cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE ROLE OF CYSTEINE RESIDUES IN THE ERYTHROCYTE PLASMA MEMBRANE ANION EXCHANGE PROTEIN, AE1

AE1 (Band 3), a ≅110-kDa integral plasma membrane protein, facilitates the electroneutral movement of Cl− and HCO3−1 across the erythrocyte membrane and serves as the primary attachment site for the erythrocyte spectrin-actin cytoskeleton. In this investigation, we have characterized the role of native cysteines in the function of AE1. We have constructed a mutant version of human AE1 (AE1C− ) in which all five cysteines of AE1 were replaced with serines. Wild-type and AE1C− cDNAs were expressed by transient transfection of human embryonic kidney cells. Two of the mutated cysteines in AE1C− are in a region involved in ankyrin binding, and ankyrin binding has previously been shown to be sensitive to the oxidation state of these cysteines. However, the KD values for ankyrin binding by AE1 and AE1C− were indistinguishable, suggesting that AE1 cysteines are not essential components of the ankyrin-binding site. Using size exclusion chromatography, both AE1 and AE1C− were found to associate as a mixture of dimers and high molecular mass complexes. The rate of anion exchange by AE1C− , as measured in a reconstituted microsome sulfate transport assay, was indistinguishable from that by AE1 and was inhibited by 4,4′-diisothiocyanodihydrostilbene-2,2′-disulfonate. We conclude that the cysteines of AE1 are not required for the anion exchange or cytoskeletal binding roles of the protein.
CULTURAL EVOLUTION, SUICIDE AND HOMICIDE

The ratio of the suicide rate to the sum of the suicide and homicide rates was not associated with the population size or population density of a sample of nations in 1980
Recurrent bell's palsy: Analysis of 140 patients

Of 1,700 patients with facial paralysis seen in a retrospective study from 1969 through 1977 and 280 patients seen prospectively from 1983 through 1986, 7.1% had recurrence of Bell's palsy. In this group, the frequency of ipsilateral recurrence was equal to that for contralateral recurrence. The mean age at onset of Bell's palsy was 33.0 years; Bell's palsy recurred a mean of 9.8 years later. Recurrent facial paralysis did not indicate a worse prognosis for recovery regardless of which side was affected. There was no statistical difference between results for male patients or female patients, nor was there a statistically significant sex predominance, except in the age group 10 to 19 years. In our results, computed tomography (CT) scan in patients with recurrent Bell's palsy detected no facial-nerve neuroma. Of 77 patients followed a mean of 33 years after the first episode (range, 2.8 to 60 years), none showed progressive facial-nerve dysfunction or any signs of tumor. We conclude that an ipsilateral recurrence of facial paralysis without documented evidence of a tumor does not warrant a transmastoid decompression of the facial nerve. The results of our analysis were verified prospectively as well as retrospectively. A new classification system is introduced for ease of computer analysis and for simplified discussion of recurrent facial paralysis.
Retinal thickness measurements from optical coherence tomography using a Markov boundary model

Presents a system for detecting retinal boundaries in optical coherence tomography (OCT) B-scans. OCT is a relatively new imaging modality giving cross-sectional images that are qualitatively similar to ultrasound. However, the axial resolution with OCT is much higher, on the order of 10 /spl mu/m. Objective, quantitative measures of retinal thickness may be made from OCT images. Knowledge of retinal thickness is important in the evaluation and treatment of many ocular diseases. The boundary-detection system presented here uses a one-dimensional edge-detection kernel to yield edge primitives. These edge primitives are rated, selected, and organized to form a coherent boundary structure by use of a Markov model of retinal boundaries as detected by OCT. Qualitatively, the boundaries detected by the automated system generally agreed extremely well with the true retinal structure for the vast majority of OCT images. Only one of the 1450 evaluation images caused the algorithm to fail. A quantitative evaluation of the retinal boundaries was performed as well, using the clinical application of automatic retinal thickness determination. Retinal thickness measurements derived from the algorithm's results were compared with thickness measurements from manually corrected boundaries for 1450 test images. The algorithm's thickness measurements over a 1-mm region near the fovea differed from the corrected thickness measurements by less than 10 /spl mu/m for 74% of the images and by less than 25 /spl mu/m (10% of normal retinal thickness) for 98.4% of the images. These errors are near the machine's resolution limit and still well below clinical significance. Current, standard clinical practice involves a qualitative, visual assessment of retinal thickness. A robust, quantitatively accurate system such as the authors' can be expected to improve patient care.
Retinal oil globule counts and distributions in two species of turtles:Pseudemys scripta elegans (Wied) andChelonia mydas mydas (Linnaeus)

Abstract Colors, sizes and distribution of retinal oil globules differ in the two species of turtles investigated. While both species have the largest concentration of all globules in the central area,Pseudemys has an additional concentration in the inferior temporal area, and area which can participate in binocular vision.Chelonia has no such concentration. An explanation is suggested in terms of environmental adaptation.
Thermodynamic properties of two metal-rich tantalum sulfides: Ta2S and Ta6S

