cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Birman–Kreĭn–Vishik–Grubb Theory for Sectorial Operators

We consider densely defined sectorial operators $$A_\pm $$ that can be written in the form $$A_\pm =\pm iS+V$$ with $$\mathcal {D}(A_\pm )=\mathcal {D}(S)=\mathcal {D}(V)$$ , where both S and $$V\ge \varepsilon >0$$ are assumed to be symmetric. We develop an analog to the Birmin–Kreĭn–Vishik–Grubb (BKVG) theory of selfadjoint extensions of a given strictly positive symmetric operator, where we will construct all maximally accretive extensions $$A_D$$ of $$A_+$$ with the property that $$\overline{A_+}\subset A_D\subset A_-^*$$ . Here, D is an auxiliary operator from $$\ker (A_-^*)$$ to $$\ker (A_+^*)$$ that parametrizes the different extensions $$A_D$$ . After this, we will give a criterion for when the quadratic form $$\psi \mapsto {\text{ Re }}\langle \psi ,A_D\psi \rangle $$ is closable and show that the selfadjoint operator $$\widehat{V}$$ that corresponds to the closure is an extension of V. We will show how $$\widehat{V}$$ depends on D, which—using the classical BKVG-theory of selfadjoint extensions—will allow us to define a partial order on the real parts of $$A_D$$ depending on D. All of our results will be presented in a way that emphasizes their connection to the classical BKVG-theory and that shows how the BKVG formulas generalize when considering sectorial operators $$A_\pm =\pm iS+V$$ instead of just a strictly positive symmetric operator V. Applications to second order ordinary differential operators are discussed.
The new nurse manager survival guide, part II

Leading in a time of crisis We created this series to offer new nurse managers basic tenets of leadership to help them succeed in this pivotal organizational role Little did we imagine the chaos and disruption that were in store for all of us as the coronavirus pandemic has changed life as we know it Hospitals have been reconfigured for the sole purpose of creating maximum capacity for infected patients Elective surgeries and routine procedures have been canceled;ORs and postanesthesia care units have been turned into patient care units to provide ventilator support with anesthesia machines when there are no more ICU beds New protocols are being created and implemented in real time as physicians and nurses learn what to do and when to do it as they go Clinicians are required to make immediate choices about how to best care for huge numbers of very sick patients who appear in EDs with breathtaking rapidity, and the ethics of allocating scarce resources when the pace is fast and actions need to be decisive have their own emotional toll 1 Rigid hierarchies and siloed fiefdoms that have characterized hospitals are rapidly breaking down as new models of teamwork take hold This energy pulsating in hospitals is in sharp contrast to the eerily empty streets outside silenced by shelter-in-place orders 2 No nurse manager practicing today has experienced anything like the coronavirus pandemic;this will be a formative event for all nurses as we move into an unknown future None of us has managed this degree of chaos, complexity, and uncertainty before so, in a sense, we're all new nurse managers trying to find our way Here are some things to think about that may be helpful to you as you navigate this new reality
Chapter 4 – Using UDP Sockets

Publisher Summary The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) provides an end-to-end service different from that of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). UDP performs only two functions. It adds another layer of addressing (ports) to that of the Internet Protocol (IP), and it detects data corruption that may occur in transit and discards any corrupted datagrams. Because of this simplicity, UDP (datagram) sockets have some different characteristics from the TCP (stream) sockets. As soon as it is created, a UDP socket can be used to send/receive messages to/from any address and to/from many different addresses in succession. To allow the destination address to be specified for each message, the socket application programming interface provides a different sending routine that is generally used with UDP sockets. Another difference between UDP sockets and TCP sockets is the way they deal with message boundaries: UDP sockets preserve them. This makes receiving an application message simpler, in some ways, than with TCP sockets. A subtle, but important difference, between TCP and UDP is that UDP preserves message boundaries.
No ‘Signs of Weakness’: Gendered violence and masculine authority on the North-West Frontier of British India

On 14 April 1923, in the dead of night, an English girl was kidnapped from her bedroom in a military bungalow in the Kohat Cantonment on India's North-West Frontier. The kidnapping is a notorious incident that has been told and retold in multiple languages, disciplines, and media for almost a century. From the colonial perspective, the kidnapping was seen as an ‘outrage’ that demonstrated the lawless savagery of the tribes who inhabited this strategically significant Indo-Afghan borderland. From the local perspective, the kidnappers led by Ajab Khan Afridi were valiant heroes who boldly challenged an alien and oppressive regime. This article adopts a gendered lens of historical analysis to argue that the case offers important conceptual insights about the colonial preoccupation with frontier security. In the British empire, the idea of the frontier signified a racial line dividing civilization from savagery. The colonial frontier was also a zone of hyper-masculinity where challenges to state power were met with brutal violence in a muscular performance of masculine authority. In this space where ‘no signs of weakness’ could be shown, the abduction of Molly Ellis represented an assault on the fictive image of white, male invincibility and the race–gender hierarchy that defined the colonial system.
Microdrill in endoscopic stapes surgery: Is it safe?

