cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Superconductivity Responses in Photo-excited Optical Conductivity and Nernst Effect

High-Tc cuprate, A3C60 and other unconventional superconductors (SCs) have very high Tc with respect to the energy scale of superconducting (SC) charges inferred from the superfluid density (SFD). The observed linear dependence of Tc on the SFD can hardly be expected in BCS SCs while being reminiscent of Bose Einstein Condensation of pre-formed pairs. As additional non-BCS like behaviors, responses similar to those in the bulk SC states have been observed at temperatures (T) well above Tc in the vortex-like Nernst effect, diamagnetic susceptibility, and transient optical conductivity in photo-excitation (PEX) measurements. Here we propose a picture based on equilibrium and transient SFD to understand these unconventional behaviors. This picture assumes: (1) Dynamic SC responses in the Nernst and PEX measurements emerge at the formation of the local phase coherence (LPC) among wave functions of pre-formed pairs. (2) Its onset T (TLPC) is distinct from and lower than the pair-formation pseudo-gap T (Tstr). (3) The bulk SC Tc is reduced from TLPC, due to the competition between the SC and antiferromagnetic (AF) order. (4) The magnetic resonance mode (MRM) controls Tc in the SC-AF competition. (5) The transient optical responses can be attributed to a change of the balance between the competing SC and AF orders caused by PEX. The assumptions (1) and (2) explain the relationship between Tc and the transient SFD in PEX studies and equilibrium SFD in Nernst effect. (3) and (4) are inferred from the linear dependence of Tc on the MRM energy. (4) and (5) are consistent with the behaviors of the 400 cm-1 optical mode in equilibrium and PEX studies, whose intensity represents the MRM intensity. Unlike previous phase-fluctuation pictures which expect dynamic responses between Tstr and Tc, the present picture involving competing order indicates that dynamic SC responses are seen between TLPC and Tc.
Theory of Lodging

For the initial development of the theory of lodging, the focus was on guest behavior in a hotel room. The theory is expanded to encompass the guest behavior in the entire hotel facility, including...
Estimating the size of HIV-negative MSM population that would benefit from pre-exposure prophylaxis in Florida.

Abstract Purpose This study aimed to estimate the size of the population of men who have sex with men (MSM) in Florida with high-risk behaviors that would indicate eligibility for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use. Methods Three methods were used to estimate the MSM population. Estimates from the three methods were averaged, and the number of MSM living with HIV in each zone improvement plan (ZIP) code was subtracted. Results The average MSM estimate was 1–2184 men (1.5–22.9%) by ZIP code. The size of the MSM population with indications for PrEP use was highest when using estimates of MSM with more than one sex partner in the past year obtained from the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance system and lowest when the MSM estimate was multiplied by 24.7% (percentage of MSM with PrEP indications from other studies). Conclusion Areas with high numbers of MSM with PrEP indications could be targeted with information to reduce HIV acquisition.
Detection of CPS1 gene mutation in a neonate with carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency

Objective To explore the genetic basis for a neonate featuring hyperammonemia. Methods The patient was examined and tested by tandem mass spectrometry and next generation sequencing (NGS). Suspected mutations were confirmed by Sanger sequencing of the proband and her parents. Potential impact of the mutation was predicted with SIFT, PolyPhen-2 and MutationTaste software. Results Plasma ammonia and alanine were significantly increased in the proband, while serum citrulline was decreased. The neonate was found to harbor compound heterozygous mutations of the CPS1 gene [c.1631C>T (p.T544M) and c. 1981G>T (p.G661C)], which were respectively inherited from her father and mother. Conclusion The carbamoyl phosphate synthetase Ⅰ deficiency of the proband can probably be attributed to the mutations of the CPS1 gene. Above finding has expanded the spectrum of CPS1 mutations in association with carbamoyl phosphate synthetase Ⅰ deficiency. Key words: Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase Ⅰ deficiency; CPS1 gene; Next generation sequencing
Opening the Innovation Process: The Interrelationship of Firm Reputation and Strategic Innovation Change

A key question facing firms today is should they integrate customers into their innovation processes and cocreate new products. This research examines how strategic change (e.g., closed to open innovation) impacts the attitudes of the periphery of customers and how a firm’s current innovation reputation impacts strategic change. The results show that firms will benefit by moving from closed to open innovation. This relationship is contingent on a firm’s current innovation reputation. When a firm has a high reputation for building innovative products, it should continue with its current strategy for innovation (i.e., regardless of open or closed). Conversely, having a low innovation reputation suggests that any change in strategy is good in order to overcome previous negative perceptions of the firm’s reputation.
Steering Magnetic Robots in Two Axes with One Pair of Maxwell Coils

This work demonstrates a novel approach to steering a magnetic swimming robot in two dimensions with a single pair of Maxwell coils. By leveraging the curvature of the magnetic field gradient, we achieve motion along two axes. This method allows us to control medical magnetic robots using only existing MRI technology, without requiring additional hardware or posing any additional risk to the patient. We implement a switching time optimization algorithm which generates a schedule of control inputs that direct the swimming robot to a goal location in the workspace. By alternating the direction of the magnetic field gradient produced by the single pair of coils per this schedule, we are able to move the swimmer to desired points in two dimensions. Finally, we demonstrate the feasibility of our approach with an experimental implementation on the millimeter scale and discuss future opportunities to expand this work to the microscale, as well as other control problems and real-world applications.
Novel Methodology for Measuring Regional Myocardial Efficiency

