cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive pain management as a frontline treatment to address the opioid crisis.

Background The opioid crisis continues to devastate individuals and communities in the United States and abroad. While there have been several measures to address the over-prescription of opioid analgesics, the number of overdose deaths related to prescription opioids has not changed appreciably in the last 10 years. Comprehensive (or multidisciplinary) pain recovery programs consist of providers from multiple backgrounds that treat pain on an individual level through a combination of approaches including physical therapy, emotional and spiritual support, cognitive behavioral therapy, and non-opioid pharmacotherapies. Because there is a dynamic interplay between a given chronic pain patient and multiple providers, comprehensive pain programs are not as "standardized" as other medical treatments because they are meant to meet the individual needs of each patient and their specific pain diagnoses Methods: Review of the literature. Results There is evidence that comprehensive pain treatment can reduce pain severity and improve functioning; comprehensive pain treatment can be used to treat those with post-surgical pain, thus preventing the onset of non-medical opioid use and opioid use disorder, and in persons with chronic pain who are on long-term opioid therapy, as a method to reduce or eliminate opioid medication use. Comprehensive pain recovery programs were abundant for a period from the 1960s through the 1980s, but for a variety of reasons, they became financially unsustainable as the national reimbursement environment evolved. Conclusions In the context of the protracted and deadly opioid crisis, revitalizing and expanding comprehensive pain treatment should be considered as a frontline approach to treat chronic pain.
A Cross-Sectional Evaluation of the Successful Minority Applicant to Orthopaedic Surgery Residency Programs

The lack of diversity among orthopaedic health care providers is a pressing matter that must continue to be corrected at all levels. Improving diversity among orthopaedic physicians starts with improving diversity in residency training programs. This study brings light to the demographics and achievements of successful minority applicants, detailing what types of students are successfully matching into orthopaedic surgery. Between June and July 2020, the authors distributed a 12-question, anonymous survey to 53 URM students who successfully matched into orthopaedic surgery residencies for the 2020 application cycle. The survey inquiries about respondent demographics, academic accomplishments, and match process success as well as whether the presence of URM faculty, program director, and chairman influenced how they made their rank list. Overall, 37 students (71%) completed the entire survey. Most students indicated that the presence or absence of URM faculty influenced their rank list (n = 32, 88.9%) and that this distinction was meaningful to their orthopaedic candidacy (n = 28, 87.5%). Less than half of the respondents (n = 16; 44.4%) noted that the presence of a URM residency program director or department chairman influenced their rank list, while 20 (55.6%) noted that it did not. In conclusion, URM applicants with multiple academic achievements can be successful during the orthopaedic match process. Furthermore, the presence of URM faculty is an important factor that URM applicants consider. Residency directors must both identify the competitive URM applicants and strive to recruit more URM faculty when aiming to increase program diversity. Level of Evidence: Level IV
Preferences and patterns of response to public health advice during the COVID-19 pandemic.

With recurring waves of the Covid-19 pandemic, a dilemma facing public health leadership is whether to provide public advice that is medically optimal (e.g., most protective against infection if followed), but unlikely to be adhered to, or advice that is less protective but is more likely to be followed. To provide insight about this dilemma, we examined and quantified public perceptions about the tradeoff between (a) the stand-alone value of health behavior advice, and (b) the advice’s adherence likelihood. In a series of studies about preference for public health leadership advice, we asked 1061 participants to choose between (5) strict advice that is medically optimal if adhered to but which is less likely to be broadly followed, and (2) relaxed advice, which is less medically effective but more likely to gain adherence—given varying infection expectancies. Participants’ preference was consistent with risk aversion. Offering an informed choice alternative that shifts volition to advice recipients only strengthened risk aversion, but also demonstrated that informed choice was preferred as much or more than the risk-averse strict advice.
Brain glycogen: an insulin-sensitive carbohydrate store

Keywords: Blood-Brain Barrier Reference EPFL-REVIEW-177536 Record created on 2012-05-27, modified on 2017-05-12
Using Green’s Functions to initialize and adjust a global, eddying ocean biogeochemistry general circulation model

