cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Omnibus risk assessment via accelerated failure time kernel machine modeling.

Summary Integrating genomic information with traditional clinical risk factors to improve the prediction of disease outcomes could profoundly change the practice of medicine. However, the large number of potential markers and possible complexity of the relationship between markers and disease make it difficult to construct accurate risk prediction models. Standard approaches for identifying important markers often rely on marginal associations or linearity assumptions and may not capture non-linear or interactive effects. In recent years, much work has been done to group genes into pathways and networks. Integrating such biological knowledge into statistical learning could potentially improve model interpretability and reliability. One effective approach is to employ a kernel machine (KM) framework, which can capture nonlinear effects if nonlinear kernels are used (Scholkopf and Smola, 2002; Liu et al., 2007, 2008). For survival outcomes, KM regression modeling and testing procedures have been derived under a proportional hazards (PH) assumption (Li and Luan, 2003; Cai, Tonini, and Lin, 2011). In this article, we derive testing and prediction methods for KM regression under the accelerated failure time (AFT) model, a useful alternative to the PH model. We approximate the null distribution of our test statistic using resampling procedures. When multiple kernels are of potential interest, it may be unclear in advance which kernel to use for testing and estimation. We propose a robust Omnibus Test that combines information across kernels, and an approach for selecting the best kernel for estimation. The methods are illustrated with an application in breast cancer.
HESDE — A Hypertext based Expert-System debugging Tool

The task of debugging Expert Systems is notoriously difficult. The HESDE (Hypertext Expert-System Debugging Environment) provides a flexible way to capture, and allow browsing of, an expert systems execution, trace. HESDE operates in a rule-based environment, hence the objects of interest are the rule, facts and agenda. During a consultation the interaction between these objects is stored and automatically transformed into Hypertext network. After consultation, debugging is facilitated by allowing the user to browse the network.
Sagittal plane motion in the human lumbar spine: comparison of the in vitro quasistatic neutral zone and dynamic motion parameters.

Abstract Background Disabling low back pain is often attributed to clinical instability but defining instability is problematic. The most common parameter used to characterize instability in the lab is the neutral zone which is measured with a quasi-static technique. But, it cannot be measured from continuous motion data. Our goal was to describe the relationship between the quasi-static neutral zone and dynamic motion parameters that might reflect laxity about the neutral position. We also sought to determine if dynamic parameters were correlated with disc degeneration. Methods Fifteen cadaveric lumbar motion segments were tested with both quasi-static and dynamic (continuous load) methods. Quasi-static range of motion and neutral zone were compared with dynamic range of motion, hysteresis loop width, and two parameters derived from the hysteresis data: transitional zone size and slope. Degeneration was graded macroscopically. Findings Neutral zone size was moderately correlated with hysteresis loop width ( r = 0.69) and strongly correlated with the transitional zone slope ( r = −0.80). Degenerative grade had a significant effect on dynamic range of motion and transitional zone size and slope with differences found between grade 1 (normal) discs and higher grades. Only transitional zone slope was different between grades 1 and 2. Interpretation The transitional zone slope (representing the neutral region stiffness) had the strongest correlation with neutral zone and could best detect lower grades of degeneration. The transitional zone slope might be a useful parameter in dynamic studies investigating the association between degeneration and motion segment behavior.
Development of the bait principle for boll weevil control IV. Field tests with a bait containing a feeding stimulant and the sporozoans Glugea gasti and Mattesia grandis

Abstract Bait containing feeding stimulant and one of two protozoan pathogens ( Mattesia grandis or Glugea gasti ) was tested against field populations of boll weevils ( Anthonomus grandis ) in the fall of 1966 throughout the season in 1967. In 1966, the weevils that subsequently diapaused responded well to the bait since 60–80% had ingested the red marker dye. Also, although the quantity of the pathogen was limited, both diseases were found in the populations. In 1967, 50–70% of the weevil population present in late June and early July (overwintered weevils) ingested bait containing G. gasti , and as many as 80% were diseased. In contrast, the F 1 and ensuing reproducing generations present from mid-July through August did not respond well: only 2–19% were marked, and only 11–25% were diseased. Then after August 31, as the weevils began to enter diapause, the population again responded well, and 50–70% were marked and diseased. Also, over 60% of the weevils subsequently collected from woods trash from winter hibernation sites were marked and diseased. The treatment with the pathogens in 1967 caused 96% winter mortality of boll weevils compared with 84% in nearby untreated areas. In addition, large populations of insect predators were found in the treated area, and several gallons of one species were collected in samples of woods trash examined in April 1968.
Dihydroparthenolide and other sesquiterpene lactones stimulate witchweed germination

