cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Urban health and pharmaceutical consumption in Delhi India.

This paper interrogates the routine and unproblematic use of terms such as 'self-medication' in biomedical and anthropological discourse. A typical depiction of the social factors that explain the practice of 'self-medication' in India is to put together the supply side factors (such as protection offered by the government for the production of generic drugs, especially in the small scale sector, and expansion of the number of drug store outlets), with the increasing demand for allopathic drugs. The paper provides an ethnographic account of the intricate connections between households and biomedical practitioners in urban neighbourhoods in Delhi. It breaks away from the conventional opposition drawn between the practices of physicians and the beliefs of their patients, and suggests that what constitutes the medical environments of these neighbourhoods is the product of medical practices, household economies and concepts of disease. Thus pharmaceutical use is determined as much by practices of dispensation and by how practitioners understand what constitutes therapy as by household understanding of the normal and the pathological. This paper uses both quantitative data and narrative interviews to provide an in-depth understanding of the circulation of pharmaceuticals within the life worlds of the urban poor.
Modeling of the index change in K(+)-Na(+) ion-exchanged glass.

We have measured the surface index change and birefringence in K+–Na+ ion-exchanged waveguides and compared the results with theory. The contribution to the index change caused by the polarizability/volume changes (Δnp) is calculated using two theoretical models which use empirical relations based on the glass composition. In both cases, we encounter large discrepancies between the predicted and measured values which are attributed to the inherent deficiency in the models, which assume free expansion of the glass in calculating the volume changes. Recognizing that the net volume change is much smaller, we accurately measure its value and show that both models can be used to predict Δnp with the same accuracy, provided that the correct volume change is used. We show that the limitation in accuracy is dictated by measurement errors and uncertainties in the values of the ionic radii and polarizabilities. We also present a unique and systematic method for determining the compressive stress generated in the glass resulting from ion exchange.
Mechanical factors associated with the development of intimal and medial thickening in vein grafts subjected to arterial pressure. A model of arteries exposed to hypertension.

Abstract Arteries exposed to sustained hypertension undergo a moderate degree of intimal thickening and a marked amount of medial thickening. Autogenous veins that are used as bypass grafts undergo similar histological changes. In this study autogenous vein grafts were used as an indirect model of arteries exposed to sustained hypertension. It was hypothesized that it is not pressure per se but rather mechanical changes brought about by exposure to increased pressures that act as a stimulus inducing histological changes. Exposure to arterial pressure increases the following nine mechanical factors: deformation in the circumferential, longitudinal, and radial directions; stresses in each of these three directions; pulsatile deformations and pulsatile stresses; and flow velocity. All of these mechanical changes occur simultaneously. Accordingly, a three-step algorithm was devised to separate each of the nine mechanical factors and correlate them with histological changes. Three sequential experimental studies were performed in 38 dogs following the algorithm. These experiments demonstrated that intimal thickening was best correlated with low flow velocity, a correlate of low shear stress, whereas medial thickening was best correlated with deformation in the circumferential direction.
Complexes of rhenium with sterically hindered thiolate ligands. Crystal structure of Re(SC6H4-o-SiMe3){NC(SC6H4-o-SiMe3)CH3}2(PPh3)2], a complex exhibiting coordinated thiolimidate groups formed via nucleophilic attack and reduction by thiolate of coordinated acetonitrile

Breve presentation de la preparation et de l'etude radiocristallographique des complexes du titre
A 'new' generation of more potent synthetic antirhinovirus compounds: comparison of their MICs and their synergistic interactions.

Abstract A ‘new’ generation of synthetic antirhinovirus compounds has recently become available for in vitro evaluation. Thus a new group of compounds from Janssen was found to be 10-fold more active than enviroxime or 57-fold more active than dichloroflavan (DCF), against human rhinovirus 9 (HRV-9). In addition, they were also some 5- and 10-fold more potent than enviroxime and DCF, respectively, against HRV-2. Similarly, a ‘new’ series of antirhinovirus compounds from Roche, although as active as enviroxime against HRV-9, were found to be 4-fold more potent than DCF against the same virus. Moreover, they were 45- and 90-fold more active than enviroxime and DCF, respectively, when tested against HRV-2. We found that generally HRV-2 was more sensitive to these new compounds than HRV-9. In this study we also report on the synergistic interaction between these new synthetic substances and also with some of the earlier compounds such as DCF and enviroxime and we discuss the possible implication of this synergistic activity regarding the future prevention and treatment of common colds caused by rhinoviruses.
Fluid elasticity and the transition to chaos in thermal convection.

