cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rapid Biomass Quality Determination of Corn Stover Using Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy

Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) has been used extensively in the forage industry for rapid measurement of forage constituents and could be useful for determining quality of biomass feedstocks at the point of delivery. In previous work, we developed an assay that partitions feedstock carbohydrates based on their availability to be converted to fermentable sugars, including non-structural carbohydrates (C N), biochemically available carbohydrates (C B) with an associated first-order availability rate constant (k B), and unavailable carbohydrates (C U ). Additional quality parameters measured included neutral detergent lignin (NDL), total available carbohydrates (C A), and total carbohydrates (C T). We evaluated the variability of biomass quality parameters in a set of corn stover samples and developed calibration equations for determining parameter values using NIRS. Fifty-two corn stover samples harvested in Iowa and Wisconsin in 2005 and 2006 were analyzed using a high-throughput assay for determining feedstock quality for biochemical conversion. Non-structural carbohydrates ranged from 84 to 155 g kg−1 dry matter (DM); C B ranged from 354 to 557 g kg−1 DM; k B ranged from 0.199 to 0.330 h−1; C A ranged from 463 to 699 g kg−1 DM, and NDL ranged from 32 to 74 g kg−1 DM. Significant differences (P < 0.0001) among samples were observed for all parameters, except k B. Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy calibration equations were developed for C N, C B, C A, C U , C T, and NDL. It was not possible to generate a meaningful calibration equation for k B. There is significant variability within the corn stover population for several key quality-related carbohydrate and lignin constituents which can be predicted reliably using NIRS.
Early History of Industrial Electronics

Industrial electronics is the phrase usually employed to cover the use of vacuum tubes in fields outside of communication. The term was originally applied to the Tungar Rectifier (about 1915) and the use of phototubes (about 1927). By 1930 Industrial Electronics became a growing business. However, its early growth was slow, because there was a general mistrust about the dependability of tubes. Wider use of thyratrons that could handle currents in amperes was an important contribution; the development of ignitron tubes, and the use of steel envelopes for them, were considerable factors; also, such new applications as high frequency for induction and dielectric heating helped in the advancement.
Thermoelectricity of lithium alloys at very low temperatures

As lithium is apparently the only alkali metal which will take heterovalent impurities into solid solution, alloys with Mg, In, and Al were prepared and their absolute thermoelectric power was examined from about 0.1 to 1.2 deg K. It is found that the change of diffusion thermoelectric power of lithium on alloying is in many ways surprising, and it is discussed whether the observed behavior may reasonably be attributed to the influence of conduction electron scattering or to a change in the electron density of states of lithium.
Cancer and Orofacial Pain

Orofacial pain is commonly associated with cancer and may motivate patients to seek care from an oral and maxillofacial surgeon. Pain may be a presenting symptom of primary tumors, metastatic disease, systemic cancer, or distant non-metastasized cancer. Patients with head and neck cancer undergoing therapy may suffer treatment-induced complications, which are often associated with acute pain. Following cancer therapy, permanent changes to tissues may cause late effects of treatment that may result in chronic orofacial pains. Oral and maxillofacial surgeons should be knowledgeable regarding these orofacial pain presentations.
Catalyst evaluation for a sulfur dioxide-depolarized electrolyzer

Thermochemical processes are being developed to provide global-scale quantities of hydrogen. A variant on sulfur-based thermochemical cycles is the hybrid sulfur (HyS) process which uses a sulfur dioxide-depolarized electrolyzer (SDE) to produce the hydrogen. Testing examined the activity and stability of platinum and palladium as the electrocatalyst for the SDE in highly concentrated sulfuric acid solutions. Cyclic and linear sweep voltammetry revealed that platinum provided better catalytic activity with much lower potentials and higher currents than palladium. Testing also showed that the catalyst activity is strongly influenced by the concentration of the sulfuric acid electrolyte.
A gauge theory of damage

Abstract The gauge theory of defects is formulated for solids with damage due to microcracking. The gauge damage potentials are introduced to model crack densities and currents through minimal replacement, while minimal coupling expands the elastic Lagrangian to include derivatives of the damage potentials. Stationarization of the action integral leads to field equations for the displacements and the damage potentials. The field equations are explicitly solved for the case of a 1-D solid (rod) under a quasi-static loading cycle and a permanent set is observed.
The Incidence of Respiratory Distress Syndrome Does Not Increase When Preterm Delivery Occurs Greater Than 7 Days After Steroid Administration

