cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential brain and peripheral nicotinic regulation of sympathoadrenal secretion.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes some of studies comparing the initial responses of plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine and the development of tolerance to intracerebroventricular (ICV) versus intra-arterial administration of nicotine in conscious rats. To determine whether alterations in sympathoadrenal sensitivity to nicotine might affect sympathoadrenal responses to other stimuli, the plasma catecholamine responses to a physiologic stress in two models is compared in which the animals were tolerant to nicotine. The responses to restraint in conscious rats tolerant to either systemic or ICV nicotine and to hypoglycemia in nicotine-tolerant, pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs is discussed. Finally, recent demonstration of endogenous opioid peptides colocalized with catecholamines in the adrenal medulla and in sympathetic nerve terminals has provided new impetus to study further the physiologic and pharmacologic regulation of sympathoadrenal secretion by nicotinic receptors. Thus, the chapter describes the differences between in vivo adrenal secretory responses of not only catecholamines but also Met-enkephalin to initial and subsequent systemic administration of nicotine.
One apostate run over, hundreds repented: excess, unthinkability, and infographics from the war with I.S.I.S.

ABSTRACTCompared to the more spectacular elements of its media repertoire—the slick recruitment campaigns on social media, the artfully composed battlefield footage, the grisly executions—I.S.I.S.’s infographics may seem dull, even trivial. Indeed, these data visualizations have gone largely unremarked, eliciting more bemusement than serious consideration. Against the tendency to discount these images, however, I argue that when I.S.I.S. turns toward charts and diagrams to represent its operations, it launches a stealthy but substantial epistemological challenge to media outlets that depict it as backward and irrational and rely on command of information as an index of Western power. Comparing infographics produced about I.S.I.S. and those produced by the group, I demonstrate that, despite their obvious differences, both types of infographics evince common preoccupations. Like Western news sources, I.S.I.S. creates infographics to map attacks, plot territorial gains, tally and categorize casualties, and t...
Neonatal distal femoral physeal injury secondary to mechanical trauma of birth: A case report.

Abstract Physeal injuries occurring secondary to neonatal birth-related trauma are rare entities. Most reported cases of physeal injury involve the distal humerus with only a few published case reports of proximal femoral involvement. So far, we have found only one reported case of neonatal distal femoral epiphysiolysis following Caesarean section. We hereby report a unique case of distal femoral physeal injury with at least partial epiphyseal separation following an uneventful, spontaneous vaginal delivery. Given the uneventful delivery and no known prenatal risk factors, the imaging findings were initially not recognized as being secondary to birth-related injury. Nonaccidental trauma and infection were considered among the possible etiologies for the clinical and imaging findings and a detailed workup for both these entities was performed. Distal femoral physeal injury was considered as a diagnosis of exclusion only after both initial differential considerations were excluded. The authors hope that a knowledge of this entity will facilitate a more accurate differential in cases of thigh swelling and hypomobility in the newborn.
Association of Whole-Body Computed Tomography With Mortality Risk in Children With Blunt Trauma.

Importance Although several studies have demonstrated an improvement in mortality for injured adults who receive whole-body computed tomography (WBCT), it is unclear whether children experience the same benefit. Objective To determine whether emergent WBCT is associated with lower mortality among children with blunt trauma compared with a selective CT approach. Design, Setting, and Participants A retrospective, multicenter cohort study was conducted from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2014, using data from the National Trauma Data Bank on children aged 6 months to 14 years with blunt trauma who received an emergent CT scan in the first 2 hours after emergency department arrival. Data analysis was conducted from February 2 to December 29, 2017. Exposures Patients were classified as having WBCT if they received CT head, CT chest, and CT abdomen/pelvis scans in the first 2 hours and as having a selective CT if they did not receive all 3 scans. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality in the 7 days after ED arrival. To adjust for potential confounding, propensity score weighting was used. Subgroup analyses were performed for those with the highest mortality risk (ie, occupants and pedestrians involved in motor vehicle crashes, children with a Glasgow Coma Scale score lower than 9, children with hypotension, and those admitted to the intensive care unit). Results Of the 42 912 children included in the study (median age [interquartile range], 9 [5-12] years; 27 861 [64.9%] boys), 8757 (20.4%) received a WBCT. Overall, 405 (0.9%) children died within 7 days. After adjusting for the propensity score, children who received WBCT had no significant difference in mortality compared with those who received selective CT (absolute risk difference, −0.2%; 95% CI, −0.6% to 0.1%). All subgroup analyses similarly showed no significant association between WBCT and mortality. Conclusions and Relevance Among children with blunt trauma, WBCT, compared with a selective CT approach, was not associated with lower mortality. These findings do not support the routine use of WBCT for children with blunt trauma.
PARP Inhibitors in Ovarian Cancer: A Trailblazing and Transformative Journey

