cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Riemannian Geometry and Statistical Machine Learning

Statistical machine learning algorithms deal with the problem of selecting an appropriate statistical model from a model space Θ based on a training set xiN i=1 ⊂ X or xi,y iN i=1 ⊂ X × Y. In doing so they either implicitly or explicitly make assumptions on the geometries of the model space Θ and the data space X. Such assumptions are crucial to the success of the algorithms as different geometries are appropriate for different models and data spaces. By studying these assumptions we are able to develop new theoretical results that enhance our understanding of several popular learning algorithms. Furthermore, using geometrical reasoning we are able to adapt existing algorithms such as radial basis kernels and linear margin classifiers to non-Euclidean geometries. Such adaptation is shown to be useful when the data space does not exhibit Euclidean geometry. In particular, we focus in our experiments on the space of text documents that is naturally associated with the Fisher information metric on corresponding multinomial models.
Dosing Regimen of Enrofloxacin Impacts Intestinal Pharmacokinetics and the Fecal Microbiota in Steers.

Objective: The intestinal concentrations of antimicrobial drugs that select for resistance in fecal bacteria of cattle are poorly understood. Our objective was to associate active drug concentrations in the intestine of steers with changes in the resistance profile and composition of the fecal microbiome. Methods: Steers were administered either a single high dose (12.5 mg/kg) or multiple 3 low dosemultiple doses (5 mg/kg) of enrofloxacin subcutaneously every 24 hours. Enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin concentrations in intestinal fluid were measured over time96 hours, as andwere the abundance and resistance MIC of E. coli in culture and the composition of the fecal microbiota by 16S rRNA gene sequencing were assessed over 192 hours after initial treatment. Results: Active drug concentrations in the ileum and colon exceeded plasma and interstitial fluid concentrations, but were largely eliminated by 48 hours after the last dose. The concentration of E. coli in the feces significantly decreased during peak drug concentrations, but returned to baseline by 96 hours in both groups. The median MIC of E. coli isolates increased for 24 hours in the high dosesingle dose group, and for 48 hours in the low dosemultiple dose group. The median MIC was higher in the low dosemultiple dose group when compared to the high dosesingle dose group starting 12 hours post-treatmentafter the initial dose. The diversity of the fecal microbiota did not change in either treatment group, and taxa-specific changes were primarily seen in phyla commonly associated with the rumen. Conclusions: Both dosing regimens of enrofloxacin achieve high concentrations in the intestinal lumen, and the rapid elimination mitigates long-term impacts on fecal E. coli resistance and the microbiota.
Recovery From Giant Eruptions in Massive Stars

We perform radiation hydrodynamic simulations to study how very massive stars recover from giant eruptions. The post eruption star experience strong mass loss due to strong winds, driven by radial pulsations in the star*s interior, that operate by the κ-mechanism. The mass loss history obtained in our simulations resembles η Car*s history.
Control Theory, Goal Attainment, and Psychopathology.

In this issue, Colin DeYoung and Robert Krueger (hereafter DK) suggest that cybernetic principles can provide a grounding for a general theory of psychopathology, and they propose one such theory. ...
Bridging Simulation Length Scales of Bottlebrush Polymers Using a Wormlike Cylinder Model

Bottlebrush polymers, formed from a linear backbone polymer with a high density of grafted side chains, are functional macromolecules useful in molecular assembly and responsive materials due to their unique physical properties. Interactions between the side chains stiffen the molecular backbone and imbue it with a molecular dimension beyond simply the polymer length, drastically altering dynamic relaxation and intrapolymer interactions. Simulation prediction of these material properties remains a challenge, however, because they specifically depend on side chain degrees of freedom that are computationally expensive to model. In this work, we use the wormlike cylinder framework to systematically map molecular features from a single-molecule hybrid Brownian dynamics and Monte Carlo (BD/MC) simulation with explicit side chains to a simple touched-bead polymer model. We use static properties from the explicit side chain simulations such as end-to-end distance and radius of gyration to parameterize the wormli...
The essential role of pharmacists facilitating vaccination in older adults: the case of Herpes Zoster

Older adults share a disproportionately high burden of vaccine-preventable diseases. Despite recommendations from national and international health organizations, vaccination rates among older pati...
Model Predictive Frequency Control of Low Inertia Microgrids

In isolated power systems with low rotational inertia, fast-frequency control strategies are required to maintain frequency stability. Furthermore, with limited resources in such isolated systems, the deployed control strategies have to provide the flexibility to handle operational constraints so the controller is optimal from a technical as well as an economical point-of-view. In this paper, a model predictive control (MPC) approach is proposed to maintain the frequency stability of these low inertia power systems, such as microgrids. Given a predictive model of the system, MPC computes control actions by recursively solving a finite-horizon, online optimization problem that satisfies peak power output and ramp-rate constraints. MATLAB/Simulink based simulations show the effectiveness of the controller to reduce frequency deviations and the rate-of-change-of-frequency (ROCOF) of the system. By proper selection of controller parameters, desired performance can be achieved while respecting the physical constraints on inverter peak power and/or ramp-rates.
Negentropy: Energy Creating Tools for Organizational Development

