cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Temperature on Occurrence of Color Phases in the Alfalfa Caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

Larvae of Colias eurytheme Boisduval were reared under controlled environments to dctermine if seasonal color variation among adults is a response to the physical environment. A temperature effect was discovered, but it was not expressed until the adult stage of the generation subsequent to the treated generation. Temperatures of 26.6°C or 32.2°C produced the orange summer form, whereas 18.3°C produced the yellow winter form.
How salt preserves

Various workers have concluded that sodium chloride prevents bacterial growth merely through its ability to dehydrate protein?. Can this be true, or are several factors involved ? If sodium chloride inhibits bacterial growth by means of dehydration, then other equally efficient dehydrating salts should be as capable of preventing bacterial growth. It has been shown that magnesium sulphate has a greater dehydrating effect on proteins than sodium chloride.2 It is shown in table 1 that it is not as efficient in preventing bacterial growth. TABLE 1
Supreme Court Arguments on the ACA — A Clash of Two World Views

Supreme Court oral arguments may reveal the justices' views of fundamental political and social issues — including, in the case of the Affordable Care Act, what it means to ensure liberty and where the proper balance lies between judicial activism and deference to Congress.
The Personal Factor in Special Education Personnel Preparation

This paper describes a project which examined the effects of significant adults on the lives of prominent individuals and imprisoned people. Prominent figures in government, the media, literature, the arts, sports, and education were asked to respond to questions about significant experiences during their developmental years and to give advice to those who influence children. Responses were also solicited from imprisoned persons through wardens and state superintendents of penal institutions. In some cases, personal interviews of prisoners were conducted. Some recurrent themes of respondents were identified with interesting differences between the prominent people and the imprisoned population. The implications for teacher preparation are discussed.
Contemporary Pathogens of the Genitourinary System

Identification of new organisms, association of known organisms with genitourinary tract diseases, and developments in technology that make isolation or detection of known but fastidious pathogens possible for clinical microbiology laboratories are discussed. Correlation of Mobiluncus (spp) with bacterial vaginosis, differential diagnosis of genital ulcers including culture for Hemophilus ducreyi and darkfield examination for syphilis, and testing for human papillomavirus are among the topics covered in this update on contemporary genitourinary pathogens.
Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Indications and complications.

Recurrent attacks of tonsillitis, peritonsillar or cervical abscess, and debris in deeply fissured tonsils are the most common indications for tonsillectomy. Adenoid hypertrophy and recurrent suppurative otitis media are indications for adenoidectomy. Tonsils and adenoids are usually removed in one operation, even though the procedure is done chiefly for either tonsillar or adenoid disease. Careful preoperative evaluation and postoperative observation are necessary to reduce the morbidity and complications of this operation.
440 PROVIDER-REPORTED BARRIERS TO CHLAMYDIA SCREENING IN ADOLESCENTS DURING URGENT CARE VISITS.

Purpose Despite recommendations for annual screening of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), the most commonly reported STI among adolescents, health care providers are falling short of meeting this goal. Since nearly two-thirds of teens who make contact with the health care system do so with an urgent care visit, the purpose of this study was to survey providers regarding their perceived barriers to screening adolescents for Chlamydia during urgent care visits. Methods As part of a larger randomized control study to increase CT screening in 14-18 year olds, pediatric providers at 5 intervention clinics were given an anonymous survey to assess barriers to screening adolescents. Surveys were hand delivered to providers with a self-addressed envelope. Providers were asked to rate the frequency of 7 common barriers using a 4-point Likert scale where 1 = very rarely to 4 = very frequently. Results 82 pediatric providers from 5 clinics completed the self-report questionnaire (95% response rate). The top 4 barriers included urine specimens not already obtained and in the room (mean 2.0), difficulty asking parents to leave the room (2.0), teen not able to urinate (1.9), and physician visit time constraints (1.7). Conclusions Barriers to screening need to be identified and addressed at both the provider and the health care system levels before universal CT screening can be accomplished. Although some of the barriers may be difficult to overcome, there was no barrier that was ranked more than 2 on a scale of 1-4. Furthermore, there is a common misconception that lack of time is the most significant barrier to screening in urgent care. This study shows that providers ranked several other barriers higher than time. Interventions need to address provider and system-level barriers in order to achieve universal CT screening which includes the urgent care setting.
Speciation along a shared evolutionary trajectory.

