cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constraints on the correlation of P- and S-wave velocity heterogeneity in the mantle from P, PP, PPP and PKPab traveltimes

We investigate the correlation of large-scale P- and S-velocity heterogeneity in the mantle by determining how well 106,000 compressional P, PP, PPP, and PKPab traveltimes can be explained by S-wave velocity model S20RTS(scaled using a depth dependent factor) and by a model in which the lateral P-velocity variations are different. We first assess the assumption that P-wave traveltimes can be explained by a model in which lateral P-velocity variations (δν P ) are identical to S-velocity variations (δυ S ) in model S20RTS. For a given depth, we project δυ S from S20RTS into model S2P using a depth-dependent scaling factor R defined as: δυ S = R(z) x δυ P . We find, by grid search, that the highest reduction of data variance is obtained when R increases linearly from 1.25 at the surface to 3.0 at the core-mantle boundary. A comparison of S-wave (+SS) and P-wave (+PP) traveltimes for identical source-receiver pairs also indicates that R increases with depth. Significantly higher variance reduction is not obtained when R is parametrized with an additional degree of freedom. Therefore, the precise shape of R cannot be constrained by our data. P- and PP-wave traveltime anomalies with respect to the scaled model S2P yield coherent geographic variations. This indicates that there are large-scale lateral P-velocity variations in the mantle that are different from those in model S2P. We estimate these variations by inverting P-wave traveltime anomalies with respect to model S2P for a degree 12 model of P-velocity heterogeneity. This model, P 12 s 2 p , indicates where in the well-sampled mantle regions we need to modify model S2P to further improve the fit to the traveltime data. Anomalies in P12 s 2 p exist throughout the mantle. It is, therefore, not obvious that compositional heterogeneity is prominent in the lower 1000 km of the mantle only, as suggested previously. Low P-wave velocities in the upper mantle beneath oceans are the strongest anomalies in P12 s 2 p and explain better the delayed traveltimes of PP-wave phases with oceanic surface refection points. Lower mantle anomalies include high and low P-velocity structures beneath eastern Asia and North America, respectively. The high P-velocity anomaly in the lower mantle beneath the central Pacific is consistent with the assertion made by other researchers that large-scale lower mantle upwellings are not purely thermal in origin.
Entropy stable discontinuous interfaces coupling for the three-dimensional compressible Navier-Stokes equations

Non-linear entropy stability and a summation-by-parts (SBP) framework are used to derive entropy stable interior interface coupling for the semi-discretized three-dimensional (3D) compressible Navier–Stokes equations. A complete semidiscrete entropy estimate for the interior domain is achieved combining a discontinuous entropy conservative operator of any order [1,2] with an entropy stable coupling condition for the inviscid terms, and a local discontinuous Galerkin (LDG) approach with an interior penalty (IP) procedure for the viscous terms. The viscous penalty contributions scale with the inverse of the Reynolds number (Re) so that for Re → ∞ their contributions vanish and only the entropy stable inviscid interface penalty term is recovered. This paper extends the interface couplings presented [1,2] and provides a simple and automatic way to compute the magnitude of the viscous IP term. The approach presented herein is compatible with any diagonal norm summation-by-parts (SBP) spatial operator, including finite element, finite volume, finite difference schemes and the class of high-order accurate methods which include the large family of discontinuous Galerkin discretizations and flux reconstruction schemes. This note relies on the formalism introduced in [1,3] and complements the new class of interior entropy stable SBP operators of any order for the 3D compressible Navier–Stokes equations on unstructured grids that was proposed in [1,2]. To keep the notation as simple as possible, a uniform Cartesian grid is considered in the derivation. However, the extension to generalized curvilinear coordinates and unstructured grids follows immediately if the transformation from computational to physical space preserves the semi-discrete geometric conservation [4]. The proposed interface coupling technique has been successfully combined with a high order entropy stable discretization for the simulation of two-dimensional (2D) and 3D viscous subsonic and supersonic flows presented in [1,5,6].
Wavelet analysis and the governing dynamics of a large‐amplitude mesoscale gravity‐wave event along the East Coast of the United States