Negentropy is a construct drawn from physics that can be conceptualized as the opposite of energy losses associated with normal organizational life. Over time, physical systems tend to “wind down” or entropy, eventually into disintegration. The application of negentropy to social systems, metaphorically, is the primary purpose of this paper—to propose negentropy as a tool to fight energy loss and consequent organizational disintegration. The application of negentropy to organizations and the limitations of that application are explored. Four specific tools for energy-creation are briefly reviewed. The theoretical assertion in this paper is that negentropy can be a powerful tool for sustainable, progressive models of organizational advancement.
Frequency and characteristics of MRI-negative myelitis associated with MOG autoantibodies.

Background:Myelitis accompanied by a negative spinal cord MRI may lead to diagnostic uncertainty.Objective and Methods:We retrospectively investigated the frequency of negative spinal cord MRI (per...
Correction to: Crystal structure of PKG Iβ holoenzyme reveals a trans‑inhibiting dimer assembly.

After publication of abstract S 2‑06 in supplement [1], it was brought to our attention that the second author’s name is spelled incorrectly. Originally the author name has been published as Rajesh Sarma. The correct author name is Rajesh Sharma.
Mechanisms of action, chemical characteristics, and model systems of obesogens

There is increasing evidence for the role of environmental endocrine disrupting contaminants, coined obesogens, in exacerbating the rising obesity epidemic. Obesogens can be found in everyday items ranging from pesticides to food packaging. Although research shows that obesogens can have effects on adipocyte size, phenotype, metabolic activity, and hormone levels, much remains unknown about these chemicals. This review will discuss what is currently known about the mechanisms of obesogens, including expression of the PPARs, hormone interference, and inflammation. Strategies for identifying obesogenic chemicals and their mechanisms through chemical characteristics and model systems will also be discussed. Ultimately, research should focus on improving models to discern precise mechanisms of obesogenic action and to test therapeutics targeting these mechanisms.
Stickiness of rental rate and housing vacancy rate

Abstract We study the stickiness in house rent by examining rent under two settings: rent is determined solely by landlord and rent is set by Nash bargaining between landlord and tenant. Our results show that, under Nash bargaining, the vacancy rate is able to restrain the growth of rents and hence generates the stickiness feature in rents.
Lemi Ponifasio, Camille Brown, Prumsodun Ok, Alice Sheppard: Constellatory Heat and Light on Alterity

Chapter 8 underscores the singular focus on individual choreographers in the previous four chapters, and refracts it by references to the very different work of four other choreographers in order to emphasize the multiplicity and difference at the heart of South-South Contemporary Dance. Organized as a constellation, creating both heat and light, this chapter illuminates the work of New Zealand-based Samoan choreographer, Lemi Ponifasio, African-American choreographer Camille A. Brown, Phnom Penh-based Cambodian classical dance choreographer Prumsodun Ok, and Black, queer, disabled choreographer Alice Sheppard. Brief references to their work, politics of dance-making, and locationing practices in this chapter serve to demonstrate their different entrances into innovation and disruption of mainstream diversity-based tactics of exceptionalism and inclusion.
Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine Learning (ML) enabled Livestock Monitoring

Livestock monitoring is one of the growing concerns in the present era mainly owing to the ever- increasing population and the ascending demand for dairy products. Further, to prolong the lifecycle and sustain the quality of livestock, the regular monitoring of cattle health is essential. Several diseases are transmitted from animals to humans, therefore, an early prognosis regarding the cattle health and disease is required. This paper reviews the existing technology-based solutions and related equipment and provides a comparison of the features offered by these systems and their limitations. In addition, we have proposed an Internet of Things (IoT) based real-time system for livestock health monitoring. The proposed system will consist of a custom-designed multi-sensor board to record several physiological parameters including skin temperature, heart rate, and rumination w.r.t surrounding temperature, humidity, and a camera for image analysis to identify different behavioral patterns. The measured data will be sent to the server using Wi-Fi/GSM technology, where data analytics will be performed using machine learning (ML) models to detect sick animals and predict cattle health overtime for providing early and timely medical care. For data visualization, a web portal and a mobile app will be developed, providing a dashboard of services to analyze and display the sensed data.
A Tutorial for the Design and Use of Assessment-Based Instruction in Practice

Assessment-based instruction can increase the efficacy and efficiency of skill acquisition by using learner data to select an intervention procedure from a comparison of potential interventions. Although there are many published examples of assessments that guide the selection of skill-acquisition procedures, there are limited resources available to practitioners to guide the development of assessments for use in practice. This article describes a sequence of steps that Board Certified Behavior Analysts can follow to design and use assessment-based instruction in practice. These steps include (a) pick a topic to evaluate, (b) identify interventions to include in the assessment, (c) identify target behavior, (d) select an experimental design, (e) select a skill and targets, (f) equate noncritical procedures across conditions, (g) design templates for data collection, (h) conduct the assessment, and (i) use assessment results to guide practice. Included in these steps are examples and materials for how to conduct components of assessment-based instruction.
Intimate partner violence in female same-gender couples: An investigation of actor-partner correlates within the past year.

