cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hybrid Bayesian and convex set projection algorithms for restoration and resolution enhancement of digital images

Diffraction limited images obtained form practical sensing operations need to be processed before they can be used for any decision-making purposes (target detection, tracking, surveillance, etc.). Iterative digital processing algorithms, generally referred to as super-resolution algorithms, that provide not only restoration within the passband of the sensor but also some degree of spectral extrapolation, have been primarily used to process such images. A popular route for the design of these algorithms is to employ a Bayesian framework where an appropriately modeled statistical quantity (likelihood, posterior distribution, etc.) is optimized iteratively. Although powerful algorithms with demonstrable super-resolution capabilities can be synthesized using this approach, the computational demands and the slow convergence of these algorithms can make them rather unattractive to implement in specific situations. Furthermore, the quality of restoration achieved may not be entirely satisfactory in specific cases of imaging where the underlying emission process is not accurately modeled by the assumed probability distribution functions used in the derivation of algorithms. In this paper, we shall describe a set of hybrid algorithms that integrate set theory-based adjustment operations with the iterative steps that perform statistical optimization in order to achieve superior performance features such as faster convergence and reduced restoration errors. Mathematical modeling of constraint sets that facilitate inclusion of specific types of information available will be discussed and the design of projection operators that permit an intelligent utilization of these constraint sets in the iterative processing will be outlined. The restoration and super- resolution performance of these hybrid algorithms will be demonstrated by processing several blurred images acquired from different types of sensing mechanisms and a quantitative evaluation of the benefits in both image and frequency domains will be presented.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The fluid mechanics of slide coating

Slide coating is a means of rapidly depositing multilayered liquid films of precise thickness and uniformity, as in manufacture of photographic products. Liquid is metered through one or more slots onto the inclined surface of the coating die, flows down that face and across a gap onto a fast-moving smooth surface. In this paper the steady, two-dimensional slide coating flow of a Newtonian liquid is analysed by solving the full Navierâ€“Stokes system with the Galerkin/finite-element technique, spine parametrization of free surfaces and full Newton iteration. The lower meniscus in the gap is assumed to remain pinned at the die edge and the wetting-line singularity on the surface being coated is relieved by introducing dynamic-slip and contact-angle parameters. Results include the effects of several design and operating parameters on free-surface profiles and details of the flow field; these are presented by means of contours of kinematic and dynamic variables and local force balances over subdomains. The profiles show standing waves on the slide, rapid film thinning just before the gap, and exponential approach to the final film thickness on the web. As Reynolds number is raised and/or web speed is lowered several recirculation regions are predicted, deleterious features that have also been detected in experiments.
CD1-restricted antigen presentation: an oily matter.

Abstract CD1 molecules control diverse immune functions by presenting self and non-self lipid antigens to T lymphocytes. The recent solution of the human CD1b structure has revealed the first principles for the structural basis of the presentation of unique and overlapping sets of lipids. Additionally, new studies have shed light on the unique aspects of intracellular CD1 traffic, lipid antigen processing and T cell recognition of non-peptidic ligands.
RACIAL/ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN THE POLITICAL BEHAVIOR OF AMERICAN RELIGIOUS CONGREGATIONS

Using a national sample of congregations, the current study builds upon Lincoln and Mamiya's (1990) argument of the institutional importance of black churches. It does so by suggesting that, all things being equal, black congregations are more likely than are white, Hispanic, and Asian congregations to engage in voter registration efforts; however, the greater involvement of black congregations, relative to congregations of other ethnic groups, in community organizing has much to do with the greater social justice orientation of black congregations.
The optical rotatory and viscometric properties of γ-poly-D-glutamate

Abstract The optical rotatory and viscometric properties of the γ-linked polypeptide, γ-poly- D -glutamate, are shown to be markedly dependent on the ionic state of the α-carboxyl side chain group. From the influence of various positively charged ions on the specific rotation of γ-poly- D -glutamate the relative order of their binding has been deduced: H+ > Pb++ > Cd++ > Ba++ > Ba++ ⪢ guanidinium ∼ Na+. Thebindingofthe heavy metals follows quite closely their affinity constants to the carboxylate group in simple aliphatic acids. Optical rotational and viscometric evidence is reported which indicates that the un-ionized polypeptide exists in a hydrogen-bonded hypercoiled form in water.
Young soccer players' reports of a tournament win or loss: Different emotions, different narratives

This research examined the effects of differences in the emotions associated with an event on participants' reports of the experience. Forty-eight 10-year-old participants in a soccer tournament reported their final competition shortly after the game and 5 weeks later. Although all children reported the same event, members of winning vs. losing teams had very different emotional experiences that were associated with differences in their event reports. Members of winning teams reported a greater proportion of central information and provided more cohesive narratives than did members of losing teams, whose narratives included relatively more interpretation of the event. Few differences in elicited recall were observed. Although the delay did not affect the between-group differences in the narratives, the players on the winning and losing teams increasingly diverged over time in their ratings of the quality of play. The implications of participants' interpretations of experiences on long-term remembering are...
Clinical case-based approach to understanding intradialytic hypotension

