cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sex differences in vulnerability to addiction

Abstract This article reviews evidence for sex differences in vulnerability to addiction with an emphasis on the neural mechanisms underlying these differences. Sex differences in the way that the gonadal hormone, estradiol, interacts with the ascending telencephalic dopamine system results in sex differences in motivated behaviors, including drug-seeking. In rodents, repeated psychostimulant exposure enhances incentive sensitization to a greater extent in females than males. Estradiol increases females' motivation to attain psychostimulants and enhances the value of drug related cues, which ultimately increases their susceptibility towards spontaneous relapse. This, along with females’ dampened ability to alter decisions regarding risky behaviors, enhances their vulnerability for escalation of drug use. In males, recent evidence suggests that estradiol may be protective against susceptibility towards drug-preference. Sex differences in the actions of estradiol are reviewed to provide a foundation for understanding how future research might enhance understanding of the mechanisms of sex differences in addiction-related behaviors, which are dependent on estradiol receptor (ER) subtype and the region of the brain they are acting in. A comprehensive review of the distribution of ERα, ERβ, and GPER1 throughout the rodent brain are provided along with a discussion of the possible ways in which these patterns differentially regulate drug-taking between the sexes. The article concludes with a brief discussion of the actions of gonadal hormones on the circuitry of the stress system, including the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis and regulation of corticotropin-releasing factor. Sex differences in the stress system can also contribute to females’ enhanced vulnerability towards addiction.
Optical Fiber Sensors for Energy Infrastructure: Emerging Opportunities

This paper discusses application of fiber optics sensors to increase operational visibility of energy systems. Ubiquitous real-time monitoring by high spatial resolution sensing provides new information for advanced data analytics enhancing reliability, resiliency, and efficiency.
Cultures of Commemoration: War Memorials Ancient and Modern

Cultures of Commemoration is a volume of the Proceedings of the British Academy published by Oxford University Press. It grew out of a symposium on commemorative war memorials held at the British A...
Turbulent structures in wall-bonded shear flows observed via three-dimensional numerical simulations

Three recent simulations of tubulent shear flow bounded by a wall using the Illiac computer are reported. These are: (1) vibrating-ribbon experiments; (2) study of the evolution of a spot-like disturbance in a laminar boundary layer; and (3) investigation of turbulent channel flow. A number of persistent flow structures were observed, including streamwise and vertical vorticity distributions near the wall, low-speed and high-speed streaks, and local regions of intense vertical velocity. The role of these structures in, for example, the growth or maintenance of turbulence is discussed. The problem of representing the large range of turbulent scales in a computer simulation is also discussed.
Enzymology of L-proline synthesis

Proline accumulation is a well-known response to water deficits in leaves. The primary cause of accumulation is proline synthesis. A^-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (PGR) catalyzes the final reaction of proline synthesis. In order to determine the subcellular location of PGR, protoplasts were made from leaves of Pisum sativum L., lysed, and fractionated along a Percoll gradient. PGR activity comigrated with the activity of the chloroplast stromal marker NADPH-dependent triose phosphate dehydrogenase. We therefore conclude that PGR is located in chloroplasts. PGR activities from chloroplasts and etiolated shoots were compared. PGR activity from both extracts is stimulated at least twofold by 100 mM KGl and 10 mM MgGl2' The pH profiles of PGR activity from both extracts reveal two separate pH optima at 6.5 and 7.5, Native isoelectric focusing gels of samples from etiolated tissue reveal a single band of PGR activity with a pi of 7.8. It is known that during water deficit, the biochemical reactions that utilize NADPH for carbon fixation and nitrogen assimilation are inhibited, but NADPH generation by photosynthetic electron transport is not inhibited. Enhanced proline synthesis in chloroplasts may, therefore, function to regenerate NADP+ under these conditions.
Loss of Significance in Floating Point Subtraction and Addition

We study the loss of significant βits (Ξbase β digits) in floating point addition or subtraction. To do this, we calculate the conditional probability of a post-arithmetic normalization shift of m βits, given an exponent difference of k βits. The study is done for various bases β, under two different assumptions—that the operands are selected at random from the logarithmic distribution or from the uniform distribution.
The Methods and Applications of Monte Carlo in Low Energy (≲ 20 MeV) Neutron-Photon Transport (MORSE) Part II: Applications

The Monte Carlo solution of the Boltzmann transport equation differs considerably from other standard numerical solutions such as discrete ordinates.1,2 The discrete ordinate solution usually provides a rather complete description of the particle fluxes in all of phase space (spatial coordinates, x, y, z; angular direction, ux, vy, wz; time, t; energy, E; etc.) in contrast to the Monte Carlo solution which usually only provides information about certain regions of the phase space. The Monte Carlo method utilizes random sampling from the physical probability distributions which describe what happens to the individual particles. For example, by sampling from \({e^{ - {\Sigma _T}x}}\) where ΣT is the total interaction cross section, one knows how far the particle travels before interacting, and from the ratio Σi/ΣT, where \(\mathop \Sigma \limits_{j = 1}^n {\Sigma _j} = {\Sigma _T}\), what is the probability that the ith interaction will occur. The analysis of what happens to these particles constitutes the solution, that is, do the particles escape from the system, are they captured, how many particles cross a given boundary, etc.
Thermal Management and Metamaterials

