cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-body light front wave functions from general AdS/QCD models

In this work, we consider an extension to the matching procedure proposed by Brodsky and de Teramond to obtain the two-body wave functions in the light-front formalism for holographic models. We compute the light-front wave function by considering different static dilaton fields and anti--de sitter (AdS)-like geometric deformations. We also prove that this procedure holds for general AdS/QCD models in asymptotically AdS geometries.
Primary care services tailored for adult and adolescent homeless persons: a scoping review protocol.

OBJECTIVE The objective of this scoping review is to explore existing literature on primary care services for adult and adolescent homeless persons, map the evidence and identify gaps in the literature. INTRODUCTION Homeless adults and adolescents have complicated health needs, increased need for services, and more barriers to care. Recipients of primary care services use less emergency and urgent care resources. More information is needed in order to tailor primary care services for this vulnerable population. INCLUSION CRITERIA This review will consider studies with participants aged 13 years or older who are currently or previously homeless. Studies will be included regardless of type of primary care service, country of origin, healthcare delivery system, geographic location or cultural setting. METHODS The proposed review will be conducted in accordance with the JBI methodology for scoping reviews. The search strategy aims to locate published and unpublished studies and will be adapted for each information source. The reference lists of selected studies will be screened for additional citations. The search will be limited to the English language, but not by date of publication. Databases to be searched include MEDLINE (PubMed), CINAHL, Scopus, Embase, PsycINFO, PsychArticles, PsycEXTRA, Academic Search Premier and Web of Science. Gray literature and unpublished studies will be searched. After screening titles and abstracts, two independent reviewers will retrieve potentially relevant, full-text studies and extract data. Data will be presented in diagrammatic form, accompanied by a narrative summary.
Galileo’s Error: Foundations for a New Science of Consciousness by Philip Goff

A new book by Philip Goff, Galileo’s Error: Foundations for a New Science of Consciousness, accomplishes a number of notable things. Perhaps foremost, Goff provides an excellent overview of the debate on consciousness for a wide audience with little or no background in philosophy. He guides the reader through the various frameworks that include dualism, physicalism, and panpsychism. Goff’s Galileo’s Error thus provides an excellent introduction for anyone with interest in the growing science of consciousness. However, Goff does promote a particular angle. As a professor of philosophy at Durham University, Goff has followed the arguments of David Chalmers and others that materialistic explanations ultimately fail to explain consciousness. Like Chalmers, Professor Goff believes that in order to find a successful explanation, we will likely choose a direction that takes consciousness as fundamental in some sense. Toward this end, Goff has also become a leading advocate for panpsychism, the view that the ultimate particles that constitute our world have a mental aspect.However, Goff’s book also provides an important contribution regarding the philosophy of science. By examining science’s development at an early stage, especially Galileo’s role, Goff addresses an important aspect to the current debate on consciousness. And attention on the role of philosophy in science is also important, given the recent bashing philosophy has been handed by some scientists. To make progress on consciousness, Goff argues we will likely need to do some hard thinking and reexamine some of our core assumptions. He provides many examples to demonstrate that often what is required is time spent thinking and rethinking the problem, perhaps in contrast to voices who emphasize just getting on with the lab or field work.But what exactly is Galileo’s error, you might be wondering? Most of us recognize that Galileo played a pivotal role in ushering in the scientific revolution through emphasizing testing theories by observation. But as Goff notes, central to Galileo’s contribution was his emphasis on specific characteristics that could be quantified—size, shape, location, and motion. And this meant removing such qualities that we experience directly, such as taste and smell, out of the domain of inquiry. That is, Galileo pragmatically sought to remove inherently subjective matters that could not fit into a quantitative framework. This has brought mixed fruit. Science, as conceived by Galileo, is widely seen as one of the most successful developments in the history of thought. The focus on subjects that could be analyzed mathematically has led to true triumphs in understanding as well as abundant applications that have transformed the physical world.
SARC-F for screening of sarcopenia among older adults with cancer.

Background Sarcopenia is associated with adverse outcomes among older adults with cancer; however, no easily applied sarcopenia measure exists for use in clinical practice. The use of SARC-F, a 5-item self-reported sarcopenia screening questionnaire, among older adults with cancer remains to be investigated. Methods Older adults (aged ≥60 years) with cancer enrolled in the University of Alabama Cancer and Aging Resilience Evaluation Registry were identified. Patients completed the SARC-F questionnaire (with scores ≥4 considered positive for sarcopenia). The authors assessed for differences in geriatric assessment domain impairments, health-related quality of life, and health care utilization between those with and without sarcopenia using multivariate regression, then assessed the association of sarcopenia with survival using Kaplan-Meier methods and a Cox regression model, adjusting for covariates. Results In total, 256 older adults were identified. The median age was 69 years, 59% of participants were men, and 75% were White. The median SARC-F score was 2 (interquartile range, 0-4), and 33% of participants screened positive. Those with sarcopenia had higher odds of having multiple impairments, including impaired instrumental activities of daily living (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 18.1; 95% CI, 7.5-43.8) and frailty (aOR, 43.5; 95% CI, 17.7-106.8) as well as reduced physical and mental health-related quality of life (β coefficient, -13.6 and -11.5, respectively) and increased emergency room visits (aOR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.3-4.7). Furthermore, sarcopenia was independently associated with inferior overall survival (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.98; 95% CI, 1.1-8.3; P = .04). Conclusions One-third of older adults with cancer in this cohort screened positive for sarcopenia using the SARC-F screening questionnaire, and these positive scores are associated with geriatric assessment domain impairments, reduced health-related quality of life, increased emergency room visits, and inferior overall survival.
The Pollination and Fruit Quality of Two Kiwifruit Cultivars (Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis 'AU Golden Sunshine' and 'AU Gulf Coast Gold') (Ericales: Actinidiaceae) Grown in the Southeastern United States.

