cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Repeated in vivo visualization of neuromuscular junctions in adult mouse lateral gastrocnemius

The structure of individually identified neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) in mouse lateral gastrocnemius (LG) muscles was studied on 2 or more occasions over 3–6 months. Presynaptic motor nerve terminals and their underlying acetylcholine receptors were stained in living animals with the fluorescent dye 4-(4-diethylaminostyryl)-N-methylpyridinium iodide) and tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate-conjugated alpha-bungarotoxin (R alpha BTX), respectively, and visualized by video-enhanced fluorescence microscopy. The overall shape of most NMJs changed very little over this time except for enlargement of some junctions attributable to growth of the animals. A few junctions did, however, change appreciably: over 3–6 months about 15% underwent modifications such as additions to, or losses from, their original configuration. The frequency and extent of changes in LG NMJs were substantially less than in a similar study of NMJs from mouse soleus (Wigston, 1989). These findings, together with those from other laboratories, indicate a correlation between the extent of NMJ remodeling and the fiber-type composition of a muscle: NMJs in muscles consisting of predominantly fast-twitch myofibers appear to undergo less remodeling than NMJs in muscles containing a substantial fraction of slow-twitch fibers. Since fast- and slow-twitch muscles and their motoneurons exhibit strikingly different patterns of electrical activity, these findings suggest that structural remodeling at mammalian NMJs may depend on the amount of impulse activity experienced by motoneurons, their target muscle, or individual synaptic terminals.
Performance bounds for SNR enhancement of narrowband signals in surface reverberation

Theoretical performance capabilities of the optimum filter for maximization of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and a suboptimum approximation, easy to realize in practice, are compared to the conventional matched filter (designed for white noise only) in the case of low Doppler signals masked by surface reverberation. Spectrum models for surface backscattering as a function of local environmental parameters are based on recent results describing scattering from a sub-surface bubble layer. Results reveal significant improvements in SNR in the low Doppler region as well as a dramatic dependence of performance on windspeed and direction, and the ratio of reverberation to uncorrelated noise power.
Forecasting the dry-weather flow of Pond Creek, Oklahoma; a progress report

Pond Creek in west-central Oklahoma drains an area of 319 sq mi above the gaging station near Fort Cobb, Caddo County. Ground water, contained in the Permian Rush Springs sandstone under water-table conditions, moves toward the creek at an almost unchanging rate. The discharge of ground water into the creek as dry-weather flow is modified by evapotranspiration and antecedent overland runoff. Multiple correlations have been computed relating the dry-weather flow to the water level in a well and to a factor indicative of the rate of evapotranspiration. A method for forecasting the factor indicative of evapotranspiration and one for forecasting the water level in the well during dry weather are given; the result is a method for forecasting the dry-weather flow of the Creek. Forecasts of dry-weather flow for seven and 21 days compare favorably with observed flows. The technique may be utilized to extend a forecast for several months.
Submillisecond kinetics of protein folding.

Abstract New experimental methods permit observation of protein folding and unfolding on the previously inaccessible nanosecond—microsecond timescale. These studies are beginning to establish times for the elementary motions in protein folding — secondary structure and loop formation, local hydrophobic collapse, and global collapse to the compact denatured state. They permit an estimate of about one microsecond for the shortest time in which a protein can possibly fold.
Dielectric grating reflectors with large focusing power

We introduce a novel optical element, a dielectric resonance grating with a non-periodic pattern, able to reflect nearly 100% of incident light while shaping the reflected light phase front in an arbitrary way.
Preparation of lithium ferrites by coprecipitation

A new process for preparing coprecipitated lithium-containing ferrites is presented. Chemical coprecipitation results in a fine particle powder which, if properly sintered, yields fast switching memory cores. Ferrites containing Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn, etc., are readily coprecipitated because of the insolubility of their hydroxides and oxalates. Lithium, because of its solubility, cannot be precipitated as a hydroxide or oxalate in an aqueous solution, but it was found that it can be coprecipitated in the form of a stearate from an ammonium or tetramethylammonium hydroxide-stearic acid solution. The other elements are coprecipitated from the solution as hydroxides. The stearate is burned from the dried precipitate powder, leaving a ferrite with a specific surface area of 40 m2/g. The switching speed of cores fabricated from coprecipitated lithium manganese ferrite is improved compared to cores prepared by the mixed oxide process but only at the expense of a higher drive.
Role of different determinants of psychological distress in acute coronary syndromes

Abstract Objectives. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of psychological distress and of its major determinants in acute coronary patients and in a control group. Background. The prevalence and major determinants of psychological distress in acute coronary patients are not clear. Methods. One hundred and thirty cardiac patients (110 men, age 56 ± 9; 85 with acute myocardial infarction and 45 with unstable angina) and 102 controls hospitalized for acute trauma (70 men, age 55 ± 9 years) were studied and the level of psychological distress estimated by a Modified Maastricht Questionnaire, self-ratings and ratings by a close relative. Major determinants of psychological distress were assessed by the Life Events Assessment, the Social Support Questionnaire and the Ways of Coping Checklist. Results. The average level of psychological distress was significantly higher (p Conclusions. These results show that a high level of psychological distress is detectable in about 75% of patients with acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina and is related to one or more major determinants.
How the Other Half Sounds: An Historical Survey of Musical Rhetoric during the Baroque and After"

