cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunoregulation of Contact Sensitivity

Contact sensitivity to dinitro-fluorobenzene in the mouse is a form of delayed-type hypersensitivity. This reaction is closely regulated. Tolerance to contact sensitivity is mediated by at least 2 mechanisms, tolerance without demonstrable suppressor cells and tolerance with suppressor T cells. Suppressor T cells can inhibit either the afferent limb of sensitization or the efferent (elicitation) phase. These cells probably operate via soluble suppressor factors and require auxiliary cells. The duration of contact sensitivity itself is controlled by another mechanism, which is antibody. This antibody is directed against the T cells responsible for the delayed hypersensitivity state (TDH), and down-regulate these cells. It is antigen-specific and has the properties of an antireceptor (anti-idiotypic) antibody.
Toward high-yielding supramolecular synthesis: Directed assembly of ditopic imidazoles/benzimidazoles and dicarboxylic acids into cocrystals via selective O-H...N hydrogen bonds

The supramolecular reactions between symmetric ditopic imidazoles/benzimidazoles and a variety of aliphatic and aromatic dicarboxylic acids produced molecular cocrystals 1−8 in high yields. Despite variations in molecular shape and substituent groups on the ditopic bases, each structure contained infinite 1-D molecular chains held together by robust, primary O−H···N hydrogen bonds. Secondary C−H···O interactions existed within these motifs as well as between neighboring chains, and it seems that intra- and interchain interactions are of equal structural importance based upon an analysis of the metrics displayed by each set of interactions. This study demonstrates that neutral hydrogen-bond interactions between imidazole/benzimidazoles (acting as the acceptor sites) and carboxylic acids (acting as the donor sites) provide sufficient driving force for the directed assembly of a wide range of binary cocrystals.
Four-photon pressure-induced ionization of Xe by 351-nm radiation

Abstract The four-photon ionization of xenon gas at 351 nm is observed to be primarily pressure-induced. These observations indicate that the absorption occurs mainly through interaction with bound Xe 2 molecules. A three-photon near-resonance was found to enhance appreciably the cross-section for multiquantum ionization. The radiative lifetime of the resulting Xe ∗ 2 was determined to be τ rad = 51 ns, implying only a partial mixing of the 0 + u and 1 u , 0 - u states.
Invasive carcinoma of the vulva: Changing trends in surgical management

Four hundred fifteen patients who had invasive carcinoma of the vulva were treated with primary surgery from July 1, 1955, through June 30, 1989. Three hundred seventy-six (90%) of the patients had squamous carcinoma. Two hundred fourteen patients (52%) had radical vulvectomy with inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy. Twenty-four patients (6%) underwent radical vulvectomy with pelvic exenteration for advanced disease, and 55 patients (13%) had nonradical operations. The remaining 122 patients (29%) underwent radical vulvectomy, inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy, and pelvic lymphadenectomy. The primary morbidity was associated with lymphedema (8.6%) and groin wound breakdown (54%). No intraoperative deaths occurred among the 415 patients treated surgically, but there were 17 deaths (4%) within 28 days of operation. The absolute 5-year survival rate was 85% in patients with negative inguinofemoral lymph nodes and 39% when these lymph nodes were positive for metastatic carcinoma. The overall absolute 5-year survival rate was 67%.
A randomized trial of oral iron on tests of short-term memory and attention span in young pregnant women.

Recent studies suggest that infant behavior and psychological test performance are impaired by iron deficiency and may be improved by iron. Comparable studies have not been performed in older populations. Young women early in pregnancy whose nutritional intake may be impaired by poverty constitute a high-risk population. Women aged 14–24 years coming for prenatal care at or before 16 weeks gestation whose hematocrits were ≥ 31% were randomized in a double-blind trial to receive vitamins supplemented with iron (experimental group) or vitamins alone (controls). Hematologic status and tests of short-term memory and attention span were assessed at entry and conclusion of the one-month treatment period. The experimental group showed significant improvement on the most sensitive measure of short-term memory and three subtests. On comparison of the change between initial and final scores, the experimental group showed significant or borderline greater improvement than controls on three tests. These results indicated a beneficial effect of iron therapy on psychometric test-score performance.
Some endogenous parathyroid hormone effects manifested by bone in vitro.

SummaryA system of bone incubation is described in which pooled rat serum was used for the incubation of femoral fragments. The following results were observed: 1. In vitro calcium and Ca45 equilibration studies on metaphyseal and diaphyseal femoral rat bone indicate that metaphyseal bone equilibrates at a higher level than does diaphyseal bone. 2. Incubated bone taken from parathyroid intact animals maintains higher calcium levels in vitro than bone from parathyroidectomized rats; this is also the case for Ca45 injected longer than 24 hours before sacrifice and subsequent incubation. If the Ca45 is injected less than 24 hours before sacrifice, the same amount of radioactivity is released into the medium for both intact and parathyroidectomized groups. Dead bone, however, always releases less radioactivity than live bone. 3. These studies indicate that endogenous parathyroid hormonal effects are detectable when bone is removed from parathyroid intact rats and incubated. These effects are exerted through a...
Synthesis of an F−H Gambierol Subunit Using a C-Glycoside-Centered Strategy

