cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The practice of poetry and the psychology of well-being

In “Flourish,” the psychologist Martin Seligman proposed that psychological well-being consists of “PERMA: positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment.” Although the question of what constitutes flourishing or psychological well-being has been long debated among scholars, the recent literature has suggested that a paradigmatic or prototypical case of psychological well-being would manifest most or all of the aforementioned PERMA factors. The recent literature on poetry therapy has also suggested that poetry practice may be utilized as “an effective therapeutic tool” for patients suffering from a variety of ailments so it seems plausible that practicing poetry can positively contribute to one flourishing with greater psychological well-being. However, recent studies on poetry therapy have not yet been reviewed and integrated under the PERMA framework from positive psychology to further explore and explicate this possibility. This article therefore contributes to extant work by ...
Aspects of organomercury chemistry

Application de la methode MNDO a l'interpretation des structures des composes cyclopentadienylmercure sandwich et demi-sandwich et a l'addition de cations mercuries a des olefines. Discussion du mecanisme d'oxymercuration
Generalized Framework for Linearly Constrained Control Moment Gyro Steering

Constrained steering laws for control-moment gyroscope (CMG) arrays can avoid internal singularities without inducing torque error or requiring precomputed momentum paths, making such steering laws worthy of further study. This paper proposes a generalized framework for constrained steering laws that are linear with respect to the gimbal rates by augmenting the system’s Jacobian matrix with constraint equations. The derivation of this generalized framework is followed by a discussion of constraints used in laws of this type and general principles for designing a singularity-free constraint. A CMGarray consisting of three scissored pairs provides an example of how aknownsteering lawfits into this framework.Anew steering lawbased onorthogonal triplets of single-gimbalCMGs is developed with the help of the proposed methodology. Simulations of the Violet nanosatellite’s attitude-control performance verify the results of this new steering law.
External biomarkers to assess chromium toxicity in adult Lepomis macrochirus.

Chromium is widely used in the production of stainless steel, bricks, pigments, dyes, and in the tanning, textile, and chemical industries, commonly found in the aquatic environment and known to elicit acute and chronic toxicity to aquatic life. In water, chromium tends to speciate into Cr{sup 3+} (trivalent) and Cr{sup +6} (hexavalent). Speciation of chromium is primarily dependent upon water chemistry, e.g., oxygenation, pH, organic content and amount of particulate matter and the bioavailability of each chromium form is different mainly because of the low solubility of Cr{sup +3}. The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of eight potential biomarkers to indicate stress of chromium exposure in adult bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus).
Co-extrusion of Dietary Fiber and Milk Proteins in Expanded Corn Products

Abstract To improve the nutrient-density of snack products, milk proteins (casein, whey protein concentrate or whey protein isolate) and wheat fiber were co-extruded with corn meal flour, in a twin screw extruder under high shear and high temperature processing conditions. Co-extruding corn products and fiber resulted in the reduction of specific mechanical energy while increasing the expansion and breaking strength of the extrudate. Fiber added at 125 g/kg increased expansion and breaking strength. Whey products alone, at a concentration of 250 g/kg reduced expansion and water absorption properties, but the incorporation of fiber reversed this effect and improved expansion. The negative textural indicators associated with the inclusion of whey products can be improved significantly by adding wheat bran fiber at 125 g/kg. Adding fiber, improved specific mechanical energy (SME) along with product quality characteristics.
Anhydrite precipitation and the relationship between focused and diffuse flow in seafloor hydrothermal systems

[1] The mechanisms that control the style of high-temperature hydrothermal discharge at ocean ridge crests are not well understood. Sites of vigorous high-temperature focused venting are often accompanied by nearby regions of low-temperature diffuse flow. Moreover, at some sites, high-temperature fluids are not focused at all and emerge as low-temperature diffuse flow as a result of conductive cooling and/or mixing with cooler seawater, whereas at others discharge has evolved from low-temperature diffuse flow to high-temperature focused flow over a number of years. To better understand the mechanisms that control these discharge styles, we construct a two-branch single-pass hydrothermal circulation model to investigate the role of anhydrite precipitation in mixing between deep-seated, high-temperature, sulfate-free upflow and cooler, sulfate-rich seawater circulating through permeable pillow basalts. We also estimate the width of the impermeable anhydrite barrier between focused and diffuse discharge. The model results suggest that focusing can occur in a matter of years provided the permeability in the deep part of the discharge zone is greater than or equal to that of the mixing zone and the permeability of the mixing zone is initially high (∼10−11–10−12 m2). If one of the previous conditions is not met, only diffuse flow venting will occur. The width of the impermeable barrier resulting from the precipitation of anhydrite ranges between 1 and 100 m, thus permitting diffuse flow to occur in close proximity to focused discharge.
Safety and tolerability of an aggressive tilt table test protocol in the evaluation of patients with suspected neurocardiogenic syncope