Detailed diagnostic analyses are performed upon a mesoscale numerical simulation of a well-observed gravity-wave event that occurred on 4 January 1994 along the East Coast of the United States. The value of using wavelet analysis to investigate the evolving gravity-wave structure and of using potential vorticity (PV) inversion to study the nature of the flow imbalance in the wave generation region is demonstrated. The cross-stream Lagrangian Rossby number, the residual in the nonlinear balance equation, and the unbalanced geopotential-height field obtained from PV inversion are each evaluated for their usefulness in diagnosing the flow imbalance. All of these fields showed clear evidence of strong imbalance associated with a middle-to-upper tropospheric jet streak, and tropopause fold upstream of the large-amplitude gravity wave several hours before the wave became apparent at the surface. Analysis indicates that a train of gravity waves was continuously generated by geostrophic adjustment in the exit region of the unbalanced upper-level jet streak as it approached the inflection axis in the height field immediately downstream of the maximum imbalance associated with the tropopause fold. A split front in the middle troposphere, characterized by the advance of the dry conveyor belt above the warm front, was overtaken by one of these propagating waves. During this merger process, a resonant interaction resulted, which promoted the rapid amplification and scale contraction of both the incipient wave (nonlinear wave development) and the split front (frontogenesis). The gravity wave and front aloft became inseparable following this merger. The situation became even more complex within a few hours as the vertical motion enhanced by this front-wave interaction acted upon a saturated, potentially unstable layer to produce elevated moist convection. An analysis of the temporal changes in the vertical profile of wave energy flux suggests that moist convective downdraughts efficiently transported the wave energy from the midlevels downward beneath the warm-front surface, where the wave became ducted. However, pure ducting was not sufficient for maintaining and amplifying the waves; rather, wave-CISK (Conditional Instability of the Second Kind) was crucial. This complex sequence of nonlinear interactions produced a long-lived, large-amplitude gravity wave that created hazardous winter weather and disrupted society over a broad and highly populated area. Although gravity waves with similar appearance to this large-amplitude wave of depression occasionally have been seen in other strong cyclogenesis cases involving a jet streak ahead of the upper-level trough axis, it is unknown whether other such events share this same sequence of interactions.
Ventricular Dysfunction After Cardioplegic Arrest Is Improved After Myocardial Gene Transfer of a β-Adrenergic Receptor Kinase Inhibitor

Background Acute cardiac contractile dysfunction is common after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). A potential molecular mechanism is enhanced β-adrenergic receptor kinase (βARK1) activity, because β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) signaling is altered in cardiomyocytes after cardioplegia. Therefore, we examined whether adenovirus-mediated intracoronary delivery of a βARK1 inhibitor (Adv-βARKct) could prevent post-CPB dysfunction. Methods and Results Rabbits were randomized to receive 5×1011 total viral particles of Adv-βARKct or PBS. After 5 days, hearts were arrested with University of Wisconsin solution, excised, and stored at 4°C for 15 minutes or 4 hours before reperfusion on a Langendorff apparatus. Left ventricular (LV) function measured by end-diastolic pressure response to preload augmentation, contractility (LV dP/dtmax), and relaxation (LV dP/dtmin) was assessed by use of increasing doses of isoproterenol and compared with a control group of nonarrested hearts acutely perfused on the Langendorff apparatu...
Major histocompatibility complex class I‐restricted presentation of influenza virus nucleoprotein peptide by B lymphoma cells harboring an antibody gene antigenized with the virus peptide

We analyzed the capacity of B cells to process and present a peptide from the variable region of an endogenous immunoglobulin heavy (H) chain to a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clone. The H-chain gene was engineered to express 14-amino acid peptide from the sequence of the influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP) antigen in the third complementarity-determining region (CDR3). This NP peptide is presented in association with the Db allele in H-2b mice. We demonstrate that B lymphoma cells (H-2b) harboring the antigenized H-chain gene process and present the NP peptide in association with the Db molecule and are lysed by a CTL clone specific for that peptide in an MHC-restricted way. In contrast, the soluble antigenized antibody failed to mediate lysis of H-2b target cells. The endogenously processed immunoglobulin CDR3 peptide could be eluted from surface Db molecules in transfected cells. This study formally demonstrates that peptides from the hypervariable loops of endogenous immunoglobulin are processed through the endogenous degradative pathway and are presented to CD8+ T cells in the context of MHC class I molecules. The implication of these findings for processing and presentation of endogenous immunoglobulin peptides in B cells and network regulation by idiopeptides is discussed.
Significant efflux of carbon dioxide from streams and rivers in the United States

Current estimates of carbon dioxide evasion from inland waters are based on incomplete spatial coverage. Streams and rivers in the United States release 97 Tg of carbon to the atmosphere each year, according to an analysis of chemical and morphological data.
Monks, Monasteries, and Manuscripts: Archival Sources for Eleventh-Century France

The investigation of producing and preserving records in a specific historical context such as eleventh-century France can add to our understanding of the place of archives in contemporary society. Although relatively isolated and underdeveloped at that time, French society produced many documents, called charters, similar to those in modern archives. Charters recorded gifts, sales, legal judgments, and even court testimony of someone in authority. As the only literate institution, the Church had a near monopoly on the production and preservation of these documents. Our vision of that era is shaped less by its historians than by its humble record keepers—the medieval counterpart of the modern archivist.
Phase Angle Optimization for a Single-Turn Helical Cone-Beam CT with a π-Line-Based BPF Algorithm

In this work, we address the asymmetric reconstructible image volume for a cone-beam CT(CBCT) with a single-turn helical scanning trajectory when we use a PI-line based algorithm. Maximum helical pitch size that allows no data truncation is determined for a given detector size and scanning geometry. We introduce an optimization process to reconstruct the maximum volumes of the targeted regions-ofinterest(ROI’s) in terms of phase angle of the helical scanning. We raise a practical issue of achieving various phase angles for a linear accelerator(LINAC) gantry whose rotation is bounded, and we propose a bi-reversal technique to make it possible.
Bridging experiment and theory: a template for unifying NMR data and electronic structure calculations.