Abstract Purpose To assess the safety of using a microdrill in endoscopic vs microscopic stapes surgery. Materials and methods A retrospective review of 29 adult ears with otosclerosis who underwent either an endoscopic or microscopic approach to microdrill stapedotomy. Primary outcome: Determine if transcanal endoscopic stapes surgery with the microdrill is as safe as microscopic stapes surgery. Secondary outcome: Bone and air pure-tone averages, air-bone gap, speech discrimination, overall surgical cost, and operative time were measured and analyzed. Complications such as post-operative dysgeusia, vertigo, readmission, revision and hearing loss were noted. Results 29 patients with otosclerosis were retrospectively reviewed, in total 14 endoscopic and 15 microscopic approaches were included, all performed over one-year period. None of the endoscopic surgeries require conversion to the microscope. No statistically significant audiometric differences between the endoscopic vs microscopic approaches in air pure-tone averages and air-bone gap. There were 82.8% air-bone gap closure to Conclusions The endoscopic with microdrill approach is criticized to lack depth perception, especially when using a microdrill to perform in stapedotomies. Our study showcases that using the microdrill use produces minimal differences in outcomes, cost, and is a safe modality to stapes surgery in both approaches.
High Precision Characterization of the Kilojoule Multi-ps Advanced Radiographic Capability

ARC is a kilojoule petawatt-class laser system which generates high energy x-ray and particle sources for radiography of experiments on the National Ignition Facility. We present recent progress on laser performance measurements and system modeling.
Improve students’ learning experience in general chemistry laboratory courses

The current shift from a traditional classroom laboratory to a partial remote virtual lab is mainly due to COVID-19 pandemic. This pedagogical change is forcing academic institutions to rethink and redesign their lab courses. VR is promising technology to support this change. This study reviews current literature of the VR systems applied in higher education, clarifies some technical terms related to VR technology, and identifies the strengths and weaknesses of this technology. After a semi-interview with faculty members and students in the Chemistry department at a US university, we propose a new hybrid lab design with VR technology based on the literature review and interview results.
Postoperative atrial fibrillation in paraesophageal hernia repair: can it be prevented?

Acute ischemic thromboembolic stroke is one of the most feared complications of atrial fibrillation (AF), and the risk increases with higher CHA2DS2-VASc scores. Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is common after noncardiac surgery, particularly after thoracic surgery, and can result in significant morbidity and mortality. We report the case of an 85-year-old female with a history of untreated hypertension (HTN) and no prior history of AF, who presented 5 days after an elective repair of a paraesophageal hernia with recurrence of a large type III paraesophageal hiatal hernia, AF, and subsequent acute thromboembolic ischemic stroke. Patient’s AF resolved shortly after treatment with calcium channel blocker. The risk of stroke is high in patients who develop AF and a period of 48 h after onset of AF is usually considered safe as the risk of stroke is low in this time period. However, this may not be the case during the perioperative period and preventive measures such as preoperative calcium channel blocker could be considered. Our case highlights that acute ischemic thromboembolic stroke might develop earlier tha 48 h after onset of POAF in patients undergoing paraesophageal hernia repair. Initiation of a calcium channel blocker should be considered during preoperative evaluation for patients undergoing paraesophageal hernia repairs, especially in those with untreated HTN.
Ceramic Composites Portend Long Turbopump Lives

Use of continuous fiber reinforced ceramic matrix composites (FRCMC) for turbopump hot section components offers a number of benefits. The performance benefits of incresed turbine inlet temperature are apparent and readily quantifiable. Perhaps less obvious are the potential benefits of incresed component life. At nominal turbopump operating conditions, FRCMC offer increased operating temperature margin relative to conventional materials. This results in potential for significant life enhancement. Other attributes (e.g., thermal shock resistance and high cycle fatigue endurance) of FRCMC provide even greater potential to improve life and reduce maintenance requirements. Silicon carbide (SiC0 matrix composites with carbon fibers (C/SiC) do not degrade when exposed to hydrogen-rich steam for 10 hours at 1200 C. This FRCMC is resistant to thermal shock transients far in excess of those anticipated for advanced, high temperature turbomachinery. Orthogonal, two-dimensional (2D0, plain woven, C/SiC also does not degrade when subjected to tensile-tensile fatigue at room temperature for 4 x 10(exp 5) cycles at 75% of the ultimate strength. Runout at greater than 10(exp 6) cycle occurs for axial specimens subjected to fully reversed strain controlled fatigue at ambient temperature and 0.3% strain.
Social Work Faculty in Retirement: A National Study.