EDITORIAL COMMENT: This and the preceding article analyzing obstetric practice in Australia concerning steroid administration to prevent the respiratory distress syndrome are complementary. Readers should give both careful attention. There seems sufficient evidence available suggesting that a single steroid dose is adequate, and that a prospective randomized trial should be mounted to address the issue of repeat steroid administration, as recommended by both groups of authors, rather than to persist with the possibly/probably unnecessary usual regimen of repeat steroid administration. Such a trial has been proposed by the Australian Collaborative Trials group, the originators of the ACTOBAT and ACTOMgS04 studies. It should be noted that the respiratory distress syndrome (hyaline membrane disease) remains a major contributor to perinatal morbidity and mortality. The Editorial Board and reviewers of this paper do not recommend alteration to current regimens of steroid administration; all are agreed that a prospective randomized trial is required to decide if repeat steroid administration is indicated. Summary: We sought to determine if the risk of the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is increased when preterm delivery occurs greater than 7 days from the last steroid administration. At our hospital, steroids were repeated weekly only on inpatients. Linking pharmacy and delivery records, we analyzed the risk of RDS with preterm delivery by interval since last steroid administration. Discriminant function analysis revealed that adjusted for gestational age, there was a negative correlation between interval since last steroids administration and risk for RDS (p<0.05, n=254). Using analysis of variance to control more precisely for gestational age (28–32 weeks, n=19) we found no difference in the risk for RDS with longer intervals since the last steroid administration. We then used multiway contingency analysis to consider intervals as zero to 7 versus greater than 7 days and similar results were obtained. Our findings suggest that the process of pulmonary maturation induced by steroid administration is permanent rather than transient. Repetitive steroid administration does not appear to be beneficial. Only a large, prospective randomized trial could definitively address the issue of repeat steroid administration. However, on the basis of our findings and review of available literature, we believe there is insufficient data to recommend weekly repeat steroid administration to women at risk for preterm delivery.
Studies of the advanced stages of the plasmin and trypsin digestion of bovine fibrinogen

Abstract The advanced stages of the digestion of bovine fibrinogen by trypsin and by plasmin have been investigated. The fragmentation of the molecule has a nearly identical course with the two enzymes, however, plasmin accomplishes the same result by cleaving only 1 2 to 2 3 as many bonds as trypsin. The advanced digestion can be divided into two stages. First, fragment D formed during the early part of the reaction is transformed into a number of successively lower molecular weight subspecies, with accompanying liberation of peptides of lower than 16,000 molecular weight. Second, in a very slow process, the products of the preceding stage are broken up into a homogeneous mixture of fragments encompassing a wide range of molecular weights. Fragment E remains unchanged during the whole process.
The Role of Behavioral Research in Management Accounting Education in the 21st Century

Behavioral accounting research (BAR) has a long history in management accounting. It has not had as significant a presence in the management accounting courses. It has tended to be relegated to the responsibility accounting chapter in textbooks. Thus, the extent to which behavioral materials appeared in a course depended on the interests of the instructor. It can safely be described as a matter of taste. In this paper the history of management accounting dating back to the end of World War II is divided into three periods. In each period, the extent of behavioral materials in the management accounting curriculum is reviewed. These periods, called the “cost accounting,” “modern management accounting,” and “postmodern management accounting” periods, reflect increasing emphasis on behavioral materials in the management accounting courses. The paper focuses on the reasons why the demand for behavioral material in the management accounting curriculum is likely to increase and offers conjectures about what form...
The method of lines applied to crack problems including plasticity effect

Abstract To seek stress and strain distributions in flawed structures, the governing equations in elasto-plasticity are first derived in terms of displacement increments. The method of lines is then applied to derive the sets of ordinary differential equations with appropriate boundary conditions. Their solutions are sought along continuous lines of a discretized region. They are solved by a combination of power series and modal matrix method. A step by step integration is devised to determine the displacements at nodal points. Non-linear work-hardening is taken care of by the effective stress and strain approach. The cases of uncracked and cracked hollow cylinders of finite length under axisymmetrical loadings are studied in detail. The growth of plastic zone, crack-opening displacement and J-integral along various paths are illustrated.
Special Diagnostic Devices

In contrast to plasma diagnostic probes having linear motion only, recent years have seen an increase in the number of special diagnostic devices having multiple degrees of freedom. In addition, the single custom-built probe tip has gradually yielded to the concept of mounting several pre-set probe tips on "plug-in" type probe holders. Several of the special diagnostic devices, designed to solve particular positioning and measurement problems, are described and illustrated. In particular, the problems associated with achieving the various mechanical movements within a vacuum, and the methods employed in controlling the coaxial conductors from the probe tip to the vacuum feedthrough are discussed.
Decalcified allogeneic bone matrix implantation in joint spaces of rats.

