cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gamma-protocadherins regulate the functional integrity of hypothalamic feeding circuitry in mice

The hypothalamic neuronal circuits that modulate energy homeostasis become mature and functional during early postnatal life. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this developmental process remains largely unknown. Here we use a mouse genetic approach to investigate the role of gamma-protocadherins (Pcdh-γs) in hypothalamic neuronal circuits. First, we show that rat insulin promoter (RIP)-Cre conditional knockout mice lacking Pcdh-γs in a broad subset of hypothalamic neurons are obese and hyperphagic. Second, specific deletion of Pcdh-γs in anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) expressing neurons also leads to obesity. Using cell lineage tracing, we show that POMC and RIP-Cre expressing neurons do not overlap but interact with each other in the hypothalamus. Moreover, excitatory synaptic inputs are reduced in Pcdh-γ deficient POMC neurons. Genetic evidence from both knockout models shows that Pcdh-γs can regulate POMC neuronal function autonomously and non-autonomously through cell-cell interaction. Taken together, our data demonstrate that Pcdh-γs regulate the formation and functional integrity of hypothalamic feeding circuitry in mice.
Towards Converting Clinical Phrases into SNOMED CT Expressions

Converting information contained in natural language clinical text into computer-amenable structured representations can automate many clinical applications. As a step towards that goal, we present a method which could help in converting novel clinical phrases into new expressions in SNOMED CT, a standard clinical terminology. Since expressions in SNOMED CT are written in terms of their relations with other SNOMED CT concepts, we formulate the important task of identifying relations between clinical phrases and SNOMED CT concepts. We present a machine learning approach for this task and using the dataset of existing SNOMED CT relations we show that it performs well.
SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE OF A PENTAMETHYLCYCLOPENTADIENYL THULIUM CHLORIDE COMPLEX, [(C5Me5)2Tm(μ3-Cl)2K(THF)]n

Abstract The first structural data on a pentamethylcyclopentadienyl complex of thulium, [(C5Me5)2Tm(μ3-Cl)2K(THF)] n , 1, are reported. TmCl3 reacts with 2 equivalents of KC5Me5 in THF to form 1 in > 80% yield. 1 crystallizes from THF/hexanes in the space group Cc with a=11.1491(13)A, b=28.107(2)A, c=8.5921(8)A, β=102.485(8)°, V=2628.8(4)A3, and D calcd=1.570Mg/m3 for Z=4. Least-squares refinement of the model based on 3114 reflections (F 2 > 3.0σ(F 2)) converged to a final R F=1.9%. The polymeric structure of 1 is generated by triply bridging chlorides, each of which is connected to one (C5Me5)2Tm bent metallocene unit and two K(THF) moieties in a T-shaped geometry around the chloride.
Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectroscopy and Sensing

Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) spectroscopy of metallic nanoparticles is a powerful technique for chemical and biological sensing experiments. Moreover, the LSPR is responsible for the electromagnetic-field enhancement that leads to surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and other surface-enhanced spectroscopic processes. This review describes recent fundamental spectroscopic studies that reveal key relationships governing the LSPR spectral location and its sensitivity to the local environment, including nanoparticle shape and size. We also describe studies on the distance dependence of the enhanced electromagnetic field and the relationship between the plasmon resonance and the Raman excitation energy. Lastly, we introduce a new form of LSPR spectroscopy, involving the coupling between nanoparticle plasmon resonances and adsorbate molecular resonances. The results from these fundamental studies guide the design of new sensing experiments, illustrated through applications in which researchers use both LSPR wavelength-shift sensing and SERS to detect molecules of chemical and biological relevance.
That is Not Goldfish Swallowing: Newsreels Encounter Protests Against the Vietnam War

Universal Newsreels did not shut down until the end of December 1967, so it had an opportunity to present images and narration about the growing U. S. anti-war movement. British Pathe Newsreels lingered longer, not shutting down until 1970. Thus, it was able to cover the rapidly growing U. K. anti-war movement. The researcher explored how these established and establishment media forms (which had not technologically or ideologically adapted as the world changed) handled such protests. A critical viewing of those last newsreels as they encountered anti-war protest validated social movement theory. Mediated resistance spewed forth in many forms, but the uniformity of resistance suggested the generation gap between the protesters and the newsreel editors played a large role, too.
Signal subspace approximation with applications to system identification

In this paper, a novel approach for parameter identification of linear time invariant (LTI) systems using matrix pencils and ESPRIT-type methods is presented. The relations between Hankel matrices formed from the truncated impulse response and the companion matrix of the poles of the system are fully investigated. Specifically, it is shown that, up to a constant Hankel matrix, every Hankel matrix of finite rank is a power of a companion matrix. Thus, the identification of the system poles reduces directly to solving a generalized eigenvalue problem constructed from two shifted Hankel matrices of the impulse response. Next, we derive an ESPRIT method for the system identification problem. The most significant poles are the solution of an eigenvalue problem of a matrix formed from the singular value decomposition of augmented Hankel matrices of the truncated impulse response of the system. This approach can also be applied for system order reduction. Finally, a generalization for system identification of multi-input multi-output linear systems is provided.
Ethics of Patient Education and How Do We Make it Everyone’s Ethics

