cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accounting Explicitly for Predation Mortality in Surplus Production Models: An Application to Longfin Inshore Squid

Abstract One approach to better account for ecosystem considerations in fisheries science is to incorporate ecological interactions into conventional stock assessment models. The longfin inshore squid Loligo pealeii is one of two squid species of ecological and commercial significance in the northwest Atlantic Ocean. A surplus production model with quarterly time steps was fitted to longfin inshore squid total removal (fishing and predation removal) and tuned with fishery-dependent, fishery-independent, and predation-dependent indices to examine the effect of incorporating predation into a single-species model. Total consumption of squid by all predatory fish exceeded the landings in most years of this analysis. The model output indicated that biological reference points for longfin inshore squid differ considerably when predation removals are included. It appears that by not including predation, the model underestimates stock biomass and overestimates fishery surplus production. Short-term stochastic pro...
Challenges and Opportunities for Extremely Energy-Efficient Processors

In this point-counterpoint discussion, Trevor Mudge argues for the combination of near-threshold voltage processors with techniques such as boosting to address the needs of datacenter workloads. Urs Holzle offers a cautionary note on the wisdom of giving up too much single-threaded performance to achieve energy-efficiency in large Internet service applications.
Use of an Enantiomerically Pure Cyclopalladated Complex of (S)-N,N-Dimethyl-α-(2-naphthyl)ethylamine for an Enantioselective Synthesis of a Chiral Diphosphine by an Intramolecular [4+2] Diels–Alder Cycloaddition

Abstract The cyclopalladated complex (S)-(+)-bis(μ-chloro)bis[N,N-dimethyl-α-(2-naphthyl)ethylamine-C,N]-dipalladium has been used as a chiral template to promote the intramolecular [4+2] Diels–Alder reaction between diphenylvinylphosphine and 1-phenyl-3,4-dimethylphosphole. The characteristic 1H and 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopic features of the synthesized compounds are described. Crystal structures of three of the newly synthesized palladium complexes are reported.
Model Analysis Of Forage Response To Split Applications Of Nitrogen. II. Coupling Of Roots And Tops

The extended logistic model provides a useful tool for describing crop response (dry matter and plant nutrient uptake) to applied nutrients. In the previous article model parameters were evaluated for field data on Pensacola bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge). The analysis showed no advantage to split applications of applied N on poorly drained Myakka fine sand (sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Aeric Haplaquod). In this article the analysis is extended to data for the root-stolon component. Root production [dry matter and plant nitrogen (N) uptake] is coupled to the tops (aboveground component). Analysis again showed no advantage to splitting of applied N. *Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. R-08815.
An Elementary Embedding of V [ F 0 ] in V (B)

We have seen that in V (B) , V = M [F]. Since M (u) expresses u ∈ V in the Boolean sense, we might expect some relationship between the Boolean-valued structures V [F] and V (B) . Again let B be a complete Boolean algebra and F: B → B be defined by F(b˘) = b for b ∈ B as in §14. Furthermore, let F0 be the identity on B.
Nonlinear and Adaptive Control of Force and Compliance in Manipulators

This paper presents new position-based force and compliance con trol schemes for robot manipulators using nonlinear and adaptive controllers. The proposed controllers are simple and can easily be implemented in the outer feedback loop that encloses the inner Cartesian position control system supplied by the robot manufac turer. In the position-based force control approach, adaptive PID and nonlinear PI controllers are proposed for setpoint tracking in which the controller gains are adjusted on-line as functions of the force error. In the position-based compliance control approach, nonlinear and adaptive PD controllers are developed to achieve a desired behavior at contact, where the controller gains are func tions of the contact force. Dynamic simulation results for a 7-DOF Robotics Research Corporation (RRC) arm are presented to demon strate the efficacy of the adaptive compliance control scheme in executing contact tasks. Experimental results are also presented to illustrate nonlinear force control of t...
Descent principle in modular Galois theory

We propound a descent principle by which previously constructed equations over GF(qn)(X) may be deformed to have incarnations over GF(q)(X) without changing their Galois groups. Currently this is achieved by starting with a vectorial (= additive)q-polynomial ofq-degreem with Galois group GL(m, q) and then, under suitable conditions, enlarging its Galois group to GL(m, qn) by forming its generalized iterate relative to an auxiliary irreducible polynomial of degreen. Elsewhere this was proved under certain conditions by using the classification of finite simple groups, and under some other conditions by using Kantor’s classification of linear groups containing a Singer cycle. Now under different conditions we prove it by using Cameron-Kantor’s classification of two-transitive linear groups.
Contingent Pricing to Reduce Price Risks

