cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Democracy in Cincinnati: civic virtue and three generations of urban historians

The tension between civic virtue and self-interest has been a central theme of three generations of American urban historians. Indeed these historians have played an important role in the struggle to build America's civic culture. Critically examining their cities in light of American ideals, they have embraced the responsibilities of citizenship and kept alive the spirit of civic virtue. This essay examines democracy in Cincinnati through the work of these urban historians and argues that Americans have dispensed with civic virtue at their own peril. The democratization of the republican ideal of citizenship remains the great, unfinished task of American civilization.
Change in infrared dichroism during and following high‐speed elongation of polyethylene

Use of a new apparatus is described which enables infrared dichroism to be followed as a function of time following the rapid stretching of a sample. The apparatus is double beam in dichroism, in that the infrared beam is alternately polarized parallel and perpendicular to the stretching direction and the transmitted intensity is observed on an oscilloscope. Results are presented for the stretching of a low-density polyethylene sample by approximately 28% in a time of approximately 0.1 sec. The infrared dichroism is observed to change in times of the order of 50 to 100 msec after stretching, confirming the observation made by other techniques that crystal orientation changes during this time.
Quinclorac ester toxicity and metabolism in leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) soil systems: effects of foliar vs soil applications

Abstract Quinclorac and 13 synthesized esters were monitored for toxicity in foliar- and soil-treated leafy spurge plants. Foliar treatment at 0.5 μmol/plant with quinclorac resulted with 100% mortality, whereas treatment with esters at 2 μmol/plant showed initial toxicity symptoms, but the plants recovered with time (24 weeks). Foliar toxicity symptoms and mortality increased throughout 24 weeks after soil treatment at 0.4 μmol/ plant with the higher MW esters (C5-C16); however, toxicity symptoms decreased and plants recovered after quinclorac or low MW ester treatments. [ 14 C]Quinclorac esters also were monitored to ascertain if toxicity data could be related to ester mobility and/or metabolism. Foliar application showed volatile losses with the low MW esters; complete metabolism of esters occurred inside the treated leaves by 7 days, but little or no quinclorac was observed as a result; and little radiolabel migrated from the leaves. Soil application showed that the esters were metabolized by soil microorganisms through a series of ω- and β-oxidations and not by simple ester hydrolysis. These intermediate metabolites were identified by MS and NMR analyses. The C6 and C8 esters were metabolized to the quinclorac ester of 4-hydroxybutryic acid as a major intermediate in soil before conversion to quinclorac. The rate of quinclorac release from the various esters was dependent on the number of odd vs even carbons in the ester side chain; the C7, C5, and C8 esters were metabolized to quinclorac at relative rates of 16, 3.2, and 1, respectively. Quinclorac acid was leached readily from soil with water, but the C8 ester was adsorbed. As the higher MW esters released quinclorac in soil over time, concomitantly, the toxicity of leafy spurge after treatment with these esters also increased and was superior to quinclorac after 24 weeks. The slow release of quinclorac from the ω/β-oxidations of these esters appeared to increase efficacy in soil-treated leafy spurge.
Relationships between air pollution and preterm birth in California

Air pollution from vehicular emissions and other combustion sources is related to cardiovascular and respiratory outcomes. However, few studies have investigated the relationship between air pollution and preterm birth, a primary cause of infant mortality and morbidity. This analysis examined the effect of fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) and carbon monoxide (CO) on preterm birth in a matched case-control study. PM(2.5) and CO monitoring data from the California Air Resources Board were linked to California birth certificate data for singletons born in 1999-2000. Each birth was mapped to the closest PM monitor within 5 miles of the home address. County-level CO measures were utilised to increase sample size and maintain a representative population. After exclusion of implausible birthweight-gestation combinations, preterm birth was defined as birth occurring between 24 and 36 weeks' gestation. Each of the 10 673 preterm cases was matched to three controls of term (39-44 weeks) gestation with a similar date of last menstrual period. Based on the case's gestational age, CO and PM(2.5) exposures were calculated for total pregnancy, first month of pregnancy, and last 2 weeks of pregnancy. Exposures were divided into quartiles; the lowest quartile was the reference. Because of the matched design, conditional logistic regression was used to adjust for maternal race/ethnicity, age, parity, marital status and education. High total pregnancy PM(2.5) exposure was associated with a small effect on preterm birth, after adjustment for maternal factors (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.15, [95% CI 1.07, 1.24]). The odds ratio did not change after adjustment for CO. Results were similar for PM(2.5) exposure during the first month of pregnancy (AOR = 1.21, 95% CI [1.12, 1.30]) and the last 2 weeks of pregnancy (AOR = 1.17, 95% CI [1.09, 1.27]). Conversely, CO exposure at any time during pregnancy was not associated with preterm birth (AORs from 0.95 to 1.00). Maternal exposure to PM(2.5), but not CO, is associated with preterm birth. This analysis did not show differences by timing of exposure, although more detailed examination may be needed.
TRANSMURAL PRESSURE AND VASCULAR RESISTANCE IN SOFT-WALLED VESSELS.