Abstract The incongruent vaporization reactions of Ta2S and Ta6S have been investigated by mass-loss effusion in the temperature range 1576 to 1902 K. By extrapolation of PS(obs) to equilibrium the enthalpies of the reactions 3 2 Ta 2 S(s) = 1 2 Ta 6 S(s) + S(g) and Ta6S = 6 Ta(s) + S(g) were found to be ΔH 0 298 R = 53.0(0.3) · 10 3 K and ΔH 0 298 R = 58.1(0.4) · 10 3 K , respectively. Comparison between the above values, determined by a 2nd law treatment, and 3rd law values was used to derive fef (“free energy function”) values for Ta and S in the compounds. These postulated fef's, which apply only to the elements as present in the compounds measured, are compared to tabulated quantities for the pure solid elements to provide a criterion for 2nd and 3rd law evaluation.
Synthesis and characterization of epitaxial YBa2Cu3O7−δ/KNbO3 thin‐film heterostructures

YBa2Cu3O7−δ/KNbO3 thin‐film bilayers have been deposited on (100) MgO using an in situ ion‐beam sputter‐deposition technique. X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy indicate that both films grow epitaxially. The KNbO3 grows with the [00l] direction perpendicular to the MgO substrate surface, and the YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) grows c‐axis oriented (00l) on the (00l) KNbO3 film. The YBCO films have transition temperatures as high as 85 K. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry indicates that there is no noticeable potassium diffusion into the YBCO film or MgO substrate. Transmission electron microscopy has been used to study the microstructural details of the interface. Despite the epitaxy of YBCO on KNbO3, a thin reaction layer exists at the interface. The reacted layer may possibly be eliminated by optimizing deposition parameters.
Abstract 1430: The role of IL27 as a driver of skin carcinogenesis.

Although the genetic components that drive carcinogenesis and the stem cell involvement in cancer initiation have been established, the mechanism through which the immune response/cytokine milieu within the tumor microenvironment promotes cancer formation and stem cell behavior is an exciting yet understudied area of research. This statement is specifically true with an important regulator of the immune response, IL27, which is known to have both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties. During an inflammatory response, IL27 has been shown to regulate two canonical cytokines IL10 and IL17, and to affect multiple inflammatory and infectious diseases. Yet, the function of IL27 at physiological levels during the instigation of carcinogenesis remains unknown. To determine the role of IL27 during the early stages of cancer formation, the well-established two step skin carcinogenesis model (DMBA followed by the promoter benzoyl peroxide (BP)) was used. Interestingly, mice that lack IL27 signaling (IL27RA-/-) are protected during the initiation of carcinogenesis as they have lower incidence of papilloma formation over time when compared to wildtype mice. Additionally, wildtype mice treated with IL27 via gene therapy have a higher incidence and develop more papillomas when compared to control counterparts. Bone marrow transfer studies showed that IL27 signaling in both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells is needed to drive skin carcinogenesis. Additionally, IL27 signaling induces loss of epithelial stem cell homeostasis/maintenance. In mice treated with DMBA/BP, 23% of the wildtype mice treated had ulcerations that failed to heal over time, while none of IL27RA-/- showed any defects in the skin. In mice that went under bone marrow transfer followed by DMBA/BP, 40% of wildtype ones developed severe skin ulcerations, while none of the IL27RA-/- developed any skin abnormalities. And lastly, mice undergoing the tumorigenesis protocol that were treated with IL27 developed hair loss, which was mirrored by loss of hair follicles. These phenotypes are like due to the loss of epithelial stem cell maintenance and/or homeostasis by IL27. These finding propose an unrecognized role of IL27 in promoting papilloma formation and disrupting epithelial cell maintenance and/or homeostasis. Citation Format: Denada Dibra, Melissa Newman, Jeffry Cutrera, Shulin Li. The role of IL27 as a driver of skin carcinogenesis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1430. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1430
Femtosecond Probing of Optical Phonon Dynamics in Quantum-Confined CdTe Nanocrystals

Quantum beats in the pump−probe spectra of aqueous CdTe quantum dots were observed after the resonant excitation of phonon wavepackets with femtosecond laser pump pulses. The beats have a frequency corresponding to longitudinal optical phonon modes and are coupled to an intrinsic exciton state (1S−2S3/2). We investigated how quantum confinement influences the properties of the wavepacket motion. Our results reveal that neither the exciton−phonon coupling strength nor the optical phonon frequencies are dependent on the size of the dots. However, the observed coherence dephasing times were strongly influenced by the size of the particles. This size-dependent loss of coherence in the phonon wavepacket is correlated with the hole relaxation to the band edge of the exciton state.
The effect of diffused surface layers and oxygen atmosphere on the development of fatigue striations and cracks in copper single crystals

