cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychostimulant addiction treatment

Treatment of psychostimulant addiction has been a major, and not fully met, challenge. For opioid addiction, there is strong evidence for the effectiveness of several medications. For psychostimulants, there is no corresponding form of agonist maintenance that has met criteria for regulatory approval or generally accepted use. Stimulant-use disorders remain prevalent and can result in both short-term and long-term adverse consequences. The mainstay of treatment remains behavioral interventions. In this paper, we discuss those interventions and some promising candidates in the search for pharmacological interventions. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'CNS Stimulants'.
Conformational stability of trans-1-fluoro-2-butene

Abstract Variable temperature infrared studies of trans-1-fluoro-2-butene, trans-CH3HCCHCH2F, have been carried out with the sample dissolved in liquid xenon. These spectral data have been interpreted on the basis that the molecule exists in the fluid phases as a mixture of the synclinal (fluorine atom oriented cis to the double bond) and anticlinal (gauche) conformations and the synclinal conformer is more stable by 130 ± 40 cm−1 (372 ± 114 cal/mol). Ab initio calculations have been carried out utilizing the RHF 6–31 G ∗ and MP 2 6–31 G ∗ basis sets which predicted the cis rotamer more stable than the gauche form which is consistent with the experimental results.
Public criminologies: diverse perspectives on academia and policy

The origins of this Special Issue of Theoretical Criminology can be located in a ‘Modernizing Criminal Justice’ conference that we both attended in London in June 2002. The high-profile event was co-sponsored by John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, the Metropolitan Police and the FBI. Broadcasting crews were on hand to digest the plenary speeches of senior representatives of the British government, the judiciary and law enforcement agencies. It was also a highly corporate event, promoting the commercial products of global security and IT companies specializing in criminal justice ‘problem solving’. The opening session of the conference featured a slow motion replay of the 9/11 attacks on the Twin Towers with a voice-over informing the audience that the course of criminal justice had changed forever. This ‘post 9/11’ global war on crime and terrorism theme echoed throughout the plenary speeches and keynote sessions. What was striking was the relegation of the scheduled criminology workshops to the margins of the conference. This set off a discussion between us, during a coffee break, about why academic criminological knowledge was extraneous to the interests of the policy audiences brought together by this conference. And, of course, this quickly moved to discussion of whether criminologists should have a central place in such a forum. But while this is how our interest in criminology and public policy was initially sparked, we later found ourselves trying to pinpoint, more systematically, the different positions criminologists have taken on questions of their relevance and status within larger public policy debates.2 Our purposes in this introduction, and in the Special Issue that follows, are twofold. One aim is to outline a range of views that have been offered by academic criminologists on the discipline’s public status and its relationship to public policy formation and intellectual practice. A second goal is to argue the need for a diversity of ‘public criminologies’ wherein explicit value is placed on moving policies in more progressive directions. Our own point of view is that much more could be done than at present, particularly since there would seem to be broad criminological consensus about many policy issues facing us including punitive policies around the globe as well as the detrimental consequences of a range of harms and risks.
The lethal phenotype caused by null mutations in the Escherichia coli htrB gene is suppressed by mutations in the accBC operon, encoding two subunits of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase.

Abstract Insertion mutations in the Escherichia coli htrB gene result in the unique phenotype of not affecting growth at temperatures below 32.5 degrees C but leading to a loss of viability at temperatures above this in rich media. When htrB bacteria growing in rich media were shifted to the nonpermissive temperature of 42 degrees C, they continued to grow at a rate similar to that at 30 degrees C but they produced phospholipids at the rate required for growth at 42 degrees C. This led to the accumulation of more than twice as much phospholipid per milligram of protein compared with that in wild-type bacteria. Consistent with HtrB playing a role in phospholipid biosynthesis, one complementation group of spontaneously arising mutations that suppressed htrB-induced lethality were mapped to the accBC operon. This operon codes for the biotin carboxyl carrier protein and biotin carboxylase subunits of the acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase enzyme complex, which catalyzes the first step in fatty acid biosynthesis. Four suppressor mutations mapped to this operon. Two alleles were identified as mutations in the accC gene, the third allele was identified as a mutation in the accB gene, and the fourth allele was shown to be an insertion of an IS1 transposable element in the promoter region of the operon, resulting in reduced transcription. The suppressor mutations caused a decrease in the rate of phospholipid biosynthesis, restoring the balance between the biosynthesis of phospholipids and growth rate, thus enabling htrB bacteria to grow at high temperatures.
Effective Treatment of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia With All-Trans-Retinoic Acid, Arsenic Trioxide, and Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin

Purpose We examined the outcome of patients with newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) treated with all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO) with or without gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO) but without traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy. Patients and Methods From February 2002 to March 2008, 82 patients with APL were treated with a combination of ATRA plus ATO. The first cohort of 65 patients received ATRA and ATO (beginning on day 10 of ATRA). High-risk patients (WBCs ≥ 10 × 109/L) received GO on the first day. From July 2007, the second cohort of 17 patients received ATRA and ATO concomitantly on day 1. They also received GO on day 1, if high risk, and if their WBC increased to more than 30 × 109/L during induction. Monitoring for PML-RARA fusion gene was conducted after induction and throughout consolidation and follow-up. Results Overall, 74 patients achieved complete remission (CR) and one achieved CR without full platelet recovery after the induction, for a response rate of 9...
Forecasting burden of long-term disability from neonatal conditions: results from the Projahnmo I trial, Sylhet, Bangladesh

Introduction The burden of disease resulting from neonatal conditions is substantial in developing countries. From 2003 to 2005, the Projahnmo I programme delivered community-based interventions for maternal and newborn health in Sylhet, Bangladesh. This analysis quantifies burden of disability and incorporates non-fatal outcomes into cost-effectiveness analysis of interventions delivered in the Projahnmo I programme. Methods A decision tree model was created to predict disability resulting from preterm birth, neonatal meningitis and intrapartum-related hypoxia ('birth asphyxia'). Outcomes were defined as the years lost to disability (YLD) component of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Calculations were based on data from the Projahnmo I trial, supplemented with values from published literature and expert opinion where data were absent. Results 195 YLD per 1000 neonates [95% confidence interval (CI): 157-241] were predicted in the main calculation, sensitive to different DALY assumptions, disability weights and alternative model structures. The Projahnmo I home care intervention may have averted 2.0 (1.3-2.8) YLD per 1000 neonates. Compared with calculations based on reductions in mortality alone, the cost-effectiveness ratio decreased by only 0.6% from $105.23 to $104.62 ($65.15-$266.60) when YLD were included, with 0.6% more DALYs averted [total 338/1000 (95% CI: 131-542)]. Discussion A significant burden of disability results from neonatal conditions in Sylhet, Bangladesh. Adding YLD has very little impact on recommendations based on cost-effectiveness, even at the margin of programme adoption. This model provides guidance for collecting data on disabilities in new settings.
Ethanol elevates physiological all-trans-retinoic acid levels in select loci through altering retinoid metabolism in multiple loci: a potential mechanism of ethanol toxicity

All-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) supports embryonic development, central nervous system function, and the immune response. atRA initiates neurogenesis and dendritic growth in the hippocampus and is required for spatial memory; superphysiological atRA inhibits neurogenesis, causes teratology and/or embryo toxicity, and alters cognitive function and behavior. Because abnormal atRA shares pathological conditions with alcoholism, inhibition of retinol (vitamin A) activation into atRA has been credited widely as a mechanism of ethanol toxicity. Here, we analyze the effects of ethanol on retinoid concentrations in vivo during normal vitamin A nutriture, using sensitive and analytically robust assays. Ethanol either increased or had no effect on atRA, regardless of changes in retinol and retinyl esters. Acute ethanol (3.5 g/kg) increased atRA in adult hippocampus (1.6-fold), liver (2.4-fold), and testis (1.5-fold). Feeding dams a liquid diet with 6.5% ethanol from embryonic day 13 (e13) to e19 increased atRA in fetal hippocampus (up to 20-fold) and cortex (up to 50-fold), depending on blood alcohol content. One-month feeding of the 6.5% ethanol diet increased atRA in adult hippocampus (20-fold), cortex (2-fold), testis (2-fold), and serum (10-fold). Tissue-specific increases in retinoid dehydrogenase mRNAs and activities, extrahepatic retinol concentrations, and atRA catabolism combined to produce site-specific effects. Because a sustained increase in atRA has deleterious effects on the central nervous system and embryo development, these data suggest that superphysiological atRA contributes to ethanol pathological conditions, including cognitive dysfunction and fetal alcohol syndrome.-Kane, M. A., Folias, A. E., Wang, C., Napoli, J. L. Ethanol elevates physiological all-trans-retinoic acid levels in select loci through altering retinoid metabolism in multiple loci: a potential mechanism of ethanol toxicity.
Evaluation of text coherence for electronic essay scoring systems

Existing software systems for automated essay scoring can provide NLP researchers with opportunities to test certain theoretical hypotheses, including some derived from Centering Theory. In this study we employ the Educational Testing Service's e-rater essay scoring system to examine whether local discourse coherence, as defined by a measure of Centering Theory's Rough-Shift transitions, might be a significant contributor to the evaluation of essays. Rough-Shifts within students' paragraphs often occur when topics are short-lived and unconnected, and are therefore indicative of poor topic development. We show that adding the Rough-Shift based metric to the system improves its performance significantly, better approximating human scores and providing the capability of valuable instructional feedback to the student. These results indicate that Rough-Shifts do indeed capture a source of incoherence, one that has not been closely examined in the Centering literature. They not only justify Rough-Shifts as a valid transition type, but they also support the original formulation of Centering as a measure of discourse continuity even in pronominal-free text. Finally, our study design, which used a combination of automated and manual NLP techniques, highlights specific areas of NLP research and development needed for engineering practical applications.
Human tear film and meibum. Very long chain wax esters and (O-acyl)-omega-hydroxy fatty acids of meibum

