cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of gold underlayer on copper(I) oxide photocathode performance

Copper(I) oxide (Cu2O) is a very favorable p-type semiconductor. It is an appealing candidate for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Here we report the fabrication and performance of gold (Au) underlayer–Cu2O composite photocathode for photoelectrochemical water splitting. The composite photocathode was fabricated by the electrodeposition technique. The different morphologies of the Au underlayer were achieved via variation in the process parameters including applied potential, electrolyte pH, and the presence of L-cysteine in the electrolyte. The Cu2O overlayer was also deposited using electrodeposition. Additionally, the influence of morphology variation, of the Au underlayer, on the performance of the composite photocathode was evaluated. It was observed that the performance of the composite photocathode increased by 81% when compared to a control sample of Cu2O. The composite photocathodes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
Forest Soils of the South

The impacts of acidic deposition depend strongly on the specific chemistry of each soil and the nutrient cycles within each ecosystem. To provide perspective on the general characteristics, patterns, and diversity of forest soils in the South, the general geomorphology of the region and the major features of the most important and extensive soil groups are described herein.
The role of the nurse in developing cancer screening programs.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE To describe and provide an overview of the role that nurses can play in developing cancer screening programs. DATA SOURCES Published articles, book chapters, and clinical experience. DATA SYNTHESIS Many approaches and considerations are available for developing cancer screening programs. Planning considerations include needs assessment, patient-education strategies, funding, recruitment issues, follow-up strategies, staffing, policy development, and evaluation. An understanding of these considerations may lead to more effective cancer screening programs. CONCLUSIONS Nurses can play an integral role in the development and management of cancer screening programs. Careful program planning may enhance this process. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE Oncology nurses need to consider a wide range of issues when developing cancer screening programs, including the purpose of the program, how the program will be implemented, the population being served, and the potential impact on individuals being served.
Short Courses [Courses]

Presents a listing of short courses in the field of antennas and propagation with dates and schedules.
Ferrocenealkylsilane molecular rectifiers

Abstract We developed four new ferrocene containing alkylated silane self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), and evaluated their electrical properties in a metal/SAM/metal configuration. The ferrocenyl silanes used in this work can be prepared in one to two simple chemical steps from readily available ferrocene carboxaldehyde. We found that the molecular diodes obtained from these molecules can exhibit current rectification ratios as high as 150. The ease of processing coupled with the excellent rectification behavior makes these compounds very attractive for molecular electronics applications.
Detection, Prevalence, and Pathogenicity of Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli from Cattle Hides and Carcasses

Cattle are a major reservoir for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and harbor these bacteria in the intestinal tract. The prevalence, concentration, and STEC serogroup isolated in cattle varies between individuals. Hide removal at slaughter serves as a major point of carcass contamination and ultimately beef products. Certain STEC serogroups, such as O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157, containing the intestinal adherence factor intimin, pose a large economic burden to food producers because of testing and recalls. Human infection with STEC can cause illnesses ranging from diarrhea to hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome, and is commonly acquired through ingestion of contaminated foods, often beef products. Previously, most studies focused on O157 STEC, but there is growing recognition of the importance of non-O157 STEC serogroups. This review summarizes detection methods, prevalence, and methods for prediction of pathogenicity of non-O157 STEC from cattle hides and carcasses. A synthesis of procedures is outlined for general non-O157 STEC and targeted detection of specific STEC serogroups. Standardization of sample collection and processing procedures would allow for more robust comparisons among studies. Presence of non-O157 STEC isolated from cattle hides and carcasses and specific factors, such as point of sample collection and season, are summarized. Also, factors that might influence STEC survival on these surfaces, such as the microbial population on hides and microbial adherence genes, are raised as topics for future investigation. Finally, this review gives an overview on studies that have used genetic and cell-based methods to identify specific phenotypes of non-O157 STEC strains isolated from cattle to assess their risk to human health.
Sex, Drugs, and HIV (Clinical Issues and Assessment Strategies)

Publisher Summary Risky sex and drug use are highly stigmatized behaviors, particularly when considered in the context of HIV transmission among gay and bisexual men. This chapter will provide an overview of various theories that help explain the process by which drug use and sex become linked for some gay and bisexual men. Sociocultural, community-based, and psychological factors underlying the fusion of sex and drugs will be reviewed and applied to the case of Scott to help understand his specific HIV-related risk behaviors. Guidelines and strategies for assessing drug use and sexual behaviors will also be reviewed using applied examples from the case of Scott for illustrative purposes. Lastly, potential ethical and legal challenges that often complicate psychotherapy with gay and bisexual men focused around HIV-related concerns will be discussed.
Chondrosarcoma presenting as a rare primary malignant tumour of the chest wall.

