cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Weekend Admission Does Not Confer an Increased Risk of Mortality in Septic Shock.

Purpose: To investigate the impact of weekend admission on mortality for patients with septic shock. Material and Methods: Retrospective cohort study of adults in the 2017 to 2018 National Inpatien...
Contingency Power Study for Short Haul Civil Tiltrotor

NASA has concluded from previous studies that the twin engine tiltrotor is the most economical and technologically viable rotorcraft for near-term civil applications. Twin engine civil rotorcraft must be able to hover safely on one engine in an emergency. This emergency power requirement generally results in engines 20 to 50 percent larger than needed for normal engine operation, negatively impacting aircraft economics. This study identifies several contingency power enhancement concepts, and quantifies their potential to reduce aircraft operating costs. Many unique concepts were examined, and the selected concepts are simple, reliable, and have a high potential for near term realization. These engine concepts allow extremely high turbine temperatures during emergency operation by providing cooling to the power turbine and augmenting cooling of both turbines and structural hardware. Direct operating cost are reduced 3 to percent, which could yield a 30 to 80 percent increase in operating profits. The study consists of the definition of an aircraft economics model and a baseline engine, and an engine concept screening study, and a preliminary definition of the selected concepts. The selected concepts are evaluated against the baseline engine, and the critical technologies and development needs are identified, along with applications for this technology.
Sto(ry)chastics: A Bayesian Network Architecture for User Modeling and Computational Storytelling for Interactive Spaces

This paper presents sto(ry)chastics, a user-centered approach for computational storytelling for real-time sensor-driven multimedia audiovisual stories, such as those that are triggered by the body in motion in a sensor-instrumented interactive narrative space. With sto(ry)chastics the coarse and noisy sensor inputs are coupled to digital media outputs via a user model, which is estimated probabilistically by a Bayesian network. To illustrate sto(ry)chastics, this paper describes the museum wearable, a device which delivers an audiovisual narration interactively in time and space to the visitor as a function of the estimated visitor type. The wearable relies on a custom-designed long-range infrared location-identification sensor to gather information on where and how long the visitor stops in the museum galleries and uses this information as input to, or observations of, a (dynamic) Bayesian network. The network has been tested and validated on observed visitor tracking data by parameter learning using the Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm, and by performance analysis of the model with the learned parameters.
A manufacturing system for microscale robotic deposition

This paper presents initial results in the development of a fabrication system capable of producing prototype parts with feature sizes on both the meso- and micro-scale using a technique known as robocasting. A dual-stage design is proposed, but the work presented here focuses on individual control of the first or coarse stage. This stage suffers from several known position-dependent disturbances, and a technique for identifying and compensating for them through an inverse-mapping is presented. A loop-shaped feedback controller and iterative learning feedforward controller are designed. Experimental results show the controller to be extremely effective in tracking repeated trajectories. In many cases contour error is on the order of the feedback resolution.
Renal Tubular Transport of Calcium

The sections in this article are: 1 Calcium Handling in the Nephron 1.1 Glomerular Filtration 1.2 Proximal Tubule 1.3 Thick Ascending Limb of Henle's Loop 1.4 Distal Tubule 2 Regulation of Renal Tubular Calcium Transport 2.1 Extracellular Fluid Volume 2.2 Hypercalcemia 2.3 Phosphate Depletion 2.4 Acid-Base Balance 2.5 Parathyroid Hormone 2.6 Calcitonin 2.7 Vitamin D 2.8 Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors 2.9 Loop Diuretics 2.10 Thiazide Diuretics 2.11 Potassium-Sparing Diuretics (Amiloride) 3 Cellular Mechanisms of Transepithelial Calcium Transport 3.1 Measurement of Cytosolic Calcium Ion Concentration: Methodology 3.2 Cytosolic Calcium Ion Concentrations in Renal Epithelial Cells 3.3 Regulation of Cytosolic Ca2+ Activity 3.4 Mechanisms of Transmembrane Calcium Transfer 4 Effects of Calcium on Renal Epithelial Transport 4.1 Effects of Changes in Cytosolic Calcium on Renal Sodium Transport 4.2 Role of Cytosolic Calcium in the Hydrosmotic Response to Vasopressin 5 Summary
Cognitive Health in Association to Serum Vitamin Levels within Older Puerto Ricans Cognitive Health in Relation to Serum Vitamin Levels within Older Puerto Ricans

Cognitive health is of critical importance in the aging population, where cognitive decline impacts activities of daily living and overall health status. Nutrition can help to prevent cognitive dec...
Books as a source of medical education for women in the middle ages

The development of philosophical medicine in the high and late Middle Ages brought with it a powerful association of medical knowledge with the written word. To possess books, or at least to have access to books, was both a prerequisite for and a symbol of the kind of theoretical learning that distinguished the learned practitioner from the empiric. This study examines evidence for women's access to medical books, raising the question of what difference gender made. I argue that, for the most part, women did not own medical books, whether they were laywomen or religious. I suggest that this was largely due to the limits on advanced education for women, a factor that would have effected both laywomen and nuns.
Thermo-mechanical design and structural analysis of the first wall for ARIES-III, a 100 MWe D-/sup 3/He power reactor

