cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dose and diameter relationships for facial, trigeminal, and acoustic neuropathies following acoustic neuroma radiosurgery

Abstract Purpose and objective : To define the relationships between dose and tumor diameter for the risks of developing trigeminal, facial, and acoustic neuropathies after acoustic neuroma radiosurgery, a large single-institution experience was analyzed. Materials and methods : Two hundred and thirty-eight patients with unilateral acoustic neuromas who underwent Gamma knife radiosurgery between 1987–1994 with 6–91 months of follow-up (median 30 months) were studied. Minimum tumor doses were 12–20 Gy (median 15 Gy). Transverse tumor diameter varied from 0.3–5.5 cm (median 2.1 cm). The relationships of dose and diameter to the development of cranial neuropathies were delineated by multivariate logistic regression. Results : The development of post-radiosurgery neuropathies affecting cranial nerves V, VII, and VIII were correlated with minimum tumor dose and transverse tumor diameter ( P min for VIII where P = 0.10). A comparison of the dose-diameter response curves showed the acoustic nerve to be the most sensitive to doses of 12–16 Gy and the facial nerve to be the least sensitive. Conclusion : The risks of developing trigeminal, facial, and acoustic neuropathies following acoustic neuroma radiosurgery can be predicted from the transverse tumor diameter and the minimum tumor dose using models constructed from data presently available.
Differential Effects Of Psychoactive Drugs In Adolescents And Adults

It is well known that most people who use psychoactive drugs started as teenagers. In spite of this, there has been little preclinical research on the effects of psychostimulants during adolescence. Recently, however, a number of laboratories have begun to focus on drug effects in adolescents as compared with adults. The data show that there are unique responses to drugs during this period of development. This review will focus on our current understanding of neurochemical and behavioral drug effects during adolescence.
Medicinal Chemistry in the New Millennium: A Glance into the Future

The future of medicinal chemistry as both a pure and an applied science has been considered relative to trends that are already having a significant impact upon drug discovery and development. After quickly reviewing how medicinal chemistry has been practiced to date, topics considered into the future include: pursuing therapeutic efficacy, addressing 3D structure within database settings, assuring absorption, directing distribution, controlling metabolism, optimizing elimination, and avoiding toxicity. It is suggested that as the exploration of these topics proceeds into the new millennium by deploying combinatorial chemistry coupled to high-throughput screening, medicinal chemistry will play a key role as a central interpreter of the underlying structure-activity relationships such that the overall process of drug discovery and development will be knowledge-generating. As fundamental knowledge accumulates across all of these areas, virtual approaches will eventually become firmly anchored to experimental and theoretical databases having validated clinical predictability. The potential impact of some of the recent trends in process chemistry, and in analytical chemistry using X-ray diffraction as an exemplary method, are additionally highlighted before reiterating the article's major points in a summary section. From this purview, the summary also considers the education of future medicinal chemists, notes potential issues related to the future of pharmaceutical-related intellectual property, and concludes by alluding to a brewing paradox between enhanced knowledge and enhanced molecular diversity relative to the future discovery of new drugs.
Iontophoresis Across the Proximal Nail Fold to Target Drugs to the Nail Matrix

The main objective of the present study was to investigate the plausibility of iontophoretic delivery of drugs to the nail matrix via proximal nail fold. The in vitro drug transport studies were performed in Franz diffusion cells across folded epidermis, which is used as a model for the proximal nail fold. The amount of drug transported into the receiver compartment following iontophoresis for 3 h at 0.5 mA/cm(2) was 150-fold higher than the control (0.008 ± 0.002 μg/cm(2)). The amount of drug present in the skin after iontophoresis (0.45 ± 0.12 μg/mg) was approximately fivefold higher as compared with that of the control (0.08 ± 0.01 μg/mg). Iontophoresis of terbinafine across the proximal nail fold was assessed using excised cadaver toe model as well. A custom-designed foam-pad-type patch system was used for iontophoresis in cadaver toes. The amount of the drug delivered into the nail matrix following iontophoresis for 3 h was significantly higher than the minimum inhibition concentration of terbinafine. However, on the contrary, passive delivery for about 24 h did not result in any detectable drug levels in the nail matrix. Iontophoresis across the proximal nail fold could be developed as a potential method to target drugs to nail matrix.
Spatially Variable Historical Alluviation and Channel Incision in West‐Central Wisconsin

