cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developing an Audience Base

In this chapter, I examine how one can structure a discussion in order to cultivate an audience base rather than provide feedback for the playwright. I discuss why this is a valid goal of the post-show discussion, when it is appropriate, and how that changes the preparation for and promotion of a post-show discussion in new play development. I also examine how the two areas of focus—playwright/script and audience—do not have to be mutually exclusive. The goal of this chapter is to provide support and structure for those who recognize a need to cultivate an audience, particularly to engage them in the theatre-making process so as to deepen their connection to and support for theatre in general.
Generalized hybrid feedforward control of pulse width modulated switching converters

This paper presents general considerations for synthesis of hybrid feedforward control architectures for pulsewidth modulated (PWM) switching converters, where selected converter variables are sensed and utilized to determine the duty cycle to achieve a control objective based on the converter open-loop characteristics. Compared to standard feedback control techniques, advantages may include simpler controller implementation, more convenient sensing, and improved static and dynamic regulation. The approach is illustrated first through previously known examples, including feedforward control of boost PWM converters operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM), and hybrid feedforward control of boost power factor correction (PFC) rectifiers operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). The synthesis principles are then used to realize new hybrid feedforward control architectures for a battery charger application, which comprises a four-switch non-inverting buck-boost converter to implement PFC functionality, followed by a buck converter to regulate battery charging power. Experimental results are provided for the considered hybrid feedforward controlled converters.
Varieties of Algebras

This final chapter returns to the general theory of algebras over a field. It provides a brief introduction to the theory of polynomial identities for algebras. Our main goal is to prove Amitsur’s Theorem which establishes the existence of finite dimensional central simple division algebras that are not crossed products. The choice of topics in the chapter is motivated by this objective. Fortunately, many interesting results on polynomial identities are encountered in the proof of Amitsur’s Theorem: the Amitsur—Levitzki Theorem, the existence of central polynomials, and the Kaplansky—Amitsur Theorem on primitive PI-algebras.
The Role of Global and Local Mechanical Signals in Modulating Cell Spreading

Cell spreading on a flat surface is controlled by the interaction of cell adhesion, actin-based cellular deformations, and intracellular stresses. It has been shown that many cell types obtain larger spread areas on stiffer substrates [1]. We present a 2D model and finite element simulations of a spreading cell interacting with a deformable substrate through focal adhesion complexes. Focal adhesion complexes are modeled by collections of linear springs that depend on local concentrations of a ligand-activated bound integrin and can form and break dynamically in a stress and strain dependent manner. The cell is treated as a hypoelastic material that undergoes active deformations that represent cell spreading. By considering various formulations for the active deformation, which is characterized by an active rate of deformation tensor field, we use this model to better understand whether the mechanism of cell spreading is localized or governed by a global signal. Specifically, we consider the ability of a cell to integrate local signals and define an active rate of deformation that depends on the cell-level integration of signals arising from bound integrin concentrations, which enhance cell spreading, and from intracellular tension, which inhibit cell spreading. We also consider a spatially inhomogeneous active rate of deformation field that depends on local values of bound integrin concentrations and intracellular tension. We find that cell spread areas are governed by a combination of global signal integration, which accounts for long-range communication within a cell, and local integrin binding and tensile stress. It is this combination of signaling mechanisms that allows us to obtain experimentally observed cell spread area dependence on substrate stiffness.[1] Yeung, T. et al. “Effects of substrate stiffness on cell morphology, cytoskeletal structure, and adhesion.” Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 60 (2005): 24-34.
CONTROLLING STRESS FROM SWELLING CLAY

Many sedimentary rocks contain clays that swell on exposure to moisture, producing stresses from differential strain. Wendler and Snethlage showed that the swelling can be reduced by treatment with α−ω diamino alkanes. In this paper, we present results showing that mixtures of such molecules are more effective than any single molecule, and that better results are obtained by applying smaller molecules before the larger ones.
Limb Salvage Versus Amputation for Malignant Tumors Other Than Osteogenic Sarcoma

Seventy-seven patients with malignant tumors other than osteosarcoma were treated at UCLA between 1973 and 1987. Chondrosarcoma (39 cases), Ewing’s sarcoma (19 cases), and a third group composed primarily of fibrosarcoma and MFH were identified. Amputation was used as the surgical means of local control in only 6% (5/77) of the patients. Limb sparing surgery was performed in 94% (72/77), generally in conjunction with adjuvant protocols. Of the limb salvage patients, 32% experienced some sort of complication, of whom only 15 required additional surgery. Only one limb salvage patient went on to have an amputation and no deaths were associated with the limb salvage procedures. Local recurrence was observed in 4.2% (3/72) of patients undergoing limb salvage and 20% (1/5) of those undergoing primary amputation. The Musculoskeletal Tumor Society’s functional analysis revealed a 50% good to excellent rating in the limb salvage group, with the best results seen in intercalary and partial resection-reconstructions. Endoprosthetic reconstructions generally resulted in improved function when compared with their amputation counterparts who receive an obligatory “poor” by this schema. Kaplan-Meier survivor analysis for the 72 limb salvage patients revealed a 1- and 2-year survival for Ewing’s patients of 78% and 32%, respectively; for chondrosarcoma, it was 97% at 1 year and 69% at 5 years, and for the FS/MFH group it was 70% at 1 year and 40% at 5 years. Chemotherapy as applied in this present chondrosarcoma group did not give any survival advantage and has been deleted from present chondrosarcoma protocols. Careful longitudinal follow-up of both the oncological outcome and reconstruction techniques will be important to determine where each limb salvage technique should be utilized.
Carbapenem vs. Piperacillin-tazobactam for the Treatment of Ceftriaxone-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteremia: Matched Cohorts by Propensity Score.