This manuscript describes our synthesis of the F−H subunit of gambierol. In addition to the synthesis of the tricycle, of note is an interesting protecting group influence on the generation of a C(23) C-glycoside as well as the use of ring-closing metathesis to generate a tetrasubstituted enol ether.
Between Cernuda's Paradise and Bun˜ uel's Hell: Mexico through Spanish Exiles' Eyes

(2003). Between Cernuda's Paradise and Bun˜ uel's Hell: Mexico through Spanish Exiles' Eyes. Bulletin of Spanish Studies: Vol. 80, No. 2, pp. 219-251.
The effect of Au on the Pb-1.5% Ag-1% Sn solder

Abstract During soldering, gold present, for example, as a plating on components is rapidly dissolved by the high melting point Pb-1.5% Ag-1 wt% Sn solder. One major effect is that the solidus temperature is significantly lowered from 311°C at O wt% Au to that of a postulated quaternary eutectic at 211°C, formed by additions of greater than 4.8 wt% Au. The liquidus of the solder is reduced from 311 to 272°C by additions of 10 wt% Au. The dissolved Au also reduces the strength of the solder, and drastically so at elevated temperatures at which the solder would otherwise be expected to possess reasonable strength. The deleterious effects of gold absorption can largely be avoided by controlling the solidus temperatures of the AuPbAgSn alloy formed during the soldering operation. This is accomplished by regulating the proportions of Au and solder able to react within each joint.
Modulation of Ryanodine Receptor Channels (RyRs) by Penaresin and Eudistomin Derivatives

Penaresins and eudistomins are bioactive metabolites from marine organisms that were found to induce Ca2+ release from skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (SkMSR). As these compounds could have characteristics of supercaffeines, we have carried out studies to contrast their ability to modulate RyRs versus that of caffeine. Two eudistomin D derivatives were tested: bromoeudistomin D (BED) and its putatively more potent analog N-methylbromoeudistomin D (MBED). We also tested penaresin (PE) and four PE analogs: N-methyl-PE (MPE), nitro-PE (NPE), dicyano-PE (DCPE), and N-methyl-PE-methylester (MPEM). We utilized rabbit SkMSR microsomes to evaluate the effect of penaresins and eudistomins on RyRs by measuring a) rates of Ca2+ loading and Ca2+ release and b) [3H] ryanodine binding. We also tested the effects of all the compounds on the activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATP-ase (SERCA). We found that BED and MBED mimic caffeine in the capacity to activate RyRs. At the doses required to fully activate RyRs, BED also inhibited SERCA while MBED did not affect it. In our hands, penaresins were weaker RyRs agonists and only partially matched the action of caffeine (at very high concentrations, close to the drugs limit of solubility). Regarding the effects on SERCA activity, PE was inhibitory while MPEM displayed apparent agonistic action. MBED, the most potent RyRs agonist, mimicked the reversible action of caffeine on the open probability and gating kinetics of RyRs reconstituted into planar lipid bilayers. Confocal microscopy studies are underway to compare the ability of these compounds versus caffeine to induce SR calcium release in myocytes. In principle, our studies indicate that eudistomins (especially MBED), but not penaresins, are potent “caffeine-like” agonists of RyRs (supported by NIH RO1 GMO78665).
An Evaluation of Some Geophysical Methods for Water Exploration in the Piedmont Area

The Piedmont is underlain by igneous and metamorphic rocks, from which it is difficult to locate quantities of ground water adequate for municipal and industrial purposes. Ground-water occurrence and movement in the Piedmont is controlled by topography, recharge and discharge, rock type, fracture systems, and type and thickness of saprolite. Approximately 12 square miles in the Heflin area, Cleburne County, Alabama, were included in this study. Fractures within bedrock are the most effective avenues for ground-water movement in this area, but domestic supplies can be produced from saprolite and alluvium overlying bedrock. Thick saprolite contributes to bedrock-fracture production by absorbing water from streams and rainfall and releasing it slowly to underlying fractures. Seismic methods were used with geologic, hydrologie and topographic data to locate and define favorable areas for drilling. As shown on the seismic sections, faults or fracture systems appear to correlate with depressions on bedrock surfaces associated with thick saprolite zones. Seismic data indicate twenty-five prospective areas for test drilling. Resistivity data were used to confirm seismic depth to bedrock, and to locate gravelly zones in buried stream channels. Some of the buried alluvium is thick enough to be considered a potential aquifer. Twenty-five prospective areas are indicated by geophysical work in the Heflin area. A proposal to drill 10 wells to evaluate the most promising of these areas is presently being considered.
The effects of rigidity of internal fixation plates on long bone remodeling. A biomechanical and quantitative histological study.