The ARIES-III first wall (FW) is made of a low-activation ferritic steel (MHT-9) and is cooled with an organic coolant (HB-40) at a pressure of 2 MPa. The FW has a coating of 0.01 cm tungsten on the MHT-9, followed by 0.15 cm of Be on the plasma side. This is needed for synchrotron radiation reflection and as a melt layer to guard against the thermal effects of a plasma disruption. Two-dimensional finite element models are used with the ANSYS computer code to determine both thermal stresses and temperature profiles. At the midplane, where the surface heating peaks at 1.86 MW/m/sup 2/, the bulk coolant temperature is 385 degrees C, the coolant velocity is 16 m/s, and the combined primary and secondary stresses are 350 MPa at a bulk steel temperature of 497 degrees C. The maximum Be surface temperature facing the plasma is 571 degrees C. It is shown that the ARIES-III FW can be relatively simple in design and can be made to meet the synchrotron reflectivity requirements and conform to all the design limitations, both thermal and structural. >
Effects of parental monitoring on aggressive behavior among youth in the United States and South Korea: A cross-national study

OBJECTIVE This cross-national study examined the direct and indirect effects of parental monitoring on aggressive behavior among separate samples of 10th grade youth in the US (N = 3784) and South Korea (N = 3079). METHODS Data from two national probability studies--Monitoring the Future (MTF) for US youth and Korea Youth Panel Study (KYPS) for South Korean youth--were used. Both studies incorporated school-based, multi-stage, stratified, and randomized clustered sampling methods. RESULTS Path analyses results indicated that while parental monitoring was directly and negatively related to aggressive behavior among US youth, it had no direct effect among South Korean youth. We also found significant indirect effects of parental monitoring on youth aggression through cigarette use, alcohol use, and self-esteem among both groups. Both US and South Korean youth who perceived increased monitoring from their parents reported less cigarette and alcohol use and higher self-esteem, which in turn reduced the likelihood of aggressive behavior. CONCLUSIONS This study serves as an example of conducting cross-national research using existing data to investigate significant issues related to youth well-being. Although there are cultural differences between US and South Korean youth, parental monitoring is still important in deterring both groups of youth from engaging in aggressive behavior.
Preparation and characterization of a d-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-specific antibody

Antibodies against Ins(1,4,5)P3 were raised by immunizing rabbits with two types of InsP3-BSA conjugates which were synthesized by covalently coupling Ins(1,4,5)P3 to the carrier protein via alkyl linkages. The anti-Ins(1,4,5)P3 antibody was detected by a novel ELISA using Ins(1,4,5)P3-immobilized microtitre plates. Both antiserum preparations showed specific binding with Ins(1,4,5)P3, with titres of 1:4000. Most inositol phosphates, including Ins1P, Ins(4,5)P2, Ins(1,3,4)P3, Ins(1,5,6)P3, Ins(1,2,5,6)P1, Ins(3,4,5,6)P4, Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5, InsP6, and PtdIns(4,5)P2, did not exhibit significant molecular interactions with the antibodies. Ins(1,3,4,5)P4, however, cross-reacted with these antibodies with one-third of the affinity as that of Ins(1,4,5)P3, in part due to the largely shared structural motifs. The differential affinity was significantly improved by affinity purification on Ins(1,4,5)P3-agarose. The affinity-purified antibody displayed IC50 values of 12 nM and 730 nM for Ins(1,4,5)P3 and Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 respectively, according to a competitive ELISA; these values are in line with those reported for the Ins(1,4,5)P3 receptor. The modes of ligand recognition at the binding sites of these two types of biomolecules are, however, different. Moreover, although the ligand binding was interfered with by multivalent anions such as ATP4-, HPO4(3-) and SO4(2-) at high concentrations, no inhibition was noted with heparin, an antagonist of the Ins(1,4,5)P3 receptor.
Adaptive blinded sample size adjustment for comparing two normal means—a mostly Bayesian approach

Adaptive sample size redetermination (SSR) for clinical trials consists of examining early subsets of on-trial data to adjust prior estimates of statistical parameters and sample size requirements. Blinded SSR, in particular, while in use already, seems poised to proliferate even further because it obviates many logistical complications of unblinded methods and it generally introduces little or no statistical or operational bias. On the other hand, current blinded SSR methods offer little to no new information about the treatment effect (TE); the obvious resulting problem is that the TE estimate scientists might simply ‘plug in’ to the sample size formulae could be severely wrong. This paper proposes a blinded SSR method that formally synthesizes sample data with prior knowledge about the TE and the within-treatment variance. It evaluates the method in terms of the type 1 error rate, the bias of the estimated TE, and the average deviation from the targeted power. The method is shown to reduce this average deviation, in comparison with another established method, over a range of situations. The paper illustrates the use of the proposed method with an example. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Development of Family Therapy Around the World

