cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluctuations in the neutron cross sections of Si

Abstract The total neutron cross section, the 15° and 30° neutron elastic scattering cross sections, the (n, α) cross sections for the four most energetic alpha groups and the (n, p) cross sections for the four most energetic proton groups have been measured for Si with 30 keV resolution in the energy range 6.7 to 13.4 MeV. The average (n, p) and (n, α) cross sections agree within errors with the values obtained from a Hauser-Feshbach calculation. A fluctuation analysis was performed to determine the origin of the fluctuations in the cross sections. The magnitude of the fluctuations and the lack of correlation between fluctuations in different partial cross sections may be explained by Ericson interference effects. The results of the Hauser-Feshbach calculation and the fluctuation analysis indicate that direct interaction contributions to the (n, p) and (n, α) cross sections are small in this energy region. No evidence for intermediate states was found.
Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) and future risk of type 2 diabetes: results from the Cardiovascular Health Study

Introduction: Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) has been consistently associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and predictive of CVD outcomes; furthermore, it is consistently higher among type 2 diabetics than nondiabetics. However, the relationships of circulating Lp-PLA2 mass and activity with incident type 2 diabetes mellitus have not been examined. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the association of Lp-PLA2 mass and activity with type 2 diabetes among older adults. Methods: We conducted analyses of Lp-PLA2 and prevalent and incident diabetes among 5474 men and women from the Cardiovascular Health Study (1989–2007). Lp-PLA2 mass and activity were measured in baseline plasma. Diabetes status was ascertained annually with medication inventories and repeated blood glucose measurements. Generalized linear and Cox proportional hazards models were used to adjust for confounding factors including body mass index and inflammation. Results: At baseline, the ...
Excited states of 10C from the 12C(p, t)10C reaction at Ep = 43 and 52 MeV

Abstract The 12 C(p, t) 10 C reaction was studied at proton energies of 43 and 52 MeV. Levels in 10 C were observed at 3.36, 5.29 and 6.61 MeV. Angular distributions were obtained for the ground, 3.36 MeV and 5.29 MeV states. These results indicate a spin and parity of 0 + and 2 + for the ground and 3.36 MeV states.
Evidence for a Battle Mountain‐Eureka crustal fault zone, north‐central Nevada, and its relation to Neoproterozoic‐Early Paleozoic continental breakup

[1] Combined evidence from gravity, radiogenic isotope, and magnetotelluric (MT) data indicates a crustal fault zone that coincides with the northwest-trending Battle Mountain-Eureka (BME) mineral trend in north-central Nevada, USA. The BME crustal fault zone likely originated during Neoproterozoic-Early Paleozoic rifting of the continent and had a large influence on subsequent tectonic events, such as emplacement of allochthons and episodic deformation, magmatism, and mineralization throughout the Phanerozoic. MT models show the fault zone is about 10 km wide, 130-km long, and extends from 1 to 5 km below the surface to deep crustal levels. Isotope data and gravity models imply the fault zone separates crust of fundamentally different character. Geophysical evidence for such a long-lived structure, likely inherited from continental breakup, defies conventional wisdom that structures this old have been destroyed by Cenozoic extensional processes. Moreover, the coincidence with the alignment of mineral deposits supports the assertion by many economic geologists that these alignments are indicators of buried regional structures.
Effect of Environment and Dietary Energy on Caged Leghorn Pullet Performance

Abstract Three trials of 6-month duration each were conducted with 24-week old Leghorn pullets in five environmental chambers. In each trial two birds were placed in each of 54 cages in each chamber. All birds were exposed to a 14-hour light regime and to one of four relative humidity levels (50, 60, 70, 80%) and one of three dry bulb temperatures (13°, 21.5°, 29.5° C). Isonitrogenous diets of varying energy levels [3080, 2648, 2220 kilocalories of metabolizable energy per kilogram (kcal. M.E./kg.)] were fed ad libitum in each chamber. Parameters in all trials included body weight gains, hen-day production, egg weight, specific gravity, Haugh units, feed intake and excretal output. Statistical analysis indicated that the best overall performance was obtained with a dry bulb temperature of either 13° or 21.5° C. and with a dietary energy level of 2648 kcal. M.E./kg. The relative humidity exerted no significant effects on any of the parameters except excretal output at 29.5° C. At this temperature, a significant linear relationship was observed between relative humidity and excretal output as well as excretal moisture. The most striking observation was the inverse relationship of dietary energy to feed intake and excretal output, irrespective of temperature and relative humidity, and also the inverse relationship of temperature to excretal output, irrespective of relative humidity and dietary energy.
Efficacy of European starling control to reduce Salmonella enterica contamination in a concentrated animal feeding operation in the Texas panhandle

