cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE CHEMISTRY AND HISTORY OF THE PIGMENT INDIAN YELLOW

(1972). THE CHEMISTRY AND HISTORY OF THE PIGMENT INDIAN YELLOW. Studies in Conservation: Vol. 17, Lisbon Congress 1972: Conservation of Paintings and the Graphic Arts, pp. 401-408.
Genetics of restless legs syndrome

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common disorder, although under-diagnosed, with a prevalence of up to 15% depending on the population sampled. Familial aggregation has been widely shown since Ekbom formerly described the condition in 1960; twin studies support a genetic contribution in the development of this disorder. Molecular genetic approaches have identified three genomic regions in RLS susceptibility, however no specific mutations have yet been identified. Herein, we review the current status of genetics in RLS, providing some methodological guidelines to help future research.
Protein malnutrition in the domestic fowl induces alterations in adrenocortical function.

Adrenocortical function was investigated in immature, dietary protein-restricted domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus). White Leghorn cockerels (2 weeks old) were fed isocaloric semipurified diets containing either 8% [low (L)] or 20% [normal (N)] soy protein for 4 weeks ad libitum. Cockerels were quickly killed by decapitation and exsanguination. Trunk plasma corticosterone (B) and ACTH levels were measured by RIA. Maximal B-binding capacity (CBC) of plasma was also measured. In addition, in randomly selected cockerels, a rough index of the B clearance rate was determined. Finally, to determine the influence of protein malnutrition on adrenocortical cell function per se, we measured the acute (2-h) B responses of highly enriched adrenocortical cell populations to various ACTH analogs, 8-bromo-cAMP (8-Br-cAMP), and cellular B production maximally supported with 25-hydroxycholesterol. Plasma B and ACTH concentrations of L cockerels were, respectively, 160% greater and 32% less than those of N cockerels....
Ligand-independent activation of the arylhydrocarbon receptor by ETK (Bmx) tyrosine kinase helps MCF10AT1 breast cancer cells to survive in an apoptosis-inducing environment

It has been reported that the arylhydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is overexpressed in certain types of breast tumors. However, so far no concrete evidence has been provided yet as to why and how the overexpressed AHR in those cancer cells is functionally activated without exogenous ligands. Here we show that the AHR was functionally activated when estrogen receptor-negative, AHR overexpressing MCF10AT1 human breast cancer cells (designated P20E) were subjected to serum starvation. Transfection of cells with ETK-KQ, a plasmid for kinase-dead epithelial and endothelial tyrosine kinase (ETK), attenuated this AHR activation. Artificial over-expression of ETK in P20E cells through transfection with wild-type ETK plasmid (ETK-wt) caused up-regulation of cytochrome P4501a1 (CYP1A1; a marker of functional activation of AHR). Furthermore, ablation of ETK expression by a specific antisense oligonucleotide or AG879, a specific inhibitor of ETK kinase suppressed activation of AHR induced by omeprazole, a strong ligand-independent activator of AHR. Activation of ETK in those cells conferred them resistance to UVB- as well as doxorubicin-induced apoptosis, both of which were reversed by ETK-KQ. Together, these findings support our conclusion that ETK is the tyrosine kinase responsible for the functional activation of the AHR in these mammary epithelial cells.
Performance study of loop networks using buffer insertion

Abstract A queueing network model is used to determine the message delay characteristics of two access control mechanisms for loop networks which make use of message priorities. The queueing discipline of the host interface distinguishes two message types: messages which have arrived from the host computer and messages arriving from the ring. The ATDM access control mechanism assigns a higher priority to messages arriving from the ring, while the access control mechanism of the Distributed Loop Computer Network (DLCN) assigns a higher priority to messages arriving from the host computer. In this paper we consider a Modified DLCN (MDLCN) access control mechanism which assumes an infinite buffer size for messages arriving from the ring. ATDM and MDLCN are modeled as head-of-the-line non-preemtive queueing disciplines with two priority classes. It is shown that the ATDM and MDLCN schemes have the same mean end-to-end transmission delay. This is an instance of the applicability of Kleinrock's conservation law for waiting times to a queueing network.
A matter of explanation: assessment, scholarship of teaching and their disconnect with theoretical development

This commentary explores the development of assessment and its implications on the scholarship of teaching. Assessment and the scholarship of teaching's aim has been fixed on the practical and relevant, rarely furthering what we collectively know about student learning and development. As medical educators investigate important educational issues, informing assessment efforts with existing literature and a theoretical framework offers several advantages. Aligning sound assessment plans with a theoretical framework not only addresses essential questions about the extent students are learning, but provides direction, focus and coordination for future investigations.
Neotraditional Towns and Urban Villages: The Cultural Production of a Geography of ‘Otherness’:

The ‘neotraditional’ planning movement in the USA is criticized through an analysis of promotional materials for the urban village of Rancho Santa Margarita in Orange County, CA. The ‘traditions’ of towns and villages are viewed as recent ‘inventions’ created by corporate planners; they are attempts to validate the establishment of residential communities through ambiguous, yet familiar, historical symbols. Yet the identities constructed for neotraditional towns and urban villages make sense only in relation to the ‘other’. In southern Orange County, corporate planners present their master-planned communities as ‘distant’ from the suburbs and cities located in Los Angeles and in northern Orange County according to a scale of temporal, geographic, and social values. Implicit to neotraditionalism is a geography of otherness. This geography reinforces existing social and spatial divisions, promotes reactionary and exclusionary territorial identities, and legitimizes the status quo.
Scheduling Optimization for Parking and Taking Car about the Vertical Circulation Type Stereo Garage

The vertical circulation type stereo garage has some advantages such as its simple construction, low cost, easy combination and less ground occupation. Regarding the problem of parking and taking car in the vertical circulation type stereo garage, the paper studies the queue system in the garage through a queue theory, the management strategy of scheduling optimization for parking and driving is obtained. The simulation experiment proved that, the whole vertical circulation garage by the optimization method stated in this paper has some advantages such as average short time for parking and taking car one time, high efficiency for average service rate.
Intraurban physician location: A case study of Phoenix

Abstract The focus of this paper is the intraurban distribution of private practice physicians. Based on physicians' level of specialization and time spent in hospitals, a four celled locational model is proposed. The model presumes that specialists are more spatially concentrated near the urban center than physicians who perform primary care functions. On a smaller scale, physicians who are required by the nature of their work to spend a large portion of their day in hospitals are expected to be more clustered around hospitals than such physician types as dermatologists or ophthalmologists who are less hospital oriented. Four hypothetical spatial patterns are suggested, and physician types are fit into appropriate categories on the basis of their expected concentration near the city center and degree of clustering around hospitals. The locational characteristics of 14 physician types are examined for the Phoenix metropolitan area in 1970. Standard distance statistics and dot maps are used to determine the actual extent of concentration and clustering. Although physician types in Phoenix generally conformed to expected patterns, all of them exhibited a higher degree of both concentration and clustering than the idealized distributions. The greatest deviations occurred in the cases of internists and pediatricians who were hypothesized to follow a dispersed and non-clustered distribution. Pediatricians, in particular, seemed inappropriately positioned relative to their target population. They were highly concentrated near the city center in spite of the fact that their patients, children, tend to reside in new housing on the periphery of the urbanized area. The investigation generally showed an extremely unequal distribution of private practice physicians in the Phoenix metropolitan area. Implications arise in the area of intraurban travel where the urban population makes excessively long trips to obtain medical care because physicians have located in a manner that is convenient for them but inefficient for their patients.
Comment on: Anatomic and hemodynamic evaluation of renal venous flow in varicocele formation using color Doppler sonography with emphasis on renal vein entrapment syndrome (Scand J Urol Nephrol 2007; 41(1): 42-6).

Dear Editor,We read with interest the article “Anatomic and hemodynamic evaluation of renal venous flow in varicocele formation using color Doppler sonography with emphasis on renal vein entrapment...
Towards a new poetics of architecture

Dalibor Vesely MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, US, and London, UK, 2004; ISBN 0 262 22067 9 Today's architecture world has embraced theory as never before. Dalibor Vesely's Architecture in the Age of Div...
Assessing School Effects on Dental Hygiene and Nutrition Behaviors of Canadian Adolescents.

This study examines what school experiences influence dental hygiene and nutrition behaviors of Canadian adolescents from the 1998 Cross‐national Survey on Health Behaviors in School‐aged Children (HBSC). Multilevel analyses highlight the rare use of dental floss among adolescents. Females are more likely to brush and floss teeth than males. Effective schools in promoting good dental hygiene have positive disciplinary climate, positive peer environment, and positive sense of belonging to school. Results for nutrition behaviors highlight the decline in eating breakfast across grade levels. Males are more likely to eat breakfast and consume junk food than females. Effective schools in promoting healthy nutrition behaviors show strong parental support and positive peer influence. The evidence from this study indicates that school experiences are important to dental hygiene and nutrition behaviors of adolescents.
Intralobar sequestration. Demonstration of collateral ventilation by nuclear lung scan.

An intralobar pulmonary sequestration in the left lower lobe was studied before and after surgical excision. Ventilation scans showed delayed entry and subsequent trapping of radiogas in the area of sequestration. High pressure injection of barium sulfate in the left lower lobe bronchus, however, revealed no connection of the bronchial tree to the sequestration. The ventilation scan is a useful method to demonstrate collateral ventilation to a pulmonary sequestration.
Hearing in an ambulance paramedic population