Abstract Decalcified allogeneic bone matrix (DABM) grafts were investigated in joint spaces of rats. In the first experiment, DABM grafts were implanted after early postnatal unilateral condylectomies in 1-day-old albino rats. Similarly, in the second experiment, DABM grafts were placed after excision of the fibular heads at the fibulo-femur joints in adult albino rats. The results indicate that DABM grafts act as a center of mandibular growth, do not interfere with growth of the mandible, and form new bone and condyle (new joint) of the same size and shape without resulting in ankylosis. In the controls, in which DABM grafts were not implanted, there was no new bone formation; and joint spaces were filled with fibrous connective tissue and resulted in malgrowth of the mandible in young rats. The clinical, radiologic, and histologic evidence demonstrates the regeneration of new bone in the formation of the heads of fibulae in adult rats. The DABM grafts were resorbed and replaced by new bone and did not seem to evoke an immunologic response.
Electrolyte infiltration in phosphazene-based dye-sensitized solar cells

Abstract We report here a study of phosphazene polymer and oligomer electrolyte infiltration into high surface area titanium dioxide electrodes and its effect on the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells. The effects of different cell assembly procedures on the electrochemical properties are examined, as well as the infiltration of electrolytes based on poly[bis(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)phosphazene] (MEEP), hexakis(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)cyclotriphosphazene (MEE trimer), and a linear short chain analogue into conventional titanium dioxide electrode mesoporous (nanosphere) films, microcolumns and nanowires. The effects of temperature, co-solvents, and the order of addition of the electroactive components are found to affect both the conductivity of the electrolytes and the electrochemical performance of the cells. Cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging is employed to examine the degree of electrolyte infiltration into the nanostructured electrodes as a function of filling conditions. Using these techniques, conditions are identified for achieving a high degree of pore filling by the three electrolyte systems. Increased power conversion efficiency is obtained when iodine is introduced after the heating and evacuation procedures required for maximum infiltration.
Neutrino 2010 Conference Summary – Experiment

Abstract We summarize the experimental situation in neutrino physics as reported at the Neutrinos 2010 Conference. Time limitations and the broad-ranging activity in neutrino physics make this summary far from comprehensive.
Hypernormal form theory: foundations and algorithms

Abstract Hypernormal forms (unique normal forms, simplest normal forms) are investigated both from the standpoint of foundational theory and algorithms suitable for use with computer algebra. The Baider theory of the Campbell–Hausdorff group is refined, by a study of its subgroups, to determine the smallest substages into which the hypernormalization process can be divided. This leads to a linear algebra algorithm to compute the generators needed for each substage with the least amount of work. A concrete interpretation of Jan Sanders’ spectral sequence for hypernormal forms is presented. Examples are given, and a proof is given for a little-known theorem of Belitskii expressing the hypernormal form space (in the inner product style) as the kernel of a higher-order differential operator.
Helical computed tomography inaccuracy in the detection of pulmonary metastases: can it be improved?

Background In thoracic surgery, manual lung palpation for detection of pulmonary metastases during resection is the standard of care, despite improvements in computed tomography (CT) imaging. In our previous study based on chart review alone, the accuracy of helical CT in the detection of pulmonary metastases was surprisingly low, with a sensitivity of 78%. We hypothesized that this may be improved by scan interpretation with adequate clinical history and focused documentation of all pulmonary lesions, and may be influenced by the training of the reader. Methods Preoperative CT scans of 53 patients undergoing 60 cases of pulmonary metastasectomy at our center from 1996 to 2004 were retrospectively reviewed by a dedicated chest radiologist and a non–chest radiologist. Nodules detected on preoperative helical CT were compared with pathologically confirmed metastases. Results In 27 of 59 (46%) cases read by radiologist 1, and 27 of 58 (47%) cases read by radiologist 2, metastases found by lung palpation were not seen on preoperative CT. Preoperative CT was entirely correct (no missed metastases or false-positive lesions) in only 11 of 59 (19%) of cases read by radiologist 1, and 11 of 58 (19%) of cases read by radiologist 2. Conclusions Helical CT misses metastases in 46% to 47% of cases. Accuracy of preoperative CT scanning for detection of pulmonary metastases was not improved with the provision of clinical history to the reader, nor was it influenced by the interpreter's training. A combined approach to pulmonary metastasectomy including preoperative and postoperative CT as well as manual lung palpation is necessary to render the patient disease-free.
R&D Strategy of the Korean Electric Industry Using a Technology Roadmap(Trm) Approach

The proper allocation of the limited R&D resources under the restructuring of the electric industry is a primary motivator for this electricity technology roadmap (eTRM) initiative. Because the major interests of CEOs could be the short term profit of their company under the competitive electric industry, it would wrong of them to cut back on the long term R&D budgets which make it impossible to develop all the technologies. Therefore, we should select and support only the favorable and competitive technologies to meet the future market needs using the TRM approach with the concept of "Selection and Concentration." This study aims at defining the key technologies basis from the forecasts of what is possible or likely to happen in the future and planning the course of action for the technology development in the electricity field in Korea. The selected technologies could be the candidates for the mid and long term R&D program supported concentrically by the Electricity Industry Infrastructure Fund.
Note rapid calculation of coordinates from distance matrices

Abstract In conclusion, we have devised and tested a practical algorithm for rapidly solving (1) in the difficult case of large n and numerous strong constraints. Computer time increases only quadratically and memory requirements increase only linearly with n , and there is little difficulty with multiple minima. We hope this will make the distance geometry approach to conformational calculation more feasible for large, highly constrained systems.
Stretched spherical cap flames

Abstract Convex spherical cap flames with negative flame stretch and concave spherical cap flames with positive flame stretch are analyzed using activation energy asymptotics. A minimum flame radius is calculated for concave flames and this results is favorably compared with experimental data on quenching diameters.
Comparison of the D-lactate stereospecific dehydrogenase of Limulus polyphemus with active-site regions of L-lactate dehydrogenases.