The influence of fluid elasticity on the onset of aperiodic or chaotic motion of an upper-convected Maxwellian fluid is examined in the context of the Rayleigh-B\'enard thermal convection problem. A truncated Fourier representation of the flow and temperature fields leads to a four-dimensional dynamical system that constitutes a generalization of the classical Lorenz system for Newtonian fluids. It is found that, to the order of the present truncation and above a critical value of the Deborah number ${\mathrm{De}}^{\mathit{c}}$, steady convection cannot set in, with the fluid becoming overstable instead. For De${\mathrm{De}}^{\mathit{c}}$, and even close to the Newtonian limit, the presence of fluid elasticity appears to alter significantly the circumstances leading to the onset of chaotic motion. Depending on the value of the Prandtl number, chaos is found to set in through the quasiperiodic route or period doubling. In general, fluid elasticity tends to destabilize the convective cell structure, precipitating the onset of chaos, at a Rayleigh number that may be well below that corresponding to Newtonian fluids.
Petrov-Galerkin formulations for electrochemical process

Abstract A numerical simulation capability has been developed for electrochemical processes, in particular for electrophoresis separation techniques. The numerical method employed is based on the streamline upwind/Petrov-Galerkin formulations which have desirable stability and accuracy properties for the convection-diffusion-reaction type equations that govern these problems. Simulations are performed for various electrophoresis separation types in one and two dimensions. The results obtained are very satisfactory and show the potential of the numerical method to be a useful tool in understanding the physics involved and in helping the design of reliable and efficient separation techniques.
Effect of butylated hyroxyanisole on in vivo and in vitro hepatic aflatoxin B1-DNA binding in rats

Abstract Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) pretreatment of male rats has been examined for its effect on in vivo and in vitro hepatic aflatoxin B 1 -DNA binding (AFB 1 -DNA) in these animals. No difference either in cytochrome P -450 content or microsome-mediated AFB 1 -DNA was observed between livers from control and treated rats. However, cytosols from treated animals showed severalfold more inhibition of microsome mediated AFB 1 binding to either exogenous or endogenous DNA than cytosols from controls. Presence of 1 mM level of either trichloropropene oxide or styrene oxide partially reversed the cytosolic inhibition of binding. Intraperitoneal administration of AFB 1 2 h before killing produced 50% less AFB 1 binding to nuclear DNA in treated than in control animals. The role of induced glutathione S -transferases in treated rats in modulating hepatic AFB 1 -DNA binding is discussed.
Poster: Programming Model Extensions for Resilience in Extreme Scale Computing

System resilience is a key challenge to building extreme scale systems. A large number of HPC applications are inherently resilient, but application programmers lack mechanisms to convey their fault tolerance knowledge to the system. We present a cross-layer approach to resilience in which we propose a set of programming model extensions and develop a runtime inference framework that can reason about the context and significance of faults, as they occur, to the application programmer's fault tolerance expectations. We demonstrate using a set accelerated fault injection experiments the validity of our approach with a set of real scientific and engineering codes. Our experiments show that a cross-layer approach that explicitly engages the programmer in expressing fault tolerance knowledge which is then leveraged across the layers of system abstraction can significantly improve the dependability of long running HPC applications.
The sensitivity of computed ozone concentrations to U.V. radiation in the Los Angeles area

Abstract A three-dimensional photochemical diffusion model was used to investigate the dependence of calculated ozone concentrations throughout the Los Angeles Basin on incident u.v. radiation. The u.v. radiation was varied to simulate a seasonal change from July to November and a reduction due to stratus and cirrus cloudiness. The model results suggested that variations of u.v. radiation as small as 10% can have a noticeable effect on ambient ozone concentrations. The seasonal effect of decreasing solar elevations caused significantly lower ozone values; the greatest changes occurred in the western part of the Basin. The presence of cirrus clouds, in comparison to cloud free conditions, generally resulted in about 10% lower ozone levels. Overcast stratus clouds persisting all day yielded substantially reduced ozone concentrations. However, when the stratus dissipated by mid-morning their effect was minimal over the eastern sections of the model grid. Finally, the model simulations showed that calculated ozone levels are sensitive to the manner in which u.v. radiation is coupled to the NO 2 photodissociation rate constant.
Chronic pain associated with upper-limb loss.