The effect of rigidity of internal fixation plates on long bone remodeling was studied using two types of plates with considerable differences in stiffness. The plated bones were subjected to bioengineering, quantitative histological, and cortical thickness studies after 9′ and 12 months. The biomechanical results, together with the quantitative histological measurements of the macroscopic architecture, showed that tissue characteristics of the plated bones were similar. However, because of the larger cortical area, the less rigidly plated femora can sustain significantly higher loads and energy before failure. Cortical thickness measurements also showed that rigid plate immobilization results in thinning of the cortex of the underlying bone. The experimental results suggest that cortical bone remodels according to functional stress demands, and the osteoporosis secondary to rigid plate protection is consequent to thinning of its cortex.
A Uniform Standard for the Teaching of Energy Perspectives in Statistics and Dynamics

It has become increasingly apparent in our combined years of teaching engineering subjects that there is a discontinuity between how related subjects are taught. By that, we mean that fundamental principles of mass, energy and momentum are indifferent to the application, yet they are introduced and utilized very differently in various engineering courses, specifically those in the general area of solid mechanics versus those in the fluid and thermal sciences. One example of this disparity is the conservation of energy principle, one of the two most fundamental of principles for which all things appear subject to without limitation. Also known as the 1st Law of Thermodynamics, the statement simply says “energy cannot be created nor destroyed.” This implies that, within these broad but absolute limits, energy can be converted from one form to another or transported from one place to another, or both, but that the total energy remains a constant.This 1st Law of Thermodynamics is taught earlier in the curriculum from its namesake, thermodynamics. In fact, most introductory statics and dynamics courses do teach some form of the conservation of energy, but usually call it “energy methods.” The plural form “energy methods” indicates that there is more than one, which can be readily observed in most statics and dynamics textbooks. Unfortunately, these methods are only special-cases of the conservation of energy principle. At no time, however, in any statics and dynamics textbook that we have seen, is the full conservation of energy principle utilized, which is unfortunate for reasons of consistency and continuity in the curriculum.It is the intent of this paper to show, through an example, that the same basic form of the conservation of energy can and should be utilized throughout the curriculum, starting with basic statics and dynamics and progressing into thermodynamics and the rest of the curriculum. This would indeed help student comprehension and retention of this very important principle in implication and application.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Influence of antecedent conditions on critical shear stress of bed sediments

Experiments were conducted in an annular flume using kaolinite clay and bed sediment collected within an industrial boat slip of Hamilton Harbour to assess their stability and transport characteristics. The critical shear stresses required to erode the sediment were measured under different conditions for bed formation. It was discovered that the way in which the bed deposited (i.e. deposited under quiescent conditions or under shear) had a strong influence on the stability of the bed. The critical shear stress for beds deposited under shear was up to eight times larger than that for beds deposited under quiescent conditions. The results suggest that modeling efforts which do not take into account the history of the bed formation may seriously underestimate the bed strength and as such, can result in erroneous predictions of sediment and contaminant source, fate and effect.
Effect of Dietary Lactose and Cell Concentration on the Ability of a Continuous-Flow-Derived Bacterial Culture to Control Salmonella Cecal Colonization in Broiler Chickens

Abstract The effect of dietary lactose and of cell concentration of a continuous-flow (CF) derived bacterial culture on Salmonella typhimurium cecal colonization in 10-d-old broiler chickens was examined. One-day-old chicks were provided 1) no CF culture and the control diet; 2) no culture and a 2% lactose diet; 3) CF culture (108 or 1011 anaerobic cfu) and control diet; or 4) CF culture (108 or 1011 anaerobic cfu) and 2 to 4% lactose diet. All groups were challenged orally with 104S. typhimurium at 3 d of age. Salmonella typhimurium growth in cecal contents was significantly decreased (P
Dynamics of Concentrated Weakly Charged Polyelectrolyte Solutions

The static and dynamic structure factors of weakly charged polyelectrolytes in concentrated solutions are derived in the random phase approximation. The effects of polymer stiffness, excluded volume, charge fraction, and salt concentration are obtained and compared with the small angle neutron scattering experiments on poly(acrylic acid) gels. An accurate description of the short range interactions in the unperturbed polymer chain together with consideration of a moderate excluded volume effect is required to approximate the complicated experimental behavior.
Effect of Sm2BaCuO5 on the properties of sintered (bulk) YBa2Cu3O6+x

Abstract The additional of Sm 2 BaCuO 5 to YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6+ x has been shown to increase the transport critical current density. Because Sm 2 BaCuO 5 and CuO do not coexist at equilibrium, additions of Sm 2 BaCuO 5 to YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6+ x cause a reaction with the Cu rich liquid phase usually present during sintering. This forms crystalline phases that do not completely cover the grain boundaries. Sm was foun to be homogeneously distributed in the YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6+ x matrix. Additions of 5 mole% Sm 2 BaCuO 5 and sintering temperatures of 950°C are effective in increasing the transport critical current density.
Economic theory and the low quality of American beer

Conventional wisdom regarding the quality of American beer is explored. Three traditions in economic theory: neoclassical, path dependent, and path creation are applied to explain deteriorating nutritional quality of American beer. Broader notions of evolution over the course of time are also considered. Three tables of empirical evidence measure changes in the brewing industry, suggesting to explain decline in the nutritional quality of beer over time. Speculation is made regarding the future of beer quality (as well as the U.S. beverage and food industry), noting implications for public health.
Introduction to density-functional theory and ab-initio molecular dynamics

