cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resurfacing history of Europa from pole-to-pole geological mapping

Abstract We produced geologic maps from two regional mosaics of Galileo images across the leading and trailing hemispheres of Europa in order to investigate the temporal distribution of units in the visible geologic record. Five principal terrain types were identified (plains, bands, ridges, chaos, and crater materials), which are interpreted to result from (1) tectonic fracturing and lineament building, (2) cryovolcanic reworking of surface units, with possible emplacement of sub-surface materials, and (3) impact cratering. The geologic histories of both mapped areas are essentially similar and reflect some common trends: Tectonic resurfacing dominates the early geologic record with the formation of background plains by intricate superposition of lineaments, the opening of wide bands with infilling of inter-plate gaps, and the buildup of ridges and ridge complexes along prominent fractures in the ice. It also appears that lineaments are narrower and more widely spaced with time. The lack of impact craters overprinted by lineaments indicate that the degree of tectonic resurfacing decreased rapidly after ridged plains formation. In contrast, the degree of cryovolcanic resurfacing appears to increase with time, as chaos formation dominates the later parts of the geologic record. These trends, and the transition from tectonic- to cryovolcanic-dominated resurfacing could be attributed to the gradual thickening of Europa's cryosphere during the visible geologic history, that comprises the last 2% or 30–80 Myr of Europa's history: An originally thin, brittle ice shell could be pervasively fractured or melted through by tidal and endogenic processes; the degree of fracturing and plate displacements decreased with time in a thickening shell, and lineaments became narrower and more widely spaced; formation of chaos regions could have occurred where the thickness threshold for solid-state convection was exceeded, and can be aided by preferential tidal heating of more ductile ice. In a long-term context it is not clear at this point whether this inferred thickening trend would reflect a drastic change in the thermal evolution of the satellite, or cyclic or irregular episodes of tectonic and cryovolcanic activity.
THE RELATION OF THE AGE OF THE FEMALE TO CROSSING OVER IN THE THIRD CHROMOSOME OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

The four methods of examining the relation of amount of multiple crossing over to age of mothers agree in showing that the "internode length" or average distance required for double crossing over has changed in a characteristic fashion, giving an M-shaped curve. These changes have not been independent of changes in total recombination but concomitant with them. However, the changes in recombination percentages were far greater than could be accounted for by change in internode length, and the larger factor must be assumed to be changes in the coefficients of crossing over. The amounts of these changes are greatest for the mid-sections of the chromosome and least for the distal sections. The changes in the two limbs are of like amount for equal distances from the center of symmetry in the distribution of simple and multiple crossing over.
Numerical study of the effect of uneven proppant distribution between multiple fractures on shale gas well performance

Abstract Uniform proppant distribution in multiple perforation clusters after hydraulic fracturing plays an important role in the commercial production of shale gas. However, it is very challenging to achieve a uniform proppant distribution during operation. In some cases, proppant distribution is uneven in different clusters within the same hydraulic fracturing stage. The effect of the uneven proppant distribution on well performance is not well understood and has been largely neglected in most reservoir simulations. Hence, it is paramount to develop a reservoir simulation approach to properly examine the relationship between proppant distribution and well performance for shale gas reservoirs. In this paper, we use numerical reservoir simulation to model the proppant distribution. The reservoir model with multiple hydraulic fractures is validated by field production data from Marcellus shale. Effects of gas desorption and stress-dependent fracture conductivity are considered in the simulation model. We perform sensitivity studies to quantify the key parameters affecting the well performance between uniform and non-uniform proppant distribution. The six variables, which are cluster spacing, initial reservoir pressure, fracture conductivity, fracture half-length, fracture height, and matrix permeability, are investigated. The fracture conductivity ratio of 1:1.5:2.5:4 for four clusters in the same fracturing stage is investigated for the uneven proppant distribution scenario. This work provides insights into a better understanding of the effect of proppant distribution on well performance.
Biosynthesis of Rauscher leukemia viral proteins

Antisera to disrupted Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV) or to the purified Rauscher viral 30,000 dalton polypeptide were used to specifically precipitate newly snythetized intracellular viral polypeptides from extracts of infected NIH Swiss mouse cells (JLS-V16). Analysis by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PHAGE) of extracts from cells pulse-labeled for 10-20 min with 35 S-methionine showed that immune precipitates contained none of the nonglycosylated internal structural polypeptides of mature viruses. The major viral-specific polypeptides labeled in 10 min included polypeptides of 180,000, 140,000, 110,000, 80,000, and 60,000 daltons with minor polypeptides of 65,000, 50,000, and 40,000 daltons. Labeling the intracellular virus-specific polypeptides with 14C-glucosamine indicated that the 180,000, 110,000, 80,000, and 60,000 dalton polypeptides were gylcosylated, and all but the 110,000 dalton polypeptides are contained in the mature virions. Based on pulse-chase experiments, it appears that at least 3 of the large polypeptides (140,000, 65,000, and 50,000 daltons) are precursors to the three major internal structural polypeptides of the mature virions.
Deterministic coin tossing and accelerating cascades: micro and macro techniques for designing parallel algorithms