This study employs data from valley-bottom surveys, coring investigations, topographic maps, and aerial photographs to identify and explain spatial variations in historical alluviation along tributary streams in the Buffalo River watershed, an agricultural watershed in west-central Wisconsin. Similar to findings from other agricultural watersheds, the spatial distribution of historical alluvium in the Buffalo watershed reflects the controlling influence of watershed size and valley-bottom width. These two factors are not, however, clearly related to the deposition and accumulation of historical sediment at all sites. An additional significant factor that has affected valley-bottom sedimentation is historical channel incision. Incision of nearly every tributary stream in the watershed has created enlarged channels with considerable capacities to contain floods, keeping them from inundating and depositing sediment on valley floors. This helps explain why relatively large amounts of historical alluvium were deposited along some streams (because they are unincised or were incised relatively recently) and why much less sediment was deposited along others despite similar watershed characteristics (because they were incised early in the historical period). It also helps explain why, along some reaches, quantities of historical alluvium do not decrease in the upstream direction as expected. Apparently, incision by upstream-advancing headcuts allowed more time for alluvium to accumulate at upstream sites, countering the effects of decreasing drainage area. Today, tributary streams in the Buffalo River watershed compose a fairly well-integrated network of incised channels. As a result, tributary streams can now convey floods and sediment downstream more efficiently than they could in the past.
Flow generated by a small oscillating cylinder in a mixing layer

We study the flow generated by a small circular cylinder in a mixing layer. The cylinder is executing an oscillatory translation whose frequency is within the range of unstable frequencies of the shear layer. The smallness of the cylinder is measured by the ratio of its radius to the characteristic thickness of the layer. This (small) ratio serves as the expansion parameter for our theory; the flow naturally divides into inner and outer regions. The former is in the immediate vicinity of the cylinder and the latter is the far field which contains the instability waves.
Sick Sinus Syndrome Requiring Permanent Pacemaker Implantation in a Patient with Mirror-Image Dextrocardia

A patient with the sick sinus syndrome accompanying mirror-image dextrocardia which was associated with double superior venae cavae and an absent inferior vena cava is presented. A permanent transvenons demand pacemaker was inserted because of repeated episodes of dizziness and a documented 3½-second period of asystole. Precise knowledge of the venous system and the location of the apex of the right ventricle was necessary prior to permanent pacemaker implantation.
Estimation of rate of heat release by means of oxygen consumption measurements

Measurement of the rate of oxygen consumption provides a simple, versatile and powerful tool for estimating the rate of heat release in fire experiments and fire tests. The method is based on the generalization that the heats of combustion per unit of oxygen consumed are approximately the same for most fuels commonly encountered in fires. A measurement of the rate of oxygen consumption can then be converted to a measure of rate of heat release. Data on heats of combustion are presented to support this generalization. The applicability of the technique to combustion under fire conditions is examined, possible sources of error in the measurements are discussed, and applications of the method are reviewed. It is concluded that the accuracy of oxygen consumption based rate of heat release measurements should compare favorably with those derived from conventional calorimetric measurements.
Floating limb behaviors and self‐biting are associated in laboratory monkeys

Early descriptions of floating limb behaviors in monkeys were associated with isolation rearing, a practice that ended more than two decades ago. The present authors named various forms of behaviors in which a leg is elevated for no apparent reason: "Floating Limb Suite" (FLS). Floating limb behaviors, identified in laboratory monkeys at the Washington National Primate Research Center (WaNPRC), consist of two subcategories distinguished by whether monkeys seem to react to the elevated leg or ignore it. Given the past association of isolation rearing with both self-biting (SB) and floating limb, the investigators predicted that SB and FLS would be associated in monkeys not reared in isolation. The investigators tracked, over a period of 3 years, the presence of FLS and SB in macaques (Macaca nemestrina, M. fascicularis, M. mulatta) and Papio cynocephalus at WaNPRC. SB and both subcategories of FLS occurred in mother-reared and surrogate-peer-nursery-reared monkeys. We analyzed presence of FLS, the two subcategories of FLS, and SB in 1,117 macaques monitored for up to 3 years, and 781 macaques observed for 8 min of structured data collection. The Papio sample size was insufficient for statistical analysis. Both sampling methodologies found FLS and FLS subcategories to be associated with SB. Nearly half the monkeys only engaging in seemingly harmless nonreactive forms of FLS also performed the potentially injurious behavior of self-biting. The positive association between FLS and SB suggests that monkeys exhibiting one of these behaviors are at a heightened risk for developing the other. One impediment to studying floating limb behaviors is lack of consensus on definitions. This study defined seven forms of apparently functionless elevated limb behaviors. Continued research on factors associated with floating limb behaviors across demographic groups and settings may provide insights into the etiology and treatment of self-biting.
STONE WORKING IN ANCIENT PERU: REPLY TO FRANK

A propos de la suggestion de Frank, selon laquelle les anciens Peruviens utilisaient des materiaux se dilatant a la chaleur (comme le metal) pour tailler les pierres. Cette pratique etait peu probable car c'eut ete un gaspillage de carburant. Expose d'autres techniques probables utilisees pour debiter les pierres comme les coins et l'eau refrigeree. Des techniques necessitant une grande quantite d'energie n'etaient pas necessaires pour debiter la pierre (materiaux rares ou exotiques).
Aberrant T cell differentiation in the absence of Dicer

