cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bias in child maltreatment self-reports using interactive voice response (IVR)

Abstract Few methods estimate the prevalence of child maltreatment in the general population due to concerns about socially desirable responding and mandated reporting laws. Innovative methods, such as interactive voice response (IVR), may obtain better estimates that address these concerns. This study examined the utility of interactive voice response (IVR) for child maltreatment behaviors by assessing differences between respondents who completed and did not complete a survey using IVR technology. A mixed-mode telephone survey was conducted in English and Spanish in 50 cities in California during 2009. Caregivers (n = 3,023) self-reported abusive and neglectful parenting behaviors for a focal child under the age of 13 using computer-assisted telephone interviewing and IVR. We used hierarchical generalized linear models to compare survey completion by caregivers nested within cities for the full sample and age-specific ranges. For demographic characteristics, caregivers born in the United States were more likely to complete the survey when controlling for covariates. Parenting stress, provision of physical needs, and provision of supervisory needs were not associated with survey completion in the full multivariate model. For caregivers of children 0–4 years (n = 838), those reporting they could often or always hear their child from another room had a higher likelihood of survey completion. The findings suggest IVR could prove to be useful for future surveys that aim to estimate abusive and/or neglectful parenting behaviors given the limited bias observed for demographic characteristics and problematic parenting behaviors. Further research should expand upon its utility to advance estimation rates.
Effect of humidity and porosity on fracture of hardened portland cement

The dependence of fracture mechanics terms (γT, Kc, Gc and Jc) on relative humidity and porosity is determined for hardened portland cement paste (HCP). The cardinal features of the fracture term/humidity curves and fracture term/porosity curves are discussed. Large hysteresis in fracture term/relative humidity curves is observed, the magnitude depending on the drying history of HCP. Meniscus effects, aging and moisture-assisted stress corrosion processes are thought to contribute to fracture of HCP. Unhydrated portland cement, Ca(OH)2 particles, and pores with specific size distributions in the HCP system possibly act as crack arrestors.
Promiscuous Substrate Recognition in Folding and Assembly Activities of the Trigger Factor Chaperone

Trigger factor (TF) is a molecular chaperone that binds to bacterial ribosomes where it contacts emerging nascent chains, but TF is also abundant free in the cytosol where its activity is less well characterized. In vitro studies show that TF promotes protein refolding. We find here that ribosome-free TF stably associates with and rescues from misfolding a large repertoire of full-length proteins. We identify over 170 members of this cytosolic Escherichia coli TF substrate proteome, including ribosomal protein S7. We analyzed the biochemical properties of a TF:S7 complex from Thermotoga maritima and determined its crystal structure. Thereby, we obtained an atomic-level picture of a promiscuous chaperone in complex with a physiological substrate protein. The structure of the complex reveals the molecular basis of substrate recognition by TF, indicates how TF could accelerate protein folding, and suggests a role for TF in the biogenesis of protein complexes.
GM-CSF Induces Phosphorylation of CREB Through Activation of pp90rsk in Myeloid Cells. • 664

Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) regulates the proliferation and maturation of myeloid progenitors and enhances the function of differentiated effector cells. GM-CSF stimulation of myeloid cells results in the rapid and transient induction of the immediate early gene, egr-1, independent of protein synthesis. We previously demonstrated that the cAMP response element (CRE) contained within the -116 nucleotide egr-1 promoter region is necessary, but not sufficient, for transcriptional activation of egr-1 in GM-CSF-treated cells. We also found that the CRE-binding protein, CREB, constitutively associates with the CRE and is phosphorylated on serine 133 through a protein kinase A-independent pathway. Based on previous studies with Nerve Growth Factor-treated PC12 cells (Xing, et al. Science 273:959-963), we hypothesized that CREB is phosphorylated by pp90rsk. We identified pp90rsk in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of TF-1 cells by Western blot analysis. With GM-CSF stimulation, no increase in pp90rsk protein levels was observed. To determine whether pp90rsk phosphorylates CREB in response to GM-CSF treatment, we performed in vitro kinase assays with TF-1 cell extracts. Cells were serum- and factor-starved for 24 hours and treated with GM-CSF(1nM) for 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 60 minutes. Extracts were incubated with pp90rsk antibody and immunoprecipitation was performed. CREB was phosphorylated within 2 to 5 minutes following GM-CSF stimulation and decreased by 30 minutes. Our results suggest that pp90rsk phosphorylates CREB during GM-CSF signal transduction. These studies provide insights into the mechanisms regulating myeloid cell proliferation and differentiation.
Design and development of microfabricated capillary electrophoresis devices with electrochemical detection

