cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lung-resident tissue macrophages generate Foxp3 + regulatory T cells and promote airway tolerance

Airway tolerance is the usual outcome of inhalation of harmless antigens. Although T cell deletion and anergy are likely components of tolerogenic mechanisms in the lung, increasing evidence indicates that antigen-specific regulatory T cells (inducible Treg cells [iTreg cells]) that express Foxp3 are also critical. Several lung antigen-presenting cells have been suggested to contribute to tolerance, including alveolar macrophages (MOs), classical dendritic cells (DCs), and plasmacytoid DCs, but whether these possess the attributes required to directly promote the development of Foxp3+ iTreg cells is unclear. Here, we show that lung-resident tissue MOs coexpress TGF-β and retinal dehydrogenases (RALDH1 and RALDH 2) under steady-state conditions and that their sampling of harmless airborne antigen and presentation to antigen-specific CD4 T cells resulted in the generation of Foxp3+ Treg cells. Treg cell induction in this model depended on both TGF-β and retinoic acid. Transfer of the antigen-pulsed tissue MOs into the airways correspondingly prevented the development of asthmatic lung inflammation upon subsequent challenge with antigen. Moreover, exposure of lung tissue MOs to allergens suppressed their ability to generate iTreg cells coincident with blocking airway tolerance. Suppression of Treg cell generation required proteases and TLR-mediated signals. Therefore, lung-resident tissue MOs have regulatory functions, and strategies to target these cells might hold promise for prevention or treatment of allergic asthma.
Characterization of traps in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs with a combined large signal network analyzer/deep level optical spectrometer system

A study of the effects of traps on the RF characteristics of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs is conducted using small and large-signal microwave measurements with deep-level optical spectroscopy. Different variations of the drain current swing are observed for illuminations of different photon energies. The time evolution of the current swing in transient measurements enabled to determine the optical transient time-constant and the equilibrium relaxation time-constant. The dependence of the S-parameters upon the illumination yielded results consistent with the variation of the drain current swing under illumination. A variation in the small signal transconductance and drain conductance was extracted at 2 GHz which presumably arises from the variation of the drain resistance under illumination. In addition, it was verified that the SiN passivation greatly helps in mitigating the RF performance degradation arising from deep trapping centers.
A BDD-based algorithm for analysis of multistate systems with multistate components

A new algorithm based on binary decision diagram (BDD) for the analysis of a system with multistate components is proposed. Each state of a multistate component is represented by a boolean variable, and a multistate system is represented by a series of multistate fault trees. A Boolean algebra with restrictions on variables is used to address the dependence among these boolean variables that collectively represent the same component and a new BDD operation is proposed to realize this Boolean algebra. Due to the nature of the BDD, the sum of disjoint products (SDP) can be implicitly represented, which avoids huge storage and high computational complexity for large multistate systems. Some applications are given to illustrate the use of our new algorithm.
Becoming a virtual professor: pedagogical roles and ALN

This paper presents a qualitative study of role changes that occur when faculty becomes virtual professors. In 20 semi-structured interviews of faculty, coded with pattern analysis software, the authors captured role changes enacted by instructors in asynchronous learning network (ALN) settings-cognitive roles, affective roles, and managerial roles. The cognitive role, which relates to mental processes of learning, learning, information storage, and thinking, shifts to one of deeper cognitive complexity. The affective role, which relates to influencing the relationships between students, the instructor, and the classroom atmosphere, required faculty to find new tools to express emotion, yet they found the relationship with students more intimate. The managerial role, which deals with class and course management, requires greater attention to detail, more structure, and additional student monitoring. Overall, facility reported a change in their teaching persona, towards more precision in their presentation of materials and instructions, combined with a shift to a more Socratic pedagogy, emphasizing multilogues with students.
Crisis in computer education

(This paper has been accepted for publication in the Proceedings, but the photo-ready form was not delivered in time. Copies of the paper should be available upon request at the presentation.)
Should Inferior Venacavography be Performed in Management of Children with Wilms' Tumor?

Our retrospective study showed that a routine inferior venacavogram by foot injection is not helpful in the initial workup for a patient with Wilms' tumor since incomplete or misleading information can result from such an evaluation. The use of ultrasound and computed tomography yields more accurate information regarding the status of the inferior vena cava.
Gene Therapy to Promote Thromboresistance: Local Overexpression of Tissue Plasminogen Activator to Prevent Arterial Thrombosis in an in vivo Rabbit Model

Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) catalyzes the rate-limiting initial step in the fibrinolytic cascade. Systemic infusion of tPA has become the standard of care for acute myocardial infarction. However, even the relatively short-duration protocols currently employed have encountered significant hemorrhagic complications, as well as complications from rebound thrombosis. Gene therapy offers a method of local high-level tPA expression over a prolonged time period to avoid both systemic hemorrhage and local rebound thrombosis. To examine the impact of local tPA overexpression, an adenoviral vector expressing tPA was created. The construct was characterized functionally in vitro, and the function of the vector was confirmed in vivo by delivery to the rabbit common femoral artery. Systemic coagulation parameters were not perturbed at any of the doses examined. The impact of local overexpression of tPA on in vivo thrombus formation was examined subsequently in a stasis/injury model of arterial thrombosis. The construct effectively prevented arterial thrombosis in treated animals, whereas viral and nonviral controls typically developed occluding thrombi. This construct thus offers a viable technique for promoting a locally thromboresistant small-caliber artery.
Resting blood flow in hypocontractile myocardium: resolving the controversy.

The question of whether reductions in blood flow occur under resting conditions in viable nonischemic myocardium in patients with coronary artery disease has been debated for >3 decades. Some early measurements reported reductions in resting left ventricular flow that seemed difficult to attribute to admixture of scar tissue with normally perfused myocardium.1,2 Others failed to show differences between apparently normal individuals and coronary patients.3,4 Transient defects in resting 201Tl scans observed in the late 1970s supported the concept of relative hypoperfusion of viable nonischemic myocardium. They were “usually associated with severe coronary artery disease but normal or only mildly abnormal left ventricular wall motion”5 and often were less pronounced after bypass graft surgery.6 Article p 3289 After the initial demonstration of myocardial “stunning” in 1975,7 it was increasingly appreciated that regional contraction often remained depressed after transient ischemia despite restoration of normal flow. Although stunning could persist for several days, its contribution to chronic left ventricular dysfunction remained unsettled. In a 1985 perspective on randomized trials of coronary bypass surgery in chronic stable angina, Rahimtoola8 proposed the term “hibernating myocardium” to describe a situation in which “contractility and metabolism and ventricular function are reduced to match the reduced blood supply.” He contrasted this situation with stunned myocardium, in which flow was not reduced proportionately to function. In an earlier study, Diamond and colleagues9 had referred to hypocontractile myocardium showing improved contractile function after coronary bypass surgery as being “in a state of function ‘hibernation’” but did not address whether preoperative blood flow was reduced concomitantly. Some subsequent studies have also used the term “hibernation” without reference to blood flow, whereas others have postulated that reversibly hypocontractile myocardium represents chronic stunning. Interest in whether resting blood …
Nitrate deposition to surface snow at Summit, Greenland, following the 9 November 2000 solar proton event

This study considers whether spurious peaks in nitrate ions in snow sampled at Summit, Greenland from August 2000 to August 2002 are related to solar proton events. After identifying tropospheric sources of nitrate on the basis of correlations with sulfate, ammonium, sodium, and calcium, we use the three-dimensional global Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) to examine unaccounted for nitrate spikes. Model calculations confirm that solar proton events significantly impact HOx, NOx, and O3 levels in the mesosphere and stratosphere during the weeks and months following the major 9 November 2000 solar proton event. However, SPE-enhanced NOy calculated within the atmospheric column is too small to account for the observed nitrate ion peaks in surface snow. Instead, our WACCM results suggest that nitrate spikes not readily accounted for by measurement correlations are likely of anthropogenic origin. These results, consistent with other recent studies, imply that nitrate spikes in ice cores are not suitable proxies for individual SPEs and motivate the need to identify alternative proxies.
Nonmedical Prescription Drug Use Among US College Students at a Midwest University: A Partial Test of Social Learning Theory

We estimate the prevalence of nonmedical prescription drug (NMPD) use and test social learning theory as an explanation for NMPD use based upon data from a large pilot study. Data were collected from 465 college students at a Midwestern university in the USA using a self-administered questionnaire. The sample was predominantly white (88%), 43% were female and the mean age was 22. Most participants (80%) were not members of social fraternities or sororities. A majority of students did not report NMPD use: 39.4% of respondents reported lifetime NMPD use, 31% reported past-year use, and 14.4% reported past-month use. Multivariate regression results partially supported social learning theory as an explanation for lifetime NMPD use. Limitations and suggestions for future research are suggested.
In vitro characterization of an avian reovirus vaccine strain

Abstract In vitro studies were performed to characterize the vaccine strain, designated P100, derived from the arthrogenic reovirus isolate, S1133, by vold adaptation. P100 appeared to be temperature sensitive, shown by a marked drop in titer and efficiency of plaquing after incubation at 41°. Studies indicated that genomic double-stranded RNA and protein synthesis were severely restricted at the elevated temperature. Differences in the growth behavior of P100 and S1133 at 37° were also noted. The vaccine strain seemed to be more cell associated than S1133. Three outer coat proteins of P100 grown at 37° displayed mobilities different from those of S1133 by PAGE. It is possible that alterations in these proteins may have some relationship to the growth characteristics observed for the P100 strain.
Plan to Have No Unplanned: A Collaborative, Hospital-Based Quality-Improvement Project to Reduce the Rate of Unplanned Extubations in the Pediatric ICU.

