cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Newfoundland Ophiolites and the Geology of the Oceanic Layer

THE significance and origin of ophiolites is a matter of interest to geologists. Many investigators interpret ophiolites as slices of oceanic crust which have been technically emplaced in orogenic belts1–7. Moores and Vine5, Dewey and Bird6, and Coleman7 have proposed just such an origin for ophiolites as geographically diverse as Cyprus, Newfoundland and the Western United States. If ophiolites are representative of the geology of the oceanic crust, then they provide direct access to samples of oceanic crust and the underlying upper mantle—rocks at present inaccessible except for the fortuitous catch in dredge hauls located on tectonic escarpments of the ocean floor. Although we accepted the proposition that ophiolites, if well preserved and not altered by events unrelated to lithosphere accretion, are representative of oceanic crust, we wished first to test this proposition by observing whether representative ophiolite samples had measured velocities compatible with the seismic layering defined for oceanic crust. If the velocities of ophiolite samples were compatible with the range of seismic velocities recorded for oceanic crust, then we hoped to use the ophiolite measurements to understand better the details of the seismic layering of oceanic crust. Here we summarise the acoustic velocity data obtained from metadolerites, gabbros and cumulate gabbros from the Mings Bight ophiolite assemblage6 located along the northern coast of Newfoundland. A more detailed discussion of these ophiolite samples (J. J. P., in preparation) will give a thorough presentation of petrography, sample density and measured compressional wave velocity of each sample at pressure intervals from 1 atm to 7 kbar.
Synthesis, Molecular Structure, and Reactivity of Dinuclear Copper(II) Complexes with Carboxylate-Rich Coordination Environments

The dinucleating ligand N,N‘-(2-hydroxy-5-methyl-1,3-xylylene)bis(N-(carboxymethyl)glycine) (CH3HXTA) has been used to synthesize the dinuclear Cu(II) bis(pyridine) complex Na[Cu2(CH3HXTA)(Py)2]·1.5(1,4-dioxane) (Na(1)): triclinic space group P1 (a = 12.550(3) A, b = 13.413(3) A, c = 13.540(4) A, α = 117.12(2)°, β = 104.70 (2)°, and γ = 92.13(2)°). The structure shows two distinct distorted square pyramidal Cu(II) centers with each Cu(II) ion bound by two carboxylate oxygen atoms, one amine nitrogen atom, a phenolate oxygen atom, and one pyridine nitrogen atom. The Cu--Cu separation is 3.531 A, and the Cu1−O1−Cu2 angle is 123.7°. The phenyl ring of the CH3HXTA ligand is twisted relative to the Cu1−O1−Cu2 plane, and the resulting dihedral angle is 44.2°. The electronic absorption spectrum of 1 in aqueous solution at pH 3 suggests a shift toward trigonal bipyramidal Cu(II) coordination in solution. Spectral titration of Na[Cu2(CH3HXTA)(H2O)2] with L (where L = pyridine or sodium cyanide) results in comple...
Strategies to prevent reperfusion injury to the brain following intrapartum hypoxia-ischemia.

Summary Hypoxia–ischemia is an infrequent event which may occur prior to or during delivery, following a period of decreased placental and/or fetal blood flow. Following recovery, a reperfusion phase and secondary energy failure may occur 6–48 h subsequent to the initial insult. Therapeutic hypothermia may be offered to infants at risk for evolving encephalopathy if identified within the 6 h therapeutic window, and should be instituted as early as possible for eligible infants. Additionally, the clinician must pay close attention to supportive measures such as avoidance of hyperthermia, as well as comprehensive management of clinical or electrographic seizures, blood pressure, blood glucoses, and carbon dioxide levels.
A modified colorimetric micro method for long-chain fatty acids and its application for assay of lipolytic enzymes.

Abstract A modification of the Duncombe method for measurement of free fatty acids is presented. Substitution of diphenylcarbohydrazide for diethyldithiocarbamate color complexing agent increases the sensitivity of the method 4- to 6-fold. The absorbancy of the color produced is measured at 540 mμ. Applications of the method for the assay of pancreatic lipase, and rat liver lysosomal lipase and phospholipase are described.
Experimental results of coupled fluid-structure interactions during blowdown of the HDR-vessel and comparisons with pre- and post-test predictions

Abstract Experimental results of the first three blowdown tests with reactor pressure vessel internals (core barrel) at the HDR-facility in Kahl, Federal Republic of Germany, are summarized. The major goal of these and the following experiments to be performed during the first half of 1982 is the determination of the importance of multidimensional fluid-structure interaction phenomena during the initial phase of blowdown depressurization transient following a simulated pipe rupture. As such, the performed Preliminary Test Series provides the first, most realistic data in this area available thus far. The experiments have been accompanied by a series of pre- and post-test predictions with several German and American computer codes specifically developed to account for the phenomena of interest. These codes will be discussed briefly and the results presented in comparison with the data. These comparisons allow the verification of these codes on the basis of multidimensional, measured quantities for the first time. Overall conclusions on the basis of these comparisons will be presented from the point of view of Project HDR. Individual contributions by the various institutions which participated in these computational efforts supplement this information in the following articles of this special issue. The test matrix of the forthcoming Main Test Series (V31.2 through V34), defined on the basis of the foregoing experiments, concludes this overview.
Performance-Based Design of High-Rise Buildings for Occupant Comfort