Background Treatment of bacteremia caused by ESBL producing organisms remains controversial
Parameter Shrinkage for Age-Period-Cohort Modeling of Opioid Mortality Rates

Statistical methods that shrink parameters towards zero can produce lower predictive variance than does maximum likelihood. This paper discusses an approach to doing this for age-period-cohort models, and applies it to fitting opioid mortality rates with a generalization of the Lee-Carter model including cohorts. Bayesian parameter shrinkage has some practical advantages over classical versions.
Surveillance of Intrauterine Opioid Exposures Using Electronic Health Records

The objective was to use population-based electronic health records for surveillance of intrauterine exposures to substances of abuse, including opioids, and to monitor changes in exposure rates over time. This retrospective, descriptive analysis utilized geocoded neonatal physician billing records representing intrauterine exposures to substances of abuse detected through universal maternal drug testing. Census tract-level exposure rates were identified among the newborn population of Hamilton County, Ohio between 2014 and 2016. Among 27,896 newborns, the authors detected an intrauterine opioid exposure rate of 37.9 per 1000 infants, with 10.5 per 1000 experiencing severe opioid withdrawal (neonatal abstinence syndrome). Individual data were mapped to 222 US census tracts. Tract-level opioid exposure rates ranged from 0.0 to 607.1 (median: 32.9) per 1000 live births. Secondary use of electronic health record data has potential to aid in intrauterine opioid exposure and other public health surveillance efforts without disrupting clinical workflows or placing an additional burden on limited resources. Surveillance of intrauterine opioid exposures may inform stakeholders and enable targeting of interventions and prevention strategies toward the highest risk populations.
Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Turfgrass Receiving Different Irrigation Amounts and Nitrogen Fertilizer Forms

Nitrous oxide is an important greenhouse gas associated with global climate change. Turfgrasses emit N₂O when fertilized with N and irrigated. The development of management practices such as use of controlled-release N fertilizers and/or deficit irrigation may reduce N₂O emissions in turf soils. The objectives of this study were (i) to quantify the magnitude and patterns of N₂O emissions in turfgrass, and (ii) to determine how irrigation and N fertilization may be managed to reduce N₂O fluxes. Nitrous oxide emissions were measured for 2 yr in ‘Meyer’ zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) under an automated rainout shelter in Manhattan, KS, using static chambers. Two irrigation levels (66 [medium] and 33% [low] reference evapotranspiration replacement), and three N fertilization treatments (urea and polymer-coated urea [PCU], both applied at a rate of 98 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, and an unfertilized plot) were included. During two summers, N₂O emissions were reduced by 6% with low (2.71 kg ha⁻¹) vs. medium irrigation (2.88 kg ha⁻¹) (P ≤ 0.001). Over the 2 yr, cumulative N₂O emissions averaged 4.06 kg ha⁻¹ in unfertilized turf and 4.5 kg ha⁻¹ in PCU-treated turf, which represent reductions of 28 and 20%, respectively, from urea-treated turf (5.62 kg ha⁻¹) (P ≤ 0.01). Results from this study indicate that the use of a controlled-release fertilizer, such as PCU, and/or lower irrigation reduces N₂O emissions in turfgrass.
Towards selenium recovery: Biocathode induced selenate reduction to extracellular elemental selenium nanoparticles

