cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consistency and Change: The (R)Evolution of the Basic Communication Course

The basic communication course, with its roots in classical Greece and Rome, is frequently a required course in general education. The course often serves as our “front porch,” welcoming new students to the Communication discipline. This essay first outlines early traditions in oral communication instruction and their influence on future iterations of the course. In addition, because fundamental changes in higher education in more modern times affected emphases and delivery of the course, we focus on the relationship between general education and the basic course and the significant curricular changes to the course during the latter part of the 20th century. Finally, we discuss ramifications of the evolution of the basic course, as the discipline moves forward into the 21st century.
A multiprotein complex necessary for both transcription and DNA replication at the β‐globin locus

DNA replication, repair, transcription and chromatin structure are intricately associated nuclear processes, but the molecular links between these events are often obscure. In this study, we have surveyed the protein complexes that bind at β-globin locus control region, and purified and characterized the function of one such multiprotein complex from human erythroleukemic K562 cells. We further validated the existence of this complex in human CD34+ cell-derived normal erythroid cells. This complex contains ILF2/ILF3 transcription factors, p300 acetyltransferase and proteins associated with DNA replication, transcription and repair. RNAi knockdown of ILF2, a DNA-binding component of this complex, abrogates the recruitment of the complex to its cognate DNA sequence and inhibits transcription, histone acetylation and usage of the origin of DNA replication at the β-globin locus. These results imply a direct link between mammalian DNA replication, transcription and histone acetylation mediated by a single multiprotein complex.
The Uses of Set Theory

The distinguished mathematician Saunders Mac Lane has titled his talk at these meetings Algebra as a means of understanding mathematics. Had I known about his title, I would have called this talk Set theory as a means of doing mathematics. These titles represent quite a historical change. Speaking simplistically, and exaggerating somewhat, seventy-five years ago algebra was something mathematicians did largely for its own sake, while set theory belonged to that quasi-philosophical branch of mathematics known as foundations, whose main purpose seemed to be to convince the phi losophical ly inclined that mathemat ic ians should be allowed to continue doing what they had always done, and which most mathematicians felt they could safely ignore. As with all historical generalizations, this is, of course, not entirely accurate. I will let the algebraists speak for algebra (such matters as groups and crystallography come immedia te ly to mind). As for set theory, its roots lie much more in mathematics than in philosophy. Cantor invented ordinals while trying to solve a question about Fourier series on which mathematicians are actively working today--Kechr is and Louveau have an excellent book on the subject. Early on, Polish and Russian mathematicians invented descriptive set theory, the study of the structure of the reals in set-theoretic fashion. And point-set topology, since its inception, has been inextricably intertwined with set theory. Even Hilbert's problems did not avoid all reference to set theory. But it remained true that most mathematicians could get by quite well with union, intersection, and (if necessary) the axiom of choice, learned as quickly as possible, preferably in the preface to a book about some other area of mathematics. The thesis of this talk is that this situation has changed drastically. Hard-core, mainstream mathematics (defined as: the mathematics most mathematicians think doesn't use set theory) is beginning to see results using modern set theoretic techniques. The purpose of this talk is to introduce you to a few of
Stark broadening of calcium ion resonance lines

Abstract A new measurement of the calcium ion resonance line Stark width is in good agreement with recent theoretical calculations. Comparison is made with previous results and the difference is discussed.
The Superconducting Heavy-Ion Linac at Argonne

The design, status, and performance of the first operating superconducting heavy-ion accelerator, a linac used to boost the energies of beams from a 9-MV tandem, is summarized. When completed in 1981, the linac will consist of 24 independently-phased splitring niobium resonators operating at 97 MHz. This linac is designed to provide 29 MV of acceleration. Because of the modular character of the system, the linac has been operable and useful since mid-1978, when a beam was accelerated through 2 units and the first nuclear-physics experiments were performed. Now, 16 resonators are in use, and a beam has been accelerated for ~ 6000 hr. Resonator performance has been remarkably stable, in spite of vacuum accidents, and the linac as a whole operates reliably without operators in attendance during nights and weekends. The ease and speed with which the beam energy can be changed is proving to be unexpectedly valuable to users.
Radial Maze Analog for Pigeons: Evidence for Flexible Coding Strategies May Result from Faulty Assumptions

Previous research with the radial maze has found evidence that rats can remember both places that they have already been (retrospective coding) and places they have yet to visit (prospective coding; Cook, Brown, & Riley, 1985). Such dual coding also has been found in pigeons using a radial maze analog in which insertion of a delay at different points during a trial affects performance differentially depending on where in the trial it is inserted. When a delay is interpolated either early or late in a trial, there is minimal disruption of performance compared with when it is interpolated in the middle of the trial. However, the analysis required with this procedure requires the assumption that if errors made on control trials are subtracted from errors made in delay trials, the remaining errors can be directly attributed to the delay. But errors may also be attributed to the changing criterion for making a response as the trial proceeds. Furthermore, the animal's tendency to choose alternatives in a systematic order may also affect its need to remember the sequence of choices made (and yet to be made) on each trial. In the present research, we avoided having to make this assumption by giving the pigeons a two-alternative choice at the time of testing and by randomly determining for the pigeon the order of predelay choices on each trial. This change in procedure resulted in comparable performance as a function of where in the trial the test occurred on both control and delay trials. The effect of the delay was to produce a general decrement in performance independent of where it occurred in the trial.
Making the Decision: Factors Influencing Gay Men's Choice of an Adoption Path

