cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CRISPR/Cas-Dependent and Nuclease-Free In Vivo Therapeutic Gene Editing

Precise gene manipulation by gene editing approaches facilitates the potential to cure several debilitating genetic disorders. Gene modification stimulated by engineered nucleases induces a double-stranded break (DSB) in the target genomic locus, thereby activating DNA repair mechanisms. DSBs triggered by nucleases are repaired either by the nonhomologous end-joining or the homology-directed repair pathway, enabling efficient gene editing. While there are several ongoing ex vivo genome editing clinical trials, current research underscores the therapeutic potential of CRISPR/Cas-based (clustered regularly interspaced short palindrome repeats-associated Cas nuclease) in vivo gene editing. In this review, we provide an overview of the CRISPR/Cas-mediated in vivo genome therapy applications and explore their prospective clinical translatability to treat human monogenic disorders. In addition, we discuss the various challenges associated with in vivo genome editing technologies and strategies used to circumvent them. Despite the robust and precise nuclease-mediated gene editing, a promoterless, nuclease-independent gene targeting strategy has been utilized to evade the drawbacks of the nuclease-dependent system, such as off-target effects, immunogenicity, and cytotoxicity. Thus, the rapidly evolving paradigm of gene editing technologies will continue to foster the progress of gene therapy applications.
U.S.-Vietnam: Revitalizing Stagnant Ties

Three years ago in August, the U.S. Secretary of State led a triumphant visit to Vietnam shortly after President Clinton had stepped onto the White House press-room podium and-- with Senators John McCain and John Kerry behind him providing political cover-- announced the establishment of diplomatic relations with that old enemy.
“The pain is real”: A [modified] photovoice exploration of disability, chronic pain, and chronic illness (in)visibility:

This study uses an innovative modification to Photovoice methodology to explore the lived experiences of people who have non-apparent disabilities, chronic pain and/or chronic illness. Responding t...
Does Membership Pay Off for Covered Workers? A Distributional Analysis of the Free Rider Problem

This paper examines the union membership wage premium among private sector employees covered by collective bargaining agreements. Using Current Population Survey data for 2000-2003, the author not only estimates the conditional mean wage premium - the metric on which most previous research has focused - but also employs recently developed (instrumental) quantile regression techniques to estimate the wage effect of membership across the wage distribution. Members enjoyed, on average, a wage premium of 9% over comparable covered nonmembers. Further analyses find no evidence that this mean premium is explained either by unobserved differences or by measurement error. The author also finds that a narrow focus on the mean impact partially masks heterogeneity in the impact across the distribution. Notably, membership wage effects were considerably more pronounced for low wage earners than for high wage earners.
Performance analysis of the ALOHA protocol with replication in a fading channel for the Mobile Satellite Experiment

The analysis of the ALOHA random access protocol for communications channels with fading is presented. The protocol is modified to send multiple contiguous copies of a message at each transmission attempt. Both pure and slotted ALOHA channels are considered. A general two state model is used for the channel error process to account for the channel fading memory. It is shown that greater throughput and smaller delay may be achieved using repetitions. The model is applied to the analysis of the delay-throughput performance in a fading mobile communications environment. Numerical results are given for NASA's Mobile Satellite Experiment.
The composition of grignard compounds : VIII. Alkylmagnesium fluorides

Abstract Although alkylmagnesium chlorides, bromides and iodides are monomeric in tetrahydrofuran over a wide concentration range, ebullioscopic studies reported herein show that alkylmagnesium fluorides are dimeric in diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran over the same concentration range. Low temperature NMR, IR, fractional crystallization and dioxane precipitation studies indicate that the mobile Schlenk equilibrium used to describe organomagnesium chlorides, bromides and iodides does not exist int he case of alkylmagnesium fluorides due to the unusual stability of MgFMg bridge bonds. Instead, the composition of alkylmagnesium fluorides in both diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran is best described by the dimeric units *I) or (II), or (I) and (II). Some evidence is presented to support a mixed bridge system (I) for those cases where the RMgF compounds were prepared in the presence of by-product R 2 Mg compounds. Alkylmagnesium fluorides react with H 2 O, O 2 , CO 2 , PhCN and Ph 2 CO in a manner similar to, but significantly different from, the corresponding alkyl-magnesium bromides.
The hyperbolic helix hypothesis: Stapleton's fractal measure on the hydrophobic free energy mode distributions of allosteric proteins

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the hyperbolic helix hypothesis. The Farey–Fibonacci hydrophobic free energy mode partition and the spectral and fractal dimensional isometry relate the Salem perfect set of unicity in a trigonometric series, representing a distribution of infinitely many independent Bernoulli distribution functions. Hypothetically, high levels of nonrelevant stereochemically specific protein antibody titers could optically bias the solvent entropy, so as to reduce the optically active room for the stereochemically-specific entropy–enthalpy information exchange between the protein antigen of a new, invading pathogenic agent and the membrane protein responsible for triggering the defensive cascade in the lymphatic tissue. Hyperfunctioning antibody generating systems and immunological paralysis with vulnerability to usually harmless organisms could paradoxically coexist.
Predictions of ecological and social impacts of alternative residential development policies to inform decision making in a rural landscape