Abstract Microorganisms can remove selenate (SeO42−) in water by converting it to elemental selenium nanoparticles. Conventional biological reactors usually simultaneously produce intracellular and extracellular elemental selenium nanoparticles or only produce intracellular selenium nanoparticles. Recovery of the intracellular selenium nanoparticles is commercially prohibitive due to high energy demand for separating the intracellular selenium from the biomass components. This work addressed the challenge for the first time by using a biocathode-based bioelectrochemical reactor that produced extracellular selenium nanoparticles only, which eliminated the need for separating the intracellular selenium from the biomass. The continuous-flow bioelectrochemical reactor removed >99.6% of the selenate at a selenate surface loading rate of 330 mg Se/m2-day, which was higher than that in most of the conventional biological reactors. The inoculum was a microbial consortium containing both intracellular and extracellular selenium-producing bacteria, but only extracellular selenium nanoparticles were observed when the biocathode was imaged by a transmission electron microscope. Raman spectrometry further demonstrated the existence of significant Cytochrome c (Cyt c) on the cathode, an enzyme that plays a key role in extracellular electron transfer and subsequent extracellular selenium production. Quantifying factors (e.g., internal resistance and overpotential loss) that affected the current shed light on strategies for increasing the selenate removal: periodical cleaning of the cation exchange membrane and using higher electron donor concentration in the anode chamber. The electron distribution in the anodic and cathodic chambers suggested insignificant interference by methanogenesis and sulfate reduction.
The Shift in Wavelength with Voltage of Certain X-Ray Lines

The wavelenth or energy of a characteristic x-ray line is generally considered to be independent of the energy of the particles (electrons, photons, protons, etc.) used to excite it. However, when a precise wavelength or a detailed line shape is needed, it is found that the exciting particle energy can be quite influential. Available data on some of these cases will be summarized and a few will be discussed in detail. The cases to be considered include threshold excitation of some first transition metal Ka lines, wavelength shifts and shape changes due to self-absorption and satellites in the L spectra of these metals, gross structure introduced by self-absorption into the M spectra of the lanthanides, and wavelength shifts of M lines in lanthanum for near- threshold electron excitation. The significance of these changes for wavelength studies, elemental analysis, valance band studies, and chemical bonding will be discussed.
Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenase

Carbon monoxide (CO) is metabolized by a wide range of microorganisms according to the following reversible reaction: (5-1) Various aerobic bacteria including species of Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes, Bacillus, Arthrobacter, Azotobacter, and Azotomonas are capable of CO oxidation by using a molybdopterin-iron-sulfur-flavin-containing enzyme termed carbon monoxide:acceptor oxidoreductase (Meyer and Schlegel, 1983). Because this enzyme does not possess nickel, these carboxydotrophic microbes will not be further discussed here. Rather, this chapter focuses on anaerobic microorganisms that metabolize CO by using a nickel-containing enzyme that is often referred to as CO dehydrogenase. In many cases, anaerobic CO metabolism is only a side reaction for an enzyme complex which is normally involved in the cellular biosynthesis or degradation of acetate. Thus, CO dehydrogenase plays a central role in the growth of acetogenic bacteria and selected other autotrophs, in the physiology of aceticlastic methanogens, and in CO-dependent growth of several other microorganisms. The properties and roles of the nickel-dependent enzymes from each of these classes of microbes are discussed below.
Evaluation of two methods for the determination of the elastic constants of trigonal crystals

Two procedures for the computation of the elastic constants (trigonal system) from measured values of elastic wave velocities are discussed. The simplified procedure first used by Bhimasenachar is incorrect in principle although, in very rare cases, it may lead to only small numerical errors. A new procedure is mentioned which simplifies the use of the Christoffel equations in an exact way.
Translating Data into Information to Improve Teaching and Learning

Bernhardt advises school administrators and teacher leaders on the collection, creation and effective utilisation of student data, specifically through the purchase of a data warehouse. Complementing her Using Data to Improve Student Learning series, she offers advice on collecting types of data useful to school improvement plans, improving the quality of data, planning for a data warehouse to translate data into information, data discovery and mapping, selecting analytical data tools, training for use of the data warehouse, and managing the warehouse. The final chapters comprise case studies demonstrating successful and problematic plans; the appendix contains rubrics for continuous improvement.
The Superboom as a Tricomi Problem: Extension and Applications

Propagating sonic booms may intensify through ray focusing or caustic formation as results of path/speed change of the supersonic vehicle, or upon approaching a cut-off boundary; beyond the latter acoustic waves cease to propagate. Sonic booms involving focus occurrence can be called focused booms, or focal booms (as in Ref. 3); whereas, sonic booms involving the transition across the cut-off boundary5,6 will be referred to as superboom after Hayes.4 Adopting the notion used in sonic boom prediction methods,1,2 the field domain where the nonlinear, short-wave approximation for long-distance signal propagation is applicable will be called the midfield.
Social Media Communication in the Workplace: Evidence From Public Employees’ Networks:

Although public employees increasingly utilize social media in the workplace, public management scholarship has provided little evidence on how public employees use such tools and what role they pl...
Comparison of anthropometric characteristics between world tour and professional continental cyclists

