cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Aging Lens and Glaucoma in persons over 50: Why early cataract surgery/refractive lensectomy and microinvasive trabecular bypass can prevent blindness and cure elevated eye pressure

Abstract Currently, IOP reduction is the only way we can help reduce or even stop glaucoma progression. Due to higher rates of blindness in vulnerable poorer groups with decreased access to expensive medications, safer, uncomplicated cataract extraction/refractive lensectomy and microinvasive trabecular bypass surgery should be considered earlier. We need more studies with randomized controlled clinical trials comparing earlier cataract surgery and trabecular bypass to medical, and laser therapies in order to reassess our algorithm for treating enlarged lens-related glaucoma in adults over the age of 50.
Directionally Paired Principal Component Analysis for Bivariate Estimation Problems

We propose Directionally Paired Principal Component Analysis (DP-PCA), a novel linear dimension-reduction model for estimating coupled yet partially observable variable sets. Unlike partial least squares methods (e.g., partial least squares regression and canonical correlation analysis) that maximize correlation/covariance between the two datasets, our DP-PCA directly minimizes, either conditionally or unconditionally, the reconstruction and prediction errors for the observable and unobservable part, respectively. We demonstrate the optimality of the proposed DP-PCA approach, we compare and evaluate relevant linear cross-decomposition methods with data reconstruction and prediction experiments on synthetic Gaussian data, multitarget regression datasets, and a single-channel image dataset. Results show that when only a single pair of bases is allowed, the conditional DP-PCA achieves the lowest reconstruction error on the observable part and the total variable sets as a whole; meanwhile, the unconditional DP-PCA reaches the lowest prediction errors on the unobservable part. When an extra budget is allowed for the observable part's PCA basis, one can reach an optimal solution using a combined method: standard PCA for the observable part and unconditional DP-PCA for the unobservable part.
Improved Dairy Technology to Smallholders in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia: Experiences and Way Forward

Progressive achievements gained from introduction of dairy technology to smallholder farmers in the central highlands Ethiopia had brought significant changes in the income and improvement in the smallholder farmer standard of life. The numbers of crossbred dairy cows reaching the smallholders have increased. This study was initiated to show the farmers benefit gained from the full package of technology transfer to the smallholders in the high lands of Ethiopia. A total of 81 farm households (65 Male and 16 Female) were considered to use the improved dairy technology transfer at their level of managements . The Least squares Means Average daily milk yield ADMY were significantly varied at each district (p<0.05). Higher daily milk yields were obtained from Walmara (9.43 ± 0.29 kg/day) followed by Dire inchini (8.92 ± 0.41 kg/day) while lower yields were from Ginchi and Gohatsion (7.89 ± 0.41 & 6.62 ± 0.55 kg/day) respectively. Lactation Milk Yield (LMY) and estimated lactation length (LL) also significantly (P<0.05) varied between the studied villages. The overall milk price at the four districts was 12.00 Dire Inchini, 10.5 Walmara, 8.50 Gohatsion and 7.50,Eth birr respectively. The price of milk fluctuates from 7.50 to 12.00 Ethi birr. Eventhough farmers have tried to organize themselves into dairy cooperatives to overcome price fluctuations. The result of this study revealed that applications of full packages of improved dairy technology to smallholder realized a growing annual income for the smallholders. Farmers willing to acquire crossbred dairy cows are increasing and are far in excess of the current supply. Advanced smallholder farmers training and strengthening linkages between stakeholders could promote dairy production to dairy commercialization.
Exploration of Parental Advertising Literacy and Parental Mediation: Influencer Marketing of Media Character Toy and Merchandise

This study uncovers parents’ advertising literacy and their mediation strategies of influencers’ commercial videos that contain media character merchandise. Thirty-five semi-structured interviews w...
Targeted Funding of Research and Education and Faculty Perception of Academic Freedom in Medical Education

Targeted Funding of Research and Education and Faculty Perception of Academic Freedom in Medical Education By Shelly Ann Elliott, Ph.D. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University Virginia Commonwealth University, 2009 Director: Dr. Nora Alder This study was conducted to determine if there was a relationship between targeted funding of research and education and faculty perception of academic freedom at their medical schools. A total of 130 physician and basic sciences faculty from three medical schools assessed academic freedom at their institutions on an academic freedom inventory developed specifically for this study. The lack of a representative sample and the weak explanatory power of the findings limit conclusions that could be drawn. Using multiple regression analysis, the researcher was not able to reject the null for a relationship between targeted funding and academic freedom, using the probability of F statistical test (p>0.05). Other variables included I the study were found to be statistically significant, but the models were generalized considered weak. A statistically significant
Chinese International Student's Decision making and Attitudes towards Studying in the United States.