AbstractThis paper introduces a framework for the performance-based design (PBD) of high-rise buildings with respect to the occupant comfort performance objective. The performance is expressed in terms of the probability—conditional on the wind event intensity—that the fraction of the building occupants on one floor that perceive the motion is greater than a chosen threshold value. The framework is fully probabilistic, and numerous uncertainties affecting both the structural response and the human perception threshold are considered in the assessment of the exceedance probability. In addition, a new database-enabled online analysis module based on the proposed PBD framework [Performance-Based Data-Enabled Design module for Occupant Comfort (PBDED-OC)] is presented. The PBDED-OC allows the assessment of the occupant comfort performance of a tall building by taking advantage of databases of high-frequency base balance measurements or by adopting specific user-supplied wind tunnel data and is envisaged to be...
Older Adult Learning: Instrumental and Expressive Categories

This article examines older adult preferences for instrumental vs. expressive learning activities. Course title selections and actual learning activity information were analyzed. Interviews with 256 Nebraskans, 55 or older, (average age was 68.11) were obtained. Hypotheses and results were (a) predicted preference for instrumental learning was supported; (b) greater preference for instrumental learning by blue‐collar workers and the less educated received partial support as no differences existed for the occupational category but individuals without college degrees preferred instrumental courses; and (c) predicted differences in learning activity received partial support as younger people, white‐collar workers, college graduates, nonwhites, and married people were more involved with instrumental learning. It was concluded that more instrumental learning opportunities must be made available to older people.
Stock Price Clustering and Discreteness

Stock prices cluster on round fractions. Clustering increases with price level and volatility, and decreases with capitalization and transaction frequency. Clustering is pervasive. Price clustering will occur if traders use discrete price sets to simplify their negotiations. Exchange regulations require that most stocks be traded on eighths. Clustering on larger fractions will occur if traders choose to use discrete price sets based on quarters, halves, or whole numbers. An econometric model of clustering is derived and estimated. Projections from the results suggest that traders would frequently use odd sixteenths when trading low-price stocks, if exchange regulations permitted trading on sixteenths. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
Mechanisms of kink-band formation in graphite/epoxy composites : a micromechanical experimental study

Graphite-fiber-reinforced epoxy composites often fail in compression by kink band formation. Micro-Raman spectroscopy (MRS), scanning electron and optical microscopy, and mechanical testing have been used to study kink-band initiation in Toray M40/DGEBA epoxy composites at the microscopic and macroscopic levels. The results show that kink bands initiate from a damage zone comprising crushed and broken fibers. The damage-zone forms from a nucleus that expands by failure of adjacent fibers because of local strain concentrations. Once the damage zone reaches a critical size the unsupported column of matrix causes a local matrix shear instability (or microbuckling). This local instability propagates as a kink band. The damage zone angle was found to depend on the interface properties, and to affect the strain to form kink bands. The damage angle was used to obtain a qualitative prediction of composite compression strength.
President's page: the ACC's international mission: learning, leading, and sharing.

![Figure][1] It is fundamental to our mission—to increase knowledge of cardiovascular science and health care delivery across borders. These collaborations will help find solutions that will enhance the quality of health care for patients, here and abroad. When we join with colleagues from
The combined neutron scattering and first-principles study of solid state protonic conductors

Abstract The need for more efficient batteries and fuel cells to be used for vehicle propulsion, photovoltaic energy storage, and self-contained power sources has led to increased effort in the development of improved materials with high proton conductivity. In this paper, we outline the utility of neutron scattering methods in conjunction with first-principles total-energy calculations for characterizing the structure and proton dynamics in such materials, namely, SrCe 1− x Sc x O 3− δ H y , Ba 2 In 2 O 5+ δ H 2 δ and RbHSO 4 .
Nanobubble Formation at the Solid-Liquid Interface Studied by Atomic Force Microscopy

The formation of nanobubbles at solid-liquid interfaces has been studied using the atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging technique. Nanobubble formation strongly depends on both the hydrophobicity of the solid surface and the polarity of the liquid subphase. While nanobubbles do not form on flat hydrophilic (silicon oxide wafer) surfaces immersed in water, they appear spontaneously at the interface of water against smooth, hydrophobic (silanized wafer) surfaces. From the experimental observations we draw the conclusion that the features observed in the AFM images are deformable, air-filled bubbles. In addition to the hydrophobicity of the solid surface, differences in solubility of air between two miscible fluids can also lead to formation of nanobubbles. We observe that nanobubbles appear at the interface of water against hydrophilic silicon oxide surfaces after in-situ mixing of ethanol and water in the fluid-cell. The shapes of the nanobubbles are well approximated by spherical caps, with width much larger than the height of the caps. We quantify the morphological distribution of nanobubbles by evaluating several important bubble parameters including surface coverage and radii of curvature. In conjunction, with an analytical model available in the literature, we use this information to estimate that the present nanobubble morphology may give rise to slip lengths ∼1–2 µm in pressure driven flows for water flowing over the hydrophobic surface. The consistency of the calculated slip length with the experimental values reported in the literature, suggests that the apparent fluid slip observed experimentally at hydrophobic surfaces may arise from the presence of nanobubbles.
Diffusion-weighted MR imaging in the preoperative assessment of brain abscesses

