cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photoperiod during maternal pregnancy and lifetime depression in offspring.

Abstract Experimental studies indicate that perinatal light exposure has enduring effects on affective behaviors in rodents; however, insufficient research has explored this hypothesis in humans. We examined photoperiod (i.e., day length) metrics during maternal pregnancy in relation to lifetime depression in the longitudinal Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and NHS II. 160,723 participants reported birth date and birth state (used to derive daily photoperiod based on published mathematical equations), and clinician-diagnosed depression and antidepressant use throughout adulthood. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) (and 95% confidence intervals [CI]) for depression (defined as clinician diagnosis and antidepressant use) across quintiles of two exposures during maternal pregnancy: 1) total photoperiod (total number of daylight hours) and 2) differences between minimum/maximum photoperiod; each trimester of pregnancy was examined separately. Total photoperiod during maternal pregnancy was not associated with depression overall or by trimester of pregnancy. However, larger differences between minimum/maximum photoperiod during maternal pregnancy were related to lower odds of depression (multivariable [MV]-adjusted OR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.83, 0.90 comparing extreme quintiles of exposure; p-trend
Manifold Curvature From Covariance Analysis

Principal component analysis of cylindrical neighborhoods is proposed to study the local geometry of embedded Riemannian manifolds. At every generic point and scale, a high-dimensional cylinder orthogonal to the tangent space at the point cuts out a path-connected patch whose point-set distribution in ambient space encodes the intrinsic and extrinsic curvature. The covariance matrix of the points from that neighborhood has eigenvectors whose scale limit tends to the Frenet-Serret frame for curves, and to what we call the Ricci-Weingarten principal directions for submanifolds. More importantly, the limit of differences and products of eigenvalues can be used to recover curvature information at the point. The formula for hypersurfaces in terms of principal curvatures is particularly simple and plays a crucial role in the study of higher-codimension cases.
Sealable Spherical Mesoporous Silica Shell Nanoreactors as Fiducial Nanoscale Probes for X-rays

Molecular reactions in aqueous solutions are often used as dosimetric probes. A major problem with this approach is that other species such as nanoparticles or radical scavenging chemicals can often interfere with these reactions. The results measured in the presence of nanomaterials and scavengers therefore cannot correctly indicate the true dose based on the calibrated results obtained in solutions free of the interfering species. Storing these molecular probes in nanoreactors can overcome this problem. Here we demonstrate for the first time that it is possible to place common probe molecules inside spherical mesoporous silica shells and seal the pores after impregnation for the purpose of using the so-formed nanoreactors as X-ray dose probes. The reactions are isolated from the external environment, while the sealed shells still allow X-rays to freely penetrate through the walls of the nanoreactors. These nanoreactor probes can therefore fiducially report the dose of X-rays, whether the nanoreactors are in solutions, in dry form, or in the presence of scavengers and catalysts in solution.
LIGO and Gravitational Waves II: Nobel Lecture, December 8, 2017

The observation of gravitational waves in the Laser Interferometer Gravitational‐Wave Observatory (LIGO) was announced on February 11, 2016,1 one hundred years after Einstein proposed the existence of gravitational waves.2, 3 This observation came after more than fifty years of experimental efforts to develop sensitive enough detectors to observe the tiny distortions in spacetime from gravitational waves. The Nobel Prize for 2017 was awarded to Rainer (“Rai”) Weiss, Kip Thorne and myself “for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves.” In fact, the success of LIGO follows from decades of R&D on the concept and techniques, which were covered in Rai Weiss’ Nobel Lecture, followed by the design, construction and evolving the LIGO large‐scale interferometers to be more and more sensitive to gravitational waves. This work has been carried through the LIGO Laboratory and the scientific exploitation through the LIGO Scientific Collaboration, having more than a thousand scientists, who author the gravitational wave observational papers. In addition, many others made important contributions to the science of black holes, numerical relativity, etc.
Patterns of vowel nasality in Brazilian Portuguese

This study aims to establish differences in patterns of acoustic nasality between nasal and nasalized vowels in Brazilian Portuguese (BP). The difference in how nasality is implemented in the acoustic signal is hypothesized to reflect the different phonological status of these two vowel categories. Acoustic nasality is the difference between the amplitude of the first formant (A1) and the amplitude of a harmonic in the low region of the vowel spectrum (P0) (Chen, 1997). The smaller the difference between these peaks, the more nasal a vowel is. A1-P0 measurements were taken at different time points from recordings of oral, nasal, and nasalized vowels in BP of five qualities. Results show that nasal and nasalized vowels were similar in all qualities. However, the way nasality is implemented over time between the vowel categories are different, with acoustic nasality in nasal vowels increasing more rapidly than in the nasalized counterparts. Although the patterns of nasality found are not consistent with the expected nasal profile difference (Cohn, 1990), the difference in acoustic nasality between nasal and nasalized vowels is consistent enough to consider it result of how the feature [nasal] is implemented in the language due to its variable phonological status in BP.
Changes in Mollusk Consumption by the Seris of Sonora, Mexico

