cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A time of flight neutron powder rietveld refinement study at elevated temperature on a monoclinic near-stoichiometric NASICON

Time of flight neutron powder data were collected at elevated temperatures on a sample of NASICON of composition Na/sub 3.17/Zr/sub 1.93/Si/sub 1.9/O/sub 12/. This sample, prepared by reheating a commercially available NASICON to minimize the ZrO/sub 2/ impurity, has been previously structurally refined from room temperature neutron diffraction data collected at Argonne National Laboratory. Conductivity measurements show a cusp at ca. 170/sup 0/C attributed to the monoclinic-rhombohedral transition and the purpose of this work was to explore the nature of the transition. Data runs were made at 143, 173, 202, 300, and 391/sup 0/C. No evidence for a crystal system change was found. The highest temperature data sets could not be refined satisfactorily by the Rietveld method using a rhombohedral model, but rather required a monoclinic cell in space group C2/c to achieve convergence. An explanation for the conductivity cusp is given in terms of disordering of the sodium ions and a change in conduction pathways which lowers the barriers to ion movement.
Evaluation of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) as a new in situ chemical sensing technique for the deep ocean

Present day expeditionary oceanography based on short term ship and submersible deployments is beginning to shift to an ocean observatory mode where long term temporally focused studies become feasible. As a result, a greater need for in situ chemical and biological sensors is evolving. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) possesses many of the characteristics required for such in situ chemical sensing, and is a promising technique for field measurements in extreme environments. LIBS has many possible applications in the ocean, including the analysis of rocks, sediments, and hydrothermal vent fluids. Although many LIBS researchers have focused their work on solids, very little attention has been paid to bulk liquid analysis, and especially on the effect of oceanic pressures on LIBS signals. In this work, preliminary laboratory experiments are presented to validate the technique in a simulated deep ocean environment; more specifically, the focus is on using LIBS to study hydrothermal vent fluids.
Cell biology: Developmental predisposition to cancer.

Many human cancers occur in renewing epithelial tissues, in which cellular lineages typically go through two distinct phases: early in life, cell populations expand exponentially to form the tissue, and for the remainder of life, the tissue is renewed by stem cells dividing to create an almost linear cellular history1. Here we use a simple mathematical model to show that mutations that arise during the exponential phase probably seed tissues with stem cells carrying mutations that may predispose to cancer. Susceptibility to late-life cancers, such as those of the skin and colon, may therefore be influenced by somatic mutations that occur during early development.
Environmental, Personal, and Behavioral Influences on BMI and Acculturation of Second Generation Hmong Children

This project investigated influences (environmental, personal, and behavioral) on body mass index (BMI) and acculturation of Hmong children born in the United States (US) using the social cognitive theory as the theoretical framework. Using formative information from 12 child focus groups (n = 68) and a review of the literature, a quantitative survey was developed and administered to Hmong children (n = 300) ≥ 9 ≤ 18 years-old. Heights, weights, and acculturation level were measured. B-US1 were raised in the US and 9–13 years-old (n = 144) and B-US2 were raised in the US and 14–18 years-old (n = 156). Approximately 50 % of children were classified as overweight/obese (BMI ≥ 85th percentile). Across age and gender sub-groups, questions from the environmental construct appeared to be the most predictive of variances in BMI percentiles (50–60 %). In contrast, acculturation scores were equally predicted by environmental, behavioral, and personal constructs for age and gender sub-groups. Sum acculturation score was significantly higher for B-US2 compared to B-US1, with B-US2 being more acculturated in language use and thought, overall dietary acculturation, and foods eaten at lunch. The high prevalence of obesity in Hmong children suggests that future studies investigate factors influencing obesity to identify the most effective method to reduce/prevent this problem. In particular, acculturation level of the child should be assessed to determine changed dietary behavior and possible risk for obesity.
Pharmacological activities of trimetoquinol and 1-benzyl halogen-substituted analogues on rat β-adrenoceptor subtypes

Abstract The β-adrenoceptor activity profile of trimetoquinol and its 1-benzyl halogen-substituted analogues was studied in rat tissues containing primarily β1 (atria)-, β2 (trachea)- and atypical β β 3 (distal colon and brown adipose tissue)-adrenoceptors. Functional biological activity resided in the (−)-isomer of trimetoquinol which was 112-, 275-, 372- and 513-fold more potent than (+)-trimetoquinol in trachea, right atria, distal colon and brown adipose tissue, respectively. (±)-Trimetoquinol was equally or slightly less active than (−)-trimetoquinol. The 1-benzyl halogen-substituted analogues of trimetoquinol exhibited differential activation of β-adrenoceptor subtypes. In functional assays, 3′-iodotrimetoquinol was a potent activator of all β-adrenoceptor subtypes. 3′,5′-Diiodotrimetoquinol was 10-fold more potent as an agonist in tissues containing atypical β β 3 - adrenoceptors than those tissues containing β1- and β2-adrenoceptor sites. Furthermore, this drug was a partial agonist as compared to (±)-trimetoquinol and 3′-iodotrimetoquinol on β1-adrenoceptors. Pharmacological properties of the compounds on rat β3-adrenoceptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were consistent with results observed in functional assays. 3′,5′-Diiodotrimetoquinol possessed the greatest potency for activation of adenylyl cyclase. Rank order of affinity for rat β3-adrenoceptor was 3′-iodotrimetoquinol = 3′,5′-diiodotrimetoquinol > (±)-trimetoquinol > (−)-isoprenaline. These results suggest that 3′,5′-diiodotrimetoquinol is a promising drug for further chemical modification in the development of selective β3-adrenoceptor ligands.
Resolution and Dynamical Core Dependence of Atmospheric River Frequency in Global Model Simulations