No research has examined the factors influencing gay male couples’ decision-making processes in choosing a particular type of adoption. The current qualitative study of 32 prospective adoptive male same-sex couples illuminates that, similar to many heterosexual couples seeking to adopt, gay men identify a variety of factors (e.g., race, age, health of their adoptive child) as impacting what type of adoption is most appealing to them. However, this study demonstrates that they also hold unique concerns that are specifically related to their relational status as male same-sex couples. Given their sexual minority status, their decision making is often situated within the context of societal discrimination, which directly impacts the kinds of choices gay men have in choosing an adoption path.
A structured approach to microcomputer system design

A simple “building block” philosophy for construction of high-performance microcomputer-based systems utilizing I/O functional definition and a structured implementation of MOS/LSI semiconductor devices.
Effects of a 12-month moderate weight loss intervention on insulin sensitivity and inflammation status in nondiabetic overweight and obese subjects.

Weight loss intervention is the principal non-pharmacological method for prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, little is known whether it influences insulin sensitivity directly or via its anti-inflammatory effect. The aim of this study was to assess the independent role of changes in inflammation status and weight loss on insulin sensitivity in this population. Overweight and obese nondiabetic participants without co-morbidities underwent a one-year weight loss intervention focused on caloric restriction and behavioral support. Markers of inflammation, body composition, anthropometric para­meters, and insulin sensitivity were recorded at baseline, 6, and 12 months. Insulin sensitivity was assessed with frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test and Minimal Model. Twenty-eight participants (F: 15, M: 13, age 39±5 years, BMI 33.2±4.6 kg/m2) completed the study, achieving 9.4±6.9% weight loss, which was predominantly fat mass (7.7±5.6 kg, p
The spread of the Witty worm

On Friday, 19 March 2004, at approximately 8:45 p.m. Pacific Standard Time (PST), an Internet worm began to spread, targeting a buffer overflow vulnerability in several Internet Security Systems (ISS) products, including its RealSecure Network, RealSecure Server Sensor, RealSecure Desktop, and BlackICE. The worm took advantage of a security flaw in these firewall applications that eEye Digital Security discovered earlier in March. Once the Witty worm - so called because its payload contained the phrase, "(?,?)insert witty message here (?,?)" - infects a computer, it deletes a randomly chosen section of the hard drive, which, over time, renders the machine unusable. We share a global view of the worm's spread, with particular attention to its features.
A Fragment of Paxillin Binds the α4Integrin Cytoplasmic Domain (Tail) and Selectively Inhibits α4-Mediated Cell Migration

The α4 integrins play important roles in embryogenesis, hematopoiesis, cardiac development, and the immune responses. The α4 integrin subunit is indispensable for these biological processes, possibly because the α4 subunit regulates cellular functions differently from other integrin α subunits. We have previously reported that the α4 cytoplasmic domain directly and tightly binds paxillin, an intracellular signaling adaptor molecule, and this interaction accounts for some of the unusual functional responses to α4 integrin-mediated cell adhesion. We also have identified a conserved 9-amino acid region (Glu983-Tyr991) in the α4cytoplasmic domain that is sufficient for paxillin binding, and an alanine substitution at either Glu983 or Tyr991within this region disrupted the α4-paxillin interaction and reversed the effects of the α4 cytoplasmic domain on cell spreading and migration. In the current study, we have mapped the α4-binding site within paxillin using mutational analysis, and examined its effects on the α4tail-mediated functional responses. Here we report that sequences between residues Ala176 and Asp275 of paxillin are sufficient for binding to the α4 tail. We found that the α4 tail, paxillin, and FAT, the focal adhesion targeting domain of pp125FAK, could form a ternary complex and that the α4-binding paxillin fragment, P(Ala176–Asp275), specifically blocked paxillin binding to the α4 tail more efficiently than it blocked binding to FAT. Furthermore, when expressed in cells, this α4-binding paxillin fragment specifically inhibited the α4 tail-stimulated cell migration. Thus, paxillin binding to the α4 tail leads to enhanced cell migration and inhibition of the α4-paxillin interaction selectively blocks the α4-dependent cellular responses.
Rearrangement and cyclization in the ionization of the 4-chloro-3-methylbutanoyl cation

