cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An assessment of the molecular mechanisms contributing to tolerance to apical damage in natural populations of Arabidopsis thaliana

Herbivory imposes substantial selection pressure on plants, with the ability to regrow and maintain reproductive success a challenging but often necessary response by the plant. Despite the commonness of herbivore-induced damage, vast variation in tolerance ability exists among plants. Recent studies have suggested the role of endoreduplication (increasing ploidy within an individual) and the pentose phosphate pathway (a metabolic pathway that supports both primary and secondary metabolism) in contributing to the variation in tolerance ability among genotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana. We measured natural variation in apical meristem damage frequency, endoreduplication, and the sequence of G6PD1, an important gene in the pentose phosphate pathway, and related them to variation in tolerance of natural populations of A. thaliana over a portion of its native European range. Variation among populations in tolerance was significantly positively related to damage frequency, suggesting the potential for directional selection for tolerance ability as a product of damage frequency. We also discovered likely loss-of-function G6PD1 alleles in two populations, both of which displayed among the lowest levels of tolerance of all populations assessed. In addition, populations with the greatest increase in endopolyploidy also had the greatest ability to tolerate damage while populations with the greatest reduction in endopolyploidy had the lowest ability to tolerate damage. This study provides an assessment of variation in tolerance, damage frequency, G6PD1 sequence, and endopolyploidy in natural populations of A. thaliana, and also contributes to the growing body of research on the contributions of these specific molecular mechanisms to the tolerance response.
The Formality of the Latinate Lexicon in English

The hypothesis tested is that under instructions to be formal or in tasks that very in formality, English words whose origins are Latinate will be chosen in preference to words whose etymologies are Anglo-Saxon. In the first experiment, instructions to be neutral, moderately formal or very formal led to the completion of sentences by words that were Latinate and rare in preference to Anglo-Saxon synonyms. The second study asked subjects to imagine themselves in situations that were less or more formal, e.g., talking to a friend v. a job interview. The choices can be explained by textual frequencies of the words rather than their etymologies. Finally, a replication of the first experiment with neutral and strongly formal instructions indicated again that formality implies Latinate, textually infrequent words. We conclude that the strategy to be formal in writing or speaking must be explicitly given to the subjects and that the situations that call out Latinate choices must be unequivocally formal.
Diminished CD103 (αEβ7) Expression on Resident T Cells from the Female Genital Tract of HIV-Positive Women.

Background: Tissue resident memory T cells (TrM) provide an enhanced response against infection at mucosal surfaces, yet their function has not been extensively studied in humans, including the female genital tract (FGT). Methods: Using polychromatic flow cytometry, we studied TrM cells, defined as CD62L-CCR7-CD103+CD69+ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in mucosa-derived T cells from healthy and HIV-positive women. Results: We demonstrate that TrM are present in the FGT of healthy and HIV-positive women. The expression of the mucosal retention receptor, CD103, from HIV-positive women was reduced compared to healthy women and was lowest in women with CD4 counts < 500 cells/mm3. Furthermore, CD103 expression on mucosa-derived CD8+ T cells correlated with antigen-specific IFN-γ production by mucosal CD4+ T cells and was inversely correlated with T-bet from CD8+CD103+ mucosa-derived T cells. Conclusions: These data suggest that CD4+ T cells, known to be impaired during HIV-1 infection and necessary for the expression of CD103 in murine models, may play a role in the expression of CD103 on resident T cells from the human FGT.
Unprotected Left Main Disease and Percutaneous Intervention: A Prototype for Precision Medicine.

Key Points The SYNTAX Score based on angiographic findings is an actionable risk prediction model helping guide treatment for significant unprotected left main disease. Adding the clinical factor based EuroSCORE to SYNTAX improves outcome prediction for percutaneous coronary intervention of unprotected left main disease. Prediction models are an increasingly useful tool permitting cardiologists to optimize patient outcomes through “personalized” or precision medicine.
Night Splinting for Idiopathic Trigger Digits.

Background: This study assessed nighttime splinting for 6 weeks as treatment for recent onset idiopathic trigger fingers. Methods: Patients over 18 years with a Quinnell grade 1 or 2, idiopathic tr...
Effect of Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Motor Cortex on Elbow Flexor Muscle Strength in the Very Old.

Background and purpose Muscle weakness predisposes older adults to a fourfold increase in functional limitations and has previously been associated with reduced motor cortex excitability in aging adults. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a single session of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the motor cortex would increase elbow flexion muscle strength and electromyographic (EMG) amplitude in very old individuals. Methods Eleven very old individuals-85.8 (4.3) years-performed 3 maximal isometric elbow flexion contractions before and after 20 minutes of sham or anodal tDCS on different days. Order of stimulation was randomized, and the study participants and investigators were blinded to condition. In addition, voluntary activation capacity of the elbow flexors was determined by comparing voluntary and electrically evoked forces. Results Anodal tDCS did not alter muscle strength or EMG activity in comparison to sham stimulation. Elbow flexion voluntary activation capacity was very high among the study participants: 99.3% (1.8%). Conclusion Contrary to our hypothesis, we observed no effect of anodal tDCS and no impairment in elbow flexor voluntary activation capacity in the very old. Whether anodal tDCS would exert a positive effect and support our initial hypothesis in another muscle group that does exhibit impairments in voluntary activation in older adults is a question that is still to be addressed.
Production versus injection induced poroelasticity surrounding wells