Dicer is an RNaseIII-like enzyme that is required for generating short interfering RNAs and microRNAs. The latter have been implicated in regulating cell fate determination in invertebrates and vertebrates. To test the requirement for Dicer in cell-lineage decisions in a mammalian organism, we have generated a conditional allele of dicer-1 (dcr-1) in the mouse. Specific deletion of dcr-1 in the T cell lineage resulted in impaired T cell development and aberrant T helper cell differentiation and cytokine production. A severe block in peripheral CD8(+) T cell development was observed upon dcr-1 deletion in the thymus. However, Dicer-deficient CD4(+) T cells, although reduced in numbers, were viable and could be analyzed further. These cells were defective in microRNA processing, and upon stimulation they proliferated poorly and underwent increased apoptosis. Independent of their proliferation defect, Dicer-deficient helper T cells preferentially expressed interferon-gamma, the hallmark effector cytokine of the Th1 lineage.
The influence of an immersive virtual environment on the segmental organization of postural stabilizing responses

We examined the effect of a 3-dimensional stereoscopic scene on segmental stabilization. Eight subjects participated in static sway and locomotion experiments with a visual scene that moved sinusoidally or at constant velocity about the pitch or roll axes. Segmental displacements, Fast Fourier Transforms, and Root Mean Square values were calculated. In both pitch and roll, subjects exhibited greater magnitudes of motion in head and trunk than ankle. Smaller amplitudes and frequent phase reversals suggested control of the ankle by segmental proprioceptive inputs and ground reaction forces rather than by the visual-vestibular signals. Postural controllers may set limits of motion at each body segment rather than be governed solely by a perception of the visual vertical. Two locomotor strategies were also exhibited, implying that some subjects could override the effect of the roll axis optic flow field. Our results demonstrate task dependent differences that argue against using static postural responses to moving visual fields when assessing more dynamic tasks.
Hierarchies and Control: A New Interpretation and Reevaluation of Oliver Williamson's “Markets and Hierarchies” Story

This article offers a reinterpretation of Oliver Williamson's transaction-cost efficiency approach to economic organizations. Asserted transaction-cost minimizations are found to be based on the exercise of social control power within hierarchical governance structures. Analysis of transaction-cost economics' “justification” of hierarchical employment relations shows the tenuous nature of Williamson's noncoercive conceptualization of control. His “rationale” for integrated firms, based on his assessment of the control efficiency properties of intrafirm governance structures, is also shown to be problematic. Finally, a network exchange framework is presented as an alternative approach for analyzing economic organizations. This framework builds upon, and moves beyond, insights developed in the “Markets and Hierarchies” story.
Adaptive radial basis function methods for time dependent partial differential equations

Radial basis function (RBF) methods have shown the potential to be a universal grid free method for the numerical solution of partial differential equations. Both global and compactly supported basis functions may be used in the methods to achieve a higher order of accuracy. In this paper, we take advantage of the grid free property of the methods and use an adaptive algorithm to choose the location of the collocation points. The RBF methods produce results similar to the more well-known and analyzed spectral methods, but while allowing greater flexibility in the choice of grid point locations. The adaptive RBF methods are most successful when the basis functions are chosen so that the PDE solution can be approximated well with a small number of the basis functions.
An Aspect of the IRE

This paper presents a discussion of activities of the IRE as they are related to education. It considers the several aspects of the IRE contribution to education in terms of student membership, student branches, IRE representatives, the PROCEEDINGS, the STUDENT QUARTERLY, several committees, the Professional Group on Education, and the local Sections.
Metamorphosis or Metramorphosis? Towards a Feminist Ethics of Difference in Translation

Translation has been theorized as a process of metamorphosis, either as metaphor (replacing the original) or metonymy (substituting part for original whole). I propose an additional model for translation exchanges: the metramorphic processes described by psychoanalyst Bracha Ettinger. Ettinger expands the scope of interactions by describing maternal/late pre-natal infant relations as ‘subjectivity-as-encounter.’ Her focus on a ‘severality’ preceding autonomous subject positions overcomes the problematic self/other divide and helps us rethink the relation between source and target text. Ettinger posits ‘matrixial’ metramorphosis, which, unlike metamorphosis, does not involve total transformations; rather, it indicates expansion or development. Textually, this means that translations do not efface sources through equivalent matches or inevitable losses, but extend them through exchanges in which sources are still present within translations. An alternative to equivalence as the goal of translation and fidelity as the ethics of translation, a matrixial paradigm reflects the dependency of the source text on the translation, as well as the plurality of many texts prior to translation. A metramorphic translation practice amplifies source texts, mediating them through a less polarized and more interconnected perception of difference which is the grounds for a new feminist ethics.
Capital Cost of Rural Water Distribution Systems

: The cost of water service to rural residents is very high compared to urban areas. This is true even after subsidization by Farmers Home Administration (FmHA) loans and grants. Capital cost data on 44 projects financed by the Ohio office of the FmHA during the period August 1968 to January 1977 are used to derive cost equations for 26 components of rural water distribution systems. These components represent 92 percent of the capital cost of the pipeline distribution systems studied. The data can be used to economically design rural water supply systems from a capital cost viewpoint. More data are needed on operation and maintenance costs as well as central and cluster well costs before totally economic system designs can be undertaken.
Virus-specific host miRNAs: antiviral defenses or promoters of persistent infection?

