cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Different Approaches to Minimize Torque Ripples of a Surface Mounted Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor

This paper presents a comparative study of different approaches to minimize the torque ripples of an industrial brushless surface mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor. First, the torque ripple reduction is tackled at the motor component level during the design phase by minimizing the cogging torque and designing a sinusoidal back emf motor through a multi-objective optimization process. Second, the torque ripples minimization is approached directly through a single objective optimization with constraints to yield minimum torque ripples while satisfying the rated torque requirement. And lastly, the method of producing a smooth motor running rated torque through the adjustment of the drive current is considered. The benefits and inconveniences of each approach are discussed with the perspective of the balance between optimum designs and production costs.
Holistic Measurement Approach of Customer Experiences – Findings from a Japanese New Car Buyer Study

Literature on customer experience management suggests that a seamless integration of touchpoints would create stronger customer experiences, but how to effectively do so is a key point of debate. This paper presents findings from an empirical study that surveyed Japanese car buyers in terms of their perception of touchpoints throughout their customer journey. The study is based on a framework drawing from “fluency” as a way to understand technology integration, in which the authors propose an integrated and holistic approach to measuring challenges that impede the “fluency” of experiences and result in what they call “friction.” Findings of this study show that while the majority of customers report that their car purchase experience was smooth and hassle free, a significant share also report points of resistance that made the customer journey more difficult or fragmented. Furthermore, a correspondence analysis of open-ended questions asking for suggestions to make the experience easier and hassle free demonstrated that each purchase stage is characterized by distinct word combinations, with a significantly high rate of requests to increase online touchpoints and enhancing test drives in the early pre-purchase stage, to facilitate negotiation in the purchase stage, and to increase after-sales contact and support activities in the post-purchase stage.
Local Schooling and Organizational Change: New Insights from the Perspective of Institutional Theory

The second half of the twentieth century was marked by a decided movement toward more centralized (and nationalized) policymaking for education than had previously been the norm. Among the major pi...
An Application of Systems Thinking: Upgrading Modular Systems through the Incorporation of New Technologies or Innovations

This research applies a systems thinking approach to better understand the complexity of upgrading modular systems through the incorporation of new technologies or innovations. Systems thinking concepts of stakeholder, shaping forces, conceptigan, and systemigram analyses are employed to identify the critical factors involved in a modular system upgrade. The central role of the systems engineer in balancing various stakeholder interests is presented.
Cardiovascular disease risk in Hispanic American women.

Hispanic American women have an increased risk for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study examined CVD risk in a sample of immigrant Hispanic women using Framingham point score...
SAR-Connect: A Socially Assistive Robotic System to Support Activity and Social Engagement of Older Adults

Multidomain activities that incorporate physical, cognitive, and social stimuli can enhance older adults’ overall health and quality of life. Several robotic platforms have been developed to provide these therapies in a quantifiable manner to complement healthcare personnel in resource-strapped long-term care settings. However, these platforms are primarily limited to one-to-one human–robot interaction (HRI) and thus do not enhance social interaction. In this article, we present a novel HRI framework and a realized platform called socially assistive robotic (SAR)-Connect to foster robot-mediated social interaction among older adults through carefully designed tasks that also incorporate physical and cognitive stimuli. SAR-Connect seamlessly integrates a humanoid robot with a virtual reality-based activity platform and a multimodal data acquisition module including game interaction, audio, visual, and electroencephalography responses of the participants. Results from a laboratory-based user study with older adults indicates the potential of SAR-Connect that showed this system could 1) involve one or multiple older adults to perform multidomain activities and provide dynamic guidance, 2) engage them in the robot-mediated task and foster human–human interaction, and 3) quantify their social and activity engagement from multiple sensory modalities.
Organizational Routines as Mechanisms for Knowledge Creation, Utilization, and Storage

Organizational routines can be viewed as mechanisms for knowledge creation, utilization, and storage. Many routines, by their very nature, become buried in the daily work of an organization. In time, organization members become less conscious of many routines and these routines subsequently become more difficult to manage. This difficulty reduces the likelihood, in some cases, that the knowledge benefits originating from routines will be effectively appropriated by the organization. This paper describes the nature of organizational routines and describes some ways in which they can be managed for positive organizational benefit.
Emerging and Reemerging Infections: the Critical Societal Determinants, Their Mitigation, and Our Responsibilities

There are two fundamental approaches to controlling emerging and reemerging infections. Some are convinced that in future decades, one of the most important emerging and reemerging infections will be caused by genetically changing influenza viruses. The most effective approach to minimizing the incidence and severity of emerging and reemerging infections is amelioration of the societal conditions that provide the milieu in which these infections arise and flourish. Potential effects of world population growth on variables related to emerging and reemerging infections have been provided in this chapter. Since the variables that influence emerging and reemerging infections are also issues that must be addressed if society is to thrive, or even survive, it is imperative that an understanding of these issues be an integral part of the education of every student. Although this discussion is focused on the American educational system, the educational changes suggested for the United States are equally applicable to other countries, both developed and developing. Individuals and their professional societies thus have the opportunity to use the growing concerns about emerging and reemerging infections to influence the body politic to take actions focused on ameliorating the societal conditions associated with such infections; doing so not only will reduce the risks of emerging and reemerging infections but will benefit the entire global community.
Colorectal cancer: Increasing colorectal cancer screening--miles to go.

