cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shot in the womb

Abstract A fetus surviving a prenatal penetrating gunshot injury is rarely encountered. We report the case of a 26-week pregnant mother shot in the abdomen. Her uterine wound was missed at exploration, and when the baby was born 6 weeks later, the bullet was found in the superficial soft tissues of his posterior neck. It was removed without difficulty, and the baby, our youngest trauma patient ever, recovered without sequelae.
A Mass Spectrometer in Every Fume Hood

Since their inception, mass spectrometers have played a pivotal role in the direction and application of synthetic chemical research. The ability to develop new instrumentation to solve current analytical challenges in this area has always been at the heart of mass spectrometry, although progress has been slow at times. Herein, we briefly review the history of how mass spectrometry has been used to approach challenges in organic chemistry, how new developments in portable instrumentation and ambient ionization have been used to open novel areas of research, and how current techniques have the ability to expand on our knowledge of synthetic mechanisms and kinetics. Lastly, we discuss the relative paucity of work done in recent years to embrace the concept of improving benchtop synthetic chemistry with mass spectrometry, the disconnect between applications and fundamentals within these studies, and what hurdles still need to be overcome.
The Poisson Process

In this chapter we introduce a continuous time stochastic process called the Poisson process. It is a good model in a number of situations and it has many interesting mathematical properties. There is a strong link between the exponential distribution and the Poisson process. This is why we start by reviewing the exponential distribution.
ILLUMINATION OF BUILDINGS AND URBAN AREAS

ABSTRACT Cheap energy and the fluorescent lamp released designers from concerns about windows and daylighting-necessitated space configurations during the 1950s. Quality of lighting was focused principally on lux quantities . From the 1950s to the dramatic increases in fossil fuel costs of the late 1970s, there was scant research and development related to either daylighting or electric lighting. With the sudden energy situation change came renewed interest in daylighting. Hence, refinements in existing daylighting analytical procedures followed quickly, coupling daylighting concerns with those of thermal gains/losses and electric lighting energy use. In recent years, theoretically-derived and empirically-based availability data has increased and broadened significantly, although still limited to major metropolitan areas. Strategies for lighting design have focused on architectural changes. New glazing materials are in development which will effectively and selectively transmit, reject, or distribute radiant energy. Automated, photocell-controlled, and solar tracking device snow control louvers, other shading devices, and insulating panels. Skylights with similar sophisticated controls double as solar collectors and daylighting devices. New developments in electric lamps are providing improved color rendition characteristics and higher lumen production per unit of energy used. More efficient luminaires are helping reduce glare potential. Indirect HID sources make possible increased flexibility. Small wattage lamps with better color rendition and improved efficiencies are replacing standard home-lighting equipment. Perhaps the greatest recent achievement shave been in the control and distribution of electric energy for lighting which have tremendously increased the potential for using light more effectively. All this has led to heightened concerns for, and increased research into, biological phenomena associated with lighting to provide better understanding of work performance and productivity. Safety and security needs have prompted additional research and equipment improvements directed toward better lighting of highway sand intersections and urban-blighted areas.
Design Equation and Statistics

The previous chapter discussed the different types of variables one has to ­understand to design a study. This chapter uses the experimental design equation to show how these variables contribute to variability in results. The independent variable is assumed to affect the scores of the dependent variable. Other variables need to be controlled so that the effect of the independent variable can be clearly seen. Then, an overview of how to test the changes that the different levels of independent variables bring about is provided. Descriptive statistics are introduced first. These statistics describe the results, such as mean and standard deviation. Then inferential statistics or statistical testing follows. Statistical testing allows the researchers to draw conclusions about a population of users based on a study that involves a ­sample. Underlying, essential principles, such as the standard distribution and the central limit theorem, are reviewed, followed by the three tests most commonly performed in informatics: t-test, ANOVA and chi-square.
Antibody-Mediated Glomerular Injury

Antibody-mediated glomerular disease is illustrated by antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated vasculitis (AAV) and antiglomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease. In both of these diseases, the autoantibodies play central roles in pathogenesis. Serum autoantibody concentrations are commonly used for diagnosis and to follow treatment effect. The factors leading to autoantibody formation are a combination of genetics and environmental exposures. Once the autoantibodies are formed, they elicit disease by directly binding their respective epitopes, triggering neutrophil activation, complement deposition, and inflammatory cell recruitment. A rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis ensues that is potentially fatal if not diagnosed and treated in a timely manner. Animal models have served to significantly enhance our understanding of AAV and anti-GBM disease mechanisms. Further exploration of inflammatory disease mediators, potential disease triggers, and genetic risks is important to develop targeted treatments and to inform patients about potential risk factors.
SHAPE-SELECTIVE CATALYSIS IN AROMATICS PROCESSING