Several results concern ing para l le l a lgor i thms are improved. A part ial list of the new results includes: For r ank ing a l inked list of length n, O(lognlog~n) t ime using an op t ima l number of processors . For se lect ing the m-th smal les t out of n e lements O(lognlog'n) t ime using an op t imal number of processors. For g raph connect ivi ty O(lognlogt-~nlogt3~n) t ime using (m + n ) a (m ,n ) / ( l ogn logf2~n logt3~n) processors , and for f inding m in imum spanning forest in a g raph O(lognlogt-~nlogtS~n) t ime using (m+n)/(lognlog~2~n) processors , where n is the number of ver t ices and m is the number of edges. All the new algor i thms are de terminis t ic . These results provide an op t imal de terminis t ic paral le l a lgor i thm for list ranking that achieves poly-log t ime. Also , they prov ide an op t imal a lgor i thm for connect ivi ty which runs in a lmos t logar i thmic t ime when m>-nlog*n. This op t ima l a lgor i thm achieves logar i thmic t ime w h e n m = n t-~, where 0 < e _ < l . Our results are also s t rong enough to refute a known conjecture regard ing a l imit on the poss ible per formance of any paral le l a lgor i thm for the list rank ing p rob lem. This paper introduces a new deterministic coin tossing technique that provides for a fast and eff ic ient b reak ing of a symmetr ic s i tuat ion in paral le l . Prev ious ly , it was known how to break such symmet r i e s only by means of r andomiza t ion . Interestingly, the s t ructure of all the a lgor i thms in this paper fol low a pa rad igm which we call accelerating cascades. Given severa l a l te rna t ive para l le l a lgor i thms for the same prob lem, this paradigm constructs a new algor i thm for the same problem ou t of these a lgor i thms; the per formance of the new a lgor i thm compares favourab ly wi th that of any of its bui ld ing blocks.
Some evidence on the inflationary bias of macroeconomic policy

Abstract This paper tests for the existence of an inflationary bias in macroeconomic policy. A model is developed to illustrate the possibility that government officials pursuing their own goals may set inflation at a rate higher than society desires. Economic and Gallup Poll data are then used to estimate both the inflation rule preferred by the public and that which guides actual policy. Comparison of these two rules indicates that a pro-inflation bias of about two or three percentage points per year does exist. This suggests a need for institutional reform to insure a policy more in line with public preferences.
Histamine and hepatic glutathione in the mouse

Abstract A number of histamine receptor agonists and antagonists were utilized to study the effect of histamine on hepatocellular reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations and the potential role of histamine as a mediator of morphine-induced hepatic GSH depression. Administration of histamine, the H1-histamine receptor agonist thiazolylethylamine, the H2-histamine compound 48/80 resulted in no significant change in hepatic GSH concentrations. The H1-histamine receptor antagonist chlorpheniramine and the H2-histamine receptor antagonist ranitidine were also without significant effect on hepatic GSH and did not antagonize morphine- induced GSH depression. These observations indicate that histamine release following morphine adminstration doe not play a significant role in subsequent depletion of hepatic GSH.
Admissible Estimators for the Total of a Stratified Population That Employ Prior Information

We consider the problem of the estimation of the total of a stratified finite population. For two levels of prior knowledge about the stratification, we provide Bayes and pseudo-Bayes estimators that make use of this prior knowledge in sensible ways. We then note that admissibility results can be established for these estimators using the techniques of Meeden and Ghosh (1982, 1983) and indicate some possible natural extensions of the present work.
T cell activation via the T cell receptor: A comparision between WT31 (defining αβ TcR)-induced and anti-CD3-induced activation of human T lymphocytes

The T cell receptor (TcR) heterodimer of alpha/beta glycoprotein is noncovalently associated with CD3 glycoprotein forming TcR/CD3 complex. The TcR have been shown to recognize antigen, and CD3 antigen is responsible for signal transduction. In this study we compared the effects of WT31 (defining alpha/beta TcR) monoclonal antibody (MoAb) and anti-CD3 MoAb on various steps of human T cell activation. Both antibodies depolarized plasma membranes, increased cell volume, induced IL-2 production and the expression of IL-2 receptors (CD25 antigen) and induced DNA synthesis. Furthermore, the two antibodies showed no synergistic effect on any of these parameters. However, both MoAb showed synergism with phorbol ester (PMA). WT31-induced T cell activation was Ca(2+)-dependent because the addition of EGTA to the medium inhibited DNA synthesis and CD25 antigen expression. The blockers of protein kinase C (PKC), 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine dihydrochloride (H7) and staurosporin, in a dose-dependent manner inhibited WT31-induced DNA synthesis. Cholera toxin but not the pertussis toxin inhibited WT31-induced T cell activation, suggesting involvement of G protein in WT31-induced T cell activation. These data indicate that WT31 antibody activates human T cells by a pathway that is similar to that of anti-CD3-induced T cell activation.
The Polyakov string in O(N)or SU(N) group space