The second ionization of the 4-chloro-3-methylbutanoyl ion forms a primary alkyl acyl dication, as a tight ion pair. Methyl and hydrogen shifts occur to comparable extents indicating that the relative stability of the product (sec- or tert-carbocation) does not influence the energy barrier for the shift. The product of methyl shift (1,3-sec-alkyl acyl dication) loses the proton closest to the counterion in the tight ion pair and forms the pent-3-enoyl cation. Protonation–deprotonation of the latter, followed by internal acylation, gives the protonated cyclopent-2-enone. The dication resulting from hydrogen shift loses a proton from C-2 and gives the 3-methylbut-2-enoyl cation.
Reactions of Ground-State Ti+ and V+ with Propane: Factors That Govern C−H and C−C Bond Cleavage Product Branching Ratios

Reactions of Ti+ and V+ with C3H8, CH3CD2CH3, CD3CH2CD3, and C3D8 are studied to characterize the rate-limiting transition states and determine the factors that control the branching between H2 and CH4 elimination. For ground-state Ti+ reacting with propane, dehydrogenation and demethanation both occur at thermal energy with reaction efficiencies of 17% and less than 1%, respectively. For ground-state V+, dehydrogenation occurs at thermal energy with an efficiency of less than 1% whereas demethanation occurs with a 0.70 ± 0.06 eV threshold. Deuterium-labeling studies indicate that β-H(D) transfer to form the metal ethene dihydride complex or a multicenter elimination of H2 is the rate-limiting step for dehydrogenation, while reductive elimination of methane is shown to be rate limiting for demethanation. The product kinetic energy release distributions (KERDs) for H2 loss from Ti+(C3H8) and V+(C3H8) are both statistical. Modeling the experimental KERDs using statistical phase space theory yields D0°(Ti+−C...
BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE USTILAGINALES: XIII. OBSERVATIONS ON THE STRUCTURE AND BIOSYNTHESIS OF 4-O-β-D-MANNOPYRANOSYL-D-ERYTHRITOL

D-Glucose-6-C14, D-erythrose-4-C14, and D-erythritol-4-C14 were used as precursors in the biosynthesis of 4-O-β-D-mannopyranosyl erythritol by Ustilago sp. PRL 627 and the patterns of C14 labelling in the products determined. The disaccharide appears to be formed by direct transformation of D-glucose to a D-mannose unit which is then attached to C-4 of D-erythritol.* The labelling of the D-erythritol † portion shows that 80% of C-4 of the molecule is derived from the 6-position of D-glucose.
Discrete energy levels and superconductivity in nanometer-scale Al particles

We have fabricated single-electron tunneling transistors in which the central island is an aluminum grain with radius in the range 2–10 nm. The corresponding spacing between electron-in-a-box levels is in the range ∼0.01 to ∼1 meV. Using tunneling spectroscopy at 50 mK, we have, for the first time, resolved these discrete levels in a metallic grain. By observing the Zeeman spin splitting in a magnetic field, we can distinguish grains with even vs. odd numbers of electrons. A superconducting energy gap can be seen if the grain is large enough so that the level spacing is smaller than the energy gap. This gap is reduced continuously to zero by a magnetic field of 3–4 Tesla. While the superconducting gap adds to the Coulomb gap in determining the threshold voltage for tunneling into a grain with an initially even number of electrons, it subtracts from the Coulomb gap for a grain with an initially odd number of electrons because the tunneling electron can pair with the odd electron, forming a lower-energy fully-paired state.
Thoracic lymphadenopathy in HIV patients: spectrum of disease and differential diagnosis.

To evaluate the etiology and differential features of intrathoracic lymphadenopathy (LAD) in HIV patients, chest computed tomography (CT) records from an 18-month period were reviewed to identify a...
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN LITHIUM SALTS AND A MODEL PEPTIDE: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF LITHIUM CHLORIDE-N-METHYLACETAMIDE COMPLEX.

STUDIES of interactions between lithium salts and a model peptide, as related to protein denaturation, have been in progress in this laboratory for some time1. During these studies, a crystalline material was produced from a mixture of 13 M lithium bromide and N-methylacetamide (NMA) (1 : 4 ratio). These crystals contained both NMA and LiBr. The determination of the structure of this material would, therefore, establish the nature of the interaction between the ions and the model peptide in the crystal.
Romantic Madness and the Playwright/Psychoanalyst: Dr. Thomas Beddoes's Hygëia (1802) and Thomas Lovell Beddoes's The Brides' Tragedy (1822)

This essay examines both medical considerations of madness and the stakes in its dramatic representation in Dr. Thomas Beddoes's medical self-help book Hygeia and Thomas Lovell Beddoes's play The Brides' Tragedy. Separated by twenty years, these texts show a father and son challenging Enlightenment nosology and exploring the limits of associational psychology. Both find in the playwright and his productions the model for a nascent Romantic psychoanalysis. While Hygeia identifies madness as a national crisis because of the influence its representations have upon the British populace, it sees Shakespeare as the model diagnostician of madness. The Brides' Tragedy moves beyond the associational model that dominates Hygeia, to expose madness as part of a fundamental condition akin to Sigmund Freud's death drive. Read together, Hygeia and The Brides' Tragedy suggest the transformation of madness from an epistemological discourse to a science of the psyche capable of addressing ontological questions.
Deep centers as atomic-size quantum dot electron turnstiles