PARP inhibitors have transformed treatment for ovarian cancer, a cancer notable for homologous recombination (HR) deficiencies and aberrant DNA repair, especially in the high-grade serous subtype. PARP inhibitors are now approved for recurrent ovarian cancer as maintenance following response to platinum chemotherapy and BRCA-mutated (BRCAm) cancer treatment. Clin Cancer Res; 24(17); 4062-5. ©2018 AACRSee related article by Ison et al., p. 4066.
Distribution of defect clusters in the primary damage of ion irradiated 3C-SiC

Abstract We report a statistical analysis of sizes and compositions of clusters produced in cascades during irradiation of SiC. The results are obtained using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of cascades caused by primary knock-on atoms (PKAs) with energies between 10 eV and 50 keV. The results are averaged over six crystallographic directions of the PKA and integrated over PKA energy spectrum derived from the Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter (SRIM) code. Specific results are presented for 1 MeV Kr ion as an example of an impinging particle. We find that distributions of cluster size n for both vacancies and interstitials obey a power law f = A / n S and these clusters are dominated by carbons defects. The fitted values of A and S are different than values reported for metals, which can be explained through different defect energetics and cascade morphology between the two classes of materials. In SiC, the average carbon ratio for interstitial clusters is 91.5%, which is higher than the ratio of C in vacancy clusters, which is 85.3%. Size and composition distribution of in-cascade clusters provide a critical input for long-term defect evolution models.
Evolution of the Ocean Floor

In any large synthesis such as this one, there comes a place where one should stand back from the detailed data to reach generalizations about their significance, the “big picture.” In fact, of course, such generalizations often are reached before completion of detailed analysis of data on the basis of assessments developed while data are being accumulated or being organized. The generalizations to be discussed here are a mixture of assessments made prior to and during detailed studies, and revisions made after completion of detailed studies. As with all generalizations, these ones are subject to further change as new information becomes available through wider application of old techniques, invention and use of new techniques, or development and testing of new paradigms. This section of our synthesis is not a summary of the main part of the book, because it does not attempt to include all of the subject material, which was summarized previously anyway in words or diagrams. It is not a conclusions section, because it draws upon some information not previously presented. We hope that the section will provide philosophy that is useful to readers, a means of integrating data from loosely related fields of inquiry, and points of departure for studies by those who object to our generalizations.
Monoclonal antibodies as probes for antigens of Mycoplasma pulmonis.

Mycoplasma organisms are a major cause of respiratory, urogenital and joint infections in man and animals. The spectrum of the disease is wide and includes a number of complications.
Gut Microbiota: IgA Protects the Pioneers

Summary The secretory antibody immunoglobulin A counteracts pathogenic infections at mucosal surfaces. Recent work now reveals that IgA responses can also stabilize intestinal colonization by symbiotic microorganisms and confer resistance to future invasion by exogenous competitors.
Affect, reward, and punishment in anorexia nervosa: a narrative overview

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious psychiatric disorder that is difficult to treat and often follows a protracted course. A number of theoretical models have been proposed for the etiology and maintenance of AN. Two domains that have received substantial attention in the literature on AN are affect and reward/punishment processes. However, despite an overlap in the nature and implications of these processes, studies of AN addressing these constructs have typically investigated them independently. The purpose of this narrative review is to integrate the literature on the role of affect, reward, and punishment in AN. We provide a focused narrative overview of the literature relating to the affect, reward, and punishment in AN via a synthesis of recent reviews and meta-analyses. We first describe several prominent affect and reward/punishment-based conceptualizations of AN, followed by a brief overview of the existing empirical literature in these domains. We provide a critical discussion of the disparate nature of these literatures in AN, including associated limitations. We then conclude with an extensive discussion of directions for future research that integrate the study of affect and reward/punishment processes in AN. Level V, narrative review.
Exploring the Role of Technology in Promoting CRM Capabilities in Direct Selling Marketing Channels: An Abstract

Technology has been serving as a catalyst to support company growth and performance over the last 20 years. Through the increasing acceptance of digital platforms, society has witnessed the transformation of how people interact and companies conduct business. Beyond traditional business models, direct selling companies are expanding beyond face-to-face interaction, employing and promoting the use of technology (e.g., social media sites, mobile messaging, and company-sponsored websites) to reach consumers.
HEALTHCARE RESOURCE UTILIZATION ASSOCIATED WITH ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH (ECG) SENSOR PATCH SCREENING FOR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION (AF): RESULTS FROM THE MHEALTH SCREENING TO PREVENT STROKES (MSTOPS) TRIAL

Routine ECG screening for AF is not recommended due in part to a lack of healthcare utilization data. In the mSToPS trial asymptomatic individuals underwent screening with an ECG sensor patch. Healthcare utilization was evaluated following monitoring & compared to matched controls. 1738 Aetna
Acute stress improves long-term reward maximization in decision-making under uncertainty.