BACKGROUND: Although under-reported and understudied, unplanned extubations carry a significant risk of patient harm and even death. They are an important yardstick of quality control of care of intubated patients in the ICU. A unit-based risk assessment and multidisciplinary approach is required to decrease the incidence of unplanned extubations. METHODS: As part of a quality-improvement initiative of Children9s Hospital at Montefiore, all planned and unplanned extubations in a multidisciplinary 20-bed pediatric ICU were evaluated over a 12-month period (January to December 2010). At the end of 6 months, an interim analysis was performed, and high-risk patient groups and patient care factors were identified. These factors were targeted in the second phase of the project. RESULTS: Over this period, there were a total of 267 extubations, of which 231 (87%) were planned extubations and 36 (13%) were unplanned. A patient care policy targeting the risk factors was instituted, along with extensive nursing and other personnel education in the second phase. As a result of this intervention, the unplanned extubation rate in the pediatric ICU decreased from 3.55 to 2.59/100 intubation days. All subjects who had an unplanned extubation during nursing procedures or transport required re-intubation, whereas none of the unplanned extubations during ventilator weaning required re-intubation. CONCLUSIONS: A targeted approach based on unit-specific risk factors is most effective in quality-improvement projects. A specific policy for sedation and weaning can be very helpful in managing intubated patients and preventing unintended harm.
Plasma 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D concentrations and net intestinal calcium, phosphate, and magnesium absorption in humans

We evaluated the relationship between plasma concentrations of the renal hormone 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D and net intestinal absorption of Ca, PO4, and Mg in vitamin D-replete patients eating similar diets, who had undetectable, normal or elevated plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D levels, Net intestinal Ca absorption was positively correlated to plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D concentrations: percentage dietary Ca absorbed = 10 + 0.17 x plasma total 1,25-(OH)2-3, pmole/liter, r = + 0.58; P less than 0.001. By contrast, there was no significant correlation between PO4 or Mg absorption and plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D concentrations. Moreover, significant quantities of PO4 and Mg were absorbed in the absence of detectable plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D. We conclude that net intestinal Ca absorption is critically dependent upon the availability of the renal hormone 1,25-(OH)2-D in vitamin D-replete humans when dietary Ca intake is normal. By contrast, other factors must play a dominant role in regulating net intestinal PO4 and Mg absorption.
A Comparison of Children With and Without Learning Disabilities on Social Problem-Solving Skill, School Behavior, and Family Background

The study compared 86 children with learning disabilities (LD) with 86 matched children without learning disabilities (NLD) on three domains of variables: social problem-solving skill, teacher-rated school behavior and competence, and family background. The children with LD and the NLD group differed on variables in all three domains. More specifically, the children with LD were able to generate fewer alternatives for solving social problem situations, showed less tolerance for frustration and less adaptive assertiveness, and had more overall classroom behavior problems and less personal and social competence in a variety of areas as rated by teachers. Children having LD also showed more family background difficulties (e.g., lack of educational stimulation at home, economic difficulties). The findings suggest the need for greater attention to social and behavioral remediation for children with LD and greater involvement of their families, in addition to the cognitive and academic remediation emphasized in existing curricula for children with LD.
Cross-Cultural Adjustments and International Collegiate Athletes

Ridinger and Pastore (2000a) proposed a theoretical model to measure international student-athlete adjustment to college consisting of: (a) adjustment factors, (b) antecedent dimensions to those factors, and (c) outcomes. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the antecedent factors listed by Ridinger and Pastore were indeed the best indicators of successful adjustment to college for international migrant athletes and to determine if other antecedent factors were also relevant to adjustment. Multiple qualitative interviews with 13 international athletes from four NCAA Division I institutions were conducted. Data collected through those interviews supported all of the antecedent dimensions of the Ridinger and Pastore (2000a) model with the exception of the perception dimension subheading of faculty/staff. New dimension subheadings (a) sense of adventure, (b) previous international travel experience, and (c) family infuence emerged from the data and were added to a revised model of international a...
Cell-based sensor for analysis of EGFR biomarker expression in oral cancer