Novel interventions aimed at increasing colorectal cancer screening are needed to reduce mortality from this preventable disease. Two randomized controlled trials have found that a multicomponent outreach program increased screening rates by ∼6% among patients with an expired colonoscopy order, while personalized electronic messages had no sustainable effect on screening rates.
Same‐sex couples

Same-sex couples, or couples where both the partners are of the same sex or gender, have long existed, though recent changes in the social and political climate have brought these couples into the spotlight. Researchers interested in studying same-sex couples have examined the dynamics in these couples and have explored similarities and differences between same-sex and different-sex couples. Generally there is large overlap between same-sex and different-sex couples on such measures as liking and loving, as well as in how the relationships evolve with time. Despite this, there are some differences between the couple types. Ideas for future research are explored, especially in the context of a need to better understand differences within same-sex couples as opposed to between same-sex and different-sex couples. Keywords: gay; lesbian; relationships; same-sex couples
Analysis of the Epstein-Barr virus origin of plasmid replication (oriP) reveals an area of nucleosome sparing that spans the 3' dyad.

Abstract The Epstein-Barr virus oriP, when examined with the use of in vitro nucleosome reconstitution, was found to exhibit a partial sparing of nucleosome assembly within the 3' dyad. Analysis of the homologous region containing the origin of replication of herpesvirus papio disclosed that sparing of nucleosome assembly was conserved between these two related viruses.
Maintenance of Golgi apparatus structure in the face of continuous protein recycling to the endoplasmic reticulum: making ends meet

I focus here on the Golgi apparatus and the dynamic relationship between the Golgi apparatus, the central organelle of the secretory pathway, and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The proteins and lipids of the Golgi apparatus originate in the ER, and cargo proteins and lipids that also originate in the ER are processed and sorted within the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi apparatus is indeed the central organelle of the secretory pathway. Surprisingly, many, if not all, of the proteins and accompanying lipids of the Golgi apparatus cycle continuously between the Golgi and the ER. Neither the Cisternal Maturation nor the Vesicular Transport/Stable Compartment model of Golgi apparatus function predicts continuous cycling of Golgi resident proteins through the ER. Evidence for this cycling comes from multiple experimental approaches, including ER-exit block-revealed accumulation of recycled Golgi resident proteins in the ER, evidence for exchange of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged Golgi proteins or their analogues between Golgi and ER pools, and cisternal rab overexpression-induced redistribution of Golgi resident proteins to the ER. The implications of Golgi protein cycling for the maintenance of Golgi structure in the interphase mammalian cell are discussed. The challenge for the future is to put Golgi resident protein cycling pathway(s) to protein machinery and to characterize the cumulative, weak, dynamic interactions that hold the Golgi apparatus together. In doing so, new paradigms of organelle biogenesis will emerge.
The molecular elasticity of the extracellular matrix protein tenascin

Extracellular matrix proteins are thought to provide a rigid mechanical anchor that supports and guides migrating and rolling cells. Here we examine the mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix protein tenascin by using atomic-force-microscopy techniques. Our results indicate that tenascin is an elastic protein. Single molecules of tenascin could be stretched to several times their resting length. Force-extension curves showed a saw-tooth pattern, with peaks of force at 137pN. These peaks were approximately 25 nm apart. Similar results have been obtained by study of titin. We also found similar results by studying recombinant tenascin fragments encompassing the 15 fibronectin type III domains of tenascin. This indicates that the extensibility of tenascin may be due to the stretch-induced unfolding of its fibronectin type III domains. Refolding of tenascin after stretching, observed when the force was reduced to near zero, showed a double-exponential recovery with time constants of 42 domains refolded per second and 0.5 domains per second. The former speed of refolding is more than twice as fast as any previously reported speed of refolding of a fibronectin type III domain. We suggest that the extensibility of the modular fibronectin type III region may be important in allowing tenascin-ligand bonds to persist over long extensions. These properties of fibronectin type III modules may be of widespread use in extracellular proteins containing such domain.
Finding God in Our Bodies

ABSTRACT Places of worship and religious theologies do not include and often misrepresent the experiences of persons with disabilities. The author explores the bias toward “ability” present in traditional Christian theology. Creamer suggests that experiences of disability need not be understood as either a curse or blessing, but rather can become a source for theological reflection. Traditional theological categories such as the person of God, the ministry of Jesus, eschatology, sin, and healing are challenged and enriched by the perspectives of people with disabilities. This hermeneutical discussion between theology and disability calls the church to act justly and invites each of us to reflect on our own embodied experiences of God and the world.
Energy Band Calculations by the Augmented Plane Wave Method