Our efforts have been focused on developing a self-contained and transportable microfabricated electrophoresis (CE) system with integrated electrochemical detection (ED). The current prototype includes all necessary electrodes “on-chip” and utilizes miniaturized CE and ED supporting electronics custom designed for this purpose. State-of-the-art design/modeling tools and novel microfabrication procedures were used to create recessed platinum electrodes with complex geometries and the CE/ED device from two patterned ultra-flat glass substrates. The electrodes in the bottom substrate were formed by a self-aligned etch and deposition technique followed by a photolithographic lift-off process. The microchannels (20m deep × 65m wide (average)) were chemically etched into the top substrate followed by thermal bonding to complete the microchip device. CE/ED experiments were performed using 0.02 M phosphate buffer (pH 6), an analyte/buffer solution (2.2 mM dopamine, 2.3 mM catechol) and varying separation voltages (0–500 V) with a custom electronics unit interfaced to a laptop computer for data acquisition. Detection limits (S/N = 3) were found to be at the micromolar level and a linear detection response was observed up to millimolar concentrations for dopamine and catechol. The microchip CE/ED system injected 50 pl volumes of sample, which corresponded to mass detection limits on the order of 200 amol. For the first time, an integrated “on-chip” multi-electrode array CE/ED device was successfully designed, fabricated and tested. The majority of the electrodes (six out of eight) in the array were capable of detecting dopamine with the amplitude of the signal (i.e., peak heights) decreasing as the electrode distance from the channel exit increased. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Exposure assessment in industry specific retrospective occupational epidemiology studies

Quantitative estimation of exposure for occupational epidemiology studies has received increasing attention in recent years and, as a result, a body of methodological literature has begun to take form. This paper reviews the generic issues in the methodology of exposure assessment, particularly methods for quantitative retrospective assessment studies. A simple framework, termed an exposure data matrix (EDM), for defining and analysing exposure data is proposed and discussed in terms of the definition of matrix dimensions and scales. Several methods for estimation, interpolation, and extrapolation, ranging from subjective ratings to quantitative statistical modelling are presented and discussed. The various approaches to exposure assessment based on the EDM concept are illustrated with studies of lung disease among coal miners and other dust and chemically induced chronic occupational diseases. The advantages of validated statistical models are emphasised. The importance of analysis and control of errors in exposure assessments, and integration of the exposure assessment and exposure-response processes, especially for emerging occupational health issues, is emphasised.
Phenotypic and Molecular Analysis of Oleate Content in the Mutant Soybean Line M23

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil with elevated oleate content would be useful for food and industrial applications that require increased oxidative stability. The first objective of this study was to determine if molecular selection for the Fad2-1 deletion associated with the ol allele in the mid-oleate mutant line M23 could be used to identify mid-oleate individuals in a breeding program. The second objective was to determine if modifying genes affect phenotypic expression of oleate content in individuals homozygous for the deletion from a cross between M23 and Archer, a cultivar with normal oleate content. The segregation among 88 F 2 plants from the cross satisfactorily fit a ratio of 1:2:1 homozygous normal (OlOl)/heterozygous (Olol)/homozygous (olol) for the Fad2-1 deletion on the basis of Southern analysis. A PCR-based marker Fad2-1-ol identified the same olol individuals as the Southern analysis. The PCR-based marker would be a more rapid and less labor intensive method for molecular selection of olol individuals than Southern analysis. The olol individuals had the highest mean oleate content, the Olol individuals were intermediate, and the 0101 individuals had the lowest mean oleate content. There was significant variation among the olol individuals and their distribution overlapped that of the OlOl and Olol individuals, which indicated that modifying genes had an important influence on the trait. It would be necessary to test the fatty acid profile of olol individuals to select those with the highest oleate content.
Constraints on negative-energy fluxes

Locally negative energy due to quantum coherence effects in quantum field theory is discussed. In a previous work, it was argued that a beam carrying negative energy must satisfy an uncertainty-principle-type inequality of the form \ensuremath{\Vert}\ensuremath{\Delta}E\ensuremath{\Vert}\ensuremath{\Delta}t\ensuremath{\le}1, where \ensuremath{\Vert}\ensuremath{\Delta}E\ensuremath{\Vert} is the magnitude of the negative energy that may be transmitted in a time \ensuremath{\Delta}t. This conclusion applied only to two-dimensional spacetime, and was based on an examination of particular classes of quantum states. In the present work, we give more precise formulations of this type of inequality for a free massless scalar field in both two- and four-dimensional flat spacetime. These inequalities are proven to hold for all quantum states. The physical interpretation of these inequalities is also discussed, and it is argued that they are likely to prevent negative energy from producing such large-scale effects as violations of the second law of thermodynamics or of cosmic censorship.
Juvenile Probation and Police Partnerships as Loosely Coupled Systems: A Qualitative Analysis

Most organizational theories assume that agency partnerships within a system are seamless and tightly fit. Through qualitative interviews with program personnel, this study measured the extent to which juvenile probation and police partnerships were characterized as a ‘‘loosely coupled system.’’ Loosely coupled systems were measured by each agency’s willingness to share information, willingness to share power, flexibility in decision making, open communication without fear of reprisal, valuing diverse backgrounds of outside agencies, and degree of mutual commitment toward a common goal. Evidence to support the existence of a loosely coupled system was the willingness of officers to expand and broaden their traditional roles and appropriately share power, such that there was no mission distortion and role confusion observed. Information sharing efforts had a significant impact on dissolving old ways of thinking about traditional roles and instead built a new sense of trust, improved morale, and greater access to information.
Progressive Collapse Research: Current State and Future Needs