Oral cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and has been marked by high morbidity and poor survival rates that have changed little over the past few decades. Beyond prevention, early detection is the most crucial determinant for successful treatment and survival of cancer. Yet current methodologies for cancer diagnosis based upon pathological examination alone are insufficient for detecting early tumor progression and molecular transformation. To address this clinical need, we have developed a cell-based sensor to detect oral cancer biomarkers, such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) whose over-expression is associated with early oral tumorigenesis and aggressive cancer phenotypes. The lab-on-a-chip (LOC) sensor utilizes an embedded track-etched membrane, which functions as a micro-sieve, to capture and enrich cells from complex biological fluids or biopsy suspensions. Once captured, “on-membrane” immunofluorescent assays reveal the presence and isotype of interrogated cells via automated microscopy and fluorescent image analysis. Using the LOC sensor system, with integrated capture and staining technique, EGFR assays were completed in less than 10 minutes with staining intensity, homogeneity, and cellular localization patterns comparable to conventional labeling methods. Further examination of EGFR expression in three oral cancer cell lines revealed a significant increase (p < 0.05) above control cells with EGFR expression similar to normal squamous epithelium. Results obtained in the microfluidic sensor system correlated well with flow cytometry (r2 = 0.98), the “gold standard” in quantitative protein expression analysis. In addition, the LOC sensor detected significant differences between two of the oral cancer cell lines (p < 0.01), accounting for disparity of approximately 34 000 EGFR per cell according to quantitative flow cytometry. Taken together, these results support the LOC sensor system as a suitable platform for rapid detection of oral cancer biomarkers and characterization of EGFR over-expression in oral malignancies. Application of this technique may be clinically useful in cancer diagnostics for early detection, prognostic evaluation, and therapeutic selection. Having demonstrated the functionality of this integrated microfluidic sensor system, further studies using clinical samples from oral cancer patients are now warranted.
Tumor Regression in Patients With Metastatic Synovial Cell Sarcoma and Melanoma Using Genetically Engineered Lymphocytes Reactive With NY-ESO-1

Purpose Adoptive immunotherapy using tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes represents an effective cancer treatment for patients with metastatic melanoma. The NY-ESO-1 cancer/testis antigen, which is expressed in 80% of patients with synovial cell sarcoma and approximately 25% of patients with melanoma and common epithelial tumors, represents an attractive target for immune-based therapies. The current trial was carried out to evaluate the ability of adoptively transferred autologous T cells transduced with a T-cell receptor (TCR) directed against NY-ESO-1 to mediate tumor regression in patients with metastatic melanoma and synovial cell sarcoma.
Fracture Analysis of Concrete Using Scanning Electron Microscopy

Summary: A special experimental technique has been developed that enables the preservation of the compressive stressinduced microcracks in concrete as they exist under applied loads. This technique involves injecting a molten-metal alloy into the induced cracks and solidifying it before unloading. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to capture images from the cross sections of the concrete specimens. These images were then used to study the generation and interaction of the compressive stress-induced microcracks and the effect of confinement on microcrack behavior.
The Formation of Metal/Metal-Matrix Nanocomposites by the Ultrasonic Dispersion of Immiscible Liquid Metals

Ultrasonic energy has been used to disperse one liquid metallic component in a second immiscible liquid metal, thereby producing a metallic emulsion. Upon lowering the temperature of this emulsion below the mp of the lowest-melting constituent, a metal/metal-matrix composite is formed. This composite consists of sub-micron-to-micron- sized particles of the minor metallic phase that are embedded in a matrix consisting of the major metallic phase. Zinc-bismuth was used as a model system, and ultrasonic dispersion of a minor Bi liquid phase was used to synthesize metal/metal-matrix composites. These materials were characterized using SEM and energy-dispersive x-ray analysis.
A Method of Vascular Impedance Spectrum Analysis for Identifying the Location and Magnitude of Wave Reflections in the Aorta

There is continued debate in the literature concerning the location and magnitude of reflections in the arterial vasculature. We present an alternative approach to investigating these wave reflections. This technique utilizes the Fourier transform of the input impedance to yield the ideal impulse response of the arterial system in the time domain. We demonstrate theoretically and with computer simulations that this technique allows the determination of location of significant reflection sites and the magnitude of the reflected waves. This analysis may be better suited for studying reflections in the human arterial system than traditional analysis.
Cannabinoid physiology and pharmacology: 30 years of progress

D 9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol from Cannabis sativa is mimicked by cannabimimetic analogs such as CP55940 and WIN55212-2, and antagonized by rimonabant and SR144528, through G-protein-coupled receptors, CB1 in the brain, and CB2 in the immune system. Eicosanoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol are the ‘‘endocannabinoid’’ agonists for these receptors. CB1 receptors are abundant in basal ganglia, hippocampus and cerebellum, and their functional activity can be mapped during behaviors using cerebral metabolism as the neuroimaging tool. CB1 receptors couple to Gi/o to inhibit cAMP production, decrease Ca 2+ conductance, increase K + conductance, and increase mitogen-activated protein kinase activity. Functional activation of G-proteins can be imaged by [35S]GTPcS autoradiography. Post-synaptically generated endocannabinoids form the basis of a retrograde signaling mechanism referred to as depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition (DSI) or excitation (DSE). Under circumstances of sufficient intracellular Ca 2+ (e.g., burst activity in seizures), synthesis of endocannabinoids releases a diffusible retrograde messenger to stimulate presynaptic CB1 receptors. This results in suppression of c-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release, thereby relieving the post-synaptic inhibition. Tolerance develops as neurons adjust both receptor number and cellular signal transduction to the chronic administration of cannabinoid drugs. Future therapeutic drug design can progress based upon our current understanding of the physiology and pharmacology of CB1 ,CB 2 and related receptors. One very important role for CB1 antagonists will be in the treatment of craving in the disease of substance abuse. # 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
A Rich Fossil Record Yields Calibrated Phylogeny for Acanthaceae (Lamiales) and Evidence for Marked Biases in Timing and Directionality of Intercontinental Disjunctions

