cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
La campaña teatral de Ricardo Baeza e Irene López Heredia (1927-1928): historia externa e interna de una colaboración

In Spain during the first decades of this century, the commercial theatre flourished in Madrid and the provincial capitals. At the same time, a few pioneers occasionally launched a project aimed at achieving truly «artistic» theatre. But there existed an intermediate path between these two extremes. When the critic and translator Ricardo Baeza entered into formal collaboration -as artistic director- with the actress Irene Lopez Heredia in december 1927, both of them were clearly thinking in terms of this third path: their plan of campaign was to offer «first of all, pleasant plays, for a wide audience and, at the same time, of literary merit», and then, only after having established themselves, «to start offering things that were a little more difficult». Using the press of the period, we can track this artistic collaboration, from the advance publicity prior to the debut of the new company in Zaragoza (20 December 1927), following its itinerary through the provinces and then on to Barcelona to open the new season which commenced on Easter Saturday (7 April 1928). Furthermore, it has been possible to reconstruct the company's repertoire and to calculate the number of performances of each work. Unfortunately, the collaboration did not prosper: the personal conflicts between Baeza and Lopez Heredia, as well as their divergent artistic criteria, caused its dissolution during the company's run in Barcelona.
Natural regeneration patterns in even-aged mixed stands in southern New England.

A regeneration survey in southern New England in three different cover types indicated that most of the seed- hngs present were less than 19.7 in. in height. Although red oak was a principal component of the overstory, it represented a small proportion of regeneration. Black brch and red maple were common regener- ation components. There was a general re- lationship between overstory density and the amount of regeneration. To obtain nat- ural regeneration, a general broad op- timum range of overstory densities be- tween 20-80 ft2/ac of basal area is sug- gested. Successful red oak and sugar maple regeneration was obtained with overstory densities of these species between 20-40 ft2/ac. A higher proportion of these species dd not result in more regeneration. White pne regeneration was closely related to the amount of white pine in the overstory, however. The density of mountain laurel seemed to have little effect on the establish- ment of regeneration. The greater the length of time since last harvest, the more oak seedlings would be present in hard- wood stands. The opposite was true for red maple, black birch, and hemlock.
Measurement of Residual Stresses in Ammunition

This paper will describe the results of residual stress measurements on selected artillery projectile metal parts to determine the state of stress.
Aluminum–nickel combustion for joining lunar regolith ceramic tiles

Abstract Combustion-based methods are attractive for space manufacturing because the use of chemical energy stored in reactants dramatically decreases the required external energy input. Recently, a sintering technique has been developed for converting lunar/Martian regolith into ceramic tiles, but it is unclear how to build a reliable launch/landing pad from these tiles with small amounts of energy and materials. Here we explored the feasibility of joining the regolith tiles using self-propagating high-temperature reactions between two metal powders. Combustion of an aluminum/nickel mixture placed in a gap between two tiles, made of JSC-1A lunar regolith simulant, was studied in an argon environment at 1 kPa pressure. Stable propagation of the combustion front was observed over the tested range of distances between the tiles, 2–8 mm. The front velocity increases with increasing the distance between the tiles. Joining of the tiles was achieved in several experiments and improvement with increasing the tile thickness was observed. Thermophysical properties of the tiles, the reactive mixture, and the reaction product were determined using differential scanning calorimetry and laser flash analysis. A model for steady propagation of the combustion wave over a condensed substance layer placed between two inert media was applied for analysis of the investigated system. Testing the model has resulted in reasonable agreement between the experimental and modeling dependencies. Both experimental and modeling results indicate a narrow quenching distance in the investigated system, which implies that a small amount of the reactive mixture would be required for sintering regolith tiles on the Moon.
Virus and tumor microenvironment induced ER stress and unfolded protein response: from complexity to therapeutics.

// Kumari Asha 1 and Neelam Sharma-Walia 1 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A Correspondence to: Neelam Sharma-Walia, email: neelam.sharma-walia@rosalindfranklin.edu Keywords: endoplasmic reticulum stress; UPR; PERK; IRE1α; ATF6 Received: May 31, 2018 Accepted: July 21, 2018 Published: August 07, 2018 ABSTRACT Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress can be activated by various pathological and physiological conditions including the unfolded protein response (UPR) to restore homeostasis. The UPR signaling pathways initiated by double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) like ER kinase (PERK), inositol requiring enzyme 1 α (IRE1α), and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) are vital for tumor growth, aggressiveness, microenvironment remodeling, and resistance to cancer therapeutics. This review focuses on the role of ER stress and activity of UPR signaling pathways involved in tumor formation and uncontrolled cell proliferation during various cancers and viral malignancies.
Hepatocellular carcinoma outcomes at an academic transplant center: A single-institution retrospective study.

e15624Background: Although there have been recent advances in locoregional therapies, liver transplant remains the only curative treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma. Previous single-institution ...
Learning/Teaching Case Study – The Rocky Road from Peace to Action