The approach to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients who develop intradialytic hypotension (IDH) encompasses an understanding of the pathophysiology, appropriate dialysis prescription modification, application of newer pharmacologic therapies, and development of strategies for prevention. Patients should have a "minimal data set" as part of their predialysis assessment. This information is critical to prescription modifications that may help decrease the risk for IDH. Individuals at "high risk" for IDH should be kept to a "safe zone" for dialysis ultrafiltration (</=3% of body weight). Specific maneuvers that may decrease the risk for IDH include adjustment of the dialysate sodium or calcium concentration and dialysate temperature. The first priority for patients developing IDH should be the stabilization of the blood pressure and improvement in the patient's symptomology. Pharmacologic intervention should be considered for patients who require repeat interventions for IDH. "At-risk" patients with a strong cardiac history should undergo an assessment of their cardiovascular status if IDH episodes occur. The use of pharmacologic therapy, ie, midodrine, alone or in combination with prescription modification, can be helpful in decreasing interventions required for IDH. Noncompliance and high interdialytic weight gain in the setting of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and diastolic dysfunction can increase the risk of IDH. Assessment of antihypertensive medications should be performed on a regular basis to determine the correct dosing schedule for patients with hypertension who develop IDH. Coronary flow reserve may be compromised in patients with LVH, adding to the risk for perfusion injury with low blood pressure. Increasing the dialysate calcium concentration may decrease the incidence of arrhythmogenicity in certain patients. Patients with low body temperature may benefit most from cool dialysate. Unit personnel should be aware of the potential link between hypotension and the increased relative risk for death in ESRD patients. Clinical training sessions on IDH risk recognition and appropriate treatment should be implemented within the dialysis unit. Because repeated bouts of IDH can be disruptive to the smooth efficiency of unit operations, attention to prevention as well as acute intervention of IDH is important. Preventive strategies can be developed in each unit to decrease the number of future IDH events. Considering the importance of hypotension in overall patient survival, attention to identifying the percentage of patients in each unit who experience IDH and/or who present with low blood pressure (systolic <110 mm Hg) should be tracked as a quality assurance initiative.
Distinguishing accidental from inflicted head trauma at autopsy.

This article will discuss accidental and inflicted head injuries in infants and young children and how forensic pathologists distinguish between these types of injuries. The article begins with a consideration of the special and unique features of the anatomy and development of the child’s head and neck and then relates these features to the mechanisms of traumatic brain injury and how these unique features influence the mechanisms of injury. The article very specifically notes that accidental head injuries in young children that occur in and around the home are focal head injuries in distinction to inflicted head injuries, which are diffuse brain injuries. The article discusses the mechanisms by which traumatic brain injury causes loss of consciousness and relates those mechanisms to the differences in the clinical features that occur in both accidental and inflicted head injury. The article discusses and illustrates the pathological findings in accidental head injuries consisting of the crushing head injuries and the head injuries sustained in short falls including epidural hemorrhage and focal subdural hemorrhage. The article discusses and illustrates the pathological findings that occur in inflicted head trauma, including subdural and subarachnoid hemorrhages and retinal and optic nerve sheath hemorrhages.
On a test of equality of scale parameters of several exponential distributions

In this paper, null distribution of the likelihood ratio criterion for testing the quality of scale parameters of p(p>2) two parameter exponential distributions for the case of equal sample sizes is obtained in a closed form for the first time. A short table of the critical values of the test statistic is also presented.
Relationships Among Individual, Task Design, and Leader Behavior Variables

A model predicting relationships among individual, task design, and leader behavior variables was examined for 171 employees of a large manufacturing firm. Correlational analyses revealed significa...
Upon This Rock: The Black Church, Nonviolence, and the Civil Rights Movement

Churches have traditionally been viewed as places of stability and strength in the African-American community. From slavery through the long racially segregated history of the United States, when African Americans were prevented from building institutions of their own and precluded from participating in the institutions of mainstream America, churches developed and contained civil society for them. In church, one could find politics, arts, music, education, economic development, social services, civic associations, leadership opportunities, and business enterprises. One could also find a rich spiritual tradition of survival and liberation. Whether their leaders repudiated the "curse of Ham," embraced the revolutionary religious vision of Nat Turner, or preached the more reserved doctrine that "Jesus will fix it after a
Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination of the elderly: newer vaccines and prospects for clinical benefits at the margin.

