cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shifting state loyalty: The case of an officer Şerefeddin or Milan Milovanović?

The paper, drawing primarily on archival material located in Austria, Montenegro, Serbia and Turkey, examines the lifeworld of an Ottoman officer, Serefeddin, who in the midst of the Balkan Wars (1912/13), after accepting Christianity, voluntarily joined the army of the Kingdom of Serbia. By relying on the theoretical concept of loyalty, the essay claims that loyalty towards state is not given and fixed, but rather is subject to change. It indicates in particular that Serefeddin’s decision to join the enemy army is context-driven and thus should be imbedded in the momentary setting. It pursues to show how a person amid war is nevertheless able successfully to adjust to a new emerging context. This case should not be co understood as a typical biography, but rather as an episodic one because similar cases are noticeable in different settings worldwide as well.Key words: Montenegro, Ottoman Empire, Serbia, Serefeddin/Milan, the military, officers, loyalty
Tribological characterization of ZnO nanofluids as fastener lubricants

Abstract Thread galling is a common problem when tightening fasteners. In this research, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanofluids are studied as potential thread lubricants with the goal of eliminating or minimizing galling. The agglomeration of nanofluids results in severe wear, higher friction and other antagonistic behaviors. Therefore, it is important to find suitable surfactants to sufficiently disperse and stabilize the nanoparticles. In this study, various ratios of ZnO nanoparticles were mixed with oleic acid (OA) and polyisobutylene succinic anhydride (PIBSA) surfactants in a polyalphaolefin (PAO) base oil. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) was used to measure the size of ZnO nanoparticles mixed with OA/PIBSA before and after tribotests. PIBSA mixed with ZnO nanoparticles produced superior dispersion and stability than OA mixed with ZnO nanoparticles both before and after tests. A ball on disk rotational tribometer was employed to characterize the friction and wear performance of the prepared nanofluids. Generally, the base oil resulted in significant adhesive wear and microploughing. The addition of OA or PIBSA mitigated the adhesive wear and only mild microploughing was found, because of adsorbed monolayers. However, the addition of nanoparticles led to the recurrence of adhesive wear.
Association between body mass index and mortality in hospitalised patients with community-acquired pneumonia.

The obesity paradox postulates that increased body mass index (BMI) is protective in certain patient populations. We aimed to investigate the association of BMI and different weight classes with outcomes in hospitalised patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). This cohort study is a secondary data analysis of the University of Louisville Pneumonia Study database, a prospective study of hospitalised adult patients with CAP from June, 2014, to May, 2016, in Louisville, KY, USA. BMI as a predictor was assessed both as a continuous and categorical variable. Patients were categorised as weight classes based on World Health Organization definitions: BMI of <18.5 kg·m-2 (underweight), BMI of 18.5 to <25 kg·m-2 (normal weight), BMI of 25.0 to <30 kg·m-2 (overweight), BMI of 30 to <35 kg·m-2 (obesity class I), BMI of 35 to <40 kg·m-2 (obesity class II), and BMI of ≥40 kg·m-2 (obesity class III). Study outcomes, including time to clinical stability, length of stay, clinical failure and mortality, were assessed in hospital, at 30 days, at 6 months and at 1 year. Clinical failure was defined as the need for noninvasive ventilation, invasive ventilation or vasopressors within 1 week of admission. Patient characteristics and crude outcomes were stratified by BMI categories, and generalised additive binomial regression models were performed to analyse the impact of BMI as a continuous variable on study outcomes adjusting for possible confounding variables. 7449 patients were included in the study. Median time to clinical stability was 2 days for every BMI group. There was no association between BMI as a continuous predictor and length of stay <5 days (chi-squared=1.83, estimated degrees of freedom (EDF)=2.74, p=0.608). Clinical failure was highest in the class III obesity group, and higher BMI as a continuous predictor was associated with higher odds of clinical failure. BMI as a continuous predictor was significantly associated with 30-day (chi-squared=39.97, EDF=3.07, p<0.001), 6-month (chi-squared=89.42, EDF=3.44, p<0.001) and 1-year (chi-squared=83.97, EDF=2.89, p<0.001) mortalities. BMI ≤24.14 kg·m-2 was a risk factor whereas BMI ≥26.97 kg·m-2 was protective for mortality at 1-year. The incremental benefit of increasing BMI plateaued at 35 kg·m-2. We found a protective benefit of obesity on mortality in CAP patients. However, we uniquely demonstrate that the association between BMI and mortality is not linear, and no incremental benefit of increasing BMI levels is observed in those with obesity classes II and III.
Common Problematic Scholarly Activity Project Planning Expectations of Project Novices.

