cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eye Tracking the Face in the Crowd Task: Why Are Angry Faces Found more Quickly?

Among a crowd of distractor faces, threatening or angry target faces are identified more quickly and accurately than are nonthreatening or happy target faces, a finding known as the “face in the crowd effect.” Two perceptual explanations of the effect have been proposed: (1) the “target orienting” hypothesis (i.e., threatening targets orient attention more quickly than do nonthreatening targets and (2) the “distractor processing” hypothesis (i.e., nonthreatening distractors paired with a threatening target are processed more efficiently than vice versa, leading to quicker detection of threatening targets). Using a task, with real faces and multiple identities, the current study replicated the face in the crowd effect and then, via eye tracking, found greater support for the target orienting hypothesis. Across both the classical search asymmetry paradigm (i.e., one happy target in a crowd of angry distractors vs. one angry target in a crowd of happy distractors) and the constant distractor paradigm (i.e., one happy target in a crowd of neutral distractors vs. one angry target in a crowd of neutral distractors), fewer distractors were fixated before first fixating angry targets relative to happy targets, with no difference in the processing efficiency of distractors. These results suggest that the face in the crowd effect on this task is supported to a greater degree by attentional patterns associated with properties of target rather those of the crowd.
The rochester tandem accelerator mass spectrometry program

Abstract A description is given of the present apparatus at Rochester for measuring the long-lived cosmogenic radioisotopes 10Be, 14C, 36Cl, 41Ca, and 29I, and an all-electrostatic analysis system for mass independent quark searches. New results are presented for measurements of 36Cl in Greenland ice, detection of 36Cl with a terminal voltage of 3 MV, detection of artificial 41Ca at the 10−12 level, and separation of 98Tc and 98Mo for use as a solar neutrino detector.
Proteoglycans and pattern formation: sugar biochemistry meets developmental genetics

While it has been long appreciated that sugar-modified proteins coat the cell surface, their functions are poorly understood. Here, I describe recent genetic studies that demonstrate that one class of sugar-modified proteins, cell-surface proteoglycans, play crucial roles in morphogenesis, growth regulation and tumor suppression. Mutations that affect individual proteoglycans or the enzymes required for glycosaminoglycan synthesis regulate Wingless and Decapentaplegic signaling in Drosophila, and body size in mice and humans. Compromising proteoglycan function is also associated with the development of Wilm's tumors and hereditary multiple exostoses. In this review, these biological findings are placed in the context of proteoglycan biochemistry and molecular function.
Non-spherical contributions to the vacancy formation energy

Abstract A linear response formalism is presented which allows the calculation of the non-spherically symmetric (angular momentum index, l ≠ 0) response to a random external charge perturbation when the spherically symmetric response is available. This procedure is applied to the problem of the energy of vacancy formation so that the electron charge depletion in the vicinity of vacancy is taken into account. The non-spherical contribution to the energy formation for the alkali metals is estimated and found to be non-negligible.
A new analysis of pressure decline for acid fracturing

Conventional pressure-decline analysis has been used successfully to determine the in-situ fluid-loss coefficients and fracture geometries of minifracture tests or full-scale hydraulic fracturing. However, it fails to interpret the pressure-decline data of acid fracturing because it has a different fluid-loss mechanism and a short testing time. This paper presents a new pressure-decline analysis for full-scale acid fracturing or acid minifracturing to estimate fluid-loss coefficients and evaluate fracture geometries for the Perkins-Kern-Nordgren (PKN) model. The models established after shut-in have comprehensively taken into consideration the influences of compressibility and thermal expansion of fluids (waste acid and CO{sub 2} gas produced by reaction) and the rock volume etched away by acid. The effects of formation temperature and reaction heat are also taken into account in this analysis. The analytical solution derived by Nordgren for large fluid-loss is used to calculate the fracture-width distribution along a fracture. The short-test-time data for acid fracturing can be interpreted as a simulation technique used in analyzing. The comparison of the results of conventional analysis and this new analysis for field test data shows that the conventional analysis causes a {minus}56.2% error in the fluid-loss coefficient and underestimates the fluid-loss. The relative errors of the conventional analysismore » for estimating fluid efficiency and hydraulic-fracture length and width occur 186.2%, 220.8%, and 16.5% respectively. The 3 cases studied were one oil formation and two gas reservoirs.« less
Beta-carotene therapy for erythropoietic protoporphyria and other photosensitivity diseases.

Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation or visible light can have profound effects on the skin of a susceptible individual. The harmful effects of the sunburn spectrum (290–320 nm) are well known. In addition, there are several diseases associated with sensitivity to visible light. An example of one of these diseases is erythropoietic protoporphyria, in which sensitivity to visible light (380–560 nm) is a cardinal sympton. Until recently, no satisfactory way existed for preventing the sensitivity to visible light characteristic of prophyria other than to avoid light exposure. Sunscreens effective in preventing abnormal reactions to light of the sunburn spectrum are ineffective for the prevention of sensitivity to visible light. Observations that the carotenoid pigments of green plants and photosynthetic bacteria played an important role as protective agents against photosensitization by the organisms’ own chlorophyll led to the suggestion that these pigments might be of benefit in the treatment of photosensitive diseases characterized by sensitivity to visible light. In this chapter we will discuss the studies in bacteria, plants, and animals that led to the use of carotenoid pigments in the treatment of human photosensitivity, and briefly discuss the clinical pharmacology of the carotenoid pigments. The reader is referred to the books by Karrer and Jucker (1), Goodwin (2), and Isler (3) for a detailed discussion of the chemistry of the carotenoid pigments.
The invisibility of nursing: implications from an analysis of National Cancer Institute-designated comprehensive cancer center web sites.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To identify the degree of oncology nursing representation on public Web sites of the National Cancer Institute (NCI)-designated comprehensive cancer centers (CCCs) in the United States. DESIGN Qualitative, descriptive. SETTING Web sites. SAMPLE 40 CCCs. METHODS Using the Google search engine, a query was undertaken using the term National Cancer Institute-designated comprehensive cancer center. The search resulted in linkage to the site www.cancer.gov, which provided Web site addresses for 40 CCCs. The CCCs were classified into five categories based on the degree of nursing representation evident throughout each Web site. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Presence and quality of four themes in the Web site specific to oncology nursing activity at the CCC: (a) recognition of nursing on the CCC home page; (b) citations and/or descriptions of nursing personnel, programs, or recognitions within the Web site; (c) existence of a dedicated nursing Web page; and (d) acknowledgment of the chief nursing officer at the CCC. FINDINGS Only 2 of the 40 CCCs revealed broad representation of oncology nursing throughout their Web site. Nearly 63% of CCC Web sites had no or minimal content about nursing. CONCLUSIONS Public Web sites offer important information to patients with cancer, their families, and the general public. The absence of nursing in lay-oriented media devalues oncology nurses' highly specialized knowledge and skill. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Considerable opportunity exists to enhance the public's awareness of the scope and complexity of contemporary oncology nursing within the 40 CCCs in the United States. Omission of positive messages about nurses' work in hospital-related media misleads the public that nurses are not integral members of the multidisciplinary team. With the continued absence of both descriptive and results-oriented work quantification, oncology nurses will remain unable to communicate their worth to the public, nor take credit for their care.
MAGNETIC FIELD CONFINEMENT IN THE SOLAR CORONA. I. FORCE-FREE MAGNETIC FIELDS

Axisymmetric force-free magnetic fields external to a unit sphere are studied as solutions to boundary value problems in an unbounded domain posed by the equilibrium equations. It is well known from virial considerations that stringent global constraints apply for a force-free field to be confined in equilibrium against expansion into the unbounded space. This property as a basic mechanism for solar coronal mass ejections is explored by examining several sequences of axisymmetric force-free fields of an increasing total azimuthal flux with a power-law distribution over the poloidal field. Particular attention is paid to the formation of an azimuthal rope of twisted magnetic field embedded within the global field, and to the energy storage properties associated with such a structure. These sequences of solutions demonstrate (1) the formation of self-similar regions in the far global field where details of the inner boundary conditions are mathematically irrelevant, and (2) the possibility that there is a maximum to the amount of azimuthal magnetic flux confined by a poloidal field of a fixed flux anchored rigidly to the inner boundary. The nonlinear elliptic boundary value problems we treat are mathematically interesting and challenging, requiring a specially designed solver, which is described in the Appendix.
Conference on African Armies in Politics and Nation-Building

This two-day conference, co-sponsored by Georgetown's Summer School and Center for Strategic and International Studies, was attended by 150 people interested in this important subject. Directed by Dr William H. Lewis and Dr James D. Farrell, the conference brought together authorities on African political and military affairs for an open discussion of the present and possible future roles of the military in African politics.
Stepping into the Madness: On Being Sceptical, Doing Justice, and Hoping Against Hope

This essay finds room for scepticism in the context of a Reformed understanding of how we come to know, and participate in, the work of God in the world. To disallow scepticism in the face of the impossible things God has promised is to impede the work of bringing God’s Kingdom to earth as it is in heaven. This work is done only when we step into that which is beyond anything we can ask or imagine. I develop this argument first by considering how we might do a better job of including and conversing with sceptics in our midst. I then explore three theological themes in the Reformed tradition that suggest the potential value of scepticism. Finally, I suggest that scepticism secures a place for wonder in the face of God’s Kingdom, a place from which we can effectively work for God’s impossible promises to come to fruition.
Nonprecious catalytic honeycombs structured with three dimensional hierarchical Co3O4 nano-arrays for high performance nitric oxide oxidation