Patient education has long been central to nursing's philosophy of practice, and, because of this commitment, nurses in all practice settings have been deeply distressed with the careless and generally incomplete manner in which it is practiced in the health care system. This article examines the ethical underpinning of this distress and of this neglect in patient education and what actions nurses can take to correct this situation.
Expanded CUG Repeats Trigger Aberrant Splicing of ClC-1 Chloride Channel Pre-mRNA and Hyperexcitability of Skeletal Muscle in Myotonic Dystrophy

In myotonic dystrophy (dystrophia myotonica, DM), expression of RNAs that contain expanded CUG or CCUG repeats is associated with degeneration and repetitive action potentials (myotonia) in skeletal muscle. Using skeletal muscle from a transgenic mouse model of DM, we show that expression of expanded CUG repeats reduces the transmembrane chloride conductance to levels well below those expected to cause myotonia. The expanded CUG repeats trigger aberrant splicing of pre-mRNA for ClC-1, the main chloride channel in muscle, resulting in loss of ClC-1 protein from the surface membrane. We also have identified a similar defect in ClC-1 splicing and expression in two types of human DM. We propose that a transdominant effect of mutant RNA on RNA processing leads to chloride channelopathy and membrane hyperexcitability in DM.
Effect of orientation on the settling characteristics of cylindrical particles

The characteristics of cylindrical particles settling in the Stokes regime in a bounded fluid are discussed. Applicable theory is reviewed and experimental data showing the effect of orientation on the terminal velocity are presented.
Chlamydia trachomatis Infection Induces Mucosal Addressin Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 and Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1, Providing an Immunologic Link between the Fallopian Tube and Other Mucosal Tissues

The development of a protective vaccine against the sexually transmitted disease caused by Chlamydia trachomatis may prevent complications associated with insidious infection. Vaccination via the vaginal route may not be practical, and other routes should be investigated. To this end, the adhesion molecules induced on the fallopian tube endothelium during infection with C. trachomatis were characterized. Adhesion molecules were identified in fallopian tube biopsy specimens cultured with 5 x 10(6) infection-forming units of C. trachomatis serovar E. Frozen sections were prepared from these tissues and were stained by immunohistochemical techniques. Infection with live, but not UV-inactivated, C. trachomatis induced a significant increase in levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and the mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 but not of other adhesion molecules. Therefore, infection with C. trachomatis induces adhesion molecules that are associated with other mucosal tissues and inflammatory sites, which suggests that mucosal routes of immunization may be effective.
Merit Pay in the Public Sector: the Case for a Failure of Theory:

Contingent pay has become very popular in response to criticisms of traditional pay policies in government. The new systems, however, have generally failed to increase productivity. Although many s...
Inverting papilloma of the temporal bone: Report of four new cases and systematic review of the literature

Objectives/Hypothesis Inverting papillomas (IPs) are benign locally invasive tumors that most commonly present within the sinonasal cavity. Temporal bone involvement is exceedingly rare, with fewer than 30 cases reported within the English literature to date. Study Design Case series and systematic review of the literature. Methods Four consecutive subjects with temporal bone inverting papilloma (TBIP) were treated, and an additional 28 previously published cases were identified in the literature. Main outcome measures were disease presentation, diagnostic evaluation, management strategy, and outcome. Results A total of 32 cases were analyzed. The median age at diagnosis was 54 years (mean 54.1; range 19–81 years). Nineteen (59%) patients had synchronous or metachronous sinonasal IP, whereas 13 (41%) had isolated temporal bone disease without sinus involvement. Over half of the patients undergoing microsurgical resection experienced at least one recurrence. Compared to patients with a history of sinus IP, subjects with primary TBIP were younger at time of presentation (44 vs. 58 years; P = 0.012); were more commonly female (62% vs. 32%; P = 0.15); and were less likely to have intracranial spread (8% vs. 26%; P = 0.36), cranial neuropathy (8% vs. 26%; P = 0.36), human papillomavirus positivity (11% vs. 57%; P = 0.11), or associated carcinoma (0% vs. 47%; P = 0.004). Conclusions Inverting papilloma of the lateral skull base is rare and can pose a significant therapeutic challenge. Primary lesions of the temporal bone appear to follow a less aggressive clinical course when compared to those arising in association with sinonasal disease. Gross total resection is the preferred method of treatment, when feasible, given the high rate of recurrence with subtotal resection and risk of associated malignancy. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 125:2576–2583, 2015
COBRA: center-oriented broadcast routing algorithms for wireless ad hoc networks

