cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuronal Homeostasis in Mammalian Olfactory Epithelium: A Review:

The neuronal lineage of the olfactory epithelium (OE) is a cell lineage that includes the neuronal stem cell and its progeny (ultimately the mature olfactory receptor neuron [ORN]). Recent studies, including further characterization of the neuronal lineage of the OE, and of factors that influence proliferation, survival, and death of cells of this lineage, have contributed significantly to understanding of neuronal homeostasis, i.e., normal maintenance of neuronal number, in mammalian OE. Our recent studies indicate that in adult mice, all cell types of the neuronal lineage of the OE-neuronal precursors, immature ORNs and mature ORNs-undergo constitutive death, i.e., a normal, basal level of cell death, that is characteristic of programmed cell death or apoptosis. To some extent, constitutive cell death in this lineage may reflect random environmental insults; however, this may also be the result of an ongoing developmental program that acts to control both numbers and phenotypic organization of olfactory neurons. Although a variety of extrinsic and intrinsic factors are likely to contribute to cell death in the neuronal lineage of the OE, most have not been thoroughly studied. Detailed analysis of one of these factors, effects of target deprivation, suggests that survival of individual cell types of the neuronal lineage of the OE may be differentially regulated with mature ORNs, but not immature ORNs or neuronal precursors, dependent upon the olfactory bulb for their survival. Factors normally provided to cells of the ORN lineage, as in other neuronal systems, are likely to promote survival by inhibiting an endogenous genetic program of cell death. Whether candidate polypeptide growth factors, e.g., the neurotrophins, or other pharmacological inhibitors ofapoptosis will eventually play a role in the treatment of specific anosmias remains to be deter-mined.
An inexpensive, microcomputer-based, video densitometer for quantitating thin-layer chromatographic spots.

Abstract An inexpensive video densitometer based on an Apple II microcomputer using commercially available components was developed. The device was used to quantitate charred lipid and colored spots on thin-layer chromatography plates. The method is useful for lipid samples weighing 0.1 to 4 μg on high-performance plates and 1 to 20 μg on ordinary plates. The software automatically corrects for baseline drift due to dirt or nonuniformity in the plate.
Gastric Secretory and Mucosal Injury Response to Severe Head Trauma

The problem of gastric secretory and mucosal injury response was evaluated in 19 patients who had suffered a severe head injury. Fifteen of 19 patients had some evidence of gastrointestinal hemorrhage. In 7 cases, this was marked. The mean volume of gastric secretions ranged from 36.4 ml/hour on Day 1 to 47.6 ml/hour on Day 6. The mean value of titratable acidity ranged from 3.4 meq/hour on Day 1 to 3.9 meq/hour on Day 6. Possible risk factors were analyzed as a means of predicting specific subgroups of severely injured patients who would be more prone to have gastrointestinal complications. During the first 6 days after injury, there was no significant association (correlation coefficient not significant at the 0.05 level of significance) of the presence of an intracranial mass lesion, elevated intracranial pressure, brain stem dysfunction or prior episodes of hypotension or hypoxia, sepsis, shock, or the requirement for pressor agents with elevated gastric acid output, mucosal erosion, or hemorrhage. Because no specific risk factor or factors could be identified, all severely brain-injured patients should be on some form of therapy for the prevention of gastrointestinal complications.
Dimethylthiourea prevents hydrogen peroxide and neutrophil mediated damage to lung endothelial cells in vitro and disappears in the process

Abstract Dimethylthiourea (DMTU) progressively disappeared following reaction with increasing amounts of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in vitro. DMTU disappearance following reaction with H2O2 was inhibited by addition of catalase, but not aminotriazole-inactivated catalase (AMT-catalase), superoxide dismutase (SOD), mannitol, benzoate or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in vitro. By comparison, DMTU disappearance did not occur following addition of histamine, oleic acid, elastase, trypsin or leukotrienes in vitro. Addition of DMTU also decreased H2O2-mediated injury to bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (as reflected by LDH release) and DMTU disappeared according to both added amounts of H2O2 and corresponding degrees of injury. DMTU disappearance was also relatively specific for reaction with H2O2 in suspensions of endothelial cells where it was prevented by addition of catalase, but not AMT-catalase or SOD and did not occur following sonication or treatment with elastase, trypsin or leukotrienes. Addition of washed human erythrocytes (RBC) also prevented both H2O2 mediated injury and corresponding DMTU decreases in suspensions of endothelial cells. In addition, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and normal neutrophils, but not O2 metabolite deficient neutrophils from patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), caused DMTU disappearance in vitro which was decreased by simultaneous addition of catalase, but not SOD, sodium benzoate or DMSO. Finally, addition of normal neutrophils (but not CGD neutrophils) and PMA caused DMTU disappearance and increased the concentrations of the stable prostacyclin derivative (PGF1α) in supernatants of endothelial cell suspensions. In parallel, DMTU also decreased PMA and neutrophil-mediated PGF1α increases in supernatants from endothelial cell monolayers. Our results indicate that DMTU can decrease H2O2 or neutrophil mediated injury to endothelial cells and that simultaneous measurement of DMTU disappearance can be used to improve assessment of the presence and toxicity of H2O2 as well as the H2O2 inactivating ability of scavengers, such as RBC, in biological systems.
Seasonalities and intraday return patterns in the foreign currency futures market

