cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of corn kernel hardness and grain drying temperature on particle size and pellet durability when grinding using a roller mill or hammermill

Abstract Corn kernel hardness and drying temperature may affect particle size and distribution after grinding, impacting feed mill productivity and animal performance. In the present study, the effects of two corn hybrids with different kernel hardness (average and hard respectively) and three-grain drying temperatures (35, 80, and 120 °C) on the geometric mean (dgw) and standard deviation (Sgw) of particle size were assessed. For roller-milling, four combinations of roller gap settings were utilized (0−0, 25−20, 30−30, and 35−35), whereas, for hammermilling, three tip speeds were used (1508; 4207 and 6320 m/min) in each case grinding through a 12/64″, 4.76 mm (12−12) screen combination. This evaluation was conducted in corn stored for less than 2 weeks (wk) for new crop and 30 wk. Additionally, at 2, 4, 8, 12, 17, and 20 wk of storage, treatments were ground by a hammermill to study the effects of storage on dgw and Sgw. After that, these ground batches of corn were included in feeds to investigate pellet durability. For evaluations performed in new crop corn, and at 2, 4, and 8 wk of storage, treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial design with two kernel hardness and three drying temperatures. In contrast, evaluations at 12, 17, and 20 wk, treatments consisted of a 2 × 2 factorial design with two-particle sizes and two drying temperatures. For all evaluations, three replicates per treatment combination were considered. Data were analyzed in a completely randomized design, and mean separation was done using Tukey’s or student’s t-tests. Results in new crop corn showed that at 35 °C level, harder kernel corn yielded larger (P
Long-term Speech Outcomes of Cleft Palate Repair in Robin Sequence versus Isolated Cleft Palate.

Whether treatment of cleft palate (CP) associated with Robin sequence (RS) should attain outcomes similar to those of isolated cleft palate (ICP) remains unknown. This study compares treatment and outcomes in both conditions and delineates predictors of long-term outcome. Methods This retrospective case series of consecutive syndromic and isolated RS- and ICP-patients (1990-2016) includes indications and outcomes of straight-line repair with intravelar veloplasty (SLIV) or Furlow repair depending on cleft and airway characteristics. Results Seventy-five RS and 83 ICP patients underwent CP repair. Velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) occurred in 41% of RS versus 17% of ICP patients (P = 0.012), and in 60% of patients with syndromic RS versus 16% with isolated RS (P = 0.005). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, wider and more severe CP anatomy was the only factor independently associated with VPI (P = 0.028), in contrast to age at repair, syndromic RS compared with isolated RS, and isolated RS compared with ICP and initial tongue-lip adhesion. Secondary Furlow after primary SLIV was used to treat VPI in all groups, and more frequently in syndromic versus isolated RS patients (P = 0.025). Conclusions Variability of RS anatomy and airway compromise necessitates individualized treatment protocols. Despite differing CP etiology and other variables, our findings demonstrate cleft anatomy as the only independent variable predictive of VPI comparing RS and ICP patients. Patients with isolated RS should ultimately attain similar VPI outcomes compared with ICP patients. Obstructive speech operations in RS patients can be avoided without compromising speech outcome by reserving the prsocedure for secondary cases.
Frequency-Dependent Feeding Methods for Broadband Vivaldi Arrays With Minimum Half-Power Beamwidth (HPBW) Variation

This paper reports on the design of frequency-dependent feed networks for linear antenna arrays with minimum half-power beamwidth (HPBW) variation in more than one octave of the frequency spectrum. The proposed approach is based on: i) frequency-dependent power dividers that gradually shift the RF power from the outer elements of the array to the inner ones with the increase of frequency and ii) uniformly or non-uniformly-spaced directive antenna elements. The operating principles and design trade-offs of the concept are presented through ideal simulations of four- and six-element antenna arrays shaped by isotropic or directive radiators. It is shown that by employing directive antenna elements and non-uniform spacing, minimum HPBW variation can be obtained in a broad bandwidth (BW, e.g., 3:1). For physical verification purposes, two frequency-dependent feed networks and Vivaldi antenna elements were designed, manufactured, and measured. The first network feeds a uniformly-spaced four-element array of Vivaldi antennas and demonstrates a 58% HPBW variation in a 3:1 of BW. The second network feeds a non-uniformly-spaced six-element Vivaldi array and results in a 67% HPBW variation in a 2.5:1 of BW.
Interval Return to Play Programs for the Tennis Athlete

General guidelines exist for return to sport after injury. The goal of these guidelines is to outline phases of recovery that will minimize the risk of reinjury and promote an optimal return to function for the athlete. This paper analyzes the current research pertaining to interval return to play programs with a special focus on the tennis athlete. The authors examine the different components of an interval tennis program and work to develop what they feel are the necessary elements of the optimal return to sport guidelines for tennis athletes. These criteria are based on the available literature, research, and preliminary data collection as well as the personal experiences and clinical observations of the authors. Interval sports programs are typically designed to guide the athlete back to competition after an injury. The current research reveals the obstacles present in implementing an appropriate interval sports program including a lack of consensus on which criteria is actually necessary and relevant. Limited research is present for interval tennis programs. Return to sport competition and sports science is continuously evolving. The authors highlight the necessary components in rehabilitation and performance principles for establishing a comprehensive interval tennis program. In addition, the role of technology in sports rehabilitation is assessed as it pertains to return to play. The authors proposed that interval sports program can help guide and direct future clinicians in their rehabilitation of the tennis athlete.
CLINICOPATHOLOGIC AND MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF A SINGLE BCOR-CCNB3+ UNDIFFERENTIATED SARCOMA OF THE KIDNEY CONFERS SIGNIFICANT EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS.