The growth of family work and family therapy has been a slow process outside of America. Family therapists in their homeland have to deal with the lack of training, resources, political red tape, ethnic differences, and language barriers to continue the work of family therapy. This article resolves to help readers to understand the diversity and the impact foreign therapists have in their own country and hopefully gain new respect for family therapy around the globe.
The enthalpy of formation of NiAl

NiAl and NiAl based ternary metallic systems have attracted much attention in recent years for potential use as high temperature structural materials [1–6]. Alloy development of such systems requires a thorough knowledge of the phase equilibria and thermodynamics of the systems. Using high temperature calorimeters [7–9], the enthalpies of formation for many alloy systems have been measured and the results incorporated into thermodynamic databases for modeling of their phase diagrams using software such as Thermocalc©R [10]. However, there exists some confusion regarding the value for the enthalpy of formation of NiAl. In one reference [11], comparison of published experimental data was made which are referred to different standard states, with the consequent conclusion that there is a wide discrepancy in the experimental NiAl data. In this paper, the enthalpies of formation of NiAl as a function of composition determined by two different calorimetric techniques are compared. The results are also compared to enthalpy of formation data for the stoichiometric alloy from several other sources. Two kinds of calorimeters are widely used in measuring the enthalpies of formation of intermetallic compounds with high melting points: the differential solution calorimeter and the direct synthesis calorimeter. The former is an indirect method because the compound is prepared before the enthalpy of formation is determined, while the latter is a direct one since the enthalpy of formation is determined during alloy formation. Using the differential solution calorimeter, Henig and Lukas [12] determined the enthalpy of formation of NiAl at 1100 K. During their experiment, the element Ni and the compound NiAl were dropped into the liquid aluminum separately and their heat of dissolution were measured in turn. The reactions involved in the measurement are:
Wide band gap Cd0.83Mg0.15Al0.02O thin films by pulsed laser deposition

Magnesium and aluminum doped CdO thin films were deposited on quartz substrate using pulsed laser deposition technique. Magnesium is used to widen the band gap and aluminum is used to increase carrier concentration of CdO films. The effect of growth temperature on structural, optical, and electrical properties was studied. These films are crystalline in nature and their preferred orientation depends on growth temperature. These films are highly transparent (∼86%) in visible region. The band gap of the films varies from 3.1 eV to 3.4 eV. The electrical conductivity and carrier concentration were found to decrease with increase in growth temperature.
MIS)Management of communications

Abstract There is probably no single aspect of the managerial process which is more frequently given more blame or more credit than it deserves than “communications”. Not infrequently, writing and discussions of managerial problems point to alleged communication deficiencies as if to indicate that a solution will be found in any kind of communication. These analyses seem to imply that communication problems consist, not of wrong communications, but only of too little. Thus, massive propaganda seeks to get people to “talk together” in order to solve problems. The sensible manager should be warned, instead, that, even though 50 percent of problems might be due to having said too little, the other 50 percent are due to having said too much! In the future, it would be helpful to see problems between groups of people (e.g., management and workers) as problems of cooperation rather than of communication. Nevertheless, the subject of managing communications needs a great deal of study, and the following is a contribution to what is already a burdensome load of literature on the subject.
Influence of the catalyst system on the structure and conductivity of a new (CH)x

Abstract Different new catalysts based on transition metal compounds of groups IVb, Vb, VIb and VIIIb combined with a reducing agent such as: triethylaluminum and n -butyllithium in various solvents; toluene and silicone oil, were used for the polymerization of acetylene. By changing the catalyst, cocatalyst, solvent and polymerization conditions, a large variety of polyacetylenes were obtained. The polyacetylenes were characterized by SEM, FTIR and C 13 NMR spectroscopies. Some of the new-polymers were stretched mechanically and then doped with iodine. Thus highly conducting (thick/transparent) films of adjustable thickness (500-0.01 μm) were obtained, with conductivity values 10 4 -10 5 S/cm depending on the polymerization technique. After modification of the standard catalyst system (Ti(OC 4 H 9 ) 4 −Al(C 2 H 5 ) 3 -silicone oil) by the introduction of some additional reducing agents, conductivities higher than 10 5 S/cm, after elongation and iodine doping of the polymers, were reached.
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is required for protective immunity to larval Strongyloides stercoralis in mice.

Abstract TLR4 is important for immunity to various unicellular organisms and has been implicated in the immune responses to helminth parasites. The immune response against helminths is generally Th2-mediated and studies have shown that TLR4 is required for the development of a Th2 response against allergens and helminth antigens in mice. C3H/HeJ mice, which have a point mutation in the Tlr4 gene, were used in this study to determine the role of TLR4 in protective immunity to the nematode Strongyloides stercoralis . It was demonstrated that TLR4 was not required for killing larval S. stercoralis during the innate immune response, but was required for killing the parasites during the adaptive immune response. No differences were seen in the IL-5 and IFN-γ responses, antibody responses or cell recruitment between wild type and C3H/HeJ mice after immunization. Protective immunity was restored in immunized C3H/HeJ mice by the addition of wild type peritoneal exudate cells in the environment of the larvae. It was therefore concluded that the inability of TLR4-mutant mice to kill larval S. stercoralis during the adaptive immune response is due to a defect in the effector cells recruited to the microenvironment of the larvae.
Supramolecular assembly of DNA on graphene nanoribbons

