cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perturbation Monte Carlo methods for tissue structure alterations

This paper describes an extension of the perturbation Monte Carlo method to model light transport when the phase function is arbitrarily perturbed. Current perturbation Monte Carlo methods allow perturbation of both the scattering and absorption coefficients, however, the phase function can not be varied. The more complex method we develop and test here is not limited in this way. We derive a rigorous perturbation Monte Carlo extension that can be applied to a large family of important biomedical light transport problems and demonstrate its greater computational efficiency compared with using conventional Monte Carlo simulations to produce forward transport problem solutions. The gains of the perturbation method occur because only a single baseline Monte Carlo simulation is needed to obtain forward solutions to other closely related problems whose input is described by perturbing one or more parameters from the input of the baseline problem. The new perturbation Monte Carlo methods are tested using tissue light scattering parameters relevant to epithelia where many tumors originate. The tissue model has parameters for the number density and average size of three classes of scatterers; whole nuclei, organelles such as lysosomes and mitochondria, and small particles such as ribosomes or large protein complexes. When these parameters or the wavelength is varied the scattering coefficient and the phase function vary. Perturbation calculations give accurate results over variations of ∼15–25% of the scattering parameters.
Long-term functional impact of congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair on children.

Abstract Background/Purpose Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a malformation requiring neonatal surgical repair with in-hospital survival rates above 90%. We examined the long-term functional impact of CDH repair on a cross-sectional cohort of survivors. Methods A cohort of 53 CDH families participated in this study. Functional impact was evaluated with parent report of the Functional Status IIR and the Child Health Ratings Inventories General Health Module. Parents also provided a clinical severity score, the child's medical history, and family demographic information. The primary outcome was the effect of medical morbidity on the Functional Status IIR total score. Results Congenital diaphragmatic hernia survivors had a median age of 8 years; 50% were in third grade or above. Sixty-six percent had major medical issues at hospital discharge, whereas 48% had current clinical problems. Functional Status IIR total score was strongly correlated with child's clinical severity ( r = −0.65; P P = .01). Child Health Ratings Inventories General Health Module scores followed a similar pattern. Conclusions A subset of long-term CDH survivors continues to have ongoing clinical problems a median of 8 years after surgery, translating to lower functional status. Affected children and their families may benefit from prospective identification and ongoing interventions.
DROUGHT AND THE EVOLUTION OF FLOWERING TIME IN DESERT ANNUALS

Drought is often thought to stimulate flowering in desert, and sometimes in mesic, annuals. I review experimental studies of the effect of drought on flowering time in both desert and mesic annuals. No convincing experimental evidence presently exists that drought stimulates flowering in any annual plant; some experimental results suggest the opposite. The design and analysis of flowering time studies are also reviewed; most extant studies have serious flaws. Thus, a convincing demonstration of drought-stimulated flowering will require carefully designed and analyzed experiments. In light of these results, I examine several ways in which drought may affect the ecology and evolution of flowering time in desert annuals, and suggest directions for research. Several mechanisms probably contribute to phenotypic variation in flowering time and size, including water and nutrient limitation, competition, and variation in seed size and germination time. Phenotypic effects of seed traits suggest that seed and flowering time traits may not evolve independently of one another. Water stress during reproduction can influence seed traits; such maternal effects can influence the outcome of selection both on seed traits and on flowering time. The multivariate character of flowering time evolution suggests that genetic and phenotypic correlations among these traits may present important constraints on the evolution of flowering time.
Norm calculations of a class of integral operators

In this paper we calculate the norm of a special class of integral operators acting on L p (C n , dv s ), where dv s is the Gaussian measure on C n .
Taxis response of various denitrifying bacteria to nitrate and nitrite

The taxis response of Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1 and 2.4.3, Rhodopseudomonas palustris, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens to nitrate and nitrite was evaluated by observing the macroscopic behavior of cells suspended in soft agar and incubated under various conditions. R. sphaeroides 2.4.3, which is capable of both nitrate and nitrite reduction, showed a taxis response to both nitrate and nitrite. R. sphaeroides 2.4.1, which contains nitrate reductase but not nitrite reductase, did not show a taxis response towards either nitrogen oxide. Insertional inactivation of the nitrite reductase structural gene or its transcriptional regulator, NnrR, in strain 2.4.3 caused a loss of a taxis response towards both nitrate and nitrite. An isolate of 2.4.1 carrying a copy of the nitrite reductase gene from 2.4.3 showed a taxis response to both nitrogen oxides. The taxis response of 2.4.3 was observed under anaerobic conditions, suggesting that the taxis response was due to nitrate and nitrite respiration, not to inhibition of oxygen respiration by respiration of nitrogen oxides. Strain 2.4.3 showed a taxis response to nitrate and nitrite under photosynthetic and aerobic conditions. Changing the carbon source in the culture medium caused an unexpected subtle shift in the taxis response of 2.4.3 to nitrite. A taxis response to nitrogen oxides was also observed in R. palustris and A. tumefaciens. R. palustris exhibited a taxis response to nitrite but not to nitrate, while A. tumefaciens exhibited a response to both compounds.
Do mRNAs act as direct sensors of small molecules to control their expression

