cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Naloxone reduces food intake in humans

Hypotheses generated from animal studies that the endogenous opioid system is an important modulator of food intake suggest that blockade of the system in humans should affect eating behavior. To assess this hypothesis, seven normal volunteers were given 2 mg/kg naloxone or placebo on separate days in a double-blind, random but balanced cross-over experimental design. Compared to placebo, naloxone was found to reduce significantly total food intake from preselected prepared trays served 2.75 and 7.75 hours after drug administration (p less than 0.02). The reduction was considerable (28%), and although the magnitude varied greatly among individuals, reduction occurred in each. This reduced food intake was not accompanied by a demonstrable alteration of the volunteers' perceptions of their hunger. Further cautious experimental investigation of naloxone's effects during long-term administration and in patients with eating disorders is warranted in light of its apparent effect of reducing food intake in humans while not decreasing their satiety.
The Effect of Sulfate on Serum Ionized Calcium

abstract Serum sulfate concentrations may reach five to ten times normal in renal failure patients dialyzed on a sorbent cartridge system, and these patients have elevated alkaline phosphatase levels suggesting an increased incidence of renal oseodystrophy. We studied the effect of adding sulfate on ionized calcium (Ca 2+ ) in human serum in vitro and in rat serum in vivo. K 2 SO 4 or Na 2 SO 4 : NaCI mixtures were added to aliquots of serum from normal subjects to reproduce the observed biologic range of sulfate concentrations up to 10 mmol. Serum Ca 2+ concentration was found to decrease linearly as serum sulfate concentration increased, for each subject. The weighted mean slope estimates of the effect of sulfate on ionized calcium in two experiments were -.0197 and -.0181. Rats were infused through the inferior vena cava with 2mL of either 200mmol NaCI ( N =5) or 100 mmol Na 2 SO 4 ( N =6), after ligation of the renal arteries and veins and withdrawal of 2 mL blood for baseline studies. The animals were killed by exsanguination from the aorta after a five-minute equilibration period. In rats administered NaCI, no difference in Ca2 or sulfate concentration was found between pre and post infusion sera. In the Na 2 SO 4 treated rats, however, a significant mean increase of 0.635 mmol ( p p 2+ concentration. We conclude that the acute in vitro and in vivo addition of sulfate results in a decrease in serum Ca 2+ concentration. Thus, hypersulfatemia, which is present chronically in patients on sorbent dialysis systems, may contribute to elevated alkaline phosphatase levels in these patients.
Cost of stress urinary incontinence: a claims data analysis.

Objectives: The primary objectives of this research were to: (i) identify and present methodologies for estimating three types of ‘cost-of-illness’ measures using healthcare and disability claims data — specifically ‘cost of treatment’, ‘incremental cost of patient’, and ‘incremental cost of illness’; and (ii) perform a case-study analysis of these cost measures for women treated for stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Study Design and Methods: In this paper, we discuss aspects of cost-of-illness methodologies in the context of SUI. We first distinguish between ‘cost of treatment’ (i.e. the costs of treating a specific condition), ‘incremental cost of patient’ (i.e. the additional costs associated with patients with a particular condition, irrespective of any comorbid conditions they may also have), and ‘incremental cost of illness’ (i.e. the additional costs resulting from a particular illness, as distinct from the costs of other conditions that the patient might have, including conditions which might have caused the illness in question). The latter case is in many ways the most complex to model, requiring controls for related causal conditions. We then applied these three methodologies by analysing the costs associated with SUI. Using data from a large employer claims database (n >100 000), we estimated a series of regression models that reflected cost of treatment, incremental cost of patient, and incremental cost of illness for SUI. Results: The three approaches yielded substantially different results. For many purposes the incremental cost-of-illness model provides the most appropriate results, as it controls for comorbid conditions, as well as patient demographics. On a per capita basis using the incremental cost-of-illness model, patients with SUI had direct costs that were 134% more than those for their controls and indirect costs that were 163% more than those for controls. Estimating costs for the average (i.e. mean) person results in dollar-termed estimates of the costs of SUI. In particular, we found that in 1998, the average direct medical cost of SUI was $US5642 and the indirect workplace cost of SUI was $US4208. Conclusions: Since the various methods yield substantially different results, it is important that the end user of cost-of-illness analyses of claims data have a clear purpose in mind when reporting the cost of the condition of concern. The incremental cost-of-illness measure for claims data has substantial advantages in terms of enhancing our understanding of the specific cost impact of SUI.
Aftereffects of static or dynamic fusimotor activation on primary afferent discharge.

