cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scatter modelling and compensation in emission tomography

In nuclear medicine, clinical assessment and diagnosis are generally based on qualitative assessment of the distribution pattern of radiotracers used. In addition, emission tomography (SPECT and PET) imaging methods offer the possibility of quantitative assessment of tracer concentration in vivo to quantify relevant parameters in clinical and research settings, provided accurate correction for the physical degrading factors (e.g. attenuation, scatter, partial volume effects) hampering their quantitative accuracy are applied. This review addresses the problem of Compton scattering as the dominant photon interaction phenomenon in emission tomography and discusses its impact on both the quality of reconstructed clinical images and the accuracy of quantitative analysis. After a general introduction, there is a section in which scatter modelling in uniform and non-uniform media is described in detail. This is followed by an overview of scatter compensation techniques and evaluation strategies used for the assessment of these correction methods. In the process, emphasis is placed on the clinical impact of image degradation due to Compton scattering. This, in turn, stresses the need for implementation of more accurate algorithms in software supplied by scanner manufacturers, although the choice of a general-purpose algorithm or algorithms may be difficult.
Efficient distributed algorithms for self testing of multiple processor systems

Multiple processor systems allow both highly reliable and highly fast service. Distributed self-test algorithms that attempt to improve both the reliability and the performance of these systems are proposed. In these algorithms, reliability is improved by considering the distributed mode of control and assigning processors to test each other periodically for the diagnosis and isolation of the faulty processors and interprocessor links. Meanwhile, performance is improved by considering a dynamic testing strategy and minimizing testing overhead by reducing the number of tests performed on each processor. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the algorithms. >
Comparative effectiveness of efavirenz-based antiretroviral regimens in resource-limited settings

Efavirenz (EFV) is a non-nucleoside widely used as first-line therapy for HIV-1 infection. Most of the research available on EFV comes from trials performed in industrialized countries and only a few studies have evaluated EFV in resource-limited settings (RLSs). In this article, we present a systematic review of the available randomized-controlled trials performed in RLSs that have compared EFV with other antiretrovirals, such as nevirapine and protease inhibitors. The data derived from these studies show that both EFV and nevirapine are adequate first-line therapy options for HIV-1 infection in RLSs, even in patients with concomitant tuberculosis. However, EFV may show a slight benefit in terms of toxicity and adverse events. By contrast, the data comparing EFV versus protease inhibitors is contradictory and further studies may be required to elucidate these discrepancies.
High Power Density Thin Film Resistors

Untrimmed Ni-Cr resistors on glazed alumina substrates, hermetically sealed in a dry nitrogen atmosphere, survive and remain stable when subjected to power densities greater 2000 W/in2. Large (>7 × 10−4in 2 ) resistors with standard top-hat trimming fail at less than 1000 W/in2 due to hot spots, however, a change in trim line configuration results in stable resistors at greater than 1200 W/in2. Resistance-time characteristics depend on mean resistor temperature, which increases (at a given power density) as the square root of resistor area. Results predict, e.g., that all resistors in a 3/8 × 3/8 × 0.080 inch (0.5W) package can be powered at 2000 W/in2 for several years before a 1 percent resistance change is experienced. The resistor area for such a configuration, 2.5 × 10−4in2, is 50 times less than that required with the present power density design value of 40 W/in2. Resistors deposited on unglazed alumina are even more stable than those deposited on glazed alumina because of their lower operating temperature.
Life‐stage‐specific physiology defines invasion extent of a riverine fish

Summary 1. Many ecologists have called for mechanism-based investigations to identify the underlying controls on species distributions. Understanding these controls can be especially useful to construct robust predictions of how a species range may change in response to climate change or the extent to which a non-native species may spread in novel environments. 2. Here, we link spatially intensive observations with mechanistic models to illustrate how physiology determines the upstream extent of the aquatic ectotherm smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) in two headwater rivers. 3. Our results demonstrate that as temperatures become increasingly cold across a downstream to upstream gradient, food consumption in age 0 bass becomes increasingly constrained, and as a result, these fish become growth limited. Sufficient first summer growth of age 0 bass is essential for overwinter survival because young bass must persist from energy reserves accumulated during the summer, and those reserves are determined by body size. 4. Our field data reveal the upstream extent of adult bass reproduction corresponds to a point in the downstream/upstream gradient where cold temperatures impair growth opportunities in young bass. This pattern was repeated in both study streams and explained why bass positioned nests twice as far upstream in the warm compared to the cold stream in the same basin. Placement of spawning nests by adult bass is likely subject to strong evolutionary selection in temperate systems: if bass spawn too far upstream, their young are unlikely to grow large enough to survive the winter. Consumption and growth in older bass (age 3–4) was far less sensitive to temperature. Based on these data, we suggest that temperature-sensitive age 0 bass constrain the upstream distribution limits of bass within temperate streams. 5. In this study, we investigated how temperature-dependent physiology changed through the life history of a species and, in doing so, identified a climate-sensitive life-history stage that likely sets the distributional limits of all other life-history stages. We anticipate the framework developed here could be employed to identify how similar stage-specific environmental sensitivity determines distribution in many other ectothermic species.
Early, Robust Validation and Verification of Network-Enabled systems for Tactical Environments