Human meibum was targetly analyzed for the presence of intact wax esters (WEs) and related compounds by means of reverse-phase HPLC in combination with ion trap mass spectrometry. The major detected WEs were based on C18:n (n = 1–4) unsaturated FAs ranking in the following order of abundance: C18:1>C18:2>C18:3>C18:4. The major fatty alcohols (FAls) found in WE were of saturated nature and varied from C18:0 to C28:0. The three most abundant species were C18:1-FA esters of C24:0, C25:0, and C26:0-FAl. Typically, a major compound based on C18:1-FA and a saturated FAl was accompanied by a few related compounds based on a C18:2, C18:3, and C18:4-FA. Contrary to previous reports, no epoxy-WEs or epoxy-FAs were detected in fresh and 1-year-old meibum samples. More than 20 (O-acyl)-ω-hydroxy-FAs (OAHFAs) were observed. The main detected OAHFAs were based on very long-chain ω-hydroxy-FA (C30:1, C32:1, and C34:1) acylated through their ω-hydroxyls by a C18:1-FA. Due to their amphiphilic anionogenic nature, OAHFAs may be responsible for stabilization of the tear film lipid layer by creating an interface between the vast pool of strictly nonpolar lipids of meibum (WEs, cholesteryl esters, etc.) and the aqueous subphase beneath it, a role previously attributed to phospholipids.
ROPES: a tool for generating robot plans

The problem of generating plans to be carried out by robots is considered. A tool called ROPES (robot plan generating system) is proposed. The tool is based on modeling STRIPS-like rules by a special type of Petri nets called predicate/transition nets. Analysis techniques of predicate/transition nets are utilized to generate robot plans. The research results indicate that ROPES provides a domain-independent formalism that blends together the concepts of the state of the world, actions, goals and plans; supports conjunctive and hierarchical planning and nonlinear plans; handles the frame problem in an effective way; and offers facilities for monitoring plan execution and recovery. >
Retroperitoneal lipoma in children: Choosing among diagnostic imaging modalities

We present two cases of benign retroperitoneal lipomas in children. Intravenous urography in both revealed large masses of fat density displacing the ipsilateral kidney superomediad. Angiography in one showed an avascular mass. The other patient had a markedly echogenic mass with indistinct margins on ultrasonography, and a computed tomographic scan confirmed the fatty composition of the tumor. Nineteen previously reported cases of retroperitoneal fatty neoplasms in children are reviewed. The urographic findings of a radiolucent mass displacing the ipsilateral kidney or ureter are highly specific for retroperitoneal lipoma and usually obviate the need for additional imaging procedures.
Work Discrimination and Coping Strategies: Conceptual Frameworks for Counseling Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients.

Two conceptual models are proposed in this article—one for work discrimination and the other for discrimination coping strategies pertaining to lesbian, gay, and bisexual workers. The work discrimination model includes 3 dimensions (formal vs. informal, potential vs. encountered, and perceived vs. real). The coping strategies model outlines methods that deal with potential and encountered discriminations. It includes vocational choice and work adjustment strategies; the latter are further categorized under identity management or discrimination management strategies.
Dietary Fat and Heart Failure: Moving From Lipotoxicity to Lipoprotection

There is growing evidence suggesting that dietary fat intake affects the development and progression of heart failure. Studies in rodents show that in the absence of obesity, replacing refined carbohydrate with fat can attenuate or prevent ventricular expansion and contractile dysfunction in response to hypertension, infarction, or genetic cardiomyopathy. Relatively low intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from marine sources alters cardiac membrane phospholipid fatty acid composition, decreases the onset of new heart failure, and slows the progression of established heart failure. This effect is associated with decreased inflammation and improved resistance to mitochondrial permeability transition. High intake of saturated, monounsaturated, or n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids has also shown beneficial effects in rodent studies. The underlying mechanisms are complex, and a more thorough understanding is needed of the effects on cardiac phospholipids, lipid metabolites, and metabolic flux in the normal and failing heart. In summary, manipulation of dietary fat intake shows promise in the prevention and treatment of heart failure. Clinical studies generally support high intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from marine sources to prevent and treat heart failure. Additional clinical and animals studies are needed to determine the optimal diet in terms of saturated, monounsaturated, and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids intake for this vulnerable patient population.
Coxibs Versus Combination NSAID and PPI Therapy for Chronic Pain: An Exploration of the Risks, Benefits, and Costs:

Objective:To systematically review studies qualitatively to compare the risks (gastrointestinal [Gl] and cardiovascular) and benefits (pain control) of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors (coxibs) relative to an alternative therapy of a nonselective nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) combined with a proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) and explore circumstances when coxibs may be appropriate.Methods:Relevant studies were identified through a search of MEDLINE (Ovid Technologies, 1985–November 2005; English language, clinical trial), PubMed (1985–November 2005; English language, clinical trial, humans), and the Cochrane Collaboration using the terms selective COX-2 inhibitors and coxibs, as well as the various chemical names for specific coxib agents. Studies that compared a coxib with a nonselective NSAID and provided data concerning our outcomes of interest were included and categorized by the outcome variable, as well as by the specific coxib studied.Results:The majority of the numerous studies that evaluated pa...
The titerless infected-cells preservation and scale-up (TIPS) method for large-scale production of NO-sensitive human soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) from insect cells infected with recombinant baculovirus

Compounds capable of stimulating soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) activity might become important new tools to treat hypertension. While rational design of these drugs would be aided by elucidation of the sGC three-dimensional structure and molecular mechanism of activation, such efforts also require quantities of high quality enzyme that are challenging to produce. We implemented the titerless infected-cells preservation and scale-up (TIPS) methodology to express the heterodimeric sGC. In the TIPS method, small-scale insect cell cultures were first incubated with a recombinant baculovirus which replicated in the cells. The baculovirus-infected insect cells (BIIC) were harvested and frozen prior to cell lysis and the subsequent escape of the newly replicated virus into the culture supernatant. Thawed BIIC stocks were ultimately used for subsequent scale up. As little as 1 mL of BIIC was needed to infect a 100-L insect cell culture, in contrast to the usual 1 L of high-titer, virus stock supernatants. The TIPS method eliminates the need and protracted time for titering virus supernatants, and provides stable, concentrated storage of recombinant baculovirus in the form of infected cells. The latter is particularly advantageous for virus stocks which are unstable, such as those for sGC, and provides a highly efficient alternative for baculovirus storage and expression. The TIPS process enabled efficient scale up to 100-L batches, each producing about 200 mg of active sGC. Careful adjustment of expression culture conditions over the course of several 100-L runs provided uniform starting titers, specific activity, and composition of contaminating proteins that facilitated development of a process that reproducibly yielded highly active, purified sGC.
Impurity Segregation to Scale/Alloy Interfaces and its Effect on Interfacial Properties

This paper summarizes experimental results on the chemical changes at Al 2 O 3 /alloy interfaces as a function of oxidation time, temperature and cooling rates. Surfaces of FeCrAl, FeAl and Fe 3 Al alloys after removal of the scale in ultra high vacuum were analyzed using an Auger microprobe. Sulfur was the only segregant on FeAl and Fe 3 Al, but C and Cr were also present on FeCrAl, where all of the C and some of the Cr segregated during cooling. The S content on FeCrAl built up quickly with oxidation time, reaching a saturation level with rates in accordance with sulfur diffusivity in the alloy. The final concentration on FeAl and Fe 3 Al was only half that of saturation. On Fe 3 Al, S strongly segregated upon initial oxidation; it then desegregated from the interface before slowly building up again to a constant level. The strong initial segregation, however, was not found on FeAl. These results indicate that segregation to oxide/metal interfaces closely resembles that to free surfaces and alloy grain boundaries, where interface microstructure and co-segregation effects dictate the final concentration. A unique feature on growing oxide/metal interfaces is that this concentration can change with time according to changes in interfacial structures as a result of scale growth. Preliminary results on scale spallation behaviors did not indicate a strong relationship between the amount of interfacial sulfur and the interface fracture resistance, whose strength was more heavily related to interfacial pore density.
Equatorial Pacific Ocean Horizontal Velocity, Divergence, and Upwelling

Abstract Upper-ocean horizontal velocity and divergence were estimated from shipboard observations taken from 1991 to 1999 in the equatorial Pacific between 170°W and 95°W. Mean transports were estimated for the zonal currents at the mean longitude of the sections, 136°W. Mean meridional currents for the entire longitude range included poleward surface flows reaching −0.09 m s−1 in the south and 0.13 m s−1 in the north as well as equatorward flow within the thermocline reaching 0.05 m s−1 in the south and −0.04 m s−1 in the north near 23°C (85 m). Vertical velocity was diagnosed by integrating horizontal divergence estimated for the entire region down from the surface. Equatorial upwelling velocities peaked at 1.9 (±0.9) × 10−5 m s−1 at 50 m. The upwelling transport in the area bounded by 3.6°S–5.2°N, 170°W–95°W was 62 (±18) × 106 m3 s−1 at 50 m. Strong downwelling was apparent within the North Equatorial Countercurrent. An asymmetry in the meridional flows suggested that on the order of 10 × 106 m3 s−1 o...
Noncontraceptive effects of hormonal contraceptives: Bone mass, sexually transmitted disease and pelvic inflammatory disease, cardiovascular disease, menstrual function, and future fertility