Density-Functional-Theory (DFT) provides a general framework to deal with the ground-state energy of the electrons in many-atom systems. Its history dates back to the work of Thomas [1], Fermi [2] and Dirac [3] who devised approximate expressions for the kinetic energy [1, 2] and the exchange energy [3] of many-electron systems in terms of simple functionals of the local electron density. These ideas were further elaborated in the Xα method of Slater [4], until finally, the foundations of the modern theory were laid down in the mid-sixties by Kohn and collaborators [5, 6]. Since then but particularly in the last two decades the number of applications of DFT to electronic structure problems has grown dramatically. Today DFT is the method of choice for first-principles electronic structure calculations in condensed phase and complex molecular environments. DFT based approaches are used in a variety of disciplines ranging from condensed matter physics, to chemistry, materials science, biochemistry and biophysics. There are several reason for this success: (i) DFT makes the many-body electronic problem tractable at a numerical cost of self-consistent-field single particle calculations; (ii) despite the severe approximations made to the exchange and correlation energy functional, DFT calculations are usually sufficiently accurate to predict materials structures or chemical reactions products; (iii) currently available computational power and modern numerical algorithms make DFT calculations feasible for realistic models of systems like e.g. an interface between two crystalline materials, a carbon nanotube, or the active site of an enzyme.
A strain comparison of physiological and locomotor responses of mice to diisopropylfluorosphosphate

Abstract The effects of acute treatment with the organophosphate, diisopropylfluorophosphate (DEP), were studied in three inbred mouse strains, C57BL, DBA and C3H. A battery of physiological and locomotor tests including respiratory rate, heart rate, body temperature, Y-maze activity and rotarod performance was used. Dose-response and time course studies were carried out. Approximately 15 min after injection the animals were markedly affected by the drug with maximal effects occurring approximately 2 hours after injection. Strain comparisons were made at the 2 hr time point. In all strains, males and females were affected about equally except for respiratory rate and rotarod performance in which females were slightly more affected. Strain comparison revealed that for most of the tests the C57BL mice were most affected by the DFP and the C3H mice were least affected. For the heart rate test the DBA mice were the most sensitive. Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated a similar rank ordering of the strains in their responses to oxotremorine and nicotine. The strain differences in response to these agents is not easily explained by differences in number or affinity of brain muscarinic or nicotinic receptors. The genetic influence on cholinergic drug response may involve receptor coupling mechanisms.
Sound, totally sound, and unsound recursive equivalence types

An independent subset I of V∞ is called sound is I is contained in a r.e. independent set. If not, we shall call I unsound. We call an RET A totally sound if every independent set in A is sound. Clearly every RET containing an r.e. set is totally sound, and it had been suggested that the converse held: viz, every totally sound RET contained a recursive set. However, we show that there are 2χ0 sets {Aπ} such that if B ⩽mAπ then RET(B) is totally sound. In the co-r.e. case it is shown that if A is co-r.e. nonrecursive and nonisolic, then RET(A) is not totally sound. Indeed, RET(A) contains an independent set which is a basis of a subspace (of codimension 1 in V∞), no basis of which is sound. This result is deduced from a construction of a new type of r.e. subspace of V∞. That is, we show that if R is a fully co-r.e. nonrecursive subspace of V∞ there existse an r.e. subspace V sich that V⊕R = V∞ and V has the property that if W is an r.e. subspace with W⊃V, then dim(V∞/W) < ∞ implies W = V∞. On the other hand , the co-simple isols provide a nice dichotomy. First, it is shown that (in each high r.e. degree) there is a co-simple totally sound RET. Second it is shown that if a is any nonzero r.e. degree, there exists a nonzero r.e. degree ⩽Ta such that b bounds no nontrivial totally sound co-r.e. RET. That is, if B is r.e. with Turing degree b and C is co-r.e. with C⩽TB, then either (i) C is recursive or (ii) RET(C) is not totally sound. Finally, we extend our results to general algebraic settings; first to a class of Steinitz closure systems, and later to a general model-theoretic setting (without dependence).
Myosin filaments in cytoskeletons of Dictyostelium amoebae

Cytoskeletons were prepared from vegetative amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum by extraction with Triton X-100. The cytoskeletons were suspended in buffers known to induce the assembly or disassembly of myosin filaments. The samples were fixed, and thin sections were examined by transmission electron microscopy. In both types of buffers, myosin-containing cytoskeletons exhibited a ring of densely staining proteinaceous material within the cortical filament matrix; this ring was not observed in myosin-free cytoskeletons. When myosin-containing cytoskeletons were placed in buffers that induced myosin polymerization, the ring appeared as an array of rodlike filaments approximately 13 nm wide and up to 0.5 micron in length--dimensions appropriate for myosin thick filaments. If ATP was added to cytoskeletons containing such filaments, the cytoskeletons contracted and the ring of filaments disappeared. ATP-induced contraction of cytoskeletons was also visualized by indirect immunofluorescence by using monoclonal antibodies to Dictyostelium myosin. All data were consistent with the identification of the protein ring seen by electron microscopy as cortical myosin. Its location and organization were appropriate for the production of cortical contraction through a sliding filament mechanism.
Experimental Validation of the COMPACT Code in Data Centers