Research on progressive collapse has advanced greatly in the past forty years. Motivated by heightened research interest around the globe stemming from recent high profile events, the rate of progress has been especially rapid in the past decade. Research in this area has been primarily enabled by massive improvements in computational simulation tools and hardware as well as structural testing at a scale and level of sophistication never seen before. While the research effort shows no signs of slowing down, several agencies have already undertaken large codification efforts in an attempt to synthesize the rapidly growing knowledge base into practical and meaningful guidelines for collapse-resistant design. This keynote paper presents the state-of-the-art in progressive collapse research. The paper sheds light on several topics including: methods for assessment of structural robustness; methodologies for enhancement of system collapse resistance; probabilistic models for progressive collapse risk assessment; and current trends and research needs, which discusses current gaps in our understanding of progressive collapse research and identifies research efforts needed to address them.
A global meta-analysis of the ecological impacts of nonnative crayfish

AbstractNonnative crayfish have been widely introduced and are a major threat to freshwater biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Despite documentation of the ecological effects of nonnative crayfish from >3 decades of case studies, no comprehensive synthesis has been done to test quantitatively for their general or species-specific effects on recipient ecosystems. We provide the first global meta-analysis of the ecological effects of nonnative crayfish under experimental settings to compare effects among species and across levels of ecological organization. Our meta-analysis revealed strong, but variable, negative ecological impacts of nonnative crayfish with strikingly consistent effects among introduced species. In experimental settings, nonnative crayfish generally affect all levels of freshwater food webs. Nonnative crayfish reduce the abundance of basal resources like aquatic macrophytes, prey on invertebrates like snails and mayflies, and reduce abundances and growth of amphibians and fish, but t...
A Case Study of the Adequacy of GCM Simulations for Input to Regional Climate Change Assessments.

Abstract The Sacramento Basin is used as the focus for a case study testing whether general circulation models (GCMS) are capable of simulating the large-scale and synoptic-scale processes important in studies of regional water resources. Output from a variety of GCMs developed at GISS and NCAR were examined, but only results from Community Climate Model (CCM) simulations are presented since they are typical. The stationary waves, jet streams, and storm tracks in the North Pacific-North America region in the CCM simulators show major differences from the observations, both in the mean and in their interannual variations. In addition, although the stationary wave and jet stream patterns associated with individual storms in the basin exhibit robust differences from mean fields in the observations, these differences are not captured in the models. Consequently, the larger-scale fields necessary for driving nested models and impact models for the basin, or for western North America in general, are problematic...
Extracytoplasmic tubules in leafroll-infected and leafroll-free potato leaf tissue.

Unusual clustered tubular structures were noted in cells of both potato leafroll virus (PLRV)-infected and PLRV-free leaf tissue of Solanum tuberosum L., cultivar Russet Burbank. The tubules were most numerous in parenchyma cells in or near the phloem. Resembling cytoplasmic microtubules, individual tubules measured 20–25 nm in diameter, contained a hyaline center, were of varied lengths, and were initially located between the cell wall and the plasmalemma. Tubules in highly vacuolated cells extended through the plasmalemma in groups and dispersed inside vacuoles. The tubules were colchicine-, vinblastine-, and griseofulvin-sensitive but cold resistant. The presence of clustered tubules in both PLRV-infected and PLRV-free potato plants signified that they were not specific to potato leafroll disease and thus may be only normal functional or residual aggregates of somewhat nontypical plant microtubules.
Academic Capitalism and University Incentives for Faculty Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurial behavior by professors—including decisions about collaboration with industry, patenting and spinning off companies—can affect the productivity of top universities’ technology transfer efforts. Interviews with 98 professors at 12 southeastern universities showed that the most significant influence on these aspects of entrepreneurial behavior is the beliefs of professors about the proper role of universities in the dissemination of knowledge. Some institutional policies, notably revenue splits with inventors, can affect aspects of this behavior. These findings suggest that both university incentive policies and ethical concerns about academic capitalism, by limiting the productivity of technology transfer efforts, have an effect on regional economic development.
Critical Care Nursing in Acute Postoperative Neurosurgical Patients

The nursing discipline is vital throughout patients' hospital progression. One of the most critical moments in the hospital stay is the postoperative period. Neurosurgical patients require a high level of nursing care and vigilance and additional postoperative monitoring in intensive care units designed specifically for this demographic. In the postoperative setting, patient care must be transferred from anesthesia to nursing in a manner that is continuous and safe. This article focuses on neurosurgical patients in the postoperative period, the assessment of these patients, and critical care nursing, with emphasis on common issues and interventions for this dynamic patient population.
The failing blade-vent implant.