Undifferentiated soft tissue sarcomas (UDSTS ) are a group of mesenchymal tumors that remain a diagnostic challenge due to their morphologic heterogeneity and unclear histologic origin (Peters et al. 2015b). In this case report, we present the first multi-omics molecular signature for a BCOR-CCNB3 sarcoma (BCS) that includes mutation analysis, gene expression, DNA methylation, and mi-RNA expression. We identify a paucity of additional mutations in this tumor and detail that there is significant dysregulation of gene expression of epigeneic remodeling agents including key members of the PRC, Sin3A/3b, NuRD, and NcoR/SMRT complexes and the DNA methyltransferases DNMT1, DNMT3a, and DNMT3b. This is accompanied by significant DNA methylation changes and dysregulation of multiple miRNA with known links to tumorigenesis. This study significantly increases our understanding of the BCOR effects on fusion positive undifferentiated sarcomas at both the genomic and epigenomic level and suggests that as better-tailored and more refined treatment algorithms continue to evolve, epigenetic modifying agents should be further evaluated for their efficacy against these tumors.
Chapter 1. Atypical Antipsychotic Agents

Publisher Summary All neuroleptics currently approved in the United States produce extra-pyramidal side effects (EPS). The most common forms of EPS are parkinsonism, dystonia, akathisia, and tardive dyskinesia (TD). The first three types occur early in the course of neuroleptic treatment and can usually be ameliorated. The fourth form, TD, develops only after months or years of therapy. It can be life-threatening and is very difficult to reverse even after termination of neuroleptic treatment. Both acute and chronic EPS are believed to result from blockade of dopamine (DA) receptors in the neostriatum of the brain. The acute symptoms are likely because of a decrease in striatal DA functioning. On the other hand, TD appears to result from the ability of the striatal DA system to overcome the neuroleptic blockade and ultimately reestablish more normal levels of neurotransmission. Because the striatal DA receptors have been made supersensitive by chronic blockade, the restored dopaminergic stimulation produces the abnormal movements of TD. This chapter suggests putative mechanisms subserving a typical activity including selective antagonism of limbic DA receptors, antimuscarinic activity, gamma-arninobutyric acid (GABA) agonist activity, noradrenergic antagonist activity, serotonin (5-HT) entagonist activity and some other mechanisms. This chapter analyzes the mechanisms underlying clozapine's unique and desirable clinical profile involving virtual absence of EPS with regard to the six putative rationales for atypical activity—selective antagonism of limbic DA receptors, antimuscarinic activity, GABA agonist activity, noradrenergic antagonist activity, 5-HT antagonist activity, and other mechanisms. The chapter discusses clinically tested putative atypical agents—fluperlapine, rimcazole, ritanserin, ritanserin—and some other putative atypical antipsychotics—BMY-14802, CGS-10746B, cinuperone, zmperozide, dapiprazole, mezilamine, MJ-73980-1, and tiasperone.
Purification and Properties of Streptococcus lactis β-Galactosidase

β-Galactosidase of Streptococcus lactis 7962 was partially purified, and its properties were studied. Enzyme from only this strain of numerous lactic streptococci tested was stable in cell exudates prepared by various means. Cell-free extracts of the 7962 strain were prepared by sonic treatment of washed cells previously grown in presence of lactose to fully induce enzyme synthesis. Protamine sulfate precipitation of the nucleic acids and ammonium sulfate precipitation of protein were used for partial purification of the enzyme. The resulting enzyme, when resuspended in cold (5 C) phosphate buffer, was extremely labile. However, ammonium sulfate in high concentrations (0.85 m) stabilized and stimulated β-galactosidase activity. Sephadex G-200 gel filtration was used to achieve further purification and to monitor homogeneity of the enzyme. Separation of the β-galactosidase in buffer at 5 C yielded an enzyme elution pattern showing two peaks of activity. However, addition of the enzyme solution in 0.85 m ammonium sulfate to the column equilibrated with the same salt concentration yielded only one peak of enzyme activity. The data suggested that the native enzyme was dissociating into active subunits which were stabilized in the presence of the ammonium sulfate.
The effect of pregnancy on experimental hypertension