Our approach differs from the usual global measure of cardiac efficiency by using PET/MRI to measure efficiency of small pieces of cardiac tissue whose limiting size is equal to the spatial resolution of the PET scanner. We initiated a dynamic cardiac PET study immediately prior to the injection of 15.1 mCi of 11C-acetate acquiring data for 25 minutes while simultaneously acquiring MRI cine data. 1) A 3D finite element (FE) biomechanical model of the imaged heart was constructed by utilizing nonrigid deformable image registration to alter the Dassault Systemes FE Living Heart Model (LHM) to fit the geometry in the cardiac MRI cine data. The patient specific FE cardiac model with estimates of stress, strain, and work was transformed into PET/MRI format. 2) A 1-tissue compartment model was used to calculate wash-in (K1) and the linear portion of the decay in the PET 11C-acetate time activity curve (TAC) was used to calculate the wash-out k2(mono) rate constant. K1 was used to calculate blood flow and k2(mono) was used to calculate myocardial volume oxygen consumption ( $\textit {MV}{O}_{{2}}$ ). 3) Estimates of stress and strain were used to calculate Myocardial Equivalent Minute Work ( $\textit {MEMW}$ ) and Cardiac Efficiency $= \textit {MEMW}{/}\textit {MV}{O}_{{2}}$ was then calculated for 17 tissue segments of the left ventricle. The global MBF was 0.96 ± 0.15 ml/min/gm and $\textit {MV}{O}_{{2}}$ ranged from 8 to 17 ml/100gm/min. Six central slices of the MRI cine data provided a range of $\textit {MEMW}$ of 0.1 to 0.4 joules/gm/min and a range of Cardiac Efficiency of 6 to 18%.
Avoided ferromagnetic quantum critical point in pressurized La 5 Co 2 Ge 3

We present the pressure-temperature phase diagram ${\mathrm{La}}_{5}{\mathrm{Co}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{3}$ up to $\ensuremath{\sim}5$ GPa, which was constructed from magnetization, resistivity, and specific heat measurements. At ambient pressure, ${\mathrm{La}}_{5}{\mathrm{Co}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{3}$ is an itinerant ferromagnet with a Curie temperature ${T}_{\text{C}}\ensuremath{\sim}$ 4 K. Upon increasing pressure up to $\ensuremath{\sim}1.7$ GPa, ${T}_{\text{C}}$ is suppressed down to $\ensuremath{\sim}3$ K. Upon further increasing pressure, our results suggest that ${\mathrm{La}}_{5}{\mathrm{Co}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{3}$ enters a different low-temperature ground state. The corresponding transition temperature ${T}^{*}$ has a nonmonotonic pressure dependence up to $\ensuremath{\sim}5$ GPa. Our results demonstrate that the ferromagnetic quantum critical point in ${\mathrm{La}}_{5}{\mathrm{Co}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{3}$ is avoided by the appearance of a different, likely magnetically ordered, state that has an antiferromagnetic component.
Echocardiography in the Liver Transplant Patient

The aim of this study is to review current echocardiographic modalities utilized in the assessment of the preoperative liver transplant candidate with an emphasis on newer techniques. We sought to assess if newer methods imparted additional diagnostic or prognostic accuracy compared to prior methods based on existing studies. Standard dobutamine stress echocardiography offers important information regarding operative risk and post-operative survival in liver transplant candidates; however, technologies such as speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) and evaluation of diastolic function have emerged as useful tools as well. 2D-STE and diastolic echocardiography offer additional parameters such as global longitudinal strain and measures of diastolic dysfunction that can better predict peri-operative and post-operative complications in liver transplant candidates. If able, practitioners should utilize these methods routinely in their assessment of liver transplant candidates.
Evaluating the DeepSqueak and Mouse Song Analyzer vocalization analysis systems in C57BL/6J, FVB.129, and FVB neonates

Abstract Background Communication is an essential behavior in mammals. Alterations in communication (neonatal crying) characterize numerous human neurodevelopmental conditions. Mice produce communicative vocalizations, known as ultrasonic vocalizations, (USVs) that can be recorded. The Mouse Song Analyzer is an automated USV analysis system while DeepSqueak is a semi-automated USV detection system. Method We used data from, C57BL/6J, FVB.129, and FVB neonates to compare the reliability of DeepSqueak and the Mouse Song Analyzer across various acoustic variables. Results We found that both systems detected a similar quantity of USVs for FVB.129 and FVB mice. However, DeepSqueak detected more USVs for C57BL/6J mice. High correlations were found between systems for each strain. When assessing duration, Deepsqueak detected USVs of a longer duration then the Mouse Song Analyzer across all strains. A low correlation between systems for duration was found for FVB.129 mice, while high correlations were found for C57BL/6J and FVB mice. When assessing fundamental frequency, the Mouse Song Analyzer detected a higher frequency than DeepSqueak for FVB.129 mice, with no other differences present. High correlations between systems were found for C57BL/6J and FVB.129 mice, while a low correlation was found for FVB mice. We also assessed each system’s sensitivity and found that Deepsqueak was able to detect softer USVs than the Mouse Song Analyzer. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that the strain of mouse used significantly affects the reliability of USV analysis systems. However, our data also indicates that DeepSqueak is more reliable and accurate than the Mouse Song Analyzer due to its increased sensitivity.
Hazards of Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park