Anthropogenic landscape change has had a disproportionately large effect on temperate grassland systems. We used simulations of landscape change to compare the impacts of three commonly applied alternative residential development policies (protecting productive lands, growth boundaries, targeted protection of conservation lands) on ecological and socially important resources in a rural grassland landscape of northern Idaho, United States. Our simulations showed that development patterns were least socially acceptable and most detrimental to ecological resources under current land-use policies. Protecting productive agricultural lands led to the highest level of endangerment for remnant Palouse Prairie communities. Urban growth boundary policies produced the most socially acceptable development patterns and supported habitat for a wide range of species. Targeted conservation actions protected key habitat areas but did little to protect habitat for wide-ranging species. Detailed analyses such as these provide planners with the information required to assess and mitigate the consequences of policy decisions.
Can Haitian Higher Education Rise from the Rubble

Haitian higher education received catastrophic damage from the earthquake in 2009. The rebuilding of higher education is a priority for Haiti for educating the country's elites and achieving economic growth and innovation. In rebuilding Haitian higher education after the earthquake, pre-existing issues regarding an improvement of access and the governance, and an increase of full-time professors must be addressed.
Health related quality of life assessment after radical prostatectomy in men with prostate specific antigen only recurrence

Purpose: The health related quality of life assessment is becoming increasingly important among patients with prostate cancer. Meanwhile, treatment of patients with increasing prostate specific antigen (PSA) after radical retropubic prostatectomy remains controversial. We attempt to define the impact of PSA recurrence on the health related quality of life of patients after radical retropubic prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: Of 604 consecutive patients who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy between March 1991 and September 1998, 510 (84%) were available for followup. Each patient was mailed the RAND 36-Item Health Survey and University of California, Los Angeles, Prostate Cancer Index questionnaire. A total of 348 (70%) questionnaires were returned. Health related quality of life scores were then compared between patients with and without PSA recurrence. A multivariate analysis was also performed to elucidate further the cause of differences between the groups.Results: Overall, 88 (25%) patient...
Potassium release by α2-adrenergic receptor stimulation of rat parotid acinar cells

alpha-Adrenergic stimulation elicited a rapid release of K+ from dispersed parotid acinar cells in the presence of external Ca2+. A recent classification of alpha-adrenergic receptors proposed that alpha 1 receptors facilitate Ca2+ entry while alpha 2 receptors interact with adenylate cyclase. We tested this proposal by studying the ability of selective alpha-adrenergic antagonists to prevent epinephrine-induced release of K+ from parotid cells. The alpha 1 agents, WB 4101 and prazosin, were less potent than the alpha 2 antagonist yohimbine. These data suggest that alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in the parotid might facilitate the entry of Ca2+.
Contextual interference and motor skill acquisition: On the processes that influence retention

Abstract Over the last decade, there have been competing explanations for the contextual interference effect in motor learning. One notion (Lee and Magill 1983) describes the effect in terms of the movement-plan reconstruction processes acquired with practice, while an alternative (Shea and Zimny 1983, 1988) emphasizes that the types of multiple processing strategies developed with practice are responsible for the effect. In this project, we examined how the various processes, as proposed by both of these explanations, influence the acquisition and retention of a simple aiming task. The methodology employed to address this problem supplemented practice schedules with various interpolated activities in the post-KR delay interval. In experiment 1, exemplar modals about the same-trial, next, or other (randomly determined) movement goal were provided to random practice conditions. Results indicated that there were detrimental and slight beneficial effects for retention when these types of models were provided, relative to a control condition. Experiment 2 further examined the post-KR delay activities that could enhance the cognitive processing associated with effective retention in both blocked and random practice. Findings from this experiment indicate that different types of interpolated activities presented in the post-KR delay interval facilitate retention for blocked practice conditions. Together, results from both experiments suggest that both elaboration and reconstruction processes can be beneficial for long-term retention.
Crystallography of phase transformations