A new type of noble metal-free catalytic honeycomb has been successfully developed by rational assembly of hierarchical Co3O4 nano-arrays on three dimensional ceramic honeycomb substrates. Different cobalt precursors were found to induce different assembly fashions for Co3O4 nano-array growth. Different Co3O4 growth mechanisms including “dumbbell aggregation” and “elongation–splitting” have been proposed to interpret the morphology evolution. The Co3O4 nano-array based catalytic honeycombs exhibit high performance catalytic NO oxidation with conversion efficiency as high as 80% at 275 °C. Such catalytic honeycombs were able to sustain their high NO conversion under either cyclic or long term steady isothermal operation and demonstrate excellent temperature fluctuation adaptability. The NO conversion capability of Co3O4 nano-arrays was determined by the amount of Co3+ on the surface, which acts as the active sites. Increased surface area enabled by small grain size and porous nature of nanowires promotes low temperature NO conversion. Thermal annealing at different temperatures was demonstrated to tune the porosity, grain size and thus the surface area of Co3O4 nano-arrays, which further influence the catalytic activity.
Dipolar resonances in the plane-wave scattering by an axially magnetized ferrite column with a perfectly conducting core

The scattering of E-polarized plane waves by an infinitely long, axially magnetized ferrite cylinder with a perfectly conducting cylindrical core at its center is investigated for the case in which the radius of the ferrite column is small in comparison with the wavelength of the incident wave. The total scattering cross section is found to have maxima at two resonant frequencies whose approximate expressions in terms of the physical parameters are deduced. The dependence of the sharpness of the resonances on the radius of the ferrite column is also examined.
The dissociation of the attachment and ingestion phases of phagocytosis by macrophages.

Abstract A procedure is described for the separate examination of the attachment and ingestion stages of particle uptake by peritoneal macrophages. This system makes use of the unique properties of aldehyde treated red blood cells (GRC). “Attachment”, expressed at GRC/macrophage, increased linearly with the GRC load, was temperature dependent and did not require the presence of added serum or divalent cations. “Percentage ingestion”, defined as ingested GRC/total ingested and attached, decreased with load but remained constant within a range of 0.5–2.0 GRC/macrophage. Ingestion was also temperature dependent, but required the presence of serum and divalent cations. Differences in the behaviour of attachment and ingestion toward temperature were also noted. These results support the discrete nature of the attachment and ingestion steps in phagocytosis by macrophages.
Immunologic and genetic characterization of lipooligosaccharide variants in a Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C strain.

Abstract Neisseria meningitidis shows great variation in expression of structurally different lipooligosaccharides (LOS) on its cell surface. To better understand the LOS diversity that may occur within an individual strain, a group C wild-type strain, BB305-Tr4, and two stable isogenic LOS variants, Tr5 and Tr7, were selected for this study. SDS–PAGE analysis showed a size reduction of Tr5 and Tr7 LOS compared to that of Tr4. Immunoblotting showed that parental Tr4 LOS reacted with L1, L2 and L3,7 antibodies, variant Tr5 LOS with L1 and L6 antibodies, while Tr7 LOS was non-typeable. Genetic analysis showed that the gene organization at the lgt-1 locus in the three strains was lgtZ , C , A , B , H4 in Tr4, lgtZ , C , A , H4 in Tr5 and lgtZ , C , A , H9 in Tr7. The genetic differences in the three strains were consistent with their phenotypic changes. Sequence comparison revealed two independent recombination events. The first was the recombination of repeated DNA fragments in the flanking regions to delete lgtB in Tr5. The second was the recombination of a fragment of two genes, lgtB and lgtH4 , to create an inactive lgtH9 allele with a mosaic structure in Tr7. These findings suggest that besides phase variation, homologous recombination can contribute to the genetic diversity of the lgt locus and to the generation of LOS variation in N. meningitidis .
A density functional study of tetranitromethane

Abstract The structure and vibrational frequencies are calculated for tetranitromethane in conjunction with a 6-31G* basis set. The structural parameters obtained from density functional theory are compared to the more conventional SCF and MP2 methods and to experimentally determined values. It was found that molecular geometries were best calculated using MP2, local and hybrid density functional methods. The non-local density functional methods produced unacceptably long values for the C–N bonds. Hybrid density functional theory produced the best vibrational frequencies when they were scaled with the factors proposed by Wong.
CP-154,526, a CRF type-1 receptor antagonist, attenuates the cue-and methamphetamine-induced reinstatement of extinguished methamphetamine-seeking behavior in rats.

Rationale Previous studies from our laboratory and others have indicated a role for the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in the extinction/reinstatement animal model of cocaine relapse Objective This present study was designed to investigate the potential role for the HPA axis in the cue- and methamphetamine-induced reinstatement of extinguished methamphetamine-seeking behavior by determining the effects of ketoconazole and the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRF) type 1 receptor antagonist, CP-154,526, on these behaviors. Materials and methods Male Wistar rats were trained to self-administer methamphetamine (0.03 mg/kg/infusion). The delivery of methamphetamine was paired with the presentation of a tone and the illumination of a house light. Once stable responding was reached, the rats were placed into extinction. The effects of pretreatment with ketoconazole (25, 50, or 100 mg/kg, i.p.) or CP-154,526 (20 or 40 mg/kg, i.p.; 3 μg, i.c.v) on cue-induced reinstatement were then evaluated. Results Cue-induced reinstatement was not significantly attenuated by pretreatment with peripherally administered CP-154,526 or by pretreatment with ketoconazole. However, centrally administered CP-154,526 (3 μg, i.c.v.) significantly attenuated cue-induced reinstatement. In a separate group of rats, CP-154,526 (20 mg/kg, i.p.) attenuated methamphetamine-induced reinstatement (0.12 mg/kg priming infusion); whereas a higher dose (40 mg/kg) was necessary to attenuate reinstatement induced by a priming infusion of 0.24 mg/kg/infusion. Ketoconazole (50 mg/kg) did not affect reinstatement induced by a 0.12 mg/kg priming infusion and, therefore, was not tested at the higher methamphetamine priming dose. Conclusions These data suggest an important role for CRF in the cue- and methamphetamine-induced reinstatement of extinguished methamphetamine-seeking behavior.
GLC Determination of Fluorouracil