The price for a product may be set too low, causing the seller to leave money on the table, or too high, driving away potential buyers. Contingent pricing can be useful in mitigating these problems. In contingent pricing arrangements, price is contingent on whether the seller succeeds in obtaining a higher price within a specified period. We show that if the probability of obtaining the high price is not too high, sellers profit from using contingent pricing while economic efficiency increases. The optimal contingent pricing structure depends on the buyer's risk attitude-a deep discount is most profitable if buyers are risk prone. A consolation reward is most profitable if buyers are risk averse. To motivate buyers to participate in a contingent pricing arrangement, the seller must provide sufficient incentives. Consequently, buyers also benefit from contingent pricing. In addition, because the buyers with the highest willingness-to-pay get the product, contingent pricing increases the efficiency of resource allocation.
Spread-spectrum watermarking of audio signals

Watermarking has become a technology of choice for a broad range of multimedia copyright protection applications. Watermarks have also been used to embed format-independent metadata in audio/video signals in a way that is robust to common editing. In this paper, we present several novel mechanisms for effective encoding and detection of direct-sequence spread-spectrum watermarks in audio signals. The developed techniques aim at (i) improving detection convergence and robustness, (ii) improving watermark imperceptiveness, (iii) preventing desynchronization attacks, (iv) alleviating estimation/removal attacks, and finally, (v) establishing covert communication over a public audio channel. We explore the security implications of the developed mechanisms and review watermark robustness on a benchmark suite that includes a combination of audio processing primitives including: time- and frequency-scaling with wow-and-flutter, additive and multiplicative noise, resampling, requantization, noise reduction, and filtering.
Relationship of Tear Size and Location to Fatty Degeneration of the Rotator Cuff

Background: Fatty degeneration of the rotator cuff muscles may have detrimental effects on both anatomical and functional outcomes following shoulder surgery. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between tear geometry and muscle fatty degeneration in shoulders with a deficient rotator cuff. Methods: Ultrasonograms of both shoulders of 262 patients were reviewed to assess the type of rotator cuff tear and fatty degeneration in the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles. The 251 shoulders with a full-thickness tear underwent further evaluation for tear size and location. The relationship of tear size and location to fatty degeneration of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles was investigated with use of statistical comparisons and regression models. Results: Fatty degeneration was found almost exclusively in shoulders with a full-thickness rotator cuff tear. Of the 251 shoulders with a full-thickness tear, eighty-seven (34.7%) had fatty degeneration in either the supraspinatus or infraspinatus, or both. Eighty-two (32.7%) of the 251 full-thickness tears had a distance of 0 mm between the biceps tendon and anterior margin of the tear. Ninety percent of the full-thickness tears with fatty degeneration in both muscles had a distance of 0 mm posterior from the biceps, whereas only 9% of those without fatty degeneration had a distance of 0 mm. Tears with fatty degeneration had significantly greater width and length than those without fatty degeneration (p < 0.0001). Tears with fatty degeneration had a significantly shorter distance posterior from the biceps than those without fatty degeneration (p < 0.0001). The distance posterior from the biceps was found to be the most important predictor for supraspinatus fatty degeneration, whereas tear width and length were found to be the most important predictors for infraspinatus fatty degeneration. Conclusions: Fatty degeneration of the rotator cuff muscles is closely associated with tear size and location. The finding of this study suggests that the integrity of the anterior supraspinatus tendon is important to the development of fatty degeneration. Patients with full-thickness tears that extend through this area may benefit from earlier surgical intervention if fatty degeneration has not already occurred. Additionally, the findings suggest the importance of secure fixation and healing of the anterior aspect of the supraspinatus with surgical repair.
Experimental identification of evaporator dynamics for vapor compression refrigeration cycle during phase transition

Experimental identification of the evaporator dynamics in a vapor compression cycle (VCC) subjected to imposed heat flux in the evaporator is studied. The imposed heat flux boundary condition represents a specific application of the VCC for electronics cooling. However, this application requires different models and control algorithms than traditional VCCs with fluid-to-fluid heat exchanges because of the faster time response of the imposed heat flux boundary condition and because the refrigerant flow at the exit of the evaporator is expected to be a two-phase mixture. First principle models are highly nonlinear and, hence, are not practical for system control. To obtain a simplified model, a dynamic identification of component response characteristics is performed by applying a pulse change in the system operating conditions (i.e., the heat load to the evaporator, the expansion valve opening, or the compressor speed). It is shown that for changes in expansion valve opening, the temperature of the refrigerant at the exit of the evaporator has opposite trends when the flow is initially in the two-phase region and when the flow is in the superheated region. This phenomena represents a challenge for controller design, and further investigation is required.
HIV disclosure among HIV positive individuals: a concept analysis