# INTRODUCTION Scholarly Activity (SA) projects, whether using methods more traditionally associated with research and or “quality improvement” projects, have been shown to confer value to resident physicians and other project novices in multiple ways. The inclusion of community and university-based residents and faculty in spearheading SA projects has led to improved understanding of medical literature and enhanced clinical practices, arguably producing more “well-rounded” physicians. # PURPOSE OF PAPER The primary purpose of this paper is to provide a summary of problematic expectations frequently assumed by project novices when developing and conducting SA projects. # RESULTS The authors will discuss a total of 26 problematic project-related novice expectations during five typical project phase categories. # CONCLUSIONS Learning to navigate the complexities of training to become a practicing physician, while also planning high quality SA project designs has been and will continue to be a complex challenge. The authors hope that this article can be used by supervising faculty and other graduate medical education mentors to assist the SA project novice (SAPN) plan SA projects. By establishing realistic expectations during project planning phases, the SAPN can avoid potential missteps that typically impede SA project completion.
Computational Nanotechnology Using Finite Difference Time Domain

Preface Acknowledgments Editor Contributors: Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method in Photonics and Nanophotonics Mohamed A. Swillam The FDTD Method: Essences, Evolutions and Applications to Nano-Optics and Quantum Physics Xiaoyan Y. Z. Xiong and Wei E. I. Sha Modeling of Optical Metamaterials Using the FDTD Method Yan Zhao Modeling Optical Metamaterials with and without Gain Materials Using FDTD Method Zhixiang Huang, Bo Wu, and Xianliang Wu FDTD Simulation of Trapping Microspheres and Nanowires with Optical Tweezers Jing Li, Chunli Zhu, and Xiaoping Wu Nanostructured Photodetector for Enhanced Light Absorption Narottam Das Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method Application in Nanomedicine Viroj Wiwanitkit Appendix A: Material and Physical Constants Appendix B: Photon Equations, Index of Refraction, Electromagnetic Spectrum, and Wavelength of Commercial Laser Appendix C: Symbols and Formulas Index
Cell Adhesion, Cellular Tension, and Cell Cycle Control

Cooperative signaling between growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, integrins, and the actin cytoskeleton is required for activation of the G1-phase cyclin-dependent kinases and progression through G1-phase. Increasing evidence suggests that there is cell type specificity in these cooperative interactions and that the compliance of the underlying substratum can strongly affect adhesion-dependent signaling to the cell cycle. This chapter reviews our current methods for studying how cell type specificity and changes in substratum compliance can contribute to G1-phase cell cycle control. We also describe several of our current analytical procedures.
Effective packing dimension of Π⁰₁-classes

We construct a II 0 1 -class X that has classical packing dimension 0 and effective packing dimension 1. This implies that, unlike in the case of effective Hausdorff dimension, there is no natural correspondence principle (as defined by Lutz) for effective packing dimension. We also examine the relationship between upper box dimension and packing dimension for II 0 1 -classes.
The Böhm---Jacopini Theorem Is False, Propositionally

The Bohm---Jacopini theorem (Bohm and Jacopini, 1966) is a classical result of program schematology. It states that any deterministic flowchart program is equivalent to a while program. The theorem is usually formulated at the first-order interpreted or first-order uninterpreted (schematic) level, because the construction requires the introduction of auxiliary variables. Ashcroft and Manna (1972) and Kosaraju (1973) showed that this is unavoidable. As observed by a number of authors, a slightly more powerful structured programming construct, namely loop programs with multi-level breaks, is sufficient to represent all deterministic flowcharts without introducing auxiliary variables. Kosaraju (1973) established a strict hierarchy determined by the maximum depth of nesting allowed. In this paper we give a purely propositional account of these results. We reformulate the problems at the propositional level in terms of automata on guarded strings, the automata-theoretic counterpart to Kleene algebra with tests. Whereas the classical approaches do not distinguish between first-order and propositional levels of abstraction, we find that the purely propositional formulation allows a more streamlined mathematical treatment, using algebraic and topological concepts such as bisimulation and coinduction. Using these tools, we can give more mathematically rigorous formulations and simpler and more revealing proofs.
Ontogeny of serum proteins in the chicken. 1. Paper electrophoresis studies.

Abstract Summarizing the main developmental changes of chicken serum: Qualitatively, the number of resolved serum protein components increase, and quantitatively, the amount of most components increases, during development (Fig. 1). In 5–8-day embryos, the fastest and slowest proteins form continua and do not resolve into separate electrophoretic bands. One of these, alpha-1 albumin, eventually resolves into alpha-1 globulin and albumin. In 5–6-day embryonic sera, a clearly resolved slow component (gamma globulin-E) is seen; it is not observed in any other developmental stage. An embryonic component, alpha-2 globulin-E, is present throughout development to about the 20th day of incubation. It is replaced by alpha-2 globulin (Figs. 2 and 4). Alpha-1 globulin first appears as a resolved component at about the 15th incubation day, and alpha-3 globulin, at about the 18th day. All the alpha components of the adult are therefore relatively late arrivals. Serum albumin, as a distinct electrophoretic component, first appears in 9-day serum and becomes the major serum constituent prior to hatching (Fig. 4). Gamma globulin is never seen as a distinct serum protein entity after the 6th day and apparently is occluded by the beta globulins.
Birdsong and Vocal Learning during Development

