cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A domain of the hepadnavirus capsid protein is specifically required for DNA maturation and virus assembly

Mutations introduced into the capsid gene of duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) were tested for their effects on viral DNA synthesis and assembly of enveloped viruses. Four classes of mutant phenotypes were observed among a series of deletions of covering the 3' end of the capsid open reading frame. Class I mutant capsids were able to support normal single-stranded and relaxed circular viral DNA synthesis; class II mutant capsids supported normal single-stranded DNA synthesis but not relaxed circular DNA synthesis; class III mutant capsids resembled class II capsids, but viral DNA synthesis was inhibited 5- to 10-fold; and class IV capsids were severely restricted in their ability to support viral DNA synthesis. Class I capsids were assembled into enveloped virions, but class II, III, and IV capsids were not. Viral DNA synthesized inside class II capsids was normal with respect to minus-strand DNA initiation, plus-strand DNA initiation, and circularization of the DNA, but plus strands failed to be elongated to mature 3-kb DNA. The results suggest that a function of the capsid protein specifically required for viral DNA maturation is also required for assembly of nucleocapsids into envelopes. Thus, class II mutants appear to be defective in the appearance of the "packaging signal" for virus assembly (J. Summers and W. Mason, Cell 29:403-415, 1982).
Power Supply Design Considerations

Power supply design is perhaps the most challenging aspect of the entire process of controlling noise and radiation in high-speed DSP design. This is largely because of the complexity of the dynamic load switching conditions. These include the DSP going into or out of low power modes, excessive in-rush current due to bus contention and charging decoupling capacitors, large voltage droop due to inadequate decoupling and layout, oscillations that overload the linear regulator output, and high current switching noise generated by switching voltage regulators. A clean and stable power supply design is required for all DSP systems to guarantee system stability. This chapter outlines the importance of proper power supply design and the methods to minimize unwanted noise.
Comprehensive analysis of the anterolateral thigh flap vascular anatomy.

Objective: The anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap has become a frequently used free flap for head and neck reconstruction. Widespread use has been based on literature of ALT flap thickness performed primarily in Asian populations.Toourknowledge,todatetherehasnotbeenacomprehensiveanalysisoftheanthropomorphicparametersof thisflapintheWesternpopulation,inwhichitisoftenmuch thicker, thereby potentially limiting its utility. Methods: Computed tomographic angiograms of 106 patientswereassessed,yielding196lower-extremityscans examinedforvolumetriccharacteristicsandvascularanatomical variations. Results:Perforatorvesselswerelocatedin88.8%ofscans, and most commonly located were a hybrid musculoseptocutaneous vessel (52.3%) followed by septocutaneous(33.9%)andmusculocutaneous(13.8%)vessels.The midpoint perforator was located within ±2% of the midpoint of the total thigh length in only 47% of legs. The proximalanddistalperforatorswerelocated52.7and58.6 mm from the midpoint, respectively. Subcutaneous fat thickness differed significantly by sex, with mean male andfemalethicknessesof9.9mmand19.9mm(P.001), respectively. Thickness increased with increasing body mass index, especially in women. Conclusion:Thisstudyusedcomputedtomographicangiography to characterize the ALT flap vasculature and thickness, providing a degree of predictability to these 2 highly variable flap characteristics.
Mitigating murder: The construction of blame in true and false confessions

Confessions are central to criminal investigations. Although an increasing amount of attention is being drawn to the phenomenon of false confessions the majority of research focuses on psychological factors of false confessions. This study instead uses narrative analysis to examine the language of true and false confession narratives, with a focus on how evaluative devices convey degrees of guilt and blame. Justifications and deflection of blame were found to characterize true confessions, while false confessions did not place a primacy on these elements. Furthermore, the actual events of the crime were highly evaluated in true confessions, while false confessions left these events unevaluated. Although generalizability of these findings should be treated with caution, meaningful differences between true and false confessions occur at the level of discourse which may assist investigators in uncovering motives, key events, and the confessor’s state of mind, and may help guide interrogators’ questioning pat...
Analog reconstruction methods for transaxial tomography

Transaxial tomography is a radiographic technique that provides an image of an isolated two-dimensional section of a three-dimensional object. The basic principles of this technique are reviewed here and the equivalence of various mathematical formulations is shown. The properties of the resulting image for various filter functions are described and the limitations imposed by the quantum statistics of the radiation source are briefly discussed. Then various optical approaches to implementing the reconstruction process are described. The distortions arising from the use of a diverging beam of X-rays are detailed, and some simple modifications of the optical systems are shown to substantially eliminate them.
Consumer response to the possible use of a vaccine method to control boar taint v. physical piglet castration with anaesthesia: a quantitative study in four European countries.