A GLC assay method for fluorouracil, based on the flash-methylation technique using trimethylanilinium hydroxide, was developed. It is a convenient, rapid, and sensitive method for the determination in urine and other biological fluids. An ion-exchange recovery method was also developed, using a combination of strong acid and weak base resins and elution from the latter with aqueous ethanolic ammonia.
Switching Activity as a Test Compaction Heuristic for Transition Faults

The switching activity of scan-based tests for delay faults is considered as a test compaction heuristic. Two test compaction processes based on the switching activity are described. The results of several experiments are presented where test sets consisting of tests with different switching activity are compared based on their size as well as coverage of untargeted faults. The results demonstrate that test sets where the tests have higher switching activity are smaller. Their untargeted fault coverage is comparable, and sometimes even higher, than that of larger test sets for the same target faults. To avoid overtesting due to high switching activity it is possible to consider functional broadside tests. For other types of tests it is possible to bound the switching activity such that it would not exceed that possible during functional operation.
Longitudinal phase space tomography at the SLAC gun test facility and the BNL DUV-FEL

The Gun Test Facility (GTF) and the accelerator at the DUV-FEL facility are operated as sources for high brightness electron beams; the first for the Linac Coherent Light Source project and the latter driving an FEL using High Gain Harmonic Generation (HGHG) in the UV. For both accelerators, projections of the longitudinal phase space on the energy coordinate were obtained by varying the phase of an accelerating structure after the gun and measured with a downstream spectrometer dipole. Using an algebraic reconstruction technique (ART), the longitudinal phase space at the entrance to the varied accelerating structure could be reconstructed over a large range of charge from 15 pC to 600 pC.
Minimizing Silver-Silver Chloride Electrode Impedance

We sought to minimize silver-silver chloride electrode impedance by chemical treatment. Chloriding pure silver electrodes lowered the impedance, as noted by Geddes [1]. Immersing the chlorided electrodes in photographic developer lowered the impedance further, as noted by Marmont [2]. A second layer of silver chloride did not result in any further reduction in impedance, as hypothesized.
Participant experiences in peer- and clinician-facilitated mental health recovery groups for veterans

Objective The purpose of the study was to characterize and compare participants' experiences of peer-facilitated versus clinician-facilitated recovery groups for veterans with mental illness. Method We analyzed qualitative data from 24 interviews with veterans who participated in mental health recovery groups led by peer or clinician facilitators. Results Subtle differences in group structure, participation/communication and utility/relevance between peer- and clinician-facilitated groups were identified. Participants experienced both peer and clinician facilitators as helpful in promoting recovery, though they appeared to do this in different ways. Conclusions and implications for practice Peer and clinician facilitators offer different strengths in the promotion of mental health recovery.
Effects of Noise on the Spike Timing Precision of Retinal Ganglion Cells

Information in a spike train is limited by variability in the spike timing. This variability is caused by noise from several sources including synapses and membrane channels; but how deleterious each noise source is and how they affect spike train coding is unknown. Combining physiology and a multicompartment model, we studied the effect of synaptic input noise and voltage-gated channel noise on spike train reliability for a mammalian ganglion cell. For tonic stimuli, the SD of the interspike intervals increased supralinearly with increasing interspike interval. When the cell was driven by current injection, voltage-gated channel noise and background synaptic noise caused fluctuations in the interspike interval of comparable amplitude. Spikes initiated on the dendrites could cause additional spike timing fluctuations. For transient stimuli, synaptic noise was dominant and spontaneous background activity strongly increased fluctuations in spike timing but decreased the latency of the first spike.
Vibrio furnissii: an Unusual Cause of Bacteremia and Skin Lesions after Ingestion of Seafood

Vibrio furnissii in the blood is rarely reported, which may explain why clinical features of bloodstream infections with this organism have not been described. We describe a patient who developed skin lesions and V. furnissii bacteremia and was successfully treated with fluoroquinolones. V. furnissii may be a serious pathogen in patients with underlying comorbidities who are exposed to seafood.
The design and operational characteristics of the CP&L/EPRI fish barn: a demonstration of recirculating aquaculture technology.