Safety and tolerability of a one-step tilt table test with high dose (5 micrograms/min) isoproterenol (ISO) without intermediate stages were evaluated in a symptomatic population of 300 patients referred for clinical syncope, near syncope, or dizziness. ISO has been used as a provocative test but remains controversial. A population of 118 male and 182 female patients with a mean age of 45 (range 5-90) years underwent 300 tests. Heart rate and blood pressure were monitored continuously. A positive test was one in which clinical symptoms were reproduced or hemodynamic criteria met. Patients were initially supine for 5 minutes followed by head upright tilt (HUT) to an angle of 80 degrees for 10 minutes. Negative tests were repeated with an infusion of ISO at a rate of 5 micrograms/min. HUT was positive in 133 (44.3%) of 300 tests. With a 10-minute HUT alone, only 17 (5.7%) of 300 of tests were positive. Of the initial negative tests, 273 of 283 were tested with ISO. With ISO, 116 (42.5%) of 273 were positive. ISO in high dose (5 micrograms/min) was used in 264 of 273 patients, while low dose (1.0-2.5 micrograms/min) was used in 9 of 273 under special circumstances. High dose ISO was tolerated in 164 (62.1%) of 264 patients, reduced in 87 (33%) of 264, and discontinued in 11 (4.2%) of 264. Reasons for reduction included tachycardia (40 patients), nausea (31 patients), chest pain (2 patients), arrhythmia (5 patients), or other (9 patients). Adverse effects resolved within 1 minute of dose reduction. This one-step high dose ISO protocol reproduced neurocardiogenic syncope in symptomatic patients who tested negative without ISO and was safe, tolerated, and expeditious.
New Method for Treating Slow Multielectron, Multicenter Atomic Collisions.

The method of hidden crossings is generalized to treat multielectron systems utilizing molecular Hartree-Fock and configuration interaction methods, extended into the plane of complex internuclear distance. Diabatic promotion of low lying states to the continuum in a two-electron, two-center system via a series of localized transitions is shown for the first time. Excellent agreement with experiments is found regarding single ionization in 50 eV to 1 keV $\mathrm{H}+\mathrm{H}$ collisions.
Supported medical care: a multi-faceted approach to helping HIV/hepatitis C virus co-infected adults with serious mental illness.

This paper presents a multi-faceted supported rehabilitation and health management model to inform the development of interventions for mentally ill adults who are HIV/ hepatitis C virus co-infected. The model, referred to as 'supported medical care' (SMC), calls for the combination of chronic illness self-management skills training and enhanced case management. Illustrative examples of each SMC intervention component are provided. Integrated delivery of these intervention components shows promise for improving the coordination of psychiatric and medical care. Research and related policy challenges regarding ongoing quality improvement efforts are also discussed.
An econometric analysis of vehicle use in multivehicle households

The significance of the multivehicle household in the US has increased substantially in recent years to the point where over 80% of household vehicles holdings are owned by multivehicle households. Despite this fact, traditional travel demand models have not explored the determinants of individual vehicle use in such households, even though knowledge of vehicle usage allocations within household fleets is critical to subsequent fuel consumption forecasts. This paper presents a discussion of vehicle use in multivehicle households and then develops an appropriate modeling specification. The specification consists of a simultaneous equation system which is estimated using a sample of two-vehicle households from a recently conducted national survey. The estimation results proved to be quite satisfactory and the model was applied to forecast policy impacts. The results underscore the importance of income and vehicle fuel efficiency in the allocation of use to household vehicles, and suggests that the ability of multivehicle households to substitute the use of more fuel efficient vehicles for less efficient ones (thereby maintaining higher usage levels) can have potentially significant consequences for traditional vehicle miles traveled (VMT)--price elasticity estimates. (Author/TRRL)
Group-Theoretical Construction of Dual Amplitudes

We present general group-theoretical requirements for the construction of factorizable, dual $N$-point functions. Dual amplitudes for the scattering of arbitrary numbers of spinning particles are built as an example of this approach.
Synthesis of N-Methyl-2-trichloroacetylpyrrole-A Key Building Block in Peptides That Bind DNA: Micro-, Semimicro-, and Macro-Scale Organic Lab Experiments

The search for more efficient anticancer and antiviral agents has included the preparation and testing of a wide variety of molecules that bind DNA. Of these, particular attention has been devoted to the synthesis of analogues of DNA minor-groove binders such as netropsin and distamycin. These compounds have been shown to exhibit biological activity through their strong interactions with the DNA minor groove, and a relationship between their structure and biological activity has emerged (1). The repeating pyrrole unit contained in these compounds can be prepared from N-methylpyrrole via a noncatalyzed Friedel-Crafts acylation. The reaction has been adapted for use in the undergraduate organic chemistry laboratory on three different scales: microscale, semimicroscale, and macroscale.
Multichannel spectroscopic ellipsometry for CdTe Photovoltaics: From real-time monitoring to large-scale mapping