The testing of theoretical models with experimental data is an integral part of the scientific method, and a logical place to search for new ways of stimulating scientific productivity. Often experiment/theory comparisons may be viewed as a workflow comprised of well-defined, rote operations distributed over several distinct computers, as exemplified by the way in which predictions from electronic structure theories are evaluated with results from spectroscopic experiments. For workflows such as this, which may be laborious and time consuming to perform manually, software that could orchestrate the operations and transfer results between computers in a seamless and automated fashion would offer major efficiency gains. Such tools also promise to alter how researchers interact with data outside their field of specialization by, e.g., making raw experimental results more accessible to theorists, and the outputs of theoretical calculations more readily comprehended by experimentalists. An implementation of an automated workflow has been developed for the integrated analysis of data from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments and electronic structure calculations. Kepler (Altintas et al. 2004) open source software was used to coordinate the processing and transfer of data at each step of the workflow. This workflow incorporated several open source software components, including electronic structure code to compute NMR parameters, a program to simulate NMR signals, NMR data processing programs, and others. The Kepler software was found to be sufficiently flexible to address several minor implementation challenges without recourse to other software solutions. The automated workflow was demonstrated with data from a $$^{17}\hbox {O}$$ NMR study of uranyl salts described previously (Cho et al. in J Chem Phys 132:084501, 2010). The functional implementation of an automated process linking NMR data with electronic structure predictions demonstrates that modern software tools such as Kepler can be used to construct programs that comprehensively manage complex, multi-step scientific workflows spanning several different computers. Automation of the workflow can greatly accelerate the pace of discovery, and allows researchers to focus on the fundamental scientific questions rather than mastery of specialized software and data processing techniques. Future developments that would expand the scope and power of this approach include tools to standardize data and associated metadata formats, and the creation of interactive user interfaces to allow real-time exploration of the effects of program inputs on calculated outputs.
Is Truth a Goal of Enquiry? Davidson Vs. Wright

L'A. etudie le probleme de la difference entre la justification des croyances et la verite dans le pragmatisme de D. Davidson et l'anti-pragmatisme de C. Wright. L'A. montre que les deux philosophes ne defendent pas la meme forme de minimalisme concernant la verite, mais qu'ils s'accordent pour rejeter le deflationnisme
Organosilicon Molecules with Medicinal Applications

The incorporation of silicon and synthesis of organosilicon small molecules provide unique opportunities for medicinal applications. The biological investigation of organosilicon small molecules is particularly interesting because of differences in their chemical properties that can contribute to enhanced potency and improved pharmacological attributes. Applications such as inhibitor design, imaging, drug release technology, and mapping inhibitor binding are discussed.
Xylaria bulbosa, Xylaria curta and Xylaria longipes in continental United States

Xylaria bulbosa, X. curta, and X. longipes are described, illustrated, and discussed with particular reference to their occurrence and activities in continental United States. Cultures, anamorphs, ...
Septin 9 interacts with kinesin KIF17 and interferes with the mechanism of NMDA receptor cargo binding and transport

Intracellular transport involves the regulation of microtubule motor interactions with cargo, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Septins are membrane- and microtubule-binding proteins that assemble into filamentous, scaffold-like structures. Septins are implicated in microtubule-dependent transport, but their roles are unknown. Here we describe a novel interaction between KIF17, a kinesin 2 family motor, and septin 9 (SEPT9). We show that SEPT9 associates directly with the C-terminal tail of KIF17 and interacts preferentially with the extended cargo-binding conformation of KIF17. In developing rat hippocampal neurons, SEPT9 partially colocalizes and comigrates with KIF17. We show that SEPT9 interacts with the KIF17 tail domain that associates with mLin-10/Mint1, a cargo adaptor/scaffold protein, which underlies the mechanism of KIF17 binding to the NMDA receptor subunit 2B (NR2B). Significantly, SEPT9 interferes with binding of the PDZ1 domain of mLin-10/Mint1 to KIF17 and thereby down-regulates NR2B transport into the dendrites of hippocampal neurons. Measurements of KIF17 motility in live neurons show that SEPT9 does not affect the microtubule-dependent motility of KIF17. These results provide the first evidence of an interaction between septins and a nonmitotic kinesin and suggest that SEPT9 modulates the interactions of KIF17 with membrane cargo.
Observations on Beaver Movements in Alaska

One hundred twenty-two returns have been received from beaver tagged in Alaska. The returns are from subsequent live-trapping and trapping by licensed trappers. Only one beaver has been noted to move over six miles. Beaver No. 796–797 was tagged as a two- year-old male on …
Glutathion-Dehydrogenase (EC 1.8.5.1) aus Weizenmehl. Reindarstellung und Eigenschaften