Thermal metamaterials are materials composed of engineered, microscopic structures that exhibit unique thermal performance characteristics based primarily on their physical structures and patterning, rather than just their chemical composition or bulk material properties. In many cases, the heat transfer performance attributes of the thermal metamaterial are such that similar performance cannot be obtained using conventional materials or compounds. Thermal metamaterials are an emerging technology, and are just now beginning to be acknowledged and developed by the microelectronics and material sciences community. This paper presents a series of ten proof-of-concept thermal metamaterial devices. Modeling and testing of these microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) based thermal metamaterial prototypes showed that the electrical and thermal conductivity of the material can be switched or tuned within a certain operational range, and that this switching is a function of passive or active actuation of the metamaterial’s structural elements, not just its chemical composition.
Puncture mechanics of soft solids

Gels and other soft elastic networks are a ubiquitous and important class of materials whose unique properties enable special behavior, but generally elude characterization due to the inherent difficulty in manipulating them. An example of such behavior is the stability of gels to large local deformations on their surface. This paper analyzes puncture of model soft materials with particular focus on the force response to deep indentation and the critical load for material failure. Large-strain behavior during deep indentation is described with a neo-hookean contact model. A fracture process zone model is applied to the critical load for puncture. It is found that the indenter geometry influences the size of the fracture process zone, resulting in two distinct failure regimes: stress-limited and energy-limited. The methods outlined in this paper provide a simple means for measuring Young's modulus, E, as well as the material's maximum cohesive stress, σ0, fracture energy, Γ0, and the intrinsic length scale linking the two, l0, all without requiring specialized sample preparation.
β-galactosidase ω-complementation with a small cyanogen bromide peptide

Summary Complementation has been found to occur between extracts of lacZ X90, an operator distal nonsense mutant of E. coli , and CNBr24,the 32-residue carboxyl-terminal cyanogen bromide peptide from β-galactosidase. The degree of complementation is less than between X90 protein and a large carboxyl terminal fragment from lacZ B9 but the times required are similar. Other peptides including the 10-residue carboxyl terminal tryptic peptide are ineffective in complementation.
Expertise and its embodiment: Examining the impact of sensorimotor skill expertise on the representation of action-related text

In two experiments, we explored how novice and expert athletes represent the everyday and sportspecific objects and actions that they read about. Novice and expert ice hockey players (Experiment 1) and football players (Experiment 2) read sentences describing everyday or sport-specific situations and then judged whether a pictured item (either matching the action implied in the previous sentence or not) was mentioned in the preceding sentence. The sentences in Experiment 1 consisted of everyday and hockey-specific scenarios. The sentences in Experiment 2 depicted football scenarios implying football-specific or non—football-specific actions anyone might perform. Everyone responded most quickly to items that matched the sentence-implied actions for everyday and non—sport-specific actions. Only athletes showed this effect for their respective sport-specific scenarios. Differentiating between the same item in different action orientations is thought to be driven by embodied knowledge containing the sensorimotor characteristics of what one is reading about. We show that possessing this type of representation depends on experience interacting with objects and performing the actions in question.
Psychometric Properties of Wellness Instruments

The purpose of this study was to fill a void with respect to the psychometric properties of wellness inventories. Three instruments were examined in this study: The Wellness Inventory, The Lifestyle Assessment Questionnaire—Wellness Inventory Section, and the Lifestyle Coping Inventory.
Site-directed mutagenesis of the fructose 6-phosphate binding site of the pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase of Entamoeba histolytica.

Attempts to define the active site of pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase (PPi-PFK) using homology modeling based on the three-dimensional structure of the ATP-dependent PFKs from bacteria have been frustrated by low sequence identity between PPi- and ATP-PFKs in their carboxyl terminal halves. In the current study, alanine scanning mutagenesis of residues in the carboxyl terminal half of the PPi-PFK of Entamoeba histolytica coupled with comparative sequence analysis and computational modeling is used to identify residues that contribute to fructose 6-phosphate (fructose 6-P) binding. Of seven alanine mutants that were generated by site-directed mutagenesis, Arg377, Ser392, Arg405, Lys408, His415, His416, and Arg423, only the last mutant, Arg423Ala, was found to have dramatically lower affinity for fructose 6-P. Mutation of Arg 423 decreased k(cat) by 10,000-fold and decreased apparent affinity for fructose 6-P by 126-fold, while the K(m) for PPi increased only 4-fold. The second greatest effect was seen with Arg377Ala, which had a nearly 10-fold decrease in apparent affinity and an approximate 60-fold decrease in maximal activity. Another residue, Tyr420, was chosen for mutagenesis by its complete identity in all other PPi-PFK. This residue and its homologue in Escherichia coli ATP-PFK, His249, were mutated and shown to be very important for substrate binding in both enzymes.
Influence of Temperature-Induced Aggregation on Energy Transfer from a Surfactant to Micellized Perylene