We provide the initial framework for the study of center-oriented broadcast routing problems using omnidirectional antennas. From the intuition that the best place to take advantage of the wireless broadcast advantage is at the center of a network deploy region, we concretize this idea into a currently best performing power-efficient broadcast routing algorithm for wireless ad hoc networks. We support this statement with extensive simulation studies.
Automating electronics manufacturing

An overview of automation in electronics manufacturing is presented to illustrate where it is today and where it is going in the future. The role of computer-automated manufacturing in electronics and the key technologies involved are discussed. Trends in these technologies as well as examples of automated electronics factories are presented.
A capacitor modeling method for integrated magnetic components in DC/DC converters

For the special case of dc/dc converters, the gyrator-capacitor model is revised by replacing gyrators with current sources to symbolize the electrical actions on windings. The revised capacitor model is suitable for analyzing integrated magnetic components. Several examples illustrate the usage of this approach. Comparisons between the revised capacitor model and the conventional reluctance model for magnetic calculation and integration are presented.
Genetic Factors Associated with Phenytoin-Related Skin Reactions

Investigators at the Taipei Medical University Hospital and other centers in Taiwan conducted a case-control study in 2002-2014 among 105 cases with phenytoin-related severe cutaneous adverse reactions (n = 61 Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis and n = 44 drug reactions with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms), 78 cases with maculopapular exanthema, 130 phenytoin-tolerant control participants, and 3655 population controls from Taiwan, Japan, and Malaysia.
Book Review: Historicizing Fat in Anglo-American Culture

Title: Historicizing Fat in Anglo-American Culture Author: Edited by Elena Levy-Navarro Reviewer: Anna Kirkland, University of Michigan Publisher: Columbus, Ohio: The Ohio State University Press, 2010 ISBN: 0814211356 Hardcover: $49.95, 254 pages
Library Strategic Planning for Middle States Accreditation: A 10-Year Road to Success

ABSTRACTAcademic libraries face periodic accreditation review, usually on a 10-year cycle in the United States. Being successful at accreditation is a milestone achievement and it takes careful and strategic planning for action items leading up to the review visit. This paper reviews the key activities undertaken by an academic library in a small sized college as it prepared for accreditation visit by Middle States Commission on Higher Education. Focus areas of activities include librarians’ collaboration with teaching faculty, information literacy and student learning outcomes, and library program review. A few recommendations are suggested.
Control of Metal–Organic Framework Crystal Topology by Ligand Functionalization: Functionalized HKUST-1 Derivatives

Metal–organic framework (MOF) materials are nanoporous crystals that have attracted intense interest in the fields of adsorption and catalysis. MOFs are interesting in part because of the concept of reticular synthesis, which allows families of isostructural crystals to be developed by varying ligand length and functionality. The predictability associated with MOF crystal structures is complicated in situations where ligand functionalization leads to new crystal structures. In this work, we show experimentally how the crystal structures of derivatives of HKUST-1 (Cu-BTC) vary for a set of six functionalized ligands: methyl, ethyl, methoxy, bromo, nitro, and acetamide. Our experiments indicate that synthesizing MOFs with these functionalized ligands leads to multiple distinct crystal structures. We further show that these structures can be rationalized computationally using density functional theory (DFT) and electron localization function (ELF) calculations. This analysis led to a simple “design principle...
HUMORAL REGULATION OF ERYTHROPOIESIS. XII. EFFECT OF ERYTHROPOIETIN AND IRON ON CELL SIZE IN IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA.

SummaryErythropoietin did not affect the size distribution curve of iron deficient animals even when given in high doses. The type of erythroid response occurring after treatment with iron was related to the dose of iron administered, a macrocytic response being evoked after high doses and a normocytic response after low doses. The mechanism of action of erythropoietin and its relationship to available iron is discussed and a hypothesis presented to explain the above observations.
Global Oral Health Through Women’s Leadership: Introduction to the Conference Proceedings

Dental and allied dental education leaders from around the world shared insights and information at the American Dental Education Association’s Third International Women’s Leadership Conference in Montreal, Canada, August 28–30, 2005. The conference theme, “Global Health Through Women’s
Rapid computation of directional wellbore drawdown in a confined aquifer via Poisson resummation

Abstract We have derived a rapidly computed analytical solution for drawdown caused by a partially or fully penetrating directional wellbore (vertical, horizontal, or slant) via Green's function method. The mathematical model assumes an anisotropic, homogeneous, confined, box-shaped aquifer. Any dimension of the box can have one of six possible boundary conditions: 1) both sides no-flux; 2) one side no-flux – one side constant-head; 3) both sides constant-head; 4) one side no-flux; 5) one side constant-head; 6) free boundary conditions. The solution has been optimized for rapid computation via Poisson Resummation, derivation of convergence rates, and numerical optimization of integration techniques. Upon application of the Poisson Resummation method, we were able to derive two sets of solutions with inverse convergence rates, namely an early-time rapidly convergent series (solution-A) and a late-time rapidly convergent series (solution-B). From this work we were able to link Green's function method (solution-B) back to image well theory (solution-A). We then derived an equation defining when the convergence rate between solution-A and solution-B is the same, which we termed the switch time. Utilizing the more rapidly convergent solution at the appropriate time, we obtained rapid convergence at all times. We have also shown that one may simplify each of the three infinite series for the three-dimensional solution to 11 terms and still maintain a maximum relative error of less than 10 −14 .
Adjuvant anthracyclines: time for a change of heart?