Shape selective catalysis by zeolites provides new insights into catalytic mechanisms as well as new capabilities for technology. Acidic zeolites provide a variety of highly selective aromatics transformations as well as new routes to their synthesis. Using ZSM-5 type catalysts, xylene isomerization is carried out with suppression of undesirable byproducts, and improved toluene disproportionation and ethyl-benzene synthesis processes have evolved. The kinetics and selectivities involved will be discussed. Furthermore, novel para-selective modes of alkylation or transalkylation reactions can be attained. They allow the synthesis of para-xylene, para-ethyl toluene, etc. Acidic ZSM-5 zeolites open up new routes to the synthesis of aromatics from a wide variety of non-aromatic molecules. In all these reactions, the formation and distribution of products is dominated by a few unifying mechanistic principles which follow classical carbenium ion theory. The active sites are the tetrahedral aluminum sites in the silicate framework. Most of the reactions are accomplished by a surprisingly small number of acidic sites.
Developing hybrids from two improved maize populations

The performance of a group of 49 hybrids from seven elite maize (Zea mays L.) lines selected from each of the two populations, BSK(S)C5 and BSSS(R)C5, was compared with the varietal-cross hybrid of the source populations and with elite single-cross hybrids. Both populations had been improved by five cycles of recurrent selection. BSK(S)C5 was improved by S 1 selection from BSK; whereas BSSS(R)C5 was improved by reciprocal recurrent selection from BSSS with BSCB1 as the tester.
Journal of Hematology & Oncology reviewer acknowledgement 2015

The Editor-in-Chief of Journal of Hematology & Oncology would like to thank all our reviewers who have contributed to the journal in Volume 8 (2015).
265 TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF RENAL RHBG.

Two nonerythrocyte Rh glycoproteins (Rhbg and Rhcg) were recently cloned and localized to the intercalated cells of the renal collecting duct. The apical Rhcg and the basolateral Rhbg are likely involved in NH3 and/or NH4+ transport, yet the characteristics of this transport are not clear. In this study, we characterized NH4+ transport by Rhbg expressed in Xenopus oocytes. We used two-electrodes voltage-clamp and ion-selective microelectrodes to measure NH4+-induced currents (INH4) and changes in pHi, respectively. In oocytes expressing Rhbg, 5 mM NH4+ induced an inward INH4 of −79 nA, decreased pHi (ΔpHi) by 0.13 at a rate (dpHi/dt) of −27 × 10−4 pH/s and depolarized the cell by 45 mV. These changes were significantly lager than in control oocytes. I-V plots in the presence of NH4+ showed substantial increase in conductance. Amiloride (1 mM) inhibited INH4, ΔpHi and dpHi/dt in oocytes expressing Rhbg but not in control oocytes. Methyl ammonium (MA at 5 mM), often used as an NH4+ substrate, induced a current of −63 nA in Rhbg oocytes but did not cause any change in control oocytes. Unlike NH4+, MA elicited a pHi increase but also induced a depolarization of the cell. Exposing the oocyte to MA at alkaline bath pH (8.2) enhanced both the pHi increase and the MA-induced current. Lowering bath pH to 6.5 inhibited the MA-induced changes completely. The NH4+-induced changes were similarly sensitive to pH. Exposing the oocyte to MA at low pHi (decreased by butyrate) abolished the MA-induced current and depolarization; however, pHi still increased. These data indicate that (1) Rhbg transport of NH4+ is electrogenic, (2) MA transport by Rhbg is both electroneutral and electrogenic, (3) electrogenic NH4+ and MA transport is pH sensitive, and (4) electroneutral transport of MA by Rhbg is apparently not affected by pH changes.
THEORY OF ORDER-DISORDER TRANSITIONS IN BIOPOLYMERS

Many biopolymers undergo an order-disorder transition as a function of temperature and/or pH. The classical theoretical treatment of this phenomenon has been the application of the Zimm-Bragg theory which is based upon the one-dimensional Ising lattice model. Recently a new type of two-state model has been successfully employed to predict the transition melt temperatures for a variety of collagen triple-helix models. These models were various tripeptide and hexapeptide polypeptide chains. The molecular parameters required in this new model are computed from conformational potential energy functions. Perhaps the most general theoretical treatment of order-disorder transitions in macromolecules will be carried out (as computer-simulation studies) using fluctuation-relaxation modelling based upon the appropriate Langevin equation of motion. An initial fluctuation study is discussed.
Dual role of N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate metabolism in cancer monitor and therapy