Songbirds are one of the few groups of organisms other than humans that learn sounds for vocal communication during development, and the neural substrate that controls vocal learning and behavior is highly localized, making these circuits amenable to experimental manipulation and analysis. The song system is a model one for studying the neural and hormonal bases of vocal learning, and for examining plasticity of structure and function in neural systems generally. Similarities between vocal learning in birds and humans suggest that many aspects of the learning process have evolved to meet demands imposed by vocal communication (Marler 1976, Doupe and Kuhl 1999). Therefore, an understanding of the mechanisms underlying vocal learning in songbirds may have immediate application to problems in human vocal learning. In this review I concentrate on what is known about neural and hormonal mechanisms of vocal learning in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), a well-studied species in which juvenile males gradually learn to produce a specific vocal pattern during a sensitive period of development, and by adulthood are normally incapable of altering that pattern or learning new ones.
Response of patients with duodenal ulcer to augmented histamine test as related to blood groups and to secretor status.

Summary In 100 male patients with duodenal ulcer no differences, in acid secretion in response to an augmented histamine test were found in association with ABO blood group or with ABH secretor status.
Cellular mechanisms generating bursting activity in neuronal networks

An open question in neuroscience is how the temporal characteristics of bursting activity are controlled by intrinsic biophysical characteristics. We present two mechanisms organized around the cornerstone bifurcation in a 3D Hodgkin-Huxley style neuronal model. This bifurcation satisfies the criteria for both the Shilnikov blue sky catastrophe and the saddle-node bifurcation on an invariant circle (SNIC) [1-3]. The burst duration (BD) and interburst interval (IBI) increase as the inverse of the square root of the difference between the corresponding parameter and its bifurcation value. The cornerstone bifurcation also determines the stereotypical transient responses of silent and spiking neurons [3]. The mechanisms presented here are based on these transient responses. The first mechanism described half-center oscillator consisting of two intrinsically silent, mutually inhibitory neurons (Figure 1AB). These two neurons were in the silent parameter regime but close to the cornerstone bifurcation. The two coupled neurons showed anti-phase bursting activity without the release and escape mechanisms. We found that if the half-activation voltage of a non-inactivating potassium current (V1/2,mk2) was systematically shifted towards the bifurcation value for the saddle-node bifurcation of periodic orbits, the BDs of both neurons increased in accordance with the inverse-square-root law and exhibited linear dependence on the spike number per burst. Figure 1 The cornerstone bifurcation generates mechanisms controlling bursting in neural networks. (A). Two endogenously silent, mutually inhibitory coupled neurons produce alternating bursting activity. V1/2,mk2 controls BDs. (B). The BDs are depicted as blue ... The second mechanism described the bursting activity of two intrinsically spiking, mutually excitatory neurons. The parameters of the neurons were in vicinity of the cornerstone bifurcation. This network exhibited synchronized bursting (Figure 1CD). Remarkably, excitatory interaction between endogenously spiking neurons essentially led to reduction of excitability of the network. When the half-activation voltage of hyperpolarization-activated current (V1/2,mh) was systematically shifted to the bifurcation value, IBIs of both neurons increased in accordance with the inverse-square-root law and the BDs and the number of spikes per burst stayed constant (6 spikes per burst). This study reveals new mechanisms controlling bursting activity in small neuronal networks based on cellular properties determining transient responses of endogenously spiking and silent neurons. These mechanisms are generic and could govern the bursting regimes in rhythmic neuronal network such as central pattern generators.
Average scalar electrical conductivity in a lorentzian gas

Abstract The effect of using different weighting functions in calculating the average scalar electrical conductivity in a Lorentzian gas is considered for a variety of electron-neutral collision models. Results indicat that, for many engineering calculations, the commonly used expression for the average conductivity may be sufficient since it yields results within a factor of two from the accurate values.
Including variability of discrete estimates in engineering economic comparisons

Abstract Most analyses in engineering economy rely on historical data. Data has inherent variability which is rarely taken into account. This paper presents three different methods which incorporate the variability of cash flow data in economic comparisons. The application perspective for each method is discussed, with examples.
Superconducting (YBaCuO)-(CuO)-Ag composites

We have fabricated superconducting composites of Y{sub 1}Ba{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7{minus}{delta}}, copper oxide, and metallic silver. Sharp superconducting transitions were observed well above the liquid nitrogen temperature. The normal state resistivity of these composites was much lower than that of the pure ceramic Y{sub 1}Ba{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7{minus}{delta}}. The critical current density was measured and it was comparable to that of ceramic superconductors. A substantial improvement of the mechanical properties has been achieved over those of the ceramic Y{sub 1}Ba{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7{minus}{delta}} material.
Rubella Virus DI RNAs and Replicons: Requirement for Nonstructural Proteins Acting in Cis for Amplification by Helper Virus