Abstract The NASA Carbon Monitoring System (CMS) Flux Project aims to attribute changes in the atmospheric accumulation of carbon dioxide to spatially resolved fluxes by utilizing the full suite of NASA data, models, and assimilation capabilities. For the oceanic part of this project, we introduce ECCO2-Darwin, a new ocean biogeochemistry general circulation model based on combining the following pre-existing components: (i) a full-depth, eddying, global-ocean configuration of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model (MITgcm), (ii) an adjoint-method-based estimate of ocean circulation from the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean, Phase II (ECCO2) project, (iii) the MIT ecosystem model “Darwin”, and (iv) a marine carbon chemistry model. Air–sea gas exchange coefficients and initial conditions of dissolved inorganic carbon, alkalinity, and oxygen are adjusted using a Green’s Functions approach in order to optimize modeled air–sea CO2 fluxes. Data constraints include observations of carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2) for 2009–2010, global air–sea CO2 flux estimates, and the seasonal cycle of the Takahashi et al. (2009) Atlas. The model sensitivity experiments (or Green’s Functions) include simulations that start from different initial conditions as well as experiments that perturb air–sea gas exchange parameters and the ratio of particulate inorganic to organic carbon. The Green’s Functions approach yields a linear combination of these sensitivity experiments that minimizes model-data differences. The resulting initial conditions and gas exchange coefficients are then used to integrate the ECCO2-Darwin model forward. Despite the small number (six) of control parameters, the adjusted simulation is significantly closer to the data constraints (37% cost function reduction, i.e., reduction in the model-data difference, relative to the baseline simulation) and to independent observations (e.g., alkalinity). The adjusted air–sea gas exchange parameter differs by only 3% from the baseline value and has little impact ( − 0.1 %) on the cost function. The particulate inorganic to organic carbon ratio was increased more than threefold and reduced the cost function by 22% relative to the baseline integration, indicating a significant influence of biology on air–sea gas exchange. The largest contribution to cost reduction (35%) comes from the adjustment of initial conditions. In addition to reducing biases relative to observations, the adjusted simulation exhibits smaller model drift than the baseline. We estimate drift by integrating the model with repeated 2009 atmospheric forcing for seven years and find a volume-weighted drift reduction of, for example, 12.5% for nitrate and 30% for oxygen in the top 300 m. Although there remain several regions with large model-data discrepancies, for example, overly strong carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean, the adjusted simulation is a first step towards a more accurate representation of the ocean carbon cycle at high spatial and temporal resolution.
T cell motility within lymph nodes fits a Levy signature (CAM1P.225)

Naive T cell motility within lymph nodes (LNs) is crucial for the initiation of the T cell response. Multiphoton imaging has allowed direct visualization of T cell movement in LNs, demonstrating T cell search as a random walk. Different types of random walks exist in biological systems, including Brownian and Levy walks. Levy walks differ from Brownian walks by the presence of large steps, and naive T cell motility in LNs had been assumed to be a Brownian walk. Recent evidence suggests that the motility of T cells in the brain is characterized by a Levy signature, not a Brownian walk. However, detailed analysis naive T cells search within LNs has not been done. Here we present evidence that naive T cells use a Levy signature to search in LNs. Using multiphoton microscopy, we determined displacement and step size taken by naive T cells in LNs. We find that naive T cell motility show a heavy-tailed distribution characteristic of a Levy signature. However, we do not observe a classical Levy walk as defined by a power-law fit. Instead, the best fit for T cell motility is a log-normal distribution. We then used computer modeling to assess the efficiency of T cell search parameters. We find that heavy-tailed distributions are as efficient as the classical Levy walk at target search. These findings shed new light on the fundamental mechanisms driving T cell search for antigen within lymph nodes.
Broadcast Music Inc. v. Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc., 441 U.S. 1 (1979)

In his chapter in the forthcoming book Antitrust Stories (Foundation Press, Eleanor Fox and Dan Crane editors), Steve Calkins relates the saga that included the landmark Broadcast Music case. It's a great story peopled with colorful characters - and one in which amicii, both in Broadcast Music and in a predecessor case, may have helped cause the litigation to have lasting impact.
Genomic imprinting and assisted reproduction

Imprinted genes exhibit a parent-of-origin specific pattern of expression. Such genes have been shown to be targets of molecular defects in particular genetic syndromes such as Beckwith-Wiedemann and Angelman syndromes. Recent reports have raised concern about the possibility that assisted reproduction techniques, such as in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection, might cause genomic imprinting disorders. The number of reported cases of those disorders is still too small to draw firm conclusions and the safety of these widely used assisted reproduction techniques needs to be further evaluated.
The Economics of Peak Oil

“Peak oil” refers to the future decline in world production of crude oil and to the accompanying potentially calamitous eects. The peak oil literature typically rejects economic analysis. This chapter, following Holland (2008), argues that economic analysis is indeed appropriate for analyzing oil scarcity since standard economic models can replicate the observed peaks in oil production. Moreover, the emphasis on peak oil is misplaced since peaking is not a good indicator of scarcity, peak oil techniques are overly simplistic, the catastrophes predicted by the peak oil literature are unlikely, and the literature does not contribute to correcting identified market failures. Eciency of oil markets could be improved by instead focusing on remedying market failures such as excessive private discount rates, environmental externalities, market power, insucient innovation incentives, incomplete futures markets, and insecure property rights.
Anthranilate synthetase. In vitro complementation between Serratia marcescens and Escherichia coli subunits.

Abstract Extracts from Serratia marcescens mutants lacking anthranilate synthetase contain a subunit that confers the ability to use glutamine on anthranilate synthetase component I of Escherichia coli. The formation of the S. marcescens glutamine subunit is repressed approximately 15-fold by growth in the presence of l -tryptophan. The molecular weight of the glutamine subunit estimated from gel filtration and sucrose gradient centrifugation is 24 000. A hybrid anthranilate synthetase composed of S. marcescens glutamine subunit and E. coli component I has a molecular weight of 145 000 in the presence of 20 mM glutamine. The molecular weight estimated by gel filtration and sucrose density gradient centrifugation in the absence of glutamine was 110 000, suggesting that subunit interactions may be stabilized by glutamine. The S. marcescens glutamine subunit is functionally equivalent to a part of the polypeptide specified by the E. coli trpD gene, that also catalyzes the second reaction of tryptophan biosynthesis. Evolution of anthranilate synthetase in the Enterobactereaceae is discussed.
The Inexorable Historical Press of the Developing Evaluation Profession