Background: European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) are an invasive bird species known to cause damage to plant and animal agriculture. New evidence suggests starlings may also contribute to the maintenance and spread of diseases within livestock facilities. Identifying and mitigating the risk pathways that contribute to disease in livestock is necessary to reduce production losses and contamination of human food products. To better understand the impact starlings have on disease transmission to cattle we assessed the efficacy of starling control as a tool to reduce Salmonella enterica within a concentrated animal feeding operation. We matched a large facility, slated for operational control using DRC-1339 (3-chloro-4-methylaniline hydrochloride, also 3-chloro ptoluidine hydrochloride, 3-chloro-4-methylaniline), with a comparable reference facility that was not controlling birds. In both facilities, we sampled cattle feed, cattle water and cattle feces for S. enterica before and after starling control operations. Results: Within the starling-controlled CAFO, detections of S. enterica contamination disappeared from feed bunks and substantially declined within water troughs following starling control operations. Within the reference facility, detections of S. enterica contamination increased substantially within feed bunks and water troughs. Starling control was not observed to reduce prevalence of S. enterica in the cattle herd. Following starling control operations, herd prevalence of S. enterica increased on the reference facility but herd prevalence of S. enterica on the starling-controlled CAFO stayed at pretreatment levels. Conclusions: Within the starling-controlled facility detections of S. enterica disappeared from feed bunks and substantially declined within water troughs following control operations. Since cattle feed and water are obvious routes for the ingestion of S. enterica, starling control shows promise as a tool to help livestock producers manage disease. Yet, we do not believe starling control should be used as a stand alone tool to reduce S. enterica infections. Rather starling control could be used as part of a comprehensive disease management plan for concentrated animal feeding operations.
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone: Isolation and Partial Characterization of Hormone and Subunits from a Mouse Thyrotrope Tumor

We have isolated TSH and its free subunits from a mouse thyrotrope tumor by affinity chromatography on Concanavalin A-Sepharose, gel filtration of Bio-Gel P-100, and preparative gel electrophoresis. The yield of TSH was 16% and represented a specific protein enrichment of 730-fold. The progress of isolation and purification was monitored by RIA using antisera to rat TSH, LHα, and TSHβ, and by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoretic analysis of aliquots of the isolated proteins labeled with 125I. We identified TSH and the free subunits in various fractions by specific immunoprecipitation with antisera to rat TSH and subunits. The electrophoretic mobilities of the isolated mouse TSH and free subunits were similar to those of their rat counterparts. However, a form of mmunoreactive free TSH α-subunit was observed with an electrophoretic mobility slower than that of the α-subunit derived from intact TSH. It may represent an a species with a different carbohydrate composition or structure. In addition, we n...
Source Credibility and Persuasion The Role of Message Position in Self-Validation

Highly credible communicators have been found to elicit greater confidence and attitudes that are based more on recipients' thoughts (i.e., self-validation) compared with non-credible sources. However, source credibility may produce different effects on thought confidence and persuasion depending on the position of an advocacy. When messages are proattitudinal, credible sources should initiate self-validation because recipients may be motivated to confirm (bolster) their existing views. Conversely, when appeals are counterattitudinal, recipients may be motivated to defend their opinions and disconfirm information. In these contexts, greater self-validation may emerge when a communicator lacks rather than possesses credibility. When a message was counterattitudinal and contained weak arguments, evidence of self-validation was found with low source credibility (Studies 1 and 2) and among participants high in defense motivation (Study 2). In response to strong, proattitudinal arguments, findings were consistent with high credibility producing self-validation when bolstering motivation was high (Study 3).
The Transgressive Other of Joyce Carol Oates's Recent Fiction

Abstract According to Tony Tanner, “Very often the novel writes of contracts but dreams of transgressions” (386), a paradoxical statement well illustrated in the fiction of Joyce Carol Oates. Although Oates has been thought of primarily as a realist, even a moralist,1 her work may often be understood with respect to its dialectic with the text, its superimposition of a narrative leveled against the text itself to decenter the social codes through which it is organized. This radical contradiction is regularly mounted by the intriguing and anti-social character that I designate as the transgressive other, who is defined by a narrative position in contrapuntal relation to domestic norms and standards of communicability within which the text is located. The most famous example of this “transgressive other” is Arnold Friend in Oates's frequently anthologized short story, “Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?”2 but other such figures are a recurrent device throughout her career and a dominant feature in he...
Direct-acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis C: attitudes regarding future use.