Abstract The continued importance of pneumonia and influenza as a cause of hospitalization and death in the United States provides ample evidence of the need for more effective means of prevention. Recent reports have greatly enhanced our understanding of the impact of these infections as major contributions to the morbidity and mortality of respiratory disease. Other reports have provided new evidence of the clinical effectiveness of current influenza and pneumococcal vaccines and the cost effectiveness of vaccination. Together with studies on long-term outcomes of pneumonia patients, it is now clear that vaccination rather than pneumonia is truly "the old man′s friend." These recent developments raise the question of what clinical benefits might be expected from new and improved influenza and pneumococcal vaccines. In all likelihood their marginal benefits will be small, and greater benefits might be achieved by overcoming problems in vaccine delivery and improving the implementation of public policies for vaccination.
Scheduling with semaphore constraints

In this paper we consider task systems with semaphore constraints, a generalization of the standard deterministic scheduling model that allows a broad class of task dependencies. We show that minimum length scheduling of task systems with semaphore constraints is NP-complete on two processors even when the tasks have identical execution times. In addition, we provide a linear time algorithm for determining the consistency of a task system with semaphore constraints.
Comparison of quark model predictions with experiment for pp annihilation

Abstract Predictions for p p annihilation, based on a quark model, are compared with experimental data. The model fails to give a quantitative description of the reaction.
667 THE EFFECT OF TRIPLE DYE ON SHEDDING OF THE UMBILICAL CORD

Triple dye is commonly applied to the umbilical cord of newborns to decrease the incidence of bacterial infection and colonization. We examined the time of umbilical cord separation in 100 full term infants and 52 premature infants whose cords had been treated with a single application of triple dye. The preterm infants' mean birthweight was 1856 gm. and mean gestational age 33.5 wks. The umbilical cords had not been manipulated for a procedure. There were no anomalies of the umbilical cord in this series. In the term infants the mean age of cord separation for males was 12.2 days and for females was 11.9 days. In the premature group the mean age for both males and females was 11.5 days. Several previous studies have shown that in the absence of triple dye use, 80% of the umbilical cords were shed on or before the 8th day of life. Less than 5% of the cords were shed beyond 10 days. 56% of our full term infants and 63% of the preterm infants shed the umbilical cord beyond 10 days. A recent study (Hayward A et al, Lancet 1979 1:1099) reported delayed separation of the umbilical in association with defective neutrophil mobility. This data suggests that triple dye may prevent bacterial colonization and perhaps remove the antigenic stimulation for neutrophil chemotaxis to the umbilical cord.
Age-Related Cerebrovascular Disease Alters the Symptomatic Course of Migraine:

Migraine headaches usually decrease in frequency and severity and often cease during advancing age. Occasionally, migraineurs report late-life migrainous accompaniments, i.e., auras without headache, particularly when typical migraine attacks terminate or diminish following major or minor strokes, at which time the auras may become atypical. Clinical observations such as these suggest that degenerative cerebrovascular changes accompanying aging may modify the course of migraine headaches particularly those with aura. To test this hypothesis, we quantitated age-related changes in cerebral vasodilator capacitance by measuring local cerebral blood flow utilizing xenon contrast computed tomography (CT) scanning before and after oral administration of the pharmacological cerebral vasodilator, acetazolamide (Diamox). Measurements were compared among 27 normal volunteers without headache (aged 24-94 years; mean age 61.1 +/- 17.6) and 37 carefully categorized groups of migraine patients (aged 27-83 years; mean age 59.4 +/- 12.4). The normals comprised Group A. Migraineurs were divided into two subgroups: Group B consisted of 27 migraineurs with and without aura who continued to suffer from incapacitating and frequent headaches and Group C consisted of 10 migraineurs who no longer suffered from severe and frequent headaches, two of whom still complained of atypical auras of the "late-life migrainous accompaniments" type. Cerebral vasodilator capacitance significantly declined with advancing age among normals and the two groups of migraineurs, confirming the development of age-related cerebrovascular diseases. Global CBF increases after Diamox in Group B (with persistent and severe migraine), were significantly greater compared with normals without headache, and with Group C consisting of migraineurs whose headaches had decreased, subsided, or become replaced by late-life migrainous accompaniments (Group C). Results establish that cerebrovasodilator capacitance declines with advancing age, probably due to progressive cerebral atherosclerosis, since these declines were accentuated by risk factors for stroke, particularly TIAs or documented lacunar infarcts by CT. Progressive impairments of cerebral vasodilator capacitance among migraineurs were associated with: (i) reductions in frequency and severity of migrainous cephalalgia and (ii) appearance of late-life migrainous accompaniments.
Laboratory models for the investigation of lymphangiomatosis

Lymphangiomatosis is an uncommon proliferative disorder of the lymphatic vasculature whose etiology remains poorly understood. The lymphangiomatosis spectrum encompasses a remarkable heterogeneity in its potential presentation, including micro- and macrocystic isolated lymphatic malformations, thoracic and intraabdominal diffuse lymphangiomatosis, and osseous and soft-tissue presentations known as Gorham-Stout disease. Recent therapeutic advances are empirical in nature or, at best, inferential, reflecting the scanty availability of laboratory-based model systems for the mechanistic study of this disease. Several promising model systems are reviewed here. The laboratory investigation of lymphangiomatosis will likely continue to benefit from the remarkable growth of insights into the mechanisms of lymphangiogenesis and vascular development.
Visual controlled information processing resources and formal thought disorder in schizophrenia and mania.