Abstract The histopathologic events that follow the placement of metal endosseous blade implants are discussed. Cases were selected from groups of animals in which implants remained in place for 6 months to 2 years. In most cases, clinical symptoms correlated directly with microscopic findings. It is concluded that mobile dental implants of this type should be removed.
Gradated assembly of multiple proteins into supramolecular nanomaterials

Biomaterials exhibiting precise ratios of different bioactive protein components are critical for applications ranging from vaccines to regenerative medicine, but their design is often hindered by limited choices and cross-reactivity of protein conjugation chemistries. Here, we describe a strategy for inducing multiple different expressed proteins of choice to assemble into nanofibres and gels with exceptional compositional control. The strategy employs ‘βTail’ tags, which allow for good protein expression in bacteriological cultures, yet can be induced to co-assemble into nanomaterials when mixed with additional β-sheet fibrillizing peptides. Multiple different βTail fusion proteins could be inserted into peptide nanofibres alone or in combination at predictable, smoothly gradated concentrations, providing a simple yet versatile route to install precise combinations of proteins into nanomaterials. The technology is illustrated by achieving precisely targeted hues using mixtures of fluorescent proteins, by creating nanofibres bearing enzymatic activity, and by adjusting antigenic dominance in vaccines. Peptide-based nanofibres with bioactive proteins attached can now be made such that the protein ligands are introduced in a controlled manner. This tailoring of the nanofibre’s composition enables the ratio of multiple different proteins to be highly tuned within the assemblies. By changing the protein content of the nanofibres, it is possible to adjust the antibody responses in mice to the different nanofibres.
Steric bulk at position 454 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae lanosterol synthase influences B-ring formation but not deprotonation.

Lanosterol synthase converts oxidosqualene to the tetracyclic sterol precursor lanosterol. The mutation experiments described here show that an active-site valine residue in lanosterol synthase contributes to cyclization control through steric effects. Mutating to smaller alanine or glycine residues allows formation of the monocyclic achilleol A, whereas the leucine and isoleucine mutants make exclusively lanosterol. The phenylalanine mutant is inactive.
RESPONSE-CONTINGENT LEARNING-SET TRAINING IN THE SQUIRREL MONKEY.

Two groups of squirrel monkeys, Saimiri sciureus, were trained in learning set (LS) to determine the effect of making the stimulus objects' right-left position assignments contingent upon Ss' responses. In the first group, objects were assigned according to a random sequence, but in the second group the position of objects was contingent upon the nature of the preceding response. For this latter group, the right-left position assignments changed on each trial that followed a correct and reinforced trial; on all other trials the assignments remained unchanged. In subsequent test problems in which position assignments for both groups were on a random basis, the group that had its initial training in the response-contingent LS condition was significantly superior (F = 16.7, p < .01). Results were interpreted in accord with the logic that the response-contingent method served to efficiently suppress the differential cue error factor.
An efficient ADMM-based sparse reconstruction strategy for multi-level sampled MRI

Sparsity-driven image reconstruction is a promising paradigm for improving the spatial, temporal, and contrast resolution in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, high computational expense continues to inhibit the translation of these techniques into routine clinical practice. In many MRI acquisition protocols (e.g., time-resolved CAPR), the sampling operator can be factored into a uniform and non-uniform component. In this work, we present a novel alternating direction method-of-multipliers (ADMM) strategy for sparse reconstruction of multilevel sampled Cartesian SENSE-type MRI data, and discuss how this framework enables certain operations to be computed once offline and recycled during the reconstruction process rather than repeated at every iteration. We then demonstrate that this algorithmic framework enables sparse reconstruction of 3D contrast-enhanced MR angiogram (CE-MRA) time-series in just several minutes (which is clinically practical) rather than the several hours previously required.
A Modification for Bayesian Credible Intervals

In Bayesian analysis, people usually report the highest posterior density (HPD) credible interval as an interval estimate of an unknown parameter. However, when the unknown parameter is the nonnegative normal mean, the Bayesian HPD credible interval under the uniform prior has quite a low minimum frequentist coverage probability. To enhance the minimum frequentist coverage probability of a credible interval, I propose a new method of reporting the Bayesian credible interval. Numerical results show that the new reported credible interval has a much higher minimum frequentist coverage probability than the HPD credible interval.
What's new about newborns?