Abstract Four sesquiterpene lactones which share structural features of the lactone rings of strigol were tested as witchweed germination stimulants. Confertiflorin and parthenin significantly increased witchweed germination at 10 −4 M, and parthenin and desacetylconfertiflorin increased germination at 10 −5 M. Dihydroparthenolide induced 70% germination of witchweed across a concentration range of 10 −7 to 10 −9 M. This activity is comparable to the activity of strigol and its synthetic analogues.
“I Don't Feel Comfortable Reading Those Books in my Classroom”: A Qualitative Study of the Impact of Cultural and Political Vignettes in a Teacher Education Course

This article chronicles a qualitative study of the impact of a pedagogical practice called cultural and political vignettes (CPVs) on graduate students enrolled in a teacher education course. CPVs are cultural and political “situations” that are presented to teachers so that they can practice the decision-making skills that they will use in the diverse classrooms of New York City public schools. This study investigates whether engaging in CPV activities helped participants to feel more prepared to address culturally and politically sensitive issues in the elementary schools at which they are employed. The preliminary findings of this qualitative study are promising. They indicate that responding to, creating, exchanging, and engaging in situated performances of CPVs provided participants with occasions to practice their written, verbal, and nonverbal communication skills in a supportive classroom environment where they could discuss cultural and political issues that are rarely addressed in teacher prepar...
An exploratory investigation of learning culture theory and employee participation in decision making

Schein's theory (1992) implies that in an organization with a “learning culture” employees must participate in decision-making activities. This study explores the proposition that there is a relationship between employee participation in decision making and organizational learning culture (OLC). Qualitative data were used to rate four organizations on the characteristics of OLC, and quantitative data on participation in decision making were collected from ninety-seven rank-and-file employees across these four organizations. Results of a regression analysis did not strongly support this proposal, indicating that there is not a significant predictive value of participation in decision making on OLC. Suggestions for future research in light of this finding are offered.
The presence of moral hazard in budget breaking

It is possible that a budget breaking incentive scheme may not solve the problem of moral hazard in team production, due to an incentive for a principal to cheat on such an agreement. This is a problem common to incentive schemes which result in an unbalanced budget, which include among them processes designed to reveal demand for public goods. This paper shows the conditions under which cheating is possible, and designs a payment scheme for the principal which is free of any cheating incentive.
Studies on the inhibition of fetal androgen formation. Inhibition of testosterone synthesis in rat and rabbit fetal testes with observations on reproductive tract development.

Groups of pregnant rats were injected with 2α-cyano-4,4,17α-trimethyl-17p-hydroxyandrost- 5-en-3-one (WIN) at varying dosage and frequency. Injections of 120-240 mg/kg body wt resulted in male fetuses with markedly reduced anogenital distances and hypospadias, but with unaffected differentiation of the reproductive ducts and of the urogenital sinus. Fetuses of rats injected with WIN or corn oil (control) at 14.5 to 16.5 days post coitum were examined on day 20.5 for testicular in vitro metabolism of 4-14C-pregnenolone and of 4-14C-dehydroepiandrosterone. Control testes converted each substrate primarily to 14C-testosterone and 14C-androstenedione. WIN-exposed testes synthesized markedly diminished amounts of 14C-testosterone and 11Candrostenedione, but accumulated Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroids: 14C-17α-hydroxypregnenolone,14Cdehydroepiandrosterone, plus residual substrate from 4-14C-pregnenolone, and 14C-androstenediol and residual substrate from 4-14C-dehydroepiandrosterone. Fetal testes of both the control and ...
Ideological Repositioning: Race, Social Justice, and Promise

In this paper, I engage in discourse centrally located in the ideology of race in the United States of America juxtaposed to social justice with promise for tomorrow in higher education and beyond. I assert that social justice in kinesiology requires that once hired, retaining, securing tenured status, and promoting faculty of color means having realistic expectations, providing them with mentors, supporting their research agendas, and protecting their workloads. This calls for ideological repositioning: that is, changing our mindset, actions, and behaviors.
Radiation damage tests on a scintillating fiber calorimeter

Abstract Scintillating fiber electromagnetic calorimeters, with excellent resolution characteristics, have been subjected to in situ destructive radiation-damage tests in an intense beam of monoenergetic electrons. The resolution and light output of the detectors were monitored as a function of dose. The materials used to construct the module were selected for radiation hardness. The experimental procedure, the assumptions involved in the calculation of deposited dose, and the detector performance vs dose behavior are discussed.
Success-failure diagram for defibrillation

A new method for presenting defibrillation threshold data (current, voltage or energy) is presented in the form of a success-failure diagram, the y-axis of which is the shock strength employed. A vertical line divides the successful shocks from the unsuccessful shocks for each shock strength. The diagram shows clearly how many shocks have been given at each strength and how the success for defibrillation increases with increasing shock strength.
Multiwalled carbon nanotube AFM probes for surface characterization of micro/nanostructures

A multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) probe was used as a scanning probe in an atomic force microscope (AFM) to obtain surface height maps of micro/nano structures. The surface height maps acquired by the MWNT probe are compared with those by a conventional silicon probe on the four samples: silicon ruler, polymer microchannels, silicon nanomembrane and nanocomposite metal particle (MP) tapes. The results of the silicon ruler, microchannels and membrane samples show that the surface height maps by the MWNT probe have a better resolution than those by a conventional silicon tip due to the sharper tip with the larger aspect ratio of the MWNT. A MWNT probe is especially useful to observe surface height maps of the structures that have larger aspect ratio.
Spatial frequency uncertainty effects in the detection of sinusoidal gratings.