The tactical environment provides unique challenges in terms of communication links, connectivity, infrastructure, mobility, scalability, and distributed network services as well as tactical application services. For communication links there are concerns associated with limited bandwidth, asymmetrical and intermittent links, latency, jitter, and beyond line-of-sight issues. These issues provide complex problems for the development and deployment of solutions for tactical mobile ad hoc networks, as any solution must take discovery, routing, network management, scalability, and quality of service into consideration. This paper addresses a modeling framework that supports system context and user need definition through functional architecture validation and performance simulation in geo-specific databases. Specifically, it looks at how behavioral and performance simulations in such a framework can provide a method and vehicle for development and early validation of technologies to effectively address the needs of the warfighter and help to discover unique ways to solve the problems associated with the tactical environment.
Prevalence and predictors of anticholinergic medication use in elderly nursing home residents with dementia: analysis of data from the 2004 National Nursing Home Survey.

Background: Medications with anticholinergic properties are frequently used in the elderly population. However, evidence suggests that these medications are associated with significant adverse effects and may lead to worsening of cognitive impairment, particularly in elderly patients with dementia. Objective: To examine the utilization of anticholinergic medications and factors associated with anticholinergic medication use in elderly nursing home patients with dementia. Methods: The study examined anticholinergic medication utilization for patients aged ≥65 years with dementia, using the 2004 US National Nursing Home Survey (NNHS) data. Anticholinergic drugs were identified using the Anticholinergic Drug Scale (ADS), which classifies anticholinergic drugs into four levels in increasing order of their anticholinergic activity. Descriptive analysis was conducted using sampling weights to determine the prevalence of anticholinergic medication use. Multiple logistic regression within the conceptual framework of the Andersen Behavioral Model was used to examine the factors associated with anticholinergic medication use in the study population. Use of medications with marked anticholinergic activities (ADS level 2 or 3) was the dependent variable, and independent variables were the various predisposing, enabling and need factors. Results: According to the 2004 NNHS, 509 931 (95% CI 490 160, 529 702) or 73.62% (95% CI 72.23, 75.00) of elderly patients with dementia used anticholinergic medications. The highest prevalence of anticholinergic medication use among elderly patients with dementia was seen for level-1 medications (67.96%;95% CI 66.51, 69.41), and 21.27% (95% CI 19.93, 22.60) used ADS level-2 or level-3 medications. Multivariate regression analysis showed that the predisposing factor of age was negatively associated with the use of medications with marked anticholinergic activities (ADS level 2 or 3) and the enabling factor of Medicaid as the source of payment increased the likelihood of receiving these higher-level anticholinergics. Among the need factors, dependence in decision-making ability and behavioural symptoms decreased the likelihood of receiving higher-level anticholinergics, whereas factors such as total number of medications, depressed mood indicators and diagnoses of schizophrenia, anxiety and Parkinson’s disease increased the likelihood of use of such medications. Conclusions: Over one in five elderly nursing home residents with dementia used medications with marked anticholinergic activities. The study findings suggest the need to optimize the use of anticholinergic medications in vulnerable patients with dementia given the potentially severe adverse cognitive effects of these agents.
Vibrational analysis of the dioctahedral mica: 2M1 muscovite

Raman spectra and lattice dynamics calculations are presented for the dioctahedral mica, muscovite. Calculated fundamental mode frequencies for the Raman-active and A g and B g species were fit to observed fundamentals assigned to features in the two polarized Raman spectra collected, so that unambiguous vibrational assignments could be made to most peaks in the Raman data. Calculated frequencies for the IR-active A u and B u modes generally fall within the frequency ranges of bands in the IR spectra for muscovite presented earlier. Factor group analysis indicates that motion from all atom types in the muscovite structure can be found in modes for all four vibrational species. Force constant values determined for muscovite are similar to equivalent values calculated for the trioctahedral mica, phlogopite. Raman and IR-active modes calculated at frequencies greater than 800 cm (super -1) are dominated by internal sheet T-O stretch and T-O-T bend motions, where T is a tetrahedral site. Modes between 800 and 360 cm (super -1) have internal tetrahedral sheet motions mixed with K and octahedral Al displacements. Modes at frequencies less than 360 cm (super -1) have lattice and OH motions. Inter-sheet bonding in the muscovite structure is strong enough to affect modes at frequencies as high as 824 cm (super -1) .
The MyProxy online credential repository