Groups of organisms-whether multiple species or populations of a single species-can differ in several non-exclusive ways. For example, groups may have diverged phenotypically, genetically, or in the evolutionary responses available to them. We tested for the latter of these-response divergence-between 2 species of woodrats: Neotoma fuscipes and Neotoma macrotis. Based on random skewers analyses we found that, despite being well differentiated both phenotypically and genetically, N. fuscipes and N. macrotis appear to be diverging along a shared evolutionary trajectory (r° = 0.895, P = 0.114). Because these species are currently in secondary contact, their phenotypic evolution being along a shared evolutionary axis has important implications. In particular, that their response to selection arising from interspecific interactions will be constrained along the same evolutionary trajectory may reduce the potential for reinforcing selection to maintain species boundaries.
A Reduced Iwan Model that Includes Pinning for Bolted Joint Mechanics

Bolted are joints are prevalent in most assembled structures; however, predictive models for the behavior of these joints do not yet exist. Many calibrated models have been proposed to represent the stiffness and energy dissipation characteristics of a bolted joint. In particular, the Iwan model put forth by Segalman and later extended by Mignolet has been shown to be able to predict the response of a jointed structure over a range of excitations once calibrated at a nominal load. The Iwan model, however, is not widely adopted due to the high computational expense of implementing it in a numerical simulation. To address this, an analytical, closed form representation of the Iwan model is derived under the hypothesis that upon a load reversal, the distribution of friction elements within the interface resembles a scaled version of the original distribution of friction elements. Additionally, the Iwan model is extended to include the pinning behavior inherent in a bolted joint.
Reproducible broadband measurement for cytoplasm capacitance of a biological cell

Using a coplanar waveguide with a series gap in conjunction with dielectrophoresis trapping, consecutive S-parameter measurements between 0.5 and 20 GHz were quickly performed with and without a Jurkat cell trapped to compensate for a relatively noisy and drifting background. Based on sixteen measurements repeated on eight live cells and eight dead cells, differences in both return and insertion losses show two distinct distributions indicating either return loss or insertion loss alone can be used to distinguish a live cell from a dead one. Further, since the frequency dependence is generally linear or absent, discrete-frequency measurement (as opposed to sweep-frequency measurement) of return or insertion loss may suffice. If proven statistically by a much larger number of cells, this should greatly speed up the measurement to facilitate its eventual field use.
Detecting shielded sources using 3-D CdZnTe detectors

Three-dimensional-position-sensitive CdZnTe detectors have excellent energy resolution along with imaging capability. In this work, a 2 cm × 2 cm × 1.5 cm CdZnTe detector was used to detect shielding in front of sources. By using the energy-imaging integrated spectral deconvolution (EIID) algorithm, the shielding has a unique signature in the reconstructed image.
Using Tactic-Based Learning (formerly Mentoring) to Accelerate Recovery of an Adaptive Learning System in a Changing Environment

Tactic-Based Learning (TBL), formerly referred to as mentoring, is a selection policy for statistical learning systems that has been initially tested with a Collective Learning Automaton that solves a simple, but representative, problem. To respond to an immature stimulus that does not yet have a high- confidence response associated with it, TBL hypothesizes that selecting a response that has been designated as useful by a different, but nonetheless well-trained stimulus, is a better strategy than selecting a random response. TBL does not use any feature analysis in search of an appropriate response. Previous results [1] show that TBL significantly accelerates learning of a static problem, especially when several stimuli share the same response, i.e., when broad domain generalization is possible. This paper shows that TBL also increases the speed of recovery when the problem changes abruptly after the learning agent has mastered the initial state of the problem.
Moderators of the Effects of Alcohol Protective Behavioral Strategies: Three Attempts of Replication and Extension.

Background: Protective behavioral strategies (PBS) can be used to reduce alcohol-related harm when drinking. Despite much research demonstrating that use of protective behavioral strategies (PBS) i...
Improved Motion Capture Processing for High-Fidelity Human Models Using Optimization-Based Prediction of Posture and Anthropometry

Improving motion capture processing onto a high-fidelity digital human model is an important research area. Although there has been significant research in this field, little work has been done to determine posture and anthropometry simultaneously with the intent of visualizing the data on high-fidelity human models. Many existing techniques are less accurate when applying processed data to a digital model for biomechanical analysis. This paper presents a novel approach that estimates posture and anthropometry using optimization-based posture prediction to determine joint angles and link-lengths of a digital human. By including anthropometric design variables, this approach introduces flexible handling of innate variance in subject-model measurements without need for pre- or post-processing. This produces a more realistic motion and exhibits anthropometric measurements closer to those of the original subject, resulting in a new level of biomechanical accuracy that allows for analysis of a processed motion with a higher degree of confidence.
Integrable Soliton Microcomb at Microwave Repetition Rates

An integrated soliton frequency microcomb is demonstrated with a detectable repetition rate. The microcomb resonator features Q factors over 200 million and soliton microcomb pump powers are as low as 61 mW.
Applying systems thinking and the cognitive cycle to identify approaches to improve wait times in systems with low customer abandonment