AbstractThis study examines the sensitivity of atmospheric river (AR) frequency simulated by a global model with different grid resolutions and dynamical cores. Analysis is performed on aquaplanet simulations using version 4 of the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM4) at 240-, 120-, 60-, and 30-km model resolutions, each with the Model for Prediction Across Scales (MPAS) and High-Order Methods Modeling Environment (HOMME) dynamical cores. The frequency of AR events decreases with model resolution and the HOMME dynamical core produces more AR events than MPAS. Comparing the frequencies determined using absolute and percentile thresholds of large-scale conditions used to define an AR, model sensitivity is found to be related to the overall sensitivity of subtropical westerlies, atmospheric precipitable water content and profile, and to a lesser extent extratropical Rossby wave activity to model resolution and dynamical core. Real-world simulations using MPAS at 120- and 30-km grid resolutions also exhibit a de...
Portable data-parallel visualization and analysis in distributed memory environments

Data-parallelism is a programming model that maps well to architectures with a high degree of concurrency. Algorithms written using data-parallel primitives can be easily ported to any architecture for which an implementation of these primitives exists, making efficient use of the available parallelism on each. We have previously published results demonstrating our ability to compile the same data-parallel code for several visualization algorithms onto different on-node parallel architectures (GPUs and multi-core CPUs) using our extension of NVIDIA's Thrust library. In this paper, we discuss our extension of Thrust to support concurrency in distributed memory environments across multiple nodes. This enables the application developer to write data-parallel algorithms while viewing the data as single, long vectors, essentially without needing to explicitly take into consideration whether the values are actually distributed across nodes. Our distributed wrapper for Thrust handles the communication in the backend using MPI, while still using the standard Thrust library to take advantage of available on-node parallelism. We describe the details of our distributed implementations of several key data-parallel primitives, including scan, scatter/gather, sort, reduce, and upper/lower bound. We also present two higher-level distributed algorithms developed using these primitives: isosurface and KD-tree construction. Finally, we provide timing results demonstrating the ability of these algorithms to take advantage of available parallelism on nodes and across multiple nodes, and discuss scaling limitations for communication-intensive algorithms such as KD-tree construction.
Immigrant Bureaucratic Incorporation: The Dual Roles of Professional Missions and Government Policies

Drawing on original qualitative research, this article investigates how natives and institutions in rural America's “new immigrant destinations” are adapting, if at all, to Hispanic newcomers and w...
Prevalence of Depression and Other Psychiatric Disorders Among Incarcerated Youths

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the prevalence of selected psychiatric disorders among incarcerated youths, compare prevalence rates by sex and ethnicity, assess comorbidity, and determine previous diagnosis. Method From July–December 2000, a total of 1,024 incarcerated adolescents completed self-administered questionnaires that included the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), linked to DSM-IV, that assesses depression, drug and alcohol abuse, and somatoform, panic, and anxiety disorders. Results From the BDI, 261/1,024 (25%) had moderate and 223/1,024 (22%) severe depression. From the PHQ, 100/1,024 (9.77%) had major depressive disorder, 420 (41%) drug abuse, 275 (27%) alcohol abuse, and 297 (29%) one of the other disorders. In comparisons by sex and ethnic group, noteworthy findings included no differences between the sexes for moderate and severe depression from the BDI or for major depressive disorder from the PHQ; less drug and alcohol abuse in African-American males and females; and more anxiety disorder in white males and in females. Sixty percent had one or more psychiatric disorder: comorbidity was particularly common between both depression and anxiety and drug and alcohol abuse. Of depressed youths, 20% had been previously diagnosed and treated, as had approximately 10% with other disorders. Conclusions Incarcerated youths had a high prevalence of psychiatric disorders, usually undiagnosed, and comorbidity was common.
Mikhail Bakhtin and the rhetorical tradition

Over the course of the past decade, the work of Russian literary theorist Mikhail Bakhtin has exerted an increasing influence in rhetorical studies. This essay explores the ways in which rhetorical scholars have embraced Mikhail Bakhtin as a rhetorical theorist in spite of the fact that he disdained rhetoric. The first section of the essay examines the concept of tradition, elucidates three definitions of the rhetorical tradition commonly available to theorists, and explains the processes through which these definitions articulate as rhetorical theorists even those people who attack rhetoric. The essay then turns to the rhetorical reception of Mikhail Bakhtin, critiques the strategies that frame him as a rhetorician, and offers an alternative reading of his key discussion of rhetoric and of the rhetorical tradition in general. The conclusion argues that the reception of Bakhtin suggests a pattern in rhetorical studies. As rhetoricians encounter theorists who condemn rhetoric, they tend to defer the instru...
Dendritic Cells in HIV-1 and HCV Infection: Can They Help Win the Battle?