Lactate dehydrogenase (d-lactate: NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.28) from the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, a dimeric enzyme stereospecific for d-lactate, has been purified by affinity chromatography. Maleyl tryptic peptides containing arginine residues isolated from the Limulus enzyme have been characterized and sequenced. The small peptides obtained from similarly treated l-lactate-specific enzyme homologs define major portions of the substrate and coenzyme binding regions and are virtually identical among l-lactate-specific enzymes. Although the six small peptides and free arginine isolated from the Limulus enzyme indicate that the small number of arginine tryptic peptides are located in a few discrete consecutive clusters similarly to the l-lactate dehydrogenases, the peptides nevertheless show no obvious sequence homology to the corresponding peptides from l-lactate dehydrogenases. These results indicate that this lactate dehydrogenase of altered substrate specificity either evolved with major rearrangements of the active site if it evolved from an l-lactate dehydrogenase, or that d-lactate dehydrogenases have evolved from a different protein. The results contradict proposed models which suggest that minor changes in the spatial orientation of pyruvate resulting from minimal rearrangement of the active site could accommodate the change in substrate specificity.
Rehabilitation approaches to hemineglect.

Background:Hemineglect is a difficult neurologic condition to rehabilitate. It arises predominantly from right brain injury, and manifests heterogeneously in clinical deficits such as poor visual exploration to the left, inaccurate assessment of the midpoint of a line, left limb hypokinesis, and ano
The Russian Capitalist Experiment: From State-Owned Organizations to Entrepreneurships

The article reviews the book “The Russian Capitalist Experiment: From State-Owned Organizations to Entrepreneurships,” by Sheila M. Puffer, Daniel J. McCarthy, and Alexander I. Naumov.
Trends in optical fibre transmission research

Recent advances in the manufacturing technology of low loss optical fibres have made possible serious systems design and testing. But this has highlighted the fact that the mechanisms involved in the propagation of light in multimode fibres were at best, poorly understood. New measurement techniques are now being used to check more sophisticated theoretical analyses of propagation in “imperfect” and cabled fibres and are leading to a deeper understanding of this new transmission medium, its possibilities and its limitations.
Palaeoclimate: Kink in the thermometer.

Temperature estimates derived from isotopes in polar ice cores reveal much about Earth's past climate. According to the latest analysis, interglacial periods were rather warmer than previously thought.
SARI: self-authentication-and-recovery image watermarking system

In this project, we designed a novel image authentication system based on a our semi-fragile watermarking technique. The system, called SARI, can accept quantization-based lossy compression to a determined degree without any false alarm and can sensitively detect and locate malicious manipulations. It's the first system that has such capability in distinguishing malicious attacks from acceptable operations. Furthermore, the corrupted area can be approximately recovered by the information hidden in the other part of the contentimage. The amount of information embedded in our SARI system has nearly reached the theoretical maximum zero-error information hiding capacity of digital images. The software prototype includes two parts - the watermark embedder that's freely distributed and the authenticator that can be deployed online as a third-party service or used in the recipient side.
CORRELATES OF URBAN FOREST CANOPY COVER Implications for Local Public Works

Scientists and managers often use urban forest canopy cover as an indicator of forest health. Furthermore, canopy cover is often the measure communities use to set tree planting goals. Little is known, however, about factors that contribute to variation in canopy cover. We describe canopy cover in 60 urban areas in Central Indiana. We then propose and test a model that treats canopy cover as a function of ecological and geographic factors, urban form, socioeconomic factors, and a policy index. Urban areas are more likely to have more canopy cover if they are in counties with more canopy cover, have higher proportions of their populations with college degrees, have older housing stock, have both more land and land with slopes greater than 15%, and have denser stream networks. Population density, median household income, and planning and zoning or status as a Tree City are not correlated with urban canopy cover.
Improved heterodyne mixing efficiency and signal-to-noise ratio with an array of hexagonal detectors

An array of hexagonal pixel geometries is considered and its improvement in the mixing efficiency as well as the signal-to-noise ratio is compared with an equal-area array of square pixel detectors. We also consider the phase-front misalignment between the signal and the local oscillator wave fronts for both pixel geometries.
Comparative physiological and biochemical aspects of hypothermia as a model for hibernation