As our knowledge of the molecular profiles of breast cancer has increased as a result of moving closer to our goal of individualized therapy, it is clear that we need to re-think our approach to the adjuvant treatment of early-stage breast cancer.
Internet Game Addiction in East Asia: Challenges & Opportunities

Game addiction has become of particular concern in Asia due to the rapid spread of mobile and social games. Successfully harmonizing the tension between promoting digital technology for economic development and the negative consequences of that development has become one of the most urgent agendas for many Asian countries. This chapter not only examines the current circumstance of game addiction in the cases of South Korea, China, and Japan, but also explores its causes in those nations. To do this, it first explores what constitutes addiction and then introduces some criteria of game addiction. This chapter proposes that lessening game addiction in East Asian nations is dependent on how effectively each Asian nation can create a healthy gaming culture in a society. Asian nations must commit to a comprehensive effort to improve a stressful school environment with a narrow-minded focus on academic achievements, while also to cultivating an atmosphere of harmony and sympathy among colleagues and classmates in the education system and the workforce.
Machine learning to predict rapid progression of carotid atherosclerosis in patients with impaired glucose tolerance

Prediabetes is a major epidemic and is associated with adverse cardio-cerebrovascular outcomes. Early identification of patients who will develop rapid progression of atherosclerosis could be beneficial for improved risk stratification. In this paper, we investigate important factors impacting the prediction, using several machine learning methods, of rapid progression of carotid intima-media thickness in impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) participants. In the Actos Now for Prevention of Diabetes (ACT NOW) study, 382 participants with IGT underwent carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) ultrasound evaluation at baseline and at 15–18 months, and were divided into rapid progressors (RP, n = 39, 58 ± 17.5 μM change) and non-rapid progressors (NRP, n = 343, 5.8 ± 20 μM change, p < 0.001 versus RP). To deal with complex multi-modal data consisting of demographic, clinical, and laboratory variables, we propose a general data-driven framework to investigate the ACT NOW dataset. In particular, we first employed a Fisher Score-based feature selection method to identify the most effective variables and then proposed a probabilistic Bayes-based learning method for the prediction. Comparison of the methods and factors was conducted using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) analyses and Brier score. The experimental results show that the proposed learning methods performed well in identifying or predicting RP. Among the methods, the performance of Naive Bayes was the best (AUC 0.797, Brier score 0.085) compared to multilayer perceptron (0.729, 0.086) and random forest (0.642, 0.10). The results also show that feature selection has a significant positive impact on the data prediction performance. By dealing with multi-modal data, the proposed learning methods show effectiveness in predicting prediabetics at risk for rapid atherosclerosis progression. The proposed framework demonstrated utility in outcome prediction in a typical multidimensional clinical dataset with a relatively small number of subjects, extending the potential utility of machine learning approaches beyond extremely large-scale datasets.
Congenital and Juvenile Myasthenia Gravis

The clinical features, course, and presence of acetylcholine receptor antibody (AChRAb) were reviewed in 25 congenital (CMG) and 30 juvenile (JMG) cases of myasthenia gravis seen at Hacettepe University, Department of Paediatric Neurology, Ankara, Turkey.
Low Compliance in a Health-Conscience Spending Era Likely Helps Obviates the Need for 6 month BI-RADS 3 Breast MRI Follow-up After 1 year.

The goal of our IRB-approved study was to assess if a follow-up MRI every 6 months for 2 years is the most appropriate short-interval follow-up schedule. 203 breast MRI exams were performed from October 2009 to January 2014 as part of a BI-RADS 3 follow-up representing 2.6% of all breast MRIs (7,822) performed. We performed a retrospective longitudinal medical records review of compliance; malignancy rate of BI-RADS 3 exams; and average time and number of breast MRIs necessary prior to definitive disposition. While 77.8% eventually returned, only 45.5% of patients were compliant with follow-up at or near 6 months (4.5–7.5 months). Of those who eventually returned, it took an average of 1.31 follow-up MRIs (95% CI: 1.20–1.43 exams) and 10.3 months (95% CI: 9.0–11.7 months) before definitive disposition. 93.5% of initial findings were dispositioned as benign after two follow-up MRI exams (malignancy rate: 0.98%). Our results lend support to the possibility that the follow-up interval for BI-RADS 3 breast MRIs could be lengthened to 12 months if additional follow-up MRIs are necessary after the first year of 6-month follow-up breast MRIs. Foremost, this appears to be a safe follow-up alternative since benign definitive disposition can usually be made in less than 1 year. Supplemental reasons include persistent low-patient compliance (as redemonstrated in our study) and the higher cost of breast MRI compared to mammogram/ultrasound follow-up. Finally, this paper's findings further support the suggested MRI follow-up interval in the newest BI-RADS atlas.
HUMANITARIAN CARE AND THE ENDS OF LIFE: The Politics of Aging and Dying in a Palestinian Refugee Camp

