins. Anogenital neoplasms in immunodeficient patients show a strong association with HPV infection; often occur at relatively young ages; involve multifocal locations; and tend to persist, recur, and progress rapidly, despite standard therapy. Because standard therapy of anogenital HPV lesions and neoplasia is often not effective in immunodeficient patients (and others with an anogenital neoplastic syndrome), special treatment is required. 5-Fluorouracil chemosurgery, followed by maintenance 5-fluorouracil therapy, is often effective and provides field suppression against recurrent HPV infection and neoplasia, with minimal damage to affected organs. After removal of all detectable HPV and neoplastic lesions, immunodeficient patients require close surveillance of the entire anogenital tract. Immunodeficient patients are an in vivo human laboratory in which to study the natural history of HPV and its oncogenic effects on the anogenital tract. The theory of HPV oncogenesis is supported by the evidence gathered from these patients.
Crack initiation in metallic glasses under nanoindentation

Abstract Simulated nanoindentation tests on a model metallic glass reveal that the crack initiates inside a shear band via cavitation. The load-displacement curve was shown to be insensitive to the crack initiation but sensitive to subsequent crack propagation. The critical conditions for crack initiation were identified at both the macroscopic and microscopic levels. At the macroscopic level, the indenter geometry affects the overall critical load for crack initiation. Interestingly, the indentation volume at crack initiation appears to be a constant for different indenter geometries, based on which an analytical formula of the critical load as a function of the indenter geometry was derived. At the microscopic level, cavitation occurs once the normal stress perpendicular to the shear band exceeds a temperature-dependent critical cavitation stress. This critical cavitation stress was shown to reduce significantly upon shear deformation.
Electrical and mechanical behavior of micro-alloyed aluminum (RRR>2500) at 4.2 K

The electrical and mechanical properties of micro-alloyed high purity aluminum are examined as a function of cyclic strain (±0.1%) at 4.2 K. The base metal purity is 99.9998% (RRR ≈ 10500) and the levels of micro-alloying (4 to 90 wppm) are such that the nominal RRR values range from about 2500 to 10000. Five different alloying elements (B, Ca, Ce, Ga, and Y) are examined with up to four solute levels for each element (in binary alloys). In addition to the results of cyclic testing, a discussion of the effects of micro-alloying on resistivity degradation and strain hardening is given. The results show that the effects of micro-alloying at levels of about 20 wppm are beneficial. The results also show that the benefits of micro-alloying are closely related to behavior through a solute atomic weight effect; on an atomic ppm basis, the solute atomic weight is more important than the solute type. In addition, resistivity coefficients of the micro-alloying elements and flow stress values at 0.001 strain are given.
Capacitance of Thin, Dieletric Films

As a second example, consider the capacitance of a metal-dielectric-metal sandwich. Suppose the middle plane of the structure is the plane of y and z. If end effects are neglected, the fields are one-dimensional and the equations of equilibrium are given by (8.1). Also, assume that the conditions of isotropy (6.1) hold.
SU-C-204-02: Behavioral and Pathologic Differences in Mice Exposed to Proton Minibeam Arrays Versus Proton Broad Beams

Purpose: Minibeam therapy using protons or light-ions offers a theoretical reduction of biologic damage to tissues upstream of a tumor compared to broad-beam therapy while providing equal tumor control. The purpose of this study was to investigate behavioral and pathologic differences in mice after exposure of healthy brain to proton minibeam arrays versus proton broad beams. Methods: Twenty-four C57BL/6J juvenile mice were divided into 5 study arms: sham irradiation (NoRT), broad-beam 10 Gy (BB10), minibeam 10Gy (MB10), broad-beam 30 Gy (BB30), and minibeam 30 Gy (MB30), approximate integral entrance doses. Circular beams of 100 MeV protons with 7-mm diameter were delivered laterally through the brain, either as broad beams or as planar minibeam arrays having 300-micron beam width and 1-mm spacing on center. Mice were followed for 8 months using standard behavioral tests. Pathologic studies were carried out at 8 months after irradiation. Results: Peak entrance doses were 10.0, 23.8, 30.0, and 71.3 Gy for mice in BB10, MB10, BB30, and MB30, respectively. Despite the high single-fraction doses, no animals showed signs of radiation sickness or neurophysical impairment over the 8-month study duration. The Morris water maze alternate-starting-position trial showed significant evidence of better spatial learning for mice in MB10 versus BB10 (p=0.026), but other behavioral tests showed no significant differences. Glial fibrillary acidic protein stains showed gliosis in arms BB10, BB30, and MB30 but not in NoRT or MB10. A secondary finding was categorically higher epilation in broad-beam arms compared with their minibeam dose counterparts. Conclusion: Our findings indicate trends that, despite the higher peak doses, proton minibeam therapy can reduce radiation side effects in shallow tissue and brain compared to proton broadbeam therapy. As the behavioral findings were mixed, confirmation studies are needed with larger numbers of animals. AAPM Research Seed Funding Grant
Stereotactic atlas-guided laser capture microdissection of brain regions affected by traumatic injury

The ability to isolate specific brain regions of interest can be impeded in tissue disassociation techniques that do not preserve their spatial distribution. Such techniques also potentially skew gene expression analysis because the process itself can alter expression patterns in individual cells. Here we describe a laser capture microdissection (LCM) method to selectively collect specific brain regions affected by traumatic brain injury (TBI) by using a modified Nissl (cresyl violet) staining protocol and the guidance of a rat brain atlas. LCM provides access to brain regions in their native positions and the ability to use anatomical landmarks for identification of each specific region. To this end, LCM has been used previously to examine brain region specific gene expression in TBI. This protocol allows examination of TBI-induced alterations in gene and microRNA expression in distinct brain areas within the same animal. The principles of this protocol can be amended and applied to a wide range of studies examining genomic expression in other disease and/or animal models.
Electrical impedance spectroscopic investigations of monodispersed SiO 2 nanospheres