The history of the field of evaluation is described over the past half century to set the context for examining accreditation, certification, and credentialing that are the foci of this New Directions for Evaluation issue. What have been and are the current forces that guide us in regard to thinking about the three concepts? Understanding how evaluation is evolving is crucial for considering actions that might or might not be taken. To the extent possible this is done from a neutral stance without advocating or endorsing what should or could be done next. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
The temperature dependence of the flow stress of the γ' phase based upon Ni 3 Al

The temperature dependence of the ordinary flow stress, the microplastic yield stress, and the transient creep responses ofγ′ have been studied with respect to the effect of alloying additions, slip line topography, and dislocation structure. The increase observed in the flow stress with increase in temperature may be attributed to a change in the mechanism controlling the flow stress. An exhaustion hardening process at low temperatures appears to be supplanted by a debris hardening process at high temperatures. This transition arises from an increased propensity for {100} slip as the temperature is raised. Solute additions affect the temperature dependence of the flow stress probably by altering the tendency for {100} slip.
Einflüsse des lymphatischen Systems auf den Alterungsvorgang

Ein Romer der Antike wurde durchschnittlich 22 Jahre alt. Heutzutage liegt die Lebenserwartung im modernen Europa oder Amerika bei 74 Jahren (Abb. 1). Wenn man die durchschnittliche Lebensspanne als Mas des physiologischen Alterungsvorganges nimmt, dann hat man seit der Antike einen gewaltigen Fortschritt erreicht. Jedoch ist es letzten Endes nicht gerechtfertigt, Altern in dieser Weise zu messen. Der Unterschied der Kurven A und B reflektiert verbesserte offentliche Gesundheitsfursorge, gesundere Ernahrung und Beherrschung infektioser und anderer Erkrankungen; dessenungeachtet haben diese Verbesserungen nicht den normalen Alterungsvorgang beeinflussen konnen. Und wir sind dessen ziemlich sicher, denn das erreichte Alter der am langsten Lebenden damals und heute hat sich nicht auffallend verandert. Romische Senatoren lebten genausolange, wie die unserer Tage — und waren genau so einflusreich. Die erreichten Jahre der Altesten in einer grosen Bevolkerung ist das brauchbarste Einzelmas des Alterungsprozesses, weil es von exogenen Einflussen relativ unabhangig ist. Bessere Krankheits- und Gesundheitsfursorge hatten lediglich zur Folge, das sich — graphisch ausgedruckt — Kurve A der mehr rechteckformigen Kurve B naherte.
Quantum opacity, the RHIC Hanbury Brown-Twiss puzzle, and the chiral phase transition.

We present a relativistic quantum-mechanical treatment of opacity and refractive effects that allows reproduction of observables measured in two-pion Hanbury Brown--Twiss (HBT) interferometry and pion spectra at RHIC. The inferred emission duration is substantial. The results are consistent with the emission of pions from a system that has a restored chiral symmetry.
“A Parley of Historians”; or, A Learned Society in Public

In 1960 the Society of Architectural Historians, then in its second decade of existence, appeared in the New York Times on two occasions: in an article about the annual meeting and in an advertisement about the benefits of membership. Though unrelated, these mentions provide a good starting point for exploring perceptions of the learned society from within and without, raising issues about the nature and character of SAH as a dynamic organization whose aims and aspirations have evolved over seventy-five years. In October 1960, when SAH had 1,500 members, the society placed an advertisement in the New York Times Book Review inviting “the participation and support of all professionals and laymen who share its interest in our architectural past.”1 SAH was hoping to swell its ranks through direct appeal to the paper’s 1.3 million Sunday readers, inducing them to attend its meetings, join its tours, and read its journal. Complete with a mail-in coupon, the ad revealed SAH as a learned society coming to terms with the age of mass media and mass consumption, as far as these were manifest in the demographics of the readership of the Times Book Review . Here, in effect, was a public declaration that enthusiasm for the subject, along with an ability to pay $7.50 in dues, was as valid a qualification for SAH membership as an academic affiliation or any other conventionally recognized credential. You needn’t be learned about architecture, the ad implied; you need only be keen on buildings. Though the society’s Newsletter noted that the ad brought a “good response,” it is not clear how many Book Review readers, if any, accepted SAH’s invitation.2 This big-tent self-image was a departure from the conventional public persona of a learned society in the middle of the twentieth century, which is exactly …
Out-patient Therapy of Iatrogenic Opioid Dependency following Prolonged Sedation in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

The authors present their clinical experience with the oral administration of lorazepam, methadone, and pentobarbital to prevent or treat withdrawal symptoms following prolonged sedation in the PICU patient. The 3 patients presented required prolonged sedation for mechanical ventilation. Different agents were used for sedation in the 3 patients including intravenous fentanyl, midazolam, and pentobarbital. The switch to oral agents must take into consideration the differences in potency, half-life, and oral bioavailability between the agents. The authors discuss the appropriate conversion factors for opioids, benzodiazepines, and barbiturates. The switch to oral administration eliminated the need for intravenous access in the 3 patients and allowed for earlier discharge home. All 3 patients were discharged home on an oral, taper schedule. Such an approach may lead to earlier home discharge thereby improving the patient's quality of life as well as saving health care dollars.
The High Cost of Cancer Drugs and What We Can Do About It