In the mid-twentieth century, the Seris (Comcaac), a small mobile hunter-gatherer and fishing people of northwestern Mexico, became almost entirely sedentary. They had for centuries survived in the isolated desert and coast along the eastern central Gulf of California, an area of rich biodiversity. The move to permanent settlements facilitated access to non-traditional foods that began to markedly impact their traditional diet of desert and marine resources, including mollusks. Although fish and sea turtles continued to be an important part of that diet, consumption of mollusks declined significantly, accompanied by a gradual loss of knowledge of their names and related ecological information, a loss evident among younger Seris today. This paper explores the role of mollusks in the Seri culture and associated changes that have taken place over the past century. Published accounts, oral tradition, historical records, and current investigation describe how the Seris adopted a sedentary lifestyle, and the impact that the change has had on their traditional diet, ecological knowledge, subsistence practices, and health.
Preparing Special Education Preservice Teachers to Teach Phonics to Struggling Readers: Reducing the Gap Between Expert and Novice Performance:

In this study, the authors examine the learning of 48 preservice teachers (PSTs) taking a literacy course in special education and the primary-grade struggling readers they tutored in a field compo...
Zarathustra and Transhumanism: Man is Something to Be Overcome

In Sorgner's 2009 paper "Nietzsche, the Overhuman, and Transhumanism", he argues, contra Bostrom, that the transhumanist movement's postman is fundamentally similar to Nietzsche's overman. In this paper, Sorgner's thesis is challenged. It is argued that transhumanism, as presented both popularly and academically, is fundamentally incompatible with Nietzsche's overman, as presented in Thus Spoke Zarathustra . This argument focuses on three significant characteristics's of Zarathustra's description of the overman: the role of earthly existence, immortality, and the rejection of collective values.
Adoption of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Is Increasing, but Irrational Exuberance Remains

The use of artificial intelligence and machine learning applications in health care has been marked by excitement and confusion. Has it passed from hype to real benefit?
BRUGADA SYNDROME WITH VARIABLE ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC PATTERNS

Brugada syndrome (BrS) is a rare genetic disorder that is responsible for up to 12% of sudden cardiac deaths (SCD). The diagnosis of BrS can be challenging due to variable and intermittent electrocardiogram (ECG) findings. 23 year old African American male with no medical history who presented with
Data-driven stochastic optimization on manifolds for additive manufacturing

Abstract Laser powder-bed fusion is an increasingly attractive modality for additive manufacturing. Simulating the precise behavior of the process is infeasible, leading researchers to seek proxy solutions in machine learning. We demonstrate a novel adaptation of a technique called diffusion maps to infer the dependence structure between build parameters and material properties of interest on an approximated Riemannian manifold, when attaining a sufficient number of samples is cost prohibitive. We perform stochastic optimization to learn the efficient frontier of multi-objective combinations as well as to locate the set of parameters (hatch width, laser speed, and power) that putatively minimize the chance of failure, herein defined as lower bounds on the material properties (ultimate strength, yield strength, and elongation). Out-of-sample validation is performed and the results confirm our model’s efficacy in optimizing coupons, and perhaps complex geometries in the future.
Applications and prospects of targeted therapy for neuroblastoma

Background Neuroblastoma is an extremely malignant tumor in children. For advanced or recurrent cases, existing treatment modalities are limited and efficacy remains disappointing. With the improvement in understanding of molecular biology of neuroblastoma and the development of clinical trials of targeted drug therapy, a variety of targeted therapies for neuroblastoma have appeared. Data sources All the recent literatures on targeted therapies of neuroblastoma on PubMed were searched and reviewed. Results This article reviewed targeted therapies of neuroblastoma going through clinical trials and obtained preliminary results. The features, advantages and disadvantages of targeted radiation therapy, immunotherapy, gene and pathway molecular inhibitor and angiogenesis inhibitor were discussed. Conclusion This study provides references for better understanding the current progress of targeted therapies for neuroblastoma.
Vaccine candidate designed against carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecules using immunoinformatics tools.

Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion (CEACAM) molecules belong to a family of membrane glycoproteins that mediate intercellular interactions influencing cellular growth, immune cell activ...
A Partisan Right to Harm Others

American politics is characterized by two trends: social problems are framed as issues of competing rights which tends to obscure the costs and obligations associated with the exercise of individual rights, and partisan sorting has led to partisan polarization. This study claims that when issues are framed in terms of partisan rights, partisans are likely to assert co-partisans’ “rights” to engage in socially destructive behavior but deny the same “rights” to out-partisans. We test these hypotheses using three framing experiments referencing both politicized and non-political issues. The results show that partisans deny out-partisans’ right not to wear a mask, but assert co-partisans’ right to smoke in public. When it comes to a partisan right to own guns over out-partisans’ right to be free of gun violence, Republicans both deny democrats gun rights and assert their own, while Democrats only deny Republicans’ right to arms.
Antibiotic-cell-penetrating peptide conjugates targeting challenging drug-resistant and intracellular pathogenic bacteria.