Abstract A quantum turnstile device using deep level centers and the Coulomb blockade effect is proposed for accurate control of electron transfer. The design features high precision, robustness, and unlike other approaches, high current and high temperature operation. Several other applications of the device are also discussed.
A primer on carrying out a successful yet rigorous security risk management based case study

Information security is a complex, multidimensional issue that can have a significant impact on organizations. For organizations, understanding potential threats, educating personnel in security awareness, and establishing and executing security policies are a part of the security culture. Methods of research in information security have been proposed and compared at length, but have not been used to their full extent in organizational level studies. The perceived intrusive nature of information security based studies has been mentioned as a leading cause of lack of research in this area. We considered prior recommendations with regard to information security research and applied them to our own study pertaining to a security risk management (SRM) program at a Fortune 500 firm. We were able to successfully allay many of the concerns that management may have had, and completed the study with positive results. The purpose of this paper is to present the research method that was used successfully. We implemented prior recommendations and modified them to address our research question: What is the impact of perceived CSFs on the perceived effectiveness of an organization's SRM program? Our study included creation of a validated instrument.
Observation of nonlinear neoclassical pressure-gradient-driven tearing modes in TFTR.

A detailed comparison is made between the tearing-type modes observed in TFTR supershot plasmas and the nonlinear, neoclassical pressure-gradient--driven tearing mode theory. Good agreement is found on the nonlinear evolution of single helicity magnetic islands $(m/n\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}3/2$, $4/3$, or $5/4$, where $m$ and $n$ are the poloidal and toroidal mode numbers, respectively). The saturation of these neoclassical tearing-type modes requires ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}l0$ (where ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ is the well-known parameter for classical current-driven tearing instability), which is also consistent with the numerical calculation using the experimental data.
Prenatal course and postnatal management of peripheral bronchial atresia: association with congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung.

Objective: Peripheral bronchial atresia (PBA), a newly identified fetal lung lesion, is often asymptomatic and managed nonoperatively. However, recent studies suggest that bronchial atresia plays a role in the etiology of microcystic maldevelopment present in congenital cystic adenomatoid malformations (CCAM) which require resection to decrease the risk of infection, pneumothorax and malignant degeneration. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prenatal radiographic and postnatal computed tomography (CT) scan/pathology findings with attention to the pathologic diagnosis of microcystic maldevelopment in infants with the presumptive diagnosis of PBA. Methods: A retrospective review of prenatal and postnatal records of patients diagnosed with fetal lung lesions was performed. Two groups of patients were identified: (1) patients diagnosed with PBA on postnatal CT scan (n = 16), and (2) patients with the pathologically confirmed diagnosis of PBA independent of postnatal CT findings (n = 23). Results: Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of these lesions included CCAMs, hybrid lesions, bronchopulmonary sequestrations and bronchial atresia. Eleven of the 16 patients in group 1 with the postnatal radiologic diagnosis of PBA underwent surgical resection, 6 of which were found to have microcystic changes consistent with CCAM. Evaluation of the 23 patients in group 2 with pathologically confirmed PBA identified 65% that had evidence of microcystic maldevelopment consistent with the small cyst type of CCAM. Conclusion: Radiographically diagnosed PBA as well as pathologically confirmed PBA is frequently associated with microcystic changes consistent with the small cyst type of CCAM. Thus, operative management should be considered for PBA to decrease CCAM-associated risks.
A graph theoretical approach to conjugation and resonance energies of hydrocarbons

Abstract Kekule forms of conjugated hydrocarbons are examined and an alternative description based on a set of circuits with a formal alternation of single and double bonds rather than traditional set of Kekule structures offered. The approach is graph theoretical and the analysis consists in enumeration of these unique circuits (called conjugated circuits) and subsequent parametrization when molecular properties are discussed. The concept of conjugated circuits appears close to chemical ideas and was found to directly lead to expressions for resonance energies. A previously briefly outlined scheme on selected benzenoid systems ( Chem. Phys. Letters 38 , 68 (1976)) has now been extended to larger benzenoid systems, cyclobutadiene-containing systems and several benzocyclooctatetraenes, and large number of non-alternant hydrocarbons. While in benzenoid hydrocarbons only circuits of (4n+2) size arise in cyclobutadienes also conjugated circuits of 4n type arise indicating the origin for a lesser stability of these molecules. In polycyclic non-alternant systems some compounds have only conjugated circuits of (4n+2) size, and distantly resemble benzenoids. Others have conjugated circuits of (4n+2) and 4n kind and should subsequently be expected to show a greater dissimilarity with benzenoid systems. A representative molecule of the first kind is azulene and a discrimination of non-alternants in azulenoids , i.e. those having only (4n + 2) conjugated circuits, and non-azulenoids (others) has been suggested Resonance energies of both classes of compounds are examined and the decomposition of the conjugation into circuits of different size is used as the basis for an independent estimate of resonance energies, of the quality of SCF MO calculations. An impressive agreement of the simple graph theoretical approach and fairly elaborate iterative calculations is found, which in the majority of cases is within only few hundredths of an eV. In contrast to usual empirical curve-fitting procedures the parameters involved have simple structural significance There are some formal similarities between the graph theoretical approach based on the concept of conjugated circuits and a VB semiempirical variant developed by Herndon. The congruence only reveals the combinatorial foundations of the Kekule structures on which the two approaches are based Similarities and differences (of a conceptual nature) of the two closely related schemes are discussed, and combined they offer a useful method for discussion of conjugated systems, qualitatively and quantitatively of a predictive power and accuracy associated with SCF MO calculations. Combinatorial basis of the graph theoretical scheme however offer additional interesting connections between properties, such as resonance energies, of different molecules. These follows from the expressions for resonance energies which have not been previously considered.
Family Backgrounds of Emotionally Disturbed Children1