Forster energy transfer from excited surfactant species was used to monitor their association with micellized perylene at different temperatures. Fluorescence from the perylene acceptor was obtained through sensitization by surfactant monomers and aggregates, the latter being identified as spectroscopic rather than physical. Surfactant monomer fluorescence was subject to a strong inner filter effect inside the micelles, indicating an abundance of spectroscopically monomeric species there. Temperature increases caused reductions in native surfactant fluorescence through thermal quenching, but sensitized fluorescence intensities generally increased with temperature. This was ascribed to a temperature-induced approach between the perylene acceptor and both monomeric and aggregated surfactant donors. Clouding of the solutions showed little evidence of organizational changes at the micellar level.
On the topological social choice model

Abstract The main goal of this paper is to show that if a finite connected CW complex admits a continuous, symmetric, and unanimous choice function for some number n>1 of agents, then the choice space is contractible. On the other hand, if one removes the finiteness, we give a complete characterization of the possible spaces; in particular, noncontractible spaces are indeed possible. These results extend earlier well-known results of Chichilnisky and Heal.
Noise methods in pattern perception

Visual noise induction methods investigated at seven noise levels, discussing pattern comparisons by 46 subjects
Persuasive Voices: Clerical Images of Medieval Wives

Both in his preoccupation with practical ethics and in the positions that he took, Thomas of Chobham generally resembled other theologians who studied in Paris at the end of the twelfth and the beginning of the thirteenth century. On first consideration, however, his statements concerning married women appear quite eccentric. Thomas argued in his Manualfor Confessors (c. 1215) that women should employ persuasion, feminine enticements, and even deceit in their attempts to influence and correct the moral and economic behavior of their husbands:
The generator production of172Lu from172Hf for limited nuclear medicine research

A solvent extraction system has been developed for the separation of172Lu from its long-lived172Hf parent. The parent-daughter pair in equilibrium is maintained in a solution of HDEHP, and the heavy lanthanide daughter is extracted into 9M HCl. The separation factor for this generator is approximately 104. The rare-earth activity so obtained is proposed for compound labelling research and animal biodistribution studies in nuclear medicine.
Effects of group systematic desensitization on female orgasmic dysfunction

This study investigated the impact of group systematic desensitization (SD) on varied aspects of sexual functioning in primary and secondary nonorgasmic women. After serving as their own controls, 22 women (eight primary, 14 secondary) received 15 sessions of group SD using four common hierarchies of sexual scenes. The measures were administered to each subject and her regular sex partner at each of the testing periods. Significant positive treatment effects were found on measures of general and specific sexual adjustment and in extracoital orgasmic frequency. Treatment also enhanced sexual communication among subjects and their partners, increased the females' acceptance of their mates as being satisfactory sexual partners, and increased the females' self-acceptance as sexual beings. All but one of the treatment effects (degree of pleasure experienced during extracoital stimulation) were maintained at the 6-week follow-up. Secondary subjects reported significantly greater pleasure from coital and extracoital stimulation and significantly increased frequency of orgasm in response to extracoital stimulation than primary subjects. Primary and secondary subjects did not differ in their evaluation of the experiment. The need for controlled comparative treatment investigations is stressed.
Novel phenomena in nano-photonic systems of macroscopic sizes

Nanophotonic techniques can enable numerous novel and exciting phenomena. However, in order to make use of these opportunities for many applications of interest (e.g. energy, or displays), one has to have the ability to implement nanophotonic structures over large scales. In this talk, I will present some of our recent theoretical and experimental progress in exploring these opportunities.
The sea-surface microlayer: phytoneuston productivity and effects of atmospheric particulate matter

The sea-surface microlayer, the upper 50 μm of the ocean surface, provides a habitat for an important biota (the neuston), an interface for exchange of gases between the atmosphere and oceans and a site for deposition of anthropogenic metals and other materials from the atmosphere. Several recent studies have suggested that biochemical processes, including photosynthesis, in the microlayer are inhibited relative to the bulk seawater. We compared the biomass, species composition and productivity of phytoneuston to that of phytoplankton in Sequim Bay, Washington State, USA. Mean enrichment ratios (microlayer: bulk water concentrations) for bacteria, microalgae, chlorophyll pigments and photosynthesis (estimated gross) were 2 444, 380, 12 and 40, respectively. Compared to the bulk water, the microlayer had a unique assemblage of microalgae with a higher concentration of chlorophyll c. When exposed to high light intensities (summer) or metalrich urban atmospheric particulate matter, radiocarbonmeasured photosynthesis was lower in phytoneuston than in phytoplankton. Deposition of atmospheric particulate matter at rates similar to those occurring in urban coastal areas resulted in a significant (P<0.01) reduction in radiocarbon-measured photosynthesis in the sea-surface microlayer. These apparent decreases in photosynthesis are believed to result from the extracellular release of 14C as glycolate or other soluble compounds and may not reflect a true decrease in gross primary productivity in the microlayer. Further measurements of the degree of extracellular carbon release will be necessary to quantify gross photosynthetic rates in the microlayer.
Microsurgical Treatment of Ventral (Paraclinoid) Internal Carotid Artery Aneurysms

