cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the impact of EHR heterogeneity for clinical research through a case study of silent brain infarction

The rapid adoption of electronic health records (EHRs) holds great promise for advancing medicine through practice-based knowledge discovery. However, the validity of EHR-based clinical research is questionable due to poor research reproducibility caused by the heterogeneity and complexity of healthcare institutions and EHR systems, the cross-disciplinary nature of the research team, and the lack of standard processes and best practices for conducting EHR-based clinical research. We developed a data abstraction framework to standardize the process for multi-site EHR-based clinical studies aiming to enhance research reproducibility. The framework was implemented for a multi-site EHR-based research project, the ESPRESSO project, with the goal to identify individuals with silent brain infarctions (SBI) at Tufts Medical Center (TMC) and Mayo Clinic. The heterogeneity of healthcare institutions, EHR systems, documentation, and process variation in case identification was assessed quantitatively and qualitatively. We discovered a significant variation in the patient populations, neuroimaging reporting, EHR systems, and abstraction processes across the two sites. The prevalence of SBI for patients over age 50 for TMC and Mayo is 7.4 and 12.5% respectively. There is a variation regarding neuroimaging reporting where TMC are lengthy, standardized and descriptive while Mayo’s reports are short and definitive with more textual variations. Furthermore, differences in the EHR system, technology infrastructure, and data collection process were identified. The implementation of the framework identified the institutional and process variations and the heterogeneity of EHRs across the sites participating in the case study. The experiment demonstrates the necessity to have a standardized process for data abstraction when conducting EHR-based clinical studies.
Improving well productivity – Ways to reduce the lag between the diffusive and convective time of flight in shale wells

Abstract This short communication explains how the key to improve shale well productivity lies in reducing the gap between the diffusive and convective time of flight. Diffusive time of flight in a hydrocarbon reservoir controls which reservoir regions will be affected by the pressure transient at a certain time after the onset of production. The convective time of flight is a measure of tracer front advance as well as for fluid withdrawal rates due to a well system draining the reservoir. The difference between the advance rate of a diffusive pressure front and a convective tracer front has been long recognized. However, only recently has it become clear that a thorough grasp of the two concepts is crucial for better decisions about fracture and well spacing in low permeability reservoirs. Although the diffusive time of flight is highlighted in the traditional pressure depletion models, the convective time of flight has a more direct impact on well productivity because it controls the advance rate, to the well system, of hydrocarbon fluids to be produced. The two concepts, diffusive and convective time of flight, are briefly highlighted below, with emphasis on their relevance for decision-making in shale field development solutions.
Heterozygous Deletions in MKRN3 Cause Central Precocious Puberty Without Prader-Willi Syndrome.

CONTEXT Loss-of-function mutations in the imprinted genes MKRN3 and DLK1 cause central precocious puberty (CPP) but whole gene deletions have not been reported. Larger deletions of the chromosome 15q11-13 imprinted locus, including MKRN3, cause Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). CPP has been reported in PWS but is not common, and the role of MKRN3 in PWS has not been fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE To identify copy number variants in puberty-related, imprinted genes to determine their role in CPP. METHODS Probands with idiopathic CPP had chromosomal microarray (CMA) and targeted deletion/duplication testing for MKRN3 and DLK1. RESULTS Sixteen female probands without MKRN3 or DLK1 variants identified by Sanger sequencing were studied. Whole gene deletions of MKRN3 were identified in 2 subjects (13%): a complete deletion of MKRN3 in Patient A (pubertal onset at 7 years) and a larger deletion involving MAGEL2, MKRN3, and NDN in Patient B (pubertal onset 5.5 years). Both were paternally inherited. Patient B had no typical features of PWS, other than obesity, which was also present in her unaffected family. CONCLUSIONS We identified 2 cases of whole gene deletions of MKRN3 causing isolated CPP without PWS. This is the first report of complete deletions of MKRN3 in patients with CPP, emphasizing the importance of including copy number variant analysis for MKRN3 mutation testing when a genetic diagnosis is suspected. We speculate that there is a critical region of the PWS locus beyond MKRN3, MAGEL2, and NDN that is responsible for the PWS phenotype.
Chronic impairments of static postural stability associated with history of concussion