Chronic pain is a common secondary condition affecting many individuals with limb loss. In addition to other challenges posed by amputation, pain can have serious consequences for health and functioning, including reduced likelihood of employment and participation in social activities1,2 and interference in prosthetic training.3 Chronic pain associated with amputation has been associated with higher affective distress4 and disability5 as well as lower health-related quality-of-life6 when compared with persons with amputation who do not report pain. The majority of the amputation literature has focused on lower-limb loss, possibly because of the greater incidence of lower-limb amputation. However, the number of individuals with upper-limb loss in the community may be greater than suggested by incidence data, given the younger average age of upper-limb loss and the higher mortality rate of individuals with lower-limb loss.7 Individuals with upper-limb loss tend to live and work with an amputation for more of their lifespan than those with lower-limb loss. Therefore, the impact of pain on functioning may be especially important for this group and requires further study. The few studies on pain after upper-limb loss have focused mainly on the characteristics and impact of phantom limb pain (PLP), and to an even lesser degree, residual-limb pain (RLP). Chronic PLP is common after upper-limb loss, occurring in anywhere from 41%8 to 69%9 of individuals with upper-limb loss. Chronic RLP is also common in persons with upper-limb loss, ranging from 49%10 to 66%11 of community samples. However, pain may occur in sites other than the phantom or residual limb. A handful of studies have examined other types of pain associated with upper-limb loss and have reported significant rates of pain ranging from 33% to 64% in the back,7,11 nonamputated arm,7,11 and neck.7 However, only one study, to our knowledge, included all of these pain locations,7 and none has examined quality-of-life or the relative levels of pain interference and disability associated with each pain type or site. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence, characteristics, and associations with functioning of a number of pain problems in persons with upper-limb loss, including PLP, RLP, neck pain, back pain, and nonamputated-limb pain. Based on previous research, we hypothesized that PLP and RLP would be the most common types of amputation-related pain. However, we also hypothesized that the other types of pain examined would be common and associated with significant disability for a subset of the sample.
A Theory of Heuristic Information in Game-Tree Search

Searching is an important process in most AI systems, especially in those AI production systems consisting of a global database, a set of production rules, and a control system. Because of the intractability of uninformed search procedures, the use of heuristic information is necessary in most searching processes of AI systems. This important concept of heuristic informatioD is the central topic of this book. We first use the 8-puzzle and the game tic-tac-toe (noughts and crosses) as examples to help our discussion. The 8-puzzle consists of eight numbered movable tiles set in a 3 x 3 frame. One cell of the frame is empty so that it is possible to move an adjacent numbered tile into the empty cell. Given two tile configurations, initial and goal, an 8-puzzle problem consists of changing the initial configuration into the goal configuration, as illustrated in Fig. 1.1. A solution to this problem is a sequence of moves leading from the initial configuration to the goal configuration, and an optimal solution is a solution having the smallest number of moves. Not all problems have solutions; for example, in Fig. 1.1, Problem 1 has many solutions while Problem 2 has no solution at all.
Estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activity of 4-mercuri-17α-estradiol

Abstract 17α-estradiol is a poor estrogen which does compete with 17β-estradiol for the rat uterine cytosol receptor binding site. Presuming that we might effect prolonged retention of 17α-estradiol at this site through use of the affinity labeling approach, we have synthesized 4-mercuri-17α-estradiol (4MEα) for evaluation as both an estrogen and an antiestrogen on direct intrauterine application. The mercury group allows the steroid to form a mercaptide (pseudocovalent) bond with a protein which contains a sulfhydryl group at or near the steroid binding site. 4MEα was a poor estrogen as compared to 4-mercuri-17β-estradiol. As an antiestrogen, 4MEα was equivalent to equimolar amounts of 17α-estradiol when applied two hours before 17β-estradiol in suppressing the induction of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase by the latter. When 4MEα and 17α-estradiol were applied 24 and 48 hours before 17β-estradiol, a persistent antiestrogenic activity was seen with 4MEα, but not with 17α-estradiol. These observations provide evidence that 4MEα is retained at the binding site. Under these conditions, it displays only minimal estrogenicity, but considerable antiestrogenicity by the exclusion of 17β-estradiol from that site.
Web page classification: Features and algorithms

Classification of Web page content is essential to many tasks in Web information retrieval such as maintaining Web directories and focused crawling. The uncontrolled nature of Web content presents additional challenges to Web page classification as compared to traditional text classification, but the interconnected nature of hypertext also provides features that can assist the process.As we review work in Web page classification, we note the importance of these Web-specific features and algorithms, describe state-of-the-art practices, and track the underlying assumptions behind the use of information from neighboring pages.
The Ethics of PGD for Intersex Conditions: Problems With the Diversity Argument

In his well-crafted target article, Sparrow (2013) explored the issue of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) to avoid the birth of intersex children. After discussing a variety of arguments, he...
Assessment of Self-Archiving in Institutional Repositories: Depositorship and Full-Text Availability

This research evaluates the success of open access self-archiving in several well-known institutional repositories. Two assessment factors have been applied to examine the current practice of self-archiving: depositorship and the availability of full text. This research discovers that the rate of author self-archiving is low and that the majority of documents have been deposited by a librarian or administrative staff. Similarly, the rate of full-text availability is relatively low, except for Australian repositories. By identifying different practices of self-archiving, repository managers can create new strategies for the operation of their repositories and the development of archiving policies.
Cardiovascular response to cooling of limbs determined by noninvasive methods.