Abstract This study extends daily returns research in foreign currencies by focusing upon an intraday analysis of futures prices from the International Monetary Market (IMM). We find that insignificant daily returns are generally the result of significant negative returns overnight (when measured relative to the dollar) and significant positive returns during the trading day. The strengthening of foreign currencies intraday is concentrated during the opening hour, as well as during the last two hours of the U.S. trading day. Several other anomalies are found when hourly returns are examined. We propose a transactions hypothesis (reflective of relative country trading patterns) which is consistent with most of the return patterns uncovered.
Isolation of anaerobes using an oxygen reducing membrane fraction: experiments with acetone butanol producing organisms

Abstract A sterile, oxygen consuming membrane fraction derived from Escherichia coli makes possible the development of new techniques for the isolation of oxygen sensitive bacteria. The membrane fraction removes oxygen rapidly and completely from a variety of bacteriological media. The membrane fraction is active over a broad pH (4–9.5) and temperature (5–65°C) range. It is not toxic to bacteria and cultures of anaerobic bacteria can be initiated from very small inocula in media made anaerobic by the use of the membrane fraction. The utility of isolation techniques using the membrane fraction was illustrated by examining 64 soil samples for the presence of acetone butanol producing anaerobes. These organisms were found in 84% of the samples. Forty-nine strains were ultimately isolated. They all produced acetone and butanol in quantities similar to that produced by a reference laboratory strain. We conclude that techniques for the isolation of anaerobes based on the use of the oxygen consuming membrane fraction are simple, efficient and likely to be applicable to other organisms from a variety of anaerobic environments.
Exploiting the wisdom of the crowd: localized, distributed information-centric VANETs [Topics in Automotive Networking]

Beyond the initial focus on vehicular safety application, there is considerable scope for the development of other information-rich applications, which can provide convenience and comfort features to drivers and passengers. We argue that an Internet-like end-to-end networking framework might not always be the best fit for the unique nature of vehicular application - spatially and temporally localized, dynamic, and data-intensive. In this research challenge article, we propose a top-down framework called Information- Centric Networking on Wheels to develop a generic network architecture supporting futuristic information-rich VANET applications, ranging from location-based services to real-time audio/video transfer. The key design philosophy of our proposed framework is that VANET communication is scoped by three key characteristics of information relevance: space, time, and user interest. Using this philosophy, we advocate the development of protocols for information dissemination and management that allow for localized in-network operations. An important feature of the proposed IC NoW framework is that protocols and applications are implemented in a distributed manner using local decision rule sets, taking into account fresh local information. We also pay special attention to ensure the proposed framework is easy to interface with existing cellular infrastructure, whenever needed. This framework enables modular design, facilitating easy application development and creating a smooth migration path during the deployment evolution path.
LACK OF ASSOCIATION BETWEEN RETROSPECTIVELY COLLECTED PHARMACY REFILL DATA AND ELECTRONIC DRUG MONITORING OF ANTIRETROVIRAL ADHERENCE

Antiretroviral medication refill adherence has not been compared directly to electronic drug monitoring (EDM) in any identifiable published study. We retrospectively studied adults with undetectable HIV titers on highly active antiretroviral therapy. We used Pearson correlation coefficients and receiver operating characteristic curves to relate the two adherence measures, and we used the Wilcoxon rank-sum test to assess the relation between adherence and viral load. In sixty-five subjects, the majority of whom were African American and male with median age of 44 years, pharmacy refill adherence was difficult to collect retrospectively, was not significantly correlated with EDM adherence, and was not significantly related to viral load. Ninety-day supply pharmacy refill adherence correctly classified 95% EDM adherence maximally at 94 days between refills, and the measure was most sensitive for non-adherence at <90 days. Reassessment of the relation between pharmacy refill data and EDM would be warranted when pharmacy refill data is collected as soon as feasible from sources with complete data capture.
Computation in Emotional Processing: Quantitative Confirmation of Proportionality Hypothesis for Angry Unhappy Emotional Intensity to Perceived Loss

A computational model of emotion is derived (using minimalistic assumptions) to quantify how emotions are evolved to estimate the accuracy of an internally generated brain model that predicts the external world. In this model, emotion is an emergent property serving as a self-derived feedback that monitors the accuracy of the internal model via the discrepancy (error measure) between the (internal) subjective reality and (external) objective reality—reality-check subconsciously. Minimization of error (computed by the “gain” toward the desired outcome) will optimize congruency between internal and external worlds—resulting in happy emotion. Unhappy emotion is resulted from the discrepancy between internal and external worlds, which can serve as feedback for self-correction to minimize the “loss” (error) between desired and actual outcomes. Unhappiness provides the internal guide to self-identify whether the cause of error is due to input (sensory perception) error, output (motor execution) error, or modeling (internal model) error. Experimental validation of the hypothesis using the ultimatum game paradigm confirmed the inverse proportional relationship of anger to perceived gain (or direct proportionality to loss) that estimates the discrepancy between what we want and what we get. It also characterizes specific emotional biases by shifting the emotional intensity curve quantitatively.
Avulsion of the maxillary palate: an unusual reconstructive challenge