We uncovered the neurotransmitter N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAAG) as a reservoir providing glutamate to promote cancer growth, and demonstrated that inhibition of NAAG hydrolysis by targeting gl...
Developmental Effects on Auditory Neural Oscillatory Synchronization Abnormalities in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Previous studies have found alterations in 40 Hz oscillatory activity in response to auditory stimuli in adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The current study sought to examine the specificity and developmental trajectory of these findings by driving the cortex to oscillate at a range of frequencies in both children and adults with and without ASD. Fifteen participants with ASD (3 female, aged 6-23 years) and 15 age-matched controls (4 female, aged 6-25 years) underwent dense-array EEG as they listened to a carrier tone amplitude-modulated by a sinusoid linearly increasing in frequency from 0-100 Hz over 2 s. EEG data were analyzed for inter-trial phase coherence (ITPC) and single-trial power (STP). Older participants with ASD displayed significantly decreased ability to phase-lock to the stimulus in the low gamma frequency range relative to their typically developing (TD) counterparts, while younger ASD and TD did not significantly differ from each other. An interaction between age and diagnosis suggested that TD and ASD also show different developmental trajectories for low gamma power; TD showed a significant decrease in low gamma power with age, while ASD did not. Regardless of age, increased low gamma STP was significantly correlated with increased clinical scores for repetitive behaviors in the ASD group, particularly insistence on sameness. This study contributes to a growing body of evidence supporting alterations in auditory processing in ASD. Older ASD participants showed more pronounced low gamma deficits than younger participants, suggesting an altered developmental trajectory for neural activity contributing to auditory processing deficits that may also be more broadly clinically relevant. Future studies are needed employing a longitudinal approach to confirm findings of this cross-sectional study.
The Resistance Petitions of 1664–1665: Confronting the Restoration in Massachusetts Bay

Concerned about losing their civil and church liberties under the newly restored Charles II's regime, colonial Puritans organized town-wide petition campaigns. Signed by both freemen and non-freeme...
Discovering the topology of complex networks via adaptive estimators.

Behind any complex system in nature or engineering, there is an intricate network of interconnections that is often unknown. Using a control-theoretical approach, we study the problem of network reconstruction (NR): inferring both the network structure and the coupling weights based on measurements of each node’s activity. We derive two new methods for NR, a low-complexity reduced-order estimator (which projects each node’s dynamics to a one-dimensional space) and a full-order estimator for cases where a reduced-order estimator is not applicable. We prove their convergence to the correct network structure using Lyapunov-like theorems and persistency of excitation. Importantly, these estimators apply to systems with partial state measurements, a broad class of node dynamics and internode coupling functions, and in the case of the reduced-order estimator, node dynamics and internode coupling functions that are not fully known. The effectiveness of the estimators is illustrated using both numerical and experimental results on networks of chaotic oscillators.
The assassination of Mephibosheth: Royal and redactional intrigue in the book of Samuel:

This article explores the textual variation of the name of the son of Saul referenced in 2 Sam 3-4. While the MT reads Ishbosheth, 4QSama and LXX read Mephibosheth. The vague reading in MT 2 Sam 4:...
Educating for Wisdom in the 21st Century: edited by Darin H. Davis. South Bend, IN: St. Augustine’s press, 2019, 127 pp., $17 (paperback), ISBN-13: 978-1587312137

This collection grew out of the 2011 Baylor Symposium on Faith and Culture, where the six contributors were speakers. All agree that educating for wisdom is no longer the primary goal of higher edu...
A non-aqueous sodium hexafluorophosphate-based electrolyte degradation study: Formation and mitigation of hydrofluoric acid

Abstract Fundamental characterization of battery electrolyte is vital for rechargeable batteries. This work reports the chemical stability of sodium hexafluorophosphate (NaPF6)-based non-aqueous electrolytes containing different solvent mixtures (e.g., cyclic and acyclic carbonates) in the presence of water for Na-ion batteries. A degradation study is conducted using NaPF6-based electrolytes, highlighting two electrolyte additives, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy-2,2,2-ethoxy phosphazene (FM2) and fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), on degradation and cell performance of Na-ion batteries. Hydrolysis of NaPF6 in acidic condition is particularly prone to form hydrofluoric acid (HF), and can be observed in electrolytes made with battery grade carbonate solvents (
Perceptions of Birth Fathers about their Open Adoption.

Background Birth fathers are the least known of the adoption triad (adoptee, birth family, adoptive family). There is a gap in evidence about birth father involvement in open adoptions. Purpose The purpose of the study was to explore birth fathers' experiences of open adoption and contact patterns with birth children. Methods Ten birth fathers of open adoptions were recruited from two agencies. Birth fathers participated in recorded telephone interviews using naturalistic inquiry. Verbatim transcripts were analyzed for qualitative content themes. Results At conception and birth, birth fathers were not in a situation suitable to raising a child but wanted to do the right thing and have ongoing contact. Birth fathers' experiences and contact patterns within the adoption triad revealed positive impact on their own lives and on other triad members. Openness provided opportunities to develop relationships. Contact and time together were beneficial and valued. Birth fathers believed themselves to be an important part of the village needed to raise the child well and emerge as a new kind of family. Clinical implications Nurses interface with birth fathers and adoption triads in a variety of settings. Birth father status and degree of openness in the adoption placement can have an impact on his wellbeing. Nurses can participate in optimizing outcomes during pregnancy, childbirth, and childhood.
System-Level Optimization to Improve Biofuel Potential via Genetic Engineering and Hydrothermal Liquefaction

The economic viability of biofuels and bioproducts depends on system-level optimization including biomass production and conversion. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) can convert wet biomass such as ...
Breaking the Enigma Code of Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Signaling.

