cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Binding of Pseudomonas aeruginosa apobacterioferritin-associated ferredoxin to bacterioferritin B promotes heme mediation of electron delivery and mobilization of core mineral iron.

The bfrB gene from Pseudomonas aeruginosa was cloned and expressed in E. coli. The resultant protein (BfrB), which assembles into a 445.3 kDa complex0020from 24 identical subunits, binds 12 molecules of heme axially coordinated by two Met residues. BfrB, isolated with 5–10 iron atoms per protein molecule, was reconstituted with ferrous ions to prepare samples with a core mineral containing 600 ± 40 ferric ions per BfrB molecule and approximately one phosphate molecule per iron atom. In the presence of sodium dithionite or in the presence of P. aeruginosa ferredoxin NADP reductase (FPR) and NADPH the heme in BfrB remains oxidized and the core iron mineral is mobilized sluggishly. In stark contrast, addition of NADPH to a solution containing BfrB, FPR and the apo-form of P. aeruginosa bacterioferritin associated ferredoxin (apo-Bfd) results in rapid reduction of the heme in BfrB and in the efficient mobilization of the core iron mineral. Results from additional experimentation indicate that Bfd must bind to BfrB to promote heme mediation of electrons from the surface to the core to support the efficient mobilization of ferrous ions from BfrB. In this context, the thus far mysterious role of heme in bacterioferritins has been brought to the front by reconstituting BfrB with its physiological partner, apo-Bfd. These findings are discussed in the context of a model for the utilization of stored iron in which the significant upregulation of the bfd gene under low-iron conditions [Ochsner, U.A., Wilderman, P.J., Vasil, A.I., and Vasil, M.L. (2002) Mol. Microbiol. 45, 1277–1287] ensures sufficient concentrations of apo-Bfd to bind BfrB and unlock the iron stored in its core. Although these findings are in contrast to previous speculations suggesting redox mediation of electron transfer by holo-Bfd, the ability of apo-Bfd to promote iron mobilization is an economical strategy used by the cell because it obviates the need to further deplete cellular iron levels to assemble iron sulfur clusters in Bfd before the iron stored in BfrB can be mobilized and utilized.
Water-Soluble Copolymers. II. Synthesis and Characterization of Model Dextran-g-Acrylamides by Ce(lV)/HNO3-lnduced Initiation

Abstract In order to develop polymers useful as mobility control agents in enhanced oil recovery processes, water-soluble acrylamide grafted polysaccharide copolymers have been synthesized in water at 25° C using a ceric ammonium nitrate/nitric acid system. The effects of varying concentrations of ceric ion, monomer, and substrate on conversion, graft length, and molecular structure of the reaction products have been examined. The crude reaction products were purified by fractional precipitation and then were analyzed for nitrogen content using a micro-Kjeldahl method. The chemical structures of the graft copolymers were studied by selective hydrolysis of the carbohydrate backbones. Intrinsic viscosity and grafting length data were used to predict solution behavior of the graft copolymers prepared under controlled conditions. Aqueous size exclusion and viscosity studies showed direct correlations between hydrodynamic volume and length of the polyacrylamide side-chain grafts.
Zur Chemie des Schwefeltrioxyds. II. Dinitryltrisulfat

Aus dem Reaktionsprodukt von Sr(NO3)2 und SO3, gewonnen bei 50°, wird durch Erhitzen im Vakuum auf 80–90° ein Destillat der Zusammensetzung N2O5 · 3 SO3 erhalten, das als Dinitryltrisulfat, (NO2)2S3O10, aufgefast und formuliert wird.
Victim characteristics influencing attributions of responsibility to rape victims: A meta-analysis

Abstract Past research investigating victim blame has shown that there is a tendency for people to hold female victims of rape partly responsible for the attack. The vast majority of the studies have involved college undergraduates reading fictitious vignettes and then rating the victim's responsibility. The purpose of the present study was to use meta-analysis to determine the degree of responsibility third party observers assign to a female rape victim, and to determine which additional variables moderate the tendency to blame the victim. Specifically, the victim's clothing revealingness, character, physical attractiveness, and acquaintance with her attacker were analyzed. Results showed that the victim's clothing revealingness and character significantly affect the tendency to blame the victim. Implications for future research investigating victim blame and theories of victim blame are discussed.
EXPRESSION OF THE COMPLEMENT C5A ANAPHYLATOXIN RECEPTOR (C5AR) ON NON-MYELOID CELLS

The expression of the complement C5a anaphylatoxin receptor (C5aR) has traditionally been thought to be limited to myeloid blood cells, including neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and eosinophils. Immunohistochemistry and ligand-binding studies reported here demonstrate, however, that C5aR is expressed by parenchymal cells of several solid organs, including human liver hepatocytes, lung bronchial and alveolar epithelial cells, and lung vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells. In addition to C5aR expression in liver and lung, C5aR-specific message is found in other tissues, including the spleen, heart, kidney, and intestine. Collectively, these data indicate that the C5aR is expressed in several different types of cells in liver and lung and in yet undetermined cell types in spleen, heart, intestine, and kidney. Moreover, these data suggest that the C5aR mediates previously unrecognized functions by binding to tissue cells that express the C5aR.
Architecture as a Shared Hallucination