Abstract This article presents a novel assessment of flow-induced geomechanics in a poroelastic layer, incorporating confining effects of sealing rocks. For the first time, production-induced temporal principal plane variations, and potential failure mechanism/s are analytically evaluated in various stress regimes, and under a wide range of vertical confinement settings replicated via the Winkler model. Results are assessed versus those from injection flow to obtain a novel holistic insight on flow-induced geomechanics. Overall, an intricate near wellbore response is revealed, suggesting reorientation of the minimum principal plane from horizontal to vertical due to: production flow in deep reservoirs where the confining stiffness parameter exceeds that of the target layer; injection flow where the stiffness of the target zone exceeds the confining stiffness (typical in shallow reservoirs, or reservoirs subjected to prolonged injection cycles). Dominant failure mechanisms due to injection and production are shear and pore collapse, respectively. Results suggest generation of shear failure under production flow, where the confining stiffness differs from the stiffness of the reservoir formation. This hypothesis is more prone to occur in geologic formations with lower friction angle.
Down-Regulation of a Cell-Surface Glycoprotein Correlated with Rearrangement of Chromosome 1 in Human Breast Cancer Cells

The loss of heterozygosity of genes on chromosome 1q, 11p, 13q and 17p in human breast cancer cells has been reported [1–5]. However, reduction to homo- or hemizygosity has not been identified at a molecular level. In the current study, an attempt was made to identify any normal genes that may become inactivated in malignant cells, with associated loss of the gene products.
Ketyl radical reactivity via atom transfer catalysis

Single-electron reduction of a carbonyl to a ketyl enables access to a polarity-reversed platform of reactivity for this cornerstone functional group. However, the synthetic utility of the ketyl radical is hindered by the strong reductants necessary for its generation, which also limit its reactivity to net reductive mechanisms. We report a strategy for net redox-neutral generation and reaction of ketyl radicals. The in situ conversion of aldehydes to α-acetoxy iodides lowers their reduction potential by more than 1 volt, allowing for milder access to the corresponding ketyl radicals and an oxidative termination event. Upon subjecting these iodides to a dimanganese decacarbonyl precatalyst and visible light irradiation, an atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) mechanism affords a broad scope of vinyl iodide products with high Z-selectivity.
Differential Equations for Engineers: The Essentials

This book surveys the broad landscape of differential equations, including elements of partial differential equations (PDEs), and concisely presents the topics of most use to engineers. It introduces each topic with a motivating application drawn from electrical, mechanical, and aerospace engineering. The text has reviews of foundations, step-by-step explanations, and sets of solved problems. It fosters students’ abilities in the art of approximation and self-checking. The book addresses PDEs with and without boundary conditions, which demonstrates strong similarities with ordinary differential equations and clear illustrations of the nature of solutions. Furthermore, each chapter includes word problems and challenge problems. Several extended computing projects run throughout the text.
Fagchild Tools: Softening the Body Politic and Sexualizing Paul Ryan in a Pussy-Grabbing Era

This article cautions against the strong impulse in the #MeToo movement to desexualize politics. Informed by queer theory, the article argues that the public desexualization imperative, represented by indignation toward President Donald Trump's pussy-grabbing antics and the concomitant, albeit justified, movement to expose decades of his sexual harassment of women, casts a shadow across queer citizens that chills sexual expression in democratic discourse and public life. The public desexualization imperative presents a double bind that creates, on one hand, public spaces that are less threatening and discriminatory to women and, on the other, public spaces that—from a queer white cisgender man's perspective, one whose only “marking” is his sexuality—erase queers’ valued differences. The author uses personal narrative to describe and apply tools (conceptualized as fagchild tools) that help navigate tensions between women's equality movements and queer efforts to gain fuller, more open sexual citizenship. The article focuses, first, on softening the body politic (implicitly a white cisgender heterosexual male body) to provide sociopolitical space for sexual pluralism. Second, the article uses the sexualization of House Speaker Paul Ryan to argue that making space for queer sexualities may require accommodating the expression of nonqueer sexualities, including those that most of us find offensive.
Association of breastfeeding and gestational diabetes mellitus with the prevalence of prediabetes and the metabolic syndrome in offspring of Hispanic mothers.