In this issue of Structure, Asada et al. (2019) present angiotensin receptor AT2R structure in complex with its main endogenous agonist, AngII peptide. Complementing the previous structural studies, the new complex structure sheds light on the AT2R activation mechanism and opens new avenues for drug discovery targeting this enigmatic receptor.
Transformation of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Apilactobacillus kunkeei is influenced by recipient cell growth temperature, vector replicon, and DNA methylation.

Abstract The effects of recipient cell growth temperature, vector choice, and DNA methylation on transformation efficiency were explored for Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strain B38 and Apilactobacillus kunkeei strains YH15 and 3L. All three parameters significantly affected transformation efficiency. L. plantarum B38 and A. kunkeei YH15 transformed at higher efficiencies with the pTW8 vector than with the pTRKH2 vector; conversely, A. kunkeei 3L transformed at higher efficiency with pTRKH2. Mean transformation efficiencies as high as 7.8 × 105 colony forming units (CFU) μg−1 were obtained with pTW8 for B38, as high as 1.2 × 105 CFU μg−1 with pTW8 for YH15, and as high as 3.4 × 106 CFU μg−1 with pTRKH2 for 3L. With respect to methylation, B38 and YH15 transformed at higher efficiencies with DNA that lacked dam methylation, while 3L transformed at higher efficiency with DNA that was dam methylated. Methylation at Escherichia coli dcm sites did not affect the ability of pTRKH2 or pTW8 to transform these strains. Recipient cell growth at 21 °C rather than at 37 °C significantly increased transformation efficiencies when using each strain's preferred vector and methylation state; pTW8 without dam methylation for B38 and YH15 and pTRKH2 with dam methylation for 3L.
Abstract 14125: An in vitro Pulmonary Vascular Platform From Endothelialized Whole Lung Scaffolds

Introduction: The development of an in vitro system is critical to studying human diseases including the novel coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and is typically centered on recapitulating native ...
Getting the most out of your grass, strategies for implementation of Management-intensive Grazing (MiG)

To get the most out of grass (one should really say forage), producers need to comprehend some grazing related terminology, understand the basics of a managed grazing system, evaluate the natural resources available to the manager, understand that grazing management is some science and a great deal of art, realize that 1 system does not always fit, each grazing season is different and a learning opportunity, and know that often times the biggest road block to implementation of a grazing system is the gray matter that sits between our ears. This is a quick overview to get a producer thinking of what goes into a managed grazing system. There are a great many detailed resources available through local extension, in books, and from industry personnel.
Abstract 969: PKC-theta modulates myosteatosis, muscle function, atrophy, and survival in murine pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Approximately 80% of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) suffer cachexia, involuntary loss of fat and muscle due to inflammation and dysmetabolism that increases treatment toxicity, reduces treatment response and promotes mortality. Most research has focused on muscle and adipose individually while neglecting tissue crosstalk. Recently, we reported that IL6 trans-signaling from muscle to fat in PDAC cachexia augments adipose lipolysis, leading to increased muscle lipid accumulation (myosteatosis) and promoting activation of lipid sensitive signaling pathways and metabolic substrate shifts in muscle. The lipid sensitive protein kinase C theta (PKC-θ) modulates myopathic phenotypes including muscular dystrophy, atrophy, and insulin resistance. PKC-θ is activated by diacylglycerol, which binds to PKC-θ promoting its translocation to the plasma membrane, phosphorylation, and activation. Activated PKC-θ modulates pathways with known roles in muscle atrophy including inhibition of insulin signaling, activation of NF-κB, and increased shedding of the IL-6R. We used in vitro and in vivo models to study the role of PKC-θ in PDAC cachexia. Here 50,000 tumor cells of a line derived from the KPC (LSL-KrasG12D:LSL-Trp53R172H:Pdx1-Cre) genetically engineered model of PDAC were implanted in the pancreases of male C57BL/6J mice. Tissues were collected when mice displayed severe cachexia (~25% muscle loss). Phospho-Thr538-PKC-θ was increased 1.8-fold (p=0.002) in muscle of mice with KPC cachexia and phosphorylation of PKC-θ substrates was correspondingly increased (p=0.048). Plasma from KPC-tumor bearing mice was used to treat C2C12 myotubes, with or without the PKC inhibitor Sotrastaurin. After 48 hours, KPC plasma caused a significant decrease in average myotube diameter compared to no tumor plasma (18%, p=0.002), whereas addition of 500nM Sotrastaurin prevented KPC plasma-induced myotube atrophy. KPC tumor growth was not different between wildtype mice and mice with germline deletion of the PKC-θ gene, Prkcq. However, Prkcq null tumor-bearing mice demonstrated greater in vivo muscle force production (p Citation Format: Joseph E. Rupert, Joshua R. Huot, Ashok Narasimhan, Daenique H. Jengelley, Andrea Bonetto, Teresa A. Zimmers. PKC-theta modulates myosteatosis, muscle function, atrophy, and survival in murine pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 969.
Development and application of post-capillary affinity detection for capillary electrophoresis