Glutathion: Dehydroascorbinsaure Oxydoreduktase (EC 1.8.5.1) wurde durch Fallung mit (NH4)2SO4 und lonenaustauscher-Chromatographie an CM-Sephadex und DEAE-Cellulose gereinigt. SDS-PAG-Elektrophorese ergab ein Molekulargewicht von 24200 Dalton. Die Aminosaurezusammensetzung wurde ermittelt. Das Enzym verhalt sich spezifisch gegenuber dem H-Donator Glutathion und es reduziert dasl-threo-Diasteromere. Das Enzym wird durch Jodessigsaure und N-Athylmaleinimid gehemmt. Eine Sattigungskinetik wurde nur fur den H-Acceptor, aber nicht fur das Glutathion beobachtet.
Some Perspectives on Avalanche Climatology

Avalanche climatology is defined as the study of the relationships between climate and snow avalanches, and it contributes in aiding avalanche hazard mitigation efforts. The field has evolved over ...
Tracking Post-trauma Psychopathology Using Mobile Applications: a Usability Study

Trauma exposure markedly increases risk for psychopathology including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Understanding the course by which PTSD develops after a traumatic event is critical to enhancing early intervention. Although prior work has explored the course of PTSD symptoms in the subsequent months, relatively few studies have explored the course of symptoms in the acute posttrauma period, defined as the 30 days after a traumatic event. A key challenge to conducting such studies is the lack of efficient means to collect data that does not impose significant burden on the participant during this time. The present study evaluated the use of a mobile phone application to collect symptom data during the acute posttrauma period. Data was obtained from 23 individuals who experienced a criterion A traumatic event and were recruited from the emergency department of a level-1 trauma center. Participants completed 44.93% of daily assessments across a 30-day period. Responses rates were uncorrelated with PTSD symptoms or depression symptoms at 1- and 3-month posttrauma. Participants reported that the surveys were moderately helpful and posed minimal burden. These findings suggest that mobile applications can be used to learn about the course of posttrauma recovery.
Direct Formation of Structural Components Using a Martian Soil Simulant.

Martian habitats are ideally constructed using only locally available soils; extant attempts to process structural materials on Mars, however, generally require additives or calcination. In this work we demonstrate that Martian soil simulant Mars-1a can be directly compressed at ambient into a strong solid without additives, highlighting a possible aspect of complete Martian in-situ resource utilization. Flexural strength of the compact is not only determined by the compaction pressure but also significantly influenced by the lateral boundary condition of processing loading. The compression loading can be applied either quasi-statically or through impact. Nanoparticulate iron oxide (npOx), commonly detected in Martian regolith, is identified as the bonding agent. Gas permeability of compacted samples was measured to be on the order of 10−16 m2, close to that of solid rocks. The compaction procedure is adaptive to additive manufacturing.
Estimating heat wave-related mortality in Europe using singular spectrum analysis

Estimating the impact of heat waves on human mortality is key when it comes to the design of effective climate change adaptation measures. As the usual approach—relying on detailed health data in form of hospital records—is not feasible for many countries, a different methodology is needed. This work presents such an approach. Based on singular spectrum analysis and using monthly mortality rates—partly ranging back to 1960—it derives excess mortality estimates for 27 European countries. Excess mortality is then regressed against a heat wave measure in order to assess the health impacts of extreme heat. The analysis demonstrates that many European countries are severely affected by heat waves: On average, 0.61%—and up to 1.14% in case of Portugal—of all deaths are caused by extreme heat events. This finding confirms the understanding that climate change is a major environmental risk to public health: In the 27 examined European countries, over 28,000 people die every year due to exposure to extreme heat.
Analysis of Temperature-Sensitive Mutants of the HIV-1 Protease

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1, like other retroviruses, encodes an aspartic proteinase whose activity is required for the production of infectious virions.1–6 The protease (PR) is encoded at the 5′ end of the viral pol gene and is responsible for cleavage of the viral gag and gag/pol precursor proteins to their mature forms.7,8 Viruses with inactivating mutations in their protease domain yield immature, noninfectious particles containing unprocessed gag and gag/pol polyproteins;1 for this reason the enzyme has been a prime target for structural and biochemical studies leading to the design of inhibitors of virus replication.
No Detectable Insecticide Resistance in Swallow Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Following Long-Term Exposure to Naled (Dibrom 8).