(1990). How the other half sounds: An historical survey of musical rhetoric during the baroque and after. Rhetoric Society Quarterly: Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 207-224.
DECREASED PRODUCTION OF IL-10 BY NEWBORN BLOOD MONOCYTES: RELATIONSHIP TO TNF-α AND ITS RECEPTORS. • 1707

Background: We previously showed that the production of IL-10 (an important anti-inflammatory cytokine) by newborn monocytes is decreased. We questioned whether this was due to a decreased production of other cytokines such as TNF-α that enhance the production of IL-10, or to an impaired ability of these cells to be activated by these cytokines.
Global QBO in circulation and ozone. Part 1: Reexamination of observational evidence

Observational evidence for a global quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) pattern is reviewed. In particular, the presence of an extratropical, as well as an equatorial, component of the QBO signal in column ozone is established. It is found that the ozone interannual variability is such that as one moves away from the Tropics, the frequency spectrum of the anomaly changes from one that is dominated by the equatorial QBO frequency of 1/30 mo to a two-peak spectrum around the two frequencies: 1/30 mo and 1/20 mo. Instead of treating the 1/20 mo frequency as a separate phenomenon to be filtered away in extracting the QBO in the extratropics, as was previously done, the authors argue that both peaks are integral parts of the extratropical QBO phenomenon. The 1/20 mo frequency happens to be the difference combination of the QBO frequency 1/30 mo and the annual frequency 1/12 mo. Therefore, it can represent the result of the QBO modulating an annual cycle. The authors suggest that previous methods of extracting the extratropical QBO signal severely underestimated the contribution of the QBO to the interannual variability of ozone when data are filtered to pass only the component with the period of equatorial QBO. Further, it is argued that the transport of equatorial QBO ozone anomaly by a non-QBO circulation can at most account for 6-8 Dobson units (DU) of the observed interannual variability of column ozone in the extratropics. The remaining variability (up to 20 DU) probably cannot be produced without an anomaly in the transporting circulation in the extratropics.
Electron Impact Excitation of the Rare Gases

We utilize the analytic atomic independent-particle model (IPM) of Green, Sellin, and Zachor as a basis for calculating generalized oscillator strengths for the single-particle excitations of Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe. First, we establish averages of the experimental energy levels to arrive at single-particle states. We then adjust the two parameters so that the IPM potentials accurately characterize these excited-state energies. Using the wave functions associated with these potentials and the Born approximation, we calculate the generalized oscillator strengths for excitations to ${p}^{5}\mathrm{ns}$ states. A very complex nodal structure is apparent at large values of momentum transfer and a rapid decline in magnitude occurs after the second node. We may accurately characterize the results up to the second node with a convenient analytic form which leads to analytic total excitation cross sections. We use available optical oscillator strengths to normalize our results. The systematics and regularities of the parameters for various Rydberg series are discussed and approximate scaling laws are given.
A role for oxidative DNA sugar damage in mutagenesis by neocarzinostatin and bleomycin

Abstract The anti-tumor antibiotics neocarzinostatin and bleomycin specifically oxidize deoxyribose in DNA at the C-5′ and C-4′ positions, respectively. The resulting DNA lesions include strand breaks and apyrimidinic sites. Both agents are broad specificity mutagens, inducing, in various systems, base substitutions, frameshifts and deletions. Sequencing studies in bacterial systems have suggested that the base substitutions may result primarily from replicative bypass of the oxidized apyrimidinic sites.
Early proliferation of transplanted spleen colony-forming cells.

SummaryTransplantation techniques in irradiated mice were used to demonstrate that the size of the population of colony-forming cells increases during the first 96 hr after injection of bone marrow cells into lethally irradiated animals. The doubling time in the population in the spleen was not constant, but was about 48 hr between 1 and 3 days decreasing to 24 hr between 3 and 4 days. Transplantation techniques probably grossly underestimate the size and growth-rate of the population of colony-forming cells in lethally irradiated mice injected with isogeneic bone marrow cells.
Timestamped whole program path representation and its applications