Introduction Response to current therapy of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is suboptimal. Direct-acting antiviral therapies (DAA) are expected to improve treatment outcomes. Additional treatments for HCV will invariably make therapeutic choices and patient management more complex. We hypothesize that current perceptions regarding the complexity of DAA therapy will influence attitudes towards future use by practitioners who are currently treating HCV.
A case-control study of successful maintenance of a substantial weight loss: individuals who lost weight through surgery versus those who lost weight through non-surgical means.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if method of weight loss (surgery; non-surgery) is associated with current levels of psychosocial functioning or current weight maintenance behaviors in individuals who have lost large amounts of weight. DESIGN: Subjects were 67 cases and 67 controls selected from the National Weight Control Registry, a longitudinal study of individuals successful at long-term maintenance of weight loss. Cases had initially lost weight through bariatric surgery while controls had lost weight through non-surgical means. The current psychosocial functioning and weight maintenance behaviors of cases and controls were assessed and compared. RESULTS: Cases and controls were matched on gender, current weight and total weight loss. Surgical cases reported significantly higher fat intake and lower physical activity levels. There were no differences in cases’ and controls’ reports of the impact of weight loss on other areas of their lives, neither were there differences on measures of depression or binge-eating. CONCLUSIONS: Reported improvement in psychosocial functioning did not depend upon how weight was initially lost, but cases and controls appear to be using very different behaviors to maintain their weight losses.
Site-specific fabrication of Fe particles for carbon nanotube growth.

We report a method for site-specific fabrication of Fe catalyst particles on silica (SiO2) substrate by electron beam induced decompositionat 650 (EBID) of iron nonacarbonyl. The unobstructed, atomic level in situ observations of the catalyst particles, recorded °C in 8−15 mTorr of acetylene, reveal the structural transformations during reduction, sintering, carburization of Fe nanoparticles and subsequent CNT growth.
Tapered optical fibers for aqueous and gaseous phase biosensing applications

This study focuses on the design, fabrication and characterization of a tapered optical fiber platform for the label-free detection of aqueous and gaseous biomolecules. Single mode fibers were tapered to a diameter of approximately 10 microns, and this tapered surface was functionalized with biomolecules for aqueous (antibody) detection of analytes. Molecular binding to the surface changes the refractive index and thickness of the biolayer, which interacts with propagating light, causing a measureable phase shift in the output.
Expression and microvillar localization of scavenger receptor, class B, type I (a high density lipoprotein receptor) in luteinized and hormone-desensitized rat ovarian models.

Steroidogenic cells in rats and mice obtain most of their cholesterol for steroid production and cholesteryl ester (CE) storage via the selective uptake pathway in which high density lipoprotein CE (HDL-CE) is taken into the cell without the uptake and degradation of the HDL particle. A number of recent studies show that the scavenger receptor, class B, type I (SR-BI) can mediate HDL-CE selective uptake in cultured cells and suggest that this receptor may be responsible for HDL-CE selective uptake in steroidogenic cells in vivo. In the current study we examine the relationship between SR-BI expression and HDL-CE selective uptake in the gonadotropin-primed, luteinized rat ovary and in the ovary that is desensitized by multiple gonadotropin treatments. Results from this study demonstrate a tight association between expression of SR-BI and measurements of HDL-CE selective uptake regardless of the steroidogenic state of the ovary. Thus, in the luteinized ovary (which is actively producing progestins), HDL-CE ...
Regulation of adrenal chromaffin cell development by the central monoaminergic system: differential control of norepinephrine and epinephrine levels and secretory responses.

In the mature rat, reflex sympathetic stimulation by insulin-induced hypoglycemia resulted in profound depletion of adrenal epinephrine, and to a lesser extent, norepinephrine. In the developing rat, insulin evoked little or no secretory response from the adrenals prior to 1 week of age. By 7 days, a moderate depletion of epinephrine was seen and the magnitude of the response increased with age. In contrast, during the first 3 weeks of postnatal life, insulin failed to deplete norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla and in fact, produced an increase. This chiefly resulted from de novo biosynthesis of the amine, as the rise was blocked by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. These results suggest that the ontogeny of the two chromaffin cell types (norepinephrine and epinephrine-containing) in the adrenals and the maturation of their secretory responses are under differential regulation. Because descending supraspinal catecholaminergic and serotonergic systems have been implicated to play key roles in regulating adrenomedullary function, the ontogeny of the sympatho-adrenomedullary axis was evaluated after neonatal central lesioning with 6-hydroxydopamine or 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine. 6-Hydroxydopamine resulted in a preferential elevation of epinephrine in the developing adrenals as well as an increase in the responsiveness of the adrenals to reflex stimulation by insulin; the mature secretory pattern was obtained as early as at 4 days postnatally for epinephrine and 9 days for norepinephrine. In contrast, 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine led to a preferential reduction of basal adrenal norepinephrine content. These results suggest that central monoaminergic neurons impose both inhibitory and facilitatory influences on the maturation of specific chromaffin cell types in the adrenal medulla and that supraspinal catecholaminergic inputs may play a role in determining the set-point for reflex adrenomedullary responses.
Observation of quasi-universal magnetic behavior in a random exchange Heisenberg antiferromagnetic chain: Neutron irradiated quinolinium (TCNQ)2

Abstract Low field electron spin resonance measurements of the magnetic susceptibility (χ) and absorption linewidth over the temperature range 0.04 – 300 K are reported for quinolinium (TCNQ) 2 into which increased amounts of disorder have been introduced by fast neutron irradiation. It is found that below 20 K, χ = AT - α ; A increases linearly with the irradiation dose, but α (⋍ 0.8) is almost independent of it, in agreement with the quasi universal behavior predicted by recent renormalization calculations for a random exchange Heisenberg antiferromagnetic chain. Measurements of the g-shift at 4.2 K range indicate that all of χ is associated with TCNQ chains. These results are discussed in terms of the renormalization calculation of Soos and Bondeson.
Menopause and coronary-artery heart disease.