The discovery of host-microRNA (miRNA) targets in the genomes of many vertebrate viruses indicates that the corresponding miRNAs are a part of the host's innate antiviral defense. However, given that viruses evolve much faster than host miRNAs, it is surprising that viral variants lacking these ‘antiviral' miRNA target sequences have not become established. We present an alternate view that miRNAs are among the host molecules that viruses co-opt to suppress their own replication to evade immune elimination and establish a persistent infection. The presence of host-miRNA targets in the genomes of rapidly evolving viruses probably reflects the adaptation of these viruses to the cellular miRNA milieu.
Perceived external prestige and internal respect: New insights into the organizational identification process

The group engagement model (Tyler & Blader, 2003) suggests that identification with one's organization is based not only on the individual's evaluation of the status of the organization (i.e. perceived external prestige), but also the individual's evaluation of their own status within the organization (i.e. perceived internal respect). Using data drawn from three different sources (subordinates, supervisors, and company records), results from a sample of healthcare employees (n = 205) provide support for the core relationships proposed in the group engagement model and extend the model by showing that prestige and respect have different antecedents. The perceived status of the organization's employees, the organization's perceived success in achieving its goals, the visibility of the organization, and the status level of the individual employee were all associated with perceived external prestige. The results also indicate that visibility within the organization, perceived opportunities for growth, and pa...
Spectral Lines for Polarization Measurements of the Coronal Magnetic Field. I. Theoretical Intensities

Infrared emission lines are potentially sensitive probes of components of the coronal vector magnetic -eld, through the Zeeman e†ect, and on its direction projected onto the plane of the sky, through Nuo- rescent polarization of scattered photospheric light. Prompted by the advent of sensitive infrared array detectors, existing atomic data were reexamined to compile a complete list of coronal lines that may yield a detectable Zeeman e†ect, through careful di†erential measurements of Stokes pro-les, at typical coronal -eld strengths of order 10 G. "" Average II intensities were computed for a subset of promising forbidden coronal lines. A representative coronal density structure was used. The distribution of plasma with temperature was, at all heights in the corona, assumed to be that described by a standard di†eren- tial emission measure from extreme-ultraviolet observations of the solar disk. E†ects of excitation by photospheric radiation were included, as well as cascades from collisionally excited higher levels having the same principal quantum number as the ground levels. The largest source of error in the computed intensities lies in the form assumed for the emission measure distribution. The assumed density and tem- perature structure is too simple for detailed comparisons with observations of a particular coronal struc- ture. Nevertheless, existing observed intensities are consistent with the calculations, which suggests that the theoretical intensities of (as yet) unobserved lines can be used as a basis for further study. The strongest predicted lines arise from magnetic dipole transitions within the ground terms of the 2sm2pn and 3sm3pn, m \ 1, 2, n \ 1, . .., 5,con-gurations. The most promising lines lie between 1 and 10 km, the lower limit being set by the need to detect small -eld strengths. The upper limit is set by the small Einstein A-coefficients and the smaller intensities of the exciting photospheric light, both of which lead to smaller forbidden line intensities. The most promising lines include (Fe XIII) 1.0747, 1.0798 km; (Si X) 1.43 km; (Si IX) 2.58, 3.93 km; (Mg VIII) 3.03 km; and (Mg VII) 5.50, 9.03 km. An aircraft experiment is being prepared to obtain targeted portions of the coronal spectrum between 1 and 10 km during the 1998 February 26 eclipse, with the goal of detecting some of these promising lines. This work will help toward the planning and development of efficient magnetographs, perhaps space-borne, for the routine measurement of coronal magnetic -elds in the quiet and active Sun. Subject headings: polarization E Sun: atmosphere E Sun: corona E Sun: infrared E Sun: magnetic -elds
Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy: The Application of the Feedback Mode for High Resolution Copper Etching

Dissolution electrochimique du cuivre dans une solution acide (pH=4). Caracterisation du phenomene de mordancage par microscopie electrochimique a balayage
A Didactic Example of Latent Curve Analysis Applicable to the Study of Aging