This study reports on family backgrounds of 32 children and adolescents who were patients in one mental hospital in a midwestern state. Parent figures, all of whom lived in rural areas, were interviewed and data from hospital records obtained to examine possible association between problems of children and problems of their families. Family stress and a lack of family unity from marital discord, low incomes, and inability of the parents and children to relate to each other were evident. Parents, as well as children, had symptoms of emotional instability. Community mental health resources were often inadequate or financially unavailable.
Determinants of Worldwide Technology Utilization and Availability a Geospatial and Regression Analysis

Social, economic, and political determinants of technology utilization are studied for a worldwide sample of nations through linear regression and spatial autocorrelation. The conceptual theory, based on prior research findings on the global digital divide, posits that higher levels of technological utilization are based on known factors and it further provides screening for geographic clustering of like-valued estimation errors. The spatial autocorrelation of residuals is tested, and is significant for the regressions of each of the dependent variables. Since geographically weighted regression cannot be applied, regression is performed for three world regions, based on UN definitions. Major findings indicate for Europe the importance of judicial independence and innovation, for Asia higher education and foreign direct investment, and for Africa and South America, education and foreign direct investment. The theory and findings add to the digital divide literature the method of validity testing for spatial clustering of errors.
Spatial ability, handedness, and human sexual orientation

We investigated the relations among mental rotations and spatial perception abilities, handedness, and sexual orientation in both men and women. The present study included a relatively large sample and attempted to control statistically for important covariates such as general intelligence. Significant sex differences were obtained for mental rotations and spatial perception, but not for handedness. None of these measures was significantly related to sexual orientation within either sex.
Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Application from Swine Manure on Winter Wheat Growth and Nutrient Utilization

Two trials were conducted to determine the effect of swine manure application on wheat growth and nutrient uptake. Manure was added to soil on a nitrogen (N) basis at 325 kg plant-available nitrogen (PAN) ha−1 (experiment 1) and on a phosphorus (P) basis at 50 kg P ha−1, while maintaining a rate of 325 kg PAN ha−1 through ammonium sulfate addition (experiment 2). Manure treatments increased overall wheat growth by 29% (P < 0.005) compared to the negative control (NC) and increased plant tissue N mass 48% (P < 0.001) and P mass 61% (P < 0.002) (experiment 1). Fertilizer control tended to increase (P < 0.10) wheat growth and increased total vegetative tissue N mass by 23% (P < 0.006) and potassium mass by 20% (P < 0.002) compared to manure treatments. Manure treatments increased wheat growth by 23% (P < 0.03) compared to the NC at the first harvest (experiment 2).
EXPERIMENTAL SCRAPIE IN GOATS: A MODIFICATION OF INCUBATION PERIOD AND CLINICAL RESPONSE FOLLOWING PRE-TREATMENT WITH NORMAL GOAT BRAIN.

SCRAPIE is a naturally occurring, experimentally transmissible disease of sheep, the causal agent of which has not been identified. The disease has been produced experimentally in goats1, in which species the incubation period ranges from 7 to 23 months2. Attention has been directed to similarities between the scrapie agent and the agent responsible for allergic encephalomyelitis, and although these two diseases are quite unlike pathologically, it has been suggested that similarities in pathogenesis may exist3.
Preliminary evaluation of line-edge roughness metrology based on CD-SAXS

Line edge roughness (LER) remains a predominant measure of pattern quality used to evaluate processing parameters throughout the many steps of fabricating microelectronics. In the effort to minimize LER, a critical component is a metrology capable of rapid and non-destructive characterization of fluctuations in the position of the pattern, or line, edge. Previously, we have demonstrated a non-destructive metrology capable of sub-nm precision in the measurement of pitch and linewidth termed Critical Dimension Small Angle X-ray Scattering (CD-SAXS). Here, we explore the capability of CD-SAXS to measure line edge fluctuations using the diffuse scattering from diffraction peaks. Models of varying forms of line edge roughness are used to explore the effects of different types of line edge roughness on CD-SAXS results. It is found that the frequency and the degree of correlation of the roughness between patterns greatly influences the scattering pattern predicted. Model predictions are then compared to CD-SAXS results from a photoresist grating.
African American males memory, culture, and ethos