Abstract The development of fatigue striations and crack initiation as a function of environment and surface conditions was studied. Fatigue tests were carried out in vacuum of 6 × 10 −8 torr and in oxygen at a pressure of 10 torr. In other fatigue tests, opposite surfaces of the crystals were altered by diffusing an evaporated layer of gold, 500 A thick, a short distance into the bulk crystal. Low, constant-strain amplitude cycling of the crystals produced many extrusions and intrusions on the surface near the fracture. In general, the surface of the uncoated crystals were similiar for fatigue in oxygen or in vacuum; however, fine structure on the extrusions was noted when the tests were carried out in vacuum. On the other hand, a thin diffused coating of solute changed the resulting surface structure considerably. Only a few striations were produced and in general the surface deformed elastically. Observations of the fracture surface revealed a highly deformed region below the solute affected surface layer. Extrusions originating from this region appeared on the fracture surface. Models are suggested for the production of extrusions and intrusions for both untreated and solute altered surfaces.
Image plane detector for Fabry–Perot interferometers: physical model and improvement with anticoincidence detection

Modern Fabry–Perot interferometers use image plane array detection to obtain the multiplex advantage. The imaging quality of these image plane detectors (IPD’s) limits their ultimate resolution and usefulness. The influence of pulse spreading on photon-counting IPD’s is investigated, first theoretically and then experimentally on real devices. The model developed in our study is in good agreement with laboratory measurements and suggests a more reliable technique to measure the blurring of the Fabry–Perot fringe caused by the IPD. Based on the model, an anticoincidence detection circuit is designed; the circuit is simple, greatly reduces the blurring, and increases the resolution of the IPD.
Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of the left bundle branch: an alternative modality of treatment for patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.

Abstract Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM), which is characterized by asymmetric septal and ventricular obstructive hypertrophy, is currently palliated with a number of pharmacological, electrical and surgical interventions. Although none of the methods have been successful in reducin the incidence of sudden death, most of the patients have shown significant symptomatic improvement. Currently, pacemaker implantation and surgical procedures have been offered only to those patients who do not respond to a medical line of treatment. Since obstructive pressure gradients correlate fairly well with the clinical condition of a patient, the principal aim of surgical or pacemaker therapy has been to reduce the left ventricular pressure gradient. Surgical procedure achieves this objective by septal myotomy and myectomy whereas pacemakers attain it by altering the sequence of electrical stimulation of the ventricles. A right ventricular pacing, which behaves like a left bundle branch block, is known to alter the pattern of interventricular septal contraction and hence delay the onset of mitral leaflet-septal contact. The latter has been implicated in the pathogenesis of subvalvar dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, which is the hallmark of this condition. Currently, radiofrequency ablation of the left bundle branch has been successfully carried out for patients with resistant macrore-entry ventricular tachycardia, I, therefore, propose that radiofrequency ablation of the left bundle branch be used as a palliative procedure of choice for patients with HOCM who are resistant to a medical line of treatment. This would result in left bundle branch block which in turn would cause an altered pattern of septal contraction resulting in the reduction or elimination of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Such a procedure theoretically appears more physiological, safer and cost-effective than surgery or dual chamber pacing which are being currently offered to patients who are resistant to drug therapy.
Some observations on the participant method

This paper assesses the participant method as a research design strategy and offers some observations on the utility of such an approach to research. In particular, the method is examined for its utility in theory testing and for providing a more substantial understanding of roles in political behavior. A typology of roles germane to the participant observation process is presented. The use of participant observation in political science is examined, and finally, some illustrations of the participant method are presented and analyzed.
The omega point as eschaton: Answers to Pannenberg's questions for scientists

. I present an outline of the Omega Point theory, which is a model for an omnipresent, omniscient, omnipotent, evolving, personal God who is both transcendent to spacetime and immanent in it, and who exists necessarily. The model is a falsifiable physical theory, deriving its key concepts not from any religious tradition but from modern physical cosmology and computer science; from scientific materialism rather than revelation. Four testable predictions of the model are given. The theory assumes that thinking is a purely physical process of the brain, and that personality dies with the brain. Nevertheless, I show that the Omega Point theory suggests a future universal resurrection of the dead very similar to the one predicted in the Judeo-Christian-Islamic tradition. The notions of “grace” and the “beatific vision” appear naturally in the model.
Comparison of increasingly detailed elicitation methods for the assessment of adverse events in pediatric psychopharmacology.

ABSTRACT Objective: To improve the gathering of adverse events (AEs) in pediatric psychopharmacology by examining the value and acceptability of increasingly detailed elicitation methods. Method: Trained clinicians administered the Safety Monitoring Uniform Report Form (SMURF) to 59 parents and outpatients (mean age ± SD=11.9 ± 3.2 years) in treatment, with 36% on stimulants, 29% on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor drugs, 10% on both, and 25% on other drug combinations. The SMURF included a brief general inquiry, a drug-specific inquiry, and a comprehensive body system review (BSR). Results: SMURF administration took 24.6 ± 13.9 minutes (median, 21). The BSR took 15.5 ± 8.1 minutes (median, 14) longer ( p n = 36), 19 (53%) were elicited by the BSR. The BSR length and detail were acceptable to parents but not to clinicians. Conclusions: The BSR elicited additional clinically significant AEs that had been missed with less detailed methods. Parents, but not clinicians, rated satisfaction and acceptability of the BSR as good.
The j-dependence of the (19F, 16O) reaction☆