Ambulance cab noise levels during siren use, hearing levels of 56 ambulance paramedics, and hearing acuity changes of four ambulance paramedics during a 14-year period were examined to determine whether environmental noise levels are sufficient to produce hearing loss, to determine if hearing loss is indeed present in ambulance paramedics, and to determine if ambulance paramedics lose heaing acuity at rates faster than "normal" peers. Ambulance cab noise levels during siren use were intense (mean of 102.5 dBA in a common conditions), well above the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's suggested guidelines of 90 dBA. Hearing levels of paramedics were reduced from presbycusis expectations. In the lower and higher frequency ranges, the personnel showed hearing acuity approximately one standard deviation below the normal mean. This meant that mean hearing thresholds were depressed approximately 5 dB to 2 dB, depending on age and frequency. Ambulance paramedics over a 14-year term appeared to lose hearing acuity at a rate faster than "normal" peers. Implications from this study for hearing conservation are explored.
Chemistry of the phenoxathiins and isosterically related heterocycles. XXIX The crystal and molecular structure of 5-(3′-hydroxypyridyl-2′-thio)-4-nitro-1-methylimidazole†

Reaction of the dianion of 3-hydroxypyridine-2(1H)-thione with 5-chloro-4-nitro-1-methylimidazole in N,N-dimethylformamide led to the formation of 5-(3′-hydroxypyridyl-2′-thio)-4-nitro-1-methylimidazole, which failed to cyclize to the desired pyrid[1,4]oxathiinoimidazole derivative. In an effort to determine why the intermediate phenolate sulfide had failed to cyclize, the crystal structure of the isolated product was determined. The structure refined to R = 0.036.
Lack of phenotype for LTP and fear conditioning learning in calpain 1 knock-out mice

We previously proposed the hypothesis that calpain activation played an important role in long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic transmission in hippocampus. Two forms of calpain are predominant in brain tissues, calpain 1 (μ-calpain), activated by micromolar calcium concentration and calpain 2 (m-calpain), activated by millimolar calcium concentration in vitro. In the present study, we tested the role of calpain 1 in LTP and in learning and memory using calpain 1 knock-out mice. Changes in learning and memory were assessed using both context and tone fear conditioning. No differences in freezing responses were observed between the knock-out and the wild-type animals during the acquisition phase of the training, eliminating the possibility that the knock-out animals could be differentially affected by the foot shock. Likewise, no differences in freezing responses elicited by either the context or the tone were observed during the retention phase. No differences in short-term potentiation (STP) or LTP were observed in hippocampal slices from the knock-out and matched wild-type mice. Several interpretations might explain these negative results. First, it is conceivable that calpain 2 plays a more dominant role in neurons, and that calpain 1 makes a minor contribution as opposed to its suspected predominant role in the hematopoietic system. Alternatively, it is conceivable that some as yet unknown compensatory mechanisms take effect, and that calpain 2 or another calpain isoform substitutes for the missing calpain 1.
Functional interaction between sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c, nuclear factor Y, and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine nuclear receptors.

Sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) is a key hepatic transcription factor involved in lipogenic gene expression. In an effort to understand the role SREBP-1c plays in lipogenic gene transcription, we have examined the functional interaction between SREBP-1c, nuclear factor Y, 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3) receptors, and co-activators using the S14 gene promoter as a model. T3, glucose, and insulin rapidly induce S14 gene transcription in rat liver and in primary hepatocytes. Linker scanning analyses of the S14 promoter showed that an SRE at −139/−131 base pairs (bp) binding SREBP-1c and a Y-box at −104/−99 bp binding NF-Y are indispensable for both T3- and SREBP-1c-mediated induction of S14 promoter activity in rat primary hepatocytes. T3 and glucose/insulin induce S14 gene transcription through separate enhancers. Enhancer substitution studies reveal a preferential interaction between SREBP-1c·NF-Y and the T3regulatory region (−2.8/−2.5 kb) binding thyroid hormone receptor/RXR heterodimers. Elevating hepatocellular levels of specific co-activators (CBP, p/CAF, or GCN5) induced S14 promoter activity 2–3-fold, while SREBP-1c induced promoter activity 10-fold. The combination of these treatments induced S14 promoter activity (20–35-fold). However, this additive effect was lost when the T3 regulatory region was deleted. Based on these results, we suggest that the SREBP-1c·NF-Y complex facilitates the interaction between co-activators that are recruited to distal hormone-regulated enhancers and the general transcription machinery that binds the S14 proximal promoter.
Molecular basis for protein-specific transfer of N-acetylgalactosamine to N-linked glycans by the glycosyltransferases β1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase 3 (β4GalNAc-T3) and β4GalNAc-T4.