A 25-year-old man sustained a total avulsion of the maxilla from a motor vehicle accident. Previous attempts at functional reconstruction of the maxillary palate were attempted without success. A latissimus dorsi myocutaneous free tissue transfer was chosen to reconstruct the palate with dramatic improvement of oral cavity continence and speech.
Speckle beams with nonzero vorticity and Poincaré–Cartan invariant

The vorticity of a monochromatic speckle beam is introduced as an expectation value of the local difference of densities of right and left vortices, or wave-front dislocations. Gaussian statistics allows for the complete description of a speckle beam on the basis of the correlation function 〈E(r1)E*(r2)〉 only, and this function depends on the coordinate R=(r1+r2)/2 explicitly for statistically inhomogeneous beams. An analytic expression is found both for the vorticity and for the sum of the right and the left vortex densities. The vorticity is shown to be nonzero for inhomogeneous beams only. The Poincare–Cartan invariant of Hamilton’s classical mechanics or of geometrical optics is shown to be the topologically invariant integral of vorticity. An example is given of a beam with finite vorticity, which has Gaussian intensity profiles in both angular and spatial distributions. The conditions on the parameters that describe such a beam are found; these conditions follow from the positive character of probability.
A Comparison of Moderated Regression Techniques Considering Strength of Effect

Moderated regression is a commonly used technique within the behavioral sciences. The power of such analyses, however, is dependent on the strength of the moderator relationship and the distribution of the moderator variable. This study compares the traditional moderated technique with a technique designed to increase the probability of the indication of a moderator variable. The results indicate that, often, the detection of moderator variables is not so much dependent on their existence but, rather, is dependent on their strength. The results also indicate that the ability to detect moderators also depends on the distribution of the moderator variable. Finally, the results indicate that a higher probability of detecting a moderator exists if the interaction is entered into the regression first.
Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Estradiol-17β in Dairy Cows Treated with Progesterone-Releasing Intravaginal Devices

Abstract Follicle stimulating hormone and estradiol-17 β were measured by specific radioimmunoassay in samples of bovine plasma collected from five untreated cows and from five cows treated with progesterone-releasing intravaginal devices during the postpartum period. Mean follicle stimulating hormone concentration in plasma of untreated noncycling cows (n=2), untreated cycling (n=3), and treated cows (n=5) were 19.0 ng/ml, 14.0 ng/ml, and 22.6 ng/ml. In cycling untreated cows and progesterone-treated cows, mean follicle stimulating hormone at estrus was elevated to 121.4 ng/ml and 88.7 ng/ml. Estradiol-17 β averaged 4.3 pg/ml in both cycling and noncycling untreated cows and 5.5 pg/ml in progesterone-treated cows. In untreated cows estradiol was elevated 24 h prior to estrus and peak follicle stimulating hormone concentration while in treated cows estradiol of plasma was highest, coinciding with estrus and peak follicle stimulating hormone at 36 h after removal of the progesterone coil. Both hormones were variable between and within groups and were not different due to treatment. No significant relationship was detected between follicle stimulating hormone and estradiol in either cycling nontreated cows or progesterone-treated cows while the relationship between the two hormones was positive in noncycling untreated cows. Administration of progesterone-releasing devices during the estrous cycle may block peak follicle stimulating hormone in plasma until after removal and may alter estradiol profile of plasma prior to estrus.
Urethan induction of thymic lymphoma in C57bl mice.

Studies were made on the induction of thymic lymphoma in C57b1 mice by urethan alone. Urethan was injected subcutaneously into mice less than 24 hr old at a dose of 1 mg/g body weight, and seven further injections at the same dose were given at weekly intervals. Tumors were found in 12 of the 13 surviving at ages between 12 and 27 weeks, and disseminstion was found in 7 of the 12. The tumors were identical histologically with those induced by irradiation. The same weekly urethan dose was injected intraperitoneally into C57b1 mice for a total of 4 treatments, beginning at 4 to 5 weeks of age; only one of 19 mice developed lymphoma at 10 months. No lymphoid tumors were found in 30 untreated mice up to 1 year old. (D.L.C.)
Differential RAIM and relative RAIM for orbit ephemeris fault detection