Objectives: This article provides an example and application of growth curve analysis for modeling individual differences in behavioral rates of change in aging. The latent curve modeling approach to the analysis of change allows researchers to describe change as a continuous process and to address issues related to individual differences in change over time. Methods: Data are used from the Longitudinal Study of Aging (LSOA) on change in activities of daily living (ADLs) in the elderly. Analyses involved direct maximum likelihood estimation using complete and incomplete cases. Results: It is possible to statistically capture developmental changes. Change in participants’ ADLs was characterized by a negative linear trajectory, and there was evidence of significant individual variability in the starting point of the trajectory and the rate of change over time. Discussion: The article discusses the utility of latent curve analysis in aging research as well as other techniques that are extensions of latent cu...
CAUSES FOR AMPUTATIONS PERFORMED AT WALTER REED GENERAL HOSPITAL DURING 1947 AND 1948

1. Unilateral amputation is not a contra-indication to amputation of the contra-lateral extremity. The criteria for amputation should he the same for each extremity under consideration. 2. Skin-grafting of any type to full weight-bearing surfaces is so highly unsatisfactory as to condemn the procedure in general. 3. Elective sacrifice of the fibula in a reconstruction program is highly unsatisfactory and unnecessary, in the light of our knowledge of the favorable results from cancellous bone-grafting. 4. A Syme amputation is the best major amputation through the extremity. It is preferable from a functional standpoint to a complete arthrodesis of the foot, or to any amputation through the tarsal region. 5. When amputation is a possibility, surgical incisions should be so placed as to permit amputation at the lowest possible level, should this procedure become necessary at a future date. 6. When amputation is a possibility, the removal of cancellous graft from the ilium should be done on the affected side, and not on the contralateral side. 7. Needless operative procedures which promised little, if any, possibility of success were performed on the patients studied, causing prolonged months and years of hospitalization, psychological trauma, conversion reaction, and general systemic damage, seceondary to prolonged periods of chronic infection. Early evaluation of these cases and the application of sound surgical principles could have prevented a large proportion of these undesirable problems. The principle most often disregarded in these cases was that amputation is a sound method of treatment and not a last resort.
Peptic ulcer pathophysiology

Despite extensive research, the etiology of peptic ulcer disease remains unclear. Given the multiple processes that control acid and pepsin secretion and defense and repair of the gastroduodenal mucosa, it is likely that the cause of ulceration differs between individuals. Acid and pepsin appear to be necessary but not sufficient ingredients in the ulcerative process. It is clear that the majority of gastric ulcers and a substantial number of duodenal ulcers do not have increased gastric acid secretion. Recent research has focused more on protection and repair of the stomach and duodenum. NSAIDs cause a significant number of gastric and duodenal ulcers; this is probably due to inhibition of prostaglandin production with loss of its protective effects. In the absence of NSAIDs and gastrinoma, it appears that most gastric ulcers and all duodenal ulcers occur in the setting of H. pylori infection. Evidence is mounting in support of H. pylori as a necessary ingredient in the ulcerative process, similar to acid and pepsin. It is not known whether the bacteria or the accompanying inflammation is the more important factor in the pathophysiology. Although the pathophysiology of gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer is similar, there are clearly differences between the two groups. Duodenal ulcer is typified by H. pylori infection and duodenitis and in many cases impaired duodenal bicarbonate secretion in the face of moderate increases in acid and peptic activity. These facts suggest the following process: increased peptic activity coupled with decreased duodenal buffering capacity may lead to increased mucosal injury and result in gastric metaplasia. In the presence of antral H. pylori, the gastric metaplasia can become colonized and inflamed. The inflammation or the infection itself then disrupts the process of mucosal defense or regeneration resulting in ulceration. A cycle of further injury and increased inflammation with loss of the framework for regeneration may then cause a chronic ulcer. Gastric ulcer often occurs with decreased acid-peptic activity, suggesting that mucosal defensive impairments are more important. The combination of inflammation, protective deficiencies, and moderate amounts of acid and pepsin may be enough to induce ulceration. Many questions remain in understanding the pathophysiology of peptic ulcer disease. The physiology and pathophysiology of mucosal regeneration and the mechanisms by which H. pylori and inflammation disrupt normal gastroduodenal function will be fruitful areas of future investigation.
Legal Defense Funds as Political Organizations

Senator John Ensign registered his legal defense fund as a section 527 organization. He appears to be unique in this regard. This report lays out the advantages of, and difficulties with, registering a congressional legal defense fund as a section 527 organization. It begins by offering as background a summary of the congressional and executive branch rules that apply to these funds, the Federal Election Commission’s position on them, and a brief description of the best-known legal defense funds - the two established by President Clinton. The report then considers whether contributions to funds that do not register as section 527 organizations are income to the official and, if so, whether there are matching deductions. The report examines whether contributors to the legal defense funds could have gift tax liability. It concludes the tax section by examining whether the trust would be considered a grantor trust. It concludes that both the politicians for which the fund was established and contributors to it could face tax liability under current law. The report then explains how an amendment to section 527 in 1988 permits the use of a section 527 organization for such a fund and describes how that use can avoid both income and gift tax liability that a legal defense fund might otherwise generate. The report also discusses how a legal defense fund becomes a section 527 organization and describes two funds established by state officeholders that operated as section 527 organizations. Finally, the report recommends that the House and Senate rules regarding legal expense funds be amended to explicitly recognize section 527 legal defense funds.
A NEW SPECIES OF ELEUTHERASCUS FROM PERUVIAN SOIL