Abstract BACKGROUND Diffusion-weighted MR imaging (DWI) has recently shown promise in differentiating ring-enhancing lesions such as brain abscess and malignant neoplasm. The ability of DWI to strongly suggest brain abscess enables a neurosurgeon to alter stereotactic planning to optimize diagnosis. We report our experience with DWI in 5 patients with lesions on MR imaging and review the literature to assess the usefulness of this technique in the preoperative evaluation of cerebral abscess. METHODS The MR images of 5 patients presenting with ring-enhancing lesions that ultimately proved to be brain abscesses were retrospectively reviewed. In addition to standard MR sequences, trace DWI and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) calculations were performed on all patients. Additionally, 15 recently published articles or references in press concerning DWI in cerebral abscesses were reviewed. RESULTS All lesions were markedly hyperintense on DWI and had diminished ADC. Thirty-eight of 39 previously reported abscesses were hyperintense on DWI with reduced ADC. Of 165 nonpyogenic lesions with DWI findings, 87 were hypointense or isointense, 78 lesions had variable hyperintensities, and few manifested the degree of hyperintensity observed with abscesses. Most of these included chordomas and epidermoids, which are not likely to be confused with abscesses. CONCLUSIONS Restricted water diffusion, as indicated by hyperintensity on DWI and low ADC, in ring-enhancing lesions assists in differentiating brain abscess from necrotic tumor. This information facilitates stereotactic surgical planning: abscesses should be preferentially centrally aspirated, whereas necrotic brain tumors should have diagnostic tissue biopsied from cavity walls. Although not definitive for brain abscess, restricted water diffusion is an important MR imaging sign and is useful in neurosurgical treatment strategies for ring-enhancing lesions.
A TECHNIQUE FOR THE CODIFICATION OF COMMON-SENSE PREDICTIONS

A questionnaire is described that attempts to codify S's responses into a series of conditional statements with appropriate quantifiers. The antecedents and consequents are S's behaviors or the behaviors of specific others.
Power engineering education in Brazil: prospects and related issues

The authors provide some comments and suggestions to foster the discussion about power engineering education, analyzing the current situation and forthcoming prospects of this area in Brazil. The current shortage of power students is analyzed. Comments and suggestions to reverse this unfavorable situation are also presented. >
Incidence of familial tendon dysfunction in patients with full-thickness rotator cuff tears.

BACKGROUND A familial predisposition to the development of rotator cuff tearing has been previously reported. Very little information exists on the development of global tendon dysfunction in patients with rotator cuff tears. The purpose of the current study was to determine the incidence of global tendon dysfunction as well as the need for surgery for tendon dysfunction in patients with rotator cuff tears and their family members and compare them to age-matched controls. METHODS Ninety two patients with full-thickness rotator cuff tears and 92 age-matched controls with no history of shoulder dysfunction or surgery responded to several questions regarding tendon diseases in themselves as well as their family members. Individuals were queried regarding the presence of tendon diseases other than the rotator cuff, the need for surgery on these other tendinopathies, the presence of family members having tendinopathies including rotator cuff disease, and the need for family members to have surgery for these problems. Chi-square analysis was performed to compare the incidences between cases and controls (P<0.05 was considered significant). RESULTS The average age of patients in the rotator cuff tear group and control groups were 58.24±7.4 and 58.42±8.5 years, respectively (P=0.876). Results showed 32.3% of patients in the rotator cuff tear group reported that family members had a history of rotator cuff problems or surgery compared to only 18.3% of the controls (P=0.035), and 38.7% of patients in the rotator cuff tear group reported they had a history of other tendon problems compared to only 19.3% of individuals in the control group (P=0.005). CONCLUSION Individuals with rotator cuff tears report a higher incidence of family members having rotator cuff problems or surgery as well as a higher incidence of other tendinopathies compared to controls. This data further supports a familial predilection for the development of rotator cuff tearing and generalized tendinopathies.
Chromatographic behavior of pea lectin receptors from the 6C3HED murine ascites tumor

Abstract We have previously shown that pea lectin and concanavalin A bind to different receptors as well as to common receptors on the cell surface of 6C3HED murine ascites tumor cells (Allen, H.J. and Johnson, E.A.Z. (1976) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 436, 557–566). We have characterized the metabolically labeled pea lectin receptor from trypsinates of viable tumor cells by gel filtration and affinity chromatography. The pea lectin receptor eluted as an apparent high molecular weight glycopeptide ( M r 200 000) from Sephadex G-200 columns. Other glycopeptides were present in the trypsinates but they did not bind to either concanavalin A or to pea lectin in significant amounts. The high molecular weight glycopeptide was resistant to digestion by a high concentration of trypsin but it was absent in non-specific protease digests of viable cells. Sequential lectin affinity chromatography of Nonidet P-40 extracts of cells permitted the probable identification of the native glycoprotein corresponding to the high molecular weight glycopeptide which binds to pea lectin.
Preparation of organosilicon-substituted borazenes