Eight cases of ventral (paraclinoid) internal carotid artery aneurysms are presented. These aneurysms often challenge the surgeon because (a) they are partially or completely obscured by the optic nerve, internal carotid artery, and anterior clinoid process; (b) there is no proximal internal carotid artery control intracranially; and (c) part of the neck and fundus of the aneurysm is located within the cavernous sinus. These aneurysms, which have been classified as separate from the typical carotid-ophthalmic aneurysm group, are illustrated, and their surgical treatment and problems described.
Self-punitive behavior: Effects of number of massed acquisition trials and percentage of goal-shocked extinction trials

Using a massed trials procedure, rats were given 6, 12, or 24 shock escape acquisition trials in a runway, followed by extinction in which they received no further shock anywhere in the alley, or shock in the goalbox on 0%, 10%, or 100% of extinction trials. Results indicate that number of acquisition trials had no effect on run or start speeds during extinction. Percentage of shocked extinction trials did, however, affect extinction performance measures. In comparison with nonshocked controls, animals shocked on 10% of trials showed facilitation of extinction response measures. Extinction response measures for animals not shocked or shocked on 100% of trials were similar. The results further clarify what variables affect goal-shock-induced facilitation of extinction performance, and are discussed in the context of current theoretical interpretations of self-punitive behavior.
Composition of growth of Holstein calves fed milk replacer from birth to 105-kilogram body weight.

Abstract Sixty calves were assigned to a comparative slaughter study to determine the changes in composition of milk replacer-fed Holstein bull calves from birth to 105-kg body weight (BW). Six calves were slaughtered on day of birth and served as a baseline for comparison of compositional changes. Fifty-four calves were assigned to one of three treatments (18 calves per treatment). Calves were fed milk replacer containing 30% crude protein (CP) and 20% fat. Target growth rates for treatments 1, 2, and 3 were 500, 950, and 1400 g/d, respectively. Six calves from each treatment were slaughtered and analyzed for energy, nitrogen, ether extract, and ash when they reached 65, 85 and 105kg of BW. Actual daily gains from birth to slaughter were 560, 973, and 1100g, and net deposition of CP and fat were 140 and 44, 204 and 154, and 247 and 161 g/d for treatments 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Results were used to develop equations to predict retained energy [retained energy=(empty BW 0.223 ) × (empty BW gain 1.32 )], and retained protein, [retained protein=(184 × empty BW gain (kilograms/d)) + (17.2 × (retained energy)/empty BW gain] where retained energy is in Mcal/d, retained protein is in g/d, and empty BW and gain are in kilograms. The composition of gain observed was compared to predictions from the 1989 Dairy NRC and 1996 Beef NRC equations and demonstrated the equations do not represent the composition of gain in calves of this weight.
Ultrafast rotation and trapping of carbon monoxide dissociated from myoglobin

The nature of ligand motion within proteins has been investigated by measuring femtosecond time-resolved infrared (IR) spectra of CO photodissociated from the haem of myoglobin. Upon dissociation, the CO rotates approximately 90 degrees and becomes trapped within a ligand docking site located near the binding site. Two trajectories, distinguished spectroscopically and kinetically with time constants of 0.20 +/- 0.05 ps and 0.52 +/- 0.10 ps, lead to CO located within the docking site with opposite orientations. The protein reorganizes about the "docked' CO with a time constant of 1.6 +/- 0.3 ps and quickly establishes an energetic barrier that inhibits the reverse rebinding process.
Structural Changes Related to Texture of Pre-Peeled Potatoes

Pre-peeled potatoes, treated with heated ascorbic/citric acid solutions to control browning, undergo firming and separation of superficial tissues that affect texture after mashing and slicing following cooking. Examination of superficial parenchyma cells in cooked potatoes by scanning and transmission electron microscopy indicated greater cell wall rigidity and middle lamella retention in samples treated with browning inhibitors than in untreated controls. Lumps in mashed potatoes prepared from treated samples showed similar characteristics. Treated samples sometimes displayed a discontinuity beneath the superficial tissue, corresponding to site of tissue separation during slicing. These observations are consistent with treatment-induced changes in cell wall and/or middle lamella pectins as the cause of such textural defects.
Distribution and immunologic cross reactivity of a phosphohydrolytic activity of calcifying cartilage and metaphyseal bone.

The increased phosphohydrolytic activity found in calcifying cartilage has breen implicated in the process of normal calcification. Part of this multipotential activity was found to be associated with an extracellular vesicle presumed to be the initial side of calcium salt deposition. The phosphohydrolytic activity of water extracts from calcifying cartilage and metaphyseal bone has been resolved into three enzymatic entities by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The activity which was eluted first, phosphatase I (pyrophosphatase I), increases as cartilage differentiates and calcifies. This increase could serve as a marker for cartilage differentiation and/or calcification. Antibodies to this enzyme isolated from calcifying cartilage or metaphyseal bone cross-react suggesting that the enzymes might, at least in part, be similar. Cartilage and bone also possess an inorganic pyrophosphatase, pyrophosphatase II, eluted second through the DEAE-cellulose column and another phosphatase, phosphatase II, which was eluted last. By enzymatic and immunologic criteria, it appears that bone and cartilage have the same phosphate-releasing activities indicative of tissues with common cellular origin. The possible transformation of the differentiating chondrocyte into an osteoblast or osteocyte has been postulated as the cellular mechanism whereby calcified cartilage is replaced by bone. The similarity between the phosphatase I found in epiphyseal cartilage and metaphyseal bone suggests that such transformation is quite likely.
The deposition of energy from reactions of laser excited atoms: Strontium 3P1 with hydrogen halides