Objective: Female same-gender couples experience higher rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) as compared to other couples, yet research on IPV in this population is limited and almost exclusively focused on individual-level correlates. Given the interdependent nature of IPV, the current study examined actor and partner associations of recent IPV use in female same-gender couples. Method: Data were collected from 103 adult female same-gender couples (N = 206) and analyzed using actor-partner interdependence models. Results: The odds of engaging in physical assault in the last year were positively associated with partner (but not actor) discrimination, alcohol use, and anxiety symptoms and negatively associated with both actor and partner relationship adjustment, emotional intimacy, and partner (but not actor) dedication and social support. The odds of engaging in high levels of psychological aggression in the last year were positively associated with actor and partner depressive and anxiety symptoms, actor (but not partner) negative communication, and partner (but not actor) discrimination and negatively associated with both actor and partner emotional intimacy, actor (but not partner) relationship adjustment, dedication, and social support. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate the interdependent nature of IPV-associated factors in female same-gender couples. Clinical implications include evaluating factors associated with recent IPV use that take into account dyadic associations between partners. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Childhood Respiratory Outpatient Visits Correlate With Socioeconomic Status and Drive Geographic Patterns in Antibiotic Prescribing

BACKGROUND Reducing geographic disparities in antibiotic prescribing is a central public health priority to combat antibiotic resistance, but drivers of this variation have been unclear. METHODS We measured how variation in outpatient visit rates (observed disease) and antibiotic prescribing rates per visit (prescribing practices) contributed to geographic variation in per capita antibiotic prescribing in Massachusetts residents younger than 65 years between 2011 and 2015. RESULTS Of the difference in per capita antibiotic prescribing between high- and low-prescribing census tracts in Massachusetts, 45.2% was attributable to variation in outpatient visit rates, while 25.8% was explained by prescribing practices. Outpatient visits for sinusitis, pharyngitis, and suppurative otitis media accounted for 30.3% of the gap in prescribing, with most of the variation in visit rates concentrated in children younger than 10 years. Outpatient visits for these conditions were less frequent in census tracts with high social deprivation index. CONCLUSIONS Interventions aimed at reducing geographic disparities in antibiotic prescribing should target the drivers of outpatient visits for respiratory illness and should account for possible underutilization of health services in areas with the lowest antibiotic consumption. Our findings challenge the conventional wisdom that prescribing practices are the main driver of geographic disparities in antibiotic use.
Design and Validation of a Portable Machine Learning-Based Electronic Nose.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are chemicals emitted by various groups, such as foods, bacteria, and plants. While there are specific pathways and biological features significantly related to such VOCs, detection of these is achieved mostly by human odor testing or high-end methods such as gas chromatography–mass spectrometry that can analyze the gaseous component. However, odor characterization can be quite helpful in the rapid classification of some samples in sufficient concentrations. Lower-cost metal-oxide gas sensors have the potential to allow the same type of detection with less training required. Here, we report a portable, battery-powered electronic nose system that utilizes multiple metal-oxide gas sensors and machine learning algorithms to detect and classify VOCs. An in-house circuit was designed with ten metal-oxide sensors and voltage dividers; an STM32 microcontroller was used for data acquisition with 12-bit analog-to-digital conversion. For classification of target samples, a supervised machine learning algorithm such as support vector machine (SVM) was applied to classify the VOCs based on the measurement results. The coefficient of variation (standard deviation divided by mean) of 8 of the 10 sensors stayed below 10%, indicating the excellent repeatability of these sensors. As a proof of concept, four different types of wine samples and three different oil samples were classified, and the training model reported 100% and 98% accuracy based on the confusion matrix analysis, respectively. When the trained model was challenged against new sets of data, sensitivity and specificity of 98.5% and 98.6% were achieved for the wine test and 96.3% and 93.3% for the oil test, respectively, when the SVM classifier was used. These results suggest that the metal-oxide sensors are suitable for usage in food authentication applications.
The evidence for and consequences of metabotropic glutamate receptor heterodimerization