Postural stability deficits are commonly observed in cases of concussion. However, the objective duration in which impairments of standing postural stability remain following a concussion is often inconclusive. The present study was conducted to determine if prior history of concussion is associated with deficits in postural stability beyond the clinical determination of recovery. It was hypothesized that concussion history would be associated with decreases in static stability compared to individuals that have never sustained a concussion. Fifty-four healthy adults were recruited based on whether they reported sustaining one or more prior concussions (n = 27) or no history of concussion (n = 27). Participants were instructed to stand on a force platform to track center-of-pressure (CoP) during standing for thirty seconds under four conditions based on stance and number of tasks: (1) bipedal, single-task, (2) bipedal, dual-task, (3) unipedal, single-task, and (4) unipedal, dual-task. Results revealed that individuals with a history of concussion demonstrate significantly reduced postural stability under dual-task conditions as evidenced by increases in average displacements and elliptical area of postural sway as well as reductions in CoP sample entropy. However, there were no significant differences in CoP displacement or elliptical area between groups under single task conditions. Overall, these findings indicate that concussion is associated with impairments of maintaining standing postural stability that remain evident approximately 7 years following clinical resolution of the initial injury. The exacerbation of these impairments under dual-task conditions indicate that concussion can result in a reduced capacity to allocate proper attention resources to multiple concurrent objectives.
Health equity funds as the pathway to universal coverage in Cambodia: care seeking and financial risk protection.

Cambodia has developed the health equity fund (HEF) system to improve access to health services for the poor, and this strengthens the health system towards the universal health coverage goal. Given rising healthcare costs, Cambodia has introduced several innovations and accomplished considerable progress in improving access to health services and catastrophic health expenditures for the targeted population groups. Though this is improving in recent years, HEF households remain at the higher risk of catastrophic spending as measured by the higher share of HEF households with catastrophic health expenses being at 6.9% compared to the non-HEF households of 5.5% in 2017. Poverty targeting poses another challenge for the health system. Nevertheless, HEF appeared to be more significantly associated with decreased out-of-pocket expenditure per illness among those who sought care from public providers. Increasing population and cost coverages of the HEF and effectively attracting beneficiaries to the public sector will further enhance the financial protection and pave the pathway towards universal coverage. Our recommendations focus on leveraging the HEF experience for expanding coverage and increasing equitable access, as well as strengthening the quality of healthcare services.
Advanced Processing Techniques for Extending the Shelf Life of Foods

The basis of food preservation processing techniques is to inhibit microbial growth. Growth of microorganisms is the cause of food spoilage and therefore inhibiting their growth will help increase the shelf life of foods. Some of the first and most basic forms of food preservation that were used include cooling (reduced temperature storage) and cooking (thermal processing). Refrigeration helps to slow the growth of microorganisms while thermal processing kills microorganisms within a product. The limitation of both of these techniques is that if foods are cooled or heated for a prolonged amount of time, most products may become unpalatable or less desirable as organoleptic qualities are destroyed. Advanced processing technologies, such as nonthermal processing techniques, aim to inactivate microorganisms within food products while preserving its nutritional and sensory qualities. Inactivation of microorganisms gives the product an extended shelf life as well as increases the safety of the product. In this chapter, the basic forms as well as advanced forms of food preservation are discussed.
Advancing measurement and research on youths' prosocial behavior in the digital age

Widespread access to digital and social media has drastically altered the nature of youth's interpersonal connections In this context, the opportunities children and adolescents have to help people around them are rapidly evolving In this article, we review emerging literature on how digital media influences youth's prosocial development in new ways Then we propose the next steps for advancing the field's understanding of youth's prosocial behavior in the digital age We advocate for extending existing measures to capture experiences that are increasingly relevant for children and adolescents today, with a focus on current events, including the COVID-19 pandemic, and social and political activism We also provide a research agenda to advance the understanding of prosocial development (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)
Metasurface Broadband Polarization Converters Towards Terahertz Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy

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Stepping forward in antibody-drug conjugate development

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are cancer therapeutic agents comprised of an antibody, a linker and a small-molecule payload. ADCs use the specificity of the antibody to target the toxic payload to tumor cells. After intravenous administration, ADCs enter circulation, distribute to tumor tissues and bind to the tumor surface antigen. The antigen then undergoes endocytosis to internalize the ADC into tumor cells, where it is transported to lysosomes to release the payload. The released toxic payloads can induce apoptosis through DNA damage or microtubule inhibition and can kill surrounding cancer cells through the bystander effect. The first ADC drug was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2000, but the following decade saw no new approved ADC drugs. From 2011 to 2018, four ADC drugs were approved, while in 2019 and 2020 five more ADCs entered the market. This demonstrates an increasing trend for the clinical development of ADCs. This review summarizes the recent clinical research, with a specific focus on how the in vivo processing of ADCs influences their design. We aim to provide comprehensive information about current ADCs to facilitate future development.
Web-based collaborative tools for geospatial data exploration

Federal government agencies have collected large and highly complex federal statistical summaries and geo-reference data. Methods and tools for identifying patterns and uncovering multivariate relationships in the complex datasets have drawn attention in multiple fields. The approach we present here extends from and integrates perspectives from multiple fields, including exploratory data analysis (EDA), geovisualization, information visualization, and data mining. Important components of our research are supported by a NSF Digital Government grant (#99883451). Other support comes from a National Cancer Institute (NCI) contract. Our DG research is now being extended to develop comprehensive multivariate analysis methods and tools, through a grant from NCI (CA95949).
Computational molecular biology: A survey of problems and tools