Using a survey, this study investigates Chinese undergraduate students’ sociodemographic characteristics, decision making of studying in the U.S., adaptation experience, and their attitudes towards studying in the U.S. It demonstrated how quantitative methods help to improve understanding of less common but emerging social groups and phenomena. This study examined decision making, in the form of factors that influence pre attitudes and post attitudes of a group of 124 Chinese undergraduate students in a large Midwest university in the U.S. The results indicate that the Chinese undergraduate students are a homogenous group; most of them are from urban area of China, and most of their parents were highly educated and white collar employers. The results also show that the Chinese undergraduate students who have the expectations of having a different life experience, having better job opportunities after graduation, and getting a better education, have more positive pre attitudes than do those without these expectations. And Chinese undergraduate students’ pre attitude, English speaking comfortableness, English ability, employment, academic grades, and social adaptation significantly influence their post attitude towards studying in the U.S.
A season-long examination of the intervention tone of coach–athlete interactions and athlete development in youth sport

Abstract Objectives Coaches are a primary influence on athletes' development in youth sport (Horn, 2008). However, the intervention tone of coaches' behaviour has not been directly observed. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between the intervention tone exhibited by youth sport coaches and athletes' individual developmental trajectories over the course of a season. Design Short-term longitudinal study with behavioural observation. Method Fifty-five athletes and their coaches from five youth volleyball teams were observed at three time points, and the intervention tone of interactive behaviour was systematically coded and organized by coach–athlete dyad. Athletes completed measures of the 4C's of athlete development (competence, confidence, connection, character) at each time point, which were used to create individualized developmental trajectories. Person-centred analyses were used to examine associations between athletes' developmental trajectories and their unique interactive experiences with their coach. Results Cluster analysis revealed the presence of three distinct clusters based on athletes' developmental trajectories: 1) high and increasing, 2) low and decreasing, and 3) moderate and maintaining, with athletes from each team distributed across clusters. Analysis of dyadic interaction profiles revealed significant differences in interactive behaviour between clusters. Conclusions Results suggest that differences in coach–athlete interactive experiences are associated with different developmental trajectories over the course of a season, even for athletes working with the same coach, highlighting the individualized nature of coaches' influence on young athletes. Practical implications for coaches include a critical awareness of their unique interactive relationship with each athlete independently, as well as the importance of fostering these relationships with regard to young people as more than just athletes.
Symbolic Spaces in Late Capitalism, Where Art is A Proposal and not a Conclusion

Capitalism is the predominant conceptual system configuring and forming our reality. It is difficult, perhaps almost impossible, to imagine another one, because we are immersed in the conceptual approaches of this reality, the one of capitalism. Art is able to represent, symbolically and accurately this conceptual reality, but also to encourage us to imagine other realities even if it is only able display this one accurately (without critic). The concept of this reality is based now on consumption through virtual identities. The value of art is affected by this premise, meaning that the artist is valuable mainly because he is converted into a logo, a valuable signature on the work. This phenomenon not only reflects our conceptual approach to reality but also unveils it, revealing new aspects of our reality and what we think about it. However, art is able to go further and present different approaches to our concepts about reality. It could mean that art promotes us to imagine other realities, at least unconsciously, for both art producers and viewers. Finally, this scheme has to be included in a new revolutionary tool, the web, a virtual multidimensional space, where contemporary art takes part. Therefore, in the “space” of the web, art can communicate more than ever and can transform itself and present this transformation beyond the established limits, contributing to produce a more flexible and imaginative way of thinking.
Principles Of Applied Mathematics: Transformation And Approximation

Principles of Applied Mathematics provides a comprehensive look at how classical methods are used in many fields and contexts. Updated to reflect developments of the last twenty years, it shows how two areas of classical applied mathematics--spectral theory of operators and asymptotic analysis--are useful for solving a wide range of applied science problems. Topics such as asymptotic expansions, inverse scattering theory, and perturbation methods are combined in a unified way with classical theory of linear operators. Several new topics, including wavelength analysis, multigrid methods, and homogenization theory, are blended into this mix to amplify this theme.This book is ideal as a survey course for graduate students in applied mathematics and theoretically oriented engineering and science students. This most recent edition, for the first time, now includes extensive corrections collated and collected by the author.
Rape as a weapon of war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo has been appropriately acknowledged as "the rape capital of the world." While the country has been trapped in conflict, the use of rape as a weapon of war has been rampant and unyielding. The sexual violence inflicted upon women has been nothing less than brutal and destructive, physically, socially, and psychologically. This paper analyzes the use of rape as a weapon of war in the Congo, taking into context the ongoing war, cultural and social situations that facilitate its existence, and the many consequences the victims are forced to endure. Drawing information from various academic journals, articles, and field research from international organizations, this paper paints a concise picture of the sexual atrocities occurring in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Language: en
Azra-ye Khalvatneshin, Taqi Modarresi's Last Novel