The Carolina Power & Light Company, in conjunction with the Electric Power Research Institute of Palo Alto, California has developed a commercial fish production demonstration utilizing water reuse technology developed at the North Carolina State University Fish Barn. The fish production system is housed in a 39.6 m long by 9.75 m wide barn structure located on the campus of North Carolina State University in Raleigh, NC. Fish production activities began in the spring of 1998. The facility is designed to produce 45 tonnes of fish annually, with the first crop being tilapia. The project is being operated as a public demonstration of this technology, with biological, engineering and economic data being collected by research and extension personnel at North Carolina State University. This paper outlines the design of the recirculating system technology used to recycle water through the main fish production tanks.
Long-term effects of combination treatment with fludarabine and low-dose pulse cyclophosphamide in patients with lupus nephritis

OBJECTIVES: To determine the safety and efficacy of a short course of fludarabine combined with cyclophoshamide in lupus nephritis. METHODS: A phase I/II open label pilot study. Thirteen patients with active proliferative lupus nephritis received monthly oral boluses of low-dose cyclophoshamide (0.5 gm/m(2) on day 1) and subcutaneous fludarabine (30 mg/m(2) on days 1-3) for 3-6 cycles. Concomitant prednisone was aggressively tapered from 0.5 mg/kg/day to a low-dose, alternate-day schedule. Patients were followed for at least 24 months after therapy. The primary outcome was the number of patients achieving renal remission defined as stable creatinine, proteinuria <1 gm/day and inactive urine sediment for at least 6 months. RESULTS: The study was terminated early because of bone marrow toxicity. Eleven patients who received at least three cycles were evaluated for efficacy. Ten patients improved markedly with seven patients achieving complete remission and three patients achieving partial remission. There were three serious haematological adverse events during the treatment with one death due to transfusion-associated graft vs host disease. Profound and prolonged CD4 (mean CD4: 98/microl at 7 months and 251/microl at 12 months) and CD20 lymphocytopenia was noted in most patients. Three patients developed Herpes zoster infections. CONCLUSIONS: A short course of low-dose fludarabine and cyclophoshamide can induce long-lasting remissions in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis, but severe myelosuppression limits its widespread use.
Socioeconomic Factors, Intermediate Variables and Fertility in Bangladesh

Cumulative fertility as measured by deviation from the natural fertility schedule is determined more by intermediate variables such as child mortality the use of supplementary food lactation and husbands absence than by the practice of fertility control using modern contraceptive methods. Socioeconomic factors such as education urban residence and the possession of household assets though differentiating these intermediate variables of fertility do not have direct effects on cumulative fertility among the sample of Bangladeshi women in the Bangladesh Fertility Survey. The effect of age controlling for the effect of these intermediate variables remains strongly negative suggesting an early onset of subfecundity. The implications of these findings for fertility trends and differentials in recent decades are discussed. (Authors)
BEHAVIOR AND PERESTROIKA

The field of behavior analysis progressively has expanded its horizons. In the 1930s and 40s, it focused on molecular responses of birds and small mammals. The 1950s and 60s witnessed an expansion to consideration of primate behavior, including that of humans. The 1970s and 80s experienced the behavioral community psychology emphasis, which investigated behavior and its controlling contingencies within the context of the social network that characterizes· communities. As the 1990s begin, behavior analysis has matured to the point where it can go beyond Skinner's early discussions of large scale social processes (1953, 1971), and consider, in increasingly sophisticated manners, the contingencies that societies impose on their members and the functional relationship of these contingencies to the behavior of their constituents. The interest in behavior analysis on a societal level has been manifested in two directions. Some writers have developed cogent theoretical perspectives and general analyses. Malagodi (1986), Malott (1988), Segal (1987), and Glenn (1986, 1988) exemplify this focus. Glenn, in particular, has been working systematically to integrate behavioral theory with cultural materialism, an anthropological perspective developed by Harris (1979). Other writers, observing the aetna! developments in the world, have been drawn to the widespread social, political, and economic modif"tcations that have been implemented by various socialist countries. Lama!, for example, analyzed the contingencies extant in China (1984) and I have focused on Hungary (Rakos, 1988a) and on socialism in general (Rakos, 1988b, 1989, in press), prompting lively debate with Uhnan (1988, 1989). The two articles -in this section continue this latter emphasis by presenting behavior analyses of -~oviet society before, and then under, the perestroika (economic restructuring) that was implemented in the mid 1980s. Mikhail Gorbachev's foreign and domestic policy initiatives have captured the imagination and admiration of statesmen and women, and of ordinary citizens, throughout the world. The Soviet Union is, of course, the most important socialist player in global political and economic manuevers, though China will no doubt
For Trayvon Martin

Continuing Laurel Richardson’s call to use writing as my method and specifically utilizing poetic inquiry, “For Trayvon Martin” represents my interpretation of this tragedy filtered through a lens shaped by an epistemology of color, the history of racism, and local and national news reports both in print and on-line, as well as informal conversations with a wide variety of family, friends, and colleagues. The work’s theoretical frame incorporates critical pedagogy, critical race theory, and imagination-intellect theory. This piece investigates the impact of racial profiling and a Stand your Ground law supposedly designed to protect Florida citizens who are instead falling victim to it.
Role of Endothelial NO Synthase Phosphorylation in Cerebrovascular Protective Effect of Recombinant Erythropoietin During Subarachnoid Hemorrhage– Induced Cerebral Vasospasm