Excerpt To the editor: The article by Gordon and colleagues (1) in the August 1978 issue, "Menopause and Coronary Heart Disease. The Framingham Study," contained wording in the abstract that seemed...
Reaping What You Sew: Immigration, Youth, and Reactive Ethnicity

The immigrant-stock population of the United States, the largest ever, is a youthful one - and today’s U.S.-born second generation, with a median age of 12, is poised to explode into adulthood in the coming 10 to 20 years. They are “coming of age” in an aging society undergoing profound social and economic transformations, all of which will have, inevitably, political ramifications. A great deal of how tomorrow’s social contract between natives and newcomers is worked out, and how the commitment to democratic values of equity and inclusion is met, will hinge on the mode of political incorporation and civic engagement of newcomer youth today. In widely varying contexts of social inequality, the way young newcomers come to define themselves is significant, revealing much about their social attachments (and detachments) as well as how and where they perceive themselves to “fit” in the society of which they are its newest members. Self-identities and ethnic loyalties can often influence long-term patterns of behavior and outlook as well as intergroup relations, with potential long-term political implications. And the decisive turning point for change in ethnic and national self-identities can be expected to take place in the second, not in the first generation. As they react to their contexts of reception and learn how they are viewed and treated within them, newcomer youths form and inform not only their own identities but also their attitudes toward the society that receives them. If there is a moral to this story of reception and belonging, it echoes an ancient admonition: that societies, too, reap what they sow.
Ecumenical Worldview Development by Gender, Race, and Worldview: A Multiple-Group Analysis of Model Invariance

Based upon a national longitudinal dataset of 14,527 college students generated by the UCLA Spirituality in Higher Education Project, this study used structural equation modeling to test the applicability of a model of ecumenical worldview development for students of diverse genders, races, and worldviews. The model suggests that challenging co-curricular experiences and the salience of religion and spirituality in academic encounters tend to provoke religious/spiritual struggles, which in turn enhance ecumenical worldview. However, tests for model invariance revealed group differences in the applicability of the model. Differences by gender and race/ethnicity are minimal in comparison to differences by worldview.
A hybrid filter of Bragg grating and ring resonator

Abstract A theoretical model is presented for a hybrid resonator of Bragg grating on a ring, coupled to a linear waveguide. An explicit expression of the transfer matrix is obtained for the Bragg grating with a loss in each repeat unit of the refractive index variation. Then, the transmission and reflection spectra through the coupled linear waveguide are calculated. When the ring has an even number of repeat units, the Bragg reflection occurs at one of ring resonances, capable of producing a deep and wide stop band. We identify the relationship between the grating parameter and the coupling coefficient that optimizes the filter performance. The circumference of the hybrid resonator can be as short as 1/100 of the length of the linear Bragg grating that gives similar stop-band characteristics.
Machine learning based diagnosis support for ShipBoard Power Systems controls

In this paper, a machine learning based decision support system for a naval shipboard power management system is proposed considering contingencies and load priority. A probabilistic model based Bayes' classifier is implemented to classify the current operation state of the ShipBoard Power System (SPS), depending upon the power system readiness for critical contingencies. Real power, reactive power, and generator status are taken as input features for the algorithm. Loss of vital/non-vital load is calculated by solving optimal power flow (OPF) to help build the knowledge base. Training data are updated online to increase the accuracy of the proposed approach. The characterization of the operation states helps the shipboard power management system to take the appropriate control action. Initial results from tests are presented and the outcomes from the particular techniques are discussed. Moreover, we also present RTDS based experimental framework towards the ongoing research on overall management system including the diagnosis support. Naive Bayes' approach has classified the system states with 97.67% accuracy to new instances. Preliminary results show the computation time of this approach is in the order of 25 ms.
The Role of an Independent Statistical Analysis Center in the Industry-Modified National Institutes of Health Model:

During the past four decades, the randomized clinical trial has evolved as a major research methodology for the rigorous evaluation of new medical interventions and therapies. The role of statistics in clinical trial methodology and the organizational structure of clinical trials have also evolved. More recently, there has been a shift in the funding of clinical trials, from the public (eg, National Institutes of Health, or NIH) to the private (pharmaceutical and device industries) sectOK This paper describes an Industry-Modified NIH Model for the conduct of industry-sponsored clinical trials that involves a distinct statistical analysis center (SAC) and data management centeer, as opposed to the single unit, or coordinating center, utilized in most NIH-sponsored trials. The role of the SAC in support of the monitoring activities of an independent data monitoring committee (IDMC) is described in detail. Since the Greenberg Report was published in 1967, the number of multicenter confirmatory clinical trials that have an IDMC has steadily increased, and the recent International Conjerence on Harmonisation (ICH) E9 regulatory guideline on clinical trials supports this trend, This manuscript provides explicit guidance regarding the activities of an independent SAC for industry-sponsored clinical trials based on our experiences as a SAC for a number of such trials. Activities discussed include protocol development, drafting of written operuting procedures for an IDMC and summary notes of its meetings, and preparation of an interim analysis plan and interim analysis reports.
Immunoassays based on directional surface plasmon-coupled emission

We described a new approach to immunoassays using surface plasmon-coupled emission (SPCE). Fluorescence is visually isotropic in space, so that the sensitivity is limited in part by the light collection efficiency. By the use of SPCE, we can efficiently collect the emission and convert it to a cone-like directional beam in a glass substrate. SPCE is the coupling of excited fluorophores with a thin metal film, resulting in radiation of surface plasmons into the higher refractive index media. We used SPCE to develop a model affinity assay using labeled goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against rabbit IgG bound to a 50-nm-thick silver film. Binding of labeled IgG to the surface resulted in increased intensity observed at an angle of 75° from the normal in the glass substrate. The SPCE intensity depends on proximity of the fluorophore to the silver film and does not require a change in quantum yield upon binding. The use of SPCE is shown to provide background suppression because excited fluorophores distant from the silver film do not result in SPCE. Sensitivity and selectivity can be further increased by excitation under conditions of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) because the evanescent field is enhanced by the resonance interaction and excitation is limited to the region near the metal. We believe SPCE will provide a new technology for high sensitivity and selectivity in surface-bound assays and microfluidic systems.
Validation of plant based bioassays for the toxicity testing of Indian waters

Plant-based bioassays have recently gained remarkable popularity among the toxicological/eco-toxicological assessment procedures. The reasons for their wide use are comparative simplicity, sensitivity, and cost-effectiveness as well as a good correlation with other toxicity tests. The present study describes the use of two plant bioassays, Allium cepa test and seed germination test in the evaluation of the toxicity/genotoxicity of industrial waste water and river water and standardization with the commonly occurring pollutants in Indian waters namely heavy metals and phenolics. Both tests were standardized to suit the Indian conditions, and the local varieties were used. Both bioassays responded significantly with the test range of heavy metals and phenolics. The toxicity of heavy metals was in the order of Cu > Ni > Cd in both the tests whereas 2,4-dinitrophenol was the most toxic among the phenolic compounds. Cabbage, millet, and cucumber, respectively, were found to be the most sensitive in the seed germination test for the test heavy metals and phenols. Significant amounts of chromosomal abnormalities including bridges, stickiness, and fragmentations were recorded with both the industrial waste water and the XAD concentrated river water samples by A. cepa test.
Inhibition of human tumor cell induced platelet aggregation by antibodies to platelet glycoproteins Ib and IIb/IIIa

AbstractTumor cell induced platelet aggregation was shown to be inhibited in a dose dependent manner by preincubation of human platelets with antibodies to platelet glycoprtein lb and the llb/llla complex. Combination of antibody to lb and antibody to the llb/llla complex at concentrations which produced half maximal inhibition of platelet aggregation alone caused complete inhibition of tumor cell induced platelet aggregation. Antibodies to platelet glycoproteins lb and the llb/llla complex also inhibited platelet synthesis of thromboxane A2, but not synthesis of 12-hydroxyeicosatrienoic acid. Inhibition of tumor cell induced platelet aggregation with antibodies against platelet glycoproteins suggests a role for these glycoproteins in tumor cell-platelet interactions and possibly platelet facilitated tumor cell metastasis.
Study of high Deborah number flow of polyisobutylene in square die

A large capacity RAM extruder was designed which provides the opportunity to study high Deborah number (D) flows, with D < 1,000. A modified version of particle image velocimetry was developed to enable the measurement of the velocity field in dies of arbitrary cross section. During the measurement process, tracer particles were simultaneously illuminated by both a focused laser beam locally and a lamp globally. Only those particles that passed through the laser beam were taken into account. The beam was scanned to achieve full field measurements. This method of measurement allowed us to find the location of a particle in the direction of the optical axis of the lens, i.e. that which makes the particle image on the CCD detector of the video camera. A device employing this method was designed and used to measure velocity profiles. The results of these measurements in two cross sections of the square die, at three values of pressure, are presented. The velocity was defined as the ratio of displacement to the elapsed time during which this displacement occurred. Errors in measurements of the coordinates and the observation time of particles were estimated as ±20 μm and less than 0.1%, respectively. A large plateau in the axial velocity profile was found at relatively small Deborah numbers, e.g. D ≈ 28. In flows with higher Deborah numbers, e.g. D ≈ 766, an almost flat velocity profile was detected. Two components of velocity, one longitudinal and one transversal, were measured simultaneously. However, the transversal component appeared to be less than the error of measurements and less than 1% of the axial velocity.
Variations in cruropedal musculature