In this paper Taqi Modarresi’s life and his works are discussed briefly. He is one of the early Persian writers in diaspora who left Iran decades before the Islamic Revolution. His novels have been published both in English and Persian. Azra-ye Khalvatneshin [The Virgin of Solitude], which was published posthumously in an English translation in 2008 and in the original Persian in 2010, both in the United States is his last novel in which he explores the theme of identity in the modern globalized world.
The Birth of Refactoring: A Retrospective on the Nature of High-Impact Software Engineering Research

Software refactoring was independently invented in the late '80s by two students in two research groups: Ralph Johnson's group at the University of Illinois and David Notkin's group at the University of Washington. This article provides a retrospective of the birth of refactoring, reflecting on how the ideas came about and were developed in those two students' doctoral dissertations. The analysis provides useful insights for both researchers and practitioners seeking high impact in their work. This article is part of a special issue on Refactoring.
Quantifying size and number of adipocytes in adipose tissue

White adipose tissue (WAT) is a dynamic and modifiable tissue that develops late during gestation in humans and through early postnatal development in rodents. WAT is unique in that it can account for as little as 3% of total body weight in elite athletes or as much as 70% in the morbidly obese. With the development of obesity, WAT undergoes a process of tissue remodeling in which adipocytes increase in both number (hyperplasia) and size (hypertrophy). Metabolic derangements associated with obesity, including type 2 diabetes, occur when WAT growth through hyperplasia and hypertrophy cannot keep pace with the energy storage needs associated with chronic energy excess. Accordingly, hypertrophic adipocytes become overburdened with lipids, resulting in changes in the secreted hormonal milieu. Lipids that cannot be stored in the engorged adipocytes become ectopically deposited in organs such as the liver, muscle, and pancreas. WAT remodeling therefore coincides with obesity and secondary metabolic diseases. Obesity, however, is not unique in causing WAT remodeling: changes in adiposity also occur with aging, calorie restriction, cancers, and diseases such as HIV infection. In this chapter, we describe a semiautomated method of quantitatively analyzing the histomorphometry of WAT using common laboratory equipment. With this technique, the frequency distribution of adipocyte sizes across the tissue depot and the number of total adipocytes per depot can be estimated by counting as few as 100 adipocytes per animal. In doing so, the method described herein is a useful tool for accurately quantifying WAT development, growth, and remodeling.
An Estimate of the Coupling Needed for Vortices to Condense in {Yang-Mills} Theory

Abstract If vortices occur dynamically in Yang-Mills theory we estimate that they must occur at a scale where the coupling g 2 8π 2 ≳ 2 3 in order for them to condense and cause confinement.
Quantitation of plasma factor XIIIa activity using fibrin-coated microscopic latex beads

Abstract Following exposure to thrombin, monodisperse microscopic polystyrene-divinylbenzene beads coated with a mixed film of lecithin and fibrinogen aggregate as a consequence of interbead fibrin polymerization. These bead aggregates rapidly dissociate in 5 m urea. Treatment of aggregates with factor XIIIa results in a dosedependent decrease of the rate of aggregate dissociation in urea. The rate of disaggregation is readily quantitated by turbidimetry. We have exploited this phenomenon to develop a rapid and sensitive method for quantitating factor XIIIa activity in plasma. Using 20 μl of human plasma the method measures the activity of factor XIIIa to a level of 0.03 U ml−1 with a precision of ±5%.
Requirements and design spaces of mobile medical care

Pervasive care and chronic disease management to reduce institutionalization is a priority for most western countries. The realization of next generation ubiquitous and pervasive healthcare systems will be a challenging task, as these systems are likely to involve a complex structure. Such systems will consist of various devices, ranging from resource-constrained sensors and actuators to complex multimedia devices, supporting time critical applications. This is further compounded by cultural and socio-economical factors that must be addressed for next generation healthcare systems to be widely diffused and used. These factors have a direct impact on the system and security models and will require further understanding to encourage users to embrace and adopt the new technology. These models must capture not only the perceived value of the new technology and its ease of use, but most importantly the perceived risk of using this technology. This paper outlines the design space of pervasive health monitoring with body sensor networks and derives the requirements for connected pervasive medical care systems. Commercial and academic mobile medical sensor systems have been mapped to the requirements derived and a comparative analysis of state of the technology is given.
Effects of high dietary molybdenum concentration and duration of feeding time on molybdenum and copper metabolism in sheep

Abstract An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of elevated dietary Mo and duration of feeding on tissue concentrations and excretion of Mo and Cu. Forty lambs were fed diets containing 0, 15, 30 or 45 mg kg−1 (as-fed basis) added Mo as sodium molybdate for 14 or 28 days. The basal corn-soya-bean meal-cottonseed hulls diet contained 1.2 mg kg−1 Mo, 11 mg kg−1 Cu, and 2.2 g kg−1 S (DM basis). Concentration of Mo increased linearly in feces, urine, serum, liver, kidney and muscle as dietary Mo increased. There was no effect of time on fecal, urinary, liver or muscle Mo concentrations. Liver Mo concentration increased (p
Effect of a steric spacer on chromophoric interactions of ruthenium complexes containing covalently bound anthracene