The failure to treat everyday bacterial infections is a current threat as pathogens are finding new ways to thwart antibiotics through mechanisms of resistance and intracellular refuge, thus rendering current antibiotic strategies ineffective. Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) are providing a means to improve antibiotics that are already approved for use. Through coadministration and conjugation of antibiotics with CPPs, improved accumulation and selectivity with alternative and/or additional modes of action against infections have been observed. Herein, we review the recent progress of this antibiotic-cell penetrating peptide strategy in combatting sensitive and drug-resistant pathogens. We take a closer look into the specific antibiotics that have been enhanced, and in some cases repurposed as broad-spectrum drugs. Through the addition and conjugation of cell penetrating peptides to antibiotics, increased permeation across mammalian and/or bacterial membranes and a broader range in bacterial selectivity have been achieved.
Rooftop solar for all: Closing the gap between the technically possible and the achievable

Abstract Estimating the technical potential of carbon-abatement options involves straightforward calculations, while estimating the achievable potential is more challenging. We illustrate this by examining solar photovoltaics (PV). We estimate that a 92% gap exists between the achievable and technical potential for rooftop solar in Georgia and it is shrinking slowly, while in contrast the state’s solar farms are rapidly expanding. Closing the gap between the technically possible and achievable levels of solar PV requires an understanding of why some electricity providers promote utility-scale solar and not solar rooftop systems. Our financial analysis suggests that rooftop PV on buildings in Georgia could deliver substantial economic benefits to host customers, if utilities offered favorable net metering rates and if host customers, in turn, curtailed their consumption. Comparing the slow diffusion of rooftop solar in Georgia with California and Massachusetts that are rapidly solarizing, underscores the need to develop methodologies that account for utility business models, policy interventions, and behavioral factors. A sensitivity analysis of alternative net metering policies, rebound and curtailment behaviors, a stakeholder analysis, and an assessment of barriers and accelerants documents that these factors are as important as techno-economic drivers in explaining solar technology transitions. Given the numerous barriers to adoption by low- and moderate-income households, an equitable solar transition requires business models and policies that foster participation by all.
Is Parenting Coordination a Usurpation of Judicial Authority: Harmonizing Authority for, Benefits of, and Limitations on this Legal-Psychological Hybrid

A “Parenting Coordinator” assists high-conflict parents in resolving disputes that arise in the parents’ efforts to jointly parent their children after a divorce. The Parenting Coordinator simultaneously educates the parents so as to minimize the degree and frequency of future conflict. While Parenting Coordination is not mediation or arbitration, it is also not counseling. Instead, Parenting Coordination is a “legal-psychological hybrid.” A trial court’s delegation to one in this hybrid role the power to determine a fit parent’s access to her child is arguably an improper delegation of judicial authority. While thirteen states have comprehensive schemes setting out their Parenting Coordination programs, other states are utilizing Parenting Coordination without statutory or rule-based authorization. Appointments without statutory or rule-based authority are particularly vulnerable to challenge. Whether a Parenting Coordinator’s appointment is an improper delegation of judicial authority depends on the authority for the appointment in the given jurisdiction and the terms governing the specific appointment. This Article analyzes the use of Parenting Coordination in jurisdictions that appoint Parenting Coordinators both with and without specific authority. From that analysis, this Article offers a paradigm for constructing an appointment that does not constitute an improper delegation of judicial authority. The paradigm will be useful to judges and practitioners attempting to utilize Parenting Coordination without specific statutory or rule-based authority. It will also be useful to courts and legislators considering adoption of a Parenting Coordinator rule or statute. The Article proposes that, where a trial court has some inherent authority to ensure the best interest of the children, with or without specific statute or rule-based authority, Parenting Coordination can be sustained. Combined with the substantial benefits of a qualified Parenting Coordinator, imposing appropriate limitations on the Parenting Coordinator’s role can incrementally diminish the argument the appointment is an improper delegation of judicial authority. Achieving an appropriate balance of benefits and limitations, in light of the basis for appointment authority, achieves a sustainable appointment.
Molecular Basis of Vertebrate Endoderm Development

The embryonic endoderm gives rise to the epithelial lining of the digestive and respiratory systems and organs such as the thyroid, lungs, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Studies in Xenopus, zebrafish, and mice have revealed a conserved molecular pathway controlling vertebrate endoderm development. The TGFβ/Nodal signaling pathway is at the top of this molecular hierarchy and controls the expression of a number of key transcription factors including Mix‐like homeodomain proteins, Gata zinc finger factors, Sox HMG domain proteins, and Fox forkhead factors. Here we review the function of these molecules comparing and contrasting their roles in each model organism. Finally, we will describe how our understanding of the molecular pathway governing endoderm development in embryos is being used to differentiate embryonic stem cells in vitro along endodermal lineages, with the ultimate goal of making therapeutically useful tissue.
Regulating Disagreement, Constituting Participants: A Critique of Proceduralist Theories of Democracy