Persistent infections with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. As sentinels of our immune system, dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in initiating and regulating a potent antiviral immune response. Recent advances in our understanding of the role of DCs during HIV-1 and HCV infection have provided crucial insights into the mechanisms employed by these viruses to impair DC functions in order to evade an effective immune response against them. Modulation of the immunological synapse between DC and T-cell, as well as dysregulation of the crosstalk between DCs and natural killer (NK) cells, are emerging as two crucial mechanisms. This review focuses on understanding the interaction of HIV-1 and HCV with DCs not only to understand the immunopathogenesis of chronic HIV-1 and HCV infection, but also to explore the possibilities of DC-based immunotherapeutic approaches against them. Host genetic makeup is known to play major roles in infection outcome and rate of disease progression, as well as response to anti-viral therapy in both HIV-1 and HCV-infected individuals. Therefore, we highlight the genetic variations that can potentially affect DC functions, especially in the setting of chronic viral infection. Altogether, we address if DCs’ potential as critical effectors of antiviral immune response could indeed be utilized to combat chronic infection with HIV-1 and HCV.
A sequential model for cracking down on street markets for illicit drugs

Abstract This paper develops a sequential decision-making model for assisting law enforcement officials in allocating resources during a crackdown operation on illicit drug markets. The sequential crackdown model (SCM) considers a probabilistic framework, where the probability of incarceration of a dealer and the probability of dealing are modeled as a function of the size of a drug market, crackdown enforcement level, drug dealer's financial hardship, and other market characteristics. The model was developed and tested in consultation with enforcement officials from Philadelphia, PA and Camden, NJ. We present a detailed, step-by-step implementation scheme for updating parameters on each day of the crackdown. Parameter estimation along with examples of model usage is provided. Through these examples, we illustrate how the SCM could be helpful in understanding the response of illicit drug markets to various enforcement strategies. We further show conditions under which an alternating crackdown policy (referred to as a crackdown-backoff) or a consistent use of maximum possible enforcement would be optimal strategies for managing a drug crackdown operation. Within the context of the model and parameter estimates, we show that a much quicker and less costly collapse could be implemented if the available enforcement resources are increased. Finally, the model provides possible conditions under which a crackdown operation would be unsuccessful in eliminating a drug market.
THE BIG FIVE PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS AND JOB PERFORMANCE: A META-ANALYSIS

This study investigated the relation of the “Big Five” personality dimensions (Extraversion, Emotional Stability, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness to Experience) to three job performance criteria (job proficiency, training proficiency, and personnel data) for five occupational groups (professionals, police, managers, sales, and skilled/semi-skilled). Results indicated that one dimension of personality, Conscientiousness, showed consistent relations with all job performance criteria for all occupational groups. For the remaining personality dimensions, the estimated true score correlations varied by occupational group and criterion type. Extraversion was a valid predictor for two occupations involving social interaction, managers and sales (across criterion types). Also, both Openness to Experience and Extraversion were valid predictors of the training proficiency criterion (across occupations). Other personality dimensions were also found to be valid predictors for some occupations and some criterion types, but the magnitude of the estimated true score correlations was small (ρ < .10). Overall, the results illustrate the benefits of using the 5-factor model of personality to accumulate and communicate empirical findings. The findings have numerous implications for research and practice in personnel psychology, especially in the subfields of personnel selection, training and development, and performance appraisal.
Sawtooth Projections and Associated Secretion of Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) Pupae: Structure and Function

Pupae of the sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), have characteristic lateral projections which are the rudiments of the feature giving this insect its common name. The tips of 12 of the 13 pairs of projections exude a drop (ca. 0.01 μl) of lipoidal material. This substance has no effect on sawtoothed grain beetle behavior over a distance, but it serves to repel predators upon contact.
Nature of the I131 compounds appearing in the thyroid vein after injection of iodide-I131.

