cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Failure of Psyllium Mucilloid to Hasten Evacuation of Sand From the Equine Large Intestine

Objective—To examine the efficacy of psyllium mucilloid in evacuating sand from the equine large intestine. Animals—12 clinically healthy pony geldings. Procedure—Twelve ponies were assigned to 2 groups of six each. One group was treated with psyllium and the second was a control group. All ponies had an exploratory celiotomy and 10 g/kg body weight of sand was placed into the cecum. Ponies were fed a grain mixture alone at 1 g/kg (controls), a grain mixture plus psyllium pellets, each at 1 g/kg body weight (3 ponies), or fed a grain mixture and given psyllium powder by nasogastric tube at 1 g/kg body weight divided into two daily doses in 3 L of water (3 ponies). Radiographs were taken on days 1 (3 per group), 5 (all ponies), and 11 (3 per group) to monitor sand transit through the large intestine. Ponies were euthanatized 11 days after surgery. Sand was collected from the contents of the cecum, ventral colon, dorsal colon, and small colon. Dry weight of the recovered sand was compared between the two treatment groups as a percentage of the dry weight of sand placed in the cecum. Results—No significant differences were detected in the mean percentage of sand recovered between the two treatment groups (P < .05), with 39.2% recovered in ponies treated with psyllium and 27.4% recovered in control ponies. Clinical Relevance—Psyllium mucilloid had no apparent effect on sand evacuation from the equine large intestine. When intake of sand is prevented, the equine large intestine can reduce and possibly eliminate its sand burden.
The Caltech Chemistry Animation Project

Animations are being produced on subjects such as: atomic and molecular orbitals, lattices, VSPER, nucleophilic substitution, stereochemistry, sigma and pi bonding, and many more.
Components and graph automorphisms of standard 2 × 2‐switch banyan networks

The standard networks of this paper are the Omega network of Lawrie and its various equivalent counterparts and another network which corresponds to the inverse CC-banyan (or restricted data manipulator) but is also built from 2 x 2-crossbar switches. We present several characterizations of graphs which determine the linkage of the switches in these networks. For the graph of the Omega network, such a characterization has been given by Kruskal and Snir and by Bermond, Fourneau, and Jean-Marie. Some of the results of this paper are variants of or inspired by the findings of the latter authors. Apart from the banyan property and conditions on the components of certain subgraphs, use is made of variations of the familiar buddy property. The automorphisms of the aforementioned graphs are determined as well. The structure of the standard networks appears to be largely determined by these mappings.
THE EFFECTS OF EPISODIC STAR FORMATION ON THE FUV-NUV COLORS OF STAR FORMING REGIONS IN OUTER DISKS

We run stellar population synthesis models to examine the effects of a recently episodic star formation history (SFH) on UV and Hα colors of star forming regions. Specifically, the SFHs we use are an episodic sampling of an exponentially declining star formation rate (SFR; τ model) and are intended to simulate the SFHs in the outer disks of spiral galaxies. To enable comparison between our models and observational studies of star forming regions in outer disks, we include in our models sensitivity limits that are based on recent deep UV and Hα observations in the literature. We find significant dispersion in the FUV-NUV colors of simulated star forming regions with frequencies of star formation episodes of 1 × 10–8 to 4 × 10–9 yr–1. The dispersion in UV colors is similar to that found in the outer disk of nearby spiral galaxies. As expected, we also find large variations in . We interpret our models within the context of inside-out disk growth, and find that a radially increasing τ and decreasing metallicity with an increasing radius will only produce modest FUV-NUV color gradients, which are significantly smaller than what is found for some nearby spiral galaxies. However, including moderate extinction gradients with our models can better match the observations with steeper UV color gradients. We estimate that the SFR at which the number of stars emitting FUV light becomes stochastic is ~2 × 10–6 M ☉ yr–1, which is substantially lower than the SFR of many star forming regions in outer disks. Therefore, we conclude that stochasticity in the upper end of the initial mass function is not likely to be the dominant cause of dispersion in the FUV-NUV colors of star forming regions in outer disks. Finally, we note that if outer disks have had an episodic SFH similar to that used in this study, this should be taken into account when estimating gas depletion timescales and modeling chemical evolution of spiral galaxies.
Traumatic Flexor Tendon Injuries in 27 Cattle