Real time spectroscopy ellipsometry (RTSE) has been applied to study the evolution of thin film optical structure during sputter deposition of polycrystalline CdS/CdTe solar cell stacks on transparent conducting oxide (TCO) coated glass substrates optimized for high efficiency. RTSE provides information on (i) interface formation to the underlying high resistivity transparent (HRT) layer during initial CdS growth, (ii) bulk layer CdS growth and its surface roughness evolution, (iii) CdS/CdTe interface formation when the overlying CdTe layer is deposited on the CdS, and (iv) CdTe bulk layer growth and its roughness evolution. Structural/optical models developed in the analysis of RTSE data acquired at a single point are also applied in the analysis of ex situ mapping SE data obtained over the area of the completed solar cell stack. As a result, maps of the structural parameters can be extracted, which then can be correlated with maps of the small area device performance. When uncorrelated non-uniformities exist over the area, optimization by combinatorial methods is possible.
Neuroanatomical localization of myelin basic protein in the late first and early second trimester human foetal spinal cord and brainstem

The temporal and spatial expression of myelin basic protein in the first and second trimester human foetal spinal cord and brainstem from 9 to 20 gestational weeks was determined by immunocytochemistry in sections of cervical, thoracic and lumbosacral levels from 41 human foetal spinal cords and ten brainstems. Myelin basic protein-positive oligodendrocytes were observed peripheral to the ependyma at 9–10 gestational weeks. Oligodendrocytes expressing myelin basic protein were seen at 10–12 gestational weeks in the anterior and lateral funiculi. Myelin basic protein was detected later in the posterior funiculi than in the anterolateral white matter and most spinal cord tracts could not be identified by means of variation in myelin basic protein expression. Mylein basic protein was found in the midline of the brainstem at ten gestational weeks and spread laterally during the second trimester. We conclude that in the human foetal spinal cord, myelin basic protein is present by 10 gestational weeks in the anterolateral cervical spinal cord and midline of the brainstem. It is expressed in a rostral-to-caudal and anterolateral-to-posterior manner in most tracts of the spinal cord. However, an exception to these findings is that the fasciculus gracilis, upon developing into a defined region, had more myelin basic protein-positive cells at the lumbar level than in more rostral regions. Definition of the kinetics of myelin basic protein expression in the normal human foetal spinal cord provides a baseline for study of aberrant myelination and demyelination.
A Welcome Drink from a Microbial Fire Hose of Information

Review of : Topics in Ecological and Environmental Microbiology; edited by Thomas M. Schmidt and Moselio Schaechter; (2012) . Academic Press, Waltham, MA. 749 pages.
Metabolism of prostaglandin PG-F2a by freshly isolated alveolar type II cells from lungs of adult male or pregnant rabbits

Abstract Prostaglandin F2α (PG-F2α) was metabolized to different products by freshly isolated alveolar type II cells from adult male or pregnant rabbits. The type II cells from the adult male rabbits metabolized PG-F 2 α to products which co-chromatographed on HPLC with 15-keto PG-F2α and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto PG-F2α, metabolites of cytosolic metabolism. The cells from the pregnant rabbit metabolized the prostaglandin to several polar metabolites. The major peak co-eluted with 20-hydroxy-PG-F 2 α, a product dependent on cytochrome P-450 metabolism. The other polar metabolites were likely secondary oxidation products, formed by both the cytosolic 15-dehydrogenase and/or the 13,14-reductase and the microsomal ω-hydroxylase. No metabolism of PG-P2α was observed in fractions of alveolar macrophages or tracheal cells of either adult male or pregnant rabbits. Fractions enriched in Clara cells (40–60% purity) showed little and variable metabolism of PG-F2α, qualitatively similar to that observed with type II cells. However, data was inconclusive due to the low Clara cell purity and low activity.
Frustration of tilts and A-site driven ferroelectricity in KNbO3-LiNbO3 alloys.

Density functional calculations for ${\mathrm{K}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{Li}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{NbO}}_{3}$ show strong $A$-site driven ferroelectricity, even though the average tolerance factor is significantly smaller than unity and there is no stereochemically active $A$-site ion. This is due to the frustration of tilt instabilities by $A$-site disorder. There are very large off centerings of the Li ions, which contribute strongly to the anisotropy between the tetragonal and rhombohedral ferroelectric states, yielding a tetragonal ground state even without strain coupling.
Public health nutrition: A historical perspective

Abstract This historical perspective describes important milestonesand selected threads of concern in the development of public health nutrition services. Emphasis is given to nutrition service for mothers, children, and families from the mid-1800s through the 20th century. Efforts in the 1800s were primarily directed to building the foundation for public health nutrition services: organizing state health departments and voluntary health agencies, initiating early nutrition investigations, and establishing milk stations and school lunch programs in large cities to supplement the food of the poor and to combat the high rates of morbidity and mortality of infants and children. During the 20th century, demographic changes; advances in nutrition science and technology; and social, political, and economic changes influenced the growth and development of public health nutrition services. Such changes included the high rates of disease and deaths among mothers and children, food shortages during the wars; an increasing number of children in day care as more mothers went to work; the development of new programs to serve special groups such as the mentally retarded, chronically ill and handicapped, recent immigrants, and the aged; the continuing presence of poverty and hunger; the rising prevalence of behavior-related problems (eg, adolescent pregnancy and substance abuse); and a greater recognition of the benefits of health promotion and disease prevention. The number of public health nutritionists employed at national, state, and local levels increased to meet the rising demand for nutrition services. Graduate-level training programs and continuing education opportunities were developed and a broad range of nutrition standards and guidelines evolved. Throughout the 20th century, continuing threads of concern included nutrition policy and planning; development and evaluation of public health nutrition programs; organization, administration, and management of programs; quality of public health nutrition services; and the transfer and application of research into public health nutrition practice.
Hydrodynamics of C-Start Escape Responses of Fish as Studied with Simple Physical Models