System managers can benefit from applying systems thinking and the cognitive cycle to queueing systems where customers have involuntary, infinite patience, and the number of servers is state-dependent. In these queueing systems, customers do not or cannot renege, and further, the system may not lend itself to analysis under Markovian assumptions. Under these circumstances, managers tasked with improving system performance need methods of identifying improvement strategies that queueing theory may not make readily apparent. We develop a generic system dynamics (SD) queueing model, which reveals variables that may be significant contributors to queueing performance but may not be explicitly considered in traditional queueing models. The SD model identifies three classes of variables associated with the cognitive cycle, i.e., system customers and servers perform functions related to detection, interpretation, and action. Via simulation, we apply the generic model to passport inspection stations at John F. Kennedy International Airport then develop a matrix, which demonstrates options for addressing system performance beyond increasing the number of servers.
Ossification of the phalanges of the foot and its relationship to peak height velocity and the calcaneal system.

Abstract Purpose There are multiple skeletal maturity grading systems, but none of them utilizes the phalanges of the foot. To minimize radiation, it would be ideal if one could assess the skeletal maturity of a foot based on bones seen on routine foot radiographs, if guided growth is being considered as a treatment option. We developed a system that correlates changes of the appearance of the foot phalanges to peak height velocity (PHV) and the recently described calcaneal apophyseal ossification grading system. Methods We selected 94 children from the Bolton-Brush study, each with consecutive radiographs from age ten to 15 years old. Using the anteroposterior view, we analyzed the ossification patterns of the phalanges and developed a six-stage system. We then determined the PHV for each subject and defined its relationship with our system. Our system was then compared with the previously established calcaneal system. Results We calculated an Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) range of 0.957 to 0....
Rural and Urban Differences in Nebraskans’ Access to Marijuana, Methamphetamine, Heroin, and Prescription Pills

The ability of a user to access a given type of drug is related to the configuration of the market for that drug, and a range of economic and criminal justice concerns. This study focuses on Nebras...
A simple landscape of metastable state energies for two-dimensional cellular matter

The mechanical behavior of cellular matter in two dimensions can be inferred from geometric information near its energetic ground state. Here it is shown that the much larger set of all metastable state energies is universally described by a systematic expansion in moments of the joint probability distribution of size (area) and topology (number of neighbors). The approach captures bounds to the entire range of metastable state energies and quantitatively identifies any such state. The resulting energy landscape is invariant across different classes of energy functionals, across simulation techniques, and across system polydispersities. The theory also finds a threshold in tissue adhesion beyond which no metastable states are possible. Mechanical properties of cellular matter in biological and technological applications can thus be identified by visual information only.
Association of 30-Day Mortality With Oral Step-Down vs Continued Intravenous Therapy in Patients Hospitalized With Enterobacteriaceae Bacteremia.

Importance Conversion to oral therapy for Enterobacteriaceae bacteremia has the potential to improve the quality of life of patients by improving mobility, eliminating catheter-associated discomfort, decreasing the risk for noninfectious and infectious catheter-associated adverse events, and decreasing health care costs. Objective To compare the association of 30-day mortality with early oral step-down therapy vs continued parenteral therapy for the treatment of Enterobacteriaceae bloodstream infections. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective multicenter cohort study included a 1:1 propensity score–matched cohort of 4967 unique patients hospitalized with monomicrobial Enterobacteriaceae bloodstream infection at 3 academic medical centers from January 1, 2008, through December 31, 2014. Eligibility criteria included appropriate source control measures, appropriate clinical response by day 5, active antibiotic therapy from day 1 until discontinuation of therapy, availability of an active oral antibiotic option, and ability to consume other oral medications or feeding. Statistical analysis was performed from March 2, 2018, to June 2, 2018. Exposures Oral step-down therapy within the first 5 days of treatment of Enterobacteriaceae bacteremia. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcome was 30-day all-cause mortality. Results Of the 2161 eligible patients, 1185 (54.8%) were male and 1075 (49.7%) were white; the median (interquartile range [IQR]) age was 59 (48-68) years. One-to-one propensity-score matching yielded 1478 patients, with 739 in each study arm. Sources of bacteremia included urine (594 patients [40.2%]), gastrointestinal tract (297 [20.1%]), central line-associated (272 [18.4%]), pulmonary (58 [3.9%]), and skin and soft tissue (41 [2.8%]). There were 97 (13.1%) deaths in the oral step-down group and 99 (13.4%) in the intravenous (IV) group within 30 days (hazard ratio [HR], 1.03; 95% CI, 0.82-1.30). There were no differences in recurrence of bacteremia within 30 days between the groups (IV, 6 [0.8%]; oral, 4 [0.5%]; HR, 0.82 [0.33-2.01]). Patients transitioned to oral step-down therapy were discharged from the hospital an average of 2 days (IQR, 1-6) sooner than patients who continued to receive IV therapy (5 days [IQR, 3-8 days] vs 7 days [IQR, 4-14 days]; P Conclusions and Relevance In this study, 30-day mortality was not different among hospitalized patients who received oral step-down vs continued parenteral therapy for the treatment of Enterobacteriaceae bloodstream infections. The findings suggest that transitioning to oral step-down therapy may be an effective treatment approach for patients with Enterobacteriaceae bacteremia who have received source control and demonstrated an appropriate clinical response. Early transition to oral step-down therapy may be associated with a decrease in the duration of hospital stay for patients with Enterobacteriaceae bloodstream infections.
Constructing phase space distributions with internal symmetries