Abstract An analysis is presented of the effects of previous static or dynamic fusimotor activity on various phases of primary afferent discharge before and during ramp stretch of the soleus muscle of anesthetized cat. Short term effects (under 1 sec) following termination of fusimotor activity are generally opposite for static and dynamic fusimotor fibers. Compared to control levels, there is a pronounced depression of primary afferent discharge shortly after termination of static fusimotor activation, and a facilitation following termination of dynamic fusimotor activation. Facilitatory and depressive effects on afferent discharge at periods beyond 1 sec following cessation of fusimotor activation are similar for static and dynamic fusimotor fibers. Possible mechanisms of these changes are discussed in terms of changes in muscle spindle actin-myosin crossbridges, receptor adaptation, and the innervation of nuclear bag and nuclear chain spindle fibers.
The impact of variable stoichiometry on predator-prey interactions: a multinutrient approach.

Abstract: A model for prey and predators is formulated in which three essential nutrients can limit growth of both populations. Prey take up dissolved nutrients, while predators ingest prey, assimilate a fraction of ingested nutrients that depends on their current nutrient status, and recycle the balance. Although individuals are modeled as identical within populations, amounts of nutrients within individuals vary over time in both populations, with reproductive rates increasing with these amounts. Equilibria and their stability depend on nutrient supply conditions. When nutrient supply increases, unusual results can occur, such as a decrease of prey density. This phenomenon occurs if, with increasing nutrient, predators sequester rather than recycle nutrients. Furthermore, despite use of a linear functional response for predators, high nutrient supply can destabilize equilibria. Responses to nutrient supply depend on the balance between assimilation and recycling of nutrients by predators, which differs ...
The coronary artery calcium score and stress myocardial perfusion imaging provide independent and complementary prediction of cardiac risk.

Objectives This study sought to examine the relationship between coronary artery calcium score (CACS) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) results for predicting the short- and long-term risk of cardiac events. Background The CACS and SPECT results both provide important prognostic information. It is unclear whether integrating these tests will better predict patient outcome. Methods We followed-up 1,126 generally asymptomatic subjects without previous cardiovascular disease who had a CACS and stress SPECT scan performed within a close time period (median 56 days). The median follow-up was 6.9 years. End points analyzed were total cardiac events and all-cause death/myocardial infarction (MI). Results An abnormal SPECT result increased with increasing CACS from 400) (p 400) versus minimal (≤10). Separation of the survival curves occurred at 3 years after initial testing for all cardiac events and at 5 years for death/MI. Conclusions The CACS and SPECT findings are independent and complementary predictors of short- and long-term cardiac events. Despite a normal SPECT result, a severe CACS identifies subjects at high long-term cardiac risk. After a normal SPECT result, our findings support performing a CACS in patients who are at intermediate or high clinical risk for coronary artery disease to better define those who will have a high long-term risk for adverse cardiac events.
Copper(I) phosphine hydroborate complexes: A study involving hydroborates containing a BO bond

Abstract A study was made of the reactions between chlorotris(methyldiphenylphosphine)copper(I) and several hydroborates containing a boron-oxygen bond. The new complex ((acetoxy)trihydroborato)tris(methyldiphenylphosphine)copper(I) (Ph2MeP)3CuH3B(O2CCH3) was isolated and characterized by analysis, IR, and NMR data. Analogous reaction conditions using HB(OR)3− anions did not give a BH containing product nor did several other anions of the general type HBR3−. The ability of the hydroborate to complex is related to the Lewis acidity of the respective borane attached to H−.
Can numerical modeling help understand the fate of tau protein in the axon terminal

In this paper, we used mathematical modeling to investigate the fate of tau protein in the axon terminal. We developed a comprehensive model of tau transport that accounts for transport of cytosolic tau by diffusion, diffusion transport of microtubule (MT)-bound tau along the MT lattice, active motor-driven transport of MT-bound tau via slow axonal transport mechanism, and degradation of tau in the axon due to tau's finite half-life. We investigated the effect of different assumptions concerning the fate of tau in the terminal on steady-state transport of tau in the axon. In particular, we studied two possible scenarios: (i) tau is destroyed in the terminal and (ii) there is no tau destruction in the terminal, and to avoid tau accumulation we postulated zero flux of tau at the terminal. We found that the tau concentration and percentage of MT-bound tau are not very sensitive to the assumption concerning the fate of tau in the terminal, but the tau's flux and average velocity of tau transport are very sens...
Commentary on Damaged merchandise

An interesting dialogue about the issues raised by Gray and Salzman surfaced in the first round of reviews, and it occurred to us that this dialogue could be of value to the readers of Human–Computer Interaction. We invited a number of people in the field to submit commentaries on the article. These were reviewed and revised, with all commentators seeing each others’ comments, as well as Gray and Salzman’s final article.
Developmental changes in soluble CD40 ligand.

