cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consumer Demand for Green Technology in an Urban Setting: The Case of Chicago Rain Barrels

Hydrological disruption and water pollution from urbanization can be reduced if households adopt decentralized stormwater controls. We use spatial data from Chicago’s rain barrel program to explore what factors influence adoption of durable green technology that provides public goods in an urban setting. We find that owner-occupancy is positively correlated with green-technology adoption; rental housing may have inefficiently low levels of adoption due to principal-agent problems. More rain barrels are adopted in places with a high-income ideologically-green population, but we find that rain barrel purchases are not correlated with local levels of flooding. Results indicate that policy makers might increase green-technology adoption by reducing transaction costs and providing education programs.
Some applications of non-newtonian fluid flow

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses various applications of non-newtonian fluid flow. These include non-newtonian fluid friction reduction, oil-pipeline friction reduction, surfactant applications to large-scale heating and cooling systems, scale-up, and flow tracers. The chapter studies drag reduction in the turbulent flow of solutions of polymers or surfactants. The use of high-polymer additives to enhance flow in petroleum pipe-lines has been a great commercial success. The use of surfactants in district and building heating and cooling systems is an emerging technology with great promise for significant energy savings. By incorporating non-Newtonian properties into a dye-streak, a highly effective flow tracer has been developed. Such a tracer is of great interest because it allows following turbulent and separated flows currently inaccessible with simple methods. The non-Newtonian tracer is developed using ideas based on drag-reduction technology. The basic concept is to incorporate both the shear-induced-state (SIS), sometimes referred-to as shear thickening or strain-hardening flow aspects found in surfactant solutions, with the high extensional viscosity or thread-drawing properties of polymer solutions. These are then used to form (with a colorant) a tracer fluid that can be ejected into the turbulent flow as a dye-streak which resists dispersion and breakup while following the flow path.
Adreno-leukodystrophy: Oxidative Stress of Mice and Men

X-linked adreno-leukodystrophy is a progressive, systemic peroxisomal disorder that affects primarily nervous system myelin and axons as well as the adrenal cortex. Several divergent clinical phenotypes can occur in the same family; thus, there is no correlation between the clinical phenotype and the mutation in the ABCD1 gene in this disease. The most urgent and unresolved clinical issue is the fulminant inflammatory (immune) demyelination of the central nervous system in which a variety of cellular participants, cytokines, and chemokines are noted. A knockout mouse model exhibits mitochondrial deficits and axonal degeneration, but not inflammatory demyelination. To determine whether oxidative stress and damage might play a pathogenic role, we assessed standard biochemical and immunohistochemical markers of such activity both in our knockout mouse model and patients. We find that oxidative stress, as judged by increased immunoreactivity for the mitochondrial manganese-superoxide dismutase, is present in the knockout mouse liver, adrenal cortex, and renal cortex, tissues that normally express high levels of ABCD1 but no evidence of oxidative damage. The brain does not exhibit either oxidative stress or damage. On the other hand, both the human adrenal cortex and brain show evidence of oxidative stress (e.g. hemoxygenase-1 and manganese-superoxide dismutase) and oxidative damage, particularly from lipid peroxidation (4-hydroxynonenal and malondialdehyde). The presence of nitrotyrosylated proteins is strong circumstantial evidence for the participation of the highly toxic peroxynitrite molecule, whereas the demonstration of interferon gamma and interleukin-12 is indicative of a TH1 response in the inflammatory demyelinative lesions of the cerebral phenotype. These differences between the adreno-leukodystrophy mouse and human patients are intriguing and may provide a clue to the phenotypic divergence in this disease.
Understanding Customers' Views: An Example of the Use of Repertory Grid Techique

Repertory grid technique is a well‐known and important tool for market research. Frost and Braine (1967) went as far as to say: “In our view, the Repertory Grid represents an approach of such fundamental importance that we regard it as having as much potential in market research as any technique since the invention of the questionnaire”. Grid technique has typically been used for identifying ideal product attributes. This article, however, gives an example of how the method was successfully used to investigate customers' views on a complex concept.
RNAi as a potential new therapy for HIV infection

Controlling HIV infection continues to be a major clinical and scientific challenge. Despite the therapeutic benefits associated with HAART, the need for novel treatment approaches to combat HIV-1 remains. Effective inhibition of HIV-1 infection has been achieved by harnessing the endogenous RNAi pathway in a variety of cell types, including primary T cells and macrophages. Here we discuss the opportunities and challenges associated with translating these findings into clinically relevant therapeutic approaches.
A quantum reactive scattering study of Mu+H2→MuH+H