Information for all cattle with a diagnosis of tendon injury entered into the Veterinary Medical Data Base (VMDB) was retrieved and selected medical records reviewed. The proportional morbidity rate for tendon disruption was 0.89 cattle/1,000 cattle admissions and 95 of 99 cattle survived. Female and dairy cattle had a greater risk of tendon disruption than male or beef cattle, respectively. Also, cattle 6 months to 7 years old had a greater risk than cattle younger than 6 months old. Complete medical records were examined for 27 cattle. Affected cattle were 2.5 +/- 1.8 years old and weighed 593.6 +/- 315.6 kg. Injuries were most commonly caused by accidents involving farm machinery (72%). Unilateral superficial digital flexor tendon injury occurred in 8 cattle (30%); multiple tendon injury occurred in the other 19 cattle (70%). A single limb was involved in 25 cattle, a rear limb was involved in 24 cattle, and an open wound was associated with the injury in 26 cattle. Wounds were identified most commonly at the mid (13 cattle) and proximal metatarsus (4 cattle). Treatment of tendon disruption included tenorrhaphy and casting (9 cattle), external coaptation, alone, (14 cattle), stall confinement, alone, (1 cow), and euthanasia or salvage (3 cattle). External coaptation was maintained for 74.4 +/- 34.3 days, and total confinement period was 88.3 +/- 59.5 days. Short-term complications included severe tendon laxity (one cow) and fatal septic peritonitis (one bull). Twenty-two of 24 cattle treated for tendon disruption survived. Follow-up information was available for 16 cattle; 14 cattle (87%) returned to productivity and 11 of 15 cattle with long-term follow-up (73%) were considered productive. Long-term complications included persistent lameness (56%) and persistent hyperextension of the digits (19%).
A comparative study of lysozyme and its secretion by tracheal epithelium

Tracbeal explants from baboon, ferret, dog, mouse, hamster, rat, guinea pig, chicken, sheep, rabbit, and cat were maintained in vitro for 24 to 12 hr. Bathing media were analyzed for lysozyme conte...
The emission spectrum of curium

Abstract The curium emission spectrum was observed from 2400 to 11 200 A using electrodeless lamps as sources. Accurately measured wavelengths of 2034 of the strongest 244 Cm lines are reported. The wavelengths, wavenumbers, and relative intensities are given. In addition, Zeeman-effect data, spectrum assignment as neutral or singly ionized lines, isotope shift, and energy-level classifications are given for most of the lines.
Location—scale cumulative odds models for ordinal data: A generalized non‐linear model approach

Proportional odds regression models for multinomial probabilities based on ordered categories have been generalized in two somewhat different directions. Models having scale as well as location parameters for adjustment of boundaries (on an unobservable, underlying continuum) between categories have been employed in the context of ROC analysis. Partial proportional odds models, having different regression adjustments for different multinomial categories, have also been proposed. This paper considers a synthesis and further generalization of these two families. With use of a number of examples, I discuss and illustrate properties of this extended family of models. Emphasis is on the computation of maximum likelihood estimates of parameters, asymptotic standard deviations, and goodness-of-fit statistics with use of non-linear regression programs in standard statistical software such as SAS.
the Star in the East: the Controversy over Christian Missions to India, 1805–1813

(1998). The Star in the East: the Controversy over Christian Missions to India, 1805–1813. The Historian: Vol. 60, No. 3, pp. 507-522.
Synergistic action of growth factors and dynamic loading for articular cartilage tissue engineering.

It has previously been demonstrated that dynamic deformational loading of chondrocyte-seeded agarose hydrogels over the course of 1 month can increase construct mechanical and biochemical propertie...
Neural measures of interhemispheric information transfer during attentive tracking

People are generally able to track 4-5 objects as they move amongst visually identical distractors. However, Alvarez & Cavanagh (2005) found that if tracked objects are lateralized to one visual hemifield, tracking capacity is drastically reduced relative to bilateral tracking trials. These data suggest that tracking for each hemifield is carried out independently by the contralateral hemisphere. If so, what happens when an object moves from one hemifield to another? If the right hemisphere is tracking an object that moves to the right visual field, does the left hemisphere pick up the object representation the moment that it crosses the midline, does it preemptively start tracking the object before it crosses the midline, or does it wait until some point after the midline has been crossed? When does the right hemisphere stop tracking the object? We studied these questions using a sustained contralateral negativity that indexes tracking activity during lateralized versions of the attentive tracking task (Drew & Vogel, 2009). We measured contralateral and ipsilateral activity while a tracked object moved horizontally across the midline. As predicted, activity with respect to the hemifield where the object originated initially exhibited a strong contralateral negativity that then flipped to an ipsilateral negativity as the object moved to the opposite hemifield. We found that ipsilateral activity prospectively increased prior to the moment when the object crossed the midline whereas contralateral activity did not decrease until several hundred milliseconds after the object crossed the midline. This suggests that the two hemispheres were both tracking the object for several hundred milliseconds. Furthermore, we were able to influence the timing of this interaction by manipulating the predictability of object motion. When the object movement was less predictable, the duration of interhemispheric information sharing decreased.
Application of mannich reaction to sulfones I. Reactive methylene moiety of sulfones

The preparation of a series of β -aminosulfones is described. Consideration of sulfone reactivity and mechanism of the condensaion are related in this report. These compounds failed to provide significant antibacterial activity.
Simultaneous Confidence Bands for Percentile Lines in the General Linear Model

Abstract This article is a generalization of the procedures developed by Steinhorst and Bowden (1971) for constructing confidence bands for the 100βth percentiles in the general linear model. Since the original procedure built these bands about a biased estimator of the 100βth precentile line, some other estimators were tried. While some improvement was noted, the results are not conclusive, suggesting that the best procedure has not been found yet.
An experiment in political trust