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are an essential component of the mammalian central nervous system. These receptors modulate neuronal excitability in response to extracellular glutamate through the activation of intracellular heterotrimeric G proteins. Like most other class C G protein-coupled receptors, mGluRs function as obligate dimer proteins, meaning they need to form dimer complexes before becoming functional receptors. All mGluRs possess the ability to homodimerize, but studies over the past ten years have demonstrated these receptors are also capable of forming heterodimers in specific patterns. These mGluR heterodimers appear to have their own unique biophysical behavior and pharmacology with both native and synthetic compounds with few rules having been identified that allow for prediction of the consequences of any particular mGluR pair forming heterodimers. Here, we review the relevant literature demonstrating the existence and consequences of mGluR heterodimerization. By collecting biophysical and pharmacological data of several mGluR heterodimers we demonstrate the lack of generalizable behavior of these complexes indicating that each individual dimeric pair needs to be investigated independently. Additionally, by combining sequence alignment and structural analysis, we propose that interactions between the β4-A Helix Loop and the D Helix in the extracellular domain of these receptors are the structural components that dictate heterodimerization compatibility. Finally, we discuss the potential implications of mGluR heterodimerization from the viewpoints of further developing our understanding of neuronal physiology and leveraging mGluRs as a therapeutic target for the treatment of pathophysiology.
30-Arcsecond monthly climate surfaces with global land coverage

This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Royal Meteorological Society and published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. It can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291097-0088.
Continous conceptual set covering: learning robot operators from examples

Continuous Conceptual Set Covering (CCSC) is an algorithm that uses engineering knowledge to learn operator effects from training examples. The program produces an operator hypothesis that, even in noisy and nondeterministic domains, can make good quantitative predictions. An empirical evaluation in the traytilting domain shows that CCSC learns faster than an alternative case-based approach. The best results, however, come from integrating CCSC and the case-based approach.
A constraint-based formalism for consistency in replicated systems

We present a formalism for modeling replication in a distributed system with concurrent users sharing information. It is based on actions, which represent operations requested by independent users, and constraints, representing scheduling relations between actions. The formalism encompasses semantics of shared data, such as commutativity or conflict between actions, and user intents such as causal dependence or atomicity. It enables us to reason about the consistency properties of a replication protocol or of classes of protocols. It supports weak consistency (optimistic protocols) as well as the stronger pessimistic protocols. Our approach clarifies the requirements and assumptions common to all replication systems. We are able to prove a number of common properties. For instance consistency properties that appear different operationally are proved equivalent under suitable liveness assumptions. The formalism enables us to design a new, generalised peer-to-peer consistency protocol.
Controlling principles for prior probability assignments in nuclear risk assessment

As performed conventionally, nuclear probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) may be criticized as utilizing inscrutable and unjustifiably 'precise' quantitative informed judgment or extrapolation from that judgment. To meet this criticism, we propose and argue for controlling principles that govern the formulation of probability densities given only the informed input that would be required for a simple bounding analysis. These principles are founded upon information theoretic ideas of maximum uncertainty and cover both cases in which there exists a stochastic model of the phenomenon of interest and cases in which there is no such model. In part, the principles are conventional and we justify such an approach by appeal to certain analogies in accounting practice and judicial decision-making. Examples are given. We believe that, by appropriate employment of these principles, substantial progress towards PRA scrutability and transparency would be achieved. 25 refs.
Text Research on Academic Misconduct of Colleges and Universities Students

The text analysis of the punishment of 50 colleges and universities in founds that from Textual Perspectives by the punishment system dimensions, disciplinary proceedings of appearing on academic misconduct in the University student still have flaws, failed to achieve justice. Therefore, building a fair and equitable system of student academic misconduct penalties is of realistic meaning for the maintenance of academic moral relevance of the academic community.
Redesigning plate tectonics for cumulative learning

Plate tectonics is currently taught as an earth science unit in sixth grade in the state of California. It has traditionally been a difficult concept for middle school students (Gobert & Clement, 1999), requiring students to learn about abstract processes and phenomena that lie outside of their direct experience and to integrate spatial, causal and dynamic information (Gobert, 2000). The California state standards require students to learn that various geological phenomena are different manifestations of a plate movement (Curriculum Development and Supplemental Materials Commission, 2003). To leverage the unifying concept of energy we frame plate tectonics as a disciplinary context for learning about thermal energy transfer by convection. We sought to make connections between previous instruction on energy, students' existing knowledge, and current instruction featuring convection without fragmenting the curriculum. We report on initial teacher concerns: many sixth grade earth science teachers felt it would be difficult to integrate more in-depth coverage of convection into the plate tectonics curriculum when instruction typically focused on geologic events and features on a mechanistic level. Some teachers also questioned how emphasizing energy concepts in plate tectonics would help students make connections with energy concepts in other domains given the abstract nature of the topics.
Controlled spatiotemporal plasmon excitation of silver nanoparticles with chirped optical pulses

Numerical studies of chirped optical pulses interacting with cone-shaped silver nanoparticles are discussed. We show how localized excitations on the nanoparticles can be generated and controlled in a spatiotemporal manner and discuss a potential application.
Recent studies on interpenetrating polymer networks