Abstract The chemical reactions of laser excited Sr * ( 3 P 1 ) with HF and HCl are studied in a beam gas arrangement with LlF detection. This is the first experiment reported where both the specific electronic state of the reactant is laser prepared and the specific vibrational states of the products are laser detected. The results show that a large fraction of the available energy is released into vibration of SrX.
Diffusion and electrotransport of iron, cobalt and nickel in thorium metal

Abstract The diffusion and electrotransport parameters for iron, cobalt and nickel were measured in α (f.c.c.) and β (b.c.c.) thorium over the temperature range 965 – 1625 °C. All three solutes have negative Z ∗ values corresponding to migration toward the anode and a marked temperature dependence of Z ∗ in both phases. From a least-squares treatment of the diffusivity data, values of D0 and Q in the equation D = D 0 exp (− Q R ) were obtained for each solute as follows: iron, D0 = 5 × 10−3 cm2s−1 and Q = 19.3 kcal mol−1 in α-thorium and d0 = 4 × 10−3 and Q = 17.1 in β-thorium; cobalt, D0 = 5 × 10−4 cm2 s−1 and Q = 13.2 kcal mol−1 in α-thorium and D0 = 4 × 10−3 and Q = 15.6 in α-thorium; nickel, D0 = 4 × 10−3 cm2 s−1 and Q = 18.6 kcal mol−1 in α-thorium and D0 = 4 × 10−4 and Q = 9.1 in (β-thorium. The D0 and Q values are more characteristic of interstitial solute behavior than of substitutional solutes, as are the electromigration velocities for the temperature range investigated. These results indicate that iron, cobalt and nickel are fast diffusing solutes in thorium metal.
Dehydration and dehydrogenation of ethylene glycol on rutile TiO2(110)

The interactions of ethylene glycol with a partially reduced rutile TiO2(110) surface have been studied using temperature programmed desorption (TPD). The saturation coverage on surface Ti rows is determined to be 0.43 monolayer (ML), slightly less than one ethylene glycol per two Ti sites. Most of the adsorbed ethylene glycol (∼80%) undergoes further reactions to yield other products. Two major channels are observed, dehydration yielding ethylene and water and dehydrogenation yielding acetaldehyde and hydrogen. Hydrogen formation is rather surprising as it has not been observed previously on TiO2(110) from simple organic molecules. The coverage dependent yields of ethylene and acetaldehyde correlate well with those of water and hydrogen, respectively. Dehydration dominates at lower ethylene glycol coverages ( 0.2 ML). Our results suggest that the observed dehydration and dehydrogenation reactions proceed via different surface intermediates.
An improved synthesis and biological evaluation of a new cage-like bifunctional chelator, 4-((8-amino-3,6,10,13,16,19-hexaazabicyclo[6.6.6]icosane-1-ylamino)methyl)benzoic acid, for 64Cu radiopharmaceuticals.

Abstract Introduction Stable attachment of 64 Cu 2+ to a targeting molecule usually requires the use of a bifunctional chelator (BFC). Sarcophagine (Sar) ligands rapidly coordinate 64 Cu 2+ within the multiple macrocyclic rings comprising the cage structure under mild conditions, providing high stability in vivo. Previously, we have designed a new versatile cage-like BFC Sar ligand, 4-((8-amino-3,6,10,13,16,19-hexaazabicyclo[6.6.6]icosane-1-ylamino)methyl)benzoic acid (AmBaSar), for 64 Cu radiopharmaceuticals. Here we report the improved synthesis of AmBaSar, 64 Cu 2+ labeling conditions and its biological evaluation compared with the known BFC 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- N , N ′, N ″, N ‴-tetraacetic acid (DOTA). Methods The AmBaSar was synthesized in four steps starting from (1,8-diamine-Sar) cobalt(III) pentachloride ([Co(DiAmSar)]Cl 5 ) using an improved synthetic method. The AmBaSar was labeled with 64 Cu 2+ in pH 5.0 ammonium acetate buffer solution at room temperature, followed by analysis and purification with HPLC. The in vitro stability of 64 Cu-AmBaSar complex was evaluated in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), fetal bovine serum and mouse blood. The microPET imaging and biodistribution studies of 64 Cu-AmBaSar were performed in Balb/c mice, and the results were compared with 64 Cu-DOTA. Results The AmBaSar was readily prepared and characterized by MS and 1 H NMR. The radiochemical yield of 64 Cu-AmBaSar was ≥98% after 30 min of incubation at 25°C. The 64 Cu-AmBaSar complex was analyzed and purified by HPLC with a retention time of 17.9 min. The radiochemical purity of 64 Cu-AmBaSar was more than 97% after 26 h of incubation in PBS or serum. The biological evaluation of 64 Cu-AmBaSar in normal mouse demonstrated renal clearance as the primary mode of excretion, with improved stability in vivo compared to 64 Cu-DOTA. Conclusions The new cage-like BFC AmBaSar was prepared using a simplified synthetic method. The 64 Cu-AmBaSar complex could be obtained rapidly with high radiochemical yield (≥98%) under mild conditions. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of AmBaSar demonstrated its promising potential for preparation of 64 Cu radiopharmaceuticals.
Newt Gingrich—Professor and Politician: The Anti-Federalist Roots of Newt Gingrich's Thought