Abstract To shed light on factors possibly concerned with the unfavorable influence of pregnancy upon human hypertension, rats and rabbits with experimental hypertension were studied during pregnancy or pseudopregnancy with deciduomas. Blood pressures were measured in rats by the tail plethysmograph and in rabbits by the ear capsule method. Hypertension was induced by partial ligation of renal arteries, or in some rats by painting one kidney with collodion and removing the opposite kidney later. Deciduomas were induced by placing silk threads in the uterine mucosa during pseudopregnancy. During pregnancy in normal rabbits, the changes in blood pressure as shown by these methods are negligible. Renal ischemia produced during pregnancy was followed by hypertension, but the onset was delayed until after delivery. Pregnancy produced an early fall in blood pressure in all of 10 hypertensive rats and a less constant fall in 12 hypertensive rabbits. No untoward effects were observed. An increase of protein content in the diet caused sickness or death in hypertensive nonpregnant rabbits. Pseudopregnancy with deciduomas in all of 11 hypertensive rats caused a decline in blood pressure corresponding roughly in time and extent with that caused by pregnancy. These findings suggest that the cause for the blood pressure fall observed more likely results from endocrine changes than from any action of fetal kidneys. Doubt is thrown on the concept that a “load on the maternal kidneys” plays a significant part in the exacerbation of hypertension usually observed in human pregnancy.
The 1995 and 1996 North Atlantic Hurricane Seasons: A Return of the Tropical-Only Hurricane

Hurricane activity over the North Atlantic basin during 1995 and 1996 is compared to the combined hurricane activity over the previous four years (1991-94). The earlier period produced a total of 15 hurricanes compared to a total of 20 hurricanes over the latter period. Despite this similarity in numbers, the hurricanes of 1995 and 1996 were generally of the tropical-only variety, which marks a substantial departure from activity during the early 1990s. The return of tropical-only hurricanes to the Atlantic basin is likely the result of several global and local factors, including cool SST conditions in the equatorial central and eastern Pacific and warm SSTs in the tropical Atlantic. The hurricane activity of 1995 and 1996 is more reminiscent of activity of some seasons during the early and mid-1950s.
A tool to evaluate universal Web accessibility

The Web Accessibility Visual Evaluator (WAVE) is a tool that, in addition to performing automated checks, helps users perform the human judgments essential for evaluating if a web page is universally accessible to people with and without disabilities. For example, the WAVE (a) inserts the information accessed by people who are blind (e.g. alternative text, structural markup, reading order) into the representation seen by people who are sighted; (b) flags audio content requiring equivalents for people who are deaf; and (c) flags objects requiring continuous motor control that require equivalent discrete access for people with motor disabilities; thus helping the user evaluate whether access by people with and without disabilities is functionally equivalent.
Inhibition of heat-shock protein 70 induction in intestinal cells overexpressing cyclooxygenase 2

Background & Aims: The cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes catalyze the initial step of prostaglandin formation; the inducible form, COX-2, plays a role in inflammation. Heat-shock protein 70 (hsp70) is a stress-responsive gene important for cell survival; induction of hsp70 appears to be mediated, in part, by the prostaglandin pathway. We determined the effect of COX-2 overexpression on hsp70 induction in rat intestinal epithelial (RIE) cells. Methods: RIE cells transfected with COX-2 complementary DNA oriented in the sense (RIE-S) or antisense (RIE-AS) direction were subjected to a heat shock; RNA and protein were harvested and analyzed by Northern and Western blots, respectively. Gel shift assays were performed to assess DNA binding. Results: Both hsp70 messenger RNA and HSP70 protein levels were increased in the RIE-AS cells, whereas induction was markedly inhibited in the RIE-S cells after heat shock. Inhibition of heat-shock factor binding was noted in RIE-S cells, suggesting that heat-shock transcription factor regulation may explain the inhibition of hsp70. The COX-2 selective inhibitor, NS-398, reversed the effects of COX-2 overexpression. Conclusions: The results support a functional role for the prostaglandin/COX pathway in the induction of hsp70. The findings underscore a potential regulatory mechanism involving an inverse relationship between COX-2 expression and hsp70 induction.
Effects of scale on supersonic combustor performance

A series of tests has been carried out to investigate the effects of various scale parameters on the direct connect scramjet combustor performance. The calculated combustion efficiency appears to be independent of scale for the same geometry, but tests with more precise scaling of the entire combustor are required to verify this. Combustion, however, can be strongly dependent on geometry for the same scale. It is suggested that the beneficial aspects of certain geometric or scale variations can be combined to improve the overall performance.
On improving the circle criterion

In view of the large amount of attention which has been devoted to the circle criterion over the years it is surprising how little effort seems to have been devoted to improving the basic conditions which it gives for stability. In this paper we discuss a variety of methods for predicting stability for finite dimensional simple time varying feedback loops which do not require a stronger hypothesis on the time varying gain and yet require less assumptions on the transfer function.
Access-controlled resource discovery for pervasive networks