Trust is foundational in principal-agent relationships. I explore political trust through an experiment in which representative agents can improve their own welfare at the expense of voters. Collective voting and valuable seniority advantage make it difficult to foster accountability for trust betrayal. Subjects participate in a voting game with uncertain payoff redistribution, which allows agents to conceal self-interested behavior. The treatments vary the amount of information to voters compared to a baseline in which they are only aware of their payoff each period. I test to see whether revealing the intentions of the agent spurs a reaction to trust betrayal and whether accountability is comparison dependent. The collective-action problem and value of seniority affect observed accountability, but having a yardstick comparison across agents significantly increases accountability.
The associations of Amphipoda Hyperiidea with gelatinous zooplankton—II. Associations with Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Radiolaria

Abstract We have collected representatives of 12 of the 22 families of Amphipoda Hyperiidea while SCUBA diving. We have found that members of five families (Paraphronimidae, Lycaeopsidae, Pronoidae, Parascelidae and Platyscelidae) are associated only with siphonophores. Species within the Hyperiidae and Brachyscelidae are associated primarily with medusae, as are some members of the Lycaeidae. Members of the Oxycephalidae are often found with ctenophores, but are frequently found free-living or with other gelatinous organisms. Members of the Phronimidae fashion their barrels from a number of different gelatinous zooplankters. We have collected members of the Phrosinidae, but not in association with gelatinous zooplankton. Taken together with members of the Vibilidae, which have been found only on salps, the families we have collected include all of those expected to be accessible to our collecting technique. In many cases, the association between amphipod and host is highly specific. Our collections have led to the conclusion that most, if not all, hyperiid amphipods are associated with gelatinous zooplankton during some portion of their life histories. A knowledge of the nature of these interactions is essential to an understanding of the evolution of the group.
Correcting vitamin D insufficiency improves insulin sensitivity in obese adolescents: a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND Obese adolescents are at a greater risk of vitamin D deficiency because vitamin D is thought to be sequestered by excess adipose tissue. Poor vitamin D status has been associated with a higher prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, or both in adults and adolescents. OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine in obese adolescents the efficacy and safety of 4000 IU vitamin D3/d and whether subsequent increased circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] are associated with improved markers of insulin sensitivity and resistance and reduced inflammation. DESIGN Obese adolescent patients [n = 35; mean ± SD age: 14.1 ± 2.8 y; BMI (in kg/m(2)): 39.8 ± 6.1; 25(OH)D: 19.6 ± 7.1 ng/mL] were recruited from the University of Missouri Adolescent Diabetes and Obesity Clinic and were randomly assigned to receive either vitamin D3 (4000 IU/d) or placebo as part of their standard care. Anthropometric measurements, inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNF-α, C-reactive protein), adipokines (leptin, adiponectin), fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR values were measured at baseline and at 2 follow-up visits (3 and 6 mo). RESULTS After 6 mo, there were no significant differences in BMI, serum inflammatory markers, or plasma glucose concentrations between groups. Participants supplemented with vitamin D3 had increases in serum 25(OH)D concentrations (19.5 compared with 2.8 ng/mL for placebo; P < 0.001), fasting insulin (-6.5 compared with +1.2 μU/mL for placebo; P = 0.026), HOMA-IR (-1.363 compared with +0.27 for placebo; P = 0.033), and leptin-to-adiponectin ratio (-1.41 compared with +0.10 for placebo; P = 0.045). Inflammatory markers remained unchanged. CONCLUSION The correction of poor vitamin D status through dietary supplementation may be an effective addition to the standard treatment of obesity and its associated insulin resistance. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00994396.
Trifluoperazine inhibits hippocampal long-term potentiation and the phosphorylation of a 40,000 dalton protein

Abstract Brief high frequency stimulation induces long-term potentiation (LTP) and changes in the endogenous phosphorylation of a 40,000 dalton protein in the hippocampus in a calcium-dependent manner. In the present paper we report that 40 μM trifluoperazine (TFP), a phenothiazine that binds calmodulin and blocks its activity, inhibits LTP in the hippocampal slice. In addition, calmodulin stimulates and TFP inhibits the phosphorylation of the 40,000 dalton protein (as well as that of several other proteins) in a dose-dependent fashion.
The impact of electrocautery method on post-operative bleeding complications after non-newborn circumcision and revision circumcision.