A 74-year-old man with a previous medical history of hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and gastro-oesophageal reflux presented with acute hypoxic respiratory failure. The patient was aware of a mass on his sternum for ~18 years prior to presentation and was told by his previous healthcare
Vectorizing Fast Compression

Vectorization is a useful tool for CPU performance improvement, but is difficult to apply due to the data access patterns vector instructions require. General data compression is one application where vectorization has been difficult to apply. We demonstrate how vectorization can be employed for a high speed Deflate implementation which could be extended to other common compression standards.
SYNTHESIS OF 2,5-DIMETHYLPENTACYCLO-[5.4.0.02,5.03,904,8]DECANE

An efficient synthesis of the title compound (5) from Thiele's ester (1b) is described. Thus, LiAlH4 promoted reduction of dimethyl pentacyclo[5.4.0.02,5.03,904,8]decane-2,5-dicarboxylate (2) produ...
Karst estuaries are governed by interactions between inland hydrological conditions and sea level

Summary Karst estuaries represent unique systems created by freshwater inputs that flow directly into the sea through karst conduits and/or matrices. In order to determine the characteristics of a karst estuary resulting from the brackish discharge of Double Keyhole Spring into the Gulf of Mexico, we monitored short-term tidal fluctuations, long-term rainfall patterns, aquifer levels, spring discharge, and multiple geochemical parameters along a transect from the spring through the estuary. We monitored four sites along a spring/estuary transect and a nearby inland freshwater spring to represent the freshwater portion of the Upper Floridan Aquifer. Datasondes were deployed in Double Keyhole Spring to measure discharge volume, tidal fluctuations, and physical water parameters for two years. Water samples were collected quarterly from both springs and the surrounding surface sites over the same time period. An isotopic/trace element mass balance tracer method was used to determine the hydrogeological components of the spring discharge from three possible sources: (1) freshwater from the upper portion of the Upper Floridan aquifer, (2) freshwater from the lower portion of the Upper Floridan aquifer, and (3) saltwater from the Gulf of Mexico. Within the water column of the submarine spring conduit, there were no significant differences of the sampled parameters over short sampling distances (
Marxist Cultural Perspectives

In the preceding chapter, I analyzed the views of Castoriadis, a political scientist and psychoanalyst, on the imaginary institution of human societies. Where he emphasized creativity, indeed the utter newness and otherness in the institution of what he calls the social-historical, I proposed to link this creativity to the developing object and symbol capacity of children. In study 12 I continue the inquiry of the nature of society by turning to another academic discipline—literary and cultural criticism.
Should you let your child play football? What about soccer or hockey?

College students (n = 120) answered 18 yes–no questions that varied the child’s gender (male, female), grade (grade school, high school, college), and sport (football, soccer, hockey). The format o...
Prediction of success in physical education activities from attitude, strength, and efficiency measurements.

Abstract College women (N = 37) enrolled in eight physical education activity courses were measured in attitude, strength, and efficiency. Attitudes were evaluated by the Wear attitude inventory, strength by dynamometers, and efficiency through calculation of net energy cost of an exercise bout, using an indirect, closed circuit respirometer. Partial and multiple correlations were calculated between these independent variables and success in physical education activities as measured by grades. Regression equations consisting of various combinations of the three independent variables were formulated and tested by analysis of variance. All prediction batteries were significant in the prediction of success in physical education activities.
Neighborhood built and social environment and meeting physical activity recommendations among mid to older adults with joint pain.

Abstract Arthritis is a leading cause of disability in the United States, with the most efficacious treatments being physical activity (PA). Arthritis patients are less likely to meet PA recommendations and the neighborhood environment may play a role. This study examines the effect of neighborhood walkability and social cohesion on PA among arthritis patients in a sample of US adults. This cross-sectional study used 2015 National Health Interview Survey data. Eligible participants were age ≥45 years, had arthritis, recent leg-joint pain and complete data. Walkability was based on 6 questions regarding amenities and destinations that promote walking. Social cohesion was based on 4 validated questions. Meeting PA was defined as 150 min/week. Chi-squared testing and logistic regression determined associations between neighborhood environment and PA, including interaction between social cohesion and walkability. The final unweighted sample included 3,826 participants with mean age 64.6 years (SE = 0.26), 61.8% female and 78.1% non-Hispanic White. In adjusted, weighted analysis, not, slightly, and moderately-walkable neighborhoods all had lower odds of meeting PA recommendations verses highly-walkable neighborhood (OR = 0.61[95% CI 0.41–0.92], OR = 0.65[95% CI 0.50–0.85], OR = 0.75[95% CI 0.59–0.97], respectively). Social cohesion was independently associated with decreased odds of meeting PA guidelines (p = 0.003). No interaction with walkability was found (p = 0.405). Less than a highly-walkable neighborhood and lower social cohesion were independently associated with decreased odds of meeting PA recommendations among adults with arthritis and recent joint pain. Since walking is one of the most effective treatments for arthritis, clinicians should be sensitive to barriers patients may perceive to walking.
Risk1, a Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Effector, Promotes Rickettsia typhi Intracellular Survival