Networks of the future will be characterized by a variety of computational devices that display a level of dynamism not seen in traditional wired networks. Because of the dynamic nature of these networks, resource discovery is one of the fundamental problems that must be faced. While resource discovery systems are not a novel concept, securing these systems in an efficient and scalable way is challenging. This paper describes the design and implementation of an architecture for access-controlled resource discovery. This system achieves this goal by integrating access control with the Intentional Naming System (INS), a resource discovery and service location system. The integration is scalable, efficient, and fits well within a proxy-based security framework designed for dynamic networks. We provide performance experiments that show how our solution outperforms existing schemes. The result is a system that provides secure, access-controlled resource discovery that can scale to large numbers of resources and users.
Demonstration of sol–gel based distributed Bragg reflector lasers

Abstract We report on the development of a new composition of organoaluminosilicate sol–gel material and on the design and fabrication of Bragg reflectors and demonstration of external cavity distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) laser. The material is found very attractive for the fabrication of high quality channel waveguides, which in this study exhibit a total loss of ∼0.2 dB/cm at 1550 nm. The Bragg reflectors are studied by a tunable laser, almost 96% filtering around the designed wavelength (1530 nm) and a full width half maximum (FWHM) of ∼7.5 A are observed. Both filtering and bandwidth are found in good agreement with their theoretical calculations. Reflectors are then employed as feedback resonators and single mode DBR lasers with side mode suppressions better than 28 dB are demonstrated.
Minimally Invasive Pancreatectomy for Cancer: A Critical Review of the Current Literature

Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has transformed operative practices by offering patients procedures with reduced hospital stay and recovery compared to that of open operations. In spite of the advantages of a MIS approach, the application to pancreatectomy has only recently emerged. This review aims to analyze and discuss available comparative studies as they relate to resection techniques for treatment of malignant disease. A PubMed search was used to obtain original studies and meta-analyses relating to MIS pancreatectomy from 2008 to 2013. Several studies were identified that reported on the application of MIS specifically to the treatment of cancer, many of which were retrospective, single-institution studies. Notwithstanding an inherent selection bias, several studies suggest that MIS can provide equivalent R0 resection rates, number of lymph nodes harvested, and survival to that of open resection. Furthermore, parameters such as blood loss and length of stay are significantly reduced in patients treated with MIS. The current literature supports the conclusion that MIS is safe and effective as a treatment for cancer in well-selected patients in the hands of experienced surgeons. However, the published studies to date are observational in nature and therefore higher quality studies will be needed to support the application and generalizability of MIS in the treatment of pancreatic malignancies.
In Vivo Biomechanics of Thumb Carpometacarpal Joint: A Preliminary Study of Gender Differences

The thumb carpometacarpal joint, which is also known as the trapeziometacarpal (TMC) joint, is an essential load bearing joint subject to repetitive functional loading. The unique double saddle articular surfaces allow complex thumb movement, but also provide bony constraint. The TMC joint is the second most common hand joint affected by osteoarthritis (OA) [1]. Prior studies suggest that TMC OA prevalence in females is much higher than that in males [1], though there hasn’t been any conclusive explanation for etiology or gender difference. Better understanding of TMC joint mechanics will provide insights regarding OA development at this joint and possible variations due to gender differences. Better knowledge of the etiology will help to improve prevention and treatment. Extensive studies have been done based on cadaveric models [2]; while there have been very few in vivo studies on TMC joint mechanics. Therefore, the objective of this study is to quantitatively compare in vivo contact mechanics of TMC joint of males and females.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Screening for Head, Neck, and Shoulder Pathology in Patients with Upper Extremity Signs and Symptoms

Abstract Narrative Review Conditions of the head, neck, thorax, and shoulder may occur simultaneously with arm pathology or produce symptoms perceived by the patient to originate in the elbow, wrist, or hand. Identification of the tissue disorder and associated impairments, followed by matching the rehabilitative intervention to address these issues, leads to optimal outcomes. With this goal in mind, the hand therapist needs to recognize clinical findings that signal potentially serious medical conditions of the brain, cervical region, chest, or shoulder. Additionally, less serious but potentially debilitating, musculoskeletal or neurogenic pain from proximal sources must also be differentiated from somatic pain originating in the elbow, wrist, or hand so that the clinician can decide to further examine and intervene or refer to an appropriate health care provider. This article describes clinical findings that suggest the presence of serious medical pathology in the head, neck, or thorax and presents a screening algorithm to assist in discriminating pain derived from local structures in the distal arm from referred pain originating in the more proximal regions of the shoulder, thorax, neck, or brain. Level of Evidence 5.
Influence of Medium and Temperature on End Products and Growth

Lactic streptococci are essential in the manufacture of several dairy products, including Cottage cheese, buttermilk, and several varieties of cheese. Cultures for some of these products contain also Leuconostoc cremoris, which was called Leuconostoc citrovorum until its name recently was changed (2). I will review the lactic streptococci and culture composition, some important characteristics of individual strains of Streptococcus cremoris, the influence of temperature on the growth of lactic streptococci, and the production of products other than lactic acid from low concentrations of glucose or galactose.
Computational models for detection of endocrinopathy in subfertile males