It is obvious that research is far from the last chapter in developing a model for natural hibernation. The relationships and comparative mechanisms for thermogenesis and survival in hibernation and experimental hypothermia are still unclear. Yet, two primary areas appear to be most promising, namely, the control of thermogenesis via the glucocorticoids and the specific role of the central nervous system (CNS) in survival of hypothermic subjects and arousal of hibernating subjects. Although there have been several approaches to understanding the role of the CNS in terms of circulation, integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) system, and CNS sites of activity, it may appear that more questions have been raised than have been answered. However, a more optimistic view can also be taken. The development of a laboratory model, using experimental hypothermia for natural hibernation, is progressing. This view is justified in terms of results from the use of glucocorticoids in metabolic regulation of available carbohydrates, i.e., available glucose in hypothermia, and the continued promising parallel studies of physiological and biochemical integrity of areas of the CNS in hypothermic and hibernating subjects.
Ethnic validity and school psychology: Concepts and practices associated with cross-cultural professional competence

Abstract Many questions have been raised concerning school psychology services for children of diverse ethnic groups. Fundamentally these have related to problem identification, acceptability of interventions, the efficacy of special programs and interventions, and the preparation of professionals to deal with the complexities of multicultural and cross-cultural practice. The construct ethnic validity , as an extension and application of social validity, holds promise for devising ways to address these questions. Within the context of a problem-solving model, ethnic validity is linked to judgments by culturally representative members of the local community in regard to the appropriateness of goals, intervention processes, and outcomes. This article reviews models of ethnic validity and examines the possible contributions of ethnic validity to school psychology practice, training, and research.
Clinicopathologic Considerations: How Can We Fine Tune Our Approach to Sarcoma?

Bone and soft tissue sarcomas are an uncommon and sundry group of solid tumors traditionally categorized together according to their presumed mesenchymal differentiation. They are histologically, behaviorally, and genetically diverse, and their pathogenesis is poorly understood. Moreover, treatment options are limited, with surgical resection continuing to provide the only possibility of cure in many cases. However, there has been tremendous progress in the last decade in understanding the behavior and molecular pathogenesis of sarcoma, which may ultimately lead to more effective therapy and prognostication for these rare malignancies. In this article, we address the histologic and molecular classification of sarcomas, with emphasis on the increasing role of molecular diagnostics in both classification and prognostication. In addition, we review recent advances in the understanding of critical cell signaling pathways involved in this group of malignancies, and how this knowledge relates to the potential role of newer targeted therapies in sarcoma treatment. The role and rationale for grading and staging of sarcomas is discussed, as well as more recent advances in the development of prognostic nomograms, based on clinical and histopathologic findings. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of the importance of multidisciplinary care, with integration of histologic, molecular, radiographic, and clinical data in the management of sarcoma.
Establishment of lymphocytoid cell lines in relation to number of leukocytes, surface area of monolayer formation, and feeding procedures

Twenty-eight lymphocytoid cell lines were established within 6 months from the peripheral blood of a single healthy donor. Establishment seemed independent of feeding regimens. Establishment occurred if cultures in 100-ml glass bottles (surface area of 46 cm2) were initiated with a leukocyte population between 4.9×107 and 6.8×107 cells, and if cultures in 16-ml test tubes (surface area of 1.8 cm2) were initiated with a total leukocyte population between 4.9×106 and 2.2×107 cells. It is concluded that establishment is related to a optimal relationship between number of leukocytes and the surface area for possible monolayer formation. When the surface area is decreased, the initial number of leukocytes must be reduced. Establishment of a cell line did not occur with an initial total population below 4.9×106 leukocytes. There is a positive correlation between initial leukocyte number, initial growth velocity, and the determination of establishment by subculture.
Robots, skills, and symbols

This extended abstract summarizes recent work on skill acquisition, which shows that autonomous robot skill acquisition is feasible, and that a robot can thereby improve its own problem-solving capabilities; and on the symbolic representation of plans composed of sequences of skills. It establishes a formal link between skills and symbols, and is aimed at allowing the bottom-up (or skill-first) development of robot control hierarchies.
FRAMING AND THE ROLE OF THE SECOND ACTOR: AN APPLICATION OF PROSPECT THEORY TO BARGAINING

An actor's frame of reference significantly affects that actor's risk attitude. Although the frame of reference is often taken as a given, earlier work shows it to be the result of an actor's assumptions and beliefs, which can be manipulated by a second actor in a bargaining situation. As modeled here, confidence in selected assumptions can be manipulated by one of two means: changing the confidence of the actor about the future domain, and getting the actor to adopt a particular domain by discounting the utility of a course of action. Both methods force a change in the perceived domain and a shift in risk attitude. In addition to showing manipulation of an actor'sframe, the model adds to our understanding of Kahneman and Tversky's original expression of prospect theory.
Phenotypes of Allo- and Autoimmune Antibody Responses to FVIII Characterized by Surface Plasmon Resonance