Kiwifruit is a new emerging crop for the southeastern United States that requires cross-pollination to set fruit. However, the pollination requirements for varieties grown in the southeastern United States are unknown. Through insect surveys and a bagging experiment, we assessed the pollination requirements of two female kiwifruit cultivars (Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis ‘AU Golden Sunshine’ and A. chinensis var. chinensis ‘AU Gulf Coast Gold'). For each, fruit quantity (fruit set) and fruit quality (weight, size, seed count, firmness, soluble solid content, and dry matter) were compared among three pollination treatments (wind, insect, and artificial pollination). Low abundances of insects were observed visiting female flowers of both kiwifruit cultivars, and therefore likely minimally influenced kiwifruit pollination. Artificial pollination resulted in the greatest percentages of fruit set and marketable fruits, followed by insect and wind pollination. Artificial pollination resulted in fruits that were greater in weight, size, and contained more seeds, than insect- and wind-pollinated fruits. Firmness and soluble solid content did not vary greatly between pollination treatments, yet were greater in ‘AU Golden Sunshine'. Dry matter content did not vary greatly between pollination treatments or between each cultivar. To maximize yields and optimize fruit quality, these results suggest that kiwifruit producers should place more effort into artificial pollination compared to wind and insect pollination. Future research should explore the use of managed bees (e.g., honey bees and bumble bees) within kiwifruit orchards to determine ways to utilize them as a secondary source for pollination needs.
Load-Bearing Entanglements in Polymer Glasses

Through a combined approach of experiment and simulation, this study quantifies the role of entanglements in determining the mechanical properties of glassy polymer blends. Uniaxial extension exper...
Digenic Inheritance: Evidence and Gaps in Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a hyperinflammatory disorder characterized by the inability to properly terminate an immune response. Historically, familial HLH (FHLH) has been associated with mutations in the genes PRF1, UNC13D, STX11, and STXBP2, which are required for the assembly, exocytosis, and function of cytotoxic granules within CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Loss-of-function mutations in these genes render the cytotoxicity pathway ineffective, thereby failing to eradicate immune stimuli, such as infectious pathogens or malignant cells. The resulting persistent immune system stimulation drives hypercytokinemia, ultimately leading to severe tissue inflammation and end-organ damage. Traditionally, a diagnosis of FHLH requires the identification of biallelic loss-of-function mutations in one of these degranulation pathway genes. However, this narrow definition fails to encompass patients with other genetic mechanisms underlying degranulation pathway dysfunction. In particular, mounting clinical evidence supports a potential digenic mode of inheritance of FHLH in which single loss-of-function mutations in two different degranulation pathway genes cooperate to impair pathway activity. Here, we review the functions of the FHLH-associated genes within the degranulation pathway and summarize clinical evidence supporting a model in which cumulative defects along this mechanistic pathway may underlie HLH.
The Hypothesis of Stimulus Interaction and an Explanation of Stimulus Compounding

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the hypothesis of stimulus interaction—a modification of Hull's principle of afferent neural interaction. Stimulus interaction refers to the notion that the habit or inhibitory loading of a component acquired in one compound will be reduced when that component occurs in another compound. The amount of reduction in the loading is said to be an increasing function of the average dissimilarity of the corresponding components in the two compounds. Certain implications of the hypothesis are made explicit and compared with the outcome of several experiments. Particular attention is given to research with children in an attempt to determine the feasibility of extending the theory beyond data collected from infrahuman subjects.
Information technology in the developing world

This paper describes a general studies course designed to expose students to a unique aspect of information technology: its impact on the developing world. The course has the multiple goals of introducing students to other cultures and how those cultures are affected by modern technological advancements; using computer technology as a research and communication tool; and using the knowledge gained as a positive force for bridging the gaps between societies. In its initial offering, the course was delivered via online learning.
MECHANISMS IN INTRACELLULAR TURNOVER OF STABLE AND LABILE ENZYMES