Abstract To study interchromophore interactions in a ruthenium complex linked covalently to an anthryl group, we have synthesized 4-(9-anthrylethyl),4′-methyl-2,2′-bipyridine (dmb-an) and complexed it with ruthenium in two asymmetric complexes, [Ru(L) 2 (dmb-an)] 2+ , where L4,4′-dimethyl, 2,2′-bipyridine (dmb) or 4,4′-di- tert -butyl, 2,2′-bipyridine (dtb). In both complexes, the two independent chromophores rapidly undergo singlet—singlet and triplet—triplet energy transfer which nearly quantitatively quenches luminescence: Φ F =3.5 × 10 −4 from the anthryl group and Φ −5 from the metal—ligand charge transfer state of the complex. Both complexes also readily undergo photoinduced oxygenation of the anthryl group. The anthryl group is charge transfer quenched by methyl viologen, with a cage escape yield that differs substantially for the two complexes. When Ldmb, the cage escape yield is 0.26, in common with other ruthenium tris-imines and much less than free anthracene. However, when Ldtb, the cage escape yield rises to 0.55±0.05. We interpret the improved yield as arising from the bulky tert -butyl substituents, which prevent the anthryl moiety from close approach to the metal center and reduce metal-mediated enhancement of reverse charge transfer.
High prevalence of early language delay exists among toddlers with neonatal brachial plexus palsy.

Abstract Aim An association of language impairment with neonatal brachial plexus palsy has not been reported in the literature. The current treatment paradigm for neonatal brachial plexus palsy focuses on upper extremity motor recovery with little formal assessment of other aspects of development, such as language. We performed a cross-sectional pilot study to investigate early language delay prevalence in toddlers with neonatal brachial plexus palsy and potential neonatal brachial plexus palsy–related factors involved. Method Twenty toddlers with neonatal brachial plexus palsy were consecutively recruited (12 males and eight females; mean age, 30 months). Preschool Language Scale Score (4th edition), demographics, and socioeconomic status were collected. Neonatal brachial plexus palsy–related factors such as palsy side, treatment type, Narakas grade, muscle Medical Research Council score, and Raimondi hand score were reported. Student t test, chi-square test, or Fisher exact test were applied. Statistical significance level was established at P Results Of study participants, 30% had language delay, whereas the prevalence of language delay in the population with normal development in this age range was approximately 5-15%. Interpretation We observed high language delay prevalence among toddlers with neonatal brachial plexus palsy. Although our subject sample is small, our findings warrant further study of this phenomenon. Early identification and timely intervention based on type of language impairment may be critical for improving communication outcome in this population.
Cost-effectiveness of screening for anal squamous intraepithelial lesions and anal cancer in human immunodeficiency virus–negative homosexual and bisexual men

Abstract PURPOSE: Homosexual and bisexual men are at an increased risk for human papillomavirus–induced squamous intraepithelial lesions and cancer of the anus. Our objective was to estimate the cost-effectiveness of screening for anal squamous intraepithelial lesions in these high-risk patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A Markov model was developed to evaluate alternative screening strategies using anal cytology in a hypothetical cohort of homosexual and bisexual men. Data were obtained from prospective cohort studies, national databases, Medicare reimbursement rates, and the published literature. Model outcomes included life expectancy, quality-adjusted life expectancy, total lifetime costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. RESULTS: The undiscounted life expectancy gain associated with anal cytology screening every 3 years was 5.5 months. Compared with no screening, screening every 3 years increased the discounted quality-adjusted life expectancy by 1.8 months and cost $7,000 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained. Screening every 2 years cost $15,100 per QALY gained compared with screening every 3 years. Annual screening provided incremental benefits of less than 0.5 quality-adjusted months and had an incremental cost of $34,800 per QALY gained. Screening every 6 months provided little additional benefit (i.e, 5 days) over that of annual screening and had an incremental cost of $143,500 per QALY gained. CONCLUSION: In homosexual and bisexual men, screening every 2 or 3 years for anal squamous intraepithelial lesions with anal cytology would provide life-expectancy benefits comparable with other accepted preventive health measures, and would be cost-effective.
The internal structure of high-Z E/S0 galaxies from LSD

We summarize results from the first year of the Lenses Structure and Dynamics Survey (LSD). Using the Echelle Imager and Spectrograph at the Keck-II Telescope, we have measured spatially resolved velocity dispersion profiles of a sample of distant (up to z=1 ) early-type galaxies that are gravitational lenses. By combining lensing and dynamical analyses we can set firm limits on the dark matter density profile, the controversial inner slope of the dark matter halo, the mass-to-light ratio of the luminous component, the total mass distribution, and on the velocity ellipsoid by breaking the mass anisotropy-relation. The implications of these measurements in terms on the epoch and mechanism of formation of E/S0 galaxies and of the value of the Hubble constant are briefly discussed.
Probability models of received scattered and ambient fields