We are interested in computational problems motivated by molecular biology. The problems are interesting and practical solutions are much needed. Most of the problems one runs into, almost without exceptions, are hard. Sometimes, the idealized problems, assuming no experimental error, are not very difficult-consider the problem of sequencing using k-tuple probes. This has a polynomial lime solution but the presence of experimental errors makes the problem difficult. Thus, in most cases the task then is to devise practical, efficient approximate algorithms.
Up-the-ramp processing and cosmic ray rejection with limited memory

The optimal rejection of cosmic ray glitches from astronomical images is of critical importance for large-area pixelized detectors in space. We present an algorithm for optimally processing uniformly sampled array image data obtained with a nondestructive readout. The algorithm discards full wells, removes cosmic ray (particle) hits and other glitches, and makes a nearly optimum estimate of the signal and noise on each pixel. The computer requirements, including memory, are modest, and the results are robust. The results are shown and compared to results of Fowler sampled and processed data. Non-ideal detector performance may require some additional code, but this is not expected to cost much processing time.
Kinematic redundancy and the control of robots with flexible components

The author studies robot manipulators which simultaneously exhibit features of joint elasticity and kinematic redundancy. More specifically, he discusses manipulators in which there are more controlled (joint space) degrees of freedom than task space degrees of freedom and in which at least one of these controlled joints is connected to an adjacent link through an elastic coupling. It is shown that there is a wide class of examples for which it is impossible to find joint space motions which track a given end effector trajectory and do not at the same time excite elastic dynamics. For this class of geometries, the most that can in general be achieved is motion without storage of elastic energy in the joints. For certain congenial manipulator geometries, it is shown that under certain assumptions it is possible to plan such motions. It is shown how trajectories interpolating prescribed endpoints in the work space may be planned using fifth-order splines. The problem of exactly tracking end effector trajectories with minimum average elastic energy storage is discussed. >
Nonconstant extinction rates of Neogene planktonic foraminifera

Van Valen's ‘new evolutionary law’1 has provoked considerable discussion of survivorship of fossil taxa2–5 and of the Red Queen's hypothesis6–7. Van Valen's principal conclusion was that survivorship curves of fossil taxa are essentially linear1, indicating that the mean probability of extinction within an ecologically homogeneous group has been constant1,8. Despite some criticism about his methodology9–11, constant extinction rates have been regarded as the general rule for fossil taxa12 and the empirical basis for the Red Queen's hypothesis7,13,14. We show here the fallacy of the concept of constant extinction rates by applying his survivorship-curve technique1,2 to longevity data for Neogene planktonic foraminifera15 which clearly exhibit nonconstant extinction rates through geological time. The linearity of survivorship curves only indicates that the probability of extinction of a species is independent of its longevity. The mean longevities and extinction rates of tropical, transitional and temperate assemblages are statistically similar.
The Ayurvedic physician as scientist.

Abstract This paper is written in response to an article by Robin Horton in which Horton argues that ‘traditional’ systems of thought are relatively less open to external challenges than is modern scientific thought. Traditional systems of thought are (by definition) past-oriented; they consider truth to have been handed down from past sources and they are consensual rather than competitive in their attitude towards knowledge, Horton claims. Modern scientific thought is future-oriented; it is based upon an ideal of progress, and progress is attained through competition among rival theories or paradigms. According to Horton, the relatively greater openness of modern scientific epistemology accounts for the superior quality of the knowledge that modern science has acquired. In this paper it is argued that past-orientation is consistent with intellectual struggle and open competition among rival theories, as well as with openness to challenges from nature. Overall progress-orientation is not a necessary correlate of these approaches to the acquisition of knowledge. The first part of the paper described the thought and practice of a South Indian Ayurvedic physician. Although this physician employed a mode of gathering knowledge which was based upon a belief that full truth could be found only in the past, he recognized the provisionality of the knowledge he had acquired, and he struggled to adjust his own body of medical theory to the battery of counter-theories which constantly challenged it. He did not ignore external challenges, nor was he unconcious of their effect upon his thought. The second part of the paper illustrates this physician's process of theory-development through analysis of the texts of two interviews that took place between the physician and patients who visited him.
Novel multi-nonsense suppressor in bacteriophage T4D

A novel bacteriophage T 4 D nonsense suppressor, psu + SB , has been isolated as a pseudo-wild type revertant of a multiple amber strain of bacteriophage T 4 D. The suppressor suppresses, with varying efficiencies, amber (UAG), ochre (UAA) and opal (UGA) nonsense mutations. Only suppression of mutations in late genes is demonstrated. Suppression by psu + SB is temperature sensitive. From the experimental data we have been able to obtain, the psu + SB locus appears to be located between genes 32 and 31 on the bacteriophage T 4 map, unlike previously reported phage suppressors, which map in the tRNA region. The psu + SB locus codes for a function that is essential for phage viability whether or not amber mutations are present on the same genome. The suppressor strain has a reduced burst size and a delayed time of lysis compared to wild type, and the suppressor function is dominant to wild type. Lysates of the suppressor strain examined under the electron microscope show abnormal assembly of structural proteins. Models explaining these data in terms of suppression are presented.
Present-Day Star Formation at High Galactic Altitude: The Tidal Encounter Paradigm