Objectives To determine if soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L; formally CD154) levels vary with age and to identify age-dependent ranges in healthy pediatric and adult populations. Study design sCD40L was measured in 25 neonates, 74 children (3 months-15 years of age) and 20 adults using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. For age group comparisons, Mann-Whitney tests were performed. Correlation coefficients assessed relationships between plasma and serum sCD40L. Results Plasma sCD40L levels were higher in neonates than in all other age groups, (P Conclusions Plasma sCD40L levels are highest at birth and remain higher than those in adults throughout childhood. Reasons for such developmental changes remain to be investigated. Age-appropriate reference ranges should be used when sCD40L is being evaluated in pediatric disorders.
Analysis of Passive Memristive Devices Array: Data-Dependent Statistical Model and Self-Adaptable Sense Resistance for RRAMs

In this paper, a 2 × 2 equivalent statistical circuit model is presented to deal with sneak currents and random data distributions for design and analysis of n x m passive memory arrays of memristive devices. This data-dependent 2 × 2 model enables a broad range of analysis, such as the optimum detection voltage margin, with computational efficiency and no limit on the memory array size. We propose self-adaptable sense resistors that can find their statistical optimum values for reading stored data patterns by composing them with either a replica of a part of resistive random access memory (RRAM) array or a part of RRAM array itself. Self-adaptable resistors can increase the average voltage detection margin by 46%, and reduce the average current consumption by 14% for the case of a 128 × 128 passive array with OFF-to-ON resistance ratio of 103.
Alternative uses of primates and carnivores in the reconstruction of early hominid behavior

Abstract A common approach to the reconstruction of early hominid behavior is the comparative study of living species. Some practitioners of this approach have strongly emphasized the use of carnivores while others have argued for the exclusive use of nonhuman primates. This paper takes the position that the interrelationship of primate and carnivore studies with respect to the reconstruction of early hominid behavior offers four possibilities. One is that the primate evidence is more useful and another is that the carnivore evidence is more useful. A third possibility is that primate and carnivore studies may supplement each other, i.e., taken separately, each body of evidence points toward the same conclusion. The fourth and most interesting posibility is that primate and carnivore studies may complement each other, i.e., taken together, they illuminate different aspects of a single hominid behavior pattern. It is argued that all four of these possibilities are applicable to the reconstruction of early hominid behavior, depending on the particular behavior pattern or research problem under consideration. This contention is supported with a series of examples. It is concluded that arguments favoring primates or carnivores should give way to discussions of how best to coordinate the data from these two valuable sources of inference about early hominid behavior.
Representation of the solar capacity value in the ReEDS capacity expansion model

An important emerging issue is the estimation of renewables' contributions to reliably meeting system demand, or their capacity value. While the capacity value of thermal generation can be estimated easily, assessment of wind and solar requires a more nuanced approach due to resource variability. Reliability-based methods, particularly, effective load-carrying capacity (ELCC), are considered to be the most robust techniques for addressing this resource variability. The Regional Energy Deployment System (ReEDS) capacity expansion model and other long-term electricity capacity planning models require an approach to estimating CV for generalized PV and system configurations with low computational and data requirements. In this paper we validate treatment of solar photovoltaic (PV) capacity value by ReEDS capacity expansion model by comparing model results to literature for a range of energy penetration levels. Results from the ReEDS model are found to compare well with both comparisons—despite not being resolved at an hourly scale.
Synthesis and Characterization of Fused-Ring Iridapyrroles

Treatment of aromatic nitriles with methyllithium produces N-lithiated imine reagents, which, when reacted with (η2-cyclooctene)(Cl)Ir(PMe3)3, generate fused iridaazacycles via ortho-metalation. Monoprotonation of these iridaazacycles produces fused iridapyrrole derivatives, while diprotonation leads to several different pathways.
An in vitro neurite-promoting antigen functions in axonal regeneration in vivo

The function of the neurite growth-promoting antigen INO has been tested in an in vivo neurite regeneration system, the rat iris. The sympathetic innervation of the irides was removed by a single systemic injection of 6-hydroxydopamine. The subsequent regeneration of sympathetic axons into the iris of one eye bathed by the INO antibody, which inhibits neurite growth in vitro, was compared with the regrowth of sympathetic axons into the iris of the animal's other eye, which contained control antibody. Antibodies were released within the eye by implanted hybridoma cells. Neurite regeneration was measured by assaying [3H]norepinephrine uptake into freshly explained irides. The blockage of the function of the INO antigen by the antibody resulted in a decreased rate of axonal regeneration, thus suggesting the involvement of the INO antigen in the process of neurite regeneration in vivo.
A decomposition theorem for an analytic function

Abstract Let f(z), an analytic function with radius of convergence R (0 M(r) = max ¦z¦ = r ¦f(z)¦, m(r) = max k ⩾ 0 {¦ c k ¦ r λ k }, v(r) = max {λ k ¦ ¦ c k ¦ r λ k = m(r)} and define the growth constants ϱ, λ, T, t by ϱ λ = lim sup r→R inf { log [Rr /(R−r)] −1 log + log + M(r)} , and if 0 T t = lim sup r→R inf {[Rr /(R−r)] −ϱ log + M(r)} . Then, assuming 0
Glycolate: Dichlorophenolindophenol Oxidoreductase in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Glycolate: dichlorophenolindophenol oxidoreductase levels in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are not under the immediate control of the CO2 tension to which the cells are exposed. The enzyme is synthesized initially in 5% CO2 in air at a similar rate to that in air. It disappears from the cell under nitrogen-limitation.
Ectopic production and localization of β-human chorionic gonadotropin in lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the cervix: A case report