Abstract The preparation of four B-tris-(triorganosilylmethyl)-N-trimethylborazenes by the Grignard method, of B-tris-(trimethylsiloxy)-N-trimethylborazene using sodium trimethylsilanolate and of B-tris-(triphenylsilyl)-N-trimethylborazene by means of triphenylsilyllithium is described. The compounds in which the boron and silicon atoms are linked by a methylene group are stable toward hydrolysis, but those containing the BOSi and BSi linkages are not. All are not oxidized by atmospheric oxygen under normal conditions.
A novel adaptive protocol for lightweight efficient multicasting in ad hoc networks

In group communications, we find that current multicast protocols are far from ''one size fits all'': they are typically geared towards and optimized for particular scenarios. As a result, when deployed in different scenarios, their performance and overhead often degrades significantly. A common problem is that most of these protocols incur high overheads with a high density of group members and in high mobility. Our objective is to design a protocol that adapts in response to the dynamics of the network. In particular, our objective is to provide efficient and lightweight multicast data dissemination irrespective of the density of group members and node density. Our work is motivated by two observations. First, broadcasting in some cases is more efficient than multicasting. Second, member and node layout distributions are not necessarily homogeneous. For example, many MANET applications result in a topological clustering of group members that move together. Thus, we develop Fireworks, an adaptive approach for group communications in mobile ad hoc networks. Fireworks is a hybrid 2-tier multicast/broadcast protocol that adapts to maintain performance given the dynamics of the network topology and group density. In a nutshell, our protocol creates pockets of broadcast distribution in areas with many members, while it develops a multicast backbone to interconnect these dense pockets. Fireworks offers packet delivery statistics comparable to that of a pure multicast scheme but with significantly lower overheads.
Traditional Satire in Wole Soyinka's Madmen and specialists

(1975). Traditional Satire in Wole Soyinka's Madmen and specialists. World Literature Written in English: Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 506-513.
Diagnosing MPD with two new Rorschach signs: are the signs valid or are the MPDS atypical?

Summary.-The validity of newly developed "Splitting" and "Dissociative" signs on the Rorschach for diagnosing multiple personalicy disorder (MPD) was questioned. It was pointed out that rhe mean number of Rorschach responses for what were osren. sibly patients with MPD was so high as to render the sample atypical. It was huggot ed that perhaps the Splitting and Dissociative signs were diagnostic of either d~ssoc~a tion in general or MPDs who have experienced de~om~ensation, leading to hospitaliza
Prenatal ethanol consumption alters the expression of cellular retinol binding protein and retinoic acid receptor mRNA in fetal rat embryo and brain

The mechanism by which prenatal ethanol ingestion causes fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is unknown. We hypothesize that ethanol disrupts the normal function of retinoids in embryogenesis and differentiation, resulting in FAS. The present work was designed to determine if prenatal ethanol ingestion affects the expression of cellular retinol binding protein (CRBP) and nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RARs). Paired timed pregnant rats were fed a liquid diet, one group treated with 36% of carbohydrate calories replaced with ethanol. Maternal serum retinol concentrations during pregnancy peaked on the 6th day of pregnancy, but no difference was noted between the ethanol and control group. At the 12th and 20th day of gestation, embryos or fetal brain were removed, and RNA was isolated for Northern hybridization. The abundance of CRBP mRNA was significantly elevated by ethanol consumption. In both the 12-day embryo (relative density of control: 1.00 +/- 0.10; vs. ethanol: 1.87 +/- 0.30, p < 0.05) and 20-day fetal brain (relative density of control: 1.00 +/- 0.09; vs. ethanol: 1.46 +/- 0.09, p < 0.01). In the embryo, ethanol ingestion resulted in a decrease in the level of RAR-beta mRNA (control: 1.00 +/- 0.05; vs. ethanol: 0.71 +/- 0.07, p < 0.01), but had no effect on RAR-alpha or RAR-gamma mRNA. In contrast to the embryo, the expression of both the 3.7- and 2.7-kb RAR-alpha transcripts was significantly greater in day 20 fetal brain of ethanol-treated rats (3.7-kb RAR-alpha control: 1.00 +/- 0.11; vs. ethanol: 1.65 +/- 0.06; p < 0.001; 2.7-kb RAR-alpha control: 1.00 +/- 0.14; vs. ethanol: 1.74 +/- 0.27, p < 0.05), whereas RAR-beta and RAR-gamma expression were not altered. These observations suggest that altered vitamin A function is a potential factor in the embryopathy of prenatal ethanol exposure.
Morphology and synaptic physiology of the main closer muscle in regenerating claws ofAlpheus