Noncontraceptive actions of oral contraceptives (OCs) include hormonal effects on bone mass, sexually transmitted disease, pelvic inflammatory disease, the cardiovascular system, menstrual function, and future fertility. Information about the effects of OCs on bone mass is limited and contradictory. Two recent studies failed to show a positive effect of OC use on bone mass or density compared with the three cross-sectional studies and one longitudinal study that showed favorable effects. A recently completed study of 156 healthy females indicated a significant correlation between OC use and the rate of change in total body bone-mineral content. One study involving depot medroxyprogesterone acetate suggests bone density decreases with long-term use of the drug. The use of OCs does not reduce the risk of gonOCOCcal or chlarnydial infection of the lower tract and in fact may enhance spread of lower tract infection. However, OCs may exert a protective effect against some types of pelvic inflammatory disease. Regarding transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, the results of recent studies are conflicting. Research related to newer OC formulations containing 35 jLg or less of ethinyl estradlol suggests that the risk of a negative cardiovascular effect is substantially reduced. All forms of hormonal contraception alter menstrual function to some degree, but most patterns improve with duration of use. No evidence exists that hormonal contraception permanently affects fertility, although fertility restoration may be delayed with some agents. (Am J OssTETG YNECO1L9 94; 170: 1569-75. )
The Symptom Burden Index: Development and Initial Findings from Use with Patients with Systemic Sclerosis

Objective. Our study had 3 aims: (1) to evaluate the functioning of the Symptom Burden Index (SBI) in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc); (2) to determine the amount of burden per problem experienced by patients as well as the number of patients experiencing each measured problem area, and the number of SSc problems per patient; and (3) to characterize the burden profiles of problem area-specific subgroups of patients. Methods. We developed the SBI to determine the effect of problems in 8 major symptomatic areas of importance to patients (skin, hand mobility, calcinosis, shortness of breath, eating, bowel, sleep, and pain). Results. Sixty-two patients with SSc completed questionnaires on current disease-related problems, physical functioning, and health status. On average, patients were 53.4 years old and had had SSc for 8 years. Patients were mainly women (87%), English-speaking (87%), with diffuse SSc (63%), white (69%), married (61%), and lived with 1 or more additional household members (84%). Only 26% were employed full-time. The 3 most widely reported problem areas were pain, hand, and skin, experienced by 92%, 89%, and 88%, respectively. About one-third reported experiencing 0–5 problems and one-third 7–8 problems; individual patients experienced, on average, 5.7 problems. Conclusion. Psychometric evaluation determined that (1) summarizing SBI problem area item sets to report burden scores per problem measured is justified; (2) the 8 proposed problem areas are independent and deserve separate evaluation; and (3) burden scores correlate as expected with the Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index and the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36 questionnaire. The number of problems experienced and the degree of problem-associated burden that patients with SSc bear are substantial. Use of the SBI’s patient-focused measurements may aid physicians in resolving problems most directly affecting patients’ quality of life. This approach to measuring symptomatic burden in patients with chronic disease could be extended to other conditions.
The FASB's Codification Project: A Critical Step toward Simplification

U.S. GAAP currently is classified by levels (A through D) and organized by standards, interpretations, and related guidance rather than by topic. At the completion of the FASB's codification project, classification by levels will no longer exist; instead, GAAP will consist of only two levels, authoritative and nonauthoritative literature. Going forward, pronouncements will amend the codification instead of adding new numbered standards. The codification represents a fundamental change for accounting researchers and educators who reference U.S. GAAP through the current maze of standards, interpretations, and other authoritative guidance. This paper explains the codification process; examines issues of interest to researchers, educators, and others in the profession; and discusses potential avenues for academic research.
Some Current Controversies in Critical Legal Studies

The first few years in the development of critical legal studies (CLS) saw an ongoing discussion of an issue that was framed as “rationalism v. irrationalism”. The labels, it now appears, were misleading, for the discussion can be better understood as concerning the utility - for purposes of orienting strategic action as well as of understanding the social order - of relatively large-scale social theories in the traditions of Marx and Weber. The distinctive contribution of CLS to leftist social thought, and the embodiment of the fact that one side in the earlier discussion more or less prevailed, is its insistence that a leftist social and political theory does not need to be grounded in that sort of social theory.
COUPLED THERMO-V1SCOPLAST1C FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF PLANE-STRAIN COMPRESSION OF POROUS MATERIALS

ABSTRACT The finite element formulation for deformation of porous materials including compressibility of the material and the effect of temperature was developed and applied to the problem of plane-strain compression of sintered iron-powder bars. The formulation employed a phenomenological approach for the deformation analysis. A simple linear relationship between the thermal conductivities of the powdered metal and the base metal was derived and used as a first approximation for temperature calculations. The computed results are compared with experimental values in terms of macroscopic densification and forging pressures. Also, the predicted relative density distribution was compared with the experimental hardness distribution. The results show that the finite element analysis simulates the compression process well and predicts the sites of fracture during deformation.
Permanent Research Tax Credit Could Reverse Offshoring of Jobs