A whole program path (WPP) is a complete control flow trace of a program's execution. Recently Larus [18] showed that although WPP is expected to be very large (100's of MBytes), it can be greatly compressed (to 10's of MBytes) and therefore saved for future analysis. While the compression algorithm proposed by Larus is highly effective, the compression is accompanied with a loss in the ease with which subsets of information can be accessed. In particular, path traces pertaining to a particular function cannot generally be obtained without examining the entire compressed WPP representation. To solve this problem we advocate the application of compaction techniques aimed at providing easy access to path traces on a per function basis.We present a WPP compaction algorithm in which the WPP is broken in to path traces corresponding to individual function calls. All of the path traces for a given function are stored together as a block. Ability to construct the complete WPP from individual path traces is preserved by maintaining a dynamic call graph. The compaction is achieved by eliminating redundant path traces that result from different calls to a function and by replacing a sequence of static basic block ids that correspond to a dynamic basic block by a single id. We transform a compacted WPP representation into a timestamped WPP (TWPP) representation in which the path traces are organized from the perspective of dynamic basic blocks. TWPP representation also offers additional opportunities for compaction.Experiments show that our algorithm compacts the WPPs by factors ranging from 7 to 64. At the same time information is organized in a highly accessible form which speeds up the responses to queries requesting the path traces of a given function by over 3 orders of magnitude.
Production capacity investment with data updates

This article presents a model of the capacity investment problem faced by pharmaceutical firms and other firms with long and risky product development cycles. These firms must balance two conflicting objectives: on one hand, the delay in scaling up production once the product is approved must be minimized and, on the other hand, the risk of investing in ultimately unused capacity must be minimized. A stylized model of this type of capacity investment problem is developed and analyzed. In this model the firm re-evaluates its capacity investment strategy as information about the potential success of the product is continually updated (for example, via clinical trial results in the case of the pharmaceutical industry). Motivated by observations of current practices in the biopharmaceutical industry, a computational study is used to explore how practices such as more frequent re-evaluations of investment decisions, stopping and restarting of projects, and the use of alternative types of capacity can, under ce...
Weight and Body Mass Index Among Female Contraceptive Clients.

Abstract Objectives As obesity may affect the efficacy of some contraceptives, we examined weight, body mass index (BMI) and prevalence of obesity among female contraceptive clients at 231 U.S. health centers. A secondary aim was to analyze differences in contraceptive method use by obesity status. Study design Cross-sectional study using de-identified electronic health record data from family planning centers. We analyzed contraceptive visits made by 147,336 females aged 15–44 years in 2013. Results A total of 46.1% of clients had BMI ≥ 25. Mean body weight was 154.4 lb (S.D.= 41.9); mean BMI was 26.1 (S.D.= 6.6). A total of 40% had BMI ≥ 26, when levonorgestrel emergency contraception may become less effective. Obese clients had higher odds of using a tier 1 or tier 3 contraceptive method and had lower odds of using a tier 2 or hormonal method than non-obese clients. Conclusions About half of contraceptive clients would be categorized as overweight or obese. Contraceptive method choices differed by obesity status. Implications About half of contraceptive clients in this study population were overweight or obese. Contraceptive method choices differed by obesity status. All women — regardless of body size — should receive unbiased, evidence-based counseling on the full range of contraceptive options so that they can make informed choices.
Derivation of a suboptimal linear filter

A linear filter using sample extrapolation and averaging is derived and tested. Extensions to include correlated observation noise and incomplete measurement are discussed. The filter is easily implemented for low-order linear plants but is inferior to the Kalman filter for all but the simplest cases.
Rapidly denoising pyrosequencing amplicon reads by exploiting rank-abundance distributions.

We developed a fast method for denoising pyrosequencing for community 16S rRNA analysis. We observe a 2–4 fold reduction in the number of observed OTUs (operational taxonomic units) comparing denoised with non-denoised data. ~50,000 sequences can be denoised on a laptop within an hour, two orders of magnitude faster than published techniques. We demonstrate the effects of denoising on alpha and beta diversity of large 16S rRNA datasets.
Sodium channels and pain

Voltage-gated sodium (Na+) channels play a key role in membrane excitation in neurons. These channels have a critical role in the development and maintenance of several pain syndromes, including inflammatory pain, neuropathic pain, and central pain associated with spinal cord injury.1–4 The increasing understanding of the molecular organization, function, and regulation of voltage-gated Na+ channels,5,6 their plasticity of expression following injury,4,7 and the clinical consequences of mutations8–12 provide insight into the important role of these channels in the pathophysiology of pain and rationale for development of channel subtype-specific drug therapy. Influx of Na+ through voltage-gated Na+ channels causes membrane depolarization, which is responsible for generation and conduction of the action potential in the axon and activation of presynaptic Ca2+ channels for exocytosis. Voltage-gated Na+ channels also modulate the resting membrane potential and subthreshold oscillations of the membrane potential, which determine the excitability of the neuron and its axon. The typical voltage-gated Na+ channel opens (activates) on membrane depolarization and then closes (inactivates) either rapidly on repolarization or more slowly on sustained depolarization. Fast inactivation is the primary mechanism of repolarization at the nodes of Ranvier, whereas slow inactivation regulates excitability and modulates burst discharges of neurons and axons. Toxins, local anesthetics, or mutations affecting single amino acid residue of the channel molecule affect the inactivation of voltage-gated Na+ channels.6 The voltage-gated Na+ channels are composed of an α-subunit consisting of four homologous domains (DI-DIV) and an auxiliary β-subunit5,6 (figure). Specific amino acid sequences of the α-subunit form the voltage sensor, the wall of the ion channel pore, the inactivation gate, the sites of binding for local anesthetics and toxins, and modulatory phosphorylation sites for several kinases The β-subunits modulate channel gating, inactivation, and cellular localization, …
Chemoradiation in the Management of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (PNET)