THE work of many investigators has established that the major circulating thyroid hormone is thyroxine (Taurog and Chaikoff, 1948, 1950b; Laidlaw, 1949; Rosenberg, 1951;Dingledine et al., 1955; and others). Evidence for this is based primarily on the chromatographic analysis of plasma obtained from animals previously injected with I131. The presence of I131-triiodothyronine in such plasma has also been reported (Gross and Pitt-Rivers, 1952; Roche et al., 1952a, Dingledine et al, 1955) but the concentration of this component is usually very small, and in our laboratory it has, until recently, escaped detection. In the thyroid gland itself, several iodinated amino acids are known to be present. These include monoiodotyrosine, diiodotyrosine, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and quite possibly other iodinated compounds (Roche et al., 1955a; 1955b). The iodinated amino acids are bound together, with other amino acids, in peptide linkage to form the unique iodinated protein of the thyroid gland, thyroglobulin. Rel...
Secure application environments in APL\3000

Various mechanisms have been proposed for implementing secure applications (that is, a function or package of functions over which the author can maintain total control during execution, and whose possibly sensitive information can be protected). This paper describes another set of tools, a “Spaghetti Stack” with “Exception Handling,” for implementing secure applications. (A Spaghetti Stack is a means for capturing a State Indicator execution point, retaining the state, and executing from it later.)
Methods for determining spinal flexion/extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation from marker coordinate data: Analysis and refinement

Abstract Angular coupling patterns in the spine are often described by quantifying flexion/extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation angles as functions of one another. The most common methods for calculating these angles from marker coordinate data are the Euler method and the projection method. Both methods have the problem that they may be applied to spinal motion in a variety of ways, depending on the sequence chosen for Euler rotations or the vectors chosen for projection. The spinal angles calculated by each permutation of both methods vary significantly, leading to difficulties in reporting and comparing results between studies. The ambiguities of the Euler and projection techniques may be resolved and the two techniques standardized for application to the spine by considering vertebral symmetry. Using symmetry considerations, unique vectors may be chosen for determining the planar projection angles that best describe coupling in the spine. Because of the close relationship, presented herein, between projection angles and Euler angles, the same considerations allow one Euler rotation sequence to be chosen over the five alternate sequences. To validate the need for standardization of these techniques and to demonstrate the utility of the method presented, the results from a published study describing angular coupling patterns in the upper cervical spine are reexpressed in terms of the newly chosen Euler sequence and projection angle set. The reevaluated angles are consistent in both methods and lead to a conclusion different from the published conclusion with regard to the pattern of lateral bending coupling at C1C2 during axial rotation.
N-Terminal sequences of equine and human immunoglobulin heavy chains.

Abstract N-terminal tetrapeptides from heavy chains of equine γGab- and γT-globulins, and of human γG and γA myeloma proteins and a γM macroglobulin, have been studied. The equine and human heavy chains lacked free α-amino-terminal groups. After mild alkaline hydrolysis, glutamic acid was identified as the terminal amino acid by reaction with dimethylaminonaphthalenesulfonyl chloride, tentatively identifying pyrrolid-2-one-5-carboxylic acid (PCA) as the unreactive terminal residue of each heavy chain. Peptides lacking a free α-amino group were isolated from subtilisin and pronase digests of the heavy chains. The sequences of heavy chain N-terminal tetrapeptides were determined by digestion with carboxypeptidase A and were: equine γGab-globulins, PCA-Val-Gln-Leu; equine γT-globulins, PCA-Val-Gln-Leu; human γM macroglobulin, PCA-Val-Thr-Leu; human γAl myeloma protein, PCA-Val-Gln-Leu; human γGl (Gmf+) myeloma protein, PCA-Val-Gln-Leu. No class-specific N-terminal sequences were apparent.
Endoscopic application of photodynamic therapy for cholangiocarcinoma

Background: Preliminary evidence from Europe indicates that photodynamic therapy (PDT) provides effective relief from biliary obstruction in advanced cholangiocarcinoma.We developed an effective method of applying PDT in the biliary tract using equipment available in the U.S. Methods: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography was performed to define the proximal and distal extent of intraductal tumor. Tumor length was determined by using the endoscope diameter as reference. A laser fiber used for PDT in esophageal carcinoma (Optiguide 200, QLT PhotoTherapeutics Inc., Vancouver, B.C.) was inserted into an 8 FR. biliary catheter (Glo-Tip, Wilson-Cook Medical, Inc., Winston-Salem, NC) equipped with a.038-in side-hole at its distal tip. Either a 1 cm or 2.5 cm diffuser tip could be applied depending upon the estimated stricture length. Following positioning of a.035-in guidewire proximal to the biliary stricture, the preloaded catheter (catheter plus laser fiber) was advanced over the guidewire using the monorail technique. The guidewire was then withdrawn from the catheter, and the laser diffuser tip advanced and positioned across the stricture. Radioopaque markers on the diffuser tip facilitated accurate positioning with a 3-5 mm proximal and distal overlap with normal tissue. Laser light was applied at a wavelength of 630 nm with a total energy of 180 joules/cm 2 . Following PDT, 10 FR. or 11.5 FR. plastic stents were inserted. Results: Eight PDT sessions were performed on six patients (age 38-73) over a six-month period. Bismuth type was as follows: type IV (n=2), type III (n=3), and type II (n=1). Using the pre-loaded biliary catheter, adequate positioning of the laser fiber was achieved in all patients. A fracture of the diffuser tip occurred during one of the treatments. Skin phototoxicity or other procedure-related complications were not identified during the mean follow-up of 13 weeks. Conclusions: 1. PDT for cholangiocarcinoma is technically feasible using a preloaded biliary catheter (catheter plus a standard laser fiber) and a monorail technique for catheter positioning. 2.Fracture of the laser diffuser tip with resulting reduction in power output is the main technical problem associated with this therapy. Judicious use of the elevator function of the duodenoscope may prevent this complication. 3. These techniques are being utilized in a randomized clinical trial at our institution comparing PDT and stenting with stenting alone for the palliation of unresectable cholangiocarcinoma.
Spectral analysis for processes with almost periodic covariances