1. The present paper examines the changes that take place in the synaptic physiology and morphology of the main closer (Cl1) muscle during simultaneous regeneration of pincer and snapper claws. 2. Regenerating chelipeds appear one moult cycle after removal of the original claws. Both chelipeds are small but exhibit discrete differences in skeletal structure, Cl1 muscle morphology, and synaptic physiology. 3. After the first moult cycle excitatory and inhibitory synaptic terminals on Cl1 muscle fibers are formed at about the same time. Synaptic contacts are initially made on fibers in the proximal portion of the main closer muscle, and only later during the second moult cycle are synaptic connections made on more distally located Cl1 fibers. 4. After two moult cycles, the pincer main closer muscle is composed of fibers of different diameters and sarcomeres that exhibit a bimodal length distribution. The thicker fibers are located centrally in the muscle and have sarcomeres 2 and 3 μm long, while intermediate length sarcomeres are characteristic of thinner Cl1 fibers on the lateral and medial margins. 5. Prior to the third moult cycle, snapper Cl1 sarcomeres exhibit a unimodal distribution, whereas after 3 moults the sarcomeres show a bimodal distribution. Data from a series of snapper claws in different stages of regeneration revealed that there is a close matching between the synaptic physiology and the morphology of the main closer muscle fibers.
Privatization and efficient contracts: The workers' stake in the transition

Abstract The privatization programs in Hungary and Poland afford workers the opportunity to acquire shares in their large state-owned company on preferential terms. Relying on the literature on Western producer cooperatives, we argue that such a policy may enhance worker productivity, but that it will also require the participation of a core investor in company governance. Using a shared decision-making model, we characterize efficient wage-employment bargains for these two groups. Comparative static results indicate that debt reduction and less generous unemployment compensation are beneficial to both parties as well as to the financial well-being of the newly privatized companies.
Transverse Vibration of Two Axially Moving Beams Connected by an Elastic Foundation

Transverse vibration of two axially moving beams connected by a Winkler elastic foundation is analyzed analytically. The system is a model of paper and paper-cloth (wire-screen) used in paper making. The two beams are tensioned, translating axially with a common constant velocity, simply supported at their ends, and of different materials and geometry. Due to the effect of translation, the dynamics of the system displays gyroscopic motion. The Euler-Bernoulli beam theory is used to model the deflections, and the governing equations are expressed in the canonical state form. The natural frequencies and associated mode shapes are obtained. It is found that the natural frequencies of the system are composed of two infinite sets describing in-phase and out-of-phase vibrations. In case the beams are identical, these modes become synchronous and asynchronous, respectively. Divergence instability occurs at the critical velocity; and, the frequency-velocity relationship is similar to that of a single traveling beam. The effects of the mass, flexural rigidity, and axial tension ratios of the two beams, as well as the effects of the elastic foundation stiffness are investigated.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Absence of significant postdefibrillation bradyarrhythmias in patients with automatic implantable defibrillators.

Abstract Because postdefibrillation bradycardia or asystole is of clinical concern in patients with implanted automatic cardioverter defibrillators, we analyzed the cardiac rhythm after 157 intraoperative defibrillations in 50 patients undergoing implantation of the device. Factors that could influence the heart rhythm immediately after defibrillation were also analyzed. The postdefibrillation heart rate and the duration of postdefibrillation asystole did not correlate with age, conduction abnormalities, type or duration of arrhythmia before defibrillation, delivered energy, lead system, or left ventricular ejection fraction, but they did correlate with the resting preoperative heart rate and the concomitant performance of coronary artery bypass surgery at the time of defibrillator implantation. Temporary pacing (for prolonged asystole) was required in only two patients, both of whom had also undergone bypass surgery. Fourteen patients being treated with amiodarone had slower resting and postdefibrillation heart rates, but the mean duration of postdefibrillation asystole was similar to that seen in patients not receiving any antiarrhythmic medication. On follow-up, 25 monitored and 178 unmonitored automatic defibrillator discharges occurred in 24 patients, without evidence of symptomatic postdefibrillation bradyarrhythmias. Thus significant postdefibrillation bradyarrhythmias were uncommon, but when such a propensity existed it could not be predicted reliably on clinical grounds alone.
Removing obstacles to the pedagogical changes required by Jonassen's vision of authentic technology-enabled learning

Educators have been striving to achieve meaningful technology use in our K-12 classrooms for over 30 years. Yet, despite significant investments of time and money in infrastructure, training, and support ''we have few assurances that [educators] are able to use technology for teaching and learning'' (NEA, 2008, p. 1). In this article, we call for a shift in focus from technology integration (and the tools used to achieve it), to technology-enabled learning (and the pedagogy used to support it). Building on the early work of Jonassen (1996) in which he proposed using technology as cognitive tools, we suggest that future technology integration efforts should focus on helping teachers engage students in authentic technology-enabled learning environments. As such, technology integration is no longer an isolated goal to be achieved separately from pedagogical goals, but simply the means by which students engage in relevant and meaningful interdisciplinary work. Implications for supporting teacher pedagogical change, from a system's perspective, are discussed.
Euripides' "Iphigenia among the Taurians": Aetiology, Ritual, and Myth