With the aid of the appropriate statistical-physical models of underwater scattering and ambient field generation, explicit first-, second-, and higher-order probability distributions of such fields as they appear in a typical receiver can be constructed. The lower-order distributions, at least, are analytically tractable, and thereby provide working statistical representations of an important class of nongaussian channels. Similar statistical-physical models can be constructed for other, broad classes of nonnormal channels, such as those produced by atmospherics, seismic disturbances, and man-made electromagnetic and acoustical interference. These models are based on a poisson distribution of (primary or scatter) sources in the medium or the given domain. For example, in an ocean or lake environment this corresponds to the usual condition of dominant primary radiation, or scattering in the medium or at its interfaces; equivalently for manmade interference, this reflects the inherently independent emissive properties of the sources involved. Here, the general approach is very briefly outlined and a number of specific results, typical of these phenomena generally, are presented.
Trends in cytogenetic testing and identification of chromosomal abnormalities among pregnancies and children with birth defects, metropolitan Atlanta, 1968-2005.

The purpose of this study was to examine changes in the use of cytogenetic testing and identification of chromosomal abnormalities among pregnancies and children with birth defects. Utilizing data from 1968 to 2005 from the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program, we analyzed trends in the frequency and timing (prenatal or postnatal) of cytogenetic testing and the prevalence of recognized chromosome abnormalities among pregnancies and children with birth defects (n = 51,424). Cytogenetic testing of pregnancies and children with birth defects increased from 7.2% in 1968 to 25.0% in 2005, as did the identification of chromosomal abnormalities (2.2% in 1968 to 6.8% in 2005). The use of prenatal cytogenetic testing decreased from 1996 to 2005 among women aged ≥35 years. Identification of chromosomal abnormalities in pregnancies and children with birth defects increased from 1968 to 2005, possibly due to increased testing, improved diagnostic techniques, or increasing maternal age. The decline in prenatal cytogenetic testing observed among mothers aged ≥35 years may be related to the availability of improved prenatal screening techniques, resulting in a reduction in the utilization of invasive diagnostic tests. Published 2011. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Label-free biosensors based on athermal silicon-on-insulator waveguides and a harmonic dithering technique

We report a new high-sensitivity biosensor using athermal TM-mode SOI resonators with bulk and surface detection limits of 4.7×10−7 RIU and ∼100fg/mm2. Simple DFB harmonic dithering feedback techniques obviate spectrometers and tunable lasers.
Production of the magnetic field of the Crab Nebula

The magnetic field of the Crab Nebula is so large that if the original pre-super nova star had contained it, it must have been on the verge of instability. It is suggested here that this magnetic field did not exist before the explosion which produced the Crab, but was created from the kinetic energy of the expanding matter. To account for the observed magnetic field of ∼ 10−3 G a machinery is proposed which derives from the existence of shock waves in the exploding shell, from the existence of charge separation in the shock fronts, and from the formation of irregularities in the surfaces where charge separations exist, at some time during their propagation from regions of very high density in the star interior out into the very low galactic density. The magnetic field of 10−3 G, now believed to exist in the Crab, follows from the present theory, if one assumes the experimental value of 103/cm3 for the density in the filaments.
Impairment issues for health care professionals: Review and recommendations

(2002). Impairment issues for health care professionals: Review and recommendations. Substance Abuse: Vol. 23, No. sup1, pp. 155-165.
THE CHARACTERIZATION OF COMPOSITE AGAROSE/HYDROXYETHYLCELLULOSE MATRICES FOR THE SEPARATION OF DNA FRAGMENTS USING CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS

Mixtures of the polysaccharide derivatives, 19% hydroxyethylated SeaPrep agarose (SP-AG) and hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), in aqueous buffer solutions are applied for the first time to the separation of DNA fragments using capillary electrophoresis (CE). These matrices form unique size-sieving networks that allow the separation of a wide size range of DNA fragments in a single analysis. Relative to their homogeneous counterparts, the composite separation matrices provide enhanced selectivity properties of DNA fragments, especially for fragments greater than 1000 base pairs (bp) in length. Additionally, the effects on separation performance of capillary temperature, the incorporation of a DNA intercalator, and applied field strength are demonstrated. Solution viscosity measurements of the homogeneous and composite matrix solutions were made in order to establish the entanglement threshold concentrations for the unique size-sieving solutions. The relatively low solution viscosities of the composite separation matrices allow reproducible replacement of the separation matrix between analyses. The mechanism of separation of DNA fragments for the composite matrices is proposed.
Strategic control over rate of processing in word reading: A computational investigation

