cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal fault detection in stochastic Boolean regulatory networks

Boolean networks have emerged as an effective model of the dynamical behavior of regulatory circuits consisting of bi-stable components, e.g. genes that can be in an activated or suppressed transcriptional state. Such Boolean circuits are not deterministic, nor are they directly observable. We present a methodology for fault detection in stochastic Boolean dynamical systems observed though noisy continuous measurements. The methodology utilizes a single time series and does not require any prior knowledge about the fault model. It is a change detection model based on the principle of uncorrelated innovations based on the optimal state estimator, which in this case is the Boolean Kaiman Filter (BKF). We carry out a numerical simulations using a Boolean model for the p53-MDM2 negative feedback loop with stuck-at faults, observed through noisy continuous measurements. The results show that the methodology is able to detect the time of the fault with close accuracy, without any prior knowledge about the fault model.
Genetic parameters and selection efficiency using part-records for production traits in strawberries.

The efficiency of selection for yield and fruit size using parts of the complete-season record was evaluated using data collected for individual strawberry seedlings (Fragaria x annanasa) in four genetic tests. Part-records were generated for each trait using cumulative weekly sums, and these were compared with complete records to assess the value of extended data collection. In addition, part-records were generated using data from alternate weeks of harvest. Scoring separate sets of seedlings in alternate weeks was assumed to allow a doubling of the unselected population size, halving the selection proportion and increasing selection intensity. Heritabilities estimated for part-records were often larger for mid-season cumulative part-records than for the complete-season records. Seasonal patterns for broad-sense and narrow-sense heritabilities differed, suggesting temporal expression of genes that condition yield and fruit size. Predicted genetic gains were largest using cumulative part-records between 4 and 12 weeks of the 15-week season, depending on trait and breeding objective (breeding value versus clonal value), with 8–9 weeks as a reasonable compromise. Selection using alternate-weeks records was identified as an efficient alternative to selection using total complete-season records. Superiority of the alternate-weeks option depends on the balance between increased selection intensity and decreased individual genetic information, and will differ for specific traits and program designs.
Numerical Solution of Two-Dimensional Axisymmetric Laminar Diffusion Flames

We investigate computationally the structure of a two-dimensional, axisymmetric, laminar methane-air diffusion flame with detailed transport and finite rate chemical kinetics. We consider flames in which a cylindrical fuel stream is surrounded by a coflowing oxidizer jet. Unlike some models in which diffusion in the axial direction is neglected, we treat the fully elliptic problem. A discrete solution is obtained on a two-dimensional grid by combining a steady-state and a time-dependent solution method. A time- dependent approach is used to help obtain a converged numerical solution on an initial coarse grid using a flame sheet starting estimate. Grid points are then inserted adaptively and Newton’s method is used to complete the problem.
Liking and Disliking Household Objects: An Empirical Study of Value

The judgment of like/dislike may be an initial judgment in a hierarchy of criteria used to assign value to everyday objects. The finding implies that this subjective judgment, in turn, constrains succeeding value judgments, such as the perception of an object's utility and stylish ness. Forty-one subjects responded to two instruments: pair comparisons of 16 objects on a nine-point scale of similarity of value, and judgment of like/dislike of the same objects. The matrix of similarities was subjected to cluster analysis, producing a dendrogram for each indi vidual. Each dendrogram was compared to all others using an objective criterion. The data matrix of comparisons which resulted was subjected to principal component analysis. Like/dislike decisions were compared with both the dendrograms of each individual and the scatter diagrams summarizing the group. The judgment of like/dislike is discussed in relation to a conceptual framework based on the concepts of inherent and instrumental value.
Deformation Measurements of Smart Aerodynamic Surfaces

Video Model Deformation (VMD) and Projection Moire Interferometry (PMI) were used to acquire wind tunnel model deformation measurements of the Northrop Grumman-built Smart Wing tested in the NASA Langley Transonic Dynamics Tunnel. The F 18-E/F planform Smart Wing was outfitted with embedded shape memory alloys to actuate a seamless trailing edge aileron and flap, and an embedded torque tube to generate wing twist. The VMD system was used to obtain highly accurate deformation measurements at three spanwise locations along the main body of the wing, and at spanwise locations on the flap and aileron. The PMI sysem was used to obtain full-field wing shape and deformation measurements over the entire wing lower surface. Although less accurate than the VMD system, the PMI system revealed deformations occuring between VMD target rows indistinguishable by VMD. This paper presents the VMD and PMI techniques and discusses their application in the Smart Wing test.
A stable boundary layer perspective on global temperature trends