ABSTRACT To establish a habitable intracellular niche, various pathogenic bacteria secrete effectors that target intracellular trafficking and modulate phosphoinositide (PI) metabolism. Murine typhus, caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium Rickettsia typhi, remains a severe disease in humans. However, the mechanisms by which R. typhi effector molecules contribute to internalization by induced phagocytosis and subsequent phagosomal escape into the cytosol to facilitate the intracellular growth of the bacteria remain ill-defined. Here, we characterize a new molecule, Risk1, as a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) secreted effector and the first bacterial secretory kinase with both class I and III PI3K activities. Inactivation of Risk1 PI3K activities reduced the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate to phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate within the host, which consequently diminished host colonization by R. typhi. During infection, Risk1 targets the Rab5-EEA1-phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate [PI(3)P] signaling axis to promote bacterial phagosomal escape. Subsequently, R. typhi undergoes ubiquitination and induces host autophagy; however, maturation to autolysosomes is subverted to support intracellular growth. Intriguingly, only enzymatically active Risk1 binds the Beclin-1 core complex and contributes to R. typhi-induced autophagosome formation. In sum, our data suggest that Risk1, with dual class I and class III PI3K activities, alters host PI metabolism and consequently subverts intracellular trafficking to facilitate intracellular growth of R. typhi. IMPORTANCERickettsia species are Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacteria that infect a wide range of eukaryotes and vertebrates. In particular, human body louse-borne Rickettsia prowazekii and flea-borne Rickettsia typhi have historically plagued humankind and continue to reemerge globally. The unavailability of vaccines and limited effectiveness of antibiotics late in infection place lethality rates up to 30%, highlighting the need to elucidate the mechanisms of Rickettsia pathogenicity in greater detail. Here, we characterize a new effector, Risk1, as a secreted phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) with unique dual class I and class III activities. Risk1 is required for host colonization, and its vacuolar phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate generation modulates endosomal trafficking to arrest autophagosomal maturation. Collectively, Risk1 facilitates R. typhi growth by altering phosphoinositide metabolism and subverting intracellular trafficking.
Abstract IA24: YAP in cancer and inflammation

Many common instigators drive the processes of inflammation and carcinogenesis. We have found such a common node in Yap1. In the context of cancer, YAP-TEAD complex is important in modulating the immune microenvironment, such that Yap 1-mediated transcriptional upregulation of CXCL5 by the prostate cancer cells in a PTEN/SMAD4 deficient mouse model leads to the recruitment of MDSCs through the interaction with CXCR2 on them. Depletion of MDSCs or pharmacologic inhibition of CXCR2 leads to impediment of cancer progression. In another well-established pancreatic cancer model (PDAC), Yap1/Tead2 governs escape from mutant Kras (G12D) inhibition through cooperative upregulation of E2F transcription factors to activate a cell cycle and DNA replication program. In the context of inflammation, specifically inflammatory bowel disease, telomere dysfunction is shown to activate pAtm/c-Abl-mediated phosphorylation and stabilization of Yap1 upregulating pro-IL-18, a major proinflammatory factor in IBD. This signaling axis cooperates with the gut microbiome stimulating cytosolic receptors causing activation of caspase-1 cleaving pro-IL-18 into mature IL-18. Epithelial IL-18 leads to recruitment of IFNγ-secreting T cells and other immunocytes provoking classical IBD pathology. Consistent with a role for DNA damage signaling driving IBD, newly diagnosed IBD patient samples exhibited elevated expression of pγH2AX, YAP1, Caspase-1, and IL-18 and significantly reduced telomere lengths. Telomerase reactivation in intestinal epithelium or pharmacologic inhibition of Atm, Yap1, or caspase-1 as well as antibiotic treatment of mice dramatically reduced IL-18 and inflammation. Thus, telomere dysfunction-induced activation of the Atm-Yap1-pro-IL-18 pathway identifies DNA damage signaling as a key instigator and promoter of IBD, illuminating novel therapeutic strategies. Citation Format: Guocan Wang, Xin Lu, Deepavali Chakravarti, Avnish Kapoor, Wantong Yao, Haoqiang Ying, Prasenjit Dey, Chiachin Wu, Denise Spring, Pingping Hou, Pingna Deng, Di Zhao, Baoli Hu, Mao Xizeng, Christopher Logothesis, Michael McArthur, Lynda Chin, Alan Wang, Sujun Hua, Hongai Xia, Gerald C Chu, Carol Lim, Eduardo Vilar, Sarah Blutt, Ronald A. DePinho. YAP in cancer and inflammation [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on the Hippo Pathway: Signaling, Cancer, and Beyond; 2019 May 8-11; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2020;18(8_Suppl):Abstract nr IA24.
The relationship between the rumen microbiome and carcass merit in Angus steers