Recent investigations on interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) have included two component IPNs from polyurethanes and poly(methacrylates) and two component IPNs from polyurethanes and epoxies. All the IPNs were prepared by the simultaneous polymerization technique (SIN-IPNs). Two types of IPNs, polyurethane-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PU/PMMA) and polyurethane-poly(methyl methacrylate-methacrylic acid) (PU/PMMA-MAA) were prepared. Improved phase miscibility and decreasing extent of phase separation was observed in both types of IPNs with increasing the NCO/OH ratio, decreasing molecular weight of the polyol in the PU and introduction of charge groups. A comparison was made between full-IPNs, pseudo-IPNs, graft copolymers and related homopolymers from polyurethanes and epoxies. Increased compatibility in full-IPNs and graft copolymers was observed by means of DSC, SEM and was also further substantiated by a shift toward single Tgs as determined by dynamic mechanical spectroscopy. The introduction of opposite charge groups in two-component IPNs from polyurethanes and epoxies led to improved compatibility (no phase separation) and enhanced mechanical properties.
Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on growth and reflectance characteristics of winter wheat

The use of remote sensing to determine seasonal changes in agronomic and spectral properties of winter wheat canopies with different levels of N fertilization is investigated. Field experiments were conducted at Purdue Agronomy Farm, West Lafayette, IN during the 1978-1979 and 1979-1980 growing season. Spectral reflectance, total leaf N concentration, leaf chlorophyll concentration, leaf are index (LAI), and fresh and dry phytomass are measured and analyzed. Three distinct wheat canopies are detected for the O, 60, and 120 kg N/ha levels of fertilization; it is observed that with an increase in N the reflectance in the visible, and middle IR wavelengths decrease, and the IR reflectance is increased. The canopies with 120 kg N/ha display the highest LAI, maintain green leaf area the longest, and increase in fresh and dry phytomass. The relationship between spectral and agronomic variables is examined; the effect of changing chlorophyll concentration and LAI on the reflectance is studied.
Is There a Choice Between “Constructionism” and “Objectivism”?

Recent debate concerning constructionist approaches to social problems theory has focused on the claim that constructionism offers a distinctive alternative to objectivism. Critics and, to some extent, proponents of constructionismseem to be in agreement that constructionism is flawed—that it labors in inconsistency with regard to the very question on which it claims to offer a distinctive alternative. But a reconsideration of the issues leads to the conclusion that both constructionism and the critique of constructionism are confounded in a common inconsistency of argument that includes objectivism as well. The task, then, is to move beyond not only both constructionist and objectivist approaches but also some of the terms in which the debate between them has been conducted. Accordingly, I consider some conditions of moving “beyond.”
Vincristine neurotoxicity with hyponatremia.

A case of childhood acute lymphatic leukemia is presented; the patient manifested abdominal distention, loss of deep tendon reflexes, seizures and coma without laboratory evidence of CNS leukemia; the patient also demonstrated hyponatremia and serum hypotonicity with simultaneous urinary hypertonicity. It is felt that this syndrome was a manifestation of vincristine toxicity. The neurotoxicity of vincristine is reviewed and it is suggested that inappropriate ADH secretion (IADHS) may reflect a direct neurotoxic effect of vincristine on the central nervous system sites of ADH formation and/or storage.
Preoperative Biliary Stents in Pancreatic Cancer — Proceed with Caution

Pancreatic cancer is a common and deadly disease that is diagnosed in more than 40,000 patients annually in the United States, where it is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death. Cancer o...
Use of near infrared spectroscopy to identify traumatic intracranial hemotomas.

Delayed intracranial hematomas are an important treatable cause of secondary brain injury in patients with head trauma. Early identification and treatment of these mass lesions, which appear or enlarge after the initial CT scan, may improve neurological outcome. Serial examinations using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to detect the development of delayed hematomas were performed in 305 patients. The difference in optical density (DOD) at 760 nm between the normal and the hematoma side was measured on admission and then serially during the first 3 to 5 days after injury. On admission, the DOD was highly predictive of the initial findings on CT scan. Patients with an epidural, subdural, or intracerebral hematoma had significantly greater DOD in the involved brain region than patients with diffuse brain injury. For the extracerebral hematomas, the DOD was significantly related to the size of the hematoma (r2=0.55 and 0.77 for subdural and epidural hematomas, respectively). Fifty-nine (19%) of the patients developed some type of late hematoma: there was an intracerebral hematoma in 29 patients, an extracerebral hematoma in 7 patients, and a postoperative hematoma in 23 patients. Thirty-three of the late hematomas were large enough to require surgical evacuation. The hematomas appeared between 2 and 72 h after admission. In 55 of the 59 patients, an increase in the DOD to >0.10 occurred prior to an increase in intracranial pressure or a change in the neurological examination. Early diagnosis using NIRS may allow early treatment and reduce secondary injury caused by delayed hematomas.
Systematic screening approach for chiral separations of basic compounds by capillary electrophoresis with modified cyclodextrins