During the past 5 years, the focus of research in neonatology has undergone a fundamental shift away from global descriptions of whole-organisms and singleorgan system physiology to investigations of biochemical and molecular mechanisms responsible for normal and abnormal physiology. Clinical advancements resulting from that kind of research should ultimately have an immense impact on infant mortality and morbidity, perhaps exceeding that which has occurred during the prior 15 years. In this brief review I highlight three major advancements in neonatal medicine. I have chosen three topics-intravenous immunoglobulin, phototherapy, and surfactantbecause recent clinical advances in each of these areas have already impacted on the day-to-day practices of most pediatricians. I want to emphasize, however, that the revolution in the care of the neonate is just beginning. The next 10 years will witness an explosion of biologically engineered products and further refinements in life support systems that will make many of the current practices seem rather primitive.
cGMP Is Decreased after Acute Ischemia in Chronically Ischemic Canine Limbs

Abstract Background. A chronic partially ischemic state may alter the skeletal muscle response to acute ischemia and free radical formation. Methods. In order to investigate this hypothesis, a chronic ischemic state was established by ligating the right femoral artery of four mongrel dogs. ABIs were decreased from 1.05 ± 0.25 preligation to 0.54 ± 0.14 at 6 weeks ( P = 0.04). At the end of 8 weeks, the hindlimb was subjected to 3 h of acute ischemia by clamping the iliac artery. The clamp was then released for 2 h of reperfusion. Plasma samples from the right iliac vein were taken during the ischemia–reperfusion period for analysis of cGMP. Tibialis anterior biopsies for Western analysis of eNOS and iNOS were taken upon completion of reperfusion. Comparisons to control dogs subjected to the acute ischemia and reperfusion without prior femoral artery ligation were made. Results. cGMP levels were increased in the controls at 3 h of ischemia (3539 ± 350) and 2 h of reperfusion (2880 ± 269). The chronic ischemia group did not develop a corresponding increase in cGMP at 3 h of ischemia (2762 ± 251) or after 2 h of reperfusion (2102 ± 130). Western analysis of eNOS and iNOS revealed similar levels in both groups. Analysis of eNOS revealed 0.6429 ± 0.086 and 0.5916 ± 0.072 (densitometric units ± SEM) for study and control dogs, respectively. Analysis of iNOS revealed 0.3401 ± 0.067 and 0.2475 ± 0.066 for study and control dogs, respectively. Conclusion. Previous ligation of the femoral artery resulting in chronic partial ischemia in this model demonstrated no increase in cGMP following acute ischemia that was not accompanied by a change in eNOS or iNOS levels. Nitric oxide activity is reflected by cGMP levels, which may increase in response to free radicals in the acute setting of complete ischemia.
Midwave infrared and visible sensor performance modeling: small craft identification discrimination criteria for maritime security

The new emphasis on Anti-Terrorism and Force Protection (AT/FP), for both shore and sea platform protection, has resulted in a need for infrared imager design and evaluation tools that demonstrate field performance against U.S. Navy AT/FP requirements. In the design of infrared imaging systems for target acquisition, a discrimination criterion is required for successful sensor realization. It characterizes the difficulty of the task being performed by the observer and varies for different target sets. This criterion is used in both assessment of existing infrared sensor and in the design of new conceptual sensors. We collected 12 small craft signatures (military and civilian) in the visible band during the day and the long-wave and midwave infrared spectra in both the day and the night environments. These signatures were processed to determine the targets' characteristic dimension and contrast. They were also processed to band limit the signature's spatial information content (simulating longer range), and a perception experiment was performed to determine the task difficulty (N50 and V50). The results are presented and can be used for Navy and Coast Guard imaging infrared sensor design and evaluation.
Quenched emission of fluorescence by ligand functionalized gold nanoparticles.

A fluorescence-based detection scheme that uses ligand functionalized gold nanoparticles is proposed. The transduction scheme is based on the strong quenching of the fluorescence emission exerted by metallic surfaces on fluorophores positioned in their immediate vicinity (<5 nm). Binding of fluorophore-labeled anti-biotin to biotinylated gold nanoparticles resulted in decreased fluorescence emission intensity. Subsequent competitive dissociation of labeled anti-biotin with D-biotin resulted in increased fluorescence emission intensity. These interactions occurred by means of specific molecular recognition because when the binding sites of anti-biotin were saturated with D-biotin prior to interaction with the gold nanoparticles; changes in the fluorescence emission intensity were not observed.
Regression of Atherosclerosis in Female Monkeys

The objective of this study was to determine the structural and functional changes that occur in the artery wall in response to plasma lipid lowering and hormone replacement in surgically postmenopausal monkeys with established coronary artery atherosclerosis. Eighty-eight surgically postmenopausal cynomolgus monkeys were fed an atherogenic diet for 24 months and were then allocated into 4 groups: group 1 (n = 20), a baseline necropsy group; group 2 (n = 25), a lipid-lowering diet only; group 3 (n = 22), lipid lowering plus conjugated equine estrogen treatment equivalent to 0.625 mg/d for a woman; and group 4 (n = 21), lipid lowering plus conjugated equine estrogen and medroxyprogesterone acetate treatment (equivalent to 2.5 mg/d for a woman). Treatment was for 30 months. Histomorphometric analysis of perfusion-fixed coronary arteries revealed that plaque size did not change significantly in any of the groups compared with group 1 (P > .20). Plasma lipid lowering permitted coronary artery remodeling to occur (coronary artery and lumen size doubled compared with group 1) (P .4), but addition of medroxyprogesterone acetate diminished the beneficial effects of conjugated estrogens on coronary flow reserve (P = .03). In summary, the major arterial sequelae of lipid lowering in female monkeys were artery and lumen enlargement and improved reactivity of large epicardial coronary arteries. Addition of hormone replacement to the dietary modification did not further augment these improvements, except for the dilator capacity of the coronary microcirculation.
Estimating the total number of newly-recognized silicosis cases in the United States.