For the wilderness enthusiast, Hawai‘i is renowned as a safe tropical destination free from snakes, diseases of the developing world, and dangerous animals. One of the most popular destinations is Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. With over a million visitors per year, the park is one of the top fifteen visited national parks in the United States.1 It possesses the only active volcanoes, with unique hazards such as the terrain of established lava flows, unstable lava deltas, lava, and volcanic gases. A visitor can sustain trauma, altitude related illness, burns, hyper and hypothermia, and exacerbation of existing lung conditions.
Bovine Lens γ‐Glutamylcysteine Synthetase

Steady-state kinetic analysis shows that glutathione binds reversibly to both Mg · enzyme and Mg · enzyme ·l-glutamate forms of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase to form inactive complexes. The Ki values for binding to these two species of enzyme are 4 mM and 0.4 mM, respectively; those for S-methyl glutathione are 16 mM and 0.5 mM, respectively. These data suggest that glutathione is an important feedback inhibitor and contributes to the regulation of glutathione synthesis by modulating the synthesis rate of the precursor dipeptide. Adenosine 5′-diphosphate (5′ADP) is also an inhibitor and competes with both ATP and l-β-chloroalanine for Mg · enzyme ·l-glutamate and Mg · enzyme ·l-glutamylphosphate, respectively. Under physiological conditions in the lens, 5′ADP competes effectively with l-cysteine for Mg · enzyme ·l-glutamylphosphate, owing to the low concentration of l-cysteine, and less effectively with ATP for Mg · enzyme ·l-glutamate, because of a high concentration of ATP.
Socioeconomic Trends in Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) Surgery.

Objective: We evaluated trends in deep brain stimulation (DBS) for the 14-year period from 1993 to 2006. Materials and Methods: We utilized the Nationwide Inpatient Sample data base from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Results: A total of 34,792 patients underwent DBS surgery from 1993 to 2006. There were 756 DBS cases performed in 1993 compared with 4200 DBS procedures performed in 2006. Significant increases in nationwide DBS volume coincided with regulatory approval for new indications—Parkinson's disease and dystonia, respectively. Cost of DBS surgery increased from $38,840 in 1993 to $69,329 in 2006. The majority of cases were done in metropolitan areas (97%) at large academic centers (91%) at a national bill of $291 MM. Conclusions: Future studies will need to include the socioeconomic impact of the technology on disease status, patient access, and costs as it expands to novel indications.
Plant Mutagenesis and Mutant Screening

Plant mutagenesis is the induction of new genetic variants, frequently by treatment with chemicals, ionizing radiation, or mobilization of insertion elements. The new genetic variation may be used to give insight into almost any biological process. Keywords: mutagenesis; somaclonal variation; epistasis
Elects of Ozonated-Water Reuse on Salinity Tolerance of Atlantic Salmon

Abstract We conducted several seasonal aquarium experiments to determine survival and body chemistry changes of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) after 24-h exposures to salinities of 0, 16.5, 33, and 40‰ at 10°C. Fish transferred directly to test aquaria from an ozonated, 100‰ closed water-reuse system at 18°C were compared with fish acclimated to single-use water at 10°C for 1–3 weeks before salinity challenges in solutions of sea salt. In the initial (December and January) challenges, all Atlantic salmon from the closed system with a fork length of at least 200 mm survived exposure to 16.5 and 33‰ salinity, but not 40‰; fish 135 mm long or shorter did not survive exposure to 33‰ salinity. In later experiments, prior acclimation of fish to single-use water at 10°C helped protect them against exposure to high salinity (i.e., 33 and 40‰) at 10°C. Few fish that were moved directly from the water-reuse system into test aquaria lived for 24 h in 33 or 40‰ salinity. Atlantic salmon contained less water at 33‰ tha...
A NOTE ON A MULTIVARIATE GENERALIZATION OF THE KRUSKAL‐WALLIS TEST

Marketers are often interested in testing whether the mean vectors of multivariate distributions are equal. The test usually applied, one-way MANOVA, assumes the distributions are multinormal. Unfortunately, this assumption is not supported in many studies. As an alternative, a nonparametric multivariate one-way analysis of variance procedure is presented.
Polyoma small and middle T antigens and SV40 small t antigen form stable complexes with protein phosphatase 2A.