The observation that men with sperm density greater than 10 million/ml had low probability of endocrinopathy led to a refinement in the evaluation of subfertility. Using statistical methods, we sought to provide a more accurate prediction of which patients have an endocrinopathy, and to report the outcome as the odds of having disease. In addition, by examining the parameters that influenced the model significantly, the underlying pathophysiology might be better understood. Records of 1035 men containing variables including testis volume, sperm density, motility as well as the presence of endocrinopathy were randomized into 'training' and 'test' data sets. We modeled the data set using linear and quadratic discriminant function analysis, logistic regression (LR) and a neural network. Wilk's regression analysis was performed to determine which variables influenced the model significantly. Of the four models investigated, LR and a neural network performed the best with receiver operating characteristic areas under the curve of 0.93 and 0.95, respectively, correlating to a sensitivity of 28% and a specificity of 99% for the LR model, and a sensitivity and specificity of 56 and 97% for the neural network model. Reverse regression yielded P-values for the testis volume and sperm density of <0.0001. The neural network and LR models accurately predicted the probability of an endocrinopathy from testis volume, sperm density and motility without serum assays. These models may be accessed via the Internet, allowing urologists to select patients for endocrinologic evaluation at http://www.urocomp.org.
Optimal portfolio allocation with higher moments

We model the risky asset as driven by a pure jump process, with non-trivial and tractable higher moments. We compute the optimal portfolio strategy of an investor with CRRA utility and study the sensitivity of the investment in the risky asset to the higher moments, as well as the resulting wealth loss from ignoring higher moments. We find that ignoring higher moments can lead to significant overinvestment in risky securities, especially when volatility is high.
Advanced Donor Age Alone Does Not Affect Patient or Graft Survival after Liver Transplantation

Background Individuals greater than 60 years old donate an important portion of the organs available for orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), but use of donors in this age group remains controversial. We hypothesized that proper selection of donors older than age 60 would not disadvantage recipients in terms of patient and graft survival. Study Design All OLTs performed at our center between January 1, 1990, and July 31, 2007, were divided into groups based on donor age: donors 60 years old or more and donors less than 60 years old. Recipients in each group were compared based on graft and patient survival at 1, 3, and 5 years, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) scores, cold ischemic times, and era of transplant (before or after 2001). Results There were 741 recipients who met inclusion criteria. Ninety-one patients received livers from donors 60 years old or older, and 650 patients had donors younger than 60 years old. Overall patient survival rates in the group using donors 60 or older were 86.8%, 72.6%, and 67.6% at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively, and did not differ significantly from survival in the group receiving transplants from donors less than 60 (87.1%, 81.8%, and 75.5%; p=0.39). The 1-, 3-, and 5-year graft survivals in patients receiving transplants from donors 60 or older were 82.4%, 65%, and 62.5%, respectively, and were not significantly different from those in the group using donors younger than 60 (84%, 78.6%, and 72.3%, respectively; p=0.39). Neither patient survival nor graft survival in recipients of organs from donors 60 or older was affected by Model of End-Stage Liver Disease score. Recipients of older-donor livers had improved outcomes after 2001, which correlated with significant improvements in cold ischemic times. Conclusions Our data suggest that age alone does not adversely affect recipient outcomes. When properly selected, donors older than 60 represent an important and safe increase in the liver donor pool.
EFFECT OF INHALED NITRIC OXIDE ON OXIDANT INJURY IN TERM INFANTS WITH RESPIRATORY FAILURE. † 1615

Introduction: Inhaled nitric oxide (INO) has been shown in several clinical trials in term infants with respiratory failure to acutely increase oxygenation and significantly decrease the incidence of death and/or ECMO. However the potential pulmonary toxicity and long term effects of INO remain largely unknown. Both NO and its metabolites may react to form secondary cytotoxic species which may be linked to the development of chronic lung disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether INO causes increased oxidant stress in the serum of newborns when compared to normal controls and infants exposed to hyperoxia.
A post hoc subgroup analysis of an 18-day randomized controlled trial comparing the tolerability and efficacy of mixed amphetamine salts extended release and atomoxetine in school-age girls with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder

Abstract Background: Because the scientific literature on the pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is almost entirely based on the results of studies in samples consisting primarily of boys, much is unknown about the treatment response in girls. Objective: This post hoc analysis compared the efficacy, tolerability, and time course of the effect of mixed amphetamine salts extended release (MAS XR) and atomoxetine in school-age girls with ADHD. Methods: This was an intent-to-treat subanalysis of the data from girls enrolled in a multicenter, 18-day, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, forced dosetitration, laboratory school study enrolling boys and girls aged 6 to 12 years with ADHD. The study compared the efficacy, tolerability, and time course of the effect of increasing doses of MAS XR (10, 20, and 30 mg/d) and atomoxetine (0.5 and 1.2 mg/kg per day). The laboratory school sessions were organized in cycles to include 12 hours of observation. Efficacy measures included the SKAMP (Swanson, Kotkin, Agler, M-Flynn, and Pelham) deportment rating subscale, the SKAMP attention rating subscale, and academic testing (number of math problems attempted and answered correctly). Adverse events were assessed throughout the study period. Tolerability and efficacy measures were assessed during laboratory school visits on days 7, 14, and 21. Results: This subanalysis included 57 girls (median age, 9 years; 49.1% white, 22.8% black, 17.5% Hispanic) with a diagnosis of ADHD, combined subtype. Twenty-six girls were randomized to receive MAS XR and 31 were randomized to receive atomoxetine. Mean SKAMP deportment and attention subscale scores in the 2 groups were similar at baseline. Mean changes from baseline were significantly greater for MAS XR compared with atomoxetine on the SKAMP deportment score (−0.48 vs −0.04, respectively; P P P P P =0.04). Both MAS XR and atomoxetine were well tolerated. The most frequently occurring treatment-related adverse events in girls receiving MAS XR were decreased appetite (40.7%), upper abdominal pain (29.6%), insomnia (25.9%), and headache (14.8%). The most frequently occurring treatment-related adverse events in girls receiving atomoxetine were somnolence (28.1%), upper abdominal pain (15.6%), vomiting (15.6%), nausea (12.5%), and decreased appetite (12.5%). Conclusion: This post hoc analysis in a subpopulation of girls with ADHD, combined subtype, found that 18-day treatment with MAS XR was significantly more effective than atomoxetine in terms of ratings of classroom behavior, attention, and academic productivity.
Evaluation of thiosulfate as a nitrification inhibitor for manures and fertilizers

Nitrogen from poultry manure (PM) and ammoniacal fertilizers undergoes rapid nitrification upon addition to soils, making it highly susceptible to leaching and thus creating a potential for groundwater contamination by nitrate-N. Any management technique that could delay nitrification would be desirable. A laboratory incubation study was conducted to determine the effect of thiosulfate, a known nitrification inhibitor, on nitrification in a loamy sand soil amended with five N sources, including two poultry manures and three N fertilizers [(NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3, CO(NH2)2]. The manures or fertilizers were added to a soil-sand mixture alone or in combination with Na2S2O at a rate of 100 mg N kg-1 for the inorganic N sources and 147 mg N kg-1 and 122 mg N kg-1 for PM-1 and PM-2 respectively. All treatments were incubated for 12 weeks and analyzed periodically for NO3-N and NH4-N. Thiosulfate was most effective with NH4NO3, maintaining 100% inhibition of nitrification throughout the 12 week study, and with (NH4)2SO4 (89% inhibition at 12 weeks). Thiosulfate also inhibited nitrification from urea and poultry manure, but the inhibitory effect diminished later in the incubation. Urea had 81% inhibition of nitrification after eight weeks, decreasing to 26% by week 12, while the manures averaged 89% inhibition after four weeks and 20% at week 12. Net mineralization of organic N from PM was also reduced by the use of thiosulfate, particularly for PM-1 where the percentage of organic N mineralized decreased from 42% after four weeks incubation to 3% at week 12. Therefore, while thiosulfate can reduce nitrification from manures, and thus the potential for nitrate leaching, the timing of manure application will influence the effect of thiosulfate on the availability of manure N for plant uptake or leaching.
Altered response to partial bladder outlet obstruction in mice lacking inducible nitric oxide synthase.

Introduction: Following prolonged partial bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) in the mouse, cholinergic mediated detrusor contractility decreases. Previous work has demonstrated an increase in the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) at the mRNA and protein levels soon after obstruction. Since nitric oxide (NO), the product of the action of iNOS on molecular oxygen and l-arginine, produces vasodilation and decreases platelet aggregation, we believe it is an integral part of the initial detrusor response to obstruction. These experiments evaluated the detrusor response in mice incapable of producing iNOS.Materials and Methods: Wild type and knockout mice were partially obstructed for 1, 3, and 5 weeks. Physiologic evaluation consisted of cystometric analyses, and muscle strip studies in response to cholinergic and electrical stimulation. Strips were also relaxed with L-arginine, sodium nitroprusside, and 8-bromoguanosine 3′ - 5′ cyclic GMP, after precontraction.Results: After 5 weeks of obstruction,...
Effects of in utero ethanol exposure on the developing serotonergic system.

Previous work in this laboratory demonstrated that the 19- and 35-day-old offspring of ethanol-fed rats have a significant deficiency of cortical serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), as well as a decrease in the number of total 5-HT1 receptors in the motor and somatosensory cortex. The present studies extend our previous reports by demonstrating that there is also a deficit of 5-HT and 5-HIAA in the motor cortex but not in the somatosensory cortex. In addition, we have shown that a deficit of 5-HTlA receptors in the motor and somatosensory cortices contributes to the deficit of total 5-HT1 receptors. In contrast, we did not observe any changes in the binding to 5-HT1B receptors in these cortical regions from the 19-day-old offspring of ethanol-fed rats. The present studies also examined the effects of in utero ethanol exposure on the early development of the serotonergic system. The results of these studies demonstrated a deficit of 5-HT and/or 5-HlAA in the brain stem as early as the 15th day of gestation (G15) and in the cortex as early as G19. In addition, we demonstrated a delay in both the normal developmental decline of 5-HT1A receptors in the brain stem and in the acquisition of cortical 5-HT1A receptors. No changes were found in the binding of [125]cyanopindolol to 5-HT1B receptors in either region of fetal or neonatal rats exposed to ethanol in utero. Given the important role of serotonin for normal central nervous system (CNS) development, it is possible that these early serotonergic abnormalities contribute to altered CNS development in ethanol-exposed rats.
Reactor safety research - visible demonstrations and credible computations