Abstract Purpose We evaluated post-operative bleeding complications in non-newborns following use of monopolar versus bipolar electrocautery for circumcision or revision circumcision. Materials and methods We retrospectively reviewed sequentially performed cases of circumcision and revision circumcision performed by nine pediatric urologists at our institution from 2005 to 2010. In order to incorporate both the monopolar and bipolar electrocautery experience for a single surgeon employing bipolar technique, sequential cases from 2002 to 2010 were reviewed. Variables assessed included age, procedure, method of electrocautery, skin approximation and dressing, and bleeding complications. Results 1810 patients that underwent either circumcision or revision circumcision were reviewed. Complete data was available for 1617 patients. Age at operation was a mean 3.7 ± 4.9yrs and median 1.5yrs. Return for bleeding complication for all surgeons, was 2/336 (0.6%) for bipolar and 28/1281 (2.2%) for monopolar (p = 0.0545). For the single surgeon using bipolar technique, returns were 2/336 (0.6%) for bipolar and 5/309 (1.6%) for monopolar (p = 0.2133). Returns per procedure type were 1/200 (0.5%) bipolar and 24/844 (2.8%) monopolar for primary circumcision (p = 0.0513), and 1/136 (0.7%) bipolar and 4/437 (0.9%) monopolar (p = 0.84) for revision. Four of 1617 (0.2%) patients returned to the operating room [4/1281 (0.3%) monopolar (p = 0.31)]. There was no difference in return to the operating room for circumcision versus revision. Conclusion Return for bleeding complications after circumcision and revision circumcision occurred more frequently after monopolar electrocautery compared to bipolar. However, there was no significant difference between the two electrocautery methods. Either form of electrocautery appears to be effective for this common pediatric urologic procedure.
A 1.5 µL microbial fuel cell for on-chip bioelectricity generation

We have developed a dual-chamber microfluidic microbial fuel cell (MFC) system that allows on-chip bacterial culture and conversion of bacterial metabolism into electricity. The micro-MFC contains a vertically stacked 1.5 µL anode chamber and 4 µL cathode chamber, and represents the smallest MFC device to our knowledge. Microfluidic deliveries of growth medium and catholyte were achieved in separate flow channels without cross-channel mass exchange. After inoculation of electrogenic Shewanella oneidensis strain MR-1, current generation was observed on an external load for up to two weeks. Current production was repeatable with replenishment of organic substrates. A maximum current density of 1300 A/m3 and power density of 15 W/m3 were achieved. Electron microscopic studies confirmed large-scale, uniform biofilm growth on the gold anode, and suggested that the enhanced cell/anode interaction in the small volume may accelerate start-up. Our result demonstrates a versatile platform for studying the fundamental issues in MFCs on the micro-scale, and suggests the possibility of powering nanodevices using on-chip bioenergy.
Directions for judgment and decision making research based on comparison selection: Reply to Arkes, Johnson, and Kardes

Abstract Our target article proposed an alternative perspective for studying consumer judgment and decision making, focusing on the types and weights of comparisons consumers select. In this response we consider the major points made by each of the commentators and examine their implications for future work addressing our comparison-focused approach.
District Central Office Leadership as Teaching: How Central Office Administrators Support Principals' Development as Instructional Leaders.

Purpose: Research on educational leadership underscores the importance of principals operating as instructional leaders and intensive job-embedded supports for such work; this research also identifies central office staff as key support providers. However, it teaches little about what central office staff do when they provide such support and how to distinguish what they do as more or less supportive of principals’ development as instructional leaders. This article addresses that gap with findings from an in-depth comparative case study of the work practices of executive-level central office staff in three districts dedicated to providing instructional leadership support to principals. Research Design: The conceptual framework drawn from sociocultural and cognitive learning theories identifies practices that deepen professional practice in authentic work settings. Data came from 283 interviews and approximately 265 observation hours and 200 documents.
Basic Biological Sciences Lipids of Supragingival Calculus

The matrix of supragingival calculus constitutes 15.7% of the calculus dry weight and contains 54.9% protein and 10.2% lipids. Of the total lipids, 61.8% are represented by neutral lipids, 28% by glycolipids, and 10.2% by phospholipids. The neutral lipids exhibit a high content of free fatty acids (63.9%) and triglycerides (15.8%). The glycolipids are comprised of simple glycosphingolipids (17.2%), mainly lactosyl- and glucosylceramides, and of neutral and sulfated glyceroglucolipids (82.8%). The phospholipids contain large quantities of phosphatidylethanolamine (34.2%) and diphosphatidylglycerol (25.5%). Comparison with salivary and submandibular stone lipids indicates that both saliva and bacteria contribute to the lipid content of supragingival calculus.
The ozonation of pyrene: Pathway and product identification

Abstract The pathway by which ozone reacts with pyrene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), is proposed in this paper. Pyrene was dissolved in a 90% acetonitrile:water (v/v) mixture. At this ratio, sufficient water is present to participate in the ozonolysis reaction and thereby mimic what occurs in pure water. The initial pyrene concentration was 5 mM. The ozone dosages were varied to obtain different extents of reaction. A stoichiometric ratio of 1.68 mol ozone mol −1 pyrene was required to completely destroy pyrene. The ozonation products were tentatively identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Fourteen products including aldehyde and carboxylic acid substituted phenanthrene- and biphenyl-type oxidation products were identified. Several ring-cleavage reactions occurred sequentially: (i) ring cleavage of pyrene first occurred at the 4,5 position, with phenanthrene-type products predominating; and (ii) once secondary ring cleavage occurred, the concentration of pyrene and the phenanthrene-type products decreased dramatically, while the concentration of biphenyl-type products increased. The oxidation of pyrene by hydroxyl free radicals was found to be involved in the reaction, even at pH 3.7.
Molecular dynamics studies of a DNA-binding protein: 1. A comparison of the trp repressor and trp aporepressor aqueous simulations.