BACKGROUND The effects of breastfeeding (BF) on metabolic syndrome (MetS) and diabetes mellitus in children exposed to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in utero have rarely been evaluated. OBJECTIVE This study assessed BF and GDM in relation to the prevalence of prediabetes and MetS in Hispanic children and adolescents (8-19 y). METHODS This is a longitudinal study with 229 Hispanic children (8-13 y) with overweight/obesity, family history of diabetes, and an average of four annual visits (AV). Participants were categorized as follows: never (negative for prediabetes/MetS at all AVs), ever (positive for prediabetes/MetS at any visit), intermittent (positive for prediabetes/MetS at 1-2 AVs), and persistent (positive for prediabetes/MetS at greater than or equal to 3 AVs). RESULTS Compared with GDM offspring who were not BF (referent), GDM offspring who were BF had lower odds of persistent prediabetes (OR = 0.18; 95% CI, 0.04-0.82; P = 0.02) and MetS (OR = 0.10; 95% CI, 0.02-0.55; P = 0.008). Compared with referent group, non-GDM offspring who were BF, and non-GDM offspring not BF had lower odds of persistent prediabetes (OR = 0.10; 95% CI, 0.03-0.39; P = 0.001; OR = 0.05; 95% CI, 0.01-0.11; P < 0.001) and MetS (OR = 0.14; 95% CI, 0.04-0.59; P = 0.01 and OR = 0.04; 95% CI, 0.01-0.11; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS These results show BF is protective against prediabetes and MetS in offspring regardless of GDM status.
Advances in the Enzymology of Monoterpene Cyclization Reactions

Monoterpene cyclases catalyze the electrophilic isomerization–cyclization of the C10 prenyl diphosphate, geranyl diphosphate (GPP), to generate a diverse selection of monoterpenes. This tightly coupled reaction proceeds through the tertiary, enzyme-bound intermediate, linalyl diphosphate (LPP), which following internal addition (cyclization) may undergo numerous rearrangements and secondary cyclizations before reaction termination by deprotonation or nucleophile capture. This chapter provides a detailed overview of the reaction chemistry, and the stereochemistry and cyclization mechanisms of monoterpene cyclases. A survey of the molecular biology of monoterpene cyclases is presented taking into account their evolutionary relatedness and their potential diversity based on recent genome sequencing projects. General structural themes for terpene cyclases are presented before the structures of (−)-limonene synthase (LS), (+)-bornyl diphosphate synthase ((+)-BS), and 1,8-cineole synthase (CS) are presented in the context of each of their respective reaction mechanisms.
Analyzing road crash frequencies with uncorrelated and correlated random-parameters count models: An empirical assessment of multilane highways

Abstract Recent literature on highway safety research has focused on methodological advances to minimize misspecifications and the potential for erroneous estimates and invalid statistical inferences. To further these efforts, this study carries out an empirical assessment of uncorrelated and correlated random-parameters count models for analyzing road crash frequencies on multilane highways considering two crash severities; injury and no-injury. The empirical results indicate that the relative statistical performance of these models is comparable; however, the correlated random-parameters approach accounts for both the heterogeneous effects of explanatory factors across the road segments and the cross-correlations among the random-parameter estimates. As noted in the results, statistically significant correlation effects among the random parameters confirm the adequacy of this approach. The safety models for multilane highways presented in this study can be useful in (i) the detection of critical risk factors on these road types, (ii) the assessment of crash reduction due to improvements in pavement condition and retrofitting of roadway geometric features and, (iii) the prediction of crash frequency while comparing different design alternatives. As such, the outcomes of this study may assist design engineers and highway agencies in designing new or calibrating existing multilane highways from a safety standpoint.
The Batalin–Vilkovisky formalism and the determinant line bundle

Abstract Given a smooth family of massless free fermions parametrized by a base manifold B , we show that the (mathematically rigorous) Batalin–Vilkovisky quantization of the observables of this family gives rise to the determinant line bundle for the corresponding family of Dirac operators.
Effects of Spatial Location of Auditory Tones on Pitch Discrimination.

Pitch discrimination accuracy has been found to be affected by many factors, including handedness, musical training, interfering stimuli, and spatial location of the auditory stimulus. Separating t...
Kinetics And Fiber Distribution Of The Three Muscle Heads Of Triceps For a Better C7 Myotomal EMG Study (P1.4-034)

Objective: Improving Triceps Muscle Needle EMG. Background: During training, residents and fellows, often learn a method of choosing one particular head out of the three heads of the triceps muscle. The triceps muscle provides a prime example where application of anatomy and neuro-kinetic principles can lead to a more meaningful needle EMG study. Design/Methods: Review of muscle anatomy and kinetic physiology from Gray’s Anatomy and available EMG books. Results: The activation sequence of the Triceps muscle that occurs with increasing efforts is medial followed by lateral followed by the long heads of triceps. With lower efforts, type 1 fibers are preferentially recruited, and with higher effort, larger type 2 fibers. Conventional needle EMG, basically, is a study of type 1 fibers. Selective activation of the medial head of the triceps or anconeus involve largely type 1 fibers. Lateral head activation involves a combination of type 1 and 2 fibers, while activation of the long head involves predominantly type 2 fibers. Most electromyographers check either the more proximal and deeper lateral or long head, both with a higher proportion of C6 contribution compared to the superficial medial head. The medial head has a lower chance of bleeding, is easily accessed with a 30 gauge needle, and is almost exclusively innervated by C7; evaluation of the C7 myotome is often the most important reason for including the triceps in the needle exam. The other heads of the triceps require stronger activation, often activating larger type 2 fibers which inadvertently shows ‘large units’ that can lead to an erroneous diagnosis of chronic C7 radiculopathy. Conclusions: A better application of the knowledge of anatomy, fiber distribution, and muscle kinetics, as well as a willingness to change tradition, may be more rewarding scientifically in the EMG lab. Disclosure: Dr. Noto has nothing to disclose. Dr. Elangovan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bandyopadhyay has nothing to disclose.
Cases Relating to Chapter 9 – Forgery and Other Fraud Offenses