Abstract Flow through a segment of soft-walled Penrose tubing was measured as perfusing head, extravascular pressure, and outlet pressure were varied. As long as transmural (intravascular minus extravascular) pressure at the downstream end of the soft-walled segment was positive, the vessel was distended and resistance was relatively low and unaffected by inlet or outlet pressures. When transmural pressure became zero, the vessel was only partially filled and delivery for a given arteriovenous pressure gradient decreased with the reduced cross section of the vessel. When transmural pressure was negative, a rise in venous pressure raised intraluminal pressure, and when this was sufficient to produce a positive transmural pressure, the collapsible segment became distended and resistance was diminished. Further rises in transmural pressure had minimal effects on resistance. Implications of these findings in terms of critical closing pressure, the Starling “resistance,” and related problems of flow are discussed.
Decision-Directed Symbol Timing Recovery for SOQPSK

Shaped-offset quadrature phase shift keying (SOQPSK) is a highly bandwidth efficient modulation technique used widely in military and aeronautical telemetry standards. It can be classified as a form of continuous phase modulation (CPM), but its major distinction from other CPMs is that it has a constrained (correlated) ternary data alphabet. CPM-based detection models for SOQPSK have been developed only recently. While these detectors offer an appreciable performance gain over current detection schemes, one roadblock standing in the way of their being adopted is the lack of a CPM-based symbol timing recovery scheme that will work with SOQPSK. We show how an existing CPM-based timing error detector (TED) can be adapted to the unique characteristics of SOQPSK. The TED is formulated for a coherent detector but can be extended to the noncoherent case. We apply this timing recovery method to the versions of SOQPSK used in military (MIL-STD SOQPSK) and telemetry group (SOQPSK-TG) standards. We derive the theoretical performance limits on the accuracy of timing recovery for SOQPSK, as given by the modified Cramer-Rao bound (MCRB), and show that the proposed decision-directed TED (DD-TED) performs close to these bounds in computer simulations and is free of false-lock points. We also show that the proposed scheme outperforms a non-data-aided TED (NDA-TED) that was recently developed for SOQPSK. These results show that the proposed scheme has great promise in a wide range of applications due to its low complexity, strong performance, and lack of false-lock points.
Incremental and demand-driven points-to analysis using logic programming

Several program analysis problems can be cast elegantly as a logic program. In this paper we show how recently-developed techniques for incremental evaluation of logic programs can be refined and used for deriving practical implementations of incremental program analyzers. Incremental program analyzers compute the changes to the analysis information due to small changes in the input program rather than re-analyzing the program. Demand-driven analyzers compute only the information requested by the client analysis/optimization. We describe a framework based on logic programming for implementing program analyses that combines incremental and demand driven techniques. We show the effectiveness of this approach by building a practical incremental and demand-driven context insensitive points-to analysis and evaluating this implementation for analyzing C programs with 10-70K lines of code. Experiments show that our technique can compute the changes to analysis information due to small changes in the input program in, on the average, 6% of the time it takes to reanalyze the program from scratch, and with little space overhead.
Statistics and the Wealth of Nations

Summary The relationship of statistics and national prosperity is not a simple causal one, but some historical examples suggest a persistent association. A number of examples are considered, from the political arithmetic of the seventeenth century to the quality assurance methods of the 1950s, and a few speculative conclusions are offered.
Polyisoprenol Specificity in the Campylobacter Jejuni N-linked Glycosylation Pathway

Campylobacter jejuni contains a general N-linked glycosylation pathway in which a heptasaccharide is sequentially assembled onto a polyisoprenyl diphosphate carrier and subsequently transferred to the asparagine side chain of an acceptor protein. The enzymes in the pathway function at a membrane interface and have in common amphiphilic membrane-bound polyisoprenyl-linked substrates. Herein, we examine the potential role of the polyisoprene component of the substrates by investigating the relative substrate efficiencies of polyisoprene-modified analogues in individual steps of the pathway. Chemically defined substrates for PglC, PglJ, and PglB are prepared via semisynthetic approaches. The substrates included polyisoprenols of varying length, double bond geometry, and degree of saturation for probing the role of the hydrophobic polyisoprene in substrate specificity. Kinetic analysis reveals that all three enzymes exhibit distinct preferences for the polyisoprenyl carrier whereby cis-double bond geometry an...
A RAPID AND CONVENIENT FILTER-BINDING ASSAY FOR RAS P21 PROCESSING ENZYME FARNESYLTRANSFERASE