The comparative anatomy of primate musculature has been established frequently from single specimens or small samples which are assumed to be typical for their species. However, a series of dissections of platyrrhine monkeys reported here reveals considerable variation within species and genera. Selected muscles of the leg and foot were examined and compared for discrete variations in attachments. The results were supplemented by observations in the anatomical literature for these and other primates. The range of variation reported across the order also presents itself as widespread polymorphism within most taxonomic groups, down to the species level. Since correlations with phylogeny and positional behavior are expressed only weakly, adaptationist explanations can account for only a part of the variation. Functional redundancy among the muscles supports the conclusion that the behavioral significance of the variations is slight. It is apparent that both genetic and nongenetic factors influence muscle form, and it is likely that observed polymorphisms have been characteristic of populations throughout primate evolution. Therefore, traits involving muscular form, especially as observed on small samples, within species, should be used cautiously in phyletic and adaptationist analyses.
A practice-based study of patients with acute and chronic low back pain attending primary care and chiropractic physicians: two-week to 48-month follow-up.

Abstract Objective This study reports pain and disability outcomes up to 4 years for chiropractic and medical patients with low back pain (LBP) and assesses the influence of doctor type and pain duration on clinical outcomes. Design Prospective, longitudinal, nonrandomized, practice-based, observational study. Setting Fifty-one chiropractic and 14 general practice community clinics. Subjects A total of 2870 acute and chronic ambulatory patients with LBP of mechanical origin. Methods Sixty chiropractic (DC) and 111 general practice (MD) physicians participated. Primary outcomes were pain, using a 100-point visual analogue scale (VAS), and functional disability, using the Revised Oswestry Disability Questionnaire. These were measured at baseline and 8 time points. Regression analysis compared acute and chronic DC and MD patients after correcting for baseline differences in the 4 cohorts. Results Most improvement was seen by 3 months and sustained for 1 year; exacerbation was seen thereafter. Acute patients demonstrated greater relief at all time points. A clinically important advantage for chiropractic patients was seen in chronic patients in the short-term (>10 VAS points), and both acute and chronic chiropractic patients experienced somewhat greater relief up to 1 year ( P P Conclusion Study findings were consistent with systematic reviews of the efficacy of spinal manipulation for pain and disability in acute and chronic LBP. Patient choice and interdisciplinary referral should be prime considerations by physicians, policymakers, and third-party payers in identifying health services for patients with LBP.
Sports medicine pearls and pitfalls--body clocks in sports: time and tide wait for no man.

Introduction: Midnight Basketball In March 2001, the University of Oklahoma women’s basketball team traveled to Spokane, Washington, to play the underdog Washington Huskies in the Sweet 16 round of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Tournament. The game started just before midnight Oklahoma time and lasted until nearly 2 AM. The sluggish Sooners lost by 17 points, to opponents external and internal. The external opponents were Washington women, the internal opponents were Sooner clocks. Body clocks dislike midnight basketball.
Surface damage and sputtering of ATJ graphite as candidate armor plate material for TFTR under D+ bombardment

Abstract Experiments have been conducted to determine surface damage and total sputtering yields of ATJ graphite (a candidate armor plate material) caused by D + ion irradiation at 40-, 60-, and 120-keV for fluxes close to those expected to reach the armor plate during the operation of neutral beam injectors used for the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR). The irradiations for surface damage studies were conducted both in the pulsed mode and in the continuous mode. Scanning electron microscopy of irradiated surfaces revealed surface damage in the form of ridges and grooves for both pulsed and continuous irradiations. Total sputtering yields for ATJ graphite samples which reached surface temperatures characteristic for given beam power depositions are given for 40-, 60-, and 120-keV D + irradiations at normal incidence.
Risk of oophorectomy after hysterectomy

RESULTS: The median follow-up times for case group and referent group participants were 19.6 and 19.4 years, respectively. At 10, 20, and 30 years after hysterectomy, the respective cumulative incidences of subsequent oophorectomy were 3.5%, 6.2%, and 9.2% among case group participants and 1.9%, 4.8%, and 7.3% among referent group participants. The overall risk of subsequent oophorectomy among case group participants was significantly higher than among referent group participants (hazard ratio [HR] 1.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02–1.42; P5.03). Furthermore, among case group participants, the risk of subsequent oophorectomy was significantly higher (HR 2.15, 95% CI 1.51–3.07; P,.001) in women who had both ovaries preserved compared with those who initially had one ovary preserved. CONCLUSION: The incidence of oophorectomy after hysterectomy is only 9.2% at 30-year follow-up and is only 1.9 percentage points higher than the incidence of oophorectomy in referent women with intact reproductive organs.
Molecular dynamics simulation of the adsorption of benzene on charged metal electrodes in the presence of aqueous electrolyte