Publisher Summary This chapter presents several case studies related to forgery and other fraud offenses. The cases presented are: The State of New Mexico v. Bradley Wasson and The State of Washington, Respondent v. Steven Edward Leyda, Petitioner.
Evaluation of an e-book assignment using Fink's Taxonomy of Significant Learning among undergraduate dental hygiene students.

CONTEXT With significant learning experiences, students undergo positive, substantial, and lasting influences on their personal and professional lives. With grant support from The Ohio State University's Affordable Learning Exchange Program, students created e-book chapters for a Current Concepts in Dental Hygiene as a significant learning experience. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of an e-book chapter creation project on the learning of undergraduate dental hygiene students using Fink's Taxonomy of Significant Learning. DESIGN Upon IRB exemption, this study involved a mixed-methods, cross-sectional research design involving a survey of attitudinal and reflective questions. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. RESULTS The data from 100% (n = 41) of the dental hygiene students enrolled in the Current Concepts in Dental Hygiene course were analyzed. Most students recognized the alignment of the 6 scaffolded assignments with the 6 domains of Fink's Taxonomy of Significant Learning. Most students agreed the project focused on foundational knowledge (68.8%, n = 27), promoted active learning (73.2%, n = 30), applied to real life problems (63.4%, n = 26), and provided life lessons (56.1%, n = 23). Thematic analysis revealed students appreciated the teamwork involved and the scaffolding of assignments, recognized the challenges of inconsistent feedback and technical issues with the software, and felt that more faculty guidance and technical support would have improved their experiences. CONCLUSION Future research should evaluate the impact of using Fink's Taxonomy of Significant Learning with the design of courses or course-long projects on the education of dental and dental hygiene students.
Voice Pedagogy: The Current Landscape and a Blueprint for Moving Forward

I am honored to serve as the guest editor for this special issue of the Voice and Speech Review (VSR). This collection of articles examines voice pedagogy from a variety of different angles, from h...
Speed Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor With Uncertain Parameters and Unknown Disturbance

Control of the speed as well as shaping the speed transient response of a surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is achieved using the method of feedback linearization and extended high-gain observer. To recover the performance of feedback linearization, an extended high-gain observer is utilized to estimate both the speed of the motor and the disturbance present in the system. The observer is designed based on a reduced model of the PMSM, which is realized through the application of singular perturbation theory. The motor parameters are assumed uncertain and we only assume knowledge of their nominal values. The external load torque is also assumed to be unknown and time-varying, but bounded. Stability analysis of the output feedback system is given. Experimental results confirm the performance and robustness of the proposed controller and compare it to the cascaded proportional integral (PI) speed controller.
Magnetic resonance parameter mapping using model-guided self-supervised deep learning.

Purpose To develop a model-guided self-supervised deep learning MRI reconstruction framework called reference-free latent map extraction (RELAX) for rapid quantitative MR parameter mapping. Methods Two physical models are incorporated for network training in RELAX, including the inherent MR imaging model and a quantitative model that is used to fit parameters in quantitative MRI. By enforcing these physical model constraints, RELAX eliminates the need for full sampled reference data sets that are required in standard supervised learning. Meanwhile, RELAX also enables direct reconstruction of corresponding MR parameter maps from undersampled k-space. Generic sparsity constraints used in conventional iterative reconstruction, such as the total variation constraint, can be additionally included in the RELAX framework to improve reconstruction quality. The performance of RELAX was tested for accelerated T1 and T2 mapping in both simulated and actually acquired MRI data sets and was compared with supervised learning and conventional constrained reconstruction for suppressing noise and/or undersampling-induced artifacts. Results In the simulated data sets, RELAX generated good T1 /T2 maps in the presence of noise and/or undersampling artifacts, comparable to artifact/noise-free ground truth. The inclusion of a spatial total variation constraint helps improve image quality. For the in vivo T1 /T2 mapping data sets, RELAX achieved superior reconstruction quality compared with conventional iterative reconstruction, and similar reconstruction performance to supervised deep learning reconstruction. Conclusion This work has demonstrated the initial feasibility of rapid quantitative MR parameter mapping based on self-supervised deep learning. The RELAX framework may also be further extended to other quantitative MRI applications by incorporating corresponding quantitative imaging models.
Conditional Probability of Graft Survival in Liver Transplantation using Donation after Circulatory Death grafts ‐ a retrospective study