One of the most-studied unsteady locomotor behaviors exhibited by fishes is the c-start escape response. Although the kinematics of these responses have been studied extensively and two well-defined kinematic stages have been documented, only a few studies have focused on hydrodynamic patterns generated by fishes executing escape behaviors. Previous work has shown that escape responses by bluegill sunfish generate three distinct vortex rings, each with central orthogonal jet flows, and here we extend this conclusion to two other species: stickleback and mosquitofish. Jet #1 is formed by the tail during Stage 1, and moves in the same direction as Stage-2 movement of the fish, thereby reducing final escape-velocity but also rotating the fish. Jet #2, in contrast, moves approximately opposite to the final direction of the fish's motion and contains the bulk of the total fluid-momentum powering the escape response. Jet #3 forms during Stage 2 in the mid-body region and moves in a direction approximately perpendicular to jets 1 and 2, across the direction of movement of the body. In this study, we used a mechanical controller to impulsively move passively flexible plastic panels of three different stiffnesses in heave, pitch, and heave + pitch motions to study the effects of stiffness on unsteady hydrodynamics of escape. We were able to produce kinematics very similar to those of fish c-starts and also to reproduce the 3-jet hydrodynamic pattern of the c-start using a panel of medium flexural stiffness and the combined heave + pitch motion. This medium-stiffness panel matched the measured stiffness of the near-tail region of fish bodies. This motion also produced positive power when the panel straightened during stage 2 of the escape response. More flexible and stiffer panels resulted in non-biological kinematics and patterns of flow for all motions. The use of simple flexible models with a mechanical controller and program of fish-like motion is a promising approach for studying unsteady behaviors of fish which can be difficult to manipulate experimentally in live animals.
Scientific Names of Greek Derivation

IN NATURE for July 7, p. 10, Prof. Cole criticises “American authors” for using the term dinosaur, instead of clinging as he does to “deinosaur”. In a previous number of NATURE (July 1, 1922, p. 21) the reviewer of an article on the Deinodontidae takes the authors to task for not using “what is now considered the more correct rendering of the Greek, as Dinodontidae”. What can a poor American author do to be saved?
Factors affecting freeze aggregation of lipoprotein

Abstract Aggregation of egg-yolk lipoprotein during freezing depended mainly on temperature, pH, and composition of the unfrozen phase. Aggregation decreased with decreasing temperature, was maximum in the pH range 5.0–5.5, and increased with phosphate concentration over 1 mole/l. Chlorides caused little aggregation, even at high concentrations, while sulfate and nitrate had an effect similar to that of phosphate. Organic additives, such as sucrose, glycerol, and dimethyl sulfoxide, reduced aggregation of lipoproteins by reducing salt concentrations. In contrast with sucrose, glycerol had a noticeable damaging effect at high concentrations (over 2 mole/l), while the usefulness of dimethyl sulfoxide was limited because of its limited solubility in the presence of phosphate. Aggregation was independent of lipoprotein concentration.
Nutrition in ESRD patients: rationale and plan for an initiative.

Abstract End-stage renal disease (ESRD) continues to be a major public health problem in the United States. There has been an exponential growth in the incidence rate, at an average of 5% to 8% per year over the past decade. Dialysis remains the predominant therapeutic modality. Unfortunately, however, the morbidity and mortality rates remain unacceptably high for the dialysis patient population. Malnutrion has been consistently suggested as a major contributor to the high morbidity and mortality rates. However, the exact magnitude of the problem is poorly defined. The physiological and pathophysiologica mechanisms have not been adequately determined. Finally, any interventional approach and its potential beneficial effect are yet to be carefully defined and explored. This National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) initiative, with input from the ad hoc advisory committee, and strengthened with public comments, is intended to address these deficiencies, and the broad issue of nutrition and nutritional derangement and their detrimental effects on the ESRD patient population.
Phylogenetic, Paleodemographic, and Taphonomic Implications of Victoriapithecus Deciduous Teeth From Maboko, Kenya