Abstract Microstructural and crystallographic features which are associated with transformation products are generalized on the basis of factors such as interfacial surface energy, strain energy and diffusion. In the case of diffusion-controlled Widmanstatten structures, surface energy factors such as a discrete orientation relationship, a low index habit plane and a tendency for a pseudomorphic or coherent crystal structure are dominant. Factors associated with tolerable strain energy, such as stress relief by recrystallization or concurrent plastic deformation, play only minor roles in diffusion-controlled transformations. On the other hand, it is proposed that in the case of diffusionless martensitic structures the strain energy factors, such as spontaneous deformation by slip and twinning, dominate to modify the factors established by interfacial surface energy. The strain energy factors lead to modified or pseudo-habits and pseudo-orientation relationships in much the same way as surface energy may lead to a pseudomorphic crystal structure. The consequence of spontaneous deformation by slip is illustrated for martensitic structures in iron-base alloys. It is proposed that the (111)A habit and Kurdjumow-Sachs orientation relationship are primitive characteristics of the γ to α transformation in iron-base alloys and that spontaneous slip modifies these characteristics to those observed for bainitic and martensitic structures. The suggestion is advanced that the (225)A habit arises because of rotation of the interface away from (111)A by slip in the austenite whereas the (259)A habit is associated with the dominance of slip in the martensite. Slip in each phase can account for lattice rotations that explain variables of the observed orientation relationships. A generalization that the habit plane tends to be one with indices of the type {ithhl} in a variety of martensitic structures involving cubic phases is explained by spontaneous deformation. On the basis of this viewpoint, shear transformations and martensitic structures are to be regarded as being accompanied by shear rather than generated by shear.
Essential Thrombocythemia During Pregnancy

Essential thrombocythemia is a myeloproliferative disorder of the platelet line. The diagnosis is established with the findings of a platelet count greater than 600,000/jil, normal hemoglobin and hematocrit, and the absence of a Philadelphia chromosome. The disease usually becomes manifest by episodes of thrombosis or bleeding. Conditions which increase the risk for thrombosis may create complications for patients with essential thrombocythemia. We present a case of a patient with an uncomplicated pregnancy with platelet counts ranging from 1,258,000 to 942,000/ud. She was managed antenatally with 75 mg of aspirin per day. She was delivered at term of a healthy 8 pound 4 ounce male. Her postpartum course was managed with subcutaneous heparin 10,000 units bid for 6 weeks. Including this case, a review of the literature details 12 women with 34 pregnancies associated with ET. Of these 34 pregnancies there were 23 spontaneous abortions, 2 elective abortions, 2 intrauterine fetal demises, 1 premature liveborn...
Interfacial Crack Propagation in a Thin Viscoelastic Film Bonded to an Elastic Substrate

Edge decohesion along the interface of a thin viscoelastic film bonded to an elastic substrate under tensile residual stresses is considered. The tensile residual stress in the film is replaced by a combination of edge loads, and an explicit relation of strain energy with respect to time is obtained through simple beam analysis. The strain energy function is discretized into time steps which are assumed to be very small so that the dissipation effects over the time steps can be neglected. The energy release rate is then calculated using a Griffith type energy balance. An analytical model is developed to predict the crack growth and its velocity. Extent of crack growth along the interface is prediced based on a fracture criteria. The analytical predictions are compared with results from a viscoelastic finite element analysis.
Lemierre syndrome causing bilateral cavernous sinus thrombosis.

Abstract:Lemierre syndrome is an uncommon septic thrombophlebitis of the veins of the head and the neck usually occurring after a severe oropharyngeal infection. Although subsequent septic emboli most commonly affect distant sites, such as the lungs and joints, the authors present a case of Lemierre
Monitoring of electrochemically inactive compounds by amperometric gas sensors

Abstract Electrochemical sensors have many useful applications in air and toxic gas monitoring, but they are extremely limited in the gaseous species that they can detect. To extend the applicability of amperometric gas-sensing instruments to electrochemically inactive compounds, gas samples were exposed to a heated platinum or gold filament before being introduced into the sample chambers of several different amperometric sensors. The sensors were of the three-electrode type, having platinum-black reference and counter electrodes and sensing electrodes made of platinum black, powdered gold or vapor-deposited platinum or gold on porous tetrafluoroethylene membranes. All three electrodes were in contact with a 25 – 30 wy.% sulfuric acid solution. The responses of four different sensors to various compounds at 20°C were measured at sensing electrode potentials ranging from 0.9 V to 1.4 V versus RHE (reversible hydrogen electrode in the same electrolyte), with and without a heated platinum filament at the sample inlet. Of 10 compounds tested, only two elicited significant responses without the filament. With the filament heated to about 700 °C, each of the tested compounds elicited a significant response under certain conditions. Moreover, the particular sensors and electrode potentials corresponding to the strongest responses were different for each compound. Qualitatively similar, but quantitatively more pronounced, responses were obtained with the same filament heated to 800 °C or 1050 ± 50 °C, or with a gold filament heated to 950 ± 50 °C. The responses were proportional to concentration in the 0 – 50 ppm range, and usually proportional in the 0 – 200 ppm range.
A semi-automated system for the routine production of copper-64.

Abstract An automated system for the production of high specific activity 64 Cu via the irradiation of electroplated enriched 64 Ni targets has been developed. We have been operating this system continually on a biweekly or weekly basis for more than two years. Since the inception of this automated production system, (October 1, 2008), we have had 145 productions, produced 53562 mCi and shipped out 25629 mCi of this isotope to external users. We routinely produce over 400 mCi of this isotope per batch with a specific activity of 14,000±7600 mCi/μmol for distribution to some 12–15 centers each production.
Polyspecific associations of Cercopithecus campbelli and C. petaurista with C. diana: what are the costs and benefits?