Abstract The Polyakov formulation of Bose and spinning strings moving in the space Md × G is considered, where Md is d-dimensional Minkowski space and G is the group manifold O(N) [or SU(N)]. These models are characterized by a positive integer k proportional to the (size)2 of the compact dimensions. Byexploting Bose-Fermi equivalences, one is able to carry out the necessary integrations for the vacuum functional without approximation when k=2 (The case k=1 is trivial and k ⩾ 3 does not appear to be simplified by these methods.) The chiral anomaly plays an essential role in determining the critical dimension of the models. The critical dimension so obtained for the Bose string is identical to that found in other approaches. For spinning strings, a chiral anomaly leads to a renormalization of the central charge and critical dimensions, which places restrictions on possible compactifications.
Effect of l-ethionine on macromolecular synthesis in mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes

Abstract 2–4 mM l -ethionine completely inhibits DNA synthesis in phytohaemagglutinin- or concanavalin A-stimulated lymphocytes even though it does not prevent the morphological changes characteristic of blast formation. Evidence is presented which indicates that complete commitment to DNA synthesis as well as a substantial increase in the rates of RNA and protein synthesis can occur in the presence of ethionine. Ethionine, however, does inhibit methylation of tRNA and prevents mitogen-induced increase in the activity of histone-modifying enzymes. All of these effects of exposure to ethionine are completely reversible. Removal of ethionine after 24 h or more of exposure results in a rapid, synchronous wave of DNA synthesis, an increase in the rate of methylation of RNA and an increase in activity of histone-modifying enzymes.
MK-801, a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, produces facilitation of the micturition reflex in awake, freely-moving rats

MK-801 (dizocilpine), a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blocker, produced a dose-dependent (30-120 micrograms/kg, i.v.) increase in the frequency of micturition (as well as the already described behavioral effects) in awake, freely-moving rats. The contraction amplitude was also slightly increased. In contrast, MK-801 administered to urethane-anesthetized rats resulted in complete inhibition of bladder contractions. The effect of MK-801 on the frequency of bladder contractions, therefore, is anesthetic dependent. Excitatory amino acids acting at NMDA receptors may play a role in the control of micturition.
Upf1 Phosphorylation Triggers Translational Repression during Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay

In mammalian cells, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) generally requires that translation terminates sufficiently upstream of a post-splicing exon junction complex (EJC) during a pioneer round of translation. The subsequent binding of Upf1 to the EJC triggers Upf1 phosphorylation. We provide evidence that phospho-Upf1 functions after nonsense codon recognition during steps that involve the translation initiation factor eIF3 and mRNA decay factors. Phospho-Upf1 interacts directly with eIF3 and inhibits the eIF3-dependent conversion of 40S/Met-tRNA(i)(Met)/mRNA to translationally competent 80S/Met-tRNA(i)(Met)/mRNA initiation complexes to repress continued translation initiation. Consistent with phospho-Upf1 impairing eIF3 function, NMD fails to detectably target nonsense-containing transcripts that initiate translation independently of eIF3 from the CrPV IRES. There is growing evidence that translational repression is a key transition that precedes mRNA delivery to the degradation machinery. Our results uncover a critical step during NMD that converts a pioneer translation initiation complex to a translationally compromised mRNP.
Influence of mother-daughter attachment on substance use: a longitudinal study of a Latina community-based sample.

Objective:Advancing our initial, cross-sectional study, which showed that adult Latinas’ mother–daughter attachment relates to their substance use, the current, longitudinal study tests whether mother and daughter attachment scores at baseline predict their substance use over time.Method:We analyzed data from a convenience sample of 133 Latina adult mothers (mean age = 52 years, SD = 10) and 133 Latina adult daughters (mean age = 27, SD = 9) at baseline and at 5-year and 6-year follow-ups after baseline (attrition rate = 16%). Multilevel longitudinal modeling was used to examine the effect of mother–daughter attachment at baseline on their substance use over time.Results:Each unit of increase in the attachment score at baseline is associated with a 0.28 drink decrease in monthly alcohol use (p < .05) and a lower likelihood of being a heavy alcohol or other drug user [exp(β) = 0.97, p < .01] compared with average attachment score at baseline (M = 91.52, SD = 18.00). Time and older age at baseline are assoc...
von Hippel–Lindau protein complex is regulated by cell density