The results of two 30-ps molecular dynamics simulations of the trp repressor and trp aporepressor proteins are presented in this paper. The simulations were obtained using the AMBER molecular mechanical force field and in both simulations a 6-A shell of TIP3P waters surrounded the proteins. The trp repressor protein is a DNA-binding regulatory protein and it utilizes a helix-turn-helix (D helix-turn-E helix) motif to interact with DNA. The trp aporepressor, lacking two molecules of the l-tryptophan corepressor, cannot bind specifically to DNA. Our simulations show that the N- and C-termini and the residues in and near the helix-turn-;helix motifs are the most mobile regions of the proteins, in agreement with the X-ray crystallographic studies. Our simulations also find increased mobility of the residues in the turn-D helix-turn regions of the proteins. We find the average distance separating the DNA-binding motifs to be larger in the repressor as compared to the aporepressor. In addition to examining the protein residue fluctuations and deviations with respect to X-ray structures, we have also focused on backbone dihedral angles and corepressor hydrogen-bonding patterns in this paper.
Assessment of surgical residents in a vascular anastomosis laboratory.

Abstract Background We designed a simple, low-cost workshop to teach surgical residents the basic skills of vascular anastomosis. We studied our ability to identify objective procedural and end-product metrics that could be used to measure improvement in vascular anastomotic skill before and after training. Materials and methods Ten postgraduate year 2 residents without previous vascular surgery experience and four attending surgeons (expert) performed end-to-side anastomosis using a synthetic graft. The residents were taught the basic skills of vascular anastomosis during three didactic workshops. The objective metrics included volume leakage after saline perfusion (leak) and the time needed to complete the anastomosis. Penalty points were assigned for broken sutures, air knots, locking sutures, and failure to maintain an outside-in to inside-out technique. The leak, time, and penalties before and after training were compared. Results The mean leak was 70.4 ± 13.7 mL and the mean completion time was 18.7 ± 3 min for the pretraining group versus 45.3 ± 10.6 mL ( P P P P P = 0.77); however, a significant difference for the completion time remained (14.4 ± 3.0 min and 8.5 ± 1 min, respectively; P Conclusions We have reported an easy to implement workshop for teaching surgical residents the basic skills of performing vascular anastomosis.
Aspects of a model of the auditory representation of american english vowels

Abstract This paper describes some of the implications of Ludmilla Chistovich's “spectral center of gravity” (SCG) effect for a model of the auditory representation of American English vowels. Chistovich's work on defining a critical distance for the SCG effect is closely related to two of the most fundamental problems in speech communication research: the relation between acoustic attributes and phonemic features and the problem of invariance despite large acoustic differences between speakers. Firstly, experimental findings relating to the SCG effect are reviewed. Secondly, a model incorporating these perceptual effects is described, and thirdly, three aspects of the model are discussed: (1) the resulting feature analysis, (2) normalization, and (3) acoustic variability as represented in the model and its relation to Steven's quantal theory of speech production.
Balloon mitral valvuloplasty via retrograde left atrial catheterization

A technique for performing retrograde catheterization of the left atrium followed by double balloon mitral valvuloplasty without transseptal catheterization is described. Three patients have undergone double balloon mitral valvuloplasty by means of this technique, all with marked improvement in postdilatation mitral valve areas. The technique avoids iatrogenic atrial septal defects and is less difficult to perform than transseptal catheterization.
Isolation and characterization of tetranucleotide microsatellite loci from the seaside sparrow (Ammodramus maritimus)

The seaside sparrow (Ammodramus maritimus; SESP) includes seven extant subspecies ranging from the northeastern coast of the United States to the Gulf of Mexico. Genetic diversity of SESP may be impacted since coastal marsh habitats are highly fragmented, thereby limiting gene flow among adjacent populations. Genetic analysis of SESP populations will provide insight for development of conservation and management strategies for the species. We describe development and characterization of 11 novel microsatellite markers for SESP. These loci will be useful for individual identification as well as studies of fine-scale genetic relatedness within populations and subspecies of SESP.
Gardosian patterns in tribology

The following paper is a memorial retrospective on selected research of Dr. Michael N. Gardos. Dr. Gardos spent his professional career engaged in tribological research which often extended the scientific boundaries of the field. Several of the concepts he put forth into the tribology community were initially met with grave skepticism but over time his views have been largely embraced but not widely acknowledged. His approach to new research topics was often characterized by these qualities: (1) pioneering points of view, (2) the use of the model experiment, and (3) the presence of multiple research agendas for each single experiment. I have chosen to name his research approach as “Gardosian Patterns” in honor of his contributions to Tribology. Three specific examples of these patterns will be reviewed. One is the concept of atomic level tailoring of materials to control macroscopic properties. A second is the use of a model ball polishing experiment to identify high fracture toughness ceramics for use in rolling element bearings. A third Gardosian Pattern example is his pioneering work with the tribology of diamond and diamond films in which he proposed controlling friction via surface bond tailoring. In these examples, Gardos utilized conventional research tools in unconventional ways and, at times, even developed new tools which have become part of the mainstream. His remarkable career has left a positive and lasting mark on Tribology.
Migration race and ethnicity 1960-1980.