One of the most significant signals in the thermometer-observed temperature record since 1900 is the decrease in the diurnal temperature range over land, largely due to warming of the minimum temperatures. While some data sets have indicated this asymmetrical warming has been reduced since 1979, regional analyses (e.g. East Africa) indicate that the nocturnal warming continues at a pace greater than daytime temperatures. The cause for this night time warming in the observed temperatures has been attributed to a variety of causes. Climate models have in general not replicated the change in diurnal temperature range well. Here we would like to try to distinguish between warming in the nocturnal boundary layer due to a redistribution of heat and warming due to the accumulation of heat. The temperature at night at shelter height is a result of competition between thermal stability and mechanical shear. If stability wins then turbulence is suppressed and the cooling surface becomes cut-off from the warmer air aloft, which leads to sharp decay in surface air temperature. If shear wins, then turbulence is maintained and warmer air from aloft is continually mixed to the surface, which leads to significantly lower cooling rates and warmer temperatures. This warming occurs due to a redistribution of heat. As will be shown by techniques of nonlinear analysis the winner of the stability and shear contest can be very sensitive to changes in greenhouse gas forcing, surface roughness, cloudiness, and surface heat capacity (including soil moisture). Further, the minimum temperatures measured in the nocturnal boundary layer represent only a very shallow layer of the atmosphere which is usually only a few hundred meters thick. It is likely that the observed warming in minimum temperature, whether caused by additional greenhouse forcing or land use changes or other land surface dynamics, is reflecting a redistribution of heat by turbulence-not an accumulation of heat. Because minimum temperatures in the stable boundary layer are not very robust measures of the heat content in the deep atmosphere and climate models do not predict minimum temperatures well, minimum temperatures should not be used as a surrogate for measures of deep atmosphere global warming.
The Monotonicity Results for the Ratio of Certain Mixed Means and Their Applications

We continue to adopt notations and methods used in the papers illustrated by Yang (2009, 2010) to investigate the monotonicity properties of the ratio of mixed two-parameter homogeneous means. As consequences of our results, the monotonicity properties of four ratios of mixed Stolarsky means are presented, which generalize certain known results, and some known and new inequalities of ratios of means are established.
Game sentences and ultrapowers

We prove that if A is a model of size at most [kappa], λ[kappa] = λ, and a game sentence of length 2λ is true in a 2λ-saturated model M ≡ A, then player ∃ has a winning strategy for a related game in some ultrapower ΠD A of A. The moves in the new game are taken in the cartesian power λA, and the ultrafilter D over λ must be chosen after the game is played. By taking advantage of the expressive power of game sentences, we obtain several applications showing the existence of ultrapowers with certain properties. In each case, it was previously known that such ultrapowers exist under the assumption of the GCH, and we get them without the GCH.
Microwave absorption by an array of carbon nanotubes: A phenomenological model

Article discussing microwave absorption by an array of carbon nanotubes and a phenomenological model.
Distribution of 203Pb during lead-potentiated endotoxic shock.

Abstract Lead salts markedly sensitize rats to lethal endotoxemia. Since this lethal synergism may reflect altered clearance and toxicity of lead, tissue distribution of 203 Pb was evaluated with or without a concurrent dose of Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin. Intravenous injection of 0.5 μCi of 203 Pb with 2 mg/100 g body wt. of lead acetate carrier was assessed at 1 and 5 hr. Hepatic uptake of the heavy metal comprised 60–70% of the total injected dose with lesser amounts being localized in order of decreasing concentration in kidney, spleen, lung, heart, and brain. With the exception of decreased renal distribution (32%), endotoxin did not significantly alter tissue distribution of the isotope. Electron-dense deposits were observed in hepatic Kupffer cells and as extracellular deposits in hepatic sinusoids. Cysteine, methylprednisolone, or methyl palmitate prevented lead-potentiated endotoxic shock and associated hepatic dysfunction. However, only cysteine caused a marked tissue redistribution of lead as evidenced by an 87% reduction in hepatic uptake of lead and a concomitant 11-fold increase in renal uptake. This increased renal localization was confirmed by the presence of crystalline deposits of electron-dense material in intracytoplasmic vacuoles or vesicles in renal proximal tubules. The hepatic sequestration of lead provides a basis for altered hepatic function and consequent sensitization to endotoxin. Cysteine may prevent this lethal synergism by suppressing hepatic localization of the heavy metal.
Generalization of the spherical harmonic method to radiative transfer in multi-dimensional space

Abstract The basic radiative transfer equation in three-dimensional space is expressed in terms of three commonly used coordinate systems, namely, Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical coordinates. The concept of a transformation matrix is applied to the transformation processes between the Cartesian system and two other systems. The spherical harmonic method is then applied to decompose the radiative transfer equation into a set of coupled partial differential equations for all three systems in terms of partial differential operators. By truncating the number of partial differential equations into four along with further mathematical analyses, we obtain a modified Helmholtz equation. For each coordinate system, analytical solutions in terms of infinite series are obtained whenever the equation is solvable by the technique of separation of variables with proper boundary conditions. Numerical computations are carried out for one dimensional radiative transfer to illustrate the applicability of the technique developed in the present study.
The level structure of 181Ta from (n, n′γ) experiments