Abstract This article reports a study that explored the retirement experiences of a national sample of retired social work educators. A total of 267 educators responded to a mailed questionnaire that addressed five areas: (1) general characteristics of the subjects, (2) their preretirement experiences, (3) their postretirement experiences, (4) current social and health status, and (5) their perspectives on changes in social work education and practice. The sample was found to be relatively young, healthy, moderately professionally active, financially secure, and relatively satisfied with their retirement experiences. Critical differences were found on the five variables by gender, terminal degree, and institutional affiliation.
Little Molecules with Big Goals

Sets of master genes may control the expresson of the relevant proteins involved in complex cellular processes such as growth and metabolism.
A novel fabrication method of a vertical comb drive using a single SOI wafer for optical MEMS applications

A novel method for fabricating a self-aligned electrostatic vertical comb drive using a single layer of a SOI wafer is introduced. The fixed combs are anchored to bimorph cantilevers made of two materials with dissimilar thermal coefficient of expansion, i.e., silicon dioxide and single crystal silicon. The cantilever, which provides the vertical offset between fixed comb and movable comb, is deflected by residual stress during cooling down from oxidation temperature to room temperature. In piston motion, the vertical amplitude at the resonant frequency of 3.5 kHz was 30 /spl mu/m. In torsional motion, the angle of optical deflection at the resonance of 830 Hz was changed by 6.5/spl deg/. The measured resonant frequencies correspond to the results form a finite element analysis within 10%. This vertical comb drive is useful for optical and biophotonic MEMS requiring out-of-plane torsional or piston motion.
Conspiracy or Evasion; the Electron's Way

The renormalizable perturbation expansion for the scattering of electrons and massive photons is studied, as a theorist's experiment, to test conspiracy theory for Regge trajectories. For convenience, all particles are assigned the same mass. It is shown that a nontrivial evasive solution is allowed kinematically, but that the electron trajectory does not choose it. Rather, at least to lowest order, there are three sequences of daughter trajectories, whose values differ by integers at $s=0$, and which all conspire in a complicated way with the electron to satisfy the kinematic constraints. This picture is greatly simplified using the $O(4)$ expansion of Freedman and Wang. There are only a small number of Lorentz poles. We reformulate the problem in this language and discuss some of the properties of these poles. The electron Lorentz pole factors and implies $M=\frac{1}{2}$.
Vacuum Cryopumping a Heavy Ion Source in a High Voltage Terminal

Two coldfingers differentially cryopump the heavy ion source of the SuperHilac 3-MV injector. One coldfinger near the source freezes most of the source gas load and provides adequate clean vacuum for source operation. The second coldfinger near the beam entrance into the high voltage column produces high vacuum to reduce ion beam loss through charge exchange and accidental electrical discharges. The 20°K temperature is produced by a small refrigerator in the terminal, and is transmitted to the coldfingers by hydrogen-charged heat pipes. The effective system pumping speed for air at the source measures 180 l/s. While running beams of argon ions, pressures are 8 x 10-5 mm Hg at the source and 5 x 10-6 at the column entrance. The integral of pressure with distance along the terminal beam path is 1.8 x 10-3 mm Hg-cm.
Flow Field Unsteadiness in the Tip Region of a Transonic Compressor Rotor

An experimental investigation concerning tip flow field unsteadiness was performed for a high-performance, state-of-the-art transonic compressor rotor. Casing-mounted high frequency response pressure transducers were used to indicate both the ensemble averaged and time varying flow structure present in the tip region of the rotor at four different operating points at design speed. The ensemble averaged information revealed the shock structure as it evolved from a dual shock system at open throttle to an attached shock at peak efficiency to a detached orientation at near stall. Steady three-dimensional Navier Stokes analysis reveals the dominant flow structures in the tip region in support of the ensemble averaged measurements. A tip leakage vortex is evident at all operating points as regions of low static pressure and appears in the same location as the vortex found in the numerical solution. An unsteadiness parameter was calculated to quantify the unsteadiness in the tip cascade plane. In general, regions of peak unsteadiness appear near shocks and in the area interpreted as the shock-tip leakage vortex interaction. Local peaks of unsteadiness appear in mid-passage downstream of the shock-vortex interaction. Flow field features not evident in the ensemble averaged data are examined via a Navier-Stokes solution obtained at the near stall operating point.
Techniques for dynamic range enhancement in a frequency-folded broadband channelizer

Recent work in spectrum-channelizing receivers has demonstrated the ability to simultaneously detect and down- convert broadband inputs while using a single LO. This ad- dresses a key design challenge in mixer-bank based spectrum channelizers, namely the requirement for multiple concurrently operating frequency-synthesizers. An approach that simultane- ously addresses channelization and digitization is the frequency- folded analog-to-digital converter. In this work, the use of feedforward and feedback for linearizing such architectures, by combining them with frequency-synthesis capable harmonic- rejection mixers is proposed. Feedforward-based approaches are effective in relaxing the dynamic range requirement of the sub- ADCs used at baseband, while feedback-based approaches are useful for relaxing dynamic range at the input of the channelizer.
Antibodies produced in response to Cryptococcus neoformans pulmonary infection in mice have characteristics of nonprotective antibodies