Evidence of antibody isotype/subtype switching may provide prognostic value regarding the state of immune responses to therapeutic proteins, e.g. anti-factor VIII (FVIII) antibodies that develop in many hemophilia A patients, clinically termed "inhibitors". A sensitive, high- information-content surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay has been developed to quantify IgG subtype distributions and the domain specificity of anti-drug antibodies. Plasma samples from 22 subjects with an allo- or auto-immune reaction to FVIII were analyzed. Pre-analytical treatment protocols were developed to minimize non-specific binding and specific matrix interference due to von Willebrand factor-FVIII interactions. The dynamic range for IgG quantification was 0.2-5 µg/ml (∼1-33 nM), allowing characterization of inhibitor-positive samples. Subtype-specific monoclonal antibodies were used to quantify the IgG subtype distribution of FVIII-specific antibodies. Most samples obtained from multiply-infused inhibitor subjects contained IgG₄ antibodies. Several distinct phenotypes were assigned based on the IgG subtype distribution: IgG₁, IgG₄, IgG₁ & IgG₄, and IgG₁, IgG₂ & IgG₄. An IgG₁-only response was found in mild/moderate HA subjects during early FVIII infusions, and analysis of serial samples followed antibody class switching as several subjects' immune responses developed. Competition studies utilizing a recombinant FVIII-C2 domain indicated 40-80% of FVIII-specific antibodies in most samples were directed against this domain.
Tactical Missile Guidance with Passive Seekers Under High Off-Boresight Launch Conditions

For future short-range air-to-air missile concepts, it has been recently demonstrated that throttleable hybrid rocket motors, coupled with linear optimal guidance laws, provide signie cant performance improvements over traditional solid rocket motors utilizing similar guidance laws in high off-boresight launch conditions. A problem associatedwiththeseoptimalguidancelawsisthattheyrequiremissile-to-targetposition,velocity,andacceleration. For practical missile applications, only the initial values of relative position and velocity and an initial guess of the target’ s acceleration would be available from the launching aircraft. To further complicate the situation, most short-range missiles use a passive seeker, providing angle-only measurements, and accelerometers to measure the missile’ s accelerations. An extended Kalman e lter (EKF) is developed to estimate the required guidance information using passive seeker measurements. The performance of a missile with a passive seeker in high offboresight launch conditions is evaluated using the combination of an EKF and the guidance law. In particular, a comparison is made between three guidance schemes using estimated states from an EKF. The three guidance schemes are 1 ) an optimal guidance law coupled with a solid rocket motor, 2 ) an optimal guidance law coupled with a hybrid rocket motor, and 3 ) proportional navigation coupled with a solid rocket motor. The results show that the optimal guidance law coupled with a hybrid rocket motor provides a signie cant improvement in high off-boresight, air-to-air engagements over proportional navigation and the optimal guidance law coupled with a solid rocket motor.
Inhibition of mitochondrial protein import by mutant huntingtin

Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with neuronal loss in Huntington’s disease (HD), a neurodegenerative disease caused by an abnormal polyglutamine expansion in huntingtin (Htt). However, the mechanisms linking mutant Htt and mitochondrial dysfunction in HD remain unknown. We identify an interaction between mutant Htt and the TIM23 mitochondrial protein import complex. Remarkably, recombinant mutant Htt directly inhibited mitochondrial protein import in vitro. Furthermore, mitochondria from brain synaptosomes of presymptomatic HD model mice and from mutant Htt-expressing primary neurons exhibited a protein import defect, suggesting that deficient protein import is an early event in HD. The mutant Htt–induced mitochondrial import defect and subsequent neuronal death were attenuated by overexpression of TIM23 complex subunits, demonstrating that deficient mitochondrial protein import causes mutant Htt-induced neuronal death. Collectively, these findings provide evidence for a direct link between mutant Htt, mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal pathology, with implications for mitochondrial protein import–based therapies in HD.
Dynamics of usage-priced communication networks: the case of a single bottleneck resource

In this paper, we study end-user dynamics of communication networks employing usage-based pricing. We propose a generic network access mechanism in which users modify their access control parameter based on the quality of service they receive in order to maximize their net benefit. For the examples of users sharing access to a bandwidth resource via a single trunk with Erlang loss dynamics and for a differentiated services (diffserv) network, we study the equilibrium/fixed points and give analytical results on convergence assuming the network prices are fixed.
Developing and validating a sham acupuncture needle

The development of adequate controls has been an ongoing challenge in the effort to scientifically evaluate the safety and efficacy of acupuncture. Despite several sham acupuncture control devices previously reported, the development of a new sham acupuncture device that can be used as a control for different style of acupuncture may still be needed. A sham device for acupuncture interventions in which the needle is briefly manipulated up and down, rather than left in situ, would be an important contribution to evaluate the effectiveness of such an experimental intervention. Tough and colleagues report on their efforts to develop this type of device (see page 118). Building on evidence that suggests that the least active and most credible control for true …
Neonatal Viral Infection Decreases Neuronal Progenitors and Impairs Adult Neurogenesis in the Hippocampus