Graphene's adhesive and charge delocalization properties offer the opportunity for the direct study of biological molecules in the nanoscale regime. The inherent charge on DNA base pairs and the associated phosphate backbone can be probed by non-covalent interactions with graphene, which is a useful platform for the creation of anisotropic nanopatterned biological assemblies. Here, we report the graphene nanoribbon (GNR) supported anisotropic supramolecular self-assembly of single stranded adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T), AT, and GC 20mer oligonucleotides, as well as the unique ordering of double stranded plasmid (circular) and herring sperm (linear) DNA. The GNRs serve as a double sided adhesive platform for attachment to the SiO2 substrate, as well as DNA oligomers and polymers. The self-assembly is attributed to donor–acceptor interactions between DNA and graphene. These findings demonstrate that the DNA–GNR assembly yields a prospective route to novel bio-relevant nanostructures.
Parallel processor simulator for multiple optic channel architectures

A parallel processing architecture based on multiple channel optical communication is described and compared with existing interconnection strategies for parallel computers. The proposed multiple channel architecture (MCA) uses MQW-DBR lasers to provide a large number of independent, selectable channels (or virtual buses) for data transport. Arbitrary interconnection patterns as well as machine partitions can be emulated via appropriate channel assignments. Hierarchies of parallel architectures and simultaneous execution of parallel tasks are also possible. Described are a basic overview of the proposed architecture, various channel allocation strategies that can be utilized by the MCA, and a summary of advantages of the MCA compared with traditional interconnection techniques. Also describes is a comprehensive multiple processor simulator that has been developed to execute parallel algorithms using the MCA as a data transport mechanism between processors and memory units. Simulation results -- including average channel load, effective channel utilization, and average network latency for different algorithms and different transmission speeds -- are also presented.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An improved ELISA method for the detection of Salmonella typhimurium

The applicability of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of salmonellas in foodstuffs was investigated. Several factors affecting the sensitivity of the ELISA, such as the type of protein used for plate post-coating, the method of antibody labelling, and accelerators for antigen-antibody and enzyme-substrate reactions, were studied. Labelling of the antibody with horseradish peroxidase and the use of o-phenylenediamine as substrate in the detection system were demonstrated to be most suitable for the enzyme assay. Based on these findings, an improved ELISA method was developed for the detection of Salmonella typhimurium. The improved technique was able to detect as few as 5 x 10(4)-10(5) cell/ml of salmonellas, and about 24 h were required to enrich the bacteria in food samples and to perform the test. With some modifications, the ELISA assay could reach a very high level of sensitivity and provide excellent reproducibility.
Safe use of selected cephalosporins in penicillin-allergic patients: a meta-analysis.

Background Recent analysis of clinical data and a clearer understanding of the role of chemical structure in the development of cross-reactivity indicate that the increased risk of an allergic reaction to a cephalosporin in penicillin-allergic patients is smaller than previously postulated. Method Medline and EMBASE databases were searched with the keywords: cephalosporin, penicillin, allergy, and cross-sensitivity for the years 1960 through 2005. Among 219 articles retrieved, 9 served as source material for this evidence-based meta-analysis. Results A significant increase in allergic reactions to cephalothin (odds ratio [OR] = 2.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1 to 5.5), cephaloridine (OR = 8.7; CI = 5.9 to 12.8), and cephalexin (OR = 5.8; CI = 3.6 to 9.2), and all first generation cephalosporins plus cefamandole (OR = 4.8; CI = 3.7 to 6.2) were observed in penicillin allergic patients; no increase was observed with second generation cephalosporins (OR = 1.1; CI, 0.6 to 2.1) or third generation cephalosporins (OR = 0.5; CI = 0.2 to 1.1). Clinical challenges, skin testing, and monoclonal antibody studies point to the paramount importance of similarities in side chain structure to predict cross-allergy between cephalosporins and penicillins. Conclusion First-generation cephalosporins have cross-allergy with penicillins, but cross-allergy is negligible with second- and third-generation cephalosporins. Particular emphasis should be placed on the role of chemical structure in determining the risk of cross-reactivity between specific agents.
Remote sensing of crop residue cover using multi-temporal Landsat imagery

Abstract Tillage practices, which have direct impacts on soil and water quality, have changed dramatically during the past several decades. Tillage information is one of the important inputs for environmental modeling, but the availability of this information is still limited spatially and temporally. Previous studies have encountered difficulties in defining reliable correlations between crop residue cover (CRC) and Landsat-based tillage indices because they neglected the significance of the timing of tillage implementation. This study explores relationships between temporal changes of agricultural surfaces and the normalized difference tillage index (NDTI) in Central Indiana. We found that minimum NDTI (minNDTI) values extracted from multi-temporal NDTI profiles reliably indicate the surface status when tillage or planting occurred. Simple linear regression reveals a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.89 between CRC and minNDTI for calibration. In addition, a percentage change (PC) method was tested for classifying CRC into three categories (CRC 70%). Both the minNDTI and PC methods resulted in overall classification accuracies of > 90%, producer's accuracies of 83–100%, and user's accuracies of 75–100%. Our results indicated that both Landsat TM and ETM+ imagery are capable of mapping CRC, however, multi-temporal Landsat imagery is required. To establish a capability for crop residue mapping, designers of future remote sensing platforms should consider increasing temporal resolution.
Candacia Ketchumi, a New Calanoid Copepod From the North-Western Part of the Sargasso Sea 1)