This study analyzed the physical characteristics of the World Tour (WT) and Professional Continental (PC) cyclists during the 2018 racing season. Seven hundred sixty-three professional riders (27.9Â + 4.2 years, 1.81Â + 0.06 m, 68.6Â + 6.33 kg) were compared for physical characteristics (i.e. age, height, and body mass). All riders were classified within specialties based upon UCI points ((grand champion (GC), sprinter (S), time trialists (TT), one-day racer (OD)) earned during the previous season. As expected there were differences between the riderâ€™s specialty as well as the different elite divisions of riders. Further results showed that there was no difference in Body Mass Index (BMI; kg . m 2 ) in all riders, however, TT riders in the WT had a significant difference in body surface area (BSA) and frontal area (FA) when compared to the TT riders in the PC division. In conclusion, the present study identified specific physical characteristic differences between the different types of professional cyclist levels of riders (WT vs. PC) and within their specialty.
DEPOSITORY LIBRARIES AND THE ECONOMICS OF ELECTRONIC INFORMATION: Part 1

The Federal Document Depository Program still appears to be locked in print even though an increasing amount of federal information is available electronically. But, since electronic formats offer significant improvement over print products — albeit at greater cost — library managers are beginning to explore the possibility of investing in them. Obviously, if depository libraries accept electronic documents, the pattern of costs and benefits for libraries and users is likely to change. The role and structure of the depository program will have to be re‐examined. The important function that the program has played in informing our citizenry about laws, pending legislation, regulatory policies, and other government activities may shift considerably. Congress and libraries therefore need to re‐think the assumptions that underlay the Document Depository Library Program; it may be necessary to introduce some new ground rules for its operation.
Connectivity Mapping: Methods and Applications

Connectivity mapping resources consist of signatures representing changes in cellular state following systematic small-molecule, disease, gene, or other form of perturbations. Such resources enable...
A Second Backbone: The Contribution of a Buried Asparagine Ladder to the Global and Local Stability of a Leucine-Rich Repeat Protein

Parallel β-sheet-containing repeat proteins often display a structural motif in which conserved asparagines form a continuous ladder buried within the hydrophobic core. In such "asparagine ladders", the asparagine side-chain amides form a repetitive pattern of hydrogen bonds with neighboring main-chain NH and CO groups. Although asparagine ladders have been thought to be important for stability, there is little experimental evidence to support such speculation. Here we test the contribution of a minimal asparagine ladder from the leucine-rich repeat protein pp32 to stability and investigate lattice rigidity and hydrogen bond character using solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Point substitutions of the two ladder asparagines of pp32 are strongly destabilizing and decrease the cooperativity of unfolding. The chemical shifts of the ladder side-chain HZ protons are shifted significantly downfield in the NMR spectrum and have low temperature coefficients, indicative of strong hydrogen bonding. In contrast, the HE protons are shifted upfield and have temperature coefficients close to zero, suggesting an asymmetry in hydrogen bond strength along the ladder. Ladder NH2 groups have weak 1H-15N cross-peak intensities; 1H-15N nuclear Overhauser effect and 15N CPMG experiments show this to be the result of high rigidity. Hydrogen exchange measurements demonstrate that the ladder NH2 groups exchange very slowly, with rates approaching the global exchange limit. Overall, these results show that the asparagine side chains are held in a very rigid, nondynamic structure, making a significant contribution to the overall stability. In this regard, buried asparagine ladders can be considered "second backbones" within the cores of their elongated β-sheet host proteins.
Synergy between plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, α-synuclein, and neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease.

Abstract Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive degenerative nervous system disorder and is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder in the elderly population. The disease originates from the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra in the brain, resulting in unregulated activity of the basal ganglia. Αlpha-synuclein (α-syn) is a protein found to aggregate in the substantia nigra region of patients with PD, forming Lewy Body inclusions; its aggregation may contribute to neuronal cell death in PD. This work hypothesizes about the synergistic relationship between α-syn aggregation and neuroinflammation to up-regulate expression of the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). The protease, plasmin, has been shown to cleave extracellular α-syn (including its monomeric, oligomeric, and fibrillary forms), resulting in less aggregation and Lewy Body formation. The zymogen plasminogen is converted to its active serine protease form, plasmin, either by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) or by urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) bound to urokinase receptor (uPAR). Both tPA and uPA/uPAR are inhibited by PAI-1. Thus, when PAI-1 levels increase, less plasmin is generated, which would lead to reduced proteolysis of α-syn. Expression of PAI-1 is increased both in inflammatory environments and in the presence of extracellular α-syn aggregates. This scenario suggests a pathological amplification loop: increased extracellular α-syn aggregation activates an inflammatory response from microglia and astrocytes, increasing PAI-1 levels, and decreasing the generation of plasmin. With reduced plasmin, less α-syn can be cleaved, and aggregation continues, sustaining the pathological process. Understanding this putative pathogenic loop could provide insight into the means by which neurodegeneration progresses in PD, and it may offer possible novel therapeutic strategies.
Residential Mobility During Adolescence: Do Even "Upward" Moves Predict Dropout Risk?