A simple, systematic method was developed for rapidly screening potential capillary electrophoresis (CE) separation conditions for small, amine-containing enantiomers. During method development, 39 pairs of enantiomers were investigated and partial or complete separation was achieved in every case. Baseline resolution was achieved by these initial screening conditions in over half of the cases. The screening strategy uses a bare fused silica capillary and a pH 2.5 amine-modified phosphate buffer containing one of the selected cyclodextrins (CD): dimethyl-β-CD, hydroxypropyl-β-CD, hydroxypropyl-α-CD, hydroxypropyl-γ-CD and sulfated-β-CD. An additional set of compounds have been screened by this approach to demonstrate the validity of the method. The paper outlines the experimental work carried out to develop the screen and describes how one might implement it for a new compound.
VASCULAR ORGANIZATION IN SHOOTS OF CACTACEAE. I. DEVELOPMENT AND MORPHOLOGY OF PRIMARY VASCULATURE IN PERESKIOIDEAE AND OPUNTIOIDEAE

A B S T R A C T Primary shoot vasculature has been studied for 31 species of Pereskioideae and Opuntioideae from serial transections and stained, decorticated shoot tips. The eustele of all species is interpreted as consisting of sympodia, one for each orthostichy. A sympodium is composed of a vertically continuous axial bundle from which arise leaf- and areole-trace bundles and, in many species, accessory bundles and bridges between axial bundles. Provascular strands for leaf traces and axial bundles are initiated acropetally and continuously within the residual meristem, but differentiation of procambium for areole traces and bridges is delayed until primordia form on axillary buds. The differentiation patterns of primary phloem and xylem are those typically found in other dicotyledons. In all species vascular supply for a leaf is principally derived from only one procambial bundle that arises from axial bundles, whereas traces from two axial bundles supply the axillary bud. Two structural pattems of primary vasculature are found in the species examined. In four species of Pereskia that possess the least specialized wood in the stem, primary vascular systems are open, and leaf traces are mostly multipartite, arising from one axial bundle. In other Pereskioideae and Opuntioideae the vascular systems are closed through a bridge at each node that arises near the base of each leaf, and leaf traces are generally bipartite or single. Vascular systems in Pereskiopsis are relatively simple as compared to the complex vasculature of Opuntia, in which a vascular network is formed at each node by fusion of two sympodia and a leaf trace with areole traces and numerous accessory bundles. Variations in nodal structure correlate well with differences in external shoot morphology. Previous reports that cacti have typical 2-trace, unilacunar nodal structure are probably incorrect. Pereskioideae and Opuntioideae have no additional medullary or cortical systems.
Well-Tolerated Strategies for Managing Knee Osteoarthritis: A Manual Physical Therapist Approach to Activity, Exercise, and Advice

The orthopedic manual physical therapist approach to knee osteoarthritis (OA) is an effective, well-tolerated, and comprehensive strategy that provides a spectrum of intervention measures, which include guidance on activity selection, as well as selection of manual treatment and exercises to systematically address impairments and increase strength and movement in the knee and other related body regions. This approach integrates manually applied treatment while reinforcing exercise and functional activities that are tailored in scope and dose to each patient. Concepts used in the careful design of this exercise program include emphasizing minimal dosing, avoiding exacerbation, using exercises with multiple effects, effective functional positioning, emphasizing the importance of mid-range movements and end-range challenges, and strategic timing of exercises. Focusing on motion and strength gains through range of motion, along with functional or reinforcing activities, such as walking or biking to maintain motion and strength gains, are keys to long-term success. The overarching theme is that well-tolerated strategies using manual treatment, exercise, and activity require deliberate design and targeting of the most common impairments and functional limitations seen in the knee OA population and, more importantly, tailoring to the individual patient.
Integration of scientific criteria into the psychotherapy integration movement

Abstract Psychotherapy integration has recently received considerable attention among behavior therapists. Although the wisdom of ecumenicism has been questioned, behavior therapy has often been credited with flexibility and modification of practice based on experimental and clinical research. From this perspective, the two central criteria for psychotherapy integration are inclusion of proven therapeutic elements and exclusion of unproven ones. Rationales for the importance of both criteria are discussed, and an analogy to the development of modern medicine is suggested. Formal acceptance of the proposed criteria would place psychotherapy integration in a proactive position to censor fee-for-service clinical practice not grounded is basic clinical or experimental research.
Effects of Metformin and Weight Loss on Serum Alanine Aminotransferase Activity in the Diabetes Prevention Program