Abstract A sinusoidal grating is less detectable when it is randomly intermixed in a block of trials with gratings of other spatial frequencies than when it is the only grating presented in a block of trials. This spatial-frequency uncertainty effect is expected if observers have attentional control over multiple spatial-frequency channels. When intermixed blocks contain a preponderance of one spatial frequency, the primary , the uncertainty effect is smaller for frequencies near the primary than for frequencies further away. Both the tuning of the uncertainty effect and the analysis of sequential conditional probabilities suggest that observers can employ different attention strategies.
Mathematical Model for the Emulsion Polymerization Reaction Kinetics of Two Phase Latex Particles

Many of today's industrial applications of emulsion polymers require the creation of polymer particles with specifically designed structures. A fair amount of work has been done on predicting and controlling particle morphology, and it is recognized that the reaction kinetics often play an important role in determining that morphology. The present work describes a procedure to calculate the reaction rate for two‐phase latex particles by extending the classic Smith–Ewart concepts to the more complicated situation. The model involves a complete account of radical events in both polymeric phases. Eight rate parameters are necessary to completely describe the system. A particle population distribution is generated to reflect the probability of specific particles to have two distinct numbers of radicals in each phase. Simple statistics on this population allow the calculation of the average number of radicals for each polymeric phase. The model collapses to the correct answers when applied to single‐phase part...
Party Crisis and the factory shop floor: Krasnyi Putilovets and the Leningrad opposition, 1925–26

THE REVIVAL OF INTEREST in recent years in the New Economic Policy as a possible alternative to Stalinism has prompted a host of studies of the 1920s in Soviet history. This revival began at a time when a new generation of historians of all fields were paying special attention to issues of social class and less attention to the 'old school' subjects of politics and diplomacy. This discipline-wide trend, coupled with the gradual opening of access to materials in the Soviet Union, meant that the field of Soviet history saw a spurt of exciting new studies on workers, peasants and culture under the New Economic Policy (NEP), while our understanding of the politics of the period remained reliant on studies written in a time when sources were fewer and historians operated under different assumptions. As a result, we are only beginning to connect the work of social historians-work that provides a context for understanding the political turmoil of the 1920s-to the work of political studies and thereby to re-evaluate our views of this period as a whole. This article seeks to contribute to this re-evaluation by examining the episode of the Leningrad opposition and the XIV Congress as it affected the Krasnyi putilovets (Putilov) factory and its party organisation. Micro-level studies of such events suggest that the debates over the party's political and economic policies should not be seen merely as jockeying for power with the manipulation of marxist and leninist ideas. Rather, those debates reflected the strains affecting all levels of Soviet society in the 1920s as well as growing questions about the viability of the NEP and the future of the country's economic development. Recent studies by Merridale and Hatch have explored the broad social and economic factors that influenced high politics in NEP Russia.1 These studies show clearly that, although the Russian Communist Party was hardly democratic in the Western sense, the party's leaders were nevertheless affected by pressures from rank-and-file members. But whereas Merridale and Hatch have done much to reveal
Photoreceptor layer thinning over drusen in eyes with age-related macular degeneration imaged in vivo with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.

Purpose Detect changes in the neurosensory retina using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT) imaging over drusen in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Quantitative imaging biomarkers may aid in defining risk of disease progression. Design Cross-sectional, case-control study evaluating SD OCT testing in AMD. Participants and Controls Seventeen eyes of 12 subjects with nonneovascular AMD and drusen and 17 eyes of 10 age-matched control subjects. Methods Spectral-domain OCT imaging across the fovea in the study eye with multiple 10- to 12-mm scans of 1000 A scans each. Main Outcome Measures In summed SD OCT scans, the height of individual retinal layers either over drusen or at corresponding locations in the control eye and qualitative changes in retinal layers over drusen. Secondary measures included photoreceptor layer (PRL) area, inner retinal area, and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/drusen area. Results The PRL was thinned over 97% of drusen, average PRL thickness was reduced by 27.5% over drusen compared with over a similar location in controls, and the finding of a difference was valid and significant ( P = 0.004). Photoreceptor outer segments were absent over at least 1 druse in 47% of eyes. Despite thinning of the PRL, inner retinal thickness remained unchanged. We observed 2 types of hyperreflective abnormalities in the neurosensory retina over drusen. Distinct hyperreflective speckled patterns occurred over drusen in 41% of AMD eyes and never in control eyes. A prominent hyperreflective haze was present in the photoreceptor nuclear layer over drusen in 67% of AMD eyes and more subtly in the photoreceptor nuclear layer in 18% of control eyes (no drusen). Conclusions With SD OCT as used in this study, we can easily detect and measure changes in PRL over drusen. Decreased PRL thickness over drusen suggests a degenerative process, with cell loss leading to decreased visual function. The hyperreflective foci overlying drusen are likely to represent progression of disease RPE cell migration into the retina and possible photoreceptor degeneration or glial scar formation. A longitudinal study using SD OCT to examine and measure the neurosensory retina over drusen will resolve the timeline of degenerative changes relative to druse formation. Financial Disclosure(s) Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
A tutorial on modern lossy wavelet image compression: foundations of JPEG 2000