As we embark upon the twenty-first century, the concept of race still presents a dilemma and paradox concerning Africana continental and diaspsoric people’s quest to advance, and more importantly, employ the idea of cultural and political autonomy. Nevertheless, not just focusing on the hierarchy and subordination of gender, in the Africana community, black people throughout the world will and must and should consider to seek or locate a collective consciousness in describing, enumerating, and evaluating the historical and cultural condition of African people, from a lens, prism, and perspective that reaffirms their own experiences.
Glossing gloss and its undertow

When Barbara Guest died in 2006, some poets were invited to contribute to an online ‘Memory Bank’, selecting a favourite passage from her writing and offering thoughts and anecdotes.1 The New York ...
Stress Effects on Thin-Film Parametrons

An analysis of the dynamic behavior of a thin-film parametron is derived from the Landau-Lifshitz and the circuit nodal equations. The effect of stresses on the thin film is included in the mathematical model and the resultant equations are solved numerically by the Runge-Kutta method, without making any assumption about the nature of the solution. The initial conditions used to start the computation are also obtained numerically, solving the same equation for the particular case of zero pump field. Solutions for various values of stress are given, electrical and magnetic parameters are plotted, and the effect of stresses on the waveforms are discussed. A detailed analysis of the energy transfer in the unstressed case is presented. Experimental waveforms from a cylindrical thin-film parametron which was tested under conditions similar to those used in the computation are presented. Computed and experimental waveforms show excellent quantitative and qualitative agreement.
The Effects of Stomach Loads of Hypertonic Nacl on Thyroidectomized Prepubescent Rats

Summary Prepubescent male and female rats (N = 56) were surgically thyroidectomized and given stomach loads of .9% or 6.0% NaCl. The 6.0% NaCl, thyroidectomized Ss responded by decreasing food intake and losing weight 24 hours after loading. Normal Ss did not, and no sex difference was found. The .9% NaCl thyroidectomized Ss drank significantly less than the normals. The results were interpreted in terms of thyroid hormone activity which affects renal function.
Automatic retargeting of web page content

We present a novel technique for automatically retargeting content from one web page onto the layout of another. Web pages are decomposed into their perceptual hierarchical representations. We then use a structured-prediction algorithm to learn reasonable mappings between the perceptual trees. Using the mappings, we are able to merge the content of one page with the layout of another.
Taking stock of youth organizing: An interdisciplinary perspective

Youth organizing combines elements of community organizing, with its emphasis on ordinary people working collectively to advance shared interests, and positive youth development, with its emphasis on asset-based approaches to working with young people. It is expanding from an innovative, but marginal approach to youth and community development into a more widely recognized model for practice among nonprofit organizations and foundations. Along the way, it has garnered attention from researchers interested in civic engagement, social movements, and resiliency. A growing body of published work evidences the increasing interest of researchers, who have applied an assortment of theoretical perspectives to their observations of youth organizing processes. Through an appraisal of the current state of this still-emerging area of practice and research, including case examples, the authors identify common elements of the practice of youth organizing--relationship development, popular education, social action, and participatory research and evaluation--and conclude with a discussion of promising future directions for research and practice.
Antagonism of Adrenocortical Extract and Cortisone to Desoxycorticos-terone: Brain Excitability in Adrenalectomized Rats.∗

SummaryThe electroshock seizure thresholds (EST) of intact and adrenalectomized rats implanted with desoxycorticosterone acetate (DCA) and given water or a 0.9% sodium chloride solution to drink have been measured. The rate of elevation of EST was as follows, in increasing order: intact controls on water; intact DCA-implanted animals on water; adrenalectomized DCA-implanted rats on water; adrenalectomized DCA-implanted rats on 0.9% sodium chloride solution. These rates correspond to those predicted on the basis of the known effects of the secretion of the adrenal cortex and the concentration of extracellular sodium on brain excitability. Cortisone and adrenocortical extract (ACE) lowered the elevated EST of adrenalectomized DCA-implanted rats which were given a solution of sodium chloride to drink by 8.5% in 6 days. Following withdrawal of cortisone or ACE the EST returned to pretreatment levels in 11 days. Cortisone lowered the elevated EST of adrenalectomized DCA-implanted rats given water to drink by 1...
Neighbourhood Social Mix as a Goal of Housing Policy: A Theoretical Analysis