Because it is the target for the development of anti-cancer agents, the mammalian cytosolic enzyme farnesyltransferase (FTase) has received significant attention in recent years. FTase catalyzes the transfer of a farnesyl group from farnesylpyrophosphate (FPP) to cysteine 185/186 at the carboxyl terminal end of ras proteins (ras p21), a reaction essential for the localization of ras p21 to the plasma membrane for their cellular functions including cell transformation in case of oncogenic ras p21. Here, we report the development of a rapid and convenient assay procedure for FTase using phosphocellulose paper which has a binding affinity for proteins. The FTase is assayed as the transfer of [3H]farnesyl group from [3H]FPP to the ras p21 at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C in the presence of rat brain cytosol followed by the binding of radioactive farnesylated ras p21 to the phosphocellulose paper. The radioactivity associated with ras p21 bound to the phosphocellulose paper was determined by scintillation counting after soaking the paper in trichloroacetic acid and washing with distilled water. Utilizing [3H]FPP and recombinant Ha-ras p21 as substrates in the reaction, the FTase followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with Km values of 1.0 and 7.69 microM for respectively [3H]FPP and recombinant Ha-ras p21. The method reported here has the advantages over the other published assay procedures of being rapid, convenient and economical, and can be successfully used for the basic assaying of FTase in different organs and distinct species and for the screening of novel inhibitors of FTase.
Surface initiated fatigue of pearlitic and bainitic steels under water lubricated rolling/sliding contact

The rolling contact fatigue behavior of steels that are, or could be, used for railroad rails is reviewed. Laboratory tests that reproduce the type of cracks observed in service rails have been employed to study the effects of maximum Hertzian contact pressure and slide/roll ratio on fatigue performance under water lubricated conditions. A comparison has been made of pearlitic and low/medium carbon, carbide free, bainitic steels. The development of ratchetting strains has been investigated and an empirical model produced.
The phase behavior and mechanical properties of polyarylate and polycarbonate blends

The phase behavior and mechanical properties of a series of polyarylate/polycarbonate blends were studied. The polymers are known to transesterify, the extent of which depends upon the thermal and shear history and affects phase behavior and properties. Single screw extrusion, twin screw extrusion, and solution casting were employed for blend preparation. Two transition temperatures, corresponding to a polycarbonate-rich phase and to a polyarylate-rich phase, were seen in blends that were solution cast or compounded in a single screw extruder at 285°C. But after injection molding a single Tg was observed, When annealed at 180°C for several hours the molded blend was found to phase separate. Blends that were compounded in a twin screw extruder exhibited a single Tg and could not be phase separated. The flexural and tensile properties of blends that were prepared in a twin screw extruder show a small positive synergism. But the impact properties were substantially below the rule of mixtures values, probably the result of advanced exchange reaction and thermal degradation.
The Einstein Coefficient for spontaneous emission of the O2 (a¹Δg) state

Recently reported measurements of the absorption band strength (i.e., the Einstein B-coefficient for absorption) for the transition O2(X3Σg → a1Δg) at 1.27 µm, when correctly reanalyzed in this paper, indicate that the Einstein A-coefficient for spontaneous emission of radiation is 1.47 × 10−4 s−1. This is a factor of 1.75 smaller than the value of 2.58 × 10−4 s−1 that has been used almost exclusively in the aeronomy field for the past 30 years. The determination of the new A-value is reviewed, with an emphasis on the derivation of the appropriate ratio of the degeneracies of the upper and lower states of this transition. The new A-value implies that ozone concentrations as inferred from measurements of O2(a¹Δg) emission must be increased significantly in existing databases and also that the efficiency of solar heating in the Hartley band of ozone is larger than previously calculated.
New insights into brazilian multinationals: perspectives from the field

Certainly, the internationalization of emerging market firms has been one of the most remarkable trends of the current decade. No longer content to operate within their own borders or their regional markets, firms from Argentina to Turkey are rapidly extending their footprint abroad. While much has been writ-ten about Chinese and Indian multi-nationals, relatively little information is available about Brazilian firms. Therefore, this new book fills an im-portant gap.
Spacecraft on-orbit coupled loads analysis

A method is presented for coupled loads analysis of on-orbit spacecraft systems. Discrete models are coupled then reduced using the Craig-Bampton technique. Coupled system transient response is determined as well as substructure interface forces and center-of-gravity accelerations. Typical results are presented for a spacecraft system having three components and being subjected to rocket motor thrust.
Final coalgebras for functors on measurable spaces

We prove that every functor on the category Meas of measurable spaces built from the identity and constant functors using products, coproducts, and the probability measure functor @D has a final coalgebra. Our work builds on the construction of the universal Harsanyi type spaces by Heifetz and Samet and papers by Rosziger and Jacobs on coalgebraic modal logic. We construct logical languages, probabilistic logics of transition systems, and interpret them on coalgebras. The final coalgebra is carried by the set of descriptions of all points in all coalgebras. For the category Set, we work with the functor D of discrete probability measures. We prove that every functor on Set built from D and the expected functors has a final coalgebra. The work for Set differs from the work for Meas: negation in needed for final coalgebras on Set but not for Meas.
On the equality of algebraic and geometric multiplicities of matrix eigenvalues

We summarize seventeen equivalent conditions for the equality of algebraic and geometric multiplicities of an eigenvalue for a complex square matrix. As applications, we give new proofs of some important results related to mean ergodic and positive matrices.
Shrines, Shamanism, and Love Poetry: Elements in the Emergence of Popular Tamil Bhakti