Euripides’ Iphigenia among the Taurians is usually regarded as an exceptionally well-made play, more transparently coherent and unproblematic than, say, the kindred Helen or Jon. Euripides represents Iphigenia first identifying an ideal of purity in ritual practice. The aetiology, then, explains the ritual while making of it a commemoration of an ambivalent strain of the drama, a strain that appropriate compensation, through the ritual, would now resolve. And in each case an aetiological principle is at work indicating how, by means of ingenious and guileful substitution, narrative events in the past (the myth) become symbolic constructions in the present (the ritual). Athena’s aition for the Halae ceremony articulates the principle of apoina, compensation by means of substitution, a principle applicable both to sacrificial ritual as such and, pervasively, to Euripides’ play. Iphigenia acquires—in the perspective of dramatic myth; in the perspective of ritual she reacquires—her final association with the ambivalent sacredness of Artemis.
Characterization of spray lubricants for the high pressure die casting processes

Abstract During the high pressure die casting process, lubricants are sprayed in order to cool the dies and facilitate the ejection of the casting. The cooling effects of the die lubricant were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), heat flux sensors (HFS), and infrared imaging. The evolution of the heat flux and pictures taken using a high-speed infrared camera revealed that lubricant application was a transient process. The short time response of the HFS allows the monitoring and data acquisition of the surface temperature and heat flux without additional data processing. A similar set of experiments was performed with deionized water in order to assess the lubricant effect. The high heat flux obtained at 300 °C was attributed to the wetting and absorbent properties of the lubricant. Pictures of the spray cone and lubricant flow on the die were also used to explain the heat flux evolution.
Surgery for Diverticulitis in the 21st Century: A Systematic Review

Importance Diverticulitis of the sigmoid colon is an increasingly common disease. Patterns of care and management guidelines have significantly evolved in recent years. Objectives To review and classify the primary data published since 2000 that are guiding decision making, technical considerations, and the outcomes of surgery for sigmoid diverticulitis. Evidence Review We searched the National Guideline Clearinghouse, PubMed, and Cochrane databases for studies pertaining to the diagnosis and management of chronic and recurrent diverticulitis from January 1, 2000, to March 31, 2013. We supplemented this automated search with references drawn from included studies and PubMed. We rated the level of evidence according to American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines. Findings We identified 68 studies meeting inclusion criteria for final review. The studies were almost exclusively observational and had limited certainty of treatment effect. We found that complicated recurrence after recovery from an uncomplicated episode of diverticulitis is rare ( Conclusions and Relevance The prior standard for proceeding with elective colectomy following 2 episodes of diverticulitis is no longer accepted. Decisions to proceed with colectomy should be made based on consideration of the risks of recurrent diverticulitis, the morbidity of surgery, ongoing symptoms, the complexity of disease, and operative risk. Laparoscopic surgery is preferred to open approaches. Recent evidence suggests that existing guidelines should be updated.
The nature of uterine phenol-activated oxidation of DPNH

Purification of uterine phenol-activated DPNH oxidase activity over a 50–100-fold range fails to separate this activity from uterine peroxidase. Phenol can be recovered unchanged from enzymic reaction mixtures after oxidation of DPNH. Uterine peroxidase reaction mixtures require phenols for oxidation of scopoletin. Omission of scopoletin from such mixtures results in enzyme destruction. Such enzyme destruction fails to occur if the phenol is also omitted from the reaction mixture. Ce+++ can replace Mn++ in the uterine DPNH oxidase system. When H2O2 is added to such reaction mixtures, the metal is no longer required for DPNH oxidation. When Ce+++ catalyzes the phenol-activated DPNH oxidase reaction, the metal undergoes oxidation to Ce++++. Ce++++ is capable of the non-enzymic oxidation of DPNH, and addition of phenol enhances this reaction. Mixtures of DPNH and Ce+++ in citrate buffer generate H2O2 by a non-enzymic reaction. The evidence for the identity of phenol-activated DPNH oxidase and uterine peroxidase is reviewed. The role of certain non-enzymic steps in the mechanism is described.
Do antidepressants really work? A clinicians’ guide to evaluating the evidence

Although antidepressants represent the cornerstone of medical management of major depressive disorder, several widely publicized recent developments have called into question the safety and effectiveness of the antidepressant medications. This article reviews the methods used to conduct studies of antidepressant efficacy, with particular focus on the research conducted by the pharmaceutical industry. It is concluded that the specific efficacy of antidepressant medications in contemporary, industry-sponsored, randomized, controlled trials is modest compared with that of medications in double-blind, placebo trials. Sources of bias and artifact that detract from these studies’ validity and limit their interpretability are reviewed. It is also argued that these studies—which are primarily conducted to obtain regulatory approval, to introduce new medications, or to showcase particular advantages of newer drugs after regulatory approval—form an inadequate basis for an evidence-based medicine assessment of antidepressant effectiveness.
Comparison of Semidistributed Multinode TOA-DOA Fusion Localization and GPS-Aided TOA (DOA) Fusion Localization for MANETs