Background and Purpose— In the present study, the effect of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) on the phosphorylation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and the ability of recombinant erythropoietin (Epo) to augment this vasodilator mechanism in the spastic arteries were studied. Methods— Recombinant adenoviral vectors (109 plaque-forming units per animal) encoding genes for human Epo (AdEpo), and β-galactosidase were injected immediately after injection of autologous arterial blood into the cisterna magna (day 0) of rabbits. Cerebral angiography was performed on day 0 and day 2, and basilar arteries were harvested for Western blots, measurement of cGMP levels, and analysis of vasomotor functions. Results— Injection of autologous arterial blood into cisterna magna resulted in significant vasospasm of the basilar arteries. Despite the narrowing of arterial diameter and reduced expression of eNOS, expressions of phosphorylated protein kinase B (Akt) and phosphorylated eNOS were significantly increased in spastic ...
The product replacement algorithm is polynomial

The product replacement algorithm is a heuristic designed to generate random group elements. The idea is to run a random walk on generating /spl kappa/-tuples of the group, and then output a random component. The algorithm was designed by C.R. Leedham-Green, and further investigated by F. Cellar et al. (1995). It was found to have an outstanding performance, much better than the previously known algorithms (P. Diaconis and L. Saloff-Coste, 1996). The algorithm is now included in two major group algebra packages: GAP (M. Scheonert et al., 1995) and MAGMA (W. Bosma et al., 1997). In spite of the many serious attempts and partial results, the analysis of the algorithm remains difficult at best. For small values of /spl kappa/, even graph connectivity becomes a serious obstacle. The most general results are due to Diaconis and Saloff-Coste, who used a state of the art analytic technique to obtain polynomial bounds in special cases, and (sub)-exponential bounds in the general case. The main result of the paper is a polynomial upper bound for the cost of the algorithm, provided /spl kappa/ is large enough.
A Revision of the North American Spider Genus Anachemmis Chamberlin (Araneae, Tengellidae)

Anachemmis Chamberlin is revised, and contains five species from California, Arizona, and Sonora that are hypothesized to represent the sister group of the Appalachian genus Liocranoides Keyserling. The male of the southern Californian type species, A. sober Chamberlin, is described for the first time, as are both sexes of four new species: A. linsdalei from northern and central California, A. jungi from caves in Inyo County, California, A. aalbui from in and near caves in San Bernardino County, California, and A. beattyi from Arizona and Sonora.
Three types of postsynaptic glutamatergic receptors are activated in DMNX neurons upon stimulation of NTS

While it is widely accepted that parasympathetic activity plays a significant role in cardiovascular, bronchomotor, and gastrointestinal function, little is known about the synaptic control of parasympathetic vagal neurons. In this study, we identified the neurotransmitter(s) and postsynaptic responses in dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMNX) neurons upon stimulation of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). Neurons were visualized in rat brain stem slices, and perforated patch-clamp techniques were used to record postsynaptic currents. NTS stimulation activated glutamatergic currents in DMNX that were separated into N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA components using D-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate and 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, respectively. The non-NMDA component was further characterized using cyclothiazide and concanavalin A to block desensitization of DL-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) and kainate receptors, respectively. Cyclothiazide increased the postsynaptic amplitude, whereas concanavalin A augmented duration, suggesting kainate, but not AMPA, currents are curtailed by desensitization. High frequency stimulations did not alter synaptic efficacy. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the existence of a monosynaptic glutamatergic pathway from NTS that activates NMDA, kainate, and AMPA postsynaptic receptors in DMNX neurons.
Asbestos induces apoptosis in human alveolar macrophages

Asbestos refers to a group of fibrous minerals implicated in the development of several lung diseases, including fibrosis (asbestosis), cancer, and malignant mesothelioma. Although major health risks exist in occupationally exposed individuals, low-level exposures of asbestos may still contribute to health problems. The mechanism by which asbestos causes lung disease is not clearly understood but has been proposed to involve the alveolar macrophage (AM). We propose that asbestos induces apoptosis of AM, resulting in the development of an inflammatory state. In this study, we examined two forms of asbestos, chrysotile (CHR) and crocidolite (CRO), along with a control fiber, wollastonite (WOL), to characterize their relative cytotoxicity and ability to stimulate apoptosis in vitro. AM were cultured for 24 h with these particulates and examined for cell viability (trypan blue exclusion) and apoptosis (morphology, levels of cytosolic oligonucleosomal DNA fragments, and DNA ladder). In the absence of a decrease in cell viability, both CHR and CRO produced changes in cell morphology consistent with apoptosis. In addition, levels of cytoplasmic oligonucleosomal DNA (Cell Death Detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) were significantly enhanced for CHR (3-25 micrograms/ml) and CRO (25-75 micrograms/ml) in a dose-dependent manner (a process that was inhibitable by 10 microM Z-Val-Ala-Asp fluoromethyl ketone, an interleukin-converting enzyme inhibitor). In contrast, WOL (up to 400 micrograms/ml) produced no significant DNA fragmentation in a 24-h culture. Neither CHR nor CRO caused DNA ladder formation in 24-h cell cultures. However, in 48-h cell cultures, both CHR- and CRO-exposed cells, but not WOL, resulted in the formation of DNA ladders characteristic of apoptosis. In summary, these results suggest that, unlike nonfibrogenic particulates, low doses of asbestos fibers cause apoptosis in cultured human AM that may be an early step in the development of lung fibrosis.
Quasi-periodic occurrence of earthquakes in the 1978-1986 Bishop-Mammoth Lakes sequence, eastern California