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and impaired glucose tolerance. We investigated whether metformin or changes in metabolic measurements (weight, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), or fasting insulin (FI)) improved serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, as a marker for NAFLD, in the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP). From 1996 to 1999, 2,153 participants without marked elevations of serum ALT at baseline were randomized (1,081 to placebo, 1,072 to metformin) and treated for an average of 3.2 years. ALT increased during the first 2 years of the study, and was slightly but significantly lower in the participants randomized to metformin. In regression models adjusted for sex, baseline age, FPG, and FI, these differences remained significant, but disappeared after adjustment for weight, FPG, and FI changes at each examination. The 3-year cumulative incidence for development of abnormal ALT concentrations was not significantly different ((mean ± s.e.) 21.4 ± 1.4% and 24.6 ± 1.4%, P = 0.11) in the metformin vs. placebo groups but was lower in individuals in both groups that lost more weight by the end of year 1 (metformin: 19.4 ± 2.4% vs. 27.5 ± 3.7%, for highest vs. lowest quartile of weight loss; placebo: 18.7 ± 3.4% vs. 28.8 ± 2.6%). Over 3 years of follow-up in persons at high risk for development of diabetes, serum ALT was consistently lower in those treated with metformin compared with placebo. This effect was mediated by weight loss, indicating that the effects of metformin therapy on ALT is via its effects on weight.
Growth behavior of green and albino plants ofEpiscia cupreata “Pink brocade” in vitro

Green and albino plants were regenerated from green and white tissues, respectively, of a chimeric,Episcia cupreata “Pink Brocade.” The green plants grew much faster in vitro than the albinos. The slower growth of albinos apparently was not the result of carbohydrate deficiency, as it could not be corrected by increased sucrose. Growth of the albinos was also not improved by supplementation with various amino acids, growth hormones, or Δ-aminolevulinic acid.
Preparation of highly doubly oriented polymers

Technique de deformation relative simple mais en continu pouvant etre utilisee pour la preparation de polymeres hautement orientes a partir des plastiques commerciaux
Perinatal Outcome in Fetuses with Heterotaxy Syndrome and Atrioventricular Block or Bradycardia

Congenital atrioventricular (AV) block is commonly associated with heterotaxy syndrome; together they have reportedly low survival rates (10–25 %). However, information about perinatal outcome and predictors of non-survival after prenatal diagnosis of this association is scarce. Therefore, we studied fetuses with heterotaxy syndrome and bradycardia or AV-block diagnosed between 1995 and 2011, and analyzed pre and post-natal variables. The primary outcome was death and the secondary outcome was pacemaker placement. Of the 154 fetuses with heterotaxy syndrome, 91 had polysplenia syndrome, 22/91(24 %) with bradycardia or AV-block. Thirteen (59 %) patients had sinus bradycardia at diagnosis, 8 (36 %) complete AV block, and 1 (5 %) second-degree AV-block. Three patients elected for termination of pregnancy (3/22, 14 %), 4 had spontaneous fetal demise (4/22, 18 %), and 15 (15/22, 68 %) were live-born. Of the fetuses with bradycardia/AV-block, 30 % presented with hydrops, 20 % had ventricular rates <55 beats/min, and 10 % had cardiac dysfunction. Excluding termination of pregnancy, 15/19 fetuses (79 %) survived to birth. Among the 15 live-born patients, 4 had bradycardia and 11 had AV-block. A further 3 patients died in infancy, all with AV-block who required pacemakers in the neonatal period. Thus, the 1-year survival rate, excluding termination of pregnancy, was 63 % (12/19). Of the remaining 12 patients, 9 required pacemaker. Predictors of perinatal death included hydrops (p < 0.0001), ventricular dysfunction (p = 0.002), prematurity (p = 0.04), and low ventricular rates (p = 0.04). In conclusion, we found a higher survival rate (63 %) than previously published in patients with heterotaxy syndrome and AV block or bradycardia diagnosed prenatally. Hydrops, cardiac dysfunction, prematurity and low ventricular rates were predictors of death.
Rapid frequency-domain flim spinning disk confocal microscope: Lifetime resolution, image improvement and wavelet analysis

A spinning disk confocal attachment is added to a full-field real-time frequency-domain fluorescence lifetime-resolved imaging microscope (FLIM). This provides confocal 3-D imaging while retaining all the characteristics of the normal 2-D FLIM. The spinning disk arrangement allows us to retain the speed of the normal 2-D full field FLIM while gaining true 3-D resolution. We also introduce the use of wavelet image transformations into the FLIM analysis. Wavelets prove useful for selecting objects according to their morphology, denoising and background subtraction. The performance of the instrument and the analysis routines are tested with quantitative physical samples and examples are presented with complex biological samples.
Multiple dimensions of relatedness among words: Conjoint effects of form and meaning in word recognition.