The structure of random processes with almost periodic covariances is described from a spectral perspective. Under appropriate conditions methods for spectral estimation are described for such processes which are neither stationary nor locally stationary. Some spectral mass is then located off the main diagonal in this spectral plane. A method for estimating the support of the spectral mass is described in the Gaussian case. A number of open questions are mentioned.
Body and brain temperature coupling: the critical role of cerebral blood flow.

Direct measurements of deep-brain and body-core temperature were performed on rats to determine the influence of cerebral blood flow (CBF) on brain temperature regulation under static and dynamic conditions. Static changes of CBF were achieved using different anesthetics (chloral hydrate, CH; α-chloralose, αCS; and isoflurane, IF) with αCS causing larger decreases in CBF than CH and IF; dynamic changes were achieved by inducing transient hypercapnia (5% CO2 in 40% O2 and 55% N2). Initial deep-brain/body-core temperature differentials were anesthetic-type dependent with the largest differential observed with rats under αCS anesthesia (ca. 2°C). Hypercapnia induction raised rat brain temperature under all three anesthesia regimes, but by different anesthetic-dependent amounts correlated with the initial differentials—αCS anesthesia resulted in the largest brain temperature increase (0.32 ± 0.08°C), while CH and IF anesthesia lead to smaller increases (0.12 ± 0.03 and 0.16 ± 0.05°C, respectively). The characteristic temperature transition time for the hypercapnia-induced temperature increase was 2–3 min under CH and IF anesthesia and ~4 min under αCS anesthesia. We conclude that both, the deep-brain/body-core temperature differential and the characteristic temperature transition time correlate with CBF: a lower CBF promotes higher deep-brain/body-core temperature differentials and, upon hypercapnia challenge, longer characteristic transition times to increased temperatures.
Fast tunneling Jahn–Teller isomer of the [Mn12O12(O2CC6H4-2-CH3)16(H2O)4] · S single-molecule magnet

Abstract The single-crystal X-ray structure of the single-molecule magnet [Mn12O12(O2CC6H4-2-CH3)16(H2O)4] · CH2Cl2 · 2H2O (complex 1) is reported. Complex 1 is a new example of a “Jahn–Teller isomer”, since it has two Mn(III) ions with abnormally oriented Jahn–Teller elongation axes. Complex 1 has a lower activation energy (Ueff = 29 K) for magnetization reversal relative to other reported [Mn12O12] type molecules (e.g., Ueff = 70 K for Mn12Ac). Single-crystal low temperature magnetization measurements are reported that confirm that complex 1 is a single-molecule magnet. High-field electron paramagnetic resonance measurements were performed on a single crystal to give the spin Hamiltonian parameters.
Chromosomes take an active role in spindle assembly

The assembly of a bipolar spindle is essential for the accurate segregation of replicated chromosomes during cell division. Do chromosomes rely solely on other cellular components to regulate the assembly of the bipolar spindle or are they masters of their own fate? In the Zhang and Nicklas(1) study reviewed here, micromanipulation techniques and video microscopy were used to demonstrate the different roles that chromosome arms, kinetochores and centrosomes play in bipolar spindle assembly.
Glucocorticoids Inhibit Erythroid Colony Formation by Murine Fetal Liver Erythroid Progenitor Cells in Vitro

Dexamethasone (10-6-10-8 M) significantly decreased the number of erythroid colonies which formed when 15-day-old CD-1 murine fetal liver erythroid progenitor cells were cultured in plasma clots in the absence of exogenous erythropoietin. Lower concentrations of dexamethasone did not affect the number of endogenous erythroid colonies which formed in these cultures. Dexamethasone (10-6-10-9 M) also significantly reduced the number of erythroid colonies which formed in the presence of exogenous erythropoietin; this inhibitory affect was evident regardless of the concentration of exogenous erythropoietin in the cultures. Similar results were obtained with fetal liver erythroid progenitor cells from 16- or 17-day-old fetuses; no endogenous erythroid colonies formed from cultured 17-day-old fetal liver cells. Other glucocorticoids, including prednisone, prednisolone, corticosterone, cortisol, 9α-fluorocortisol, and triamcinolone acetonide, also inhibited the formation of endogenous erythroid colonies and eryth...
A meta‐analysis of school‐wide positive behavior support: An exploratory study using single‐case synthesis