A 32-year-old woman underwent a suction curettage for missed abortion. The initial serum human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) level was 40 IU/ml. The histologic examination of the uterine curettage specimen showed scant strips of a poorly differentiated malignant neoplasm and no chorionic villi. The tumor showed strong immunoreactivity for cytokeratin (AE1/AE3) and beta-hCG but no reactivity for human placental lactogen. The combination of histologic appearance, beta-hCG immunoreactivity, and elevation of serum beta-hCG raised a strong suspicion for epithelioid trophoblastic tumor (ETT). Postcurettage serial serum beta-hCG levels remained in the range of 20 to 45 micrograms/ml. Computerized tomographic scan showed a 1.0-cm circumscribed mass in the upper endocervix. A radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy were performed. Gross examination of the hysterectomy specimen likewise showed a well-circumscribed mass in the upper endocervix. Histologic examination revealed an undifferentiated carcinoma accompanied by intense lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. A final diagnosis of lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC) was rendered. LELC with elevated serum beta-hCG level and immunoreactivity to beta-hCG should be distinguished from ETT in a small endocervical curettage sample.
Density Functional Study on the Mechanism of Palladium(0)-Catalyzed Thioboration Reaction of Alkynes. Differences between Pd(0) and Pt(0) Catalysts and between Thioboration and Diboration

The hybrid density functional (B3LYP) calculations have been carried out to study the mechanism of acetylene thioboration reactions catalyzed by Pd(0)/Pt(0) complexes, and the results are compared to those for the diboration reactions. The main findings can be summarized as follows. (i) No oxidative-addition product of the S−B bond to the Pd(PH3)2 was found, therefore, the oxidative-addition mechanism proposed by Suzuki et al. is not the proper one for the thioboration reaction of alkynes. (ii) We propose a new mechanism involving the following steps: (a) acetylene coordination to Pd(PH3)2, (b) dissociation of a phosphine ligand, (c) addition of the S−B bond to the metal center via a metathesis-like transition state, (d) isomerization of the resultant complex, accompanied by recoordination of the phosphine ligand, and (e) the reductive elimination of the alkenyl−thioboron product, R‘S−CHCH−B(OR)2. The rate-determining stage is found to be the addition of the S−B bond to the metal center via a metathesis-...
‘Much more at home with 3.999 pupils than with four’1: The contributions to psychometrics of Sir Godfrey Thomson

Godfrey Thomson's writings cover many areas of psychology, education and statistics but the most influential aspects of his work were at the interfaces between these three fields. His work revolved around the concept of intelligence: its nature, how to measure it, how far it was genetically determined and whether on average it was increasing or decreasing in society over time. His earlier work on the factorial nature of intelligence was dominated by a debate with Charles Spearman, who promoted the notion of general intelligence not only as one explanation of test data but as the only permissible explanation. It was this claim of uniqueness which Thomson contested. Initially the debate was conducted in terms of alternative competing theories but subsequently it was overtaken by the development of factor analysis as a statistical technique and a recognition that the debate concerned the merits of different methods of analysing data rather than deciding empirically between mutually exclusive theories. Thomson's views on the role which selective tests should play in education are contrasted with the role which he did play as the author of the Moray House tests, which were widely used by education authorities throughout Britain. The development of these tests enabled Thomson to collect data to show that larger families score lower on standardised tests, suggesting that there might be a long-term decline in national intelligence. His role in the 1932 and 1947 Scottish Mental Surveys illustrates his concern with this possibility, though the surveys did not produce evidence of any such decline.
Effects of different aspirin formulations on platelet aggregation times and on plasma salicylate concentrations.

Abstract Background Early aspirin treatment is widely used to inhibit platelet activity and to reduce morbidity and mortality in patients presenting with an acute myocardial infarction or a stroke. A number of different aspirin formulations have been used for this purpose; however, a comparison of their effectiveness in inhibiting early platelet aggregation has not been determined. Methods In this study, we determined plasma salicylate concentrations and platelet inhibitory activities at various times after ingestion of three commonly used aspirin formulations: soluble aspirin (Alka-Seltzer), 325 mg, chewed baby aspirin, 324 mg, and whole compressed non-enteric coated aspirin, 324 mg. Twenty-four healthy volunteers, 18–39 years of age, participated in the prospective single-blinded triple-crossover study. Plasma salicylate concentrations and inhibition of arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation were determined on post-dose blood samples collected at 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 40 min. All subjects crossed over to the other two formulations with at least 2 weeks between ingestions. Results The median platelet inhibition times for the chewed, soluble, and whole aspirin formulations were 7.5, 7.5, and 10.0 min, respectively. Soluble and chewed aspirin were found to inhibit platelet aggregation faster than whole aspirin ( p p Conclusion The results indicate that soluble and chewed aspirin inhibit platelet aggregation in a shorter period of time than does whole aspirin. The results suggest that chewing baby aspirin or taking soluble buffered aspirin may be the preferred route of administration for early platelet inhibition.
The significance of the Zeeman effect to the structural analysis of spectra