. Pancreatic Neuroencdocrine Tumors (PNET) Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors represent a heterogenous group of tumors with varying tumor biology and prognosis. The incidence of PNETs has increased over the past two decades to approximately 5/1,000,000 persons. Advanced PNETs remain a difficult therapeutic challenge because of high malignant potential and resistance to conventional chemotherapy. As a result, there are limited effective treatment options for patients with advanced disease.
Fault Detection and Localization in Smart Grid: A Probabilistic Dependence Graph Approach

Fault localization in the nation's power grid networks is known to be challenging, due to the massive scale and inherent complexity. In this study, we model the phasor angles across the buses as a Gaussian Markov random field (GMRF), where the partial correlation coefficients of GMRF are quantified in terms of the physical parameters of power systems. We then take the GMRF-based approach for fault diagnosis, through change detection and localization in the partial correlation matrix of GMRF. Specifically, we take advantage of the topological hierarchy of power systems, and devise a multi-resolution inference algorithm for fault localization, in a distributed manner. Simulation results are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach
THE PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF COPPER, NICKEL, AND IRON CONTAINING A DISPERSED OXIDE PHASE*

AbstractThree methods are described for the preparation of a stable oxide in copper, nickel, or iron. The first, which has been applied to all three metals, requires a reaction between the matrix metal oxide and the refractory oxide at high temperatures such that subsequent reduction will yield a dispersion of oxide in the matrix metal powder. In the second method, copper hydroxide or carbonate is precipitated in the presence of an aluminium salt. Ignition of the precipitate to the oxide followed by hydrogen reduction gives a copper powder containing a dispersion of alumina. In the third process, a salt that can be decomposed to a stable oxide is dissolved in molten nickel nitrate, which on rapid cooling eitherretains the additive in solid solution or as an intimate dispersion. Nickel powder containing the dispersed oxide is obtained on subsequent decomposition.The results on sintered and worked materials show a substantial improvement in mechanical properties compared with the pure metals. Improvements a...
DISSERTATION RESEARCH: PART 3, NONQUANTITATIVE INQUIRY

This is the final part of a trilogy of papers treating the two forms of dissertation, viz., the quantitative and the nonquantitative. In this part, nonquantitative research is presented as thought research (the Gedankenexperiment). Special attention is upon the differences between the two types of dissertation in terms of their formats, procedures, and results.
Providers' perceptions of student pharmacists on inpatient general medicine practice experiences.

Objective. To assess health care providers’ perceptions of student pharmacists involved as members of a general medicine team.Methods. A brief, anonymous, online survey instrument was distributed t...
Sonography of acute appendicitis in pregnancy.

Clinical evaluation of acute appendicitis is difficult in pregnant patients. Delay in diagnosis is associated with increased fetal mortality. The purpose of our study was to assess the value of sonography in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in pregnant women. We obtained sonograms in 22 pregnant women suspected of acute appendicitis. All sonograms were performed using graded-compression to detect an enlarged appendix. The sonographic criteria for acute appendicitis were detection of a noncompressible blindended and tubular multilayered structure of maximal diameter greater than 6 mm. The sonographic findings were correlated with surgical findings in seven cases and clinical follow-up in 15 cases. Acute appendicitis was diagnosed by sonography in three of 22 patients, and in all but one was confirmed by surgical and pathologic findings. In the remaining 19 patients, 15 improved on clinical follow-up; three were shown to have a normal appendix at surgery and one had focal acute inflammation at the tip of the appendix. Our experience suggests that graded-compression sonography is a useful procedure in pregnant patients suspected of acute appendicitis and has a similar accuracy as in nonpregnant women, especially in the first and second trimester.
Coalescence of magnetron-sputtered silver islands affected by transition metal seeding (Ni, Cr, Nb, Zr, Mo, W, Ta) and other parameters

Abstract Silver thin films were deposited on various base layers using magnetron sputtering. The onset of coalescence of silver islands was evaluated using in situ conductivity measurements. The substrates included glass and silicon, with base layers of ZnO:Al 4 at.% at various thickness and additional thin seed layers of transition metals. It is shown that certain conditions promote coalescence, and in particular the following seed conditions: tungsten (1.0 nm), molybdenum (0.1 nm), zirconium (0.5 nm), and nickel (0.1–0.2 nm). In the absence of transition metal seeding, earlier onset of coalescence occurred at the thinnest of the ZnO:Al 4 at.% base layers (5 nm) and the lowest sputtering power (50 W), indicating that the substrate–film system is not in thermodynamic equilibrium.
The Effects of Clearcutting on Herbaceous Understories Are Still Not Fully Known