Background The US employer-based surveillance system for documenting occupational injuries and illnesses undercounts chronic diseases. We suggest a method to estimate the number of individuals who are newly-recognized with silicosis each year in the United States. Methods Data from US death certificates, the Michigan state-based surveillance system, and capture–recapture analysis were used to calculate national estimates of silicosis. Results From 1987 to 1996, 2,787 deaths occurred in the United States where silicosis was mentioned on the death certificates. During the same period, in Michigan 77% of death certificates with a mention of silicosis were confirmed as silicosis-related deaths and the ratio of the number of living to deceased confirmed silicosis cases was 6.44. The proportion of confirmed silicosis deaths, the ratio of the living to deceased silicosis cases and capture–recapture analysis from the Michigan surveillance system, were used to estimate that there were 3,600–7,300 cases per year of silicosis in the United States from 1987 to 1996. Conclusions Our estimate of the annual number of newly-recognized silicosis cases is significantly larger than the estimate from the employer-based reporting system used for counting occupational disease in the United States. This employer-based surveillance system is inadequate for determining the frequency of occupational disease. Our analysis which combines a readily-available and relatively inexpensive national administrative database (i.e., death certificates) with a more costly state-based active surveillance system is a cost-effective model that could be used to provide better estimates of a number of different occupational diseases. Accurate estimates of occupational illnesses are essential to both determine temporal trends and evaluate efforts to prevent silicosis. Am. J. Ind. Med. 44:141–147, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Free energy in the SU(5) model: Effects of heavy bosons

We calculate the Helmholtz free energy ..cap omega.. in a gas of particles, described by the SU(5) theory, in the early Universe. We examine the contributions from massive vector bosons after symmetry breaking to the SU(3)/sub c/ x SU(2) x U(1)/sub Y/ phase and find the temperature range where they are significant.
Migration, remittances, and male and female employment patterns

Little is known about the labor market impacts of workers’ remittances, despite their magnitude in countries with considerable outmigration. Reports that families receiving international remittances severely curtail their work efforts are fairly common in the popular press (e.g., Robert Frank, 2001). Yet, we lack rigorous analyses of how male and female labor supplies respond to increases in remittance income to either support or refute these anecdotal observations. According to the neoclassical model of labor-leisure choice (Mark R. Killingsworth, 1983), remittances—a source of nonlabor income—may lift budget constraints, raise reservation wages, and, through an income effect, reduce the employment likelihood and hours worked by remittance-receiving individuals. The receipt of remittances is usually preceded by the out-migration of working-aged household members, however, which may induce changes in the labor supply of nonmigrating household members in order to compensate for forgone income or to defray migration-related expenses. Distinguishing the disruptive effect from the income effect of remittance inflows is problematic, as most surveys do not contain detailed information on household outmigration and remittance receipt. To the extent that these two effects are expected to have opposite impacts on labor supply, however, we can assess which effect dominates. The impact of remittances on the decision to work has been previously examined by Edgard Rodriguez and Erwin R. Tiongson (2001) in Manila and by Edward Funkhouser (1992) in Managua. Without accounting for the endogeneity of remittances with respect to labor supply, they conclude that remittances reduce employment. Funkhouser also finds that remittances slightly increase self-employment. While informative, these studies focus on the decision to work and do not consider that, without altering employment rates, remittances may change the hours worked and/or the type of work performed in the receiving economy. Furthermore, the impact may be different on male and female labor supplies and responsiveness to remittance income may vary from rural to urban areas. Using data from Mexico—a country with a large and growing remittance inflow—we address the following questions: How does the employment status and hours worked by men and women vary owing to international remittances? Do male and female labor supplies differ across various types of employment in rural versus urban areas due to higher remittance inflows?
Transport properties of excited nuclear matter and the shock-wave profile

Abstract Shear viscosity and heat conduction coefficients of nuclear matter are derived from the Uhlenbeck-Uehling equation. The calculated coefficients exceed by a factor of two or more those used until now in hydrodynamic calculations of nuclear collisions. When applied to study a shock profile in nuclear matter, the coefficients yield results that are roughly consistent with cascade calculations. The study reveals that shock phenomena are not possible at energies E lab ≲100 MeV/nucleon, while at higher energies a fully developed shock wave requires heavy nuclei ( A ≳100).
Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping for Thick (≥4-mm) Melanoma: Should We Be Doing It?