This case traces the development of Jonesville Center for Peace Education (JCPE), a longstanding nonprofit organization originally focused on peace-oriented programming and advocacy. Over time, ext...
Cross-sectional imaging utilization for EGFR, EML/ALK, and KRAS mutant non-small cell lung cancer.

e20663Background: Targeted therapies for specific genotypic subsets of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients have had drastic effects on overall survival at all stages. However, the NCCN guid...
What Is Collaborative Problem Solving and Why Use the Approach

This chapter orients or reorients the reader to the fundamental philosophy and practice of Collaborative Problem Solving. It presents basic information about effectiveness of the approach across different settings and provides a rationale for this volume as a resource for individuals looking to implement CPS organization-wide.
Evaluation of Occipital Nerve Blocks for Acute Pain Relief of Migraines

Migraines are a debilitating neurological disease affecting as many as 1 of 6 adults in the United States. Occipital nerve block, consisting of a local anesthetic and/or corticosteroid, has shown to be an effective treatment for the management of migraines. Occipital nerve block has been reported to reduce migraine pain scores, frequency, and duration. We aimed to evaluate the impact of occipital nerve block for acute pain relief in patients with migraines. This was a single-center retrospective observational study conducted at a 1162-bed academic medical center in Gainesville, Florida. Included patients were ≥18 years old, diagnosed with migraine with or without aura, and received at least 1 occipital nerve block. Excluded patients received nerve blocks not specific to the occipital region. The outcomes observed were migraine pain before and after administration within the same initial encounter of receiving an occipital nerve block using a numeric pain rating scale, injection direction, medications used, duration of effect and frequency of additional injections, and adverse reactions. A total of 190 patients met the inclusion criteria, with 63% rating their pain to be 6-8 of 10 prior to an occipital nerve block. After receiving an occipital nerve block, 27% of patients reported significant or immediate relief, and 42% experienced reduced pain scores of 0-2. The majority of injections were bilateral using lidocaine with dexamethasone. Only 3% of patients reported an adverse reaction. Occipital nerve block as adjunctive therapy has shown safety and efficacy in treating patients with migraines, measured by the reduction in pain.
Overview of Arid Desert Conditions, Water Sources, and Desert Plants and Animals

Deserts have fascinated humans for centuries. They have been focus of even fictional books (Herbert 1965). A desert is a barren landscape where little precipitation occurs (Meigs 1953; Walker 1992; Costa 1995; Mares 1999; Harris 2003; Allaby 2006; Laity 2008; Greenberger 2009). A desert is referred to as an area of land that receives no more than 250 mm of precipitation per year. The amount of evaporation in a desert often greatly exceeds the annual rainfall, which results in a moisture deficit over the course of a year. All deserts are arid or dry. There is little water available for any living nature to survive. Consequently, living conditions are hostile for living nature including plant and animal life.
Evaluation of the dietary vitamin A requirement of finishing steers via systematic depletion and repletion, and its effects on performance and carcass characteristics.

A randomized complete block design experiment with 30 yearling crossbred steers (initial average body weight [BW] = 297.6 ± 32.8 kg) fed a steam-flaked corn-based diet was used to evaluate finishing performance and carcass characteristics when provided with different concentrations of vitamin A (Rovimix A 1000; DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Sisseln, Switzerland) subsequent to a depletion phase. Steers were blocked by BW (n = 5 blocks; 6 steers per block), assigned to pens (n = 2 steers per pen), and randomly assigned to one of the following dietary treatments: no added vitamin A (0IU; 0.0 IU/kg dry matter [DM] basis of additional vitamin A), vitamin A supplemented at the estimated National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) requirement (2,200IU; 2,200 IU/kg of dietary DM of additional vitamin A), and vitamin A supplemented at 5× the estimated requirement (11,000IU; 11,000 IU/kg of dietary DM of additional vitamin A). The basal diet included minimal vitamin A activity ( 0.05). Throughout the duration of the study, dry matter intake for the 0IU cattle was depressed (P = 0.01). Differences were not observed across treatments for hot carcass weight, rib eye area, back fat thickness, kidney-pelvic-heart fat %, marbling score, or dressing percent (P ≥ 0.10). A treatment × day interaction occurred for both (P < 0.01) sera retinol and liver retinol during phase 2 of the trial. The treatments and sera retinol concentrations were incorporated into a repletion model, resulting in an estimation of liver retinol changes (P < 0.01; R2 = 0.682). However, models used to evaluate depleted animals were less effective. The current NASEM recommended that vitamin A requirement of 2,200 IU/kg is adequate for repletion of vitamin A status of feedlot steers.
Trends in robotic surgery utilization across tertiary children's hospitals in the United States.