In this report, the authors attempt to estimate the additional spending on research and development that could be generated by the new alternative simplified research credit that would be created if H.R. 463, a bill to make the section 41 research credit permanent, is enacted.
Addressing the ESRD Risks of the Young Living Kidney Donor: Putting “Normal for Now” into Practice

Individuals who are free of traditional clinical risk factors for kidney diseases at the time of living kidney donation have been thought to be at low risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) after donor nephrectomy. However, the reassuring low rates of ESRD in available donor follow-up studies have captured only the risks of very rapidly progressing kidney diseases that begin during the study interval, not the higher risks of diabetic ESRD and other slowly evolving diseases that are far more common over a lifetime. The natural histories and age-related characteristics of renal diseases in the general population predict considerable undetected risk, particularly for normal young individuals, who typically will not reach ESRD until late in life. This makes the low long-term absolute risks of ESRD after donation that are suggested by two recent studies problematic. But these studies also suggest an 8–11-fold increased relative risk from donation, which they are well-designed to capture. These relative risks have been attributed to loss of GFR at donor nephrectomy and are consistent with well-accepted GFR-related risks in the general population. These observations indirectly implicate low-normal predonation GFR as an important ESRD risk factor, particularly for young donors. Even if relative risks are half of published estimates, some currently acceptable young donors—especially black donors—will have significantly higher risk for ESRD over their remaining lifespans than many older candidates with minor renal risk factors who are currently denied donation. Selection practices must be reformulated to recognize a uniform, ethically defensible risk standard for acceptance and exclusion of living kidney donors.
The Scottish Tacitus: the Political Psychology of Hume's History of England

Hume's History of England is increasingly appreciated as his most important work of political theory. Having once been caricatured by R. G. Collingwood as an 'anti-historical' work infused with the prejudices of Enlightenment science, the History is now feted as the masterwork of an early theorist of verstehen, written to engage and expand the moral sensibilities of its readers. In this paper I aim to go beyond discussion of the methodological underpinnings of Hume's History in order to read it as a tract in political education. I explore the nature of Hume's self-acknowledged literary debt to the Roman historian Tacitus and its role within Hume's political pedagogy. Hume's use of 'Tacitean' character judgements, so often used as evidence for his lack of historical sensibility, could, I argue, be more fruitfully considered lessons in political psychology.
Short-term individual housing temporarily reduces the libido of bulls.

The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of short-term (6 wk) individual housing on the sexual interest (libido) of sexually experienced bulls. Twenty-two Hereford bulls reared with both males and females (BMF) or in all-male groups (BM) and approximately 21 mo of age were given free access for 40 min to five restrained females in hormonally-induced estrus and restricted access for 30 min to a single enclosed estrous female on two separate occasions. Free-access tests were administered to bulls in groups of five or six individuals, whereas bulls were tested individually in restricted-access tests. After testing, half the animals were housed individually (physically isolated from conspecifics) and half remained in group housing for a 6-wk period. Libido tests were administered again at the end of the treatment period and 2 wk after reinstatement of group housing for the experimental subjects. Individually housed bulls exhibited fewer mounts (P less than .001) and spent less time with females (P less than .01) in tests administered during physical isolation than before or after treatment. Individual housing did not affect BMF and BM bulls differentially. In conclusion, short-term individual housing temporarily reduced libido of beef bulls.
Development and validation of a simple lupus severity index using ACR criteria for classification of SLE.

Objective To develop a simple systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) severity index that requires knowledge of only American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria and subcriteria. Methods This study used demographic, mortality and medical records data of 1915 patients with lupus from the Lupus Family Registry and Repository. The data were randomly split (2:1 ratio) into independent training and validation sets. A logistic regression with ridge penalty was used to model the probability of being prescribed major immunosuppressive drugs—a surrogate indicator of lupus severity. ACR criteria and subcriteria were used as predictor variables in this model, and the resulting regression coefficient estimates obtained from the training data were used as item weightings to construct the severity index. Results The resulting index was tested on the independent validation dataset and was found to have high predictive accuracy for immunosuppressive use and early mortality. The index was also found to be strongly correlated with a previously existing severity score for lupus. In addition, demographic factors known to influence lupus severity (eg, age of onset, gender and ethnicity) all showed robust associations with our severity index that were consistent with observed clinical trends. Conclusions This new index can be easily computed using ACR criteria, which may be among the most readily available data elements from patient medical records. This tool may be useful in lupus research, especially large dataset analyses to stratify patients by disease severity, an important prognostic indicator in SLE.
Form and Disorder in The Tempest