Publisher Summary This chapter describes some of the energy band calculations that have been made at M.I.T. To carry out the calculation in a practical fashion, one derives a secular equation connecting the various plane waves, each supplemented by its spherical part inside the spheres; it is now customary to refer to such a function as an augmented plane wave (APW). A few of these have been published, but a number of them are still in a preliminary stage, and the description given in the chapter is not intended to do more than indicate in a general way the type of result found. The chapter provides the calculation on iron carried out by Wood and shows the energy bands. The characteristic is of course the bands of 3d character interposed in the middle of the 4s-like band. Wood's calculations are made for a nonmagnetic potential; that is, the same potential is used for electrons of both spin. However, Wood has also estimated the effect of using different potentials for the two spins, to give an energy band description of ferromagnetism.
Davis and Hammon: Missed Cues Result in Unrealistic Dichotomy

On its face, the Supreme Court’s combined Davis v. Washington and Hammon v. Indiana ruling appears to be a just affirmation of criminal defendants’ right to cross-examine those bearing witness against them. However, Davis has made Confrontation Clause analysis more difficult by failing to mandate the contextual analysis necessary to ensure a proper balancing of constitutional and social norms - here as they pertain to domestic violence cases. First, Davis employs a faulty analytical framework that mistakenly applies remedies for state interference with confrontation to defendant prevention of a witness’s testimony. It makes little sense to eliminate the injustice alleged in Crawford and Davis, only to reward known criminals for brazen witness tampering and deny terrified victims a legal remedy. Second, the Court misguidedly imposes a temporal delineation that gives rise to an unrealistic dichotomy between evidence relating to ongoing emergencies and evidence of past conduct. Finally, in Hammon, the Supreme Court missed many obvious cues and ignored salient facts supporting the trial court’s determination that the abuse victim’s statements were not testimonial.
Development of Face Aversion by the Jewel Fish (Hemichromis bimaculatus, Gill 1862)

Jewel fish possess an innate cognitive mechanism which recognizes the two facing eyes of other fish. This mechanism functions adaptively in both a social and antipredator context, estimating the risks associated with other facing fish. Appearing about the time fry begin to school, this mechanism triggers a discriminative flight response to approaching models with two schematic facing eyes. Fry also tend to avoid the region in front of the parents from which they can see their two facing eyes. In a social context, juveniles and adults appear to be intimidated by facing adversaries as demonstrated by their energy expenditure during attacks and readiness to attack, respectively. These findings are discussed in relation to developmental plasticity of the innate cognitive mechanism and concomitant changes in risk assessment.
Inhibition of thyrotropin secretion by physiological levels of corticosterone.

We have studied the effects of physiological amounts of the native glucocorticoid of the rat on basal and TRH-induced TSH secretion. Adrenalectomized rats received jugular and ip catheters 3 days before each experiment; the former was used for blood sampling and TRH administration, and the latter was used for constant corticosterone infusion in the absence of anesthesia or stress. Various levels of corticosterone within the range seen in intact rats (up to about 60 μg/dl) were maintained by varying the infusion rate, and plasma levels of corticosterone were documented in all cases by fluorometric assay. At different times after the onset of corticosterone infusion, pre-TRH and post-TRH (250 ng/100g BW) plasma samples were collected for RIA of TSH. No significant changes in basal TSH levels were observed. However, corticosterone in the lower half of its physiological range significantly inhibited the pituitary response to submaximal TRH stimulation both 10 and 30 min after the TRH. To verify that this is a...
“A Legitimate Function”: Reconsidering Presidential Signing Statements

This article is a reconsideration and reassessment of presidential signing statements. Although many scholars and commentators have weighed in on the practice since 2006—when Charlie Savage's Boston Globe stories ignited a firestorm of criticism and debate on the issue—signing statements are still frequently misunderstood. Thus, one of the key purposes of the article is to delineate what signing statement is, from what it is not. Furthermore, the article examines the transition from the George W. Bush administration to that of Barack Obama. In particular, President Obama's views on, and use of, signing statements are elaborated and discussed. Although not a vigorous defender of the practice, President Obama's approach to signing statements is notable for its moderation and restraint, if sometimes more in theory than in practice. The article ends with an extended consideration of the utility and benefits of signing statements, while still acknowledging their potential ill effects.
An Ecological Study of Xiphinema Americanum Cobb in an Ornamental Spruce Nursery