Last year, ipilimumab (Yervoy; Bristol-Myers Squibb, New York, NY) was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. The benefit in survival over and above standard treatment arms was 3.7 months in previously treated patients and 2.1 months in previously untreated patients.1,2 The cost: $120,000 for 4 doses. As staggering a figure as that is, the drug is hardly alone in its lofty price. We believe that the immense cost of contemporary cancer drugs signals even greater costs for future drugs (Table).
A computer-supported cooperative learning system with multiagent intelligence

In this paper, we describe an innovative infrastructure to support student participation and collaboration and help the instructor manage large or distance classrooms using multiagent system intelligence. The system, called I-MINDS, has a host of intelligent agents for each classroom: a teacher agent ranks and categorizes real-time questions from the students and collects statistics on student participation, a number of group agents that each maintains a collaborative group and facilitate student discussions, and a student agent for each student that profiles a student and finds compatible students to form the student's "buddy group". Each agent is capable of machine learning, thus improving its performance and services over time. These agents also interact and collaborate among themselves to exchange information and form coalitions dynamically to better serve the users. We have pilot-tested I-MINDS in GIS lectures, deployed I-MINDS in an introductory computer science course (CS1)'s laboratory, and evaluated the impact of I-MINDS based on student assessment. The results showed that students using I-MINDS performed (and outperformed in some aspects) as well as students in traditional settings.
Case-Mix and drg reporting

DRG's, DRG's... they are here and they may be for a long time. In 1982 DRG's (Diagnosis Related Groups) attracted widespread national attention and became extremely controversial. As of the first of this month (October 1983) Medicare reimburses urban and rural hospitals on a case basis using 356 case types as defined by DRG's. For FY 84 payments to urban and rural hospitals will be based upon 25% DRG prices (100% regional) and 75% on hospital specific costs. In FY 85 it will be 50% on DRG's (75% regional and 25% national prices) and 50% on hospital specific costs. For FY 86 the DRG price portion is raised to 75% (50% regional and 50% national). Starting October 1, 1987 all hospitals will be reimbursed using 100% national DRG prices (one price for urban hospitals and one price for rural hospitals). Case payment differences to hospitals in 1987 will only reflect teaching costs, capital costs and wage differences.
Arsenic, molybdenum, selenium, and tungsten contents of fertilizers and phosphate rocks

Abstract Contamination of soils with trace metals or semi‐metals has become a major public concern in recent years. Potential sources of these contaminants include commercial phosphorus (P) fertilizers and the phosphate rocks used in production of the P fertilizers. Solid commercial P fertilizers marketed in Iowa and phosphate rock samples (PRs) obtained from deposits around the world were analyzed for arsenic (As), molybdenum (Mo), selenium (Se), and tungsten (W). The fertilizer materials included 24 samples of triple superphosphate (TSP), 23 samples of monoammonium phosphate (MAP), and 25 samples of diammonium phosphate (DAP). Twelve PRs from different PR deposits in Africa, United States, and Peru were also analyzed. The concentrations of As and Mo were greater and more variable than those of Se and W in TSP, MAP, DAP, and PRs. The ranges and median values of As, expressed in mg/kg, were: TSP (2.4–18.5, 10.1), MAP (8.1–17.8, 12.4), DAP (6.8–15.6, 12.4), and PR (3.2–32.1, 9.6). The range and median valu...
Billiard ball echo model in the statistical quantum electrodynamics formalism

Abstract Using techniques of statistical quantum electrodynamics, the results of the billiard ball model for photon echo are reproduced and further generalized to include relaxation parameters within the same formalism.
Mimosa pudica L., Responses to Electrical and Mechanical Stimuli, Cardenolides and Light

Summary Mimosa pudica, a sensitive leguminous plant, lends itself to studies of different types of stimuli and of their inhibitors. Observations are reported concerning their responses to electrical and mechanical stimuli, inhibition by steroid cardenolides, the role of the phytochrome system under daylight conditions and of the transport ATP-ase in the primary pulvini. Free running leaf movements appear to follow the red/far red light ratios from sunrise to sunset during the months of observation. Mechanical stimulation evoked maximum response during periods of minimum R/FR, while electrical shocks were most effective during periods of maximum R/FR. Digitoxin, digoxin and ouabain inhibited leaf movements in response to these stimuli during periods of reduced R/FR, when the supply of ATP was apparently minimal. The interrelationships between R/FR, PF, PFR and transport ATP-ase are discussed. The degree of illuminance of the plants tends to affect free running leaf movements with statistical significance positively or negatively depending on its intensity. Methods for calculating R/FR under local greenhouse conditions have been applied by using observations from other localities and from above the atmosphere measurements.
Assessment of Self-Esteem and Wellness in Health Promotion Professionals:

When researchers tested 90 wellness professionals attending the National Wellness Conference using the Adult Form of Coopersmith's Self-esteem Inventory and TestWell, participants scored above the norm on self-esteem and over-all wellness and on the subscales of Sexuality and Emotional Awareness, Safety, and Emotional Management. In addition, TestWell, a revised wellness inventory, showed internal reliability (alpha) of .84.
Impact of the U.S. panel on cost-effectiveness in health and medicine.