One of the purposes of this article is to give a general audience sufficient background into the details and techniques of wavelet coding to better understand the JPEG 2000 standard. The focus is on the fundamental principles of wavelet coding and not the actual standard itself. Some of the confusing design choices made in wavelet coders are explained. There are two types of filter choices: orthogonal and biorthogonal. Orthogonal filters have the property that there are energy or norm preserving. Nevertheless, modern wavelet coders use biorthogonal filters which do not preserve energy. Reasons for these specific design choices are explained. Another purpose of this article is to compare and contrast "early" wavelet coding with "modern" wavelet coding. This article compares the techniques of the modern wavelet coders to the subband coding techniques so that the reader can appreciate how different modern wavelet coding is from early wavelet coding. It discusses basic properties of the wavelet transform which are pertinent to image compression. It builds on the background material in generic transform coding given, shows that boundary effects motivate the use of biorthogonal wavelets, and introduces the symmetric wavelet transform. Subband coding or "early" wavelet coding method is discussed followed by an explanation of the EZW coding algorithm. Other modern wavelet coders that extend the ideas found in the EZW algorithm are also described.
Acylation of purine-8-thione and benzimidazole-2-thione: A reinvestigation of the site of acylation†

Purine-8-thione (1) is acylated on nitrogen, not on sulfur as was previously reported. Thus, the reactions of 1 with ethyl chloroformate and with acetic anhydride yield, respectively, ethyl purine-8-thione-9(7)-carboxylate (3) and 9(7)acetylpurine-8-thione (7) as shown by independent synthesis and spectra. In like manner, benzimidazole-2-thione (10) reacts with acetic anhydride, ethyl chloroformate, benzoyl chloride, and cyclohexyl isocyanate to yield the corresponding N-acylated derivatives. In addition, 10yields 1,3-dibenzoylbenzimidazole-2-thione on treatment with 2 equivalents of benzoyl chloride.
Using crypts as iris minutiae

Iris recognition is one of the most reliable biometric technologies for identity recognition and verification, but it has not been used in a forensic context because the representation and matching of iris features are not straightforward for traditional iris recognition techniques. In this paper we concentrate on the iris crypt as a visible feature used to represent the characteristics of irises in a similar way to fingerprint minutiae. The matching of crypts is based on their appearances and locations. The number of matching crypt pairs found between two irises can be used for identity verification and the convenience of manual inspection makes iris crypts a potential candidate for forensic applications.
Unscrambling Color Vision

In the primate retina, three types of cone photoreceptors—red, blue, and green—code the color in the visual field. R. H. Masland describes what is known about how this information is processed in retinal cells and how new results in this issue of Science change our way of thinking about color vision.
Dose-Dependent Effects of Multiple Acute Cocaine Injections on Maternal Behavior and Aggression in Sprague-Dawley Rats

Rat dams, which had no prior drug treatment, were either nontreated controls or were injected subcutaneously 4 times during a 10-day period with a single dose of 30, 15 or 7.5 mg/kg of cocaine hydrochloride HCl, or normal saline. Injections were given immediately postpartum following delivery of their final pup (PPD 1), and again on postpartum day 3 (PPD 3), postpartum day 6 (PPD 6) and postpartum day 10 (PPD 10). Dams were observed 30 min following injections for maternal behavior (MB) towards 8 surrogate male pups on PPD 1 and PPD 3 and for aggression towards a male or female intruder in the presence of their litter on PPD 6 and PPD 10. Compared to saline and untreated controls, cocaine-treated dams exhibited more disruptions in MB on both PPD 1 and PPD 3 and were less aggressive towards an intruder, regardless of intruder sex, on PPD 6 and PPD 10. In most cases MB was altered in a dose-dependent manner with the higher doses of cocaine resulting in a greater disruption of behavior.
The process of loss: exploring the interactions between economic and ecological systems

Though only a few naturalists have read much economic theory, current understandings of how biological diversity is being lost are largely framed by the models developed by economists over the past two centuries. There is more than a touch of irony here. While conservation biologists are challenging the course of economic development, their perception of the process of biodiversity loss is driven by historic patterns of economic reasoning that have become a part of popular consciousness. To be sure, the early economic models were designed to address the development of agriculture and the use of land. But agriculture is the most dependent on biodiversity
Instance-based Learning Models of Training