Positive Behavior Support (PBS) for behavioral problems was included in the 1997 Individuals With Disabilities Education Act reauthorization, reflecting the increased implementation and strengthening empirical evidence for PBS in schools. Whereas PBS can be used reactively, its flexibility has led to a popular comprehensive school-wide model used for prevention. School-Wide Positive Behavioral Support (SWPBS) has been used across a variety of school environments and various demographics and has been evaluated using a variety of different outcome measures. The authors conducted a meta-analysis of SWPBS research spanning 16 years and 20 articles. Specifically, single-case studies were evaluated using a regression-based procedure. Results show promising early trends in the data across dependent variables with a need for further research in specific areas. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characteristics of Alzheimer's Versus Non-Alzheimer's Adult Day Care Centers

This study distinguished the unique characteristics of adult day care (ADC) centers serving victims of Alzheimer's disease (ALZ) as compared to centers without a substantial proportion of Alzheimer's victims (non-ALZ). A set of hypotheses regarding expected differences in the characteristics of ALZ versus non-ALZ centers along with the rationale for these hypotheses are presented. The measures of ADC characteristics are then described. The results of two types of analyses are presented: t tests and discriminant function analyses. The results indicate that the major discriminating factor was increased support for families in ALZ centers. Alzheimer's programming also placed more emphasis on therapeutic recreation, personal care assistance and training, and entertainment rather than on the provision of clinical and personal services. ALZ centers tended to have higher morale with the perception of being more caring and pleasant. They had longer hours, greater provision of transportation, and more amenities fo...
Is there a link between atypical and early-onset "unipolar" depression and bipolar II disorder?

Abstract The aim of the present study was to determine whether there is a link between “unipolar” depression with atypical features and early onset, and bipolar II disorder, using atypical features and early onset as markers of bipolarity. A total of 158 consecutive unipolar and 234 bipolar II major depressive episode (MDE) outpatients were interviewed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID). Patients were divided into those with and without atypical features, and into those with and without early onset. Comparisons were made on variables reported to distinguish bipolar from unipolar: age of onset, recurrences, atypical features, depressive mixed state (MDE plus three or more concurrent hypomanic symptoms [DMX3]), and bipolar II family history. Compared to bipolar II patients, patients with atypical unipolar were not significantly different regarding age of onset, DMX3, recurrences, and bipolar II family history. Compared to non-atypical unipolar patients, atypical unipolar patients had a significantly different age of onset. Nonatypical unipolar patients, versus bipolar II patients, were significantly different regarding age of onset, recurrences, DMX3, and bipolar II family history. Early onset unipolar, versus bipolar II, were not significantly different regarding atypical features, recurrences, DMX3, and bipolar II family history. Later onset unipolar patients, versus bipolar II patients, were significantly different regarding atypical features, recurrences, DMX3, and bipolar II family history. These results support a link of atypical and early-onset “unipolar” depression with bipolar II disorder, and support Pages and Dunner's suggestion to combine bipolar II and recurrent unipolar into a single group. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Processing strategies in sentence comprehension.

Response latencies in sentence-picture verification tasks were compared as a function of whether a mismatch was located in the logical subject (LS), verb (V), or logical object (LO) of the sentence. Sentences were presented auditorily and varied in voice and reversibility. The comparison process for nonreversibles was clearly serial self-terminating: latencies for both actives and passives were ordered LS < V < LO, or, after practice with a small number of mismatch types, LS < LO < V. Latencies for reversibles were ordered V < LS = LO, suggesting either a verb-first comparison process or an LS-V-LO comparison process which did not terminate with a subject-mismatch because of the confusability of the subject and object. The results attest to the importance of considering the “naturalness” of stimuli in sentence processing tasks, and the flexibility of subjects’ encoding and comparison strategies both within and across task contexts.
Design and Optimization of a Thermal Knudsen Force Actuated Microbeam System

Thermal Knudsen forces arise in microsystem in presence of a thermal gradient and a rarefied gas environment due to the non-equilibrium energy exchange between gas molecules and solid surfaces. Knudsen force can be used as an alternative actuation mechanism for microactuators. The purpose of this work is to design and optimize a Knudsen force actuated microbeam using modeling and simulation. The microbeam is heated by an external heat source that causes a thermal gradient between the beam and substrate. The characteristic domain size is small enough so that the rarefied gap effect is present. The study focuses on three major components that influence the Knudsen force significantly, including geometry of microbeam, external heat input to the system, and the radiometric effects generated by Peltier thermoelectric device. A Boltzmann-ESBGK model is implemented to simulate the rarefied gas flow and a continuous Fourier heat transfer model is used to solve the beam temperature field generated by the external heat source, and the fluid and solid regions are coupled using an effective heat convection interface condition.© 2013 ASME
Pressure-induced transformations in deep mantle and core minerals