We discuss an ab initio world-line approach to constructing phase space distributions in systems with internal symmetries. Starting from the Schwinger-Keldysh real-time path integral in quantum field theory, we derive the most general extension of the Wigner phase space distribution to include color and spin degrees of freedom in terms of dynamical Grassmann variables. The corresponding Liouville distribution for colored particles, which obey Wong's equation, has only singlet and octet components, while higher moments are fully constrained by the Grassmann algebra. The extension of phase space dynamics to spin is represented by a generalization of the Pauli-Lubanski vector; its time evolution via the Bargmann-Michel-Telegdi equation also follows from the phase space trajectories of the underlying Grassmann coordinates. Our results for the Liouville phase space distribution in systems with both spin and color are of interest in fields as diverse as chiral fluids, finite temperature field theory and polarized parton distribution functions. We also comment on the role of the chiral anomaly in the phase space dynamics of spinning particles.
Applications of ordinary voltage graph theory to graph embeddability

Let p be a prime greater than 5. We show that, while the generalized Petersen graphs of the form GP(2p,2) have cellular toroidal embeddings, they have no such embeddings having the additional property that a free action of a group on the graph extends to a cellular automorphism of the torus. Such an embedding is called a derived embedding. We also show that GP(6,2) does have a derived embedding in the torus, and we show that for any odd q, each generalized Petersen graph of the form GP(2q,2) has a derived embedding in the Klein bottle, which has the same Euler characteristic as the torus. We close with some comments that frame these results in the light of Abrams and Slilaty's recent work on graphs featuring group actions that extend to spherical embeddings of those graphs.
Controlling Polymer Composition in Organocatalyzed Photoredox Radical Ring-Opening Polymerization of Vinylcyclopropanes.

Although radical polymerizations are among the most prevalent methodologies for the synthesis of polymers with diverse compositions and properties, the intrinsic reactivity and selectivity of radic...
iFixFlakies: a framework for automatically fixing order-dependent flaky tests

Regression testing provides important pass or fail signals that developers use to make decisions after code changes. However, flaky tests, which pass or fail even when the code has not changed, can mislead developers. A common kind of flaky tests are order-dependent tests, which pass or fail depending on the order in which the tests are run. Fixing order-dependent tests is often tedious and time-consuming. We propose iFixFlakies, a framework for automatically fixing order-dependent tests. The key insight in iFixFlakies is that test suites often already have tests, which we call helpers, whose logic resets or sets the states for order-dependent tests to pass. iFixFlakies searches a test suite for helpers that make the order-dependent tests pass and then recommends patches for the order-dependent tests using code from these helpers. Our evaluation on 110 truly orderdependent tests from a public dataset shows that 58 of them have helpers, and iFixFlakies can fix all 58. We opened pull requests for 56 order-dependent tests (2 of 58 were already fixed), and developers have already accepted pull requests for 21 of them, with all the remaining ones still pending.
COMPARISON OF FACTORS INFLUENCING A NURSE'S CHOICE TO WORK IN A RURAL OR IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENT

This paper explores the factors that influence a nurse's choice between working in a rural and an urban area. An understanding of how nurses make the choice of which type of environment to work in is critical to addressing this shortage. A comprehensive literature review suggested a number of factors worthy of investigation, and these assessments were made through 6 focus groups and 1,046 usable surveys. Using analysis of variance (ANOVA), the data analyzed were to determine if there were significant differences among nurses living and/or working in rural versus urban areas, with different levels of education, and with varying amounts of experience. Results indicate that native geographic preferences dominate the decision to work in a rural or urban area regardless of education or experience, but that value congruence, economics, work facilities, and stress also play significance. In addition, increases in education and experience contribute to nurses being less willing to work in rural settings, desiring instead greater economic and value congruency rewards. However, rural health providers can take advantage of new entrants willing to work in rural settings by working to increase the availability of nursing education in these areas where the most willing participants are already there.
Terrain attributes and forage productivity predict catchment-scale soil organic carbon stocks