Cold, even local exposure to a limited portion of the body, is a stress to man which elevates arterial pressure, thereby intensifying cardiac workload. The sequence of cardiac events following local cooling was noninvasively studied by observation of changes in cardiac interval, left ventricular ejection time, time from Q wave of electrocardiogram to the peak of the dD/dt of the carotid pulse wave (which includes pre-ejection period), and amplitude of the pulse wave from a photoelectric cell on the earlobe, along with arterial pressures. Twelve subjects, aged 22–41 years, exposed a hand or foot to cold water for 1 min while seated and while supine (four experiments each). Results indicate that arterial pressure is monotonically elevated throughout the minute of exposure. Cardiac intervals are initially abbreviated, then return towards control. This may indicate an initial response to the cold, followed by a baroreflex at the heart. Subject posture and limb exposed also affect cardiac responses.
Observations on organization of Z-disk components and on rod-bodies of Z-disk origin.

Current concepts of Z-disk fine structure are based on studies by Knappeis and Carlsen (1), FranziniArmstrong and Porter (2), Reedy (3), and Kelly (4) . Knappeis and Carlsen found that I filaments terminated adjacent to the disk and, in cross-section, were positioned in corners of I squares with 220 f 35 A sides . Each I filament from one side of the disk faced the geometric center of the space between four I filaments from the opposite side and was joined to these four filaments by four Z filaments. Within the disk, Z filaments formed the sides of tetragons (Z squares) rotated 45 ° to, and measuring half the diagonal length of, I squares . Reedy later noted that Z filaments were not straight but were curved, imparting a woven pattern to the disk . This is the classic appearance of the transversely sectioned Z disk, forming what can be called a Z-1 pattern . Published pictures demonstrating this pattern have been of osmium tetroxide-fixed material from a variety of animal muscles. In normal skeletal muscle, we consistently encountered a different Z-disk image-a Z-2 pattern . Because our specimens were examined after aldehyde-osmium tetroxide fixation, it seemed possible that the difference resulted from different chemical properties of the fixatives . That the Z disk fixed in glutaraldehyde (G) plus osmium tetroxide (O) differs in morphology from that fixed in O alone has been reported recently also by Fardeau (5) and by Landon (6) . We are reporting results of a comparative study of Z-disk morphology in frog, rat, and human muscle after fixation in O, in aldehyde + O, and in aldehyde alone, and after low-ionic-strength extraction (LISE) prior to fixation. Parallel studies on a proliferative anomaly of the Z disk-rodlike structures arising from the organelle (7)-also are presented . Finally, possible ways in which divergent Z-disk images could arise are considered .
On the Characteristics of the Worm Infection Family Tree

Internet worm infection continues to be one of top security threats and has been widely used by botnets to recruit new bots. In this work, we attempt to quantify the infection ability of individual hosts and reveal the key characteristics of the underlying topology formed by worm infection, i.e., the number of children and the generation of the worm infection family tree. Specifically, we first apply probabilistic modeling methods and a sequential growth model to analyze the infection tree of a wide class of worms. Through both mathematical analysis and simulation, we find that the number of children has asymptotically a geometric distribution with parameter 0.5. As a result, on average half of infected hosts never compromise any vulnerable host, over 98% of infected hosts have no more than five children, and a small portion of infected hosts have a large number of children. We also discover that the generation follows closely a Poisson distribution and the average path length of the worm infection family tree increases approximately logarithmically with the total number of infected hosts. Next, we study the infection structure of localized-scanning and permutation-scanning worms through simulation and surprisingly find that the above observations also apply to these worms. Finally, we apply our findings to evaluate bot assessment strategies for forensic analysis after a worm tree has been formed.
Depth and Width of the Wetted Zone in a Sandy Soil after Leaching Drip‐Irrigation Events and Implications for Nitrate‐Load Calculation

Abstract The quantitative assessment of nitrate‐nitrogen (NO3‐N) leaching below the root zone of vegetable crops grown with plasticulture (called load) may be done using 150‐cm‐deep soil samples divided into five 30‐cm‐long subsamples. The load is then calculated by multiplying the NO3‐N concentration in each subsample by the volume of soil (width×length×depth, W×L×D) wetted by the drip tape. Length (total L of mulched bed per unit surface) and D (length of the soil subsample) are well known, but W is not. To determine W at different depths, two dye tests were conducted on a 7‐m‐deep Lakeland fine sand using standard 71‐cm‐wide plasticulture beds. Dye tests consisted of irrigation lengths of up to 38 and 60 h, digging transverse sections of the raised beds at set times, and taking measurements of D and W in 30‐cm‐deep increments. Most dye patterns were elliptically elongated. Maximum average depths were similar (118 and 119 cm) for both tests despite differences in irrigation duration and physical proximi...
Ephrin-B stimulation of calvarial bone formation.