Visual selective attentional performance under low and high processing load conditions was examined in patients with schizophrenia (n=20), or bipolar affective disorder-manic type (n=21) and a group of normal control subjects (n = 18). Although schizophrenic patients demonstrated significantly more impaired cognitive performance than normal controls, bipolar patients were found to be as deviant as the schizophrenic patients on almost all of the performance variables. Positive thought disorder under high processing load demands was moderately correlated with schizophrenic patients' response processing ability. In contrast, negative thought disorder ratings were found to be moderately associated with reaction time performance during high processing demands for both patient groups. These findings are discussed with regard to the relationship between selective attention, visual-motor controlled information processing deficits, and thought disorder in psychosis.
Matrix-dependent instability of selenium(IV) stored in teflon containers

Abstract Solutions of selenium(IV) standards with different acid matrices were stored in containers constructed of boosilicate glass, conventional polyethylene, and fluorinated ethylenepropylene (teflon FEP). After 50 days of storage in FEP, there were highly significant losses of Se(IV) from standards in either 5% HCl/5% H 2 SO 4 , or 5% H 2 SO 4 . Increasing the hydrochloric acid concentration, e.g., 15% HCl/5% H 2 SO 4 , greatly reduced this loss. Addition of selenium-75 (selenate-free) indicated that the losses did not result from physical adsorption onto container surfaces. It is shown that the losses were caused by oxidation of Se(IV) to Se(VI).
Patterns of Recurrence Following Liver Resection for Colorectal Metastases: Effect of Primary Rectal Tumor Site

Hypothesis Patients with rectal adenocarcinoma are at increased risk of locoregional recurrence compared with patients with colon cancer. This may affect the pattern of recurrence and survival rates following hepatic resection of liver metastases from rectal adenocarcinoma. Design Retrospective review of a prospectively collected cancer center database. Patient and Methods From April 1, 1984, to December 31, 2005, 582 patients with liver metastases from a primary colorectal adenocarcinoma underwent hepatic resection. Clinical and pathological factors were analyzed using Cox regression analyses and log-rank tests. Results Of 582 patients, 141 (24.2%) had liver metastases from a primary rectal tumor site. Treatment of the primary rectal tumor most frequently included chemoradiation therapy (59.6%) and low anterior resection (63.1%). Most rectal tumors were pathological stage T3/T4 (85.8%) and N1 (68.1%). Treatment directed at the hepatic metastases included resection only (81.5%), resection plus radiofrequency ablation (17.8%), or radiofrequency ablation only (0.7%). With a median follow-up time of 30.7 months, 80 of 141 patients (56.7%) developed recurrence; 23 patients (16.3%) developed recurrence in the pelvis. Of 23 patients with pelvic recurrence, 56.5% also developed recurrence in the liver. The 3- and 5-year survival rates for all patients were 62.4% and 36.4%, respectively. Of 80 patients who had a recurrence following hepatic metastectomy, 23 (28.8%) underwent another operation. Following repeat metastectomy, 3- and 5-year survival rates were 76.7% and 38.6%, respectively. Conclusions Following resection of hepatic rectal metastases, pelvic recurrence is relatively common, and most patients with pelvic recurrence will also develop recurrence in the liver. Surgery for recurrent disease following hepatic resection of rectal metastases is warranted among well-selected patients.
The dramaturgical perspective in relation to self and culture.

Social scientists have studied human behavior from the dramaturgical perspective (DP), through which society is viewed as an elaborate play or game in which individuals enact different roles. The DP is more than a theoretical construct; members of individualist, secular societies occasionally adopt the DP with relation to their own lives. The current research examined the consequences of adopting the DP for evaluations of the self and conceptions of reality at large. Study 1 examined the attitudinal correlates of DP endorsement to test our claim that the DP is situated in an ideological context of individualism and secular modernism. Supporting our claim that the DP invalidates external information about the self�s value, in Studies 2A and 2B individuals endorsed the DP to a greater extent after a self-esteem threat, and Studies 2C and 3 showed that exposure to the DP (but not a direct system threat) buffered self-esteem threats. Examining moderators of the DP�s influence on self-esteem, Study 4 showed that taking the DP with regard to the ultimate value (vs. concrete experience) of a social role decreased self-esteem and investment in that role. Studies 5A and 5B examined the DP�s consequences for perceived moral objectivism. Adopting the DP decreased moral objectivism and moralization of various behaviors but not when the intrinsic self was dispositionally or situationally salient. The latter finding suggests that although contemporary individuals can and occasionally do adopt a reflective stance toward their place within social reality, they nevertheless continue to believe in a true, core self that transcends that precarious drama. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)
Towards Constructing Disease Relationship Networks Using Genome-Wide Association Studies