SUMMARY The MyProxy online credential repository has been used by the grid computing community for over four years for managing security credentials in the grid public key infrastructure. MyProxy improves usability by giving users access to their credentials over the network using password authentication, allowing users to delegate their credentials via web browser interfaces to the grid, and supporting credential renewal for long-running jobs. MyProxy helps administrators secure users’ private keys by providing an online service from which users retrieve short-lived credentials without distributing long-lived keys to potentially vulnerable end-systems. This paper describes the MyProxy system and its use.
From Personal Attitudes to Public Opinion: Information Diffusion in Social Networks Toward Sustainable Transportation

A model of a social network-based attitude diffusion system in the context of activity and travel choice behavior is presented. The principal mechanisms contributing to attitude formation were identified, and mathematical models to capture these processes were developed. The primary contributions of this research are (a) the modeling of attitude diffusion according to social and learning mechanisms and (b) the evolution of these attitudes over time in a lattice neighborhood social network. The agent-based framework presented is sufficiently general and flexible to allow the building of a more complete representation of information diffusion and attitude formation within activity and travel behavior choice dimensions, for example, mode choice or departure time choice. The framework allows the extension of the presented approach with additional social network structures, information sources, and social interaction mechanisms in the physical and virtual realms or the extension and modification of the present...
Property Tax Limitation and Racial Inequality in Effective Tax Rates

In the late 20th century, two thirds of American states enacted policies to limit the growth of local property tax revenues. We examine the effects of property tax limitations on the effective property tax rates reported by homeowners of different racial and ethnic groups in the United States. We find that property tax limitations reduce the effective property tax rates of homeowners regardless of their race and ethnicity, but that most forms of property tax limitation exacerbate racial inequality, providing the greatest reduction in effective tax rates to white homeowners. In the aggregate, these inequalities result in substantially unequal tax savings that might not survive democratic scrutiny if they were distributed as direct subsidies. This inequality may be especially problematic insofar as tax privileges for property owners effectively disguise a public benefit as a private property right.
A Numerical Scheme for Solving Two-Dimensional Thermal Propagation in Composites

A finite difference scheme is presented for the study of two-dimensional thermal energy propagation in composites. The numerical scheme for the solution of the governing hyperbolic heat conduction equations is based on Godunov's flux-splitting algorithm, and was developed by the authors for the study of non-Fourier conduction in transient heat transfer processes. The method is applied to the investigation of thermal wave propagation behavior in a two-layered anisotropic medium subjected to either constant or oscillatory surface thermal disturbances. The influences of the boundary heat flux condition, thermal lagging, and anisotropic thermal conductivities on the temperature distributions are investigated. The analysis examines the reflection and refraction thermal wave patterns within the materials. In addition, comparisons are made between thermal diffusion and wave model predictions.
Coordination Features and Affinity of the Cu2+ Site in the α-Synuclein Protein of Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most prevalent age-related, neurodegenerative disorder, affecting >1% of the population over the age of 60. PD pathology is marked by intracellular inclusions composed primarily of the protein α-synuclein (α-syn). These inclusions also contain copper, and the interaction of Cu2+ with α-syn may play an important role in PD fibrillogenesis. Here we report the stoichiometry, affinity, and coordination structure of the Cu2+−α-syn complex. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) titrations show that monomeric α-syn binds 1.0 equiv of Cu2+ at the protein N-terminus. Next, an EPR competition technique demonstrates that α-syn binds Cu2+ with a Kd of ≈0.10 nM. Finally, EPR and electron spin echo modulation (ESEEM) applied to a suite of mutant and truncated α-syn constructs reveal a coordination sphere arising from the N-terminal amine, the Asp2 amide backbone and side chain carboxyl group, and the His50 imidazole. The high binding affinity identified here, in accord with previo...
Neoplastic transformation and derivation of a focus-forming sarcoma virus in cultures of rat embryo cells infected with a murine osteosarcoma (FBJ) virus.

SummaryNeoplastic transformation of rat embryo cells in vitro by an osteosarcoma (FBJ) virus is reported. Foci of transformed cells consisted largely of spindle-shaped cells which stained vividly with acridine orange. The transformed cells produced virus and complement-fixing (CF) antigen characteristic of the murine leukemia-sarcoma virus complex. Tumors were produced when transformed cells were injected into newborn mice and rats. The mouse tumors had the histologic pattern of osteosarcoma, which was transmissible in cell-free passages in newborn mice. Cell-free extracts of the mouse tumors also produced transformed foci in vitro. The rat rumors were undifferentiated sarcomas, also yielding virus and CF antigens.
"Hume Issue" in Rousseau's Theory of People's Sovereignty Right——Interpretation of Relation of People's Sovereignty Right and Democracy of Rousseau