Introduction: Ephrin-B2 on osteoclasts was reported to promote bone formation as part of homeostasis by activating the EphB4 tyrosine kinase receptor on osteoblasts. Little is known about the role of ephrin-B signaling to EphBs in developmental bone formation. Results: We observed expression of an ephrin-B2 LacZ chimeric allele in the periosteum, sutural bone fronts, and dura mater of embryonic and neonatal mice. Expression in the adult skull was confined to sutures, but was heavily upregulated at sites of bone injury. Culture of embryonic calvariae with soluble recombinant ephrin-B2/Fc doubled their bone content without altering suture width or overall skull morphology. Ephrin-B2/Fc also stimulated osteoblast marker gene expression in cultured MC3T3 preosteoblastic cells without the need for type 1 collagen-induced differentiation. EphB4 was absent in embryonic and adult skulls. However, EphB1 and EphB2, both physiological receptors for ephrin-Bs, were expressed at sites of osteogenesis, and EphB1 knockout mice displayed a reduction in calvarial bone content compared to controls. Conclusions: These data support a role for ephrin-B2 in the development and healing of bone through activation of osteoblast-specific gene expression. EphB1 and EphB2 are likely candidates receptors for the ephrin-B2 in bone. Developmental Dynamics, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The politics of co-optation: strategies for childbirth educators.

Co-optation is the process of absorbing new elements into the leadership of an organization in order to diffuse the threat of challenging groups or individuals and to protect the status quo. Childbirth educators and other representatives of parents are targets for attempted co-optation by, among others, advertisers seeking to use the influence of childbirth educators on the buying habits of new parents; by hospitals that incorporate the form of childbirth classes without their substance; and by members of associations that invite “consumer advocates” to participate in order to create the impression of willingness to change. Some ways to advance the interests of parents in these situations, without being co-opted, are discussed. (BIRTH 10:3, Fall 1983)
A Comparison of Data-Acquisition Schemes in Two-Dimensional COSY Experiments

Abstract Incomplete relaxation lowers the quality of two-dimensional COSY spectra by introducing artifacts at integral multiples of the resonance offset in the F 1 dimension. These artifacts can be minimized by rearranging the order in which the data are collected. Three different data-acquisition schemes are examined: interleaved hypercomplex data acquisition, transposed acquisition, and conventional data acquisition. Practical results are compared with theoretical predictions based upon product-operator calculations. Transposed data acquisition is superior to interleaved hypercomplex data acquisition, which in turn is superior to conventional data acquisition in situations where very short phase cycles are employed without the use of dummy transients. However, conventional data acquisition becomes more advantageous as the length of the phase cycle rises.
Point-of-care assessment of microvascular blood flow in critically ill patients

Sublingual microvascular videomicroscopy can assess tissue perfusion in critically ill patients; however, data analysis is currently limited to delayed off-line evaluation. We hypothesized that a real-time point-of-care (POC) determination of the microcirculatory flow index (MFI), an established metric for assessing microcirculatory perfusion, agrees well with the conventional off-line analysis. Prospective observational study. Urban academic intensive care unit. A heterogeneous population of critically ill patients. A single operator performed side stream darkfield videomicroscopy of the sublingual microcirculation and made a POC determination of MFI in real-time on a portable bedside monitor by assigning a score (0 = no flow to 3 = normal) to each quadrant of the image and averaging the four values. After image processing, de-identification and randomization, the same operator, blinded to the previous interpretation, repeated the MFI assessment by viewing an AVI-formatted image sequence on a 94 cm 1,080 pixel LCD monitor (reference standard). There were 205 paired measurements in 18 subjects. The POC and reference standard MFI had good agreement by Bland–Altman analysis [mean difference of −0.031, SD = 0.198 (95% CI, −0.43 to 0.37)]. The POC assessment was 94% sensitive and 92% specific for detecting impaired microvascular flow (defined a priori as an MFI < 2.5 based on previously published data). A POC determination of MFI had good agreement with conventional off-line analysis, and was highly sensitive and specific for detecting impaired microvascular flow. This real-time technique may be useful in future clinical trials targeting impaired microcirculatory perfusion in critically ill patients.
Employee behaviors before and after stress management

A quasi-experiment was used to compare employee behaviors before and after stress management training. Organizational records on employee absenteeism, performance ratings, equipment accidents, and work injuries were obtained for highway maintenance workers who received biofeedback (BIO=21) or muscle relaxation (MR=16) training. Similar data were gathered for a comparison group of employees who did not volunteer for training (n = 80). The pre-training period (time 1) consisted of 2 1/2 years. The post-training period was divided into the year immediately after training (time 2) and the following 1/2 year (time 3). Multiple regression analyses indicated that the MR (but not BIO) group variable explained unique variance in time 2 absenteeism (p 0.05). Neither group entered predictive models for any measure at time 3 (p > 0.05). The results provide limited support for relaxation training offered as a prevention activity in work settings.
Genomics and new targets for multiple sclerosis

Compelling epidemiological and molecular data indicate that genes play a primary role in determining who is at risk for developing multiple sclerosis (MS), how the disease progresses, and how MS individuals respond to therapy. The genetic component of MS etiology is believed to result from the action of allelic variants in several genes. Their incomplete penetrance and moderate individual effect probably reflects epistatic interactions, post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms, and environmental influences. Equally significant, it is likely that locus heterogeneity exists, whereby specific genes influence susceptibility and pathogenesis in some individuals but not in others.
Race-Sensitive Choices by Police Officers in Traffic Stop Encounters