the plays myth, romance, or an elaborate working out of the tragic pattern? Were they written because the poet wished to return to the forms he had used in youth, because he was bored, or because he was pandering to the tastes of a new audience? Is The Tempest a pastoral drama, a dramatic rendition of masque and anti-masque, or a religious parable? To each question there is a most ingeniously contrived reply. But, however sharply the critics disagree in their interpretations of The Tempest, there are two points upon which they stand together almost to a man. The first is that the last plays must be considered together; as Tillyard puts it, The Tempest "gains much in lucidity when supported by the others".' The second point of agreement is that all of the last plays are concerned with the theme of regeneration, and that The Tempest realizes this theme most perfectly. It is upon these two points, I think, that the critics are most completely in error. The Tempest does not gain in being considered as part of a thematic whole that includes the others, rather its meaning becomes obscured in such a context. And the first error of tying the plays together leads inevitably to the second; it is always after a recapitulation of Thaisa's resurrection from the sea and Hermione's revival from the dead that the critics make an unjustifiable extension of the regeneration theory to include The Tempest. It is their unshaken belief that regeneration is the theme of the play that makes them slide over the key speech,
INFLUENCE OF HIGH DIETARY SODIUM CHLORIDE ON AORTIC RUPTURES IN TURKEYS INDUCED BY DIETHYLSTILBESTROL.

SummaryThe incidence of aortic ruptures in turkeys induced by injection of DES in a liquid form was modified by dietary composition including high NaCl levels. Diethylstil-bestrol injections also caused hyperproteinemia, hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipemia and lowered blood pressure. High NaCl diets did not affect blood pressure.The technical assistance of J. W. Carlisle and C. J. Miller is acknowledged.
Socialization Values and Punishment Behavior: An Irish Test of Kohn's Thesis

This article reports the result of a test of Melvin Kohn's hypothesis that the more parents value self-direction in their children, the more likely will they be to punish them on the basis of the child's intent rather than on the consequences of the child's behavior. Data are from 309 parents in Dublin, Ireland, who were selected to provide a sample comparable to Kohn's. All the respondents had a sixth-grade son about whom they were interviewed. For both mothers and fathers there was a small correlation between their socialization values and their punishment behavior, but only for fathers was this correlation statistically significant. However, when we controlled for social class of the respondents, the correlations were reduced to insignificance. I conclude that the values/ behavior link in Kohn's theory is not supported.
Role of the Kynurenine Pathway in Epilepsy

A role for the kynurenine pathway (KP) of tryptophan (TRP) metabolism in epilepsy was first discovered when injections of the KP metabolite quinolinic acid (QA) in brain produced seizures in mice (Lapin IP. J Neural Transm. 42(1):37–43;1978). Subsequent studies have reported altered KP metabolites in animal models of epilepsy and in human epilepsy. Epilepsy is a complex group of disorders involving abnormal firing of neurons linked to an imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms in the brain. KP metabolites act at several neurotransmitter receptors and can produce both excitatory and inhibitory effects. Thus, the role of the KP mechanisms in epilepsy, a condition characterized by an imbalance in excitation and inhibition, is important to consider. Furthermore, the KP is induced by inflammatory cytokines and is part of the inflammatory response increasingly recognized to play a role in epilepsy and epileptogenesis (Vezzani A. Epilepsy Curr. 14(1 Suppl):3–7;2014). In this chapter, we discuss evidence for the role of the KP in the balance of excitation and inhibition and the inflammatory process in animal models, as well as evidence for a role of kynurenines in human epilepsy. Finally, therapeutic targets for epilepsy in the KP are discussed.
Prevalent characteristics of chronic diseases among adult residents in Chaoyang district of Beijing

Objective To explore the prevalence rate of overweight,obesity,hypertension,diabetes,hyper- lipidemia and metabolic syndrome among adults in Chaoyang district of Beijing and to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of chronic diseases.Methods Cross-sectional sample survey method was used.During May to October,2010,questionaires were distributed to 12 384adult residents(5 017male and 7 367 female)in Chaoyang district of Beijing.Venous blood samplings were collected for related tests.Prevalence rate of overweight,obesity,hypertension,diabetes,hyperlipidemia and metabolic syn- drome was to be found.We used Chi-square test to check if statistically significant difference existed between results of male and female samples.Trend of Chi-square test was used to check if there was a linear correlation between the prevalence rate of chronic diseases and age.Results The standardized prevalence rate of over- weight,obesity,hypertension,diabetes,hyperlipidemia and metabolic syndrome of adults(age 18to 70)in Chaoyang district was 38.37%,20.91%,23.15%,11.40%,45.40%and 13.14%,respectively.Age was closely related to the prevalence of chronic diseases,and prevalence increased with age.No statistically signifi- cant difference was shown on the prevalence rate of hypertension(P0.05)while prevalence rate of over- weight,obesity,diabetes,hyperlipidemia and metabolic syndrome was higher among male samples(P 0.01).Conclusions The prevalence rate of overweight,obesity,diabetes,and hyperlipidemia among adults in Chaoyang district is higher than the city level while that of hypertension and metabolic syndrome is lower than the city level.We should lay the emphasis on chronic disease prevention and control among male adults.
Construction of the Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Civil Engineering