Former Speaker Gingrich believes ideas count; thus, it may be important to explore his ideas. In Gingrich's thought one hears echoes of the Anti-Federalist critique of the Federalist Constitution. For example, his “contract” with America reflects the Anti-Federalist desire for political accountability; his interest in “congressional government” echoes the Anti-Federalist faith in legislative supremacy. Yet the Anti-Federalists, defined largely in opposition, lost the ratification debate because they could not reconcile suspicion of governmental power with an insistence that government nurture civic virtue. GOP divisions between “economic” and “cultural” conservatives echo this dilemma within Anti-Federalist thought. Gingrich hopes to bridge this gap. In Democracy in America, a book Gingrich often cites, Tocqueville suggests that America has forcibly reconciled the irreconcilable Federalist/Anti-Federalist traditions. If Gingrich adopts a healthy tocquevillian synthesis, he may have the makings of the limited government philosophy the GOP needs to become more than a merely oppositional party.
The Puzzles of Motor Development: How the Study of Developmental Biomechanics Contributes to the Puzzle Solutions

Four questions shape inquiry into the development of movement skills: (1) What is the source of new behaviours in the movement repertoire? (2) What is the definition of competence in the movement? (3) What are the mechanisms of change that support and trigger the emergence of new skills? (4) How adaptable is the neuromotor system? The variables of description and mechanisms and the experimental methods of biomechanics provide unique insight to each question. Understanding the interaction between biology and mechanics and this changing dynamic across the lifespan is important to understand human motor development. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Further evidence of the impact of cognitive complexity on the five-factor model

According to the five-factor model (FFM) of personality the same 5 factors are universal across all individuals. However, recent evidence suggests that this assumption may be incorrect (Bowler, Bowler, & Phillips, 2009). In this study we sought to further examine the impact of cognitive complexity on the FFM by evaluating its impact on the factor structure of Saucier’s (1994) Mini-Markers. Overall, our results support the findings of Bowler et al. (2009). Individuals with below average levels of cognitive complexity display personalities that are best described by a 3-factor model and individuals with above average levels of cognitive complexity display personalities that are best described by a 6- rather than a 7-factor model. Implications of the appropriateness of the FFM are discussed.
Recidivism and rehabilitation of criminal offenders: a carrot and stick evolutionary game.

Motivated by recent efforts by the criminal justice system to treat and rehabilitate nonviolent offenders rather than focusing solely on their punishment, we introduce an evolutionary game theoretic model to study the effects of “carrot and stick” intervention programs on criminal recidivism. We use stochastic simulations to study the evolution of a population where individuals may commit crimes depending on their past history, surrounding environment and, in the case of recidivists, on any counseling, educational or training programs available to them after being punished for their previous crimes. These sociological factors are embodied by effective parameters that determine the decision making probabilities. Players may decide to permanently reform or continue engaging in criminal activity, eventually reaching a state where they are considered incorrigible. Depending on parameter choices, the outcome of the game is a society with a majority of virtuous, rehabilitated citizens or incorrigibles. Since total resources may be limited, we constrain the combined punishment and rehabilitation costs per crime to be fixed, so that increasing one effort will necessarily decrease the other. We find that the most successful strategy in reducing crime is to optimally allocate resources so that after being punished, criminals experience impactful intervention programs, especially during the first stages of their return to society. Excessively harsh or lenient punishments are less effective. We also develop a system of coupled ordinary differential equations with memory effects to give a qualitative description of our simulated societal dynamics. We discuss our findings and sociological implications.
A novel carrier-eliminated optical millimeter-wave generation using a single over-driven phase modulator

A carrier-eliminated 40-GHz optical mm-wave generated by over-driving a phase modulator is first proposed. Error-free transmission over 10-km SMF-28 and 3-m wireless is successfully demonstrated with a highly relaxed bandwidth requirement for sideband optical filtering.
Effective transverse response of fiber composites with nonlinear interface

Abstract This paper presents a framework for the analysis of the constitutive response of composites in which nonlinear behavior originates solely from the force-separation response of the interfaces. The direct method of composite materials theory is employed to pass from local nonlinear behavior of a solitary inclusion problem to nonlinear aggregate response. The resulting model, which involves no adjustable parameters, falls within the conceptual framework of continuum damage mechanics with “damage” variables that have geometrical meaning on the microscale. They are shown to be the expansion coefficients arising in the eigenfunction representation of the displacement jump at a representative inclusion—matrix interface. Detailed calculations of stress—strain response are carried out for the case of transverse shear and plane dilatation of unidirectional fiber composites in dilute concentration. Bifurcation of equilibrium separation in the solitary inclusion problem is shown to precipitate instability in composite response. Interfaces are assumed smooth and such that normal separations are governed by the nonlinear force law of Ferrante et al. (1982) . Comments on the extension of the formulation to include the effects of finite concentration are provided as well.
Zyxin is upregulated in the nucleus by thymosin β4 in SiHa cells