Abstract The total angular momentum transfer (j) dependence was studied for orbital angular momentum transfers l = 1, 2, and 3 in the (19F, 16O) reactions on 28, 30Si and 60Ni. In contrast to the strong j-dependence for the l = 2 transitions to 31, 33P states, no distinct j-dependence was found for the l = 1 and l = 3 transitions to 63Cu states. Previously reported results for the 28 Si ( 19 F , 16 O) 31 P reaction were re-analyzed using optical-potential sets which fit the elastic-scattering data for both the entrance and exit channels. Results of DWBA calculations without use of spin-orbit potentials were found to be out of phase with the data for all l-transfers and the j-dependence could not be reproduced. Both of these problems were alleviated by including spin-orbit forces in the optical potentials. However, a good fit to the 28Si(19F, 16O)31P data was obtained only if the optical potentials that fit the elastic scattering data were modified for the exit channel.
Using “Bad” Undergraduate Research to Foster “Good” Attitudes

This paper postulates that having students engage in albeit limited and flawed research is a more effective way of changing attitudes than lecture or discussion. A common goal of the introductory linguistics course is to instill healthy language attitudes, but there is little extant research on the pedagogy of linguistics indicating how this may be accomplished. This case study presents an experimental design that allows students to develop empathy for speakers of stigmatized dialects and serves simultaneously to introduce students to the scientific method and to reinforce the idea of linguistics as a science. It offers ideas that instructors in any discipline dealing with multiculturalism may be able to adapt.
Spin-orbit perturbation of the anion states by a heavy cation in NaNO2:Ag+

Optical and ODMR studies of NaNO2: Ag+ crystals at T < 4.2 K have shown very selective spin-orbit perturbations on the properties of the nitrite triplet state T1, by the heavy cation dopant. The perturbed T1 — S0 transition shows mainly z-axis polarization associated with the τy spin state (z- and y-axes in-plane with the z-axis bisecting the ONO angle). The fine structure splitting constants for the perturbed T1 state are D = -3Y/2 = ± 15.508 GHz and E = (Z - X)/2 = ‡ .643 GHz.
Synthesis and crystal structure of the first “carbons apart” diamagnetic lutetiacarborane sandwich complex

Abstract The reaction of closo-exo-5,6-Na(THF)2-1-Na(THF)2-2,4-(SiMe3)2-2,4-C2B4H4 (1) and anhydrous LuCl3, in a molar ratio of 2:1, in dry benzene at 60 °C produced the first full-sandwiched lutetiacarborane complex, 2,2′,4,4′-(SiMe3)4-3,5′,6′-[(μ-H)3Na(THF)2]-1,1′-commo-Lu(η5-2,4-C2B4H4)2 (2), as an off-white crystalline solid in 88% yield.
Symptom Patterns among Youth Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence

Children and adolescents exposed to intimate partner violence display a broad range of symptoms. We sought to differentiate symptom patterns and predictors of these patterns using a person-oriented approach. Previous cluster analysis research of exposed youth was extended to include youth PTSD symptoms and trauma history. Participants were 74 mothers who had received a police call for domestic violence, and who had a child between 2 and 17 years old. Cluster analysis was used to identify four symptom patterns among exposed youth: Typical, Asymptomatic, General Distress, and Acute PTSD. These patterns were replicated in separate cluster analyses with younger and older participants. Symptom patterns were differentiated by maternal distress, maternal aggression, and youth trauma history, but not by male partner aggression. Implications for assessment and treatment of youth exposed to intimate partner violence, and suggestions for further research, are discussed.
CloudSat-Constrained Cloud Ice Water Path and Cloud Top Height Retrievals from MHS 157 and 183.3 GHz Radiances

Abstract. Ice water path (IWP) and cloud top height (ht) are two of the key variables in determining cloud radiative and thermodynamical properties in climate models. Large uncertainty remains among IWP measurements from satellite sensors, in large part due to the assumptions made for cloud microphysics in these retrievals. In this study, we develop a fast algorithm to retrieve IWP from the 157, 183.3 ± 3 and 190.3 GHz radiances of the Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS) such that the MHS cloud ice retrieval is consistent with CloudSat IWP measurements. This retrieval is obtained by constraining the empirical forward models between collocated and coincident measurements of CloudSat IWP and MHS cloud-induced radiance depression (Tcir) at these channels. The empirical forward model is represented by a look-up table (LUT) of Tcir–IWP relationships as a function of ht and the frequency channel. With ht simultaneously retrieved, the IWP is found to be more accurate. The useful range of the MHS IWP retrieval is between 0.5 and 10 kg m−2, and agrees well with CloudSat in terms of the normalized probability density function (PDF). Compared to the empirical model, current operational radiative transfer models (RTMs) still have significant uncertainties in characterizing the observed Tcir–IWP relationships. Therefore, the empirical LUT method developed here remains an effective approach to retrieving ice cloud properties from the MHS-like microwave channels.
Atlases of tree and bird species habitats for current and future climates