More than a decade of phylogenetic research has yielded a well-sampled, strongly supported hypothesis of relationships within the large ( > 4000 species) plant family Acanthaceae. This hypothesis points to intriguing biogeographic patterns and asymmetries in sister clade diversity but, absent a time-calibrated estimate for this evolutionary history, these patterns have remained unexplored. Here, we reconstruct divergence times within Acanthaceae using fossils as calibration points and experimenting with both fossil selection and effects of invoking a maximum age prior related to the origin of Eudicots. Contrary to earlier reports of a paucity of fossils of Lamiales (an order of ∼ 23,000 species that includes Acanthaceae) and to the expectation that a largely herbaceous to soft-wooded and tropical lineage would have few fossils, we recovered 51 reports of fossil Acanthaceae. Rigorous evaluation of these for accurate identification, quality of age assessment and utility in dating yielded eight fossils judged to merit inclusion in analyses. With nearly 10 kb of DNA sequence data, we used two sets of fossils as constraints to reconstruct divergence times. We demonstrate differences in age estimates depending on fossil selection and that enforcement of maximum age priors substantially alters estimated clade ages, especially in analyses that utilize a smaller rather than larger set of fossils. Our results suggest that long-distance dispersal events explain present-day distributions better than do Gondwanan or northern land bridge hypotheses. This biogeographical conclusion is for the most part robust to alternative calibration schemes. Our data support a minimum of 13 Old World (OW) to New World (NW) dispersal events but, intriguingly, only one in the reverse direction. Eleven of these 13 were among Acanthaceae s.s., which comprises > 90% of species diversity in the family. Remarkably, if minimum age estimates approximate true history, these 11 events occurred within the last ∼ 20 myr even though Acanthaceae s.s is over 3 times as old. A simulation study confirmed that these dispersal events were significantly skewed toward the present and not simply a chance occurrence. Finally, we review reports of fossils that have been assigned to Acanthaceae that are substantially older than the lower Cretaceous estimate for Angiosperms as a whole (i.e., the general consensus that has resulted from several recent dating and fossil-based studies in plants). This is the first study to reconstruct divergence times among clades of Acanthaceae and sets the stage for comparative evolutionary research in this and related families that have until now been thought to have extremely poor fossil resources.
Mining API Expertise Profiles with Partial Program Analysis

A developer's API usage expertise can be estimated by analyzing source code that they have checked-in to a software repository. In prior work we proposed a system for creating a social network of developers centered around the APIs they use in order to recommend people and projects they might be interested in. The implementation of such a system requires analyzing code from repositories of large numbers of projects that use different build systems. Hence, one challenge is to determine the APIs referenced in code in these repositories without relying on the ability to resolve every project's external dependencies. In this paper, we consider a technique called Partial Program Analysis for resolving type bindings in Java source code in the absence of third-party library binaries. Another important design decision concerns the approach of associating such API references with the developers who authored them such as walking entire change history or use blame information. We evaluate these different design options on 4 open-source Java projects and found that both Partial Program Analysis and blame-based approach provide precision greater than 80%. However, use of blame as opposed to complete program history leads to significant recall loss, in most cases greater than 40%.
Cascade polycyclizations in natural product synthesis

Cascade (domino) reactions have an unparalleled ability to generate molecular complexity from relatively simple starting materials; these transformations are particularly appealing when multiple rings are forged during this process. In this tutorial review, we cover recent highlights in cascade polycyclizations as applied to natural product synthesis, including pericyclic, heteroatom-mediated, cationic, metal-catalyzed, organocatalytic, and radical sequences.
Participation and Capacity Building in Community Visioning: NIMBYism and the Politics of the Rural-Urban Interface in Elk Grove, California