Abstract The Electric Power Research Institute has been conducting nuclear safety research for a number of years with the primary goal of assuring the safety and reliability of the nuclear plants. The visibility is emphasized by sponsoring or participating in large scale test demonstrations to credibly support the complex computations that are the basis for quantification of safety margins. Recognizing the success of the airline industry in receiving favorable public perception, the authors compare the design and operation practices of the airline industry with those of the nuclear industry practices to identify the elements contributing to public concerns and unfavorable perceptions. In this paper, authors emphasize the importance of proper communications of research results to the public in a manner that non-specialists understand. Further, EPRI supported research and results in the areas of source term, seismic and structural engineering research, analysis using probalistic risk assessment (PRA), quantification of safety margins, digital technology development and implementation, and plant transient and performance evaluations are discussed in the paper.
Effect of acoustic coupling on power-law flame acceleration in spherical confinement

A model describing acoustically-generated parametric instability in a spherical chamber is developed for quasi-one-dimensional, low-Mach number flames. We demonstrate how sound waves generated by a centrally-ignited, outwardly-propagating accelerating flamefront can be incorporated into an existing theory of self-similar flame acceleration in free space [V. Akkerman, C. K. Law, and V. Bychkov, “Self-similar accelerative propagation of expanding wrinkled flames and explosion triggering,” Phys. Rev. E 83, 026305 (2011)]10.1103/PhysRevE.83.026305. Being reflected from the chamber wall, flame-generated acoustics interact with the flamefront and the attendant hydrodynamic flamefront cellular instability. This in turn affects the subsequent flame morphology and propagation speed. It is shown that the acoustics modify the power-law flame acceleration, concomitantly facilitating or inhibiting the transition to detonation in confinement, which allows reconciliation of a discrepancy in experimental measurements of ...
Molal volume of aqueous boric acid-sodium chloride solutions

The apparent molal volume φ v of boric acid has been determined in various sodium chloride solutions at 0 and 25°C from precise density measurements. Similar to its behavior in pure water, the φ v of boric acid in NaCl solutions is a linear function of the concentration. The infinite dilution φ ° and the slope S v * of B(OH)3 are larger in NaCl solutions than in pure water. NaCl appears to be able to dehydrate B(OH)3 and cause an increase in B(OH)3-B(OH)3 interactions. The mean apparent molal volumes Φ v of the B(OH)3−NaCl solutions are predicted from pure water data using a modification of Young's rule for electrolyte-nonelectrolyte mixtures and are compared to the directly measured values. A similar treatment was carried out on the density data of acetic acid-sodium chloride solutions. The modified Young's rule was found to give a good first approximation of the mean apparent molal volumes of nonelectrolyte-electrolyte systems. The deviations from the Young's rule approximation are studied as excess volumes of mixing boric acid and NaCl solutions.
Stimulation of growth and mucopolysaccharide synthesis by insulin treatment of chick embryo chondrocytes in cell culture

Abstract The effect of insulin on growth, mucopolysaccharide synthesis and collagen synthesis by cultured chick cartilage cells was determined. It was found that different fetal calf serum lots had different effects on insulin's action. The selection of one serum lot and elimination of serum from the medium in some instances allowed more precise control of culture conditions. Insulin stimulated the growth of the cells in both serum-supplemented and serum-free medium. Growth was affected initially but during later periods of treatment differences in cell numbers were simply maintained. Mucopolysaccharide (MPS) synthesis was stimulated to a greater extent than general growth under all conditions by insulin, with the greatest stimulation being observed in serum-free cultures. Collagen synthesis was stimulated by insulin to a small degree and only if ascorbic acid was omitted from the medium. It is suggested that insulin principally affects MPS synthesis and not collagen synthesis. It was found that increasing the concentration of certain amino acids enhanced insulin's ability to stimulate MPS synthesis; the results suggest that tyrosine, alanine, glycine, serine and threonine are of specific importance in the insulin effect on cartilage. Although relatively high doses of insulin were used in these studies, it is probable that the minimum amount of insulin necessary to stimulate the cells may be physiological.
High efficiency nebulization for helium inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Abstract A pneumatically-driven, high efficiency nebulizer is explored for helium inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The aerosol characteristics and analyte transport efficiencies of the high efficiency nebulizer for nebulization with helium are measured and compared to the results obtained with argon. Analytical performance indices of the helium inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry are evaluated in terms of detection limits and precision. The helium inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry detection limits obtained with the high efficiency nebulizer at 200 μL/min are higher than those achieved with the ultrasonic nebulizer consuming 2 mL/min solution, however, precision is generally better with high efficiency nebulizer (1–4% vs. 3–8% with ultrasonic nebulizer). Detection limits with the high efficiency nebulizer at 200 μL/min solution uptake rate approach those using ultrasonic nebulizer upon efficient desolvation with a heated spray chamber followed by a Peltier-cooled multipass condenser.
Atmospheric and oceanic excitation of the Earth's wobbles during 1980–2000