It has recently been proposed that the time course of lexical processing can be influenced by strategic control factors in word reading. In the current study, a specific hypothesis of control, rate of processing, was implemented in three simulations of word reading. Simulation results showed that, by modulating the dynamic of processing, the control parameter input gain can account for effects of pressure for speed and stimulus blocking on naming performance. Results showed also that, to account for error patterns found in the tempo-naming task (Kello & Plaut, 2000), the influence of lexical knowledge must be strengthened relative to the standard dual-pathway architecture. Two methods of strengthening the influence of lexical knowledge are demonstrated: input gain used as a mechanism of route emphasis, or integration of the two commonly proposed pathways from orthography to phonology.
Where the Wild Things Are: Pathogenesis of SIV Infection in African Nonhuman Primate Hosts

African nonhuman primates that are natural hosts of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) are generally spared from disease progression. Pathogenic and nonpathogenic SIV infections share some major features: high viral replication, massive acute depletion of mucosal CD4+ T cells, and partial control of the virus by both adaptive and innate immune responses. A key distinction of natural SIV infections is rapid and active control of immune activation and apoptosis of T cells that contributes to the integrity of mucosal barrier and lack of microbial translocation. This allows partial recovery of CD4+ T cells and preservation of the function of other immune cell subsets. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the lack of disease in natural hosts for SIV infection will likely provide important clues as to the therapy of HIV-1 infection.
Social validation of interventions in augmentative and alternative communication

Social validation is the process of assessing the social significance of the goals, methods, and outcomes of interventions. Despite the increasing emphasis on stakeholder accountability, social validation is far from commonplace in our journal, Augmentative and Alternative Communication(AAC). This paper proposes a conceptual framework to assist interventionists to socially validate interventions in AAC. The author draws from related fields and existing social validation efforts in AAC to arrive at this framework. This framework includes three main components: (a) Who: stakeholder perspectives (direct, indirect, immediate community, extended community), (b) What: intervention components (goals, methods, outcomes), and (c) How: methods (subjective evaluation, social comparison). Clinical examples and studies that exemplify the intersections of this framework are presented or selectively reviewed. Interventionists may find it useful to consult this framework in planning social validations of AAC interventions.
What is a Lollard? Dissent and Belief in Late Medieval England, by J. Patrick Hornbeck II

(2010). What is a Lollard? Dissent and Belief in Late Medieval England, by J. Patrick Hornbeck II. Reformation & Renaissance Review: Vol. 12, No. 2-3, pp. 349-351.
Three- and two-dimensional effects in wetting kinetics

Abstract Wetting at equilibrium is reviewed in brief, and it is then suggested that a wider class of nonequilibrium problems can exist where an equilibrium-like behaviour is reached simply because the mechanisms for spreading are suppressed. The mechanisms of spreading are reviewed to suggest that experiments of wetting kinetics of liquids with varying volatilities on mica would lead to interesting results. Such experiments were conducted and the results are supportive of the models. It was also observed that when volatility and surface roughness, two important mechanisms of spreading, are removed, the drop motion presumed to be controlled by surface diffusion at the contact line virtually ceases, although scanning electron microscopy results show that they are indeed moving. The role of films of ultra-low thicknesses are examined. It is seen that the dynamics of molecular scale droplets are understandable, and can be modelled in many ways, and the features these moving molecular scale drops exhibit can in some cases affect the movement of microscale drops as well. We are able to identify and define two- and three-dimensional volatilities and mobilities that help one to classify the spreading phenomena, as far as the liquids are concerned. The surfaces can be smooth or rough, a difference that has a strong effect.
On-Detector Processing and Data Streaming

Advancements in X-ray detector technology have enabled new scientific breakthroughs in many disciplines at synchrotron sources and free-electron lasers. Enhancements to detector systems that extend dynamic range through higher frame rate, increase pixel count, and increase overall frame rates also boost data rates. Today, X-ray applications utilize state-of-the-art mega-pixel detectors at 100s Hz to 10s of kHz frame rates, creating raw data rates that can exceed 100 Gbps. Simply writing raw data to local disks and reading it back from the disk for subsequent analysis is becoming less attractive and often impractical, given these large data rates. Modern architectures are beginning to tackle the data deluge at the source with on-detector signal processing, early lossless compression, and direct data streaming to downstream CPU or GPU clusters, where inline analysis can provide scientists with real-time experimental feedback.
Reengineering the acquisition/procurement process: A methodology for requirements collection

History has taught us that major process improvement can come about through a single paradigm change, or by a combination of smaller but important changes. The Acquisition Reengineering Project was initiated to help identify areas for improvement in the acquisition and procurement process at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). The project team performed a feasibility study to generate requirements and perform preliminary benchmarking. As identified in the Acquisition Reengineering Project charter, the acquisition and procurement process begins when considering making or buying something (or preparing a proposal that would do so), and ends when all acquisition closeout activities are completed.
Analysis of nuclei from exponentially growing and conjugated Tetrahymena thermophila using the flow microfluorimeter