Mutations in the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene are involved in the VHL family cancer syndrome and sporadic renal cell carcinoma. Previous studies indicated that VHL-induced growth arrest required high cell density and growth on extracellular matrix. In the present study, VHL protein (pVHL) levels were observed to be dramatically increased in cells grown to high cell density compared to cells grown at low cell density. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Northern blot analysis indicated that VHL mRNA levels were equivalent in sparse and dense cells. The pVHL was rapidly degraded when cell-cell contact was disturbed by trypsinization or EDTA release. Treatment of cells with a proteasome inhibitor blocked the degradation of pVHL. Using a set of VHL deletions fused to GFP, a cell density-dependent region (CDDR) was identified and localized to the c-terminus of pVHL. In addition, other members of the VBC protein complex also showed a cell density-dependent regulation similar to pVHL. Cell density regulation of VHL did not require elongin binding and density-dependent regulation of other VBC components was not dependent on pVHL. In addition, hypoxia inducible factor-2alpha protein levels were elevated in sparse cells with low levels of pVHL and reduced or absent in confluent cells containing abundant VHL. These results indicate that pVHL levels and thus function are tightly regulated by cell-cell signaling. In addition, care must be taken when interpreting studies of VHL function and subcellular localization of cells grown at subconfluent conditions.
Partnerships between the old and the new: Examining the strategic alliances between broadcast television networks and internet firms in the context of convergence

This study applied a resource-based view (RBV) strategy framework to analyze the major broadcast television networks' alliances with Internet firms in the United States from 1998 to 2001 in the context of the convergence between the Internet and television. The findings show that the television networks primarily contributed property-based resources, while the Internet firms largely contributed knowledge-based resources to the alliances. The findings also indicate that the broadcast networks' alliance structural preferences were influenced by the resources they contributed to and what they desired to access through the alliances. The networks used their property-based resources as a basis to form Internet alliances, and in return they obtained access to Internet firms' knowledge-based resources that are essential in creating an Internet presence for the broadcasters. ACCESS TO FULL TEXT
The Possibility for Psychological Growth in a Dying Person.

(1966). The Possibility for Psychological Growth in a Dying Person. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 74, No. 2, pp. 185-199.
A New Method of Utilizing Ultra-Capacitor Energy Sources in Hybrid Electric Vehicles Over a Wide Speed Range

In previous research, the authors introduced a unique method to directly use an ultra-capacitor (UC) without using a dc/dc converter as the peak traction power source of the (hybrid) electric vehicles. That method works well in urban driving cycles where the motor speed is usually lower than half rated speed. Considerable energy efficiency improvement was achieved compared to conventional methods using a dc/dc converter as the UC interface. However, the acceleration and braking at higher speeds with only ultra-capacitor sources still require a dc/dc converter. In this paper, a new methodology is proposed to directly use UC to provide peak power up to the full vehicle speed. Two UC charging options are also proposed. The overall cost reduction compared to the previous methods is considerable. Detailed simulations verify the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. Lab validation is ongoing.
Crystal and molecular structure of [Cu(pyrimidine)4]2BF4

The crystal structure of [Cu(pyrimidine)4]2BF4 was determined using single crystal X-ray diffraction. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupP21/n, with lattice parametersa=9.9736(8),b=13.872(1),c=16.568(1) A. β=98.002(1), andZ=8, yielding a calculated density of 1.857 g/cm3. The Jahn-Teller distorted copper coordination sphere is composed of the four pyrimidine ligands in the equatorial positions (ave. Cu−N=2.02 A) and the longer axial bonds from the copper to one fluorine (ave Cu−F=2.39 A) on each of the BF 4 − anions. The crystal structure features layers of molecules having interleaved pyrimidine rings: the layers are connected through intermolecular H … F hydrogen bonds.
Profile of Depressive Symptoms in Younger and Older Medical Inpatients with Major Depression

Objective: To examine and compare the profile of cognitive symptoms, somatic symptoms, and somatic complaints in younger and older medical inpatients diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD) Design: Cross-sectional cohort. Patients and Setting: Male patients aged 20–39 years (n = 116) and aged 70–102 years (n = 332), consecutively admitted to the medical and neurological services of a VA medical center, underwent psychiatric evaluations for depression. Measurements: Depressive symptoms were measured using the observer-rated Hamilton Depression Scale and the self-rated Geriatric Depression Scale using an “inclusive” approach (symptoms rated regardless of etiology). Data on 12 common somatic complaints were also collected. Clinical diagnoses of MDD were made by a psychiatrist based on the Diagnostic Interview Schedule and other psychiatric and physical health data. Results: After controlling for severity of medical illness, functional status, and alcohol use, symptoms that discriminated MDD best among younger men were loss of interest, feelings of guilt or of being a burden, suicidal thoughts, and depressed mood (primarily cognitive and affective symptoms). Among older men, loss of interest, insomnia, suicidal thoughts, and hypochondriasis most strongly differentiated depressed from non-depressed patients (mixture of cognitive and somatic symptoms); fatigue, weight loss, genital symptoms, and somatic anxiety were weakly related or unrelated to MDD. Number of somatic complaints (headache, dizziness, palpitations, etc.) helped differentiate patients with MDD; although equally common among depressed young and older patients, a distinct pattern of complaints emerged in each age group. Conclusions: Cognitive symptoms of depression can help to distinguish medical inpatients with and without MDD. In older adults, however, somatic symptoms cannot be ignored and may be more important for diagnosing MDD than previously realized. These findings will help clinicians identify patients with MDD and differentiate them from non-depressed patients with medical illness.
Maintaining a free-space-optical communication link between two autonomous mobiles