In his keynote address at the 1995 Ontario Society for the Study ofArgumentation conference, Frans van Eemeren contended that ‘[a]rgu-mentative discussion is the main tool for managing democratic processes’and therefore, ‘argumentation should be valued as the elixir of life of par-ticipatory democracy’ (1995, p. 145). Because we agree that argumenta-tion is the lifeblood of democratic governance, we believe that it is crucialto explicate the relationship between argumentation and democracy. Thisrelationship is complex, and the lack of a single account of argumentativeactivity or a unitary conception of democracy makes its analysis difficult.Joseph Wenzel (1990) identifies three distinct perspectives from whichto theorize argumentation: –a logical perspective focuses on relevancy, sufficiency, and acceptabilityof the arguments made by individuals to justify their convictions;–a rhetorical perspective focuses on the process by which argumentativediscourse simultaneously appeals to and creates the communal identi-ties and norms that serve as the bases for persuasion (cf. Greene, 1997);and –a dialectical perspective finds in communicative interaction the resourcesfor developing a set of principled procedures for resolving differencesof opinion.Correlatively, we propose, Jurgen Habermas (1994, 1996a) identifies threenormative conceptions of democracy:–a liberal conception understands the role of government as mediatingbetween the conflicting private interests of individuals;–a republican conception understands the purpose of politics as thearticulation of a common good embodied in the ethical life of a com-munity; and–a procedural conception claims democratic legitimacy cannot be guar-anteed by either the administrative capacities of the state/ market orthe virtues of ethical communities, but instead is grounded in the very
There is selective accumulation of a growth factor in chicken skeletal muscle: I. Transferrin accumulation in adult anterior latissimus dorsi

Chick embryo myoblasts in culture will respond to extracts of adult anterior latissimus dorsi muscle with an increase in cell number and an increase in total protein and in myosin heavy chain in fused myotubes. Extracts of adult pectoralis major and of posterior latissimus muscles are only marginally active. The active adult muscle extracts are fractionated by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography and transferrin is identified as the active component based on the following findings: (1) the active fractions are shown to contain an 80K protein that comigrates with chicken transferrin on SDS-PAGE, (2) the active extract from the anterior latissimus dorsi completely replaced embryo extract in the culture medium and supported normal myogenesis, (3) the active extract requires iron for its ability to support myogenesis, (4) the peptide map of the 80K protein is identical to a peptide map of transferrin. Under conditions where the 80K protein is detected in adult anterior latissimus dorsi muscles it is shown that the protein is nevertheless not synthesized in the muscle. These results support the idea that tissues of selective muscles in the adult chicken accumulate transferrin. An accompanying paper shows that transferrin also accumulates in early developmental stages of fast muscle tissue but that accumulation ceases after hatching in these muscles in normal chickens but not in animals of congenic strains with inherited muscular dystrophy.
Regulation of Endogenous Phosphorylation of Specific Proteins in Synaptic Membrane Fractions from Rat Brain by Adenosine 3':5'-Monophosphate

Abstract The phosphorylation of specific membrane proteins by endogenous protein kinase in synaptic membrane fractions from rat cerebrum has been studied using the technique of acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The endogenous phosphorylation of two specific membrane proteins was found to be regulated by adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP). The minimal molecular weights of these proteins were determined, by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, to be 86,000 (Protein I) and 48,000 (Protein II). The endogenous phosphorylation of Protein I and Protein II was stimulated by cyclic AMP in the presence of magnesium ions. Approximately 80% and 75% of the 32P incorporated into Protein I and Protein II, respectively, was found in phosphoserine. The concentration of cyclic AMP required for maximal stimulation of the phosphorylation of both Protein I and Protein II was approximately 5 x 10-6 m. Guanosine 3':5'-monophosphate had no significant effect, at concentrations up to 10-4 m, on the phosphorylation of either of these proteins. The endogenous phosphorylation occurred rapidly, the phosphorylation of both Protein I and Protein II reaching maximal levels within 5 sec. After reaching a maximal level of phosphorylation, Protein II underwent rapid dephosphorylation. The cyclic AMP-stimulated endogenous phosphorylation of a protein corresponding in position on acrylamide gel electrophoresis to Protein I was also observed in membrane fractions prepared from other neural tissues known to contain synapses, but membrane fractions prepared from several neural and non-neural tissues devoid of synapses, including lingual nerve, lung, liver, spleen, and kidney, all failed to reveal cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation of a protein band corresponding in position to Protein I. In contrast, cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation of a protein band corresponding in position to Protein II was observed in several neural and non-neural tissues. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that the mediation of certain types of synaptic transmission may involve regulation by cyclic AMP of the level of phosphorylation of specific protein constituents of the synaptic membranes.
Architectures and algorithms for nonlinear adaptive filters