A rubella virus (RUB) replicon was constructed by replacing the 3' proximal structural protein ORF (SP-ORF) in Robo402, a RUB infectious cDNA clone, with a reporter gene, green fluorescent protein (GFP). This replicon, RUBrep/GFP, mimics naturally occurring RUB defective-interfering (DI) RNAs generated during serial undiluted passage that maintain the 5' proximal nonstructural protein ORF (NS-ORF) but contain deletions in the SP-ORF. Following transfection of Vero cells with in vitro RNA transcripts from RUBrep/GFP, replicon replication occurred and the replicon was amplified and spread to other cells in the presence of standard helper virus. GFP expression was a much more sensitive indicator of replicon replication than was Northern analysis to detect replicon-specific RNAs. Most of a series of RUBrep/GFP constructs with deletions in the NS-ORF not only were incapable of self-replication, but were not amplified by standard helper virus. The only exception was a construct with an in-frame deletion between two NotI sites that removed nucleotides 1685-2192 of the genome; this construct did not express GFP by itself, but did express GFP in the presence of standard helper RUB and was spread to other cells. Thus, with the exception of this region, the NS-ORF is required in cis for amplification of RUB replicons by standard helper virus, explaining the selection of DI RNAs that maintain the NS-ORF. Surprisingly, when the NotI deletion was introduced into Robo402, a viable virus resulted that replicated only threefold less efficiently than did Robo402 virus. Thus, the NotI region of the NS-ORF is not necessary for virus replication. This deletion covers a region of the NS-ORF without predicted function, which therefore may function as a spacer or hinge between functional domains. Nevertheless, it was an unexpected finding that a small virus such as RUB could dispense with approximately 10% of its genome.
Effect of Storage Conditions on Compaction Behavior of Two Grades of Spray-Dried Lactose

In this work we examine the effect of storage conditions (moisture exposure) on the compression behavior of 2 grades of spray-dried lactose (Pharmatose DCL 11 and Pharmatose DCL 14) under 2 different circumstances. The first was to expose powder samples to moisture, then compress them. The second was to expose precompressed tablets to moisture. We clearly show that the effect of moisture exposure and amorphous content crystallization in spray-dried lactoses on compaction behavior depends on whether this moisture exposure takes place before or after compression. In addition, the impact of storage conditions depends on the grade of spray-dried lactose.
Histamine increases sickle erythrocyte adherence to endothelium

Complications of sickle cell anaemia include vascular occlusion triggered by the adherence of sickle erythrocytes to endothelium in the postcapillary venules. Adherence can be promoted by inflammatory mediators that induce endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression and arrest flowing erythrocytes. The present study characterised the effect of histamine stimulation on the kinetics of sickle cell adherence to large vessel and microvascular endothelium under physiological flow. Increased sickle cell adherence was observed within minutes of endothelial activation by histamine and reached a maximum value within 30 min. At steady state, sickle cell adherence to histamine-stimulated endothelium was 47 +/- 4 adherent cells/mm(2), 2.6-fold higher than sickle cell adherence to unstimulated endothelial cells. Histamine-induced sickle cell adherence occurred rapidly and transiently. Studies using histamine receptor agonists and antagonists suggest that histamine-induced sickle cell adhesion depends on simultaneous stimulation of the H(2) and H(4) histamine receptors and endothelial P-selectin expression. These data show that histamine release may promote sickle cell adherence and vaso-occlusion. In vivo histamine release should be studied to determine its role in sickle complications and whether blocking of specific histamine receptors may prevent clinical complications or adverse effects from histamine release stimulated by opiate analgesic treatment.
Protein Explorer: easy yet powerful macromolecular visualization.

Protein Explorer (PE, http://www.proteinexplorer.org) enables students, educators and other nonspecialists to visualize macromolecular structures easily. It also offers several advanced capabilities useful to protein structure specialists. Great attention has been given to making PE easy to use. Explanations, color keys and troubleshooting information are displayed automatically. There are also 'Frequently Asked Questions', a one-hour 'Quick-Tour', an alphabetical 'Help/Index/Glossary', and a detailed 'Tutorial'; all making PE much easier to use than either Chime or RasMol. Moreover, it is much more powerful; in addition to basic macromolecular visualization capabilities common to most similar programs, it offers one-click visualization of interfaces between moieties ('contacts'), cation-pi interactions and salt bridges, as well as easy-to-use routines to visualize regions of conservation in three-dimensional protein structures based on multiple sequence alignments.
Transition to Living The Neglected Component of Transition Programming for Individuals with Learning Disabilities

The purpose of this article is to document the need for assisting individuals with learning disabilities (LD) to transition to adult life, with particular emphasis on aspects of adult life other than employment and postsecondary education. The adult roles emphasized are maintaining a home, becoming appropriately involved in the community (including recreation and leisure activities), and experiencing satisfactory personal and social relationships. The first section of this article reviews the results of major studies on the adult adjustment of individuals with LD, and discusses these individuals' learning characteristics. The second component briefly highlights existing models of career education and life skills education. The third section focuses on current practices in programming for adolescents with LD; and the final section proposes steps that must be taken if we are to more effectively help these individuals in their transition to all aspects of adult life.
Inactivation of the NF2 tumor suppressor protein merlin in DU145 prostate cancer cells