We have focused on two proteins of rat liver, one representative of the stable class and probably of reaction mechanisms operative in degradation of all proteins, the other unusually labile and possibly subject to uncommon as well as common mechanisms in turnover. The proteins chosen, tyrosine aminotransferase (E.C. 2.6.1.5) and alanine aminotransferase (E.C. 2.6.1.2) are similar in many respects. They catalyze similar reactions and share a substrate pair (glutamic acid and ..cap alpha..-ketoglutarate). Both are located in the soluble fraction of liver cytoplasm. Molecular weights are comparable (tyrosine aminotransferase, 100,000; alanine aminotransferase, 115,000) and both enzymes are structurally dimers of apparently identical subunits each of which binds one molecule of the common coenzyme, pyridoxal phosphate. Metabolically both are inducible by glucocorticoid hormones. But there the resemblance ends, for on the other, degradative side of the metabolic coin the two enzymes are sharply divergent. Tyrosine aminotransferase is among the most labile of liver enzymes, undergoing turnover with a half-life of 1.5 h, while turnover of alanine aminotransferase (half-life about 3 days) is virtually identical to that of the bulk of soluble liver proteins. Recent experimentation designed to determine the mechanistic basis for this difference in metabolism of otherwise quite similar enzymesmore » is reviewed.« less
The relation between optical and X-ray variability in Seyfert galaxies

Studying simultaneous optical and X-ray light curves of radio-quiet AGN can help to probe the relationship between very different physical components - the cool, optically thick disk and hot, optically thin corona. Here, we review the relationship between optical and X-ray variability in Seyfert galaxies, which due to observing constraints was difficult to study for many years, but was given a huge boost with the launch of the RXTE satellite in 1995. We summarise the diverse results of several monitoring campaigns, which pose a challenge for standard theories relating optical and X-ray variability, with sources showing either correlated optical and X-ray flux variations, correlated optical flux and X-ray spectral variations, or no correlation at all. We discuss possible explanations for these results, some of which may be explained using a more standard AGN picture, while others may require additional components, such as the 2-phase accretion flows suggested to explain black hole X-ray binary behaviour.
USE OF POROUS CELLULOSE ESTER MEMBRANES IN THE PRIMARY ISOLATION AND SIZE DETERMINATION OF PLEUROPNEUMONIA-LIKE ORGANISMS.

Abstract Morowitz, Harold J. (Yale University, New Haven, Conn.), Mark E. Tourtellotte, and Mary E. Pollack. Use of porous cellulose ester membranes in the primary isolation and size determination of pleuropneumonia-like organisms. J. Bacteriol. 85:134–136. 1963.—Millipore filters were used in the primary isolation and sizing of a number of strains of pleuropneumonia-like organisms (PPLO). Maximal pore diameters were checked by filtration of viruses of known sizes. All the PPLO strains studied produced cells capable of passing through a 0.22-μ filter. A number of strains produced forms which could be titered after filtration through a 0.1-μ filter. A number of primary isolations were made from filtrates.
Taura syndrome virus from Venezuela is a new genetic variant

In early 2005, the Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory of the University of Arizona received samples of diseased shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, from a Taura syndrome (TS) outbreak in the Lake Maracaibo region of Venezuela. Histopathology and in situ hybridization (ISH) were performed and the results confirmed the presence of Taura syndrome virus (TSV). The viral isolate was sequenced and presented a 93% similarity with the TSV reference strain from Hawaii (TSV-HI94). Immunohistochemistry (IHC), dot blot immunoassay and bioassays were also performed. While processed samples reacted only faintly with the TSV monoclonal antibody MAb 1A1, the virus in its native state reacted strongly with the antibody. In bioassay, the Venezuelan isolate of TSV (TSV-VE05) presented mortality comparable to TSV-HI94 in P. vannamei SPF Kona stock. These data indicate that a new variant of the virus was responsible for the outbreak of TS in Venezuela.
The thylakoid proton motive force in vivo. Quantitative, non-invasive probes, energetics, and regulatory consequences of light-induced pmf

Abstract Endogenous probes of light-induced transthylakoid proton motive force (pmf), membrane potential (Δψ) and ΔpH were used in vivo to assess in Arabidopsis the lumen pH responses of regulatory components of photosynthesis. The accumulation of zeaxanthin and protonation of PsbS were found to have similar pKa values, but quite distinct Hill coefficients, a feature allowing high antenna efficiency at low pmf and fine adjustment at higher pmf. The onset of “energy-dependent’ exciton quenching (qE) occurred at higher lumen pH than slowing of plastoquinol oxidation at the cytochrome b6f complex, presumably to prevent buildup of reduced electron carriers that can lead to photodamage. Quantitative comparison of intrinsic probes with the electrochromic shift signal in situ allowed quantitative estimates of pmf and lumen pH. Within a degree of uncertainly of ∼ 0.5 pH units, the lumen pH was estimated to range from ∼ 7.5 (under weak light at ambient CO2) to ∼ 5.7 (under 50 ppm CO2 and saturating light), consistent with a ‘moderate pH’ model, allowing antenna regulation but preventing acid-induced photodamage. The apparent pKa values for accumulation of zeaxanthin and PsbS protonation were found to be ∼ 6.8, with Hill coefficients of about 4 and 1 respectively. The apparent shift between in vitro violaxanthin deepoxidase protonation and zeaxanthin accumulation in vivo is explained by steady-state competition between zeaxanthin formation and its subsequent epoxidation by zeaxanthin epoxidase. In contrast to tobacco, Arabidopsis showed substantial variations in the fraction of pmf (0.1–0.7) stored as Δψ, allowing a more sensitive qE response, possible as an adaptation to life at lower light levels.
The virtual nuclear weapons laboratory in the New World Order.