SUMMARY Ascocarps of Eleutherascus peruvianus, a simple ascomycete isolated from soil from Peru, consist of only one to two (rarely three) asci and a few sterile hyphae. The asci are without a peridium, globose to subglobose, and typically 8-spored. The ascospores are brownish, globose to subglobose, and ornamented with spines, short ridges, and a longitudinal ridge. Eleutherascus peruvianus differs from the type species, E. lectardii, in cultural characters and ornamentation of ascospores. Although Eleutherascus is retained in the Plectomycetes near Arachniotus and Amauroascus, it relates in some characters to Ascodesmis in the Discomycetes.
Giant benign duodenal ulcers

1. A case of an uncommon clinical and radiographic entity, giant benign duodenal ulcer, is presented. 2. The roentgen features of these lesions are reviewed. 3. In the present case, the ulcer penetrated posteriorly, producing a hard, indurated, inflammatory mass that simulated a carcinoma at operation.
The Pharmacokinetics and Toxicology of Aluminum in the Brain

The chemical forms (species) of aluminum in blood plasma and brain extracellular fluid are considered, as they are the candidates for brain aluminum uptake and efflux. The blood-brain barrier is the primary site of brain aluminum up- take. The mechanism of brain uptake of aluminum transferrin, long thought to be mediated by transferrin-receptor medi- ated endocytosis, requires further investigation. Brain Al citrate uptake has been attributed to the sodium-independent L- glutamate/L-cystine exchanger system, system Xc-. Reports have suggested aluminum can compromise blood-brain barrier in- tegrity, however the studies were conducted with aluminum concentrations greatly exceeding those seen in human blood plasma. Aluminum appeared in cerebrospinal fluid suggesting it can cross the choroid plexus and in brain after intranasal appli- cation suggesting it can be taken up by cranial nerves, but neither of these routes has been definitively demonstrated. Brain aluminum efflux appears to be carrier-mediated, however the mechanism has not been identified. A small increase in brain aluminum seems sufficient to produce neurotoxicity. Once aluminum enters the brain it persists there for a very long time; es- timates of the half-life range from 20% of the lifespan to greater than the lifespan. Al persistence in bone, which maintains the majority of the body burden, may influence brain Al, due to equilibrium among the body's organs. Chelation therapy with des- ferrioxamine has been shown to reduce some manifestations of aluminum toxicity although it may increase redistribution of aluminum to the brain to increase aluminum-induced neurotoxicity. An orally-effective aluminum chelator that is an improve- ment over desferrioxamine has not yet been demonstrated. Although a non-essential metal, there are mechanisms enabling aluminum to get into the brain, accumulating over the lifespan, and creating the potential to contribute to many neurodegenera- tive disorders.
Comparing Antithesis in Russian and Chinese

Antithesis is an important figure of speech at the syntactic level in Russian,yet in-depth study of this figure of speech has yet to appear in Russian linguistics.The Russian antithesis performs functions of elaboration,emphasizing,appeal to emotion and so on,and can be divided into two types: coordinate and contrastive.The Russian and Chinese antitheses share both commonalities and disparities.Comparing the figure of speech in the two languages will help broaden the scope and increase the depth of its research and assist the Russian learners to raise their ability of precise translation between the two languages.
Increased regional myocardial perfusion after intracoronary papaverine in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting.

The objective of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is to increase blood flow to ischemic areas of the myocardium. To determine if this was achieved, anterior wall myocardial perfusion was measured at rest and during intracoronary papaverine (5 mg), with the use of xenon-133 washout in 35 patients. Twelve control patients had no significant diameter narrowing (0% to 25%) of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), 13 patients had > 50% narrowing of the LAD, and 10 patients had > 50% narrowing of the LAD with patent saphenous vein bypass grafts to the LAD. There was no significant difference in age, LVEDP, and global ejection fraction among the patients. There was no significant difference in anterior wall myocardial perfusion at rest between control subjects (61.0 ± 3.7 ml/min/100 gm) and non-CABG LAD patients (60.2 ± 5.4 ml/min/100 gm), or CABG LAD patients (63.4 ± 4.8 ml/min/100 gm). After coronary arteriolar vasodilatation with papaverine, anterior wall perfusion increased in the CABG patients to 140.6 ± 6.8 ml/min/100 gm. This was significantly greater (p
Practice and Educational Gaps in Lupus, Dermatomyositis, and Morphea