BACKGROUND The neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) tumor suppressor gene product merlin is an important regulator of contact-dependent cell proliferation. Phosphorylation of merlin at serine 518 (Ser518) by the Rac effector p21-activated kinase (PAK) inactivates merlin's growth suppressing function, and is regulated by cell-culture conditions, including cell density, cell/substrate attachment, and growth factor availability. We examined the regulation of merlin expression and merlin phosphorylation in prostate cancer cells. METHODS Phosphorylation of merlin in five prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP, DU145, PC3, 22RV1, and LAPC-4) was examined by Western blotting using anti-phospho-merlin (Ser518) antibody. The activity of PAK, an upstream regulator of merlin phosphorylation, was measured by Western blotting using phospho-PAK (Ser141) antibody. The effects of various cell-culture conditions on the phosphorylation levels of merlin and PAK were analyzed. RESULTS Both merlin expression and phosphorylation were low in LNCaP, PC3, 22RV1, and LAPC-4 prostate cancer cells. In DU145 cells, total and phosphorylated merlin were abundant, but phosphorylation was not inhibited by high cell density, serum withdrawal, the addition of hyaluronic acid or inhibition of CD44 expression, all of which are reported to inhibit merlin phosphorylation in non-neoplastic cells. PAK activation was elevated in DU145 cells and the addition of a PAK-specific inhibitor peptide but not the Rac1-specific inhibitor NSC23766 inhibited both PAK and merlin phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Merlin is inactivated in DU145 prostate cancer cells by PAK-mediated constitutive phosphorylation, identifying a novel mechanism of merlin inactivation in neoplastic cells. Prostate 68:975–984, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Conflicting world views and the delivery of treatment to narcotics addicts: some sociocultural observations.

Abstract Methadone is a synthetic narcotic drug developed in Germany during World War II. Methadone was originally used as a morphine substitute for analgesic purposes, yet during the past decade it has evolved into a primary mechanism in the treatment of heroin addiction. While methadone has seemingly emerged as a viable technique in the management of addiction, conflicting viewpoints have developed in both the medical and addict communities regarding its action, use and relative merits. Viewing methadone use as the more “medical” approach to the treatment of addiction, its evaluation is discussed and contrasted with the “law and order” approach. Based on interviews with methadone users and participant observation, alternative levels of methadone belief systems are examined. Furthermore, in an attempt to better understand the action and impact of such beliefs, an overview of shifting public attitudes towards addiction and its treatment are offered.
Photophysical properties of nucleic acids that contain A and T bases, and global analysis of steady-state fluorescence spectra in the presence of energy transfer

We have studied the steady-state fluorescence properties of the polynucleotides poly(dA)poly(dT) and poly(dT) as well as of the 20-mers (dA)20(dT)20 and (dT)20 at room temperature for excitation at 293 nm where T is selectively excited. The fluorescence spectrum of the double-stranded 20-mer is shifted to longer wavelengths relative to that of poly(dA)poly(dT), which may be the result of reduced stacking interactions. The fluorescence spectrum of the single-stranded 20-mer is much broader than that of poly(dT); this casts doubt on the validity of the assumption made in the literature that the crystallographic results from a dimer can be used to develop a model for poly(dT). The fluorescence anisotropies of the double- stranded systems are unexpectedly lower than those of the single- stranded ones, which suggests that cooperative interactions operate in the dynamics of the former. The analysis of the results of these systems was considerably simplified because of the fact that T can be selectively excited at the long-wavelength edge of the absorption spectrum. For the more general case for which such a spectral window does not exist, we have developed a methodology that employs a global nonlinear least-squares analysis of the dependence of the fluorescence intensity on the polarization angle and have estimated, for a simulated mixture of the C and G bases, their individual fluorescence spectra in the presence of energy transfer from C to G as well as from G to C.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Vapor pressure studies of the hydrogen fluoride-antimony pentafluoride system

Abstract Vapor pressure data are reported for the hydrogen fluoride-antimony pentafluoride binary liquid system over the full compositional range (0 – 100 mole % SbF 5 ) and temperature range (233 – 293 K) commonly used in reaction chemistry of this superacid system.
Energy Policy and Research: Discussion from a Land Grant Institution Perspective

The importance of adequate energy supplies for the agricultural sector is reaffirmed, and the cooperative intersectoral effort this will require is outlined. Because existing research systems will either be aided or hampered by the rules and regulations of the bureaucracy, efforts to promote cooperation and joint planning are endorsed as a way to expedite publicly funded agricultural research. The author points out that, although plans and recommendations are important, the land grand scientists are the ones who must ultimately solve the problems.
Secondary conditions in children with disabilities: spina bifida as a case example.