Recent experimental and theoretical studies provide new insight into the variety of high-pressure transformations in minerals that comprise the Earth’s deep mantle and core. Representative examples of reconstructive, displacive, electronic and magnetic transformations studied by new diamond-anvil cell techniques are examined. Despite reports for various transitions in (Mg,Fe)SiO3-perovskite, the stability field of the orthorhombic phase expands relative to magnesiowustite + SiO2 with increasing pressure and temperature. The partitioning of Fe and Mg between Mg-rich silicate perovskite magnesiowustite depends strongly on pressure, temperature, bulk Fe/Mg ratio, and ferric iron content. The soft-mode transition in SiO2 from the rutile- to CaCl2-type structure, originally documented by X-ray powder diffraction, Raman scattering, and first-principles theory has been explored in detail by single crystal diffraction, and transitions to higher-pressure forms have been examined. The effect of H on the transformations of various nominally anhydrous phases and transitions in dense hydrous Mg-silicates are also examined. New studies of the phase diagram of FeO include the transition to rhombohedral and higher-pressure NiAs polymorphs, and provide prototypical examples of coupled structural, electronic, and magnetic transitions. High-spin/low-spin transitions in FeO have been examined by high-resolution X-ray emission spectroscopy to 150 GPa, and the results are compared with similar studies of Fe2O3 and FeS. Finally, laser-heating studies to above 150 GPa and 2500K show that (hcp) e-Fe has a large P-T stability field. Radial XRD measurements carried out at room temperature to 220 GPa have constrained the elasticity, rheology and sound velocities of e-Fe at core pressures.
Models of visual appearance for analyzing and editing images and videos

The visual appearance of an image is a complex function of factors such as scene geometry, material reflectances and textures, illumination, and the properties of the camera used to capture the image. Understanding how these factors interact to produce an image is a fundamental problem in computer vision and graphics. This dissertation examines two aspects of this problem: models of visual appearance that allow us to recover scene properties from images and videos, and tools that allow users to manipulate visual appearance in images and videos in intuitive ways. In particular, we look at these problems in three different applications. First, we propose techniques for compositing images that differ significantly in their appearance. Our framework transfers appearance between images by manipulating the different levels of a multi-scale decomposition of the image. This allows users to create realistic composites with minimal interaction in a number of different scenarios. We also discuss techniques for compositing and replacing facial performances in videos. Second, we look at the problem of creating high-quality still images from low-quality video clips. Traditional multi-image enhancement techniques accomplish this by inverting the camera's imaging process. Our system incorporates feature weights into these image models to create results that have better resolution, noise, and blur characteristics, and summarize the activity in the video. Finally, we analyze variations in scene appearance caused by changes in lighting. We develop a model for outdoor scene appearance that allows us to recover radiometric and geometric information about the scene from images. We apply this model to a variety of visual tasks, including color-constancy, background subtraction, shadow detection, scene reconstruction, and camera geo-location. We also show that the appearance of a Lambertian scene can be modeled as a combination of distinct three-dimensional illumination subspaces—a result that leads to novel bounds on scene appearance, and a robust uncalibrated photometric stereo method.
Sex ratio and spatial pattern of males and females in the dioecious sandhill shrub, Ceratiola ericoides ericoides (Empetraceae) Michx

Sex ratio, size, age, and spatial pattern were investigated for males and females of the dioecious shrub Ceratiola ericoides ericoides (Empetraceae) Michx. within seven mapped populations in Georgia and South Carolina, USA. Among the sites studied, two are regularly burned and one site long-unburned. Age was estimated from node counts of individual shrubs. Only one (fire-suppressed) population showed a female-biased sex ratio, while all others did not differ significantly from 1:1. Mean age estimates did not differ between sexes at any site nor did mean shrub canopy diameter. Bivariate Ripley’s K analysis with a null hypothesis of random labeling was used to investigate whether any of the mapped populations exhibited spatial segregation of the sexes (SSS). No population showed strong evidence of SSS. Rather all sites but one showed males and females to be associated (though not significantly) at a scale of 1–10 m. At a scale of 10–35 m male and female shrubs were located randomly with respect to one another at all sites.
Prediction of Nocturia Severity in Men Nocturnal Urine Overproduction vs Race or Metabolic Risk Factors