The results of quantum coupled states (CS) reactive scattering calculations on the reaction Mu+H2→MuH+H are presented and used to determine reactive cross sections and rate constants. The potential surface used is the chemically accurate Liu–Siegbahn–Truhlar–Horowitz surface, and the calculations are believed to be accurate to about 30%. The reaction probabilities show threshold shifts relative to collinear exact probabilities which are consistent with bending zero point energy effects. Likewise, the cross section thresholds are shifted relative to H+H2 cross sections by amounts which can be correlated with adiabatic barrier zero point energies. The resulting thermal rate constants are in excellent agreement with experiment (within the experimental error bars at all but one temperature between 608 and 845 K) and the corresponding activation energies agree to within 0.8 kcal/mol. The CS rate constants are also found to agree very well at high temperatures with variational transition state theory rate const...
Understanding the Larson-Miller parameter

The Larson-Miller (L-M) method of extrapolating stress rupture and creep results is based on the contention that the absolute temperature-compensated time function should have a unique value for a given material. This value should depend only on the applied stress level. The L-M method has been found satisfactory in the case of many steels and superalloys. The derivation of the L-M relation is discussed, taking into account a power law creep relationship considered by Dorn (1965) and Barrett et al. (1964), a correlation expression reported by Garofalo et al. (1961), and relations concerning the constant C. Attention is given to a verification of the validity of the considered derivation with the aid of suitable materials.
Prostate carcinoma among men with human immunodeficiency virus infection

BACKGROUND Several malignancies are known to occur more frequently in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. To determine the incidence of prostate carcinoma in men with HIV infection, the authors initiated a prostate carcinoma screening program in a large HIV clinic. METHODS Beginning in February 2002, monitoring of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and digital rectal examination (DRE) were included in the routine annual health maintenance provided to men with HIV infection age ≥ 35 years who were followed in the infectious disease clinic at the Naval Medical Center San Diego. All men with prostate carcinoma in this population over the last 2 years were reviewed. Demographic data (age, ethnicity), duration of HIV infection, laboratory values (CD4 counts and HIV viral load), and medication use were determined by medical record review. Men with elevated PSA levels (levels above age-adjusted PSA values or PSA velocity ≥ 0.75 ng/mL per year) or abnormal DRE results were referred for urologic evaluation. Comparisons between groups were performed using a logistic regression model and the Fisher exact test. Multivariate analysis was performed by logistic regression to determine relations between prostate carcinoma and patient characteristics. RESULTS Two hundred sixty-nine men age ≥ 35 years (mean age, 43.4 years; range, 35–72years) underwent prostate carcinoma screening by DRE, and 216 men also received PSA testing. Overall, 56.3% of the patients were white, 28.7% were African American, and 15% were of other racial ethnicity. Of the 216 men, 7 (3.2%) had elevated PSA values, and none had abnormal DRE results. Three patients were diagnosed with prostatitis (PSA range, 3.3–25.7 ng/mL), and 1 patient had high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, which was determined after a biopsy was performed. Repeat PSA evaluations were within normal limits for the remaining three patients. Review of the cohort during the 2-year period before the current study was initiated revealed 5 additional cases of prostate neoplasia. Prostate carcinoma was common (4 of 11 men, 36.4%) in men age > 60 years and occurred with relatively preserved CD4 counts (mean, 509 cells/mm3). In multivariate analysis, African-American race (P = 0.020) and duration of HIV infection (P = 0.047) were found to be associated with the development of prostate carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS Prostate carcinoma screening identified abnormal PSA values in 3.2% of the HIV-positive cohort, many associated with prostatitis. Prostate carcinoma was common in older men and was associated with duration of HIV infection. As the life expectancy of men with HIV infection increases, prostate carcinoma screening will become increasingly important in this population. Cancer 2004. Published 2004 by the American Cancer Society.
Serodiagnosis of Early Lyme Disease: Analysis of IgM and IgG Antibody Responses by Using an Antibody-Capture Enzyme Immunoassay

We used an antibody-capture enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to evaluate the early antibody responses to Borrelia burgdorferi in paired sera from 30 patients with erythema chronicum migrans. During acute disease, 20 (67%) patients had elevated specific IgM responses, and by convalescence (one to four weeks after treatment), 28 (93%) patients had increased IgM or IgG responses. In acute specimens, elevated IgM responses correlated with disseminated infection; however, by convalescence, most patients with either localized or disseminated disease had positive tests. Among 133 control subjects, IgM cross-reactivity was observed in 4 of 37 patients with either Epstein-Barr virus or rickettsial infections, and false-positive IgG tests were seen in 8 of 28 patients with syphilis. With antibody-capture EIA, the diagnosis of Lyme disease can be confirmed in the majority of acutely ill patients and in almost all patients by convalescence.
Principles of a new biological theory: A summary