Abstract Acute stress influences reward-seeking tendencies and risky decision-making. However, it is unclear how acute stress influences decision-making in situations in which individuals must learn to either maximize long-term or immediate rewards from experience. Consequently, this study sought to investigate whether acute stress enhances salience of small, immediate or large, delayed rewards on decision-making under uncertainty. The Socially Evaluated Cold Pressor Task (SECPT) was used to induce acute stress. Participants in Experiment 1 (N = 50) were exposed to either the SECPT or a warm-water control condition and then completed a decision-making task in which participants needed to learn to forego immediate rewards in favor of larger delayed rewards. The results demonstrated that acute stress enhanced decisions that maximized long-term, large rewards over immediate, small rewards. Experiment 2 (N = 50) included an assessment of salivary cortisol. Results replicated the behavioral findings in Experiment 1 and demonstrated that the acute stress manipulation increased salivary cortisol, thus providing a potential physiological mechanism for these results. This work suggests that moderate acute stress can improve decision-making under uncertainty that depends on learning to maximize long-term rewards from experience.
Zero-Contrast Multivessel Revascularization for Acute Coronary Syndrome in a Patient With Chronic Kidney Disease.

AbstractPatients with chronic kidney disease are at elevated risk for adverse events after traditional coronary angiography and percutaneous intervention with contrast media. The case presented in ...
Chromate removal by electrospun PVA/PEI nanofibers: Adsorption, reduction, and effects of co-existing ions

Abstract Chromium (Cr(VI)) is one of the most toxic heavy metals threatening humans’ health and the environment. Water-stable poly(vinyl alcohol)/polyethylenimine (PVA/PEI) nanofibers were fabricated through electrospinning and evaluated for Cr(VI) removal from water in batch experiments. The adsorption behavior and removal mechanisms of Cr(VI) by PVA/PEI nanofibers were systematically investigated through a combination of batch experiments and spectroscopic characterizations. The Cr(VI) removal by PVA/PEI nanofibers showed a pH-dependent behavior, and the maximum removal was achieved at pH 4.0. The optimum adsorption capacity for Cr(VI) was found to be 150 mg/g by fitting the Langmuir model. Removal of Cr(VI) by the nanofibers is fast (
Modeling transcranial electrical stimulation in the aging brain

Abstract Background Varying treatment outcomes in transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) recipients may depend on the amount of current reaching the brain. Brain atrophy associated with normal aging may affect tES current delivery to the brain. Computational models have been employed to compute predicted tES current inside the brain. This study is the largest study that uses computational models to investigate tES field distribution in healthy older adults. Methods Individualized head models from 587 healthy older adults (mean = 73.9years, 51–95 years) were constructed to create field maps. Two electrode montages (F3-F4, M1-SO) with 2 mA input current were modeled using ROAST with modified codes. A customized template of healthy older adults, the UFAB-587, was created from the same dataset and used to warp individual brains into the same space. Warped models were analyzed to determine the relationship between computed field measures, brain atrophy and age. Main results Computed field measures were inversely correlated with brain atrophy (R2 = 0.0829, p = 1.14e-12). Field pattern showed negative correlation with age in brain sub-regions including part of DLPFC and precentral gyrus. Mediation analysis revealed that the negative correlation between age and current density is partially mediated by brain-to-CSF ratio. Conclusions Computed field measures showed decreasing amount of tES current reaching the brain with increasing atrophy. Therefore, adjusting current dose by modifying tES stimulation parameters in older adults based on degree of atrophy may be necessary to achieve desired stimulation benefits. Results from this study may inform future tES application in healthy older adults.
Reflections on GSA's 75th anniversary.

The inevitable is we will all grow old. When someone offered me the opportunity to learn more about the field of Gerontology and Geriatrics I said yes. It was in the late 1980s at AGHE’s Annual mee...
Showcasing optimization in omnichannel retailing

Abstract With recent breakthroughs in technology and digitalization, omnichannel retailing has now become the norm, and shoppers are able to seamlessly make the switch between different channels for one purchase. Retailers can leverage the blurred lines between the channels and adopt a business model that best suits the industry, such as having a virtual online showcase and letting the customers pick up the products in person or having an offline showroom and having products delivered to customers. The latter concept, in which information about products is gathered in a store or a showroom and fulfillment is made via delivery to customers, is particularly suitable when the customers prefer to experience the products in person to gain sufficient confidence in their potential purchase. This is often the case for high-value large products with high shipping costs. In this context, we propose a quantitative approach to optimize the showcasing portfolio for a given retailer to maximize the exposure of the features that customers expect to experience from a visit to a showroom. The problem is formulated as a mixed-integer optimization problem to maximize the expected customer showcasing utility through module and product showcasing and product testing. To demonstrate the practicality of our approach, we conduct a case study based on real data obtained from 17 dealerships of our industrial partner, a manufacturer of recreational vehicles. The numerical results of this case study show that the expected showcasing utility for a retailer can significantly increase, even in the presence of spatial and/or budget constraints.
MobileDets: Searching for Object Detection Architectures for Mobile Accelerators