eustace r.w. & ilagan p.r. (2010) HIV disclosure among HIV positive individuals: a concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(9), 2094–2103. Abstract Aim. This paper is a report of an analysis of the concept of HIV disclosure. Background. There is a growing interest among healthcare providers and researchers in HIV disclosure as an effective HIV prevention and early disease management initiative. However, the concept still remains unclear. Conceptual clarity is important for providing an expanded theoretical definition and understanding of attributes of HIV disclosure. This information is useful in constructing better HIV disclosure measures in HIV/AIDS nursing practice and research. Data sources. A computer search of the following databases was conducted to capture the meaning and processes of HIV disclosure among HIV-positive individuals: PubMed, CINAHL and PSYCINFO. Only English language journals were used. Publication dates of the literature review ranged from 1999 to 2009. The following key words were used: HIV disclosure, self-disclosure, disclosure and serostatus disclosure. Methods. The Walker and Avant (2005) concept analysis model (Strategies for Theory Construction in Nursing, Pearson Prentice Hall, River, NJ, 2005) was used to guide the analysis process, which was completed in 2009. Results. The concept analysis revealed that HIV disclosure is a complex process characterized by the following attributes: experiencing an event, communicating something, timing, and contextual environment, protecting someone, relationship status and improving something or being therapeutic. In addition, the process of HIV disclosure varies across time. Conclusion. The proposed HIV disclosure attributes provide nursing scholars and researchers with new directions on how to reframe research questions, develop measurement tools to reflect better the diversity and fluidity of the process of HIV disclosure among HIV-positive individuals. Policy implications include the need to develop approaches that protect individual and public rights.
The US Forest Service: Whither the new resource management paradigm?

The concept of a resource management paradigm was developed and operationalized in a nationwide study of US Forest Service employees in 1990. The results suggested that the attitudes and values of one particular segment of Forest Service employees, the Association of Forest Service Employees for Environmental Ethics, represent an alternative resource management paradigm that differs significantly from the dominant management paradigm held by the majority of US Forest Service employees. The study also found a significant segment of non-Association of Forest Service Employees for the Environmental Ethics employees eager to embrace non-consumptive forest policy changes. In 1996, the nationwide study of the US Forest Service was replicated to re-examine what changes had occurred. The results indicate that: (1) An alternative resource management paradigm continues to exist in the agency but that Association of Forest Service Employees for the Environmental Ethics’ role as a catalyst has changed due to a potential decline in association membership, its perceived effectiveness among other agency employees, actual changes in agency resource management, and other more pressing external threats. (2) The agency has shifted more toward embracing the new resource management paradigm between 1990‐1996, thus narrowing the perceived bureaucratic performance gap between employee preferences and resource management outcomes. (3) The production of commodities is viewed as more favorable in 1996 than in 1990, perhaps as a result of the shift in agency resource orientation toward ecosystem management and less production of forest goods. It is argued that the pendulum has swung too far toward non-commodities along a commodity/noncommodity continuum in the minds of forest service employees. We argue that this trend is part of an international phenomenon. Further, the kind of longitudinal and institutional analysis presented here could be applied to resource management agencies in national and provincial governments of other countries. © 2000 Academic Press
Utility of Hypertension as a Surrogate Marker for Efficacy of Antiangiogenic Therapy in NSCLC

A plateau has been reached in the efficacy of cytotoxic chemotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), highlighting the need for novel treatments for this poor-prognosis malignancy. Antiangiogenic agents, including the approved vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-targeted monoclonal antibody, bevacizumab, as well as a number of investigational tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) that simultaneously target multiple angiogenic pathways, have demonstrated activity in patients with NSCLC. However, unlike the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) TKIs erlotinib and gefitinib, for which the presence of EGFR-activating mutations are now known to predict response, no validated markers currently exist for the efficacy of antiangiogenic agents. Hypertension has been associated with antiangiogenic therapy and has also been evaluated as a surrogate marker for efficacy with this class of agents, although analyses, to date, have yielded conflicting results. This review provides a summary of currently available, clinically relevant data on the incidence of hypertension with VEGF-targeted antibodies and multitargeted antiangiogenic TKIs in advanced NSCLC and discusses the potential predictive role of hypertension on antiangiogenic therapy in such patients.
A Reduced Form Coefficients Analysis of Executive Ownership, Corporate Value, and Executive Compensation

Most simultaneous equations studies analyze the coefficients from the structural forms of the models, which provide estimates of the direct effects of independent variables on the dependent variables in each equation, but ignore the indirect effects these independent variables have on dependent variables in other equations. This paper modifies the work of Chung and Pruitt (1996) by extending the model to include board composition and institutional ownership variables and then estimating the structural and derived reduced form coefficients for the extended model. The signs and significance of the reduced form coefficients differ in several material respects from the results of the structural form coefficient analysis, which suggests that analysis of only the structural form coefficients is incorrect and potentially misleading.
Single-View Metrology: Algorithms and Applications (Invited Paper)