Free-Space-Optical (FSO) communication has the potential to not only deliver wireless communication links at optical-level speeds but also solve the wireless capacity problem that the traditional RF based technologies are confronting. Despite its advantages, FSO communication is prone to mobility. The highly directional FSO transceivers require establishment and maintenance of line-of-sight (LOS) between them. Facilitating continuous alignment requirements has been a major concentration of mobile FSO research to date. We consider two autonomous mobile nodes, each with one FSO transceiver mounted on a movable head capable of rotating 360 degrees. We propose a novel scheme that deals with the problem of automatic detection, establishment and maintenance of LOS alignment between the two nodes with mechanical steering of the FSO transceivers. The proposed method shows that using such mechanically steerable transceivers and a simple autoalignment mechanism, it is possible to maintain optical wireless links in a mobile setting with nominal disruption.
Identification of a novel calpain inhibitor using phage display.

Calpains are calcium- and thiol-dependent proteases that cleave a variety of intracellular substrates. Overactivation of the calpains has been implicated in a number of diseases and conditions such as ischemic stroke indicating a need for the development of calpain inhibitors. A major problem with current calpain inhibitors has been specific targeting to calpain. To identify highly specific calpain interacting peptides, we developed a peptide-phage library screening method based on the calcium-dependent conformation change associated with calpain activation. A phage-peptide library representing greater than 2 billion expressed 12-mers was incubated with calpain I in the presence of calcium. The calcium-dependent bound phage was then eluted by addition of EGTA. After four rounds of selection we found a conserved 5-mer sequence represented by LSEAL. Synthetic LSEAL inhibited τ-calpain interaction and in vitro proteolysis of τ- and α-synuclein by calpains. Deletion of the portion of the τ protein containing a homologous sequence to LSEAL resulted in decreased calpain-mediated τ degradation. These data suggest that these peptides may represent novel calpastatin mimetics.
Platelet-Rich Plasma for the Treatment of Chronic Plantar Fasciopathy in Adults A Case Series

Plantar fasciopathy (PF) is a common source of pain and disability that is often refractory to conservative management. There are no uniformly effective standard-of-care treatments for chronic recalcitrant PF. Corticosteroid injection is considered a viable treatment option when traditional therapies fail, but is limited by suboptimal long-term efficacy and potential adverse effects. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an emerging injection- based treatment for various chronic degenerative soft-tissue diseases. It is postulated to promote native tissue regeneration; however, consistent scientific evidence remains lacking. A prospective case series, including 24 consecutive PF cases, was conducted to report patient-rated pain and disability following PRP injection. Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) scores were the primary clinical outcome measure. Foot-Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (Foot-SANE) scores, Short Form-12 Health Survey version 2 (SF-12v2) questionnaires, and PRP treatment satisfaction surveys were secondary outcome measures. Statistical analysis compared baseline and 32 weeks post-injection time points. Patients receiving PRP injection reported clinically and statistically significant improvement in all outcome measures during this interval. There were no serious adverse events associated with treatment. PRP is considered a safe therapeutic option with the ability to decrease heel pain in patients with chronic PF refractory to appropriate conservative management.
Evaluation of Residual Thermal Stresses of Fibrous Composites

A micromechanical model for fibrous materials is used for determination of thermoelastic properties and the residual stresses of continuous fiber composites with straight or wavy fibers. The fibrous composite material is assumed to be of periodic type and is composed of circular fibers distributed within the matrix. Following a thermoelastic finite element analysis of the unit cell under a temperature change, the stress and strain components are volume-averaged to obtain the continuum components of the thermal stress and strain at a typical material point represented by the unit cell. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) is then measured using the constitutive relations. In the numerical examples, the fiber is assumed transversely isotropic and the matrix is taken as an isotropic material. The composite is therefore, transversely isotropic with straight fibers, but becomes orthotropic for the case of wavy fibers. The thermal residual stresses generated per unit temperature change are studied in detail by volume averaging over slices (to be called sub-volumes) of the representative volume element (RVE) along the length of the fiber. The sub-volume averaging scheme shows the variation of the internal stresses and strains within the RVE. It is shown the created thermal stresses will play a significant role on the composite failure.© 2004 ASME
Introducing Psychiatrists to Qualitative Research: A Guide for Instructors

Qualitative research has been judiciously employed throughout the history of psychiatry, and can trace its lineage back to seminal figures such as Karl Jaspers and Melanie Klein. It continues to be a methodology of choice for those investigating important domains of present day psychiatry such as psychosocial recovery, stigma, cultural competence, and engagement (1, 2). It is hoped that this article will further stimulate the tradition of training psychiatrists in qualitative research.
Nitric oxide reduction by methane over Rh/Al2O3 catalysts