This paper examines the concept of secondary conditions and its application in studies of childhood disability focusing on children with spina bifida as a representative group. The "International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health" (World Health Organization, Geneva, 2001) provides a classification of body function/structure, activities, participation and the environment to document dimensions of human functioning in context. The ICF is of value in the study of secondary conditions in two ways: as a conceptual framework for defining impairments, activity limitations and participation restrictions, and the mediating role of the environment in their expression; and as a taxonomy for coding these dimensions of disability. The ICF can yield a profile of a child's difficulties, and documentation of environmental barriers experienced by that child. Research studies with children and adolescents with spina bifida reveal that physical and mental impairments and limitations in performing activities and participating in communal life are experienced as secondary conditions. The significance of secondary conditions is that they are preventable. Identifying the mechanisms associated with their manifestation is thus an important priority for the development of effective prevention programs.
Serum and follicular fluid hormone levels during in vitro fertilization after short- or long-course treatment with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist.

Abstract Objective: To examine the impact of flare (short) vs. down-regulation (long) GnRH agonist (GnRH-a) on serum and follicular fluid (FF) LH and androgen concentrations in women undergoing IVF treatment cycles. Design: Prospective observational study. Setting: IVF clinic. Patient(s): One hundred sixteen ovulatory subjects undergoing IVF. Intervention(s): Fifty-eight ovulatory patients undergoing a down-regulation regimen matched with 58 undergoing the flare regimen as part of an IVF cycle. Main Outcome Measure(s): Serum concentrations of LH, FSH, Progesterone (P4), Androstenedione (A), T, and E 2 on the day of hCG administration were compared between the two groups. In addition, the FF P4, 17OHP4, A, T, and E 2 levels were compared in the two groups. Result(s): Serum LH was significantly higher with the flare regimen (15.2 ± 1.14 IU/L, P P 2 were not statistically significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion(s): Serum LH and FF A are significantly higher in the flare regimen in comparison with the down-regulation regimen. Circulating LH appears to play a role in determining FF A concentration.
Inés y la Alegría: Women in the Resistance against Franco

This paper examines the normalization of violence during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) and immediate postwar era through the lens of historical memory, focusing more specifically on anti-Francoist guerrilla women: one of the more silenced social realities until the end of the 20th century. I argue that the novel Ines y la Alegria, by Almudena Grandes (2010) denounces Francoism´s repercussion to present-day democracy and silenced society. Using an intersectional analytical framework constituted by concepts by Cynthia Enloe, Zillah Eisenstein, Walter Benjamin and Johan Galtung, I analyze Grandes´ novel considering a variety of issues: the militarization of women, women´s power and empowerment, connections between the state and violence in the Spanish case, and stereotypes, myths and realities implied on the role of anti-Francoist militiawomen. I argue that the author´s goal is to spread the story in an attempt to recover the voices of the defeated who couldn´t tell their story due to the Francoist repression; considering as well the repercussions of such repression still visible today in Spanish society. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n9p262
Monte Carlo Simulation of InAlAs/InAlGaAs Tandem Avalanche Photodiodes

Monte Carlo simulation is performed on a low-noise, three-stage tandem avalanche photodiode with InAlAs/InAlGaAs impact-ionization-engineered multiplication region. The simulated excess noise factor agrees well with experimental measurements. A modified structure to further reduce the excess noise is proposed.
Opioid and non-opioid components of insulin-induced feeding

The present study was initiated to clarify the involvement of endogenous opioids in insulin-induced feeding. Naloxone (3 mg/kg) was injected in male Sprague Dawley rats every hour for 2 hours after insulin injection (10 U/kg). Only the first hour food intake was depressed (68% reduction). When naloxone was given only 1 hour after insulin administration, depression of food intake was not noted. When food was withheld for 2 hours after insulin injection, both naloxone and its long acting congener, naltrexone (3 mg/kg) were able to depress only the first hour feeding subsequent to food presentation. These data suggest that insulin-induced feeding can be divided into two pharmacologically distinct phases: the early phase being naloxone-sensitive while the late phase is naloxone-insensitive. Furthermore, the early phase begins with the presentation of food and not with the administration of insulin.
Modeling, Fabrication, and Testing of a Nanoinjection Lance Array for Simultaneous Multi-Cell Injections

A nanoinjection lance array has been developed to inject foreign genetic material into thousands of cells at once using electrophoresis to attract and repel particles to and from the lances. A unique combination of isotropic and anisotropic etch processes are used to fabricate the four million 1 μm by 8 μm solid lances on a 2 cm by 2 cm chip. Initial studies show high cell viability when the lance array is used to pierce through a culture of HeLa cancer cells, often used for genetic research. A mathematical computer model simulating motion of attracted or repelled particles informs the design of the nanoinjection lance array system. The nanoinjection lance array provides an efficient, convenient, and quick way to simultaneously inject thousands of cells for a wide range of genetic research applications.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
A Rab21/LIM-only/CH-LIM complex regulates phagocytosis via both activating and inhibitory mechanisms