The authors look at the extent to which the patterns of migration and regional distribution of minority groups resemble those of whites for the years 1960-1980. They direct attention to US-born Asian Americans blacks Hispanics Native Americans and whites and discuss to what extent these groups interstate migration net regional migration and regional distributions and patterns resemble one another. Data used in analysis come from the 1960 1970 and 1980 Public Use Microdata Samples. For analysis of the effects of age and education on migration the authors use data from male and female householders. In the analyses of the regional distribution of minority groups and migration they use data from all individuals aged 5 and over at the time of the Census. Logistic regression models are used to examine racial and ethnic differences in the likelihood of interstate migration using age education and gender as control variables. The authors conclude that the likelihood interstate migration among Asians blacks Hispanics and American Indians has become more similar to that for whites. The odds of migrating were lowest for blacks. The regional distribution of whites has become more similar to that of Asians blacks and Hispanics but significant differences persist. The South and West experienced net in-migration of all groups during the 1975-1980 periods. On the whole results suggest some support for a convergence in migration behavior. Raial and ethnic differences in migration and regional distribution are narrowing; however regional concentrations of minority groups will exist far into the future even if the prevalence and patterns of migration of these groups become identical to those of whites. (authors modified)
Smoothing Head Scan Data with Generalized Cross Validation

ABSTRACT One of the difficult problems encountered in range image data is eliminating noise without removing structure. Generalized Cross Validation (GCV) is one method for detennining filter size to achieve this compromise. GCV has beenemployed with the Gaussian filter to choose among the infinite number of filter sizes available for smoothing range data.The Gaussian filter is a desirable filter because of its scale space properties4l] In this study, noise range data was estimated and GCV was used to determine Gaussian filter size. GCV provides an effective way for solving range image problems where noise level information is not available. 1. INTRODUCTIONDevelopment of equipment for use by pilots has undergone major changes in this century. Developing a helmet, designed for high speed travel or use in space, is one example. Helmets needed to meet the specification of high speed travel,require exact anthropometric measurements. The latest research in this area has involved computer vision research and 3D
HIV Protease Inhibitors Act as Competitive Inhibitors of the Cytoplasmic Glucose Binding Site of GLUTs with Differing Affinities for GLUT1 and GLUT4

The clinical use of several first generation HIV protease inhibitors (PIs) is associated with the development of insulin resistance. Indinavir has been shown to act as a potent reversible noncompetitive inhibitor of zero-trans glucose influx via direct interaction with the insulin responsive facilitative glucose transporter GLUT4. Newer drugs within this class have differing effects on insulin sensitivity in treated patients. GLUTs are known to contain two distinct glucose-binding sites that are located on opposite sides of the lipid bilayer. To determine whether interference with the cytoplasmic glucose binding site is responsible for differential effects of PIs on glucose transport, intact intracellular membrane vesicles containing GLUT1 and GLUT4, which have an inverted transporter orientation relative to the plasma membrane, were isolated from 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The binding of biotinylated ATB-BMPA, a membrane impermeable bis-mannose containing photolabel, was determined in the presence of indinavir, ritonavir, atazanavir, tipranavir, and cytochalasin b. Zero-trans 2-deoxyglucose transport was measured in both 3T3-L1 fibroblasts and primary rat adipocytes acutely exposed to these compounds. PI inhibition of glucose transport correlated strongly with the PI inhibition of ATB-BMPA/transporter binding. At therapeutically relevant concentrations, ritonavir was not selective for GLUT4 over GLUT1. Indinavir was found to act as a competitive inhibitor of the cytoplasmic glucose binding site of GLUT4 with a KI of 8.2 µM. These data establish biotinylated ATB-BMPA as an effective probe to quantify accessibility of the endofacial glucose-binding site in GLUTs and reveal that the ability of PIs to block this site differs among drugs within this class. This provides mechanistic insight into the basis for the clinical variation in drug-related metabolic toxicity.
Low-loss magnesium films for plasmonics

Abstract The optical properties of pure nanostructured magnesium films deposited on glass, Si and GaAs substrates using DC magnetron sputtering are examined in this work to determine the potential of Mg as plasmonic material in the ultraviolet (UV) to near-infrared (NIR) spectral range. Using film thicknesses ranging from 210 to 910 nm, the corresponding optical constants over the wavelength range of 250–1700 nm were measured using a variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometer and these results are compared to reference Al thin films. The optical constants of Mg depend on the film thickness. From the perspective of plasmonics applications, we find that the best values are observed in this work for the 910 nm thick Mg film on glass substrates. The film morphology and structure of the Mg films were characterized using atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, stylus profilometry and X-ray diffraction. The optical dielectric constants and plasmonic figures of merit are strongly influenced by the film structure. The results show that smooth and [0 0 0 2] textured magnesium films have extremely low loss, superior or comparable to aluminum films in portions of the UV spectrum.
Perceived Racism and Encouragement Among African American Adults