Abstract The level structure of 181 Ta has been examined by studying the spectra and excitation functions of gamma rays resulting from the (n, n'γ) process for primary neutrons between the energies of 0.24 and 1.8 MeV. Gamma rays which are consistent with the following level structure were observed: 6( 9 2 − ), 136( 9 2 + ), 159( 11 2 − ), 301( 11 2 + ), 339( 13 2 − ), 482( 5 2 + ), 498( 13 2 + ), 548( 15 2 − ), 615( 1 2 + ), 619( 3 2 + ), 718( 15 2 + ) . Previously unreported levels at 339 and 548 keV fit into the ( 9 2 − ), 514 rotational band.
The Vibrational Spectrum Of Allyl Mercaptan

Abstract The vibrational analysis of allyl mercaptan has vener been published. There are two internal rotors, the SH group and the CH2SH group, in the allyl mercaptan molecule. As in the case of propylene (1), the molecule has only one plane of symmetry (Cs point group) in its most symmetrical configuration (when the thiol group lies in the plane of the vinyl group). However, microwave studies have shown that it exhibits C1 symmetry (2). The infrared and Raman spectra of allyl mercaptan have been investigated in this study. The assignment of its fundamental modes has been made based on C1 symmetry of the molecule.
Formation of new lanthanide oxide glasses by laser spin melting and free-fall cooling☆

Abstract Glass spherules were made from molten droplets spun off the ends of laser-heated ceramic rods and solidified by free-falling cooling. Glasses of several hundred μm diameter were formed from the pure lanthanide oxides Sc2O3, Y2O3, Sm2O3, Gd2O3, Yb2O3 and Lu2O3; glass formation decreased with addition of CaO. Stable glasses were also produced from binary La2O3 compositions with 25, 50 and 75 wt % of each of the oxides Y2O3, Yb2O3, Nb2O5 and Ta2O5, and from the ternary compositions 40 wt % La2O3 + 20 wt % CaO + 40 wt % Al2O3 or Ga2O3. The indices of refraction of all of the glasses and the Abbe numbers of several were measured.
Ultrastructural characteristics of new vessels in proliferative diabetic retinopathy

We studied the ultrastructural characteristics of 23 vascularized preretinal membranes removed from 22 eyes during pars plana vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Traction detachment of the macula was the most frequent reason for surgery (15 of 22 eyes), followed by nonclearing vitreous hemorrhage (seven of 22 eyes). Vessels found in the membranes were studied by serial sectioning and categorized as having either developing, mature, or regressing characteristics. Developing vessels were seen in ten of 23 membranes (43%), mature vessels in 19 of 23 membranes (83%), and regressing vessels in 13 of 23 membranes (57%). Endothelial fenestrations and cell separations were rare. With three-dimensional reconstruction, we found that new vessels often extended cytoplasmic processes into the extracellular matrix and that lumina were present even at the distalmost tips of the vessels. Solid cords of endothelial cells were not seen. We concluded that in proliferative diabetic retinopathy, new vessels develop by a process of focal extracellar matrix degradation, generalized and exuberant extracellar matrix production, cytoplasmic microvillus extension into the extracellular matrix, and active lumen formation.
Evidence for regulation of water intake by median raphe serotonergic neurons.

Abstract Radiofrequency lesions of the median raphe (MR) nucleus did not alter daily water intake in the rat, whereas electrolytic lesions produced a transient polydipsia only during the first day following lesioning. In contrast, microinjection of the specific serotonin neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) (8 μg/l μl) directly into the MR nucleus produced a small but non-significant drop in water consumption during the first postoperative day, followed by the development of a marked polydipsia peaking at Day 6 and declining again to approach control levels by Days 8–10. The results suggest that the transient polydipsia which occurred during the first 24-hours following electrolytic MR lesioning can be attributed to a different mechanism than the neurotoxin-induced polydipsia, perhaps to stimulation of cholinergic neurons known to lie in this area. The more slowly developing polydipsia which occurred following 5,7-DHT lesions of the MR nucleus can be attributed to destruction of serotonergic neurons. These results strongly implicate MR serotonergic neurons as inhibitory regulators of water intake mechanisms.
Design and performance of a parachute for the recovery of a 760-lb payload

A 26-ft-diameter ribbon parachute deployed using a pilot parachute system has been developed at Sandia National Laboratories for the recovery of a 760-lb payload released at subsonic and transonic speeds. The wide range of deployment dynamic pressures led to the design, utilizing wind tunnel testing and computer simulation, of a unique pilot parachute system verified in full-scale flight tests. Performance data from 20 full-scale flight tests were used to evaluate system performance and structural validity. The concical ribbon parachute design chosen for this development effort follows the practice of previous Sandia National Laboratory parachute development programs for high performance airdropped payloads. The design process for this parachute system included a tradeoff study to evaluate and compare the performance between an equivalent drag area 26-foot-diameter single parachute system and a cluster system of three 14-ft-diameter parachutes. The results showed a small advantage for the cluster system in inflation and initial deceleration characteristics. However, the higher cost, higher weight, greater packing complexity and greater risk involved in the development of the cluster system outweighed the performance advantages and led to the choice of the 26-ft-diameter parachute as the baseline design for the development. This paper describes the design and performance of themore » 26-ft-diameter parachute which was chosen for the recovery of a 760-lb payload. The results of 20 full-scale flight test of this parachute system are summarized. 8 refs., 13 figs., 2 tabs.« less
Spontaneous transmission of chirality through multiple length scales.