Abstract Objective: To examine whether recommendations made by the U.S. Panel on Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine (Panel Report) have been associated with changes in how cost-effectiveness analyses are conducted. Methods: We examined whether studies published after the Panel Report was issued and which cited the Panel Report were more likely to follow its recommendations on discounting, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and incremental ratios than (1) studies published before the Panel Report, and (2) studies published after the Panel Report but that did not cite the Panel Report. We used the Science Citation Index to identify all studies citing the Panel Report that were also empirical, cost-effectiveness analyses ( n =18). We randomly selected two groups for comparison (N=54). Studies were compared using contingency tables. Results: Significantly more studies that cited the Panel Report used a 3% discount rate than did post-report comparison studies ( p =0.03) and pre-report comparison studies ( p =0.03). There was a nonsignificant trend for studies citing the Panel Report to be more likely to use QALYs and incremental ratios (range of p =0.11 to p =0.20). Conclusions: We found evidence that the Panel Report had an impact on practice. However, 31% of the studies citing the Panel Report did not follow the recommendation to use a 3% discount rate, and only 28% followed all three recommendations.
Response of Psychiatrically Impaired Inmates to Activity Therapy

Abstract This paper describes the results of activity therapy programs with psychiatrically impaired inmates at a maximum security prison. Participating inmates attended 3 to 4 sessions monthly for 6-8 months, 8-16 months and 16-24 months. Their subjective evaluation of the therapeutic interventions is reported. Results include the programs which were felt to be of benefit and enjoyable, and those which prepared them for the future. Recommendations for initiation of a similar program are offered.
The elasmobranch pupillary response

Abstract The rate and extent of the pupillary response to light and darkness were determined for a variety of sharks and rays. Dilation required 1–60 min and constriction 1–30 min, depending on the species. All responses were non-consensual. The dilator muscle was controlled by the third cranial nerve, which probably exerts a constant dilatory tonus at all times. The sphincter, on the other hand, was directly responsive to light for all species studied. Evidence for a retinal-iridal nervous reflex, however, was found for the sphincter of Scyliorhinus canicula.
Suppression of ethanol self-administration in alcoholics by contingent time-out from social interactions.

Abstract In a residential research ward setting six volunteer chronic alcoholics were given daily access to 17 alcoholic drinks provided that a minimum of 40 min elapsed between receiving successive drinks. Each drink contained 1 oz 95-proof ethanol in orange juice. During baseline phases subjects were free to drink and socialize on the dayroom. However, during social time-out phases subjects were not permitted to socialize for the 40 min period following receipt of each drink. This contingent social time-out manipulation was systematically replicated across three conditions which varied with respect to the number of non-contingent ward privileges available. The results show that contingent social time-out suppressed drinking; and its effectiveness depended directly upon the conditions of available privileges. Within individual subjects, contingent time-out was increasingly effective in suppressing drinking as the available privileges were increasingly restricted.
Synthesis and characterization of the first trimetallic nitride templated pyrrolidino endohedral metallofullerenes

New pyrrolidino derivatives of both diamagnetic and paramagnetic trimetallic nitride templated endohedral metallofullerenes were synthesized by the Prato reaction, isolated and characterized by means of MALDI-TOF MS, NMR and UV-vis spectroscopies.
Effective Depth of X-Ray Production

By measuring x-ray emission profiles as a function of voltage, the depth of penetration of the cathode electrons involved may be calculated. Similarly, the effective depth of x-ray production may be obtained. Uncertainties exist because of conditions at the surface, so the rate of change of these depths with voltage may be established with greater confidence than the values themselves. For copper, the continuum yields values increasing from 300 A/kv to 480 A/kv over the 10-30 kv range. An average value of 450 A/kv is obtained from analysis of the less trustworthy line data. The effective depth obtained from the conventional calculation on the absorption edge is shown to have little physical meaning.
Patchable instruction ROM architecture

Increased systems level integration has meant the movement of many traditionally off chip components onto a single chip including a processor, instruction storage, data path, and local memory. The design of these systems is driven by two conflicting goals, the need for reduced area and the need for rapid development times. The two current design options for instruction storage, ROM and Flash, are each highly optimized to one of these two goals but provide little compromise between them. ROM is used for highly area optimized instruction memory, although this comes at a price of lengthy integration time due to it's need to be correct before the chip is sent for fabrication. Flash is an alternative instruction memory that can significantly reduce the time to market by allowing embedded software to be upgraded after fabrication, meaning that software test and fabrication can be overlapped. Unfortunately Flash takes over a factor of 2 times the area of the equivalent ROM based storage.In this paper we present the Patchable Instruction ROM as an architecture for instruction storage that can provide the best of both worlds -- reduced area and faster time to market. With area efficiency similar to a standard ROM and support for limited post fabrication software patching, Patchable Instruction ROM provides a new set of design points to consider when building embedded systems. For the programs we examine, we show that our hardware/software technique can achieve an area only 10% larger than ROM with only an 11% inflation in design time over a Flash based approach.
Culturally Competent Interventions to Address Obesity Among African American and Latino Children and Youth