This paper considers series-cascade nonlinear adaptive filter architectures consisting of a linear input filter, a memoryless polynomial nonlinearity, and a linear output filter (LNL). The learning characteristics of the LNL structure are studied in terms of performance and complexity. Replacing the linear input stage and the memoryless nonlinear stage of the LNL model with a Volterra module is then considered. Adaptive algorithms are summarized for these structures and experimental examples are used to illustrate performance for the identification of an acoustic echo channel.
Evaluation of the BBL Minitek System for the Identification of Enterobacteriaceae

Thirty-one different substrate disks were tested in parallel with comparable, prepared media (BBL) against a minimum of 300 cultures of Enterobacteriaceae. An overall correlation of 98% was observed with all the disks tested. In addition, the system was used to identify 461 fresh isolates of Enterobacteriaceae in parallel with conventional media using the schema used at the Veterans Administration Hospital, Baltimore. An overall correlation of 97% was observed. Minitek is a time and space saving system. It is accurate and easily adapted to the clinical laboratory. A wide variety of substrates are available, allowing most laboratories to use their own schema. The long shelf life of most disks is a definite advantage.
Eye, brain, and vision

This work examines the mechanisms by which we perceive colour, depth and movement, and the function of the fibres connecting the two halves of the brain. The author describes how the visual circuits develop before birth and discusses the unexpected consequences of visual deprivation early in life. He describes current knowledge concerning the higher visual areas of the brain known as 18, V4 and MT. The tasks scientists face in deciphering the remaining mysteries of vision and the workings of the human brain are also explored.
Decisions on Conformity of Goods Under Article 35 of the U.N. Sales Convention (CISG): The 'Mussels Case,' Evidentiary Standards for Lack of Conformity, and the'Default Rule' vs. 'Cumulative' Views of Implied Conformity Obligations

This draft paper is based on a May 2012 presentation at Istanbul Bilgi University, at the Conference entitled “The New International Sales Law of Turkey: CISG”; it will be published as a chapter in a book in the series “International Commerce and Arbitration” (Ingeborg Schwenzer, ed., Eleven Publishing, the Netherlands). The paper surveys leading issues in decisions applying Article 35 (Conformity of Goods) of the U.N. Sales Convention (CISG) which have been handed down since approximately 2000. The three matters discussed are: 1) the developing uniform international approach to the question whether goods that fail to comply with public regulations in the buyer’s jurisdiction conform to the contract (including discussion of the “leading case” status of the Bundesgerichtshof’s “Mussels Case” decision); 2) the question whether the standard and method of proof of lack of conformity is within the scope of the CISG, or alternatively is governed by applicable (non-uniform) domestic law; and 3) the question whether the seller’s implied conformity obligations stated in Article 35 (2) are automatically excluded if the parties have an express agreement concerning conformity (the “default rule” view of Article 35 (2)), or whether those obligations survive, despite an express agreement on conformity, unless the parties also have distinct agreement to exclude the obligations (the “cumulative” view of Article 35 (2)). Discussion of the third matter entails observations on the nature and purpose of the rules in Article 35. When it becomes available, the reader should consult and cite to the final version of the paper that will appear in the book containing the conference proceedings.
RAD3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: nucleotide sequence of wild-type and mutant alleles, transcript mapping, and aspects of gene regulation.

Abstract We determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the RAD3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The coding region of the gene contained 2,334 base pairs that could encode a protein with a calculated molecular weight of 89,796. Analysis of RAD3 mRNA by Northern blots and by S1 nuclease mapping indicated that the transcript was approximately 2.5 kilobases and did not contain intervening sequences. Fusions between the RAD3 gene and the lac'Z gene of Escherichia coli were constructed and used to demonstrate that the RAD3 gene was not inducible by DNA damage caused by UV radiation or 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide. Two UV-sensitive chromosomal mutant alleles of RAD3, rad3-1 and rad3-2, were rescued by gap repair of a centromeric plasmid, and their sequences were determined. The rad3-1 mutation changed a glutamic acid to lysine, and the rad3-2 mutation changed a glycine to arginine. Previous studies have shown that disruption of the RAD3 gene results in loss of an essential function and is associated with inviability of haploid cells. In the present experiments, plasmids carrying the rad3-1 and rad3-2 mutations were introduced into haploid cells containing a disrupted RAD3 gene. These plasmids expressed the essential function of RAD3 but not its DNA repair function. A 74-base-pair deletion at the 3' end of the RAD3 coding region or a fusion of this deletion to the E. coli lac'Z gene did not affect either function of RAD3.
Understanding Internal Consistency Reliability Estimates: A Conceptual Primer on Coefficient Alpha

Although often ignored, reliability is critical when interpreting study effects and test results. Accordingly, this article focuses on the most commonly used estimate of reliability, internal consi...
Lipids in Milk and the First Steps in Their Digestion