A recent article in Conservation Biology by Duffy and Meier (1992) concluded that recovery of herbaceous understory communities from logging may require "at least several centuries." We respond to this article because it has been widely reported in the popular press and used in an attempt to influence management policy on the national forests and because the authors have generalized and drawn far-reaching conclusions without giving adequate consideration to the limitations of their study. Their statements to the press about the study (such as Callebs 1992; Harmon 1992; Raeburn 1992) are especially troubling. The article addresses a subject of considerable importance and definitely worthy of much study. Immediate responses of plants to logging can be assessed by monitoring individual plants or populations before and after logging, but long-term responses of plant communities are much more difficult to determine. Studies extending over decades may be impractical or even impossible because of random disturbances. Thus, comparative studies of the type conducted by Duffy and Meier can provide valuable information. But this approach has inherent problems (for example, no two sites are alike, and detailed knowledge of site history is nearly always inadequate). These problems should be acknowledged, and caution should be used in drawing general conclusions. Duffy and Meier failed to acknowledge these problems and some weaknesses in their procedure; they did not report much-needed details on study sites, methods, and species involved; and they greatly over-
LNCaP prostate cancer cells with autocrine interleukin-6 expression are resistant to IL-6-induced neuroendocrine differentiation due to increased expression of suppressors of cytokine signaling.

BACKGROUND Neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) is one of the mechanisms underlying development of castration-resistant prostate cancer. In this study, we investigated IL-6-induced NED in two LNCaP sublines.
Toward a Civic Culture for Multicultural Organizations

As workplaces become more demographically diverse, there is an increased need for an overarching civic culture that explicitly addresses relations and interactions among various identity groups wit...
Human liver glycoprotein sialyltransferase

Abstract Sialyltransferase ( CMP -N- acetylneuraminate: d -galactosyl-glycoprotein N- acetylneuraminyltransferase , EC 2.4.99.1) has been studied using the two glycoprotein substrates asialofetuin and asialo-ovine submaxillary mucin (A-OSM) in fresh and frozen human adult and fetal livers. Enzymatic activity for both substrates is stimulated by Mg2+ (10–25 mM) and Triton X-100 (0.4–0.6%, v/v). Freeze-thaw, heat denaturation, stability on storage, additive and substrate competition studies suggest the presence of at least two forms of human liver glycoprotein sialyltransferase. Subcellular fractionation studies indicate that the major parts of both sialyltransferase activities are associated with membraneous fractions but that a greater percentage of A-OSM than asialofetuin activity is associated with these fractions. Subcellular fractionation studies using O.8% (v/v) Triton X-100 in the extracting buffer greatly diminishes the percentage of both asialofetuin and A-OSM sialyltransferase activity found in the mitochondrial and microsomal pellets. Kinetic characterization of sialyltransferase in a liver homogenate, resuspended 48 200 × g pellet and 48 200 × g supernatant suggested the possibility of two asialofetuin sialyltransferases. The pH optimum for homogenate and supernatant enzymes with respect to asialofetuin was 7.2 with a suggested second optimum at 8.5. The pellet enzyme had only one optimum at pH 7.2. Michaelis constants with regard to asialofetuin were 0.08, 0.06 and 0.22 mM in homogenate, resuspended pellet and supernatant, respectively. The homogenate had a Km of 5 μM for CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-NANA). Isoelectric focusing indicated that at least eight isoelectric forms of sialyltransferase with pI values ranging from pH 5.0 to 8.6 are present in the homogenate; several isoelectric forms were preferentially associated with the pellet or supernatant. All the data suggest at least two forms of liver glycoprotein sialyltransferase. One form is thermolabile, loses activity on freezing and storage, and is associated with membraneous fractions and A-OSM activity. The second form is less thermolabile, more stable to freezing and storage, less associated with membraneous fractions and associated more with asialofetuin activity. Furthermore, kinetic characterization of sialytransferase activity in liver homogenate, resuspended pellet and supernatant suggests the presence of two asialofetuin sialyltransferases.
Similarity retrieval of cardiac reports

Mining medical reports can reveal important information correlating diagnosis with raw measurements helping in decision support. In this paper we address the problem of finding similar measurement reports for aiding clinical decision support. Specifically, we present a new approach to generating document class models for measurement reports using a multi-scale feature-value kernel. The class models serve as natural feature selection mechanism as well as indexes to large report collections. A document retrieval algorithm based on document class models is presented to enable similarity retrieval of pre-diagnosed reports. Collaborative filtering-guided assembly of associated disease labels is used to achieve clinical decision support.
An amide-linked chromophore-catalyst assembly for water oxidation.