The IBL theory (IBLT) was developed to demonstrate the cognitive processes and mechanisms involved in dynamic decision making. IBLT has been implemented in several ACT-R cognitive models that showcase a variety of training effects and generate predictions resulting from several training manipulations. Particular implementations of IBLT-based models of training may depend on the task representation, the cues that are important for that task, and the particular decision actions involved, but the cognitive processes followed are generic. Here, we summarize different cognitive models for a diverse set of tasks relying on the IBLT. We also present an initial implementation of an IBL modeling tool that will help researchers develop their own IBL models without a need to program in ACT-R.
When groin pain is more than 'just a strain': navigating a broad differential.

Most groin pain results from brief musculotendinous injuries, but not all groin pain signifies simply a pulled muscle. The pain can stem from one or more musculoskeletal or nonmusculoskeletal origins, such as avulsion fracture, osteitis pubis, or hernia. While acute causes are often readily identified, chronic groin pain can present a diagnostic challenge. Paying close attention to the history can help identify acute causes such as strains and avulsion fractures; determining the location and nature of the pain can also help with diagnosis. Conservative treatment is often effective for treatment of acute injuries such as strains and avulsion fractures.
Efficacy of the Suterra Biolure Individual Female Fruit Fly Attractant Packages vs. the Unipak Version

The article presents a study which aims to compare the efficacy of BioLure bait dispensers with Unipak to detect of Tephritidae fruit flies. The study shows that the combination of putrescine with ammonium acetate into one unit had no effect on the attractance of Caribbean fruit fly when equated with BioLure dispensers. It reveals that there no important differences in attractancy to the Mediterranean fruit fly with the combination of trimethylamine with ammonium acetate/putrescine unit.
Monte Carlo calculation of d-Be neutron yields

Abstract A Monte Carlo program is described that calculates the neutron intensity from the bombardment of thick beryllium targets with deuterons of energies from 14 to 40 MeV. Calculations give neutron intensities off the deuteron beam axis as well as as on-axis. Comparisons are made with experimental thick-target yields.
Audience Interactivity on Video Websites and the Business Implications for Online Media Platforms

AbstractThis research investigates consumers’ online participatory behavior by analyzing their use of interactive features on video websites. Based on a national consumer panel survey (N=200) among broadband users, the study found that technology-related variables had a much greater impact on people’s online participation than demographic and individual-related variables. It indicates that it is the consumers’ positive perception and experience with technology that drive their decisions to adopt new features. Media practitioners may develop effective ways to evaluate the psychographics of online audiences to take advantage of this highly valuable group.
INVARIANCE OF THE GENERALIZED HANNAY ANGLE UNDER GAUGE TRANSFORMATIONS: APPLICATION TO THE TIME-DEPENDENT GENERALIZED HARMONIC OSCILLATOR

The Hannay angle of classical mechanics is generalized so that it is invariant under gauge transformations, which are a restricted class of canonical transformations. A distinction between the Hamiltonian and the energy is essential to make in time-dependent problems. A time-dependent generalized harmonic oscillator with a cross term in the Hamiltonian is taken as an example. The Hamiltonian of this system is not in general the energy. The energy, the time derivative of which is the power, is obtained from the equation of motion and related to the action variable. Hamilton’s equations give the time rate of change of the angle and action variables. The generalized Hannay angle is shown to be zero, and remains invariant under gauge transformations. On the other hand, if the original Hamiltonian is chosen as the energy, a nonzero generalized Hannay angle is obtained, but the power is given incorrectly. Nevertheless in the adiabatic limit, the total angle, which is the sum of the dynamical and Hannay angles, is equal to the one calculated from the correct energy.
Enalaprilat, an intravenous angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, in hypertensive crises.

The effect of enalaprilat (MK-422), a newly synthesized, intravenous, nonsulfhydryl, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, was studied in seven patients with either severe or malignant hypertension. All subjects initially received a 1 mg bolus injection of enalaprilat followed in 30 minutes by 10 mg. Five subjects received an additional 40 mg. Mean (±SE) pretreatment blood pressure for the group was 226 ± 9/141 ± 7 mm Hg. Five minutes after the 1 mg enalaprilat dose, blood pressure decreased to 211 ± 10/131 ± 9 mm Hg and further fell to 201 ± 14/123 ± 11 mm Hg at 30 minutes. The maximal reduction in blood pressure to 169 ± 14/112 ± 10 mm Hg occurred 30 minutes after the 10 mg dose. No further blood pressure reduction was observed in those subjects who received the additional 40 mg dose. Within the entire group, five subjects exhibited sustained blood pressure reduction. No adverse side effects or symptomatic hypotension occurred in any subject. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1985) 38, 199–204; doi:10.1038/clpt.1985.159
Neuroscience Application Of Interactive Image Analysis