The Rural Visioning Project, a community-based research project in Elk Grove, California, emerged from collaboration between two local community groups and researchers from the University of California, Davis. It is presented as "an exercise in community development," which lends insight into community processes, the meaning of "community" and perceptions of community action by participants and observers. The project provides an example of how participatory research can generate desired community change as well as valid, relevant data. Moreover, the substantive community development issues which emerged from the project have far-reaching impacts and relevance, informing wider conversations around the concept of a "public good," public participation, and capacity building, including how local communities can empower themselves to enact change of their own design rather than follow the status quo and the preferences of vested interests. Related to these issues, we discuss the NIMBY (Not-In-My-Back-Yard) label and how it is mobilized by both sides in land use disputes to either bolster or demean public legitimacy. The Rural Visioning Project also offers valuable insight into some of the questions, implications, and complexities of the rural-urban interface, revealing divergent experiences of culture, identity and public decision-making. Keywords: participatory action research, rural-urban interface, land use politics, community development practice, NIMBY, California
Teaching Parallel Computing Concepts with OpenMP (Abstract Only)

OpenMP is an industry-standard, platform-independent parallel programming library built into all modern C and C++ compilers. Unlike complex parallel platforms, OpenMP is designed to make it relatively easy to add parallelism to existing sequential programs, as well as write new parallel programs from scratch. In this fun, interactive, hands-on workshop, participants will use OpenMP to learn about a variety of parallel programming concepts, including single program multiple data (SPMD) execution, fork-join threading, parallel loops, parallel blocks, atomic execution, mutual exclusion, and others. Participants will explore 15 short programs designed to help students understand specific parallel concepts, plus several longer programs in which OpenMP is used to solve significant problems. The workshop includes: (i) an introduction to OpenMP, (ii) self-paced hands-on experimentation with the OpenMP programs, and (iii) a discussion of how OpenMP may be used to achieve parallel computing objectives in CS 2013. Participants will also view visual examples that let students see parallelism happening in real time. Participants will need a laptop with an SSH client (e.g., BitVise, PuTTY), or a laptop with a compiler that supports OpenMP (e.g., gcc 4.2 or later, Visual Studio 2008 or later); Linux, Mac, and Windows laptops will be supported. Knowledge of a C-family language (e.g., C, C++, Java, ...) may be helpful but is not required to benefit from the workshop. All materials from this workshop will be freely available from csinparallel.org.
Nonlinear H-infinity Control applied to a UAS in Trajectory Following

Solution of a Hamilton –Jacobi-Isaacs’s equation which is derived from the passivity and L2 gain concepts is approximated using a Taylor series expansion. This solution provides a nonlinear version of H-infinity controller. This work presents performance assessment of a third order expansion robust nonlinear controller and compares it with a second order version, an output feedback linear robust controller. A significant improvement is obtained by adding the third term when controlling an autonomous aerial vehicle in a trajectory following.
Effect of external cooling of the leg on muscle intracellular water and potassium.

SummaryMeasurements were made of muscle intracellular water, potassium and sodium concentrations in 2 groups of rats. The right hind limb of the experimental animals was immersed in a bath of aceto...
Analysis of the Cause of Epidemic Measles Outbreaks in the Schools of Luohu District

Objective To review the measles outbreaks in the schools of Luohu District, analyze the cause of the outbreak and provide scientific basis for future measles control. Method Epidemiological data for measles outbreaks in the schools of Luohu District in recent years was collected and analyzed. Result The result indicates there were 6 cases of epidemic measles outbreaks during 2005-2007, and all of them occurred in school for the children of migrant workers. The outbreak is seasonal and mainly occurred during March to June. Among all cases, 22.74% has history for vaccination, 27.27% has no history of vaccination and 50.00% has no clear history of vaccination. Conclusion The weakness of regular vaccination program among students is the key factor of the measles outbreaks. The vaccination program should be strengthened in the private schools that are mainly for migrant kids.
The Lex Mercatoria in Practice: The Experience of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal

INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL arbitration is one of the main engines powering the development of principles and rules of transnational commercial law, also known as lex mercatoria .1 This is especially so now that decisions of international arbitral tribunals, which are among the primary sources of the lex mercatoria , are becoming increasingly available to the public.2 This article will show that the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal, by consistently applying principles of commercial law in many of its decisions, has contributed significantly to the stabilization and development of a multitude of principles and rules of the lex mercatoria . It will also show, through the experience of the Tribunal, that rules of transnational commercial law ‘can fulfil satisfactorily, in practice, the function of a proper law’3 in international commercial arbitration. Section II gives a brief overview of the genesis of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal, the types of commercial claims it hears, and the law it applies in deciding them. Section III reviews the Tribunal's jurisprudence relating to a few selected principles of the lex mercatoria to illustrate the Tribunal's contribution to the development of those principles. The starting point for my research is the list of rules, principles, and standards of the lex mercatoria that have been developed by the Center for Transnational Law (CENTRAL) at Munster University in Germany (‘CENTRAL-List’).4 The Iran-United States Claims Tribunal (‘Tribunal’), which one commentator has described as ‘the most significant arbitral body in history’,5 was established on 19 January 1981 as part of an agreement intended to resolve an acute political crisis between the governments of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States of America.6 On 4 November 1979, some nine months after the success of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, militant Iranian students stormed the United …
Von Neumann stability analysis of the u---p reproducing kernel formulation for saturated porous media