This paper present the architecture of a software intensive system. An architecture is just a collective hunch, a shared hallucination, an assertion by a set of stakeholders about the nature of their observable world, be it a world that is or a world as they wish it to be. An architecture therefore serves as a means of anchoring an extended set of stakeholders to a common vision of that world, a vision around which they may rally, to which they are led, and for which they work collectively to make manifest. When I say that an architecture is a shared hallucination, I mean that an architecture-as-artifact is a naming of the mutually agreed-upon set of design decisions that shape a software-intensive system. While an architecture is just an abstraction of reality, an architecture-as-artifact is a declaration of that shared reality. In this way, that shared hallucination represents a common vision among a set of stakeholders as observed simultaneously through several different points of view and represented by a set of interlocking models.
Chromosome pairing problems in interploidy transfer of leaf rust resistance in oats

Advanced generation lines of the cross, C.I. 7232, a derived tetraploid (2n=28) x Clarion, a hexaploid (2n=42) oat, originally made to transfer leaf rust (C.O.-Puccinia coronata Cda. f. sp. avenae Fraser & Led.) resistance genes from C.I. 7232 into Clarion, were unstable for resistance and possessed dark lemmas. F11-F13 progeny lines were classified into two phenotypic classes−(1) plants with dark lemmas and resistant to rust (D-R) averaged 60% and (2) remaining plants with light lemmas and suceptibility to rust (L-S). Resistant F12-F13 plants and their F1 hybrids resulting from crosses with Clarion had 20″ + 2′ (20 bivalents and two univalents), while susceptible plants had 21″. This indicated that a chromosome of C.I. 7232 (alien) which carried the gene(s) for reaf rust resistance (R) and another gene for dark lemma color (D) had replaced a hexaploid oat chromosome in the resistant plants. The alien chromosome was poorly transmitted through the pollen (0.16) indicating an advantage of euploid (n=21′) over alien substitution (n=20′+1′A) male gametophytes. Nonrecovery of recombinant types (L-R and D-S), and meiotic observations in resistant and susceptible plants indicated poor pairing affinity of the alien chromosome with the chromosome of hexaploid oat, resulting in whole chromosome substitution. Use of irradiation is suggested for leaf rust resistance transfer in this material.
Spectrophotometric analyses of ribose and 2‐deoxy‐D‐ribose alone and in mixtures

Abstract The rates of production of the chromophore for ribose (R) and the maximum absorbance of the chromophore for 2-deoxy- d -ribose (DR), produced under thermal and acidic conditions are directly related to their sugar concentrations. These factors are the bases for qualitative and quantitative analysis of these sugars. The λ max . 261 m μ chromophore of degraded DR is stable for at least 15 hr. after 5 hr. of treatment at 80.0° with 1.0 M HCI. The λ max . 277 m μ chromophore of degraded R increases continuously during the same period at an apparent zero-order rate. These phenomena serve as bases for a sensitive spectrophotometric assay of both sugars, alone and in mixtures. These acid-generated chromophores when made alkaline generate other absorption bands with specific properties which permit additional methods of differentiation between the sugars.
On Discrete Killing Vector Fields and Patterns on Surfaces

Symmetry is one of the most important properties of a shape, unifying form and function. It encodes semantic information on one hand, and affects the shape’s aesthetic value on the other. Symmetry comes in many flavors, amongst the most interesting being intrinsic symmetry, which is defined only in terms of the intrinsic geometry of the shape. Continuous intrinsic symmetries can be represented using infinitesimal rigid transformations, which are given as tangent vector fields on the surface – known as Killing Vector Fields. As exact symmetries are quite rare, especially when considering noisy sampled surfaces, we propose a method for relaxing the exact symmetry constraint to allow for approximate symmetries and approximate Killing Vector Fields, and show how to discretize these concepts for generating such vector fields on a triangulated mesh. We discuss the properties of approximate Killing Vector Fields, and propose an application to utilize them for texture and geometry synthesis.
Border trap characterization in metal-oxide-graphene capacitors with HfO2 dielectrics

In this work, a border trap model is employed to explain the observed frequency-dependent capacitance characteristics of metal-oxide-graphene (MOG) capacitors. Specifically, we have analyzed single-layer graphene capacitors with local-metal gates and HfO2 dielectrics, a geometry which allows scaled dielectrics to be analyzed, and also avoids non-idealities associated with dielectric nucleation on graphene. In addition, this geometry allows us to compare our results with metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors that utilize the same dielectric, thus allowing us to differentiate bulk HfO2 effects from those associated with the graphene/dielectric interface. In this work, we compare the C-V characteristics of MOG capacitors with Hf02 dielectrics. Frequencydependent capacitance measurements indicate border-trap-like behavior at high temperatures and voltages, with trap density of - 1-2 x 1018 cm 3/eV, results similar to those obtained on MIM capacitors. At lower temperatures, the trapping mechanism freezes out, suggesting an interfacial layer between the graphene and HfO2.
Frontiers and the State in Early Islamic History: Jihād Between Caliphs and Volunteers