What is it to live as a refugee over the long term? One thing that it can mean—and in the Palestinian case of nearly seventy years of displacement, what it necessarily has meant for many people—is to die as a refugee. This essay explores the consequences of the ways in which humanitarian work has been compelled to take up the end of life as a humanitarian concern. Drawing on fieldwork in the Burj al Barajneh Palestinian refugee camp in Lebanon, it explores care for the aging and dying as a setting in which key aspects of the social world produced through humanitarianism are brought into existence and view. The problems of the end of life introduce additional challenges into the conundrums of long-term humanitarianism, occurring at the intersection of humanitarian practice and Palestinian experience. With the questions of services for the aging and dying foregrounded, the possibility of the future becomes a site of confrontation among, and within, providers and recipients. Often, this future appears to be foreclosed.
System Identification Techniques Using the Group Method of Data Handling

Abstract A self-organizing nonlinear mapping algorithm, known as the Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH), is examined. A procedure is specifically formulated for using GMDH in the area of system identification. The GMDH algorithm organizes a system model only from information contained in the system input-output data base. The accuracy of the GMDH model is increased by selecting, from the input-output data base, the data vectors which contain the most information concerning the data structure. The selection is achieved using information filtering - a procedure which extracts data structure information by clustering the vectors in the input-output data base. A nonparametric clustering algorithm is the basic tool employed in the information filter. A nonlinear single effect vaporizer with load disturbances and set point changes is identified by the GMDH technique to demonstrate the algorithm and the effects of data selection.
Exploring Mechanistic Reasoning in Chemistry

Science educators across the world recognize the importance of developing students’ ability to build arguments and explanations using scientific models. However, the type of mechanistic reasoning that we would like students to develop is challenging for many learners because it demands the simultaneous analysis of multiple factors operating at different scales. In this contribution, we summarize the major reasoning challenges that we have uncovered in our studies focused on the analysis of students’ ability to use structure-property relationships to build mechanistic explanations about chemical substances and phenomena. Our investigations have revealed that students at all educational levels often rely on implicit knowledge and reasoning strategies to simplify tasks. In particular, they tend to apply quick heuristics that facilitate decision-making and intuitive schemas that simplify the construction of inferences. The three most common types of heuristics used by the participants in our studies include recognition, similarity, and one-reason decision-making. The most dominant intuitive schemas elicited by our research are an additive property schema and a centralized causality schema.
Youth Program Adult Leader's Directive Assistance and Autonomy Support and Development of Adolescents’ Agency Capacity

Developing a capacity for exercising agency is an important developmental task of adolescence. Many organized youth programs provide adolescents opportunities to build their capacity to exercise agency. The researchers tested hypotheses that adult youth program leader's directive assistance and autonomy support would promote adolescents’ capacity for agency. They surveyed 441 high school adolescents and 11 adult advisors from 10 Future Farmers of America chapters twice over 2 years. Adolescents self-reported on their capacity for agency and advisors reported on each adolescent's capacity. Directive assistance and autonomy support correlated with the capacity for agency within both time points. Only autonomy support predicted adolescents’ capacity for agency over time. Implications of leader's support for adolescents’ capacity for exercising agency are discussed.
Impact of oncogenic pathways on evasion of antitumour immune responses

Immunotherapeutic interventions are showing effectiveness across a wide range of cancer types, but only a subset of patients shows clinical response to therapy. Responsiveness to checkpoint blockade immunotherapy is favoured by the presence of a local, CD8+ T cell-based immune response within the tumour microenvironment. As molecular analyses of tumours containing or lacking a productive CD8+ T cell infiltrate are being pursued, increasing evidence is indicating that activation of oncogenic pathways in tumour cells can impair induction or execution of a local antitumour immune response. This Review summarizes our current knowledge of the influence of oncogenic effects on evasion of antitumour immunity.
The Effect of Botulinum Toxin Augmentation on Strabismus Surgery for Large-Angle Infantile Esotropia