Two seasonal population peaks of Xiphinema americanum were observed in an ornamental spruce nursery. One cycle extended from April to August and the other from September to January. These peaks became less obvious in the larvae and non-gravid adult populations as sampling depths increased. The gravid adult population, however, showed two distinct cycles at all sampling depths. Large numbers of nemas became tesselated and transparent in July; this was followed by a sharp decline in the nematode population. Eggs and third and fourth stage larvae were apparently the only stages to survive winter temperatures; adults disappeared at all sampling depths from 0-50 cm even though the soil was never frozen below 33 cm and the temperature never dropped below 1° C at 46 cm. There appeared to be an antagonism between X. americanum and Criconemoides xenoplax since C. xenoplax declined and X. americanum increased in number in two ornamental blue spruce plantings.
Use of a Superconducting Tunnel Junction for X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy

A superconducting tunnel junction (STJ) in combination with a superconducting absorber of radiation may function as a highly resolving x-ray spectrometer. Electronic excitations, or quasiparticles, are created when a superconductor absorbs an x ray and are detected as an excess tunnel current through the junction. The number of quasiparticles created and the magnitude of the excess current is proportional to the energy of the absorbed x ray. This is similar to existing semiconductor-based spectrometers that measure electron-hole pairs, but with 1000 times more excitations. The energy measurement therefore can be up to 30 times more precise with a superconducting detector than with a semiconductor detector. This work describes the development and testing of an STJ spectrometer design for x-ray fluorescence applications. First, the basic principles of the STJ spectrometer are explained. This is followed by detailed simulations of the variance in the number of quasiparticles produced by absorption of an x ray. This variance is inherent in the detector and establishes an upper limit on the resolving power of the spectrometer. These simulations include effects due to the materials used in the spectrometer and to the multilayer structure of the device. Next, the spectrometer is characterized as functions of operatingmore » temperature, incident x-ray energy, and count rate. Many of these tests were performed with the spectrometer attached to a synchrotron radiation port. Finally, example x-ray fluorescence spectra of materials exposed to synchrotron radiation are presented. These materials are of interest to semiconductor processing and structural biology, two fields that will benefit immediately from the improved resolving power of the STJ spectrometer.« less
Bias Correction in RNA-Seq Short-Read Counts Using Penalized Regression

RNA-Seq produces tens of millions of short reads. When mapped to the genome and/or to the reference transcripts, RNA-Seq data can be summarized by a very large number of short-read counts. Accurate transcript quantification, such as gene expression calculation, relies on proper correction of sequence bias in the RNA- Seq short-read counts. We use a linear model for the sequence bias, which is much more flexible than the popular Poisson model. We fit the model using a penalized regression method, which allows for a significant dimension reduction. The algorithm is scalable for modeling RNA-Seq data. We demonstrate the excellent performance of our proposed method by applying it to real examples. The methods are implemented in open-source code, which is available in the R package lmbc.
A NEW TRANSPARENT CONDUCTING OXIDE IN THE GA2O3-IN2O3-SNO2 SYSTEM

A new transparent conducting oxide (TCO), which can be expressed as Ga3−xIn5+xSn2O16; 0.2⩽x⩽1.6, has been identified. The equilibrium phase relationships of this new material with respect to three other TCOs in Ga2O3–In2O3–SnO2 are reported. The optical properties of this phase are slightly superior to Sn-doped indium oxide (ITO) and depend on composition. A room-temperature conductivity of 375 Ω cm−1 was obtained for H2-reduced Ga2.4In5.6Sn2O16. This value is an order of magnitude lower than commercial ITO films, but comparable to values reported for bulk, polycrystalline Sn-doped In2O3.
Assessment of acute microcirculatory changes by color Doppler sonography.

We studied the efficacy of color Doppler sonography in the transcutaneous assessment of acute changes in microvascular flow. Arterial and venous occlusion studies were performed in rabbits after simple isolation of the common femoral artery and vein and after raising an epigastric island flap. Vessel diameters were measured through an operating microscope and compared to color Doppler determinations of the diameters. Vessel patency and blood flow in the major vessels were monitored before and after occlusion. The correlation of vessel diameters measured under the operating microscope and with color Doppler sonography was .91 for the arteries and .39 for the veins. A strong linear correlation existed between Doppler identification of arterial occlusion, but not of venous occlusion. This study demonstrated that color Doppler sonography can be used transcutaneously to reliably assess patency and blood flow in the small vessels. Time-dependent, reproducible patterns in the spectral waveform analysis were indicative of the onset of arterial or venous occlusion.
JFK's Assassination: Conspiracy, Forensic Science, and Common Sense