The paper in this issue of PNAS by Miranda-Rios et al. (1) demonstrates the importance of a conserved RNA structure in the regulation of genes involved in thiamin biosynthesis.
Hierarchial modeling of manufacturing systems using max-plus algebra

The paper describes a novel approach to model any deterministic manufacturing system. A function block diagram type of model is proposed. A block can be a single machine or a factory. The model is expressed as a system of linear event timing equations using max-plus algebra. One of the advantages of block diagram representation is the simplicity of algebraic relations between the sub-system transfer functions [1]. It is expected that the proposed model will make it possible to develop and use techniques similar to those found in classical transfer function block diagrams.
A dynamic part assignment procedure in machine cell formation

Abstract A major contributing factor to the under utilization of machines in cellular manufacturing is the development of long queues in front of some machines in machine cells. This paper presents a procedure which identifies such machines and redistributes their loads to alternative machines whenever feasible.
Building Sensor Filter Grids: Information Architecture for the Data Deluge

We discuss a general architectural approach to knowledge and information management and delivery in distributed systems. Our approach is based on the recognition that time-stamped, streaming information message units form the core of seemingly disparate systems that range from online sensors and scientific instruments to Web information retrieval. Globally distributable grid services manage these information streams. Geographical information system services provide exemplary realizations of this picture and may be used as a model for other scientific domains. With this unified architecture in place, we may begin to consider the problems of information integration as equivalent to sensor federation.
Increased DNA unwinding efficiency of bacteriophage T7 DNA helicase mutant protein 4A'/E348K.

Abstract Bacteriophage T7 4A′ protein is a DNA helicase that unwinds DNA in a reaction coupled to dTTP hydrolysis. To understand better its mechanism of DNA unwinding, we characterized a set of 4A′ mutant proteins (Washington, M. T., Rosenberg, A. H., Griffin, K., Studier, F. W., and Patel, S. S. (1996)J. Biol. Chem. 271, 26825–26834). We showed here, using single turnover DNA unwinding assays, that the 4A′/E348K mutant protein had the unusual property of unwinding DNA (with a 5–6-fold slower rate) despite a significant defect in its dTTPase activity (a 25–30-fold slower rate). Comparing the DNA unwinding rates to the dTTPase rates, we estimated the DNA unwinding efficiencies of both wild-type (about 1 base pair unwound per dTTP hydrolysis) and mutant (4 to 6 base pairs unwound per dTTP hydrolysis). Thus the mutant had a 4–6-fold improvement in its DNA unwinding efficiency over that of the wild-type. We believe that this mutant undergoes less slippage (uncoupled dTTP hydrolysis) than the wild-type. We speculate that nature has selected for a high rate of DNA unwinding rather than a high efficiency of DNA unwinding. Thus even though the mutant is more efficient at DNA unwinding, the wild-type probably was selected because it unwinds DNA faster.
Bronchoscopy During Noninvasive Ventilation: Indications and Technique

Diagnostic or therapeutic flexible bronchoscopy is often necessary in severely ill patients. These patients often have comorbidities that increase the risk of bronchoscopy-related complications. Noninvasive ventilation might decrease the risk of these complications in patients with severe refractory hypoxemia, postoperative respiratory distress, or severe emphysema, and in pediatric patients. Noninvasive ventilation may prevent hypoventilation in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and obesity hypoventilation syndrome who require bronchoscopy, and may assist in the bronchoscopic evaluation of patients with expiratory central-airway collapse. We describe the indications, contraindications, and technique of flexible bronchoscopy during noninvasive ventilation.
A “vortex in cell” model for quasi-geostrophic, shallow water dynamics on the sphere

The vortex in cell (VIC) method has been found to be an attractive computational choice for solving a number of fluid dynamical problems. The Lagrangian advection of particles leads to stability of the method even for long time steps. Moreover, conservation of particle properties, such as potential vorticity, can be enshrined at the heart of the numerical procedure. In this paper we describe a numerical implementation of the VIC method for a reduced gravity, quasi-geostrophic model and make use of its novel aspects to explore the interaction of waves and turbulence on the sphere. The Lagrangian advection of particles is performed using a fourth order Runge–Kutta method and the stream-function is obtained by the inversion of potential vorticity using an underlying Eulerian grid. The scheme is tested in the simulation of Rossby and Rossby–Haurwitz waves. Encouraging results are obtained for various radii of deformations corresponding to both the atmosphere and ocean.
Power at the Top

A discussion of Miguel Angel Centeno, Democracy within Reason: Technocratic Revolution in Mexico, University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997. Richard A. Colignon, Power Plays. Critical Events in the Institutionalization of the Tennessee Valley Authority, Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997. John Gaventa, Power and Powerlessness. Quiescence and Rebellion in an Appalachian Valley, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1980.
"A Trade like Any Other": Female Singers and Dancers in Egypt