ABSTRACT Many western European housing policies have tried to increase the residential mix of advantaged and disadvantaged groups. Unfortunately, policymakers have given little consideration to how these groups will interact as neighbours. There are numerous theoretically grounded mechanisms by which the social mix of a neighbourhood may influence socio-economic outcomes of its residents. These mechanisms differ on the basis of which group is generating the social externality in the neighbourhood, whether this externality is positive or negative, whether it affects all residents equally, and whether the marginal externality generated by adding one more member of a particular group is constant, proportional, or is characterized by a threshold effect. This paper demonstrates that a social mix housing policy can be justified only under a circumscribed set of the preceding parameters. Indeed, depending on the mechanism assumed, social efficiency implies that neighbourhoods should be either: equally mixed, hav...
Residential solar systems: Technology, net-metering, and financial payback

The objective is to address both technical and financial aspects of a residential solar system. The impact of these two factors on financial paybacks of a resident is presented. This paper is divided to two sections. First, the impact of the technical factors such as geographical location of the solar system, proper panel installation, panel material, and system efficiency on the output electric power are discussed.
An approximation to the factor K in the Toh-Ko-Meyer MOS engineering model

An approximate expression for the factor K used in the Toh-Ko-Meyer MOS engineering model is derived. The approximate expression presented allows one to compute directly the saturation current and the saturation voltage with given device dimensions and biasing voltages without the need for iteration. >
Myelo‐ and cytoarchitecture of the granular frontal cortex and surrounding regions in the strepsirhine primate Galago and the anthropoid primate Macaca

As the first part of a comparative investigation of primate frontal cortex, we compared the frontal architectonic organization of Galago, a small-brained, strepsirhine (or “prosimian”) primate, to that of an anthropoid primate, Macaca, by using myelin- and Nissl-stained material. We were able to distinguish many more areas in both taxa than have been recognized in most previous studies of the primate frontal lobe. In particular, we were able to subdivide many of the areas shown in the commonly cited architectonic map of Walker (J. Comp. Neurol. 73:59–86. 1940). Delineation of areas was greatly facilitated by the use of the Gallyas technique for staining myeli. The areal organization of much of frontal cortex (specifically, the premotor, orbital, and medial regions) appears to be very similar in Galago and Macaca. In these regions, we were able to recognize the same complement of areas in both taxa, with few exceptions. In the granular frontal cortex (GFC), by contrast, we were able to distinguish about twice as many areas in Macaca as in Galago. For most of the GFC areas of Galago, there are architectonically similar areas in Macaca; the areas shared by both taxa correspond mainly to the arcuate and superior areas of Macaca (i.e., the region encompassed by Walker's areas 45, 8A, and 8B). However, there are many additional, more rostral, areas in Macaca for which there are no obvious homologues in Galago. In particular, Galago lacks cortex resembling the distinctive, lightly myelinated cortex of the Macaca principal sulcus (Walker's area 46 and its subdivisions) Our results are difficult to reconcile with the view that frontal lobe organization varies little across taxa. Rather, they suggest that granular frontal cortex underwent considerable change during primate evolution, including the addition of new areas in anthropoids.
A simple short-channel MOSFET model and its application to delay analysis of inverters and series-connected MOSFETs

A simple short-channel MOSFET model is proposed and applied to the delay analysis of CMOS inverters and series-connected MOSFET structures (SCMSs). The model is implemented in SPICE3 and shown to enhance the simulation speed. The model parameters for this model can be easily obtained. A delay analysis of the SCMS is carried out in the submicron region, and it is shown that the delay ratio ((delay of NAND/NOR)/(delay of inverter)) becomes smaller as channel length gets shorter. For example, if the maximum number of series-connected MOSFETS is considered to be five in 2- mu m designs, then the number can be increased to 6 approximately 7 in the submicron circuit design. In the typical cases in VLSI designs, the delay ratio for N-SCMSs is much less than N/sup 2/. >
Circular Base Plates with Large Eccentric Loads

Circular base plates are commonly used for pipe columns, such as pylons in cable-stayed bridges, lighting poles, and electric power line posts. Although the explicit solutions for rectangular base plates can be found in many textbooks and AISC design procedures for base plates, a design procedure for circular base plates has not been documented. In this paper, two equilibrium equations are presented for circular base plates with large eccentric loads. Since these two equations cannot be solved explicitly, an iteration approach is used to solve them.
American Investment in Tropical Mexico: Rubber Plantations, Fraud, and Dollar Diplomacy, 1897–1913

The following article examines U.S. investment in Mexico at the turn of the century, focusing on the tropical plantation companies and their promises of enormous profits. Viewed in the light—or shadow—of Dollar Diplomacy, the usual interpretation of such events has been that American investors exported profits and undermined internal development while the U.S. government established political hegemony. This article calls both of these outcomes into question.
Neighboring nucleotide interactions during DNA sequencing gel electrophoresis