Following the nuclear test ban treaty, weapons scientists in U.S. nuclear weapons laboratories are developing virtual technologies to simulate nuclear testing. Their interpretations of these technologies are incommensurable with the interpretations of anti nuclear activists and conservatives in part because knowledge based on simulations is hyperconstructible. Introducing the notion of "securityscape," I connect the debate on simulations in nuclear science to the emergent literature on global structures, which has tended to ignore inter-state military relations, [anthropology of science, globalization, nuclear weapons, physics, war, U.S. culture, and activism]
Expression of cross-reacting determinants of the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region a3 allotype in Oryctolagus and Lepus.

Abstract Two anti-a3 Ab sub-populations, anti-a3-JR Ab and anti-a3-NZW Ab, were isolated from New Zealand White domestic rabbit (NZW) anti-a3 antiserum by sequential affinity chromatography with two immunoadsorbcnt columns, one containing blacktail jackrabbit (JR) ‘a3’ IgG and the other containing NZW a3 IgG. The anti-a3-JR Ab, which represents about 17% of the total anti-a3 Ab, reacted with 100% of the a3 IgG molecules from several NZW rabbits and with 100% of the ‘a3’ IgG molecules from three unrelated jackrabbits and one cottontail rabbit (CT). The anti-a3-NZW Ab reacted with 100% of the a3 IgG molecules from NZW rabbits, but did not react with either the JR or the CT ‘a3’ IgG. These results indicate that the anti-a3-JR Ab reacts with a subset of a3 determinants (a3-JR) which is present on the JR and CT ‘a3’ IgG, and that the anti-a3-NZW Ab reacts with another subset of a3 determinants (a3-NZW) which is not present in the JR or CT ‘a3’ IgG. Both a3-JR and a3-NZW determinants are present in all of the NZW a3 IgG molecules. Moreover, inhibition experiments suggest that the cross-reacting a3 determinants in JR IgG are not identical in structure to those in NZW IgG. However, it is uncertain whether the cross-reactivity of the a3 allotypic specificities is a function of amino acid sequence differences or of differences in three-dimensional configuration due to the association with different light chains in the JR IgG molecules. It is further postulated that a ‘common’ a3 allotypic determinant(s) has evolved unchanged from an ancestral gene(s).
Stability in Yang-Mills theories

At a solution of the Yang-Mills equations onS4, or the Yang-Mills-Higgs equation on ℝ3, the hessian of the action functional defines a natural second order, elliptic operator. The number of negative eigenvalues of this operator is bounded below by a multiple of the relevant topological charge. The proof of this assertion requires a relative index theorem for Dirac-type operators on ℝn,n≧3.
Human Myo19 Is a Novel Myosin that Associates with Mitochondria

Summary Mitochondria are pleomorphic organelles [1, 2] that have central roles in cell physiology. Defects in their localization and dynamics lead to human disease [3–5]. Myosins are actin-based motors that power processes such as muscle contraction, cytokinesis, and organelle transport [6]. Here we report the initial characterization of myosin-XIX (Myo19), the founding member of a novel class of myosin that associates with mitochondria. The 970 aa heavy chain consists of a motor domain, three IQ motifs, and a short tail. Myo19 mRNA is expressed in multiple tissues, and antibodies to human Myo19 detect an ∼109 kDa band in multiple cell lines. Both endogenous Myo19 and GFP-Myo19 exhibit striking localization to mitochondria. Deletion analysis reveals that the Myo19 tail is necessary and sufficient for mitochondrial localization. Expressing full-length GFP-Myo19 in A549 cells reveals a remarkable gain of function where the majority of the mitochondria move continuously. Moving mitochondria travel for many micrometers with an obvious leading end and distorted shape. The motility and shape change are sensitive to latrunculin B, indicating that both are actin dependent. Expressing the GFP-Myo19 tail in CAD cells resulted in decreased mitochondrial run lengths in neurites. These results suggest that this novel myosin functions as an actin-based motor for mitochondrial movement in vertebrate cells.
America's "best".