The effects of spirituality, racial socialization, and ethnic pride on encouragement in the face of racism among African American adults (N= 201) were investigated. The negative relationship between perceived racism and encouragement disappeared when spirituality, ethnic pride, and a racial socialization history were entered into the regression equation. Se investigaron los efectos de la espiritualidad, la socializacion racial y el orgullo etnico sobre el animo para enfrentarse al racismo entre adultos Afroamericanos (N = 201). La relacion negativa entre el racismo percibido y el animo desaparecio cuando se introdujeron en la ecuacion regresiva la espiritualidad, el orgullo etnico y una historia de socializacion racial.
Race checking by context inference

Software model checking has been successful for sequential programs, where predicate abstraction offers suitable models, and counterexample-guided abstraction refinement permits the automatic inference of models. When checking concurrent programs, we need to abstract threads as well as the contexts in which they execute. Stateless context models, such as predicates on global variables, prove insufficient for showing the absence of race conditions in many examples. We therefore use richer context models, which combine (1) predicates for abstracting data state, (2) control flow quotients for abstracting control state, and (3) counters for abstracting an unbounded number of threads. We infer suitable context models automatically by a combination of counterexample-guided abstraction refinement, bisimulation minimization, circular assume-guarantee reasoning, and parametric reasoning about an unbounded number of threads. This algorithm, called CIRC, has been implemented in BLAST and succeeds in checking many examples of NESC code for data races. In particular, BLAST proves the absence of races in several cases where previous race checkers give false positives.
Evidence of anaerobic metabolism during low-level exercise testing in high-risk postmyocardial infarction patients.

Low-level exercise testing was performed on 31 patients 7.4±2.7 days following an acute myocardial infarction. Measurements of oxygen consumption (VO2) and arterial serum lactate were made at rest and during exercise in these patients and 15 normal subjects. The patients were subdivided into finishers (F) and nonfinishers (NF) of the low-level protocol. The NF group had 2.5 ±. 6 stenosed vessels and an ejection fraction of 44 ± 11% compared to F subjects, who had 1.4 ± 1 vessels stenosed (p <.001) and an ejection fraction of 54 ± 14% (p <.05). Finishers had significantly higher VO2 than the nonfinishers (14.5±2.5 ml/kg/min vs. 11.2+3.5 ml/kg/min p< .01). At the end of exercise serum lactate level was 1.18±.59 mM in normals, 1.43±.52 mM in finishers, and 2.15±.9 mM in nonfinishers. The change in serum lactate from rest to end exercise divided by the change in VO2 from rest to end exercise was .039±.038 mM/ml kg per min in normals, .075±.045 mM/ml kg per min in finishers (p<.03 vs. normal), and .210±.189 mM/ml kg per min for nonfinishers (p <.001 vs. normal). These results indicate that nonfinishers produce more lactate and use less oxygen during low-level exercise, suggesting that working muscles are deriving energy by anaerobic metabolism. This may be necessary because these patients have more severe coronary artery disease and worse left ventricular function, and consequently are unable to adequately provide the oxygen requirements for the working muscles because of reduced cardiac output.
Hemoglobin and myoglobin embedded in dry poly(vinyl alcohol) film for X-ray absorption studies

Abstract Solid hemoprotein samples are prepared by embedding proteins in thin poly(vinyl alcohol) films. These film samples have several unique qualities: (1) in the solid poly(vinyl alcohol) matrix, hemoproteins have the same properties as in frozen buffer solution (proven by optical absorption, ligand recombination kinetics and EXAFS); (2) they are very stable, easy to store and resistant to radiation damage; (3) protein concentration can be as high as 15mM; (4) light transparency is as good as liquid solution samples; and (5) they can be made as thin as 20 μm, so that 100% photolysis across a film, even with a high protein concentration, is easily achievable. The film samples are ideal for X-ray studies of optically illuminated hemoproteins.
Survival Curve for Cancer Patients Following Treatment

Abstract On the basis of experience with calculated survivorships of patients following treatment for cancer, a simple function, in terms of two physically meaningful parameters, has been evolved, which fits such survivorship data very well. These two parameters can be used to compare succinctly the mortality of two groups, different in respect of treatment, type of cancer, or other characteristics. The parameters are c (“cured”), which represents the proportion of the population which is subject only to “normal” death rates, and β, which is the death rate from the cancer, to which the rest of the population [not “cured,” (1–c)] is subject. Thus if one treatment is characterized by c 1 = 0.30, β 1 = 0.25, another by c 2 = 0.20, β 2 = 0.15, this could be interpreted as meaning that while the first treatment “cured” a larger proportion of the population than did the second treatment, it did not ameliorate the deaths attributable to cancer in the patients not cured as much as did the second treatment. If l T...
Investigating Outcomes of a Limited Gender Analysis of Enslavement in Post-conflict Justice Processes:

The image of women sex slaves or sexually violated women in armed conflict has begun to dominate and shape international interventions, including justice, peacebuilding and development processes in...
Effects of PAH isomerizations on mutagenicity of combustion products

Abstract Most of the mutagenicity of mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) mixtures found in combustion exhaust gases is contributed by a relatively small number of the many PAH present. Since PAH mutagenicity is structure and hence isomer sensitive, changes in the distribution of isomers can change the mutagenicity of the mixture. Whether isomerization reactions in combustion play a significant role in determining the distributions of PAH isomers and the mutagenicity of product mixtures is assessed here for the following pairs of isomers: 1. (1) fluoranthene-pyrene 2. (2) fluoranthene-acephenanthrylene 3. (3) cyclopenta[ cd ]pyrene-benzo[ ghi ]fluoranthene 4. (4) benzo[ k ]fluoranthene-benzo[ a ]pyrene Concentration ratios of the isomer pairs were measured in ethylene combustion with naphthalene injection using a plug flow reactor at equivalence ratios of 1.2 and 2.2 and temperatures of 1520, 1620, and 1705 K, and compared with equilibrium ratios based on properties computed from molecular mechanics and semiempirical quantum mechanical programs [MM3; MNDO, AM1, and PM3 in both restricted- and unrestricted-Hartree-Fock forms]. Bacterial mutagenicity was measured by a forward mutation assay using Salmonella in the presence of rat liver supernatant, and found to vary significantly among the above compounds. The measured concentration ratios for isomer pairs (2) and (3) are near the equilibrium values and becoming more so as temperature increases, but the measured ratios for isomer pairs (1) and (4) are far from the equilibrium values at all the temperatures. From kinetics estimations, the characteristic isomerization time for isomer pairs (2) and (3) at 1705 K and perhaps at 1620 K is less than the experimental residence times, while the only isomerization mechanisms envisioned for isomer pairs (1) and (4) would not be kinetically viable at these temperatures. These results indicate that isomerizations affecting mutagenicity are significant under these conditions for isomer pairs (2) and (3), which involve only compounds containing both five- and six-membered rings, but not for isomer pairs (1) and (4), each of which includes a compound containing only six- membered rings.
The Influence of Presumed Media Influence on Women’s Desire to Be Thin:

This study investigated the effect of magazine use on the desire to be thin within the theoretical framework of presumed influence. Structural equation modeling supported the hypothesis that reading beauty and fashion magazines increased the drive for thinness both directly and indirectly. The indirect pathway included the perceived prevalence of the thin ideal in mass media, the presumed influence of the thin ideal on others, and the perceived influence of the thin ideal on self. Social pressure to be thin may be based both on reality and the presumption of influence on others. Results suggest potential strategies for intervention.
Macaque V1 representations in natural and reduced visual contexts: spatial and temporal properties and influence of saccadic eye movements

Vision in natural situations is different from the paradigms generally used to study vision in the laboratory. In natural vision, stimuli usually appear in a receptive field as the result of saccadic eye movements rather than suddenly flashing into view. The stimuli themselves are rich with meaningful and recognizable objects rather than simple abstract patterns. In this study we examined the sensitivity of neurons in macaque area V1 to saccades and to complex background contexts. Using a variety of visual conditions, we find that natural visual response patterns are unique. Compared with standard laboratory situations, in more natural vision V1 responses have longer latency, slower time course, delayed orientation selectivity, higher peak selectivity, and lower amplitude. Furthermore, the influences of saccades and background type (complex picture vs. uniform gray) interact to give a distinctive, and presumably more natural, response pattern. While in most of the experiments natural images were used as background, we find that similar synthetic unnatural background stimuli produce nearly identical responses (i.e., complexity matters more than “naturalness”). These findings have important implications for our understanding of vision in more natural situations. They suggest that with the saccades used to explore complex images, visual context (“surround effects”) would have a far greater effect on perception than in standard experiments with stimuli flashed on a uniform background. Perceptual thresholds for contrast and orientation should also be significantly different in more natural situations.
A Moisture-Stratiform Instability for Convectively Coupled Waves

Abstract A simple model of two vertical modes is constructed and analyzed to reveal the basic instability mechanisms of convectively coupled waves. The main novelty of this model is a convective parameterization based on the quasi-equilibrium concept and simplified for a model of two vertical modes. It hypothesizes 1) the approximate invariance of the difference between saturation moist static energy in the lower half of the troposphere and moist static energy in the subcloud layer, regardless of free troposphere humidity, and 2) that variations in the depth of convection are determined by moisture-deficit variations in the midtroposphere. Physical arguments for such a treatment are presented. For realistic model parameters chosen based on cloud system resolving model simulations (CSRMs) of an earlier study, the model produces unstable waves at wavelengths and with structures that compare well with the CSRM simulations and observations. A moisture–stratiform instability and a direct–stratiform instability...