The objective of this study was to explore the relationships between ruminal microbial populations from Angus steers that were divergent in carcass traits related to adipose accumulation. Twenty-four feedlot-finished Angus steers (age: 538 ± 21 d; body weight following lairage: 593.9 ± 43.7 kg) were slaughtered, and ruminal contents and carcass data were collected. Ruminal microbial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction and 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene sequencing were performed to determine microbial relative abundances, to estimate microbial diversity, and to predict microbial metabolic pathways. A variety of correlation analyses and one-way ANOVA were performed to investigate the relationships between the rumen microbiome and carcass traits. Marbling score (P = 0.001) and longissimus lipid content (P = 0.009) were positively correlated to Chao1 Richness Index, suggesting that increased intramuscular fat was associated with increased numbers of ruminal microbial species. The phyla Tenericutes and TM7 were negatively correlated (P ≤ 0.05) to marbling score and longissimus lipid content, indicating that lower abundances of these phyla may be associated with improvements in intramuscular fat content. Greater abundance of the bacterial family S24-7 was positively correlated (P = 0.002) to marbling score. Analysis by marbling classification revealed further linkages to microbial richness (P ≤ 0.063), diversity (P = 0.044), and S24-7 (P < 0.001) populations. Computational prediction of the microbial metabolic pathways revealed no differences (P ≥ 0.05) in metabolic pathway expression in rumen microbes between steers in the high- and low-marbling classes. Several phyla, families, and genera were positively correlated (P ≤ 0.05) to both rib fat thickness and yield grade. Collectively, our results suggest that microbial composition is associated to differing performance in carcass adipose traits. Overall, most of the bacterial taxa correlated to the intramuscular and subcutaneous fat depots did not overlap, suggesting the microbial population end products likely impacted adipose accumulation largely via separate adipogenic pathways of the host animal.
Automated measures for interpretable dimensionality reduction for visual classification: A user study

This paper studies the interpretability of transformations of labeled higher dimensional data into a 2D representation (scatterplots) for visual classification.1In this context, the term interpretability has two components: the interpretability of the visualization (the image itself) and the interpretability of the visualization axes (the data transformation functions). We define a data transformation function as any linear or non-linear function of the original variables mapping the data into 1D. Even for a small dataset, the space of possible data transformations is beyond the limit of manual exploration, therefore it is important to develop automated techniques that capture both aspects of interpretability so that they can be used to guide the search process without human intervention. The goal of the search process is to find a smaller number of interpretable data transformations for the users to explore. We briefly discuss how we used such automated measures in an evolutionary computing based data dimensionality reduction application for visual analytics. In this paper, we present a two-part user study in which we separately investigated how humans rated the visualizations of labeled data and comprehensibility of mathematical expressions that could be used as data transformation functions. In the first part, we compared human perception with a number of automated measures from the machine learning and visual analytics literature. In the second part, we studied how various structural properties of an expression related to its interpretability.
COPPA Killed the Video Star: How the YouTube Settlement Shows that COPPA Does More Harm Than Good

The Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998 (“COPPA”) purportedly protects children on the internet, but the reality is that the law is woefully ineffective at this goal and yet terribly burdensome for website operators (and now, people who upload silly videos to YouTube). The Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”), the agency tasked with enforcing COPPA, announced a whopping $170 million settlement with YouTube in September 2019, with a message that focused more on bragging about the unprecedented size of the financial sum than any tangible benefit the settlement would provide for the well-being of children on the internet. The settlement marks a shift in COPPA enforcement in which the FTC will begin targeting website users rather than the website itself. This note will argue that, after two decades and countless changes in society and the digital landscape, it is time to completely rethink COPPA and replace it with a more workable and effective piece of legislation. Part II discusses the background of COPPA and the settlement between YouTube and the FTC. Part III analyzes the failures of COPPA using the YouTube settlement as a case study. Part IV proposes a solution which better serves the stated goals of COPPA while both expanding privacy protections and lowering the overall burden on website operators.
Reconstruction of Binary Images via the EM Algorithm

The problem of reconstructing a binary function x defined on a finite subset of a lattice ℤ, from an arbitrary collection of its partial sums is considered. The approach is based on (a) relaxing the binary constraints \(x\left( i \right) = 0\) or 1 to interval constraints \(0x\left( i \right)1,i \in {\Bbb Z}\),and (b) applying a minimum distance method (using Kullback-Leibler’s information divergence index as our distance function) to find such an x — say, \(\hat x\)— for which the distance between the observed and the theoretical partial sums is as small as possible (Turning this \(\hat x\) into a binary function can be done as a separate postprocessing step: for instance,through thresholding, or through some additional Bayes modeling.) This minimum-distance solution is derived via a new EM algorithm that extends the often-studied EM/maximum likelihood (EM/ML) algorithm in emission tomography and certain linear-inverse problems to include lower-and upper-bound constraints on the function x. Properties of the algorithm including convergence and uniqueness conditions on the solution (or parts of it) are described.
Impurity effects on chiral one-dimensional electron systems.

We studied low energy effects of impurities in several chiral 1D electron systems that contain only excitations moving in one direction. We first considered single-impurity scattering between two branches of 1D chiral Luttinger liquids. The general form of impurity scattering matrix was found which, some times, allow the chemical potentials on the outgoing branches to be higher (or lower) then the maximum (or minimum) chemical potentials on the incoming branches. We also studied the effects of many impurities (with finite density) on two branches of 1D chiral Fermi liquids (that appear on the edge of $\nu=2$ integral quantum Hall liquid). We found that the impurities drive the system to a new fix point at low energies which has an SU(2) symmetry even when the two branches originally have different velocities. (Note a clean system is SU(2) symmetric only when the two branches have the same velocity.) The probability distribution and correlation of scattering matrices at different energies are described by universal functions which are calculated exactly for this new fixed point.
Quantitative traits of prion strains are enciphered in the conformation of the prion protein.