In most European countries, male piglets being reared for meat are physically castrated without anaesthesia in order to avoid boar taint and to safeguard sensory meat quality. This method is increasingly criticised for its violation of piglet welfare. Alternative methods are being researched and castration with anaesthesia or analgesia and vaccination (immunisation) against gonadotropin-releasing hormone (using Improvac (R), Pfizer GmbH) have been proposed as possible solutions. In addition to efficacy, the successful introduction and adoption of the vaccine method by stakeholders in pig supply chains are expected to depend on a favourable reception by consumers. This large-scale quantitative cross-country study (n = 4031) involving representative samples of consumers in France, Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium does not support the reserved attitude of stakeholders who fear potential low market acceptance. The vaccine method was actually preferred by the majority of consumers surveyed (69.6% of the participants) and it was perceived as equally effective in terms of avoiding boar taint; 43.8% of the consumers reported an intention to seek out pork from pigs where the vaccine had been used to control boar taint, whereas 33.7% reported an intention to avoid pork from pigs physically castrated with anaesthesia. Consumers' favourable dispositions to the vaccine method were independent of dominant ethical, health or price orientations when purchasing pork.
Sex steroid regulation of urinary excretion of carnitine in rats

The concentration of acid soluble carnitine was determined in several body tissues and fluids in rats under various conditions of sex steroid regulation. Intact female rats had significantly greater liver carnitine concentrations and urinary excretion rates, and lower blood plasma and heart carnitine concentrations than intact male rats. Ovariectomy increased blood plasma carnitine concentrations (P < 0.01) and the excretion of carnitine in the urine (P < 0.05). The administration of either estradiol or testosterone to ovariectomized rats did not alter blood plasma concentrations or urinary excretion of carnitine. Orchidectomized rats had similar blood plasma carnitine concentrations when compared to intact males but excreted significantly (P < 0.01) greater quantities of carnitine in their urine. Administration of testosterone to orchidectomized rats reduced (P < 0.01), whereas estradiol stimulated (P < 0.05) the excretion rate of carnitine in the urine; however, blood plasma carnitine concentrations were not affected by these hormones. These data suggest that a major site for modulation of body carnitine concentration in the male resides in the control of kidney excretion by androgens. Liver, heart and skeletal muscle carnitine concentrations were not altered by the administration of either estradiol or testosterone to orchidectomized or ovariectomized rats.
RNA Editing of the Human Herpesvirus 8 Kaposin Transcript Eliminates Its Transforming Activity and Is Induced during Lytic Replication

Human herpesvirus 8 is the etiologic agent associated with Kaposi's sarcoma and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). The K12 RNA, which produces as many as three variants of the kaposin protein, as well as a microRNA, is the most abundant transcript expressed in latent Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection, and yet it is also induced during lytic replication. The portion of the transcript that includes the microRNA and the kaposin A sequence has been shown to have tumorigenic potential. Genome coordinate 117990, which is within this transcript, has been found to be heterogeneous, primarily in RNAs but also among viral DNA sequences. This sequence heterogeneity affects an amino acid in kaposins A and C and the microRNA. The functional effects of this sequence heterogeneity have not been studied, and its origin has not been definitively settled; both RNA editing and heterogeneity at the level of the viral genome have been proposed. Here, we show that transcripts containing A at position 117990 are tumorigenic, while those with G at this position are not. Using a highly sensitive quantitative assay, we observed that, in PEL cells under conditions where more than 60% of cDNAs derived from K12 RNA transcripts have G at coordinate 117990, there is no detectable G in the viral DNA sequence at this position, only A. This result is consistent with RNA editing by one of the host RNA adenosine deaminases (ADARs). Indeed, we observed that purified human ADAR1 efficiently edits K12 RNA in vitro. Remarkably, the amount of editing correlated with the replicative state of the virus; editing levels were nearly 10-fold higher in cells treated to induce lytic viral replication. These results suggest that RNA editing controls the function of one segment of the kaposin transcript, such that it has transforming activity during latent replication and possibly another, as-yet-undetermined, function during lytic replication.
Targeted agents in ovarian cancer

Despite recent advances in the treatment of ovarian cancer, a large majority of women with this diagnosis will die from recurrence of their disease. Targeted therapies, in the form of monoclonal antibodies and small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors have significantly altered the management of many solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. No such agents have been approved by the US FDA for use in ovarian cancer, although Phase II data suggests excellent single-agent activity of some of these drugs. Antiangiogenic agents in combination with chemotherapy are being evaluated in Phase III clinical trials, both in the adjuvant setting and in recurrent platinum-sensitive disease. Poly-ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors are promising agents in BRCA1/2-mutated breast and ovarian cancers. Ongoing clinical trials are exploring the anti-tumor effect of poly-ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors administered as single agents and in combination with chemotherapy. Many other new drugs are in earlier grades of development....
CD1, tuberculosis, and the evolution of major histocompatibility complex molecules.