A growing number of tertiary children’s hospitals are utilizing robotic surgical technology. We sought to characterize national trends in pediatric surgical robotic case utilization and related drivers. Pediatric urology and pediatric surgery (abdominal and thoracic) procedures, performed from January 2010 to December 2019 across 19 U.S. tertiary care children’s hospitals, were identified using the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS). Trends in robot utilization were evaluated by surgical subspecialty, procedure type, and number of individual operating surgeons. Increases were noted in the overall numbers of pediatric surgery (1.3% per quarter, p = 0.005) and urology robotic procedures (2.0% per quarter, p < 0.001), as well as the numbers of pediatric surgeons (7.5% per year, p < 0.001) and pediatric urologists (7.8% per year, p < 0.001) operating robotically. Biliary system and spleen surgery were the most common robotic pediatric surgery procedures (45.5%) and had stable utilization over time (− 0.8% per quarter, 95% CI − 2.3–0.8). Robotic foregut surgery showed the most rapid growth in utilization (2.1% per quarter, 95% CI 0.7–3.6, p = 0.004) in pediatric surgery, while mediastinal/thoracic surgery demonstrated a decrease in utilization (− 4.6%, 95% CI − 7.9–1.2, p = 0.008). Renal pelvis/ureter surgery was the most common robotic urologic procedure (55.8%) and also demonstrated the fastest growth utilization (2.2% per quarter, 95% CI 1.5–2.9, p < 0.001) in urology. Utilization of robotic-assisted surgery in pediatric surgery and pediatric urology has increased both in case volume and the number of operating surgeons, with foregut and renal pelvis/ureter surgery responsible for the areas of greatest growth.
'Wall Street Week': Information or Entertainment?

The purpose of the study we report was to determine the information content of the recommendations made by panelists during 1997 on "Wall Street Week with Louis Rukeyser." Using event-study methodology for the short term, we found a statistically significant positive abnormal return of 0.65 percent for the recommendations on the first trading day after the show on Friday. To determine the abnormal long-term (one- and two-year) average holding-period returns, we used two matching processes. Using industry and size matching, we found not only that the portfolio of recommended stocks improved in value during the following eight quarters but that its increase in value was higher than for the matched sample in all eight quarters and statistically significantly higher in half of the eight quarters. Using industry, size, and book-to-market matching, we found similar results. Overall, this study's results suggest that the panelist recommendations have significant information content.
Exclusionary School Discipline during Childhood and Adolescent Police Encounters

A growing body of literature demonstrates exclusionary discipline (e.g., suspension, expulsion) elevates the risk of arrest and incarceration. Even so, the bulk of research to date overlooks the in...
Task-shifting for refugee mental health and psychosocial support: A scoping review of services in humanitarian settings through the lens of RE-AIM:

Background:Decades of war, famines, natural disasters, and political upheaval have led to the largest number of displaced persons in human history. The refugee experience is fraught with obstacles ...
Impact of Microfinance on Smallholder Cassava and Rice Farms Productivity in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Nigeria

This study was undertaken to investigate the impact of microfinance on agricultural productivity by smallholder farmers in Makurdi Metropolis of Benue State, Nigeria. Data were randomly collected from 120 farmers consisting of 60 credit beneficiaries (CB) and 60 non-credit beneficiaries (NCB) by which were analyzed through descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. The results of the regression analysis showed a clear impact of microfinance credit on agricultural productivity. Findings revealed that, the accessed credits help farmers to purchase inputs and improve farming technologies which ultimately transformed into higher productivity of the credit beneficiaries as CB farmers realized higher yields (52.1 bags) compared to the NCB farmers (24.6 bags). This is partly because the CB were relatively better in the use of inputs such as adoption of improved seeds, use of fertilizers and affordability of hired labor which ultimately enhanced their farm productivity. The study concluded that though microfinance credits has significant impact on agricultural productivity under smallholder farmers, access to microfinance credits by smallholder farmers in the study area is constrained by lack of microfinance credit information, high interest rates, and inadequate supply of credit institutions as well as risk averse nature of some farmers. Thus, in order to enhance agricultural productivity and improve the well-being of smallholder farmers, it is recommended that smallholder farmers should be facilitated to form “Savings and Credits Cooperative Unions” (SACCOS) for collective responsibilities of accessing credits and paying loans.
AdaTiSS: A Novel Data-Adaptive Robust Method for Identifying Tissue Specificity Scores.

MOTIVATION Accurately detecting tissue specificity (TS) in genes helps researchers understand tissue functions at the molecular level. The Genotype-Tissue Expression project is one of the publicly available data resources, providing large-scale gene expressions across multiple tissue types. Multiple tissue comparisons and heterogeneous tissue expression make it challenging to accurately identify tissue specific gene expression. How to distinguish the inlier expression from the outlier expression becomes important to build the population level information and further quantify the TS. There still lacks a robust and data-adaptive TS method taking into account heterogeneities of the data. METHODS We found that the key to identify tissue specific gene expression is to properly define a concept of expression population. In a linear regression problem, we developed a novel data-adaptive robust estimation based on density-power-weight under unknown outlier distribution and non-vanishing outlier proportion. The Gaussian-population mixture model was considered in the setting of identifying TS. We took into account heterogeneities of gene expression and applied the robust data-adaptive procedure to estimate the population parameters. With the well-estimated population parameters, we constructed the AdaTiSS algorithm. RESULTS Our AdaTiSS profiled TS for each gene and each tissue, which standardized the gene expression in terms of TS. We provided a new robust and powerful tool to the literature of defining tissue specificity. AVAILABILITY https://github.com/mwgrassgreen/AdaTiSS.
Do liberal arts colleges maximize profit