Inverted bottleneck layers, which are built upon depthwise convolutions, have been the predominant building blocks in state-of-the-art object detection models on mobile devices. In this work, we question the optimality of this design pattern over a broad range of mobile accelerators by revisiting the usefulness of regular convolutions. We achieve substantial improvements in the latency-accuracy trade-off by incorporating regular convolutions in the search space, and effectively placing them in the network via neural architecture search. We obtain a family of object detection models, MobileDets, that achieve state-of-the-art results across mobile accelerators. On the COCO object detection task, MobileDets outperform MobileNetV3+SSDLite by 1.7 mAP at comparable mobile CPU inference latencies. MobileDets also outperform MobileNetV2+SSDLite by 1.9 mAP on mobile CPUs, 3.7 mAP on EdgeTPUs and 3.4 mAP on DSPs while running equally fast. Moreover, MobileDets are comparable with the state-of-the-art MnasFPN on mobile CPUs even without using the feature pyramid, and achieve better mAP scores on both EdgeTPUs and DSPs with up to 2X speedup.
A Multivariate Probit Model for Learning Trajectories: A Fine-Grained Evaluation of an Educational Intervention.

Advances in educational technology provide teachers and schools with a wealth of information about student performance. A critical direction for educational research is to harvest the available lon...
Applying ideation-to-action theories to predict suicidal behavior among adolescents.

Abstract Background Although many risk factors for adolescent suicidal behavior have been identified, less is known about distinct risk factors associated with the progression from suicide ideation to attempts. Based on theories grounded in the ideation-to-action framework, we used structural equation modeling to examine risk and protective factors associated with the escalation from suicide ideation to attempts in adolescents. Methods In this cross-sectional study, data from the 2013 and 2015 Hawaii High School Youth Risk Behavior Surveys (N = 8,113) were analyzed. The sample was 54.0% female and racially/ethnically diverse. Risk factors included depression, victimization, self-harm, violent behavior, disinhibition, and hard substance use, and protective factors included adult support, sports participation, academic achievement and school safety. Results One in 6 adolescents (16.4%) reported suicide ideation, and nearly 1 in 10 (9.8%) adolescents had made a suicide attempt. Overall, disinhibition predicted the escalation to attempts among adolescents with suicide ideation, and higher academic performance was associated with lower suicide attempt risk. Depression and victimization were associated with suicide ideation. Limitations This study examined data from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey, and other known risk factors such as anxiety and family history of suicide were not available in these data. Conclusions Findings provide guidance for targets for clinical interventions focused on suicide prevention. Programs that incorporate behavioral disinhibition may have the greatest potential for reducing suicide attempt risk in adolescents with suicidal thoughts.
Acute estradiol and progesterone therapy in hospitalised adults to reduce COVID-19 severity: a randomised control trial.

Introduction As of November 2021, COVID-19 has killed more than 5 million people globally, including over 750 000 in the USA. Apart from corticosteroids, most available therapeutic options are at best marginally efficient in reducing disease severity and are extremely expensive. The systematic investigation of clinically approved drugs is a priority to determine what does mitigate disease severity. Oestradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) produce a state of anti-inflammatory immune responses and immune tolerance, and enhanced antibody production. The goal of this trial is to evaluate the efficacy of a short E2 and P4 therapy, in addition to standard of care (SOC), in mitigating disease severity in COVID-19 hospitalised patients. Methods and analysis Phase 2, randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled, single-centre trial. Patients hospitalised for confirmed COVID-19, with scores 3–5 on the 9-point WHO ordinal scale are randomised between two arms: (1) Oestradiol cypionate intramuscular (IM) and micronised progesterone oral (PO), in addition to SOC, and (2) placebo, in addition to SOC. The primary outcome is the proportion of patients improving to scores 1 or 2 on the WHO scale through day 28. Secondary outcomes include length of hospital stay, duration of mechanical ventilation, cause of death, readmission rates, change in inflammatory biomarkers between admission and occurrence of primary endpoint, and adverse events. Study sample size will be up to 120 participants. The trial is currently recruiting subjects. Ethics and dissemination The sponsor of this study is the Center of Excellence in Sex-Based Biology & Medicine at Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. Ethical approval was obtained from the Tulane institutional review board on 14 May 2021. The study was reviewed by the US Food and Drug Administration and granted Investigational New Drug #152 499. Results of the study will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal. Trial registration number NCT04865029; Pre-results.
Unified social cognition