Purpose To determine whether botulinum toxin augments the effect of strabismus surgery in pediatric patients with large-angle infantile esotropia. Design Retrospective, comparative, case series. Methods Setting : Tertiary-care pediatric hospital. Study Population : Patients with large-angle infantile esotropia. Intervention : Treatment with botulinum toxin–augmented bilateral medial rectus muscle recessions (“augmented-surgery group”) or traditional bilateral medial rectus muscle recessions (“surgery-only group”). Main Outcome Measure : The effect of surgery on ocular alignment at 4 months, measured in prism diopters of change per mm of surgery (PD/mm). Results There were 14 patients in the augmented-surgery group and 16 patients in the surgery-only group. The mean effect on alignment was significantly greater in the augmented-surgery group compared to the surgery-only group at 4 months (5.7 ± 1.3 vs 4.0 ± 1.4 PD/mm, P = .002) and at 1 year (5.4 ± 1.2 vs 3.7 ± 1.2 PD/mm, P = .002). There was a partial loss of treatment effect between 4 months and 1 year in both groups, which was similar in magnitude (P = .57). On linear regression, there was a trend toward a positive correlation between botulinum toxin dose and treatment effect, but this was not statistically significant (P = .09). Conclusions Botulinum toxin augments the surgical effect of medial rectus muscle recession. Botulinum toxin–augmented surgery may be an alternative to traditional options for large-angle infantile esotropia. A surgical dosing table is proposed for this technique.
Low-cost manufacturing and recycling of advanced biocomposites

In this paper, the capabilities of Specialized Elastomeric Tooling for Resin Infusion, a low-cost and low-energy autoclaving alternative for consolidating and curing resin-infused thermoset composi...
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Can We Agree on a Definition?

The advances in obstetric and neonatal care over the last half century have resulted in changes in pathophysiology and clinical presentation of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). In contrast to the original description of BPD by Northway et al as a severe lung injury in relatively mature preterm infants, the most common form of BPD currently is characterized by chronic respiratory insufficiency in extremely preterm infants. This evolution in the presentation of BPD, along with changes in respiratory support strategies such as increased use of nasal cannula oxygen, has presented a unique challenge to find a definition that describes the severity of lung damage and predict the long-term respiratory outcomes with some accuracy. The limitations of current definitions of BPD include inconsistent correlation with long-term respiratory outcomes, inability to classify infants dying from severe respiratory failure prior to 36 weeks' postmenstrual age, and potential inappropriate categorization of infants on nasal cannula oxygen or with extrapulmonary causes of respiratory failure. In the long term, the aim for a new definition of BPD is to develop a classification based on the pathophysiology and objective lung function evaluation providing a more accurate assessment for individual patients. Until then, a consensus definition that encompasses current clinical practices, provides reasonable prediction of later respiratory outcomes, and is relatively simple to use should be achieved.
An Overview of Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Metal Halide Perovskite Solar Cells

Abstract Perovskite solar cells based on hybrid organic–inorganic metal halides as the light absorber are considered promising material in thin film photovoltaic technology due to their high efficiency, cost effective fabrication techniques, and low material costs. The development of solid-state perovskite solar cells has shown a remarkable improvement over the past 4 years. In 2012, the reported photo-conversion efficiency was about 9.7% and in 2016 it has reached over 22%. The improvement in device performances is attributed to the unique characteristics such as a broad spectral absorption range, very high absorption coefficient, high carrier mobility, longer diffusion length, and longer carrier lifetime. Nonetheless, there are still mysteries about how the solar cells behave during current–voltage measurement and problems related to performance degradation, even in ambient environment. In this chapter, we describe the fundamentals of perovskite materials, optoelectronic properties, thin film and device fabrication, performance improvement, and finally, problems related to the commercialization of perovskite solar cells.
Methods of Culturing Polychaetes

The purpose of this paper is neither to review the literature on polychaete reproduction nor to describe the diverse reproductive habits and developmental stages that occur among polychaetes. Rather, this is an attempt to summarize the “do’s, don’t’s, and probably’s” pertaining to the successful culture of this fascinating group of marine invertebrates. The Polychaeta, one of the most prevalent components of almost any marine benthic community, has recently been selected by the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States as one of the groups of organisms to be used in bioassays (both adult and developmental stages) of man’s transgressions upon the marine environment. A synopsis of polychaete culture is therefore timely.
Inflammation Potentiates Cochlear Uptake of Ototoxins and Drug-Induced Hearing Loss

Serious bacterial infections are often treated with aminoglycosides, especially when the cause of systemic infection is unknown. Severe infections trigger specific systemic inflammatory response pathways. Aminoglycosides are primarily trafficked across the cochlear blood-labyrinth barrier into the stria vascularis, prior to clearance into endolymph and entry into hair cells with subsequent cytotoxicity and loss of auditory function: cochleotoxicity. Systemic inflammation potentiates cochlear uptake of aminoglycosides and increases the risk of hearing loss in both preclinical models and human studies. Here, we review the data that establishes the above narrative, and articulate the need for translational studies to promote ototoxicity monitoring in neonatal intensive care units and cystic fibrosis clinics.
Measuring Distress Levels of Refugee Women to Enhance Community-Based Psycho-social Interventions

The purpose of this investigation was to gain an understanding of the levels of distress in resettled refugee women as a basis for the development of improved community based interventions to enhan...
Free Energy Calculations Based on Coupling Proximal Distribution Functions and Thermodynamic Cycles