[1] Because of the action of various geophysical excitation mechanisms, the Earth does not rotate about its figure axis, so it wobbles as it rotates. Here, the effectiveness of atmospheric and oceanic processes in exciting the Earth's wobbles during 1980–2000 is evaluated using estimates of atmospheric angular momentum from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis project and estimates of oceanic angular momentum from the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO) consortium's simulation of the general circulation of the oceans. On intraseasonal timescales, atmospheric surface pressure changes are found to be the single most effective process exciting the Earth's wobbles, explaining about twice as much of the observed variance as do either atmospheric wind or ocean bottom pressure changes and nearly 4 times as much of the observed variance as do oceanic currents. However, on interannual timescales, ocean bottom pressure changes are found to be the single most effective process exciting the Earth's wobbles, explaining more than 5 times as much of the observed variance as do atmospheric wind and pressure changes combined, and more than twice as much of the observed variance as do oceanic currents. Within the Chandler band it is found that during 1980–2000 atmospheric and oceanic processes have enough power to excite the Chandler wobble and are significantly coherent with it. The single most important mechanism exciting the Chandler wobble is found to be ocean bottom pressure variations. Atmospheric and oceanic processes do not appear to have enough power to excite the Earth's wobbles to their observed levels on pentadal and longer timescales, although series longer than the 21-yearlong series used here need to be studied in order to obtain greater statistical significance of this result.
An emerging public health model for reducing AIDS-related risk behavior among injecting drug users and their sexual partners

SUMMARY An efficient and cost-effective public health model for reducing AIDS-related risk behavior among injecting drug users and their sexual partners is emerging from data obtained from NIDA's multi-site National AIDS Demonstration Research (NADR) project. Long-term (18-month post-intervention) follow-up data from the Miami site demonstrate the durability of substantial risk reduction among project participants, related to both drug use and sexual behavior. Public health, drug treatment, and other health care providers should be aware of successful outreach intervention strategies and incorporate them into state and local AIDS prevention programs targeting out-of-treatment drug users and their sexual partners.
THE PRODUCT LIABILITY IMPLICATIONS OF SERVICES MARKETING

Rapid increases in product liability litigation has expanded its importance as an item of concern to all marketers. A recent Conference Board Study reports that two‐thirds of the corporations surveyed have had product liability lawsuits filed against them in the last five years. The number of product liability lawsuits filed in U.S. District and State courts has increased 21 percent from 84,000 in 1979 to an estimated 100,000 in 1985. Costs of product liability cases have increased to the point where legal expenses, excluding jury awards, are expected to reach $28 billion annually by year 1990.
Isomers of 10-fluoro-20-13C-retinal and the corresponding rhodopsin analogs

Abstract The doubly-labeled 10-fluoro-20- 13 C-retinal has been prepared. Five isomers have been isolated and two isomeric rhodopsin analogs prepared. The latter are intended for REDOR distance measurements.
Some important geometrical features of conic-section-generated offset refelector antennas

Geometrical characteristics of conic-section-generated offset reflectors are studied in a unified fashion. Some unique geometrical features of the reflector rim constructed from the intersection of the reflector surface and a cone or cylinder are explored in detail. It is found that the intersection curve (rim) of the rotationally generated conic-section reflector surface and a circular cone with its tip at the focal point is always a planar curve and has a circular projection on the focal plane only for the offset parabolic reflector. Furthermore, in this case, the line going through the center of the circle, parallel to the focal axis, and the central axis of the cone do not intersect the reflector surface at the same point. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate some unique features of offset parabolic reflectors.
The influence of extractable organic matter on vitrinite reflectance suppression: A survey of kerogen and coal types

Abstract The vitrinite reflectance suppression literature shows that while bitumen impregnation of the vitrinite group is often invoked as a significant contributor to suppression, its existence is not often supported by petrological evidence. This study examines bitumen impregnation as a factor in vitrinite suppression by comparing the vitrinite reflectance of source rock and coal samples before and after solvent-extraction. Bitumen, often defined as organic matter soluble or extractable in certain organic solvents, should be removed by Soxhlet method solvent extraction using chloroform. Removing the extractable bitumen should restore the suppressed reflectance to its true higher value. However, the solvent extracted samples averaged 0.014% R v less than that of the unextracted samples. We conclude from these results and from other published data that reflectance suppression by bitumen impregnation in the vitrinite maceral group, above the huminite stage of gelification, is seemingly a rare phenomenon and whose effect on suppressing vitrinite reflectance is typically negligible.
Some Ergodic Theorems for Piecewise Monotonic Transformations

Abstract Let S : [0, 1]→[0, 1] be a piecewise monotonic transformation satisfying some conditions. We show that time averages (1/ n ) ∑ n −1 j =0 f ∘ S j converge strongly in L p (0, 1) and pointwisely almost everywhere for any f ∈ L p (0, 1), where 1≤ p