Murine cryptocococcal pulmonary infection elicited serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG to the capsular polysaccharide, but only IgG stained yeast cells in alveoli. Both isotypes produced punctuate immunofluorescence patterns on yeast cells like those of nonprotective antibodies. The difficulties involved in associating humoral immunity with protection in murine cryptocococcal infection could reflect nonprotective antibody responses.
Receiver and transmitter voting

Personal radios are useless. They are useless if they must stand alone in a system which is expected to cover a large area with 100% reliability. Personal radios need not stand alone, however, due to the availability of receiver voting systems. Receiver voting systems allow people equipped with personal radios to talk back to a dispatcher from long distances since they allow receivers to be located at strategic points throughout an area. Receiver voting systems come in three basic types: relay race, tone quantized, and noise floor measuring, each of which function basically by measuring signal quality.
Charged fusions for β-galactosidase retention in anion-exchange chromatography

Abstract The retention behavior of a series of negatively charged β-galactosidase fusion proteins carrying an additional 1 (designated BGCD1), 5 (BGCD5), 11 (BGCD11), and 16 (BGCD16) aspartate residues was studied. The added tails promoted protein retention in order of tail length and were most effective closer to the isoelectric point. The two parameters Z and I , obtained from the stoichiometric displacement model, were used to characterize the extent of binding between the protein and the ion-exchange surface. At pH 5.7, the Z number increased with tail length (charge) and was 11.5, 8.5, 6.9 and 5.3 for BGCD11, BGCD5, BGCD1 and wild type β-galactosidase (BGWT), respectively. At these conditions, the fusions had very similar I values which were five times smaller than that of BGWT. However, the increase in Z numbers outweighed the decrease in I values and retention was enhanced. When BGWT was brought to the same net charge (by increasing the mobile phase pH) as each of the fusions, the Z number was similar to that of the corresponding fusion. However, the I value decreased with increasing pH (net charge) and was lower than that of the corresponding fusion by factors of 25–500. Consequently, despite the similar Z numbers, the fusions still had higher retention.
A finite-element method for simulating unstable two-phase flow

Abstract A modified finite-element method has been developed for simulating unstable two-phase flow through porous media. The method uses the Galerkin procedure for space discretization, but the transmissibilities are evaluated at the upstream node of each element instead of at the quadrature points as would be done in the standard finite-element method. Simulation results in one and two dimensions using the modified finite-element method are presented and compared with those obtained by the standard finite-element method. The results show that the modified finite-element method provides more realistic solutions than the standard finite-element method.
Phosphorus application to newly‐cleared coastal plain soils: Corn (Zea mays L.) response and soil test calibration data

Abstract Phosphorus applications ranging from 0 to 288 kg P/ha were broadcast alone and in combination with band treatments of 22 kg P/ha to two newlycleared Kempsville sandy loam (Typic Hapludults) soils for the purpose of measuring corn (Zea mays L.) yield responses and obtaining soil test calibration data. Four to 10‐fold corn grain yield increases resulted from P additions. Broadcast applications of 96 kg P/ha in combination with band treatments of 22 kg P/ha from either diammonium phosphate or ammonium polyphosphate were most efficient in increasing corn grain yields to 80% or more of maximum yield. Critical extractable soil P values for the two sites of 31 and 42, 29 and 37, 18 and 19, and 47 and 43 ppm were obtained for the Bray I, North Carolina (NC), Olsen, and Mehlich III soil test procedures, respectively. Increases in extractable soil P with increasing P applications expressed as ppm P/kg P applied varied for the two sites from 0.21 to 0.26 for the Bray I and NC procedures, 0.10 to 0.13 for th...
NMR Analysis of UV- and Heat-Aged Nylon-6,6

Samples of Nylon-6,6 were analyzed by 1-D and 2-D NMR techniques to determine the degradation structures resulting from UV exposure of Nylon films and heat aging of Nylon pellets. The dominant degradation structure in all cases was the terminal methyl group which was attributed to chain scission reactions. Further evidence for chain scission was found through the presence of aldehyde and formamide structures upon UV exposure and heat aging (in the presence of air) and terminal vinyl structures upon UV exposure. The presence of oxygen during UV exposure resulted in OH substitution adjacent to the amide group and at the end of a cleaved alkyl chain. Terminal amide groups were observed in the starting material and did not increase in concentration upon heat aging or UV exposure. In heat-aged samples, no evidence was found for olefinic or hydroxyl-containing structures in nitrogen, but hydroxyl structures were observed. A degradation mechanism was proposed to account for the structures observed in our work.
3-D Particle transport within the human upper respiratory tract