1. Unified Theory of Cognition. 2. Psychological Laws. 3. Foundation of Person Cognition. 4. Functional Theory of Attitudes. 5. Attitude Integration Theories. 6. Comparisons of Attitude Theories. 7. Moral Algebra. 8. Group Dynamics. 9. Cognitive Theory of Judgment - Decision. 10. General Theory. 11. Experimental Methods. 12. Unified Science of Psychology.
Thermal Waste Treatment

Publisher Summary This chapter addresses the benefits and drawbacks of various thermal destruction and removal technologies. Chemical reactions at elevated temperatures can yield products that are either good or bad from an environmental perspective. This chapter focuses on the thermal reactions that can be used to treat numerous wastes. Complete combustion may also result in the production of molecular nitrogen (N 2 ) when nitrogen-containing organics are burned, such as in the combustion of methylamine. Incomplete combustion can produce a variety of compounds. Some are more toxic than the original compounds being oxidized, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), dioxins, furans, and CO. The organic portion of wastes has heat value. This means that this portion of any waste can be completely destroyed using principles based on thermodynamics, ultimately yielding carbon dioxide and water. This depends mainly on whether toxic and otherwise harmful molecules react to become less or more toxic or harmful molecules, or are transformed into molecules that are more or less mobile in the environment, which could mean greater exposures and risks. Recalcitrant waste constituents can be degraded using these techniques but caution should always be applied as improper applications of thermal technologies can lead to harm caused by products of incomplete combustion (PICs) and other pollutants.
Proton-Induced Fission Cross Sections for U 238 , U 235 , Th 232 , Bi 209 , and Au 197 at 100 to 340 Mev

We have measured the total fission cross sections of ${\mathrm{U}}^{238}$, ${\mathrm{U}}^{235}$, ${\mathrm{Th}}^{232}$, ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{209}$, and ${\mathrm{Au}}^{197}$ for high-energy protons. A cancellation-type ionization chamber was used to detect the fission fragments. The observed fission cross sections are compared to the total inelastic cross sections in order to obtain the relative fission probability as a function of proton energy.
Partial S-Invariants for the Verification of Infinite Systems Families

We introduce partial S-invariants of Petri nets, which can help to determine invariants and to prove safety if large nets are built from smaller ones using parallel composition withsync hronous communication. Partial S-invariants can support compositional reduction and, in particular, the fixed-point approach, used for verifying infinite parameterized families of concurrent systems. Withpartial S-invariants and the fixed-point approach we prove the correctness of two solutions to the MUTEX-problem based on token rings; for this, we only have to prove liveness of a simplified version due to previous results.
Low-Speed Aerodynamics: Singularity Elements and Influence Coefficients

It was demonstrated in the previous chapters that the solution of potential flow problems over bodies and wings can be obtained by the distribution of elementary solutions. The strengths of these elementary solutions of Laplace's equation are obtained by enforcing the zero normal flow condition on the solid boundaries. The steps toward a numerical solution of this boundary value problem are described schematically in Section 9.7. In general, as the complexity of the method is increased, the “element's influence” calculation becomes more elaborate. Therefore, in this chapter, emphasis is placed on presenting some of the typical numerical elements upon which some numerical solutions are based (the list is not complete and an infinite number of elements can be developed). A generic element is shown schematically in Fig. 10.1. To calculate the induced potential and velocity increments at an arbitrary point P ( x P , y P , z P ) requires information on the element geometry and strength of singularity. For simplicity, the symbol Δ is dropped in the following description of the singularity elements. However, it must be clear that the values of the velocity potential and velocity components are incremental values and can be added up according to the principle of superposition. In the following sections some two-dimensional elements will be presented, whose derivation is rather simple. Three-dimensional elements will be presented later and their complexity increases with the order of the polynomial approximation of the singularity strength.
Two Applications of Algebraic Geometry to Entire Holomorphic Mappings

In this paper we shall prove two theorems concerning holomorphic mappings of large open sets of ℂk into algebraic varieties. Both are in response to well-known outstanding problems, and we feel that the techniques introduced should in each case have further applications.
Developing provable secure m-commerce applications

We present a modeling framework and a verification technique for m-commerce applications. Our approach supports the development of secure communication protocols for such applications as well as the refinement of the abstract protocol descriptions into executable Java code without any gap. The technique is explained using an interesting m-commerce application, an electronic ticketing system for cinema tickets. The verification has been done with KIV [BRS+00].
Radio frequency interference identification and mitigation using simultaneous dual‐station observations