This study introduces a statistical estimator that can be used to examine disproportionate traffic stop behavior of police officers. This estimator can be employed in concert with internal benchmark data and a tree diagram algorithm to identify and classify disproportionate behavior. These methodologies are multilevel and can be used (a) at the macrolevel to examine disproportionality of a police department as an organization and (b) at the microlevel to draw inferences about reasons for individual officers’ disproportionate behavior. These statistical routines were tested using data from a medium sized midwestern community. Results suggest that the models are effective in detecting disproportionality in both a police organization and an individual officers’ traffic stop activity. Moreover, the methods may serve as an initial step in pointing toward the sources of the officers’ behavior.
Heat capacity and solid solubility of iron in scandium

Abstract The maximum solid solubility of iron in scandium was determined to be between 50 and 85 at.ppm in the as-cast condition. As the concentration of iron increases, it segregates along the grain boundary, as is evident from optical metallography and electron microprobe examinations. Annealing also causes the iron dissolved in scandium to separate out and cluster along the grain boundary. Heat capacity measurements show an anomaly in the C T versusT2 plots for iron concentrations of 19 at.ppm or greater. For iron dissolved in solid scandium the excess entropy due to the iron impurity is in agreement with the theoretical prediction of ckln(2S + 1) for an impurity-conduction electron (Kondo) interaction, but is 4–8 times larger than the theoretical prediction when iron segregates along the grain boundary. Furthermore, our results suggest that most of the previously reported low temperature physical properties of scandium are probably in error because of either iron impurity-conduction electron interactions or Fe-Fe interactions in the precipitated second-phase Sc-Fe compound.
The Making of Sacagawea: A Euro-American Legend

Sacagawea is one of the most renowned figures of the American West. This exploration of her story examines representative texts, and charts the evolution of the legend over two centuries, demonstrating why it has persisted, and reviewing other frontier myths.
The modeling of core melting and in-vessel corium relocation in the APRIL code

This paper is concerned with the modeling of severe accident phenomena in boiling water reactors (BWR). New models of core melting and in-vessel corium debris relocation are presented, developed for implementation in the APRIL computer code. The results of model testing and validation are given, including comparisons against available experimental data and parametric/sensitivity studies. Also, the application of these models, as parts of the APRIL code, is presented to simulate accident progression in a typical BWR reactor.
A six-electrode, direct-current, variable-length plasma source for atomic emission spectroscopy

A variable-length plasma source has been developed for analytical atomic emission spectroscopy. The length of the plasma, adjustable during plasma operation, provides a means of adjusting the sample residence time in the plasma. The plasma operates from three compact, simple, and inexpensive direct-current power supplies. Three concentric quartz tubes supply argon and sample aerosol to the plasma. The modular design allows the quartz tubing to be easily replaced and a variety of electrode distances to be established. The argon consumption, typically 7.4 L/min, is comparable to, or less than, that for commercial DCP and ICP systems. Many of the vertical spatial characteristics of the plasma described here are similar to those documented for the ICP. Changes in the nebulizer gas flow rate produced spatial shifts in the maximum of the vertical, spatial analyte emission profiles of Mg. Increases in the signal-to-background ratios at common analytical wavelengths were observed with increasing plasma length. The movement of the region of maximum emission to positions below the top of the outer quartz tube, which occurs as a result of increasing the plasma length, is thought to be the main reason for the worse detection limits. The addition of 10% nitrogen to the outer argon gas flow caused a 35% enhancement in the Ca ion and a 28% decrease in the Ca atom signal-to-background ratios.
Seeking Safety: Avoiding Displacement and Choosing Destinations in Civil Wars:

Despite civil war violence, some civilians stay in their communities. Those who leave choose one of many possible destinations. Drawing on fieldwork in Colombia, this article argues that the way armed groups target civilians explains households' decisions about displacement. When groups of civilians are targeted based on a shared characteristic -- `collective' targeting -- their best options for avoiding violence differ from those targeted selectively or indiscriminately. This article outlines conditions under which people can stay in contexts of collective targeting, and where they are likely to go if these conditions are not met. A civilian facing collective targeting could move to a rival group's stronghold, cluster with others similarly targeted, or seek anonymity in a city or different region. Community characteristics, such as whether it is urban or rural, as well as macro characteristics of the war, such as whether or not there is an ascriptive cleavage, shape which decisions are relatively safest, which in turn leads to implications for aggregate patterns. For example, clustering together has a perverse effect: even though hiding among others with similar characteristics may reduce an individual's likelihood of suffering direct violence, the community may be more endangered as it is perceived to be affiliated with an armed group. This then leads to a cycle of collective targeting and displacement, which has important implications for the development of warfare. In turn, this cycle and related cleavage formation may have long-term impacts on postwar stability and politics.
IS MACROEVOLUTION MORE THAN SUCCESSIVE ROUNDS OF MICROEVOLUTION