Two closely related β1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases, β4GalNAc-T3 and β4GalNAc-T4, are thought to account for the protein-specific addition of β1,4-linked GalNAc to Asn-linked oligosaccharides on a number of glycoproteins including the glycoprotein hormone luteinizing hormone and carbonic anhydrase-6 (CA6). We have utilized soluble, secreted forms of β4GalNAc-T3 and β4GalNAc-T4 to define the basis for protein-specific GalNAc transfer in vitro to chimeric substrates consisting of Gaussia luciferase followed by a glycoprotein substrate. Transfer of GalNAc by β4GalNAc-T3 and β4GalNAc-T4 to terminal GlcNAc is divalent cation-dependent. Transfer of GalNAc to glycoprotein acceptors that contain a peptide recognition determinant is maximal between 0.5 and 1.0 mm MnCl2; however, transfer is increasingly inhibited by concentrations of MnCl2 above 1 mm and by anion concentrations above 15 mm. In contrast, transfer of GalNAc to the simple sugar acceptor N-acetylglucosamine-β-p-nitrophenol (GlcNAcβ-pNP) is not inhibited by concentrations of MnCl2 or anions that would inhibit transfer to glycoprotein acceptors by >90%. This finding indicates that interaction with the peptide recognition determinant in the substrate is sensitive to the anion concentration. β4GalNAc-T3 and β4GalNAc-T4 have similar but distinct specificities, resulting in a 42-fold difference in the IC50 for transfer of GalNAc to chimeric glycoprotein substrates by agalacto human chorionic gonadotropin, comprising 29 nm for β4GalNAc-T3 and 1.2 μm for β4GalNAc-T4. Our in vitro analysis indicates that enzymatic recognition of the peptide determinant and the oligosaccharide acceptor are independent events.
Thermal Conductivity Model for Nearly Pure and Doped Thin Silicon Layers at High Temperatures

Simulation of the temperature field in Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) transistors can benefit from better models and data for thermal conduction in pure and doped semiconducting materials. This work develops simple algebraic expressions to account for the reduction in thermal conductivity due to the size effect and to the presence of dopant impurities. The model applies to temperatures above 300 K and the results are compared with experimental data for pure and doped silicon layers.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Novel stress-free Keep Out Zone process development for via middle TSV in 20nm planar CMOS technology

For the first time, a near-Zero Keep Out Zone TSV capability is demonstrated utilizing the Middle Of Line (MoL) layer stack process development and optimization. This is MoL layer stack consisted of a nitride, PMD oxide, and contact protection layer. Careful selection of a high CTE Contact Protection layer to compensate the TSV induced stress in Silicon (Silicon CTE is 2.3ppm/°C) yields the near-Zero Keep Out Zone, confirmed with silicon measurement data.
Mechanisms employed by retroviruses to exploit host factors for translational control of a complicated proteome

Retroviruses have evolved multiple strategies to direct the synthesis of a complex proteome from a single primary transcript. Their mechanisms are modulated by a breadth of virus-host interactions, which are of significant fundamental interest because they ultimately affect the efficiency of virus replication and disease pathogenesis. Motifs located within the untranslated region (UTR) of the retroviral RNA have established roles in transcriptional trans-activation, RNA packaging, and genome reverse transcription; and a growing literature has revealed a necessary role of the UTR in modulating the efficiency of viral protein synthesis. Examples include a 5' UTR post-transcriptional control element (PCE), present in at least eight retroviruses, that interacts with cellular RNA helicase A to facilitate cap-dependent polyribosome association; and 3' UTR constitutive transport element (CTE) of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus that interacts with Tap/NXF1 and SR protein 9G8 to facilitate RNA export and translational utilization. By contrast, nuclear protein hnRNP E1 negatively modulates HIV-1 Gag, Env, and Rev protein synthesis. Alternative initiation strategies by ribosomal frameshifting and leaky scanning enable polycistronic translation of the cap-dependent viral transcript. Other studies posit cap-independent translation initiation by internal ribosome entry at structural features of the 5' UTR of selected retroviruses. The retroviral armamentarium also commands mechanisms to counter cellular post-transcriptional innate defenses, including protein kinase R, 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase and the small RNA pathway. This review will discuss recent and historically-recognized insights into retrovirus translational control. The expanding knowledge of retroviral post-transcriptional control is vital to understanding the biology of the retroviral proteome. In a broad perspective, each new insight offers a prospective target for antiviral therapy and strategic improvement of gene transfer vectors.
A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Professional Opinion Scale: A Values Assessment Instrument:

Objective: The objective of this study was to reaffirm, using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), the four value subscales (respect for basic rights, sense of social responsibility, commitment to individual freedom, and support of self-determination) identified in the initial exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of the Professional Opinion Scale (POS). Method: The CFA reported here suggests that four items included in the original POS be repositioned, and eight items be removed, resulting in a 32-item updated version of the POS. Results: A final model, incorporating correlations of disturbances or errors between four pairs of similarly worded items, resulted in the best fit model. Conclusion: Although the final CFA does not support the entirety of the four factors identified by EFA, the resulting version of the POS, supported by goodness of fit indices, does support the four value subscales with minor modifications.
Predicting Length of Stay Following Radical Nephrectomy Using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Database