Abstract Classical molecular dynamics was used to model the adsortion of benzene on metal electrodes in a thin electrochemical cell containing aqueous NaCl solution. On uncharged electrodes benzene was adsorbed mostly flat and the ions formed a neural diffuse region between the electrodes. As the charge on the electrode was increased the diffuse layer rearranged to shield the center of the film from the electric field. The remaining high electric field at the surface caused ordering of water molecules next to the metal, and this in turn promoted benzene desorption. Desorption occurred first from the cathode because of a higher surface electric field between the hydrate sodium ion in solution and the negative electrode. At the anode the field across the water layer was lower because the chloride ion was adsorbed in contact closer to metal than the water layer. At the highest electrode charge density both ions were adsorbed in contact on their respective electrodes and benzene was desorbed from both surfaces into the central aqueous region.
The strength and fracture of metal/ceramic bonds

Abstract The fracture strength of ceramics bonded with metals is limited by the presence of stress concentrations that arise around the bond, especially near edges. Yet, in some cases, fracture can be induced to occur in the ceramic away from the bond. Analysis of the combined effect of elastic mismatch, plasticity and thermal expansion misfit is presented in this paper, to provide understanding of the trends in bond strength. Important influences of plastic relaxation and thermal expansion misfit are identified and some general fracture characteristics are described.
Axillary staging prior to or after neoadjuvant systemic therapy? A single institutional experience.

Background The study aim was to investigate our institutional strategies for axillary staging in breast cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant therapy. Methods We identified 595 patients treated with neoadjuvant therapy between 2000 and 2007. Axillary staging occurred by four methods: (1) pre-therapy fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB); (2) pre-therapy sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB); (3) post-therapy SLNB; or (4) post-therapy axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Results Of 595 patients, 115 underwent FNAB (Group 1; 36 N0, 79 N+), 88 underwent SLNB pre-therapy (Group 2; 47 N0, 41 N+), 55 underwent SLNB post-therapy (Group 3; 42 N0, 13 N+), and 337 underwent ALND post-therapy (Group 4; 133 N0, 204 N+). There was no difference between groups according to patient age, race, stage of disease, estrogen/progesterone receptor and Her-2neu status, or type of neoadjuvant therapy. Conclusions The lack of standardized recommendations for axillary staging in the setting of neoadjuvant therapy leads to variable approaches within an institution. The use of ALND without pre-therapy axillary assessment may result in over-treatment of patients. Randomized clinical trials are needed to determine the feasibility and accuracy of SLNB following neoadjuvant therapy. Until such data are available, pre-therapy axillary staging may reduce the number of unnecessary lymph node dissections. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;102:404–407. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A trial placement of a prophylactic ureteral catheter during the excision of a huge pelvic mass with incidental cystotomy.

Ureteral injuries are one of the major complications following gynecologic surgeries. They are serious, troublesome, often associated with significant morbidity, and are one of the most common causes for legal action against gynecologic surgeons. The reported rates of injury depend on the vigilance of diagnosis, type of surgery and other risk factors. We present a case of a 48 year old obese Caucasian female with no significant past medical history who came in with back pain and progressive abdominal swelling for the past three months and was found to have a very large pelvic mass. After preoperative evaluation, including: medical history, physical exam, and imaging studies showing a heterogenous mass 24.6 x 33.0 x 43.1, we predicted that the risk of urinary tract injuries was very high. We used preoperative prophylactic bilateral ureteral catheters to prevent injury. A surgical oncologist was consulted and an exploratory laparotomy was performed with removal of the large multi–lobulated pelvic mass + total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo–oophorectomy, and appendectomy all performed at the same time. Patient had an incidental cystotomy during the procedure, which was repaired intra–operatively. The ureters remained intact with no injuries. The importance of thorough preoperative identification, evaluation and anticipation of ureteral injuries will be discussed in detail.
Syncope: Mechanisms and Management

The challenge of tackling the problem of syncope is not for the faint of heart. So diverse are the mechanisms, and often so transient is the presentation and so elusive the specific cause, that patients and medical care providers alike are left frustrated. Syncope exacts an enormous personal and economic toll and has potentially serious medical-legal implications. Thus, it is rather remarkable that to date there has been no truly comprehensive book on the subject. Enter Grubb, Olshansky, and 22 other contributors, who have succeeded admirably in their aim “to bring together in one volume a comprehensive yet usable source on syncope.” The book reads easily, is well organized and referenced, and is liberally seasoned with useful tables, figures, and “real-life” cases …
Conservative management of guillotine amputation of the finger in children.