Abstract We have purified the 36 and 63 kd cellular proteins known to associate with polyomavirus middle and small tumor (T) antigens and SV40 small t antigen. Microsequencing of the 36 kd protein indicated that it was probably identical to the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Identity was confirmed by comigration on two-dimensional (2D) gels and by 2D analysis of complete chymotryptic digests. In addition, PP2A-like phosphatase activity was detected in immunoprecipitates of wild-type middle T. Immunoblotting experiments, comigration on 2D gels, and 2D analysis of limit chymotryptic digests demonstrated that the 63 kd protein, present in the middle T complex in approximately equimolar ratio to the 36 kd protein, is a known regulatory subunit of the PP2A holoenzyme. Finally, the 36 kd PP2A catalytic subunit can be immunoprecipitated by anti-pp60 c-src antisera only from cells expressing wild-type middle T These results suggest that complex formation between PP2A and T antigens may be important for T antigen-mediated transformation.
Iterative optimal subcritical aerodynamic design code including profile drag

A subcritical aerodynamic design computer code has been developed, which uses linearized aerodynamics along with sweep theory and airfoil data to obtain minimum total drag preliminary designs for multiple planform configurations. These optimum designs consist of incidence distributions yielding minimum total drag at design values of Mach number and lift and pitching moment coefficients. Linear lofting is used between airfoil stations. Solutions for isolated transport wings have shown that the solution is unique, and that including profile drag effects decreases tip loading and incidence relative to values obtained for minimum induced drag solutions. Further, including effects of variation of profile drag with Reynolds number can cause appreciable changes in the optimal design for tapered wings. Example solutions are also discussed for multiple planform configurations.
Structure of the BamC Two-Domain Protein Obtained by Rosetta with a Limited NMR Data Set

The CS-RDC-NOE Rosetta program was used to generate the solution structure of a 27-kDa fragment of the Escherichia coli BamC protein from a limited set of NMR data. The BamC protein is a component of the essential five-protein β-barrel assembly machine in E. coli. The first 100 residues in BamC were disordered in solution. The Rosetta calculations showed that BamC₁₀₁₋₃₄₄ forms two well-defined domains connected by an ~18-residue linker, where the relative orientation of the domains was not defined. Both domains adopt a helix-grip fold previously observed in the Bet v 1 superfamily. ¹⁵N relaxation data indicated a high degree of conformational flexibility for the linker connecting the N-terminal domain and the C-terminal domain in BamC. The results here show that CS-RDC-NOE Rosetta is robust and has a high tolerance for misassigned nuclear Overhauser effect restraints, greatly simplifying NMR structure determinations.
Prevalence of primary breed-related cataracts in the dog in North America.

The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of cataracts in dogs presented to veterinary medical teaching hospitals in North America between 1964 and 2003. A retrospective study of all dogs presented with cataracts to veterinary medical teaching hospitals in North America between 1964 and 2003 was conducted to determine cataract prevalence. The different decades, breeds, gender, and age at time of presentation with cataract were compared. The prevalence of dogs presented with cataract varied by decade and ranged from 0.95% (1964–73), 1.88% (1974–83), 2.42% (1994–2003), to 3.5% (1984–93). The total number of dogs presented with cataracts over the 40-year period was 39 229. From 1964 to 2003 the prevalence of cataract formation in this patient population increased by about 255%. Fifty-nine breeds of dogs were affected with cataracts above the baseline prevalence of 1.61% seen in mixed-breed/hybrid dogs. The breeds with the highest cataract prevalence included: Smooth Fox Terrier (11.70%), Havanese (11.57%), Bichon Frise (11.45%), Boston Terrier (11.11%), Miniature Poodle (10.79%), Silky Terrier (10.29%) and Toy Poodle (10.21%). The breeds with the largest number of cataractous dogs during the entire four decades were the Boston Terrier (11.11%), Miniature Poodle (10.79%), American Cocker Spaniel (8.77%), Standard Poodle (7.00%), and Miniature Schnauzer (4.98%). Gender ratios of cataractous dogs seemed to affect limited breeds. Age of presentation with cataract diagnosis varied among several breeds. In the mixed-breed/hybrid baseline population, cataract formation appeared to be age related with a higher frequency of cataract formation in dogs after 4–7 years. Cataract formation is one of the most prevalent eye diseases in the dog population, and in about 60 breeds of dogs the prevalence of cataract exceeds that of the baseline mixed-breed/hybrid group. The prevalence of cataract is also influenced by age in most purebred dogs and affects 16.80% of the 7–15+-year-old mixed-breed/hybrid dog population. Total and age-related cataract prevalence in dogs seems very similar to that in man.
Current issues in telepathology.

Telepathology involves rendering diagnostic opinions on specimens at remote locations using computer and telecommunications technologies. Consultations are a routine practice pattern in pathology, as there is a large amount of diagnostic and prognostic information available from the examination of biopsy material that requires an extensive knowledge of diseases and their clinical implications. Pathologists therefore frequently request opinions from those who subspecialize in various diseases. The use of video technology to examine and consult on microscopical slides has been validated, although sparsely and with a number of technical issues as yet unresolved. There are two principal paradigms for telepathology: remote dynamic screening by robotic video microscopy and remote diagnosis from selected still video microscopical images. The former is more appealing to most pathologists; however, it requires very high speed telecommunications links that are expensive and may not be available in a given location....
Comparison of p300 from a passive tone sequence paradigm and an active discrimination task