Although the role of class I and class II MHC in adaptive immunity against microbial pathogens is clear, the participation of nonpolymorphic MHC molecules in host defense remains less well defined. Roles for murine class I MHC molecule Qa-2 and class Ib molecule H2-M3 have been suggested ([1][1])([2
Microphysical effects of Saharan dusts on an orogenic thunderstorm

Abstract. This study investigates the microphysical sensitivity of an orogenic thunderstorm during Genoa 1992 flood event to the concentration and solubility of nucleating aerosols. Idealized 2-D simulations with a new microphysical scheme and a cloud resolving model showed the solubility of CCN can be as important as their concentration. High solubility cases of CCN led to less accumulation of precipitation on the ground and more fraction of the accumulation produced by heavy precipitation than lower solubility cases. The response of vertical motion to the solubility was different for cases with and without dust layer. The preliminary results show that the ice nucleation processes affected by solubility and dust layer may be detected by remote sensing technology.
The World in an Eye

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of exactly what visual information about the world is embedded within a single image of an eye. It turns out that the cornea of an eye and a camera viewing the eye form a catadioptric imaging system. We refer to this as a corneal imaging system. Unlike a typical catadioptric system, a corneal one is flexible in that the reflector (cornea) is not rigidly attached to the camera. Using a geometric model of the cornea based on anatomical studies, its 3D location and orientation can be estimated from a single image of the eye. Once this is done, a wide-angle view of the environment of the person can be obtained from the image. In addition, we can compute the projection of the environment onto the retina with its center aligned with the gaze direction. This foveated retinal image reveals what the person is looking at. We present a detailed analysis of the characteristics of the corneal imaging system including field of view, resolution and locus of viewpoints. When both eyes of a person are captured in an image, we have a stereo corneal imaging system. We analyze the epipolar geometry of this stereo system and show how it can be used to compute 3D structure. The framework we present in this paper for interpreting eye images is passive and non-invasive. It has direct implications for several fields including visual recognition, human-machine interfaces, computer graphics and human affect studies. 1. What do Eyes Reveal?
Impacts of Initial Estimate and Observation Availability on Convective-Scale Data Assimilation with an Ensemble Kalman Filter

The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) uses an ensemble of short-range forecasts to estimate the flow-dependent background error covariances required in data assimilation. The feasibility of the EnKF for convective-scale data assimilation has been previously demonstrated in perfect-model experiments using simulated observations of radial velocity from a supercell storm. The present study further explores the potential and behavior of the EnKF at convective scales by considering more realistic initial analyses and variations in the availability and quality of the radar observations. Assimilation of simulated radial-velocity observations every 5 min where there is significant reflectivity using 20 ensemble members proves to be successful in most realistic observational scenarios for simulated supercell thunderstorms, although the same degree of success may not be readily expected with real observations and an imperfect model, at least with the present EnKF implementation. Even though the filter converges toward the truth simulation faster from a better initial estimate, an experiment with the initial estimate of the supercell displaced by 10 km still yields an accurate estimate of the storm for both observed and unobserved variables within 40 min. Similarly, radial-velocity observations below 2 km are certainly beneficial to capturing the storm (especially the detailed cold pool structure), but in their absence the assimilation scheme can still achieve a comparably accurate estimate of the state of the storm given a slightly longer assimilation period. An experiment with radar observations only above 4 km fails to assimilate the storm properly, but, with the addition of a hypothetical surface mesonet taking wind and temperature observations, the EnKF can again provide a good estimate of the storm. The supercell can also be successfully assimilated in the case of radar observations only below 4 km (such as those from the ground-based mobile radars). More frequent observations can help the storm assimilation initially, but the benefit diminishes after half an hour. Results presented here indicate that the vertical resolution and the uncertainty of observations, for the typical range of most of the observational radars, would have little impact on the overall performance of the EnKF in assimilating the storm.
Meaning for fraction multiplication: Thematic analysis of mathematical talk in three fifth grade classes

Abstract In this article we share the results of an analysis of the mathematical talk that occurred in discussions of a fraction multiplication task in three different fifth grade mathematics classes. The purpose of the analysis was to determine whether and how fraction multiplication might be construed differently through the use of language, even in classes where the same task was being enacted. We found that the discussions in each class did construe fraction multiplication differently, providing opportunities for students in different classes to develop different conceptions of what fraction multiplication means. This research represents an example of how thematic analysis can be used to shed light on the mathematics of the mathematics classroom, and has implications for research on the enacted curriculum as well as the teaching and learning of fraction multiplication.
Prenatal antibody screening with a fully automated filter paper hemagglutinating machine.