W THAT ARE THE historical roots of popular Hindu bhakti in South India? That is, what factors contributed to the rise of widespread devotion to a personal god, more or less monotheistically' conceived, which first appeared in South India about the beginning of the seventh century of the Christian era? This question raises one of the many thorny historical problems in the history of Indian religions. But it is an important question if we are to understand how the present amalgam of ideas and practices which we call Hinduism arose from earlier Indian religious traditions. First, what is "popular Hindu bhakti?" By this I wish to indicate that emotional outpouring of love to God characterized by such activities as singing, dancing, weeping, and the repetition of the divine names-in short, what the great Tamil saints repeatedly called "the melting of one's heart and mind" (ullam uruku) in love to God. What I specifically do not intend to signify is the re-
Dental chipping in Aleuts, Eskimos and Indians

Analysis of dentitions belonging to 324 prehistoric and protohistoric Aleuts, Eskimos and northern Indians, all of whom were regularly meat-eaters, reveals a significant difference between Eskimos and Aleut-Indians for a little known type of tooth wear. This wear is characterized by severe crushing and/or flaking of the crown surface of one or more teeth (termed “pressure-chipping”). It occurs chiefly in dentitions of high arctic Eskimos of Alaska, Canada, and Greenland, and significantly less often in the teeth of Kodiak Island Eskimos, Aleuts and northern Indians. Sex differences do not exist but pressure-chipping occurs significantly more often in adult (21–x years) than in non-adult (0–20 years) Eskimos. The exact mechanism(s) responsible for pressure-chipping is unknown, although ethnographic accounts of Eskimo eating habits suggest that crushing of hard substances such as bone was involved. The severity of this wear could have contributed to the selection for, or preservation of, large and complex crowns in high arctic Eskimos. Pressure-chipping is offered as evidence favoring the view that tooth size (longevity) may have had in the past some adaptive value.
CP with Architectural State Lookup for Functional Test Generation

Constraint Programming (CP) is a powerful technology that has proved very useful in Random Functional Test Generation. On the other hand the complexity of the test generation process prevents it from being represented and solved as a single constraint satisfaction problem (CSP). Developers of test generation tools have to decompose the problem into a set of smaller tasks and to make CP work in interaction with other technologies, e.g. architectural simulator. The task of turning these foreign technologies into an integral part of the CP search algorithm raises multiple challenges. We propose a method for accomplishing this task by means of so called custom constraints, which are based on demons and custom propagation algorithms. We implemented the method in a framework of ILOG Solver and tested it on a use case of the memory address translation mechanism for protected mode of IA-32 processor.
Climate and the "Encounter" in the Dominican Republic.

Abstract The impact of weather and climate upon societies is manifold in character, having altered the course of historic events as well as conditioned the nature of human activity. This may be amply demonstrated in the Caribbean island nation of the Dominican Republic during the period of its formation following the initial arrival of Europeans. For instructional purposes, this subject may be best approached by first reviewing the character of elements of weather and climate that prevail in the Dominican Republic followed by a consideration of the way in which these impacted upon those involved in exploration and settlement of that region of the Caribbean. Finally, a choice of instructional strategies is presented by means of which the interaction between weather and climate and cultural activity may by illustrated.
Identification and Characterization of Escherichia coli Thioesterase III That Functions in Fatty Acid β-Oxidation†

When Escherichia coli is grown on oleic acid as the sole carbon source, most of this fatty acid is completely degraded by β-oxidation. However, approximately 10% of the oleic acid is only partially degraded to 3,5-cis-tetradecadienoyl-CoA, which is hydrolyzed to 3,5-cis-tetradecadienoic acid and released into the growth medium. An investigation of thioesterases involved in this novel pathway of β-oxidation led to the identification of a new thioesterase (thioesterase III) that is induced by growth of E. coli on oleic acid. This enzyme was partially purified and identified as the ybaW gene product by mass spectrometric analysis of tryptic peptides. The ybaW gene, which has a putative consensus sequence for binding the fatty acid degradation repressor, was cloned and expressed in E. coli. Thioesterase III was shown to be a long-chain acyl-CoA thioesterase that is most active with 3,5-tetradecadienoyl-CoA, a minor metabolite of oleate β-oxidation. Its substrate specificity and induction by fatty acids agree ...
A linked meteorological and hydrological model system: the Susquehanna River Basin Experiment (SRBEX)