More than 240 milk teeth of Victoriapithecus macinnesi, rep- resenting all elements of the deciduous dentition, are described. Their mor- phology is intermediate between that of hominoids and cercopithecids. Unlike colobine and cercopithecine milk teeth, Victoriapithecus dp3s, dp4s, and at least 7 (14%) dp4s lack transverse distal loph(id)s and are not bilophodont. Victoriapithecus also differs from cercopithecids in having less elongated de- ciduous premolars, a dp3 metacone set mesial to a very small hypocone, a dp4 crista obliqua, and a dp4 hypoconulid. The deciduous canines and incisors of Victoriapithecus are like those of other cercopithecids in having an uneven distribution of enamel around a compressed (rather than cylindrical) root, but differ from cercopithecids and resemble hominoids in being more elongated. Since Colobinae and Cercopithecinae share features of the deciduous denti- tion that are derived relative to Victoriapithecus and hominoids, extant Old World monkeys are interpreted as representing the sister-taxon of the middle Miocene cercopithecoids. Due to a dramatic increase in the number of deciduous teeth found at Maboko Island, juvenile individuals represent a much larger proportion of recently excavated Victoriapithecus collections than is true of pre-1987 as- semblages which mainly derive from sediment first excavated during the 1930s and 1940s. Age distribution differences between pre- and post-1987 samples indicate that paleontological collection procedures were more impor- tant than taphonomic biases in determining the paleodemographic profile of the Maboko fossils. Since the Victoriapithecus assemblage from Maboko is strikingly similar to that of fossil Theropithecus oswaldi from Olorgesailie in terms of the large number of specimens and high representation of juvenile and infant individu- als, the latter can no longer be viewed as unique among cercopithecoid fossil assemblages. Rather than being related to a specific cause of death, such as selective hunting of T. oswaldi by Homo (Shipman et al. (1981) Curr. Anthro- pol. 22:257-268), the large number of cercopithecoids at both sites is attrib- uted to the fact that both assemblages represent excavated samples and that the preferred habitats of the extinct monkeys were probably at or near the site of deposition. The greater number of young adult male than female canines in the appar- ently attritional Maboko Bed 5 assemblage, indicate that the social organiza-
Diffraction and Visual Acuity of Insects

Burtt and Catton suggested that insects can resolve striped patterns finer than the theoretical limit set by the small diameter (30 microns) of the ommatidial lenslets. Events at the edges of the window behind which the patterns are moved explain these experiments without transgressing diffraction limitations. This interpretation leads to successful quantitative predictions of the effects of changing the boundary conditions.
Sustainability assessment of U.S. final consumption and investments: triple-bottom-line input–output analysis

The U.S. final demand categories such as household consumption, private fixed investments, government purchases and investments, and export of goods and services have a wide range of environmental, economic, and social impacts. Analysis of these impacts, termed as the Triple Bottom Line (TBL), stimulated a tremendous interest by policy makers over the last decade. Therefore, current research aims to analyze the TBL of U.S. final demands from a systems perspective. To accomplish this goal, the supply and use tables published by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis are merged with a range of environmental, economic, and social metrics. The results show that household consumption has the largest indirect TBL sustainability impacts compared to other final demand categories with shares that range between 43% and 88%. Industrial sectors including manufacturing, utilities, agriculture, construction, transportation, and mining are generally found to be responsible for the highest impacts for most of the environmental impact categories. Service sectors generally have the highest impacts on the economic and social indicators of sustainability. Analysis results also indicate that while meeting the household demand, agriculture, utilities, and manufacturing sectors have relatively more environmental impacts than their contributions to gross domestic product (GDP), whereas service sectors contribute to GDP with a higher share than their environmental burdens. Furthermore, it is envisioned that significant reductions in environmental footprints of U.S. households can be achieved if environmental policies that aim to reduce the household consumption are also supported with sustainable growth through greener and resource efficient economy.
Quasichemical theory with a soft cutoff

In view of the wide success of molecular quasichemical theory of liquids, this paper develops the soft-cutoff version of that theory. This development allows molecular dynamics simulations to be used for the calculation of solvation free energy, whereas the hard-cutoff version of the theory needs Monte Carlo simulations. This development also shows how fluids composed of molecules with smooth repulsive interactions can be treated analogously to the molecular-field theory of the hard-sphere fluid. In the treatment of liquid water, quasichemical theory with soft-cutoff conditioning does not change the fundamental convergence characteristics of the theory using hard-cutoff conditioning. In fact, hard cutoffs are found here to work better than softer ones in that case.
Delayed behavioral toxicity of lead with increasing exposure concentration

Abstract Twenty-one-day-old male Long-Evans hooded rats were exposed chronically to drinking solutions containing 500 ppm sodium acetate (controls) or 50, 100, or 500 ppm lead acetate. Performance on a fixed interval 1-min schedule of food reinforcement was assessed over 155 sessions. Blood lead values were monitored serially and brain lead determinations made at the end of testing (335 days of lead exposure). The lowest concentration of lead in the drinking water was associated with increases in the rate of fixed-interval responding over the first 30 sessions. At the two higher concentrations, response rate values similar to controls over the first 40 sessions were followed by rate increases. The latency to maximum rate depended on concentration; the highest concentration was associated with the longest latency. Response rates of rats exposed to 50 ppm lead gradually returned to control levels after 120 sessions, while increased rates were sustained in rats at 100 and 500 ppm lead, even 100 days after lead exposure was terminated. Marked individual differences in susceptibility to lead-induced rate increases were observed in all treatment groups. Serial blood lead values were related both to exposure concentration and duration. Brain lead values also reflected exposure concentrations. Blood-brain ratios averaged 0.743 to 0.913, which agree with other data for the rat and human. These results confirm the vulnerability to lead of rats beyond the neonatal period, and extend the range of conditions under which such effects occur.
The marketing discipline comes of age, 1934‐1936