Revenue, cost, tuition, and scholarship data at private liberal arts colleges from 2003–2013 are used to estimate how each college's net revenue per student varies with student enrollment. Our empirical specification assumes that colleges simultaneously pick their optimal net tuition and cost of instruction. The estimates allow us to identify the enrollment level that maximizes the return on the college's provision of educational services. Thirty‐seven percent of the colleges have enrollments within one standard deviation of their profit maximizing enrollment. Another 11% are more than one standard deviation above the profit maximizing level; they increase access to students but not revenue. Compared to the profit maximizing colleges, the institutions with enrollments beyond their profit maximum have stronger endowments and enroll more low‐income students. Although no schools were below their shut‐down enrollment, 13% were within one standard deviation of their minimum enrollment and may be vulnerable to tuition revenue shock.
Culturally Responsive Strategies to Address Youth Gangs in Schools

Youth gangs are a significant problem in elementary and secondary schools across the United States (US) and are associated with violent crimes and serious delinquency (Chandler, Chapman, Rand, & Taylor, 1998). The presence of youth gangs in schools may negatively affect the school climate relating to an increased level of school violence (Laub & Lauritsen, 1998), and contributing to overall student victimization (Howell & Lynch, 2000). Youth in gangs are responsible for up to seven times more violent crime offenses than youth who are not involved in gangs (Howell, 2003). Although the characteristics of youth gangs are heterogeneous, both within and across different geographic locations (Egley, Howell, & Major, 2006), in general, youth gangs are an organized group with three or more members, between 12 and 24 years old, stable over time, share a sense of identity (e.g., name, symbols/colors, geographic location), and are involved in criminal activities (Howell, 2009). Additionally, the group must perceive themselves as a gang and others must identify them as a gang.
Parties, Preferences, and Congressional Organization: Explaining Repeals in Congress from 1877 to 2012

When does Congress repeal laws enacted by prior generations? Although the substantial body of work on policy creation provides tentative explanations, we believe repeals represent an alternative way of examining the effects of congressional organization on legislative behavior. In this paper, we develop hypotheses based on both the conditional nature of party power and the location of pivot points, and test these hypotheses with a new data set of repeals from 1877 to 2012. We find that the largest effects on Congress’s capacity to repeal legislation are variation in the majority’s positive agenda control and shifts in the gridlock interval. We also find that when the majority claims control of both chambers after a long stretch in the minority, there is an increased likelihood of repeal beyond what is predicted by conditional party government alone. Because the partisan factors in our model have the largest substantive effects, and because repeals do not occur automatically in productive Congresses, we ch...
Density Gradient Centrifugation Studies on Rabies Virus

Neurath, A. Robert (The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pa.), Tadeusz J. Wiktor, and Hilary Koprowski. Density gradient centrifugation studies on rabies virus. J. Bacteriol. 92:102–106. 1966.—Cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation of rabies virus revealed a heterogeneous population of infectious virus particles, the majority of which showed a density of 1.20 g/ml. From results obtained by rate zonal centrifugation in preformed sucrose gradients, it was possible to calculate a sedimentation coefficient of about 600S for rabies virus. Sedimentation coefficients of about 23S and 10S were calculated for two soluble rabies antigens present in infected tissue-culture fluids, and they showed a density of 1.26 g/ml in cesium chloride solutions.
Nematode biochemistry: XI, biosynthesis of fatty acids by Caenorhabditis briggsae and Panagrellus redivivus

Abstract 1. 1. The free-living nernatodes, Caenorhabditis briggsae and Panagrellus redivivivus , are capable of synthesizing polyunaaturated fatty acids de novo. Acetate-2- 14 C yields labelled linoleic acid (18:2), linolenic acid (18:3), and C 10 fatty acids with up to 5 double bonds. Evidence is presented which shows that these acids are labelled throughout the chain and not formed by simple addition of a labelled 2-carbon unit to pre-existing precursors. 2. 2. Stearate-I- 14 C and oleate-I- 14 C are also converted directly to polyunsaturated fatty acids in C. briggsae , providing further proof that oleate can be desaturated to linoleate. Of all the multicellular animals so far studied, only free-living nematodes have this biosynthetic capability.
Whipple bumper shield simulations