As human-induced climate change is increasingly recognized as a major player in the field of ecology, numerous studies have documented its impact on species, communities, and ecosystems. However, very few studies have systematically explored the impacts on a whole suite of species over a wide geographic region. In an effort to do so, we have developed two atlases (www/nrs.fs.fed.us/ atlas) related to 134 tree and 147 bird species of the eastern United States (nearly all species in the region with sampling and observations adequate for statistical modeling). The atlases provide distributional, ecological, and biological information on these species, as well as modelled results on current and potential future habitats.
“Surgical” Abdomen in a Patient with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: A Case of Acquired Angioedema

Introduction Acquired angioedema (AAE), an acquired deficiency of C1esterase inhibitor, is a medically treatable condition which can cause severe abdominal pain mimicking an acute surgical abdomen. This disorder is strongly associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and other indolent lymphoplasmacytic disorders.
Beyond strict illiteracy: abstracted learning among low-literate users

One of the greatest challenges in designing applications for developing communities is that potential users may have limited literacy. Past work in UI design for low-literate users has focused on illiteracy as the inability to read per se, with little recognition to other cognitive differences between literate and non-literate users.In this paper, we investigate the correlation between literacy and cognitive skills for conceptual abstraction using video-based skills training. We performed a controlled experiment that compared 28 non-literate and 28 literate participants from low-income communities in India. Results confirm that both the groups did worse when a skill required generalization from instructional material, compared with the case when instructional material was specifically and exactly tailored to the skill. Literate participants did better than non-literate participants all-around on this learning task. In addition, we found that diversification of examples within instructions helped literate participants in transfer of learning, but did not help non-literate participants. We conclude that ICT UI and content for low-literate users should be sensitive to issues beyond strict illiteracy, to additional cognitive differences among these users.
The nitrogen reaction between carbon saturated Iron and Na2O-SiO2 Slag: Part 1. Thermodynamics

The nitrogen partition ratio between Na2O-SiO2 slags and carbon saturated iron was measured for slags containing from 0.4 to 0.55 mole fraction of Na2O and the temperature range 1200° to 1350 °C. The nitrogen is dissolved in the slag as the cyanide ion (CN−) and the partition ratio is proportional to the oxygen pressure to the −1/4 power as predicted for CN− dissolution. The oxygen pressure for carbon saturated iron silicon alloys is controlled by the Si (metal)-SiO2 (slag) equilibrium. The nitrogen partition ratio and the cyanide capacity increase with Na2O content and temperature. Calculations indicate that Na2O-SiO2 slags will absorb three times more nitrogen than CaO-Al2O3 slags at the same basicity and temperature. Based on thermodynamic calculations it is estimated that for a typical Na2CO3 hot metal treatment, half of the nitrogen in the metal could possibly be removed.
V-Forward Stress and V-Reverse Screen for Monitoring and Early Identification of Schottky Reliability

Low-power Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs), when used to sense memory cells, can be a reliability concern in bipolar random access memory (RAM). A V-forward stress is effective for monitoring SBD reliability, and a V-reverse screen is effective for identifying potential fails. V-forward stress fails can be modeled as a lognormal distribution in time and a limited percent defective with an Arrhenius temperature dependency.
Source Repeatability of Time‐Lapse Offset VSP Surveys for Monitoring CO 2 Injection

The sources of time-lapse offset vertical seismic profiling (VSP) surveys should be located exactly at the same positions to reliably monitor reservoir changes due to CO2 injection. However, there is often some uncertainty in source locations during time-lapse data acquisitions. We use double-difference tomography and downgoing waves of time-lapse offset VSP data to invert for the source locations and the velocity structures simultaneously. We use synthetic data for validation and apply doubledifference tomography to time-lapse offset VSP data acquired at the Aneth oil field in Utah for monitoring CO2 injection. Our synthetic studies demonstrate that doubledifference tomography can accurately invert for VSP source locations. Our results of Aneth field data show that real source locations of time-lapse offset VSP surveys are separated up to a few tens of meters. Accounting for these source location differences can improve reliability of timelapse VSP monitoring.
High-resolution photoemission study of the electronic structure of the noble-metal (111) surfaces.

High-resolution angle-resolved photoemission studies of the (111) surfaces of copper, silver, and gold are reported which investigate in detail the properties of the intrinsic surface states located in the projected sp-band gaps at the center of the surface Brillouin zones. Accurate two-dimensional energy dispersion relations are reported for each surface state and are quantified in terms of effective masses at the surface Brillouin-zone center. The masses for the three metals are found to be remarkably similar when normalized to the effective mass of the lower edge of the bulk continuum. The decay length of the surface state wave function into the surface was determined for all three surfaces. These results are expressed in terms of an effective mass of the complex dispersion relation within the projected band gap. In accord with our previous results on the copper state, these effective masses are found to be anomalously large by approximately a factor of 2 relative to expectations based on effective mass theory coupled to first-principles bulk band calculations. An explanation of this anomaly involving the nonorthogonality of effective-mass-theory-derived states is explored. All experimental results are compared to the predictions of recent self-consistent surface electronic structure calculations for these surfaces.
SU-E-T-641: Incorporation of Non-Uniform Segment Sampling Into Fluence-Map Based VMAT Planning