Abstract The Zeeman effect is even more important in the term analysis of complex spectra than in the analysis of simpler spectra, both in the empirical analysis and in the interpretation of the levels. It is shown that a spectrum containing many thousands of lines cannot be organized into a transition array from wavelengths alone, but Zeeman data are a very great help. The use of coupling schemes as guides in the identification of levels is illustrated and compared with more exact calculations fitting levels and g -values to Slater parameters. Experience indicates that it is advantageous for the analysis and the calculations to proceed concurrently, using the observed positions of the levels and the ordering of the J - and g -values to revise the parameters, and using the calculations as a guide in the search for further levels. Because of the great number of levels and the similarity of the g -values, however, it appears doubtful that present techniques can provide a reasonably complete interpretation of very complex spectra.
Health Care Reform and Graduate Medical Education in Ophthalmology

OF THE FEDERAL PROGRAMS THAT SUPPORT ACCREDITAtion Council of Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)sponsored residencies, the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services of the Health and Human Services (CMS/HHS) contributes the most. Medicare underwrote $9.5 billion for the training of 100 000 residents in 2008: $3 billion in direct graduate medical education payments to partially support resident salaries and $6.5 billion for indirect medical education, a calculated value based on the additional costs of patient care associated with training. Based on the San Francisco Ophthalmology Residency Match for years 2007 to 2009, approximately 1363 residents filled positions at 115 programs. Assuming ophthalmology represents 1.4% of all residents, the cost for their training is approximately $131 million, based on cost of the Medicare budget. This does not include funding supported by the Department of Defense or the Department of Veterans Affairs. The Balanced Budget Act of 1997 placed a cap on adding any new specialty residency positions and fixed the number of trainees at the 1996 level. Institutions that added new ophthalmology residents since then have done so at their own expense. Despite the cessation of new funding for specialty training, a recent movement has supported the growth of primary care trainees. The Resident Physician Shortage Reduction Act of 2009, which would have supported the training of 15 000 new residents in primary and specialty care programs, was not adopted. It would have added $12 billion to $15 billion to the Medicare program. Of the $787 billion stimulus package,
Utilization of Activated Carbon Hemoperfusion to Assist Recovery of Ischemically Damaged Canine Liver Allografts

The sensitivity of liver allografts to even minimal periods of ischemia currently limits the duration of hepatic preservation prior to liver transplantation. This study evaluates the role of activated carbon hemoperfusion (ACH) for assisting the recovery of canine livers ischemically damaged by a 20-min occlusion of the portal vein and hepatic artery prior to organ harvesting. Animals in Group I (n = 5) receiving damaged liver allografts without ACH survived a mean (+/- SD) of 18.0 +/- 13.5 h. One ACH treatment given to recipients immediately after liver transplantation in Group II (n = 5) resulted in improved survival to a mean of 3.8 +/- 2.16 days (p less than 0.05). The best survival was obtained after three ACH treatments in Group III (n = 6) on days 0, 1, and 2 (26.6 +/- 27.1 days) (p less than 0.05). These results indicate that ACH may be helpful in assisting the recovery of ischemically damaged liver allografts after transplantation.
Domain decomposition for a least-square finite element method for second order elliptic problem

In this paper, we consider the solutions of the discrete linear system resulting from least-square mixed finite element discretization applied to a second order elliptic problems. Additive and multiplicative domain decomposition methods are used to solve the linear system and the uniform convergence results are established for both methods.
Network architecture, cooperation and punishment in public good experiments

Following Fehr and Gaechter (Am Econ Rev 90(4):980–994, 2000), a large and growing number of experiments show that public goods can be provided at high levels when mutual monitoring and costly punishment are allowed. Nearly all experiments, however, study monitoring and punishment in a complete network where all subjects can monitor and punish each other. The architecture of social networks becomes important when subjects can only monitor and punish the other subjects to whom they are connected by the network. We study several incomplete networks and find that they give rise to their own distinctive patterns of behavior. Nevertheless, a number of simple, yet fundamental, properties in graph theory allow us to interpret the variation in the patterns of behavior that arise in the laboratory and to explain the impact of network architecture on the efficiency and dynamics of the experimental outcomes.
MMC03-5: A Game Theoretic Approach to Multi-Stream QoS Routing

This paper presents a game theoretic approach to the routing of multiple real-time multimedia streams through multiple shared links with different link quality metrics. The objective of the proposed method is to achieve fairness and bandwidth efficiency for each stream in the utilization of high quality links. Traditionally this task is managed through pricing and service agreement, and the solutions are frequently sub- optimal. In this paper, the problem of path link sharing among multiple streams is formulated as a non-corporative QoS game. Each stream is a player, whose strategy space is the percentage of utilization of the high quality links. A unique payoff function is introduced, and each player attempts to maximize its expected payoff independently. The existence and uniqueness of a Nash equilibrium (NE) is analyzed. Numerical experiments are conducted, and the results demonstrate that the NE solutions are optimal in maximizing the successful transmission of individual streams.
SINGLE-PHASE LIQUID HEAT TRANSFER IN MICROCHANNELS