The P300 (P3) event-related potential elicited with a passive tone sequence paradigm was compared with an active auditory discrimination task. Each stimulus situation was replicated successively to study repetition effects. The first stimulus of the tone sequences produced a positive-going potential with a scalp distribution and peak latency similar to the P3 from the active discrimination task, although its amplitude was smaller than that obtained from the active paradigm. The first block of trials demonstrated the strongest correlations for both P3 latency and amplitude between the sequence and discrimination tasks. The results suggest that the passive tone sequence paradigm may provide P3 measures which approximate those acquired from an active discrimination task.
Rotationally Resolved Infrared Laser Spectroscopy of (H2)n-HF and (D2)n-HF (n = 2−6) in Helium Nanodroplets

Rotationally resolved vibrational spectra are reported for a total of 15 hydrogen-HF clusters formed in helium nanodroplets, each with a different size (up to 6 hydrogens), or isotopic (H2/D2) or o...
Older Community-Dwelling Adults' Attitudes Toward and Practices of Health Promotion and Advance Planning Activities

OBJECTIVE: To describe the attitudes toward and practice of health prevention and advance planning measures by a group of community-dwelling older adults and to examine the effect of age on these practices. DESIGN: A descriptive study performed by mail survey. PARTICIPANTS: Members of a research registry who were 65 years of age or older. MEASUREMENTS: By means of a written questionnaire, we asked about knowledge of various health prevention and advance planning topics, including exercise, cholesterol screening, rectal examination, influenza vaccination, sigmoidoscopy, mammography, prostate cancer screening, organ donation, autopsy, health care proxy, and advance directives. Of those who knew about the topic, we asked if the respondent had discussed it with a physician, who initiated the conversation, and if the respondent participated in the activity. We also asked how important the topic was to the respondent. RESULTS: We received 598 completed surveys, a response rate of 83%. Respondents had a mean age of 74 years, were predominately white (96%), and were well educated, with 44% having completed college. The respondents were all knowledgeable about the topics, and, with the exception of sigmoidoscopy, organ donation, and autopsy, more than 70% thought these topics were important. In the case of health screening and prevention activities, a large percentage of respondents reported having discussed the topic with a physician, and a slightly smaller percentage reported regular participation. In the case of health care proxies and advance directives, however, only about one-half of those who had made these arrangements said they had discussed them with a physician. When discussion did occur, it was much more likely to have been initiated by the respondent. Controlling for level of education, age was inversely associated with the likelihood of a woman reporting she had undergone mammography (P < .05). Age, however, was not associated with decreased frequency of undergoing other screening tests. CONCLUSIONS: Among a group of well educated older adults, reported interest in and compliance with health screening, health promotion, and advance planning activities were high. However, sigmoidoscopy, a relatively more invasive procedure that is generally recommended as a screening tool, is reported less likely to be practiced than prostate cancer screening, a less invasive procedure without such recommendation. Older adults state they are pursuing health care proxies and advance directives, often without the involvement of their physicians. Of the screening tests about which we asked, age was associated only with less frequent practice of mammography.
Noise in nonlinear optics

This paper examines thermal (light-scattering) fluctuations as a dominant noise source in nonlinear optical processes. Fundamental limits to conjugate wave fidelity and signal power requirement are obtained through the statistical thermodynamic treatment of light-scattering noise in four-wave mixing based on the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. Several types of nonlinear media are examined including artificial Kerr suspensions, isotropic Kerr media, and fluids near a critical point. Where measurements are available, excellent quantitative agreement is obtained between theory and experiment.
Pregnancy-related mortality from preeclampsia and eclampsia.

Abstract Objective: To examine the role of preeclampsia and eclampsia in pregnancy-related mortality. Methods: We used data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System to examine pregnancy-related deaths from preeclampsia and eclampsia from 1979 to 1992. The pregnancy-related mortality ratio for preeclampsia-eclampsia was defined as the number of deaths from preeclampsia and eclampsia per 100,000 live births. Case-fatality rates for 1988–1992 were calculated for preeclampsia and eclampsia deaths per 10,000 cases during the delivery hospitalization, using the National Hospital Discharge Survey. Results: Of 4024 pregnancy-related deaths at 20 weeks’ or more gestation in 1979–1992, 790 were due to preeclampsia or eclampsia (1.5 deaths/100,000 live births). Mortality from preeclampsia and eclampsia increased with increasing maternal age. The highest risk of death was at gestational age 20–28 weeks and after the first live birth. Black women were 3.1 times more likely to die from preeclampsia or eclampsia as white women. Women who had received no prenatal care had a higher risk of death from preeclampsia or eclampsia than women who had received any level of prenatal care. The overall preeclampsia-eclampsia case-fatality rate was 6.4 per 10,000 cases at delivery, and was twice as high for black women as for white women. Conclusion: The continuing racial disparity in mortality from preeclampsia and eclampsia emphasizes the need to identify those differences that contribute to excess mortality among black women, and to develop specific interventions to reduce mortality from preeclampsia and eclampsia among all women.
Preparation and structure of an unusual dimeric furan from the acid decomposition of isomaltol