The Galaxy harbors a population of high Galactic altitude clouds (HGACs) which are, in some cases, similar to those in the disk. About 3% of open clusters younger than 100 Myr are located at least 200 pc away from the disk; in the outer Galaxy, some embedded clusters are found at 500 pc. But, by what mechanism could star clusters form far from the regions in which the usual driving forces of triggered star formation can act efficiently? In this Letter we investigate whether passing preexisting star clusters can induce tidal forces able to trigger star formation in HGACs. The interaction is studied using the impulse approximation and results are compared with available evidence. Our analytical estimate indicates that this mechanism is able to induce star formation if passing clusters are massive enough, i.e., globular clusters. The expected number of interactions appears to be consistent with the observed star formation rate at high Galactic altitude.
“Seeing is believing, but touching is the truth”: Female spectatorship and sexuality in the company of wolves

(1996). “Seeing is believing, but touching is the truth”: Female spectatorship and sexuality in the company of wolves. Women's Studies: Vol. 25, Gender and Film, pp. 115-135.
Differential Effect of B Lymphocyte–induced Maturation Protein (Blimp-1) Expression on Cell Fate during B Cell Development

The B lymphocyte–induced maturation protein (Blimp-1) upregulates the expression of syndecan-1 and J chain and represses that of c-myc. We have transfected Blimp-1 into two sublines of the BCL1 B cell lymphoma that represent distinct stages of B cell development in secondary lymphoid tissues. After interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-5 stimulation, the BCL1 3B3 cells differentiate into centrocyte-like cells, whereas the BCL1 5B1b cells blast and appear to be blocked at the centroblast stage. This blasting effect and the increase in IgM secretion that follows it can be blocked by a dominant negative form of Blimp-1. At the same time, the ectopic expression of Blimp-1 in these partially activated cells induces an apoptotic response that also can be suppressed by the same dominant negative protein. A similar effect was noticed when Blimp-1 was expressed in the mature L10A and the immature WEHI-231 lines, indicating this may be a general effect at earlier stages of the B cell development, and distinct from the ability of Blimp-1 to induce maturation in late stages of differentiation. Truncation mutants indicate that the induction of the apoptotic response relies mainly on 69 amino acids within Blimp-1's proline-rich domain. We propose that Blimp-1 expression defines a checkpoint beyond which fully activated B cells proceed to the plasma cell stage, whereas immature and partially activated cells are eliminated at this point.
Transgenerational neuroendocrine disruption of reproduction

Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is associated with dysfunctions of metabolism, energy balance, thyroid function and reproduction, and an increased risk of endocrine cancers. These multifactorial disorders can be 'programmed' through molecular epigenetic changes induced by exposure to EDCs early in life, the expression of which may not manifest until adulthood. In some cases, EDCs have detrimental effects on subsequent generations, which indicates that traits for disease predisposition may be passed to future generations by nongenomic inheritance. This Review discusses current understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms that underlie sexual differentiation of reproductive neuroendocrine systems in mammals and summarizes the literature on transgenerational epigenetic effects of representative EDCs: vinclozolin, diethylstilbesterol, bisphenol A and polychlorinated biphenyls. The article differentiates between context-dependent epigenetic transgenerational changes--namely, those that require environmental exposure, either via the EDC itself or through behavioral or physiological differences in parents--and germline-dependent epigenetic mechanisms. These processes, albeit discrete, are not mutually exclusive and can involve similar molecular mechanisms including DNA methylation and histone modifications and may predispose exposed individuals to transgenerational disruption of reproductive processes. New insights stress the crucial need to develop a clear understanding of how EDCs may program the epigenome of exposed individuals and their descendants.
Use of the McGill Pain Questionaire in the assessment of cancer pain: Replicability and consistency

The McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) is a recent empirically derived instrument designed to provide quantitative information on major dimensions of pain. Although widely used as an outcome measure in clinical research, little attention has been directed specifically at the instrument itself. The present study addressed this need. Detailed findings were obtained for both single and multiple administrations of the MPQ in two subject samples, each composed of 18 cancer outpatients in pain. These data were compared to similar, but less extensive, data reported by Melzack [6]. MPQ indices proved highly replicable over the two subject samples tested and were remarkably similar to the findings reported by Melzack for a different cancer pain patient sample. No differences were found between the written form of MPQ administration used in the present study and the oral procedure followed by Melzack. The consistency of pain descriptor subclass choice in the present samples was high, ranging from 66% to 80.4% over 4 administrations, and these values compare well with the value of 70.3% reported earlier by Melzack. However, the present subjects selected a larger set of pain descriptor words compared to the word set reported to be characteristic of cancer pain by Dubuisson and Melzack [2]. Both individual and group analyses indicated the MPQ is best used as a measure of immediate pain, and not as a summary measure of past pain over a defined period of time. These findings support the use of the MPQ as a reliable, multi-dimensional measure of immediate pain, and suggest the potential value of future research aimed at refining the psychometric properties of the instrument.
The effect of two different electronic health record user interfaces on intensive care provider task load, errors of cognition, and performance.

Objectives:The care of critically ill patients generates large quantities of data. Increasingly, these data are presented to the provider within an electronic medical record. The manner in which data are organized and presented can impact on the ability of users to synthesis that data into meaningfu
Carcinoma of the fallopian tube: Management and sites of failure

Thirty patients with adenocarcinoma of the fallopian tube, treated between 1950 and 1981, were studied. Median age was 55 years, and mean parity was 1.3. Bleeding or discharge occurred as a presenting complaint in 47% of patients, abdominal distention or mass in 50%, and pain in 30%. Lesions were staged using a system analogous to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) classification for ovarian carcinoma. Nine patients had Stage I disease; 11, Stage II; 7, Stage III; and 3, Stage IV. Histologic differentiation was Grade 1 in 39% of the patients, Grade 2 in 18%, and Grade 3 in 43%. Primary surgical treatment consisted of total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingectomy in 70% of the patients; 23% had more extensive surgery, whereas 13% had less extensive surgery. Three patients with Stage I tumors were treated with surgery alone, and the remainder received postoperative radiation, chemotherapy, or both. Survival was unrelated to grade, but highly dependent upon stage. Survival at 5 years was 56% for Stage I, 27% for Stage II, 14% for Stage III, and 0% for Stage IV. Four of five patients treated after surgery with a combination of cisplatin, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (PAC) survived at least 3 years. Patterns of initial treatment failure showed 56% with a component of pelvic failure, 50% with a component of upper abdominal failure, and 44% with extraperitoneal metastases as a component of failure. These results suggest the need for aggressive postoperative adjuvant therapy targeted at upper abdominal and distant sites for metastasis in all lesions beyond Stage I.
When, Why and How: Does Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Have A Place On The Spectrum?

This paper delineates two kinds of frequent misunderstanding about the applicability of psychodynamic formulations and therapeutic interventions to work with people on the autistic spectrum. Examples of each type of error, and discussion of some of the reasons they occur are followed by a variety of examples of ways psychodynamic therapy can be highly appropriate and valuable. The cost of leaving such approaches out of the intervention model is seen to have a high cost.
Mechanical properties of a-C:H and a-C:H/SiOx nanocomposite thin films prepared by ion-assisted plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition

a-C:H and a-C:H/SiOx nanocomposite thin films were deposited on silicon, aluminum and polyimide substrates at 25 °C in an asymmetric 13.56 MHz r.f.-driven plasma reactor under heavy ion bombardment. Fourier transform infrared spectra of the films indicate that the nanocomposite filmsappears to consist of an atomic scale random network of a-C:H and SiOx. Raman spectroscopy revealed that the sp2 carbon fraction in the nanocomposite film was reduced compared with the a-C:H film. The intrinsic stress of both films increased with increasing negative bias voltage (−Vdc) at the substrate. However, the nanocomposite films exhibited lower intrinsic stress compared w with a-C:H-only films. Especially, a thin SiOx-rich interlayer was very effective in reducing the film stress and enhancing the bonding strength at the interface. The interlayer allowed deposition of thick films of up to 5 μm. Also, the nanocomposite films were stable in 0.1 M NaOH solution and showed good microhardness.
Upwind Conservative Scheme for the Saint Venant Equations

An upwind conservative scheme with a weighted average water-surface-gradient approach is proposed to compute one-dimensional open channel flows. The numerical scheme is based on the control volume method. The intercell flux is computed by the one-sided upwind method. The water surface gradient is evaluated by the weighted average of both upwind and downwind gradients. The scheme is tested with various examples, including dam-break problems in channels with rectangular and triangular cross-sections, hydraulic jump, partial dam-break problem, overtopping flow, a steady flow over bump with hydraulic jump, and a dam-break flood case in a natural river valley. Comparisons between numerical and exact solutions or experimental data demonstrated that the proposed scheme is capable of accurately reproducing various open channel flows, including subcritical, supercritical, and transcritical flows. The scheme is inherently robust, stable, and monotone. The scheme does not require any special treatment, such as artificial viscosity or front tracking technique, to capture steep gradients or discontinuities in the solution.
Complexes formed from reactions of Re(CO)3(H2O)3+ with amines used for biological buffering