Whether macrovolution is reducible to microevo- lution is one of the persistent debates in evolutionary biology. Although the concept of emergence is important to answering this question, it has not been extensively discussed within palaeobiology. A taxonomy of emergence concepts is presented to clarify the ways in which emergence relates to this debate. Weak emergence is a particularly helpful way to understand the hierarchical nature of biology: it captures the ways in which higher-level traits depend on lower-level processes, while recognizing that emergent traits can nonetheless provide the basis for autonomous higher-level theories. A brief review of the biological literature suggests that geographical range size is weakly emergent. While some concepts of emergence do not block the attempt to reduce macroevolution (i.e. the attempt to explain all macroevolutionary phenomena in terms of microevolutionary processes), weak emergence does. Thus, if geographical range is weakly emergent, it provides a basis for arguing that macroevolutionary phenomena cannot be fully explained by microevolutionary processes.
Aberrations and focusability in large solid-state-laser systems

Solid state lasers for fusion experiments must reliably deliver maximum power to small (approximately .5 mm) targets from stand-off focal distances of 1 m or more. This requirement places stringent limits upon the optical quality of the several major components -- amplifiers, Faraday isolators, spatial filters -- in each amplifier train. Residual static aberrations in optical components are transferred to the beam as it traverses the optical amplifier chain. Although individual components are typically less than λ/20 for components less than 10 cm clear aperture; and less than λ/10 for components less than 20 cm clear aperture; the large number of such components in optical series results in a wavefront error that may exceed one wave for modern solid state lasers. For pulse operation, the focal spot is additionally broadened by intensity dependent nonlinearities. Specific examples of the performance of large aperture components will be presented within the context of the Argus and Shiva laser systems, which are presently operational at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Design requirements upon the larger aperture Nova laser components, up to 74 cm in clear aperture, will also be discussed; these pose a significant challenge to the optical industry.
Survivable network design under optimal and heuristic interdiction scenarios

We examine the problem of building or fortifying a network to defend against enemy attacks in various scenarios. In particular, we examine the case in which an enemy can destroy any portion of any arc that a designer constructs on the network, subject to some interdiction budget. This problem takes the form of a three-level, two-player game, in which the designer acts first to construct a network and transmit an initial set of flows through the network. The enemy acts next to destroy a set of constructed arcs in the designer's network, and the designer acts last to transmit a final set of flows in the network. Most studies of this nature assume that the enemy will act optimally; however, in real-world scenarios one cannot necessarily assume rationality on the part of the enemy. Hence, we prescribe optimal network design algorithms for three different profiles of enemy action: an enemy destroying arcs based on capacities, based on initial flows, or acting optimally to minimize our maximum profits obtained from transmitting flows.
The YeastGenome app: the Saccharomyces Genome Database at your fingertips

The Saccharomyces Genome Database (SGD) is a scientific database that provides researchers with high-quality curated data about the genes and gene products of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To provide instant and easy access to this information on mobile devices, we have developed YeastGenome, a native application for the Apple iPhone and iPad. YeastGenome can be used to quickly find basic information about S. cerevisiae genes and chromosomal features regardless of internet connectivity. With or without network access, you can view basic information and Gene Ontology annotations about a gene of interest by searching gene names and gene descriptions or by browsing the database within the app to find the gene of interest. With internet access, the app provides more detailed information about the gene, including mutant phenotypes, references and protein and genetic interactions, as well as provides hyperlinks to retrieve detailed information by showing SGD pages and views of the genome browser. SGD provides online help describing basic ways to navigate the mobile version of SGD, highlights key features and answers frequently asked questions related to the app. The app is available from iTunes (http://itunes.com/apps/yeastgenome). The YeastGenome app is provided freely as a service to our community, as part of SGD’s mission to provide free and open access to all its data and annotations.
From Mission to Commercial Orientation: Perils and Possibilities for Federal Industrial Technology Policy

During the 1990s, the federal government developed a new post-Cold War commercial orientation in some of its technology policies. These initiatives signify a change in direction from the strictly military-led, mission-driven approach of the past. Their shared goal is to assist industry in achieving technical advances that provide private returns to the innovating (or technology-using)firms that also yield broad social and economic benefits to the nation as a whole. This new direction in policy is not without its perils. Government agencies have to define and manage new roles and relationships with industry in carrying out these policies. Because of the uncertainties involved in any effort (private or public) to advance new technologies, there will inevitably be some failures. In this transition to a new post-Cold War policy era, these provide important learning opportunities for policy makers and program administrators in designing future programs.
Synthesis of High Density Polymer Brushes on Nanoparticles by Combined RAFT Polymerization and Click Chemistry