Protein variants can arise from transcription errors, post-translational modifications, as well as chemical or proteolytic degradation. In this work post­ capillary affinity detection for capillary electrophoresis is developed to assess protein microheterogeneity in complex sample matrices. Analyte variants are first separated by capillary zone electrophoresis due to differences in their molecular structure. Following separation, a fluorescently labeled analyte-binding protein is introduced which forms affinity complexes with protein variants. A fluorescence enhancement results from complex fomiation and is monitored by laser-induced fluorescence detection. Two unique affinity reaction systems are employed in post-capillary affinity detection. One system utilizes the affinity interaction of fragment B (of protein A) fluorescein conjugate with three immunoglobulin G (IgG) samples. The Fc fragment of human IgG is used to demonstrate the technique's feasibility as well as assess limitations. To couple capillary zone electrophoresis with affinity detection, a new post-capillary reactor is designed which allows accurate alignment between the separation and reaction capillaries of 10 25 |im. Selectivity is critical for analysis of monoclonal antibodies during their production in cell culture media. Capillary zone electrophoresis followed by affinity detection with fragment B-fluorescein selectively analyzes monoclonal IgG variants with minimal interference from cell culture media. Post-capillary affinity
Chapter 42 Labor markets in the transitional Central and East European economies

In this chapter, I survey principal econometric studies of several important labor market issues in Central and East European countries as they launched the transition from central planning to a market economy. The topics covered include employment, wage and fringe benefits determination in firms, individual wages and human capital, determinants of unemployment duration, and matching of the unemployed and vacancies. The studies are of interest because one can observe the functioning of nascent markets and institutions after prices and wages ceased being set by planners. Moreover, the variation in relevant variables has been tremendous, thus permitting the researchers to estimate precisely key parameters.
My Family and Other Saints

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Kirin Narayan Year: 2008 Pages: 246 Publisher: University of Chicago Press ISBN: 9780226568201 (hard cover). Prices: $22.50 USD(hard cover).
LiF ion source performance on PBFA II

Recent LiF ion source experiments have been conducted on Sandia National Laboratories' Particle Beam Fusion Accelerator (PBFA) II [1]. This facility is designed to provide a 30 MV, 100 TW power pulse to an applied B ion diode to investigate the suitability of light ions for inertial confinement fusion (ICF). Singly-ionized lithium is the desired ion species for these experiments because it has the proper range in target materials at 30 MV. LiF-coated anodes have been shown in experiments on other accelerators [2,3] to produce relatively pure (>70%) Li+ beams. Earlier PBFA II experiments using porous anodes coated with LiF confirmed Li+ production from LiF films [4]. The present PBFA II experiments use 0.6 μm films of LiF evaporated onto a stainless steel anode surface to provide a 1 MA, 25 ns FWHM pulse of Li+ ions at energies of 6–9 MeV. The physical mechanism for production of ions from thin films of LiF has not previously been identified. One of us, T. Green, has developed a model which is consistent with LiF data from PBFA II and laboratory experiments and may provide a framework for understanding Li+ ion production from thin LiF films in an applied B diode.
Procurement in Supply Chains When the End-Product Exhibits the 'Weakest Link' Property

We consider a supply chain with one manufacturer who assembles an end-product using multiple outsourced parts. The end-product exhibits the “weakest-link” property, such that if any of its component parts fails, the end-product fails. The supplier of each component part can improve the (uncertain) quality of her parts by exerting costly effort that is unobservable to the manufacturer and is non-contractible. We analyze three possible contractual agreements between the manufacturer and suppliers: Acceptable Quality Level (AQL), Quality–Based Incentive Pricing (Q–Pricing) and Group Warranty. Under AQL, the manufacturer inspects all incoming parts, but establishes different quality thresholds and pays the suppliers different amounts for achieving the different thresholds. Under Q-Pricing, the manufacturer also inspects all incoming parts but pays each supplier a constant amount for each good part. Under Group Warranty there is no testing of the individual parts; instead all suppliers are responsible for any failed end-product. We compare the efficiency of these three contractual arrangements as a function of the exogenous variables.
DUST-GAS INTERRELATIONS IN COMETS: OBSERVATIONS AND THEORY

The development of the expanding atmosphere from the evaporating cometary nucleus has traditionally focused on observing and modeling the separate development of two distinct components, gas and dust,which are coupled dynamically with one another at distances out to a few tens of cometary radii. In the last decade or so, however, direct evidence from observations and suggestions from theory suggest that the dusty-gas coma is a tightly coupled system where material is transferred between the solid and gaseous phase as an important integral part of the basic development of the coma. Comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1) was discovered far from the sun and is the largest and most productive comet, in the sense of release of gas and dust in modern times. This has permitted observations to be made over an unprecedented range of heliocentric distance. This paper presents a review of a range of important issues regarding interrelations between dust and gas in comets, a description of the gas and dust environment for Hale-Bopp, and a summary of the preliminary results from Hale-Bopp which are relevant to these issues. Particular topics include dusty-gas models, dust fading and fragmentation, the role of dust and gas jets, the day/night distribution of gas and dust, and extended sources of gas.
The Cultural Analysis of Kinship: The Legacy of David M. Schneider.; Filiation and Affiliation.