Background: Thick (≥4-mm) primary melanomas are believed to be associated with a high incidence of occult distant metastases. The use of sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping and biopsy in the treatment lesions has been questioned.
Evaluation of dyslipidemia in the emergency department: impact of cholesterol testing on subsequent therapy.

Background Dyslipidemia is not routinely evaluated in emergency department (ED) patients. We hypothesized that many ED patients would qualify for lipid therapy and that methods of follow-up for patients would not achieve adequate treatment goals. Methods We performed an observational study of ED patients with symptoms consistent with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Lipid profiles and data about coronary heart disease risk factors were obtained. The National Institutes of Health/National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines were used to determine whether patients qualified for drug therapy. Six-week and 6-month follow-ups were performed. Results Three hundred ninety-four patients presenting to the ED with possible ACS were enrolled in the study; 47 patients were subsequently excluded. The remaining 347 included patients who were 63.7% African American and 53.6% female. Proportions of patients with low-density lipoprotein ≥130 and ≥160 were 30.8% and 10.1%, respectively. Fifty-seven (16.4%, 95% CI 12.9%-20.7%) qualified for immediate drug therapy. Of the 44 patients meeting treatment criteria for whom follow-up was obtained, only 1 (2.3%) had received lipid-lowering medications with outpatient referral within 6 weeks. At 6 months, 4 (9.5%) of 42 patients with follow-up had received lipid-lowering therapies. Conclusions Dyslipidemia meeting criteria for therapy is present in a significant proportion of ED patients. Most of these patients do not get appropriately treated on medical follow-up. Our study suggests that lipid screening and subsequent appropriate lipid-lowering therapy could be considered for ED patients with possible ACS.
Scientific and Social Significance of Assessing Individual Differences: “Sinking Shafts at a Few Critical Points”

This chapter reviews empirical findings on the importance of assessing individual differences in human behavior. Traditional dimensions of human abilities, per- sonality, and vocational interests play critical roles in structuring a variety of important behaviors and outcomes (e.g. achieved socioeconomic status, educational choices, work performance, delinquency, health risk behaviors, and income). In the review of their importance, the construct of general intelligence is featured, but attributes that routinely add incremental validity to cognitive assessments are also discussed. Recent experimental and methodological advances for better understanding how these dimensions may con- tribute to other psychological frameworks are reviewed, as are ways for determining their scientific significance within domains where they are not routinely assessed. Finally, some noteworthy models are outlined that highlight the importance of assessing relatively dis- tinct classes of individual-differences attributes simultaneously. For understanding fully complex human phenomena such as crime, eminence, and educational-vocational devel- opment, such a multifaceted approach is likely to be the most productive.
Design for testability: tunnelling through the test wall

This paper discusses design for testability as a means of ensuring that high quality tests can be generated for an IC in reasonable time by avoiding the "over the wall" mentality. A discussion on fault models is followed by general benefits of DFT. Scan design is then described in some detail, together with general DFT guidelines, including representative design rules which must be followed. Some cost/benefit tradeoffs are considered, and the paper concludes by discussing various required components of a composite test suite.
Acceptance of the Dana Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2005

Citationists are selected for an ability to embellish, inflate, and exaggerate, and Gary Ernst just made it obvious that I chose well when I picked him. Thank you, Gary, for that very kind but overgenerous introduction. Distinguished colleagues and friends: Thank you for this wonderful honor, which reaches far beyond anything I ever thought to merit. While recognizing past efforts, the Dana Medal surely raises expectations for more and better in the future. And for that challenge and its special encouragement, I’m profoundly grateful. By tradition, recipients of this award deliver remarks that combine, in various measures: acknowledgement of mentors and colleagues, a bit of autobiography, a snort of philosophy, and a synopsis of the science that lies behind the award. In this format, with an allotment of only four minutes, I’m afraid that the scientific review will have to wait for tomorrow morning’s Dana Lecture. But I’ll take a shot at the rest. I grew up hiking the Colorado Rockies, but started out at Stanford as a math major. That …
Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma: Pathologic analysis of 73 cases