We have identified two LIM domain proteins, LimF and ChLim, from Dictyostelium that interact with each other and with the small, Rab5-related, Rab21 GTPase to collectively regulate phagocytosis. To investigate in vivo functions, we generated cell lines that lack or overexpress LimF and ChLim and strains that express activating or inhibiting variants of Rab21. Overexpression of LimF, loss of ChLim, or expression of constitutively active Rab21 increases the rate of phagocytosis above that of wild type. Conversely, loss of LimF, overexpression of ChLim, or expression of a dominant-negative Rab21 inhibits phagocytosis. Our studies using cells carrying multiple mutations in these genes further indicate that ChLim antagonizes the activating function of Rab21-GTP during phagocytosis; in turn, LimF is required for Rab21-GTP function. Finally, we demonstrate that ChLim and LimF localize to the phagocytic cup and phago-lysosomal vesicles. We suggest that LimF, ChLim, and activated Rab21-GTP participate as a novel signaling complex that regulates phagocytic activity.
A classification system for large reservoirs of the contiguous United States

Degradation of reservoir fish habitat has become a serious concern. Habitat issues-such as sedimentation, excessive nutrient loadings, and lack of submerged structure-may emerge and worsen over time and are accompanied by undesirable shifts in the fish community and fisheries. To prioritize habitat rehabilitation efforts in reservoirs, we developed a classification system for large reservoirs in the contiguous U.S. We used a four-step classification approach based on over 50 variables descriptive of habitat impairment in a sample of almost 1300 reservoirs. To account for the broad geographic heterogeneity in climate and landscape, reservoirs were assigned to a spatial framework relevant to aquatic resources, selected based on how well it recognized regional differences in fish habitat. To account for differences among reservoirs within geographical regions, we used cluster analysis to identify classes of reservoirs with similar characteristics. Classes were compared regarding habitat impairment, the fish community, the recreational fishery, and other variables from an external dataset to seek support for the classification system. A method for classifying new reservoirs not included in the original sample was also developed. The resulting classification system identified nine geographical regions distributed throughout the contiguous U.S. and 24 reservoir classes within the nine regions. The system can serve as the framework for a reservoir assessment mechanism. Our approach may be applicable elsewhere a broad-scale dataset is not available and needs to be obtained quickly and inexpensively, whether in regards to fish habitat or other environmental information needs.
THE AMUR-YAKUTSK MAINLINE: A SOVIET CONCEPT OR REALITY?

The assimilation of Siberia's northeast frontier has been a subliminal goal of Soviet planners since the 1930s, but economic problems, including inaccessibility, have thwarted their aim at almost every turn. The completion of the Baykal-Amur Mainline (BAM) and the renewed planning and construction of the Amur-Yakutsk Mainline (AYAM) at first promised to inspire new regional development efforts. The new policies of the Gorbachev administration appear to have altered the course, at least temporarily. This article analyzes these developments and relationships.
Effect of Workpiece Flatness and Surface Finish on the Holding Force of a Magnetic Chuck

Magnetic chucks are commonly used for workholding in precision grinding and turning of ferromagnetic materials. The workholding force produced by the chuck is strongly influenced by the texture and form of the workpiece surface in contact with the chuck surface. This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation into the effects of workpiece surface flatness, finish, and texture on the normal and frictional workholding forces produced by a radial 4-pole electromagnetic chuck. Ring shaped case-hardened steel specimens were used in the experiments. The results show that the normal holding force decreases with increasing flatness deviation. The effect of surface roughness on the normal holding force was found to be small compared to the effect of flatness but significantly impacts the tangential holding force. The workpiece surface texture was also found to have an effect on the workholding forces.
Applying Zener diodes to expanded-scale instruments

ONE INTERESTING RESULT of the application of information theory to electrical measurements is that design practice should change in some particulars to keep pace with application needs. This applies with particular force to the span of measurement which, in many instances, is some normal value plus or minus the expected variations in the voltage, current or power in the circuit. In contrast to this need, the span of most electric instruments traditionally starts at zero and extends to some value in excess of the anticipated maximum. The accuracy and visual resolution of measurement may be increased by scale designs which transfer the little-used lower portions of the scale range to the estimated range of operating values.
The library of congress: A proposed role in a national information and referral network

Information and referral (I&R) services provide needed communication between citizens and agencies that serve them. There is need for coordination of general and specialized I&R services into a national network to improve effectiveness and economy, as recommended by a recent report of the U.S. Comptroller General. The Library of Congress should coordinate the federal resources being spent for I&R, in much the same way as it does library services to the physically handicapped. Placement of this function in the legislative branch could assure greater continuity of support and responsiveness to the citizen and in turn could provide a stronger bond between legislators and their constituencies.
AS04-adjuvanted virus-like particles containing multiple M2 extracellular domains of influenza virus confer improved protection