Polyspecific associations (PSA) are common in many African primate communities, including the diurnal primates at Tai Forest, Cote d’Ivoire. In this paper I use data on the PSA of two forest guenons, Campbell’s (Cercopithecus campbelli) and lesser spot-nosed monkeys (C. petaurista), with Diana monkeys (C. diana) and other primates to clarify interspecific relationships during 17 months including a 3-month low-fruit period. I analyzed association in relation to fruit availability and measured forest strata use for C. campbelli and C. petaurista when alone and in associations with and without C. diana. I also measured predator risk and reactions to potential predators. C. campbelli and C. petaurista had high association rates with C. diana monkeys, and fruit availability did not influence association rates. C. campbelli and C. petaurista used higher strata when in association with C. diana than when alone, but they used even higher strata when associated with other primates without C. diana. This suggested that C. diana competitively exclude C. campbelli and C. petaurista from higher strata. There were relatively large numbers of potential predators, and C. diana were usually the first callers to threatening stimuli, suggesting that antipredator benefits of association with C. diana outweighed the competitive costs. C. campbelli spent more time in association with C. diana than C. petaurista did and appeared to be more reliant on C. diana for antipredator benefits. C. petaurista were less reliant on C. diana because of a cryptic strategy and may have associated less in some months because of high chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) presence.
Representative Decision Making on the Federal Bench: Clinton's District Court Appointees

President Clinton, like Carter before him, has made a concerted effort to appoint women and minorities to the federal bench in an effort to make the courts appear representative of American society. The question remains, does this symbolic representation translate into substantive or policy representation on the bench? This analysis is based on data colected about pairs of Clinton's district court appointees who are similar in a number of respects but different in their race or gender. The rulings by these pairs, made in cases involving a number of issues expected to preent racial and gender differences, were compared to determine whether Clinton's nontraditional district court judges provided substantive as well as symbolic representation. The results indicate that these judges do not provide policy representation to their respective groups, nor do they appear particularly liberal or activist, as many of Clinton's political oppnents have alleged.
The nasogastric tube syndrome : two case reports and review of the literature

Background The nasogastric tube syndrome is a potentially life-threatening complication of an indwelling nasogastric (NG) tube. The syndrome is thought to result from ulceration and infection of the posterior cricoid region with subsequent dysfunction of vocal cord abduction. This dysfunction may present as complete loss of vocal cord abduction manifested as serious airway compromise. Reports of this syndrome are infrequent, with only 29 cases published to date. Methods Two additional cases of nasogastric tube syndrome diagnosed at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics over a 2-year period are presented. A search of MEDLINE (1966 through February 1999), including review of those articles' references identified seven previous publications, including 29 case reports. These 29 cases are reviewed and the findings summarized. Results Twenty-nine cases of NG tube syndrome are identified, with 16 of these occurring in the preantibiotic period. Including the two cases presented here, 15 contemporary patients are examined. Among these 15 cases, 10 required tracheostomy, on average 8.5 days after NG tube placement. Conclusion Although the fully manifested syndrome presents quite dramatically, we suspect that a clinical spectrum of severity exists with less severe cases going unrecognized. Consistent with previous reports, we found that direct visualization of the postcricoid region is required to rule out the diagnosis and recommend such action be taken whenever the diagnosis is suspected. Treatment should include establishment of a safe airway, removal of the tube whenever possible, antibiotic therapy, and antireflux therapy. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 59–63, 2001.
Modification of the kinetic properties of 5-ene, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase of human placental microsomes by hydrogen peroxide and 2-mercaptoethanol

The kinetic properties of 5-ene,3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase of human placental microsomes were modified by H2O2 and 2-mercaptoethanol. With microsomes prepared in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol the KM values were 0.035 μM for pregnenolone and 1.9 μM for NAD+. When the microsomes were treated with H2O2 the values were 1.20μM for pregnenolone and 30.0 μM for NAD+. The H2O2 effect was reversed by 2-mercaptoethanol. Identical effects were seen with detergent-solubilized enzyme. With H2O2-treated enzyme progesterone, androstenedione and 20α-hydroxyprogesterone were non-competitive inhibitors with KI values of 5.5, 0.83 and 4.1 μM respectively. The results indicate that the enzyme can exist in at least two kinetically different forms and that the km values for NAD+ and pregnenolone in vivo may be significantly lower than previously thought.
Machine Computation of Higher Moments

Abstract An efficient method is presented for the economical and rapid computation of as many as six to twelve moments from a single run of the tabulating cards through the IBM Accounting Machine Type 402. The only auxiliary machine required is a sorter. Three features of the accounting machine are employed: progressive summation, total transfer, and the special program device. Moments are available from the successive progressive summations of either the scores or the card count, and both techniques can be applied simultaneously to provide a check on the computations.
Nuclear Energy Levels in Lead Isotopes