This paper introduces new monitors for the detection of orbit ephemeris faults affecting differential carrier phase measurements in a shipboard aircraft landing application. Two shipboard monitors are first designed. While they provide high detection performance against two targeted fault types, they are ineffective against the other types of orbit ephemeris faults. In response, to protect the user against the entire threat space, a new airborne receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) algorithm is developed. This ‘unified’ RAIM approach (URAIM) exploits both differential RAIM (which is most efficient at airship separation distances larger than 5 nmi) and relative RAIM (which, in contrast, performs better as the aircraft approaches the ship). Performance evaluations demonstrate URAIM'm potential to detect all types of orbit ephemeris faults using a single, unified residual-based RAIM method.
Defects in Low-Temperature-Grown MBE GaAs as Studied by a Variation of TSC Spectroscopy

A zero-bias thermally stimulated current (TSC) spectroscopy under both optical (1.96eV) and electrical excitation using samples with a Schottky contact on the top was applied to annealed LTMBE GaAs grown at different temperatures, and bulk SI GaAs with different stoichiometries. The results show that: 1) the new TSC technique is capable of revealing the traps at 235K<T<380K and is effective in indicating the crystal stoichiometry of bulk SI GaAs; 2) the driving force for the currents under a zero-bias comes from the builtin surface field as well as a thermal gradient; 3) the trap species in the annealed LTMBE GaAs samples and the annealed control SI GaAs sample are similar, especially for TA(0.79eV), Ta (0.33eV), T4 (0.29eV), and T6*(0.16eV); and 4) the trap densities in LTMBE samples are higher than those in the control samples and are dependent on the MBE growth temperature.
Childhood abuse, adult interpersonal abuse, and depression in individuals with extreme obesity

This study sought to examine (a) a mediational model of childhood abuse, adult interpersonal abuse, and depressive symptoms and (b) the impact of weight-related teasing on rates and correlates of childhood abuse. Charts of 187 extremely obese individuals seeking psychological clearance for bariatric (weight-loss) surgery were retrospectively examined. Among the participants, 61% reported a history of childhood abuse, 30.5% reported adult interpersonal abuse, and 15% reported clinically significant depressive symptoms. Initially, the relationship between childhood abuse and current depressive symptoms was significant (p<.001). However, the introduction of adult interpersonal abuse as a mediator in the model reduced the magnitude of its significance (Sobel's test p=.01). The associations between childhood abuse and adult interpersonal abuse and between adult interpersonal abuse and depressive symptoms were significant (p<.001 and p=.002, respectively), and the model showed a good fit across multiple indices. Finally, weight-related teasing was a significant moderator in the relationship between childhood and adult interpersonal abuse. Bariatric surgery patients report elevated rates of childhood abuse that are comparable to rates in psychiatric populations (e.g., eating disorders, depression), and higher than those in community samples and other medical populations. The relationship between child abuse and depressive symptomatology may be partially explained by the presence of adult interpersonal abuse; additionally, the relationship between childhood and adult interpersonal abuse was stronger for those who did not endure weight-related teasing than for those who did.
Host and microbiota factors that control Klebsiella pneumoniae mucosal colonization in mice

Klebsiella pneumoniae is both an opportunistic pathogen and a commensal organism. We have previously reported that K. pneumoniae strain IA565 (KpIA565) is non-pathogenic in a murine model of acute pneumonia. In this study, KpIA565 was inoculated into wild-type mice and found to stably colonize and persist in the nasal cavity and gastrointestinal tract of mice for up to 3 weeks post-inoculation. Intranasal inoculation of wild-type or germ-free mice with KpIA565 resulted in similar bacterial levels in the nasal cavity, suggesting KpIA565 nasal colonization is independent of normal nasal microbiota. In contrast, KpIA565 gastrointestinal tract colonization was significantly higher in germ-free mice than in wild-type mice, indicating that members of the endogenous microbiota regulate KpIA565 colonization. In the presence of non-specific dextran sodium sulfate-induced inflammation, KpIA565 gastrointestinal tract colonization was significantly higher when compared to non-DSS treated mice. Interestingly, KpIA565 colonization was unaffected by Citrobacter rodentium-induced gastrointestinal tract inflammation. However, gastrointestinal tract colonization with K. pneumoniae strain IA565 had no impact on the inflammatory histopathology in either colitis model. This study is the first to identify and describe mechanisms influencing the growth and behavior of a murine commensal strain of K. pneumoniae.
Integrated 100 W thulium fiber MOPA system

We have developed an integrated Tm:fiber master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) system producing 100 W output power, with sub-nm spectral linewidth at -10 dB level, >10 dB polarization extinction ratio, and diffraction-limited beam quality. This system consists of polarization maintaining fiber, spliced together with fiberized pump combiners, isolators and mode field adaptors. Recent advances in PM fibers and components in the 2 μm wavelength regime have enabled the performance of this integrated high power system; however further development is still required to provide polarized output approaching kilowatt average power.
An infinite version of arrow's theorem in the effective setting