While adult neurogenesis has been demonstrated in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of several mammalian species, including humans, the impact of viral infections has not been well studied. To examine this question we used a model in which neonatal rats are infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) leading to a gradual loss of dentate granule cells (DGCs), which becomes fully evident in adulthood. Stereological cell counts performed 8 months after infection revealed that the loss of mature DGCs was accompanied by an 84.2% reduction in proliferation of DGCs as measured by BrdU uptake. Moreover, there was a severe loss of Mash1-labeled neuronal progenitor cells (87 and 83% decrease in the granule cell layer and hilus, respectively). Thus, neurogenesis is impaired in this model of chronic DGC loss, perhaps due to a virus-induced impoverishment of DGC neuronal progenitors. The LCMV model could be exploited to examine pathophysiological mechanisms of neurodegeneration and to test pharmacological strategies aimed at increasing neurogenesis or rescuing multipotent progenitors.
Glyoxal oxidase of Phanerochaete chrysosporium: its characterization and activation by lignin peroxidase.

Glyoxal oxidase (GLOX) is an extracellular H2O2-generating enzyme produced by ligninolytic cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The production, purification, and partial characterization of GLOX from agitated cultures are described here. High-oxygen levels are critical for GLOX production as for lignin peroxidase. GLOX purified by anion-exchange chromatography appears homogeneous by NaDod-SO4/PAGE (molecular mass = 68 kDa). However, analysis by isoelectric focusing indicates two major bands (pI 4.7 and 4.9) that stain as glycoproteins as well as for H2O2-producing activity in the presence of methylglyoxal. Purified GLOX shows a marked stimulation in activity when incubated with Cu2+; full activation takes more than 1 hr with 1 mM CuSO4 at pH 6. The steady-state kinetic parameters for the GLOX oxidation of methylglyoxal, glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone, glycolaldehyde, acetaldehyde, glyoxal, glyoxylic acid, and formaldehyde, were determined by using a lignin peroxidase coupled-assay at pH 4.5. Of these substrates, the best is the extracellular metabolite methylglyoxal with a Km of 0.64 mM an apparent rate of catalysis, kcat, of 198 s1 under air-saturated conditions. The Km for oxygen is greater than the concentration of oxygen possible at ambient pressure--i.e., >1.3 mM at 25 degrees C. Importantly, oxygen-uptake experiments show that purified GLOX is inactive unless coupled to the peroxidase reaction. With this coupled reaction, for each mol of methylglyoxal, veratryl alcohol (a lignin peroxidase substrate), and oxygen consumed, 1 mol each of pyruvate and veratraldehyde is produced. The importance of these results is discussed in relation to the physiology of lignin biodegradation and possible extracellular regulatory mechanisms for the control of oxidase and peroxidase activities.
Cellular Nonlinear Network with Spin Wave Bus

We propose and analyze a cellular nonlinear network based on semiconductor nano-structure consisting of multiple layers of two semiconductors along with an incorporated ferromagnetic layer - spin wave bus. A bi-stable elementary logic cell of the proposed CNN consisting of two resonant tunneling diodes inductively coupled with the ferromagnetic layer. The local interconnections of nano-cells are achieved via the spin waves propagating in the spin wave bus. The cells are biased by the common column contacts and only the edge cells have individual I/O ports. Using approximate tunneling characteristics and experimentally obtained data for spin wave propagation in CoFe thin film, we simulated the coupling between an individual cell and spin wave bus. The proposed CNN architecture for nano-structures possesses powerful computing potential to be beneficial for many practical applications
On the efficiency of equilibria in mean-field oscillator games

A key question in the design of engineered competitive systems has been that of the efficiency of the associated equilibria. Yet, there is little known in this regard in the context of stochastic dynamic games in a large population regime. In this paper, we revisit a class of noncooperative games, arising from the synchronization of a large collection of homogeneous oscillators. In [1], we derived a PDE model for analyzing the associated equilibria in large population regimes through a mean field approximation. Here, we examine the efficiency of the associated mean-field equilibria with respect to a related welfare optimization problem. We construct variational problems both for the noncooperative game and its centralized counterpart and employ these problems as a vehicle for conducting this analysis. Using a bifurcation analysis, we analyze the variational solutions and the associated efficiency loss. An expression for the efficiency loss is obtained. Finally, our results are validated through detailed numerics.
On the Dependence of Planetary Spin on Mass