"A Trade like Any Other": Female Singers and Dancers in Egypt. Karin van Nieuwkerk. Austin; University of Texas Press, 1995. 226 pp.
A LOGICAL VERSION OF FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR

Kay's functional-unification grammar notation [5] is a way of expressing grammars which relies on very few primitive notions. The primary syntactic structure is the feature structure, which can be visualised as a directed graph with arcs labeled by attributes of a constituent, and the primary structure-building operation is unification. In this paper we propose a mathematical formulation of FUG, using logic to give a precise account of the strings and the structures defined by any grammar written in this notation.
The two ways of assessing heat-related mortality and vulnerability

In light of increasing recent media attention on climate change and global warming, heat-related mortality has become a much more visible public health concern. In the United States, heat is responsible for more fatal events than all other weather events combined.(1) Investigating and quantifying heat-related mortality has been done through two very different approaches. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print September 17, 2015: e1-e2. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302848). Language: en
Removal of 'soluble' iron in the Potomac River estuary

Abstract ‘ Soluble’ iron levels in the Potomac River estuary are extremely low, usually less than 0·5 μ m at mile 90 (freshwater) and decrease downstream to less than 0·05 μm prior to the intrusion of salt water. Removal of ‘soluble’ and fine filterable iron in the freshwater obeys first order kinetics with a rate constant of about o.1 day −1 . Addition of bacteriocides to samples stabilizes iron concentrations, suggesting that in this estuary freshwater colloids are destabilized by bacterial polymers. The extensive removal of iron in freshwaters is a different phenomenon from the salinity-dependent removal observed by several other workers in different estuaries.
On the horizon: Advances and new technology

Abstract Nanotechnology is technology on a "nano" scale (billionths of a meter) . Eric Drexler (engineer, Massachusetts Institute of Technology) invented the term along with his concept of developing machines from an atomic level to molecules to full size (from the inside out). Currently, nanotechnology is being incorporated into biology and referred to as " nanobiotechnology " or " nanomedicine ." Similar to Drexler's concept of developing machines from the inside out, the aim is to develop artificial devices (and organs) that could interact with and analyze a cell's contents, deliver drugs to it, or even kill it. (See later Medicine/Therapy section). J Evid Base Dent Pract 2002;2:175-7
Strained semiconductors and heterostructures: synthesis and applications

Strained semiconductors offer an additional degree of freedom in the tailoring of material properties. The growth of strained layers particularly for large degrees of misfits by techniques such as MBE and MOCVD are not particularly well understood. In the case of biaxial compressive strain it is apparent that above 2 misfit growth proceeds in a 3-D island mode. Biaxial strain in pseudomorphic structures dramatically alters the bandstructure. As a result the transport and optical properties are changed. The properties of strained MQW lasers modulators and MODFETs will be described and discussed. I.
Composition of human cerebrospinal fluid cerebroside

A technique was developed to isolate sufficient material for compositional analysis of cerebroside from pooled human cerebrospinal fluid. The carbohydrate moiety was principally galactose. The sphingosine base and fatty acid compositions were found to be similar to that of brain cerebroside. The presence of a contaminant in commercial silica gel which chromatographed like the trimethylsilyl derivative of glucose is described.
Oxidant stress regulates basal endothelin-1 production by cultured rat pulmonary endothelial cells

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a pluripotent mediator that modulates vascular tone and influences the inflammatory response. Patients with inflammatory lung disorders frequently have elevated circulating E...
Certain and progressive methylation of histone H4 at lysine 20 during the cell cycle.

Methylation of histone H4 at lysine 20 (K20) has been implicated in transcriptional activation, gene silencing, heterochromatin formation, mitosis, and DNA repair. However, little is known about how this modification is regulated or how it contributes to these diverse processes. Metabolic labeling and top-down mass spectrometry reveal that newly synthesized H4 is progressively methylated at K20 during the G2, M, and G1 phases of the cell cycle in a process that is largely inescapable and irreversible. Approximately 98% of new H4 becomes dimethylated within two to three cell cycles, and K20 methylation turnover in vivo is undetectable. New H4 is methylated regardless of prior acetylation, and acetylation occurs predominantly on K20-dimethylated H4, refuting the hypothesis that K20 methylation antagonizes H4 acetylation and represses transcription epigenetically. Despite suggestions that it is required for normal mitosis and cell cycle progression, K20 methylation proceeds normally during colchicine treatment. Moreover, delays in PR-Set7 synthesis and K20 methylation which accompany altered cell cycle progression during sodium butyrate treatment appear to be secondary to histone hyperacetylation or other effects of butyrate since depletion of PR-Set7 did not affect cell cycle progression. Together, our data provide an unbiased perspective of the regulation and function of K20 methylation.
Scoring of hemagglutination reactions.