Abstract If ω = { 0, 1,…, n, n + 1,… { is a space of individuals and ξ ⊆ P(ω), the lattice of R.E. subsets of ω, a coalition space, we prove an effective version of Arrow's Theorem for infinite structures: A = 〈 ω, R 0 , X(R 0 ), Alt(X), { g j } j > ω, h 〉 . A structure of the form A is termed an R.E. Society, and a recursive function G : { g j } j 0 ) is an sdf where the set {ḡj}j} G : { g j } j 0 ) , and recursive profile gj the following statement is true: ∃ v 0 ϵ ω ∀x, y ϵ Alt(X) [xg j (v 0 ) y → xG( g j ) y] . This theorem is absolute within the set theory of Zermelo–Fraenkel and thus is not dependent upon the particular model of ZF that is used for the interpretation of the structure A . The dictators that exist are actual individuals in the original sense of Arrow, and in the special case of algebraic recursive societies, we have obtained a primitive recursive bound on the computational complexity of the task of finding the individual whose preference ordering determines that of society for each choice of sdf G : { g j } j 0 ) .
Effect of dilution on the activity of diluted porous catalysts

Abstract For a composite catalyst, consisting of active catalyst beads distributed uniformly within a less active but more porous matrix of a diluent, the effectiveness factor exhibits a maximum as a function of the amount of active catalyst. Conditions have been established for the existence of an optimum dilution, and expressions have been developed for its estimation for an isothermal first order reaction. A nonisothermal analysis of the same problem, for an exothermic reaction, indicates a shift in the optimum catalyst dilution towards higher dilutions. The analysis has been extended to the catalytic cracking process, where such catalysts are used. In this process large hydrocarbon molecules decompose to an intermediate product ( A → B ) in the diluent (silica-alumina), while the subsequent reactions are carried out in the active microparticles (zeolite). Using for the sake of simplicity first order kinetics, the analysis demonstrates the occurrence of a maximum in the rate of production of component C as a function of the amount of the active catalyst. Finally, it is shown in the paper that dilution can also affect the selectivity of a catalyti
The Triumph of MOS technology: A book review

Ross Bassett's book almost could have been written as a novel titled “The Triumph of MOS Technology.” Its exciting plot and cast of characters led to the current explosion of electronics in the world.
Near-surface turbulence measurements in a lake

One of the most important but least understood regions of oceans and lakes is the near-surface zone. Exchanges of energy and momentum between the atmosphere and the waters below are controlled by turbulent mixing processes in the surface zone. Major advances in understanding these processes have been hampered by a lack of observations of turbulence near the surface. We have recently constructed a probe which can be used to estimate an important variable in theories of turbulence, the rate at which the kinetic energy of turbulence is dissipated, and have found a surprising though simple result: to a first approximation, scaling laws devised to describe dissipation in the atmospheric boundary layer may also be applicable in the water near the surface.
The Role of Land Reform in Economic Development: Policies and Politics: Discussion

There are several important points made by de Janvry: one relates to his taxonomy of land reforms by country and over time, another is to be found in his four reasons land reform will not be an important issue on the economist's research agenda in the coming decade. With respect to his taxonomy, de Janvry claims that it permits the identification of the needed characteristics of future reforms, given the actual state of existing agrarian structures. He then argues that this gives us a basis from which to seek answers to the question about why land reform appears to be a dead policy issue in most countries. I have four concerns with respect to his treatment of the land reform issue and will now turn to a brief discussion of each.
Aristotle'S natural deduction reconsidered

John Corcoran’s natural deduction system for Aristotle’s syllogistic is reconsidered.Though Corcoran is no doubt right in interpreting Aristotle as viewing syllogisms as arguments and in rejecting Lukasiewicz’s treatment in terms of conditional sentences, it is argued that Corcoran is wrong in thinking that the only alternative is to construe Barbara and Celarent as deduction rules in a natural deduction system.An alternative is presented that is technically more elegant and equally compatible with the texts.The abstract role assigned by tradition and Lukasiewicz to Barbara and Celarent is retained.The two ‘ perfect syllogisms’ serve as ‘basic elements’ in the construction of an inductively defined set of valid syllogisms.The proposal departs from Lukasiewicz, and follows Corcoran, however, in construing the construction as one in natural deduction.The result is a sequent system with fewer rules and in which Barbara and Celarent serve as basic deductions.To compare the theory to Corcoran’s, his original i...
Clearance of Histoplasma capsulatum variety capsulatum antigen is useful for monitoring treatment of experimental histoplasmosis.