Abstract In December 1984, Ryall and Hill noted that the five principal events in the Bishop-Mammoth Lakes earthquake sequence occurred at intervals of about 1.5 yr with a standard deviation for an individual event of 0.25 yr. Some data selection was involved in identifying the principal events, although the choices seemed reasonable. The recent Chalfant Valley earthquake ( M L = 6.4; 21 July 1986) followed the last prior principal event in the Bishop-Mammoth Lakes sequence by 1.65 yr, and no important activity intervened except one aftershock from the prior event. Thus, the Chalfant Valley earthquake could have been forecast from the observed periodicity. However, the precision of the forecast (±0.8 yr for the 95 per cent confidence interval) is not sufficient to furnish convincing evidence that the Bishop-Mammoth Lakes sequence is quasi-periodic. Extrapolation of the trend established by the six previous events suggests that the next event in the Bishop-Mammoth Lakes sequence would be expected in December 1987 ± 0.7 yr (95 per cent confidence interval). The regularity of the Bishop-Mammoth Lakes sequence is comparable to that of the Parkfield, California, sequence (average interevent interval 20.8 yr with a standard deviation for an individual interval of 6.2 yr). Both sequences consist of six events. There is a plausible physical explanation for the periodicity observed at Parkfield; such an explanation for the Bishop-Mammoth Lakes sequence is lacking.
A chemically defined medium for growth of animal cells in suspension.

SummaryA chemically defined medium is described that supports the growth of L, HeLa, monkey kidney, rat spleen, guinea pig kidney, and cat kidney cells in continuous suspension culture. Cell populations of 2.0 × 106 per ml to 3.1 × 106 per ml were obtained. The complete medium contains 33 components plus antibiotics and phenol red. The requirement for each component was determined for growth of a cat kidney cell line.
Heteroepitaxial Growth of InP on GaAs with Interface Layer Grown by Flow-Rate Modulation Epitaxy

We have grown and characterized heteroepitaxial films of InP on GaAs. We demonstrate that by using flow-rate modulation epitaxy to grow the interface layer in a two-step process, we can improve the quality of heteroepitaxy films. The full-widths-at-half-maximum of the x-ray rocking curve and the 10-K photoluminescence spectrum for a 6.2-μm-thick InP/GaAs are 144 arcsec and 1.28 meV, respectively.
Abstract 4268: Resistance to growth inhibition by transforming growth factor-beta is associated with activation of the PI3K-Akt pathway in HPV16-immortalized human keratinocytes at late stages of in vitro progression.

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-s) plays a vital role in embryonic development, cell proliferation, inflammation and wound repair. The Smad proteins are the central mediators of TGF-s signal transduction. However, recently several non-Smad pathways (ex., Erk, Jnk, p38 MAPK, PI3K-Akt) have been determined to play key roles in TGF-s signaling. TGF-s signaling is often disrupted in cancer, including cervical cancer. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the main etiological agent in cervical cancer. HPV type 16 (HPV16)-immortalized human keratinocytes (HKc/HPV16) are initially very sensitive to growth inhibition by TGF-s. However, HKc/HPV16 become increasingly resistant to TGF-s during in vitro progression, and are completely resistant to TGF-s-induced growth inhibition at late-stages of transformation, when they exhibit a differentiation resistant phenotype (HKc/DR). Although HKc/DR are completely resistant to the growth inhibitory effects of TGF-s, some Smad signaling remains. A reporter construct containing tandem repeats of Smad binding elements was induced by TGF-s in HKc/DR at about 50% of the level observed in HKc/HPV16. Furthermore, TGF-s was capable of inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in HKc/DR. To further explore TGF-s signaling in HKc/HPV16 and HKc/DR, we used phospho specific antibody microarrays from Full Moon BioSystems. These arrays feature phospho and non-phospho pairs of specific antibodies pertinent to the TGF-s pathway. Protein extracts from HKc/HPV16 and HKc/DR untreated or treated for 90 min with 40 pM TGF-s were compared on the antibody microarrays. Activation of the Akt pathway by TGF-s was observed in HKc/DR but not in HKc/HPV16. Similarly, PI3K and mTOR showed activation by TGF-s in HKc/DR but not HKc/HPV16. We conclude that TGF-s signals primarily through Smad-dependent pathways to inhibit cell proliferation in HKc/HPV16, but that non-canonical (non-smad) signaling through the PI3K-Akt-mTOR axis predominates in HKc/DR. Citation Format: Rupa Velidandla, Gehana Vaswani, Sangeeta Kowli, Lucia Pirisi-Creek, Kim E. Creek. Resistance to growth inhibition by transforming growth factor-beta is associated with activation of the PI3K-Akt pathway in HPV16-immortalized human keratinocytes at late stages of in vitro progression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4268. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4268
The Rational Reuse of Retired Radar