The Journalinterviews with Humes and Boswell, 1 the Dallas physicians, 2 and Finck 3 cleared up many of the events surrounding the attempted resuscitation and subsequent autopsy of President Kennedy. However, correspondence toThe Journalindicates many physicians are still sympathetic to a key proconspiracy tenet regarding the Kennedy assassination: that the autopsy physicians conspired with the military, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Secret Service, and other agencies of government to disguise and suppress medical evidence that would show President Kennedy was publicly executed in Dealey Plaza on November 22,1963, by multiple gunmen. Unfortunately, many of the arguments raised in the letters supporting such a complex conspiracy went unanswered. These arguments should be addressed in JAMA for several reasons. See also pp 1507, 1544 and 1552. First, for many physicians, the only contact they will have with arguments for and against conspiracy
DAP12 Expression By Lung-Resident Macrophages Mediates Pulmonary Ischemia Reperfusion Injury By Promoting Neutrophil Extravasation

s S97 serum-containing culture medium. In group B, instead of the 3D heart model, a spheric glas spacer (diameter 10mm) was used to construct pouch like BioVADs. Results: The engineered tissue beat spontaneously and showed contractile properties of native heart muscle including positive inotropic responses to calcium and isoprenaline. In group A recipient heart matched BioVADs were implanted into the corresponding healthy rats (n= 10), while in group B the spheric BioVADs were implanted (n= 10). 14 days after implantation hearts were explanted for histology. Histological analysis of recipient-matched BioVADs showed excellent coverage of the epicardial heart surface, while spheric BioVADs showed high number of micro and macro gaps. Furthermore direct alignment of the BioVADs and recipients hearts was measured in cross-sectioned histological compounds. In group B, a statistically higher number of areas with loss of contact between BioVADs and recipient hearts was seen compared to group A. Conclusion: We developed a novel casting technology using small animal MRI and 3D printing to generate artificial cardiac tissue that is perfectly matched to the recipient heart and exhibits structural and functional properties of native myocardium.
MODELLING OF EMBEDDED FATIGUE CRACKS IN RAILROAD RAILS

— A first-generation fatigue crack growth model has been developed which realistically models the patterns of subsurface shells and detail fracture crack growth that are commonly observed in railroad rails. (These types of defects are further described in the Introduction.) The key assumptions upon which the model is based are reviewed and the input data on railroad rail residual stresses and wheel-induced stresses are described. Examples of the predicted growth patterns for shells and detail fractures are shown and compared to actually observed growth patterns. Apparent deficiencies in the model are discussed and probable avenues for improvement in the accuracy of the crack growth life estimates are identified.
Overview of optical techniques that measure displacements: Murray lecture

Optical techniques that measure displacements play a very important role in current experimental mechanics, material sciences and metrology. This paper presents a survey of developments in these techniques from a personal experience point of view. Three main aspects are considered. Mathematical and numerical models used in the interpretation of fringe information and the corresponding data processing techniques. Optical and electro-optical developments that have taken place to improve the sensitivity, and the efficiency of these methods to make them competitive with purely numerical methods. Applications that have arisen from the synergy between advanced computational capabilities and optics are also presented.
The adeno-associated virus Rep78 major regulatory protein forms multimeric complexes and the domain for this activity is contained within the carboxy-half of the molecule

The adeno-associated virus (AAV) encoded Rep78 is a multifunctional protein which is able to regulate transcription, is required for AAV DNA replication, and appears necessary for site specific integration of AAV DNA into human chromosome 19. Being analogous to the large T antigen, the replication protein of polyomaviruses which is known to homo-multimerize, it seemed likely that the Rep78 protein would also interact with itself to carry out at least some of its functions. Furthermore, in electrophoretic mobility shift assay studies by many laboratories on Rep78/68 protein interaction with AAV terminal repeat DNA it has been noticed that multiple high bands often result. These data suggest Rep78-Rep78 interaction. In this study it is directly demonstrated that Rep78 is able to form multimeric complexes as measured by West-Western and chemical cross-linking assays. Furthermore, using an amino-truncated Rep78 protein, it is demonstrated that the Rep78 homo-multimerization domain is contained within the carboxy-half of the protein.
How Well Does Long-Term Psychoanalytically Oriented Inpatient Treatment Work?: A Review of a Study by Blatt and Ford

This article reviews a recent archival study of long-term psychoanalytically oriented inpatient treatment by Blatt and Ford (1994). They conclude that the intensive inpatient treatment effected impressive improvements for their sample of late-adolescent and young adult patients. This article details serious methodological, statistical, and interpretive limitations and errors in Blatt and Ford's study that call into question the validity of its conclusions. The usefulness of Blatt's distinction between anaclitic and introjective configurations of psychopathology for studying treatment outcome is also examined. Dieser Artikel kritisiert eine kurzliche Archivstudie uber stationere, psychoanalytisch orientierte Langzeitpsychotherapie von Blatt und Ford (1994). Diese folgern, das eine intensive stationare Behandlung zu beachtlichen Verbesserungen bei jugendlichen und jungen erwachsenen Patient(inn)en Fuhrt. Der Artikel raumt sehr detaillert eine Reihe von Einschrankungen hinsichtlich der Methode, der statistis...
White Light Emissions from Complex Core-Shell Nanoparticles

White light emissions are observed from rare-earth doped LaF3 nanoparticles that possess core/multi-shell architectures. By engineering the thickness and distance between the shells that are individually doped, energy transfer and the cumulative emissions are controlled.
Sonography of adrenal lesions causing hypertension.