This paper introduces the von Neumann method to investigate the temporal stability of the displacement---pressure $$(u{-}p)$$(u-p) reproducing kernel formulation for saturated porous media. Both dynamic and quasi-static formulations are considered and the critical time steps are derived. The effect of lumped and consistent matrices on temporal stability is analyzed under explicit temporal discretization. It is shown that lumped matrices have better temporal stability than consistent matrices. The study also shows that nodal support size greatly affects the critical time step size of the formulations. For consistent matrices, larger support size results in smaller critical time step size; however, opposite relation occurs if lumped scheme is used. The numerical study shows that stabilization parameter of the stabilized nodal integration methods reduces the critical time step size. Transient analyses are performed to verify the results from von Neumann analysis.
INVESTIGASI PERSIAPAN DAN PELAKSANAAN PERKULIAHAN BIOLOGI DASAR

Investigasi Persiapan dan Pelaksanaan Perkuliahan Dasar Biologi. Penelitian deskriptif ini bertujuan mengungkapkan karakteristik persiapan dan pelaksanaan perkuliahan biologi dasar dalam kaitannya dengan pembelajaran pengalaman dan berpikir kritis. Sumber data penelitian adalah doku-men perangkat perkuliahan biologi dasar dan dosen pengajar biologi dasar. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan observasi dokumen dan pengisian angket oleh dosen pengajar. Analisis data hasil observasi dan pengisian angket dilakukan secara deskriptif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa mata kuliah biologi dasar layak digunakan guna keperluan riset dan pengembangan model expe-riential learning untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir mahasiswa. Kata kunci: biologi dasar, investigasi, pelaksanaan perkuliahan
Poetry and Being: Metaphor, Paradox and the Awakened Life

Before I get into the substance of my talk I should say a couple of things about myself and where I'll be coming from. First of all, I'm speaking to you as a poet and as a teacher and somebody who has practiced Zen for the last eighteen years or so, and I do want to put the emphasis on the word 'practice.' I'm still practicing, and maybe one of these days I'll get it right. Let me tell a little story by way of introduction: About twenty-five years ago I was in London. Like many visitors to London, I went to Hyde Park, to Speakers'Corner, and I happened to see a religious speaker there. He was wailing away at the crowd and telling them about Hell and damnation and what they should do and what they shouldn't do and basically laying out a very clear and narrow interpretation of the moral law as he understood it. The whole time he was speaking there was an old guy right in front of him in the audience, who stood with arms defiantly folded across his chest just looking up at him skeptically, and every time the preacher finished one of his moral pronouncements, the old guy would say loudly and in varying tones of derision, 'How do you know?'
Detecting large deletions at base pair level by combining split read and paired read data.

Genomic structural variants (SV) play a significant role in the onset and progression of cancer. Genomic deletions can create oncogenic fusion genes or cause the loss of tumor suppressing gene function which can lead to tumorigenesis by downregulating these genes. Detecting these variants has clinical importance in the treatment of diseases. Furthermore, it is also clinically important to detect their breakpoint boundaries at high resolution. We have generalized the framework of a previously-published algorithm that located translocations, and we have applied that framework to develop a method to locate deletions at base pair level using next-generation sequencing data. Our method uses abnormally mapped read pairs, and then subsequently maps split reads to identify precise breakpoints. On a primary prostate cancer dataset and a simulated dataset, our method predicted the number, type, and breakpoints of biologically validated SVs at high accuracy. It also outperformed two existing algorithms on precise breakpoint prediction, which is clinically important. Our algorithm, called Pegasus, accurately calls deletion breakpoints. However, the method must be extended to allow for germline variant filtering and heterozygous deletion detection. The source code that implements Pegasus can be downloaded from the following URL: http://github.com/mhayes20/Pegasus .
Choosing neighborhood schools: Why Philadelphia’s middle-class parents choose neighborhood elementary schools

Despite decades of sustained underfunding, many urban middle-class parents in Philadelphia are choosing to send their children to public neighborhood elementary schools. In contrast to the dominant...
Comparison of functional localization accuracy with different co-registration strategies in presurgical fMRI for brain tumor patients