This paper addresses the problem of extracting three-dimensional geometric information from a single, uncalibrated image of a scene.
Introducing Medical Students to Wilderness Medicine

In 1983, the formation of the Wilderness Medical Society (WMS) and the first edition of Paul S. Auerbach’s Wilderness Medicine recognized an increasing need for an organized approach to training health care professionals in the wilderness environment. Teaching patient assessment through the use of simulated accident scenarios became a cornerstone of wilderness medicine (WM) education. Residency directors of family medicine and mergency medicine programs began responding to their esidents’ suggestions of incorporating WM education nto their urban curricula. A number of medical schools even started offering intense elective courses in a wilderness setting, and one study found that 40% of the participants of a particular course claimed it was the best course in medical school. Some smaller regional oranizations strive to educate medical professionals in redicaments encountered specifically in their area while thers seek inclusion of WM education into medical cademic curriculum. While accredited WM education courses enroll many medical students and residents each year, programs not affiliated with medical schools may be prohibitively expensive for medical students and conflict with academic schedules. This paper examines how the University of Kentucky’s (UK) Wilderness Medicine Interest Group (WMIG) attempts to expose medical students to the field of WM by utilizing available resources and physician contacts.
Resistive switching in copper oxide nanowire-based memristor

A copper oxide nanowire (CuO NW) based memristor is designed for the non-volatile random access memories (NVRAM) and the resistive memory effect based transducers. The devices are prototyped using a copper oxide and cuprous oxide (CuO-Cu 2 O) hetero-junction formed from as-grown CuO NWs. We report an experimental investigation of using electron beam irradiation in fabricating such devices. Experiments have been performed using nanorobotic manipulation inside a transmission electron microscope. Because the memristor is conducted as a dynamical resistor, the bipolar resistive switching (BRS) behaviors of the as-fabricated device demonstrated typical ones of memristors. Furthermore, the as-fabricated nanowire memristor is sensitive to the electron bombardment. The irradiation ratio of NWs and the memristor effect are co-related, which is promising for the application in a transducer. The CuO NW based memristor will enrich the binary transition oxide family and holds a simpler design than the traditional thin-film version. Owing to these advantages, the CuO nanowire based memristors will facilitate their applications in nanoelectronic and potentially in micro-/nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS).
PHYTOPLANKTON BLOOM EFFECTS ON A GULF ESTUARY: WATER QUALITY CHANGES AND BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE

A long-term (16-year) study addressed the relationship of the trophic organization of a river-dominated Gulf of Mexico estuary (Perdido River–Bay system) with interannual trends of freshwater input, nutrient loading, and biological controlling features. The purpose of this study was to determine the long-term consequences of anthropogenic nutrient loading on a river estuarine system with an emphasis on the origin and impacts of a series of plankton blooms that were directly linked with nutrient loading to the Perdido drainage system. A multidisciplinary database was used to determine responses of plankton assemblages and associated coastal food webs to natural and anthropogenic nutrient loading. Orthophosphate and ammonia loading from a pulp mill into Elevenmile Creek and the bay generated a series of plankton blooms dominated by diatoms, raphidophytes, dinoflagellates, and cyanobacteria. Blooms followed species-specific seasonal patterns. Interannual phytoplankton trends were associated with nutrient loading and rainfall cycles. Blue-green algae blooms (Merismopedia tenuissima) in the receiving Elevenmile Creek were enhanced by drought conditions. There were statistical associations of reduced biological activity with the Merismopedia blooms. In the bay, initial diatom blooms were replaced by raphidophytes and dinoflagellates in time. Bloom effects on phytoplankton assemblages included initial reductions of species richness/diversity and direct/indirect replacement processes. Long-term changes of plankton blooms indicated complex adaptive processes that led to nonlinear responses to nutrient loading and time-based alterations of interspecific relationships. Blooms and related changes in phytoplankton composition were accompanied by loss of fish and invertebrate populations and altered food web processes. Raphidophyte (Heterosigma akashiwo) and dinoflagellate (Prorocentrum cordatum) blooms in the bay were statistically associated with reduced invertebrate and fish populations and disruptions of bay food webs. Reduced nutrient loading by the pulp mill resulted in diminished bay plankton blooms and partial recovery of infaunal macroinvertebrates. However, nutrient loading from a second source in the upper bay during later years was associated with increased bloom activity. This was added to reduced benthic invertebrate and fish assemblages in deeper bay areas affected by hypoxia caused by salinity stratification. Lower Perdido Bay was adversely affected by nonpoint source runoff from agricultural and urban sources with diminished water quality and loss of sediment organisms. Cumulative impacts due to anthropogenic nutrient loading from multiple sources and associated plankton blooms, along with altered physicochemical conditions due to a dredged opening at the bay terminus, resulted in widespread reductions of secondary productivity in Perdido Bay. Long-term trends of bay productivity are the result of interactions of natural climatological cycles and anthropogenic activities.
Neural regions discriminating contextual information as conveyed through the learned preferences of others