A fully automated two-channel filter paper (FP) hemagglutinating machine was developed for the detection in prenatal sera of the large majority of antibodies related to hemolytic disease of the newborn. In the tests of 9738 first trimester sera, 50 with anti- Rh , one with anti- rh ′, three with anti- rh ″, and four with anti- hr ′ were found. Parallel studies of the prenatal sera with sensitive manual methods and with an automated colorimeter-recorded (CR) machine gave equivalent results. The productivity of the FP machine compared with manual methods and its simplicity relative to the CR machine indicate that the FP machine is satisfactory for the purpose for which it was developed.
Segmenting Markets by Group Purchasing Behavior: An Application of the AID Technique:

Market segmentation requires definition of consumer groups by variables that discriminate purchasing behavior. A multivariate program is described capable of defining homogeneous groups by a large ...
The Higher You Go, the Farther You Fall

Stop me if you’ve heard this one. Coming out of the back door of a club and onto a dark alley, a fellow loses his keys. He continues to his car and starts looking around for his keys. A policeman ambles up and asks him what he is looking for. He tells the policeman he lost his keys in the alleyway. When asked by the policeman why then is he looking out on the street for them, he says, “this is where the light is.”
Research of Distributed Parallel Retrieval System Based on JPPF

Introduced a distributed parallel method based on JPPF into information retrieval area in order to provide a solution for mass data query.JPPF is a powerful Java-based parallel processing framework,and it is easy to set up a simple and practical parallel environment.Analyzed the frame structure and distributed work processes of JPPF,designed and implemented a retrieval system based on JPPF because of its advantages on queue management and load balancing.Took the database query for example,the efficiency difference between serial search and JPPF parallel search was compared.The experiment results have demonstrated that the distributed parallel computing techniques can be applied to significantly improve the performance of retrieval system.
Analysis of HIV antibody detection results in 2008-2010 in Changshu city

Objective:To analyze the epidemic feature of AIDS in Changshu city and provide scientific evidence for prevention and control.Methods:HIV antibody detection data of different population groups from 2008 to 2010 in the city were analyzed.Results:A total of 316384 people in different population groups were detected from 2008 to 2010 and 51 cases of HIV antibody positive were reported,the positive rate was 0.016%.in which sexual partners of positive cases,population for counseling and special survey had high positive rates,which were 5%,0.701% and 0.174%,the main route of HIV transmission was sexual transmission(80.39%) mainly in young people aged 20-49 whose positive rate was 70.59%,the number of location persons was higher than floating persons,the positive rate in the homosexual and the old group was increasing.Conclusion:In Changshu city,the epidemic has spread from high risk group to the general population,we should expand the range of testing in the future,strengthen the active detecting ability and increase the VCT clinic sites of medical institutions to contain the epidemic and spread of AIDS.
Moisture fraction measurements for two-phase mist flow using high-sensitivity capacitance sensors

A capacitance-type sensor whose sensitivity is sufficiently high to detect liquid water droplets in a stream of gas with very low moisture content is described. Instantaneous capacitance is measured for a probe consisting of two closely spaced parallel plates through which a two-phase mixture is flowing; the presence of liquid within the sensor`s active volume generates a measurable capacitance increase due to the much higher dielectric constant of liquid water compared with gas or steam. Proof-of-concept experiments were carried out to determine the relative effects of droplet size, velocity, and position on the output of the sensor. The probe detected individual water droplets in the range of 7.5 to 20.0 {micro}l and had a voltage output that was linear with droplet volume in this range. In addition, the signal pulse width was found to b a sensitive indicator of droplet velocity. The data indicate that the probe can be used to measure the moisture fraction of a high-quality gas flow in the range from 0 < {beta} < 0.013 (liquid volume/total volume) with a maximum standard deviation of {approximately}0.001.
Comparison of two size-differentiating air samplers for detecting airborne swine viruses under experimental conditions

Detection and quantification of dilute viral aerosols, as encountered outside animal housing facilities, requires methods that are able to detect small numbers of viruses in large volumes of air. T...
The physics of galactic spin

Spiral galaxies are discrete spheroidal objects with highly organized, circular internal motions about a special axis. Available models do not describe these key features or explain why the central...
Thermal Vacuum Evaluation of Simulated Spacecraft Radiators with Discretized Emissivity Surface Properties

Incorporating variable emissivity electrochromic devices onto spacecraft radiators offers a unique potential for modulating passive heat rejection, but implementation challenges exist. Although hig...
Analysis tools for stormwater controls on construction sites