Abstract Isolated nuclei of Tetrahymena thermophila from both exponentially growing cultures and from cells following conjugation have been analysed using a flow microfluorimeter. The macronuclei from a culture in exponential growth display a single broad distribution of DNA contents, without bimodal character. The micronuclei are virtually all in G2 phase (4C). The mean of the macronuclear DNA distribution is about 12.4 times the micronuclear mean (50C). When cells are starved in preparation for conjugation, the macronuclei DNA content is decreased about 30 %, but the distribution remains similar to that of nuclei from a culture in exponential growth. Following conjugation, the macronuclear anlagen develop through a set of relatively synchronous endoreplications. At 12 h after the initiation of conjugation the anlagen are at a 4C stage and at 18 h they are virtually all at a 8C stage. If the culture is refed, anlagen development progresses to a 16C and 32C, but the synchrony is poorly conserved. Cells that are not refed are arrested at the 8C stage and only a fraction of the population ever become mature macronuclei. In general we do not observe distinct peaks of anlagen with DNA contents in excess of 32C. The amitotic division of macronuclei may obscure any endoreplications producing anlagen stages with higher DNA content.
Thermal Decomposition of Energetic Materials 84: Pyrolysis of 5-Substituted 1,3,5-Trinitrohexahydropyrimidines

Results of slow and fast pyrolysis were compared for 1,3,5-trinitrohexahydropyrimidine compounds in which the 5-position was substituted by H, CH3, NO2, CH2ONO2, and CH2N3. IR and Raman spectroscopy were used to identify and quantify all of the gaseous products. The decomposition process appears to be initiated by reactions at the 5-position of the ring. The gases produced are rather similar for all of the compounds, however the different functional groups impart their own signature on the concentrations of several products.
Inheritance of fiber quality and lint yield in a chemically mutated population of cotton

The narrow germplasm base of the upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), grown on the Texas high plains historically, has limited improvement of fiber quality. Chemical mutagenesis and subsequent selection have helped the development of lines with improved fiber quality in cultivars adapted to this region. This study was conducted to determine the inheritance of improvements in fiber quality. M3 lines with divergent fiber properties of micronaire, length, and strength were selected from a population of Paymaster HS 200 treated with 3% v/v ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) for two hours. The 115 selected lines of M4 and M5 generation were evaluated for fiber quality and lint yield. Regression of the M4 and M5 on the M3 generation, as well as the M5 on the M4 was used to generate narrow sense heritability coefficients. Significant variations were observed between the mutant lines in all generations except for lint yield in the M5 (1997). The highest heritability estimates were found in fiber length (h2= 0.29** to 0.46**). Micronaire and strength showed intermediate heritability estimates of h2= 0.14 to 0.19, while lint yield had a very low heritability estimate of h2= 0.03. Fiber length and strength were correlated (r= 0.58** to 0.46**) in all the three generations. The mutants identified in these studies have the potential to improve fiber quality of upland cotton without introducing alien genes that may reduce adaptation to short growing season production regions.
Construction and performance of a 2.7 m long straw drift tube prototype chamber for the SSC

Abstract We report the construction and testing of a 2.7 m long straw tube drift chamber consisting of 60 channels. The straw tubes with 2 mm radius are stacked in a pyramid shape up to eight tube layers. There are two wire supports inside each tube for electrostatic stability. 28 tubes out of 60 are instrumented for measurement of resolution, gas gain, and attenuation length. Resolution of close to 110 μm and attenuation length of 500 cm are obtained.
Localization of action of two amnesia producing drugs in freely moving mice.

Abstract Two drugs previously shown to produce amnesia in mice, cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, and diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC), a dopamine beta hydroxylase inhibitor, altered the electrical activity recorded from the midbrain reticular formation and parietal cortex of freely moving awake mice. Under similar circumstances, the averaged visual evoked responses were consistently altered only from the dorsal hippocampus. It is suggested that both of these drugs have similar actions and that their primary effect is on the midbrain reticular formation and the cerebral cortex.
The effect of self-confidence and anxiety on risk reduction strategies for an innovative product

This research investigated consumer modes of information seeking as a means of reducing uncertainty for a high risk innovation. Measures of consumers' generalized and specific selfcondidence along with anxiety were taken to study their mediating effect on consumer's tendency to seek any of six information sources. Subjects completed a 20 item behavioral differential designed to measure the tendency to seek different sources. The design used was a 2×2×2 ANOVA. The sample was drawn from a middle, upper middle class, white suburban civic club. The results show that specific self-confidence was the most important variable in explaining the tendency to seek information about a microwave oven. The two most favored information sources were the impersonal independent (Consumer Reports type of magazine) and the subject's own observation and experiences. There was some tendency to use interpersonal sources, but the impersonal independent and observation/experience were favored.
Retrospective Analysis of the Clinical Utility of Ambulatory Electrocardiographic (Holter) Recordings in Syncopal Dogs: 44 Cases (1991–1995)