Abstract Isomaltol ( 1 ), an enolic nonenzymic browning-product, decomposes in dilute acid to form the new red-orange colored, symmetrical dimer, ( E )-2-[1-(3-hydroxy-2-furanyl)ethylidene]-(2 H )-furan-3-one ( 2 ). Compound 2 was obtained in 20.4% yield with toluenesulfonic acid (⩾3 m ) at 50°. The structure for 2 was assigned on the basis of spectral data (m.s., u.v., i.r., 13 C- and 1 H-n.m.r.) and conversion into its mono- O -acetyl derivative ( 3 ).
The Small Molecule Limit of Infrared Multiphoton Dissociation: Collisional Effects in D2CO

The infrared multiphoton excitation of D2CO was studied by monitoring infrared fluorescence from stretching modes of D2CO following excitation in the bending modes. The dependence of the infrared multiphoton dissociation yield on laser wavelength, on laser power, and on reactant and foreign gas pressures was also studied. Severe bottlenecks to excitation through the first few steps are found. Vibration-to-vibration transfer of a bending quantum from one excited D2CO molecule to another is a crucial step. Collision-induced changes of rotational quantum number must also play an important role.
Ethacrynic Acid Analogues Lacking the α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Unit – Potential Anti-Metastatic Drugs

A series of ethacrynic acid analogues, lacking the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl unit, was synthesized and subsequently evaluated for their ability to inhibit the migration of human breast cancer cells, MCF-7/AZ. Several of the analogues were already active in the low micromolar range, whereas ethacrynic acid itself shows no potential to inhibit the migration of these cancer cells. Preliminary studies show that the presence of one or more methoxy groups at the phenyl ring of ethacrynic acid is important in order for the ethacrynic acid analogues to demonstrate an inhibitory effect on the migration.
Aerosol Rarefaction Studies

Abstract An experimental study was carried out to study the relative stabilities of charged and uncharged aerosols. The clouds differed in that charged aerosol had been passed through a DC corona. The aerosol was continuously generated at a point in a low-velocity wind tunnel in which relative cloud and tunnel dimensions practically eliminated wall effects. Aerosol cloud dimensions were determined at several distances downwind from the point of generation for both charged and uncharged aerosols. The rarefaction phenomenon produced as a result of the unipolar charging was measured for both positive and negative corona. The relative effects are noted. The point at which aerodynamic effects predominate over electrostatic effects is noted. The several forces affecting the interparticle spacing are considered in explaining the phenomena noted in these experiments.
PARAMETER-INSENSITIVE AND NARROW-BAND SYNCHRONIZATION OF CHAOTIC CIRCUITS

There have been many proposals to use chaotic signals for communications. There are many practical problems with transmitting chaotic signals, however: transmitter and receiver must match, and chaotic signals are affected by phase or amplitude distortion and additive noise. We describe ways to reduce the parameter sensitivity of chaotic synchronization and reduce the bandwidth of chaotic signals.
Phase Structure and Cyclic Deformation in Eutectic Tin-Lead Alloy: A Numerical Analysis

This study is devoted to providing a mechanistic rationale of coarsening induced failure in solder alloys during thermomechanical fatigue. Micromechanical modeling of cyclic deformation of eutectic tin-lead alloy was undertaken using the finite element method. The models consist of regularly arranged tin-rich and lead-rich phases, simulating the lamellar array and colony structure in a typical eutectic system. A fine structure and a coarse structure, bearing the same phase fraction but different in the aspect ratio of each leadrich layer and in the number of lead-rich layers in each colony, are utilized for representing the microstructure before and after coarsening, respectively. Both phases are treated as elastic‐plastic solids with their respective properties. For simplicity the creep effect is ignored without compromising the main objective of this study. Cyclic loading under pure shear and uniaxial conditions is modeled. It is found that both the fine and coarse structures exhibit essentially the same macroscopic stress ‐strain response. The coarse structure, however, shows a greater maximum effective plastic strain on a local scale throughout the deformation. The numerical result implies that, in a solder joint, a locally coarsened region may not be mechanically weaker than its surrounding, but it is subject to early damage initiation due to accumulated plasticity. Other implications regarding solder alloy failure and micromechanical modeling of two-phase materials are discussed. @DOI: 10.1115/1.1324673#
Challenges faced by the global polio eradication initiative.

After the World Health Assembly resolved in 1988 to eradicate wild poliovirus (WPV) transmission globally by 2000, dramatic progress in reducing polio cases and increasing the number of countries t...
Effect of Different Solutes, Natural Organic Matter, and Particulate Fe(III) on Ferrate(VI) Decomposition in Aqueous Solutions

This study investigated the impacts of buffer ions, natural organic matter (NOM), and particulate Fe(III) on ferrate(VI) decomposition and characterized Fe(VI) decomposition kinetics and exposure in various waters. Homogeneous and heterogeneous Fe(VI) decomposition can be described as a second- and first-order reaction with respect to Fe(VI), respectively. Fe(VI) decay was catalyzed by Fe(VI) decomposition products. Solutes capable of forming complexes with iron hydroxides retarded Fe(VI) decay. Fractionation of the resulting solutions from Fe(VI) self-decay and ferric chloride addition in borate- and phosphate-buffered waters showed that phosphate could sequester Fe(III). The nature of the iron precipitate from Fe(VI) decomposition was different from that of freshly precipitated ferric hydroxide from ferric chloride solutions. The stabilizing effects of different solutes on Fe(VI) are in the following order: phosphate > bicarbonate > borate. The constituents of colored and alkaline waters (NOM and bicarb...
Response of Testis and Comb of the Radiothyroidectomized Chick to PMS