[1] Radio frequency interference (RFI) mitigation is a critically important issue in radio astronomy using existing instruments as well as in the development of next generation radio telescopes, such as the Square Kilometer Array (SKA). Most designs for the SKA involve multiple stations with spacings of up to a few thousands of kilometers and thus can exploit the drastically different RFI environments at different stations. As demonstrator observations and analysis for SKA-like instruments, and to develop RFI mitigation schemes that will be useful in the near term, we recently conducted simultaneous observations with Arecibo Observatory and the Green Bank Telescope. The observations were aimed at diagnosing RFI and using the mostly uncorrelated RFI between the two sites to excise RFI from several generic kinds of measurements such as giant pulses from Crab-like pulsars and weak H I emission from galaxies in bands heavily contaminated by RFI. This paper presents observations, analysis, and RFI identification and excision procedures that are effective for both time series and spectroscopy applications using multistation data.
Oxidative and non-oxidative mechanisms in the inactivation of cardiac mitochondrial electron transport chain components by doxorubicin

The quinonoid anthracycline, doxorubicin (Adriamycin) is a potent anti-neoplastic agent whose clinical use is limited by severe cardiotoxicity. Mitochondrial damage is a major component of this cardiotoxicity, and rival oxidative and non-oxidative mechanisms for inactivation of the electron transport chain have been proposed. Using bovine heart submitochondrial preparations (SMP) we have now found that both oxidative and non-oxidative mechanisms occur in vitro, depending solely on the concentration of doxorubicin employed. Redox cycling of doxorubicin by Complex I of the respiratory chain (which generates doxorubicin semiquinone radicals, O2-, H2O2, and .OH) caused a 70% decrease in the Vmax. for NADH dehydrogenase during 15 min incubation of SMP, and an 80% decrease in NADH oxidase activity after 2 h incubation. This inactivation required only 25-50 microM-doxorubicin and represents true oxidative damage, since both NADH (for doxorubicin redox cycling) and oxygen were obligatory participants. The damage appears localized between the NADH dehydrogenase flavin (site of doxorubicin reduction) and iron-sulphur centre N-1. Succinate dehydrogenase, succinate oxidase, and cytochrome c oxidase activities were strongly inhibited by higher doxorubicin concentrations, but this phenomenon did not involve doxorubicin redox cycling (no NADH or oxygen requirement). Doxorubicin concentrations of 0.5 mM were required for 50% decreases in these activities, except for cytochrome c oxidase which was only 30% inhibited following incubation with even 1.0 mM-doxorubicin. Our results indicate that low concentrations of doxorubicin (50 microM or less) can catalyse a site-specific oxidative damage to the NADH oxidation pathway. In contrast, ten-fold higher doxorubicin concentrations (or more) are required for non-oxidative inactivation of the electron transport chain; probably via binding to cardiolipin and/or generalized membrane chaotropic effects. The development of agents to block doxorubicin toxicity in vivo will clearly require detailed clinical studies of doxorubicin uptake in the heart.
Rodent Models of Speech Sound Processing

Many studies have shown that humans and rodents discriminate speech sounds similarly and that speech sounds evoke similar neural responses in both humans and rodents up to the level of auditory cortex. Rodents provide the unique opportunity to investigate the genetic and environmental factors that can impair speech sound processing in humans. Extensive speech sound training in rodents can be used to evaluate how such training engages neural plasticity mechanisms used to treat a variety of speech sound processing disorders.
Functional Bracing of the Arm

1. The patient must have a source of power which can be harnessed. 2. An analysis of a patient's needs should include special attention to the essential motions to be replaced (grasp, pronation, supination, elbow flexion and extension, internal and external rotation of the shoulder, and shoulder flexion). 3. The brace must be light, comfortable to wear, and, if possible, should be so constructed that the patient can put it on or take it off by himself. 4. The necessary working area for the desired activity should be known and properly planned for. 5. Arm braces at the present stage of their development can replace many normal activities but not all of them. They should be planned to accomplish specific tasks. 6. Arm braces must work from a stable base on the patient's body. 7. Harnessing must supply a satisfactory range of motion and power for the activities desired. 8. A brace must be relatively simple in operation so that its value is worth the patient's effort in making it function. 9. The braces must be simple and sturdy enough so that frequent breakdowns do not occur and frequent adjustments are unnecessary. Other important factors that should always be considered are: 1. The patient must desire help and must he willing to put up with minor inconveniences in the appliance and its appearance. 2. Careful analysis of the patient's desires and potentials by physician, physical therapist, occupational therapist, and prosthetist before final prescription will assure a better functioning appliance. 3. Proper training in the use of the appliance by a qualified occupational therapist or physical therapist is desirable upon delivery of the brace or apparatus. 4. The prosthetist must be willing to devote time for the final careful adjustment of equipment, for often a change from one-quarter to one-half of an inch in a suspension point will mean success or failure. 5. The manufacturer of functional braces for the arm and the fitter should have a knowledge of upper-extremity function. They should be thoroughly familiar with harnessing of artificial arms and the equipment involved in their use; they should be able to think in terms of motion rather than in terms of statics and positioning.
Hybrid Repair With Antegrade Visceral Artery Debranching: The Preferred Treatment Option for Thoracoabdominal Aneurysms in High-Risk Patients:

Purpose To present a hybrid repair technique that may decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with thoracoabdominal aneurysm (TAAA) repair, especially in high-risk patients. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed of patients treated for TAAA at a single institution from 2005 to 2010. Nine patients (8 men; mean age 72 years) with Crawford types II or IV TAAAs were treated with a 2-stage hybrid technique consisting of antegrade visceral debranching of the aorta, followed within a month by endovascular deployment of endografts to cover the entire diseased aortic segment. Results There was no perioperative mortality, paraplegia, or permanent renal failure. Following the debranching procedure, there were 4 cases of transient renal dysfunction, 1 minor stroke (resolved), and 1 low-flow pancreatic fistula that regressed. There were no complications after the endovascular repair. Over a mean follow-up of 28 months (range 8-50), all patients are alive, with good patency of the bypass grafts and endografts. One late type II endoleak is under surveillance. Conclusion This small series shows that the ascending aorta is a safe location for antegrade visceral debranching, which could facilitate hybrid repair in most cases, especially those patients with advanced lesions of the iliac arteries. More patients and longer follow-up are required to draw definite conclusions for the adoption of this treatment in high-risk patients.
Quit interest, quit attempt and recent cigarette smoking cessation in the US working population, 2010

Objectives To determine the prevalence of cigarette smoking cessation and examine the association between cessation and various factors among workers in a nationally representative sample of US adults. Methods Data were derived from the 2010 National Health Interview Survey. Prevalence rates were calculated for interest in quitting smoking, making an attempt to quit smoking, and successful smoking cessation (defined as smokers who had quit for 6–12 months). Logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with cessation after adjustment for demographic characteristics (age group, race/ethnicity, educational level and marital status). Results Data were available for 17 524 adults who were employed in the 12 months prior to interview. The prevalence of quit interest, quit attempt and recent cessation was 65.2%, 53.8% and 6.8%, respectively. Quit interest was less likely among workers with long work hours, but more likely among workers with job insecurity, or frequent workplace skin and/or respiratory exposures. Quit attempt was more likely among workers with a hostile work environment but less likely among workers living in a home that permitted smoking or who smoked ≥11 cigarettes/day. Recent smoking cessation was less likely among workers with frequent exposure to others smoking at work or living in a home that permitted smoking, but more likely among workers with health insurance. Conclusions Factors associated with cessation interest or attempt differed from those associated with successful cessation. Cessation success might be improved by reducing exposure to others smoking at work and home, and by improving access to health insurance.
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma presenting as a rapidly enlarging ocular adnexal tumor.

Abstract A 63-year-old man, in good health previously, developed swelling and erythema of the right upper eyelid which progressed to involve both eyelids and surrounding tissues. After one month, he had a 9.0 × 9.0 × 3.5 cm mass despite two attempts at incisional drainage and treatment with antibiotics. Multiple asymptomatic erythematous nodules (2–3 cm in diameter) developed on his back, trunk, and arms four weeks after onset of the eyelid erythema and swelling. Biopsies of two upper back papules and the eyelid disclosed cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, a lymphoproliferative malignancy of thymus derived lymphocytes originating in the skin. Systemic chemotherapy resulted in a marked decrease in the ocular adnexal mass but lymphomatous meningitis and quadriplegia developed. The patient died four months later; an autopsy was not performed. This case demonstrates that cutaneous T-cell lymphoma may rarely have its initial manifestation as a rapidly enlarging eyelid tumor.
Further findings on the deterrence question and strategies for future research

Findings for recent data (circa 1970) are consistent with previous purported tests of the deterrence doctrine. For each of seven types of crime there is an inverse relation among the states of the U.S. between the rate and the certainty of imprisonment, but there is no significant relation between the rate and severity of imprisonment (length of sentence served). Although the findings justify reconsideration of the deterrence doctrine, the utility of further tests is questionable without first restating the doctrine as a systematic theory, one that incorporates (inter alia) perceptual variables pertaining to punishment (e.g. perceived certainty of punishment). However, several empirical question should be contemplated prior to stating a deterrence theory; and conventional data (e.g. published statistics on imprisonment) can be used to answer some of those questions.
An HDL Simulation of the Effects of Single Event Upsets on Microprocessor Program Flow