Purpose: VMAT has been widely used due to enhanced delivery efficiency with high angular coverage. However, general VMAT optimized by single aperture at the control points cannot meet sufficient intensity modulation in some directions. To improve the plan quality over the limit, this work proposes to use the non‐uniform segments sampling for VMAT planning by fluence‐map based optimization approach. Methods: Reweighted L1‐minimization can optimize the fluence‐map for VMAT as it successfully eliminates unnecessary information by further simplifying the fluence‐map. To increase the connectivity of adjacent fluence‐maps for VMAT planning, this study considers the similarity of neighboring fluence‐maps by combining the simple penalized term with the reweighted L1‐minmization. Importantly, instead of taking one segment uniformly, the non‐uniform segments sampling that takes additional segment at certain directions is introduced to enhance the plan quality for VMAT plans. To choose the appropriate directions giving great benefits in plan quality from the additional segment, we sequentially quantified the respective cost at a specific field by adding extra segment to the field. The extra segments were assigned to 6 to 8 field directions with the lowest costs, which were redistributed into adjacent fields and linked by linear interpolation for VMAT delivery. Prostate patient data was employed to evaluate and compare the uniform/non‐uniform segment sampled VMAT in plan quality and treatment time. Results: Introducing the additional term into optimization effectively enhanced the similarity of adjacent fluence‐maps, which were used to form uniform/non‐uniform segments sampled VMAT plans. Significantly, non‐uniform sampling VMAT formed by assigning 8 segments to the 8 chosen fields has better dose conformity to the target (0.8245 to 0.8409) than uniform sampled VMAT plan at the small expense of the estimated treatment time (63s to 65s). Conclusion: Fluence‐map based VMAT planning incorporated by non‐uniform segments sampling can achieve efficient VMAT plan with enhanced plan quality.
Plasma vitamin D-binding protein and risk of heart failure in male physicians.

Previous studies have suggested that vitamin D deficiency might contribute to the pathogenesis of heart failure (HF); however, limited data are available on the association of vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP)—a major transport protein for vitamin D—and the development of HF. Thus, we investigated whether plasma VDBP is inversely associated with HF risk. Using a prospective nested case-control design, we selected 464 cases and 464 matched controls from the Physicians' Health Study for the present analyses. VDBP was determined using an enzyme-linked immunoassay. Self-reported HF was obtained through annual follow-up questionnaires and validated in a subsample by a review of the medical records. We used conditional logistic regression analyses to compute the adjusted odds ratios. The mean age was 58.6 years, and the median VDBP was 307.8 μg/ml (interquartile range 265.2 to 354.6). Plasma VDBP was not associated with HF in our study. Across the consecutive quintiles of VDBP, the odds ratio was 1.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] reference), 1.05 (95% CI 0.66 to 1.65), 1.28 (95% CI 0.80 to 2.06), 1.07 (95% CI 0.65 to 1.75), and 1.28 (95% CI 0.76 to 2.15); p for linear trend = 0.41, after adjustment for matching factors, body mass index, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, hypertension, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. In conclusion, our data have shown no significant association between the plasma levels of VDBP and HF risk in apparently healthy male physicians.
Dental hygienists in nontraditional settings: practice and patient characteristics.

The dental hygienist's role in the treatment of special populations in nontraditional settings is an important one. Little is known about the hygienist's practice characteristics in these settings, nor about the patients receiving care. To gain needed information, a representative sample of the entire population of licensed hygienists in the United States was screened (n = 38,380). This screening identified 1,205 hygienists practicing in nontraditional settings. These hygienists were sent comprehensive questionnaires examining practice and patient characteristics. Completed questionnaires were returned by 1,016 (84.3%) hygienists. This report describes reported hygiene practice characteristics; hygienist interactions with patients and providers; and patient characteristics, including age, medical/emotional/social conditions, and dental treatment needs. Major findings of respondents' reports reveal that: 1) approximately 90 percent of patients were in need of dental/dental hygiene services with approximately one in four requiring only dental hygiene services; 2) the dental hygienists perceived a high level of acceptance of their role by patients and providers; 3) the majority of patients treated were categorized as generally medically healthy (65.7%); and 4) the clinical practice of dental hygiene in nontraditional settings mirrors that of private practice.
The diagnostic role for susceptibility-weighted MRI during sporadic hemiplegic migraine.