Abstract This is a review of the present state of the author's efforts, extending over many years, to construct a formal biological theory that is entirely compatible with quantum mechanics. We point out that the correspondence between detailed realizations on the molecular level and the characteristics of a class or organisms is exceedingly multivalued with respect to the former. Biological theory deals with the process of selection of actual biological states among the very large manifold of possible ones. This may also be expressed by saying that biological theory deals with (biologically) necessary conditions but not with sufficient ones. Conditions that are both necessary and sufficient pertain to physical science (molecular biology). In conformity with a well-known theorem of von Neumann, the selective process (being partly non-mechanistic) is not assumed controlled by simple mathematical rules. The selection from a very large reservoir of possible states is here described as creativity of the organism. The ordinary process of hereditary reproduction may then be represented as creativity with constraints, where the constraints (partly non-mechanistic but compatible with quantum mechanics) are such that the progeny tends to resemble the progenitors. This scheme differs from the usual view of heredity as purely mechanistic molecular replication with possible small errors. In the new scheme a gene appears as an operative symbol which functions as the releaser of a creative process.
A powerful combinatorial screen to identify high-affinity terbium(III)-binding peptides.

Lanthanide-binding tags (LBTs) are protein fusion partners consisting of encoded amino acids that bind lanthanide ions with high affinity. Herein, we present a new screening methodology for the identification of new LBT sequences with high affinity for Tb(3+) ions and intense luminescence properties. This methodology utilizes solid-phase split-and-pool combinatorial peptide synthesis. Orthogonally cleavable linkers allow an efficient two-step screening procedure. The initial screen avoids the interference caused by on-bead screening by photochemically releasing a portion of the peptides into an agarose matrix for evaluation. The secondary screen further characterizes each winning sequence in a defined aqueous solution. Employment of this methodology on a series of focused combinatorial libraries yielded a linear peptide sequence of 17 encoded amino acids that demonstrated a 140-fold increase in affinity (57 nM dissociation constant, K(D)) over previously reported lanthanide-binding peptides. This linear sequence was macrocyclized by introducing a disulfide bond between flanking cysteine residues to produce a peptide with a 2-nM apparent dissociation constant for Tb(3+) ions.Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.chemphyschem.org or from the author.
Influence of adsorption-site geometry and diffusion on thin-film growth: Pt/Pd(100)

Abstract We monitor Bragg intensity oscillations, during the growth of Pt films on Pd(100), using a conventional LEED apparatus. Distinct oscillations are observed even at 80 K, where thermally activated surface diffusion is negligibly slow. We have shown previously that the oscillations are consistent with the requirement of a four-fold hollow adsorption site. The experimental data suggest that surface diffusion switches on around T = 150 K. In an effort to extend our model to the temperature range where diffusion begins, we present have a preliminary analysis of master equations which incorporate diffusion and the appropriate adsorption-site requirement. The model predicts that typically growth becomes more layer-by-layer-like with the onset of diffusion, mimicking the experimental data for Pt Pd (100) . The role of diffusion is complex, since lateral (intralayer) diffusion leads to clustering, creation of more adsorption sites, and a diminution of layer-by-layer-like growth. On the other hand, downward or “lemming” (interlayer) diffusion makes growth more layer-by-layer-like.
A Genre-Specific Reading Comprehension Strategy to Enhance Struggling Fifth-Grade Readers' Ability to Critically Analyze Argumentative Text.

This study examined the effectiveness of instruction in a genre-specific reading comprehension strategy, critical analysis of argumentative text, which was designed to help students to identify, summarize, and critically analyze parts of an argumentative text. The investigators hypothesized that reading instruction would improve the students' ability to write convincing persuasive essays. A total of 7 fifth-grade students with reading difficulties participated in the study, which utilized a single-subject, multiple-probes design across paired participants. The strategy instruction focused on reading, identifying, summarizing, and analyzing argumentative texts. The investigators assessed the students on reading comprehension and writing measures during baseline, postintervention, and maintenance phases. The results indicated that all students made substantial gains in the identification of argumentative elements and summarization of arguments. On the postintervention critical analysis measure, 5 out of 7 s...
Regulation and role of brain calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II

Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) exhibits a broad substrate specificity and regulates diverse responses to physiological changes of intracellular Ca2+ concentrations. Five isozymic subunits of the highly abundant brain kinase are encoded by four distinct genes. Expression of each gene is tightly regulated in a cell-specific and developmental manner. CaMKII immunoreactivity is broadly distributed within neurons but is discretely associated with a number of subcellular structures. The unique regulatory properties of CaMKII have attracted a lot of attention. Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent autophosphorylation of a specific threonine residue (alpha-Thr286) within the autoinhibitory domain generates partially Ca(2+)-independent CaMKII activity. Phosphorylation of this threonine in CaMKII is modulated by changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentrations in a variety of cells, and may prolong physiological responses to transient increases in Ca2+. Additional residues within the calmodulin-binding domain are autophosphorylated in the presence of Ca2+ chelators and block activation by Ca2+/calmodulin. This Ca(2+)-independent autophosphorylation is very rapid following prior Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent autophosphorylation at alpha-Thr286 and generates constitutively active, Ca2+/calmodulin-insensitive CaMKII activity. Ca(2+)-independent autophosphorylation of CaMKII also occurs at a slower rate when alpha-Thr286 is not autophosphorylated and results in inactivation of CaMKII. Thus, Ca(2+)-independent autophosphorylation of CaMKII generates a form of the kinase that is refractory to activation by Ca2+/calmodulin. CaMKII phosphorylates a wide range of neuronal proteins in vitro, presumably reflecting its involvement in the regulation of diverse functions such as postsynaptic responses (e.g. long-term potentiation), neurotransmitter synthesis and exocytosis, cytoskeletal interactions and gene transcription. Recent evidence indicates that the levels of CaMKII are altered in pathological states such as Alzheimer's disease and also following ischemia.
The density of liquid aluminium oxide