In this edition of the American Journal of Emergency Medicine, authors Mullins et al [1] expose that some of our “best” hospitals are, in fact, dysfunctional. Their measurement is wait times in the emergency department (ED), but this is not an ED issue. A crowded ED is a sign of a dysfunctional hospital. The evidence from the scientific literature, government analysis, and the lay press is clear [2-7]—longwaits (and crowding) in the US EDs are primarily due to large number of inpatients kept in the ED awaiting an inpatient bed. When 10%, 20%, 50%, or even 80% of treatment spaces in an ED are filled with inpatients, time to treatment for all patients increases. There are many causes for inpatients remaining in the ED (often termed boarding)—some hospitals have closed inpatient beds because of shortage of nurses and some fill their inpatient beds preferentially with higher profit elective surgical cases and transfers from outside institutions, leaving the less profitable emergency patients to accumulate in the ED. Regardless of the cause, the result is a crowded ED. There are consequences to excessive waits and boarding of inpatients in the ED, all of them bad. We know that the boarding of inpatients in the ED leads to delay in care of all patients in the ED; lower patient satisfaction; higher rates of patients leaving without care; and, most importantly, higher mortality and morbidity for those patients who are waiting and those who seek care [2-7]. A recent abstract by Drew Richardson of Australia suggests that mortality is increased by 0.3% per hour of waiting in the ED. That suggests that patients held in an ED for 600 minutes may have a 3% increase in mortality [8]. Although Dr Richardson has not determined the cause of this increase, the article byMullins et al [1] suggests that many quality measures follow the same trend as wait times; increased infections and increased readmissions are more common in institutions that perform poorly on the ED to inpatient floor flow measures. So if waiting is bad for patients, why do we permit it? It may be that our hospitals do not recognize how bad the situation has become. Crowding is relative. When I served as ACEP President a few years ago, I had the opportunity to visit many EDs and talk to physicians across the nation. Crowding and long waits for inpatient beds are concerns for most emergency physicians. Some complained about 1 or 2 inpatient boarders, whereas others had become accustom to 40 to 60 inpatients. While some were concerned when patients stayed for 2 to 4 hours after being admitted, others were happy if they only stayed 1
Short-Distance Correlations of Charged Particles

The correlation function of an electron gas is evaluated at short distances by using the solutions of the Schr\"odinger equation for two electrons. The correlation function of a classical electron gas is evaluated explicitly to $O({r}^{3})$, where $r$ is the separation of the two electrons. The value of the correlation function at $r=0$ is evaluated numerically as a function of a dimensionless parameter $\ensuremath{\delta}=\frac{2\ensuremath{\lambda}}{{a}_{0}}$, where $\ensuremath{\lambda}={(\mathrm{kT})}^{\frac{\ensuremath{-}1}{2}}$ and ${a}_{0}$ is the Bohr radius. Quantum-mechanically degenerate cases are also considered.
Potassium channel in rabbit corneal endothelium activated by external anions

The apical membrane of the rabbit corneal endothelium contains a potassium-selective ionic channel. In patch-clamp recordings, the probability of finding the channel in the open state (P o) depends on the presence of either HCO 3 − or Cl− in the bathing medium. In a methane sulfonate-containing bath,P o is <0.05 at all physiologically relevant transmembrane voltages. With 0mm [HCO 3 − ] o at +60 mV,P o was 0.085 and increased to 0.40 when [HCO 3 − ] o was 15mm. With 4mm [Cl−] o at +60 mV,P o was 0.083 and with 150mm Cl−,P o increased to 0.36. LowP o's are also found when propionate, sulphate, bromide, and nitrate are the primary bath anions. The mechanism of action of the anion-stimulated K+ channel gating is not yet known, but a direct action of pH seems unlikely. The alkalinization of cytoplasm associated with the addition of 10mm (NH4)2SO4 to the bath and the acidification accompanying its removal do not result in channel activation nor does the use of Nigericin to equilibrate intracellular pH with that of the bath over the pH range of 6.8 to 7.8. Channel gating also is not affected by bathing the internal surface of the patch with cAMP, cGMP, GTP-γ-s, Mg2+ or ATP. Blockers of Na/H+ exchange, Na+−HCO 3 − cotransport, Na+−K+ ATPase and carbonic anhydrase do not block the HCO 3 − stimulation ofP o. Several of the properties of the channel could explain some of the previously reported voltage changes that occur in corneal endothelial cells stimulated by extracellular anions.
Mohs Surgery Is Effective for High-Risk Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Background Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) is effective in the treatment of invasive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). High-risk SCC has a more guarded prognosis. Objectives To report the outcome of patients with high-risk SCCs treated with MMS. Methods and materials Two hundred fifteen patients with 260 high-risk cutaneous SCCs were reviewed in a single-center retrospective study, considering rates of recurrence, metastasis, and death. Cases were analyzed according to sex, age, immunocompetency status, tumor depth, lesion site, perineural disease, death rate, cause of death, secondary SCC, and melanoma. Seventy-seven percent of patients were male; 23% were female. Average age was 70.6. Twenty percent of patients were immunosuppressed. Mean follow-up was 3.9 years. Results There were three local recurrences (1.2%). Twelve (4.6%) tumors involved named nerve trunks. In eight of these cases, adjuvant radiation therapy was employed. Six (2.3%) tumors metastasized, with one fatality from disease. Seventy-five percent of patients developed another cutaneous SCC, and 7.7% developed a subsequent malignant melanoma. Conclusions MMS is an effective treatment for high-risk cutaneous SCC. This represents the largest single-center study of high-risk SCC supporting the use of MMS. Adjuvant radiotherapy was reserved for large-nerve perineural disease. There was a low recurrence rate and disease-specific mortality. Prompt recognition of metastatic disease allowed for curative therapy. Patients with one high-risk SCC are likely to develop secondary primary SCC and melanoma.
A NEW PATTERN OF CEREBELLAR HEMORRHAGES IN PRETERM INFANTS.1366