Many inter-laboratory surveys have revealed wide variations in results of hemagglutination titration studies. Correlation between laboratories is made difficult by the absence of a universal recording system. A notational method is proposed in which agglutination reactions are scored on a numerical gradient from 0 to 12. Numerical scoring of results permits easy analysis and reduces subjective bias.
Pediatric Resuscitation: Evaluation of a Clinical Curriculum

Objective: To assess the impact of a 6-hour pediatric resuscitation curriculum on the comfort levels of resident physicians’ evaluation and treatment of critically ill pediatric patients. Methods: An evaluation instrument assessed resident comfort levels, measured on a seven digit Likert scale ranging from significantly uncomfortable to significantly comfortable, in 13 areas of pediatric resuscitation. To complete the curriculum, residents had to demonstrate proficiency in knowledge and procedural skills during mock resuscitation scenarios and on both written and oral examinations. Results: Thirty-one residents participated in the study: 51.6% were pediatric, 12.9% were medicine/ pediatric and 35.5% were emergency medicine residents. Participants in the curriculum had little previous experience with pediatric resuscitation (83% had been involved in five or fewer pediatric resuscitations). In all 13 areas of pediatric resuscitation tested, residents reported improvement in comfort levels following the course (p<0.002; Wilcoxon Signed Rank Tests). The most significant changes were observed for the following items: resuscitation of pulseless arrest, performance of cardioversion and defibrillation, performance of intraosseous needle insertion, and drug selection and dosing for rapid sequence intubation. Fewer than 48% of learners rated themselves as comfortable in these areas prior to training, but after completion, more than 80% rated themselves in the comfortable range. All residents but one received passing scores on their written examinations (97%). During the mock resuscitation scenarios and oral examination, 100% of the residents were assessed to have ‘completely’ met the learning objectives and critical actions Conclusion: Implementation of a pediatric resuscitation curriculum improves pediatric and emergency medicine residents’ comfort with the evaluation and treatment of critically ill pediatric patients. This curriculum can be used in residency training to document the acquisition of core competencies, knowledge and procedural skills needed for the evaluation and treatment of the critically ill child. The results reported in this study support using this model of instructional design to implement educational strategies, which will meet the requirements of graduate education. Key Words: Education, Medical, Graduate / * methods, Internship and Residency / * methods, Medical Staff, Hospital / * education, Pediatrics / * education, Resuscitation / * education, Teaching / * methods
Practical Formulation and Process Development of Freeze-Dried Products

Freeze-drying science and technology continues to evolve and increase in importance because of the emergence of biotechnology drugs that are too unstable to be commercially available as ready-to-use solutions. As more new drug compounds need to be developed as freeze-dried products, this minireview article provides practical guidance and commentary on the latest literature articles on formulation and process development of freeze-dried products. This article contains a table that provides the quantitative formulations of all commercial freeze-dried protein pharmaceutical products through 2004.
An economic evaluation of inpatient residential treatment programs in the Department of Veterans Affairs.

The Veterans Health Administration (VA) established psychosocial residential rehabilitation treatment programs (RTPs) to treat eligible veterans who have psychiatric and substance use disorders in a less intensive and more self-reliant inpatient setting. Fortytwo (25 percent) VA medical centers adopted RTPs in 1995. Panel regression models using data from 1993 through 1999 indicated that RTPs were associated with 8.6 and 24.4 percent decreases in the average cost per day for inpatient psychiatry and substance use care, respectively. During this time, VA transitioned much of the inpatient mental health care to ambulatory services. Yet medical centers with RTPs had smaller decreases in the number of inpatient patient days than those without RTPs. Because medical centers with RTPs provided more services, this offset the per diem savings, resulting in no significant differences in total costs between medical centers with and without RPTs.
Radon in the Environment

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on radon present in the environment and describes the radiological properties of the natural radon isotopes. The isotopes of radon and their short-lived daughters are important constituents of the natural radiation environment. The causal chain relating radon concentrations in the environment to lung cancer is long and complicated. Major areas of environmental research include the identification of geological factors associated with high radon levels, the behavior of radon daughters in various aerosol distributions, and the effects of certain architectural factors on radon daughter equilibrium status. The low solubility of radon in water has a number of implications of biological and environmental significance. Surface waters contain far less radon than groundwaters because of radon's relative affinity for air. Radon dissolved in the blood rapidly seeks equilibrium with ambient atmospheric radon. Radon can be adsorbed onto various solid sorbents. The lower the temperature, the more efficient the adsorption for a given sorbent. The concentrations of radon that are found in air, water, or other media are dependent on the ability of radon to escape the matrix in which it is formed.
Housing Market Responses to Transaction Taxes: Evidence From Notches and Stimulus in the UK