In the present paper, we report the successful preparation of high density, well-defined polymer brushes by RAFT polymerization on silica nanoparticles. Our strategy includes (i) "grafting from" approach for brush formation, (ii) facile click reaction to immobilize RAFT agent, (iii) synthesis of R-supported chain transfer agent (CTA) over Z-supported CTA, and (iv) use of more active trithiocarbonate RAFT agent over conventional dithioester type RAFT agent. With the advantage of the properties of high-density polymer brushes, these diblock copolymer-modified silica nanoparticles open the route to the elaboration of a new family of nanocomposite colloids with potential applications in responsive or smart systems.
Multichannel blind deconvolution of polarimetric imagery

A maximum likelihood blind deconvolution algorithm is derived for incoherent polarimetric imagery using expectation maximization. In this approach, the unpolarized and fully polarized components of the scene are estimated along with the corresponding angles of polarization and channel point spread functions. The scene state of linear polarization is determined unambiguously using this parameterization. Results are demonstrated using laboratory data.
Laser flash photochemical oxidation to locate heme binding and conformational changes in myoglobin

Abstract Fast photochemical oxidation of proteins (FPOP), a means of protein footprinting, uses OH radicals to oxidize the solvent-exposed residues of proteins on a short time scale (∼1 μs). A 248 nm pulsed laser beam dissociates H2O2 (15 mM) into hydroxyl radicals. The radicals react with exposed and reactive amino acid residues (e.g., C, M, W, Y, F, H, L, I) in competition with quenching with a glutamine scavenger present in solution. We report here the use of FPOP to confirm that the F-helix is conformationally constrained in the holo form of myoglobin, whereas it is conformationally free in the apo form. The interpretation finds support in the differences in oxidation of various residues in the apo versus holo forms. The differential reactivity of leucine 137 suggests that it is part of a hinge region on the H-helix, enabling the binding pocket to close in the apo form. This is our second study that offers support that FPOP is capable of elucidating the conformational dynamics of proteins by obtaining information that may not be accessible by other methods.
Some remarks on the technique of preparing five-day weatherforecasts at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Five-day forecasts have been prepared during the past two years at Massachusetts Institute of Technology with the support of Bankhead-Jones funds from the United States Weather Bureau. These forecasts have been aimed primarily at the forecasting of departure from normal of temperature and precipitation for the five-day period, rather than the day-to-day sequence of weather in detail. This was done because it was desired to focus attention on the general large-scale features of the weather situation, on general trends and change of trends, rather than on the details of the minor day-to-day oscillations occurring in any particular locality.
Subcellular localization of Patched and Smoothened, the receptors for Sonic hedgehog signaling, in the hippocampal neuron.

Cumulative evidence suggests that, aside from patterning the embryonic neural tube, Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling plays important roles in the mature nervous system. In this study, we investigate the expression and localization of the Shh signaling receptors, Patched (Ptch) and Smoothened (Smo), in the hippocampal neurons of young and mature rats. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting analyses show that the expression of Ptch and Smo remains at a moderate level in young postnatal and adult brains. By using immunofluorescence light microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy, we examine the spatial distribution of Ptch and Smo within the hippocampal neurons. In young developing neurons, Ptch and Smo are present in the processes and are clustered at their growth cones. In mature neurons, Ptch and Smo are concentrated in dendrites, spines, and postsynaptic sites. Synaptic Ptch and Smo often co-exist with unusual structures—synaptic spinules and autophagosomes. Our results reveal the anatomical organization of the Shh receptors within both the young and the mature hippocampal neurons.
Epstein‐Barr virus clonality in lymphomas occurring in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Objective. A causative role for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the development of lymphoma in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been proposed. We investigated the molecular features of EBV-positive diffuse large cell lymphomas in 2 patients with RA. Methods. Southern blot analysis for immunoglobulin gene rearrangements, terminal repeat analysis for clonality of the EBV genome, and double-labeling of the lymphoma cells by in situ hybridization and immuno-peroxidase staining were performed. Results. In both cases, double-labeling studies localized the EBV genome to the malignant B cells. Both neoplasms contained clonal immunoglobulin gene rearrangements and clonal EBV genomes. Conclusion. Our data indicate that EBV infection was an early step in the development of these neoplasms. The findings further extend knowledge on the similarity of this subset of lymphomas to posttransplantation lymphomas and emphasize the role of immunosuppression in their genesis.
Isolation and Characterization of Trioxyethylene-Encapsulated Gold Nanoclusters Functionalized with a Single DNA Strand

A scalable means of isolating significant quantities of trioxyethylene-encapsulated gold nanoclusters (GNCs) labeled with a single DNA strand is demonstrated. Quantitative characterization of the product is obtained using UV-vis absorbance spectroscopy. These methods of isolation and characterization of singly functionalized GNC-ssDNA conjugates are expected to aid development of nanoscience applications that use DNA molecular recognition for guiding self-assembly.