Human milk contains 3.0% to 4.5% fat. The fat is contained within membrane-enclosed milk fat globules. The core of the globules consists of triglycerides (98% to 99% of total milk fat) whereas the globule membrane (which originates from the mammary secretory cell's Golgi and cell membranes) is composed mainly of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins. Milk fat content and composition change during lactation. Whereas the triglyceride level rises, the phospholipid and cholesterol concentrations decrease during the transition from colostrum to mature milk, resulting in an increase in the size of the milk fat globules. Digestion of milk fat depends on the consecutive action of several lipases. The first step is the partial hydrolysis of the milk fat globule core by lingual and gastric lipases in the stomach. Hydrolysis continues in the duodenum, where the bile salt-stimulated lipase of human milk and pancreatic lipase complete the process initiated in the stomach.
The PrBaCuO and NdBaCuO systems: Phase relationships at ∼950°C

Systematic X-ray powder diffraction studies of the Nd{sub 2}O{sub 3}-BaCO{sub 3}-CuO and PrO{sub x}-BaCO{sub 3}-CuO systems at {approximately} 950{degree}C in air are presented as a function of cation molar ratios. In the pseudo-binary regions BaCuO{sub 2} was observed in both systems; Pr{sub 2}CuO{sub 4} and BaPrO{sub 3}, and Nd{sub 2}CuO{sub 4} and BaNd{sub 2}O{sub 4}, were observed in the Pr and Nd systems, respectively. BaPr{sub 2}O{sub 4} could be prepared only in a reducing atmosphere. In the pseudo-ternary regions the 123 and 336 phases were observed in the Pr system; the 123, 336, and 311 phases were observed in the Nd system. In the Pr system extensive solid-solution prevails between the 110, 123, and 336 phases and between the latter two phases and CuO. In the Nd system solid-solution was observed between 311, and 123, and 336 phases, and between the latter two phases and CuO.
Fuzzy multiple objective programming and compromise programming with Pareto optimum

Abstract A fuzzy multiple objective decision making approach is proposed based on the desirable features of compromise programming and the fuzzy set theory. The proposed two-phase approach guarantees both nondominated and balanced solutions for solving both the crisp and the fuzzy multiple objective decision making problems. Furthermore, it is shown that the original compromise programming does not guarantee nondominated solutions if the distance parameter is assumed to be infinite and the resulting programming problem's solution is not unique.
Treatment of Chronic Ocular Pain by Selective Thermocoagulation of the Trigeminal Ganglion

We used graded radiofrequency heating to destroy pain fibers in the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal ganglion while sparing most of the touch fibers in nine patients (seven men and two women, ranging in age from 51 to 74 years) with chronic ocular pain. All nine experienced immediate and complete pain relief. Although one patient required a second procedure after 57 months, the other eight have been pain-free for 44 to 59 months. There were no serious complications. The corneal reflex was preserved and there was no damage to the optic or extraocular muscles.
A study of the fungal endophyte Acremonium coenophialum in the roots of tall fescue seedlings.

Tall fescue has formed a mutualistic rela? tionship with the fungal endophyte Acremonium coen- ophialum. Endophyte-infected plants can have in? creased growth and survival when compared with en- dophyte-free plants. Responses to endophyte infec? tion vary and may be host genotype and fungal biotype specific. The mechanism(s) by which endophyte infec? tion confers increased growth and survival is not un- derstood. This research determined the occurrence, distribution, and ultrastructure of endophyte hyphae in the roots of axenically grown tall fescue seedlings. Acremonium coenophialum was recovered from excised roots of endophyte-infected seedlings grown on di? verse agar media and from sterile coarse sand. Suc- cessful recovery of the isolate varied with seedling age, root type, and growth medium. Overall, 67% of 218 endophyte-infected seedlings contained endophyte in their roots. Root-fungal ultrastructure of agar grown seedlings revealed epiphytic hyphae bearing conidio? phores with typical conidia and an electron dense ma? trix that adhered hyphae to each other and to the root epidermal cell wall. Hyphae were found in regions previously occupied by root epidermal cells, but no direct penetration of intact cells was observed. Elec? tron dense granules within the fungal cytoplasm con? tained high amounts of phosphorous relative to ad- jacent tissues. This may benefit endophyte-infected plants in low soil phosphate conditions.
Prospective Study of Clinical Predictors of Suicidal Acts After a Major Depressive Episode in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder or Bipolar Disorder