Stormwater discharges from construction activities can have significant impact on water quality by contributing sediments and pollutants to waterbodies. The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) for most States and the Construction General Permit (CGP) for a few states in the U.S. require the development and implementation of Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) and Best Management Practices (BMPs), which should contain storm water collection and discharge points, and drainage patterns across construction projects. Generally, erosion and sedimentation from disturbed construction sites need to be controled before and after construction. This regulatory compliance frequently results in schedule delays or decreased productivity at the beginning of construction process and violations or failure to implement stormwater management on construction sites increases construction costs. Therefore, an appropriate SWPPP needs to be developed at the planning phase. This study explores the feasibility of utilizing BIM tools for SWPPP and BMPs developments.
Minorities versus Nonminorities: Implications of Subgroup Signaling Markets for Targeted Recruitment

Past research has not adequately explained how to target minorities during recruitment and the implications of this practice for nonminorities. Drawing on signaling theory and research on staffing,...
Negative evidence regarding energization effects of simple, unchanging stimulation

Seventh- and eighth-grade boys viewed picture exposures that alternated with a lever-pulling response. Group SUN (simple, unchanging, nonmeaningful) viewed 12 60-sec presentations of a constant simple geometric form. Group CCM (complex, changing, meaningful) viewed 6 10-sec exposures of nonrepeated meaningful pictures on each of 12 trials. Group SUN responded with nonsignificantly smaller amplitudes, withnon significantly longer latencies, and with significantly longer durations. It was concluded that no clear evidence was obtained for energization effects of simple unchanging stimulation. The duration finding was interpreted as indicating that Group SUN Ss were responding so as to provide themselves with additional (kinesthetic) stimulation.
Improving Data Quality Through Deep Learning and Statistical Models

Traditional data quality control methods are based on users’ experience or previously established business rules, and this limits performance in addition to being a very time consuming process with lower than desirable accuracy. Utilizing deep learning, we can leverage computing resources and advanced techniques to overcome these challenges and provide greater value to users.
Analysis of compressive approach to interference tagging in radio spectrometry

Large-aperture, wide-band antenna arrays are important in both scientific (e.g., radio astronomy) and surveillance (e.g., radar) applications. The practical constraints of signal processing can limit these systems to produce a single (or few) beams, each of which is vulnerable to sidelobe interference. The disambiguation of legitimate (main lobe) signals from interference signals is of paramount importance in many applications. This paper considers time-modulated-array techniques for interference tagging as a mitigation approach and considers empirical statistics of interference detection vs. the beam-compressive ratio of a multi-beam system. The time-modulated approach described in the paper expands on our previous work, in which it was demonstrated that alternating a real-time beamformer between multiple sets of weights can multiplex several different beams (acquisition and one or more sidelobe suppression) within the beamformer output for the same computational cost as a single beamformer. Alternating the weights based on pseudo-random codes implements a CDMA-like scheme, which exploits the frequency-domain sparsity of the received signals. Further, using a single SLS beam minimizes the impact on the resultant detection SNR, but our previous work showed that this also introduces challenges when the underlying array is spatially sparse. The present work reported here will describe cost/performance tradeoffs of this technique when the number of auxiliary beams is changed; increasing this quantity will increase the probability of detection of RFI, but also will decrease the SNR (and PD) of weak target signals. This approach is compressive in the beam-space domain.
Zinc, Copper, and Iron in Oral Submucous Fibrosis: A Meta-Analysis

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a potentially malignant disorder which causes fibrosis and inflammation of the oral mucosa. Studies have reported altered levels of trace elements in oral submucous fibrosis subjects, but findings have been inconsistent. The objective of this research is to perform a meta-analysis to summarize studies that report zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe) in patients, with and without OSF. A literature search of Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science electronic databases was conducted for studies up to January 2017. A total of 34 reports met the inclusion criteria. The standardized mean difference was utilized as the effect size. The robust variance estimation method was chosen to handle dependency of multiple related outcomes in meta-analysis. There was a significant increase in the levels of Cu (effect size = 1.17, value value value < 0.01, 95% CI: −4.126 to −1.406) in OSF patients. The estimation of Zn, Cu, and Fe levels may serve as additional biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of OSF along with the clinical features.
The Discrete Fourier Transform

In chapter 1 we worked with vectors in ℂ N , that is, sequences of N complex numbers. Here we change notation in several ways. First, for reasons that will be more clear later, we index these N numbers over j ∈ {0, 1,..., N − 1} instead of {1, 2,..., N}. Second, instead of writing the components of z as z j , we write them as z(j).
Life Cycle for Engineering the Healthcare Service Delivery of Imaging

As of 2011, spending in the healthcare sector is between about 17% and 18% of the nation’s GDP. The healthcare sector, as with other sectors, consumes renewable and non-renewable resources, outputs wastes, and releases emissions, while delivering patient health benefits. There is growing interest from the healthcare industry in understanding and reducing energy consumption and environmental impacts. An examination of energy use and environmental impacts in this sector historically has been limited to medical waste, HVAC, laundry, and food services. This work represents the first life cycle inventory reported in healthcare for medical service delivery of imaging. The methodology/outcomes parallel the author’s life cycle work in manufacturing.
Using GIS to detect cluster and spatial disparity in maternal health indicators: a need for social health interventions.