Abstract The mechanism of nitric oxide reduction with methane has been investigated over an alumina-supported rhodium catalyst. A series of kinetic studies were performed using initial rate data obtained in a recirculation reactor. Between 300 and 400 °C NO elimination is initially fast over a reduced catalyst, but the reaction rate rapidly decreases due to oxidation of the catalyst surface. The decomposition is apparently a noncatalytic stoichiometric reaction between nitric oxide and surface rhodium atoms. The initial rate of disappearance of NO is adequately described by a dualsite Langmuir-Hinshelwood expression. In presence of reducing agents such as CO or CH 4 , oxygen is effectively removed as CO 2 (plus H 2 O). In the reduction of NO with CH 4 , the initial rate of NO disappearance fits the following empirical rate expression Rate = Ae − E RT (P No ) −0.63 (P CH 4 ) where A = 3.57 × 10 3 NO Rh s · sec · ( N m 2 ) 0.37 and E = 77 kJ/mole. A deuterium isotope effect of 1.9 is observed in the reduction of NO with mixtures of CH 4 and CD 4 . This, along with the linear rate dependence on CH 4 partial pressure, indicates that the dissociative adsorption of CH 4 is the rate limiting step of the reaction. An experiment run with a 15 NO, N 2 O, and CH 4 mixture indicated that N 2 O is not an exclusive gas phase intermediate in the pathway to N 2 formation from NO. However, all these results are consistent with N 2 O being a true surface intermediate. A reaction mechanism is proposed for NO reduction by methane. It is based on the assumption that two adsorbed NO molecules disproportionate to (N 2 O) a + (O) a . Adsorbed (N 2 O) a either desorbs as N 2 O or decomposes to N 2 and (O) a . The role of the reductant is to remove the strongly adsorbed (O) a and to keep the catalyst in an active reduced state for NO reaction.
Uniqueness and comparison theorems for nonlinear elliptic equations in divergence form

in bounded domains ~ of R n. Besides certain mild differentiability restrictions on the structure of A, it is assumed only that B is an increasing function of its second argument. We shall also establish a related comparison theorem for solutions of elliptic type differential inequalities, and indicate various methods for reducing the degree of smoothness required. In order to exhibit the ideas more clearly, we present in Section 1 a simple special case of the uniqueness theorem with sufficient regularity assumptions to remove most of the technicalities. Section 2 contains the main results of the paper, as noted above. It is of interest that uniqueness does not in general hold for elliptic equations of the non-divergence form
Measurement of Vertical Kinetic Energy and Vertical Velocity Skewness in Oceanic Boundary Layers by Imperfectly Lagrangian Floats

Abstract The effects of upward buoyancy on the accuracy with which Lagrangian floats can measure the Eulerian mean variance 〈ww〉E and skewness SwE of vertical fluid velocity w in the wind-driven upper-ocean boundary layer is investigated using both simulated floats in large-eddy simulation (LES) models and two float datasets. Nearly neutrally buoyant floats are repeatedly advected by the turbulent velocities across the boundary layer. Their vertical position Z is determined from pressure measurements; their W variance 〈WW〉F and skewness SWE are determined from the time series of float W = dZ/dt. If the float buoyancy is small, then the simulated floats measure the Eulerian velocity accurately; that is, δW2 = 〈WW〉F − 〈ww〉E and δSW = SWF − SwE are small compared to 〈ww〉E and SwE respectively. If the floats are buoyant, and thus have an upward vertical velocity Wbias relative to the water, then δW2 and δSW can become significant. Buoyancy causes the floats to oversample both shallow depths and strong vertica...
New Strategies for the First-Line Treatment of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Can Resistance Be Avoided?

Imatinib is well established as a safe, effective therapy for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). However, point mutations in the kinase domain of Bcr-Abl can lead to imatinib resistance and reactivation of kinase activity. The second-generation Abl kinase inhibitors nilotinib and dasatinib were developed to reestablish disease control. A rising clinical challenge is using imatinib and novel Abl kinase inhibitors with the aim of completely preempting resistance. Fortunately, relapse on imatinib therapy so far has affected a minority of patients commencing treatment in the chronic phase of CML, and relapse rates continue to decline with treatment duration. In contrast, nearly all patients with CML have molecularly detectable disease. Thus, even among the best responders to imatinib, disease eradication is not achieved within a timeframe of years. Herein, we review current and emerging paradigms for using Abl kinase inhibitors to achieve maximal disease control and strategies to eradicate disease by targeting leukemic stem cells.
Bipolar disorder in older adults: a critical review