Abstract Accurate assessments of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks are needed at multiple scales given their importance to both local soil health and global C cycles. Rangelands cover 54% of California, representing a large stock of SOC, but existing SOC estimates are uncertain. To improve understanding of fine-resolution SOC stocks in complex terrain and provide guidance to rangeland SOC inventories, we grid-sampled 105 locations (21-m grid cells) at two depths (0–10 and 10–30 cm) in a 10-ha annual grassland catchment in California’s Central Coast Range. Soils were analyzed for bulk density, coarse fragments, SOC and texture. Monthly aerial imagery was acquired by an unmanned aerial vehicle to compare surface reflectance during two contrasting years (wet vs. dry) to SOC stocks. We found that the 0–30 cm soil thickness held 3.64 ± 0.71 kg SOC m−2 (mean ± SD) with a range of 1.97–5.49 kg SOC m−2. The 0–10 cm soil thickness stored 47% of the 0–30 cm SOC stock with SOC concentrations twice as high in the 0–10 cm layer (1.40 ± 0.38%) as in the 10–30 cm layer (0.71 ± 0.15% SOC). Multiple linear regression (MLR) models explained 50–57% of SOC variability at 0–30 and 10–30 cm, but only 25% of variability at 0–10 cm. Based on cross-validation tests, MLR outperformed spatial interpolation methods and Random Forest models, best explaining SOC stocks with five environmental covariates: wet-year greenness, mean curvature, elevation, insolation, and slope. Lower hillslope positions, concave landforms, and enhanced wet-year greenness were associated with more SOC, and explained 11%, 24%, and 31% of variability in 0–30 cm SOC stocks, respectively. This study demonstrates that the accuracy of regional-scale SOC mapping of California rangelands benefits from considering microclimatic and topographic controls at the catchment-scale, in addition to broader scale mineralogical and macroclimatic controls identified in previous SOC studies.
Entrepreneurship Initiatives in Academic Libraries

Academic library spaces and services have widely broadened their missions away from providing only traditional research services and quiet spaces for study. Today, academic libraries are increasing...
Space Tourism Industry Emergence: Description and Data

This report has 2 goals. The first is to narrate the origins of the space tourism industry using 2 models of industry evolution. The first model, representing the complex and turbulent nature of th...
A Binary Search Algorithm to Determine the Minimum Transmission Range for Minimum Connected Dominating Set of a Threshold Size in Ad Hoc Networks

The set of nodes constituting a minimum connected dominating set (MCDS) in a wireless ad hoc network (WANET) could be considered as the minimum number of nodes that are required to forward a broadcast message so that the message reaches all the nodes in the network. With regards to MCDS construction, we notice that smaller the transmission range for the nodes, the larger the size of the MCDS and vice-versa. Hence, from an energy efficiency point of view, it is imperative to determine the minimum transmission range (we assume uniform transmission range for all the nodes) that would be needed to construct a MCDS of a certain threshold size in WANETs. In this pursuit, we propose a binary search algorithm of logarithmic time complexity to determine the minimum uniform transmission range that would be sufficient to obtain a connected network and construct a MCDS whose size is within a threshold.
Are auditory processing and cognitive performance assessments overlapping or distinct? Parsing the auditory behaviour of older adults

Auditory processing predicts cognitive decline, including dementia, in older adults. Auditory processing involves the understanding, interpretation, and communication of auditory information. Cogni...
Does Venture Capital Require an Active Stock Market

The United States has both an active venture capital industry and well-developed stock markets. Japan and Germany have neither. The authors argue that this is no accident— that venture capital flourishes especially, and perhaps only, when venture capitalists can exit from successful portfolio companies through initial public offerings (IPOs), which in turn require an active stock market. Understanding the link between the stock market and the venture capital market requires understanding the contractual arrangements between entrepreneurs and venture capital providers, particularly (1) the importance of exit by venture capitalists and (2) the implicit contract over control between venture capitalists and entrepreneurs created by the possibility of exit through an IPO. This possibility gives entrepreneurs a valuable option that, in the event they are successful, allows them to reacquire control of their enterprises from venture capitalists.
Election Contestation and Progressive Prosecutors

A group of change-oriented chief prosecutors use the label “progressive prosecutor” to describe their distinctive approach to the prosecutor’s work. But it is not yet clear how deep those proposed changes go. Did media accounts focus on vivid but exceptional election campaigns, or did the last decade deliver a widespread change in U.S. prosecution leadership? We explore this question by collecting the results in prosecutor elections in 200 high-population districts in the United States, between 2012 and 2020. Prosecutor elections have traditionally been sleepy affairs, where incumbents most often ran unopposed and won re-election more often than incumbents in other public offices. Setting aside the difficult issues of measuring how “progressive” each candidate might be, we simply ask whether prosecutor election campaigns are becoming more contested, now that progressive prosecutors offer an alternative vision of the job. Based on our data, elections in these high-population districts did in fact become more contested over the last decade. The likelihood that an incumbent would run unopposed fell by roughly eight percent for each passing year. This steady disappearance of uncontested elections applied most strongly to non-white incumbents. The incumbent win rate also fell by significant amounts during this period. Today, prosecutor elections involve more candidates presenting more varied and viable choices. Prosecutor elections reveal a growing popular interest in and control over local criminal justice policy.
The role of investor attention in idiosyncratic volatility puzzle and new results