Purpose – The marketing field established important institutions – college courses, teachable texts, professional associations, and regular conferences – during the first three decades of the twentieth century, but did not fully mature as a scholarly discipline until the first specialized journals were launched in the mid‐1930s. The aim of this paper is to better understand the marketing discipline during this crucial formative period, especially the structure, presentation, and content of marketing knowledge.Design/methodology/approach – The primary sources are The American Marketing Journal and the National Marketing Review, the two predecessor journals that combined to form Journal of Marketing in 1936. They are examined for publishing data and content areas, article format and authorship, and the topics and methods constituting marketing knowledge.Findings – The scholarship published in the first marketing journals was written by single authors who only infrequently cited other works. A wide range of ...
A High-Efficiency Switched-Capacitance HTFET Charge Pump for Low-Input-Voltage Applications

This paper presents a high-efficiency switched capacitance charge pump in 20 nm III-V heterojunction tunnel field-effect transistor (HTFET) technology for low-input-voltage applications. The steep-slope and low-threshold HTFET device characteristics are utilized to extend the input voltage range to below 0.20 V. Meanwhile, the uni-directional current conduction is utilized to reduce the reverse energy loss and to simplify the non-overlapping phase controlling. Furthermore, with unidirectional current conduction, an improved cross-coupled charge pump topology is proposed for higher voltage output and PCE. Simulation results show that the proposed HTFET charge pump with a 1.0 ka#x3A9; resistive load achieves 90.4% and 91.4% power conversion efficiency, and 0.37 V and 0.57 V DC output voltage, when the input voltage is 0.20 V and 0.30 V, respectively.
A comparative study of the performance and economics of advanced and conventional structural materials in fusion systems

Abstract The impact of the neutron wall load as well as the lifetime and operating temperature of the structural material on tokamak reactor economics was investigated and a comparative study of stainless steel and vanadium alloys was performed. In order to limit the fractional increase in the cost of energy due to the plant downtime, t , for replacement of the structural material to δ, the structure lifetime, T, must be greater than t/δ where T and t are in years. Economically attractive tokamak reactors produce a neutron wall load of 3–4 MW/m2 for 3000 MW thermal power. The cost of energy is optimized by an operating temperature of the structural material in the wall/blanket in the range 475–500°C for stainless steel and 620–660°C for vanadium alloys. The gain in electric power due to higher operating temperatures is not sufficient to offset the penalty in the capital cost associated with the use of vanadium alloys as compared to stainless steel. Therefore, the vanadium alloy must exhibit a significant lifetime advantage over stainless steel to be economically competitive. The magnitude of this advantage is particularly sensitive to the plant downtime and the reference lifetime of stainless steel as well as the extent to which the refractory alloy has to be used in the heat transport system.
Study of chiral properties of surfaces using second-harmonic generation

We explore the link between the surface sensitive spectroscopic method, second harmonic generation (SHG), and a popular linear optical method, circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD), in order to study chiral structures within monolayers. The experiment involves utilizing circularly polarized light as an excitation source in the usual reflection SHG geometry. We show that circular dichroic information is conveyed through the SHG process. SHG-CD was used to study the adsorption of R-2,2'-dihydroxy-1,1'-binaphthyl (R-BN) at the air/fused quartz and air/water interfaces. The SHG-CD spectra of R-BN show a strong preference for left-circularly polarized light over right-circularly polarized light for adsorption at both the air/glass and air/water interfaces. The magnitude of the preference is 103 times larger than that observed in ordinary CD spectroscopy, and is attributed to the fact that the species are oriented at the interfaces.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Acute cadmium uptake by rabbit kidneys: Mechanism and effects

Abstract Trapping of an arterial bolus in the kidney by 40 sec aortic occlusion permitted demonstration of diffusion-limited and Zn-sensitive renal uptake of nonfiltered but diffusible Cd from plasma: mercaptoethanol (ME) or 2,3-dimercaptopropanol (BAL) had been added to the bolus to prevent sequestration of the metals by plasma protein. Cadmium taken up by the kidney under these conditions, whether from blood or glomerular filtrate, unlike Zn, did not return to blood over a period of 2–3 min. Nor was Cd thus accumulated removed by EDTA; it had presumably been transferred into cells. The diffusion dependence of this internalization shows it to be a relatively slow process, as it is in jejunum. In contrast, uptake of Cd tightly bound in a lipid-soluble complex with diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) is rapid and flow dependent. Slow uptake in the presence of ME and its inhibition by Zn are therefore not likely to involve movement of undissociated ME complex across the cell membranes. Instead, it is suggested that (1) Cd-binding sites on the membrane possess a relatively high affinity for Cd and can compete for it with ME, and (2) it is the resulting Cd-membrane interaction which, as in jejunum, is depressed by Zn. During transient occlusion kidneys could be loaded with up to 25 μg Cd/g cortex without evidence of immediate malfunction. Inhibition of amino acid transport, as previously described, is seen only after an initiation period of 1–2 days following CdME injection, although cortical Cd levels at that time have decreased. The finding of a slowly developing inhibition of amino acid carrier systems suggests an indirect action of Cd; by implication, unique threshold concentrations should not be defined for Cd in renal cortex following subchronic exposures without reference to the duration of exposure.
Effects of age and gender on the QT response to exercise