Abstract In this study, trajectories of inhaled particulate matter (PM) were simulated within a three-dimensional (3-D) computer model of the human upper respiratory tract (URT). The airways were described by computer-reconstructed images of a silicone rubber cast of the human head, throat, and trachea and main bronchi. Computational fluid dynamics simulations of airflow patterns were performed using commercially available software (CFX-F3D) on a Sun Sparc-5 workstation. For each simulation, particles were introduced within a nostril grid and their trajectories calculated. A typical computer run of 400 iterations took 25 h . Particle deposition was designated in nasal (N), laryngeal (L), and tracheobronchial (T) regions, or penetration (P) of the URT. Deposition was calculated as a function of particle size (0.5– 5 μm ), density (1 and 2 g / cm 3 ), and flow rate (9, 17, and 34 l / min ). The computations should be addressed on a case-by-case basis as detailed herein; however, it can be stated that in a given N, L, or T region, deposition fractions as determined by the calculation of trajectories increased more with flow rate than particle size. This knowledge of factors affecting particle trajectories and deposition patterns may have important implications for PM risk assessment programs.
Pronunciation difficulty, temporal regularity, and the speech-to-song illusion

The speech-to-song illusion (Deutsch, Henthorn & Lapidis, 2011) tracks the perceptual transformation from speech to song across repetitions of a brief spoken utterance. Because it involves no change in the stimulus itself, but a dramatic change in its perceived affiliation to speech or to music, it presents a unique opportunity to comparatively investigate the processing of language and music. In this study, native English speaking participants were presented with brief spoken utterances that were subsequently repeated ten times. The utterances were drawn either from languages that are relatively difficult for a native English speaker to pronounce, or languages that are relatively easy for a native English speaker to pronounce. Moreover, the repetition could occur at regular temporal intervals, allowing the emergence of a sort of meter, or at irregular temporal intervals, making the emergence of meter impossible. Participants rated the utterances before and after the repetitions on a 5-point Likert-like scale ranging from “sounds exactly like speech” to “sounds exactly like singing.” The difference in ratings before and after was taken as a measure of the strength of the speech-to-song illusion in each case. The speech-to-song illusion occurred regardless of whether the repetitions were spaced at regular temporal intervals or not; however, it occurred more readily if the utterance was spoken in a language difficult for a native English speaker to pronounce.
Aqueous chlorination and ozonation studies. I. Structure-toxicity correlations of phenolic compounds to Daphnia magna.

A correlation showing the dependency of the observed biological activity (LC50) of a series of phenols to the free energy related terms, π, F and R (field and resonance), which are specific for each compound, has been observed for the freshwater invertebrate, Daphnia magna. A series of 14 phenols was investigated and with F and R considered to be additive terms the following correlation was obtained. Log 1/c = 0.500 π + 0.453 F + 0.636 R + 3.731 r = 0.978 In those phenols containing chlorine it was noted the toxicity increased with increased chlorine content.
Management of von Hippel–Lindau-associated kidney cancer

Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) is an autosomal-dominant inherited condition that predisposes patients to develop renal cysts and tumors, most commonly in the second to fourth decades of life. Renal cysts and tumors have historically been a major cause of disease-related morbidity and mortality, so urologists are often called on to manage patients with VHL. Knowledge of the extrarenal manifestations of VHL (hemangioblastomas of the central nervous system and retina, endolymphatic sac tumors, pancreatic cysts, epididymal and broad-ligament cysts, and pheochromocytomas) and integration of nonurologic specialties into management teams for VHL patients will help to achieve successful outcomes. Screening for renal manifestations of VHL, by regular imaging of the abdomen, begins late in the second decade of life. Because renal tumors in VHL can be multifocal and bilateral, management can be complex. Radical nephrectomy removes all tissue at risk for forming renal tumors; however, this necessitates renal replacement therapy. In an effort to control cancer effectively while preserving native renal function and minimizing intervention, some researchers have proposed an observational strategy. Patients are screened until the largest tumor reaches 3 cm in diameter, at which time operative intervention is recommended. Nephron-sparing surgery is undertaken, whenever technically feasible, with the goal of removing all tumors in that renal unit. The role of minimally invasive technologies is currently being evaluated in selected patients with VHL renal masses. Elucidation of molecular pathways associated with VHL renal tumors may facilitate development of effective medical treatments for these lesions in the future.
The normative and structural properties of the children's Nowicki‐Strickland scale of internal‐external control: Children with adjustment problems

One hundred thirty-five children with adjustment problems, referred to a semiresidential educational setting, were evaluated utilizing the Children's Nowicki-Strickland Scale of Internal-External Control (N-S Scale). Pretest scores were factor analyzed, revealing two correlated factors (20 items): (a) general feelings of helplessness in interpersonal relationships, and (b) general feelings of lack of control over events or problems. The 20-item reduced scale was found to be more reliable, especially at the younger ages, and reliability data are provided for each scale. Results are discussed relative to previous research findings and suggestions for further research are offered.
An accurate analytic approximation to the non-linear change in volume of solids with applied pressure