The use of livers from donation after circulatory death (DCD) is historically characterized by increased rates of biliary complications and inferior short-term graft survival (GS) compared to donation after brain death (DBD) allografts. This study aimed to evaluate the dynamic prognostic impact of DCD livers to reveal whether they remain an adverse factor even after patients survive a certain period following liver transplant (LT). This study used 74 961 LT patients including 4065 DCD LT in the scientific registry of transplant recipients from 2002-2017. The actual, 1 and 3-year conditional hazard ratio (HR) of 1-year GS in DCD LT were calculated using a conditional version of Cox regression model. The actual 1-, 3-, and 5-year GS of DCD LT recipients were 83.3%, 73.3%, and 66.3%, which were significantly worse than those of DBD (all P < 0.01). Actual, 1-, and 3-year conditional HR of 1-year GS in DCD compared to DBD livers were 1.87, 1.49, and 1.39, respectively. Graft loss analyses showed that those lost to biliary related complications were significantly higher in the DCD group even 3 years after LT. National registry data demonstrate the protracted higher risks inherent to DCD liver grafts in comparison to their DBD counterparts, despite survival through the early period after LT. These findings underscore the importance of judicious DCD graft selection at individual center level to minimize the risk of long-term biliary complications.
Computer-Assisted Navigation Is Associated With Decreased Rates of Hardware-Related Revision After Instrumented Posterior Lumbar Fusion.

Study Design:Retrospective cohort study.Objective:To (1) define utilization trends for navigated instrumented posterior lumbar fusion (PLF), (2) compare reasons and rates of revision at 30-day, 60-...
Homolog of ELAC2 is a central regulator of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response

The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) has emerged as a predominant mechanism that preserves mitochondrial function. Consequently, multiple pathways likely exist to modulate UPRmt. We unexpectedly discovered that the tRNA processing enzyme, homolog of ELAC2 (HOE-1), is central to UPRmt regulation in Caenorhabditis elegans. We find that nuclear HOE-1 is necessary and sufficient to robustly activate UPRmt. We show that HOE-1 acts via transcription factors ATFS-1 and DVE-1 that are crucial for UPRmt. Mechanistically, we show that HOE-1 likely mediates its effects via tRNAs, as blocking tRNA export prevents HOE-1-induced UPRmt. Interestingly, we find that HOE-1 does not act via the integrated stress response, which can be activated by uncharged tRNAs, pointing towards its reliance on a new mechanism. Finally, we show that the subcellular localization of HOE-1 is responsive to mitochondrial stress and is subject to negative regulation via ATFS-1. Together, we have discovered a novel RNA-based cellular pathway that modulates UPRmt.
Gentle Topography Increases Vertical Transport of Coarse Dust by Orders of Magnitude

The presence of coarse mineral dust in the atmosphere has been substantiated in several recent measurement campaigns, which include observations of particles up to and above 100 m in diameter. Yet, atmospheric dust models either do not include particles larger than 20 m or severely underestimate their concentrations. One possibility for the underestimated concentrations is that models do not represent enhancements of particle transport due to subgrid-scale topography. Here, large-eddy simulations are used in combination with Lagrangian particle tracking to assess the impact of gentle two-dimensional topography with 50 and 100 m elevation on the vertical transport of coarse dust in neutrally-stratified conditions. The presence of topography significantly increases the likelihood that 5 and 20 m particles reach several hundred meters in altitude. Further, topography increases this likelihood by orders of magnitude for larger 60 m particles. Three mechanisms are observed to contribute to the increased vertical transport: a strong upward mean flow region on the uphill side of the topography, ejection of particles downwind of the topography crest, and enhanced vertical dispersion in the wake of the crest. The compounding effects of these mechanisms provide a pathway for coarse dust emitted from the surface to reach elevations where they can be further transported into the free atmosphere by large-scale motions such as convective plumes. While these findings are motivated by mineral dust observations, they are generally applicable to other heavy aerosols such as pollen.
Approach to medical therapy in perianal Crohn’s disease

Perianal Crohn's disease remains a challenging condition to treat and can have a substantial negative impact on quality of life. It often requires combined surgical and medical interventions. Anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy, including infliximab and adalimumab, remain preferred medical therapies for perianal Crohn's disease. Infliximab has been shown to be efficacious in improving fistula closure rates in randomized controlled trials. Clinicians can be faced with a number of questions relating to the optimal use of anti-TNF therapy in perianal Crohn's disease. Specific issues include evaluation for the presence of perianal sepsis, the treatment target of therapy, the ideal time to commence treatment, whether additional medical therapy should be used in conjunction with anti-TNF therapy, and the duration of treatment. This article will discuss key studies which can assist clinicians in addressing these matters when they are considering or have already commenced anti-TNF therapy for the treatment of perianal Crohn's disease. It will also discuss current evidence regarding the use of vedolizumab and ustekinumab in patients who are failing to achieve a response to anti-TNF therapy for perianal Crohn's disease. Lastly, new therapies such as local injection of mesenchymal stem cell therapy will be discussed.
A dual heuristic for mixed integer programming

In linear programming based branch-and-bound algorithms, many heuristics have been developed to improve primal solutions, but on the dual side we rely solely on cutting planes to improve dual bounds. We design a dual heuristic which incorporates relaxation algorithms within a branch-and-bound framework to improve dual bounds. We study the effect of solving various relaxations with dual heuristics by conducting a series of computational tests on the multi-dimensional knapsack problem.
Venture Capital Ownership Type, Investment Criteria and Venture Performance