The recent direct spectroscopic observation of the spin of the young gas giant exoplanet β Pictoris b was a powerful clue as to the general validity of the trend of the planetary spin with the mass even outside the Solar System. Nevertheless, the spin-mass relationship, which looks like to hold irrespective of the planet composition and radius, is admittedly poorly understood. On the basis of bilogarithmic regressions, the rotational kinetic energy is found to explain the available data more significantly than the equatorial rotation velocity but no more than the spin angular momentum; nevertheless, only the rotational energy turns out to be closely proportional to the square of the mass of planets, suggesting its possible close and direct ties to the planetary mass by means of some fundamental processes. The hypothesis is made that such underlying physical processes can be described by the non-gauge cosmological theory of byuons, which proved useful to explain other astrophysical and geophysical puzzling phenomena such as the motion of pulsars, the nature of dark matter and dark energy, the anisotropy of cosmic rays and the accelerated expansion of the Universe. It’s shown that the theory of byuons is able to explain the observed close proportionality of the planetary rotational kinetic energy to the square of the mass.
21 cm angular spectrum of cosmic string loops

The 21 cm signatures induced by moving cosmic string loops are investigated. Moving cosmic string loops seed filamentary nonlinear objects. We analytically evaluate the differential 21 cm brightness temperature from these objects. We show that the brightness temperature reaches 200 mK for a loop whose tension is about the current upper limit, $G\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$. We also calculate the angular power spectrum, assuming scaling in loop distribution. We find that the angular power spectrum for $G\ensuremath{\mu}g{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ at $z=30$ or $G\ensuremath{\mu}g{10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ at $z=20$ can dominate the spectrum of the primordial density fluctuations. Finally we show that a future SKA-like observation has the potential to detect the power spectrum due to loops with $G\ensuremath{\mu}={10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ at $z=20$.
Perimeter effects in small geometry bipolar transistors

The fundamental limits on device performance imposed by geometrical effects are studied. Results of an extensive three-dimensional (3D) device simulation study are given and compared with experimental results of a 0.25- mu m bipolar technology. It is shown in this study that geometrical factors alone can result in lower DC current gain and lower f/sub T/ at low current densities for smaller devices. It is also shown that perimeter effects are beneficial for small emitter devices at high current densities. This is a particularly important design consideration for high current operation as in BiCMOS gates. >
Family Instability, School Context, and the Academic Careers of Adolescents

An emerging literature suggests that the increasingly complex family histories of American children are linked with multiple domains of adolescent development. Much of this scholarship focuses on associations at the individual level. Here, the authors consider whether key dimensions of the school context, specifically the aggregate level of family instability and the academic press within schools, moderate the link between family instability and young people’s course-taking patterns in mathematics in high school. Using the school-based design and the retrospective reports of family structure in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health and the linked academic transcript data in the Adolescent Health and Achievement Study (n = 6,545), the authors find that students from unstable families do more poorly when they attend schools with a high proportion of academically oriented students. The prevalence of family instability in a school does not moderate the individual experience of family instabilit...
Immunology: insulin trigger for diabetes.

Type I diabetes occurs when the immune system destroys crucial cells in the pancreas. But what prompts the body to turn against itself so disastrously? It seems that insulin is the key.
Cu2O and CuCl2 . 3Cu(OH)2 corrosion products on copper rich dental amalgams

In addition to Sn-rich corrosion products found in conventional amalgams, Cu-rich amalgams also form Cu-containing corrosion products. The nature of these Cu-rich products was investigated by immersion of samples of 13 Cu-rich amalgam systems in Ringer's solution for prolonged periods. SEM/EDS and x-ray diffraction studies were used to identify the compounds formed and their morphology. Two products were identified: Cu2O, a red product, and CuCl2 . 3Cu(OH)2, a green product.
"Defective" receptors in steroid-resistant conditions may be proteolytic artifacts.

The specific question addressed in this report is whether the resistance to steroid treatment of certain tissues or tumors which appear to contain a normal quantity of steroid-binding sites may be due to stuctural defects in the receptors. This question may be seen as part of the more general question of whether there are intrinsic variations in the structures of receptors for a given class of steroids in different healthy tissues, in healthy vs. malignant tissues or in different types of tumors. Our experimental approach to these questions has involved the stabilization and precise physicochemical characterization of the receptors. To date, we have studied the estrogen and progestin receptors from human breast cancers and benign and malignant gynecologic specimens and the glucocorticoid receptors from several healthy and malignant rodent tissues and from normal human lymphocytes and various types of leukemic cells. Chromatographic and ultracentrifugal analyses in buffers of low ionic strength, containing 20 mM Na2MoO4 as the stabilizer, have revealed each of these receptors to be a large, oligomeric complex, characterized by remarkably similar values of the Stokes radius, sedimentation coefficient, molecular weight and axial ratio.
Access to heterogeneous directory services

A description is given of the directory access service (DAS), which automates the process of searching multiple directories. DAS is directory service user interface that integrates the various directories into a single, uniform directory service. In response to a user query, DAS forwards queries to multiple directories. The responses are collected and formatted by DAS into a standard format for presentation to the user. The design of DAS is flexible and extensible, allowing convenient integration of new directories into DAS as they become available. >