The synthesis and analysis of a new amide-linked, dinuclear [Ru(bpy)2(bpy-ph-NH-CO-trpy)Ru(bpy)(OH2)]4+ (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine; bpy-ph-NH-CO-trpy = 4-(2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridin-4′-yl)-N-[(4′-methyl-2,2′-bipyridin-4-yl)methyl]benzamide) assembly that incorporates both a light-harvesting chromophore and a water oxidation catalyst are described. With the saturated methylene linker present, the individual properties of both the chromophore and catalyst are retained including water oxidation catalysis and relatively slow energy transfer from the chromophore excited state to the catalyst.
The Family in Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime: Structure, Parenting, and Self-Control

Abstract Gottfredson and Hirschi's (1990) core proposition concerning the relationship between self-control and crime has been tested by numerous researchers. However, other important assertions of the theory have received less attention, particularly those relating to family characteristics as determinants of self-control. This research seeks to answer three questions, all focusing on the family. First, do family socialization variables predict self-control? Second, do the more structural family variables, such as socioeconomic status, family form, and family size, predict self-control directly or through the socialization variables? Finally, do the demographic variables of gender, race, and age predict self-control, and if so, are the effects direct or indirect through the structural family variables and / or the socialization variables? Using a sample of 1,139 junior high and high school students, we find that both parental supervision and attachment are strong predictors of self-control. With the exce...
The ups and downs of SIRT1

Reversible acetylation has emerged as a key post-translational modification of proteins. Although the number of acetylated proteins is rapidly growing, the ways in which protein acetyltransferases and deacetylases connect with extracellular stimuli remain unclear. Recently, a regulatory network has emerged that controls the expression and activity of SIRT1, a mammalian class-III protein deacetylase. SIRT1 is an important regulator of metabolism, senescence, cancer and, possibly, longevity and is connected with crucial stress-responsive signal-transduction pathways. These connections provide important clues about how protein acetylation and deacetylation mediate cellular adaptations to extrinsic stress.
Review of Building Community Resilience to Disasters: A Way Forward to Enhance National Health Security

The goal of the report is to provide information and define activities for local planners who want to build resilience in their communities. This audience, including community leaders from both governmental and non-governmental organizations, is then provided with what the authors describe as a roadmap. This roadmap consists of identifying and strengthening eight “levers,” each associated with specific “elements” and “activities.” The levers in turn address four “core components” of community resilience.
Natural and orthogonal model for estimating gene–gene interactions applied to cutaneous melanoma

Epistasis, or gene–gene interaction, results from joint effects of genes on a trait; thus, the same alleles of one gene may display different genetic effects in different genetic backgrounds. In this study, we generalized the coding technique of a natural and orthogonal interaction (NOIA) model for association studies along with gene–gene interactions for dichotomous traits and human complex diseases. The NOIA model which has non-correlated estimators for genetic effects is important for estimating influence from multiple loci. We conducted simulations and data analyses to evaluate the performance of the NOIA model. Both simulation and real data analyses revealed that the NOIA statistical model had higher power for detecting main genetic effects and usually had higher power for some interaction effects than the usual model. Although associated genes have been identified for predisposing people to melanoma risk: HERC2 at 15q13.1, MC1R at 16q24.3 and CDKN2A at 9p21.3, no gene–gene interaction study has been fully explored for melanoma. By applying the NOIA statistical model to a genome-wide melanoma dataset, we confirmed the previously identified significantly associated genes and found potential regions at chromosomes 5 and 4 that may interact with the HERC2 and MC1R genes, respectively. Our study not only generalized the orthogonal NOIA model but also provided useful insights for understanding the influence of interactions on melanoma risk.
Structural proteins of lactic dehydrogenase virus.

Lactic dehydrogenase virus grown in primary mouse peritoneal macrophage cultures was labeled with either [3H]leucine, [35S]methionine, [14C]glucosamine, or [14C]uridine. After purification by sucrose gradient centrifugation, the virus was either first disrupted with nonidet P40 and divided into envelope and nucleocapsid fractions, or was reduced and alkylated directly before being analyzed by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Three proteins, virus proteins 1, 2, and 3, were identified from the complete virion with estimated molecular weights of 13,000, 17,000, and 28,000 daltons, respectively. Virus protein 1 was the only protein associated with the nucleocapsid. Both virus proteins 2 and 3 were found in the envelope fraction, but only virus protein 3 was labeled with [14C]glucosamine.
Misplaced marketing Misplaced fears of off label prescription drug marketing

The United State Food and Drug Administration gives approval for prescription drugs that are shown to be safe and effective to treat specific conditions. But once the drug is available, physicians can prescribe it for other “off label” uses, the positive therapeutic side effects that are discovered by the medical communities’ own information networks. The pharmaceutical manufacturers would like to be able to tell other doctors about these positive side effects, but they are barred from such “off label marketing” practices except under very narrow conditions.
SU‐E‐T‐359: Comparison of Three Array Calibration Methods of MapCheck for Elekta Beam Modulator LINAC