The ectodomain of matrix protein 2 (M2e) of influenza virus is suggested to be a rational target for a universal influenza A vaccine. However, there are some concerns that M2e vaccines might not be highly effective in the general population with diverse genetic backgrounds. Here we examined the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the baculovirus-derived virus-like particles containing multiple M2e (M2eVLP) with AS04 adjuvant in a C57BL/6 mouse strain (H-2b). M2eVLP vaccine induced significant levels of M2e-specific IgG in C57BL/6 mice after vaccination. Furthermore, M2eVLP adjuvanted with AS04 was more effective than M2eVLP alone in conferring protection as well as in inducing recall humoral and T cell responses specific for M2e after lethal influenza virus challenge. A mechanistic study provides evidence that activation of dendritic cells by the toll-like receptor 4 agonist MPL in the AS04 adjuvant was associated with interferon-γ producing CD4 T cell responses. Our results suggest that AS04 adjuvanted M2eVLP vaccines have the potential to improve cross-protection.
Conditioned Responses in the White Rat

(1934). Conditioned Responses in the White Rat. The Pedagogical Seminary and Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 303-335.
Personalized estimates of benefit from preventive care guidelines: a proof of concept.

BACKGROUND The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) makes recommendations for 60 distinct clinical services, but clinicians rarely have time to fully evaluate and implement the recommendations. OBJECTIVE To complete a proof of concept for prioritization and personalization of USPSTF recommendations, using patient-specific clinical characteristics. DESIGN Mathematical model. DATA SOURCES USPSTF recommendations and supporting evidence and National Vital Statistics Reports. TARGET POPULATION Nonpregnant adults. TIME HORIZON Lifetime. PERSPECTIVE Individual. INTERVENTION USPSTF grade A and B recommendations. OUTCOME MEASURES Personalized gain in life expectancy associated each recommendation. RESULTS OF BASE-CASE ANALYSIS Increases in life expectancy varied more than 100-fold across USPSTF recommendations, and the rank order of benefits varied considerably among patients. For an obese man aged 62 years who smoked and had hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and a family history of colorectal cancer, the model’s top 3 recommendations (from most to least gain in life expectancy) were tobacco cessation (adding 2.8 life-years), weight loss (adding 1.6 life-years), and blood pressure control (adding 0.8 life-year). Lower-ranked recommendations were a healthier diet, aspirin use, cholesterol reduction, colonoscopy, screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm, and HIV testing (each adding 0.1 to 0.3 life-years). For a person with the same characteristics plus uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus, the model’s top 3 recommendations were diabetes control, tobacco cessation, and weight loss (each adding 1.4 to 1.8 life-years). RESULTS OF SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS Robust to variation of model inputs and satisfied face validity criteria. LIMITATION Expected adherence rates and quality of life were not considered. CONCLUSION Models of personalized preventive care may illustrate how magnitude and rank order of benefit associated with preventive guidelines vary across recommendations and patients. These predictions may help clinicians to prioritize USPSTF recommendations at the patient level.
A Randomized Study of a Literacy-Integrated Science Intervention for Low-Socio-Economic Status Middle School Students: Findings from First-Year Implementation.

This paper presents the findings from a randomized control trial study of reading/literacy-integrated science inquiry intervention after 1 year of implementation and the treatment effect on 5th-grade low-socio-economic African-American and Hispanic students’ achievement in science and English reading. A total of 94 treatment students and 194 comparison students from four randomized intermediate schools participated in the current project. The intervention consisted of ongoing professional development and specific instructional science lessons with inquiry-based learning, direct and explicit vocabulary instruction, and integration of reading and writing. Results suggested that (a) there was a significantly positive treatment effect as reflected in students' higher performance in district-wide curriculum-based tests of science and reading and standardized tests of science, reading, and English reading fluency; (b) males and females did not differ significantly from participating in science inquiry instructi...
Small Angle Neutron Scattering from Nanocrystalline Pd and Cu Compacted at Elevated Temperatures

Nanocrystalline (n-) Cu and Pd, prepared by inert gas condensation (IGC) and in situ room temperature (RT) and elevated temperature (warm) compactions, have been studied by small angle neutron scattering (SANS). Previous work [1] on room temperature compacted and subsequently annealed n-Pd seemed to show that all the scattering could be accounted for by a distribution of pores. Analysis of more extensive SANS measurements, together with the results of prompt gamma activation analysis (PGAA), indicates that the SANS can be explained by the presence of pores and hydrogen. Warm compaction reduces the hydrogen impurity level, while increasing the bulk density and decreasing the pore size. This can lead to a dramatic hardness increase in these materials.
Optimal priority queues: The simple discretionary priority rule

The simple discretionary priority rule defines a point of discretion for every customer class up to which preemption by newly arriving customers of higher classes is possible. The paper derives the transient state results for the case with arbitrary numbers of customer classes and general service time distributions. The optimal point of discretion is determined for cost functions linear in the expected number of customers of each class present in the system.