The total neutron cross section of radiogenic lead was studied as a function of neutron energy in the range from 15 to 750 kev, using energy resolutions of 3 to 10 kev. Several resonances were observed; these were interpreted as caused by energy levels in the compound nucleus ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{207}$. The level spacing found in ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{207}$ was of the order of 50 kev. Maxima previously found in the cross section of ordinary lead and attributed to resonance interactions of neutrons with ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{208}$ were re-investigated with better energy resolution. No resonances were observed when earlier measurements of the cross section of Bi were extended to higher energies.
Corticosterone acts directly at the amygdala to alter spinal neuronal activity in response to colorectal distension.

Administration of glucocorticoids to the amygdaloid nucleus facilitates visceromotor responses to colorectal distension in rats. The aim of this study was to determine if colorectal hypersensitivit...
Electoral Consequences of Scandal and Reapportionment in the 1992 House Elections

The authors examine the electoral effects of political scandal and redistricting, two conventional wisdom explanations for 1992's higher than usual House turnover. They use the strategic politician theory as a basis for their analysis to examine retirements, primary outcomes, and general election outcomes. The theory assumes that politicians (both incumbents and challengers) behave strategically and will run or not run based on the prevailing political climate. The authors find support for the theory with regard to retirements; embattled incumbents are more likely to retire. Their analysis of the primary and general election outcomes, however, finds mixed support for the theory. Nevertheless, the check scandal and redistricting had a direct impact on the incumbent's vote margin, making the elections more competitive.
Synthesis of 2/6-(polychloromethyl)pyridine-carboxylates

Due to their relationship to certain bio-active 2,6-(polyfluoromethyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylates 12, methodology was developed to prepare new, but analogous 2/6 (polychloromethyl)pyridinecarboxylates 6, 9, 10, 13, 18 and 20. Successful methods to prepare these materials include several chlorination procedures, mixed Hantzsch sequences, and aluminum chloride interchanges with 12 and 16.
A Study of Some of the Factors Underlying the Establishment of Successful Social Contacts at the College Student Level

Resume Dans le but de decouvrir quelques-uns des facteurs du milieu qui se trouvent a la base de l'etablissement des contacts sociaux reussis, on a etudie deux groupes equivalents d'etudiants universitaires—chacun de 28–pour determiner l'etendue de leurs relations sociales entre les groupes. Les donnees ramassees d'une maniere scientifique au moyen de questionnaires —interviews, d'inventaires, et de l'observation objective ont ete traitees statistiquement et controlees a chaque point pour assurer la plus grande validite. Les groupes A et B ont ete equivalents a tous egards sauf un: le Groupe A seul s'occupait d'une tǎche cooperative speciale qui exigeait une activite parallele ou cooperative de la part de ses membres. Les relations sociales plus etendues trouvees dans le Groupe A nous amenent a la conclusion que l'activite parallele et cooperative semblent facteurs qui facilitent l'initiation et la maintenance des contacts sociaux reussis. Une etude intensive des sept members du Groupe A qui ont le plus r...
Optical Ranging System Employing a High Power Injection Laser Diode

For many military applications small, lightweight range finders are required that operate at a high pulse repetition rate. It will be shown that a ranging system with an injection laser in the transmitter can fulfill these requirements. The performance of an optical ranging system employing a pulsed gallium arsenide laser diode transmitter, with peak powers up to 100 watts at room temperature is described. After a brief review of fundamental system parameters, calculations of the range capability of the system are given, based upon the Poisson distribution of photoelectron statistics. A discussion is presented on the experimental support of theoretical analysis.
Depolymerization-liquefaction of plastics and rubbers. 2. Polystyrenes and styrene-butadiene copolymers

Abstract The depolymerization-liquefaction reactions of representative polystyrene and styrene-butadiene co-polymer (non-vulcanized SBR) samples were systematically investigated as a function of processing variables, i.e. temperature (350–450°C), time (15–120 min), H 2 pressure (500–2500 psig), and the presence of catalysts. Two solid superacids, i.e. Fe 2 O 3 SO 4 2− and ZrO 2 SO 4 2− , which differ in acidity were used in the study. The detailed composition of products was determined by GC/MS. Typical products from a polystyrene sample (average MW, 280 000) contained benzene, toluene, (C 2 C 5 ) alkyl- and alkenylbenzenes, 1,3-diphenylalkanes and triphenylalkanes, accompanied by some indanes, tetralins, naphthalenes and polyphenyls, whereas products from non-vulcanized SBR (MW, 140 000) contained, in addition to the above, C 5 C 9 paraffins and cycloparaffins, (C 5 C 8 ) alkyl- and alkenylbenzenes, cyclopentylbenzenes, and cyclohexylbenzenes. The changes in product composition as a function of the above processing variables were determined and conditions for preferential (> 85 wt.%) production of gasoline-range liquid fuels established. The observed change in composition as a function of reaction time and temperature allowed for elucidation of mechanistic aspects of high-temperature depolymerization-liquefaction processes, including the role of catalytic effects.
Respiration of isolated cerebellar neurons using an automatic fiber optic Cartesian diver