The hierarchical transfer of chirality in nature, from the nano-, to meso-, to macroscopic length scales, is very complex, and as of yet, not well understood. The advent of scanning probes has allowed chirality to be monitored at the single molecule or monolayer level and has opened up the possibility to track enantiospecific interactions and chiral self-assembly with molecular-scale detail. This paper describes the self-assembly of a simple, model molecule (naphtho[2,3-a]pyrene) that is achiral in the gas phase, but becomes chiral when adsorbed on a surface. This polyaromatic hydrocarbon forms a stable and reversibly ordered system on Cu(111) in which the transmission of chirality from single surface-bound molecules to complex 2D chiral architectures can be monitored as a function of molecular packing density and surface temperature. In addition to the point chirality of the surface-bound molecule, the unit cell of the molecular domains was also found to be chiral due to the incommensurate alignment of the molecular rows with respect to the underlying metal lattice. These molecular domains always aggregated in groups of three, all of the same chirality, but with different rotational orientations, forming homochiral “tri-lobe” ensembles. At a larger length scale, these tri-lobe ensembles associated with nearest-neighbor tri-lobe units of opposite chirality at lower packing densities before forming an extended array of homochiral tri-lobe ensembles at higher converges. This system displayed chirality at a variety of size scales from the molecular (≈1 nm) and domain (≈5 nm) to the tri-lobe ensemble (≈10 nm) and extended array (>25 nm) levels. The chirality of the tri-lobe ensembles dictated how the overall surface packing occurred and both homo- and heterochiral arrays could be reproducibly and reversibly formed and interchanged as a function of surface coverage. Finally, these chirally templated surfaces displayed remarkable enantiospecificity for naphtho[2,3-a]pyrene molecules adsorbed in the second layer. Given its simplicity, reversibility, and rich degree of order, this system represents an ideal test bed for the investigation of symmetry breaking and the hierarchical transmission of chirality through multiple length scales.
Lower bound to the ground-state expectation value of a positive unbounded operator using related bounded operators

Error bars around observables of quantum mechanical systems are extremely lacking; in most cases only an upper bound to the energy is practical. We present a new lower bound to the expectation value of an operator that is most similar to the lower bound of Weinhold. While Weinhold’s bound has flexibility by incorporating expectation values (some of which may not exist) of different moments of the operator to be bounded, the flexibility of our lower bound relies on the form of a similar, but bounded, operator. Like Weinhold’s bound, ours is limited to non-negative operators and the ground-state of the system. Our lower bound is shown to have properties which allow it to converge to the true expectation value of the ground state, but a practical application to the Helium atom shows that Weinhold’s bound is superior in this case.
Control of short leftward transcripts from the immunity and ori regions in induced coliphage lambda.

The patterns of (1) leftward transcription from the repressed lambda prophage and (2) post-induction changes in the initiation of RNA synthesis within the immunity-ori region (which contains several regulatory elements including the λ repressor gene) were studied in detail. In the noninduced prophage about 80% of the leftward transcription originates from within the immunity region (cI-rex mRNA), 2% is from the ori segment (oop RNA) and the remainder is evenly distributed between the int and b2 regions (Fig.1). The sc startpoint for the 1880 nucleotide-long cI-rex transcript, which codes for the λ repressor and the rex product, in 325 nucleotides from the right imm434 endpoint (Figs. 2 and 3). Upon induction of Tof+ λ lysogens, the cI-rex transcription is rapidly turned off. After a brief lag, a 600 nucleotide-long transcript, denoted lit, appears in the left part of gene rex. The lit and cI-rex transcripts both terminate at the same ti site. No RNA synthesis is detected in the 400-nucleotide segment between the left imm434 endpoint and the ti terminator. This DNA segment contains the pL-oL promoter-operator region for the major leftward transcription. The increase in lit transcription parallels the increase in synthesis of oop RNA, as if both transcripts originated from a common promoter or were positively regulated by a common factor at their promoters. The oop startpoint so is located at least 2000 nucleotides upstream from the lit startpoint si. The synthesis of the oop and lit RNAs is coordinately stimulated up to 100-fold by host and phage DNA replication factors. The short 4S oop RNA is thought to prime leftward λ DNA replication initiated at the ori site.
Free microvascular transfer of second toe ray and serratus anterior muscle for management of thumb loss at the carpometacarpal joint level