Abstract Using a molybdenum crucible and a tungsten sinker, the density of liquid aluminium oxide was determined by the loss in weight of an immersed sinker method over a temperature range of 2375–2625°K. The liquid molar volumes were calculated for various temperatures and the expansion of the oxide on melting was determined.
Fabric Evaluations Based on Physiological Measurements of Comfort

Physiological factors such as body surface temperature, electrical conductivity of the skin, rate of sweating, total sweat cost, and heart rate were measured as criteria for evaluating in warm and ...
Social work training for mental health services to the elderly within a multigenerational context.

The Multigenerational Family Project at the University of Washington School of Social Work aims to respond to practice gaps in both mental health and aging services. Given the growth in the number of multigenerational families and the increased employment of middle aged women who have been the traditional family caregivers, it is critical that geriatric social workers in mental health settings take account of the effect of multigenerational dynamics on the delivery of services. A multigenerational approach recognizes the dynamic interplay between the family's resources to provide care and the older person's needs as well as how the family caregiver's well-being interacts with that of the older person. This paper reviews the practice-based rationale for a multigenerational approach in social work education, and then presents curriculum implications. A multigenerational framework is viewed as one way to integrate content on aging with foundation courses in practice, policy, and human behavior with the field...
Recent topics of terrestrial observatories

Ground based observatories in high energy astro-particle physics are used to explore the non-thermal high energy Universe. These detectors provide data to advance our understanding of cosmic accelerators of cosmic rays, gamma rays and neutrinos up to energies of 1E15 eV. The detection principle is in most cases based on shower detection, mostly using photodetectors. This report gives an overview of new techniques in ground based gamma astronomy, cosmic ray air shower arrays and large under water/ice neutrino observatories.
Interactions among Inherent Minerals during Coal Combustion and Their Impacts on the Emission of PM10. 1. Emission of Micrometer-Sized Particles

Four pulverized bituminous coals, possessing nearly identical organic properties, were burnt in a laboratory-scale drop tube furnace to investigate the formation of PM10 (particulate matter less than 10 μm in diameter) and the influence of coal mineralogical properties on its emission. Coal combustion was conducted at 1450 °C in air. A residence time of about 3 s was adopted. During combustion, PM10 was collected by the combination of a cyclone and a low-pressure impactor, and divided into two fractions: micrometer particulates ≥1 μm (PM1+) and submicrometer ones (PM1). These two fractions have been discussed in the present paper and the next one, respectively. Regarding the formation of PM1+, it varies with the coal mineralogical property greatly. The total amounts of four refractory elements, Al, Si, Ca, and Fe, account for more than 90 wt % in PM1+. Accordingly, PM1+ mainly consists of quartz, Al-silicate, and Ca/Fe Al-silicates. Two of the coals tested in this study, lean in Ca and Fe, release about ...
Toward the Achievement of Substrate Melting and Controlled Solidification in Thermal Spraying

The substrate is usually kept at a distant location in traditional thermal spraying, and substrate melting, which can improve splat adhesion usually does not happen. By moving the substrate close to the plasma flame and attaching a temperature control device to the backside of the substrate, as well as by additional heating from the molten droplets, substrate melting may occur and directional splat solidification becomes possible. In this proposed design, the substrate temperature is controlled by spray distance, flame temperature and initial substrate temperature. The variations of particle in-flight characteristics and contact interface temperature on spray distance are investigated. Optimal operating conditions are determined.
Initial results from the extreme ultraviolet explorer

Data obtained during the first five months of calibration and science operation of the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) are presented. Spectra of an extragalactic object were obtained; the object is detectable to wavelenghts longer than 100 A, demonstrating that extragalactic EUV astronomy is possible. Spectra of a hot white dwarf, and a late-type star in quiescence and flaring are shown as examples of the type of spectrographic data obtainable with EUVE. Other objects for which broad band photometric mode data have been obtained and analyzed include an RS CVn star and several late-type stars. The backgrounds in the EUVE detectors are quite low and the character of the diffuse astronomical EUV background has been investigated using these very low rates. Evidence is presented showing that, contrary to previously published reports, EUVE is about three times more sensitive than the English Wide Field Camera in the short wavelength bandpass covered by both instruments. Only limited information has been extracted from the longer bandpasses coered only by EUVE. Nonetheless, the brightest EUV source in the sky, a B star, has been discovered and is detected only in these longer bandpasses.
Violation of thermal equilibrium in a thermomigration experiment