Cerebellar hemorrhage (CBH) is a reported complication of a traumatic birth(difficult breech delivery or instrumentation), coagulopathy, or as an extension of a severe supratentorial hemorrhage in newborn infants. Previous studies have identified cases from infants presenting with sudden shock and brainstem compression symptomatology or autopsy reports, with CBH complicating 15-25% of autopsy specimens from infants less than 1500 grams. CBH has been difficult to visualize by traditional ultrasonographic approach through the anterior fontanel, although recent advances in transducer head size have allowed better visualization through less utilized fontanels. Late in 1994, standard cerebellar imaging through the posterolateral fontanel was instituted using a 5-7.5 MHz high frequency sector transducer. Approximately 170 infants less than 1500 grams were scanned over the ensuing 12 months and three infants were identified with a CBH. All were delivered by C-section without instrumentation but with evidence of some perinatal asphyxia (n=3) and mild thrombocytopenia (n=2). Each hemorrhage had a clinically silent presentation, was not well appreciated by anterior fontanellar images, and was not associated with a supratentorial intracranial hemorrhage. Two infants had a focal echodensity and one infant had bilateral diffuse echodensities in the peripheral parenchyma of the cerebellum that presented during the first week of life and persisted on ultrasound for 3 to 5 weeks. MRI scans were performed on two infants and documented cerebellar destruction in the area of previous echodensity on ultrasound. All infants survived to discharge however neurodevelopmental followup is thus far limited to less than one year. CBH is an under recognized and poorly visualized complication in preterm infants. Consistent imaging via the posterolateral fontanel may demonstrate CBH frequently missed by the anterior fontanellar approach. Longer term neurodevelopmental followup is necessary to establish the ultimate outcome of these infants.
Identifying and Addressing Information Deficits for Minority Undergraduate Students in Science

From participation and retention rate data, there is little doubt that many minority inner-city students are having difficulty in adjusting to the rigorous information demands of high quality post secondary instructional programs in science and mathematics. The worldwide phenomenon of curriculum-time compression, where advanced subject matter is taught in less and less time and moved to lower levels of schooling (elementary, middle, and secondary), is particularly acute in the physical and biological sciences. Minority students from some of our nation's inner-city high school science preparatory programs are, in general, placed in a particularly difficult competitive position of having to quickly acquire this compressed information in order to effectively compete at university level science and engineering programs. Recent research evidence strongly suggests that more proactive instructional intervention procedures are required by colleges and universities if there is to be a significant increase in minor...
Development of Rainbow Trout Microsatellite Markers from Repeat Enriched Libraries

The efficiency of developing polymorphic microsatellite markers from 2 repeat enriched libraries was evaluated. Thirty-six polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed for rainbow trout, 27 of which were informative in a mapping family. The ability of each marker to amplify genomic DNA from other salmonids was also observed.
Anesthesia for fetal procedures and surgery

Many of the anesthetic considerations for fetal procedures and surgery are identical to those for nonobstetric surgery during pregnancy, including concern for maternal safety, avoidance of both teratogenic drugs and fetal asphyxia, and the prevention of preterm labor and delivery. Anesthesia is required for the mother and quite often the fetus to perform many fetal procedures. Fetal procedures and surgery can be divided into subgroups according to their anesthetic requirements. For example: procedures that only require a needle insertion into the uterus but not into the fetus, such as intrauterine infusions; laser surgical photocoagulation of the communicating placental circulation for twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) and radio-frequency umbilical cord ablation for managing twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP), which are not really fetal procedures, rather they are placental or cord procedures; surgical procedures performed directly on the fetus; and the EX-utero Intrapartum Treatment (EXIT) procedure. Anesthetic considerations also depend on other factors, such as the location of the placenta. Unlike maternal surgery, for fetal procedures, the fetus is not an innocent bystander for whom the least anesthetic interference is used. Instead, the fetus can be the primary patient and may benefit from anesthesia, with close monitoring of the anesthetic effects to ensure well-being. Fetal asphyxia, hypoxia, or distress can be most effectively recognized, predicted, and avoided by fetal monitoring. Monitoring is also crucial for assessing the fetal response to corrective maneuvers.
Evaluating American Government Textbooks and Their Treatment of Global Issues

most young Americans are woefully unprepared for the new global circumstances. The magnitude of the educational task is so great that adding new international affairs or foreign cultures courses to the traditional undergraduate curriculum will not suffice. The challenge can best be met if existing courses that students already take in large numbers can be infused with appropriate global perspectives. Such courses represent important points of leverage for reaching the mass of college students. A recent survey has reviewed fifty -one of the leading textbooks for the introductory course in American national government-a course taken by large numbers of American undergraduate students-to ascertain the extent of the treatment of the subject from a global perspective. These fifty-one were selected from an estimated 100 textbooks currently available in this country for the introductory American national government course. They were primarily chosen on the basis of a 1979 study published by the American Political Science Association which identified fifty of these textbooks published since 1976 as the most actively marketed by nearly twenty publishers. Presumably these are also the most widely used. Omitted from the top fifty of the 1979 study were eight titles that were either going out of print or were not available to the writer. Added to that initial
Active and Spectator Adsorbates during NO Decomposition over Cu–ZSM-5: Transient IR, Site-Poisoning, and Site-Promotion Studies