The human brain consists of a network of regions that are engaged when one observes the movements of others. Observing unexpected movements, as defined by the context, often elicits greater activity, particularly in the right posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS). This implies that observers use contextual information to form expectations about an agent’s goal and subsequent movements. The current study sought to identify regions that support the formation of these context-dependent expectations, with the pSTS being one candidate, given the consistent contextual modulation of its activity. We presented participants with fictitious individuals who had emotion-dependent food preferences, and instructed participants to indicate which food they expected each individual to choose based on the individual’s current emotional state. Each individual’s preference and emotional state therefore created a context that informed the observer’s expectation of the individual’s choice. Multi-voxel pattern analysis was used to assess if these different contexts could be discriminated in the pSTS and elsewhere in the brain. No evidence for context discrimination was found in the pSTS. Context discrimination was found instead in a network of other brain regions including the anterior medial prefrontal cortex, bilateral parietal cortex, left middle temporal gyrus and left anterior temporal lobe, which have been previously associated with context processing, and semantic and memory retrieval. All together, these regions possibly support the formation of context-dependent expectations of an agent’s goal.
LOW INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION FOR GENOMIC ISOLATION BETWEEN HYBRIDIZING SUNFLOWER SPECIES

Barriers to gene flow between species result from selection against foreign linkage blocks in hybrids. When the geographic ranges of taxa meet at multiple locations, the opportunity exists for variation in the genetic architecture of isolating barriers. Hybrid zones between two sunflower species (Helianthus annuus and H. petiolaris) in Nebraska and California exhibited remarkably similar patterns of introgression of mapped molecular markers. Congruence among hybrid zones may result from limited intraspecific variation at loci contributing to isolation and from similar selective effects of alleles in the heterospecific genetic background. The observed consistency of introgression patterns across distantly separated hybrid zones suggests that intrinsic forces predominate in determining hybrid zone dynamics and boundaries between these sunflower species.
Stimulus-Response Compatibility and Human Factors

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the stimulus-response (S-R) compatibility and human factors. Human factors have been defined as the discipline that tries to optimize the relationship between technology and the human. The most common way to measure S-R compatibility, widely used in human factors, is to take a vote and several arrangements are portrayed and users are asked to select the S-R mapping they find most congenial. S-R compatibility is a construct. Its existence cannot be observed but can only be inferred from changes in behavior. It is found that when the S-R compatibility construct is used in basic research, one hopes that the construct is independent of any particular measuring instrument or measurement technique. Observations over a wide range of operational settings have identified a number of sources of incompatibility in generating appropriate responses to particular stimulus configurations. Figure-ground ambiguity is a major factor in the long-standing debate of whether orientation displays in aviation and space should be aircraft-referenced or horizon-referenced. A source of incompatibility between the indication on a display and the response of an operator is the role of intervening variables.
Interested in Volunteering Abroad? Considerations When Choosing a Global Health Opportunity

According to MedicalMissions.org, since 2009, over 4,200 medical professionals and close to 200 organizations have participated in more than 11,000 medical missions in over 200 countries. Volunteers came from almost every specialty including nursing, dentistry, psychiatry, and surgery. Data from the Medical School Graduation Questionnaire given by the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) shows that there is also a growing prevalence of university-based medical missions. In fact, the proportion of the US medical students who engaged in a global health experience grew from 2.6 % in 1985 to 30 % in 2012 (Castillo et al. 2010; AAMC 2012).
Life-Sciences Dual Use Research of Concern, Public Health, and the Doctrine of Unconstitutional Conditions

Much valuable life-sciences research requires working with biological agents and pathogens that can be harmful to humans, animals, crops, or the environment if mishandled. Communication of the results of this research through formal publication in peer-reviewed journals, or informally in the course of scientific research, is necessary to allow us to reap the benefits of the research. However, if the research information is misused, it can pose a significant threat to public health and national security. Although clearly there is a legitimate need to control the dissemination of information that could be used to harm us, the need to control the communication and expression of such so-called dual use research of concern must be balanced against the First Amendment freedom of expression that attaches to such communications. University and academic settings in particular, where most such research takes place, have been heavily protected by the courts against attempts to abridge free expression through restrictions on speech or publication. This article explores the application of the doctrine of unconstitutional conditions as it applies to government-funded life-sciences dual use research of concern. It reviews the government's current efforts to restrict dissemination of such information, and suggests ways in which the government can continue its efforts to preserve the right to free expression while protecting us from the harm of misuse of scientific research.
Hobbes on the function of evaluative speech