We investigate the investment behavior and exit performance of VCs that have pursued expansion outside their home locations. Our findings indicate that in the Asian VC markets, foreign VCs have relative advantages over local VCs in terms of size and experience while they are at disadvantage in information collection and monitoring due to distance. When investing alone, foreign VCs are more likely to invest in more information-transparent ventures. Networks with local VCs help alleviate information asymmetry and monitoring problem. Foreign VC investments overall are more likely to succeed. Ventures financed by foreign and local VCs jointly outperform those invested by foreign VCs alone.
CONTINUOUS IN VITRO CULTIVATION OF SPHERULES OF COCCIDIOIDES IMMITIS

Breslau, Abraham M. (Veterans Administration Center and University of California Los Angeles Center for the Health Sciences, Los Angeles, Calif.), and Mike Y. Kubota. Continuous in vitro cultivation of spherules of Coccidioides immitis. J. Bacteriol. 87:468–472. 1964.—Spherules of Coccidioides immitis were grown in vitro in continuous culture for more than 4 years. Cultures were grown in modified Converse medium in a modified Lubarsky and Plunkett culture tube incubated at 40 C under increased CO2 tension. Spherules that had transformed from hyphae were freed from mycelial fragments, and were allowed to settle to the bottom of the tube. The mycelium which normally degenerated at 40 C was removed repeatedly with a syringe and needle until the culture was almost pure spherules. For continuous culture, 10 to 12 ml of old medium were removed, and were replaced by fresh medium previously bubbled with a mixture of 20% carbon dioxide and 80% air.
Roa Bastos's "Noche sin fin" ("Endless Night") and "La tijera" ("The Scissors"): Two Versions of the Same Story

This study focuses on the manner in which Roa Bastos has transformed the short story "Noche sin fin", originally published in the journal Ficcion (1957), into his history "La tijera", later published in his collection El baldio (1966).
Crease Formation in Upper Blepharoplasty

Crease formation is an important part of upper blepharoplasty. A soft, subtle crease can be formed by suturing the edge of the pretarsal orbicularis muscle to the levator aponeurosis with three 7-0 Vicryl sutures. A more defined crease can be achieved by incorporating the aponeurosis in the skin closure.
Theory of Connectivity: A Unified Approach to Boundary Methods.

A theory of connectivity recently developed by the author, is described briefly, and a unified formulation of boundary methods is presented. Boundary integral equations and series expansions in terms of a basic set of functions are among approaches included in this unified formulation. The theory of connectivity therefore appears to be a useful tool for discussing questions of completeness of the basic set of functions and convergence of the approximating procedures; in addition, it supplies a systematic formulation of variational principles for this kind of problem.
Tomographic & Geophysical Inversions from Opportunistic Sound Sources

Abstract : The fundamental goal is to develop an advanced passive acoustic monitoring system that can be used to characterize ocean acoustic phenomena in ocean regions that are currently too isolated or remote to justify expensive exploratory research, and to provide cost-effective means to conduct field research into advanced coherent beamforming and geoacoustic inversion,methods The work also seeks to stimulate the further development of low-cost, low-power, autonomous acoustic recorders, by demonstrating how passive acoustic time-synchronization techniques can effectively convert a set of these recorders into a coherent beamforming array. The objectives are to develop and demonstrate modular passive acoustic systems for studies in three-dimensional acoustic tracking and geoacoustic inversion, by exploiting advances in low-power recording technology, and by using knowledge of ambient noise spatial structure to time-align independent recorder records without the need for active timing sources. Connecting single-channel recorders with rope and/or fishing gear can create a modular instarray that can be arranged with variable aperture, hydrophone spacing, and orientation. This array system is easy to transport and deploy in less-than-ideal circumstances. These systems can be used to perform acoustic inversion and tracking studies using opportunistic sounds such as marine mammal vocalizations.
Energy-balancing strategies for wireless sensor networks

The lifetime of wireless sensor network is crucial, since autonomous operation must be guaranteed over an extended period. As all the sensor data has to be forwarded to an observer via multihop routing, the traffic pattern is highly nonuniform, putting a high burden on the sensor nodes close to the observer. We propose and analyze four strategies that balance the energy consumption of the nodes to increase the lifetime of the network substantially. The analyses are based on a Rayleigh fading link model. An important result is that the energy benefits of routing over many short hops in fading environments are insignificant; especially for smaller path loss exponents, it is sensible to use fewer but longer hops.
First-principles assessment of hole transport in pure and Li-doped NiO