We investigate housing market responses to transaction taxes using administrative data on all property transactions in the U.K. from 2004 to 2012 combined with quasi-experimental variation from tax notches and tax stimulus. We present two main findings. First, transaction taxes are highly distortionary across a range of margins, causing large distortions to the price, volume, and timing of property transactions. Secondly, temporary transaction tax cuts are an enormously effective form of fiscal stimulus. A temporary elimination of a 1% transaction tax increased housing market activity by 20% in the short run (due to both timing and extensive responses) and less than half of the stimulus effect was reversed after the tax was reintroduced (due to re-timing). Because of the complementarities between moving house and consumer spending, these stimulus effects translate into extra spending per dollar of tax cut equal to about 1. We interpret our empirical findings in the context of a housing model with downpayment constraints in which leverage amplifies the effects of transaction taxes.
Moving the Public Management Debate Forward: a Contingency Approach

The Internationalization of Public Management constitutes one of the first attempts to examine the conceptual and practical problems which attend such policy transfers, and to make preliminary judgements about the successes and failures of public management reform in developing countries. The distinguished group of contributors offers instructive insights into the complex reality of the development state.
Fourier Ptychographic Microscopy: A Method for Pushing Standard Microscope Beyond Its Physical Limitations

I will report a method termed Fourier Ptychographic Microscopy (FPM), that effectively transforms a 2X standard microscope into a general microscope with 20X resolution and a field-of-view of ~120 mm2.
Preparation of YBa2Cu3O7−x superconductor by oxalate coprecipitation

The authors report almost complete precipitation of oxalates (>99.9%) to obtain fine, homogeneous precursor powders in the required cationic ratio by utilizing acetic acid as a solvent.
THE ITAE OPTIMAL REGULATION LAW IN SCR DIRECT CURRENT DRIVE SYSTEMS

In this paper, it is theoretically proved that the application of the ITAE optimal regulation law has more advantage in dynamic performance and anti-interference capability than the dectronic optimal regulation law for a speed regulating systems of SCR doubleclosed loop. In addition, the correctness of the theoretical analysis is demonstrated by physcial experiment and digital simulation.
Maintenance Technology of Long-term Idle Reverse Osmosis Membrane

The chemical liquid is used to maintain long-term idle reverse osmosis system of an electric power plant for Hebei Southern Electric Power Network.After being again put into operation,it operates normally,and the equipment damage caused by improper operation during low-pressure cleaning is avoided.This provides a feasible method for long-term idle protection of reverse osmosis equipment of electric power plant.
Etiology and new treatment options for patients with plastic bronchitis

From the Cardiology Department, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; and Radiolog tal of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. Disclosures: Authors have nothing to disclose with regard to commercial support. Received for publication May 2, 2016; accepted for publication May 3, 2016 Address for reprints: YoavDori, MD, PhD, Cardiology Department, The Children’s Hospita Street and Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104 (E-mail: doriy@email.chop J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2016;152:e49-50 0022-5223/$36.00 Copyright 2016 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of The American Association for http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.05.008
Multicomponent diffusion in aluminosilicate garnet: coupling effects due to charge compensation

ABSTRACTThree kinds of multicomponent diffusion effects, arising from three distinct physical mechanisms, are evident in stranded diffusion profiles at the rims of partially resorbed garnets from the contact aureole of the Makhavinekh Lake Pluton, northern Labrador. Profiles that display a subtle maximum in Ca concentration are explained by the prevailing ideal mean-field theory of multicomponent diffusion, but models implementing that theory cannot replicate inverted profiles for Li and internal maxima for Nd, Sm, and Eu. The anomalous profiles are quantitatively reproduced, however, by numerical simulations employing a model based on coupled movement of charge-compensating groups during diffusional transport of yttrium and the rare-earth elements (Y+REEs). An alkali-type charge-compensation mechanism for the heterovalent substitution of Y+REEs on dodecahedral sites in garnet produces direct charge coupling between Li+ and (Y+REE)3+ and leads to co-diffusion of Li+-(Y+REE)3+ pairs, with the result that L...
Tasty solution to keeping arteries open

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common cause of death in the world, resulting in the loss of over 8 million lives in 2013 alone. During atherosclerotic CAD progression, localized inflammation causes plaque buildup, thickening of the arterial wall, and narrowing of the arterial lumen.
Power grid vulnerability measures to cascading overload failures

Cascading failure in power grids has long been recognized as a sever security threat to national economy and society, which happens infrequent but can cause severe consequences. The causes of cascading phenomena can be extremely complicated due to the many different and interactive mechanisms such as transmission overloads, protection equipment failures, transient instability, voltage collapse, etc. In the literature a number of vulnerability measures to cascading failures have been proposed to identify the most critical components in the grid and evaluate the damages caused by the removal of such recognized components from the grid. In this paper we propose a novel power grid vulnerability measure called the minimum safety time after 1 line trip, defined based on the stochastic cascading failure model[1]. We compare its performance with several other vulnerability measures through a set of statistical analysis.
Combining Load-Controlled and Displacement-Controlled Algorithms to Model Thermal-Mechanical Snap-Through Instabilities in Structures