This paper uses the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to investigate the impact of housing instability in adolescence on the likelihood of subsequent graduation from high school. Combining census data, self-reports, and information about respondents' residential changes, we use the variation in households' number of moves and neighborhood quality to predict whether participants obtain a high school diploma. Controlling for major predictors of housing mobility, students experiencing at least one move over a 12-month period have a roughly 50% decreased likelihood of obtaining a high school diploma by the age of 25. These associations are identified regardless of whether students move to a poorer or less-poor neighborhood. Our results carry implications for the development of housing policies and interventions designed for disadvantaged populations.
Cardiac tissue citric acid cycle intermediates in exercised very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase-deficient mice fed triheptanoin or medium-chain triglyceride

Anaplerotic odd-chain fatty acid supplementation has been suggested as an approach to replenish citric acid cycle intermediate (CACi) pools and facilitate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production in subjects with long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorders, but the evidence that cellular CACi depletion exists and that repletion occurs following anaplerotic substrate supplementation is limited. We exercised very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase-deficient (VLCAD-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice to exhaustion and collected cardiac tissue for measurement of CACi by targeted metabolomics. In a second experimental group, VLCAD-/- and WT mice that had been fed chow prepared with either medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil or triheptanoin for 4 weeks were exercised for 60 minutes. VLCAD-/- mice exhibited lower succinate in cardiac muscle at exhaustion than WT mice suggesting lower CACi in VLCAD-/- with prolonged exercise. In mice fed either MCT or triheptanoin, succinate and malate were greater in VLCAD-/- mice fed triheptanoin compared to VLCAD-/- animals fed MCT but lower than WT mice fed triheptanoin. Long-chain odd acylcarnitines such as C19 were elevated in VLCAD-/- and WT mice fed triheptanoin suggesting some elongation of the heptanoate, but it is unknown what proportion of heptanoate was oxidized vs elongated. Prolonged exercise was associated with decreased cardiac muscle succinate in VLCAD-/- mice in comparison to WT mice. VLCAD-/- fed triheptanoin had increased succinate compared to VLCAD-/- mice fed MCT but lower than WT mice fed triheptanoin. Cardiac CACi were higher following dietary ingestion of an anaplerotic substrate, triheptanoin, in comparison to MCT.
Healthcare providers' role in providing sexual and reproductive health information to people with intellectual and developmental disabilities: A qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities demonstrate disparities in sexual and reproductive health (SRH) compared to individuals without disabilities (e.g., lack of sexual education and knowledge, increased rates of abuse, unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify topics healthcare providers address and perceived barriers and supports to SRH education. METHODS: We conducted semi-structured interviews with healthcare providers (N = 12). RESULTS: Providers address relationships, safety, protection and appropriate sexual behaviours with clients with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Parent education and client-centred care were identified as supports, while the patient's level of understanding, the provider's lack of knowledge or access to resources and to appropriate referrals were identified as barriers to SRH education. CONCLUSION: Future studies are needed to link providers to resources they can use to provide comprehensive, accessible SRH education for clients with intellectual and developmental disabilities.
Cross-reactive immunogenicity of group A streptococcal vaccines designed using a recurrent neural network to identify conserved M protein linear epitopes.

Abstract The M protein of group A streptococci (Strep A) is a major virulence determinant and protective antigen. The N-terminal sequence of the protein defines the more than 200 M types of Strep A and also contains epitopes that elicit opsonic antibodies, some of which cross-react with heterologous M types. Current efforts to develop broadly protective M protein-based vaccines are directed at identifying potential cross-protective epitopes located in the N-terminal regions of cluster-related M proteins for use as vaccine antigens. In this study, we have used a comprehensive approach using the recurrent neural network ABCpred and IEDB epitope conservancy analysis tools to predict 16 residue linear B-cell epitopes from 117 clinically relevant M types of Strep A (~88% of global Strep A infections). To examine the immunogenicity of these epitope-based vaccines, nine peptides that together shared ≥60% sequence identity with 37 heterologous M proteins were incorporated into two recombinant hybrid protein vaccines, in which the epitopes were repeated 2 or 3 times, respectively. The combined immune responses of immunized rabbits showed that the vaccines elicited significant levels of antibodies against all nine vaccine epitopes present in homologous N-terminal 1–50 amino acid synthetic M peptides, as well as cross-reactive antibodies against 16 of 37 heterologous M peptides predicted to contain similar epitopes. The epitope-specificity of the cross-reactive antibodies was confirmed by ELISA inhibition assays and functional opsonic activity was assayed in HL-60-based bactericidal assays. The results provide important information for the future design of broadly protective M protein-based Strep A vaccines.
Confronting the hard problems in integrated photonic design and simulation

Despite tremendous progress in the integrated photonics ecosystem over recent years, and the commercial success of many products, there remain some important challenges and opportunities. We discuss some of the key simulation challenges related to the design, simulation, and optimization of advanced components such as lasers, isolators, and novel passive components created with photonic inverse design methods. We also discuss system level simulation challenges such as handling spatial correlations when performing statistical analysis and dealing with thermal management.
8 - Gender Differences in the Functional Organization of the Brain