Objectives: The goal of this article is to provide a comprehensive critical review of studies reporting the prevalence, features, age of onset, course, comorbidity, and neuropsychology of, as well as service utilization, in bipolar disorder in older age. Methods: We searched the Medline, Pubmed, and PsycINFO databases using combinations of the keywords ‘Bipolar’, ‘Manic/a’, ‘Manic Depression’, ‘Elderly’, and ‘Older’. We included English-language reports presenting quantitative data on the prevalence and/or any descriptive information about adults with bipolar disorder over age 50. Findings from similar studies were pooled when possible. A total of 61 studies met our broad criteria. Results: Common methodological problems in the published studies included small sample sizes, retrospective chart review, lack of standardized measures, overemphasis on inpatients, and dearth of longitudinal data. Strong evidence indicates that bipolar disorder becomes less common with age, accounts for 8–10% of late life psychiatric admissions, is associated with neurologic factors in late-onset groups, and is a heterogeneous life-long illness. Weak or inconsistent evidence was found for a higher prevalence of mixed episodes in older adults, a lower treatment response, and the association with lower family history in late-onset groups. Minimal information is available on bipolar depression in late life. Conclusions: Bipolar disorder in old age is a growing public health problem. Greater research on bipolar disorder in older people will assist in enhancing services to this group as well as inform research on bipolar disorder across the life span.
Characterization of saturated porous bodies

Measurement of the response of a saturated body to mechanical and thermal strains can be used to determine the permeability and viscoelastic properties of the body. For example, bending a saturated beam creates a pressure gradient in the pores, and as the liquid flows to equilibrate the pressure, the force required to sustain a fixed deflection decreases. Analysis of the kinetics of force relaxation yields the permeability, in addition to the elastic modulus of the body; if viscoelastic relaxation of the solid phase occurs, it can also be measured. This method permits measurement of very low permeabilities in minutes or hours, but it is useful only for structurally homogeneous materials (such as cement paste) that can be formed into slender beams. For concrete, it is more practical to find the permeability by analysis of thermal expansion kinetics. When a saturated body is heated, the liquid expands more than the solid, and the expansion of the liquid stretches the solid network like a spring; consequently, the apparent thermal expansion coefficient is high. During an isothermal hold, the solid phase squeezes the liquid out of the pores and the body contracts. Analysis of the kinetics of thermal dilatation yields the permeability of the body. Recent experiments reveal an anomalously high thermal expansion coefficient for the water confined in the small pores of cement paste.
A New Generation of Tools for the Design of Tall Buildings Subjected to Wind Loads

Current approaches to the estimation of wind-induced wind effects on tall buildings are based largely on 1970s and 1980s technology, and were shown to result in some cases in errors of up to 40%. Improvements are needed in: (i) the description of direction-dependent aerodynamics; (ii) the description of the direction-dependent extreme wind climate; (iii) the estimation of inertial wind effects induced by fluctuating aerodynamic forces acting on the entire building envelope; (iv) the estimation of uncertainties inherent in the wind effects; and (v) the use of applied wind forces, calculated inertial forces, and uncertainty estimates, to obtain via influence coefficients accurate and risk-consistent estimates of wind-induced internal forces or demand-to-capacity ratios for any individual structural member. Methods used in current wind engineering practice are especially deficient when the distribution of the wind loads over the building surface and their effects at levels other than the building base are not known, as is the case when measurements are obtained by the High-Frequency Force Balance method, particularly in the presence of aerodynamic interference effects due to neighboring buildings. The paper describes a procedure that makes it possible to estimate wind-induced internal forces and demand-to-capacity ratios in any individual member by: developing aerodynamic and wind climatological data sets, as well as aerodynamic/climatological directional interaction models; significantly improving the quality of the design via rigorous structural engineering methods made possible by modern computational resources; and properly accounting for knowledge uncertainties. The paper covers estimates of wind effects required for allowable stress design, wherein knowledge uncertainties pertaining to the parameters that determine the wind loading are not considered, as well as estimates required for strength design, in which these uncertainties need to be accounted for explicitly.
Large-scale tactical urbanism: the Denver bike share system

How did one of the most historically automobile-dependent US cities end up with the first large-scale modern US bike-sharing system? The story reveals that it is less about transportation demand planning and engineering and more about the principles of what has been termed tactical urbanism. The tactical urbanism movement revolves around the idea that temporary interventions can help one understand what interventions might work in a particular context and lay the foundation for more permanent ones. That the first large-scale bike-sharing system in the US began as such an intervention is quite remarkable and illustrative of the potential of this strategy to build public aspiration and political will via temporary, short-term empirical success. Beginning with preparations for the 2008 Democratic National Convention (DNC) in Denver, Colorado, this paper details what went into creating the temporary Freewheel!n bike-share system and how that was able to be leveraged into a permanent bike-sharing system, Denve...
Do soil characteristics or microhabitat determine field emergence and success of Bromus tectorum