While obesity impacts all ethnic groups in the United States, African Americans and Latinos are particularly at high risk for obesity. The purpose of this paper is to provide an analysis of the literature on evidence-based culturally competent strategies for addressing and preventing obesity and discuss roles for occupational therapists working with populations at risk for obesity in the school or therapeutic clinical environment. A review was conducted of over 80 research articles describing successful interventions conducted in schools and communities targeting African Americans and Latino children. Although unique single strategies are highlighted in this paper, obesity interventions are complex and involved a number of multilevel strategies. The results of the analysis of the literature are presented according to strategies that promote healthy eating, physical activity, and overall healthy lifestyles. Along with the cultural competent strategies, we recommend specific roles for occupational therapists in order to promote the implementation of each particular strategy. Lastly, implications for occupational therapy are discussed.
Integration of Brassica Cover Crop with Host Resistance and Azoxystrobin for Management of Rice Sheath Blight

Sheath blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani is the most important rice disease that can cause significant losses in grain yield and quality in the southern United States. Current management options for sheath blight primarily consist of fungicides, tolerant cultivars, and cultural practices. These options are not always very effective. Brassica plants have been used for soil fumigation to manage a variety of different soilborne pathogens. In this field study, the efficacy of a Brassica juncea cover crop integrated with use of a tolerant rice cultivar and fungicide application was evaluated in 2011, 2012, and 2013. The B. juncea cover crop significantly lowered sheath blight severity in all 3 years and led to a significantly higher grain yield in 2013 as compared with the fallow control. 'Presidio' rice had lower sheath blight severity and higher yield than 'Cocodrie' in 2012 and 2013. Fungicide applications with azoxystrobin at the label rate (0.16 kg a.i./ha) or half the label rate (0.08 kg a.i./ha) significantly reduced sheath blight severity in all 3 years, resulting in a yield increase in 2 of the 3 years. B. juncea along with use of a tolerant rice cultivar and half the label rate of azoxystrobin can be an effective approach for management of sheath blight in rice.
Largemouth bass mortality and related causal factors during live-release fishing tournaments on a large Minnesota Lake.

Abstract We quantified initial and delayed mortality of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides during live-release fishing tournaments and identified probable causes of death in order to provide a biological basis for refining tournament guidelines and regulation. Mean estimates for two tournaments on Lake Minnetonka, Minnesota, were 1.42% weigh-in mortality, 3.35% 3-d delayed mortality, and 4.72% total mortality. Catch and total mortality rates during a May tournament were both over 1.5 times those of a September tournament, the difference presumably being related to reproductive behavior and condition. Tournament mortality of the population was minimal relative to other causes of mortality; total tournament mortality estimates for 1992 (11 tournaments) represented 2.3–6.3% of angling mortality and 1.3–3.0% of total mortality in Lake Minnetonka. Means of all water quality variables measured in live wells were significantly different from those of lake water, and relative differences were greatest for ammo...
PITCHERS TO MUGS: CHACOAN REVIVAL AT SAND CANYON PUEBLO

Historically, cultural revitalization movements have been a common mechanism of culture change among North American indigenous groups. Drawing on research at Sand Canyon Pueblo, this article applies a model of the revitalization process to the mid-thirteenth century in the Mesa Verde region. Architectural forms and ritual artifacts appear to reflect a rational, revivalistic, nativistic movement, heavily based on Chacoan symbolism. An example of this may be the replacement of ritual Chacoan pitchers by formalized Mesa Verde-style mugs. The decision of Puebloan peoples to leave the region late in the century may have been substantially influenced by a failed revitalization movement.
Assay of the Principal Gustatory Stimulant for the Tobacco Hornworm, Protoparce Sexta, from Solanaceous Plants

This stimulant was isolated from tomato and related plants of the family Solanaceae. Preliminary characterizations indicate the material to be a glycosidic substance; however, its complete chemical identity has not been elucidated as yet. In the presence of this substance, the insect attacks filter paper, lettuce leaves or artificial agar diets, but only when certain nutrients, particularly sugars, are also present. Filter-paper assays were employed during the early and agar-diet assays during the later stages of purification. The material is also active as a feeding stimulant for the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), which feeds on plants of the same family.
Photothermal studies of the room temperature photo-induced spin state change in the Fe(III)(salten)(mepepy) complex