AbstractHobbes’s interpreters have struggled to find a plausible semantics for evaluative language in his writings. I argue that this search is misguided. Hobbes offers neither an account of the reference of evaluative terms nor a theory of the truth-conditions for evaluative statements. Rather, he sees evaluative language simply as having the non-representational function of prescribing actions and practical attitudes, its superficially representational appearance notwithstanding. I marshal the evidence for this prescriptivist reading of Hobbes on evaluative language and show how it sidesteps various textual and philosophical problems that bedevil the traditional interpretations.
Plasmon-enhanced fluorescence permits super-resolution imaging in vitro and in cells

We control single-molecule imaging by coupling fluorescent emission to gold nanoparticle plasmon resonances. The plasmon modes are directly resolved with nanometer-scale resolution and the plasmon-enhancement effect is extended to bio-imaging via enhanced fluorescent protein emission.
Technical Barrier: Long-term Challenge to Farm Produce Export to Japan

Vegetable, seafood and poultry are farm produce of China that have comparative competitiveness. Despite the steady rise of trade between China and Japan in the recent years, the farm produce export to Japan has suffered repeated setbacks, with the chief cause being the technical barriers to trade (TBT) implemented by Japan. Active research for countermeasures, therefore, becomes imperative in order to break through the technical barriers and increase our farm produce export.
Spare Demand Model and its Statistical Analysis with Reliability Growth Hypothesis

Analyzing the principle of parts' prior failure,the paper offers the reliability distribution principle of parts.Based on the above analysis,it gives a spare demand model.Utilizing the result of the reliability estimates of the model,the accurate spare demand can be found under a certain spare availability.The paper gives an example to show the method's validity.
Human Life Histories, Evolution and

Over the course of the past 6 or 7 million years, humans have evolved some unique life history characteristics. This article examines the timing of life cycle events with a focus on the optimal allocation of energy across energetically expensive physiological demands, for example, growth and reproduction. Data are drawn from nonhuman primates, hominin fossils, and cross-cultural comparisons. This article is organized around the life events of gestation, infancy, childhood and adolescence, adulthood and reproduction, and menopause and post-reproductive life.
Cognitive Theories of Sensation and Perception: A Critique

If one rejects the reality of consciousness as Moore understands it, there remains the need to replace his account of perception with a better one. How shall one understand propositions of the form “x sees y” without bringing consciousness into the picture? And since this form suggests that seeing is a relation, is there some alternative analysis which preserves its relational structure? Here is a suggestion of D.M. Armstrong’s: “Perception...is the acquiring knowledge of, or inclination to believe in, particular facts about the physical world, by means of our senses.”1 this is one way of developing Descartes’ view that sensing is a kind of thinking. We see something when we are having veridical visual sensations; a visual sensation is just the acquiring of a belief or an inclination to believe; it is veridical when the belief is true; that is what veridicality consists of. When a veridical sensation is acquired by means of the stimulation of the visual system by light reflected by or emitted from an object, then we see it. Since the sensation is the acquiring of a true belief caused by the object of that belief, we have knowledge as well. Since seeing includes a causal relation between the perceiver and the object, the relational structure of seeing is preserved. Seeing something in particular and sense perception in general are interpreted in this account as cognitive achievements. For this reason, I shall label this type of view the cognitive theory of perception. The version of the cognitive theory that we are now considering is the one which assimilates sensing to believing.
Free radicals generated in ethanol metabolism may be responsible for tumor promoting effects of ethanol.

Chronic alcohol consumption is considered a major risk factor for human cancers [for example, Hakulinen et al., 1974; Breslow and Enstrom, 1974; Feldman et al., 1975; Williams and Horm, 1977; Schottenfeld, 1979; Kono and Ikeda, 1979; Tuyns, 1979; Doll and Peto, 1981]. The main sites associated with alcohol-related cancers are the oral cavity, esophagus and liver [Hakulinen et al., 1974; Breslow and Enstrom, 1974; Feldman et al., 1975; Kono and Ikeda, 1979; Rothman et al., 1980; Tuyns, 1982; Vassallo et al., 1985] and 75% of esophageal cancers and 36% of hepatic cancers in the U.S.A. are attributable to excessive alcohol consumption [Rothman et al., 1980]. Despite the strong epidemiologic evidence, however, experimental evidence for the association is not clear and often contradictory results have been obtained [Schmahl et al., 1965; Gibel, 1967; Schmahl, 1976; Griciute et al., 1982; Gabrial et al., 1982; Habs and Schmahl, 1981; Teschke et al., 1983; McCoy et al., 1986]. In order to clarify the role of ethanol, recently we carried out studies where ethanol was administered either during the initiation of carcinogenesis or later as a tumor promoter after initiation with the carcinogen was completed [Mufti et al., 1989]. Our results showed that ethanol increased esophageal tumor incidence only when administered after treatment with esophagus specific carcinogen, N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBzA) was completed. However, in studies of carcinogenesis induced by N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), reported in another article in these proceedings, we did not find an increase either in liver tumors or gamma glutamyltranspeptidase-altered hepatic islands that could be attributed to the tumor promoting effects of ethanol [Mufti and Sipes, 1990]. This paper is a preliminary report of our investigations into the mechanisms of alcohol-related carcinogenesis that could be used to explain the contradictory effects of ethanol obtained with NMBzA- and NDEA-induced carcinogenesis.
Review: Modern Architecture: Representation and Reality by Neil Levine