The swallow bug, Oeciacus vicarius Horvath, is a hematophagous ectoparasite of the cliff swallow, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Vieillot, and is closely related to bed bugs (Cimex spp.). Evolution of insecticide resistance has been documented for bed bugs but not studied in Oeciacus. For periods of 17 and 32 yr, two cliff swallow colonies in western Nebraska were treated during the summer breeding season using the organophosphate insecticide Dibrom. Despite continual treatments, O. vicarius has been observed frequently within these colonies. We evaluated the efficacy of Dibrom 8 on O. vicarius during the 2016 season at two treated colonies and four that had never experienced treatment. Dibrom 8 was found to be effective in 100% of trials, with immobilization within minutes and death within 72 h, for individuals from all colonies. In control treatments (water), individuals collected from treated colonies exhibited greater survival than individuals from untreated colonies, and those from active colonies (bugs fed) had greater survival than those from inactive colonies (bugs unfed). A residual effect was observed in both lab and field trials: 100% mortality occurred in the lab after exposure to filter paper substrates treated both 5 and 10 d earlier, and in the field, nests treated once early in the season had O. vicarius counts 43 d later that were <1% of those from untreated nests within the same colony. We hypothesize that the lack of resistance results from the limited potential for resistance allele fixation due to outbreeding and frequent immigration of insecticide-naive individuals.
Experimental Life Saving

(1934). Experimental Life Saving. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 26-58.
Chapter 7 – Viral neuropathogenesis

This chapter provides an overview of viral neuropathogenesis. It begins with a description of the sequential steps in viral infection, from the portal of entry to the central nervous system (CNS). Invasion of the CNS can occur by one of two routes, either by transport of virus from the periphery within axons and dendrites, or from the blood with transit across the blood–brain barrier. Within the CNS, each virus exhibits a specific pattern of replication. Many viral infections are confined to neurons, often with selectivity of specific areas of the CNS. Other viruses infect oligodendroglia, meningeal elements, or ependyma and choroid plexus. Each virus will usually cause pathologic lesions with a characteristic signature. Recovery from an acute infection of the CNS is mediated by a combination of antibody and cellular immune responses, and the pattern varies for different viruses. On re-exposure, pre-existing antibody will usually prevent CNS invasion from the blood, even though a subclinical infection of peripheral tissues may occur. In a few instances, CNS lesions are mediated by the antiviral immune response, although this is not common in humans. Some viruses are capable of persisting in the CNS, using one of several mechanisms to escape immune clearance: (1) immunotolerant: the virus is “seen” as a self-antigen by the host, most frequently associated with infection in utero or at birth; or the virus is immunosuppressive and actively interferes with steps in the acquired immune response; (2) latent: the virus persists as an intracellular genome in the presence of a potentially effective immune response; absent translation into viral proteins, the viral genome is “invisible” to the host immune response; (3) smoldering: the virus continues to replicate and spread in the presence of a potentially effective immune response. The virus utilizes cell-to-cell transmission or other mechanisms to escape clearance. Alternatively, infected neurons may avoid immune attack, since they do not express class I major histocompatibility complex molecules, cannot present viral antigens, and avoid recognition by the T-cell receptor on cytolytic CD8 + T lymphocytes.
Extreme Groups Propaganda War Under a Free Speech Lens: The Unwinnable Battle

This chapter examines the viability of free speech norms in the United States and Europe in cubing the surge of extreme speech online. It concludes that, in the United States, criminalizing pro-Jihad propaganda materials that “merely” advocate for the use of violence is likely to be deemed “unconstitutional”. The case law of the European Court on Human Rights, by contrast, permits advocacy for Sharia law and for the establishment of a caliphate, provided the speaker does not call for violence nor does he allude to individuals by names to be attacked. Glorifying Jihad or advocating for Sharia law to advance the interest of any group is strictly prohibited.
Optical metabolic imaging of irradiated rat heart exposed to ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Whole thoracic irradiation (WTI) is known to cause deterioration in cardiac function. Whether irradiation predisposes the heart to further ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injury is not well known. The aim of this study is to examine the susceptibility of rat hearts to IR injury following a single fraction of 15 Gy WTI and to investigate the role of mitochondrial metabolism in the differential susceptibility to IR injury. After day 35 of irradiation, ex vivo hearts from irradiated and nonirradiated rats (controls) were exposed to 25-min global ischemia followed by 60-min IR, or hearts were perfused without IR for the same protocol duration [time controls (TC)]. Online fluorometry of metabolic indices [redox state: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), oxidized flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), and NADH/FAD redox ratio] and functional variables [systolic left ventricular pressure (LVP), diastolic LVP (diaLVP), coronary flow (CF), and heart rate were recorded in the beating heart; developed LVP (dLVP) and rate pressure product (RPP)] were derived. At the end of each experimental protocol, hearts were immediately snap frozen in liquid N2 for later three-dimensional imaging of the mitochondrial redox state using optical cryoimaging. Irradiation caused a delay in recovery of dLVP and RPP after IR when compared to nonirradiated hearts but recovered to the same level at the end of reperfusion. CF in the irradiated hearts recovered better than the control hearts after IR injury. Both fluorometry and 3-D cryoimaging showed that in WTI and control hearts, the redox ratio increased during ischemia (reduced) and decreased on reperfusion (oxidized) when compared to their respective TCs; however, there was no significant difference in the redox state between WTI and controls. In conclusion, our results show that although irradiation of rat hearts compromised baseline cardiovascular function, it did not alter cardiac mitochondrial redox state and induce greater susceptibility of these hearts to IR injury.
Prosodic Perception in Aging Individuals: a Focus on Intonation