Abstract The goal of the Susquehanna River Basin Experiment (SRBEX) is to simulate the basin's hydrologic response to atmospheric forcing at various time scales. To reach this goal, SRBEX concentrates on developing climate downscaling methodologies. One downscaling approach links a high-resolution meteorological model and a suite of coupled hydrological models. This paper (1) provides an overview of this linked model system and its elements, (2) describes a series of simulations and sensitivity experiments, and (3) discusses ongoing model development. In a typical simulation, a nested version of the Penn State-NCAR mesoscale meteorological model (MM5) simulates the precipitation from a storm system passing over the river basin. The resulting high-resolution precipitation field, with grid increments as fine as 4 km, then drives the Hydrological Modeling System (HMS). HMS is composed of physically based, interactive surface routing, groundwater, soil water, and channel leakage components. An important aspect of the system is the application of a geographic information system (GIS) to control the high-resolution soils, land-use, and digital terrain data at the model interface. One significant output from the model system is a simple hydrograph, which represents the integration of basin hydrology over time and space. Experiments have been performed to determine the sensitivity of the linked model system results to the rainfall-runoff abstraction method and to the MM5 nesting scheme. Ongoing research aims at expanding the time scales of analysis, improving model efficiency and speed of computation, and changing the present meteorological–hydrological interaction from a linked system to a coupled system.
Increased dopamine and norepinephrine release in medial prefrontal cortex induced by acute and chronic stress: effects of diazepam

We have examined the effects of diazepam on the stress-induced increase in extracellular dopamine and norepinephrine in the medial prefrontal cortex using in vivo microdialysis. In naive rats, acute tail pressure (30 min) elicited an increase in the concentrations of dopamine and norepinephrine in extracellular fluid of medial prefrontal cortex (+54 and +50%, respectively). Diazepam (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) decreased the basal concentration of extracellular dopamine and norepinephrine. Diazepam also attenuated the stress-evoked increase in the absolute concentrations of extracellular dopamine (+17%), but did not alter the stress-induced increase in norepinephrine (+41%). However, when the drug-induced decrease in basal dopamine and norepinephrine concentration was taken into account, the stress-induced net increase in dopamine above the new baseline was equivalent to that obtained in vehicle pretreated rats, whereas the net increase in norepinephrine was almost twice that obtained in control subjects. In rats previously exposed to chronic cold (three to four weeks at 5 degrees C), tail pressure again produced an increase in the concentrations of dopamine and norepinephrine in the medial prefrontal cortex (+42% and +92%, respectively). However, in these chronically stressed rats, diazepam no longer decreased basal dopamine or norepinephrine in extracellular fluid, nor did it affect the stress-induced increase in the concentrations of these catecholamines. These data indicate that diazepam has complex effects on the extracellular concentrations of dopamine and norepinephrine which vary depending upon whether the rat is undisturbed or stressed during the period of drug exposure as well as the rat's prior history of exposure to stress. Moreover, these data raise questions regarding the role of catecholamines in the mechanism by which diazepam exerts its anxiolytic properties.
Alzheimer’s Disease Amyloid β-Protein Mutations and Deletions That Define Neuronal Binding/Internalization as Early Stage Nonfibrillar/Fibrillar Aggregates and Late Stage Fibrils

Accumulation of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) in neurons has been demonstrated to precede its formation as amyloid plaques in the extracellular space in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Consequently, intraneuronal Aβ accumulation is thought to be a critical first step in the fatal cascade of events that leads to neuronal degeneration in AD. Understanding the structural basis of neuronal binding and uptake of Aβ might lead to potential therapeutic targets that could block this binding and the subsequent neurodegeneration that leads to the pathogenesis of AD. Previously, we demonstrated that mutation of the two adjacent histidine residues of Aβ40 (H13,14G) resulted in a significant decrease in its level of binding to PC12 cells and mouse cortical/hippocampal neurons. We now demonstrate that the weakened neuronal binding follows the mutation order of H13G < H14G < H13,14G, which suggests that the primary domain for neuronal binding of Aβ40 involves histidine at position 13. A novel APP mutation (E693Δ) that produced a variant Aβ lacking glutamate 22 (E22Δ) in Japanese pedigrees was recently identified to have AD-type dementia without amyloid plaque formation but with extensive intraneuronal Aβ in transfected cells and transgenic mice expressing this deletion. Deletion of glutamate 22 of Aβ40 resulted in a 6-fold enhancement of PC12 neuronal binding that was not decreased by the H13G mutation. The dose-dependent enhanced binding of E22Δ explains the high level of intraneuronal Aβ seen in this pedigree. Fluorescence anisotropy experiments at room temperature showed very rapid aggregation with increased tyrosine rigidity of Aβ39E22Δ, Aβ41E22Δ, and Aβ42 but not Aβ40. This rigidity was decreased but not eliminated by prior treatment with dimethyl sulfoxide. Surprisingly, all peptides showed an aggregated state when evaluated by transmission electron microscopy, with Aβ39E22Δ having early stage fibrils, which was also verified by atomic force microscopy. This aggregation was not affected by centrifugation or pretreatment with organic solvents. The enhanced neuronal binding of Aβ, therefore, results from aggregate binding to neurons, which requires H13 for Aβ40 but not for E22Δ or Aβ42. These latter proteins display increased tyrosine rigidity that likely masks the H13 residue, or alternatively, the H13 residue is not required for neuronal binding of these proteins as it is for Aβ40. Late state fibrils also showed enhanced neuronal binding for E22Δ but not Aβ40 with subsequent intraneuronal accumulation in lysosomes. This suggests that there are multiple pathways of binding/internalization for the different Aβ proteins and their aggregation states or fibrillar structure.
Examination of the latex fixation test using sulfated mucopolysaccharides