The applicability of thermal equilibrium as a criterion for the prediction of the distribution of vacant atomic sites in a nonisothermal crystal has been tested and found to be in error. If thermal equilibrium holds at a local position in a nonisothermal crystal, then the chemical potential of the vacancies ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{v}$ is equal to zero, and the functional relationship for the vacancy fraction in a pure crystal is ${\overline{C}}_{v}=\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}\frac{{G}_{v}}{{k}_{B}T})$, where $T$ is the local temperature and ${G}_{v}$ is the free energy of formation of the vacancy in an isothermal crystal. This relationship has been used by various investigators studying thermomigration in metals to evaluate the thermodynamic force on a vacancy ${X}_{v}$ in making deductions about the intrinsic heats of transport for the atoms in the crystal. Consequently, if ${C}_{v}\ensuremath{\ne}{\overline{C}}_{v}$ in the nonisothermal crystal, these deductions are in error since ${X}_{v}$ contributes a term to the measured heat of transport ${Q}_{m}$. The violation of thermal equilibrium has been determined from measurements of the diffusivity of silver into pure aluminum single crystals. Enhanced vacancy fractions are found as evidenced by the reduced activation energy for diffusion of $Q=16500\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}680$ cal/mole as compared to that of $Q=27830$ cal/mole for isothermal diffusion of silver in aluminum. The distribution which correlates the vacancy fraction in aluminum is determined and provides an explanation for the anomalous heats of transport reported for aluminum and for silver in aluminum. The vacancy fraction is given by ${C}_{v}=\mathrm{exp}(\frac{{S}_{v}}{{k}_{B}})\mathrm{exp}[\ensuremath{-}(1\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma})\frac{{H}_{v}}{{k}_{B}{T}_{H}}]\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}\frac{\ensuremath{\gamma}{H}_{v}}{{k}_{B}T})$, where ${T}_{H}$ is the hot end temperature of a crystal in a one-dimensional gradient and $T$ is the local temperature. $\ensuremath{\gamma}$, for aluminum, is determined in this experiment to be equal to 0.353.
Carbonyl Compounds Produced by Cryptomonas ovata var. palustris

SYNOPSIS. Some neutral carbonyl compounds synthesized by Cryptomonas, ovata var. palustris were identified as methanal, ethanal, 2-propanone, pentanal, and heptanal by means of thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography and infrared spectroscopy.
Experimental study on the effect of glass transition on moisture profiles and stress-crack formation during continuous and time-varying drying of maize kernels.

The concept of glass transition can help understand the drying process and provide insight into the stress-cracking behaviour of maize (Zea mays) kernels. Thin-layer drying experiments using continuous and time-varying temperature and humidity profiles were conducted and the stress crack index was evaluated. Overlaying glass-transition regimes over the continuous drying profiles demonstrated a broader transition region at lower temperatures and a narrower transition region at higher temperatures. The time taken by maize kernels to pass through the glass-transition regime was directly related to the stress-crack formation. High temperature drying at 90 °C decreased the drying time but showed a higher cracking index. Low temperature drying at 30 °C had the longest drying time but this caused the least amount of cracking in the samples. Time-varying temperature profiles were also tested using a combination of temperatures in the glass-transition zone. Introduction of a high humidity step along with high temperature in the time-varying drying profile offered advantages in terms of drying time and reduced cracking in comparison to continuous single temperature drying at 70 °C. To extend the findings of this study, future studies should be conducted using additional drying conditions and computer simulations.
Eye tracking young children with autism.

The rise of accessible commercial eye-tracking systems has fueled a rapid increase in their use in psychological and psychiatric research. By providing a direct, detailed and objective measure of gaze behavior, eye-tracking has become a valuable tool for examining abnormal perceptual strategies in clinical populations and has been used to identify disorder-specific characteristics1, promote early identification2, and inform treatment3. In particular, investigators of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have benefited from integrating eye-tracking into their research paradigms4-7. Eye-tracking has largely been used in these studies to reveal mechanisms underlying impaired task performance8 and abnormal brain functioning9, particularly during the processing of social information1,10-11. While older children and adults with ASD comprise the preponderance of research in this area, eye-tracking may be especially useful for studying young children with the disorder as it offers a non-invasive tool for assessing and quantifying early-emerging developmental abnormalities2,12-13. Implementing eye-tracking with young children with ASD, however, is associated with a number of unique challenges, including issues with compliant behavior resulting from specific task demands and disorder-related psychosocial considerations. In this protocol, we detail methodological considerations for optimizing research design, data acquisition and psychometric analysis while eye-tracking young children with ASD. The provided recommendations are also designed to be more broadly applicable for eye-tracking children with other developmental disabilities. By offering guidelines for best practices in these areas based upon lessons derived from our own work, we hope to help other investigators make sound research design and analysis choices while avoiding common pitfalls that can compromise data acquisition while eye-tracking young children with ASD or other developmental difficulties.
Evaluation of complete blood count results from a new, on-site hemocytometer compared with a laboratory-based hemocytometer