We sought to determine whether measurement of Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum antigen concentration in tissues and blood provided a marker for antifungal effect of itraconazole in a nonlethal murine model of histoplasmosis. Treatment with itraconazole (Sporanox), in cyclodextrin, was evaluated in a pulmonary model of histoplasmosis. Mice infected with 4.0 × 107 yeast-phase organisms by endotracheal inoculation were treated with itraconazole, 1.5 mg twice daily by gavage, for 10 consecutive days, beginning on day 4 of infection. All mice were sacrificed on day 15 of infection. Blood, spleen, and lung tissues were removed for culture and quantification of antigen. Numbers of organisms were significantly lower in spleens from the treated group: 20.8 ± 41.8 vs. 65.8 ± 39.1 in the control group, P = 0.017. Numbers of organisms in lung were 9.6 ± 27.3 colonyforming units in treated versus 24.2 ± 36.3 in control animals, P = 0.267. Antigen concentrations in spleen tissue and serum were lower in treated versus control mice: spleen, 1.8 ± .6 units in treated versus 11.0 ± 2.3 in controls, P < 0.001; serum, 0.8 ± 0.2 units in treated versus 2.2 ± 1.0 units in controls, P < 0.001. Lung antigen concentrations were similar in the two groups, 19.2 ± 1.4 units in treated compared to 17.9 ± 3.0 units in control mice, P = 0.142. The cyclodextrin formulation of itraconazole (Sporanox) demonstrated antifungal activity in experimental histoplasmosis. Antigen detection was a useful marker for antifungal effect. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, inc.
Anesthesia preparation time is not affected by the experience level of the resident involved during his/her first month of adult cardiac surgery.

Objective This study was designed to answer the question of whether the experience level of the resident on his/her first month of adult cardiothoracic anesthesiology has an impact on operating room efficiency in a large academic medical center. Traditionally, the resident's 1st month of cardiac anesthesia had been reserved for the clinical anesthesia (CA)-2 year of training. This study analyzed the impact on operating room efficiency of moving the 1st month of cardiac anesthesia into the CA-1 year. The authors hypothesized that there would be no difference in anesthesia preparation times (defined as the interval between “in-room” and “anesthesia-ready” times) between CA-1 and CA-2 residents on their 1st month of cardiac anesthesia. Design This study was retrospective and used an electronic anesthesia information management system database. Setting This study was conducted on care provided at a single 450-bed academic medical center. Participants This study included 12 residents in their 1st month of cardiac anesthesia. Interventions The anesthesia preparation time (defined as the interval between “in-room” and “anesthesia-ready” times) was measured for cases involving residents on their first month of cardiac anesthesia. Measurements and Main Results Anesthesia preparation times for 6 CA-1 resident months and 6 CA-2 resident months (100 adult cardiac procedures in total) were analyzed (49 for the CA-1 residents and 51 for the CA-2s). There were no differences in preparation time between CA-1 and CA-2 residents as a group (p = 0.8169). The CA-1 residents had an unadjusted mean (±standard error) of 51.1 ± 3.18 minutes, whereas the CA-2 residents' unadjusted mean was 50.2 ± 2.41 minutes. Adjusting for case mix (valves v coronary artery bypass graft surgery), the CA-1 mean was 49.1 ± 5.22 minutes, whereas the CA-2 mean was 49.1 ± 4.54 minutes. Conclusions These findings suggest that operating room efficiency as measured by the anesthesia preparation time may not be affected by the level of the resident on his/her 1st month of adult cardiac anesthesia.
Techniques and accuracy of thoracolumbar pedicle screw placement.

Pedicle screw instrumentation has been used to stabilize the thoracolumbar spine for several decades. Although pedicle screws were originally placed via a free-hand technique, there has been a movement in favor of pedicle screw placement with the aid of imaging. Such assistive techniques include fluoroscopy guidance and stereotactic navigation. Imaging has the benefit of increased visualization of a pedicle’s trajectory, but can result in increased morbidity associated with radiation exposure, increased time expenditure, and possible workflow interruption. Many institutions have reported high accuracies with each of these three core techniques. However, due to differing definitions of accuracy and varying radiographic analyses, it is extremely difficult to compare studies side-by-side to determine which techniques are superior. From the literature, it can be concluded that pedicles of vertebrae within the mid-thoracic spine and vertebrae that have altered morphology due to scoliosis or other deformities are the most difficult to cannulate. Thus, spine surgeons would benefit the most from using assistive technologies in these circumstances. All other pedicles in the thoracolumbar spine should theoretically be cannulated with ease via a free-hand technique, given appropriate training and experience. Despite these global recommendations, appropriate techniques must be chosen at the surgeon’s discretion. Such determinations should be based on the surgeon’s experience and the specific pathology that will be treated.
Convective currents induced by periodic time-dependent vertical density gradient

Abstract A theoretical and numerical investigation of fluid flow and temperature fields within a fluid reservoir subjected to intermittent heating and cooling from the top is presented. Using known Rayleigh-Benard-type problem stability criteria, a theory is developed to determine an approximate sufficient condition for the onset of convection within the reservoir under time-periodic heating/cooling process. Theoretical prediction of critical heat pulsating frequency, beyond which onset of convection is guaranteed, is confirmed by numerical experiments considering a square-cross-section water-filled reservoir, with the heat-flux-based Rayleigh number varying from 10 3 to 8 × 10 8 .
CERAMIDE GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASES IN CULTURED RAT CEREBELLUM: CHANGES WITH AGE, WITH DEMYELINATION, AND WITH INHIBITION OF MYELINATION BY 5‐BROMO‐2′‐DEOXYURIDINE OR EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS SERUM