Background: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) prove to be a powerful approach to identify the genetic basis of various human diseases. Here we take advantage of existing GWAS data and attempt to build a framework to understand the complex relationships among diseases. Specifically, we examined 49 diseases from all available GWAS with a cascade approach by exploiting network analysis to study the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) effect on the similarity between different diseases. Proteins within perturbation subnetwork are considered to be connection points between the disease similarity networks. Results: shared disease subnetwork proteins are consistent, accurate and sensitive to measure genetic similarity between diseases. Clustering result shows the evidence of phenome similarity. Conclusion: our results prove the usefulness of genetic profiles for evaluating disease similarity and constructing disease relationship networks.
Neighborhood Activism among Homeowners as a Politics of Space

Most approaches to neighborhood activism among homeowners explain it in terms of a single social variable, such as class or race or gender. This article argues that, by focusing on one social category, these approaches fail to examine the range of variables that influence homeowner activism. The paper argues that, instead of understanding homeowner activism as a politics of class or race or gender, it should be understood as a politics of space. Such an approach allows us to understand how social variables interrelate in homeowners’ political project and provides a more effective explanation for why this agenda is translated into action.
Existence and uniqueness of solutions for vector problems containing small parameters

On etudie le comportement de couche de chocs pour des problemes aux valeurs limites pour certains systemes quasi lineaires a perturbation singuliere. On donne des conditions suffisantes pour l'existence de couches limites
The Impact of Product Hazard Information on Consumer Buying Decisions: A Policy-Capturing Approach

An underlying assumption in providing product warning labels is that consumers will make use of hazard information when buying and using products. The present study demonstrated that the policy-capturing procedure is a useful and applicable approach to examining the effects of hazard information independent of other information in purchasing decisions. The results indicate that hazard information did influence subjects' buying decisions. The policy-capturing procedure also permitted an assessment of the impact of hazard information in terms of the other factors such as product cost and effectiveness.
Increased Tc-99m MDP accumulation in soft tissue caused by bicycle riding.

Tc-99m MDP bone scintigraphy has long been used to evaluate bone pathology. However, a variety of etiologies can result in increased Tc-99m MDP accumulation in the nonosseous tissues. We present a case of a 61-year-old man with a history of daily prolonged bicycle use who had increased MDP uptake in the soft tissues of the gluteal region, corresponding to the contour of the saddle of the bicycle.
Effect of irradiation damage and helium on swelling and structure of vanadium-base alloys☆

Abstract Swelling behavior and microstructural evolution of V-Ti, V-Cr-Ti, and V-Ti-Si alloys were investigated after irradiation at 420–600°C up to 114 dpa. The alloys exhibited swelling maxima between 30 and 80 dpa and swelling decreased on irradiation to higher dpa. This is in contrast to the monotonically increasing swelling of binary alloys that contain Fe, Ni, Cr, Mo, and Si. Precipitation of dense Ti5Si3 promotes good resistance to swelling of the Ti-containing alloys, and it was concluded that Ti of > 3 wt% and 400–1000 wppm Si are necessary to effectively suppress swelling. Swelling was minimal in V-4Cr-4Ti, identified as the most promising alloy based on good mechanical properties and superior resistance to irradiation embrittlement. V-20Ti doped with B exhibited somewhat higher swelling because of He generation. Lithium atoms, generated from transmutation of 10B, formed γ-LiV2O5 precipitates and did not seem to produce undesirable effects on mechanical properties.
Cooperative or Controlling? The Effects of CEO-Board Relations and the Content of Interlocks on the Formation of Joint Ventures

This study examines the influence of the social network of board interlocks on strategic alliance formation. Our theoretical framework suggests how board interlock ties to other firms can increase ...
In situ crystallization of amorphous silicon in the transmission electron microscope

Abstract Amorphous Si thin films have been crystallized by in situ annealing in the transmission electron microscope. Crystallization occurred at about 700°C in electron-beam-deposited Si films, 400 A thick, on amorphous Si3N4 substrates. Dendritic Si crystallites were observed with ⟨110⟩ and ⟨111⟩ orientations. The fast growth direction was parallel to ⟨112⟩. All crystallites were internally twinned with Σ = 3, {111} twin boundaries providing nucleation sites for atom attachment. The amorphous-crystal interface propagation was recorded on videotape to study the mechanism of crystallization. Interface velocities were measured at several temperatures and an activation energy of 3·36±0·23 eV was obtained for crystal growth.
Intravenous pyogenic granuloma. Case report with ultrastructural findings