Objective To compare point-of-care results obtained from an on-site hemocytometer with values provided by an institutional laboratory instrument. Design A prospective laboratory evaluation. Setting The central laboratory and cardiac surgical intensive care unit of a university-affiliated tertiary care center. Patients Normal range comparison was performed using blood specimens routinely obtained from 48 hospitalized patients for complete blood count analysis. The second evaluation was performed on blood specimens routinely obtained (in the intensive care unit) after cardiac surgery involving extracorporeal circulation in a series of 187 consecutive patients. Measurements and Main Results Hemoglobin concentration, platelet count, mean corpuscular volume, mean platelet volume, and red and white blood cell counts were measured with both on-site (MD 16, Coulter Electronics, Hialeah, FL) and laboratory (STKS, Coulter Electronics) instruments. Hematocrit and red cell distribution width were calculated using measured variables. Blood specimens were obtained from two distinct patients series. To evaluate measurement values within the normal range, a series of 48 routinely obtained blood specimens for complete blood count analysis in our institutional laboratory were utilized for concurrent analysis with the on-site hemocytometer. To evaluate measurement values out of the normal range, a second comparison involved measurements performed on blood specimens obtained in the cardiac surgical intensive care unit for complete blood count analysis. Linear regression demonstrated good correlations between on-site and laboratory hemoglobin concentration (r2 equals .97), hematocrit (r2 equals .95), platelet count (r2 equals .97), mean corpuscular volume (r2 equals .91), red cell distribution width (r2 equals .80), and red (r2 equals .95) and white (r2 equals .96) blood cell count results. A marginal correlation was observed between mean platelet volume values (r2 equals .47). Bias analysis (mean plus minus 2 SD) demonstrated similar measurements between on-site and laboratory hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, platelet count, red blood cell count, white blood cell count, mean platelet volume, mean corpuscular volume, and red cell distribution width. Conclusions On-site hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, white blood cell count, red blood cell count, red cell distribution width, and platelet count values compare well with those results obtained from the laboratory. The MD 16 hemocytometer (Coulter Electronics) provides on-site hematologic results that can provide an accurate and rapid quantitative assessment of platelets, and red and white blood cells. Rapid access to information obtained from this type of system may be clinically useful, especially in critically ill patients.
Relative effects of acoustic and semantic relatedness on clustering in free recall

An 18-word list was constructed so that each word belonged to both a semantically related category and an acoustically related category. The list was presented, either orally or visually, in a multitrial free-recall task. The results from 40 Ss showed that the organization of recall was dominated by the acoustic properties of the words.
Active Mode Localization in Distributed Parameter Systems with Consideration of Limited Actuator Placement, Part 2: Simulations and Experiments

The purpose of this two-part work is to apply active mode localization techniques to distributed parameter systems where control actuator and sensor placement is a limiting factor. In this paper, Part 2 of the study, the SVD eigenvector shaping technique examined in Part I is utilized to numerically and experimentally localize the response of a simply supported beam. This is done for two reasons. First, it demonstrates the application of this modified mode localization technique to a distributed parameter system. Second, it shows that it is possible to use this method to produce vibration isolation, reducing the absolute displacements in designated portions of the system while simultaneously curtailing the number of necessary control sensors and actuators.
Periodic motions in a simplified brake system with a periodic excitation

Abstract In this paper, periodic motions for a simplified brake system under a periodical excitation are investigated, and the motion switchability on the discontinuous boundary is discussed through the theory of discontinuous dynamical systems. The onset and vanishing of periodic motions are discussed through the bifurcation and grazing analyses. Based on the discontinuous boundary, the switching planes and the basic mappings are introduced, and the mapping structures for periodic motions are developed. From the mapping structures, the periodic motions are analytically predicted and the corresponding local stability and bifurcation analysis is completed. Periodic motions will be illustrated for verification of analytical predictions. In addition, the relative force distributions along the displacement are illustrated for illustrations of the analytical conditions of motion switchability on the discontinuous boundary.
p53 Linear Diffusion along DNA Requires Its C Terminus