Simulation experiments for determining the effects of single event upsets on microprocessor program flow are described. A 16 bit microprocessor is modeled using a hardware description language. Using pseudorandom selection of event time and effected flip-flop, SEU's are injected into the microprocessor model. Upset detectors are modeled along with the microprocessor for determination of fault coverage of several candidate fault detection techniques.
Student Acceptance of Generalized Personality Interpretations

Two groups of Ss were given personality tests and their interpretations, which were identical for each S. Ss were asked to rate the interpretations on a scale ranging from Excellent to Very Poor. They were also asked to make any additional comments which they felt appropriate. In the first group the tests and interpretations were given by a professional psychologist, whereas in the second they were given by students. In both the experiments a significant number of Ss rated the interpretation as good or excellent, but there was no difference in the ratings when given by a student or a psychologist. They also wrote comments containing praise for the examiner and indicated their complete acceptance of the interpretation. It is suggested that similar circumstances may occasionally exist in the actual counseling setting.
Convergence of finger tremor and EEG rhythm at the alpha frequency induced by rhythmical photic stimulation.

The frequencies of EEG alpha rhythm and physiological finger tremor overlap at 9–10 c/sec, suggesting a functional relationship between the two mechanisms. We measured the correlation between the two rhythms when they occurred spontaneously and when rhythmical photic stimulation was applied. Rhythmical physiological finger tremor (9.7 c/sec ± 1.06 S.D.) was accompanied by an alpha rhythm (10.3 c/sec ± 0.51 S.D.) spontaneously, showing a one-to-one relationship at times. When photic stimulation was provided at a frequency (11 Hz) close to the subject's spontaneous alpha rhythm, a frequency-convergence occurred between finger tremor (10.3 c/sec ± 0.68 S.D.) and the EEG (10.6 c/sec ± 0.35 S.D.). The correlation coefficient between the two rhythms under photic stimulation was significantly higher (0.49 ± 0.14 S.D.) than under the spontaneous condition (0.13 ± 0.16; P < 0.05). Consistent with this, the mean difference between finger tremor and EEG frequencies was significantly lower during photic stimulation (0.83 c/sec ± 0.46 S.D.) than during the spontaneous condition (1.23 c/sec ± 0.82 S.D.) (t = 2.54; P < 0.05, t-test for corrlated means). These findings indicate that the EEG and physiological finger tremor tend toward synchrony with each other in an environment of photic stimulation, supporting our hypothesis of a functional relationship between the two mechanisms.
MMP-9 Gene Ablation and TIMP-4 Mitigate PAR-1-Mediated Cardiomyocyte Dysfunction: A Plausible Role of Dicer and miRNA

Although matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP‐9) is involved in cardiomyocytes contractility dysfunction, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-4 (TIMP‐4) mitigates the effect of MMP‐9, and proteinase-activated receptor-1 (PAR‐1, a G-protein couple receptor, GPCR) is involved in the signaling cascade of MMP‐9-mediated cardiac dysfunction, the mechanism(s) are unclear. To test the hypothesis that induction of dicer and differential expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) contribute, in part, to the down regulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase isoform 2a (serca-2a) in MMP-9 and PAR-1-mediated myocytes dysfunction, ventricular cardiomyocytes were isolated from C57BL/6J mice and treated with 3 ng/ml of MMP-9, 12 ng/ml of TIMP-4, and 10 and 100 μM of PAR-1 antagonist with MMP-9. Specific role of MMP-9 was determined by using MMP-9 knock out (MMP-9KO) and their corresponding control (FVB) mice. Ion Optics video-edge detection system and Fura 2-AM loading were used for determining the contractility and calcium release from cardiomyocytes. Quantitative and semi-quantitative PCR were used to determine the expression of dicer, TIMP-4 and serca-2a. miRNA microarrays were used for assessing the expression of different miRNAs between MMP-9KO and FVB cardiomyocytes. The results suggest that MMP‐9 treatment attenuates the voltage‐induced contraction of primary cardiomyocytes while TIMP‐4, an inhibitor of MMP‐9, reverses the inhibition. MMP‐9 treatment is also associated with reduced Ca2+ transients. This effect is blocked by a PAR‐1 antagonist, suggesting that PAR‐1 mediates this effect. The effect is not as great at high concentrations (100 μM) perhaps due to mild toxicity. The PAR‐1 antagonist effect did not affect calcium transients unlike TIMP‐4. Interestingly, we show that MMP‐KO myocytes contract more rapidly and release more Ca2+ than FVB. The relevant RNA species serca-2a is induced and dicer is inhibited. There is selective inhibition of miR-376b and over-expression of miR-1, miR-26a, miR-30d, and miR-181c in MMP‐9KO that are implicated in regulation of G-PCR and calcium handling.