This paper evaluates the performance of a semidistributed multinode time-of-arrival (TOA) and direction-of-arrival (DOA) fusion localization technique in terms of localization circular error probability (CEP). The localization technique is applicable in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) when global positioning system (GPS) is not available (GPS denied environments). The localization CEP of the technique is derived theoretically and verified via simulations. In addition, we theoretically derive the localization CEP of GPS-aided TOA fusion and GPS-aided DOA fusion techniques, which are also applicable in MANETs. Finally, we compare these three localization techniques theoretically and via simulations. The comparison confirms that in moderate scale MANETs, the multinode TOA-DOA fusion localization technique achieves the best performance; while in large scale MANETs, GPS-aided TOA fusion leads to the best performance.
Impacts of Vacant Land Values: Comparison of Metro Light Rail Station Areas in Phoenix, Arizona

The Metro light rail line opened in Phoenix, Arizona, in December 2008 as the nation's largest modern high-capacity transit system starter line. Spanning 24 miles and 28 stations, Metro connected three cities with radically different land use policies. The response of the Phoenix land market to the 1997 announcement of the station locations was investigated as an interrupted time series case study. Studies evaluating public investments commonly use hedonic modeling to calculate one average attributable percentage increase for all properties affected by the investment. Conclusions were drawn about the relative development potential of each individual Phoenix transit station by comparing land sales prices per square foot before and after the light rail announcement. Data on the percentage increase in value were augmented with qualitative observations, and transit stations were compared with Phoenix's most prominent, centrally located, mixed-use intersections not serviced by high-capacity transit to further ...
Surgical Treatment of Aneurysms of the Transverse Aortic Arch: Experience with 25 Patients Using Hypothermic Techniques

Abstract Surgical treatment of aneurysms of the transverse aortic arch has been a challenge to cardiovascular surgeons. The problems include protection of the brain and spinal cord from ischemic or embolic injury, prevention of hemorrhage and coagulopathy, and prevention of myocardial damage during prolonged extracorporeal circulation. Two methods are described. Group 1 included 20 patients in whom deep hypothermic conditions were induced (12° to 16°C) followed by circulatory arrest and partial exsanguination. In this group a 50% hospital mortality occurred. Patients in Group 2 underwent moderate induced hypothermia (24° to 26°C) with continuous cerebral perfusion during the period of peripheral circulatory arrest. Four of 5 patients survived this technique, leading us to believe this method is preferred over the deeper levels of hypothermia. A method of preclotting the Dacron graft with platelet-rich plasma and autoclaving is described. It has eliminated interstitial bleeding through fabric grafts.
Periodic trends in the binding of metal ions to pyrimidine studied by threshold collision-induced dissociation and density functional theory

Threshold collision-induced dissociation of M+(pyridine) with xenon is studied using guided ion beam mass spectrometry. M+ include the following metal ions: Mg+, Al+, Sc+, Ti+, V+, Cr+, Mn+, Fe+, Co+, Ni+, Cu+, and Zn+. In all cases, the primary product corresponds to endothermic loss of the intact pyridine molecule, with minor production of MXe+ formed by ligand exchange. In the Cr+(pyridine) system, an additional minor reaction pathway involving a ring-opening reaction with small neutral molecule loss is also observed. The cross-section thresholds are interpreted to yield 0 and 298 K bond dissociation energies for M+−pyridine after accounting for the effects of multiple ion−molecule collisions, internal energy of the reactant ions, and dissociation lifetimes. Density functional calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory are used to determine the structures of these complexes and provide molecular constants necessary for the thermodynamic analysis of the experimental data. Theoretical bond dis...
Sexual arousal, situational restrictiveness, and aggressive behavior

Abstract Eighty male college freshmen participated in an experiment designed to investigate the hypotheses that enhanced arousal will facilitate subsequent aggressive behavior and that an increase in aggressive behavior will be more likely to occur in a setting of situational permissiveness rather than situational restrictiveness. Subjects were either angered or not angered by a same-sex confederate, then told to imagine either a sexually arousing or a nonarousing situation during relaxation, and finally provided with an opportunity to aggress against this person by means of electric shocks. For half of the subjects, a setting of permissiveness was created, while for the other half the setting was one of situational restrictiveness. The results indicated that, even in a permissive setting, sexual arousal may inhibit aggressive behavior mediated by self-consciousness or anxiety. For nonaroused men, however, situational permissiveness tended to facilitate subsequent aggression. The investigation was considered a replication and an extension of the Baron (1974) study on the aggression-inhibiting influence of heightened sexual arousal.
Effect of flow confinement on the hydrodynamics of circular impinging jets: implications for erosion assessment