This paper summarizes the comparison of predictions by a compact model of air flow and transport in data centers to temperature measurements of an operational data center. The simplified model and code package, referred to as COMPACT (Compact Model of Potential Flow and Convective Transport), is intended as an alternative to the use of time-intensive full CFD thermofluidic models as a first-order design tool, as well as a potential improvement to plant-based controllers. COMPACT is based on potential flow and combined with an application of convective energy equations, using sparse matrix solvers to seek flow and temperature solutions. Full-room solutions can be generated in 15 seconds on a commercially available laptop, and an accompanying graphical user interface has also been developed to allow quick configuration of data center designs and analysis of flow and temperature results. Experiments for validation of the model were conducted at the HP Labs data center in Palo Alto, CA, which is in a traditional configuration consisting of inlet floor tiles feeding cold air between two rows of multiple server racks. Subsequently, air exits either through ceiling tiles or direct room-return to CRAC units located on the side of the room. Temperatures were recorded at multiple points along entering and exiting flow faces within the room, as well as at various points in cold and hot aisles, and are presented and compared to model predictions to assess their accuracy. Areas of greater and lesser accuracy are analyzed and presented, in addition to conclusions as to the strengths and weaknesses of the model. For some cases, the average predicted temperature along in-flowing rack faces was within one degree of the average measured temperature. However, the differences in temperature are not evenly distributed. The most pronounced variations between the model and room measurements were located in areas above server racks where recirculation was shown to most likely occur. In these areas, the predicted temperature was higher than experimental values; this can likely be attributed to the absence of buoyancy effects in the simplified potential flow model. Adaptations of the model and its configuration standards for more accurate temperature distributions are proposed, as well as investigations into the effect on temperature comparisons to idealized model output by unaccounted heat sources or flow phenomena.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Assessing the potential global extent of SWOT river discharge observations

Summary Despite its importance as a major element of the global hydrologic cycle, runoff remains poorly constrained except at the largest spatial scales due to limitations of the global stream gauge network and inadequate data sharing. Efforts using remote sensing to infer runoff from discharge estimates are limited by characteristics of present-day sensors. The proposed Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission, a joint project between the United States and France, aims to substantially improve space-based estimates of river discharge. However, the extent of rivers observable by SWOT, likely limited to those wider than 50–100 m, remains unknown. Here, we estimate the extent of SWOT river observability globally using a downstream hydraulic geometry (DHG) approach combining basin areas from the Hydro1k and Hydrosheds elevation products, discharge from the Global Runoff Data Centre (GRDC), and width estimates from a global width–discharge relationship. We do not explicitly consider SWOT-specific errors associated with layover and other phenomena in this analysis, although they have been considered in formulation of the 50–100 m width thresholds. We compare the extent of SWOT-observable rivers with GRDC and USGS gauge datasets, the most complete datasets freely available to the global scientific community. In the continental US, SWOT would match USGS river basin coverage only at large scales (>25,000 km 2 ). Globally, SWOT would substantially improve on GRDC observation extent: SWOT observation of 100 m (50 m) rivers will allow discharge estimation in >60% of 50,000 km 2 (10,000 km 2 ) river basins. In contrast, the GRDC observes fewer than 30% (15%) of these basins. SWOT could improve characterization of global runoff processes, especially with a 50 m observability threshold, but in situ gauge data remains essential and must be shared more freely with the international scientific community.
An efficient formulation of the Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker method in the coherent potential approximation for substitutionally disordered alloys

Abstract We present a formulation of the Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker coherent potential approximation (KKR-CPA) for the treatment of substitutionally disordered alloys within the KKR atomic sphere approximation (ASA). This KKR-ASA-CPA combines the accuracy of the KKR-CPA method with the flexibility of treating complex crystal structures that is associated with the use of energy independent structure constants. The computational efficiency of the present method is improved over the method of Temmerman et al. [J. Phys. F8, 2461 (1978)] due to linearization schemes for the scattering matrices and the partial waves of the alloy species. Results for Cu-Ni alloys compare quite well with previous KKR-CPA calculations. Our method is compared with that of first-principles tight-binding theory [Kudrnovskýet al., Phys. Rev. B35, 2487 (1987)], and our plans for further development are discussed.
Orientations to Nonhuman Animal Welfare: A View from the Border