Alloying nickel oxide (NiO) with lithium oxide (Li2O) at high Li concentrations may reduce NiO's band gap and expand its use as a light absorber in photocatalytic and tandem dye-sensitized solar cell technologies. In this work, we evaluate the viability of this alloy as a p-type hole transport material. We use embedded cluster models, along with unrestricted Hartree-Fock and complete active space self-consistent field theories, to study the impact of alloying on polaronic transport of holes. Our calculated energy barrier for hole transfer in undoped NiO is in excellent agreement with the experimental value of ∼0.1 eV. We predict that hole transport in NiO is anisotropic and mostly confined parallel to the (111) ferromagnetic planes. Applying the same model to Li-doped NiO indicates that isolated Li ions do not introduce free holes into NiO samples. However, free holes can be created in the homogeneous Li0.125Ni0.875O alloy, in which the Li concentration is very high. Our kinetic Monte Carlo calculations show that hole mobility in this alloy is lower than in undoped NiO. However, the additional free holes and the predicted lower band gap of Li0.125Ni0.875O should increase hole conductivity compared to NiO upon alloy formation. Therefore, Li0.125Ni0.875O alloys have potential for use as a hole transporter, as well as a sunlight absorber, in a variety of solar energy applications.
History of Nutritional Immunology: Introduction and Overview

Nutritional immunology is a newly recognized subdiscipline of vast clinical and public health importance. Its history began in 1810 with recognition of lymphoid tissue atrophy due to malnutrition. Discovery of vitamins in the early 1900s was followed by reports on their contribution to immunity and other host defenses. A hiatus in immunonutritional progress occurred during World War II and the "antibiotic era," but a worldwide rebirth of interest began in the 1960s and early 1970s. The current logarithmic growth of nutritional immunology was triggered by increased medical interest, plus the introduction of new concepts and investigative research methodologies from both parent sciences.
The computation of generalized cross-validation functions through householder tridiagonalization with applications to the fitting of interaction spline models

An efficient algorithm for computing the generalized cross-validation function for the general cross-validated regularization/smoothing problem is provided. This algorithm is appropriate for problems where no natural structure is available, and the regularization/smoothing problem is solved (exactly) in a reproducing kernel Hilbert space. It is particularly appropriate for certain multivariate smoothing problems with irregularly spaced data, and certain remote sensing problems, such as those that occur in meteorology, where the sensors are arranged irregularly. The algorithm is applied to the fitting of interaction spline models with irregularly spaced data and two smoothing parameters; favorable timing results are presented. The algorithm may be extended to the computation of certain generalized maximum likelihood (GML) functions. Application of the GML algorithm to a problem in numerical weather forecasting, and to a broad class of hypothesis testing problems, is noted.
A bioenergy feedstock/vegetable double-cropping system

Abstract Certain warm-season vegetable crops may lend themselves to bioenergy double-cropping systems, which involve growing a winter annual bioenergy feedstock crop followed by a summer annual crop. The objective of the study was to compare crop productivity and weed communities in different pumpkin production systems, varying in tillage, cover crop, and bioenergy feedstock/pumpkin double-cropping. Using a fall-planted rye (Secale cereale) + hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) mixture as a candidate feedstock, on average 9.9 Mg ha−1 of dry biomass was produced prior to pumpkin planting. Pumpkin yields in the cover crop system, which involved leaving the bioenergy feedstock on the soil surface, ranged from 49% to 65% of the conventional pumpkin system. When the bioenergy feedstock was removed, pumpkin yields in the feedstock tillage system were comparable to the conventional pumpkin system. Weeds remained problematic in all cropping systems; however, cropping systems without tillage (i.e. no-tillage and feedstock no-till systems) had among the highest weed population densities in pumpkin. The feedstock tillage system reduced potentially leachable soil N in the spring, produced enough bioenergy feedstock to theoretically yield an estimated 3260 liters of ethanol ha−1 without negatively affecting processing pumpkin yield, and had a farmgate value comparable to, or greater than, the conventional pumpkin production system currently used by growers.
The relationship between light-induced increases in the H+ conductivity of thylakoid membranes and activity of the coupling factor.

In the absence of a transmembrane electric field, about 15 saturating single-turnover flashes are required for chloroplast thylakoid membranes to accumulate the 80 mmol H+· mol chlorophyll−1 that are necessary to form a ΔpH sufficiently large to initiate net ATP synthesis. Lowering the number of turnovers of proton-producing redox components by decreasing the flash intensity increased the number of flashes required for the onset of ATP formation. Thus, regardless of the intensity, the accumulation of the same number of hydrogen ions was needed for phosphorylation to begin. Since the size of the threshold input was constant over a very wide range of proton accumulation rates, it follows that there were no significant proton leakages during the filling of the pool to its threshold level. However, non-productive leaks were initiated once phosphorylation began since progressively lower phosphorylation efficiencies were observed at lower and lower flash intensities. It is difficult to explain this observation except in terms of competing, non-phosphorylating hydrogen ion fluxes only when the threshold accumulation had been reached. We observed an increase in the permeability of thylakoid membrane to hydrogen ions that correlated with indications of coupling factor activity: the onset of ATP synthesis, the release of tightly bound ADP and, in dithiothreitol treated membranes, the initiation of ATPase activity. Our data support the notion that the dependence of coupling factor activation and deactivation on the ΔpH accounts for the substantial changes in the ion conductivity that occur in thylakoid membranes.
Desensitization for the treatment of fear in the high level adult retardate.