Studies indicate that older adults have diminished ability to decode prosodic information. However, the precise nature and basis of this deficit have proved difficult to uncover. Although prosody itself is poorly understood, one of its components, intonation, has been shown to be context-dependent. The present study sought to determine whether intonation perception problems for aging individuals are related to stimulus contextual factors. In two experiments, older and younger adults were asked to identify emotional (happiness, sadness) and nonemotional meanings signaled by intonation. Stimuli used were sentences with basic (Experiment 1) and non-basic (Experiment 2) word order. Those conveying emotional meanings were either accompanied or unaccompanied by contextual information. The older adults performed comparably with the younger adults on all tasks in Experiment 1 except identification of sadness in decontextualized stimuli. By contrast, their performance in Experiment 2 not only fell below that of the younger adults across the board, but it also differed according to emotion type. Both groups performed better on decoding intonation in contextualized than decontextualized stimuli. These findings suggest that intonation perception problems for older adults might be related to stimulus contextual factors including syntax. They are discussed in terms of neurobiological factors, particularly age related changes in the brain.
The Stern-Gerlach Experiment and the Electron Spin

The full story of the Stern-Gerlach experiment and its reception, interpretation and final understanding has many unexpected surprises. Here, we review the history and the context of the proposal, the experiment, and the subsequent story of the aftermath. We also discuss the story of the possible Stern-Gerlach experiment for free electrons etc. Finally, we comment on the remarkable career of Otto Stern.
Laboratory Methods for the Analysis of Primate Mobile Elements

Mobile elements represent a unique and powerful set of tools for understanding the variation in a genome. Methods exist not only to utilize the polymorphisms among and within taxa to various ends but also to investigate the mechanism through which mobilization occurs. The number of methods to accomplish these ends is ever growing. Here, we present several protocols designed to assay mobile element-based variation within and among individual genomes.
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide in the Central Nervous System

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a 37-amino-acid peptide that has been identified in rat brain and peripheral tissue by immunocytochemistry (Amara et al., 1982; Rosenfeld et al., 1983; Skofitsch and Jacobowitz, 1985c) and in the human brain by radioimmunoassay (Morris et al., 1984; Tschopp et al., 1984, 1985). It was isolated from human medullary thyroid carcinomas and sequenced (Morris et al., 1984). The initial immunocytochemical description of the localization of CGRP revealed a unique neuronal distribution in the CNS and periphery (Rosenfeld et al., 1984). A widespread distribution of immunoreactive cells and fibers was observed at all brain levels and in numerous peripheral organs.
Effect of Oxygen Environment on the Decomposition and Crystallization of an Aqueous Sol-Gel Derived Zirconium Acetate Gel

A precursor gel was prepared by desiccation of an aqueous solution of zirconium acetate and pyrolyzed to form crystalline powders in selected gas environments. Thermal analysis, X-ray powder diffraction, mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to investigate the decomposition of the gel and the transformations occurring during pyrolysis to 800°C in nitrogen, air and oxygen. Three transition temperatures were detected: the amorphous-to-cubic crystal transformation, cubic-to-tetragonal transformation, and the initiation of tetragonal-to-monoclinic transition. The presence of molecular oxygen decreased the crystallization temperature, increased the grain size of the tetragonal crystals formed and decreased the temperature at which the tetragonal-to-monoclinic transformation was initiated. The decrease in the crystallization temperature in the presence of oxygen occurred despite an increase in the temperature corresponding to the loss of the major portion of the organic component of the gel.
Learning dictionaries for information extraction by multi-level bootstrapping

Information extraction systems usually require two dictionaries: a semantic lexicon and a dictionary of extraction patterns for the domain. We present a multilevel bootstrapping algorithm that generates both the semantic lexicon and extraction patterns simultaneously. As input, our technique requires only unannotated training texts and a handful of seed words for a category. We use a mutual bootstrapping technique to alternately select the best extraction pattern for the category and bootstrap its extractions into the semantic lexicon, which is the basis for selecting the next extraction pattern. To make this approach more robust, we add a second level of bootstrapping (metabootstrapping) that retains only the most reliable lexicon entries produced by mutual bootstrapping and then restarts the process. We evaluated this multilevel bootstrapping technique on a collection of corporate web pages and a corpus of terrorism news articles. The algorithm produced high-quality dictionaries for several semantic categories.
Motor Ability and Educability Factors of High and Low Scoring Beginning Bowlers

Abstract Forty-one college women who had never bowled were tested for motor ability, educability, and body sway, and were also given the ACE and finger test. The means and standard deviations of the beginning levels of bowling ability and of all tests were computed. For each test, those who were one standard deviation or more above or below the mean were analyzed on the scores for all other tests. On the basis of this analysis the following conclusions appear justifiable. The above average bowler is better in motor ability and educability than the below average bowler. The above average scorer on the educability test has significantly less body sway and significantly higher bowling scores than the below average scorer. Subjects with above average scores in body sway are higher in motor ability and educability than subjects with below average scores in body sway. There is a significant correlation coefficient between the finger and the ACE Test.
The Effects of Frequency and Predictability on Repetition in Children With Developmental Language Disorder