A 50-year-old machine operator suffered traumatic amputation of the thumb, ring, and small fingers. The thumb had been amputated at the carpometacarpal joint and was reconstructed 6 months later by microneurovascular transplantation of the second toe including the second metatarsal. Opposition was provided and the first web space was released at a second stage by reconstruction with the lowest two digitations of the serratus anterior muscle covered with a split-thickness skin graft.
Doping limits in ZnSe

We explore doping problems in p-type ZnSe using ab initio total-energy calculations. Our method determines the formation energies of native point defects and of acceptor dopants as a function of the relative abundance of Zn, Se and the dopant atoms, resulting in a map of the concentrations of defects and dopants over the entire thermodynamically allowed range of conditions. For native point defects, which were often assumed to compensate the doping of ZnSe, we show that their concentrations are negligibly small over most of the range of allowed stoichiometry. For a ZnSe acceptor-doped with LiZn or NaZn, we find that compensation by Lii and Nai donors is possible, but can be avoided in a sufficiently Se-rich environment. The most stringent limits on acceptor doping of ZnSe come from the solubility limits of the three dopants. Our calculations show that NaZn has a very low solubility limit, with a much higher limit for LiZn, and the highest for NSe.
The interface of dual systems of health care in the developing world: toward health policy initiatives in Africa.

Abstract Basically, there are two systems of health care in the developing world: one is traditional and prescientific; the other modern, scientific and Western in derivation. The two exist side by side, yet remain functionally unrelated in any intentional sense: with the traditional, ethnic system being disregarded by the government-supported modern system, although it is the dominant mode of health care for over three quarters of the population of the developing world. The structure of this dualism with particular reference to Africa should be more widely recognized and used in national health care planning. Neither traditional nor modern medicine is adequately meeting health care needs; therefore we must ask if. together, they can be articulated so as to produce a synergistic outcome that will maximize the use of scarce financial resources? It is suggested that the modern system can be consciously articulated downwards so as to increase the potential for integration with traditional medicine at the village level through referral systems and training programs while traditional medicine can be supported by the modern system with the use of village health aides, traditional birth attendants, traditional psychiatric aides, village drug stocks, herbal medicine research and referral systems. The dualistic and dichotomized health care systems are ripe for change. Many governments do themselves a grave disservice by officially ignoring traditional medicine and not considering its partial or fuller incorporation in health care planning.
Guidelines for Making Existing Health Education Programs More Culturally Appropriate

Abstract Cultural competence may mean the difference between a successful and an unsuccessful health education program. A program that is not culturally competent often lacks the nuances of a specific culture and is not as effective as a culturally sensitive program. Linguistic and ethnic differences, subcultures, and sex and gender roles within the predominant culture need to be taken into consideration. Specific guidelines for making any health education program more culturally competent are presented.
The Effect of Social Support on Functional Recovery and Well‐Being in Older Adults Following Joint Arthroplasty

Projections by the U.S. Census Bureau indicate a continual rise in the population of older adults. Along with increased dependency among older adults, chronic illness and aging may have attendant social and personal concerns in the areas of health care, community health services, and quality of life. Direct and indirect costs of osteoarthritis are $120 billion per year in medical treatment and lost wages. Every year more than 300,000 knee replacements and 120,000 hip replacements are performed in the United States (Sapountzi-Krepia et al., 2007). A large percentage of joint replacement patients have now assumed responsibility for their recovery process. This exploratory study assessed and measured social support and evaluated its impact on functional recovery and well-being in older adults after joint arthroplasty. Although social support, associated with the covariates of “living arrangements” and “age,” demonstrated a positive relationship with perceived well-being, no relationship was demonstrated with high or low levels of social support and functional recovery.
A Dynamic Macroeconomic Model for the State of Oregon

A model for the economy of the State of Oregon viewed as a small open entity in the larger U.S. economy is proposed here with both production and capital formation simulated by continuous, dynamic submodels. Economic activity is modeled on a sectoral (industry) basis, and an inventory concept is used to both separate the transient behavior of supply and demand and to generate price levels. Wage rates and natural resource prices are generated internally, while export demands are supplied exogenously. The capital formation is achieved using an adaptation of models by Phillips [11] and Bergstrom [12].
Frequent Type 2 Neurofibromatosis Gene Transcript Mutations in Sporadic Intramedullary Spinal Cord Ependymomas