Variations in prions, which cause different disease phenotypes, are often referred to as strains. Strains replicate with a high degree of fidelity, which demands a mechanism that can account for this phenomenon. Prion strains differ by qualitative characteristics such as clinical symptoms, brain pathology, topology of accumulated PrPSc, and Western blot patterns of glycosylated or deglycosylated PrPSc. Since none of these qualitative features can directly explain quantitative strain traits such as incubation time or dose response, we analyzed conformational parameters of PrPSc and the rate of accumulation in different prion strains. Using the conformation-dependent immunoassay (CDI), we were able to discriminate among PrPSc molecules from eight different prion strains propagated in Syrian hamsters. CDI quantifies PrP isoforms by simultaneously following antibody binding to both the denatured and native forms of a protein. In a plot of the ratio of antibody binding to denatured/native PrP graphed as a function of the concentration of PrPSc, each strain occupied a unique position, indicating that each strain accumulated different concentrations of particular PrPSc conformers. This conclusion was supported by a unique pattern of equilibrium unfolding of PrPSc found within each strain. By comparing the PrPSc levels before and after limited proteinase K digestion, we found that each strain produces a substantial fraction of protease-sensitive PrPSc. We asked whether this fraction of PrPSc might reflect those PrPSc molecules that are most readily cleared by cellular proteases. When the protease-sensitive PrPSc fraction was plotted as a function of the incubation time, a linear relationship was found with an excellent correlation coefficient (r = 0.94). Combined with the data on time courses of prion infection in Tg(MHu2M) and Tg(SHaPrP) mice, the results argue that different incubation times of various prion strains may arise predominantly from distinct rates of PrPSc clearance rather than from different rates of PrPSc formation.
Endovascular Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms

Endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm has evolved dramatically during the last 15 years. From initially a promising experimental technique, applicable only to a minority of patients with aortic aneurysms, to currently a widespread technique that is used in more than one half of patients treated for aortic aneurysm. This chapter presents the current status of this treatment modality for abdominal aortic aneurysm.
Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) organogenesis from primary leaves of young seedlings preconditioned by cytokinin

Leaf tissue is widely used for regeneration of many different plants, but an efficient regeneration method using leaf tissue of sunflower is not yet available. In this report, adventitious shoots were obtained from primary leaves of 7-day-old sunflower seedlings. If seeds were germinated on a medium without cytokinin, only 25 % of the leaf explants produced shoots after 3 weeks of culture on a shoot induction medium (SIM) containing 1.5 mg L−1 benzylaminopurine (BA), giving an average of three shoot primordia per leaf. Shoot induction was enhanced up to sixfold when seeds were germinated on media containing BA or 6-(γ, γ-dimethylallylamino)purine at 5 mg L−1 and higher, or kinetin at 15 mg L−1 and above, with an average of 12–19 shoot primordia per leaf. Shoots further developed and elongated following transfer to a medium containing 0.1 mg L−1 gibberellic acid. The highest number of developed shoots was obtained from leaves preconditioned with 5 mg L−1 BA, with 1.9 developed shoots per explant. Histological analysis of leaves from seedlings germinated on a medium containing 5 mg L−1 BA revealed increased cell division primarily in the leaf surface tissue on the adaxial side of the mid vein. After the leaves were excised and plated on SIM, these cells continued to divide and differentiate to form adventitious shoots, suggesting that the cytokinin-containing germination medium preconditioned leaves for shoot organogenesis. An in vitro micrografting approach was developed using the elongated shoots as scions, and 57 % of grafted shoots survived to form plants.
Longitudinal observations of typical English voicing acquisition in a 2-year-old child: Stability of the contrast and considerations for clinical assessment

Early assessment of phonetic and phonological development requires knowledge of typical versus atypical speech patterns, as well as the range of individual developmental trajectories. The nature of data reporting in previous literature on typical voicing acquisition left aspects of the developmental process unclear and limited clinical applicability. This work extends a previous four-month group study to present data for one child over 12 months. Words containing initial /b p d t/ were elicited from a monolingual English-speaking 2-year-old child biweekly for 25 sessions. Voice onset time (VOT) was measured for each stop. For each consonant and recording session, we measured range as well as accuracy, overshoot and discreteness calculated for means and individual tokens. The results underscore the value of token-by-token analyses. They further reveal that typical development may involve an extended period of fluctuating voicing patterns, suggesting that the voiced/voiceless contrast may take months or years to stabilise.
Fluorescence measurements of activity associated with a molecularly imprinted polymer imprinted to dipicolinic acid