Purpose Studies have shown that children with typical development (TD) respond to frequency and predictability when repeating nonidiomatic multiword sequences (e.g., go wash your hands). We extende...
Making China modern: from the great Qing to Xi Jinping

As the latest addition to a long list of textbooks on modern Chinese history, this title, covering the centuries from the inauguration of the Qing in Beijing to the present, is intended to offer a ...
Inpatient Pain Medicine Considerations in Patients with Heart Failure, Cardiac Arrhythmias, and Other Cardiac Conditions

Heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, and other cardiovascular conditions are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. These patients represent a sizeable proportion of hospitalized individuals and can be challenging to treat from a pain management standpoint. Cardiac patients often have multiple comorbidities and are on many different medications prone to drug interactions that must be taken into consideration when developing a treatment plan. This chapter will provide a general overview of heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias, as well as the importance of pain control in this population. The pathophysiology of pain, patient specific risk factors, and diagnostic considerations will also be outlined. This chapter will cover treatment strategies for cardiac patients in the inpatient setting including pharmacological management, pain assessment tools, and potential medications to use with caution. Lastly, there will be a brief discussion on discharge planning and follow-up considerations.
Decomposition Rates of Surficial and Buried Organic Matter and the Lability of Soil Carbon Stocks Across a Large Tropical Seagrass Landscape

The paradigm for understanding the accumulation of organic carbon in vegetated coastal “blue carbon” habitats holds that burial of organic carbon (Corg) slows decomposition and leads to stability of carbon stocks. Further, it is generally assumed that the presence of the plant communities contributes to the buried organic matter and the stability of the carbon stocks. In this study, these assumptions were tested and the lability of soil organic carbon was examined as a function of environmental and plant community drivers. Samples of surficial sediment and seagrass community characteristics were collected at 93 locations across the ca. 15,000 km2 of seagrass beds in south Florida. Ramped pyrolysis was used to describe the relative lability of soil organic carbon across the landscape. Organic matter (OM) was lost at all temperatures from 180 to 600 °C, suggesting that even the relatively high combustion temperature of 550 °C underestimates OM content by ≈ 10% on average. Additionally, deployments of model substrates (canvas strips) were used to examine decomposition rates of buried and surficial organic material at a subset of these sites. On average, finer, muddier soils contained slightly higher Corg stocks than coarser sediment sites, but the relationships between sediment grain size and seagrass community structure was weak. The lability of soil organic carbon varied with sediment grain size; as much as 80% of the Corg was refractory in coarse-grained soils compared with less than 30% in muddy soils. In muddy soils, burial decreased cellulose decomposition rate by an average of 22–39% compared with surficial breakdown, but in coarse-grained soils, burial enhanced cellulose decomposition rate by at least 55%. Taken as a whole, this study suggests that burial does not enhance Corg storage in all blue carbon environments, and that soil C stores are only weakly correlated with seagrass biomass at the landscape scale.
Racial/Ethnic and Economic Segregation and Survival in the United States

Life expectancy differences across racial/ethnic and economic groups persist in the U.S., but little is known about the combined effects of racial and income segregation in explaining old age survival across neighborhoods. We operationalized neighborhoods using census tracts, with 65,655 of them nested within 3,015 counties, nested within 49 states. We linked census track life table data for ages 45-74 (n=196,965) from the National Vital Statistics System with 5-year population estimates (2011-2015) stratified by race/ethnicity and income from the American Community Survey. We measured racial/ethnic and income segregation using the Index of Concentration of the Extremes at the census tract level, and the indexes of dissimilarity and exposure at the county level. Using three-level random intercept models, we assessed the direct and contextual relationship between survival at ages 45-74 with racial/ethnic and income segregation. Regardless of racial/ethnic stratification, a high concentration of neighborhood poverty was associated with a lower probability of survival relative to affluent neighborhoods (-4.83%; 95% CI -4.86, -4.79), although the relationship was larger in neighborhoods with high concentration of Blacks (-5.61%; -5.67, -5.54). Black-white county-level unevenness also had the largest negative association in those neighborhoods (-0.26%; -0.32, -0.20). Furthermore, Black isolation was negatively associated with a lower survival probability (-0.21%; -0.29, -0.13), but Hispanic isolation was positively associated (0.23%; 0.16, 0.30). Opposite relationships resulted from Black-White (0.06; -0.01, 0.14) and Hispanic-White (-0.13; -0.21, -0.05) interactions. Finally, high exposure to neighborhood poverty/affluence was associated with lower/higher probability of neighborhood survival, but the associations were the strongest for Blacks.
Understanding disparities in viral suppression among Black MSM living with HIV in Atlanta Georgia