Beschreibung der Candacia ketchumi n. sp. anhand von Exemplaren aus der nordwestlichen Sargasso See. Es ist bekannt, dass dreizehn andere Arten der Gattung Candacia im nordwestlichen Atlantik vorkommen.
The Euthyphro Dilemma

Socrates asks Euthyphro whether the gods value piety because it is good, or if piety is good because the gods value it. If we generalize Socrates’s question, we come to a choice that has exercised tremendous influence in the history of metaphysics. Instead of asking about value, we can talk about any property. Instead of asking about valuing, we can ask about any attitude or activity. Instead of talking just about the gods, we can talk about any class of individuals. If we make all these generalizations we get the following pair of questions.
Using Clustering and Metric Learning to Improve Science Return of Remote Sensed Imagery

Current and proposed remote space missions, such as the proposed aerial exploration of Titan by an aerobot, often can collect more data than can be communicated back to Earth. Autonomous selective downlink algorithms can choose informative subsets of data to improve the science value of these bandwidth-limited transmissions. This requires statistical descriptors of the data that reflect very abstract and subtle distinctions in science content. We propose a metric learning strategy that teaches algorithms how best to cluster new data based on training examples supplied by domain scientists. We demonstrate that clustering informed by metric learning produces results that more closely match multiple scientists’ labelings of aerial data than do clusterings based on random or periodic sampling. A new metric-learning strategy accommodates training sets produced by multiple scientists with different and potentially inconsistent mission objectives. Our methods are fit for current spacecraft processors (e.g., RAD750) and would further benefit from more advanced spacecraft processor architectures, such as OPERA.
Optimizing conditions for cryopreservation of an insect cell line

Abstract A cell line (UM-BGE-2) derived from embryos of the cockroach Blattella germanica was frozen to −196 °C under a variety of conditions and cell viability was assayed after warming. It was found that cell viability was affected by the cooling rate, the warming rate, the controlled cooling endpoint temperature, and the type and concentration of cryoprotectant. The best survival for cells suspended in Grace's tissue culture medium containing 1 M Me2SO was obtained when cells were cooled at 1 °C/ min to at least −90 °C before being placed in liquid nitrogen and warmed at more than 900 °C/min. Cultures initiated from these frozen cells produce typical growth curves and appear normal after several passages.
SELF-LUMINOSITY OF A BARIUM Q-PLASMA.

Abstract A steady-state, non-LTE barium plasma, as produced in a Q-machine, is examined theoretically to determine under what conditions the electron kinetic temperature can be calculated if the intensity of the emitted resonance radiation is known. It is shown that, if the plasma particle density exceeds 1010 cm-3, the steady-state corona model is no longer applicable and the electron temperature cannot be determined without a knowledge of the local energy density of resonance radiation, i.e. without solving the equation of radiative transfer for the plasma.
Aisle configurations for unit-load warehouses

Unit-load warehouses are used to store items—typically pallets—that can be stowed or retrieved in a single trip. In the traditional, ubiquitous design, storage racks are arranged to create parallel picking aisles, which force workers to travel rectilinear distances to picking locations. We consider the problem of arranging aisles in new ways to reduce the cost of travel for a single-command cycle within these warehouses. The proposed models produce alternative designs with piecewise diagonal cross aisles, and with picking aisles that are not parallel. One of the designs promises to reduce the expected distance that workers travel by more than 20% for warehouses of reasonable size. We also develop a theoretical bound that shows that this design is close to optimal.
Critique of “Profession” as a Sociological Category*

(1963). Critique of “Profession” as a Sociological Category. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 291-300.
Charged Droplets in Cryogenic 4 He Vapor

We have measured the mobility of positive ions in $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ vapor for temperatures between 1.3 and 2.0 K and for saturation ratios between 0.1 and 1.0. We present a model which relates the size of a charged droplet to its mobility and find good quantitative agreement with our data when we calculate the size of the droplet which forms about the ion with classical macroscopic thermodynamic arguments. The radius thus obtained ranges from 7 to 9 \AA{}.
Barkhausen effect in ground steels

Grinding industry needs a fast, reliable and non-destructive inspection tool to detect the grinding damage at the rate of production. Barkhausen emission is shown to be effective for this purpose. In this investigation, a varying amount of surface damage was induced in the ground steels by changing the coolant flow rate during grinding. The Barkhausen effect signal emitted from the surface of these steel samples correlated well with the coolant flow rate. The samples were further analyzed for grinding damage, namely residual stress and micro-hardness, using conventional methods, X-ray and micro-hardness tester. A consistent change in the Barkhausen effect signal was observed with the changes in residual stress and micro-hardness. It appears that the Barkhausen technique could be a viable technique to detect the degree of grinding damage in steel components at a rate fast enough to match the production rate.
Closed-form solution for loop transfer recovery via reduced-order observers