Neil Levine Modern Architecture: Representation and Reality New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010, x + 364 pp., 30 color and 311 b/w illus. $65, ISBN 9780300145670 This book is a compilation of Neil Levine’s Slade Lectures in Fine Art given at the University of Cambridge in the academic year 1994–95. Published in 2010 under the title Modern Architecture: Representation and Reality , it is to some extent a recasting of the received history of Euro-American architecture in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Comprising eight chapters plus an introduction and a conclusion, this sub-titular opposition between reality and representation becomes qualified in the course of lectures by a number of other loaded terms, including: appearance , truth , abstraction , history , and imitation , all of which serve to articulate in different ways the discrimination between representation and reality in the evolution of modern architecture. Levine often employs these terms in a series of propositional, titular inversions beginning with the appearance of truth versus the truth of appearances, as we shall encounter this in his treatment of the Abbe Laugier’s anti-Vitruvian model for an ideal primitive hut, as this appears as a frontispiece in the second edition of his Essai sur l’architecture published in 1755. For Levine, as for Sigfried Giedion in his canonical account of the modern movement— Space, Time and Architecture— published in 1941, modernity is deemed to begin with Alberti in Florence in the mid-fifteenth century, where for Levine it begins with Alberti’s Palazzo Rucellai and its representation of the Roman Colosseum inscribed skin-deep into the facade of load-bearing masonry structure.1 Right at this moment we have an instance of that time-honored split between building and architecture, which runs as a latent theme throughout Levine’s historical account without ever once being fully acknowledged. Taking his cue from Emil Kaufmann’s insight that the legacy of the Renaissance-Baroque system first began to disintegrate in the eighteenth century, Levine demonstrates through a painstaking analysis of …
PET/CT Radiation Burden: Entire Body vs. Skull Base to Mid-Thigh Scanning

2727 Objectives PET/CT systems utilize a low level CT prior to performing PET scans. This exposes patients to radiation proportional to the length of scanned area, also known as dose length product (DLP). Entire body scans (top of head through toes) deliver a larger DLP compared to skull base to mid-thigh scans. The goals of this research were to observe correlation between body mass index (BMI) and DLP and to determine if all patients can safely receive an entire body scan regardless of diagnosis. Methods A G.E. PET/CT (Discovery D710) system with smart mA was utilized. The DLP for entire body scanned patients and their projected skull base to mid-thigh DLP were recorded. Patient height and weight were also recorded and used to calculate BMI. The study consisted of 55 adult patients, with varying BMI. Patient BMI was compared to their DLP, along with the difference between entire body and skull base to mid-thigh DLP. Results Patient BMI in the study ranged from 18.7 kg/m2 to 48.7 kg/m2. The data showed that as patient BMI increased, DLP also increased. The patient with the largest BMI (48.7 kg/m2) received the highest radiation burden in both entire body and skull base to mid-thigh scans. The patient with the smallest BMI (18.7 kg/m2) received the lowest radiation burden in both scans. A percent decrease of DLP was calculated between the entire body and skull base to mid-thigh scans and generated an average decrease of 17% ± 6.2%. A t-test was performed between the two scans and a p-value = 0.046 was obtained. Conclusions The data shows that height and weight contribute to DLP amount. A larger BMI implies an increase in x-rays attenuated by the patient resulting in a higher DLP. The t-test performed shows that entire body scanning statistically gives a slightly significant increase of radiation to patients (0.046
Towards incorporating device parameter variations in timing analysis

Presents a timing verification mechanism which finds the maximum true delay of the circuit and the combination of the device parameter variations/spl minus/caused by the imperfect fabrication process/spl minus/which produces this worst-case. The effect of device parameter variations is captured to produce correlated component delay models. These delay models are then incorporated into an accurate analysis approach involving timed path sensitization expressions and device parameter space exploration to find the worst-case instance. >
Overlapping Surgery: Do the Right Thing