The existence of sex differences in brain anatomy and physiology has implications for understanding the neural organization of behavior in healthy people and its disruption in illness. This chapter reviews the available evidence for gender differences in behavior that may relate to differences in brain anatomy and physiology. Gender differences in cognition have been well documented with standardized measures. Women perform better on verbal and memory tasks, whereas men excel in spatial tasks. Sex-related differences in behavior have been observed across species and are increasingly being linked to sex differences in neurobiologic substrates. Efforts to relate gender differences in cognition to neurobiologic substrates have followed three main avenues: correlation of cognitive performance with hormonal state; examination of neuroanatomic measures in structural imaging and postmortem studies; and examination of neurophysiologic measures using functional imaging. Gender differences are also observed in affect and emotion processing. Women perform better in speeded emotion recognition tasks and in tasks requiting facial expression of emotions. Sex differences in brain anatomy have been increasingly documented with methods for morphometric analysis of MRI data.
Towards a better account and understanding of bus/rapid-transit interactions: The case of Los Angeles

Abstract Bus transfers (access) at rapid-transit stations represent more than one-third of total boardings in large, dispersed, polycentric cities in the U.S. Yet, many station-level access-mode statistics and person-trip surveys often ommitt bus access mode or confound it with walk access. The abscence of this key statistic in official survey reports results in an incomplete understanding of multimodal interactions and may mislead planners and decision-makers in crafting effective policies geared to increase rapid-transit ridership and performance. Study of eight large transit systems and further analysis of the Los Angeles case study, with its detailed 2012 bus-rail on-board survey, were conducted to improve our understanding and planning of bus/rapid-transit interactions in polycentric cities. In order to evaluate scope, share, and impact of bus feeder routes on station boardings, the author indexed bus access events in the original survey database to estimate the number of bus transfers (access) at station-level. The socio-economic profile of riders that accessed rapid transit via bus was also rendered and trip-origin spatial distributions by access mode was also identified and tabulated. In addition, the influence of different bus feeder services (e.g. local, rapid, express) on rapid-transit station boardings was assesed in multivariate generalized linear models. Descriptive and inferential statistics results indicate that in Los Angeles, >30% of patrons are estimated to access rapid-transit via a variety of bus services; bus network connectivity is highly significant in explaining rapid transit boardings with large effects comparable to key Transit Oriented Development (TOD) factors; and notable variance in the magnitude of effects exists depending on bus service type. Station-level boarding and bus-transfers predictive equations derived from multivariate regressions such as the ones illustrated in this paper, may be used for sketch planning purposes in direct-demand models. A more nuanced, periodic, and detailed compilation of statistics related to bus transfers at station-level (as well as that of other emerging and potentially disrupting access modes) would provide a better understanding and planning of large multi-modal transit systems in the U.S. It would also bring to light an important, but under-reported, set of users.
Abstract P100: Opioids Cause Sex-Specific Vascular Remodeling Via Cofilin-ERK Signaling: Female Mice Present Higher Risk Of Developing Morphine-Induced Vascular Dysfunction Than Male Mice

Recent studies have shown that chronic use of prescription opioids leads to increased risk of cardiovascular events and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Indices of vascular age and arterial stiffne...
Constructing Grievance: Ethnic Nationalism in Russia's Republics

1. Ethnic Entrepreneurs, Ordinary People, and Group Grievance 2. Variation in Mass Nationalism across Russia's Republics 3. Does Structure Matter? Local Labor Markets and Social Mobility 4. Supporting National Sovereignty in Tatarstan 5. Nationalism in a Socialist Company Town: Tatars, Russians, and the Kamskii Automobile Works in Naberezhnye Chelny 6. Ethnic Entrepreneurs and the Construction of Group Grievance: Tuva, Mari El, and Komi Compared 7. Secessionism from the Bottom Up: Democratization, Nationalism, and Local Accountability in Russia 8. Lessons from Russia: A Critical View of the Relationship between Ethnic Elite Claims and Mass InterestsBibliography Index
Sift and sort: climbing the semantic pyramid

Information processing operations in support of intelligence analysis are of two kinds. They may sift relevant data from a larger body, thus reducing its quantity, or sort that data, thus reducing its entropy. These two classes of operation typically alternate with one another, successively shrinking and organizing the available data to make it more accessible and understandable. We term the resulting construct, the “semantic pyramid.” We sketch the general structure of this construct, and illustrate two adjacent layers of it that we have implemented in the Ant CAFE.
Mice deficient of Lats1 develop soft-tissue sarcomas, ovarian tumours and pituitary dysfunction