The goal of neuroscience is to understand how different parts of the brain are wired together and how they communicate with one another. Several recently developed techniques use a method known as autoradiography to create images of brain connectivity and function. These autoradiographic methods promise to be quantitative and comprehensive. HoweVer, the data appear as gray scale images, which presents certain data analysis problems. Through a collaborative effort between neuroscientists, engineers, and com-puter scientists, we have developed a computer-based quantitative image analysis system. We have designed an interactive menu-driven software pack-age. Our objective was to allow neuroscientists to quantitate, tabulate, and interpret the image data collected on autoradiographic files. A description of the hardware, the software package, and its application is presented.
Planning as a Principle of Vision and Division: A Bourdieusian View of Tel Aviv's Urban Development, 1920s—1950s

This paper draws on Pierre Bourdieu's notion of ‘principles of vision and division’ to conceptualize the role of urban planning in processes of sociospatial differentiation and distinction. Planning, through its classification schemes and specific methodologies (such as zoning), mediates the long-term processes by which the divisions and hierarchies of social space are inscribed and reproduced in urban space. The paper develops this conceptual framework within a historically specific urban setting, analyzing Tel Aviv's planning and development across several periods, from the 1920s to the 1950s. It examines Tel Aviv's constitutive plans in a wider political, social, and cultural context, including colonial development, modernism, the Jewish–Arab ethnonational conflict and consecutive migrations to Palestine and Israel. The analysis highlights how urban planning in each period applied and mediated different visions and divisions to shape the sociospatial distinction between Tel Aviv, Jaffa, and the city's ...
Using High Speed Camera for Electronic Board Failure Analysis

Historically, the most common failure analyses metrologies have been dye-and-pull, cross-sections, microscopy, optical and SEM. Using these traditional metrologies to find a root cause from a dynamic event can be very time consuming and sometimes inconclusive. The standard methodology is to work backward to reconstruct the “event” that caused or initiated failure. Often times the root cause is not immediately obvious and design improvements require an iterative process to identify the true root cause. This approach is costly in time, materials and resources. A high speed camera (HSC) allows identification of failure from a point of initiation. Using the point of initiation concept with reconstructive modeling allows a design team to discover potential initiating sources and better match a cause to the effect and implement corrective action. This decreases development time, minimizing product design cycle and increases market opportunities.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Insulin Receptor Activation in Deletion 11q Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

The chromosomal abnormalities characteristic of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are well studied, but the mechanisms underlying their contribution to pathogenesis are only partially elucidated. Integrated genomic profiling, focused on deletion 11q, has identified elevated expression of the insulin receptor in a subgroup of CLLs and associated it with worse outcomes.
Mobile mapping technology of wind velocity data along highway for traffic safety evaluation

Traffic safety of highway vehicles under strong crosswind gust and other hazardous driving conditions has become a pressing issue for modern highway transportation and economy. It is known that the actual wind environment at the typical height of a moving vehicle varies considerably from one segment to another even on the same highway, because of influence of the specific terrain and surroundings. Therefore, accurate crosswind velocity data in both time and spatial domains are needed, for a rational assessment of traffic safety risks for various moving vehicles on highways in windy conditions. In addition to site-specific wind data which can be used for most vehicles, vehicle-specific crosswind velocity is often required for an accurate safety assessment of high-sided vehicles with unique shapes. A mobile mapping technology aiming at collecting site-specific as well as vehicle-specific wind velocity data for traffic safety evaluations was developed. Such technology integrates a 3D sonic anemometer and geospatial video mapping system, mounted on a vehicle driven along highways at a normal (cruising) speed. As a result, both vehicle-specific and general site-specific crosswind velocity can be directly "sensed" and collected by using a high-sided vehicle or a streamlined car as the test vehicle. A field test of the developed technology with a high-sided truck driven on mountainous sections of the interstate I-70 (in Colorado) was conducted. The crosswind data at six selected feature locations along I-70, representing different roadside environments, was analyzed. Wind-tunnel investigations employing the scaled models of the truck used in the field test as well as a common streamlined sedan car were conducted to evaluate the accuracy and the feasibility of the developed technology.
Potential research projects.

PURPOSE This review introduces 7 topics for potential research opportunities. METHODS Unanswered questions over a period of many years regarding ophthalmic issues are listed and summarized. RESULTS If any or all of the topics are chosen for research, the results will come from individual studies. CONCLUSIONS If the ideas found are worthy of study, there is potential for great patient benefit.
Channel capacities of parallel and serial modulo-sum relay networks