Jihād and warfare aimed at expanding the political authority of the Muslim caliphate was the primary occupation of the caliphate in its first century. As the state lost focus on the expansion of its frontiers and the proper conduct of jihād, non-state actors, particularly religious authorities, stepped in to claim authority over frontier warfare. Recent scholarship of the last few decades on the impact of this transference of authority exhibits a trend in the study of early Islamic history of viewing the frontiers as important instigators for major developments that shaped the center of the Islamic world. This article examines recent scholarship on the history of jihād as practiced on the frontiers of the Islamic world and the use of frontier warfare and the proper conduct of jihād as a legitimizing factor for the caliphate and provincial rulers.
Behavior of 157 nm excimer-laser-induced refractive index changes in silica

This study describes the observation of large induced refractive index changes produced by 157nm excimer laser exposure in high-purity synthetic silica glasses. With 157nm exposure, large induced changes are observed within a few hundred thousand pulses of exposure. Similar to 193 nm exposures, exposure with polarized 157 nm light yields polarization-induced birefringence (PIB). However, the 157 nm exposure also exhibits a behavior not observed with 193 nm exposures; namely, the initial response of the glass is a decrease in refractive index, followed by an increase with continued exposure. An explanation of the behaviors for both wavelength results is proposed where the induced refractive index is considered to arise from two different concurrent phenomena. One produces a decreased refractive index and also accounts for the PIB. The other, which accounts for the increased refractive index, is associated with an isotropic laser-induced volume change.
The Historiography of Yoruba Myth and Ritual

The historiography of African myth begins by documenting, comparing, and interpreting variant traditions. Where documentation is inscriptive and comparison descriptive, interpretation is notoriously complex, embracing a variety of approaches within two methodological extremes. The functionalist extreme -- what Peel calls “presentism” -- defines myth as a charter of political and ceremonial relations in society, and interprets variant traditions as rival political claims. Myth is by this definition a false reflection of the past because it is continually revised to fit the present. The historicist extreme regards myth as testimony of the past in oral societies, incorporating history into a narrative which resists revision and remains historically valid through fixed principles and “chains” of oral transmission. Variant traditions, according to this view, are dismissed as aberrations or contaminations of more authentic texts. Neither approach can evaluate the historicity of African myth unless both are somehow combined, for as the historiography of African oral traditions reveals, both tendencies are present in myth itself. This paper combines both approaches in an interpretation of variant Yoruba myths by examining the relationship between Yoruba myth and ritual.The prevailing approach to variance within the Yoruba mythological corpus follows the historicist narrative of Beier's historiographic method. Beier interprets contradictory accounts of the same events or cultural figures by treating one of the versions, usually associated with the more local-level traditions, as a holdover from a pre-Yoruba aboriginal culture which was modified and assimilated by immigrant Yorubas who descended upon ancient Ife. Although some of his interpretations are plausible, he applies this approach indiscriminately to myth-ritual complexes which do not clearly support his aboriginal theory.
Calcium Intake Trends and Health Consequences from Childhood through Adulthood

Issues involving low calcium intake and dairy product consumption are currently the focus of much debate and discussion at both the scientific and lay community levels. In this review, we examine the following major areas of interest: (1). the role of calcium intake and dairy product consumption in chronic diseases, (2). nutritional qualities of milk and other dairy products, (3). trends in calcium intake and dairy product consumption, (4). current status of calcium intakes and dairy product consumption in children, (5). tracking of calcium intake and diary product consumption, (6). the impact of school meal participation on calcium intake and dairy product consumption, (7). concerns related to calcium-fortified foods and beverages and (8). factors influencing children's milk consumption. To date, the findings indicate that calcium intake and dairy product consumption have beneficial roles in a variety of chronic diseases; dairy products provide an abundant source of vitamins and minerals; calcium intakes of children have increased over time, yet intakes are not meeting the current adequate intake (AI) calcium recommendations; dairy consumption has decreased, and soft drink consumption and, possibly, consumption of calcium-fortified products have increased; consumption of dairy products have a positive nutritional impact on diets of children, particularly from school meals, and there are many factors which influence children's milk consumption, all of which need to be considered in our efforts to promote adequate calcium intakes by children. Based on this review, areas that need immediate attention and future research imperatives are summarized in an effort to further our understanding on what we already know and what we need to know to promote healthier eating habits early in life.
A 50-GHz Phase-Locked Loop in 130-nm CMOS

A 50-GHz charge pump phase locked loop (PLL) utilizing an LC-oscillator based injection locked divider is fabricated in a 130-nm logic CMOS process. The PLL can be locked from 45.9 to 50.5 GHz and output power level is around -10 dBm. The circuit including buffers consumes 57 mW from 1.5/0.8 V supplies. The phase noise at 50 kHz, 1 MHz and 10 MHz offset from the carrier is -63.5, -72, and -99 dBc/Hz, respectively. The PLL also outputs -22-dBm second order harmonic frequencies between 91.8 and 101 GHz.
Content as Variability, Result as Selection: Toward a Behavioral Definition of Technology