The techniques and applications of diagnostic ultrasound in patients with hypertension due to adrenal abnormalities are reviewed. Sonographic findings and comparison with other imaging modalities are discussed.
The Household and Class Formation: Determinants of Residential Location in Ciudad Juaréz

An increasing number of jobs in the Ciudad Juarez-El Paso region is directly attributable to the growth of export-oriented manufacturing activity. These jobs, particularly those in Ciudad Juarez, tend to be at the bottom of the production hierarchy, low-skilled, and impermanent. Sectoral diversification in the regional labor market is being accompanied by homogenization of skills required for available jobs. Analysis of a survey of 1236 households in Ciudad Juarez indicates how they are responding to the changing character of labor demand. The households most directly affected by the industrialization process, those of the maquiladora or assembly-plant work force, arc compared with other types of households in the city. In addition, determinants of income in spatial sectors of the city are analyzed.
Parallel random access machines with powerful instruction sets

A random access machine model that has capabilities for parallel processing and string manipulation is introduced. It is shown that NP is equal to the class of sets accepted by this model in nondeterministic timeO(logn), that PSPACE is equal to the class of sets accepted by this model in deterministic polynomial time and thatP is equal to the class of sets accepted by a restricted version of this model inO(logn) space. These results generalize to arbitrary time and storage bounds.
Expression of heterophile Paul-Bunnell antigen on human lymphoid cell lines.

Abstract Thirty-eight human hematopoietic cell lines were studied for the expression of heterophile Paul-Bunnell (P-B) antigen by means of indirect immunofluorescence tests. Of 5 normal B-cell lines of Oriental origin, 3 showed very high and 2 moderate increase in number of cells stained for IgM after preincubation with infectious mononucleosis (IM) sera. In contrast, of 9 normal B-cell lines of Causasian origin, none showed high and only 2 showed moderate increase of cells stained for IgM. The remaining 7 cell lines did not show any such increase. Of 24 cell lines from patients with proliferative diseases of hematopoietic cells, 17 Caucasian, 6 Negro, and 1 Oriental, only 3 myeloma cell lines, all of Caucasian origin, showed significant increase of stained cells. Absorption experiments as well as mixed agglutination studies showed that antibodies in the IM sera combining with cell lines are of P-B specificity and not of any other heterophile specificity.
Calculation of the effect of random superfluid density on the temperature dependence of the penetration depth

Microscopic variations in composition or structure can lead to nanoscale inhomogeneity in superconducting properties such as the magnetic penetration depth, but measurements of these properties are usually made on longer length scales. We solve a generalized London equation with a non-uniform penetration depth $\ensuremath{\lambda}(\mathbit{r})$, obtaining an approximate solution for the disorder-averaged Meissner screening. We find that the effective penetration depth is different from the average penetration depth and is sensitive to the details of the disorder. These results indicate the need for caution when interpreting measurements of the penetration depth and its temperature dependence in systems which may be inhomogeneous.
Laser surface modification of Ti-6Al-4V alloy

Hardening of Ti-6Al-4V alloy with laser surface melting (LSM) and laser surface alloying (LSA) techniques was attempted. Both LSM and LSA were carried out in a nitrogeneous atmosphere. Niobium, molybdenum and zirconium were used as alloying elements in the LSA. A hardness increase was observed for both LSM and LSA. Maximum hardness was obtained for LSM and zirconium alloy addition. In LSM, hardness increased almost three-fold in comparison to the substrate, which has a Vickers hardness of 350, by the formation of TiN in the region of 100 Μm melt depth. Hardness then decreased slowly and reached a minimum of 580 VHN at the maximum melt depth of 750 Μm. However, hardness for the zirconium alloy addition was uniform throughout the melted zone. Ageing treatments were performed for all specimens at 450‡C and different ageing times. Hardness measurements and X-ray diffraction were utilized to delineate the features associated with the hardening of the melted zone.
Pharmacological inhibition of eating, drinking and prandial drinking.

Rats deprived of both food and water for 24 hr were allowed to eat and/or drink for 2 hr beginning 15 min after saline or drug administration. D-amphetamine inhibited eating but only prandial drinking. Scopolamine depressed eating and drinking independently of each other. Mecamylamine produced a selective decrement in prandial drinking. These and other data indicate that adrenergic and cholinergic synapses are each involved in central regulation of both food and water intake; furthermore, there appear to be separate cholinergic mechanisms for prandial and nonprandial drinking.
Running From Elections: Indian Feminism and Electoral Politics