Abstract Using an automated Cartesian diver incorporating fiber optics, the respiration of single Purkinje cells has been found to be 1.9 ± 0.2 × 10−4 μl/hour/cell. This is in the same order of magnitude of single Betz cells in the cerebral cortex. However, when calculations are made on a volume for volume basis the Purkinje cell appears to be only 60% as active as the cortical pyramidal cell type.
Pay for Performance in Georgia State Government Employee Perspectives on GeorgiaGain After 5 Years

In the mid-1990s, the State of Georgia launched a major reform of its personnel system. One part of the reform included a new approach to compensation called GeorgiaGain. With pay-for-performance as its centerpiece, GeorgiaGain was a comprehensive effort to modernize many of the state’s human resources management (HRM) practices. Its goals included the establishment of a state-of-the-art performance management system, implementing performance measurement and evaluation procedures that supervisors and subordinates alike trusted, setting up a competitive compensation plan, and streamlining the state’s position description and classification system. This article reports on the findings of major survey of state employees conducted early in 2000 designed to explore employees’ perceptions of the impact in areas such as job satisfaction, trust and confidence in the state’s HRM system, and the effects of pay-for-performance. Overall, employees were highly critical of the reform and believed that it had not produc...
Prolonged culture of human leukocytes in an isolated environment.

ConclusionsCells capable of continuous propagation in vitro were cultured from peripheral blood of normal individuals under conditions of complete isolation from other cell lines. A lag phase of 7 weeks preceded rapid multiplication. Cultivation of these cells is apparently not dependent on the presence of a herpes-like virus similar to the leukovirus found in Burkitt's lymphoma. The line has been cultured continuously for 1 year.
Measuring Gender Differences in Partner Violence: Implications from Research on Other Forms of Violent and Socially Undesirable Behavior

The proposition that men and women perpetrate partner violence equally would make partner violence unique with respect to other forms of interpersonal violence. Women, however, commit a substantial minority of violent acts. Any theory of gender patterns in partner violence needs to be reconciled with other violence data. Data on other violence indicate that different methodologies sample from different sets of phenomena, and those methods that sample the least severe violence show greater gender equivalence. Interpretation is clouded, however, by underreporting and overreporting across methodologies. Despite improvements in self-report measures, partner violence measurement lacks a gold standard. A gold standard would include incident data, sexual violence, injury, and be developed through direct comparison of multiple methods, including perhaps real-time self-monitoring.
Examining the Feasibility and Acceptability of a Screening and Outreach Model Developed for a Peer Workforce

Mothers of children with mental health problems are at high risk for depression. This study examined the feasibility and acceptability of a screening and outreach intervention delivered by peers in non-clinical settings. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from 24 participants pertaining to the feasibility of administration, identification of mothers evidencing depressive symptoms, and perceptions of the intervention from the perspectives caregivers, peers, and their supervisors. The study’s results offer preliminary support that peers can administer outreach and educational interventions with appropriate training and supervision; that mothers with depression can be detected in non-clinical settings, and that participants viewed the intervention as concordant with the services provided by peers and relevant to caregivers’ emotional health. Practice, policy, and research implications are discussed.
Energetics of {105}-faceted Ge nanowires on Si(001) : An atomistic calculation of edge contributions

Heteroepitaxial growth in the $\mathrm{Ge}∕\mathrm{Si}$ (001) system is known to lead to the formation of pyramid-like ``hut'' islands with {105}-oriented facets. Recent calculations of island formation energies in this system have suggested that edge energies lead to an important contribution to the barrier to island formation at small sizes. Here we provide an independent calculation of the magnitude of the average edge energy for $\mathrm{Ge}∕\mathrm{Si}(001)$ by matching the results of atomistic simulations to continuum theory for the energy of faceted surfaces. We consider an infinitely long Ge island, or wire, bounded by {105} facets with the recently proposed rebonded-step-model reconstruction, on a (001) wetting-layer terrace with the $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}8$ dimer-vacancy-line reconstruction. To perform these calculations we derive models for edge structures between {105} facets and between {105} and (001) facets, leading in both cases to atomic coordinations with no more than one dangling bond per atom. For these model edge structures we obtain an average value for the edge energy on the order of $10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{meV}∕\mathrm{\AA{}}$.
Physical Machine State Migration