The Anti Radiation Missmil(ARM) is a kind of main weapon in modern war.The most effect way to anti ARM is using the decoy system.This paper discusses the components and principle of the decoy system of ARM,and the effect guide application principles of this decoy system under some given conditions.On the other hand,introduces the performance index of this remake system,and discuss some necessary key problems to solve in develop process.
Flow rate distribution of the unsteady flow of power law fluid in eccentric annuli with the inner cylinder reciprocating axially

We have established the governing equations, initial and boundary condition equations, and instantaneous flow rate formula of unsteady flow of the power law fluid in eccentric annuli with the inner cylinder reciprocating axially in bipolar coordinate system in this paper, and introduced, on the basis of these equations and formulas, a numerical method of calculating the instantaneous flow rate distribution of the unsteady flow of the power law fluid in eccentric annuli with the inner cylinder reciprocating axially. As to the aqueous solution of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamides(HPAM), the instantaneous flow rate distribution is calculated, and the distribution curves are plotted. Analyses indicate that the eccentricity and stroke of the inner cylinder are the main factors that affect the instantaneous flow rate distribution.
Exploring Tor’s Activity Through Long-Term Passive TLS Traffic Measurement

Tor constitutes one of the pillars of anonymous online communication. It allows its users to communicate while concealing from observers their location as well as the Internet resources they access. Since its first release in 2002, Tor has enjoyed an increasing level of popularity with now commonly more than 2,000,000 simultaneous active clients on the network. However, even though Tor is widely popular, there is only little understanding of the large-scale behavior of its network clients. In this paper, we present a longitudinal study of the Tor network based on passive analysis of TLS traffic at the Internet uplinks of four large universities inside and outside of the US. We show how Tor traffic can be identified by properties of its autogenerated certificates, and we use this knowledge to analyze characteristics and development of Tor’s traffic over more than three years.
Abstract 4704: The evaluation of INCB059872, an FAD-directed inhibitor of LSD1, in preclinical models of human small cell lung cancer

Methylated histone marks on H3K4 and H3K9 are generally coupled with transcriptional activation and repression, respectively. Altered levels of these histone methylation marks lead to abnormal gene expression and are associated with oncogenesis. Lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) catalyzes demethylation of mono and di-methylated lysine 4 and 9 of histone H3 via an FAD-dependent redox-process. Deregulated LSD1 activity perturbs normal gene expression and can lead to cellular transformation. In particular, the function of LSD1 has been reported to maintain stem cell-like gene expression patterns in various cancers, most notably small cell lung cancer (SCLC), a cancer type that is characterized by a highly undifferentiated state and with high unmet medical need. INCB059872 is a potent, selective and orally bioavailable inhibitor of LSD1 that achieves inhibitory activity through the formation of covalent FAD-adducts. The effect of INCB059872 in SCLC cell lines was assessed in vitro and in vivo. In these studies, the proliferation of a panel of SCLC cell lines was inhibited by INCB059872, with EC50 values ranging from 47 to 377 nM. Non-tumorigenic cells, such as IL-2 stimulated T cells from normal donors, by contrast, were significantly less sensitive with IC50 values > 10 μM. Oral administration of INCB059872 on once daily (QD) and alternative day (QoD) dosing regimens inhibited tumor growth in the NCI-H526 and NCI-H1417 human SCLC xenograft models. Consistent with previous reports, INCB059872 treatment in these models led to the induction of the FEZ1 and UMODL1 genes relative to vehicle-treated animals, as part of a gene signature in SCLC cell lines that is predictive of LSD1 responsiveness. Moreover, serum levels of the neuroendocrine marker pro-GRP were markedly reduced at all efficacious dosing regimens in the NCI-H1417 human SCLC xenograft model, suggesting that serum pro-GRP levels could be used as a surrogate pharmacodynamic marker of LSD1 inhibition. Currently, the efficacy of INCB059872 in combination with standard of care therapies for SCLC is under evaluation in these preclinical models. These data support the clinical evaluation of INCB059872 in patients with SCLC. Citation Format: Sang Hyun Lee, Xuesong Mike Liu, Melody Diamond, Valerie Dostalik, Margaret Favata, Chunhong He, Liangxing Wu, Richard Wynn, Wenqing Yao, Gregory Hollis, Reid Huber, Peggy Scherle, Bruce Ruggeri. The evaluation of INCB059872, an FAD-directed inhibitor of LSD1, in preclinical models of human small cell lung cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4704.