Abstract Although gender differences in resting corrected QT intervals have been well documented, the effects of age and exercise on gender differences in QT have not been well characterized. Data were analyzed from 91 healthy volunteers (47 women). Forty-five young subjects (aged 20 to 39 years) and 46 older subjects (61 to 84 years) were recruited. All underwent Bruce protocol stress testing. QT offset and QT peak were measured at exercise stages and during recovery. In a heart rate (HR)–independent analysis, data were divided into HR bins of 10 beats/min. In a HR-dependent analysis, 6 models were used to approximate the QT-RR relation; the best were used to analyze age and gender effects. Women had longer QT intervals than men at a HR
Fortschritte der akustischen Holographie

Der jungste Zweig der Holographie, die akustische Holographie unter Verwendung von Schallstrahlung, bietet neue und sehr interessante Anwendungsmoglichkeiten: So lassen sich damit Objekte in einem flussigen, auch truben Medium abbilden (Unterwasserforschung); sie kann zur zerstorungsfreien Untersuchung der auseren Form, aber auch der inneren Struktur lichtundurchlassiger Objekte herangezogen werden (Materialprufung) und ist unter anderem vielleicht ein potentielles Werkzeug zur dreidimensionalen Erfassung biologischer Strukturen (biomedizinische Diagnose).
Metabolism of Bovine Semen. XVIII. Effect of Keto Acids on Glutamate Metabolism

Abstract Washed bovine spermatozoa were incubated with glutamate-1- and -5- 14 C in the presence of unlabeled pyruvate or α -ketoglutarate. In air, both pyruvate and α -ketoglutarate depressed 14 CO 2 production from glutamate-1- 14 C. Under anoxia, pyruvate tended to stimulate 14 CO 2 production while α -ketoglutarate depressed it. In other studies with uniformly labeled glutamate, 14 CO 2 production decreased while oxygen uptake increased as the α -ketoglutarate concentration was increased to 10mm; 20mm α -ketoglutarate inhibited both oxygen uptake and 14 CO 2 production. As unlabeled oxalacetate concentration was increased to 10mm, the 14 CO 2 production from glutamate-U- 14 C was only slightly depressed while oxygen uptake increased. Thus, glutamate degradation proceeded mainly via α -ketoglutarate and the citric acid cycle, but keto acid concentration influenced the pathway utilized.
A Call to Action: Dementia Screening of Alzheimer’s Disease in Older African Americans

In the current chapter, we discuss racial disparities with respect to the detection of dementia. We also discuss reasons for the disparities including cultural bias with respect to dementia screening instruments. Topics include the impact of health and educational disparities on test performance, and how these disparities need to be considered when assessing members of minority groups. Special emphasis is given to the fact that accurate detection of dementia is important. Individuals suffer needlessly when falsely diagnosed with dementia. Thus, it is important that clinicians make a concerted effort to minimize false positive diagnoses. On the other hand, it is important that dementia be detected early. If dementia has progressed before an accurate diagnosis is made, individuals will have missed the opportunity to delay the progression of the disease through medication and other cognitive interventions.
A retrospective analysis of the impact of diastolic dysfunction on one-year mortality after transjugular intrahepatic porto-systemic shunt, liver transplantation and non-transplant abdominal surgery in patients with cirrhosis

Background The incidence of diastolic dysfunction (DD) approaches 40% in patients with cirrhosis. However, the clinical impact of DD remains a subject of considerable debate. Surgery in patients with cirrhosis is innately hazardous. Diastolic heart failure has been linked to increased mortality after transjugular intrahepatic porto-systemic shunt surgery (TIPSS). To date, none of the commonly accepted preoperative risk assessment models applied to patients with liver disease incorporates DD. We aimed to examine the relationship between DD and postoperative outcomes in patients with cirrhosis undergoing abdominal surgery. Methods Patients with cirrhosis who underwent abdominal surgery between January 2000 and December 2011 were included if they had preoperative echocardiography done within 3 months of surgery. The echocardiographic images were reviewed using flow and tissue Doppler techniques to identify the presence of DD. Outcomes analyzed included one-year mortality and postoperative complications. Results A total of 140 patients were included in the study of which 63 patients (45%) met pre-established criteria for DD. Those with DD were older (P < 0.005) and less likely to have an isolated viral etiology of cirrhosis (P<0.05). The one-year mortality rate was 22.2% (14/63) in patients with DD and 20.8% (16/77) in those without DD (P=0.42). Postoperative complications were not statistically different in the two groups. Conclusion DD is common in patients with cirrhosis. In patients with cirrhosis undergoing TIPS and/or abdominal surgery, the presence of DD does not increase post-procedure complications or one-year mortality. Keywords Diastolic dysfunction, cirrhosis, liver transplantation, postoperative mortality, surgical risk Ann Gastroenterol 2015; 28 (3): 383-388
In vitro effects of coronary angiography: Unknown clinical implications