Purpose: Length of stay is frequently used to measure the quality of health care, although its predictors are not well studied in urology. We created a predictive model of length of stay after nephrectomy, focusing on preoperative variables.Materials and Methods: We used the NSQIP database to evaluate patients older than 18 years who underwent nephrectomy without concomitant procedures from 2007 to 2011. Preoperative factors analyzed for univariate significance in relation to actual length of stay were then included in a multivariable linear regression model. Backward elimination of nonsignificant variables resulted in a final model that was validated in an institutional external patient cohort.Results: Of the 1,527 patients in the NSQIP database 864 were included in the training cohort after exclusions for concomitant procedures or lack of data. Median length of stay was 3 days in the training and validation sets. Univariate analysis revealed 27 significant variables. Backward selection left a final mode...
Himalayan Summer Snow Cover and Withdrawal of the Indian Summer Monsoon

Abstract In this paper the relationship between Himalayan summer snow cover area and withdrawal of the Indian summer monsoon from northwest India to 15°N of peninsular India is examined for the period 1971–81. A direct relation (correlation coefficient 0.62) between the two variables was found for most of the study period. The preliminary result indicated that extensive summer snow cover area was likely to be associated with longer withdrawal time.
Polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells employing Förster resonance energy transfer

There are two crucial tasks for realizing high-efficiency polymer solar cells (PSCs): increasing the range of the spectral absorption of light and efficiently harvesting photogenerated excitons. Here, we describe Forster resonance energy transfer-based heterojunction polymer solar cells that incorporate squaraine dye. The high absorbance of squaraine in the near-infrared region broadens the spectral absorption of the solar cells and assists in developing an ordered nanomorphology for enhanced charge transport. Femtosecond spectroscopic studies reveal highly efficient (up to 96%) excitation energy transfer from poly(3-hexylthiophene) to squaraine occurring on a picosecond timescale. We demonstrate a 38% increase in power conversion efficiency to reach 4.5%, and suggest that this system has improved exciton migration over long distances. This architecture transcends traditional multiblend systems, allowing multiple donor materials with separate spectral responses to work synergistically, thereby enabling an improvement in light absorption and conversion. This opens up a new avenue for the development of high-efficiency polymer solar cells.
Special Section Introduction: Thriving in Context: Findings from the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development

The positive youth development perspective, a strength-based relational developmental systems model that focuses on mutually influential relationships between individuals and contexts, has been used to study thriving across the second decade of life. However, more attention has been paid empirically to identifying the features of the individual (e.g., intentional self regulation, hope, or purpose) or to enumerating the role of context-general ecological assets than to the nature of individual-context relationships linked to thriving within specific contexts. The goal of this special section is to provide initial research reports about context-specific instances of the thriving process. The research focuses on two contexts where many youth spend a considerable amount, and often the majority, of their time—school and out-of-school time sports activities.
A Performance/Competence Model of Observational Assessment

The nature of the questions asked concerning a child determines the procedures used to generate the answers. This article describes a variety of assessment procedures and discusses the situations u...
Structural consequences of fluoride incorporation into oxovanadium-xylyldiphosphonates with charge compensating copper(II)-imine components

Abstract The hydrothermal reactions of V2O5, Cu(CH3CO2)2·H2O, an appropriate imine, a xylyl-diphosphonic acid and HF in low HF/V ratio yielded the bimetallic xylyldiphosphonate phases, [Cu(o-phen)VO2(1,2-HO3PC8H8PO3)] (1) and [Cu2(dpa)2V2O5(1,3-O3PC8H8PO3)] (2). When the HF/V ratio was increased to ca. 23:1, a series of materials of the VxFyOz/copper-imine/xylyldiphosphonate family were prepared. These include the one-dimensional [Cu2(o-phen)2V2F2O4(H2O)(1,3-O3PC8H8PO3)] (3), the two-dimensional [Cu2(o-phen)2V2F2O4(1,4-O3PC8H8PO3)] (4), [Cu2(dpa)2V2F2O4(1,2-O3PC8H8PO3)] (5) and [Cu2(dpa)2V2F2O4(1,3-O3PC8H8PO3)] (6·H2O), and the three-dimensional [Cu2(bpy)2V2F2O4(1,4-O3PC8H8PO3)] (7) and [{Cu2(tpyprz)(H2O)2}V2F2O4(1,3-O3PC8H8PO3)] (8·2H2O). The influences of structural determinants such as the xylyldiphosphonate geometry, the identity of the imine coligand and fluoride substitution for oxide are discussed.
Biology of angiogenesis and invasion in glioma

Treatment of adult brain tumors, in particular glioblastoma, remains a significant clinical challenge, despite modest advances in surgical technique, radiation, and chemotherapeutics. The formation of abnormal, dysfunctional tumor vasculature and glioma cell invasion along white matter tracts are believed to be major components of the inability to treat these tumors effectively. Recent insight into the fundamental processes governing glioma angiogenesis and invasion provide a renewed hope for development of novel strategies aimed at reducing the morbidity of this uniformly fatal disease. In this review, we discuss background biology of the blood brain barrier and its pertinence to blood vessel formation and tumor invasion. We will then focus our attention on the biology of glioma angiogenesis and invasion, and the key mediators of these processes. Last, we will briefly discuss recent and ongoing clinical trials targeting mediators of angiogenesis or invasion in glioma patients. The findings provide a renewed hope for those endeavoring to improve treatment of patients with glioma by providing a novel set of rational targets for translational drug discovery.
Political ecology of emotion and sacred space: The Winnemem Wintu struggles with California water policy