Abstract Thymosin β4 is a 43-amino acid actin-binding protein that promotes cell migration and is important in angiogenesis, wound healing, and tumor metastasis. We searched for genes upregulated by thymosin β4 and identified zyxin as increased in SiHa cells in the presence of exogenously added thymosin β4 and when thymosin β4 is overexpressed using adenoviral vectors. Both zyxin and thymosin β4 show increased localization in the nucleus. We conclude that thymosin β4 may exert some of its migration promoting activity via increased zyxin expression.
Quasilinear rate-type constitutive equations and incremental stress waves

Abstract The requirement that the leading edge of an incremental loading pulse superimposed on a preloading that has reached a constant state will propagate at the elastic wave speed imposes some restrictions on the material functions describing a quasilinear rate-type material. These restrictions are discussed, and it is shown that the incremental wave behavior implies the existence of at least one relaxation boundary, and that a natural continuous transition from the quasilinear equation to a semilinear equation occurs in the neighborhood of the relaxation boundary. How the knowledge of a relaxation boundary can be used in determining the material functions is also discussed.
The surface of dendritic cells in the mouse as studied with monoclonal antibodies.

A family of dendritic cells has been identified in situ and in vitro by microscopy and immunolabeling. The members of this family include the dendritic cells isolated from lymphoid organs, Langerhans cells [LC] of the epidermis, veiled cells in afferent lymph, and interdigitating cells [IDC] in the T-cell areas. Some common features to all members of the family are high levels of MHC class II antigens, a lack of most B and T cell markers, and an absence or low levels of macrophage/granulocyte antigens. This review summarizes the markers of mouse dendritic cells as assessed by a panel of monoclonal antibodies, and stresses a few recent findings. 1) In spleen, there are two populations of dendritic cells. More than 75% of isolated cells are 33D1+, NLDC145−, and JI1d−, while the remainder have the reciprocal phenotype and thus share the NLDC145 antigen of IDC. Thymic dendritic cells, released by collagenase digestion, and epidermal LC also are 33DI−, NLDC145+, J11d+. 2) When epidermal LC are placed in cultur...
Possible mechanisms for the Hubble-Sandage /S Doradus/ variables

The unexplained long-term variability of the light of the brightest nonexplosive stars known, namely the Hubble-Sandage (or S Doradus) variables, is investigated in terms of the following mechanisms: (1) episodic, nearly catastrophic mass loss, perhaps accompanied by temporary shrinkage of the stellar radius, in a luminous supergiant; (2) flickering of a hydrogen-burning or helium-burning shell; (3) hydrogen flashing in an evolved stellar core; (4) pulsation of a luminous supergiant envelope near the Eddington limit of radiative stability; (5) pulsation of a dense circumstellar gas or dust cloud; (6) overturning of giant convection cells (or some other kind or nonradial oscillation) in a luminous supergiant envelope; or (7) vibrational instability and mass outflow in an extremely massive main-sequence star. It is believed that the second and third suggestions can all but definitely be ruled out and that the sixth and seventh are rather unlikely. Preference is given to the notion that a sudden, massive outflow of matter may sometimes occur from the surface of an evolved supergiant of very high mass.
Complementary upper and lower truncated sum, multiple scattering bounds on the effective emissivity

Abstract Two different infinite series in one minus the surface emissivity (1 —es)i are developed for the effective emissivity eeff of an isothermal semi-infinite slab with an arbitrary void-solid distribution. The coefficients for the ith term of each series depend on a single set of i integrals H0, H1,…, Hi, where Hi counts the escape path probabilities of an emitted photon with exactly i surface reflections. Rigorous complementary upper and lower bounds on eeff and useful estimates with error bounds can be generated after evaluating just the first few i terms of each series. Explicit calculations are given for a model random void-solid distribution, a semi-infinite slab cut from a bed of randomly overlapping spheres, and to the level H0, H1 provide good estimates of eeff for es > 0.6 for any void fraction. Results are compared to two-f and cell model calculations as well as available experimental data.
Factor Analysis of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Exploratory factor analysis (varimax and promax rotations) of the aberrant behavior checklist-community version (ABC) in 275 individuals with Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) identified four- and five-factor solutions which accounted for >70% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analysis (Lisrel 8.7) revealed indices of moderate fit for the five-factor solution. Our results suggest that the factor structure of the ABC is robust within an ASD sample. Both solutions yielded a three items self-injury factor. Stratifying on this factor, we identified significant differences between the high- and low-self injury groups on ABC subscales. The emergence of a self-injury factor, while not suggestive of a new subscale, warrants further exploration as a tool that could help dissect relevant neurobiobehavioral groups in ASD.
Assisting students with disabilities in distance education: an exploratory study into their experiences