Patients with skin-predominant lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, and morphea should be evaluated, treated, and followed by dermatologists who can take primary responsibility for their care. Many academic centers have specialized centers with dermatologists who care for these patients. Patients with skin-predominant lupus erythematosus should be followed regularly with laboratory tests to detect significant systemic disease. Antibody tests can help determine the risks for individual patients. Patients with morphea rarely progress to systemic disease, but therapies can be helpful in treating and preventing progression of disease.
What’s in a name? Exploring use of the word queer as a term of identification within the college-aged LGBT community

The language one uses for self-identification can be instrumental in the development and integration of one’s sense of self. This is particularly true regarding gender, gender identity, and sexual ...
On the Physiological Measurement of Imagery: An Overview

In recent years we have witnessed the emergence of a substantial body of literature concerned with the physiological measurement of imagery. The purpose of the present paper is to provide an overview of this literature, to highlight the major findings, and, finally, to draw attention to some specific issues that might fruitfully be considered by both imagery researchers and clinicians who are interested in the therapeutic use of imagery as a mediator of change.
Analytic solution and pulse area theorem for three-level atoms

We report an analytic solution for a three-level atom driven by arbitrary time-dependent electromagnetic pulses. In particular, we consider far-detuned driving pulses and show an excellent match between our analytic result and the numerical simulations. We use our solution to derive a pulse area theorem for three-level $\mathsf{V}$ and $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ systems without making the rotating wave approximation. Formulated as an energy conservation law, this pulse area theorem can be used to understand pulse propagation through three-level media.
Early Life Conditions Affect Historical Change in Old-Age Mortality

Adult life expectancy has progressively increased over the past 150 years, equivalent to one year added per four years of historical time in high life-expectancy populations. This amazing decline of mortality at all adult ages is attributed to environmental and technological advances. Explanations of the decline in longter mortality typically are seated in terms of period or historical factors, to the neglect of cohort or life cycle factors. From associations between the early and later age mortality for birth cohorts, we argue that historical reduction in lifetime exposure to infectious diseases and other sources of inflammation is a major cause of the decline in old age mortality.
The Obesity Epidemic in the Veterans Health Administration: Prevalence Among Key Populations of Women and Men Veterans

Most US adults are overweight or obese. Understanding differences in obesity prevalence across subpopulations could facilitate the development and dissemination of weight management services. To inform Veterans Health Administration (VHA) weight management initiatives, we describe obesity prevalence among subpopulations of VHA patients. Cross-sectional descriptive analyses of fiscal year 2014 (FY2014) national VHA administrative and clinical data, stratified by gender. Differences ≥5% higher than the population mean were considered clinically significant. Veteran VHA primary care patients with a valid weight within ±365 days of their first FY2014 primary care visit, and a valid height (98% of primary care patients). We used VHA vital signs data to ascertain height and weight and calculate body mass index, and VHA outpatient, inpatient, and fee basis data to identify sociodemographic- and comorbidity-based subpopulations. Among nearly five million primary care patients (347,112 women, 4,567,096 men), obesity prevalence was 41% (women 44%, men 41%), and overweight prevalence was 37% (women 31%, men 38%). Across the VHA’s 140 facilities, obesity prevalence ranged from 28% to 49%. Among gender-stratified subpopulations, obesity prevalence was high among veterans under age 65 (age 18-44: women 40%, men 46%; age 45-64: women 49%, men 48%). Obesity prevalence varied across racial/ethnic and comorbidity subpopulations, with high obesity prevalence among black women (51%), women with schizophrenia (56%), and women and men with diabetes (68%, 56%). Overweight and obesity are common among veterans served by the VHA. VHA’s weight management initiatives have the potential to avert long-term morbidity arising from obesity-related conditions. High-risk groups—such as black women veterans, women veterans with schizophrenia, younger veterans, and Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander and American Indian/Alaska Native veterans—may require particular attention to ensure that systems improvement efforts at the population level do not inadvertently increase health disparities.
Differential Immune Responses to New World and Old World Mammalian Arenaviruses.

Some New World (NW) and Old World (OW) mammalian arenaviruses are emerging, zoonotic viruses that can cause lethal hemorrhagic fever (HF) infections in humans. While these are closely related RNA viruses, the infected hosts appear to mount different types of immune responses against them. Lassa virus (LASV) infection, for example, results in suppressed immune function in progressive disease stage, whereas patients infected with Junin virus (JUNV) develop overt pro-inflammatory cytokine production. These viruses have also evolved different molecular strategies to evade host immune recognition and activation. This paper summarizes current progress in understanding the differential immune responses to pathogenic arenaviruses and how the information can be exploited toward the development of vaccines against them.
Aqueous Exfoliation of Graphite into Graphene Assisted by Sulfonyl Graphene Quantum Dots for Photonic Crystal Applications