Technology has long been of interest to anthropologists but anthropological study of the topic has lagged behind consideration of other human institutions. In part this is because technology has remained poorly understood and incompletely defined and because technology's material and non-material components have been either confused or treated in isolation. To clarify the relationship between its material and non-material aspects, this paper defines the contents and results of technology in behavioral terms. Material results are an intrinsic part of technology that offer immediate, clear feedback. For that reason, technological behaviors are easy to evaluate and adjust. This makes technology especially subject to selective pressure and evolutionary change.
Wnt signaling directs a metabolic program of glycolysis and angiogenesis in colon cancer

Much of the mechanism by which Wnt signaling drives proliferation during oncogenesis is attributed to its regulation of the cell cycle. Here, we show how Wnt/β-catenin signaling directs another hallmark of tumorigenesis, namely Warburg metabolism. Using biochemical assays and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) to probe metabolism in vitro and in living tumors, we observe that interference with Wnt signaling in colon cancer cells reduces glycolytic metabolism and results in small, poorly perfused tumors. We identify pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) as an important direct target within a larger gene program for metabolism. PDK1 inhibits pyruvate flux to mitochondrial respiration and a rescue of its expression in Wnt-inhibited cancer cells rescues glycolysis as well as vessel growth in the tumor microenvironment. Thus, we identify an important mechanism by which Wnt-driven Warburg metabolism directs the use of glucose for cancer cell proliferation and links it to vessel delivery of oxygen and nutrients.
Analysis of electromagnetic systems using the extended bond graph method: mechanically static systems

Analytically deriving models for complex electromagnetic devices is often difficult because distributed fields govern their behavior. Fields are vector quantities, and it is often difficult to derive model parameters using traditional one-dimensional assumptions. The extended bond graph method was developed for modeling systems governed by vector and tensor equations. By applying conservation of energy and Maxwell's equations, a general extended bond graph for an electromagnetic system can be derived. If electromagnetic fields are represented as expansions of magnetic potential, Galerkin's method can be used to reticulate the system into discrete power elements. This provides a unified approach to deriving models for complex electromagnetic systems.
A snapshot and scorecard for analgesic clinical trials for chronic pain: the RReACT database.

It was not long ago that public access to information about drug trials, especially for off-label uses, was almost nonexistent [21,23]. During those ‘‘dark ages,’’ patients with chronic pain and their phy­ sicians had difficulty learning about research studies seeking par­ ticipants. The 1997 FDA Modernization Act resulted in the creation of the ClinicalTrials.gov registry website, maintained by the National Library of Medicine on behalf of the National Insti­ tutes of Health (http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov/) [2,15,25]. In 2005, the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors re­ quired clinical trials to be registered in a public trials registry in or­ der to be considered for publication in an International Committee of Medical Journal Editors journal, though unregistered studies may still be published in journals not requiring preregistration [1,14]. The 2007 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Amend­ ments Act requires that all FDA phase II-IV biologic drug and device trials be registered on ClinicalTrials.gov [3,15,25]. Access to results of completed trials is equally important, with persistent concerns about publication bias and the lag time between study completion and publication in the peer-reviewed literature [25]. The FDA Amendments Act partially addresses this concern by requiring posting of summarized results on ClinicalTrials.gov within 1 year of study completion [19], but recent studies found that only 22% of applicable trials met their ClinicalTrials.gov report­ ing deadline, and only 8%-10% of all completed trials reported re­ sults on the registry [7,8,12]. Visualizing the entire analgesic clinical trial landscape is chal­ lenging. We present the Repository of Registered Analgesic Clinical Trials (RReACT) database, which provides a snapshot of registered analgesic clinical trials and a scorecard for public availability of re­ sults. The project is part of the Analgesic Clinical Trial Translations, Innovations, Opportunities, and Networks (ACTTION) initiative, a public-private partnership between the FDA, the National Insti­ tutes of Health, industry, and academia. The RReACT database is freely accessible via the ACTTION website (http://www.act­ tion.org/).
Symmetry of convex sets and its applications to the extremal ellipsoids of convex bodies

A convex body K in ℝ n has around it a unique circumscribed ellipsoid CE K with minimum volume and within it a unique inscribed ellipsoid IE K with maximum volume. The modern theory of these ellipsoids is pioneered by Fritz John in his 1948 seminal paper. This paper has two related goals. First, we investigate the symmetry properties of a convex body by studying its affine automorphism group Aut K and relate this group to the automorphism groups of its ellipsoids. We show that if Aut K is large enough, then the complexity of determining the ellipsoids CE K and IE K is greatly reduced, and in some cases, the ellipsoids can be determined explicitly. We then use this technique to compute the extremal ellipsoids associated with some classes of convex bodies that have important applications in convex optimization, namely when the convex body K is the part of a given ellipsoid between two parallel hyperplanes and when K is a truncated second-order cone or an ellipsoidal cylinder.
Identification of photochemical products of amino acids, peptides, and proteins in on‐line, postcolumn photolytic derivatization detection by HPLC‐electrochemistry