The first wave of feminism in India was closely connected to electoral politics, while the second wave turned away from party politics. This resulted in a growing marginalization of feminist concerns from the public agenda. There is a strong relationship between movement success and electoral engagement. This article reviews the history of feminist interventions in electoral politics and demonstrates that early victories for women depended on their participation in party politics. I argue that the creation of the autonomous women's movement has had a diminishing effect on women's progress in recent years. A number of paths remain available to the women's movement to engage with political parties and political leaders. Staying outside the electoral arena has not served Indian feminism well.
Pediatric Brain Tumors and Epilepsy

Seizures are a common complication of pediatric brain tumors and their treatment. This article reviews the epidemiology, evaluation, and treatment of seizures in children with brain tumors. Seizures in known brain tumor patients may signify tumor progression or recurrence, or treatment-related brain damage, as well as other causes, including low drug levels and metabolic disturbances. Careful selection of antiepileptic medications is needed in this population. There are advantages to nonenzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs including valproic acid, which has potential antitumoral properties as a histone deacetylase inhibitor. Tumor surgery cures many cases of pediatric tumor-associated seizures, and some children are controlled with anti-epileptic medication, however additional epilepsy surgery may be needed for refractory cases.
Bioelectronic Light-Gated Transistors with Biologically Tunable Performance

Light-activated bioelectronic silicon nanowire transistor devices are made by fusing proteoliposomes containing a bacteriorhodopsin (bR) proton pump onto the nanowire surface. Under green-light illumination, bR pumps protons toward the nanowire, and the pH gradient developed by the pump changes the transistor output. Furthermore, co-assembly of small biomolecules that alter the bilayer permeability to other ions can upregulate and downregulate the response of field-effect transistor devices.
Investigating Gabapentin Polymorphism Using Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy

Solid-state NMR spectroscopy (SSNMR), coupled with powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), was used to identify the physical forms of gabapentin in samples prepared by recrystallization, spray drying, dehydration, and milling. Four different crystalline forms of gabapentin were observed: form I, a monohydrate, form II, the most stable at ambient conditions, form III, produced by either recrystallization or milling, and an isomorphous desolvate produced from desolvating the monohydrate. As-received gabapentin (form II) was ball-milled for 45 min in both the presence and absence of hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC). The samples were then stored for 2 days at 50°C under 0% relative humidity and analyzed by 13C SSNMR and PXRD. High-performance liquid chromatography was run on the samples to determine the amount of degradation product formed before and after storage. The 1HT1 values measured for the sample varied from 130 s for the as-received unstressed material without HPC to 11 s for the material that had been ball-milled in the presence of HPC. Samples with longer 1HT1 values were substantially more stable than samples that had shorter T1 values. Samples milled with HPC had detectable form III crystals as well. These results suggest that SSNMR can be used to predict gabapentin stability in formulated products.
A study of retrieved allografts used to replace anterior cruciate ligaments

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of the study was the examination of retrieved whole anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) replacement grafts to determine the rate and the extent of cellular replacement and remodeling of the grafts. Type of Study: Gross and histopathologic examination of specimens. Methods: Nine specimens of ACL replacement allografts and 1 autograft were obtained at autopsy and surgical procedures. Results: Examination of these specimens from 20 days to 10 years after transplantation revealed a pattern of revascularization similar to that reported in previous biopsy studies. However, examination of the entire allografts showed that, at 2 years after transplantation, the central portions of the grafts remained acellular and that complete attachment was not present, but was found in a 3.5-year post-transplantation specimen. Conclusions: Because attachment of the graft to bone tunnel walls required over 2 years, the tunnel remodeling may be explained on a mechanical basis. The remodeling of ACL replacement grafts is a gradual or slow process. Complete remodeling and cellular replacement of the entire graft may require 3 years or longer. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 18, No 2 (February), 2002: pp 163–170
Revival of Test Bias Research in Preemployment Testing

We developed a new analytic proof and conducted Monte Carlo simulations to assess the effects of methodological and statistical artifacts on the relative accuracy of intercept- and slope-based test bias assessment. The main simulation design included 3,185,000 unique combinations of a wide range of values for true intercept- and slope-based test bias, total sample size, proportion of minority group sample size to total sample size, predictor (i.e., preemployment test scores) and criterion (i.e., job performance) reliability, predictor range restriction, correlation between predictor scores and the dummy-coded grouping variable (e.g., ethnicity), and mean difference between predictor scores across groups. Results based on 15 billion 925 million individual samples of scores and more than 8 trillion 662 million individual scores raise questions about the established conclusion that test bias in preemployment testing is nonexistent and, if it exists, it only occurs regarding intercept-based differences that favor minority group members. Because of the prominence of test fairness in the popular media, legislation, and litigation, our results point to the need to revive test bias research in preemployment testing.
Transfer from a droplet at high peclet numbers with heat generation : Interior problem

Transient heat transfer from a droplet with heat generation is investigated. It is assumed that the bulk of the thermal resistance resides in the droplet. Two cases were investigated: low Peclet flows and very high Peclet flows. As expected, it was found that the temperature rise due to the heat generation was less for high Peclet flows. In addition, the temperature profile responds more quickly for high Peclet flows. This analysis is also applicable for mass transfer with a zero-order reaction.
Surface atomic distribution and water adsorption on Pt–Co alloys