A well-known property of the reduced-order observer is exploited to obtain the controller solution of the loop transfer recovery problem. In that problem, the controller is sought that generates some desired loop shape at the plant's input or output channels. Past approaches to this problem have typically yielded controllers generating loop shapes that only converge pointwise to the desired loop shape. In the proposed approach, however, the solution (at the input) is obtained directly when the plant's first Markov parameter is full rank. In the more general case when the plant's first Markov parameter is not full rank, the solution is obtained in an analogous manner by appending a special set of input and output signals to the original set. A dual form of the reduced-order observer is shown to yield the LTR solution at the output channel.
Diagenetic modification of Sm-Nd model ages in Tertiary sandstones and shales, Texas Gulf Coast

Sm-Nd model ages of sandstones and shales from the Oligocene Frio Formation of south Texas and the Paleocene-Eocene Wilcox Group of south-central Texas increase with increasing depth of burial. Depleted-mantle model ages (Tdm) of Frio shales increase from ca. 800 Ma at 1 km of burial to ca. 1000 Ma at ∼4km; in Frio sandstones, Tdm increases from ca. 750 Ma at 1 km to over 1200 Ma at 4 km of burial. In Wilcox shales, Tdm increases from ca. 1300 Ma to ca.1500 Ma over a burial depth of 1.5 to 4.5 km; Tdm of Wilcox sandstones increases from ca. 1450 Ma at 2.5 km of burial to as much as ca. 2000 Ma at 4.0 km. The sampling scheme employed minimizes, but does not eliminate, the possibility that these trends in Tdm are due to detrital variability. Close correlation of these trends with diagenetic changes in the rock and evidence of rare earth element mobility preserved in the diagenetic products suggests that diagenesis has modified Tdm. Diagenetic modification of Tdm in Frio sandstone and Wilcox shale is due primarily to loss of radiogenic Nd, whereas increased 147Sm/144Nd produces elevated Tdm in deeper Wilcox sandstones. The Tdm of Frio shales does not change appreciably with depth, owing to the opposite effects on Tdm of decreased 147Sm/144Nd and decreased ϵNd(0). Loss of radiogenic Nd is due primarily to reactions involving unstable volcanic detritus, which is more abundant in the Frio than in the Wilcox. Decreased 147Sm/144Nd in authigenic illite, and consequent increased 147SM/144Nd in pore fluids, results in elevated Tdm in Wilcox and Frio sandstones containing late-diagenetic cement, and in decreased 147Sm/144Nd in deeper Frio shale. The similar Tdm trends observed in both units, which have different detrital characteristics, suggest that modification of Sm-Nd model ages in siliciclastic rocks may be commonplace during burial diagenesis.
Cellular lipid peroxidation end-products induce apoptosis in human lens epithelial cells

Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), an oxidant present in high concentrations in the aqueous humor of the elderly eyes, is known to impart toxicity to the lens---apoptosis being one of the toxic events. Since H(2)O(2) causes lipid peroxidation leading to the formation of reactive end-products, it is important to investigate whether the end-products of lipid peroxidation are involved in the oxidation-induced apoptosis in the lens. 4-Hydroxynonenal (HNE), a major cytotoxic end product of lipid peroxidation, has been shown to mediate oxidative stress-induced cell death in many cell types. It has been shown that HNE is cataractogenic in micromolar concentrations in vitro, however, the underlying mechanism is not yet clearly understood. In the present study we have demonstrated that H(2)O(2) and the lipid derived aldehydes, HNE and 4-hydroxyhexenal (HHE), can induce dose- and time-dependent loss of cell viability and a simultaneous increase in apoptosis involving activation of caspases such as caspase-1, -2, -3, and -8 in the cultured human lens epithelial cells. Interestingly, we observed that Z-VAD, a broad range inhibitor of caspases, conferred protection against H(2)O(2)- and HNE-induced apoptosis, suggesting the involvement of caspases in this apoptotic system. Using the cationic dye JC-1, early apoptotic changes were assessed following 5 h of HNE and H(2)O(2) insult. Though HNE exposure resulted in approximately 50% cells to undergo early apoptotic changes, no such changes were observed in H(2)O(2) treated cells during this period. Furthermore, apoptosis, as determined by quantifying the DNA fragmentation, was apparent at a much earlier time period by HNE as opposed to H(2)O(2). Taken together, the results demonstrate the apoptotic potential of the lipid peroxidation end-products and suggest that H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis may be mediated by these end-products in the lens epithelium.
Blanket materials for fusion reactors: Comparisons of thermochemical performance