In previous studies we have developed a method for the electrochemical detection of aromatic amino acids, sulfur-containing amino acids, peptides, and proteins in HPLC by using photolytic derivatization approaches. Upon irradiation, nonelectroactive (or even inherently electroactive) amino acids and peptides can be converted to electroactive (or more electroactive) compounds, in an on-line, postcolumn manner, which can be detected electrochemically in HPLC. In the case of proteins, the same method can be used to change the electroactivity of proteins photochemically. It is important to identify these photochemically converted compounds, especially those which are electroactive, in order to understand the detection mechanisms of the method. In this paper the results of identification of electroactive photoproducts for aromatic amino acids, peptides, and proteins are presented. Mainly, these studies were carried out by HPLC and direct electrochemical detection of off-line photolyzed analytes.
The CMUnited-97 Small Robot Team

Robotic soccer is a challenging research domain which involves multiple agents that need to collaborate in an adversarial environment to achieve specific objectives. In this paper, we describe CMUnited the team of small robotic agents that we developed to enter the RoboCup-97 competition. We designed and built the robotic agents, devised the appropriate vision algorithm, and developed and implemented algorithms for strategic collaboration between the robots in an uncertain and dynamic environment. The robots can organize themselves in formations, hold specific roles, and pursue their goals. In game situations, they have demonstrated their collaborative behaviors on multiple occasions. The robots can also switch roles to maximize the overall performance of the team. We present an overview of the vision processing algorithm which successfully tracks multiple moving objects and predicts trajectories. The paper then focusses on the agent behaviors ranging from low-level individual behaviors to coordinated, strategic team behaviors. CMUnited won the RoboCup-97 small-robot competition at IJCAI-97 in Nagoya, Japan.
Parallel shifts in plant and soil microbial communities in response to biosolids in a semi-arid grassland

Approximately 70,150 dry Mg of biosolids from over 450 wastewater treatment facilities are applied to the semi-arid rangelands of Colorado every year. Research on semi-arid grassland responses to biosolids has become vital to better understand ecosystem dynamics and develop effective biosolids management strategies. The objectives of this study were to determine the long-term (w12 years) effects of a single biosolids application, and the short-term (w2 years) effects of a repeated application, on plant and microbial community structure in a semi-arid grassland soil. Specific attention was paid to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and linkages between shifts in plant and soil microbial community structures. Biosolids were surface applied to experimental plots once in 1991 (long-term plots) and again to short-term plots in 2002 at rates of 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 21, or 30 Mg ha K1 . Vegetation (species richness and above-ground biomass), soil chemistry (pH, EC, total C, total N, and extractable P, NO3‐N, and NH4‐N), and soil microbial community structure [ester-linked fatty acid methyl esters (EL-FAMEs)], were characterized to assess impacts of biosolids on the ecosystem. Soil chemistry was significantly affected and shifts in both soil microbial and plant community structure were observed with treatment. In both years, the EL-FAME biomarker for AMF decreased with increasing application rate of biosolids; principal components analysis of EL-FAME data yielded shifts in the structure of the microbial communities with treatment primarily related to the relative abundance of the AMF specific biomarker. Significant (p%0.05) correlations existed among biomarkers for Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, AMF and specific soil chemical parameters and individual plant species’ biomass. The AMF biomarker was positively correlated with biomass of the dominant native grass species blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis [Willd. ex Kunth] Lagasca ex Griffiths) and was negatively correlated with western wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii Rydb.) biomass. This study demonstrated that applications of biosolids at relatively low rates can have significant long-term effects on soil chemistry, soil microbial community structure, and plant community species richness and structure in the semi-arid grasslands of northern Colorado. Reduced AMF and parallel shifts in the soil microbial community structure and the plant community structure require further investigation to determine precisely the sequence of influence and resulting ecosystem dynamics. q 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Effect of Vacuum on Moisture Absorption and Retention by Marinated Broiler Fillets

Effects of vacuum on moisture retention and quality characteristics of aged chicken breast fillets were evaluated. One hundred twenty-eight broilers (2 replicates of 64 birds each) were manually slaughtered, chilled in ice water, placed in unsealed plastic bags, and then aged overnight at 4 degrees C. Both pectoralis major muscles were harvested from each carcass. Left muscles were marinated for 30 min en vacuo with 20% (vol/wt) of a 10% NaCl (wt/vol) solution containing 4% (wt/vol) commercial food-grade polyphosphate. Right fillets were marinated similarly but without vacuum. Moisture absorption, cooked yield, pH change during marination, and shear values of vacuum-marinated fillets were compared to those on fillets marinated without vacuum. Use of vacuum during marination increased moisture absorption during marination, but after cooking, yields were similar. Nor did vacuum effect pH or shear values. Under the conditions of this study, use of vacuum during marination appeared to offer no significant advantage over marination at atmospheric pressure.
Effects of treadmill elevation on heart rate, blood lactate concentration and packed cell volume during graded submaximal exercise in ponies