The development of advanced microchannel heat exchangers and microfluidic devices is dependent upon the understanding of the fundamental heat transfer processes that occur in these systems. Several researchers have reported significant deviation from the classical theory used in macroscale applications, while others have reported general agreement, especially in the laminar region. This fundamental question needs to be addressed in order to generate a set of design equations to predict the heat transfer performance of microchannel flow devices. A database is generated from the available literature to critically evaluate the reported experimental data. An in-depth comparison of previous experimental data is performed to identify the discrepancies in the reported literature. It is concluded that the classical theory is applicable to microchannel and minichannel flows. The literature reporting discrepancies do not account for developing flows, fin efficiency, erros in channel geometry measurements and experimental uncertainties. It is further concluded that if all these factors are accounted for, the available data have good general agreement with macroscale theories. A similar approach is presented for pressure drop in microchannels in an accompanying conference paper, Steinke and Kandlikar (2005).Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Sensitivity of women to musk odor: No menstrual variation

It has been reported that the sensitivity of women to the musky odor of pentadecalactone exhibits cyclic variation,with a marked peak at about the time of ovulation. This claim was carefully reinvestigated, but was found to be untrue-in the conditions of our experiments. Possible reasons for the discrepancy are discussed.
THE POWER OF THE LITTLE BLUE PILL: INNOVATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS OF LIFESTYLE DRUGS IN AN AGING POPULATION

The launch of Viagra in April 1998 led to a historically unprecedented high usage of erectile dysfunction (ED) drugs. We test whether Viagra's introduction significantly influenced outcomes for its target population such as sexually transmitted disease (STD) rates of older men, as well as its nontarget populations, such as divorces, natality, the distribution of the age spread within couples, female STDs, and sexual assault rates. We find causal evidence that Viagra's introduction increased gonorrhea rates in older men by 15%–28%. We find no significant evidence of any effects on other variables. We take this as evidence that this lifestyle drug causes significant changes in choices only which affect short-term outcomes, while long-term planned decisions are unaffected. Overall, we find that the welfare impacts of Viagra with respect to our outcomes of interest are positive and large. (JEL I1, J1, O33)
Superoxide Dismutase 1 Subunits with Mutations Linked to Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Do Not Affect Wild-type Subunit Function

Mutations in superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) have been linked to familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a dominantly inherited motor neuron disorder of midlife. Because SOD1 is a homodimeric enzyme, dimerization of mutant and wild-type SOD1 subunits could dominantly alter the activity, stability, or localization of wild-type SOD1 subunits. To explore these possibilities, we used transient and stable gene transfection to express high levels of either of two mutant human SOD1 subunits in the presence of limited levels of wild-type mouse and/or human SOD1 subunits. Although both mutant subunits displayed diminished half-lives and free radical scavenging activities, their presence caused no change in the half-life or activity of wild-type SOD1 subunits. Our data indicate that mutant subunits do not dominantly affect the function of wild-type SOD1 subunits. These findings, together with observations that many mutant SOD1 subunits retain significant stability and activity, suggest that motor neuron damage in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is caused by the acquisition of injurious properties by mutant SOD1 subunits.
Analysis of multiple samples using multiplex sample NMR: selective excitation and chemical shift imaging approaches.

Two improved approaches for the rapid analysis of multiple samples using multiplex sample NMR are described. In the first approach, frequency-selective 90° radio frequency pulses and large pulsed field gradients are applied to excite and detect multiple samples in rapid succession. This method is advantageous for samples with relatively long longitudinal (T1) relaxation times. In the second approach, chemical shift imaging is applied to acquire both the spectral and spatial information of multiple samples simultaneously. Chemical shift imaging is more time-consuming than selective excitation; however, it is advantageous for detecting samples with short T1's and for signal averaging. Both approaches demonstrate the potential of multiplex sample NMR for carrying out high-throughput NMR detection.
Dynamical shifting of the critical point in 4D U(1) lattice gauge theory

Abstract We map out the confinement-deconfinement phase boundary in 4D U(1) lattice gauge theory as a function of the coupling β and a parameter μ which suppresses or enhances monopoles. A similarity is pointed out between the massless, deconfined phase for μ = ∞ and the massless phases of the KDP and F vertex models and of models for interfacial roughening.
Influences of anionic polysaccharides on DNA synthesis in isolated nuclei and by DNA polymerase α: Correlation of observed effects with properties of the polysaccharides