Taking example of construction and practice of Central South University experimental teaching demonstration center of civil engineering,the paper presents relative content of laboratory construction and management including teaching concept,content and system,method and means,and teaching quality assurance system etc. Relative experiences including integrative and hierarchical structure system,modularization and opening teaching platform,three factors and four combinations teaching module,three phrases and six means teaching method and so on,are provided assistance for construction and management of the provincial or national level experimental teaching demonstration center.
Effects of dietary soy isoflavones on growth, carcass traits, and meat quality in growing-finishing pigs.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of soy isoflavones on growth, meat quality, and carcass traits of growing-finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, 36 barrows (initial and final BW, 26 and 113 kg, respectively) were used and each treatment was replicated four times with three pigs each. The dietary treatments were 1) corn-soybean meal (C-SBM), 2) corn-soy protein concentrate (low isoflavones, C-SPC), or 3) C-SPC + isoflavones (isoflavone levels equal to those in C-SBM). Daily gain and ADFI were increased (P 0.10) by diet. Longissimus muscle area, 10th-rib fat depth, percentage muscling (National Pork Producers Council), 24-h pH and temperature, color, firmness-wetness, marbling, drip loss, and CIE L*, a*, and b* color values were not affected (P > 0.10) by diet. Dressing percentage, carcass length, weight and percentage of fat-free lean in ham and carcass, lean gain per day, lean:fat, and ham weight were increased (P 0.10) carcass traits as pigs fed the C-SBM diet, except carcass length, percentage ham lean and thaw loss were greater (P 0.10) by diet. Diet did not affect (P > 0.10) carcass traits; however, CIE a* and b* color scores and drip loss were decreased (P < 0.06) as isoflavone levels increased. Soy isoflavones decreased fat and increased lean in barrows when fed within the dietary concentrations found in typical C-SBM diets but not when fed to gilts at concentrations above those present in C-SBM diets.
23. Cummings’ All in Green Went My Love Riding

(1966). 23. Cummings’ All in Green Went My Love Riding. The Explicator: Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 38-41.
The Indicators: A Theory on Labor Allocation Patterns

To have a conceptual framework is only the first step towards an institutional analysis of modernization. A crucial question remains: how can we recognize, record and thus study a nation’s domestic organizational structure and its changes? One needs to have reliable indicators demonstrating the relationships among polity, economy, and social life. As a methodological innovation, this book proposes labor allocation patterns (LAPs) as a set of indicators that are representative but certain and uncomplicated.
Wnt Signaling in Cell Motility and Invasion: Drawing Parallels between Development and Cancer

The importance of canonical and non-canonical Wnt signal transduction cascades in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis is well recognized. The aberrant activation of these pathways in the adult leads to abnormal cellular behaviors, and tumor progression is frequently a consequence. Here we discuss recent findings and analogies between Wnt signaling in developmental processes and tumor progression, with a particular focus on cell motility and matrix invasion and highlight the roles of the ARF (ADP-Ribosylation Factor) and Rho-family small GTP-binding proteins. Wnt-regulated signal transduction from cell surface receptors, signaling endosomes and/or extracellular vesicles has the potential to profoundly influence cell movement, matrix degradation and paracrine signaling in both development and disease.
The Effects of Game Design Experience on Teachers’ Attitudes and Perceptions regarding the Use of Digital Games in the Classroom

Researchers have investigated how gameplay and other related activities influence teachers’ attitudes toward and perceptions of games or game-based learning. Taking one step further, this study was conducted to investigate how game design experience influences teachers’ attitudes toward and perceptions of the use of digital games in the classroom and teacher involvement in educational game design. Fifty teachers participated in the study. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected from pre- and post-surveys. The results revealed that the game design experience had a positive influence on the participants’ attitudes, self-efficacy, and perceptions regarding the use of digital games in the classroom. They realized that digital games could help students develop higher-order thinking skills and 21st century skills beyond making learning fun and engaging. After the game design experience, all participants believed that teachers should be involved in the process of educational game design.
Send Me a Different Message: Utilizing Cognitive Space to Create Engaging Message Triggers

Social systems and applications often rely on message triggers to promote, remind and even persuade people to perform certain actions. However, repeated exposure to these triggers can lead to boredom, annoyance and decreased engagement. While existing research suggests that diversification of trigger contents may mitigate these issues, no systematic way of introducing it has been proposed. This paper proposes two message diversification strategies based on the use of cognitive spaces: 1) target-diverse -- using concepts cognitively close to the targeted action; and 2) self-diverse -- using concepts cognitively close to the message's recipient. Through a controlled experiment we found that the self-diverse strategy reduces annoyance and boredom from repeated exposure and that both strategies increase perceived informativeness and helpfulness of the triggers. In a subsequent 2-week long field deployment focused on assessing the effects of the self-diverse strategy, we found that this strategy results in higher activity completion through supporting awareness, providing more information, and making the triggers more personally relevant. These diverse triggers are perceived as motivators rather than simple reminders. We conclude with insights on how to design and generate diverse messages.