Importance Nocturia is one of the most common and bothersome of lower urinary tract symptoms. Objective To examine the effect of race and metabolic risk factors on nocturia severity in men as measured by the number of nightly voids. Design, Setting, and Participants A retrospective review from 2011 to 2013 was performed at a Veterans Affairs–based urology clinic in Brooklyn, New York, among 104 adult men 18 years or older who completed a 24-hour frequency and volume chart. Metabolic risk factors included race and a history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and obstructive sleep apnea. The 24-hour frequency and volume chart data included the nocturia index (nocturnal urine volume divided by maximal voided volume), the nocturnal polyuria index (nocturnal urine volume divided by 24-hour volume), and nocturnal urine production (nocturnal urine volume per hours slept). A nocturia index of less than 2 vs 2 or higher, a nocturnal polyuria index of less than 33% vs 33% or higher, and nocturnal urine production of less than 90 vs 90 mL/h or higher were chosen as clinically relevant cutoff points for nocturia severity. Nocturia severity was compared by race, the aforementioned variables, and the presence or absence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and obstructive sleep apnea. Main Outcomes and Measures The number of nightly voids. Results One hundred four adult men (mean age, 64 years; age range, 24-92 years) completed a 24-hour frequency and volume chart (mean number of nightly voids, 2.93; range, 0-15). The number of nightly voids was not statistically different for white vs black race (3.00 vs 2.93, P = .86) or for the presence vs the absence of diabetes mellitus (3.00 vs 2.88, P = .85), hypertension (2.94 vs 2.80, P = .75), and obstructive sleep apnea (3.29 vs 2.83, P = .50). However, nocturia severity was significantly different based on a nocturia index of less than 2 vs 2 or higher (1.39 vs 3.60), a nocturnal polyuria index of less than 33% vs 33% or higher (1.83 vs 3.65), and nocturnal urine production of less than 90 vs 90 mL/h or higher (2.27 vs 3.77) ( P Conclusions and Relevance Neither race nor metabolic risk factors affect nocturia severity. In contrast, variables that denote nocturnal urine overproduction sharply discriminate the risk of nocturia severity and suggest that variable data may provide useful clinical correlation.
Lifestyle evolution in symbiotic bacteria: insights from genomics

Bacteria that live only in eukaryotic cells and tissues, including chronic pathogens and mutualistic bacteriocyte associates, often possess a distinctive set of genomic traits, including reduced genome size, biased nucleotide base composition and fast polypeptide evolution. These phylogenetically diverse bacteria have lost certain functional categories of genes, including DNA repair genes, which affect mutational patterns. However, pathogens and mutualistic symbionts retain loci that underlie their unique interaction types, such as genes enabling nutrient provisioning by mutualistic bacteria-inhabiting animals. Recent genomic studies suggest that many of these bacteria are irreversibly specialized, precluding shifts between pathogenesis and mutualism.
Construction of a prototype of an intelligent operating system consultant

Work on an intelligent operating system consultant and teacher (OSCAT) intended for use in a training environment is discussed. The ultimate goal of OSCAT is to test the theories necessary to describe the functions of such a knowledge-based system. The pragmatic aims of OSCAT are to create an interface to an operating system that offers intelligent features for control and interrogation of the underlying system as well as facilities for effective training of personnel in the use of the system's resources. To perform its consulting and training functions OSCAT communicates in natural language and uses models of the user's knowledge, the conversation, machine resources and the domain. >
O-acetylation and de-O-acetylation of sialic acids. 7- and 9-o-acetylation of alpha 2,6-linked sialic acids on endogenous N-linked glycans in rat liver Golgi vesicles.

We have previously shown that radioactivity from [acetyl-3H]AcCoA is concentrated into isolated intact rat liver Golgi vesicles. The incorporated radioactivity occurred in acid-soluble and acid-insoluble components, and the acid-insoluble fraction included O-acetylated sialic acids (Varki, A., and Diaz, S. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 6600–6608). Nearly all of the protein-associated radioactivity was found to be in sialic acids α2–6-linked to N-linked oligosaccharides on endogenous glycoproteins. Incubation of the vesicles with CMP-[3H]sialic acid resulted in labeling of a very similar group of glycoproteins. The 3H-O-acetyl groups were found at both the 7- and the 9-positions of N-acetylneuraminic acid residues at the end of the labeling reaction. Although 7-O-acetyl groups can undergo migration to the 9-position under physiological conditions, kinetic studies using O-acetyl-14C-labeled internal and O-acetyl-3H-labeled external standards indicate that during the labeling, release, and purification, negligible migration occurred. Studies with mild periodate oxidation provided further confirmation that O-acetyl esters are added directly to both the 7- and the 9-positions of the sialic acids in this system. The acid-soluble, low molecular weight component is released from the vesicles by increasing concentrations of saponin, and its exit parallels that of CMP-[14C]sialic acid taken up during the incubation. The vesicles themselves are impermeant to free acetate. However, even after short incubations, this saponin-releasable radioactivity was almost exclusively in [3H] acetate and not in [3H]acetyl-CoA. The apparent Km for accumulation of the [3H]acetate is almost identical with that for the generation of the acid-insoluble O-acetylated sialic acids. Most of this accumulation of free acetate is also blocked by coenzyme A-SH. Only a small portion arises from the action of an endogenous esterase on the 3H-O-acetylated sialic acids. Taken together, the results indicate that accumulation of free [3H]acetate occurs within the lumen of the vesicles in parallel with O-acetylation of sialic acids and is probably a product of abortive acetylation. It is not known if this reaction occurs in vivo. Permeabilization of Golgi vesicles to low molecular weight molecules with saponin does not alter the rate of acetylation substantially. Furthermore, double label studies suggest that the intact acetyl-CoA molecule does not gain access to the lumen of the vesicles. These results indicate that the acetylation reaction may have a different mechanism from previously described Golgi glycosylation reactions, wherein specific transporters concentrate sugar nucleotides for use by luminally oriented transferases.