Abstract The basis of the differential effect of anionic polysaccharides on replicative DNA synthesis in liver and hepatoma cell nuclei was investigated. The differential effect of heparin was lost when more than 40% of its sulfate was removed. DNA synthesis in liver nuclei was optimally stimulated by heparin of molecular weight 22 600 and sulfate to hexosamine ratio 2.42, but inhibited by heparin of molecular weight 4300 and sulfate to hexosamine ratio 2.35. A heparin fragment (molecular weight 2800 and sulfate to hexosamine ratio 1.81), prepared by partial nitrous acid treatment was a potent inhibitor of DNA synthesis in hepatoma nuclei. There was no significant difference in the rate of entry of heparin or its subfractions into either liver or hepatoma nuclei. In both cases less than 15% of added polysaccharide entered the nuclei and only about 4.5% was found associated with the chromatin. The influence of the anionic polysaccharides on DNA synthesis was correlated with their ability to complex with histones as determined by relative light scattering in a laser nephelometer. The relative light scattered on mixing with histones (H1, H2A + H3, H4) was high for DNA synthesis stimulators (heparin, dextran sulfate); medium for DNA synthesis inhibitors (chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfates, heparan sulfate) and low for non-effectors (keratan sulfate, hyaluronic acid). Heparin and chondroitin sulfate H, which at low concentrations stimulate DNA synthesis in liver nuclei, inhibited DNA synthesis by calf thymus DNA polymerase α at all concentrations. This inhibition was not simply due to electrostatic interactions.
Zoning the Past: Brokers, Babbitts, and the Memory Work of Commercial Real Estate

From the moment of its publication in 1922, Sinclair Lewis's novel Babbitt was widely hailed as a text that harnessed the tactics of literary realism to the ambitions of social science. Over the years, in fact, critics have consistently linked Lewis's dissection of a crass, puerile, and materialistic white-collar culture to a conception of the novel as barely fictionalized ethnography – a conceit that has scripted the author as the twentieth century's foremost “cartographer” of American business life. Taking this fact as its starting point, this essay shows how Lewis's efforts to create an ethnographic record of modern business life ultimately encoded an even deeper commentary on the peculiar role that industrial–commercial development played in shaping the ways white-collar Americans thought about, valued, and pursued traces of their putative “heritage.” Rather than simply depict industrial–commercial society's destruction of the past, I argue, Babbitt instead labored to create a necessary genealogy for this regime: one that provided the nation's new, forward-lurching order with the kind of temporal coherence and historical context that its own ascendance seemed most directly to expunge. In making such an argument, this essay seeks to query a long-standing presumption within public memory studies that for years has construed the idea(l)s of historical recovery and the operations of commercial capitalism as fundamentally, if not inherently, incompatible. Balefully derided for mass-producing and mass-marketing a commodified pastness, dismissed as tools for replacing authentic history with ersatz heritage, modern development practices have stood for the vast majority of critics as proof of Americans' fundamental disconnection from their common and authentic history. Seeking to complicate this view, this essay shows instead how Babbitt can be read as a powerful counterexample to such logic – one that casts modernization less as an adversary than as an adjunct to prevailing modes of public recollection.
Valproate attenuates hyperactive and perseverative behaviors in mutant mice with a dysregulated dopamine system

Abstract Background Dopamine transporter (DAT) knockdown (KD) mice, with approximately 90% loss of expression of the DAT, allow for the examination of the behavioral consequences of a chronically dysregulated dopamine system. The DAT KD mice have hyperdopaminergic tone, are hyperactive, and show impaired response inhibition in a number of paradigms. We hypothesized that the DAT KD mice would also display deficits in prepulse inhibition (PPI) and would be perseverative in their locomotor behavior. Methods Basal levels of PPI and patterns of locomotor behavior were measured in two cohorts of DAT KD mice. In addition, measurements of locomotor behavior were recorded after pretreatment with 100 mg/kg valproate in both DAT KD and wildtype mice. Results The DAT KD mice were hyperactive and displayed perseverative motor behavior but had normal levels of PPI. The clinically effective antimania drug valproate significantly attenuated the hyperactivity and perseverative locomotor behavior in the DAT KD mice and had no effect in control mice. Conclusions The DAT KD mice appear to provide a model of some aspects of manic behavior. With limited models of bipolar disorder, the DAT KD mice might provide a vehicle to screen for new psychiatric therapies to treat mania and its related symptoms.
Deficits in auditory temporal and spectral resolution in language-impaired children.