Thermodynamic calculations have been made to predict the thermochemical performance of the fusion reactor breeder materials, Li/sub 2/O, LiAlO/sub 2/, and Li/sub 4/SiO/sub 4/ in the temperature range 900 to 1300/sup 0/K and in the oxygen activity range 10/sup -25/ to 10/sup -5/. Except for a portion of these ranges, the performance of LiAlO/sub 2/ is predicted to be better than that of Li/sub 2/O and Li/sub 4/SiO/sub 4/. The protium purge technique for enhancing tritium release is explored for the Li/sub 2/O system; it appears advantageous at higher temperatures but should be used cautiously at lower temperatures. Oxygen activity is an important variable in these systems and must be considered in executing and interpreting measurements on rates of tritium release, the form of released tritium, diffusion of tritiated species and their identities, retention of tritium in the condensed phase, and solubility of hydrogen isotope gases.
G-protein-coupled Receptor Activation Induces the Membrane Translocation and Activation of Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-Kinase Iα by a Rac- and Rho-dependent Pathway

Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI4,5P2) mediates cell motility and changes in cell shape in response to extracellular stimuli. In platelets, it is synthesized from PI4P by PIP5K in response to stimulation of a G-protein-coupled receptor by an agonist, such as the thrombin. In the present study, we have addressed the pathway that induces PIP5K Iα activation following the addition of thrombin. Under resting condition expressed PIP5K Iα was predominantly localized in a perinuclear distribution. After stimulation of the thrombin receptor, PAR1, or overexpression of a constitutively active variant of Gαq, PIP5K Iα translocated to the plasma membrane. Movement of PIP5K Iα to the cell membrane was dependent on both GTP-bound Rac and Rho, but not Arf, because: 1) inactive GDP-bound variants of either Rac or Rho blocked the translocation induced by constitutively active Gαq, 2) constitutively GTP-bound active variants of Rac or Rho induced PIP5K Iα translocation in the absence of other stimuli, and 3) constitutively active variants of Arf1 or Arf6 failed to induce membrane translocation of PIP5K Iα. In addition, a dominant negative variant of Rho blocked the PIP5K Iα membrane translocation induced by constitutively active Rac, whereas dominant negative variants of either Rac or Arf6 failed to block PIP5K Iα membrane translocation induced by constitutively active Rho. This implies that the effect on PIP5K Iα by Rac is indirect, and requires the activation of Rho. In contrast to the findings with PIP5K Iα, the related lipid kinase PIP4K failed to undergo translocation after stimulation by small GTP-binding proteins Rac or Rho. We also tested whether membrane localization of PIP5K Iα correlated with an increase in its lipid kinase activity and found that co-expressing of PIP5K Iα with either constitutively active Gαq, Rac, or Rho led to a 5- to 7-fold increase in PIP5K Iα activity. Thus, these findings suggest that stimulation of a G-protein-coupled receptor (PAR1) leads to the sequential activation of Gαq, Rac, Rho, and PIP5K Iα. Once activated and translocated to the cell membrane, PIP5K Iα becomes available to phosphorylate PI4P to generate PI4,5P2 on the plasma membrane.
Pattern-recognition by an artificial network derived from biologic neuronal systems

A novel artificial neural network, derived from neurobiological observations, is described and examples of its performance are presented. This DYnamically STable Associative Learning (DYSTAL) network associatively learns both correlations and anticorrelations, and can be configured to classify or restore patterns with only a change in the number of output units. DYSTAL exhibits some particularly desirable properties: computational effort scales linearly with the number of connections, i.e., it is0(N) in complexity; performance of the network is stable with respect to network parameters over wide ranges of their values and over the size of the input field; storage of a very large number of patterns is possible; patterns need not be orthogonal; network connections are not restricted to multi-layer feed-forward or any other specific structure; and, for a known set of deterministic input patterns, the network weights can be computed, a priori, in closed form. The network has been associatively trained to perform the XOR function as well as other classification tasks. The network has also been trained to restore patterns obscured by binary or analog noise. Neither global nor local feedback connections are required during learning; hence the network is particularly suitable for hardware (VLSI) implementation.
A Case of Cyclic Agranulocytosis

Summary After a brief reference to three previously reported cases of cyclic neutropenia without any demonstrable cause, an account is submitted of a similar case, a boy aged 16 years who from the age of 14 months has had attacks a t intervals of three weeks with ulcerations in the mouth, rise of temperature, and general malaise, but with milder symptoms the last two years. During nine months' observation these attacks coincided with a neutropenia in the blood and, in the bone marrow, with an arrest in the development of the iieutrophiles at the myelocyte-promyelocytic stage. In the remission intervals a mild leucopenia and low neutrophile count persisted on solitary occasions. Titrations of the urine for hormones showed an occasional folliculin and prolan value that bordered on the pathologic. A constant finding was low serum iron, which rose to normal during iron-treatment but immedeately fell again o n withdrawal of this medication. With reference t o the cause of the pathologic picture a cyclic infection or a primary disturbance of the endocrinous and central nervous regulation of the blood has been discussed. It is pointed out that the neutropenia also followed an approximately three-weeks' cycle in previously reported cases, and that the condition may be a disease sui generis that is commoner than is thought. Attention is drawn t o its resemblance to cases described as periadenitis mucosa necrotica and ulcus neuroticum oris. No effect on the morbid state was obtained from reiterated smallpox-vaccinations, pentnucleotide injections, administration of liver extracts and iron, and a plentifull supply of vitamins B and C.
Book and Media Recommendations: Our Changing Planet and the Impact of Words