English thinker Hume believes all ethical system errs in the fact that it turns the factual judgment of "yes" or "no" to a value judgment with monistic logical mistake of "ought" or "not ought" without analysis.This is the so called "Hume Issue".The "Hume Issue" in Rousseau's theory of People's sovereignty right lies in the fact that it turns value "ought to" issue such as "general will" and "people's sovereignty right" simply to the "will of the majority" and summarizes the complicated realization path of people's sovereignty right into the one path of "the will of the majority".In fact,the realization of people's sovereignty right is not "the will of the majority" but the right of the citizen and the essential problem of modern democratic constitution is to settle how to restore the abstractive people's sovereign right into the realistic human right and citizen's right.This logical error of Rousseau leads to the consequence of a series of democratic disaster.
A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE MECHANISM OF SLOUGHING DAMAGE PREVENTION AND OF STRESS BEHAVIOR AROUND AND IN THE BOREWALL

This paper, based on the theory of elastic mechanics, plastic mechanics, and rock mechanics, analyses the forcing behavior, damaging mechanism of the rock around borchole and at the borewall. The paper also expounds the conditions and methods of the borehole sloughing damage in the clayshale, arenaceous and powerarenaceous clayshale formation. Furthermore the methods of the critical gravity of the drilling mud corresponding to the various damage forms are presented.
Megakaryocyte morphogenesis stimulated in vitro by whole and partially fractionated thrombocytopenic plasma: a model system for the study of platelet formation

Isolated guinea pig megakaryocytes were cultured in the presence of plasma from normal or thrombocytopenic rabbits. Thrombocytopenic but not normal plasma stimulated formation of long cytoplasmic processes and cytoplasmic fragmentation. Activity was found in the 60% to 80% ammonium sulfate fraction of thrombocytopenic plasma but not in the 0% to 60% fraction. The 60% to 80% fraction of normal plasma contained a small amount of activity. Both colchicine and vincristine inhibited the morphogenesis stimulated by thrombocytopenic plasma. Cytochalasin B and D both mimicked the thrombocytopenic plasma-induced morphological change and affected more megakaryocytes than did the thrombocytopenic plasma. Cytochalasin and thrombocytopenic plasma together had a synergistic effect, causing many megakaryocytes to form processes and break into cytoplasmic fragments 3 to 6 microns in diameter. Immunofluorescence staining with antitubulin antiserum showed that cytoplasmic processes formed in the presence of thrombocytopenic plasma contain microtubules and that fragments released by the megakaryocytes contain microtubule rings. A model for the cytoskeletal basis of platelet formation is proposed.
Importance of freezing time when iodoantipyrine is used for measurement of cerebral blood flow.

The goal of the present study was to determine effects of delay of freezing of the brain on distribution of [14C]iodoantipyrine in the brain. Blood flow to parietal cerebral cortex (CBF) and choroid plexus was measured with the indicator fractionation technique and quantitative autoradiography. After injection of iodoantipyrine, each rat was decapitated, and the head was immersed in chlorodifluoromethane (-40 degrees C). The brain was removed from the skull after it was frozen. In some rats, heads were immersed immediately after decapitation, and CBF was markedly heterogeneous. In another group, heads were frozen 3 min after decapitation. In this case, CBF was uniform in its distribution. Average CBF was similar in groups with immediate and delayed freezing (90-104 ml.min-1 x 100 g-1). In contrast, delays in freezing decreased blood flow to choroid plexus from 551 +/- 115 to 261 +/- 48 ml.min-1 x 100 g-1. Our findings indicate that immediate freezing of the brain after decapitation is necessary to prevent diffusion of iodoantipyrine from regions of high blood flow to regions of lower blood flow and underestimations of blood flow in regions with high blood flow.
Pressure-controlled inverse-ratio ventilation.

Conventional modes of mechanical ventilation such as assist-control and intermittent mandatory ventilation continue to be the standard supportive therapy for the treatment of adults with acute respiratory failure. Pressure-controlled inverse-ratio ventilation (PCIRV) is a new and potentially promising ventilatory modality for use in severe respiratory failure refractory to conventional therapy. This article describes some of the theoretical benefits and clinical limitations of PCIRV and stresses the importance of nursing observation and assessment during use.
Fabulous at 50: the Smithsonian’s Archives of American Art celebrates a Golden Anniversary

Founded in 1954, the Smithsonian’s Archives of American Art collects, preserves and makes available primary sources documenting the history of the visual arts in the United States. More than 16 million items strong, its collections comprise the world’s largest single source for letters, diaries, financial records, unpublished writings, sketchbooks, scrapbooks and photographs created by artists, critics, collectors, art dealers and art societies – the raw material for scholarship in American art.
Impacts of biocontrol products on Rhizoctonia disease of potato and soil microbial communities, and their persistence in soil ☆