The sulfated mucopolysaccharides heparin and chondroitin sulfate are immunologically inactive toward highly purified rheumatoid factors or any other components of the serum of individuals with rheumatoid arthritis. Positive latex fixation tests of selected serum samples using heparin in place of human gamma globulin are due to the simultaneous presence of endogenous gamma globulin. Nearly similar results may he obtained with latex tests using no coating agent whatever. Addition of heparin to latex suspensions imparts stability to the colloidal dispersion and remedies prozone phenomena encountered in such titrations. Le sulfatate mucopolysaccharidos sulfato de chondroitina e heparina es immunologicamente inactive verso altemente purificate factores rheumatoide o non import a qual altere componente del sero de individuos con arthritis rheumatoide. Positive tests de fixation a latex in seligite specimens de sero con Ie uso Ie heparina in loco de globulina gamma es a explicar per Ie presentia simultanee de endogene globulina gamma. Quasi Ie mesme resultatos pote esser obtenite con tests a latex in que nulle agente de revestimento es usate del toto. Le addition de heparina a suspensiones de latex imparti stabilitate al dispersion colloide e corrige le phenomenos prozonic que se incontra in tal titrationes.
Effects of Five Per Cent Dextrose-Water Infusions in Normal and Hypertensive Man Evidence for Increased Proximal and Distal Tubular Sodium Rejection by Hypertensive Patients and Its Relation to Renal Hemodynamics

During infusions of 5% dextrose in water urinary sodium excretion and the renal tubular rejection of filtered sodium (E/F Na %) were significantly higher in hypertensive than in normotensive subjects. Increased E/F Na % did not result from alterations in plasma sodium, in filtered sodium, or from an osmotic diuresis. Fractional sodium reabsorption in proximal (isosmotic) portions of the nephron was diminished in the hypertensive patients. Free water formation (CHH2o rose with increased "distal" sodium delivery (V) in both groups; however, fractional sodium reabsorption in the "distal" nephron was significantly impaired in the hypertensive patients and urinary osmolality was increased. Mean arterial blood pressure and E/F Na % were related in curvilinear fashion in the 31 studies, and there was a direct relation between E/F Na % and the magnitude of renal vascular resistance. The data suggested that alterations of renal arterial pressure and vascular resistance in hypertensive disease modify sodium transpo...
Effect of Protein-Induced Spontaneous Curvature on Membrane Surface Tension

Adsorption of proteins onto membranes can alter the local membrane curvature. This phenomenon has been observed in biological processes such as endocytosis, tubulation and vesiculation. In this letter, we show that the classical elastic model of lipid membranes cannot account for simultaneous changes in shape and membrane tension due to protein adsorption in a local region, and a viscous-elastic formulation is necessary to fully describe the system. Using the viscous-elastic model, we show that protein adsorption can not only induce curvature but also alter membrane surface stress. Using the viscous-elastic model, we show that the lipids flow to accommodate the change in membrane curvature. Finally, at the end of protein adsorption process, the system has a residual stress to balance the difference between the actual mean curvature and imposed spontaneous curvature. Surface stress effects are local and change only in the protein patches, however, curvature changes may be non-local and remain significant for large separations between the protein patches.
Pituitary volume in treatment-naïve pediatric major depressive disorder.

Background Prior pilot investigation identified a larger pituitary gland volume (PGV) in pediatric patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) compared with healthy pediatric control subjects that was most prominent in boys with MDD. In this independent sample, we focus on gender differences in pituitary volume in a larger sample of pediatric patients with MDD. Methods Volumetric magnetic resonance imaging studies were conducted in 35 psychotropic drug-naive children (15 boys, 20 girls), ages 8–17 years, and 35 case-matched healthy control subjects. Results The MDD boys had larger PGV (19%) compared with male control subjects. No significant diagnostic group differences in pituitary volume were observed in girls. Healthy boys had significantly smaller PGV (27%) than healthy girls, whereas MDD boys did not differ from girls with MDD. Nonfamilial (without a family history of mood disorder) boys with MDD had significantly larger PGV (35%) than male healthy control subjects and tended to have a larger PGV (27%) than familial (at least one first-degree relative with MDD) boys with MDD. Boys with familial MDD did not differ from control subjects. Conclusions These findings provide new evidence of increased pituitary volume in psychotropic-naive pediatric patients with MDD that seems to be more prominent in male patients with nonfamilial MDD.
Fenfluramine administered systemically or locally increases extracellular serotonin in the lateral hypothalamus as measured by microdialysis