An accurate analytic expression for the nonlinear change of the volume of a solid as a function of applied pressure is of great interest in high-pressure experimentation. It is found that a two-parameter analytic expression, fits the experimental volume-change data to within a few percent over the entire experimentally attainable pressure range. Results are presented for 24 different materials including metals, ceramic semiconductors, polymers, and ionic and rare-gas solids.
Metastatic Gastric Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Address for correspondence: Muhammad Wasif Saif, MD, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 6N-435, New York, NY 10032 Clinical Pra ● Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is recognized as a distinct subset of neuroendocrine tumors defined by poorly differentiated morphologic characteristics and expression of the classic neuroendocrine markers synaptophysin and chromogranin. LCNEC can occur in diverse locations; regardless of the location this tumor is generally associated with an aggressive clinical course and poor outcome. Most neuroendocrine tumors of the stomach are low grade, but gastric LCNEC (GLCNEC) has been described and behaves similarly to LCNEC at other sites. In patients with rapidly proliferating tumors (high Ki-67 index), fluorine18(F) fluorodeoxyglucose–positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) is an important tool for diagnosis. Because of the rarity of these tumors, prompt diagnosis of GLCNEC may be challenging and requires a high index of suspicion.
Localization of a cytochrome P-450 isozyme (cytochrome P-450 PB-B) and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase in rat nasal mucosa

Antibodies raised against cytochrome P-450 PB-B, the major phenobarbital-inducible isozyme of rat hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450, and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase (EC 1.6.2.4) were employed to determine the cellular localizations of these enzymes within the nasal mucosa of untreated rats. Immunohistochemical staining for each enzyme was detected at the light microscopic level within the respiratory and olfactory epithelia, duct and acinar cells of seromucous glands in the respiratory region, and duct and acinar cells of Bowman's glands in the olfactory region. These findings demonstrate that a number of different cell types in rat nasal mucosa contain enzymes which participate in the monooxygenations of chemical carcinogens and other xenobiotics.
A Low Electron Voltage Approach to Increase Spatial Resolution of Temperature Mapping in Thermal Scanning Electron Microscopy

Thermal scanning electron microscopy is a new temperature mapping technique based on thermal diffuse scattering in electron backscatter diffraction in a scanning electron microscope. It provides both nano-scale resolution and far-field non-contact temperature mapping capabilities no other methods can adequately combine. While a calculated spatial resolution of less than 100 nm has already been realized using 20 keV electrons, lower energy incident electrons should enable still higher spatial resolution (even down to 10 nm). In this paper, the feasibility of this approach is examined.
Stubborn Twig : Three Generations in the Life of a Japanese American Family

Stubborn Twig is a classic American story, a story of immigrants making their way in a new land. It is a living work of social history that rings with the power of truth and the drama of fiction, a moving saga about the challenges of becoming an American. Masuo Yasui traveled from Japan across the other Oregon Trail the one that spanned the Pacific Ocean?in 1903. Like most immigrants, he came with big dreams and empty pockets. Working on the railroads, in a cannery, and as a houseboy before settling in Hood River, Oregon, he opened a store, raised a large family, and became one of the area's most successful orchardists.As Masuo broke the race barrier in the local business community, his American-born children broke it in school, scouts and sports, excelling in most everything they tried. For the Yasuis? first-born son, the constraints and contradictions of being both Japanese and American led to tragedy. But his seven brothers and sisters prevailed, becoming doctors, lawyers, teachers, and farmers. It was a classic tale of the American dream come true?until December 7, 1941, changed their lives forever. The Yasuis were among the more than 110,000 people of Japanese ancestry along the West Coast who were forced from their homes and interned in vast inland ?relocation camps.? Masuo was arrested as a spy and imprisoned for the rest of the war; his family was shamed and broken. Yet the Yasuis endured, as succeeding generations took up the challenge of finding their identity as Americans. Stubborn Twig is their story, story at once tragic and triumphant, one that bears eloquent witness to both the promise and the peril of America.
The control of circadian rhythms and the levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide mRNA in the suprachiasmatic nucleus are altered in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) has been localized within the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (SCN) and appears to play an important role in the entrainment of circadian rhythms with the light-dark (LD) cycle. The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), an inbred strain used extensively in research on primary hypertension, has significantly more VIP mRNA in its brain than normotensive Wistar-Kyoto control (WKY) rats. Because VIP levels are abnormally high in SHR rats the present study examined whether the mechanisms controlling circadian rhythms are also altered in SHR rats. When entrained to a 24 h LD cycle, SHR rats began their wheel-running rhythm approximately 1.5 h earlier than WKY controls. SHR rats re-entrained to a phase delay in the LD cycle more slowly than did WKY rats, but tended to re-entrain to a phase advance more rapidly. The free-running period of SHR rats in both constant light and constant dark was significantly shorter than that of WKY rats. In SHR rats, phase delays produced by 1-h pulses of light were less than one-half the magnitude of the delays seen in WKY rats; however, the phase advances were nearly twice that of WKY rats. Using in situ hybridization, the SCN levels of mRNA encoding VIP were found to be significantly greater in SHR rats, but the mRNA levels of another peptide important for entrainment, gastrin releasing peptide, did not differ between SHR and WKY rats. These data indicate that the mechanisms controlling circadian rhythms in SHR rats differ significantly from those controlling rhythms in WKY rats and that VIP mRNA is significantly elevated within the SCN of SHR rats. The role of VIP in the entrainment of circadian rhythms is discussed.
Effect of Rev on the Cytoplasmic Localization of Intron-Containing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA

Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) proteins are expressed from both intron-containing and completely spliced RNAs. Rev, an HIV-1 regulatory protein, is necessary for the expression of intron-containing RNAs. The effect of Rev on the subcellular localization of intron-containing HIV-1 RNA was examined by in situ RNA hybridization. In the presence of Rev, intron-containing HIV-1 RNA accumulated at the nuclear membrane and within the cytoplasm of transfected cells. In the absence of Rev, intron-containing HIV-1 RNA accumulated within the nucleus. In ∼20% of the cells transfected in the absence of Rev, intron-containing HIV-1 RNA was also found in the cytoplasm. Differences in the subcytoplasmic localization of intron-containing HIV-1 RNA in the presence and absence of Rev were not observed using in situ RNA hybridization. To determine the effect of Rev on RNA localization within the cytoplasm, an extensive fractionation protocol involving both hypotonic and detergent lysis was used. In the presence of Rev, 40.9 ± 4.6% of the cytoplasmic intron-containing HIV-1 RNA was released by hypotonic lysis. A similar fractionation profile was seen for several other translated viral and cellular RNAs. However, in the absence of Rev, only 16.5 ± 5.1% of the cytoplasmic intron-containing HIV-1 RNA was released on hypotonic lysis ( P
A rheometer for oscillatory studies of nonlinear fluids

This paper describes the coupling of a minicomputer with two rotational rheometers. In the first instance, the computer acquires output data from aWeissenberg Rheogoniometer in oscillatory shear, andFourier-analyzes stress and strain signals. The second instance utilizes a rotational rheometer specifically designed to be controlled by the computer, employing a servo-driven torque motor. The computer-rheometer system is used to analyze steady-state non-Newtonian viscosity and linear viscoelasticity, as well as non-linear dynamic behavior.
The theory and practice of first-class prompts

An analysis of the lugr;-C-calculus and its problematic relationship to operational equivalence leads to a new control facility: the prompt-application. With the introduction of prompt-applications, the control calculus becomes a traditional calculus all of whose equations imply operational equivalence. In addition, prompt-applications enhance the expressiveness and efficiency of the language. We illustrate the latter claim with examples from such distinct areas as systems programming and tree processing.
PHONOMICROSURGERY I: PRINCIPLES AND EQUIPMENT

Phonomicrosurgery arose from 19th century endolaryngeal surgery, which was done through a natural passage and was one of the earliest forms of minimally invasive procedural interventions. The evolution and growth of laryngology as a specialty is inextricably connected to the development of endoscopic laryngeal surgery. Phonomicrosurgical techniques have evolved in the last decade of the 20th century as a group of procedures that are guided by physiologic principles of vocal fold oscillation so as to improve vocal outcome. The anatomic premise of these techniques is to maximally preserve the vocal fold's layered microstructure, epithelium, and lamina propria. Phonomicrosurgery has acquired increasing importance because a dependable voice has become a necessity in our communication-based society.
Pathology of ovarian cancer precursors

Ninety percent of ovarian cancers in the Western world are epithelial cancers derived from the surface epithelium of the ovary and its inclusion cysts. The so-called surface epithelium is mesothelium that comes to resemble epithelium as it is reflected over the surfaces of the ovaries. At various ages, but particularly in women in the reproductive, menopausal, and postmenopausal age groups, this epithelium migrates into the ovarian stroma to form inclusion cysts. These cysts probably results from a dynamic interplay of surface epithelium and underlying ovarian stroma, but can also develop as a result of periovarian adhesions. There is abundant evidence that their formation is not related to repair of ovulation. It is generally accepted that benign and malignant ovarian epithelial tumors arise from surface epithelium and its cystic derivatives because they both, but particularly the latter, have a potential to differentiate into epithelia similar to those of normal mullerian derivation (tubal, endometrial, and endocervical epithelia) and their tumors resemble those of the fallopian tube, endometrium, and endocervix. Also, both intraepithelial carcinomas and precarcinomatous lesions can be observed in the surface epithelium and its cystic derivatives. These carcinomas may arise de novo or as a transformation of pre-existing benign tumors and non-neoplastic lesions of similar derivation. Surface epithelial inclusion cysts have a greater propensity to undergo neoplasia than does the surface epithelium itself. This difference has been recognized for many years most epithelial ovarian tumors are intraparenchymal, rather than being located on the ovarian surface. More recent evidence includes the immunohistochemical demonstration of various ovarian carcinoma antigens far more frequently in inclusion cyst epithelium than in surface epithelium; and the much more frequent presence of tubal metaplasia in the cyst epithelium than in the surface epithelium. Tubal metaplasia is encountered in non-neoplastic ovaries contralateral to ovarian carcinomas two to three times as frequently as in control ovaries, suggesting that the metaplastic epithelium is more prone to the development of carcinoma that non-metaplastic epithelium. Carcinoma precursors occur in the ovary, as in the cervix and endometrium, but have been reported only rarely because they are easily overlooked and have not been searched for by pathologists.
Stable single-axial-mode operation of an unstable-resonator Nd:YAG oscillator by injection locking