Abstract A site-poisoning and -promotion technique was employed to investigate the role of adsorbates and to formulate a reaction pathway for the NO decomposition reaction over Cu–ZSM-5. Transient infrared and mass spectrometer studies of pulse NO reaction on under- and over-exchanged Cu–ZSM-5 reveal Cu2+(NO), Cu+(NO), bridging Cu2+(NO−3), and NO+ as the major adsorbates and N2, N2O, O2, and NO2 as the products. SiH4 and H2O moderately inhibited Cu+(NO) and N2 formation, but severely inhibited Cu2+(NO−3) and O2 formation. Addition of CO as a reducing agent led to the promotion of Cu2+ reduction to Cu+, depletion of Cu2+(NO−3), increase in NO conversion and O2 formation as well as formation of CO2. These results revealed that N2 and O2 formation proceeds through separate rate-limiting steps; O2 formation occurs via both autoreduction of Cu2+ to Cu+ and decomposition of Cu2+(NO−3). The results from pulse reaction studies on deactivated Cu–ZSM-5 reveal that O2 formation is more sensitive to poisoning than NO dissociation and N2 formation. Although silanation may improve the hydrothermal stability of the catalyst, silanation severely inhibited O2 and Cu2+(NO−3) formation through inhibition of adsorbed O migration. Promotion of O2 desorption by addition of a small amount of reducing agent such as CO in the presence of NO (NO/CO>3.5) can greatly enhance NO decomposition activity. Further investigation is needed to study such an effect on the NO decomposition activity under the O2 environment.
Fatigue Shift Factors to Predict HMA Performance

Hot-mix-asphalt (HMA) fatigue failure is achieved much faster in a lab setting than in the field. The difference between lab and field conditions is related to loading, material properties, and specimen preparation. This difference has usually been accounted for by a single shift factor based on engineering experience. Four shift factors can be identified: stress state, traffic wander, HMA healing and material properties. This paper presents approaches to determine the stress-state and traffic-wander shift factors. Both field-measured critical strains and strain energy exerted during truck loading were used to determine the stress-state shift factor. Strain measurements for truck-loading distribution (wander) were used to determine the wander shift factor. Although the derived shift factors utilize the measured stresses and strains at the Virginia Smart Road, the approach may be used to determine the stress state and traffic wander shift factors utilizing appropriately calculated strains and stresses.
Assessing vaccine cold chain storage quality: a cross-sectional study of health facilities in three African countries

Abstract Background Proper refrigeration at health facilities is an essential element in maintaining the integrity of vaccine cold chains. We use vaccine refrigerator and cold box temperature data, recently collected from health facilities in Ghana, Kenya, and Uganda, to assess cold chain quality in these countries. Methods Data were collected from a nationally representative sample of health facilities in Ghana, Kenya, and Uganda from mid-2012 to late 2012. Temperature was recorded from each facility's refrigerator or cold box where pentavalent vaccines were stored. Results were compared to established vaccine storage guidelines, which recommend maintaining a temperature between 2°C and 8°C. We use logistic regression to test the association between proper storage temperature and vaccine storage location, facility characteristics, and availability of a temperature-monitoring chart. Findings Overall, 661 facilities were surveyed and 441 claimed to regularly store vaccines. Only 4% of facilities stored vaccines in cold boxes, while the remainder used refrigerators. In total, we observed storage outside the recommended range in 16·6% (71 of 429) of the sampled facilities, though significant variation was observed between countries (26·2% [34 of 130], 16·3% [26 of 160], and 7·9% [11 of 139] for Ghana, Kenya, and Uganda, respectively). Of those facilities that were not compliant with the guidelines, half were 4°C or more outside the recommended range. While most facility-level characteristics, such as size, management, and location, were not found to be associated with vaccine storage temperature, facilities that had a written chart to monitor their storage equipment were associated with 6·42 (95% CI 3·09–13·32) times higher odds of storing their vaccines within the recommended range compared with those without a chart. Interpretation There remains significant room to improve vaccine storage temperature in Ghana, Kenya, and Uganda. Maintaining a log was associated with appropriate temperature storage, regardless of duration since last check. While more investigation into the nature of this relation is needed, new technologies such as vial monitoring strips may be promising interventions for maintaining cold chain integrity. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Transabdominal uterosacral suspension: outcomes and complications

Objective The objective of the study was to report outcomes and complications following abdominal uterosacral suspension (AUSS) for treatment of pelvic organ prolapse. Study Design This was a surgical case series of consecutive women who underwent AUSS between 2002 and 2005. Results One hundred seven women underwent AUSS using permanent suture (mean age, 55 years; range, 32-83; and mean follow-up, 21; range, 3-74 months). Concomitant surgery included hysterectomy (99%), continence procedures (14%), and anterior and posterior colporrhaphy (9%). In the 75 patients who completed 1 year of follow-up, 9 patients (12%) reported recurrent or persistent symptoms of prolapse and 5 patients (7%) had objective anatomic failure. Complications were few, with the most common complication being erosion of the apical suspension sutures, which occurred in 9% at an average time of 56 (range, 3-75) months. Conclusion An AUSS successfully suspends the cuff for treatment of prolapse and may be offered prophylactically to women who are undergoing abdominal hysterectomy for nonprolapse indications. Alternative sutures may reduce the suture erosion rate.
ASYMPTOTIC UPPER BOUNDS FOR THE PROPORTION OF SIMPSON SUBDIVISIONS OF A 2 × 2 TABLE