The objective of this study was to evaluate retrospectively the clinical utility of ambulatory (Holter) electrocardiographic monitoring in syncopal dogs and to compare the Holter recording with the clinic electrocardiogram (ECG) in these animals. Fifty Holter reports and 44 medical records from 44 dogs were evaluated. A syncopcal episode occurred during monitoring in 24% of the recordings. No obvious relationship was found between the frequency of syncope occurring before Holter recording and the likelihood of a dog having an episode during recording. Holter recordings were helpful in establishing a diagnosis 42% of the time, but no relationship was detected between the frequency of episodes occurring before Holter recording and the likelihood of a diagnostically useful Holter. An arrhythmia was ruled out as the cause of syncope in 12% of the recordings and was implicated as the cause of syncope in 30% of recordings. Of these, 20% were ventricular tachyarrhythmias and 10% were bradyarrhythmias including pacemaker failure. Ambulatory electrocardiographic recordings led to a therapeutic change in 38% of cases. A comparison of the Holter recordings and clinic ECGs documented the expected increased sensitivity for Holter detection of arrhythmias. The average clinic ECG heart rate consistently exceeded the average Holter heart rate with a mean difference between the average heart rates recorded by the two techniques of 31 bpm (range -8-87 bpm).
The current status of intestinal transplantation.

Purpose of reviewThe aim of this article is to assess the current status of intestinal transplantation.Recent findingsLong-term parenteral nutrition, while often life-sustaining, can be associated with life-threatening complications including parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease. Intestine
Improved energy conversion efficiency of GaAs solar cells for space based on multilayer top contacts

Abstract The use of optimized multilayer top contact metallization rather than single-thickness contacts can improve the efficiency of optimized n-p GaAs solar cells by 3.3% for a 4 cm × 4cm geometry and by 1.3% for a 2 cm × 2 cm geometry. Multilayer top contacts are also more tolerant of variations in semiconductor layer thickness and doping levels. There is a 3.4% efficiency gain for the 4 cm × 4 cm solar cell and a 1.5% gain for the 2 cm × 2 cm solar cell if a worst case model is assumed where the collector layer and window layer sheet resistivities are ten times greater than desired. It is also demonstrated that the optimized multilayer contacts on the n-p device are more efficient than those on similarly optimized p-n devices (1.1% for the 2 cm × 2 cm solar cell and 1.0% for the 4 cm × 4 cm solar cell). A description of the power losses due to the top contacts is developed from first principles. An optimization process follows which minimizes the losses for multilayer top contacts. The optimized multilayer contacts are then analyzed for various semiconductor layer thickness and doping level changes for both the 4 cm × 4 cm and 2 cm × 2 cm solar cells as well as the n-p and p-n structures.
Salicylism in the elderly: “A little aspirin never hurt anybody!”

Mrs. F. was an 85 year old who not only read widely but also prepared book reports and programs for a variety of local groups. Her only health problems were hypertension and severe osteoporosis with kyphosis. The previous summer she had broken her left hip, had a prosthesis inserted, and moved into the retirement home in her community. After 7 months, Mrs. F. arranged for daytime help and sitters for the night and moved back into her house. Four months later she had a lumbar compression fracture and began to self-treat the pain with 500 mg aspirin with calcium carbonate, magnesium oxide, and magnesium carbonate (Extra Strength Bufferin). She had had several fractures in the past that she had successfully treated with aspirin. This time, however, about 2 months after beginning the self-treatment, she began to have difficulty hearing, and this loss of hearing was interpreted as being the cause for her occasional confused responses. Her physician had a small amount of wax removed from her ears and substituted choline magnesium trisalicylate (Trilisate) tablets for the buffered aspirin. Mrs. F. did not consider the Trilisate tablets effective, so she began taking the buffered aspirin tablets again. Over the next 7 days her condition deteriorated. Her mental confusion was now obvious, and she was experiencing hallucinations. Her physician insisted on an immediate computed axial tomographic (CAT) scan. Mrs. F. had to be transported by ambulance to a hospital in another town for the CAT scan. Her symptoms included confusion, rapid respirations and heart rate, diaphoresis, severe hand tremors, anorexia, and lethargy. It was at this point that salicylism was first suspected, and her use of the buffered aspirin was discontinued. Unfortunately, no blood work was done to test for salicylate intoxication.
Quantitative measurement of human articular surface topography in vitro by profile recorder and stereo‐microscopy techniques

SUMMARY The degree of irregularity presented by the 20–40 μm diameter depressions in adult human articular surfaces was measured in vitro, using the scanning electron microscope (SEM), replication, stereo-microscopy and profile recording techniques. Using stereo-microscopy, the measured articular surface depressions varied from 0.9 to 15 μm in depth and the corresponding humps on the replicas varied from 0.3 to 8.9 μm in height. The heights of the replicated contours measured by the profile recording device varied from 0.2 to 5 μm. It was emphasized that, while these values give some indication as to the possible degree of surface irregularity in vivo, the actual contours in a living, load-bearing joint may be quite different.