This paper presents channel capacities of parallel and serial modulo-sum relay networks. A parallel relay network consists of one source, multiple relays in parallel, and one destination node. A serial relay network consists of one source, multiple relays in serial, and one destination node. Each relay employs a quantize-and-forward (QAF) strategy. Each node including source, multiple relays, and destination, employs its own codebook for its own encoding and or decoding. Every node has information of the other nodes codebooks. And every addition in any channel is a modulo-sum. First, this paper presents the capacities for the binary modulo-sum symmetric parallel, and serial relay networks, assuming that the channels are discrete and memoryless. Second, this paper claims that the capacities obtained are strictly below the cut-set bounds except the trivial cases. Third, this paper extends the capacities obtained for the binary modulo-sum relay networks to the m-ary modulo-sum relay networks. Finally, this paper presents the closed form capacities for a worst direct channel which is a binary modulo-sum symmetric channel with a crossover probability of 1/2.
Comparison of routes of flumazenil administration to reverse midazolam-induced respiratory depression in a canine model.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether flumazenil, a drug used to reverse benzodiazepine-induced respiratory depression and approved only for i.v. use, is effective by alternative routes. METHODS A randomized, controlled, nonblinded, crossover canine trial was performed to evaluate reversal of midazolam-induced respiratory depression by flumazenil when administered by alternative routes. Mongrel dogs were sedated with thiopental 19 mg/kg i.v., then tracheally intubated. With the dogs spontaneously breathing, tidal volume, end-tidal CO2, and O2 saturation were observed until a stable baseline was achieved. Incremental doses of midazolam were administered until respiratory depression (30% decline in tidal volume, 10% decrease in O2 saturation, and 15% increase in end-tidal CO2) occurred. Flumazenil was administered by a randomly selected route [0.2 mg followed 1 minute later by 0.3 mg i.v., sublingual (s.l.) or intramuscular (i.m.); or 1 mg followed 1 minute later by 1.5 mg per rectum (PR)]. Time to return to baseline respiratory functions was recorded ("time to reversal"). Each of 10 dogs was studied using all 4 routes of flumazenil administration with a washout period of at least 7 days. An additional dog served as a control (no flumazenil). RESULTS The control time to reversal was 1,620 seconds. The i.v. route was significantly faster (mean 120 +/- 24.5 sec) than the other 3 routes (p < 0.005). The SL route was the second fastest (mean 262 +/- 94.5 sec), the IM route was the third fastest (mean 310 +/- 133.7 sec) and the PR route was the s;owest (mean 342 +/- 84.4 sec). The SL, IM, and PR routes did not differ significantly from one another. CONCLUSIONS Flumazenil administered by all 4 routes reversed midazolam-induced respiratory depression in a dog model. For the selected dosages used, the i.v. route was significantly faster than all 3 other routes, and SL was the second fastest.
X-chromosome inactivation and ovarian age during the reproductive years.

Objective To explore whether skewed X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) is related to indicators of ovarian age. Design The XCI skewing percent and indicators of ovarian age were measured in women with recent pregnancy losses and women with recent livebirths. All analyses adjust for chronologic age and pregnancy outcome. Setting Hospital in eastern central New York. Patient(s) One hundred thirty-six women with informative XCI assays: 83 with index pregnancy losses and 53 with livebirths. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) The primary indicators of ovarian age were antral follicle count, levels of FSH and inhibin B. A secondary indicator was level of estradiol (E 2 ). Result(s) The XCI skewing percent, defined either continuously or categorically (≥90%), was unrelated to the indicators of ovarian age. The sample was large enough to rule out as unlikely a modest decline in antral follicle count or a modest increase in FSH in relation to skewed XCI. Conclusion(s) X-chromosome anomalies are associated with skewed XCI and with premature ovarian failure. Our data raise the possibility that X-chromosome anomalies may not be an important influence on ovarian aging in menstruating women.
Interannual variation of global atmospheric angular momentum

The relative atmospheric angular momentum (RAM) integrated over the globe is an explicit variable representing the state of the atmospheric general circulation. After removing the annual, semiannual, and higher-frequency components, the filtered global RAM time series for the past 14 years (1979-92) is highly correlated with both the Southern Oscillation index and the tropical Pacific sea surface temperature averaged over Area NINO-3 (5{degrees}S-5{degrees}N, 150{degrees}W-90{degrees}W). The interannual variation of global RAM is coherent with the poleward propagation of RAM anomalies. The global RAM anomalies reach their minimum values when westerly anomalies emerge in the Tropics and higher latitudes during a cold El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event. On the other hand, global RAM anomalies attain their maximum values when westerly anomalies arrive at the subtropics of both hemispheres during a warm ENSO event. It is demonstrated that the poleward propagation of RAM anomalies results from the flip-flop oscillation of the anomalous circulation between cold and warm ENSO events. 11 refs., 3 figs.
Trace determination of α-keto acid in natural waters