A powerful functionality enabled by modern virtualization technologies is the ability to move a virtual machine (VM) from one physical machine to another, which enables unprecedented flexibility for system fault tolerance and load balancing. However, no similar capability exists for physical machines. This paper describes the first known successful implementation of migrating a physical machine's state from one physical Linux machine to another. This physical machine state migration (PMSM) capability greatly decreases the amount of disruption due to scheduled shut-down for non-virtualized physical machines, and is more challenging than VM migration because it cannot rely on a separate piece of software to perform the state transfer, e.g., the hyper visor in the case of VM migration. The PMSM prototype described in this paper is adapted from Linux's hibernation facility. The current PMSM prototype can migrate a physical machine running the MySQL DBMS server under 7 seconds.
Effect of monoamines on firing rate and thermal sensitivity of neurons in the preoptic area of awake rabbits

Abstract Single units in the preoptic/anterior hypothalamus (POAH) were studied by changing local temperature of the POAH with a water-perfused thermode. Norepinephrine (NE) or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was injected either into the lateral ventricle or directly into the POAH. In some experiments the POAH temperature was changed both before and after the injection of a monoamine. The firing activity of cold-sensitive cells was increased by intraventricular and direct injections of NE and decreased by 5-HT. Ventricular 5-HT tended to facilitate warm-sensitive neurons. Ventricular NE and direct injections of NE and 5-HT had uniform effects on the activity of warm-sensitive neurons. Ventricular NE inhibited the majority of thermal-insensitive neurons. 5-HT consistently converted warm- and cold-sensitive units into thermal-insensitive units. NE converted cold-sensitive units into warm-sensitive units or increased the cold sensitivity of cold-sensitive neurons. Some insensitive units were converted into warm- or cold-sensitive units by the monoamines. The effects of 5-HT and NE on cold-sensitive neurons conforms to past investigations dealing with the role of these neurotransmitters in thermoregulation. Recording single-neuron activity in the unanesthetized preparation demonstrates that monoamine-induced changes in firing rate and thermal sensitivity of POAH neurons precedes changes in the thermoregulatory motor output.
The Seasonal Structure of Temperature Trends in the Tropical Lower Stratosphere

Radiosonde data show a large seasonal difference in trends since 1979 in the tropical lower stratosphere, with a maximum cooling of ;1 K decade 21 in December and January and a minimum in March or April at 50 mb between 108N and 108S. The statistically significant difference of up to ;1 K decade 21 between trends in Decemberandthosein March amountstoup to20% oftheclimatological seasonalcycle.Althoughthesize of annual mean cooling trends differs substantially among datasets, the seasonal pattern of trends is similar in all six radiosonde datasets used here and is consistent with MSU satellite data for the lower stratosphere. This greater cooling in boreal winter essentially disappears below 100 mb, and the troposphere has a different and smaller seasonal trend pattern. Trends in the tropical stratosphere show an inverse relationship with those in the Arctic for 1979‐2009, whichmightbe relatedtochangesin stratospheric circulation.In mostradiosondedata,however,theseasonal pattern of tropical trends at 50 mb since 1979 seems to come from a seasonal difference in the size of the stratospheric cooling in the mid-1990s, and trends for longer time periods or those for 1995‐2009 do not show thesameseasonaldependence.Whetherthestrengtheningoftheseasonalcycleinthestratosphererepresents a long-term change related to greenhouse gas forcing, a shorter-lived shift related to ozone depletion or unforced interdecadal variability requires careful further study.
Whither Fact, Artifact, and Attitude: Reflections on the Theory of Reasoned Action

In response to Fishbein and Middlestadt's (1995) study, the theory of reasoned action is evaluated in the context of general attitude theory. Although the theory has been theoretically interesting and practically useful, concerns are raised regarding its implementation, with particular respect to measurement, falsifiabil-ity, and testability issues. The theory provides a solid foundation for the study of consumer behavior, but participants in the debate over affect or belief-based attitude mediation should consider additional attitude theories that build on and complement the theory of reasoned action.
Comparison of enkephalin and atropine in the inhibition of vagally stimulated gastric and pancreatic secretion and gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide release in dogs.

Abstract Enkephalins have been detected in vagal nerves and myenteric plexus neurons but no study has been performed to determine their action on vagally stimulated gastric and pancreatic secretion. In this study we infused IV methionine-enkephalin (Met-enk) alone, naloxone (a pure opiate antagonist) alone, or their combination before, during and after vagal stimulation in 4 dogs with esophageal, gastric and pancreatic fistulas. For the comparison, atropine was given before, during and after vagal stimulation in the same animals. Vagal stimulation was obtained by 15 min sham-feeding, which produced an increase in gastric H+ output to a peak of about 75% of the maximal response to pentagastrin and pancreatic protein secretion amounting to about 71% of the maximal response to caerulein. It was accompanied by a significant rise in serum gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) levels. Met-enk inhibited significantly both gastric H+ and pancreatic protein secretion and reduced plasma PP but not gastrin levels. Similar effects were obtained after the administration of atropine. The effects of Met-enk were partly reversed by the addition of naloxone. We conclude that (1) enkephalin suppresses vagally stimulated gastric and pancreatic secretion and plasma PP release; (2) these secretory effects of enkephalin seem to be mediated by opiate receptors and could be explained by its inhibitory action on acetylcholine release (“anticholinergic” action) in the stomach and the pancreas.
Role of the AKT kinase in expansion of multiple myeloma clones: effects on cytokine-dependent proliferative and survival responses