A nodule, attached to the intimal surface of the external jugular vein of a 12-year-old boy, showed the light microscopic features of a pyogenic granuloma. The small muscular arteries in the adventitia contained numerous tufted intraluminal capillaries, and it is possible that the angiomatous proliferation within the jugular vein originated from the vasa vasorum, with subsequent growth into the venous lumen. This intraluminal growth dispersed the tunica elastica into the pyogenic granuloma. Ultrastructural examination showed, the lesion to be composed of capillaries lined by low and cuboidal endothelial cells, with occasional pericytes surrounded by focally multiple basal laminae. In some locations, the capillary endothelial basal lamina abutted directly on collagen with no intervening pericyte. In the stroma of the tumor there were cells with myofibroblastic features. This benign intravascular growth should be distinguished from other benign but atypical intravascular and vascular proliferations.
Position of the American Dietetic Association: total diet approach to communicating food and nutrition information.

Abstract It is the position of the American Dietetic Association that all foods can fit into a healthful eating style. The ADA strives to communicate healthful eating messages to the public that emphasize the total diet, or overall pattern of food eaten, rather than any one food or meal. If consumed in moderation with appropriate portion size and combined with regular physical activity, all foods can fit into a healthful diet. Public policies that support the total diet approach include Reference Dietary Intakes, Food Guide Pyramid, Dietary Guidelines for Americans, Nutrition Labeling and Healthy People 2010. The value of a food should be determined within the context of the total diet because classifying foods as "good" or "bad" may foster unhealthy eating behaviors. Eating practices are influenced by taste and food preferences, concerns about nutrition and weight control, physiology, lifestyle, environment, and food product safety. To increase the effectiveness of nutrition education in promoting sensible food choices, dietetics professionals plan communications and educational programs that utilize theories and models related to human behavior. Communication campaigns/programs should implement an active, behaviorally focused approach within the larger context of food choices. Nutrition confusion can be reduced by emphasizing moderation, appropriate portion size, balance and adequacy of the total diet over time, the importance of obtaining nutrients from foods, and physical activity.
Russian Local Politics in the Putin–Medvedev Era

Abstract Political reforms and changes on the local level by the Putin–Medvedev leadership have resulted in an almost unprecedented turnover of leadership but they have aroused political conflict and even resistance by unsettling the political status quo throughout the 83 subnational units of the Russian Federation. The reforms have resulted in the marginalisation of the authority of city mayors, the recruitment from outside of chief executives of federation regions, and the polarisation of ethnic enclaves by national policies. Destabilising everything is the combination of a United Russia (Edinaya Rossiya) political party bent on national dominance, ambiguous liberal appeals and democratic reforms by President Medvedev, and a global economic recession.
PH HETEROGENEITY IN AGED HYPERTENSIVE RAT HEARTS DISTINGUISHES REPERFUSED FROM PERSISTENTLY ISCHEMIC MYOCARDIUM

Myocardium reperfused following ischemia may contain regions that are adequately perfused but temporarily dysfunctional or metabolically abnormal, and regions that are persistently ischemic. By examining heterogeneity in the inorganic phosphate (Pi) resonance in 31P NMR spectra obtained for isolated perfused young v old hypertensive rat hearts made globally ischemic and then reperfused, areas of persistent intracellular acidosis (pHi about 6) were distinguished from recovering tissue (pHi about 7). The extent of persistent regional acidosis reported by Pi heterogeneity in the 31P NMR spectrum of the reperfused heart correlates well with (1) whole heart flow deficit measured as coronary flow, (2) the decrease in extracellular (primarily vascular) 23Na NMR resonance area measured using 23Na NMR and shift reagent, and (3) regional flow deficits identified using perfusate-borne dye markers. Persistent intracellular acidosis during reperfusion was observed only in the hearts of aged hypertensive rats, confirming that the vasculature of these animals is more susceptible to ischemic injury than both younger hypertensive rats and age-matched controls. The portion of the heart that is reperfused following only 16 min of global ischemia is metabolically abnormal, showing incomplete recovery of ATP and pH.
Concurrency in polygonally arranged wireless Data Centers with all line-of-sight links

The use of wireless links can provide flexibility and reconfigurability to data center networks. Recent investigations show that 60GHz millimeter-wave technology can be used in wireless data center networks. The steerable millimeter-wave transceiver works as a multi-port switch where point-to-point links are established using beam-forming. Considering an interference model, specific to the wireless data center, we propose a new algorithm for k-pod fat-tree data center topology mapping. Further, we propose to group all links of the network into sets of mutually concurrent links. By assigning a time slot for all concurrent links in a set, we devise a TDMA scheduling algorithm for the wireless network. We show that the concurrent wireless transmissions could result in O(k2) number of slots that is k times better than graph based coloring approach. By increasing the concurrency, we argue that the use of 60GHz technology is more viable in building completely wireless data centers.
Measurement of 10−7 to 10−12 mol of potassium by stimulation of pyruvate kinase