Techniques to calculate the free energy changes of a system are very useful in the study of biophysical and biochemical properties. In practice, free energy changes can be described with thermodynamic cycles, and the free energy change of an individual process can be computed by sufficiently sampling the corresponding configurations. However, this is still time-consuming especially for large biomolecular systems. Previously, we have shown that by utilizing precomputed solute–solvent correlations, so-called proximal distribution functions (pDF), we are capable of reconstructing the solvent environment near solute atoms, thus estimating the solute–solvent interactions and solvation free energies of molecules. In this contribution, we apply the technique of pDF-reconstructions to calculate chemical potentials and use this information in thermodynamic cycles. This illustrates how free energy changes of nontrivial chemical processes in aqueous solution systems can be rapidly estimated.
Quasi-linear equations of evolution in nonreflexive Banach spaces

An existence-uniqueness theorem and a regularity theorem are given for the Cauchy problem for quasi-linear equations of evolution in nonreflexive Banach spaces. As an application, C1-solutions are constructed for hyperbolic systems of partial differential equations in the “Schauder canonical form” (which include generic equations in two independent variables.).
Return to Sport and Sports-Specific Outcomes following Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction in Adolescent Athletes: A Systematic Review:

BackgroundThe incidence of elbow injuries and ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) reconstruction in adolescent athletes is increasing. Knowledge and expectations of outcomes following this procedure ar...
An Excitatory and Epileptogenic Effect of Dentate Gyrus Mossy Cells in a Mouse Model of Epilepsy

The sparse activity of hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) granule cells (GCs) is thought to be critical for cognition and behavior, whereas excessive DG activity may contribute to disorders such as temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Glutamatergic mossy cells (MCs) of the DG are potentially critical to normal and pathological functions of the DG because they can regulate GC activity through innervation of GCs or indirectly through GABAergic neurons. Here, we test the hypothesis that MC excitation of GCs is normally weak, but under pathological conditions, MC excitation of GCs is dramatically strengthened. We show that selectively inhibiting MCs during severe seizures reduced manifestations of those seizures, hippocampal injury, and chronic epilepsy. In contrast, selectively activating MCs was pro-convulsant. Mechanistic in vitro studies using optogenetics further demonstrated the unanticipated ability of MC axons to excite GCs under pathological conditions. These results demonstrate an excitatory and epileptogenic effect of MCs in the DG.
Using Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System Computer Adaptive Testing Domains to Investigate the Impact of Obesity on Physical Function, Pain Interference, and Mental Health in Sports Medicine Patients.

Background While obesity has become an increasingly prevalent health concern in the United States, little emphasis has been placed on utilizing patient reported outcome measures (PROM) to investigate its impact on life from the patients' perspective. The purpose of the study was to determine the association between patients' body mass index (BMI) and three Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) computer adaptive test scores: upper extremity physical function (UE) or lower extremity physical function (PF), pain interference (PI), and depression (D). Methods Patients were recruited from two sports medicine orthopedic surgery clinics. PROMIS questionnaires were administered to patients arriving for their first visit. Patients were stratified into BMI groupings according to the National Institute of Health standards. Patients' BMI, sex, race, ethnicity, and injury were determined retroactively. Data were analyzed using a Pearson correlation and a least significant difference post hoc test. Results A total of 833 patients completed the set of PROMIS questionnaires that were retrospectively analyzed. BMI was found to have a correlation with PROMIS-UE (R=-0.111, P<0.05), PROMIS-PF (R=-0.174, P<0.01), PROMIS-PI (R=0.224, P<0.01), and PROMIS-D (R=0.092, P<0.05). Obese patients also portrayed the worst PROMIS-UE, PROMIS-PI, and PROMIS-PF. Conclusion We found BMI to correlate with each PROMIS domain: negatively with PROMIS-UE, PROMIS-PF, PROMIS-D, and positively with PROMIS-PI. Additionally, overweight and obese BMI patients portrayed worse physical function and pain interference scores than their healthy group counterparts.
Trade mark protection for digital goods

A number of recent US cases involve attempts by authors or publishers of creative works to use trade mark or unfair competition law to control the reproduction or use of those works. For example, consider a movie the copyright protection for which has lapsed. Can the creator of the movie claim that copiers of the film commit trade mark infringement by including in their copies some content that appears in the original movie – perhaps the movie studio’s logo, or a famous scene? Or consider a website that allows artists to upload and offer for sale digital models of various goods where the models include recognisable designs and/or logos. Does the website operator commit trade mark infringement simply by distributing the digital files, from which someone might print a physical good that bears the trade mark? These sorts of claims raise important questions about the boundaries of different forms of intellectual property, particularly the distinctions between trade mark, copyright, and design laws. In this chapter, we describe US courts’ approaches to these cases, particularly in light of the US Supreme Court decision in Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp . We then turn to the European experience, which is surprisingly thinner. We offer some hypotheses for the relative lack of these cases in Europe.
Producing Parenthood: Islamic Bioethical Perspectives & Normative Implications