OBJECTIVE: The authors investigated the predictive potential of a stress-diathesis model for suicidal behavior based on correlates of past suicidal acts. In this model, suicidal acts are precipitated by stressors such as life events or a major depressive episode in the setting of a propensity for acting on suicidal urges. This diathesis is expressed as the tendency to develop more pessimism in response to a stressor and/or the presence of aggressive/impulsive traits. The predictive potential of the diathesis was tested by determining whether clinical correlates of past suicidal behavior predict suicidal acts during a 2-year follow-up of patients with a major depressive episode. METHOD: Patients with DSM-III-R major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder (N=308) were assessed at presentation for treatment of a major depressive episode. Potential predictors of suicidal acts in the 2 years after study enrollment were identified on the basis of an association with previous suicidal behavior and were tested b...
Abstract 872: Novel potent and orally active STAT3 inhibitors for cancer therapies.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) are proteins which have dual roles as cytoplasmic signaling proteins and transcription factors that activate sets of genes including those contribute to tumorigenesis. Among the STATs family members, STAT3 has been shown to play an important role in breast carcinogenesis and is often overexpressed in primary breast tumors. Increased STAT3 transcriptional activity is reported to correlate with ER-negative phenotype in breast cancer cell lines and in primary human invasive ductal breast carcinomas. Therefore, STAT3 is a promising target for breast cancer therapies. Current strategies of inhibiting STAT3 activity did not sufficiently block STAT3 activation in cancer cells due to their limited potency, poor solubility or bioavailability. Despite several STAT3 inhibitors have been advanced into early clinical trials, there is an urgent need to develop orally active, potent STAT3 inhibitors as cancer therapeutics. We have designed, synthesized and screened a series of novel STAT3 inhibitors utilizing fragment-based drug design strategy. A number of small molecules with novel scaffolds have been discovered with low-micromolar to nanomolar potency in inhibiting the proliferation of various human breast cancer and pancreatic cancer cells. The identified compounds HJC0152, HJC0123, HJC0125, and HJC0416 significantly suppress STAT3 promoter activity and STAT3 phosphorylation (pY705), reduce total STAT3 protein expression, induce cell growth arrest, and early apoptosis in ER-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. These novel compounds have demonstrated a better efficacy in suppressing the growth of MDA-MB-231 breast xenograft tumors via intraperitoneal and oral administrative routes, with remarkably improved aqueous solubility and less toxicity than the lead compounds. In conclusion, we have developed a new class of orally active STAT3 inhibitors with superior drug-like properties, for further evaluation in cancer therapeutic and preventive settings. This work was supported by The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center DFI Funding Program. Citation Format: Zhengduo Yang, Haijun Chen, Lili Chu, Yusong Zhang, Chunyong Ding, Huiling Liu, Jia Zhou, Qiang Shen. Novel potent and orally active STAT3 inhibitors for cancer therapies. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 872. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-872
Neurohormonal mechanisms and the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in heart failure.

Clinical evidence accumulated over the past decade suggests that neurohormonal mechanisms significantly influence the pathogenesis and eventual outcome of congestive heart failure (CHF). Pharmacologic modulation of this neuroendocrine activity can, consequently, be expected to improve patient prognosis. Results of several recent clinical trials—the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD), the second Veterans Administration Cooperative Vasodilator Heart Failure Trial (VHeFT-II), and the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS)—provide substantial evidence that addition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor enalapril to conventional therapeutic regimens can significantly reduce mortality and improve prognosis in patients with all grades of heart failure. Moreover, data from all three trials confirm the involvement of neurohormonal systems in the development and progression of CHF and suggest that the beneficial effects of enalapril in heart failure may in part be due to the suppression of this neurohormonal activity. It is now apparent that some form of neurohormonal activation is present early in the course of the disease before the emergence of overt heart failure symptoms. On the basis of such findings, it would seem that early introduction of therapy targeted at neurohormonal influences may well become a central component of any future CHF treatment program.
Brainstem frequency-following response recorded from one vertical and three horizontal electrode derivations.

The human brainstem frequency-following response reflects neural activity to periodic auditory stimuli. Responses were simultaneously recorded from one vertically oriented and three horizontally oriented electrode derivations. Nine participants each received a total of 16,000 tone repetitions, 4,000 for each of four stimulus frequencies: 222, 266, 350, and 450 Hz. The responses were digitally filtered, quantified by correlation and spectral analysis, and statistically evaluated by repeated measure analysis of variance. While the various horizontal derivation responses did not differ from each other in latency (values tightly clustered around M = 2.60 msec), the vertical derivation response occurred significantly later (M = 4.38 msec). The smaller latency for the horizontal responses suggests an origin within the acoustic nerve, while the larger latency for the vertical response suggests a central brainstem origin. The largest response amplitude resulted from gold “tiptrode” electrodes placed in each audit...
Pancreatic acinar cell function in minimal change pancreatitis (MCP): a clinical application of the endoscopic cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulated pancreatic function test (ePFT)

Pancreatic acinar cell function in minimal change pancreatitis (MCP): a clinical application of the endoscopic cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulated pancreatic function test (ePFT)
Extended X-ray absorption fine structure studies of the anion complexes of FeZn uteroferrin.