We find that stocks with low investor attention show a more substantial return-idiosyncratic volatility puzzle than stocks with high investor attention. We also document that high idiosyncratic volatility stocks with high investor attention at the end of the month when portfolios are formed are responsible for the puzzle, but they lose investor attention and have negative returns at the beginning of the next month. We further show that the idiosyncratic volatility puzzle exists only in the first half of the following month after portfolios are formed. It holds even for stocks with low investor attention.
What Is the Very Model of a Modern Macrophage Pathogen

This chapter describes the major mechanisms of killing used by the macrophage, how innate killing mechanisms, immune-regulated killing mechanisms can be modulated by the host immune response, and how different bacteria have learned to deal with this potential nemesis. Macrophages are extremely degradative cells. One of their prime tasks while they migrate through body tissues is to recognize, internalize, and digest ‘‘unwanted’’ material. Activation of macrophages by cytokines such as gamma interferon and tumor necrosis factor alpha will up-regulate the killing capacity of the phagocyte. These cytokines have pleotropic effects, affecting the killing pathways of the macrophages themselves and enhancing the responsiveness of the host’s cellular immune system. The parasitophorous vacuole in which Coxiella resides is acidic, freely accessible to lysosomal tracers and is therefore likely to be actively hydrolytic. The cellular immune response is the product of the presentation of foreign antigens in the context of class I and class II major histocompatibility (MHC) antigens, or CD1 molecules. All of these molecules are expressed by macrophages, rendering them highly competent antigen-presenting cells. All intramacrophage pathogens have evolved mechanisms that confer a measure of direct resistance to the major routes of killing mobilized by the phagocyte. The killing mechanisms that appear most active are those that rely on the generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen intermediates.
Ionic Activities in Cells

Publisher Summary This chapter outlines the rationale, methodology, and present applications of the measurement of intracellular ionic activities with ion-selective microelectrodes. The theoretical description and experimental determination of the thermodynamic state of small ions, even in homogeneous polyelectrolyte solutions, is not a simple problem. In heterogeneous multicompartment polyelectrolyte systems, the problem becomes much more complex. Despite these complications, it has long been apparent that the influence of the polyelectrolyte components of cytoplasm on the physical state of intracellular ions may be highly significant and should be taken into consideration. At present, the only direct method available for determining the ionic composition of the ground cytoplasm of cells is the measurement of intracellular ionic activities with ion-sensitive microelectrodes. The position, with respect to cellular ultrastructures, of the tip of the ion selective electrode following impalement of a cell is usually not exactly known, and one cannot prove beyond doubt that the medium surrounding the electrode tip is in fact ground cytoplasm. However, it is clear that the position of these microelectrodes is exactly the same as that of ordinary capillary microelectrodes used for transmembrane potential difference measurements. Therefore, ion activities found by the method of ion-sensitive microelectrodes are plausible for the description of electrochemical plasma membrane properties and transmembrane ionic fluxes.
Shared identity and personal tie in influencing cooperative behavior

In this paper, we present a lab study on cooperative behavior in an economic game setting. We are particularly interested in two important social relations, namely shared identity and social ties, in influencing cooperative behavior, a form of social capital. The study suggests that both shared identity and social tie can lead to cooperation, but in different ways: shared identity will help resource reach wider recipients and social ties can concentrate resource distribution between persons who are connected. This finding has implication for practitioners and action researchers who are interested in community informatics.
Mucosal Immunity in the Human Female Reproductive Tract

Abstract The mucosal immune system in the human female reproductive tract is unique and distinct from all other mucosal surfaces. Consisting of the innate and adaptive immune systems, immune protection has evolved to meet the constraints of protecting against potential viral, bacterial and fungal pathogens while ensuring reproductive success of an allogeneic conceptus. In this review, we focus on our current understanding of role of sex hormones in regulating mucosal immunity throughout the female reproductive tract. Consisting of several compartments including the Fallopian tubes, uterus, endocervix, ectocervix, and vagina, each site is precisely and independently regulated by the ovarian production of estradiol and progesterone. These hormones act both directly and indirectly through cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, to regulate immune cell phenotype and function as well as immune protection in reproductive tract secretions. Understanding the immune system in the female reproductive tract is essential for the development of appropriate immunoprophylaxis to regulate fertility, deal with those challenges that prevent successful pregnancies, and control sexually transmitted diseases that compromise reproductive health and the lives of women and children worldwide.
The Influence of Permeable Mineral Lenses on Peatland Hydrology