The escalation in DE presents both opportunities and challenges to students with disabilities. For students with disabilities, DE technology can help them read when they cannot see and learn when they have the desire to study. However, when the proper care is not taken in the development of these technological resources and tools, DE courses can be inaccessible to these students. The current study seeks to investigate how to assist students with disabilities in DE environments, and ultimately, to improve the role that technology plays in the distance education of students with disabilities in the higher education arena.
On Deletion of Outsourced Data in Cloud Computing

Data security is a major concern in cloud computing. After clients outsource their data to the cloud, will they lose control of the data? Prior research has proposed various schemes for clients to confirm the existence of their data on the cloud servers, and the goal is to ensure data integrity. This paper investigates a complementary problem: When clients delete data, how can they be sure that the deleted data will never resurface in the future if the clients do not perform the actual data removal themselves? How to confirm the non-existence of their data when the data is not in their possession? One obvious solution is to encrypt the outsourced data, but this solution has a significant technical challenge because a huge amount of key materials may have to be maintained if we allow fine-grained deletion. In this paper, we explore the feasibility of relieving clients from such a burden by outsourcing keys (after encryption) to the cloud. We propose a novel multi-layered key structure, called Recursively Encrypted Red-black Key tree (RERK), that ensures no key materials will be leaked, yet the client is able to manipulate keys by performing tree operations in collaboration with the servers. We implement our solution on the Amazon EC2. The experimental results show that our solution can efficiently support the deletion of outsourced data in cloud computing.
Studies of the intermediates produced during peptic digestion of bovine serum albumin, ribonuclease and trypsin.

Abstract The distribution of the fragments formed by peptic hydrolysis of bovine serum albumin has been studied by ultracentrifugal analysis and by fractionation with solutions of trichloroacetic acid in urea. Intermediates, ranging in molecular weight from about 69,000 to 5000 were found, and were shown to diminish in size in a regular manner during the digestion. Evidence for the splitting of peptide bonds, without separation of the fragments, presumbaly due to disulfide linkages, is also presented. A nonparallel relationship between the loss of enzyme activity and the formation of trichloroacetic acid-soluble products is described for ribonuclease and trypsin, digested with pepsin. These results with pepsin are discussed in the context of a general scheme of proteolysis.
Uridine allows dose escalation of 5-fluorouracil when given with N-phosphonacetyl-L-Aspartate, methotrexate, and leucovorin

Background. In a previous trial in which methotrexate and N-phosphonacetyl-L-aspartate (PALA) were used to modulate 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), four of six patients could not tolerate treatment at the 600 mg/m2 5-FU dose level because of mucositis, diarrhea, and a decrease in performance status. The current study examines the ability of uridine rescue to prevent such toxic effects in the same regimen and, thereby, allow additional dose escalation of 5-FU. Methods. Twenty-nine patients with advanced malignant neoplasms received PALA and MTX, each at 250 mg/m2, followed 24 hours later by increasing bolus doses of 5-FU (600–750 mg/m2) with a leucovorin rescue (10 mg orally every 6 hours for eight doses) and uridine rescue (3 g/m2/hour, for a 72-hour infusion, 3 hours on, 3 hours off). Treatment was repeated weekly with either 2 weeks on, 2 weeks off, or 3 weeks on, 1 week off. Results. Mucositis, which occurred in 4 of 12 patients treated at the 750 mg/m2 5-FU dose level, was the only significant chemotherapy-induced toxic effect. However, uridine-related central venous catheter complications (cellulitis in six patients and superior vena cava syndrome in one patient) precluded additional treatment on this protocol. Conclusions. In the current regimen, uridine allowed dose escalation of 5-FU to 750 mg/m2, which some patients tolerated on a 3-week on, 1-week off schedule. Because of the vascular toxic effects associated with intravenous uridine, the authors recommend additional studies with oral uridine to determine whether the increase in 5-FU dose that uridine allows is associated with improved response rates.
A method for tissue extraction and determination of prostate concentrations of endogenous androgens by radioimmunoassay.

Abstract A method for simultaneously determining concentrations of major androgens in prostate has been developed. Extraction techniques used to isolate the androgens from minced tissue include homogenization with high-speed blades in Delsal's solvent mixture, adsorption to silica gel, followed by column and one thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Radioimmunoassays (RIA) of small aliquots of TLC eluates are used to quantitate picogram amounts of 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and 5α-androstanediols (Diol) and to estimate testosterone (T) and androstenedione (Ad). Contamination of blanks was reduced to RIA sensitivity limits primarily by treatment of glassware in a self-cleaning oven. The specificity of the method for each androgen was established by TLC separations of known prostate metabolities, antisera specificities, and parallelism of sample aliquots to androgen RIA standards. The overall precision, in terms of coefficients of variation, was 21% for DHT and 24% for Diol. T and Ad could not be measured with acceptable precision because their very low concentrations in prostate (⩽0.5 ng/g tissue) were less than RIA sensitivity limits. Accuracy studies indicated recoveries ranging from 96% for Diol to 121% for DHT. In human benign hypertrophic prostate tissue, DHT averaged 153 ng/g soluble protein (5.8 ng/g tissue) which was 17 times higher than values obtained in human spleen and kidney; Diol in prostate showed no consistent differences from values noted in kidney or spleen.