Abstract Four commercial biocontrol formulations (Bacillus subtilis GB03, Burkholderia ambifaria type Wisconsin isolate J82, Trichoderma virens Gl-21, and Trichoderma harzianum strain T-22), a chemical seed treatment (thiophanate-methyl, mancozeb, and cymoxanil mixture, TMC), and a combination chemical/biological treatment, were compared with no-pathogen and pathogen-treated controls, and monitored in two field seasons in Maine for their effects on the development of Rhizoctonia disease of potato and soil microbial community characteristics. All treatments reduced the incidence and severity of stem canker (37–75% reduction) relative to the pathogen control over both years, with the best control provided by B. subtilis and the combination chemical/biological treatment (TMC/Bamb). Both bacterial treatments (B. subtilis and Bu. ambifaria) reduced severity of black scurf in both years, and T. virens reduced scurf in one year, with reductions of 11–20% relative to the pathogen control. Over both years, the B. subtilis, T. virens, and TMC/Bamb treatments increased total and marketable yield, and Bu. ambifaria increased marketable yield, by 11–15% relative to the pathogen control. Substantial populations of the added fungal agents, but not the bacteria, were detected in bulk soil at the end of the growing season. Biocontrol treatments also significantly (P
BMP 2 usage in posterior lumbar fusion in degenerative conditions

Abstract rhBMP-2 is approved for use in single-level anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) within an LT-CAGE. Following impressive reports regarding the safety and efficacy of rhBMP-2 in ALIF, many surgeons have started using rhBMP-2 as a graft substitute for posterior lumbar fusion in an off-label manner. A number of studies have been published documenting the outcomes and complications seen following the off-label use of rhBMP-2 in the lumbar spine. In the setting of PLF, PLIF, and TLIF, fusion rates following the administration of rhBMP-2 are comparable, and at times, higher than the fusion rates seen with ICBG. rhBMP-2 is frequently associated with decreased blood loss and faster operative times as compared to ICBG. Radiculitis, osteolysis, and ectopic bone formation are adverse events seen related to the use of rhBMP-2 in PLIF and TLIF.
The Evolution of Global Legal Pluralism

Global legal pluralism is now recognized as an entrenched reality of the international and transnational legal order. Indeed, wherever one looks, there is conflict among multiple legal regimes. Some of these regimes are state-based, some are built and maintained by non-state actors, some fall within the purview of local authorities and jurisdictional entities, and some involve international courts, tribunals, arbitral bodies, and regulatory organizations. It has now been approximately 20 years since scholars first began pushing the insights of legal pluralism into the transnational and international arena. During those two decades, a rich body of work has established pluralism as a useful descriptive and normative framework for understanding a world of overlapping jurisdictional assertions, both state and non-state. Indeed, there has been a veritable explosion of scholarly work on legal pluralism, soft law, global constitutionalism, the relationships among relative authorities, and the fragmentation and reinforcement of territorial boundaries. Thus, the time has come for a survey and analysis of this literature in order to understand the evolution of global legal pluralism as a scholarly trope. In this chapter, I seek to begin such a task by separating out some of the descriptive and normative strands in the scholarly discourse. In addition, I tackle challenges and criticisms of global legal pluralism and aim to refine the field based on recent research. The result, I hope, will be to re-energize and engage global legal pluralism scholarship and push its trajectory forward into another two decades of innovation.
Genetic and Epigenetic Strategies Potentiate Gal4 Activation to Enhance Fitness in Recently Diverged Yeast Species

Certain genes show more rapid reactivation for several generations following repression, a conserved phenomenon called epigenetic transcriptional memory. Following previous growth in galactose, GAL gene transcriptional memory confers a strong fitness benefit in Saccharomyces cerevisiae adapting to growth in galactose for up to 8 generations. A genetic screen for mutants defective for GAL gene memory revealed new insights into the molecular mechanism, adaptive consequences, and evolutionary history of memory. A point mutation in the Gal1 co-activator that disrupts the interaction with the Gal80 inhibitor specifically and completely disrupted memory. This mutation confirms that cytoplasmically inherited Gal1 produced during previous growth in galactose directly interferes with Gal80 repression to promote faster induction of GAL genes. This mitotically heritable mode of regulation is recently evolved; in a diverged Saccharomyces species, GAL genes show constitutively faster activation due to genetically encoded basal expression of Gal1. Thus, recently diverged species utilize either epigenetic or genetic strategies to regulate the same molecular mechanism. The screen also revealed that the central domain of the Gal4 transcription factor both regulates the stochasticity of GAL gene expression and potentiates stronger GAL gene activation in the presence of Gal1. The central domain is critical for GAL gene transcriptional memory; Gal4 lacking the central domain fails to potentiate GAL gene expression and is unresponsive to previous Gal1 expression.
The demand for ‘critical research’ in a competitive authoritarian regime: think tanks in Mozambique