Abstract Density functional theory is used to study surface atomic distributions on slabs of PtCo and Pt3Co overall compositions, as well as water molecule adsorption on PtCo(1 1 1) and Pt-skin structures. Pt-rich surfaces are energetically favored under vacuum in the PtCo and Pt3Co alloys. The adsorption trend on the studied structures agrees with the d-band model, with stronger adsorption at higher surface Co composition. The most stable adsorption site for a water molecule on PtCo surfaces is on top of Co atoms, with the dipole vector parallel to the surface. This water/surface interaction is as strong as that of water molecule on Pt(1 1 1), whereas bonding to Pt-skin monolayers is found much weaker than that on Pt(1 1 1). It is found that water interacts mainly through its 1b1 and 3a1 orbitals with d orbitals of the Pt(1 1 1), PtCo(1 1 1) and Pt-skin surface atoms. Compared to the sum of the electron densities of the separated systems, the electron density of the water/surface gets depleted along O–Pt on Pt-skin surfaces while it becomes richer in the O–Co bonding region of PtCo.
A developmental study of preference for advertised toys

The hypothesis was tested that five-year-olds would be more easily persuaded than eight-year-olds to prefer certain toys after viewing ads for these toys. Forty kindergarteners and forty third graders viewed either a control commerical or an ad for a toy they had ranked fourth out of a group of seven toys shown to them in a preference task. After viewing, they repeated the preference task. The dependent variable was the post viewing rank of the toy that had been ranked fourth prior to viewing. Analysis of variance revealed only a significant grade by viewing condition interaction in which the older children liked the toy significantly better if they had viewed a commercial for it. Younger children showed no significant viewing effects. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for cognitive variables which may be responsible for the age differences in the effects of exposure to television commercials.
Possibilities of Dose Reduction in Radiographic Breast Screening

AbstractThe exposures to surface of 6 cm compressed breast, in a survey of widely differing mammographic tech-niques, are statistically compared by type of receptor utilized. It was found that although skin exposuresdiffer widely, the exposure to receptor surface for techniques acceptable to radiologists, fall in a narrowrange depending on the receptor and the x -ray equipment used. Assuming breast tissue to have compositionequivalent to 50% fat and 50% muscle, depth exposure values have been calculated from measurements ofBoag, et al 6) for four different spectra relevant to mammography. From the values of exposures requiredat the surface of different receptors, the depth exposure values and the energy fluence per Roentgen in thespectra considered, the skin exposures and energy retained per cm2 for 6 cm breast have been calculated.The possibilities of reduction of skin exposure or the energy retained in the breast tissue by choice ofreceptor, mammography equipment, and optimum radiographic techniques are discussed.The common use of low kvp techniques and the need for high resolution in mammography results inrelatively high exposures to breast tissues. It is estimated that if mammography is used as a routinescreening procedure for annual checkup of asymptomatic women in the 35 -50 year age group, it may present asignificant somatic hazard to the patient(1,2,3,4) Apart from the age of the patient, the carcinogenichazard is directly related to radiation exposure to the breast. Therefore, special attention must be givento keep patient exposure as low as possible without impairing the image and thereby reducing the diagnosticefficacy (i.e., the relative ability to detect breast lesions at an early stage) below its optimum level.The principal method of dose reduction is through the choice of receptor and the number of picturestaken for an examination. In mammography, at present, three types of receptors are in common use. Theseare the single emulsion- single screen films (e.g., Dupont's Lodose), Xeroradiography, and non -screen films(e.g., the low -speed Kodak M -type film, or the fast-speed Osray film). Also, two views, a cranio- caudad anda mediolateral, are usually taken.The six regional Centers for Radiological Physics, supported by the Cancer Control Program of theNational Cancer Institute, surveyed the radiation exposures to an average 6 cm breast for some sixty -threemammographic units at departments distributed throughout the United States. A nationally uniform protocolof measurements was jointly developed, tested and followed. The equipment utilized was specially designedand fabricated at the Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York to give uniform response over the lowenergy range used in mammography, and calibrated and intercompared to give uniform results.In this survey, it was found that the range of radiation exposures to a compressed 6 cm breast surfacewas unexpectedly wide, ranging from 0.3 to 18R. It was also found that the mammographic images on Lodosereceptors were produced with less exposure to breast surface when compared to Xerox or non -screen film
Comparing Weak Decays K→2π and D→2π

We show that ΔI=3/2 transitions for quark W-emission K2π diagrams and independently the current algebra-PCAC consistency scheme for all three K2π amplitudes are extremely accurate, within 3% of the data. Although the same analysis applied to D2π decays roughly approximates recent experiments, the agreement is only valid to within 25%–40% of the data.