Introduction Due to factors associated with structural racism, Black men who have sex with men (MSM) living with HIV are less likely to be virally suppressed compared to white MSM. Most of these data come from clinical cohorts and modifiable reasons for these racial disparities need to be defined in order to intervene on these inequities. Therefore, we examined factors associated with racial disparities in baseline viral suppression in a community-based cohort of Black and white MSM living with HIV in Atlanta, GA. Methods We conducted an observational cohort of Black and white MSM living with HIV infection in Atlanta. Enrolment occurred from June 2016 to June 2017 and men were followed for 24 months; laboratory and behavioural survey data were collected at 12 and 24 months after enrolment. Explanatory factors for racial disparities in viral suppression included sociodemographics and psychosocial variables. Poisson regression models with robust error variance were used to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) for Black/white differences in viral suppression. Factors that diminished the PR for race by ≥5% were considered to meaningfully attenuate the racial disparity and were included in a multivariable model. Results Overall, 26% (104/398) of participants were not virally suppressed at baseline. Lack of viral suppression was significantly more prevalent among Black MSM (33%; 69/206) than white MSM (19%; 36/192) (crude Prevalence Ratio (PR) = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.1 to 2.5). The age-adjusted Black/white PR was diminished by controlling for: ART coverage (12% decrease), housing stability (7%), higher income (6%) and marijuana use (6%). In a multivariable model, these factors cumulatively mitigated the PR for race by 21% (adjusted PR = 1.1 [95% CI: 0.8 to 1.6]). Conclusions Relative to white MSM, Black MSM living with HIV in Atlanta were less likely to be virally suppressed. This disparity was explained by several factors, many of which should be targeted for structural, policy and individual-level interventions to reduce racial disparities.
Wave attenuation by suspended canopies with cultivated kelp (Saccharina latissima)

Abstract Many kelp aquaculture farms consist of moored arrays of long horizontal lines that grow kelp near the water surface. Most kelp farms are deployed in the same direction of wave propagation. However, with numerous longlines of densely grown kelp, these farms may have the potential to attenuate waves if installed perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation. In this application, the kelp farm may serve as a form of nature-based coastal protection. To assess this potential, a set of 1:10 scale physical model experiments were conducted to measure the wave attenuation of a suspended kelp model. The model was scaled based on the morphological and mechanical properties of the cultivated Saccharina latissima (sugar kelp) from Saco Bay, Maine, USA. Experimental results demonstrated that suspended blades have asymmetric oscillatory motions with more bending in the opposite direction of wave propagation. Due to severe asymmetric blade motion in large waves, the suspended blade could roll over the attached line following the wave orbital motion. The results also showed that suspended kelp farms in the designed configuration with 20 longlines of 1-m-long blades and 100 blades/m have the potential attenuating wave energy by up to 33.7% under the experimental wave conditions. Based on the experimental data, empirical formulas were developed for the bulk drag coefficient ( C D B ) and effective blade length ( l e ) of suspended kelp canopies for wave attenuation. To predict wave attenuation under a wider range of conditions and to identify the key parameters affecting wave attenuation, a numerical model was developed that could resolve blade motion. The benefits of resolving blade motion were to improve the model accuracy and reduce the number of experiments needed for obtaining C D B or l e , which is required in the conventional wave attenuation models based on the rigid blade assumption. The results indicate that (i) the wave energy dissipation ratio ( E D R defined as the ratio of the dissipated wave energy to the incident wave energy) of suspended kelp farms decreases with increased water depth, (ii) E D R is not sensitive to wave height, (iii) E D R first increases and then decreases with wavelength, and (iv) E D R increases with blade size, kelp vertical position, plant density, and the number of longlines. Therefore, the technique to improve the wave attenuation capacity of suspended kelp farms for nature-based coastal defense is to install the kelp farms in shallower water, expand the farm size by adding more longlines, locate the kelp in a higher position of the water column, grow the kelp more densely, and choose the kelp species with more rigid, wider, and longer blades/biomass.
Ethanol Elimination is Inherited in the Rat

Ethanol metabolism was shown to be heritable in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. In addition, the stimulated rate of ethanol elimination following 24 hours of treatment with ethanol was also shown to be heritable. F1 and F2 progeny for the two phenotypes (naive and adapted rates) resembled their selected parents rather than the unselected population.
Curve Fitting for Detecting Valve Stiction

In this chapter, a curve-fitting method is introduced for detecting valve stiction. It is assumed that the loop in question is known to be oscillating by using any of the oscillation detection methods presented in Chap. 4. The stiction-detection method is based on the curve-fitting results of the output signal of the first integrating component located after the valve, i.e. the controller output for self-regulating processes or the process output for integrating processes. In this chapter, we answer important questions such as which signal should be looked after, and why that signal takes a certain shape in the presence of valve stiction. A metric referred to as the stiction index (SI), is introduced based on the proposed method to facilitate the automatic detection of valve stiction. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated using both simulated and real industrial data sets.