Think tanks in competitive authoritarian regimes are implicitly if not explicitly oppositional, producing and disseminating research critical of government policies and elite behaviour. Existing literature asks how and why such think tanks emerge and survive, and if they exercise real influence. This paper asks if anyone actually reads their critical research. Focusing on two cases in Mozambique – the Instituto de Estudos Sociais e Economicos (IESE) and the Centro de Integridade Publica (CIP) – three original data sets are examined: (1) citations in the bibliographies of end-of-programme theses of undergraduates in the political science, public administration, economics, and/or sociology departments of two of Mozambique's most important universities; (2) websites and Facebook activities – visits, downloads, etc.; and (3) citations in academic journals that publish on Africa. Findings show evolving demand for these think tanks’ research, suggesting their growing status within Mozambique and, by implication, within civil societies of similar competitive authoritarian regimes.
High-Resolution Modeling of Infill Development Impact on Stormwater Dynamics in Denver, Colorado

AbstractGrowing cities require accurate knowledge of current and future hydrologic conditions to make effective stormwater management decisions. Yet, this information is lacking because cities are ...
Interactions between an organic coolant and drops of molten lithium

Twenty scoping experiments were performed to investigate the behavior of nominally 0.5 g molten lithium drops when released into 0.7 L of the organic coolant Therminol 66 at local atmospheric pressure using a vortex insertion technique. Diagnostics consisted of video and photographic imaging and several chemical analyses. Six coolant/Li temperature pairs were used: 300/300; 300/530; 300/770; 464/530; 600/530 and 600/770, all nominal in K. Because the coolant: Li weight ratio was 10{sup 3}, only rapid ({approximately}0.5 s) quenching reactions could be studied when T{sub Li} > {Tc}; when T{sub Li} {le} {Tc}, however, both rapid and slower (min) interactions could be investigated. In none of the experiments was there any indication of (a) a vigorous, self-sustaining chemical reaction between the lithium and the organic coolant, or (b) the formation of water-insoluble debris, in particular carbon. This work confirms the benign behavior at similar temperatures reported earlier by others.
Selective hyperpolarization of heteronuclear singlet states via pulsed microtesla SABRE

Signal Amplification By Reversible Exchange (SABRE) and its heteronuclear variant SABRE in SHield Enables Alignment Transfer to Heteronuclei create large nuclear magnetization in target ligands, exploiting level crossings in an iridium catalyst that transiently binds both the ligands and parahydrogen. This requires a specific, small magnetic field to match Zeeman splittings to scalar couplings. Here, we explore a different strategy, direct creation of heteronuclear singlet states in the target ligands, which produces enhanced signals at other field strengths, including zero field. We also show that pulsed methods (including pulsed field nulling) coherently and selectively pump such singlets, affording a significant enhancement on the resulting hyperpolarization.
Decreased consumption of common weaning foods is associated with poor linear growth among HIV-exposed infants participating in the Kigali antiretroviral and breastfeeding assessment for the elimination of HIV (Kabeho) study.

OBJECTIVE The World Health Organization recommends that complementary foods that are adequate, safe, and appropriate be introduced to infants at age 6 months. Using an innovative modeling technique, we examine patterns of nutrient intake in HIV-exposed and uninfected (HEU) infants and establish their relationship with growth. METHODS Single-day dietary recalls and anthropometrics were collected every two to 3 months from 543 infants living in Kigali, Rwanda, and attending clinics for the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission. A common weaning food index (CWFI) was calculated in grams and nutrient density for infants to reflect the extent to which the infants consumed the weaning foods typical of this population at ages 6 to 10, 11 to 15, and 16 to 20 months. Regressions among the CWFI, length-for-age z-scores (LAZ), and weight-for-length z-scores (WLZ) were conducted to estimate the relationship between the dietary patterns and growth. RESULTS Mean absolute intake of zinc and calcium from complementary foods was insufficient. Increasing CWFI was related to increasing cow milk consumption. The density CWFI showed a decrease in the density of iron and folate as infants consume more of the weaning foods typical of this population. Density CWFI, breastfeeding, and caloric intake act on early LAZ and WLZ and interact with one another. Among breastfed infants, those who consume little of the common weaning foods and have a high caloric intake develop deficits in LAZ and have an elevated WLZ. CONCLUSIONS A diet that is more dominated by the typical weaning foods of this population may support a healthy growth pattern.
An Indoor Navigation Robot Using Augmented Reality

In this paper, we address the issue of autonomous robotic navigation in an indoor environment. An Augmented Reality (AR) based navigation system is created using the JAQL robot and an Google Pixel 2 Android smart phone. In developing this system, we aim to investigate the current capability of augmented reality as an all-in-one solution to indoor routing, localization, and object detection. Using Google's ARcore, we have developed a mobile application, which was used as both the sensor and the controller for the system. We highlight the features of ARcore and how they were applied to each of our navigation tasks. We evaluate the effectiveness of our system and present results from a set of experiments in a real environment under varying conditions. We conclude by discussing the strengths and limitations of our system and how we can make improvements in the future.
Distributed Leader-Follower Tracking Control for Multi-Agent Systems Subject to Disturbances