Abstract Western water policy in the United States has favored urban and agricultural development over American Indians' needs, demonstrating little understanding of, or concern for, the affective ecologies of landscapes. Using a qualitative approach focusing on in-depth interviews of members of the Winnemem Wintu tribe in California, we uncover how culturally hegemonic meanings of natural resources and landscapes privilege the water needs of modern development and deny the importance of Indigenous emotional connections to sacred places by limiting access to and protection of ancestral territories. Ninety percent of Winnemem ancestral lands along the McCloud River were flooded in 1945 when the Shasta Dam was completed for the federal Central Valley Project. In 2000, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation began investigating a proposal to raise Shasta Dam to increase surface water storage capacity for agricultural production. This proposal would destroy remaining Winnemem sacred spaces that offer deep emotional connections crucial to maintaining their cultural identity and ancestral memories. This paper presents a political ecology of emotion perspective to examine the emotional geographies associated with sacred spaces within ancestral landscapes and related struggles against hegemonic approaches to resource management. We argue that an investigation of sacred spaces reveals intimate links between emotion, memory, and identity and exposes the devastating consequence of institutional approaches to land development that favor meanings and practices of the dominant culture and political structure.
Effects of weight-loss by exercise and by diet on apolipoproteins A-I and A-II and the particle-size distribution of high-density lipoproteins in men.

We studied separately the effects of weight-loss by dieting or by running on apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, apo A-II, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) subfractions in sedentary, moderately overweight men assigned at random into three groups: exercise without calorie restriction, calorie restriction without exercise, and control. The absorbance of protein-stained polyacrylamide gradient gels was used as an index of mass concentrations for five HDL subclasses that have been identified by their particle sizes: HDL3c (7.2 to 7.8 nm), HDL2b (7.8 to 8.2 nm), HDL3a (8.2 to 8.8 nm), HDL2a (8.8 to 9.7 nm), and HDL2b (9.7 to 12.9 nm). During the 1-year trial, the exercisers ran (mean ± SD) 15.6 ± 9.1 km/wk, and the dieters reported eating 340 ± 71 fewer calories per day than at baseline. Total body weight and fat weight were both reduced significantly more in dieters (−7.2 ± 4.1 and −6.2 ± 4.1 kg, respectively) and in exercisers (−4.0 ± 3.9 and −4.6 ± 3.5 kg) than in controls (0.6 ± 3.7 and −0.7 ± 2.7 kg). As compared with mean changes in controls, exercisers and dieters each decreased HDL3b and increased HDL2b. Exercisers also significantly increased plasma apo A-I concentrations. Analysis of covariance was used to statistically adjust the mean lipoprotein changes for the effects of weight-loss. The adjustment eliminated the significant reductions in HDL3b and the significant increases in HDL2b in exercisers and dieters, and it eliminated the significant increase in apo A-I in exercisers. When adjusted, the dieters' mean changes in HDL2b had significantly decreased relative to those of both exercisers and controls. These results suggest that the changes in HDL3b, HDL2b, and apo A-I during 12 months of exercise could be due to metabolic changes associated with exercise-induced weight-loss. Reduced calorie flux or other factors appear to attenuate the increase in HDL2b and apo A-I during diet-induced weight-loss.
Program-input generation for testing database applications using existing database states

Testing is essential for quality assurance of database applications. Achieving high code coverage of the database applications is important in testing. In practice, there may exist a copy of live databases that can be used for database application testing. Using an existing database state is desirable since it tends to be representative of real-world objects' characteristics, helping detect faults that could cause failures in real-world settings. However, to cover a specific program-code portion (e.g., block), appropriate program inputs also need to be generated for the given existing database state. To address this issue, in this paper, we propose a novel approach that generates program inputs for achieving high code coverage of a database application, given an existing database state. Our approach uses symbolic execution to track how program inputs are transformed before appearing in the executed SQL queries and how the constraints on query results affect the application's execution. One significant challenge in our problem context is the gap between program-input constraints derived from the program and from the given existing database state; satisfying both types of constraints is needed to cover a specific program-code portion. Our approach includes novel query formulation to bridge this gap. We incorporate the data-instantiation component in our framework to deal with the case that no effective program input values can be attained. We determine how to generate new records and populate them in the new database state such that the code along the path can be covered. We also extend our approach of program-input generation to test database applications including canonical queries and group-by queries. Our approach is loosely integrated into Pex, a state-of-the-art white-box testing tool for .NET from Microsoft Research. Empirical evaluations on two real database applications show that our approach assists Pex to generate program inputs that achieve higher code coverage than the program inputs generated by Pex without our approach's assistance.
Takatsuki syndrome: a reversible multisystem plasma cell dyscrasia.