Abstract Electrophoretic separation of oligonucleotides in denaturing polyacrylamide gels is primarily a function of length-dependent mobility. The 3' terminal nucleotide sequence of the oligonucleotide is a significant, secondary determinant of mobility and separation. Oligomers with 3'-ddT migrate more slowly than expected on the basis of length alone, and thus are better separated from the preceding, shorter oligomers in the sequencing ladder. Oligomers with 3'-ddC are relatively faster than expected, and are therefore less separated. At the 3' penultimate position, -dC- increases and -dT- reduces separation. Purines at the 3' terminal or penultimate positions of oligonucleotides affect separation less than the pyrimidines. These results suggest specific interactions among neighboring nucleotides with important effects on the conformation of oligonucleotides during electrophoresis. These interactions are compared to compression artifacts, which represent more extreme anomalies of length-dependent separation of oligonucleotides. Knowledge of base-specific effects on electrophoretic behavior of DNA oligomers supplements the usual information available for determination of sequences; additionally it provides an avenue to thermodynamic and hydrodynamic investigations of DNA structure.
Modeling Flight Attendants’ Exposure to Secondhand Smoke in Commercial Aircraft: Historical Trends from 1955 to 1989

Flight attendants were exposed to elevated levels of secondhand smoke (SHS) in commercial aircraft when smoking was allowed on planes. During flight attendants’ working years, their occupational SHS exposure was influenced by various factors, including the prevalence of active smokers on planes, fliers’ smoking behaviors, airplane flight load factors, and ventilation systems. These factors have likely changed over the past six decades and would affect SHS concentrations in commercial aircraft. However, changes in flight attendants’ exposure to SHS have not been examined in the literature. This study estimates the magnitude of the changes and the historic trends of flight attendants’ SHS exposure in U.S. domestic commercial aircraft by integrating historical changes of contributing factors. Mass balance models were developed and evaluated to estimate flight attendants’ exposure to SHS in passenger cabins, as indicated by two commonly used tracers (airborne nicotine and particulate matter (PM)). Monte Carlo...
HETP and pressure drop prediction for structured packing distillation columns using a neural network model

A neural net framework was used to predict the mass-transfer and hydraulic performance of a commercial structured packing operating in distillation service. The results indicated that the approach produced a more accurate prediction than a traditional semiempirical model. The neural net methodology was also used to yield a detailed sensitivity analysis of the operating variables.
Self-Management, Perceived Control, and Subjective Quality of Life in Multiple Sclerosis: An Exploratory Study

Self-management has been shown to increase perceived control over both illness and nonillness aspects of life among people with chronic conditions but has not received significant research attentio...
Boundary Labor and the Production of Emotionless Commodities: The Case of Beef Production

This study examines cattle producers' work in conventional U.S. beef production. Producers express emotional connection to cattle, but also treat cattle as economic assets. Balancing these perspect...
Amino acid pools in cultured muscle cells.

Compartmentalization of cellular amino acid pools occurs in cultures of cardiac and skeletal muscle cells, but the factors involved in this are not clear. We have further defined this problem by analyzing the intracellular free leucine and the transfer-RNA-(tRNA)-bound leucine pool in cultures of skeletal and cardiac muscle incubated with 3H-leucine in the presence and absence of serum and amino acids. Withdrawal of nitrogen substrates caused substantial changes in leucine pool relationships–in particular, a change in the degree to which intracellular free leucine and tRNA-leucine were derived from the culture medium. In separate experiments, the validity of our tRNA measurements was confirmed by measurements of the specific activity of newly synthesized ferritin after iron induction. We discuss the implications of these findings with regard-to factors involved in the control of amino acid flux through the cell, as well as with regard to design of experiments using isotopic amino acids to measure rates of amino acid utilization.
Identifying factors that increase the likelihood of driving after drinking among college students

Driving after drinking (DAD) is a serious public health concern found to be more common among college students than those of other age groups or same-aged non-college peers. The current study examined potential predictors of DAD among a dual-site sample of 3753 (65% female, 58% Caucasian) college students. Results showed that 19.1% of respondents had driven after 3 or more drinks and 8.6% had driven after 5 or more drinks in the past 3 months. A logistic regression model showed that male status, fraternity or sorority affiliation, family history of alcohol abuse, medium or heavy drinking (as compared to light drinking), more approving self-attitudes toward DAD, and alcohol expectancies for sexual enhancement and risk/aggression were independently associated with driving after drinking over and above covariates. These results extend the current understanding of this high risk drinking behavior in collegiate populations and provide implications for preventive strategies. Findings indicate that in addition to targeting at-risk subgroups, valuable directions for DAD-related interventions may include focusing on lowering both self-approval of DAD and alcohol-related expectancies, particularly those associated with risk/aggression and sexuality.
Mobile communications: global trends in the 21st century

The paper presents an overview of the mobile communications industry. Many aspects of the industry are analysed including the importance of mobile communications, brief history of the industry and mobile applications such as mobile phones, satellites, other handheld devices, wireless computing and m-commerce. The competitive landscape of the mobile phone market is explored based on competing protocols or standards, airtime carriers and handset providers. Trends and forecasts predicted by experts for the industry are also outlined. The key characteristics of the US mobile market are compared with that of European and Asian markets.