Maternal mortality remains a serious global health concern. Although global efforts have produced some encouraging results in some World Health Organization’s health regions, disparities persist wi...
Trochleoplasty, Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction, and Open Lateral Lengthening for Patellar Instability in the Setting of High-Grade Trochlear Dysplasia

Trochlear dysplasia is the most commonly encountered pathoanatomy in patients who present with patellar instability. Outcomes of trochleoplasty procedures have shown low rates of recurrent instability and high patient-reported outcome scores. This article describes a "thin-flap" groove-deepening trochleoplasty combined with medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction with a gracilis allograft and lateral retinacular lengthening to treat recurrent patellar instability due to high-grade trochlear dysplasia. This technique can obviate tibial tubercle osteotomy by normalizing the position of the trochlear groove and, subsequently, decreasing the tibial tubercle-to-trochlear groove distance.
Antipassives in Crosslinguistic Perspective

Recent descriptive and typological research on antipassives has allowed many existing claims about antipassives to be reevaluated. Although there is still debate about which characteristics are nec...
Effect of ZIF-71 ligand-exchange surface modification on biofuel recovery through pervaporation

Abstract In this paper, zeolitic imidazolate framework-71 (ZIF-71) particles (~500 nm diameter) were modified with four different ligands through the solvent-assisted linker exchange (SALE) method. The objective of this was to assess the effect of ligand exchanged ZIF-71 on the performance of ZIF-71/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) for removal of alcohol from dilute aqueous solutions. Both Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy confirmed the exchange of the new ligands into the ZIF-71 material. The 1H NMR spectra demonstrated the molar ratios of the ligand-exchange into the ZIF-71 particles. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy results showed that the crystal structure and the morphology of ZIF-71 were maintained after the ligand-exchange modification process. Modified ZIF-71/PDMS composite membranes were synthesized to study the effect of ligand modification on alcohol/water separation performance. Ligand-modified ZIFs dispersed more evenly in the condensation cure PDMS polymer matrix than the unmodified ZIFs. The alcohol permeability and alcohol/water selectivity for ethanol and 1-butanol remained the same or decreased for membranes made with ligand-exchanged ZIF-71 particles.
Association of Smoking Cessation and Survival Among Young Adults With Myocardial Infarction in the Partners YOUNG-MI Registry.

Importance Despite significant progress in primary prevention, the rate of myocardial infarction (MI) continues to increase in young adults. Objectives To identify the prevalence of tobacco use and to examine the association of both smoking and smoking cessation with survival in a cohort of adults who experienced an initial MI at a young age. Design, Setting, and Participants The Partners YOUNG-MI registry is a retrospective cohort study from 2 large academic centers in Boston, Massachusetts, that includes patients who experienced an initial MI at 50 years or younger. Smoking status at the time of presentation and at 1 year after MI was determined from electronic medical records. Participants were 2072 individuals who experienced an MI at 50 years or younger between January 2000 and April 2016. The dates of analysis were October to December 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures Deaths were ascertained from the Social Security Administration Death Master File, the Massachusetts Department of Vital Statistics, and the National Death Index. Cause of death was adjudicated independently by 2 cardiologists. Propensity score–adjusted Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to evaluate the association between smoking cessation and both all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Results Among the 2072 individuals (median age, 45 years [interquartile range, 42-48 years]; 1669 [80.6%] men), 1088 (52.5%) were smokers at the time of their index hospitalization. Of these, 910 patients were further classified into either the cessation group (343 [37.7%]) or the persistent smoking group (567 [62.3%]) at 1 year after MI. Over a median follow-up of 11.2 years (interquartile range, 7.3-14.2 years), individuals who quit smoking had a statistically significantly lower rate of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 0.35; 95% CI, 0.19-0.63;P Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study, approximately half of individuals who experienced an MI at 50 years or younger were active smokers. Among them, smoking cessation within 1 year after MI was associated with more than 50% lower all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.
COEFFICIENTS FOR ESTIMATING PRENATAL DOSE IN PREGNANT WORKERS FROM ACUTE INTAKES.