The Whipple bumper is a space shield designed to protect a space station from the most hazardous orbital space debris environment. A series of numerical simulations has been performed using the multi-dimensional hydrodynamics code CTH to estimate the effectiveness of the thin Whipple bumper design. These simulations are performed for impact velocities of {approximately}10 km/s which are now accessible by experiments using the Sandia hypervelocity launcher facility. For a {approximately}10 km/s impact by a 0.7 gm aluminum flier plate, the experimental results indicate that the debris cloud resulting upon impact of the bumper shield by the flier plate, completely penetrates the sub-structure. The CTH simulations also predict complete penetration by the subsequent debris cloud. 5 refs., 4 figs., 2 tabs.
Final Lift Actions Associated with Topological Functors

For a topological functor U:E→B, the fiber U−1(b), b∈B, is a cocomplete poset and the left action, induced by final lift, of the endomorphism monoid B(b,b) on U−1(b) is cocontinuous. It is shown that every cocontinuous left action of B(b,b) on any cocomplete poset can be realized as the final lift action associated to a canonically defined topological functor over B. If B is a Grothendieck topos and b=Ω, the subobject classifier, then B(Ω,Ω) inherits both a monoidal and a cocomplete poset structure. In the case B= Sets, all cocontinuous left actions of B(Ω,Ω) on itself are explicitly described and each is shown to arise as the final lift action associated to a specific subcategory of a certain fixed category, referred to as the category of LR-spaces. Relationships between these LR-spaces and several other well known topological categories are also considered.
Extraction of concept maps from textbooks for domain modeling

Previous research using concept maps as domain models in intelligent tutoring systems has demonstrated their power and flexibility However, these concept maps must still be authored by a domain expert, creating a development bottleneck We present a new, streamlined methodology for automatically extracting concept maps from textbooks using term extraction, semantic parsing, and relation classification.
From the melanocyte to melanoma to tumor biology.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a description of the nature of cancer. It describes the author's only research plan that was studies of tumor biology in Maine, at the Beth Israel hospital and at Harvard. The chapter discusses about how the author started his study from the Melanocyte at Tulane University. The chapter then moves to the author's study of the biologic forms of primary cutaneous melanoma and levels of invasion. The Melanoma Studies at the Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard and the Establishment of the First Pigmented Lesion Clinic is also discussed in the chapter. Tumor Progression, Dysplastic Nevus, and Precursor State of Neoplasia are described in the chapter. The years in Philadelphia at the Temple University while teaching general pathology and at the Pigmented Lesion Group of University of Pennsylvania is also discussed here. Finally, the chapter discusses about Maine, the Beth Israel Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Pathology Services, Inc.
Positional Disorder in the Fully Frustrated Josephson Junction Array: Random Gaussian Phase Shifts in the Fully Frustrated 2D XY Model

We consider the effect of positional disorder on a Josephson junction array with an applied magnetic field of f=1/2 flux quantum per unit cell. This is equivalent to the problem of random Gaussian phase shifts in the fully frustrated 2D XY model. Using simple analytical arguments and numerical simulations, we present evidence that the ground state vortex lattice of the pure model becomes disordered, in the thermodynamic limit, by {ital any} finite amount of positional disorder. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Predictors of perioperative complications in higher risk children after adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea: a prospective study.

ObjectiveRetrospective studies have limitations in predicting perioperative risk following adenotonsillectomy in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Few prospective studies exist...
Mechanisms of cellular uptake of long chain free fatty acids.

Cells take up long chain free fatty acids (FFA) in vivo from the non-protein bound ligand pools in extracellular fluid and plasma, which contain ∼100 and 600 μM albumin, respectively. The physiologic range of unbound FFA concentrations in such fluids has traditionally been calculated at 10 sec, and thus comparable to the rates of non-saturable uptake we determined. Thus, under physiologic conditions, the predominant mechanism of cellular FFA uptake is facilitated transport of FA-; at much higher, non-physiologic FFA concentrations, passive flip-flop of FAH predominates. Several plasma membrane proteins have been identified as potential mediators of facilitated FFA transport. Studies in animal models of obesity and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus demonstrate that tissue-specific regulation of facilitated FFA transport has important pathophysiologic consequences. (Mol Cell Biochem 192: 17–31, 1999)
A National Survey of Burnout among School Psychologists.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlates of burnout in a national sample of school psychologists. A stress questionnaire, demographic information sheet, and Maslach Burnout Inventory were mailed to 600 randomly selected members of the National Association of School Psychologists. A total of 234 practitioners comprised the final sample. The results indicated that burnout was related to demographic (e.g., age), environmental (e.g., role definitions), and professional activity (e.g., role diversity) variables. Implications for the field of school psychology and future research are discussed.
Cognitive deficits in patients with small cell lung cancer before and after chemotherapy

We conducted a prospective study of cognitive function in patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC). A previous study had shown SCLC patients to have deficits in memory, frontal lobe executive functioning, and motor skills before they received prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI). This study was performed to determine whether these deficits were related to chemoradiation treatment. We evaluated two groups of patients: one newly diagnosed and untreated, the other post-chemoradiation and before PCI. Strict eligibility criteria were used to minimize any preexisting factors that might influence cognitive functioning. Results showed that patients with SCLC have cognitive deficits before receiving chemoradiation, specifically on tests of verbal memory, frontal lobe executive functions, and motor coordination. There was no difference between the treated and untreated patients on any test. Etiologic considerations currently under study include paraneoplastic phenomena.
Plasmodium berghei: the influence of blood volume changes on the malaria-induced anemia in Balb/C mice.