The fluid dynamics of a water jet impinging on a flat surface in confined conditions were studied using particle image velocimetery. The experiments were meant to replicate conditions expected in a jet erosion test (JET) designed to assess cohesive sediment erosion parameters in field applications. High-resolution two-dimensional velocity vectors were measured in a plane passing the jet centerline including free jet, impingement, and wall jet regions within a fixed-wall box. The general flow behavior in the free jet and wall jet regions is in good agreement with the behavior of impinging jets in an unconfined environment. Results show that the entrainment coefficient, however, is lower than values in unconfined conditions, lowering lateral spreading rates. The rate of momentum transfer also increases along the axial direction since the confinement causes secondary flow and recirculation in the box. Wall shear stress is calculated based on extrapolation of Reynolds shear stress and turbulent kinetic energy, where the latter procedure provides more consistent results with expected scour hole shape under an impinging jet. This wall shear stress distribution shows higher values near jet impingement in comparison to previously reported distributions, especially as formulated for the JET under unconfined conditions. The maximum value of wall shear stress is found to be about 2.4 times greater than the commonly accepted value in the literature, and also occurs at a position closer to the impingement point. The shear stress at the impingement point is also close to its maximum value, which is consistent with the expected scour hole shape beneath an impinging jet. These findings have important implications for the use of jet impingement theory to assess sediment erosion, especially in the application of the JET.
Stress corrosion cracking behavior of an amorphous FeCrNiW alloy

Abstract Stress corrosion tests of an amorphous FeCrNiW alloy and wrought crystalline AISI 304 stainless steel (SS) alloys in boiling MgCl2 have demonstrated that the amorphous FeCrNiW alloys exhibit stress corrosion properties equal to or better than solution-annealed AISI 304L SS. Static load bend tests were conducted in boiling MgCl2 both on a sputter-deposited FeCrNiW alloy and on solution-annealed low-carbon and sensitized high-carbon AISI 304 SSs. The time to failure was determined as a function of the maximum tensile stress. Fracture of the amorphous material occurred by rapidly advancing cracks that are thought to initiate at corrosion pits, while AISI 304 SS failed by conventional stress corrosion cracking (SCC).
IL12/IL23 Inhibition in the Treatment of Psoriatic Arthritis

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a potentially crippling systemic inflammatory joint disease with a heterogeneous clinical presentation that may include articular inflammation, enthesitis, dactylitis, abnormal bone turnover, and plaque psoriasis. Until very recently, patients with PsA had very few treatment options available to them and suffered immense physical and social burden from this disease. The use of anti-TNF agents offered some hope to these patients as a percentage of them found improvement of their psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. However, over time, the biggest issue with anti-TNF drugs for PsA has been the findings that up to 50 % of patients do not respond to or do not tolerate these agents. Ustekinumab (UST) was one of the first agents to offer an alternative mechanism for the treatment of psoriasis and PsA, by blocking the IL12 and IL23 cytokines. The use of this medication relates directly to our improved understanding of the pathophysiology of psoriasis and PsA as being driven by Th1 and Th17 cells. In the PSUMMIT II study, patients naive to anti-TNF agents responded better to UST than patients who were previously treated with those medications. These data indicate that a subset of PsA patients manifest persistently active disease refractory to agents that target alternative immune inflammatory pathways not directly related to TNF. These findings have also been observed in RA. Thus, targeting more than one molecule with an antibody that recognizes two different targets or combination biologics may be required to drive higher treatment responses or even remission. Of course, a major obstacle aside from safety is cost; on average UST, the 90-mg dose can be significantly more expensive compared to anti-TNF agent. However, as new safe and efficacious agents become available for the treatment of psoriasis and PsA, our treatment algorithm for the treatment of PsA will need to be re-evaluated.
Studies in dialogue and discourse. III. Utterance structure and utterance function in interrogative sequences

Natural conversations in first-grade classrooms are analyzed. Exchanges that are initiated and extended by questioning are the focus of attention, and analyses are directed principally to a comparison of adult-initiated and child-initiated interrogative series. Differences in structural features are found for each component utterance of an interrogative unit of discourse, namely, question, response, and confirmation. Adults ask more constraining questions than children, and children respond in more complex although less appropriate ways to children's questions than to adults' questions. The type of discourse within which an utterance is located influences the features of children's responses to children's but not to adults' questions. These differences are interpreted as reflecting differences in the relative power of adults and children in these settings.
Vapor-Sorption Equilibria for 4-Vinylpyridine-Based Copolymer and Cross-Linked Polymer/Alcohol Systems. Effect of “Intramolecular Repulsion”

Solvent activity data were obtained for three alcohols (methanol, 2-propanol, tert-butyl alcohol) in 4-vinylpyridine (4VP)-based polymers using a classical isothermal gravimetric-sorption method. T...
Diabetic foot infections: current concept review

The purpose of this manuscript is to provide a current concept review on the diagnosis and management of diabetic foot infections which are among the most serious and frequent complications encountered in patients with diabetes mellitus. A literature review on diabetic foot infections with emphasis on pathophysiology, identifiable risk factors, evaluation including physical examination, laboratory values, treatment strategies and assessing the severity of infection has been performed in detail. Diabetic foot infections are associated with high morbidity and risk factors for failure of treatment and classification systems are also described. Most diabetic foot infections begin with a wound and once an infection occurs, the risk of hospitalization and amputation increases dramatically. Early identification of infection and prompt treatment may optimize the patient's outcome and provide limb salvage.