Abstract Behavior therapy procedures, particularly desensitization procedures, have not been used with the retarded, perhaps due to the high demand for verbal skill implicit in the techniques. Twenty mildly retarded subjects who met criterion on a Behavior Avoidance Test for fear of heights or rats were randomly assigned to Contact Desensitization, Vicarious Symbolic Densitization. Systematic Desensitization, Placebo-Attention Control and No-Treatment Groups. Subjects were given up to fifteen sessions of treatment. Posttreatment data on the Behavior Avoidance Test, Fear Thermometer and Behavior Checklist showed that generally Contact Desensitization was most effective and most efficient with this population. Results show that the mildly retarded are able to follow slightly simplified desensitization procedures.
The Importance of Bundling in a Gorman-Lancaster Model of Earnings

The idea that the labor market of individuals can be decomposed into payments to separate productive attributes has an enduring appeal in economics. Assuming that demographic groups differ only in their endowments of productive characteristics it is possible to rationalize observed demographic earnings differentials without invoking the arguments that characteristics specific to a particular demographic group are direct objects of employer demand. By aggregating skills over all demographic groups it is possible to produce a theory of the market determination of the prices of skills held in different amounts by different demographic groups. This paper considers conditions under which characteristics are uniformly priced across sectors of a multisector economy. The paper presents empirical evidence that rejects uniform pricing of characteristics as a description of the US labor market. Bundling may account for this evudence but other hypotheses do as well. (authors)
The high-pressure phase behavior and compressibility of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene

The phase stability and isothermal compression behavior of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) have been established to 26.5 GPa using angle-dispersive x-ray diffraction. P-V isotherms derived from the high-pressure x-ray spectra displayed a slight density hysteresis around 4.0 GPa and a sharp discontinuity at ∼20.0 GPa. The latter transition is ascribed to a monoclinic-to-orthorhombic first-order phase transition in TNT. The conversion of the isothermal P-V data to the shock velocity-particle velocity plane revealed a deviation from linearity at low up, a cusp associated with the phase transition at high up, and general agreement with the wealth of unreacted Hugoniot data on TNT.
Investigation of a speckle field in a diffusing cylinder

Laser speckle inside a diffusing cylinder has been used recently to obtain displacement and strain fields of a 360° surface. Because of geometry, the conventional treatment of a speckle field using the Fresnel approximation is not applicable. We present a treatment using the concept of angular spectrum to calculate the autocorrelation function.
Total thermal conductivity of partially and fully ionized gases

Thermoconductivity of fully and partially ionized gases based on heat flux vector expression in Chapman-Enskog formulation
Differential cyanosis and clubbing sparing a single limb.

![Figure][1] [![Graphic][3] ][3][![Graphic][4] ][4][![Graphic][5] ][5] An 18 year-old man presented with gradually progressive dyspnea. Examination revealed grade 3 clubbing and cyanosis of all extremities except the right upper limb (A) . Left parasternal heave and palpable
Inhibition of aberrant proliferation and induction of apoptosis in pre-neoplastic human mammary epithelial cells by natural phytochemicals.

Aberrant proliferation and modulated apoptosis leading to impaired cellular homeostasis represent crucial early events in the multi-step carcinogenic process. Regulation of these perturbed biomarkers may predict efficacious prevention of cancer development. Present experiments on non-cancerous human mammary epithelial 184-B5 cells were designed to examine whether i) exposure to suspect environmental human carcinogen Benzo (α) pyrene (BP) alters the status of cell proliferation and apoptosis and ii) BP-induced alterations are modulated in response to select natural phytochemicals that inhibit rodent mammary tumorigenesis. Flow cytometric analysis, cellular immunoreactivity to proliferation specific and apoptosis specific gene products and anchorage-dependent colony formation represented quantitative endpoints. Cruciferous glucosinolate indole-3-carbinol (I3C), tea polyphenol (-) epigallo catechin gallate (EGCC) and soy isoflavone genistein (GEN) represented the chemopreventive test compounds. A single 24 h exposure to 39 μM BP resulted in a 50% decrease (P=0.02) in the ratio of quiescent (Q=G 0 ) to proliferative (P=S + M) population in part due to increase in aberrantly proliferative cells. The BP-initiated cells also exhibited an 87.8% inhibition (P=0.0001) in confluency-associated apoptosis and a concomitant decrease in cellular immunoreactivity to wild-type p53. Simultaneous treatment of cultures with BP + I3C, BP + EGCG and BP + GEN resulted in a 1.8- to 3.4-fold increase (P<0.01) in Q/P ratio and 1.8- to 6.9-fold increase (P=0.001) in sub G 0 (apoptotic) population. The induction of apoptosis was accompanied by enhanced p53 immunoreactivity (P<0.01). In long-term (21 day) experiments, BP treatment induced a 145.3% increase (P=0.001) in anchorage-dependent colony formation. This aberrant proliferation was inhibited by 44.2% to 65.3% (P=0.01) in the presence of the three phytochemicals. Thus, BP-induced aberrant proliferation is inhibited by the natural phytochemicals in part due to regulation of cell cycle progression and induction of p53 dependent apoptosis.