Purpose: To compare three array calibration methods of MapCheck for an Elekta Beam ModulatorLINAC.Methods: Both Elekta Synergy and Elekta Beam ModulatorLINACs are used in our clinic. While an Elekta Synergy LINAC is a conventional Linac with the maximu field size 40 × 40 cm2, an Elekta Beam ModulatorLINAC only has a maximum field size of 21 × 16 cm2. Because the MapCheck requires a field size of 26 × 26 cm2 for array calibration according to its user manual, it is a challenge to calibrate MapCheck array for Beam Modulator. We have tested three methods for this Purpose: 1) use the array calibration file from Elekta Synergy; 2) calibrate the MapCheck using Beam Modulator at 135cm SSD; 3) calibrate the MapCheck with both Beam Modulator and Elekta Synergy, then combine the calibration files. For the third method, the MapCheck was first calibrated with Beam Modulator at both collimator angles 0 and 90 degrees at 110cm SSD. Then the MapCheck was calibrated with Elekta Synergy using the standard method at 100cm SSD. The three array calibration files were combined such that it best describes the response of MapCheck detectors to Beam Modulator and all the detectors are covered. After calibrating the MapCheck detector array with the three methods, four prostate and four H&N IMRT treatment plans were delivered. The measurements were compared with the calculations. The Gamma Index (Gamma Index 0.1). Conclusions: For the testing cases, no significant difference was found among the three array calibration methods in term of Gamma Index pass rate.
Clustering as a function of the sequential organization of stimulus word lists

This experiment was designed to investigate the amount of clustering and the amount of recall as a function of the sequential organization of the stimulus list. The stimulus list contained 10 words from each of three taxonomic categories and was arranged so that there were either 0, 9, 18, or 27 category repetitions in the serial order of presentation. Lists at each level of organization were presented once to a total of 15 Ss for free recall. The results showed that the number of words recalled increased as a linear function of the organization of the stimulus list, while the amount of clustering increased as a more positively accelerated function. These results were interpreted as being generally consistent with a rationale based on the priming of common mediating responses.
P16. Hypoxia and breast cancer bone metastasis: HIF-1α enhances TGF-β signaling and expression of prometastatic factors CXCR4 and VEGF

Cenp-F is a potential target for this anti-cancer agent. Breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-436, MDA-MB-231, MCF-7) were treated with 0, 4, 6, 10 and 25 lM of Zol for 1, 4, 6, 8 and 24 h followed by incubation in medium up to 48 h, or continuous exposure to Zol for 48 h. Cells were stained for Cenp-F and DNA and analysed for Cenp-F localisation,mitosis progression and chromosome alignment by immunofluorescence. For reversal experiments, MDA-MB-436 cells were treated with 50 and 100 lM of the mevalonate pathway intermediates FOH and GGOH in combination with 25 lM Zol for 48 h. We found a significant decrease of cells with Cenp-F localised at the kinetochores and an increase of cells in proand pro-metaphase, following Zol treatment. A significant increase of cells with aberrant chromosome alignment could also be observed after Zol treatment. Reversal experiments confirmed that the effects of Zol on protein localisation were due to loss of Cenp-F prenylation. Our data show that Zol does affect Cenp-F localisation, mitosis progression and chromosome alignment in breast cancer cells, possibly contributing to the anti-tumour effects of Zol.
Of Time and the Moon

Considerable information concerning lunar chronology has been obtained by the study of rocks and soil returned by the Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 missions. It has been shown that at the time the moon, earth, and solar system were formed,∼4.6 ∼ 10 9 years ago, a severe chemical fractionation took place, resulting in depletion of relatively volatile elements such as Rb and Pb from the sources of the lunar rocks studied. It is very likely that much of this material was lost to interplanetary space, although some of the loss may be associated with internal chemical differentiation of the moon. It has also been shown that igneous processes have enriched some regions of the moon in lithophile elements such as Rb, U, and Ba, very early in lunar history, within 100 million years of its formation. Subsequent igneous and metamorphic activity occurred over a long period of time; mare volcanism of the Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 sites occurred at distinctly different times, 3.6 ∼ 10 9 and 3.3 ∼ 10 9 years ago, respectively. Consequently, lunar magmatism and remanent magnetism cannot be explained in terms of a unique event, such as a close approach to the earth at a time of lunar capture. It is likely that these phenomena will require explanation in terms of internal lunar processes, operative to a considerable depth in the moon, over a long period of time. These data, together with the low present internal temperatures of the moon, inferred from measurements of lunar electrical conductivity, impose severe constraints on acceptable thermal histories of the moon. Progress is being made toward understanding lunar surface properties by use of the effects of particle bombardment of the lunar surface (solar wind, solar flare particles, galactic cosmic rays). It has been shown that the rate of micrometeorite erosion is very low (angstroms per year) and that lunar rocks and soil have been within approximately a meter of the lunar surface for hundreds of millions of years. Future work will require sampling distinctly different regions of the moon in order to provide data concerning other important lunar events, such as the time of formation of the highland regions and of the mare basins, and of the extent to which lunar volcanism has persisted subsequent to the first third of lunar history. This work will require a sufficient number of Apollo landings, and any further cancellation of Apollo missions will jeopardize this unique opportunity to study the development of a planetary body from its beginning. Such a study is fundamental to our understanding of the earth and other planets.
Systematics of the intra-rare-earth binary alloy systems