Six ponies performed a standardised exercise test on a motorised treadmill at each of three randomly assigned treadmill elevations (1, 4, or 7 degrees). The exercise test consisted of four, 4 min increments of increasing treadmill speed from 1.0 to 3.4 m/sec. Heart rate, blood lactate concentration, and packed cell volume (PCV) were determined, during the last min of each exercise level, and at 4 and 12 mins post exercise. Regardless of treadmill elevation, no differences were observed in pre-exercise heart rate (49 +/- 2) beats/min), lactate (1.2 +/- 0.1 mM), and PCV (0.32 +/- 0.01 litres. During exercise, heart rate and PCV were highly correlated to treadmill speed and elevation. Peak exercise heart rates (determined at 3.4 m/sec) were 159 +/- 10, 182 +/- 5, and 216 +/- 6 beats/min at 1, 4, and 7 degrees, respectively, while peak PCVs were 0.37 +/- 0.01, 0.40 +/- 0.01 and 0.42 +/- 0.02 lit/litre at 1, 4, and 7 degrees, respectively. Blood lactate did not change significantly from pre-exercise levels during the exercise test at a treadmill elevation equal to 1 degree, but increased markedly at 4 and 7 degrees. Peak lactates were 1.9 +/- 0.7, 5.3 +/- 1.0, and 18.1 +/- 1.5 mM at 1, 4, and 7 degrees, respectively. There was a highly significant correlation between heart rate and lactate at all treadmill speeds and elevations. Therefore, during graded, submaximal exercise increasing treadmill elevation up to 7 degrees results in increases in heart rate, blood lactate concentration and PCV comparable to those seen with increasing treadmill speed alone.
Robust performance of systems with affine parameter uncertainty and convex analysis

In this note, we consider SISO plant families with affine parameter uncertainties in the numerator and denominator of their transfer function. It is assumed that the controller has been chosen, and a bound on sensitivity is given. For a nominal plant satisfying the performance criteria we provide a formula for the maximal allowable perturbations of the parameters maintaining the performance criteria. >
Incidence of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy after Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography in the Outpatient Setting

Background and objectives: No prospective study has reported the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) or the associated morbidity and mortality after contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) in the outpatient setting. Design, setting, participants, & measurements: We enrolled and followed a prospective, consecutive cohort (June 2007 through January 2009) of patients who received intravenous contrast for CECT in the emergency department of a large, academic, tertiary care center. Outcomes measured were as follows (1) CIN: An increase in serum creatinine ≥0.5 mg/dl or ≥25% 2 to 7 d after contrast administration; (2) severe renal failure: An increase in serum creatinine to ≥3.0 mg/dl or the need for dialysis at 45 d; and (3) renal failure as a contributing cause of death (consensus of three independent physicians) at 45 d. Results: The incidence of CIN was 11% (70 of 633) among the 633 patients enrolled. Fifteen (2%) patients died within 45 d, including six deaths after study-defined CIN. Seven (1%) patients developed severe renal failure, six of whom had study-defined CIN. Of the six patients with CIN and severe renal failure, four died, and adjudicators determined that renal failure significantly contributed to all four deaths. Thus, CIN was associated with an increased risk for severe renal failure and death from renal failure. Conclusions: CIN occurs in >10% of patients who undergo CECT in the outpatient setting and is associated with a significant risk for severe renal failure and death.
The Impact of Cognitive Stressors in the Emergency Department on Physician Implicit Racial Bias.

Objectives The emergency department (ED) is characterized by stressors (e.g., fatigue, stress, time pressure, and complex decision-making) that can pose challenges to delivering high-quality, equitable care. Although it has been suggested that characteristics of the ED may exacerbate reliance on cognitive heuristics, no research has directly investigated whether stressors in the ED impact physician racial bias, a common heuristic. We seek to determine if physicians have different levels of implicit racial bias post-ED shift versus preshift and to examine associations between demographics and cognitive stressors with bias. Methods This repeated-measures study of resident physicians in a pediatric ED used electronic pre- and postshift assessments of implicit racial bias, demographics, and cognitive stressors. Implicit bias was measured using the Race Implicit Association Test (IAT). Linear regression models compared differences in IAT scores pre- to postshift and determined associations between participant demographics and cognitive stressors with postshift IAT and pre- to postshift difference scores. Results Participants (n = 91) displayed moderate prowhite/antiblack bias on preshift (mean ± SD = 0.50 ± 0.34, d = 1.48) and postshift (mean ± SD = 0.55 ± 0.39, d = 1.40) IAT scores. Overall, IAT scores did not differ preshift to postshift (mean increase = 0.05, 95% CI = –0.02 to 0.14, d = 0.13). Subanalyses revealed increased pre- to postshift bias among participants working when the ED was more overcrowded (mean increase = 0.09, 95% CI = 0.01 to 0.17, d = 0.24) and among those caring for >10 patients (mean increase = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.05 to 0.27, d = 0.47). Residents' demographics (including specialty), fatigue, busyness, stressfulness, and number of shifts were not associated with postshift IAT or difference scores. In multivariable models, ED overcrowding was associated with greater postshift bias (coefficient = 0.11 per 1 unit of NEDOCS score, SE = 0.05, 95% CI = 0.00 to 0.21). Conclusions While resident implicit bias remained stable overall preshift to postshift, cognitive stressors (overcrowding and patient load) were associated with increased implicit bias. Physicians in the ED should be aware of how cognitive stressors may exacerbate implicit racial bias.
Keep on Lockin' in the Free World: A Multi-National Comparison of Smartphone Locking