Inhalation and ingestion dose coefficients for the embryo and fetus from intakes of radionuclides by the mother are provided in the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) Publication 88 for intake of each of 74 radionuclides. To address the many other possible radionuclides to which workers may be exposed, effective dose coefficients were developed for the embryo/fetus for all additional radionuclides addressed in ICRP Publication 107 with half-life of 10 min or more. The general approach was to use the estimated dose to the mother's uterus during pregnancy as a scalable proxy for the dose to the embryo/fetus. The set of scaling factors used in the study was derived from analyses of the relationships of the dose to the mother's uterus and the effective dose to the embryo/fetus for the ~400 cases (considering two intake modes and multiple forms of many of the radionuclides) addressed in Publication 88.
Race, Ambivalent Sexism, and Perceptions of Situations When Police Shoot Black Women:

The current research investigates people’s attitudes toward an ambiguous situation of police violence against a woman suspect. We hypothesize that the suspect’s race and participants’ ambivalent se...
Globalization In World History : Second Edition

In this revised edition of Globalization in World History, Peter Stearns explores the roots of contemporary globalization, examining shifts in the global flow of people, goods and ideas as early as 1000 CE. Exploring how four moments in history have accelerated the process of globalization, Stearns’s narrative details how factors such as economics, migration, disease transmission, culture, the environment, and politics have influenced the nature of globalization as we understand it today. This revised and updated second edition includes: A broadened discussion of regional reactions to globalization, anchoring the topic in world history and allowing for discussions of nationalism. A detailed look at the effects of globalization on the environment. An expanded analysis of athletics, youth culture, and the problems of globalization today. A supplementary online chapter-by-chapter reading guide, which provides additional background context and support for readers. With an interdisciplinary approach that links political, sociological, and historical perspectives, Stearns’s book provides an ideal overview of the current state of globalization and the historical factors that have shaped it.
Nonreplicable publications are cited more than replicable ones

We use publicly available data to show that published papers in top psychology, economics, and general interest journals that fail to replicate are cited more than those that replicate. This difference in citation does not change after the publication of the failure to replicate. Only 12% of postreplication citations of nonreplicable findings acknowledge the replication failure. Existing evidence also shows that experts predict well which papers will be replicated. Given this prediction, why are nonreplicable papers accepted for publication in the first place? A possible answer is that the review team faces a trade-off. When the results are more “interesting,” they apply lower standards regarding their reproducibility.
Aroma characterization of regional Cascade and Chinook hops (Humulus lupulus L.)

Abstract Aroma compounds in Cascade and Chinook hops harvested from multiple Virginia locations were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry (GC-MS-O) and aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA). Selected aroma compounds were quantitated by combination of stable isotope dilution analysis (SIDA) and standard addition method (SAM). A total of 33 aroma-active compounds were detected in five samples with β-myrcene, methyl octanoate, geraniol and linalool being the predominant compounds based on their high flavor dilution (FD) factors and odor activity values (OAVs). L-Calamenene and germacrene B was the major characteristic component unique to Cascade and Chinook variety, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed distinctive aroma profiles for all samples except for Blacksburg and Petersburg Cascade. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) reflected the higher contents of most aroma-active compounds in Meadowview Cascade and Chinook when compared to their counterparts. The significant variations suggested the potential influences of environmental factors and agronomic practices on hop aroma quality.
Privacy Concerns and Mobile App Store

Mobile apps have been transforming how individuals and organizations share information and conduct business. This research studies the relationships among user readiness factors, privacy concerns, ...
Grounding and a priori epistemology: challenges for conceptualism

Traditional rationalist approaches to a priori epistemology have long been looked upon with suspicion for positing a faculty of rational intuition capable of knowing truths about the world apart from experience. Conceptualists have tried to fill this void with something more empirically tractable, arguing that we know a priori truths due to our understanding of concepts. All of this theorizing, however, has carried on while neglecting an entire cross section of such truths, the grounding claims that we know a priori. Taking a priori grounding into account poses a significant challenge to conceptualist accounts of a priori knowledge, as it is unclear how merely understanding conceptual connections can account for knowledge of grounding. The fact that we do know some grounding truths a priori, then, is a significant mark in traditional rationalism’s favor, and the next frontier for those who aim to eliminate the mystery surrounding a priori knowledge.
A Review of Hormonal Contraception and Venous Thromboembolism in Adolescents.

Abstract Background The number of adolescents who are prescribed hormonal contraception (HC) for contraceptive and noncontraceptive indications is increasing. Approximately 1 of 4 female adolescents will use some form of HC by age 19 years. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a rare, but life-threatening complication associated with HC use. Although adolescents aged 15 to 19 years have the lowest absolute HC-associated VTE risk, they still account for 5.9% of HC-associated VTE. The absolute HC-associated VTE risk for those younger than 15 years of age is not well described. Objective The objectives of this report are to describe the current literature regarding HC-associated VTE in adolescents, to review the coagulation cascade and in vivo coagulation, to highlight differences between the adolescent and adult coagulation profiles, to discuss coagulation profile changes related to HC use, and to identify knowledge deficits for future study. Conclusion The mechanisms and confounding variables that lead to HC-associated VTE in all adolescents are not well understood because many large HC studies exclude female adolescents younger than 18 years of age. Because of the paucity of data in this age group, observational studies and randomized controlled trials of VTE risk in adolescents on varying forms of HC are needed. Studies should include female adolescents across the entire adolescent age span (12-21 years) to better understand HC-associated VTE risk in this population.
PCL-Based Multiple Ligament Knee Injuries: What I Have Learned