Abstract A generalized phase diagram for the trivalent intra-lanthanide and yttrium-lanthanide binary alloys is proposed. This single diagram represents a total of 91 phase diagrams. A method of calculating unknown diagrams is described. These 91 diagrams can be classified into 13 types of phase diagrams, examples of 11 types are known, and a hypothetical diagram is calculated for the other two types. The lattice spacings of these intra-rare-earth alloys generally exhibit positive deviations from Vegard's law if the end-members have the same structure. This is consistent with the second-order elasticity model explaining deviations from Vegard's law. Both positive and negative deviations are found in the light lanthanide -heavy lanthanide alloys where the end-members always have different structures. These behaviors are explained on the basis of the d occupation number which decreases from the light lanthanides to the heavy lanthanides.
The value of plant collections in ethnopharmacology: a case study of an 85-year-old black cohosh (Actaea racemosa L.) sample.

Ethnopharmacological collections of plants used in traditional medical systems are a valuable but often underappreciated resource for scientific investigation. These collections contain many samples of plants currently employed in herbal and pharmaceutical medicine, and questions on stability and storage life can be examined using these historic collections as vouchers. A sample of black cohosh ( Actaea racemosa L.), collected in 1919 by the physician and plant explorer Henry Hurd Rusby, was recently identified in the collections of The New York Botanical Garden and analyzed for its triterpene glycosidic and phenolic constituents qualitatively and quantitatively by highperformance liquid chromatography–photodiode array detector (HPLC–PDA) and liquid chromatography–mass spectrophotometry (LC–MS). A comparison of the triterpene glycosidic and phenolic constituents of the 85-year-old plant sample with those of a modern collection of Actaea racemosa showed the similarity of the two samples, confirming the stability of the older sample, despite its curation over the years under a variety of conditions. Quantitative analyses indicated that both plant samples have similar amounts of the four major triterpene glycosides, but the total amount of the six major phenolic constituents measured in the 85-year-old plant material is lower than the amount measured in the modern plant material. Methanol extracts of the two plant materials were tested for their antioxidant activity, and both extracts showed similar antioxidant activity. © 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
A low-power oxygen inductively coupled plasma for spectrochemical analysis. II : Plasma diagnostics

Abstract Self-consistent electron and excitation temperatures, the electron number density, and intensity ratios of ion to atom lines in a low-power oxygen inductively coupled plasma (ICP) were measured. The experiments were conducted by means of absolute intensities of argon line and continuum emissions, Fe I species population distribution with respect to energy levels, H α line broadening, and line emissions of Ca and Cd analytes, respectively. The experimental results are found to be close to the LTE values, indicating that the features of the low-power oxygen ICP can be described by an LTE model.
Event-time determination by waveform analysis for time-of-flight positron emission tomography

With the recent advance of SCA (Switched Capacitor Array) sampling chip, it has become practically feasible to sample the waveforms of the event pulses generated by modern fast PET detectors at high rates (e.g., 5 GS/s or higher). In principle, performing such waveform sampling can maximally maintain the information about an event. In combination with the use of sophisticated processing algorithms to analyze the pulse waveforms, which can be readily implemented and carried out on-the-fly with modern digital electronics, it is likely that more detailed and accurate knowledge about the gamma-ray interactions with the detectors can be extracted. The purpose of this work is to study such perceived advantage of the waveform-sampling (WS) based approach for PET event detection, focusing on timing. Our results indicate that the WS-based approach can ebable the development of fine-tuned processing algorithms that match the response characteristics of PET detectors to yield improved event timing. The results also point to the possibility of performing shape analysis for extracting more event information.
The functional requirements of proteins for foods.

As a growing amount of research attention has been diverted, for a number of reasons, from the traditional protein foods to the so-called unconventional food proteins, an awareness has increased of the need to understand the functional properties of these proteins. Some empirical functionality tests have been devised, but it is submitted that many of these could yield misleading information, inasmuch as they often ignore or even run counter to the environmental interactions to which proteins are exposed in food systems. Some examples are given of the influence of the ionic environment upon one basic functional property of proteins, their solubility in aqueous solution.
Metabolism of 1-palmitoyl diolein and 3-palmitoyl diolein by adipose tissue

Stereospecific metabolism of triglycerides was investigated by incubating homogenates of adipose tissue with 1-palmitoyl diolein and 3-palmitoyl diolein, each labeled with 14C at the carboxyl group of the palmitic acid. No evidence for Stereospecific hydrolysis was obtained from the specific activity of the fatty acids, monoglycerides and diglycerides. However, approximately twice as much label was incorporated into the 2-position of the tissue triglycerides from i-palmitoyl diolein as from 3-palmitoyl diolein, suggesting a Stereospecific transfer of a fatty acid from the 1-position of a triglyceride to the 2-position of a triglyceride precursor.
The additivity of resistances in mass transfer between phases

Abstract The concept of additivity of individual resistances to mass transfer between phases is confirmed by experimental measurements of transfer coefficients for vaporization of water into air, and the absorption from air of carbon dioxide, ammonia, and acetone by water.