Malaria-induced anemia exceeds that attributable to direct parasite destruction of erythrocytes. Since spleen and liver weights increase significantly, hemodilution may account for part of this excessive anemia. To determine the role of hemodilution in the etiology of anemia, vascular volumes were measured with Evans blue and isotope dilution techniques. The Evans blue dilution technique showed that blood volume increased 20%, in infected Balb/C mice. However, when blood volume was measured with Evans blue bound to protein prior to injection or with iodinated albumin and chromium-labelled red blood cells no significant change was detected. Evidently the permeability of the vasculature and/or erythrocytes of infected mice was increased so that injected Evans blue occupied a space larger than the vascular volume before becoming bound to plasma proteins. we conclude that hemodilution is not involved in the excessive anemia ofPlasmodium berghei-infected Balb/C mice.
Convergence of the feasible solution algorithm for least median of squares regression

Abstract Least median of squares regression presents a daunting computational problem for moderate to large data sets — the optimum is the Chebyshev regression fit to the correct subset of the cases, and finding it exactly requires an investigation of all subsets of the cases of a certain size. The feasible solution algorithm provides a computationally attractive approach that capitalizes on the known form of the LMS solution to pass from one starting subset to another satisfying the necessary condition for the optimum — such subsets are termed ‘feasible sets’. The global optimum can be reached with arbitrarily high probability by following enough random starting sets to their feasible solutions. The practical performance of the feasible solution algorithm however depends on the proportion of random starting subsets that are attracted to the global optimum; or (a less demanding requirement) to a feasible solution that is qualitatively the same as the global optimum. Little is currently known about these proportions, or about the structure of the set of feasible solutions. This paper explains the earlier empiric observations that the feasible solution algorithm performs very well, and also provides two refined necessary conditions for improving it further. The approach of k-means clustering of the residuals given by different feasible solution provides new insights into the issue of different but qualitatively equivalent feasible solutions.
Immunoglobulin VH Gene Mutational Analysis Suggests that Primary Effusion Lymphomas Derive from Different Stages of B Cell Maturation

Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a recently described distinct subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma associated with infection by the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, also called human herpesvirus-8. Most cases of PEL are also associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). In order to better characterize the cellular origin of PEL, we investigated the immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain variable region (V H ) genes expressed by tumor cells of the BC-1 and BC-3 cell lines derived from PELs and five original PEL specimens. In the six EBV-positive PELs examined, including the BC-1 cell line, the expressed V H gene sequences showed numerous point mutations relative to the putative germline V H gene sequences. In addition, the V H segment of one of these cases showed intraclonal sequence heterogeneity, indicating ongoing somatic mutation. In five cases, the distribution and type of mutations indicated that tumor cells had been selected by antigen. Because somatically mutated Ig genes are expressed by B cells that have reached a germinal center/post-germinal center stage of development, these findings suggest that the PEL cell of origin is a germinal center or post-germinal center B cell in most cases. In contrast, the V H gene segment expressed by tumor cells of the BC-3 cell line, which was originated from an EBV-negative PEL obtained from an HIV-negative patient, was unmutated, suggesting a pre-germinal center B cell origin for tumor cells of this particular PEL cell line. Taken together, these findings suggest that development of PELs may not be restricted to one stage of B cell differentiation and may represent transformation of B cells at different stages of ontogeny.
Inhibition of lymphocyte nucleic acid metabolism and antibody production by trimetrexate

Abstract Trimetrexate is a lipid soluble dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor which, unlike methotrexate, does not depend upon the membrane folate transport system for cell entry. We investigated the possibility that trimetrexate (but not methotrexate) might permeate intermitotic lymphocytes and, following stimulation, impair only the responding cells, rather than all dividing cells, as is the case with methotrexate. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from normal individuals were incubated for 1 hr in three moderate to high concentrations (1, 10 and 100 μM) of methotrexate or trimetrexate, washed, and incubated with phytohemagglutinin. Intracellular folate activity, as assessed by the deoxyuridine suppression test, was abnormal at all three concentrations of trimetrexate but only at the highest concentration of methotrexate. Similarly, incorporation of [3H]deoxyuridine was depressed profoundly in trimetrexate-treated cells (2% of control) but unaffected by methotrexate. Analysis of cell cycle distribution by flow cytometry confirmed G0+G1 arrest in trimetrexate but not methotrexate-treated cells. Neither drug altered morphologic transformation, Tac antigen expression, or incorporation of [3H]thymidine by the “salvage” pathway. Therefore, brief exposure to methotrexate has little effect on intermitotic lymphocytes, whereas trimetrexate very specifically inhibits the conversion of deoxyuridine to thymidine in these cells and leads to the arrest of DNA synthesis in the G0+G1 phase. This metabolic abnormality markedly reduces in vitro antibody synthesis: a 1-hr treatment of lymphocytes with 10 or 100 μM trimetrexate prior to incubation with pokeweed mitogen on four occasions completely inhibited both IgG and IgM secretion. Similar treatment with methotrexate had no effect until the highest concentration (100 μM) was used. We conclude that brief exposure of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to the nonclassical dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, trimetrexate, results in inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis and impairment of antibody production. This drug effect may permit more incisive modulation of immune responses.
A rapid micromethod for the determination of ascorbic acid in plasma and tissues.