The Cultural Analysis of Kinship: The Legacy of David M. Schneider. Richard Feinberg and Martin Ottenheimer. eds. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2001. 235 pp. Filiation and Affiliation. Harold W. Scheffler. Cambridge: Westview Press, 2001. 202 pp.
Tides, tidalites, and secular changes in the Earth–Moon system

Abstract Tides have been a source of inquiry since the dawn of human civilization. It has been known for millennia that the Moon is a causative agent in the formation of tides, with the observation that lunar phases often correlated to changing tidal amplitudes. The precise mechanisms underlying the formation of tides and local tidal dynamics, however, have proven difficult to elucidate. Only with Newton's theory of gravitation in the 17th century was the correlation between lunar cycles and tides partially explained. Further work by Laplace and others resulted in a more dynamic theory that more closely matched observations and allowed for better prediction of local tidal behavior. Quantitative models derived from these methods have increased in precision and complexity (particularly with the advent of the electronic computer), and have allowed new insights into the nature of tidal dynamics and tidal dissipation. In more recent years scientists have analyzed deposits known as tidal bundles and tidal rhythmites in an attempt to extrapolate the history of tides from the geologic record. Tidal bundles are laterally accreted cyclic foreset beds separated by mud laminae. Tidal rhythmites are vertically accreted planar laminae that alternate between coarse and fine sediments forming couplets often composed of sands and muds. These deposits are characterized by bed/laminae thicknesses that vary rhythmically and preserve tidal periodicities, and are generally found in intertidal or subtidal depositional environments. The mode of deposition (e.g. sand or mud) is primarily determined by current velocity and tidal range, factors largely controlled by the tides in marginal marine settings. Quantitative analyses of tidal rhythmites may facilitate more precise elucidation of tidal periodicities encoded in the rock record. The partial reconstruction of the history of lunar recession from existing data and analyses indicates that the Earth is presently experiencing a high rate of tidal dissipation. Further data obtained from ancient tidal proxies may prove essential in constraining models of tidal dissipation, thereby revealing the mechanisms and dynamics present in the dissipation process controlling secular changes in the length of day and lunar orbit.
Upper ocean currents in the northern Arabian Sea from shipboard ADCP measurements collected during the 1994–1996 U.S. JGOFS and ONR programs

Abstract A large upper-ocean velocity data set was obtained using a shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) on seventeen RV T.G. Thompson cruises during the JGOFS and ONR expedition to the northern Arabian Sea from September 1994 through January 1996. Seven of the cruises followed a large area survey track centered over the Arabian Basin, four cruises conducted SeaSoar surveys on either side of the Findlater jet axis, and six cruises were for the deployment and maintenance of moored instrumentation, together providing some 380 cruise-days and 96,000 track kilometers of coverage. The ADCP data extended over the upper 250–400 m of the water column depending upon the temporal/spatial distributions of acoustic scatterers. The velocity data revealed several items that differed significantly from the historical perspective. Maximum current magnitudes in this area varied from more than 1 m s -1 along the Arabian coast to 10–20 cm s -1 well offshore. Perhaps the most important result was the complete dominance of the velocity field by eddies that had offshore correlation length scales of roughly 100 km, a spectral peak at around 300 km, and kinetic energies that ranged from 70 to more than 90% of the total kinetic energy. The total kinetic energy was highest within about 300 km of the shore and decreased significantly in magnitude and vertical extent offshore. Within the coastal region, the temporal variability was such that currents of 50 cm s -1 or more could completely reverse within a two-week period, seemingly independent of any local atmospheric forcing. Mean and seasonal velocities also differed from historical results. There was a large anti-cyclonic feature located for most of the year south of Ras ash Shabatat (∼58°E) which intensified during the southwest monsoon. There was a strong jet-like current off Ras al Hadd (∼22°N), which also intensified during the southwest monsoon, although itflowed southwestward against the wind. In contrast to the historical ship drift data, which indicated that the surface currents followed the monsoonal winds, the ADCP data over the upper 200–400 m was highly variable, with overall seasonal means that were often directed against the wind. Except within 100–200 km of the Arabian coast, the mean currents were generally toward the southwest with a mean transport in the upper 150 m between the coast and 10°N of approximately 9×10 6 m 3 s -1 .
Serum thyroglobulin and recurrent thyroid cancer.