The lats gene has been identified as a tumour suppressor in Drosophila melanogaster using mosaic screens. Mosaic flies carrying somatic cells that are mutant for lats develop large tumours in many organs. The human LATS1 homologue rescues embryonic lethality and inhibits tumour growth in lats mutant flies, demonstrating the functional conservation of this gene. Biochemical and genetic analyses have revealed that LATS1 functions as a negative regulator of CDC2 (ref. 3). These data suggest that mammalian LATS1 may have a role in tumorigenesis. To elucidate the function of mammalian LATS1, we have generated Lats1-/- mice. Lats1-/- animals exhibit a lack of mammary gland development, infertility and growth retardation. Accompanying these defects are hyperplastic changes in the pituitary and decreased serum hormone levels. The reproductive hormone defects of Lats1-/- mice are reminiscent of isolated LH-hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and corpus luteum insufficiency in humans. Furthermore, Lats1-/- mice develop soft-tissue sarcomas and ovarian stromal cell tumours and are highly sensitive to carcinogenic treatments. Our data demonstrate a role for Lats1 in mammalian tumorigenesis and specific endocrine dysfunction.
Possible evidence for evolution in the photometric properties of nearby galaxies

Given the four observables—optical magnitudes, infrared magnitudes, optical dimensions, and H I line profile widths—then 6 pairwize combinations of these observables can be constructed that are distance—dependant and 4 triplet combinations can be constructed that are distance independant. Tight correlations are found between all possible combinations of these parameters with samples of galaxies drawn from the Virgo and Ursa Major clusters. However, when large samples of mostly non-cluster galaxies are considered, the scatter in the same relationships increases. The scatter in certain of the distance—independant plots is not symmetrical with respect to the lay of the cluster data. If the data are good, then the interpretation could be that some galaxies in our large sample are redder than normal for their mass. Such galaxies are expected to exist if spirals evolve to become gas-depleted lenticulars.
MICROHABITAT DIFFERENCES IMPACT PHYLOGEOGRAPHIC CONCORDANCE OF CODISTRIBUTED SPECIES: GENOMIC EVIDENCE IN MONTANE SEDGES (CAREX L.) FROM THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS

By selecting codistributed, closely related montane sedges from the Rocky Mountains that are similar in virtually all respects but one-their microhabitat affinities-we test predictions about how patterns of genetic variation are expected to differ between Carex nova, an inhabitant of wetlands, and Carex chalciolepis, an inhabitant of drier meadows, slopes, and ridges. Although contemporary populations of the taxa are similarly isolated, the distribution of glacial moraines suggests that their past population connectedness would have differed. Sampling of codistributed population pairs from different mountain ranges combined with the resolution provided by over 24,000 single nucleotide polymorphism loci supports microhabitat-mediated differences in the sedges' patterns of genetic variation that are consistent with their predicted differences in the degree of isolation of ancestral source populations. Our results highlight how microhabitat preferences may interact with glaciations to produce fundamental differences in the past distributions of presently codistributed species. We discuss the implications of these findings for generalizing the impacts of climate-induced distributional shifts for communities, as well as for the prospects of gaining insights about species-specific deterministic processes, not just deterministic community-level responses, from comparative phylogeographic study.
Parents Support Preschoolers' Use of a Novel Interactive Device

Past research has found that preschool children's ability to learn educational content from interactive media may be hindered by needing to learn how to use a new interactive device. However, little research has examined the instructional supports parents provide while their children use interactive media. Forty-six preschool children and their parents participated in a 30-min interaction with a novel interactive device. Children were assessed before and after the interaction on knowledge of letters and numbers and device skills. Children improved from pre- to posttest on device skills, but not content knowledge. In general, parents used a wide range of strategies during the interaction. Specific parental support for using the device did not result in increased device skills; however, parents who focused their support on content had children who performed better on content assessments. The findings are discussed in terms of the effectiveness of different parent support strategies for children's use of interactive devices and learning of educational content during the preschool years. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methylation Pattern of Lambda Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extracted from phage lambda grown on Escherichia coli K-12 strain W4032 had 113 +/- 10 5-methylcytosine residues and 215 +/- 20 6-methyl adenine residues per genome, as determined by three independent methods. These methylated nucleotides were distributed equally among the two strands of lambda DNA. Shearing of double-stranded DNA to half-length fragments revealed a slight deficiency of 5-methyl cytosine in the 55% guanine plus cytosine half. Shearing the DNA to fragments of smaller length showed that the distribution of methylated nucleotides along the double helix was uniform with the exception of an undermethylated fragment arising from the center of the lambda DNA molecule. The implication of these results for the function of methylated nucleotides in the lambda DNA molecule is discussed.
Applying Regression Discontinuity Design in Institutional Research.