Between 3 and 6 per cent of children who are otherwise unimpaired have extreme difficulties producing and understanding spoken language1. This disorder is typically labelled specific language impairment. Children diagnosed with specific language impairment often have accompanying reading difficulties (dyslexia)2, but not all children with reading difficulties have specific language impairment3. Some researchers claim that language impairment arises from failures specific to language or cognitive processing4–6. Others hold that language impairment results from a more elemental problem that makes affected children unable to hear the acoustic distinctions among successive brief sounds in speech7–11. Here we report the results of psycho-physical tests employing simple tones and noises showing that children with specific language impairment have severe auditory perceptual deficits for brief but not long tones in particular sound contexts. Our data support the view that language difficulties result from problems in auditory perception, and provide further information about the nature of these perceptual problems that should contribute to improving the diagnosis and treatment of language impairment and related disorders.
370 MEASLES IN A PARTIALLY IMMUNIZED POPULATION

During the investigation of an outbreak of measles in a partially immunized rural community, a spectrum of illness was observed which ranged in severity from a brief febrile illness to one characteristic of measles. Unimmunized children had more illness (p = 0.009) and more measles (p < 0.001) than immunized children. However, a large proportion of both the immunized and unimmunized children developed a milder illness epidemiologically and serologically associated with measles. The proportion of immunized and unimmunized children who developed the milder, measles-associated illness was not statistically different (p = 0.20). Employing a trichotomous logistic model, it was demonstrated that the probability of developing both measles and measles-associated illness decreased with increasing age of immunization (p < 0.001) but was unaffected by the interval since immunization (p ≥ 0.12). The age at which immunization could be expected to prevent measles in 95% of cases was 5 years. Reimmunization against measles after 5 years of age may be necessary to effect eradication of epidemic measles. Based upon this model, reimmunization would also be expected to reduce the occurence of measles-associated illness.
Commentary: proteooxidotoxic process of aggregation.

A recent editorial entitled “State of Aggregation” (Nat. Neurosci. 2011; 14:399) described the importance of establishing the structural state of pathogenic protein aggregates (Aβ, α-synuclein, huntingtin, etc.) in studies of neurodegenerative disorders. While this is a laudable goal, it is based on the assumption that the neurotoxicity depends upon a specific tertiary structure of the protein aggregates. Here, I describe evidence (not mentioned in the editorial) that suggests that it is not the protein oligomers, per se, that damage neurons. Instead, neurons are damaged by an unseen sequence(s) of chemical reactions that generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), and it is the ROS that cause both protein aggregation and neurotoxicity. The latter “proteooxidotoxicity” mechanism provides an explanation for numerous findings in the field of neurodegenerative disorders, including the inability to identify specific receptors for the pathogenic proteins.
Smokers' physical activity and weight gain one year after a successful versus unsuccessful quit attempt.

Abstract Objective To examine whether smokers' physical activity is related to weight change following a quit attempt. Method Data were analyzed for participants (n = 683) of a randomized controlled trial comparing the efficacy of different smoking cessation pharmacotherapies (Wisconsin, 2005–2008). Activity (assessed via pedometry) and body weight were measured in the days surrounding the quit day and again one year later, at which time 7-day point-prevalence abstinence from smoking was assessed. We examined the effects of quitting, physical activity, and their interaction, on a one-year weight change with relevant covariate adjustment. Results Participants were predominantly female (57%), 46 ± 11 years of age (mean ± SD), and took 7544 ± 3606 steps/day at baseline. Of those who quit, 87% gained weight. A main effect was found for quitting (p Conclusion Physical activity is associated with an attenuation of the weight gain that often occurs after quitting smoking.
A depth-first search routing algorithm for star graphs and its performance evaluation

A fault-tolerant routing algorithm has been developed for star graph interconnection topology by using a depth-first search strategy. The proposed algorithm routes a message from the source to the destination along an optimal path with a very high probability and is guaranteed to trace a path as long as the source and the destination are not disconnected. We derive exact mathematical expressions for the probabilities that the algorithm will compute an optimal path for a given number of faulty links in the network. The analysis reveals many interesting topological properties of the star graphs.
Serine ethanolamine phosphate in avian muscular dystrophy: mechanism of accumulation in dystrophic muscle and relationship to phospholipid synthesis.

Abstract The cause of the elevated level of serine ethanolamine phosphate (SEP) in dystrophic chicken pectoralis muscle was investigated. It was established that dystrophic muscle has the ability to synthesize SEP, whereas normal pectoralis muscle does not. The SEP synthase activity was localized in the microsomal fraction. Both dystrophic and normal muscle microsomes also contain the opposing enzyme, SEP diesterase, the activity of which is much higher in the dystrophic than in the normal muscle. In intact cells SEP may not be accessible to SEP diesterase. Experiments with 31 P NMR revealed that in kidney slices the intracellular SEP concentration was maintained although SEP added to the incubation medium was hydrolyzed. Serine [ 14 C]ethanolamine phosphate was not taken up by dystrophic or normal posterior latissimus dorsi and anterior latissimus dorsi muscles. The impermeability of muscle to SEP as well as the virtual absence of SEP in the blood of dystrophic chickens eliminates the possibility that the SEP found in dystrophic muscle is derived from another tissue. The synthesis of SEP in dystrophic posterior latissimus dorsi and in both dystrophic and normal anterior latissimus dorsi was demonstrated using [ 3 H]serine as a precursor. The turnover of SEP in these muscles was much slower than the turnover of the serine moiety of serine phospholipids indicating that SEP is not a precursor to phosphatidylserine biosynthesis.