Abstract Many thyroid malignancies are sufficiently differentiated to produce thyroglobulin both in situ and in peripheral blood. Since patients who have undergone total thyroidectomy for malignancy should not have normally circulating thyroglobulin, their serum thyroglobulin may provide a simple and specific tumour marker for recurrent disease. Of 30 such athyroid patients who were studied, all of the 20 patients who were disease-free ten years after thyroidectomy had minimal ( 90 ng/ml). Controls ranged from 0 to 60 ng/ml. This assay should prove valuable in following patients who have undergone total thyroidectomy for recurrent thyroid malignancy.
Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 from Bone Marrow–Derived Cells Contributes to Survival but not Growth of Tumor Cells in the Lung Microenvironment

The role of specific stromal-derived matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) was analyzed in experimental metastasis assays in wild-type and either MMP-9, MMP-7, or MMP-2 null mice. MMP-9 null mice showed an 81% reduction in Lewis lung carcinoma tumor number, whereas MMP-7 null mice showed a 42% increase in tumor number, and there was no difference in tumor number in MMP-2 null mice compared with wild-type controls. Similarly, in an orthotopic model of lung cancer, 50% fewer MMP-9 null mice were able to establish tumors in the lung compared with control mice, although the size of the tumors was not different. The effect of MMP-9 on lung tumor colonization was dependent on the expression of MMP-9 from bone marrow-derived cells and is most likely contributed by neutrophils. To examine temporal effects of stromal MMP-9, bioluminescence imaging from luciferase-expressing human lung cancer-derived A549 cells revealed that there were fewer tumor cells in the lungs of MMP-9 null mice as early as 19 hours after injection compared with control mice, with no difference in subsequent growth rates. Six hours after injection of tumor cells, MMP-9 null mice showed a 4-fold increase in the percent of tumor cells undergoing apoptosis compared with control mice. We conclude that MMP-9 from the bone marrow contributes to the early survival and establishment of tumors in the lung and has no effect on subsequent growth. These results provide insights into the failure of MMP inhibitors in clinical trials in patients with late-stage lung cancer.
Unstructured grid simulations of spatially evolving supersonic shear layers

This research employed an adaptive unstructured finite element grid with a nonlinear monotonic scheme to undertake high-resolution inviscid eddy simulations of spatially evolving supersonic free shear layers. The objectives were to both improve physical understanding and evaluate the simulation fidelity by direct comparisons with detailed experimental measurements. With a physically consistent perturbation model, the compressibility effects on the nature of the shear layer were investigated by testing three different convective Mach numbers, 0.35, 0.45, and 0.7, nonetheless holding velocity and density ratios fixed. Reduction in eddy coherency as compressibility increased was found to be related to modifications in the merging process (slapping vs rotational merges). Turbulence statistics of velocity and mixture fraction exhibited reductions in the peak values of turbulent intensities of transverse velocity and passive scalar as convective Mach number increases, whereas turbulent intensity of streamwise velocity peak values remain constant.
Ars2 links the nuclear cap binding complex to RNA interference and cell proliferation

Here we identify a component of the nuclear RNA cap-binding complex (CBC), Ars2, that is important for miRNA biogenesis and critical for cell proliferation. Unlike other components of the CBC, Ars2 expression is linked to the proliferative state of the cell. Deletion of Ars2 is developmentally lethal, and deletion in adult mice led to bone marrow failure whereas parenchymal organs composed of nonproliferating cells were unaffected. Depletion of Ars2 or CBP80 from proliferating cells impaired miRNA-mediated repression and led to alterations in primary miRNA processing in the nucleus. Ars2 depletion also reduced the levels of several miRNAs, including miR-21, let-7, and miR-155, that are implicated in cellular transformation. These findings provide evidence for a role for Ars2 in RNA interference regulation during cell proliferation.
MiR-221 and miR-130a Regulate Lung Airway and Vascular Development

Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions play a crucial role in branching morphogenesis, but very little is known about how endothelial cells contribute to this process. Here, we examined how anti-angiogenic miR-221 and pro-angiogenic miR-130a affect airway and vascular development in the fetal lungs. Lung-specific effects of miR-130a and miR-221 were studied in mouse E14 whole lungs cultured for 48 hours with anti-miRs or mimics to miR-130a and miR-221. Anti-miR 221 treated lungs had more distal branch generations with increased Hoxb5 and VEGFR2 around airways. Conversely, mimic 221 treated lungs had reduced airway branching, dilated airway tips and decreased Hoxb5 and VEGFR2 in mesenchyme. Anti-miR 130a treatment led to reduced airway branching with increased Hoxa5 and decreased VEGFR2 in the mesenchyme. Conversely, mimic 130a treated lungs had numerous finely arborized branches extending into central lung regions with diffusely localized Hoxa5 and increased VEGFR2 in the mesenchyme. Vascular morphology was analyzed by GSL-B4 (endothelial cell-specific lectin) immunofluorescence. Observed changes in airway morphology following miR-221 inhibition and miR-130a enhancement were mirrored by changes in vascular plexus formation around the terminal airways. Mouse fetal lung endothelial cells (MFLM-91U) were used to study microvascular cell behavior. Mimic 221 treatment resulted in reduced tube formation and cell migration, where as the reverse was observed with mimic 130a treatment. From these data, we conclude that miR-221 and miR-130a have opposing effects on airway and vascular morphogenesis of the developing lung.
Unified approach to analytical solutions of three inverse transport problems