Abstract A method for measuring potassium is described which is based on the requirement of pyruvate kinase for this cation. Activity of this enzyme is linear with respect to potassium concentration between 10 and 100 μ m . The rate of pyruvate formation is measured with lactic dehydrogenase and NADH in a coupled assay. Other common cations do not interfere at concentrations likely to be present. With a variety of plant extracts, potassium concentrations obtained with the assay were in agreement with those obtained using a flame photometer. For measuring smaller amounts of potassium the reaction is carried out in a small volume and the NAD+ produced is converted to a highly fluorescent product or is amplified by enzymatic cycling. These procedures have been tested extensively only on plant material, but the assay should be generally applicable.
Non-adiabatic resonant conversion of solar neutrinos in three generations

Abstract The survival probability of solar electron neutrinos after non-adiabatic passage through the resonance-oscillation region in the Sun is discussed for the case of three generations. A method to calculate three-generation Landau-Zener transition probabilities between adiabatic states is described. We also discuss how the Landua-Zener probability is modified in the extreme non-adiabatic case.
The interplay of the Kondo effect and RKKY interactions in the one-dimensional Kondo insulator

Abstract We have studied the one-dimensional Kondo chain at half-filling using a density matrix formulation of the numerical renormalization group. As the exchange coupling J → 0, RKKY interactions become more important, and the correlation length and the staggered susceptibility χ(q = 2kF) diverge.
Control effort reduction analysis of Zero-Vibration model reference control for controlling a time-varying plant

This paper investigates the combination of input shaping and model reference control. The benefits of the proposed controller design include robustness against plant uncertainties and parameter estimation errors, while achieving good vibration suppression. The controller design is applied to a pendulum payload plant with time-varying parameters. The state space representation of the reference model and the time-varying plant are derived. The Lyapunov control law and Zero-Vibration input shaper utilized to formulate the control signal are presented. Simulations reveal that input shaping, when implemented with the model reference control, can perform effectively in both vibration suppression and state tracking, even in the presence of the variable parameters. Input shaping also contributes to reducing the control effort magnitude for large ranges of system parameter values and the parameter variances.
The effect of estrogen on placental delivery after fetectomy in baboons

In baboons, the placenta remains in situ and functional with respect to the potential for aromatization after removal of the fetus (fetectomy). Fetectomy therefore was used to study effects of the fetus and estrogen on placental delivery. By term, serum estradiol levels in untreated, intact baboons had increased to 4 to 8 ng/ml, and fetoplacental delivery occurred on day 184 ± 1 (mean ± SE). Fetectomy at midgestation resulted in a nondetectable serum estradiol level and a marked decline in progesterone level; however, placentas were maintained in situ and were delivered on day 171 ± 6. After fetectomy therefore the initiation of placental delivery and, presumably, myometrial contractility did not require an elevation in estrogen. Administration of estradiol (1 to 10 mg/day) to baboons after fetectomy resulted in normal serum estradiol concentrations, but placental delivery was prevented. When estrogen was discontinued on days 215 to 250, the serum estradiol level declined, and placental delivery occurred on day 262 ± 18, a value greater than in intact baboons or untreated baboons after fetectomy ( p
The Link between Population Density and Welfare Participation

This article explores a neglected topic in the social welfare, poverty, and demographic literatures—the link between population density and welfare participation in the United States. Longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics are used to meet two objectives: first, to test whether a relationship exists between population density and use of the food stamp program among eligible households; second, to explore the potential reasons for such a relationship. Our findings show that population density has a strong, positive impact on the likelihood of participating in the food stamp program. Low-income respondents in urban areas are significantly more likely to use food stamps in both an aggregate and a multivariate context. In analyzing the dynamic underlying such an effect, we find that those in urban areas are more likely to possess accurate eligibility information and to hold less adverse attitudes toward the use of welfare. These factors in turn increase the likelihood of food stamp participation.
Steroid metabolism in an inbred strain of Jersey cattle.

Abstract A genetic deficiency associated with a low growth rate, high neonatal mortality, and lowered fertility has been studied in an inbred strain of Jersey cattle. The delayed puberty, lowered fertility, slow growth rate, and the response to supplementary Cortisol indicate that the syntheses and secretion of Cortisol and the sex steroids are deficient. Homogenates from the adrenal cortex incubated with progesterone 4- 14 C revealed that the deficient animals converted progesterone to 17 α -hydroxyprogesterone, 11-deoxycortisol, and Cortisol less efficiently than homogenates from normal animals of the same strain and from unrelated Holsteins. It is concluded that the primary metabolic deficiency in these animals is the subnormal production of 17 α -hydroxyprogesterone and that the low production of the other steroids results from this primary deficiency.
Adjoint sensitivity analysis of regional air quality models