This study employed an online survey to investigate the nonhuman animal welfare attitudes and behaviors of 104 social work students (85% female) enrolled in a Hispanic-serving university near the U.S.–Mexico border. Approximately three-fourths of the respondents were moderately or very concerned about animal welfare issues. Level of concern about animal welfare issues was significantly related to four pro-animal welfare behaviors: making one’s yard friendly to small animals, encouraging others to adopt rather than purchase companion animals, purchasing products labeled “not tested on animals,” and avoiding meat and dairy products. Female respondents had significantly higher scores on the Animal Attitude Scale, indicating more positive attitudes toward animals, and women and graduate students were significantly more likely to purchase products labeled “not tested on animals.” The findings of the study suggest that social workers are potential allies for animal welfare advocates.
Outcomes of Adult Orthotopic Heart Transplantation With Extended Allograft Ischemic Time

Abstract Background Heart procurement for orthotopic heart transplant (OHT) is limited by the conventional 4 hours of ischemic time (IT). Based on a recent report from our center showing that extended IT from a young donor group is safe, we widened our geographical reach, resulting in almost 40% of our transplants having an IT > 4 hours. Methods We retrospectively reviewed records of adult patients who underwent OHT from January 2006 to December 2011. The primary outcome was survival, and secondary outcomes included resource utilization, end-organ dysfunction, and acute cellular rejection. Overall survival was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests. Secondary outcomes were compared with a combination of parametric and nonparametric statistics. Results A total of 323 patients underwent OHT. There was a significant difference in overall survival between the standard and extended IT groups (85.7% vs 76.4%, P = .03). There were no significant differences between the groups for secondary outcomes except a higher incidence of liver dysfunction in the extended IT group (84.9% vs 73%, P = .01). Further analysis revealed that mortality remains similar if IT is below 4 hours and between 4 and 5 hours, but begins to climb after 5 hours, driving the difference between our standard and extended IT. Conclusions Limited donor availability for OHT dictates alternative strategies to enlarge the donor pool. Although there is an overall increasing risk with extended IT beyond 4 hours, it may be possible to safely increase the threshold to at least 5 hours without compromising the outcomes.
Dissolution kinetics of NbC particles in the heat-affected zone of type 347 austenitic stainless steel

Dissolution kinetics of NbC particles in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of Type 347 austenitic stainless steel were experimentally studied by a rapid cooling method. Coupons with 1.5-mm thickness were water quenched on a GLEEBLE thermomechanical simulator at various instances during the heating portion of a welding thermal cycle. Particle dissolution kinetics data were obtained by statistical analysis of digital images of resulting microstructure. For most of the test alloys, a good correlation exists between the dissolution kinetics and the susceptibility to cracking in the HAZ. The faster the Nb-carbide particles dissolve, the more resistant the alloy is to constitutional liquation cracking. The rate at which particles dissolve seems to be affected by their stoichiometry. If Nb:C ratios in bulk alloys are closer to the ideal stoichiometry of 7.7, NbC particles formed in the alloy are more likely to be stable and, hence, slower to dissolve.
An example of generic regularity for a non-linear elliptic equation

where f2 is a bounded domain in R" with C ~~ boundary. We assume that F is a non-decreasing function, so that A u-F(u) is a monotone operator [5]; then (1) is uniquely soluble for any f e C ~ (~). If F is of class C | the standard regularity theory [1] for elliptic equations leads to the conclusion that u is smooth on ~. (We may apply the estimates for linear equations; assuming inductively that ueCk(O), we have F(u)~Ck(~), hence u~ck+I(~).) Let us suppose that F is merely piecewise C ~~ and that F" (and higher derivatives) may suffer jump discontinuities at finitely many points, say A={cq, ..., ~,}, where ~j:~0. Then FEC2-e(]R) for any e>0 , and we may conclude that u~C4-'(~) for any e>0 , but no more. However in the following theorem, our main result, we show that u is generically piecewise smooth; that is, the solutions u of (1) are piecewise smooth for an open dense subset of the data. Specifically we will prove that u1 (A) is a compact C ~ submanifold of t2 of codimension one. Of course u satisfies a smooth elliptic equation with smooth boundary conditions on each component of t2~ u-1 (A) so u must be smooth on each component of this open set, with C ~~ limits from both sides of u-1 (.4).
Correlation of fluridone and dye concentrations in water following concurrent application

Herbicide residue samples are expensive and time-consuming to collect and analyze. To test whether Rhodamine WT dye could simulate the dissipation of fluridone, concurrent applications of the chemicals were made in the weed-infested Three Sisters tidal canals (Citrus Co. Fl) and a shallow lake in the Upper St Johns River, Florida. Dye concentrations were measured using a field fluorometer and fluridone concentrations were analyzed by an HPLC method. The coefficient of correlation between dye and herbicide was 0.99 in the canals and 0.93 in Lake Hell ‘n’ Blazes (Upper St Johns River) over 340 and 93 h respectively. Half-lives of the chemicals were not significantly different for either site. The importance of these data in relation to herbicide registration is discussed.
Laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) surgery versus conventional laparoscopic surgery: comparison of surgical port performance in a surgical simulator with novices

Background Although laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) surgery is feasible, it poses many technical challenges not seen in conventional laparoscopy. Recent interest and widespread implementation of LESS stems from advancements in commercially available access port technology. Consequently, this study objectively compared the technical performance between conventional laparoscopic and LESS surgical ports in a modified Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) simulator.
Enhancement of bacterial gene expression by insertion elements or by mutation in a CAP-cAMP binding site.