Biomedicine has opened up new possibilities for parenthood. Once resigned to remaining childless or pursuing adoption, infertile couples can now pursue options such as gamete donation, in-vitro fertilization, and uterine transplantation, as well as surrogacy. Muslim thinkers have viewed these strategies with both promise and caution given new types of kinship and parenthood result. By drawing upon leading medical fiqh academy resolutions this paper critically analyses Islamic normative views on the production of parenthood. We start with an overview of the Sunni rulings on gamete donation, gestational surrogacy and uterus transplantation, and the rationale and scriptural sources that undergird these moral assessments. Next, we discuss the contested relational bonds in light of larger discussions on genetics and the preservation of lineage. Finally, we comment on how scientific data, social imaginaries, and empirical gaps impact Islamic normativity regarding the production of parenthood so as to inform more holistic Islamic bioethical assessments.
COVID-19 Pandemic and Surgical Oncology: Preserving the Academic Mission.

Background The global pandemic of respiratory disease cause by the novel human coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has caused untold suffering, loss of life and upheaval in society. The pandemic has lead to massive redirection of health care resources to treat the surge of COVID-19 patients, and enforcement of social distancing to reduce the rate of transmission. Methods Editorial Board members provided observations of the implications of the pandemic on academic surgical oncology. Results Delivery of health care to other populations including cancer patients has been significantly disrupted. The implications both short term and long term threaten preservation of the academic mission in medicine at large, and certainly in the field of surgical oncology. Conclusions The effects on surgical oncology training, research and clinical trials are major.
Knowledge and practices of primary care physicians or general practitioners treating post-infectious Irritable Bowel Syndrome.

Post-infectious Irritable Bowel Syndrome (PI-IBS) is a functional bowel disorder which has significant impacts to a patient’s quality of life. No IBS-specific biomarker or treatment regimen for PI-IBS currently exists, therefore understanding practice patterns and variance is of interest. This online survey of primary care physicians and general practitioners in the USA aimed to understand the knowledge and treatment of PI-IBS within the physician’s current practice. Summary statistics are provided with a commentary on implications for practices and treatment of PI-IBS. Most physician survey respondents (n = 50) were aware of PI-IBS, but less than half discussed this condition as a possible outcome in their patients with a recent gastrointestinal infection. Most physicians indicated that they would treat the patients themselves with a focus on managing IBS through different treatment modalities based on severity. Treatment for PI-IBS followed IBS recommendations, but most physicians also prescribed a probiotic for therapy. Physicians estimated that 4 out of 10 patients who develop PI-IBS will have life-long symptoms and described significant impacts to their patient’s quality of life. Additionally, physicians estimated a significant financial burden for PI-IBS patients, ranging from $100–1000 (USD) over the course of their illness. Most physicians agreed that they would use a risk score to predict the probability of their patients developing PI-IBS, if available. While this survey is limited due to sample size, physician knowledge and treatment of PI-IBS was consistent across respondents. Overall, the physicians identified significant impacts to patient’s quality of life due to PI-IBS.
Flow diversion of fusiform intracranial aneurysms

Fusiform aneurysms are less common than saccular aneurysms, but have higher associated mortality and rebleeding rates. Recently, flow diversion has emerged as a possible treatment option. The purpose of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of the Pipeline Embolization Device (PED) for the treatment of ruptured and unruptured fusiform aneurysms. This was a retrospective analysis of patients with fusiform intracranial aneurysms treated with a PED at a quaternary care center between January 2012 and September 2019. Occlusion rates, neurologic morbidity/mortality, and other clinical variables were analyzed. Twenty-nine patients with 30 fusiform aneurysms were treated with a PED. Sixteen aneurysms (53%) were located in the anterior circulation and 14 aneurysms (47%) were in the posterior circulation. The mean maximal diameter of the aneurysms was 10.1 ± 5.6 mm (range 2.3–25 mm). Angiographic and clinical follow-up were available for 28 aneurysms (93%). The median follow-up was 17.4 months (IQR 4.8 to 28 months) and occlusion rates were graded according to the O’Kelly-Marotta (OKM) scale. Of patients with DSA follow-up, 15 aneurysms (60%) were completely occluded (OKM D) and 19 aneurysms (76%) had a favorable occlusion result (OKM C1-3 and D). The overall complication rate was 26.7% with a neurological morbidity rate of 6.7% and neurological mortality rate of 3.4%. Flow diversion can be an effective treatment for both ruptured and unruptured fusiform aneurysms. Nevertheless, complete occlusion rates are lower than for saccular aneurysms. Therefore, flow diversion should be considered only if other more direct treatment options, such as clipping or stent/coiling are not applicable. Flow diversion should be used cautiously in patients presenting with rupture.