On analyse les raisons pour lesquelles la denomination syndrome de Takatsuki est preferable a celle de syndrome POEMS (dyscrasie plasmocytaire avec polyneuropathie, organomegalie, endocrinopathie, proteine monoclonale et modifications cutanees)
Electronics and magnetism of patterned graphene nanoroads.

Individual ribbons of graphene show orientation-dependent electronic properties of great interest, yet to ensure their perfect geometry and integrity or to assemble free ribbons into a device remains a daunting task. Here we explore, using density functional theory, an alternative possibility of “nanoroads” of pristine graphene being carved in the electrically insulating matrix of fully hydrogenated carbon sheet (graphane). Such one-dimensional entities show individual characteristics and, depending upon zigzag (and their magnetic state) or armchair orientation, can be metallic or semiconducting. Furthermore, the wide enough zigzag roads become magnetic with energetically similar ferro- and antiferromagnetic states. Designing magnetic, metallic, and semiconducting elements within the same mechanically intact sheet of graphene presents a new opportunity for applications.
Legitimacy, Social Identity, and the Mobilization of Law: The Effects of Assembly Bill 540 on Undocumented Students in California

This article examines the instrumental and constitutive effects of California Assembly Bill 540. The law grants undocumented immigrant students an exemption from out-of-state tuition, thereby making some forms of higher education more accessible. Despite the narrow actionable aspects of the law, it unintentionally legitimizes this disenfranchised group. This longitudinal study of undocumented immigrant youth consists of in-depth interviews before, shortly after, and four years after the passage of the law. The findings demonstrate that AB 540 immediately relieved stigma and later provided a socially acceptable identity that, within a legal consciousness informed by meritocracy, empowered these students to mobilize the law in a number of unforeseen ways. The case strongly suggests that it is possible for unintended constitutive functions to have more transformative effects on the daily lives of targeted beneficiaries than the intended instrumental objectives of law.
A narcotics case register — Some perspective on multiple reports

A narcotics register is described and the problems of accuracy and completeness of case ascertainment are detailed. A study of a sample of cases is presented to illustrate certain uses of a register in the investigation of the epidemiology of addiction and implications for program planning are discussed. A significant finding is that one-half of the sample first reported to the Narcotics Register had contacts with law enforcement agenciesonly during the follow-up period which varied from 12–14 months following the initial report.
Test Compression for FPGAs

Conventional ASIC test compression techniques cannot be used for FPGAs due to the lack of unspecified bits in FPGA test configuration data. Also, majority of FPGA test time and volume is due to test configurations rather than test patterns. Hence, without proper test configuration compression techniques, excessively large test data volume and load time can adversely affect FPGA test costs. In this paper, we present a novel solution for FPGA test configuration compression by exploiting the inherent regularity of FPGAs in generating compressible test configurations. Depending on the size of the FPGA device, 7.3x ? 117x compression ratio can be achieved for interconnect test configurations generated for Xilinx Virtex FPGAs.
Tangential synaptic distribution of NMDA and AMPA receptors in rat neocortex

Abstract We performed an electron microscopic study in layers II–III of S-1 in rats, using postembedding immunogold histochemistry to compare the synaptic distribution of N -methyl d -aspartate (NMDA) receptors (assessed with an antibody for the NMDAR1 subunit) with that of α -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) receptors (assessed with an antibody for the GluR2/3 subunit). Labeling for each receptor was concentrated at active zones of asymmetric synapses. Analysis of the tangential position of gold particles along the postsynaptic active zone revealed that NMDA receptors were at highest concentration in the middle of the synaptic apposition, whereas AMPA receptors were concentrated in an annulus away from its center. These data support the view that the two types of receptors are anchored by distinct subsynaptic assemblies, and raise the possibility of independent synaptic microdomains.
Stem cell dynamics in Cnidaria: are there unifying principles?

The study of stem cells in cnidarians has a history spanning hundreds of years, but it has primarily focused on the hydrozoan genus Hydra. While Hydra has a number of self-renewing cell types that act much like stem cells—in particular the interstitial cell line—finding cellular homologues outside of the Hydrozoa has been complicated by the morphological simplicity of stem cells and inconclusive gene expression data. In non-hydrozoan cnidarians, an enigmatic cell type known as the amoebocyte might play a similar role to interstitial cells, but there is little evidence that I-cells and amoebocytes are homologous. Instead, self-renewal and transdifferentiation of epithelial cells was probably more important to ancestral cnidarian development than any undifferentiated cell lineage, and only later in evolution did one or more cell types come under the regulation of a “stem” cell line. Ultimately, this hypothesis and competing ones will need to be tested by expanding genetic and developmental studies on a variety of cnidarian model systems.
Expecting the Unexpected? How SWAT Officers and Film Crews Handle Surprises

Organizations increasingly face surprises with regularity, yet little is known about how they develop the responses to unexpected events that enable their work to continue. We compare ethnographic ...
Wigner-based formulation of the chirplet transform