OBJECTIVE : To further investigate the role of Type 2 neurofibromatosis (NF2) gene transcript mutations in the sporadically occurring counterparts of NF2-associated tumors. METHODS : Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction followed by agarose gel electrophoresis, single strand conformation polymorphism analysis, and automated deoxyribonucleic acid sequence analysis were used to screen for mutations in the NF2 gene transcript in seven unrelated patients with sporadic intramedullary spinal cord ependymomas. RESULTS : Five of seven intramedullary spinal cord ependymomas harbored detectable mutations. All of these mutations occurred in the region of the transcript that is homologous to known cytoskeletal proteins and resulted in significant truncation of the predicted protein product. CONCLUSION : Mutations of the NF2 transcript occur in the majority of sporadic intramedullary spinal cord ependymomas. These mutations are frequent in a region of the transcript that is homologous to a family of cytoskeletal proteins, and they probably render the protein product inactive. These results add to the body of knowledge concerning the role of the NF2 gene transcript in tumorigenesis.
Vulvar lymphangioma circumscriptum: a rare complication of therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix

The clinical and pathological features of a case of multifocal lymphangioma circumscriptum of the vulva are reported in a patient with chronic lymphedema of a lower extremity. Ten years previously the patient had been treated for squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. Although lymphangioma circumscriptum is an extremely rare complication of altered lymphatic drainage, the presence of multiple noninflammatory vesicular appearing lesions in this setting should suggest the correct diagnosis.
An Examination of the Differential Information Hypothesis

This study examines the differential market reaction to unexpected dividends between large firms and small firms by employing the Cumulative Sum Technique of Hillmer and Yu (1979). The technique allows the incorporation of both the magnitude of the security price adjustment and the speed of the price adjustment into the analysis. We provide additional information by adjusting for the firm size effect. Contrary to the results from previous studies, the empirical evidence presented here suggests an insignificant difference in market reaction between different firm‐size portfolios.
Wave motion of a compressible viscous fluid contained in a cylindrical shell

The free vibration of cylindrical shells filled with a compressible viscous fluid has been studied by numerous workers using the linearized Navier-Stokes equations, the fluid continuity equation, and Fluegge's equations of motion for thin shells. It happens that solutions can be obtained for which the interface conditions at the shell surface are satisfied. Formally, a characteristic equation for the system eigenvalues can be written down, and solutions are usually obtained numerically providing some insight into the physical mechanisms. In this paper, the authors modify the usual approach to this problem, use a more rigorous mathematical solution and limit the discussion to a single thin shell of infinite length and finite radius, totally filled with a viscous, compressible fluid. It is shown that separable solutions are obtained only in a particular gage, defined by the divergence of the fluid velocity vector potential, and the solutions are unique to that gage. Numerical results are obtained for the first few wave modes of a large shell, which illustrate the general approach to the solution. The wave phase velocity is related to the real part of the axial wave number and turns out to be independent of frequency, with numerical value lying between the more » sonic velocities in the fluid and the shell. The frequency dependencies of these parameters and fluid velocity mode shapes are computed for a typical case and displayed in nondimensional graphs. « less
Telescopic imaging of sprites

Telescopic images of sprites show a wide variety of generally vertical but also slanted fine structure, including branching tree-like shapes and well defined but isolated columns, with transverse spatial scales ranging from tens of meters to a few hundred meters at ∼60–85 km altitude. Simultaneous analysis of radio atmospheric and lightning data indicates that specific columnar regions are selectively excited by successive discharges.
Long-Range Periodic Patterns in Microbial Genomes Indicate Significant Multi-Scale Chromosomal Organization

Genome organization can be studied through analysis of chromosome position-dependent patterns in sequence-derived parameters. A comprehensive analysis of such patterns in prokaryotic sequences and genome-scale functional data has yet to be performed. We detected spatial patterns in sequence-derived parameters for 163 chromosomes occurring in 135 bacterial and 16 archaeal organisms using wavelet analysis. Pattern strength was found to correlate with organism-specific features such as genome size, overall GC content, and the occurrence of known motility and chromosomal binding proteins. Given additional functional data for Escherichia coli, we found significant correlations among chromosome position dependent patterns in numerous properties, some of which are consistent with previously experimentally identified chromosome macrodomains. These results demonstrate that the large-scale organization of most sequenced genomes is significantly nonrandom, and, moreover, that this organization is likely linked to genome size, nucleotide composition, and information transfer processes. Constraints on genome evolution and design are thus not solely dependent upon information content, but also upon an intricate multi-parameter, multi-length-scale organization of the chromosome.
Fumaric acid: an overlooked form of fixed carbon in Arabidopsis and other plant species

Photoassimilates are used by plants for production of energy, as carbon skeletons and in transport of fixed carbon between different plant organs. Many studies have been devoted to characterizing the factors that regulate photoassimilate concentrations in different plant species. Most studies examining photoassimilate concentrations in C3 plants have focused on analyzing starch and soluble sugars. However, work presented here demonstrates that a number of C3 plants, including the popular model organism Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., and agriculturally important plants, such as soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., contain significant quantities of fumaric acid. In fact, fumaric acid can accumulate to levels of several milligrams per gram fresh weight in Arabidopsis leaves, often exceeding those of starch and soluble sugars. Fumaric acid is a component of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, like starch and soluble sugars, can be metabolized to yield energy and carbon skeletons for production of other compounds. Fumaric acid concentrations increase with plant age and light intensity in Arabidopsis leaves. Moreover, Arabidopsis phloem exudates contain significant quantities of fumaric acid, raising the possibility that fumaric acid may function in carbon transport.
Velocity and Angular Distributions of Prompt Neutrons from Spontaneous Fission of Cf 252