Abstract Aqueous reactions of [Re(CO)3(H2O)3]Br with tris, tricine and 1,3-diamino-2-propanol, three polyfunctional amine ligands commonly used to buffer protein solutions, led to three new metal complexes. Re(CO)3(κ3-NH2,OH,O−–tris)·3H2O (1·3H2O), [HNEt3][Re(CO)3(κ3-NH2,O−,CO2−–tricine)]·[Re(CO)3(κ3-NH2,OH,CO2−–tricine)]·2H2O (2·2H2O), and [Re(CO)3(κ3-NH2,O−,NH2–diaminopropanol)]·[Re(CO)3(κ3-NH2,OH,NH2–diaminopropanol)][Br] (3) were isolated and characterized spectroscopically and by X-ray crystallography. Each of the three compounds displays intermolecular alcohol:alkoxide OH⋯O bonding. Ramifications of this reactivity as it relates to buffering agents competing as chelating agents when proteins bind Re(CO)3(H2O)3+ is discussed.
JUSTICE, JURIES, AND CONVICTIONS: THE RELEVANCE OF RACE IN JURY VERDICTS

ABSTRACT Previous research has suggested that the racial composition of a jury plays a role in the likelihood of conviction of certain defendants. In general, it has been supported that White jury members are more likely to vote to convict Black defendants, while Black jury members are more likely to vote to acquit Black defendants. Prior research has suffered from flaws that could possibly affect these outcomes. For instance, the use of mock juries to examine jury behavior creates artificiality and may not adequately reflect real jury decision-making. Additionally, research on real juries either focuses on certain types of cases (i.e., capital cases) or suffers from problems relating to insufficient or incomplete trial or jury data. As a result, existing jury research has failed to fully capture or explain the factors that are related to jury-decision-making in non-capital felony trials. The current research examined case outcomes in real jury trials of defendants charged with non-capital felonies. In pa...
Clinical application of antifungal pharmacodynamics

Studies of pharmacodynamics are used to develop dosing regimens that maximize safety and efficacy in clinical practice. Antifungal pharmacodynamics is a growing field, and studies are increasingly moving from the in vitro phase to animal models to clinical evaluations. Preclinical studies that determine pharmacodynamic predictors of efficacy and safety provide valuable data in the determination of a dosage regimen, but evaluations of antifungal pharmacodynamic parameters in vivo are less common. This article reviews areas where antifungal pharmacodynamics has been evaluated in clinical trials to develop principles that may be used in the pharmacotherapy of invasive mycoses.
Radio observations of filaments during the eclipses of September 11, 1969 and March 7, 1970

By high resolution observations at 3 mm wavelength during the eclipses of September 11, 1969 and March 7, 1970 we have observed two filaments on the solar disc in absorption. We analyze in detail the 3.3 mm eclipse data and 9.5 mm (non-eclipse) data we have pertaining to the large filament observed on September 11, 1969. At 3.3 mm the plasma temperature in the filament is about 3900K, and at 9.5 mm it is about 6400K, indicating a multicomponent model. An upper bound of N e 2 L 104K is obtained.
Development of engineered natural organic sorbents for environmental applications: 3. Reducing PAH mobility and bioavailability in contaminated soil and sediment systems.

The effects of engineered natural organic amendments on two measures of the environmental “availability” of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with soil and sediment samples are assessed. Two soils spiked with pyrene alone and a sediment spiked with a mixture of 4 PAH compounds were amended with raw or superheated-water processed peat or soybean stalks, then aged for periods of either 62 or 105 days. The aged soils were then examined with respect to bioaccumulation of spiked pyrene by earthworms (Eisenia foetida), and to its human bioaccessibility as measured by extraction with simulated gastrointestinal fluid. Additions of processed amendments reduced both measures of availability by factors ranging from 7.6 to 27.0 for earthworm bioaccumulation and from 2.3 to 8.8 for gastrointestinal extractability. All PAH compounds spiked to the sediment were reduced to varying extents in their availabilities to E. foetida and leachabilities by water by both processed and raw organic amendments.
Accurate and efficient filtering for the Intel thread checker race detector

Debugging data races in parallel applications is a difficult task. Error-causing data races may appear to vanish due to changes in an application's optimization level, thread scheduling, whether or not a debugger is used, and other effects. Further, many race conditions cause incorrect program behavior only in rare scenarios and may lie undetected during software testing.Tools exist today that do a decent job in finding data races in multi-threaded applications. Some data-race detection tools are very efficient and can detect data races with less than a 2x performance penalty. Most such tools, however, do not provide enough information to the user, require recompilation, or impose other usage restrictions. Other tools, such as the one considered in this paper (Intel's Thread Checker), provide users with plenty of useful information and can be used with any application binary, but have high overheads - often over 200x. It is the goal of this paper to speed up Thread Checker by filtering out the vast majority of memory references that are highly unlikely to be involved in data races. In our work, we develop filters that filter 90-100% of all memory references from the datarace detection algorithm, resulting in speedups of 2.2-5.5x, with an average improvement of 3.3x.
Multiresidue analysis of seven anticoagulant rodenticides by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray/mass spectrometry.