Abstract The regulatory region ( bglR ) of the cryptic bgl operon was characterized by DNA sequence analysis and transcription mapping. Bgl − -specific transcription was found to occur in both the wild-type Bgl − and mutant Bgl + cells. However, the steady-state level of bgl RNA was much higher in the Bgl + mutant than in the wild-type. Activation of the bgl operon by insertion sequence-mediated bglR mutations or point mutations in bglR is therefore the result of increased transcription. The ethylmethane sulfonate-induced point mutations in bglR are alterations in a single base in the cAMP binding protein (CAP) binding site, leading to a stronger binding of the CAP-cAMP complex. The IS1 and IS5-mediated bglR mutations analyzed show that the insertion sequences can activate the bgl operon by integration 78 to 125 base-pairs upstream from the transcription initiation site. The role of the insertion sequences in activation of the bgl operon is discussed.
From Treatise to Textbook: A History of Writing About Household Management

The origins of contemporary writing about household management in the United States have been traced back to Catharine Beecher's A Treatise on Domestic Economy. The expansion of academic programs in home economics, the rise of research using the scientific method, and the changing economic and social conditions during the early 20th century contributed to the transition from treatises offering household advice based on Christian precepts and customary roles to more analytical approaches to household management and the publication of textbooks for college courses. Using qualitative research methods, this study traced the 75-year history of home management/family resource management textbooks published in the United States. The themes found throughout this period show both subtle shifts and dramatic changes in seven areas of analysis: the rationale for studying home management, the theoretical conceptualization of management, what is managed, individual and family concepts within home management, internal/external emphasis on resource management, pedagogical style, and audience.
Emission features in the 4-13 micron spectra of the reflection nebulae NGC 7023 and NGC 2023

Spectroscopy from 4 to 13 microns of the visual reflection nebulae NGC 7023 and NGC 2023 has been obtained. These data, together with previous work from 1 to 4 microns, show that the spectra of these sources consist of a relatively flat continuum from 1 to 13 microns and six emission features at 3.3, 3.4, 6.2, 7.7, 8.6, and 11.3 microns. The observations rule out equilibrium thermal emission for the features and continuum in reflection nebulae, and point toward a nonequilibrium emission mechanism such as thermal emission from thermally fluctuating small grains or fluorescence from large molecules. The similarity of the emission feature spectra in reflection nebulae to those in other sources suggests a universal emission mechanism, thus implying nonequilibrium emission mechanisms in other sources.
Dicer activity in neural crest cells is essential for craniofacial organogenesis and pharyngeal arch artery morphogenesis

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in regulating gene expression during numerous biological/pathological processes. Dicer encodes an RNase III endonuclease that is essential for generating most, if not all, functional miRNAs. In this work, we applied a conditional gene inactivation approach to examine the function of Dicer during neural crest cell (NCC) development. Mice with NCC-specific inactivation of Dicer died perinatally. Cranial and cardiac NCC migration into target tissues was not affected by Dicer disruption, but their subsequent development was disturbed. NCC derivatives and their associated mesoderm-derived cells displayed massive apoptosis, leading to severe abnormalities during craniofacial morphogenesis and organogenesis. In addition, the 4th pharyngeal arch artery (PAA) remodeling was affected, resulting in interrupted aortic arch artery type B (IAA-B) in mutant animals. Taken together, our results show that Dicer activity in NCCs is essential for craniofacial development and pharyngeal arch artery morphogenesis.
Ambient Temperature Solid State Pyroelectric IR Imaging Arrays

The structure, design, and performance limitations of infrared imaging focal plane systems composed of an array of pyroelectric detectors mounted to a solid state multiplexer are discussed. Emphasis is placed on descriptions of systems of this type which are currently under development along with a simplified but accurate theory of operation. The fundamental performance limits of these solid state arrays are now well enough understood to predict that a wide variety of imaging systems with noise equivalent temperature differences of less than 0.2 ° C are feasible. When sys-tems based on these solid state focal plane arrays are commercially available, infrared imaging tech-nology will become widespread and affordable.
Bone mass measurements and risk of fracturein caucasian women: A review of findings from prospective studies

Prospective studies have shown that bone mass, measured by any method and at any site, is inversely related to a woman's risk of fracture. Most types of fractures are more frequent in women with low bone mass. Bone mineral density measured in the proximal femur appears to have a stronger relationship to risk of hip fracture than bone density measured in other sites. On the other hand, measurement of bone mass in the spine does not appear to be substantially superior to measurements of bone mass in other sites. Even after age 80, bone mass measurements have a strong predictive value for most types of fracture. A woman's lifetime risk of hip fracture can be estimated from bone mass measurements made in the perimenopausal period. Although an individual's level of bone mass may vary from site to site, the incremental value of measuring bone mass in more than one site is not certain. Bone mass measurements, perhaps in combination with other risk factors for fracture, help define individuals with a high risk of fracture who stand to benefit most from efforts to prevent fractures.
Diagnosis of fetal infections