Abstract The complex [Fe(III)(salten)(mepepy)]BPh 4 (salten = 4-azaheptamethylene-1,7-bis(salicylideneiminate; mepepy = 1-(pyridin-4-yl)-2-(N-methylpyrrol-2-yl)-ethene; BPh 4 = tetraphenyl borate) has been investigated to determine the volume and enthalpy changes associated with the room temperature photo-induced spin crossover. Here we report the photophysical properties of the trans to cis isomerization of the mepepy ligand as well as the spin crossover of the Fe(III)(salten)(mepepy) complex in acetonitrile:water mixtures using photoacoustic calorimetry (PAC). The PAC studies indicate that the trans to cis transition of the mepepy ligand occurs faster than the ∼20 ns response time of the acoustic detector and gives rise to a negligible volume change (0.7 ± 0.3 mL mol −1 ) and an enthalpy change of 33 ± 10 kcal mol −1 . These results are consistent with the loss of a charge assisted hydrogen bond between a water molecule and the pyridyl ring of the mepepy upon photoisomerization. In the case of Fe(III)(salten)(mepepy) photoexcitation, PAC results indicate that the high-spin to low-spin transition, also occurring in ≲ 20 ns, gives rise to small volume and enthalpy changes (0.9 mL mol −1 and 4 kcal mol −1 ). Analysis of the results indicate that the observed thermodynamics are related to a distortion of the Fe(II)(salten)(mepepy) complex associated with the cleavage of an Fe ⋯ N bond upon spin conversion.
Permeability of Novikoff hepatoma cells to water and monohydric alcohols.

Abstract The permeability coefficients of Novikoff hepatoma ascites cell membranes for tritiated water (3HHO) and for a homologous series of monohydric alcohols (methanol through hexanol) were deduced from linear diffusion coefficients by means of a series-parallel pathway model (Redwood et al. (1974) J. Gen. Physiol. 64, 706–729). Membrane permeability coefficients for 3HHO at 20, 30 and 37°C were (all X10−5) 97, 125, and 163 cm · s−1, respectively, and were significantly smaller than the corresponding values for the alcohols tested. In the alcohol series, ethanol had the lowest permeability coefficient 198 · 10−5 cm · s−1 at 20°C. The apparent activation energy for water permeation was 6.7 ± 1.9 S.E. kcal · mol−1. The apparent membrane diffusion coefficients for the alcohols were a complex function of molecular properties with less diffusional membrane resistance to the alcohols in the middle of the homologous series than would have been expected on the basis of oil-water partitioning or molar volume considerations. The conventional parallel aqueous lipophilic pathway model is not consistent with the present data which can be interpreted by consideration of parallel lipophilic pathways through the Novikoff hepatoma cell membrane.
Comment on the Definition of Particle Velocity in a Schwarzschild Field

The definition we previously introduced to describe the velocity of a test particle in a Schwarzachild field, as measured by a distant observer, is shown to be complete. As we desired, this definition reflects the fact that round-trip times-of -flight of fast test particles will be longer when governed by general relativity than when governed by a Minkowskian or Newtonian theory. In this sense, particles obeying general relativity appear to slow down. Thc altemate definition of particle velocity proposed by Baierlein does not have this property and is shown to be more appropriate for a local observer than for a distant observer. (auth)
Age and growth of pallid sturgeon in the free‐flowing Mississippi River

Summary Trotlines were used to capture pallid sturgeon in the free-flowing Mississippi River, which extends from the Gulf of Mexico to the mouth of the Missouri River. Trotlines were baited with worms, and set overnight usually along the channel border. The pectoral fin rays of 165 pallid sturgeon caught in the Mississippi River were aged; 118 were from the lower Mississippi River (LMR) between the Gulf and mouth of the Ohio River, and 47 were from the middle Mississippi River (MMR) between the mouths of the Ohio and Missouri rivers. Initial agreement within ±1 year between two readers ranged from 53% for the LMR specimens, which were read first, to 84% for the MMR. Final age was agreed upon by both readers. For LMR pallid sturgeon, final age estimates ranged from 3 to 21 years with a mean (±SD) of 11.0 ± 4.7. For MMR pallid sturgeon, final age estimates ranged from 5 to 14 years with a mean of 9.5 ± 2.1. Seven pallid sturgeon marked with coded wire tags (CWT), indicating hatchery origin, were collected in the MMR. Age estimates for CWT fish were 7–8 years representing 1997 stocked fish, and 11–12 years representing 1992 progeny stocked in 1994. Von Bertalanffy growth equations for length indicated that pallid sturgeon in the MMR had higher growth rates for a given age than pallid sturgeon in the LMR. However, there were no significant differences (anova, P > 0.5) in the length–weight relationships between reaches. In the LMR, pallid sturgeon fully recruited to trotlines at age 11 and instantaneous total mortality (Z; slope of catch curve) was estimated at −0.12 (n = 10 year classes, r2 = 0.55, P = 0.01). Of the 118 sectioned rays from the LMR, 28 could not be reliably aged (only one section from the MMR could not be aged). Therefore, age was predicted from length using the von Bertalanffy equation. The catch curve was re-calculated using the predicted ages of the 28 pallid sturgeon in the LMR resulting in Z = −0.07. In the MMR, pallid sturgeon fully recruited to trotlines at age 9 and Z was estimated at −0.36 (n = 6 year classes, r2 = 0.67, P = 0.04), which was significantly higher (anova, P = 0.04) than the LMR estimate. Higher mortality in the MMR may be due to habitat limitations compared to a larger, more diverse channel in the LMR, and incidental take of larger, older individuals during commercial harvesting of shovelnose sturgeon. Commercial take of shovelnose does not occur in the LMR except in the northern portion of the reach. Considering the presence of pallid sturgeon with CWT, recruitment of older individuals in the MMR may have been influenced by stocking a decade earlier. Management strategies for this endangered species should consider the differences in mortality rates among reaches, the impacts of commercial fishing on recovery of pallid sturgeon in the MMR, and the long-term effects of hatchery fish now recruiting into the free-flowing Mississippi River.
Synthesis of Hydride and Alkyl Compounds Containing the Cp*Os(NO) Fragment. Crystal Structure of [Cp*Os(μ-NO)]2