Abstract Dielectric analysis of uniform and monodispersed SiO2 nanospheres at various temperatures in the frequency range 1 Hz–1 MHz is reported. The high optical transmittance and the presence of silica network in the synthesized product are evident from UV–vis and FTIR spectroscopic techniques respectively. The amorphous structure of SiO2 nanospheres is investigated by powder XRD pattern and uniform spherical morphology is visualized by FESEM analysis. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy elucidated the exact valence states of the SiO2 nanospheres. The temperature dependent dielectric parameters such as, dielectric constant (er) and loss factor (tan δ) are decreased with increasing applied frequency and became static at higher frequencies. SiO2 nanospheres exhibited high dielectric constant (er = 68) and low loss factor (tan δ = 0.0079) at 40 °C at 1 MHz. The activation energy (Ea) and relaxation time constant (τ) are calculated and the equivalent circuit model is developed to describe the electrical behaviour of the material.
Application of freeze-dried Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 in radio-frequency pasteurization of wheat flour

Abstract This study aimed to assess the applicability of freeze-dried E. faecium NRRL B-2354 (FDE) to evaluate the inactivation efficiency of radio-frequency (RF) pasteurization on wheat flour. FDE was prepared by adding equal volume of 10% skim milk solution as a protectant. Microstructure of FDE was evaluated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Thermal resistance parameters of FDE in wheat flour were determined at 75 °C, 80 °C, and 85 °C. A 6 kW, 27.12 MHz RF heating system was used to rapidly pasteurize 3.0 kg wheat flour at 75 °C, 80 °C, and 85 °C, respectively. Population reduction of FDE in the geometric center of flour samples were compared with survivor counts and predicted model. Flour samples were equilibrated to water activity 0.45 measured at 25 °C. The results showed that FDE protected by skim milk were well maintained with repeatable D-values D75°C = 14.27 ± 0.85 min, D80°C = 5.92 ± 0.39 min, and D85°C = 2.79 ± 0.15 min, and z-value of 13.1 °C. RF treatment at 75 °C, 80 °C, and 85 °C for 10 min achieved 1.0-, 2.5-, and 4.9-log reduction of FDE, respectively. In RF pasteurization process, the dynamic population reduction of FDE can be predicted by a model based on F-value. RF treatment provides an effective and rapid approach to inactivate target microorganism in flour samples.
Proximal Humerus Fractures: Evaluation and Management in the Elderly Patient:

Introduction:Proximal humerus fractures are common in the elderly. The evaluation and management of these injuries is often controversial. The purpose of this study is to review recent evidence and...
Cytochrome P450s and Alcoholic Liver Disease

Alcohol consumption causes liver diseases, designated as Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD). Because alcohol is detoxified by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), a major ethanol metabolism system, the development of ALD was initially believed to be due to malnutrition caused by alcohol metabolism in liver. The discovery of the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) changed this dogma. Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP) constitute the major components of MEOS. Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) in MEOS is one of the major ROS generators in liver and is considered to be contributive to ALD. Our labs have been studying the relationship between CYP2E1 and ALD for many years. Recently, we found that human CYP2A6 and its mouse analog CYP2A5 are also induced by alcohol. In mice, the alcohol induction of CYP2A5 is CYP2E1-dependent. Unlike CYP2E1, CYP2A5 protects against the development of ALD. The relationship of CYP2E1, CYP2A5, and ALD is a major focus of this review.
The energies and structure of X-ray K-absorption edges

Improved screening parameters are employed to compute the K threshold energies E(K) and photoelectric cross sections sigma(K) for the abundant atomic species of the interstellar gas. The E(K)-values for neutral C, N, and O differ from the values currently being employed in X-ray astronomy by several percent. The values are computed in an effective Coulomb field formulation, introducing an 'effective Coulomb' threshold, and convenient formulas are given for the extrapolation of the results to lower energies in the neighborhood of the real threshold energy. Within about 30-200 eV above threshold, the corrected cross sections display structure associated with direct secondary excitation of outer-shell electrons into the continuum. A unified description of this feature of the cross section is introduced, in terms of the secondary threshold energies and core relaxation factors. Both of these factors are computed with the improved screening parameters associated with the one-electron atomic states of the many-electron systems.
Three-Wave Mixing Via Subband Levels in Inversion Layers and in Quantum Wells

We discuss the underlying concepts and the microscopic electronic processes that contribute to three-wave mixing via subband levels in quantum wells. 3WM in an n-type inversion layer involves Franz-Keldysh type interband transitions between the valence band and the various subbands in the conduction band, intersubband transitions and intraband transitions, which are all optically allowed. 3WM in a symmetric quantum well is forbidden as the envelope functions of the confined electrons and holes, and the excitons they form, have well defined parity. 3WM is allowed in the presence of an electric field perpendicular (or parallel) to the walls. The field also leads to a Stark shift of the subband and exciton energies. 3WM in an asymmetric quantum well is allowed in the absence of an applied electric field, and is conceptually the same as in a symmetric well in the presence of a perpendicular electric field. The dependence of the 3WM signal on the polarization and frequency of the input EM waves can be used as a spectroscopic probe of the intersubband excitations of inversion layers and quantum well structures.