We investigate the π–π stacking of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with graphene surfaces, showing that such interactions are general across a wide range of PAH sizes and species, including graphene quantum dots. We synthesized a series of graphene quantum dots with sulfonyl, amino, and carboxylic functional groups and employed them to exfoliate and disperse pristine graphene in water. We observed that sulfonyl-functionalized graphene quantum dots were able to stabilize the highest concentration of graphene in comparison to other functional groups; this is consistent with prior findings by pyrene. The graphene nanosheets prepared showed excellent colloidal stability, indicating great potential for applications in electronics, solar cells, and photonic displays which was demonstrated in this work.
Life Cycle Perspectives for Biosensors

Innovative nanotechnologies have led to the creation of a wide variety of nanomaterials for use in consumer products, healthcare, electronics, drug delivery, and agriculture. In biomedical applications, biosensors play a crucial role in detection of various diseases, and nanoscale biosensors offer enhanced detection capabilities. LCA methods are used to explore the nanomanufacturing phase of polystyrene latex nanoparticle biosensors. LCI results obtained using SimaProTM software indicate that within the fabrication stage of the lifecycle for these devices, there are three processes that show greatest contribution to the environmental footprint: photoresist, e-beam lithography, and Au film deposition.
External cavity cascade diode lasers tunable from 3.05 to 3.25 μm

The external cavity tunable mid-infrared emitters based on Littrow configuration and utilizing three stages type-I quantum well cascade diode laser gain elements were designed and fabricated. The free-standing coated 7.5-μm-wide ridge waveguide lasers generated more than 30 mW of continuous wave power near 3.25 μm at 20°C when mounted epi-side-up on copper blocks. The external cavity lasers (ECLs) utilized 2-mm-long gain chips with straight ridge design and anti-/neutral-reflection coated facets. The ECLs demonstrated narrow spectrum tunable operation with several milliwatts of output power in spectral region from 3.05 to 3.25 μm corresponding to ∼25 meV of tuning range.
Analysis of Single Buffer Random Polling System With State-Dependent Input Process and Server/Station Breakdowns

Models and analytical techniques are developed to evaluate the performance of two variations of single buffers (conventional and buffer relaxation system) multiple queues system. In the conventional system, each queue can have at most one customer at any time and newly arriving customers find the buffer full are lost. In the buffer relaxation system, the queue being served may have two customers, while each of the other queues may have at most one customer. Thomas Y.S. Lee developed a state-dependent non-linear model of uncertainty for analyzing a random polling system with server breakdown/repair, multi-phase service, correlated input processes, and single buffers. The state-dependent non-linear model of uncertainty introduced in this paper allows us to incorporate correlated arrival processes where the customer arrival rate depends on the location of the server and/or the server's mode of operation into the polling model. The author allows the possibility that the server is unreliable. Specifically, when the server visits a queue, Lee assumes that the system is subject to two types of failures: queue-dependent, and general. General failures are observed upon server arrival at a queue. But there are two possibilities that a queue-dependent breakdown (if occurs) can be observed; (i) is observed immediately when it occurs and (ii) is observed only at the end of the current service. In both cases, a repair process is initiated immediately after the queue-dependent breakdown is observed. The author's model allows the possibility of the server breakdowns/repair process to be non-stationary in the number of breakdowns/repairs to reflect that breakdowns/repairs or customer processing may be progressively easier or harder, or that they follow a more general learning curve. Thomas Y.S. Lee will show that his model encompasses a variety of examples. He was able to perform both transient and steady state analysis. The steady state analysis allows us to compute several performance measures including the average customer waiting time, loss probability, throughput and mean cycle time.
Intervention fidelity of Getting Ready for School: Associations with classroom and teacher characteristics and preschooler’s school readiness skills

Abstract Getting Ready for School (GRS) is a new school readiness intervention for teachers and parents, designed to help children develop early literacy, math, and self-regulation skills. GRS was implemented in 19 Head Start classrooms. In the present study we examined variability in different aspects of intervention fidelity including dosage, adherence, and child engagement. In addition, we studied the association among classroom, teacher and student characteristics and fidelity, and whether measures of fidelity were associated with children’s growth in math, early literacy, and self-regulation skills across the preschool year. Findings indicate that on average teachers reported completing almost 80% of the activities assigned, and that they were observed to adhere fairly well to the lessons. Child engagement was observed to be moderate to high across classrooms. Classroom quality, as measured by the CLASS, and age of children were positively associated with adherence. Teachers that had participated in GRS for two years were more likely to complete more activities. Different components of fidelity were associated with child outcomes. Percentage completion of math and literacy activities were positively associated with growth in math and literacy skills. Children in classrooms in which teachers adhered more faithfully to the curriculum made significantly greater gains in literacy, math, and self-regulation skills. Child engagement was positively associated with a measure of executive function. Results highlight the importance of examining implementation fidelity. Implications for preschool teachers are discussed.