This paper presents an analysis of thermal-mechanical snap-through instabilities in structures using a hybrid load-controlled/displacement-controlled algorithm. The derivation uses the finite element method with a combination of modified Newton-Raphson and arc-length methods, aimed at providing a robust and efficient means for modeling the buckling response of structures that exhibit instability in the presence of nonuniform time-varying temperature fields and temperature-dependent material response. Load control is used to model the system’s response up to the point of instability, which is identified using the method of bisections. During the instability, the analysis switches to displacement control to capture the load-shedding behavior. Once a stable point is reached, the algorithm switches back to load control. The novelty lies in the ability of the hybrid algorithm to model instabilities that are caused by material degradation under nonuniform transient temperature fields, which is particularly important in the study of structural response under fire hazards. Numerical analyses are carried out using a two-dimensional (2D) fiber-based corotational beam element. Verifications at room temperature and at elevated temperature demonstrate that the proposed approach exhibits a high level of accuracy. A brief study of toggle frames subjected to various types of heating and loading conditions is presented to illustrate the kinds of behaviors that can be captured with the proposed modeling approach.
Enhanced reaction velocity and diluent homogenization in Redox Foils using arrested reactive milling thermite powder

Fully dense thermite foils, commonly referred to as Redox Foils, provide a unique opportunity to enable exothermic brazing of components by utilizing the molten metallic product of the thermite reaction as a braze. Due to the propensity of thermites to produce gas, however, Redox Foils must be diluted to eliminate metal vapor formation. This dilution can lead to foils that react too slowly to fully propagate in a bonding configuration, and therefore the reactivity of the foils must be improved. To do so, we milled the constituent powders (Al, Cu2O, and Cu) before we mechanically consolidated them into dense Redox Foils. The milling process decreases the reactant spacing, or the distance between the fuel (Al) and oxide (Cu2O), thereby enhancing oxygen transfer between the fuel and the oxide. Two fabrication strategies are employed: milling the thermite reactants (Al and Cu2O) without the Cu diluent, then adding the diluent before consolidation into Redox Foils, and the second is milling all components (Al, Cu2O, and Cu) together before consolidation. Both milling processes results in foils that propagate faster and release heat earlier than foils consolidated from unmilled, single-phase powders of Al, Cu2O and Cu, due to decreased reactant spacings. However, only the second milling strategy is capable of suppressing the production of Cu metal vapor during the reaction of the foils, as confirmed using emission spectroscopy. The lack of Cu vapor in these foils is attributed to a more uniform distribution of Cu diluent that is verified using digital analysis of foil microstructures.
Fundamentals of Interbehavioral Psychology

Interbehavioral psychology differs in important ways from both behaviorism and mentalism and provides a neglected alternative to these two psychologies, one that surmounts many of the problems that they incur. It derives from observation of objects and events and their relationships, these comprising an interbehavioral field. An analysis of the events involved in such interactions as imagining, thinking, language, attending, perceiving, voluntary and volitional conduct, and habit, all of which are joint functions of field factors, are briefly treated here. Because interbehaviorism is field centered rather than organism centered it provides important guidelines for research and theory as well as such applied problems as psychotherapy and social responsibility.
Modulation detection interference in cochlear implant listeners under forward masking conditions.

Little is known about cochlear implant (CI) users' ability to process amplitude modulation (AM) under conditions of forward masking (forward-modulation detection/discrimination interference, or F-MDI). In this study, F-MDI was investigated in adult CI listeners using direct electrical stimulation via research interface. The target was sinusoidally amplitude modulated at 50 Hz, and presented to a fixed electrode in the middle of the array. The forward masker was either amplitude modulated at the same rate (AM) or unmodulated and presented at the peak amplitude of its AM counterpart (steady-state peak, SSP). Results showed that the AM masker produced higher modulation thresholds in the target than the SSP masker. The difference (F-MDI) was estimated to be 4.6 dB on average, and did not change with masker-target delays up to 100 ms or with masker-target spatial electrode distances up to eight electrodes. Results with a coherent remote cue presented with the masker showed that confusion effects did not play a...
Biosynthesis of the Essential Fatty Acid Oxidation Cofactor Carnitine Is Stimulated in Heart and Liver after a Single Bout of Exercise in Mice

We determined whether one single bout of exercise stimulates carnitine biosynthesis and carnitine uptake in liver and heart. Free carnitine (FC) in plasma was assayed using acetyltransferase and [14C]acetyl-CoA in Swiss Webster mice after 1 hour of moderate-intensity treadmill running or 4 hours and 8 hours into recovery. Liver and heart were removed under the same conditions for measurement of carnitine biosynthesis enzymes (liver butyrobetaine hydroxylase, γ-BBH; heart trimethyllysine dioxygenase, TMLD), organic cation transporter-2 (OCTN2, carnitine transporter), and liver peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARα, transcription factor for γ-BBH and OCTN2 synthesis). In exercised mice, FC levels in plasma decreased while heart and liver OCTN2 protein expressed increased, reflecting active uptake of FC. During recovery, the rise in FC to control levels was associated with increased liver γ-BBH expression. Protein expression of PPARα was stimulated in liver after exercise and during recovery. Interestingly, heart TMLD protein was also detected after exercise. Acute exercise stimulates carnitine uptake in liver and heart. The rapid return of FC levels in plasma after exercise indicates carnitine biosynthesis by liver is stimulated to establish carnitine homeostasis. Our results suggest that exercise may benefit patients with carnitine deficiency syndromes.
Semirigid and malleable penile implants.