Steady state and lifetime fluorescence measurements were acquired to measure the binding activity associated with molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) microparticles imprinted to dipicolinic acid. Dipicolinic acid is a unique compound associated with the sporulation phase of spore-forming bacteria (e.g., genus Bacillus and Clostridium). Vinylic monomers were polymerized in a dimethylformamide solution containing the dipicolinic acid as a template. The resulting MIP was then pulverized and size selected into small microscale particles. Samplers were adapted incorporating the MIP particles within a dialyzer (500 MW). Tests were run on replicate samples of biologically active cultures representing both stationary phase and sporulation post fermentation products in standard media. The permeability of the membrane permitted diffusion of lighter molecular weight constituents from media effluents to enter the dialyzer chamber and contact the MIP. Extractions of the media were measured using steady state and lifetime fluorescence. Results showed dramatic steady state fluorescence changes as a function of excitation, emission and intensity and an estimated lifetime of 5.8 ns.
Parametric Study of Heat Release Preceding a Blunt Body in Hypersonic Flow

A computational parametric study is presented illustrating the effects of upstream heat release on drag and heating rate in hypersonic e ow over an axisymmetric blunt body. A chemical nonequilibrium viscous e ow is consideredwith seven species;Park’ stwo-temperaturemodelisalso used to takeaccountofthermally nonequilibrium phenomena. Three parameters that control the heat release are introduced, and their effects on the e ow structure, specie cally with respect to drag and heating rate, are quantie ed. Results show that heat release upstream of the body can reduce not only the aerodynamic drag but also the aerodynamic heating rate at the body surface. Computedresultsachieved areductionof23%in drag and 74%in heating rate,relativetobaselinevaluesintheabsence of heat release. The reduction mechanism is discussed, and dynamic pressure is shown to play an important role in the drag reduction mechanism.
TOWARD AN INTEGRATION OF THEORY AND METHOD FOR CRITERION-REFERENCED TESTS1,2

In this paper, an attempt has been made to synthesize some of the current thinking in the area of criterion-referenced testing as well as to provide the beginning of an integration of theory and method for such testing. Since criterion-referenced testing is viewed from a decision-theoretic point of view, approaches to reliability and validity estimation consistent with this philosophy are suggested. Also, to improve the decision-making accuracy of criterion-referenced tests, a Bayesian procedure for estimating true mastery scores has been proposed. This Bayesian procedure uses information about other members of a student's group (collateral information), but the resulting estimation is still criterion referenced rather than norm referenced in that the student is compared to a standard rather than to other students. In theory, the Bayesian procedure increases the “effective length” of the test by improving the reliability, the validity, and more importantly, the decision-making accuracy of the criterion-referenced test scores.
Patterns of information flow in the hermit crab Calcinus tibicen

Abstract The rate of information transfer, as estimated by changes in the probabilities of execution of visual displays during agonistic interactions, was measured for individual hermit crabs. Using aggregate data it was demonstrated that winners gained more information from losers than losers from winners. Examination of the won and lost fights of individual crabs failed to show any consistent differences in the rate of information transfer. However, crabs that had higher rates of transfer (both in their won and lost fights) won significantly more interactions. Based upon the information transfer values observed, a mixed-strategy model of communication is outlined.
Determinants of Airport Choice in a Multi-Airport Region

The Civil Aeronautics Board was dismantled on the premise that competition and the threat of entry would restrain airline prices. If consumers do not search for low fares, then the threat of entry will have little impact. The entry of a low fare carrier will reallocate fliers within but not between airports. Telephone survey data were used to estimate probit models for the use of Baltimore–Washington International, Newark International, JFK International, and Philadelphia International Airports to evaluate the effect of low fares on consumer behavior. In airport usage, age and gender do not matter. Although survey participants reported that airfare is an important consideration, actual searching for a low fare was unimportant. The availability of non-stop flights, wait at check-in, income, and distance from home were important.
Foodways, Animal Husbandry and Nipmuc Identity: Faunal Analysis from Sarah Boston’s Farmstead, Grafton, MA, 1790–1840

This study explores the processes by which some New England Native American households incorporated animal husbandry into their subsistence practices from the seventeenth century onward, as well as the political ramifications of this adoption. Faunal remains recovered from the Sarah Boston Farmstead site, a Nipmuc household in Massachusetts (1790–1840), suggest that the inhabitants used a variety of meat procurement strategies, including the killing of domesticated livestock, hunting wild animals, and purchasing provisions from local butchery shops. Over the course of several generations, these practices became part of habitual Nipmuc practices that continued to play a role in communal cohesion.
Tonic and phasic pyloric activity in response to CCK-octapeptide.

Background The purpose of this study was to determine whether a high-resolution solid-state catheter system could detect regional pressure changes within the antrum and pylorus in response to CCK-octapeptide. Methods Subjects received a 30 min infusion of CCK-octapeptide at either 0.02 or 0.06 μg kg−1 h−1. Results Five males and two females were studied. Mean antral pressure during phase I MMC increased from 5.3 ± 2.1 to 9.9 ± 2.4 mmHg (P = 0.028) after infusion. At the pylorus, only the 0.06 μg kg−1 h−1 dose increased tonic pressure (8.8 ± 1.4 to 17.6 ± 2.0 mmHg; P = 0.01) as compared with the 0.02 μg kg−1 h−1 dose (4.7 ± 0.7 to 7.3 ± 0.4 mmHg; P = NS). The peak pressure of pyloric phasic pressure waves was 153 ± 28.4 mmHg and their frequency was 4.9 ± 1.1 contractions min−1. Conclusions CCK-octapeptide elicits both tonic and phasic activity of the pyloric sphincter. The contractile response to a dose of 0.06 μg kg−1 h−1 is greater than the response to 0.02 μg kg−1 h−1.
Removing effects of eddy currents in proton MR spectroscopy.