In cells, sequence-specific transcription factors must search through an entire genome to find their target sites in promoters. Such sites may be identified by using one-dimensional (linear diffusion) and/or three-dimensional (association/dissociation) mechanisms. We show here that wild-type p53 possesses the ability to linearly diffuse on DNA. p53 lacking its C terminus is incapable of such sliding along DNA, while the isolated C terminus of p53 is even more effective than the full-length protein at one-dimensional linear diffusion. Importantly, neither acetylation-mimicking mutations nor phosphorylation of residues within the C terminus stimulates linear diffusion by p53. Supporting these in vitro observations, we found that C-terminally deleted p53 (p53Δ30) expressed at physiological levels is deficient in binding to and transactivating downstream promoters in vivo. Therefore, our data show that the C terminus is a positive regulator of DNA binding in vivo and in vitro, and indicate that the mechanism may involve linear diffusion.
Revolution and evolution: applying Prigogine's dissipative structures model

Abstract The study of revolutions in human systems has traditionally been the province of historians and political scientists. The results have not been entirely satisfactory. Since the time of Tocqueville, for instance, historians have so emphasized the continuities in societies before and after revolutions that the consequences of revolutionary activities appear trivial. Political scientists, on the other hand, have sought to develop formalized taxonomies of revolutions which are so restrictive that their ‘types’ refer only to specific cases. It appears reasonable, therefore, to turn to other sciences for models to organize and evaluate our knowledge of revolutions. In particular, the dissipative structures model of Ilya Prigogine, which has been successfully applied to systems in physics, chemistry, biology, and ecology, offers great promise as a guide to developments on the human scale. Applied to the study of ‘revolutions’, the Prigogine model leads to a variety of analytical insights that not only vastly improve our understanding of rapid and dramatic social change, but deepen our appreciation of the significance of these events as well. In effect, the model suggests that revolutions are more important than historians have typically argued and more assimilable within the context of a generalized model than political scientists have allowed. The particular elements of the model apply with striking utility to revolutions in many circumstances, while the general conclusions following from the model's use have serious implications for our understanding of social systems. In the following paper, use of the model is tested against historical data from the several ‘Great Revolutions’ of the modern era, offering new interpretations of events in a variety of contexts.
Urinary Stress Incontinence Due to Intrinsic Sphincteric Deficiency: Experience With Fat and Collagen Periurethral Injections

ABSTRACTPurpose: We prospectively compared the efficacy of 2 bulking agents to treat incontinence related to intrinsic sphincter deficiency.Materials and Methods: A total of 67 women underwent periurethral injection for intrinsic sphincter deficiency at the same institution performed by 1 surgeon. Patients were divided into 45 who received fat (group 1) and 22 who received collagen (group 2) injections. Both groups were comparable for age, parity, number of previously failed procedures and number of pads used daily. Preoperative urodynamic evaluation revealed a low Valsalva leak point pressure in both groups (mean plus or minus standard deviation 23.82 +/− 12.41 versus 29.35 +/− 11.32, not significant). Patients rated the subjective degree of postoperative improvement as 0 to 100%.Results: At a mean followup of 7 months after the last injection only 13% of the fat group and 24% of the collagen group were cured. The mean percentage of subjective improvement was significantly greater in the collagen than in...
Examination of Galvanic Action between Fe-Based Bulk Metallic Glass and Crystalline Alloys

Fe-based bulk metallic glasses (amorphous metals) have been developed, and several compositions are shown to have excellent corrosion resistance in chloride solutions. Further, thermal-spray amorphous metals are being developed for use as a barrier coating layer, to protect substrate materials from corrosion. Galvanic action between dissimilar metals and the coating/substrate for the amorphous-alloy coatings is of practical interest for a number of applications. The mixed-potential theory provides a useful approach for examining the corrosion behavior of the component materials in the galvanic couple and is applied in this study. Galvanic action was studied for an Fe-based structurally amorphous metal (SAM) 1651 and several crystalline alloys that included 1018 C-steel, stainless steel (SS) 316L, and alloy 22. Anodic and cathodic polarization curves of each of the metals were measured by potentiodynamic polarization. Based on the mixed-potential theory, the behavior of the component materials in a galvanic cell was predicted. The predictions are compared to the measured behavior of galvanic couples with the crystalline alloys.
Utilization of Autologous Transfusion Technologies for Allogeneic‐blood‐free Cardiac Transplantation in Pediatric Patients

SUMMARY The use of blood products has diminished over the last several years. The avoidance of allogeneic blood not only has the benefit of reduced disease transmission but also reduces other complications such as immunosuppression. While this is a goal for all patients, in the pediatric population this is not a simple matter. In cardiac surgery, red cell volume must be maintained, but platelet function and clotting factors are also of concern. In the pediatric Jehovah's Witness patient for cardiac transplant all concerns take on increased importance. The maximization of perioperative blood management will allow the preservation of all blood components and can be done in such a way as to honor the beliefs and requirements of this religious group. This article will discuss the methodology for the accomplishment of major cardiac surgery in the pediatric patient using no blood products.
Algorithm 825: A deep-cut bisection envelope algorithm for fixed points