—UDP-galactose:ceramide galactosyltransferase (CGalT) (E.C. 2.4.1.62) and UDP-glucose:ceramide glucosyltransferase (CGlcT) activities were measured in myelinating cultures of newborn rat cerebellum. Specific activities were measured at various days in vitro and the pattern of activities compared with that reported for in vivo tissue. Cultures demyelinated by incubation with media containing 22% serum from rabbits in which experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced by injection with whole guinea-pig spinal cord, had 28% of CGalT specific activity and 86% of CGlcT specific activity measured in control cultures. Cultures in which myelination was inhibited by maintenance on media containing 0.15 mm-5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BUdR) had 10% of CGalT specific activity and 118% of CGlcT specific activity of control cultures. Cultures in which myelination was inhibited by maintenance on media containing 2% EAE serum had 12% of the CGalT specific activity of control cultures. The data suggest that in vitro CGalT is predominantly a glial enzyme while CGlcT occurs primarily in neurons, and that the reduced CGalT activity may be involved in the mechanism of myelination inhibition by BUdR and by EAE serum.
Foreword: Function, Classification and Management of Asian Wetlands

Asian wetland conservation is critical for future environmental protection in the region, but these wetlands are understudied. In particular, there is a lack of research studies published in English due to the limited access of Asian researchers to western scientific journals. This special feature of Wetlands showcases primary research conducted in Asian wetlands and was sponsored by various agencies of the U.S. and Chinese governments including the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of State, and The State Forestry Administration of the People’s Republic of China. The featured articles should be of great value to wetland scientists, managers and policy-makers with an interest in the conservation of Asian wetlands.
A Smooth Nonparametric Estimator of a Quantile Function

Abstract A smooth alternative to the conventional sample quantile function as a nonparametric estimator of a population quantile function is proposed. The proposed estimator is essentially a kernel type of estimator and has the same asymptotic distribution as the conventional sample quantile. The mean squared convergence rate of the proposed estimator is also estimated. Monte Carlo studies are conducted to compare the proposed estimator with the sample quantile and the estimator proposed by Kaigh and Lachenbruch. The feasibility of using bootstrap techniques to estimate the optimal window width for the proposed estimator is also considered.
“Savages” in the Service of Empire: Native American Soldiers in Gorham's Rangers, 1744–1762

Gorham's Rangers, initially an all-Indian ranger company, was instrumental in Britain's conquest of Nova Scotia (Acadia) during the eighteenth century. In the process of uncovering that story, the essay assesses New England Indians’ role in shaping colonial frontier warfare as well as the impact of military service on Native American communities.
Temperature control of a 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (protocatechuate)-based siderophore in Bacillus anthracis.

Bacillus anthracis Sterne produced a catecholate siderophore named anthrachelin that was based on 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-DHB, or protocatechuic acid), a catechol moiety previously unreported as a siderophore component. During iron restriction, both anthrachelin and free 3,4-DHB were excreted. Growth at 37°C (as compared with 23°C) decreased excretion of anthrachelin but not its precursor 3,4-DHB, suggesting that anthrachelin assembly is temperature regulated. A plasmidless strain also produced anthrachelin in an iron- and temperature-regulated fashion, indicating that anthrachelin genes are chromosomal. In addition to anthrachelin-mediated iron delivery, B. anthracis also used heme, hemoproteins, iron-transferrin, and certain heterologous siderophores (xenosiderophores) produced by other microorganisms as iron sources. Downregulation of anthrachelin production at the temperature of the mammalian host (which triggers toxin production in this pathogen) may focus the B. anthracis iron acquisition systems to exploit the iron sources prevailing in the infected host.
Framing effects: the influence of handedness and access to right hemisphere processing.

Changing how information is framed, such that the same critical information is cast in a positive or negative light, has a powerful impact on judgements and decision making. Research indicates that the influence of frames may be driven by participants’ initial affective response and that the right hemisphere is sensitive to the emotional connotation of stimuli. While previous research tested the effects of hemispheric differences on framing effects by inducing asymmetrical activation, the current study explored how stable brain differences may account for differences in susceptibility to framing effects. Because mixed degree of handedness is associated with increased access to right hemisphere processes, mixed-handed participants were expected to be more susceptible to the effects of framing than strong-handed participants. Participants responded to the Asian disease problem and completed as assessment of handedness. Although mixed- and strong-handed participants were affected differently, the results wer...
Bobo clown aggression in childhood: Environment, not genes

Abstract We videotaped 216 twin children (average age: 7.6 years) hitting a 5-ft “Bobo clown”. Three behaviors in the Bobo clown situation showed adequate response characteristics, rater reliability, and test-retest reliability: number of hits, intensity of hits, and number of quadrants (into which the Bobo clown was hit). In terms of two “anchor” variables, height and weight, the twin correlations were representative of other studies in suggesting substantial hereditary influence. However, twin analyses of the three behavioral ratings during the Bobo clown session yielded no evidence of hereditary influence. Moreover, the results provided evidence of substantial environmental influence of the “between-family” variety. In other words, the family environment is the major source of individual differences for these measures.
Achieving the upper bound time-bandwidth product for radio-frequency arbitrary waveform generation