Abstract THE purpose of this experiment was to learn if pregnant mare serum (PMS) could stimulate gonad and comb growth in the chick in the absence of thyroid hormone. Breneman (1945) and Dorfman et al. (1948) adequately demonstrated that, in the normal chick, PMS caused both testis growth and comb enlargement. Snedecor and Camyre (1966) showed that five-week-old chicks which had been radiothyroidectomized (RTx) at age six days had greatly reduced testis and comb weights. This corroborated the results of Payne (1944) and Morris (1951) with surgically thyroidectomized chicks. Like Morris (1951), Snedecor and Camyre (1966) noted a synergistic effect of thyroid hormone and androgen on the comb in hormone replacement studies in thyroidectomized castrates. Either hormone was able to promote but limited comb growth in the absence of the other. From the results following RTx, however, it was not possible to know whether the reduction of testis size was due . . .
Does temperature affect the accuracy of vented pressure transducer in fine-scale water level measurement?

Abstract. Submersible pressure transducers have been utilized for collecting water level data since the early 1960s. Together with a digital data logger, it is a convenient way to record water level fluctuations for long-term monitoring. Despite the wide use of pressure transducers for water level monitoring, little has been reported regarding their accuracy and performance under field conditions. The effects of temperature fluctuations on the output of vented pressure transducers were considered in this study. The pressure transducers were tested under both laboratory and field conditions. The results of this study indicate that temperature fluctuation has a strong effect on the transducer output. Rapid changes in temperature introduce noise and fluctuations in the water level readings under a constant hydraulic head while the absolute temperature is also related to sensor errors. The former is attributed to venting and the latter is attributed to temperature compensation effects in the strain gauges. Individual pressure transducers responded differently to the thermal fluctuations in the same testing environment. In the field of surface hydrology, especially when monitoring fine-scale water level fluctuations, ignoring or failing to compensate for the temperature effect can introduce considerable error into pressure transducer readings. It is recommended that a performance test for the pressure transducer is conducted before field deployment.
Structural descriptions and the limitations of visual images

Two experiments are reported that require Ss to judge whether or not the second of two sequentially presented patterns is a part of the first pattern. The results suggest that Ss code the pattern as a structural description and find it difficult to recognize a part of the pattern which does not match the description. It is proposed that a structural description is a combination of visual and verbal codes and that visual images lack detail when not supported by verbal concepts.
Automated optimal processing of phase differencing side-scan sonar data using the Most-Probable Angle Algorithm

Phase-differencing side-scan sonar systems produce co-located bathymetry in addition to each side-scan amplitude measurement. Bathymetric soundings are calculated from the range to each measurement (derived from the two-way travel time) and the receive angle of the incoming signal. Because phase-differencing systems produce a seafloor sounding with each individual measurement, they are often characterized as noisy when compared to multi-beam sonar systems, whose seafloor estimates, whether by amplitude-weighted mean or sub-aperture phase difference detection, are the product of averaging several measurements. In addition, every effort is made to increase the resolution of side-scan data by increasing the bandwidth and sampling rate of the transmitted signal, often producing more than 10,000 data points per ping. This volume of outlier-prone, relatively noisy data is difficult for operators to interpret and software to process. A series of methods has been developed for the automated processing of phase-differencing side-scan sonar data producing seafloor estimates and related uncertainties optimized for the survey application. The “Most-Probable Angle Algorithm” (MPAA) has been developed for the filtering of outliers in range-angle measurements. With outliers removed, the uncertainty of the filtered measurements are estimated. Angle estimates are then calculated as an uncertainty-weighted mean where the number of measurements contributing to each estimate is determined from that required to achieve a desired depth uncertainty. The resulting swath of depth measurements contains irregularly spaced soundings, typically obtaining full spatial resolution of the side-scan data from 20–50 degrees from nadir, and combining several measurements to reduce the uncertainty elsewhere. In this way, given a survey requirement, an optimal amount of information can be extracted from the sonar data in varying conditions.
Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy for Cervical Node Squamous Cell Carcinoma Metastases From Unknown Head-and-Neck Primary Site: M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Outcomes and Patterns of Failure

Purpose Conventional therapy for cervical node squamous cell carcinoma metastases from an unknown primary can cause considerable toxicity owing to the volume of tissues to be irradiated. In the present study, hypothesizing that using intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) would provide effective treatment with minimal toxicity, we reviewed the outcomes and patterns of failure for head-and-neck unknown primary cancer at a single tertiary cancer center. Methods and Materials We retrospectively reviewed the records of 52 patients who had undergone IMRT for an unknown primary at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center between 1998 and 2005. The patient and treatment characteristics were extracted and the survival rates calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results Of the 52 patients, 5 presented with Stage N1, 11 with Stage N2a, 23 with Stage N2b, 6 with Stage N2c, 4 with Stage N3, and 3 with Stage Nx disease. A total of 26 patients had undergone neck dissection, 13 before and 13 after IMRT; 14 patients had undergone excisional biopsy and presented for IMRT without evidence of disease. Finally, 14 patients had received systemic chemotherapy. All patients underwent IMRT to targets on both sides of the neck and pharyngeal axis. The median follow-up time for the surviving patients was 3.7 years. The 5-year actuarial rate of primary mucosal tumor control and regional control was 98% and 94%, respectively. Only 3 patients developed distant metastasis with locoregional control. The 5-year actuarial disease-free and overall survival rate was 88% and 89%, respectively. The most severe toxicity was Grade 3 dysphagia/esophageal stricture, experienced by 2 patients. Conclusion The results of our study have shown that IMRT can produce excellent outcomes for patients who present with cervical node squamous cell carcinoma metastases from an unknown head-and-neck primary tumor. Severe late complications were uncommon.
The transcriptomic and proteomic basis for the evolution of a novel venom phenotype within the Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus).