A sample of size N is characterized by two attributes, A and B. Assume that the corresponding 2 × 2 table of counts is subdivided into n 2 × 2 subtables according to the levels of an arbitrary and unknown factor C. The first case of Simpson's Paradox (SP) occurs when A and B are negatively associated in the sample (i.e., in the original 2 × 2 table), but positively associated or independent within each level of C. The second case of SP can be defined similarly by interchanging the words “negatively” and “positively” in the previous sentence. We consider the proportion of subdivisions of the original 2 × 2 table into n 2 × 2 subtables such that SP occurs. In a recent paper by Hadjicostas [1], the case n = 2 is examined, and is proven that, as N increases without bound, the aforementioned proportion of Simpson subdivisions approaches a function of the odds ratio of a limiting form of the original 2 × 2 table. In this paper, the results are partially generalized for the cases n ≥ 3. If n = 3, the asymptotic ...
Outside Support for Insurgent Movements

When assessing insurgencies, understanding the role of transnational factors is vital. This article explores how outside powers support an insurgency, focusing on four types of actors: states, diasporas, refugees, and other insurgencies. It also examines the pitfalls and limits of outside support and assesses why such support is so hard to stop. The article concludes by offering implications for the conflict in Syria and discussing several policy implications with a particular emphasis on why outside support is hard to stop.
The effects of training breadth on motor generalization.

To generate new movements, we have to generalize what we have learned from previously practiced movements. An important question, therefore, is how the breadth of training affects generalization: d...
Do Rights Exist by Convention or by Nature

I argue that all rights exist by convention. According to my definition, a right exists by convention just in case its justification appeals to the rules of a socially shared pattern of acting. I show that (i) our usual justifications for rights are circular, that (ii) a right fulfills my criterion if all possible justifications for it are circular, and that (iii) all existing philosophical justifications for rights are circular or fail. We find three non-circular alternatives in the literature, viz. justifications of rights by consequences, by autonomy or by divine commands. I show that all three alternatives fail, and I conclude that all rights exist by convention. This ontological result has a surprising and beneficial consequence. A common argument against conventionalism is that it implies cultural relativism. I finish by showing that the suggested conventionalism is incompatible with cultural relativism.
College Students’ Perceptions of Individuals with Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa

Objective: Eating disorders (EDs) are highly stigmatized conditions. This study explored factors hypothesized to influence this stigmatization including ethnicity, gender, ED subtype, and proposed etiology. Method: Undergraduates (N = 235) read scenarios depicting fictional characters varying on ethnicity, gender ED subtype, and etiology. Participants reported perceptions of each character, and completed the EAT-26 and the Level-of-Contact scale. Results: Characters with BN were viewed as more responsible for their ED and more self-destructive than those with AN, who were viewed as more self-controlled. Characters with a sociocultural etiology were rated as most likely to recover. Characters with a biological etiology were viewed as more likeable than characters with an ambiguous etiology. Characters in the ambiguous group were viewed as more self-destructive, more responsible for their ED, and less self-controlled. Differences in participants' perceptions of the characters also emerged when examining ethnicity and gender. Finally, participants' own ED symptoms and their level of contact with EDs were associated with viewing characters as more similar and self-controlled. Discussion: Findings highlight the need for increased education about ED etiology and course. © 2010 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2011; 44:369–375)
Customer-Based Collection Development: An Overview

As the subtitle states, Customer-Based Collection Development: An Overview truly does provide an overview to the current landscape of demand-driven acquisitions (DDA)—also referred to as patron-dri...
Should we biopsy each liver mass suspicious for hepatocellular carcinoma before liver transplantation?-Yes

The treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) awaiting orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) unfortunately cannot be based solely on oncologic principles but must encompass the allocation of a scarce resource—the donor liver. However, this confounding factor cannot be used to disregard the basic principles of oncology but the policy, instead, must combine these factors into an equitable distribution system for patients with HCC awaiting OLT. There are many publications which show that survival after transplant for HCC under the current Milan/UNOS criteria is excellent; some, in fact, report survival equal to that in patients without malignancy [1–8]. If this is the unified goal of the global transplant community then biopsy is certainly not required in every case being considered for transplantation, and the status quo can remain intact. However, if the objective is to identify and offer OLT to the approximately 35-40% of patients outside the current UNOS criteria who will not suffer HCC recurrence after OLT [9], then the current staging systems which have been shown repeatedly to be inadequate for organ distribution must evolve [10–12].In the modern age of molecular biology, these are compelling reasons that liver transplantation for cancer must not rely solely on TNM-based systems which ignore the predictive power of such tools as DNA-based genotyping and microarrays.