BackgroundHemiplegic migraine is a rare form of migraine with aura that includes motor weakness. Diagnosis during the first episode can be difficult to make and costly, especially with the sporadic form.CasesOur study evaluates the ictal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of four sequential pediatric patients during a first-time, sporadic hemiplegic migraine. Susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) revealed cerebral venous prominence and increased magnetic susceptibility affecting brain regions that corresponded with each patient’s neurologic deficits. Repeat MRI (performed in three patients) following migraine recovery demonstrated resolution of all susceptibility abnormalities.ConclusionWhen combined with conventional MRI sequences, SWI has diagnostic value in the acute setting of motor weakness and with clinical features consistent with hemiplegic migraine. The sequence may help to further characterize ictal cerebral blood flow changes during the hemiplegic migraine aura.
Carbon isotopic composition and lattice-bound carbonate of Peru-Chile margin phosphorites

New light-stable carbonate-carbon isotope and lattice-bound CO2 data from Quaternary Peru-Chile margin phosphatic nodules, crusts and pelletal grains, and from associated dolomicritic concretions, are presented, which provide constraints on the timing and mechanisms of growth of these phases in organic carbon-rich sediments. Comparison of δ13C values from carbonate fluorapatite (CFA) nodules and pelletal grains (−4.8 to 0.0‰ and −2.9 to +1.0‰ PDB, respectively) with pore-water total dissolved δ13C values from these sediments suggests early authigenic CFA precipitation from pore waters within a few centimeters of the sediment-water interface in association with suboxic to perhaps anoxic microbial degradation of organic matter. In contrast, the dolomicritic cores of nodules recovered from about 12°S display both strongly negative to positive δ13C values (−10.8 to +6.1‰) characteristic of formation deeper in the sediments in association with methanogenic and perhaps sulfate reduction microbial processes. The amount of structural carbonate in CFA suggests that carbonate substitution generally increases as δ13C in CFA decreases, a probable consequence of increasing carbonate and accompanying charge-balancing substitutions in the CFA lattice in response to increasing pore-water carbonate ion concentrations with depth below the sediment-water interface. In one buried upward-growing nodule, decreasing CFA δ13C and increasing structural CO2 also correspond to decreasing CFA growth rates. These data suggest that in addition to other constraints such as pore-water phosphorus and fluoride availability, the lower limit of CFA precipitation in suboxic to anoxic sediments may be controlled by lattice poisoning due to excessive dissolved carbonate ion concentrations. In organic-rich Peru-Chile margin sediments this depth threshold appears to be at approximately 5–10 cm below the sediment-water interface where maximum CFA CO2 contents of about 6 Wt.% occur; in less organic-rich settings, greater depths of precipitation of CFA may be anticipated. Below this relatively shallow depth of CFA precipitation on the Peru shelf, high pore-water alkalinity and associated elevated total dissolved carbon and carbonate ion concentration apparently favor the precipitation of authigenic carbonates.
Gay and lesbian Christians : Homosexual and religious identity integration in the members and participants of a gay-positive Church

In this study we explore individual 's experiences of identity integration between their sexual orientation and religious beliefs. Using both qualitative and quantitative research methods, we examined identity integration in forty members and participants of the Metropolitan Community Church of New York (MCC/NY), a gay-positive church located in Mid-town Manhattan. The survey and interview data collected showed that: (1)a majority of the research participants reported that they had successfully integrated their homosexual and religious identities, (2) being integrated was related to higher role involvement at MCC/NY, being a member of the church, attending more MCC/NY worship services and activities/ministries, and attending MCC/NY for more years, (3) lesbians were less likely than gay men to report past conflict between their identities, and more likely to report being fully integrated, and (4) MCC/NY played an important role in helping these participants achieve integration between their homosexual and religious identities.
Adaptation of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to the quantitative analysis of abscisic acid

Abstract We have developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the quantitative analysis of abscisic acid (ABA). The method is based on competitive binding between free and enzyme-labeled antigen with antibodies. Anti-ABA antibodies were produced in rabbits against a conjugate of human serum albumin and ABA. The antibodies were adsorbed on polystyrene microtiter plates. Free and alkaline-phosphatase-labeled ABA competed for binding sites on the antibody. Bound enzyme activity was colorimetrically determined after addition of the p-nitrophenyl phosphate substrate. Sample ABA concentrations are calculated based on an inverse relationship between enzyme activity and ABA concentration. Absorbance was linear between 25 pg and 250 ng ABA/assay. The sensitivity of the assay, 25 pg, is comparable to the radioimmunoassay and other established chromatographic methods for ABA detection. Partially purified plant extracts showed parallelism with ABA standards. The technique is sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive. However, the need for partial sample purification is still a hindrance to the speed of the method.
Direct Simulation of Early-Stage Sec-Facilitated Protein Translocation

Direct simulations reveal key mechanistic features of early-stage protein translocation and membrane integration via the Sec-translocon channel. We present a novel computational protocol that combines non-equilibrium growth of the nascent protein with microsecond timescale molecular dynamics trajectories. Analysis of multiple, long timescale simulations elucidates molecular features of protein insertion into the translocon, including signal-peptide docking at the translocon lateral gate (LG), large lengthscale conformational rearrangement of the translocon LG helices, and partial membrane integration of hydrophobic nascent-protein sequences. Furthermore, the simulations demonstrate the role of specific molecular interactions in the regulation of protein secretion, membrane integration, and integral membrane protein topology. Salt-bridge contacts between the nascent-protein N-terminus, cytosolic translocon residues, and phospholipid head groups are shown to favor conformations of the nascent protein upon e...
RELATIONSHIPS OF INSTRUMENTAL TEXTURAL PROPERTIES AND MUSCLE FIBER TYPES TO THE SENSORY PROPERTIES OF BEEF