PURPOSE Presurgical fMRI is an important tool for surgery navigation in achieving maximum resection of a brain tumor. However, the functional localization accuracy may be compromised by spatial transformation from echo-planar images to high-resolution structural images. We evaluated functional localization errors associated with the spatial transformation process using three algorithms commonly applied to the presurgical fMRI in the clinic. METHODS MR images of 20 brain tumor patients for presurgical evaluation of eloquent areas near motor cortices were analyzed. All fMRI data were spatially transferred to 3D T1-weighted images using three algorithms: (a) coordinate matching (CM), (b) automated registration (AR), and (c) AR plus manual adjustment (ARadj ). Activation clusters overlaid on original echo-planar images were manually delineated on slice-matched 2D T1- weighted images and then transferred to the 3D T1-weighted image volume, and served as the reference localization. Functional localization errors were estimated by measuring the distance between the reference localization and the activation cluster after spatial transformation and then compared for the three algorithms. RESULTS The 3D Euclidean distance for AR (10.2 ± 4.9 mm) was found to be significantly larger (P < 0.05) than those for CM (5.6 ± 2.6 mm) and ARadj (5.8 ± 3.0 mm) algorithms. The difference between the localization errors in CM and ARadj was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS A procedure was proposed to evaluate functional localization errors associated with spatial transformation in presurgical fMRI. Our results highlighted the necessity of routine quality control for the AR processing in the clinic.
Consensus Panels: Methodology

A consensus is a shared belief that results from a group judgment. A consensus panel is a group specifically created for the purpose of forming or reaching a consensus. Panels can be composed of either experts or nonexperts, and their decision can be either an ‘internal’ one generated by the members or an ‘external’ one derived quantitatively from information they provide. Four prominent, widely used consensus panel methods will be described: ad hoc panels; jury panels; the Delphi method; and meta-analysis. The first two make internal and the last two external decisions; the first and third are composed of experts, the others of nonexperts.
Teacher Feedback in Formative Classroom Assessment

This chapter seeks to answer the question, “What kinds of teacher feedback are most effective?” It begins by defining formative assessment, the context in which most classroom feedback is given, and the role of the teacher in it. Then, building from literature, 11 aspects of the decisions teachers make while giving feedback are identified: decisions about the feedback’s timing, amount, mode, audience, focus, function, comparison, valence, clarity, specificity, and tone. For each, recommendations from literature are presented and then discussed in terms of classroom practice.
Subjectivism and Phenomenology

According to Edmund Husserl’s “Philosophy and the Crisis of European Man”, absorption in objectivism caused the crisis of the Western existence.1 But the post-Husserlian era has vacillated between the death and the return of subjectivism with no apparent end. Ironically, phenomenology, the philosophical school Husserl founded, itself betrays contradictory theories on subjectivism and these conflicts are reflected in the very meaning of the philosophical school. On the one hand, phenomenology in its rigor is rather objectivist. In Pierre Thevenaz’s definition, phenomenology “thus installed itself in a metaphysical neutral zone, where ‘the things themselves’ show themselves and give themselves before any intervention of the mind.”2 On the other hand, for critics like Wolfgang Iser it involves whatever is subjective: “The phenome-nological theory of art lays full stress on the idea that, in considering a literary work, one must take into account not only the actual text but also, and in equal measure, the actions involved in responding to that text.”3 But critics have rightly been sensitive to the complex tension such subjective and objective objectives can lead to. For example, James Edie while introducing Thevenaz’s essays on phenomenology says: “Perhaps this ideal of a ‘rigorous science’ of philosophy is one of our chief embarrassments”.
Macrophages: Role in Resistance to Microbial Parasitism

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an overview of the workshop analyzing the role of macrophages in resistance to microbial parasitism. The chapter highlights that the macrophage, once thought of as a scavenger that enters the infective process mainly in the aftermath, is much more importantly involved in intracellular infections. Moreover, its constant association with delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions and its capacity to adapt under stimulation make the macrophage an important element in the expression of antimicrobial resistance against a wide variety of infections. Histochemical studies, combined with measurement of turnover rate, indicate that macrophages arrive in an unmodified condition at sites of bacterial implantation but promptly change to larger cells with markedly increased content of lysosomal enzymes. These adaptive changes occur more rapidly and are more intense in animals which are already hypersensitive to the infective agent. The association of macrophages with host resistance to some infections may not be limited to the expression of immunity, for this cell type may also participate in the inductive phase of the immune response.
Craniosacral iatrogenesis: Side-effects from cranial-sacral treatment: case reports and commentary

Abstract Nine illustrative cases of iatrogenesis are presented. Complications include depression, confusion, headaches, diplopia, vertigo, nausea, vomiting, loss of consciousness, trigeminal nerve damage, hypopituitarism, brainstem dysfunction, opisthotonus, assorted seizures and possible miscarriage of a 12-week pregnancy. Over half the cases involved patients with significant past medical histories that may have predisposed them to side-effects. Intraoral cranial-sacral techniques often elicited serious complications. A majority of cases involved lay practitioners and were resolved with additional cranial-sacral treatment performed by highly trained physicians.