Microdialysis was used to monitor serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and the metabolites of dopamine, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in the perifornical lateral hypothalamus (PFH) of freely moving rats. Systemically administered d-fenfluramine (d-FEN) increased extracellular serotonin, DOPAC and HVA, while decreasing serotonin's metabolite 5-HIAA. Local application of d-FEN directly to the hypothalamic terminal region caused large increases in extracellular serotonin and had a tendency to decrease all 3 metabolites. This effect was confirmed when d-FEN was infused locally by reverse dialysis. These results provide direct evidence that the anorectic drug d-FEN can increase extracellular serotonin in the hypothalamus in vivo and suggest a serotonergic action in the perifornical region. This finding is consistent with our report that a meal also increases serotonin in this region.
Biological studies of a new class of technetium complexes: the hexakis(alkylisonitrile)technetium(I) cations

This study describes the preparation and synthesis of a new class of cationic technetium compounds, the hexakis(alkylisonitrile)technetium(+ 1) complexes, at both carrier added and no carrier added concentrations in aqueous media from pertechnetate. Biological distribution and imaging data in animals indicate that certain members of this class may be effective for cardiac imaging in man. The usefulness of these lipophilic water-soluble species for labeling mammalian cells is also reported.
A simple method for the qualitative demonstration of large and small plasmid deoxyribonucleic acids in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria

Abstract The method of Currier and Nester ( Anal. Biochem. 76, 431–441, 1976) was modified so that large (molecular weights greater than 4 × 10 6 ) and small (molecular weights less than 4 × 10 6 ) covalently closed circular (plasmid) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules could be demonstrated in agarose gels with little or no interference by chromosomal DNAs and linear and open circular forms of plasmid DNAs. The major modifications consisted of treating cells with a lytic enzyme in the presence of at least 10% (w/v) sucrose (essential for demonstrating large plasmids) and denaturing chromosomal DNA by boiling lysates for 15 min and quenching them in ice water instead of treating them at high pH. A minor modification consisted of boiling cell lysates in the presence of 200 μg/ml ethidium bromide. The method described allowed the detection of plasmid DNAs in a large number (24 or more) of overnight 10-ml cultures within a reasonable time (2 working days). The modification as presented is applicable to both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Cryogenic GaAs JFETs

Gallium arsenide junction field-effect transistors (GaAs JFETs) are promising for deep cryogenic (< 10 K) readout electronics applications. This paper presents the structure and fabrication of GaAs (JFETs) and their performance at 4 K. It is shown that these JFETs operate normally at 4 K, with no anomalous behavior such as kinks or hysteresis. The noise voltage follows a 1/(root)f dependence and is approximately 1 (mu) v/(root)Hz at 1 Hz for a ring JFET that is 1250 micrometers in circumference and 20 micrometers long. The gate leakage current reaches 1 pA at a gate voltage of -6 V, and increases exponentially at approximately 1 decade per volt. The noise is within the limits of the requirements for typical VLWIR readout applications; the extrapolated gate leakage current at typical operating biases is higher than the required limit by two orders of magnitude. Planned improvements to reduce the leakage current are discussed.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Sibling Support Systems in Childhood after a Parent Dies

The research question addressed was: To what extent did the interactions of childhood sibling subsystems after a parent died facilitate healthy grieving in families where the surviving parent was emotionally unavailable to the children? Utilizing Q methodology, the researcher studied two quartets of adult sisters who, when 3–10 years old, had experienced the deaths of their fathers and the emotional absence of their mothers. Results included a variety of sibling interactions that demonstrated the potential for siblings to contribute to each other's healthy grieving, although the stable presence of a supportive adult was important. Implications for helping professionals included encouragement to actively nurture sibling subsystems by teaching and coaching children how to facilitate each other's grief work in age appropriate ways, and to avoid focusing too closely on the pain of the emotionally unavailable surviving parent to the neglect of children's individual needs and care-giving capacities.
Psychological treatment and medication for the mood and anxiety disorders: Moderators, mediators, and domains of outcome

Studies that combine pharmacotherapy with psychological treatment for the mood and anxiety disorders must consider the role of moderators (pretreatment variables that specify the conditions under which treatments are effective) and mediators (change mechanisms in the causal pathways between treatments and outcomes) in explaining the impact of experimental treatments. This article gives examples of the kinds of moderators and mediators—both psychosocial and biological—that are important to examine in combination treatment studies. It conceptualizes outcome as involving multiple domains, including mood and anxiety symptoms, life functioning, and illness costs. Research should also examine the appropriate sequencing of pharmacological and psycho-social interventions and how this sequencing may vary from disorder to disorder.
The Role of Trust as a Mediator between Signaling System Reliability and Response Behaviors

Alarm researchers have frequently operationally defined operator trust as response rate and reaction time to agree with the signaling system. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the role of subjective estimates of trust in the relationship between signaling system reliability and response behaviors. Method: Using a sample of 56 college students, we tested the effects of reliability (20% and 40%) on response frequency, alarm reaction time, and subjective trust, using an alarm-based task. Results: Supporting expectations, we found that the more reliable system led to higher response frequency and higher ratings of trust. We did not find, however, that trust mediated the relationship between reliability and response rate. Considering these findings, the minimally trained participants we tested may not have relied on trust. Alternatively, our trust assessments may have lacked specificity for the experimental task. Replication efforts should focus on task experts and refined trust assessment techniques.
Error bounds for spatial discretization and waveform relaxation applied to parabolic functional differential equations