The genetics underlying adaptive trait evolution describes the intersection between the probability that particular types of mutation are beneficial and the rates they arise. Snake venoms can vary in a directly meaningful manner through coding mutations and regulatory mutations. The amounts of different components determine venom efficacy, but point mutations in coding sequences can also change efficacy and function. The Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) has populations that have evolved neurotoxic venom from the typical hemorrhagic rattlesnake venom present throughout most of its range. We identified only a handful of nonsynonymous differences in just five loci between animals with each venom type, and these differences affected lower-abundance toxins. Expression of at least 18 loci encoding hemorrhagic toxins was severely reduced in the production of neurotoxic venom. The entire phospholipase A2 toxin family was completely replaced in the neurotoxic venom, possibly through intergeneric hybridization. Venom paedomorphosis could, at best, explain only some of the loss of expression of hemorrhagic toxins. The number of potential mechanisms for altering venom composition and the patterns observed for C. horridus suggest that rapid venom evolution should occur primarily through changes in venom composition, rather than point mutations affecting coding sequences.
An assessment of the possible effects of volcanic eruptions on North American climate using tree-ring data, 1602 to 1900 A.D.

Seasonal and annual temperature reconstructions derived from western North American semi-arid site tree-ring chronologies are used to examine the possible spatial response of North American climate to volcanic eruptions within the period 1602 to 1900. Low-latitude eruptions appear to give the strongest response. Cooling of the annual average temperatures in the central and eastern United States is reconstructed to follow volcanic eruptions with warming in the western states. The magnitude and spatial extent of the reconstructed cooling and warming varies seasonally. The warming that occurs in the west is strongest and most extensive in winter while the cooling in the east is most marked in summer. These results are based on reconstructed climate records which contain error terms unrelated to climatic factors. The suggested pattern of response to volcanic forcing is, however, supported by four independent temperature/proxy temperature series within the area of the temperature reconstructions. Additional support is provided by three independent series lying outside the area which suggest that the temperature spatial response may extend to the north beyond the area covered by the tree-ring reconstructions.
Subgroup Structure and Representations of Finite and Algebraic Groups

What can one say about maximal subgroups, or, more generally, the subgroup structure of simple, finite, or algebraic groups? In this survey, we will discuss how group representation theory helps us study this classical problem. These results have been applied to various problems, particularly in group theory, number theory, and algebraic geometry.
EX VIVO INTRACYSTIC CONTRAST STUDIES OF MULTICYSTIC DYSPLASTIC KIDNEYS

AbstractPurpose: Classically cysts in multicystic dysplastic kidneys are described as noncommunicating. We determined the accuracy of this hypothesis by performing ex vivo intracystic contrast studies of the typical multicystic kidney and hydronephrotic form of the multicystic kidney.Materials and Methods: We evaluated 7 multicystic dysplastic kidneys in patients between 2 weeks and 6 months old using intracystic injection of contrast material, including 4 that were typical and 3 with the hydronephrotic form of multicystic disease. Six and 1 kidneys were evaluated ex vivo and percutaneously, respectively. We obtained images during injection and shortly thereafter.Results: When contrast material was injected into 1 cyst, it was eventually seen in most of the other cysts in all 7 kidneys. In 6 kidneys discrete ducts were clearly visualized between the cysts. In the hydronephrotic form of the disease of the disease these ducts connected to a pelvis-like structure. When evaluated grossly and the cysts were un...
Improved selectivity in the removal of the tert.-butyloxycarbonyl group

Removal of the tert.-butyloxycarbonyl group by trifluoroacetic acid in the presence of benzyloxycarbonyl groups, benzyl esters and benzyl ethers is rendered more selective by dilution with acetic acid. Trifluoroacetic acid-acetic acid mixtures, however, cause acetylation of hydroxyl groups and also some formation of tert.-butyl esters at free carboxyls. Hence, such mixtures are useful only for the deprotection of intermediates in which the hydroxyl and carboxyl groups are fully blocked. A search for a diluent without such inherent limitation led to the application of a mixture of phenol and p-cresol. Dilution of trifluoroacetic acid with phenols both improved the selectivity in the removal of the tert.-butyloxycarbonyl group and suppressed the alkylation of amino acid side chains as well. A 4:3:3 mixture of trifluoroacetic acid, phenol and p-cresol was found useful in the practical execution of partial deprotection.