The velocity and angular distributions of neutrons associated with light and heavy groups of fission fragments from spontaneous fission of ${\mathrm{Cf}}^{252}$ have been measured. The results can be accounted for within about 10 to 20% by the assumption of isotropic evaporation from moving fragments. Least-squares fits to the data have been made on this assumption and yield accurate values for the numbers of neutrons emitted by the light and heavy fragments and for their energy spectra. The energy spectra have been analyzed in terms of effective temperatures of the fragments. A detailed discussion of the systematic differences from simple evaporation theory is given.
Results from seven years of AMANDA-II

AMANDA is a first-generation high energy neutrino telescope, which has taken data at the South Pole in its final configuration since 2000. Results from seven years of operation are presented here, including observation of the atmopheric neutrino flux and searches for astrophysical neutrinos from cosmic ray accelerators, gamma ray bursts, and dark matter annihilations. In 2007, AMANDA was incorporated into the IceCube neutrino telescope, where its higher density of instrumentation improves the low energy response. In the near future, AMANDA will be replaced by the IceCube Deep Core, a purpose-built low energy extension of IceCube.
Upconversion Luminescence of Colloidal CdS and ZnCdS Semiconductor Quantum Dots

Upconversion luminescence is observed from colloidal CdS and CdZnS quantum dots dispersed in hexanes. These binary and ternary nanocrystals were synthesized via noninjection approaches and at relatively low temperature and exhibit cubic crystal structures and narrow size distributions. The upconversion luminescence of these nanocrystal ensembles is similar to their corresponding photoluminescence emission, regarding peak shape, position, and dynamics. The upconversion luminescence yield exhibits a near-quadratic laser power dependence. Accordingly, our study indicates that the upconversion luminescence is due to two-photon excitation.
Standing between two worlds in Harlem: A developmental psychopathology perspective of perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus and adolescence

Abstract Perinatal HIV infection in the US continues to evolve from a fatal pediatric illness to a chronic medical condition of childhood and adolescence. Although navigating this period is influenced by multi-leveled deprivations commonly experienced by low-income minority families, HIV alters the timing and experience of developmental milestones for many adolescents with perinatal HIV. This selective review of the growing developmental psychopathology literature and the authors' clinical work at a pediatric HIV program in Harlem, NY provide an overview of how developmental psychopathology offers an integrative framework that elucidates how autonomy, peer relationships, and self-concept evolve among 13–21 year old adolescents. This paper highlights the importance of considering influences of both perinatal HIV and the culture of poverty on adolescent development, and of adopting multilevel interventions and research to address how interactions among biologic, environmental, and HIV-related stressors (serostatus disclosure, medical treatment adherence, illness stigma) influence the development of adolescents with perinatal HIV.
Target molecular size suggesting a dimeric structure for the red beet plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase

Abstract The target molecular size of the red beet ( Beta vulgaris L. var. Detroit Dark Red) plasma membrane Ca 2+ -ATPase was determined by radiation inactivation analysis involving γ-rays from a 60 Co source. The Ca 2+ transport activity associated with the Ca 2+ -ATPase in native plasma membrane vesicles declined in an exponential manner with radiation dose and the target molecular size was estimated to be about 245 000 ± 5000. As the catalytic subunit (phosphorylated intermediate) of the red beet plasma membrane Ca 2+ -ATPase has been shown to be about 100 000 to 120 000, these results suggest that the enzyme exists as a dimer in the native membrane.
CDNA cloning, heterologous expression, and characterization of rat intestinal CYP2J4.