Cross-sectional computer models were created that incorporated different high permeability zones to explore the potential role of eskers and similar geologic units associated with peatlands on the hydrology of these systems. These computer simulations indicate that small isolated lenses of high permeability material will locally distort the flow field, shifting flow patterns and creating new discharge and/ or recharge zones. The simulation with the greatest hydraulic connectivity between the peat dome and peatland lagg displays widespread and continuous-with-depth downward flow beneath the bog dome, consistent with field observations. These simulations were compared with field data collected from a Maine (USA) peatland, and they suggest an esker identified within this peatland distorts the hydraulic gradients and resulting flow patterns within the peat. Similar subsurface features may be important in other peatland systems.
Lost Constitutional Moorings: Recovering the War Power

For the past half century, Presidents have claimed constitutional authority to take the country from a state of peace to a state of war against another nation. That was precisely the power that the Framers denied to the President and vested exclusively in Congress. That allocation of power was understood by all three branches until President Harry Truman went to war against North Korea in 1950. He never came to Congress for authority before he acted or at any time thereafter. Similar false claims of authority have been made by Presidents since that time. These constitutional violations have been assisted by members of Congress, federal judges, academics, law reviews, and the media. These institutional failings have done great damage to the U.S. constitutional system, separation of powers, checks and balances, the principle of self-government, and public participation—the very values that the United States says that it wants to export to other countries.
From Indifference to Making the Difference

Abstract Despite high expectations for how new networked information technologies (NNITs) could influence democratic outcomes, few studies have provided clear evidence that NNITs have changed political discourse or election outcomes. With this in mind, this paper examines how young, politically indifferent, Korean NNIT users involved themselves in mainstream Korean political discourse and became the linchpin in the election of President Roh Moo-hyun in 2002. In the information age, demonstration effects from NNIT-induced mobilizations can bring about dramatic changes in electoral politics. The Korean experience in 2002 suggests that while turnout declined among all generational groups in general, NNITs can play a decisive role in shaping the political cohesiveness and voting patterns of younger generational groups in electoral politics.
Considerations for an earth physics information-management service.

In a preliminary investigation into the feasibility of establishing a data center for earth physics, 12 disciplines were considered for inclusion. Estimation of the size of the data base for each indicated a need for storage of approximately 10 to the 10th power characters. The computer-based system deemed most worthy of further investigation was the interactive concept with remote-terminal access. Users are divided into three classes according to how they would access information: with no terminal, with an interactive terminal, and with a multidevice terminal. All these users can be served by the same center without any particular difficulty, but the real benefactor is the user with an interactive terminal, because he can compile, debug, and run programs in one continuous session. Final points stressed are multiprogramming for dynamic resource sharing, hardware modularity for future expansion, and information protection for such a large community of users. It is concluded that a survey should be conducted to gather more information from the potential users of such a system, and that a pilot project should be developed at some location where both earth-physics research and data-processing capabilities already exist.
Mobile Opportunistic Planning: Methods and Models

We present a study exploring the promise of developing computational systems to support the discovery and execution of opportunistic activities in mobile settings. We introduce the challenge of mobile opportunistic planning, describe a prototype named Mobile Commodities, and focus on the construction and use of probabilistic user models to infer the cost of time required to execute opportunistic plans.
EMSIM: an energy simulation framework for an embedded operating system

Modern embedded systems are typically built using an operating system (OS) (frequently an embedded OS). As energy consumption has become an important issue in the design of embedded systems (e.g. mobile computing and wireless communication devices), various techniques have been developed for the design of energy-efficient embedded software. In OS-driven embedded systems, the OS has a significant impact on the system's energy consumption directly (energy consumption associated with the execution of the OS functions and services), as well as indirectly (interaction of the OS with the application software). As a first step towards designing energy-efficient OS-based embedded systems, it is important to develop methodologies to analyze the energy consumption of the embedded OS. We present, in this work, an energy simulation framework that can be used to analyze the energy consumption characteristics of an embedded system featuring the embedded Linux OS running on the StrongARM processor.
Stigma toward individuals engaged in consensual nonmonogamy: Robust and worthy of additional research.