Mice and rat populations are commonly controlled by two classes of rodenticide anticoagulants, coumarins and indandiones. However, poisoning of nontarget animals also often occurs. For cases such as these, a rapid, multiresidue method, which provides positive confirmation for both classes of anticoagulant rodenticides, is needed by diagnostic laboratories. A method was developed for the determination of seven anticoagulant rodenticides, coumafuryl, pindone, warfarin, diphacinone, chlorophacinone, bromadiolone, and brodifacoum, in diverse matrices, animal feed, cooked beef, and fruit-flavored beverages using high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray/mass spectrometry. Detection was by MS/MS with electrospray ionization in negative mode. Confirmation was by retention time, m/z of molecular ion, and two parent-daughter transitions. Recoveries from selected the matrices ranged from 61 to 117%. Limits of quantitation were as low as 1.5-4.5 ng g -1 . The developed method was rapid and provided the simultaneous confirmation and quantification of the seven anticoagulant rodenticides.
The standby power challenge: Wake-up receivers to the rescue

A large fraction of the average power dissipation of many modern multimedia components and mobile devices is spent in standby mode, scanning for potential input activity. Reducing the dissipation of the “always-on” components is essential to the realization of green devices. The common strategy is to duty-cycle the always-on components. While simple to implement, it comes at the expense of latency. A more effective approach that delivers both low standby-power and almost-zero latency is to exploit ultra low-power wake-up receivers. Combining innovative architectures with state-of-the-art CMOS and MEMS technologies, wake-up receivers have been built that consume less than 50 uW in on-mode. Their availability opens a whole new perspective on standby power management. On one end of the spectrum, they enable green devices to operate in a purely reactive mode, that is they are only turned on when input activity happens. On the other side, they allow for substantial improvements in existing communication protocols such as WiFi and Bluetooth. A number of examples will be presented in the talk. One important message that will emerge from the presentation however is that effective standby power management requires a system vision, and that the ad-hoc component-oriented approach of today will rarely be effective.
Assessing the Diversity of Mission Populations through the Comparison of Native American Residences at Mission Santa Clara de Asís

Mission establishments in Alta California and elsewhere were home to complex, pluralistic communities in which native peoples actively but differentially negotiated aspects of colonialism through daily practice and the reinterpretation of identity. To explore these issues, we compare the archaeological evidence from two different indigenous dwellings at California’s Mission Santa Clara de Asis: an adobe barracks and a native-style thatched house. In particular, we consider possible differences between the dwellings’ inhabitants in terms of relative status, ethnolinguistic affiliation, and re-articulation of indigenous traditions.
An extensible platform for interactive, entertaining social experiences with an animatronic character

The fields of human-robot interaction and entertainment robotics are truly interdisciplinary, combining the best of computer science, psychology, and mechanical engineering. However, they are areas which have thus far been largely limited to technical specialists, excluding animators, writers, and other artists from the development of interactive content. We attempt to open these fields to non-technologists through an easily extensible platform for the rapid development of social interactions between humans and animatronic characters. Specifically, the Interbots Platform consists of 1) a servo-driven animatronic character named Quasi and 2) a suite of tools to author decisions, animate the character, and design complete, interactive, entertaining social experiences. We have created a graphical editor to author behaviors for the character, as well as extensions for Alias Maya and Macromedia Director, empowering artists already familiar with these applications to create animatronic-enabled content. The usability of the Interbots Platform was verified when interdisciplinary student teams of artists and computer scientists were able to create engaging entertainment experiences with Quasi in two-week development cycles.
Mobile peer-to-peer computing: challenges, metrics and applications

The pervasiveness of computers in our current society (transportation, e-commerce, home appliances, medical monitoring, process control) expands our freedom for flexible ad-hoc communication and dynamic collaboration between individuals through a wide variety of devices. With the pervasive deployment of computers, the Peer-to-Peer (P2P) model is increasingly receiving attention for direct and symmetric interaction and to perform critical functions in a decentralized manner. Some of the benefits of a P2P environment include its ability for self-organization, scalability by avoiding dependency on centralized servers, resource aggregation and adaptation to different loads, resiliency to node failures and lower cost of ownership and cost sharing. The goal of this panel is to explore the synergy of these two technologies, identify the challenges along with their shortcomings and explore promising approaches.
Security Outlook: Six Cyber Game Changers for the Next 15 Years

Six potential cyber game changers gleaned from a recent long-range planning symposium can help experts identify priorities for future cybersecurity research and development.
Preparing for Pulmonary Resection: Preoperative Evaluation of Patients

Preoperative evaluation of patients being considered for pulmonary resection is a common practice for both pulmonologists and internists. Traditionally, preoperative evaluation of this population has entailed identifying patients in whom pulmonary resection carries an unacceptably high risk of morbidity and mortality. However, recent advances in surgical technique and patient management have prompted a reconsideration of traditional preoperative approaches. This article reviews procedures currently used in the preoperative evaluation of patients considered for pulmonary resection, including the patient history, physical examination, and preoperative interventions, and addresses further evaluation of the high-risk patient.
Functional effects of unilateral laser papillectomy in the pig.