This chapter is a compilation of my experience treating the multiple ligament knee injuries over the past 21 years. Departing from the style of most text books, this chapter is written in the first person and is intended to be a conversation between the reader and myself about one of the most complex and interesting topics in orthopedic surgery: the multiple ligament injured knee. The goal of this chapter is to maximize success, avoid complications, and help the surgeon stay out of trouble treating these complex and difficult cases. This chapter is organized to present brief sections of information that will help the orthopedic surgeon and other health-care professionals to make treatment decisions in multiple ligament knee injury cases. Topics addressed include injury incidence, anatomy, vascular assessment, external fixation, surgical timing, repair and/or reconstruction, graft preparation, arthroscopic or open surgical procedures, surgical technique highlights, mechanical graft tensioning, postoperative rehabilitation, multiple ligament knee injuries in children, and results of treatment. Specific surgical procedures are discussed in various chapters throughout this text book.
Distinguishing Benign Mediastinal Masses from Malignancy in a Histoplasmosis-Endemic Region.

Objective To describe the characteristics of benign and malignant mediastinal masses, which may predict their etiology and facilitate the safe and timely management of patients, especially those residing in histoplasmosis-endemic regions. Study design We conducted a retrospective review of the health records of 131 patients aged Results Most patients (79%) had benign masses, including 98 with confirmed or suspected histoplasmosis. Overall, compared with patients with malignant masses, patients with benign masses were younger and more likely to be African American, to complain of cough, and to have pulmonary nodules by chest computed tomography. In addition, patients with malignant disease were more likely to complain of malaise and to have neck swelling, abnormal extrathoracic lymphadenopathy, lymphopenia, anterior mediastinal involvement, and/or pleural effusion. Positive histoplasmosis serologic tests were specific but insensitive for a benign etiology. No single clinical, laboratory, or radiologic feature was sufficiently sensitive and specific for distinguishing between benign and malignant masses; however, the presence of lymphopenia, anterior mediastinal involvement, or enlarged cervical lymph nodes on computed tomography had a sensitivity of 93%, specificity of 95%, positive predictive value of 86%, and negative predictive value of 97% for cancer. Sixty-four patients (49%) underwent invasive testing, including 37 (36%) of those with benign masses. Conclusion Patients in this series who had involvement of the anterior mediastinum, lymphopenia, or enlarged cervical lymph nodes had a high likelihood of cancer. Expectant management of patients lacking these characteristics may be safe and reduce unnecessary invasive testing.
Aggregate Demand in the Principles Textbook: An Analysis

A review of 19 principles of economics textbooks identifies common features and differences among principles of economics textbooks in the derivation of the Aggregate Demand curve, factors affecting the slope of the AD curve, and factors shifting the AD curve. This review identifies general agreement that the Aggregate Demand Curve represents a relationship between the level of prices and the level of real output in the economy. Real balance effects, interest rate effects, wealth effects, and foreign exchange rate effects are the most common explanations of the downward slope of the AD curve. The textbooks are unanimous that changes in autonomous spending (including specifically government spending), changes in taxation, and changes in the money supply will shift the AD curve. About half the books suggest that changes in each of the following will cause the AD curve to shift: wealth, exchange rates, expectations, incomes in other countries. None of the books explicitly argue that changes in the velocity of money will shift the AD curve. Some suggestions emerge for improving the treatment of the AD curve.
Continuous-wave operation of InAs-based interband cascade lasers above room temperature

Pulsed and continuous wave operations of InAs-based interband cascade lasers were demonstrated at temperatures up to 377 and 308K, respectively, with low threshold current densities (278 A/cm2) at 300K at wavelengths around 4.7 μm.
The Specialization Choices and Performance of Venture Capital Funds

It is often asserted that venture capital (VC) funds specialize by industry, stage, or geographic region. Little research in finance, however, has empirically examined how specialized VC funds really are, and how they make their specialization choices. Using a principal-agent model, I analyze why VC funds display various degrees of specialization from a theoretical perspective. In addition, I test the predictions of my model using a sample of 1586 funds with 64168 venture investments. My study shows that there exists significant heterogeneity in fund specialization. Fund size, proxies for VCs' risk aversion, and proxies for the risk associated with the excess return of the fund all have negative effects on specialization. I construct two measures distinguishing VCs' specialized talent from their general talent. I find that it is VCs' specialized talent that really matters in determining specialization. There is also evidence indicating a positive relationship between specialization and fund performance.