Inourtargetarticle,“TheFewer theMerrier:AssessingStigmaSurrounding Consensual Nonmonogamous Relationships,” we documented a robust stigma toward consensual nonmonogamous relationships and a halo surrounding monogamous relationships. In the present piece, we respond to six commentaries of our target article with the aim of promoting future research and policy change. First, we address questions and concerns raised by commentators using existing data and found that regardless of perceived relationship happiness, sexual orientation, or gender (of experimental targets), individuals in consensual nonmonogamous relationships were more negatively viewed on a variety of qualities (both relationship-specific and nonrelationship specific) compared to those in monogamous relationships. Second, we suggest productive future research avenues with regards to implications for social change, and strengthening methodology used in consensual nonmonogamous research. Finally, we consider common ground among the commentators as an avenue to promote coalition building through the examinations of prejudice toward individuals in nonnormative romantic relationships. We conclude that this is only the beginning of a fruitful line of research and argue that the stigma toward departures from monogamy is robust and, of course, worthy of additional research.
The 'First Great Divergence': Trajectories of Post-Ancient State Formation in Eastern and Western Eurasia

This paper identifies divergent trends in state formation after the disintegration of the Roman and Han empires and considers their causes and long-term consequences.
Aerosol formation and growth in a laminar core reactor

Abstract A novel aerosol flow reactor is described in which the core of a laminar flow of premixed reactants is irradiated to produce particles along the axis of the flow. The reactor was studied experimentally by irradiating an NH 3 /C 3 H 6 /NO 2 /air mixture to produce NH 4 NO 3 aerosol. A theory developed for particle formation and growth in the core reactor, accounting for radial diffusion of the condensing species and the parabolic velocity profile, explained the behavior of the system. The theory was formulated in terms of moments of the particle size distribution. The formation of NH 4 NO 3 particles from HNO 3 and NH 3 vapors followed classical nucleation theory with HNO 3 considered as the monomer. Values of the surface tension of the solid NH 4 NO 3 and the rate of HNO 3 formation were determined by comparing theory and experiment.
Isoelectric focusing and ELISA evaluation of a Blastomyces dermatitidis human isolate

Blastomyces dermatitidis is a dimorphic fungal organism and the causative agent of blastomycosis. This organism is endemic east of the Mississippi river as is the fungal organism Histoplasma capsulatum. This study was performed to determine if sensitive and specific antigens from the B. dermatitidis yeast phase lysate (human isolate 592) could be separated using isoelectric focusing (IEF) to eliminate antigens that are cross-reactive with H. capsulatum. Indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assays were performed to test for reactivity and cross-reactivity and indicate that certain fractions (4-6) were highly reactive. Fraction 16 exhibited a high degree of cross-reactivity with H. capsulatum. This study indicates that IEF may be a useful method for the separation of B. dermatitidis proteins.
Second law analysis of convective droplet burning

Abstract The entropy generation due to burning particles in a gaseous stream is considered and the contributions to it compared. A second law analysis is undertaken in order to minimize the entropy generation and, therefore, the lost available work. The optimum flow conditions from this thermodynamically advantageous perspective are determined for a burning droplet at low Reynolds number and an optimum transfer number obtained. The transfer number so obtained depends directly on the square of the relative velocity, and inversely on the net enthalpy rise due to burning and the ratio of ambient to flame temperature. In realistic flows, where the transfer number and net heat release are fixed, these quantities are related to the relative velocity and ambient to flame temperature ratio in order to operate at optimum conditions. The square of the relative velocity in such flows is a small fraction of the net heat release so that, to operate at optimum thermodynamic conditions, it is determined that the droplet Reynolds number must be large suggesting a large droplet size and low gas viscosity. Circumstances pertaining to engineering practice are also considered and it is concluded that within constraints practice is consistent with the implications of the second law analysis.
Bjorken scaling from bounded transverse momenta and pion multiplicity

A model for deep-inelastic $\mathrm{ep}$ scattering is presented, where the virtual photon propagates as a vector-meson state, emitting pions until it loses most of its momentum transfer. It then interacts with the nucleon. The nucleon receives a finite-momentum-transfer kick that depends on the scaling variable $\ensuremath{\omega}$, but not on ${q}^{2}$. If the average multiplicity of the emitted pions now grows essentially as $\mathrm{ln}s$, then Bjorken scaling results. Quarks forming a nucleon core will not emerge as free particles in this model, since the core is only elastically scattered.
Caregiver burden and health promotion

Few of the studies describing caregiver stress and burden have focused on the effects of caregiving on the ability of the caregiver to attend to his or her own health needs. Therefore, the major purpose of this study was to investigate whether the perception of burden is related to the health-promoting behaviors of caregivers of the elderly. One hundred twenty-one predominantly female caregivers, mean age 61.1 years, S.D. = 13.4, completed questionnaires measuring demographic and health-related factors, the Objective and Subjective Burden Scales, and the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile. Findings suggest that those perceiving lower subjective burden practice more health-promoting behaviors than those with higher subjective burden scores, confirming Pender's contention that situational factors, such as caregiver burden, may affect health promotion.