We present the results of an online survey of smartphone unlocking (N=8,286) that we conducted in eight different countries. The goal was to investigate differences in attitudes towards smartphone unlocking between different national cultures. Our results show that there are indeed significant differences across a range of categories. For instance, participants in Japan considered the data on their smartphones to be much more sensitive than those in other countries, and respondents in Germany were 4.5 times more likely than others to say that protecting data on their smartphones was important. The results of this study shed light on how motivations to use various security mechanisms are likely to differ from country to country.
Administration analysis of narcotic and Class I psychotropic drugs for inpatients of our hospital in 2011

Objective To analyze the administration of narcotic and Class Ⅰ psychotropic drugs for inpatients of our hospital in 2011. Methods Three thousands seven hundred and twenty three prescriptions of narcotic and Class Ⅰ psychotropic drugs for inpatients of our hospital were selected and retrospectively analyzed. Results Among these prescriptions, 2102 pieces (56.46%) were for male patients, 1621 pieces (43.54%) for female; were related to 6 kinds and 3 formulations of narcotic, also 3 kinds and 2 formulations of psychotropic drugs, where in more likely use of meperidine hydrochloride tablets, morphine hydrochloride injection and fentanyl citrate injection, etc, mainly for treatment of advanced cancer, variety of acute pain and surgical pain. Conclusion The administration of narcotic and class Ⅰ psychotropic drugs for inpatients of our hospital was basically rational. But the species and specifications were still less. More types of narcotic and psychotropic drugs should be purchased for more targeting treatment according to the actual situation of the patients.
Diagnosis and Study of Changzao Industry in Ningxia Microeconomic Benefit Based on Fuzzy-Ahp Analysis

Based on the development of modern agriculture theory,rural households who planted Changzao were surveyed as suitable sample.Main economic indices of Ningxia Changzao industry were evaluated based on fuzzy theory.By means of radar map analysis,the problems were found out and remedial measures to improving the progress of Changzao industry in Ningxia were proposed.
Preliminary Evaluation of Treatment With Long-Acting Estradiol Cypionate and Sulpiride for Advancing First Ovulation of Year in Postpartum Acyclic Mares

Abstract Two preliminary trials were performed to evaluate the efficacy of long-acting estradiol cypionate plus sulpiride treatment for hastening the first ovulation in postpartum acyclic mares. In 2010 (year 1) and 2012 (year 2), mares that had foaled in January or February and that were ≥7 ± 1 day postpartum were teased to a stallion to detect estrus and examined by transrectal ultrasonography 3 times weekly. Mares identified as acyclic were alternately assigned to treatments as follows: year 1—group ECP-SUL (n = 5)—same day intramuscular (IM) injection of 50-mg long-acting estradiol cypionate (ECP) plus 1.5-g long-acting sulpiride (SUL), or CON (n = 5)—control; year 2—ECP-SULX2 (n = 4)—IM injection of 100-mg ECP, followed 2 and 7 days later with IM injection of 1.5-g SUL, or CON (n = 5). When a follicle ≥35 mm in diameter, prominent uterine edema and a relaxed cervix were detected, an ovulation-inducing agent was administered. Examinations continued at 2- to 3-day intervals until ovulation was detected. Median (range) interval to ovulation did not differ in year 1 between SUL-ECP (76 days; 31–90 days) and CON mares (74 days; 35–98 days; P = 1.00), or in year 2 between ECP-SULX2 (48 days; 36–66 days) and CON mares (39 days; 39–71 days; P = .91). The injection of the dopamine antagonist sulpiride in a sustained release form in conjunction with the estrogen ECP failed to shorten the interval to the first ovulation of the year in these two groups of postpartum acyclic mares.
Self-efficacy determinants and consequences of physical activity

This review examines self-efficacy as a determinant of exercise adherence and as an outcome of physical activity. Additionally, studies that have either manipulated self-efficacy or employed efficacy-based interventions to enhance exercise participation are discussed. Finally, recommendations for future applications of social cognitive theory to the physical activity domain are made.
Storying the digital professional: how online screening shifts the primary site and authorship of workers’ career stories

ABSTRACTEmployers’ use of online information increases the communicative demands and complexity of employability. For employers, gathering online information for personnel selection—a process called cybervetting—supplements or augments existing information acquisition processes. For workers, cybervetting’s extractive processes require considering potential and possible career stories employers might construct. Workers increasingly need to engage in prospective and retrospective storying to communicate and maintain employability and employment. Drawing on exemplars from employers’ reports, this essay highlights: (a) how employers report assembling and making sense of workers’ information during personnel selection; (b) the limitations of existing employability strategies; as well as (c) the increased and unequally distributed uncertainty and risk; and (d) the associated and different work expected of workers as the primary site and authorship of career stories shift.
Evidence-Based Continence Care: An Integrative Review.