The process of semi-discretization and waveform relaxation are applied to general nonlinear parabolic functional differential equations. Two new theorems are presented, which extend and improve some of the classical results. The first of these theorems gives an upper bound for the norm of the error of finite difference semi-discretization. This upper bound is sharper than the classical error bound. The second of these theorems gives an upper bound for the norm of the error, which is caused by both semi-discretization and waveform relaxation. The focus in the paper is on estimating this error directly without using the upper bound for the error, which is caused by the process of semi-discretization and the upper bound for the error, which is caused by the waveform relaxation method. Such estimating gives sharper error bound than the bound, which is obtained by estimating both errors separately.
Two-dimensional scaling techniques for adaptive, rate-based transmission control of live audio and video streams

One of the major obstacles facing designers of video conferencing systems is the problem of ameliorating the effects of congestion on interconnected packet-switched networks that do not support real-time communication. We present a framework for transmission control that describes the current network environment as a set of sustainable bit and packet transmission-rate combinations and show that adaptively scaling both the bit and packet-rate of the audio and video streams can reduce the impact of congestion. We empirically demonstrate the validity of adapting both packet and bit-rate using a simple feedback mechanism and simple adaptation heuristics to deliver audio and video streams suitable for low-latency, high-fidelity playout.
Combinatoric enumeration of two-dimensional proper arrays

An nxmproper array is a two-dimensional rectangular array composed of directed cubes that obey certain constraints. Because of these constraints, the nxm proper arrays may be classified via a schema in which each nxm proper array is associated with a particular nx1 column. For a fixed n, the goal is to enumerate, modulo symmetry, all possible edge configurations associated with nxm proper arrays. By varying n, one constructs four combinatoric sequences, each of which enumerates a particular class of edge configurations. Convolution arguments and resultant calculations associate these sequences with cubic equations. These cubic equations allow one to predict M"n, the number of edge configurations, modulo symmetry, associated with nxm proper arrays.
Transfer of the Glu-D1 Gene from Chromosome 1D to Chromosome 1A in Hexaploid Triticale

To complement previously developed recombinant chromosomes 1R.1D, two series of translocations involving the Glu-D1 gene from chromosome ID to chromosome 1A were produced in hexaploid triticale. These series involve seven independent transfers of allele d encoding for high molecular weight glutenin subunits 5+10 and ten independent transfers involving allele a encoding for HMW glutenin subunits 2 + 12. The frequency of homoeologous recombination between chromosomes 1A and 1D was within the range observed for pairs of homologues in wheat, supporting earlier observations that homoeologous recombination in triticale is frequent. Recombined chromosomes 1A.1D can be used to introduce the Glu-D1 gene to durum wheats, and to manipulate the dosage of Glu-D1 in hexaploid triticale and bread wheat.
Short Bowel Syndrome: Complications, Treatment, and Remaining Questions

This review deals with the complications and treatment of short bowel syndrome (SBS), addressing the psychosocial, medical, and surgical complications in children receiving long-term parenteral nutrition (PN) support, as well as factors that affect the intestinal adaptation process. Whenever possible, as much of the colon as possible is retained in continuity because the colon is an avid absorber of sodium. It is also important for clinicians to be aware of the important absorption mechanisms in the different regions of the bowel. For example, resection of the terminal ileum removes vitamin B12 transporters and active sodium-coupled bile salt transporters. Treatment of patients missing the terminal ileum may require monthly vitamin B12 injections and oral bile salt binders, such as cholestyramine, when the colon is present to reduce the volume of diarrhea. Patients who do not have ileocecal valves (ICVs) are prone to small bowel bacterial overgrowth that requires treatment to facilitate the intestinal adaptation process. We discuss how the PN is decreased as enteral feedings are advanced as well as clinical monitoring and routine laboratory tests. Although much has been learned over the past 20 years about PN, major questions remain, including determining the optimal form of intravenous lipid (omega-3 preparations versus omega-6 lipids versus a combination of both) to prevent liver disease.
Animal models for assessment of infection and inflammation: contributions to elucidating the pathophysiology of sudden infant death syndrome.

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is still not well understood. It is defined as the sudden and unexpected death of an infant without a definitive cause. There are numerous hypotheses about the etiology of SIDS but the exact cause or causes have never been pinpointed. Examination of theoretical pathologies might only be possible in animal models. Development of these models requires consideration of the environmental and/or developmental risk factors often associated with SIDS, as they need to explain how the risk factors could contribute to the cause of death. These models were initially developed in common laboratory animals to test various hypotheses to explain these infant deaths – guinea pig, piglet, mouse, neonatal rabbit, and neonatal rat. Currently, there are growing numbers of researchers using genetically altered animals to examine specific areas of interest. This review describes the different systems and models developed to examine the diverse hypotheses for the cause of SIDS and their potential for defining a causal mechanism or mechanisms.