We have achieved stable Fourier-transform-limited single-axial-mode operation of an unstable-resonator Nd:YAG oscillator. The 10-Hz repetition-rate, 150-mJ, 9-nsec Q-switched Nd:YAG source operated with a measured 50-MHz bandwidth at ±5-MHz frequency jitter when injected with a low-power single-frequency pulse from a TEM00-mode Nd:YAG source.
Examining the effectiveness of using concolic analysis to detect code clones

During the initial construction and subsequent maintenance of an application, duplication of functionality is common, whether intentional or otherwise. This replicated functionality, known as a code clone, has a diverse set of causes and can have moderate to severe adverse effects on a software project in a variety of ways. A code clone is defined as multiple code fragments that produce similar results when provided the same input. While there is an array of powerful clone detection tools, most suffer from a variety of drawbacks including, most importantly, the inability to accurately and reliably detect the more difficult clone types. This paper presents a new technique for detecting code clones based on concolic analysis, which uses a mixture of concrete and symbolic values to traverse a large and diverse portion of the source code. By performing concolic analysis on the targeted source code and then examining the holistic output for similarities, code clone candidates can be consistently identified. We found that concolic analysis was able to accurately and reliably discover all four types of code clones with an average precision of .8, recall of .91, F-score of .85 and an accuracy of .99.
Robust EKF-Based Wireless Congestion Control

The variation of bandwidth in wireless networks imposes significant challenges to the operation of congestion control protocols, especially, those relying on estimations of link bandwidth. For example, TCP CUBIC probes the end-to-end available link bandwidth while XCP and VCP require an explicit knowledge of the available link bandwidth at intermediate nodes. Thus, these protocols are subject to oscillatory behavior and serious performance deterioration in wireless networks without properly compensating against the fluctuations of the bandwidth. In this paper, we propose a bandwidth estimation scheme utilizing Extended Kalman Filtering (EKF) to which we refer as EBE. Rather than directly measuring bandwidth in real-time, EBE monitors either per flow states at a sender or persistent queue sizes to predict the available bandwidth. It is utilized to efficiently cope with bandwidth variations thereby stabilizing and improving the performance of congestion control protocols in wireless networks. We implement EBE in NS2 and integrate it with XCP, VCP, TCP CUBIC, and few other TCP variants. Through extensive simulation studies, we demonstrate significant performance improvements of these protocols in wireless networks as the result of using EBE.
Plasma polymerized N-isopropylacrylamide: synthesis and characterization of a smart thermally responsive coating.

A lower critical solution temperature (LCST) in an aqueous environment has been observed with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM) deposited onto solid surfaces from a plasma glow discharge of NIPAM vapor. The synthesis and spectroscopic data (ESCA, FTIR) for the plasma polymerized NIPAM (ppNIPAM) shows a remarkable retention of the monomer structure. The phase transition at 29 °C was measured by a novel AFM method. The phase transition was surprising because of the expectation that the plasma environment would destroy the specific NIPAM structure associated with the thermal responsiveness. The phase change of ppNIPAM is also responsible for the changes in the level of the meniscus when coated capillaries are placed in warm and cold water. Plasma polymerization of NIPAM represents a one-step method to fabricate thermally responsive coatings on real-world biomaterials without the need for specially prepared substrates and functionalized polymers.
Simultaneous determination of dispersion relation and depth profile of thorium fluoride thin film by spectroscopic ellipsometry

Abstract Thorium fluoride is one of the dielectric materials whose dispersion relation in the optical region is not known. By applying a regressional analysis technique to the spectroscopic ellipsometric data obtained on thorium fluoride thin film on vitreous silica substrate, the present authors have simultaneously determined both the void distribution inside the thorium fluoride thin film and the dispersion relation of bulk thorium fluoride. The Sellmeir type of dispersion relation with a resonance in the UV region has been determined. The potential usefulness of the present technique to determine the dispersion relation of materials which are not available in bulk form but can be prepared in thin film form is quite promising.
Genetic interactions in plant photomorphogenesis

Abstract Phytochrome and a blue light receptor mediate a developmental switch from etiolated growth to the photosynthetically competent 'de-etiolated' program. The analysis of Arabidopsis mutants deficient in photomorphogenetic responses (e.g. hy, blu) has identified several elements that mediate the red/far-red and blue light responses. Mutants that appear de-etiolated in the absence of light (e.g. det1, det2, cop1) implicate negatively-acting elements that integrate red and blue light signals. Phenocopy of the de-etiolated mutants by cytokinin implicates a role for this hormone in promoting seedling photomorphogenesis. Epistasis analyses support a pathway in which DET1 and DET2 are downstream effectors of phytochrome function.