Purpose The purpose of this integrative review is to identify the best nurse-managed continence care strategies among rehabilitation patients from the current body of evidence. Design The newly designed 2015 Competency Model for Professional Rehabilitation Nursing serves as a conceptual framework to categorize evidence-based recommendations for continence care into the four domains of the model. Methods A search of the evidence was completed in December 2015. Literature reviewed was limited to articles published from 2005-2015 in the English language. Search priority was given to systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials. Findings Nurse-led interventions include evidence-based clinical assessments with use of validated instruments following step-wise algorithms derived from clinical practice guidelines. The interprofessional team emphasizes role-based continence interventions with shared work to reach goals. Leadership recommendations call for administrative support and allocation of resources for continence care and also empower select bedside nurses to become continence champions. Finally, nurse-patient education and caregiver training target the promotion of successful living. System-based continence recommendations are identified to include rehab-oriented electronic documentation systems, written continence policies and procedures, and ongoing nursing education emphasizing accountability to high performance standards. Conclusions Rehabilitation nurse are the team leaders in promoting continence in the rehabilitation setting. They are the cultivators of hope and foster resilience among patients to move forward despite acute or chronic illness and disability. This article is intended to support rehabilitation nurses in their review of clinical evidence in effort to move toward a more uniform approach to bowel and bladder management. Clinical Relevance This review equips rehabilitation nurses who seek to improve their practice by identifying the best evidence-based approaches to continence care.
Policy considerations for limiting unintended residual plastic in agricultural soils

Abstract Growing crops under high-intensity agriculture entails the use of numerous plastic products, especially polyethylene plastic films used as crop mulches. As a result, some of the world’s most productive agricultural soils are now being affected by plastic pollution, seriously threatening soil health and food security. Plastic film mulches designed to biodegrade in soil provide an appealing alternative to polyethylene films. What may be surprising, however, is that biodegradable plastic films do not necessarily represent a long-term solution to the problem of contaminating soil with plastic residues. Transformative science and policies are needed to mitigate uncertainty of biodegradable plastic residue accumulation in agricultural soils.
Atrial Fibrillation and Thrombogenesis: Innocent Bystander or Guilty Accomplice?

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained clinical arrhythmia and its incidence is increasing with projections exceeding 10 million by 2050 [(1)][1]. It is associated with increased mortality and morbidity, the most devastating outcome being thromboembolic stroke. AF is detectable in 25
Electrical Stimulation for Modification of Memory and Cognition

A major challenge in neuroscience research is to develop stimulation systems (both minimally invasive and noninvasive) that can safely, flexibly and efficiently tap into the human brain, to coordinate complex cognitive and behavioral tasks. In this regard, neural technology is targeting new therapeutic approaches to improve mental performance for patients with cognitive disorders. Herein, we discuss recent developments in electro-stimulation therapies that have been instrumental in improving memory and cognition, including working memory, decision making and executive control, by enhancing cognitive performance. The use of various stimulation devices and technologies developed recently is examined in terms of preclinical (nonhuman primate experiments) and clinical applications to human brain disorders.
A Model for Making Decisions about Ethical Dilemmas in Student Assessment.

AbstractIn this mixed-methods study we investigated the development of a generalized ethics decision-making model that can be applied in considering ethical dilemmas related to student assessment. For the study, we developed five scenarios that describe ethical dilemmas associated with student assessment. Survey participants (i.e., educators) completed an online survey to express their decision-making process when faced with ethical dilemmas relating to student assessment. Based on the literature and the educators’ written responses to the scenarios, elements to consider in an ethics decision-making model related to student assessment include the following: (1) the critical incident giving rise to the ethical dilemma; (2) identification of the conflict elements; (3) decisions about the ethicality of the elements; (4) justification of the decisions; (5) implications; and (6) alternative suggestions. This model offers guidance to educators in considering the dimensions of an ethical dilemma in assessment pr...
Effect of alloxan diabetes on the fatty acid composition of the retina.

The fatty acid composition of untreated alloxan-diabetic and normal rat retinal tissue was compared and the relative abundance of endothelial and mural cells in the retinal capillaries was estimated. Arachidonate and docosahexaenoate were decreased in diabetic retinal tissue; linoleate was increased. The changes observed indicate that insulin is required to maintain a normal rate of polyenoic fatty acid synthesis in retinal tissue. No selective loss of mural cells from the retinal capillaries could be found.
Erratum to: Racial differences in pet ownership in families of children with asthma.

In the article by Sheikh SI, et al, “Racial differences in pet ownership in families of children with asthma” in World Journal of Pediatrics 2016;12(3):343–346 (doi: 10.1007/s12519-016-0027-9), the last author’s name was incorrectly listed as “Don Hayes”. His name should have read “Don Hayes Jr”.