Longissimus muscle steaks from 94 cattle were used to determine the relationship between sensory tenderness ratings and instrumental textural properties of beef and to determine the role of muscle fiber type characteristics to sensory and instrumental textural properties. It was determined that ease of fragmentation, amount of detectable connective tissue, and tenderness ratings were all measurements of the same attribute. Peak load was found to be the best predicator of tenderness and the use of additional instrumental textural properties in regression equations did not substantially improve predictability. White muscle fiber characteristics were found to be positively correlated to sensory tenderness ratings.
Convenient determination of concentration and energy in deep‐level transient spectroscopy

For defects or impurities with deep energy levels, such as the commonly observed EL2, EL3, and EL6 in GaAs, it is very important to take account of the so‐called λ effect in order to deduce the correct concentrations of these centers when using capacitance techniques. By measuring capacitance at several forward bias voltages for a given reverse bias voltage it is possible to determine concentration NT and energy ET without requiring the usual emission rate analysis. Convenient formulas for NT and ET are given, although only NT can be determined with a high degree of precision. The results for an n‐type horizontal Bridgman wafer (n≂2.8×1016 cm−3) are: NEL2=(1.14±0.02)×1016 cm−3, EEL2(377 K)=0.71±0.06 eV; NEL6=(8.0±0.5)×1015 cm−3, EEL6(167 K)=0.42±0.09 eV.
Determinants of Pharmacologic Treatment Failure in Panic Disorder

Background We systematically assessed reasons for failure of pharmacologic treatment for panic disorder in patients referred to a specialty anxiety and mood disorders clinic and examined possible determinants of treatment-resistant panic disorder. Method Interview data were obtained from 106 patients with DSM-III-R panic disorder seen in consultation. Data for each of 252 past medication trials included dose, duration of treatment, side effects, outcome, and reason for discontinuation. T tests and chi-square analyses were used to compare demographic and clinical characteristics of patients failing versus responding to adequate trials and those with and without intolerable medication side effects. Results Of 252 medication trials, 190 used effective antipanic medications, and only 59 (23%) were adequate in dose and duration. The most common reason for treatment failure was intolerable side effects, occurring in 51 (27%) of 190 trials using effective antipanic medications. Patients discontinuing treatment due to adverse effects had higher Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety scores and were less likely to have a history of substance abuse. Discontinuation due to side effects was significantly more common with tricyclic antidepressants than with benzodiazepines. True treatment resistance was reported in 14 (24%) of 59 adequate medication trials. Treatment-resistant patients were younger and had a higher lifetime rate of major depression. Conclusion Although use of ineffective medications or inadequate trials were important factors, the most common reason for treatment failure was side effects, especially with tricyclic antidepressants. True treatment resistance was less common, since few medication trials were adequate in dose and duration, and may be associated with comorbidity.
Simulated Effects of Quarry Dewatering Near a Municipal Well Field

The City of Columbus, Ohio, obtains nearly 15 percent of its municipal water supply from four radial-collector wells located along the Scioto River and Big Walnut Creek. Upstream from the three wells located adjacent to the Scioto River are five uncontrolled landfills and two aggregate mines that operate quarry-dewatering systems. Flow paths along which leachate could migrate from the landfills, under existing conditions and under various hypothetical conditions related to the cessation of quarry dewatering, were simulated with a two-layer, steady-state, ground-water flow model incorporating spatially variable recharge, transmissivity, and hydraulic conductivity. The model was calibrated with two sets of water-level data and with the results of a seepage study along the Scioto River and Scioto Big Run. Results of simulations indicate that water levels near the quarries and landfills will rise to an altitude sufficient to saturate some of the landfill wastes. Predicted flow directions associated with all the hypothetical conditions indicate that leachate migrating from the landfills will not discharge directly into the capture zones of the collector wells; rather, the leachate will be diverted into one or the other quarry-dewatering systems and/or into the Scioto River. The model simulations also indicate that approximately 60 percent of the ground water discharged within the study area is by quarry dewatering, and about 13 percent of the yield of the collector wells under normal pumping rates is from induced stream infiltration.
Spacer-defined double patterning for 20nm and beyond logic BEOL technology

Spacer-defined double patterning was investigated as a patterning option for 20/14-nm logic technology's back-end-of-line (BEOL), and compared with the double patterning options of front-end-of-line (FEOL). Negative spacer-defined double patterning was used to provide less overlay impact and variable CD control on the metal lines compared with other double patterning techniques. Block lithography as a 2nd exposure was able to maintain better tip-to-tip and tip-to-line fidelity by forming lines that behave as a additive etch block. SiO 2 spacer was directly deposited on resist core-mandrel via a low-temperature deposition process. Resist integrity was optimized through aerial image and mask optimization as well as resist selection processes. Design decomposition of the BEOL layout was identified as a major challenge in enabling the spacer-defined double patterning. Finally, successful integration of the patterning into the BEOL device was demonstrated.