Pathologic factors of predictive value for carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA), an aggressive salivary gland malignancy, are poorly defined. Because residual mixed tumor may be relatively inconspicuous and various carcinoma subtypes are encountered, misdiagnosis is common. To describe the pathologic features and identify potential prognostic factors, we retrospectively examined 73 cases of CXPA of the major salivary glands treated at Mayo Clinic. Paraffin section immunostaining for keratins (AE1/AE3, CK7, CK20), epithelial membrane antigen, carcinoembryonic antigen, vimentin, actin, S-100 protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and p53 and c-erbB-2 oncoproteins was performed in 69 cases. DNA content and proliferation indices were determined by digital image analysis of Feulgen- and MIB-I-stained sections, retrospectively. Survival was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and prognostic variables were analyzed with the log-rank test. The carcinoma component was predominant in 82% of tumors. Adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified (31 cases) and salivary duct carcinoma (24 cases) were the most frequent histologic subtypes. Sixty-two tumors were high grade (Broders 3 or 4). Residual mixed tumor was extensively hyalinized in 54 cases. Pathologic features significantly associated with overall survival included pathologic stage (P =.009), tumor size (P =.012), grade (P =.005), proportion of carcinoma (P =.004), extent of invasion (P =.002), and proliferation index of carcinoma (P =.03). Of 4 patients with intracapsular (noninvasive) carcinoma, none had an adverse outcome. The immunohistochemical profile of CXPA included positive staining reactions in the malignant component for AE1/AE3 in 97% of cases, CK7 in 94%, epithelial membrane antigen in 86%, carcinoembryonic antigen in 75%, vimentin in 52%, and S-100 protein in 29%. Expression of p53 and c-erbB-2 oncoproteins was detected in 41% and 30% of the carcinomas, respectively, but neither was associated with decreased survival. High-grade salivary adenocarcinoma that is difficult to classify should raise the suspicion of possible CXPA. Intracapsular carcinoma has a benign clinical course. Significant prognostic factors in CXPA include tumor stage, grade, proportion of carcinoma, extent of invasion, and proliferation index.
Hypoxia and Anemia: Factors in Decreased Sensitivity to Radiation Therapy and Chemotherapy?

Hypoxia is a common feature of solid tumors that occurs across a wide variety of malignancies. Hypoxia and anemia (which contributes to tumor hypoxia) can lead to ionizing radiation and chemotherapy resistance by depriving tumor cells of the oxygen essential for the cytotoxic activities of these agents. Hypoxia may also reduce tumor sensitivity to radiation therapy and chemotherapy through one or more indirect mechanisms that include proteomic and genomic changes. These effects, in turn, can lead to increased invasiveness and metastatic potential, loss of apoptosis, and chaotic angiogenesis, thereby further increasing treatment resistance. Investigations of the prognostic significance of pretreatment tumor oxygenation status have shown that hypoxia (oxygen tension [pO(2)] value < or =10 mmHg) is associated with lower overall and disease-free survival, greater recurrence, and less locoregional control in head and neck carcinoma, cervical carcinoma, and soft-tissue sarcoma. In view of the deleterious effect of hypoxia on standard cancer treatment, a variety of hypoxia- and anemia-targeted therapies have been studied in an effort to improve therapeutic effectiveness and patient outcomes. Early evidence from experimental and clinical studies suggests the administration of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) may enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy and chemotherapy by increasing hemoglobin levels and ameliorating anemia in patients with disease- or treatment-related anemia. However, further research is needed in the area of hypoxia-related treatment resistance and its reversal.
Effect of Porosity on Thermal Stress Fracture

Sintered alumina with from 4 to 50% porosity was prepared by incorporating crushed naphthalene in a casting slip. Thermal stress resistance was determined from the radial temperature difference required to fracture hollow cylinders under steady-state conditions. Thermal stress resistance decreases with increasing porosity; resistance to thermal stresses at 50% porosity is about one-third of that estimated for zero porosity. Summary and Conclusions Samples with controlled porosity were prepared by incorporating naphthalene flakes in an alumina casting slip. Samples were prepared and fired under identical conditions so that the continuous solid phase was identical for all samples. Steady-state thermal stress tests described lead to the following conclusions: (1) Resistance to thermal stress, R (maximum steady-state Δt for fracture), decreases with increasing porosity. The resistance for a sample with 50% porosity is about one-third that for dense samples. (2) Resistance to thermal stress determined by the maximum heat flow permissible, R', decreases more rapidly than R because increasing porosity lowers the thermal conductivity. This factor for a sample with 50% porosity is about one-sixth the value for dense samples. This is the factor generally applicable to thermal shock conditions. (3) Resistance to thermal fracture with a constant rate of surface temperature rise is directly proportional to R, since thermal diffusivity is unaffected by porosity.
Can Plant Competition and Diversity Reduce the Growth and Survival of Exotic Phragmites australis Invading a Tidal Marsh

The rapid proliferation of Phragmites australis in North America has challenged resource managers to curb its expansion and reduce the loss of functional tidal marsh. We investigated whether native plant competition could reduce the ability of Phragmites to invade a tidal marsh, and if plant diversity (species richness, evenness, and composition) altered the competitive outcome. Immature Phragmites shoots and four native halophytes were transplanted to small but dense field plots (~1,200 shoots m−2) comprising three community structure types (Phragmites alone, Phragmites + 1 native species, and Phragmites + 4 native species). Interspecific competition significantly reduced Phragmites aboveground biomass, shoot length production, density, and survival by approximately 60%. Additionally, plots planted with greater native diversity contained Phragmites with the lowest growth and survival, potentially indicating diversity-enhanced resource competition. Competition consistently reduced the growth of Phragmites even under favorable conditions: lack of strong tidal flooding stresses as well as elevated nutrient pools.