Objectives. To evaluate the use of endoscopic laser papillectomy in a multi-papillary animal model to unilaterally impair concentrating ability and increase the urinary flow rate. Methods. Domestic pigs underwent unilateral retrograde flexible nephroscopy. With a holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser, varying numbers of papillae were ablated. Four weeks after the procedure, renal function studies were performed during hydropenia and after hydration, the animals were killed, and the kidneys were examined histologically. Results. The urine flow rate per 100 mL creatinine clearance was significantly increased in the papillectomized kidney compared with the control kidney during hydropenia (1.50 versus 0.94, P <0.01). The papillectomized kidneys were unable to concentrate the urine as well as the control kidneys during both hydropenia (urine osmolarity 430 versus 534 mOsm/L, P <0.01) and after hydration (329 versus 362 mOsm/L, P = 0.02). The free water reabsorption per 100 mL creatinine clearance was impaired in the papillectomized kidneys compared with the control kidneys (0.48 versus 1.00, P = 0.02) after hydration. A significant correlation existed between the percentage of papillae ablated and the difference in osmolarity between the operated and control kidneys (r2 = 0.50, P = 0.015). Histologic examination demonstrated transitional re-epithelialization with moderate collecting duct dilation and medullary fibrosis underlying the ablated papillae early in the series; however, the histologic features normalized and the creatinine clearance was less impaired with a more proficient technique later in the series. Conclusions. Endoscopic laser papillectomy results in increased urine flow and impaired urinary concentrating ability. This surgical technique should be investigated further for its role in the prevention of nephrolithiasis.
The Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKDEPI) equation best characterizes kidney function in patients being considered for lung transplantation.

Background Methods for direct measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are expensive and inconsistently applied across transplant centers. The Modified Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation is commonly used for GFR estimation, but is inaccurate for GFRs >60 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 . The Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKDEPI) and Wright equations have shown improved predictive capabilities in some patient populations. We compared these equations to determine which one correlates best with direct GFR measurement in lung transplant candidates. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of 274 lung transplant recipients. Pre-operative GFR was measured directly using a radionuclide GFR assay. Results from the MDRD, CKDEPI, Wright, and Cockroft–Gault equations were compared with direct measurement. Findings were validated using logistic regression models and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses in looking at GFR as a predictor of mortality and renal function outcomes post-transplant. Results Assessed against the radionuclide GFR measurement, CKDEPI provided the most consistent results, with low values for bias (0.78), relative standard error (0.03) and mean absolute percentage error (15.02). Greater deviation from radionuclide GFR was observed for all other equations. Pearson's correlation between radionuclide and calculated GFR was significant for all equations. Regression and ROC analyses revealed equivalent utility of the radionuclide assay and GFR equations for predicting post-transplant acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease ( p Conclusions In patients being evaluated for lung transplantation, CKDEPI correlates closely with direct radionuclide GFR measurement and equivalently predicts post-operative renal outcomes. Transplant centers could consider replacing or supplementing direct GFR measurement with less expensive, more convenient estimation by using the CKDEPI equation.
Feature Article: Melt Electrospinning of Polymers: A Review

Abstract Electrospinning has been recognized as an effective way to produce polymeric fibers from solution and molten states. However, the use of electrostatic attraction to deform or elongate a liquid or polymer is not a modern discovery. There is evidence of this technology dating back over 400 years. Modern science has, however, discovered alternative ways of utilizing and optimizing the droplets and fibers produced through electrostatic means. In this comprehensive review, the history of the development of polymeric nanofibers is discussed. Each area in the fabrication including processing, characterization methodology, simulation, and applications are discussed as they have evolved over time. ∗ Present address: NovaComp, Inc., 2537-B Wyandotte Road, Willow Grave, PA 19090.
A microfibril generating factor from the enzyme complex of Trichoderma reesei.

Isolement a partir du complexe cellulolytique de T. reesei d'un facteur capable de degrader du papier filtre de cellulose en produisant des microfibrilles sans liberer d'oses solubles, et qui sont rapidement accessibles a l'hydrolyse par d'autres elements du complexe cellulosique. La transformation en microfibrilles est demontree par microscopie electronique de balayage