The practice of orthopaedic surgery in the United States is modulated by professional standards, ethical guidelines, federal and state regulations, and business models. In general, orthopaedic surgeons attempt to follow accepted standards and “do the right thing” for their patients. However, from time to time, changes and innovations are introduced to orthopaedic practice that can create conflict between generally accepted standards and guidelines. During the last 2 decades, concurrent surgery has been implemented in many surgical practices. Concurrent surgery, which has also been called overlapping surgery or staggered surgery, refers to an attending surgeon booking two surgical cases in two separate operating rooms at the same time. Attending surgeons use teams of fellows, residents, physician assistants, and nurses to allow them to participate in parts of the operation and not be present for other parts of the operation. As the assistants perform parts of the operation in one operating room, the attending surgeon has the opportunity to perform …
Spectral detection and localization of radio events with learned convolutional neural features

We introduce a method for detecting, localizing and identifying radio transmissions within wide-band time-frequency power spectrograms using feature learning using convolutional neural networks on their 2D image representation. By doing so we build a foundation for higher level contextual radio spectrum event understanding, labeling, and reasoning in complex shared spectrum and many-user environments by developing tools which can rapidly understand and label sequences of events based on experience and labeled data rather than signal-specific detection algorithms such as matched filters.
Inhibition of mTOR activity potentiates 2-DG-induced cell death in hypoxic cells via down-regulation of HIF-1α

4463 Hypoxic regions found in most solid tumors often contain cells which are resistant to various cancer therapies. However, hypoxia also forces cells to rely mainly on the catabolism of glucose through glycolysis for ATP production and survival, and thereby creates a therapeutic window that can be exploited by glycolytic inhibitors, i.e. 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG). Previously we reported that 2-DG is toxic to tumor cells growing in vitro under hypoxic conditions. Moreover, it was found that when hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1) was attenuated using siRNA directed against this transcription factor in cells growing under hypoxia, sensitivity to 2-DG increased. Since HIF-1α translation is regulated by the major translational controller, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), we examined the effects of blocking mTOR with a water soluble analog of rapamycin (CCI-779) and found that HIF-1α was down-regulated which coincided with increased sensitivity to 2-DG. A significant increase in trypan blue positive cells (indicating death) was observed when CCI-779 was combined with 2-DG as compared to 2-DG alone in the small cell lung cancer line, SCLCB, growing under hypoxic conditions for 72 hrs. At 6 and 8mM of 2-DG, 45 and 60% of these cells were dead while when combined with a non-toxic dose of CCI-779 (0.1µg/ml) cell death increased to 80 and 90% respectively. In addition, using HIF+ (Hepa-1) and HIF- (C4) cell lines growing under hypoxia, we found that in the C4 line, CCI-779 did not increase the toxicity of 2-DG whereas in the Hepa-1 cell line it did. Although blockage of mTOR leads to numerous downstream consequences, the fact that it did not increase 2-DG sensitivity in the HIF- cell line indicates that HIF is responsible for a level of resistance to 2-DG. Since CCI-779 is currently under clinical trials (Phase III), its activity in inhibiting HIF may prove to be beneficial to patients when combined with 2-DG, which is also in clinical trials (Phase I).
Federal Nutrition Program Revisions Impact Low-income Households’ Food Purchases

Introduction The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) required major revisions to food packages in 2009; effects on nationwide low-income household purchases remain unexamined. Methods This study examines associations between WIC revisions and nutritional profiles of packaged food purchases from 2008 to 2014 among 4,537 low-income households with preschoolers in the U.S. (WIC participating versus nonparticipating) utilizing Nielsen Homescan Consumer Panel data. Overall nutrients purchased (e.g., calories, sugar, fat), amounts of select food groups with nutritional attributes that are encouraged (e.g., whole grains, fruits and vegetables) or discouraged (e.g., sugar-sweetened beverages, candy) consistent with dietary guidance, composition of purchases by degree of processing (less, moderate, or high), and convenience (requires preparation, ready to heat, or ready to eat) were measured. Data analysis was performed in 2016. Longitudinal random-effects model adjusted outcomes controlling for household composition, education, race/ethnicity of the head of the household, county quarterly unemployment rates, and seasonality are presented. Results Among WIC households, significant decreases in purchases of calories (−11%), sodium (−12%), total fat (−10%), and sugar (−15%) occurred, alongside decreases in purchases of refined grains, grain-based desserts, higher-fat milks, and sugar-sweetened beverages, and increases in purchases of fruits/vegetables with no added sugar/fats/salt. Income-eligible nonparticipating households had similar, but less pronounced, reductions. Changes were gradual and increased over time. Conclusions WIC food package revisions appear associated with improved nutritional profiles of food purchases among WIC participating households compared with low-income nonparticipating households. These package revisions may encourage WIC families to make healthier choices among their overall packaged food purchases.
Roark, M. F., & Evans, F. (2010). Play It, Measure It: Experiences Designed to Elicit Specific Youth Outcomes

(2010). Roark, M. F., & Evans, F. (2010). Play It, Measure It: Experiences Designed to Elicit Specific Youth Outcomes. SCHOLE: A Journal of Leisure Studies and Recreation Education: Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 147-148.