Molybdate and tungstate are strong inhibitors of the purple acid phosphatases. The binding modes of these anions to the FeZn derivative of uteroferrin, the purple acid phosphatase from porcine uterus (FeZnUf), have been characterized by X-ray absorption spectroscopy at both the iron and zinc K-edges. Pre-edge data show that both FeZnUf·MoO4 and FeZnUf·WO4 have six-coordinate iron sites. Analysis of the EXAFS regions shows that the iron sites of both molybdate and tungstate complexes are best simulated by a shell of three O or N atoms at 2.08−2.09 A and a shell of two O or N atoms at 1.93−1.95 A. On the other hand, the zinc sites have shells of five O or N atoms at ∼ 2.1 A and one O or N atom at ∼ 2.5 A. Because of the higher resolution of the FeZnUf·MoO4 data, the main shell at ∼2.1 A can be further split into shells of four O or N at 2.04 A and one O or N at 2.22 A, the latter being associated with a molybdate oxygen. Outer-sphere EXAFS analysis indicates an Fe−Zn separation of ∼3.4 A for both FeZnUf·MoO...
Stabilization of the Pb/Si(1 1 1)-(7×7) uniform height islands to higher temperatures with oxygen adsorption

We have studied how oxygen adsorbed on top of the uniform height Pb islands, (grown on Si(1 1 1)-(7×7) at low temperatures Tl<190 K) extends the temperature range of their stability. The evolution of the island height and size with temperature is monitored with SPA-LEED. The presence of oxygen suppresses Pb diffusion to higher levels and results in sharper island height distribution, when compared to the height distribution on the clean Pb/Si(1 1 1)-(7×7) system. Most likely this is because the barrier at the island edges, which controls the transfer of atoms from lower levels to the top of the islands, is increased with the adsorption of oxygen.
Rapid assay for avidin and biotin based on fluorescence quenching

Abstract Biotin was covalently tagged with a BODIPY dye which can undergo an efficient distance-dependent fluorescence self-quenching. Multivalent binding of avidin with the BODIPY-labeled biotin (B 581/591 -biotin, either in aqueous buffer, or anchored on the surfaces of lipid vesicles or lipid bilayers coated on glass beads) induces aggregation of the BODIPY dye (up to four dyes for each avidin) to result in a decrease in fluorescence intensity due to fluorescence self-quenching. The system can be used to perform a rapid, direct assay for avidin and competitive assay for biotin with high sensitivity (
Stealth technology: how Epstein-Barr virus utilizes DNA methylation to cloak itself from immune detection

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a large lymphotrophic DNA virus that establishes life-long residency in the infected host and is associated with a number of human tumors. The EBV genome encodes proteins essential for persistence, an oncoprotein, and proteins that render it vulnerable to the host's immune system; therefore, EBV gene transcription is tightly regulated. One critically important regulatory mechanism utilized by EBV is DNA methylation. Methylation of cytosines within CpG dinucleotides at promoter regions is important for gene silencing and genome integrity. Although most parasitic elements are methylated in mammalian cells never to be reactivated again, EBV has evolved to utilize DNA methylation to maximize persistence and cloak itself from immune detection. EBV's reliance on DNA methylation also provides a unique therapeutic strategy for the treatment of EBV-associated tumors. DNA demethylating agents are capable of reactivating transcription of highly immunogenic viral proteins, rendering tumor cells susceptible to killing by the host immune system, and inducing the viral lytic cycle which culminates in cell lysis.
Reply to Hutchison and Loomis

Proffitt, Stefanucci, Banton, and Epstein (2003) reported a set of studies showing that the perceived distance to a target is influenced by the effort required to walk to its location. Hutchison and Loomis (H&L) reported an experiment that failed to find a significant influence of effort on indices of apparent distance. There were numerous important differences between the design and methods of H&L’s study and those of Proffitt et al. Moreover, there are important theoretical reasons to believe that these differences were responsible for the different results. The theoretical motivation of H&L’s studies was also brought into question.
Yang-Baxter Type Equations and Posets of Maximal Chains

This paper addresses the problem of constructing higher dimensional versions of the Yang?Baxter equation from a purely combinatorial perspective. The usual Yang?Baxter equation may be viewed as the commutativity constraint on the two-dimensional faces of a permutahedron, a polyhedron which is related to the extension poset of a certain arrangement of hyperplanes and whose vertices are in 1?1 correspondence with maximal chains in the Boolean poset Bn. In this paper, similar constructions are performed in one dimension higher, the associated algebraic relations replacing the Yang?Baxter equation being similar to the permutahedron equation. The geometric structure of the poset of maximal chains inSa1×?×Sakis discussed in some detail, and cell types are found to be classified by a poset of “partitions of partitions” in much the same way as those for permutahedra are classified by ordinary partitions.
On envy-free cake division

Abstract We extend a result of Knaster and Woodall to the envy-free context by providing a constructive procedure for allocating a cake among n people so that whenever two people have different measures (and we have at our disposal a piece of cake and the two different measures of it), then each thinks he or she received a strictly larger piece than the other.