Treatment of the pentamethylcyclopentadienyl (Cp*) compound Cp*Os(NO)Br2 (1) with NaBH4 yields the dihydride Cp*Os(NO)H2. The dihydride loses H2 over several days in solution to form [Cp*Os(μ-NO)]2; this dinuclear compound can also be formed directly by reduction of 1 with zinc powder. The X-ray crystal structure of [Cp*Os(μ-NO)]2 shows that nitrosyl ligands are bridging and that the Os−Os distance is 2.539(1) A. Compound 1 reacts with MgR2 to form the monoalkylated products Cp*Os(NO)RBr, where R = Me, CH2SiMe3, Ph, or o-Tol. The slow ligand substitution kinetics of this reaction prevent the formation of dialkyls of stoichiometry Cp*Os(NO)R2, even after long reaction times or when a large excess of alkylating agent is used. Dialkyls such as Cp*Os(NO)Me2 can, however, be obtained by treatment of Cp*Os(NO)MeBr with silver trifluoromethanesulfonate followed by addition of dimethylmagnesium.
Comparison of fenestrated and nonfenestrated patients undergoing extracardiac Fontan.

Background The purpose of this study is to compare morbidity and mortality between fenestrated (F, 61 patients) and nonfenestrated (NF, 54 patients) extracardiac Fontan patients during two eras from July 1995 to December 2010: era 1(1995 to 2004) and era 2 (2005 to 2010). Methods Variables evaluated included morphology, hemodynamics, chest tube volume and duration, intensive care and hospital stay, oxygen saturation, neurologic events, rhythm, and readmissions for chylous effusions. Follow-up in 114 hospital survivors was longer in the nonfenestrated cohort (F, 5.0 ± 3.3 years; NF, 7.1 ± 4.6 years; p Results Cohorts were similar in body size, morphology, and hemodynamics. Fenestration in hypoplastic left heart syndrome was appreciatively higher in era 2. Bypass time (F, 69 ± 27 minutes; NF, 57 ± 21 minutes) and conduit size (F, 18.8 mm; NF, 19.1 mm) were similar. There was 1 early nonfenestrated Fontan death (1 of 54; 2%) and 4 late deaths (F, 2 of 61, 5%; NF, 2 of 53, 4%; p = 0.86). Room air saturation was higher in NF patients (F, 89%; NF, 94%; p p = 0.06; odds ratio; 2.0). Readmission to treat chylous effusions, loss of sinus rhythm, actuarial freedom from death, all neurologic events, pacemaker insertion, and Fontan takedown were similar in both cohorts. Conclusions Fenestration was associated with lower discharge oxygen saturations, but late outcomes in fenestrated and nonfenestrated patients are equivalent.
A Content Analysis for the Continued Identification of Medical Family Therapy Competencies

Medical family therapy (MedFT) is an emerging profession—where family therapy and healthcare intersect—that has had dramatic growth in the past two decades. Although identifying MedFT skills and competencies undoubtedly began with the birth of the field, the first discrete and specific sets of MedFT skills and competencies were published in 2012. In this article, we discuss the competencies from health psychology, medical social work, and the existing lists of MedFT competencies. Through a content analysis, the competencies were coded and reorganized to identify ways to capture additional skills that could be added to the current MedFT competencies and are particularly relevant to the work of MedFTs. It became apparent through this content analysis that MedFT experts must identify competencies pertaining to training in relational health, research, and unique clinical skills. Recommendations are made to further build on the current MedFT competencies by: (a) prioritizing the family, collaboration, and interprofessional communication; (b) including more competencies regarding assessment, case management, consultation, administration, research, program evaluation, training, and supervision; and (c) creating competencies for all levels of proficiency.
Humoral immune responses to gag and env proteins from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in hemophiliac patients.

Solid-phase enzyme immunoassays using recombinant gag and env proteins were developed to study humoral immune responses to HIV infection in a cohort of 105 hemophiliac patients. Thirteen patients with ARC or AIDS and 92 asymptomatic patients were studied. A cross-sectional study showed a wide range of antibody responses to gag and env proteins; however, the differences between the ARC/AIDS and asymptomatic patients were statistically significant for both antigens (P less than .0004). In a longitudinal study, antibody levels in sera from 11 asymptomatic patients with gag antibody log units less than or equal to 1.5 were compared to levels in sera from 10 ARC/AIDS patients and 8 asymptomatic patients with gag antibody greater than 1.5. These patient groups were followed for comparable periods of time (67.1-71.7 mo). The asymptomatic patients with low gag antibody and the ARC/AIDS patients showed a similar pattern of antibody response to gag protein overtime. In hemophiliac patients with HIV-1 infection a low titer of antibody to gag protein is not invariably associated with clinical deterioration and is not a useful serologic marker of impending progression to AIDS.