The goal of this chapter is to provide a brief introduction to one of the most rigorous nonexperimental analytical methods currently employed by education researchers: regression discontinuity.
A Slippery Problem with Explosive Consequences

Water has remarkable effects on the properties of geochemical materials such as magma. The result is that a small change in water concentration can make the difference between explosive volcanic eruptions and less violent ones. In his Perspective, Spera discusses results reported in the same issue by Ochs and Lange on new measurements of the amount of water in molten silicates. The findings will add new insight to the atomic structure of these materials as well as the effects of water on them.
Capitalizing on App Development Tools and Technologies

Instructional developers and others creating apps must choose from a wide variety of app development tools and technologies. Some app development tools have incorporated visual programming features, which enable some drag and drop coding and contextual programming. While those features help novices begin programming with greater ease, questions arise about the overall utility of visual tools for app development. Analyses and comparisons of app development tools and technologies would make their advantages and disadvantages apparent, enabling instructional technologists to make informed decisions about tool selection. Toward that end, this work generated a new fram ework for comparing app development tools. The criteria that comprise the framework were then used to compare multiple authoring tools and technologies for creating apps. Three app development tools, namely Corona, LiveCode and MoSync, emerged as particularly noteworthy for their utility and flexibility, and because they are free of monetary cost or have a free version.
Axilog: Abstractions for Approximate Hardware Design and Reuse

Relaxing the traditional abstraction of "near-perfect" accuracy in hardware design can yield significant gains in efficiency, area, and performance. To exploit this opportunity, there is a need for design abstractions and synthesis tools that can systematically incorporate approximation in hardware design. The authors define Axilog, a set of language extensions for Verilog that provides the necessary syntax and semantics for approximate hardware design and reuse. Axilog lets designers safely relax the accuracy requirements in the design while keeping the critical parts strictly precise. Axilog is coupled with a Safety Inference Analysis that automatically infers the safe-to-approximate gates and connections from the annotations. The analysis provides formal guarantees that the safe-to-approximate parts of the design strictly adhere to the designer's intentions. The authors devise two synthesis flows that leverage Axilog's framework for safe approximation; one by relaxing the timing requirements and the other through gate resizing. They evaluate Axilog using a diverse set of benchmarks that gain 1.54× average energy savings and 1.82× average area reduction with 10 percent output quality loss. The results show that the intuitive nature of the language extensions coupled with the automated analysis enables safe approximation of designs even with thousands of lines of code.
Approximation of Cauchy principal value integrals by piecewise Hermite quartic polynomials by spline

Abstract The interpolatory piecewise Hermite quartic polynomials induced by cubic spline has been established by Behforooz and Papamichael [1]. These polynomials can be used to approximate the functions and their derivatives over the entire spline interval and obtain better orders of convergence than use of the cubic spline. In this paper these piecewise polynomials will be used to estimate the Cauchy principal value integrals and their derivatives. This technique yields better results than using the derivatives of the single spline functions which has been considered by Orsi [2].
Surgical Approaches to Subretinal Strands

I successfully removed subretinal strands or membranes surgically in three patients with retinal detachments. Two approaches were used: (1) by cutting through the sclera with vitreous scissors (external approach), or (2) by cutting holes through the retina (internal approach). In two cases of retinal detachment, massive periretinal proliferation occurred, one of which was successfully managed with the external approach. In the other case, recurrence of massive periretinal proliferation caused the retina to detach again. In a third case a nonrhegmatogenous retinal detachment caused by a subretinal membrane was managed successfully with the internal approach.
Fabrication of p-n junctions in as-grown ZnMgO/ZnO films

We achieved p- (Zn,Mg)O by doping with phosphorous and the conduction type was confirmed by capacitance-voltage properties of metal/insulator/ p- (Zn,Mg)O:P diode structures as well as Hall measurements. The p- (Zn,Mg)O:P/n-ZnO junction was grown by pulsed laser deposition on bulk ZnO doped with Sn. Without post-growth annealing, the phosphorous-doped ZnMgO showed p -type conductivity (hole density ~10 16 cm -3 , mobility ~6 cm 2 V -1 s -1 ) in the as-grown state. The metal contacts in top-to-bottom p-n junctions were made with Ni/Au as the p- ohmic and Ti/Au as the backside n- ohmic contact. The p- contacts showed improved characteristics after annealing up to 350 - 400 °C, but the n- contacts were ohmic as-deposited. The simple, low temperature growth (≤500 °C) and processing sequence (≤400 °C) shows the promise of ZnO for applications such as low-cost UV light emitters and transparent electronics.
High molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide)/silica hybrids by the sol-gel process

We prepared inorganic/organic hybrids by the sol-gel process, using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) in an aqueous solution of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) under acidic conditions (HCl). The hybrids represent so-called sequential interpenetrating networks with PEO (polymer I) and silica (polymer II). The PEO content was between 0.25 and 1.0 g of PEO for every 50 ml of TEOS. The PEO molecular weight was either 100 000 or 300 000. The water-to-alkoxy ratio (R) was either R = 3 or R = 8. Among these variables, the water-to-alkoxy ratio had the largest influence on physical properties, such as density and hardness. The types of behavior were divided into two categories, one for the gels prepared with less than stoichiometric water (R 4).