Abstract The small intestine is the major portal of entry of ingested xenobiotics. Previous studies from this and other laboratories indicated that at least 6 of the 33 xenobiotic metabolizing forms of P450 currently identified are expressed in rat small intestinal epithelial cells. In the present study, a previously unidentified rat P450, designated CYP2J4, was identified in rat small intestine using PCR. The full-length CYP2J4 cDNA contains an open reading frame for a protein of 501 residues and is 72.5 and 75.8% identical to rabbit CYP2J1 and human CYP2J2, respectively, in deduced amino acid sequences. The coding region of CYP2J4 cDNA has been cloned into a baculoviral expression vector (pVL1392) and expressed in culturedSpodoptera frugiperta(SF9) cells. The heterologously expressed CYP2J4 protein displayed a typical P450 CO-difference spectrum, with maximum absorbance at 449 nm. When purified to near electrophoretic homogeneity, it was active toward arachidonic acid in a reconstituted system with NADPH-P450 reductase and phospholipid, producing both hydroxyeicosatetraenoic and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. RNA blot analysis with CYP2J4 cDNA as a probe detected two mRNA species, about 2.0 and 2.4 kb, respectively, in RNA preparations from liver, intestine, olfactory mucosa, kidney, heart, and lung. The 2.0-kb mRNA species was abundant in liver, small intestine, and olfactory mucosa, whereas the 2.4-kb mRNA species was predominant only in the olfactory mucosa. Immunoblot analysis of microsomal fractions from different rat tissues with a polyclonal anti-peptide antibody to CYP2J4 detected a protein with the same electrophoretic mobility as purified CYP2J4 most abundantly in small intestine and to a lesser extent in liver and other immunoreactive proteins with slightly higher electrophorectic mobility than purified CYP2J4 in a number of tissues, including small intestine, liver, kidney, lung, and olfactory mucosa. The predominant distribution of CYP2J4, which has activity toward arachidonic acid, is provocative, but its physiological function is as yet unknown.
Early environmental stress and biological vulnerability to drug abuse

It has long been believed that stress and drug abuse are related. Studies using animal models have repeatedly demonstrated that stressed animals more readily self-administer alcohol or other drugs. Similarly, human patients consistently report in clinical interviews that stress is one reason for taking drugs. There are also studies that document neurophysiological, neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and physiological changes to animals and humans who are stressed. Many of these changes occur within biological systems that are also affected by psychoactive drugs. Early response to stress also modifies neurodevelopment in permanent ways, and these neuroadaptations occur within the same neuronal systems which comprise the drug-reward circuit. But absent are studies in humans that link early stress and modifications of neurodevelopment with increased vulnerability to drug abuse. This article provides a glimpse of research relating stress to alteration of brain functions and to drug abuse, and points to the work of others in this volume for more details. We hope this attempt to understand how early stress affects the developing brain and increases vulnerability to drug abuse will lead to a new program of research in this emerging area.
Estimating Information Rates with Confidence Intervals in Neural Spike Trains

Information theory provides a natural set of statistics to quantify the amount of knowledge a neuron conveys about a stimulus. A related work (Kennel, Shlens, Abarbanel, & Chichilnisky, 2005) demonstrated how to reliably estimate, with a Bayesian confidence interval, the entropy rate from a discrete, observed time series. We extend this method to measure the rate of novel information that a neural spike train encodes about a stimulus---the average and specific mutual information rates. Our estimator makes few assumptions about the underlying neural dynamics, shows excellent performance in experimentally relevant regimes, and uniquely provides confidence intervals bounding the range of information rates compatible with the observed spike train. We validate this estimator with simulations of spike trains and highlight how stimulus parameters affect its convergence in bias and variance. Finally, we apply these ideas to a recording from a guinea pig retinal ganglion cell and compare results to a simple linear decoder.
Women, You’ve Come a Long Way, Baby; or Have You?: Male Clinicians-in-Training’s Perceptions of Women

The focus of this study was to better understand male clinicians-in-training’s perceptions of female clients, peers, and faculty and how those perceptions may impact their interactions. In this study, 10 male clinicians-in-training’s perceptions related to gender with respect to female clients, peers, and faculty were explored by engaging in semi-structured interviews, responding to journal prompts, and providing artifacts. The findings supported a need for a focus on gender, as well as increased sensitivity to gender and gender issues, and the importance of clinician self-awareness.
ADAPTING AN ENGLISH MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYZER FOR FRENCH

A word-based morphological analyzer and a dictionary for recognizing inflected forms of French words have been built by adapting the UDICT system. We describe the adaptations, emphasizing mechanisms developed to handle French verbs. This work lays the groundwork for doing French derivational morphology and morphology for other languages.
Cell Cycle-dependent Regulation of a Human DNA Helicase That Localizes in DNA Damage Foci

Mutational studies of human DNA helicase B (HDHB) have suggested that its activity is critical for the G1/S transition of the cell cycle, but the nature of its role remains unknown. In this study, we show that during G1, ectopically expressed HDHB localizes in nuclear foci induced by DNA damaging agents and that this focal pattern requires active HDHB. During S and G2/M, HDHB localizes primarily in the cytoplasm. A carboxy-terminal domain from HDHB confers cell cycle-dependent localization, but not the focal pattern, to a reporter protein. A cluster of potential cyclin-dependent kinase phosphorylation sites in this domain was modified at the G1/S transition and maintained through G2/M of the cell cycle in vivo, coincident with nuclear export of HDHB. Serine 967 of HDHB was the major site phosphorylated in vivo and in vitro by cyclin-dependent kinases. Mutational analysis demonstrated that phosphorylation of serine 967 is crucial in regulating the subcellular localization of ectopically expressed HDHB. We propose that the helicase of HDHB operates primarily during G1 to process endogenous DNA damage before the G1/S transition, and it is largely sequestered in the cytoplasm during S/G2.