The use of pulsed gradients to define a volume of interest for localized magnetic resonancespectroscopy produces magnetic field perturbations which distort both the free induction decay and the spectrum after Fourier transformation. A technique is presented that removes the artifacts from eddy currents from a sampled free induction decay. To linearize the phase, the nonlinear phase of a reference free induction decay is subtracted from the phase of a sample free induction decay. Next, to move the frequency to resonance and perform a zero‐order phase correction, the line fit from a linear regression is subtracted from the phase. After reconstructing the free induction decay, the resulting frequency spectra are sorted into absorption mode and dispersion mode components.
An examination into audience targeting and the use of storytelling or statistical evidence on breast cancer websites.

Abstract Objective This research sought to address the presence of information targeting low literacy, racially diverse, non-English speaking, and age diverse audiences on breast cancer websites. In addition, this study documented the utilization of evidence strategies, either statistics or storytelling, for these audiences. Methods This research examined these relationships on 157 breast cancer websites through content analysis. Results Nearly half of websites did not contain any of the elements targeting diverse literacy, racial/ethnic, language, and age audiences. Websites with multiple languages were more likely than monolingual websites to use statistics, and websites with low literacy sections were less likely than others to do so. Websites with ethnic or racial diversity and age diversity were more likely than other websites to use first person storytelling about breast cancer. Conclusion Current breast cancer websites demonstrate promising use of targeting specific audiences and employing evidence strategies prescribed as effective by past research, however there is room for improvement. Practice implications Tip sheets for incorporating audience targeting, readability, and storytelling should be created for health organizations to use in the process of developing their websites, as these constructs were found only sparingly on the assessed sites.
Las tasas de complicaciones periprocedimiento tras angioplastia e implantación de stent de la carótida. Son similares en pacientes sintomáticos y asintomáticos

Los pacientes con sintomas neurologicos que se someten a endarterectomia carotidea (EAC) se caracterizan por una mayor incidencia de ictus y muerte, en el periodo perioperatorio, que aquellos con estenosis de la carotida asintomatica. En el presente estudio se examinan los resultados de pacientes sintomaticos y asintomaticos sometidos a implantacion de un stent de la carotida (SAC). Desde 2002 a 2006, se efectuaron 201 SAC en 193 pacientes (117 hombres, edad media 73 ± 10 anos), de los que 142 se indicaron por estenosis asintomatica (AS) y 59 sintomatica (S). Los sintomas neurologicos preoperatorios incluyeron accidente vascular cerebral homolateral reciente (AVC, 29%), episodio isquemico transitorio (50%) y amaurosis fugax (22%). Se implantaron 201 stents carotideos (107 Acculink, 43 Wallstent, 23 Precise, 21 NextStent, 3 Exponent, 3 Xact y 1 Herculink) y se usaron 198 dispositivos de proteccion (79 Accunet, 53 EPI Filterwire, 43 PercuSurge, 20 Angiogard, y 3 EmboShield). El seguimiento medio fue de 41 semanas. Los grupos se emparejaron desde un punto de vista de la demografia y las comorbilidades (estenosis de la arteria carotida, hipertension arterial, hiperlipemia, diabetes mellitus, vasculopatia periferica, tabaquismo y enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cronica; p = no significativa [NS]). No se observaron diferencias significativas en los factores de riesgo anatomico (irradiacion del cuello, S 3%, AS 6%; EAC previa, S 14%, AS 14%; cayado bovino, S 22%, AS 16%; p = NS) y los tipos de dispositivos de proteccion embolica y stents utilizados fueron similares entre grupos. Los porcentajes medios de estenosis de la carotida previa a la intervencion fueron identicos (S 88%, AS 88%) y la tasa de resultado tecnico fue del 99%. Las tasas de incidencia de AVC (S 3,4%, AS 1,4%), infarto de miocardio (S 1,7%, AS 1,4%) y mortalidad (S 0%, AS 0,7%) fueron equivalentes entre grupos (p = NS). El SAC con proteccion cerebral puede efectuarse sin riesgos en pacientes tanto sintomaticos como asintomaticos. En este estudio, la presencia de sintomas neurologicos preoperatorios no aumento significativamente el riesgo de acontecimientos adversos en el periodo perioperatorio.
Examining state and state-corporate crime surrounding major sporting events