Abstract A rapid simple micromethod for the determination of l -ascorbic acid in plasma and other biological tissues using orthophosphoric acid and ferric iron is presented. The ferric iron is reduced by ascorbic acid producing ferrous iron which is coupled with α,α′-dipyridyl. The method is highly sensitive and can be used to accurately determine 0.1 μg of the vitamin in samples of plasma and other biological tissues. Plasma levels of ascorbic acid from adult humans, infants and cord blood are given. Tissue distribution studies of the vitamin in mice and guinea pigs are presented. The specificity of the method is discussed.
An NADH-Dependent Disulfide Reductase Activity in the Endoplasmic Reticulum ofDictyostelium discoideum

A novel disulfide reductase activity was observed in the amoeba, Dictyostelium discoideum. Both 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitro-benzoate) (DTNB) and insulin were substrates for reduction. NADH was utilized in preference to NADPH. The activity comigrated with NADPH-dependent cytochrome c reductase on sucrose gradients, suggesting localization in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The buoyant density of the disulfide reductase was not shifted when ribosomes were released from the ER nor was the activity solubilized when membranes were shocked with low osmotic buffer. It therefore appears that the reductase was membrane-bound in the lumen of the smooth ER.
Potassium and ventricular arrhythmias

Potassium is a major determinant of the electrophysiologic properties of the myocardial membrane, and it plays an important role in the occurrence of arrhythmia. Hypokalemia has been associated with an increased frequency of ventricular premature complexes (VPCs) in some studies of hypertensive patients treated with diuretics, but other studies have failed to confirm any association. Studies involving patients with an acute myocardial infarction have also provided conflicting data about the association between hypokalemia and VPCs. Whereas the role of potassium in the genesis of simple VPCs remains uncertain, animal and clinical studies have demonstrated a strong relation between hypokalemia and the occurrence of sustained ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation during acute ischemic states. Hypokalemia may also affect the action of antiarrhythmic drugs by altering the electrophysiologic properties of the myocardium, potentially negating some of the antiarrhythmic activity of these agents. Although diuretic use is the most frequent cause of hypokalemia, epinephrine can also lower serum potassium as a result of stimulation of the beta 2 adrenoreceptor. This mechanism may, in part, explain the ability of beta blockers to prevent sudden death in patients with a recent myocardial infarction.
Modern Double-Reduction Traction Motor

Incorporated in the modern double-reduction motor and gear unit are many new design features which have made it an outstanding motor for the past five years. Oil lubrication is provided for all gearing and bearings in the oil-tight double-reduction gear unit. Special design constants, which have been developed as a result of many years of experience with high-speed motors, are used. Self-ventilation is successful on a high-speed motor and simplifies locomotive design. Specially insulated field coils provide for good heat transfcr from the coils to steel and air. A small motor with a high-speed armature results in low copper loss and high efficiency at high tractive effort. A steep speed curve with a large amount of field shunting makes it possible to use all motors connected permanently in parallel. The motor is small, compact, aud lightweight, which has made possible its use oil a wide range of locomotives. Here is a small motor doing a big job.
Estimating thermal conductivity of amorphous silica nanoparticles and nanowires using molecular dynamics simulations.

In several recent applications, including those aimed at developing thermal interface materials, nanoparticulate systems have been proposed to improve the effective behavior of the system. While nanoparticles by themselves may have low conductivities relative to larger particles owing to interfacial resistance, their use along with larger particles is believed to enhance the percolation threshold leading to better effective behavior overall. One critical challenge in using nanoparticulate systems is the lack of knowledge regarding their thermal conductivity. In this paper, the thermal conductivity of silica clusters (or nanoparticles) as well as nanowires is determined using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The equilibrium MD simulations of nanoparticles using Green-Kubo relations are demonstrated to be computationally very expensive and unsuitable for such nanoscaled systems. A nonequilibrium MD method adapted from the study of Muller-Plathe is shown to be faster and more accurate. The method is first demonstrated on bulk amorphous silica (using both cubic and orthorhombic simulation cells) and silica nanowires. The thermal conductivity values are compared to those reported in the literature. The mean thermal conductivity values for bulk silica and silica nanowire were estimated to be 1.2 W/mK and 1.435 W/mK, respectively. To model nanoparticles, the Muller-Plathe technique is adapted by dividing the cluster into concentric shells so as to capture the naturally radial mode of heat transfer. The mean thermal conductivity value of a 600-atom silica nanoparticle obtained using this approach was 0.589 W/mK. This value is approximately 50-60% lower than those of bulk silica or silica nanowire.
A general method for cis-hydroisoquinoline synthesis