SYNOPSIS A prospective study has shown that the guillotine amputation of the finger in small children can be treated conservatively by dressing only and that there is no need for hospital admission or operation for this condition.
Expanded Modes of Tissue Plasminogen Activator Delivery in a Comprehensive Stroke Center Increases Regional Acute Stroke Interventions

Background and Purpose— We sought to evaluate whether a comprehensive stroke center could work with regional hospitals to increase the use of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in acute stroke. Methods— In 30 months, 142 patients seen at the Mid America Brain and Stroke Institute received tPA. Site of presentation, protocol selection, and outcomes were analyzed. Results— We found that 18.2% (142 of 781) of all ischemic strokes received tPA. Of those, 70% (99 of 142) were transferred from hospitals within 100 miles of Kansas City (Mo). Mortality rate was 12.7% (18 of 142). Symptomatic hemorrhage rate was 9.2%. Conclusions— A comprehensive stroke center can serve as a hub for a regional network and increase the number of stroke interventions with acceptable outcomes.
Health Concerns of Patients With Nonbacterial Prostatitis/Pelvic Pain

Background Heightened awareness of patients’ reasons for physician visits for male pelvic pain (nonbacterial prostatitis) and symptom concerns may increase patient satisfaction with care and help guide better management of this syndrome, for which evidence-based treatment is lacking. Methods We interviewed men with recent health maintenance organization visits for new episodes of nonbacterial prostatitis (N = 286; mean age, 46.7 years) and again 3, 6, and 12 months later. We inquired about their reasons for the visit and, at each interview, symptom concerns. We used Poisson regression to examine the association between baseline symptom worry and health care utilization during the 14 months after the index visit. Results Most patients reported concern at the index visit that they might have an infection (73%) or cancer (68%). One year later, 43% reported prostatitis symptoms in the past month. Among these, many were still concerned that their symptoms would worsen if untreated (71%), that they had cancer (46%) or an infection (45%), and that they might need surgery (44%). Controlling for patient age and baseline symptom severity, we found that baseline symptom worry predicted prostatitis-related health care visits over the 14 months after the index visit ( P = .005). Conclusions Despite symptom improvement following a health care visit for a new episode of pelvic pain/nonbacterial prostatitis, continued patient concerns about cancer, infection, and symptom worsening without treatment were common, even 1 year later. Patient worry may be associated with increased health care utilization.
The Remarkable Number “1”

In human history, the origin of the numbers came from definite practical needs. Indeed, there is strong evidence that numbers were created before writing. The number “1”, dating back at least 20,000 years, was found as a counting symbol on a bone. The famous statement by the German mathematician Leopold Kronecker (1823–1891), “God made the integers; all else is the work of man,” has spawned a lively modern philosophical discussion, and this discussion begins by trying to get a philosophical handle on “1.” This approach remains under heavy discussion, and is more-or-less unresolved (Frege in Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik (English: The foundations of arithmetic). Polhman, 1884). In this note, we consider the many facets of “one” in it many guises and applications. Nonetheless, “one” has multiple meanings, from the very practical to the abstract, from mathematics to science to basically everything. We examine here a mere slice of mathematical history with a focus on the most basic and applicable concept therein. It troubles many, particularly students, even today.
Broadening of Hydrogenic Spectral Lines in Magnetized Plasmas: Diagnostic Applications

In diagnostics based on the broadening of spectral lines in plasmas, magnetic fields are important only if their strength is relatively high—to compete with the Stark and Doppler broadenings. We review the corresponding theories and their diagnostic applications.
The Cognitive Aspects of Collective Memory

© 2007 by the Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction. All rights reserved. Please direct all requests for permission to photocopy or reproduce article content through the University of California Press’s Rights and Permissions website, at http://www.ucpressjournals.com/reprintinfo/asp. DOI: 10.1525/si.2007.30.1.7. Direct all correspondence to Aaron Beim, Dept. of Sociology, Northwestern University, 1810 Chicago Avenue, Evanston, IL 60208; e-mail: aaron.beim@nyu.edu. The Cognitive Aspects of Collective Memory
The Impacts of Business Cycles on Returns to Farmland Investments

Expected performance and valuation of investments in farmland are examined in relation to prevailing business cycle conditions over a period that includes both the 1970s farm boom and 1980s farm recession. Information on risk premia in debt, equity, and land markets are shown to significantly affect conditional expected returns to farmland and, consequently, farmland values. Further, conditional expected land returns diverge significantly in some years from returns conditionally required on the basis of systematic risk. Overall implications are that expected land returns are dependent not only on local sector conditions but also on time-varying macroeconomic conditions related to business cycles.
Learning Sequential Tasks by Incrementally Adding Higher Orders

An incremental, higher-order, non-recurrent network combines two properties found to be useful for learning sequential tasks: higher-order connections and incremental introduction of new units. The network adds higher orders when needed by adding new units that dynamically modify connection weights. Since the new units modify the weights at the next time-step with information from the previous step, temporal tasks can be learned without the use of feedback, thereby greatly simplifying training. Furthermore, a theoretically unlimited number of units can be added to reach into the arbitrarily distant past. Experiments with the Reber grammar have demonstrated speedups of two orders of magnitude over recurrent networks.