Role of the AKT kinase in expansion of multiple myeloma clones: effects on cytokine-dependent proliferative and survival responses
The late phase of the immunoglobulin E-mediated reaction: a link between anaphylaxis and common allergic disease?☆

Early workers observed that exposure of allergic patients to allergens provoked not only an immediate response but also a more prolonged (late) reaction. In 1873, Blackley,’ who was allergic to grass pollen, experienced sneezing and coryza lasting 6 to 8 hr after pollen inhalation. On another occasion he accidentally inhaled a large quantity of pollen and developed nasal, chest, and systemic symptoms that lasted for many hours and prevented him from working for 2 days. Prausnitz and Kustner* noted that the cutaneous inflammation associated with passive transfer of sensitivity lasted at least a day. In 1922, Cooke3 described his prolonged skin reaction to horse dander allergen; the lesion began with the typical wheal and flare but developed edema and erythema that was still evident the next day. In 1924, Vaughan4 called attention to the inflammation presenting at the site of skin tests. In 1952, Herxheimerj pointed out that the “late bronchial reaction” was “of great practical importance” and was associated with more severe asthma than the asthma in patients without late reactions. Nonetheless, it was not until Pepys et a1.6 called attention to dual skin reactions in patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis that interest in late reactions was rekindled. The dual skin reactions in these patients showed deposition of IgG, IgM, and C3 as well as marked tissue infiltration by neutrophils, pointing to an Arthus reaction (type III) as the mechanism for the continuing inflammation. In keeping with that interpretation was the presence of precipitating antibody of both IgG and IgM isotypes. These observations suggested that the complement system is
Numerical Simulation of an Electroweak Oscillon

Numerical simulations of the bosonic sector of the $SU(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(1)$ electroweak standard model in $3+1$ dimensions have demonstrated the existence of an oscillon\char22{}an extremely long-lived, localized, oscillatory solution to the equations of motion\char22{}when the Higgs mass is equal to twice the ${W}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ boson mass. It contains total energy roughly 30 TeV localized in a region of radius 0.05 fm. A detailed description of these numerical results is presented.
An approximate model for mass transfer with reaction inporous gas diffusion electrodes

Abstract An approximate model for reactant mass transfer in fuel cell electrodes has been formulated which considers gaseous diffusion in the hydrophobic Teflon phase, diffusion across a thin electrolyte film at the surface of the catalyst phase, and internal diffusion with first order reaction in the electrolyte-filled catalyst phase. An analytical solution is presented which indicates the fraction of the “activation only” current density that is obtained from the electrode. Application of this model for low reactant concentrations should allow a more quantitative evaluation of important mass transfer processes in fuel cell electrodes.
Investigation of the Effect of Growth From Low to High Biomass Concentration Inside a Photobioreactor on Hydrodynamic Properties of Scenedesmus obliquus

Most of the current production cost in algae biodiesel plants utilizing photobioreactors comes from the high energy required for pumping, CO2 transfer, mixing, and harvesting. Since pumping affects the mixing and CO2 transfer, which are the main factors in algae productivities, solutions to reduce the required energy for pumps can significantly make algae biodiesel production more economically feasible. An investigation on the effect of Scenedesmus obliquus’s growth from low to high biomass concentration inside a horizontal tubular photobioreactor to determine the impact that it has on hydrodynamic performances, which will affect cost and production efficiency, was performed. As the biomass concentration increased, the algal culture was found to remain Newtonian. Additionally, the biomass concentration (expressed in cell density) was found to have lower viscosity even at the highest concentrations evaluated at 2.48 × 108 cell/ml (1.372 × 10−3 ± 1.32 × 10−4 Pa s) compared to the Modified Bold’s 3N medium (1.408 × 10−3 ± 9.41 × 10−5 Pa s). Furthermore, the total energy consumption does not appear to depend on the S. obliquus biomass concentrations, but rather on the medium the algae grows in. The rheological properties of autotrophic algae will not have significant impact on energy requirements until technology improves so that the concentrations reach those of heterotrophic algae.
Benchmarking the Degree of Implementation of Learner-Centered Approaches

We describe an objective way to measure whether curricula, educational programs, and institutions are learner-centered. This technique for benchmarking learner-centeredness uses rubrics to measure courses on 29 components within Weimer’s five dimensions. We converted the scores on the rubrics to four-point indices and constructed histograms that indicate how learner-centered courses are and which specific learner-centered components are used. We applied this benchmarking technique to a curriculum sample to illustrate how the data can be used and interpreted. These analyses form a snapshot of teaching that can be used in accreditation self-studies and for faculty development.