In coronary angiography, contrast media (a non-physiologic solution) comes in direct contact with coronary arteries endothelium, and a foreign body, the polyurethane and polyethylene material of the cardiac catheter, oscillates on endothelium. The endothelium differential responses to various mechanical stimuli include: intracellular calcium influx, release of endothelin and substance P, vascular free radical generation, enhancement of platelet-derived growth factor-A (PDGF-A) mRNA, PDGF-A, upregulation of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 mRNA and protein, enhanced lymphocyte adhesion, upregulation of endothelin mRNA and protein, and stimulation of low density lipoprotein metabolism, increase of interleukin 6 and C-reactive protein. Contrast media effects include: change of endothelial cell morphology and exposure of extracellular matrix, increase adhesiveness to leukocytes, decrease production of nitrous oxide, vasoconstriction with some agents, factor XII activation, increase in the release of kallikrein, bradykinin, histamine, serotonin, and leukotriene B4, and variable effects of platelet activation and aggregation. Passing the cardiac catheters through vascular tree was also noticed to be associated with subclinical embolization of aortic debris. Some clinical studies showed that coronary angiography resulted in elevation of serum inflammatory markers, specifically in patients with elevated baseline levels of these markers. Clinical significance of pro-inflammatory effects of coronary angiography, and its long term consequences, are not studied. Further studies utilizing non-invasive coronary imaging techniques is needed to elucidate such effects.
Lawyers, Law and Contract Formation

Significant recent empirical research in commercial law involves interviewing participants in commercial transactions. This comment posits that, in evaluating the findings of these studies, we should pay attention to whether those interviewed were lawyers or nonlawyers. Most people have a tendency to overstate their importance to the work that they do. Thus, one would expect that lawyers would overstate the importance of law (or at least the need for them to manage the law) whereas nonlawyers would have a bias toward understating law's significance. This suggests that lawyers are more likely to view expenditures on negotiating contract terms than are nonlawyers. Professor Dan Keating's recent work on the "battle of the forms" is consistent with these conclusions.
Rates and components of carbon turnover in fish muscle: insights from bioenergetics models and a whole-lake 13C addition

Stable isotopes are widely employed to describe energy flow in aquatic communities, though interpretation of results can be confounded by the fact that organisms integrate over vastly different tim...
Pharmacological considerations for tenofovir and emtricitabine to prevent HIV infection

The use of antiretroviral medications in HIV-negative individuals as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a promising approach to prevent HIV infection. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and emtricitabine exhibit desirable properties for PrEP including: favourable pharmacokinetics that support infrequent dosing; few major drug-drug or drug-food interactions; an excellent clinical safety record; and pre-clinical evidence for efficacy. Several large, randomized, controlled clinical trials are evaluating the safety and efficacy of TDF and emtricitabine for this new indication. A thorough understanding of variability in drug response will help determine future investigations in the field and/or implementation into clinical care. Because tenofovir and emtricitabine are nucleos(t)ide analogues, the HIV prevention and toxicity effects depend on the triphosphate analogue formed intracellularly. This review identifies important cellular pharmacology considerations for tenofovir and emtricitabine, which include drug penetration into relevant tissues and cell types, race/ethnicity/pharmacogenetics, gender, cellular activation state and appropriate episodic or alternative dosing strategies based on pharmacokinetic principles. The current state of knowledge in these areas is summarized and the future utility of intracellular pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics for the PrEP field is discussed.
Transmission planning fundamentals: Models, data, skills needed and technical tools

Transmission expansion planning (TEP) is a complicated process that requires extensive studies to determine where, when and how many transmission facilities are needed. The fundamental concepts of TEP including the data, models, available software tools, as well as the technical skills needed for power system planning engineers are analyzed in this panel paper. Due to the amount of data in the bulk transmission power systems, the selection of the right data is critical in obtaining a good output results. The mathematical model for TEP also plays an important role, because a good TEP model will not only provides a better reflection of the realistic power systems, but is also much more efficient. Dynamic and static stability validating analysis is another crucial step in the overall TEP procedure. Failing to validate the TEP plan may cause unexpected issues in the real-time operating and make the whole system subject to financial or even electrical losses. In this paper, a particular experience from a 2020 transmission expansion planning project in the Western Interconnection will be presented. The authors believe that this paper will be helpful for curriculum development covering technical issues on TEP projects.