We present the BEDFix (Bisection Envelope Deep-cut Fixed point) algorithm for the problem of approximating a fixed point of a function of two variables. The function must be Lipschitz continuous with constant 1 with respect to the infinity norm; such functions are commonly found in economics and game theory. The computed approximation satisfies a residual criterion given a specified error tolerance. The BEDFix algorithm improves the BEFix algorithm presented in Shellman and Sikorski [2002] by utilizing "deep cuts," that is, eliminating additional segments of the feasible domain which cannot contain a fixed point. The upper bound on the number of required function evaluations is the same for BEDFix and BEFix, but our numerical tests indicate that BEDFix significantly improves the average-case performance. In addition, we show how BEDFix may be used to solve the absolute criterion fixed point problem with significantly better performance than the simple iteration method, when the Lipschitz constant is less than but close to 1. BEDFix is highly efficient when used to compute residual solutions for bivariate functions, having a bound on function evaluations that is twice the logarithm of the reciprocal of the tolerance. In the tests described in this article, the number of evaluations performed by the method averaged 31 percent of this worst-case bound. BEDFix works for nonsmooth continuous functions, unlike methods that require gradient information; also, it handles functions with minimum Lipschitz constants equal to 1, whereas the complexity of simple iteration approaches infinity as the minimum Lipschitz constant approaches 1. When BEDFix is used to compute absolute criterion solutions, the worst-case complexity depends on the logarithm of the reciprocal of 1-q, where q is the Lipschitz constant, as well as on the logarithm of the reciprocal of the tolerance.
Microvascular ultrastructure after perfusion fixation and injection of an electron dense medium.

Injection of a silicon rubber compound has been used to demonstrate the microvascular architecture of various tissues and organs (Reynolds 1968, Cortel 1969, Beeuwkes 1971, Beeuwkes and Bonventre 1975, Plyley and Groom 1975).
Dual activation of CFTR and CLCN2 by lubiprostone in murine nasal epithelia.

Multiple sodium and chloride channels on the apical surface of nasal epithelial cells contribute to periciliary fluid homeostasis, a function that is disrupted in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF)...
Subcellular localization of hepatitis B core antigen in relation to hepatocyte regeneration in chronic hepatitis B

Abstract Background & Aims: To test whether the dominant cytoplasmic expression of hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) in active chronic hepatitis B is secondary to liver damage and regeneration, the relationship between subcellular localization of HBcAg, liver inflammatory activity, and hepatocyte regeneration in chronic hepatitis B was studied. Methods: Correlation of the clinical and laboratory data with the topographical distribution of HBcAg was studied in 30 patients. The subcellular localization of HBcAg in relation to hepatocyte cell cycles was studied by double immunostaining of HBcAg and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Results: Patients with predominant cytoplasmic HBcAg had significantly higher levels of biochemical and histological activities and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression than patients with predominant nuclear HBcAg. The levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression correlated positively with biochemical and histological activities and degrees of cytoplasmic HBcAg expression but negatively with degrees of nuclear HBcAg expression. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression was shown in 49% of hepatocytes with cytoplasmic HBcAg but in only 2% of hepatocytes with nuclear HBcAg. Conclusions: These findings suggested that, following liver damage, the regeneration of surviving hepatocytes might cause the shift of intracellular HBcAg from nucleus to cytoplasm. As a result, the extent of nuclear HBcAg expression reduces with concomitant increase in cytoplasmic HBcAg expression.
The Universal Elements of Multipurpose Automatic Test Systems

To assure the continuing satisfactory operation of a complex bombing-navigation and missile guidance system, extensive efforts must be expended in the testing process, which depends heavily upon the test system. In this paper, the testing process and test systems are treated in analytical fashion. The test system is divided into basic functional elements that are universal to all test systems. These functional elements, or subsystems, are then integrated into a theoretical automatic multipurpose test system; boundary conditions imposed on this general system would lead to any special-purpose test system. The theoretical model created is useful: 1) in designing any test system where boundary conditions are imposed; 2) in evaluating and standardizing existing and proposed test systems for a specific application; and 3) in extending available techniques of analysis in the fields of communication, computing, and control systems to the important, integrated system testing and test systems.
Bright EUV lines emitted by highly ionized tungsten ions as diagnostic indicators of the tungsten transport in ITER core plasmas (Te > 7?keV)

In this paper we investigate the possible use of spectral lines from highly ionized tungsten (W) ions to measure transport and other physical properties of ITER plasmas. Firstly, we calculate the fractional abundances of W ions for plasmas having electron temperatures in the 7?40?keV range and an electron density of 1014?cm?3. Secondly, we calculate the wavelengths and emissivities versus temperature of the brightest spectral lines expected to be emitted by the W ions at extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wavelengths longer than 45??. To complement the grazing incidence spectroscopy technique traditionally used to study such spectra, we propose the use of segmented multilayer-coated telescopes for imaging the ITER plasmas in selected EUV lines, similar to the space-based instruments routinely used to study temperatures, emission measures and motions of 0.1?2?keV solar coronal plasmas.