The task of providing an optimal analysis of the state of the atmosphere requires the development of efficient computational tools that facilitate an efficient integration of observational data into models. In a variational approach the data assimilation problem is posed as a minimization problem, which requires the sensitivity (derivatives) of a cost functional with respect to problem parameters. The direct decoupled method has been extensively applied for sensitivity studies of air pollution. Adjoint sensitivity is a complementary approach which efficiently calculates the derivatives of a functional with respect to a large number of parameters. In this paper, we discuss the mathematical foundations of the adjoint sensitivity method applied to air pollution models, and present a complete set of computational tools for performing three-dimensional adjoint sensitivity studies. Numerical examples show that three-dimensional adjoint sensitivity analysis provides information on influence areas, which cannot be obtained solely by an inverse analysis of the meteorological fields. Several illustrative data assimilation results in a twin experiments framework, as well as the assimilation of a real data set are also presented.
Tightly regulated gene expression system in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium

A new Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain has been constructed to facilitate tightly regulated gene expression. Arabinose-inducible and glucose-repressible expression of a T7 RNA polymerase gene that has been integrated with an adjacent araC-P(BAD) control element into the bacterial chromosome allows dynamic control of T7 promoter-driven RNA transcription.
MULTILOCUS POPULATION GENETICS WITH WEAK EPISTASIS. II. EQUILIBRIUM PROPERTIES OF MULTILOCUS MODELS: WHAT IS THE UNIT OF SELECTION?

Using perturbation techniques, I study the equilibrium of deterministic discrete time multilocus models with weak epistasis. The most important results are on the relationship between epistasis and disequilibrium. Disequilibrium involving a particular set of loci reflects only epistasis simultaneously involving those loci. Moreover, all the disequilibria of all orders vary approximately as the inverse of the probability of at least one recombination event among the loci involved. Finally, higher order disequilibria among loci will be lower than lower order ones, even if the level of epistasis is the same at all orders. In this sense, the unit of selection is small. However, given the larger number of higher order disequilibria, these higher order disequilibria may play an important role in the computation of gametic frequencies from allelic frequencies in models with a large number of loci. Finally, I show that epistasis between blocks of loci will be averages of epistatic effects, not additions of epistatic effects. Thus, failure to find significant epistasis on a chromosomal basis does not rule out the importance of epistatic effects.
Reducing Facet Nucleation during Algorithmic Self-Assembly

Algorithmic self-assembly, a generalization of crystal growth, has been proposed as a mechanism for bottom-up fabrication of complex nanostructures and autonomous DNA computation. In principle, growth can be programmed by designing a set of molecular tiles with binding interactions that enforce assembly rules. In practice, however, errors during assembly cause undesired products, drastically reducing yields. Here we provide experimental evidence that assembly can be made more robust to errors by adding redundant tiles that “proofread” assembly. We construct DNA tile sets for two methods, uniform and snaked proofreading. While both tile sets are predicted to reduce errors during growth, the snaked proofreading tile set is also designed to reduce nucleation errors on crystal facets. Using atomic force microscopy to image growth of proofreading tiles on ribbon-like crystals presenting long facets, we show that under the physical conditions we studied the rate of facet nucleation is 4-fold smaller for snaked proofreading tile sets than for uniform proofreading tile sets.
Bounded Solutions of n -Cocycle And Related Equations on Amenable Semigroups

The cocycle functional equation, originating in group theory and playing a role in such areas as cohomology, polyhedral algebra, and information theory, has a long and rich history. Cocycles of higher orders have been introduced in cohomology theory. This paper presents the bounded solutions of cocycle equations of all orders on amenable semigroups. Some related functional equations are treated also. These results generalize some recent results of Pales and Szekelyhidi.
Cosmic-ray diffusion in the inner heliosphere

Abstract For about the last 40 years, we have been trying to understand the propagation of cosmic rays and other energetic charged particles through the interplanetary medium. Identification of the basic processes affecting the propagation, namely diffusion, convection by the solar wind, adiabatic deceleration, and gradient and curvature drifts, was attained early on, but reaching detailed physical understanding, particularly of the roles of diffusion and gradient and curvature drifts, continues as an active topic of research to this day. Particularly unclear is the nature of the cross-field propagation. Many observations seem to require more efficient cross-field propagation than theoretical propagation models can easily produce. At the same time, there are other observations that seem to show strong guidance of the particles by the interplanetary magnetic field. With current measurements from spacecraft near Earth and from the Ulysses spacecraft, which samples nearly the complete range of heliographic latitudes in the inner heliosphere, critical tests of the ways in which cosmic rays and other energetic charged particles propagate through the interplanetary medium are possible. I briefly review the status of observations that are relevant to the characterization of diffusive propagation in the inner heliosphere and will present evidence for a possibly previously overlooked contribution from transport along magnetic flux tubes that deviate dramatically from the average interplanetary spiral configuration.