Using the Wigner distribution, we derive and analyze a matrix formulation for the chirplet transform, a signal analysis tool that generalizes the wavelet and short-time Fourier transforms. The formulation expresses the translations, scalings, and shears of the chirplet transform in terms of affine matrix transformations on the time-frequency plane. Our approach leads naturally to several new signal transforms, which we derive, analyze, and extend.
Outlier detection for training-based adaptive protocols

An increasing number of adaptive protocols use training data to learn optimal parameter choices for adaptation in wireless communication networks. For instance, several recent papers have studied link adaptation protocols based on context information such as node velocity and SNR. However, a number of embedded sensors providing context information frequently report erroneous values, e.g., GPS errors and accelerometer lag, producing incorrect information about motion. As a result, the relationship between the context information and optimal parameter choices that the adaptive algorithm is attempting to establish is erroneous. In this paper, we propose an outlier detection algorithm, which detects the corrupted information due to system errors. The proposed outlier detection algorithm is based on an alternating minimization approach. To evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, we apply it to a link-level context-aware rate adaptation system. Numerical results on emulated channels and in-field testing demonstrate that the proposed algorithm increases the prediction accuracy of the optimal transmission mode by 87% and the throughput by 18%.
The Swedish automatic reverse directory service

As a complementary service to the manual expensive reverse directory service an automatic service has been introduced using diphon based synthetic speech. Some problems from the development of the service are described and how we solved them, and an overview of the system design is given. The inquired number is entered by touch-tone and the corresponding name and the address from Telia's directory database are incorporated correctly into the responding carrier phrase. For the pronunciation both a lexicon with 200.000 entries is used as well as general text-to-speech rules. Spelling options are given. Several steps in improving the dialogue have resulted in high acceptance of the service.
Delaunay Triangulation with Transactions and Barriers

Transactional memory has been widely hailed as a simpler alternative to locks in multithreaded programs, but few nontrivial transactional programs are currently available. We describe an open-source implementation of Delaunay triangulation that uses transactions as one component of a larger parallelization strategy. The code is written in C+ +, for use with the RSTM software transactional memory library (also open source). It employs one of the fastest known sequential algorithms to triangulate geometrically partitioned regions in parallel; it then employs alternating, barrier-separated phases of transactional and partitioned work to stitch those regions together. Experiments on multiprocessor and multicore machines confirm excellent single-thread performance and good speedup with increasing thread count. Since execution time is dominated by geometrically partitioned computation, performance is largely insensitive to the overhead of transactions, but highly sensitive to any costs imposed on shamble data that are currently "privatized".
CSF biomarker associations with change in hippocampal volume and precuneus thickness: implications for the Alzheimer’s pathological cascade

Neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and amyloid plaques are hallmark neuropathological features of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). There is some debate as to which neuropathological feature comes first in the disease process, with early autopsy studies suggesting that NFT develop first, and more recent neuroimaging studies supporting the early role of amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of Aβ42 and hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) have been shown to serve as in vivo proxy measures of amyloid plaques and NFT, respectively. The aim of this study was to examine the association between CSF biomarkers and rate of atrophy in the precuneus and hippocampus. These regions were selected because the precuneus appears to be affected early and severely by Aβ deposition, and the hippocampus similarly by NFT pathology. We predicted (1) baseline Aβ42 would be related to accelerated rate of cortical thinning in the precuneus and volume loss in the hippocampus, with the latter relationship expected to be weaker, (2) baseline p-tau181p would be related to accelerated rate of hippocampal atrophy and cortical thinning in the precuneus, with the latter relationship expected to be weaker. Using all ADNI cohorts, we fitted separate linear mixed-effects models for changes in hippocampus and precuneus longitudinal outcome measures with baseline CSF biomarkers modeled as predictors. Results partially supported our hypotheses: Both baseline p-tau181p and Aβ42 were associated with hippocampal atrophy over time. Neither p-tau181p nor Aβ42 were significantly related to cortical thinning in the precuneus over time. However, follow-up analyses demonstrated that having abnormal levels of both Aβ42 and p-tau181p was associated with an accelerated rate of atrophy in both the hippocampus and precuneus. Results support early effects of Aβ in the Alzheimer’s disease process, which are less apparent than and perhaps dependent on p-tau effects as the disease progresses. However, amyloid deposition alone may be insufficient for emergence of significant morphometric changes and clinical symptoms.
A Column Generation for Locomotive Scheduling Problem in Molten Iron Transportation

Molten iron transportation in an iron and steel enterprise involve moving loaded torpedo cars with hot molten iron and empty torpedo cars by locomotives between blast furnaces and steelmaking plants. This paper considers the locomotive scheduling problem, one of the most complex routing problems where both pickup and delivery operations are included. It consists in finding one feasible schedule for each locomotive in order to satisfy all moving requests and in such a way that the concerned costs are minimized. We consider a set-partitioning model of such problem whose columns represent locomotive schedules. We then apply a column generation algorithm for solving the LP relaxed model and a branch and bound algorithm for obtaining integer solutions. Computational experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is capable of solving problems with industrial size to optimality within a reasonable computation time.