Although prior criminological research has examined sport, most of the attention has been focused on crimes perpetrated by athletes or by fans. Potential examples of state and state-corporate crime as they relate to the bidding process, hosting, and legacy of sport mega-events is the current focus. Drawing on sport and criminology scholarship, the study focuses on Olympic Games and World Cups since the late 1990s, discussing the issues of selection of host sites, police abuse, under-enforcement of street crimes, limitations on civil liberties, removal of ‘undesirables,’ and labor-related concerns.
Disease Due to the Mycobacterium avium Complex in Patients with AIDS: Epidemiology and Clinical Syndrome

Infection due to the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is the most common opportunistic disease of bacterial origin among patients with AIDS in the United States. The incidence of disseminated disease due to MAC (DMAC) has risen dramatically in recent years. The risk of developing DMAC increases as the CD4+ lymphocyte count declines to < 100/mm3. Preliminary analyses of several studies suggest that gender, racial or ethnic group, and individual risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus infection do not influence the incidence of DMAC but that prior Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, the development of severe anemia, or the interruption of antiretroviral therapy may increase risk. Both the respiratory and the gastrointestinal tracts probably serve as portals of entry for MAC. Colonization may potentiate the risk of DMAC but does not always precede dissemination. Patients with AIDS and DMAC have a shorter duration of survival than do those with AIDS but without DMAC. While treatment for DMAC may extend survival, no well-controlled, prospective, randomized clinical trial has documented this point. Most patients with AIDS and DMAC have disseminated multiorgan disease; the most frequently described symptoms include fever, night sweats, weight loss or wasting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. The most commonly identified laboratory abnormalities are anemia and elevated serum levels of alkaline phosphatase. Localized disease syndromes related to MAC infection occur less often.
A software toolkit for visualizing enterprise routing design

Routing design is widely considered as one of the most challenging parts of enterprise network design. The challenges come from the typical large scale of such networks, the diverse objectives to meet through design, and a wide variety of protocols and mechanisms to choose from. As a result network operators often find it difficult to understand and trouble-shoot the routing design of their networks. Furthermore, today's common practice of focusing on one router or one protocol at a time makes it a onerous task to reason about the network-wide routing behavior.
Regulation of fatty acid synthesis in adipose tissue.

Abstract One prime controlling factor in the rate of synthesis of fatty acids from glucose by intact adipose tissue incubated in vitro is the tissues' ability to reoxidize the reduced coenzymes produced during the conversion of glucose to acetyl-CoA. It was found that approximately half these reduced coenzymes, presumably DPNH, were utilized for reductive synthesis of fatty acids, glycerol phosphate and lactate while the remainder were oxidized by oxygen. Unpublished studies by Flatt and Ball show that when glucose and acetate are both present as substrates the rate of total fatty acid synthesis is 60 per cent greater than with glucose alone. A greater flow of glucose carbon as well as acetate carbon into fatty acids occurs. Acetate by serving as an acceptor of the electrons formed during the conversion of glucose to acetyl-CoA thus facilitates the flow of glucose carbon through this pathway. The limiting factor in fatty acid synthesis from glucose obviously cannot be any of the enzymes concerned in the conversion of acetyl-CoA to fatty acids. The use of reduced coenzymes, presumably DPNH, formed during the conversion of glucose to acetyl-CoA for the synthesis of fatty acids raises the question as to whether DPNH is employed as such for this purpose or first converted to TPNH. Studies by Wise and Ball and Kornacker and Ball suggest that the latter is the case. Adipose tissue is found to be rich in both malic enzyme and isocitrate cleavage enzyme. Alterations in dietary regime which bring about enhanced lipogenesis in adipose tissue produce concomitant and nearly equal increases in the activity of both these enzymes, which may reach values five times normal. The following role for these enzymes in lipogenesis may be postulated. Pyruvate produced from glucose in the cytoplasm enters the mitochondria where it is converted (1) to oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase and (2) to acetyl-CoA by pyruvate oxidase. These two products form citrate which migrates out of the mitochondria and is cleaved to acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate by the citrate cleavage enzyme. Oxaloacetate is reduced by DPNH to malate which in turn is oxidized by malic enzyme to pyruvate and CO2 producing TPNH. This TPNH along with TPNH produced in the pentose cycle is used to reduce acetyl-CoA to fatty acids. For each turn of this cycle two high energy phosphates are needed, one for pyruvate carboxylation and the other for citrate cleavage. This demand for high-energy phosphate can account in large part for the increased oxygen consumption observed during insulin-induced lipogenesis and which is brought about by the oxidation of the remainder of the reduced coenzymes formed during the conversion of glucose to acetyl-CoA.
Steep-Dip Seismic Imaging of the Shallow San Andreas Fault Near Parkfield

Seismic reflection and refraction images illuminate the San Andreas Fault to a depth of 1 kilometer. The prestack depth-migrated reflection image contains near-vertical reflections aligned with the active fault trace. The fault is vertical in the upper 0.5 kilometer, then dips about 70° to the southwest to at least 1 kilometer subsurface. This dip reconciles the difference between the computed locations of earthquakes and the surface fault trace. The seismic velocity cross section shows strong lateral variations. Relatively low velocity (10 to 30%), high electrical conductivity, and low density indicate a 1-kilometer-wide vertical wedge of porous sediment or fractured rock immediately southwest of the active fault trace.