With two general sets of surface quadratic equations, analytical solutions are developed for three inverse problems for a homogeneous half space that is uniformly illuminated over its surface. The problems considered are the determination of the mean number of secondaries plus the scattering properties of the medium, the determination of the incident illumination, and the determination of a spatially-dependent interior source within the medium. The results for the latter two problems are only marginally successful.
Guidance of a steerable cannula robot in soft tissue using preoperative imaging and conoscopic surface contour sensing

Intraoperative surface contour sensing can enable the registration of high-resolution three-dimensional preoperative images for precise guidance of surgical robots. This is particularly useful for guiding steerable needles in soft tissues. In this paper we combine a new minimally invasive surface scanning technique based on conoscopic holography with a steerable active cannula robot. We experimentally demonstrate cannula tip placement to multiple physical points inside phantom tissue, which correspond to points specified in preoperative images - the input an eventual clinical system would obtain from the physician. While the image-guided steerable system we propose is broadly applicable to many kinds of surgery, one particular application of interest is in ablating large liver tumors, where it is beneficial for the ablator to be repositioned to multiple locations without being withdrawn from the organ.
Dynamic core behavior and magnetic amplifier performance

ANALYSES of magnetic amplifier systems commonly suffer from a recognized weakness; the magnetic behavior of the cores is approximated by more or less extreme idealizations. Descriptions of amplifier performance therefore, are seldom better than semi-qualitative, and those analyses, even though valuable for the understanding of the operation of the various circuits, may not satisfy the more specific needs of the designer who is interested in quantitative predictions. In fact, even without direct experience in the field, one cannot fail to detect a discrepancy between the acceptance of excessively simplified representations of core behavior in the analyses and the need for increasingly refined core-testing procedures that seems to be felt in industrial amplifier production.
Calculation of phonon-phonon interactions and the absence of two-phonon bound states in diamond

We demonstrate that anharmonic phonon-phonon coupling constants can be extracted from frozen-phonon total-energy calculations. The method is applied to the optical modes of diamond. The zone-center coupling constants are completely determined through fourth order, and are used to compute an effective four-phonon vertex including virtual optical-phonon exchange. The interaction is found to have the wrong sign to allow formation of a two-phonon bound state.
Left Ventricular Performance after Myocardial Infarction Assessed by Radioisotope Angiocardiography

Radioisotope angiocardiography was performed by peripheral venous or pulmonary arterial injection of 99mTc pertechnetate in 64 patients with acute myocardial infarction. End-diastolic volume determined with this technic averaged 101 ± 7 (± sem) ml/m2 and was elevated (> 90 ml/m2) in 47 patients. Initial ejection fraction (EF) averaged 0.38 ± 0.03 and was reduced (<0.52) in 58 patients. The extent of diameter shortening at the minor left ventricular equator determined from the isotope angiocardiograms was depressed in 51 patients, a reduction which was not consistently related to the site of infarction determined electrocardiographically. In 53 survivors EF averaged 0.40 ± 0.02, compared to 0.26 ± 0.07 (P < 0.05) in 11 patients who died within 1 month. EF correlated inversely with infarct size estimated by analysis of serial changes in serum CPK activity (r = 0.71, n = 42). Of the 64 patients with acute infarction, 47 exhibited abnormal wall motion detectable by the radionuclide technic and confirmed by ra...
Surveillance versus clinical adjudication: differences persist with new ventilator-associated event definition

Background The National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) has recently supported efforts to shift surveillance away from ventilator-associated pneumonia to ventilator-associated events (VAEs) to decrease subjectivity in surveillance and minimize concerns over clinical correlation. The goals of this study were to compare the results of an automated surveillance strategy using the new VAE definition with a prospectively performed clinical application of the definition. Methods All patients ventilated for ≥2 days in a medical and surgical intensive care unit were evaluated by 2 methods: retrospective surveillance using an automated algorithm combined with manual chart review after the NHSN's VAE methodology and prospective surveillance by pulmonary physicians in collaboration with the clinical team administering care to the patient at the bedside. Results Overall, a similar number of events were called by each method (69 vs 67). Of the 1,209 patients, 56 were determined to have VAEs by both methods (κ = .81, P = .04). There were 24 patients considered to be a VAE by only 1 of the methods. Most discrepancies were the result of clinical disagreement with the NHSN’s VAE methodology. Conclusions There was good agreement between the study teams. Awareness of the limitations of the surveillance definition for VAE can help infection prevention personnel in discussions with critical care partners about optimal use of these data.
The Welfare Effects of the Introduction of Storage

This paper examines the welfare effects of introducing storage into a market with stochastic supply in which all agents are competitive profit-maximizers with rational expectations. These welfare effects are the net result of the initial increase in demand for stock-building and the partial and asymmetric reduction in the dispersion of consumption brought about by storage. The distributional impacts depend crucially on the information available to producers before storage is introduced, the elasticity of supply, the specification of the consumption demand curve, and the cost of storage.