SUMMARY Unless complications such as infection, erosion, or excessive bleeding develop and unless an inordinate number of malpractice suits ensue, I believe that the outpatient setting for implantation of a penile prosthesis will become increasingly utilized. As emphasized at the beginning of this article, the essential basis for success is thorough evaluation of the candidates for implantation, detailed and documented informed consent, and the elimination as outpatient candidates of poor-risk patients such as certain insulin-dependent diabetics. Patients who are good surgical and postsurgical risks are totally acceptable for outpatient operation. The cost to the patient and insurance carriers is drastically reduced. There is every reason to believe that, in the hands of the highly qualified surgeon, this type of intervention is safe, reliable, and cost-effective.
Heuristics: Strategies in Creative Problem Solving

The term heuristics refers to the strategies people apply in executing cognitive processes. Studies of creativity have served to identify a number of processes involved in creative thought. In the present effort we examine the strategies contributing to effective execution of each of these processes. Additionally, the conditions that make effective execution of these strategies possible are examined along with the influences of domain knowledge, ability, and dispositional characteristics. The implications of these observations for improving creative thinking are discussed.
Falsified and Substandard Drugs: Stopping the Pandemic

Falsified and substandard medicines are associated with tens of thousands of deaths, mainly in young children in poor countries. Poor-quality drugs exact an annual economic toll of up to US$200 billion and contribute to the increasing peril of antimicrobial resistance. The WHO has emerged recently as the global leader in the battle against poor-quality drugs, and pharmaceutical companies have increased their roles in assuring the integrity of drug supply chains. Despite advances in drug quality surveillance and detection technology, more efforts are urgently required in research, policy, and field monitoring to halt the pandemic of bad drugs. In addition to strengthening international and national pharmaceutical governance, in part by national implementation of the Model Law on Medicines and Crime, a quantifiable Sustainable Development Goal target and an international convention to insure drug quality and safety are urgent priorities.
Characterization of Subvisible Particles in Biotherapeutic Prefilled Syringes: The Role of Polysorbate and Protein on the Formation of Silicone Oil and Protein Subvisible Particles After Drop Shock.

Abstract Subvisible particles (SbVPs) are a critical quality attribute for biotherapeutics. Particle content in prefilled syringes (PFSs) of a biotherapeutic can include protein particles and silicone oil particles (SiOP). Here, a real-world protein therapeutic PFS shows that although polysorbate is effective in preventing protein particle formation, it also leads to the formation of SiOP. PFSs of protein and buffer formulations in the presence and absence of polysorbate are subjected to a drop shock to generate SbVP and the effect of polysorbate and protein in generating SbVP is investigated. Particle characterization by light obscuration and flow imaging shows that polysorbate prevents protein particle formation as intended, but the presence of polysorbate substantially increases the formation of SiOP. The protein itself also acts as a surfactant and leads to increased SiOP, but to a lesser degree compared to polysorbate. In a separate companion study by Joh et al., the risk of immunogenicity was assessed using in vivo and in vitro models. Flow imaging distinguishes between SiOP and protein particles and enables risk assessment of the natures of different SbVP in PFSs.
DNAJB9-positive monotypic fibrillary glomerulonephritis is not associated with monoclonal gammopathy in the vast majority of patients

The association of fibrillary glomerulonephritis (FGN) with monoclonal gammopathy has been controversial, although monotypic FGN is currently classified as a monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS) lesion. To define this lesion, we correlated findings by immunofluorescence on frozen and paraffin tissue, IgG subtype staining and serum protein electrophoresis with immunofixation in patients with monotypic FGN. Immunofluorescence was performed on paraffin sections from 35 cases of DNAJB9-associated FGN that showed apparent light chain restriction of glomerular IgG deposits by standard immunofluorescence on frozen tissue. On paraffin immunofluorescence, 15 cases (14 lambda and one kappa restricted cases on frozen tissue immunofluorescence) showed no light chain restriction, 19 showed similar light chain restriction, and one was negative for both light chains. Seven of the 15 cases with masked polyclonal deposits also had IgG subclass restriction and these cases would have been diagnosed as a form of monoclonal protein-associated glomerulonephritis if paraffin immunofluorescence was not performed. Monotypic FGN (confirmed by paraffin immunofluorescence and IgG subclass restriction) accounted for only one of 151 (0.7%) patients with FGN encountered during the last two years. Only one of 11 of cases had a detectable circulating monoclonal protein on serum protein electrophoresis with immunofixation. We propose that paraffin immunofluorescence is required to make the diagnosis of lambda-restricted monotypic FGN as it unmasked polytypic deposits in over half of patients. When confirmed by paraffin immunofluorescence and IgG subclass staining, DNAJB9-positive monotypic FGN is very rare and is not associated with monoclonal gammopathy in the vast majority of patients. Thus, there is a question whether this lesion should be included in MGRS-related diseases.
Lentiviral Gene Therapy for Familial Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Type 3, Caused by UNC13D Genetic Defects

Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type 3 (FHL3) is a rare disease caused by mutations to the UNC13D gene and the subsequent absence or decreased activity of the Munc13-4 protein. Munc13-4 is essential for the exocytosis of perforin and granzyme containing granules from cytotoxic cells. Without it, these cells are able to recognize an immunological insult but are unable to execute their cytotoxic functions. The result is a hyperinflammatory state that, if left untreated, is fatal. At present, the only curative treatment is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), but eligibility and response to this treatment are largely dependent on the ability to control inflammation before HSCT. In this study, we describe an optimized lentiviral vector that can restore Munc13-4 expression and degranulation capacity in both transduced FHL3 patient T cells and transduced hematopoietic stem cells from the FHL3 (Jinx) disease model.
A C++ library for protein sub-structure search

Abstract Summary MASTER is a previously published algorithm for protein sub-structure search. Given a database of protein structures and a query structural motif, composed of multiple disjoint segments, it finds all sub-structures from the database that align onto the query to within a pre-specified backbone root-mean-square deviation. Here, we present an improved version of the algorithm, MASTER v.2, in the form of an open-source C++ Application Program Interface library, thereby providing programmatic access to structure search functionality. An entirely reorganized approach to database representation now enables large structural databases to be stored in memory, further simplifying development of automated search-based methods. Given the increasingly important role of structure-based data mining, our improved implementation should find ample uses in structural biology applications. Availability MASTER is available at https://grigoryanlab.org/master/master-v2.php. Contact gevorg.grigoryan@dartmouth.edu
ENERGY LEVELS OF $sup 176$Lu.

The $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray spectrum from thermal-neutron capture in enriched targets of $^{175}\mathrm{Lu}$ has been studied in four energy intervals using Ge(Li) and Si(Li) detectors. Twenty transitions in the energy region between 5.3 and 6.0 MeV have been observed in $^{176}\mathrm{Lu}$ with a Ge(Li) detector operated in conjunction with a large NaI detector as a two-quantum escape spectrometer. Low-energy $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ radiation has been measured from 20-1000 keV in both singles and $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ coincidence experiments. Data from the reaction $^{176}\mathrm{Lu}(d, {d}^{\ensuremath{'}})$ have been analyzed. The combination of results of these experiments with those previously reported in the literature has resulted in the following spectroscopic interpretation of levels in $^{176}\mathrm{Lu}$ (denoted by band-head energy in keV, ${K}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}$, and Nilsson configuration): ground state, ${7}^{\ensuremath{-}}$[404\ensuremath{\downarrow}+514\ensuremath{\downarrow}]; 126.5, $I=1$, ${0}^{\ensuremath{-}}$[404\ensuremath{\downarrow}-514\ensuremath{\downarrow}]; 198.0, ${1}^{+}$[404\ensuremath{\downarrow}-624\ensuremath{\uparrow}]; 390.2, ${1}^{\ensuremath{-}}$[404\ensuremath{\downarrow}-512\ensuremath{\uparrow}]; 662.0, ${3}^{\ensuremath{-}}$[404\ensuremath{\downarrow}-510\ensuremath{\uparrow}]; and 791.5, ${4}^{\ensuremath{-}}$[404\ensuremath{\downarrow}+510\ensuremath{\uparrow}]. The neutron separation energy of $^{176}\mathrm{Lu}$ is determined to be 6293\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4 keV.
Topical sirolimus for treatment of a solitary angiokeratoma

Angiokeratomas are benign vascular neoplasms that arise as solitary or multiple lesions, most commonly treated with excision, electrodessication, cryotherapy, or laser therapies. This case presents a young female whose solitary angiokeratoma was treated with topical 1% sirolimus cream, improving the appearance, symptoms, and size of the lesion. Topical sirolimus cream may be a noninvasive treatment option for angiokeratomas with fewer risks than standard therapy that may be feasible and preferable for some patients.
Risk-Based Formal Requirement Elicitation for Automatic Spacecraft Maneuvering

The authors would like to thank Dr. Chris "Chrispy" Petersen, Dr. Sean Phillips, Dr. R. Scott Erwin, Dr. Kendra Lang, Ms. Michelle Simon, and Dr. Daren McKnight for feedback and opportunities to present this information to others in the spacecraft community for feedback.