Purpose of review The purpose of this review is to present recent developments in the prenatal diagnosis of the most clinically relevant congenital infections. Recent findings Immunoglobin G avidity testing can help to differentiate between recent or prior infection. A combination of tests, including serology, avidity and polymerase chain reaction, may be necessary to improve accuracy of diagnosis. The interval between exposure to an infectious agent and prenatal testing can be critical to the interpretation of the test result. Summary This review reinforces the need for accurate testing to guide appropriate counseling and individual fetal risk assessment. The findings of viral-specific antibodies or sonographic abnormalities do not accurately predict the severity or outcome of fetal infection. Further research is necessary to determine the pathogenesis of transplacental viral transmission and thereby allow us to target prevention strategies.
Influence of lateral rectus muscle contractions on the abducens nerve discharge evoked by vestibular nerve stimulation.

Abstract The potential evoked in the abducens nerve by stimulating with single shocks the contralateral lateral ampullary nerve consisted of two negative waves having different characteristics in terms of latency, refractory period, and drug reaction. The first negative wave had a short latency and refractory period and, probably, represented the sum of discharges from the three neuron bisynaptic arcs which provide a direct route from the semicircular canals to the extraocular muscles. The second wave presumably represented the multisynaptic indirect route. Direct stimulation of the lateral rectus muscle caused a facilitative effect upon the second wave of the abducens nerve potential, evoked by lateral ampullary nerve stimulation, within 12 to 35 msec after the stimulation. The facilitative effect was abolished by sectioning the trigeminal nerve.
Selective Inhibition of Extracellular Thioredoxin by Asymmetric Disulfides

Whereas the role of mammalian thioredoxin (Trx) as an intracellular protein cofactor is widely appreciated, its function in the extracellular environment is not well-understood. Only few extracellular targets of Trx-mediated thiol–disulfide exchange are known. For example, Trx activates extracellular transglutaminase 2 (TG2) via reduction of an intramolecular disulfide bond. Because hyperactive TG2 is thought to play a role in various diseases, understanding the biological role of extracellular Trx may provide critical insight into the pathogenesis of these disorders. Starting from a clinical-stage asymmetric disulfide lead, we have identified analogs with >100-fold specificity for Trx. Structure–activity relationship and computational docking model analyses have provided insights into the features important for enhancing potency and specificity. The most active compound identified had an IC50 below 0.1 μM in cell culture and may be appropriate for in vivo use to interrogate the role of extracellular Trx ...
Reconstitution of the In Vitro Immune Response of Congenitally Thymusless (Nude) Mice

SummarySpleen cell cultures from congenitally thymusless (nude) mice were found to be unresponsive to SE in vitro. The addition of 5.0 × 107 thymus cells from Balb/c or littermate animals to “nude” spleen cell cultures enabled these cultures to respond to SE. An in vitro response to SE could also be obtained by addition of normal spleen cells from Balb/c mice. As few as 2.4 × 105 Balb/c spleen cells established an immune response in nude spleen cell cultures. The reconstitution of nude spleen cell cultures with thymus cells indicates that while a deficiency of thymus-derived cells exists in nude mice, they have functional bone marrow-derived cells.We thank R. W. Dutton for instructing one of us (D.P.A.) in the use of the Mishell-Dutton Procedure, and R. C. Roberts and D. S. Falconer for providing the breeding nucleus of mice carrying nude.
An EPR study of radicals derived from various methylfurans and methylthiophenes

Abstract The radicals produced from 2-methylfuran, 2,5-dimethylfuran, 2-methylthiophene, 3-methylthiophene, and 2,5-dimethylthiophene via H-atom abstraction initiated by tert -butoxy radicals (produced by photolysis of di- tert -butyl peroxide) in the liquid phase have been examined by X-band electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry. Hyperfine splitting constants for all five radicals have been determined, and assigned to corresponding radical structures. In all cases, H-atom abstraction occurred at the methyl group attached to the furan or thiophene moiety. In the case of 3-methylthiophene, a controversy concerning assignment of hfsc values to positions 4 and 5 that was evident from previous literature reports has been satisfactorily resolved by deuterating 3-methylthiophene at position 5 and examining the resultant radical produced by EPR.
Conceptualization and Measurement of Optimal Consumer Decision-Making

The theory of optimal choice is founded on the classic principles of maximization and rationality which are developed in economics and other social sciences. The principle of maximization is applicable to the analysis of consumers' choices in contexts ranging from individual consumer decisions to efficient operation of consumer markets in aggregate. Newer and revised formulations of maximization have evolved in the related concepts of satisficing behavior, efficiency of choice, decision quality and choice accuracy. This paper reviews the evolution of these concepts, with special attention to the context of optimal consumer choice at the individual level. Empirical measures of optimal consumer decision-making are also reviewed. Finally, optimal consumer decision-making is conceptualized both in terms of 1) optimal outcomes (choices) and 2) optimality of the actual decision-making process prior to choice.