This paper studies robust tracking control for a leader-follower multi-agent system (MAS) subject to disturbances. A challenging problem is considered here, which differs from those in the literature in two aspects. First, we consider the case when all the leader and follower agents are affected by disturbances, while the existing studies assume only the followers to suffer disturbances. Second, we assume the disturbances to be bounded only in rates of change rather than magnitude as in the literature. To address the new challenges, we propose a novel observer-based distributed tracking control design. As a distinguishing feature, the followers can cooperatively estimate the disturbance affecting the leader through to adjust their maneuvers accordingly, which is enabled by the design of first-of-its-kind distributed disturbance observer. We build a specific approach for MASs. Further, we prove that they lead to bounded-error tracking for the considered context and further, asymptotically convergent tracking under a mild relaxation of disturbance setting. We validate the proposed approach using a simulation example.
Does Blocking Facial Feedback Via Botulinum Toxin Injections Decrease Depression? A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis:

Researchers have proposed that blocking facial feedback via glabellar-region botulinum toxin injections (GBTX) can reduce depression. Random-effects meta-analyses of studies that administered GBTX ...
Thalidomide for the treatment of angiodysplasia-related recurrent gastrointestinal hemorrhage: Is low dose a safe and viable option?

Thalidomide is often used for the management of refractory gastrointestinal angiodysplasia (GIAD). The tolerance, toxic profile, and compliance of thalidomide are dose-dependent. The low-dose thalidomide (50 mg) is safe and a viable option for bleeding related to GIAD.
Relative Effectiveness of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor and Tricyclic Antidepressant Combination Therapy for Treatment-Resistant Depression.

Purpose/background We examined the relative safety and effectiveness of adding a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) to a failed tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) trial versus adding a TCA to a failed MAOI trial or adding a TCA to a failed TCA trial in treatment-resistant depression. Methods/procedures Data were retrospectively harvested from approximately 2500 treatment charts of subjects with treatment-resistant depression who attended a university mood disorders clinic between 1983 and 2015. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to examine the effectiveness of treatment condition on outcome. Relative adverse event profiles were also examined. Findings/results Eighty-four treatment outcome observations were made from 54 subjects who received combination therapy: TCA plus TCA (n = 22), TCA plus MAOI (n = 44), and MAOI plus TCA (n = 18). Treatment condition predicted a poorer (albeit not statistically significant) outcome for TCA plus TCA compared with TCA plus MAOI, or MAOI plus TCA therapy (P = 0.098). Specific adverse events occurred with significantly greater frequency between treatment groups; that is, impotence was more frequent with TCA plus MAOI therapy; headaches and insomnia were more frequent with MAOI plus TCA therapy; and constipation was more frequent with TCA plus TCA therapy. There were no reported or observed hypertensive or serotonergic events. Implications/conclusions In contrast to conventional wisdom that combined TCA and MAOI therapy should be avoided, the judicious use of this combination may be relatively safe and effective compared with combined TCA plus TCA therapy. However, sample sizes were limited, and the analysis was nonrandomized and retrospective.
Manganese Cycling in the Oceans

Manganese (Mn) is an essential element for life. Although its concentration is at (sub)nanomolar levels throughout the ocean, it affects the oxygen concentration of the ocean because it is central to the photosynthetic formation of dioxygen, O2, in photosystem center II. Mn inputs into the ocean are from atmospheric transport of particles and their dissolution to form dissolved Mn, and from the flux of dissolved Mn from rivers, sediments and hydrothermal vents. The main removal mechanism is transport of particulate Mn from dust and organic matter to the sediments. The environmental chemistry of manganese centers on its +2, +3 and +4 oxidation states. Most recent data show that Mn(II) is dissolved, that Mn(IV) is particulate MnO2, and that Mn(III) can be particulate or dissolved when bound to organic complexes [denoted as Mn(III)-L]. Mn(II) is oxidized primarily by microbial processes whereas MnO2 is reduced by abiotic and biotic processes. Photochemical processing aids redox cycling in surface waters. In suboxic zones, which are defined as areas with dissolved O2 concentrations below 3 M, both oxidation and reduction processes can occur but usually at different depths. In suboxic zones, dissolved Mn is also released from organic matter during its decomposition and from MnO2 reduction.
Backup Source for Yaw Control System of Wind Farms by Reverse Power Transmission

Yaw control system is an important part of the wind turbine located in the typhoon-covered areas. It can reduce the ultimate load and fatigue load of the typhoons. Back-up power source is the foundation to ensure the normal operation of the yaw control system. This paper first explains different back-up source configurations and gives a detailed study on the centralized diesel generator configured in the set-up substation. A reverse power transmission test program is designed. The voltage and its spectrum of the bus are monitored. The harmonics problem is studied and the results indicate that the capacitance effect of the transmission cables can amplify the harmonic components of the exciting current of the transformer. Both theoretical analysis and simulation test are given to explain the cause of harmonics in the voltage. At last, an improved suggestion and countmeasure is provided.
Studying trauma: Indirect effects on researchers and self - And strategies for addressing them