Summer reading recommendations for five books are provided. The Sixth Extinction by Elizabeth Kolbert and Flight Behavior by Barbara Kingsolver both describe changes on our planet that may be due to human activity. Three books deal with words: The Secret Life of Words is an audiobook on the changing English language; Quiet by Susan Cain explores the world of introverts; and Chemical Poems by Mario Markus presents one poem for each element.
Hydroperoxide-induced Increases in Intracellular Calcium Due to Annexin VI Translocation and Inactivation of Plasma Membrane Ca2+-ATPase

Oxidative stress can cause changes in intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) that resemble those occurring under normal cell signaling. In the alveolar macrophage, hydroperoxide-induced elevation of [Ca2+]i modulates the respiratory burst and other important physiologic functions. The source of Ca2+ released by hydroperoxide is intracellular but separate from the endoplasmic reticulum pool released by receptor-mediated stimuli (Hoyal, C. R., Gozal, E., Zhou, H., Foldenauer, K., and Forman, H. J. (1996) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 326, 166-171). Previous studies in other cells have suggested that mitochondria are a potential source of oxidant-induced [Ca2+]i elevation. In this study we have identified another potential source of hydroperoxide-releasable intracellular calcium, that bound to annexin VI on the inner surface of the plasma membrane. Translocation of annexin VI from the membrane during exposure to t-butyl hydroperoxide matched elevation of [Ca2+]i as a function of time and t-butyl hydroperoxide concentration. The translocation was possibly due to a combination of ATP depletion and oxidative modification of membrane lipids and proteins. A sustained increase in [Ca2+]i occurring > 50 pmol/10(6) cells (50 microM under these conditions) appeared to be a consequence of membrane Ca2+-ATPase dysfunction. These results suggest that exposure to oxidative stress results in early alterations to the plasma membrane and concomitant release of Ca2+ into the cytosol. In addition it suggests a mechanism for participation of annexin VI translocation that may underlie the alterations in macrophage function by oxidative stress.
Guaranteeing reactive high-level behaviors for robots with complex dynamics

Applying correct-by-construction planning techniques to robots with complex nonlinear dynamics requires new formal analysis methods which guarantee that the requested behaviors can be achieved in the continuous space. In this paper, we construct low-level controllers that ensure the execution of a high-level mission plan. Controllers are generated using trajectory-based verification to produce a set of robust reach tubes which strictly guarantee that the required motions achieve the desired task specification. Reach tubes, computed here by solving a series of sum-of-squares optimization problems, are composed in such a way that all trajectories ensure correct highlevel behaviors. We illustrate the new method using an input-limited unicycle robot satisfying task specifications expressed in linear temporal logic.
Assertibility and Sensitivity

Epistemologists have proposed various norms of assertion to explain when a speaker is in an epistemic position to assert a proposition. In this article I propose a distinct necessary condition on assertibility: that a speaker should assert only what she sensitively believes, where a subject's belief is sensitive just in case the subject would not hold it if it were false. I argue that the Sensitivity Rule underwrites simple explanations for three key features of assertibility that pose explanatory challenges to other prominent proposals: the fact that assertibility is open under known entailment, the general impropriety of assertions that a lottery ticket has lost made purely on the basis of the speaker's knowledge of the odds, and the fact that assertibility varies widely with features of the conversational context. I close by considering three distinct roles the Sensitivity Rule might play in the overall theory of assertibility.
Revertants of a trans-dominant S49 mouse lymphoma mutant that affects expression of cAMP-dependent protein kinase

Abstract Phenotypic revertants were isolated from an S49 mouse lymphoma tissue culture cell mutant that lacks cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cA-PK) activity (kin − ). The mutant phenotype is trans-dominant and results from a lesion that probably lies outside the cA-PK subunit structural genes. The nature of the event that produces the kin − phenotype is unknown. However, the mechanism that is responsible for its behavior is genetically encoded because: spontaneous revertants arise at low frequency; reversion frequency is increased by mutagen treatment; mutagen-specific classes of revertant phenotypes are induced; and some revertants are temperature-sensitive for expression of cA-PK subunit polypeptides. Additional evidence is provided that argues against structural lesions in cA-PK catalytic (C) subunits as explanatory of the kin − phenotype. Kin − cells do not express an immunologically detectable C polypeptide, whereas C expression is restored in revertant cells. Revertants in which phenotype and cA-PK activity levels are only partially restored to that of wild-type cells contain a commensurately reduced amount of C polypeptide. Finally, the structure of C polypeptide in partial revertants is unaltered from that of wild-type C. The evidence supports the hypothesis that the kin − lesion defines a regulatory gene responsible for setting intracellular levels of cA-PK C subunit expression.