Abstract Numerous chromatographic methods have been developed to detect α-keto acids in physiological or sea-water samples. These methods generally involve derivatization in a strongly acidic medium with elevated temperatures, desalting, preconcentration, and liquid-liquid extraction procedures prior to chromatographic analysis. These procedures may introduce significant errors because of adsorption losses, contamination, or decomposition of the α-keto acids. To avoid these potential problems, a chemically mild method to detect α-keto acids in sea water was developed. The method is based on the reaction of α-keto acids with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in sea water to form stable hydrazone derivatives. Desalting of the reaction mixture and preconcentration of the hydrazone derivatives is accomplished by a column-switching technique. The derivatives are separated by reversed-phase, high-performance liquid chromatography and detected by absorption spectrometry. Quantification of α-keto acids in the nM to μM concentration range shows complete recovery in sea water, excellent precision at 10–20 pmol (
Space and Deterrence

Regardless of whether the United States decides to extend deployment of its weaponry beyond land, sea, and air to the medium of outer space, military dependence on assets stationed between low Earth orbit and geosynchronous orbit for communication, navigation, and surveillance will likely remain high. Deterrence as a strategy to protect these assets carries with it the risk that a crisis over satellites will escalate out of control. Nevertheless, when evaluated against other options on the agenda—such as space control and space avoidance—it is the only strategy for which the United States is currently equipped militarily and politically. In order to mitigate the downsides of deterrence, in particular to stave off a decision that would require disproportionate retaliation, the new United States Administration is likely to mix in tactical elements of control and avoidance. These elements, however, will not subvert deterrence as a core strategy, nor will they obviate uncomfortable and undemocratic compromise...
Coconut Meal, Gluten Feed, Peanut Meal and Soybean Meal as Protein Supplements for Dairy Cows

Summary The following deductions from the trial of protein supplements reported here are probably justified: 1. Old process Linseed oil meal, peanut meal, soybean meal and gluten feed are probably of about equal value as protein supplements in the ration of the dairy cow. 2. Coconut meal may have a higher value, as a protein supplement, than the feeds mentioned, even though it has a lower content of total protein. The few pieces of work done on this problem are contradictory in character however. 3. In palatability the feeds studied rank as follows: linseed oil meal, soybean meal, gluten feed, peanut meal and coconut meal.
Influence of herbicides on Rhizoctonia root and hypocotyl rot of soybean

Rhizoctonia root and hypocotyl rot, caused by Rhizoctonia solani, is a common disease of soybean. Field studies established to observe how preemergence and postemergence herbicides affect the severity of Rhizoctonia root and hypocotyl rot on several soybean cultivars were conducted in Champaign, Dekalb, Monmouth, and Urbana, IL. Herbicides did not significantly (Pp0.05) decrease the R. solani disease severityindex (DSI) compared to the control, but did cause some increases in DSI compared to the control at a low frequencyin some y In greenhouse studies, dimethenamid+metribuzin, pendimethalin, acifluorfen, and imazethapyr caused an increased Rhizoctonia root and hypocotyl rot severity compared to the no-herbicide control. r 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Volume rendering and connectivity algorithms for MR angiography.

Several display algorithms for three-dimensional angiographic data are evaluated. The mathematical analysis assumes additive Gaussian noise to predict the background distribution function for maximum intensity projection, sum projection, and connectivity display methods. In the maximum intensity projection method the mean noise level increases with the number of voxels in the ray, while in the sum projection the noise distribution width increases with the projection thickness, but the mean level remains constant. Comparisons of maximum intensity projection, sum projection, and connectivity algorithms applied to an MR angiogram of the circle of Willis are made. Measurements of the noise distribution are in agreement with the analysis. Algorithms combining connectivity with maximum intensity and sum projection are also evaluated. In these methods, a projection image is created using only the voxels marked by connectivity, typically with a 6% threshold of the data. Fine vessels are resolved and background noise is reduced in agreement with the analysis. © 1991 Academic Press. Inc.
Demonstration of Heat Transfer Enhancement Using Ferromagnetic Particle Laden Fluid and Switched Magnetic Fields

A convective heat transfer enhancement technique and the experimental methods used to quantify the improvement in heat transfer and subsequent differential pressure are introduced. The enhancement technique employed time varying magnetic fields produced in a pipe to cause the ferromagnetic particles of a particle laden fluid (mineral oil and iron filings) to be attracted to and released from a heated pipe wall. The ferromagnetic particles acted not only to advect heat from the pipe wall into the bulk fluid but they also significantly modified the flow field, disrupted the boundary layer, allowed cooler fluid to reach the high temperature pipe wall, increased thermal energy transfer directly to the fluid, and contributed to the overall improvement in heat transfer rate. The experimental method utilized to quantify an increased effectiveness of convective heat transfer used an apparatus designed to replicate an internally cooled fin, whose surface temperature was measured with an IR camera. These temperature measurements were utilized to calculate the convective heat transfer coefficient (h) of the fluid within the pipe. The enhancement technique demonstrated a 267% increase in heat transfer coefficient with only a corresponding 48% increase in flow differential pressure for an electromagnetic switching frequency of 2 Hz. It is also found that there were optimum magnetic field switching frequencies for both enhancement and differential pressure magnitudes.