Abstract A method is described which allows for the conversion of N-carbomethoxy-1,2-dihydropyridine to cis -hydroisoquinolines via a Diels-Alder/Cope rearrangement sequence.
Tectonic development of the New Madrid rift complex, Mississippi embayment, North America

Abstract Geological and geophysical studies of the New Madrid Seismic Zone have revealed a buried late Precambrian rift beneath the upper Mississippi Embayment area. The rift has influenced the tectonics and geologic history of the area since late Precambrian time and is presently associated with the contemporary earthquake activity of the New Madrid Seismic Zone. The rift formed during late Precambrian to earliest Cambrian time as a result of continental breakup and has been reactivated by compressional or tensional stresses related to plate tectonic interactions. The configuration of the buried rift is interpreted from gravity, magnetic, seismic refraction, seismic reflection and stratigraphic studies. The increased mass of the crust in the rift zone, which is reflected by regional positive gravity anomalies over the upper Mississippi Embayment area, has resulted in periodic subsidence and control of sedimentation and river drainage in this cratonic region since formation of the rift complex. The correlation of the buried rift with contemporary earthquake activity suggests that the earthquakes result from slippage along zones of weakness associated with the ancient rift structures. The slippage is due to reactivation of the structure by the contemporary, nearly E-W regional compressive stress which is the result of plate motions.
Motivation Research in Writing: Theoretical and Empirical Considerations

This article reviews research on motivation in the academic domain of writing situated within a social cognitive perspective. First we summarize major findings related to 4 theorized components of human motivation—self-efficacy beliefs or perceived competence, mastery and performance goal orientations, task interest and value, and attributions for success and failure. For each component we also offer general instructional recommendations gleaned from the literature. Next we discuss how these components play a role in writing motivation, with particular emphasis on self-efficacy for writing skills versus writing tasks. Then we present findings from studies that have examined the motivational characteristics of individuals who struggle with writing, including those with disabilities, and interventions designed to enhance motivation to write. Finally, we offer suggestions for future research in writing motivation.
Inhibitors of ATP-sensitive potassium channels stimulate intestinal cholecystokinin secretion

Abstract Recently, a role for adenosine 5′-triphosphate(ATP)-sensitive potassium channels in the regulation of cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion has been described in STC-1 cells, an intestinal CCK-secreting cell line. To examine whether a similiar mechanism might participate in the regulation of hormone secretion from native CCK cells, the effects of two established inhibitors of ATP-sensitive potassium channels (e.g. glucose, disopyramide) were examined on CCK release from dispersed murine intestinal cells. Both glucose and disopyramide were found to stimulate CCK secretion. Furthermore, CCK release induced by glucose was inhibited by the calcium channel blocker diltiazem. It is concluded that, ATP-sensitive potassium channels may play a role in the regulation of intestinal CCK secretion.
Use of the electroglottograph for measurement of temporal aspects of the swallow: preliminary observations.

The electroglottograph (EGG) is a noninvasive, electrical impedance device that was developed for observing vocal fold contact during phonation. After a thorough study of the frequency response characteristics of the EGG, we found that the EGG output can be used to identify maximum laryngeal displacement and the duration of laryngeal movement during swallowing. With a small intranasal pressure transducer placed beneath the velum and the EGG electrodes placed externally on the thyroid cartilage, additional information on the temporal aspects of the swallow can be measured. The EGG has direct clinical application when teaching such techniques as the safe swallow and Mendelsohn maneuver and it is useful as a research technique when using repeated measures designed to study the swallow reflex.
Quantitative Analysis of the Landis Method

Abstract Landis developed the single capillary micro-occlusion method for the determination of the capillary filtration coefficient, Lp. More recently, several modified versions of Landis's original procedure have been introduced in an attempt to measure Lp with greater ease and accuracy. Each of the techniques assumes that the capillary is a uniformly cylindrical indestensible tube. Since recently obtained experimental data have demonstrated that the capillary is compliant, a distributed mathematical model of the capillary was developed to reveal the extent to which capillary distensibility influences the measurement of Lp at different sites along the capillary. After assigning physiologic values to this modeled capillary, including Lp and the capillary wall's modulus of elasticity, Landis's method and two of its modified versions were performed on the modeled capillary, with each yielding values for Lp at 10 different locations along the capillary. Comparison of these 10 computed Lp values with the corresponding Lp values defined in the modeled capillary demonstrates that capillary distensibility can introduce significant error into the measurement of Lp.