Abstract Objective The goal of this article is to discuss and illustrate secondary trauma reactions resulting from conducting trauma research. Possible secondary trauma effects have been extensively recognized and documented in those indirectly exposed to traumatic experiences through their affiliation with direct victims; for example family members, first responders and health care professionals. However, recognition and the study of potential secondary traumatization as the result of involvement in trauma research have only recently begun to emerge. This article sought to review what we know and point to where we need to go to gain further and more nuanced understanding of vicarious negative and positive reactions to studying trauma in those directly exposed. Method Empirical literature published in English in peer reviewed journals about the prevalence, characteristics, manifestations, predictors and negative and positive effects of trauma practice and trauma research was reviewed and analyzed. Results The empirical evidence indicates that involvement in trauma practice and in all stages and aspects of trauma research has the potential to generate both negative and positive vicarious trauma reactions. Correlates of research-related trauma reactions include the types of population studied, the research methods employed, personal and professional background and characteristics. Conclusions Involvement in trauma research positions researchers, interviewers, transcribers and others involved at risk for vicarious negative trauma reactions as well as presents the potential for vicarious posttraumatic growth. Individual researchers and research institutes should take measures to minimize negative effects and foster the potential for positive effects. Future nuanced research should examine the effectiveness of such measures as well as seek more nuanced knowledge about differential effects of researching different types of trauma in different research capacities.
Effectively Using Machine Learning to Expedite System Level Test Failure Debug

In this contribution, a machine learning based algorithm to classify system level test failures is proposed. A system level test failure is first modeled as a point in a multidimensional feature space. Then, such failure is classified into a pre-determined failure class, using the multi-class Support Vector Machine classifier, via the one-versus-one approach. When the proposed algorithm is automatically applied to a population of failing system level test failures, defect part per million failure trends can be produced, and used to prioritize debug activities. The proposed algorithm was successfully implemented in the latest Intel®Xeon®14nm product line, with a classification accuracy of 80% and an average classification time of 20 seconds.
Immigration enforcement awareness and community engagement with police: Evidence from domestic violence calls in Los Angeles

Abstract The unwillingness of Latino and immigrant communities to interact with police or report crime is a recognized concern of the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD). Using data on calls for service dispatched to LAPD patrols from 2014 through 2017, we assess if heightened awareness of immigration enforcement, as captured by a novel Google Trends index on related searches, is associated with reduced calls to report domestic violence in predominately Latino noncitizen neighborhoods. We find that domestic violence calls per capita dropped in LAPD reporting districts with a higher concentration of Latino noncitizens as awareness about immigration enforcement increased. The decline provides empirical evidence of the “chilling effect” of immigration enforcement on Latino immigrant engagement with police, underscoring the need to engage communities increasingly alienated by federal immigration policy.
An Ecological Approach to Understanding Pervasive and Hidden Shame in Complex Trauma

Shame has been argued to be a core issue in complex trauma; however, few efforts have been put forth to systematically examine the conceptual and empirical evidence to support this claim. This revi...
The Moderating Effects of Social Support and Stress on Physical Activity in African American Women.

BACKGROUND African American women participate in less physical activity (PA), have higher rates of chronic disease, and report higher perceived stress relative to other race and sex demographic groups. PURPOSE Based on the stress-buffering hypothesis, this study tested the hypothesis that social support would buffer the negative effects of perceived stress on moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) under high, but not low, perceived stress. METHODS Participants were 143 African American women (mean [M] age = 43.94, standard deviation [SD] = 8.62; M body mass index = 37.94, SD = 8.11) enrolled in the Families Improving Together (FIT) for Weight Loss Trial. Average daily minutes of MVPA were obtained via 7 day accelerometer estimates at baseline and 8 and 16 weeks. RESULTS A multilevel growth model demonstrated a significant three-way interaction between stress, social support, and time (B = -0.31, standard error [SE] = 0.14, p = .03). Simple slopes analyses revealed that, at baseline, among participants with high social support (+1 SD), stress was positively associated with greater MVPA (B = 0.49, SE = 0.18, p = .008), whereas among participants with low social support (-1 SD), stress was not significantly associated with MVPA (B = -0.04, SE = 0.14, p = .81). However, at 8 and 16 weeks, stress was not significantly associated with MVPA for either high or low support groups. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight the importance of integrating constructs of stress and social support into future physical activity intervention programs for African American women and the need to evaluate changes in stress and social support longitudinally.
Lifting the Heavy Hand of Government: Lessons for West Germany from the American Experience

There is an economic strategy for expanding economic output without accelerating inflation. In the United States, it is called deregulation. Seen in a broader light, the American economic experience illuminates the proper, limited role of government in major industrialized economies. The history of modern nations in general demonstrates that capitalistic economies perform better than communist or socialist societies. And they provide their citizens with more personal freedom.