In this paper we present an innovative photonic strategy to generate arbitrary microwave and millimeter-wave electrical pulses with the maximum possible time-bandwidth product and broadly tunable center frequency. The proposed approach incorporates fine-resolution pulse shaping, optical interferometry and the concept of frequency-to-time mapping in order to enable independent control over the temporal amplitude, temporal phase and center frequency of the generated radio-frequency waveforms. Also, the time-bandwidth product of these pulses extends to more than twice that of conventional frequency-to-time mapping techniques. Basic theoretical analysis is carried out and validated by numerical simulations as well as experiments. A length 15 Costas frequency-hopping sequence realization is implemented to further portray the potentials of this technique.
‘She Came From a Fine Catholic Family'∗: Religious Sisterhoods of the Maitland Diocese, 1867–1909

This article is concerned with the distinctive nature and ethos of the three religious sisterhoods, the Sisters of St Dominic, the Sisters of Mercy and the Sisters of St Joseph, whom James Murray brought to the Diocese of Maitland between 1867 and 1883. It examines matters of class and status in relation to these sisterhoods, the recruits they drew to their ranks and the choices which women made both with regard to joining a particular religious congregation and to their place within it.
Measuring perceived benefits and perceived barriers for physical activity.

Objectives To evaluate the psychometric properties and relationship to physical activity levels of the Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale (EBBS) among college students. Methods A total of 398 college students completed the EBBS and a measure of self-efficacy, the Physical Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale. In addition, a subsample of 275 students also completed a semistructured interview on physical activity, the Seven-day Physical Activity Recall. Results Psychometric properties were acceptable, but only benefits significantly accounted for variance in physical activity levels. Conclusions Surprisingly, the factorial structure differed from the test developers'.
Evidence of periodic (2–3 hour) near‐tail magnetic reconnection and plasmoid formation: Geotail observations

During magnetospheric substorms, magnetic reconnection occurs in the near tail and causes the formation of plasmoids. In this paper, we present Geotail observations of periodic magnetic reconnection and plasmoids in the near tail. On April 17-18, 2002, Geotail was located in the northern lobe and detected ten cycles of magnetic field compressions within 24 hours, and southward turnings of the magnetic field B z component or formations of plasmoids were clearly identified in the first seven cycles. The average period of the plasmoids was ∼2.5 hours. A solar wind pressure impulse appeared to trigger the first magnetic compression (or plasmoid). Plasmoids continued to occur for many cycles after the solar wind pressure and interplanetary magnetic field had become stable. The observations suggest that substorms can be periodic and that the periodic substorms can occur without requirement of continuous external triggering.
Quantum Random Walks with Multiple Photons

We show that there are interesting and unpublished aspects to high level photonic random walks with multiple walkers. We also investigate g(1), g(2), and g(3) coincidence detection to find multi-photon correlations in these random walks.
The joint readiness training center and Fort Polk installation Internal Environmental Assessment Program

For years, the Army has recognized the value of conducting internal environmental assessments as a means to attain, sustain, and monitor compliance with applicable federal, state, Army, and local environmental regulations. Army Regulation (AR) 200-1, “Environmental Protection and Enhancement,” requires all installations to conduct internal assessments using established Army-approved protocols. Historically, to comply with the Army's internal assessment requirement, Fort Polk conducted periodic compliance inspections of those installation organizations and facilities using hazardous materials or generating hazardous waste. The compliance inspections resulted in a reduction in the number of installation compliance deficiencies identified by federal, state, and Army compliance inspectors during external inspections. Although the periodic compliance inspections met the intent and regulatory requirements of AR 200-1, the opportunity existed to expand compliance inspections and develop a more comprehensive internal assessment program. To that end, Fort Polk developed the Internal Environmental Assessment Program (IEAP) in 2004. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.*
The Greek Ideas of Immortality: The Ingersoll Lecture For 1958

The Immortality of Man was one of the fundamental creeds of the philosophical religion of Platonism that was in part adopted by the Christian church and that thus became one of the foundations of the Christian civilization of the Eastern and Western world. Ever since Paul in the 15th chapter of I Corinthians made resurrection the cornerstone of the Christian faith the Church has had a profound interest in the ancient philosophers who taught that man's soul is immortal and does not perish along with its mortal companion the body. Although this belief in the immortality of the soul, the ψυχή, is not the same as the Christian idea of man's resurrection in the flesh or in a transfigured body, both religious ideas have a natural affinity with each other; and it is therefore easy to understand that the Platonic belief in immortality was regarded as an anticipation of the Christian resurrection and helpful to the faithful who might wish to check their emotional expectations of a future life after death by rational reflection. Thus we find attempts to compare both things or to look for natural phenomena that could be interpreted as analogies of resurrection in nature.