Words can be similar with respect to form (viz., spelling, pronunciation), meaning, or both form and meaning. In three lexical decision experiments (48 ms forward masked, 116 ms, and 250 ms SOAs), targets (e.g., FLOAT) followed prime words related by form only (e.g., COAT), meaning only (e.g., SWIM), or form and meaning (e.g., BOAT). BOAT–FLOAT and SWIM–FLOAT type pairs showed reduced target decision latencies relative to unrelated controls when primes were unmasked, but not when they were masked, and the magnitude of facilitation increased with increasing prime duration. By contrast, COAT–FLOAT type pairs produced significant inhibition at the shorter two prime durations. In all three experiments, including at the shortest SOA, (BOAT–FLOAT) pairs that shared form and meaning differed from COAT–FLOAT type pairs that shared only form. We discuss the similarity of the BOAT–FLOAT pattern to that of morphological facilitation and argue that if the same mechanism underlies both outcomes then activation of a shared morphemic representation need not underlie morphological facilitation.
Leadership in Communist China

The principles of party leadership examined here are primarily those derived by revolutionary Chinese Communist cadres under Mao. The period of the rise and fall of the great leap optimism is emphasized.
Insights into the slurry packing and bed structure of capillary liquid chromatographic columns

Abstract New techniques have been developed for studying filtration phenomena and packing structure in slurry-packed fused-silica microcolumns. Filtration was studied by direct measurement of packing pressure, flow-rate, bed height and time using a computer-interfaced packing apparatus. Optical microscopy methods and image analysis techniques were used to study packing structure. These results plus chromatographic figures of merit were combined in order to learn more about the packing process and its relationship to chromatographic performance.
Pre-operative quadriceps activation is related to post-operative activation, not strength, in patients post-ACL reconstruction

Quadriceps activation failure is considered to contribute to the weakness that lingers following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Importantly, the impact of pre-operative quadriceps activation on post-operative quadriceps function is unknown. Understanding this relationship is clinically important; as the counteractive approach clinicians should employ pre-operatively to mitigate post-operative quadriceps weakness is unclear. Accordingly, the primary purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between pre-operative quadriceps activation and post-operative quadriceps strength and activation. Fifty-four individuals post-ACL injury reported for testing on two occasions: prior to surgery and post-surgery once they returned to activity. Quadriceps activation was assessed using the burst superimposition technique and quantified using the central activation ratio. Quadriceps strength was assessed using isometric contractions that were performed at 90° of knee flexion. Multiple linear regressions were utilized to detect the relationships between pre-operative activation and strength and post-operative activation and strength. Pre-operative activation was not associated with post-operative strength (R 2 = 0.064, P = 0.186). Pre-operative quadriceps activation and strength were associated with post-operative activation (R 2 = 0.383, P ≤ 0.001) and strength (R 2 = 0.465, P ≤ 0.001), respectively. Individuals with better pre-operative quadriceps activation demonstrated greater post-operative activation. Similarly, individuals with better pre-operative strength demonstrated better post-operative strength. Pre-operative quadriceps activation was not a predictor of post-operative strength. From a clinical perspective, our work indicates that clinicians should utilize therapies targeting both quadriceps activation and strength prior to ACL reconstruction in order to maximize these factors post-ACL reconstruction, as pre-operative activation and strength are related to post-operative activation and strength, respectively at return-to-activity.
Wide-field tracking of moving objects with a compact multi-object dispersed fixed-delay interferometer

We present a new concept for a Doppler imaging remote sensing instrument to track moving objects within a wide field of view using a compact multi-object Dispersed Fixed-Delay Interferometer (DFDI). The instrument is a combination of a Michelson type interferometer with a fixed optical delay and a medium resolution spectrograph. This takes advantage of the strength of the DFDI approach over the traditional cross-dispersed echelle spectrograph approach for high radial velocity (RV) precision measurements: multi-object capability, high throughput and a compact design. The combination of a fiber integral field unit (IFU) with a DFDI instrument allows simultaneous sampling of all of the objects within the observing field of view (FOV) to provide differential RV measurements of moving objects over background objects. Due to the three dimensional nature of the IFU spectroscopy the object location and spectral features can be simultaneously acquired. With the addition of RV signals to the measurements, this approach allows precise extraction of trajectories and spectral properties of moving objects (such as space debris and near Earth Objects (NEOs)) through sequential monitoring of moving objects. Measurement results from moving objects in a lab as well as moving cars in a field using this innovative approach are reported.
Effects of standard enforcement on safety belt citations in Michigan

A study investigated the effects on safety belt citations of the change in police enforcement of Michigan's mandatory safety belt law that went into effect on March 10, 2000. Safety belt citation records were obtained from Michigan courts for one full year before and one full year after the change from secondary to standard enforcement. Analysis of the records indicated an overall increase of 9% in safety belt citations and an 8% increase in the number of individuals cited. No effects from the change to standard enforcement were found for the distribution of safety belt citations by sex, age, and race, overall, or for both day- and nighttime periods. The proportion of persons receiving multiple safety belt citations in one year remained at 11%, and the average number of citations per cited person remained at 1.1 per year. Individuals who continued to receive citations after standard enforcement were more likely to be males age 16 to 22. No effect on the number of child-restraint citations was found. Changes in the disposition of cases included an increase in the proportion of guilty outcomes and a decrease in the proportion of cases dismissed.
Construction of an immobilization sling for dog research

The need for a research to immobilize experimental dogs led to the development of an immobilization sling. Directions for its use and construction data are provided because of the numerous requests received for information on the University of Kentucky College of Dentistry's method of handling dogs for dental research.