In southeastern Utah, Bromus tectorum occurs where Hilaria jamesii is dominant and rarely where Stipa hymenoides/S. comata dominate. To determine whether this distribution is due to soil characteristics or microhabitat, we transplanted H. jamesii soil to a Stipa site and vice versa during a severe drought (2001) and a wetter year (2002). Additionally, we planted B. tectorum under H. jamesii and Stipa canopies, with or without H. jamesii litter, and with or without herbivory. Bromus tectorum emergence and biomass in reciprocal transplants were similar at both sites; there were no site differences for all microhabitat treatments. Being under a plant canopy increased emergence in 2001 and decreased survival during 2002. Herbivory decreased emergence in 2001 and decreased survival during 2002. Litter increased emergence only under the canopy in 2001 but did not affect survival in 2002. Survival in 2001 was so low that biomass was unattainable; no microhabitat treatments affected biomass in 2002. We found that soil characteristics and microhabitat affected B. tectorum similarly in H. jamesii and Stipa patches, suggesting that these factors do not explain the association between B. tectorum and H. jamesii. However, these relationships may change during wet years when B. tectorum invasions most often occur.
Adapting efficiency of salt-sucrose mixtures.

Previous studies had observed that NaCI-sucrose mixtures cross-adapted solutions of their unmixed components just as effectively as adaptation to the components themselves, while quinine-sucrose mixtures were not as effective in cross-adapting their components. The present study investigated whether these effects were due to the different tastants involved or to different conditions of stimulation and adaptation employed. Adaptation to NaCI-sucrose mixtures using the conditions of the quinine-sucrose study resulted in perfect cross-adaptation of NaCI saltiness by the mixture, but only partial adaptation of sucrose sweetness by the mixture. A second study attempted to reconcile this remaining difference by examining the stimulation parameters of flow rate, temperature, and area stimulated. As flow rate and area were decreased, the difference between mixture adaptation and self-adaptation of sucrose was attenuated. Mixture suppression may depend upon the tastants mixed and the parameters of stimulation, and may be the result of several physiological mechanisms.
Characterization of global vegetation using AVHRR data

Increase in the levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases over the next half-century may result in an increase in global mean temperature. The recent discoveries of possible advance of arctic tree line into the tundra and earlier greening of northern vegetation provide additional warnings that global warming may indeed be occurring. On the Earth surface, land cover and its changes affect the coupling between the biosphere and the atmosphere, and control many important Earth system processes. Satellite remote sensing provides long-term, repeated coverage over extended area and is the essential data source for monitoring climate changes. An Advanced Very-High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Pathfinder dataset from 1987, in 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution, is used in this study. Two reflective channels, two thermal channels, and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index are the input parameters. In conjunction with a global vegetation ground truth, a multi-layer neural network is trained and used for global vegetation characterization. As the same type of vegetation may appear very differently over different parts of the Earth at any given time, global classification is more difficult than local classification. It is shown that a multitemporal approach, in which data from multiple dates are used, may improve the accuracy.
Energy Efficient and Energy Proportional Optical Interconnects for Multi-Core Processors: Driving the Need for On-Chip Sources

Silicon photonics is the prime candidate technology to realize an optical network-on-chip for global interconnects in future multi-core processors. Since silicon photonics lacks efficient native-substrate optical sources, the question is whether off-chip or heterogeneously integrated on-chip sources are the preferred technology. In this paper we argue, based on arguments of energy efficiency and energy proportionality, that on-chip sources provide a dramatic overall system efficiency improvement, as compared to using an off-chip (comb) source. We estimate an increase in source efficiency for on-chip lasers of close to 20 dB. These results provide a clear case to include on-chip lasers, such as hybrid silicon lasers, into the network architecture design.
Levels of technicality in scientific communication

Abstract The large number of specialized languages which have resulted from the rapid development of modern science and technology, although meant to facilitate communication within each area of specialization, may create barriers to understanding between different levels of competence and specialization. Ways have to be found for identifying and describing the fundamental features of technical and scientific writing and for clarifying its differences from what is called “common” language. In this paper, the style of scientific writing has been discussed from the point of view of its lexical, semantic, and use characteristics. On the assumption that the level of technicality of a scientific publication is responding to the degree of training and specialization of its readership, a comparison was made between the language of a group of articles taken from the Scientific American and the language of articles given as references by them. Distribution and overlap of vocabulary in the two groups of articles were analyzed. Some differences between the writings in two areas of science were found.
Executive control systems in the engineering design environment

An executive control system (ECS) is a software structure for unifying various applications codes into a comprehensive system. It provides a library of applications, a uniform access method through a cental user interface, and a data management facility. A survey of twenty-four executive control systems designed to unify various CAD/CAE applications for use in diverse engineering design environments within government and industry was conducted. The goals of this research were to establish system requirements to survey state-of-the-art architectural design approaches, and to provide an overview of the historical evolution of these systems. Foundations for design are presented and include environmental settings, system requirements, major architectural components, and a system classification scheme based on knowledge of the supported engineering domain(s). An overview of the design approaches used in developing the major architectural components of an ECS is presented with examples taken from the surveyed systems. Attention is drawn to four major areas of ECS development: interdisciplinary usage; standardization; knowledge utilization; and computer science technology transfer.